bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Organocatalytic α‐Amination Reactions of Aryl Oxindoles: Developing Designer Multifunctional Alkaloid Catalysts.
Authors: Bui Tommy , Hernandez‐Torres Gloria , Milite Ciro , Barbas Carlos F. III 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEspecially the free hydroxyl groups of the dimeric quinidine catalyst are responsable for the high yields and the excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐(1‐Cyanoalkylidene)oxindoles by Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization Reaction of 2‐(Alkynyl)aryl Isocyanates with Copper(I) Cyanide.
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Toyoshima Takeharu , Kozawa Osamu , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe reaction provides a convenient and stereoselective method for the synthesis of the title compounds, e.g. (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Oxaziridine‐Mediated Oxyamination of Indoles: An Approach to 3‐Aminoindoles and Enantiomerically Enriched 3‐Aminopyrroloindolines.
Authors: Benkovics Tamas , Guzei Ilia A. , Yoon Tehshik P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRegioselective oxyamination reactions of various indole substrates with oxaziridines (II) or (VI) produces aminals which undergo base‐promoted transformations to various fused pyrrole systems including the chiral α‐carboline (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Development and Mechanistic Study on Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Enediynes to Benzo[a]carbazoles.
Authors: Chen Chin‐Chau , Chin Lin‐Yu , Yang Shyh‐Chyun , Wu Ming‐Jung 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn most cases, the pharmaceutically interesting products are formed within one hour.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐(N‐Azolyl)‐3,5‐dinitropyrazoles.
Authors: Dalinger Igor L. , Vatsadze Irina A. , Shkineva Tatyana K. , Popova Galina P. , Shevelev Svyatoslav A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe title compounds (III) are obtained via selective substitution reaction of the nitro group at C4‐position in pyrazoles (I) through NH‐azoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Substituted Imidazolidin‐4‐ones: New Alternative Method Preparation of 4,5‐Dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐5‐ones.
Authors: Panov Illia , Drabina Pavel , Padelkova Zdenka , Hanusek Jiri , Sedlak Milos 
Published: March 2011

AbstractImidazolidinones (III) and (VI), synthesized by ring closure reaction of aminocarboxamides with aldehydes, are transformed to imidazolones in the presence of several oxidizing agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structures, and Herbicidal Activity of Isoxazole Derivatives.
Authors: Zhou Yuhan , Chen Yanhui , Miao Weirong , Qu Jingping 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSeveral novel 3‐arylisoxazole derivatives are synthesized based on the ring closure reaction of arylbutanediones (I) with hydroxylamine.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Efficient Synthesis of Some Novel Thiazolidine‐4‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Porshamsian Khalil , Montazeri Naser , Rad‐Moghadam Kurosh , Ali‐Asgari Safa 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe reaction does not work with di‐tert‐butyl acetylenedicarboxylate.
ChemInform Abstract: 4,6‐Dinitrobenzo[c]isothiazole: Synthesis and 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition to Azomethine Ylide.
Authors: Konstantinova Lidia S. , Bastrakov Maxim A. , Starosotnikov Aleksei M. , Glukhov Ivan V. , Lysov Kirill A. , Rakitin Oleg A. , Shevelev Svyatoslav A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new method for the synthesis of title benzoisothiazole (II) and its transformation into isothiazolopyrroloisoindole (V), a representative of a previously unknown heterocyclic system, are given.
ChemInform Abstract: Cellulose‐SO3H as a Recyclable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Tetrahydropyranols via Prins Cyclization.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Venkateswarlu A. , Kumar G. G. K. S. Narayana , Vinu A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA efficient protocol for the reaction of aldehydes, epoxides and ketones with homoallylic alcohols using cellulose‐sulfonic acid as promotor is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydrative Intramolecular Nitrone Cycloaddition in Confined Aqueous Media: A Green Chemical Route to cis‐Fused Chromano[4,3‐c]isoxazoles.
Authors: Chatterjee Amrita , Hota Sandip K. , Banerjee Mainak , Bhattacharya Pranab K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUse of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as catalyst for the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition allows a clean, simple and high‐yielding synthesis of the title heterocyclic compounds (III) (15 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Synthesis of Functionalized 3‐Methyl‐1‐pyridinyl‐1H‐imidazolium Salts as Bidentate N‐Heterocyclic‐carbene Precursors and Their Application in Ir‐Catalyzed Arene Borylation.
Authors: Peters Martin , Breinbauer Rolf 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe preparation of title compounds of type (V) is designed.
ChemInform Abstract: “One‐Pot” Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐3‐cyano‐4,6‐diarylpyridines under Ultrasonic Irradiation and Grindstone Technology.
Authors: Gupta Ragini , Jain Anshu , Jain Meenakshi , Joshi Rahul 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTwo simple, novel and ecofriendly protocols for the synthesis of title compounds (III) are developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Antimycobacterial and Antimicrobial Study of New 1,2,4‐Triazoles with Benzothiazoles.
Authors: Patel Navin B. , Khan Imran H. , Rajani Smita D. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract10 New 1,2,4‐triazoles of type (VI) containing the benzothiazole moiety are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 2,2‐Dimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrano[2,3‐b]quinolines.
Authors: Parsekar Sonia B. , Amonkar Chandan P. , Parameswaran Peruninakulath S. , Tilve Santosh G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe title compounds (V) are synthesized in a three‐step sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Azaxanthones and 1‐Azathioxanthones by Yb(OTf)3/TfOH CO‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Friedel—Crafts Reaction.
Authors: Li Jie , Jin Can , Su Weike 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPhenoxypyridine acids (I) and phenylthiopyridine acids (III) participate in the title reaction under solvent‐free conditions to afford the cyclized products (II) and (IV) in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of ortho‐Dihalogenated Arylpyrimidines Using Calcium Halides as Halogen Sources.
Authors: Zheng Xiaojian , Song Bingrui , Li Guifei , Liu Bingxin , Deng Hongmei , Xu Bin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA direct oxidative C—H halogenation is developed with a palladacycle as catalyst and air and cupric trifluoroacetate as reoxidants.
ChemInform Abstract: Ecofriendly and Efficient One‐Pot Procedure for the Synthesis of Quinazoline Derivatives Catalyzed by an Acidic Ionic Liquid under Aerobic Oxidation Conditions.
Authors: Dabiri Minoo , Salehi Peyman , Bahramnejad Mahboobeh 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe investigated catalytic system is separated from the reaction mixture by simple extraction and can be reused several times.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 6,7,8,9‐Tetrahydro‐5H‐5‐hydroxyphenyl‐2‐benzylidene‐3‐substituted Hydrazino Thiazolo(2,3‐b)quinazoline as Potent Antinociceptive and Antiinflammatory Agents.
Authors: Selvam T. Panmeer , Kumar P. Vijayaraj 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDerivative (VIIa) shows the highest ulcer index, (VIIc) emerges as the most active antinociceptive agent and (VIId) exhibits the most potent antiinflammatory effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrahydropyrido‐ and Pyrido‐[1′,2′:1,2]imidazo[4,5‐b]pyrazine Derivatives.
Authors: Parks Emma L. , Sandford Graham , Yufit Dmitrii S. , Howard Judith A. K. , Christopher John A. , Miller David D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNovel polyfluorinated imidazolopyrazine scaffolds (III) and (IX) are obtained in a one‐step procedure from tetrafluoropyrazine (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Alumina‐Supported Cu(II), A Versatile and Recyclable Catalyst for Regioselective Ring Opening of Aziridines and Epoxides and Subsequent Cyclization to Functionalized 1,4‐Benzoxazines and 1,4‐Benzodioxanes.
Authors: Bhadra Sukalyan , Adak Laksmikanta , Samanta Subhas , Islam A. K. M. Maidul , Mukherjee Manabendra , Ranu Brindaban C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new, efficient, and environmentally friendly approach to various title compounds is reported which proceeds with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 7‐Aza‐5‐deazapurine Analogues via Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Hydroamination of Alkynes and 1‐Iodoalkynes.
Authors: Krasnova Larissa B. , Hein Jason E. , Fokin Valery V. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTreatment of triazines of type (I) with catalytic amounts of Cu(I) salts allows new access to 7‐aza‐5‐deazapurine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Readily Accessible Bodipy‐Based Fluorescence Derivatization Reagents for Amines.
Authors: Saito Ryota , Ito Eri 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTwo highly sensitive borondipyrromethene‐based fluorescence derivatization reagents (FDRs) for amines are synthesized showing prompt reactivity, even with sterically hindered amines, to provide the FDR‐labeled products (III) in very good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Diphosphino‐Functionalized MCM‐41‐Anchored Platinum Complex: An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for the Hydrosilylation of Olefins.
Authors: Zha Lingfang , Hao Wenyan , Cai Mingzhong 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe preparation of the new title catalyst, which is easily handled and can be separated from the product by filtration, is simple and convenient.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Anticancer Activities of Some Selenadiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Plano Daniel , Moreno Esther , Font Maria , Encio Ignacio , Palop Juan Antonio , Sanmartin Carmen 
Published: March 2011

Abstract12 Selenadiazoles of type (II), (IV), or (V) and 3 of type (VII) are prepared and tested for their anticancer activities.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot Synthesis of (E,E)‐1‐Arylseleno‐Substituted 1,5‐Dien‐3‐ynes by Palladium‐Catalyzed Three Component Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Yao Fang , Hao Wenyan , Chai Mingzhong 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn efficient, simple, and stereoselective synthesis of the title compounds (IV) from readily available starting materials is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic Coumarins from the Bark of Mammea siamensis.
Authors: Ngo Ngoc Trang Nhu , Nguyen Vy Thuy , Vo Hoa Van , Vang Ole , Duus Fritz , Ho Thuy‐Duong Huynh , Pham Hung Dinh , Nguyen Lien‐Hoa Dieu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe new geranylated coumarin surangin D (I) is isolated together with four known coumarins and seven xanthones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐(Substituted Benzylideneamino)‐4‐(4′‐hydroxyphenyl) Thiazoles (V) and Their O‐Glucosides (VIII).
Authors: Taile V. S. , Ingle V. N. , Hatzade K. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMost of the title thiazoles (V) and (VIII) exhibit low to moderate antibacterial as well as antifungal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Aspidospermidine Starting from 3‐Ethyl‐5‐bromo‐2‐pyrone
Authors: Cho Hyun‐Kyu , Tam Nguyen Thanh , Cho Cheon‐Gyu 
Published: March 2011

Abstractinvolving the Pd‐catalyzed regioselective ethylation of dibromide (I), Diels—Alder cycloaddition of the resulting pyrone (III), and a subsequent lactone opening with Me‐ONa as the key steps
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and anti‐HIV Activity of Novel 4′‐Ethyl‐5′‐norcarbocyclic Adenosine Phosphonic Acid Analogues.
Authors: Yoo Jin Cheol , Li Hua , Lee Wonjae , Hong Joon Hee 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe cyclopentane moiety is synthesized from aldehyde (I) through a de novo acyclic synthetic route using reiterative Grignard additions and ring‐closure metathesis to produce the required synthon (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ Phosphor with Small Particle Size by Co‐Precipitation Method.
Authors: Dong Yan , Wu Zhisen , Han Xuelin , Chen Rong , Gu Weijie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe title phosphor is synthesized by addition of an aqueous solution of Al(NO3)3, Mg(NO3)2, Ba(NO3)2, and Eu2O3 into a NH4HCO3 solution containing NH4F (20—50 °C, pH 8—10) followed by calcination of the precipitate at 1200 °C (1 h) and reduction of the obtained fine powder (N2/H2, 1400—1500 °C, 2—3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Phenanthroline Derivatives for Electron Transport in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes.
Authors: Kathirgamanathan Poopathy , Surendrakumar Sivagnanasundram , Ravichandran Seenivasagam , Vanga Raghava Reddy , Antipan‐Lara Juan , Ganeshamurugan Subramaniam , Kumaravel Muttulingham , Paramaswara Gnanamoly , Arkley Vincent 
Published: March 2011

Abstract4 Phenanthroline derivatives of type (I) are prepared and their application as electron‐transporting materials in light‐emitting diodes (OLED′s) is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modeling of GW 501516 Analogues.
Authors: Ciocoiu Calin C. , Ravna Aina W. , Sylte Ingebrigt , Hansen Trond Vidar 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEleven analogs of GW 501516 such as (I) are prepared and subjected to biological testing in a semi‐high throughput human skeletal muscle assay.
Monitoring the Backbone Conformation of Valinomycin by Raman Optical Activity
Authors: Yamamoto Shigeki , Watarai Hitoshi , Bouř Petr 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRaman optical activity (ROA) spectroscopy is used to investigate the backbone conformation of valinomycin in methanol and dioxane solution. Experimental Raman and ROA spectral differences are interpreted by using density functional calculations, molecular dynamics, and Cartesian tensor transfer. Of the several conformers with different numbers of intramolecular hydrogen bonds which were preselected by calculations of relative energies, the dominant ones are identified on the basis of ROA. To separate the backbone signal from that of the side chains, conformational search for the isopropyl residues is performed for each backbone conformer. In dioxane, the most populated conformer does not exhibit C3 symmetry, but adopts a distorted “bracelet” structure, similar to a crystal structure. This complements previous NMR spectroscopic results that could not distinguish the nonsymmetric structures. In methanol, a different, “propeller” conformer is indicated by ROA, which has three loops resembling a standard β‐turn peptide motif. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the propeller structure is very flexible in methanol. Spectra simulated for geometries not having the β‐turn do not agree with experiment. On the basis of these results, a distinct +/− ROA couplet at ∼1335/1317 cm−1 observed in the extended amide III region is assigned to a turn in the valinomycin backbone.
Microscopic Diffusion Dynamics of Silver Complex‐Based Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids Probed by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering
Authors: Mamontov Eugene , Baker Gary A. , Luo Huimin , Dai Sheng 
Published: March 2011

AbstractQuasielastic neutron scattering is used to probe the microscopic diffusion dynamics of the hydrogen‐bearing cations of two different silver complex‐derived room‐temperature ionic liquids, [Ag(propylamine)2+][Tf2N−] (Tf=trifluoromethanesulfonyl) and [Ag(1‐pentene)+][Tf2N−]. In the temperature range from 300 to 340 K, analysis of the scattering momentum transfer dependence of the data provides evidence for three distinct diffusion components. The slowest component describes the long‐range cationic translational diffusion. A possible link between the microscopic diffusion parameters and the structural features of the cations comprising these two ionic liquids is discussed.
Interaction of Inorganic Nanoparticles with Graphene
Authors: Das Barun , Choudhury Biswajit , Gomathi A. , Manna Arun K. , Pati S. K. , Rao C. N. R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe changes in the electronic and magnetic properties of graphene induced by interaction with semiconducting oxide nanoparticles such as ZnO and TiO2 and with magnetic nanoparticles such as Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, and Ni are investigated by using Raman spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, and first‐principles calculations. Significant electronic and magnetic interactions between the nanoparticles and graphene are found. The findings suggest that changes in magnetization as well as the Raman shifts are directly linked to charge transfer between the deposited nanoparticles and graphene. The study thus demonstrates significant effects in tailoring the electronic structure of graphene for applications in futuristic electronic devices.
Steady state migratory RelB+ langerin+ dermal dendritic cells mediate peripheral induction of antigen‐specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Azukizawa Hiroaki , Döhler Anja , Kanazawa Nobuo , Nayak Arnab , Lipp Martin , Malissen Bernard , Autenrieth Ingo , Katayama Ichiro , Riemann Marc , Weih Falk , Berberich‐Siebelt Friederike , Lutz Manfred B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTolerance to self‐antigens expressed in peripheral organs is maintained by CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells, which are generated as a result of thymic selection or peripheral induction. Here, we demonstrate that steady‐state migratory DCs from the skin mediated Treg conversion in draining lymph nodes of mice. These DCs displayed a partially mature MHC IIint CD86int CD40hi CCR7+ phenotype, used endogenous TGF‐β for conversion and showed nuclear RelB translocation. Deficiency of the alternative NF‐κB signaling pathway (RelB/p52) reduced steady‐state migration of DCs. These DCs transported and directly presented soluble OVA provided by s.c. implanted osmotic minipumps, as well as cell‐associated epidermal OVA in transgenic K5‐mOVA mice to CD4+ OVA‐specific TCR‐transgenic OT‐II T cells. The langerin+ dermal DC subset, but not epidermal Langerhans cells, mediated conversion of naive OT‐II×RAG‐1−/− T cells into proliferating CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs. Thus, our data suggest that steady‐state migratory RelB+ TGF‐β+ langerin+ dermal DCs mediate peripheral Treg conversion in response to epidermal antigen in skin‐draining lymph nodes.
In vivo diabetogenic action of CD4+ T lymphocytes requires Fas expression and is independent of IL‐1 and IL‐18
Authors: Wen Li , Green Elizabeth A. , Stratmann Thomas , Panosa Anaïs , Gomis Ramon , Eynon Elizabeth E. , Flavell Richard A. , Mezquita Jovita A. , Mora Conchi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCD4+ T lymphocytes are required to induce spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse. Since pancreatic β cells upregulate Fas expression upon exposure to pro‐inflammatory cytokines, we studied whether the diabetogenic action of CD4+ T lymphocytes depends on Fas expression on target cells. We assayed the diabetogenic capacity of NOD spleen CD4+ T lymphocytes when adoptively transferred into a NOD mouse model combining: (i) Fas‐deficiency, (ii) FasL‐deficiency, and (iii) SCID mutation. We found that CD4+ T lymphocytes require Fas expression in the recipients' target cells to induce diabetes. IL‐1β has been described as a key cytokine involved in Fas upregulation on mouse β cells. We addressed whether CD4+ T cells require IL‐1β to induce diabetes. We also studied spontaneous diabetes onset in NOD/IL‐1 converting enzyme‐deficient mice, in NOD/IL‐1β‐deficient mice, and CD4+ T‐cell adoptively transferred diabetes into NOD/SCID IL‐1β‐deficient mice. Neither IL‐1β nor IL‐18 are required for either spontaneous or CD4+ T‐cell adoptively transferred diabetes. We conclude that CD4+ T‐cell‐mediated β‐cell damage in autoimmune diabetes depends on Fas expression, but not on IL‐1β unveiling the existing redundancy regarding the cytokines involved in Fas upregulation on NOD β cells in vivo.
Triazolyl Derivatives for Acidic Release of Alcohols
Authors: Mondon Martine , Delatouche Régis , Bachmann Christian , Frapper Gilles , Len Christophe , Bertrand Philippe 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNew triazolyl‐based carbonates and ethers have been investigated as potential alcohol‐releasing systems under mild acidic conditions. Triazolyl carbonates could not be prepared because of their apparent instability, whereas ethers were successfully obtained. The rate of hydrolysis of these ethers ramged from a few hours to several days. A theoretical investigation demonstrated that the acidic release of alcohols from triazole derivatives proceeds first by protonation of the triazole ring followed by proton transfer from the triazole ring to the carbonyl group of the carbonates or to the oxygen atom of the ether derivatives. The rate of the decomposition reaction was shown to depend on the length of the N3–H···O hydrogen bond in the intermediate C‐NH+/E‐NH+ structures and on the stability of the triazole carbocation, which is closely related to the π‐donating effect of its R2 and R3 substituents.
Community‐based research on the effectiveness of the home smoke alarm in waking up children
Authors: Bruck D. , Thomas I. R. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThis project targeted parents around Australia asking them to set off their home smoke alarm when their child was asleep and enter the results onto a special web site. The main aim was to determine the likelihood of children waking up under the same alarm conditions as would apply on a typical night at home. Valid data were collected for 123 children (60 M, 63 F, ages 5–15 years). Recruitment was done entirely via the media and postcards. Parents set off the smoke alarm closest to the child's bed for 30thinspaces, 1–3 h after sleep onset and 78% slept through the alarm. Younger children (5–10 years) were significantly more at risk, with 87% sleeping through, compared with 56% of 11–15‐year olds. Of the 27 children who woke up, 61% knew that the sound that woke them was a smoke alarm and 47% indicated that they knew they should leave the house. Our previous research suggests that some 5–10% more children may wake up if the alarm continues for 3 min. This study, consistent with previous less naturalistic studies, suggests that less than a third of children may wake up to their home smoke alarm within 3 min. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contribution of endoplasmic reticulum stress to liver diseases
Authors: Dara Lily , Ji Cheng , Kaplowitz Neil 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved cell signaling pathway that is activated to regulate protein synthesis and restore homeostatic equilibrium when the cell is stressed from increased client protein load or the accumulation of unfolded or malfolded proteins. Once activated, this signaling pathway can either result in the recovery of homeostasis or can activate a cascade of events that ultimately result in cell death. The UPR/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response spectrum and its interplay with other cellular organelles play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease in secretory cells rich in ER, such as hepatocytes. Over the past 2 decades, the contribution of ER stress to various forms of liver diseases has been examined. Robust support for a contributing, as opposed to a secondary role, for ER stress response is seen in the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and cholestatic models of liver disease. The exact direction of the cause and effect relationship between modes of cell injury and ER stress remains elusive. It is apparent that a complex interplay exists between ER stress response, conditions that promote it, and those that result from it. A vicious cycle in which ER stress promotes inflammation, cell injury, and steatosis and in which steatogenesis, inflammation, and cell injury aggravate ER stress seems to be at play. It is perhaps the nature of such a vicious cycle that is the key pathophysiologic concept. Therapeutic approaches aimed at interrupting the cycle may dampen the stress response and the ensuing injury. (hepatology 2011;)