bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of methods to evaluate the behavior of finite element models with rough surfaces
Authors: Thompson Mary Kathryn 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFinite element (FE) modeling of rough surfaces is becoming increasingly common. However, the quality of the assumptions being made in these models, and thus the quality of the models themselves, is often unclear. Decisions about the geometry of the surface to be modeled, including the size of the surface to be modeled, the lateral resolution of the measured surface data to be used, and the formulation of the probabilistic surface to be used, can have a significant effect on a model's behavior. Similarly, varying model parameters, including the FE mesh density, can change the results by a factor of three or more. This work examines some of the metrics that can be used to evaluate the influence of these assumptions and parameters on FE models with rough surfaces and discusses the relative merits of each option. In particular, qualitative comparison of result plots, quantitative comparison and convergence of results parameters, qualitative and quantitative comparison of distributions of result values over various model dimensions, and more sophisticated comparison techniques inspired by image and signal processing are discussed. SCANNING 33: 353–369, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing resource and data security in shared sensor networks
Authors: Huygens Christophe , Matthys Nelson , Joosen Wouter 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA growing number of deployments of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) position the nodes as multipurpose albeit limited platforms. These platforms offer services to a set of applications of different owners. This view introduces security problems complementary to protection against outsiders requiring mechanisms beyond the existing physical, base crypto and network‐level protection. Limited trust in the different applications mandates a security solution providing granular control over resources and data. Because of the constrained nature of network‐embedded systems, transferring solutions from the distributed systems domain to the embedded system requires optimization. Distributed monitors can provide adequate security but must be concise and controllable by lightweight run‐time artifacts as well as be deployed only where needed. Presented research consists of an operational model that inserts controls by instrumentation of local or remote interaction in the resource‐rich back end, subsequently enforcing control at the nodes by using scaled down policy engines. The selective injection is achieved through aspect‐oriented techniques. The solution is demonstrated for two paradigms encountered when building WSN applications, thus achieving local resource protection and protection of distributed event‐based data flow. The costs and benefits of the selective injection approach are validated and quantified through a river monitoring case and associated simulation experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Effects of Lavender and Peppermint Aromatherapy Using Sensitive Salivary Endocrinological Stress Markers
Authors: Toda Masahiro , Morimoto Kanehisa 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBy measuring the sensitive salivary endocrinological stress markers cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA), we investigated effects on stress of lavender and peppermint aromas. Groups of volunteers were each exposed to an airborne organic essential oil: either lavender or peppermint or, for control, odourless jojoba. Saliva samples were collected immediately before and after the 10‐min exposure and 5 and 10 min later. Salivary cortisol and CgA levels were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. After exposure, in the peppermint aroma group, salivary cortisol statistically significantly decreased and salivary CgA statistically significantly increased. No similar changes were found in either the lavender aroma or the control group. These findings suggest that peppermint aroma may be useful for relieving stress. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beauty is Skin Deep: A Surface Monolayer Perspective on Nanoparticle Interactions with Cells and Bio‐macromolecules
Authors: Saha Krishnendu , Bajaj Avinash , Duncan Bradley , Rotello Vincent M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSurface recognition of biosystems is a critical component in the development of novel biosensors and delivery vehicles, and for the therapeutic regulation of biological processes. Monolayer‐protected nanoparticles present a highly versatile scaffold for selective interaction with bio‐macromolecules and cells. Through the engineering of the monolayer surface, nanoparticles can be tailored for surface recognition of biomolecules and cells. This review highlights recent progress in nanoparticle–bio‐macromolecule/cellular interactions, emphasizing the effect of the surface monolayer structure on the interactions with proteins, DNA, and cell surfaces. The extension of these tailored interactions to hybrid nanomaterials, biosensing platforms, and delivery vehicles is also discussed.
Bewertung historischer Brückenlager — Das Kontaktproblem — Teil 1
Authors: Wetzk Volker , Eisenkolb Tino , Mehdianpour Milad 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDer Beitrag thematisiert das Kontaktproblem und damit den kritischen Punkt der historischen gusseisernen und stählernen Lagertechnik. Nach einem Rückblick auf die historische Entwicklung der Bemessung der Lagerwalzen und allgemeinen Ausführungen zur Kontaktproblematik wird anhand analytischer und numerischer Untersuchungen der Zusammenhang zwischen der Kontaktspannung nach Hertz und der Mises‐Vergleichsspannung als Grundlage für ein realistisches Bewertungskonzept aufgezeigt.Assessment of historical bridge bearings — The contact problem. This paper tackles the contact problem, the weak point of historical bridge bearings made of cast iron and early steel. At first historical approaches dealing with the contact problem and general contact matters are discussed. To improve the current method of calculation, thereafter the link between Hertzian contact stress and von‐Mises (equivalent) stress is demonstrated by analytical and numerical calculations.
Stahlbau unter Denkmalschutz — Grundinstandsetzung von Viadukt und Bahnhöfen der Hochbahnlinie U2 in Berlin‐Prenzlauer Berg
Authors: Fischer Michael , Lorenz Werner 
Published: June 2011

AbstractErhalt und Ertüchtigung denkmalgeschützter Verkehrsbauwerke sind ein konfliktträchtiges Terrain. Ihre kulturelle Bedeutung verpflichtet dazu, denkmalpflegerischen Anforderungen bestmöglich Rechnung zu tragen. Gleichwohl müssen Tragfähigkeit, Betriebsfestigkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit gesichert werden. Im Fall des ab 1909 errichteten Brückenzugs der Hochbahnlinie 2 in Berlin‐Prenzlauer Berg führte die Grundinstandsetzung zu eher ungewöhnlichen technischen Lösungen. Statt des zunächst favorisierten Einbaus einer Festen Fahrbahn wurden die historischen Fahrbahnbleche erneuert, ihren bauzeitlichen Mängeln jedoch durch Verbesserungen im Detail begegnet. Die bis zu 100 Jahre alten Brückenlager konnten weitgehend im Bestand verbleiben; ein Teil wurde durch leicht veränderte Nachbauten ersetzt. Im Ergebnis erwies sich eine nah am Bestand orientierte Instandsetzung nicht nur denkmalpflegerisch, sondern auch technisch und wirtschaftlich als die bestgeeignete Lösung.Strengthening of Listed Historic Steel Structures: Overhaul of Viaduct and Stations of the Elevated Railroad Line No. 2 in Berlin‐Prenzlauer Berg. Preservation and strengthening of listed structures is a civil engineering field likely to cause conflicts. The cultural significance of these edifices imposes the obligation to fulfil heritage requirements. However, load‐bearing capacity, fatigue resistance and cost‐effectiveness still need to be ensured. In the case of the viaduct of Berlin’s elevated metro line no. 2, built from 1909 on, the extensive overhaul led to some unusual technical solutions. Initially the installation of a slab track had been proposed, but finally the historical buckled plates were replaced by new ones just changed in detail to correct some shortcomings. Although serving traffic for nearly 100 years, most of the historical bridge bearings could be kept in place. Just a few of them were replaced by slightly changed replicas. Eventually, the viaduct’s overhaul inspired by the original structure proved to be the best solution with regard to heritage, structural and economical requirements.
Contingent screening for Down syndrome completed in the first trimester: a multicenter study
Authors: Muñoz‐Cortes M. , Arigita M. , Falguera G. , Seres A. , Guix D. , Baldrich E. , Acera A. , Torrent A. , Rodriguez‐Veret A. , Lopez‐Quesada E. , Garcia‐Moreno R. , Gonce A. , Borobio V. , Borrell A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess a new contingent screening strategy for Down syndrome completed in the first trimester.MethodsFirst‐trimester screening combining nuchal translucency thickness measurement and assessment of serum analytes (combined test) was offered to pregnant women who presented for prenatal care during the first trimester to nine health centers and community hospitals in the area served by the Catalan Public Health Service. If an intermediate risk (1/101–1/1000) for Down syndrome was identified, women were referred to the Hospital Clinic Barcelona for risk reassessment that included the use of secondary ultrasound markers (nasal bone, ductus venosus blood flow and tricuspid flow). Intermediate‐risk women were divided into two subgroups for further analysis: high‐intermediate risk (1/101–1/250) and low‐intermediate risk (1/251–1/1000). We compared feasibility and efficacy of both combined and contingent screening strategies.ResultsThe combined test, the first screening stage, was performed in 16 001 pregnant women, of whom 1617 (10.1%) were found to have an intermediate risk. Further division of this group showed that 1.8% (n = 289) of women were at high‐intermediate risk and 8.3% (n = 1328) at low‐intermediate risk. The contingent screening strategy significantly reduced the false‐positive rate, from 3.0% to 1.3–1.8% (P < 0.001), without affecting the detection rate (which was 75–79% and 76%, with and without the contingent screening strategy, respectively). However, only 45% of intermediate‐risk patients underwent the second screening step due to a preference among high‐intermediate‐risk (1/101–1/250) women for invasive testing and to low uptake among low‐intermediate‐risk (1/251–1/1000) women.ConclusionsThe proposed first‐trimester contingent strategy reduces the screen false‐positive rate without impacting on the detection rate of Down syndrome. The low compliance observed in our study may prevent its use in certain populations. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Investigations and Thermal Behavior of (EMIm)[Cr(C2O4)2]·2H2O [1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Chromium(III) Dioxalate Dihydrate]
Authors: Kahlenberg Volker , Wertl Waltraud , Többens Daniel M. , Schottenberger Herwig 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe crystal structure of EMIm diaquobis(μ‐oxalato)chromate(III) (1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chromium(III) dioxalate dihydrate) was determined from X‐ray single crystal diffraction studies. A pale violet crystal of good optical quality was used for the structure determination at –100(2) and 25(2) °C. The basic crystallographic data for the low temperature structure are as follows: triclinic symmetry, space group P$\bar{1}$ , a = 7.6202(8) Å, b = 9.7668(9) Å, c = 10.7171(11) Å, α = 109.257(9)°, β = 90.494(8)°, γ = 105.685(8)°, V = 720.75(1) Å3. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined (using anisotropic displacement parameters for all non‐hydrogen atoms) to a final residual of R1 = 0.039 for 2062 independent observed reflections [I > 2σ(I)]. The compound is built up from alternating layers parallel to (010) containing (EMIm)+ cations or Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2– anions, respectively. The two crystallographically independent Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2 octahedra reside on centers of symmetry (Wyckoff sites 1a and 1f). The corners of the octahedra consist of four oxygen atoms from two oxalate groups and two additional water molecules. EMIm+ cations provide linkage between different octahedral layers by hydrogen bridging. The water molecules in turn form hydrogen bonds with adjacent octahedra within the same layer. According to DTA/TG experiments the present compound shows several thermal processes in the range between room temperature and 1000 °C. However, pyrolysis is reproducibly yielding pure inorganic composites, qualifying this novel organic‐inorganic hybrid salt also as a stable precursor for nanoscalar ceramic materials. The final product consists of a distinct mixture of Cr2O3 and Cr3C2 in the molar ratio of 1:1. Concomittant oxide and carbide formation is an unprecedented disintegration pathway of the thermal treatment of oxalatochromates without reducing atmosphere.
Structural Study of Alkaline‐Earth Metal Heterocycles Supported by Triazole‐based Sulfur Ligands
Authors: Balanta‐Díaz Jhon A. , Moya‐Cabrera Mónica , Jancik Vojtech , Toscano Rubén A. , Morales‐Juárez T. Jesús , Cea‐Olivares Raymundo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe alkaline earth metal complex [Mg{4,5‐(P(S)Ph2)2}2tz}2(thf)4] (2) and the bimetallic complexes, [M{4,5‐(P(S)Ph2)2}2tz}2(thf)]2 [M = Ca (3), Sr (4), Ba (5)], [SrI{4,5‐(P(S)Ph2)2tz}2(thf)3]2 (6), and [{BaI(4,5‐(P(S)Ph2)2tz)}2(thf)7] (7) were prepared in good yields from the metathesis reactions of the potassium salt of 4,5‐bis(diphenylthiophosphoranyl)‐1,2,3‐triazole [H{4,5‐(P(S)Ph2)2tz}] (1) and MI2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba), whereas the tetrametallic magnesium hydroxide [Mg2(μ‐OH){4,5‐(P(S)Ph2)2}2tz}3]2 (8) was obtained as the hydrolysis product from the starting material (MgnBuCl) and 1. The NMR study of 2–8 in solution suggests the formation of solvated species in CD3OD‐d4, whereas for 4, 5, and 6 a fluxional behavior is observed in CD2Cl2. The structural analyses of 3–5, 6, and 7 in solid state reveal in all cases a central core defined by M2N4 heterocycle bearing M–S bonding. The degree of aggregation observed for these compounds depends significantly on the size of the metal atom as well as on the metal‐ligand molar ratio employed for each reaction.
Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Two Zinc(II) Coordination Polymers Constructed by 4‐(Pyridin‐4‐ylmethoxy)benzolic Acid Ligand
Authors: Li Lian‐Jie , Chen Lei , Du Dong‐Ying , Wang Xin‐Long , Shao Kui‐Zhan , Su Zhong‐Min 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTwo coordination polymers, namely [Zn(L)Cl] (1) and [Zn(L)2] (2) [L = 4‐(pyridin‐4‐ylmethoxy)benzolic acid] were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses, powder X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 have a two‐dimensional square‐shaped structure (the dimensions are 15.43 × 15.43 Å for 1 and 12.064 × 15.017 Å for 2) with (44·62) topology. Moreover, compounds 1 and 2 exhibit a 3D supramolecular structure made up by strong π–π interactions from the adjacent layers. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 show good fluorescence properties in the solid state at room temperature.
Bonding Situation in “Early‐Late” Transition Metal Complexes Cl3M–M′(PCl3)4 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf; M′ = Co, Rh, Ir) – Theoretical Study for a Ligand Fine Tuning of M–M′ Bonds
Authors: Takagi Nozomi , Krapp Andreas , Frenking Gernot 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDensity functional theory calculations using the BP86 functional in combination with triple‐ζ quality basis sets have been carried out for the “early‐late” transition metal complexes Cl3M–M′(PCl3)4 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf; M′ = Co, Rh, Ir) and the derivatives R3M–M′L4 (R = Cl, NH2; L = PCl3, PH3, CO). The calculations demonstrate that the metal–metal bond strength in R3M–M′L4 can be strongly influenced by the nature of the ligands R and L. The intrinsic interaction energy ΔEint and the bond dissociation energy of the M–M′ bonds in Cl3M–M′(PCl3)4 are much smaller than in the previously investigated species (H2N)3M–M′(CO)4. The M–M′ bonds become stronger in both sets of compounds when the metal atoms become heavier. The equilibrium geometries of Cl3M–M′(PCl3)4 which have bipyramidal structures have C3 symmetry. The M–Co bonds in Cl3Zr–Co(PCl3)4 and Cl3Hf–Co(PCl3)4 and to a lesser degree in Cl3Ti–Co(PCl3)4 are unusually long because of direct interactions between the equatorial PCl3 groups and the group 4 atoms Zr, Hf. The analysis of the metal–metal interactions suggests that Cl3M–M′(PCl3)4 has M–M′ single bonds.
Historical and current records of aquarium cetaceans in China
Authors: Zhang Peijun , Sun Ni , Yao Zhiping , Zhang Xianfeng 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe number of cetaceans housed in aquariums in China is increasing. Detailed information on the historical and current population status has not been reported, despite its importance for successful breeding and population management. Questionnaires were conducted between December 2006 and May 2009, and the information was used to construct studbooks. Our survey showed that 10 species had been introduced to aquariums since 1978, including 26 (with 15 in the current population) finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides), 5 (5) false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens), 94 (80) common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), 48 (30) Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), 36 (32) beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), 10 (10) pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), 8 (8) Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), 2 (2) short‐finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), 2 (2) Pacific white‐sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), and 5 (0) baiji dolphins (Lipotes vexillifer). The number of cetaceans has increased markedly in the past 32 years, especially since 1995. Currently, 184 individuals are under human care throughout China, a number larger than any other country with an International Species Information System membership. In addition, the Annual Survival Rates of bottlenose dolphins (0.959) and beluga whales (0.968) were found higher than those reported previously (0.93–0.951 and 0.94–0.954, respectively). Zoo Biol 31:336–349, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of combination birth control on estrous behavior in captive western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Authors: Sarfaty Anna , Margulis Susan W. , Atsalis Sylvia 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCombination birth control pills (CBC) are one of the most common birth control methods used for western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) housed in zoos. Since zoos are interested in maintaining as many natural behaviors as possible, it is important to know how contraception may affect social and sexual interactions among group members. Although some data are available regarding the influence of the pill on sexual behavior in human females, no data are available on its effects on gorilla estrous behavior. We examined temporal trends of estrous, aggressive, affiliative, and activity budget data in four females on CBC at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, IL. Behavioral data were collected using point sampling, all‐occurrence records, and one‐zero sampling. Estrous behavior occurred in less than 1% of observations. Using all‐occurrence and one‐zero sampling, estrous behavior occurred more frequently in week one of the cycle than any other week. The focal females exhibited affiliative, aggressive, and activity budget data evenly across their cycles. There were also no temporal trends in proximity to the silverback. Females varied by the types of estrous behavior they exhibited. We give a hormonal explanation for the prevalence of estrous behaviors in week one, and recommendations for effective behavioral sampling of gorilla estrous behavior. Zoo Biol 31:350–361, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can zoo records help answer behavioral research questions? The case of the left‐handed lemurs (Lemur catta)
Authors: Hosey Geoff , Hill Sonya P. , Lherbier Mary L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMost zoos keep comprehensive records, which potentially form a database for use in answering some research questions, such as in veterinary and population management research. They have not, however, been widely used to answer questions about animal behavior and welfare. Here we try to assess the usefulness to behavioral research of two sorts of zoo records (ARKS, the Animal Records Keeping System, and student dissertations held on file) to test the hypothesis that ring‐tailed lemurs with a left limb preference experience more negative social lives. We found that, as predicted, lemurs with a left limb preference (LH) received more aggression and were involved in less grooming than nonleft‐preferent lemurs (NLH), though the differences were not statistically significant. Contrary to prediction, LH lemurs had fewer reported woundings than NLH lemurs, but again the difference was not statistically significant. We found that the ARKS reports did not contain sufficient quantified and systematic behavioral data for our purposes, although otherwise they provided an excellent context for interpreting results. The student dissertations were also of limited use, primarily because of the small time frame in which they were carried out. Because of these shortcomings we were unable to distinguish whether our inability to find significant effects was due to biological (perhaps hand preference had no consequences for the lemurs) or data reasons. We suggest that closer liaison between zoo research staff, zoo record keepers and academic supervisors could help to improve the usefulness of zoo records for behavioral research. Zoo Biol 31: 189–196, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Denning ecology of Molina's hog‐nosed skunk in a farmland area in the Pampas grassland of Argentina
Authors: Castillo Diego F. , Lucherini Mauro , Casanave Emma B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper reports the very first data on the denning habits of the little‐studied Molina's hog‐nosed skunk (Conepatus chinga). We identified and characterized 240 (males: n = 92, females: n = 148) den sites used by nine radio‐tracked skunks from November 2002 to October 2003 and from December 2005 to October 2007. Most dens were found in underground burrows and we found no variation in dimensions of den entrances across seasons. On average, 24.1% of the den sites were reused by C. chinga. Den sites were not homogeneously distributed within an animal's home range, being the density in core areas greater than in proximity to the borders of home ranges. C. chinga selected specific habitat characteristics for their den sites, such as high shrub and grass cover. Accordingly, the habitats preferred by skunks were native grasslands and pastures. Also, C. chinga preferred den sites located close to fences, roads, and grass patches. We argue that these preferences for den sites may provide two, not mutually exclusive, advantages: access to consistent and predictable sources of food, and protection from predators. Our results suggest that availability of semi‐natural grassland and pasture areas may favor the conservation of C. chinga in the human‐modified landscapes of the Pampas.
Lost in elimination: mechanisms of axonal loss
Authors: Misgeld T. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Axonal loss is an important process both dur­ing development and diseases of the ner­vous system. While the molecular mecha­nisms that mediate axonal loss are largely elusive, modern imaging technology affords an increasingly clear view of the cellular processes that allow nerve cells to shed individiual axon branches or even dismantle entire parts of their axonal projections. The present review discusses the characteristics of post-traumatic Wallerian degeneration, the process of axonal loss currently best understood. Subsequently, the properties of a number of recently discovered axonal loss phenome­na are described. These phenomena explain some of the axonal loss that occurs locally after axon transection, during neuro-inflammatory insults, and as part of normal neurode­velopment.