bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global cities and the transformation of the International System
Authors: CURTIS SIMON 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe emergence of a new urban form, the global city, has attracted little attention from International Relations (IR) scholars, despite the fact that much progress has been made in conceptualising and mapping global cities and their networks in other fields. This article argues that global cities pose fundamental questions for IR theorists about the nature of their subject matter, and shows how consideration of the historical relationship between cities and states can illuminate the changing nature of the international system. It highlights how global cities are essential to processes of globalisation, providing a material and infrastructural backbone for global flows, and a set of physical sites that facilitate command and control functions for a decentralised global economy. It goes on to argue that the rise of the global city challenges IR scholars to consider how many of the assumptions that the discipline makes about the modern international system are being destabilised, as important processes deterritorialise at the national level and are reconstituted at different scales.
Eye fixation–related potentials (EFRPs) during object identification
Authors: RÄMÄ PIA , BACCINO THIERRY 
Published: October 2010

AbstractEye fixation–related potential (EFRP) measures electrical brain activity in response to eye fixations. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the EFRPs vary during consecutive eye fixations while subjects were performing an object identification task. Eye fixations evoked P1 and N1 components at the occipital and parietal recording sites. The latency of P1 component increased during consecutive fixations. The amplitude of P1 increased and the amplitude of N1 decreased during consecutive fixations. The results indicate that EFRPs are modulated during consecutive fixations, suggesting that the current technique may provide a useful tool to study temporal dynamics of visual perception and processes underlying object identification.
Hydroelectric reservoir inundation (Rio Madeira Basin, Amazon) and changes in traditional lifestyle: impact on growth and neurodevelopment of pre-school children
Authors: Marques Rejane C , Dórea José G , McManus Concepta , Leão Renata S , Brandão Katiane G , Marques Rayson C , Ito Vieira Igor H , Guimarães Jean-Remy D , Malm Olaf 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the dependence on fish consumption of families and its impact on nutritional status and neurodevelopment of pre-school children.DesignCross-sectional study that measured children’s hair mercury (HHg) as an indicator of family fish consumption, growth (anthropometricZ-scores, WHO standards) and neurological (Gesell developmental scores (GDS)) development.SettingTraditional living conditions among families residing in the area adjacent to the Samuel Dam (Western Amazon) hydroelectric reservoir.SubjectsTwo hundred and forty-nine pre-school children (1–59 months of age) from families transitioning from the traditional Amazonian lifestyle.ResultsFamily fish consumption was significantly correlated with children’s HHg concentration (Spearman’sr= 0·246,P< 0·0001); however, HHg had no significant association with growth (Z-scores). Overall, the prevalence of severe malnutrition, i.e. stunting (height-for-ageZ-score (HAZ) ≤ −3), underweight (weight-for-ageZ-score (WAZ) ≤ −3) and wasting (weight-for-heightZ-score (WHZ) ≤ −3) was 5·2 % (n13), 0 % and 0·8 % (n2), respectively. The prevalence of moderate stunting (HAZ ≥ −3 to ≤ −2), underweight (WAZ ≥ −3 to ≤ −2) and wasting (WHZ ≥ −3 to ≤ −2) was 8·8 % (n22), 2·4 % (n6) and 4·8 % (n12), respectively. Although 76 % of the children showed adequate GDS (>85), multiple regression analysis showed that fish consumption (as HHg) had no impact on GDS, but that some variables did interact significantly with specific domains (motor and language development).ConclusionsThe study showed that the families’ shift in fish consumption had no negative impact on the growth of young children and that ensuing methylmercury exposure has not been a noticeable neurodevelopmental hindrance.
Elevated seawater temperature causes a microbial shift on crustose coralline algae with implications for the recruitment of coral larvae
Authors: Webster Nicole S , Soo Rochelle , Cobb Rose , Negri Andrew P 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are key reef-building primary producers that are known to induce the metamorphosis and recruitment of many species of coral larvae. Reef biofilms (particularly microorganisms associated with CCA) are also important as settlement cues for a variety of marine invertebrates, including corals. If rising sea surface temperatures (SSTs) affect CCA and/or their associated biofilms, this may in turn affect recruitment on coral reefs. Herein, we report that the CCA Neogoniolithon fosliei, and its associated microbial communities do not tolerate SSTs of 32 °C, only 2–4 °C above the mean maximum annual SST. After 7 days at 32 °C, the CCA exhibited clear signs of stress, including bleaching, a reduction in maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and a large shift in microbial community structure. This shift at 32 °C involved an increase in Bacteroidetes and a reduction in Alphaproteobacteria, including the loss of the primary strain (with high-sequence similarity to a described coral symbiont). A recovery in Fv/Fm was observed in CCA exposed to 31 °C following 7 days of recovery (at 27 °C); however, CCA exposed to 32 °C did not recover during this time as evidenced by the rapid growth of endolithic green algae. A 50% reduction in the ability of N. fosliei to induce coral larval metamorphosis at 32 °C accompanied the changes in microbiology, pigmentation and photophysiology of the CCA. This is the first experimental evidence to demonstrate how thermal stress influences microbial associations on CCA with subsequent downstream impacts on coral recruitment, which is critical for reef regeneration and recovery from climate-related mortality events.
LipidMaps Core Update
Authors: Subramaniam Shankar , Fahy Eoin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLipidMaps (http://www.lipidmaps.org) is a multidisciplinary project involving multiple institutions. The goal of this project is to identify lipid metabolites and reconstruct pathways associated with lipids in mammalian cells using quantitative measurements of lipids in macrophage cells.
Maize gene review - A new on-line journal promotes community curation of phenotypes
Authors: Schaeffer Mary 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe first formal phenotype summaries for maize can be found in early editions of theMaize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter (MNL). Prior to on-line databases, the MNLserved to systematize available mutant stocks, genetic maps, and addresses for maizegeneticists. In fact, the first phenotypic data entered into MaizeGDB, in 1991, was fromthe MNL stock center report. To support renewed, community submission of similardata, the MNL has initiated a new on-line journal, called the ‘maize gene review’ (MGR,www.maizegenereview.org). It represents an extension of the Mutants of Maize (1997),eds MG Neuffer, EH Coe, SR Wessler, where text summaries of individual mutantswere provided by experts in the field, often along with photographs. These weresubsequently incorporated into text descriptions and image files at MaizeGDB, withauthors credited. In the on-line journal MGR, each gene has a page, and an author(s),responsible for supplying a minimal set of information, and updating as new informationbecomes available. Reviewers familiar with the types of mutants described arerequested to provide criticism and updates, which are forwarded to the contributingauthor, as suggestions on updating their page(s). Reciprocal links are provided to theMaizeGDB for genome and map information and the short summary of each mutant isadded to the MaizeGDB locus record. This journal adds to the current communitycuration tools at MaizeGDB for community curation and has had an excellent response.<i>The MNL is supported by an endowment at the University of Missouri provided by the MaizeCooperators. MaizeGDB is a USDA Agricultural Research Service funded database where thepresenting author is a curator.</i>
Changes in Scholarly Communication and the Potential Impact on Biocuration
Authors: Bourne Philip 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOpen access in particular and changes in on-line scholarship have the potential to impact biocuration which often involves translating information currently read in papers to knowledge that is found in a variety of biological resources. The implication of these changes in scholarly communication to the biocuration process will be discussed with references to our work and that of others.
Abstracts of the 8th Meeting of the Italian Peripheral Nerve Study Group: 76
Authors: Pareyson D , Scaioli V , Milani M , Ciano C , Moroni I , Morbin M , Erbetta A , Chiapparini L , Lauria G , Sghirlanzoni A , Taroni F 
Published: October 2010

The X‐linked form of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMTX) is associated with mutations in the Connexin 32 gene (Cx32) and is the second most common CMT subtype after CMT1A, in which the 17p11.2 duplication is the underlying molecular defect. CMTX is characterized by no male‐to‐male transmission, intermediate motor conduction velocities (MCV), and more severe disease in males. In our series of CMT patients, we found 9 different Cx32 mutations in 11 families. Overall there were 26 patients, 13 males and 13 females, aged 11–76 yrs. Age at onset ranged considerably (1–60 yrs), but symptoms began earlier in males (mean 15.4 yrs, 77% within age 20) than in females (mean 25 yrs). All patients were autonomous, but disease severity was greater in males, while 4 female carriers were asymptomatic. Pain and tremor were frequent complaints. Two patients had Babinski sign and one had rest tremor. Nerve conduction studies were performed in 23 patients (13 males, 10 females). Upper limb motor conduction velocities (MCV) ranged between 25 and 57 m/s, and were slower in males (25–48 m/s) than in females (34–57 m/s). MCV were in the upper range of CMT1 (25–38 m/s) in 10/13 males but only in 3/10 females. In some cases, nerve conduction slowing was non‐uniform within single nerves, and one female patient had a previous diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. There was considerable asymmetry of involvement between different nerves. The median nerve was often more severely affected than the ulnar nerve, and not only in females, as previously reported, but also in males. Therefore, it appears unlikely that this asymmetry is accounted for by a Lyonization phenomenon. Subclinical abnormalities of central nervous system as revealed by multimodal evoked potential studies were found in 8/10 patients. Expression of Cx32 in the brain is the likely explanation of this finding that confirms previous non‐systematic observations. We found seven missense and two nonsense mutations (one novel mutation). Two families presented distinct mutations at the same codon (Arg164), while the Arg22Stop and Arg220Stop mutations were each found in two unrelated cases.Partially supported by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health to F.T and D.P. (Progetto Ricerca Finalizzata ICS 030.3/RF00.174).
An Effector-Targeted Protease Contributes to Defense against Phytophthora infestans and Is under Diversifying Selection in Natural Hosts
Authors: Kaschani Farnusch , Shabab Mohammed , Bozkurt Tolga , Shindo Takayuki , Schornack Sebastian , Gu Christian , Ilyas Muhammad , Win Joe , Kamoun Sophien , van der Hoorn Renier A.L. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Since the leaf apoplast is a primary habitat for many plant pathogens, apoplastic proteins are potent, ancient targets for apoplastic effectors secreted by plant pathogens. So far, however, only a few apoplastic effector targets have been identified and characterized. Here, we discovered that the papain-like cysteine protease C14 is a new common target of EPIC1 and EPIC2B, two apoplastic, cystatin-like proteins secreted by the potato (Solanum tuberosum) late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. C14 is a secreted protease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and potato typified by a carboxyl-terminal granulin domain. The EPIC-C14 interaction occurs at a wide pH range and is stronger than the previously described interactions of EPICs with tomato defense proteases PIP1 and RCR3. The selectivity of the EPICs is also different when compared with the AVR2 effector of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, which targets PIP1 and RCR3, and only at apoplastic pH. Importantly, silencing of C14 increased susceptibility to P. infestans, demonstrating that this protease plays a role in pathogen defense. Although C14 is under conservative selection in tomato, it is under diversifying selection in wild potato species (Solanum demissum, Solanum verrucosum, and Solanum stoliniferum) that are the natural hosts of P. infestans. These data reveal a novel effector target in the apoplast that contributes to immunity and is under diversifying selection, but only in the natural host of the pathogen.
mEosFP-Based Green-to-Red Photoconvertible Subcellular Probes for Plants
Authors: Mathur Jaideep , Radhamony Resmi , Sinclair Alison M. , Donoso Ana , Dunn Natalie , Roach Elyse , Radford Devon , S. Mohammad Mohaghegh P. , Logan David C. , Kokolic Ksenija , Mathur Neeta 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (FPs) are recent additions to the biologists’ toolbox for understanding the living cell. Like green fluorescent protein (GFP), monomeric EosFP is bright green in color but is efficiently photoconverted into a red fluorescent form using a mild violet-blue excitation. Here, we report mEosFP-based probes that localize to the cytosol, plasma membrane invaginations, endosomes, prevacuolar vesicles, vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the two major cytoskeletal elements, filamentous actin and cortical microtubules. The mEosFP fusion proteins are smaller than GFP/red fluorescent protein-based probes and, as demonstrated here, provide several significant advantages for imaging of living plant cells. These include an ability to differentially color label a single cell or a group of cells in a developing organ, selectively highlight a region of a cell or a subpopulation of organelles and vesicles within a cell for tracking them, and understanding spatiotemporal aspects of interactions between similar as well as different organelles. In addition, mEosFP probes introduce a milder alternative to fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, whereby instead of photobleaching, photoconversion followed by recovery of green fluorescence can be used for estimating subcellular dynamics. Most importantly, the two fluorescent forms of mEosFP furnish bright internal controls during imaging experiments and are fully compatible with cyan fluorescent protein, GFP, yellow fluorescent protein, and red fluorescent protein fluorochromes for use in simultaneous, multicolor labeling schemes. Photoconvertible mEosFP-based subcellular probes promise to usher in a much higher degree of precision to live imaging of plant cells than has been possible so far using single-colored FPs.
The evolution of mutualism
Authors: LEIGH Jr E. G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLike altruism, mutualism, cooperation between species, evolves only by enhancing all participants’ inclusive fitness. Mutualism evolves most readily between members of different kingdoms, which pool complementary abilities for mutual benefit: some of these mutualisms represent major evolutionary innovations. Mutualism cannot persist if cheating annihilates its benefits. In long‐term mutualisms, symbioses, at least one party associates with the other nearly all its life. Usually, a larger host harbours smaller symbionts. Cheating is restrained by vertical transmission, as inBuchnera; partner fidelity, as among bull‐thorn acacias and protective ants; test‐based choice of symbionts, as bobtail squid choose bioluminescent bacteria; or sanctioning nonperforming symbionts, as legumes punish nonperforming nitrogen‐fixing bacteria. Mutualisms involving brief exchanges, as among plants and seed‐dispersers, however, persist despite abundant cheating. Both symbioses and brief‐exchange mutualisms have transformed whole ecosystems. These mutualisms may be steps towards ecosystems which, like Adam Smith’s ideal economy, serve their members’ common good.
Testing for mating isolation between ecotypes: laboratory experiments with lake, stream and hybrid stickleback
Authors: RAEYMAEKERS J. A. M. , BOISJOLY M. , DELAIRE L. , BERNER D. , RÄSÄNEN K. , HENDRY A. P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMating isolation is a frequent contributor to ecological speciation – but how consistently does it evolve as a result of divergent selection? We tested for genetically based mating isolation between lake and stream threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) from the Misty watershed, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. We combined several design elements that are uncommon in the studies of stickleback mate choice: (i) we used second‐generation laboratory‐reared fish (to reduce environmental and maternal effects), (ii) we allowed for male–male competitive interactions (instead of the typical no‐choice trials) and (iii) we included hybrids along with pure types. Males of different types (Lake, Inlet, hybrid) were paired in aquaria, allowed to build nests and then exposed sequentially to females of all three types. We found that Lake and Inlet males differed in behaviours thought to influence stickleback mate choice (inter‐ and intra‐sexual aggression, display and nest activities), whereas hybrids were either intermediate or apparently ‘inferior’ in these behaviours. Despite these differences, Lake and Inlet fish did not mate assortatively and hybrid males did not have a mating disadvantage. Our study reinforces the noninevitability of mating isolation evolving in response to ecological differences and highlights the need to further investigate the factors promoting and constraining progress towards ecological speciation.
Effect of HSPC016 gene expression on the aggregative growth of dermal papillae cells
Authors: Song Zhiqiang , Zhou Chunli , Wang Jiwen , Yang Weibin , Hao Fei 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIn previous studies, HSPC016 was identified as a differentially expressed gene in dermal papilla cells (DPC) with aggregative behaviour. To clarify its role in the regulation of DPC, the recombinant HSPC016 protein was expressed using the Pichia pastoris expression system, and three small interfering ribonucleic acid duplexes (siRNA) were designed and transfected into DPC. Results showed that DPC with the HSPC016 gene inhibited, exhibit non‐aggregative behaviour and grow much slower than normal DPC, and that the recombinant HSPC016 protein could promote the proliferation of high‐passage DPC and induce its aggregative behaviour.
Narrowband UVB phototherapy in children: A New Zealand experience
Authors: Tan Eugene , Lim David , Rademaker Marius 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBackground:  Phototherapy is effective for many dermatoses in adults, but there is a paucity of data for its use in children.Objectives:  To review the efficacy and tolerability of narrowband UVB phototherapy in children at a tertiary centre in New Zealand, and determine if there were any factors that differentiated responders from non‐responders.Methods:  A prospective analysis of children (<16 years old) who had undergone phototherapy over a 15‐year period.Results:  116 children received phototherapy with a total of 144 courses. Mean age was 11.0 years with the majority being European and having skin phototype II. Atopic dermatitis was the most common indication for treatment followed by psoriasis, pityriasis lichenoides, nodular prurigo, morphea, vitiligo, urticaria pigmentosa and erythropoietic porphyria. Treatment was effective in the majority of children (72%). Most received only one course. For responders, the mean number of treatments was 32.4. The mean dose per treatment to achieve clearance was 886 mJ/cm2 and the mean maximum treatment dose per treatment was 1328 mJ/cm2. All children tolerated treatment well with 36% developing brief, minimally symptomatic, erythema. Only two children experienced exacerbations of their underlying dermatoses.Conclusions:  This study shows that phototherapy is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment modality in children.
Radical prostatectomy improves progression‐free and cancer‐specific survival in men with lymph node positive prostate cancer in the prostate‐specific antigen era: a confirmatory study
Authors: Steuber Thomas , Budäus Lars , Walz Jochen , Zorn Kevin C. , Schlomm Thorsten , Chun Felix , Ahyai Sascha , Fisch Margit , Sauter Guido , Huland Hartwig , Graefen Markus , Haese Alexander 
Published: October 2010

Study Type – Therapy (outcomes research) Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Historically, surgeons were reluctant to perform radical prostatectomy (RP) in LN positive disease. Nowadays, a shift towards multimodal treatment strategies in such patients, comprising RP with extended lymph node dissection followed by radiation and/or hormonal therapy can be detected. However, this change of paradigm is not supported by evidence derived from treatment guidelines. Retrospective studies on this topic, comprising small numbers of patients from the pre‐PSA era in the US suggest a survival advantage, if RP is performed.Our analyses of cancer control rates between patients with discontinued vs. completed prostatectomy revealed a superior clinical progression free‐ and cancer specific‐survival rate in those patients with completed prostatectomy. These results add knowledge on treatment outcome of a current patient population since previous retrospective studies include patients from the pre‐PSA era.OBJECTIVE• To assess the prognostic role of radical prostatectomy (RP) in lymph node (LN) positive patients with prostate cancer (PCa) in a contemporary RP cohort.PATIENTS AND METHODS• Between 1992 and 2004, 158 consecutive patients with clinically localized PCa and regional LN metastasis were identified. Fifty patients underwent LN dissection and discontinued RP, combined with early hormonal therapy (HT) (RP−), whereas, in 108 patients, RP was completed followed by adjunctive HT (RP+).• Clinical progression‐free‐ (CPFS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) were studied using Kaplan–Meier analysis.• Disease characteristics and the impact of RP on CPFS and CSS were further assessed using Cox proportional hazard models.• A matched pair analysis between RP− and RP+ patients was performed based on clinical and pathological factors.RESULTS• Median follow‐up was 98 months (interquartile range, 88–113). Five‐ and 10‐year CPFS was 77% and 61% for RP+ patients vs 61% and 31%, for RP− patients (P= 0.005), respectively.• A similar trend was observed for CSS (84% and 76% for RP+ vs 81% and 46% for RP−; P= 0.001).• Type of treatment (RP− vs RP+) and number of positive LN were multivariate predictors of CPFS and CSS (all P≤ 0.05).• In the matched pair analyses, RP+ patients showed superior CPFS and CSS (P < 0.005).CONCLUSIONS• RP had a beneficial impact, resulting in the superior survival of patients with LN positive PCa after controlling for LN tumour burden in a contemporary RP series.• The findings obtained in the present study support the role of RP as an important component of multimodal strategies of LN positive PCa.