bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Codes of conduct: managing the contradictions between local and corporate norms
Authors: Halff Gregor 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to find out whether, which and how international corporations use their codes of conduct to guide employees double‐bound by contradicting cultural norms.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on integrative social contracts theory to content‐analyse the codes of conduct of the “Fortune Global 500” and the “UNCTAD 100”.FindingsThe vast majority of international corporations' codes either does not acknowledge contradictions between equally binding norms, or lacks priority rules for employees to resolve them. Nonetheless, several codes of conduct describe how norms might contradict, give clear priority to one set of norms (local or corporate) and provide specific examples to employees of when and how to apply a priority rule.Practical implicationsThe paper identifies the 33 codes of conduct which can serve as best practices for international corporations' employee and corporate communication.Originality/valueContradictions between cultural norms are unacknowledged or unresolved in communication practice and little explored in corporate communication research. This paper assesses the scope of this caveat in communication practice and offers solutions in the form of an existing normative theory and of newly identified best practices.
The Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy
Authors: Lombardo Robert M. , Olson David , Staton Monte 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), the largest community policing program in the USA.Design/methodology/approachThe data for this research come from the 1993‐1994 Citizen Survey of the Longitudinal Evaluation of Chicago's Community Policing Program. Referred to as the CAPS Prototype Panel Survey, the data were obtained from the Inter‐university Consortium for Political and Social Science Research. Both ordinary least square and log linear regression were used to analyze the data.FindingsThe findings indicate that people living in the CAPS prototype districts had significantly higher levels of satisfaction with police fighting crime than people living in matched comparison areas who were not subject to the CAPS program. The findings also indicate that the residents of the CAPS prototype communities were only marginally more satisfied with police keeping order than those living in non‐CAPS communities.Research implications/limitationsThe findings of this research have important implications for police‐community relations. The fact that citizens were more satisfied with police efforts against crime after the implementation of the CAPS initiative supports community policing programs that center on building strong community ties. The fact that citizens in the prototype districts were not significantly more satisfied with police order maintenance efforts bears further scrutiny.Practical implicationsThe paper's findings confirm earlier research that informal (non‐enforcement) contacts with the police are important for improving satisfaction with police performance, that resident's perception of the level of disorder in their neighborhood is a significant factor shaping their opinion of the police, and that community policing is an effective way of improving police citizen interaction.Originality/valueThis paper analyzes 4,078 previously collected interviews.
Chinese immigrants' attitudes toward the police in San Francisco
Authors: Chu Doris C. , Hung Linda S.J. 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine different aspects of Chinese immigrants' perceptions in San Francisco.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data gathered from 198 Chinese immigrants were utilized to assess respondents' evaluations of the local police.FindingsIt was found that Chinese immigrants' satisfaction with police contact and perceptions imported from countries of origin were significantly associated with ratings of the police in the city. In addition, length of residence in the USA was inversely associated with evaluations of the police.Research limitations/implicationsThe sampling method adopted in this study, not a probability procedure, to some extent may possibly reflect the perceptions of Chinese immigrants who were in need of cultural support and services from various social and community organizations in San Francisco. It should be noted from the descriptive statistics that the average education level for this sample is comparatively lower than it is for the overall Asian population in the USA. Also, only 11 percent of the respondents were under 24 years old. It is acknowledged that this sample may under‐represent the constituency of younger people or more established immigrants who do not need as much ethnic support or various types of services.Originality/valueThere is no other empirical research that specifically examines the Chinese community's perceptions of the police in San Francisco. The findings thus provide police administration a clear strategy to improve Chinese immigrants' perceptions of the police. Training in cultural sensitivity and communication skills, as well as professional attitudes of enforcement, may improve immigrants' satisfaction with the police during the contact, which can enhance Chinese immigrants' perceptions of the police.
W(h)ither the PCSO?
Authors: Merritt Jonathan 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of the Police Community Support Officer (PCSO) in the UK. The development of the role is charted from its inception under the Police Reform Act 2002. The present lived experiences of PCSOs, their colleagues and middle to senior managers have been used to assess the likely future direction of the role and responsibilities of these “public auxiliaries”.Design/methodology/approachStructured interviews and focus groups were conducted with 39 serving officers from three police forces. The corpus of data was analysed for ideal types identified in previous academic work, varying models or complete alternatives.FindingsIt was found that the PCSO role can be viewed as a continuum from what is termed in this piece, a “Junior Enforcer” role with a remit to assist constables to a “Bridge Builder” or uniformed community development worker at the other extreme. The study found that there is a marked drift towards the role of “Junior Enforcer” but that paradoxically this can assist, rather than be an alternative to “Bridge Builder” activities.Practical implicationsA strengthened enforcement role can assist with resolving community issues. The challenge going forward will be to maintain a balance between the extremes of the role. Too few or too less enforcement powers will undermine effectiveness, whereas a concentration on enforcement will ultimately damage the ability of the PCSO to engage with hard‐to‐reach communities.Originality/valueVery little if any independent fieldwork is being done with UK “quasi‐police”, the most recent major studies having taken place soon after their inception in 2002. Exploration of the experiences of serving officers best illustrates the practical issues legislation, policy and procedure generate.
Using balanced scorecard in operationalising FM strategies
Authors: Rasila Heidi , Alho Johanna , Nenonen Suvi 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to illustrate how balanced scorecard approach may be utilized in implementing organizational or facilities management strategies in workplace networks. The term workplace network refers to organizational actors involved in using and maintaining physical working environments. These actors include, among others, the tenant organizations and different service providers.Design/methodology/approachOne large Finnish organization with an existing facilities management strategy was used as a case organization. The data were gathered through interviews and a workshop.FindingsThe paper illustrates how the balanced scorecard can be used in the workplace network. An exemplary goal is derived to the level of numeric measure.Originality/valueThe balanced scorecard has been widely applied in putting the general business strategies in action. Some facilities management‐related solutions are also available. Applications including the entire workplace network are more rare and the originality of this approach comes from this perspective.
A simple parallel algorithm for large‐scale portfolio problems
Authors: Smimou Kamal , Thulasiram Ruppa K. 
Published: November 2010

PurposeAlthough the mean‐variance portfolio selection model has been investigated in the literature, the difficulty associated with the application of the model when dealing with large‐scale problems is limited. The aim of this paper is to close the gap by using the quadratic risk (standard deviation risk) function and finite iteration technique to remove difficulties in quadratic programming.Design/methodology/approachUsing van de Panne' approach, this paper proposes a finite technique to optimize large‐scale portfolio selection problem.FindingsThe proposal of parallel algorithm structure to the model provides a clearer decision framework to significantly enhance the efficiency of the portfolio selection process.Originality/valueThe proposal of parallel algorithm structure to the mean‐variance portfolio selection model provides a clearer decision framework to significantly enhance the efficiency of the portfolio selection process. An empirical example that illustrates the application and benefits of the method is provided.
Average run lengths of control charts for monitoring observations from a Burr distribution
Authors: Cox M.A.A. 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe majority of quality control charts are employed for normally distributed data. In reality this assumption is not always valid, as an alternative the Burr distribution is considered here.Design/methodology/approachHaving previously derived integral equations for the average run length, a key measure of the performance of a control chart, approximate solutions are derived using Gaussian quadrature.FindingsPolynomials closely approximating the average run length for the three most popular control charts, using their usual parameterisation, are obtained.Research limitations/implicationsThis is an extension of the Burr distribution which is noted for its ability to fit numerous scenarios.Practical implicationsThese charts are widely applicable within engineering, finance, medicine, environmental statistics and many other fields. These problems are typically said to fall in the domain of risk management. It is hoped that this paper will add to the body of practitioners already employing this technique.Originality/valueControl charts are widely employed, however, applications are usually restricted to the normal distribution. This is the first time it has been applied to the Burr distribution and original polynomials derived for the average run length.
FINRA's sanctions in 2009: a sign of things to come?
Authors: Heilizer Deborah G. , Rubin Brian L. , Gillespie Shanyn L. 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to summarize a review of all of FINRA's 2009 notices and releases to understand the areas in which FINRA has focused and to try to predict where FINRA may be going in the coming year.Design/methodology/approachThe paper summarizes fines, disciplinary actions, and top enforcement issues; analyzes trends; and draws conclusions.FindingsFINRA reported modest increases in fines and disciplinary actions compared to 2008; however, FINRA was less active than in 2005, 2006 and 2007. The types of cases that generated the most fines, in descending order, were mutual funds, suitability, variable products, licensing, and advertising. One may see more advertising, money laundering, an electronic communications cases in the near future. Given the recent financial crisis and market scandals, and resulting pressure on the regulators, it is perhaps more likely that FINRA's enforcement activity and fines will increase over the next few years, not decrease.Originality/valueThe paper provides expert guidance from experienced financial services lawyers.
Analysis of cross‐cultural online collaborative learning with social software
Authors: Lai‐Chong Law Effie , Vu Nguyen‐Ngoc Anh 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe rising popularity of social software poses challenges to the design and evaluation of pedagogically sound cross‐cultural online collaborative learning environments (OCLEs). In the literature of computer‐mediated communications, there exist only a limited number of related empirical studies, indicating that it is still an emergent research area. The purpose of this paper is to describe an OCLE – iCamp Space – which addresses the challenges by integrating three pedagogical concepts – cross‐cultural collaboration, self‐directed learning (SDL) and social networking – with the aim to advance participants' competencies and by mixed‐method approaches to evaluating the complex situations.Design/methodology/approachA validation field study involving four European countries was conducted. Groups of students co‐created a questionnaire, which was assessed to provide an indicator of task performance. Multi‐source (surveys, blogs, emails, diaries, chats, videoconference and interviews) and multi‐perspective data (facilitators, students and researchers) were studied with social network analysis, content analysis and conversation analysis.FindingsMotivation of learners as well as facilitators is the critical success factor for an OCLE; voluntary involvement is recommended. Participants should be provided with basic training on the use of selected social software tools. Other critical success factors include task selection that contributes to participants' sense of ownership and moderately structured setting that offers some guidance whilst leaving room for the development of SDL competence.Originality/valueThe paper enhances a limited, albeit increasing, number of empirical studies deploying social software for educational purposes. It thus contributes to a body of applied knowledge that enables a coherent understanding of this specific research topic to be drawn.
Efficient XML data and query integration in the wireless sensor network engineering process
Authors: Hoeller Nils , Reinke Christoph , Neumann Jana , Groppe Sven , Werner Christian , Linnemann Volker 
Published: November 2010

PurposeIn the last decade, XML has become thede factostandard for data exchange in the world wide web (WWW). The positive benefits of data exchangeability to support system and software heterogeneity on application level and easy WWW integration make XML an ideal data format for many other application and network scenarios like wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Moreover, the usage of XML encourages using standardized techniques like SOAP to adapt the service‐oriented paradigm to sensor network engineering. Nevertheless, integrating XML usage in WSN data management is limited by the low hardware resources that require efficient XML data management strategies suitable to bridge the general resource gap. The purpose of this paper is to present two separate strategies on integrating XML data management in WSNs.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents two separate strategies on integrating XML data management in WSNs that have been implemented and are running on today's sensor node platforms. The paper shows how XML data can be processed and how XPath queries can be evaluated dynamically. In an extended evaluation, the performance of both strategies concerning the memory and energy efficiency are compared and both solutions are shown to have application domains fully applicable on today's sensor node products.FindingsThis work shows that dynamic XML data management and query evaluation is possible on sensor nodes with strict limitations in terms of memory, processing power and energy supply.Originality/valueThe paper presents an optimized stream‐based XML compression technique and shows how XML queries can be evaluated on compressed XML bit streams using generic pushdown automata. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first complete approach on integrating dynamic XML data management into WSNs.
Exploring the use of entity‐relationship diagramming as a technique to support grounded theory inquiry
Authors: Brady Malcolm , Loonam John 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare fundamental concepts from the grounded theory approach to social science research and concepts from entity‐relationship diagramming, a technique used to model data from the field of systems analysis, and propose that entity‐relationship diagramming can be a useful tool for grounded theory researchers.Design/methodology/approachThe paper compares and contrasts concepts from the two different fields, demonstrating the construction of an entity‐relationship diagram from data from an existing grounded theory research project, and the correspondence between the data model constructs and the grounded theory constructs.FindingsA strong correspondence was found between these two sets of concepts and suggests that the entity‐relationship diagramming technique may be a useful addition to the social scientist's toolkit when carrying out research using the grounded theory approach.Originality/valueThe paper bridges two distinct fields – information systems and grounded theory – and proposes a novel way for qualitative researchers to analyse and depict data.
The role of path dependency in a hospital merger
Authors: Solstad Elsa , Johanne Pettersen Inger 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how change processes are dependent on historical events, geographical conditions, strong stakeholders and social norms developed over long‐time periods. The paper poses the question: what is the role of path dependencies in mergers between hospitals when motives of the mergers are ambiguous and the context of the change initiatives is characterized by conflicting goals?Design/methodology/approachThe primary objective of this study is to describe the experience of three hospitals that were merged into a hospital enterprise, with the focus on a change in activity from 2003 to 2006. This fieldwork allowed a longitudinal study. The empirical data were generated from observations, interviews, document studies and newspaper clippings.FindingsThe investigations showed that the merger forced the hospitals to change, but the new organization – the different components of the merged hospital – followed different pathways to handle the externally imposed changes. Parallel processes evolved, and these processes were rooted in the historical and geographical conditions. Further, the paper illuminates the unique strengths of qualitative research methods that allowed a deeper understanding of these change processes.Originality/valueThe paper's findings add to our knowledge on the complex relations between externally imposed organizational change and the nature of internal organizational behaviour when intertwined with strong stakeholders. The paper particularly highlights the possible consequences when there is little interaction between the changes of systems and the practices of the professionals in hospitals when the processes are heavily influenced by path dependencies rooted in historical and geographical traditions.
Rhetorical criticism as a method for examining cultural pressures on organizational form
Authors: Lee Engstrom Craig 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a rationale and step‐by‐step description of how to use rhetorical criticism as a method for accounting for organizational isomorphism in organizational fields.Design/methodology/approachThe idea that rhetoric is an important form of organizational discourse has gained interest among organizational scholars in recent years. Institutional theorists, especially, have been willing to embrace the “rhetorical turn” in organization studies. These scholars recognize that rhetoric plays an important role in creating, maintaining, and disrupting organizational and institutional orders. This paper adds to this research agenda by suggesting that organizational isomorphism can be partly understood as a rhetorical phenomenon. A method of rhetorical criticism – a qualitative approach for analyzing the rhetorical dimensions of texts and practice – and its efficacy for institutional research is explicated. Using a popular television program about crime scene investigations (which has arguably produced a “CSI effect” that influences the criminal justice system as an organizational field) as a sustained example, steps are provided for conducting rhetorical criticism of popular culture texts in order to account for isomorphic trends in an organizational field.FindingsRhetorical analysis of cultural and organizational artifacts, including institutional work, can expose myths and ceremonies that guide practices effectively and problematically.Originality/valueThe potential value of the paper is in its function as a guide for (neo)institutional and organization scholars looking for innovative approaches to studying organizations from a cultural perspective.
Conceptualising ethical capital in social enterprise
Authors: Bull Mike , Ridley‐Duff Rory , Foster Doug , Seanor Pam 
Published: November 2010

PurposeIn popular culture, ethics and morality are topical, heightened by recent attention to the banking industry and pay awards, monopoly capitalism, global warming and sustainability. Yet, surprisingly, little attention is given to these in the narrative of the conceptualisation of social enterprise or social entrepreneurship – nor in the academic research on the sector. Current conceptualisations of social enterprise fail to fully satisfy the spirit of the movement which advances a narrative that social enterprises: are more like businesses than voluntary organisations; are more entrepreneurial than public service delivery; use business models but are not just in it for the money. A focus on the economic implies a business model where deep tensions lie. A focus on social capital offers a different frame of reference, yet both these conceptualisations fail to fully identify the phenomenon that is social enterprise. The objective of this paper is to fill that gap. Ethical capital is offered here as an alternative and unrecognised conceptualisation in the field of social enterprise.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is exploratory in nature – a tentative piece of theorising that brings together the authors' perspectives on ethical capital to offer a new frame of reference on social enterprise. It sets out to investigate some of the issues in order to provoke further research.FindingsIt is argued in the paper that the current ideology of the neo‐classical economic paradigm pursues interests towards the self and towards the erosion of the moral basis of association. The outcome leaves society with a problem of low ethical virtue. The implications of this paper are that social enterprises maximise ethical virtue beyond any other form of organisation and as such hold great value beyond their missions and values.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper starts the process of intellectual debate about the notion of ethical capital in social enterprises. The conclusions of this paper outline further research questions that need to be addressed in order to fully develop this concept.Originality/valueThis paper offers great value in the understanding of social enterprise through fresh insight into its conceptualisation. A critical perspective is adopted towards the current literature. This paper sheds new light on an understanding of the sector, providing practitioners, business support agencies and academics alike with a conceptualisation that has not been explored before.