bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotic agents in the treatment of bipolar mania
Authors: Tohen Mauricio , Vieta Eduard 
Published: June 2009

Objectives: Antipsychotics have been widely used in the treatment of bipolar mania. The purpose of this manuscript was to briefly review the evidence of typical and atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of bipolar mania.Methods: A detailed literature review was conducted on the use of typical and atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar mania using standard search engines. A summary of the published literature on each agent is described followed by a discussion on the overall comparison of the different agents.Results: For typical antipsychotics, up until recently, there was a paucity of published evidence on their strengths and limitations in the treatment of bipolar mania. Recent studies have demonstrated clear evidence on the efficacy of haloperidol on the treatment of acute mania. The literature suggests a faster onset of action of haloperidol as compared to either lithium or atypical antipsychotics. A limitation of typical antipsychotics however, is the risk of tardive dyskinesia, extrapyramidal side effects and a possible increased risk of non‐adherence. Evidence on the efficacy for atypical antipsychotics has been demonstrated for aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. Limitations as regards the use of atypical antipsychotics include the risk of weight gain and dyslipidemia. Comparison among different atypical antipsychotics agents are difficult to determine as there are no conclusive head to head studies. There is also a paucity of studies comparing atypical antipsychotics with lithium.Conclusions: Evidence exists on the efficacy of both typical and atypical antipsychotics on the treatment of acute mania such that they are now clearly first‐line along with lithium. An important limitation of the published literature is that most of the studies were designed to obtain regulatory approval for the different agents therefore the generalizability of the findings to clinical practice remains unclear.
Medicating mood with maintenance in mind: bipolar depression pharmacotherapy
Authors: Malhi Gin S , Adams Danielle , Berk Michael 
Published: June 2009

Objectives:  Bipolar depression is a core feature of bipolar disorder, a phase in which many patients spend the majority of time and one that confers a significant degree of burden and risk. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the evidence base for the pharmacotherapy of bipolar depression and to discuss the recommendations for its optimal management.Methods:  A detailed literature review was undertaken with a particular emphasis on pharmacological treatment strategies for bipolar depression across the acute and maintenance phases of the illness. Electronic library and Web‐based searches were performed using recognised tools (MEDLINE, PubMED, EMBASE and PsychINFO) to identify the pertinent literature. A summary of the evidence base is outlined and then distilled into broad clinical recommendations to guide the pharmacological management of bipolar depression.Results:  Partitioning treatment into acute and maintenance therapy is difficult based on the paucity of current evidence. The evidence from treatment trials favours the use of lithium and lamotrigine as first‐line treatment in preference to valproate, and indicates that, for acute episodes, quetiapine and olanzapine have perhaps achieved equivalence at least in terms of efficacy. However, the effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotics in maintenance therapy is constrained by the potential for significant side effects of individual agents and the lack of both long‐term research data and clinical experience in treating bipolar disorder as compared to other agents. Conversely, lithium and the anticonvulsants are generally slower to effect symptomatic change, and this limits their usefulness.Conclusions:  There has been a tendency for research trials of bipolar depression to differentiate the illness cross‐sectionally into the acute and maintenance phases of bipolar depression; however, in clinical terms, bipolar depression invariably follows a longitudinal course in which the phases of illness are inextricably linked, and useful acute treatments are typically continued in maintenance. Therefore, when medicating mood in acute bipolar depression it is imperative to keep maintenance in mind as it is this aspect of treatment that determines long‐term success.
Maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder: a reassessment of lithium as the first choice
Authors: Coryell William 
Published: June 2009

Objective: In consideration of the declining use of lithium over the past several decades, this review focuses on three topics to argue for lithium’s status as first choice as the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder.Methods: This review (i) describes success rates for patients assigned to lithium and those assigned to placebo in early (1973–1976) and recent (2000–2003) trials, as well as those assigned to alternative mood stabilizers versus placebo; (ii) summarizes the results of studies that compared lithium to alternative mood stabilizers by the degree of weight gain during maintenance therapy; and (iii) reviews evidence that lithium exhibits unique antisuicidal properties.Results: Differing success rates in early and more recent maintenance trials strongly suggest a cohort effect in which the lithium responders are relatively unavailable for recent maintenance trials. Moreover, among mood stabilizers studied in randomized trials, lithium appears least likely to cause substantial weight gain, and a considerable literature has developed to suggest that lithium has antisuicidal effects that extend beyond its benefits in relapse prevention.Conclusion: The evidence reviewed here strongly supports the consideration of lithium when prophylactic treatment is first begun for a bipolar patient.
Psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder: cost‐effectiveness, mediating mechanisms, and future directions
Authors: Miklowitz David J , Scott Jan 
Published: June 2009

Objectives: Randomized trials of adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder are reviewed, in tandem with discussion of cost‐effectiveness, mediating mechanisms, and moderators of effects.Methods: Systematic searches of the MEDLINE and PSYCHLIT databases yielded 19 randomized controlled trials of individual family and group therapies. Outcome variables included time to recovery, relapse or recurrence, symptom severity, medication adherence, and psychosocial functioning.Results: Meta‐analyses consistently show that disorder‐specific psychotherapies [cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal, family, and group] augment mood stabilizers in reducing rates of relapse (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.39–0.82) over 1–2 years. Specific mediating mechanisms include, but are not limited to, increasing medication adherence, teaching self‐monitoring and early intervention with emergent episodes, and enhancing interpersonal functioning and family communication. All therapies have strengths and weaknesses. One group psychoeducation trial, demonstrated effect sizes for recurrence that are at least equivalent to individual therapies, but findings await replication. Family interventions have been successfully administered in both single and multi‐family formats, but no studies report the comparative cost‐effectiveness of these formats. The best‐studied psychotherapy modality, CBT, can have beneficial effects on depression, but findings are inconsistent across studies and vary with sample characteristics and comparison treatments.Conclusions: Adjunctive psychotherapies can be cost‐effective when weighed against observed reductions in recurrence, hospitalization and functional impairments. Future trials need to (i) clarify which populations are most likely to benefit from which strategies; (ii) identify putative mechanisms of action; (iii) systematically evaluate costs, benefits, and generalizability; and (iv) record adverse effects. The application of psychosocial interventions to young‐onset populations deserves further study.
Identifying and treating cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder
Authors: Goldberg Joseph F , Roy Chengappa KN 
Published: June 2009

Objectives: The presence of cognitive deficits has become increasingly appreciated across all phases of bipolar disorder. The present review sought to identify domains of cognitive dysfunction, methods of assessment, discrimination of iatrogenic from illness‐specific etiologies, and pharmacologic strategies to manage cognitive problems in patients with bipolar disorder.Methods: A selective literature review was performed focusing on studies of descriptive phenomenology and pharmacologic intervention (favoring randomized comparisons when existent but open trials or case reports when not) involving cognition in bipolar disorder populations, healthy volunteers, or other clinical populations. Identification was made of (i) practical strategies for clinical assessment and management of cognitive complaints, (ii) limitations of existing intervention studies, and (iii) recommendations for the design and direction of future research.Results: Cognitive deficits involving attention, executive function, and verbal memory are evident across all phases of bipolar disorder. Most existing treatment studies involve nonbipolar populations, prompting caution when extrapolating outcomes to individuals with bipolar disorder. Differentiating medication‐ from illness‐induced cognitive dysfunction requires comprehensive assessment with an appreciation for the cognitive domains most affected by specific medications. No current pharmacotherapies substantially improve cognition in bipolar disorder, although preliminary findings suggest some potential value for adjunctive stimulants such as modafinil and novel experimental agents.Conclusions: Circumscribed cognitive deficits may be both iatrogenic and intrinsic to bipolar disorder. Optimal management hinges on a knowledge of illness‐specific cognitive domains as well as of the beneficial or adverse cognitive profiles of common psychotropic medications.
Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae associated with Eucalyptus leaf diseases and stem cankers in Uruguay
Authors: Pérez C. A. , Wingfield M. J. , Altier N. A. , Blanchette R. A. 
Published: June 2009

Summary Mycosphaerella leaf diseases represent one of the most important impediments to Eucalyptus plantation forestry. Yet they have been afforded little attention in Uruguay where these trees are an important resource for a growing pulp industry. The objective of this study was to identify species of Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae resulting from surveys in all major Eucalyptus growing areas of the country. Species identification was based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence comparisons for the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA operon. A total of ten Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae were found associated with leaf spots and stem cankers on Eucalyptus. Of these, Mycosphaerella aurantia, M. heimii, M. lateralis, M. scytalidii, Pseudocercospora norchiensis, Teratosphaeria ohnowa and T. pluritubularis are newly recorded in Uruguay. This is also the first report of M. aurantia occurring outside of Australia, and the first record of P. norchiensis and T. pluritubularis in South America. New hosts were identified for Kirramyces gauchensis, M. aurantia, M. marksii, M. lateralis, M. scytalidii, P. norchiensis, T. molleriana, T. ohnowa and T. pluritubularis. Interestingly K. gauchensis, which has been known only as a stem pathogen, was isolated from leaf spots on E. maidenii and E. tereticornis. The large number of Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae occurring in Uruguay is disturbing and raises concerns regarding the introduction of new pathogens that could threaten not only Eucalyptus plantations but also native forests.
Impact of armillaria root disease and the effect of thinning in a late‐rotation Pinus radiata plantation
Authors: Hood I. A. , Kimberley M. O. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIn a search for alternative methods for managing armillaria root disease in Pinus radiata plantations in New Zealand, a thinning trial was established in a 1985 planted stand infested by Armillaria novae‐zelandiae. The incidence of chronic (non‐lethal) infection rose significantly following a first thinning at age 7 years that provided additional inoculum in the form of colonized stumps. However, this effect diminished before age 19 years when the small stumps had decomposed and, contrary to expectations, a further increase in infection did not follow a second thinning at age 13.5 years, despite a high incidence of larger colonized second thinning stumps. Apparently the increased vigour and associated resistance in the released older trees was sufficient to counter any increase in inoculum potential following treatment. It therefore now appears that thinning may not be detrimental to the final crop volume in contemporary diseased second‐rotation plantations. However, this treatment furnishes no disease control benefit, and should still be deployed judiciously in heavily infested stands. There was a small, but significant reduction in volume growth on the more severely infected trees during the first 13 years in this trial, but on the larger trees later in the rotation at age 19 years there was no difference in stem volume between infection severity categories. A previous assessment based only on the earlier data therefore overestimates the impact of Armillaria in present and future pine plantations in New Zealand. Nevertheless, its widespread distribution and its demonstrated pathogenicity indicate that forest owners should be conscious of the presence of Armillaria during plantation management.
Interactions between Melamspora larici‐epitea pathotypes and the mycoparasite Sphaerellopsis filum from willow rusts
Authors: Pei M. H. , Ruiz C. , Hunter T. , Bayon C. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryFive pathotypes of the willow rust Melamspora larici‐epitea were inoculated with 12 isolates of Sphaerellopsis filum derived from Melampsora species/forms occurring on willows. On average, 20.5% uredinial pustules produced S. filum pycnidia and rust spore production was reduced by 38.4% on leaf discs inoculated with S. filum. Some rust isolates were more readily infected by S. filum than others while some S. filum isolates caused higher levels of infections than other S. filum isolates. In general, the suppressive effects of these S. filum isolates on rust spore production were similar on the majority of rust pathotypes tested. There appeared to be a positive link between the rust pustule area and the rate of infection by S. filum. Sphaerellopsis filum inoculum densities were positively correlated with the reduction in rust spore production but not with the number of rust pustules. Implications from the results were discussed in relation to the deployment of S. filum in biological control of willow rust in willow mixture plantations which harbour more diverse rust pathotypes compared with monocultures.
Fine root condition relates to visible crown damage in Norway spruce in acidified soils
Authors: Konôpka B. , Lukac M. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAllochthonous Norway spruce stands in the Kysucké Beskydy Mts. (north‐western Slovakia) have been exposed to substantial acid deposition in the recent past and grow in acidified soil conditions with mean pH of about 4.0 in the topsoil. We selected 90 spruce trees representing 30 triplets of different crown status: healthy, stressed and declining to assess the relationship between crown and fine root status. Sequential coring and in‐growth bags were applied to each triplet to investigate fine root mass and growth in the soil depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm. Fine root quantity (biomass and necromass), turnover (production over standing stock), morphological features (specific root length, root tip density) and chemical properties (Ca:Al molar ratio) were compared among the abovementioned health status categories. Living fine root biomass decreased with increasing stress, while the ratio of dead to living biomass increased. Annual fine root production decreased and specific root length increased in stressed trees when compared to healthy or declining trees, a situation which may be related to the position of trees in the canopy (healthy and declining – dominant, stressed – co‐dominant). The Ca:Al ratio decreased with increasing crown damage, indicating a decreased ability to filter out aluminium. In conclusion, fine root status appears to be linked to visible crown damage and can be used as a tree health indicator.
Distribution and gradient analysis of Ink disease in chestnut forests
Authors: Vannini A. , Natili G. , Anselmi N. , Montaghi A. , Vettraino A. M. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryDistribution and gradient analysis of Ink disease caused by Phytophthora cambivora were studied over a 2 years period in a chestnut forest in Italy. Ink disease incidence, severity and tree mortality increased during the period over the studied chestnut forest. Disease descriptors and landform datasets were analysed by Geographic Information System software and displayed as a multilayer thematic map. Indices of dispersion and empirical dispersion models were used to study spatial distribution of disease in the investigated area. Semivariograms were used to interpolate spatial data and to map Ink disease. A logical spatial dependence of the studied variables was found. Ink disease occurred preferentially along natural drainages routes where multicyclic inoculum build up was likely to occur. A negative relationship was found between Ink disease incidence, severity and tree mortality with respect to distance from the drainage.
Bacteria as food had no effect on fecundity during domestication of the fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni
Authors: Meats A. , Streamer K. , Gilchrist A. S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAdult Bactrocera tryoni from different generations of domestication were given various diets to determine whether either or both the bacteria Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae could provide a source of proteinaceous material sufficient to allow the female flies to produce mature oocytes and eggs or alternatively, whether the bacteria could act as a beneficial supplementary food when given in addition to the usual laboratory proteinaceous food that consisted of a paste of sucrose and yeast autolysate. Overall, there was no evidence from any generation studied that female flies could produce eggs or mature oocytes on a bacterial diet above the levels attained with access to culture medium without bacteria. Similarly, there was no evidence that bacterial supplementation to a diet that included a paste of sucrose and yeast autolysate was more beneficial than when the paste was the sole source of proteinaceous food. There was an increase in mature oocytes per female with the number of generations of culture but the extent of increase was greater when sugar/yeast paste was included in the diet. There was no evidence that mixtures of either bacterium species in nutrient broth or the broth itself was attractive to female B. tryoni over a distance of a few centimetres when the tested flies were caged at low density but flies of later generations did feed when offered either type of food at very close range.
Mating behaviour and evidence for sex‐specific pheromones in Hedypathes betulinus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae)
Authors: Fonseca M. G. , Zarbin P. H. G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe mating behaviour and evidence for sex‐specific pheromones of the main pest of green mate, Ilex paraguariensis, of the southern region of Brazil, Hedypathes betulinus (Klug, 1825) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), were studied in the laboratory. The mating sequence of H. betulinus includes: female approaching the male, antennal contact, male mounting the female and start of copulation. This mating sequence provided support for our hypothesis that recognition of males by females may be mediated by a male‐produced pheromone and males recognize females by contact pheromones. The behavioural responses in an olfactometer of male and female H. betulinus to volatiles released by male and female conspecifics confirmed the presence of a male‐produced sex pheromone. This finding suggests that visual cues are not primary in eliciting a sexual response from females. Three male‐specific compounds were detected in the chromatographic analysis, providing chemical support to the behavioural data. Males did not respond to dead‐washed females but 70% of males attempted to mate with dead‐washed extract‐treated females, suggesting that extracts contained contact pheromones. Based on these results, a male‐produced sex pheromone and a female‐produced contact pheromone should be essential in the communication system of H. betulinus.
Analysis on the spectra and level of wide‐compatibility conferred by three neutral alleles in inter‐subspecific hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.) using near isogenic lines
Authors: Wang G. W. , Cai H. Y. , Xu Y. , Yang S. H. , He Y. Q. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWide‐compatibility varieties are a special class of rice germplasm that is able to produce fertile hybrids when crossed to either indica or japonica subspecies. Previous studies determined the f5 allele from ‘Dular’ (f5‐Du), f6 allele from ‘Dular’ (f6‐Du) and S5 allele from ‘02428’ (S5‐08) as neutral alleles conferring wide‐compatibility. However, the possible extent of the effect of the three neutral alleles has not been fully characterized because of the narrow range of the tester varieties used and the highly complex differentiation in Asian cultivated rice. In this study, we further developed the five near‐isogenic lines with higher recovery rates of the recurrent parent genome, and testcrossed to 14 japonica varieties, which have been widely used in rice breeding programmes in China. The results clearly revealed that all three neutral alleles exhibited substantial effects on spikelet fertility in most of the indica–japonica testcrosses, which indicated that these hybrid sterility loci have been extensively differentiated between indica and japonica varieties. The magnitudes of effects on spikelet fertility averaged over various crosses seem to be similar among the three neutral alleles, with f5‐Du, f6‐Du and S5‐08 alleles increasing spikelet fertility by 15.09%, 13.99% and 14.25%, respectively. The testcrosses involving f5‐Du allele generally showed much smaller variation in pollen fertility than others. The pyramiding lines with two neutral alleles showed a wider spectrum and a higher level of wide compatibility than others, whereas most of the increases in hybrid fertility couldn’t be simply explained by additive effects, suggesting the very complexity of wide compatibility and hybrid sterility. The indica–japonica hybrids involving restorer lines as one of their parents showed much higher pollen fertility (almost normal) and also higher spikelet fertility. The implications of the findings in rice breeding programmes are also discussed.