bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct application of biota-sediment accumulation factors
Authors: Burkhard Lawrence P. , Cook Philip M. , Lukasewycz Marta T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In the early stages of risk assessments for sites with contaminated sediments, predictions of risks are often complicated or limited by sparse or inadequate bioaccumulation data. These limitations often require risk assessors to estimate bioaccumulation relationships in order to complete the assessments of risk. In the present study, the errors are evaluated with the simple (direct) application of field measured biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) to other species at a specific location, and to the same species and/or other species at other locations within a site and to other sites. The median (90th percentile) differences in directly applying BSAFs to other species at a specific location were ≤2.1× (≤5.1×) for fish and mussel species groups. The median (90th percentile) differences for applications across locations within a site for a specific species and to other species were ≤3.3× (≤10×) for fish, mussel, and decapod crustacean groups. For direct application across sites, slightly larger median (90th percentile) differences were observed, i.e., ≤4.0× (≤12×). The analysis was performed using a data set of 17,848 BSAFs spanning 392 chemicals/chemical combinations and 71 species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:230–236. Published 2009 SETAC
Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, furans, and organochlorine pesticides in belted kingfisher eggs from the upper Hudson River basin, New York, USA
Authors: Custer Thomas W. , Custer Christine M. , Gray Brian R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Nesting belted kingfishers (hereafter kingfishers, Ceryle alcyon) were studied on the Hudson River near Fort Edward south to New Baltimore (NY, USA) and three nearby river drainages in 2004. Concentrations of 28 organochlorine pesticides, 160 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and 17 dioxin and furan (PCDD-F) congeners were quantified in kingfisher eggs. The pattern of organochlorine pesticides and PCDD-F congeners did not differ significantly between 14 eggs collected from individual nests on the Hudson River and five eggs similarly collected on three other nearby rivers. In contrast, the pattern of PCB congeners in eggs collected on the Hudson River differed significantly from the other rivers. The differences in patterns of PCB congeners were associated with a higher representation of lower-numbered congeners on the Hudson River than the other rivers. The higher prevalence of the lower-numbered congeners and lower prevalence of the higher-numbered congeners is consistent with Aroclor 1016 and 1242 being the source of the PCBs on the Hudson River. Concentrations in a sample egg collected at each nest were compared to nest survival and egg success (the proportion of eggs hatching in a clutch if at least one egg hatched) of the remaining eggs in the clutch. Models that predicted nest survival and egg success as functions of contaminant levels were poorly distinguished from models that presumed no such associations. Small sample sizes could have contributed to the inability to distinguish among contaminant and no toxicant models. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that contaminant concentrations on the Hudson River were not sufficiently high to demonstrate a relationship between contaminant concentrations and reproductive success in kingfishers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:99–110. Published 2009 SETAC
Observed and predicted reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate
Authors: Lasier Peter J. , Hardin Ian R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Chronic toxicities of Cl−, SO 42−, and HCO 3− to Ceriodaphnia dubia were evaluated in low- and moderate-hardness waters using a three-brood reproduction test method. Toxicity tests of anion mixtures were used to determine interaction effects and to produce models predicting C. dubia reproduction. Effluents diluted with low- and moderate-hardness waters were tested with animals acclimated to low- and moderate-hardness conditions to evaluate the models and to assess the effects of hardness and acclimation. Sulfate was significantly less toxic than Cl− and HCO 3− in both types of water. Chloride and HCO 3− toxicities were similar in low-hardness water, but HCO 3− was the most toxic in moderate-hardness water. Low acute-to-chronic ratios indicate that toxicities of these anions will decrease quickly with dilution. Hardness significantly reduced Cl− and SO 42− toxicity but had little effect on HCO 3−. Chloride toxicity decreased with an increase in Na+ concentration, and HCO 3− toxicity may have been reduced by the dissolved organic carbon in effluent. Multivariate models using measured anion concentrations in effluents with low to moderate hardness levels provided fairly accurate predictions of reproduction. Determinations of toxicity for several effluents differed significantly depending on the hardness of the dilution water and the hardness of the water used to culture test animals. These results can be used to predict the contribution of elevated anion concentrations to the chronic toxicity of effluents; to identify effluents that are toxic due to contaminants other than Cl−, SO 42−, and HCO 3−; and to provide a basis for chemical substitutions in manufacturing processes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:347–358. Published 2009 SETAC
Adverse outcome pathways: A conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment
Authors: Ankley Gerald T. , Bennett Richard S. , Erickson Russell J. , Hoff Dale J. , Hornung Michael W. , Johnson Rodney D. , Mount David R. , Nichols John W. , Russom Christine L. , Schmieder Patricia K. , Serrrano Jose A. , Tietge Joseph E. , Villeneuve Daniel L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEcological risk assessors face increasing demands to assess more chemicals, with greater speed and accuracy, and to do so using fewer resources and experimental animals. New approaches in biological and computational sciences may be able to generate mechanistic information that could help in meeting these challenges. However, to use mechanistic data to support chemical assessments, there is a need for effective translation of this information into endpoints meaningful to ecological risk—effects on survival, development, and reproduction in individual organisms and, by extension, impacts on populations. Here we discuss a framework designed for this purpose, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP). An AOP is a conceptual construct that portrays existing knowledge concerning the linkage between a direct molecular initiating event and an adverse outcome at a biological level of organization relevant to risk assessment. The practical utility of AOPs for ecological risk assessment of chemicals is illustrated using five case examples. The examples demonstrate how the AOP concept can focus toxicity testing in terms of species and endpoint selection, enhance across-chemical extrapolation, and support prediction of mixture effects. The examples also show how AOPs facilitate use of molecular or biochemical endpoints (sometimes referred to as biomarkers) for forecasting chemical impacts on individuals and populations. In the concluding sections of the paper, we discuss how AOPs can help to guide research that supports chemical risk assessments and advocate for the incorporation of this approach into a broader systems biology framework. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:730–741. © 2009 SETAC
Predicting mercury concentrations in mallard eggs from mercury in the diet or blood of adult females and from duckling down feathers
Authors: Heinz Gary H. , Hoffman David J. , Klimstra Jon D. , Stebbins Katherine R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Measurements of Hg concentrations in avian eggs can be used to predict possible harm to reproduction, but it is not always possible to sample eggs. When eggs cannot be sampled, some substitute tissue, such as female blood, the diet of the breeding female, or down feathers of hatchlings, must be used. When female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed diets containing methylmercury chloride, the concentration of Hg in a sample of their blood was closely correlated with the concentration of Hg in the egg they laid the day they were bled (r2 = 0.88; p &lt; 0.001). Even when the blood sample was taken more than two weeks after an egg was laid, there was a strong correlation between Hg concentrations in female blood and eggs (r2 = 0.67; p &lt; 0.0002). When we plotted the dietary concentrations of Hg we fed to the egg-laying females against the concentrations of Hg in their eggs, the r2 value was 0.96 (p &lt; 0.0001). When the concentrations of Hg in the down feathers of newly hatched ducklings were plotted against Hg in the whole ducklings, the r2 value was 0.99 (p &lt; 0.0003). Although measuring Hg in eggs may be the most direct way of predicting possible embryotoxicity, our findings demonstrate that measuring Hg in the diet of breeding birds, in the blood of egg-laying females, or in down feathers of hatchlings all can be used to estimate what concentration of Hg may have been in the egg. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:389–392. Published 2009 SETAC
Sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation of nano and micron-sized aluminum oxide
Authors: Stanley Jacob K. , Coleman Jessica G. , Weiss Charles A. , Steevens Jeffery A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Nano-aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is used commercially in coatings and abrasives. Nano-Al2O3 can also be generated through the oxidation of nano-aluminum in military propellants and energetics. The purpose of the present study was to assess toxicity and bioaccumulation of nano-Al2O3 to a variety of sediment organisms (Tubifex tubifex, Hyalella azteca, Lumbriculus variegatus, and Corbicula fluminea). The bioaccumulation and toxicity of nano-Al2O3 was compared with that of micron-sized Al2O3 to investigate potential size-related effects. Results of the present study show species-specific differences in relative bioaccumulation of nano and micron-sized Al2O3. Significant toxic effects (survival and growth) were observed in H. azteca testing, but only at high concentrations unlikely to be found in the environment. Nano-Al2O3 was found to be more toxic than micron-sized Al2O3 to H. azteca survival in a 14-d study in which organisms were in direct contact with a thin layer of 625 or 2,500 mg of Al2O3 dispersed on the surface of either sediment or sand. A significant growth effect was also observed for nano but not micron-sized Al2O3 at the highest treatment level tested (100 g/kg Al2O3) in a 10-d H. azteca bioassay in which Al2O3 was homogenized with sediment. However, differences in measured sediment Al concentrations (micron-sized = 55.1 [±0.6] g/kg Al; nano-sized = 66.2 [±0.6] g/kg Al) in the nano and micron-sized Al2O3 preclude direct comparison of the toxicity of these two treatments based on particle size. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:422–429. © 2009 SETAC
A new method for ranking mode-specific sensitivity of freshwater arthropods to insecticides and its relationship to biological traits
Authors: Rubach Mascha N. , Baird Donald J. , Van den Brink Paul J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The problem of how to deal with species sensitivity differences to toxic substances has been addressed successfully with the species sensitivity distribution (SSD), yet this has not increased understanding about the underlying mechanisms of sensitivity. Other researchers have identified the mode of action of chemicals and also biological traits of species as determinants for sensitivity, yet no systematic approach combines these factors. To achieve this, first existing data on organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid toxicity and mode of action and also species trait information were mined. Second, we linked taxon sensitivity to their traits at the family level to generate empirical and mechanistic hypotheses about sensitivity–trait relationships. In this way, a mode-specific sensitivity (MSS) ranking method was developed, and tested at the taxonomic level of family and genus. The application of several quality criteria indicated overall confidence in rankings, but confidence in exact taxon rank was less certain, due to data insufficiency for certain groups. The MSS rankings were found to be applicable for trait-based approaches and were successfully linked to existing trait data to identify traits with predictive potential. Although this empirical analysis cannot test causality relationships between traits and sensitivity, testable hypotheses were generated, for further experimental investigation. Single traits as well as combinations of traits can be used to predict laboratory sensitivity to the substances tested, although associations were not as strong as in previous studies. We conclude that existing trait data are not suitable for every trait-based research question and that important traits remain to be identified and quantified in relation to the processes of toxicity, i.e., the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:476–487. © 2009 SETAC
Aquatic toxicity of magnesium sulfate, and the influence of calcium, in very low ionic concentration water
Authors: van Dam Rick A. , Hogan Alicia C. , McCullough Cherie D. , Houston Melanie A. , Humphrey Chris L. , Harford Andrew J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe toxicity of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and the influence of calcium (Ca), were assessed in very soft freshwater (natural Magela Creek water [NMCW]) using six freshwater species (Chlorella sp., Lemna aequinoctialis, Amerianna cumingi, Moinodaphnia macleayi, Hydra viridissima, and Mogurnda mogurnda). The study involved five stages: toxicity of MgSO4 in NMCW, determination of the toxic ion, influence of Ca on Mg toxicity, toxicity of MgSO4 at an Mg:Ca mass ratio of 9:1, and derivation of water quality guideline values for Mg. The toxicity of MgSO4 was higher than previously reported, with chronic median inhibition concentration (IC50)/acute median lethal concentration (LC50) values ranging from 4 to 1,215 mg/L, as Mg. Experiments exposing the 3 most sensitive species (L. aequinoctialis, H. viridissima, and A. cumingi) to Na2SO4 and MgCl2 confirmed that Mg was the toxic ion. Additionally, Ca was shown to have an ameliorative effect on Mg toxicity. For L. aequinoctialis and H. viridissima, Mg toxicity at the IC50 concentration was eliminated at Mg:Ca (mass) ratios of ≤10:1 and ≤9:1, respectively. For A. cumingi, a 10 to 30% effect persisted at the IC50 concentration at Mg:Ca ratios &lt;9:1. The toxicity of MgSO4 in NMCW at a constant Mg:Ca ratio of 9:1 was lower than at background Ca, with chronic IC50/acute LC50 values from 96 to 4,054 mg/L, as Mg. Water quality guideline values for Mg (to protect 99% of species) at Mg:Ca mass ratios of &gt;9:1 and ≤9:1 were 0.8 and 2.5 mg/L, respectively. Magnesium can be toxic at concentrations approaching natural background levels, but toxicity is dependent on Ca concentrations, with exposure in very low ionic concentration, Ca-deficient waters posing the greatest risk to aquatic life. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:410–421. Published 2009 SETAC
Review: Environmental chemistry: An overview
Authors: Crosby Donald G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Environmental Chemistry describes the world around us — a dynamic world of chemicals which become distributed between earth, water, atmosphere, and biota and transformed by natural reagents. The subject is far from new; until the age of synthetics, chemistry itself was based predominantly on the natural environment. Its present renaissance has been stimulated largely by the promise of assessment and control of toxic hazards and pollution, but the predictability, novel chemistry, and wide applications already apparent may prove at least as important. Just as synthetic chemistry revolutionized the lives of recent generations, environmental chemistry can provide a better future for all Earth's inhabitants.
An approach to scoring of toxic chemicals for environmental effects
Authors: Welch Justine L. , Ross Robert H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The systematic scoring of chemicals is a tool to assist in the consistent comparison and ordering of the universe of industrial chemicals. Scoring at an early stage of assessment could identify most of the chemicals that have a high probability for requiring review for possible control or testing. This report describes the results of a three-day workshop held in Washington, D.C., August 13–15, 1979, to develop a system to select chemicals for preliminary assessments according to their hazard to the environment. The system combines environmental release and distribution potential with mobility and persistence scores in the three environmental media, air, soil, and water. The components of the environmental exposure score are then combined with toxicity by using multipliers (3x, 2x, or 1x) which are assigned on the basis of the concentration at which an adverse effect in environmental species is observed. The system requires minimal information inputs, relies on expert professional judgement and is recognized as an initial phase of selecting candidates for additional assessment.
Uptake and distribution of C12 alkylbenzene in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
Authors: Werner A. Frances , Kimerle Richard A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) for [14C)] Alkylbenzene in Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis machrochirus, Rafinesque] was determined to be 35. The value is significantly smaller than the predicted BCF of 6300; the discrepancy is ascribed to metabolism. Alkylbenzene has similar patterns of tissue distribution and depuration rates when compared to its sulfonated counterpart, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, which has been shown to be readily metabolized.
The effect of chronic cadmium exposure on phosphoadenylate concentrations and adenylate energy charge of gills and dorsal muscle tissue of crayfish
Authors: Dickson Gary W. , Giesy John P. , Briese Linda A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The sensitivity of two measures of tissue energy metabolism to environmental stress was examined in the present study through chronic exposure of crayfish to low concentrations of cadmium. Freshwater crayfish, Procambarus acutus acutus, were exposed to 5 and 10 μ Cd · 1 (as CdCl2) under flow-through conditions for a period of 21 days. After 1, 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure, gill and dorsal muscle tissue samples were collected to determine Cd and Zn content. phosphoadenylate (ATP, ADP and AMP) concentrations and gill tissue respiration rates. Two potential sublethal stress indicators, the adenylate energy charge [AEC = (ATP + 1/2 ADP)/ (ATP + ADP + AMP)] and ATP turnover rate were calculated. Cd was observed to concentrate over time in gills, but not in muscle tissue. No evidence was found to indicate replacment of Zn by Cd in the tissues analyzed. In addition, Cd tissue concentrations were not correlated (p &gt; 0.05) with phosphoadenylate concentrations or respiration rate. After seven days exposure, ATP and total phosphoadenylate concentrations in gill tissue were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower in crayfish exposed to Cd. This decrease was associated with lower gill tissue respiration rates, probably due to enzyme dysfunction caused by Cd. The return of ATP concentrations and gill tissue respiration rates to control values observed after day 7 may be associated with the induction of replacement enzymes and metallothioneins stimulated by Cd. ATP turnover rate (based on 1 mole O2 ← 6 moles ATP) in gill tissue was not correlated (p &gt; 0.05) with the two measures of aerobic respiration recorded, and was not considered to represent an accurate indication of cellular energy turnover. In contrast to an earlier study utilizing a different crayfish species, no significant (p &gt; 0.05) decreases in tissue AEC were observed in the present study in crayfish exposed to Cd. The absence of AEC changes under the exposure conditions imposed in this investigation could be related to life history differences or in species specific sensitivity to the toxic effects of Cd. Under the experimental conditions utilized, the adenylate energy charge and ATP turnover rate did not provide indications of Cd toxicity at lower concentrations than those previously determined through conventional chronic lethality testing. However, these physiological indicators did permit a more complete understanding of the toxic action of cadmium on the tissues examined.
Ecosystem risk analysis: A new methodology
Authors: O'Neill R. V. , Gardner R. H. , Barnthouse L. W. , Suter G. W. , Hildebrand S. G. , Gehrs C. W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A method is presented for extrapolating laboratory toxicity data to aquatic ecosystem effects such as decreased productivity or reduction in game fish biomass. The extrapolation requires translating laboratory data into changes in the parameters of an ecosystem model, the Standard WAter COlumn Model (SWACOM). The translation is effected through knowledge of toxicological modes of action. The uncertainties associated with both laboratory measurements and extrapolations are explicitly retained, and risk estimates are given in the form of probabilities that an effect could occur. The approach is illustrated by scenarios in which effects of toxic substances are distributed across different trophic levels. Each scenario affects population interactions in different ways and alters both the level and the nature of the risks to ecosystem processes. Particular attention is paid to analyzing the interaction between toxicity and the uncertainties associated with extrapolation.
Toxicity of three preparations of pentachlorophenol to fathead minnows -A—comparative study
Authors: Cleveland Laverne , Buckler Denny R. , Mayer Foster L. , Branson Dean R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe toxicity of three samples of pentachlorophenol (PCP) containing various impurities was evaluated in 90-d, partial life-cycle toxicity studies with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque). Samples of purified PCP, Dowicide EC-7, and a composite of commercial PCP were used in the studies. The exposure concentrations were 10 to 142 μg/L of the purified PCP; 8 to 139 μg/L of the Dowicide EC-7; and 6 to 121 μg/L of the commercial composite of PCP. The purified PCP contained relatively high amounts of chlorinated phenoxyphenols; Dowicide EC-7 contained more types of impurities, but generally at lower concentrations than in either the purified PCP or the commercial composite; and the commercial composite contained relatively large quantities of hexachlorobenzene, chlorinated phenoxyphenols, chlorinated dibenzodioxins, and chlorinated dibenzofurans.Concentrations of the purified PCP equal to or greater than 85 μg/L reduced the growth of the fathead minnows but did not adversely affect survival. Dowicide EC-7 concentrations as high as 139 μg/L did not adversely affect growth or survival of fathead minnows. The commercial composite of PCP reduced growth at concentrations of 13 μg/L or higher and reduced survival at concentrations of 27 μg/L or higher. Degeneration of the fins and opercles, and malformations of the anterior regions of the skull were also noted in fathead minnows exposed to the commercial composite of PCP. Impurities clearly increased the toxic effects of PCP in fathead minnows.