bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twenty-year review of quantitative transmission electron microscopy for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Shoemark A , Dixon M , Corrin B , Dewar A 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundThe examination of ciliary ultrastructure in a nasal sample remains a definitive diagnostic test for primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD).MethodsThe quantitative assessment of ciliary ultrastructure in the diagnosis of PCD over a 20-year period was reviewed.ResultsDuring this period, 1182 patients were referred for ciliary ultrastructural analysis, 242 (20%) of whom were confirmed as having the disease. The two main causes of PCD identified were a lack of outer dynein arms (43%) and a lack of both inner and outer dynein arms (24%). Other causes included transposition, radial spoke and inner dynein arm defects. No specific ultrastructural defects were detected in 33 patients (3%) diagnosed as having PCD on the basis of their clinical features and screening tests that included a low nasal nitric oxide concentration or slow saccharine clearance and abnormal ciliary beat frequency or pattern.ConclusionsElectron microscopy analysis can confirm but does not always exclude a diagnosis of PCD.
Expression of p53, p21 and cyclin D1 in penile cancer: p53 predicts poor prognosis
Authors: Gunia Sven , Kakies Christoph , Erbersdobler Andreas , Hakenberg Oliver W , Koch Stefan , May Matthias 
Published: December 2011

AimsTo evaluate the role of p53, p21 and cyclin D1 expression in patients with penile cancer (PC).MethodsParaffin-embedded tissues from PC specimens from six pathology departments were subjected to a central histopathological review performed by one pathologist. The tissue microarray technique was used for immunostaining which was evaluated by two independent pathologists and correlated with cancer-specific survival (CSS). κ-statistics were used to assess interobserver variability. Uni- and multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was applied to assess the independent effects of several prognostic factors on CSS over a median of 32 months (IQR 6–66 months).ResultsSpecimens and clinical data from 110 men treated surgically for primary PC were collected. p53 staining was positive in 30 and negative in 62 specimens. κ-statistics showed substantial interobserver reproducibility of p53 staining evaluation (κ=0.73; p<0.001). The 5-year CSS rate for the entire study cohort was 74%. Five-year CSS was 84% in p53-negative and 51% in p53-positive PC patients (p=0.003). Multivariable analysis showed p53 (HR=3.20; p=0.041) and pT-stage (HR=4.29; p<0.001) as independent significant prognostic factors for CSS. Cyclin D1 and p21 expression were not correlated with survival. However, incorporating p21 into a multivariable Cox model did contribute to improved model quality for predicting CSS.ConclusionsIn patients with PC, the expression of p53 in the primary tumour specimen can be reproducibly assessed and is negatively associated with cancer specific survival.
Estimating the proportion of intracranial aneurysms likely to be amenable to treatment with the pipeline embolization device
Authors: Brinjikji Waleed , Cloft Harry J , Fiorella David , Lanzino Giuseppe , Kallmes David F 
Published: December 2011

ObjectiveA study was undertaken to estimate the fraction of intracranial aneurysms that might be amenable to treatment with the pipeline embolization device (PED), a current flow diverter device, and to determine the types of aneurysms that are probably not amenable to treatment with this device.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 200 consecutive intracranial aneurysms as seen on three-dimensional rotational angiography images was conducted. Based on aneurysm and parent artery morphology, four independent observers experienced in the use of the PED judged the likelihood that a given aneurysm could theoretically be treated with one or more PED using a 5-point scale: grades 1 and 2 indicated amenability to treatment with multiple devices; grade 3 indicated amenability to treatment with one device; and grades 4 and 5 indicated the aneurysm would not be amenable to treatment with the PED. Aneurysms were analyzed on the basis of anatomical factors only. Rupture status was not considered. Interobserver agreement was determined.Results94 of 200 aneurysms (47%) were judged to be likely to be amenable to treatment with the PED; 50 cases (25%) were judged to be amenable to the use of multiple overlapping devices while, in 44 cases (22%), coverage with a single device was preferred. There was a significant relationship between the location of the aneurysm and the grade of the aneurysm (p<0.0001).ConclusionOn the basis of anatomical configuration, nearly half of the aneurysms in this study were likely to be amenable to treatment with the PED.
Heterosis for carotenoid concentration and profile in maize hybrids
Authors: Burt Andrew J. , Grainger Christopher M. , Shelp Barry J. , Lee Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2011

Production of high-lutein maize grain is of particular interest as a value-added feed source to produce high-lutein eggs. In this paper, it is demonstrated that heterosis for total carotenoid concentration and for the ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin (L:Z ratio), or profile type, exists infrequently in yellow dent crosses. However, yellow dent inbred maize lines A619 and CG102, both possessing high-lutein profiles, produce F1seed with a classic overdominant expression of lutein levels (i.e., 49 µg/g dry weight (DW) above the high-parent value). Reciprocal crosses of A619 and CG102 with one another and with two high-zeaxanthin (i.e., low lutein), high-carotenoid lines both suggest that the A619 and CG102 high-lutein phenotypes are achieved by different and complementary genotypes. The contribution of CG102 to the heterotic response was examined using a QTL-based approach that involved phenotyping the mapping population in a testcross to A619. Significant QTL were found at loci known to be involved in the carotenoid pathway but also at loci proximate to, but separate from, known carotenoid pathway steps. Exploiting an overdominant heterotic response for lutein and total carotenoids should be given strong consideration as a viable method of producing high-carotenoid hybrid maize lines.
Interaction of carbon monoxide with small metal clusters: a DFT, electrochemical, and FTIR study
Authors: Adams Brian D. , Asmussen Robert M. , Chen Aicheng , Mawhinney Robert C. 
Published: December 2011

The adsorption of CO molecules onto small metal clusters was studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and experimental electrochemical and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (ATR-FTIR) techniques were used to examine CO adsorbed onto nanostructures of similar composition. The adsorption strengths and CO vibrational stretching frequencies were calculated and analyzed for clusters of the form M–CO for all of the period 4, 5, and 6 d-block transition metals. A direct link between the νCO and the population of d orbitals of the metal was observed. All possible binding sites for CO on clusters of the form Pd4–CO, Pd2Pt2–CO, and Pd2Au2–CO were determined and the corresponding adsorption energies and CO stretching frequencies were examined. Pure Pd and bimetallic PdPt and PdAu nanostructures were fabricated and used as catalysts for the adsorption and electrochemical oxidation of CO. The relative quantities of CO molecules adsorbed to surface of the catalysts decrease in the order of PdPt > Pd > PdAu, consistent with our DFT results. The location of νCO bands of CO adsorbed onto the nanostructured catalysts were determined by means of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and were found to have values close to that predicted by DFT. This paper shows that DFT calculations on very small metal clusters Mn–CO (n ≤ 4) can be a simple but effective way of screening catalysts for their adsorbing properties.
Volatile organic compounds analyzed by direct insertion probe mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Jian Jun 
Published: December 2011

A modified approach for analyzing volatile organic compounds through standard direct insertion probe mass spectrometry is presented. With aluminum oxide or silica powder packed in a capillary tube, the sample’s evaporative loss in a high vacuum instrument chamber is significantly reduced and the retention time is increased accordingly. With this technique, organic compounds with lower boiling points (e.g., 2-butanol at 99 °C) can be readily detected and analyzed.
Is sperm viability independent of ejaculate size in the house cricket (Acheta domesticus)?
Authors: Gress Brian E. , Kelly Clint D. 
Published: December 2011

Assessing sperm viability is a popular means of testing hypotheses related to ejaculate quality. This technique has produced interesting results; however, the sperm viability assay itself may kill sperm. This is a serious pitfall, as assay-related mortality could confound results and produce artificially low estimates of viability. To avoid spurious results, it has been recommended that investigators include sperm number in their viability analyses. Unfortunately, studies conducted to date on internal fertilizers have not included sperm counts in their analyses, so it is not possible to assess whether this factor can indeed produce artefactual results. In this paper, we use male house crickets ( Acheta domesticus (L., 1758)) to show that sperm viability is dependent on sperm number and exclusion of this factor from statistical analyses affects our interpretation of experimental treatment results. We show that mechanically rupturing a spermatophore significantly reduces sperm viability, but this does not appear to drive the nonindependent relationship between viability and number. Instead, our study shows that nonindependence is due to processes other than differential physical damage to the sperm during collection. We also show that allowing a spermatophore to evacuate its sperm without rupturing for 10 min maximizes both sperm number and viability.
Roosts and home ranges of spotted bats (Euderma maculatum) in northern Arizona
Authors: Chambers Carol L. , Herder Michael J. , Yasuda Kei , Mikesic David G. , Dewhurst Stephen M. , Masters W. Mitchell , Vleck David 
Published: December 2011

Roosting ecology and foraging behavior of spotted bats ( Euderma maculatum (J.A. Allen, 1891)) are poorly known. We captured 47 spotted bats at three locations in northern Arizona and attached radio transmitters to 16 bats to identify roosts and home ranges. We identified 14 roosts for 12 bats. Female roosts faced south; males did not select a roost aspect. Bats used a mean of 1.4 roosts during 10 days. Mean distances from capture site and nearest perennial water source to roosts were 15.1 and 5.8 km, respectively. Maximum and minimum distances from capture to roost site were 36.3 and 2.3 km, respectively. Home ranges (95% use, minimum convex polygon method) for bats averaged 297 km2, which was much larger than reported for spotted bats elsewhere in their range and other insectivorous bats. Maximum flight speed was 53 km/h. Most foraging locations were in desert scrub vegetation, but bats also used woodlands and forests, perhaps seeking seasonal prey or cooler sites to reduce water stress. Maternity roosts were remote, difficult to access, and within protected areas in northern Arizona. Foraging areas and ponds used for drinking, however, included private and public lands managed for a variety of uses.
Mid-crustal controls on episodic stress-field rotation around major reverse, normal and strike-slip faults
Authors: Nüchter Jens-Alexander , Ellis Susan 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Numerical models are used to investigate the geometry of coseismic stress-field perturbation in the crust surrounding a reverse fault, a normal fault and a strike-slip fault. The results predict a coseismic stress drop in the upper crust and loading to high stress below the brittle–ductile transition (BDT) due to the taper-off in fault slip. Coseismic stress deflections occur for each fault type as a result of the coseismic stress redistribution and is at a maximum in the middle crust where fault slip tapers-off. The zone of high-stress deflection extends downwards to the base of the crust. During the post-seismic interval, the stress-field geometry recovers towards the pre-earthquake stress state, but simple stress-field geometries cannot be re-established. The numerical results indicate that: (1) stress deflection due to slip taper-off below the BDT is important for the stress perturbation throughout the crust; (2) predictions for coseismic stress deflection exclusively based on the fault-parallel shear-stress drop ratio systematically underestimate stress deflection in the entire crust; (3) stress rotation is persistent throughout the crust in seismically active regions; and (4) the geometry of secondary faults is expected to be affected by the perturbed stress field.
Formation of fault-related calcite precipitates and their implications for dating fault activity in the East Anatolian and Dead Sea fault zones
Authors: Nuriel P. , Rosenbaum G. , Uysal T. I. , Zhao J. , Golding S. D. , Weinberger R. , Karabacak V. , Avni Y. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Fault-related calcite precipitates taken from different segments along the East Anatolian (SE Turkey) and Dead Sea (Israel) fault zones were investigated structurally, geochemically and geochronologically. The results indicate major differences in the nature of calcite precipitates and temporal relationship to faulting. In the Düziçi Fault, calcite-filled veins and hydraulic fractures precipitated co-seismically during three consecutive faulting events. Calcite precipitated in veins at the Har Zefiyya Fault was controlled by near-surface karst processes. Initial opening of the veins occurred prior to about 500 ka and may represent the onset of an east–west contractional deformation. In the Carmel Fault Zone the calcite coating the fault plane precipitated by karst processes, with no evidence of subsequent deformation. Calcite fault gouge from the same site are a mix of host-rock gouge and newly formed authigenic calcite, and their overall geochemistry suggests pervasive fluid–rock interaction in the fault zone. In the Baraq Fault Zone the precipitation of calcite within syntectonic tension gashes and veins occurred prior to 540 ka by the pervasive infiltration of meteoric water into the fault zone. The results demonstrate that geochemical and structural analyses, combined with U–Th geochronology, can shed light on co-seismic and inter-seismic fault activity, and can potentially provide precise age constraints on the timing of brittle deformation.
Reproduction of thermal pressurization and fluidization of clay-rich fault gouges by high-velocity friction experiments and implications for seismic slip in natural faults
Authors: Ujiie Kohtaro , Tsutsumi Akito , Kameda Jun 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We examine the frictional properties and microstructures of clay-rich fault gouges subjected to thermal pressurization and fluidization, generated in high-velocity friction experiments under dry and wet conditions. In the dry tests, slip weakening occurs by thermal pressurization, which is marked by a fault-gouge expansion associated with a water-phase transition from liquid to vapour. The water is derived from dehydration of clay minerals by frictional heating. The resulting microstructure in the gouge layer is a random distribution of spherical clay–clast aggregates in the matrix, and mixing of different gouge constituents without shear surfaces. In the wet tests, slip weakening is caused by pore-fluid pressurization resulting from shear-enhanced compaction of the water-saturated gouge and frictional heating. Compared to the dry tests, the wet tests show smaller dynamic stress drops and slip weakening distance. The steady-state shear stress in the wet tests is almost independent of normal stress, suggesting a fluid-like behaviour of the fault gouge during high-velocity shearing. The microstructures after the wet tests show that the foliated zone is accompanied by grain-size segregation in the gouge layer. The grain-size segregation is attributed to the Brazil-nut effect resulting from the difference in dispersive pressure in the granular-fluid shear flow at high shear rates, indicating a fluidization of fault gouge. Our results obtained at seismic slip rates imply that the propagation of an earthquake rupture can be enhanced by fluid pressurization and frictional heat, potentially leaving characteristic microstructures resulting from water vaporization by frictional heating or flow sorting at high slip rates.
Fault-zone geology: lessons from drilling through the Nojima and Chelungpu faults
Authors: Boullier Anne-Marie 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Several drilling projects have been conducted through active faults with the aim of learning about the geology of the fault zones and tentatively correlating the structure and mineralogy of the fault zones with their seismological behaviour during recent earthquakes. Here we present the major results obtained from structural and mineralogical studies of core samples retrieved from the dextral reverse strike-slip Nojima Fault (Japan) within granitic rocks following the Kobe earthquake (1995), and from the Chelungpu Thrust Fault (Taiwan) within alternating silts and shales following the Chi-chi earthquake (1999). We show how these projects, despite not fullfilling all their objectives, have still contributed to a better geological knowledge of the fault zones, to a better characterization of the slip zones related to the recent earthquakes particularly of their thickness, microstructures and deformation mechanisms, and to a better understanding of the nature and role of fluids within the fault zone. They have also led to new questions, and to new approaches, for studying fault-rock samples. For all of these reasons, they have stimulated international scientific research into fault-zone geology.
Deep rock damage in the San Andreas Fault revealed by P- and S-type fault-zone-guided waves
Authors: Ellsworth William L. , Malin Peter E. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Damage to fault-zone rocks during fault slip results in the formation of a channel of low seismic-wave velocities. Within such channels guided seismic waves, denoted by F
g
, can propagate. Here we show with core samples, well logs and F
g
-waves that such a channel is crossed by the SAFOD (San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth) borehole at a depth of 2.7 km near Parkfield, California, USA. This laterally extensive channel extends downwards to at least half way through the seismogenic crust, more than about 7 km. The channel supports not only the previously recognized Love-type- (F
L
) and Rayleigh-type- (F
R
) guided waves, but also a new fault-guided wave, which we name F
Φ
. As recorded 2.7 km underground, F
Φ
is normally dispersed, ends in an Airy phase, and arrives between the P
-
and S
-
waves. Modelling shows that F
Φ
travels as a leaky mode within the core of the fault zone. Combined with the drill core samples, well logs and the two other types of guided waves, F
Φ
at SAFOD reveals a zone of profound, deep, rock damage. Originating from damage accumulated over the recent history of fault movement, we suggest it is maintained either by fracturing near the slip surface of earthquakes, such as the 1857 Fort Tejon
M
7.9, or is an unexplained part of the fault-creep process known to be active at this site.
Geology of the seismogenic subduction thrust interface
Authors: Fagereng Åke 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
A microseismically active layer of underthrust sediments is commonly inferred along subduction thrust interfaces. The exhumed Chrystalls Beach Complex, in the Otago Schist, New Zealand, may be analogous to an actively deforming underthrust rock assemblage. The complex contains asymmetric competent lenses of sandstone, chert and basalt enclosed in a cleaved mudstone matrix. Continuous fabrics such as folds, boudins and asymmetric phacoids formed by distributed cataclasis and dissolution–precipitation creep. Discontinuous deformation is evident in an extensive fault-fracture mesh involving mutually cross-cutting subvertical extension veins and subhorizontal slickenfibre shear surfaces.
The Hikurangi margin provides an example of along-strike variations in seismic style, possibly related to heterogeneous fluid-pressure state and interface geology. In both the ancient and active subduction-related shear zone, fluid-pressure state appears to be a critical control on frictional failure, which primarily occurs on weak, fluid-overpressured discontinuities. Continuous, aseismic deformation occurs where other mineral deformation mechanisms, such as dissolution–precipitation creep, are preferred. The geometry and composition of the underthrust rock assemblage appear to be first-order controls on megathrust fluid-pressure distribution, bulk rheology and dominant deformation mechanism, and thus may be significant controls on megathrust seismic style.
Textural record of the seismic cycle: strain-rate variation in an ancient subduction thrust
Authors: Rowe Christie D. , Meneghini Francesca , Moore J. Casey 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Active faults slip at different rates over the course of the seismic cycle: earthquake slip (
c
. 1 m s
−1
), interseismic creep (
c
. 10–100 mm year
−1
) and intermediate rate transients (e.g. afterslip and slow slip events). Studies of exhumed faults are sometimes able to identify seismic slip surfaces by the presence of frictional melts, and slow creep by textures diagnostic of rate-limited plastic processes. The Pasagshak Point Thrust preserves three distinct fault rock textures, which are mutually cross-cutting, and can be correlated to different strain rates. Ultrafine-grained black fault rocks, including pseudotachylyte, were formed during seismic slip on layers up to 30 cm thick. Well-organized
S
–
C
cataclasites 7–31 m thick were formed by slow creep, with pressure solution as a dominant, rate-limiting mechanism. These must have formed at strain rates consistent with long-term plate-boundary motion, but solution-creep healing acted to reduce porosity of the cataclasites and eventually restricted fluid connectivity such that creep by this mechanism could not continue. Disorganized, non-foliated, rounded clast cataclasites were formed at shear rates faster than solution creep and are interpreted as representing shear at intermediate strain rates. These could have formed during afterslip or delocalization of slip associated with an earthquake rupture.

Supplementary material:

Detailed map of Pasagshak Peninsula is available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18493
.