bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laying the Foundations for a Crisis: Mapping the Historico‐Geographical Construction of Residential Mortgage Backed Securitization in the UK
Authors: WAINWRIGHT THOMAS 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article will explore the geographical origins of Residential Mortgage Backed Securitization (RMBS) in the United States and map the subsequent migration of RMBS, as idea, technology and investment vehicle, to the United Kingdom and other nation‐states during the 1990s. It will illustrate how RMBS was used as a medium to circulate capital and construct urban space, and seek to interpret the development of RMBS and the contemporary credit crisis in the UK through a series of historical, political and sociological lenses. It argues that, despite travelling across the globe, this financial innovation has maintained a spatial sensitivity since the idea of securitization has been embodied and (re)interpreted in specific spaces to comply with local economic, political and social institutions. It also argues that this is an important primer to understanding the ‘credit crunch’ of 2007 and its repercussions. The article focuses particularly on how the current significance of securitization and RMBS can be traced back to the ‘Big Bang’ and the wider processes of the competitive re‐regulation of the City of London and the British financial system more generally during the mid‐1980s. It shows the differential evolution of securitization in the UK and US, and in so doing argues that such spatial variations have left different financial institutions in the two economies exposed to different forms of credit and market risk.Résumé Cet article revient sur les origines géographiques de la titrisation adossée à des crédits hypothécaires au logement (RMBS) aux États‐Unis, puis cartographie la migration ultérieure de cette titrisation, en tant que concept, technologie et véhicule d’investissement, vers le Royaume‐Uni et d’autres États‐nations, au cours des années 1990. Après avoir montré comment les titres RMBS ont servi de support pour faire circuler les capitaux et construire l’espace urbain, il expliquera l’évolution des RMBS et de la crise du crédit contemporaine au Royaume‐Uni selon plusieurs angles (historique, politique et sociologique). Malgré sa migration planétaire, cette innovation financière a conservé une sensibilité spatiale, l’idée de titrisation ayant été concrétisée et (ré)interprétée dans des espaces particuliers en adéquation avec des institutions économiques, politiques et sociales locales. Ce point est important pour comprendre le ‘resserrement du crédit’ de 2007 et ses répercussions. Toutefois, on peut déterminer que l’importance actuelle de la titrisation et des RMBS est due au ‘Big Bang’ et aux vastes processus de rerégulation par la concurrence de la City de Londres et, de façon plus générale, du système financier britannique au milieu des années 1980. On constate des divergences d’évolution de la titrisation entre Royaume‐Uni et États‐Unis, ces variations exposant différentes institutions financières des deux économies à différentes formes de risques liés au crédit et au marché.
Anne Haila's ‘The Market as the New Emperor’
Authors: ZHU JIEMING 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe ideal type of laissez‐faire markets only exists in textbooks. In reality, markets as coordination mechanisms are always relative. China's ‘emerging land markets’ should be understood in the context of economic reforms which phase in market elements gradually and incrementally, and phase out planning factors in the same manner. In academic debates, it is constructive criticism that promotes the progress of knowledge. It is the solid alternative that opens people's minds.Résumé Le marché idéaltypique du laisser‐faire n'existe que dans les manuels. Dans la réalité, les marchés en tant que mécanismes de coordination sont toujours relatifs. En Chine, il faut appréhender les ‘marchés fonciers émergents’ dans le contexte de réformes économiques qui introduisent pas à pas des composantes de marché tout en éliminant, de la même manière, des facteurs de planification. Dans les débats universitaires, la critique se doit d'être constructive pour que les connaissances progressent car, sans proposition d'alternative solide, l'esprit s'ouvre difficilement au propos.
Property as Abstraction
Authors: BLOMLEY NICHOLAS , STURGEON JANET C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHaila questions the dominant ‘story’ that ‘imperfections’ in Chinese urban land markets can only be resolved through state sanctioned private property rights. She interrogates the meaning of concepts such as ‘market’ or ‘property’, wary of the ‘ontological fallacy’ in which concepts are confused for real objects. Drawing from Mitchell (1991), we seek to take this farther, by tracing how a distinction between property as representation and as reality is produced, and seeking to evaluate the effects this divide has on social practice. Rather than treating property in the Chinese context as an abstraction, we urge scholars to be alive to its empirically and ethically diverse manifestations.Résumé Haila conteste le ‘récit’ dominant selon lequel les ‘imperfections’ des marchés fonciers urbains chinois ne peuvent se résoudre que par des droits de propriété privée cautionnés par l'État. Elle interroge la signification de concepts tels que ‘le marché’ ou ‘la propriété’, se méfiant de ‘l'illusion ontologique’ où l'on confond concepts et objets réels. Partant des travaux de Mitchell (1991), nous prolongeons cette idée en décrivant la distinction qui s'établit entre la propriété comme représentation et la propriété comme réalité; sont aussi évalués les effets de cette différenciation sur la pratique sociale. Au lieu de traiter la propriété dans le cadre chinois comme une abstraction, nous invitons les chercheurs à prendre conscience de la diversité de ses manifestations tant sur le plan empirique que sur le plan éthique.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Land Markets and Property Rights for the Construction of the Just City
Authors: IRAZÁBAL CLARA 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis essay reflects on alternative urban markets and property right systems in some Latin American countries. What becomes clear is that one size does not fit all: land markets and property rights are multifaceted and their conception and implementation should be context‐sensitive. In recent experiments and proposals in Brazil, El Salvador and Venezuela, among other countries, they are being used as instruments for the expansion of rights to the city and the construction of the just city.RésuméCe texte s'intéresse aux formes alternatives de marchés urbains et de systèmes de droits de propriété dans certains pays d'Amérique latine. Il devient évident qu'un même modèle ne convient pas à tous: marchés fonciers et droits de propriété comportent de nombreux aspects, et il vaut mieux adapter au contexte leur élaboration et mise en oeuvre. Dans de récentes expériences et propositions au Brésil, au Salvador et au Venezuela (pour ne citer que ces pays), ils servent d'instruments pour étendre les droits en faveur de la ville et pour construire une ville juste.
Combining Microarray‐based Genomic Selection (MGS) with the Illumina Genome Analyzer Platform to Sequence Diploid Target Regions
Authors: Okou David T. , Locke Adam E. , Steinberg Karyn M. , Hagen Katie , Athri Prashanth , Shetty Amol C. , Patel Viren , Zwick Michael E. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryNovel methods of targeted sequencing of unique regions from complex eukaryotic genomes have generated a great deal of excitement, but critical demonstrations of these methods efficacy with respect to diploid genotype calling and experimental variation are lacking. To address this issue, we optimized microarray‐based genomic selection (MGS) for use with the Illumina Genome Analyzer (IGA). A set of 202 fragments (304 kb total) contained within a 1.7 Mb genomic region on human chromosome X were MGS/IGA sequenced in ten female HapMap samples generating a total of 2.4 GB of DNA sequence. At a minimum coverage threshold of 5X, 93.9% of all bases and 94.9% of segregating sites were called, while 57.7% of bases (57.4% of segregating sites) were called at a 50X threshold. Data accuracy at known segregating sites was 98.9% at 5X coverage, rising to 99.6% at 50X coverage. Accuracy at homozygous sites was 98.7% at 5X sequence coverage and 99.5% at 50X coverage. Although accuracy at heterozygous sites was modestly lower, it was still over 92% at 5X coverage and increased to nearly 97% at 50X coverage. These data provide the first demonstration that MGS/IGA sequencing can generate the very high quality sequence data necessary for human genetics research.All sequences generated in this study have been deposited in NCBI Short Read Archive (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/sra, Accession # SRA007913).
Association Study and Mutation Analysis of Adiponectin Shows Association of Variants in APM1 with Complex Obesity in Women
Authors: Beckers Sigri , Peeters Armand V. , De Freitas Fenna , Mertens Ilse L. , Verhulst Stijn L. , Haentjens Dominique , Desager Kristine N. , Van Gaal Luc F. , Van Hul Wim 
Published: July 2009

SummaryWe performed an association study and mutation analysis of the adiponectin (APM1) gene to study its involvement in the development of obesity. We also studied the interaction with peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ). 223 obese women and 87 healthy female control subjects were used for association analysis. Mutation analysis was done on 95 morbidly obese adults and 123 overweight and obese children and adolescents. We selected 6 haplotype tagging SNPs in APM1 and the Pro12Ala variant (rs1805192) in PPARγ to study the interaction. The G allele of rs2241766 was more common in controls (cases 10.8% vs. controls 18.4%, nominal p = 0.011; OR = 0.57, nominal p = 0.018). The rs2241766/rs3774261 haplotype was also associated with obesity (nominal p = 0.004). Only the latter association remained significant after controlling for the False Discovery Rate. Resequencing of exon 2, exon 3 and intron 2 in 95 individuals did not reveal any SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium with rs2241766. No interaction with the Pro12Ala variant in PPARγ was detected. Mutation analysis of APM1 did not identify mutations. In conclusion, we found an association of an APM1 haplotype with obesity and found that APM1 mutations are not a common cause of monogenic obesity in our cohort.
Insulin receptor signaling regulates actin cytoskeletal organization in developing photoreceptors
Authors: Rajala Raju V. S. , Rajala Ammaji , Brush Richard S. , Rotstein Nora P. , Politi Luis E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe insulin receptor (IR) and IR signaling proteins are widely distributed throughout the CNS. IR signaling provides a trophic signal for transformed retinal neurons in culture and we recently reported that deletion of IR in rod photoreceptors by Cre/lox system resulted in stress‐induced photoreceptor degeneration. These studies suggest a neuroprotective role of IR in rod photoreceptor cell function. However, there are no studies available on the role of insulin‐induced IR signaling in the development of normal photoreceptors. To examine the role of insulin‐induced IR signaling, we analyzed cultured neuronal cells isolated from newborn rodent retinas. In insulin‐lacking cultures, photoreceptors from wild‐type rat retinas exhibited an abnormal morphology with a wide axon cone and disorganization of the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton. Photoreceptors from IR knockout mouse retinas also exhibited a similar abnormal morphology. A novel finding in this study was that addition of docosahexaenoic acid, a photoreceptor trophic factor, restored normal axonal outgrowth in insulin‐lacking cultures. These data suggest that IR signaling pathways regulate actin and tubulin cytoskeletal organization in photoreceptors; they also imply that insulin and docosahexaenoic acid activate at least partially overlapping signaling pathways that are essential for the development of normal photoreceptors.
Interleukin‐10 provides direct trophic support to neurons
Authors: Zhou Zhigang , Peng Xiangmin , Insolera Ryan , Fink David J. , Mata Marina 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInterleukin (IL)‐10, a prototypical anti‐inflammatory cytokine, has been shown to provide beneficial effects in neuronal injuryin vivobut the full range of actions has not been established. In order to understand the neuronal mechanisms underlying IL‐10‐mediated neuroprotection, we examined the effect of IL‐10 on primary neurons in culture. We found that IL‐10 exerted a direct trophic influence on spinal cord neurons, and that activation of the neuronal IL‐10 receptor provided trophic support and survival cues to overcome the neurotoxic effects of glutamatein vitro. IL‐10 treatment resulted in activation of janus‐associated kinases/signal transducers and transcription factors and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase‐AKT pathways in neurons to enhance expression of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL; under stress conditions IL‐10 blocks cytochromecrelease and caspase cleavage. IL‐10 activation of the canonical nuclear factor κB pathway enhanced translocation of p50 and p65 and enhanced their binding to κB DNA sequences, with p50 playing a more prominent role in neuronal survival. These data indicate that in addition to known anti‐inflammatory effects through astroglia in other inflammatory cells, IL‐10 has direct neuronal effects with important implications for development and neuroprotection.
NgR RNA interference, combined with zymosan intravitreal injection, enhances optic nerve regeneration
Authors: Chen Chunlin , Chen Xiaofan , Yin Xiaolei , Yuan Rongdi , Wang Baichuan , Ye Jian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMature retinal ganglion cells like other CNS neurons are unable to regenerate their axons after injury. Regenerative failure has been attributed, in part, to two factors: the existence of myelin‐derived inhibitors that bind to the Nogo receptor (NgR) and a deficiency of trophic support factors. We investigated the regrowth of injured axons both by inhibiting NgR by RNA interference and by recruiting exogenous trophic support by zymosan intravitreal injection. Our results showed that either approach can stimulate optic nerve axon regrowth but regenerated axons can grow longer and extend further when both methods are combined. We conclude that endogenous NgR inhibition and exogenous trophic support both play independent, important roles in enhancing optic nerve axon regrowth and that the regenerative effect can be augmented when the two are combined. This may provide a therapeutic strategy for promoting axon regeneration in the CNS as well.
Factors associated with treatment failure of patients with psychiatric diseases and injecting drug users in the treatment of genotype 2 or 3 hepatitis C chronic infection
Authors: Alvarez‐Uria Gerardo , Day Jeremy N. , Nasir Anisa J. , Russell Susan K. , Vilar Francisco Javier 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground: Genotype 2/3 hepatitis C virus (HCV) has a good response to treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin. Patients with psychiatric disorders and injecting drug users (IDUs) are considered ‘difficult to treat’ and are often excluded from treatment despite the lack of evidence supporting this decision.Aims: To investigate the outcome and factors associated with treatment failure in these groups.Methods: This is an observational study of a cohort of patients infected by genotype 2/3 HCV. IDUs and patients with psychiatric diseases were not excluded from treatment. We performed an intention‐to‐treat analysis to evaluate factors related to treatment failure.Results: A sustained virological response (SVR) was achieved in 91 of the 125 patients treated (72.8%). Patients with chronic psychotic disorders or former IDUs had SVR rates similar to other groups. After multivariate analysis, independent factors associated with treatment failure were liver cirrhosis [odds ratio (OR) 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–10.4], a history of depression and not being on antidepressants at the commencement of HCV treatment (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.2–16) and active IDUs (OR 7.3, 95% CI 1.77–30.4).Conclusions: Patients with a history of depression who were not receiving antidepressants and active IDUs are more likely to fail treatment for genotype 2/3 HCV and will need additional support.
The expression profile of glypican‐3 and its relation to macrophage population in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Takai Hirotake , Kato Atsuhiko , Kato Chie , Watanabe Takeshi , Matsubara Koichi , Suzuki Masami , Kataoka Hiroaki 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground:Glypican‐3 (GPC3) is frequently upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Analysis of GPC3‐deficient mice implies GPC3 involvement in macrophage‐lineage cells.Aim:In this study, we first assessed the association of GPC3 expression with the macrophage population in liver tissues from 30 HCC patients using immunohistochemistry.Methods:The GPC3 expression was categorized into three patterns – one with GPC3‐negative staining and two with GPC3‐positive staining (one with unclear membrane staining and one with clear membrane staining, designated GPC3+/C). The number of macrophages that were stained with resident macrophage (rMϕ) or pan‐macrophage (pMϕ) markers was counted for each GPC3 expression pattern.Results:GPC3 immunoreactivity was observed in 76.7% of the HCC specimens. No significant differences were observed in the number of rMϕ marker‐positive cells among the three expression patterns. In contrast, the GPC3+/C pattern showed a significantly higher number of pMϕ‐positive cells compared with the other two patterns, most of which tended to take on the morphology of migrating macrophages. A second experiment conducted to compare macrophage infiltration between the xenograft tissues of a GPC3‐transfected HCC cell line and its parent GPC3‐nonexpressing cell line revealed that the increase in macrophages was stimulated by membrane expression of GPC3.Conclusion:The observations suggest that the increased macrophages in the GPC3+/C pattern are likely to be recruited macrophages, not resident macrophages, and that the expression of GPC3 in the membrane is involved in macrophage recruitment.
Active matrix metalloproteinase‐2 promotes apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells via the cleavage of cellular N‐cadherin
Authors: Hartland Stephen N. , Murphy Frank , Aucott Rebecca L. , Abergel Armand , Zhou Xiaoying , Waung Julian , Patel Nishit , Bradshaw Catherine , Collins Jane , Mann Derek , Benyon R. Christopher , Iredale John P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground and Aims: Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are known to synthesise excess matrix that characterises liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Activated HSC express the matrix‐degrading matrix metalloproteinase enzymes (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). During spontaneous recovery from experimental liver fibrosis, the expression of TIMP‐1 declines and hepatic collagenolytic activity increases. This is accompanied by HSC apoptosis. In this study, we examine a potential mechanism whereby MMP activity might induce HSC apoptosis by cleaving N‐cadherin at the cell surface.Results: N‐cadherin expression was upregulated in human HSC during activation in culture. Addition of function‐blocking antibodies or a peptide targeting the extracellular domain of N‐cadherin, to cultured HSC, promoted apoptosis. During apoptosis, there was cleavage of N‐cadherin into 20–100 kDa fragments. MMP‐2 became activated early during HSC apoptosis and directly cleaved N‐cadherin in vitro. Addition of activated MMP‐2 to HSCs in culture resulted in enhanced apoptosis and loss of N‐cadherin.Conclusions: Together, these studies identify a role for both N‐cadherin and MMP‐2 in mediating HSC apoptosis, where N‐cadherin works to provide a cell survival stimulus and MMP‐2 promotes HSC apoptosis concomitant with N‐cadherin degradation.
Ring chromosome 20 syndrome: A link between epilepsy onset and neuropsychological impairment in three children
Authors: Vignoli Aglaia , Canevini Mario Paola , Darra Francesca , La Selva Lorita , Fiorini Elena , Piazzini Ada , Lazzarotto Francesca , Zucca Claudio , Dalla Bernardina Bernardo 
Published: July 2009

SummaryPurpose: Ring chromosome 20 [r(20)] syndrome is a well‐defined chromosomal disorder characterized by epilepsy, mild‐to‐moderate mental retardation, and lack of recognizable dysmorphic features. Epilepsy is often the most important clinical manifestation of the syndrome, even if its appearance is not constantly precocious. Seizures are frequently drug resistant.Methods: We describe three children with [r(20)] syndrome in whom the onset of epilepsy (age at onset range: 4 years and 6 months to 9 years and 4 months) determined a kind of epileptic status (age at onset range: 6 years and 10 months to 9 years and 8 months) with dramatic neuropsychological deterioration. This epileptic status lasted for several months because of refractoriness to most antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), but it was treated successfully with a combination of valproate and lamotrigine in two children.Results: As soon as seizures stopped, the children showed prompt recovery with partial restoration of the neuropsychological impairment.Conclusion: This clinical picture can be described as abrupt epileptic encephalopathy.
Doublecortin‐like (DCL) expression in focal cortical dysplasia and cortical tubers
Authors: Boer Karin , Lucassen Paul J. , Spliet Wim G. M. , Vreugdenhil Erno , Van Rijen Peter C. , Troost Dirk , Jansen Floor E. , Aronica Eleonora 
Published: July 2009

SummaryPurpose: Focal cortical dysplasia type IIB (FCD IIB) and cortical tubers of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are malformations of cortical development that are frequently associated with intractable epilepsy. Their histopathologic and molecular features suggest developmental abnormalities during the early stages of cortical development, which may involve neural progenitor cells. The aim of our study was to define the expression and cell‐specific distribution of doublecortin‐like (DCL), a protein critically involved in neuronal division and radial migration during early corticogenesis, in both FCD and TSC.Methods: DCL was studied in epilepsy surgery cases with FCD IIB (n = 8) and TSC (cortical tubers; n = 8) using immunocytochemistry, confocal analysis, and Western blotting.Results: Autopsy and surgical control neocortical specimens were characterized by modest DCL immunoreactivity (IR) throughout all cortical layers, but DCL IR was not detectable in the white matter. Balloon cells (BCs) in FCD and giant cells (GCs) in TSC expressed strong DCL IR. Most of the large dysplastic neurons (DNs) were positive for DCL in both FCD and TSC. Coexpression of DCL with the neural progenitor or neuroblast markers nestin, GFAPδ, and doublecortin was observed in both FCD and TSC specimens. The increased DCL expression within the dysplastic cortex, compared to control cortex, was confirmed by Western blot analysis.Discussion: The prominent postnatal expression of DCL by BCs/GCs and DNs in FCD and TSC supports an important role for this microtubule associated protein, also during early human cortical development, which could be relevant to the pathogenesis of these developmental glioneuronal malformations.