bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Processes in Architectural Design: A Case Study of Computers and Creativity
Authors: Hanna Raid , Barber Tony 
Published: April 2010

This paper describes the results of a statistical-experimental investigation into the relationship between three variables: design cognition, the computer as a problem solving medium and ‘creativity’. The hypothesis put forward suggests a directional link between the use of ‘CAAD as a cognitive design medium’ and ‘levels’ of creativity in the design process. The hypothesis was tested statistically using first year architecture students as research design subjects. In order to place the research within a context, develop a thesis and identify ‘operational’ measures for variables, a literature search with special emphasis on ‘creativity’ was conducted. The statistical findings did confirm that levels of architectural ‘creativity’ in the design process and in the final product were somehow affected by the use of CAAD. Ideation fluency and originality, as ‘creativity’ indicators, correlated positively with CAAD as a cognitive medium with coefficients 3 0.5. The statistics from subjects- group design- revealed that computers' power of visualisation, slicing and Boolean operations has helped spatial ability and could eventually help novice designers to venture and create complex objects more than they would normally do with conventional media.
Live cell imaging of cytoskeletal dynamics in neurons using fluorescence photoactivation
Authors: Gauthier Anne , Brandt Roland 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders share some common features at the cellular level, which are often associated with a change in cytoskeletal dynamics. Live cell imaging has been applied to study various aspects of cell physiology including cytoskeletal dynamics. Recently, fluorescence photoactivation (FPA) has been developed as a novel approach to analyze protein dynamics in living cells with high sensitivity. Here, we describe the application of FPA to determine interactions and mobility of the microtubule-associated protein tau in neurons as an example for a disease-related cytoskeletal protein and discuss further applications of FPA to study cytoskeletal dynamics in neurodegenerative diseases.
Activity-based selection of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase variants with decreased polymerization fidelity
Authors: Stumpp Sascha N. , Heyn Bianca , Brakmann Susanne 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) copies the RNA genome of HIV-1 into DNA, thereby committing errors at an exceptionally high frequency. Viral offspring evolve rapidly and consequently are capable of evading the immune response as well as antiviral treatment. However, error-prone viral replication could drive HIV close to extinction owing to an intolerable load of deleterious mutations. We applied a genetic selection scheme to identify variants of HIV-1 RT with a further increased error rate to study the relationship between error rate and viral replication. Using this approach, we identified 16 mutator candidates, two of which were purified and further studiedin vitro. One of these variant enzymes showed a generally increased mutation frequency as compared with the reference enzyme. A single amino acid residue, R448, is probably responsible for the observed effect. Mutation of this residue, which is located within the RNase H domain of HIV-1 RT, seems to perturb the interaction with template RNA and consequently affects polymerase activity and fidelity.
Recent progress in the field of neoglycoconjugate chemistry
Authors: Jiménez-Castells Carmen , Defaus Sira , Andreu David , Gutiérrez-Gallego Ricardo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGlycosylation is probably the most complex secondary gene event that affects the vast majority of proteins in nature resulting in the occurrence of a heterogeneous mixture of glycoforms for a single protein. Many functions are exerted by single monosaccharides, well-defined oligosaccharides, or larger glycans present in these glycoproteins. To unravel these functions it is of the utmost importance to prepare well-defined single glycans conjugated to the underlying aglycon. In this review, the most recent developments are described to address the preparation of carbohydrate-amino acid (glyco-conjugates). Naturally occurring N- and O-linked glycosylation are described and the preparation of non-natural sugar-amino acid linkages are also included.
Studies of association between LPIN1 variants and common metabolic phenotypes among 17 538 Danes
Authors: Burgdorf Kristoffer Sølvsten , Sandholt Camilla Helene , Sparsø Thomas , Andersen Gitte , Witte Daniel R , Jørgensen Torben , Sandbæk Anelli , Lauritzen Torsten , Sørensen Thorkild I A , Madsbad Sten , Hansen Torben , Pedersen Oluf 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveLipin-1, encoded byLPIN1, is expressed in the major metabolically active tissues. Decreased expression of lipin-1 in adipose tissue correlates with increased insulin resistance, and tagging of theLPIN1locus has shown that rs33997857, rs6744682, and rs6708316 associate with metabolic phenotypes, specifically body mass index (BMI) and fasting serum lipid levels, both on the individual single-nucleotide polymorphism level and with a three-marker haplotype. Our aim was to validate the reported findings in the Danish population.DesignIn the present study, variants were analyzed inLPIN1using case–control studies, haplotype analyses, and quantitative trait analyses in a population of 17 538 Danes.MethodsThe threeLPIN1variants were genotyped in 17 538 Danes from four study populations of middle-aged people. This provided us with a statistical power >99% to replicate previous findings. Variants were analyzed individually and in haplotype combinations in studies of quantitative metabolic traits and in case–control studies.ResultsNone of the three variants were associated with the examined quantitative traits including BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting serum lipid concentrations, or plasma glucose or serum insulin concentrations in the fasting state and following an oral glucose tolerance test. Haplotypes were tested for association with quantitative traits; however, only nominal association with blood pressure (P=0.04) and waist circumference (P=0.04) was observed. In case–control studies, no association was found for individual variants or the three-marker haplotype.ConclusionLPIN1rs33997857, rs6744682, and rs6708316 did not associate with type 2 diabetes, obesity, or related quantitative metabolic phenotypes in the Danish population examined.
Retrospective observational study on the effects and tolerability of flutamide in a large population of patients with various kinds of hirsutism over a 15-year period
Authors: Paradisi Roberto , Venturoli Stefano 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term effects and tolerability of flutamide (Flu) in hirsute women. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the largest report, concerning the population studied and the duration of treatment, to evaluate Flu use in hirsutism treatment.Design, patients and methodsOver a 15-year period spanning from January 1991 to January 2006, a total of 414 premenopausal women with hirsutism of different aetiopathogeneses received yearly reducing doses (250, 125 and 62.5 mg/day) of Flu alone or in combination with oral contraceptives for a period varying from at least 3 to 8 years and more. Clinical and endocrine evaluations were assessed half-yearly and yearly respectively in the first 3 years of the study, and yearly in the following years. Liver function evaluations were assessed quarterly.ResultsBoth the groups of patients under Flu therapy showed a marked decrease in hirsutism scores after 12 months compared with basal values. The maximum drug effect was observed after 2 years, and it was maintained during the following years of treatment. Androgens were strongly suppressed during treatment. During the first year of treatment, 6.0% of patients abandoned the study due to hepatic disorders related to the drug. During the following years with the lowest treatment regimen, none of the patients abandoned the study due to hepatic discomfort.ConclusionsFlu is a satisfactory therapeutic regimen for any form of hirsutism in the long run. Moreover, the use of very low doses of Flu is associated with minimal side-effects and high compliance.
Root‐Coverage Procedures for the Treatment of Localized Recession‐Type Defects: A Cochrane Systematic Review
Authors: Chambrone Leandro , Sukekava Flávia , Araújo Maurício G. , Pustiglioni Francisco E. , Chambrone Luiz Armando , Lima Luiz A. 
Published: April 2010

Background: The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of different root‐coverage procedures in the treatment of recession‐type defects.Methods: The Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched for entries up to October 2008. There were no restrictions regarding publication status or the language of publication. Only clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a duration ≥6 months that evaluated recession areas (Miller Class I or II ≥3 mm) that were treated by means of periodontal plastic surgery procedures were included.Results: Twenty‐four RCTs provided data. Only one trial was considered to be at low risk of bias. The remaining trials were considered to be at high risk of bias. The results indicated a significantly greater reduction in gingival recession and gain in keratinized tissue for subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTGs) compared to guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with bioabsorbable membranes (GTR bms). A significantly greater gain in keratinized tissue was found for enamel matrix protein compared to a coronally advanced flap (0.40 mm) and for SCTGs compared to GTR bms plus bone substitutes. Limited data exist on the changes of esthetic conditions as related to the opinions and preferences of patients for specific procedures.Conclusions: SCTGs, coronally advanced flaps alone or associated with other biomaterial, and GTR may be used as root‐coverage procedures for the treatment of localized recession‐type defects. In cases where root coverage and gain in keratinized tissue are expected, the use of SCTGs seems to be more adequate.
Pro-Inflammatory CD11c+CD206+ Adipose Tissue Macrophages Are Associated With Insulin Resistance in Human Obesity
Authors: Wentworth John M. , Naselli Gaetano , Brown Wendy A. , Doyle Lisa , Phipson Belinda , Smyth Gordon K. , Wabitsch Martin , O'Brien Paul E. , Harrison Leonard C. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
Insulin resistance and other features of the metabolic syndrome have been causally linked to adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in mice with diet-induced obesity. We aimed to characterize macrophage phenotype and function in human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue in relation to insulin resistance in obesity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Adipose tissue was obtained from lean and obese women undergoing bariatric surgery. Metabolic markers were measured in fasting serum and ATMs characterized by immunohistology, flow cytometry, and tissue culture studies.

RESULTS
ATMs comprised CD11c+CD206+ cells in “crown” aggregates and solitary CD11c−CD206+ cells at adipocyte junctions. In obese women, CD11c+ ATM density was greater in subcutaneous than omental adipose tissue and correlated with markers of insulin resistance. CD11c+ ATMs were distinguished by high expression of integrins and antigen presentation molecules; interleukin (IL)-1β, -6, -8, and -10; tumor necrosis factor-α; and CC chemokine ligand-3, indicative of an activated, proinflammatory state. In addition, CD11c+ ATMs were enriched for mitochondria and for RNA transcripts encoding mitochondrial, proteasomal, and lysosomal proteins, fatty acid metabolism enzymes, and T-cell chemoattractants, whereas CD11c− ATMs were enriched for transcripts involved in tissue maintenance and repair. Tissue culture medium conditioned by CD11c+ ATMs, but not CD11c− ATMs or other stromovascular cells, impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by human adipocytes.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings identify proinflammatory CD11c+ ATMs as markers of insulin resistance in human obesity. In addition, the machinery of CD11c+ ATMs indicates they metabolize lipid and may initiate adaptive immune responses.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight or Obese Subjects May Be Linked Through Intrahepatic Lipid Content
Authors: Haufe Sven , Engeli Stefan , Budziarek Petra , Utz Wolfgang , Schulz-Menger Jeanette , Hermsdorf Mario , Wiesner Susanne , Otto Christoph , Haas Verena , de Greiff Armin , Luft Friedrich C. , Boschmann Michael , Jordan Jens 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) predisposes one to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in part independently of body weight. Given the close relationship between intrahepatic lipid content (IHL) and insulin sensitivity, we hypothesized that the direct relationship between fitness and insulin sensitivity may be explained by IHL.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We included 138 overweight to obese, otherwise healthy subjects (aged 43.6 ± 8.9 years, BMI 33.8 ± 4 kg/m2). Body composition was estimated by bioimpedance analyses. Abdominal fat distribution, intramyocellular, and IHL were assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and tomography. Incremental exercise testing was performed to estimate an individual's CRF. Insulin sensitivity was determined during an oral glucose tolerance test.

RESULTS
For all subjects, CRF was related to insulin sensitivity (r = 0.32, P &lt; 0.05), IHL (r = −0.27, P &lt; 0.05), and visceral (r = −0.25, P &lt; 0.05) and total fat mass (r = −0.32, P &lt; 0.05), but not to intramyocellular lipids (r = −0.08, NS). Insulin sensitivity correlated significantly with all fat depots. In multivariate regression analyses, independent predictors of insulin sensitivity were IHL, visceral fat, and fitness (r2 = −0.43, P &lt; 0.01, r2 = −0.34, and r2 = 0.29, P &lt; 0.05, respectively). However, the positive correlation between fitness and insulin sensitivity was abolished after adjustment for IHL (r = 0.16, NS), whereas it remained significant when adjusted for visceral or total body fat. Further, when subjects were grouped into high versus low IHL, insulin sensitivity was higher in those subjects with low IHL, irrespective of fitness levels.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study suggests that the positive effect of increased CRF on insulin sensitivity in overweight to obese subjects may be mediated indirectly through IHL reduction.
Estimated Average Glucose and Self-Monitored Mean Blood Glucose Are Discordant Estimates of Glycemic Control
Authors: Hempe James M. , Soros Arlette A. , Chalew Stuart A. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
The A1C-Derived Average Glucose study recommended reporting A1C in estimated average glucose (eAG) equivalents. We compared eAG with self-monitored mean blood glucose (MBG) to determine whether eAG is systematically biased due to biological variation in the relationship between MBG and A1C.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
MBG and A1C were recorded from charts of 202 pediatric type 1 diabetic patients at 1,612 clinic visits. Patients were divided into groups with low, moderate, or high A1C bias based on a hemoglobin glycation index (HGI).

RESULTS
The mean ± SD values for MBG versus eAG were as follows: total population, 194 ± 34 vs. 196 ± 36 mg/dl; low-HGI group, 186 ± 31 vs. 163 ± 20 mg/dl; moderate-HGI group, 195 ± 28 vs. 193 ± 19 mg/dl; and high-HGI group, 199 ± 42 vs. 230 ± 31 mg/dl.

CONCLUSIONS
eAG underestimated MBG in low HGI patients and overestimated MBG in high HGI patients. Disagreement between eAG and MBG downloaded from patient glucose meters will cause confusion if eAG is implemented for clinical use.
Prediction of Incident Diabetic Neuropathy Using the Monofilament Examination
Authors: Perkins Bruce A. , Orszag Andrej , Ngo Mylan , Ng Eduardo , New Patti , Bril Vera 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To determine the specific monofilament examination score that predicts the subsequent 4-year incidence of diabetic neuropathy with the highest degree of diagnostic accuracy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Longitudinal follow-up of 175 of 197 (89%) participants in the Toronto Diabetic Neuropathy Cohort without baseline neuropathy for incident neuropathy. We examined the baseline monofilament examination score (and other simple sensory screening tests) by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS
Incident diabetic neuropathy developed in 50 (29%) participants over a mean follow-up of 4.1 years (interquartile range 2.6–7.1 years). Although male sex, longer diabetes duration, taller height, and higher blood pressure at baseline were associated with incident neuropathy, the strongest association was with a lower baseline monofilament score (score out of 8 was 3.7 ± 2.5 for incident neuropathy vs. 5.7 ± 2.3 for those who did not develop neuropathy; P &lt; 0.001). The optimal threshold score for risk of incident neuropathy was ≤5 sensate stimuli out of 8, with 72% sensitivity, 64% specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios of 2.5 and 0.35, and positive and negative predictive values of 87 and 46%, respectively (χ2 = 20.7, P &lt; 0.001). Area under the ROC curve was significantly greater for the monofilament examination compared with that for other simple sensory tests.

CONCLUSIONS
A simple threshold of ≤5 sensate stimuli out of 8 discriminates 4-year risk of diabetic neuropathy with acceptable operating characteristics. Although there are limitations in its specificity for prediction of future neuropathy onset, the monofilament examination is appropriate as a simple diabetic neuropathy screening instrument generalizable to the clinical setting.
Cytokine mRNA expressions after racing at a high altitude and at sea level in horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
Authors: Saulez Montague N. , Godfroid Jacques , Bosman Anamarie , Stiltner Jackie L. , Breathnach Cormac C. , Horohov David W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine concentrations of cytokine mRNA in horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) after racing.
Animals—97 Thoroughbreds.
Procedures—Following tracheobronchoscopy, the severity of EIPH was graded (scale of 0 to 4), and venous blood samples were collected from 10 horses in each grade. After RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis, real-time PCR assay was conducted to detect cytokinespecific mRNA for interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-10; interferon (INF)-γ; and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.
Results—Neither location nor grade of EIPH affected the expression of IL-1 and INF-γ. There was significantly greater overall expression of IL-6 mRNA at sea level, with significantly more IL-6 expressed in horses with grade 4 EIPH than in horses with grade 0, 1, or 2 EIPH. At a high altitude, no difference was detected for IL-6 expression among the various EIPH grades. There was significantly greater overall expression of TNF-α mRNA at a high altitude; however, there was no difference within the various grades of EIPH. Expression of IL-10 was significantly affected by grade of EIPH because horses with grade 3 EIPH expressed significantly more IL-10 mRNA than did horses with grade 0 or 2 EIPH; this expression was not affected by location.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—At sea level, increased IL-6 expression was associated with more severe EIPH, and altitude may affect gene expressions of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Studies on protein concentrations of cytokine expression are needed. The pathophysiologic importance of these findings remains to be explained.
Transcriptional changes associated with recurrent airway obstruction in affected and unaffected horses
Authors: Venugopal Changaram S. , Mendes Luiz Claudio N. , Peiró Juliana R. , Laborde Susan S. , Stokes Ashley M. , Moore Rustin M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Objective—To identify differentially expressed genes in pulmonary tissues of horses affected with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD), which is a form of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), compared with those of unaffected horses.
Animals—6 horses with SPAOPD-RAO and 6 unaffected (healthy) horses.
Procedures—Horses were assigned to 2 groups on the basis of medical history, clinical score, and transpleural pressure. Total RNA from each of the 5 lung lobes of each of the 6 SPAOPD-RAO–affected horses was extracted and pooled. Similarly, total RNA from unaffected horses was pooled. Differential display (DD) PCR assay was performed, and differentially expressed bands were purified and cloned into a plasmid vector. Plasmids were extracted from recombinant colonies, and purified DNA was sequenced. Genes of interest for RAO pathogenesis were identified. Real-time PCR assay was performed to confirm findings for the DD PCR assay.
Results—18 differentially expressed genes (17 upregulated and 1 downregulated) were identified. Three genes of particular interest were found to be altered (2 upregulated and 1 downregulated) in horses with SPAOPD-RAO by use of real-time PCR assay, and these findings matched the differential expression found by use of the DD PCR assay.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—SPAOPD-RAO in horses is a multifactorial, complex disease involving several genes. Upregulated genes, particularly β2-microglobulin, and the downregulated secretoglobin gene can serve as marker genes that may help to identify SPAOPD-RAO at an early age.
Oligosaccharides induce changes in protein patterns of regenerating spruce protoplasts
Authors: Kákoniová Daniela , Hlinková Elena , Lišková Desana , Kollárová Karin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGalactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs, d.p. 4–8 and fractions d.p. 3, 4, 5, 6–7), used in culture media for spruce protoplasts derived from callus cells showed a pleiotropic effect. They influenced both, quality and quantity of extracellular proteins in regenerating protoplasts. GGMOs d.p. 4, 5 at pH 6.0 and the mixture of d.p. 4–8 (pH 3.8 and 6.0) after 48 h of culture increased the amount of extra- and intracellular proteins and the viability of protoplasts. The most significant effect on protoplasts viability in the presence of GGMOs d.p. 4–8 without the growth hormone supplementation at pH 3.8, and with lower efficiency in the presence of NAA (1 mg/l) has been observed. The most significant differences were observed in the molecular mass intervals Mr∼17–21 kDa, 25–30 kDa, and 45–60 kDa. After 24 h of culture extracellular acid proteins with Mr∼30; 41; 68; and 90 in media supplemented with GGMOs d.p. 3, 4, 5, 6–7 (pH 6.0) with or without NAA were identified to belong to the group of β-1,3-glucanases. Extracellular proteins p27.5; 30; 41; 50; 52 and 90 exhibited chitinase activity after 24 h of protoplast cultivation. GGMOs probably fulfil a protective role in this process of spruce protoplast regeneration.