bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary immunodeficiency as a cause of immune-mediated kidney diseases
Authors: Zhang Changming , Liang Dandan , Liu Zhihong 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
Primary immunodeficiency (PID) is no longer defined by infections alone, and autoimmunity is an accompanying manifestation of PID. Recurrent infections may trigger autoimmunity through molecular mimicry, bystander activation or superantigens. The diagnosis of PID is still challenging, but genetic analysis reveals the underlying link between PID and autoimmunity. Mutations in relevant genes affecting central and peripheral immune tolerance, regulatory T-cell function, expansion of autoreactive lymphocytes, antigen clearance, hyperactivation of type I interferon and nuclear factor-κB pathways have all been implicated in triggering autoimmunity in PID. Autoimmunity in PID leads to chronic inflammation, tissue damage and organ failure, and increases the mortality of patients with PID. The kidneys are inextricably linked with the immune system, and kidney diseases can be mediated by both infection and autoimmunity/inflammation in PID patients. The manifestations of kidney involvement in PID patients are very heterogeneous and include lupus nephritis, C3 glomerulopathy, kidney thrombotic microangiopathy, vasculitis and interstitial nephritis. Patients with PID-caused kidney diseases have defined immune function defects and may benefit from pathway-based biologics, stem cell transplantation or gene therapy. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of PID are crucial for reducing the mortality rate and improving organ function and quality of life.
Cardiogenic shock without hypotension in acute severe primary mitral regurgitation: a case report
Authors: Saunders Samantha L , Clifford Liam M , Meere William , Spina Roberto 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A 60-year-old gentleman who presented with features of end-organ hypoperfusion despite initial hypertension was promptly diagnosed with cardiogenic shock following evidence of hyperlactatemia on biochemistry and left ventricular global hypokinesis with severe mitral regurgitation on transthoracic echocardiogram. He responded well to dobutamine and later underwent definitive surgical mitral valve replacement.
A rare case of steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency in a child revealed by acute pulmonary edema
Authors: El Haddar Zohair , El ouali Aziza , Ghanam Ayad , Benajiba Noufissa , Rkain Maria , Babakhouya Abdeladim 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We report the case of a 5-year-old boy diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11-hydroxylase deficiency, revealed by disorders of sex development (DSD) and acute pulmonary edema due to severe hypertension. We considered the diagnosis based on biological and radiological examinations. The sociocultural background and the delayed diagnosis had a significant impact on the therapeutic decisions. All babies should be screened for 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency, there should be specialized and interdisciplinary medical centers, and early detection is essential to avoiding serious complications of this disease.
Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in an adult with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: a challenging diagnosis
Authors: Abufara Arein A , Alsahouri Mohammad I , Alsalah Qusai A , Arafat Hasan , Hammouri Ahmad G , Aqeel Bashir Abu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncological emergency characterized by metabolic and electrolyte imbalances associated with the rapid destruction of tumor cells. It is commonly recognized when cytotoxic treatment for hematological malignancies is initiated. Spontaneous TLS with solid tumors like rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is exceedingly rare. It has been noted that the highest incidence of this tumor occurs in individuals under the age of 20 years, with an incidence rate of 4.4 cases per 1 million. Here, we present the case of a 22-year-old male who presented with spontaneous clinical TLS. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a large pelvic mass, diffuse lymphadenopathy, and infiltration of the ocular muscles. Subsequently, a biopsy was conducted, and the histopathological results indicated alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Our literature review revealed five cases of spontaneous TLS caused by RMS, with our patient being the only adult among all published cases.
Adenoid cystic/basal-cell carcinoma of the prostate following high-grade urothelial bladder cancer: a case report
Authors: Glavinov Maja Sofronievska , Krsteska Blagica , Stojmenova Vita , Petrovska Tanja , Jovanovic Rubens 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Adenoid cystic/Basal-cell carcinoma (ACC/BCC) of the prostate is a rare histological type exhibiting various morphological characteristics and an optimal treatment has not yet been established. We report the case of a 63-year-old patient who complained of incomplete bladder emptying and recurrent urinary infection six months after transurethral resection of a high-grade urothelial bladder tumor. The clinical features, digital rectal examination, serum PSA levels, and multiparametric MRI did not refer to any suspicious prostatic lesions and cystoscopy revealed bladder neck hypertrophy, and yellowish zones in the prostatic urethra. Transurethral resection was performed due to these findings and histopathological analysis showed poorly differentiated ACC/BCC of the prostate. Even though there is no proven mutual correlation between ACC/BCC and urothelial bladder cancer, the appearance of obstructive urinary symptoms, bladder-neck hypertrophy, and macroscopic changes in prostatic urethra should be reconsidered for transurethral resection biopsy considering the possibility of ACC/BCC.
Rapid growth of primary pulmonary meningioma with hemoptysis
Authors: Tamenaga Rena , Kawaguchi Yohei , Kogami Mariko , Kufukihara Taro , Mizushima Reimi , Takeda Yukihisa , Watanabe Yusuke , Furukawa Kinya , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Aoshiba Kazutetsu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
While lung cancer is the predominant neoplasm causing hemoptysis, rare benign neoplasms can also be associated with hemoptysis. A 60-year-old woman presented with cough and hemoptysis. Chest computed tomography revealed an oval-shaped, well-circumscribed solitary mass (10 cm in size) in the right lower lobe, which had grown rapidly over the past year. The presence of intramass air bubbles and a surrounding halo of ground-glass opacities suggested the hemorrhagic rupture of a circumscribed hematoma into the surrounding lung tissue. Subsequent right lower lobectomy revealed a well-demarcated hematoma; its wall consisted of nonatypical spindle tumor cells, which were histologically diagnosed as meningioma. No meningioma was observed in the central nervous system, leading to the diagnosis of primary pulmonary meningioma. This case highlights PPM as a rare benign tumor (World Health Organization grade 1) capable of rapid development due to intratumoral hemorrhage, presenting with hemoptysis.
Apocrine and clear cell metaplasia in the gallbladder: the first finding in the medical literature
Authors: Al-Janabi Moatasem Hussein 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Apocrine metaplasia, specifically, involves the development of cells resembling those in apocrine glands, characterized by their distinctive cytoplasmic features. Apocrine metaplasia in the gallbladder represents a new and intriguing discovery, marking a significant milestone in medical literature. Furthermore, clear cell metaplasia is often observed in other organs like the cervix and has never been documented in the gallbladder. The coexistence of apocrine and clear metaplasia challenges existing paradigms surrounding gallbladder pathology, prompting a reevaluation of the underlying mechanisms that drive these cellular transformations.
A comprehensive analysis of POLE/POLD1 genomic alterations in colorectal cancer
Authors: Mosalem Osama , Coston Tucker W , Imperial Robin , Mauer Elizabeth , Thompson Christopher , Yilma Binyam , Bekaii-Saab Tanios S , Stoppler Melissa Conrad , Starr Jason S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Pathogenic mutations in POLE/POLD1 lead to decreased fidelity of DNA replication, resulting in a high tumor mutational burden (TMB-H), defined as TMB ≥ 10 mut/Mb, independent of deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) and microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) status.

Methods
De-identified records of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) profiled with the Tempus xT assay (DNA-seq of 595-648 genes at 500×) were identified from the Tempus Database.

Results
Among 9136 CRC samples profiled, the frequency of POLE/POLD1 genomic alterations was 2.4% (n = 217). Copy number loss was the most common genomic alteration (64%, n = 138) of POLE/POLD1, followed by copy number amplifications (18%, n = 40) and short variant mutations (18%, n = 39). The POLE/POLD1 mutated group presented with a higher frequency of TMB-H phenotype relative to wild type (WT; 22% vs. 9%, P &lt; .001), with a median TMB of 127 mut/Mb in the TMB-H POLE/POLD1 subset. The TMB showed a dramatic contrast between POLE/POLD1 short variant mutations as compared to the group with copy number alterations, with a TMB of 159 mut/Mb vs 15 mut/Mb, respectively. Thus, the short variant mutations represented the so-called ultra-hypermutated phenotype. The POLE/POLD1 mutated group, as compared to WT, exhibited a higher rate of coexisting mutations, including APC, ALK, ATM, BRCA2, and RET mutations.

Conclusion
Patients with POLE/POLD1 mutations exhibited significant differences across immunological markers (ie, TMB, MMR, and MSI-H) and molecular co-alterations. Those with short variant mutations represented 18% of the POLE/POLD1 cohort and 0.4% of the total cohort examined. This group of patients had a median TMB of 159 mut/Mb (range 34-488), representing the ultra-hypermutated phenotype. This group of patients is important to identify given the potential for exceptional response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
W. E. B. Du Bois and World War I
Authors: Williams Chad 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
World War I stands as one of the most significant events in W. E. B. Du Bois’s life and career. From the start, Du Bois understood the significance of the war as a watershed moment in the history of the modern world and the future of people of African descent. Going against his pacifist principles, he controversially supported the United States and Allied war effort, believing that loyalty and patriotism would lead to civil rights for African Americans and the broader expansion of democracy. He placed his faith in the service and sacrifice of Black troops as heroic examples of African American citizenship. However, the resiliency of white supremacy, domestically and globally, quickly tempered Du Bois’s hopes for change. Throughout the interwar period and beyond, Du Bois wrestled with the disillusionment of the war and its troubling legacy on both a scholarly and deeply personal level. Through his writings and his activism, Du Bois sought to understand the historical meaning of the war, its relationship to the present, and implications for the future. World War I is central to understanding Du Bois’s political, intellectual, and moral evolution during the 20th century.
Industry Associations
Authors: Rollings Neil 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how different disciplines have approached the study of industry associations and their impact on the development of industries. It highlights how these associations have been associated with cartels, lobbying, corporatism, regulation, and governance. While much of this literature has been critical of the role of industry associations, more recent work presents a more positive picture, highlighting their importance in creating an industry’s cultural identity. Recent studies have also emphasized the importance of the intermediary role played by associations in spreading knowledge and information. All these activities point to the key role industry associations can play in shaping and developing the industries they represent. Among the important issues are their response to change and the tensions between unification into a single body and possible division into smaller associations representing the particular needs of a part of an industry.
Race and Federal Discrimination Law
Authors: Sperino Sandra F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
On paper, federal law in the United States broadly prohibits race discrimination in employment. Title VII is the primary federal statute that prohibits race discrimination in employment. Title VII’s aspirations are so large that some scholars have called it a “super statute.” The statute contains sweeping language. Unfortunately, the promise of Title VII is hampered by structural features of the statute, court-created frameworks, and the limited way courts have defined “race.” Scholars have criticized discrimination law generally and the frameworks specifically for narrowly focusing on concepts such as intent and causation without fully appreciating intersectional discrimination, stereotyping, structural discrimination, identity performance and covering demands, and unconscious bias. This chapter first addresses these problems. It then describes how Title VII fits within the typical law school curriculum.
Mysticism and Daoism
Authors: Chen Zhuo Job 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A common core thesis regarding mysticism proposes a unity of experience that cuts across traditions. With that come several theoretical assertions worth considering. The first is a separation of experience from interpretation. The second concerns the quality of the mystical oneness that bifurcates into introvertive and extrovertive unities in both theology and empirical data. The third suggests various mystical facets whose exact specification and configuration can vary considerably from culture to culture. The final point places mysticism along the continuum with psychedelic, religious, and spiritual experiences. This chapter provides a theoretical background and critical analysis, along with data and insights from Daoism, for each of these points. Data are drawn from both scriptures and a recent qualitative interview of 19 Chinese Daoist monks and nuns. The common core thesis provides a theoretical starting point and a methodological paradigm for empirically testing both the universality and diversity of human experience.
Theistic Religious Experience and Scientific Testing
Authors: Moser Paul K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Inquirers about God often ask whether any religious experience is actually an experience of God. A related issue is whether scientific testing could bear on that question. This chapter explores that issue, attending to the testable indicators in experience of any genuine, factual experience of God for humans. The sciences rely on testable indicators in experience for many hypotheses and are empirical to that extent. Testing theistic religious experience should follow suit, to avoid arbitrariness regarding evidence. This chapter contends that the relevant features for testing for divine reality would be morally demanding toward humans. This results from the fact that the moral character and will of God would be demanding relative to humans, even though not coercive of human wills toward cooperating with God. The chapter identifies these moral factors, exploring whether they are subject to scientific testing. It gives a reason to be doubtful of scientific testing here.
Floating Signifiers and the Scientific Study of Experiences
Authors: Taves Ann 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Many researchers refer to psychedelic, religious, spiritual, and mystical experiences (PEs, REs, SEs, MEs) as if they are all distinct types of experiences. Given the many meanings of “religious,” “spiritual,” and “mystical” within Western cultures and the difficulties in translating these terms across cultures, it is clear that the meaning of REs, SEs, and MEs and their associated phenomenology varies depending on the context. In contrast, PEs have a relatively stable referent. Although researchers have operationalized and stabilized the meaning of MEs in various ways for scientific purposes, this approach blends the phenomenological features of experiences with the way they are interpreted. Distinguishing between phenomenological features and appraisals permits investigation of the effect of RSM appraisals on people’s response to the experience. As a relatively stable signifier, PEs allow researchers to investigate how the interplay between drug-induced phenomenology, mindset, and setting interacts to generate our experiences.
How Psychedelics Can Increase Moral Concern
Authors: Dillion Danica , Puryear Curtis , Gray Kurt 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how psychedelics may expand moral concern via enhanced mind perception. Psychedelics are known to induce a profound sense of interconnected aliveness and elevate the perception of consciousness in both objects and beings. They also facilitate the formation of new beliefs and reinforce existing beliefs. Thus, if psychedelics enhance mind perception, and entities perceived as having mind are granted moral concern, it follows that psychedelics may broaden the scope of moral circles by making different entities seem more alive. This chapter underscores the importance of context in determining the impact of psychedelics on individuals and society at large, and emphasizes that the expansion of moral concern largely depends on individuals’ pre-existing values.
Shamanism and Psychedelic, Religious, Spiritual, and Mystical Experiences
Authors: Winkelman Michael James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Shamanism is a transcultural concept for understanding roles of ritual and psychedelics in the prehistoric origins of religiosity. The origins of religiosity are revealed by parallels of shamanic and chimpanzee collective ritualizations involving group chorusing and drumming with dramatic bipedal displays. This hominid baseline was expanded with mimetic evolution of song, dance and enactment. Psychedelic substances stimulate innate cognitive dispositions manifested in shamanism such as the human-like qualities of spirits, animal identities and other spiritual and mystical experiences. These structural features of consciousness are stimulated by mimetic performances with song, dancing, and drumming; painful and exhausting austerities; and psychedelic substances. These produce altered experiences of the self which are conceptualized within indigenous psychologies as spirits and one’s soul, spiritual allies, and animal powers that can be incorporated into personal powers (i.e., animal transformation). Cross-cultural manifestation of shamanic features reveal that they are based in biology rather than merely cultural traditions.
Psychedelic Experiences and the Enactive Approach
Authors: Meling Daniel , Scheidegger Milan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Two views on psychedelic experiences include realism and idealism. While a realist view suggests that psychedelic experiences reveal a pre-given world to us, an idealist view suggests they are mere projections of a pre-given mind. This chapter highlights and contrasts their common tendency towards grasping and representations. It presents a promising alternative that aims at going beyond grasping and representations: an enactive approach to psychedelic experiences. It argues that the enactive approach contributes a perspective on psychedelic experiences that leaves behind the assumption of a foundation in either the world or the self and emphasizes both the observer relativity and context dependency involved in psychedelic experiences. It concludes with implications of the enactive perspective for the common core approach to PRSM experiences, the relevance of hallucinogens for the enactive approach, and the authors’ view on the relation between direct experience and belief.
Resistance and Reclamation
Authors: Anderson Luvell 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
For some, the idea that words like ‘thug,’ ‘terrorist,’ and ‘urban’ carry racial connotations might come as a shock. They contend these words simply refer to vicious criminals, violent dissidents, and geographic regions. However, this chapter argues that these kinds of terms do carry racial overtones and are often used to justify coercive treatment of those who are so labeled. It then presents two broad strategies for addressing the unjust negative valuations based on being classified by such expressions: refusal and resistance. The chapter will demonstrate these strategies by focusing on the term ‘thug’.
A World Where Many Worlds Fit
Authors: Eraña Ángeles , Barceló Axel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Zapatista army’s radically pluralist proposal to build a world where many worlds fit requires transforming our understanding of many basic ontological dualities, like the relation between the world and our conception of it, as well as our social practices, including our linguistic practices. This emancipatory project requires that we also revise many of the theoretical assumptions of our philosophical conception of language, stressing its genuinely social and material nature. This chapter sketches both the Zapatistas’ pluralist constructivist ontology and the revisions required for developing a philosophy of language that contributes to this emancipatory project.
Taboo Word Research
Authors: Jay Timothy B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses speakers’ use of emotionally hurtful words and their victims’ emotional responses to hurtful words in American English. Hurtful words are defined here as negatively valenced or bad words used to express one’s feelings and convey those feelings to others. Topics include anger and frustration, hate speech, obscene phone calls, workplace sexual harassment, verbal abuse, internet and online offenses, and research involving children as speaker-victims. The research cited here is drawn primarily from psychological and social science empirical studies on the topic of how people produce and comprehend offensive speech. The chapter includes an examination of ethical and methodological problems associated with hurtful word research and concludes with suggestions for conducting meaningful research on hurtful words.
Beyond Pronouns
Authors: González Vázquez Iz , Klieber Anna , Rosola Martina 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to explore some trans and feminist concerns about the gendered aspects of languages beyond English, focusing on Spanish, Italian, and German. Historically, discussions about gendered language have often challenged the ways in which language can make women (in)visible, by addressing the implicit and explicit androcentrism and sexism in our language, in what can be called the visibility project. Recently, questions surrounding trans-inclusiveness and the possibility of avoiding gender markers altogether have become more prominent, often highlighting the issue of pronouns (e.g. the singular ‘they’). This can be called the gender-neutrality project. However, anglophone philosophy offers few discussions on how gender-neutrality or visibility strategies can be applied to languages that are more gendered than English. The chapter starts by showing how gender expresses itself in the grammatical structure of the three sample languages, and identifies some of their specific visibility and neutrality strategies that could be (or are already) applied to them. This leads to the ‘innovative project’ which constructs nuanced and novel ways to transform gendered grammatical structures. Depending on their application, these strategies can fulfil gender-neutrality goals in some cases and visibility goals in others. This highlights, among other things, the ways in which genderqueer people have attempted to shape their linguistic resources in different linguistic contexts, while also opening up avenues for new research when it comes to discussions of gender and language.