bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of RVA and Time‐Lapse Photography to Explore Effects of Extent of Chlorination, Milling Extraction Rate, and Particle‐Size Reduction of Flour on Cake‐Baking Functionality
Authors: Kweon Meera , Slade Louise , Levine Harry , Souza Edward 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThree factors (extent of chlorination, milling extraction rate, and particle‐size reduction) in cake‐baking functionality of Croplan 594W flour were explored using a Rapid Visco‐Analyser (RVA) and time‐lapse photography. The extent of chlorination and milling extraction rate showed dramatic effects, but postmilling to reduce flour particle size was a less significant factor. RVA results showed that starch pasting was accelerated, and both peak and set‐back viscosities were enhanced, with increasing extent of chlorination. These effects were exaggerated by the high sugar concentration relevant to cake baking, compared to the same effects in water. Cake baking with chlorinated flours, in a formulation with 50% sugar (%S) and 275 parts total solvent (TS), showed that, as the extent of chlorination increased, cake moisture content and edge height decreased. Cake center height and shape factor were curvilinear, with maxima near flour with pH 4.6. Dramatic collapse occurred for cakes baked with unchlorinated flour samples, due to delayed starch pasting, as documented by time‐lapse photography and comparison to the geometry of the final cooled cakes. Starch pasting and egg white setting occurred too early for the cakes baked with excessively chlorinated flour (pH ≤4.0), but too late for the cakes baked with unchlorinated or insufficiently chlorinated flours (pH ≥4.9), compared to the ideal starch pasting and egg white setting behavior with appropriately chlorinated flours (pH >4.0 and <4.9). Informal sensory texture evaluation showed that cake mouthfeel was related to both moisture content per se and the relationship between moisture content and cake relative humidity (%RH). Excessive flour chlorination resulted in unacceptably dry cake mouthfeel.
Polar Lipids from Oat Kernels
Authors: Doehlert Douglas C. , Moreau Robert A. , Welti Ruth , Roth Mary R. , McMullen Michael S. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTOat (Avena sativa L.) kernels appear to contain much higher polar lipid concentrations than other plant tissues. We have extracted, identified, and quantified polar lipids from 18 oat genotypes grown in replicated plots in three environments to determine genotypic or environmental variation in these lipids. Validation experiments indicated a solid phase silica gel extraction step elution provided excellent and clean separation of extracted lipids into neutral lipid, glycolipid, and phospholipid fractions. Analysis of phospholipids by HPLC (normal phase, diol column) indicated phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and lyso‐ forms but very little genotypic or environmental variation. Di, tri and tetragalactosyl‐diacylglycerols were quantified in the glycolipids, along with their mono‐, di‐, and triacyl estolides. Most of these exhibited significant genotypic variation. Molecular species analysis of the glycolipids in the Morton cultivar by direct infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry confirmed the enormous diversity of galactosyl‐lipids in oats. Analyses indicated total lipid of ≈8.3% (dry weight basis), of which ≈10% was phospholipid and 11% was glycolipids. These results indicate that oats are a rich source of polar lipids and contain an extremely rich diversity of galactosyl‐lipids.
Relationship Between Malting Quality Traits and Hordeins as Affected by Timing of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application
Authors: Ajith A. , Labuschagne M. T. , Malan A. F. , van Biljon A. , Wentzel B. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in malting barley is necessary to obtain good yield, but it also influences kernel protein content, which affects malting quality. The negative correlation between kernel protein content and malting extract is due to the hordein proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of N application timing on hordein fractions and how this influences malt quality. Reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) was used to determine the hordein fractions in the two‐ and six‐row barley parents and their doubled‐haploid progeny, for two seasons for one location, and two locations in the second season. There were no changes in hordein level in response to timing of N application over years and locations. The two‐row parent had the lowest hordein level and the six‐row progeny had the highest. Total hordein content of the two‐row progeny and six‐row parent were similar. The supply of additional N in the form of fertilizer rather than the timing of all N applications influenced the production of all hordein fractions. There were significant correlations between hordein fractions and malting quality that also were reported in other studies. Kernel plumpness showed significant negative correlations with D, C, and B hordeins and total hordein content when half of the fertilizer was applied at planting and the other half at the six‐leaf stage. Absorption showed significant positive correlation with C hordeins and a negative correlation with the B‐to‐C ratio, also when the second half of the N was given at the six‐leaf stage.
Stability of Native Folate and Added Folic Acid in Micronutrient‐Fortified Corn Masa and Tortillas
Authors: Chapman J. S. , Steele F. M. , Eggett D. L. , Johnston N. P. , Dunn M. L. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTDegradation of added folic acid and native folates in micronutrient‐fortified corn masa and tortillas was evaluated using masa prepared from either nixtamalized corn flour or fresh nixtamal. Variations in masa pH, masa holding time at an elevated temperature, and iron source failed to show significant differences in folate loss in corn flour masa prepared in the laboratory. Masa was subsequently prepared from fresh nixtamal in a commercial mill in Mexico, and fortified with one of two different micronutrient premixes containing iron, zinc, B‐vitamins, and either unencapsulated or lipid‐encapsulated folic acid. Folate loss in commercial masa increased significantly with prebake masa holding time for both premixes. Unencapsulated folic acid showed a 73% loss after 4 hr of holding, compared to 60% loss for encapsulated. The difference was statistically significant, indicating a protective effect from the lipid coating. No significant differences in folate levels were found between prebake masa and baked tortillas. Holding baked tortillas for up to 12 hr also had no effect on folate levels. Native folate showed no significant losses throughout the process. Results from the commercial tortilla mill indicate that most of the loss in added folic acid occurs during prebake holding of masa, possibly from microbial degradation.
The Dynamics of Embolism Repair in Xylem: In Vivo Visualizations Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography
Authors: Brodersen Craig R. , McElrone Andrew J. , Choat Brendan , Matthews Mark A. , Shackel Kenneth A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Water moves through plants under tension and in a thermodynamically metastable state, leaving the nonliving vessels that transport this water vulnerable to blockage by gas embolisms. Failure to reestablish flow in embolized vessels can lead to systemic loss of hydraulic conductivity and ultimately death. Most plants have developed a mechanism to restore vessel functionality by refilling embolized vessels, but the details of this process in vessel networks under tension have remained unclear for decades. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first in vivo visualization and quantification of the refilling process for any species using high-resolution x-ray computed tomography. Successful vessel refilling in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) was dependent on water influx from surrounding living tissue at a rate of 6 × 10−4 μm s−1, with individual droplets expanding over time, filling vessels, and forcing the dissolution of entrapped gas. Both filling and draining processes could be observed in the same vessel, indicating that successful refilling requires hydraulic isolation from tensions that would otherwise prevent embolism repair. Our study demonstrates that despite the presence of tensions in the bulk xylem, plants are able to restore hydraulic conductivity in the xylem.
Protein Association and Dissociation Regulated by Extension Peptide: A Mode for Iron Control by Phytoferritin in Seeds
Authors: Yang Haixia , Fu Xiaoping , Li Meiliang , Leng Xiaojing , Chen Bin , Zhao Guanghua 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Most of the iron in legume seeds is stored in ferritin located in the amyloplast, which is used during seed germination. However, there is a lack of information on the regulation of iron by phytoferritin. In this study, soluble and insoluble forms of pea (Pisum sativum) seed ferritin (PSF) isolated from dried seeds were found to be identical 24-mer ferritins comprising H-1 and H-2 subunits. The insoluble form is favored at low pH, whereas the two forms reversibly interconvert in the pH range of 6.0 to 7.8, with an apparent pKa of 6.7. This phenomenon was not observed in animal ferritins, indicating that PSF is unique. The pH of the amyloplast was found to be approximately 6.0, thus facilitating PSF association, which is consistent with the role of PSF in long-term iron storage. Similar to previous studies, the results of this work showed that protein degradation occurs in purified PSF during storage, thus proving that phytoferritin also undergoes degradation during seedling germination. In contrast, no degradation was observed in animal ferritins, suggesting that this degradation of phytoferritin may be due to the extension peptide (EP), a specific domain found only in phytoferritin. Indeed, removal of EP from PSF significantly increased protein stability and prevented degradation under identical conditions while promoting protein dissociation. Correlated with such dissociation was a considerable increase in the rate of ascorbate-induced iron release from PSF at pH 6.0. Thus, phytoferritin may have facilitated the evolution of EP to enable it to regulate iron for storage or complement in seeds.
An Extension of the Traditional Theory of Customer Discrimination: Customers Versus Customers
Authors: Crofton Stephanie O. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study provides an extension on the traditional theory of customer discrimination. The traditional theory looks at customer discrimination via a case in which customers discriminate against a certain type of employee. This paper considers a case of customer discrimination in which customers discriminate against another group of customers. This paper argues that if women choose to attend an all‐women college, they are engaging in this previously unexamined form of customer discrimination. Economic theory predicts that firms catering to customers who discriminate will charge higher prices. Thus, this study tests for the existence of customer discrimination by estimating a tuition equation at women's colleges and coeducational schools using ordinary least squares and a dummy‐interaction technique. This study finds that, all else held constant, women's colleges do charge higher tuition rates.
Measuring Employer‐Based Discrimination Versus Customer‐Based Discrimination: The Case of French Canadians in the National Hockey League
Authors: Longley Neil 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper examines alternative hypotheses as to why French Canadians are underrepresented on National Hockey League teams based in English Canada relative to their representation on teams based in the United States.Using panel data, the paper accounts for the idiosyncratic behavior of specific teams by using a fixed‐effects model. With these fixed‐effects accounted for, the paper tests the degree to which the representation of French Canadians on a team is related to that team's location—either in English Canada or the United States—versus the degree to which the representation is related to the ethnic origin of that team's coach and general manager.It finds the ethnic origin variables to be unable to explain the representational patterns, leaving the team location variable as the only significant explanatory variable. These statistical findings thus support a “customer discrimination” explanation of the underrepresentation, as opposed to an “employer discrimination” explanation. Identifying this source of any potential discrimination is important, since different sources will have different implications for the prospects of reducing such discrimination.
The Return to Women's Human Capital and the Role of Male Attitudes Toward Working Wives: Gender Roles, Work Interruption, and Women's Earnings in Taiwan
Authors: Chuang Hwei‐Lin , Lee Hsih‐yin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study empirically investigates women's work interruption behavior in Taiwan and this behavior's influence on women's earnings. The most striking finding from our analysis of women's work history patterns is that a husband's negative attitude toward a working wife will more greatly discourage his wife from attaching to the labor market than will the presence of young children in the family. Thus, it is critical to educate men to give up their traditional attitudes toward gender roles in order to raise the female labor force participation rate in Taiwan. As to the effect of work interruption on earnings, a depreciation rate of 2.8% is found for women with at least a high‐school level of education, while no penalty of foregone experience is shown for less‐educated women. Since this depreciation effect may discourage women from re‐entering the labor market, government programs encouraging self‐employment should be helpful, as self‐employed women find it easier to overcome the conflict between family obligations and work needs.
Do Insider Trading Laws Work?
Authors: Bris Arturo 
Published: September 2010

Abstract This paper presents the first comprehensive global study of insider trading laws and their first enforcement. In a sample of 4,541 acquisitions from 52 countries, I find that insider trading enforcement increases both the incidence, and the profitability of insider trading. The expected total insider trading gains increase. Consequently, laws that proscribe insider trading fail to eliminate insider profits. However, harsher laws work better at reducing the incidence of illegal insider trading.
European Momentum Strategies, Information Diffusion, and Investor Conservatism
Authors: Doukas John A. , McKnight Phillip J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract In this paper we conduct an out‐of‐sample test of two behavioural theories that have been proposed to explain momentum in stock returns. We test the gradual‐information‐diffusion model of Hong and Stein (1999) and the investor conservatism bias model of Barberis et al. (1998) in a sample of 13 European stock markets during the period 1988 to 2001. These two models predict that momentum comes from the (i) gradual dissemination of firm‐specific information and (ii) investors’ failure to update their beliefs sufficiently when they observe new public information. The findings of this study are consistent with the predictions of the behavioural models of Hong and Stein's (1999) and Barberis et al. (1998). The evidence shows that momentum is the result of the gradual diffusion of private information and investors’ psychological conservatism reflected on the systematic errors they make in forming earnings expectations by not updating them adequately relative to their prior beliefs and by undervaluing the statistical weight of new information.
The Performance of UK International Unit Trusts
Authors: Fletcher Jonathan , Marshall Andrew 
Published: September 2010

Abstract We evaluate the performance of UK unit trusts with international equity objectives between January 1985 and December 2000 relative to domestic benchmark strategies. We use performance measures based on Jensen (1968), Ferson and Schadt (1996), and the Chen and Knez (1996) law of one price (LOP). We find more favourable trust performance using the Jensen and Ferson and Schadt measures relative to the LOP measure. There is evidence of inferior performance by some international trusts using the unconditional LOP measure. The charges and investment sector of the trust also has an impact on the performance of the trusts using the LOP measure.
Withdrawal symptoms in abstinent methamphetamine‐dependent subjects
Authors: Zorick Todd , Nestor Liam , Miotto Karen , Sugar Catherine , Hellemann Gerhard , Scanlon Graham , Rawson Richard , London Edythe D. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAims  Withdrawal symptoms have been linked to a propensity for relapse to drug abuse. Inasmuch as this association applies to methamphetamine (MA) abuse, an understanding of the course of MA withdrawal symptoms may help to direct treatment for MA dependence. Previous studies of symptoms manifested during abstinence from MA have been limited in size and scope. We asked (i) whether debilitating psychological and/or physical symptoms appear during the first several weeks of MA abstinence, (ii) how craving for MA evolves and (iii) whether psychiatric symptoms (e.g. depression, psychosis) persist beyond a month of abstinence.Design  A study of MA‐dependent participants, who initiated and maintained abstinence from the drug for up to 5 weeks, compared to a matched healthy comparison group.Setting  In‐patient research hospital ward (MA‐dependent subjects) and out‐patient (comparison subjects).Participants  Fifty‐six MA‐dependent and eighty‐nine comparison subjects.Measurements  Rater‐assessed MA withdrawal questionnaire and self‐report assessment of craving (MA‐dependent subjects) and self‐report assessment of psychiatric symptoms (both groups).Findings  At study entry, MA‐dependent subjects exhibited a wide range in severity of depressive symptoms, with the average score at a mild–moderate level of severity. Symptoms of psychosis were also prevalent. While depressive and psychotic symptoms largely resolved within a week of abstinence, craving did not decrease significantly from the time of initiating abstinence until the second week, and then continued at a reduced level to the fifth week.Conclusions  Depressive and psychotic symptoms accompany acute withdrawal from methamphetamine but resolve within 1 week. Craving is also present and lasts at least 5 weeks.
Change talk sequence during brief motivational intervention, towards or away from drinking
Authors: Bertholet Nicolas , Faouzi Mohamed , Gmel Gerhard , Gaume Jacques , Daeppen Jean‐Bernard 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAim  To investigate whether different sequences of ‘change talk’ utterances within a brief motivational intervention (BMI) are associated with drinking outcomes.Design  Speech content analysis of recorded BMI.Setting  BMI delivered in an emergency department for at‐risk drinking.Participants  Ninety‐seven subjects who received a BMI.Measurements  Ninety‐seven BMI were coded in duplicate by two psychologists with the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code (MISC), a Hidden Markov Model was used to identify three different patient states reflecting attitudes regarding changing their drinking behaviour within a BMI: towards change, away from change and non‐determined. Adjusted regression models were used to predict drinking at 12 months' follow‐up using patient attitudes regarding changing drinking at the beginning, during the intervention and at the end.Findings  The dynamic process at place within a BMI was marked mainly by stability: at each point during the intervention, staying in the same attitude was far more likely than transitioning from one attitude to another. When subjects did change from one attitude to another, they were more likely to move from an ‘away from change’ to a ‘towards change’ state. At 12 months, subjects with an attitude towards change at the end of the BMI drank significantly less (13.1 drinks per week) than subjects with an attitude away from change, independent of their attitude at the beginning of the intervention.Conclusions  Transition in ‘change talk’ between ‘away from change’ and ‘towards change’ appears to be rare in brief motivational intervention for excessive alcohol consumption. Moreover, change talk ‘towards change’ at the end of the intervention is associated with improved outcomes at follow‐up, independently of the type of change talk at the beginning of the intervention, suggesting that it is important to end a BMI session with a positive attitude towards change by the client.
A multi‐level analysis of non‐significant counseling effects in a randomized smoking cessation trial
Authors: McCarthy Danielle E. , Piasecki Thomas M. , Jorenby Douglas E. , Lawrence Daniel L. , Shiffman Saul , Baker Timothy B. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAims  To determine, in the context of a trial in which counseling did not improve smoking cessation outcomes, whether this was due to a failure of the conceptual theory identifying treatment targets or the action theory specifying interventions.Design  Data from a randomized clinical trial of smoking cessation counseling and bupropion SR were submitted to multi‐level modeling to test whether counseling influenced real‐time reports of cognitions, emotions and behaviors, and whether these targets predicted abstinence.Setting  Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Madison, WI.Participants  A total of 403 adult, daily smokers without contraindications to bupropion SR use. Participants were assigned randomly to receive individual counseling or no counseling and a 9‐week course of bupropion SR or placebo pill. Cessation counseling was delivered in eight 10‐minute sessions focused on bolstering social support, motivation, problem‐solving and coping skills.Measurements  Pre‐ and post‐quit ecological momentary assessments of smoking behavior, smoking triggers, active prevention and coping strategies, motivation to quit, difficulty quitting and reactions to initial lapses.Findings  Counseling prompted avoidance of access to cigarettes, improved quitting self‐efficacy, reduced perceived difficulty of quitting over time and protected against guilt and demoralization following lapses. Results also supported the importance of limiting cigarette access, receiving social support, strong motivation and confidence and easing withdrawal distress during cessation efforts. Quitting self‐efficacy and perceived difficulty quitting may partially mediate counseling effects on abstinence.Conclusions  Smoking cessation counseling may work by supporting confidence about quitting and reducing perceived difficulty quitting. Counseling did not affect other targets that protect against relapse.