bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traumatic brain injury in the United States: national estimates of prevalence and incidence, 2002–2006
Authors: Faul M , Xu L , Wald M M , Coronado V , Dellinger A M 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionTraumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is an important public health problem in the United States (US) resulting in disabling conditions and long-term societal costs. Thus, there a compelling need for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation initiatives informed by national, population-based data.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and incidence of TBI in the US utilizing several nationally representative data sets.MethodsTo produce national estimates, we averaged and analysed data from 2002–2006 for TBI-related visits to hospital-based emergency departments (EDs), hospitalisations, and deaths from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the National Hospital Discharge Survey, and the National Vital Statistics System, respectively.ResultsFor 2002–2006, the estimated average annual incidence of TBI was 1.7 million, including 52 000 deaths, 275 000 hospitalisations, and 1 365 000 ED visits. For all age groups, the leading external causes were as follows: falls (35.2%); motor vehicle traffic (17.3%); struck by/against events (16.5%); assaults (10%). Rates were higher for males than females in all age groups. Falls produced the greatest number of TBI-related ED visits, (523 043) and hospitalizations (62 334). Motor vehicle traffic was the leading cause of TBI death, with rates highest among those 20–24 years. Children 0–4 years, adolescents 15–19 years, and adults >65 years were most likely to sustain a TBI and adults >75 years had the highest rate for hospitalisation and death. Annually, almost half a million TBI-related ED visits, 473 947, were made by children aged 0–4 years. TBI was a contributing factor to one third of all injury related deaths in the US.
The prevalence of low back pain Among employees of a paediatric hospital in Nairobi
Authors: Mutiso V M , Amayo E 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of Low Back Pain among employees at a paediatric hospital in Nairobi in the year 2005.Design DescriptiveCross sectional study.SettingA medium sized paediatric hospital in NairobiResultsQuestionnaires were sent to 347 employees of the hospital. The response rate was 19.3%. The age range was 25–57 years with a mean of 34 year. The majority were female comprising 67.2%.Nurses comprised 42.2% of the total. 63.6%had suffered back pain in that year of which 90.5% was located in the lower back. Conclusion: Low Back Pain is a common affliction among employees at this hospital.
Burden of work place injuries to the surgical unit in the General Hospital, Nuwara-Eliya, Sri Lanka
Authors: Abeyrathna A N , Darmaratne S D , Adikari A A S K 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundInjuries accounts for 9% of world deaths. In Sri Lanka, injuries were the leading cause of hospital admissions for the past decade. Published data on the burden of work place injuries in Sri Lanka are scarce.AimTo describe the burden of work place injuries to the surgical unit in the General Hospital, Nuwara-Eliya, Sri Lanka.MethodsA descriptive study was carried out in the surgical unit from 1 May 2008 to 30 June 2008. All patients admitted during this period with work place injuries were included in the study. Data were collected using an interviewer administered structured questionnaire. Data were entered into an excel data sheet and was analysed using SPSS 12.1 statistical software.ResultsOf the admissions with unintentional injuries work place injuries constituted 25.5% (n=83). The mean age of the injured was 33.5 years (SD=11.0 years). Majority were males (79.5%). Only 14 (16.9%) were under the influence of alcohol at the time of admission. A total of 247 patient days were spent by this sample (mean=2.6 days and SD=1.7 days, range 1–8 days). Majority of the injured had injuries to fingers and hands (36.1%) with lacerations, tendon cuts and fractures while 13.3% were admitted with injuries to the lower limbs.Discussion and ConclusionsHand and finger injuries were an important cause of work place injuries (36.1%) and needs improvement of safety measures for its prevention and control.
Hip fractures. epidemiology and validation of hospital data on 582 fractures during 1994-2008
Authors: Ytterstad B , Emaus N , Heiberg I 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe exact number of hip fractures occurring in Norway is unknown. Estimates vary from 7000 to 9000 per year, constituting great human costs and expenditure of health resources. An injury registry (IR) was July 1. 1985 established in Harstad, Norway and contains by now 25 years of prospectively collected data on injuries with upstream variables useful for preventive purposes. Data from the IR have extensively been used for analysis of the injury panorama, finding target groups for preventive action and evaluation of the effect of these. Several intervention studies have been published, mainly on traffic injuries, burns in children and fall-fractures in the aged (65+ years). From 2008 the IR is owned and administered by the University Hospital of Northern Norway (UNN) in Tromsø.Materials and MethodsDuring the period 1994–2008, the IR registered 582 hip fractures in persons living in Harstad (23 000). By searching through medical records (paper or electronic) for every person in the IR, a validation of the IR was made possible. Inclusion criterias were IDC codes S720 (neck), S721 (pertrochanteric) og S722 (subtrochanteric). Correct ICD coding was validated by checking x-ray descriptions from primary admittance. Exclusion criterias were (1) double registry because of readmission, for example, from osteosynthesis failure, necrosis of the caput (2) other fractures, for example, pelvic/femoral shaft (3) pathological fractures (metastasis), (4) admission for other complications, for example, infection, trombosis and bleeding.Results541 hip fractures were verified. Of 42 non-verified (7.2 %) 10 were osteosynthesis failure or caput necosis, falls without verified fracture 10, shaft fractures 9, pelvic fractures 4, pathological fractures 5, double entry 3 and other address 1. For the years 2002–2007 the patient journal was electronic. Validated IR data on hip fractures for these 6 years could thus be compared with data from the National Patient Registry (NPR). This central registry is a main source for national estimates of hip fractures. The NPR data contained 3.3% fewer hip fractures compared with the validated Harstad injury registry. Mean ages were as follows: for both genders 81.8 years, for women (74%) 82.4 years and for men (26%) 80.0 years. Mean survival after fracture was investigated for 354 patients: For both genders 3.2 years, for women (73%) 3.4 yrs and for men (27%) 2.6 years.ConclusionsHip fractures occur predominantly at the age of 80–82 years and in women in three out of four cases. Mean survival after the fracture is 3.2 years. The Harstad Injury Registry shows during 15 years (1994–2008) a 7.2 % over-reporting of hip fractures while data from the National Patient Registry show a 3.3% under-reporting.
The Harstad injury prevention study: prevention of burns in children evaluated after over two decades of community-based intervention in Norway
Authors: Ytterstad B 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo report the long-term effectiveness of a community-based burn prevention program for children under the age of 5. The outcome is reported in terms of changes in burn injury rates/severity and short-term hospital care costs.DesignProspective intervention study in Harstad. Trondheim (reference for 6 years).MethodsThe variables were selected according to the Nordic system. Burn data collection started 15 May 1985. The first 19.5 months of the study provided baseline. A mix of passive and active interventions were used, including the promotion of the purchase and installation of cooker safeguards, the lowering of tap water thermostat setting to 55°C in homes and the promotion of increased parental vigilance in putative burn risk situations.1ResultsFrom baseline to the first 6 years of the intervention period, the mean burn injury rate decreased 51.5 % in Harstad (p<0.05). During the first 6 years of study 230 bed-days and multiple operations were consumed. During the last 16 years of the study, no burns requiring surgical interventions were recorded for the intervention population. However, two refugee children were admitted (in 2002 and 2006) in need of split skin transplantations.Discussion and ConclusionWhen assessing the effectiveness of the local interventions, one has to consider secular trend. Trondheim rates remained stable for the 6 years of available data (1987–92). A report from Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen suggests that the secular trend for serious burns in children has remained stable in Norway from 1984 to 2004.2 A prevention program for burns in young children can be effective long-term using a community-based injury prevention program. Local data are useful for detecting target groups and altering interventions when needed.
Daphne abstract
Authors: Hughes K , Bellis M A , Calafat A , Juan M , Blay N , Quigg Z 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionYoung people's alcohol and drug use increases during holidays. Despite strong associations between substance use and both violence and unintentional injury, little is known about this relationship in young people holidaying abroad. We examine how risks of violence and unintentional injury abroad relate to substance use and the effects of nationality and holiday destination on these relationships.MethodsA cross-sectional comparative survey of 6502 British and German holidaymakers aged 16–35 years was undertaken in airports in Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain.ResultsOverall, 3.8% of participants reported having been in a physical fight (violence) on holiday and 5.9% reported unintentional injury. Two thirds reported having been drunk on holiday and over 10% using illicit drugs. Levels of drunkenness, drug use, violence and unintentional injury all varied with nationality and holiday destination. Violence was independently associated with being male, choosing the destination for its nightlife, staying 8–14 days, smoking and using drugs on holiday, frequent drunkenness, and visiting Majorca (both nationalities) or Crete (British only). Predictors of unintentional injury were being male, younger, using drugs other than just cannabis on holiday, frequent drunkenness and visiting Crete.ConclusionsViolence and unintentional injury are substantial risks for patrons of international resorts offering a hedonistic nightlife. Understanding those characteristics of resorts and their visitors most closely associated with such risks should help inform prevention initiatives which protect both the health of tourists and the economy of resorts marketed as safe and enjoyable places to visit.
Drink-driving in Vietnam: perceptions and risk
Authors: Nguyen T M 
Published: March 2011

Rapidly increasing motorisation and an expanding alcohol industry in Vietnam have placed traffic injury among the leading causes of death. However, there is little local research into the specific contribution of alcohol to this burden and the socio-cultural contexts of drink driving.Objectives(1) To measure alcohol intoxication of male patrons in restaurants and males with traffic-related injuries at an Emergency Department, (2) To estimate risk of traffic injury after acute alcohol consumption using case–crossover analysis, and (3) To compare perceptions toward drink-driving of injured and uninjured males.MethodsMale patrons at seven restaurants (n=464) and men admitted to hospital following traffic injuries (n=480) were interviewed and measured for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) by a breathalyzer.ResultsAmong the uninjured restaurant patrons, 76.6% had a BAC over the legal limit (0.08g/100ml) and 39.7% were above 0.15g/100ml. Among patients, 57.5% were over 0.08g/100ml and 45.6% above 0.15g/100ml. The odd-ratio of traffic injury for patients who drank alcohol within 6 h prior to injury was 8.5 (95% CI 5.34 to 13.51) and this followed a clear dose–response relationship. There was no significant difference between the two groups of men in perceptions toward drink-driving. Most respondents over-estimated the number of drinks they could consume in 1 h to drive safely and legally and most had never planned to avoid driving after drinking. Most men experienced peer approval for drink-driving while very few perceived risk of detection by the police.ConclusionPrograms to raise community awareness and effective legal enforcement are necessary and urgent in Vietnam.
Safety management on bus rapid transit corridor Delhi: process and outcomes
Authors: Gandhi S , Tiwari G , Singh A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionDelhi government operationalised 5.8 km, phase-1 length of (14.8 km long) bus rapid transit system corridor in April 2008. First 6 months of operations witnessed six fatal accidents as against an annual average of nine during the preconstruction period; prompting this study to find reasons and measure efficacy of interventions.MethodThe corridor operator, Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System, introduced monitoring processes, based on which interventions were planned to improve operations and safety. The study included assessment of various interventions, over a period of 16 months postoperations. These included channelisation of pedestrian crossings and introduction of rumble strips to reduce bus speeds. The analysis of the study was conducted in two parts. First part included comparison of accident trends and second part included study of conflicts postinterventions.ResultsFatal accident rate increased by 30%, over preconstruction period, in first 6 months of operations. Type of victims postconstruction were only pedestrians as against a mix of pedestrians, cyclists and motorists earlier.All accidents were limited to conflicts with buses within bus lane with 85% occurring near bus shelter. Fatalities dropped to ‘ZERO’ postintroduction of rumble strips. Instances of buses speeding over 60 km/h fell by 67%. Pedestrians crossing bus lanes increased by 23%.ConclusionChannelisation of pedestrian crossing did not result in reduced conflicts; however reduction in speeds were achieved through implementation of rumble strips. The study concludes that it is possible to achieve zero death targets on road systems by introducing consistent, monitoring-based intervention processes.
Preventing injuries in the EU, in particular among vulnerable groups – implementation of the 2007 Council Recommendation
Authors:   European Commission
Published: March 2011

Injuries due to traffic accidents, workplace accidents, home and leisure time accidents as well as injuries due to interpersonal violence and self-harm impose a huge burden to health. With 256 000 fatalities each year (cf. Injury DataBase report 2009), injury is the fourth most common cause of death within the EU, and the “Killer number one” among young people. This parallel session called by the European Commission will consist of a series of brief presentations followed by a discussion to highlight results of programmes and future expectations with regard to injury prevention, in particular among vulnerable groups. The session will open with a welcome from the European Commission followed by short presentations, describing the importance of policy tools to take action against injuries and violence and of monitoring progress. Examples of prevention measures in EU countries and grass roots actions from NGO will be presented. This will be followed by a discussion on how the problem can be targeted and what could be the next steps for action. Conclusions might be used by the European Commission for its preparatory work to report on the implementation of the 2007 Council Recommendation on the prevention of injury and promotion of safety. Presentations include:Injury surveillance in EU and associated projects (injury database - joint action) by EU Member State - Violence and self-harm prevention by WHO - Europe. - Injuries among vulnerable groups by EU Member State/NGO. - Promotion in schools and training of (health) professionals by Belgium (5-year Program of the Ministry of the French Community) - Sport and leisure injuries including risk taking behaviour by NGO KfV, Austria
Phenotypic and genotypic differentiation ofVaccinium vitis-idaeabetween coastal barrens and forests in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Balsdon Jennifer L. , Smith Tyler W. , Lundholm Jeremy T. 
Published: March 2011

Coastal barrens and forests are very different environments, making it surprising that some plant species grow in both habitats. Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., common in both habitats, was studied for phenotypic and genotypic differences that may correlate with the different environments. Of the measured phenotypic traits, leaf thickness demonstrated the best response to differences between habitat types. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were used to assess the genetic diversity of 85 V. vitis-idaea plants between habitats. The overall genotypic diversity (D = 0.99) and evenness (E = 0.77) from this study were higher than that found in other studies on V. vitis-idaea, and were likely influenced by the sampling methods used. Although the harsh environment of the coastal barrens was expected to increase clonal reproduction, we found no evidence of extensive cloning in either habitat type. An AMOVA revealed that genetic variation was highest (87.8%) within populations, and that V. vitis-idaea was not genetically distinct between the coastal barrens and forests. This outcome is consistent with the hypothesis that coastal barrens and forest habitats along the Nova Scotia coast represent extremes of a successional continuum, rather than discrete plant communities.
Bromus inermisinvasion of a native grassland: diversity and resource reduction
Authors: Fink Krista A. , Wilson Scott D. 
Published: March 2011

Invasion-driven diversity reduction is often attributed to decreased resource availability, but this has rarely been examined. We tested whether the invasion of native grassland by the introduced grass, Bromus inermis, was associated with reduced diversity, increased standing crop (including roots), and decreased resource availability. Diversity and evenness were significantly lower in invaded stands, but richness was not significantly different. Both shoot and root mass were significantly greater in B. inermis stands, suggesting that resource demand should be higher. Light penetration and soil moisture were significantly lower beneath B. inermis. In contrast, most nutrients (including available N) did not vary between vegetation types. Some nutrients (P, K, Ca, and Mn) were significantly more abundant beneath B. inermis, possibly reflecting the invader’s tendency to invade lower landscape positions. Overall, the results are consistent with invasion-driven diversity reduction being caused by increased resource demand and decreased availability of light and water.
DLC1 Interaction with S100A10 Mediates Inhibition of In Vitro Cell Invasion and Tumorigenicity of Lung Cancer Cells through a RhoGAP-Independent Mechanism
Authors: Yang Xuyu , Popescu Nicholas C. , Zimonjic Drazen B. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The DLC1 gene encodes a Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP) that functions as a tumor suppressor in several common human cancers. The multidomain structure of DLC1 enables interaction with a number of other proteins. Here we report that the proinflammatory protein S100A10 (also known as p11), a key cell surface receptor for plasminogen which regulates pericellular proteolysis and tumor cell invasion, is a new binding partner of DLC1 in human cells. We determined that the 2 proteins colocalize in the cell cytoplasm and that their binding is mediated by central sequences in the central domain of DLC1 and the C-terminus of S100A10. Because the same S100A10 sequence also mediates binding to Annexin 2, we found that DLC1 competed with Annexin 2 for interaction with S100A10. DLC1 binding to S100A10 did not affect DLC1's RhoGAP activity, but it decreased the steady-state level of S100A10 expression in a dose-dependent manner by displacing it from Annexin 2 and making it accessible to ubiquitin-dependent degradation. This process attenuated plasminogen activation and resulted in inhibition of in vitro cell migration, invasion, colony formation, and anchorage-independent growth of aggressive lung cancer cells. These results suggest that a novel GAP-independent mechanism contributes to the tumor suppressive activity of DLC1, and highlight the importance and complexity of protein–protein interactions involving DLC1 in certain cancers. Cancer Res; 71(8); 2916–25. ©2011 AACR.
Large-scale Exploration of Gene–Gene Interactions in Prostate Cancer Using a Multistage Genome-wide Association Study
Authors: Ciampa Julia , Yeager Meredith , Amundadottir Laufey , Jacobs Kevin , Kraft Peter , Chung Charles , Wacholder Sholom , Yu Kai , Wheeler William , Thun Michael J. , Divers W. Ryan , Gapstur Susan , Albanes Demetrius , Virtamo Jarmo , Weinstein Stephanie , Giovannucci Edward , Willett Walter C. , Cancel-Tassin Geraldine , Cussenot Olivier , Valeri Antoine , Hunter David , Hoover Robert , Thomas Gilles , Chanock Stephen , Chatterjee Nilanjan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRecent genome-wide association studies have identified independent susceptibility loci for prostate cancer that could influence risk through interaction with other, possibly undetected, susceptibility loci. We explored evidence of interaction between pairs of 13 known susceptibility loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) across the genome to generate hypotheses about the functionality of prostate cancer susceptibility regions. We used data from Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility: Stage I included 523,841 SNPs in 1,175 cases and 1,100 controls; Stage II included 27,383 SNPs in an additional 3,941 cases and 3,964 controls. Power calculations assessed the magnitude of interactions our study is likely to detect. Logistic regression was used with alternative methods that exploit constraints of gene–gene independence between unlinked loci to increase power. Our empirical evaluation demonstrated that an empirical Bayes (EB) technique is powerful and robust to possible violation of the independence assumption. Our EB analysis identified several noteworthy interacting SNP pairs, although none reached genome-wide significance. We highlight a Stage II interaction between the major prostate cancer susceptibility locus in the subregion of 8q24 that contains POU5F1B and an intronic SNP in the transcription factor EPAS1, which has potentially important functional implications for 8q24. Another noteworthy result involves interaction of a known prostate cancer susceptibility marker near the prostate protease genes KLK2 and KLK3 with an intronic SNP in PRXX2. Overall, the interactions we have identified merit follow-up study, particularly the EPAS1 interaction, which has implications not only in prostate cancer but also in other epithelial cancers that are associated with the 8q24 locus. Cancer Res; 71(9); 3287–95. ©2011 AACR.