bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermomechanical modelling of stress fields in metallic targets subject to laser shock processing
Authors: Morales Miguel , Correa Carlos , Porro Juan Antonio , Molpeceres Carlos , Luis Ocaña José 
Published: March 2011

PurposeLaser shock peening (LSP) is mainly a mechanical process, but in some cases, it is performed without a protective coating and thermal effects are present near the surface. The numerical study of thermo‐mechanical effects and process parameter influence in realistic conditions can be used to better understand the process.Design/methodology/approachA physically comprehensive numerical model (SHOCKLAS) has been developed to systematically study LSP processes with or without coatings starting from laser‐plasma interaction and coupled thermo‐mechanical target behavior. Several typical results of the developed SHOCKLAS numerical system are presented. In particular, the application of the model to the realistic simulation (full 3D dependence, non‐linear material behavior, thermal and mechanical effects, treatment over extended surfaces) of LSP treatments in the experimental conditions of the irradiation facility used by the authors is presented.FindingsTarget clamping has some influence on the results and needs to be properly simulated. An increase in laser spot radius and an increase in pressure produces an increase of the maximum compressive residual stress and also the depth of the compressive residual stress region. By increasing the pulse overlapping density, no major improvements are obtained if the pressure is high enough. The relative influence of thermal/mechanical effects shows that each effect has a different temporal scale and thermal effects are limited to a small region near the surface and compressive residual stresses very close to the surface level can be induced even without any protective coating through the application of adjacent pulses.Originality/valueThe paper presents numerical thermo‐mechanical study for LSP treatments without coating and a study of the influence of several process parameters on residual stress distribution with consideration of pulse overlapping.
A numerical simulation of the residual stresses in laser‐peened friction stir‐welded aluminum 2195 joints
Authors: Carney Kelly S. , Hatamleh Omar , Smith James , Matrka Thomas , Gilat Amos , Hill Michael , Truong Chanh 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an analytical framework for predicting the residual stresses that result from the laser shock peening of a friction stir‐welded 2195 aluminum alloy sample, using the finite element software LS‐DYNA.Design/methodology/approachThe pressures resulting from the laser peening are directly applied in an explicit transient analysis as forces. At the completion of the transient analysis, an implicit springback analysis is performed to determine the final residual stresses. This cycle is repeated for the appropriate number of peen applications, including the appropriate overlap of application areas. To validate the analytical framework, a comparison of residual stresses between analysis and a test specimen is made using laser‐peened base material which was not friction stir‐welded. Friction stir welding (FSW) causes residual stresses and material property variations. In this work, the varying material properties regions are simplified and defined as discrete, separate materials. The residual stresses resulting from the welding are introduced directly as initial conditions in the peening transient analysis and so are combined within the analysis with the residual stresses from the peening.FindingsComparisons made between the experimental and analytical residual stresses are generally favorable.Originality/valueAnalysis of the laser shock peening of FSW has not been accomplished previously.
Application of laser shock peening for spinal implant rods
Authors: Mannava S.R. , Bhamare Sagar , Chaswal Vibhor , Felon Leonora , Kirschman David , Lahrman David , Tenaglia Richard , Qian Dong , Vasudevan Vijay 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThe current industry standard rigid spinal implants suffer fatigue failures due to bending and torsion loads. The purpose of this program was to design novel prototype flexible titanium alloy spinal implant rod with machined features, and then apply the laser shock peening (LSP) process to restore the fatigue strength debit due to these features.Design/methodology/approachA flexible prototype rod was designed with flat section at the center of the rod. The flat section was laser shock peened. Static compression tests were conducted as per American Society of Testing Materials standards for three‐ and four‐point bending tests and “vertebrectomy” constructs. Finite element models were developed to aid in the design of LSP and also to guide the experiments.FindingsThe test results indicated a ∼3X improvement in flexibility and a reduction in fatigue load ratio, defined as applied load divided by the yield load; from 72 to 68 percent. This rod was LSP's on the flat sections, and tested again. The results indicated an increase in the fatigue load ratio from 68 to 75 percent without any further change in flexibility.Originality/valueIt has been demonstrated successfully that the current industry rigid spinal implant rod can be modified for flexibility and laser shock peened to increase fatigue strength. This enhancement will enable the use of the implant for longer periods and higher loads; and for surgical processes with and without fusion. This technology can be readily applied to all metals that are certified for human implant applications; thus can be implemented with minimal clinical trials.
Learning by innovating: lessons from China's digital video player industry
Authors: Lu Feng , Mu Ling 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the strategy for latecomers in large developing countries under globalization. The relationship between innovation and learning is deeply studied.Design/methodology/approachThe paper formulates an in‐depth case study on the digital video player industry through consideration of government documents, reports, and research papers; intensive interviews; and questionnaire study.FindingsThe firms in developing countries might be able to innovate before they can match the firms in advanced countries in technological capabilities, and innovation is the most effective way of learning. The firms can achieve competitive advantage owing to the effect of the national value network, the nature of architectural technology, and the relationships between them in product development. The national market should be deliberately taken as a strategic asset for the technological learning and latecomers should learn how to exploit the advantage of globalization.Originality/valueThe paper tries to understand how firms in developing countries conduct learning by innovating to build their competitive advantages.
The missing link in newcomer adjustment
Authors: Chen Jie , Eldridge Derek 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThe role of social support has been largely ignored in the organizational socialization literature. The purpose of this paper is therefore to examine this missing link in this research through the discussion of the role of perceived organizational support (POS) and leader‐member exchange (LMX) on newcomer adjustment.Design/methodology/approachA pilot data including 191 newcomers were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the construct validity of the measurement scales on a Chinese sample. The main study data drawn from 167 newcomers in a leading insurance organization in China was then subjected to structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses and model fitness.FindingsResults suggest that LMX plays a significant role in influencing newcomers' POS and social integration. Moreover, newcomers' POS was found to associate with their turnover intentions.Research limitations/implicationsThis research was based on cross‐sectional and self‐report data, which may not permit strong causal connections between variables.Practical implicationsThe results signal, the message that it is essential for organizations to put greater emphasis on encouraging supervisors to establish healthy work relationships with newcomers, and organizations may find it possible to influence newcomers' turnover intentions by demonstrating organizational support.Originality/valueVery few studies have investigated the role of POS and LMX on newcomer adjustment, possibly because social support is not well accounted for in the literature. This paper is one of the first to discuss such links in the context of China.
Imagination at work and play: a case‐study analysis of General Electric's Olympic sponsorship
Authors: Crader Timothy J. , Santomier James 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThis paper seeks to examine the management of General Electric's (GE) Olympic sponsorship and provides insights related to the organizational and transformational leadership dynamics involved in the development, implementation and activation of the sponsorship, as well as the results of pull‐through marketing efforts and the sponsorship's impact on GE's global business practices, brand equity, and revenue.Design/methodology/approachThe case‐study method was used due to the complexity and specificity of the topic, and the fact that only a discrete element of the sport sponsorship sector and a limited number of events and their relationships were addressed.FindingsThe primary objective of GE's The Olympic Partner (TOP) sponsorship was to enter the Chinese market and build brand equity across Asia. Using GE's proprietary WorkOut™ and Change Acceleration models, transformational leaders facilitated the development and implementation of a new integrated organizational structure that enabled GE to maximize branding opportunities in Asia, product/service pull‐through marketing opportunities, and return on objectives.Originality/valueThis paper demonstrates how GE has effectively modified the structure of its global sales unit, generated revenue, and increased brand recognition in emerging markets across Asia. GE's management of its TOP sponsorship represents an innovative model for Chief Financial Officers, Chief Marketing Officers, brand managers, and sport marketers considering a long‐term sponsorship investment.
Performance and competitive orientation: team dynamics in test match cricket
Authors: Adcroft Andy , Teckman Jon 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between the diversity of team composition and the outcome enjoyed by those teams in test match cricket by using performance and competitiveness variables.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines 100 test matches over 13 years played by eight test match‐playing countries. It draws on 12 measures of performance and 12 measures of competitiveness across more than 130 players.FindingsThe paper finds that there is a link between diversity and outcome, but it is not always clear as to which direction that relationship lies. Team characteristics are found to be a function of member characteristics and not a simple aggregate.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of the paper are probably not generalisable outside of international test match cricket.Practical implicationThe paper provides evidence that suggests that, in developing sporting teams, consideration must be given as to which activities are more important in delivering outcomes.Originality/valueThe paper adds to the literature on team dynamics in terms of theory and sporting context.
Deposits of IgD in Renal Disease. Immunohistological Study of 180 Renal Biopsies
Authors: Tarantino A. , Imbasciati E. , Limido D. , Pietrogrande M. , Ponticelli C. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract. IgD deposits have been investigated by an indirect immunofluorescence technique in 180 renal biopsies carried out on patients with various renal diseases.IgD was not present in nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes or focal glomerulosclerosis, in mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, in chronic advanced glomerulonephritis, in rheumatoid purpura and in other various nephropathies with predominant non‐glomerular lesions.Significant deposits of IgD were identified in 12 out of 16 cases of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, in 15 out of 23 cases of membranous nephropathy, in 11 out of 21 cases of focal proliferative glomerulonephritis with mesangial IgA deposits, in 2 out of 5 cases of proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents and in 1 out of 6 cases of proliferative exudative glomerulonephritis.All cases of lupus nephritis and nephritis associated with mixed cryoglobulinaemia showed IgD deposits.In diabetic glomerulosclerosis, IgD was found in 1 out of 4 biopsies and only in the exudative lesions.In 5 out of 8 cases of amyloidosis anti‐IgD serum stained the amyloid substance irregularly. In such cases IgD was found in association with other immunoglobulins and complement with the same localization. These findings suggest that IgD may participate in the immunological processes which lead to the development of glomerular deposits, mainly in cases of chronic glomerular diseases.
Diminished Excretion of Bicarbonate from the Single Sweat Gland of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas*
Authors: Kaiser D. , Drack E. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Using pH‐microelectrodes the excretion of hydrogen‐ions and bicarbonate in relation to flow rate was investigated in a single sweat gland of cystic fibrosis children.The results show decreased excretion of hydrogen‐ions and an increased excretion of bicarbonate. Evidence is presented that due to reduced secretion of hydrogen‐ions in the duct both the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of potassium may be impaired.The possibility is discussed that reduced flux of hydrogen‐ions may similarly be responsible for the excretory defect in the duct system of the pancreas.Reduced flux of protons across the luminal membrane of epithelial cells is proposed as a general feature of exocrine gland defects. It is then possible to describe both the cationic transport defect of the sweat gland duct and the anionic bicarbonate‐secretory defect in one term.
Albumin Catabolism Measurement by a Double Tracer Technique in Uraemic Patients During a Single Dialytic Treatment*
Authors: Mariani G. , Bianchi R. , Pilo A. , Palla R. , Toni M. G. , Fusani L. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract. In order to explain the pathogenesis of protein depletion in chronic uraemia, 13 measurements of albumin catabolism were performed in uraemic patients undergoing haemo‐or peritoneal dialysis treatment, during either the early phase or steady uraemic state.Catabolism was determined during a single haemo‐or peritoneal dialysis by a double tracer technique (Human Serum Albumin and sodium iodide labelled with two different isotopes of iodine). The output from both albumin and iodine systems was measured in the dialysis solution flowing out from the peritoneum or artificial kidney. The radioactive iodide arising in dialysate from albumin breakdown was concentrated by the use of an anion exchange resin.Catabolic rate was three times the normal in 3 patients showing clinical features of hypercatabolism (true rapid loss of body weight) in the early phase of uraemia, or during relapse of it; albumin turnover rate returned to normal in 2 of these patients, when measured during clinical steady state conditions. This behaviour suggests highly increased catabolism, not counterbalanced by a correspondingly increased synthesis, as the cause of albumin depletion in chronic uraemia.
Turnover of a Prostaglandin Precursor, Arachidonic Acid, in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Hagenfeldt Lars , Wennmalm Åke 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe plasma concentration and the turnover of free arachidonic and oleic acids were determined in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in control subjects. The plasma level of free arachidonic acid, but not of oleic acid, was significantly decreased in male rheumatoid patients. Female patients did not differ from healthy subjects in this respect. Following treatment with indomethacin, a significant increase in the plasma concentration of free arachidonic acid was observed in rheumatoid patients of both sexes. It is suggested that the findings in the rheumatoid patients reflect a partial exhaustion of the Pool of arachidonic acid serving as precursor in the synthesis of prostaglandin.
Differences among Hyperlipoproteinaemic Subjects in the Response of Lipoprotein Lipids to Resin Therapy
Authors: Miller N.E. , Nestel P.J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIt has been reported that cholesterol turnover is raised when hypercholesterolaemia occurs in association with elevated levels of very low density lipoprotein, but normal when hypercholesterolaemia reflects an increase in the concentration of low density lipoprotein alone. The relationship of plasma lipoprotein levels to cholesterol metabolism has been further investigated in the present experiments, in which the acute effects on lipoprotein lipids of stimulating cholesterol turnover with a bile acid‐sequestering resin, colestipol, have been compared in normal subjects and in patients with four types of hyperlipoproteinaemia.Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) lipids increased in every subject. The increase was greatest in patients with type IV or type V hyperlipoproteinaemia, least in normal subjects and in those with type IIa hyperlipoproteinaemia, and intermediate in patients with type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia. The induced increments in VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride mass were accordingly positively correlated with the pre‐treatment concentrations. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) lipids decreased during resin therapy in all subjects, except those with type IV or type V hyperlipoproteinaemia in whom there was a transient rise. The reductions in LDL cholesterol were significantly greater in patients with type II hyperlipoproteinaemia than in the normal volunteers, and in both groups of subjects were proportionately greater than those in LDL triglyceride.These findings demonstrate clear differences among the hyperlipoproteinaemias in the response of lipoprotein lipids to resin therapy, and provide further evidence for the heterogeneity of cholesterol metabolism in these conditions. The colestipol‐induced changes in type IV and type V patients could be partially reproduced in normal subjects during the consumption of high carbohydrate diets, which might expected to increase VLDL synthesis. It is suggested, therefore, that the synthesis of VLDL cholesterol may be enhanced in such patients, and that any rise in LDL cholesterol observed during resin therapy reflected subsequent metabolism of VLDL to LDL rather than diminished LDL cholesterol clearance.
Isogeneic or Allogeneic Transplantation of Duct‐Ligated Pancreas in Streptozotocin Diabetic Mice1)
Authors: Kramp R.C. , Congdon C.C. , Smith L.H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRecovery from hyperglycaemia was observed in three different mouse hybrids that were made diabetic with streptozotocin, and then transplanted with pancreas from isogeneic donors whose pancreatic ducts were ligated over 8 weeks earlier. Recovery did not occur in recipients of allografts indicating that islets in ligated pancreas cannot be successfully transplanted across a major histocompatibility barrier. However, in lethally irradiated mice injected with allogeneic bone marrow (allogeneic radiation chimeras), subsequent transplantation of ligated pancreas from either isogeneic donors or allogeneic donors of the same strain as the bone marrow donor decreased blood glucose of diabetic recipients. Thus, irradiation and allogeneic bone marrow therapy allow subsequent allogeneic transplantation of functional islet tissue in diabetic mice. Observations on diabetic mice transplanted isogeneically with ligated pancreas suggest that recovery from hyperglycaemia was more consistent when grafts were placed subcutaneously rather than intraperitoneally and when hosts received ligated pancreas from three donors rather than one. Thus, the site and amount of tissue transplanted are important considerations in the transplantation of ligated pancreas. Persistence of endocrine β‐cells in ligated pancreas was required for recovery in grafted mice since diabetic hosts failed to recover when grafted with ligated pancreas obtained from alloxan or streptozotocin‐treated, diabetic donors.
III. Physiological Implications of the Bile Salt‐Stimulated Lipase
Authors: Hernell O. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHuman milk contains a bile salt‐stimulated lipase in amounts that, at pH 6.5 and in the presence of bile salts, might account for a total hydrolysis of the milk triacylglycerols in less than 30 min. In the absence of bile salts the enzyme has no activity against milk fat or against emulsified trioleylglycerol. The primary bile salts sodium cholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate and their taurine and glycine conjugates, but not the secondary bile salt sodium deoxycholate or its taurine and glycine conjugates, caused a pronounced activation of the enzyme against emulsified trioleylglycerol. The lipase was stable at pH 3.5 and 37°C for ***1 hour. It was inactivated when incubated with trypsin or chymotrypsin at pH 6.5 but these inactivations were almost abolished in the presence of bile salts. High concentrations of pepsin slowly inactivated the enzyme at pH 4.0. The bile, salt‐stimulated lipase in human milk is thus stable enough to be active in the intestine, and it is present in high enough activity to contribute significantly to the hydrolysis of the milk triaclyglycerols in the intestine.
Uptake of triglyceride fatty acids in adipose tissue in vivo in man
Authors: MÅRIN P. , REBUFFÉ‐SCRIVE M. , BJÖRNTORP P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCurrently available information on adipose tissue metabolism in man is mainly based on studies in vitro. In the present work adipose tissue lipid uptake was studied in vivo in man. 100 g glucose and 120 g milk fat with 10 μCi U‐14C oleic acid were given in the overnight fasting state to eight women and 2 h after a carbohydrate‐rich meal to eight women. After 4 h, 1‐day, 1 week and 1 month radioactivity levels were determined in the lipids of adipose tissue in the femoral and abdominal regions and in plasma. At 4 h 30 and 20% of the oleic acid was estimated to remain in the extracellular space in the fasted and fed groups respectively, measured in plasma. Contents of oleic acid radioactivity was higher in the abdominal than femoral region. An estimated 27 and 46 g of fat was taken up in adipose tissue of the fasted and fed groups, constituting 1/3 and 1/2 of total tissue uptake respectively. After 1 day these figures were 43 and 60 g respectively. At 1 week and 1 month adipose tissue radioactivity was increasing slowly. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue at 4 h was higher in the femoral than abdominal adipose tissue and higher in the fed than fasted state in the abdominal region. A significant correlation was found between uptake and LPL in abdominal adipose tissue only.These results show that uptake of fat measured in vivo is probably not necessarily reflected by LPL measurements only, suggesting other regulatory factors. The results also suggest that priming of adipose tissue mechanisms for lipid uptake requires some period of time. Primary storage in tissues other than in adipose tissue is probably slowly, partially transferred to adipose tissue.