bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Masterbatch production of polyamide 6‐clay compounds via continuous in situ polymerization from caprolactam and layered silicates
Authors: Rothe Bernd , Kluenker Eike , Michaeli Walter 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMechanical properties of thermoplastic polymers can be improved by incorporation of nanoscaled layered silicates. To achieve a significant improvement, the silicates have to be well exfoliated within the polymer matrix. However, it is not always possible to produce exfoliated nanocompounds with the standard procedure of melt compounding. As an alternative to melt compounding, an in situ process for the production of polyamide 6‐nanocompounds is investigated. During the in situ production, the layered silicates are dispersed in the monomer caprolactam prior to the step of polymerization in a twin‐screw extruder, leading to an intercalation of the silicate filler. The production of a polyamide compound containing 0, 2, and 4 wt % nanoscaled silicates was successful. Young's modulus was increased by ∼ 30–60%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Chemical modification of hemp fibers by silane coupling agents
Authors: Rachini Ali , Le Troedec Marianne , Peyratout Claire , Smith Agnès 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNatural hemp fibers were chemically modified using silane coupling agents to reduce their hydrophilic character. The existence of a chemical bond between coupling agents and hemp fibers was confirmed by ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy, 29Si Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and BET surface area measurements. It was shown that the initial concentration and the chemical structure of the organosilane coupling agent have an effect on the grafted quantity on the hemp fiber surfaces. The grafted quantity increased proportionally to the initial concentration of silane molecules. The presence of polar amino end group (NH2) in silane structure can cause an increase in the grafted quantity, compared with results obtained in the case of silane molecules containing methacryloxy groups. This effect is attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds between NH2 and unreacted hydroxyl groups of hemp fibers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Anatomy of thyroid and parathyroid glands and neurovascular relations
Authors: Mohebati A. , Shaha A.R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHistorically, thyroid surgery has been fraught with complications. Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, or the parathyroid glands may result in profound life‐long consequences for the patient. To minimize the morbidity of the operation, a surgeon must have an in‐depth understanding of the anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and be able to apply this information to perform a safe and effective operation. This article will review the pertinent anatomy and embryology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and the critical structures that lie in their proximity. This information should aid the surgeon in appropriate identification and preservation of the function of these structures and to avoid the pitfalls of the operation. Clin. Anat. 25:19–31, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy's use of unclaimed bodies
Authors: Jones D. Gareth , Whitaker Maja I. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe use of unclaimed bodies has been one of the distinguishing features of the anatomy profession since the passing of nineteenth century legislation aimed at solving the problem of grave robbing. Only in more recent years has the use of bequeathed bodies supplanted dependence upon unclaimed bodies in many (but not all) countries. We argue that this dependence has opened the profession to a range of questionable ethical practices. Starting with contraventions of the early Anatomy Acts, we trace the manner in which the legitimacy of using unclaimed bodies has exposed vulnerable groups to dissection without their consent. These groups have included the impoverished, the mentally ill, African Americans, slaves, and stigmatized groups during the Nazi era. Unfortunately, ethical constraints have not been imposed on the use of unclaimed bodies. The major public plastination exhibitions of recent years invite us to revisit these issues, even though some likeBody Worldsclaim to use bequeathed bodies. The widespread use of unclaimed bodies in institutional settings has lent to these public exhibitions a modicum of legitimacy that is needed even when donated bodies are employed. This is because the notion of donation has changed as demonstrated by consideration of the principles of beneficence and non‐maleficence. We conclude that anatomists should cease using unclaimed bodies. Difficult as this will be in some cultures, the challenge for anatomists is to establish relationships of trust with their local communities and show how body donation can assist both the community and the profession. Clin. Anat. 25:246–254, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gross anatomical study of the human palatopharyngeus muscle throughout its entire course from origin to insertion
Authors: Sumida Kaori , Yamashita Kikuji , Kitamura Seiichiro 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe palatopharyngeus (PP) extends throughout the entire length of the pharynx and probably plays an important role in deglutition, but its spatial distribution remains undefined in some respects. This study was designed to clarify the exact distribution of the PP indispensable for understanding its functions. Using 50 cadavers, the PP and its neighboring muscles were bilaterally exposed in both surfaces of the pharynx. The PP was composed of two divisions: longitudinal and transverse. It is already known that the longitudinal PP is divided into two fasciculi sandwiching the levator veli palatini (LVP) immediately after originating from the palatine aponeurosis. However, we newly discovered a fasciculus originating from the uvula, and further regarded the salpingopharyngeus as another fasciculus of origin. The four fasciculi united to descend through the palatopharyngeal arch and inserted into the thyroid cartilage and beneath the mucosa of the hypopharynx. The transverse PP occupied a location transitional between the PP and superior constrictor (SC), where it originated from the palatine aponeurosis and passed dorsally to encircle the pharyngeal isthmus and reach the pharyngeal raphe. Although whether it belongs to the PP or SC has remained controversial, we regarded it as a portion of the PP from the evolutionary perspective and proposed anatomical criteria for differentiating it from the SC. The wide distribution of the PP suggests that it acts not only to elevate the pharynx or depress the soft palate, but also as a nasopharyngeal sphincter when closing the pharyngeal isthmus. Clin. Anat. 25:314–323, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indications of Resilience Factors in Families Who have Lost a Home in a Shack Fire
Authors: Greeff Abraham P , Lawrence Jennilee 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to explore the presence of resilience factors in families living in an informal settlement on the outskirts of a rural town that have lost their homes in a shack fire. A mixed methods research design was utilised. Qualitative data were obtained through responses to an open‐ended question, and quantitative data were obtained through the completion of questionnaires by an adult representative of each of the 38 African families that were identified through convenience sampling. To identify resilience factors, content analyses (on the qualitative data) were performed and Spearman correlations (for the quantitative data) were calculated. The results show that supportive communication, a sense of being in control and having internal strengths and dependability, while working together as a family, are vital to the resilience of the families that took part in this study. Furthermore, material support from the municipality and extended family, shelter provided by members of the extended family, and financial support from the extended family were also indicated as essential in overcoming the crisis and being resilient. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ACC/AHA classification of coronary lesions reflects medical resource use in current percutaneous coronary interventions
Authors: Sakakura Kenichi , Ako Junya , Wada Hiroshi , Kubo Norifumi , Momomura Shin‐ichi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between ACC/AHA type classification of coronary lesions and medical resource utilization. Background: It is not known whether the classification of coronary lesions by the ACC/AHA system reflects the consumption of medical resources in current percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Methods: We identified coronary artery lesions treated with PCI from our PCI database between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2009. Lesions were classified into type A, type B1, type B2, and type C according to the ACC/AHA definition. Total PCI cost, total contrast volume, and total fluoroscopy time were compared among the groups. Results: A total of 447 lesions were analyzed. The number of type A, type B1, type B2, and type C lesion were 75 (16.8%), 98 (21.9%), 145 (32.4%), and 129 (28.9%), respectively. Total PCI cost for type A, type B1, type B2, and type C lesions were $7,262 ± 1,397, $8,126 ± 1,891, $9,126 ± 3,128, and $13,243 ± 4,678, respectively (P < 0.0001). Total contrast volume and fluoroscopy time were also stratified according to the order of type A, type B1, type B2, and type C lesions (P < 0.0001 for total contrast volume; P < 0.0001 for total fluoroscopy time). Conclusions: Total PCI cost, total contrast volume, and total fluoroscopy time were clearly stratified according to the order of type A, type B1, type B2, and type C lesions. Lesion classification by the ACC/AHA system reflects medical resource use in current PCI. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Casting Solution on Morphology and Performance of PVDF Microfiltration Membranes
Authors: Madaeni S. S. , Taheri A. H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe effects of preparation‐influencing parameters such as polymer concentration, thickness of casting solution, and type of solvent on morphology and performance of poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) microfiltration membranes for the treatment of emulsified oily wastewater were investigated. Flat‐sheet membranes were prepared from a casting solution of polymer and additive in various solvents by immersing the prepared films in nonsolvent‐containing mixtures of water and 2‐propanol. The membranes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Increasing the polymer concentration and membrane thickness significantly affected the pore size, leading to permeate flux decrease. An attempt was made to correlate the effect of the solvent on membrane morphology and performance employing solubility parameters between solvent and nonsolvent).
Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons using Partially Purified Laccase from Residual Compost of Agaricus bisporus
Authors: Mayolo‐Deloisa K. , Machín‐Ramírez C. , Rito‐Palomares M. , Trejo‐Hernández M. R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLaccase partially purified from residual compost of Agaricus bisporus by an aqueous two‐phase system (Lac ATPS) was used in degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: fluorene (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and benzo[a]anthracene (BaA). The capacity of the enzyme to oxidize polyaromatic compounds was compared to that of the crude laccase extract (CE). After treatment of 72 h, Lac ATPS and CE were not capable of oxidizing Flu and Phe, while Ant, BaP, and BaA were oxidized, resulting in percentages of oxidation of 11.2 ± 1, 26 ± 2, and 11.7 ± 4 % with CE, respectively. When Lac ATPS was used, the following percentages of oxidation were obtained: 11.4 ± 3 % for Ant, 34 ± 0.1 % for BaP, and 13.6 ± 2 % for BaA. The results reported here demonstrate the potential application of Lac ATPS for the oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Induction Time in Crystallization Fouling on Heat Transfer Surfaces
Authors: Geddert T. , Augustin W. , Scholl S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis work deals with the induction period in crystallization fouling on heat transfer surfaces. While the crystal growth period can be calculated, the influencing effects in the initial stage of crystallization fouling are not fully understood and quantified so far. To identify the factors influencing the induction time, experiments with calcium sulfate were performed on modified surfaces. As surface parameters the free surface energy, roughness and topography were determined by drop shape analysis and/or AFM. The visual information by microscopic studies with a SEM shows different behavior in the initial stage of crystallization on modified surfaces at constant process conditions. These microscopic findings could be verified with induction times of fouling experiments, leading to a prediction of the induction time based on surface parameters and supersaturation of the salt solution.
Static Formation and Dissociation of Methane+Methylcyclohexane Hydrate for Gas Hydrate Production and Regasification
Authors: He S. , Liang D. , Li D. , Ma L. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe formation and decomposition of methane+methylcyclohexane (MCH) hydrate in a static batch reactor, which was also designed as a high‐pressure microwave reactor, were investigated. The addition of 300 ppm sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) provides continuous formation of CH4+MCH hydrate under static conditions. Increasing the initial pressure within the narrow range of 2.7 to 4.6 MPa at 274 K enhances the formation rate by even several times. The gas storage capacity can be largely improved with partial coexisting of sI CH4 hydrate. Unlike a stirred formation, an increase of nonaqueous MCH inhibits the static formation of sH hydrate. The following regasification by 2.45 GHz microwave heating indicates that the dissociation is rate‐controlled by the parallel connection of efficient internal heating and conventional external heating. The multiphase convection characterized by osmotic dehydration and driven by intensified regasification is considered as the dominant mechanism affecting the quiescent dissociation.
Flow Field Analysis of Stirred Liquid‐Liquid Systems in Slim Reactors
Authors: Maaß S. , Eppinger T. , Altwasser S. , Rehm T. , Kraume M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPrevious studies have shown the great potential, but also the great challenges, in handling slim reactors often used for polymerization reactions. Experiments and simulations were carried out in reactors with aspect‐to‐diameter ratios of up to 5, to test and to evaluate the mixing and dispersion efficiency for liquid‐liquid systems of single‐ and multiple‐stage impellers. Therefore, power consumption, mixing time and minimum dispersion speed were determined for five different stirrer types under turbulent conditions. It was found that the dimensionless mixing time is highly sensitive to the configuration of the impellers, with almost no dependency on the turbulent power number. Another focus was the analysis of the effect of the baffles. The influence of the baffle length in slim reactors on the mixing time and the macroscopic flow field was determined.
Heat and Mass Flow Control in an Interconnected Multiphase CFD Model for Chemical Looping Combustion
Authors: Kruggel‐Emden H. , Scherer V. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractChemical looping combustion is a feasible option for carbon capture from fossil fuels. Within the process, the oxygen necessary for combustion is provided by a solid carrier material which alternately undergoes oxidation and reduction reactions. Features of the process are that the oxidation reaction of the particulate carrier in the air reactor is strongly exothermic and that the conversion of both oxidation and reduction reactions has to be in balance for stable operation. Simulations of the transient behavior of chemical looping combustion systems are possible through multiphase CFD. To allow for the modeling of chemical looping at steady state, cooling of the reactors and mass flow between fuel and air reactor must be adequately adjusted. Therefore, an interconnected multiphase CFD model was extended by an adjustment control. In this extended modeling framework variations of the operational load, control set points and carrier materials were performed. These simulations allow detailed insight into the dynamic behavior of chemical looping systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Growth and Structure Redetermination of a Nonlinear BaAlBO3F2 Crystal.
Authors: Hu Zhanggui , Yue Yinchao , Chen Xuean , Yao Jiyong , Wang Jianuo , Lin Zheshuai 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHigh quality crystals of the title compound with sizes up to 50 x 40 x 25 mm3 are prepared by the middle‐seeded solution growth technique from LiF—B2O3—NaF flux using BaF2, H3BO3, Al2O3, LiF, and NaF as starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Olefin Metathesis Featuring Ruthenium Indenylidene Complexes with a Sterically Demanding NHC Ligand.
Authors: Urbina‐Blanco Cesar A. , Leitgeb Anita , Slugovc Christian , Bantreil Xavier , Clavier Herve , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTwo new ruthenium indenylidene complexes (I) are prepared and characterized.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐Carboxymethyl‐2‐(4‐methylthiophenyl)‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐4‐one: Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones.
Authors: Gorska Agnieszka , Hajmowicz Halina , Klis Tomasz , Serwatowski Janusz , Synoradzki Ludwik 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA general way to synthesize (acyloxy)boronates from malic acid is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformation of Aromatic Bromides into Aromatic Nitriles via Formations of Grignard Reagents and Their DMF Adducts.
Authors: Ishii Genki , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA broad spectrum of aromatic bromides and some aliphatic ones can be easily transformed to the nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization of Microwave‐Assisted Catalytic Activity of Novel Benzimidazole Salts Bearing Piperidine and Morpholine Moieties in Heck Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Kuecuekbay Hasan , Sireci Nihat , Yilmaz Uelkue , Akkurt Mehmet , Yalcin Serife Pinar , Tahir M. Nawaz , Ott Holger 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe use of palladium catalyst systems including novel benzimidazole salts (I) gives better yields and very short reaction times compared with those given in the literature.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral P‐Containing Palladacycle‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Ring‐Opening Reactions of Oxabicyclic Alkenes with Alkenyl Boronic Acids.
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Jun , Mo Dong‐Liang , Ding Chang‐Hua , Hou Xue‐Long 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA wide range of oxabicyclic alkenes (I), (IV), and (VI) and alkenyl boronic acids (II) are suitable substrates for the palladacycle‐catalyzed asymmetric ring‐opening reaction to afford the corresponding products in good to very good yields and moderate to very good enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of trans‐Trifluoromethyl‐β‐lactams and α‐Alkyl‐β‐trifluoromethyl‐β‐amino Esters.
Authors: Petrik Vitaliy , Roeschenthaler Gerd‐Volker , Cahard Dominique 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe advantage of this protocol over existing methods is the use of an α‐chloroamine (prepared in situ), instead of an imine, to react with the acid chloride.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric One‐Pot Four‐Component Coupling Reaction: Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydropyrans Catalyzed by Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether.
Authors: Ishikawa Hayato , Sawano Satoshi , Yasui Yusuke , Shibata Yusuke , Hayashi Yujiro 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSubstituted tetrahydropyrans are synthesized with excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2‐e]indoles via the Base‐Promoted Pictet—Sprengler Reaction of Nb‐Benzylserotonin.
Authors: Yamada Koji , Yamaguchi Sayaka , Hatae Noriyuki , Abe Takumi , Iwamura Tatsunori , Ishikura Minoru 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe reaction of compound (I) and acrolein under the conditions A) or Et3N / MeOH / 25° C to the desired product fails.
ChemInform Abstract: Isomerization of Perfluoro‐3,3‐diethylindan‐1‐one into Perfluoro‐1,3‐dimethyl‐4‐ethyl‐1H‐isochromen under the Action of Antimony Pentafluoride.
Authors: Zonov Ya. V. , Karpov V. M. , Platonov V. E. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCompound (II) is actually isolated together with unreacted starting material (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Xanthone and Benzophenone Glycosides from the Stems of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum
Authors: Duan Ying‐hui , Dai Yi , Wang Guang‐hui , Chen Hai‐feng , Gao Hao , Chen Jie‐bo , Yao Xin‐sheng , Zhang Xiao‐kun 
Published: July 2011

Abstractisolation, structure determination and retinoid X receptor transcriptional activities of two new xanthone glycosides, pruniflorosides A and B (I), a new benzophenone glycoside, prunifloroside C (II) and a new xanthone, pruniflorone S (III)
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Crystal Structure and Photoluminescence of Garnet‐Type Calcium Tin Titanium Aluminates.
Authors: Yamane Hisanori , Kawano Tetsuya 
Published: July 2011

AbstractColorless, transparent single crystals of Ca3Sn2.2Ti0.8Al2O12 are prepared from a mixture of CaCO3, SnO2, TiO2, and α‐Al2O3 in an atomic ratio of Ca:Sn:Ti:Al = 5:1:1:5 (1550 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Two Extended Architectures Formed by Anderson‐Type Polyoxometalates and Zr4+/Ce3+—1,2‐Diaminoethanetetraacetate Complexes.
Authors: Zhang Chun‐Hua , Zhang Chun‐Jing , Chen Ya‐Guang 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCompounds (III) and (V) crystallize in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with Z = 1 and Z = 2, respectively (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Role of SrMoO4 in Sr2MgMoO6 Synthesis.
Authors: Vasala S. , Yamauchi H. , Karppinen M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe solid state synthesis of the promising solid oxide fuel cell anode material Sr2MgMoO6 from stoichiometric mixtures of SrCO3, MgO and MoO3 at 600—900 °C for 12 h is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Hydrazide Type Organocatalyst for Enantioselective Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Suzuki Ichiro , Ando Masafumi , Shimabara Rumiko , Hirata Ai , Takeda Kei 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA new class of hydrazide‐type organocatalyst is successfully applied in asymmetric Diels—Alder cycloadditions of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes (II) and (V) towards cyclopentadiene.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Dienes and Dienophiles. Part 8. Highly Functionalized, Angularly Anellated Aromatic Compounds from Dendralenes.
Authors: Hopf Henning , Yildizhan Seref 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCross‐conjugated oligoenes [3]dendralene (I) or [4]dendralene (XI) undergo diene‐transmissive Diels—Alder reactions with acetylenedicarboxylate (II) to give cycloadducts which are further elaborated to afford the desired polycycles (X) and (XIV).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropenylylidene‐Stabilized Diaryl and Dialkyl Phosphenium Cations: Applications in Homogeneous Gold Catalysis.
Authors: Petuskova Jekaterina , Bruns Hans , Alcarazo Manuel 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe new catalyst can be used for several gold(I)‐promoted processes as it exhibits the electron richness of classical trialkyl and triaryl phosphines.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Semihydrogenation of Dienes.
Authors: Graham Thomas J. A. , Poole Thomas H. , Reese Charles N. , Goess Brian C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractReplacement of the final dehydroboration step by H2O2‐mediated oxidation allows regioselective formation of primary alcohols such as (XIII), (XV), and (XVII).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Cyclopropanes with Potassium Dihaloiodates.
Authors: Zyk N. V. , Gavrilova A. Yu. , Bondarenko O. B. , Mukhina O. A. , Tikhanushkina V. N. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe iodohalogenation of arylcyclopropanes (I) leads to a mixture of dihalogenated products (II) and (III).