bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Workers at War: Factory Workers and Labor Policy in the Siege of Leningrad
Authors: Bidlack Richard 
Published: December 2011

Inall of Soviet history from October 1917 to the end of 1989, two events or greatest challenges to the existence of the regime and, one might argue, have had the greatest impact on subsequent political, diplomatic, social, and economic developments. An entire generation of Western historians has revised and deepened our understanding of the Revolution and Civil War period; however, a scholarly re-examination of the conflagration of 1941-45 and its impact is still in the initial stages.
Regime Transition in a Disintegrating Yugoslavia: The Law-of-Rule vs. The Rule-of-Law
Authors: Cohen Lenard J. 
Published: December 2011

Democratic transition -- that indeterminate phase between the end of an authoritarian regime and the consolidation of democratic rule -- is always a difficult and challenging period for the members of a society. In the case of Yugoslavia, problems of democratization during the early 1990's were complicated by particularly intense ethnic and inter-regional conflicts, leading eventually to an armed struggle with a very high loss of life, and widespread societal disruption. Indeed, by early 1992 the "Yugoslav crisis" had led to the disintegration of the country, and the emergence of a number of successor states.
Poly(L‐lactic acid)/silicone dioxide nanocomposites prepared via in situ melt polycondensation of L‐lactic acid in the presence of acidic silica sol: Dispersion stability of nanoparticles during dehydration/oligomerization
Authors: Ma Zhaoqin , Wu Linbo , Peng Bo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this work, the stability of nanoparticles during the dehydration/oligomerization (D/O) stage in situ melt polycondensation of L‐lactic acid to prepare poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA)/SiO2 nanocomposite was studied. The change in the appearance of the reaction mixture was tracked, and the resultant oligo(L‐lactic acid) (OLLA)/SiO2 and PLLA/SiO2 nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, 1H‐NMR, and light transmittance. The electric double layer and the grafted OLLA chains provided static and steric stabilities during the early and late phases, respectively. However, there existed an intermediate transitional phase with weak stability when the static stability was weakened, but sufficient steric stability had not yet been established; this led to soft or hard aggregation, depending on the SiO2 loading and agitation conditions. At low or moderate SiO2 loading (<5–10%), the soft aggregation could be depressed with appropriate agitation conditions and redispersed with the aid of gradually established steric interaction energy. Consequently, well‐dispersed PLLA/SiO2 nanocomposites with SiO2 loadings of 5 and 10% were successfully prepared by in situ melt polycondensation with an arc stirrer at 400 and 600 rpm, respectively, during the D/O stage. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Polymerizations of hexamethylcyclosiloxane catalyzed by metal sulfonate/acid chloride combinations
Authors: Qayouh Hicham , Lahcini Mohammed , Six Jean‐Luc , Kricheldorf Hans R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) was polymerized in bulk at 100°C, and the conversion was monitored by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. Various metal triflates, which were inactive as neat salts, were combined with chlorosilanes, chlorostannanes, phenyl phosphonyl chloride, and carboxylic acid chlorides, which were also inactive when added alone. Most 1 : 1 combinations proved to produce active catalysts for the ring‐opening polymerization of D3. When the anions of sodium salts were varied alkylsulfonates and the sulfates were more reactive than the triflate. The samarium triflate/diphenyldichlorosilane combination was found to be the most reactive catalyst on the basis of the triflate ions. Regardless of the catalyst combination, the main reaction products in the early stages of all polymerizations were octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). The polymerization mechanism is discussed. The reactive catalyst combinations also polymerized D4 at 100°C. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Creep behavior of glass‐fiber‐reinforced nylon 6 products
Authors: Tohmyoh Hironori , Ito Yusuke , Eguchi Kazuteru , Daido Wataru , Utsunomiya Jiro , Nakano Yoshikatsu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe creep properties, that is, the velocity constant, activation energy, stress index, and time index, of a test piece (TP) cut from a glass‐fiber‐reinforced nylon 6 product were successfully determined by a compression creep test. In the determination of the creep properties, the experimental creep curves for the TP were fitted by finite element analysis (FEA). Fiber‐reinforced nylon 6 beams with different fiber orientations were also prepared, and their creep properties were successfully determined by a combination of the bending creep test and the corresponding analysis. The creep behavior of the press‐fit component composed of a metal collar and a fiber‐reinforced nylon 6 product was predicted by FEA with the determined creep properties of the TP. The predicted retention forces were in good agreement with the experimental ones. The effects of the fiber orientation on the long‐term reliability of the press‐fit component are also discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of atmospheric pressure helium plasma on felting and low temperature dyeing of wool
Authors: Panda Prasanta Kumar , Rastogi Deepali , Jassal Manjeet , Agrawal Ashwini K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWool fabrics were treated with atmospheric pressure helium glow discharge plasma in an attempt to improve felting and dyeing behavior with cold brand reactive dyes using cold pad‐batch method at neutral pH. On glow plasma treatment, the hydrophilicity of wool surface and its resistance toward felting was greatly improved without any significant damage to the cuticle layer. The color strength of the plasma treated dyed wool on the surface (in terms of K/S) was found to be nearly double of the color strength of dyed untreated wool fabric. However, the corresponding total dye uptake of the treated wool increased by a much lower value of 40%–50%. The reason behind this altered dyeing behavior was investigated by studying the dye kinetics using infinite bath and surface characteristics using SEM and SIMS. It was found that the glow plasma treatment greatly transformed the chemical surface of the wool fibers. It resulted in uniform removal of hydrophobic cuticular layer, which resulted in better diffusion of the dye molecules into the fiber, and formation of hydrophilic NH2 groups near the surface, which helped in anchoring the dye molecules close to the surface giving higher color strength than expected. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Alendronate in the prevention of collapse of the femoral head in nontraumatic osteonecrosis: A two‐year multicenter, prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Chen Chung‐Hwan , Chang Je‐Ken , Lai Kuo‐An , Hou Sheng‐Mou , Chang Chih‐Hao , Wang Gwo‐Jaw 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveOsteonecrosis is one of the major debilitating skeletal disorders. Most patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head eventually need surgery, usually total hip arthroplasty (THA), within a few years of onset. Previous studies showed that alendronate has a pharmacologic effect in reducing osteoclast activity and that it significantly reduced the incidence of collapse of the femoral head in the osteonecrotic hip. The purpose of this study was to determine the cumulative incidence of THA in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head and the time‐to‐event after treatment with alendronate versus placebo during the study period.MethodsA 2‐year multicenter, prospective, randomized, double‐blind study was performed. From June 2005 to December 2006, 64 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to the alendronate or placebo group. In patients with bilateral hip osteonecrosis who met the inclusion criteria, both hips were counted in the analyses. Five patients were excluded from the analysis because they did not comply with any of the study regimens. Seven patients were ineligible because they were not diagnosed as having stage IIC or stage IIIC disease according to the University of Pennsylvania system. Thus, a total of 52 patients (65 hips) were assessed in this study. Disease progression was evaluated by radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Harris Hip Score and the Short Form 36 health survey were used to rate hip function and quality of life, respectively.ResultsThere was no significant difference in radiographic and MRI data between the 2 study groups. Four of 32 hips in the alendronate treatment group underwent THA, while 5 of 33 hips in the placebo group had THA (P = 0.837). No differences were noted in disease progression, Harris Hip Scores, or Short Form 36 scores between the 2 groups.ConclusionAlendronate has no obvious effect on preventing the necessity for THA, reducing disease progression, or improving life quality.
Supercritical Fractionation of Rosemary Extracts to Improve the Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Vicente G. , García‐Risco M. R. , Fornari T. , Reglero G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA supercritical CO2 pilot plant was employed to extract rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) leaves and to thoroughly study the effect of time on the yield, composition and antioxidant activity of the different fractions produced. Six extraction assays were carried out, varying the fractionation procedure using a two‐stage depressurization system coupled to the extractor vessel. The concentration of the main antioxidant compound in rosemary, i.e. carnosic acid, and the DPPH test were employed to evaluate the antioxidant power of the different fractions obtained. The goal was to develop a new fractionation scheme comprising two different periods of time, in which exhaustive extraction of the essential oil from the plant matrix was achieved while recovery of the antioxidant compounds was maximized.
C6–C8 Bridged Epothilones: Consequences of Installing a Conformational Lock at the Edge of the Macrocycle
Authors: Zhan Weiqiang , Jiang Yi , Sharma Shubhada , Brodie Peggy J. , Bane Susan , Kingston David G. I. , Liotta Dennis C. , Snyder James P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA series of conformationally restrained epothilone analogues with a short bridge between the methyl groups at C6 and C8 was designed to mimic the binding pose assigned to our recently reported EpoA–microtubule binding model. A versatile synthetic route to these bridged epothilone analogues has been successfully devised and implemented. Biological evaluation of the compounds against A2780 human ovarian cancer and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines suggested that the introduction of a bridge between C6–C8 reduced potency by 25–1000 fold in comparison with natural epothilone D. Tubulin assembly measurements indicate these bridged epothilone analogues to be mildly active, but without significant microtubule stabilization capacity. Molecular mechanics and DFT energy evaluations suggest the mild activity of the bridged epo‐analogues may be due to internal conformational strain.
Barium Bis(dimethylsilyl)amide – Adduct vs. Oxo Formation
Authors: Michel Olaf , Törnroos Karl W. , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Anwander Reiner 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSilylamide [Ba{N(SiHMe2)2}2]n reacts with 1,10‐phenanthroline (Phen) in toluene to give the donor adduct [Ba{N(SiHMe2)2}2(Phen)]2. X‐ray structure analysis revealed a dimeric solid‐state structure with two bridging silylamido ligands and Ba···SiH β‐agostic interactions, which are most pronounced for the terminal silylamido ligands. Treatment of [Ba{N(SiHMe2)2}2]n with GaMe3 did not lead to the isolation of putative Lewis acid adduct [Ba(μ‐{N(SiHMe2)2})(μ‐Me)(GaMe2)] but resulted in the soluble, low aggregated barium oxo complex [Ba(μ4‐O)(GaMe3)2(toluene)]2, which is reminiscent of inverse crown ethers.
Brief review of regression‐based and machine learning methods in genetic epidemiology: the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 experience
Authors: Dasgupta Abhijit , Sun Yan V. , König Inke R. , Bailey‐Wilson Joan E. , Malley James D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGenetics Analysis Workshop 17 provided common and rare genetic variants from exome sequencing data and simulated binary and quantitative traits in 200 replicates. We provide a brief review of the machine learning and regression‐based methods used in the analyses of these data. Several regression and machine learning methods were used to address different problems inherent in the analyses of these data, which are high‐dimension, low‐sample‐size data typical of many genetic association studies. Unsupervised methods, such as cluster analysis, were used for data segmentation and, subset selection. Supervised learning methods, which include regression‐based methods (e.g., generalized linear models, logic regression, and regularized regression) and tree‐based methods (e.g., decision trees and random forests), were used for variable selection (selecting genetic and clinical features most associated or predictive of outcome) and prediction (developing models using common and rare genetic variants to accurately predict outcome), with the outcome being case‐control status or quantitative trait value. We include a discussion of cross‐validation for model selection and assessment, and a description of available software resources for these methods. Genet. Epidemiol. 35:S5–S11, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population‐based and family‐based designs to analyze rare variants in complex diseases
Authors: Kazma Rémi , Bailey Julia N. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGenotyping of rare variants on a large scale is now possible using next‐generation sequencing. Sample selection is a crucial step in designing the genetic study of a complex disease, and knowledge of the efficiency and limitations of population‐based and family‐based designs can help researchers make the appropriate choice. The nine contributions to Group 5 of Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 evaluate population‐based and family‐based designs by comparing the results obtained with various methods applied to the mini‐exome simulations. These simulations consisted of 200 replicates composed of unrelated individuals and eight extended pedigrees with genotypes and various phenotypes. The methods tested for association with a population‐based and/or a family‐based design, tested for linkage with a family‐based design, or estimated heritability. We summarize the strengths and weaknesses of both designs. Although population‐based designs seem more suitable for detecting the effect of multiple rare variants, family‐based designs can potentially enrich the sample in rare variants, for which the effect would be concealed at the population level. However, as of today, the main limitation is still the high cost of next‐generation sequencing. Genet. Epidemiol. 35:S41–S47, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The monocarboxylate transporter family—Structure and functional characterization
Authors: Halestrap Andrew P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMonocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) catalyze the proton‐linked transport of monocarboxylates such as L‐lactate, pyruvate, and the ketone bodies across the plasma membrane. There are four isoforms, MCTs 1–4, which are known to perform this function in mammals, each with distinct substrate and inhibitor affinities. They are part of the larger SLC16 family of solute carriers, also known as the MCT family, which has 14 members in total, all sharing conserved sequence motifs. The family includes a high‐affinity thyroid hormone transporter (MCT8), an aromatic amino acid transporter (T‐type amino acid transporter 1/MCT10), and eight orphan members yet to be characterized. MCTs were predicted to have 12 transmembrane helices (TMs) with intracellular C‐ and N‐termini and a large intracellular loop between TMs 6 and 7, and this was confirmed by labeling studies and proteolytic digestion. Site‐directed mutagenesis has identified key residues required for catalysis and inhibitor binding and enabled the development of a molecular model of MCT1 in both inward and outward facing conformations. This suggests a likely mechanism for the translocation cycle. Although MCT family members are not themselves glycosylated, MCTs1–4 require association with a glycosylated ancillary protein, either basigin or embigin, for their correct translocation to the plasma membrane. These ancillary proteins have a single transmembrane domain and two to three extracellular immunoglobulin domains. They must remain closely associated with MCTs1–4 to maintain transporter activity. MCT1, MCT3, and MCT4 bind preferentially to basigin and MCT2 to embigin. The choice of binding partner does not affect substrate specificity or kinetics but can influence inhibitor specificity. © 2011 IUBMB Life, 2011
Diffusion tensor imaging of the anal canal at 3 tesla: Feasibility and reproducibility of anisotropy measures
Authors: Goh Vicky , Tam Emily , Taylor N. Jane , Stirling J. James , Simcock Ian C. , Jones Robert Glynne , Padhani Anwar R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose:To assess the feasibility and reproducibility of 3‐tesla diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the anal canal.Materials and Methods:DTI was performed in 25 men with no clinical history of anal canal disease undergoing MRI for prostate cancer. Analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA), relative anisotropy (RA), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were determined for the epithelial/subepithelial layer, internal sphincter, external sphincter, and puborectalis. The directionality of diffusion was recorded from color‐coded tractography maps. Obturator internus and gluteus maximus served as reference muscles. Mean (SD) of values for FA, RA, and ADC were compared using analysis of variance. Intra and inter‐rater agreement and test reproducibility (n = 5) was assessed by Bland‐Altman statistics.Results:Mean (SD) for the epithelial/subepithelial layer, internal, external sphincter, and puborectalis were as follows: FA: 0.283 (0.099); 0.337 (0.049); 0.415 (0.072); and 0.407 (0.062), respectively. RA: 0.241 (0.094); 0.292 (0.050); 0.371 (0.083); 0.361 (0.067), respectively; and ADC: 1.49 (0.23); 1.59 (0.19); 1.51 (0.28); and 1.54 (0.29) × 10−3mm2/s, respectively. Good overall intra and inter‐rater agreement and test–retest reproducibility was noted (coefficient of variation of 4.8–19.4% and 5.9–12.9%, respectively).Conclusion:Anisotropy is evident in the anal canal with good inter‐rater agreement and test reproducibility. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:820–826. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noncontrast MR angiography for supraaortic arteries using inflow enhanced inversion recovery fast spin echo imaging
Authors: Takei Naoyuki , Miyoshi Mitsuharu , Kabasawa Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose:To depict supraaortic arteries using (3D fast spin echo (FSE) combined with slab selective inversion recovery for noncontrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in healthy volunteers, and to investigate the property of the inflow enhanced inversion recovery FSE (IFIR‐FSE) for background suppression and inflow effects.Materials and Methods:IFIR‐FSE with no image subtraction was used to visualize the aortic arch, subclavian arteries, carotid arteries, and vertebral arteries in 10 healthy volunteers. Simulations were performed to achieve both high background suppression and inflow effects by adjusting the inversion time (TI) and wait time after data acquisition. The effect of inflow was investigated with TIs of 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 msec. Contrast between artery and these background tissues were measured with scan protocols based on simulation results.Results:IFIR‐FSE images showed good visualization of the supraaortic arteries and allowed separation of arteries from veins without image subtraction. The proposed method demonstrated that a high contrast between arteries and background tissues can be acquired with various TIs, which was in good agreement with the simulation. A TI over 1600 msec was favorable in terms of background suppression, arterial signal intensity, and inflow effects.Conclusion:Inflow enhanced inversion recovery cardiac‐triggered 3D FSE imaging can be used for supraaortic artery imaging without contrast agents. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:957–962. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microwave thermolysis of sweat glands
Authors: Johnson Jessi E. , O'Shaughnessy Kathryn F. , Kim Steve 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHyperhidrosis is a condition that affects a large percentage of the population and has a significant impact on peoples' lives. This report presents a technical overview of a new noninvasive, microwave‐based device for creating thermolysis of sweat glands. The fundamental principles of operation of the device are presented, as well as the design and optimization of the device to target the region where the sweat glands reside.Materials and MethodsAn applicator was designed that consists of an array of four waveguide antennas, a cooling system, and a vacuum acquisition system. Initially, the performance of the antenna array was optimized via computer simulation such that microwave absorption was maximized near the dermal/hypodermal interface. Subsequently, hardware was implemented and utilized in pre‐clinical testing on a porcine model to optimize the thermal performance and analyze the ability of the system to create thermally affected zones of varying size yet centered on the target region.ResultsComputer simulation results demonstrated absorption profiles at a frequency of 5.8 GHz that had low amounts of absorption at the epidermis and maximal absorption at the dermal/hypodermal interface. The targeted zone was shown to be largely independent of skin thickness. Gross pathological and histological response from pre‐clinical testing demonstrated the ability to generate thermally affected zones in the desired target region while providing protection to the upper skin layers.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that microwave technology is well suited for targeting sweat glands while allowing for protection of both the upper skin layers and the structures beneath the subcutaneous fat. Promising initial results from simulation and pre‐clinical testing demonstrate the potential of the device as a noninvasive solution for sweat gland thermolysis. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:20–25, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IDEAL spiral CSI for dynamic metabolic MR imaging of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate
Authors: Wiesinger Florian , Weidl Eliane , Menzel Marion I. , Janich Martin A. , Khegai Oleksandr , Glaser Steffen J. , Haase Axel , Schwaiger Markus , Schulte Rolf F. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMetabolic imaging with hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate offers the unique opportunity for a minimally invasive detection of cellular metabolism. Efficient and robust acquisition and reconstruction techniques are required for capturing the wealth of information present for the limited duration of the hyperpolarized state (∼1 min). In this study, the Dixon/IDEAL type of water–fat separation is expanded toward spectroscopic imaging of [1‐13C]pyruvate and its down‐stream metabolites. For this purpose, the spectral–spatial encoding is based on single‐shot spiral image encoding and echo‐time shifting in between excitations for the chemical‐shift encoding. In addition, also a free‐induction decay spectrum is acquired and the obtained chemical‐shift prior knowledge is efficiently used in the reconstruction. The spectral–spatial reconstruction problem is found to efficiently separate into a chemical‐shift inversion followed by a spatial reconstruction. The method is successfully demonstrated for dynamic, multislice [1‐13C]pyruvate metabolic MR imaging in phantom and in vivo rat experiments. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.