bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations on Preileal Digestion of Starch from Grain, Potato and Manioc in Horses
Authors: Meyer H. , Radicke S. , Kienzle E. , Wilke S. , Kleffken D. , Illenseer M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn this study preileal starch digestibility of starchy feeds (oats, corn, barley, potatoes, manioc) was determined in seven jejunofistulated horses. The grains were fed whole (oats, corn), rolled (oats, barley), crushed, ground and expanded (corn); the potatoes were fresh, the manioc rolled. Ground corn was also fed in combination with amylase. The feeds were fed partly isolated or in combination with alfalfa meal or hay (Table 1). At least four horses with a cannula in the terminal jejunum were used for each diet. Two meals per day were offered at 12 h intervals. The starch intake was mostly about 2 g/kg bw/meal, except one period with oats (3.9 g starch/kg bw) and with expanded corn (1.4 g/kg bw). Jejunal chyme was postprandially collected 11 times (from 1st to the 11th h after the morning meal for 15 min). Starch was determined polarimetrically. The preileal digestibility of starch was calculated by the marker method (chromic oxide 0.25% DM) and by estimating the total jejunoileal chyme flow during 12 h postprandially extrapolating the sample volume from the 15 min sampling periods. The results of both methods agreed quite well. Preileal digestibility of oat starch (80–90%) was (independent of doses or preparation or of the combination with hay, Table 4) significantly higher than that of whole or crushed corn (30%) or barley (26%). Grinding of corn significantly increased preileal digestibility to 51%, expanding to 90%. The addition of amylase improved digestion of ground corn by 10% (absolute). The preileal digestibility of potato or manioc was less than 10%. Individual factors in the horse (chewing intensity, amylase activity) had also considerable influence on preileal starch digestibility.
Prochymosin Polymorphism in Calves of Black‐and‐White Cattle and their Crosses with Simental Bulls
Authors: Wiśliński M. , Popielarz M. , Bobowiec R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryPolymorphism of prochymosin was observed in individual calf abomasa, using agarose gel electrophoresis followed by detection of proteolytic activity. Abomasum samples were randomly collected during slaughtering from 239 and 146 calves (3–5 weeks old) of Black‐and‐White cattle and their crosses with Simental bulls, respectively. Four distinct prochymosins were found and, according to their decreasing electrophoretic mobility in alkaline agarose gel, termed as prochymosin A, D, B and C which occurred singly and in pairs (then with equal proteolytic activities of both components). Prochymosin A, B and C (designation according to Foltmann, 1966) activated at pH 4.7 was transformed into electrophoretically distinct chymosin. When prochymosin D was activited at this pH, chymosin D showed similar mobility as chymosin B both at alkaline and acidic pHs. Prochymosin variants occurred at genetical equilibrium in nine and ten phenotypes in the first and second genetic group. The distribution of phenotypes in the two groups differed significantly (P < 0.05). The gene frequencies of prochymosin A, D, B and C were 0.35, 0.11, 0.52 and 0.02 in Black‐and‐White calves, and 0.39, 0.08, 0.47 and 0.06 in crosses, respectively. These prochymosins were controlled by four pairs of codominant alleles.A possible correlation of the results obtained by Foltmann (1966) with ours and those of ASATO and Rand (1972, 1977) was discussed.
Long‐Term Treatment of Diseased, FIV‐Seropositive Field Cats with Azidothymidine (AZT)
Authors: Hart S. , Nolte I. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe long‐term effectiveness of Azidothymidine (AZT, Zidovudine) was evaluated in FIV‐seropositive cats with clinical symptoms (n = 9; Group 1) compared with conventional symp‐tomatical therapy (n = 5; Group 2). The oral administration of Azidothymidine at a dosage of 5 mg/kg BW yielded a mean peak plasma concentration of 4.59 μM one hour after application (median: 3.74 μM). Elimination half time was 1.5 h.The permanent oral application of Azidothymidine at a dosage of 5 mg/kg BW TID led to a total recovery from clinical symptoms in six of nine FIV‐seropositive cats (Group 1) 4–6 weeks after the onset of therapy. One cat clinically improved with only sporadical recurrence of disease; therapy with Azidothymidine was not effective in two cats.All the FIV‐seropositive cats treated symptomatically responded well to antibiotics and immunomodulators within 10–14 days (n = 5; Group 2). Recurrence of clinical symptoms was noticed in three of five patients within 2 years after therapy and one cat died.During the treatment with Azidothymidine hyperproteinemia and abnormal albumin‐to‐globulin ratio became normal within 6 months in four FIV positive cats (Group 1), whereas hyperproteinemia did not change in Group 2. The following adverse effects were noticed in Group 1: a transient decrease of red blood cell count (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin until the 4th week of application of Azidothymidine (5/8), but the haemogram was within the normal range after 3 months. In one cat with hyperglycemia the anaemia remained until the administration of Azidothymidine was terminated. Heinz (Schmauch) bodies in the erythrocytes appeared in two FIV‐positive cats 2 weeks after the onset of the therapy.
Influence of Injection Site on the Absorption of Benzylpenicillin Sodium in the Dromedary
Authors: Oukessou M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryBenzylpenicillin absorption was compared in four dromedaries following injection subcutaneously and at three different intramuscular sites (neck, semitendinous and gluteal muscles). The rate of absorption (t1/2aband Tmax) was slower after subcutaneous compared to intramuscular injection, but the extent of absorption (AUC) was similar for both routes of administration. Following intramuscular injection, the data suggest that the extent of absorption was highest from the semitendinous site and lowest in the neck site. These results were discussed and compared to those reported in other species.
Breed differences in the Plasma Renin Activity and Plasma Aldosterone Concentration of Dogs
Authors: Pedersen H. D. , Olsen L. H. , Arnorsdottir H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryPlasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were studied in 90 clinically healthy dogs: 15 Beagles, 15 Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS), 15 Medium Sized Poodles, 15 Labrador retrievers, 15 Irish wolfhounds and 15 Newfoundlands. All dogs were fed a low sodium diet for at least 3 days before blood sampling in a home setting. There was a significant difference between breeds with respect to both PRA (P = 0.0002), PAC (P = 0.002) and PRA/PAC ratio (P < 0.0001). The highest PRA values were found in CKCS and Poodles, two breeds known to be predisposed to chronic valvular disease. Five CKCS had PRA values exceeding 3.0 ng/ml/h while this was the case in only one of the remaining 75 dogs. In contrast to the high PRA values, CKCS had low PAC values, and therefore much higher PRA/PAC ratios than the other breeds. In Irish wolfhounds, both the PRA and PAC values were low. In conclusion, considerable breed differences in PRA and PAC were found in the present study. Further studies are needed to determine if there is an association between developing chronic valvular disease and a high PRA in dogs.
In Situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemistry for Prion Protein (PrP) in Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
Authors: Graber H. U. , Meyer R. K. , Fatzer R. , Vandevelde M. , Zurbriggen A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn about 5% of the cows showing clinical signs of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) the histopathological examination is not conclusive. In order to rule out BSE in these cases, additional methods are necessary. For that reason, non‐radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed using a riboprobe against the messenger RNA coding for the prion protein (PrP). In addition, a polyclonal antibody for immunohistochemistry (IHC) was generated against a synthetic peptide derived from bovine PrP. ISH and IHC were used to analyse brain sections of cattle suffering from BSE and various neurological diseases including four cows with clinically suspect but histologically unconfirmed BSE. ISH revealed no differences in localization, distribution and neuronal levels of PrP mRNA between BSE positive and negative cattle. However, there was a BSE‐specific staining pattern in IHC allowing to exclude BSE the four suspected cases. Additionally, IHC for PrP is an elegant alternative to search for scrapie associated fibrils by electron microscopy.
Evaluation of the Effect of Experimental Cow Endometritis on Bactericidal Capability of Phagocytizing Cells Isolated from the Blood and Uterine Lumen
Authors: Kluciński W. , Dembele K. , Kleczkowski M. , Sitarska E. , Winnicka A. , Sikora J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryStudies were undertaken to assess the bactericidal activity of phagocytes isolated from blood and the uterine lumen of clinically healthy cows after ovulation, and from cows in which endometritis was induced experimentally. Experiments were carried out on 28 clinically healthy cows of the black and white lowland breed. Animals were aged 5 years and were used between the 2nd and 8th day after spontaneous ovulation. Cows were divided into four groups. Group I comprised animals in which cell‐mediated type immune reaction was induced in the left uterine horn by intrauterine challenge with tuberculin. Cows in this group were initially vaccinated with M. bovis via the intrauterine route. In group II, Arthus type immune reaction was induced by challenging immunized animals with C. fetus ssp. veneralis through intrauterine instillation. The non‐specific inflammatory process was initiated in the uterus of animals in group III by one instillation of lipopolysaccharide from S. abortus equi. Animals in group IV were set as control and received a phosphate buffered saline instillation into the uterine lumen.The cells from the left uterine horn were washed out 6 h after induction. Neutrophils were isolated from blood samples collected from all animals within the same time. The bacterial activity of cells from the uterine lumen and blood was assessed with the nitro‐blue tetrazolium reduction test. Results are presented as increase in optical density resulting from a constant number of phagocytizing cells (ΔOD/106 cells). Induction of cell‐mediated immune reaction or Arthus type immune reaction in the uterus significantly boosts the intracellular capability of uterine cells to kill bacteria through the oxidation system. Experimentally induced non‐specific endometritis weakens the bactericidal activity of uterine phagocytes, while peripheral blood phagocytes efficiently kill the engulfed bacteria.
Influence of Soya Antigen Levels in Milk Replacers on the Disruption of Intestinal Motility Patterns in Calves Sensitive to Soya
Authors: Lalles J. P. , Benkredda D. , Toullec R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAn experiment was designed to determine the soya antigen levels in milk replacers above which gastrointestinal disorders appeared in preruminant calves previously sensitized to antigenic soya by feeding a soya‐based milk replacer for 3 months. These calves were then equipped with wire electrodes on the duodenum and the mid‐jejunum. The sensitization was visualized using direct skin testing, plasma anti‐soya antibody determination and intestinal myoelectric activity recording. After sensitization, the calves were occasionally fed liquid test meals containing various proportions of antigenic soya and whey. The soya‐fed calves displayed larger 24 h skin reactions to β‐conglycinin and higher plasma anti‐soya antibody titres than the controls maintained on a skim‐milk based milk replacer. Disturbances of the myoelectric activity patterns were recorded on the duodenum and mid‐jejunum after feeding antigenic soya, but not nonantigenic soya or milk protein, in the soya‐sensitized calves. When the level of antigens was varied, disorders in the jejunal motility patterns appeared when antigenic soya provided one‐third or more of the dietary protein in the test meals, although some abnormalities were evident at lower incorporation rates. The major change was a reduction in the mean duration of the jejunal migrating motor complexes which was essentially accounted for by a decrease in the mean duration of the phase I (quiescence). This level of antigens corresponded approximately to 14 and 12 mg of immunoreactive glycinin and β‐conglycinin respectively, per gram of protein intake, i.e. 80 and 70 mg/kg0.75 per test meal.
Pathological and Radiological Investigations on Osteochondrosis in Pigs, Associated with Leg Weakness
Authors: Jørgensen B. , Arnbjerg J. , Aaslyng M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryTwo‐hundred and seventy‐eight Danish Landrace boars were examined radiologically and pathologically for osteochondrosis and other joint lesions on the left legs at slaughter (95 kg). The joint changes were scored on a scale from 1 (normal) to 5 (very severe changes/osteochondritis dissecans).The correlations between radiological and pathological scores were highly significant in the humeral condyles (r = 0.66, P < 0.001), the distal ulna growth plate (r = 0.51, P < 0.001), the femoral condyles (r = 0.33, P < 0.001) and hock (distal tibia (r = 0.17, P < 0.01) and the medial trochlear ridge of the talus (r = 0.17, P < 0.01), indicating that radiographical examination is a useful method for diagnosing osteochondrosis in live pigs.Thickening of cartilage was strongly associated with subchondral lesions in the three predilection sites: the humeral condyle, the femoral condyles and the distal ulna growth plate. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in the humeral condyles was significantly associated with subchondral lesions (&#x004f;&#x030a; = 1.86; P < 0.001), but not with cartilage thickness when analysed simultaneously.There were no associations between lesions in the distal ulna growth plate, the humeral condyles, the femoral condyles or the anconeal process. There was no significant correlation between OCD in the humeral condyles and the anconeal process. Osteochondrosis could therefore not be stated to be a generalized disorder.Regression coefficients between joint changes and leg weakness symptoms judged before slaughter were very small and showed no clear trends. OCD in the humeral condyles was, however, significantly associated with 'legs turned out on fore (&#x004f;&#x030a; = 2.48; P < 0.001) and hind (&#x004f;&#x030a; = 1.62; P < 0.05) legs', and OCD in the anconeal process with 'stiff movement in front' (&#x004f;&#x030a; = 2.01; P < 0.05). Osteochondrosis is thus comparable with a threshold trait, where the threshold is the development of an OCD in an osteochondrosis injured joint.
Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Dogs Following Oral Administration
Authors: Abadia A. R. , Aramayona J. J. , Muńoz M. J. , Delfina J. M. Pla , Bregante M. A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis paper reports the variation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin (CIP) following oral administration of three single doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) to dogs. Plasma and urine samples were assayed by HPLC. The plasma vs. time data were submitted to classical compartmental kinetic analysis (one‐compartment open model with a lag time) and to non‐compartmental data analysis. The maximal plasma concentrations attained after administration of 10 and 20 mg/kg were 1.55 and 3.08 mg/1, respectively, and agree with results reported in the literature for this species. The absorption was slower and showed a longer and more variable lag time when the dose increased. The elimination rate was significantly smaller after administration of the 40 mg/kg (0.0014/min) than 10 and 20 mg/kg doses (near 0.0024/ min). AUC/D also showed significant differences. The non‐linearity of CIP pharmacokinetics after oral administration was demonstrated by fitting the data AUG vs. dose to a quadratic equation.
An Improved Radioimmunoassay for the Determination of Canine Growth Hormone Based on Commercially Available Reagents
Authors: Høier R. , Jensen A. L. , Iversen L. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryDetermination of canine growth hormone (cGH) is of importance when evaluating the growth hormone status in dogs, for instance when diagnosing pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly. At present, analysis for the cGH content in canine blood has mainly been restricted to specialized laboratories which have had the capacity to develop suitable methods. We therefore formulated the objective of the present study to be the development of a generally accessible method utilizing commercially available reagents.We describe a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the determination of cGH which was based on reagents developed for the determination of porcine growth hormone (pGH), thereby drawing benefit from the similarity between growth hormones from the two species. The RIA method was characterized by satisfying precision and accuracy parameters: intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variation (CV%) were 4–27% and 4–20%, respectively, depending on the cGH concentration of the samples. Recovery of added cGH and parallelism between standard curve and sample dilutions were acceptable, thus indicating identity between the calibrator system and the material under investigation (i.e. plasma samples). When measuring individual plasma samples or samples taken during clonidin response tests from normal dogs, dogs suffering from pituitary dwarfism and from dogs suffering from acromegaly, the results were comparable with previous findings.
Pathophysiological and Functional Aspects of the Megacolon‐Syndrome of Homozygous Spotted Rabbits
Authors: Bödeker D. , Türck O. , Lovén E. , Wieberneit D. , Wegner W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe Megacolon‐Syndrome is a hereditary disease of homozygous spotted rabbits (En En). Investigations have been performed on some special traits related to functional aspects of the gut in comparison to vital heterozygous spotted rabbits (En en). It was found that En En rabbits showed significantly reduced sodium absorption rates across the wall of the cecum. Consequently, the dry matter content of the ingesta was reduced at this location, whereas the content of the ashes was increased. These results indicate that a further important pathogenetic aspect of this hereditary disease is an undue liquification of ingesta in proximal parts of the large intestine. Severe clinical problems, however, resulted from obstipation. This is concluded to be a late complication due to and modified by different stressors of endogenic and exogenic origin. Thus there are some indications that an early site of spot‐gene related effects might be the small intestine. This segment of the bowel was shorter and had an increased dry matter proportion of its wall when compared with heterozygous spotted rabbits. But a decreased proportion of dry matter within the wall of the large intestine was found. The latter could be an effect of the hypothyreotic state of metabolism in En En rabbits.
Distribution and Morphology of Skeletal Muscle Lesions after Experimental Restraint Stress in Normal and Stress‐susceptible Pigs
Authors: Bjurström S. , Carlsten J. , Thorén‐Tolling K. , Jönsson L. 
Published: May 2010

SummarySix normal and 22 stress‐susceptible (SS) pigs were subjected to experimental restraint stress to test the hypothesis that SS pigs are more affected by stress‐induced skeletal muscle lesions than normal pigs. The stress was provoked by a 12 min intravenous infusion of the myorelaxant succinylcholine at a dose which induced leg paralysis. At necropsy 2–3 days after the stress, 24 muscles were examined macro‐ and microscopically. The plasma levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline increased significantly during the stress, especially in SS pigs. Significantly higher scores of acute muscle lesions (degeneration and phagocytosis) were recorded in the SS pigs than in the normal pigs. The antebrachial flexor muscles, m. gastrocnemius, crural flexor muscles, m. serratus and m. intercostalis were most affected, while m. semitendinosus, m. masseter, crural extensor muscles, m. quadriceps and antebrachial extensor muscles were the least affected. The muscle regeneration of SS pigs was greater than that of normal pigs indicating more active rhabdomyolysis in SS pigs than in normal pigs. The muscle lesions were also reflected in increased serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), potassium and creatinine in SS pigs. It is concluded that the restraint stress induced skeletal muscle lesions and increased sympathetic activity, predominantly in SS pigs. It was also shown that certain skeletal muscles are more affected by rhabdomyolysis than others.
Evaluation of a Prothrombin Time Optimized for the Dog on Plasmas with Defined Coagulation Factor Deficiency Due to Coumarin Intoxication
Authors: Mischke R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe sensitivity of the standard prothrombin time (PT) was low when measured on 56 plasmas with a reduced activity of the coagulation factors mainly of the prothrombin complex (factors II, VII and/or X) taken from eight dogs at different times of vitamin therapy after coumarin intoxication. This was demonstrable by use of three different Ca‐thromboplastins. With the standard test only plasmas with an excessive decrease of coagulation factor activity (sum of activity decrease of the single factors in relation to the respective reference range [SAD >100 %) were detectable with sufficient reliability. In contrast, by using a method optimized for dogs (1:20 sample predilution, fibrinogen substitution) and respecting the species specific features of coagulation physiology, pathological PT‐values were measured in up to 70 % of the samples (dependent on the Ca‐thromboplastin) with slight reductions of single factor activity (SAD: 11–25 %). Significant differences concerning the sensitivity were seen additionally between the different Ca‐thromboplastins. Human placenta thromboplastin in particular, but also rabbit brain thromboplastin, were more sensitive than a preparation of recombinant human tissue factor. The correlation between the PT and the SAD was closer when using the optimized method (r = 0.919–0.954) compared to the standard test (r = 0.771–0.862). In contrast to the standard test, the PT optimized for dogs is, therefore, a reliable screening test to recognize a slight reduction in prothrombin complex. It is especially suitable for monitoring of vitamin K1therapy after coumarin intoxication.