bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Induced Tumor Suppressor MicroRNA MiR-34a Is Growth Promoting in EBV-Infected B Cells
Authors: Forte Eleonora , Salinas Raul E. , Chang Christina , Zhou Ting , Linnstaedt Sarah D. , Gottwein Eva , Jacobs Cassandra , Jima Dereje , Li Qi-Jing , Dave Sandeep S. , Luftig Micah A. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of primary human B cells drives their indefinite proliferation into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). B cell immortalization depends on expression of viral latency genes, as well as the regulation of host genes. Given the important role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating fundamental cellular processes, in this study, we assayed changes in host miRNA expression during primary B cell infection by EBV. We observed and validated dynamic changes in several miRNAs from early proliferation through immortalization; oncogenic miRNAs were induced, and tumor suppressor miRNAs were largely repressed. However, one miRNA described as a p53-targeted tumor suppressor, miR-34a, was strongly induced by EBV infection and expressed in many EBV and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected lymphoma cell lines. EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) was sufficient to induce miR-34a requiring downstream NF-κB activation but independent of functional p53. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-34a was not toxic in several B lymphoma cell lines, and inhibition of miR-34a impaired the growth of EBV-transformed cells. This study identifies a progrowth role for a tumor-suppressive miRNA in oncogenic-virus-mediated transformation, highlighting the importance of studying miRNA function in different cellular contexts.
Mice Deficient in STAT1 but Not STAT2 or IRF9 Develop a Lethal CD4+T-Cell-Mediated Disease following Infection with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Authors: Hofer Markus J. , Li Wen , Manders Peter , Terry Rachael , Lim Sue Ling , King Nicholas J. C. , Campbell Iain L. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTInterferon (IFN) signaling is crucial for antiviral immunity. While type I IFN signaling is mediated by STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9, type II IFN signaling requires only STAT1. Here, we studied the roles of these signaling factors in the host response to systemic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). In wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking either STAT2 or IRF9, LCMV infection was nonlethal, and the virus either was cleared (WT) or established persistence (STAT2 knockout [KO] and IRF9 KO). However, in the case of STAT1 KO mice, LCMV infection was lethal and accompanied by severe multiorgan immune pathology, elevated expression of various cytokine genes in tissues, and cytokines in the serum. This lethal phenotype was unaltered by the coabsence of the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) receptor and hence was not dependent on IFN-γ. Equally, the disease was not due to a combined defect in type I and type II IFN signaling, as IRF9 KO mice lacking the IFN-γ receptor survived infection with LCMV. Clearance of LCMV is mediated normally by CD8+T cells. However, the depletion of these cells in LCMV-infected STAT1 KO mice was delayed, but did not prevent, lethality. In contrast, depletion of CD4+T cells prevented lethality in LCMV-infected STAT1 KO mice and was associated with a reduction in tissue immune pathology. These studies highlight a fundamental difference in the role of STAT1 versus STAT2 and IRF9. While all three factors are required to limit viral replication and spread, only STAT1 has the unique function of preventing the emergence of a lethal antiviral CD4+T-cell response.
Personal, interpersonal and structural challenges to accessing HIV testing, treatment and care services among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgenders in Karnataka state, South India
Authors: Beattie Tara S H , Bhattacharjee Parinita , Suresh M , Isac Shajy , Ramesh B M , Moses Stephen 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundDespite high HIV prevalence rates among most-at-risk groups, utilisation of HIV testing, treatment and care services was relatively low in Karnataka prior to 2008. The authors aimed to understand the barriers to and identify potential solutions for improving HIV service utilisation.MethodsFocus group discussions were carried out among homogeneous groups of female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgenders, and programme peer educators in six districts across Karnataka in March and April 2008.Results26 focus group discussions were conducted, involving 302 participants. Participants had good knowledge about HIV and HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services, but awareness of other HIV services was low. The fear of the psychological impact of a positive HIV test result and the perceived repercussions of being seen accessing HIV services were key personal and interpersonal barriers to HIV service utilisation. Previous experiences of discrimination at government healthcare services, coupled with discriminatory attitudes and behaviours by VCT staff, were key structural barriers to VCT service uptake among those who had not been HIV tested. Among those who had used government-managed prevention of parent to child transmission and antiretroviral treatment services, poor physical facilities, long waiting times, lack of available treatment, the need to give bribes to receive care and discriminatory attitudes of healthcare staff presented additional structural barriers.ConclusionsEmbedding some HIV care services within existing programmes for vulnerable populations, as well as improving service quality at government facilities, are suggested to help overcome the multiple barriers to service utilisation. Increasing the uptake of HIV testing, treatment and care services is key to improving the quality and longevity of the lives of HIV-infected individuals.
Community advocacy groups as a means to address the social environment of female sex workers: a case study in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Punyam Swarup , Pullikalu Renuka Somanatha , Mishra Ram Manohar , Sandri Prashanth , Mutupuru Balakrishna Prasad , Kokku Suresh Babu , Parimi Prabhakar 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundTo examine the association between the presence of community advocacy groups (CAGs) and female sex workers' (FSWs) access to social entitlements and outcomes of police advocacy.MethodsData were used from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2010–2011 among 1986 FSWs and 104 NGO outreach workers from five districts of Andhra Pradesh. FSWs were recruited using a probability-based sampling from 104 primary sampling units (PSUs). A PSU is a geographical area covered by one outreach worker and is expected to have an active CAG as per community mobilisation efforts. The presence of active CAGs was defined as the presence of an active committee or advocacy group in the area (PSU). Outcome indicators included acquisition of different social entitlements and measures of police response as reported by FSWs. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations.ResultsAreas with active CAGs compared with their counterparts had a significantly higher mean number of FSWs linked to ration cards (12.8 vs 6.8; p<0.01), bank accounts (9.3 vs 5.9; p=0.05) and health insurance (13.1 vs 7.0; p=0.02). A significantly higher percentage of FSWs from areas with active CAGs as compared with others reported that the police treat them more fairly now than a year before (79.7% vs 70.3%; p<0.05) and the police explained the reasons for arrest when arrested the last time (95.7% vs 87%; p<0.05).ConclusionFSWs from areas with active CAGs were more likely to access certain social entitlements and to receive a fair response from the police, highlighting the contributions of CAGs in community mobilisation.
BL LAC POPULATION STUDY: EARLY RESULTS USING THE Fermi 11-MONTH CATALOG
Authors: GÉRARD LUCIE , PITA SANTIAGO , PUNCH MICHAEL , HENRI GILLES 
Published: April 2012

In the framework of AGN unification, BL Lacs and their parent population would share the same intrinsic characteristics, the observational differences being due to the orientation of the jet compared to our line of sight. BL Lacs would be those objects whose jet is oriented towards us, Doppler boosting the emission. The growing number of BL Lacs detected at HE (> 100 MeV) and VHE (> 100 GeV) is a challenge for this scheme, since the high values of Doppler factors needed to explain the emission of these sources imply a large density for the parent population. We studied the BL Lac source sample detected by Fermi after 11 months of observation. Using the data presented in Fermi's first AGN catalog, we put constraints on the intrinsic characteristics of this BL Lac population, such as the intrinsic luminosity and Lorentz factor distributions. Based on these results, we used Monte Carlo simulations to constrain the space density of the parent population and the jet opening angle.
Left Ventricular Longitudinal Function Predicts Life-Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmia and Death in Adults With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Diller Gerhard-Paul , Kempny Aleksander , Liodakis Emmanouil , Alonso-Gonzalez Rafael , Inuzuka Ryo , Uebing Anselm , Orwat Stefan , Dimopoulos Konstantinos , Swan Lorna , Li Wei , Gatzoulis Michael A. , Baumgartner Helmut 
Published: April 2012

Background—
Sudden cardiac death and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia remain a concern in adult patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Longitudinal left ventricular (LV) function is sensitive in detecting early myocardial damage and may have prognostic implications in this setting.

Methods and Results—

We included 413 tetralogy of Fallot patients (age, 36±13 years; QRS duration, 148±27 milliseconds; LV ejection fraction, 55±10%). A composite end point of sudden cardiac death/life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia (sustained ventricular tachycardia, resuscitated sudden cardiac death, or appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator discharge) was used. During a median follow-up of 2.9 years, 5 patients died suddenly, 9 had documented sustained ventricular tachycardia, and another 5 had appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks. On univariate Cox analysis, QRS duration (hazard ratio [HR], 1.02 per 1 ms;
P
=0.046), right atrial area (HR, 1.05 per 1 cm
2
;
P
=0.02), right ventricular fractional area change (HR, 0.94 per 1%;
P
=0.02), right ventricular outflow tract diameter (HR, 1.08 per 1 mm;
P
=0.01), mitral annular plane systolic excursion (HR, 0.84 per 1 mm;
P
=0.03), and LV global longitudinal 2-dimensional strain (HR, 0.87 per 1%;
P
=0.03) were related to the combined end point. On bivariable analysis, mitral annular plane systolic excursion and LV global longitudinal 2-dimensional strain were related to outcome independently of QRS duration (
P
=0.002 and
P
=0.01, respectively). In addition, a combination of echocardiographic variables, including right atrial area, right ventricular fractional area change, and LV global longitudinal 2-dimensional strain or mitral annular plane systolic excursion, was also found to be significantly related to outcome (
P
<0.001; c statistic, 0.70).

Conclusions—
LV longitudinal dysfunction was associated with greater risk of sudden cardiac death/life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. In combination with echocardiographic right heart variables, also available from routine echocardiography, these measures provide important outcome information and should be considered a useful adjunct to established markers such as QRS duration in the estimation of prognosis in this challenging population.
Asian Origin of Interannual Variations of Summer Climate over the Extratropical North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Zhao Ping , Yang Song , Wu Renguang , Wen Zhiping , Chen Junming , Wang Huijun 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe authors have identified an interannual relationship between Asian tropospheric temperature and the North Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) during summer (May–September) and discussed the associated features of atmospheric circulation over the Atlantic–Eurasian region. When tropospheric temperature is high (low) over Asia, positive (negative) SST anomalies appear in the extratropical North Atlantic. This relationship is well supported by the changes in background atmospheric circulation and ocean–atmosphere–land thermodynamic processes. When heat transfer from the land surface to the atmosphere over Asia strengthens, local tropospheric temperature increases and positive temperature anomalies propagate westward from Asia to the North Atlantic, leading to an increase in summer tropospheric temperature over the Atlantic–Eurasian region. Accordingly, a deep anomalous ridge occurs over the extratropical North Atlantic Ocean, with low-level southerly anomalies over the western portion of the ocean. Sensitivity experiments with climate models show that the interannual variations of the North Atlantic–Eurasian atmospheric circulation may not be forced by the extratropical Atlantic SST. Instead, experiments with changing Asian land surface heating capture the above observed features of atmospheric circulation anomalies, westward propagation of tropospheric anomalies, and Atlantic SST anomalies. The consistency between the observational and model results indicates a possible impact of Asian land heating on the development of atmospheric circulation and SST anomalies over the Atlantic–Eurasian region.
Atmospherically Forced Exchange through the Bab el Mandeb Strait
Authors: Johns William E. , Sofianos Sarantis S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The exchange between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean on synoptic time scales (days to weeks) is investigated using moored current meter data collected in the strait of Bab el Mandeb from June 1995 to November 1996. Transport variations through the strait on these time scales can reach amplitudes of up to 0.6 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), or nearly twice as large as the mean rate of exchange through the strait driven by annual evaporation over the Red Sea. The synoptic transport variability appears to be driven by two primary forcing mechanisms: 1) local wind stress variability over the strait and 2) variation in the large-scale barometric pressure over the Red Sea. Simple models of the forced response are developed and are shown to reproduce the essential features of the observations. The response to barometric pressure forcing over the Red Sea is fundamentally barotropic, whereas the response to along-strait winds is barotropic at high frequencies and tends toward a two-layer exchange at low frequencies. The responses to both types of forcing show enhanced amplitude at the Helmholtz resonance frequency for the Red Sea, which occurs at a period of about 5 days. A linear two-layer model, incorporating both types of forcing and a reasonable frictional parameterization, is shown to account for about 70% of the observed transport variance within the strait.
The Cascade of Tidal Energy from Low to High Modes on a Continental Slope
Authors: Kelly Samuel M. , Nash Jonathan D. , Martini Kim I. , Alford Matthew H. , Kunze Eric 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The linear transfer of tidal energy from large to small scales is quantified for small tidal excursion over a near-critical continental slope. A theoretical framework for low-wavenumber energy transfer is derived from “flat bottom” vertical modes and evaluated with observations from the Oregon continental slope. To better understand the observations, local tidal dynamics are modeled with a superposition of two idealized numerical simulations, one forced by local surface-tide velocities and the other by an obliquely incident internal tide generated at the Mendocino Escarpment 315 km southwest of the study site. The simulations reproduce many aspects of the observed internal tide and verify the modal-energy balances. Observed transfer of tidal energy into high-mode internal tides is quantitatively consistent with observed turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation. Locally generated and incident simulated internal tides are superposed with varying phase shifts to mimic the effects of the temporally varying mesoscale. Altering the phase of the incident internal tide alters (i) internal-tide energy flux, (ii) internal-tide generation, and (iii) energy conversion to high modes, suggesting that tidally driven TKE dissipation may vary between 0 and 500 watts per meter of coastline on 3–5-day time scales. Comparison of observed in situ internal-tide generation and satellite-derived estimates of surface-tide energy loss is inconclusive.
L’imaginaire au cœur du développement psycho-spirituel des jeunes: une réflexion interdisciplinaire sur la spiritualité de l’enfance et de la pré-adolescence
Authors: Bellehumeur Christian R. , Deschênes Gervais , Malette Judith 
Published: April 2012

Le présent article1 porte sur l’apport de l’imaginaire dans le développement psycho-spirituel des jeunes, enfants et pré-adolescents. Cette problématique s’insère dans le contexte de la société québécoise contemporaine ; deux changements sociaux récents en ce qui a trait à l’éducation des jeunes y sont présentés. Pour traiter de cette question, nous faisons appel aux principales théories du développement de l’enfant qui ont largement décrit les différents stades développementaux. Il sera question de leurs limites, et surtout de leurs forces, dont certaines ont proposé des éléments, comme l’imagination – qui se rapproche et se distingue de l’imaginaire – qui font écho à l’élan naturel des enfants d’être tournés dès leur naissance vers le spirituel. Nous présentons également la théorie de Gilbert Durand (1992 [1960]) de l’imaginaire. Enfin, nous terminerons avec une brève réflexion théologique de l’importance de considérer l’imaginaire dans le développement de la foi. In this article, we look at the contribution of the “imaginary” to the psycho-spiritual development of children and pre-adolescents. We also look at two recent social changes in education, in the province of Quebec, which could possibly have an impact on this very development. Main theories of child development are also used to better understand children’s propensity towards spirituality, as well as Gilbert Durand’s theory (1992 [1960]) on anthropological structures of the “imaginary.” We conclude with a theological reflection on the importance of the “imaginary” for faith development.
Philosophy of (Lived) Religion
Authors: Strenski Ivan 
Published: April 2012

The cohabitation of philosophy with the study of religion has such a long history that we have not been motivated to consider the terms of that relationship. This paper proposes that this relationship needs to be examined radically. That is to say it proposes to query the nature, or possible natures, of the relationship of philosophy to the study of religion by posing such questions as the following: What kind of philosophy belongs in the study of religion? Constructive? Critical? Does philosophy have an independent role in the study of religion or does it, rather, best play the role of ‘handmaiden’? To the extent that philosophy plays an integral part in the study of religion, how should philosophy reflect the global and cross-cultural nature of the study of religion? To what extent does a philosophy that is integral to the study of religion need to change in order to reflect the philosophical agendas integral to other religions than Christianity? La cohabitation de la philosophie avec l’étude de la religion a une si longue histoire que nous ne nous sommes pas penchés sur les termes de cette relation. Cet article montre le besoin d’un examen radical de cette relation. C’est-à-dire qu’il propose d’interroger la nature, ou les natures possibles, de la relation que la philosophie entretient avec l’étude de la religion à partir de plusieurs questions: Quels types de philosophie font partie de l’étude de la religion? Constructive? Critique? La philosophie a-t-elle un rôle indépendant dans l’étude de la religion ou est-elle plutôt dans le rôle de « servir » ? Dans la mesure où la philosophie est une partie intégrante de l’étude de la religion, comment la philosophie devrait-elle refléter la nature mondiale et culturellement croisée de l’étude de la religion ? Dans quelle mesure, une philosophie faisant partie intégrante de l’étude de la religion doit-elle être transformée de façon à rendre compte des programmes des religions autres que la Chrétienté?
Kinds, Classes, and Clumps: A Preliminary Typology of Concepts and some Implications for the Study of Religions
Authors: Alles Gregory D. 
Published: April 2012

Much mischief has been done in thinking about religion by a general failure to attend to the different kinds of concepts that the brain employs and the capabilities of each kind. The general assumption seems to have been instead that concepts are, or should be, all of the same kind. This paper attempts to redress that failure by offering a preliminary typology of concepts. It identifies three types: kinds, classes, and clumps, defined in terms of ‘essences’ (generative mechanisms), features, and (generally unbounded) sets of instances, respectively. It also points to degree of inferentiality as a property of these types that can be especially useful for thinking about religion, kinds being inference-rich, classes inference-fixed, and clumps inference-indeterminate. Although careful reflection at times transforms clumps into kinds or classes, it can also lead to the recognition that a putative kind or class may be better considered a clump. An example of the latter—hardly the only one—may be the term ‘religion.’ It is neither necessary nor possible for careful reflection entirely to abandon clump concepts for kinds and classes. Scholars do, however, need to exercise care in what they use each type of concept to try to do. Bien des erreurs ont été commises à propos de la religion à cause d’une incapacité générale à s’attacher aux différentes sortes de concepts que le cerveau utilise et les capacités de chacune. Il semble que la supposition générale ait été que tous les concepts doivent être de la même sorte. Cet article cherche à remédier à cette incapacité en offrant une typologie préliminaire des concepts. Il identifie trois sortes : les types, les classes et les agrégats, définis respectivement en termes d’ ‘essences’ (mécanismes génératifs), de traits et de séries de cas (généralement illimités). L’article nous amène également à envisager le degré d’ ‘inférentialité’ comme propriété de chacune de ces différentes sortes qui nous permettent de penser la religion : les types étant ainsi riches en ‘inférentialité’, les classes ayant une ‘inférentialité’ fixe, tandis que l’ ‘inférentialité’ des agrégats demeure indéterminée. Bien qu’une attention méticuleuse puisse à certains moments transformer les agrégats en types ou en classes, elle peut aussi nous amener à reconnaître qu’un type ou une classe supposée pourrait être considérée plutôt comme un agrégat. Un exemple de ce dernier cas de figure —loin d’être isolé— pourrait être le terme de ‘religion’. Il n’est pas nécessaire ni possible dans une réflexion soutenue d’abandonner le concept d’agrégat au profit des types ou des classes. Il est cependant nécessaire de porter une attention soutenue à la façon dont chaque concept est utilisé et à ce qui en est fait.