bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual Personhood in Anthropological Approaches to International Law
Authors: Foblets Marie-Claire 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims to explore how anthropology can contribute to our understanding of the humanisation thesis in international law. Following the introduction in section 1, section 2 refers to the work of anthropologists who have shown that the space for choice left to the individual person, in terms of their free consent, varies considerably depending on culture and tradition. Anthropological scholarship offers ample illustrations of the complex dimensions of autonomy, agency, and consent that are not necessarily in alignment with the concept of the individual’s legal personality in contemporary international law. Section 3 provides three contrasting illustrations of a more context-dependent understanding of the notion of personhood in order to show what a context-specific engagement with international law, emphasising particular local realities, can mean.
Introduction
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the problem (that the wave function of standard quantum theory (SQT) cannot correspond to reality in nature) and its resolution (change Schrodinger’s equation). The chapter begins by citing Schrodinger’s argument as to how the collapse postulate of SQT leads to the cited problem. It then presents a resolution embodied in the continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) theory‘s altered Schrodinger equation. The chapter shows how the “Gambler’s Ruin” game, where two gamblers bet on a coin toss until one wins all the money, is a precise and intuitively appealing analogy to the needed collapse behavior for a superposition of two states evolving under random influence to one or another of those states. Following this, the chapter ends by presenting the structure of the book. The first seven chapters show how CSL works, discusses experimentally testable and already tested predictions, and covers interpretive features of CSL. The purpose of the remaining eleven chapters, called “Supplementary,” is summarized as well.
Non–Relativistic CSL
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
CSL so far is a general framework to describe dynamical collapse of a statevector to one or another joint eigenstate of a set of mutually commuting collapse-generating operators. This chapter makes the final selection of the collapse generating operators. First, the choice of mass-density operators, A(x)= D(x), is discussed. This leads to an infinite rate of energy increase for particles, which is ameliorated by a slightly different choice, “smeared” mass-density operators, A(x)=∫dx’f(x-x’)D(x’), where f is a Gaussian of width a, f(z) exp-z2/2a2. This introduces a second parameter to the theory (in addition to the collapse rate λ), the width parameter a. This completes construction of non-relativistic CSL, the theory proposed to describe Nature. The chapter goes on to discuss the density matrix, followed by two important calculations, the first consequences of the theory. First, for an initial state that is an object in a superposition of two different places, is the rate to collapse to one or another place, and second, the rate of energy increase of an object due to the wave function narrowing inherent in collapse.
Supplement to Chapter 2
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 considered the case where the collapse-generating operator, to one of whose eigenstates collapse takes place, has a discrete spectrum. This Supplement considers an example where the spectrum is continuous, specifically, the case where the collapse-generating operator is the position operator. This chapter is a supplement to Chapter 2. Whereas Chapter 2 considers the case where the collapse–generating has a discrete spectrum, Chapter 9 considers an example where the spectrum is continuous. Specifically, it covers the case where the collapse–generating operator is the position operator. It also explains how the Born probability rule is obeyed in this example.
Forex Forever
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The foreign exchange market is the largest in the world, with a turnover running into trillions of $s a day. Surprisingly, the centre of this market is the City of London, even though it mainly trades US$s. The reasons why this is the case have never been satisfactorily explained, given the importance of New York as a rival financial centre. A related mystery is the absence of a foreign exchange market in London before 1914, when the City of London was at the peak of its importance. The purpose of this book is to solve these mysteries while also delivering a detailed account of the development of the foreign exchange market in London over the last 150 years. Key to the solution of both mysteries is the revelation that an active foreign exchange market did exist in London before the First World War. The result is to transform our understanding of the role played by the foreign exchange market in the global monetary system during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Who Are ‘We, the People’? Pluralist Constitutional Identity after Democratic Transitions in African and European Countries
Authors: Kössler Karl 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims to explore how the constitutions of ethnically diverse multilevel systems created a pluralist identity in their original design and how it has been changed over time by political and judicial actors. The focus is therefore on pluralist identity in norms framing the image of ‘the people’ as the constitutional subject. The chapter first explains the concept of pluralist constitutional identity and why the image of the ‘the people’ is one of its core elements. It goes on to discuss what parts of a constitution frame this image, arguing that preambles are crucial but not the only part to look at. This forms the basis for a comparative analysis of Ethiopia, South Africa, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Spain, four countries sharing certain common features. The chapter provides a brief introduction to how democratic transitions, creating windows of opportunity for a new pluralist identity, occurred in the national and subnational constitutional arenas.
A Century of South African Constitutional Identities
Authors: Steytler Nico 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The chapter raises the question of whether terms and concepts used in analysing the formation of constitutional identity could shed fresh light on a century of constitution-making that culminated in the South African constitutions of 1993 and 1996. Do the concepts used by theorists in this area give us a better understanding of why we are, at this stage in the twenty-first century, in yet another round of constitutional dialogue? Moreover, do the insights so gained provide a guide for the future? The chapter argues that the literature on the formation of constitutional identity provides useful tools for unlocking a fuller understanding of the shaping of South African constitutional identity. It explains the long dialogical process of forming and reforming the imagined ‘nation’ or constitutional identity of the country through five different constitutions and concludes that a fixed constitutional identity is illusory; its nature depends on who controls the authors’ pens as they write the next constitution.
Corcyra
Authors: Gehrke Hans-Joachim , Sapirstein Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The migrants who founded the polis of Corcyra on the homonymous island (modern Corfu) c. 730 BCE chose an ideal site: an easily defensible peninsula, located on major trade routes, and with access to good farmland. Corcyra rapidly developed into a prosperous community, and the seventh and sixth centuries saw a flourishing of the arts, most notably in the design and decoration of temples. Corcyra had almost from the outset a complicated, sometimes overtly hostile relationship with its metropolis Corinth. By the early sixth century, it became a completely independent polity with its own ambitions. The Corcyraeans found it advantageous to remain neutral and kept their distance from the political and military entanglements of the Greek mainland. The history of Corcyra is thus a reminder that many Greek communities, unlike the more actively interventionist ones like Athens that more prominently feature in the extant literary sources, preferred to attend to their own affairs.
Finding the Right Words to Say
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Toomp DJ 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Writing lyrics is interdependent on skills that prompt the songwriter’s intellectual and creative curiosity. Essential components to finding the right words to say are forming deep connections with the world around you and engaging fully in the human experience. The process of writing lyrics requires lucid reflections of your observations, experiences, and internalizations. Songwriters utilize the resources from their lyric toolbox to choose the most impactful words that drive the message and emotion across to listeners. Understanding how to express the story you want to share is key to writing perspicuous and memorable lyrics. Outlining the story and understanding song sections and their functions, along with making great word choices, is essential to developing a story that listeners can relate to. Once a structure is formed, using creative techniques such as opposing or twisting words, action, detail, imagery, and rhyming helps to captivate the audience.
Rewriting
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Hayes Bonnie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter the author describes the process of fine-tuning one’s song after it is written. Rewriting is one of the most crucial steps in the songwriting process, and the reader is prompted to boldly embrace the journey to create a perfect union between the music, melody, and words, carefully examining each part of the song including the structure, tempo, momentum, rhythm, lyrics, and continuity, then strengthening areas that are weak. This chapter provides a checklist of numerous creative ways to approach the task of rewriting. The author encourages the reader to be honest and flexible as a song may require multiple rewrites before the writer is comfortable enough to release it to the universe.
Building a Fanbase
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , McKinney James 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fans are the foundation and catalyst to the singer/songwriter’s success. Enthusiasm from the fanbase’s network is your music’s net worth. The promotion of your authentic image and your song attracts, connects, retains, and grows your audience. As singers and songwriters, great efforts are spent to create a musical masterpiece for the world to hear and love. The same fervor must apply to distribution efforts so that your music may reach your targeted audience and beyond. Topics in this chapter include cross-marketing, streaming platforms, social media platforms, marketing tools, and suggestions that will spark ideas to help you connect with your audience. Other highlights in this chapter include discussions on business, organization, team building, and understanding audience demographics.
Distinct types of selection and genetic architecture shape molecular variation during the domestication of vegetable crops
Authors: Chen Hung-Wei , Chien Chih-Cheng , Lee Cheng-Ruei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Humans select vegetable crops with desirable traits via a complex evolutionary process called domestication, generating a variety of cultivars worldwide. With advances in sequencing technologies, genomic scans for “signatures of selection” are widely used to identify target loci of selection. In the early phases of domestication, humans tended to favor similar sets of phenotypes in diverse crops, resulting in “domestication syndrome” and parallel evolution in multiple species. Subsequently, adaptation to distinct environments or different consumer preferences has diversified crop cultivars. Here, we review molecular and population genetic studies on genes affecting trait evolution during this complex process. We emphasize that, depending on interactions among different types of selection (directional selection within or divergent selection between groups), the genetic architecture of the target trait (Mendelian or polygenic), and the origin of the causal variant (new mutation or standing variation), the resulting molecular patterns of variation can be highly diverse. Situations in which the typical hard selective sweep model could be applied may be limited. Therefore, it is crucial to obtain a thorough understanding of the target species’ historical, environmental, and ecological contexts.
Ubiquitin ligase VvPUB26 in grapevine promotes proanthocyanidin synthesis and resistance to powdery mildew
Authors: Zhao Ting , Huang Congbo , Li Na , Ge Yaqi , Wang Ling , Tang Yujin , Wang Yuejin , Li Yan , Zhang Chaohong 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are an important group of flavonoids that contribute to astringency, color, and flavor in grapes (Vitis vinifera) and wines. They also play a crucial role in enhancing plant resistance to various stresses. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism governing PAs biosynthesis, particularly in relation to conferring resistance to powdery mildew, has not been extensively explored. This study focused on identifying a key player in PAs biosynthesis, namely the plant U-box (PUB) E3 ubiquitin ligase VvPUB26. We discovered that overexpression of VvPUB26 in grapes leads to a significant increase in PAs content, whereas interfering with VvPUB26 has the opposite effect. Additionally, our findings demonstrated that overexpression of VvPUB26 in transgenic grapevines enhances defense against powdery mildew while interfering with VvPUB26 results in increased susceptibility to the pathogen. Interestingly, we observed that VvPUB26 interacts with the WRKY transcription factor VvWRKY24, thereby facilitating ubiquitination and degradation processes. Through RNA-Seq analysis, we found that VvWRKY24 primarily participates in secondary metabolites biosynthesis, metabolic pathways, and plant-pathogen interaction. Notably, VvWRKY24 directly interacts with the promoters of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) to inhibit PAs biosynthesis. Meanwhile, VvWRKY24 also influences the expression of MYB transcription factor genes related to PAs synthesis. In conclusion, our results unveil a regulatory module involving VvPUB26-VvWRKY24-VvDFR/VvLAR that plays a fundamental role in governing PAs biosynthesis in grapevines. These findings enhance our understanding of the relationship between PAs biosynthesis and defense mechanisms against powdery mildew.
Antipsychotic Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women With Severe Mental Illness: Replication of a Nationwide Nested Case–Control Database Study
Authors: Solmi Marco , Lähteenvuo Markku , Tanskanen Antti , Corbeil Olivier , Mittendorfer-Rutz Ellenor , Correll Christoph U , Tiihonen Jari , Taipale Heidi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background and hypothesis
Breast cancer is more prevalent in women with severe mental illness than in the general population, and use of prolactin-increasing antipsychotics may be a contributing factor.

Study design
A nested case–control study was conducted using the Swedish nationwide registers (inpatient/outpatient care, sickness absence, disability pension, prescribed drugs, cancers). All women aged 18–85 years with schizophrenia/schizoaffective/other nonaffective psychotic disorder/bipolar disorder and breast cancer (cases) were matched for age, primary psychiatric diagnosis, and disease duration with five women without cancer (controls). The association between cumulative exposure to prolactin-increasing/prolactin-sparing antipsychotics and breast cancer was analyzed using conditional logistic regression, adjusted for comorbidities and co-medications.

Study results
Among 132 061 women, 1642 (1.24%) developed breast cancer between 2010 and 2021, at a mean age of 63.3 ± 11.8 years. Compared with 8173 matched controls, the odds of breast cancer increased in women with prior exposure to prolactin-increasing antipsychotics for 1–4 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–1.41), and for ≥ 5 years (aOR = 1.47, 95%CI = 1.26–1.71). There were no increased or decreased odds of breast cancer with exposure to prolactin-sparing antipsychotics of either 1–4 years (aOR = 1.17, 95%CI = 0.98–1.40) or ≥5 years (aOR = 0.99, 95%CI = 0.78–1.26). The results were consistent across all sensitivity analyses (ie, according to different age groups, cancer types, and primary psychiatric diagnosis).

Conclusions
Although causality remains uncertain, exposure to prolactin-elevating antipsychotics for ≥ 1 year was associated with increased odds of breast cancer in women with severe mental illness. When prescribing antipsychotics, a shared decision-making process should consider individual risk factors for breast cancer.
Opportunity Hoarding and Elite Reproduction: School Segregation in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Gruijters Rob J , Elbers Benjamin , Reddy Vijay 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSchool integration is an important indicator of equality of opportunity and racial reconciliation in contemporary South Africa. Despite its prominence in public and political discourse, however, there is no systemic evidence on the levels and patterns of school segregation. Drawing on the literature on the post-apartheid political settlement and sociological theories of opportunity hoarding, we explain how the small White minority and, to a lesser extent, the new Black middle class monopolized access to South Africa’s most prestigious schools following the abolition of de jure segregation in 1994. Using the 2021 Annual School Survey—an administrative dataset covering all South African schools—and the 2019 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study school survey, we find very high levels of school segregation along racial as well as socioeconomic lines. White students almost exclusively attend former White schools, have little exposure to the low-income Black majority, and are vastly overrepresented in elite public and private schools. We argue that in South Africa and other contexts with under-resourced education systems, elite capture of the few high-performing schools serves to reproduce race and class privilege.
Unraveling the complexity of rapid eye movement microstates: insights from nonlinear EEG analysis
Authors: Lu Yiqing , Yang Weiwei , Zhang Xiaoyun , Wu Liang , Li Yongcheng , Wang Xin , Huai Yaping 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is conventionally treated as a unified state, it comprises two distinct microstates: phasic and tonic REM. Recent research emphasizes the importance of understanding the interplay between these microstates, hypothesizing their role in transient shifts between sensory detachment and external awareness. Previous studies primarily employed linear metrics to probe cognitive states, such as oscillatory power, while in this study, we adopt Lempel-Ziv Complexity (LZC), to examine the nonlinear features of electroencephalographic (EEG) data from the REM microstates and to gain complementary insights into neural dynamics during REM sleep. Our findings demonstrate a noteworthy reduction in LZC during phasic REM compared to tonic REM states, signifying diminished EEG complexity in the former. Additionally, we noted a negative correlation between decreased LZC and delta band power, along with a positive correlation with alpha band power. This study highlights the potential of nonlinear EEG metrics, particularly LZC, in elucidating the distinct features of REM microstates. Overall, this research contributes to advancing our understanding of the complex dynamics within REM sleep and opens new avenues for exploring its implications in both clinical and nonclinical contexts.
Managing Legislative Drafting Projects by Applying Project Management Techniques
Authors: Alshebl Ramy Abdulaziz 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
One of the most utilized methodologies in achieving goals out of projects is through project management methodology offered by Project Management Institute. It has shown tremendous positive outcomes and high control in planning, executing, and closing of projects, which made it a mandatory in operating many projects and monitoring large teams within a specific period. In the legal sphere, project management has been introduced to support law firms and in-house legal department in organizations, however, the legislative field in legislative bodies of many states in the world has not yet introduced this mean of management in their projects. The legislative drafting project goes through many stages and interacts with several stakeholders, which requires a high sophisticated management and control of deliverables on a timely manner within allocated budget. This paper will explore how project management could apply to the process of managing the legislative drafting work, starting from the planning stage until the appraisal of the legislative draft for Royal approval. It has been applied as per the Saudi government procedure for drafting legislative proposals in a way that introduces this technique of management in detailed stages to enhance the efficiency of such intellectual projects. Although it has been applied to the Saudi governmental structure, it could be utilized to fit different states that want to better manage legislative drafting projects. Aiming to show the usefulness of project management methodologies in legislative drafting projects by introducing project management (PM) way of administration to the field of legislative drafting.
Defining Medical AI Competencies for Medical School Graduates: Outcomes of a Delphi Survey and Medical Student/Educator Questionnaire of South Korean Medical Schools
Authors: Lee Young-Mee , Kim Suyoun , Lee Young-Hee , Kim Hun-Sung , Seo Sung Wook , Kim Hwiyoung , Kim Kwang Joon 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Given the increasing significance and potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technology on health care delivery, there is an increasing demand to integrate AI into medical school curricula. This study aimed to define medical AI competencies and identify the essential competencies for medical graduates in South Korea.

Method
An initial Delphi survey conducted in 2022 involving 4 groups of medical AI experts (n = 28) yielded 42 competency items. Subsequently, an online questionnaire survey was carried out with 1,955 participants (1,174 students and 781 professors) from medical schools across South Korea, utilizing the list of 42 competencies developed from the first Delphi round. A subsequent Delphi survey was conducted with 33 medical educators from 21 medical schools to differentiate the essential AI competencies from the optional ones.

Results
The study identified 6 domains encompassing 36 AI competencies essential for medical graduates: (1) understanding digital health and changes driven by AI; (2) fundamental knowledge and skills in medical AI; (3) ethics and legal aspects in the use of medical AI; (4) medical AI application in clinical practice; (5) processing, analyzing, and evaluating medical data; and (6) research and development of medical AI, as well as subcompetencies within each domain. While numerous competencies within the first 4 domains were deemed essential, a higher percentage of experts indicated responses in the last 2 domains, data science and medical AI research and development, were optional.

Conclusions
This medical AI framework of 6 competencies and their subcompetencies for medical graduates exhibits promising potential for guiding the integration of AI into medical curricula. Further studies conducted in diverse contexts and countries are necessary to validate and confirm the applicability of these findings. Additional research is imperative for developing specific and feasible educational models to integrate these proposed competencies into pre-existing curricula.