bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening Peanut Germplasm for Resistance to Corn Earworm1
Authors: Holley R. N. , Weeks W. W. , Wynne J. C. , Campbell W. V. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The corn earworm (Heliothis zea Boddie) commonly causes damage to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina. Resistance to the corn earworm has been identified in peanut and correlated with resistances to tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds), potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris), and the southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber). Development of corn earworm-resistant cultivars which might also assist in managing several insect pests could be aided by an understanding of the nature and inheritance of corn earworm resistance.
This study was conducted to develop a laboratory procedure to screen for corn earworm resistance, to determine the relationship between laboratory and field measurements of resistance, to determine the chemical basis of resistance, and to determine the inheritance of resistance.
Neither the laboratory measurement of larval growth after feeding of fresh leaf tissue nor after feeding on a synthetic diet containing ground freeze-dried leaf tissue consistently separated resistant and susceptible germplasms. Because of the inconsistency in laboratory tests, the relationship between lab and field results was inconsistent. Since these procedures did not always distinguish resistant and susceptible genotypes, these techniques cannot be used in lieu of field screening. However, these studies do suggest that antibiosis is a major component of corn earworm resistance. Chemical analyses indicate that a flavone glycoside is probably responsible for the antibiotic response. Neither field nor laboratory evaluations of progencies from the cross of NC 6 (resistant) and Florigiant line C (susceptible) could be used to separate plants into resistant and susceptible classes. Antibiosis did appear to be a dominant trait for this cross.
Automatic Monitoring and Cutoff of Peanut Dryers
Authors: Blankenship Paul D. , Davidson James I. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A method for automatic cutoff of full-scale peanut dryers when peanuts approach a prescribed moisture content without periodic moisture sampling is described. Final weight is mathematically predicted from initial weight and moisture content. Peanut weight loss is monitored and dryer operation subsequently controlled through electronics. Six of 8 drying wagon loads of peanuts dried with the method were dried to a satisfactory moisture content at grading. Additional drying was required on 2 loads. Test results indicate that the method will require less labor, provide better moisture control, and reduce the danger of overdrying compared to conventional methods.
Response of Nodulating and Non-Nodulating Peanuts to Foliarly Applied Nitrogen1
Authors: Walker M. E. , Branch W. D. , Gaines T. P. , Mullinix B. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted on Lakeland sand (Thermic, coated Typic Quartz-ipsaments) during 1981-82 to determine the effect of foliarly applied N on yield, grade, and N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentration of leaves and seed of nodulating and non-nodulating peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).
Nodulating cultivars; Florunner, Early Bunch, and Tifrun, and three non-nodulating experimental lines were sprayed 0, 1, 2 or 4 times at 13.5 kg N/ha beginning 28 days after emergence. Foliar application of N increased the yield of Florunner, Tifrun, and all non-nodulating lines, but had no effect on Early Bunch. The addition of N to non-nodulating peanut increased the percent fancy pods, extra large kernels, and weight of seed. Seed N concentration of non-nodulating lines increased with higher rates of N, but was higher in the nodulating cultivars. Seed of non-nodulating lines contained higher levels of P, K, and Mg than seed of nodulating lines. Nodulating lines had higher concentration of leaf N than did non-nodulating lines. The leaves of the non-nodulating lines contained higher levels of P, Ca, and Mg than those of the nodulating cultivars; whereas levels of K were higher for nodulating lines.
Growth Regulator Effects on the Market Quality of Five Virginia-Type Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Mozingo R. W. , Steele J. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The growth regulator succinic acid 2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied to the foliage of five virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars in 1980, 1981, and 1982 in Martin County, North Carolina, and Suffolk, Virginia. Treated and untreated peanuts at each location were harvested on two dates each year. Market grade, yield, and value/ha evaluations were made on the cultivars Florigiant, NC 6, NC 7, VA 81B, and NC 8C. Yield and value/ha within each cultivar were statistically different across years and locations. The growth regulator significantly reduced the percentage of fancy pods for all cultivars except VA 81B while significantly increasing the percentage of extra large kernels for all cultivars except NC 8C. The percentage of total kernels was not affected with Florigiant or NC 7, but significant reductions were observed with growth regulator application to NC 6, VA 81B, and NC 8C. The yield and value/ha of Florigiant and NC 6 increased significantly with growth regulator applications. Yield/ha of NC 7 increased with growth regulator application but was not statistically different; however, the NC 7 value/ha increased significantly. Growth regulator applications on NC 8C and VA 81B affected neither yield nor value/ha. Thus, applications of the growth regulator SADH can be a beneficial peanut production practice for some cultivars; however, the response within cultivars was inconsistent across years and locations.
Management Tactics that Complement Host Resistance for Control of Cylindrocladium Black Rot of Peanuts1,,2
Authors: Black M. C. , Pataky J. K. , Beute M. K. , Wynne J. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were evaluated in field microplots infested with Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loose) Bell and Sobers. In experiment I there were three genotypes, two inoculum densities, and two levels (0, 100 kg/ha) of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. A non-nodulating peanut genotype was less susceptible to C. crotalariae than either of its nodulating parents. Application of N to the nodulating parents decreased disease severity if inoculum density was low. Application of N to the non-nodulating line increased disease severity compared to disease in unfertilized plots of the non-nodulating line. Experiment II evaluated effects of cultivar (susceptible Florigiant, resistant NC 8C), two inoculum denities, N fertilizer [0, 100 kg/ha), and high carbon:nitrogen organic matter amendment (0, 400 kg/ha). Root rot severity was reduced if the cultivar was resistant, if inoculum density was low, and if N was applied. Soil amendment did not affect disease severity. In experiment III, planting date effects on disease severity were evaluated on resistant NC 8C and resistant NC 18016. Planting on May 2, when minimum soil temperature was below 18 C, resulted in more severe disease than planting on May 17, or May 30, 1983 when minimum soil temperature was above 18 C. Benefits of combining management tactics of resistance, preventing high inoculum densities, N management, and proper planting date are discussed.
Performance of the Visual, Minicolumn and TLC Methods in Detecting Aflatoxin in 20 Contaminated Lots of Farmers Stock Peanuts
Authors: Davidson J. I. , Dickens J. W. , Chew V. , Sanders T. H. , Holaday C. E. , Cole R. J. , Whitaker T. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Standard grade samples (16) from each of 20 selected minilots were used to evaluate three methods for detecting minilots of farmers stock peanuts with unacceptable concentrations of aflatoxin. A visual, a minicolumn and a modified thin layer chromatography (TLC) method were used to compare analytical results, variation, and probability of acceptance for minilots having mean aflatoxin concentrations ranging from 8–255 ppb. Mean values obtained by each of the three methods increased linearly with mean aflatoxin concentrations of the minilots and variation for each method as determined by the variance and coefficient of variation (CV) was very large. The CV for all three methods decreased as aflatoxin concentration increased. Overall performances of the three methods were similar in accepting and rejecting these minilots on the basis of the 1.8 kg grade samples. The greatest difference in the three methods occurred at the zero acceptance level where the modified TLC, minicolumn and visual methods rejected 97, 98 and 88%, respectively, of the minilots with more than 60 ppb aflatoxin. At this acceptance level the TLC, minicolumn and visual methods also rejected 55, 50 and 30%, respectively, of the minilots with less than 30 ppb aflatoxin.
Studies on Competition, Persistence, and Methods of Application of a Peanut Rhizobium Strain, NC 921
Authors: Nambiar P. T. C. , Rao B. Srinivasa , Anjaiah V. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A series of different field experiments were conducted at ICRISAT to assess the practical utility of a strain of Rhizobium, NC 92, as an inoculant for peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. Experiments were conducted in soil where substantial native Rhizobium populations exist (102 −104 cells/g dry soil), and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was used to identify NC 92 nodules. The results indicate that inoculation with strain NC 92 (a) results in 25-40% of the total nodules formed (b) mixing with other strains reduces the percent success of the inoculated strain in some experiments (c) whenever fungicides are used for seed treatment, direct application of rhizobia to the soil as liquid (by mixing the peat containing Rhizobium with water and pouring the resulting mixture into the furrow just before sowing) results in the formation of more nodules by the inoculated strain than the conventional seed inoculation method (d) very few NC 92 nodules are formed when the rate of inoculum is 104 cells/seed or less (e) the inoculated strain, NC 92 is able to survive in the soil for the following season.
Field Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on Peanuts in Ontario1
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Roy R. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Acephate, carbaryl, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin and methidathion applied as foliar sprays were evaluated in the field for crop protection against the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), infesting valencia peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L., in Ontario. All of the insecticides significantly suppressed nymphal populations and the results obtained were consistent over the 3 years. The residual toxicity of each material at the rates applied was discussed. Sampling data demonstrated that monitoring of nymphs can be used successfully to schedule insecticidal sprays for control of this pest on peanuts grown commercially in Ontario.
Potential for Improved Control of Southern Stem Rot of Peanut with Resistance and Fungicides1
Authors: Shew B. B. , Beute M. K. , Bailey J. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Potential for improved control of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was evaluated by combining moderate resistance with fungicide use. Various fungicides including carboxin, oxycarboxin, propiconazol, OAC 3890, and PCNB were applied to peanut lines NC 8C, NC Ac 18016, and Florigiant in North Carolina during 1980, 1981, and 1982. Consistently fewer disease loci occurred on NC Ac 18016 than on NC 8C or Florigiant. At least one fungicide reduced stem rot incidence in two of three years tested, but fungicide use did not result in greater yields. Effects of disease resistance and fungicides on suppression of stem rot development were additive.
Some Effects of Conventional and Low-Oxygen Atmosphere Storage and Processing Methods on Florunner Peanut Seed
Authors: Slay W. O. , Ferguson W. G. , Pomplin J. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Low-oxygen atmosphere methods of storing and processing peanut seed were evaluated to determine if they offered improvement over conventional methods. Florunner (runnertype) peanut seed from each of six newly harvested certified seed lots were shelled, treated with fungicide and placed in low-oxygen atmosphere containers. The containers were stored in ambient air conditions in a metal-clad warehouse from October 1981 until planted in April 1982. Controls were randomly selected from the six lots in April 1982 after conventional storage and processing. Germination, moisture content and selected grade factors were measured before and after storage to determine if changes occured. Yields were measured after the peanuts were harvested in September 1982. Germination declined in both storage conditions. At planting there was no significant difference in germination between the low-oxygen and controls in three of the seed lots. In two of the seed lots, the control was better than the low-oxygen, and in one seed lot, the low-oxygen had better germination than the control. The controls averaged 1.4% greater loss of moisture during storage and inert material was 3% higher. Yields and grades were not significantly different in peanuts harvested from the low-oxygen and control plantings within each lot, but there were differences between lots. Besides less moisture loss during storage and less inert material in the seed packages, the low-oxygen methods produced higher whole kernel outturn at shelling and the containers provided much better protection for the peanuts from insects, dirt, mold, rodents, and other forms of contamination or destruction.
Field Evaluation of Peanut Genotypes for Resistance to Infection by Aspergillus parasiticus1,2
Authors: Kisyombe C. T. , Beute M. K. , Payne G. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Fourteen peanut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea) were evaluated for resistance to Aspergillus parasiticus infection in 1983 and 1984 in rain-shaded field microplots where water stress conditions were simulated, and in unshaded microplots under normal rainfall conditions. A brown color mutant of A. parasiticus (ATCC 24690) was grown on cracked corn and the colonized corn was spread on the soil in each microplot. Soil moisture and soil and air temperature were monitored. Infection of peanut pegs, pods, kernels and tap and fibrous roots was enhanced by low soil moisture. Infection of kernels differed among genotypes; all other tissues were found to be infected at moderate to high frequency and no genotype differences were observed.
Genotypes J-11 and Lampang were characterized as resistant to A. parasiticus under both dry (1983) and moist (1984) field conditions. Although percentage infection of kernels varied with genotype, ranking of genotypes reported to have drought resistance was consistent under both dry and moist field conditions. Thirty-four peanut genotypes, including those tested in field microplots, were also evaluated for dry seed resistance to A. parasiticus infection in the laboratory. Genotype J-11 and PI 337409 were highly resistant. Except for J-11, there was no correlation between genotype rankings for resistance to dry seed infection and resistance under field conditions.
Row Pattern and Weed Management Effects on Peanut Production1
Authors: Colvin Daniel L. , Walker Robert H. , Patterson Michael G. , Wehtje Glenn , McGuire John A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted from 1981 through 1983 on a Dothan sandy loam (Plinthic Paleudults) at Headland, Alabama, to investigate the effects of row patterns and weed management systems on weed control, peanut yield, and net returns to land and management. Treatments consisted of three row patterns, a) conventional 91-cm rows, b) dual twin 18-cm rows, and c) triple twin 18-cm rows, and six weed management systems ranging from none to various combinations of herbicide and mechanical inputs. The experimental area was naturally infested with bristly starbur (Acanthospermum hispidum DC), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.], large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and Texas panicum (Panicum texanum Buckl.). Results showed that weed control was affected somewhat by row patterns with broadleaf weeds being more responsive to row pattern manipulation than grass weeds. Weed fresh weights were generally lower as row patterns narrowed from conventional 91-cm spacing, however exceptions did occur. Highest yields and net returns were obtained when peanuts were planted in the dual twin 18-cm rows and weed management included benefin applied preplant incorporated, plus alachlor applied preemergence, and two timely cultivations.
Evaluation of Peanut Genotypes for Membrane Thermostability1,2
Authors: Ketring D. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Optimum mean ambient temperatures for vegetative growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants are in the range of 25 to 30 C, while those for reproductive growth may be somewhat lower (20 to 25 C). Under field conditions the peanut crop is frequently subjected to temperatures in the range of 35 to 40 C, which adversely affect growth and development. Differences in heat tolerance have been found among genotypes of other crops. This was determined by the extent of electrolyte leakage from leaf discs exposed to elevated temperature treatment in vitro. These investigations were undertaken to use the in vitro leaf disc method as a means to evaluate field-grown peanut genotypes for membrane thermostability. A preliminary test in 1981 with ten genotypes showed significant differences in membrane injury among genotypes (G) and a significant day after planting (DAP) effect. However, CV's were excessive (about 38%). Modification of the procedure and method of leaf sampling reduced CV's to an acceptable level for field data (15–20%). Significant G and DAP effects were found. Hovever, G X DAP interactions were significant at P&lt;O.05 in only one of three years of the tests, and this was due to the response of just one cultivar. Genotype differences also varied between seasons. Thus, the in vitro leaf disc method of testing for membrane thermostability appears useful for selecting peanut genotypes for improved crop tolerance to temperatures that adversely affect presently grown cultivars.
Ethylene and Lipoxygenase In Relation to Afterripening of Dormant NC-13 Peanut Seeds1,2
Authors: Ketring D. L. , Pattee H. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Following harvest, peanuts are usually subjected to a period of storage. During storage biochemical changes are known to occur. The objectives of this study were to determine the changes and relationship in ethylene production, germination, and lipoxygenase (LG) activity during cold storage of dormant NC-13 peanut seeds. Two seed lots (SL) were used: one grown in Oklahoma (SL80) and the other grown in N. Carolina (SL81). SL80 and SL81 were stored at 2 to 5 C for 193 and 242 days, respectively. Samples were taken at about 28-day intervals for determination of germination, ethylene production, and LG activity. Seeds of two and three maturities were tested for SL80 and SL81, respectively. As afterripening of stored seeds proceeded, ethylene production gradually increased, with the maximum at 48 hours of germination. Germination showed a concomitant gradual increase. Lipoxygenase activity of both seedlots was less for mature than for immature seeds and showed a sharp increase during storage at 2 to 5 C, particularly for immature seeds. After heat-treatment to break dormancy of sublots from SL81, there was a progessive increase in ethylene production and germination, but most notably for mature seeds. In contrast to ethylene production and germination, after heat-treatment LG activity declined. Linear correlation coefficient (r) values between ethylene production and germination were highly significant for mature seeds from SL80 at 48 and 72 hours of germination, but only at 72 hours for immature seeds. For SL81 as for SL80, significant positive correlations were found between ethylene production and germination. However, correlations between LG activity and the other variables were not significant except for mature seeds from SL81. Significant positive correlations for both ethylene production and germination with LG activity also existed for these seeds. But after heat-treatment these correlations no longer occurred. The data indicate that the metabolic processes related to ethylene production and germination are occurring simultaneously with those of LG activity. The possibility that metabolites from LG activity serve as substrates for ethylene production can not be precluded.
Combining Ability Analysis of N2-Fixation and Related Traits in Peanut1
Authors: Nigam S. N , Dwivedi S. L , Nambiar P. T. C , Gibbons R. W , Dart P. J 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Analysis of a six parent diallel cross involving high and low nitrogen fixing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes revealed the predominant nature of non-additive genetic variance for nitrogenase activity and other traits. Germplasm line, NC Ac 2821 had the highest general combining ability for nitrogenase activity, total nitrogen, leaf area, and top weight, and therefore, it should be a good parent for use in breeding programs. Nitrogenase activity was significantly and positively correlated with nodule number, nodule mass, total nitrogen, top weight, and root weight. This evidence suggests the possibility of breeding for increased nitrogen fixation and thus yield in peanut.
Sources of Resistance to the Jassid (Empoasca kerri Pruthi), Thrips (Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom)) and Termites (Odontotermes sp.) in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Amin P. W , Singh K. N , Dwivedi S. L , Rao V. R 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field screening was carried out to identify sources of resistance to three groundnut pests. A total of 1,000 genotypes of groundnut were screened for resistance to the jassid (Empoasca kerri Pruthi), 2,700 for resistance to the thrips (Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom)), and 530 for resistance to pod scarifying termites (Odontotermes sp.). Genotypes with multiple resistance to these pests were identified from the 3 years field screening trials and some of them have been used in the breeding program at ICRISAT.
Performance of Three Chinese Peanut Cultivars Under Irrigated and Nonirrigated Conditions in Virginia1
Authors: Coffelt T. A , Wright F. S , Hallock D. L 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Three virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars from China–China 11 (PI 420334), China 17 (PI 433349), and China 27 (PI 420335), were compared to a U.S. virginia-type cultivar, Virginia 81 Bunch (VA 81B), for 2 years (1982 and 1983) in Virginia under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions for market grade, yield and value per hectare, seed germination, and nutrient content of the seed. In addition, Sclerotinia blight resistance ratings of the Chinese lines were taken in 1981. Under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions, China 11 was significantly higher in seed contents of Mg and Zn, sound mature kernels, total kernels, total sound mature kernels, seed germination, and significantly lower in seed weight than VA 81B, China 17 and China 27. China 17 and 27 were similar for all characters studied, except seed Zn. However, the U.S. developed cultivar, VA 81B, was still higher in yield than the Chinese lines. The Chinese lines all have a reduced bunch growth habit, which would probably limit their use in the United States to production systems with row widths of 0.6 m or less. China 11 may be a source of resistance to Sclerotinia minor. All three Chinese lines are a good source of early maturity. Irrigated plots were higher in seed Mg, P, Ca, and Cu; sound mature kernels; total kernels; total sound mature kernels; yield; value; seed germination; and Sclerotinia blight ratings. Nonirrigated plots were higher in seed K and Zn.