bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic response of tomato leaves upon different plant–pathogen interactions
Authors: López‐Gresa M. Pilar , Maltese Federica , Bellés José María , Conejero Vicente , Kim Hye Kyong , Choi Young Hae , Verpoorte Robert 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIntroduction – Plants utilise vaious defence mechanisms against their potential biotic stressing agents such as viroids, viruses, bacteria or fungi and abiotic environmental challenges. Among them metabolic alteration is a common response in both compatible and incompatible plant–pathogen interactions. However, the identification of metabolic changes associated with defence response is not an easy task due to the complexity of the metabolome and the plant response. To address the problem of metabolic complexity, a metabolomics approach was employed in this study.Objective – To identify a wide range of pathogen (citrus exocortis viroid, CEVd, or Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato)‐induced metabolites of tomato using metabolomics.Methodology – Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analysis were performed to analyse the metabolic changes implicated in plant–pathogen interaction.Results – NMR‐based metabolomics of crude extracts allowed the identification of different metabolites implicated in the systemic (viroid) and hypersensitive response (bacteria) in plant–pathogen interactions. While glycosylated gentisic acid was the most important induced metabolite in the viroid infection, phenylpropanoids and a flavonoid (rutin) were found to be associated with bacterial infection.Conclusions – NMR metabolomics is a potent platform to analyse the compounds involved in different plant infections. A broad response to different pathogenic infections was revealed at metabolomic levels in the plant. Also, metabolic specificity against each pathogen was observed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mental health care ‐ let's focus on the person, not the disease
Authors: Walton Ian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWhen something does not work, we have a tendency to believe we just need to do more of the same, ie try harder. Mental health treatment is an example of this. When our patients fail to heed what we are saying, we often blame them for not listening, instead of asking why they are not compliant to our best intentions. The reality is that, for our patients and society in general, we lack credibility, as there is a general belief that treatments for mental health problems do not work. We reinforce this by maintaining people in secondary care services, rather than actively working to discharge them back into primary care services and the community. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Thermodynamic and structural insights into CSL‐DNA complexes
Authors: Friedmann David R. , Kovall Rhett A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Notch pathway is an intercellular signaling mechanism that plays important roles in cell fates decisions throughout the developing and adult organism. Extracellular complexation of Notch receptors with ligands ultimately results in changes in gene expression, which is regulated by the nuclear effector of the pathway, CSL (C‐promoter binding factor 1 (CBF‐1), suppressor of hairless (Su(H)), lin‐12 and glp‐1 (Lag‐1)). CSL is a DNA binding protein that is involved in both repression and activation of transcription from genes that are responsive to Notch signaling. One well‐characterized Notch target gene is hairy and enhancer of split‐1 (HES‐1), which is regulated by a promoter element consisting of two CSL binding sites oriented in a head‐to‐head arrangement. Although previous studies have identified in vivo and consensus binding sites for CSL, and crystal structures of these complexes have been determined, to date, a quantitative description of the energetics that underlie CSL‐DNA binding is unknown. Here, we provide a thermodynamic and structural analysis of the interaction between CSL and the two individual sites that comprise the HES‐1 promoter element. Our comprehensive studies that analyze binding as a function of temperature, salt, and pH reveal moderate, but distinct, differences in the affinities of CSL for the two HES‐1 binding sites. Similarly, our structural results indicate that overall CSL binds both DNA sites in a similar manner; however, minor changes are observed in both the conformation of CSL and DNA. Taken together, our results provide a quantitative and biophysical basis for understanding how CSL interacts with DNA sites in vivo.
Comparative NEXAFS examination of single‐wall carbon nanotubes produced by different methods
Authors: Bulusheva L. G. , Okotrub A. V. , Lavskaya Yu. V. , Vyalikh D. V. , Dettlaff‐Weglikowska U. , Fonseca A. , Hata K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThree types of single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been comparatively studied using near C K‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The samples have been produced by laser vaporization, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and super growth methods and contained SWCNTs with the average diameter of 1.2, 2.4, and 4.0 nm, respectively. The π* resonance of the NEXAFS spectra of the samples showed four features slightly distinguished in the intensity and energy position. Quantum‐chemical calculations revealed that these features could be determined by unoccupied partial density of states of the core‐hole‐exited carbon atoms.
Metallic single‐wall carbon nanotubes separated by density gradient ultracentrifugation
Authors: Chernov Alexander I. , Obraztsova Elena D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU) technique recently applied for separation of single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) over diameter also appeared to be efficient for the nanotube separation according to their electronic structure. In this work we used DGU for extraction of a highly metallic (>97 wt%) nanotube fraction from a raw soot of arc‐discharge SWNTs. The process parameters (the surfactant type and concentration, the treatment time, the approach to the gradient formation) have been optimized. A variation of surfactant concentration allowed obtaining the highly metallic nanotube fractions with different dominant diameter distribution resulting in the “blue” or “green” top fractions. Sodium taurodeoxycholate (TDOC) was efficiently used for DGU separation of raw, non‐purified SWNTs. The fractions have been studied with the UV–Vis–NIR absorption and Raman spectroscopy.magnified imagePhotograph of the SWNT solution after DGU.
Electronic properties of extended graphene nanomaterials from GW calculations
Authors: Taioli S. , Umari P. , De Souza M. M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA description of the electronic properties of model zigzag carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and chiral‐edge graphene nanoribbon using a computational method for accelerating first‐principles Green function calculations is presented. This approach utilizes an optimal basis set for representing the polarization propagator lowering the computational cost without loss of accuracy. The electronic structures and the equilibrium geometries were obtained within the pseudopotential implementation of ab initio total energy density functional theory. Accurate calculations to determine quasiparticle excitations in carbon nanostructures, notably electronic band gap, are performed in the framework of GW treatment of self‐energy. The obtained results on band gaps for (7,0), (8,0) CNTs at Gamma point and calculations on (4,2) nanoribbon with edge irregularities show the potential of this method to perform accurate calculations on large carbon‐based systems of technological interest and structures with localized defects, otherwise difficult to address with conventional approaches. This method, recently implemented by Umari et al. [Umari et al., Phys. Rev. B 79, 201104 (2009)], may be used as a predictive tool of spectral properties, excited states and optical response in extended systems.
Polymorphism of In5S5Cl – X‐ray and HRTEM‐Investigations
Authors: Nickel Vera , Deiseroth Hans‐Jörg , Kienle Lorenz , Duppel Viola , Reiner Christof 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn5S5Cl belongs to the group of mixed valence indium compounds with indium occurring simultaneously in three oxidation states (In5S5Cl = In+(In2)4+2In3+5S2–Cl–). It was shown in an earlier work that In5S5Cl obtained from InCl3, indium and sulfur at 550 °C, crystallises in a monoclinic structure type in contrast to the orthorhombic bromide, In5S5Br. The main difference of both structure types is an ordered mutual exchange of In+ and (In2)4+ in specific crystallographic positions. This exchange is possible due to the almost identical coordination pattern of both ions. A closer inspection of the real structure of monoclinic In5S5Cl by High Resolution Transmission Microscopy (HRTEM) already showed the presence of small orthorhombic domains in the real structure of this compound. Now we also obtained macroscopic quantities of orthorhombic In5S5Cl by the reaction of InCl3, indium and sulfur at reaction temperatures below 500 °C (Pmn21, a = 3.907(1) Å, b = 9.021(2) Å, c = 14.866(3) Å, Z = 2). The new polymorph is analysed by X‐ray single crystal and X‐ray powder diffraction and HRTEM investigations.
Developing Priorities for Addressing Surgical Conditions Globally: Furthering the Link Between Surgery and Public Health Policy
Authors: Mock Charles , Cherian Meena , Juillard Catherine , Donkor Peter , Bickler Stephen , Jamison Dean , McQueen Kelly 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundEfforts to promote wider access to surgical services globally would be aided by developing consensus among clinicians, the public health policy community, and other stakeholders as to which surgical conditions warrant the most focused attention and investment. This would add value to other, ongoing efforts, especially in helping to define unmet need and effective coverage.MethodsIn this concept paper, we introduce preliminary ideas on how priorities for surgical care could be better defined, especially as regards the interface between the surgical and public health worlds. Factors that would come into play in this process include the public health burden of the condition and the successfulness and feasibility of the procedures to treat those conditions.Results and conclusionsThe implications of the prioritization process are that those conditions with the highest public health burden and that have procedures that are highly successful and feasible to promote globally, including in the most resource‐constrained environments, should be the main focus of national and international efforts.
Hierarchical Cd4SiS6/SiO2 Heterostructure Nanowire Arrays
Authors: Liu Jian , Wang Chunrui , Xie Qingqing , Cai Junsheng , Zhang Jing 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Novel hierarchical Cd4SiS6/SiO2 based heterostructure nanowire arrays were fabricated on silicon substrates by a one-step thermal evaporation of CdS powder. The as-grown products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Studies reveal that a typical hierarchical Cd4SiS6/SiO2 heterostructure nanowire is composed of a single crystalline Cd4SiS6 nanowire core sheathed with amorphous SiO2 sheath. Furthermore, secondary nanostructures of SiO2 nanowires are highly dense grown on the primary Cd4SiS6 core-SiO2 sheath nanowires and formed hierarchical Cd4SiS6/SiO2 based heterostructure nanowire arrays which stand vertically on silicon substrates. The possible growth mechanism of hierarchical Cd4SiS6/SiO2 heterostructure nanowire arrays is proposed. The optical properties of hierarchical Cd4SiS6/SiO2 heterostructure nanowire arrays are investigated using Raman and Photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Effects of organically and conventionally produced feed on biomarkers of health in a chicken model
Authors: Huber Machteld , van de Vijver Lucy P. L. , Parmentier Henk , Savelkoul Huub , Coulier Leon , Wopereis Suzan , Verheij Elwin , van der Greef Jan , Nierop Dré , Hoogenboom Ron A. P. 
Published: October 2009

Consumers expect organic products to be healthier. However, limited research has been performed to study the effect of organic food on health. The present study aimed to identify biomarkers of health to enable future studies in human subjects. A feeding experiment was performed in two generations of three groups of chickens differing in immune responsiveness, which were fed identically composed feeds from either organic or conventional produce. The animals of the second generation were exposed to an immune challenge and sacrificed at 13 weeks of age. Feed and ingredients were analysed on macro- and micronutrients, i.e. vitamins, minerals, trace elements, heavy metals and microbes. The chickens were studied by general health and immune parameters, metabolomics, genomics and post-mortem evaluation. The organic and conventional feeds were comparable with respect to metabolisable energy. On average, the conventionally produced feeds had a 10 % higher protein content and some differences in micronutrients were observed. Although animals on both feeds were healthy, differences between the groups were found. The random control group of chickens fed conventional feed showed overall a higher weight gain during life span than the group on organic feed, although feed intake was mostly comparable. The animals on organic feed showed an enhanced immune reactivity, a stronger reaction to the immune challenge as well as a slightly stronger ‘catch-up growth’ after the challenge. Biomarkers for future research were identified in the parameters feed intake, body weight and growth rate, and in immunological, physiological and metabolic parameters, several of these differing most pronounced after the challenge.
Politics, Passion, Prejudice: Alice Childress's Wedding Band: A Love/Hate Story in Black and White
Authors: CASHMAN NICKY 
Published: October 2009

Last night I dreamed of the dead slaves – all the murdered black and bloody men silently gathered at the foot-a my bed. Oh, that awful silence. I wish the dead could scream and fight back. What they do to us …Julia Augustine, Wedding BandHistorical and universal issues of love and hate, patriarchy and bigotry prevail in Alice Childress's tragic drama Wedding Band: A Love/Hate Story in Black and White. Originally written in the early 1960s, the play was not printed or performed professionally until 1966, despite some interest in producing the play on Broadway. Hence, due to its alleged controversial subject matter, the play remained largely unknown to mainstream audiences. Childress, it seems, unfashionably portrays a long-standing, committed interracial relationship set in 1918 South Carolina. This representation conflictingly juxtaposes with the well-documented fervent civil rights period of the mid-1960s. Additionally, with predominantly black and white male civil rights activists peacefully enforcing laws upholding desegregation in the South, Childress demonstrates segregation's insidious nature primarily through the insightfulness and experience of black women. This perceptiveness introduces what Childress herself penned as “anti-woman laws,” patriarchal norms that made living incredibly difficult for black and white women alike.
Genetic modelling of childhood social development and personality in twins and siblings with schizophrenia
Authors: Picchioni M. M. , Walshe M. , Toulopoulou T. , McDonald C. , Taylor M. , Waters-Metenier S. , Bramon E. , Regojo A. , Murray R. M. , Rijsdijk F. 
Published: October 2009

BackgroundAbnormalities in early social development and personality are present in patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected relatives. This study aimed to establish the degree to which these childhood and adolescent developmental abnormalities are genetically determined.MethodWe used a combined twin and family study design (n=531) to assess childhood and adolescent social adjustment and schizotypal personality traits in 98 twin pairs (n=196) varying in their zygosity and concordance for schizophrenia and 156 sibling clusters (n=335) varying in their concordance for schizophrenia.ResultsSchizophrenia was significantly associated with childhood and adolescent deficits in social adjustment and personality, with additive genetic effects being the main source of these phenotypic correlations.ConclusionsAbnormalities of social adjustment and personality are present in children and adolescents who later develop schizophrenia, reflecting the influence of common genetic risk.
Sanctifying evidentialism
Authors: FAIRLAMB HORACE 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn contemporary epistemology of religion, evidentialism has been included in a wider critique of traditional foundationalist theories of rational belief. To show the irrelevance of evidentialism, some critics have offered alternatives to the foundationalist approach, prominent among which is Alvin Plantinga's ‘warrant as proper function’. But the connection between evidentialism and foundationalism has been exaggerated, and criticisms of traditional foundationalism do not discredit evidentialism in principle. Furthermore, appeals to warranted belief imply that the heart of evidentialism – the proportioning of belief to rational grounds – has not been discredited but assimilated to the reliabilist view of knowledge by expanding the concept of evidence to include religious experience. In the end, the warrant concept extends the reach of evidentialism, thereby enhancing rather than diminishing its relevance for rational belief.
Future roles of the UK intelligence system
Authors: GIBSON STEVYN D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe UK intelligence system is engaged in three distinct roles – producing strategic assessments in the traditional way; acting as a ‘global policeman’ by monitoring terrorist and criminal networks; and raising the capability of other countries to defeat terrorist and insurgency groups. Counter-intuitively, it is perhaps the first role that is most questionable. The use of single source intelligence reporting, drawn from individuals selected principally for their willingness to share secrets, may not be the best way to analyse emerging issues such as climate change, energy security and financial stability. The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) may be drawing on too narrow a range of reporting to compete with increasingly sophisticated assessments from the private sector, academia and NGOs. In any event, the JIC has less impact on policy than is often imagined. The second task of ‘global networker’ is better-suited to the intelligence community's ability to combine human intelligence with communications intelligence and bulk data gathering, and is producing results. The third task of helping other countries to enforce the law and resist insurgency is proceeding on an ad hoc basis with occasional successes, but requires co-ordination across Whitehall so that improvements in the capabilities of other countries' intelligence services are accompanied by improved police and justice systems and enhanced oversight. Joint Intelligence Committee perhaps ought to be a Joint Action Committee.
Changing the rules of the game: some necessary legal reforms to United Kingdom intelligence
Authors: LEIGH IAN 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article argues that there is a need to modernise the law governing accountability of the UK security and intelligence agencies following changes in their work in the last decade. Since 9/11 the agencies have come increasingly into the spotlight, especially because of the adoption of controversial counter-terrorism policies by the government (in particular forms of executive detention) and by its international partners, notably the US. The article discusses the options for reform in three specific areas: the use in legal proceedings of evidence obtained by interception of communications; with regard to the increased importance and scle of collaboration with overseas agencies; and to safeguard the political independence of the agencies in the light of their substantially higher public profile. In each it is argued that protection of human rights and the need for public accountability requires a new balance to be struck with the imperatives of national security.
The (Arrested) Development of UK Special Forces and the Global War on Terror
Authors: FINLAN ALASTAIR 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe use of force in international relations by the West is increasingly witnessing a greater reliance on Special Forces. This trend has profound implications for state action because Special Forces represent a very different kind of soldier and they possess the inherent ability to transgress traditional boundaries in peace and war. The development and participation of UK Special Forces in the Global War on Terror provides a microcosm of the positive and negative dimensions of using secret military units as the force of choice against insurgents and terrorists in Afghanistan, Iraq and indeed on the streets of London.
Populus Interruptus: Self-Determination, the Independence of Kosovo, and the Vocabulary of Peoplehood
Authors: OKLOPCIC ZORAN 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article uses the contested independence of Kosovo as an opportunity to re-examine the theoretical imagery behind the concept of self-determination, and then confront those findings with the more recent approaches to polity formation from other theoretical genres: normative theories of secession, on the one hand, and the global governance approach to self-determination, on the other. What emerges from the encounter between these bodies of thought is not a new interpretation, or a theory of self-determination and its relationship to uti possidetis, but rather a plea for an approach to polity formation which is simultaneously critical and prudential. That is, an approach which would accept the role of external actors as inevitable, but goes further and unmasks them as complicit in labelling certain projects as ‘civic’ and ‘multicultural’ on the one hand and ‘ethno-nationalist’ on the other. Equally, the proposed approach reveals the ever-present aspiration to unanimity as a concealed ideal of polity formation, shared by both the ‘civic’ and the ‘ethnic’ variants of self-determination. Finally, this approach to polity formation sketches the contours of an alternative, thin vision of a political community – one not wearing the badge of peoplehood – one glued together not by normative imperatives of participation and solidarity, but rather by the acknowledgement of geopolitical fiat.
Rosalyn Higgins: Judge and President of the International Court of Justice (1995–2009)
Authors: BUERGENTHAL THOMAS 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article was prompted by the retirement of Dame Rosalyn Higgins as judge and president of the International Court of Justice in February 2009. It reviews her brilliant career as law professor, barrister, advocate before various international courts, and international arbitrator. The major part of the article deals with her role as judge and president of the ICJ and her impact on the elaboration and development of international law by the Court.