bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppurative Cholecystitis with Cholelithiasis in a Human “Carrier” of the Bacillus enteritidis of Gaertner
Authors: Dean George 
Published: May 2009

In a case of suppurative cholecystitis with cholelithiasis a bacillus was isolated from the pus, gall bladder, and stools which has the morphological, biological and cultural characters of B. enteritidis Gaertner. This bacillus is pathogenic for the rat, rabbit and guinea-pig, and gives rise to the characteristic lesions produced by the Gaertner bacillus. The serum of the patient agglutinated the three strains of bacilli isolated from the above mentioned sources and the original Gaertner strain in a dilution of 1 in 40. A serum, prepared by injecting B. enteritidis Gaertner (original strain) into a rabbit, agglutinated the three strains isolated from the case and the homologous bacillus in almost the same dilutions.A serum prepared from any of the three bacilli agglutinates the homologous organism, the other two strains and the original Gaertner bacillus in almost the same titre. The sera homologous to allied organisms do not agglutinate these bacilli. Absorption tests confirm these results and prove that the bacilli isolated are identical with the Gaertner bacillus.The chief points of interest in the case are that:1. It forms a link in the chain of evidence showing that as in the case of the paratyphoid bacillus the B. enteritidis Gaertner may give rise, not only to the more acute toxic from of poisoning, but also to a sub-acute paratyphoid type of the disease.2. It establishes the association of B. enteritidis Gaertner with suppurative cholecystitis and with cholelithiasis.3. It proves that this bacillus may have its habitat in the gall bladder and be shed out at intervals into the faeces, in a manner exactly analogous to what occurs in the case of typhoid and paratyphiod infections.
The Relation between the Age and the Virulence of Cultures ofB. aertrycke(Mutton).
Authors: Wilson G. S. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Four batches of 60 mice have been injected with comparable doses ofB. aertrycke(mutton), taken from broth or agar cultures in different phases of reproductive activity.(2) The mortality and the average survival time of the mice after injection varied so little amongst the different groups as to justify the conclusion that no difference in the virulence of this organism is detectable during the first week of growth.
The Serological Classification of Haemolytic Streptococci obtained from Cases of Scarlet Fever
Authors: Smith J. 
Published: May 2009

Haemolytic streptococci have been obtained from throat cultures of 92 per cent. of cases of scarlet fever in the first two days of the disease.Strains from 210 cases were found to belong to two main serological types, Type I strains being obtained from 119 cases, and Type II strains from 57 cases.Strains obtained from cases occurring in members of the same family were found to be mainly of the same serological type.Strains obtained from cases in small isolated outbreaks were found to be of the same serological type.Note. These Type I and Type II strains have been examined by Dr Griffith, Ministry of Health, Pathological Laboratory, London, and have been found to conform to his main types.
Studies on Experimental Tuberculosis in Mice The Susceptibility of Mice to Inoculation with Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Browning C. H. , Gulbransen R. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Mice can be readily infected with many strains of B. tuberculosis, both of human and bovine type, by intraperitoneal inoculation with a dose of 0·75 milligramme of moist culture. But, with a fairly virulent culture of bovine type, doses of 0·005 milligramme produced infections of almost the same duration as the larger doses.(2) The investigation of seven cultures of human and six of bovine type showed that in general the animals infected with the bovine strains survived. for a shorter time than those infected with the human strains. Also, several human cultures failed to produce infection, whereas no failure occurred with the bovine cultures. But no constant difference was found between the duration of infections with the two types of bacilli. Thus rapidly fatal infections were produced by certain cultures of both types.(3) The period of survival of infected animals depends partly on the particular culture used for inoculation, and partly on the individual resistance of the animal and, in the case of nearly full-grown mice, is independent of their weight at the time of inoculation.(4) The effect of repeated passage of tuberculous material from mouse to mouse without interposing cultivation of the bacilli on artificial media was investigated with eight strains, the series of passages numbering from three to eight. Increase of virulence was repeatedly observed, but such increase was never maintained in subsequent passages. The evidence indicates that the individual host plays an important part in modifying the virulence of the organisms for other members of the same species.(5) As regards maintenance of virulence, comparatively constant results were obtained with different subcultures of the same strain. But repeated tests over a period exceeding five years have given indications that the virulence of a strain may become altered spontaneously from time to time.
Food-Poisoning Due to Bacillus Suipestifer (Sub-Group II).
Authors: Scott W. M. 
Published: May 2009

Four outbreaks of food-poisoning are described in which over 100 cases in all of gastro-enteritis occurred, one being fatal. In each outbreak the infecting bacteria were indistinguishable culturally and in serological behaviour from the “G” strain of B. suipestifer.The reasons are given for following Andrewes and Neave and classifying these as B. suipestifer. (sub-group II).
The Classification of the Colon-Aerogenes Group of Bacteria in Relation to their Habitat and its Application to the Sanitary Examination of Water Supplies in the Tropics and in Temperate Climates. A Comparative Study of 2500 Cultures
Authors: Burke-Gaffney H. J. O'D. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The ”lactose+ indol+” index as employed in temperate climate is usually an adequate criterion of water purity.(2) Where a positive test does not appear to be substantiated by the sanitary findings, a further differentiation of the organisms isolated becomes necessary. The methyl-red and citrate tests have been found to supply that differentiation in a satisfactory manner.(3) In the Tropics, false positive “lactose-indol” tests are commonly encountered, owing to the presence in large numbers in soil and water of organisms derived from sources other than recently excreted faeces.(4) In the Tropics, the lactose-indol test should always be confirmed by the methyl-red, citrate and saccharose tests or such other reactions or groups of reactions as may be found by a local survey to be applicable.My very grateful thanks are due to Dr P. A. Clearkin, Deputy Director of Laboratory Service, Tanganyika Territory, for his ready advice and constant encouragement; and also to Mr W. Whitley, Analytical Chemist, who performed a chemical analysis of the water samples, and very kindly gave me the benefit of his opinion on them. In addition I have to thank Dr R. R. Scott, Medical Officer of Health, and the Staff of the Health Office, Dar-es-Salaam, who have rendered every facility in the choice and collection of samples. It is a pleasure to be able to record once more my indebtedness to Prof. Bigger, of Trinity College, Dublin, whose fund of valuable suggestions and kindly criticism has been ever at my disposal.
The Influence of Radiant Heat and Air Movement on the Cooling of the Kata-Thermometer
Authors: Bedford T. , Warner C. G. 
Published: May 2009

The factor of the kata-thermometer as deduced from the relationF = 0·27θ × cooling time in secondsis not constant, but increases as θ decreases. The relation between F and θ is shown, and it is recommended that the factor should always be corrected to the value corresponding to a temperature of 60° F.The rate of heat-loss calculated from the factor determined by the still air method is not the true value, but under-estimates it. If the true value is required it can be obtained with reasonable accuracy by increasing the still air value of the factor by 20 per cent, in the case of the body-temperature kata, and 31 per cent, in the case of the high-temperature instrument. For ordinary use however, it is recommended that the still air factor should continue to be used.Observations were made in still air with standard kata-thermometers and also with silvered instruments. From these observations, and from determinations of the emissivity of the bulbs, the heat loss by radiation was estimated. The remainder after deducting the radiation loss from the total heat loss gave the loss by convection. Estimations of the convection loss from the silvered and plain katas corresponded closely. An equation is given for the convection loss in still air.The whirling arm method was used for investigating the effects of air velocities up to 1 m. per sec., corrections being made for swirl. The equation deduced from these observations on the standard body-temperature katas was practically identical with the equation of Hill, Vernon and Hargood-Ash. An equation of similar form was found for the silvered body-temperature kata-thermometers, and equations are also given for the high-temperature instruments. When the true rate of heat-loss is used it is found that one equation can be made to fit the observations with both high-temperature and body-temperature instruments, whether the bulb surfaces are of glass or silver.It is shown that in places where the temperature of the surrounding surfaces differs from the air temperature, a much more reliable estimate of the air velocity can be obtained if a silvered kata is used instead of the plain glass instrument.A method is given for measuring the emission of radiation from the surroundings by means of ordinary and silvered kata-thermometers, and it is shown that estimates so made correspond, to within 1 per cent., with the values obtained by direct thermopile measurements.
The Fatty Infiltration of the Liver of Mice resulting from the Ingestion of Medical Liquid Paraffin, etc
Authors: Twort C. C. , Twort J. M. 
Published: May 2009

The fatty infiltration of the liver which follows the ingestion of medicinal liquid paraffin and many other varieties of mineral oils is more prevalent among females than among males, and is more prevalent among pigmented eye animals than among albino eye animals. When access to the oil lasts for about 30 weeks some 40 per cent, of pigmented eye females and 20 per cent. of the albino eye males may show the condition.It is the intermediate products, lubricating oils, obtained by distillation of a crude mineral oil which contain the bulk of the constituents which lead to fatty infiltration of the liver, while it is the so-called “spirits” and the residues left in the still which tend to lead to excessive hyaline degeneration of the organs in general. There is evidence to show that fatty infiltration of the liver and hyaline degeneration of the organs are mutually antagonistic, but there is little evidence to show that either condition is directly related to the cancerous process.
The significance of volatility and water solubility in disinfection processes
Authors: Twort C. C. , White L. J. , Baker A. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. Solubility of a germicide in the medium (water or air) in which it is operating appears often to be the most important physical characteristic governing degree of activity on bacteria (partition law).2. Evidence of the importance of solubility has only been derived from a study of the action of phenols and glycols, a high bactericidal activity never being registered unless solubility was low.3. Other types of germicide were exceptional in that high solubility coincided with high bactericidal activity: iodine and maleic anhydride in the air; mercuric chloride and many organic acids in the test-tube.4. Mixtures of germicide and bacteria as used in the test-tube were sprayed into the air, the bactericidal effect being usually increased or decreased according as to whether it was originally low or high in the test-tube.5. The vapour pressures of most of the germicides used were deduced from the Clausius and Clapeyron formula, the boiling-points being determined by the bubbling method.6. When the amount of a phenol used in the air is approximately proportional to the vapour pressure, the bactericidal effects of the different samples are more nearly parallel when the degree of saturation of the air is low than when it is high.7. No phenol with a vapour pressure lower than 0·0021- mg. Hg, and tested at full saturation, sterilized the air during the first minute of the experiment, while all samples with, at least, 10 times this vapour pressure did so when at 12·5 % saturation.8. Among the phenols tested, especially those having low vapour pressures, the concentration (w/w) in air is very much less than the concentration in water in the respective experimental conditions, where but few survivors is the criterion of efficacy. Owing to a number of different factors, the rapid decline in the initial concentration is more likely to be met with under air than under test-tube conditions.
The evaluation of culture media for the isolation ofl salmonellaell from faeces
Authors: Smith H. Williams 
Published: May 2009

The sensitivity of different culture media for isolating salmonellae from the faeces of man, dog, horse, cow, sheep, pig, chicken, duck and turkey has been investigated. Suitable dilutions of tissue fluids of animals that had died from salmonella infection, and in which the numbers of viable salmonellae could be accurately estimated, had previously been added to the faecal specimens. Tissue fluids containing Salmonella dublin, typhi-murium, thompson, cholerae-suis, gallinarum and pullorum were used.Selenite and tetrathionate media were greatly superior to liquid desoxycholatecitrate medium, liquid Wilson and Blair medium, cacotheline broth and brilliant green peptone water. By the use of either selenite or tetrathionate media it was usually possible to recover salmonellae from faecal specimens to which less than ten salmonellae had been added. They could nearly always be recovered from specimens containing 100 salmonellae.Salmonellae were more easily recovered from the faeces of some species of animals than others. For selenite, the order of ease of recovery was horse, followed by sheep, human, cow, chicken, pig, turkey, dog and duck faeces, and for tetrathionate, horse, sheep, human, dog, pig, cow, turkey, chicken and duck faeces.Selenite medium was preferable to tetrathionate for examining cow and chicken faeces but the reverse was true in the case of dog faeces; slight differences only were noted in the other species. Taken as a whole, selenite was slightly superior to tetrathionate, butbest results were obtained by the use of both media.Some types of salmonellae were easier to recover from faeces than others.Of six salmonella types, Salm. thompson was easiest to recover followed by Salm. typhi-murium, dublin, gallinarum, pullorum and cholerae-suis, in that order.Erroneous results were obtained when laboratory cultures were used instead of infected tissue fluids.It was necessary to add several thousand salmonellae to faeces before they could be recovered by direct culture on desoxycholate-citrate-agar or Wilson and Blair solid medium.Salm. cholerae-suis and Salm. abortus-ovis were exceptional in that direct plating was superior to the use of enrichment media.With lightly infected specimens an incubation period of 24–30 hr. was optimum for selenite and tetrathionate media. A longer period was detrimental with tetrathionate but not with selenite medium.The combination of selenite and solid Wilson and Blair medium was sometimes too inhibitory to permit the growth of salmonellae.There was little advantage in preparing selenite medium with mannitol instead of lactose.
Structure of the influenza virus. The relation between biological activity and chemical structure of virus fractions
Authors: Hoyle L. 
Published: May 2009

Influenza virus elementary bodies can be disintegrated by treatment with ether with the liberation of two types of smaller particle, soluble antigen and red cell agglutinin.Soluble antigen derived from the elementary body is identical in serological and chemical behaviour with soluble antigen recovered from infected tissues. Its chemical properties are those of a ribonucleoprotein.The agglutinin is an enzyme, with a protein part carrying the enzymic activity and a combining group with affinity for red cells. The agglutinin does not react in complement-fixation tests by the short fixation technique, but by the use of prolonged fixation or by indirect complement fixation it can be shown to contain a strain specific antigen and also a non-specific antigen. The specific antigen is identical with the specific complement-fixing antigen demonstrable in the intact elementary body, and has combining affinity for red blood cells. The non-specific antigen is probably similar to the protein part of the soluble antigen. No evidence has been found that the agglutinin contains either carbohydrate or nucleic acid.From the ether used to disintegrate the elementary body a serologically active lipid can be recovered which has properties suggesting that it is derived from the host cell.The author is greatly indebted to Dr L. Dmochowski for assistance in experiments involving high-speed centrifugation, to Sir Macfarlane Burnet and Dr G. L. Ada for supplies of receptor-destroying enzyme, to Dr E. S. Duthie for crystalline trypsin and chymotrypsin, and to Dr R. R. Porter for a sample of crystalline ribonuclease.
Vesicular stomatitis and foot-and-mouth disease: analysis of mixed infection in cattle
Authors: Brooksby J. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. It has been found possible to detect traces of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease in mixtures of this virus and that of vesicular stomatitis by cross-immunity tests in cattle. A quantity of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease as small as 1·3 I.D. 50 was revealed by the inoculation of such mixtures into cattle immune to vesicular stomatitis.2. It is suggested that such a method would be useful in the analysis of possible mixed infections in field outbreaks.3. The usefulness of complement-fixation tests to confirm the resolution of mixtures has been demonstrated.The author wishes to thank the Director of this Institute, Dr I. A. Galloway,
for his advice and encouragement. The technical assistance of Messrs E. Scoates
and P. M. Mitchell is also gratefully acknowledged.
Nasal mucus and influenza viruses. II. A new test for the presumptive diagnosis of influenza infection
Authors: De St Groth S. Fazekas 
Published: May 2009

Changes in the inhibitory properties of human nasal mucus were found to be positively correlated with objective signs of influenza virus infection during the 1950 epidemic. In approximately 80% of the cases the inhibitor index was significantly increased during the acute stage of the disease, and reverted to normal during convalescence.Various respiratory diseases other than epidemic influenza did not cause similar changes.Examination of the inhibitory pattern of nasal mucus is proposed as a presumptive test for influenza virus infection, and its merits are discussed under the headings of reproducibility, specificity and sensitivity.
The Vi antigen ofSalmonella paratyphi A
Authors: Felix A. 
Published: May 2009

1.Salmonella paratyphi Apossesses a specific Vi antigen essentially similar to that of the Vi antigen ofSalm. typhi.2. O-insensitive strains ofSalm. paratyphi Acontain more Vi antigen, and are more virulent for mice, than O-sensitive strains.3. The most suitable strains for the preparation of paratyphoid-Avaccine are those that develop both the Vi and the O antigens in maximum quantities. The methods of selecting the vaccine strain ofSalm. paratyphi Aand routinely examining the cultures are essentially the same as those applied to the virulent Vi+O form ofSalm. typhi.4. Pure A Vi antiserum is destined to assume importance in the identification ofSalm. paratyphi Astrains.5. Kauffmann's erroneous conclusion thatSalm. paratyphi Adoes not develop Vi antigen is critically reviewed.
The serological classification of Bacteriaceae
Authors: Felix A. 
Published: May 2009

1. Four different Bacteriaceae possessing the same Vi antigen showed, after exposure to heat, striking differences in the physico-chemical behaviour of the Vi antigen. The most noticeable differences observed were those in the changes in Vi-agglutinability and O-inagglutinability of the bacteria; lesser differences were noted in the agglutinogenic activity of the Vi antigen, and none in its agglutinin-binding capacity.2. Treatment with alcohol altered the TVi antigen of one of the species (Bact. coli5396/38) in a way different from that seen in the other three species.3. On the other hand, dilute acid or alkali produced the same chemical changes in the TVi antigen of all four Bacteriaceae.4. The TVi antigen present in the four Bacteriaceae appears to be one and the same substance; it cannot be differentiated by the customary serological methods. Its different physico-chemical state after exposure to heat or alcohol is, therefore, conditioned by other constituents of the bacterial cell, which may, or may not, be antigenic.5. The simultaneous O- and Vi-inagglutinability resulting from heating at 75° C. is particularly impressive since it does not appear to be specially related to any one of the known antigenic components.6. These findings invalidate the basis on which the L, A and B antigens ofBact. colihave been differentiated.7. There is also no valid reason for designating the labile somatic antigens ofSalmonellaand other Bacteriaceae as K antigens. These antigens have the general characters of the Vi antigen ofSalm. typhi, are demonstrated by methods developed in the study of the typhoid Vi antigen, and are not associated with typical capsules.8. The M (mucoid) antigens ofSalmonellaand ofBact. coliare in many respects different from the Vi antigens and should be classified separately.I gratefully acknowledge the valuable technical assistance received from Mr F. J. Flynn throughout the work reported in this and the preceding papers of this series.
Experimental infection of human volunteers with the U-virus—A strain of ECHO virus Type 11
Authors: Buckland F. E. , Bynoe M. L. , Philipson L. , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

Re-examination of the U-virus of Philipson & Wesslén has shown it to be a typical ECHO virus closely related to Type 11 of this group. Ultrafiltration and ultra-centrifugation techniques indicate that the virus particle has a diameter of about 27 mν and serological studies confirm its antigenic relationship to the ECHO group.The virus has been successfully transmitted via the nasal route to volunteer adult subjects. All of them became infected but the clinical picture showed no more than a very mild gastro-intestinal illness or a slight disturbance of the general well-being.Passage in monkey kidney cells appeared to attenuate significantly when compared with short-term passage in human embryo-lung culture, and this seemed to affect the isolation rate from subjects so infected.The virus is highly immunogenic. Antibodies to the U-virus have been found in normal persons residing in Great Britain.We wish to thank the volunteers for their willing co-operation and Miss J. B. Macdonald for help with the clinical observations. Dr A. D. Macrae supplied the ECHO Type 11 prototype virus and immune serum and Prof. C. H. Stuart-Harris supplied the pooled human sera. The Director, Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton, afforded the use of the ultracentrifuge. Monkey kidneys were supplied by the M.R.C. polio vaccine control laboratories. Mr M. C. Brebner and Miss P. K. Pearce assisted with the laboratory work.