bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Portugal Became an ‘Unplanned Country’: A Critique of Scholarship on Portuguese Urban Development and Planning
Authors: BAPTISTA IDALINA 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this article, I seek to expose how scholars came to construct the idea that Portugal is an ‘unplanned country’— a product of disorderly growth. While urban scholarship has now challenged the hegemonic view of spatial order as a proxy for modernity, development and progress, Portuguese scholarship has remained largely impervious to these debates as it consistently offers a view of the Portuguese city as ‘not quite yet’ modern and civilized. Based on a review of accounts by key authors recognized for their prominence and contribution to contemporary Portuguese scholarship, I argue that rather than being a constitutive fact of or truth about the Portuguese urban condition, the ‘unplanned country’ operates as an intellectual and discursive construct that organizes the experience of modernity, urban growth and social transformation throughout the twentieth century. The article discusses how Portuguese scholarship constructs the ‘unplanned country’ idea through insufficient engagement with relevant research and debates in urban studies and is based on several empirical shortcomings. The article concludes by offering a preliminary research agenda to address these imbalances. I suggest that such efforts could enhance the relevance and contribution of the Portuguese urban experience to recent calls for epistemological renewal in urban theory production.Cet article explique comment les chercheurs ont bâti l'idée que le Portugal est un ‘pays sans planification’, le résultat d'une croissance confuse. La recherche urbaine a désormais bousculé la vision hégémonique de l'ordre spatial comme indicateur de modernité, de développement et de progrès, mais la plupart des auteurs portugais sont restés hermétiques à ces débats, puisqu'ils dépeignent systématiquement la ville portugaise comme ‘pas encore tout à fait’ moderne et civilisée. En analysant les travaux d'auteurs déterminants, reconnus pour leur importance et leur contribution à la recherche portugaise contemporaine, cette étude préconise que, loin d'être un fait constitutif ou une vérité pour la situation urbaine portugaise, le ‘pays sans planification’ agit comme une notion intellectuelle et rhétorique qui structure l'expérience de modernité, de croissance et de transformation sociale au cours du XXe siècle. L'idée de ‘pays sans planification’ est née d'un manque d'implication dans la recherche et dans les débats pertinents en sciences urbaines, ainsi que de plusieurs erreurs empiriques à la base de certaines démonstrations. La conclusion propose un programme d'études préliminaires pour remédier à ces anomalies. Ces travaux pourraient renforcer l'intérêt et l'apport de l'expérience urbaine portugaise dans le cadre de récents appels à un renouveau épistémologique dans la production de théories urbaines.
The SWIFT Affair and the Global Politics of European Security*
Authors: DE GOEDE MARIEKE 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article examines the ‘SWIFT affair’, whereby United States security authorities acquired access to financial data of European citizens, and argues that it is a powerful lens through which to understand current shifts in European security governing. The affair demonstrates the institutional challenges produced by the deployment of private, commercial data for security, and analyzes the ad hoc innovations produced in European Union (EU) governing as a result. Furthermore, the SWIFT affair has allowed the EU to position itself in the global security landscape as a normative power that promotes the values of privacy and data protection. However, the development of a European Terrorism Financing Tracking System, coupled with the way in which the EU itself is keenly implementing risk‐based and data‐led internal security measures, means that critical attention to the EU's own security practices remains urgent.
Lifetime return on investment increases with leaf lifespan among 10 Australian woodland species
Authors: Falster Daniel S. , Reich Peter B. , Ellsworth David S. , Wright Ian J. , Westoby Mark , Oleksyn Jacek , Lee Tali D. 
Published: November 2011

Summary
Co‐occurring species often differ in their leaf lifespan (LL) and it remains unclear how such variation is maintained in a competitive context. Here we test the hypothesis that leaves of long‐LL species yield a greater return in carbon (C) fixed per unit C or nutrient invested by the plant than those of short‐LL species.
For 10 sympatric woodland species, we assessed three‐dimensional shoot architecture, canopy openness, leaf photosynthetic light response, leaf dark respiration and leaf construction costs across leaf age sequences. We then used the YPLANT model to estimate light interception and C revenue along the measured leaf age sequences. This was done under a series of simulations that incorporated the potential covariates of LL in an additive fashion.
Lifetime return in C fixed per unit C, N or P invested increased with LL in all simulations.
In contrast to other recent studies, our results show that extended LL confers a fundamental economic advantage by increasing a plant’s return on investment in leaves. This suggests that time‐discounting effects, that is, the compounding of income that arises from quick reinvestment of C revenue, are key in allowing short‐LL species to succeed in the face of this economic handicap.
Light interception efficiency explained by two simple variables: a test using a diversity of small‐ to medium‐sized woody plants
Authors: Duursma R. A. , Falster D. S. , Valladares F. , Sterck F. J. , Pearcy R. W. , Lusk C. H. , Sendall K. M. , Nordenstahl M. , Houter N. C. , Atwell B. J. , Kelly N. , Kelly J. W. G. , Liberloo M. , Tissue D. T. , Medlyn B. E. , Ellsworth D. S. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryPlant light interception efficiency is a crucial determinant of carbon uptake by individual plants and by vegetation. Our aim was to identify whole‐plant variables that summarize complex crown architecture, which can be used to predict light interception efficiency.We gathered the largest database of digitized plants to date (1831 plants of 124 species), and estimated a measure of light interception efficiency with a detailed three‐dimensional model. Light interception efficiency was defined as the ratio of the hemispherically averaged displayed to total leaf area. A simple model was developed that uses only two variables, crown density (the ratio of leaf area to total crown surface area) and leaf dispersion (a measure of the degree of aggregation of leaves).The model explained 85% of variation in the observed light interception efficiency across the digitized plants. Both whole‐plant variables varied across species, with differences in leaf dispersion related to leaf size. Within species, light interception efficiency decreased with total leaf number. This was a result of changes in leaf dispersion, while crown density remained constant.These results provide the basis for a more general understanding of the role of plant architecture in determining the efficiency of light harvesting.
Safety and Risks of Nitrous Oxide Labor Analgesia: A Review
Authors: Rooks Judith P. 
Published: November 2011

Introduction: This review of the safety and risks of nitrous oxide (N2O) labor analgesia presents results of a search for evidence of its effects on labor, the mother, the fetus, the neonate, breastfeeding, and maternal‐infant bonding. Concerns about apoptotic damage to the brains of immature mammals exposed to high doses of N2O during late gestation, possible cardiovascular risks from hyperhomocysteinemia caused by N2O, a hypothesis that children exposed to N2O during birth are more likely to become addicted to amphetamine drugs as adults, and possible occupational risks for those who provide care to women using N2O/O2 labor analgesia are discussed in detail.Methods: Research relevant to the 4 special concerns and to the effects of N2O analgesia on labor and the mother‐child dyad were examined in depth. Three recent reviews of the biologic, toxicologic, anesthetic, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects of N2O; 3 reviews of the safety of 50% N2O/oxygen (O2) in providing analgesia in a variety of health care settings; and a 2002 systematic review of N2O/O2 labor analgesia were used.Results: Nitrous oxide analgesia is safe for mothers, neonates, and those who care for women during childbirth if the N2O is delivered as a 50% blend with O2, is self‐administered, and good occupational hygiene is practiced. Because of the strong correlation between dose and harm from exposure to N2O, concerns based on effects of long exposure to high anesthetic‐level doses of N2O have only tenuous, hypothetical pertinence to the safety of N2O/O2 labor analgesia.Discussion: Nitrous oxide labor analgesia is safe for the mother, fetus, and neonate and can be made safe for caregivers. It is simple to administer, does not interfere with the release and function of endogenous oxytocin, and has no adverse effects on the normal physiology and progress of labor.
Is time on cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery associated with acute kidney injury requiring dialysis?
Authors: Mancini Elena , Caramelli Fabio , Ranucci Marco , Sangiorgi Diego , Reggiani Letizia Bacchi , Frascaroli Guido , Zucchelli Annalisa , Bellasi Antonio , Santoro Antonio 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIt is commonly accepted that the longer the time on extracorporeal cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the higher is the likelihood of developing acute renal failure requiring dialysis (ARF‐D). Nonetheless, previous works elicited conflicting evidence. We investigated the relationship between CPB duration and ARF‐D occurrence. Data were extracted from a large observational study. All factors independently associated with ARF‐D were detected. Overall, 11,092 case record forms were analyzed. At the univariate analyses, time on CBP was associated with an increase in the ARF‐D risk (odds ratio of fifth vs. first quintile of CBP time: 3.84; 95% confidence interval: 2.58–5.7; P < 0.001). However, after adjusting for confounders, the association between time on CBP and ARF‐D lost its statistical significance. In this large dataset, CBP time did not predict ARF‐D occurrence. These results might suggest that an accurate risk assessment might be more important than time on CPB in determining ARF‐D occurrence.
SiOC Glass–Diamond Composites
Authors: Sellappan Pathikumar , Toma Liviu , Miehe Gerhard , Célarié Fabrice , Rouxel Tanguy , Riedel Ralf 
Published: November 2011

New types of bulk SiOC glass matrix composites reinforced with diamond particles were successfully fabricated. Diamond particles were introduced into the SiOC matrix by the polymer‐derived ceramics (PDC) route using polysiloxane and two different sized diamond particles, 2 and 30 μm as starting precursors. Dense bulk specimens were prepared by warm pressing at 150°C–160°C followed by pyrolization at 1100°C for 2 h. The composites were characterized by means of SEM, TEM, optical observation, X‐ray diffraction, and Vickers indentation. Elastic properties were determined by means of ultrasonic echography, and Young's modulus was found to increase from 96 to 154 GPa when diamond content increased from 0 to 25 vol%. Reinforcement results in significant improvement, nearly 100%, in hardness compared to pristine SiOC glass sample. The size of the diamond particles has an influence on density and microstructure of the composites. The TEM investigations reveal that SiOC glass matrix and 2 μm diamond particles have excellent bonding. The present study demonstrates the possibility of fabricating bulk SiOC glass–diamond composites via the polymer‐processing route, resulting in composites with promising mechanical properties.
Short‐Chain Fatty Acids Induce Pro‐Inflammatory Cytokine Production Alone and in Combination with Toll‐Like Receptor Ligands
Authors: Mirmonsef Paria , Zariffard Mohammad R. , Gilbert Douglas , Makinde Hadijat , Landay Alan L. , Spear Greg T. 
Published: November 2011

Citation Mirmonsef P, Zariffard MR, Gilbert D, Makinde H, Landay, AL, Spear GT. Short‐chain fatty acids induce pro‐inflammatory cytokine production alone and in combination with Toll‐like receptor ligands. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 391–400Problem  Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced at relatively high levels by anaerobic bacteria in bacterial vaginosis (BV), are believed to be anti‐inflammatory. BV, a common alteration in the genital microbiota associated with increased susceptibility to HIV infection, is characterized by increased levels of both pro‐inflammatory cytokines and SCFAs. We investigated how SCFAs alone or together with Toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands affected pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion.Method of study  Cytokines were measured by ELISA. Flow was used for phenotyping and reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement.Results  Short‐chain fatty acids, at 20 mm, induced interleukin (IL)‐8, IL‐6, and IL‐1β release, while lower levels (0.02–2 mm) did not induce cytokine secretion. Levels >20 mm were toxic to cells. Interestingly, lower levels of SCFAs significantly enhanced TLR2 ligand‐ and TLR7 ligand‐induced production of IL‐8 and TNFα in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner, but had little effect on lipopolysaccharide‐induced cytokine release. SCFAs mediated their effects on pro‐inflammatory cytokine production at least in part by inducing the generation of ROS.Conclusion  Our data suggest that SCFAs, especially when combined with specific TLR ligands, contribute to a pro‐inflammatory milieu in the lower genital tract and help further our understanding of how BV affects susceptibility to microbial infections.
Genome technologies and personalized dental medicine
Authors: Eng G , Chen A , Vess T , Ginsburg GS 
Published: November 2011

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 223–235The addition of genomic information to our understanding of oral disease is driving important changes in oral health care. It is anticipated that genome‐derived information will promote a deeper understanding of disease etiology and permit earlier diagnosis, allowing for preventative measures prior to disease onset rather than treatment that attempts to repair the diseased state. Advances in genome technologies have fueled expectations for this proactive healthcare approach. Application of genomic testing is expanding and has already begun to find its way into the practice of clinical dentistry. To take full advantage of the information and technologies currently available, it is vital that dental care providers, consumers, and policymakers be aware of genomic approaches to understanding of oral diseases and the application of genomic testing to disease diagnosis and treatment. Ethical, legal, clinical, and educational initiatives are also required to responsibly incorporate genomic information into the practice of dentistry. This article provides an overview of the application of genomic technologies to oral health care and introduces issues that require consideration if we are to realize the full potential of genomics to enable the practice of personalized dental medicine.
Digitization of clinical and epidemiological data from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos: Maternal risk factors and embryonic malformations
Authors: Kameda Tomomi , Yamada Shigehito , Uwabe Chigako , Suganuma Nobuhiko 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the causes of congenital anomalies is of prime importance to develop management and/or prevention strategies. It is widely accepted that the occurrence of congenital malformations in fetuses and neonates is heavily correlated with maternal genetic makeup and lifestyle. However, very few epidemiologic analyses have been conducted on the embryonic developmental period because of the rarity of data available. Instigated in 1961, the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos comprises approximately 45 000 specimens of embryos and fetuses. The collection's most unique feature is that most specimens were added to the collection along with epidemiologic information on the respective mothers. This is the first report on the digitization of data from the collection. A total of 22 262 embryonic specimens were selected on the basis of data integrity. Data related to the embryos were then classified according to the following criteria: developmental stage, sampling period, geographical area, maternal determinant, and external malformation. Results indicate that 7.8% of the embryos exhibit external anomalies and 92.2% are without anomalies. The three most common anomalies were nuchal bleb, holoprosencephaly and spina bifida. A special emphasis was placed on the potential association between maternal determinants and embryonic external anomalies, allowing for statistical analyses. The present study provides further evidence that this collection represents a unique source of information to conduct epidemiological analyses, not only to further the understanding of congenital anomalies but also to help establish preventive health guidelines for pregnant women.
Human leucocyte antigen typing: techniques and technology, a critical appraisal
Authors: Dunn P. P. J. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryMethods for the identification of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) have changed significantly since this group of polymorphic proteins were first characterized by serological reagents in the 1960s and 1970s. The invention and development of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has been key in the progress of methods for HLA genotyping. As the complexity of HLA polymorphism has unravelled so it has exposed the weaknesses in techniques such as PCR – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Reference Strand Mediated Conformation Analysis (RSCA), which are no longer in use today. Methods which have been considered routine laboratory tools in recent years, such as Sequence‐Specific Primer – PCR and Sequencing Based Typing (SBT) are now also threatened with extinction, not only because of the depth of HLA variation but also because of the rapid development of Next Generation Sequencing and technologies which will follow this. This review describes the merits and disadvantages of current technologies available to HLA Typing laboratories, future trends and the problems posed by new alleles.
NF‐κB Activity in Perinatal Brain During Infectious and Hypoxic‐Ischemic Insults Revealed by a Reporter Mouse
Authors: Kielland Anders , Camassa Laura M. A. , Døhlen Gaute , Munthe Ludvig A. , Blomhoff Rune , Amiry‐Moghaddam Mahmood , Carlsen Harald 
Published: November 2011

AbstractInfants suffering from infection or hypoxia–ischemia around the time of birth can develop brain damage resulting in life‐long impairment such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy and cognitive disability. Inflammation appears to be an important contributor irrespective of whether the primary event is infection or hypoxia–ischemia. Activation of the transcription factor NF‐κB is a hallmark of inflammation. To study perinatal brain inflammation, we developed a transgenic reporter mouse for imaging NF‐κB activity in live animals and tissue samples. The reporter genes firefly luciferase and a destabilized version of enhanced GFP (dEGFP) were regulated by common NF‐κB sites using a bidirectional promoter. Luciferase activity was imaged in vivo, while dEGFP was detected at cellular level in tissue sections. In newborn mice subjected to experimental models of infections or hypoxia–ischemia; luciferase signal increased in brains of live animals. In brain sections dEGFP expression, revealing NF‐κB activation was observed in the endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier in all disease models. In meningitis and hypoxia–ischemia expression of dEGFP was also induced in perivascular astrocytes. In conclusion, by using this transgenic reporter mouse in experimental models of perinatal complications, we could assess NF‐κB activity in vivo and subsequently determine the cellular origin in the tissues.
Association between urinary angiotensinogen levels and renal and cardiovascular prognoses in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Sawaguchi Makoto , Araki Shin‐ichi , Kobori Hiroyuki , Urushihara Maki , Haneda Masakazu , Koya Daisuke , Kashiwagi Atsunori , Uzu Takashi , Maegawa Hiroshi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAims/Introduction:  Activation of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) in the kidney plays an important role in renal function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether plasma and urinary angiotensinogen levels were associated with renal and cardiovascular prognosis in type 2 diabetic patients.Materials and Methods:  We measured plasma and urinary angiotensinogen levels in the observational follow‐up cohort of 234 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients (144 with normoalbuminuria, 90 with albuminuria) enrolled between 1998 and 1999 and followed them up until the end of 2008. The associations of these markers with the annual decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and incidence of renal and cardiovascular composite endpoints (chronic hemodialysis, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke and cerebral hemorrhage) were evaluated.Results:  At baseline, urinary angiotensinogen levels correlated with urinary albumin‐creatinine ratio, urinary β2‐microglobulin and inversely with eGFR. In contrast, plasma angiotensinogen levels correlated neither with these renal factors nor with urinary angiotensinogen levels. In the follow‐up study (median duration: 9 years), urinary angiotensinogen, but not plasma angiotensinogen, correlated inversely with the annual change in eGFR (r = −0.51, P < 0.001). When patients were divided into four subgroups according to albuminuria and urinary angiotensinogen levels, patients with albuminuria and high urinary angiotensinogen levels showed a progressive decline of eGFR and a higher incidence of renal and cardiovascular composite endpoints.Conclusions:  These results suggest that the higher level of urinary angiotensinogen in type 2 diabetic patients with albuminuria is a high risk factor for worsening renal and cardiovascular complications. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2011.00172.x, 2011)
Formulation of solid dispersion of rebamipide evaluated in a rat model for improved bioavailability and efficacy
Authors: Tung Nguyen-Thach , Park Chun-Woong , Oh Tack-oon , Kim Ju-Young , Ha Jung-Myung , Rhee Yun-Seok , Park Eun-Seok 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Rebamipide, a novel anti-ulcer agent, is listed in biopharmaceutics classification class IV because of its low aqueous solubility and permeability. Consequently, the bioavailability of rebamipide is under 10% in humans. The aim of this study was to increase the solubility and determine the effect of solubility enhancement on the bioavailability and efficacy of rebamipide (RBM).

Methods
After taking into account the physiochemical properties of RBM (solubility, melting point, dosage etc.), solid dispersion was chosen as the solubility enhancement method. A rebamipide solid dispersion system containing the drug, l-lysine, PVP-VA 64 and poloxamer 407 was obtained from a spray-drying method. Solubility enhancement of RBM from the solid dispersion was determined by a dissolution test in 900 ml at pH 1.2. The bioavailability and efficacy of RBM solid dispersion were evaluated in a rat model.

Key findings
The aqueous solubility of RBM was improved 62.17 times by solid dispersion. The oral bioavailability of the drug was also increased 1.74-fold from solid dispersion compared with the reference product in a rat model. With regard to the anti-ulcer effect, the percentage inhibition of the solid dispersion was 2.71 times higher than that of the reference product in the ulcer-induced rat model.

Conclusions
A solid dispersion of rebamipide was successfully formulated using the spray-drying method. Bioavailability and efficacy of rebamipide were increased significantly by solubility enhancement of the drug.