bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Venous Thromboembolism and Its Prophylaxis in Elective Total Hip Arthroplasty: An International Perspective
Authors: Chari Aswin , Khokhar Arif , Murray David , McNally Martin , Pandit Hemant 
Published: February 2012

Introduction Patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) are at high risk of developing post-operative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or a subsequent pulmonary embolus (PE). Despite best efforts, the best prophylaxis for thromboembolic disease remains controversial. This article aims to update the reader on the newest guidelines concerning venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis for elective THAs, considering their advantages and disadvantages and highlighting their inconsistencies. Methods The Medline database and the Internet were searched for VTE prophylaxis guidelines in English. Nine guidelines were found and compared. The comparison looked at the recommendations made, the grade of recommendation, the level of evidence available for these recommendations and any inconsistencies between the guidelines. Results All guidelines advocate the use of LMWH and almost all advocate the use of mechanical methods of prophylaxis. The recommended duration ranges from 7␓35 days and in many cases, the duration is not specified. There is little consensus in terms of other recommended drugs, the doses, duration and their recommendation grades. Conclusion There is still uncertainty about the optimal methods of thromboprophylaxis in elective total hip arthroplasty. Although there are always going to be disagreements about the endpoints amongst guideline makers, guidelines should achieve uniformity in their criteria for levels of evidence and recommendation grades, facilitating the clinician's decision-making process.
Virus‐induced multiple gene silencing to study redundant metabolic pathways in plants: Silencing the starch degradation pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: George Gavin M. , Bauer Rolene , Blennow Andreas , Kossmann Jens , Lloyd James R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractVirus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a rapid technique that allows for specific and reproducible post‐transcriptional degradation of targeted mRNA. The method has been proven efficient for suppression of expression of many single enzymes. The metabolic networks of plants, however, often contain isoenzymes and gene families that are able to compensate for a mutation and mask the development of a silencing phenotype. Here, we show the application of multiple gene VIGS repression for the study of these redundant biological pathways. Several genes in the starch degradation pathway [disproportionating enzyme 1; (DPE1), disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2), and GWD] were silenced. The functionally distinct DPE enzymes are present in alternate routes for sugar export to the cytoplasm and result in an increase in starch production when silenced individually. Simultaneous silencing of DPE1 and DPE2 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in a near complete suppression in starch and accumulation of malto‐oligosaccharides.
Exploring dried blood spot sampling technique for simultaneous quantification of antiretrovirals: lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine in a rodent pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Nirogi Ramakrishna , Kandikere Vishwottam , Komarneni Prashanth , Aleti Raghupathi , Padala NagaSuryaPrakash , Kalaikadhiban Ilayaraja , Bhyrapuneni Gopinadh , Muddana Nageswararao 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTA high‐performance liquid chromatography/positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine was developed and validated in dried blood spot (DBS) cards. The analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the MRM mode using the respective [M + H]+ ions, m/z 230–112 for lamivudine, m/z 225–127 for stavudine, m/z 267–226 for nevirapine, m/z 383–337 for zidovudine (IS). The lower limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL for both lamivudine and stavudine and 10 ng/mL for nevirapine. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. The method was successfully applied to quantify them in a rat pharmacokinetic study in whole blood, plasma and DBS cards after a single oral co‐administration at the dose of 10, 2 and 13 mg/kg for lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine, respectively, to male Wistar rats. Following oral administration the pharmacokinetic results in all the matrices are in close agreement. Thus accomplishment of this method would facilitate the ease of collection of clinical samples on DBS cards for lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine during human clinical trials and therapeutic drug monitoring. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Pentahydroxylated Steroids from the South China Sea Gorgonian Subergorgia suberosa
Authors: Liao Xiao‐Jian , Tang Li‐Dan , Liang Yuan‐Wei , Jian Shui‐Lian , Xu Shi‐Hai , Liu Yong‐Hong 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTwo new pentahydroxylated steroids, (3β,12β,16β,23E)‐cholesta‐5,23‐diene‐3,12,16,20,25‐pentaol (1) and (3β,12β,16β)‐cholesta‐5,25(26)‐diene‐3,12,16,20,24‐pentaol (2), were isolated from the EtOH extract of the South China Sea gorgonian Subergorgia suberosa. In addition, four known steroids were detected. The structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic methods and comparison of their data with those of the related known compounds. In addition, the cyctotoxicities of the compounds were evaluated against selected cancer cell lines.
Cucurbitane Triterpenoids from the Leaves of Momordica charantia, and Their Cancer Chemopreventive Effects and Cytotoxicities
Authors: Zhang Jie , Huang Yan , Kikuchi Takashi , Tokuda Harukuni , Suzuki Nobutaka , Inafuku Kei‐ichiro , Miura Motofumi , Motohashi Shigeyasu , Suzuki Takashi , Akihisa Toshihiro 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSeventeen cucurbitane‐type triterpenoids, 1–17, including six new compounds, (23E)‐3β,25‐dihydroxy‐7β‐methoxycucurbita‐5,23‐dien‐19‐al (1), (23S*)‐3β‐hydroxy‐7β,23‐dimethoxycucurbita‐5,24‐dien‐19‐al (6), (23R*)‐23‐O‐methylmomordicine IV (7), (25ξ)‐26‐hydroxymomordicoside L (8), 25‐oxo‐27‐normomordicoside L (9), and 25‐O‐methylkaravilagenin D (12), were isolated from a MeOH extract of the leaves of Japanese Momordica charantia. The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature. Compounds 1–17 were examined for their inhibitory effects on EpsteinBarr virus early antigen (EBV‐EA) activation induced with 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) in Raji cells, a known primary screening test for inhibitors of tumor promotion. Four compounds, 1, (23E)‐3β,7β‐dihydroxy‐25‐methoxycucurbita‐5,23‐dien‐19‐al (2), karavilagenin D (11), and 12, showed potent inhibitory effects on EBV‐EA induction with IC50 values in the range of 242–264 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA. In addition, compounds 1 and 11 exhibited inhibitory effects on skin‐tumor promotion in an in vivo two‐stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test based on 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator, and with TPA as a promoter. Furthermore, upon evaluation of the cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–17 against human cancer cell lines, compounds 2, 5–7, 9, and 14 showed potent activities against HL60 cell line, and compound 2 against SK‐BR‐3 cell line.
Transformation of Silanes into Silanols using Water and Recyclable Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts
Authors: Jeon Mina , Han Junghoon , Park Jaiwook 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe highly selective and efficient transformation of organosilanes into silanols was achieved using readily available heterogeneous metal nanoparticle catalysts on an aluminum oxyhydroxide support [M/AlO(OH), M=Pd, Au, Rh, Ru, and Cu]. The transformation was performed under ambient conditions with water. Among the catalysts investigated, the palladium catalyst showed the highest activity; it was highly recyclable and applicable for large‐scale reactions. The palladium catalyst was effective for a wide range of silanes, although small amounts of hydrogenated side products were formed in some cases for alkynyl silanes. The hydrogenation reaction was suppressed by using an oxygen atmosphere or by the using a gold catalyst. The gold catalyst could be reused at least ten times without any loss in activity.
Prediction of the Melt Index Based on the Relevance Vector Machine with Modified Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Jiang H. , Xiao Y. , Li J. , Liu X. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA novel chemical soft‐sensor approach for the prediction of the melt index (MI) in the propylene polymerization industry is presented. The MI is considered as one of the important variables of quality that determine the product specifications. Thus, a reliable estimation of the MI is crucial in quality control. An accurate optimal predictive model of MI values with the relevance vector machine (RVM) is proposed, where the RVM is employed to build the MI prediction model; a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm is then introduced to optimize the parameter of the RVM, and the MPSO‐RVM model is thereby developed. An online correcting strategy (OCS) is further carried out to update the modeling data and to revise the model's parameter self‐adaptively whenever model mismatch happens. Based on the data from a real polypropylene production plant, a detailed comparison is carried out among the least squares support vector machine (LS‐SVM), RVM, MPSO‐RVM, and OCS‐MPSO‐RVM models. The research results reveal the prediction accuracy and validity of the proposed approach.
Degradation and Leaching of Napropamide in BRIS Soil Amended with Chicken Dung and Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Authors: Sadegh‐Zadeh Fardin , Samsuri Abd Wahid , Radziah Othman , Dzolkhifli Omar , Seh‐Bardan Bahi Jalili 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe degradation and leaching of napropamide were compared between Beach Ridges Interspersed with Swales (BRIS) soil samples, and the same soil samples amended with 20 mg ha−1 of either chicken dung (CD) or palm oil mill effluent (POME). The effects of removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the soil samples on napropamide degradation and leaching were also studied. The addition of CD and POME to BRIS soil increased the napropamide half‐life values to 69 and 49.5 days, respectively. Sterilization of the soil samples resulted in partial inhibition of napropamide degradation in all soil samples. The half‐lives of napropamide in BRIS soils receiving 0, 20, 100, and 200 mg kg−1 of DOC derived from CD were 43, 46.2, 53.4, and 63 days, respectively. The napropamide half‐lives in soil samples treated with 0, 20, 100, and 200 mg kg−1 of DOC derived from POME were 43, 49.2, 57.7, and 69 days, respectively. However, in the sterilized soil samples, there were no significant effects of adding DOC derived from either CD or POME on napropamide half‐lives. Incorporating either CD or POME decreased napropamide leaching and total amounts of napropamide remained in the soil columns after two pore volumes of water has been leached were higher in the amended than the non‐amended soil. The CD was more effective in decreasing napropamide leaching than the POME. There were no effects of DOC on napropamide leaching in all soil treatments.
Kinetic Determination of Trace Amounts of Nitrite Using an Optical Chemical Sensor
Authors: Afkhami Abbas , Madrakian Tayyebeh , Aleseyyed Seyyed Bahman 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAn optical chemical sensor (optode) is proposed for the kinetic determination of nitrite ion. The optode was fabricated by the immobilization of methyl violet on a triacetylcellulose polymeric membrane. Methyl violet is covalently bonded to a transparent triacetylcellulose film. By immersion of the sensor into an acidic nitrite solution, the absorbance of the sensor at 596 nm decreases with time that is due to the reaction of nitrite with the immobilized methyl violet. A fixed time method of 15 min was used to monitor the reaction. The linear range for the determination of nitrite was 0.20–8.00 µg mL−1 and the limit of detection was 0.08 µg mL−1. The optodes were one‐shot, they had durability more than 2 months and were easily prepared. The optode was successfully applied to the determination of nitrite ion in spring water and sewage samples.
Correcting for Spectral Cross‐Talk in Dual‐Color Fluorescence Cross‐Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Bacia Kirsten , Petrášek Zdeněk , Schwille Petra 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDual‐color fluorescence cross‐correlation spectroscopy (dcFCCS) allows one to quantitatively assess the interactions of mobile molecules labeled with distinct fluorophores. The technique is widely applied to both reconstituted and live‐cell biological systems. A major drawback of dcFCCS is the risk of an artifactual false‐positive or overestimated cross‐correlation amplitude arising from spectral cross‐talk. Cross‐talk can be reduced or prevented by fast alternating excitation, but the technology is not easily implemented in standard commercial setups. An experimental strategy is devised that does not require specialized hardware and software for recognizing and correcting for cross‐talk in standard dcFCCS. The dependence of the cross‐talk on particle concentrations and brightnesses is quantitatively confirmed. Moreover, it is straightforward to quantitatively correct for cross‐talk using quickly accessible parameters, that is, the measured (apparent) fluorescence count rates and correlation amplitudes. Only the bleed‐through ratio needs to be determined in a calibration measurement. Finally, the limitations of cross‐talk correction and its influence on experimental error are explored.
Theory of Chiral Plasmonic Nanostructures Comprising Metal Nanocrystals and Chiral Molecular Media
Authors: Govorov Alexander O. , Fan Zhiyuan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPlasmonic nanocrystals strongly interact with chiral molecular shells through electric and magnetic fields and in this way acquire new chiro‐optical properties. Transfer of chirality from biomolecules to the plasmonic resonances is a collective phenomenon and strongly depends on the geometry of nanostructure. Collective effects in a molecular chiral shell may suppress or enhance plasmonic circular dichroism (CD) depending on the geometry of hybrid nanocrystal. In large chiral plasmonic structures, we identify a new electrodynamic mechanism of plasmonic CD that is qualitatively different to the near‐field, dipolar mechanism of the plasmonic chirality described by us previously. Our models also show that anisotropic nanocrystals, such as nanorods or oriented molecular shells, have strongly enhanced CD at the plasmonic frequency. A family of chiral plasmonic nanostructures proposed and modeled here can be used for designing new optical media and chiral sensors.
Involvement of activated microglia in increased vulnerability of motoneurons after facial nerve avulsion in presymptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model rats
Authors: Sanagi Tomomi , Nakamura Yasuko , Suzuki Eri , Uchino Shigeo , Aoki Masashi , Warita Hitoshi , Itoyama Yasuto , Kohsaka Shinichi , Ohsawa Keiko 
Published: February 2012

AbstractActivated microglia are observed in various neurodegenerative diseases and are thought to be involved in the processes of neuronal cell death. Motoneuron damage in the facial nuclei after facial nerve avulsion is accelerated in presymptomatic transgenic rats expressing human mutant Cu2+/Zn2+ superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), compared with that in wild‐type rats. To reveal the functional role of microglia in motoneuronal death, we investigated the microglial response after facial nerve avulsion in presymptomatic mutant SOD1H46R (mSOD1H46R) rats. At 3 days after avulsion, microglial clusters were observed in the facial nuclei of both wild‐type and mSOD1H46R rats. The numbers of microglial clusters, proliferating microglia, and microglial attachments to motoneurons were significantly higher in mSOD1H46R rats, compared with those in wild‐type rats. Immunopositive signals for the phagocytic marker ED1 were significantly stronger in mSOD1H46R rats, compared with that in wild‐type rats, at 2 weeks after avulsion. Furthermore, primary microglia prepared from mSOD1H46R rats showed enhanced phagocytic activity, compared with that in wild‐type rats. The expression of P2Y12 mRNA was higher in the facial nuclei of mSOD1H46R rats, compared with that in wild‐type rats. A laser microdissection system revealed that the expression of ATF3 mRNA was higher in the motoneurons of mSOD1H46R rats, compared with that in wild‐type rats, at 2 days after avulsion. These results indicate that microglial activation in response to early neuronal damage increased in mSOD1H46R rats and suggest that the enhanced activation of microglia may lead to an increase in the vulnerability of motoneurons after avulsion in mSOD1H46R rats. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Counseling Center Internship in Higher Education
Authors: DORN FRED 
Published: February 2012

The full‐year internship is developing into an important issue and the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision has recommended that it be included in future doctoral level training. Candidates interested in a university placement, however, will find little information available.A survey was conducted to determine the (a) location of positions, (b) required credentials, (c) methods of announcement, and (d) reaction to APGA supervision and accreditation of internship sites. Results indicate that ACES will need to become more actively involved in the development and retainment of internship positions.
Vibrational averaging of the chemical shift in crystalline α‐glycine
Authors: Dračínský Martin , Bouř Petr 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAveraging of the chemical shift over the molecular motion improves the simulated data and provides additional information about the temperature dependence and system dynamics. However, crystal modeling is difficult due to the limited precision of the plane‐wave density functional theory (DFT) methods and approximate vibrational schemes. On the glycine example, we investigate how the averaging can be achieved within the periodic boundary conditions at the DFT level. The nuclear motion is modeled with the vibrational configuration interaction, with other simplified quantum anharmonic schemes, and the classical Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD). The results confirm a large vibrational contribution to the isotropic shielding values. Both the first and second derivatives of the shielding were found important for the quantum averaging. The first derivatives influence the shielding mostly due to the anharmonic character of the CH and NH stretching modes, whereas second derivatives produce most vibrational corrections associated with the lower‐frequency vibrational modes. Temperature excitations of the lowest‐frequency vibrational states and the expansion of the crystal cell both determine the temperature dependence of nuclear magnetic resonance parameters. The vibrational quantum approach as well as classical BOMD schemes provided temperature dependencies of the chemical shifts that are consistent with the previous experimental data. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prediction of autism susceptibility genes based on association rules
Authors: Gong Lejun , Yan Yunyang , Xie Jianming , Liu Hongde , Sun Xiao 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAutism is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with high heritability and an unclear etiology. The identification of key genes related to autism may elucidate its etiology. The current study provides an approach to predicting autism susceptibility genes. Genes are first extracted from the biomedical literature, and some autism susceptibility genes are then recognized as seeds by the prior knowledge. As candidates, the remaining genes are predicted by creating association rules between the seeds and candidates. In an evaluated data set, 27 autism susceptibility genes (type “Y”) are extracted and 43 possible autism susceptibility genes (type “P”) are predicted. The sum of “Y” and “P” genes accounts for 93.3% of the data set that are not contained in the typical database of autism susceptibility genes. Our approach can effectively extract and predict autism susceptibility genes from the biomedical literature. These predicted results complement the typical database of autism susceptibility genes. The web portal for the predicted results, which is freely available at http://biolab.hyit.edu.cn/ar, can be a valuable resource in studies of diseases related to genes. © 2012 Wiley Peridicals, Inc.
Dynamic changes of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins after transient cerebral ischemia in mice
Authors: Liu Wentao , Tian Fengfeng , Kurata Tomoko , Morimoto Nobutoshi , Abe Koji 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWith fusion or fission, mitochondria alter their morphology in response to various physiological and pathological stimuli, resulting in elongated, tubular, interconnected, or fragmented forms. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed at 2 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days after 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in mice. This study showed that mitochondrial fission protein dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) and fusion protein optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) were both upregulated in the ischemic penumbra, with the peak at 2 days after tMCAO, whereas phosphorylated‐Drp1 (P‐Drp1) progressively increased with a peak at 14 days after tMCAO. Double‐immunofluorescence analysis showed many Drp1/cytochrome c oxidase subunit l (COX1) double‐positive cells and Opa1/COX1 double‐positive cells in the ischemic penumbra and also showed some double‐positive cells with Drp1/terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Opa1/TUNEL in the ischemic penumbra. In contrast, both Drp1 and Opa1 showed progressive decreases until 2 days after tMCAO in the ischemic core because of necrotic brain damage. The present study suggests that there was a continuous mitochondrial fission and fusion during these periods in the ischemic penumbra after tMCAO, probably in an effort toward mitophagy and cellular survival. © 2012 Wiley Peridicals, Inc.
Determining between chyle leak and anastomotic leak after esophageal reconstruction: The utility of methylene blue dye
Authors: Kapila Shivam , Rozen Warren M. , Huang Tom , Wu Terry , Fairbank Sian 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Two common complications of esophagectomy and immediate reconstruction comprise thoracic duct injury leading to chyle leak and anastomotic leakage. These can delay optimized nutrition, speech, and swallowing rehabilitation, and thus are important to identify and treat accordingly. When either chyle leak or anastomotic leak are clinically suspected, differentiation between the two can be very difficult clinically. As both complications may result in an increase in drain output once oral intake has occurred, an effective, quick, and accurate tool is required to determine whether this increase in drain output is related to an anastomotic leak or with a increase activity in chyle production.Study Design:Retrospective descriptive study.Methods:Description of the use of oral methylene blue dye as a safe, simple, and quick clinical bedside test.Results:When ingested orally, an anastomotic leak will lead to blue dye staining the neck drain output immediately (within seconds to minutes). A chyle leak may also result in blue staining of the drain output; however, this is not an immediate phenomenon, and rather, based on the bioavailability of methylene blue this would take a minimum of 1 hour, and more likely up to 4 hours, as the dye is absorbed into mesenteric lymphatics and travels via the thoracic duct.Conclusions:With no documented contraindications or side effects from its oral use (in the absence of hypersensitivity reactions), methylene blue is an inexpensive and freely available test in the postoperative setting of esophageal reconstruction. Laryngoscope, 2012