bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cadmium and Cadmium Alloys
Authors: Morrow Hugh 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCadmium (Cd), a Group 12 (IIB) element occurring between zinc and mercury, is a soft, ductile, and silver‐white metal with a distorted, hexagonal, and close‐packed crystal structure. Its crustal abundance is between 0.1 and 0.5 ppm, and several cadmium minerals have been identified, the most common being greenockite (CdS). Cadmium is found most often in zinc ores, zinc‐bearing lead ores, or complex copper‐lead‐zinc ores where it usually forms an isomorphic impurity in the zinc mineral, sphalerite (ZnS). For this reason, cadmium is almost invariably recovered as a by‐product from the processing of zinc, lead, and copper ores. Its oxidation state in almost all of its compounds is +2, although a few compounds have been reported in which cadmium exists in the +1 oxidation state. There are eight natural isotopes of cadmium, ranging in mass from 106 to 116. When heated in air, cadmium metal forms a brown‐colored cadmium oxide fume (CdO). Cadmium also will react readily to form stable compounds with the halogens, selenium, sulfur, phosphorus, and tellurium.Cadmium‐containing zinc, lead‐zinc, and copper‐lead‐zinc ores normally are processed by flotation or heavy‐media separation to yield concentrates, which then are processed further to recover the primary metals—zinc, lead, or copper. Because cadmium is associated closely with zinc in its chemical properties, it normally is processed in zinc recovery circuits. Most zinc, along with cadmium, is recovered today by electrolytic techniques rather than by the older pyrometallurgical methods. The level of primary cadmium production from zinc, lead‐zinc, and copper‐lead‐zinc ores is dependent on the level of cadmium in the ores and, hence, in the subsequent concentrate. Most cadmium‐containing ores have from 0.2% to 0.3% cadmium by weight.Cadmium exhibits known adverse human health and environmental effects in certain forms and in certain concentrations and is classified as a toxic metal. Occupational exposure to cadmium dust or fume may occur during certain heating or welding operations, and protection against inhalation of respirable particles must be provided either by properly designed exhaust ventilation systems or by personal respiratory protection.The three principal applications for cadmium are nickel‐cadmium (NiCd) batteries, cadmium pigments, and cadmium coatings. The use of cadmium as stabilizers in plastics, alloys, and other minor applications has now largely disappeared and was less than 1% of total consumption in 2009. In the past 20 years, the recycling of nickel‐cadmium has increased markedly in North America, Europe, and Japan, so that today, approximately 22% of total cadmium production comes from recycled NiCd batteries.
Microwave Technology
Authors: Osepchuk John 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMicrowaves, in the central portion of the nonionizing spectral region of the electromagnetic spectrum, find use in chemical technology as a power source. Microwaves penetrate macroscopic objects further than any other type of nonionizing radiation. Most of the applications of microwave technology are based on the heating effects related to the dielectric properties of the various media. The major consumer product is the microwave oven. In the U. S., it is estimated that 90% of households own a microwave oven.The frequency allocations for microwave technology and the basic principles for processing are described. Power sources, applicators, and instruments are discussed. Hazards of exposure to microwaves and interference with other electronic equipment are given consideration. A main use of microwave power is in food processing. Other uses are numerous and include medicine, biological, agriculture, and chemical applications. Details on the use of microwave technology in chemical synthesis applications is described in detail elsewhere in the Encyclopedia. Waste treatment, recycling of plastics, ceramics processing , and microwave plasmas are included in the use discussions.
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Authors: Imam M. Ashraf , Froes F. H. , Housley Kathleen L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
When titanium was first introduced commercially in the 1940's, it was considered a wonder metal. In some ways it still is because it offers a superior combination of metallurgical and physical characteristics allowing a wide array of applications to perform to maximum potential. Its greatest use is in aerospace for which it is particularly suited because of its strength to weight ratio. Titanium and its alloys are also used in many non‐aerospace applications including armor, chemical processing, automotive, marine, medical, power generation, sporting goods, and architecture. Titanium would be used more extensively were it not for its high cost, the result of an energy‐intensive extraction process and complex fabrication sequence to mill products. Research efforts are underway to reduce its cost, thereby increasing applicability.
Biobased Materials
Authors: Curran Mary Ann 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Biobased materials refer to products that mainly consist of a substance (or substances) derived from living matter (biomass) and either occur naturally or are synthesized, or it may refer to products made by processes that use biomass. Following a strict definition, many common materials, such as paper, wood, and leather, can be referred to as biobased materials, but typically, the term refers to modern materials that have undergone more extensive processing. Materials from biomass sources include bulk chemicals, platform chemicals, solvents, polymers, and biocomposites (some materials may fall under more than one category). The many processes to convert biomass components to value‐added products and fuels can be classified broadly as biochemical or thermochemical. In addition, biotechnological processes that rely mainly on plant breeding, fermentation, and conventional enzyme isolation also are used. Biobased materials are perceived as potentially greener alternatives than their petroleum‐based counterparts; however, this claim is being scrutinized closely. New biobased materials that may compete with conventional materials are emerging continually, and the opportunities to use them in existing and novel products are just beginning to be explored.
Fuzzy Logic Control in the Packaging Industry
Authors: Braglia Marcello , Frosolini Marco 
Published: March 2010

AbstractConventional controllers for the packaging industry are often based upon look‐up tables, where past experiences help practitioners to establish the expected outcomes, corresponding to several combinations of inputs, or on the adoption of Proportional, Integrative and Derivative controllers (PIDs), that are widely used due to their intrinsic robustness in a wide variety of operating conditions. The first method grants fast and readily available responses, but, at the same time, requires great amounts of computational resources, whereas PIDs are difficult to set up and necessitate continuous adjustments. In both cases the controlled systems are rather unstable and show unpredictable behavior, mainly due to numerous and random disturbances this results, making the control unable to deal with sudden changes.In the last decades Fuzzy Logic (FL) have emerged as a way to help overcome most of the disadvantages of the traditional control techniques. This aspect has been further improved by researchers with the aid of some well known Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, such as Genetic Algorithms (GAs) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and with the adoption of computer‐aided simulation tools, that provide significant help during the set up and fine tuning of the controller. Recent literature is now available that deals with the adoption of FL hybrid controllers for packaging processes, addressing their particular aspects, and presenting noteworthy results and practical implications. Whereas some good theoretical applications of the Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLCs) to packaging processes are available, there is still a noticeable lack of real‐world implementations, mainly due to the great number of variables that may govern the processes themselves and that require long and complex tweaking stages. The present work presents a comprehensive review of the most interesting theoretical and practical implementations of the FLCs to the packaging processes, with the aim of pinpointing the strengths and the weaknesses of each proposal and giving a clear and up‐to‐date report of the state of the art.
Genetic heritage and native identity of the Seaconke Wampanoag tribe of massachusetts
Authors: Zhadanov Sergey I. , Dulik Matthew C. , Markley Michael , Jennings George W. , Gaieski Jill B. , Elias George , Schurr Theodore G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe name “Wampanoag” means “Eastern People” or “People of the First Light” in the local dialect of the Algonquian language. Once extensively populating the coastal lands and neighboring islands of the eastern United States, the Wampanoag people now consist of two federally recognized tribes, the Aquinnah and Mashpee, the state‐recognized Seaconke Wampanoag tribe, and a number of bands and clans in present‐day southern Massachusetts. Because of repeated epidemics and conflicts with English colonists, including King Philip's War of 1675–76, and subsequent colonial laws forbidding tribal identification, the Wampanoag population was largely decimated, decreasing in size from as many as 12,000 individuals in the 16th century to less than 400, as recorded in 1677. To investigate the influence of the historical past on its biological ancestry and native cultural identity, we analyzed genetic variation in the Seaconke Wampanoag tribe. Our results indicate that the majority of their mtDNA haplotypes belongs to West Eurasian and African lineages, thus reflecting the extent of their contacts and interactions with people of European and African descent. On the paternal side, Y‐chromosome analysis identified a range of Native American, West Eurasian, and African haplogroups in the population, and also surprisingly revealed the presence of a paternal lineage that appears at its highest frequencies in New Guinea and Melanesia. Comparison of the genetic data with genealogical and historical information allows us to reconstruct the tribal history of the Seaconke Wampanoag back to at least the early 18th century. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:579–589, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Task‐Specific Ionic Liquids
Authors: Giernoth Ralf 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn recent years, ionic liquids have attracted the attention of many chemists as a result of their unique properties as solvents for chemical transformations. The focus of this Minireview is on applications of so‐called “task‐specific” ionic liquids, whereby the role of the ionic liquid goes beyond that of a solvent. Such ionic liquids find application in a wide range of areas, including catalysis, synthesis, gas absorption, and analysis.
Palladium‐catalyzed cyanation reaction of aryl halides using K4[Fe(CN)6] as non‐toxic source of cyanide under microwave irradiation
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Karami Kazem , Pirisedigh Azadeh 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn efficient method for preparation of aryl nitriles—using [Pd{C6H2(CH2CH2 NH2)‐(OMe)2,3,4} (µ‐Br)]2 complex as an efficient catalyst and K4[Fe(CN)6] as a green cyanide source—from aryl bromides, aryl iodides and aryl chlorides under microwave irradiation has been reported. This complex has been demonstrated to be an active and efficient catalyst for this reaction. Using a catalytic amount of this synthesized palladium complex in DMF at 130 °C led to production of the cyanoarenes in excellent yields in short reaction times. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multidimensional second order systems with controls
Authors: Bors D. , Walczak S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the paper, a nonlinear equation with decreasing mass is considered. Sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions on the interval [t1, t2] are proved. Moreover, theorem on the stability of system and the existence of optimal control are presented. The proofs of the main results are based on variational method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
A study on the long term periodicities among the X‐ray binaries: Two new superorbital periods
Authors: Özdemir S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLong term behaviours of a few selected X‐ray binaries are studied on the basis of RXTE/ASM archive covering a period of ∼13 years of continuous X‐ray data. Two new superorbital periods seem to be revealed for the GX354‐0 and X Persei systems as 8.7 years and 345 days, respectively. Although the X Persei system has two strongest peaks in its power density spectrum at 15.7 years and at 345 days, the latter is much more plausible. The GX354‐0 system also has few additional periodicities appeared in different time intervals (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Orbital eccentricity of the symbiotic star MWC 560
Authors: Zamanov R.K. , Gomboc A. , Stoyanov K.A. , Stateva I.K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe present projected rotational velocity measurements of the red giant in the symbiotic star MWC 560, using the high‐resolution spectroscopic observations with the FEROS spectrograph. We find that the projected rotational velocity of the red giant is v sin i = 8.2 ± 1.5 km s–1, and estimate its rotational period tobe Prot = 144–306 days. Using the theoretical predictions of tidal interaction and pseudosynchronization, we estimate the orbital eccentricity e = 0.68–0.82. We briefly discuss the connection of our results with the photometric variability of the object (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Integrated spectroscopic study of 7 star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Talavera M.L. , Ahumada A.V. , Santos J.F.C. , Clariä Jj. , Bica E. , Parisi M.C. , Torres M.C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe present flux‐calibrated integrated spectra for 7 star clusters belonging to the Small Magellanic Cloud in the optical range (≈3600–7000 Ä), obtained at CASLEO (Argentina). Three out of the 7 clusters were not previously studied so their ages and reddening values are determined for the first time in the current study. Using the equivalent widths of selected spectroscopic lines and comparing the cluster spectra with template spectra of known properties, we derive foreground interstellar reddening and age. The clusters are in the (5–300) Myr age range and their E (B – V) colour excesses were in all cases smaller than 0.12. The present data also contribute to enlarge the cluster spectral library at the metallicity level of the Small Magellanic Cloud. The buildup of such database, which also includes Galactic and Large Magellanic Cloud clusters, is a long‐term project that we have been developing and which has proved to be useful in the analysis of stellar populations of extragalactic systems (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Productivity and impact of astronomical facilities: A recent sample
Authors: Trimble V. , Ceja J.A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe papers published in 11 key astronomical journals in 2008, and a year of citations to those from the first half of the year, have been associated with the telescopes, satellites, and so forth where the data were gathered using a form of fractional counting. Some numbers are also given by journal, by subfield, and by wavelength band. The largest numbers of papers, and generally also quite highly cited ones, in their respective wavelength bands come from the Very Large Array, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the Chandra X‐ray Telescope. Optical astronomy is still the largest sector; and papers about cosmology and exoplanets are cited more often than papers about binary stars and planetary nebulae. The authors conclude that it is of equal importance to recognize (a) that a very large number of papers also come from less famous facilities, (b) that a very large fraction of papers (and their authors) are concerned with the less highly‐cited topics, (c) that many facilities are quite slow in achieving their eventual level of influence, and (d) that one really needs at least three years of citation data, not just one or two, to provide a fair picture of what is going on (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Increasing parvovirus filter throughput of monoclonal antibodies using ion exchange membrane adsorptive pre‐filtration
Authors: Brown Arick , Bechtel Charity , Bill Jerome , Liu Hui , Liu Jun , McDonald Dan , Pai Satyan , Radhamohan Asha , Renslow Ryan , Thayer Brooke , Yohe Stefan , Dowd Chris 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPre‐filtration using ion exchange membrane adsorbers can improve parvovirus filter throughput of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The membranes work by binding trace foulants, and although some antibody product also binds, yields ≥99% are easily achieved by overloading. Results show that foulant adsorption is dependent on pH and conductivity, but independent of scale and adsorber brand. The ability to use ion exchange membranes as pre‐filters is significant because it provides a clean, well defined, chemically stable option for enhancing throughput. Additionally, ion exchange membranes facilitate characterization of parvovirus filter foulants. Examination of adsorber elution samples using sedimentation velocity analysis and SEC‐MALS/QELS revealed the presence of high molecular weight species ranging from 8 to 13 nm in hydrodynamic radius, which are similar in size to parvoviruses and thus would be expected to plug the pores of a parvovirus filter. A study of two identical membranes in‐series supports the hypothesis that the foulants are soluble, trace level aggregates in the feed. This study's significance lies in a previously undiscovered application of membrane chromatography, leading to a more cost effective and robust approach to parvovirus filtration for the production of monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 627–637. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation of recombinant proteins from culture broth by co‐precipitation with an amino acid carrier to form stable dry powders
Authors: Moore Barry D. , Deere Joseph , Edrada‐Ebel RuAngelie , Ingram Andrew , van der Walle Christopher F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractProtein‐coated microcrystals can be generated by co‐precipitation of protein and a water‐soluble crystalline carrier by addition to excess water miscible organic solvent. We have investigated this novel process for its utility in the concentration and partial purification of a recombinant protein exported into the culture broth during expression by Pichia pastoris. Co‐precipitation with a L‐glutamine carrier selectively isolated the protein content of the culture broth, with a minimal number of steps, and simultaneously removed contaminants including a novel yeast metabolite. This pigment co‐elutes during aqueous chromatography but its elucidation as a benzoylated glycosamine suggested a simple route of removal by partition during the co‐precipitation process. Scale‐up of the process was readily achieved through in‐line mixing and subsequent reconstitution of the dried protein‐coated microcrystals yielded natively folded, bioactive protein. Additional washing of the crystals with saturated L‐glutamine facilitated further purification of the recombinant protein immobilized on the L‐glutamine carrier. Thus, we present a novel method for the harvesting of recombinant protein from culture broth as a dry powder, which may be of general applicability to bioprocessing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 764–773. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of combinational adenoviral vector‐mediated TGFβ3 transgene and shRNA silencing type I collagen on articular chondrogenesis of synovium‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Yao Yongchang , Zhang Feng , Zhou Ruijie , Su Kai , Fan Jiabing , Wang Dong‐An 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this study, transgenic effects of combination of transforming growth factor (TGF) β3 and shRNA silencing type I collagen (Col I) on chondrogenesis of synovium‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) were evaluated. SMSCs were infected with recombinant adenoviruses encoding TGFβ3 (Ad‐TGFβ3) and/or anti‐Col I shRNA (Ad‐shRNA) separately, simultaneously (Ad‐combination), or conjugately (Ad‐double, mediated by one vector encoding both). The transduced SMSCs were encapsulated in alginate hydrogel and cultured for 30 days in chondrogenic medium. The expression of cartilaginous extracellular matrix components was investigated by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) and histological staining. qRT‐PCR showed an up‐regulation in chondrocytes marker genes such as type II collagen, aggrecan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in Ad‐TGFβ3, Ad‐double, and Ad‐combination groups on day 30. Whereas, Ad‐TGFβ3 treatment induced significant elevation in Col I, which could be largely resisted by anti‐Col I shRNA functionality. Histological and immunohistochemical staining results were consistent with our qRT‐PCR data. These results demonstrate that the application of combinational adenoviral vector‐mediated transgenic TGFβ3 and shRNA targeting Col I possesses the potential in promoting the chondrogenic differentiation of SMSCs as well as inhibiting the formation of fibrocartilage. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 818–828. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bio‐electrospraying: A potentially safe technique for delivering progenitor cells
Authors: Sahoo Sambit , Lee Wong Cheng , Goh James Cho Hong , Toh Siew Lok 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBio‐electrospraying is fast becoming an attractive tool for in situ cell delivery into scaffolds for tissue engineering applications, with several cell types been successfully electrosprayed. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal progenitor/stem cells (BMSC), which are an important cell source for tissue engineering, have not been explored in detail and the effect of electrospraying on their “stemness” is not known. This study therefore investigates the effects of electrospraying on BMSC viability, proliferation, and multilineage differentiation potential. Electrospraying a BMSC suspension at flow rate of 6 mL/h and voltages of 7.5–15 kV could successfully generate a continuous, stable and linearly directed electrospray of cells. Morphological observation, trypan blue tests and alamar blue based metabolic assays revealed about 88% of these electrosprayed cells were viable, and proliferated at rates similar to native BMSCs. However, at higher voltages, electrospraying became unstable and reduced cell viability, possibly due to electrical or thermal damage to the cells. BMSCs electrosprayed at 7.5 kV also retained their multipotency and could be successfully differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, demonstrating similar morphology and gene expression levels as induced native BMSCs. These results indicate that bio‐electrospraying could be safely used as a progenitor/stem cell delivery technique for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 690–698. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.