bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technological Aspects of Nanoemulsion Formation of Low‐Fat Foods Enriched with Vitamin E by High‐Pressure Homogenization
Authors: El Kinawy O. S. , Petersen S. , Ulrich J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractFormation of a low‐fat oil‐in‐water (O/W) nanoemulsion enriched with vitamin E using the nonionic surfactant Tween 40 is studied by means of a high‐pressure homogenizer. The effect of different process variables of the emulsification process, including pressure, temperature, and concentration of the emulsifying agent, is evaluated. The relation between pressure and the obtained mean droplet diameter is derived and described by an equation which can be taken as a basis of any process design. The droplet size can be decreased by increasing the vitamin E concentration. A higher fat content slightly affects the droplet size distribution and the mean droplet diameter of the nanoemulsion, so it is recommended to use preparations of nanoemulsions with low fat contents enriched with vitamin E for dietary supplement.
Synthesis Gas Production Configurations for Gas‐to‐Liquid Applications
Authors: Rafiee A. , Hillestad M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDifferent syngas configurations in a gas‐to‐liquid plant are studied including autothermal reformer (ATR), combined reformer, and series arrangement of gas‐heated reformer and ATR. The Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) reactor is based on a cobalt catalyst and the degrees of freedom are steam‐to‐carbon ratio, purge ratio of light ends, amount of tail gas recycled to synthesis gas (syngas) and FT synthesis units, and reactor volume. The production rate of liquid hydrocarbons is maximized for each syngas configuration. Installing a steam methane reformer in front of an ATR will reduce the total oxygen consumption per barrel of product by 40 % compared to the process with only an ATR. The production rate of liquid hydrocarbons is increased by 25.3 % since the flow rate of the purge stream for the ATR is the highest one compared to other configurations and contains mainly CO2.
Stereoselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Functionalization of Homoallylic Alcohols: A Convenient Synthesis of Di‐ and Trisubstituted Isoxazolidines and β‐Amino‐δ‐Hydroxy Esters
Authors: Malkov Andrei V. , Barłóg Maciej , Miller‐Potucká Lucie , Kabeshov Mikhail A. , Farrugia Louis J. , Kočovský Pavel 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEnantiopure, Boc‐protected alkoxyamines 12 and 13, derived from the readily available homoallylic alcohols 4 via a reaction that involves either inversion or retention of configuration, undergo a diastereoselective Pd‐catalyzed ring‐closing carbonylative amidation to produce isoxazolidines 16/17 (≤50:1 diastereoisomer ratio (d.r.)) that can be readily converted into the N‐Boc‐protected esters of β‐amino‐δ‐hydroxy acids and their γ‐substituted homologues 37. The key carbonylative cyclization proceeds through an unusual syn addition of the palladium and the nitrogen nucleophile across the CC bond (19→21), as revealed by the reaction of 15, which afforded isoxazolidine 18 with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Cation Ordering and Physicochemical Characterization of the Quaternary Diamond‐Like Semiconductor Ag2CdGeS4.
Authors: Brunetta Carl D. , Minsterman William C. III , Lake Charles H. , Aitken Jennifer A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe title compound is characterized by synchrotron powder XRD, SEM, UV/VIS/NIR diffuse reflectance, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and its crystal structure is redetermined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Ternary Lanthanide Antimony Chalcogenides: Yb4Sb2S11.25 and Tm4Sb2Se11.68 Containing Chalcogenide Q2‐ and Dichalcogenide (Q2)2‐ Anions.
Authors: Babo Jean‐Marie , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDark red crystals of Yb4Sb2S11.25 (25% yield) and dark brown crystals of Tm4Sb2Se11.68 are prepared by reaction of the elements in an in‐situ‐Sb2Q3/NaBr (Q: S, Se) flux at 900 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the New Compound UEr2O2S3 and the Evidence for the Old Compound U2ErO2S3.
Authors: Raw Adam D. , Ibers James A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSingle crystals of UEr2O2S3 in the form of large black square plates are prepared by solid state reaction of UOS, Er, S, and Sb2S3 as a flux (1273 K, 14 d, 30 wt.% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Physical Properties and Electronic Structure of Sr1‐xLaxCu2Pn2 (Pn: P, As, Sb).
Authors: Qin Mingsheng , Yang Chongyin , Wang Yaoming , Yang Zhongtian , Chen Ping , Huang Fuqiang 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe title compounds are synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (alumina crucible, 1073 K, 48 h) and characterized by XRD, electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, and magnetic measurements, and by DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Mediated and ‐Catalyzed Metalative Cyclization of Electron‐Withdrawing‐Group‐Substituted Alkynes and Alkenes with Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Hata Takeshi , Sujaku Shiro , Hirone Naoki , Nakano Kirihiro , Imoto Junsuke , Imade Haduki , Urabe Hirokazu 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEffective metalative cyclizations of functionalized enynes are accomplished in the presence of a simple iron reagent [→ (II)].
ChemInform Abstract: Silica Nanoparticles Efficiently Catalyzed Synthesis of Quinolines and Quinoxalines.
Authors: Hasaninejad Alireza , Shekouhy Mohsen , Zare Abdolkarim 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSilica nanoparticles catalyze the condensation of 1,2‐diamines with 1,2‐diketones under solvent‐free conditions to afford of quinoxalines in high yields within short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzo‐Fused Heterocycles by Intramolecular α‐Arylation of Ketone Enolate Anions.
Authors: Guastavino Javier F. , Rossi Roberto A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBenzo‐fused 6‐, 7‐, 8‐, and 9‐membered heterocycles as well as carbocyclic analogues are available.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Iodoamination of Chalcones and 4‐Aryl‐4‐oxobutenoates Catalyzed by a Complex Based on Scandium(III) and a N,N′‐Dioxide Ligand.
Authors: Cai Yunfei , Liu Xiaohua , Li Jun , Chen Weiliang , Wang Wentao , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe reaction delivers a series of vicinal anti‐α‐iodo‐β‐amino products regioselectively in excellent yields (up to 97%), diastereoselectivities (up to < 99%), and enantioselectivities (up to 98%).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of tert‐Butyl Ethers/Esters of Alcohols/Amino Acids Using Methyl tert‐Butyl Ether.
Authors: Mallesha N. , Rao S. Prahlada , Suhas R. , Gowda D. Channe 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA practical method for the synthesis of ethers from primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Trimethylenemethane with Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Bringley Dustin A. , Seng Pamela S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe functionalization of the cycloadduct (IIIf) gives rise to the alkaloid cephalotaxine (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Substituted Symmetrical 1,3‐Dienes via Organocuprate Oxidation.
Authors: Aves Sarah J. , O'Connell Kieron M. G. , Pike Kurt G. , Spring David R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe efficient and stereoselective method involves the oxidation of organocuprates, generated from alkenyl bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives in a Water‐Insoluble Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Zhang Wensheng , Xu Wenjing , Liu Mei , Yan Yuerong , Sun Yuezhi , Zhang Sheli 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe title compounds (III) (10 examples) are synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation of commercially available aromatic aldehydes with propanedioic acid using [bmim]PF6 as green solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Iridium Catalysts Bearing Spiro Pyridine‐Aminophosphine Ligands Enable Highly Efficient Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β‐Aryl β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Xie Jian‐Hua , Liu Xiao‐Yan , Yang Xiao‐Hui , Xie Jian‐Bo , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe spiro‐PAP ligand (I) is found to work best in the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Highly Efficient Catalytic Thiocyanation of Aromatic Compounds in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Khazaei Ardeshir , Zolfigol Mohmmad Ali , Mokhlesi Mohammad , Panah Fateme Derakhshan , Sajjadifar Sami 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe thiocyanation of a variety of N‐heterocycles or anilines is readily achieved with KSCN in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or periodic acid as the oxidants.
ChemInform Abstract: Hexafluorobenzene: A Powerful Solvent for a Noncovalent Stereoselective Organocatalytic Michael Addition Reaction.
Authors: Lattanzi Alessandra , De Fusco Claudia , Russo Alessio , Poater Albert , Cavallo Luigi 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe use of C6F6 as solvent or additive turns the Michael addition, catalyzed by a chiral prolinol, from scarcely to highly stereoselective.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Pd‐Catalyzed Aerobic Aza‐Wacker Cyclization for Preparation of Isoindolinones and Isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones.
Authors: Yang Guoqiang , Zhang Wanbin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTwo different catalyst systems are used for the preparation of either isoindoline or isoquinoline skeletons where the type and steric hindrance of the ligands influences the regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and OFET and OLED Properties of π‐Extended Ladder‐Type Heteroacenes Based on Indolodibenzothiophene.
Authors: Wang Changsheng , Nishida Jun‐ichi , Bryce Martin R. , Yamashita Yoshiro 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBy treating compound (V) with a bisboronic acid derivative it is possible to obtain a polymeric structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions of 4‐Halopyrazolyl MIDA 3‐Boronates: A Modular Synthetic Entry to 3,4‐Bis(hetero)aromatic Pyrazoles.
Authors: Delaunay Thierry , Es‐Sayed Mazen , Vors Jean‐Pierre , Monteiro Nuno , Balme Genevieve 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA rapid access to 4‐halopyrazole‐3‐boronates (V) proceeds via cycloaddition of sydnones (I) with terminal alkynyl boronate (II) followed by C‐4 halogenation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorinated and Non‐Fluorinated Bicyclic Amidines Through Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Cunat Ana C. , Flores Sonia , Oliver Judit , Fustero Santos 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCondensation of unsaturated esters (I) and (VII) with 1,2‐diamines proceeds in the presence of trimethylaluminum providing imidazolines (III) and (VIII) which are further allylated giving suitable dienes (V) and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Arylbenzimidazoles and 2‐Arylbenzothiazoles in Both Room Temperature and Microwave Condition Catalyzed by Hexamethylenetetramine—Bromine Complex.
Authors: Khosravi Kaveh , Kazemi Samira 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSimilar yields are obtained at room temperature within 8h.
ChemInform Abstract: A Method for the Synthesis of 2‐Aminobenzoxazoles.
Authors: Sherry Benjamin D. , Chen Yeo‐Chuin Justin , Mangion Ian K. , Yin Jingjun 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA convenient protocol allows the conversion of 2‐unsubstituted benzoxazoles into the therapeutically important target compounds via deprotonation followed by bromination and amination with primary amine nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Libraries on Oxetane δ‐Amino Acid Scaffolds: Syntheses and Evaluation of Physicochemical and Metabolic Properties.
Authors: Dias Lucas Susana , Fischer Holger , Alker Andre , Rauter Amelia P. , Wessel Hans Peter 
Published: April 2012

AbstractUsing five oxetane δ‐amino acids, differring in stereochemistry and substitution pattern, as scaffolds, derivatization by introduction of oxadiazole or triazole pharmacophores affords a greater than 100‐compound oxetane‐based library.
ChemInform Abstract: PEG—SO3H Catalyzed, Environmentally Benign Synthesis of 14‐Aryl‐14H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Prasad Davinder , Nath Mahendra 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAn efficient and green method for the synthesis of title compounds is described using a new environmentally benign catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Regiospecific β‐Lactam Ring‐Opening/Recyclization Reactions of N‐Aryl‐3‐spirocyclic‐β‐lactams Catalyzed by a Lewis—Broensted Acids Combined Superacid Catalyst System: A New Entry to 3‐Spirocyclicquinolin‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Hu Yinqiao , Fu Xiaolan , Barry Badru‐Deen , Bi Xihe , Dong Dewen 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe reduction of acetoacetanilides (I) followed by treatment of the intermediate alcohols with tosyl chloride gives rise to the desired 3‐spirocyclic‐β‐lactams (II).
ChemInform Abstract: 6‐Alkynylpurines Bearing Electronacceptor Substituents: Preparation, Reactivity in Cycloaddition Reactions and Cytostatic Activity.
Authors: Krovacek Martin , Dvorakova Hana , Votruba Ivan , Cisarova Ivana , Dvorak Dalimil 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWhile direct Sonogashira coupling of 6‐halopurines (I) with propargyl aldehyde or methyl propiolate fails, the corresponding diethyl acetal (IIa) and orthoester (IIb) react smoothly.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselectivity of Cyclization of 3‐Allyl(propargyl)sulfanyl‐5H‐[1,2,4]triazino[5,6‐b]indoles.
Authors: Vas'kevich R. I. , Vas'kevich A. I. , Turov A. V. , Staninets V. I. , Vovk M. V. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntramolecular iodocyclization of 3‐allylsulfanyltriazinoindole (I) affords the angular cyclization product (II), whilst iodocyclization of 3‐proparylsulfanyltriazinoindole (VI) affords a product with linear structure (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Deoxynojirimycin Derivatives from L‐Sorbose via Wittig Reactions.
Authors: O'Brien Colin , Murphy Paul V. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sequence leading to title derivatives (IV) and (VII) involve eight steps and provide the target compounds in 13 to 44% yield from (L)‐sorbose.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Macrocyclic Diarylether Heptanoid Natural Products and Their Analogues.
Authors: Bryant Vashti C. , Kumar G. D. Kishore , Nyong Abijah M. , Natarajan Amarnath 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of a small macrocyclic diarylether heptanoid (MDEH) library is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold and Iron Oxide Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials
Authors: Leung Ken Cham‐Fai , Xuan Shouhu , Zhu Xiaoming , Wang Dawei , Chak Chun‐Pong , Lee Siu‐Fung , Ho Watson K.‐W. , Chung Berton C.‐T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractReview: 120 refs.
Declining Coronary Artery Bypass‐Related Mortality: More Than Meets the Eye?
Authors: Bansilal Sameer , Bhatt Deepak L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDr. Bhatt receives research grants from Amarin, AstraZeneca, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Eisai, Ethicon, Medtronic, Sanofi Aventis, and The Medicines Company. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Nitrates as an Integral Part of Optimal Medical Therapy and Cardiac Rehabilitation for Stable Angina: Review of Current Concepts and Therapeutics
Authors: Boden William E. , Finn Aloke V. , Patel Dharmesh , Frank Peacock W. , Thadani Udho , Zimmerman Franklin H. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe goals of optimal medical therapy in patients with stable angina pectoris are to reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality and future cardiovascular events, improve exercise capacity, and enhance quality of life. Whereas myocardial revascularization is frequently employed in the management of patients with stable angina, a variety of pharmacologic interventions are recommended as part of optimal medical management. The use of short‐ and rapidly‐acting nitrates (eg, sublingual nitroglycerin spray and tablets) is at the core of the therapeutic armamentarium and should be integrated into optimal medical therapy for stable angina along with exercise therapy. The potential clinical implications from these observations are that prophylactic sublingual nitrates, when combined with cardiac rehabilitation, may allow the patient with angina to exercise to a greater functional capacity than without sublingual nitrates. Clin. Cardiol. 2012 DOI: 10.1002/clc.21993William E. Boden: Advisory Board for Arbor Pharmaceuticals. Aloke V. Finn: Sponsored research agreement with Medtronic Vascular; Scientific Advisory Board for Medtronic Vascular; Advisory Board for Arbor Pharmaceuticals. Dharmesh Patel: Speakers Bureau for Novartis, Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Medtronic, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Abbott, St Jude's Medical, Cleveland Heart Lab, Boston Heart Lab, Forrest Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Jansen & Jansen. W. Frank Peacock: Advisory Board for Abbott, Alere, Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Lilly, and The Medicines Co; Received research grants from Alere, Brahms Comprehensive Research Associates, Electrocore, Novartis, The Medicines Co; Speakers Bureau for Abbott, Alere, and Electrocore; Ownership interest in EKR, Emergencies in Medicine, and Vital Sensors. Udho Thadani: Received consultation fee from Arbor Pharmaceuticals for interpretation of the study data and for writing this manuscript; Advisory Board for Arbor Pharmaceuticals; Consultant for Gilead Sciences, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, Merck, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Bayer, Forest Laboratories, and Servier; Speaker's program for Eli Lilly and Daiichi‐Sankyo and Gilead Sciences. Franklin H. Zimmerman: Advisory Board for Arbor Pharmaceuticals; Speakers Bureau for Boerhinger‐Ingelheim.**At the time this manuscript was written, Dr Peacock's affiliation was: Department of Emergency Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
Structure–Activity Relationships and Mechanism of Action of Eph–ephrin Antagonists: Interaction of Cholanic Acid with the EphA2 Receptor
Authors: Tognolini Massimiliano , Incerti Matteo , Hassan‐Mohamed Iftiin , Giorgio Carmine , Russo Simonetta , Bruni Renato , Lelli Barbara , Bracci Luisa , Noberini Roberta , Pasquale Elena B. , Barocelli Elisabetta , Vicini Paola , Mor Marco , Lodola Alessio 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe Eph–ephrin system, including the EphA2 receptor and the ephrinA1 ligand, plays a critical role in tumor and vascular functions during carcinogenesis. We previously identified (3α,5β)‐3‐hydroxycholan‐24‐oic acid (lithocholic acid) as an Eph–ephrin antagonist that is able to inhibit EphA2 receptor activation; it is therefore potentially useful as a novel EphA2 receptor‐targeting agent. Herein we explore the structure–activity relationships of a focused set of lithocholic acid derivatives based on molecular modeling investigations and displacement binding assays. Our exploration shows that while the 3‐α‐hydroxy group of lithocholic acid has a negligible role in recognition of the EphA2 receptor, its carboxylate group is critical for disrupting the binding of ephrinA1 to EphA2. As a result of our investigation, we identified (5β)‐cholan‐24‐oic acid (cholanic acid) as a novel compound that competitively inhibits the EphA2–ephrinA1 interaction with higher potency than lithocholic acid. Surface plasmon resonance analysis indicates that cholanic acid binds specifically and reversibly to the ligand binding domain of EphA2, with a steady‐state dissociation constant (KD) in the low micromolar range. Furthermore, cholanic acid blocks the phosphorylation of EphA2 as well as cell retraction and rounding in PC3 prostate cancer cells, two effects that depend on EphA2 activation by the ephrinA1 ligand. These findings suggest that cholanic acid can be used as a template structure for the design of effective EphA2 antagonists, and may have potential impact in the elucidation of the role played by this receptor in pathological conditions.
Expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic phenotypic markers in hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons
Authors: Jarvie Brooke C. , Hentges Shane T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractHypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have traditionally been defined by their peptide transmitters, which are important regulators of energy balance and reward. Recent work shows that POMC neurons can also release the amino acid transmitters γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, although studying GABAergic and glutamatergic populations of POMC neurons has been hindered by the difficulty in reliably identifying amino acid (AA) transmitter phenotypes. In the present study, fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to identify POMC neurons and to detect the presence of mRNA for the transporters responsible for packaging either GABA (vesicular GABA transporter [vGAT]) or glutamate (vesicular glutamate transporter [vGLUT]) into vesicles, as well as the enzymes responsible for GABA synthesis, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 and GAD67. Approximately 7% of POMC neurons expressed vGlut2 and the highest percentage of vGlut2‐positive POMC cells were located in the rostral arcuate nucleus. Despite the reports of GABA release from POMC neurons, vGat was not detected in POMC neurons, although Gad65 and Gad67 were present in ∼40% of POMC neurons. Approximately half of the vGlut2‐expressing POMC cells also expressed Gad65. Markers of neurotransmitter phenotype were better detected by using in situ hybridization techniques rather than transgenic expression of fluorophores under the control of the vGat or Gad67 promoters. It is now clear that the expression of markers of AA phenotype provides a useful means to identify distinct subpopulations of POMC neurons. Additionally, the method described will be useful to explore the possibility that plasticity of AA phenotype is an important aspect of POMC neuron function. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3863–3876, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental dynamics of PAFAH1B subunits during mouse brain development
Authors: Escamez Teresa , Bahamonde Olga , Tabares‐Seisdedos Rafael , Vieta Eduard , Martinez Salvador , Echevarria Diego 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPlatelet‐activating factor (PAF) mediates an array of biological processes in the mammalian central nervous system as a bioactive lipid messenger in synaptic function and dysfunction (plasticity, memory, and neurodegeneration). The intracellular enzyme that deacetylates the PAF (PAFAH1B) is composed of a tetramer of two catalytic subunits, ALPHA1 (PAFAH1B3) and ALPHA2 (PAFAH1B2), and a regulatory dimer of LIS1 (PAFAH1B1). We have investigated the mouse PAFAH1B subunit genes during brain development in normal mice and in mice with a hypomorphic allele for Lis1 (Lis1/sLis1; Cahana et al. [2001] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:6429–6434). We have analyzed quantitatively (by means of real‐time polymerase chain reaction) and qualitatively (by in situ hybridization techniques) the amounts and expression patterns of their transcription in developing and postnatal brain, focusing mainly on differences in two laminated encephalic regions, the forebrain (telencephalon) and hindbrain (cerebellum) separately. The results revealed significant differences in cDNA content between these two brain subdivisions but, more importantly, between the LIS1 complex subunits. In addition, we found significant spatial differences in gene expression patterns. Comparison of results obtained with Lis1/sLis1 analysis also revealed significant temporal and spatial differences in Alpha1 and Lis1 expression levels. Thus, small changes in the amount of the Lis1 gene may differentially regulate expression of Alpha1 and Alpha2, depending on the brain region, which suggests different roles for each LIS1 complex subunit during neural differentiation and neural migration. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3877–3894, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.