bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
284 Relationship between sow caliper measurements with sow reproductive performance and longevity in the herd
Authors: Vier Carine M , Dritz Steve , Orlando Weasley A , Diaz Julia A Calderon , Camp Jordi , Cast Wayne R , Lu Ning , Canavate Sergio , Hamilton Dan , Knauer Mark , Poulin Jean 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Ideal conditioned sows are desired because they maximize herd performance, improve female well-being, and optimize financial outcomes. Sow productivity has increased, and body composition of females has changed, with sows being leaner and having less adipose tissue compared with their predecessors. Our objective was to determine the relationship between sow caliper measurements with sow reproductive performance and longevity in the herd. Data collected in four different production systems located in the US and Brazil were used, with 3,083, 356, 7,456, and 26,773 individual PIC Camborough observations represented within each of these databases. Caliper measurements were collected at due to farrow and weaned sows and were recorded in units, standardized to an ideal range of 12 to 15 units. Caliper change in lactation was determined as the caliper units at weaning minus the caliper units pre-farrowing. Response variables included proportion of born alive and stillborn piglets, lactation feed intake, as well as removal and mortality risk for all causes, or specifically for reproductive and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) causes. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models, hazard ratio analysis, and survival models with the lmer, glmer, and surv functions of R. Sow served as the experimental unit. Caliper measurements at farrowing had curvilinear associations (P &lt; 0.05) with percentage born alive piglets and percentage stillborn piglets. Increasing caliper units at farrowing resulted in linear reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in lactation average daily feed intake and in linear increase (P &lt; 0.05) in caliper losses during lactation. Sows losing 1 to 2, 3 to 4, or 5 and greater caliper units in lactation had 1.5, 1.8, and 2.4 times, respectively, greater risk (P &lt; 0.05) of being removed from the herd in the next cycle compared with sows that gained 0 or more units. Reduced caliper units in due-to-farrow sows resulted in reduced probability (P &lt; 0.05) of survival in the next cycle considering prolapse removal reasons. Sows with due to farrow caliper units of 12 to 15 had 1 to 1.6 times (95% Odd Ratio Confidence Interval), 9 to 11 had 1.2 to 2.1 times, and less than 9 caliper units 3.1 to 3.2 times greater risk of death or being removed from the herd due to POP compared with those with &gt;15 units. Reduced caliper units in due-to-farrow sows resulted in reduced probability of survival in the next cycle considering all removal and mortality causes. Specifically, sows with less than 9 caliper units at farrowing had 2.0 times greater risk (P &lt; 0.05) of removal and 4.4 times greater risk (P &lt; 0.05) of mortality compared with sows with over 15 caliper units. In summary, both under and over-conditioned sows have reduced productivity. Underconditioned sows are at greater risk for mortality and for POP related removal.
113 Evaluation of high soybean meal diets with inclusion of dietary enzymes on the effect of growth performance and greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Wileman Caitlyn , Humphrey Dalton C , Scoggin Kenwood , Trabue Steven , Bergstrom Jon R , Perez-Calvo Estefania , Greiner Laura L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Crossbred gilts [n = 48; initial body weight (BW) = 52.55 ± 4.12 kg] were used to evaluate the effects of high soybean meal (SBM) inclusion with dietary enzymes on the growth performance, nitrogen balance, and gas emissions of growing pigs. This study consisted of two replicates of 24 gilts placed in individual metabolism stalls. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments and blocked by BW (4 pigs•treatment-1•replicate-1). Pigs were fed a common diet from d 0 to 12, the experimental diets were fed in two phased (d 12 to 24 and d 24 to 36). The experiment consisted of 3 collection periods, with each period subdivided into two subperiods to collect samples for gas emissions and nutrient balance. Manure samples were collected for 72 h. Twice daily, urine and feces were weighed, and a ratio of the excreta were subsampled to measure gas emissions. Measurement of nutrient digestibility and retention consisted of urine and feces collections over a 72 h-period. The six dietary treatments include: 1) basal control diet (NC) corn-soy diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids, 2) high soybean meal (HSBM) diet (PC) formulated to replace all synthetic lysine, 3) HSBM diet with xylanase (Ronozyme WX 5000; DM; WX), 4) HSBM diet with inclusion of a multi-enzyme additive including hemicellulase and pectinase (Ronozyme VP, DM; VP), 5) HSBM diet with inclusion of xylanase (Ronozyme WX 5000, DM) and multi-enzyme additive including hemicellulase and pectinase (Ronozyme VP, DM; WXVP), and 6) HSBM diet with 1,500 FYT/kg of phytase (HiPhorious, DM; SD). The NC, PC, WX, VP, and WXVP diets contained phytase (HiPhorious, DM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) to provide 600 phytase units (FTU) per kg of diet and was assumed to release 0.15% available phosphorous. The SD diet contained 1,500 FTU/kg and was assumed to release 0.21% available phosphorous. Additionally, high soybean meal diets within each phase were isocaloric. Data were analyzed as repeated measures in SAS 9.4 (Inst., Cary, NC) with fixed effects of treatment, collection period, and block. Pig was the experimental unit, and results were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and a tendency at 0.05 &lt; P ≤ 0.10. Pigs fed VP had the greatest average daily gain (ADG) compared with pigs fed SD (P = 0.865; Table 1). Pigs fed VP had the greatest gain to feed ratio (GF) efficiency compared with pigs fed WXVP (P = 0.3544). Manure pH, urine pH and hydrogen sulfide tended to decrease in all treatments from phase 2 to phase 3. Pigs fed PC had the lowest manure pH compared with pigs fed SD (P = 0.0826; Table 2). In conclusion, the feeding of HSBM or adding select enzymes did not alter gas emissions or growth performance metrics.
114 Effects of greater levels of soy protein and methionine on periparturient health of sows
Authors: Olson Lauren , Dey Moul , Weaver Eric 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Sow prolificacy in the U.S. continues to trend greater, as does sow mortality. Replacement of soy protein (SBM) in sow diets with corn and purified amino acids (AA), may impact the health of highly prolific sows. In 2015, Denmark increased recommendations for SID methionine (MET) to SID lysine (LYS), MET:LYS to 32%, NRC (2012) recommend 27%. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate SBM and MET at greater levels for their effects on markers of health in the peripartum and lactation periods. A total of 38 parity 1 to 3 females (PIC 1050) were utilized with a starting body weight (BW) of 223.4kg ± 13.0 SD. On d 85 of gestation, sows were allocated by BW and parity to one of four treatments: 1 - 30% SBM (30% of diet), 36% MET:LYS; 2 - 15% SBM, 36% MET:LYS; 3 - 30% SBM, 27% MET:LYS; 4 - 15% SBM, 27% MET:LYS. Sows were fed dietary treatments 28 d pre-farrow, according to BW, and ad libitum throughout lactation. Body condition by caliper (BCS), BW, and backfat (BF) were measured on d 0, 21, 2 d post-farrow, and weaning. Sows were assigned a farrowing ease score of 1 to 4 (1-easy to 4-difficult) based on duration, restless activity, savaging, and assistance required. Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) were placed on a subset of sows (n = 12) on d 113 of gestation through 3 d post-farrow. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure in SAS with sow serving as the experimental unit. A planned t-test was performed on CGM glucose data. Two sows were removed during lactation. The combined effect of 30% SBM and 36% MET:LYS produced an average lactation BW loss of 0.3 kg, while the 15% SBM and 27% MET:LYS treatment, diets similar to NRC, lost an average of 18.1kg. Sows fed the 30% SBM diets had less lactation BW loss than 15% SBM (Table 1; P &lt; 0.10). Sows fed 36% MET:LYS lost less BW than those fed 27% MET:LYS (P &lt; 0.05). The 36% MET:LYS group also lost less backfat during lactation and had lower pre- and post-farrow body temperatures than 27% MET:LYS (P &lt; 0.01 and P &lt; 0.05, respectively). While no differences in blood glucose were observed, in sows with CGM, greater levels of SBM decreased interstitial glucose concentrations (P = 0.055). In conclusion, greater inclusion of SBM and increasing the MET:LYS ratio in sow diets may improve periparturient changes in body condition and health outcomes.
109 Evaluation of net energy, standardized ileal digestible lysine, and soybean meal content interaction in 13 to 25 kg pigs using a central composite design
Authors: Cordoba Hilario M , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Cemin Henrique S , Soto Jose A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Pigs [n = 4,683; 337 × 1050, PIC; initial body weight (BW) = 13.0 ± 0.01 kg] were used in a 21-d trial to investigate the interaction of net energy (NE), standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys), and soybean meal (SBM) content used at five different levels on growth performance of nursey pigs. Pigs were housed in mixed sex pens with 35 pigs per pen and assigned in a randomized complete block design to 15 dietary treatments using a circumscribed central composite design (CCD). Factorial and axial points had 7 repetitions, and the central points had a total of 24. Eight diets were formulated to various levels of NE, SID Lys, and SBM and blended to create the 15 dietary treatments. The NE ranged from 2,334 to 2,762 kcal/kg, SID Lys from 1.08 to 1.52%, and SBM from 25.5 to 35.9%. Diets were corn-soybean meal based and soy hulls and soybean oil were added to reduce or increase NE content of the diet. Feed grade amino acids and SBM were used to adjust SBM and SID Lys content and to maintain SID Thr, Trp, Met, Val, and Ile ratios relative to SID Lys. For NE, a linear effect (P ≤ 0.052) was observed for average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI), and linear and quadratic effect was found (P ≤ 0.047) for gain to feed ratio (G:F) with a reduction in growth performance as NE increased due to reduction in SID Lys:calorie. When increasing SID Lys, ADG (P ≤ 0.044) and G:F (P ≤ 0.020) increased quadratically (Table). Increasing SBM content linearly improved ADG (P = 0.039) and G:F (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. There was also a significant interaction between SID Lys and SBM for G:F (P = 0.082), where SID Lys positively impacted G:F as SBM increased in the diet. When including the significant terms, the resulting models can be used to predict the ADG (kg) response = [0.579392 + (-0.0063389 × NE) + (0.0260796 × Lys) + (0.0067428 × SBM%) + (-0.0065721 × Lys²) adjusted R2 = 0.36], and G:F (kg/kg) response = [0.7013215 + (0.0035198 × NE) + (0.0264389 × Lys) + (0.0060863 × SBM%) + (-0.0048012 × NE²) + (-0.0031838 × Lys²) + (-0.0034413 × Lys × SBM) adjusted R2 = 0.65]. In conclusion, using a CCD, increasing SID Lys resulted in a quadratic improvement in ADG and G:F, with this improvement being greater when SBM also increased. Overall, we observed few interactions between SID Lys, SBM, and NE.
107 Soybean meal energy value under field conditions: Where are we at and where are we going?
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Soto Jose A , Hansen Ernie L , Tokach Mike D 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is the main protein source for swine diets globally. Considering its wide utilization and relevance to the swine industry, it is critical to accurately characterize its nutritional profile. The net energy (NE) of SBM has been particularly scrutinized as an increasing amount of evidence suggests it may be underestimated. For instance, the NRC (2012) reports the NE of SBM as 2,087 kcal/kg. Recent indirect calorimetry trials suggest, however, that this value could be at least 8% greater. Furthermore, large scale growth assays conducted under the rigors and challenges of field conditions indicate that the energy of SBM may be even greater. The foundation of such growth assays is to relate the energy value of a test ingredient, in this case SBM, to the energy value of a known ingredient it replaces in diet formulation, such as corn. Changes in feed and caloric efficiencies are measured and can then be used to estimate the energy content of SBM relative to corn. Multiple field trials established that when fed increasing levels of SBM, late nursery, growing, and finishing pigs respond with linear improvements in feed and caloric efficiencies, suggesting an underestimation of the energy value of SBM. In those cases, while the NRC value for SBM NE is 78% of corn NE, this value ranges from 100 to 125% under field conditions. It is hypothesized that the discrepancy between NE values derived from academic and commercial facilities could be driven by differences in health and environmental conditions and the functional molecules within SBM. These functional molecules, such as isoflavones and saponins, have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and antioxidant properties. In a challenging field environment, such molecules could bolster the immune response, consequently conserving and redirecting energy from the immune system to growth. Although the evidence is robust, it is critical to understand the particularities of such trials. The methodology utilized is clearly not the same as classic NE measurements. Thus, the term productive energy has been proposed to describe the energy value observed in growth assays. Although all studies agree that the energy of SBM should be greater than traditional publications, there is significant variability across studies which should be further investigated. Nevertheless, these findings provide important insight regarding the value of SBM, particularly for practical swine nutritionists.
111 Current and future usage of soybean meal in swine diets in China
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Wang Junjun , Li Defa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this presentation was to introduce the utilization tendency and research progress of soybean meal (SBM) in swine diets in China. As for the utilization tendency of SBM in China, it not only brings great pressure to the food security of China, but also directly pushes the high production cost of animal products. In 2022, 117 million tons of protein feed was consumed by the animal husbandry in China, accounting for nearly 1/3 of the total protein feed consumption in the world. Thus, the application of low-protein diet has been promoted with the strong support of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in China since 2018. With the related techniques, including popularizing low protein diet, developing new protein feed resources, promoting precise nutrition, and feeding technology, even though the compound feed output has increased by more than 84 million tons in 2022 in China, the SBM consumption in feed has reduced 6%. Recently, the geopolitical challenges, regional unrest and climate change tendency have increased the great uncertainty of protein feed supply, which requires us to deeply understand the significance of SBM reduction and substitution in animal feed. As for the research progress, the available energy contents of SBM were determined on growing pigs. Barrows [n = 24; initial body weight (BW) = 36 ± 1.4 kg] were randomly allotted to 4 diets containing SBM with either corn basal or corn-soybean meal basal, and total feces and urine collection method and indirect calorimetry method were used to determine the available energy of SBM. The results showed that the average digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE), and retained energy (RE) values in SBM [17.36, 16.52, 10.62, and 5.06 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), respectively] determined using the corn-SBM-basal diet were not different from the those determined using the corn-basal diet. Moreover, the best fitted prediction equations developed based on 22 SBM samples produced from soybeans from China (n = 6), USA (n = 6), Brazil (n = 7) or Argentina (n = 3) were: DE = 38.44 - 0.43 CF - 0.98 GE + 0.11 ADF (R2 = 0.67, P &lt; 0.01) and ME = 2.74 + 0.97 DE - 0.06 CP (R2 = 0.79, P &lt; 0.01). The in vitro digestion kinetics of SBM from different sources showed that the release of amino acids in the 0-10 min time interval was significantly negatively correlated with the NE of SBM (R2 = -0.34).
106 Net energy of soybean meal
Authors: Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Our current net energy (NE) systems were developed based on work conducted around 40 yr ago. At that time, it was normal that pigs deposited no more than 40% of the protein they were fed. However, modern genetic lines are much leaner than older genetics and they deposit more protein than earlier. It is, therefore, not uncommon that protein deposition in modern genotypes exceeds 60% of dietary protein intake. This means that more of the amino acids in the protein-rich ingredients are used for protein deposition and less are being deaminated with a subsequent reduced energetic cost of deamination associated with feeding protein-rich ingredients. As a consequence, the theoretical energy value of protein rich ingredients such as soybean meal (SBM) is greater when fed to modern pigs than to older genotypes that were used when our current NE systems were developed. Indeed, in several recent experiments it was demonstrated that the ME and NE of SBM is greater than indicated in current feed ingredient tables. A greater NE than predicted has also been demonstrated for field peas, whereas corn does not seem to have increased energy value compared with previous estimates, which is consistent with the hypothesis that it is the increased protein efficiency of modern pigs that is the reason for the greater NE value in SBM. As a consequence of the greater NE value of SBM, less added fat need to be used to reach a certain NE level in the diet, which will reduce overall diet costs. However, because of the greater genetic capacity for protein deposition in modern pigs, there is a need to upgrade the NE system and to develop new equations to predict NE in diets and ingredients based on the protein deposition capacity of modern pigs. It can also be argued that because commercially fed pigs always are group housed and allowed ad libitum intake of feed, pigs fed to generate prediction equations for NE also need to be group housed and allowed ad libitum intake of feed because both animal behavior and level of feed intake may affect the NE value of diets. In conclusion, because of the increased ability of modern genotypes of pigs to retain dietary protein in the body, there is reduced deamination of amino acids and therefore reduced energy loss in modern pigs than in older genotypes, which results in greater NE of protein rich ingredients including SBM. There is, therefore, a need for developing a new NE system that preferably uses group-housed pigs that are allowed ad libitum access to feed.
110 Effects of increasing levels of soybean meal in nursery diets on growth performance and fecal dry matter of 10 to 25 kg pigs
Authors: Faccin Jamil , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
With the recent Renewable Fuel Standard Program developed by the Environmental Protection Agency, soybean oil is expected to be in record demand by the fuel energy industry. As a result, there will be the potential opportunity for increased usage of soybean meal (SBM) in swine diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of SBM in late nursery diets on growth performance and fecal dry matter (DM). In Exp. pigs [n = 1,266; DNA 241 × 600; initial body weight (BW) = 10.1 ± 0.27 kg] were fed 1 of 4 dietary treatments which were corn-based with SBM levels of 25.0, 28.9, 32.5, or 36.2%. In Exp. pigs (n = 2,340; DNA 241 × 600; initial BW = 13.5 ± 0.29 kg) were fed 1 of 5 dietary treatments which were corn-based with SBM levels of 25.0, 28.9, 32.5, 36.2, or 40.0%. Both experiments lasted 21 d with 14 replicate pens/treatment and 4 or 5 pigs/pen. At d 21 and 26 postweaning for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, pens of pigs were randomly allotted to treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as the blocking factor. Additions of SBM replaced feed-grade amino acids to form experimental diets, and all diets were formulated to be nearly isocaloric with SBM NE considered to be 100% of corn NE. Dietary additions of feed-grade AA were adjusted to meet or exceed NRC (2012) AA requirements in relation to Lys for Ile, Met, Cys, Thr, Trp, and Val. In Exp. 1, increasing SBM from 25.0 to 36.2% decreased average daily gain (ADG; linear, P = 0.012), average daily feed intake (ADFI; linear, P &lt; 0.001), and final BW (linear, P = 0.021), with the greatest change occurring when SBM increased from 28.9 to 32.5% (Table). No evidence for difference between treatments was observed for gain to feed ratio (G:F; P = 0.729). Fecal DM decreased (linear, P &lt; 0.006) as SBM increased in the diet at d 7, but not on d 21. In Exp. 2, starting with a heavier initial BW, increasing SBM from 25.0 to 40.0% decreased ADFI (linear, P = 0.017), with the greatest change occurring when SBM increased from 32.5 to 36.2%. However, no evidence for treatment differences (P ≥ 0.198) was observed for ADG, final BW, or G:F. Fecal DM decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.046) at d 7 and 21 as SBM increased in the diet. In conclusion, feeding greater than 28.9% SBM for nursery pigs starting at 10 kg BW does compromise performance, but when pigs are closer to 13.5 kg BW, greater SBM diets did not affect ADG or G:F. Also, increasing the level of SBM reduced fecal DM more markedly a week after the transition to high SBM diets compared with 3 wk after the start of treatment feeding.