bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of integral sliding mode control with input constraint for engine idling‐speed control
Authors: Zhang Yang , Kurihara Nobuo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper proposes an approach to the provision of sliding mode control (SMC) with input constraint for engine idling‐speed control. The aim of this experiment is to improve the stability of the system against disturbances such as fuel purges and torque loads. A steady‐state error occurs because, in practice, the control input is restricted when an integral type SMC is employed to achieve stabilization. A modification to this approach is proposed that effectively uses compensation gain and variable switching gain. The compensation gain is derived from the control input difference, and the variable switching gain is described as an exponential function of the hyperplane. A mean‐value engine model with dead time and disturbances is constructed in Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show that the issue relating to steady‐state deviation can be successfully solved with regard to disturbances having bias power; also, robustness is maintained during engine speed fluctuations. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiple‐frame precoding and multi‐D mapping for BICM over ergodic NAF relay channels
Authors: Rodríguez Leonardo Jiménez , Tran Nghi H. , Le‐Ngoc Tho 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes the idea of precoding over multiple cooperative frames with multi‐dimensional (multi‐D) mapping for a bit interleaved coded modulation system over an ergodic non‐orthogonal amplify‐and‐forward (NAF) half‐duplex single‐relay channel. The benefits of multiple‐frame precoding and multi‐D labeling are analyzed in two different regions: the error‐floor region to exploit diversity and the turbo pinch‐off region for near‐capacity performance. In the error‐floor area, it is shown that the diversity gain function of the considered system is th power of that of uncoded cooperative systems, where Nf is the number of precoded cooperative frames and dH is the minimum Hamming distance of the outer code. To optimize the asymptotic coding gain, it is then shown that the source and relay must transmit orthogonally for best asymptotic performance. In the turbo pinch‐off region, we demonstrate that the proposed system concatenated with a simple outer binary code can be employed to achieve near‐capacity performance. Using union bounding techniques, we show that the optimal multi‐D labeling for NAF relaying shall maximize the average Euclidean distance between all pairs in the multi‐D rotated constellation whose labels differ in only 1 bit. The extrinsic information transfer charts are then used to match the outer code, the multi‐D mapping, and the precoder. It is demonstrated that the proposed system is also promising for NAF relaying in the turbo pinch‐off region, in the sense that it can operate below the achievable rate achieved by a conventional coded modulation scheme. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphogenesis in sea urchin embryos: linking cellular events to gene regulatory network states
Authors: Lyons Deirdre C. , Kaltenbach Stacy L. , McClay David R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGastrulation in the sea urchin begins with ingression of the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) at the vegetal pole of the embryo. After entering the blastocoel the PMCs migrate, form a syncitium, and synthesize the skeleton of the embryo. Several hours after the PMCs ingress the vegetal plate buckles to initiate invagination of the archenteron. That morphogenetic process occurs in several steps. The nonskeletogenic cells produce the initial inbending of the vegetal plate. Endoderm cells then rearrange and extend the length of the gut across the blastocoel to a target near the animal pole. Finally, cells that will form part of the midgut and hindgut are added to complete gastrulation. Later, the stomodeum invaginates from the oral ectoderm and fuses with the foregut to complete the archenteron.In advance of, and during these morphogenetic events, an increasingly complex input of transcription factors controls the specification and the cell biological events that conduct the gastrulation movements. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:231–252. doi: 10.1002/wdev.18This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics
Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation
Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems
Internalizing the vegetal cell mass before and during amphibian gastrulation: vegetal rotation and related movements
Authors: Winklbauer Rudolf , Damm Erich W. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe movement of the prospective mesoderm and endoderm to the interior of the amphibian embryo starts in the vegetal cell mass well before the onset of overt gastrulation. By an animally directed movement of cells, the vegetal mass constricts its outer part and expands its inner region including the blastocoel floor, in a process of pregastrulation emboly. Further internalization of the vegetal region has been studied in the Xenopus embryo. At the onset of gastrulation, vegetal rotation sets in at the periphery of the vegetal cell mass, first dorsally and then spreading laterally and ventrally. It consists of an intense inward surging of cells due to active cell rearrangements that can be observed in explants of the vegetal cell mass. In its course, the blastocoel floor expands further and becomes apposed to the blastocoel roof. The boundary between apposed floor and roof forms Brachet's cleft. Another effect of vegetal rotation is the downward and inward movement of the mesodermal marginal zone, constituting the first phase of involution. Together, the upward and outward movement of the peripheral vegetal mass and the downward and inward translocation of the marginal zone lead to an apparent rotation of the whole peripheral region of the gastrula. Vegetal rotation continues to contribute to endoderm internalization to near the end of gastrulation. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:301–306. doi: 10.1002/wdev.26This article is categorized under:

Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation
Axillary and Supraclavicular Recurrences are Rare after Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Breast Cancer
Authors: Siponen Elina T. , Vaalavirta Leila A. , Joensuu Heikki , Leidenius Marjut H. K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundThis study was designed to evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for axillary recurrence (AR) and supraclavicular recurrence (SR) in breast cancer patients with axillary lymph node dissection.MethodsThe study was based on 1,180 patients with unilateral invasive breast cancer operated between January 2000 and December 2003. The median duration of follow‐up was 78 months.ResultsThe 7‐year AR incidence was 0.7% and SR incidence was 1.3%. Twelve of the 14 SR patients and 4 of the 8 AR patients had concomitant distant recurrences. No risk factors for AR were identified. Histological tumor grade III as well as estrogen and progesterone negativity were risk factors for SR. SR, but not AR, was an independent risk factor for poor breast cancer‐specific survival [hazard ratio, 10.116; P < 0.0001]. Among N1 patients, the extent of radiotherapy (RT) had no influence on regional recurrences. Among N2–N3 patients, the 7‐year regional recurrence rates were 34.3% in patients without RT, 0% in patients with local RT, and 1.2% in patients with locoregional RT (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsAR and SR are rare events that often are detected concomitantly with distant metastases. SRs are associated with aggressive disease and poor survival. Our results also suggest that regional RT reduces regional recurrences in N2–N3 patients but not in N1 patients, but the retrospective, nonrandomized study setting renders this conclusion as uncertain.
Optimum leaf size predicted by a novel leaf energy balance model incorporating dependencies of photosynthesis on light and temperature
Authors: Okajima Yuki , Taneda Haruhiko , Noguchi Ko , Terashima Ichiro 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTo clarify relationships between leaf size and the environment variables, we constructed an energy balance model for a single leaf incorporating Leuning's stomatal conductance model and Farquhar's leaf photosynthesis model. We ran this model for various environmental conditions paying particular attention to the leaf boundary layer. The leaf size maximizing the rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area (A) at a high irradiance differed depending on the air temperature. In warm environments, A increased with decrease in leaf size, whereas in cool environments, there was the leaf size maximizing A. With the increase in leaf size, the CO2 concentration inside the leaf (Ci) decreased and the leaf temperature increased, both due to lower boundary layer conductance. At low air temperatures, the negative effect of low Ci on A in large leaves was compensated by the increase in leaf temperature towards the optimum temperature for A. This balance determined the optimum leaf size for A at low air temperatures. With respect to water use efficiency, large leaves tended to be advantageous, especially in cool environments at low‐to‐medium irradiances. Some temperature‐dependent trends in leaf size observed in nature are discussed based on the present results.
Pulmonary perfusion imaging using MRI: clinical application
Authors: Ley Sebastian , Ley-Zaporozhan Julia 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
Lung perfusion is one of the key components of oxygenation. It is hampered in pulmonary arterial diseases and secondary due to parenchymal diseases.

Methods
Assessment is frequently required during the workup of a patient for either of these disease categories.

Results
This review provides insight into imaging techniques, qualitative and quantitative evaluation, and focuses on clinical application of MR perfusion.

Conclusion
The two major techniques, non-contrast-enhanced (arterial spin labeling) and contrast-enhanced perfusion techniques, are discussed.
Beyond Absenteeism: Father Incarceration and Child Development
Authors: Geller Amanda , Cooper Carey E. , Garfinkel Irwin , Schwartz-Soicher Ofira , Mincy Ronald B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHigh rates of incarceration among American men, coupled with high rates of fatherhood among men in prison, have motivated recent research on the effects of parental imprisonment on children’s development. We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the relationship between paternal incarceration and developmental outcomes for approximately 3,000 urban children. We estimate cross-sectional and longitudinal regression models that control not only for fathers’ basic demographic characteristics and a rich set of potential confounders, but also for several measures of pre-incarceration child development and family fixed effects. We find significant increases in aggressive behaviors and some evidence of increased attention problems among children whose fathers are incarcerated. The estimated effects of paternal incarceration are stronger than those of other forms of father absence, suggesting that children with incarcerated fathers may require specialized support from caretakers, teachers, and social service providers. The estimated effects are stronger for children who lived with their fathers prior to incarceration but are also significant for children of nonresident fathers, suggesting that incarceration places children at risk through family hardships including and beyond parent-child separation.
Traumatic brain injury in the neonate, child and adolescent human: An overview of pathology
Authors: Maxwell William L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn the middle of the last century it had been thought that a good recovery of function and behavior would occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in very young human beings. A recent major change in thinking states that early childhood TBI may result in a severe compromise of normal brain growth and development such that TBI, rather, may compromise later normal development resulting in a need for very long term patient care and management. The mechanisms of injury and pathology within the injured brain are reviewed and compared between when injury occurs at or close to the time of birth, in an infant, in a young child, in a child between ages 5 and 10, in young and older adolescents and in young adulthood. Our understanding of pathophysiological responses by cells of the human central nervous system has recently greatly increased but has really only served to illustrate the great complexity of interactions between different types of cell within the growing and developing CNS. The hypothesis is developed that the outcome for a very young patient differs with the relative state of development of injured cells at the locus of injury. And that the potential for either repair, re‐instatement of normal cellular and organ function or for continued normal development is much reduced after an early brain insult (EBI) compared with TBI in a slightly older child or young adult patient. The advent of increasingly sophisticated non‐invasive imaging technology has allowed assessment of the influence and time course of brain pathology both early and late after TBI. This has generated greater confidence on the part of clinicians in forecasting outcomes for an injured patient. But our increased understanding has still not allowed development of therapeutic strategies that might ameliorate the effect of an injury. It is suggested that an improved integration of major clinical and scientific effort needs to be made to appreciate the import of multiple interactions between cells forming the neurovascular unit in order to improve any potential for post‐traumatic recovery after TBI in neonates and young children.
Imaging short‐period seismic radiation from the 27 February 2010 Chile (MW 8.8) earthquake by back‐projection of P, PP, and PKIKP waves
Authors: Koper Keith D. , Hutko Alexander R. , Lay Thorne , Sufri Oner 
Published: December 2011

Teleseismic short‐period (0.5–5 s) P waves from the 27 February 2010 Chile earthquake (Mw 8.8) are back projected to the source region to image locations of coherent short‐period seismic wave radiation. Several receiver array configurations are analyzed using different P wave arrivals, including networks of stations in North America (P), Japan (PKIKP), and Europe (PP), as well as a global configuration of stations with a broad azimuthal distribution and longer‐period P waves (5–20 s). Coherent bursts of short‐period radiation from the source are concentrated below the Chilean coastline, along the downdip portion of the megathrust. The short‐period source region expands bilaterally, with significant irregularity in the radiation. Comparison with finite fault slip models inverted from longer‐period seismic waves indicates that the regions of large slip on the megathrust are located updip of the regions of short‐period radiation, a manifestation of frequency‐dependent seismic radiation, similar to observations for the great 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9.0). Back projection of synthetic P waves generated from the finite fault models demonstrates that if the short‐period energy had radiated with the same space‐time distribution as the long‐period energy, back‐projection analysis would image it in the correct location, updip. We conclude that back‐projection imaging of short‐period signals provides a distinct view of the seismic source that is missed by studies based only on long‐period seismic waves, geodetic data, and/or tsunami observations.
Rain‐induced variability of near sea‐surface T and S from drifter data
Authors: Reverdin G. , Morisset S. , Boutin J. , Martin N. 
Published: December 2011

The effect of rain on sea surface temperature, salinity and density is examined using data of surface drifters in regions of the tropical oceans with large rainfall. In a few off‐equatorial areas, there are sufficient drifter data to composite average daily cycles. There, the period of the day with largest salinity changes is associated with the largest rainfall rates and the lowest salinity. For a one‐yearlong trajectory in the southwest Pacific, this results in an early morning salinity minimum, whereas the opposite is found close to equatorial West Africa. We then consider individual freshening events larger than 0.1 psu (averaging 0.56 psu at 50 cm), and find that they are often related with local rainfall, are associated with a surface cooling, and relax in a time inversely proportional to wind intensity. The temperature cooling is dependent on the time of day, but the freshening presents less daily cycle and the largest fast changes in salinity tend to be associated with the largest rainfall rates. When two measurement levels are available, the initial salinity signal is larger by more than 20% at the shallow depth (15 cm) compared with the deeper measurement level (near 50 cm), and the temperature and salinity gradients between the two levels are proportional (0.22°C for a 1% dilution).
The roles of temperature and water vapor at different stages of the polar mesospheric cloud season
Authors: Rong P. P. , Russell J. M. , Hervig M. E. , Bailey S. M. 
Published: December 2011

Temperature, or alternatively, saturation vapor pressure (PSAT), dominantly controls the polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) seasonal onset and termination, characterized by a strong anticorrelated relationship between the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE)‐observed PMC frequency and PSAT on intraseasonal time scales. SOFIE is highly sensitive to weak clouds and can obtain a nearly full spectrum of PMCs. Both the SOFIE PMC frequency and PSAT indicate a rapid onset and termination of the season. Compared to PSAT, the water vapor partial pressure (PH2O) exhibits only a slight increase from before to after the start of the season. We are able to use the PSAT daily minimum and two averaged PH2O levels taken before and after the solstice, respectively, to estimate the start and end days of the PMC season within 1–2 days uncertainty. SOFIE ice mass density and its relationship to PH2O and PSAT are examined on intraseasonal scales and for two extreme conditions, i.e., strong and weak cloud cases. In the strong cloud case, such as those bright clouds that occur during the core of the season, PH2O far exceeds PSAT and dominantly controls the ice mass density variation, while in the weak cloud case, such as those clouds that occur at the start and end of the season, PH2O and PSAThave comparable magnitudes, vary in concert, and have similar effects on the ice mass density variation. These results suggest that the long‐term brightness trends reported by DeLand et al. (2007) are primarily driven by changes in water vapor (H2O), not temperature.
Exploring Soy-Derived Alternatives to Fish Meal: Using Soy Protein Concentrate and Soy Protein Isolate in Hybrid Striped Bass Feeds
Authors: Blaufuss Patrick , Trushenski Jesse 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Many protein sources, including soybean meal (SBM), have been investigated as alternatives to fish meal (FM) in aquaculture feeds. However, FM replacement in feeds for carnivorous fishes is limited by problems with feed intake, growth rate, and overall health associated with the reduced digestibility of SBM and the antinutritional factors (ANFs) it contains. Processing strategies can reduce the effects of ANFs and can improve protein utilization. We conducted two trials to examine the possibility of further FM replacement in SBM-maximized feeds for hybrid striped bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis) by using two refined soy products: soy protein concentrate (SPC) and soy protein isolate (SPI). Diets were formulated to maximize FM replacement, beginning with a basal diet containing 10% FM and 65% SBM. Further reductions in FM were made by using SPC or SPI to spare FM-derived protein. Refined soy protein-based feeds were evaluated in feeding trials with juvenile hybrid striped bass that were cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems. Although reducing dietary FM below 10% by using SPC or SPI resulted in decreased production performance, this appears to be due to a reduction in palatability rather than to negative biological effects (e.g., changes in gut histology, major shifts in carcass proximate composition) associated with ANFs or other dietary effects. A moderate reduction in growth associated with administering the SPC-based feeds corresponded with a moderate reduction in feed intake, whereas dietary inclusion of SPI resulted in severe feeding reluctance, starvation, and cannibalism. Although SPC and SPI may vary in their suitability as FM alternatives, the differential performance observed may also be related to the fact that younger, smaller fish were used in the SPI trial than in the SPC trial. Refined soy proteins can be used in conjunction with SBM to spare FM, but the cost of these products and their acceptability to juvenile carnivorous fish will determine the extent of their utilization in aquafeeds.
Errata to “The defect of Fano 3-folds”
Authors: Kaloghiros Anne-Sophie 
Published: December 2011

This note corrects three minor errors in The defect of Fano

3
3

-folds [J. Algebraic Geom. 20 (2011), 127–149] kindly pointed out by Professor Yuri Prokhorov and by Dr. Mark Haskins.
Maturation is associated with changes in rat cerebral artery structure, biomechanical properties and tone
Authors: Mandalà M. , Pedatella A. L. , Morales Palomares S. , Cipolla M. J. , Osol G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim:This study evaluated the hypothesis that physiological maturation affects cerebral artery smooth muscle–endothelial interactions involved in pressure‐induced tone and alters the dimensional and biomechanical properties of small posterior cerebral arteries (PCA).Methods:Secondary branches of PCA from young (4–5 weeks old, n = 11), adult (14–16 weeks old, n = 11) and mature (44–47 weeks old, n = 11) male Sprague‐Dawley rats were isolated, cannulated, pressurized and subjected to a range of intraluminal pressures (10–110 mmHg) to determine tone with and without pharmacologic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition. Measurements of passive lumen diameter and wall thickness as a function of pressure were used to determine changes in structure, distensibility and wall stress; histological analysis was performed on vessel cross‐sections to assess collagen and elastin contents.Results:Although pressure‐dependent tone decreased significantly during ageing, differences between groups were abolished by NOS inhibition. Vessel diameters increased in adult vs. young rats (at 90 mmHg, 233 ± 6.0 μm vs. 192 ± 4.5 μm; P < 0.05), possibly secondary to somatic growth. Further ageing was associated with reductions in lumen diameter (207 ± 6.5 μm; P < 0.05), increased wall and media thickness (and wall/lumen ratio) and cross‐sectional area. Distensibility and wall collagen were unchanged, although elastin content was significantly reduced.Conclusions:Maturation is associated with differences in PCA dimensional properties that indicate a pattern of initial outward eutrophic, followed by inward hypertrophic remodelling. Functionally, the contribution of basal NO increases with age in a way that reduces pressure‐dependent tone and diminishes vasodilator reserve.