bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Paramphistomum sukari Dinnik, 1954 (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) in a snail host
Authors: Dinnik J. A. , Dinnik N. N. 
Published: June 2009

The development of Paramphistomum sukari Dinnik in a snail host is described with the emphasis laid on the succession of redial generation.The sporocyst gives birth to about twenty to thirty rediae. These rediae of the first generation commence with the production of daughter rediae then enter the second phase of their productivity during which they produce cercariae. The daughter rediae, or the rediae of the second generation, repeat these two phases during their lives, commencing with redial production and after that changing to the production to cercariae. Both the first- and second-generation rediae are able to produce a few daughter rediae at the end of their life. There is evidence that the subsequent generations of rediae are also able to give birth to daughter rediae and cercariae.As a result the successive generations of rediae maintain the infection in an intermediate host for a long time, probably as long as the infected snail can survive.
OnPsilochasmus indicus, sp.n. (family Psilostomidae Odhner, 1913)
Authors: Gupta P. D. 
Published: June 2009

1.Psilochasmus agilisTravassos, 1921, is regarded as synonym toP. oxyurusLühe, 1909.2.P. indicussp.n. has been described.3. An amended specific diagnosis ofPsilochasmus oxyurushas been given.4. Ruddy Shelduck or Brahminy duck,Tadorna ferruginea(=Casarca rutila) is recorded as a new host of the genus.
Further Experiments upon the Longevity of Xenopsylla cheopis Roths. (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Leeson H. S. 
Published: June 2009

1. Experiments upon Xenopsylla cheopis Roths. are described which were carried out to discover if feeding influenced duration of life or had any effect upon the survival of the sexes or upon the relationship between duration of life and saturation deficiency of the atmosphere.2. Fleas fed once before starvation lived longer than unfed fleas. There was no difference between survival of the sexes and no direct proportion between survival times and saturation deficiency.3. Fleas kept with the host for 7 days before starvation lived still longer. Females lived considerably longer than males, but there was still no direct proportion between survival times and saturation deficiency.
The Post-embryonic Development ofPhaenoserphus viatorHal. (Proctotrypoidea), a Parasite of the Larva ofPterostichus niger(Carabidae), with Notes on the Anatomy of the Larva
Authors: Eastham L. E. S. 
Published: June 2009

1. The life-history ofPhaenoserphus viatoris described.Four larval instars are found, endoparasitic in the larvae ofPterostichus niger. At thee nd of the last larval instar the parasites, which may number as many as 45 in a single host, emerge, and while still attached, pupate without spinning a cocoon.Adults may appear in August or September.The effect of the parasite in inhibiting metamorphosis of the host is discussed.2. The first observed larva is atracheate and incompletely segmented at first and is of the polypod type bearing paired prolegs on the body segments.Subsequent instars are apodate.The tracheal system develops progressively in the several instars, but only becomes functional in the final stage.3. The anatomy of the larva is briefly described with the exception of the musculature.Tracheal development is described. Gas only appears in the tracheae after the development of the tracheole cells puts the tracheae into communication with the body wall and other organs.In the circulatory system an important accessory organ is the neural sinus, formed by the enclosure of the ventral nerve cord beneath a connective tissue curtain.The imaginal discs of the hypodermis are briefly described, these being clearly defined in the head, thorax, and posterior abdominal segments.The nervous system consists of a brain, suboesophageal ganglion and 11 ventral ganglia, the most posterior being tripartite. This system is connected with the sympathetic, by nerves passing from the cerebral commissures to a frontal ganglion which lies above the oesophagus and behind the labrum.
A Description of the Trematode Catoptroides lacustri n.sp., with a Review of the known species of the Genus
Authors: Loewen Solomon L. 
Published: June 2009

1. Four species had been described to date as belonging to the genus Catoptroides: C. spatula and C. spatulaeforme from African catfish and C. macrocotyle and C. angulatus from European fish.2. C. lacustri, a new species described in this paper, was taken from the great fork-tailed catfish, Ameiurus lacustris, from the St Croix River, Minnesota.3. To this list must be added C. staffordi of the American catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus and A. melas, which was described by Pearse in 1924 and placed in the genus Phyllodistomum.4. C. angulatus is shown not to be a member of this genus, but rather as belonging to the genus Phyllodistomum in which von Linstow first described it.5. All of these species are briefly reviewed and compared in this paper.
Studies on the male accessory reproductive glands and the spermatophore of the tick,Argas persicusOken
Authors: Tatchell R. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The spermatophore of the argasid tickArgas persicus, is a sac enclosing a mass of sperm and a number of other structures which are rapidly extruded into the vagina of the female tick during copulation.2. During copulation the first part of the contents of the spermatophore to be extruded consists of a clear tip with two lateral semi-opaque areas surrounded by white borders and a mass of opaque white material followed by the sperm.3. The male accessory reproductive gland is redescribed. It consists of a stem portion which gives off: dorsally, the unpaired anterior dorsal granular lobe and the paired posterior dorsal and third lateral granular lobes; the small paired second lateral granular lobes from the mid-region; ventrally, the small unpaired median granular lobe and the large paired first lateral granular lobes and, opening into the ejaculatory duct, the small, paired anterior and posterior spongy lobes.4. The anterior and posterior spongy lobes secrete an acid mucopolysaccharide which thinly coats the spermatophore.5. The median granular lobe secretes a phospholipoprotein rich in phenolic groups and a polyphenol oxidase.6. The first lateral granular lobes secrete a basic protein which interacts with the secretions of the median granular lobe to form the main wall of the spermatophore.7. The second lateral granular lobes secrete the tenuous mucoprotein membrane which surrounds the sperm mass within the spermatophore and also the large protein granules which adhere to the inner surface of this membrane.8. The third lateral granular lobe secretes the mass of opaque, white material in the spermatophore; possibly this is pharmacologically active and analogous to the secretion of the opaque glands ofRhodnius.9. The posterior dorsal granular lobes secrete a non-specific esterase at their tip and a protein in the mid-region; these form, respectively, the lateral semi-opaque areas and their white borders in the spermatophore.10. The anterior dorsal granular lobe secretes an acid mucopolysaccharideprotein complex which forms the clear tip of the extruded contents of the spermatophore.
The transmission of Theileria parva by Ticks
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin , Fotheringham W. 
Published: June 2009

1. The development of Theileria parva in engorged larvae of R. appendiculatus exposed to a temperature of 4–6° C. for 3 days at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 9 days after repletion is not retarded; and it appears, from previous experiments and those now described, that, as long as the tick survives, climatic conditions do not kill or weaken the parasite.2. The virulence of East Coast fever transmitted by ticks fed in the tail brush did not differ from the disease conveyed by ticks infesting the ears.3. Reference is made to records of mild reactions to Bast Coast fever when the parasites are either rare or absent; and instances are given of such reactions followed by recovery in experimental animals. Although the mild form of the disease seems associated at times with light tick infestation, it is proved that a few infected ticks also transmit a fatal East Coast fever. It is shown also that ticks fed on a bovine during a short or mild reaction can produce a virulent form of the disease in susceptible animals, and that mild reactors acquire an immunity to the virulent disease.4. The experiments which are described indicate that ticks do not become infected with T. parva from the blood of a bovine for the first 4 days of the reaction period.5. Evidence is produced which strongly suggests that T. parva tends to disappear from infected hungry ticks kept under laboratory conditions for about a year or more. The age of the tick would appear to be an important factor in the transmission of East Coast fever.6. Attempts to break down the immunity to East Coast fever, and to produce “turning-sickness”, by massive infestations of ticks were unsuccessful; and further experiments on the transmission of East Coast fever by ticks which had fed on animals suffering from “turning-sickness” did not confirm earlier positive results.These conflicting results may be explained by the observations that “turning-sickness”, associated with the blocking of the small capillaries of the brain by lymphocytes containing schizonts indistinguishable from the Koch's bodies of T. parva, may be divided into three stages, namely, acute, subacute and chronic; and it is suggested that infection of ticks with T. parva from “turning-sickness” could normally be successful only from animals in the acute and early part of the subacute stages since piroplasms disappear from the peripheral blood stream in the more advanced cases of “turning-sickness”.7. The opinions of other workers on East Coast fever are discussed in the light of the experiments carried out at Kabete and of field experience in Kenya Colony. It is explained how the results can be applied to the movement of cattle from endemic areas over country free from East Coast fever.
The cattle lice of Great Britain Part I. Biology, with special reference to Haematopinus eurysternus
Authors: Craufurd-Benson H. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The geographical distribution of cattle lice in Britain is recorded in detail. Bovicola bovis is the commonest and most widely distributed species in Britain.2. The incubation period for the eggs was found to be: Haematopinus eurysternus, 9–19 days (av. 12); Bovicola bovis, 7–10 days (av. 8); Linognathus vitula, 10–13 days; Solenopotes capillatus, 10–13 days. With eggs of H. eurysternus it was found that the higher the minimum air temperature the shorter was the incubation period.3. In H. eurysternus the average length of the instars was: 1st, 4 days; 2nd, 4 days; 3rd, 4 days; pre-oviposition period, 3–4 days. The average time for the complete life cycle, egg to egg, was 28 days.4. The maximum longevity of H. eurysternus on the host was: males, 10 days; females, 16 days. No males or females of H. eurysternus survived a starvation period of 72 hr. at 20° C. and R.H. 70 or 0–10° C. and R.H. 70–85; but some nymphs survived this period at 20° C. and R.H. 70, but none survived 96 hr. starvation.5. The maximum number of eggs recorded for one female was 24; and eggs were laid at the rate of 1–4 a day.6. The threshold of development of the eggs of H. eurysternus appears to be about 27·5° C.
A description of the anatomy of the monogenetic trematode Choricotyle chrysophryi van Beneden & Hesse
Authors: Llewellyn J. 
Published: June 2009

1. Choricotyle chrysophryi van Beneden & Hesse has been recorded for the first time since its original discovery in 1863, and from a new host Pagellus centrodontus (De la Roche).2. The history of C. chrysophryi and of allied species has been reviewed, resulting in the substitution of the generic name Choricotyle van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 for Diclidophora Goto, 1894 and the family name Choricotylidae nov. for Diclidophoridae Fuhrmann, 1928.3. The anatomy of Choricotyle chrysophryi has been investigated by means of serial sections, revealing specialized features in the presence of a terminal languette and of a ‘ring-organ’.
A comparative account of the larvae of Trichomyia urbica Curtis, Psychodes albipennis Zett., and Phlebotomus argentipes Ann. & Brun. (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: Keilin D. , Tate P. 
Published: June 2009

From the foregoing brief descriptions it is clear that the larva of Trichomyia urbica stands apart from other psychodid larvae not only in its mode of life, as a wood-borer, but also in its morphology. The regularly cylindrical body, devoid of dorsal plaques and long setae and the densely chitinized head give it a very different appearance from that of other psychodid larvae.The small and heavily chitinized antennae are very different from those found in larvae of Phlebotomus, in which they are 3-segmented; Psychodes, in which they are delicate and dome-like; Sycorax, in which they are long and 4-segmented (Feuerborn, 1933); and Maruina, in which they are formed of small rods (Feuerborn, 1933).The massive toothed mandibles, devoid of sensory processes, differ greatly from those of other genera of psychodids except Phlebotomus. Maruina, Sycorax (see Feuerborn, 1933), and Psychodes all have mandibles with large leaf-like processes and many long plumose or pectinate setae and sensory hairs or processes.The maxillae, in all the three genera examined above, are delicate plates with ill-defined areas representing the maxillary palps, and with many delicate teeth, long setae and sensory processes arising from the body of the maxilla.The lower lip in Trichomyia is very simple and the mentum is hardly distinguishable. In this respect it resembles Psychodes where the mentum is a simple transverse plate, and Maruina (see Feuerborn, 1933) in which it is similar except that the anterior border of the plate is fringed with long setae. In Phlebotomus the mentum is a densely chitinized plate with strong teeth on its anterior margin.The anterior spiracles appear to be much alike in all the genera in which they are present; but in the position of the posterior spiracles Trichomyia, in which they are placed far back on the dorso-lateral region of the last segment, differs from all other genera examined except Phlebotomus, in which they occupy a similar position.Therefore, as regards the shape of the body, nature of the cuticle, absence of long setae and of dorsal plaques, and the structure of the antennae and labrum, the larva of Trichomyia differs from all other psychodid larvae. It shares with the larva of Phlebotomus the possession of strong, simple, toothed, mandibles devoid of long setae and sensory processes. It also resembles Phlebotomus in the poorly defined epipharynx and premandibles on the labrum, and in the position of the posterior spiracles near the middle of the last segment. The weakly developed mentum of Trichomyia larvae, however, differs greatly from that of Phlebotomus larvae in which the mentum is very strongly developed as a toothed plate.
The egg-parasite ofSialis lutaria: a study of the influence of the host upon a dimorphic parasite
Authors: Salt George 
Published: June 2009

1. Nearly a quarter of a million eggs ofSialis lutariawere collected at Cambridge in 1936. About 0·6 per cent of them were attacked by a parasite.2. The egg-parasite ofSialisis distinct fromTrichogramma evanescens, and is to be calledT. semblidis(Aurivillius).3. The male ofTrichogramma semblidisoccurs in two forms. Neither consists merely of imperfect or degenerate individuals of the other, for the two forms are equally large and differ constantly and fundamentally in several characters. The species, therefore, exhibits true dimorphism.4. Rearing experiments involving isolated pure lines show that it is principally the host that determines which form of the parasite shall emerge. Males reared onSialisare of the apterous form; those reared on three species of Lepidoptera are of the winged form.5. The dimorphism ofT. semblidisis discussed in relation to other examples of dimorphism in the Hymenoptera. It is shown to have several features of special interest.
The reaction of some variants of Ornithodoros moubata Murray (Argasidae, Ixodoidea) to desiccation
Authors: Walton G. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Ten strains of Ornithodoros moubata not fed as adults and never mated were exposed to dry air at 32·2° C. and the effect recorded by measuring the loss of weight and survival rates.2. Two rates of water-loss were found and O. moubata may be divided into three groups on physiological grounds. Strains found in native huts in South Africa differ from all other tested strains by losing water in dry air at 0·16 mg. per day. All other tested strains lost water at 0·32 mg. (range 0·29–0·4 mg.) per day. The wild strains of the East African warthog and porcupine burrows are distinguished from the East African domestic strains by their ability to withstand prolonged starvation.3. The initial mean weight of a strain in any of the groups has a considerable effect upon survival in dry air, the percentage survival (in 100 days tested) being directly proportional to the original weight of the ticks. Size of individuals could alone lead to ultimate survival differences of two months in different strains of the same form.
A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus-percavatus group of species
Authors: Arthur D. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. Ixodes auritulus group of ticks and Ixodes percavatus group of ticks are both characterized by having the palpal article I drawn out to a horn anteriorly, but in the percavatus group there is a strong meso-dorsal ‘spur’ on this article, which is lacking in the auritulus group.2. The mutilated types of I. auritulus and I. percavatus sp. revocata are re-described and electotypes established for both.3. Variations from I. auritulus sensu stricto are described from Peru and Guatemala, and a revised description given of the male, female and nymph from Snares Island.4. I. percavatus and I. zumpti sp.nov. have been diagnosed from material from Nightingale Island, Tristan da Cunha. Ticks from Marion Island are identified as a new species, I. pterodromae. Female and nymphs from the Paris Museum originally identified by Neumann as I. auritulus now fall into the percavatus group and are named I. cornuae sp.nov.
Spring rise in faecal worm-egg counts of housed sheep, and its importance in nutritional experiments
Authors: Field A. C. , Brambell M. R. , Campbell J. Allan 
Published: June 2009

1. A spring-rise in faecal strongyloid egg count is described in sheep housed under conditions designed to prevent reinfestation. Large rises were observed in the majority of 3-year-old breeding ewes and primiparous ewe-hoggs, and occasional small rises occurred in nulliparous ewe-hoggs and wether-hoggs.2. Falls were observed in the packed red-cell volumes of ewes during the period of spring-rise and a close inverse correlation was found between packed-cell volumes and transformed worm egg counts. No evidence was obtained to attribute the falls in packed-cell volume to factors other than worm burden.3. The fall in packed-cell volume was partially alleviated by feeding of one type of perennial rye-grass, but no direct effect of feeding on the worm-egg output was found.4. Theories of spring-rise are discussed and the conclusion reached that latent overwintering larvae must play a major part generally in the phenomenon.
Enzymic Proteolysis byEntamoeba histolytica; biochemical characteristics and relationship with invasiveness
Authors: Neal R. A. 
Published: June 2009

The proteolytic activity of extracts ofEntamoeba histolyticahas been further investigated. Casein and gelatin, but not haemaglobin, were hydrolysed. Activity was observed in the pH range 5·8 to 8·5 with optimal activity at pH 7·5 to 7·9. Activity was optimal at 37° C. and sulphydryl groups were not required. Concomitant bacteria showed no proteolytic activity. Hyaluronidase, collagenase and lecithinase could not be detected.An inhibitor of proteolytic enzyme was present in sera of all animals tested and in egg yolk. All culture media prepared from eggs were inhibitory, but inspissation or dilution of serum inactivated the serum inhibitor. Purified trypsin inhibitors from lima and soy bean were not active against the amoebic enzyme. Proteolytic enzymes were not secreted extracellularlyin vitro.High proteolytic activity was found in two out of five invasive, freshly isolated, strains ofE. histolyticaand after two series of liver passages of a single strain. The significance of these observations is discussed. It is concluded that the present evidence does not convincingly demonstrate that high proteolytic activity is required for tissue invasion by amoebae, but may accompany another factor.
Notes on the occurrence of Acanthocephala in Pacific fishes
Authors: Ekbaum Ella 
Published: June 2009

Echinorhynchus gadi (Zoega) Müller has been found parasitic in various species of Pacific salmon. The amphipod Cyphocaris challengeri Stebbing serves as an intermediary host for this parasite in the region in which the investigations were carried out.Echinorhynchus lageniformis sp.nov. and Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi) both parasitic in the Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus (Pallas)) and the Two-lined flounder (Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres)) are recorded with data on their occurrence.
The generative organs of the blow-fly, Calliphora erythrocephala L., with special reference to their musculature and movements
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S. 
Published: June 2009

In Part I the musculature of the internal organs of the male blow-fly, C. erythrocephala, testis, vas efferens, accessory gland, vas deferens, and ejaculatory sac and duct, is described, together with the movements observed in them and the passage of secretions down the system. It is suggested that the testicular and accessory gland secretions are ejaculated separately. The musculature, mechanics and co-ordinated movements of the external organs and associated structures are also described.In Part II the generative organs of the female, except the ovaries, with special reference to their musculature and movements, and the musculature of the ovipositor are described and compared with those of M. domestica. It is suggested that the male accessory gland secretion is kept separate from the testicular secretion, the former passing into the lateral sacs of the female and the latter into the spermathecae.In Part III the relation of the parts of the two sexes during coitus is discussed.