bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapamycin-Resistant mTORC1 Kinase Activity Is Required for Herpesvirus Replication
Authors: Moorman Nathaniel J. , Shenk Thomas 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been shown to activate the mTORC1 signaling pathway. However, the phosphorylation of mTORC1 targets is differentially sensitive to the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin, and the drug inhibits HCMV replication to a modest extent. Using Torin1, a newly developed inhibitor that targets the catalytic site of mTOR kinase, we show that HCMV replication requires both rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-resistant mTOR activity. The treatment of infected cells with Torin1 inhibits the phosphorylation of rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-resistant mTOR targets and markedly blocks the production of virus progeny. The blockade of mTOR signaling with Torin1, but not rapamycin, disrupts the assembly of the eIF4F complex and increases the association of the translational repressor 4EBP1 to the 7-methylguanosine cap-binding complex. Torin1 does not affect HCMV entry and only modestly reduces the accumulation of the immediate-early and early viral proteins that were tested despite the disruption of the eIF4F complex. In contrast, Torin1 significantly decreases the accumulation of viral DNA and the pUL99 viral late protein. Similar mTOR signaling events were observed during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, and we utilized murine fibroblasts containing several different mutations to dissect the mechanism by which Torin1 inhibits MCMV replication. This approach demonstrated that mTORC2 and the Akt1 and Akt2 kinases are not required for the Torin1-mediated inhibition of cytomegalovirus replication. The inhibition of MCMV replication by Torin1 was rescued in cells lacking 4EBP1, demonstrating that the inactivation of 4EBP1 by mTORC1 is critical for cytomegalovirus replication. Finally, we show that Torin1 inhibits the replication of representative members of the alpha-, beta-, and gammaherpesvirus families, demonstrating the potential of mTOR kinase inhibitors as broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
Pathogenesis of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) and Triple-Reassortant Swine Influenza A (H1) Viruses in Mice
Authors: Belser Jessica A. , Wadford Debra A. , Pappas Claudia , Gustin Kortney M. , Maines Taronna R. , Pearce Melissa B. , Zeng Hui , Swayne David E. , Pantin-Jackwood Mary , Katz Jacqueline M. , Tumpey Terrence M. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTThe pandemic H1N1 virus of 2009 (2009 H1N1) continues to cause illness worldwide, primarily in younger age groups. To better understand the pathogenesis of these viruses in mammals, we used a mouse model to evaluate the relative virulence of selected 2009 H1N1 viruses and compared them to a representative human triple-reassortant swine influenza virus that has circulated in pigs in the United States for over a decade preceding the current pandemic. Additional comparisons were made with the reconstructed 1918 virus, a 1976 H1N1 swine influenza virus, and a highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. Mice were inoculated intranasally with each virus and monitored for morbidity, mortality, viral replication, hemostatic parameters, cytokine production, and lung histology. All 2009 H1N1 viruses replicated efficiently in the lungs of mice and possessed a high degree of infectivity but did not cause lethal disease or exhibit extrapulmonary virus spread. Transient weight loss, lymphopenia, and proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production were present following 2009 H1N1 virus infection, but these levels were generally muted compared with a triple-reassortant swine virus and the 1918 virus. 2009 H1N1 viruses isolated from fatal cases did not demonstrate enhanced virulence in this model compared with isolates from mild human cases. Histologically, infection with the 2009 viruses resulted in lesions in the lung varying from mild to moderate bronchiolitis with occasional necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium and mild to moderate peribronchiolar alveolitis. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the 2009 H1N1 viruses exhibited mild to moderate virulence in mice compared with highly pathogenic viruses.
Anti-thrombotic medications for the neurointerventionist: aspirin and clopidogrel
Authors: Fiorella David 
Published: February 2010

The majority of neurological complications encountered during neuroendovascular procedures are a result of thromboembolic phenomena. This has become increasingly evident as techniques have evolved to incorporate an ever-growing volume of temporary and permanently implanted adjunctive devices. By optimizing our anti-thrombotic management strategies we can potentially improve procedural safety.The appropriate selection of anti-thrombotic regimens for neurointerventional procedures poses a unique set of challenges when compared with endovascular interventions in other vascular territories. Neurological procedures frequently target lesions that have hemorrhaged or have a lethal hemorrhagic potential—thus requiring that the operator maintain a tenuous balance between bleeding and thrombosis. Neurological end-organs are unforgiving, even of small emboli, further magnifying the implications of inadequate therapy. The spectrum of disease processes encountered within the context of routine clinical practice is very heterogeneous and each lesion requires a specific anti-thrombotic strategy. The diseases treated (eg, aneurysms, AVM, acute ischemic stroke, chronic atherosclerotic stenosis) are relatively uncommon in comparison with coronary or peripheral atherosclerotic disease. The field of neurointervention itself is still relatively new and continues to evolve rapidly, with innovation frequently outpacing clinical evidence. Predictably, within this environment, there are no large, controlled trials to guide anti-thrombotic management in most cases. For these reasons, medical decision making is based largely upon an understanding of the pharmacology of the agents used and an extrapolation of the literature from other fields.In this review we discuss aspirin and clopidogrel, the two anti-platelet agents commonly used in conjunction with endovascular stents and stent-like devices. We will discuss their pharmacology and applications in neuroendovascular therapeutics with a focus on practical solutions to dilemmas that are encountered during the course of daily clinical practice.
Supporting Diabetes Self-Care in Underserved Populations
Authors: Ruggiero Laurie , Moadsiri Ada , Butler Paula , Oros Susan M. , Berbaum Michael L. , Whitman Steven , Cintron Daisy 
Published: February 2010

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an innovative intervention that utilized a certified medical assistant with specific diabetes training to work with a multidisciplinary diabetes care team to help provide basic diabetes education and self-care support in low-income minority populations with type 2 diabetes. Methods Enrolled participants were randomized to either the medical assistant coaching (MAC) group (N = 25) or the treatment as usual (TAU) group (N = 25). Deidentified data was obtained on a matched no contact control (NCC) group (N = 50). Results Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) comparisons revealed no significant differences between the 3 groups on A1C, but a trend was observed. A1Cs decreased across time for the MAC group, while increasing for the TAU and NCC groups. ANCOVA comparisons also indicated that the MAC group experienced significantly greater increases in perceived empowerment and a larger, although non-significant, reduction in perceived diabetes related problems than the TAU group. Conclusions This randomized controlled pilot study suggests that the inclusion of a medical assistant self-care coach as part of the diabetes care team holds promise in improving outcomes and should be further examined in a large-scale study.
A Plant-Based Diet for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Trapp Caroline , Barnard Neal , Katcher Heather 
Published: February 2010

Purpose The purpose of this review is to provide educators with the knowledge and tools to utilize plant-based nutrition education as an intervention for type 2 diabetes. Scientific support for the efficacy, acceptability, and nutritional adequacy of a plant-based diet for people with type 2 diabetes is presented, and practical considerations such as medication adjustment and risk of hypoglycemia are reviewed. Conclusions Plant-based meal planning is an acceptable and effective strategy that educators can use to improve diabetes management and reduce risk of complications. Studies show that dietary changes that are effective for reducing cardiac risk may also be helpful for management of type 2 diabetes. A low-fat, plant-based diet reduces body weight and improves glycemic control, and has been shown to be remarkably well accepted by patients.
Perceived Risk of Amputation, Emotions, and Foot Self-care Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Scollan-Koliopoulos Melissa , Walker Elizabeth A. , Bleich David 
Published: February 2010

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of having a family member who experienced an amputation on one’s own perceived risk and fear of experiencing a diabetes-related amputation. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study using paper-and-pencil surveys by mail. Adults with type 2 diabetes and a family history of diabetes attending a self-management education program in the Metropolitan New York/ New Jersey area were recruited. Measures were completed about risk perception and fear of amputation, emotional representations of diabetes from the Illness Perception Questionnaire, and the foot self-care behavior component of the Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Survey. The authors estimated the variability in foot self-care that was accounted for by risk perception and fearful memories. Results In those who remembered a family member needing an amputation, high perceived risk and fear was associated with less routine foot self-care. For those without family history of amputation, fear was positively associated with foot self-care. Conclusions Motivation for foot self-care behavior may be driven by risk perception and emotional responses. The ways in which risk perception and fear influence motivation for preventive foot self-care behavior are influenced by whether one’s family member was affected by an amputation. Probing about the influence of the patient’s legacy of diabetes may be helpful when customizing education plans.
In vivo targeting of B-cell lymphoma with glycan ligands of CD22
Authors: Chen Weihsu C. , Completo Gladys C. , Sigal Darren S. , Crocker Paul R. , Saven Alan , Paulson James C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAntibody-mediated cell depletion therapy has proven to provide significant clinical benefit in treatment of lymphomas and leukemias, driving the development of improved therapies with novel mechanisms of cell killing. A current clinical target for B-cell lymphoma is CD22, a B-cell–specific member of the sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin (siglec) family that recognizes α2-6–linked sialylated glycans as ligands. Here, we describe a novel approach for targeting B lymphoma cells with doxorubicin-loaded liposomal nanoparticles displaying high-affinity glycan ligands of CD22. The targeted liposomes are actively bound and endocytosed by CD22 on B cells, and significantly extend life in a xenograft model of human B-cell lymphoma. Moreover, they bind and kill malignant B cells from peripheral blood samples obtained from patients with hairy cell leukemia, marginal zone lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The results demonstrate the potential for using a carbohydrate recognition–based approach for efficiently targeting B cells in vivo that can offer improved treatment options for patients with B-cell malignancies.
SpectraClassifier 1.0: a user friendly, automated MRS-based classifier-development system
Authors: Ortega-Martorell Sandra , Olier Iván , Julià-Sapé Margarida , Arús Carles 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background

SpectraClassifier (SC) is a Java solution for designing and implementing Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)-based classifiers. The main goal of SC is to allow users with minimum background knowledge of multivariate statistics to perform a fully automated pattern recognition analysis. SC incorporates feature selection (greedy stepwise approach, either forward or backward), and feature extraction (PCA). Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis is the method of choice for classification. Classifier evaluation is performed through various methods: display of the confusion matrix of the training and testing datasets; K-fold cross-validation, leave-one-out and bootstrapping as well as Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results
SC is composed of the following modules: Classifier design, Data exploration, Data visualisation, Classifier evaluation, Reports, and Classifier history. It is able to read low resolution in-vivo MRS (single-voxel and multi-voxel) and high resolution tissue MRS (HRMAS), processed with existing tools (jMRUI, INTERPRET, 3DiCSI or TopSpin). In addition, to facilitate exchanging data between applications, a standard format capable of storing all the information needed for a dataset was developed. Each functionality of SC has been specifically validated with real data with the purpose of bug-testing and methods validation. Data from the INTERPRET project was used.

Conclusions
SC is a user-friendly software designed to fulfil the needs of potential users in the MRS community. It accepts all kinds of pre-processed MRS data types and classifies them semi-automatically, allowing spectroscopists to concentrate on interpretation of results with the use of its visualisation tools.
The chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites
Authors: Tenin Gennady , Wright David , Ferjentsik Zoltan , Bone Robert , McGrew Michael J , Maroto Miguel 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background
Somitogenesis is the earliest sign of segmentation in the developing vertebrate embryo. This process starts very early, soon after gastrulation has initiated and proceeds in an anterior-to-posterior direction during body axis elongation. It is widely accepted that somitogenesis is controlled by a molecular oscillator with the same periodicity as somite formation. This periodic mechanism is repeated a specific number of times until the embryo acquires a defined specie-specific final number of somites at the end of the process of axis elongation. This final number of somites varies widely between vertebrate species. How termination of the process of somitogenesis is determined is still unknown.

Results
Here we show that during development there is an imbalance between the speed of somite formation and growth of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM)/tail bud. This decrease in the PSM size of the chick embryo is not due to an acceleration of the speed of somite formation because it remains constant until the last stages of somitogenesis, when it slows down. When the chick embryo reaches its final number of somites at stage HH 24-25 there is still some remaining unsegmented PSM in which expression of components of the somitogenesis oscillator is no longer dynamic. Finally, we identify a change in expression of retinoic acid regulating factors in the tail bud at late stages of somitogenesis, such that in the chick embryo there is a pronounced onset of Raldh2 expression while in the mouse embryo the expression of the RA inhibitor Cyp26A1 is downregulated.

Conclusions
Our results show that the chick somitogenesis oscillator is arrested before all paraxial mesoderm is segmented into somites. In addition, endogenous retinoic acid is probably also involved in the termination of the process of segmentation, and in tail growth in general.
Molecular evolution of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family in ecdysozoans
Authors: Montagné Nicolas , Desdevises Yves , Soyez Daniel , Toullec Jean-Yves 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background
Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone (CHH) family peptides are neurohormones known to regulate several important functions in decapod crustaceans such as ionic and energetic metabolism, molting and reproduction. The structural conservation of these peptides, together with the variety of functions they display, led us to investigate their evolutionary history. CHH family peptides exist in insects (Ion Transport Peptides) and may be present in all ecdysozoans as well. In order to extend the evolutionary study to the entire family, CHH family peptides were thus searched in taxa outside decapods, where they have been, to date, poorly investigated.

Results
CHH family peptides were characterized by molecular cloning in a branchiopod crustacean, Daphnia magna, and in a collembolan, Folsomia candida. Genes encoding such peptides were also rebuilt in silico from genomic sequences of another branchiopod, a chelicerate and two nematodes. These sequences were included in updated datasets to build phylogenies of the CHH family in pancrustaceans. These phylogenies suggest that peptides found in Branchiopoda and Collembola are more closely related to insect ITPs than to crustacean CHHs. Datasets were also used to support a phylogenetic hypothesis about pancrustacean relationships, which, in addition to gene structures, allowed us to propose two evolutionary scenarios of this multigenic family in ecdysozoans.

Conclusions
Evolutionary scenarios suggest that CHH family genes of ecdysozoans originate from an ancestral two-exon gene, and genes of arthropods from a three-exon one. In malacostracans, the evolution of the CHH family has involved several duplication, insertion or deletion events, leading to neuropeptides with a wide variety of functions, as observed in decapods. This family could thus constitute a promising model to investigate the links between gene duplications and functional divergence.
Flux of transcript patterns during soybean seed development
Authors: Jones Sarah I , Gonzalez Delkin O , Vodkin Lila O 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background
To understand gene expression networks leading to functional properties of the soybean seed, we have undertaken a detailed examination of soybean seed development during the stages of major accumulation of oils, proteins, and starches, as well as the desiccating and mature stages, using microarrays consisting of up to 27,000 soybean cDNAs. A subset of these genes on a highly-repetitive 70-mer oligonucleotide microarray was also used to support the results.

Results
It was discovered that genes related to cell growth and maintenance processes, as well as energy processes like photosynthesis, decreased in expression levels as the cotyledons approached the mature, dry stage. Genes involved with some storage proteins had their highest expression levels at the stage of highest fresh weight. However, genes encoding many transcription factors and DNA binding proteins showed higher expression levels in the desiccating and dry seeds than in most of the green stages.

Conclusions
Data on 27,000 cDNAs have been obtained over five stages of soybean development, including the stages of major accumulation of agronomically-important products, using two different types of microarrays. Of particular interest are the genes found to peak in expression at the desiccating and dry seed stages, such as those annotated as transcription factors, which may indicate the preparation of pathways that will be needed later in the early stages of imbibition and germination.
Modulation of iron homeostasis in macrophages by bacterial intracellular pathogens
Authors: Pan Xin , Tamilselvam Batcha , Hansen Eric J , Daefler Simon 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundIntracellular bacterial pathogens depend on acquisition of iron for their success as pathogens. The host cell requires iron as an essential component for cellular functions that include innate immune defense mechanisms. The transferrin receptor TfR1 plays an important part for delivering iron to the host cell during infection. Its expression can be modulated by infection, but its essentiality for bacterial intracellular survival has not been directly investigated.ResultsWe identified two distinct iron-handling scenarios for two different bacterial pathogens.Francisella tularensisdrives an active iron acquisition program via the TfR1 pathway program with induction of ferrireductase (Steap3), iron membrane transporter Dmt1, and iron regulatory proteins IRP1 and IRP2, which is associated with a sustained increase of the labile iron pool inside the macrophage. Expression of TfR1 is critical forFrancisella'sintracellular proliferation. This contrasts with infection of macrophages by wild-typeSalmonella typhimurium, which does not require expression of TfR1 for successful intracellular survival. Macrophages infected withSalmonellalack significant induction of Dmt1, Steap3, and IRP1, and maintain their labile iron pool at normal levels.ConclusionThe distinction between two different phenotypes of iron utilization by intracellular pathogens will allow further characterization and understanding of host-cell iron metabolism and its modulation by intracellular bacteria.
Potential chromosomal introgression barriers revealed by linkage analysis in a hybrid of Pinus massoniana and P. hwangshanensis
Authors: Li Shuxian , Chen Ying , Gao Handong , Yin Tongming 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background
Exploring the genetic mechanisms underlying speciation is a hot topic in modern genetics and evolutionary studies. Distortion of marker transmission ratio is frequently ascribed to selection against alleles that cause hybrid incompatibility. The natural introgression between P. massoniana and P. hwangshanensis and their distribution ranges lead to the emergence of the two species as desirable organisms to study the genetic mechanisms for speciation.

Results
Using seeds sampled from trees at different elevations, we consistently detected sharp decreases in seed germination rates of trees in the hybrid zone, which might be due largely to the hybrid incompatibility. A genetic map was established using 192 megagametophytes from a single tree in the hybrid zone of the two species. Segregation distortion analysis revealed that the percentage of significant-segregation-distortion (SSD) markers was extremely high, accounting for more than 25% of the segregating markers. The extension range, the distortion direction, and the distortion intensity of SSD markers also varied dramatically on different linkage groups.

Conclusions
In this study, we display the potential chromosomal introgression barriers between P. massoniana and P. hwangshanensis. Our study provides a valuable platform for conducting genome-wide association of hybrid incompatible QTLs and/or candidate genes with marker transmission ratio distortion in the hybrid.