bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interference between shallow and deep-seated structures in the Sicilian fold and thrust belt, Italy
Authors: Avellone Giuseppe , Barchi Massimiliano R. , Catalano Raimondo , Morticelli Maurizio Gasparo , Sulli Attilio 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:
The fold and thrust belt in western Sicily is characterized by the presence and interference of shallow and deep-seated compressional structures, which were generated and developed at different structural levels. The shallow structures consist of imbricated thrusts and asymmetric folds, with a typical wavelength of 2 km, involving relatively thin deep-water units. These units are superimposed on thick platform carbonate units, along a wide and originally almost flat floor thrust. The axial trend of the folds is variable, as multi-phase folding often occurred, producing a characteristic interference pattern, reflecting continuous variations of the apparent transport direction during the emplacement (i.e. rotation of the allochthonous thrust sheets). The deep-seated structures consist of large, double-verging pop-up structures, with a typical wavelength of 5–10 km, involving thicker platform carbonate successions. The deep-seated structures are characterized by large folds, with vertical to overturned limbs, caused by high-angle, transpressive ramps that reactivated previous (i.e. Mesozoic) synsedimentary normal or transtensional faults. The floor thrust of the shallow structures was passively deformed by the subsequent growth of the underlying, younger deep-seated structures. Large clockwise rotations of the tectonic units occurred during the compressional deformation, and the amount of rotation is apparently related to the timing and amount of the tectonic transport.
Fault-controlled alpine topography in Norway
Authors: Osmundsen P.T. , Redfield T.F. , Hendriks B.H.W. , Bergh S. , Hansen J.-a. , Henderson I.H.C. , Dehls J. , Lauknes T.R. , Larsen Y. , Anda E. , Davidsen B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:
Alpine topography in Norway is largely fault-controlled. Linear and asymmetric ranges developed in the footwalls of normal faults that were reactivated after the main phase of Mesozoic rifting, but prior to the Late Cenozoic glaciations. Stark geomorphological contrasts developed across the faults, reflecting differential glacial exploitation of the pre-glacial drainage pattern. Alpine topography developed preferentially in the footwalls. Triangular facets mark the traces of the most recently active faults. At the base of deeply incised, alpine range-front escarpments, the best-exposed faults display metres-thick fault-rock successions and record multiple phases of fault movement. Juxtaposition of Precambrian and Caledonian basement rocks with Jurassic or Cretaceous sedimentary rocks provides evidence for fault activity in or after the Mesozoic for some of the faults. Late Cretaceous or younger reactivation is indicated by jumps in apatite fission-track apparent ages across the faults, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar and earthquake data attest to normal faulting at the present day. Two of the areas described host anomalous clusters of rockslides that may relate to tectonic activity. The most distinct landscape-forming faults in western Scandinavia were probably active in the Cenozoic, and imposed asymmetric landscape patterns from the scale of single mountain ranges to the whole of Scandinavia.
Correlation of Ordovician diamictites from Argentina and South Africa using detrital zircon dating
Authors: Staden Anelda Van , Zimmermann Udo , Chemale Farid , Gutzmer Jens , Germs G.J.B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:
The results of detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology suggest a maximum depositional age of 485 ± 7.2 Ma for a glacial diamictite from the Sierra del Volcán in eastern Argentina (Tandilia System). Earlier interpretations associated the deposit with the Neoproterozoic ‘snowball Earth' hypothesis. The data allow direct correlation, for the first time, between Early Palaeozoic deposits in both South America and South Africa connecting the glacial deposits from southern Bolivia to central Argentina with those in South Africa (Pakhuis Formation). On the basis of these results, a new distribution map of glacial cover, corresponding to the Hirnantian stage, can be developed.

Supplementary material:

Sampling and analytical techniques, data, a simplified map and BSE images are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18384
.
Pulsed emplacement of the Mount Kinabalu granite, northern Borneo
Authors: Cottam M. , Hall R. , Sperber C. , Armstrong R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:
High-precision U–Pb ion microprobe analyses provide new constraints on the emplacement and origin of the Kinabalu granite in Sabah, northern Borneo. The granite is a sheeted laccolith-like body comprising dyke-fed granitic units that young downwards, each emplaced beneath the previous sheet. Analyses of concentric growth zones in zircons indicate crystallization between 7.85 ± 0.08 and 7.22 ± 0.07 Ma, and show that the entire pluton was emplaced and crystallized within less than 800 ka. Several pulses of magmatism are recognized, each lasting for a maximum of 250 ka, and possibly as briefly as 30 ka. The oldest ages coincide with the highest elevations whereas the youngest ages are found at lower elevations around the edge of the body. Based on these new age data and field observations we identify the biotite granodiorite, hornblende granite and porphyritic facies as the Upper, Middle and Lower Units respectively. Inherited zircon ages indicate different protoliths for the Upper and Middle Units. The Upper Unit is derived from attenuated continental crust of the South China margin subducted beneath Sabah. The Middle Unit is sourced from melting of the crystalline basement in Sabah with little or no contribution from South China crust.

Supplementary material:

Full U–Pb ion microprobe analytical data, and modal and major element composition data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18385
.
Spatial variations in biosphere
87
Sr/
86
Sr in Britain
Authors: Evans J.A. , Montgomery J. , Wildman G. , Boulton N. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:
Strontium isotopes are a powerful tool for investigating the geographical origins of people and animals but assignment of provenance requires reference maps and databases. This paper presents a map of strontium isotope variations across Britain for use in archaeological and other studies, and is produced by direct measurement of strontium isotope compositions of biosphere components, predominantly plants. The map characterizes the biosphere signature of specific lithologies: a technique that is applicable worldwide. Marine-derived strontium, from both rainwater and coastal sea-splash and spray, is an important contribution to the British biosphere, particularly on the western seaboard, which is subject to high rainfall and prevailing westerly winds.

Supplementary material:

Methods, full data table, and full-size version of Figure 1b are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18388
.
Charles Lyell and the great 1855 earthquake in New Zealand: first recognition of active fault tectonics
Authors: Grapes Rodney H. , Downes Gaye L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:

The geological effects of the 1855 Wairarapa New Zealand earthquake with an estimated magnitude of M
w
8.2–8.4 provided Charles Lyell with direct evidence of the relationship between earthquakes, fault rupturing, regional uplift and subsidence. The scientific importance of the earthquake is that it was the breakthrough event that led to the first recognition of active fault tectonics and therefore changed the course of geological thinking and understanding. Following the observations by Darwin of coastal uplift during the 1835 Chilean earthquake, the 1855 event in New Zealand also provided further crucial evidence for the Uniformitarian principle promulgated by Lyell in that geological features of the landscape could be explained as the cumulative sum of small incremental changes rather than cataclysmic events involving much larger amounts of crustal movement, thus laying the foundations for future understanding of regional seismotectonics and geomorphological changes accompanying an earthquake. Details of the effects of the 1855 earthquake derived from Lyell's unpublished notes and correspondence and the inferences he made from them are presented and discussed. Comparison is made with the results of subsequent work that, although in broad agreement with Lyell's account, also indicate greater localized uplift, less subsidence, variable vertical displacement along ‘Lyell's' fault, the nature of the fault contact and horizontal displacement on the fault.
Jurassic geothermal landscapes and fossil ecosystems at San Agustín, Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Guido Diego M. , Channing Alan , Campbell Kathleen A. , Zamuner Alba 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:

An extensive, well-preserved, Late Jurassic (
c
. 150 Ma) geothermal system at San Agustín farm in the Deseado Massif, Patagonia, Argentina, is described. This deposit, along with others previously known from the same region, partially fills a considerable gap between Cenozoic and scattered Palaeozoic hot spring localities reported worldwide. The San Agustín deposit is novel because it represents a large (1.4 km
2
) and nearly complete geothermal landscape. Siliceous hot spring facies, both subaerial and subaqueous, are exposed side by side in their original spatial and geological context, set amongst intrusive rhyolite domes and fluviolacustrine sediments. The Jurassic hot springs have preserved an entire local ecosystem containing microbes, arthropods, gastropods and plants exhibiting Lagerstätten-style preservation. Plant preservation, in particular, ranges from decayed litter, to seedling sprouts, and to dense stands in life orientation with intact anatomy. The San Agustín deposit shares some ecological, taphonomic and sedimentological characteristics with modern hot springs. As it formed in a pre-angiosperm world, it is akin to the famous hot spring-related Devonian Rhynie cherts of Scotland. It differs in having excellent exposure, and thus will probably contribute to a better understanding of biosignal preservation in extreme environments in the geological record.
Genetic Variants of Nucleotide Excision Repair Genes Are Associated with DNA Damage in Coke Oven Workers
Authors: Wang Fang , He Yuefeng , Guo Huan , Li Jichao , Yang Yan , Wu Zhou , Zheng Hongyan , Wu Tangchun 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
We explored the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of nucleotide excision repair (NER) genes on DNA damage caused by exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in 475 Chinese workers. We quantified urinary 1-hydroxypyrene using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the DNA damage level of lymphocytes was examined by the comet assay and represented as the Olive tail moment (OTM) value. We genotyped 38 tagSNPs in 10 NER genes. The SNP function was further investigated using luciferase reporter assay in three cell lines. Our results showed that two promoter SNPs, XPA rs1800975 and XPC rs3731055, were associated with lower OTM values (Ptrend = 0.01 and 0.02 respectively). However, another missense SNP rs2228001 in the XPC gene was positively associated with OTM value (Ptrend = 0.01). A stratified analysis found that the association between this SNP and DNA damage was only observed among subjects with higher PAH exposure levels but not among those with lower exposure levels (Pinteraction = 0.018). A dose-response association was found between the combined risk alleles of the above three genetic variants and increased DNA damage levels (Ptrend = 0.004). This association was more pronounced in subjects with higher PAH exposure than those with lower exposure levels (Pinteraction = 0.046). Our functional study indicated that XPA rs1800975G and XPC rs3731055A alleles had a higher luciferase expression than their corresponding SNP alleles (P &lt; 0.05). These results suggested that genetic variations in key NER genes, especially in XPA and XPC genes, may modulate DNA damage levels when exposed to PAHs. Cancer Epidemiol Biomakers Prev; 19(1); 211–8
Patterns of Sex Steroid Hormones in Nipple Aspirate Fluid during the Menstrual Cycle and after Menopause in Relation to Serum Concentrations
Authors: Chatterton Robert T. , Khan Seema A. , Heinz Richard , Ivancic David , Lee Oukseub 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that progesterone concentrations in serum and nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) are significantly correlated in premenopausal women, but estradiol concentrations are not. We therefore sought to ascertain the patterns of both steroids in NAF throughout the menstrual cycle and in postmenopausal women. Simultaneous samples of blood and NAF were obtained from 40 premenopausal and 16 postmenopausal women. Premenopausal samples were backdated from the following menstrual period. Steroids were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography before quantification by immunoassays. Serum steroids and NAF progesterone followed the expected pattern across the menstrual cycle, with a midcycle peak of estradiol and a midluteal peak of progesterone. However, the estradiol peak in NAF occurred about a week after the serum peak in the midluteal phase, when serum estradiol had declined to less than half the value at midcycle. NAF estrone was also elevated at the midluteal phase. Potential estrogen precursors androstenedione, estrone sulfate, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate declined in NAF from midcycle to the midluteal phase as NAF estradiol was increasing. Progesterone concentrations were significantly lower in NAF in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women, but estrogen concentrations were not. This is the first description of the temporal relationships of sex steroids in NAF and serum relative to the menstrual cycle. These results provide insights into the lack of correlation of NAF and breast tissue estrogens with serum estrogens, and generate new hypotheses. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(1); 275–9
Population-Based Study of the Association of Variants in Mismatch Repair Genes with Prostate Cancer Risk and Outcomes
Authors: Langeberg Wendy J. , Kwon Erika M. , Koopmeiners Joseph S. , Ostrander Elaine A. , Stanford Janet L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Background: Mismatch repair (MMR) gene activity may be associated with prostate cancer risk and outcomes. This study evaluated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in key MMR genes are related to prostate cancer outcomes.
Methods: Data from two population-based case-control studies of prostate cancer among Caucasian and African-American men residing in King County, Washington were combined for this analysis. Cases (n = 1,458) were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1993 to 1996 or 2002 to 2005 and were identified through the Seattle-Puget Sound Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results cancer registry. Controls (n = 1,351) were age-matched to cases and were identified through random digit dialing. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between haplotype-tagging SNPs and prostate cancer risk and disease aggressiveness. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the relationship between SNPs and prostate cancer recurrence and prostate cancer–specific death.
Results: Nineteen SNPs were evaluated in the key MMR genes: five in MLH1, 10 in MSH2, and 4 in PMS2. Among Caucasian men, one SNP in MLH1 (rs9852810) was associated with overall prostate cancer risk [odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.02, 1.44; P = 0.03], more aggressive prostate cancer (odds ratio, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.15, 1.91; P &lt; 0.01), and prostate cancer recurrence (hazard ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.18, 2.86; P &lt; 0.01), but not prostate cancer–specific mortality. A nonsynonymous coding SNP in MLH1, rs1799977 (I219V), was also found to be associated with more aggressive disease. These results did not remain significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons.
Conclusion: This population-based case-control study provides evidence for a possible association with a gene variant in MLH1 in relation to the risk of overall prostate cancer, more aggressive disease, and prostate cancer recurrence, which warrants replication. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev;19(1); OF1–7
The ATM Inhibitor KU-55933 Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis by Blocking Akt In Cancer Cells with Overactivated Akt
Authors: Li Yan , Yang Da-Qing 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Aberrant activation of Akt plays a pivotal role in cancer development. ATM, a protein deficient in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia disease, is traditionally considered as a nuclear protein kinase that functions as a signal transducer in response to DNA damage. It has recently been shown that ATM is also a cytoplasmic protein that mediates the full activation of Akt in response to insulin. Our study shows that a specific ATM inhibitor, KU-55933, blocks the phosphorylation of Akt induced by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in cancer cells that exhibit abnormal Akt activity. Moreover, KU-55933 inhibits cancer cell proliferation by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest. It does so through the downregulation of the synthesis of cyclin D1, a protein known to be elevated in a variety of tumors. In addition, KU-55933 treatment during serum starvation triggers apoptosis in these cancer cells. Our results suggest that KU-55933 may be a novel chemotherapeutic agent targeting cancer resistant to traditional chemotherapy or immunotherapy due to aberrant activation of Akt. Furthermore, KU-55933 completely abrogates rapamycin-induced feedback activation of Akt. Combination of KU-55933 and rapamycin not only induces apoptosis, which is not seen in cancer cells treated only with rapamycin, but also shows better efficacy in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation than each drug alone. Therefore, combining KU-55933 with rapamycin may provide a highly effective approach for improving mammalian target of rapamycin–targeted anticancer therapy that is currently hindered by rapamycin-induced feedback activation of Akt. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(1); 113–25
Global Methylation Pattern of Genes in Androgen-Sensitive and Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Mishra Dhruva Kumar , Chen Zujian , Wu Yanyuan , Sarkissyan Marianna , Koeffler H. Phillip , Vadgama Jaydutt V. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Promoter DNA methylation of CpG islands is an important epigenetic mechanism in cancer development. We have characterized the promoter methylation profile of 82 genes in three prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC3, and DU145) and two normal prostate cell lines (RWPE1 and RWPE2). The methylation pattern was analyzed using a Panomics gene array system that consists of immobilized probes of known gene promoters on a nitrocellulose membrane. Methylation binding protein–purified methylated DNA was hybridized on the membrane and detected by the chemiluminescence method. We analyzed methylation profile in normal (RWPE1) versus cancerous cells and androgen receptor (AR)–sensitive (LNCaP) versus AR-negative cells (DU145 and PC3). Our study shows that &gt;50% of the genes were hypermethylated in prostate cancer cells compared with 13% in normal cell lines. Among these were the tumor suppressor (RB, TMS1, DAPK, RBL1, PAX6, and FHIT), cell cycle (p27KIP1 and CDKN2A), transporters (MDR1, MLC1, and IGRP), and transcription factor (STAT1, CIITA, MYOD, and NPAT) genes. Relative methylation pattern shows that most of these genes were methylated from 5-fold to &gt;10-fold compared with the normal prostate cells. In addition, promoter methylation was detected for the first time in target genes such as RIOK3, STAT5, CASP8, SRBC, GAGE1, and NPAT. A significant difference in methylation pattern was observed between AR-sensitive versus AR-negative cancer cells for the following genes: CASP8, GPC3, CD14, MGMT, IGRP, MDR1, CDKN2A, GATA3, and IFN. In summary, our study identified candidate genes that are methylated in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(1); 33–45
A Human Monoclonal Anti-ANG2 Antibody Leads to Broad Antitumor Activity in Combination with VEGF Inhibitors and Chemotherapy Agents in Preclinical Models
Authors: Brown Jeffrey L. , Cao Z. Alexander , Pinzon-Ortiz Maria , Kendrew Jane , Reimer Corinne , Wen Shenghua , Zhou Joe Q. , Tabrizi Mohammad , Emery Steve , McDermott Brenda , Pablo Lourdes , McCoon Patricia , Bedian Vahe , Blakey David C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Localized angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) expression has been shown to function as a key regulator of blood vessel remodeling and tumor angiogenesis, making it an attractive candidate for antiangiogenic therapy. A fully human monoclonal antibody (3.19.3) was developed, which may have significant pharmaceutical advantages over synthetic peptide-based approaches in terms of reduced immunogenicity and increased half-life to block Ang2 function. The 3.19.3 antibody potently binds Ang2 with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 86 pmol/L, leading to inhibition of Tie2 receptor phosphorylation in cell-based assays. In preclinical models, 3.19.3 treatment blocked blood vessel formation in Matrigel plug assays and in human tumor xenografts. In vivo studies with 3.19.3 consistently showed broad antitumor activity as a single agent across a panel of diverse subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models. Combination studies of 3.19.3 with cytotoxic drugs or anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents showed significant improvements in antitumor activity over single-agent treatments alone with no apparent evidence of increased toxicity. Initial pharmacokinetic profiling studies in mice and nonhuman primates suggested that 3.19.3 has a predicted human half-life of 10 to 14 days. These studies provide preclinical data for 3.19.3 as a potential new antiangiogenic therapy as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy or vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(1); 145–56
BAMLET Activates a Lysosomal Cell Death Program in Cancer Cells
Authors: Rammer Paul , Groth-Pedersen Line , Kirkegaard Thomas , Daugaard Mads , Rytter Anna , Szyniarowski Piotr , Høyer-Hansen Maria , Povlsen Lou Klitgaard , Nylandsted Jesper , Larsen Jakob E. , Jäättelä Marja 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A complex of human α-lactalbumin and oleic acid (HAMLET) was originally isolated from human milk as a potent anticancer agent. It kills a wide range of transformed cells of various origins while leaving nontransformed healthy cells largely unaffected both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, purified α-lactalbumins from other mammals form complexes with oleic acid that show biological activities similar to that of HAMLET. The mechanism by which these protein-lipid complexes kill tumor cells is, however, largely unknown. Here, we show that complex of bovine α-lactalbumin and oleic acid (BAMLET), the bovine counterpart of HAMLET, kills tumor cells via a mechanism involving lysosomal membrane permeabilization. BAMLET shows potent cytotoxic activity against eight cancer cell lines tested, whereas nontransformed NIH-3T3 murine embryonic fibroblasts are relatively resistant. BAMLET accumulates rapidly and specifically in the endolysosomal compartment of tumor cells and induces an early leakage of lysosomal cathepsins into the cytosol followed by the activation of the proapoptotic protein Bax. Ectopic expression of three proteins known to stabilize the lysosomal compartment, i.e. heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), Hsp70-2, and lens epithelium-derived growth factor, confer significant protection against BAMLET-induced cell death, whereas the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, caspase inhibition, and autophagy inhibition fail to do so. These data indicate that BAMLET triggers lysosomal cell death pathway in cancer cells, thereby clarifying the ability of α-lactalbumin:oleate complexes to kill highly apoptosis-resistant tumor cells. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(1); 24–32