bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Severely degraded high mountain vegetation recovers under different levels of wild herbivore grazing pressure, 1991–2021
Authors: Kirkpatrick Jamie B. , Bridle Kerry L. 
Published: May 2024

Context It is important to understand the way in which wild herbivore grazing affects decadal vegetation dynamics after cessation of unnatural disturbances, especially in a context of climate change. Aims We investigated the decadal effects of different grazing regimes on treeless subalpine vegetation recovery from stock grazing and burning, on sites of different environmental character and initial state. Methods At each of four sites, two fenced areas that excluded mammalian herbivores, two that allowed in only rabbits and two grazed control plots were monitored every 5 years between 1991 and 2021. General linear models were developed to explain variation in change over the 30 years in different cover types. The years in which peak and trough values occurred were also determined, as were the incidence and direction of differences between treatments in sites and years. Key results There was marked variation in change over 30 years between the sites and lifeforms. Exclusion of mammalian herbivores increased the slow rate of revegetation. There was little effect from rabbits by themselves. Unexpectedly, the cover of both short and tall herbs was not promoted by grazing exclusion. Short term climatic variation affected some cover types, with many peaks and troughs in the dry year of 2001, but it was not possible to disentangle decades scale climate change effects from the process of recovery after disturbance. Conclusions The slight increase in revegetation rates in the absence of native herbivores and rabbits does not justify culling. Restoration interventions appear to be unnecessary. The prospect of increasing fire incidence and deer numbers suggests that it is desirable to continue monitoring the plots.
Low-Energy Spin Excitations in Detwinned FeSe
Authors: Liu 刘 Ruixian 瑞鲜 , Nakamura Mitsutaka , Kamazawa Kazuya , Lu 鲁 Xingye 兴业 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Antiferromagnetic spin fluctuation is regarded as the leading driving force for electron pairing in high-T
c superconductors. In iron-based superconductors, spin excitations at low energy range, especially the spin-resonance mode at E
R ∼ 5k
B
T
c, are important for understanding the superconductivity. Here, we use inelastic neutron scattering (INS) to investigate the symmetry and in-plane wave-vector dependence of low-energy spin excitations in uniaxial-strain detwinned FeSe. The low-energy spin excitations (E < 10 meV) appear mainly at
Q
= (±1, 0) in the superconducting state (T ≲ 9 K) and the nematic state (T ≲ 90 K), confirming the constant C
2 rotational symmetry and ruling out the C
4 mode at E ≈ 3 meV reported in a prior INS study. Moreover, our results reveal an isotropic spin resonance in the superconducting state, which is consistent with the s
± wave pairing symmetry. At slightly higher energy, low-energy spin excitations become highly anisotropic. The full width at half maximum of spin excitations is elongated along the transverse direction. The Q-space isotropic spin resonance and highly anisotropic low-energy spin excitations could arise from dyz
intra-orbital selective Fermi surface nesting between the hole pocket around Γ point and the electron pockets centered at M
X point.
Evaluation of the single-frequency variometric approach based on low-cost GNSS observations and different satellite combinations for detecting short-term dynamic behaviors
Authors: Bahadur Berkay , Bezcioglu Mert , Yigit Cemal Ozer 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis study presents the capability of the single-frequency (SF) variometric approach (VA) technique with low-cost GNSS observations to detect short-term dynamic behaviors. Harmonic oscillations with amplitudes between 5 and 20 mm and frequencies between 0.3 and 5.0 Hz were generated employing a single-axis shake table to investigate the performance of the SF-VA technique in the structural health monitoring (SHM) system. Besides, a Mw 6.9 Kobe, 1995 earthquake simulation was generated using the shake table to analyze the SF-VA performance for the earthquake early warning (EEW) system. A low-cost u-blox ZED-F9P GNSS receiver and ANN-MB-00 patch antenna were used to collect GNSS observations at a 20 Hz sampling rate during the experiments. The observations were processed using the MATLAB-based open-source PPPH-VA software in real-time (RT) mode, considering eight different satellite combinations. The capability of the SF-VA technique to detect horizontal dynamic behaviors in RT mode was investigated in the frequency and time domains, accepting the displacements from the linear variable differential transformer sensor as a reference. The results in the frequency domain demonstrate that the SF-VA technique with low-cost GNSS observations can successfully detect the peak frequency value of short-term harmonic oscillations up to 5 Hz. Moreover, time domain findings emphasize that the short-time dynamic oscillations can be determined with the SF-VA technique with an accuracy ranging from 0.8 to 6.4 mm. Earthquake simulation experiment results demonstrate that the strong ground motions caused by mega earthquakes can be determined at mm-level by the SF-VA method. The results of both experiments show that multi-GNSS observations contribute to the SF-VA technique considerably. Overall, the findings reveal that the SHM and EEW systems can be operated with low-cost GNSS receivers, and the natural frequency of the man-made structures and accurate displacement values of seismic waveforms can be determined in RT with the SF-VA technique.
PCO and hardware delay calibration for LEO satellite antenna downlinking navigation signals
Authors: Liu Jiawei , Wang Kan , El-Mowafy Ahmed , Yang Xuhai 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Augmentation of the Global Navigation Satellite System by low earth orbit (LEO) satellites is a promising approach benefiting from the advantages of LEO satellites. This, however, requires errors and biases in the satellite downlink navigation signals to be calibrated, modeled, or eliminated. This contribution introduces an approach for in-orbit calibration of the phase center offsets (PCOs) and code hardware delays of the LEO downlink navigation signal transmitter/antenna. Using the satellite geometries of Sentinel-3B and Sentinel-6A as examples, the study analyzed the formal precision and bias influences for potential downlink antenna PCOs and hardware delays of LEO satellites under different ground network distributions, and processing periods. It was found that increasing the number of tracking stations and processing periods can improve the formal precision of PCOs and hardware delay. Less than 3.5 mm and 3 cm, respectively, can be achieved with 10 stations and 6 processing days. The bias projections of the real-time LEO satellite orbital and clock errors can reach below 3 mm in such a case. For near-polar LEO satellites, stations in polar areas are essential for strengthening the observation model.
Lifetime measurements in the yrast band of 187Hg
Authors: Bhushan Ravi , Pandey Anand , Rohilla Aman , Kumar A , Govil I M , Chamoli S K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Lifetimes of excited nuclear states in 187Hg have been measured using the 159Tb (32S, p3n)187Hg reaction at a beam energy of 154 MeV at the Inter University Accelerator Center, Delhi. In the experiment, the lifetimes of the five lowest yrast states have been determined using the recoil distance Doppler-shift (RDM) method. The extracted transition quadrupole moments show a sharp increase with increasing level spin, indicating a major shape transition happening in this nucleus. For a better insight into the predicted shape coexistence picture in 187Hg nucleus, the experimental results are compared with the results of the total Routhian surface calculations. The results indicate the shifting of deformed structures from weakly prolate at low-spins to strongly prolate at high spins in 187Hg nucleus.
A general method for the estimation of moments of substitution number in molecular evolution
Authors: Houchmandzadeh Bahram 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The random variable ‘substitution number’ N

t
, i.e.the number of mutations that have accumulated in a sequence under neutral evolution during a time t, is a cornerstone of the field of molecular evolution. We show here that a complete solution of the moments of this random variable can be obtained explicitly by recurrence, using a simple matrix shift method. This result leads to simple expressions for both the short and long time limits of the moments that can be computed directly from the substitution matrix used to model the neutral evolution. The method developed here is also used to compute the moments of the complementary variable, T

n
, the time it takes to accumulate n mutations. The method we develop here necessitates only elementary operations on the substitution matrix and does not involve spectral decomposition.
Exploring the effect of ELM and code-coupling frequencies on plasma and material modeling of dynamic recycling in divertors
Authors: Lasa A. , Park J.-S. , Lore J. , Blondel S. , Bernholdt D.E. , Canik J.M. , Cianciosa M. , Coburn J. , Curreli D. , Elwasif W. , Guterl J. , Hoffman J. , Park J.M. , Sinclair G. , Wirth B.D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Integrated modeling of plasma-surface interactions provides a comprehensive and self-consistent description of the system, moving the field closer to developing predictive and design capabilities for plasma facing components. One such workflow, including descriptions for the scrape-off-layer plasma, ion-surface interactions and the sub-surface evolution, was previously used to address steady-state scenarios and has recently been extended to incorporate time-dependence and two-way information flow. The new model can address dynamic recycling in transient scenarios, such as the application presented in this paper: the evolution of W samples pre-damaged by helium and exposed to ELMy H-mode plasmas in the DIII-D DiMES. A first set of simulations explored the effect of ELM frequency. This study was discussed in detail in this conference’s proceedings and is summarized here. The 2nd set of simulations, which is the focus of this paper, explores the effect of code-coupling frequency. These simulations include initial SOLPS solutions converged to the inter-ELM state, ion impact energy (E
in) and angles (A
in) calculated by hPIC2, and an improved heat transfer description in Xolotl. The model predicts increases in particle fluxes and decreases in heat fluxes by 10%–20% with the coupling time-step. Compared with the first set of simulations, the less shallow impact angle leads to smaller reflection rates and significant D implantation. The higher fraction of implanted flux (and deeper), in particular during ELMs, increases the accumulated D content in the W near-surface region. Future expansion of the workflow includes coupling to hPIC2 and GITR to ensure accurate descriptions of E
in and A
in, and W impurity transport.
Measurement-based carbon intensity of US offshore oil and gas production
Authors: Gorchov Negron Alan M , Kort Eric A , Plant Genevieve , Brandt Adam R , Chen Yuanlei , Hausman Catherine , Smith Mackenzie L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The United States (US) produces oil and gas from six offshore regions: the North Slope of Alaska, Cook Inlet in Alaska, offshore California, and three Gulf of Mexico (GOM) sub-regions: state shallow, federal shallow, and deep waters. Measurement-based assessment of direct greenhouse gas emissions from this production can provide real-world information on carbon emissions to inform decisions on current and future production. In evaluating the climate impact of production, the carbon intensity (CI, the ratio of greenhouse gases emitted compared to the energy of fuels produced) is often used, though it is rarely quantified with measurements. Here, we complete an observational evaluation of the US offshore sector and present the largest current set of measurement-based CIs. We collected airborne measurements of methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides from the North Slope, Cook Inlet, and California and combined with prior GOM results. For Alaska and California, we found emissions agree with facility-level inventories, however, the inventories miss some facilities. The US offshore CI, on a 100 year GWP basis, is 5.7 g CO2e/MJ[4.5, 6.8, 95% confidence interval]. This is greater than double the CI based on the national US inventory, with the discrepancy attributed primarily to methane emissions from GOM shallow waters, with a methane dominated CI of 16[12, 22] for GOM federal shallow waters and 43[25–65] for state shallow waters. Regional intensities vary, with carbon dioxide emissions largely responsible for CI on the North Slope 11[7.5, 15], in Cook Inlet 22[13, 34], offshore California 7.2[3.2, 13], and in GOM deep waters 1.1[1.0, 1.1]. These observations indicate offshore operations outside of the GOM in the US have modest methane emissions, but the CI can still be elevated due to direct carbon dioxide emissions. Accurate assessment of different offshore basins, with differing characteristics and practices, is important for the climate considerations of expanded production.
Particle-in-cell simulations of EUV-induced hydrogen plasma in the vicinity of a reflective mirror
Authors: ZHANG 张 Yuqiang 宇强 , YU 余 Xingang 新刚 , YE 叶 Zongbiao 宗标 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations were performed in this work to study the dynamics of the EUV-induced hydrogen plasma. The Monte-Carlo Collision (MCC) model was employed to deal with the collisions between charged particles and background gas molecules. The dynamic evolution of the plasma sheath, as well as the flux and energy distribution of ions impacting on the mirror surface, was discussed. It was found that the emission of secondary electrons under the EUV irradiation on the ruthenium mirror coating creates a positively charged wall and then prevents the ions from impacting on the mirror and therefore changes the flux and energy distribution of ions reaching the mirror. Furthermore, gas pressure has a notable effect on the plasma sheath and the characteristics of the ions impinging on the mirrors. With greater gas pressure, the sheath potential decreases more rapidly. The flux of ions received by the mirror grows approximately linearly and at the same time the energy corresponding to the peak flux decreases slightly. However, the EUV source intensity barely changes the sheath potential, and its influence on the ion impact is mainly limited to the approximate linear increase in ion flux.
Gender, Caste, and Class in South India's Technical Institutions
Authors: Hebbar N. Nandini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
With a wide arc that encompasses the ‘institutional big men’ who run the colleges to the micropolitics of friendship and the suitability of relationships among youth, this volume is a deep dive into the world of engineering colleges. The book attempts to make sense of the engineering college boom in South India that was largely fuelled by the growth of the IT industry as well as the aspirations, complexities, and crises emerging from the boom. Both office- and temple-like, these colleges are symbolic of a distinctive aspirational culture that reveres the engineering profession. This book tries to map the historical antecedents of that culture, the contemporary contexts created by it, and the diverse lived experiences in these spaces. What does it mean to live in such a setting for four years, especially as a young woman? What does it mean to study and make friends here? How are gender differences reinforced through language, rules, regulations, surveillance, and control? Drawing on young people’s narratives of upward social mobility, crafting respectability, and notions of being adult, this book attempts to hold a mirror to the fraught social landscape of the education sector. By centring young people’s desires, tensions, anxieties, and processes of self-construction, the book moves the theoretical emphasis from engineering college ‘subject’ to ‘subjectivities’, and brings to the fore the ways in which youth is experienced in higher education.
Manufacturing Respectability
Authors: Hebbar N. Nandini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers is common in every region in the world. Despite performing well academically in science and math, women are underrepresented, underpaid, and likely to exit STEM career sooner than men because of ubiquity of biases and stereotypes working against them, both at home and in the work place. In India, although women enroll for STEM subjects almost in party with men, they face major hurdles when it comes to pursuing their careers: the traditional secondary status of women or the fear that they will engage in transgressions that emerges as a major hurdle in the completion of their education. In addition to caste and class biases, gender difference is reinforced through language, rules, regulations, surveillance, and control. This chapter examines how women sustain their higher education only under conditions of being able to enhance their family’s respectability. Colleges run by one’s own caste association are able to guarantee these conditions through various rules. Though women strategize to escape, reject, or negotiate the boundaries imposed on them, many are forced to discontinue their studies when found to exceed the ‘allowances’ made for them.
Negotiating Intimate Risk
Authors: Hebbar N. Nandini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
It is important to capture processes of love pandrudu (doing love) based on the premise that the space of an institution is not limited to technical education, but is also an important aspect of young people’s social lives as they romance, experiment with sexuality, and seek sexual and marriage partners. The chapter pays special attention to students’ articulations of caste and profession in relation to choice of intimate partners, and to gendered subjectivities within heterosexual relationships. The choices made by young people illustrate the reproduction of certain class, caste, and gender orthodoxies, even as they attempt to move away from caste-based occupations to an urban-based profession.
Miike Takashi’s Crows Zero and adaptive authorship revisited
Authors: Sun Yi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This article contributes to the scholarship on Japanese director Miike Takashi, who has gained increasing international recognition over the past two decades. Through a case study of Miike’s manga-inspired live-action film, Crows Zero (2007), I delve into specific aspects of the film’s settings, especially poetry and linguistic sings, to explore authorship from a comparative perspective and its manifestation in transmedia adaptation. This analysis draws upon Thomas Leitch’s concept of adaptive authorship and rethinks the historical dichotomy between the auteur and the metteur-en-scène, as originally delineated by François Truffaut. By arguing that Miike’s role in the film is neither a mere adapter lacking creativity nor a consistent artist, and by highlighting instances of directorial authorship in the film’s nuanced details, I question the tendency in film studies that adaptive authorship is often overshadowed by, and eventually integrated into, auteurship to the point where it can only be examined within broader auteurist analyses. Thus, this case study underscores the advantages of an adapter-based approach over an auteurist one, suggesting that moving beyond the doctrines of consistency and coherence may facilitate the identification of authorship from different perspectives.
Identification and characterization of long non-coding RNAs in mammary gland tissues of Chinese Holstein cows
Authors: Wang Yanru , Liang Yan , Xia Yuxin , Wang Mengqi , Zhang Huimin , Li Mingxun , Yang Zhangping , Karrow Niel A , Mao Yongjiang 
Published: May 2024

AbstractLncRNAs (Long non-coding RNA) is an RNA molecule with a length of more than 200 bp. LncRNAs can directly act on mRNA, thus affecting the expression of downstream target genes and proteins, and widely participate in many important physiological and pathological regulation processes of the body. In this study, RNA-Seq was performed to detect lncRNAs from mammary gland tissues of three Chinese Holstein cows, including three cows at 7 d before calving and the same three cows at 30 d postpartum (early lactation stage). A total of 1,905 novel lncRNAs were detected, 57.3% of the predicted lncRNAs are ≥ 500 bp and 612 lncRNAs are intronic lncRNAs. The exon number of lncRNAs ranged from 2 to 10. A total of 96 lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between two stages, of which 47 were upregulated and 49 were downregulated. Pathway analysis found that target genes were mainly concentrated on the ECM-receptor interaction, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and TGF-beta signaling pathway. This study revealed the expression profile and characteristics of lncRNAs in the mammary gland tissues of Holstein cows at non-lactation and early lactation periods, and provided a basis for studying the functions of lncRNAs in Holstein cows during different lactation periods.
Smart Cap
Authors: Karp Larry , Traeger Christian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Policymakers’imperfect knowledge about firms’ abatement costs leads to inefficient regulation, reducing the welfare gains from carbon markets around the world. We introduce a “smart” cap and trade system that eliminates these costs. This cap responds endogenously to technology or macroeconomic shocks, relying on the market price of certificates to aggregate information. It allows policy makers to modify existing institutions to achieve more efficient emissions reductions. The paper also shows that the slow diffusion of technology innovations typically makes the optimal carbon price a much steeper function of emissions than suggested by the Social Cost of Carbon.