bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Navigation in Juvenile Alligators
Authors: Rodda Gordon H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryFew species have been shown to truly “navigate”, or go directly homeward from an area with which they have no familiarity. True navigation has been difficult to demonstrate in nature because a wild‐caught animal's lifetime area of familiarity is rarely known. Juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) remain in the vicinity of their nest for months or years after hatching so that the lifetime area of familiarity for such alligators is small and predictable.Of 258 juvenile alligators displaced 2 to 20 home range diameters in central Florida, 73 were resighted at a place other than their release site. Of the 73, at least 46 returned to the site from which they had been captured and all but one of the others were resighted along a path between their release and home sites. Homing was not limited to any special conditions, although fewer animals completed their homeward journeys if a major habitat barrier blocked their homeward paths.Homing rates were highly variable, but the higher rates denoted by resightings were consistent with the rates determined by radiotelemetry for juvenile alligators moving relatively long distances along a direct route. The alligators apparently did not have to search in order to encounter their home sites. These data suggest that juvenile alligators possess an ability to navigate.ZusammenfassungDie Fähigkeit zu echtem Navigieren ist an wild lebenden Tieren schwer nachzuweisen, wenn man nicht weiß, in einem wie weiten Bereich ihrer Umgebung sie sich aus Erfahrung auskennen. Junge Mississippi‐Alligatoren bleiben Monate bis Jahre nach dem Schlüpfen in der Nestumgebung, kennen sich also nur in einem bestimmten, kleinen Bereich aus.258 Jungalligatoren wurden über den zwei– bis zwanzigfachen Durchmesser ihres vermutlich bekannten Gebietes verfrachtet. 73 wurden danach an anderen als den Auslaß–Orten wiedergesehen; 46 kehrten zum Heimatort zurück, alle weiteren (bis auf einen) fanden sich auf dem Wege vom Auslaß– zum Heimatort. Die Heimkehrgeschwindigkeit war sehr verschieden, paßt aber zu radiotelemetrischen Messungen der Fortbewegung über längere Strecken auf direktem Weg. Offensichtlich haben die Tiere nicht suchen müssen, um heimzufinden. Junge Alligatoren haben demnach wohl ein Navigationsvermögen.
A Quantitative Study of the Division of Labour among Worker Honey Bees
Authors: Kolmes Steven A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThe division of labour among worker honey bees varies with external environmental differences and differences in hive “economy”. Worker bees experiencing a season of poor nectar and pollen supplies carried out fewer acts related to the acquisition and storage of materials in the hive than did worker bees living in a richer environment. Experimentally wax‐deprived colonies contained workers who carried out more activities associated with the building and replacement of missing cells than in control colonies. The behavioural transition between hive workers and older field bees was apparent under all of these circumstances. The temporal subdivisions of behaviour among hive workers sometimes reported in the literature were variable from one experimental condition to another and such inconsistencies are discussed.ZusammenfassungDie Arbeitsaufteilung unter Arbeiterinnen der Honigbiene verändert sich mit Schwankungen in der Außenwelt und in der „Wirtschaftslage” des Bienenstocks. Bei geringem Nektar– und Pollenangebot verringern die Arbeiterinnen ihre Eintrage– und Einlagerungstätigkeiten. In Kolonien, denen man Wachs entzog, führten die Arbeiterinnen mehr mit dem Bau und Ersatz der fehlenden Zellen verknüpfte Arbeiten aus als in Kontrollkolonien. Die Übergänge im Verhalten von der Innendienst– zur Außendienst‐Arbeiterin waren unter alien diesen Umständen sichtbar. Die in der Literatur erwähnte Unterteilung des Verhaltens der Innendienst‐Arbeiterinnen wechselte mit der Versuchssituation. Das wird näher erörtert.
Different Observational Learning Capacity in Juvenile and Adult Individuals of Congeneric Bird Species
Authors: Sasväri Lajos 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummarySince the adaptive significance of social organization is emphasized diversely in both anti‐predator behaviour and food searching of birds, measures and comparisons of observational learning capacity of various species are needed.Four different experimental situations were built up for juvenile and adult individuals of tits (Parus major, P. caeruleus, P. palustris) and thrushes (Turdus merula, T. philo‐melos).The birds learn more easily from conspecifics and learn easily when they already know a previous problem solving situation. The capacity of observational learning of the adult great tits surpasses that of adult blue tits and marsh tits, and that of the adult blackbirds exceeds that of the adult songthrushes. The higher performance of the great tit and blackbird can be related to their greater hemispheric index.The differences in the learning capacity of the naive individuals of the three tit species and that of the two thrush species were not significant. It is suggested, that the higher observational learning of the great tit and blackbird is evolved through maturational processes and can be reflected by their greater adaptability.ZusammenfassungLernen durch Nachahmung wurde in vier verschiedenen Situationen mit jungen und alten Individuen von Meisen– (Parus major, P. caeruleus, P. palustris) und Drosselarten (Turdus merula, T. philomelos) untersucht. Die Vögel lernten besser von Artgenossen und lernten leicht, wenn sie vorher bereits eine Problemlösungssituation kannten. Die Lernfähigkeit (durch Nachahmung) alter Kohlmeisen übertraf die alter Blau– und Sumpfmeisen; die Lernfähigkeit alter Amseln übertraf die alter Singdrosseln. Die höhere Leistung der Kohlmeisen und Amseln hängt mit ihrem höheren Hemisphären‐Index zusammen. Naive Individuen der Meisen– und Drosselarten zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede in ihrer Lernfähigkeit. Es ist anzunehmen, daß die höhere Lernfähigkeit der Kohlmeise und der Amsel im Laufe der Entwicklung durch Reifungsprozesse zustande kommt und sich in ihrer höheren Anpassungsfähig‐keit widerspiegelt.
Male Group Dynamics and Inter‐male Aggression of Guanacos in Southern Chile1)
Authors: Wilson Paul , Franklin William L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryGroup dynamics and aggressive behavior of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) male groups (MGs) were described and quantified. All‐male groups consisted of yearling, subadult, and adult males. Yearlings joined MGs from early Sep. to Feb., but the majority entered groups in Dec. and Jan. Adult males dispersed from MGs in Jan. and Feb. to establish or challenge tor territories. Young females were occasionally observed in MGs, but not during the height of the breeding season.Aggressive activity rates peaked in Jan., and older males were more aggressively active than younger males, initiating more threats and receiving fewer. After the breeding season, rates of aggression decreased but mean durations of two ear threats increased, suggesting that threats may replace energetically costly fighting as a sign of increased aggressiveness. Guanaco fighting style was similar to that of Equidae, in that fights proceeded in an unpredictable manner to unbalance and bite the opponent. The guanaco chest‐ram was hypothesized to be a ritualized behavior that coevolved with the large camelid canine teeth. Male guanacos spend 3–4 years in all‐male groups where they assess size and fighting ability via chest‐rams and playfighting, thus presumably improving fighting skills that may ultimately affect reproductive success. Comparisons with horned ungulates are also discussed.ZusammenfassungDie Arbeit beschreibt und quantifiziert die Gruppendynamik und das aggressive Verhalten in Guanako‐Männchengruppen. Diese Gruppen (max. 167 Tiere) enthalten Jährlinge, Jugendliche und Adulte. Die Jährlinge stoßen von September bis Februar (die meisten im Dezember bis Januar) hinzu, die Adulten verlassen die Gruppen im Januar und Februar., um Reviere zu besetzen. Gelegentlich sieht man auch junge Weibchen in diesen Gruppen, aber nicht wahrend der Hauptfortpflanzungszeit.Aggressives Verhalten kulminiert im Januar, bei den alten ist es stärker ausgeprägt als bei jungen Männchen; je älter, desto mehr Drohungen teilen sie aus, desto weniger Drohungen empfangen sie, und desto häufiger werden drohende Ohrstellungen. Nach der Fortpflanzungszeit werden Aggressionen sel‐tener, zwei bestimmte Ohren‐Drohungen nehmen aber an Dauer zu, wahr‐scheinlich stellvertretend für energieaufwendiges Kämpfen. Kämpfe verlaufen — wie bei Equiden — unvoraussagbar und zielen darauf, den Gegner zu beißen und aus dem Gleichgewicht zu bringen. Guanakos haben mehr Dominanzgesten und tauschen sie häufiger aus als gehörnte Ungulaten, die auch mehr ritualisierte Gesten haben. Das Bruststoßen der Guanakos hat sich wohl zusammen mit den großen Canini der Kamelartigen entwickelt. Guanako‐Männchen verbringen 3–4 Jahre in Männchengruppen und lernen durch Bruststoßen und spielerisches Kämpfen ihre Größe einschätzen.
Evidence for Mate Choice in a Sulphur Butterfly (Colias eurytheme)
Authors: Rutowski Ronald L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryAvailable information suggests that male alfalfa butterflies (Colias eurytheme) make a nutrient investment during copulation. Sexual selection theory predicts that females, to maximize the material they receive, should preferentially mate with large, young, persistent males. In addition, males, to maximize the return on their investment, are predicted to mate preferentially with large females. To test these predictions, observations were made on interactions between lab‐reared virgin females and males flying in the field. About half of all interactions ended in copulation. Analysis of the interactions revealed that: 1) young (fresh) males are more successful in courtship than old (worn) males, 2) males accepted by females are significantly less variable in size than males rejected by females, 3) persistence increases, up to a point, a male's chances of attaining copulation, and 4) the size of females accepted by males is less variable than that of rejected females. These results support the predictions in part but leave unanswered questions about why exceptionally large conspecific individuals are unattractive to members of both sexes.ZusammenfassungDie Interaktionen noch unbesamter Weibchen von Colias eurytheme mit umherfliegenden Männchen lassen vermuten, daß beide Geschlechter in der “Balz”‐Phase eine Partnerwahl treffen. Weibchen paaren sich bevorzugt mit frischgeschlüpften Männchen mittlerer Größe, die das fliegende Weibchen 7–10 s lang oder das sitzende Weibchen 4–5 s lang umbalzen. Diese Alters‐und Größenbevorzugung zeigt sich auch an verpaarten — im Gegensatz zu einzeln gefangenen — Männchen. Männchen bevorzugen mittelgroße Weibchen.
The Timing of Mating by Postpartum Estrous Rats
Authors: Hedricks Cynthia , McClintock Martha K. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryIn Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) postpartum copulation began later, and was more rapid than mating during a cycling estrus. Faster postpartum mating was a result of shorter intervals between intromissions, rather than fewer intromissions. In addition, postpartum pairs showed a trend towards fewer ejaculatory series. Postpartum female sexual initiation and her attractiveness to the male produced rapid postpartum mating. Preliminary evidence indicates that pups' presence does not determine faster postpartum mating, yet postpartum females did exhibit time‐sharing relationships between their mating and maternal demands. We hypothesize that the rapid pace of postpartum mating is produced by intrinsic neuroendocrine changes characteristic of postpartum estrus and possibly by sexual experience.
Urine Washing Behavior in the Woolly Spider Monkey (Brachyteles arachnoides)
Authors: Milton Katharine 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryFree‐ranging woolly spider monkeys of both sexes deposit urine on the hand, foot or tail. The eliciting stimulus for this behavior in females is unknown. In males, it frequently appears to be the presence of a sexually receptive female or copulatory activity. Male and female woolly spider monkeys do not associate on any habitual daily basis and individual females may forage alone rather than with conspecifics. Given this fluid pattern of social structure, the most important function of urine washing for a female woolly spider monkey may be to advertise her state of sexual receptivity to any males passing over her foraging path. Males may use urine to facilitate individual recognition.
Interspecific Communication in Cooperative Herding: Acoustic and Visual Signals from Human Shepherds and Herding Dogs
Authors: McConnell Patricia B. , Baylis Jeffrey R. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryVisual displays from dog to sheep and acoustic signals from shepherd to dog were analyzed during cooperative herding by human shepherds and Border collie dogs. Unlike other breeds, Border collies herded livestock by approaching it in the stalking posture of a hunting mammalian predator. Data on mature trained and immature untrained Border collies showed that the posture was innate, but was refined by training and experience. Selection for behavioral rather than morphological traits has resulted in stereotyped breed‐specific behavior but considerable morphologic variation. The whistle signal repertoires of 14 shepherd/dog herding teams showed a strong correlation between acoustic structures and messages of whistles that intended to stimulate or inhibit the dog's activity toward stock. No correlation was found between acoustic structures used for directional messages. Stimulating signals were short, rapidly repeated notes, with a tendency to rise in frequency. Inhibiting signals were prolonged, descending single notes. Comparable acoustic structures in non‐human primate and avian repertoires suggest that the observed correlation is found in similar contexts in those groups. We hypothesize that the appropriate use of these acoustic structures increases the probability of the desired response from the canid receivers.
Melanoma diagnosis: Australian dermatologists' number needed to treat
Authors: Chia Alvin LK , Simonova Galina , Dutta Bish , Lim Adrian , Shumack Stephen 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA retrospective audit of melanoma clinical diagnoses was undertaken for a group of 35 Australian dermatologists. This was compared with the histological diagnoses. In a 1‐year period, 195 of the 686 clinically suspicious lesions were histologically confirmed as melanoma. Therefore, the number needed to treat for histological referrals for melanoma is four for this group of dermatologists. In addition, we found that the sensitivity for the diagnosis of melanoma was 89.1% if we consider all lesions that are possibly clinically suspicious of melanoma. Our results suggest that the clinical diagnosis of melanoma may not be difficult for lesions that are clinically characteristic.
Cutaneous penile and perianal Crohn's disease treated with a combination of medical and surgical interventions
Authors: Rajpara Sanjay M , Siddha Sanjay K , Ormerod Anthony D , Kerr Keith M , Kolhe Prahalad S 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA 73‐year‐old man presented with fistulizing cutaneous Crohn's disease of the penis and perianal area without involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease failed to respond to topical clobetasol propionate and oral cyclosporin and methotrexate. A combination treatment of minocycline, thalidomide and prednisolone brought the disease under control and induced remission. Surgery with excision and skin grafting were required to produce cure.
Microsporum canis in a neonatal intensive care unit patient
Authors: Mulholland Adrian , Casey Terry , Cartwright David 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA 45‐day‐old male neonate (born 25 weeks and 5 days) presented with an annular, erythematosquamous eruption covering the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs and thighs. The eruption most resembled tinea corporis, however unusual the setting. Routine fungal culture grew Microsporum canis. No contacts could be identified. No previous case of tinea corporis had been seen in this neonatal unit, and very few reports are in the literature, particularly regarding this zoophilic organism. Our patient cleared with topical miconazole 2% cream applied twice daily for 24 days. This case highlights the importance of considering dermatophyte infection even in neonatal intensive care.
Granular parakeratosis of multiple intertriginous areas
Authors: Burford Carol 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA 60‐year‐old woman presented with a 4‐year history of a recurrent reddish‐brown macular eruption mainly involving the submammary and inguinal flexures and with transient involvement of the axillae. The eruption usually flared during winter and would settle spontaneously within a few months. At presentation, it had persisted longer than usual into the warmer weather and varied in clinical appearance over the time of observation, at times showing psoriasiform features and hyperkeratosis. Biopsy revealed features typical of granular parakeratosis. It was unresponsive to multiple topical and oral antifungal agents, oral antibiotic therapy, topical corticosteroids and emollients, but eventually resolved with a combination of 1% hydrocortisone cream and 1% clotrimazole cream to which the patient added a commercial topical vitamin E preparation.
Fingertip dermatitis refractory to topical corticosteroids associated with nail–patella syndrome
Authors: Sakata Shinichiro , Opie Jacinta , Howard Anne 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA 14‐year‐old girl and her 47‐year‐old father presented with fingernails that were hypoplastic, spoon‐shaped and ridged since birth. Fingertip dermatitis and paronychia were also observed in the daughter, which had been present since birth and had progressively worsened. The daughter denied trauma to her fingernails or chronic exposure to irritants and allergens. She had previously tried topical corticosteroids for 18 months without any benefit. We put forward the possibility of chronic paronychia and fingertip dermatitis, refractory to topical corticosteroids, as associations of digital nail–patella syndrome.
Inpatients’ perspectives of occupational therapy in acute mental health
Authors: Lim Kee Hean , Morris Julia , Craik Christine 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Research into service users’ views of occupational therapy in acute mental health is extremely limited. This collaborative study by the South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust and the Brunel University (UK) obtained inpatients’ perspectives of occupational therapy. Methods:  Service users and occupational therapists were involved in designing a self‐report questionnaire and, following training, in recruiting participants and collecting data. Results:  Sixty‐four (28.6%) inpatients responded and most had met an occupational therapist who had explained the purpose of the intervention. The most frequent group interventions were arts and crafts, relaxation, community meetings, cookery, sports and gym, with the latter two rated as the most beneficial. There was much less choice about individual goals and interventions. A highly significant and positive correlation was found between occupational therapy meeting the needs of individuals and it improving the inpatients’ daily functioning and quality of their admission. Conclusions:  Occupational therapists need to provide more individual interventions and more fully involve inpatients in deciding on individual goals. Group interventions, which are meaningful, relevant and with an occupational focus, are most beneficial. Further research examining the effectiveness of cookery and sport and gym and establishing the benefits of engaging in group and individual interventions in acute wards is warranted.
Use of diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasound in the management of upper gastrointestinal malignancy
Authors: Tang Chung‐Ngai , Siu Wing‐Tai , Ka‐Wah Li Michael 
Published: August 2010

Background: Despite various preoperative imaging methods, unnecessary laparotomy is still quite common in upper gastrointestinal surgery. There have been some studies demonstrating the use of diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasound in the detection of small peritoneal seedling and vascular encasement of major vessels respectively, and these are the findings often inadequately assessed by preoperative imaging.Objective: This is a study to evaluate the use of diagnostic laparoscopy and selective laparoscopic ultrasound in the management of upper gastrointestinal malignancy.Method: A prospective study was carried out during the period from January 1996 to December 1997. Patients with upper gastrointestinal malignancy underwent diagnostic laparoscopy and selective laparoscopic ultrasound before resection. The role of laparoscopic staging was evaluated according to the number of patients who avoided unnecessary laparotomy.Results: There were 159 patients of mean age 62.8 years diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal tumours during the study period. These patients had various upper gastrointestinal malignancies: gastric carcinoma (89), oesophageal carcinoma (27), hepatobiliary malignancy (26), peri‐ampullary carcinoma (15) and small bowel tumour (2). Routine diagnostic laparoscopy and selective laparoscopic ultrasound were carried out for these patients unless there were contraindications such as a history of previous upper gastrointestinal surgery or the patient required palliative procedure irrespective of resectability. There were 106 diagnostic laparoscopies and 42 laparoscopic ultrasounds performed. Unnecessary operations were avoided in 32 patients (30%) due to either diffuse carcinomatosis or locally advanced tumour with encasement of major vessels. The role of laparoscopic staging in avoiding unnecessary surgery was particularly pronounced in peri‐ampullary carcinoma (46%) and hepatobiliary malignancy (38%).Conclusion: In summary, diagnostic laparoscopy and selective laparoscopic ultrasound are useful in avoiding unnecessary laparotomy particularly in hepatobiliary and peri‐ampullary malignancy.
ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF SUBMANDIBULAR SIALOLITHIASIS
Authors: Chu W. , Chow T.L. , Lim B.H. , Kwok S.P.Y. 
Published: August 2010

Background: Transoral removal and sialoadenectomy remain the main method of treatment for submandibular stone. However, missed ductal stone and risk of lingual nerve or hypoglossal nerve injury is not uncommon. We attempt to avoid the above complications by an innovative method.Methods: There were 6 females and 5 males, age ranged from 19 to 89 years. The procedures were performed under general anaesthesia, CO2 laser papillotomy of the submandibular orifice was done and a 3.1 mm rigid scope was inserted under vision with normal saline irrigation. Stones were either broken down by laser or retrieved by Dormia‐basket or forcep.Results: A total of 11 patients underwent the procedure. Therapeutic procedure was performed in 9 patients as the stones were identified and removed. Another two patients underwent diagnostic procedure only and no stone was found. One stone was identified and clearance achieved in 7 patients. More than 3 stones were removed in each of the other two patients. Pain and swelling of the submandibular gland subsided in 9 patients within 4 weeks after the procedure. There was persistent swelling more than 6 months after the procedure in one patient but no residual stone was revealed by CT scan of submandibular gland. One patient has residual stone demonstrated by sialogram which was performed because of persistent symptoms.No lingual nerve or hypoglossal nerve injury was detected in any patient.None of the patient need submandibular sialoadenectomy for stone removal.Conclusion: CO2 laser papillotomy and sialodoscopy is a new and efficacious treatment for submandibular ductal stone. It reduces the incidence of missed stone, nerve injury and chance of sialoadenectomy.