bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the role of fog in forest hydrology: stable isotopes as tools for determining input and partitioning of cloud water in montane forests
Authors: Scholl Martha , Eugster Werner , Burkard Reto 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the hydrology of tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) has become essential as deforestation of mountain areas proceeds at an increased rate worldwide. Passive and active cloud‐water collectors, throughfall and stemflow collectors, visibility or droplet size measurements, and micrometeorological sensors are typically used to measure the fog water inputs to ecosystems. In addition, stable isotopes may be used as a natural tracer for fog and rain. Previous studies have shown that the isotopic signature of fog tends to be more enriched in the heavier isotopes 2H and 18O than that of rain, due to differences in condensation temperature and history. Differences between fog and rain isotopes are largest when rain is from synoptic‐scale storms, and fog or orographic cloud water is generated locally. Smaller isotopic differences have been observed between rain and fog on mountains with orographic clouds, but only a few studies have been conducted. Quantifying fog deposition using isotope methods is more difficult in forests receiving mixed precipitation, because of limitations in the ability of sampling equipment to separate fog from rain, and because fog and rain may, under some conditions, have similar isotopic composition. This article describes the various types of fog most relevant to montane cloud forests and the importance of fog water deposition in the hydrologic budget. A brief overview of isotope hydrology provides the background needed to understand isotope applications in cloud forests. A summary of previous work explains isotopic differences between rain and fog in different environments, and how monitoring the isotopic signature of surface water, soil water and tree xylem water can yield estimates of the contribution of fog water to streamflow, groundwater recharge and transpiration. Next, instrumentation to measure fog and rain, and methods to determine isotopic concentrations in plant and soil water are discussed. The article concludes with the identification of some of the more pressing research questions in this field and offers various suggestions for future research. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Net precipitation and soil water dynamics in clearings, old secondary and old‐growth forests in the montane rain forest belt of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Authors: Schrumpf Marion , Axmacher Jan C. , Zech Wolfgang , Lyaruu Herbert V. M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe montane rain forest belt on Mt Kilimanjaro forms an important water source for northern Tanzania that is threatened by both logging and fire. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of forest fragmentation on various aspects of the water cycle. Soil properties, rainfall, throughfall and soil water suction were analysed for mature forest, secondary forest patches and large clearings. A total of 10 plots located on the south‐western slopes of the mountain between 2100 and 2300 m.a.s.l. were monitored from May 2000 to June 2002. Annual rainfall amounts ranged from 2000 to 2600 mm with high spatial and inter‐annual variability. Rainfall interception ranged from 3 to 9% of incident rainfall in clearings, to a maximum of 32% in forests. In general, soils under mature forest were wettest and showed only minor moisture fluctuations throughout the year. Soils of secondary forest sites were driest and soil water suction exhibited the largest fluctuations. Additionally, the finer texture of soils under mature forest compared to secondary forest sites allowed higher amounts of soil water to be stored for similar soil water suction levels. Ventilation and radiation penetration, which influence the magnitude of interception, evaporation from the forest floor and transpiration, were probably higher in fragmented secondary than in closed mature forests. In clearings, higher throughfall and presumably lower transpiration rates led to moister conditions compared to adjacent secondary forest sites. Thus, soil conditions under mature forest were most suitable for optimum water storage on Mt Kilimanjaro. The transformation of closed mature forest to a mosaic of forests in different stages of regeneration led to increased spatio‐temporal variability in soil moisture. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of atmospheric water inputs in tropical mountain forests of South Ecuador
Authors: Rollenbeck Rütger , Bendix Jörg , Fabian Peter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAs part of an interdisciplinary research programme, the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation in southern Ecuador has been investigated since January 2002. The study site is located at the northern margin of the Podocarpus National Park in the vicinity of Loja, about 500 km south of Quito, at altitudes ranging from 1800 to 3200 m.a.s.l. Due to its low density, the conventional rainfall station network fails to register the highly variable spatial distribution of rain, whereas contributions by fog are not accounted at all. Hence, for the first time in a tropical montane forest setting, a weather radar was used, covering a radius of 60 km and reaching from the Amazon Basin to the coastal plains of the region. Furthermore, a network of sampling stations supplies data about the altitudinal gradient of fog and rainwater inputs. The precipitation distribution in the study area proves to be far more variable than previously thought and is strongly coupled to the orographic characteristics and the special topographical setting of the landscape. Maxima in precipitation occur especially in the eastern parts of the radar range on slopes exposed to advected moisture from the Amazon Basin, whereas the highest crests of the Andes receive less precipitation. The study area has two cloud condensation levels, occurring at 1500–2000 and 2500–3500 m.a.s.l., respectively. At 1800–2000 m.a.s.l., fog is estimated to contribute an additional input of 5% of conventionally measured rainfall, increasing to about 35% at the highest measurement station (3200 m.a.s.l.). In contrast to some other tropical mountains, there seems to be no maximum zone of water input, although the gradient remains positive up to the highest altitudes. The unusual precipitation distribution is thought to reflect the contrasting climatological influences operating in the study area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 50th anniversary reassessment of the seminal ‘L ana'i fog drip study’ in Hawai'i
Authors: Juvik J. O. , DeLay J. K. , Kinney K. M. , Hansen E. W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDuring the 1950s, the Pineapple Research Institute (PRI) in Hawai'i launched one of the first, and still widely cited, quantitative studies of direct cloud water interception (CWI) and its contribution to throughfall (TF) (‘fog drip’) under Cook Pine trees (Araucaria columnaris) on a trade‐wind exposed, mountain ridge on the island of Lāna'i. That study concluded that fog drip under a tree canopy supplemented rainfall (RF) (average 1270 mm year−1) by 762 mm or 60%, even after throughfall was corrected for presumed non‐vertical rainfall also intercepted by the tree. A resurvey of fog drip in the upper Lāna'i watershed was undertaken in 2006–2008. Open‐site automated weather stations were paired with throughfall, stemflow and soil moisture measurements for adjacent Araucaria trees. For upper ridge sites, these results indicate fog drip rates beneath individual Araucaria trees to be substantially greater than found in the earlier study. Fully exposed trees in the frequently cloud‐immersed summit region collected annualized fog drip totals of 901–2883 mm, representing 181–462% of measured rainfall. The increased fog drip may be largely attributed to: (i) a more robust estimate of the indirect (non‐vertical) rainfall contribution; (ii) the increased fog‐capturing capacity of the Araucaria trees which had a height of ∼10 m in the 1950s versus ∼20 m during this study and (iii) the presence of atmospheric conditions favouring much increased CWI at higher ridge elevations (921–1021 m.a.s.l.) compared to the site of the original PRI study at 838 m. The fog drip values reported here are (much) higher than those measured in most other tropical montane cloud forest studies, and reflect the unique site conditions associated with fully exposed isolated trees on a knife‐edged ridge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the performance of three types of passive fog gauges under conditions of wind‐driven fog and precipitation
Authors: Frumau K. F. Arnoud , Burkard Reto , Schmid Simone , Bruijnzeel L. A. (Sampurno) , Tobón Conrado , Calvo‐Alvarado Julio C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUnderstanding of the ‘typical’ amounts of fog intercepted by different types of cloud forests is hampered by a lack of comparative information on local fog climatology. Usually some kind of ‘fog gauge’ is used to characterize fog occurrence and amounts. Moreover, wind‐driven fog and precipitation are difficult to measure separately and reported measurements of ‘fog’ often represent a combination of the two. In this paper, the term ‘occult precipitation’ (HP) is used to represent fog in combination with the horizontal component of wind‐driven precipitation (WDR). Collection efficiencies of three widely used types of passive fog gauges, viz. a wire harp (WH) screen, a modified cylindrical gauge (MJU, Juvik‐type) and a tunnel gauge (TTG, Daube‐type), were derived by comparing the volumes of water collected by the respective gauges with horizontal cloud water fluxes (CWFs) derived from wind speed (u) and the fog liquid water content (LWC) as measured by a cloud particle spectrometer during conditions of fog at a windward cloud forest site in northern Costa Rica. Under conditions of fog‐only, the collection efficiencies of the three gauges were linearly related to the horizontal CWF as measured by the gauges themselves. Therefore, additional information on wind speed, droplet size and fog LWC was not needed. During conditions of HP, relative collection efficiencies were derived by comparing the volumes collected by the respective gauge types. The modified Juvik gauge had an efficiency close to 100%, independently of the wind speed and direction, whereas the efficiency of the WH depended critically on the wind speed. The tunnel gauge had an efficiency comparable to that of the Juvik gauge, with some additional catch occurring under conditions of low precipitation angles due to the reclined frontal surface of the gauge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tissue residue approach for toxicity assessment: Findings and critical reviews from a Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Pellston Workshop
Authors: Meador James P , Adams William J , Escher Beate I , McCarty Lynn S , McElroy Anne E , Sappington Keith G 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Over the past few years, the “critical body residue” approach for assessing toxicity based on bioaccumulated chemicals has evolved into a more expansive consideration of tissue residues as the dose metric when defining dose–response relationships, evaluating mixtures, developing protective guidelines, and conducting risk assessments. Hence, scientists refer to “tissue residue approach for toxicity assessment” or “tissue residue-effects approach” (TRA) when addressing ecotoxicology issues pertaining to tissue (or internal) concentrations. This introduction provides an overview of a SETAC Pellston Workshop held in 2007 to review the state of the science for using tissue residues as the dose metric in environmental toxicology. The key findings of the workshop are presented, along with recommendations for research to enhance understanding of toxic responses within and between species, and to advance the use of the TRA in assessment and management of chemicals in the environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:2–6. © 2010 SETAC
Evaluating the carrying capacity of a subsurface drainage network based on a spatially varied flow regime
Authors: Bayat Esmaeel , Kouchakzadeh Salah , Azimi Rasoul 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe carrying capacity of a subsurface drainage network based on spatially varied flow with increasing discharge and the presence of a free surface is examined and reported. The discharge capacity of a subsurface drainage network depends on the hydraulic and geometric parameters of the network components which should be clearly identified. In this regard a prototype scale experimental set‐up was prepared to determine the major head loss of the corrugated pipes employed in these networks and to investigate the minor head losses of different network junction types. According to the compiled data average values for the major and minor head loss coefficients were proposed and employed for modelling the flow condition within a subsurface drainage network. The model determines the network discharge capacity based on the real flow condition i.e. a free surface spatially varied flow regime. Comparison between the outputs of the applied model with that of the traditional relationships indicated a large discrepancy. The results revealed that applying existing formulations in the design process would likely pressurize significant portions of the network which could affect the water depletion period from the plant root zone. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
“Shotgun” Bank M&As
Authors: Sagner James S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe U.S. credit crisis, which started with the failure of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers in 2008, began a wave of bank mergers. The huge scale of government loans and support for “shotgun“ bank mergers has been unprecedented in scope. In a mad rush to save the banks and the economy, the Federal Reserve and the Department of Justice disregarded more than a century of antitrust regulations.These actions have created many problems‐and they raise questions about the need for more transparency in the banking sector. What steps are being taken to promote more transparency? What will be the results? And how can your company avoid banks that may be forced into a merger? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous degradation of atrazine and simazine by a binary culture of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Arthrobacter sp. in a two‐stage biofilm reactor
Authors: Galíndez‐Nájera Silvia Patricia , Ramos‐Monroy Oswaldo , Ruiz‐Ordaz Nora , Salmerón‐Alcocer Angélica , Juárez‐Ramírez Cleotilde , Ahuatzi‐Chacón Deifilia , Curiel‐Quesada Everardo , Galíndez‐Mayer Juvencio 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The impact of mixtures of chloro‐triazinic herbicides, such as atrazine and simazine, on aquatic ecosystems is of environmental concern. To study their biodegradation under various operational conditions, a binary community comprising Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Arthrobacter sp. attached to the porous support of a packed bed reactor, was evaluated.RESULTS: The genetic analysis of the two atrazine‐degrading strains revealed that genes atzA, atzB, atzC are present in both bacteria, but only S. maltophilia possess atzD. Thus, by cultivating Arthrobacter sp. on these herbicides, cyanuric acid accumulation was observed. When the binary community was cultivated in the biofilm reactor, at all the loading rates probed, both herbicides were entirely removed. However, complete biodegradation of cyanuric acid was not achieved.CONCLUSIONS: Even with a two‐stage reactor, cyanuric acid was only partially removed. This fact could be attributed to the absence, in the second stage, of an easily degradable energy source, required by S. maltophilia for the uptake and cometabolic degradation of the recalcitrant heterocyclic ring. Responding to differences in nutritional conditions prevailing at each reactor stage, local differences in species' predominance were clearly detected by microbiological and molecular biology methods. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioelectrochemical systems for efficient recalcitrant wastes treatment
Authors: Huang Liping , Cheng Shaoan , Chen Guohua 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRecalcitrant wastes including dyes, pesticides, explosives, heavy metals, polyalcohols, furan derivatives and phenolic substances, are of special concern owing to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) including microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), integrate three important wastewater treatment options, namely, biological treatment, electrolytic dissociation and electrochemical oxidation/reduction, and are regarded as a new sustainable and effective strategy for treatment of these wastes. The simultaneous and cooperative roles of these multiple units running in parallel in BESs contribute to the efficiency of recalcitrant waste treatment, while substrate metabolism is considered to be a key step triggering different unit operations. An up‐to‐date review is provided on recent research and development in BESs‐based recalcitrant wastes treatment. MFCs and MECs, as two types of BESs, are summarized in terms of treatment efficiency, recalcitrant substance metabolic pathway and microorganism diversity after a brief introduction to the electrochemical process for recalcitrant waste treatment. The scientific and technical challenges that have yet to be faced in the future are also discussed. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Metal ion separation and recovery from environmental sources using various flotation and sorption techniques
Authors: Zamboulis Dimitrios , Peleka Efrosyni N. , Lazaridis Nikolaos K. , Matis Kostas A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFlotation is a gravity separation process that originated from processing of minerals, and has nowadays found wide application, for instance, in industrial waste‐water treatment. It is also useful in the concentration of a variety of dissolved chemical species often following a sorption process. The present review paper focuses on the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. The process mechanisms involved are either sorptive flotation where metal bonding agents, including biosorbents, are added and the subsequent complexes are separated downstream by flotation or other conventional flotation techniques, such as ion flotation are used. In the laboratory experiments described in this paper, zinc has been used as an example, but in addition copper, nickel, arsenic, etc. are considered. A new hybrid flotation–microfiltration cell is also introduced. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Manufacture of fibrous reinforcements for biodegradable biocomposites from Citysus scoparius
Authors: González Daniel , Campos Ana Rita , Cunha Antonio M. , Santos Valentín , Parajó Juan Carlos 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Cytisus scoparius samples were processed with hot, compressed water (autohydrolysis treatments) to obtain both fiber‐containing solids (suitable as reinforcements for composites) and a liquid phase containing sugar oligomers derived from hemicelluloses. The solid phase from autohydrolysis, mainly made up of cellulose and lignin, was employed for manufacturing polylactic acid (PLA)‐based biodegradable composites. The mechanical properties, water uptake and thermal properties of composites were assessed.RESULTS: The hydrolysis of the major hemicellulose polysaccharide components of Cytisus scoparius was interpreted using kinetic models based on sequential pseudo‐homogeneous first‐order, irreversible reactions. Operating under non‐isothermal conditions, the autohydrolysis experiment carried out at up to 215 °C led to the maximum concentration of sugar oligomers (accounting for about 71% of the initial xylan). These compounds can be employed for a variety of purposes, including applications as prebiotics. Composites containing autohydrolyzed fibers presented both improved impact strength and reduced water absorption ability.CONCLUSIONS: Autohydrolysis of Cytisus scoparius led to a liquid phase containing xylooligosacharides with commercial value, and to a solid phase suitable as a reinforcement for PLA‐based composites with reduced water retention ability. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Does solitary incubation enhance egg water uptake and offspring quality in a lizard that produces single‐egg clutches?
Authors: Warner Daniel A. , Chapman Michelle N. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMany organisms invariably produce one offspring per reproductive bout, but experimental tests of adaptive explanations for this reproductive pattern are rare. To address this issue, we studied a lizard (Anolis sagrei) that produces one egg at a time to test the hypothesis that solitary incubation (due to single‐egg clutches) eliminates competition with adjacent eggs for moisture and thus enhances offspring quality via increased egg water uptake during development. Our findings suggest that solitary incubation does not affect rates of moisture uptake by eggs or offspring size. However, egg moisture uptake and offspring size were negatively affected when eggs were adjacent to an egg that died during development. Depending on rates of infertile eggs or embryo mortality in the field, single‐egg clutches may improve developmental environments and enhance offspring fitness. These results highlight the importance of considering the role of plastic embryonic responses during development in explaining reproductive patterns. J. Exp. Zool. 315:149–155, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐reported psychopathology in a convicted serial killer
Authors: Culhane Scott E. , Hilstad Sage M. , Freng Adrienne , Gray Matt J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe following paper presents a case study of a convicted serial murderer. Through data from personal correspondence, police reports, a true crime novel, witness statements, medical examiner reports, court appeals, and crime scene reports from the actual murder cases, and most important, a series of psychological self‐report measures, a case study was developed. Included in the psychological measures were tests of general psychopathology, specific tests of psychopathy, anger and aggression scales, and sociological measures related to family, individual, situational, and community risk factors, as well as previous criminal behaviour, including weapon and drug use. The results of these various measures are incorporated into the life history and criminal activity of the individual. The purpose of this research was to develop a more complete psychological report of a serial killer than any other previously reported. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current Awareness in Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of labelled compounds and radiopharmaceuticals. Each bibliography is divided into 16 sections: 1 Radionuclide Production; 2 Labelled Compound Synthesis; Applications: 3 Biomedical ‐ General; 4 Imaging ‐ General; 5 Fluorine; 6 Carbon; 7 Technetium; 8 Iodine; 9 Copper; 10 Gallium; 11 Indium; 12 Hydrogen; 13 Others; 14 Therapy; 15 Environmental; 16 Analytical Techniques. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.