bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Database De-identification Framework to Enable Direct Queries on Medical Data for Secondary Use
Authors: Erdal B. S. , Liu J. , Ding J. , Chen J. , Marsh C. B. , Kamal J. , Clymer B. D. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryObjective: To qualify the use of patient clinical records as non-human-subject for research purpose, electronic medical record data must be de-identified so there is minimum risk to protected health information exposure. This study demonstrated a robust framework for structured data de-identification that can be applied to any relational data source that needs to be de-identified.Methods: Using a real world clinical data warehouse, a pilot implementation of limited subject areas were used to demonstrate and evaluate this new de-identification process. Query results and performances are compared between source and target system to validate data accuracy and usability.Results: The combination of hashing, pseudonyms, and session dependent randomizer provides a rigorous de-identification framework to guard against 1) source identifier exposure; 2) internal data analyst manually linking to source identifiers; and 3) identifier cross-link among different researchers or multiple query sessions by the same researcher. In addition, a query rejection option is provided to refuse queries resulting in less than preset numbers of subjects and total records to prevent users from accidental subject identification due to low volume of data.This framework does not prevent subject re-identification based on prior knowledge and sequence of events. Also, it does not deal with medical free text de-identification, although text de-identification using natural language processing can be included due its modular design.Conclusion: We demonstrated a framework resulting in HIPAA Compliant databases that can be directly queried by researchers. This technique can be augmented to facilitate inter-institutional research data sharing through existing middleware such as caGrid.
Überlegungen zu achteckigen Stützen in der antiken griechischen Architektur
Authors: Hellner Nils 
Published: February 2012

Résumé La trouvaille récente d’une base octogonale en pierre du vii e s. av. J.-C. à Kalapodi pousse à examiner l’origine et l’occurrence des supports octogonaux. Des modèles égyptiens sont exclus, tout comme quelques exemples minoens ou mycéniens qui, isolés, n’ont guère pu influencer l’architecture grecque. Six sites d’époque archaïque (Acropole d’Athènes, Égine [trois emplacements : Oros, sanctuaires d’Aphrodite et d’Aphaia], Argos, Hymette, Mégare, Trézène) attestent l’emploi de la forme octogonale dans des édifices publics tels que des propylées ou des constructions hydrauliques, tandis que des piliers funéraires et votifs sont des cas isolés. En outre, des exemples sur vingt sites, de l’époque classique à l’époque hellénistique (Apollonia, Assos, Bouthrotos, Brauron, Byllis, Calaurie, Calydon, Cassopé, Corinthe, Dodone, Épidaure, Kromna, Lindos, Némée, Mégara Hyblaea, Pergame, Phoiniké, Rodotopi, Sabucina, Chypre et Mégara Hyblaea), montrent une concentration de colonnes octogonales dans des cours péristyles en Illyrie et en Épire, ainsi que leur utilisation dans des constructions hydrauliques et comme pilier funéraire et votif, mais sans attestation dans l’architecture sacrée. De nombreux exemples montrent que la forme octogonale vient à l’évidence de la construction en bois, même si son emploi dans des constructions hydrauliques vient semer un doute. Tailler une colonne en pierre à pans octogonaux était plus simple, plus rapide et par conséquent économique. Peut-être que cette forme octogonale, admise seulement pour des édifices profanes, était perçue comme une « touche esthétique minimale », si l’on considère que les Grecs avaient l’habitude des colonnes cannelées.
Charu(n) et « les autres » : le cas des stèles étrusques de Bologne
Authors: Sacchetti Federica 
Published: February 2012

Résumé Le corpus des stèles funéraires étrusques de Bologne/Felsina (stèles « felsiniennes ») offre une riche iconographie de plusieurs aspects de la vie et du rituel funéraire des Étrusques entre la fin du vi e et le début du iv e s. av. J.-C. Certaines de ces stèles sont caractérisées par des représentations axées sur le thème de l’Au-delà et, notamment, de l’ultime voyage nécessaire pour l’atteindre. Par l’analyse de ce corpus, nous proposons d’identifier trente-sept figures de démons, de plusieurs types iconographiques, aux différences, dans l’aspect et les attributs, manifestes et intentionnelles. Bien que, en l’état actuel des études, ces différences restent pour nous difficilement pénétrables, on peut envisager qu’elles correspondent aux différentes fonctions que ces démons étaient appelés à exercer dans le cadre des conceptions eschatologiques étrusco-padanes. Nous proposons également une relecture des images des démons, rapprochés depuis longtemps de Charon/ Charu(n) , sur la base d’un attribut interprété comme une rame-gouvernail. L’analyse de ces images par le biais du rituel funéraire local, et notamment d’un objet plutôt caractéristique des cultures de l’Italie du Nord dès l’époque protohistorique, pourrait suggérer de nouvelles et différentes perspectives de recherche.
Deux sculpteurs athéniens du milieu du ive siècle : Praxias père et fils
Authors: Croissant Francis 
Published: February 2012

Résumé Une signature du sculpteur athénien Praxias, fils de Praxias, découverte en 1945 sur l’agora de Thasos, avait été aussitôt rapprochée du texte de Pausanias où celui-ci attribue la réalisation des frontons du dernier temple d’Apollon à Delphes, malheureusement sans mentionner son patronyme, à un certain Praxias d’Athènes. Mais celui-ci ayant été depuis longtemps identifié avec un autre Praxias, fils de Lysimachos, bien attesté par deux signatures trouvées à Athènes et à Oropos, l’hypothèse n’avait guère convaincu. En 2005 pourtant, dans une étude qui attribuait au fils de Praxias une série de sculptures atticisantes de Thasos, elle avait été reprise, alors même que la publication des sculptures du temple dans les Fouilles de Delphes apportait depuis deux ans déjà des arguments décisifs à l’appui de la thèse traditionnelle. Et elle vient d’être réaffirmée, dans un ouvrage publié en 2010, comme une vérité acquise. Seul un réexamen systématique des documents paraît donc aujourd’hui susceptible de mettre un terme à des spéculations dont le principal résultat aura été de compliquer un problème qui, compte tenu du très probable lien de filiation entre les deux artistes, était finalement assez simple.
Trois curiosités architecturales des bains de Taposiris Magna (Égypte) : voûte à crossettes, radiateur et dalle clavée
Authors: Fournet Thibaud 
Published: February 2012

Résumé La fouille des bains de Taposiris Magna (Égypte) a livré les vestiges de trois dispositifs architecturaux rares. Le premier, une voûte appareillée à voussoirs munis de décrochements (crossettes), datée d’avant le milieu du ii e s. av. J.-C., semble être l’une des attestations les plus anciennes de cette technique. Le deuxième, une paroi chauffante composée de tuiles superposées, installée entre la fin du ii e et le milieu du i er s. av. J.-C., fait figure de prototype original au dispositif romain qui se développa peu de temps après dans les bains d’Occident. Le troisième, enfin, permet de restituer une voûte plate appareillée, composée de claveaux à décrochements, pour laquelle nous n’avons pas trouvé, à ce stade, de parallèles antiques.
Les défis de la compétitivité pour l'agriculture française
Authors: Elisséeff Valéry 
Published: February 2012

Résumé L’agriculture française souffre plus des à coups sur les prix que l’Allemagne ou les Pays-Bas. La France a un système de formation technique que le monde lui envie. Saura-t-elle dépasser ses archaïsmes pour valoriser ses atouts ?
Foucault et la santé publique
Authors: Marzano Michela 
Published: February 2012

Résumé Pour Michel Foucault, si la question de l’hygiène d’une population est ancienne, la naissance de la santé publique marque un véritable tournant, car c’est la preuve de la volonté d’emprise du pouvoir politique en place. C’est la naissance de la biopolitique. Mais qu’entend-on par biopolitique ? Y a-t-il une solution pour les conflits entre intérêts particuliers et intérêts collectifs ?
Spécificités de la médecine rurale : l'expérience australienne
Authors: Pineau Chantal 
Published: February 2012

Résumé	La santé en milieu rural est un enjeu pour de nombreux pays, notamment en ce qui concerne l’accès aux soins. L’Australie est exemplaire à de nombreux points de vue sur ce sujet, tout d’abord parce que le problème y est particulièrement prégnant compte tenu de l’immensité du territoire et de la répartition très inégale de la population, mais surtout parce que des solutions ont été pensées pour résoudre ces problèmes depuis le début des années 1990. Des programmes attractifs de formation ont été créés (par exemple les Rural Clinical School) afin de former les professionnels de la santé à l’exercice en zone rurale et les encourager à rester dans ces zones en leur offrant des perspectives de carrière.
TLR4-Mediated AKT Activation Is MyD88/TRIF Dependent and Critical for Induction of Oxidative Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A in Murine Macrophages
Authors: Bauerfeld Christian P. , Rastogi Ruchi , Pirockinaite Gaila , Lee Icksoo , Hüttemann Maik , Monks Bobby , Birnbaum Morris J. , Franchi Luigi , Nuñez Gabriel , Samavati Lobelia 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in cell survival and death. Mitochondrial recovery during inflammatory processes such as sepsis is associated with cell survival. Recovery of cellular respiration, mitochondrial biogenesis, and function requires coordinated expression of transcription factors encoded by nuclear and mitochondrial genes, including mitochondrial transcription factor A (T-fam) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX, complex IV). LPS elicits strong host defenses in mammals with pronounced inflammatory responses, but also triggers activation of survival pathways such as AKT pathway. AKT/PKB is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays an important role in cell survival, protein synthesis, and controlled inflammation in response to TLRs. Hence we investigated the role of LPS-mediated AKT activation in mitochondrial bioenergetics and function in cultured murine macrophages (B6-MCL) and bone marrow-derived macrophages. We show that LPS challenge led to increased expression of T-fam and COX subunits I and IV in a time-dependent manner through early phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors abrogated LPS-mediated T-fam and COX induction. Lack of induction was associated with decreased ATP production, increased proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α), NO production, and cell death. The TLR4-mediated AKT activation and mitochondrial biogenesis required activation of adaptor protein MyD88 and Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β. Importantly, using a genetic approach, we show that the AKT1 isoform is pivotal in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis in response to TLR4 agonist.
Derivation and Maintenance of Virtual Memory CD8 T Cells
Authors: Akue Adovi D. , Lee June-Yong , Jameson Stephen C. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells are an important component of the adaptive immune response against many infections, and understanding how Ag-specific memory CD8+ T cells are generated and maintained is crucial for the development of vaccines. We recently reported the existence of memory-phenotype, Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in unimmunized mice (virtual memory or VM cells). However, it was not clear when and where these cells are generated during normal development, nor the factors required for their production and maintenance. This issue is especially pertinent given recent data showing that memory-like CD8 T cells can be generated in the thymus, in a bystander response to IL-4. In this study, we show that the size of the VM population is reduced in IL-4R–deficient animals. However, the VM population appears first in the periphery and not the thymus of normal animals, suggesting this role of IL-4 is manifest following thymic egress. We also show that the VM pool is durable, showing basal proliferation and long-term maintenance in normal animals, and also being retained during responses to unrelated infection.
TREM2 and β-Catenin Regulate Bone Homeostasis by Controlling the Rate of Osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Otero Karel , Shinohara Masahiro , Zhao Haibo , Cella Marina , Gilfillan Susan , Colucci Angela , Faccio Roberta , Ross F. Patrick , Teitelbaum Steve L. , Takayanagi Hiroshi , Colonna Marco 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTREM2 is an immunoreceptor expressed on osteoclasts (OC) and microglia that transmits intracellular signals through the adaptor DAP12. Individuals with genetic mutations inactivating TREM2 or DAP12 develop the Nasu–Hakola disease (NHD) with cystic-like lesions of the bone and brain demyelination that lead to fractures and presenile dementia. The mechanisms of this disease are poorly understood. In this study, we report that TREM2-deficient mice have an osteopenic phenotype reminiscent of NHD. In vitro, lack of TREM2 impairs proliferation and β-catenin activation in osteoclast precursors (OcP) in response to M-CSF. This defect results in accelerated differentiation of OcP into mature OC. Corroborating the importance of a balanced proliferation and differentiation of OcP for bone homeostasis, we show that conditional deletion of β-catenin in OcP also results in reduced OcP proliferation and accelerated osteoclastogenesis in vitro as well as osteopenia in vivo. These results reveal that TREM2 regulates the rate of osteoclastogenesis and provide a mechanism for the bone pathology in NHD.
Factor VII-Activating Protease Is Activated in Multiple Trauma Patients and Generates Anaphylatoxin C5a
Authors: Kanse Sandip M. , Gallenmueller Andrea , Zeerleder Sacha , Stephan Femke , Rannou Olivier , Denk Stephanie , Etscheid Michael , Lochnit Guenter , Krueger Marcus , Huber-Lang Markus 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Severe tissue injury results in early activation of serine protease systems including the coagulation and complement cascade. In this context, little is known about factor VII-activating protease (FSAP), which is activated by substances released from damaged cells such as histones and nucleosomes. Therefore, we have measured FSAP activation in trauma patients and have identified novel FSAP substrates in human plasma. Mass spectrometry-based methods were used to identify FSAP binding proteins in plasma. Anaphylatoxin generation was measured by ELISA, Western blotting, protein sequencing, and chemotaxis assays. Plasma samples from trauma patients were analyzed for FSAP Ag and activity, nucleosomes, C5a, and C3a. Among others, we found complement components C3 and C5 in FSAP coimmunoprecipitates. C3 and C5 were cleaved by FSAP in a dose- and time-dependent manner generating functional C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins. Activation of endogenous FSAP in plasma led to increased C5a generation, but this was not the case in plasma of a homozygous carrier of Marburg I single nucleotide polymorphism with lower FSAP activity. In multiple trauma patients there was a large increase in circulating FSAP activity and nucleosomes immediately after the injury. A high correlation between FSAP activity and C5a was found. These data suggest that activation of FSAP by tissue injury triggers anaphylatoxin generation and thereby modulates the posttraumatic inflammatory response in vivo. A strong link between C5a, nucleosomes, and FSAP activity indicates that this new principle might be important in the regulation of inflammation.
Management of Infections with Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria after Unexpected Complications of Skin and Subcutaneous Surgical Procedures
Authors: Lim Jong Min , Kim Jong Hwan , Yang Ho Jik 
Published: February 2012

Background Infection caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) is not uncommon, and the prevalence of RGM infection has been increasing. Clinical diagnosis is difficult because there are no characteristic clinical features. There is also no standard antibiotic regimen for treating RGM infection. A small series of patients with RGM infections was studied to examine their treatments and outcomes.
Methods A total of 5 patients who had developed postoperative infections from January 2009 to December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were initially screened using a mycobacteria rapid screening test (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]-reverse blot hybridization assay). To confirm mycobacterial infection, specimens were cultured for nontuberculous mycobacteria and analyzed by 16 S ribosomal RNA and rpoB gene PCR.
Results The patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics during hospitalization, and oral antibiotics were administered after discharge. The mean duration of follow-up was 9 months, and all patients were completely cured of infection with a regimen of a combination of antibiotics plus surgical treatment. Although none of the patients developed recurrence, there were complications at the site of infection, including hypertrophic scarring, pigmentation, and disfigurement.
Conclusions Combination antibiotic therapy plus drainage of surgical abscesses appeared to be effective for the RGM infections seen in our patients. Although neither the exact dosage nor a standardized regimen has been firmly established, we propose that our treatment can provide an option for the management of rapidly growing mycobacterial infection.
Single‐Cell Phospho‐Protein Analysis by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Schulz Kenneth R. , Danna Erika A. , Krutzik Peter O. , Nolan Garry P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis protocol describes methods for monitoring intracellular phosphorylation‐dependent signaling events on a single‐cell basis. This approach measures cell signaling by treating cells with exogenous stimuli, fixing cells with formaldehyde, permeabilizing with methanol, and then staining with phospho‐specific antibodies. Thus, cell signaling states can be determined as a measure of how cells interact with their environment. This method has applications in clinical research as well as mechanistic studies of basic biology. In clinical research, diagnostic or drug efficacy information can be retrieved by discovering how a disease affects the ability of cells to respond to growth factors. Basic scientists can use this technique to analyze signaling events in cell lines and human or murine primary cells, including rare populations, like B1 cells or stem cells. This technique has broad applications bringing standard biochemical analysis into primary cells in order to garner valuable information about signaling events in physiologic settings. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 96:8.17.1‐8.17.20. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Animal Models for Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Authors: Subauste Carlos 
Published: February 2012

AbstractToxoplasma gondii is a protozoan of worldwide distribution. This unit describes murine models of acute T. gondii infection, toxoplasmic encephalitis, and Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. T. gondii infection in SCID mice allows the study of T cell–independent mechanisms of defense. The uracil auxotroph strain cps1‐1 and temperature‐sensitive mutant strains of T. gondii allow studies of immunization and adoptive transfer. In vivo study of parasite host‐interaction is possible with the use of parasites that express fluorescent proteins and model antigens, plus the use of transgenic mice that express the appropriate T cell receptor and fluorescently labeled leukocytes. Parasites that express bioluminescent markers make it possible to study the dynamics of infection in real time using bioluminescence imaging. Support protocols present methodology for evaluation of progression of infection and immune response to the parasite, the maintenance of T. gondii tissue cysts and tachyzoites, as well as preparation of T. gondii lysate antigens. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 96:19.3.1‐19.3.23. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mercury levels in feed and muscle of farmed tilapia
Authors: Botaro Daniele , Torres João Paulo Machado , Schramm Karl‐Werner , Malm Olaf 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundFish consumption is considered the most important source of contaminant exposure for humans beings, and farmed fish can be exposed to contaminants via feed supply.MethodsTotal mercury concentrations (THg) were determined in the muscle, liver, and feed of farmed Nile tilapia (juveniles and adults) from four different fish farms in Brazil (net cages and intensive tanks systems), by a flow injection mercury system.ResultsMercury concentrations observed in fish muscle were markedly lower (13.5–30.5 µg kg−1) than the values recommended by ANVISA/MAPA for edible part of fish (500 µg kg−1), and in the liver the concentrations found were higher than in the muscle.ConclusionsThese low levels of THg in farmed tilapia may be due to the low THg concentrations found in the analyzed fish feed, that ranged from 5.2 to 33.2 µg kg−1, below the limit of 100 µg kg−1established by the European Commission. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:1159–1165, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The omega‐6 fatty acid linoleic acid is associated with risk of gastroschisis: A novel dietary risk factor
Authors: Weiss Lauren A. , Chambers Christina D. , Gonzalez Vanessa , Hagey Lee R. , Jones Kenneth Lyons 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGastroschisis is a congenital abdominal wall defect, thought by many to represent a disruption in intrauterine blood flow, where there is herniation of abdominal organs. Dietary intake is an important environmental factor that has been implicated in the development of many diseases. Omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are nutrients that are substrates for eicosanoid and cytokine synthesis and prone to oxidation, and play a role in modulating inflammation, immune function, and vascular system development. This pilot case‐control study explored the association of dietary intake of the omega‐6 PUFA linoleic acid with risk of gastroschisis. Between 2008 and 2011, we recruited 13 pregnant women in mid‐gestation who were referred to the UCSD Prenatal Center for evaluation of an abnormal alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) test and subsequently identified as carrying a baby with gastroschisis. Nine controls were selected from a false positive AFP or from the UCSD prenatal clinic. Maternal dietary intake was collected via repeated food record during the last 20 weeks of gestation. Logistic regression was used to test the association between dietary intake of linoleic acid and odds of gastroschisis. Dietary intake of linoleic acid was associated with increased odds of gastroschisis (OR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.74; P = 0.02). A higher maternal intake of omega‐6 PUFAs may increase the risk of having a baby with gastroschisis. The mechanism by which this occurs may be via inflammatory processes and oxidative stress leading to a vascular disruption. More research is needed including studies investigating integrated markers of PUFA status or inflammatory markers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.