bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Alloy Steels in Hydrogen Sulfide Environment
Authors: Yoshino Yuichi 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The effect of chemical composition on the behavior of low alloy steels in a hydrogen sulfide environment was studied with regard to corrosion, hydrogen absorption, and sulfide stress cracking. Results were interpreted in connection with microstructure and carbide precipitation. The addition of chromium results in the promotion of hydrogen absorption presumably due to the precipitation of incoherent carbides, thereby reducing, in general, the resistance to SSC. Fine coherent carbides appear to be beneficial, or at least not detrimental, to SSC resistance; e.g., Mo2C, VC, TiC, and NbC. Microstructure seems to affect both hydrogen absorption and SSC resistance largely through the trapping behavior of hydrogen at the carbide/matrix interface.
Hydrogen Embrittlement of PH 13-8 Mo Stainless Steel—The Effect of Surface Condition
Authors: Murray G. T. , Honegger H. H. , Mousel T. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The susceptibility of precipitation hardening 13-8 Mo stainless steel to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) was measured by both post hydrogen charging tensile tests and by time to failure tests while being subjected to hydrogen charging and a static stress below the yield stress. In the former, it was found that the ductility was decreased substantially after only 30 min charging time. The strength was markedly reduced after 2 h charging time. In the delayed failure tests, it was found that a localized cold worked surface condition promoted crack formation.
Effects of H2 Additions on Stress Corrosion Cracking in a Boiling Water Reactor
Authors: Indig M. E. , Weber J. E. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Controlled amounts of hydrogen were injected into the Dresden-2 boiling water reactor (BWR) during a five week period. The effect of the hydrogen modifed water chemistry on major structural alloys used in the BWR system was studied. The studies were conducted in a test facility consisting of two 1 L vessels which were piped to receive reactor water from the discharge side of the main recirculation pump. One of the vessels was used to measure electrochemical potentials. The second vessel was used to perform slow strain rate stress corrosion cracking tests.
Electrochemical measurements were conducted continuously during normal BWR operation and during periods of hydrogen injection. The hydrogen injection caused the quantity of dissolved oxygen to decrease, which resulted in a substantial drop in corrosion potentials. At the highest injection rate, the corrosion potential of AISI 304 stainless steel dropped below the potential at which intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) could be expected.
Stress corrosion tests were conducted on severely sensitized AISI 304 stainless steel and pressure vessel steel. During normal operation, the stainless steel failed primarily by IGSCC. During H2 injection when the water contained &lt;20 ppm O2, both IGSCC of the stainless steel and transgranular SCC of pressure vessel steel were eliminated.
The Effect of Post-Exposure Heat Treatment on the Hydrogen Embrittlement of High Carbon Steel
Authors: Robinson M. J. , Sharp R. M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
High carbon steel wires were loaded in tension to 79% ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and cathodically charged with hydrogen. The times to failure by hydrogen embrittlement (HE) were statistically analyzed to obtain the minimum incubation time and the mean time to failure. Electrochemical measurements of the mobile hydrogen content showed that baking the wires for 2 h at 200 C was effective in reducing the lattice hydrogen concentration to the same level as in uncharged material. Baking dramatically increased the embrittlement susceptibility of the high carbon wire, however, reducing both the minimum incubation time and the mean time to failure. These unexpected findings are explained by the effect of temperature on reversible and irreversible hydrogen trapping. Baking this material is believed to release hydrogen from relatively low energy innocuous traps and allow it to concentrate in traps with higher interaction energies. Upon reloading, these sites act as significant stress concentrators, leading to more rapid failure.
Thiosulfate Corrosion in Paper-Machine White Water
Authors: Garner A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Potentiostatic, potentiodynamic, and immersion tests were conducted on a range of alloys used in paper-machine service. It was found that thiosulfate contamination of white water can cause pitting in AISI 304 and CA-15 stainless steels (SS), and, by comparison, salts such as NaCl, Na2SO, and Al2(SO4)3 are much less corrosive. For sensitized AISI 304, thiosulfate levels in the range of 3 to 75 ppm cause pitting, 5 to 20 ppm S2O3= being particularly aggressive. Thiosulfate pitting occurred in the absence of chlorides when sulfate was present at SO4=:S2O3= molar ratios from 1.6 to 58. Compared to AISI 304, significantly greater resistance to thiosulfate pitting was found in AISI 316 and 317 L, Ferralium 255, and cast duplex SS, KCR-A171 and Alloy 75.
Corrosion Chemistry of Chromium Carbide in Hot Alkali
Authors: Tsai K. C. , Morris J. L. , Cubicciotti D. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of Cr23C6 was investigated at elevated temperatures in alkaline solutions. The corrosion reaction of chromium carbide occurs via an electrochemical process. The rate of Cr23C6 dissolution in alkaline solution is rapid compared to that in acid, and its behavior is closely related to that of its metal constituent. Chemical analysis of the corrosion products reveals that CrO4= and CO3= are the two major components, although HCO2− and C2O4= are also formed.
Influence of Formation and Dissolution Environment on Dissolution Kinetics of Anodic Oxide Films on Antimony
Authors: El-Basiouny M. S. , Hefny M. M. , Mogoda A. S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The currentless dissolution behavior of the anodic oxide films formed on antimony in 0.1N H3PO4 was studied as a function of formation voltages and formation current densities. The dissolution rate of the oxide film was examined as a function of the electrolyte composition of the formation medium. Kinetics curves for the dissolution of the oxide film in most media show a two stage process that seems to be related to the dual nature of the oxide film. The validity of the first order mechanism for the dissolution process is illustrated with the kinetics curves of dissolution following the equation: This equation is used for each of the two stages of the dissolution process, with two different values of K.
The rate of the dissolution process was found to be a function of electrolyte composition of the formation medium, while no effect was observed for the initial current density of the oxide formation. The role of anion type on the dissolution rate was more pronounced in acidic solutions than in neutral ones.
Dimensionless Groups in the Modeling and Prediction of Corrosion Processes
Authors: Silverman D. C. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Coupled differential equations that are difficult to solve, yet have predictive value, will arise when modeling a combination of general and localized corrosion in the presence of flow. These equations are impossible to solve if the flow is turbulent. By making the equations dimensionless, certain groups arise that can show the relative magnitudes of the processes involved. Three dimensionless groups arise from modeling the localized area. These show the ratios of the magnitudes of migration to diffusion, convective mass transport to diffusive mass transport, and surface reaction rate to mass transfer rate. The meanings of the groups are independent of geometry and flow conditions. These groups can provide a “back-of-the-envelope” type of guidance for experimental design and corrosion prediction even though the equations from which they are derived cannot be solved.
Effect of Phosphorus on Anodic Dissolution and Passivation of Nickel in Near-Neutral Solutions
Authors: Flis J. , Duquette D. J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Anodic dissolution of nickel, electroless nickel deposits with 2.9 and 12.3 wt% P, and amorphous Ni81P19 alloy was examined in sodium hydroxide, sulfate, borate, and chloride solutions at 25 C. Phosphorus enhanced the anodic dissolution of nickel; however, the dissolution decreased as the phosphorus content rose from 2.9 to 12.3%. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis indicated that oxide-passivating films on the NiP materials were thinner than those on nickel, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) examinations revealed the precipitation of phosphorus-containing corrosion products at the surface of the NiP materials. It is suggested that the detrimental effect of phosphorus on corrosion resistance of nickel is associated with lower protectiveness of the oxide film, whereas the inhibitive effect at the higher phosphorus contents can be associated with the formation of phosphates.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized AISI 304 Stainless Steel in High-Temperature Sodium Sulfate Solutions
Authors: Tanno K. , Ishizuka S. , Higuchi S. , Ohnaka N. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The susceptibility of sensitized AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) was studied in 0.01 M Na2SO4 solution at temperatures ranging from 100 to 250 C under constant load conditions. The susceptibility increased in the middle of the passive potential at 150 and 175 C and in the transpassive potential at 200 and 250 C. IGSCC nucleated from the crevice corrosion (CC) around a pinhole of a flat tensile specimen occurred over a wide range of potentials at 100 C and in the transpassive potential range at temperatures ranging from 125 to 175 C. IGSCC was significantly accelerated by an artificial crevice. The susceptibility was discussed from the nature of (1) the passive film and (2) environmental solution.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Inconel Alloys and Weldments in High-Temperature Water — the Effect of Sulfuric Acid Addition
Authors: McMinn A. , Page R. A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibilities of Alloys 600 and 690, AISI 316 NG stainless steel (SS), ASTM A508 carbon steel, and a number of compatible weld metals have been evaluated at 288 C in pure water and in pure water containing sulfuric acid additions. The sulfuric acid was added to simulate the effects of a resin release from the demineralizer system of a boiling water reactor (BWR). A combination of creviced and noncreviced slow strain rate, constant load, and crack growth rate tests were used in the evaluation. The results indicated that all of the alloys tested in the uncreviced condition were immune to cracking in the pure water environment. The presence of crevices in the pure water environment produced a susceptibility to SCC in Alloy 600, in Inconel I-82 and I-182 weld metals, and ASTM A508 steel, but not in Alloy 690. Cracking was enhanced by the addition of 1 ppm H2SO4 in slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) and constant load tests, but crack growth rates were not enhanced. All of the alloys tested in the resin intrusion environment were susceptible to cracking, except for the high chromium weld metals R-135 and Inconel I-72.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of ASTM A516 Steel in Hot Caustic Sulfide Solutions—Potential and Weld Effects
Authors: Tromans D. , Ramakrishna S. , Hawbolt E. B. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A combination of slow strain rate (tensile) testing (SSRT) and double cantilever beam (DCB) fracture mechanics testing techniques have been used to study the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of welded and unwelded pressure vessel quality steel plate (ASTM A516 Grade 70) in hot (92 C) caustic sulfide solutions (3.35 m NaOH + 0.42 m Na2S) of general relevance to the pulp and paper industry. Tests were conducted over a range of potentials (E) and stress intensities (KI). The most susceptible SCC situation occurred at potentials near the activepassive transition, where crack propagation rates were slightly lower in the fusion zone (FZ) of the weld than in the base material (BM). However, crack initiation on smooth specimens was far more frequent in the FZ. More noble potentials did not prevent SCC, but decreased the crack propagation rate and decreased crack initiation (i.e., crack density), particularly in the FZ. A fracture mechanics analysis of partial surface cracks and through thickness cracks was used to assess the cracking of kraft digesters in light of the results. It was concluded that anodic protection could play a beneficial role by decreasing the probability of crack coalescence and the resulting formation of a long critical (catastrophic) crack in the weld region. Instead, only small isolated cracks should form, which penetrate the vessel wall more slowly and lead to leakage before catastrophic failure.
Galvanic Corrosion Prediction Using Long- and Short-Term Polarization Curves
Authors: Hack H. P. , Scully J. R. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Long-term potentiostatic polarization curves of up to 120 days duration were developed for the following materials in seawater: 90:30 copper:nickel (C70600), Monel 400 (N04400), Inconel 625 (N06625), Navy M-bronze (C92200), nickel-aluminum bronze (C95800), HY-80 steel, titanium 50 (R50400), 70:30 copper:nickel (C71500) and anode grade zinc (MIL-STD 18001). In addition, shcrt-term potentiodynamic polarization curves were developed at four scan rates and two pre-exposure levels for all materials. The scan rates used ranged from 0.5 to 100 V/h, and preexposure times were 1 h and 120 days. Long-term potentiostatic and potentiodynamic data were used to predict the behavior of actual two and three metal couples. The predictions had a level of accuracy equal, or superior to, the conventional galvanic corrosion prediction techniques using galvanic corrosion rate tables or corrosion potential differences.
The Dissolution and Passivation of a Single-Crystal Ni50Fe50 Alloy and the Influence of Sulfur Studied by Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis
Authors: Marcus P. , Olefjord I. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Surface composition changes that occur during the dissolution and passivation of a single-crystal Ni50Fe50 (100) alloy were investigated by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). When the alloy is exposed to sulfuric acid (0.05 M), the nickel concentration on the surface increases from 50 to 85%. This enrichment of nickel on the surface is also found after dissolution of the alloy in the active region. The passive film is formed by a nickel oxide layer on the alloy surface, with nickel and iron hydroxides on the oxide surface. Alloys containing sulfur in solid solution exhibit a completely different electrochemical and corrosion behavior. Sulfur segregates on the surface during dissolution of the alloy. A monolayer of sulfur present on the surface hinders the formation of the passive film. Further accumulation of sulfur on the surface causes the formation of nickel sulfide islands. These sulfide islands grow and cover ∼ 30% of the surface, and the rest of the surface is covered by adsorbed sulfur. The passive film cannot be formed on this surface, and the alloy is actively corroded in the potential range where a sulfur-free alloy is normally passivated.
Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Damage Model: An Approach and Its Development for Alloy 600 in High-Purity Water
Authors: Garud Y. S. , McIlree A. R. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A logical approach to quantitative modeling of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is presented. The approach is based on the supposition (supported partly by experimental and field observations, and by a related plausible underlying mechanism) that strain rate is a key variable. The approach is illustrated for the specific case of NiCrFe Alloy 600 in high-purity water. Model parameters are determined based on the constant stress IGSCC data (between 290 and 365 C) assuming a power law relation between the damage and the nominal strain rate. The model may be interpreted in terms of a film rupture mechanism of the corrosion process. The related mechanistic considerations are examined for the specific case. Resulting calculations and stress as well as temperature dependence are shown to be in good agreement with the data. More data are needed for further verification under specific conditions of interest.
The Influence of Phosphorous Alloy Additions on the Zinc Phosphate Coating Formation on Cold Rolled Steels
Authors: Kargol James A. , Jordan Donald L. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
One of the more common and economical means of producing cold rolled and annealed sheet steel with high strength and formability is by alloying with phosphorous (P). However, the P alloy additions have been found to increase the porosity in zinc phosphate pretreatment coatings which, in turn, may reduce painted steel corrosion resistance. Electrochemical measurements indicated that P increases phosphate coating porosity by inhibiting hydrogen recombination during the first stages of phosphate coating formation. Abrasive surface conditioning of rephosphorized steel did not remove the inhibiting effect of P; thus, bulk P, and not P that segregated to the surface during annealing, was responsible for the effect.
The Galvanic Corrosion of Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution
Authors: Tsujino Bunzo , Miyase Sunao 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This paper describes a study of the galvanic corrosion of steel coupled to noble metals in sodium chloride solutions. The corrosion behavior was measured by the amount of galvanic current with a zero impedance ammeter and by the weight loss. The galvanic current flowing from the steel is not related to the cathodic metal, but is proportional to the area ratio of the steel to the cathodic metal. The galvanic current density flowing in the cathodic metal is not related to the area ratio or to the nature of the cathodic metal, and approaches the limiting current density for oxygen reduction. Further, local action currents on the steel depend on the area ratio of the steel to the cathodic metal and they are not related to the concentration of sodium chloride in neutral solution.
A Voltammetric Investigation of AC Corrosion Phenomena at an Aluminum Electrode in Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Moore W. Michael , Chen Chia-Tien , Shirn George A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of Al in HCl has been studied by cyclic voltammetry, square-wave chronoamperometry, and square-wave chronopotentiometry. High speed cyclic voltammetry was studied thoroughly, and the effects of temperature, HCl concentration, potential sweep rate, and cathodic potential limit were examined. Relevant parameters that can be determined from the cyclic voltammetric i-V curve include the breakdown and protection potentials for Al, the onset potential for hydrogen evolution, and the magnitude of the anodic and cathodic currents. The degree of passivity, which is reflected in the anodic breakdown potential and the magnitude of the anodic current, decreased with increasing solution temperature and HCl concentration, and increased with higher sweep rates. The nature of the Al passivation that occurs during the cathodic half-cycle depends on the cathodic potential limit. These processes and their relationship to the voltammetric curves are discussed in detail.
The Corrosion of Mild Steel by Biogenic Sulfide Films Exposed to Air
Authors: Hardy J. A. , Bown J. L. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The influence of sulfate-reducing bacteria on the corrosion of mild steel and the effects of subsequent aeration were investigated using test vessels in which the base of the vessel was formed by steel foil test pieces. Corrosion rates were determined by weight loss measurements from foils and bv electrical resistance probe measurements. Corrosion rates of the anaerobic cultures after several days' incubation were low (1.45 mg/dm2/day). However, exposure to air caused very high corrosion rates (129 mg/dm2/d), and metal loss was not uniform; pitting was the characteristic mode of attack and was equivalent to a local thinning rate of greater than 2 in. (5 cm) per year. Pitting appeared to be entirely a function of the type of film that developed on the foil during the incubation period. The attack was confined to areas beneath tubercles that consisted of loosely adherent material as opposed to the hard, tightly adherent films or tarnishes on uncorroded metal.
Mechanism of Iron Oxide Dissolution—A Review of Recent Literature
Authors: Frenier Wayne W. , Growcock Frederick B. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Recent literature concerning the dissolution of iron oxide and removal of iron oxide from metal surfaces is reviewed. Studies of electrochemical phenomena and reaction kinetics are discussed. Rate expressions based on this work are critically examined, and mechanisms for the dissolution of free iron oxide and iron oxide deposited on an iron surface are proposed.
Potentiodynamic Reactivation Method for Detecting Sensitization in AISI 304 and 304L Stainless Steels
Authors: Majidi Azar P. , Streicher Michael A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Electrochemical methods have been proposed as a nondestructive, quantitative means for determining the degree of sensitization associated with the chromium-depleted zones surrounding precipitates of chromium carbides in stainless steels. The use of one such method, the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) test, has been investigated on AISI 304 and 304L stainless steels. Its reproducibility, the effects of scan rate, solution temperature, surface finish, and nonmetallic inclusions were examined. Measurements made with the EPR method were compared with those obtained with the oxalic acid etch test, the ferric sulfate - 50% sulfuric acid test, and the copper sulfate -16% sulfuric acid test of ASTM A 262. Both the EPR and the oxalic acid etch test are nondestructive and can therefore be applied to equipment in the field.
It was found that the reproducibility of the EPR test is good and that comparable results can be obtained with a variety of instruments. Results obtained from a round robin ASTM test program are included. The EPR test provides a sensitive, nondestructive, quantitative measure of relatively small degrees of sensitization to intergranular attack. However, when at least some of the grains are completely surrounded by carbide precipitates, the EPR test is less sensitive (it “saturates”) in differentiating between a range of degrees of sensitization than are the ferric sulfate or copper sulfate tests. Even though it is not a quantitative test, the oxalic acid etch test can also be used as a nondestructive method for identifying material which is free of carbide precipitates, i.e., completely free of sensitization.