bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) in horses: objective measurement of the acute phase response
Authors: PEPYS M. B. , BALTZ MARILYN L. , TENNENT GLENYS A. , KENT JOYCE , OUSEY JENNIFER , ROSSDALE P. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA sensitive and precise immunoassay for equine serum amyloid A protein (SAA) was established and used to determine, for the first time, the circulating concentration of this protein in health and disease. As in other species, equine SAA was present only at trace levels in healthy animals but behaved as an extremely sensitive and rapidly responding acute phase reactant following most forms of tissue injury, infection and inflammation, objectively reflecting the extent and activity of disease. Measurements of SAA should make a significant contribution to diagnosis and management of viral and bacterial infection in horses, and routine serial assays could provide an objective criterion for monitoring prospectively the general health of horses in training and racing.
Androgen and oestrogen response to a single injection of hCG in cryptorchid horses
Authors: SILBERZAHN P. , POURET E. J.‐M. , ZWAIN I. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAndrogen (testosterone and androstenedione) and oestrogen (oestradiol −17β and oestrone) concentrations were measured by radio‐immunoassay in the peripheral plasma of two geldings (five‐years‐old), three bilateral cryptorchids (two, two and a half, and five‐years‐old) and three normal intact stallions (four, five and five and a half‐years‐old) before and after a single injection of 10,000 iu human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). In the stallions, hCG administration resulted in an immediate sharp increase of conjugated oestrogens and a more gradual increase of unconjugated androgens. In the cryptorchids, the unconjugated androgens increased following a similar pattern to that observed in the stallions, but reached lower peak values, whereas the conjugated oestrogens showed only a very slight increase. In the stallions and cryptorchids, the maximum oestrogen levels were reached two days after injection, whereas the maximal levels for androgens were reached a day later. In the geldings, hCG injection had no effect on plasma steroid levels. It is suggested that the measurement of unconjugated androgens (testosterone or/and androstenedione) before and three days after intravenous injection of 10,000 iu hCG may prove useful for the diagnosis of cryptorchidism or exploration of testicular function in stallions.
Pneumonia, lung abscesses and pleuritis in adult horses: a review of 51 cases
Authors: MAIR T. S. , LANE J. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryCase records are reviewed of 51 adult horses in which a diagnosis of pneumonia, pulmonary abscess or pleuritis had been made. Forty‐five horses were aflicted with pneumonia and/or pulmonary abscesses; in 11 of these the infection was primary, whereas in 34 it was secondary to another disease process (inhalation of food or saliva, thoracic trauma, generalised infection, airway disease, neoplasia or thromboembolism). Of the 11 horses with primary pulmonary infections, 10 appeared to be associated with a previous episode of stress; this took the form of long distance travel in eight cases. There was a statistically significant association between primary pneumonia and/or lung abscesses and the use of the horses, with the highest incidence in showjumpers. Eighteen horses had pleuritis, of which 12 were secondary to pneumonia or pulmonary abscesses, two to thoracic trauma and one to generalised avian tuberculosis. Three cases of primary pleuritis were identified.
Evaluation of three strip tests for measuring electrolytes in mares' pre‐partum mammary secretions and for predicting parturition
Authors: OUSEY JENNIFER C. , DELCLAUX MARIA , ROSSDALE P. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThree strip test kits which measure calcium and/or magnesium in mares' mammary secretions were compared and assessed for their accuracy in:‐ 1) measuring these electrolytes compared to standard laboratory measurements, and 2) predicting the time of parturition. Daily samples of mammary secretions were obtained pre‐partum from 35 Thoroughbred mares and allocated a score. Measurement of mammary secretion calcium and/or magnesium by the strip tests and laboratory methods correlated significantly (P<0.001). The results obtained for prediction of parturition were analysed by two methods. Method i) indicated that the majority of mares had a maximum score on the day of birth. However, the second method of analysis included all pre‐partum scores and this demonstrated that maximum scores occurred on more occasions prior to the day of birth than on the day of birth itself. The number of nights spent attending mares, and the percentage of occasions when foaling was missed, were also calculated for given strip test scores. The results indicate that the test kits are not particularly accurate in predicting time of parturition although they are a reliable means of measuring mammary secretion calcium and/or magnesium. It is suggested that the test kits may be more helpful by indicating when it is not necessary to attend mares at night.
Monorchidism in the horse
Authors: PARKS A. H. , SCOTT E. A. , COX J. E. , STICK J. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySix horses with monorchidism, identified at surgery for cryptorchidectomy, are reported. All six presented with a single scrotal testis. Following surgical removal of one testis, they were either hormonally, anatomically or behaviourally determined to be geldings. Three other horses reported in the literature are reviewed. Of these nine cases of monorchidism, eight were thought to be caused by testicular degeneration and one by testicular agenesis. The vaginal process was present in all of the former and absent in the latter. The left side was involved in five of these eight horses. In seven, the epididymis was absent and, in the remaining two, only the epididymal tail was present. The condition was thought to be congenital in the six horses in this series. A surgical approach to identify accurately monorchid horses is described.
Australian Stringhalt ‐ epidemiological, clinical and neurological investigations
Authors: HUNTINGTON P. J. , JEFFCOTT L. B. , FRIEND S. C. E. , LUFF A. R. , FINKELSTEIN D. I. , FLYNN R. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn investigation of 78 cases of typical Australian Stringhalt from 52 properties in Victoria was carried out from 1985 to 1987. Horses were either examined in the field (n = 52), referred to the Veterinary Clinical Centre (n = 13) or clinical details were obtained verbally (n = 13). In addition 10 cases of false or atypical stringhalt were examined. Detailed soil and pasture analysis was carried out on 14 properties where Australian Stringhalt had occurred. Information was also obtained on epidemiology of the condition from a survey of practitioners. Fifty of the 52 cases examined in the field occurred in horses that were dependent upon poor quality unimproved dry pasture. In all but a few cases, there was no pasture improvement or fertiliser application, leading to the development of weed‐dominated pastures, particularly by flatweed, Hypochaeris radicata. The range of clinical signs exhibited by horses with Australian Stringhalt was described and a grading system proposed to classify horses according to severity of signs. Laryngeal abnormalities were present in 10 of 11 cases examined endoscopically and these horses exhibited increased electromyographic (EMG) activity in the long digital extensor muscle at rest and during hindlimb flexion. To a large extent, the EMG changes disappeared and digital extensor muscle atrophy improved in two horses that were monitored to recovery. Deep peroneal nerve conduction studies in four horses with Australian Stringhalt showed a substantial reduction in nerve conduction velocity and when stimulated at 50 Hz were unable to sustain activation of the long digital extensor muscle. EMG and evoked responses appeared to be sensitive indicators of the state of the disease. Spontaneous recovery over a period ranging from a few days to over 18 months occurred in 78 per cent (45 out of 58) of field cases available for follow up, although eight horses were destroyed on humane grounds or for pathological investigation.
Analysis of post mortem aqueous humour chemistry in the horse, with particular reference to urea nitrogen and creatinine
Authors: CANTOR G. H. , PALMER G.H. , FENWICK B. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe concentrations of several post mortem aqueous humour chemical constituents were compared with ante mortem serum chemical values in the horse. Urea nitrogen and creatinine values in post mortem aqueous humour were good predictors of ante mortem serum values. Aqueous humour urea nitrogen increased only slightly and creatinine did not change significantly for up to 24 h after death. Formulae were derived for calculating estimated ante mortem serum urea nitrogen and creatinine from aqueous humour values obtained after death. These results from normal horses identify analytes that are accurate predictors of ante mortem serum values. Determination of post mortem aqueous humour urea nitrogen of creatinine may assist in interpretation of the functional significance of equivocal histological lesions in the kidney.
The arterial supply of the navicular bone in adult horses with navicular disease
Authors: RIJKENHUIZEN ASTRID B. M. , NÉMETH F. , DIK K. J. , GOEDEGEBUURE S. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA macroscopical, arteriographical and histological study was made of the arterial supply of the navicular bones of horses with clinical and/or radiographic signs of navicular disease. Based on the clinical and radiological findings the navicular bones of 40 Warmblood horses are divided into four different groups. In the pattern of the arteriogram obvious changes are noticed: an imbalance and a distal to proximal shift between the distal and proximal arterial supply occur, indicating a reduction of the distal blood supply with a compensatory reaction of the proximal, medial and lateral supply. The changes in the pattern of the arteriogram are histologically defined by arterio(lo) sclerosis and newly formed arteries. The presence of radiologically visible nutrient foramina is associated with a changed pattern in the arteriogram, increased bone remodelling and fibrosis. Ischaemia and increased pressure (hypertension and/or increased intra‐articular pressure) are considered to be responsible for changes in form and number of radiologically visible nutrient foramina.
Navicular bone disease: a comparative histomorphometric study
Authors: ØSTBLOM L. , LUND C. , MELSEN F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTwelve horses suffering from navicular bone disease were examined in a prospective, controlled histomorphometric study for six months. The objective was to compare the histology of navicular bones from untreated animals to those treated with the egg‐bar shoeing technique. These data were compared to similar sections from three normal animals. The current investigation provided quantitative support to previous findings concerning clinical improvement. Detailed histology, changes in bone morphometry and pathophysiological reactions are discussed.
Laryngotracheal lesions following routine orotracheal intubation in the horse
Authors: HEATH R. B. , STEFFEY E. P. , THURMON J. C. , WERTZ E. M. , MEAGHER D. M. , HYYPPA T. , Van SLYKE G. L. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySequelae of routine orotracheal intubation under clinical conditions were characterised in 38 healthy horses presented at three veterinary medical teaching hospitals. Four of these were necropsied and their tissues studied histologically. To minimise variation, 30 mm id cuffed silicone endotracheal tubes or Cole cuffless tubes were used in all patients. Fibreoptic endoscopic examination of upper respiratory and tracheal areas was accomplished pre‐intubation, immediately post extubation and after 24 h. Endoscopy revealed that intubation was associated with laryngeal and/or tracheal lesions in all horses. Observations included abundant tracheal mucus, epithelial ecchymoses, basement membrane haemorrhage and mucus covered diphtheritic membrane plaques. Histological examination of lesions from the upper respiratory system of the four necropsied horses confirmed that the damage was comparable to that associated with tracheal intubation and reported in other species.
Further experiences with non‐surgical correction of nephrosplenic entrapment of the left colon in the horse
Authors: KALSBEEK H. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryNon‐surgical correction of nephrosplenic entrapment of the left colon was attempted in 27 cases. In two cases the method failed and a laparotomy was necessary. Two other horses had a recurrence, one of which underwent laparotomy because of torsion of the caecal body.
The influence of corticosteroids on sequential clinical and synovial fluid parameters in joints with acute infectious arthritis in the horse
Authors: TULAMO RIITTA‐MARI , BRAMLAGE L. R. , GABEL A. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryInfectious arthritis was induced experimentally in one tarsocrural joint of six horses by intra‐articular injection of 1 mlStaphylococcus aureus‐saline suspension with the addition of 200 mg methylprednisolone acetate. The corresponding contralateral joint was injected with 1 ml of saline with the addition of 200 mg methylprednisolone acetate, and served as a control. The purpose of the experiment was to examine the effect of corticosteroids on the acute clinical signs of infectious arthritis, and the associated changes in synovial fluid, to separate the effects of a steroid injection from those of infection alone. This should aid early diagnosis of infection. The progression of the infectious arthritis was assessed over nine days by clinical examination and sequential synovial fluid analysis. The corticosteroids masked the clinical signs in some horses for up to the third day although changes in the synovial fluid were present earlier. Cellular changes preceded biochemical changes initially. Leucocyte counts showed a significant increase in cell numbers after infection was established. Persistent neutrophilia, over 90 per cent, together with a pH under 6.9 were the most consistent findings in the infected synovia. Total protein values were lower in infected joints with, than those without, corticosteroids; although there was a progressive rise in total protein concentration throughout the experiment in both groups. Serum and synovial glucose difference and synovial lactate had very little diagnostic value because significant increases due to the corticosteroids were documented in the control joints.
Isolation of A/Equi‐2 virus during 1987 equine influenza epidemic in India
Authors: UPPAL P. K. , YADAV M. P. , OBEROI M. S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryProcessing of nasal materials from clinical cases during the 1987 influenza epidemic in Northern and Central India resulted in the isolation of two haemagglutinating agents; one each from donkeys and horses at Bhiwani in Haryana State and Ludhiana in Punjab State, respectively. These were typed as Influenza A/Equi‐2 viruses by haemagglutination inhibition test. The two isolates were designated as A/Equi‐2/Bhiwani/1/87 and A/Equi‐2/Ludhiana/1/87. The Bhiwani/87 isolate was confirmed to have H3N8 antigenic structure and was indistinguishable from the Miami/63 strain of A/Equi‐2 virus. However, the A/Equi‐2 Ludhiana/87 isolate was closely related to the Fontainebleau/79 strain of A/equi‐2 virus.
The construction of the heart bar shoe and the technique of dorsal wall resection
Authors: EUSTACE R. A. , CALDWELL M. N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper describes a method of fabricating and fitting heart bar shoes and a technique of dorsal hoof wall resection. The rationale behind the treatments and criteria for their use are described. Radiographic technique is also discussed. This article reports the treatment of a series of clinical cases described in an accompanying article (p370).
Effect of Palosein (superoxide dismutase) and catalase upon oxygen derived free radical induced degradation of equine synovial fluid
Authors: AUER D. E. , NG J. C. , SEAWRIGHT A. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effect of oxygen derived free radicals (ODFR) upon the specific viscosity of equine synovial fluid was studied. ODFR were generated either by a mixture of ferrous iron and EDTA (Fe/EDTA) or by a mixture of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase (HX/XO). Incubation of the synovial fluid with both free radical generating systems decreased its specific viscosity. When the synovial fluid was incubated with Fe/EDTA the specific viscosity of the synovial fluid was reduced rapidly. By 2 mins, it was 53±3 per cent of the original specific viscosity and by 30 mins it was reduced to 39±5 per cent. In the HX/XO system, the specific viscosity was 75±4 per cent of the original specific viscosity at 10 mins and by 50 mins it was reduced to 55±3 per cent. Palosein (superoxide dismutase) was an effective inhibitor of the free radical induced reduction of the viscosity of the synovial fluid when the free radicals were generated with HX/XO but not with Fe/EDTA. Catalase was moderately effective as an inhibitor of reduction in specific viscosity of the synovial fluid when the free radicals were generated by either system. Only minor synergy resulted when mixtures of Palosein and catalase were tested for inhibition of Fe/EDTA induced reduction in the specific viscosity of equine synovial fluid. The results indicate that Palosein may protect equine synovial fluid from the effects of the superoxide radical (02−) but not from the hydroxyl radical (OH*). It was suggested that catalase may be a more appropriate antioxidant for the treatment of inflammatory disorders of the joint because it provided moderate protection from both ODFR producing systems. In addition, it was suggested that Palosein will not directly protect equine synovial fluid in vivo against ODFR generated by iron in the absence of superoxide, although it may provide protection through a secondary role by inhibiting mobilisation of iron and the reduction of ferric ions in vivo.
The effect of phenothiazine on plasma prolactin levels in non‐pregnant mares
Authors: LOCH W. , WORTHY K. , IRELAND F. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySixteen non‐pregnant pony mares were divided into four groups of similar age and bodyweight (bwt). Groups were randomly assigned to one of four treatments consisting of oral administration of perphenazine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg bwt, phenothiazine (10 mg/kg bwt) and a control group. Blood samples were taken by jugular venepuncture and plasma prolactin concentrations measured using an homologous assay for equine prolactin. Analysis of variance was conducted on data designed as a split plot over time. Perphenazine given orally (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg bwt) increased plasma prolactin concentrations when measured 3 and 6 h following feeding (P < 0.05). Prolactin concentrations returned to normal by 11 h post drug administration. There was no response in plasma prolactin concentrations following oral phenothiazine treatment (10 mg/kg bwt). Perphenazine at the 1.0 mg/kg bwt level was discontinued after two days due to two mares exhibiting signs of hyperesthesia.
Relationships of total protein, specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index and latex agglutination to immunoglobulin G concentration in mare colostrum
Authors: WAELCHLI R. O. , HÄSSIG M. , EGGENBERGER E. , NUSSBAUMER MARLIES 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA colostrum sample was collected within 24 h after foaling from 27 mares and from 10 other mares a milk sample was collected several weeks post partum. Immunoglobulin G concentrations were determined quantitatively by radial immunodiffusion and semi‐quantitatively using a commercial latex agglutination test. Total protein, specific gravity, viscosity and refractive index were determined and their relationships to the immunoglobulin G concentration analysed. All parameters correlated with the immunoglobulin G concentration. The latex agglutination test divided the colostrum samples into three groups with different means for immunoglobulin G and total protein concentrations. Specific gravity and the latex agglutination test were found to be the methods best suited for on‐farm evaluation of colostrum quality.
Experimental infection of ponies with equine influenza (H3N8) viruses by intranasal inoculation or exposure to aerosols
Authors: MUMFORD JENNIFER A. , HANNANT D. , JESSETT D. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryInfection of seronegative Welsh mountain ponies was established by intranasal instillation or exposure to nebulised aerosol of egg grown H3N8 viruses. Pyrexia and coughing were noted following intranasal instillation and high titres of virus were recovered from the nasopharynx. Exposure to aerosol resulted in more severe clinical signs characterised by high temperatures, dyspnoea, anorexia and coughing; lower levels of virus were recovered from the nasopharynx. The severity of clinical signs and the kinetics of virus shedding were dose‐related with the minimal infectious dose being 102EID50/ml when ponies were exposed to aerosols produced by nebulisation of 20ml allantoic fluid. Full clinical signs only developed when ponies were exposed to a dose of 106EIU50/ml. It was concluded that exposure to nebulised aerosols of egg grown H3N8 viruses was a more reliable method of inducing clinical influenza than intranasal inoculation and would be more suitable for challenge studies.
Impedance plethysmography
Authors: ATTENBURROW D. P. , FLACK F. C. , PORTERGILL M. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe technique of impedance plethysmography is described and its application to observation of lung volume changes in the horse at exercise is discussed. The results from horse at rest show that there is a close relationship between rate of lung volume change (flow rate) and the associated impedance changes during both inspiration and expiration. Impedance changes during exercise were related to inspiration and expiration by observation of associated respiratory sounds. Artefacts related to technical difficulties are also indicated.
Effects of exercise on serum aminotransferase activity and pyridoxal phosphate saturation in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: REJ R. , RUDOFSKY U. , MAGRO A. , PRENDERGAST J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAminotransferase activities were measured in the serum of two‐ to three‐year‐old Thoroughbred fillies and colts during a four week period of peak training for flat racing. Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT, EC 2.6.1.1), mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (m‐AspAT) and alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT, EC 2.6.1.2) activities in serum were measured and the relative proportions of apoenzyme and holoenzyme were determined. The aminotransferase activities were increased only slightly immediately following exercise. This small and immediate post exercise increase in activity did not vary greatly over the period of peak training. Measured in the presence of exogenous pyridoxal 5’‐phosphate, mean enzyme activities (iu/litre at 30°C) before exercise were: AspAT, 291; m‐AspAT, 13; AlaAT, 18. After exercise they were: AspAT, 317; m‐AspAT, 16; AlaAT, 23. Nearly all of the AspAT activity was present in the holoenzyme form (94 per cent holoenzyme) indicating excellent vitamin B6 status in these animals. Paradoxically, the AlaAT in serum from the same highly trained Thoroughbred horses was poorly saturated with pyridoxal phosphate, with nearly half of the AlaAT in most horses present in the inactive apoenzyme form (61 per cent that of holoenzyme). It is critical therefore, that exogenous pyridoxal phosphate be included in aminotransferase assays to determine the amounts of enzyme release into the peripheral circulation.