bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time to move beyond a brainless exercise physiology: the evidence for complex regulation of human exercise performance
Authors: Noakes Timothy David 
Published: February 2011

In 1923, Nobel Laureate A.V. Hill proposed that maximal exercise performance is limited by the development of anaerobiosis in the exercising skeletal muscles. Variants of this theory have dominated teaching in the exercise sciences ever since, but 90 years later there is little biological evidence to support Hill’s belief, and much that disproves it. The cardinal weakness of the Hill model is that it allows no role for the brain in the regulation of exercise performance. As a result, it is unable to explain at least 6 common phenomena, including (i) differential pacing strategies for different exercise durations; (ii) the end spurt; (iii) the presence of fatigue even though homeostasis is maintained; (iv) fewer than 100% of the muscle fibers have been recruited in the exercising limbs; (v) the evidence that a range of interventions that act exclusively on the brain can modify exercise performance; and (vi) the finding that the rating of perceived exertion is a function of the relative exercise duration rather than the exercise intensity. Here I argue that the central governor model (CGM) is better able to explain these phenomena. In the CGM, exercise is seen as a behaviour that is regulated by complex systems in the central nervous system specifically to ensure that exercise terminates before there is a catastrophic biological failure. The complexity of this regulation cannot be appreciated if the body is studied as a collection of disconnected components, as is the usual approach in the modern exercise sciences.
Directives canadiennes en matière de comportement sédentaire à l’intention des enfants et des jeunes
Authors: Tremblay Mark S. , LeBlanc Allana G. , Janssen Ian , Kho Michelle E. , Hicks Audrey , Murumets Kelly , Colley Rachel C. , Duggan Mary 
Published: February 2011

La Société canadienne de physiologie de l’exercice (SCPE) en collaboration avec le groupe de recherche Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group (HALO) de l’Institut de recherche du Centre hospitalier pour enfants de l’est de l’Ontario, de ParticipACTION et d’autres organismes a élaboré les Directives canadiennes en matière de comportement sédentaire à l’intention des enfants âgés de 5 à 11 ans et des jeunes âgés de 12 à 17 ans. Les directives comprennent un préambule situant le contexte et des recommandations spécifiques en matière de comportement sédentaire. L’élaboration complète des directives a respecté la Grille II d’évaluation de la qualité des recommandations pour la pratique clinique (AGREE), un outil reconnu internationalement pour l’élaboration des lignes directrices en pratique clinique. L’élaboration des directives est donc le résultat d’un processus rigoureux et transparent, et les recommandations présentées dans cet article sont basées sur l’interprétation des données probantes relevées dans une analyse documentaire systématique. Les directives finales sont le fruit d’une vaste consultation en ligne auprès de 230 intervenants concernés et de sources de premier plan sur la scène nationale et internationale. Les directives finales énoncent ce qui suit : Afin de profiter des bienfaits pour leur santé, les enfants âgés de 5 à 11 ans et les jeunes âgés de 12 à 17 ans doivent diminuer chaque jour le temps consacré à des activités sédentaires. Ceci peut être accompli (i) en limitant le temps de loisir passé devant l’écran à moins de 2 h par jour; moins de temps passé devant l’écran est associé à des bienfaits supplémentaires pour la santé; (ii) en diminuant les déplacements en véhicule motorisé et en réduisant le temps passé assis à l’intérieur pendant la journée. Ces directives sont les premières Directives canadiennes en matière de comportement sédentaire à l’intention des enfants et des jeunes; elles résultent de la synthèse, de l’interprétation et de l’application des données probantes les plus récentes à ce jour et comportent des recommandations importantes qui arrivent à un moment opportun dans la promotion de la santé publique.
Comparative evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium – PCR protocol with a conventional method for isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from environmental and clinical samples
Authors: Canizalez-Roman Adrian , Flores-Villaseñor Héctor , Zazueta-Beltran Jorge , Muro-Amador Secundino , León-Sicairos Nidia 
Published: February 2011

Screening for pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus has become routine in certain areas associated with food-borne outbreaks. This study is an evaluation of the CHROMagar Vibrio (CV) medium – PCR protocol and the conventional method (TCBS (thiosulfate – citrate – bile salts – sucrose) agar plus biochemical and Wagatsuma agar tests) for detection of V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp, water, sediment, and stool samples collected for biosurveillance in an endemic area of northwestern Mexico. A total of 131 environmental and clinical samples were evaluated. The CV medium – PCR protocol showed a significantly improved ability (P < 0.05) to isolate and detect V. parahaemolyticus, identifying isolates of this bacteria missed by the conventional method. Although some other bacteria, distinct from pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus, produced violet colonies similar to that of V. parahaemolyticus on CV medium, we were able to detect a superior number of samples of V. parahaemolyticus with the CV medium – PCR protocol than with the conventional method. The Kanagawa phenomenon is routinely determined on Wagatsuma agar for the diagnosis of V. parahaemolyticus (pathogenic) positive for thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) in developing countries. In our results, Wagatsuma agar showed low sensitivity (65.4% at 24 h and 75.6% at 48 h) and specificity (52.4% at 48 h) for identifying V. parahaemolyticus positive for TDH. Overall, our data support the use of the CV medium – PCR protocol in place of the conventional method (TCBS – biochemical tests – Wagatsuma agar) for detection of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus, both in terms of effectiveness and cost efficiency.
Lactobacillus caseias a probiotic in malnourishedGiardia lamblia-infected mice: a biochemical and histopathological study
Authors: Shukla Geeta , Sidhu Ramandeep Kaur 
Published: February 2011

The study describes the in vivo activity of Lactobacillus casei in malnourished Giardia lamblia -infected BALB/c mice. By experimentation, it was found that daily administration of the probiotic 7 days before inoculation with Giardia trophozoites in malnourished mice efficiently reduced both the severity and duration of giardiasis. More specifically, excretion of Giardia cysts and trophozoites counts were reduced, while faecal lactobacilli counts increased significantly in probiotic-fed malnourished mice, compared with control mice. Interestingly, it was also observed that oral feeding of the probiotic to malnourished mice abrogated all the anthropometric and biochemical anomalies. Histologically, morphological and cellular alteration of microvillus membrane integrity revealed that probiotic administration ameliorated the mucosal damage in malnourished, probiotic-inoculated, Giardia-infected mice compared with the severe microvillus atrophy, œdematous and vacuolated epithelial cells, and ileitis in malnourished Giardia-infected mice. The results clearly show the antigiardial effect of the probiotic in vivo by modulating the gut cells to inhibit the colonization and multiplication of Giardia trophozoites, thus reducing the severity and duration of murine giardiasis.
Multiscale population genetic analysis of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) in western Canada sheds new light on the spread of chronic wasting disease
Authors: Cullingham C. I. , Nakada S. M. , Merrill E. H. , Bollinger T. K. , Pybus M. J. , Coltman D. W. 
Published: February 2011

To successfully manage wildlife diseases, it is necessary to understand factors that influence spread. One approach is to analyze host movement and social structure, as these behaviors can be associated with the probability of transmission. Some populations of mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)) in western Canada are infected with chronic wasting disease (CWD), a transmissible and fatal neurodegenerative disease. We used population analysis of spatial genetic structure of mule deer at broad and local scales to understand factors that influence spread. We genotyped 2535 mule deer sampled from Alberta, Saskatchewan, and portions of British Columbia using 16 microsatellite loci. We found weak genetic structure at broad spatial scales (overall FST = 0.008) that was well defined by geographic distance, indicating the risk of CWD spread from the focus of infection will decline gradually with increasing distance, but there are no barriers to the spread over time. At the local scale of approximately 2 km, elevated relatedness among CWD-infected individuals suggests transmission rates within social groups. Sex-biased spatial autocorrelation in genetic relatedness also indicates that female philopatry underlies the social structure, and therefore transmission among relatives is potentially driving local disease persistence.
Weight Gain Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Prostate Cancer Recurrence after Prostatectomy in the PSA Era
Authors: Joshu Corinne E. , Mondul Alison M. , Menke Andy , Meinhold Cari , Han Misop , Humphreys Elizabeth B. , Freedland Stephen J. , Walsh Patrick C. , Platz Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Although obesity at the time of prostatectomy has been associated with prostate cancer recurrence, it is unknown whether obesity before or after surgery, or weight change from the years prior to surgery to after surgery is associated with recurrence. Thus, we examined the influence of obesity and weight change on recurrence after prostatectomy. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1,337 men with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent prostatectomy performed during 1993–2006 by the same surgeon. Men self-reported weight and physical activity at 5 years before and 1 year after surgery on a survey during follow-up. Mean follow-up was 7.3 years. We estimated multivariable-adjusted HRs of prostate cancer recurrence comparing obesity at 5 years before and at 1 year after surgery with normal weight, and a gain of more than 2.2 kg from 5 years before to 1 year after surgery with stable weight. During 9,797 person years of follow-up, 102 men recurred. Compared with men who had stable weight, those whose weight increased by more than 2.2 kg had twice the recurrence risk (HR = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.14–3.32) after taking into account age, pathologic stage and grade, and other characteristics. The HR of recurrence was 1.20 (95% CI, 0.64–2.23) and 1.72 (95% CI, 0.94–3.14) comparing obesity at 5 years before and at 1 year after surgery, respectively, with normal weight. Physical activity (≥5 h/wk) did not attenuate risk in men who gained more than 2.2 kg. By avoiding weight gain, men with prostate cancer may both prevent recurrence and improve overall well-being. Cancer Prev Res; 4(4); 544–51. ©2011 AACR.
Congenital Heart Defects in Europe
Authors: Dolk Helen , Loane Maria , Garne Ester ,   a European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) Working Group
Published: February 2011

Background—
This study determines the prevalence of Congenital Heart Defects (CHD), diagnosed prenatally or in infancy, and fetal and perinatal mortality associated with CHD in Europe.

Methods and Results—
Data were extracted from the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies central database for 29 population-based congenital anomaly registries in 16 European countries covering 3.3 million births during the period 2000 to 2005. CHD cases (n=26 598) comprised live births, fetal deaths from 20 weeks gestation, and terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA). The average total prevalence of CHD was 8.0 per 1000 births, and live birth prevalence was 7.2 per 1000 births, varying between countries. The total prevalence of nonchromosomal CHD was 7.0 per 1000 births, of which 3.6% were perinatal deaths, 20% prenatally diagnosed, and 5.6% TOPFA. Severe nonchromosomal CHD (ie, excluding ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, and pulmonary valve stenosis) occurred in 2.0 per 1000 births, of which 8.1% were perinatal deaths, 40% were prenatally diagnosed, and 14% were TOPFA (TOPFA range between countries 0% to 32%). Live-born CHD associated with Down syndrome occurred in 0.5 per 1000 births, with >4-fold variation between countries.

Conclusion—
Annually in the European Union, we estimate 36 000 children are live born with CHD and 3000 who are diagnosed with CHD die as a TOFPA, late fetal death, or early neonatal death. Investing in primary prevention and pathogenetic research is essential to reduce this burden, as well as continuing to improve cardiac services from in utero to adulthood.
Comparison of the Structure of the Aortic Valve and Ascending Aorta in Adults Having Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis Versus for Pure Aortic Regurgitation and Resection of the Ascending Aorta for Aneurysm
Authors: Roberts William Clifford , Vowels Travis James , Ko Jong Mi , Filardo Giovanni , Hebeler Robert Frederick , Henry Albert Carl , Matter Gregory John , Hamman Baron Lloyd 
Published: February 2011

Background—
There is debate concerning whether an aneurysmal ascending aorta should be replaced when associated with a dysfunctioning aortic valve that is to be replaced. To examine this issue, we divided the patients by type of aortic valve dysfunction—either aortic stenosis (AS) or pure aortic regurgitation (AR)—something not previously undertaken.

Methods and Results—
Of 122 patients with ascending aortic aneurysm (unassociated with aortitis or acute dissection), the aortic valve was congenitally malformed (unicuspid or bicuspid) in 58 (98%) of the 59 AS patients, and in 38 (60%) of the 63 pure AR patients. Ascending aortic medial elastic fiber loss (EFL) (graded 0 to 4+) was zero or 1+ in 53 (90%) of the AS patients, in 20 (53%) of the 38 AR patients with bicuspid valves, and in all 12 AR patients with tricuspid valves unassociated with the Marfan syndrome. An unadjusted analysis showed that, among the 96 patients with congenitally malformed valves, the 38 AR patients had a significantly higher likelihood of 2+ to 4+ EFL than the 58 AS patients (crude odds ratio: 8.78; 95% confidence interval: 2.95, 28.13).

Conclusions—
These data strongly suggest that the type of aortic valve dysfunction—AS versus pure AR—is very helpful in predicting loss of aortic medial elastic fibers in patients with ascending aortic aneurysms and aortic valve disease.
Catalytic domain modification and viral gene delivery of activated factor VII confers hemostasis at reduced expression levels and vector doses in vivo
Authors: Margaritis Paris , Roy Elise , Faella Armida , Downey Harre D. , Ivanciu Lacramioara , Pavani Giulia , Zhou Shangzhen , Bunte Ralph M. , High Katherine A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCatalytic domain variants of activated factor VII (FVIIa) with enhanced hemostatic properties are highly attractive for the treatment of bleeding disorders via gene-based therapy. To explore this in a hemophilic mouse model, we characterized 2 variants of murine activated FVII (mFVIIa-VEAY and mFVIIa-DVQ) with modified catalytic domains, based on recombinant human FVIIa (rhFVIIa) variants. Using purified recombinant proteins, we showed that murine FVIIa (mFVIIa) and variants had comparable binding to human and murine tissue factor (TF) and exhibited similar extrinsic coagulant activity. In vitro in the absence of TF, the variants showed a 6- to 17-fold enhanced proteolytic and coagulant activity relative to mFVIIa, but increased inactivation by antithrombin. Gene delivery of mFVIIa-VEAY resulted in long-term, effective hemostasis at 5-fold lower expression levels relative to mFVIIa in hemophilia A mice or in hemophilia B mice with inhibitors to factor IX. However, expression of mFVIIa-VEAY at 14-fold higher than therapeutic levels resulted in a progressive mortality to 70% within 6 weeks after gene delivery. These results are the first demonstration of the hemostatic efficacy of continuous expression, in the presence or absence of inhibitors, of a high-activity gene-based FVIIa variant in an animal model of hemophilia.
Travelling in time with networks: Revealing present day hybridization versus ancestral polymorphism between two species of brown algae, Fucus vesiculosus and F. spiralis
Authors: Moalic Yann , Arnaud-Haond Sophie , Perrin Cécile , Pearson Gareth A , Serrao Ester A 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Background
Hybridization or divergence between sympatric sister species provides a natural laboratory to study speciation processes. The shared polymorphism in sister species may either be ancestral or derive from hybridization, and the accuracy of analytic methods used thus far to derive convincing evidence for the occurrence of present day hybridization is largely debated.

Results
Here we propose the application of network analysis to test for the occurrence of present day hybridization between the two species of brown algae Fucus spiralis and F. vesiculosus. Individual-centered networks were analyzed on the basis of microsatellite genotypes from North Africa to the Pacific American coast, through the North Atlantic. Two genetic distances integrating different time steps were used, the Rozenfeld (RD; based on alleles divergence) and the Shared Allele (SAD; based on alleles identity) distances. A diagnostic level of genotype divergence and clustering of individuals from each species was obtained through RD while screening for exchanges through putative hybridization was facilitated using SAD. Intermediate individuals linking both clusters on the RD network were those sampled at the limits of the sympatric zone in Northwest Iberia.

Conclusion
These results suggesting rare hybridization were confirmed by simulation of hybrids and F2 with directed backcrosses. Comparison with the Bayesian method STRUCTURE confirmed the usefulness of both approaches and emphasized the reliability of network analysis to unravel and study hybridization
Advancing the STMS genomic resources for defining new locations on the intraspecific genetic linkage map of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Gaur Rashmi , Sethy Niroj K , Choudhary Shalu , Shokeen Bhumika , Gupta Varsha , Bhatia Sabhyata 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Background
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an economically important cool season grain legume crop that is valued for its nutritive seeds having high protein content. However, several biotic and abiotic stresses and the low genetic variability in the chickpea genome have continuously hindered the chickpea molecular breeding programs. STMS (Sequence Tagged Microsatellite Sites) markers which are preferred for the construction of saturated linkage maps in several crop species, have also emerged as the most efficient and reliable source for detecting allelic diversity in chickpea. However, the number of STMS markers reported in chickpea is still limited and moreover exhibit low rates of both inter and intraspecific polymorphism, thereby limiting the positions of the SSR markers especially on the intraspecific linkage maps of chickpea. Hence, this study was undertaken with the aim of developing additional STMS markers and utilizing them for advancing the genetic linkage map of chickpea which would have applications in QTL identification, MAS and for de novo assembly of high throughput whole genome sequence data.

Results
A microsatellite enriched library of chickpea (enriched for ( GT/CA)n and (GA/CT)n repeats) was constructed from which 387 putative microsatellite containing clones were identified. From these, 254 STMS primers were designed of which 181 were developed as functional markers. An intraspecific mapping population of chickpea, [ICCV-2 (single podded) × JG-62 (double podded)] and comprising of 126 RILs, was genotyped for mapping. Of the 522 chickpea STMS markers (including the double-podding trait, screened for parental polymorphism, 226 (43.3%) were polymorphic in the parents and were used to genotype the RILs. At a LOD score of 3.5, eight linkage groups defining the position of 138 markers were obtained that spanned 630.9 cM with an average marker density of 4.57 cM. Further, based on the common loci present between the current map and the previously published chickpea intraspecific map, integration of maps was performed which revealed improvement of marker density and saturation of the region in the vicinity of sfl (double-podding) gene thereby bringing about an advancement of the current map.

Conclusion
An arsenal of 181 new chickpea STMS markers was reported. The developed intraspecific linkage map defined map positions of 138 markers which included 101 new locations.Map integration with a previously published map was carried out which revealed an advanced map with improved density. This study is a major contribution towards providing advanced genomic resources which will facilitate chickpea geneticists and molecular breeders in developing superior genotypes with improved traits.
The hyl
Efm
gene in pHylEfm of Enterococcus faecium is not required in pathogenesis of murine peritonitis
Authors: Panesso Diana , Montealegre Maria C , Rincón Sandra , Mojica Maria F , Rice Louis B , Singh Kavindra V , Murray Barbara E , Arias Cesar A 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Background
Plasmids containing hyl

Efm
(pHylEfm) were previously shown to increase gastrointestinal colonization and lethality of Enterococcus faecium in experimental peritonitis. The hyl

Efm
gene, predicting a glycosyl hydrolase, has been considered as a virulence determinant of hospital-associated E. faecium, although its direct contribution to virulence has not been investigated. Here, we constructed mutants of the hyl

Efm
-region and we evaluated their effect on virulence using a murine peritonitis model.

Results
Five mutants of the hyl

Efm
-region of pHylEfmTX16 from the sequenced endocarditis strain (TX16 [DO]) were obtained using an adaptation of the PheS* system and were evaluated in a commensal strain TX1330RF to which pHylEfmTX16 was transferred by mating; these include i) deletion of hyl

Efm
only; ii) deletion of the gene downstream of hyl

Efm
(down) of unknown function; iii) deletion of hyl

Efm
plus down; iv) deletion of hyl

Efm
-down and two adjacent genes; and v) a 7,534 bp deletion including these four genes plus partial deletion of two others, with replacement by cat. The 7,534 bp deletion did not affect virulence of TX16 in peritonitis but, when pHylEfmTX16Δ7,534 was transferred to the TX1330RF background, the transconjugant was affected in in vitro growth versus TX1330RF(pHylEfmTX16) and was attenuated in virulence; however, neither hyl

Efm
nor hyl

Efm
-down restored wild type function. We did not observe any in vivo effect on virulence of the other deletions of the hyl

Efm
-region

Conclusions
The four genes of the hyl

Efm
region (including hyl

Efm
) do not mediate the increased virulence conferred by pHylEfmTX16 in murine peritonitis. The use of the markerless counterselection system PheS* should facilitate the genetic manipulation of E. faecium in the future.