bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Langfjordjøkelen, a rapidly shrinking glacier in northern Norway
Authors: Andreassen Liss M. , Nordli Øyvind , Rasmussen Al , Melvold Kjetil , Nordli Øyvind 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this paper we document changes of Langfjordjøkelen, a small ice cap in northern Norway. Surface mass-balance measurements have been carried out on an east-facing part (3.2 km2) of the ice cap since 1989. Measurements reveal a strong thinning; the balance year 2008/09 was the 13th successive year with significant negative annual balance (≤-0.30 m w.e.). The average annual deficit was 0.9m w.e. over 1989-2009. The recent thinning of Langfjordjøkelen is stronger than observed for any other glacier in mainland Norway. Maps from 1966, 1994 and 2008 show that the whole ice cap is shrinking. The total volume loss over 1966-2008 was 0.264 km3. The east-facing part has been greatly reduced in volume (46%), area (38%) and length (20%). For this part over 1994-2008, the cumulative direct mass balance (-14.5 m w.e.) is less negative than the geodetic mass balance (-17.7 m w.e.). A surface mass-balance model using upper-air meteorological data was used to reconstruct annual balances back to 1948 and to reconstruct unmeasured years 1994 and 1995. Sensitivity of annual balance to 1°C warming is -0.76 m w.e. and to 10% increase in precipitation is +0.20 m w.e.
Abomasal Nematodes in Goats Slaughtered at Different Abattoir of Thakurgaon District, Bangladesh
Authors: Nuruzzaman M. , Haque M. H. , Sarker S. , Begum N. 
Published: May 2012

A study was carried out to estimate the prevalence, species composition and worm burden of abomasal nematodes of goats slaughtered at different abattoir of Thakurgaon district from November 2009 to April 2010. During the study period, 250 abomasum of goats were examined according to standard procedures. Two species of nematodes were identified in goats abomasum with an overall prevalence of 74.00% (n = 250). The specific prevalence rate for Haemonchus contortus (58.00%) was higher than Trichostrongylus axie (16.00%). In this study, prevalence of abomasal nematodes in relation to age, sex, breed and nutritional status of the goats were also observed. There was no statistically significant difference observed the risk factor sex in relation to the prevalence of abomasal nematodes. However, there was statistically significant difference (p < .001) observed among the risk factors (age, breed and nutritional status) in relation to the prevalence and worm count of two abomasal nematodes. In general, a high infection rate with abomasal nematodes was observed in goats during the study period. Findings suggested that higher worm burden per animal found in Haemochus contortus (6.02±0.0928) and lower in Trichostrongylus axie (0.04±0.14). From this study it was concluded that Haemochus contortus is more susceptible for geo-climatic condition in research area. Keywords: Abomasal nematodes; Prevalence; Goats; Thakurgaon. © 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2.7475 J. Sci. Res. 4 (2), 491-497 (2012)
<i>Morinda citrifolia</i>: Amino Acid and Lipid Content of the Noni Fruit at Various Stages of Maturity
Authors: Golden K. D. , Lindsay C. 
Published: May 2012

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the amino acid and fatty acid content of Morinda citrifolia (Noni). The amino acid content both free and total was determined at the mature green, mature ripe and fermented stage of the fruit. Most of the essential amino acids were detected as free amino acids (unhydrolysed sample) at the various stages of ripening, with threonine showing the highest value (3.95±0.81 mg/100g) at the fermented stage and histidine showing the lowest value (0.05±0.02 mg/100g) at the mature green stage. The essential amino acids with the exception of tryptophan (destroyed by acid hydrolysis) were also detected as total amino acids (hydrolyzed sample) albeit at much higher concentrations. Leucine showed the highest value (94.21±18.85 mg/100g) at the mature ripe stage, whereas methionine the lowest value (2.80±1.02 mg/100g) at the mature green stage. The fatty acid content of the Noni fruit was also determined at the green, ripe and fermented stages of ripening; with the short chain caprylic acid (80.69±3.09 mg/100g) showing the highest value at the ripe stage. Significantly the essential fatty acids linolenic (8.60±0.21 mg/100g) and linoleic (50.57±0.72 mg/100g) were highest at the green stage. Also present in significant quantities were palmitic acid (44.27±0.35 mg/100g) and stearic acid (4.78±0.45 mg/100g) at the green stage. The amount of fatty acids decreased significantly at the fermented stage. Of the fatty acids detected at the fermented stage 79% of them were below 1.00 mg/100g fresh weight of the fruit. Keywords: Noni fruit; Amino acids; Fatty acids; HPLC. © 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2.8130 J. Sci. Res. 4 (2), 467-476 (2012)
Early Recognition of Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism: A Risk-Assessment Tool
Authors: Prentiss Andrea S. 
Published: May 2012

Background
The incidence of venous thromboembolism in children has increased dramatically, with most cases occurring in children with cancer, surgery, trauma, congenital heart disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Early assessment of risk factors present in children would minimize morbidity and mortality from these events.

Objectives
To evaluate the reliability and validity of a tool for assessing risk for venous thromboembolism in children.

Methods
The tool was developed after a review of the literature with assessment of content validity by a multidisciplinary team of experts. Patients’ charts were reviewed retrospectively to establish reliability and validity of the tool. A P value less than .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
Thirty-five charts were assessed for tool validity and were found to be statistically significant for all 3 risk score assessment categories. Logistic regression was used to assess 1001 patients’ charts for internal consistency, which was found to be high (χ25[n = 1001] = 100.6, P &lt; .001). Results indicated that most patients at risk for venous thromboembolism were between the ages of 13 and 17 years, with females having more than 7 times greater risk than males.

Conclusions
Descriptive statistics show that the assessment tool displays strong reliability and validity. Results validated a significant relationship between the risk score and the incidence of venous thromboembolism. Findings suggest that use of the assessment tool could significantly reduce adverse outcomes associated with venous thromboembolism in children.
Intensive Care Diaries and Relatives’ Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Critical Illness: A Pilot Study
Authors: Jones Christina , Bäckman Carl , Griffiths Richard David 
Published: May 2012

Background
Relatives of patients recovering from critical illness are at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder.

Objectives
To test whether providing a diary to intensive care patients and their relatives reduces the level of symptoms related to posttraumatic stress disorder in the relatives.

Methods
Observational study of close family members of patients who stayed more than 72 hours in an intensive care unit, recruited in 2 centers of a 12-center randomized controlled trial examining the effect of a diary outlining the details of the patients’ stay in the intensive care unit on the development of new-onset posttraumatic stress disorder in patients. The close family members of the patients were recruited to examine the additional effect of the provision of the patient’s diary on the family members’ symptoms related to posttraumatic stress syndrome.

Results
Thirty-six family members were recruited, and 30 completed the study. Family members of patients who received their diary at 1 month had lower levels of symptoms related to posttraumatic stress disorder (P = .03) at the 3-month follow-up than did the control family members.

Conclusions
Provision of a diary may help psychological recovery in patients’ families after critical illness.
Validation of the Measures of the Transtheoretical Model for Exercise in an Adult African-American Sample
Authors: Blaney Cerissa L. , Robbins Mark L. , Paiva Andrea L. , Redding Colleen A. , Rossi Joseph S. , Blissmer Bryan , Burditt Caitlin , Oatley Karin 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. African-Americans have high rates of physical inactivity-related morbidity and mortality, thus effective interventions to increase exercise are necessary. Tailored interventions show promise, but measures need validation in this population. This study validated transtheoretical model measures for exercise in an African-American sample. Design. Cross-sectional measure development. Setting. Telephone survey of individuals in North Carolina. Subjects. 521 African-American adults. Measures. Stages of change, decisional balance (pros and cons), self-efficacy and processes of change (POC) for regular exercise. Analysis. Confirmatory factor analyses tested measurement models. Multivariate analyses examined relationships between each construct and stages of change. Results. For decisional balance, the two-factor uncorrelated model was the most parsimonious good-fitting model (χ235 = 158.76; comparative fit index [CFI], .92; average absolute standardized residual [AASR], .04), and alphas were good (pros α = .85 and cons α = .74). The one-factor model for self-efficacy (α = .80) revealed an excellent fit (χ29 = 45.51; CFI, .96; AASR, .03). For the POC subscales with good alphas (α = .62–.91), a 10-factor fully correlated model fit best (χ2[360] = 786.75; CFI, .91; AASR, .04). Multivariate analyses by stage of change replicated expected patterns for the pros, self-efficacy, and POC measures with medium-sized effects (η2 = .05–.13). Results by stage of change did not replicate for the cons scale. Conclusions. The structures of these measures replicated with good internal and external validity, except for the cons scale, which requires additional development. Results support the use of these measures in tailored interventions to increase exercise among African-Americans.
Sedentary Behaviors among Hispanic Children: Influences of Parental Support in a School Intervention Program
Authors: Cong Zhen , Feng Du , Liu Yin , Esperat M. Christina 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. To examine the effect of parental support on sedentary behaviors among Hispanic children. Design and Setting. A longitudinal quasi-experimental design with five waves of data collection was used to examine the effect of parental support on children's sedentary behaviors in a school-based intervention program in west Texas. Subjects. Hispanic low-income parents and their children of 5 to 9 years (N = 416 child-parent dyads) over a 22-month period (1217 observations). Intervention. Transformation Para Salud was a multicomponent intervention program aimed at prevention and control of childhood overweight and obesity. It used a community-based participatory research approach, including nutrition education, physical exercise, gardening, and family involvement. Measures. Sedentary behaviors were measured by parents' report of their children's daily screen time per week, including TV/DVD, computer, Internet, and video games. Parental support was measured with parents' reported support for active living. Analysis. Growth curve analysis was used to examine trajectories of sedentary behaviors of children. Results. Response rate was over 70%. Parental support reduced children's sedentary behaviors. Girls were less sedentary than boys, but girls were less affected by parental support. The intervention was effective in reducing children's sedentary behaviors over time. Conclusion. It is important for school intervention programs to mobilize parents to provide more support to reduce sedentary behaviors.
The Effect of a Designed Health Education Intervention on Physical Activity Knowledge and Participation of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Bodde Amy E. , Seo Dong-Chul , Frey Georgia C. , Van Puymbroeck Marieke , Lohrmann David K. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to assess novel methods of health education and promotion to increase physical activity among adults with intellectual disabilities. Design. A pre-post delayed treatment design was employed to assess the effect of the intervention. Setting. The intervention was administered at two agencies that serve adults with intellectual disabilities. Subjects. Forty-two adults ranging in age from 19 to 62 with mild to moderate intellectual disability participated in the study. Participants were equally divided by gender. Intervention. An eight-session intervention employed a combination of video instruction, pictorial memory tools, and interactive class activities as educational methods. Measures. Physical activity knowledge was evaluated using Illingworth, Moore, and McGillivray's Nutrition Activity Knowledge Scale (NAKS) and the Physical Activity Recommendations Assessment (PARA). Average daily minutes of physical activity were measured using dual-axis accelerometers. Analysis. Paired and independent samples t-tests were used to assess the knowledge scales. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to assess physical activity participation. Results. Overall, there were mean improvements in scores for both the NAKS (p < .05) and the PARA (p < .001) following the intervention. Physical activity also improved, but not significantly. Conclusion. The education and training methods used in this curriculum are promising for future health education programs in this population. Additional interventions may be necessary to improve physical activity participation.
Associated Pathways between Neighborhood Environment, Community Resource Factors, and Leisure-Time Physical Activity among Mexican-American Adults in San Diego, California
Authors: Martinez Suzanna M. , Ayala Guadalupe X. , Patrick Kevin , Arredondo Elva M. , Roesch Scott , Elder John 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. To examine pathways between individual, social, and environmental factors associated with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among Mexican-American adults. Design. Cross-sectional design using random-digit dialing to administer a structured telephone interview. Setting. Mexican-American adults living in a U.S.-Mexican border community in San Diego, California (N = 672). Measures. Data were collected on LTPA, demographic characteristics, acculturation, and other psychosocial and environmental factors associated with LTPA. Analysis. Structural equation modeling to test an a priori model of LTPA. Results. Participants were mostly female (71%) with a mean age of 39 years (SD = 13). Only 32% of participants met PA guidelines in their leisure time, with men (39%) meeting the guidelines more than women (29%). Using structural equation modeling, neighborhood factors, both social and environmental, showed indirect relationships with meeting PA guidelines through community resource factors. Significant covariates included marital status and age. Conclusion. Individual, social, and environmental factors were associated with LTPA in this sample of Mexican-American adults. These findings can inform intervention studies that aim to increase LTPA in this population.
Evaluation of a University General Education Health and Wellness Course Delivered by Lecture or Online
Authors: Hager Ronald , George James D. , LeCheminant James D. , Bailey Bruce W. , Vincent William J. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. To assess a single-semester university general education (GE) health and wellness course influence on physical activity (PA) and dietary habits among university students and to compare the course delivered through lecture or online for these outcomes. Design. A 15-week intervention with pre-post one-group design, allowing for comparative assessments in dietary and PA habits across time by delivery method (classroom lecture vs. online). Setting. A large Western university. Participants. Participants (n = 1638, female; n = 1333, male) were 82% university freshman or sophomores. Intervention. Participants were required to take a GE health and wellness course either by classroom lecture or online. The lecture and online curriculum content were similar. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary and was not connected to course grade. Measures. PA and dietary outcomes were determined from questions used in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey and were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Other validated questions were used to assess fitness. Analysis. The general linear model was utilized to determine group x period interactions when comparing the classroom lecture vs. online course. Results. Students improved overall level of PA by 12%, daily minutes of moderate-intensity PA by 8%, and fitness level by 2%. Students improved fruit/vegetable consumption by 4%, bran/whole grain cereal consumption by 8%, and brown rice/whole wheat bread consumption by 11%. All improvements were statistically significant (p < .001) with percent values indicating the size of the effect. The classroom lecture course yielded stronger improvements in several PA and dietary outcomes than the online course. Conclusions. A single-semester university wellness course may positively influence multiple PA and dietary behaviors; however, classroom lecture may be superior to online delivery.
Multilevel Analysis of the Physical Health Perception of Employees: Community and Individual Factors
Authors: Sathyanarayanan Sudhakar , Brooks Ambyr J. , Hagen Susan E. , Edington Dee W. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. To investigate whether the communities where employees reside are associated with employee perception of overall physical health after adjusting for individual factors. Design. Retrospective cross-sectional. Setting. Active employees from a large manufacturing company representing 157 zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) in Michigan. Participants. 22,012 active employees who completed at least one voluntary health risk appraisal (HRA) during 1999–2001. Method. Community deprivation and racial segregation at the ZCTA level were obtained using indices created from 2000 U.S. Census data. Demographics and HRA-related data (health-related behaviors, medical history, and quality of life indicators) at the individual level were used as independent variables. A two-level logistic regression model (employees nested in ZCTA) was used to model the probability of better self-rated health perception (SRH) (better health: 89.1% versus poor health: 10.9%). Results. Relative to those living in highly deprived communities, employees residing in less-deprived communities showed 2.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57–2.72) and those living in moderately deprived communities showed 1.83 (95% CI, 1.42–2.35) increased odds of better SRH. After adjusting for individual-level variables, employees living in less-deprived communities had increased odds (1.31 [95% CI, 1.07–1.60]) and those living in moderately deprived communities had increased odds (1.33 [95% CI, 1.11–1.59]) of better SRH compared with individuals from highly deprived communities. The association of racial segregation with employees' SRH was mediated after adjusting for other variables. Individual-level variables showed significant statistical associations with SRH. Conclusion. Communities do have a modest association with SRH of the employees living there. After adjusting for individual-level and demographic variables, employees living in less/moderately deprived communities are more likely to perceive better physical health relative to those who live in highly deprived communities.
In vitro Antimicrobial Comparison of Chlorhexidine, Persica Mouthwash and Miswak Extract
Authors: Moeintaghavi Amir , Arab Hamidreza , Khajekaramodini Mehrangiz , Hosseini Rohollah , Danesteh Hossein , Niknami Hamed 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Aim
Herbal mouthwashes, such as persica (Salvadora persica, mint and yarrow extracts) and miswak extract have been shown to decrease gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activities of persica and miswak extract with the conventional mouthwash chlorhexidine against Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Lactobacillus vulgaris and Candida albicans.

Materials and methods
In this in vitro study, blood-agar culture (Merk, Germany) was used to grow the streptococcus strains, saburd-dextrose culture (Merk, Germany) was used to grow C. albicans and MRS-agar was used to grow L. vulgaris. Various concentrations of these substances (0.1, 0.05 and 0.025% of miswak extract, 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125% of persica, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025% of chlorhexidine) were added to paper disks, separately, inserted into culture plates and transferred into the incubator. The inhibition zone around each disk was measured after 24 hours and the data was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test.

Results
Chlorhexidine possessed antibacterial activity at all concentrations tested. It was more effective than persica and miswak at all concentrations on S. salivarius (p = 0.022 for 0.1%, 0.009 for 0.05 and 0.025%). It had greater effect than the other two tested material on S.sanguis only at concentration 0.01%. Chlorhexidine was the most effective against S.salivarius; persica was the most effective against Lactobacillus (p = 0.005) and the least effective against S. salivarius; and miswak extract was the most effective against S. salivarius and S. sanguis at concentrations 0.1 and 0.05% (p = 0.005) and ineffective against L. vulgaris. None of these mouthwashes were effective against C. albicans.

Conclusion
This study revealed that chlorhexidine remains the gold standard as an antimicrobial agent, although herbalbased mouthwashes do have marginal antimicrobial activities. It is necessary to conduct more clinical and microbiological studies focusing on periodontal pathogens and anaerobic microorganisms.

Clinical significance
Mechanical plaque control is the main way for periodontal disease prevention and mouthrinses are used to improve its efficacy. Based on the results of this study, chlorhexidine has the most antibacterial effect and although persica mouthwash and miswak are routinely used in some Asian countries their antibacterial efficacies are suspected.

How to cite this article
Moeintaghavi A, Arab H, Khajekaramodini M, Hosseini R, Danesteh H, Niknami H. In vitro Antimicrobial Comparison of Chlorhexidine, Persica Mouthwash and Miswak Extract. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):147-152.
Evaluation of Subgingival Microflora in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: Kumar VV Harish , Kumar KP Manoj , Gafoor Abdul , Santhosh VC 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
The present investigation was designed with the aim of studying the microbiota of diabetic patients—both insulin dependent and noninsulin dependent and nondiabetic individuals. Each of the three groups had 15 patients, coming under the age group of 35 to 55 years and all having periodontitis.
Even though the microbial flora are almost the same, specific microorganisms may not be predisposing cause for the periodontal disease process in diabetics.
The study is clinically significant by means of its implication in the treatment of bacterial infections related to periodontitis and in those patiets who are having systemic diseases, like diabetes along with poor periodontal condition and infections.

How to cite this article
Kumar VVH, Kumar KPM, Gafoor A, Santhosh VC. Evaluation of Subgingival Microflora in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2): 157-162.