bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MODE OF ACTION OF THE HEART OF THE GREEN LIZARD, LACERTA VIRIDIS
Authors: FOXON G. E. H. , GRIFFITH J. , PRICE MYFANWY 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe heart of Lacerta viridis is described. It has two auricles and a ventricle, the latter partially subdivided into three parts. The roles of the three parts of the ventricle have been the matter of some discussion. We have attempted to analyse the functions of the various parts of the heart by radiography.The radiological anatomy of the heart and great vessels of Lacerta viridis has been described and cine‐radiographs showing the passage of the radioopaque medium, thorotrast, through the heart have been made by both “direct” and “indirect” methods.The interpretation of the radiographs shows that there is a marked difference in treatment of the blood entering the heart by way of right and left auricles. The blood from the lungs and left auricle passes into the left portion of the ventricle (cavum arteriosum) and is sent to the right systemic arch and to the carotid vessels of both sides.The blood from the general body circulation entering the heart through the sinus venosus and right auricle is divided into two portions. One passes into the right dorsal portion of the ventricle (cavum venosum) and is sent out mainly through the left systemic arch. The other portion passes from the dorsal portion of the ventricle into the ventral portion (cavum pulmonale) and so into the pulmonary arteries.As the ventricle is only partially divided there is some mixture of blood from the two auricles but our results show that the degree of mixture is small.
NOTES ON THE FOOD AND PARASITES OF GREY SEALS, HALICHOERUS GRYPUS (FABRICIUS), FROM THE ISLE OF MAN.
Authors: DUNCAN A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The bodies of two yearling Grey Seals from a colony living in the south of the Isle of Man were dissected, their gut contents examined and their parasites identified.
The identifiable stomach contents of the bull yearling consisted of many fish otoliths (mainly belonging to Gadus luscus) and the remains of bottomfeeding crustaceans. The identifiable stomach contents of the yearling cow were a few fish otoliths (two of which belonged to Gadus virens) and tufts of mainly algal detritus.
The literature on the parasites of Grey Seals has been reviewed.
One yearling seal bore seven and the other five species of internal and external parasites. Their distribution in the body has been described. The slightly older cow seal suffered from a considerably heavier infection of gut parasites than the bull yearling.
The intestinal trematode Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin) has apparently not been recorded before for the Grey Seal.
OK THE LIFE SPAN OF THE COMMON SHREW (SOBEX ARANEUS L.)
Authors: CROWCROFT PETER 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Common Shrews (Sorex araneus L.) were caught in Wytham Estate, Berkshire, from August 1949 until November 1951. The animals were weighed and measured and the lower canine teeth were measured to provide an index of age.
The dimensions and reproductive condition of successive samples provide evidence that the Common Shrew does not normally breed in the year of birth, and dies before the end of the following year.
The complete annual turnover of the Common Shrew population is confirmed by comparing the tooth wear of mature and immature animals. Individuals caught during the winter are neither sexually mature, nor do they have teeth as worn as those of mature animals.
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSE MICE LIVING IN ENGLISH CORN RICKS: DENSITY RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: SOUT‐HWICK CHARLES H. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis paper has presented certain demographic data of forty populations of house mice from English grain ricks. The populations are grouped into four density classes on the basis of the number of weaned mice per cubic metre. The resulting demographic averages of various density classes are then compared.Relatively little reproductive alteration occurred in rick populations in relation to density. The major “density effects ” so often observed in laboratory studies did not appear or were only moderately expressed in these data.Mortality rates of the populations revealed no dramatic or conspicuous change throughout the density classes studied (as evidenced by weight ratios and sex ratios).Fecundity of both sexes remained high throughout all density classes.Fertility revealed a significant decline in the highest density class, but it still remained at high levels. Pregnancy rates declined from 58 per cent in the low density class to 43 per cent in the very high density class. Average litter size fell from 6·23 to 5·11.Embryonic and fetal resorption increased significantly in the highest density class (14 per cent and 27 per cent).The general rate of reproductive increase declined with increasing density.The incidence of wounded males increased significantly in the highest density class (0·8 per cent to 21·1 per cent).Adrenal weights did not reveal adrenal hypertrophy in crowded populations.The relative stability of rick populations with increasing density is probably a reflection of the high quality of the habitat. Density effects are undoubtedly minimized by the favourable abundance and distribution of food and cover.It is of equal interest that individual populations in this relatively uniform habitat did show wide variations in their population size and structure. The fact that this variation is not obviously related to density, food, or cover, focuses attention on factors outside the normal realm of physical habitat as major population influences.
ON THE DIET AND FEEDING HABITS OF THE EDIBLE FROG (RANA ESCULENTA LINNAEUS)
Authors: Tyler Michael J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSixteen recently metamorphosed and forty‐seven mature frogs were captured and the stomach contents examined. In view of the more limited choice of available prey imposed upon the former, due to the smaller jaw span, it was decided to tabulate the contents separately.Aposematic prey formed a substantial proportion of the diet.Large numbers of flowers were recovered from several stomachs.Specific choice of prey varied with the individual, and it was concluded that R. esculenta as a species is not selective.In the natural habitat R. esculenta does not by choice leave the water to feed unless there are insufficient aquatic prey.It was found that mature adult frogs showed cannibalistic tendencies and this, coupled with a thermotactic response, influenced their distribution within the habitat.
RÉVISION DES ESPÈCES AFRICAINES DU GENRE EPOMIS BONELLI (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Basilewsky P. 
Published: August 2010

Cette révision des espèces africaines et malgaches du genre Epomis rentre dans le cadre de mes études sur la systématique des Chléniens de l'Afrique Noire. C'est avec une très vive joie que je dédie ce mémoire à l'éminent savant H. E. Karl Jordan, et je suis parti‐culièrement heureux d'avoir été invité à collaborer au Volume Jubilaire publié en son honneur par la Royal Entomological Society of London.Je prie mon éminent collègue de bien vouloir accepter la dédicace de ce travail en témoignage de profonde sympathie et de vive admiration et en reconnaissance pour sa longue et combien précieuse collaboration avec la Section d'Entomologie du Musée Royal du Congo Belge à Tervuren.
A revision of the genus Pirkimerus Distant (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae, Blissinae)*
Authors: Slater James A. , Ahmad Imtiaz 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisThe characteristics, distribution and intra‐generic relationships of the species of the genus Pirkimerus are analysed. A key to species is included. Ischnomorphus Hidaka, 1961, is synonymised. Seven new species are described, and five species are redescribed. Sexual dimorphism of the compound eyes is discussed and illustrated.
Morphological studies on the Anopheles punctulatus Dönitz complex
Authors: BRYAN JOAN H. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISAn account is given of the member species of the Anopheles punctulatus Dönitz complex viz. A. punctulatus Dönitz, A. koliensis Owen, and 2 species previously recognised as A. farauti Laveran and which are now designated A. farauti No. 1 and A. farauti No. 2.Many of the eggs of A. farauti No. 1 were distinctive but the eggs of the other 3 species were similar.Keys for the identification of larve, pupae and adults are given.
Colony size, density and distribution of the leaf‐cutting ant, Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) in cultivated fields
Authors: LEWIS T. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Fields of citrus, cacao and rubber in Trinidad were surveyed to measure the number and density of nests of Acromyrmex octospinosus. The greatest density (=153 nests/ha) was in an undisturbed field of young cacao; in established crops density ranged from 3–36 nests/ha.
Mounds of new nests appeared throughout the year, but most often 4–10 months after the main nuptial flights. Nests reached maximum size, with up to 17 holes, about three years after foundation.
The ratio of workers to brood was between 5 and 9: 1 for most of the year but it increased to 27: 1 as the sexuals developed. A medium‐large colony produced 200–300 queens and males/year; the largest single nest contained about 14,000 individuals.
The average intake of leaf fragments into laboratory nests was 1 fragment/6.5 individuals. It increased to 1 fragment/2.1 individuals when sexuals were present. Foragers collecting from fields of established cacao preferred flowers to leaves.
In fields with crops planted on cambered beds, nests were concentrated on the dry edges of drains in the dry season, but they were moved to drier ground in the wet season. Nests were aggregated in 13 of the 16 fields examined, the remaining three fields were exceptionally well drained.
In newly planted cacao an estimated 6—17% of plants were defoliated and destroyed. In established cacao ants collected about 3000 flowers/ha each day. Laboratory data suggest that ants could defoliate about 25 three‐year old citrus trees in a year.
Observations on the vertical distribution of soil Oribatei in a woodland soil
Authors: PANDE Y. D. , BERTHET P. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The vertical distribution of Oribatei in a black pine plantation soil was studied in situ using the soil sectioning technique.
Oribatei were most abundent in the upper 3 cm due to the greater abundance of suitable food in this region.
Larger species were usually confined to the upper layers but some smaller species were also abundant in this region.
A correlation between the size of the species and their penetration was not found to be statistically significant.
Nested analysis of variance showed seasonal redistribution in some species.
The vertical distribution of individual species is discussed, and partially explained.
Leucocytozoön musculi, sp. n., a Parasitic Protozoon from the Blood of. White Mice
Authors: Porter Annie 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The forms of L. musculi here described occur in the mononuclear and transitional leucocytes of white mice.
The free trophozoites in the plasma are gregariniform or reniform vermicules, the average size being 10.9μ long and 5.1μ broad (cf. Pl. XXXIX. figs. 1–12).
The free trophozoites sooner or later enter leucocytes of the host and grow at the expense of the nucleus of the leucocyte (cf. Karyolysus among the Hæmogregarines). A thin cytocyst is formed probably by the host‐cell around the parasite (Pl XXXIX. figs. 16, 17).
Endoglobular forms are on the average 8μ long by 5μ broad (cf. Pl. XXXIX. figs. 15, 16, 17).
Schizogony takes place in the bone‐marrow. An endoglobular trophozoite rounds itself off and becomes a schizont, breaking up into merozoites, each about 4.4μ long and .8μ broad (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 20). This again suggests affinities with Karyolysus, judging by Labbé's figures of schizogony in Karyolysus.
Two parasites may sometimes occur within one host‐cell. Two such forms suggesting the beginning of association are shown in PL XXXIX. figs. 21, 22.Differentiation into male and female forms could not be made out with certainty, though some parasites were shorter, broader, and more granular than others.
Vermicules were found in the gut and Malpighian tubules of lice, ectoparasitic upon the mice, but unfortunately no evidence of a sexual cycle in the louse was obtainable. Perhaps the lice merely act as mechanical agents in the transfer of the parasites among the mice.
The parasites are found in smears from the heart and liver in abundance. They are less numerous in spleen and kidney smears, also in the bone‐marrow and peripheral circulation. They were not abundant in the latter.
No Trypanosomas were seen in the infected mice.
The movements of the vermicules or trophozoites of this parasite in the blood‐plasma of its Vertebrate host are fully described in section VI. of this memoir.
The External Morphology and Life‐history of the Coccid Bug,Orthezia urticœLinn.
Authors: Sikes Enid K. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.All stages of the Coccid Bug,O. urticœ, were collected and bred in the laboratory to investigate the number of instars and the morphology.The first and second instar larvæ are sexually indistinguishable. The male has two larval, two nymphal, and a winged adult stage. The female has three larval and a wingless adult stage.Breeding and growth take place rapidly between May and the end of August. The males attain the adult stage in March, and are found in very small numbers until the middle of June. The females begin to form their brood‐sacs in May or June, and reproduce throughout the summer months. From the beginning of September to the end of January the insects hibernate.The occurrence ofO. urticøEin its different instars is summed up in the table see (p. 303), from the events noted during the time I have had the Coccids under observation.In the external morphology it is noticeable that there is a breaking‐up in the wax plates to coincide with the segmentation of the insect, and extra intermediate blocks are cut off from the originally‐placed main blocks. The glandular setæ become more numerous from the first to fourth instar of the female, and the outline of the insect becomes almost circular, the abdomen shortening considerably in the adult stage. The male nymph of the third and fourth instars possesses external wing‐stumps on the mesothorax, and an indication of metathoracic halteres is seen on the fourth instar nymph. The adult male has a pair of mesothoracic wings, but flies very little and only lives for a few days.
REMARKS ON THE STOMACH AND THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE TYLOPODA
Authors: BOHLKEN HERWART 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe differences in the anatomy of the stomachs of the Tylopoda and the typical Ruminantia are shown. To be mentioned especially are the glandular sacs of tylopods and the differences in structure of the oesophageal groove. It seems likely that the Tylopoda and the Ruminantia have acquired the faculty of ruminating independently one from the other. The similarity of the stomachs is intorpretocl as a result of parallel development arid not as a result of a close relationship of the two groups. In the system of Artiodactyla t, lie Tj‐lopoda should be distinguished from the Ruminantia.
COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE FACIAL AND TRIGEMINAL NERVES IN CERTAIN MAMMALS
Authors: BOWDEN R. E. M. , MAHRAN Z. Y. , GOODING M. R. 
Published: August 2010

The modes of division and branching of the extrapetrous part of the facial nerve and the presence or absence of communications between its branches and between it and the trigeminal nerve and cervical plexus were studied in nineteen mammalian species. Communications between the facial and derivatives of the mandibular division of the trigeminal were found invariably, but were inconstant in the case of the two other divisions and of the cervical plexus.The possible functional significance of the observations is discussed.
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION OF THE SWIMBLADDER OF NOTOPTERUS (LACÉPÈDE)
Authors: DEHADRAI PADMAKAR V. 
Published: August 2010

Some aspects of the anatomy, histology and physiology of the swimbladder of Notopterus have been studied, with special reference to its behaviour in aerial respiration.The large swimbladder with a wide pneumatic duct is reported to function as an accessory respiratory organ. Circulation of blood is modified to discharge this function. The network of blood capillaries covered by a single layer of epithelium apparently facilitates the diffusion of gases between the blood and the swimbladder. Notopterus is able to survive for long periods in foul water, if allowed to reach the surface to take in air. There is a regular exchange of gases between the cavity of the swimbladder and the exterior.The frequency and extent of aquatic and aerial respiration in Notopterus under different conditions have been determined. They throw considerable light on the double respiratory mechanism in the fish.Under normal condition, the mean value of oxygen is 11 per cent and that of carbon dioxide 3 per cent in the “alveolar air” of the swimbladder. The result of analysis of gases from the swimbladder of Notopterus under adverse experimental conditions clearly establishes the remarkable capacity of the swimbladder of the fish to function as an efficient respiratory organ.The presence of a high percentage of carbon dioxide (6.5 per cent) in the swimbladder is of interest and suggests high resistance of the blood of the fish to carbon dioxide.The air‐breathing habit of Notopterus is probably a secondary adaptation to its life in ponds and puddles under tropical conditions.
Cerebellar lipid differences between R6/1 transgenic mice and humans with Huntington’s disease
Authors: Denny Christine A. , Desplats Paula A. , Thomas Elizabeth A. , Seyfried Thomas N. 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 748–758.AbstractHuntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, psychiatric, and cognitive abnormalities. In this present study, we tested whether abnormal motor behavior in a mouse model of HD, the R6/1 transgenic (Tg) mice, was associated with changes in cerebellar lipid composition and gene expression. We report altered motor behavior, which was associated with abnormal expression of glycosyltransferase genes in the cerebellum of R6/1 Tg mice. Cerebellar wet weight and total ganglioside concentration was significantly lower in R6/1 Tg mice than in wild‐type (Wt) mice. Furthermore, the Purkinje cell‐enriched ganglioside LD1 and the granule cell‐enriched ganglioside GD1a were significantly lower in R6/1 Tg mice than in Wt mice. The myelin‐enriched lipid sulfatides was also reduced in the cerebellum of R6/1 Tg mice. In contrast to the R6/1 Tg mice, total cerebellar ganglioside concentration did not differ between HD and control subjects. However, expression of several cerebellar glycosyltransferases genes was significantly less in HD subjects than in control subjects. Our findings indicate that the R6/1 Tg mice have severe cerebellar glycosphingolipid (GSL) abnormalities that may account, in part, for their abnormal motor behavior. Although the cerebellar lipid abnormalities found in the R6/1 Tg mice were not found in these HD subjects, the R6/1 Tg mice may be useful for evaluating the role of GSLs in cerebellar development.
Efficacy of Intracellular Activated Promoters for Generation ofSalmonella-Based Vaccines
Authors: Xu Xin , Husseiny Mohamed I. , Goldwich Andreas , Hensel Michael 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSalmonella entericais a versatile vaccine carrier for heterologous antigens. One strategy for vaccine antigen delivery is the use of live attenuatedS. entericastrains that translocate heterologous antigens into antigen-presenting cells by means of type III secretion systems (T3SS). The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated in various experimental vaccination studies. The efficacy of recombinant live vaccines is critically influenced by the optimal level of attenuation and many other factors. For the rational design of approaches involving translocation by T3SS, additional parameters are the level of expression of the heterologous antigens and the selection of carrier proteins for the delivery of antigens to desirable subcellular compartments of the target cell. We deployed theSalmonellapathogenicity island 2 (SPI2)-encoded T3SS for antigen delivery. The SPI2-T3SS and effector proteins are encoded by members of the large SsrAB regulon, including promoters with highly variable strength of expression. We investigated the effect of variousin vivo-activated promoters of the SsrAB regulon on the efficacy of recombinantSalmonellavaccines. We observed that the use of promoters with higher strength results in greater synthesis of recombinant antigens and greater stimulation of T-cell responses in cell culture assays for the stimulation of T cells by the model antigen ovalbumin. In contrast, in vaccination experiments, promoters with a low level of expression resulted in the induction of higher amounts of T cells reactive to the model antigen listeriolysin. These results demonstrate that high-level expression of heterologous antigens does not necessarily result in optimal stimulation of immune responses.
A theory of platform-dependent low-level software
Authors: Nita Marius , Grossman Dan , Chambers Craig 
Published: August 2010

The C language definition leaves the sizes and layouts of types partially unspecified. When a C program makes assumptions about type layout, its semantics is defined only on platforms (C compilers and the underlying hardware) on which those assumptions hold. Previous work on formalizing C-like languages has ignored this issue, either by assuming that programs do not make such assumptions or by assuming that all valid programs target only one platform. In the latter case, the platform's choices are hard-wired in the language semantics.
In this paper, we present a practically-motivated model for a C-like language in which the memory layouts of types are left largely unspecified. The dynamic semantics is parameterized by a platform's layout policy and makes manifest the consequence of platform-dependent (i.e., unspecified) steps. A type-and-effect system produces a layout constraint: a logic formula encoding layout conditions under which the program is memory-safe. We prove that if a program type-checks, it is memory-safe on all platforms satisfying its constraint.
Based on our theory, we have implemented a tool that discovers unportable layout assumptions in C programs. Our approach should generalize to other kinds of platform-dependent assumptions.
A type-theoretic foundation for programming with higher-order abstract syntax and first-class substitutions
Authors: Pientka Brigitte 
Published: August 2010

Higher-order abstract syntax (HOAS) is a simple, powerful technique for implementing object languages, since it directly supports common and tricky routines dealing with variables, such as capture-avoiding substitution and renaming. This is achieved by representing binders in the object-language via binders in the meta-language. However, enriching functional programming languages with direct support for HOAS has been a major challenge, because recursion over HOAS encodings requires one to traverse lambda-abstractions and necessitates programming with open objects.
We present a novel type-theoretic foundation based on contextual modal types which allows us to recursively analyze open terms via higher-order pattern matching. By design, variables occurring in open terms can never escape their scope. Using several examples, we demonstrate that our framework provides a name-safe foundation to operations typically found in nominal systems. In contrast to nominal systems however, we also support capture-avoiding substitution operations and even provide first-class substitutions to the programmer. The main contribution of this paper is a syntax-directed bi-directional type system where we distinguish between the data language and the computation language together with the progress and preservation proof for our language.