bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental depression and offspring psychopathology: a Children of Twins study
Authors: Singh A. L. , D'Onofrio B. M. , Slutske W. S. , Turkheimer E. , Emery R. E. , Harden K. P. , Heath A. C. , Madden P. A. F. , Statham D. J. , Martin N. G. 
Published: November 2010

BackgroundAssociations between parental depression and offspring affective and disruptive disorders are well documented. Few genetically informed studies have explored the processes underlying intergenerational associations.MethodA semi-structured interview assessing DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders was administered to twins (n=1296) from the Australian Twin Register (ATR), their spouses (n=1046) and offspring (n=2555). We used the Children of Twins (CoT) design to delineate the extent to which intergenerational associations were consistent with a causal influence or due to genetic confounds.ResultsIn between-family analyses, parental depression was associated significantly with offspring depression [hazard ratio (HR) 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–1.93] and conduct disorder (CD; HR 2.27, CI 1.31–3.93). Survival analysis indicated that the intergenerational transmission of depression is consistent with a causal (environmental) inference, with a significant intergenerational association in offspring of discordant monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs (HR 1.39, CI 1.00–1.94). Logistic regression analysis suggested that the parental depression–offspring CD association was due to shared genetic liability in the parents and offspring. No intergenerational association was found when comparing the offspring of discordant MZ twins [odds ratio (OR) 1.41, CI 0.63–3.14], but offspring of discordant dizygotic (DZ) twins differed in their rates of CD (OR 2.53, CI 0.95–6.76). All findings remained after controlling for several measured covariates, including history of depression and CD in the twins' spouses.ConclusionsThe mechanisms underlying associations between parental depression and offspring psychopathology seem to differ depending on the outcome. The results are consistent with a causal environmental role of parental depression in offspring depression whereas common genetic factors account for the association of parental depression and offspring CD.
Further Comment on “AGU Statement: Investigation of Scientists and Officials in L'Aquila, Italy, Is Unfounded”
Authors: Dobran Flavio 
Published: November 2010

The AGU statement on the investigation of Italian scientists and officials in regard to the L'Aquila earthquake (Eos, 91(28), 248, 13 July 2010) appears to be a noble attempt to protect not only these individuals but also those AGU members who are involved in similar hazard and risk assessments. But in the long run this statement not only damages AGU by misleading its membership as to the responsibilities of the indicted individuals but also sends the wrong message to the Italian scientific communities about their social responsibilities.The AGU statement assumes that the indicted individuals are innocent because it is not possible for scientists to predict earthquakes, but it neglects to explain what their scientific responsibilities are and why these individuals may be also guilty of failing to properly exercise their social responsibility. If one accepts public funds, has the responsibility of deciding how to manage those funds, and is playing the double role of a scientist and a politician, one is also responsible for both the scientific and social consequences of one's actions. Because some of the indicted individuals are also responsible for drafting and promoting the unreliable Vesuvius Evacuation Plan (http://www.westnet.com/~dobran), they should also be accountable for the consequences in the Vesuvius area.
Ocean life census
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2010

The Census of Marine Life, an international effort to assess the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life, issued a report on 23 September summarizing the decade‐long project that the organization calls “the most comprehensive inventory of known marine life ever compiled.” The census has involved more than 2700 scientists and 670 participating institutions from more than 80 nations and territories. In addition, three books were released on 23 September that provide an overview of census insights and their implications, a summary of findings and discoveries by the 17 census projects, and portraits of about 100 species.The Census of Marine Life is the book of oceans' nature,” census cofounder Jesse Ausubel wrote in a forward to one of the books. Ausubel is vice president of programs for the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, which contributed $75 million to the $650 million census. “This book reports the known, unknown, and unknowable of the first Census of Marine Life. This book is about the richness of 3.5 billion years.” For more information, visit http://www.coml.org.
Satellite‐Derived Ocean Heat Content Improves Cyclone Predictions: Utilization of Satellite‐Derived Oceanic Heat Content for Cyclone Studies: Hyderabad, India, 25–26 March 2010
Authors: Ali M. M. , Goni Gustavo J. , Jayaraman V. 
Published: November 2010

Recognizing the important role played by satellite‐derived sea surface height anomalies and upper ocean heat content (UOHC) in cyclone track and intensity prediction in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Hyderabad, India, organized a 2‐day workshop. The goals of the workshop were to discuss recent advances and future work in the investigation of the role of oceans in cyclone track and intensity prediction, with special emphasis on northern Indian Ocean cyclones, and to strengthen the existing collaborative scientific investigations between NRSC and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The workshop also complemented other efforts by NOAA and the India Meteorological Department (IMD) geared toward the use of field experiments targeted to specific cyclones in the Bay of Bengal.Discussions at the workshop highlighted the fact that altimeter‐derived UOHC fields are more effective than sea surface temperatures alone in reducing error in cyclone track and intensity prediction. This is because with atmospheric conditions remaining the same, it is the upper ocean, not just the surface, that interacts with cyclones. Because the current network for sustained ocean observations was not specifically designed for the study or forecast of tropical cyclones globally or in particular in the northern Indian Ocean, products such as UOHC derived from satellites are the most appropriate alternatives for monitoring the upper ocean thermal structure.
Source of Infection of Sunflower Plants by Diaporthe helianthi in Yugoslavia
Authors: Mihaljčević M. , Muntan̄ola‐Cvetković M. , Vukojević J. , Petrov M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractD. helianthi shows a developmental rhythm similar to that of many plant pathogenic Ascomycotina: the anamorph develops during the summer and the teleomorph during winter. However, under conditions of high humidity D. helianthi can precociously complete the development of its ascomata in autumn. Perithecial differentiation and maturation do not occur simultaneously.Conidiomata in epidermal and subepidermal tissues and ascomata located in the phloem system were seen in the same over‐wintered sunflower stem detritus in various proportions; however, conidiomata were prevalent on samples collected in early winter, while ascomata were much more numerous in spring.Infections could not be obtained when conidiomata were employed as inoculum. On the other hand, ascospores from perithecia formed on over‐wintered stem residues were capable of provoking infection regardless of the season in which the residues were collected. In the conditions of Voivodina (Yugoslavia), ascospores are the principal source of infection of the so‐called “Phomopsis” disease of sunflower, not only from one year to the next, but also during the life‐span of the host plants.ZusammenfassungD. helianthi zeigt eine ähnlichen Entwicklungsrhythmus wie der vieler pflanzenpathogenen Ascomycotina: die anamorphe Form entwickelt sich im Sommer, und die teleomorphe Form im Winter. Jedoch kann D. helianthi bei hoher Feuchtigkeit die Entwicklung der Fruchtkörper der Asci im Herbst frühzeitig vollenden. Differenzierung und Reife der Perithecien erfolgen nicht gleichzeitig.Konidienfruchtkörper in epidermalen und subepidermalen Geweben und Fruchtkörper der Asci, die sich im Phloemsystem befanden, wurden im gleichen Detritus der überwinterten Sonnenblumenstielen in unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen gefunden; die Konidienfruchtkörper waren jedoch in Stichproben, die im Frühwinter genommen worden waren vorherrschend, während Fruchtkörper der Asci häufiger im Frühjahr vorkamen.Infektionen konnten nicht erhalten werden, wenn Konidienfruchtkörper als Inokulum gebraucht wurden. Andererseits waren Askosporen aus Perithezien, die sich an überwinterten Stielen gebildet hatten, fähig, Infektionen hervorzurufen, unabhängig in welcher Jahreszeit die Rückstände gesammelt wurden. In der Umgebung von Voivodina (Jugoslawien) sind Askosporen die Hauptquelle der Infektionen der sogenannten “Phomopsis”‐Sonnenblumenkrankheit, nicht nur von einem zum anderen Jahr, sondern auch während der ganzen Lebensdauer der Wirtpflanzen.
Remembrance Remembered, Remembrance Observed. An Irishman's Daughter Visits His Grave1
Authors: MURPHY BERNADETTE 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this essay, prompted by Williamson's “At The Menin Gate” (Journal of Historical Sociology. Vol. 9, No. 1, March 1996), the notion of historical anonymity is explored in the context of a brief ethnography of the changing form, content andz meaning of War Remembrance, and its relationship to wider forms of remembrance of the dead.Ypres is a lovely town and the Menin Gate is a decent memorial. Gordon has a good spot there. They play the last post every night and stop the traffic. There is something comforting to see parties of school children visiting the place. The names of those on the wall will not be forgotten, though they are now almost beyond living memory. (At the Menin Gate. Williamson B. Journal of Historical Sociology. Vol.9. No.1. March 1996).St. Martin was a demolished village about a mile behind the battle‐line. As we entered it I noticed an English soldier lying by the road with a horribly smashed head; soon such sights would be too frequent to attract attention … But … in 1917 I was only beginning to learn that life, for the majority of the population, is an unlovely struggle against unfair odds, culminating in a cheap funeral. (Sassoon S. Memoirs of an Infantry Officer. Faber & Faber. London. 1965. 1st Published. 1930. p147).
Mechanical properties of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon relate to specific collagen cross‐link levels
Authors: THORPE C. T. , STARK R. J. F. , GOODSHIP A. E. , BIRCH H. L. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Damage to the flexor tendons, particularly the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries sustained by horses competing in all disciplines. Our previous work has shown that SDFTs from different individuals show a wide variation in mechanical strengths; this is important clinically as it may relate to predisposition to injury. The high mechanical strength of tendon relies on the correct orientation of collagen molecules within fibrils and stabilisation by the formation of chemical cross‐links between collagen molecules. It is not known whether the variation in SDFT mechanical properties between individuals relates to differences in collagen cross‐link levels.Hypothesis:Enzyme‐derived, intermolecular cross‐linking of tendon collagen correlates with mechanical properties of the SDFT.Methods:SDFTs were collected from 38 horses and mechanically tested to failure. Structural and material properties were calculated from the load/deformation plot and cross‐sectional area for each tendon. Following mechanical testing, pyrrolic cross‐link levels were measured using a spectrophotometric assay for Ehrlich's reactivity and pyridinoline levels were quantified by HPLC. Cross‐link levels were correlated with mechanical properties and statistical significance tested using a Pearson's correlation test.Results:Pyrrole cross‐link levels showed a significant positive correlation with ultimate stress (P = 0.004), yield stress (P = 0.003) and elastic modulus (P = 0.018) of the tendons, despite being a minor cross‐link in these tendons. There was no significant correlation of mechanical properties with either hydroxylysyl‐ or lysyl‐pyridinoline levels.Conclusions:Given the low absolute levels of pyrrole, we suggest that the correlation with high mechanical strength is through an indirect mechanism. Understanding the nature of the relationships between pyrrole cross‐links, other matrix characteristics and tendon material properties may allow development of strategies to identify horses at risk from tendon injury and be of value in informing training practices.
Evaluation of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on fibre characteristics and oxidative capacity in equine skeletal muscles
Authors: BERGH A. , NORDLÖF H. , ESSÉN‐GUSTAVSSON B. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is used to increase or maintain muscle strength during rehabilitation. Human studies investigating different protocols show that some treatments induce changes in muscle characteristics. Despite the frequent use of NMES in horses, no studies have been published describing its efficacy.Objectives:To investigate the effects of a NMES protocol on equine fibre types and areas, glycogen concentrations and enzyme activities.Methods:NMES was administrated tom. gluteus mediusandm. longissimus dorsi, on one side of 6 healthy Standardbred horses. The contralateral side of each muscle served as a nonstimulated control. The horses were stimulated at 50 Hz a day, with 21–39 mA, for 45–60 min, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Needle biopsies were obtained from the muscles on both sides before and after the experimental period. Muscle samples were analysed for fibre type proportions and area using histochemical methods and for glycogen and enzyme activities (citrate synthase, 3‐OH‐acyl CoA dehydrogenase, hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase) using biochemical methods. Muscle contractions at the location and depth of the muscle biopsy were confirmed by diagnostic ultrasound. Nonparametric tests (Mann‐Whitney, Wilcoxon sign‐rank) were used for statistical analysis.Results:No significant differences were observed in the percentage oftypes I, IIAorIIXfibres, fibre areas, glycogen levels or enzyme activities either when comparing stimulated and nonstimulated muscles before and after the NMES treatment, or when comparing the left and right muscle samples.Conclusions:The NMES treatment was well tolerated by the horses, but the present protocol did not induce significant muscle adaptations. Further studies are needed to describe the effect of more intense and/or prolonged NMES treatment protocols on muscles of healthy horses, and to describe if stimulation protocols induce positive changes in atrophied muscles.
Association of sequence variants inCKM(creatine kinase, muscle) andCOX4I2(cytochrome c oxidase, subunit 4, isoform 2) genes with racing performance in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: GU J. , MacHUGH D. E. , McGIVNEY B. A. , PARK S. D. E. , KATZ L. M. , HILL E. W. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:The wild progenitors of the domestic horse were subject to natural selection for speed and stamina for millennia. Uniquely, this process has been augmented in Thoroughbreds, which have undergone at least 3 centuries of intense artificial selection for athletic phenotypes. While the phenotypic adaptations to exercise are well described, only a small number of the underlying genetic variants contributing to these phenotypes have been reported.Objectives:A panel of candidate performance‐related genes was examined for DNA sequence variation in Thoroughbreds and the association with racecourse performance investigated.Materials and methods:Eighteen candidate genes were chosen for their putative roles in exercise. Re‐sequencing in Thoroughbred samples was successful for primer sets in 13 of these genes. SNPs identified in this study and from the EquCab2.0 SNP database were genotyped in 2 sets of Thoroughbred samples (n = 150 and 148) and a series of population‐based case‐control investigations were performed by separating the samples into discrete cohorts on the basis of retrospective racecourse performance.Results:Twenty novel SNPs were detected in 3 genes:ACTN3,CKMandCOX4I2. Genotype frequency distributions for 3 SNPs inCKMandCOX4I2were significantly (P<0.05) different between elite Thoroughbreds and racehorses that had never won a race. These associations were not validated when an additional (n = 130) independent set of samples was genotyped, but when analyses included all samples (n = 278) the significance of association atCOX4I2g.22684390C>T was confirmed (P<0.02).Conclusions:While molecular genetic information has the potential to become a powerful tool to make improved decisions in horse industries, it is vital that rigour is applied to studies generating these data and that adequate and appropriate sample sets, particularly for independent replication, are used.
Cardiac arrhythmias in clinically healthy showjumping horses
Authors: BUHL R. , MELDGAARD C. , BARBESGAARD L. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Electrocardiographic reference values of clinically normal horses during exercise are a prerequisite when evaluating horses with poor performance or horses presented with cardiac abnormalities (e.g. valvular regurgitation). No published studies have reported cardiac rhythms of clinically normal showjumping horses.Objectives:To demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) in normal horses during showjumping and also to document the prevalence and frequency of arrhythmias in association with exercise.Methods:Thirty‐four healthy showjumping horses aged 4–13 years (mean 7.5 years) underwent clinical examination and resting echocardiography. Modified chest lead ECG examinations were performed during rest, during a standardised showjumping course, as well as for the following 45 min recovery. All ECG recordings were analysed for presence and frequency of arrhythmias.Results:Six horses (17%) were excluded due to ECG recordings of poor diagnostic quality. Echocardiography demonstrated that 11 (39%) horses had one or more mild or moderate valvular regurgitations, but no associations were found between valvular regurgitation and arrhythmias. Supraventricular premature complexes (SVPCs) were found in 9 (32%) horses at rest, 25 (89%) during exercise and 15 (54%) during recovery. Only few arrhythmias occurred in each horse (<9 SVPCs/horse); however, one horse had 13 single SVPCs during exercise and another developed 41 SVPCs during recovery. SVPCs occurred typically at low HR (40–98 beats/min). Ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) was demonstrated in 5 (18%) horses during exercise and 2 (7%) during recovery, with <2 VPCs/horse.Conclusions:It is possible to obtain good quality ECG during showjumping. Reference values for normal performing showjumping horses are presented for the first time and showed a high prevalence of SVPCs both during and after exercise, but few VPCs.Potential relevance:Normal reference values enable future studies of cardiac function in showjumping horses presented with poor performance and provide valuable information for veterinary practitioners in the field.
The effect of water height on stride frequency, stride length and heart rate during water treadmill exercise
Authors: SCOTT R. , NANKERVIS K. , STRINGER C. , WESTCOTT K. , MARLIN D. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Water treadmill exercise is often incorporated into rehabilitation programmes for horses yet little is known about the biomechanical and physiological responses to water walking.Objectives:To establish whether stride frequency (SF) reached steady state as a result of 6 introductory water treadmill sessions and then to investigate the effect of increasing water height on SF, stride length (SL) and heart rate (HR).Methods:Nine horses with no previous experience of water treadmills completed 6 sessions of walking for between 15 and 30 min. Each horse was fitted with a leg mounted accelerometer to measure SF. The effect of session on SF was tested using univariate ANOVA. Eight horses completed 3 further sessions at each of the following water heights; proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP), carpus and ulna. SF, SL and HR at each water height were compared to a control (hoof height) using univariate ANOVA.Results:When SF during introductory sessions 4–6 were compared, there was no significant effect of session on SF (P>0.05). In the second part of the experiment, SF was 0.57 ± 0.03 strides/s at control, 0.54 ± 0.03 strides/s at the PIP joint, 0.51 ± 0.02 strides/s at the carpus and 0.52 ± 0.03 strides/s at the ulna. Stride frequency at carpal and ulna height was significantly lower than at control (P<0.05). Stride length was 1.53 ± 0.09 m for control, 1.63 ± 0.10 m at the PIP joint, 1.71 ± 0.08 m at the carpus and 1.68 ± 0.10 m at the ulna. Stride length at carpal and ulna height was significantly greater than control (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between HR during control and any other water height (P>0.05).Conclusion:Horses reached steady state gait within the first 6 sessions of water treadmill exercise. Walking in water at the level of the carpus or ulna resulted in a lower SF compared to walking in water at hoof height.
Ground reaction force and kinematic analysis of limb loading on two different beach sand tracks in harness trotters
Authors: CREVIER‐DENOIX N. , ROBIN D. , POURCELOT P. , FALALA S. , HOLDEN L. , ESTOUP P. , DESQUILBET L. , DENOIX J. M. , CHATEAU H. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Although beach training is commonly used in horses, limb loading on beach sand has never been investigated. A dynamometric horseshoe (DHS) is well adapted for this purpose.Objectives:To compare ground reaction force (GRF) and fetlock kinematics measured in harness trotters on 2 tracks of beach sand with different water content.Methods:Two linear sand tracks were compared: firm wet sand (FWS, 19% moisture) vs. deep wet sand (DWS, 13.5% moisture). Four French trotters (550 ± 22 kg) were used. Their right forelimb was equipped with a DHS and skin markers. Each track was tested 3 times at 7 m/s. Each trial was filmed by a high‐speed camera (600 Hz); DHS and speed data acquisition was performed at 10 kHz on 10 consecutive strides. All recordings were synchronised. The components Fx (parallel to the hoof solar surface) and Fz (perpendicular) of the GRF were considered. For 3 horses the fetlock angle and forelimb axis‐track angle at landing were measured. Statistical differences were tested using the GLM procedure (SAS; P<0.05).Results:Stance duration was increased on DWS compared to FWS. Fzmax and Fxmax (oriented, respectively, downwards and forwards relatively to the solar surface) and the corresponding loading rates, were decreased on DWS and these force peaks occurred later. Fxmin (backwards) was not significantly different between both surfaces; the propulsive phase (Fx negative) was longer and the corresponding impulse higher, on DWS compared to FWS. The forelimb was more oblique to the track at landing and maximal fetlock extension was less and delayed on DWS.Conclusions:This study confirms that trotting on deep sand overall reduces maximal GRF and induces a more progressive limb loading. However, it increases the propulsive effort and likely superficial digital flexor tendon tension at the end of stance, which should be taken into account in beach training.