bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Release of phosphorus-32-containing compounds from Micrococcus lysodeikticus treated with chlorhexidine
Authors: Rye R M , Wiseman David 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Chlorhexidine has been shown to cause the release of cellular constituents from phosphorus-32 labelled cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus suspended in distilled water or in phosphate buffer. An initial rapid release is followed by a slower secondary release. This secondary release is inhibited by high concentrations of chlorhexidine. The release depends on the chlorhexidine to cell ratio and not on the absolute bactericide concentration.
Bactericidal activity of chloroxylenol in aqueous solutions of cetomacrogol
Authors: Mitchell A G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The bactericidal activity of chloroxylenol in water and in solutions of the non-ionic surface-active agent cetomacrogol is shown to be related to the degree of saturation of the system, expressed as a Saturation Ratio, which is the ratio of the amount of chloroxylenol present to its solubility. A saturated solution of chloroxylenol in water is shown to have the same bactericidal activity as saturated surfactant solutions containing up to 100 times as much chloroxylenol. It is apparent that bactericidal activity depends on the amount of chloroxylenol in the true aqueous “phase” and not the total amount present. The bactericidal activity of undersaturated solutions of chloroxylenol in cetomacrogol falls markedly as the Saturation Ratio is reduced. This is attributed to a change in the distribution of chloroxylenol in favour of the micelles where it is apparently without bactericidal activity.
Action of N-o-Chlorobenzyl-N′N″-dimethylguanidine (BW 392C60), a bretylium-like drug in lowering the intraocular pressure of rabbit eyes
Authors: Gessa G L , Sangiorgi G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
N-o-Chlorobenzyl-N′N″-dimethylguanidine (BW392C60), a potent bretylium-like drug, lowers the intraocular pressure in rabbits either when injected intravenously or when instilled into the conjunctival sac. The lowering of the intraocular pressure is accompanied by miosis and relaxation of the nictitating membrane.
Some aspects of the use of thin-layer chromatography in a limit test for related foreign steroids
Authors: Clifford C J , Wilkinson J V , Wragg J S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
To attain the maximum separation of the steroid impurities in pharmaceutically important synthetic corticosteroids the running of two or more chromatograms using different solvent systems is recommended. Using adsorption chromatography, solvent systems of the type 1,2-dichloroethane: methanol:water, 95:5:0·2, give the most satisfactory general separations. Some steroids can best be separated by partition chromatography, using formamide as the stationary phase and chloroform:ether:water, 80:20:0·5, or cyclohexane:tetrachloroethane:water, 50:50:0·1, as the mobile phase. A spray reagent of 0·05% tetrazolium blue and 8% sodium hydroxide in methanol is recommended. The amounts of foreign related steroids can be limited by running standard amounts of impurities alongside the steroid under test and comparing the colour intensities of the impurities in the steroid with those of the standards.
The detection and identification of other 17,21-dihydroxy-20- oxosteroids in corticosteroids
Authors: Johnson C A , Fowler SYLVIA 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method is described for the separation of corticosteroids by paper chromatography. It is more sensitive than the present official test and will control the presence of related foreign steroids to a uniform degree and in a reproducible manner. Details of the application of this test to many pharmaceutically important steroids are given and the relationship of molecular structure to mobility in the solvent systems used is discussed.
Effect of Polysorbate (Tween) 80 on the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to chemical inactivation
Authors: Brown M R W , Richards R M E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Log phase cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in nutrient broth containing polysorbate 80 were much less resistant to the action of benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine diacetate and polymyxin B sulphate than cells grown in plain broth.
An isolated parasympathetically-innervated oesophagus preparation from the chick
Authors: Bowman W C , Everett SALLY D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An isolated parasympathetically-innervated preparation from the chick oesophagus is described. This preparation is essentially similar to mammalian parasympathetically-innervated smooth muscles in its responses to drugs, and because of its simplicity, robustness and cheapness it is recommended for use in student practical classes.
Umbelliferous fruit identification by thin-layer chromatography
Authors: Betts T J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Unknown umbelliferous fruits, including powders, may be identified by thin-layer chromatography of petroleum extracts on silicic acid containing fluorescein. The constituents of the essential oils thus extracted are usually diagnostic. The method is particularly useful in distinguishing Indian dill (Anethum sowa Roxb.) from dill (A. graveolens L.), and will detect an admixture of one part of the former in four parts of the latter.
Preparation and fungicidal properties of (phenylthio)-acetohydroxamic acids and related compounds
Authors: Zayed S M A D , Aboulezz A F , Salama A M , El-Hamouly W S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
1-Chloro-4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene and 1-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene condensed readily with thioglycollic acid in alkaline medium to give the corresponding sulphides. (4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitrophenylthio)- and (2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitrophenylthio)acetic acid, as well as the corresponding amides and hydroxamic acids, have been prepared and tested for their fungicidal properties against Aspergillus niger and Rhizoctonia solani. The (phenylthio)acetohydroxamic acids were found to be more fungicidal than the corresponding carboxylic acids against the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani.
Salicylate and aminotransferases
Authors: Gould B J , Smith M J H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Enzymic transfer of the amino-group of each of 20 amino-acids to α-oxoglutarate has been studied using lyophilised extracts of rat heart, liver, brain, kidney and skeletal muscle as enzyme source. The glutamate produced was estimated from the carbon dioxide liberated by a bacterial decarboxylase in an autoanalyser. Only asparagine was completely inactive in the transfer. Aminotransferase activity was otherwise unevenly distributed in the tissues. Salicylate (10 mm) was generally inhibitory but it activated the l-tryptophan-α-oxoglutarate aminotransferase.
Influence of temperature on the responses of the guinea-pig hypogastric nerve-vas deferens preparation
Authors: Bella D Della , Gandini A , Preti M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Over a temperature range of 32 to 20°, responses of the vas deferens to hypogastric stimulation at 50 shocks/sec became gradually smaller, while those to 10 shocks/sec increased gradually. A parallel study, under the same temperature conditions, of drugs known to interfere with peripheral sympathetic transmission revealed a marked reduction of the inhibitory properties of the adrenergic neurone blocking agents bretylium and xylocholine at the lower temperatures. The mechanism by which cooling modified the responses of the preparation to nerve stimulation as well as to the activity of the drugs on the vas is discussed and tentative hypotheses are advanced.
Application of the Ferguson principle to the antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium salts
Authors: Weiner Norman D , Hart Fanchon , Zografi George 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The activity of three quaternary ammonium salts, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, dodecyldimethylethylammonium chloride and dodecylpyridinium chloride, against M. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans has been determined and correlated with the surface properties of these compounds. The Ferguson principle has been applied by using surface concentration to estimate thermodynamic activity. Results obtained for the three quaternary ammonium salts and a particular micro-organism species were found to be in good agreement with each other when microbiological and surface studies were conducted under identical conditions.
Effects of acetylcholine, vagal stimulation and tyramine on the isolated atria of the tortoise
Authors: Kim Yung In , Shin Park Chang 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In the vagus-atrial preparation of the tortoise (Amyda japonica), a cold-blooded animal, acetylcholine and vagal stimulation, in the presence of atropine, produced positive inotropic effects which were inhibited by dichloroisoprenaline or pronethalol. Hexamethonium blocked the excitatory effect of acetylcholine but only slightly inhibited that of vagal stimulation. Tyramine exerted a positive inotropic action in this preparation, but had little effect on atria prepared from reserpine-treated animals. Tyramine was shown to release a substance from the tortoise atria which caused contraction of aortic strips taken from reserpine-treated rabbits, and which appeared to be a catecholamine.
Effect of body weight changes on the formation of cotton pellet-induced granuloma
Authors: Dipasquale G , Meli A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in intact animals is intimately dependent upon body growth and general anabolic processes. Deposition of connective tissue around the pellet continues up to (and probably beyond) the observation period of 90 days after implantation. Anorexic or catabolic agents, or both, or restricted food intake markedly impairs granuloma formation as a result of an impaired body growth. By expressing the amount of granuloma formed in mg/100 g body weight, the true anti-granulomatous properties of a drug can be easily dissociated from those attributable to an impaired body growth. The mechanism by which impairment in body growth affects granuloma formation is discussed.
Some physical properties of lactose and magnesia
Authors: Jones T M , Pilpel N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Anomalies in some of the physical properties of spray dried lactose and granulated magnesium oxide have been traced to the presence of fines. These are strongly adsorbed onto particles of about 1,000 μ diameter, being held in position by van der Waals’ and electrostatic forces. Although they are not displaced during sieving, they can be removed by washing the powders with organic solvents.
Some studies of friction and lubrication using an instrumented tablet machine
Authors: Lewis C J , Shotton E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Samples of crystalline aspirin, hexamine, and sodium chloride, and a granulation of hexamine were compressed on an instrumented tablet machine. Further samples of these materials, together with samples of sucrose and sucrose granulation, were lubricated with 2% magnesium stearate −100 mesh powder and compacted under similar conditions. The effect of magnesium stearate on die wall friction depends on the ease of deformation of the base particles. For the materials used there is a linear relationship of the form Fa = kd(Pm.A) and a linear relationship exists between Fe and Fd up to the point where Fe becomes constant. Granulations required larger ejection forces at a given pressure than the corresponding crystalline material, particularly when the materials were lubricated; constant values of Fe were associated with compaction pressures at which the density of the ejected tablets became maximal. Values of Fe for tablets of unlubricated sodium chloride and hexamine granulation depend on particle size; the size of other materials used caused no such effect. Lubrication eliminated this size effect.
Accelerated crystal growth of sulphathiazole by temperature cycling
Authors: CARLESS J E , FOSTER A A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A novel method is suggested for accelerating the physical changes in suspensions. The suspension is stirred in a jacketed vessel and is alternately heated and cooled. Results indicate a rectilinear relationship between the median particle size of sulphathiazole in suspension and the number of temperature cycles. Crystal growth is measured by the Coulter counter and growth rates are compared arithmetically to indicate which additives (surface-active agents) may be used to inhibit crystal growth.
A calcium requirement for release of 3H-guanethidine by sympathetic nerve stimulation
Authors: BOULLIN D J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Cat colons were labelled with 3H-guanethidine by close intra-arterial injection. Two hr later the colons were removed and the vascular bed was perfused with Krebs solution containing 0, 2·5 or 5 mM calcium. The spontaneous efflux of 3H-guanethidine was not changed by alterations in the calcium concentration, but stimulation of the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves failed to enhance the output of 3H-guanethidine unless calcium was present in the perfusion fluid. It is concluded that extracellular calcium is essential for release of 3H-guanethidine by sympathetic nerve stimulation and that the neural release of the inactive transmitter substitute is related to the pharmacological action of the drug.
A note on the effects of some psychotropic drugs on the aggressive behaviour in the ant, Formica rufa
Authors: KOSTOWSKI WOJCIECH 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
AGGRESSIVE behaviour in lower animals has not been analysed pharmacologically. Inhibition of the motor activity with simultaneous outbursts of aggressiveness seems to be characteristic in ants treated with reserpine (Kostowski, Beck & Mészáros, 1965; 1966). Among the invertebrates, ants are a suitable subject for studies on aggressiveness because of their tendency to attack other species.
We have assessed the influence of drugs on aggressive behaviour in ants and mice.
Coating of pharmaceutical tablets: the spray-pan method
Authors: ANDERSON W , SAKR ADEL M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A new method of coating tablets uses the revolving coating pan, but the coating materials are applied in solution or suspension, as a spray from a centrifugal disc atomiser. Addition of coating materials is uniform, controlled, and at a rate which allows even deposition on the tablet. Dry powders need not be used and the process is therefore dust-free. The products of the method compare favourably with tablets coated commercially and with tablets coated by the standard method in laboratory size (16 inch) pans when assessed by uniformity of weight tests, roundness measurement, and radiographic examination.
Determination of micro amounts of 3-(dithien-2-ylmethylene)-1-methylpiperidine, a non-narcotic antitussive
Authors: YUIZONO T , KASÉ Y , KAWANO A , OKUBO H , KATAOKA M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A specific colorimetric method for the determination of micro amounts of 3-(dithien-2-ylmethylene)-1-methylpiperidine, a new antitussive and expectorant, is described. Depending on amount, a characteristic colour varying from rose pink to deep bluish purple appears when 2 volumes of a 0·01% solution of ninhydrin in concentrated sulphuric acid are added to 1 volume of an aqueous solution of the drug. After 24 hr at room temperature the colour produced has an absorption maximum at 590 mμ and follows Beer's Law over the range 1–25 μg/ml. The colour is specific for the drug and is sensitive at the μg/ml level. Recoveries from aqueous solution and human urine were 97·4 ± 2·1 and 97·4 ± 1·7% respectively.
The drug-receptor complex
Authors: BURGEN A S V 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The rate of association of drug and receptor when limited by diffusion alone will correspond to a basic rate of 2·5 × 109 litres/mole sec and will have a net activation energy of 3–4 kcal/mole. This rate will not be significantly increased by attractive forces between drug and receptor but could be reduced by repulsive forces. It could be considerably reduced by the presence of bound water and ions, by the requirement of activation energy for combination and by geometrically restricted access to the receptor. Complex formation is due to the stabilisation of the drug in the force field from which it can escape only on acquisition of kinetic energy greater than the potential energy of the field; the fraction of molecules acquiring this threshold kinetic energy can be calculated from the Boltzman equation. The rate of dissociation of the complex is the rate of loss by free diffusion multiplied by the Boltzman factor. The lifetime of drug receptor complexes is long enough to enable molecules undergoing collision in the non-ideal aspect or conformation time to present in the ideal state.
Transformations in glycyrrhetinic acid: rearrangement of ring A
Authors: ASKAM V , BAINES C M , SMITH H J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Methyl 11-oxo-18 β-A-neo-oleana-3, 12-dien-30-oate and the corresponding 18α-isomer have been prepared and tested for anti-inflammatory and antidiuretic activity. Relative to methyl glycyrrhetinate, both kinds of activity and toxicity are reduced by the rearrangement. Features of interest in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 18α- and 18 β-derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid are recorded.
The effect of humidity and temperature on the cohesion of powders
Authors: SHOTTON E , HARB N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The cohesion of wheat, maize and potato starch, acacia, tragacanth, alginic acid, lactose, dextrose and sucrose powders has been determined at different relative humidities and temperatures. For maize, wheat and potato starches, cohesion was a maximum at an intermediate moisture content, whilst for acacia, tragacanth and alginic acid it was independent of the moisture content over the range considered. Lactose, dextrose and sucrose remained free flowing except at high relative humidities.
The polarographic determination of chlorpromazine and chlorpromazine sulphoxide
Authors: PORTER G S , BERESFORD JEAN 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Cathodic polarography of solutions containing between 0·1 and 5·0 μg/ml of both chlorpromazine and its sulphoxide enables the sulphoxide to be determined directly. Reductive polarography of the solution after bromination gives an additive wave from which the chlorpromazine is determined by subtraction. The method has been applied to urine, interfering substances being removed by ion-exchange on Amberlite resins.
Anticurare activity of tacrine (THA) in vitro
Authors: REES J M H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Tacrine (tha) has been found to be a relatively weak anticurare agent having a significant anticurare activity on the rat isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation in concentrations above 10−7 m. It is about 20 times less potent than neostigmine. Between 10−5 m and 10−4 m, anticurare activity of tha ceases to be reproducible, and in concentrations above 10−4 m the compound exerts a depressant action directly on the muscle. The qualitative and quantitative differences between the anticurare activities of tha and neostigmine are discussed.
Effect of desipramine on directly or indirectly elicited catecholamine pressor responses in rats
Authors: Bonaccorsi A , Garattini S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Desipramine enhances the pressor effect induced by noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine and dimethylphenylpiperazinium in pithed rats, while indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines, such as tyramine and phenethylamine were inhibited. With a similar degree of noradrenaline potentiation, desipramine was more effective than cocaine as an inhibitor of the tyramine pressor response. Desipramine, but not cocaine, was effective in blocking the hypertension induced by small doses of reserpine in animals pretreated with tranylcypromine.
The effect of chlorhexidine on the electrophoretic mobility, cytoplasmic constituents, dehydrogenase activity and cell walls of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: HUGO W B , LONGWORTH A R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Chlorhexidine does not cause lysis of isolated cell walls, nor does it prevent the synthesis of the mucopeptide component of the cell wall. Low concentrations of the drug stimulate dehydrogenase activity but higher concentrations inhibit the activity. Chlorhexidine reacts with and precipitates proteinaceous and pentose-containing components of a solution of cell-free cytoplasmic constituents in concentrations greater than those causing their maximum leakage. The effect of chlorhexidine concentration on the electrophoretic mobility of bacterial cells is consistent with the hypothesis that the drug accumulates in aggregates at the cell surface rather than in the form of a monolayer or multilayers of drug.
Simple methods for the detection of tropinesterase activity in rabbits
Authors: QUINTON R M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In experiments in which rabbits are to be given atropine or certain atropine-like agents, it is important to select animals whose plasma is deficient in the enzyme tropinesterase (atropinesterase). Three simple procedures for assessing the presence of this enzyme in rabbits in vivo have been examined. It is concluded that a different procedure is needed for albino rabbits than for animals with dark irides. In this way, 95–98% correct assessments of the presence or absence of tropinesterase have been made by simple procedures within 1 hr. Fully reliable assessments could only be made by in vitro methods, two of which (one quantitative and the other qualitative) are described. The latter enabled a reliable all-or-none assessment of tropinesterase activity to be made with only 0·'02 ml of plasma within 1–2 hr.
The relationship between thin-layer chromatographic behaviour and the stereochemistry of some heteroyohimbine alkaloids
Authors: PHILLIPSON J D , SHELLARD E J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
ANUMBER of thin-layer chromatography systems have been used to distinguish and identify some indole and oxindole alkaloids isolated from various species of the genus Mitragyna (Shellard & Phillipson, 1964). It has been suggested moreover that a relationship exists between the stereochemistry of these alkaloids and their behaviour on thin-layer chromatograms (Phillipson & Shellard, 1966). Two new heteroyohimbine alkaloids, mitrajavine and hirsutine, have recently been isolated from Mitragyna species (Shellard, Beckett, Tantivatana, Phillipson & Lee, 1966) and their behaviour on thin-layers has been compared with some related alkaloids of known stereochemistry. Based on this, certain suggestions have been made about the stereochemistry of these two new alkaloids.
Determination of the homologue composition of some alkyltrimethyl quaternary ammonium antibacterial agents by gas chromatography
Authors: LAYCOCK H H , MULLEY B A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
RECENT work has shown that the micellar properties of quaternary ammonium surface-active agents may be linked with their antibacterial action (Weiner, Hart & Zografi, 1965). Micelle formation and antibacterial activity both depend markedly on the chain length of the hydrocarbon groups attached to the quaternary nitrogen, and other biological properties may also depend on this aspect of their structure (Hart & Nissim, 1966). Commercially produced materials are mixtures of homologues and a method is described below for measuring the homologue composition.
Sizing Bacillus megaterium spore populations as a basis for studying their viability
Authors: HIBBERT H R , TALLENTIRE A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
SEVERAL reports have described microbiological applications of the Coulter Counter, particularly for determining the total count of viable and non-viable vegetative bacteria (Garrett & Miller, 1965) or bacterial spores (Kubitschek, 1958) in suspension. The value of the instrument would be greatly increased if it could be used to differentiate between viable and non-viable bacteria.