bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Populations of subplate and interstitial neurons in fetal and adult human telencephalon
Authors: Judaš Miloš , Sedmak Goran , Pletikos Mihovil , Jovanov‐Milošević Nataša 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn the adult human telencephalon, subcortical (gyral) white matter contains a special population of interstitial neurons considered to be surviving descendants of fetal subplate neurons [Kostovic & Rakic (1980) Cytology and the time of origin of interstitial neurons in the white matter in infant and adult human and monkey telencephalon. J Neurocytol9, 219]. We designate this population of cells as superficial (gyral) interstitial neurons and describe their morphology and distribution in the postnatal and adult human cerebrum. Human fetal subplate neurons cannot be regarded as interstitial, because the subplate zone is an essential part of the fetal cortex, the major site of synaptogenesis and the ‘waiting’ compartment for growing cortical afferents, and contains both projection neurons and interneurons with distinct input–output connectivity. However, although the subplate zone is a transient fetal structure, many subplate neurons survive postnatally as superficial (gyral) interstitial neurons. The fetal white matter is represented by the intermediate zone and well‐defined deep periventricular tracts of growing axons, such as the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, internal and external capsule, and the fountainhead of the corona radiata. These tracts gradually occupy the territory of transient fetal subventricular and ventricular zones.The human fetal white matter also contains distinct populations of deep fetal interstitial neurons, which, by virtue of their location, morphology, molecular phenotypes and advanced level of dendritic maturation, remain distinct from subplate neurons and neurons in adjacent structures (e.g. basal ganglia, basal forebrain). We describe the morphological, histochemical (nicotinamide‐adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐diaphorase) and immunocytochemical (neuron‐specific nuclear protein, microtubule‐associated protein‐2, calbindin, calretinin, neuropeptide Y) features of both deep fetal interstitial neurons and deep (periventricular) interstitial neurons in the postnatal and adult deep cerebral white matter (i.e. corpus callosum, anterior commissure, internal and external capsule and the corona radiata/centrum semiovale). Although these deep interstitial neurons are poorly developed or absent in the brains of rodents, they represent a prominent feature of the significantly enlarged white matter of human and non‐human primate brains.
The HUDSEN Atlas: a three‐dimensional (3D) spatial framework for studying gene expression in the developing human brain
Authors: Kerwin Janet , Yang Yiya , Merchan Paloma , Sarma Subrot , Thompson Jessica , Wang Xunxian , Sandoval Juan , Puelles Luis , Baldock Richard , Lindsay Susan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe are developing a three‐dimensional (3D) atlas of the human embryonic brain using anatomical landmarks and gene expression data to define major subdivisions through 12 stages of development [Carnegie Stages (CS) 12–23; approximately 26–56 days post conception (dpc)]. Virtual 3D anatomical models are generated from intact specimens using optical projection tomography (OPT). Using mapaint software, selected gene expression data, gathered using standard methods of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, are mapped to a representative 3D model for each chosen Carnegie stage. In these models, anatomical domains, defined on the basis of morphological landmarks and comparative knowledge of expression patterns in vertebrates, are linked to a developmental neuroanatomic ontology. Human gene expression patterns for genes with characteristic expression in different vertebrates (e.g. PAX6, GAD65 and OLIG2) are being used to confirm and/or refine the human anatomical domain boundaries. We have also developed interpolation software that digitally generates a full domain from partial data. Currently, the 3D models and a preliminary set of anatomical domains and ontology are available on the atlas pages along with gene expression data from approximately 100 genes in the HUDSEN Human Spatial Gene Expression Database (http://www.hudsen.org). The aim is that full 3D data will be generated from expression data used to define a more detailed set of anatomical domains linked to a more advanced anatomy ontology and all of these will be available online, contributing to the long‐term goal of the atlas, which is to help maximize the effective use and dissemination of data wherever it is generated.
Exercising attention within the classroom
Authors: HILL LIAM , WILLIAMS JUSTIN H G , AUCOTT LORNA , MILNE JUNE , THOMSON JENNY , GREIG JESSIE , MUNRO VAL , MON‐WILLIAMS MARK 
Published: September 2010

Aim  To investigate whether increased physical exercise during the school day influenced subsequent cognitive performance in the classroom.Method  A randomized, crossover‐design trial (two weeks in duration) was conducted in six mainstream primary schools (1224 children aged 8–11y). No data on sex was available. Children received a teacher‐directed, classroom‐based programme of physical exercise, delivered approximately 30 minutes after lunch for 15 minutes during one week and no exercise programme during the other (order counterbalanced across participants). At the end of each school day, they completed one of five psychometric tests (paced serial addition, size ordering, listening span, digit‐span backwards, and digit‐symbol encoding), so that each test was delivered once after exercise and once after no exercise.Results  General linear modelling analysis demonstrated a significant interaction between intervention and counterbalance group (p<0.001), showing that exercise benefitted cognitive performance. Post‐hoc analysis revealed that benefits occurred in participants who received the exercise intervention in the second but not the first week of the experiment and were also moderated by type of test and age group.Interpretation  Physical exercise benefits cognitive performance within the classroom. The degree of benefit depends on the context of testing and participants’ characteristics. This has implications for the role that is attributed to physical exercise within the school curriculum.
COMPARISON OF THE CARDIAC EFFECTS OF β‐ADRENORECEPTOR AGONISTS IN ANAESTHETISED AND CONSCIOUS DOGS
Authors: EINSTEIN ROSEMARIE , GOODMAN A. H. , YEOH EVELYN B. K. 
Published: September 2010

The cardiovascular effects of some β‐adrenoreceptor agonists on heart rate, blood pressure and myocardial contractility (maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure/integrated isometric tension) were measured in pentobarbitone‐anaesthetised and conscious, instrumented greyhounds.
In anaesthetised dogs isoprenaline increased heart rate and myocardial contractility and reduced blood pressure. Prenalterol and RO 363, in equiactive inotropic doses, induced greater increases in heart rate than isoprenaline if blood pressure fell by less than 25 mmHg. Salbutamol had hypotensive activity at all doses and appeared to be a relatively selective inotrope.
None of the agonists caused blood pressure to fall in the conscious dogs. Prenalterol and RO 363 were more effective inotropic stimulants, producing smaller increases in heart rate and more pronounced increases in myocardial contractility. Salbutamol, however, elicited greater increases in heart rate in the conscious animals and the inotropic selectivity demonstrated in the anaesthetised animals was lost.
The direct effects of the β‐adrenoreceptor agonists, without modification by reflexes could be observed in the anaesthetised animals. The differences in the actions of the agonists in the conscious animals appear to be attributable to the state of the baroreceptor reflex control system and the relatively enhanced responsiveness of the heart.
A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DOPAMINE AND NORADRENALINE CONTENT AND TRANSMURAL PRESSURE IN THE MESENTERIC ARTERIES OF THE DOG
Authors: AZEVEDO I. , SOARES‐DA‐SILVA P. 
Published: September 2010

Transmural pressure was measured in the main trunk and in a proximal branch of the mesenteric artery from normotensive dogs. Dopamine and noradrenaline content were determined in both mesenteric arterial segments.
For each vessel transmural pressure values and dopamine and noradrenaline content were plotted for calculation of linearity of regression. A positive correlation was found between transmural pressure values and catecholamine content in both segments of the mesenteric artery; i.e. in the main trunk and in the proximal branch.
These findings suggest a reciprocal regulation between structure/function of these blood vessels and their sympathetic innervation.
AN ATROPINE‐LIKE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF DMPP ON RAT ISOLATED URINARY BLADDER
Authors: MAGGI C. A. , MANZINI S. , SANTICIOLI P. , MELI A. 
Published: September 2010

DMPP inhibits the nerve‐mediated contractions of the rat isolated bladder, its effect being greater in preparations from newborn (2 day old) than adult animals. This effect of DMPP was unaffected by hexamethonium. In preparations from adult animals the effect of DMPP increased with frequency of stimulation and was fully prevented by the presence of atropine.
In bladders from newborn rats low concentrations of furthrethonium (FHR) (10 nM) activated a series of rhythmic contractions which were unaffected by tetrodotoxin and abolished by DMPP through an hexamethonium‐insensitive action. On the other hand DMPP did not affect rhythmic contractions produced by a low concentration of eledoisin (60 nM).
In bladders from adult rats FHR (10 μM) and KCl (30 mM) produced contractures of comparable magnitude. DMPP inhibited, in concentration‐related manner the FHR‐induced tonic contraction but had little effect on that produced by KCl.
These findings indicate that in the rat bladder, DMPP antagonizes selectivity cholinergically‐mediated contractions through a mechanism which is unaffected by hexamethonium or tetrodotoxin. An ‘atropine‐like’ activity of DMPP should be considered.
Unexpected weight gain in resident Antarctic Terns Sterna vittata during the austral winter
Authors: PARMELEE D. F. 
Published: September 2010

Antarctic Terns Sterna vittata (Fig. 1) may display two very different migratory behaviours. According to Cooper (1976), the terns breeding on Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic fly thousands of kilometers to the coasts of Africa where they moult. Antarctic Terns that inhabit the more southern and colder Antarctic Peninsula region moult on their breeding grounds. An early account of these seemingly resident peninsular terns (Holdgate 1963) leaves little doubt that at least part of the tern population wintered in the vicinity of Arthur Harbor (64°46'S 64°03'W), Anvers Island, west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Watson (1975) stated that adult Antarctic Terns are generally sedentary around many insular breeding stations, moving only to the nearest open water in winter.During the years 1975 through 1978, 19 tern specimens of different sexes and ages were collected at Arthur Harbor in the non‐breeding season near U.S. Palmer Station. An additional eight terns were collected at sea a short distance from Anvers Island during the non‐breeding season in 1985 (Pietz & Strong, in press). I found that the adult birds taken at the height of winter weighed significantly more than the 150–180 g of a normal breeding Antarctic Tern. This unexpected discovery prompted me to examine the weights of an additional 34 specimens that had been collected at or near Anvers Island during several breeding seasons. By comparing the weights of adult terns by sex, age, and collection date (Fig. 2, Table 1) I found that both males and females weighed significantly more in the winter non‐breeding season (April‐September) than in the summer breeding season (October‐March) (t24 = 6·57, P < 0·001, and t16 = 5·71, P < 0·001, respectively). No significant differences were detected between male and female weights in summer (t23 = 0·76, P > 0·20) or winter (t17 = 1·16, P > 0·20). In short, it appears that body‐weights of adult terns rise rather dramatically following breeding, attain a peak in mid‐winter, and then fall at the approach of the next breeding season (Fig. 2). I suggest that this increased body‐weight is an adaptation to the austral winter rather than simply a recovery from weight loss due to energetic costs of breeding and moulting.
Rosiglitazone reverses salbutamol‐induced β2‐adrenoceptor tolerance in airway smooth muscle
Authors: Fogli Stefano , Pellegrini Silvia , Adinolfi Barbara , Mariotti Veronica , Melissari Erika , Betti Laura , Fabbrini Laura , Giannaccini Gino , Lucacchini Antonio , Bardelli Claudio , Stefanelli Fabio , Brunelleschi Sandra , Breschi Maria Cristina 
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE β2‐Adrenoceptor agonists are important therapeutic agents in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The regular use of these drugs has been associated with proasthmatic‐like changes that limit their efficacy and increase the risk of severe adverse reactions. We investigated whether the peroxisome‐proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonist rosiglitazone modulated salbutamol‐induced β2‐adrenoceptor desensitization in vivo and in vitro.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH An in vivo model of homologous β2‐adrenoceptor desensitization, established in guinea‐pigs by administering salbutamol continuously, was used to study the ability of rosiglitazone to prevent β2‐adrenoceptor tolerance. In vitro experiments on human bronchial smooth muscle cells were performed to increase the clinical relevance of the study.KEY RESULTS In tracheal smooth muscle tissues from desensitized animals, we observed a decrease in the protective effect of salbutamol on carbachol‐induced contraction, a hyperresponsiveness to cholinergic stimuli, a modest underexpression of β2‐adrenoceptor gene and a marked decrease in β‐adrenoceptor number, relative to control values. Treatment with rosiglitazone preserved salbutamol relaxant activity, mitigated carbachol hyperresponsiveness and partially restored β2‐adrenoceptor binding sites in tracheal tissues from homologously desensitized animals. The highly selective PPARγ agonist, GW1929, reproduced the effect of rosiglitazone, in vivo. In vitroβ2‐adrenoceptor desensitization decreased salbutamol‐mediated cAMP production, without affecting forskolin responses and β2‐adrenoceptor expression. Rosiglitazone and 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐prostaglandin J2 restored salbutamol sensitivity in homologously desensitized cells.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data suggest a potential pharmacodynamic interaction between PPARγ agonists and salbutamol on airway smooth muscle responsiveness, supporting the therapeutic potential of this combination in chronic airway disease.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of the R2 peptide, an inhibitor of transglutaminase 2, in a mouse model of allergic asthma, induced by ovalbumin
Authors: Kim Dae Yong , Park Bum Soo , Hong Gwan Ui , Lee Byung Jae , Park Jung Won , Kim Soo Youl , Ro Jai Youl 
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) expression is increased in inflammatory diseases, and TGase 2 inhibitors block these increases. We examined whether the R2 peptide inhibited the expression of TGase 2 in a mouse model of inflammatory allergic asthma.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) to induce asthma. OVA‐specific serum IgE and leukotrienes (LTs) levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Recruitment of inflammatory cells into bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid or lung tissues and goblet cell hyperplasia were assessed histologically. Airway hyperresponsiveness was determined in a barometric plethysmographic chamber. Expression of TGase 2, eosinophil major basic protein (EMBP), the adhesion molecule vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, Muc5ac and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) protein were determined by Western blot. Expression of mRNAs of Muc5ac, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) were measured by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.KEY RESULTS R2 peptide reduced OVA‐specific IgE levels; the number of total inflammatory cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils in BAL fluid and the number of goblet cells. Airway hyperresponsiveness, TGase 2 and EMBP levels, mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐13, RANTES, tumour necrosis factor‐α, and MMP2/9, Muc5ac, NF‐κB activity, PLA2 activity and expressions, and LT levels in BAL cells and lung tissues were all reduced by R2 peptide. R2 peptide also restored expression of TIMP1/2.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS R2 peptide reduced allergic responses by regulating NF‐κB/TGase 2 activity in a mouse model of allergic asthma. This peptide may be useful in the treatment of allergic asthma.
Party Mergers and Splits in New Democracies: The Case of South Korea (1987–2007)
Authors: Park Kyungmee 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study explores how a party's organizational mode affects its stability in new democracies. A party organization was stable under these three conditions: when the relationship from lower to upper organizations has institutionalized a strong vertical organization mode; when the central party power is concentrated on the leadership; and when the leadership has been safely shifted after elections. In the case of two ruling parties in South Korea, each mode produced differences in party stability. The dissimilar organization modes of two parties resulted in different organizational stability.
Distribution of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, along the Seto Inland Sea, western Japan: Result of surveys in 2003–2005
Authors: OKAUE Masayuki , YAMAMOTO Kazunori , TOUYAMA Yoshifumi , KAMEYAMA Takeshi , TERAYAMA Mamoru , SUGIYAMA Takashi , MURAKAMI Kyouzou , ITO Fuminori 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe distribution of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, was investigated in 65 cities or towns along the Seto Inland Sea, western Japan in 2003–2005. Our results include all available information of their distribution in Japan until 2005. Argentine ants have invaded Aichi Prefecture (Tahara‐shi), Hyogo Prefecture (Kobe‐shi), Hiroshima Prefecture (Hiroshima‐shi, Fuchu‐cho, Hatsukaichi‐shi, Ono‐cho and Otake‐shi), and Yamaguchi Prefecture (Iwakuni‐shi and Yanai‐shi). The most widespread distribution was found around Hatsukaichi‐shi including the westernmost part of Hiroshima‐shi and the easternmost of Ono‐cho.
Morphologic, Genetic, and Biochemical Characterization of Helicobacter Magdeburgensis, a Novel Species Isolated from the Intestine of Laboratory Mice
Authors: Traverso Francisco Rivas , Bohr Ulrich R. M. , Oyarzabal Omar A. , Rohde Manfred , Clarici Alexandra , Wex Thomas , Kuester Doerthe , Malfertheiner Peter , Fox James G. , Backert Steffen 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  The presence of enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS) is commonly noted in mouse colonies. These infections often remain unrecognized but can cause severe health complications or more subtle host immune perturbations and therefore can confound the results of animal experiments. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize a putative novel EHS that has previously been detected by PCR screening of specific‐pathogen‐free mice.Materials and Methods:  Biochemical analysis of enzyme activities (API campy), morphologic investigation (Gram‐staining and electron microscopy) and genetic analyses (16SrRNA and 23SrRNA analyses, DNA fingerprinting, restriction fragment polymorphisms, and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis) were used to characterize isolated EHS. Genomic DNA fragments were sequenced to develop a species‐specific PCR detection assay.Results:  Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of spiral‐shaped EHS, which varied in length (2.5–6 μm) and contained single monopolar or single bipolar sheathed flagella. The bacteria were grown under anaerobic conditions, preferably on agar plates containing serum or blood. The 16SrRNA, genetic, and biochemical analyses indicated the identification of a novel EHS species, named Helicobacter magdeburgensis. We also examined the genome content using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. Based on the pattern produced by two restriction enzymes, BamIII and KspI, the genome size was determined to be about 1.7–1.8 Mbp.Conclusion:  We isolated and characterized a novel EHS species, H. magdeburgensis, morphologically, biochemically, and genetically. These results are important for future studies on the prevalence and pathophysiologic relevance of such infections. Our PCR assay can be used to detect and discriminate H. magdeburgensis from other Helicobacter species.
Viability Determination of Helicobacter pylori Using Propidium Monoazide Quantitative PCR
Authors: Agustí Gemma , Codony Francesc , Fittipaldi Mariana , Adrados Bárbara , Morató Jordi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  While Helicobacter pylori exists in a bacillary form in both the natural habitat and the human host, detrimental environmental circumstances have been observed to lead to the conversion of H. pylori from the bacillary to the coccoid form. However, the viability or nonviability of coccoid forms remains to be established in H. pylori. The aim of this study was to determine whether the quantitative PCR combined with propidium monoazide could be an alternative and good technique to determine H. pylori viability in environmental samples and, to contribute to understanding of the role of the H. pylori forms.Materials and Methods:  Viability, morphological distribution, and the number of live H. pylori cells were determined using a propidium monoazide‐based quantitative PCR method, at various time points.Results:  Under adverse environmental conditions was observed the conversion of H. pylori from the bacillary to the coccoid form, and the decrease in amplification signal, in samples that were treated with propidium monoazide, over the time.Conclusions:  Incorporation of propidium monoazide indicates that there is an increase in H. pylori cells with the damaged membrane over the study, leading to the manifestation of cellular degeneration and death. Consequently, quantitative PCR combined with propidium monoazide contributes to our understanding of the role of H. pylori cells, under adverse environmental conditions.