bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chaperonin-mediated protein folding: using a central cavity to kinetically assist polypeptide chain folding
Authors: Horwich Arthur L. , Fenton Wayne A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe chaperonin ring assembly GroEL provides kinetic assistance to protein folding in the cell by binding non-native protein in the hydrophobic central cavity of an open ring and subsequently, upon binding ATP and the co-chaperonin GroES to the same ring, releasing polypeptide into a now hydrophilic encapsulated cavity where productive folding occurs in isolation. The fate of polypeptide during binding, encapsulation, and folding in the chamber has been the subject of recent experimental studies and is reviewed and considered here. We conclude that GroEL, in general, behaves passively with respect to its substrate proteins during these steps. While binding appears to be able to rescue non-native polypeptides from kinetic traps, such rescue is most likely exerted at the level of maximizing hydrophobic contact, effecting alteration of the topology of weakly structured states. Encapsulation does not appear to involve ‘forced unfolding’, and if anything, polypeptide topology is compacted during this step. Finally, chamber-mediated folding appears to resemble folding in solution, except that major kinetic complications of multimolecular association are prevented.
The International Criminal Court and Participation of Victims: A Third Party to the Proceedings?
Authors: FRIMAN HÅKAN 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe provisions of the ICC Statute allowing victims to participate in the criminal proceedings in their own right were a novel feature in international criminal proceedings. While representing a welcomed restorative element, victim participation has been a time and resource consuming issue for the ICC to handle. After a number of decisions concerning participation in the investigation and pre-trial phases of the process, the trial chamber in the Lubanga case and the Appeals Chamber have issued the first rulings with respect to victim participation at trial. This note addresses these decisions and controversial issues therein, such as the nexus between the victim and the crime charged and the victim's right to adduce and challenge evidence. One may now ask whether victims as ‘participants’ are in fact becoming ‘parties’ to the criminal proceedings.
The Authority of States to Use Names in International Law and the Macedonian Affair: Unilateral Entitlements, Historic Title, and Trademark Analogies
Authors: BANTEKAS ILIAS 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe international legal entitlement by which a state constitutionally designates its name, or a province therein, involves a unilateral act. Where, however, another state wishes to choose the same appellation, as is the case with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), the matter can only be resolved by reference to the first user and the maxim prior in tempore potior in jure. The first user must provide evidence of continuous use and of protest in those cases where the same appellation was appropriated by a third state. Under such circumstances the entitlement becomes exclusive, rather than concurrent, because the prior user may be said to possess a sound historic title, such that has been recognized by international judicial bodies to determine acquisition of territory, effective administration, historic bays, and so on. The exclusivity of the entitlement is further reinforced by analogy with general principles derived from the law of trademarks. At a practical level, the application of the international law of geographical indications clearly demonstrates that the designation ‘Macedonia’ cannot be used for a significant number of products originating in FYROM, since the Greek province of Macedonia has for a long time branded and registered such products. This will create insurmountable problems for producers in FYROM when they try to brand their goods under the country's constitutional name. A change of name, particularly through the compromisory use of a compound, would alleviate legal, political, and financial concerns.
Futility: Is Definition the Problem? Part I
Authors: Cotler Miriam Piven , Gregory Dorothy Rasinski 
Published: July 2009

A physician recently asked how to respond in the case of an 87-year-old patient with advanced Alzheimer's disease, who was unable to swallow or tolerate a nasogastric tube, when the family insisted a gastrostomy tube be inserted but the physician believed the intervention futile. That question encompasses some of the crucial issues in the concept of futility of the treatment goals of physician, patient, and family; the rights of patients and families to demand care; physician judgment; family values; and, to the degree that it represents many similar dilemmas, justice. What are professionals saying when they pronounce treatment futile? What are patients' rights if they or their surrogates disagree?The word “futile” implies a precision about outcome probability that we do not have, and it ignores the wide range of treatments for a given diagnosis. Is futile the same as useless or the opposite of hope? Futile for what? Cure? Restora tion of function? Prolongation of life? Relief from pain? Relief from anxiety? Com fort? Reassurance? To satisfy or placate the patient or the family? The word “futile” is so imprecise that, rather than clarifying, it confuses and clutters the discussion.
CQ Interview with Heleen M. Dupuis: Actively Ending the Life of a Severely Handicapped Newborn: A Dutch Ethicist's Perspective
Authors: Dupuis Heleen M. 
Published: July 2009

CQ: The Baby Bas Ross case stirred much public debate in The Netherlands since 1988 -a newborn infant with Down's syndrome whose parents refused to consent to a surgery that would have repaired an otherwise fatal congenital anomaly. Can you share your thoughts with us on this case?HD: I was the first ethicist to comment on this case because I was a friend of Dr. Molenaar, who was the final surgical decision maker for Baby Bas. A physician and I supported his decision throughout the prosecution that followed. We also summarized the case in the N.T.V.G., the Dutch Magazine of Medicine. We argued In the article that parents should have the option to make nontreatment decisions. Moreover, In cases where the physician has to perform aggressive medical interventions, there certainly must be thorough and sound justification to ensure that the decision to Intervene Is in the best interest of the child.
What Is the Proper Role for Charity in Healthcare?
Authors: Ackerman Felicia 
Published: July 2009

My little girl has leukemia; she has had it for over a year, and now she needs at least five pints of blood a day. Not the whole blood, just the platelets. Most of our relatives and friends have given at least a few times. But we need more. Now I have to go to strangers.So begins Roberta Silman's short story, “Giving Blood,” a story about illness and charity. When the narrator's husband solicited blood donations at his workplace, “he thought everyone would help…He must have asked a hundred people. Thirty gave. His officemate…turned green and said, ‘Oh, no, anything but that. I'm scared of needles.'”
The Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test as a test for executive function: Validity in patient groups and norms for older adults
Authors: VAN DEN BERG ESTHER , NYS GUDRUN M. S. , BRANDS AUGUSTINA M. A. , RUIS CARLA , VAN ZANDVOORT MARTINE J. E. , KESSELS ROY P. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractImpairments in executive functioning frequently occur after acquired brain damage, in psychiatric disorders, and in relation to aging. The Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test is a relatively new measure for assessing the ability to detect and follow a rule, an important aspect of executive functioning. To date, normative data on this task are limited, particularly concerning the elderly. This study presents age- and education-adjusted regression-based norms obtained in a group of healthy older participants (n = 283; mean age 67.4 ± 8.5 years). The applicability and validity of these norms were further examined in different groups of patients with stroke (n = 106), diabetes mellitus (n = 376), MCI/early dementia (n = 70), psychiatric disorders (n = 63), and Korsakoff’s syndrome (n = 41). The results showed that patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome, stroke, and psychiatric disorders performed significantly worse than healthy controls. Test-retest correlation (n = 83), learning effects, and correlations with other neuropsychological tests were also explored. Based on the present study, the Brixton test appears a useful addition to existing measures of executive functioning. Moreover, the test can be reliably applied in different groups of clinical patients. (JINS, 2009, 15, 695–703.)
Younger age is a good predictor of better executive function after surgery for pituitary adenoma in adults
Authors: MÜSSIG KARSTEN , LEYHE THOMAS , BESEMER BRITTA , SAUR RALF , HÄRING HANS-ULRICH , GALLWITZ BAPTIST , KLINGBERG STEFAN 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPituitary adenomas, even after successful treatment, are associated with cognitive dysfunctions. We hypothesized that an association between the age of the patients at pituitary surgery and neuropsychological outcome may exist. Forty-two patients (mean age 51 ± 10 years) who had been successfully treated for pituitary adenoma (surgery with or without subsequent radiotherapy) underwent neuropsychological testing. Age at treatment (mean 37 ± 11 years) was significantly associated with Trail Making Test, Part B (TMT-B) results, a measure of executive control and attention (r = .60, p < .0001). This association remained significant after adjustment for age at testing and time since treatment (r = .42, p = .008). No associations were detected between age at treatment and Trail Making Test, Part A (TMT-A, attentional speed), the digit span test (acoustic working memory), and the German version of the Auditory Verbal Learning and Memory, and Memory Test (verbal memory, all p ≥ .3). Our data suggest a favorable effect of younger age at treatment in adults on neurocognitive outcome after surgery for pituitary adenoma. (JINS, 2009, 15, 803–806.)
An Advanced Clinical Ontology
Authors: Mizoguchi Riichiro , Kou Hiroko , Zhou Jun , Kozaki Kouji , Imai Ken , Ohe Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article discusses a fundamental issues of medical ontology based on ontological theory. We focus on "anatomical structure of organs" and "abnormal states in the human body". On the basis of the investigation, we distinguish organ-specific types from those independent of any organ to maximize the explicitness of ontology. The next feature of our ontology is to allow on-demand reorganization of is-a hierarchy of diseases instead of one fixed hierarchy to cope with various viewpoints which physician might have. We also take care of the notorious issue related to conflict of is-a and part-of relations.
Identification of Children With Language Impairment: Investigating the Classification Accuracy of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories, Level III
Authors: Skarakis-Doyle Elizabeth , Campbell Wenonah , Dempsey Lynn 
Published: July 2009

Purpose
This study tested the accuracy with which the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories, Level III (CDI–III), a parent report measure of language ability, discriminated children with language impairment from those developing language typically.

Method
Parents of 58 children, 49 with typically developing language (age 30 to 42 months) and 9 with language impairment (age 31 to 45 months) completed the CDI–III, a 2-page questionnaire that includes 100 vocabulary items, 12 sentence pairs, and 12 questions regarding linguistic concepts.

Results
A discriminant analysis indicated that the CDI–III total score together with age classified children into language status groups with 96.6% accuracy overall. The corresponding likelihood ratios supported this strong level of accuracy, although precision may not be as high as indicated by broad confidence intervals.

Conclusions
Results of this study contribute to the accumulating evidence on the types of valid inferences that may be made from the CDI–III, specifically its classification accuracy. Further research should continue to investigate classification accuracy in larger samples with broader maternal education levels and with different types of language impairments. Additional research should also investigate the classification accuracy when the CDI–III is used in combination with other tests.
Evaluation of a Deductive Procedure to Teach Grammatical Inflections to Children With Language Impairment
Authors: Finestack Lizbeth H. , Fey Marc E. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose
To evaluate the learning effects of a deductive language-teaching procedure when teaching a novel gender agreement verb inflection to children with language impairment.

Method

Thirty-two 6–8-year-old children with language impairment were randomly assigned to either a deductive (
N
= 16) or an inductive (
N
= 16) treatment group. In the deductive treatment, the examiner presented a rule guiding the novel inflection to be learned as well as models of the inflection. In the inductive treatment, only models of the verb inflection were presented. Learning was assessed in 3 different production contexts during each of 4 treatment sessions.

Results
Significantly more participants in the deductive group than the inductive group acquired the novel morpheme based on a teaching probe (10 vs. 3), generalization probe (10 vs. 3), and maintenance probe (7 vs. 2). Task performance was not significantly influenced by language ability or nonverbal intelligence.

Conclusions
The deductive teaching procedure was found to be efficacious when teaching a novel grammatical inflection. However, this effect was limited because treatment gains varied across participants, testing contexts, and sessions. Future studies should continue to examine the efficacy of deductive procedures when integrated into traditional implicit approaches for children with language impairment.
The Expressive Elaboration of Imaginative Narratives by Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Ukrainetz Teresa A. , Gillam Ronald B. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose
This study investigated the expressive elaboration of narratives from children with specific language impairment (SLI).

Method
Forty-eight 6- and 8-year-old children with SLI were compared with forty-eight 6- and 8-year-old typical language (TL) children. Two imaginative narratives were scored for 14 elements of expressive elaboration in 3 categories. A subset of simple elements was analyzed separately. The effect of adult models and context was also considered.

Results

Children with SLI (whether 6 or 8 years of age) and younger TL children produced stories with significantly fewer appendages (e.g., Abstract, Coda), orientations (e.g., name, personality feature), and evaluations (e.g., interesting modifier, dialogue) than older TL children. The children with SLI and younger children showed significantly poorer performance even on simple elements such as character names and repetition (
He ran and ran
). Children with SLI, although performing lower than their TL age peers, demonstrated improvements from the 1st to the 2nd fictional story. Children with SLI were not differentially affected by the adult models.

Conclusion
This study shows that expressive elaboration of narratives is sensitive to age- and language-level differences. The results suggest that children with SLI need guidance on artful storytelling, even for simple story elements.
The Growth of Tense Productivity
Authors: Rispoli Matthew , Hadley Pamela A. , Holt Janet K. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose
This study tests empirical predictions of a maturational model for the growth of tense in children younger than 36 months using a type-based productivity measure.

Method
Caregiver–child language samples were collected from 20 typically developing children every 3 months from 21 to 33 months of age. Growth in the productivity of tense morphemes, centered at 21 months, was examined using hierarchical linear modeling. The empirical Bayes residuals from 21- to 30-month productivity growth trajectories predicted children’s accuracy of tense marking at 33 months.

Results

A random effects quadratic growth model with no intercept best characterized the growth of tense marking between 21 and 30 months. Average development was characterized by slow instantaneous linear growth of less than 1 morpheme per month at 21 months and acceleration overall. Significant variation around this trend was also evident. Children’s linear and quadratic empirical Bayes residuals together predicted 33-month accuracy scores (
r
= .672,
p
= .008).

Conclusions
Acceleration and variation about this trend are consistent with maturational models of language acquisition. With an empirically sound characterization of early variation in morphosyntactic growth rates, future investigations can more rigorously test hypotheses regarding biological, environmental, and developmental contributions to the acquisition of morphosyntax.
Beneficial effects of statins after percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Jiang , Marroquin Oscar C. , Weissfeld Joel L. , Stone Roslyn A. , Mulukutla Suresh R. , Williams David O. , Selzer Faith , Kip Kevin E. 
Published: July 2009

Background Evidence about the efficacy of statin treatment among patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is very limited. The rapid advancement in PCI technology and near universal use of adjunctive cardioprotective medications make it necessary to formally assess the effect of statin therapy on cardiac events after PCI. Design This was a multicenter prospective cohort study. Methods Patients who received stent implantation and survived to hospital discharge from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry from 2004 to 2006 formed the study cohort. Patients with cardiogenic shock, in-hospital adverse events [including myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)], liver disease, renal disease, alcoholism, or drug abuse were excluded. The occurrences of death, CABG, and repeat PCI, and repeat revascularization were collected over 1-year follow-up. Results Of the 3227 patients evaluated, 2737 (85%) were prescribed a statin at discharge. By 1-year follow-up, incident events were 98 deaths, 44 CABG, 290 repeat PCI procedures, and 328 repeat revascularizations. After propensity score adjustment, postdischarge statin therapy was associated with lower risks of death [hazard ratio (HR): 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36–0.93, P = 0.02], CABG (HR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.24–1.00, P = 0.05), and repeat revascularization (HR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.56–1.00, P = 0.05). Conclusion These results support the routine use of statin therapy after PCI.
Helical Growth of theArabidopsisMutanttortifolia2Does Not Depend on Cell Division Patterns but Involves Handed Twisting of Isolated Cells
Authors: Buschmann Henrik , Hauptmann Monika , Niessing Dierk , Lloyd Clive W. , Schäffner Anton R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSeveral factors regulate plant organ growth polarity. tortifolia2 (tor2), a right-handed helical growth mutant, has a conservative replacement of Arg-2 with Lys in the α-tubulin 4 protein. Based on a published high-resolution (2.89 Å) tubulin structure, we predict that Arg-2 of α-tubulin forms hydrogen bonds with the GTPase domain of β-tubulin, and structural modeling suggests that these contacts are interrupted in tor2. Consistent with this, we found that microtubule dynamicity is reduced in the tor2 background. We investigated the developmental origin of the helical growth phenotype using tor2. One hypothesis predicts that cell division patterns cause helical organ growth in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. However, cell division patterns of tor2 root tips appear normal. Experimental uncoupling of cell division and expansion suggests that helical organ growth is based on cell elongation defects only. Another hypothesis is that twisting is due to inequalities in expansion of epidermal and cortical tissues. However, freely growing leaf trichomes of tor2 mutants show right-handed twisting and cortical microtubules form left-handed helices as early as the unbranched stage of trichome development. Trichome twisting is inverted in double mutants with tor3, a left-handed mutant. Single tor2 suspension cells also exhibit handed twisting. Thus, twisting of tor2 mutant organs appears to be a higher-order expression of the helical expansion of individual cells.
Phase I trial of fludarabine, bortezomib and rituximab for relapsed and refractory indolent and mantle cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Barr Paul M. , Fu Pingfu , Lazarus Hillard M. , Horvath Nancy , Gerson Stanton L. , Koc Omer N. , Bahlis Nizar J. , Snell Michael R. , Dowlati Afshin , Cooper Brenda W. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBased on the hypothesis that bortezomib may potentiate fludarabine activity by inhibiting DNA repair, we designed a phase I trial using this combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed and refractory indolent and mantle cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Twenty‐four patients were enrolled. Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes included 12 patients with follicular lymphoma, four with marginal zone lymphoma, three with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, three with mantle cell lymphoma and two with small lymphocytic/chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Fludarabine and bortezomib were escalated in cohorts of three patients. Rituximab was added to the maximum tolerated dose of fludarabine and bortezomib and added significant dose‐limiting myelosuppression. The maximum tolerated dose was fludarabine 25 mg/m2 on days 1–3, bortezomib 1·3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, 11, with rituximab 375 mg/m2 on day 1 administered every 21 d. Clinical responses were observed in 11 patients, five of whom were refractory to their most recent treatment regimen. Six additional patients had stable disease for a median of 10 months (range 4–30+). Cumulative myelosuppression and neuropathy was observed. The combination of fludarabine, bortezomib, and rituximab appears to be an active regimen with manageable toxicity for relapsed NHL.
Etanercept as prophylactic psoriatic therapy before interferon-α and ribavirin treatment for active hepatitis C infection
Authors: Behnam S. E. , Hindiyeh R. , Fife D. J. , Jeffes E. W. , Wu J. J. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
Patients with psoriasis and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are a therapeutic challenge. Systemic psoriasis treatment with methotrexate and acitretin can be hepatotoxic, and interferon (IFN)-α for treatment of HCV can worsen psoriasis. Etanercept can be successfully used in patients with psoriasis and HCV. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of etanercept used prophylactically to prevent a psoriatic flare in a patient with HCV treated with IFN-α and ribavirin.