bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pain Induced by a Minor Medical Procedure (Bone Marrow Aspiration) in Dogs: Comparison of Pain Scales in a Pilot Study
Authors: Guillot M. , Rialland P. , Nadeau M.‐È. , del Castillo J.R.E. , Gauvin D. , Troncy E. 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundBone marrow aspiration (BMA) is a clinical procedure frequently performed in dogs.ObjectiveTo compare levels of pain intensity induced by 3 differentBMAprocedures using several pain scoring instruments.AnimalsSixteen healthy Beagles.MethodsA prospective experimental pilot study was conducted using blinded observers. Dogs were randomized into 3 groups: iliacBMAunder sedation (Iliac‐Sed, n = 4), sternumBMAunder sedation (Stern‐Sed, n = 4), and sternumBMAon conscious dogs without sedation (Stern‐No‐Sed, n = 8).ResultsUsing theSF‐Glasgowpain scale, the overall pain score in the Stern‐No‐Sed group was lower than that in theStern‐Sedgroup (P = 0.04). Using the 4A‐VETpain scale, the effects of procedures over time on pain scores did not differ between and within groups. An inactivity index indicated that the overall score for theStern‐No‐Sedgroup was significantly lower than the scores for theStern‐SedandIliac‐Sedgroups (P ≤ 0.01). There was a significant association in pain assessment using theSF‐Glasgowand 4A‐VETpain scales (P = 0.0004). When comparing theSF‐Glasgowscale to the 4A‐VETpain scale, the scores for theStern‐No‐Sedgroup were lower compared to those of theStern‐Sedscores (P = 0.03). Based on telemetered motor activity, theIliac‐Sedgroup may have experienced more discomfort during the post‐procedural period.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDogs may experience mild to moderate pain afterBMAprocedures, and the sternal site should be preferred. TheSF‐Glasgowpain scale showed better interobserver reliability, but the 4A‐VETscale was less biased by sedation.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in the carpus and proximal metacarpal region of 50 lame horses
Authors: NAGY A. , DYSON S. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:There is limited information on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in the carpus and proximal metacarpal region of lame horses.Objectives:To document MRI findings in horses with lameness localised to the carpus and/or proximal metacarpal region.Methods:Clinical records of horses that underwent MRI of the carpus and/or proximal metacarpal region at the Animal Health Trust between January 2003 and September 2010 were reviewed. Magnetic resonance images of all horses and available radiographs, ultrasonographic and scintigraphic images were assessed. When possible, MRI findings were related to the results of other diagnostic imaging techniques.Results:Seventy‐two MR studies of 58 lame limbs in 50 horses from a broad range of work disciplines and ages were reviewed. The most commonly detected primary abnormality was decreased signal intensity in T1‐ and T2‐weighted images in the medial aspect of the carpal bones and/or the proximomedial aspect of the metacarpal bones (n = 29). Nine horses had syndesmopathy between the second and third metacarpal bones. In 6 horses the primary abnormalities were identified in the palmar cortex of the third metacarpal bone (McIII). Significant abnormalities of the suspensory ligament (SL) with associated lesions in the adjacent palmar cortex of the McIII were seen in 4 limbs. Ligament and associated osseous abnormalities between the second and third carpal bones and second and third metacarpal bones were detected in 4 limbs.Conclusions and potential relevance:Magnetic resonance imaging enabled diagnosis of a variety of lesions not detected by conventional imaging in horses from a wide range of work disciplines. The distribution of injury types differed considerably from previous studies.
Osteochondrosis and osteochondral fragments in Standardbred trotters: Prevalence and relationships
Authors: LYKKJEN S. , ROED K. H. , DOLVIK N. I. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:Developmental orthopaedic diseases (DOD) such as osteochondrosis (OC)/osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD), palmar/plantar osteochondral fragments (POF), ununited palmar/plantar eminences (UPE) and dorsoproximal first phalanx fragments are well recognised in the horse. Aetiopathogeneses are controversial and molecular genetic screening of DNA has recently been employed for their elucidation. Precise phenotypic definition and knowledge of breed‐specific prevalence and interrelations are essential for the interpretation of following genomic studies in Standardbred trotters.Objectives:To assess the prevalence, trend of development and interrelation of DOD in tarsocrural, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in Standardbred trotters.Methods:The tarsocrural and MCP/MTP joints of 464 Norwegian Standardbred yearlings were radiographed and the prevalence and interrelation of osteochondral lesions calculated.Results:Osteochondral lesions were diagnosed in 50.7% of the horses. The prevalence of tarsocrural OC/OCD at the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIT) and the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus (LTT) was 19.3%. The prevalence of OC/OCD in MCP joints was 3.6%, whereas those of POF and UPE in MCP/MTP joints were 23.1 and 3.9%, respectively. Interrelation was evident for 1) most equivalent lesions in joint homologues, 2) OCD DIT and OCD LTT and 3) POF and UPE. Lesions in hock and fetlock joints were generally not significantly associated.Conclusions:The prevalence of tarsocrural OC/OCD in Norwegian Standardbreds is apparently increasing, whereas that of other articular DOD appears stable. Association analyses verify bilateralism for most equivalent lesions and suggest aetiological resemblance also between other lesions. The absence of a significant association between tarsocrural OCD and POF implies that the lesions must be considered statistically different disorders.Potential relevance:The prevalence results emphasise that DOD should be considered in Standardbred breeding regimens (e.g. by sire selection subsequent to progeny testing). Also, improved phenotypic definitions will help elucidate the true causal genes in following genomic studies.
Excretion of Moxidectin into Breast Milk and Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Lactating Women
Authors: Korth-Bradley Joan M. , Parks Virginia , Chalon Stephan , Gourley Ian , Matschke Kyle , Gossart Sophie , Bryson Philip , Fleckenstein Lawrence 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Moxidectin, registered worldwide as a veterinary antiparasitic agent, is currently under development for humans for the treatment of onchocerciasis in collaboration with the World Health Organization. The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin in healthy lactating women, including the excretion into breast milk. Twelve women, ages 23 to 38 years, weighing 54 to 79 kg, all more than 5 months postpartum, were enrolled, following their plan to wean their infants and provision of informed consent. A single 8-mg, open-label dose was administered orally after consumption of a standard breakfast. Complete milk collection was done for approximately 28 days, and plasma samples were collected for 90 days. Moxidectin concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, with a validated range of 0.08 to 120 ng/ml. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods were used to find the following results: peak concentration in plasma (
C
max
), 87 ± 25 ng/ml; time to
C
max
(
t
max
), 4.18 ± 1.59 h; terminal-phase elimination half-life (
t
1/2
), 832 ± 321 h; total area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), 4,046 ± 1,796 ng·h/ml; apparent oral dose clearance (CL/
F
), 2.35 ± 1.07 l/h; ratio of CL/
F
to the terminal-phase disposition rate constant, λ

z

(V
λ

z

/
F
), 2,526 ± 772 liters; percentage of maternal dose excreted in milk, 0.701 ± 0.299%; absolute amount excreted in milk, 0.056 ± 0.024 mg; relative infant dose, 8.73 ± 3.17% of maternal dose assuming complete absorption; clearance in milk (CL
milk
), 0.016 ± 0.009 liter/h. Nine of 12 subjects reported adverse events, all of which were considered treatment emergent but not drug related and were mostly reported during the long outpatient period 8 to 90 days after dose administration. The most frequently reported adverse events were headache and nausea (
n
= 4), oropharyngeal pain (
n
= 2), rhinitis, viral pharyngitis, and viral upper respiratory tract infection (
n
= 2).
Increased
pfmdr1
Copy Number and Sequence Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Sudanese Malaria Patients Treated with Artemether-Lumefantrine
Authors: Gadalla Nahla B. , Adam Ishag , Elzaki Salah-Eldin , Bashir Sahar , Mukhtar Izdihar , Oguike Mary , Gadalla Amal , Mansour Fathi , Warhurst David , El-Sayed Badria B. , Sutherland Colin J. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Molecular markers for surveillance of
Plasmodium falciparum
resistance to current antimalarials are sorely needed. A 28-day efficacy study of artemether-lumefantrine in eastern Sudan identified 5 treatment failures among 100 evaluable patients; 9 further individuals were parasite positive by PCR during follow-up. Polymorphisms in
pfatpase6
and
pfmdr1
were evaluated by DNA sequencing. One individual carried parasites with a novel
pfmdr1
polymorphism (F1044L).
pfmdr1
gene amplification in parasites prior to treatment occurred in three individuals who had recurrent infection during follow-up.
Plasma and Intracellular Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Tenofovir in HIV-1-Infected Patients
Authors: Baheti Gautam , Kiser Jennifer J. , Havens Peter L. , Fletcher Courtney V. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

The relationships among the dose of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), tenofovir (TFV) plasma concentrations, and intracellular TFV diphosphate (TFV-DP) concentrations are poorly understood. Our objective was to characterize TFV and TFV-DP relationships. Data were pooled from two studies in HIV-infected persons (
n
= 55) on stable antiretroviral therapy. TFV and TFV-DP were measured with validated liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods. Nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM 7) was used to develop the population model and explore the influence of covariates on TFV. A sequential analysis approach was utilized. A two-compartment model with first-order absorption best described TFV PK (FOCEI). An indirect stimulation of response model best described TFV-DP, where formation of TFV-DP was driven by plasma TFV concentration. Final plasma population estimates were as follows: absorption rate constant, 1.03 h
−1
; apparent clearance (CL/F), 42 liters/h (33.5% interindividual variability [IIV]); intercompartment clearance, 181 liters/h; apparent central distribution volume (Vc/F), 273 liters (64.8% IIV); and apparent peripheral distribution volume (Vp/F), 440 liters (46.5% IIV). Creatinine clearance was the most significant covariate on CL/F and Vc/F. The correlation between CL/F and Vc/F was 0.553. The indirect response model for TFV-DP resulted in estimates of the maximal intracellular concentration (
E
max
), the TFV concentration producing 50% of
E
max
(EC
50
), and the intracellular elimination rate constant (
k
out
) of 300 fmol/10
6
cells (82% IIV), 100 ng/ml (106% IIV), and 0.008 h
−1
, respectively. The estimated
k
out
gave an 87-h TFV-DP half-life. A predictive check assessment indicated satisfactory model performance. This model links formation of TFV-DP with plasma TFV concentrations and should facilitate more informed investigations of TFV clinical pharmacology.
PATRIC: the Comprehensive Bacterial Bioinformatics Resource with a Focus on Human Pathogenic Species
Authors: Gillespie Joseph J. , Wattam Alice R. , Cammer Stephen A. , Gabbard Joseph L. , Shukla Maulik P. , Dalay Oral , Driscoll Timothy , Hix Deborah , Mane Shrinivasrao P. , Mao Chunhong , Nordberg Eric K. , Scott Mark , Schulman Julie R. , Snyder Eric E. , Sullivan Daniel E. , Wang Chunxia , Warren Andrew , Williams Kelly P. , Xue Tian , Seung Yoo Hyun , Zhang Chengdong , Zhang Yan , Will Rebecca , Kenyon Ronald W. , Sobral Bruno W. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the
Pat
hosystems
R
esource
I
ntegration
C
enter (PATRIC) is a genomics-centric relational database and bioinformatics resource designed to assist scientists in infectious-disease research. Specifically, PATRIC provides scientists with (i) a comprehensive bacterial genomics database, (ii) a plethora of associated data relevant to genomic analysis, and (iii) an extensive suite of computational tools and platforms for bioinformatics analysis. While the primary aim of PATRIC is to advance the knowledge underlying the biology of human pathogens, all publicly available genome-scale data for bacteria are compiled and continually updated, thereby enabling comparative analyses to reveal the basis for differences between infectious free-living and commensal species. Herein we summarize the major features available at PATRIC, dividing the resources into two major categories: (i) organisms, genomes, and comparative genomics and (ii) recurrent integration of community-derived associated data. Additionally, we present two experimental designs typical of bacterial genomics research and report on the execution of both projects using only PATRIC data and tools. These applications encompass a broad range of the data and analysis tools available, illustrating practical uses of PATRIC for the biologist. Finally, a summary of PATRIC's outreach activities, collaborative endeavors, and future research directions is provided.
Outer Membrane Protein A of Bovine and Ovine Isolates of Mannheimia haemolytica Is Surface Exposed and Contains Host Species-Specific Epitopes
Authors: Hounsome Jonathan D. A. , Baillie Susan , Noofeli Mojtaba , Riboldi-Tunnicliffe Alan , Burchmore Richard J. S. , Isaacs Neil W. , Davies Robert L. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTMannheimia haemolyticais the etiological agent of pneumonic pasteurellosis of cattle and sheep; two different OmpA subclasses, OmpA1 and OmpA2, are associated with bovine and ovine isolates, respectively. These proteins differ at the distal ends of four external loops, are involved in adherence, and are likely to play important roles in host adaptation.M. haemolyticais surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule, and the degree of OmpA surface exposure is unknown. To investigate surface exposure and immune specificity of OmpA among bovine and ovineM. haemolyticaisolates, recombinant proteins representing the transmembrane domain of OmpA from a bovine serotype A1 isolate (rOmpA1) and an ovine serotype A2 isolate (rOmpA2) were overexpressed, purified, and used to generate anti-rOmpA1 and anti-rOmpA2 antibodies, respectively. Immunogold electron microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques demonstrated that OmpA1 and OmpA2 are surface exposed, and are not masked by the polysaccharide capsule, in a selection ofM. haemolyticaisolates of various serotypes and grown under different growth conditions. To explore epitope specificity, anti-rOmpA1 and anti-rOmpA2 antibodies were cross-absorbed with the heterologous isolate to remove cross-reacting antibodies. These cross-absorbed antibodies were highly specific and recognized only the OmpA protein of the homologous isolate in Western blot assays. A wider examination of the binding specificities of these antibodies forM. haemolyticaisolates representing different OmpA subclasses revealed that cross-absorbed anti-rOmpA1 antibodies recognized OmpA1-type proteins but not OmpA2-type proteins; conversely, cross-absorbed anti-rOmpA2 antibodies recognized OmpA2-type proteins but not OmpA1-type proteins. Our results demonstrate that OmpA1 and OmpA2 are surface exposed and could potentially bind to different receptors in cattle and sheep.
Comparative Transcriptional Study of the Putative Mannose Donor Biosynthesis Genes in Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG Strains
Authors: Keiser Tracy L. , Azad Abul K. , Guirado Evelina , Bonacci Robert , Schlesinger Larry S. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTMycobacterium tuberculosiscontains mannosylated cell wall components which are important in macrophage recognition and response. The building block for the mannosyl constituents of these components is GDP-mannose, which is synthesized through a series of enzymes involved in the mannose donor biosynthesis pathway. Nothing is known about the expression levels of the genes encoding these enzymes during the course of infection. To generate transcriptional profiles for the mannose donor biosynthesis genes from virulentM. tuberculosisand attenuatedMycobacterium bovisBCG, bacteria were grown in broth culture and within human macrophages. Our results with broth-grown bacteria show that there are differences in expression of the selected genes betweenM. tuberculosisand BCG, with increased expression ofmanCinM. tuberculosisandmanAin BCG during stationary-phase growth. Results forM. tuberculosisextracted from within macrophages show thatwhiB2is highly expressed andmanBandmanCare moderately expressed during infection.Rv3256c,Rv3258c, andppm1have high expression levels early and decreased expression as the infection progresses. Results with BCG show that, as inM. tuberculosis,whiB2is highly expressed throughout infection, whereas there is either low expression or little change in expression of the remaining genes studied. Overall, our results show that there is differential regulation of expression of several genes in the mannose donor biosynthesis pathway ofM. tuberculosisand BCG grown in broth and within macrophages, raising the possibility that the level of mannose donors may vary during the course of infection and thereby impact the biosynthesis of mannose-containing cell wall molecules.
Role for the Src Family Kinase Fyn in Sphingolipid Acquisition by Chlamydiae
Authors: Mital Jeffrey , Hackstadt Ted 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

The bacterial obligate intracellular pathogen
Chlamydia trachomatis
replicates within a membrane-bound vacuole termed the inclusion. From within this protective environment, chlamydiae usurp numerous functions of the host cell to promote chlamydial survival and replication. Here we utilized a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based screening protocol designed to identify host proteins involved in the trafficking of sphingomyelin to the chlamydial inclusion. Twenty-six host proteins whose deficiency significantly decreased sphingomyelin trafficking to the inclusion and 16 proteins whose deficiency significantly increased sphingomyelin trafficking to the inclusion were identified. The reduced sphingomyelin trafficking caused by downregulation of the Src family tyrosine kinase Fyn was confirmed in more-detailed analyses. Fyn silencing did not alter sphingomyelin synthesis or trafficking in the absence of chlamydial infection but reduced the amount of sphingomyelin trafficked to the inclusion in infected cells, as determined by two independent quantitative assays. Additionally, inhibition of Src family kinases resulted in increased cellular retention of sphingomyelin and significantly decreased incorporation into elementary bodies of both
C. trachomatis
and
Chlamydophila caviae
.
Meeting the demand for more sophisticated study designs. A proposal for a new type of clinical trial: the hybrid design
Authors: Soon Guoxing G , Nie Lei , Hammerstrom Thomas , Zeng Wen , Chu Haitao 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundTreatment effect is traditionally assessed through either superiority or non-inferiority clinical trials. Investigators may find that because of safety concerns and/or wide variability across strata of the superiority margin of active controls over placebo, neither a superiority nor a non-inferiority trial design is ethical or practical in some disease populations. Prior knowledge may allow and drive study designers to consider more sophisticated designs for a clinical trial.DesignIn this paper, the authors propose hybrid designs which may combine a superiority design in one subgroup with a non-inferiority design in another subgroup or combine designs with different control regimens in different subgroups in one trial when a uniform design is unethical or impractical. The authors show how the hybrid design can be planned and how inferences can be made. Through two examples, the authors illustrate the scenarios where hybrid designs are useful while the conventional designs are not preferable.ConclusionThe hybrid design is a useful alternative to current superiority and non-inferiority designs.
Obesity, orbitofrontal structure and function are associated with food choice: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Cohen Jessica I , Yates Kathy F , Duong Michelle , Convit Antonio 
Published: September 2011

ObjectivesObesity is on the rise in the US and is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Emerging evidence over the last decade suggests that obesity may also adversely affect executive function and brain structure. Although a great deal of research focuses on how diet affects the brain and cognitive performance, no study focuses on how food choice may be associated with brain integrity. Here we investigated how lean and overweight/obese (o/o) adults differed in their food choices and how brain structure and cognition may be associated with those choices.DesignAs part of an ongoing study on diabetes and the brain, participants had routine blood work and a research MRI, received a battery of neurocognitive tests, and were instructed to keep a 3-day food diary.Results and conclusionsThe lean group ate more high quality foods and less low quality foods compared to the o/o group. In the o/o group, high quality food choices were associated with orbitofrontal cortex volume. The lean group performed better than the o/o group on neurocognitive measures of executive function, such as the Stroop Interference Test, the Wisconsin Card Sort Test and the Trail Making Test B-A, and on attention and concentration tasks such as the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Taken together, these preliminary data suggest that in obesity poor food choices may be associated with frontal cognitive impairments that may be the result of, or contribute to, decreases in orbitofrontal cortex volume. Therefore, longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate a causal link between food choice and executive functioning.
Temporary transvenous pacing: endangered skill
Authors: Sharma Sumeet , Sandler Belinda , Cristopoulos Christos , Saraf Smriti , Markides Vias , Gorog Diana A 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundTemporary cardiac pacing although is an essential requirement for core medical training (CMT) in UK, there are no defined training measures and guidelines available as to who should perform this.MethodsWe conducted an anonymous survey of 300 non-cardiology medical registrars regarding their individual ability, experience and training received in temporary pacing wire (TPW) insertion.ResultsA total of 202 (67%) responses were received. 61% (123) had not performed any TPW insertion before becoming a registrar. Only18% (38) felt confident in inserting a TPW unsupervised and only14 (7%) had ever received any formal training. The majority, 169 (84%), did not feel that their on-call consultant general physician would be able to perform the procedure.ConclusionThis survey shows that general medical registrars lack a major life-saving skill that is required as part of CMT. Thus, there is now an urgent clinical governance need to either formally train physicians or abandon the concept and practice of general internal medicine-led temporary pacing, and devolve this to cardiologists.