bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sweat: Toxicology
Authors: De La Torre Rafael , Pichini Simona 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDrugs are distribute into sweat by passive diffusion and transdermal migration. The proof of principle of drug testing in sweat has been developed in the last 25 years. Numerous devices and approaches have been developed for the collection of sweat. The potential application of sweat analysis for on‐site drug testing at the roadside is limited by the nonavailability of adequate analytical devices. Their major limitation is the lack of sensitivity to some drug classes. Adequate analytical methodology has been developed for drug analysis both in sweat patches and skin swabs. Immunoassays directed at the detection of parent drugs combined with highly sensitive chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analytical methods is the most common analytical approach. In particular, the sweat patch drug testing approach has been proven to be an alternative to urine testing in Substance Abuse Treatment and probation programs. Some of the advantages include a wider detection window, easier sample collection, and reduced opportunities for sample tampering. There are still some pending studies on environmental skin contamination, drug absorption/loss through patch membrane, and drug reabsorption from patches that limit the routine application of drug testing in sweat to some extent.
Postmortem Toxicology: Laboratory Analysis
Authors: Cheng Wing‐Chi 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Postmortem toxicology is a unique application of forensic toxicology to investigate whether or not drugs or poisons contribute to the cause and manner of death. Virtually, all body parts of the deceased can be used for toxicological analysis, but the quality and availability of specimens is often affected by postmortem degradation or autolysis. An overview on the significance of different body fluids, tissues, and specimens are given. While the most common specimens of choice are blood, urine, and vitreous humor, depending on the case and availability of specimens for collection, liver, gastric content, etc. are also useful. Additional information relevant to the case, such as evidence collected at the scene, medical history, and autopsy findings, can assist in determining the appropriate toxicological analysis and to assist in the interpretation of results. Using a single analytical method for the analysis of all potential drugs and poisons with distinct chemical and physical properties is practically impossible. A typical toxicological examination usually consists of a general toxicological screening scheme and supplemented with case‐specific tests. A combination of chromatographic techniques (gas chromatography (GC) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)) with various detection systems (nitrogen‐phosphorus, electron capture, and mass spectrometry (MS) for GC; diode‐array detector (DAD) for HPLC) are useful to provide diverse screening and analytical capabilities. Liquid‐liquid extraction and solid‐phase extraction are common extraction techniques used prior to chromatographic analysis. The application of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) has been demonstrated to be a useful complimentary technique for the analysis of those substances that are not amenable to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and high‐performance liquid chromatography diode‐array detector (HPLC‐DAD). Recent developments in the application of hybrid linear ion‐trap liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) and LC‐time‐of‐flight‐MS have successfully demonstrated their potential use in general unknown screening. When drugs and poisons are detected, confirmation tests and, if necessary, quantitative analyses will have to be performed. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the toxicological results, analytical methods must be properly validated.
Guardianships of Adults
Authors: Quinn Mary J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Adult guardianships or their facsimiles have been with us since ancient Greek times. Over the past 25 years, policy makers, researchers, administrators, gerontologists, and educators have struggled to reform guardianship to reflect current knowledge of cognition, functional behavior, and court processes as well as to promote proper due process and judicial decision making based on objective evidence. This article describes the history of guardianship, the institution of guardianship, alternatives to guardianship, the criteria for guardianship, court process, and court monitoring of guardianships.
Autoerotic Deaths
Authors: Knoll James L. , Baden Michael M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAutoerotic fatalities are accidental deaths that occur while the victim is engaged in solitary sexual activity. The most common form of autoerotic death, autoerotic asphyxiation (AEA), is typically the result of the failure of victim's neck ligature to release in time to reverse his cerebral hypoxia. Practitioners of AEA are motivated by their sexual arousal to the state of oxygen deprivation (asphyxiophilia), although other paraphilias such as sexual masochism or transvestism may also be present. Autoerotic deaths are sometimes misidentified as suicides or homicides. A comprehensive postmortem behavioral analysis may be required to reveal that the autoerotic death was accidental. Investigators should be familiar with the common pathological and investigative findings in cases of autoerotic death. Special attention should be paid to key features associated with autoerotic death scenes.
Seizures: Behavioral
Authors: Walker James S. , Abou‐Khalil Bassel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The question of whether an individual has experienced a seizure or has recurrent seizures (epilepsy) is often encountered in the forensic setting. Such questions are often raised in cases of alleged personal injury, usually in cases of apparent brain injury. The impact of seizures in a patient's life is also often at issue in cases involving disability law and employment discrimination. Occasionally, death or injuries related to epilepsy are at issue in the court, or the impact of a mother's use of antiepileptic drugs resulting in apparent birth defects. In the criminal arena, criminal acts are sometimes attributed to seizure activity or to brain dysfunction associated with epilepsy. Classification of seizures and epileptic syndromes are one goal of the assessment of the seizure disorder patient. Diagnostic methods include neurological examination, preferably by a neurologist skilled in the field of epileptology. The evaluation will also likely include EEG testing and brain imaging studies. Careful consideration of differential diagnosis issues is critical, as many medical and psychiatric syndromes closely resemble the presentation of seizure disorder. One key differential is ruling out psychogenic seizures or pseudoseizures. When seizures figure into a potential criminal defense (automatism) for aggressive behavior, careful forensic neurological assessment is warranted to determine the medicolegal validity of such a defense.
Disaster Victim Identification
Authors: Black Sue , Hackman Lucina 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA mass fatality event may involve a small number of deceased or it may run to a toll of hundreds of thousands. Correct identification of the deceased is vital to fulfill both judicial and humanitarian requirements. To avoid errors, the process must adopt the highest standards of forensic and scientific rigor. Unfortunately, there is little uniformity of process between countries. The integrating role of Interpol is vital although not yet fully utilized. We summarize the requirements and procedures adopted for reliable disaster victim identification (DVI) and focus on the template devised in the United Kingdom.
Whole Genome Amplification
Authors: Ballantyne Jack , Hanson Erin K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
DNA typing has revolutionized forensic biology and has resulted in a dramatic increase in the ability to obtain probative information from crimes involving biological material. Standard typing protocols permit the detection of as little as 100 pg of DNA and therefore may not be able to accommodate low copy number (LCN) samples (defined here as containing <100 pg of template DNA) frequently encountered in forensic casework. In an attempt to increase the recovery of profiles from such LCN samples, whole genome amplification (WGA) strategies have been developed. WGA methods attempt to increase the effective number of starting genomic templates prior to any downstream analysis. Theoretically, by preamplifying the limited amount of genetic material in the sample, sufficient quantities of template can be produced to overcome stochastic effects resulting from LCN templates. We provide an overview of existing WGA methods and describe their applications in forensic DNA analysis. Although WGA methods have yet to demonstrate their utility for routine forensic analysis, selective genomic enrichment and the production of sufficient sample for multiple repeat analyses are possible novel applications.
Radiocarbon Dating
Authors: Buchholz Bruce A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRadiocarbon dating can be used to determine the age of objects that contain components that were once alive. In the case of human remains, a radiocarbon date can distinguish between a crime scene and an archeological site. Documents, museum artifacts, and art objects can be dated to determine whether their age is correct for the historical context. A radiocarbon date does not confirm authenticity, but it can help identify a forgery.
Therapeutic Jurisprudence
Authors: West Sara G. , Hatters‐Friedman Susan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTherapeutic jurisprudence is an idea that calls for the investigation of the law as a therapeutic agent. This term was first introduced by David Wexler, following the major paradigm shifts in mental health care that had occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. Though recently introduced, this concept is reflected in a number of processes utilized in the management of the mentally ill, including specialized courts. Other authors have theorized that even more proceedings would benefit from the application of this concept.
Alcohol: Interaction with Other Drugs
Authors: Brick John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPrescription medications as well as over‐the‐counter medications are widely used. Many of these medications have psychoactive effects when used alone, but in combination with ethyl alcohol, a common toxicological factor in forensic evaluations, may result in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. This article reviews the use of and pharmacological interactions between alcohol and analgesics, antibiotics, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antidiabetics, antihistamines, antipsychotics, cardiovascular medications, other alcohols, statins, opiates, sedatives, and stimulants. The importance of individual characteristics, experimental design, and drug interactions is discussed in the context of forensic evaluations.
Firesetting
Authors: Yang Suzanne , Geller Jeffrey L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFollowing an overview of the cultural symbolism of fire, this article examines the psychological significance of firesetting behavior. Firesetting in childhood and adolescence is discussed in the context of learning about social rules. Mental disorders ranging from pyromania to other disorders that may be associated with firesetting are addressed in terms of the use of fire as an expression of psychopathology. After summarizing current knowledge regarding diagnoses associated with criminal acts involving fire, the article explores the issue of whether firesetting should be considered a form of interpersonal violence.
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Investigations
Authors: Morrish Bronwyn C. , Roffey Paul E. , Gillman Victoria C. , Norman Keith W. , Koperski George J. , Abbondante Serena F. , Wenger Eric 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe crime scene around the preparation or release of hazardous chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) material provides unique challenges for investigators. Following a terrorist, criminal, or inadvertent release of CBRN agents, emergency service (first responder) agencies may have to deal with mass casualties and public panic, where significant numbers of people in the area will seek medical attention believing they have been exposed. The risks that these agents pose to first responders and crime scene investigators are significant factors in managing the response. The CBRN crime scene may be difficult to identify and map, particularly following a covert release of agents. The crime scene may be both hazardous and fragile, with the potential for critical material to be lost due to time delays or lost to the elements, including rain, wind, and heat. Efforts to decontaminate the scene may also destroy critical forensic evidence. Evidence gathered from the scene will be considered contaminated without purpose‐built containment laboratories, and cannot be examined for traditional forensic evidence (fingerprints, fiber, and handwriting) until it has been decontaminated. The integrity of this evidence may be compromised by the agents themselves or by the methods used for decontamination. This article discusses these aspects of the CBRN forensic investigation, as well as the new science on the analysis of the agents for attribution purposes.
Bomb Scene Management
Authors: Royds David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The examination of a bombing scene presents specific challenges not only in magnitude and complexity but also because the evidence can be damaged, dispersed, or destroyed. Explosive residues may be present but usually in dirty samples and at very low concentration. A methodical examination is essential to establish the facts and to identify the perpetrator.

This article is an overview of the following:

explosions and bombs;

movements and incursions at the incident scene;

role of the forensic forward commander;

contamination minimization strategies;

searching for evidence and explosive residues;

mobile and improvised laboratories;

report writing.
Reversibly Deformable and Mechanically Tunable Fluidic Antennas
Authors: So Ju‐Hee , Thelen Jacob , Qusba Amit , Hayes Gerard J. , Lazzi Gianluca , Dickey Michael D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the fabrication and characterization of fluidic dipole antennas that are reconfigurable, reversibly deformable, and mechanically tunable. The antennas consist of a fluid metal alloy injected into microfluidic channels comprising a silicone elastomer. By employing soft lithographic, rapid prototyping methods, the fluidic antennas are easier to fabricate than conventional copper antennas. The fluidic dipole radiates with ≈90% efficiency over a broad frequency range (1910–1990 MHz), which is equivalent to the expected efficiency for a similar dipole with solid metallic elements such as copper. The metal, eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn), is a low‐viscosity liquid at room temperature and possesses a thin oxide skin that provides mechanical stability to the fluid within the elastomeric channels. Because the conductive element of the antenna is a fluid, the mechanical properties and shape of the antenna are defined by the elastomeric channels, which are composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The antennas can withstand mechanical deformation (stretching, bending, rolling, and twisting) and return to their original state after removal of an applied stress. The ability of the fluid metal to flow during deformation of the PDMS ensures electrical continuity. The shape and thus, the function of the antenna, is reconfigurable. The resonant frequency can be tuned mechanically by elongating the antenna via stretching without any hysteresis during strain relaxation, and the measured resonant frequency as a function of strain shows excellent agreement (±0.1–0.3% error) with that predicted by theoretical finite element modeling. The antennas are therefore sensors of strain. The fluid metal also facilitates self‐healing in response to sharp cuts through the antenna.
Gold Nanoparticles Stabilized by Acetylene‐Functionalized Multidentate Thioether Ligands: Building Blocks for Nanoparticle Superstructures
Authors: Peterle Torsten , Ringler Philippe , Mayor Marcel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAiming at the formation of inorganic/organic hybrid gold nanoparticle superstructures, the design and synthesis of acetylene‐monofunctionalized multidentate thioether ligands and their ability to stabilize gold nanoparticles are presented. Rather monodisperse gold particles with diameters of about 1 nm are obtained, which are coated by a small number of ligands, each comprising a silyl‐protected acetylene. The acetylene is attached at the end of a rigid ethynylene‐phenylene unit of variable length, leading to functionalized gold nanoparticles carrying acetylenes at different distances from the nanoparticle surface. These particles are interlinked by diacetylene formation and are investigated by transmission electron microscopy and UV/vis spectroscopy, revealing the formation of nanoparticle aggregates and small superstructures such as dimers or trimers while the nanoparticles themselves retain their integrity. The interparticle distance in small nanoparticle superstructures reflects the ethynylene‐phenylene spacer length corroborating the wet chemical interlinking as the origin of these organic/inorganic hybrid structures.
Leaf nest use and construction in the golden‐brown mouse lemur (Microcebus ravelobensis) in the Ankarafantsika National Park
Authors: Thorén Sandra , Quietzsch Franziska , Radespiel Ute 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe use of leaf nests has been documented in several mouse lemur species over the last few decades, including the golden‐brown mouse lemur. Nest construction, however, has only rarely been observed and detailed descriptions of this process are lacking so far. We aim to determine the relative importance of leaf nests as shelters for the golden‐brown mouse lemur, and to test predictions concerning the role of thermoregulation, safety (i.e., protection of infants), and of interspecific competition with the sympatric gray mouse lemurs in regulating nest use. Finally, we intend to clarify whether and how Microcebus ravelobensis constructs the nests, and we provide physical descriptions of seven leaf nests. Nocturnal focal observations were carried out from May 2007 to January 2008 on 18 females, and sleeping sites were regularly monitored during a six‐month period. Data were collected from two study sites, one with exclusive presence of M. ravelobensis, and one with co‐existence of the two mouse lemur species. Sixty‐five out of 379 identified daily sleeping sites were leaf nests. These represented a total of 35 different leaf nests, used by 15 out of 18 females. The relative leaf nest use differed between sites during five out of six months, but without a consistent pattern. Interspecific competition can therefore not explain leaf nest use. Leaf nest use differed seasonally and may be partly explained by thermoregulatory advantages in the site with lower minimum temperatures. Nest use was furthermore higher than expected in both sites during the rearing season that indicates the role of nests in infant protection. For the first time, we could confirm that golden‐brown mouse lemurs build leaf nests themselves. Nest building lasted between 46 and 68 min, which shows that this task is time consuming and therefore probably costly. Am. J. Primatol. 72:48–55, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silane reduction of onium salts
Authors: Crivello James V. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNovel redox initiators for cationic polymerizations were developed consisting of an onium salt together with a SiH functional silane or siloxane. The reduction of the onium salt by the silane is catalyzed by noble metal complexes or certain transition metal compounds and takes place spontaneously at room temperature. The redox reaction of the onium salt with the silane results in the liberation of a strong Brønsted acid that can be subsequently used to initiate cationic polymerizations. Typical onium salts that have been employed in these redox initiator systems are diaryliodonium salts, triarylsulfonium salts and S,S‐dialkyl‐S‐phenacylsulfonium salts. Studies of the effects of variations in the structures of the onium salt, the silane and the type of noble metal catalyst were carried out. In principle, the redox initiator systems are applicable to all types of cationically polymerizable monomers and oligomers, including the ring‐opening polymerizations of such heterocyclic monomers as epoxides and oxetanes and, in addition, the polymerization of vinyl monomers such as vinyl ethers, N‐vinylcarbazole and styrenic monomers. The use of these novel initiator systems for carrying out commercially attractive crosslinking polymerizations for coatings, composites and encapsulations is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can management practices in rice fields contribute to amphibian conservation in southern Brazilian wetlands?
Authors: Machado Iberê Farina , Maltchik Leonardo 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Rice field expansion is one of the activities associated with the disappearance of 90% of the wetlands in southern Brazil. Worldwide, rice agriculture has been recognized as having considerable potential value for many aquatic species. Nevertheless, management practices in such systems must be ameliorated and better investigated.
This study evaluated the potential role of rice fields as refugia for amphibians, and whether different hydrologic management practices after rice cultivation could contribute to wetland amphibian conservation in southern Brazil.
Six collections were made in six rice fields with different management practices after cultivation (three dry and three flooded) and three natural wetlands. The amphibians were sampled through six random 15‐min visual transects per collection in each rice field and the natural wetlands.
In total, 2139 anuran individuals were observed in rice fields (798) and Reserva Lake (1341), comprising 12 anuran species distributed among five anuran families. Anuran richness and abundance varied over the rice cultivating cycle, and they were higher in the growing phases than in the fallow phases. The mean anuran richness and abundance was higher in Reserva Lake than in flooded and dry rice fields.
The different management practices adopted after the harvesting period (presence or lack of surface water) did not influence the anuran richness and abundance. It did, however, influence species composition.
The difference in species composition between the management practices adopted is an interesting result in terms of biodiversity conservation. Rice producers could maintain part of their agricultural land flooded during the fallow phase as a strategy to preserve a higher diversity of anurans. These results should be taken into consideration in wetland conservation plans in southern Brazil; however, the percentage of each agricultural land that should be kept flooded should be decided by Brazilian agricultural and conservation policies. Such a strategy would reconcile agricultural/economic needs with the conservation of biodiversity in southern Brazil, where more than 90% of wetland systems have already been lost. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.