bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Subjective Assessment Study of PENNSAID® and Voltaren Gel®, Two Topical Formulations of Diclofenac Sodium
Authors: Galer Bradley S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease that is debilitating for many individuals. While oral nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain a common and effective treatment approach to managing OA, concerns over cardiovascular and gastrointestinal adverse events can potentially limit their use. Various formulations of topical NSAIDs have been shown to provide effective localized treatment with minimal adverse events. A patient perception study was conducted to evaluate patient preference between topical diclofenac sodium gel and that of diclofenac sodium topical solution with the penetration enhancer dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Twenty‐four healthy volunteers were randomized and asked to administer one dose of the topical products. Surveys were provided and assessed immediately after application, 5 minutes after application, and after the application had dried to gauge subjects' overall experience with the topical preparation. Overall, each drug's application was well tolerated and no adverse events were reported. Results of the patient preference survey demonstrated that topical diclofenac solution with DMSO had a number of characteristics that were rated significantly better than for diclofenac sodium gel. Mean subjective responses to topical diclofenac solution with DMSO were also more favorable for most items in the questionnaire, and more subjects preferred or highly preferred topical diclofenac solution with DMSO over diclofenac sodium gel.
Security Design with Investor Private Information
Authors: AXELSON ULF 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTI study the security design problem of a firm when investors rather than managers have private information about the firm. I find that it is often optimal to issue information‐sensitive securities such as equity. The “folklore proposition of debt” from traditional signaling models only goes through if the firm can vary the face value of debt with investor demand. When the firm has several assets, debt backed by a pool of assets is optimal when the degree of competition among investors is low, while equity backed by individual assets is optimal when competition is high.
The U.S. Treasury Buyback Auctions: The Cost of Retiring Illiquid Bonds
Authors: HAN BING , LONGSTAFF FRANCIS A. , MERRILL CRAIG 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWe study an important recent series of buyback auctions conducted by the U.S. Treasury in retiring $67.5 billion of its illiquid off‐the‐run debt. The Treasury was successful in buying back large amounts of illiquid debt while suffering only a small market‐impact cost. The Treasury included the most‐illiquid bonds more frequently in the auctions, but tended to buy back the least‐illiquid of these bonds. Although the Treasury had the option to cherry pick from among the bonds offered, we find that the Treasury was actually penalized for being spread too thinly in the buybacks.
Bidding into the Red: A Model of Post‐Auction Bankruptcy
Authors: BOARD SIMON 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates auctions where bidders have limited liability. First, we analyze bidding behavior under different auction formats, showing that the second‐price auction induces higher prices, higher bankruptcy rates, and lower utilities than the first‐price auction. Second, we show that the cost of bankruptcy critically affects the seller's preference over the choice of auction. If bankruptcy is very costly, the seller prefers the first‐price auction over the second‐price auction. Alternatively, if the bankrupt assets are resold among the losers of the initial auction, the seller prefers the second‐price auction.
Downward‐Sloping Demand Curves, the Supply of Shares, and the Collapse of Internet Stock Prices
Authors: SCHULTZ PAUL 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTOver March and April 2000, Internet stocks lost 56%, or $700 billion. This sudden collapse has been attributed to an increasing supply of shares from lockup expirations and equity offerings. I show that Internet stocks collapsed in this period regardless of whether their lockups expired. Furthermore, daily Internet stock portfolio returns were almost unaffected by the number or dollar amount of lockup expirations that day, or by the amount of stock offered in IPOs or SEOs. Most of the Internet stock decline is explained by poor marketwide returns, particularly for growth stocks.
The Long‐Lasting Momentum in Weekly Returns
Authors: GUTIERREZ ROBERTO C. , KELLEY ERIC K. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTReversal is the current stylized fact of weekly returns. However, we find that an opposing and long‐lasting continuation in returns follows the well‐documented brief reversal. These subsequent momentum profits are strong enough to offset the initial reversal and to produce a significant momentum effect over the full year following portfolio formation. Thus, ex post, extreme weekly returns are not too extreme. Our findings extend to weekly price movements with and without public news. In addition, there is no relation between news uncertainty and the momentum in 1‐week returns.
THE ANTI‐POVERTY EFFECT OF IN‐KIND TRANSFERS: A “GOOD IDEA” GONE TOO FAR?”*
Authors: M. Timothy 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTDuring the 1970's several policy analysts developed estimates of the effect of in‐kind transfers (e.g., Food Stamps and Medicaid) on poverty. Unfortunately, many of these studies have, drastically overstated the antipoverty impact of in‐kind transfers, leading some to claim that there are no mart? poor people in America. This article reviews these, studies, provides new evidence on the impact of in‐kind benefits on poverty, and concludes that there is still a substantial poverty problem in America today which need be addressed by policymakers.
BEYOND THE QUANTITATIVE CUL‐DE‐SAC: A QUALITATIVE PERSPECTIVE ON YOUTH EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS*
Authors: Rist Ray C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThere is a pressing need in the United States to develop effective programs that address youth unemployment and the transition from school to work. Based on work at 47 sites in 31 states, this paper reports on a policy evaluation strategy that heavily relied on qualitative research. On‐site observers at each of these sites focused on key issues of program implementation, linkages to other agencies and organizations serving youth, and on the effectiveness of different program strategies for different target populations. The utility of qualitative analysis for in‐depth assessments of these programs is stressed.
A Web of Interests: Stalemate on the Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel
Authors: Katz Jonathan L. 
Published: September 2010

The United States has adopted a policy of geological disposal to resolve the problem of permanent disposition of highly radioactive spent nuclear fuel (SNF), but has been unable to implement this policy. This study draws upon literature on policymaking and interest group representation to examine that inability. It develops and explores a conceptualization of policy stalemate to analyze the case.The study finds that the United States has arrived at a stalemate over SNF disposal policy in part because of its pluralist system of interest group representation, and in part because of the nature of the problem. The case demonstrates how, in a pluralist system, the interaction of interests over a complex and difficult policy problem can result in stalemate. Few of the involved interest groups have sufficient incentives to either implement current SNF disposal policy or to revisit the policy. Barring significant change in the nature of the problem, the balance of interests, or other factors in the policy environment, the stalemate will continue.The central question of this symposium is how institutionalized systems of interest group representation manage competing demands for environmental protection with demands for energy. In the case of SNF disposal, the United States in effect is managing these competing demands by not addressing them. SNF disposal policy does not appear to pose directly the expected tradeoff between demands for environmental protection and accessible energy, as the conflict tends to be defined primarily in environmental terms. However, the trade‐off is implicit; failure to resolve the problem will eventually impact continued access to nuclear energy.
Epidemiology of Malignant Melanoma in Central Europe: Risk Factors and Prognostic Predictors. Results of the Central Malignant Melanoma Registry of the German Dermatological Society
Authors: Garbe Claus , Orfanos Costantin E. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe Central Malignant Melanoma Registry (CMMR) of the German Dermatological Society was established in 1983, and 7789 cutaneous malignant melanomas (CMM) were registered by 35 dermatological departments in Germany, Austria and Switzerland until the end of 1989. Population‐based incidence rates, risk factors for developing CMM and prognostic parameters for predicting the final outcome were investigated in separate multicenter studies performed by the CMMR.Among the 7789 CMM registered, there was a preponderance of females (57.7%) versus males (42.3%). The age distribution peaked in the 5th and 6th decade of life for both sexes with a mean age of 52 years. The mean detection age was 50 years for superficial spreading melanoma, 53 for nodular melanoma, and 65 for lentigo maligna melanoma. Mean tumor thickness decreased from 2 mm in 1983 to 1.5 mm in 1989, indicating better CMM‐awareness of the population and the medical community in this area. 90% of the patients presented with clinical stage I CMM without detectable metastases at first diagnosis.The incidence of CMM in Berlin (West) was assessed based on 960 cases diagnosed between 1980 and 1986. The incidence increased by 49% between 1980‐81 and 1985‐86, and the age standardized‐incidence rate (European standard population) was 9.8 for males and 7.8 for females per 100,000 inhabitants and year in 1985‐86. Mortality rates decreased in this period from 3.5 to 2.6 for males and slightly increased for females from 1.2 to 1.6 per 100,000 inhabitants and year.A case control study on the relative risk (RR) for developing CMM revealed the total number of melanocytic nevi (MCN) to be the strongest risk predictor (15x ‐ 50x increased RR), followed by the presence of dysplastic MCN (7x increased RR) and the skin type I (2x increased RR). Interestingly, no differences between CMM‐cases and controls were found with respect to the history of sunburns or other parameters of sun exposure in this study.Multivariate analysis of 5093 stage I CMM‐patients from four departments with long‐term follow‐up revealed that tumor thickness is the strongest predictor of survival with an almost linear correlation to the risk of death for tumor thickness up to 6 mm with no further increase in mortality for higher tumor thickness. The best classification of tumor thickness for survival prediction was 1 mm, 1.01 −2 mm, 2.01 −4 mm and > 4 mm in our data set on 5093 patients. Sex was found to be the second most important prognostic factor showing a significant advantage for females. Furthermore, a high risk was identified for tumors localized on the upper trunk, upper arm, neck and scalp on the upper trunk, upper arm, neck and scalp (=TANS); the anatomical site, therefore, should be taken into account for a prognostic classification of primary CMM.
Eating and rumination behaviour in Brahman grade cattle and crossbred water buffalo fed on high roughage diet
Authors: VEGA Renato S. A. , DEL BARRIO Arnel N. , SANGEL Percival. P. , KATSUBE Osamu , CANARIA Jose. C. , HERRERA Jose V. , LAPITAN Rosalina M. , ORDEN Edgar A. , FUJIHARA Tsutomu , KANAI Yukio 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to compare feeding and other behavior and nutrient digestibility of tropical grade Brahman (body weight (BW) = 231 kg ± 12.4; n = 3) and crossbred water buffalo (BW = 300 kg ± 13.9; n = 3). This experiment on digestibility and measures of muscles of mastication utilized one‐way, and animal behavior two‐way, analysis of variance, respectively. Two video camcorders were installed in each pair of buffalo and Brahman for 24 h period programmed on the 107th, 109th and 111th days of the digestion trials. Frequency and duration of feeding, meal intake, rumination, bolus, chews, drinking, defecating, standing and lying were recorded daily. Muscle diameter of Digastricus, Masseter and Pterygoid and different regions of the tongue were sampled and measured under light microscope using a standard micrometer. Buffalo obtained significantly higher intake of dry matter, roughage, crude protein, total digestible nutrient and metabolized energy than Brahman. This was supported by longer meal duration (P ≤ 0.05), and shorter meal breaks (P ≤ 0.05) of buffalo than Brahman. The diameter of the muscles for mastication was bigger (P ≤ 0.05) in buffalo than in Brahman, which is indicative of stronger chewing ability. Briefly, lesser and slower chewing action; higher intake of roughage and crude protein; and longer resting behavior of crossbred water buffalo than Brahman are all indicative of better digestive and metabolic performance of the buffalo under high roughage feeding conditions.
Nucleotide polymorphisms and the 5′‐UTR transcriptional analysis of the bovine growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a) gene
Authors: KOMATSU Masanori , FUJIMORI Yuki , SATO Yoichi , OKAMURA Hiroaki , SASAKI Seiki , ITOH Tomohito , MORITA Mitsuo , NAKAMURA Ryoichi , OE Toshiaki , FURUTA Masako , YASUDA Junpei , KOJIMA Takatoshi , WATANABE Toshio , HAYASHI Takeshi , MALAU‐ADULI Aduli E.O. , TAKAHASHI Hideaki 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTGrowth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a) mediates the different actions of its endogenous ligand, ghrelin. Ghrelin‐GHSR is involved in many important functions that include growth hormone secretion and food intake. We evaluated the haplotype variety and characterized the microsatellite ((TG)n, 5′‐UTR) and nucleotide polymorphisms of the bovine GHSR1a gene. The nucleotide sequencing of this gene (∼6 kb) revealed 47 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), four indels and the microsatellite ((GTTT)n, Intron 1). The 19 haplotypes were constructed from all nucleotide viability patterns and were divided into three major groups. Four SNPs (L24V, nt456(G>A), D191N and nt667(C>T)) and DelR242 in Exon 1 and a haplotype block of approximately 2.2 kb (nt667(C>T) ∼ nt2884 (A>G)) were found in Bos taurus breeds. Breed differences in allele frequencies of the two microsatellites, nt‐7(C>A), L24V, and DelR242 loci were found (P < 0.005). A DelR242 was found in the Japanese Shorthorn (frequency: ∼ 0.44), Japanese Brown, five European cattle breeds, the Philippine native cattle, but none detected in the Japanese Black or the Mishima island cattle. Additionally, 5′‐rapid amplification of cDNA ends and RT‐PCR analyses revealed that there were two different kinds of transcripts: spliced, without a microsatellite within 5′‐UTR (GHSR1a); and non‐spliced, with the microsatellite (GHSR1b).
The complete mitochondrial genome of the domestic red deer (Cervus elaphus) of New Zealand and its phylogenic position within the family Cervidae
Authors: WADA Kenta , OKUMURA Kazuhiro , NISHIBORI Masahide , KIKKAWA Yoshiaki , YOKOHAMA Michinari 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWe determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the semidomestic red deer (Cervus elaphus) of New Zealand. The genome was 16 357 bp long and contained 13 protein‐coding genes, 12SrRNA, 16SrRNA, 22 tRNAs and a D‐loop as found in other mammals. Database homology searches showed that the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence from the New Zealand semidomestic deer was similar to partial mtDNA sequences from the European, Norwegian (C. e. atlanticus) and Spanish red deer (C. e. hispanicus). Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial protein‐coding regions revealed two well‐defined monophyletic clades in subfamilies Cervinae and Muntiacinae. However, red deer and Sika deer were not found to be close relatives. The analysis did identify the red deer as a sister taxon of a Samber/Sika deer clade, although it was more closely related to the Samber than the Sika group.
Assessment of hypertension in 40 cats with left ventricular hypertrophy by Doppler‐shift sphygmomanometry
Authors: Lesser M. , Fox P. R. , Bond B. R. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTForty cats with left ventricular hypertrophic disease had blood pressure evaluated indirectly by Doppler‐shift sphygmomanometry. Disease categories included hyperthyroidism, chronic renal insufficiency and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy unrelated to either of the first two disorders. Nineteen (47‐5 per cent) of the 40 cats had systemic hypertension, nine had high systolic blood pressure only, 10 had high systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and none had only isolated diastolic hypertension. Blood pressure did not correlate with the degree of left ventricular thickness. The results of this study suggest a high prevalence of both left ventricular hypertrophy and systemic hypertension. Cause and effect relationships require further evaluation.
Isolation of C‐reactive protein from cat serum
Authors: Watanabe A. , Morimatsu M. , Yoshimatsu K. , Yamamoto S. , Terao A. , Tsukazaki K. , Saito M. , Naiki M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTC‐reactive protein (CRP) was isolated from sera from healthy cats by calcium‐dependent affinity chromatography on phosphorylcholine derivatives of bovine albumin‐coupled Toyopearl, followed by an anion‐exchange chromatography using DEAE cellulose. It was identified as CRP by its immunochemical cross reactivity with human CRP. The molecular weight of cat CRP was approximately 100 kilodaltons (kDa) and composed of two glycosylated subunits (23 kDa) and three non‐glycosylated subunits (20 kDa) with non‐covalent association. Under electron microscopic examination, cat CRP had a pentameric disc‐like configuration which is characteristic of CRP. Immunoelectrophoresis and isoelectric focusing showed that cat CRP is an acidic α1‐globulin (pi 4‐1 to 4‐3). Serum concentrations of CRP in cats and kittens were measured by single radial immunodiffusion. In 12 healthy cats from various sources, values ranged from 38 to 168 μg/ml. In kittens, serum CRP levels also showed a wide distribution, 81 per cent of them were less than 40 μg/ml.
The in vitro effects of piroxicam and meloxicam on canine cell lines
Authors: Knottenbelt C. , Chambers G. , Gault E. , Argyle D. J. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:To analyse the direct antiproliferative effects of both piroxicam and meloxicam at a variety of concentrations on a series of canine cancer cell lines and the mechanism of cell death.Methods:The in vitro effects of piroxicam and meloxicam at various concentrations on canine cell cultures (Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells, osteosarcoma, mammary carcinoma, and lymphoma) were assessed with respect to proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction. Western blot analysis of cyclooxygenase‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2 expression was performed on all cell lines.Results:All cell lines used in this study were cyclooxygenase‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2 positive apart from Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells which were negative for both cyclooxygenase‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2. Both meloxicam and piroxicam were able to inhibit proliferation in cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner. However, the drug concentration required for a given effect was cell line dependent.ClinicalSignificance:The results suggest that significant inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis would only occur when drug concentrations were in excess of those that can be achieved in vivo following maximum recommended dose rates. It is possible, however, that local or topical treatment or altered dosing regimens may offer alternative approaches to the use of these drugs as antineoplastic agents.
Genetic analysis of three different classification protocols for the evaluation of elbow dysplasia in German shepherd dogs
Authors: Janutta V. , Hamann H. , Klein S. , Tellhelm B. , Distl O. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:Three different scoring systems for elbow dysplasia and its radiographic signs were genetically evaluated in 2645 German shepherd dogs.Methods:An animal model was used to estimate heritabilities and additive genetic and residual correlations for the three scoring systems: ED‐SV, which is recommended by the International Elbow Working Group; ED‐LA, developed by Lang and others; and ED‐TH, proposed by Tellhelm.Results:The effects of sex, age at examination and the correlation between the two factors were significant for all three scoring systems. Heritability estimates (se) were 0·18 (0·04) for ED‐SV, 0·11 (0·03) for ED‐LA and 0.16 (0·04) for ED‐TH. The additive genetic correlations among the different single criteria for elbow dysplasia and the different elbow dysplasia scores were between 0·68 and 0·98, except for the criteria ununited anconeal process and osteochondrosis dissecans of the trochlea humeri, which were mostly genetically negatively correlated to the other radiological criteria.ClinicalSignificance:The elbow dysplasia scores were determined by two genetically different traits. The possibilities for selecting German shepherd dogs with respect to elbow dysplasia might be improved by taking into account these two traits in the prediction of breeding values.
Co‐existence of ununited anconeal process and fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna in the dog
Authors: Meyer‐Lindenberg A. , Fehr M. , Nolte I. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:To determine the incidence of fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna in dogs with ununited anconeal process. The efficacy of presurgical radiography to diagnose the co‐existence of these diseases was also investigated.Methods:One hundred and fifty‐five joints from 137 dogs with ununited anconeal process were included in the study. For the radiographic examinations, an extended mediolateral projection and a craniolateral‐caudomedial oblique projection of each elbow joint were taken before surgery. Inspection of the medial part of the joint was carried out either by arthrotomy or arthroscopy.Results:Seventy‐two per cent of the dogs were German shepherd dogs. In 25 joints (16 per cent) a fragmented medial coronoid process was diagnosed and removed via arthrotomy or arthroscopy. The co‐existence of a fragmented medial coronoid process was diagnosed correctly in only 13 cases (52 per cent) by radiography. In five of these cases with advanced osteoarthritis, the fragment was directly visible because of its dislocation. Compared with published information, the occurrence of ununited anconeal process with fragmented medial coronoid process is noted more frequently in the present study.ClinicalSignificance:It can be summarised that if ununited anconeal process is present, it is not usually possible to clearly identify fragmented medial coronoid process by radiography. Therefore, it is important to be able to inspect the medial aspect of the joint concerned during surgery.