bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of depressive disorders and the distribution of depressive symptoms in later life: a survey using Draft ICD-10 and DSM-III-R
Authors: Henderson A. S. , Jorm A. F. , Mackinnon A. , Christensen H. , Scott L. R. , Korten A. E. , Doyle C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe point prevalence of depressive disorders was estimated in a sample of persons aged 70 years and over, which included both those living in the community and those in institutional settings. Lay interviewers administered the Canberra Interview for the Elderly to the subjects and their informants. The point prevalence of depressive episodes as defined by the Draft ICD-10 diagnostic criteria was 3·3%. The rate for DSM-III-R major depressive disorder was 1·0%. The latter prevalence rate is similar to those reported elsewhere for the elderly. Evidence is accumulating that older persons may indeed have low rates for depressive disorders at the formal case level. Possible reasons for this finding are offered.A scale for depressive symptoms, based exclusively on those specified in Draft ICD-10 and DSM-III-R, showed that the elderly do experience many depressive symptoms. Contrary to expectation, these did not increase with age. The number of depressive symptoms was correlated with neuroticism, poor physical health, disability and a history of previous depression. Attention now needs to be directed to the clinical significance of depressive symptoms below the case level in elderly persons.
Unemployment, underemployment and depressive affect among Southeast Asian refugees
Authors: Beiser Morton , Johnson Phyllis J. , Turner R. Jay 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis study of 1348 adult Southeast Asian refugees resettling in Vancouver, British Columbia and a comparison sample of 319 permanent residents of the city demonstrates a reciprocal relationship between unemployment and depressive affect. Increased risk of depression accompanied job loss and depression made it more difficult to stay employed. Although the association between unemployment and depression was common to both refugee and host society samples, links between these phenomena proved different in the two groups. In contrast to the refugees for whom income loss was the over-riding stress resulting from job loss, loss of esteem and loss of social contact also proved to be salient stressors for resident Canadians. Although a threat to the mental health of resident Canadians, underemployment – working at a level which considering one's education and previous occupation, is lower than might be expected – did not jeopardize the mental health of refugees.
Symptom dimensions and cognitive and social functioning in recent-onset schizophrenia
Authors: Van Der Does A. J. W. , Dingemans P. M. A. J. , Linszen D. H. , Nugter M. A. , Scholte W. F. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe relationships among symptoms, cognitive functioning and social functioning were investigated in 60 patients with recent-onset schizophrenia. Positive symptoms were unrelated to cognitive measures. Disorganization and depressive symptoms were correlated significantly with Card Sorting performance. Furthermore, only negative symptoms were correlated significantly with social functioning. These results replicate earlier studies with chronic and mixed samples, and support the validity of disorganization as a separate symptom dimension. In contrast to most previous studies, no significant correlations were found between negative symptoms and cognitive measures. However, some evidence was found for a non-linear association between negative symptoms and several cognitive measures. The variation explained by a curvilinear model was not high, but for some cognitive measures this model was clearly superior to a linear model. If replicated, this finding supports the position that cross-sectionally measured negative symptoms cannot be viewed as a unitary concept.
Selective memory loss and global intellectual deficits in alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome
Authors: Jacobson R. R. , Lishman W. A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe principle of distinguishing between selective memory deterioration and global intellectual decline has been applied to 38 patients with alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome. Indices were developed for each type of deficit and their distributions explored. Considerable variation was seen in both parameters, the transition from pure memory loss to global intellectual deficits appearing to be gradual. Differences were found in the sex and CT scan associations of the indices. The implications of the distinction for future research are discussed.
Vulnerability to life events exposure
Authors: Fergusson D. M. , Horwood L. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA theoretical model designed to assess the contribution of systematic factors contributing to vulnerability to life-events exposure is described. This model is applied to six-year longitudinal data on life events exposure for a sample of New Zealand women with school-aged children. The fitted model suggests that in the region of 30% of the variance in life-event reports over the six-year period was attributable to a common vulnerability factor. Modelling of this vulnerability factor suggested that two major determinants of vulnerability to life events were the level of social disadvantage of the woman and her level of neuroticism: women of socially disadvantaged backgrounds and women with high neuroticism scores showed a consistent tendency to report high life-event exposure during the six-year period. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Old data, new interpretation: a re-analysis of Sir Aubrey Lewis' M.D. thesis
Authors: Parker Gordon , Hadzi-Pavlovic Dusan 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSir Aubrey Lewis studied 61 depressives in considerable detail, principally cross-sectionally but also by reviewing progress. He concluded that he could find no qualitative distinctions between the depressed patients and thus established himself as a strong and influential advocate of the unitary view of depression (i.e. that depression varies dimensionally, not categorically). Subsequently, Kiloh & Garside (proponents of the binary view of two depressive ‘types’) coded the Lewis data and undertook a principal components analysis. They claimed success in distinguishing ‘endogenous’ and ‘neurotic’ depressive types within Lewis' sample. In this paper we re-analyse the data set using both a latent class categorical approach and mixture analyses. We suggest that any demonstration of sub-types was limited by relative homogeneity of the sample (in that up to 80% had probable or possible psychotic conditions), and by Lewis rating a number of important features (e.g. delusions) dimensionally rather than categorically. Nevertheless, we identify one categorical class (essentially an agitated psychotic depressive condition) and a residual (presumably heterogeneous) class. The presence of those two classes was supported by demonstrating bimodality in composite scores derived from the fourteen differentiating clinical features (and not evident when all clinical features were considered), and formally confirmed by mixture analyses. Membership of the categorical class was determined principally by psychotic features (delusions and hallucinations) and by objectively-judged psychomotor disturbance, and we consider the nature of that ‘class’. Lewis' data set is unusual (in having self-report and observationally rated data), and historically important in demonstrating that conclusions may depend on the choice of variables examined and analytical approaches.
Single spies and battalions: the clinical epidemiology of mental disorders
Authors: Cooper Brian 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisClinical epidemiology, a term that has been variously defined, is used here to refer to a discipline which, commencing with examination and diagnosis of the individual patient who presents in medical practice, proceeds to study the occurrence of similar, possibly connected cases in the local community, and in so doing may provide hypotheses for population-based studies of disease and its risk factors. While the relevance of this discipline to the modern practice of clinical psychiatry remains largely unexplored, its importance in the search for causes of mental disorder is attested by many instances, both historical and more recent, in which the spread or clustering of psychiatric syndromes in populations could be related to nutritional deficiency, infectious disease, the presence of environmental neurotoxins, the social communication of psychopathology or the transmission of abnormal, harmful behaviour patterns within family groups. Observations made in clinical practice have repeatedly served as the starting point for epidemiological investigation of mental disorders, while conversely epidemiological findings have influenced clinical thinking about their classification, diagnosis, prognosis and morbid risk. A review of the relevant literature underlines the need for a keener awareness of environmental risk factors and a fundamentally epidemiological frame of reference in trying to grapple with the aetiological problems of mental disorder.
Multiple sclerosis presenting as a pure psychiatric disorder
Authors: Skegg Keren 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisUsing strict diagnostic criteria, 91 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were identified in a defined population of 112000. Of these patients, 29 were found to have been referred to a psychiatrist at least once. Their psychiatric records were searched for cases of MS presenting as a pure psychiatric disorder. Only 18 of the 30 psychiatric referrals before the diagnosis of MS involved purely mental symptoms, and there was no reason to suppose most of them to be related to MS. This study highlighted the problem of how to define a true psychiatric presentation of MS. The uncovering of two likely candidates among a population-based sample of 91 supported the existence of such a phenomenon, but it was concluded that the only way to ascertain how often purely mental symptoms might be the first manifestation of MS would be to conduct a large population-based study with controls.
Psychological and social correlates of the onset of affective disorders among pregnant women
Authors: Kitamura T. , Shima S. , Sugawara M. , Toda M. A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOne hundred and twenty women recruited from attenders at the antenatal clinic of the Obstetrics Department of a general hospital were asked to complete ad hoc questionnaires during pregnancy; they were then interviewed by psychiatrists using a structured diagnostic interview, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). Nineteen (16%) women were identified as having an onset of an affective disorder during the period of pregnancy, mainly (68%) during the first trimester. As compared with the women without any such onset (controls), the women with pregnancy-related affective disorder (PRAD) were characterized by (1) it being their first pregnancy or first delivery with past termination of pregnancy, (2) early loss of either parent by death, (3) high Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) Neuroticism (N) and Psychoticism (P) scores, (4) living in a flat with either a plan to stay there after the forthcoming childbirth or an expectation that their accommodation would be crowded, and (5) negative response to the news of the pregnancy by the husband with low intimacy. The effects of these factors were additive since the probability of developing a PRAD episode was highly correlated with the number of factors reported.
Can children with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome edit their intentions?
Authors: Baron-Cohen S. , Cross P. , Crowson M. , Robertson M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn this paper we describe a cognitive mechanism, the Intention Editor, which is triggered whenever there are several intentions competing in parallel with each other. This mechanism is hypothesized to be a subcomponent of a larger mechanism, the Supervisory Attentional System (SAS: Shallice, 1988) which serves inhibition in general. The Intention Editor interrupts one of several simultaneously activated intentions, preventing it from executing its action, utterance, or thought. This mechanism appears to develop during the first five to six years of life. We propose that an impairment in the development of this mechanism may account for the triad of symptoms in children with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS): involuntary movements, involuntary utterances, and obsessive thoughts. This mechanism is tested with normal children aged 3–6 years old, and with children with GTS, in two experiments.In Experiment 1, subjects were required to make one hand movement while inhibiting making a (different) hand movement that the other hand was simultaneously making. In Experiment 2, they were asked to say one thing while inhibiting saying something else. On both tasks, normal 6-year-olds were significantly better than normal 4-year-olds, but children with GTS performed worse than normal 6-year-olds, despite having a mean age of 12 years. These results constitute preliminary evidence for the theory that the Intention Editor is dysfunctional in GTS.
The Gospel Oak Study stage III: the incidence of dementia
Authors: Boothby H. , Blizard R. , Livingston G , Mann A. H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOf an original sample of 705 elderly (aged over 65) community residents 71% were rescreened after two years and four months using Short CARE. Thirty-one (6·7%) subjects were identified as possible new cases of dementia, implying a mean annual inception rate among the survivors of 26 per 1000. These were subjected to full clinical assessment, which yielded 10 cases of Alzheimer's disease (8 per 1000) and 5 multi-infarct dementia (4 per 1000). The remainder of the cases consisted of 6 with a dementia secondary to other causes, 1 case of mixed dementia and there was insufficient information to classify the remaining 3. Six were found not to be suffering from dementia. This yields an overall annual incidence rate for dementia among the survivors of 20 per 1000.
Multiple reciprocal relationships betweenin vivocellular immunity and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in depression
Authors: Maes M. , Meltzer H. Y. , Stevens W. , Cosyns P. , Blockx P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisMajor depression is reportedly characterized by increased activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and byin vivoimmune activation. The present study was carried out in order to investigate the relationships between HPA-axis activity andin vivoimmune function in depression. Towards this end the following parameters were measured: 24 h urinary cortisol (UC) excretion; basal and post-dexamethasone (DST) plasma cortisol, β-endorphin/β-lipotropin (βEND/βLPH) and dexamethasone concentrations; and leucocyte subsets (i.e. lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, CD4+, CD4+CD45RA+, CD4+CD45RO+, CD8+, CD8+CD57+, CD8+CD57−, HLA-DR+, CD25+T cells, HLA-DR+, CD19+, CD20+, and CD21+B cells) both pre-and post-DST. Dexamethasone administration (1 mg orally) induced leucocytosis, lymphocytopaenia, monocytopaenia and neutrophilia. HPA-axis non-suppressors exhibited a relative resistance to the enhancing (e.g. neutrophils) or depressant (e.g. lymphocytes, CD4+T cells) effects of dexamethasone. There were significant correlations between UC excretion and the number of percentage of lymphocytes, monocytes, CD4+CD45RA+and CD8+CD57−T cells (negatively) and neutrophils (positively). It is concluded that multiple and complex intertwined relationships between HPA-axis hyperactivity and systemic immune stimulation participate in the pathophysiology or pathogenesis of major depression.
Complaints of cognitive decline in the elderly: a comparison of reports by subjects and informants in a community survey
Authors: Jorm A. F. , Christensen H. , Henderson A. S. , Korten A. E. , Mackinnon A. J. , Scott R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a community survey, subjects and their informants were asked the same questions about memory and intellectual decline in the subjects. Subjects and informants both commonly reported cognitive decline, although in most cases the decline was not seen as interfering with daily life. However, when responses from subjects and informants were cross-tabulated, agreement was found to be poor. For subjects, reports of cognitive decline were correlated with anxiety and depression symptoms and with trait neuroticism. Subjects' reports were uncorrelated with age and only weakly correlated with cognitive test performance, indicating little validity. By contrast, informants' reports were correlated with the subjects' cognitive test performance and age, but also with the informants' own anxiety and depression symptoms. Although informants' reports have validity, they may also be contaminated by the informants' affective state.
A controlled investigation of right hemispheric processing enhancement after restricted environmental stimulation (REST) with floatation
Authors: Raab Jody , Gruzelier John 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTwo groups of 16 subjects, 8 of each gender, were examined on two occasions, one group before and after restricted environmental stimulation with floatation, and the other group without floatation was the control group. They were examined with a tactile object discrimination task carried out with each hand separately while blindfolded, and with a recognition memory test for words and unfamiliar faces, a test validated on neurological patients with left and right hemispheric lesions respectively. Consistent with both tasks the floatation group showed a significantly greater enhancement of right hemispheric processing after floatation than was found when retesting the controls. The results were distinguished from previous research on hypnosis where the same relative state of hemispheric imbalance was achieved with the same tasks, but largely through inhibitory influences on the left hemisphere.
Bulimia comorbidity in the general population and in the clinic
Authors: Bushnell J. A. , Wells J. E. , McKenzie J. M. , Hornblow A. R. , Oakley-Browne M. A. , Joyce P. R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis study compares rates of comorbidity of lifetime psychiatric disorder in a clinical sample of women with bulimia, with general population base rates, and with rates of comorbidity among bulimic women in the general population. Eighty-four per cent of the clinical sample of bulimic women had a lifetime affective disorder, and 44% a lifetime alcohol or drug disorder. These rates of disorder were significantly higher than the base rates in the general population. Bulimic women in the general population also had more affective and substance-use disorders than the general population base rates, but the rates of these disorders were lower than found in the clinical sample. In the general population, quite similar rates of other disorders including generalized anxiety, panic, phobia and obsessive–compulsive disorder, are found among those with bulimia, substance-use disorder and depression. Furthermore, among those with depression and substance-use disorder in the general population, rates of eating disorder are comparable. Rather than suggesting a specific relationship between bulimia and either depression or substance-use disorder, the data from this study suggest that the presence of any disorder is associated with a non-specific increase in the likelihood of other psychiatric disorder.
The effect of social adversity on the fatigue syndrome, psychiatric disorders and physical recovery, following glandular fever
Authors: Bruce-Jones W. D. A. , White P. D. , Thomas J. M. , Clare A. W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTwo hundred and fifty patients attending primary care with glandular fever or an upper respiratory tract infection were studied prospectively up to 6 months after onset. Of these patients 228 were interviewed with the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, giving Research Diagnostic Criteria for psychiatric disorders. The experience of severe social adversity (provoking agents) had a significant association with psychiatric disorder at 2 months (odds ratio = 5·3) and 6 months (odds ratio = 5·8) after onset of infection. This association was especially significant for depressive illness (odds ratio = 9·1 at 2 months and 11·9 at 6 months). In contrast, social adversity had little association with the development of the post-infectious fatigue syndrome, or delayed physical recovery. Social adversity may be an important maintaining factor for psychiatric disorders, especially depressive illness, following acute infections.
An investigation of the adequacy of MEDLINE searches for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the effects of mental health care
Authors: Adams C. E. , Power A. , Frederick K. , Lefebvre C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisValid reviews of the effects of mental health care depend on identifying as high a proportion as possible of relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). To investigate the sensitivity and precision both of MEDLINE and of hand-searching for RCTs in mental health, 12 journals specializing in mental health and indexed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) for MEDLINE were searched for the years 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986 and 1991. The sensitivity of the hand-search was 94% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 93–95%), but it had a precision of only 7% (CI 6–8%). The optimal MEDLINE search had a sensitivity of only 52% (CI 48–56%) and precision of 59% (CI 55–63%). Of the reports of RCTs identified by the hand-search, 9% (CI 7–11 %) were not included in MEDLINE at all. Authors had included methodological descriptions in 84% (CI 80–88%) of RCTs found by the hand-search but missed by the MEDLINE search. Systematic reviews of mental health care which are based solely on MEDLINE searches of the literature will miss a large proportion of the relevant RCTs, and are thus liable to random error and bias. A register of mental health RCTs is urgently required.
Stability and change in low self-esteem: the role of psychosocial factors
Authors: Andrews Bernice , Brown George W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisLow self-esteem, defined as negative evaluation of self (NES), has been shown to play a significant role in the development of depression at a case level (Brown et al. 1986). This study investigated the stability of this risk factor in 102 women over a 7-year period and examined psychosocial factors that might influence change. At the end of the 7 years about half of those originally identified as having NES no longer had it, but very few moved in the reverse direction to NES. Level of depressive symptomatology also decreased but this was not a sufficient explanation for the substantial improvement in self-esteem. Life changes that involved an improvement in the quality of close relationships or an increase in work status appeared to be the most important factors in positive NES change. Ratings made at the time of first contact of environmental difficulties and positive evaluation of self (measured independently of NES) were related to positive NES change, but only via their link with positive life changes occurring in the 7-year follow-up period.