bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Kantian Influence on Humboldt’s Linguistic Thought
Authors: Slagle Uhlan V. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Humboldt’s theory of language reflects Kant’s influence to a far greater extent than is generally realized. In fact, Kantian cognitive and perceptual universals play a crucial role in the later formulations of Humboldt’s linguistic thinking. Indeed, not only did Humboldt derive the universals of grammatical case from the Kantian categories of relation in his mature work, but he also applied Kant’s schema concept in a systematic way to the fundamental problems of language during his last period of scholarly activity. Moreover, it can be shown that the Kantian aspects of his theory do not conflict with his widely quoted and misinterpreted formulations concerning the nature of linguistic diversity. It is suggested that much of the confusion in regard to just what Humboldt actually meant would have been dispelled long ago had researchers made adequate use of two neglected, but extremely important, major manuscripts from his mature period. More importantly still, one can plausibly argue that Humboldt was correct in assuming that Kant, not Descartes, provided linguistics with the key for dealing adequately with the central problems of language and mind.
Adam Smith and the beginnings of language typology
Authors: Coseriu Eugenio 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The purpose of this paper was to show that Adam Smith (1729–90) contributed significantly to the development of language typology and, as a corollary, to demonstrate the connection between Smith’s and the German theory. For this purpose, Coseriu analyzed Smith’s ideas on language typology as he developed them in his Dissertation (1761). There, Smith presented a bipartite system grouping languages into compounded and uncompounded languages. The article evaluates from a contemporary vantage point, Smith’s system and offers the following observations based on three criteria: (1) structural: Smith’s principle is still valid: The simpler the composition, the more complex the case endings, and vice versa; (2) general-evolutionary: Smith does not always presuppose language mixing as a cause for language change; (3) concrete-historical: Regarding language change, Smith believes that periphrasis is the result of imperfect second-language learning. He also believes that structural change in language is a gradual change. In addition, Coseriu analyzes A. W. Schlegel’s ideas on language typology as he developed them in his Observations (1818). Comparing Schlegel’s presentation with that of Smith, the author arrives at the following conclusions: All of Smith’s theories on language typology reappear in Schlegel’s work. Beyond that Schlegel contributed additional insights, such as the assumption that the mixing of two synthetic languages will result in an analytic language; the introduction of new terminology (e.g., the terms synthetic and analytic); and the expansion of the analytic method by adding other parts of speech (articles, for instance). As a result of these findings, the conclusion is made that A. W. Schlegel changed Smith’s theories as follows: (1) The theories become enlarged and better founded. (2) Smith’s typology was reduced to a single language classification; i.e., Smith’s classification now becomes a subdivision of inflected languages into synthetic and analytic.
Contributors to the beginnings of language typology
Authors: Haggblade Elisabeth 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Coseriu’s article, “Adam Smith und die Anfänge der Sprachtypologie”, (the translation of which precedes this article) served as the stimulus for this discussion of the contributions several scholars have made to the beginnings of language typology. The works of A. W. Schlegel, Friedrich Schlegel, Adam Smith, and Gabriel Girard are reviewed in an attempt to place the beginnings of language typology in perspective. Although several parallels are evident in the classification systems of these four, some differences, particularly with respect to the role that language development played, do exist. For example, both Smith and A. W. Schlegel considered the influence of language development, while Friedrich Schlegel did not. Moreover, both Smith and A. W. Schlegel were aware of the effect of the linguistic environment on language; they realized that language changes even in linguistic isolation, although they differed in their reasoning. A comparison between Smith’s and Girard’s systems reveals that the criteria for their classification systems were reversed. Contrary to Smith, Girard considered uninflected languages (analogues – and fixed word order) to be more logical than inflected languages (transpositives – and free word order). Smith also maintained that inflected (uncompounded) languages – and free word order – developed first because indicating modification by changing the structure of the word itself requires less abstract reasoning than does periphrasing with fixed word order.
Alfred Tonnellé Als Übersetzer und Interpret Wilhelm Von Humboldts
Authors: Kaltz Barbara 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In view of the reception of Wilhelm von Humboldt’s linguistic writings in 19th-century France, it seems appropriate to draw attention to Alfred Tonnelle (1831–58), who translated Humboldt’s Über das Entstehen der grammatischen Formen (1822) into French, and prepared what he called an analyse of Humboldt’s Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues (1836). Both texts were published posthumously in 1859 and appear to be little known among historiographers of linguistics. In spite of its tentative character (it was not originally intended for publication), Tonnellé’s Entstehen translation can be said to meet the major requirement for translations as it was set by Humboldt himself (einfache Treue). Unlike Schasler (1847), Gaudefroy-Demombynes (1931) and Valverde (1955), Tonnellé’s analyse of Über die Verschiedenheit is not a critical study of the text, but rather a short summary of the most important ideas put forward by Humboldt; it consists in fact of occasional commentaries, literal translations of selected paragraphs, and summarizing passages.
La Première Société De Linguistique – Paris 1837?
Authors: Auroux Sylvain 
Published: November 2010

RésuméUn article de J. Vendryes (1955), a popularisé le mythe, repris par Ε. Benveniste (1971) selon lequel la première société de linguistique, serait la Société de Linguistique de Paris, fondée en 1866. K. Koerner signalait en 1976 l’existence d’une société antérieure: la Société Internationale de Linguistique (71856–60). Le présent article est une étude sur une société de linguistique, ayant existé à Paris de 1837 à 1840, avec pour organe le ‘Journal de la langue française et des langues en général’. Une étude de l’apparition (1812) et de l’emploi du vocable ‘linguistique’ en français, permet de conjecturer qu’il s’agit selon toute vraisemblance de la première société portant ce titre. L’A. analyse son règlement, les conditions de son apparition, et de son échec qu’il relie à celui de la seconde génération des romanistes français du 19ème siècle. On trouvera également des remarques sur les rapports de la grammaire générale et de la linguistique à l’époque, une présentation des différentes sociétés savantes concernant le langage dans la première moitié du 19ème siècle, ainsi qu’une liste des membres de la société de linguistique, comprenant des renseignements bio-bibliographiques. L’étude montre qu’il est indispensable d’envisager le developpement de la linguistique du point de vue de la sociologie de la science.
Nouvelles Remarques a Propos De L’Abandon Par Trubetzkoy Des Oppositions Disjointes
Authors: Viel Michel 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Quand, et pour quelles raisons, Trubetzkoy a-t-il renoncé à la division jakobsonienne de 1927 des oppositions phonologiques en corrélations et disjonctions? Martinet et Vachek ont apporté leur témoignage. L’étude de la correspondance de Trubetzkoy a permis à G. M. Eramian (1978) de resserrer la chronologie. L’auteur de cet article rappelle les faits en ajoutant de nouveaux documents, et essaie d’expliquer les différents arguments sur la date – entre 1933 et 1935 (§ 1). Il rapproche cet événement de l’abandon presque contemporain du recours à la conscience linguistique dans la description phonologique (1933–34) tout en signalent que la rareté et la brieveté des citations touchant à la faiblesse de la dichotomie initiale suggèrent une période d’incertitude chez Trubetzkoy (§ 2). Il fait état d’une classification peu connue des ‘individualités’, donnée en tête d’un recueil d’articles de Trubetzkoy (1927) relatif au movement ‘eurasien’. Cette classification complexe préfigure celle des oppositions phonologiques, sans qu’il soit possible de reporter directement les catégories ‘eurasiennes’ en linguistique. Il conclut à l’opportunité de prendre en compte une sorte de nécessité psychologique du classement chez Trubetzkoy (§ 3).
Das ‘Universal Vocabulario’ Des Alfonso Fernández De Palencia (1490) und Seine Quelle
Authors: Niederehe Hans-Josef 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Two years before the Dictionarium ex sermone Latino in hispaniensem of the great humanist Elio Antonio de Nebrija (1441–1522), there appeared in Seville the Vniversal vocabulario en latin y en Romance collegido por el cronista Alfonso de Palentia. This dictionary is printed in two columns; the left-hand column contains a Latin-Latin lexicon, the right-hand one a Latin-Spanish lexicon. The latter is not an independent work; rather the Latin interpretations are here simply translated into Spanish. The authors of both dictionaries state expressly their intention of ‘rooting out’ the corrupt medieval Latin and providing a means of returning to a good form of classical Latin. However, a closer examination of the sources of the Vniversal vocabulario shows that it is based exclusively on a medieval lexicon of the 11th century, namely, on the Elementarium Doctrinae rudimentum of a certain Papias, about whom nothing further is known. The similarity between the two dictionaries is so great that the Vniversal vocabulario can simply be regarded as a reasonably faithful version of the Elementarium Doctrinae rudimentum. As a result, the achievement of Alfonso Fernández de Palencia is reduced to that of a mere translator.
A Propos Des ‘Circunloquios’ Du Verbe Castillan Chez Nebrija
Authors: Tollis Francis 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The purpose of this contribution is to study the ‘Nombre Participial Infinito’ (NPI), one of the elements of speech taken into account for the Castilian language in Nebrija’s Gramática Castellana. In order to facilitate – later on and to others – the approach of what originality this discrimination may have, we have first studied the suggested definition which is supposed to establish its existence, next to the participle, the substantive noun and the infinitive. Then we have closely examined the position it is given in the ‘circunloquios’ of the verb, and particularly in the periphrasis containing ‘aver’ in ante-position, compared, for the sake of the demonstration, with periphrases with ‘aver’ in postposition (future and conditional). We have come to some conclusions on the opinion Nebrija seems to have formed on the part played in it by the NPI placed after, at a time when its invariability can already be considered as permanent and the disappearance, to the benefit of ‘aver’ only, of the ‘aver/ser’ rivalry in the making of the compound forms of the active voice, as definitely established.
Norma, Uso Y Autoridad En La Teoría Lingüística Del Siglo XVI
Authors: Yvancos José María Pozuelo 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The paper discusses the significance of the concepts of ‘norm’ and ‘usage’ in the linguistic debate in 16th-century Spain. The understanding of what should be accepted as ‘norm’ and what as ‘(grammatical) correctness’ was far from uniform in that period. The concept of ‘authority’ with regard to these questions reveals various interpretations; it is by no means a simple transfer of a Latin classicist model. The authority on what should be regarded as ‘standard’ in the 16th-century discussion appears to have been established along the lines of the importance given to ‘usage’ and the meaning that each grammarian attached to this term. In this paper, altogether three positions are identified: (1) A number of scholars support the Quintilian codification and maintain the classical tradition; (2) others do not recognize any other authority but that of ‘common usage’, understood as the linguistic habits of the speakers, either in terms of a speech community (Valdés), or in terms of the individual speaker (Aldrete), and 3) those who consider ‘reason’, i.e., logic, as the sole principle guiding both grammatical doctrine and linguistic usage (Sanctius).
Sprachwandel und Etymologie in Der Spanischen Sprachwissenschaft Des Siglo De Oro
Authors: Bahner Werner 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The Renaissance constitutes a new phase in the history of linguistics. The study of modern languages in particular contributed to enlarge the scope of philological concern as scholars try to promote and to codify a young national language. During this time philologists give particular attention to the origin of these vernaculars, distinguishing the different stages in their evolution and developing an especial awareness of chronology. For the representatives of a national philology, Latin is the starting point, the mould according to which the vernaculars are described and classified. Soon, however, more and more traits are recognized which are particular to these living languages, and which do not agree with the traditions of Latin grammar. On the one hand, modifications on the theoretical level are called for, and, on the other, there is a good opportunity to demonstrate the particularity of a given vernacular.
All these tendencies can be found for the first time in the writings on Cas-tillian by the great philologist Antonio de Nebrija (1444–1522). Nebrija recognized a series of phonetic correspondences which, much later in the 19th century, are transformed into ‘phonetic laws’ by a rigorous methodology. In so doing the elaboration of orthographic principles had been for him a stimulus for his explications. In his “Diálogo de la lengua”, Juan de Valdés (devoted himself more extensively to the social aspects of Castillian, to linguistic changes, and to the historical causes for the distribution of Romance languages on the Iberian peninsula, stressing expecially the role of the ‘Reconquista’. The work of Bernardo José de Aldrete (1560–1641) offers a synthesis of all these efforts concerning the evolution of Castillian. He discusses all the substrata and superstrata of the language, sketches the different stages of development of his native tongue, examines Old Castillian with the help of medieval texts, and exploits what Nebrija had noted about the phonetic correspondences. In terms of scholarship, Aldrete’s work constitutes the culmination point in the movement engaged in supporting the rights of the Castillian language et in documenting its sovereignity vis-à-vis the Latin tradition.
The semiotic aspects of Sanctius’ Minerva
Authors: Claramonte Manuel Breva 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The purpose of this paper is to delineate Sanctius’ views on signs. To achieve this goal those passages have been analized in which the author made direct mention of signs as well as those where the reference is implicit. The first part of this study covers the historical background leading to Sanctius. The second, by far the longest, focuses on Sanctius, in particular his views on interjectional, gestural, and linguistic signs. Among the latter, the word and the sentence as instrumental signs reflecting reality are considered. The third and final part attempts to show how his theory possibly influenced Juan Pablo Bonet’s gesture language. It is concluded that although Sanctius is not a semioticist, his linguistic theorizing rests upon the broader knowledge provided by the field of what we now call semiotics.
José Celestino Mutis (1732–1808) and the Report on American Languages Ordered By Charles III of Spain for Catherine THE Great of Russia
Authors: Tovar Consuelo Larrucea de 
Published: November 2010

Summary
It is well known that the Empress Catherine II of Russia had a personal interest in linguistics. She began to collect words and she even prepared a word list of different languages of her Empire and of the world. It is also known that she asked the King of Spain Charles III for information on the American languages. But even in the most recent bibliography many details are missing. A research in the archives of Madrid and Bogotá has permitted the discovery of many unknown details. We could find documented the petition of St.-Petersburg, the sending of documents of the Empress to Madrid, and the King’s orders, particularly to the Viceking of Nueva Granada, with their realisation, in which the great naturalist Mutis has had an important part. The Empress also asked for Spanish books on the languages of Philippines and Japan.
Conocimiento, Lenguaje Y Gramatica En La Obra De Andrés Bello (1781–1865)
Authors: Urrutia Hernán 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Andrés Bello (1781–1865) is the most important Spanish grammarian of the 19th century. In his work, he attempts to apply a scientific objectivity, free from any dogmatism, to the study of language and social reality with a view to improving man and his community: Social progress, and not simply individual progress, is one of the driving ideas of his work. In linguistics, the source of his inspiration was general grammar, both synchronic and pedagogical. His work reaches its crowning in his Grammar of the Castillian Language for the use of Spanish-Americans of 1847. In his conception, it is the goal of norms and of the respect of usage that they determine to continually remind the community of speakers of a particular behaviour in order to avoid the bad consequences of a cultural and linguistic disruption. It is in the light of earlier considerations that Andrés Bello brings to bear all his concern for the preservation of the Spanish cultural heritage, in particular the common language as an instrument of communication and integration, and as the repository capitalizing on the cultural language. In this way, he appears to us, apart from his eminent position of renewer of the study of Spanish grammar, as the initiator of the immense task which consists of the development of a socio-cultural and linguistic variant within the Spanish unity. He thus contributed, in a decisive manner, to the formation of an Spanish-American man who is conscious of his tradition and his historical place in the world.
Pasado Y Presente Del “Diccionario De Construcción Y Regimen De La Lengua Castellana”
Authors: Dapena José-Álvaro Porto 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The vicissitudes of the Diccionario de construcción y régimen de la lengua castellana (DCR) constitutes an interesting chapter in the history of Spanish linguistics. Conceived in 1872 by Rufino José Cuervo (d.1911) and later continued, since 1949, by the Insitute Caro y Cuervo in Bogota, Colombia, this dictionary has as its goal the study, in an historical perspective, of words which in Spanish present certain syntactical pecularities, either by virtue of government or because of the particular constructions to which they give rise. The history of the elaboration of the DCR can be divided into two distinct periods: an initial phase from its conception to 1896, and the phase of continuation from then onwards.
The initial phase: Although Cuervo’s lexicographic preoccupations date from his youth, the DCR represents its major achievement. Work on it began in June 1872, with the collection of the material, namely, texts corresponding to all periods of the language. It is not clear when exactly the actual compilation of the dictionary was begun, but 1879 appears to be the most likely date, i.e., three years prior to his arrival in Paris, where he put together and published the result of his labours. The first two (out of six projected) tomes appeared in 1886 (letters A and B) and in 1893 (letters C and D), respectively. By 1896, the work was interrupted, largely for financial reasons, despite efforts from Latin-American states during the last years of Cuervo’s life.
The period of continuation: Following an extended period of discussion, the Colombian government charges the Institute Caro y Cuervo (which had largely been created for that reason in 1942) to continue the project. In 1949, the work was begun, headed by the Colombian F. A. Martinez. Until 1972, he worked toward the completion of the work begun by Cuervo, including the publication of articles already written by the latter, on tome III. In 1959, 1961, and 1973, the first three fascicles of the volume appeared. Since then, and following the appointment of J. A. Porto Dapena in 1973, some twelve additional fascicles have been published, which have thus far brought Tome III near to completion.
Ramón Menéndez Pidal as Etymologist
Authors: Malkiel Yakov 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Like most Romance scholars of his generation, Ramón Menéndez Pidal was an accomplished etymologist. In most instances, his etymological verdicts enter into broader historico-grammatical, dialectological, and narrowly philological investigations, from which they can be laboriously distilled. Nevertheless, one also discovers exercises, of varying length, in ‘pure etymology’. The most important, among these, are (a) a string of etymological notes w>hich appeared as a single article in a French journal, in 1900; (b) the book-length glossary included in his monumental edition of the Cantar de Mio Cid (1908–11); (c) the extended review article (1920) devoted to the original edition of W. Meyer-Lübke’s Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch; and (d) a major section of the Orígenes del español – the book that marks the author’s summit in matters of linguistic analysis and betrays a thoroughly personal style. The material subjected to assessment shows the major progress achieved by the author in a quarter-century of continued growth.