bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical reinforcement of the cornea with an intrastromal in‐situ photo‐polymerised implant.
Authors: PENNOS A , PENTARI IG , GINIS H , KARIOTAKIS N , KYMIONIS G , PALLIKARIS IG 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose A photo‐polymerisable hydrophilic material (PEG/Irg) has been previously evaluated in terms of biocompatibility and toxicity in a series of laboratory animals. It was the purpose of this study to evaluate the bio‐mechanical effect of lamellar implants created from PEG/Irg in porcine cadaver eyes.Methods Twenty porcine corneas where removed along with a 3 mm corneoscleral rim, de‐epithelialised and mounted on an artificial anterior chamber. The pressure was maintained at 22 mmHg hydrostatically. In each cornea, a circular lamellar pocket (7mm diameter) was created manually. Thirty microliters of PEG/Irg in liquid form were injected in each pocket. A rigid contact lens was pressed on top of the cornea and the excessive quantity of PEG/Irg was leaked out of the pocket. The cornea was then irradiated with UV light (390nm, 4mW/cm2) and the PEG/Irg underwent a polymerization and the associated phase transition to form a rigid film. Mechanical measurements were performed by means of a purposely‐developed device featuring a stepping motor and a load cell. By keeping the pressure constant the role of corneal stiffness is isolated. The force as a function of indentation was recorded for each specimen before and after the in‐situ creation of the PEG/Irg film.Results The mean slope of force versus indentation for the reinforced group was 166.72 (±74.14) and the mean slope for the non‐reinforced group was 116.94 (±21.16). The two‐tailed P value equals 0.0033, equally meaning that the difference between those two groups was statistically different.Conclusion According to the results, there was a significant biomechanical reinforcement of the cornea following the in‐situ creation of the polymer film.
Relationship between time‐ and spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography in glaucoma
Authors: GIL ARRIBAS L , GÜERRI N , OTIN S , FERRANDEZ ARENAS B , CALVO P , GARCIA‐MARTIN E , ALTEMIR I , FERRERAS A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To evaluate the relationship of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses obtained with two different optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems, time‐domain OCT (Stratus; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, Ca) and spectral‐domain OCT (Cirrus; Carl Zeiss Meditec), in healthy and glaucomatous eyes.Methods Seventy healthy and 71 glaucoma individuals were prospective and consecutively selected. Only one eye per subject was included in the study. Glaucoma patients had intraocular pressure higher than 21 mmHg and abnormal standard automated perimetry (SAP). All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination and at least 2 reliable SAPs. Peripapillary RNFL measurements were acquired with 2 different OCT systems (Stratus and Cirrus OCTs). Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test was applied to check normality of variables. Then, Pearson´s correlations were calculated between parameters of both OCTs in the healthy and glaucoma groups.Results Mean age was 56.1 ± 12.1 and 62.2 ± 9.1 years in the healthy and glaucoma groups, respectively (p=0.07). Moderate to strong correlations were observed between equivalent parameters of both devices. The strongest correlations were found for average RNFL thickness (r=0.928; p<0.001) and RNFL thickness at inferior quadrant (r=0.925; P<0.001) in the glaucoma group. The RNFL thickness at 3 o’clock position showed the mildest correlation (r=0.435; p<0.001) in the healthy group.Conclusion Although RNFL parameters cannot be interchanged between both devices, the RNFL measurements of time‐ and spectral‐domain OCTs had strong correlations in glaucoma patients.
Mechanisms involved in vein occlusion related macular edema
Authors: POURNARAS JAC 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To describe the pathophysiological processes involved in vein occlusion related macular edema.Methods Review of the experimental and clinical published data explaining the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in vein occlusion related macular edema.Results Venous stasis lead to internal blood‐retinal barrier breakdown, extravasation of blood vessel content and finally to macular edema. Tissular hypoxia of the internal retinal layers develops secondary to arterial blood flow decrease, followed by Na+/K+ ATPase pump dysfunction, intracellular edema, and neuronal cell death by necrosis and apoptosis. Many vasopermeability factors will be subsequently released, as inflammatory mediators and VEGF. The rationale for clinical treatment of macular edema is based on the understanding and the inhibition of these pathophysiological mechanisms. On the medical side, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs inhibit the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and modulate fluid movement coupled to chloride movement. Corticosteroids block cyclooxygenase and interleukin, downregulate VEGF and decrease the phosphorylation of occludin, thereby increasing the tightness of the blood‐retinal barrier. Anti‐VEGF agents restore occludin proteins in the blood‐retinal barrier and reduce protein kinase C activation.Conclusion New advances in understanding the mechanisms involved vein occlusion related macular edema lead to development of new therapeutical strategies which have to be confirmed by clinical randomized trials.
Treatment of macular edema in vein occlusion
Authors: CREUZOT C 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Recent multicenter trials provided us with interesting results of macular edema linked to vein occlusion. Until now, the standard of care treatment of macular edema due to branch vein occlusion remained grid laser in contrast with central vein occlusion where the absence of treatment was still recommended. ,Methods SCORE, GENEVA, BRAVO and CRUISE studies recently provided us with the following results: SCORE study found triamcinolone to be interesting to treat macular edema due to central vein occlusion but not from branch occlusion. GENEVA study assessed the effect of a delivery system of dexamethasone to treat macular edema due to venous occlusion whatever the clinical form with an improvement of visual acuity. CRUISE and BRAVO studies assessed the effect of ranubizumab which was found to improve the visual acuity of macular edema due to either central or branch vein occlusions. GALLILEO and COPERNICUS reported recent results with another antiangiogenic agents with interesting results but still unpublished.Results At this stage, to treat macula edema in vein occlusion, we have to consider the characteristics of the patients to decide which treatment should be used: lens status, increased ocular pressure, delay before treatment of the disease, clinical form of vein occlusion as well as the predictable acceptance of repeated injections by the patients.Conclusion There is an urgent need for comparative studies but these studies should consider separately branch and central vein occlusions.
Commercial interest
Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurement with 3 Spectral Domain OCT devices
Authors: FENOLLAND JR , GIRAUD JM , MOUINGA A , SENDON D , ELASRI F , MAY F , RENARD JP 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To compare peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness measurement using 3 Spectral Domain OCTs (SD‐OCT) in normal and glaucomatous patientsMethods Observational case series. 145 eyes of 78 patients underwent a complete examination and a standard automated perimetry followed by pRNFL OCT evaluation with the RTVue OCT (Optovue), the 3D‐OCT 2000 (Topcon) and the Spectralis (Heidelberg). Each patient was scanned by the same well‐trained examiner. pRNFL measurements were comparated across the 3 devices using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparaison t‐tests with Bonferroni adjustements. Bland‐Altman plots were constructed to assess the level of agreement between each pair of OCTs.Results The study included 66 normal eyes, 24 ocular hypertension, 10 preperimetric, 23 mild, 14 moderate and 8 severe glaucomas. Overall pRNFL thickness mean was greatest on the Topcon (96,2±14,9), intermediate on the RTVue (93,8±16,5) and lowest on the Spectralis (84,5±18,5). The ANOVA test demonstrated a mean thickness difference (overall, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal) between the 3 OCTs (p<0,05). On the multiple comparaisons t‐test, the Topcon and RTvue were not significantly differents. The bland Altman plots show a moderate agreement but a good correlation between the 3 OCTs. The thinner were the RNFL thickness, the greater were the differences between the devices.Conclusion This study proved that there were differences in the thickness measurements and a moderate agreement between the 3 devices. SD‐OCT are not interchangeable and the patient's follow up should be done on the same device.
The Bestrophinopathies
Authors: LEROY BP 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To describe the phenotypes of conditions due to mutations in BEST1, the gene encoding bestrophin‐1.Methods A case presentation format will be used to illustrate the phenotypes and genotypes of the different bestrophinopathies, with special attention to both the clinical and electrophysiological features that distinguish one phenotype from the other, and those they have in common. In addition, the different BEST1 genotypes will be discussed.Results The phenotypes of Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD), autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC), and autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) are very different as far as their clinical phenotypes are concerned. Nevertheless at the electrophysiological level, they share an abnormal electro‐oculography (EOG) as a common feature. Electroretinography is normal in BVMD, whereas a rod‐cone dystrophy is evident in the later stages of disease of ADVIRC and ARB. The BEST1 genotypes differ in that BVMD is due to a heterozygous missense mutation in BEST1, ADVIRC is due to interaction of several bestrophin protein isoforms, and ARB is probably the null phenotype.Conclusion The phenotypes of the bestrophinopathies are diverse, although they share an abnormal EOG as the common feature. The specific genotypes are also different, leading to different molecular pathogenetic mechanisms.
Gene Therapy & Pharmacotherapy for Inherited Retinal Disease: Current Status
Authors: HAMEL C 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To describe the rationale for gene therapy and pharmacological treatments in retinal dystrophies, and to show a few examples of the undergoing trials.Methods Gene therapy can be applied to complement (in loss‐of‐function mutation) or to suppress (in gain‐of‐function mutation) a mutated gene, in order to correct the specific defect linked to this gene. Gene therapy can also be used to in situ produce a protein whose properties will modify the course of the disease. In a similar way, pharmacological drugs can supplement the metabolic defect linked to a specific gene, or can facilitate photoreceptor survival and/or function whatever the genetic defect.Results Conditions (photoreceptor dysfunction and degeneration, rate of degeneration, stage at disease diagnosis) to which gene therapy can be applied will be reviewed. Retinal dystrophies linked to RPE65 mutations provide good examples of both gene therapy by complementation and pharmacological therapy by supplementation. Gene repair is a promising approach to reverse mutations into the correct sequence. Rapid descriptions of ongoing trials for congenital achromatopsia, Stargardt disease and retinitis pigmentosa will be showed.Conclusion Future developments of therapeutic interventions will depend on accurate molecular diagnosis, knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms and improvement in drug ocular delivery.
The immunology of allergic ocular surface disease
Authors: LEONARDI A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The conjunctiva is normally exposed to picogram quantities of environmental allergens such as pollens, dust mite fecal particles, animal dander and other proteins. When deposited on the mucosa, these antigens are processed by Langerhans cells or other antigen‐presenting cells (APC) in the mucosal epithelium, bind to the antigen recognition site of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, and present to naive CD4+ lymphocytes at some unknown location that could be the local draining lymph nodes.Methods The concentration and distribution of inflammatory mediators or inhibitors in the tear fluid have been extensively used in ocular allergy to find either a ‘disease marker’, to better understand the immune mechanisms involved in the ocular surface inflammation, or to identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions.Results TMultiple mediators, cytokines, chemokines, receptors, proteases, growth factors, intracellular signals, regulatory and inhibitory pathways, and other unknown factors and pathways are differently expressed, ultimately resulting in the many clinical manifestations of ocular allergic disease.Conclusion A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in ocular surface immunity is necessary for identifying new classification criteria and new therapeutic strategies.
Caspase‐3 expression in rat lens after in vivo exposure to UVR‐300 nm
Authors: TALEBI ZADEH N , GALICHANIN K , HALLBÖÖK F , SÖDERBERG P 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To determine the evolution of active caspase‐3 protein expression in albino rat lens after in vivo exposure to low dose UVR‐300 nm by immunohistochemistry.Methods Altogether, 10 Sprague Dawley rats were unilaterally exposed in vivo to 1 kJ/m2 UVR‐300 nm for 15 minutes. At 0.5, 3, 7 and 24 hours after UVR exposure, exposed and contralateral non‐exposed lenses were removed and processed for immunohistochemistry. Three midsagittal sections per lens were stained. Active caspase‐3 labeling was counted and recorded three times in each section.Results Caspase‐3 expression was higher in exposed than in contralateral non‐exposed eyes (expressed as a 95% confidence interval for the mean CI[Mean difference] 0.95 = 13.6 ±0.5). The mean difference between exposed and contralateral non‐exposed lenses was (CI[Mean difference] 0.95) 13.1 ±9.0, 14.3 ±5.6, 18.4 ±1.9 and 8.8 ±7.2 for the 0.5, 3, 7 and 24 hours groups, respectively. There was no difference in expression of caspase‐3 between the 0.5 and 24 hours groups (CI[Mean difference] 0.95 = 4.3 ±7.0). There was a difference between the 3 hours and 7 hours groups (CI[Mean difference] 0.95 = 4.14±2.03). There was a difference when comparing the 0.5 and 24 hours groups versus the 3 and 7 hours groups (CI[Mean difference] 0.95 = 6.21±4.05).Conclusion Expression of caspase‐3 in eye lens increases after UVR exposure. There is a peak of expression between 3 and 7 hours after exposure.
Pros of treatment of NA‐ION
Authors: LEE A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To define the indications for steroids in NAIONMethods Case based learning, evidence based practiceResults Steroids have been shown to be possibly beneficial in NAION in a patient choice methodology study Steroids have an unproven but biologically plausible mechanism of action in NAIONConclusion Until a randomized, prospective clinical trial is performed, steroids may be considered as a potential treatment option for NAION in selected cases
Cons of treatment of NA‐ION
Authors: GRZYBOWSKI A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To discuss benefits and risks of steroids use in NAION.Methods Analysis of evidence based studies.Results There are no first class evidence based studies confirming that the use of steroids in NAION is of benefit. There are few case series and case reports suggesting the benefit of oral or intravitreal steroids use. These studies, however, have several limitations. Moreover, steroids have many adverse effects, what is especially important in elderly patients with co‐existing diseases, the typical profile of NAION patients.Conclusion There is no effective therapy for NAION supported by first class evidence based study. The use of steroids should be critically analyzed in the context of their possible adverse effects.
Why pulley surgery in strabismus?
Authors: BREMOND‐GIGNAC D 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe recent innovations in the comprehension of orbital anatomy and extraocular muscles allow a better reflection about practical strabismus surgery. Trochlea anatomy for superior oblique muscle is well defined but Miller in 1987 in monkeys and Demer in 1994 first described functional pulleys for rectus extraocular muscles. These pulleys are based on connective tissue sleeves of collagen, elastin and smooth muscle that surround and stabilize the posterior extraocular muscles paths within the bony orbit. Imaging of the orbit is required to the understanding of variable effect on binocular alignment in strabismus. Different data can be obtained from the MRI as lateral rectus path lengths from orbital apex to first globe conta
Evolution of protein concentration in the rat lens after in vivo exposure to close‐to‐threshold dose ultraviolet radiation
Authors: JING W , ZHANG J , LÖFGREN S , GALICHANIN K , ZALEBIZADEH N , YU Z , SÖDERBERG P 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To investigate the short term cataract development and protein concentration in the rat lens after in vivo close‐to‐threshold dose exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) around 300 nm.Methods Three groups of 10 Sprague Dawley rats were unilaterally exposed to 8 kJ/m2 UVR‐300 nm for 15 minutes, and a forth group of 10 rats was kept without UVR exposure as non‐exposed control animals. The exposed animals were sacrificed at 1, 3 and 7 days after exposure. Both lenses from all animals were extracted and photographed and the intensity of forward light scattering was measured quantitatively. Whole lens was homogenized and protein concentration was determined spectrophotometrically.Results All exposed lenses developed cataract. Lens light scattering increased throughout 7 days after UVR exposure. The difference of protein concentration between exposed lens and contralateral non‐exposed lens was slightly decreased at 1 day after exposure and then gradually normalized back to baseline within 7 day after exposure.Conclusion The in vivo close‐to‐threshold dose UVR induced cataract and protein changes are not paralleled. The altered protein concentration is normalized within 7 days after ultraviolet irradiation.
Your second best glaucoma‐friend, function testing
Authors: VISWANATHAN A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAccurate and reliable assessment of the results of automated perimetry are of primary importance in the management of glaucoma, both for diagnosis and for the measurement of progression. This aspect of the Course, designed for young ophthalmologists, will give specific, practical guidance on how to derive the maximum amount of useful information from a single visual field test result or from a longitudinal series of results. A simple mnemonic will be described to ensure that no important elements of the analysis are missed.
Your third best glaucoma‐friend, structure evaluation
Authors: SUNARIC MEGEVAND G 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGlaucoma is characterized by structural changes of the optic nerve and the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and corresponding functional alterations. Although the glaucoma specialist still depends upon direct fundus examination to assess structural damage, the last ten years has seen the emergence of a variety of new technologies for objective and non‐invasive measurement of structural changes. During the course will be discussed the most important parameters for direct fundoscopic analysis of the optic nerve head and RNFL as well as the principals of the 3 most used imaging devices HRT, GDX, OCT.
Establishment of a lens epithelial cell line from cataract dog
Authors: OCHIAI H 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The aim of this study is to establish a lens epithelial cells (LECs) line originated from cataract dog.Methods Anterior capsulorrhexis specimen from a dog (8‐year‐old male Wire Fox Terrier) naturally developing mature cataracts was obtained prior to routine phacoemulsification cataract extraction. The primary lens epithelial cells were transfected with the expression plasmid DNA encoding replication origin defective simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen and then cloned a colony by using glass syrinder.Results The primary cells proliferated to confluent until three passages. However, the immortalized cells remained proliferative, and this cloned cell line, termed as cdLEC, grew well and could be propagated over 200 times by splitting at 1:20. Functional analysis of Na‐dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT) indicated that the Km value toward ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was 19.9 + 2.8 M, and RT‐PCR analysis showed that SVCT2 was observed in this cell line while SVCT1 was not, which was the characteristic of LECs. Western blot analysis and cyto‐immunochemistry indicated immortalized cells produced a protein with a molecular weight of 25 kDa, which reacted with an antibody to B‐crystallin within the whole cytosol.Conclusion These results indicate that cdLEC may provide a useful in vitro system for the study of path‐physiology of canine cataract.
Tips and tricks in grossing and processing ophthalmic specimens
Authors: COUPLAND SE 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Ophthalmic specimens range in size and degree of complexity. The diagnostic work‐up of ocular ophthalmic biopsies and larger specimens demands close collaboration between the clinician, the pathologist and other specialties, including the plastic surgeon, head‐and‐neck surgeon as well as the microbiologist.Methods Documentation of all relevant clinical information in the pathology request form as well as timely discussions between the various specialists (for example, telephone communications just before a biopsy is performed) are essential components of the diagnostic pathway, prior to specimen arrival in the diagnostic laboratory.Results The laboratory itself should be equipped with experienced technical staff familiar with the specimen protocols, a pathologist with expertise in ocular pathology/fluid samples, and also be supported with a wide range of investigations, including molecular diagnostic techniques.Conclusion In this way, the yield from these samples can be optimized to reach an unequivocal diagnosis, rapid communication to the clinician, and timely instigation of therapy. Guidelines for these steps are provided.