bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the current status of the student evaluation system in Iran University of Medical Sciences
Authors: Maroufi Shahnam Sedigh , Moradimajd Parisa , Jalali Maryam , Ramezani Ghobad , Alizadeh Somayeh 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
Medical education has special features due to the need various areas of learning. The present study was conducted to provide a complete picture of the evaluation system in Iran University of Medical Sciences for improving the evaluation system and medical sciences examinations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The research was cross-sectional study that conducted through self-reporting of educational departments, a comprehensive review of the student evaluation system in the affiliated faculties of Iran University of Medical Sciences from 2017 to 2018. Educational members and heads of nine faculties and 80 departments participated in this study. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, include two parts: (1) 10 general questions about the activities of the educational groups regarding the student evaluation system and (2) 20 questions about the types and quality of examinations.

RESULTS:
From 80 questionnaires, 71 were completed by the managers of the departments. The results showed that 62% of the faculty members in the educational departments in the last 2 years did not participate in the workshop on the methods of evaluation and making tests. 56% of the faculties have a reference for continuous monitoring of students’ assessment and evaluation, and in 87% of the cases, the content is given in accordance with the objectives. The use of logbooks was more common (28%) than other methods to assess practical skills.

CONCLUSION:
Empower faculty members on the use of various tools, strengthening the supervision of formative evaluation and use of medical education graduates to promote evaluation methods seems necessary.
Psycho-social and behavioral impact of COVID-19 on middle-aged and elderly individuals
Authors: Chakrawarty Avinash , Ranjan Piyush , Klanidhi Kamal Bandhu , Kaur Divjyot , Sarkar Siddharth , Sahu Anamika , Bhavesh M. , Baitha Upendra , Kumar Arvind , Wig Naveet 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
COVID-19 may seem to have an impact on middle-aged and elderly people. However, not much is known about the lived experiences of middle-aged and elderly people during this pandemic. The study aims to explore psychosocial and behavioral impact of COVID-19 on the lives of these individuals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Three focus group discussions and seven in-depth interviews were conducted. A format to guide discussions and interviews was made to bring uniformity across groups and participants. Participants were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Discussions were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis method was used to extract key conceptual themes.

RESULTS:
There were 12 male and 10 female participants included, with a mean age of 62.2 years. Five subcategories identified were: Fear and anxiety, household confinement, lifestyle modification, preventive practices, and coping strategies. These sub-categories formed three major categories-psychological, social, and behavioral which ultimately led to the emergence of the main theme that is, COVID-19 effects on the life of middle-aged and older individuals.

CONCLUSION:
Middle-aged and elderly people are affected in many ways due to COVID-19. Addressing the psycho-social and behavioral problems can help in the better adjustment to tide over the pandemic.
Comparing the effects of teach-back method, multimedia and blended training on self-care and social support in patients with heart failure
Authors: Karami Salaheddin Kola Maryam , Jafari Hedayat , Charati Jamshid Yazdani , Shafipour Vida 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
The knowledge level of caregivers and their support for patients can affect the self-care of patients with heart failure (HF). The present study was conducted to compare the effects of teach-back, multimedia, and blended training methods on self-care and social support in patients with HF and on knowledge in their caregivers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
In a randomized clinical trial, a total of 150 HF patient-caregiver dyads were randomly allocated into three equally sized training groups, using a simple number table (n = 50). The study was conducted between May to October 2018 in Sari, northern Iran. In the teach-back, multimedia and blended training groups, patient-caregiver dyads participated in 20–30-min training sessions held face-to-face, using digital video disc (DVD) and combination of teach-back and DVD on 4 consecutive days at the bedside of hospitalized patients in coronary care unit, respectively. Data were collected using the European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale and the multidimensional scale of perceived social support for patients. Caregivers' level of knowledge was measured using the HF Knowledge Scale. Data were measured on the first day of hospitalization, 1 day before discharge and 4 and 8 weeks after patients' discharge. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

RESULTS:
All three educational methods improved self-care behaviors in patients. The comparison of self-care behavior scores in patients with HF among the three groups at different time points showed no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05), except 1 day before discharge (P = 0.04). There were no statistically-significant differences between the teach-back, multimedia and the blended training group in terms of perceived social support at any of the four-time points (P > 0.05). All three training methods improved the level of knowledge of caregivers. However, the score in the blended training groups was higher than the other groups (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION:
According to the results of the present study, it seems that all three educational interventions can improve self-care behaviors in HF patients and increase knowledge in their caregivers. However, using the blended training method was associated with better outcomes.
Students’ beliefs about smokeless tobacco use in Chabahar city
Authors: Fattahi Esmaeil , Solhi Mahnaz , Manzari Zahra Sadat , Afkar Abolhasan , Lebni Javad Yoosefi , Rastegar Ayoob 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
Smokeless tobacco use is a public health problem. This study explored students' beliefs about smokeless tobacco use in Chabahar, Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The qualitative study was conducted using three Focused Group Discussions among 24 students aged 12–14 years in Chabahar City. Focus Group Guide Morgan was used. Qualitative Content Analysis was used to explore and extract codes and themes. The data analysis process was carried out in accordance with the stages of proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. Guba and Lincoln criteria were used for evaluating research transferability.

RESULTS:
Two main themes emerged from the analysis including; beliefs of being useful and harmful. Each of these themes is divided into subthemes with useful or harmful physical and psychological beliefs. Four subthemes included: beliefs of being useful physically, beliefs of being useful psychologically, harmful beliefs physically, and harmful beliefs psychologically.

CONCLUSIONS:
One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that many students mentioned the benefits of using smokeless tobacco to reduce toothache, relieve headaches, and bad breath. This information can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at reducing smokeless tobacco consumption. However, more research on this topic needs to be undertaken before the association between kinds of beliefs and smokeless tobacco consumption is more clearly understood.
Promotion of osteoporosis-preventive behaviors in adolescents
Authors: Khazaeian Somayyeh , Sanavi Fariba Shahraki , Ansari Hossein , Mirshekari Fatemeh 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
Osteoporosis is considered a health problem that can be simply prevented by lifestyle modifications in adolescence. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of protection motivation theory (PMT)-based training on osteoporosis-preventive behaviors in female high school students in Zahedan, Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The present quasi-experimental study was performed on 240 female high school students who were selected by a multistage sampling technique in Zahedan in 2019–2020. To collect the data, a multipart questionnaire was distributed among the participants in three stages, namely at the baseline, immediately, and 2 months after the intervention. This instrument consisted of demographic information, socioeconomic status, knowledge, PMT constructs, and preventive behaviors. The intervention group was subjected to educational content. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) by descriptive and analytical tests (i.e., Chi-square, independent t-test, and ANOVA).

RESULTS:
Based on the results, the intervention and control groups showed no significant difference in terms of the mean score of knowledge, theoretical constructs, and preventive behaviors at the baseline (P > 0.05). However, the two groups were significantly different in terms of the mentioned variables immediately and 2 months after the intervention (P = 0.001). Mean score of preventive behaviors, the two groups also demonstrated a significant difference (i.e., calcium intake, physical activity, and sunlight exposure) 2 months after the intervention, compared to before the intervention. (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION:
The findings of the present study were indicative of the PMT effectiveness, which can, therefore, be used as a framework for designing educational programs regarding osteoporosis prevention.
Operationalization of the concepts of interdisciplinarity
Authors: Yazdani Shahram , Hajiahmadi Maryam 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
Over the last few centuries, the overspecialization of various sciences under the pretext of benefiting from pure disciplinary knowledge led to alienation among and competition between different fields of science. Such competition has deviated knowledge from its main objective which is to understand and explain the phenomena. The remedy to this dilemma is to address a new approach, introduced to higher education in the late 1950s as “interdisciplinarity.” Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to propose the strategic instances of operationalizing interdisciplinarity as the key requirements to provide a guideline for designing interdisciplinarity activities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The present survey was carried out through the framework synthesis method. To codify the instances of operationalizing interdisciplinarity, the main elements and structures of the model were set as the basis of the query for each element and structure; an independent query was carried out in the literature of the study. The correspondence of the discovered instances was once more compared with the conceptual boxes of the primary theoretical model. Ultimately, the taxonomy was concluded through the operational instances based on the primary framework.

RESULTS:
A total of 152 strategies were identified as implications of operationalization of 13 layers and 38 sublayers of the multilayer interdisciplinary model.

CONCLUSION:
The development of interdisciplinarity in the national higher education system requires several measures to be taken at different levels of a discipline or scientific field of study. Relying on this, which is the main basis of entering into interdisciplinarity activities, the present study suggests and presents strategic instances of interdisciplinarity operationalization.
Postpartum care promotion based on maternal education needs
Authors: Nazari Sakineh , Hajian Sepideh , Abbasi Zohreh , Majd Hamid Alavi 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
The postpartum period can be considered as one of the most sensitive stages of life in different countries; however, it is inadequate in many developed and developing countries. We aimed to determine the educational needs of mothers in the postpartum period in Bojnourd.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This study was conducted in Bojnourd 2019 with two parts: a qualitative part using the content analysis method and a quantitative part using the descriptive cross-sectional method. Data were collected 45 interviews with women, spouses, and key informants. All content was recorded and fully transcribed on paper. MaxQda10software was used for the data management. A simultaneous descriptive cross-sectional study was done including 250 pregnant in the third trimester (25.6%), in the first 48 h after delivery (24.4%), in the first 6 months after delivery (24.4%), and in the second 6 months after childbirth (25.6%) who referred to five health centers in Bojnourd to receive midwifery care. Quota sampling was performed for each center according to the population covered, and convenient sampling was done in each center.

RESULTS:
In the qualitative study, educational needs were classified into four main categories, including “maintaining and restoring physical health,” “sexual health needs,” “mental health needs,” and “educational barriers.” In the quantitative study, according to the findings, the most educational needs among mothers were self-care and breastfeeding and the best time for teaching was during the pregnancy, and the best method was face-to-face training and the best source of information was midwives and gynecologists.

CONCLUSION:
Attention to the educational needs of each region can be done through various training courses and continuous retraining to promote health provider and should be considered in the planning officials.
Essential dimensions of professional competency examination in Iran from academic and clinical nurses’ perspective
Authors: Atashzadeh-Shoorideh Foroozan , Maddah Sadat Seyed Bagher , Azimi Leila , Toulabi Tahereh , Valizadeh Leila , Zamanzadeh Vahid , Ghafouri Raziyeh 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
Planning for the issuance of professional competency examination has been put on the agenda of professional policymakers, but the ways of evaluating and conducting examinations and its dimensions are the main challenges. The present study aimed to explain the essential dimensions of professional competency examination in Iran from academic and clinical nurses’ perspective.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The present mixed-method study was performed at three stages, systematic review, qualitative, and quantitative stages. At the first stage, 56 articles and texts were collected from PubMed, CINHAL, Ovid, and ProQuest databases, by using the keywords, namely professional competency examination and assessment. Base on the inclusion criteria and eligibility assessment of article, six articles and one text on regulation were selected. At the second stage, the results of the literature review were approved by 20 nursing experts. Direct content analysis was used for data analysis. The results were prepared in the form of a questionnaire. At the last stage, the questionnaire was given to 2209 clinical, academic, nurse managers, and nurses.

RESULTS:
Based on findings of the review literature, essential dimensions of the professional competency examination included a central theme of the client's needs with four categories. At the second stage, the Professional Competency Examination dimensions were approved by experts. At the third stage, a comparison of findings indicated that clinical nurses emphasized more on cardiopulmonary resuscitation, client safety, and implementation of procedures, while academic nurses emphasized on the client's needs, client education, and clients’ physiological integrity.

CONCLUSION:
The client's need is the most important dimension in the professional competency examination. The nurses will be successful in providing care if they can identify the clients’ needs and provide care plans based on client needs and priorities.
Impact of comorbidities on mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19
Authors: Toofan Firooz , Hosseini Seyed Mojtaba , Alimohammadzadeh Khalil , Jafari Mehrnoosh , Bahadori Mohammadkarim 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
COVID-19 pandemic has spread all over the world. However, information regarding clinical characteristics and prognostic factors is scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of preexistent chronic comorbid conditions and multimorbidity on risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
We designed a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational, single-center study. Data were analyzed from all consecutive patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who admitted in a pandemic hospital affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, from February 20, 2020, to September 25, 2020. The independent effects of preexistent conditions were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression model.

RESULTS:
A total of 2597 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were included. At least one preexistent condition was observed in 36.5% of study population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that older age, male sex, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, chronic kidney diseases, liver diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with increased risk of mortality. In addition, the number of comorbidities was significantly associated with increased odds of mortality compared to no-comorbidity.

CONCLUSION:
The results of this study suggest that patients with comorbidities have an increased risk of in-hospital mortality following COVID-19 infection.
Challenges in the clinical education environment during the outbreak of COVID-19
Authors: Yekefallah Leili , Namdar Peyman , Shafaei Mahya , Panahi Rahman , Dehghankar Leila 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
COVID-19 pandemic poses unique physical and emotional challenges in providing clinical education. Failure to identify the challenges and problems that students face in the clinical learning environment hinders their effective learning and growth. Consequently, the progress of their skills is affected. The aim of this study was to develop a challenge in the clinical education environment of medical students during the outbreak of COVID-19 questionnaire and to test its psychometric properties.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This study is part of a larger study that was conducted using a combined consecutive method in Qazvin. In the first stage, a phenomenological study was performed with van Manen's method by interviewing 12 students at Qazvin University. To extract the items of the tool in the second stage, the concept was defined. Ultimately, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated with face validity, content validity (quantitative and qualitative), construct validity (exploratory factor analysis), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient).

RESULTS:
The initial tool had 70 questions. After validation, 53 items remained in the final questionnaire. Four extracted dimensions were as follows: “Inadequate professional competency,” “Inefficient clinical planning” and “outcomes of learning-teaching activities,” and “the challenges related to the stigma of medical staff.” Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0.98 (range: 0.87–0.98). The test–retest (intraclass correlation coefficient) reliability was 0.98 (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:
According to the obtained results, if the items of “Inadequate professional competency,” “Inefficient clinical planning” and “outcomes of learning-teaching activities,” and “the challenges related to the stigma of medical staff,” the challenges of students’ clinical education can be reduced during the COVID-19 outbreak.
The relationship between patient safety culture with patient satisfaction and hospital performance in Shafa Hospital of Kerman in 2020
Authors: Afshar Parya Jangipour , Karbasi Bahram Jabarzadeh , Moghadam Mahmood Nekoei 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
Hospitals are a significant part of the health system, so their performance is always measured based on some factors such as patient satisfaction and their safety level.

AIM:
The present study was aimed to examine the relationship between patient safety culture with patient satisfaction and hospital performance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This descriptive–analytical, cross-sectional study was performed on 240 patients, 240 staff and 20 hospital managers in Shafa hospital of Kerman, Iran, in 2020. To collect data, the patient safety culture, the patient satisfaction, and the hospital performance questionnaires were used. The data were analyzed by SPSS and PLS software; to measure the research model, structural equation models and confirmatory factor analysis were used.

RESULTS:
The variable “patient satisfaction” and its components had a high mean, with the component “the treating physician” having the highest mean. The variables “patient safety culture and hospital performance” had a medium mean. There was a significant positive relationship between patient safety culture–hospital performance, patient safety culture–patient satisfaction, and patient satisfaction–hospital performance.

CONCLUSION:
The patient satisfaction level was appropriate in the studied center, and a positive and significant relationship was found between patient safety culture and patient satisfaction and hospital performance.
Determining the effective factors on developing entrepreneurial managers in the Iranian health system
Authors: Farajzadeh Fatemeh , Tourani Sogand , Shabaninejad Hossein 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:
Entrepreneurship is the engine of economic growth and a main symbol of innovation in any country. The health system of the country needs entrepreneur managers to eradicate the problems and provide better services. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the nurturing of entrepreneurial managers in the Iran's health system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This study was carried out qualitatively with the grounded theory method and through semi-structured interviews with six questions. The data sources were 22 key informants who were purposefully selected from healthcare organizations and other entrepreneurship-related institutions. Data were analyzed and interpreted using the framework analysis. Data were managed and analyzed using MAXQDA software.

RESULTS:
Findings of this study indicated 6 main themes and 46 subthemes. The six factors affecting the development of entrepreneurial managers in the Iran's health system were determined as individual, family, social, economic, organizational, and educational.

CONCLUSION:
Iranian health organizations need to nurture entrepreneurial managers to tackle the challenges of the health system, compete internationally, and have successful performance. Hence, delivering the health industry to entrepreneurial managers in the long run will bring back positive results of growth and development to the body of the health system. Therefore, paying attention to the identified themes and subthemes and the solutions presented in this study can help nurture entrepreneurial managers’ and successful performance of the Iran's health sector.