bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling Drastically Reduces Non-Productive Time in Soka Field, South Sumatera
Authors: Runtuwene Michael , Suprihono Sanny , Rizka Dany , Prasetia Andi Eka , Toralde Julmar Shaun , Nas Steve 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The wells in Soka field in onshore South Sumatra, Indonesia are drilled through a fractured carbonate reservoir (Baturaja formation) where severe circulation losses and kicks while drilling are commonplace. Drilling in one of the wells in the field, Soka 2006-1 was suspended for two years due to total losses combined with gas kicks. Almost two months were spent after total loss of circulation was experienced trying to control and drill Soka 2006-1 to no avail. The well was plugged and abandoned on July 2006 with the intention of returning to it and finishing it once an appropriate approach can be developed to address the drilling issues that were encountered.
The approach chosen for re-entry operations in Soka 2006-1 was a managed pressure drilling (MPD) technique called Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling (PMCD). A rotating control device (RCD) is the main component used in PMCD operations, the objective of which is to eliminate the non-productive time (NPT) associated with drilling when loss – kick scenarios occur.
A new well, Soka 2006-6, was also planned to be drilled in the area using the same technique, but with the addition of a downhole isolation valve that was to be installed and cemented together with the last casing string above the section where losses are expected. The casing valve allows for safer and faster tripping operations and more importantly, can serve as a downhole lubricator that will help facilitate the running of the completion assembly in PMCD mode. A casing valve could not be installed in Soka 2006-1 as the casing string above the loss zone was already in place.
This paper describes the planning and implementation of the PMCD technique in both the Soka 2006-1 and 2006-6 wells and discusses the results of the drilling operations. Furthermore, it explains how drilling in PMCD mode allowed re-entry operations in Soka 2006-1 to reach the target depth in less than a day after total loss of circulation was again experienced, and how the completion assembly was run and cemented in PMCD mode.
A Unique Cement Slurry Overcoming Low Temperature, Shallow Water/Gas Flows in Deepwater Cementing
Authors: Wang Chengwen , Wang Ruihe , Bu Yuhuan , Zhou Weidong 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The hydrocarbon resources in deepwater areas are very captivating. The trend of developing and utilizing the hydrocarbon resources is necessary. Unfortunately, severe challenges have been proposed on deepwater cementing, i.e., the low temperature, weak formations, shallow water/gas flow, environmental protection and highly day rate for deepwater rigs. Conventional cements and low density cement slurries usually take a long time to set and can't allow significant compressive strength development at these low temperatures. In addition, conventional cement additives are often environmentally unacceptable subject to more stringent environmental regulations. Therefore, it is stringent to design environmental friendly low density cement slurry to overcoming low temperature and shallow water/gas flow during deepwater cementing.
As the low temperature and shallow water/gas flow is concerned in deepwater cementing, a unique deepwater cement system DWC, combining the sulfoaluminate cement and class-G oil well cement, was developed for the first time. And, various environmental friendly additives, including cement dispersant, fluid loss control agent and accelerator, were developed. Finally, a unique low density deepwater cement slurry was designed. Laboratory tests show that the unique deepwater cement slurry has exhibited low density, excellent fluid loss control, no free fluid, right-angle-set, short time of wait-on-time at low temperature, and a shortened transition time of static gel strength. Results presented in this paper should help resolving problems in deepwater cementing.
Integrating Learning Curves in Probabilistic Well Construction Estimates
Authors: Jablonowski C. , Ettehadtavakkol A. , Ogunyomi B. , Srour I. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
For multiple well drilling and completion campaigns, cost and schedule performance tend to improve over time. This trend in improvement is commonly referred to as a "learning curve." When a learning curve is assumed, the campaign cost and schedule estimates may be reduced dramatically (relative to an assumption of constant performance). Many operators consider the use of learning curves a best practice, and provide procedures for estimation and implementation in their cost estimating guidelines.
This paper investigates methods for systematic integration of learning curves in probabilistic estimates. Brief reviews of probabilistic estimating methods and learning curves are provided. A general method and specific procedures for integrating learning curves in probabilistic estimates are then provided. For each method, the key assumptions are itemized and discussed and a demonstration is provided. While no single procedure will fit every situation, it is concluded that the general method is straightforward, transparent, and can be implemented using off-the-shelf spreadsheet software. The proposed procedures generate results that provide engineers and decision-makers with a refined representation of uncertainty, and can improve capital investment valuation and decision-making.
A Review on Impacts of Drilling Mud Disposal on Environment and Underground Water Resources in South of Iran
Authors: Bakhshian Sahar , Dashtian Hassan , Paiaman Abouzar Mirzaei , AlAnazi Bandar Duraya 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In Drilling Oil Wells a system of complex fluids and chemical additives is used. Losses of these fluids in the well during drilling or disposal of them in well site could transfer pollutants to groundwater. In the present study a number of well sites, located in South of Iran, were studied to indicate types and magnitude of various pollutant materials that remain in the environment undestroyed and have considerable impacts on the underground water resources. Hydrocarbons used in Oil Base Muds (OBM) that can't be biodegrade readily in nature found to be the most severe pollutant material caused by disposal of Drilling Mud and Cuttings. Volume of drilling waste for these oil wells evaluated to be an average almost 0.5 m3 per one meter of drilled oil well.
Available common treatment methods were compared to assess the most economically and environmentally attractive treatment scenarios. Thermal desorption and reserve pit without treatment are two most dominant methods could be conducted in Southern Oil Fields of Iran, each has its advantages and disadvantages. Due to geological structure and near surface aquifer in Khuzestan province thermal desorption should be conducted to disposal cuttings to reduce their hydrocarbon content to less than 5% according to European Standard.
Major challenges of drilling waste management program in onshore oil fields of Iran were studied and clear principals for managing waste streams, which include: reduce, replace, reuse, recycle, recover, treat and final dispose, were listed along with material, equipment and strategies that should be considered in each step.
Drilling Fluids, Drill Cutting, Water resources
An Innovative Material for Severe Lost Circulation Control in Depleted Formations
Authors: Suyan K. M. , Sharma Vinod , Jain V. K. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
High degree of depletion and overbalanced drilling have caused ideal conditions for fracturing and lost circulation. Thief zone introduces severe lost circulation and well control problems, often resulting into loss of the interval or the entire well. In most cases, operators choose to drill such depleted sections with SBM or OBM systems rather than WBM. Dumping mica, nut hulls and cross-linked polymer pills, certainly still work, for some applications, but have narrow operating limits. Very few lost circulation remedies have been successful, especially when using invert emulsion drilling fluids. Controlling losses in this zone has proved to be extremely difficult.
A novel alternative LCM pill has been designed to seal temporarily or indefinitely critical intervals where drilling and cementing operations are very difficult to successfully accomplish. This formulation is prepared with invert emulsion, cross-linked with magnesia, upto 90% soluble, especially designed to be used in pay zones, a low cost alternative and is appropriate for sealing non-productive intervals. The phase change of invert emulsion and addition of light burned magnesia form the viscous fluid and remains stable till activator is not added. By addition of activator, control process of static gelation starts and forms the magnesia cement. Such formulations have sp gr 1.10-1.45 and stable at high temperature (&lt; 120deg C). The apparent viscosity of this pill is kept in the range of 45-60cp to avoid any settling of magnesia. This pill can be retarded for desired time of placement and gives its vertical setting. The compressive strength of the molds is observed 300-1000psi within a short time and also soluble in15%HCl.
The paper presents various formulations of innovative pills which can be used effectively and economically to combat circulation loss in depleted reservoir formations.
Numerical Computation of a Circulating Drilling Fluid
Authors: Gilbert Philippe , Peyson Yannick , Vincke Olivier , Essel Philippe , Naegel Matthieu 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Deeply buried reservoirs are one of the main options to extend the oil & gas reserves and to keep on satisfying the growing need of energy. In this context, the ability to determine the temperature profile of the mud while drilling is a crucial issue from the design of a well to the control of the rheological properties of the mud.
The present work is a study of the heat transfers occurring between the mud and the formation while circulating in a well. Firstly, a model, based on an empirical Nusselt law, was built and implemented in a numerical software. Secondly, we compared the results found with the numerical software with field data, which was made possible thanks to the collaboration of Total.
Effect of Drilling Cuttings Transport on Pressure Drop in a Flowing Well
Authors: Adesina Fadairo A. S. , Olufemi Adekomaya , Olugbenga Falode 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Cuttings transport has a major impact on the economics of the drilling process. It is one of the major factors affecting cost, time and quality of drilling wells. In spite of the many technological advances that have attempted to prevent the cuttings transport along the fluid, one significant challenge remains predicting the effect of cutting transport on pressure drop. Many interdependent variables affect cuttings transport and the complexity of the phenomena present challenges to the production engineer whose tries to determine how the cuttings transport affect the pressure in vertical flow.
Meanwhile, many correlations have been developed to determine the effect of cutting transport in vertical flow but there is little information related to effect of cuttings transport on pressure drop and cutting hold up along the vertical pipe.
This paper presents comprehensive details of effect of cutting transport on pressure drop and the detrimental effect of drill cutting hold-up on fluid flow along the vertical pipe.
Engineered Kick-off Plugs to Reduce Unproductive Downtime in Sidetracking Operation
Authors: Banerjee Satinath , Dasgupta D. , Meher R. K. , Jain V. K. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Inspite of all efforts to obtain competent kick-off plugs in minimum attempts, plug failure is frequently encountered. It results in unproductive downtime and additional rig costs on repeat jobs. Failure of side track plug is typically due to contamination of slurries during plugging operations. Good operational practices somewhat controls the mud contamination. However, in conjunction with the best practices, implementing slurries least affected by mud contamination can substantially enhance plugging success rate. This paper presents strategies wherein atypical cement formulations (normal / light weight 11-12 ppg) have been engineered for the purpose by incorporating pozzolana materials like micro silica, metakaolin, ground blast furnace slag, either singly or in combination. These non-conventional cement slurries have excellent properties. Formulated slurries have low fluid-loss, nil free-fluid, high stability and excellent rheology for facilitating efficient mud removal compared to contemporary field slurries. Further, mud contamination studies performed showed that these slurries retained much higher residual compressive strengths compared to prevailing slurry designs under comparable conditions. Higher residual strength enhances success for plugging. This study while successfully addressing the industry concern provides solutions for achieving competent kick-off plug at minimal attempts with engineered slurries. The study is focused on practical field challenge and solutions elucidated here would effect substantial savings on expensive rig time as repeated plug jobs would be reduced / eliminated. Details of the novel slurries with conclusions and recommendations derived from this endeavor are presented in this paper.
Flexible 4 3/4 Inch LWD System Enhances Short Radius Horizontal Drilling Applications in Ghawar Field, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Azizi Mohamed Ibrahim , Al-Mumen Adib , Al-Beloi Ali , Al-Hameli Mohammed , Ibrahim Merie , Aly Bassiouny , Maclver Lewis , Carr David , Qutob Hani 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The benefit of acquiring valid formation evaluation data while drilling is becoming a very important factor in deciding the value of any reservoir characterization program. Providing this data in real time with LWD tools allows for real time data evaluation and decision-making. In addition, the ability to measure accurate LWD formation data in wells featuring a variety of high dogleg represents a significant opportunity for safe and cost-efficient well-bore construction.
The development of the 4.3/4. Inch LWD system including directional, gamma ray, density, neutron and resistivity enabled Logging While Drilling and the acquisition of Triple Combo data in high dogleg (up to 68º/100ft) short radius wells without having to do multiple logging runs after landing the well.
Historically the buildup sections of these wells had to be logged after the well was landed due to the inability to run LWD tools while drilling the curve section. Implementation of short radius horizontal drilling in the Ghawar field has revitalized this field and created additional recoverable reserve.
Selection of this strategy above 60º/100ft is based on cost, drilling time and minimizes drilling through tough formations such as the anhydrite above the Arab-D reservoir, as this technique provides a shorter curve section.
This paper describes the results of these case studies. The knowledge, experience and lessons learned that lead to overcoming the limitations faced in the drilling of ultra-short radius wells will also be addressed and discussed.
Openhole ICD Completion With Fracture Isolation in a Horizontal Slimhole Well: Case Study
Authors: Young Dustin , Al-Muraidhef Mohammed , Smith Peter E. , Awang Mohammad Zaki 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Preventing water or gas breakthrough and equalizing flow are two of the primary challenges that must be resolved when producing from horizontal slimhole wells. This paper presents a "first-of-its-kind" concept that was used in a well operated by a major Middle Eastern operator to prevent/delay water/gas breakthrough and to equalize the flow across a 3-7/8-in. horizontal open hole. Inflow-Control Device (ICD) completions often are used in slimhole horizontal redrills, and the new design used in wells discussed in this paper combined the ICD concept with four swellable packers to compartmentalize the hole.
Swellable packers use rubber around the packer that will expand when introduced to hydrocarbons or water so that the annulus is permanently sealed. The well, completed in the Middle East carbonate formation where natural fracturing is commonplace, employed a 2-3/8-in. pre-perforated liner and two swellable packers with blank pipe between to isolate a fracture. This fracture, had it been allowed to produce, would have been detrimental to well performance and would have led to a costly workover operation.
An additional swellable packer was included in the liner to compartmentalize the reservoir section below the fracture. The completion assembly was run into the open hole with a hydraulic disconnect tool, which included a fourth swell packer above to provide isolation inside the previous casing.
The paper describes swellable packer technology and the well completion from concept evaluation to execution of the final completion. In addition to the background information, the discussion will include the post analysis that used well rates and reservoir pressure to gauge the effectiveness of the final concept.
The completion design was developed by a multi-disciplinary team that had been assembled to review the latest technologies and to successfully bring the concept to reality. The initial performance of this well met the operator's goals for good oil production with a stable water cut.
Effect of Short-Time Povidone-Iodine Application on Osteoblast Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Schmidlin P.R , Imfeld T , Sahrmann P , Tchouboukov A , Weber F.E 
Published: October 2009

Background and Objective:
Povidone-iodine [polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex (PVP-I)] is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, frequently used in dentistry. In this study we investigated the short- and longterm effects on osteoblast number, viability, and function after short exposure to PVP-I with and without additional bone-morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2).

Material and Methods:
Confluent osteoblast-like cell line (MC3T3-E1, subclone 24) cultures were exposed to pure PVP-I solution (7.7 mg/ml) and dilutions of 1:10, 1:100 and 1:1000 for 10 seconds and washed with phosphate buffer solution. Cell proliferation and viability was determined by MTT and differentiation status by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity 6 days after initial plating. In a separate experiment, long-term cell proliferation, viability and function were assessed 4 weeks after PVP-I treatment by MTT and deposited calcium using an Alizarin-red staining test.

Results:
PVP-I decreased ALP activity substantially. Stimulation by BMP-2 recovered ALP activity to near control levels at 1:100 and 1:1000 dilutions of PVP-I. The MTT assay showed reduced proliferation of the preosteoblastic cells for all treatments, irrespective whether BMP-2 was used or not. Only at PVP-I dilutions of 1:1000 proliferation rate was back to normal levels (95.6±2.4 %). No adverse long-term effect of PVP-I on mineralization of the extracellular matrix (Alizarinred) for dilutions higher than 1:100 was observed. Interestingly, undiluted and 1:10 diluted PVP-I even showed a significant increase in mineral deposition, especially in the presence of BMP-2.

Conclusion:
Short-time application of PVP-I in concentrations of 1:10 and higher lead to decreased viability and impaired differentiation. However, surviving cells showed good recovery and mineralization potential.
A measure of nonlinearity in singular nonlinear regression models
Authors: Kubáčcek Lubomír 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The method used in nonlinear regression is most of the time the nonlinear squares. If the nonlinearity of the model is not too strong, it is possible to linearize the model and to use the linear statistical theory which is more simple. The question is under which condition this can be done. If the linearized model is regular such criteria were found. To find a solution for singular models is the aim of the paper.
Data driven rank statistics in change point analysis
Authors: Antoch Jaromír , Hušková Marie 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The paper deals a class of rank based procedures for detection of changes with adaptively chosen scores. This is a certain continuation of the paper Antoch et al (2008). The limit behavior of the test procedures is studied both under the null as well as under a general class of alternatives. Accompanying simulation study focuses on various alternatives which are often met in practice.
La place des groupements d'exploitations dans l'évolution des firmes en agriculture
Authors: Nicolas Philippe 
Published: October 2009

Although joint farming is in the center oj present interest it is not yet very Well \nown. Up to the present time, agriculture has been to a great extent an enterprise where most oj the inputs are self supplied and where the farmer carries on numerous activities. Technical progress has brought about a slow evolution especially in the ancillary farm activities. In the beginning mechanization does not bring about any structural change. But when it develops, it forces the farmers to group their farms or to give them up. The integration phenomenon which has been spectacular in poultry breeding could affect other branches of production in the coming years. « Industrial and commercial joint farming » would help farmers to \eep the control over ancillary activities.
Ambitious farmers would he able to participate in big modern enterprises with joint management. The cooperatives would profit by this situation. The events that upset the organization and the external relations of a farm claim new research methods. This group farming could accomplish the transition from a self supplied agriculture to an industrial agriculture. This would be a conspicuous experience if the farmers could ^eep their decision power.
La coopération en Irlande
Authors: Smith Louis P.F. 
Published: October 2009

La coopération n'a pu se développer en Irlande avant 1880, par suite de l'insécurité totale du régime foncier. Le développement des coopératives fut plutôt le fait d'intellectuels que de fermiers. Elle se développa néanmoins rapidement avec l'espoir que les coopératives seraient au service de toute la communauté pour l'achat, la vente, l'éducation. Les coopératives connurent un sérieux recul quand, aux environs de 1920, de par leur neutralité politique, elles furent méprisées par les nationalistes et brûlées par les britanniques. Leurs membres furent alors divisés par la Guerre Civile et la chute des prix agricoles nuisit aux affaires.
Voici maintenant le second printemps du mouvement coopératif. Sur des bases économiques consolidées les coopératives groupent une nouvelle génération de fermiers, mieux instruits, plus ambitieux sur le plan économique, étudiant l'usage des coopératives qui existent et le développement de nouvelles.
Les problèmes actuels sont la stabilisation des laiteries en unités traitant 250.000 tonnes de lait par an.
Construction de familles de modèles d'exploitations. Etude des possibilités d'application à l'agrégation de l'offre régionale des produits agricoles
Authors: Le Grontec Ph. 
Published: October 2009

The object of this article is to present the methods for building up regional supply functions of farm products and to measure their evolution. To estimate the supply function, the author at first classifies the farms in homogenous groups each represented by an average discriptive model. The criterion which has been used to obtain the homogeneity is the farm income.
After that, the aggregate supply function for each product is obtained by Weighing the produced quantities in each model with the number of farms it represents.
On the other hand, the results of the potential model calculations obtained by the budgeting method or parametric linear programming give informations about likely and possible medium-term evolutions of the regional descriptive models.
The relevance is important on the regional level for advisers in farm management, the extention workers and the statisticians, and on the national level for the interregional planning.