bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stem cell therapy for cardiovascular disease: the demise of alchemy and rise of pharmacology
Authors: Jadczyk T , Faulkner A , Madeddu P 
Published: June 2012

Regenerative medicine holds great promise as a way of addressing the limitations of current treatments of ischaemic disease. In preclinical models, transplantation of different types of stem cells or progenitor cells results in improved recovery from ischaemia. Furthermore, experimental studies indicate that cell therapy influences a spectrum of processes, including neovascularization and cardiomyogenesis as well as inflammation, apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis. Thus, distinct strategies might be required for specific regenerative needs. Nonetheless, clinical studies have so far investigated a relatively small number of options, focusing mainly on the use of bone marrow‐derived cells. Rapid clinical translation resulted in a number of small clinical trials that do not have sufficient power to address the therapeutic potential of the new approach. Moreover, full exploitation has been hindered so far by the absence of a solid theoretical framework and inadequate development plans. This article reviews the current knowledge on cell therapy and proposes a model theory for interpretation of experimental and clinical outcomes from a pharmacological perspective. Eventually, with an increased association between cell therapy and traditional pharmacotherapy, we will soon need to adopt a unified theory for understanding how the two practices additively interact for a patient's benefit.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Regenerative Medicine and Pharmacology: A Look to the Future. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.169.issue‐2
Parameterising Internal Camera Geometry with Focusing Distance
Authors: Sanz‐Ablanedo Enoc , Chandler Jim H. , Wackrow Rene 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA study on the variation of internal camera geometry (principal distance, principal point position and lens distortion parameters) with different focus distances has been conducted. Results demonstrate that variations of parameters are continuous and predictable, allowing a new way to describe internal camera geometry. The classical constant parameters, c, x

p

, y

p

, K
1
, K
2
, P
1
and P
2
, are replaced by continuous functions, c(γ), x

p

(γ), y

p

(γ), K
1
(γ), K
2
(γ), P
1
(γ) and P
2
(γ), where γ is a variable describing the focus position. Incorporation of γ as a metadata tag (for example, Exif header) of a photograph jointly with a parameterised definition of camera geometry would allow full use of the autofocus camera function; enabling maximum effective depth of field, better match of the plane of focus with the object’s position and higher reliability. Additionally, conducted tests suggest the parameterised definition of internal geometry could help to locate and correct linear dependences between adjusted parameters, potentially improving the precision and accuracy of calibration.
Capturing Sail Shape in A Wind Tunnel Environment
Authors: Smith Martin J. , Paton Jonathan , Morvan Hervé , Kokkas Nikolaos 
Published: June 2012

AbstractValidation is an important part of computer‐based numerical modelling and can be very difficult to achieve. Comparisons with results from practical trials are often used; in this research, photogrammetry has proved to be an excellent method of creating a benchmark model from experimental results against which the computer generated numerical model can be compared. The wind tunnel experimental environment is challenging with practical limitations imposed by space and airflow capabilities. There are few documented cases where stereo‐photogrammetry has been used in wind tunnel sail modelling and the results from this research have shown it has played a prominent role in validating an innovative method of modelling fluid–structure interaction. This paper presents the photogrammetric work undertaken to validate a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) solution by measuring the shape of a close reaching asymmetric spinnaker in a wind tunnel at The University of Nottingham. There is particular focus on the data capture in the wind tunnel and the photogrammetric analysis.
Reliability and validity of A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed for detecting early‐stage dementia in elderly Japanese
Authors: TAKAHASHI Fumi , AWATA Shuichi , SAKUMA Naoko , INAGAKI Hiroki , IJUIN Mutsuo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed (AQT) for detecting early‐stage dementia in the elderly Japanese population.Methods:  A total of 280 clinical participants (180 with mild Alzheimer's disease, 43 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, 32 with non‐amnestic mild cognitive impairment and 25 control subjects) and 22 community‐dwelling elderly individuals without dementia were recruited. The Clinical Dementia Rating, the Mini‐Mental State Examination, and AQT were administered to all participants. The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination was also administered to clinical participants.Results:  The intraclass correlation coefficient for the test–retest reliability of colour‐form naming time on AQT was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.74–0.95, P < 0.001). AQT colour‐form naming time was significantly correlated with the Clinical Dementia Rating, the total score on the Mini‐Mental State Examination, and the total score on the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination and most of its subscales. AQT colour‐form naming time was significantly longer in elderly individuals with mild Alzheimer's disease, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and non‐amnestic mild cognitive impairment than in control subjects. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that AQT colour‐form naming time significantly distinguished subjects with early‐stage dementia (mild Alzheimer's disease, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and non‐amnestic mild cognitive impairment) from controls. The area under the curve was estimated to be 0.88 (95%CI = 0.82–0.95). A cut‐off of 71/72 seconds yielded the best sensitivity/specificity trade‐off: sensitivity = 85% and specificity = 76%.Conclusions:  AQT is a useful brief screening tool for detecting early‐stage dementia in elderly Japanese individuals.
New visual rating system for medial temporal lobe atrophy: a simple diagnostic tool for routine examinations
Authors: KANEKO Tomoki , KANEKO Kikuko , MATSUSHITA Mina , KADOYA Masumi , IHARA Nobumaro , RYOKAWA Akiko , OGIHARA Tomomi , INUZUKA Shin , UEDA Hitoshi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAim:  We estimated the usefulness of our new scale to rate medial temporal atrophy with short inversion time inversion recovery images.Methods:  Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects (n= 34) and non‐demented subjects (n= 19) were recruited for this study. First, coronal short inversion time inversion recovery images were scanned vertical to the long axis of hippocampus. Next, the single image in which peduncles appeared widest was adopted for estimation. The parahippocampal cerebrospinal fluid space was divided into three parts: the outer, upper and inner parts. The hippocampus was defined as a structure being of equal intensity to grey matter. Two radiologists compared each part of the parahippocampal cerebrospinal fluid space with the hippocampus and rated them on a 0–3 scale. Interrater and intrarater kappa statistics and sensitivity/specificity for the diagnosis of AD were calculated using the scores of the right, left and both sides combined.Results:  There were no significant differences between AD and ND subjects with regards to sex. AD subjects had lower Mini‐Mental State Examination scores and were older than non‐demented subjects. Interrater and intrarater kappa statistics were 0.52–0.68 and 0.76–0.83, respectively. Sensitivity was 88.2% using the scores of both sides.Conclusions:  Interrater and intrarater agreements were fair to good and good to excellent, respectively. Our new visual rating method detected medial temporal atrophy in AD patients at a highly sensitive rate. As such, we conclude that this visual rating scale is useful for judging medial temporal atrophy simply and objectively in clinical use, and it is helpful in establishing an AD diagnosis.
Research on neurodegenerative diseases using induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: IMAMURA Keiko , INOUE Haruhisa 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are derived from somatic cells. These somatic cells have had their gene expression experimentally reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell‐like pluripotent state, gaining the capacity to differentiate various cell types in the three embryonic germ layers. Thus, iPSC technology makes it possible to obtain neuronal cells from any human cells. iPSC can be generated from various kinds of somatic cells and from patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Disease modelling using iPSC technology would elucidate the pathogenesis of such diseases and contribute to related drug discoveries. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in iPSC technology as well as its potential applications.
Changes in activity patterns after the oral administration of brotizolam in institutionalized elderly patients with dementia
Authors: LIAO Xiao Yan , YAMAKAWA Miyae , SUTO Shunji , SHIGENOBU Kazue , MAKIMOTO Kiyoko 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground:  Little is known about the side effects of sedative‐hypnotic agents in elderly dementia patients with sleep disorders. The present study describes activity pattern changes after a single dose of brotizolam in elderly patients with dementia.Methods:  We conducted retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from a case series at Asakayama Hospital (Osaka, Japan) between September 2008 and September 2009. Around‐the‐clock movements of dementia patients who were administered a single dose of brotizolam were recorded by the integrated circuit tag monitoring system during a 4‐week baseline and 7‐day peri‐administration period. Diurnal and nocturnal activity levels and the onset times of the least‐active and most‐active phases were then measured.Results:  Seven patients (four men, three women; age range 59–85 years) were analyzed. All seven patients had disturbed activity patterns during the peri‐administration period. Compared with the pre‐administration period, the incidence of reversed rest‐activity pattern increased significantly in the post‐administration period, as measured by the distance moved per hour (P < 0.000). Patients with advanced stages of dementia had prolonged and delayed activity responses.Conclusions:  Findings showed changes in activity levels and reversed active/resting phases after a single dose of brotizolam in elderly patients with dementia. Use of brotizolam in elderly patients with dementia, especially in advanced stages, calls for closer attention and longer observation periods.
Molecular imaging of dementia
Authors: MORI Takaaki , MAEDA Jun , SHIMADA Hitoshi , HIGUCHI Makoto , SHINOTOH Hitoshi , UENO Shu‐ichi , SUHARA Tetsuya 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDiagnosis and treatment strategies for dementia are based on the sensitive and specific detection of the incipient neuropathological characteristics, combined with emerging treatments that counteract molecular processes in its pathogenesis. Positron emission tomography (PET) is used for diverse clinical and basic studies on dementia with a wide range of radiotracers. Approaches to visualize amyloid deposition in human brains non‐invasively with PET depend on imaging agents reacting with amyloid fibrils. The most widely used tracer is [11C]‐6‐OH‐BTA‐1, also known as Pittsburgh Compound‐B, which has a high affinity to amyloid β peptide (Aβ) aggregates. Some 18F‐labeled amyloid ligands with a longer radioactive half‐life have also been developed for broader clinical applications. In addition, there have been demonstrated advantages of tracers with high specific radioactivity in the sensitive detection of amyloid, which have indicated the significance of Aβ‐N3‐pyroglutamate as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target. Furthermore, beneficial outcomes of Aβ and tau immunization in humans and mouse models have highlighted crucial roles of immunocompetent glia in the protection of neurons against amyloid toxicities. The utility of PET with a radioligand for translocator protein as a biomarker for tau‐triggered toxicity, and as a complement to amyloid and tau imaging for diagnostic assessment of tauopathies with and without Aβ pathologies, has also been demonstrated. Meanwhile, brain cholinergic function can be estimated by measuring acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain with PET and radiolabeled acetylcholine analogues. It has been reported that patients with early Parkinson's disease exhibit a reduction in acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebral cortex, and this decline is more profound in patients with Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies than in patients with Parkinson's disease without dementia. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative was a multicentre research project conducted over 6 years that studied changes in cognition, brain structure, and biomarkers in healthy elderly controls and subjects with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. An international workgroup of the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association has suggested that Alzheimer's disease would be optimally treated before significant cognitive impairment, defined as a ‘presymptomatic’ or ‘preclinical’ stage. Therefore, PET will be of technical importance for both clinical and basic research aimed at prodromal pathologies of Alzheimer's disease.
Multicentre population‐based dementia prevalence survey in Japan: a preliminary report
Authors: IKEJIMA Chiaki , HISANAGA Akito , MEGURO Kenichi , YAMADA Tatsuo , OUMA Shinji , KAWAMURO Yu , HYOUKI Kazushi , NAKASHIMA Kenji , WADA Kenji , YAMADA Shigeto , WATANABE Itaru , KAKUMA Tatsuyuki , AOYAMA Yoshiko , MIZUKAMI Katsuyoshi , ASADA Takashi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCommunity‐based surveys were performed in seven rural areas in Japan to investigate the prevalence of dementia and illnesses causing dementia. A total of 5431 elderly subjects were selected based on census data from 1 October 2009. In total, 3394 participants were examined (participation rate: 62.5%), and 768 dementia cases and 529 mild cognitive impairment cases were identified. Of the illnesses causing dementia, Alzheimer's disease was the most frequent (67.4%), followed by vascular dementia (18.9%), dementia with Lewy body disease (4.6%), mixed dementia (4.2%) and other illnesses. The prevalence of dementia according to 5‐year age strata between 65 and 99 years was 5.8–77.7% among the participants. The prevalence of dementia in this study was higher than in previous reports in Japan and other countries. To verify the upward trend of dementia prevalence and its background factors, we have scheduled surveys for three other urban areas in 2011–2012.
Role of geriatric hospitals for dementia care in the community
Authors: HATTORI Hideyuki 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn dementia care, behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and physical illness in patients with dementia impose a marked care burden and require medical intervention. Therefore, it is important for patients and their families to select appropriate medical institutions and facilities with nursing units specializing in the care of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, such as geriatric hospitals, which are required to deal with various aspects of dementia. Geriatric hospitals should offer two treatment approaches: a care unit for patients with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia or dementia with physical illness, and a multidisciplinary team approach involving physicians, nurses, psychologists, and social workers who provide coping strategies for dementia patients.
Intervention for several behavioural disorders in Alzheimer's‐type dementia
Authors: OGAWA Noriyuki , HOSOMI Jun , KOURA Seigo , OSHIKAWA Takeshi , TATEISHI Nobuyasu , TANAKA Mutuhide , KAMIJYO Kenzi , TANIGAWA Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn Alzheimer's‐type dementia, significant nerve cell degeneration is seen in the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampal region, and in the temporoparietal association area. As symptoms progress, impairments in various behaviours begin to occur in daily life. In particular, higher brain dysfunction, including parietal association area dysfunction, are major impediments to providing care or rehabilitation. Herein, we explain behavioural disorders stemming from higher brain dysfunction and discuss the methodology in providing specific care and appropriate rehabilitation. To provide appropriate rehabilitation, it is important to properly assess the causes of behavioural disorder by organizing the characteristics of symptoms, the person and the environment.
Usefulness of video for observing lifestyle impairments in dementia patients
Authors: YOKOKAWA Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPeople with dementia face all sorts of troubles in their daily lives. However, it is difficult to understand fully the extent of these troubles. Even spouses and family members who know their daily routines and habits have difficulty caring for those with dementia because these patients are unable to express themselves as a result of their condition. Given these problems, one must consider the capabilities of institutional caregivers to observe and understand dementia patients, as well as accurately report on their daily condition. To overcome these potential problems, a key solution could be to document patients' activities on video. If mutual trust is established between the patient and caregiver, video documentation could record the hidden daily life of dementia patients and document their daily activities and the confusion that they face. This article discusses the efficacy of using video as a means of understanding early onset dementia patients' feelings and actions by documenting their daily lives and treatment approaches based on these observations.
Tolerability, safety, and side effects of levetiracetam versus phenytoin in intravenous and total prophylactic regimen among craniotomy patients: A prospective randomized study
Authors: Fuller Karen L. , Wang Yi Yuen , Cook Mark J. , Murphy Michael A. , D’Souza Wendyl J. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryPurpose: Practical choice in parenteral antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) remains limited despite formulation of newer intravenous agents and requirements of special patient groups. This study aims to compare the tolerability, safety, and side effect profiles of levetiracetam (LEV) against the standard agent phenytoin (PHT) when given intravenously and in total regimen for seizure prophylaxis in a neurosurgical setting.Methods: This prospective, randomized, single‐center study with appropriate blinding comprised evaluation pertaining to intravenous use 3 days following craniotomy and at discharge, and to total intravenous‐plus‐oral AED regimen at 90 days. Primary tolerability end points were discontinuation because of side effect and first side effect. Safety combined end point was major side effect or seizure. Seizure occurrence and side effect profiles were compared as secondary outcomes.Key Findings: Of 81 patients randomized, 74 (36 LEV, 38 PHT) received parenteral AEDs. No significant difference attributable to intravenous use was found between LEV and PHT in discontinuation because of side effect (LEV 1/36, PHT 2/38, p = 1.00) or number of patients with side effect (LEV 1/36, PHT 4/38, p = 0.36). No significant difference was found between LEV and PHT total intravenous‐plus‐oral regimen in discontinuation because of side effect (hazard ratio [HR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21–2.92, p = 0.72) or number of patients with side effect (HR 1.51, 95% CI 0.77–2.98, p = 0.22). More patients assigned PHT reached the undesirable clinical end point for safety of major side effect or seizure (HR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.70, p = 0.002). Seizures occurred only in patients assigned PHT (n = 6, p = 0.01). Although not significant, trends were observed for major side effect in more patients assigned PHT (p = 0.08) and mild side effect in more assigned LEV (p = 0.09).Significance: Both LEV and PHT are well‐tolerated perioperatively in parenteral preparation, and in total intravenous‐plus‐oral prophylactic regimen. Comparative safety and differing side effect profile of intravenous LEV supports use as an alternative to intravenous PHT.
Increased Focus on the Mouth Among Infants in the First Year of Life: A Longitudinal Eye‐Tracking Study
Authors: Tenenbaum Elena J. , Shah Rajesh J. , Sobel David M. , Malle Bertram F. , Morgan James L. 
Published: June 2012

This study examines face‐scanning behaviors of infants at 6, 9, and 12 months as they watched videos of a woman describing an object in front of her. The videos were created to vary information in the mouth (speaking vs. smiling) and the eyes (gazing into the camera vs. cueing the infant with head turn or gaze direction to an object being described). Infants tended to divide their attention between the eyes and the mouth, looking less at the eyes with age and more at the mouth than the eyes at 9 and 12 months. Attention to the mouth was greater on speaking trials than on smiling trials at all three ages, and this difference increased between 6 and 9 months. Despite consistent results within subjects, there was considerable variation between subjects. This raises the question of whether a developmental “norm” of face scanning in infancy ought to be pursued. Rather, these data add to emerging evidence suggesting that individual differences in face scanning might reliably predict aspects of later development.