bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Separations of Fatty Acids from Fish Products Using a 30‐m Supelcowax‐10 and a 100‐m SP‐2560 Column
Authors: Santercole Viviana , Delmonte Pierluigi , Kramer John K. G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCommercial fish oils and foods containing fish may contain trans and/or isomerized fatty acids (FA) produced during processing or as part of prepared foods. The current American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) official method for marine oils (method Ce 1i‐07) is based on separation by use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) columns, for example Supelcowax‐10 or equivalent, which do not resolve most unsaturated FA geometric isomers. Highly polar 100‐m cyanopropyl siloxane (CPS) columns, for example SP‐2560 and CP Sil 88 are recommended for separation of geometric FA isomers. Complementary separations were achieved by use of two different elution temperature programs with the same CPS column. This study is the first direct comparison of the separations achieved by use of 30‐m Supelcowax‐10 and 100‐m SP‐2560 columns for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) prepared from the same fish oil and fish muscle sample. To simplify the identification of the FA in these fish samples, FA were fractionated on the basis of the number and type of double bonds by silver‐ion solid‐phase extraction (Ag+‐SPE) before GC analysis. The results showed that a combination of the three GC separations was necessary to resolve and identify most of the unsaturated FA, FA isomers, and other components of fish products, for example phytanic and phytenic acids. Equivalent chain length (ECL) values of most FAME in fish were calculated from the separations achieved by use of both GC columns; the values obtained were shown to be consistent with previously reported values for the Supelcowax‐10 column. ECL values were also calculated for the FA separated on the SP‐2560 column. The calculated ECL values were equally valid under isothermal and temperature‐programmed elution GC conditions, and were valuable for confirmation of the identity of several unsaturated FAME in the fish samples. When analyzing commercially prepared fish foods, deodorized marine oils, or foods fortified with marine oils it is strongly recommended that quantitative data acquired by use of PEG columns is complemented with data obtained from separations using highly polar CPS columns.
Determination of Unsaponifiable Constituents of Deodorizer Distillates by GC–MS
Authors: Naz Saba , Sherazi S. T. H. , Talpur Farah N. , Talpur M. Younis , Kara Huseyin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDeodorizer distillate is an important by‐product obtained during deodorization in the edible oil industries. It is a complex mixture of many health beneficial constituents like phytosterols, tocopherols and squalene. In the present study a simple gas chromatographic method with mass spectrometry was used for the separation, detection and quantification of different components present in the deodorizer distillate in a very short analysis time of 18 min. A simple saponification procedure without derivatization was used for their analysis followed by GC–MS analysis. Phytosterols concentration (21.27–25.53%) was the most abundant in canola and palm distillate samples whereas, squalene and tocopherol were present in concentration ranges of 2.89–13.21% and 1.29–5.81%, respectively. The present study revealed that the unsaponifiable fraction of deodorizer distillate could be used in cosmetic preparations due to its appreciable amount of bioactive constituents.
Evidence Contrary to the Accepted Diels–Alder Mechanism in the Thermal Modification of Vegetable Oil
Authors: Arca Mert , Sharma Brajendra K. , Price Neil P. J. , Perez Joseph M. , Doll Kenneth M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA fatty methyl ester product has been made using two routes. Soybean oil was thermally polymerized anaerobically without a catalyst at 330 °C and the material was then transesterified using base catalyst and methanol. Alternatively, a similar product can be obtained by heating methyl linoleate to the same temperature in a pressure reactor. The product structure was studied by NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and mass spectrometry. It is a dimeric product which does not contain substituted cyclohexane structures. This evidence shows that the Diels–Alder reaction has not occurred under these conditions. This is in contradiction to many literature reports, but in agreement with a neglected paper from 1971. This correction has implications in both biodiesel and industrial oil products.
HPLC Analysis of Seed Sesamin and Sesamolin Variation in a Sesame Germplasm Collection in China
Authors: Wang Linhai , Zhang Yanxin , Li Peiwu , Wang Xuefang , Zhang Wen , Wei Wenliang , Zhang Xiurong 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSesame lignans, including mainly sesamin and sesamolin, has been reported to have multiple functions beneficial to health. This study analyzed sesamin and sesamolin contents by HPLC in 215 sesame lines from a core collection in China. The results showed the core sesame germplasm in China has a broad variation from 2.49 to 18.01 mg/g with average 8.54 mg/g in total of sesamin and sesamolin. On average, sesamin contents in the lines with a white seed coat color were significantly higher than in those samples with brown, yellow and black colors (P< 0.01). The lines with a black seed coat had the highest coefficient of variation followed by those with brown, yellow and white seed coats. The correlation coefficient between sesamin and sesamolin in the sesames with different seed coat colors ranked as white (R= 0.23) < yellow (R= 0.44) < brown (R= 0.72) < black (R= 0.77). The results of this study provide valuable background information on sesame germplasm in China and identified potential genotypes for breeding high sesamin or sesamolin cultivars.
The Origin and Spread of Early-Ripening Champa Rice: It’s Impact on Song Dynasty China
Authors: Barker Randolph 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Often overlooked is the importance of early-maturing rice varieties with their ability to escape droughts, avoid floods, and in some localities, open up the opportunity for double cropping. Most varieties grown in the tropics until the last half century matured in 150 to 180 days or longer and were photoperiod sensitive. However, non-photoperiod sensitive one-hundred-day varieties were grown in the Champa Kingdom in what is now Central Vietnam centuries ago. How these varieties moved into Song Dynasty China and the impact of the early-ripening rice on population growth in South China is well documented. However, the origin of the Champa varieties is less clear. According to a recent DNA test (see below), the Champa varieties belong to the aus sub-population. The aus have the characteristics of both indica and japonica and originated in the hill areas of what are now Eastern India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Because the Champa Kingdom adopted the Indian language and religion, at least in the higher courts, it seems logical that the Champa rice must have been disseminated from the hilly areas in the Indian sub-continent to Central Vietnam and eventually to China—first Fujian and later to the Yangtze region during the Song Dynasty in the eleventh century.
Towards an opportunistic grid scheduling infrastructure based on tuple spaces
Authors: Favarim Fábio , da Silva Fraga Joni , Lung Lau Cheuk 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
One main issue associated with the efficient and effective use of heterogeneous resources in a grid system is the scheduling. Scheduling in a grid system involves a number of challenging issues mainly due to the dynamic nature of the grid. Schedulers on traditional grid infrastructures rely on an information service that provides information about resources capacities and availability. However, in an asynchronous distributed system like a grid providing up-to-date information about resources is difficult. Current scheduling algorithms make scheduling decisions without fully accurate information about resources which can lead to inefficient schedules. This paper proposes a new scheduling infrastructure for grids where resources select tasks they execute, instead of the traditional approach where schedulers finding resources for the tasks. The new proposed approach allows, at any time, to make scheduling decisions with up-to-date/accurate information. Moreover, our infrastructure provides mechanisms to provide a fault tolerant scheduling. The proposed infrastructure is mainly based on the tuple space coordination model. In our evaluation study, a number of experiments with various simulation setting demonstrated the practicability of proposed infrastructure.
Editorial on the revised European Training Charter for Clinical Radiology
Authors:   European Society of Radiology (ESR)
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This short editorial introduces the revised European Training Charter for Clinical Radiology. The revised Charter reiterates the principle of a five-year basic training composed of an initial threeyear training followed by Subspecialist Interest training during the fourth and fifth years.

Key Points

This European Training Charter for Clinical Radiology will harmonise training across Europe.

The principle of a 5-year training programme is reinforced.

The Charter provides flexibility with regards to subspecialist interests.
Employment Patterns of Less-Skilled Workers: Links to Children’s Behavior and Academic Progress
Authors: Johnson Rucker C. , Kalil Ariel , Dunifon Rachel E. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Using data from five waves of the Women’s Employment Survey (WES; 1997–2003), we examine the links between low-income mothers’ employment patterns and the emotional behavior and academic progress of their children. We find robust and substantively important linkages between several different dimensions of mothers’ employment experiences and child outcomes. The pattern of results is similar across empirical approaches—including ordinary least squares and child fixed-effect models, with and without an extensive set of controls. Children exhibit fewer behavior problems when mothers work and experience job stability (relative to children whose mothers do not work). In contrast, maternal work accompanied by job instability is associated with significantly higher child behavior problems (relative to employment in a stable job). Children whose mothers work full-time and/or have fluctuating work schedules also exhibit significantly higher levels of behavior problems. However, full-time work has negative consequences for children only when it is in jobs that do not require cognitive skills. Such negative consequences are completely offset when this work experience is in jobs that require the cognitive skills that lead to higher wage growth prospects. Finally, fluctuating work schedules and full-time work in non-cognitively demanding jobs are each strongly associated with the probability that the child will repeat a grade or be placed in special education.
Inguinal Lymphadenectomy for Squamous Cell Cancer of the Penis—Experience of a UK Supra-Regional Network
Authors: Martin Thomas G. , Goddard Jonathan C. , Terry Tim R. , Summerton Duncan J. 
Published: January 2012

Objective: To present a case series of patients undergoing inguinal lymphadenectomy (IL) for squamous cell cancer (SCC) of the penis within an UK Supra-Regional Network (SRN). Patients and methods: Retrospective case note analysis was undertaken of all patients who underwent IL following referral from the network units across a wide region. Information was cross-referenced from clinician, pathology and hospital episode databases. Results: A total of 79 modified ILs and 11 radical ILs were performed in 49 patients over 5 years. Metastatic involvement was found in 59.1% of patients. Of these 58.6% were found to have extranodal spread at the time of operation. The finding of extranodal spread significantly impacted upon survival. One year survival rates post IL were 100% for pN0 and pN1, compared with 67% for pN3. Kaplan—Meier curves were plotted and showed a significant difference in survival from primary surgery on log rank comparison between pN0/pN1 and pN3 nodal categories. As in most series, IL has a considerable morbidity rate. No perioperative mortality was seen. Conclusions: This case series emphasizes the negative prognostic impact of finding extranodal spread (pN3) at IL. In those with unilateral intranodal metastases (pN1), IL is curative for the majority of patients.
Antibiotic‐treated Streptococcus sanguinis intracranial mycotic aneurysm
Authors: Chang Ya‐Ting , Lu Cheng‐Hsien , Lui Chun‐Chung , Chang Wen‐Neng 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe report the case of a woman 33 years of age with infective endocarditis‐related intracranial mycotic aneurysm (IMA) caused by a Streptococcus sanguinis infection. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the findings of magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiographic (MRA) studies, echocardiographic studies, and a positive blood culture result. She underwent antimicrobial treatment only (ceftriaxone intravenously for 8 weeks and penicillin V orally for 6 weeks). The regression and disappearance of IMA were demonstrated by a series of MRA follow‐up studies.
Experimental sensitivity analysis of the global properties of a two-dimensional turbulent wake
Authors: Parezanović Vladimir , Cadot Olivier 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe sensitivity of the global properties of a two-dimensional turbulent wake produced by the separated flow of a ‘D’-shaped cylinder at$\mathit{Re}= 13\hspace{0.167em} 000$is investigated experimentally using a small circular control cylinder as a local disturbance. The height of the main cylinder is$D= 25~\mathrm{mm} $and control cylinders are of diameters$d= 0. 04D$and$d= 0. 12D$, the former being smaller than the shear layer thickness detaching from the main cylinder, while the latter is larger. In both cases, the control cylinder is able to modify the global frequency, base pressure and spanwise velocity correlation. The results are presented as sensitivity maps. Reynolds stresses spatial structure and the recirculation bubble length are examined in detail when the control cylinder is displaced vertically across the wake at a fixed downstream location. It is found that the increase of the recirculation bubble length is accompanied by a damping of Reynolds stresses with a downstream shift of their spatial structures together with the base pressure increase. The global frequency can be either decreased or increased independently of the bubble length modification. The sensitivity of these global properties is interpreted on the basis of the ability of the control cylinder to change the size of the formation region of the Kármán vortex street by interacting with the primary detached shear layers. The corresponding physical mechanisms are discussed. The impact of a two-dimensional control cylinder on the three-dimensional properties of the wake is examined through spanwise correlation. This is found to be improved whenever the control cylinder is placed inside the recirculation region of the main cylinder wake.
Near-wall streak modification by spanwise oscillatory wall motion and drag-reduction mechanisms
Authors: Touber Emile , Leschziner Michael A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDirect numerical simulations for fully developed channel flow, subjected to oscillatory spanwise wall motion, have been performed and analysed in an effort to illuminate the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the reduction in turbulent friction drag, observed to result from the spanwise wall motion. A range of statistical data are discussed, including second-moment budgets, joint-probability-density functions, enstrophy and energy-spectra maps. Structural features are also investigated by reference to the response of streak properties to the oscillatory forcing. The unsteady cross-flow straining is shown to cause major spanwise distortions in the streak near-wall structures, leading to a pronounced reduction in the wall-normal momentum exchange in the viscous sublayer, hence disrupting the turbulence contribution to the wall shear stress. The response of the streaks, in terms of their periodic reorientation in wall-parallel planes, the decline and recovery of their intensity during the cyclic actuation, and their wall-normal coherence, is shown to be closely correlated with the temporal variation of the shear-strain vector. Furthermore, a modulating ‘top-to-bottom’ effect, associated with large-scale outer-layer structures, is highlighted and deemed responsible for the observed reduction in the actuation efficiency as the Reynolds number is increased.
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating pattern and risk of elevated blood pressure in adolescent girls
Authors: Moore Lynn L. , Bradlee M. Loring , Singer Martha R. , Qureshi M. Mustafa , Buendia Justin R. , Daniels Stephen R. 
Published: January 2012

Dietary determinants of adolescent blood pressure (BP) are poorly understood. The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of an eating pattern similar to that from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) study on adolescent BP. Data from 2185 girls followed-up over 10 years (until the girls were 18–20 years of age) in the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Growth and Health Study were used in this analysis. Diet was assessed during eight examination cycles using 3 d dietary records; girls were classified according to their consumption of foods associated with a DASH-style eating pattern. Analysis of covariance modelling, multiple logistic regression and longitudinal mixed models were used to control for potential confounding by age, race, socio-economic status, height, physical activity, television viewing time and other dietary factors. Girls who consumed ≥ 2 daily servings of dairy and ≥ 3 servings of fruits and vegetables (FV) had a 36 % lower risk (95 % CI: 0·43, 0·97) of elevated BP (EBP) in late adolescence. In longitudinal modelling, two dietary factors were associated with a lower systolic BP throughout adolescence: higher ( ≥ 2 daily servings) dairy intakes (P < 0·0001) and a DASH-style pattern (P = 0·0002). Only the DASH-style pattern led to consistently lower diastolic BP levels (P = 0·0484). Adjustment for BMI did not appreciably modify the results. In this study, adolescent girls whose diets were rich in dairy products and FV during the early- and mid-adolescent years were less likely to have EBP levels in later adolescence.
An Early Ordovician tonalitic–granodioritic belt along the Schistose-Greywacke Domain of the Central Iberian Zone (Iberian Massif, Variscan Belt)
Authors: RUBIO-ORDÓÑEZ A. , VALVERDE-VAQUERO P. , CORRETGÉ L. G. , CUESTA-FERNÁNDEZ A. , GALLASTEGUI G. , FERNÁNDEZ-GONZÁLEZ M. , GERDES A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Zarza la Mayor and Zarza de Montánchez tonalites and Arroyo de la Luz granodiorite are part of a tonalitic–granodioritic belt located along the Schistose-Greywacke Domain of the Central Iberian Zone. These intrusions are also part of the Central Extremadura Batholith, a set of plutons ranging from tonalite to leucogranite that have been considered a prime example of Variscan syn-kinematic plutonism. New LA-ICP-MS and CA-ID-TIMS U–Pb dating reveals that the Zarza la Mayor tonalite–granodiorite is an Early Ordovician intrusion. The LA-ICP-MS data show that there is an absence of inherited cores, despite some complex internal zoning with obvious resorption features in some of the zircon crystals. Dating of monazite and zircon by CA-ID-TIMS provides a concordant age of 478.1 ± 0.8 Ma. This age coincides with electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) monazite chemical ages for the Zarza de Montánchez (482 ± 10 Ma) and Arroyo de la Luz (470 ± 15 Ma) intrusions. These new data indicate the presence of an Early Ordovician belt of calc-alkaline tonalite–granodiorite in the Schistose-Greywacke Domain – the Beira Baixa–Central Extremadura tonalite–granodiorite belt – which resembles a continental magmatic arc. This belt is contemporaneous with the Ollo de Sapo magmatic event further north in the Central Iberian Zone.
‘The ethics of belief’ and belief about ethics: William Kingdon Clifford at the Metaphysical Society
Authors: CHRISTIAN ROSE ANN 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAs a member of the Victorian-era Metaphysical Society, W. K. Clifford contributed to debate about the prospects for morality in the absence of religion. Clifford thought its chances good. He presented a paper offering a ‘scientific’ approach to moral theory. In my discussion, I explore his proposal, using it to gain interpretative leverage on a paper he delivered before the Society only a year later, ‘The ethics of belief’. I set aside the quarrel with religion so prominent in this influential essay and discount its evidentialist epistemology, the better to reveal it for what it is: a powerful exercise in moral suasion.
A Thomistic metaphysics of creation
Authors: KERR GAVEN 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article seeks to advance a Thomistic metaphysics of creation in light of certain claims made by Stephen Hawking on the beginninglessness of the universe. I start with an exploration of Hawking's proposal that a beginningless universe entails an uncreated universe. This propels me into Aquinas's contention that a created beginningless universe is indeed possible, and thence I consider the metaphysics behind Thomas's position in this regard. Given this metaphysics of creation, I contend that there follow some interesting conclusions with regard to our notion of a creator God and the means for establishing the existence of such.
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease: are Australian rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) evolving resistance to infection with Czech CAPM 351 RHDV?
Authors: ELSWORTH P. G. , KOVALISKI J. , COOKE B. D. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYRabbit haemorrhagic disease is a major tool for the management of introduced, wild rabbits in Australia. However, new evidence suggests that rabbits may be developing resistance to the disease. Rabbits sourced from wild populations in central and southeastern Australia, and domestic rabbits for comparison, were experimentally challenged with a low 60 ID50oral dose of commercially available Czech CAPM 351 virus – the original strain released in Australia. Levels of resistance to infection were generally higher than for unselected domestic rabbits and also differed (0–73% infection rates) between wild populations. Resistance was lower in populations from cooler, wetter regions and also low in arid regions with the highest resistance seen within zones of moderate rainfall. These findings suggest the external influences of non-pathogenic calicivirus in cooler, wetter areas and poor recruitment in arid populations may influence the development rate of resistance in Australia.
Evaluation of anopagene-based nucleic acid amplification test for detection ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaein urogenital samples in North India
Authors: VERMA R. , SOOD S. , BALA M. , MAHAJAN N. , KAPIL A. , SHARMA V. K. , PANDEY R. M. , SAMANTARAY J. C. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYDue to the poor positive predictive value of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for gonorrhoea when applied to a low-prevalence setting, current guidelines recommend the use of supplementary polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting a different gene for confirmation of true positives in urogenital specimens. This study sought to standardize and evaluate performance of an in-houseopagene-based PCR assay for gonorrhoea compared to assays targeting theporApseudogene and 16S rRNA gene. Four hundred samples (300 endocervical, 100 urethral swabs) from patients attending STD clinics in New Delhi, India were used. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of theopa-based PCR were 100%, 97·9%, 89·5% and 100%, respectively. In females, the use of NAATs provided enhanced diagnosis of gonorrhoea.