bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tradeoff Between Travel Speed and Olfactory Food Detection in Ring‐Tailed Coatis (Nasua nasua)
Authors: Hirsch Ben T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe distance at which an animal can detect food has important ramifications for foraging behavior. Although some studies have investigated the factors which affect visual food detection, very little is known about what influences olfactory food detection abilities in wild animals. The food discovery behavior of ring‐tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) was studied using experimental fruit plots. Coatis primarily used olfaction to detect these new food sources, and visual food discovery appeared plausible in only five of 148 trials. Coatis detected the fruit from longer distances when traveling compared with when foraging for invertebrates in the leaf litter. Travel speed had a negative effect on discovery distance. Coatis traveling slowly detected the fruit plots from further away, which demonstrated a tradeoff between speed and food detection. If this tradeoff is biologically important, slower groups should have visited more fruit trees per day, so data taken during full‐day coati group follows were analyzed to determine whether this pattern occurred. Slower moving groups visited more fruit trees than faster groups once confounding factors such as daily travel distance, group identity, group spread, and year were controlled for. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that coatis exhibit a speed‐accuracy tradeoff for olfactory food detection. This tradeoff appears to be an important factor influencing the movement ecology of animal groups.
Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity Analysis of Sphaceloma ampelinum Causing Grape Anthracnose in Thailand
Authors: Poolsawat Oythip , Tharapreuksapong Akkawat , Wongkaew Sopone , Reisch Bruce , Tantasawat Piyada 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAnthracnose is one of the major diseases affecting grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars in Thailand. Isolates of Sphaceloma ampelinum, the anamorph stage of Elsinoe ampelina, were collected from various regions of Thailand. Nineteen single‐conidial isolates were evaluated for differences in conidial morphology, DNA patterns and pathogenicity. These isolates could not be unambiguously distinguished based on conidial morphology; however, they were genetically differentiated using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Cluster analysis by the unweighted paired grouped mean arithmetic average classified these isolates into four groups. Pathogenicity analysis using nine grape genotypes and five S. ampelinum isolates showed that ‘Wilcox321’ and ‘Illinois547‐1 were highly resistant to all isolates, suggesting their usefulness as resistant sources in future breeding programmes.
Marker of T‐cell activation is elevated in refractory Kawasaki disease
Authors: Suzuki Hiroyuki , Suenaga Tomohiro , Takeuchi Takashi , Shibuta Shoichi , Yoshikawa Norishige 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to investigate whether T‐cell activation is involved in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD) resistant to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment.Methods:  Serum samples were obtained from 27 patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for KD. These 27 patients were divided into three groups according to their responses to IVIG: Group A, nine patients who showed no response to either initial IVIG or additional IVIG; Group B, six patients who did not respond to initial IVIG but did respond to additional IVIG; Group C, 12 patients who responded to initial IVIG. Serum samples were obtained before and after initial IVIG. Using a commercial chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay, we examined the serum levels of two cytokines related to T‐cell activation and the severity of inflammation: soluble interleukin‐2 receptor and interleukin‐6.Results:  There were no significant differences in the serum levels of the two cytokines before initial IVIG among the three groups, but significant intergroup differences were evident after initial IVIG in the serum levels of soluble interleukin‐2 receptor (P < 0.01, Group A > C) and interleukin‐6 (P < 0.01, Group A > B > C).Conclusions:  Our results show that marker of T‐cell activation is elevated most markedly in KD patients resistant to both initial and additional IVIG, and suggest that T cells may be activated in refractory KD.
Variance in the transaminase levels over the body mass index spectrum in 10‐ and 13‐year‐olds
Authors: Okuda Masayuki , Kunitsugu Ichiro , Yoshitake Norikazu , Hinoda Yuji , Suehiro Yutaka , Okuda Yumi , Hobara Tatsuya 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground:  Transaminase levels increase with body mass index (BMI) and also with an extreme drop in the BMI, as in the case of patients with anorexia nervosa. We examined these levels over the BMI spectrum in Japanese 10‐ and 13‐year‐olds.Methods:  Fifth‐ and eighth‐grade students (n= 3747) from all schools in Shunan City, Japan, between 2006 and 2008 were included in the study. BMI z‐score and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) were measured.Results:  The ALT and GGT levels increased with z‐BMI values in the boys and 10‐year‐old girls (P≤ 0.001). In the 13‐year‐old girls, only the ALT levels increased with the z‐BMI values (P= 0.018). Similarly, the proportion of subjects with elevated ALT and GGT levels increased with the z‐BMI values (ptrend < 0.05). The AST levels were negatively associated with BMI in the girls (P < 0.001). Among the boys, these levels were elevated at the highest z‐BMI values and slightly elevated at lower values, but not significantly. These associations did not change after adjustments for confounders. Generalized additive model analyses revealed that transaminase had non‐linear relationships with z‐BMI, except for the AST levels in the girls.Conclusion:  The elevated ALT and GGT levels were associated with high BMI in both sexes. In the same study population, however, AST increased in the girls with low BMI and in the boys with high BMI.
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Self‐Identified Stage of Recovery for people with long term mental illness
Authors: Chiba Rie , Kawakami Norito , Miyamoto Yuki , Andresen Retta 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThe Self‐Identified Stage of Recovery (SISR) is a two‐part scale assessing both the stage of recovery (SISR‐A) and the component processes of recovery (SISR‐B) for people with mental illness. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the SISR and to examine its reliability and validity. The Japanese versions of the SISR‐A and SISR‐B were developed through focus group cognitive interviews and the translation–back translation procedure. A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was conducted of 223 participants who had long term mental illness, were aged 20 years or older, and currently living in communities and inpatient ward settings; 59.2% were males and the average age was 47.6 years. The questionnaire also included the 24‐item Recovery Assessment Scale, Herth Hope Index, Empowerment Scale, and Resilience Scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient, and weighted kappas were generally fair to high, and the SISR‐A and SISR‐B scores were positively correlated with other relevant scales. This study supported the reliability and validity of the Japanese versions of the SISR‐A and SISR‐B among people with long term mental illness in Japan.
Mental health nursing from a solution focused perspective
Authors: Wand Timothy 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTSolution focused therapy (SFT) is a relatively new and increasingly popular model of brief intervention in mental health care. The central assertion of SFT is that the individual's problem or difficulty (and its cause) need not determine the direction in which the discussion proceeds. Instead the role of the SFT practitioner is to identify what the individual wants to be different and then to explore and elaborate on that difference. This paper outlines the principles of SFT and highlights the compatibility of this approach with the core values of nursing practice. Specific strategies and techniques used in SFT are detailed with clinical examples to illustrate the application of SFT to mental health nursing practice. A summary of current research outcomes and future prospects for SFT in clinical practice and education is also presented.
From numbers to understanding: The impact of demographic factors on seclusion rates
Authors: Happell Brenda , Koehn Stefan 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThe reduction and, where possible, elimination of seclusion has been recognized as a national safety priority for mental health services in Australia, with significant attention devoted to strategies to achieve this goal. The aim of this study was to compare specific demographic characteristics between consumers who have been secluded to those who have not. Patient data (n = 3244) collected by 11 mental health services across Australia for six months over a 12 month period were analysed using demographic statistics. A comparison was undertaken between those who were secluded one or more times (n = 271) and those who were not secluded (n = 2973). Differences were measured with the use of independent samples t‐tests and chi‐square statistics. Age, gender, diagnosis, indigenous status and Health of the National Outcomes Scores (HoNOS) were found to be significant factors in relation to seclusion. Men, younger people, and indigenous people were found to be more likely to be secluded. In addition, consumers who scored higher on the behaviour,impairment and social subscales of HoNOS were more likely to be secluded. Comparative analysis of demographic characteristics of secluded and non‐secluded patients can provide vital information for consideration when planning and evaluating seclusion reduction strategies.
An analysis of thermal gradient impact in thermal–mechanical fatigue testing
Authors: MAUREL V. , KOSTER A. , RÉMY L. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThermal–mechanical fatigue (TMF) testing is a good method to decrease the number of isothermal tests for non‐isothermal behaviour laws identification. Based on experimental results of the TMF Standard European Working Group, this study aims to investigate the impact of thermal gradients on mechanical heterogeneity within the gage length specimen. The quality of the TMF test is examined by an energy criterion related to error bounds for nonlinear behaviour. A sensitivity analysis is then made for a given behaviour law identified on a TMF test to answer to the above question. Moreover the geometric instability phenomenon, already noticed by Sheffler and Coffin, is modelled herein.
Scale matters: the impact of organic farming on biodiversity at different spatial scales
Authors: Gabriel Doreen , Sait Steven M. , Hodgson Jenny A. , Schmutz Ulrich , Kunin William E. , Benton Tim G. 
Published: May 2010

Ecology Letters(2010) 13: 858–869AbstractThere is increasing recognition that ecosystems and their services need to be managed in the face of environmental change. However, there is little consensus as to the optimum scale for management. This is particularly acute in the agricultural environment given the level of public investment in agri‐environment schemes (AES). Using a novel multiscale hierarchical sampling design, we assess the effect of land use at multiple spatial scales (from location‐within‐field to regions) on farmland biodiversity. We show that on‐farm biodiversity components depend on farming practices (organic vs. conventional) at farm and landscape scales, but this strongly interacts with fine‐ and coarse‐scale variables. Different taxa respond to agricultural practice at different spatial scales and often at multiple spatial scales. Hence, AES need to target multiple spatial scales to maximize effectiveness. Novel policy levers may be needed to encourage multiple land managers within a landscape to adopt schemes that create landscape‐level benefits.
Initial management of low‐risk localized prostate cancer in the UK: analysis of the British Association of Urological Surgeons Cancer Registry
Authors: McVey Gerard P. , McPhail Sean , Fowler Sarah , McIntosh Gregor , Gillatt David , Parker Chris C. 
Published: May 2010

Study Type – Therapy (outcomes research) Level of Evidence 2cOBJECTIVETo assess the patterns of care for low‐risk localized prostate cancer. Management of this condition is highly controversial, with a range of treatment options, but there are no published UK data.METHODSData from the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Cancer Registry were linked to the UK Association of Cancer registries postcode directory. The demographic and clinical characteristics, and the initial management of men diagnosed with low‐risk localized prostate cancer in the UK between 2000 and 2006 were analysed.RESULTSIn all, 43 322 cases of localized prostate cancer were recorded in the BAUS Registry between 2000 and 2006, of which 8861 (20%) met the criteria for low‐risk disease. The proportion classified as low risk ranged from 16% in 2000 to 21% in 2006. The proportion of men with low‐risk disease opting for ‘watchful waiting’ increased from 0% to 39% over the same period. Treatment choice was associated with socio‐economic status. For example, radical prostatectomy was chosen by 34% of patients in the most affluent quintile, compared with 19% in the most deprived quintile (P= 0.01).CONCLUSIONThe management of low‐risk localized prostate cancer in the UK has changed markedly in recent years, and contrasts with that in the USA. The association observed between socio‐economic status and choice of treatment deserves further study.
OPTIONS, INACTION, AND UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Bertola Giuseppe 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTI outline and discuss economic insights afforded by the elegant and powerful continuous‐time techniques that economists discovered some 20 years ago. I do so in the context of a simple action‐timing problem that does not exploit those techniques, in order to illustrate how the role of uncertainty in shaping the optimality of adoption depends on substantive modeling details. I then outline the clearer implications popular and tractable continuous‐time continuous processes, noting that they may fail to represent key features of some real‐life business investment problems, but provide a suitable toolkit for treatment not only of financial phenomena but also of real option problems, such as those encountered in dynamic consumption problems, where small and unpredictable random changes are realistic.
MARKET ACCESS THROUGH BOUND TARIFFS
Authors: Sala Davide , Schröder Philipp J. H. , Yalcin Erdal 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTWTO negotiations deal predominantly with bound – besides applied – tariff rates. But, how can reductions in tariffs ceilings, i.e. tariff rates that no exporter may ever actually be confronted with, generate market access? The answer to this question relates to the effects of tariff bindings on the risk that exporters face in destination markets. The present paper formalizes the underlying interaction of risk, fixed export costs and firms' market entry decisions based on techniques known from the real options literature; doing so we highlight the important role of bound tariffs at the extensive margin of trade. We find that bound tariffs are more effective with higher risk destination markets, that a large binding overhang may still command substantial market access, and that reductions in bound tariffs generate effective market access even when bound rates are above current and long‐term applied rates.
DYNAMIC INVESTMENT IN EXTRACTION CAPACITY OF EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES
Authors: Ghoddusi Hamed 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper studies a resource extraction problem with capacity constraints, expansion options and stochastic demand process. The producer has to decide on the optimal rate of extraction and the optimal time to build further capacity simultaneously. Using numerical methods to solve the problem, it is shown that previous results which suggest that extraction capacity should be built at the beginning, are not necessarily true under uncertainty. I derive equations for the optimal time to build extra capacity. The results of this paper can contribute to better understanding of long‐run energy and commodity supply.
EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias
Authors: Albanese A. , Asmus F. , Bhatia K. P. , Elia A. E. , Elibol B. , Filippini G. , Gasser T. , Krauss J. K. , Nardocci N. , Newton A. , Valls‐Solé J. 
Published: May 2010

Objectives:  To provide a revised version of earlier guidelines published in 2006.Background:  Primary dystonias are chronic and often disabling conditions with a widespread spectrum mainly in young people.Diagnosis:  Primary dystonias are classified as pure dystonia, dystonia plus or paroxysmal dystonia syndromes. Assessment should be performed using a validated rating scale for dystonia. Genetic testing may be performed after establishing the clinical diagnosis. DYT1 testing is recommended for patients with primary dystonia with limb onset before age 30, and in those with an affected relative with early‐onset dystonia. DYT6 testing is recommended in early‐onset or familial cases with cranio‐cervical dystonia or after exclusion of DYT1. Individuals with early‐onset myoclonus should be tested for mutations in the DYT11 gene. If direct sequencing of the DYT11 gene is negative, additional gene dosage is required to improve the proportion of mutations detected. A levodopa trial is warranted in every patient with early‐onset primary dystonia without an alternative diagnosis. In patients with idiopathic dystonia, neurophysiological tests can help with describing the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the disorder.Treatment:  Botulinum toxin (BoNT) type A is the first‐line treatment for primary cranial (excluding oromandibular) or cervical dystonia; it is also effective on writing dystonia. BoNT/B is not inferior to BoNT/A in cervical dystonia. Pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS) is considered a good option, particularly for primary generalized or cervical dystonia, after medication or BoNT have failed. DBS is less effective in secondary dystonia. This treatment requires a specialized expertise and a multidisciplinary team.
Significance of hair‐dye base‐induced sensory irritation
Authors: Fujita F. , Azuma T. , Tajiri M. , Okamoto H. , Sano M. , Tominaga M. 
Published: May 2010

SynopsisOxidation hair‐dyes, which are the principal hair‐dyes, sometimes induce painful sensory irritation of the scalp caused by the combination of highly reactive substances, such as hydrogen peroxide and alkali agents. Although many cases of severe facial and scalp dermatitis have been reported following the use of hair‐dyes, sensory irritation caused by contact of the hair‐dye with the skin has not been reported clearly. In this study, we used a self‐assessment questionnaire to measure the sensory irritation in various regions of the body caused by two model hair‐dye bases that contained different amounts of alkali agents without dyes. Moreover, the occipital region was found as an alternative region of the scalp to test for sensory irritation of the hair‐dye bases. We used this region to evaluate the relationship of sensitivity with skin properties, such as trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum water content, sebum amount, surface temperature, current perception threshold (CPT), catalase activities in tape‐stripped skin and sensory irritation score with the model hair‐dye bases. The hair‐dye sensitive group showed higher TEWL, a lower sebum amount, a lower surface temperature and higher catalase activity than the insensitive group, and was similar to that of damaged skin. These results suggest that sensory irritation caused by hair‐dye could occur easily on the damaged dry scalp, as that caused by skin cosmetics reported previously.
Microencapsulation of rosmarinic acid using polycaprolactone and various surfactants
Authors: Kim H.‐J. , Kim T.‐H. , Kang K.‐C. , Pyo H.‐B. , Jeong H.‐H. 
Published: May 2010

SynopsisRosmarinic acid (RA) has a number of interesting biological activities, e.g. anti‐viral, anti‐bacterial, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant. The antioxidant activity of RA is stronger than that of vitamin E. Despite its strong antioxidant activity, it was limited to use in cosmetics because of the low water solubility, discolouration and chemical instability. The purpose of this study was to prepare RA‐loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) microspheres using emulsion solvent evaporation method and characterize them with different surfactants used in the formation process. Finally, long‐term stability of RA was evaluated in the cosmetic formulation. As a result, PCL microspheres were found to be spherical in shape, with zwitterionic surfactant‐PCL particles being the smallest size distribution and highest entrapment efficiency of RA. Emulsions containing RA‐loaded PCL microspheres showed a better long‐term stability of the RA compared with those containing only RA. These results suggest that RA may be stably and efficiently encapsulated into polycaprolactone microspheres.
Colorimetric investigation of the reaction between p‐phenylendiamine and meta‐substituted derivatives of benzene on a model support
Authors: Scalzo M. , Strati M. , Casadei M. A. , Cerreto F. , Cesa S. 
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 429–436 (July/August 2009)SynopsisThe aim of this work was the employment of colorimetric techniques in the analysis of the color formed, on a proteic substrate, by the reaction between p‐phenylendiamine and some meta‐substituted benzene derivatives in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and in media at different pH values. In particular we investigated the chromatic variations that take place on the substrate in dependence on different reaction conditions. The obtained results show that for each couple of reagents the colorimetric data, namely the reflectance of the formed color, change considerably with the pH of the reaction medium and demonstrate how this parameter can be considered a good descriptor of the composition of the formed pigment.
Infantile haemangiomas: a challenge in paediatric dermatology
Authors: Schwartz RA , Sidor MI , Musumeci ML , Lin RL , Micali G 
Published: May 2010

AbstractInfantile haemangiomas, common benign vascular tumours of childhood, are characterized by rapid growth during the first year of life and a slow regression that is usually completed at 7–10 years of age. These tumours are composed of endothelial cells with high mitotic rates and stromal components such as fibroblasts, mast cells and pericytes. Haemangiomas become a challenge when they are part of a syndrome, are located in certain areas of the body or when complications develop. The above‐mentioned factors also influence the treatment modality used. However, although there remain many uncertainties regarding management, the β‐adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol is a promising new candidate for first‐line systemic therapy. It produces such a dramatic and rapid response that the appearance of an infantile haemangioma should impart expeditious consideration of the risks and benefits of its use.