bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Using a Bioassay‐type Test
Authors: Barak Phillip , Chen Yona 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments to establish a bioassay‐type pot test for the evaluation of iron deficiency in soils were performed. Peanut plants cv. Shulamit were grown in small pots (500 g of soil) for 5 weeks in six soils varying in CaCO3 content from 3.6 to 63.0%. Control and FeEDDHA (ethylenediamine di‐o‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid) treatments were employed. Chlorophyll content of the leaves was measured at the end of the growth period. A significant linear correlation was found between the relative chlorophyll content of leaves (FeEDDHA = 100) and the total CaCO3 or active lime content (r = 0.892 and 0.940, respectively). Chlorosis was completely remediable with the addition of FeEDDHA. A mountain rendzina soil containing 63% CaCO3 caused the most severe chlorosis. An experiment was conducted in which the chlorophyll content of FeEDDHA‐treated and untreated peanut plants grown on this soil was compared. This experiment was repeated at three different times of the year. Some variability was found in chlorophyll content of either treated or untreated plants when absolute numbers were compared. However, when chlorophyll content of the untreated plants was expressed as percent of that of FeEDDHA‐treated ones, the resulting relative values for the three growth periods were as close as 46.8, 41.7, and 45.0%. The same soil was used for further experimentation with the screening test. Three genotypes of peanuts were tested for Fe‐sensitivity: Congo Red, Virginia Bunch Improved, and Shulamit. Congo Red was found to be the most sensitive cultivar as known from former field studies. Iron‐enriched peat was prepared in our laboratories and tested as a possible remedy for iron deficiency of Shulamit peanuts grown on the rendzina soil. A positive response curve of plant chlorophyll to iron‐enriched peat dosage was obtained reaching levels comparable to FeEDDHA.The growth chamber pot test described provides a simple and efficient tool for the following purposes: (i) screening soils for potential chlorosis problems in peanuts and possibly other plants; (ii) screening peanut cultivars for iron efficiency; and (iii) screening iron‐containing fertilizers, and roughly estimating their efficiency and application rates. The iron‐enriched peat which was first tested in this work exhibited positive and promising effects.
Potassium and Magnesium Recovery from Selected Soils of the Allegheny Plateau
Authors: Stout W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany soils of marginal land areas in the northeastern United States have been depleted in K and Mg by either poor soil fertility management or erosion. These soils also contain clay minerals such as mica and vermiculite that are prone to fix K and Mg. The combination of depleted levels of K and Mg and clay minerals may have an adverse effect on the recovery of K and Mg applied to these soils. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of clay minerals on the recovery of K and Mg applied to A and B horizons of seven Appalachian soils.The recovery of K and Mg applied to the A and B horizons of seven soil series common to the Allegheny Plateau region of western Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia was determined using 1N ammonium acetate, double acid (0.05N HCl in 0.025N H2SO4), and oat seedlings. Potassium recovery by all methods ranged from approximately 60% of applied K in soils containing small amounts of mica and/or vermiculite to approximately 15% in soils containing moderate amounts of these clays. Almost all of the applied Mg was recovered by the soil testing methods, while the oat seedlings were only able to recover about 4% of the applied Mg. Recovery of Mg was not directly affected by clay type.The ammonium acetate method was able to predict the recovery of K by the oat seedlings better than the double‐acid method. Magnesium recovery by the oat seedlings was predicted equally well by both soil testing procedures.
Salt‐affected Soils in the Platte River Valley of Central Nebraska: Properties and Classification
Authors: Al‐Janabi K. Z. , Lewis D. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were undertaken to more fully understand and to properly classify some salt‐affected soils in central Nebraska. In spite of their location on a recent flood plain, these soils appeared to have accumulated illuvial clay in their subsoils and had evidence of removal of materials from the upper solum. A microknoll‐microdepression relief was evident in the permanent pasture, but salt accumulation did not follow expected patterns in relation to it. A thin, white salt crust was evident in irrigated parts of the area, but total salt accumulation in the pedons where the salt crust was evident was not much different from that in the other areas studied. No salic horizon was evident. Organic carbon (C) content of the upper pedon was too low, structure too weak, and consistence too firm to place these soils with Mollisols. Evidence for a Natric horizon was questionable. Therefore, placement in a fine loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Halaquept family is suggested. Since this family is presently not established, a taxadjunct to this category is a possibility. The presence of salt in these soils is most likely the result of a dilute solution of salts in the groundwater. Another mechanism is suggested, however.
Residual‐Wax Soil Treatments for Water Harvesting
Authors: Fink D. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractParaffin wax is being used as a soil treatment to increase the water runoff yield from precipitation. However, the increasing costs of petroleum products and occasional treatment failures prompted this laboratory study to improve treatment‐weathering resistance, decrease wax application rates, and substitute residual waxes for the more expensive paraffin. Ten residual waxes and two paraffin waxes were applied to Tremant soil (fine‐loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplargids) at three rates (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 kg/m2). Each wax contained three rates of antistripping agent (0, 2, and 4% by weight). Before the wax application, the soil was stabilized either by wet compaction alone, or by compaction followed by application of cellulose xanthate. The treated soils were weathered by alternately subjecting them to freeze‐thaw cycling, to erosion, and to water repellency testing. The laboratory results showed that the less costly residual wax treatments were generally more weather resistant than the paraffin treatments. Generally, the antistripping agent and cellulose xanthate improved weatherability of the waxes tested. Results also indicated that, with soil prestabilization and the addition of antistripping agent, the wax application rate for most waxes on soils similar to the one tested could be reduced to 0.25 kg/m2, which is one‐fourth to one‐eighth the currently recommended rate. The best treatments will be field‐tested to confirm these laboratory findings and to extend the use of wax treatments to other soils and climates.
Subjectivity in the Separation of Organic Horizons of the Forest Floor
Authors: Federer C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRepeated measurements of the thicknesses of L, F, H, and A1 horizons for 30 years in six New Hampshire forest stands indicated that observers define and separate horizons differently. Consistent use of the new Soil Conservation Service definitions would help eliminate this difference. However, valid comparison of measurements on the forest floor among studies or over time is questionable.
Silica‐Sesquioxide Ratios as Aids in Characterization of some Temperate Region and Tropical Soil Clays
Authors: Tan K. H. , Troth P. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe usefulness of silica‐sesquioxide ratios in the characterization of clays was studied by comparative analysis of primary and secondary minerals, and clays isolated from selected temperate region and tropical soils. The reference minerals and the clay fractions (<2 µm), separated from A and B horizons, were analyzed for total Si, Al, and Fe contents by the lithium metaborate method and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Characterization of the minerals was conducted by x‐ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and infrared analysis. The data indicated that the molar silica‐sesquioxide ratios were capable of detecting differences in mineral composition, not revealed by x‐ray diffraction or the other methods. However, a considerable overlap in values of the ratios was noted for clays of the temperate region soils. In the absence of x‐ray diffraction and/or other analysis, this overlap imposed some restrictions as to the use of the ratios in the identification of mineral species from a mixture of 2:1‐type of clays, but was not critical in the distinction of kaolinite from montmorillonite as monominerals. Kaolinite in the temperate region Ultisols and tropical soils had SiO2/R2O3 (1.41 to 2.15) and SiO2/Al2O3 (1.63 to 2.46) ratios in general agreement with those of reference kaolinite. However, the lower values of SiO2/Fe2O3 and Al2O3/Fe2O3 ratios of the soil clays distinguished them from the reference clay as being higher in iron content. The idea that increased weathering decreased the values of the silica‐sesquioxide ratios was not substantiated by the present results, since the clay minerals revealed similar if not higher silica‐sesquioxide ratios than the primary minerals.
Electron Spin Resonance Investigation of Mn2+ Complexation in Natural and Synthetic Organics
Authors: McBride M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMechanisms of Mn2+ bonding in soil organics and pure organic compounds were compared by using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The observation that Mn2+ in lower‐than‐cubic symmetry produces a very broad signal was used to quantitatively determine the degree of metal complexation by organics. As the pH was raised, multiligand molecules such as carboxymethylcellulose, citrate, and succinate formed complexes with Mn2+ as shown by a decrease of ESR signal intensity. However, monocarboxylic acids such as benzoate and salicylate do not readily form complexes with Mn2+. A fulvic acid extracted from acid soil possessed a very limited number of strong complexation sites which became available to Mn2+ only at pH values > 6.0. Polycarboxylic acids, including natural organics (peat, humic acid) and synthetic polymers (polymethacrylate, polygalacturonic acid) bond Mn2+ electrostatically as the hydrated ion at low pH, but complex increasing amounts of Mn2+ as the pH is raised. A comparison of the ESR characteristics of Mn2+ bound to soluble carboxylic acids, polymeric carboxylic acids, and strong acid compounds such as sulfonate resin is used to characterize the bonding behavior of Mn2+ in soil organics. The cooperative effort of several surface functional groups appears to be necessary to cause Mn2+ to form an inner‐sphere complex with organic solids. Higher temperatures generally favor the complexation of Mn2+.
Table Beet Yield and Boron Deficiency as Influenced by Lime, Nitrogen, and Boron
Authors: Hemphill Delbert D. , Weber Michael S. , Jackson Thomas L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYield, occurrence of root canker (B deficiency), and leaf nutrient concentrations of the Morse strain of ‘Detroit Dark Red’ table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) as influenced by combinations of lime and N, B, and P fertilizers were evaluated in three studies. Greatest total yields and most favorable distribution of root sizes for processing occurred with 280 kg N/ha and at soil pH of 6.6. Boron and P did not affect yield but B application reduced incidence of root canker. High rates of N application also reduced canker even though the production of large roots, which are more susceptible to canker, was increased by high rates of N. In the presence of soil‐applied B, high rates of N increased beet leaf B concentration. Application of lime tended to decrease leaf B concentration but increased canker incidence only in the absence of applied B. Liming increased P and decreased Mn concentration of leaves. The yield response to lime application may be attributed in part to reduction of Mn toxicity.
Availability of 15N‐Labeled Nitrogen in Fertilizer and in Wheat Straw to Wheat in Tilled and No‐Till Soil
Authors: Fredrickson J. K. , Koehler F. E. , Cheng H. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a field study, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown in microplots under conventional tillage and no‐till seedings to compare availability of fertilizer nitrogen for two consecutive crops. The 15N‐labeled ammonium sulfate was surface‐applied in May 1980 to a spring wheat crop which utilized 25 to 40% of the fertilizer N, with the highest uptake occurring on no‐till. There was no difference in dry matter production between tillage methods. A winter wheat crop was then grown in the same microplots to assess the availability of the residual labeled fertilizer N, and in new microplots which were treated with the spring wheat straw containing 5.29 atom % 15N and 1.20% total N to assess the availability of straw N. Approximately 9% of the wheat straw N was taken up by the 1980 to 1981 winter wheat crop, while an average of 6% of the residual fertilizer N was utilized. Winter wheat dry matter production was highest on no‐till receiving 168 kg N/ha, but no difference was found between the effects of tillage methods on the availability of straw N or on the uptake of residual fertilizer N. Therefore, decreased wheat production on no‐till in the Pacific Northwest would not likely result from poorer crop utilization of fertilizer N under no‐till than under conventional tillage. Overall low crop N‐use efficiencies of the surface‐applied fertilizer N were likely due to immobilization and denitrification.
Properties and Classification of Kitsap Soils in Northwestern Washington
Authors: Shovic H. F. , Frazier B. E. , Gilkeson R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Kitsap series is widely distributed in the Puget Sound Lowlands. It has developed in glaciolacustrine sediments under the influence of cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. This series is a benchmark soil and it has been classified as prime land for agriculture and forestry in Washington. Fourteen sites, representing the geographic range of this series, were characterized in the field. Four pedons were selected from characterization in the laboratory. A typical pedon which represents the central concept of the Kitsap series is described. The range of chemical and physical properties, genesis, and classification are discussed.Kitsap soils occupy intermediate terraces in major stream drainages and along some bluffs facing Puget Sound. The two most important soil‐forming processes are the accumulation of organic matter and the transformations and redistribution of iron. These processes yield a thick, but relatively light‐colored epipedon, concretions, mottles, and durable aggregates. The clay fraction is dominantly vermiculite with extensive Al‐hydroxy interlayers. Laboratory and field characterization data support the placement of these soils in Aquic Xerochrepts. However, at the family level the data indicate that these soils as they are currently mapped fit (i) fine, mixed, mesic, (ii) fine‐silty, mixed, mesic, and (iii) fine, vermiculitic, mesic.
A Method for Measuring Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Soil
Authors: Cary J. W. , Holder C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple rubber membrane gas sampling device is described for measuring soil oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The O2 measurements are compared to results from the Pt electrode method and found to show similar trends when soil respiration was low. The membrane sensor samples a larger volume of soil and so its results have lesser coefficients of variation than do oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) measurements with Pt electrodes.
Estimating the Soil Heat Flux from Observations of Soil Temperature Near the Surface
Authors: Horton R. , Wierenga P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method was described for estimating soil heat flux by measuring soil moisture content and soil temperature at two or three depths near the soil surface. The method utilizes an analytical expression of heat flux for a semi‐infinite homogeneous soil profile for which the surface temperature is described by a Fourier series. For relatively homogeneous soil, the estimates of soil heat flux, based on observation of temperature at two depths, compared well with values of heat flux determined with the temperature integral method. Estimates were best when one of the measurement depths was very near the surface (≤ 1 cm) and the other between the 10‐ and 20‐cm depths. When soil profiles were nonhomogeneous it was found that three rather than two depths of temperature observation should be considered. Although the analytical solution for estimating the heat flux strictly does not apply to nonhomogeneous soils, heat flux values obtained with the proposed method compared favorably with those computed with the temperature integral method.
Use of an Internal Standard with Differential X‐ray Diffraction Analysis for Iron Oxides
Authors: Bryant R. B. , Curi N. , Roth C. B. , Franzmeier D. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the differential x‐ray diffraction (DXRD) method the diffraction pattern for iron minerals in a soil or clay sample is obtained by subtracting the pattern for a sample free of iron oxides, after appropriate adjustment of intensity, from that of an untreated sample. We modified this method by using 1 µm α‐alumina as an internal standard to calculate the scale factor for the adjustment of intensity. The internal standard also serves as a reference for making corrections in peak position. Alumina has the advantages that it is not attacked by the citrate‐bicarbonate‐dithionite (CBD) treatment to remove iron oxides and its peak positions do not overlap the broad diffraction peaks of Fe oxides in the range of 2 to . The effects of CBD treatment on soil components other than Fe oxides can also be observed. Iron minerals in 11 soils from Indiana and Goias State, Brazil, were characterized using this technique. Hematitegoethite ratios, mean crystallite dimension, and amount of Al substitution in the iron oxides were calculated from the position, height, and width at half‐height of the DXRD peaks. The redder soils had more extractable Fe and larger hematite‐goethite ratios than the yellower soils. The amount of Al substitution in goethite and hematite and the mean crystallite dimension of hematite was greater for the Oxisols of Brazil than the Alfisols of Indiana. Maghemite was detected in soil clay of a red Oxisol from Brazil.
Fluorite Solubility in Limed Acid Sandy Soils
Authors: Street J. J. , Elwali A. M. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solubility of fluorite (CaF2) in acid sandy soils was investigated via Ca2+ and F‐ activity measurements. Fluorite was added to three acid sandy soils previously limed to various pHs between 4.0 and 7.8. The equilibrium Ca2+ and F‐ activities in soil water suspensions were determined and compared to published and calculated ion activity products. The data indicated that CaF2 was the solid phase controlling F‐ activity in the suspension pH range of 5.5 to 7.0. However, below pH 5.0, the F‐ activity indicated supersaturation with respect to CaF2. The pKap for CaF2 prepared in the laboratory was calculated to be 10.50. The results revealed that liming fluoride‐contaminated acid sandy soils may reduce F‐ in the soil solution by precipitation of CaF2.
Nitrate Formation in Acid Forest Soils from the Adirondacks
Authors: Klein Theodore M. , Kreitinger Joseph P. , Alexander Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrate formation in three forest soils from the Adirondacks region of New York was studied in the laboratory. The organic and surface mineral layers of the soils had pH values ranging from 3.6 to 4.1. Nitrate was formed when the soils were treated with artificial rain at pH 3.5, 4.1, or 5.6. Compared to simulated rain at pH 5.6, simulated rain at pH 3.5 enhanced nitrate formation in one soil and inhibited it in two other soils. The rate of nitrate accumulation was about 10 times higher in the organic horizon than in the mineral horizon, and nitrate formation was not enhanced by ammonium additions. Nitrate formation in soil suspensions was dependent on the amount of soil in the suspension, and none was formed if little soil was present. Ammonium did not enhance nitrate production in the suspensions. It is suggested that nitrate formation in these acid soils is not limited by the ammonium supply.
The Effect of Liming and Leaching on the Sulfur‐Supplying Capacity of Soils
Authors: Korentajer Leonid , Byrnes Bernard H. , Hellums Deborah T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of liming and subsequent percolation on SO2‐4 leaching from two soils differing substantially in their native soil S status. Two crops of corn (Zea mays L.) were then grown on the limed and leached soils with gypsum added in order to assess S crop response. With no liming, SO2‐4 leaching losses in both soils were approximately 50% of those obtained at the highest liming rates (2.0–2.5 g/kg); however, the effect varied depending on the soil S status. In the soil with the higher level of adsorbed SO2‐4 (35 µg/g of S), large losses were observed, particularly during the initial leaching period. In contrast, with the soil with the lower level of adsorbed SO2‐4 (9 µg/g of S), the leaching losses were more gradual, and SO2‐4 elution followed a chromatographic pattern commonly observed with nonsorbing ions. Possible explanations for these patterns are presented. Crop production and S uptake, particularly by the second crop, reflected the significant effects of liming and leaching on the available S status of the soils. The results indicate that acid soils that are limed and subsequently leached may rapidly become S deficient and that the relative amounts of adsorbed SO2‐4 and mineralizable S are important factors in determining the magnitude of the liming effect.
Loessial Deposits and Soils of the Snake and Tributary River Valleys of Wyoming and Eastern Idaho
Authors: Glenn W. R. , Nettleton W. D. , Fowkes C. J. , Daniels D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLoess mantles hilly uplands along rivers in Star Valley and Jackson Hole in western Wyoming and Teton County in eastern Idaho. Mineralogy of the loess is relatively uniform from pedon to pedon and its particle size is relatively uniform with depth. Thickness and particle size of the loess relative to distance from the Salt River in Star Valley show that the local flood plain was its probable source. In Jackson Hole, although the mineralogy of the loess is similiar to that in Idaho, its particle size suggests that it was carried by periglacial winds which came down over outwash plains and alluvium in the north and moved south through the valley. The refractive index of glass shards in the loess is < 1.505 suggesting that the shards are from Glacier Peak, thus adding support to a late Wisconsin Age for the loess.