bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paris Before Genovefa
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter sets up the book’s main argument by explaining how people in ancient Europe interpreted their landscapes and holy places. Fifth-century Parisians understood their city in several different ways: as a moderately important military and imperial administrative center, as one point in a larger economic network, and as a collection of sacral sites. These three ways of looking at Paris would become important to the story of Gauls’ christianization and Saint Genovefa’s part in it.
Sacral Paris
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter explains how landscape and its history influenced the location of pagan and Christian religious places in late antique Paris (4th through 5th centuries). Considerations of ethnicity, gender, and class guided the location, creation, and use of religious architecture along with the availability of sites and materials and formal doctrines. Christian missionaries exploited Paris’s Roman past to locate and build new kinds of religious places attractive to natives.
Paris after Genovefa
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter recounts the history of Genovefa’s cult after her death, as told through her written biographies, the churches built in her honor, and devotional practices of Parisian Christians. It shows how her importance as patroness of Frankish rulers diminished when later Merovingian kings chose to favor Saint Denis and his cult north of Paris. Both gender and political changes help explain this shift in allegiance. Nonetheless, Genovefa and her church remained important presences in Paris.
Crossings and Conversions
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins the comparison of the cults of Genovefa and Brigit of Kildare. It describes the three phases of Ireland’s christianization during the 4th through 5th centuries. Because the Romans had never invaded Ireland, the Irish had a different relationship with the empire and its religions than other Europeans. In the first phase of conversion, the island’s inhabitants sought trade in Roman goods via Britain. In the second phase, romanized Christians such as Saint Patrick used this trade network to bring new religious ideas to Ireland. In the third phase, Christian leaders in Ireland began to organize the politically fragmented rural landscape and its ancient pagan sites into recognizably Christian, Roman-style places.
Ekphrasis at Kildare
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter recounts the life of Saint Brigit (ca. 452–524) as told by her 7th-century hagiographer, Cogitosus of Kildare. Cogitosus interpreted Brigit as a traveling holy woman whose authority equaled that of missionaries and bishops, and whose legacy was a Roman-style basilica set in a major ecclesiastical center and political landscape that she had organized. Cogitosus’s text was read by later generations of Irish Christians as a pilgrimage guide to Brigit’s city and church at Kildare.
Brigit Goes to Ground
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines Brigit’s cult after the 7th century, as portrayed in 8th- and 9th-century biographies of the saint and other documents. Brigit’s church at Kildare became at once a historical monument to conversion, a power center on the changing political landscape of medieval Ireland, and a gendered symbol of religious practice. The limits and meanings of Brigit’s cult shifted constantly in relation to these material and political environments. Like Genovefa’s cult, Brigit’s lost importance in relation to the cults of male saints, particularly that of Patrick at Armagh.
2 A Matter of Demolition?
Authors: Cohen Joshua 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses three central preoccupations in Okin's writing: the relationship between feminism and traditional political theory, the relationship between the family and women's position in society, and the public/private distinction. Okin thought that much traditional political theory was rendered implausible once women were taken into account; she believed that principles of justice must be applied to the family itself; and she accepted—to some extent—a public/private distinction. This chapter critically explores each of these ideas.
7 On the Tension between Sex Equality and Religious Freedom
Authors: Sunstein Cass 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the challenge that religious liberty poses to gender equality, a challenge that was central to Okin's rejection of a blanket endorsement for multiculturalism. This chapter argues that conflicts between sex equality and religious institutions are pervasive and create severe tensions in a liberal social order. The chapter attempts to show that neither liberal ideals nor the Constitution should be taken to absolutely forbid government from banning sex discrimination by religious institutions.
The Leading Article
Authors: Rubery Matthew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe 19th century witnessed the rise of the journalist as both professional and fictional persona. Use of the anonymous editorial “We” to convey the authority of the publication instead of the individual was criticized by a number of writers distressed by the growing influence of the leading article throughout the 19th century. The premier newspaper's reputation as “the Thunderer” at mid-century offers just one indication of the force as well as the sheer volume of its editorial opinions. This chapter examines how Trollope's Palliser series, from Can You Forgive Her? to The Duke's Children, challenged the impersonal authority of the newspaper by representing the journalist in propria persona, or by showing the speaker behind the anonymous voice of the leading article. Trollope's novels ensured that publicity was applied to the one group otherwise safe from it: the journalists themselves.
The Foreign Correspondence
Authors: Rubery Matthew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter investigates the deep kinship between Conrad's Heart of Darkness and foreign correspondent Henry Stanley's dispatches describing the search for Dr. Livingstone in the New York Herald and the London Daily Telegraph. Stanley's correspondence about Africa led Conrad to distrust the newspaper as a mode of discourse and to ask how accurately readers can know events when not present, like Marlow, as a witness. The relevance of the press to this fictional narrative is evident in a 1902 letter from Conrad describing Heart of Darkness as a ”wild story of a journalist who becomes manager of a station in the interior and makes himself worshipped by a tribe of savages.” This context gives new meaning to the fact that Kurtz writes about his “moral ideas” in the newspapers. Hence Conrad's “wild story of a journalist” is as concerned with the media through which Kurtz represents his experience in the Belgian Congo as with that experience itself, for it is the newspaper that brings Kurtz's voice out of Africa.
Introduction
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter discusses health sector reform. It argues that economic, social, and political forces, both inside and outside the health-care system, are causing widespread pressures to spend more on health care. New technologies (including new drugs) as well as changes in population structure and disease patterns are continuing to push up per capita health-care costs. The evolving international economic system often limits the capacity of governments and the private sector to meet these higher costs, especially in poor countries, because of short-term crises and longer-term competitive pressures. Broad shifts in intellectual beliefs about the state and the market have led to widespread promotion of market competition and privatization as solutions for all economic problems, including policies for the health sector.
Judging Health-Sector Performance: Ethical Theory
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces three major ethical perspectives as a basis for making judgments on health sector performance: utilitarianism, liberalism, and communitarianism. These three ethical theories are discussed in detail and their implications for health-sector reform are examined. Some of the variations in points of view within each of these broad approaches are also considered.
Political Analysis and Strategies
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of how health reformers should develop and carry out political strategies in order to improve the chances that their plan will be adopted and put into action. It begins by examining how the agenda is set for public policy in general and for health-sector reform in particular. It then discusses how to manage this process of agenda-setting, through the use of stakeholder analysis. It presents four basic political strategies for improving the chances that a policy reform will be adopted, concluding with lessons from negotiation theory about how to build a winning political coalition. Finally, it discusses some of the ethical dimensions of political strategizing, including the personal decisions faced by health reformers.
Goals for Evaluating Health Systems
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents the case for judging a health sector's performance in terms of three performance goals: (1) the health status of the population; (2) the satisfaction citizens derive from the system; and (3) the degree to which citizens are protected from the financial risks of ill health. It discusses how these goals can be measured and how a nation's performance can be evaluated. It also explores how the connections between the health sector and the rest of the society influence performance judgments. It is argued that cost considerations and social values and political processes both do and should play a role in setting the agenda for health-sector reform.
Assessing Health-System Performance
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCertain aspects of the health system often play an important role in unsatisfactory health sector reform outcomes. These features of the system are not in themselves either the root causes of performance difficulties or the manifestations of those difficulties at the level of ultimate outcomes. However, a reformer will generally be very interested in analyzing features of the system because they are critical links in the chains that connect root causes to ultimate performance goals. Data about these system characteristics are referred to as intermediate performance measures. This chapter identifies three widely discussed intermediate performance measures that should be singled out for special attention: efficiency, access, and quality.
Financing
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFinancing has an extremely important impact on the performance of a health system. It determines how much money is available, who bears the financial burden, who controls the funds, how risks are pooled, and whether health-care costs can be controlled. These factors, in turn, help determine who has access to care, who is protected against impoverishment from catastrophic medical expenses, and the health status of the population. All the money raised through any financing method (except for foreign contributions) comes, directly or indirectly, from citizens. Each nation has to decide is what sources to use, and to what extent. This chapter addresses these questions. It lays out the key criteria to be used when a nation considers which combination of financing methods may be best suited to it. It argues that the mixture does and should depend greatly on social values and politics. It then describes the different methods of financing and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It considers the question of how to allocate the funds that the financing system generates. The chapter concludes with some conditional advice about which financing schemes are feasible for countries at different stages of socioeconomic development.
Payment
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter looks at the incentives that payment schemes create for both buyers and sellers and how these incentives can be adjusted to further the goals of health-sector reform. It begins with a brief explanation of how financial incentives affect health-system performance. It then discusses the four key factors to be considered when designing a payment system. It describes and analyzes the principal payment methods. Finally, it presents some conditional guidance for reformers about which payment methods to use.
The Anthropology of Childhood Malaria in Tanzania
Authors: Kamat Vinay R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDrawing on an ethnographic study, this chapter examines why mothers in Tanzania delay in seeking early diagnosis and treatment at health facilities for their febrile children. It highlights how mothers often exaggerate the symptoms of their sick children to health care personnel in order to obtain the best available treatment. Contextualized stories illustrate how health care seeking for childhood malaria is often mediated by cultural meanings associated with certain illnesses, perceived severity and past experience with an illness, structural disadvantages affecting women's access to societal resources, and the patterns of communication between mothers and health care providers. Case studies illustrate the pragmatic considerations that inform mothers' negotiation of appropriate therapy for their febrile children in a medically pluralistic setting.
Male Infertility and Consanguinity in Lebanon: The Power of Ethnographic Epidemiology
Authors: Inhorn Marcia C. , Kobeissi Loulou , Abu-Musa Antoine A. , Awwad Johnny , Fakih Michael H. , Hammoud Najwa , Hannoun Antoine B. , Lakkis Da’ad , Nassar Zaher 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMale infertility is a neglected reproductive health problem, yet it contributes to at least half of all cases of subfertility worldwide. Consanguinity, or the intermarriage of two individuals who have at least one ancestor in common, may increase the risk for recessively inherited disorders, including genetic forms of male infertility. This chapter investigates the influence of consanguineous marriage on male infertility in Lebanon, where rates of consanguineous marriage remain high (26.9% among Muslims, 16.5% among Christians). Using a mixed-methods, ethnographic-epidemiological, and case-study design, it demonstrates a significant association between consanguinity and family clustering of male infertility cases, suggesting a strong genetic component to this reproductive health problem in Lebanon. Because consanguineous marriage is a socially supported institution throughout the Muslim world, culturally sensitive public health education programs, which support genetic counseling and risk management without condemning consanguineous marriage practices per se, are highly recommended.
Structural Violence, Political Violence, and the Health Costs of Civil Conflict: A Case Study from Peru
Authors: Leatherman Tom , Thomas R. Brooke 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOver past decades, armed conflict has claimed millions of lives and left many more prone to hunger, malnutrition, disease, psychological trauma, and the chronic effects of disrupted lives, livelihoods, and environments. Thus, armed conflict is a political-economic, environmental, and major public health issue. This chapter first reviews the public health impacts of armed conflict worldwide, and then provides a case study from a recent civil conflict in Peru, 1980–2000. It argues that pre-conflict inequalities were important precursors to the civil war in Peru, and that the war impacted the lives and livelihoods, food security, social relations, and psychosocial well-being of local populations in uneven ways. These impacts will shape levels of inequality, health, and well-being for years to come.
Bridges between Mental Health Care and Religious Healing in Puerto Rico: The Outcomes of an Early Experiment
Authors: Koss-Chioino Joan D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe incorporation of religion and spirituality into mental health care has begun to acquire credibility after more than a century of rejection by mental health professionals providing conventional interventions. This chapter describes an experiment carried out over thirty years ago aimed at integrating the public mental health system and Spiritism—a popular, religious healing system. It traces social changes in Puerto Rico in the last three decades as the context for changes in the mental health care system and the wider use, especially among professional sectors, of complementary/alternative and popular (i.e., “traditional”) medicine.
Indigenization of Illness Support Groups for Lymphatic Filariasis in Haiti
Authors: Coreil Jeannine , Mayard Gladys 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes the process of indigenization within peer support groups for Haitian women living with the physical impairment of lymphatic filariasis. The groups developed a distinctive style characterized by minimal interest in talking about the illness and a strong interest in religion and spirituality, artistic and expressive components, acquisition of practical skills, and microenterprise activities. The context of indigenous traditions of mutual aid, material needs of families, and political and economic insecurity is discussed. Results are framed within a theoretical discussion of factors that lead self-help groups into social action. The findings counterbalance traditional approaches to culturally competent health program planning by highlighting the active role of participants in tailoring an intervention to the local cultural context.
Using Formative Research to Explore and Address Elder Health and Care in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Glantz Namino 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDemographic and epidemiological transitions in an era of social and economic uncertainty have provoked a pervasive elder health care crisis. Engaged anthropology using formative research is propitious for addressing elder health and care needs. Formative research is an iterative, multistage participatory process that draws on multiple methods and actors to develop, monitor, and assess community-congruent interventions. It entails becoming informed about and informing community dialogue; identifying needs and resources; generating intervention options via critical assessment and problem solving; and monitoring process, outcome, and responses. This chapter details how formative research was conducted in a small city in Chiapas (Mexico's southernmost state) to improve primary elder health care while engaging elders, care providers, researchers, and media.
Honorable Mutilation? Changing Responses to Female Genital Cutting in Sudan
Authors: Gruenbaum Ellen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFemale Genital Cutting practices (also known as FGM) are of several types—clitoridectomy, excision, infibulation, and reinfibulation—affecting women and girls in several African countries and other parts of the world. In Sudan, the most damaging of the forms of the practice has been common and has numerous harmful effects. The main reasons it continues are based on complex ideas about religion, morality, family honor, virginity, and marriageability of daughters. Long-term ethnographic research has demonstrated that it has begun to change as midwives and parents are influenced by religious rethinking, health education, and human rights approaches that are increasingly conveyed in creative ways utilizing outreach, the arts, and media. Harm reduction is expected to lead to greater abandonment.
Anthropological and Public Health Perspectives on the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Renne Elisha P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn 1988, the World Health Assembly voted to eradicate poliomyelitis by 2000. While cases of wild poliovirus worldwide have declined considerably, cases continue to be reported, mainly in India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. This chapter uses anthropological research methods to examine changes in the reception and implementation of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in Zaria, Kaduna State, in Northern Nigeria in order to address the question of why polio cases persist in this area. It also considers how changes the GPEI program in Nigeria, specifically broader community involvement and the introduction of health incentives teams, affected its reception and raises the larger question of how such global public health initiatives might be appropriately framed in the future.
“Sanitary Makeshifts” and the Perpetuation of Health Stratification in Indonesia
Authors: Stein Eric A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the economic, ethical, and cultural complexities of health policies that emphasize “cost-effectiveness” at the expense of creating stable health infrastructure. Drawing on ethnographic, archival, and oral history research in rural Central Java, Indonesia, it examines latrine and toilet construction efforts from the time of 1930s Rockefeller Foundation hookworm prevention projects to the present. Although hygiene and sanitation projects since the 1970s enabled over half of rural villagers to build indoor toilets, lack of water and drainage, patterns of drought, and the economy of fishponds has fostered continued public defecation in rivers, ponds, and drainage canals. Makeshift or partially completed sanitation programs have led to wide disparities in access to water and toilets. As a consequence, social difference has become encoded at the level of sanitary objects, as indoor toilets become temporal markers of status within village hierarchies centered on development discourses of modernization.
Global Panic, Local Repercussions: Economic and Nutritional Effects of Bird Flu in Vietnam
Authors: Lockerbie Stacy , Herring D. Ann 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEfforts to eliminate avian influenza are imbued with viral panic and are anchored to the 1918 influenza pandemic, SARS, and bioterrorism. The small number of human HPAI deaths has been given enormous significance but less attention is paid to impacts of containment policies on food security, nutrition, or subsistence among small-scale farmers. In Vietnam, the livelihoods of the rural poor are supplemented by household poultry. Government policies to eliminate backyard operations remove a hedge against economic security, undermine the symbolic and cultural importance of poultry, and rupture relationships between buyers and sellers. Rural farmers face the triple burden of stigma for creating conditions that promote bird flu, destruction of their flocks, and the risk of living at an epicenter.