bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solanum tarijense reaction to Phytophthora infestans and the role of plant defence molecules
Authors: Korgan S. , Wolski E. A. , Cicore P. , Suarez P. , Capezio S. , Huarte M. A. , Andreu A. B. 
Published: April 2010

With 3 figures and 2 tables AbstractLate blight is the main disease of potatoes around the world. Because of the difficulties in applying effective control methods, the introduction of resistant cultivars represents a safe strategy. The potato species Solanum tarijense represents an attractive resistance source as its adaptation to long days is promissory, producing tubers of good size and aspect. Deposition of structural compounds like lignin and callose were described as a non‐specific resistance mechanism. In this work, we measured polyphenoloxidases (PPO) and peroxidases (POX) activities and the accumulation of phenols, lignin and callose and their correlation with the resistance levels of S. tarijense. Clones Oka 6320.9 and Oka 5632.11 showed low infection rates and these were correlated with a higher accumulation of phenols, lignin and callose and a strong induction of PPO and POX activities. However, in highly infected clones, a lower or no accumulation of these compounds was observed. These results demonstrate a correlation between the amount of defence molecules and the resistance levels according to the detached‐leaf assay. However, more field experiments are required to validate these results.
It's Politics, Stupid: The 2002–2004 UK Firefighters' Dispute
Authors: Seifert Roger , Sibley Tom 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis is an account of the 2002–2004 firefighters' dispute in the UK based on interviews with key figures, attendance at meetings and scrutiny of contemporary sources. Our emphasis is on the political nature of the dispute with the case made that senior members of the Labour government sought to ‘politicize’ the industrial action in order to undermine the credibility of the union leadership, win over public opinion and set down a marker for public sector unions. In particular the government aggressively pursued centralization; that is, national leaders took over the running of the dispute from the local authority employers in order to maintain central government control over the process of ‘modernization’. Moreover, their various interventions confirm the Hay thesis that the Labour Party leadership now openly and uniformly seeks to defeat union industrial action.
Collective Voice under Decentralized Bargaining: A Comparative Study of Work Reorganization in US and German Call Centres
Authors: Doellgast Virginia 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article compares the process of and outcomes from work reorganization in US and German call centres, based on four matched case studies in the telecommunications industry. Both German cases adopted high‐involvement employment systems with broad skills and worker discretion, while the US cases relied on a narrow division of labour, tight discipline and individual incentives. These outcomes are explained by differences in institutional supports for collective voice. Works councils in the German companies used their stronger participation rights to limit monitoring and encourage upskilling at a time when US managers were rationalizing similar jobs. Findings demonstrate that industrial relations institutions can have a substantial influence on employment systems in work settings characterized by decentralized bargaining and strong cost pressures.
Age‐related changes in motor unit number estimates in adult patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1A
Authors: Van Dijk J. P. , Verhamme C. , Van Schaik I. N. , Schelhaas H. J. , Mans E. , Bour L. J. , Stegeman D. F. , Zwarts M. J. 
Published: April 2010

Background:  Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is known as a demyelinating hereditary neuropathy. Secondary axonal dysfunction is the most important determinant of disease severity. In adult patients, clinical progression may be because of further axonal deterioration as was shown with compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude reductions over time. The motor unit number estimation (MUNE) technique may be more accurate to determine the number of axons as it is not disturbed by the effect of reinnervation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the number and size of motor units in relation to age in patients and controls.Methods:  In a cross‐sectional design, we assessed arm and hand strength and performed electrophysiological examinations, including CMAP amplitudes and MUNE of the thenar muscles using high‐density surface EMG in 69 adult patients with CMT1A and 55 age‐matched healthy controls.Results:  In patients, lower CMAP amplitudes and MUNE values were related to hand weakness. The CMAP amplitude and MUNE value of the thenar muscles were significantly lower in patients than in controls. CMAP amplitudes declined with age in controls, but not in patients. MUNE values declined with age in both patients and controls.Conclusions:  The age‐dependent decrease in the number of motor units was not significantly different between patients with CMT1A and controls, indicating that loss of motor units in adult patients is limited.
Intervertebral disc, sensory nerves and neurotrophins: who is who in discogenic pain?
Authors: García‐Cosamalón José , Del Valle Miguel E. , Calavia Marta G. , García‐Suárez Olivia , López‐Muñiz Alfonso , Otero Jesús , Vega José A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe normal intervertebral disc (IVD) is a poorly innervated organ supplied only by sensory (mainly nociceptive) and postganglionic sympathetic (vasomotor efferents) nerve fibers. Interestingly, upon degeneration, the IVD becomes densely innervated even in regions that in normal conditions lack innervation. This increased innervation has been associated with pain of IVD origin. The mechanisms responsible for nerve growth and hyperinnervation of pathological IVDs have not been fully elucidated. Among the molecules that are presumably involved in this process are some members of the family of neurotrophins (NTs), which are known to have both neurotrophic and neurotropic properties and regulate the density and distribution of nerve fibers in peripheral tissues. NTs and their receptors are expressed in healthy IVDs but much higher levels have been observed in pathological IVDs, thus suggesting a correlation between levels of expression of NTs and density of innervation in IVDs. In addition, NTs also play a role in inflammatory responses and pain transmission by increasing the expression of pain‐related peptides and modulating synapses of nociceptive neurons at the spinal cord. This article reviews current knowledge about the innervation of IVDs, NTs and NT receptors, expression of NTs and their receptors in IVDs as well as in the sensory neurons innervating the IVDs, the proinflammatory role of NTs, NTs as nociception regulators, and the potential network of discogenic pain involving NTs.
Characterization of eight different tetracyclines: advances in fluorescence bone labeling
Authors: Pautke Christoph , Vogt Stephan , Kreutzer Kilian , Haczek Cornelia , Wexel Gabriele , Kolk Andreas , Imhoff Andreas B. , Zitzelsberger Horst , Milz Stefan , Tischer Thomas 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPolychrome sequential labeling with fluorochromes is a standard technique for the investigation of bone formation and regeneration processes in vivo. However, for human application, only tetracycline and its derivates are approved as fluorochromes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the fluorescence characteristics of the different tetracycline derivates to assess the feasibility of sequential in vivo bone labeling using distinguishable fluorochromes. Eight different tetracycline derivates were injected subcutaneously into growing rats as a single dose or sequentially in different combinations. After preparation of resin‐embedded undecalcified bone sections, the fluorescence properties of the tetracycline derivates in bone were analyzed using conventional fluorescence microscopy, spectral image analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Each tetracycline derivate exhibited a characteristic fluorescence spectrum, but the differences between them were small. Chlortetracycline could be discriminated reliably from all other derivates and could therefore be combined with any other tetracycline derivate for reliably distinguishable double labeling. Tetracycline itself exhibited the brightest fluorescence of all the investigated derivates. Interestingly, in conventional microscopy the same tetracycline derivative can appear in different colours to the human eye, even if spectral analysis confirmed identical emission peaks. In conclusion, the data suggest that fluorescence double labeling of bone is feasible using appropriate tetracycline derivates in combination with spectral imaging modalities.
A comparative study of gland cells implicated in the nerve dependence of salamander limb regeneration
Authors: Kumar Anoop , Nevill Graham , Brockes Jeremy P. , Forge Andrew 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLimb regeneration in salamanders proceeds by formation of the blastema, a mound of proliferating mesenchymal cells surrounded by a wound epithelium. Regeneration by the blastema depends on the presence of regenerating nerves and in earlier work it was shown that axons upregulate the expression of newt anterior gradient (nAG) protein first in Schwann cells of the nerve sheath and second in dermal glands underlying the wound epidermis. The expression of nAG protein after plasmid electroporation was shown to rescue a denervated newt blastema and allow regeneration to the digit stage. We have examined the dermal glands by scanning and transmission electron microscopy combined with immunogold labelling of the nAG protein. It is expressed in secretory granules of ductless glands, which apparently discharge by a holocrine mechanism. No external ducts were observed in the wound epithelium of the newt and axolotl. The larval skin of the axolotl has dermal glands but these are absent under the wound epithelium. The nerve sheath was stained post‐amputation in innervated but not denervated blastemas with an antibody to axolotl anterior gradient protein. This antibody reacted with axolotl Leydig cells in the wound epithelium and normal epidermis. Staining was markedly decreased in the wound epithelium after denervation but not in the epidermis. Therefore, in both newt and axolotl the regenerating axons induce nAG protein in the nerve sheath and subsequently the protein is expressed by gland cells, under (newt) or within (axolotl) the wound epithelium, which discharge by a holocrine mechanism. These findings serve to unify the nerve dependence of limb regeneration.
Management of Velopharyngeal Disorders. A Case Series
Authors: GN Anandakrishna , Gali Sivaranjani 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPatients with acquired defects or congenital malformations of the palate exhibit disturbances in speech, including hypernasality, nasal emission, and decreased intelligibility of speech. Maxillofacial prosthetic treatment can reestablish the palatopharyngeal integrity to provide the potential for acceptable speech. This article describes a case series of patients with palatopharyngeal disorders and their treatment approaches.
Safety of Remote Magnetic Navigation in Patients With Pacemakers and Implanted Cardioverter Defibrillators
Authors: EITEL CHARLOTTE , HINDRICKS GERHARD , SOMMER PHILIPP , WETZEL ULRIKE , BOLLMANN ANDREAS , GASPAR THOMAS , PIORKOWSKI CHRISTOPHER , ARYA ARASH 
Published: April 2010

Magnetic Navigation and Implanted Devices. Background: Remote magnetic catheter navigation (MNS) has been shown to be feasible and safe for radiofrequency catheter ablation of various cardiac arrhythmias. However, its safety in patients with implanted pacemakers or cardioverter–defibrillators has not yet been studied. Objectives: This retrospective case series study intends to assess the acute and short‐term safety of remote MNS in patients with implanted pacemakers or cardioverter–defibrillators. Methods: Between January 2008 and June 2009, a total of 31 patients with implanted pacemakers (n = 5) or cardioverter–defibrillators (n = 26) underwent 32 catheter ablation procedures using the remote MNS. Baseline pacing thresholds, sensed amplitudes, pacing and, if available, shock impedances as well as battery status were measured in all devices before, immediately after, and 1–3 months after catheter ablation. Results: After ablation, no statistically significant difference in atrial sensing (2.7 ± 1.5 mV vs 3.1 ± 1.9 mV, P = 0.18) and impedance (457 ± 104 Ω vs 449 ± 101 Ω, P = 0.37) were observed. After ablation, no statistically significant difference in right ventricular sensing (10.4 ± 3.8 mV vs 10.9 ± 4.9 mV, P = 0.43) and impedance (535 ± 118 Ω vs 534 ± 120 Ω, P = 0.913) were observed. No changes in pacing threshold could be observed in all but 2 patients with biventricular cardioverter–defibrillators who underwent ventricular tachycardia ablation in lateral wall of left ventricle near the implanted epicardial electrode. Conclusions: Ablation procedures using remote MNS can be performed safely in patients with implanted devices with no significant effects on device system integrity. Long endocardial ablation close to the insertion site of the implanted epicardial left ventricular leads can affect the pacing and/or sensing characteristics of these electrodes. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 1130‐1135)
Agrifood supply chain, private‐sector standards, and farmers' health: evidence from Kenya
Authors: Asfaw Solomon , Mithöfer Dagmar , Waibel Hermann 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article evaluates the impact of adoption of European Union (EU) private‐sector standards on farmers' health in rural Kenya. The study utilizes cross‐sectional farm household‐level data collected in 2006 from a randomly selected sample of 439 small‐scale export farmers. We estimate the casual impact by utilizing a two‐stage Poisson regression model, two‐stage standard treatment effect model, as well as by regression based on propensity score, to assess the robustness of the results. Using these techniques, we demonstrate that the pesticide‐ascribed incidence of acute illness symptoms and the associated cost of illness significantly decrease with the adoption of standards. Ceteris paribus, farmers who adopt standards experience 70% lesser incidence of acute illness and spent about 50–60% less on restoring their health than nonadopters. Although standards can potentially prevent resource‐poor smallholders from maintaining their position in lucrative export markets, they can also result in positive changes in the health of those farmers who do adopt them, as shown by these results. This implies that, if adopted on a large scale, standards may reduce production externalities, corroborating the view that they may serve as a catalyst to transform production systems in developing countries.
Growth dynamics of dairy processing firms in the European Union
Authors: Gardebroek Cornelis , Turi Kedir N. , Wijnands Jo H.M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe structure of the dairy processing industry in the European Union has changed enormously in recent decades. In many countries, the industry is characterized by a few large companies with a big market share accompanied by many small processors that often produce for niche markets. This article investigates which factors relate to growth of dairy processing firms. Using a unique 10‐year panel data set and recently developed dynamic panel data estimators, the growth process of dairy processors is investigated for six rather diverse European countries. The data structure and the estimation method allow for dealing with endogeneity issues in an appropriate way. Firm size growth measured in total assets is found to be affected by firm size, firm age, and financial variables. Growth in number of employees is only affected by firm age and lagged labor productivity. Implications for these results are given in the final section of the article.
Food aid allocation policies: coordination and responsiveness to recipient country needs
Authors: Kuhlgatz Christian , Abdulai Awudu , Barrett Christopher B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe employ censored least absolute deviations and multivariate Tobit estimators to investigate whether food aid flows from the main donor countries respond to recipient country needs as reflected in low food availability, low income, or both. We also explore the hypothesis that donor countries specifically coordinate their food aid shipments to recipient countries. Our findings show that food aid in aggregate and from each donor is significantly targeted at poorer countries and is highly persistent over time. Food aid responses to food availability shortfalls, natural disasters, and violent conflicts are common but more modest and uneven across donors. Finally, we find strong evidence of donor coordination in food aid allocation.
Sleep patterns, electronic media exposure and daytime sleep‐related behaviours among Israeli adolescents
Authors: Shochat Tamar , Flint‐Bretler Ofra , Tzischinsky Orna 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to assess weekday and weekend sleep patterns and their relationships with electronic media (television and computer) exposure and with daytime sleep‐related behaviours, including sleep problem behaviours, sleepiness and fatigue in Israeli adolescents.Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey, which includes 470 8th and 9th grade middle school students (mean age 14 ± 0.8) in the normative school system, was performed. Students completed the modified School Sleep Habits Survey (SSHS), and the modified Electronic Media and Fatigue Questionnaire (EMFQ).Results:  Adolescents went to bed at 23:00 and 01:45 hours, and slept <7.5 and nearly 10.0 h on average, during weekdays and weekends respectively. Average electronic media exposure per day was about 3 h for television and 2.5 h for internet. Adolescents with a bedroom television went to bed later, had longer sleep latency and slept less than those without a bedroom television. Increased electronic media exposure and poor daytime sleep‐related behaviours predicted later bedtime, longer sleep latency during weekdays and later wake‐up time during weekends.Conclusion:  Poor sleep patterns in Israeli adolescents are related to excessive electronic media habits and daytime sleep‐related problems. These findings raise a public health concern regarding lifestyle and functioning in young individuals.
Strategic Tax and Financial Reporting Decisions: Theory and Evidence*
Authors: MILLS LILLIAN F. , SANSING RICHARD C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of book‐tax differences on the probability that a transaction is audited and the probability that additional taxes are collected. It constructs a stylized model in which the taxpayer reports both financial accounting income and taxable income. The government observes both reports before deciding whether to conduct an audit. The analysis of the equilibrium yields two hypotheses. First, the probability that the government will audit a transaction is higher if the transaction generates a positive book‐tax difference (e.g., an expenditure that is deducted for tax purposes but capitalized for financial reporting purposes) than if the transaction generates no book‐tax difference. Second, conditional on being selected for audit, transactions with and without book‐tax differences are equally likely to have detected understatements of tax liability.These hypotheses are tested using Internal Revenue Service (IRS) data from the Coordinated Examination Program. The empirical tests are consistent with the predictions of the strategic tax compliance model.
Predictive mapping of season distributions of large mammals using GIS: an application to elephants on Mount Kenya
Authors: Vanleeuwe Hilde 
Published: April 2010

Summary1. Knowledge of elephants in forested environments where visibility is poor is often restricted to elephant density estimates derived from counts of elephant dung piles along line transects. Elephant dung piles are a good indicator of elephant habitat use over a period of time (i.e. a season) because they remain visible for several months. Using Mount Kenya (MK) in Kenya as a case study, we demonstrate how those dung pile counts can additionally be used to develop elephant dung pile explanatory models and distribution maps.2. The dung pile explanatory models are built from a selected number of line‐transect samples per season using generalized linear model analysis, in which the counted dung of each sample is explained by the combined effects of a series of environmental and anthropomorphic parameters. For the significant explanatory parameters in the models, digital map layers are developed and integrated into a geographic information system. Applying the explanatory models, predictive seasonal elephant dung pile distribution maps are developed.3. Data preparation and analysis are intensive, but the distribution maps derived from explanatory parameters of distribution are a powerful tool for patrol planning and land‐use management and to locate areas of high elephant density and the habitats they move between. This method is useful for sites where physical, environmental, logistical or other constraints render it impossible to spread line transects evenly over the entire study area, assuming that transects are representative samples of the entire habitat.
Cenozoic paleobotany of the John Day Basin, central Oregon
Authors: Dillhoff Richard M. , Dillhoff Thomas A. , Dunn Regan E. , Myers Jeffrey A. , Strömberg Caroline A. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The John Day Basin of central Oregon contains a remarkably detailed and well-dated Early Eocene–Late Miocene sedimentary sequence, known for its superb fossils. This field trip examines plant fossil assemblages from throughout the sequence in the context of their geological and taphonomic setting and regional and global significance. The Early to Late Eocene (&gt;54–39.7 Ma) Clarno Formation contains fossil plants and animals that occupied an active volcanic landscape near sea level, interspersed with meandering rivers and lakes. Clarno assemblages, including the ca. 44 Ma Nut Beds flora, record near-tropical “Boreotropical” rainforest, which was replaced during late Clarno time by more open and seasonal subtropical forest. The overlying John Day Formation (39.7–18.2 Ma) was deposited in a backarc landscape of low hills dotted with lakes and showered by ashfalls from the Western Cascades. Fossils and paleosols record the advent of the “Icehouse” Earth during the earliest Oligocene, with decreasing winter temperature and more seasonal rainfall that supported open deciduous and coniferous forest, much like that of the southern Chinese highlands today. Sixteen and a half million years ago the Picture Gorge flood basalt covered the region. Animals and plants fossilized in the overlying (ca. 16 to &gt;12 Ma) Mascall Formation occupied a relatively flat landscape during a warm and moist period known as the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum. In total this sequence preserves a detailed series of time slices illustrating regional biotic and landscape evolution during the Cenozoic that is highly relevant for deciphering regional and global biotic, climatic, and geological trends.