bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Sixpenny Entry to Five Shilling Subscription: Charting Cathedral Outreach and Friends’ Associations in the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Muskett Judith A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAll Anglican cathedrals in England have formal associations of Friends (like other institutions in the heritage sector). The majority arose in the 1920s/30s, a period that coincided with the gradual development of a focused outreach strategy by cathedrals, and the abandonment of sixpenny entrance fees. By analysing Letters to the Editor and news reports in The Times, this article explores the origins of cathedral Friends’ associations. The sources illustrate the benefits of Friendship for both sides of the dyad: for the cathedrals, primarily the five shilling subscriptions and the creation of an informed supporter base; and for the members, mainly esoteric benefits. It is also demonstrated that, in the north, Friends’ gifts directly replaced cathedral/diocesan resources being deployed for social welfare. A particular value in focusing on the history of the cathedral Friends’ movement is that it highlights the history of the cathedrals themselves in this difficult inter-war period.
Dasty3, a WEB framework for DAS
Authors: Villaveces Jose M. , Jimenez Rafael C. , Garcia Leyla J. , Salazar Gustavo A. , Gel Bernat , Mulder Nicola , Martin Maria , Garcia Alexander , Hermjakob Henning 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMotivation: Dasty3 is a highly interactive and extensible Web-based framework. It provides a rich Application Programming Interface upon which it is possible to develop specialized clients capable of retrieving information from DAS sources as well as from data providers not using the DAS protocol. Dasty3 provides significant improvements on previous Web-based frameworks and is implemented using the 1.6 DAS specification.Availability: Dasty3 is an open-source tool freely available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/dasty/ under the terms of the GNU General public license. Source and documentation can be found at http://code.google.com/p/dasty/.Contact: hhe@ebi.ac.uk
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and DZNep reduce polycomb protein level via a proteasome-dependent mechanism in skin cancer cells
Authors: Choudhury Subhasree Roy , Balasubramanian Sivaprakasam , Chew Yap Ching , Han Bingshe , Marquez Victor E. , Eckert Richard L. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) protein-dependent histone methylation and ubiquitination drives chromatin compaction leading to reduced tumor suppressor expression and increased cancer cell survival. Green tea polyphenols and S -adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase inhibitors are important candidate chemopreventive agents. Previous studies indicate that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a potent green tea polyphenol, suppresses PcG protein level and skin cancer cell survival. Inhibition of AdoHcy hydrolase with 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) inhibits methyltransferases by reducing methyl group availability. In the present study, we examine the impact of EGCG and DZNep cotreatment on skin cancer cell function. EGCG and DZNep, independently and in combination, reduce the level of PcG proteins including Ezh2, eed, Suz12, Mel18 and Bmi-1. This is associated with reduced H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub formation, histone modifications associated with closed chromatin. Histone deacetylase 1 level is also reduced and acetylated H3 formation is increased. These changes are associated with increased tumor suppressor expression and reduced cell survival and are partially reversed by vector-mediated maintenance of Bmi-1 level. The reduction in PcG protein level is associated with increased ubiquitination and is reversed by proteasome inhibitors, suggesting proteasome-associated degradation.
Isoflurane Differentially Modulates Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production via Forward versus Reverse Electron Transport Flow
Authors: Hirata Naoyuki , Shim Yon Hee , Pravdic Danijel , Lohr Nicole L. , Pratt Philip F. , Weihrauch Dorothee , Kersten Judy R. , Warltier David C. , Bosnjak Zeljko J. , Bienengraeber Martin 
Published: July 2011

Background
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate the effects of anesthetic precondition to protect against ischemia and reperfusion injury, but the mechanisms of ROS generation remain unclear. In this study, the authors investigated if mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (mitotempol) abolishes the cardioprotective effects of anesthetic preconditioning. Further, the authors investigated the mechanism by which isoflurane alters ROS generation in isolated mitochondria and submitochondrial particles.

Methods
Rats were pretreated with 0.9% saline, 3.0 mg/kg mitotempol in the absence or presence of 30 min exposure to isoflurane. Myocardial infarction was induced by left anterior descending artery occlusion for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 2 h and infarct size measurements. Mitochondrial ROS production was determined spectrofluorometrically. The effect of isoflurane on enzymatic activity of mitochondrial respiratory complexes was also determined.

Results
Isoflurane reduced myocardial infarct size (40 ± 9% = mean ± SD) compared with control experiments (60 ± 4%). Mitotempol abolished the cardioprotective effects of anesthetic preconditioning (60 ± 9%). Isoflurane enhanced ROS generation in submitochondrial particles with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form), but not with succinate, as substrate. In intact mitochondria, isoflurane enhanced ROS production in the presence of rotenone, antimycin A, or ubiquinone when pyruvate and malate were substrates, but isoflurane attenuated ROS production when succinate was substrate. Mitochondrial respiratory experiments and electron transport chain complex assays revealed that isoflurane inhibited only complex I activity.

Conclusions
The results demonstrated that isoflurane produces ROS at complex I and III of the respiratory chain via the attenuation of complex I activity. The action on complex I decreases unfavorable reverse electron flow and ROS release in myocardium during reperfusion.
The Cytosolic Kinases STY8, STY17, and STY46 Are Involved in Chloroplast Differentiation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lamberti Giorgia , Gügel Irene L. , Meurer Jörg , Soll Jürgen , Schwenkert Serena 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), transit peptides for chloroplast-destined preproteins can be phosphorylated by the protein kinases STY8, STY17, and STY46. In this study, we have investigated the in vitro properties of these plant-specific kinases. Characterization of the mechanistic functioning of STY8 led to the identification of an essential threonine in the activation segment, which is phosphorylated by an intramolecular mechanism. STY8 is inhibited by specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors, although it lacked the ability to phosphorylate tyrosine residues in vitro. In vivo analysis of sty8, sty17, and sty46 Arabidopsis knockout/knockdown mutants revealed a distinct function of the three kinases in the greening process and in the efficient differentiation of chloroplasts. Mutant plants displayed not only a delayed accumulation of chlorophyll but also a reduction of nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins and a retarded establishment of photosynthetic capacity during the first 6 h of deetiolation, supporting a role of cytosolic STY kinases in chloroplast differentiation.
Acute testosterone deprivation reduces insulin sensitivity in men
Authors: Rubinow K. B. , Snyder C. N. , Amory J. K. , Hoofnagle A. N. , Page S. T. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryObjective  In men with prostate cancer, androgen deprivation reduces insulin sensitivity; however, the relative roles played by testosterone and estradiol are unknown. To investigate the respective effects of these hormones on insulin sensitivity in men, we employed a model of experimental hypogonadism with or without hormone replacement.Design  Placebo‐controlled, randomized trial.Participants  Twenty‐two healthy male volunteers, 18–55 years old.Methods  Following screening, subjects received the gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone antagonist acyline plus one of the following for 28 days: Group 1, placebo transdermal gel and placebo pills; Group 2, transdermal testosterone gel 10 g/day plus placebo pills; Group 3, transdermal testosterone gel 10 g/day plus the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole 1 mg/day to normalize testosterone while selectively reducing serum estradiol. Fasting insulin, glucose, adipokines and hormones were measured bi‐weekly.Results  With acyline administration, serum testosterone was reduced by >90% in all subjects in Group 1. In these men, mean fasting insulin concentrations were significantly increased compared with baseline (P = 0·02) at 28 days, despite stable body weight and no changes in fasting glucose concentrations. Decreased insulin sensitivity was also apparent in the insulin sensitivity indices homeostasis model of insulin resistance (P = 0·03) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (P = 0·04). In contrast, in Groups 2 and 3, testosterone concentrations remained in the physiologic range, despite significant reduction in mean estradiol in Group 3. In these groups, no significant changes in insulin sensitivity were observed.Conclusions  Acute testosterone withdrawal reduces insulin sensitivity in men independent of changes in body weight, whereas estradiol withdrawal has no effect. Testosterone appears to maintain insulin sensitivity in normal men.
Trophic trait plasticity in response to changes in resource availability and predation risk
Authors: Hawlena Dror , Hughes Kathy M. , Schmitz Oswald J. 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. Animals can mitigate the consequences of conflicting food‐web constraints (e.g. resource availability vs. predation risk) through plasticity in the expression of functional traits. Because functional trait expression in turn determines a species’ impact on ecosystem functions, e.g. its trophic function, there is a growing need to develop a predictive theory that links trait plasticity to ecosystem functioning. But there is currently an incomplete empirical foundation on which to develop such theory.2. To address this issue, we explored the link between plasticity in a suite of traits (e.g. head morphology, gut size, bite size) that determine the trophic function of a generalist grasshopper herbivore facing predation risk. We reared grasshoppers in the field under two single‐forage environments where the plant resources had different physical and nutritional properties and in intermediate mixed‐forage environments with or without risk of spider predation.3. We found that in the single‐forage environments, grasshoppers became more efficient at ingesting the resource they were reared on.4. In mixed‐resource environments, grasshoppers developed a phenotype that was not intermediate to the phenotypes in the two single‐forage environments, regardless of predation risk.5. We propose that the suite of phenotypic changes observed in our study represent two alternative feeding strategies that vary with the possibility of using behavioural resource selection in different environmental contexts.6. Our results suggest that plasticity in trophic function may not emerge from a direct link between the primary traits that determine consumer consumption efficiency given the physical properties of its resources (as is customarily presumed) but rather indirectly from secondary traits that may remain latent until such time that they are drawn into play when the species faces a particular challenge. This means that fully understanding how functional traits influence a species’ role in an ecosystem requires consideration of a broader suite of traits than simply those assumed to constrain resource ingestion.
Effect of the lactic acid bacteria on the control of listerial activity and shelf life of smoked salmon scraps
Authors: Bernardi Cristian , Ripamonti Barbara , Stella Simone , Tirloni Erica , Bersani Carla , Cattaneo Patrizia 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe potential protective activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from cold smoked salmon scraps was evaluated towards Listeria monocytogenes. Seventy‐three LAB strains were isolated and identified by biomolecular methods; Lactobacillus curvatus and Lactobacillus sakei prevailed. Three of the strains tested, identified as L. sakei, profile O, had a significant inhibitory activity against L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 and clones DUP‐1042 and DUP‐18596. The evolution of microbial populations and chemical parameters were determined at time intervals to verify the shelf life. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated in half the packages also exceeding the legal limit. The shelf life of scraps was set at 30 days. Clonal characterisation of L. monocytogenes was performed by ribotyping. DUP‐1042, one of the human pathogen clones, was the most represented pattern. The results suggest further studies aimed at the selection of autochthonous nonspoilage LAB strains as bioprotective agents for cold smoked salmon.
Screening selected strains of probiotic lactic acid bacteria for their ability to produce biogenic amines (histamine and tyramine)
Authors: Deepika Priyadarshani Wadu Mesthri , Rakshit Sudip K. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the production of biogenic amines (BA), histamine and tyramine by some probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Fifteen strains representing six LAB species were screened qualitatively by growing them in a decarboxylase medium. Quantitative analysis was carried out by HPLC analysis with direct derivatization of acid extracts. Lactobacillus casei (TISTR 389) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (TISTR 895) were found to produce BA. The highest levels of histamine (1820.9 ± 3.5 mg L−1) and tyramine (5486.99 ± 47.6 mg L−1) formation were observed for the TISTR 389 strain, while TISTR 895 produced only histamine (459.1 ± 0.63 mg L−1) in the decarboxylase broth. Biogenic amine potential was not observed for the Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, and Lactobacillus plantarum strains studied. This study confirmed that BA formation is strain dependent and not related to the species. Therefore, careful screening for amino acid decarboxylase activity is recommended before selecting LAB as appropriate starter or probiotic strains in food and dairy industry.
Preparation and properties of probiotic concentrated yoghurt (labneh) fortified with conjugated linoleic acid
Authors: Abd El‐Salam Mohamed H. , Hippen Arnold R. , El‐Shafie Kawther , Assem Faiza M. , Abbas Hyam , Abd El‐Aziz Mahmoud , Sharaf Osama , El‐Aassar Mostafa 
Published: July 2011

SummaryMilk of high conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) level (1.25 g per 100 g milk fat) was produced by inclusion of fish oil and rousted soy bean in the ration of Holstein cows as compared to 0.55 g per 100 g milk fat in the milk of animals receiving control diet. Milk of normal (control) and high CLA content (treatment) was spray‐dried. Labneh was made from 20 g L−1 reconstituted milk using 3 mL per 100 mL yoghurt starter and 2 mL per 100 mL of probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus acidophilus. The control (C) and high CLA (T) labneh were analysed chemically and microbiologically, and their viscosities were determined during cold storage for 15 days. The fat content of labneh of high CLA was less than that of the control, but the total solids (TS) were unaffected by the CLA level. Labneh made with Lb. acidophilus had lower TS and higher acidity, exopolysaccharides and acetaldehyde contents and viscosity than that made with the use of Lb. casei. Labneh from the different treatments retained high counts of the added probiotic (>108 cfu g−1) throughout the storage period. The storage period had significant effects on all parameters determined.
Headspace solid‐phase microextraction analysis of volatile compounds from spice essential oils in dry flavourings
Authors: Sánchez‐Cabrera Yamilka , Pino Jorge A. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe composition of volatile compounds in nine spices was analysed by means of headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) from dry flavourings of the spice essential oils, to devise an effective method to determine the content of the essential oils. The HS‐SPME was combined with GC‐MS and GC‐FID for identification and quantification of the volatile compounds. The optimisation of the extraction conditions was carried out by response surface methodology. The evaluation of the analytical parameters indicated that the method had a high precision (coefficient of variations lower than 3%), it was linear (response factors were smaller than 5%) and recoveries were higher than 89%. In the ruggedness test, sample quantity and pre‐extraction time were the factors that stood out as the causing of the greater effects on the analytical results.
Kigelia africana seed: proximate, mineral, vitamin E, fibre, amino acid and fatty acid composition
Authors: Chivandi Eliton , Davidson Bruce , Erlwanger Kennedy 
Published: July 2011

SummaryResearch reports on the ethnomedical and pharmacological potential of Kigelia africana extracts. In this study, the nutritional potential of K. africana seed and seed oil was evaluated by chemical analyses. Organic matter and ash constituted 915.23 ± 7.98 g kg−1 DM and 49.05 ± 4.55 g kg−1 DM of the seed mass, respectively. Oil constituted 492.2 g kg−1 DM of the seed mass with oleic acid, linoleic acid and α‐linolenic acid constituting 17.6%, 12.9% and 54.3%, respectively, of the seed oil. Vitamin E concentration was 0.94 ± 0.25 μg g−1. Crude protein was 357.35 ± 3.39 g kg−1 DM. Arginine (6.14 ± 0.31 g per 100 g) as the most abundant amino acid and hydroxyproline (0.11 ± 0.06 g per 100 g) the least. Phosphorus (1123.2 mg per 100 g) and calcium (56.1 mg per 100 g) were, respectively, the most and least abundant minerals. Gross energy was 29.6 ± 0.06 MJ kg−1. Kigelia africana seeds could be exploited as nutrient‐dense dietary supplement rich in protein, oleic acid and essential fatty acids.
Optimisation and validation of a fluorescence polarisation immunoassay for rapid detection of zearalenone in corn
Authors: Choi Eun H. , Kim Dong M. , Choi Sung‐Wook , Eremin Sergei A. , Chun Hyang S. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to develop a highly sensitive fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA) for the detection of zearalenone (ZEN). The method was optimised and validated to examine the feasibility of performing FPIA using several tracers synthesised from different fluorescence labels and chemicals structurally mimicking ZEN. Optimum extraction conditions were determined, and 4‐(aminomethyl) fluorescein‐labelled ZEN tracer (ZEN‐4AMF) was selected as the tracer. None of the tracers mimicking ZEN gave a favourable response with the monoclonal anti‐ZEN antibody. When tested on a corn matrix, the FPIA showed a detection limit of 77 μg kg−1 within 3 min, excluding extraction time. Recovery of ZEN averaged 101% (intraday) and 109% (interday), and trueness averaged 111%. Ruggedness was satisfactory but cross‐reactivity with ZEN analogues was relatively high. These results suggest that the current FPIA for the detection of ZEN has a potential as an easy and rapid screening tool for ZEN and its analogues in corn.
Litter sex composition affects life‐history traits in yellow‐bellied marmots
Authors: Monclús Raquel , Blumstein Daniel T. 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. The presence of siblings might have long‐lasting fitness consequences because they influence the early environment in which an animal develops. Several studies under laboratory conditions have shown long‐lasting consequences from the presence of male siblings in utero on morphology and life‐history traits. However, in wild animals, such effects of litter sex composition are unexplored.2. We capitalized on a long‐term study of individually marked yellow‐bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) and documented the effects of weaned litter sex composition and anogenital distance on several life‐history and fitness traits.3. First, we demonstrated that the number of males in a litter influenced anogenital distance. Then, we found that masculinized females, those with larger anogenital distances, were less likely to survive their first hibernation, were more likely to disperse and were less likely to become pregnant and wean young. Males from male‐biased litters had lower growth rates, but we failed to detect longer‐term consequences.4. Taken together, our results show profound sex‐dependent effects of litter sex composition, probably due to differential prenatal exposure to androgens, in free‐living animals. We conclude that masculinization might constitute an alternative mechanism explaining variation in different demographic traits. This finding highlights the importance of studying these maternal effects, and they enhance our concern over the widespread use of endocrine disrupting compounds.
Leaf litter from insect‐resistant transgenic trees causes changes in aquatic insect community composition
Authors: Axelsson E. Petter , Hjältén Joakim , LeRoy Carri J. , Whitham Thomas G. , Julkunen‐Tiitto Riitta , Wennström Anders 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. Recent research has addressed how transgenic residues from arable crops may influence adjacent waterways, aquatic consumers and important ecosystem processes such as litter breakdown rates. With future applications of transgenic plants in forestry, such concerns may apply to forest stream ecosystems. Before any large‐scale release of genetically modified (GM) trees, it is therefore imperative to evaluate the effects of genetic modifications in trees on such ecosystems.2. We conducted decomposition experiments under natural stream conditions using leaf litter from greenhouse grown GM trees (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) that express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins (cry3Aa; targeting coleopteran leaf‐feeding beetles) to examine the hypothesis that GM trees would affect litter decomposition rates and/or the aquatic arthropod community that colonizes and feeds on leaf litter in streams.3. We show that two independent transformations of isogenic Populus trees to express Bt toxins caused similar changes to the composition of aquatic insects colonizing the leaf litter, ultimately manifested in a 25% and 33% increases in average insect abundance.4. Measurements of 24 phenolic compounds as well as nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in the litter did not significantly differ among modified and wild‐type trees and were thus not sufficient to explain these differences in the insect assemblage.5. Decomposition rates were comparable among litter treatments suggesting that the normal suite of leaf traits influencing decomposition was similar among litter treatments and that the shredding functions of the community were maintained despite the changes in insect community composition.6. Synthesis and applications.  We report that leaf litter from GM trees affected the composition of aquatic insect communities that colonized litter under natural stream conditions. This suggests that forest management using GM trees may affect adjacent waterways in unanticipated ways, which should be considered in future commercial applications of GM trees. We also argue that studies at different scales (e.g. species, communities and ecosystems) will be needed for a full understanding of the environmental effects of Bt plants.