bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
'Frailty, Thy Name is Woman' - How Frail are Women in the World of Shakespeare?
Authors: Rahman Muhammad Safiur 
Published: June 2009

This paper attempts to understand a remarkable point whether we can argue, quoting Hamlet's remark ‘frailty, thy name is woman', that Shakespeare is a misogynist. With that end in view it analyses the situations which lead Hamlet to hold a special kind of prejudice against women. Hence, it examines the justification of his misogynistic remarks in the play. Here the chief concern is whether it is Shakespeare's viewpoint or the view of his character Hamlet; and whether it is deep-rooted, well-thought one or momentary one. Some women characters in several other plays of Shakespeare have been studied, in an endeavor to compare their roles, and to see whether they all show weakness, or some of them surpass the male characters around them in their respective plays. The focus has always been simply on the point whether women are generally frail in the world of Shakespeare. The paper concludes that Hamlet's view does not represent the general view of women in Shakespearean literature; rather it is a sweeping generalization of the misogyny of a young man who has, somehow, been betrayed by women in his life. doi: 10.3329/iiucs.v3i0.2630 IIUC STUDIES Vol. - 3, December 2006 (p 31-44)
The Use of Geometric Conceits in Exposition of Love in Metaphysical Poetry
Authors: Uddin Md Eftekhar 
Published: June 2009

The language, used by Metaphysical poets is highly evocative and infused with multi-dimensional meaning. It demands comprehension and sensitivity on the part of the reader to grasp out the inner aspect of a poem. Love, being a universal feeling gets expression through the hands of different poets in different ways. The exposition of love in Metaphysical poems has shaped up in a unique way because of the juxtaposition of geometry in it. Straight line and circular line are the two components of geometry. Straight line being regarded as imperfect one as it has no limit and end is used as a vehicle to convey the imperfection of love in Metaphysical poems. On the other hand, circular line, being treated as a perfect one is used to express a harmonious union of love between human beings and also between God and human being. The article aims at exploring such conflation of love with geometry in the poetic works of John Donne, Henry Vaughn, Andrew Marvell and George Herbert, the four major Metaphysical Poets. doi: 10.3329/iiucs.v3i0.2663 IIUC STUDIES Vol. - 3, December 2006 (p 31-44)
Orwell's "Shooting an Elephant": Reflections on Imperialism and Neoimperialism
Authors: Alam Mohammed Sarwar 
Published: June 2009

Imperialism has been the most powerful force in world history over last four or five centuries. The world has moved from the colonial to post-colonial era or neoimperialism. Throughout the period, the imperialists have changed their grounds and strategies in imperialistic rules. But the ultimate objective has remained the same- to rule and exploit the natives with their multifaceted dominance-technological, economic and military. Through dominance with these, they have been, to a great extent, successful in establishing their racial and cultural superiority. George Orwell is popularly known to be an anti-imperialist writer. This paper, I believe, will lead us to an almost different conclusion. Here, we discover the inevitable dilemma in a disguised imperialist. We discover the seeds of imperialism under the mask of anti-imperialism. In this regard, it studies his revealing short story "Shooting an Elephant". It also humbly approaches to refute Barry Hindess' arguments supporting neoimperialism. doi: 10.3329/iiucs.v3i0.2664 IIUC STUDIES Vol. - 3, December 2006 (p 5-62)
Informal Islamic Education and its Role in Human Resource Development in Society: A Theoretical Evaluation
Authors: Alam Kamiz Uddin Ahmed , Muzahid Mohammad Aman Uddin 
Published: June 2009

This article attempts to focus on Islamic education in the informal setting, its correspondence with human resource development and the role of this development to create a sound and balanced environment in society with moral and spiritual values. Firstly, the paper addresses education and its function in general and then education from Islamic perspective. Secondly, it discusses the character of informal Islamic education, the role players of the field of informal Islamic education, their status as teachers, the role of a teacher, the competencies of a teacher, and teacher - learner relationship in the light of Islamic culture and heritage. Finally, a proposal on the specific subject of Informal Islamic education and the strategies of imparting it are presented in the article. doi: 10.3329/iiucs.v3i0.2667 IIUC STUDIES Vol. - 3, December 2006 (p 83-92)
The Arabic word Hattah' as a prefix to Mudare Mansub' a grammatical study with reference from the Holy Quran
Authors: Islam ASM Tariqul 
Published: June 2009

The full text of this article is in Arabic - see PDF below. doi: 10.3329/iiucs.v3i0.2684 IIUC STUDIES Vol. - 3, December 2006 (p 165-172)
The Role for T Cell Repertoire/Antigen-Specific Interactions in Experimental Kidney Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Satpute Shailesh Ramchandra , Park Jong Myun , Jang Hye Ryoun , Agreda Patricia , Liu Manchang , Gandolfo Maria Teresa , Racusen Lorraine , Rabb Hamid 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
T cells have been implicated in the early pathogenesis of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) of kidney, liver, lung, and brain. It is not known whether Ag-TCR engagement followed by Ag-specific T cell activation participates in IRI. T cell-deficient nu/nu mice are moderately resistant to renal IRI, which can be reversed upon reconstitution with syngeneic T cells. In this study, we found that nu/nu mice reconstituted with DO11.10 T cells, limited in their TCR repertoire, have significantly less kidney dysfunction and tubular injury after renal IRI compared with that in nu/nu mice reconstituted with wild-type T cells having a diverse TCR repertoire. CD4+ T cells infiltrating ischemic kidneys of nu/nu mice reconstituted with DO11.10 T cells exhibited lower IFN-γ production than that of wild-type controls. Frequency of regulatory T cells in kidneys of these mice was similar in both DO11.10 T cells and wild-type T cell recipient groups. DO11.10 mice immunized with OVA-CFA had significantly worse kidney function at 24 h after ischemia than those immunized with CFA alone. Thus, without T cell activation, diverse TCR repertoire was important for renal IRI in naive mice. However, once T cells were activated in an Ag-specific manner through TCR in DO11.10 mice, a restricted TCR repertoire no longer limited the extent of kidney injury. Thus, both TCR repertoire-dependent and -independent factors mediate T cell functions in kidney IRI.
A Matter of Timing: Unsynchronized Antigen Expression and Antigen Presentation Diminish Secondary T Cell Responses
Authors: Elnekave Mazal , Bivas-Benita Maytal , Gillard Geoffrey O. , Sircar Piya , Hovav Avi-Hai 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Despite the low and short expression of secondary Ag, prime-boost immunizations using homologous or heterologous vectors are capable of amplifying memory CD8+ T cells. This is mainly attributed to the rapid presentation of Ag by APCs and the high proliferative capacity of memory CD8+ T cells. Nevertheless, certain viruses and vectors often require prolonged Ag presentation for optimal T cell priming, and the influence of such a prolonged presentation during secondary immune induction is not clear. To address this issue, we primed and boosted mice intradermally (i.d.) with plasmid DNA that was recently reported to require prolonged Ag presentation for maximal CD8+ T cell priming. Although functional memory CD8+ T cells were present in the mice after i.d. priming, the secondary CD8+ T cell response elicited was limited and reached a similar level of that observed during priming. The initial levels of secondary Ag expressed in the boosted mice were sufficient to prime CD8+ T cell response in naive hosts, suggesting that lower Ag load alone does not explain the limited secondary immune responses observed. Removal of the injection site 5 or 10 days after i.d. boosting immunization resulted in diminished Ag presentation and no expansion of memory CD8+ T cells. In fact, Ag-presenting activity following boost occurred mainly two weeks postimmunization, a time when the Ag was no longer expressed in situ. These findings suggest that when the boosting vector triggers prolonged Ag presentation, the lack of synchronicity between Ag accessibility and Ag presentation limits secondary immune responses.
Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Infection Induces TLR2-Dependent Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Expression and Activation: Functions in Inflammation, Lipid Metabolism, and Pathogenesis
Authors: Almeida Patrícia E. , Silva Adriana R. , Maya-Monteiro Clarissa M. , Töröcsik Dániel , D′Ávila Heloisa , Dezsö Balázs , Magalhães Kelly G. , Castro-Faria-Neto Hugo C. , Nagy Laszlo , Bozza Patrícia T. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Macrophages have important roles in both lipid metabolism and inflammation and are central to immunity to intracellular pathogens. Foam-like, lipid-laden macrophages are present during the course of mycobacterial infection and have recently been implicated in mycobacterial pathogenesis. In this study, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of macrophage lipid bodies (lipid droplets) during Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection, focusing on the role of the lipid-activated nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). We found that BCG infection induced increased expression of PPARγ that paralleled the augmented lipid body formation and PGE2 synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. BCG-induced PPARγ expression and lipid body formation were diminished in macrophages from TLR2-deficient mice, suggesting a key role for TLR2. The function of PPARγ in modulating BCG infection was demonstrated by the capacity of the PPARγ agonist BRL49653 to potentiate lipid body formation and PGE2 production; furthermore, pretreatment with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 inhibited BCG-induced lipid body formation and PGE2 production. BCG-induced MIP-1α, IL12p70, TNF-α, and IL6 production was not inhibited by GW9662 treatment. Nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis failed to induce PPARγ expression or lipid body formation. Moreover, inhibition of PPARγ by GW9662 enhanced the mycobacterial killing capacity of macrophages. Our findings show that PPARγ is involved in lipid body biogenesis, unravels a cross-talk between the innate immune receptor TLR2 and the lipid-activated nuclear receptor PPARγ that coordinates lipid metabolism and inflammation in BCG-infected macrophages, thereby potentially affecting mycobacterial pathogenesis.
Proteases Induce Production of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin by Airway Epithelial Cells through Protease-Activated Receptor-2
Authors: Kouzaki Hideaki , O'Grady Scott M. , Lawrence Christopher B. , Kita Hirohito 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is produced by epithelial cells and triggers dendritic cell-mediated Th2-type inflammation. Although TSLP is up-regulated in epithelium of patients with asthma, the factors that control TSLP production have not been studied extensively. Because mouse models suggest roles for protease(s) in Th2-type immune responses, we hypothesized that proteases from airborne allergens may induce TSLP production in a human airway epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B. TSLP mRNA and protein were induced when BEAS-2B cells were exposed to prototypic proteases, namely, trypsin and papain. TSLP induction by trypsin required intact protease activity and also a protease-sensing G protein-coupled receptor, protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2; TSLP induction by papain was partially dependent on PAR-2. In humans, exposure to ubiquitous airborne fungi, such as Alternaria, is implicated in the development and exacerbation of asthma. When BEAS-2B cells or normal human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to Alternaria extract, TSLP was potently induced. The TSLP-inducing activity of Alternaria was partially blocked by treating the extract with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, or by infecting BEAS-2B cells with small interfering RNA for PAR-2. Protease-induced TSLP production by BEAS-2B cells was enhanced synergistically by IL-4 and abolished by IFN-γ. These findings demonstrate that TSLP expression is induced in airway epithelial cells by exposure to allergen-derived proteases and that PAR-2 is involved in the process. By promoting TSLP production in the airways, proteases associated with airborne allergens may facilitate the development and/or exacerbation of Th2-type airway inflammation, particularly in allergic individuals.
Pulmonary Inflammation Triggered by Ricin Toxin Requires Macrophages and IL-1 Signaling
Authors: Lindauer Meghan L. , Wong John , Iwakura Yoichiro , Magun Bruce E. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Ricin is a potent ribotoxin considered to be a potentially dangerous bioterrorist agent due to its wide availability and the possibility of aerosol delivery to human populations. Studies in rodents and nonhuman primates have demonstrated that ricin delivered to the pulmonary system leads to acute lung injury and symptoms resembling acute respiratory distress syndrome. Increasing evidence suggests that the inflammatory effects triggered by ricin are responsible for its lethality. We demonstrated previously that ricin administered to the lungs of mice causes death of pulmonary macrophages and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting macrophages may be a primary target of ricin. Here we examined the requirement for macrophages in the development of ricin-mediated pulmonary inflammation by employing transgenic (MAFIA) mice that express an inducible gene driven by the c-fms promoter for Fas-mediated apoptosis of macrophages upon injection of a synthetic dimerizer, AP20187. Administration of aerosolized ricin to macrophage-depleted mice led to reduced inflammatory responses, including recruitment of neutrophils, expression of proinflammatory transcripts, and microvascular permeability. When compared with control mice treated with ricin, macrophage-depleted mice treated with ricin displayed a reduction in pulmonary IL-1β. Employing mice deficient in IL-1, we found that ricin-induced inflammatory responses were suppressed, including neutrophilia. Neutrophilia could be restored by co-administering ricin and exogenous IL-1β to IL-1α/β−/− mice. Furthermore, IL1Ra/anakinra cotreatment inhibited ricin-mediated inflammatory responses, including recruitment of neutrophils, expression of proinflammatory genes, and histopathology. These data suggest a central role for macrophages and IL-1 signaling in the inflammatory process triggered by ricin.
Quality of life of parents of children with newly diagnosed specific learning disability
Authors: Karande S , Kulkarni S 
Published: June 2009

Background:
Poor school performance in children causes significant stress to parents.

Aims:
To analyze the quality of life (QOL) of parents having a child with newly diagnosed specific learning disability (SpLD) and to evaluate the impact of clinical and socio-demographic characteristics on their QOL.

Design:
Cross-sectional questionnaire-based study.

Setting:
Learning disability clinic in tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: From June 2006 to February 2007, 150 parents (either mother or father) of children consecutively diagnosed as having SpLD were enrolled. Parent's QOL was measured by the WHOQOL-100 instrument which is a generic instrument containing 25 facets of QOL organized in six domains.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis were carried out for statistical significance.

Results:
Mean age of parents was 42.6 years (SD 5.5); mothers to fathers ratio 1.3:1; and 19 (12.7%) were currently ill. Only four WHOQOL-100 domains (psychological > social relationships > environment > spiritual) and five WHOQOL-100 facets (leisur > pfeel > energy > esteem > sex) contributed significantly to their "overall" QOL. Female gender, being currently ill, being in paid work, and having a male child were characteristics that independently predicted a poor domain/facet QOL score. Conclusions: The present study has identified domains and facets that need to be addressed by counselors for improving overall QOL of these parents. Initiating these measures would also improve the home environment and help in the rehabilitation of children with SpLD.
Patient controlled sedation during central neuraxial anesthesia
Authors: Tripathi M , Nath SS , Chaudhary A , Singh PK , Pandey CM 
Published: June 2009

Background:
Patient controlled sedation (PCS) gives liberty to patients to choose the time of sedative administration to attain a desired level of comfort.

Aims:
The PCS use was evaluated in patients during surgery under central neuraxial blockade.

Settings and Design:
Prospective, cross-sectional, clinical study on consecutive patients in a tertiary care university hospital. Materials and Methods: PCS technique, using propofol (1%) 2 ml in 2 min was used in 160 adult patients undergoing urologic procedures under central neuraxial block. We observed the time to first PCS activation by patient, duration of surgery, propofol dose, sedation score, hemodynamic stability, patient's acceptability, and the factors correlating with the PCS use.

Statistical analysis used:
Non-parametric two-tailed Pearson's test, univariate correlation analysis for the factors favoring PCS use followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis amongst correlating factors.

Results:
In our cohort, the majority (83%) of the patients activated PCS during surgery under central neuraxial blocks at median time of 30 min and (17%) did not activate PCS. Female patients activated sedation earlier (median 15 min) than male patients (median 30 min). All patients were hemodynamically stable and without significant side effects. Multivariate analysis showed that sedative use significantly (P <0.05) correlated with female gender (odds ratio-3.54 [IR-2.64 to 4.73]) and prolonged surgery (>90 min). Majority (91%) of patients rated PCS technique excellent to good.

Conclusions:
PCS was very well accepted by patients during central neuraxial block. Propofol regimen (2 ml in 2 min) in PCS was safe, as it caused neither apnea nor significant hypotension.
Prevalence and risk factors for female sexual dysfunction in women attending a medical clinic in south India
Authors: Singh JC , Tharyan P , Kekre NS , Singh G , Gopalakrishnan G 
Published: June 2009

Background:
Reports from India on the prevalence and determinants of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) are scant.

Aims:
To determine the prevalence and risk factors for FSD.

Settings and Design:
A cross-sectional survey in a medical outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital.

Materials and Methods:
We administered a Tamil version of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) to 149 married women. We evaluated putative risk factors for FSD. We elicited participant's attributions for their sexual difficulties.

Statistical Analysis:
We estimated the prevalence of possible FSD and sexual difficulties from published FSFI total and domain cut-off scores. We used logistic regression to identify risk factors for possible FSD. Results: FSFI total scores suggested FSD in two-thirds of the 149 women (73.2%; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 65.5% to 79.6%). FSFI domain scores suggested difficulties with desire in 77.2%; arousal in 91.3%; lubrication in 96.6%; orgasm in 86.6%, satisfaction in 81.2%, and pain in 64.4%. Age above 40 years (odds ratios [OR] 11.7; 95% CI 3.4 to 40.1) and fewer years of education (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.3) were identified by logistic regression as contributory. Women attributed FSD to physical illness in participant or partner, relationship problems, and cultural taboos but none had sought professional help.

Conclusions:
Sexual problems suggestive of dysfunction, as suggested by FSFI total and domain scores, are highly prevalent in the clinic setting, particularly among women above 40 and those less educated, but confirmation using locally validated cut-off scores of the FSFI is needed.
Interface Engineering of Inorganic Thin‐Film Solar Cells – Materials‐Science Challenges for Advanced Physical Concepts
Authors: Jaegermann Wolfram , Klein Andreas , Mayer Thomas 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe challenges and research needs for the interface engineering of thin‐film solar cells using inorganic‐compound semiconductors are discussed from a materials‐science point of view. It is, in principle, easily possible to define optimized device structures from physical considerations. However, to realize these structures, many materials' limitations must be overcome by complex processing strategies. In this paper, interface properties and growth morphology are discussed using CdTe solar cells as an example. The need for a better fundamental understanding of cause–effect relationships for improving thin‐film solar cells is emphasized.
Control of a high‐purity ethylene glycol reactive distillation column with insights of process dynamics
Authors: Huang Kejin , Zhu Fanghong , Ding Wenming , Wang San‐Jang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInventory control is often regarded as less important than product quality control in the operation of reactive and nonreactive distillation columns (i.e., often detuned considerably in control system design). For the high‐purity ethylene glycol reactive distillation column, the inventory control of top condenser is, however, an exception and plays actually a crucial role in the stable and effective process operation, reminding the necessity to thoroughly investigate the intricate dynamic mechanism and its complicated implications on control system synthesis and design. In this article, the dynamics of a high‐purity ethylene glycol reactive distillation column is examined, and it is found that the complicated dynamics, for example, the nonminimum phase behavior and process nonlinearity, can be suppressed considerably with the tight inventory control of the top condenser. Moreover, an extremely low controllability is detected, implying the potential difficulties in process operation and thus the need of process design modification. In terms of these insights obtained, two control schemes are devised and studied. It is demonstrated that sharp improvement could be acquired in control system performance when the tight inventory control has been implemented in the top condenser. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
A bi‐order kinetic model for poly(methyl methacrylate) decomposition in HNO3 using microwave irradiation
Authors: Lin Chun‐Chih , Guo Gia‐Luen , Tsai Tsuey‐Lin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this study, a novel bi‐order model combined with zero‐ and first‐order kinetics was proposed for the decomposition of PMMA (MW = 120,000 g/mol) in concentrated HNO3 by microwave irradiation. To develop and validate this model, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, fractional‐life method, the gravimetric analysis and Newton's method were utilized. Rate constants, activation energies, the pre‐exponential factors and the weight fractions (ϕ) via main‐chain scission for the decomposition at 423–453 K were derived from this model. The zero‐order reaction was observed dominant at 423–443 K, while the first‐order reaction dominated at 453 K and 473 K. The digestion efficiency increased as HNO3 was increased to >3 mL at 423 K–443 K. At 473 K, the digestion was almost 100% when HNO3 volume was >3 mL. The estimated ϕ values increased with HNO3 volume at 423 and 443 K, but varied insignificantly at 453 and 473 K. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009