bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased Beta2*‐nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability after chronic ethanol exposure in nonhuman primates
Authors: Cosgrove Kelly P. , Kloczynski Tracy , Bois Frederic , Pittman Brian , Tamagnan Gilles , Seibyl John P. , Krystal John H. , Staley Julie K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEthanol associated behaviors have been linked to the β2‐subunit containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (β2*‐nAChR); however, there is conflicting evidence on ethanol‐induced changes in nAChR expression during and after chronic ethanol consumption. In this study, five male animals orally self‐administered ethanol for 18 ± 1 weeks. Animals were scanned with [123I]5‐IA‐85380 and SPECT prior to ethanol self‐administration, and at 24 h and 5‐13 wks withdrawal. β2*‐nAChR availability was not significantly different from baseline at 24 h withdrawal, but was significantly decreased compared to baseline at 5‐13 wks withdrawal throughout the cortex and in the thalamus, but not the midbrain. The percent decrease in β2*‐nAChR availability from baseline to 5‐13 wks withdrawal in the parietal cortex was negatively correlated with total grams of ethanol consumed in lifetime and in the midbrain was negatively correlated with average daily ethanol consumption (g/kg). Prolonged withdrawal from chronic ethanol consumption is associated with a decrease in β2*‐nAChR availability. The decrease in β2*‐nAChR availability is influenced by alcohol consumption, suggesting the chronicity and severity of alcohol consumption may underlie persistent changes in β2*‐nAChR availability. Synapse 64:729–732, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Making general education matter: Structures and strategies
Authors: Hawthorne Joan , Kelsch Anne , Steen Tom 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWhen the University of North Dakota began working to improve general education, two concerns were recognized. The first issue, which faculty and administrators across campus found immediately engaging, was how to change general education so that it would be a better program, more likely to yield clear student learning benefits. A second concern, less obvious but ultimately more significant, was how to make general education really matter. This cross‐campus faculty engagement in general education goals has been extremely energizing, essentially making the program matter to faculty across disciplines; and this heightened faculty interest is already translating to students as faculty engage more purposefully with the program.
Unifying the undergraduate curriculum through inquiry‐guided learning
Authors: Lee Virginia S. , Ash Sarah 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAt North Carolina State University, inquiry‐guided learning offered a compelling framework for integrating the undergraduate curriculum across general education and the major. Rather than adopting a definition of inquiry‐guided learning as a prescribed set of approaches, participating faculty and staff members agreed on four overarching intended learning outcomes as the distinctive feature of inquiry‐guided learning: critical thinking, habits of independent inquiry, taking responsibility for one's own learning, and intellectual growth and maturity. Regardless of discipline, faculty members were able to translate the outcomes readily into terms that had meaning within their disciplinary context. As a result the outcomes offered a common language that provided unity to the undergraduate experience for faculty members and ultimately for students.
University of the Pacific's bookend seminars on a good society
Authors: Matz Lou 
Published: March 2010

AbstractUniversity of the Pacific is a private, comprehensive university with a College of Arts and Sciences and six professional schools, and with a population of more than four thousand students on its main campus in the ethnically diverse central valley city of Stockton, California. The signature component of Pacific's general education program is the required three Pacific Seminars (PACS) that focus on the question “What is a Good Society?” PACS 1 and 2 are writing‐intensive, discussion‐oriented seminars taken in sequence in the first year, and each course consists of some forty sections of about twenty students per section. PACS 3 is a culminating educational experience taken in the senior year and consists of thirty‐one sections of twenty‐five students per section spread throughout the entire year.
Creating an integrative general education: The Bates experience
Authors: Reich Jill , Head Judy 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA college education has never been so necessary, or so expensive. It is incumbent upon us, the educators, to do it the best we can. The products of our work are not the buildings on our campuses but our students who go out into this complicated and exciting world to serve as its leaders, its citizens, and its workers. The Bates College general education curriculum is used in this chapter to articulate the importance of several integrative goals and processes that make up our new general education curriculum.
Synthesis and Characterization of trans‐PdII Trimethylsilylchalcogenolates
Authors: Niebel Tobias , MacDonald Daniel G. , Khadka Chhatra B. , Corrigan John F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe trans‐bis(trimethylsilyl)chalcogenolate palladium complexes, trans‐[Pd(ESiMe3)2(PnBu3)2] [E = S (1) and Se (2)] were synthesized in good yields and high purity by reacting trans‐[PdCl2(PBu3)2] with LiESiMe3 (E = S, Se), respectively. These complexes were characterized by 1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H} (and 77Se{1H}) NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The reaction of 2 with propionyl chloride led to the formation of trans‐[Pd(SeC(O)CH2CH3)2(PnBu3)2] (3), a trans‐bis(selenocarboxylato) palladium complex and thus established a new method for the formation of this type of complex. Complex 3 was characterized by 1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H} and 77Se{1H} NMR spectroscopy and a single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis.
Ternary Silicides Sc3TSi3 (T = Ru, Rh, Ir, Pt) – Structure, Chemical Bonding, and Solid State NMR
Authors: Harmening Thomas , Mohr Daniel , Eckert Hellmut , Al Alam Adel , Matar Samir F. , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNew complex silicides Sc3TSi3 (T = Ru, Rh, Ir, Pt) were prepared by arc‐melting of the elements. They crystallize with a new orthorhombic structure type, space group Pnma. The four structures were refined from single crystal diffractometer data: a = 1167.6(3), b = 398.20(9), c = 1026.9(2) pm, wR2 = 0.0559, 923 F2 values for Sc3RuSi3, a = 1166.8(1), b = 401.85(5), c = 1019.7(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0355, 819 F2 values for Sc3RhSi3, a = 1160.7(2), b = 402.84(6), c = 1015.1(2) pm, wR2 = 0.0352, 905 F2 values for Sc3IrSi3, and a = 1166.3(1), b = 403.18(5), c = 1019.3(2) pm, wR2 = 0.0465, 917 F2 values for Sc3PtSi3 with 44 variables per refinement. The Sc3TSi3 structures contain complex three‐dimensional [TSi3] polyanionic networks with slightly distorted tetrahedral silicon coordination of the transition metal atoms, e.g. 237–254 pm Ru–Si in Sc3RuSi3. The RuSi4 tetrahedra share common corners along the short unit cell axis and these rows are connected by Si–Si bonds, leading to Si3 units (243–244 pm Si–Si) within the [RuSi3] polyanion. Ab initio electronic structure investigations point to dominating Ru–Si interactions and show strong electron localization around the Si3 units, underlining the polyanionic character. Significant differences in the 45Sc quadrupolar interaction strengths between the three distinct scandium sites in the Sc3TSi3 silicide were detected by lineshape analyses of field dependent 45Sc MAS as well as 2D TQMAS NMR spectroscopic data. By comparing the experimentally obtained quadrupole interaction parameters with theoretically calculated ones a site assignment of the equal intense signals is possible.
Magnetic and Structural Properties of Heusler Compounds with 27.8 Valence Electrons
Authors: Graf Tanja , Barth Joachim , Jung Verena , Gloskovskii Andrei , Balke Benjamin , Felser Claudia 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCo2‐based Heusler compounds with 27.8 valence electrons exhibit an exceptional electronic structure that makes them interesting materials for the application in spintronics. Co2Cr0.6Fe0.4Al is the most prominent example of this particular family of compounds. In this article new materials of this class are tested with respect to their structural and magnetic properties. X‐ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and SQUID magnetometry were carried out to characterize the compounds. The use of Co2Fe0.45Ti0.55Ge as a new material in spintronic devices is suggested.
Untersuchungen zu Reaktionen des Diphosphanylsilans iPr2Si(PH2)2 mit Erdalkalimetallsilazaniden
Authors: von Hänisch Carsten , Kopecky Peter 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe reaction of iPr2Si(PH2)2 (1) with [Ca{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF)2] at 25 °C in molar ratio 1:1 yields the compound [Ca3{iPr2Si(PH)2}3(THF)6] (2). Compound 2 consists of two Ca2P3 trigonal bipyramids with one conjoint calcium corner and SiiPr2 bridged phosphorus atoms. In contrast, the same reaction at 60 °C yield the complex [Ca({P(SiiPr2)2PH}2(THF)4] (3). The isotype strontium compound [Sr({P(SiiPr2)2PH}2(THF)4] (4) was obtained from the reaction of iPr2Si(PH2)2 with [Sr{N(SiMe3)2}2(DME)2]. The Compounds 2–4 were characterised by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis as well as IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques.
Extraction and Analysis of Tomato Seed Oil
Authors: Eller F. J. , Moser J. K. , Kenar J. A. , Taylor S. L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTomato seeds represent a very large waste by‐product from the processing of tomatoes into products such as tomato juice, sauce and paste. One potential use for these seeds is as a source of vegetable oil. This research investigated the oil content of tomato seeds using several extraction techniques as well as an examination of the oil extracts to determine the composition of the minor constituents such as phytosterol and antioxidant composition. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of the tomato seed oils were also measured and correlated with antioxidant contents. This research demonstrated that tomato seed oil yield was highest using hot ethanol and followed by hot hexane and finally SC‐CO2. The SC‐CO2 treatment, however, had the highest total phytosterol content as well as highest individual phytosterol content. Sitosterol, cycloartanol, and stigmasterol were the most abundant phytosterols present in the extracts. The highest concentrations of antioxidants were found in the hexane extract. The most abundant antioxidants found in the tomato seed oils were all‐trans‐lycopene, cis‐3‐lycopene and β‐carotene. ORAC was highest for the hexane extract. Oil yield was inversely proportional to both α‐tocopherol and γ‐tocopherol content and positively correlated with cis‐3‐lycopene content. ORAC values were positively correlated with only all‐trans‐lycopene and cis‐3‐lycopene demonstrating their role as antioxidants in the tomato seed oil.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Sorghum Bug (Agonoscelis pubescens) Oil Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Mariod Abdalbasit Adam , Abdelwahab Siddig Ibrahim , Gedi Mohamed Abdulkadir , Solati Zeinab 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSupercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of sorghum bug oil (SBO) with carbon dioxide was performed and compared with Soxhlet extraction using hexane. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the effects of pressure (200–400 bar) and temperature (50–70 °C) on the sorghum bug oil yield in SC‐CO2. The high extraction yield (more than 45.0%) was obtained at 300 bar and 60 °C followed by 400 bar and 70 °C, while the lower yield was obtained at 159 bar and 60 °C. At low pressure levels (159 and 200 bar), the oil yield decreased due to the reduced density of CO2 at higher temperatures. Gas chromatography was used to characterize the fatty acids of the oils obtained while α‐tocopherol was quantified by HPLC. No differences were found in the fatty acid compositions of the various extracts, while the α‐tocopherol extracted from sorghum bug oil by the conventional solvent method was less than that extracted by the SFE process using CO2. It can be observed that the conventional solvent extraction method exhibited notable DPPH radical‐scavenging activity, with an efficacy slightly lower (IC50 7.45 ± 0.3) than that of the SFE extracts.
Nanoprobe measurements of materials at megabar pressures
Authors: Wang Lin , Ding Yang , Yang Wenge , Liu Wenjun , Cai Zhonghou , Kung Jennifer , Shu Jinfu , Hemley Russell J. , Mao Wendy L. , Mao Ho-kwang 
Published: March 2010

The use of nanoscale x-ray probes overcomes several key limitations in the study of materials up to multimegabar (> 200) pressures, namely, the spatial resolution of measurements of multiple samples, stress gradients, and crystal domains in micron to submicron size samples in diamond-anvil cells. Mixtures of Fe, Pt, and W were studied up to 282 GPa with 250–600 nm size synchrotron x-ray absorption and diffraction probes. The probes readily resolve signals from individual materials, between sample and gasket, and peak pressures, in contrast to the 5-μm-sized x-ray beams that are now becoming routine. The use of nanoscale x-ray beams also enables single-crystal x-ray diffraction studies in nominally polycrystalline samples at ultrahigh pressures, as demonstrated in measurements of (Mg,Fe)SiO
3
postperovskite. These capabilities have potential for driving a push toward higher maximum pressures and further miniaturization of high-pressure devices, in the process advancing studies at extreme conditions.
Cytosolic Action of Phytochelatin Synthase
Authors: Blum Ralph , Meyer Katrin C. , Wünschmann Jana , Lendzian Klaus J. , Grill Erwin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Glutathionylation of compounds is an important reaction in the detoxification of electrophilic xenobiotics and in the biosynthesis of endogenous molecules. The glutathione conjugates (GS conjugates) are further processed by peptidic cleavage reactions. In animals and plants, γ-glutamyl transpeptidases initiate the turnover by removal of the glutamate residue from the conjugate. Plants have a second route leading to the formation of γ-glutamylcysteinyl (γ-GluCys) conjugates. Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) is well known to mediate the synthesis of heavy metal-binding phytochelatins. In addition, the enzyme is also able to catabolize GS conjugates to the γ-GluCys derivative. In this study, we addressed the cellular compartmentalization of PCS and its role in the plant-specific γ-GluCys conjugate pathway in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Localization studies of both Arabidopsis PCS revealed a ubiquitous presence of AtPCS1 in Arabidopsis seedlings, while AtPCS2 was only detected in the root tip. A functional AtPCS1:eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) fusion protein was localized to the cytosolic compartment. Inhibition of the vacuolar import of GS-bimane conjugate via azide treatment resulted in both a strong accumulation of γ-GluCys-bimane and a massive increase of the cellular cysteine to GS-bimane ratio, which was not observed in PCS-deficient lines. These findings support a cytosolic action of PCS. Analysis of a triple mutant deficient in both Arabidopsis PCS and vacuolar γ-glutamyl transpeptidase GGT4 is consistent with earlier observations of an efficient sequestration of GS conjugates into the vacuole and the requirement of GGT4 for their turnover. Hence, PCS contributes specifically to the cytosolic turnover of GS conjugates, and AtPCS1 plays the prominent role. We discuss a potential function of PCS in the cytosolic turnover of GS conjugates.
Patterns of web linking to heterogeneous groups of companies
Authors: Romero‐Frías Esteban , Vaughan Liwen 
Published: March 2010

PurposeThe paper seeks to extend co‐link analysis to web sites of heterogeneous companies belonging to different industries and countries, and to cluster companies by industries and compare results from different countries.Design/methodology/approachWeb sites of 255 companies that belong to five stock exchange indexes were included in the study. Data on co‐links pointing to these web sites were gathered using Yahoo!. Co‐link data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS) to generate MDS maps that would position companies based on their co‐link counts.FindingsComparisons of results across different countries and economies showed the following overall pattern: companies whose businesses are information‐based tend to form well‐defined clusters, while companies operating on a more traditional business model tend not to form clear groups. A comparison between the EU zone and the USA suggests that the EU economy is not well integrated yet.Practical implicationsThe findings from the study suggest the possibility of using co‐link analysis to distinguish information‐based industries from traditional industries.Originality/valueThe paper extends co‐link analysis from a single industry to heterogeneous industries with global and complex business phenomena.
Mood foods: working mothers
'
receptiveness to food with stress-relief properties
Authors: Clare Gamble Joanna , Maree Bava Christina , Wohlers Mark 
Published: March 2010

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to understand stress triggers frequently experienced by relatively affluent working mothers of young children, to explore the situational context surrounding the various coping strategies used and to assess the value of foods specifically targeted at affecting stress (i.e. “mood foods”). Women with young children were selected as the focus because the greater dependency of young children creates the potential for significant work-family conflicts.

Design/methodology/approach
– A two-staged study explored the stressors that mothers with young children encounter and identified their means of coping. Four fruit-based products (atomiser, pill, chocolate, drink) were then presented and the mothers
'
receptivity to them assessed.

Findings
– Some common coping strategies were viewed positively as behaviours the women wished to retain, but other strategies such as crying, yelling/shouting or drinking alcohol involved behaviours with which they were less happy. Time restraints limited the choice of coping strategy. Over three-quarters of the women in the study were interested in a fruit-based product with naturally occurring stress-relief properties that could either replace these behaviours or be used in tandem with acceptable behaviours, preference depending on the situation.

Research limitations/implications
– Once beyond a conceptual stage, further research using techniques such as non-hypothetical markets should be conducted with a broader section of the public in order to determine the true value of such products.

Originality/value
– The research demonstrates that the range of stress-relief strategies, and their use by women with young children are highly dependent on the situation. In addition, it confirms the willingness to try a novel fruit-based product that could assist in stress relief.
The effect of environmental information on professional purchasers
'
preference for food products
Authors: Biel Anders , Grankvist Gunne 
Published: March 2010

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to examine how variation in product information about environmental consequences could make professional food purchasers inclined to choose more environmentally friendly alternatives.

Design/methodology/approach
– In an internet-based experiment, the paper systematically varies environmental and price information about food products and measures the effects on product choice. In addition, the paper varies the condition of choice.

Findings
– More complex and detailed environmental information, compared with simpler and less detailed information, was paired with a stronger preference for environmentally benign products. This effect was accentuated when the task was to minimize costs compared with that to promote the environment. Negative information, which is bad for the environment, had a stronger effect than positive information.

Originality/value
– The research shows that detailed information emphasising potentially destructive environmental consequences may promote the choice of environmentally sustainable products among professional purchasers.
Experts
'
perspectives on the implementation of traceability in Europe
Authors: V. Kher Swaroop , J. Frewer Lynn , De Jonge Janneke , Wentholt Meike , Howell Davies Olivia , B. Lucas Luijckx Niels , J. Cnossen Hilde 
Published: March 2010

Purpose
– The research presented in this paper aims at understanding the views of European food risk management experts on food traceability implementation, implementation of the general food law, and the advantages the system can offer for effective risk mitigation.

Design/methodology/approach
– Delphi methodology was applied to understand experts
'
views on the efficiency of existing traceability systems in Europe following the implementation of the General Food Law. An internet survey was administered in two rounds, in order to elicit expert views on changes needed to current traceability practices, if traceability systems are to contribute to improved food safety.

Findings
– Traceability was considered to be an effective safety- and quality-monitoring system with potential to improve safety within food chains, as well as increasing consumer confidence in food safety and consumer protection. However, the results underlined the need for further improvements, particularly regarding the definition of food chain traceability, enforcement of regulations, and harmonisation of practice.

Research limitations/implications
– Expert opinion regarding food traceability and its implementation was confined to Europe and the impact of European legislation. Further research at a global level is needed, given the need to trace food and food ingredients across the regional boundaries imposed by European legislation, the increased globalisation of food chains, and the need for pan-global harmonisation of food traceability legislation.

Originality/value
– The results provide important insights into the advantages and shortcomings of the present European traceability approach enshrined in the European General Food Law.
Acting under spatial restrictions: success factors of German local food-marketing networks
Authors: Heer Ines , Mann Stefan 
Published: March 2010

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify success variables for local food networks in Germany.

Design/methodology/approach
– The approach takes the form of a written questionnaire sent to local food networks and statistical analysis to explain success indicators for networks.

Findings
– The analysis shows that vertical penetration, i.e. the inclusion of many different sectors in the network, increases the success of the network in terms of turnover. Another factor increasing the success of a network is whether small food enterprises like bakers or butchers are in charge of it.

Research limitations/implications
– There is a difficulty in identifying general success factors of networks with different objectives.

Originality/value
– This is the first analysis integrating vertical integration and quantitative integration as success factors.