bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal vacancies and self‐diffusion energy in 2024 Al‐alloy by positron annihilation lifetime technique
Authors: Badawi Emad A. , Abdel‐Rahman M. A. , Abdallah M. S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPositron annihilation lifetime technique (PALT) is one of the most important nuclear non‐destructive techniques. It was used to study the thermal vacancies in one of the most important engineering aluminum alloys – the 2024 Al‐alloy. Quenching experiments were usually performed on thin specimens to ensure a uniform quenching rate throughout the specimen. The specimens were prepared with dimensions of 0.15 × 1.5 × 1.5 cm3. After grinding, polishing and etching, samples of 2024 were homogenized for 12 h at 673 K and annealed for 90‐min., before being quenched in water (277 K). Positron lifetime measurements followed. From such measurements, it is possible to deduce the vacancy formation enthalpy, which in combination with the results of self‐diffusion measurements, gives a value for migration enthalpy of the vacancy. These are very important quantities in the study of the annealing of irradiation induced defects. The use of the quenching technique in the positron annihilation study has the advantage that it allows a distinction between vacancy and dislocation. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Critical parameters of positron and positronium annihilation in grainy and porous solids: Ionic crystals and zeolites
Authors: Kajcsos Zs. , Liszkay L. , Duplatre G. , Varga L. , Lohonyai L. , Kosanovic C. , Bosnar S. , Subotic B. , Lázár K. , Bosnar D. , Havancsák K. , Gordo P.M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPositron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) established itself as a routine method for structural studies of ordered substances in general, but some media present PAS results that are still puzzling. This situation is notably true for solid porous systems. This work recalls reasons for possible large discordances in the PAS results on such substances but focuses attention not only on the sample production, preparation and treatment prior and during the PAS measurements but also on the determination of the appropriate measuring conditions and establishing the optimal range of interest of considerations for obtaining descriptive parameters which provide the requested critical sensitivity. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positron annihilation spectroscopy in nanocrystallized iron based metallic glass
Authors: Srivastava A. P. , Srivastava D. , Mazumdar B. , Dey G. K. , Suresh K. G. , Sharma Sandeep , Pujari P. K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSoft magnetic metallic glass of composition Fe68.5Cu1Nb3Si18.5B9 has been produced by rapid solidification method. Nanocrystallized microstructure was characterized by TEM and Positron life time spectroscopy. TEM results confirmed presence of Fe3Si and Fe2B as primary and secondary phase respectively. Two life time components were observed in amorphous and nanocrystallized samples. These components have been correlated with Microstructural features. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Meeting challenges in nanomaterials for sustainable energy applications using high‐resolution positron methods
Authors: Eijt S. W. H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPositron methods are promising as in‐situ depth‐resolved probes for the study of the (electronic) structure of semiconductor nanocrystals embedded in active thin layers of future generation solar cells, and of metal hydride thin films with applications as hydrogen sensors and hydrogen switchable mirrors. The (time‐resolved) evolution of the positron‐electron momentum distribution is presented, associated with two sintering steps observed upon heating pyridine‐capped CdSe nanocrystal films in a vacuum. The metal‐to‐insulator transition upon hydrogenation of Mg and Mg2Ni thin films to MgH2 and Mg2NiH4 leads to a clear broadening of the electron momentum distribution, and a strong decrease in the lineshape parameter S. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Placing the choice between exploration and exploitation in context: a study of geography and new product development
Authors: Coombs Joseph E. , Deeds David L. , Duane Ireland R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBeginning with seminal research on organizational learning and continuing with the exploration versus exploitation and regional economics literatures, knowledge search has become central to innovation research. Drawing from these contributions, we examine the impact of a firm's geographic location munificence on benefits received either from exploiting its local knowledge base or from exploring for new knowledge beyond its local geographic boundaries. Results indicate that firm geographic context moderates the relationship between search strategies and new product development. In particular, firms located in munificent geographic locations benefit from geographically localized and international searches, while firms in less munificent geographic locations benefit from balanced and domestic search strategies. Copyright © 2009 Strategic Management Society.
Effects of grassland species on decomposition of litter and soil microbial communities
Authors: Hossain M. Zabed , Okubo Atsushi , Sugiyama Shu‐ichi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDecomposition of litter is greatly influenced not only by its chemical composition but also by activities of soil decomposers. By using leaf litter from 15 plant species collected from semi‐natural and improved grasslands, we examined (1) how interspecific differences in the chemical composition of litter influence the abundance and composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities and (2) how such changes in microbial communities are related to the processes of decomposition. The litter from each species was incubated in soil of a standard composition for 60 days under controlled conditions. After incubation, the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil was examined using phospholipid fatty‐acid analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Species from improved grasslands had significantly higher rates of nitrogen mineralization and decomposition than those from semi‐natural grasslands because the former were richer in nitrogen. Litter from improved grasslands was also richer in Gram‐positive bacteria, whereas that from semi‐natural grasslands was richer in actinomycetes and fungi. Nitrogen content of litter also influenced the composition of the fungal community. Changes in the composition of both bacterial and fungal communities were closely related to the rate of litter decomposition. These results suggest that plant species greatly influence litter decomposition not only through influencing the quality of substrate but also through changing the composition of soil microbial communities.
Who really ate the fruit? A novel approach to camera trapping for quantifying frugivory by ruminants
Authors: Prasad Soumya , Pittet André , Sukumar R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTropical forest ruminants disperse several plants; yet, their effectiveness as seed dispersers is not systematically quantified. Information on frequency and extent of frugivory by ruminants is lacking. Techniques such as tree watches or fruit traps adapted from avian frugivore studies are not suitable to study terrestrial frugivores, and conventional camera traps provide little quantitative information. We used a novel time‐delay camera‐trap technique to assess the effectiveness of ruminants as seed dispersers for Phyllanthus emblica at Mudumalai, southern India. After being triggered by animal movement, cameras were programmed to take pictures every 2 min for the next 6 min, yielding a sequence of four pictures. Actual frugivores were differentiated from mere visitors, who did not consume fruit, by comparing the number of fruit remaining across the time‐delay photograph sequence. During a 2‐year study using this technique, we found that six terrestrial mammals consumed fallen P. emblica fruit. Additionally, seven mammals and one bird species visited fruiting trees but did not consume fallen fruit. Two ruminants, the Indian chevrotain Moschiola indica and chital Axis axis, were P. emblica's most frequent frugivores and they accounted for over 95% of fruit removal, while murid rodents accounted for less than 1%. Plants like P. emblica that are dispersed mainly by large mammalian frugivores are likely to have limited ability to migrate across fragmented landscapes in response to rapidly changing climates. We hope that more quantitative information on ruminant frugivory will become available with a wider application of our time‐delay camera‐trap technique.
Temperature Sensitive Nanocapsule of Complex Structural Form for Methane Storage
Authors: Volkova EI , Suyetin MV , Vakhrushev AV 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The processes of methane adsorption, storage and desorption by the nanocapsule are investigated with molecular-dynamic modeling method. The specific nanocapsule shape defines its functioning uniqueness: methane is adsorbed under 40 MPa and at normal temperature with further blocking of methane molecules the K@C601+ endohedral complex in the nanocapsule by external electric field, the storage is performed under normal external conditions, and methane desorption is performed at 350 K. The methane content in the nanocapsule during storage reaches 11.09 mass%. The nanocapsule consists of tree parts: storage chamber, junction and blocking chamber. The storage chamber comprises the nanotube (20,20). The blocking chamber is a short nanotube (20,20) with three holes. The junction consists of the nanotube (10,10) and nanotube (8,8); moreover, the nanotube (8,8) is connected with the storage chamber and nanotube (10,10) with the blocking chamber. The blocking chamber is opened and closed by the transfer of the K@C60
1+ endohedral complex under electrostatic field action.
A sticky situation: CCN1 promotes both proliferation and apoptosis of cancer cells
Authors: Leask Andrew 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMembers of the CCN family of matricellular signaling regulators promote cell adhesion through integrins and heparan sulfate‐containing proteoglycans. A paradox of the CCN field is that, depending on the set of circumstances examined, individual CCN molecules can have quite different, and often opposing, effects. In a recent report, Franzen and colleagues (Mol Cancer Res. 7:1045–1055, 2009) show using siRNA knockdown that CCN1 (cyr61) is essential for the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Intriguingly, on the other hand, CCN1 also enhances TRAIL‐induced apoptosis. Thus the utility of anti‐CCN1 therapy in cancer needs to be carefully considered in light of these divergent results. The significance of this paper is discussed.
The Role of the Presbyter: an Investigation into theAdversus Haeresesof Saint Irenaeus
Authors: Sobosan Jeffrey G. 
Published: October 2009

Irenaeus constantly spoke of the presbyters who possess the succession from the Apostles; those who, together with the succession of the Episcopate, have received the certain gift of truth. For him the importance of the presbyter was based on apostolic succession: the presbyter was a teacher, and teaching determines faith; it is the means by which the faith is preserved and transmitted. The presbyter is a link in the long line of tradition; tradition which disciplines the faithful and determines the future of the church. For this reason alone the presbyter is important for Irenaeus. And this is the basis for the distinct way in which Irenaeus treats him. The presbyter is the primary minister, yet not necessarily a bishop. He is a leader of the Christian community assigned the task of preserving the faith, teaching it and making sure to defend it against error. He holds the chief seat in the administration of the Christian community, and is always associated with the episcopos or bishop. In the writings of Irenaeus there is no clear distinction made between these two terms.We must keep in mind that Christianity began as a movement, not as an established system or institution. The early Christians were all Jews and the authorised Jewish minister was the rabbi (presbyter). From the very beginning the apostles founded new communities and directed them. After particular communities were founded a need arose to select local leaders or administrators for each of these communities. We know from the New Testament that in the various local communities different names were given to these men: in Rome they were called presidents, in Corinth they were called governors, in Ephesus the name given to them was shepherds and in Phillipi they were known as caretakers and ministers. It is only in the Pastoral Epistles and in the Acts of the Apostles that we find these administrators called presbyters, episcopoi. Irenaeus adds further information to the development to the Christian hierarchy by expressing his views on the presbyter as servant of the community. In short the role or task of the presbyter was one of service to the Christian community.
Embedding Bratteli–Vershik systems in cellular automata
Authors: PIVATO MARCUS , YASSAWI REEM 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMany dynamical systems can be naturally represented as Bratteli–Vershik (or adic) systems, which provide an appealing combinatorial description of their dynamics. If an adic system X is linearly recurrent, then we show how to represent X using a two-dimensional subshift of finite type Y; each ‘row’ in a Y-admissible configuration corresponds to an infinite path in the Bratteli diagram of X, and the vertical shift on Y corresponds to the ‘successor’ map of X. Any Y-admissible configuration can then be recoded as the space-time diagram of a one-dimensional cellular automaton Φ; in this way X is embedded in Φ (i.e. X is conjugate to a subsystem of Φ). With this technique, we can embed many odometers, Toeplitz systems, and constant-length substitution systems in one-dimensional cellular automata.
What encourages charitable giving and philanthropy?
Authors: ADLOFF FRANK 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIn recent years, increasing public attention has been paid to voluntary action, civic engagement and philanthropy. It is in this framework that the growing numbers of childless older people are regarded as a valuable source of charitable giving. In fact, by giving to philanthropic foundations – instead of consuming their wealth or leaving inheritances – childless donors may develop into pioneers in the field of post-familial civic engagement. The article explores the circumstances under which childless older people adopt this behaviour in both Germany and the United States of America. It is found that making large donations or setting up philanthropic foundations is still an elite phenomenon, but on the other hand that establishing a foundation is attractive for childless people, both as a means of ensuring that one's name lives on, and as a way of organising bequests. Educational level, ill-health, social capital and religiosity all positively reinforce the inclination of childless people to transfer resources to charities. It is also shown that the institutional framework or organised fundraising has a large role in fostering charitable giving among the childless. The framework of charity organisations and fund raising in the country of residence plays an important role in determining the expansion and democratisation of charitable giving.
Inter-vivos giving by older people in the United States: who received financial gifts from the childless?
Authors: HURD MICHAEL 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTInter-vivos financial transfers from older parents to their adult children are widespread in the United States. Childless people may simply make fewer transfers. On the other hand, because their giving is away from children, their decisions are more complex in that there are multiple potential targets of approximately equal attractiveness. Using data for 1996 to 2004 from the United States Health and Retirement Study, this article examines the differences between parents and childless older people in financial transfers to people other than their children. The results show that, overall, parents tend to give less than the childless to other people. However, some variation is found depending on the nature and target of the gift. Having children does not affect giving to charities but does reduce the prevalence of giving to parents, but not nearly as much as the reduction in giving to family and friends. It can therefore be concluded, first that there is little substitution between personal and impersonal transfers; secondly, that the sense of obligation to parents is not reduced by giving to charities or to children; and thirdly, that having children reduces the need to satisfy the desire for family and social ties by means of links to family and friends.
The Old English Promissio regis
Authors: Clayton Mary 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Old English Promissio regis is a translation of the threefold promise made at their coronations by Anglo-Saxon kings in the tenth and eleventh centuries followed by two paragraphs on the duties of kingship; it is preserved in one eleventh-century manuscript and we have two copies of a second. This article reviews discussions of the text, looks at the manuscript evidence for what it can tell about its authorship and history, examines its sources and function and suggests a close connection with Wulfstan, archbishop of York. A new edition of the text concludes the piece.
Re-evaluating base-metal artifacts: an inscribed lead strap-end from Crewkerne, Somerset
Authors: Thomas Gabor , Payne Naomi , Okasha Elisabeth 
Published: October 2009

AbstractStrap-ends represent the most common class of dress accessory known from late Anglo-Saxon England. At this period, new materials, notably lead and its alloys, were being deployed in the manufacture of personal possessions and jewellery. This newly found strap-end adds to the growing number of tongue-shaped examples fashioned from lead dating from this period. It is, however, distinctive in being inscribed with a personal name. The present article provides an account of the object and its text, and assesses its general significance in the context of a more nuanced interpretation of the social status of lead artefacts in late Anglo-Saxon England.
The Failure of Expected-Utility Theory as a Theory of Reason
Authors: Hampton Jean 
Published: October 2009

Expected-utility (EU) theory has been a popular and influential theory in philosophy, law, and the social sciences. While its original developers, von Neumann and Morgenstern, presented it as a purely predictive theory useful to the practitioners of economic science, many subsequent theorists, particularly those outside of economics, have come to endorse EU theory as providing us with a representation of reason. But precisely in what sense does EU theory portray reason? And does it do so successfully?There are two strikingly different answers to these questions in the literature. On the one hand, there is the view of people such as David Gauthier that EU theory is an implementation of the idea that reason's only role is instrumental. On the other hand, there is the view suggested by Leonard Savage (1954/1972; and see Anderson, 1993) that the theory is a “formal” and noninstrumental characterization of our reasoning process.
Three Contemporary Perceptions of a Polish Wunderkind of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Ruderman David 
Published: October 2009

In the year 1620, Abraham b. Naphtali Hirsch Schor, the head of the rabbinical court of Satanov, Poland, wrote to Rabbi Mordecai b. David Katz of the neighboring community of Lvov (Lemberg) about a “great and terrible act of God which I heard and saw with my own eyes here in the holy congregation of Satanov.” R. Abraham related the following story:…Here in the holy congregation of Gródek (Gorodok) three parasangs away from Satanov, there lives a man named R. Gedaliah with a small four-and-ahalf- year-old son. The youth is a mere boy having no superiority in his studies over the rest of the children of his age. But when his father began to study the Hebrew alphabet and the prayer book with him and saw that the holy spirit rests upon him, he subsequently brought the boy before me to the holy congregation of Satanov to test him. And I tested him several times—a hundred times and more—myself along with my colleagues who were with me and we saw the work of the Lord and his wonders, for He is exceedingly great. I asked him: “Please tell me the beginning of the halakhah learned today.” He immediately related the halakhah, answering: “Rabbi Ashi said that our mishnah states: I can likewise prove,” etc.
Chaim Weizmann and the Elusive Manchester Professorship
Authors: Reinharz Jehuda 
Published: October 2009

In February 1912 Arthur Hantke, a member of the Engeres Aktions- Comite (EAC or SAC), asked Chaim Weizmann to undertake a propaganda tour in the United States.1 Weizmann refused, but did agree to a shorter tour to European cities during the university semester break in March. In explaining his reasons for traveling only to Berlin, Vienna, Prague, and Heidelberg,2 Weizmann revealed some of his plans for the future:As you know, I want to go to Palestine in 3–4 years. But I want to go to Palestine not when I have nothing to lose here, but on the contrary after having achieved everything here. This “everything” consists of two things: a full professorship and admission to the Royal Society. The former has been achieved except for the official announcement, which will presumably come during the summer term [sic]. The second is somewhat more difficult for a Russian Jew. However, the matter has got to the point where my candidature has been established. How long the candidature will “stand” depends on the scope and character of my scientific work, for in my case this is the only decisive criterion. I must therefore strain every nerve to work and publish a great deal, for admission to the Royal Society will open all doors for me here. I shall then be worth ten times as much to you….
From After Death to Afterlife: Martyrdom and Its Recompense
Authors: Shepkaru Shmuel 
Published: October 2009

In rabbinical literature the belief in a postmortem existence is rather obvious. Related terminology is relatively abundant, although fluid and obscure at times. The use of this terminology by a diversity of Jewish sources further complicates the understanding of the enigmatic notion called afterlife.The purpose of this article is to explore one aspect of the Jewish credo of the afterlife: the nature of divine recompense in relation to martyrdom. The article aims at determining when a relationship between voluntary death and divine recompense was first established and what the nature of this recompense was. While this relationship does not contain answers to every question regarding Jewish tenets on the afterlife, I believe it to be indicative of general Jewish attitudes toward life and death in various periods and Jewries.