bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban air
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Air pollution and the risk of potential health effects are not sufficiently convincing reasons for people to stop driving their cars, according to a study by the Population Reference Bureau (PRB) released on November 18.While sufficient levels of suspended particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and lead can present health concerns, the study found that many people surveyed for the study were not convinced of the clear linkage between air pollution and health.
The Earth System: An Introduction to Earth Systems Science
Authors: Small Eric E. 
Published: October 2011

The atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and solid Earth are the basic components of the Earth system. These different components are not separate entities; instead they interact over a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. Determining how various internal and external influences impact each component of the Earth system individually is challenging.It is even more difficult to understand how the various components interact to yield the response of the entire Earth system to different forcings. This, however, is the critical task global change scientists must face in order to assess how various human activities, such as emissions of greenhouse gases, impact the environment.
New shipboard laboratory may answer questions about deep biosphere
Authors: Fisk Martin 
Published: October 2011

A shipboard microbiology laboratory to investigate the extent and diversity of the subsurface biosphere in the ocean basins is being developed by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and may soon provide answers to some of the exciting questions about Earth's deep biosphere. The answers may also be relevant to explorations for extraterrestrial life.The oceanic subsurface biosphere may contain half of Earth's biomass [Whitman et al., 1998]. Each liter of deep sea sediment, even at depths of a kilometer below the seafloor, typically contains more than 1 billion microbes. Volcanic rocks below the sediment also appear to contain microbes at all depths investigated so far, except where the temperature exceeds 100°C. Although microbes probably contribute less than a gram of biomass per cubic meter of oceanic crust, the vast amount of oceanic sediment and rock makes the total microbial biomass globally significant.
Are ocean wave heights increasing in the eastern North Pacific?
Authors: Allan Jonathan , Komar Paul 
Published: October 2011

Erosion, caused in large part by unusually severe storms, has damaged beaches and property in recent years along the Pacific coast of the United States. In the Pacific Northwest (Oregon and Washington), four storms were experienced during the 1998–1999 La Niña winter that produced wave heights which exceeded what had been projected as the 100‐year extreme event. This occurrence raises questions about the effects of climate controls— such as El Niños and La Ni˜nas—on wave conditions in the North Pacific, and whether there has been a progressive increase in wave heights during recent decades, much as has been found in the North Atlantic.In the North Atlantic, researchers have documented from a long‐term record of wave measurements west of Lands End, England, that wave heights have increased progressively since the late 1960s [Carter and Draper, 1988; Bacon and Carter, 1991; Kushnir et al., 1997; Gulev and Hasse, 1999]. Previous to our study, no attempt had been made to examine whether such trends exist in the North Pacific. This is now possible, thanks to more than a quarter‐century of ocean buoy measurements of daily wave conditions throughout the eastern North Pacific.
Fish fat, quantum cryptography: All in a day's work at the news
Authors: Carr Matthew 
Published: October 2011

Fellow scientists always get a laugh when I tell them my first publication was in The Dallas Morning News.That article (about fish fat and how it helps fight depression) was the first tangible product of my AGU‐sponsored participation in the Mass Media Science and Engineering Fellows Program, sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The program sends science and engineering graduate students to media organizations across the country for 10‐week summer stints as science journalists. The objective is to strengthen the connections between scientists and journalists and improve coverage of science in the media.
Weather radar testbed unveiled
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Some of the same radar technology used by the U.S. Navy in missile guidance and tracking operations is being employed in the first full‐time phased array radar facility, unveiled on 24 April by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Severe Storm Laboratory in Norman, Oklahoma.The facility, known as the National Weather Radar Testbed, could help meteorologists forecast earlier warnings for tornadoes and other types of severe weather. The facility serves as a testbed to determine whether the phased array radar will become the next significant technological advancement in improving U.S. weather services.
High levels of mercury in U.S. rainfall
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The mercury levels in rainfall in 12 U.S. states far exceed safe standards established by the Environmental Protection Agency, according to a 29 May report by the National Wildlife Federations non‐profit environmental group.All 12 states that were analyzed rated at least 84% above the EPAs human health standard for mercury in lakes, which is 3.5 nanograms per liter. The states also rated at least 99% above EPAs Great Lakes wildlife standard for mercury in lakes, which is 1.3 nanograms per liter.
Atmospheric map of nitrogen dioxide
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The European Space Agency's (ESA) Envisat satellite for environmental monitoring has produced a high‐resolution global atmospheric map of nitrogen dioxide, the agency announced on 11 October.Scientists employed the satellite's onboard Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instrument to record the spectrum of sunlight shining through the atmosphere, and to find spectral absorption “fingerprints” of NO, in the troposphere.
Effects of drought on rainforest
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

An experiment to simulate the effects of climate change and severe drought on a parcel of rainforest in the Brazilian Amazon has found that some parts of the affected forest tolerated the dry condition by absorbing water from deeper in the soil.When the water in the soil had been depleted, many small trees stopped growing, rather than shedding their leaves. This finding has implications for climate change because the amount of carbon removed from the atmosphere during tropical droughts will decrease significantly, according to researchers.
Aerobic respiratory chain of
Escherichia coli
is not allowed to work in fully uncoupled mode
Authors: Borisov Vitaliy B. , Murali Ranjani , Verkhovskaya Marina L. , Bloch Dmitry A. , Han Huazhi , Gennis Robert B. , Verkhovsky Michael I. 
Published: October 2011

Escherichia coli
is known to couple aerobic respiratory catabolism to ATP synthesis by virtue of the primary generators of the proton motive force—NADH dehydrogenase I, cytochrome
bo
3
, and cytochrome
bd
-I. An
E. coli
mutant deficient in NADH dehydrogenase I,
bo
3
and
bd
-I can, nevertheless, grow aerobically on nonfermentable substrates, although its sole terminal oxidase cytochrome
bd
-II has been reported to be nonelectrogenic. In the current work, the ability of cytochrome
bd
-II to generate a proton motive force is reexamined. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and oxygen pulse methods show that in the steady-state, cytochrome
bd
-II does generate a proton motive force with a H
+
/e
-
ratio of 0.94 ± 0.18. This proton motive force is sufficient to drive ATP synthesis and transport of nutrients. Microsecond time-resolved, single-turnover electrometry shows that the molecular mechanism of generating the proton motive force is identical to that in cytochrome
bd
-I. The ability to induce cytochrome
bd
-II biosynthesis allows
E. coli
to remain energetically competent under a variety of environmental conditions.
Libation
Authors: Stewart Dianne M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explores the encounter between Europeans and Africans during four centuries of European expansion (1492-1838), looking at the historical legacy of African-derived religions in Jamaica during the slave period and its theological potential for contemporary Jamaicans. By examining Obeah and Myal within the socio-historical setting of pre-Emancipation Jamaica, it refutes the bad-versus-good classification of the two traditions as a product of absolutist reasoning in Western Christian thought. Instead, it posits that the idea of moral neutrality is most compatible with the metaphysical assumptions and ethical principles embraced by practitioners of both traditions.
Emergency Measures
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the remedial measures taken by the Chinese government to address the catastrophic decline in grain output and its impact on people's food consumption during the 1960s. Based on the recommendations of Politburo Standing Committee economists Zhou Enlai and Chen Yun, the government agreed to purchase grain from abroad. Chen Yun also proposed the implementation of the Sixty Articles on Agriculture, stepping up industrial support for agricultural development, and the mobilization of urban residents to the countryside in order to reduce the amount of grain taken from the peasantry for sale in the cities.
A Plethora of Plans
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses various plans considered by the Chinese government to address the prospect of persisting mass starvation in the countryside and its spread to the cities. At this point, Chairman Mao appeared to be ready to acknowledge or accept the blame for the economic disaster that resulted from his failed GLF initiative. The plans included the establishment of a less egalitarian accounting system, the restoration of or compensation for confiscated private properties, the importation of grains, and the transfer of millions of urban residents back to the countryside.
The Sino-Soviet Rupture and the Vietnam War
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the aggravation for the conflict between China and the Soviet Union during the early 1960s. After the January 1963 East Germany party congress, the CCP and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) issued a series of polemics. The only point of agreement was that the situation was critical. While the Chinese believed that there was a serious threat against world communist movements, the Russians referred to serious differences on cardinal issues of policy. A major focus of the rival polemics was Yugoslavia.
Introduction
Authors: Prunty Wyatt 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the difference between contemporary and modern poetry. It then turns to Robert Lowell, arguing that because of his early success as a young modernist and later success with poetry that diverged from modernist norms, his career is representative of a substantial segment of a younger generation of poets who distanced themselves from the tenets of their modernist elders. It compares the systematic minimalism of Edmund Husserl’s method in his Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology with the factualism of Lowell’s method, which began with the second version of “The Mills of the Kavanaughs”. The chapter also considers the work of Heidegger.
The Genealogy of Disjunction
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book presents a study of the English word or, and the logical operators variously proposed to present its meaning. Although there are indisputably disjunctive uses of or in English, it is a mistake to suppose that logical disjunction represents its core meaning. Or is descended from the Anglo-Saxon word meaning second, a form which survives in such expressions as ‘every other day’. Its disjunctive uses arise through metalinguistic applications of an intermediate adverbial meaning which is conjunctive rather than disjunctive in character. These conjunctive uses have puzzled philosophers and logicians, and have been discussed extensively under such headings as ‘free choice permission’. This study examines the textbook myths that have clouded our understanding of how or and other ‘logical’ vocabulary comes to have something approaching its logical meaning in natural languages. It considers the various historical conceptions of disjunction and its place in logic from the Stoics to the present day.
Introduction
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The first chapter discusses the association of the English word ‘or’ in reasoning. “Or” is descended from the Anglo-Saxon word meaning second, a form which survives in such expressions as “every other day.” If logical theory had not introduced the vocabulary of disjunction, we could not formulate the question. The truth-functional character of ‘or’ and ‘and’, if they have such a character in their natural language habitat, is a character that is derived as a consequence of their playing a certain role in discourse, one best described as punctuation, or in a specialized sense of the word adverbial. In many cases, the transformation of a sentence embedding an or-list to an equivalent or joined pair of sentences cannot plausibly be called disjunctive distribution. ‘Or’-words derive from additive rather than from subtractive ancestors.
Stoic Disjunction
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examimes relevance to misunderstandings about the meaning of aut and possible meanings of ‘or’. In spite of what has been said about the notion of form, there is no harm in applying the word ‘formal’ to the Stoics' work. By some standards, it is not informal, and by those standards, we may therefore call it formal where it is the contrast intended. Since the substitution account of validity would not rule out such disjunctions and a descriptive account would, the descriptive account seems on that score to be the more likely candidate for the Stoic conception of validity. Boole also took exclusivity, even the same arity-free idea of exclusivity, to be centrally important to his representation, but the exclusivity was constructed out of a non-exclusive disjunctive use of ‘or’.
In Black and White
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The chapter discusses the naming conventions which showed various signs of deference, condescension, and even affection towards blacks and whites. Customs and even laws served to segregate the two races. Nonetheless, humane relations still existed between whites and blacks but such instances were regarded as exceptions. Rural race relations were delineated affecting every aspect of life in the New South. Segregation was fast becoming the norm and segregation laws swept the nation. The railroad system was the point of most contention as regards segregations as it was the main form of transportation during that time. Racial discomfiture sometimes leads to overt conflict and even violence. Thus, statewide railroad segregation peaked during this time. The chapter also discusses the significant change on interracial social relations particularly in terms of sex and marriage.
Populism
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes the relationships between the alliance and their members and the dynamics between the members of different races. The alliance was not driven by a single idea or policy; rather, it was the general insistence that the government should pursue actions that are more beneficial to its constituents that united it. Conflicts arose between the members of the alliances. The members of the White Alliance had differing views while the blacks, who were members of the Colored Alliance, also had different perspectives. The conflicts were mostly political in character but some were even social. This difference eventually led to the sharp decline of the Colored Alliance. The anxieties of rural life did not help much as it even contributed to the conflicts between the members.
Turning of the Tide
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The chapter discusses the norms of life in the New South particularly concerning women. The standards of clothing and fashion changed and bicycles became all the rage for Southern women. The idea of women's right of suffrage was first tackled during these times. It was also during this time that education became the center of discussion and was seen as the ticket of the Southern blacks to a life of better treatment by the whites. This chapter also touches on the events in the Chicago World's Fair and the Negro Building, the latter being the only place within the fair that the Negroes could actually enter and buy goods. The chapter also discusses Booker T. Washington and his viewpoint and speeches regarding the relationship of blacks and whites.
Books
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development and evolution of literature and books during the 1880s, 1890s, and 1900s. People wrote less and less about the events and rather more about social and inward subjects. The chapter talks about George Washington Cable who was the first Southern author of the postwar era. Some of his works include Old Creole Days and The Grandissimes, the latter achieving renown as it was highly applauded by the Northerners. Another Southern author worthy of note was Joel Chandler Harris who surfaced in the 1880s. His book Uncle Remus: His Songs and Sayings generated a lot of buzz as it mirrors the Southern way of life. One of Harris' admirers was Mark Twain himself who persuaded the former to join him.
War, Ottoman Officials, and Western Institutions
Authors: Göçek Fatma Müge 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter traces the effects on the Ottoman social structure of its continuous state of war during the 18th and 19th centuries. The process through which the households of the officials established initially to assist the sultan in governance ended up challenging him instead. The Ottoman sultan then adopted Western-style educational institutions to train a new corps of officials loyal to him. The foundation of the state schools in the empire demonstrates the pattern by which the sultan attempted to develop a new official corps but instead produced the origins of the Ottoman bureaucratic bourgeoisie. As trained future officials, they allied with each other and developed a social vision of the empire based on a constitutional system of rule and formed secret organizations against the sultan to achieve his vision.
Introduction
Authors: Lowry Richard S. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Mark Twain highlights personal experience as the primary foundation of building pieces of literature, rendering them certain legitimacy. Mark Twain considered himself to be a “scribbler of books” instead of a novelist. The difference between “capital” and “cultural or educational” writing was distinct and this resulted in different qualities of writing, of which the former Mark Twain was uneasy about. Mark Twain was a social fiction “authored” by a particular man. This is extended to Mark Twain's books wherein his characters are public figures living double lives. His characters are not created from scratch, but rather, are derived from incidents out of real life. Mark Twain's writings encompass a variety of genre, intent, and quality. What distinguishes his works from others is that they employed narrative to retain his humor rather than employing humor to drive the narrative.
The Financing of Venetian Music Books
Authors: Bernstein Jane A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMusic printing in sixteenth-century Venice was a complicated and multifaceted business. It involved many financial risks and required substantial sums of money. In comparison with other fields, the music book trade did not generate an impressive income. Yet the music publisher/printer had to have a good business sense, for in order to be successful he not only had to gain entrance into intellectual circles, but also to remain, first and foremost, a businessman who could carry on his trade in the international marketplace. Independent sponsorship of publications by printers was a highly risky enterprise. Only the large Venetian presses, such as the Scotto firm, had the necessary capital and contacts to finance their own publications.
Composers, Patrons, and the Venetian Music Press
Authors: Bernstein Jane A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractComposers quickly became aware of the possibility of addressing a larger audience through the press. With the commercialization of music printing, they no longer had to rely solely on their intermediate circle of patrons for the circulation of their music. Composers could now augment their fixed income either by selling their works outright to printers, or by getting involved in the actual publishing and marketing of their own works. Patrons also saw the potential of the printing press as a means of public recognition. Dedications abound with metaphors extolling the culture, erudition, and generosity of the benefactor.
Reformulations of Zionist Ideology Since the Establishment of the State of Israel
Authors: Shimoni Gideon 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the post-independence or “residual” ideology of Zionism as an issue internal to the Jewish ethnic entity. The term “ideology” here refers to an action-oriented set of ideas relating to a given social reality. In its pre-independence stage, the common denominator of all Zionist ideologies was the proposition that a fundamental defect inhered in the Jewish situation-national homelessness. The solution proffered was the return of Jews to Zion and the restoration of Zion to the Jews. Variants of pre-independence Zionist ideology revolved only around secondary questions such as the precise definition of the defect; which Jews and how many of them were to return to Zion; and in what sense and in what ways Zion was to be restored to the Jews. In the post-independence stage, residual Zionist ideology necessarily calls for an evaluation of the relative significance of Israel, and diasporic Jewries, for the Jews as a collective entity in the world.
Jewish Leadership in Times of Crisis: Argentina During the Eichmann Affair (1960–1962)
Authors: Avni Haim 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Two basic questions arise whenever security and political crises occur: on the one hand, how much authority does a voluntary leadership command within its own community; and, on the other hand, how much influence on the national political powers can such a leadership expect to have. These general issues are examined here via a case study of one of the most protracted crises in the relations between Argentines and the Jews: the kidnapping of Adolf Eichmann in 1960 and his subsequent trial and execution in Israel in June 1962. This process unfolded against the backdrop of growing political instability in Argentina, in which antisemitism became a growing threat to the community's well-being.