bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sectional classification of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae), with notes on the nomenclatural and taxonomic history of the genus
Authors: Jordaan Marie , van Wyk Abraham E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGymnosporia (Wight & Arn.) Hook. f. (Celastraceae) is an Old World genus of about 99 species and 19 infraspecific taxa. A historical review of the genus and its conserved status are given. Sectional subdivision of Gymnosporia into eight sections is based mainly on characters from fruit morphology and leaf anatomy. Taxonomically useful characters at section level include: presence or absence of leaf and fruit indumentum, number of valves in the fruit, aril colour and the degree to which it covers the seed. Diagnostic leaf anatomical characters are epidermis cell size, presence or absence of a hypodermis, uni–or multi–seriate epidermis, dorsiventral or isobilateral mesophyll and presence or absence of trichomes or papillae. The newly described sections (species/infraspecific taxa in brackets) are Buxifoliae (29); Capitatae (1); Gymnosporia (6/3); Mossambicenses (11/4); Vaccinifoliae (1/2); Pubescentes (1); Putterlickioides (1/2) and Tenuispinae (49/8). A key to the sections and a list of species in each section are provided. Morphological as well as leaf anatomical characters to assist in the identification of sections are tabulated. Eleven new name combinations, three new ranks and two new names are proposed.
ETS sequences support the monophyly of the eucalypt genus Corymbia (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Parra-O. Carlos , Bayly Michael , Udovicic Frank , Ladiges Pauline 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe generic classification of the eucalypts, especially recognition of the genus Corymbia, has been controversial. The phylogeny of Corymbia and related eucalypt groups was investigated using nuclear ETS sequences, and combined ETS and ITS sequences. Both the ETS and combined datasets support the monophyly of Corymbia. Three major eucalypt clades are confirmed: Corymbia + Angophora; Eucalyptus s.s.; and the Eucalyptopsis group. Within Corymbia, relationships are broadly consistent with phylogenies based on morphological and anatomical characters; sections Ochraria, Blakearia, and Politaria are all supported as monophyletic; sect. Rufaria is monophyletic with the inclusion of the monotypic sect. Apteria. Within Eucalyptus s.s., relationships are generally consistent with those shown by previous molecular studies. Within the Eucalyptopsis group, Allosyncarpia is sister to the clade Stockwellia + Eucalyptopsis. Relationships between the major eucalypt clades are equivocal, but combined analysis of ETS and ITS data shows Corymbia + Angophora as sister to Eucalyptus—the rainforest taxa of the Eucalyptopsis group being outside this clade. Patterns of relationship and distribution are consistent with differentiation of major lineages of Corymbia prior to the isolation of taxa (now relictual) in eastern and south‐western Australia, arguably before the mid‐Miocene.
Phylogenetic delimitation of Isoglossinae (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) and relationships among constituent genera
Authors: Kiel Carrie A. , McDade Lucinda A. , Daniel Thomas F. , Champluvier Dominique 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPhylogenetic relationships of Isoglossinae (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) were studied with a taxon sample including all but one genus putatively placed in the lineage and a dataset composed of DNA sequences from three genic regions (nrITS, cp trnS/G, trnT/L). Two members each of the lineages of Justicieae previously shown to be phylogenetically adjacent to Isoglossinae were included to test monophyly of Isoglossinae. The Malagasy genera Forcipella and Populina were excluded from Isoglossinae by our analysis. The former was placed outside of Justicieae. The latter was placed with plants representing the Tetramerium lineage of Justicieae. Our results do not provide strong support for placement of Ptyssiglottis with Isoglossinae but also cannot refute this placement. Core Isoglossinae (i.e., members of Old World Conocalyx, Isoglossa, Brachystephanus and New World Kalbreyeriella, Stenostephanus s.l., Razisea) are monophyletic; these plants share "Gürtelpollen", hypothesized to be a morphological synapomorphy for the group. Malagasy Conocalyx is part of the clade that includes all sampled species of Isoglossa and does not seem distinct from the latter genus. Sister to Isoglossa (including Conocalyx) is a lineage including all sampled species of Brachystephanus plus all New World Isoglossinae. Plants belonging to this last clade share monothecous stamens as a morphological synapomorphy. Our data do not support but cannot refute reciprocal monophyly of Brachystephanus and New World Isoglossinae. There is, in fact, very little variation among these taxa such that the problem is lack of resolution rather than support for relationships that conflict with current taxonomy. NW plants in particular are richly diverse in morphology and it is remarkable that this diversification is not reflected in variation in these three DNA regions.
A classification for extant ferns
Authors: Smith Alan R. , Pryer Kathleen M. , Schuettpelz Eric , Korall Petra , Schneider Harald , Wolf Paul G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe present a revised classification for extant ferns, with emphasis on ordinal and familial ranks, and a synopsis of included genera. Our classification reflects recently published phylogenetic hypotheses based on both morphological and molecular data. Within our new classification, we recognize four monophyletic classes, 11 monophyletic orders, and 37 families, 32 of which are strongly supported as monophyletic. One new family, Cibotiaceae Korall, is described. The phylogenetic affinities of a few genera in the order Polypodiales are unclear and their familial placements are therefore tentative. Alphabetical lists of accepted genera (including common synonyms), families, orders, and taxa of higher rank are provided.
A reassessment of the sections of the genus Cytisus Desf. (Cytiseae, Leguminosae)
Authors: Cristofolini Giovanni , Troìa Angelo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRecent morphological and molecular research on Cytisus and allied genera has produced a great deal of new data relevant to systematics, which have not yet been incorporated into a consistent classification system of the genus. We have compared and evaluated recently published cladograms and phenograms based on morphological and molecular (nuclear and plastid DNA) characters. The genus Cytisus sensu lato, including Calicotome, Chamaecytisus, Chronanthus, and Lembotropis, appears to be monophyletic. A subdivision of the genus Cytisus in 13 sections is presented; one species, C. tribracteolatus, remains incertae sedis. A new section (C. sect. Dendrocytisus) and two new combinations for taxa in C. sect. Calicotome are proposed.
Studies in Perenniporia: Polyporus unitus, Boletus medulla-panis, the nomenclature of Perenniporia, Poria and Physisporus, and a note on European Perenniporia with a resupinate basidiome
Authors: Decock Cony , Stalpers Joost A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe status and identities of Polyporus unitus, type of Perenniporia Murrill, of Boletus medulla‐panis, their supposed synonymy, and the nomenclatural status of Perenniporia, Poria, and Physisporus are discussed. It is demonstrated, based on the study of its type, that Pol. unitus is not a synonym of B. medulla‐panis even in the historically wider context than that recognised here. Although not precisely identifiable, the type of Pol. unitus does not belong to Perenniporia in its current sense, which is based on B. medulla‐panis. Poria Pers. and Physisporus Chevall. are discussed as possible generic names for B. medulla‐panis and related taxa. However, in view of the need for nomenclatural stability, it is proposed to maintain Perenniporia as currently accepted, with B. medulla‐panis as conserved type. This name is epitypified and Perenniporia medulla‐panis redefined. Based on a study of European specimens, two species are recognized within the historical circumscription of P. medulla‐panis, Perenniporia meridionalis being described as new. Both species are compared with other European taxa with resupinate basidiomes and a key to all these taxa is presented.
Lectotypification of Echites campanulata Sessé & Moç. (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Williams Justin K. , Morales J. Francisco 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA lectotype is designated for Echites campanulata Sessé & Moç. The lectotype is identified as Laubertia contorta (Mart. & Gal.) Woodson, making E. campanulata a synonym of that name, and provides a further step towards a full account of the species of Echites described by Sessé and Moçiño.
Lectotypification of the names of three moss species described by Hedwig
Authors: Ederra Alicia 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAs a part of a study for the project "Flora Briofítica Ibérica" three names, Bartramia halleriana Hedw., Bartramia pomiformis Hedw. and Anictangium aquaticum Hedw. [≡ Cinclidotus aquaticus (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp.] described by Johannes Hedwig, are lectotypified.
Suppression of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite on Peanuts1
Authors: Campbell W. V. , Batts R. W. , Robertson R. L. , Emery D. A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a major pest of peanuts in North Carolina. Mite populations increase during hot, dry weather and are especially destructive in August and September. The potential losses to peanuts due to mites prompted an investigation of the miticidal and ovicidal properties of fungicides and insecticides currently registered for peanuts as well as the evaluation of chemicals not registered on peanuts for control of the two-spotted spider mite.
Plictran, Galecron, Trithion, Azodrin, Carzol, and Omite provided good suppression of the spider mite in field tests.
Laboratory studies, using a five second dip technique, indicated Plictran, Galecron, and Trithion had good ovicidal properties. The fungicides Du-Ter and Benlate exhibited a low level of ovicidal action. Du-Ter recommended for leaf spot control gave good control of mites in the laboratory tests and suppressed mite buildup in greenhouse experiments.
Some Results of Storage Tests on Farmers Stock Peanuts
Authors: Woodward John D. , Blankenship Paul D. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Storage tests were conducted on farmers stock peanuts during three seasons. The peanuts were aerated with 1/20 and 1/10 cubic feet per minute (cfm) of air per cubic foot of peanuts when the incoming air was within certain ranges of relative humidity. The aeration was beneficial in maintaining the desired peanut moisture content level and in preserving desirable milling characteristics. Attempts to maintain a lower temperature within the peanuts were unsuccessful. Peanuts near the bin walls and in the top layers had higher average temperatures, lower final moisture content levels, lower germination, and more split kernels than peanuts stored in other locations within the bins.
Early-Generation Yield Trials of Peanuts1
Authors: Coffelt Terry A. , Hammons Ray O. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In 1969, a large number of F2 lines developed from reciprocal infraspecific crosses between the varieties ‘Argentine’ and ‘Early Runner’ was available for use in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) breeding program at Tifton, Georgia. These lines were used to make preliminary observations on the possible use of early-generation yield trials in developing superior peanut varieties.
High yielding F2 lines were tested consecutively in F3, F4, F5 and F6 yield trials. Lines not out-yielding the parental cultivars were discarded after each test. Lines were placed in F5 and F6 Spanish and Runner yield trials on the basis of seed weight/100 seed. Eight commercial checks were used in the F5 yield trials and five in the F6 yield trials. Yield and shelling grade data from the F5 and F6 yield trials were evaluated statistically.
Nine of the twelve breeding lines in the F5 yield trials outylelded the parents. Seven yielded more than the highest yielding commercial check. Two of the five breeding lines in the F6 yield trials did not yield significantly less than the highest yielding commercial check. The remaining three did not yield significantly less than the parental cultivars. Based on these results, early testing in yield trials may be an acceptable breeding procedure for evaluation and selection of peanut varieties.
Sources and Nature of Resistance to Cercospora Arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium Personatum (Beck & Curtis) Deighton in Arachis Species1
Authors: Abdou Yousef A-M. , Gregory W. C. , Cooper W. E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Various subspecies, botanical varieties and cultivars of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) from widely separated areas of South America and Africa were evaluated for resistance to C. personatum and C. arachidicola. All cultivated peanuts tested were highly susceptible to both fungi except one collection from Peru, which showed a high degree of tolerance to defoliation.
Sources of resistance were found in the wild Arachis species. Several immune and many highly resistant collections of Arachis were found in the sections Erectoides, Rhizomatosae, and Extranervosae. In section Axonomorphae, A. chacoense (10602 GKP) was highly resistant to C. arachidicola but susceptible to C. personatum, and C. cardenasii (10017 GKP) was susceptible to C. arachidicola but immune to C. personatum. Both Arachis species are cross-compatible with A. hypogaea.
Host response in terms of pathogen penetration was classified into: immune, moderately and highly susceptible; and the reactions after penetration were: highly resistant, moderately and highly susceptible. On highly susceptible peanuts, the germ-tubes showed directed growth toward open stomata through which these fungi penetrate. On moderately susceptible peanuts a few germ-tubes grew toward the stomata, and on the immune entries no directed growth of the germ-tubes was observed. Resistance after penetration was associated with the formation of a barrier in advance of and around the infection site in the form of cell wall swelling and thickening, and the deposition of pectic substances on the cell walls and in intercellular spaces.
Effect of Culture Medium and Light on Sporulation of Two Peanut Leaf Spotting Fungi, Cercospora Arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium Personatum (Beck & Curtis) Deighton1
Authors: Abdou Yousef A-M. , Cooper William Earl 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum sporulated abundantly on certain culture media, while on others they produced none to few conidia. On some media which failed to support sporulation, the addition of an aqueous extract of peanut leaves markedly increased sporulation.
Light was not required for sporulation by C. arachidicola but was essential for sporulation by C. personatum. No conidia were produced by C. personatum in suitable media in continuous darkness or orange light, while greatly reduced sporulation occurred in yellow, blue, green, or red light. The pathogenicity of C. personatum grown under various wavelengths of light was unaffected.
Effects of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on Yield and Other Characteristics of Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Brown R. H. , Ethredge W. J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied at 0.95 kg/ha 60 days after planting to seven peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars in 1970 and eight cultivars in 1971 and 1972. Pod yield of all cultivars were increased by SADH in 1970 by an average of 20%. Yields of Spanish type cultivars were increased in 1971 but not in 1972, while yields of runner and Virginia cultivars were not affected in 1971 nor 1972. There was a trend for increases in the number of pods per plant in Spanish cultivars in all three years and in runner and Virginia types in 1970. Weight per 100 pods was reduced in the Spanish cultivars only in 1972. Main stem lengths were reduced by SADH treatment by an average of 32% in 1970 and 27% in 1971.
Effectiveness of Rhizobia Forming Nodules on Texas Grown Peanuts1
Authors: Weaver R. W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The effectiveness of the symbiotic association of rhizobia with peanuts grown in four production areas of Texas was investigated. This study was undertaken because farmers indicated that they were obtaining yield increases from fertilizing peanuts with N. The location and abundance of nodules on peanut roots indicated that numbers of rhizobia in 16 of 17 fields sampled were adequate for good to fair nodulation. However, nodules sampled from only one of the four production areas consistently contained leghaemoglobin. Twenty-one strains of rhizobia were isolated from peanut nodules from the four areas. Greenhouse trials revealed that only a few strains were highly effective. Results of these studies suggest that peanuts grown in Texas would respond to inoculation with highly effective rhizobia. Field tests are needed to verify the potential benefit from inoculation.
Some Moisture Related Properties of Spanish Peanuts
Authors: Wright M. E. , Porterfield J. G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Physical properties of Spanish-type peanuts (Starr variety) related to moisture content were measured, including apparent density (AD), solid density (SD), void fraction (VF), solid volume per nut (SVN), and total volume per nut (TVN). Measurements were taken on hulls, kernels and whole peanuts, at moisture contents from 0 to approximately 30% wet basis. Test samples were rewet rather than fresh. Data were plotted vs. moisture content in each case and best fit regression equations were developed. VF for kernels was less than VF for whole peanuts which was less than VF for hulls, as expected. TVN for hulls plus kernels compared to TVN for whole peanuts indicates that the kernel cavity is completely filled at approximately 31% m. c. AD and VF relations between hulls, kernels and whole peanuts indicate that swollen kernels may tend to compress the inner layers of the hull at high m. c. Hull wet weight was about 26% of kernel wet weight and hull m. c. about 6% greater than kernel m. c. SVN for hulls was very small (0.08 cc/nut average) and apparently unrelated to m. c. SD for hulls was quite high—1.5 to 4.5 gm/cc.
Control of Florida Beggarweed and Sicklepod in Peanuts with Dinoseb1
Authors: Hauser Ellis W. , Buchanan Gale A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.) and sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), two of the worst weeds in peanuts grown in the Southeastern states, were most susceptible to dinoseb (the alkanolamine salt of 2-sec-butyl-4, 6-dinitrophenol) applied to seedlings before the true leaves expanded. If either of these weeds was not controlled by the first application of dinoseb, especially at the lowest rate of 0.63 kg/ha, it often survived later applications and became a problem when harvesting the peanuts. Sicklepod growing in soil previously treated with vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) was more susceptible to low rates of dinoseb than sicklepod growing in soil free of vernolate. A single treatment of dinoseb at 0.63 kg/ha killed seedling Florida beggarweed if the maximum daily temperature exceeded 32C; however, twice that rate was necessary under cool conditions. Repeated treatments with higher rates (such as 1.26 kg/ha) of dinoseb usually were necessary for satisfactory control of sicklepod. However, where dinoseb did not kill the early weeds, repeated treatments suppressed weed growth and reduced the mass of weeds present at harvest. Peaunt plants generally tolerated the repeated dinoseb treatments, although yields trended lower if dinoseb at 1.26 kg/ha was applied after treatment with naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid). However, any reduction in yields of peanuts attributable to either naptalam or dinoseb treatments was much less than potential reductions in yield from uncontrolled sicklepod and Florida beggarweed.
Some Effects of Commercial-Type Peanut Sheller Design and Operation on Seed Germination
Authors: Davidson James I. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Investigations were conducted with commercial-type peanut shellers to determine the effects of several variables of mechanical shelling on seed germination. The investigated variables were types of shellers, grate design, cylinder design, direction of cylinder rotation, radial distance between cylinder and grates, cylinder speed, and techniques of feeding peanuts into the sheller. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that only the effects of cylinder speed were statistically significant. Although the effects of feed techniques were not statistically significant, it appeared that some feed techniques lowered the germination by several percentage points. Operating commercial-type shellers so as to obtain a maximum whole-seed outturn and treating the shelled peanuts with the fungicide immediately after shelling minimized the detrimental effects of mechanical shelling on germination.
Effect of Temperature on Time from Planting to Flowering in Virginia Type Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Cox F. R. , Martin C. K. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Field studies with a planting date variable were utilized to determine an empirical relation between time from planting to first flowering of NC2, NC5, and Florigiant peanuts and minimum and maximum daily temperatures. Two basic types of curvilinear response functions and two heat unit systems, which used linear functions, were compared on the basis of days missed by each prediction. The mathematical expression of the data that gave the least days missed was the daily fraction of time to flowering being the sum of quadratic functions for minimum and maximum temperature. The rate of slope change was greater at the higher end of the temperature range. The relation between time to flowering and minimum temperature was more curvilinear that that for maximum temperature except at higher temperatures. Minimum temperatures below 43° F lengthened the time to flowering for the three varieties. Varietal differences appeared to be expressed more by the relation with daily maximum than with daily minimum temperatures. The expressions calculated should be more accurate for prediction purposes than a linear heat unit system, plus they tend to describe the individual responses to changes in minimum and maximum temperatures. A certain lack of fit for the relation still exists, indicating perhaps some other measure, such as solar radiation, should also be included.
Evaluation of Systemic and Nonsystemic Pesticides for Insect and Nematode Control in Peanuts1
Authors: Minton N. A. , Morgan L. W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Carbofuran, aldicarb, disulfoton, AC 64,475 (diethyl 1,3-dithlethane-2-ylidenephosphoramidate), AC 64,475 plus phorate and fensulfothion plus disulfoton controlled thrips effectively in all tests where included. Fensulfothion, Nemacur® (ethyl 4-methylthio-m-tolyl isopropylphos—phoramidate), and oxamyl gave a lower level of control or less consistent control than the above materials. Control by all other materials was only mediocre or ineffective. Damage by lesser cornstalk borers was not reduced by any treatment. Carbofuran completely controlled leaf-hoppers in one experiment whereas no other material significantly controlled them. None of the pesticides tested controlled corn earworm and rednecked peanutworm. All chemicals gave some measure of nematode control. Significant nematode control usually increased yields. Although thrips control was obtained, most of the increase in yield was attributed to nematode control. Yields from plots treated with DBCP, which did not control any insect, were usually among the highest.