bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self at the Heart of Trust: The Global Relevance of an Interactionist Understanding of Trust as a Form of Association
Authors: Weber Linda R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTrust is a way of organizing one’s relationship to the other, an orientation that exemplifies Simmel’s form of association of the second order. Whereas much has been said about the “further element” that distinguishes trust from confidence, I argue that the missing element is self. Confidence building is an inherently systemic or institution relevant function; in contrast, trust emerges in relationship to the self of the role-occupant, for this individual is the interface between these larger structures and the other. Providing fertile grounds for trust, confidence is not trust. Both may place the individual at risk; however, trust places the self at risk. In this paper, I examine the relevance of this self-oriented approach to trust in the context of increasing globalization as diverse selves cross national boundaries.
Abduction with (Dis)honor: Sovereigns, Brigands, and Heroes in the Ottoman World
Authors: Peirce Leslie 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis essay is interested in the ways in which acts of abduction, their significations, and the identities of abductors changed over the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. At the start of this period, abduction was a positive force for the honor and reputation of the Ottoman sultanate, but it gradually turned into an act that threatened the state’s authority. Powerful abductors—those whose deeds aroused public admiration or alarm, or perhaps both—are our principal subject. If at the start of the sixteenth century abduction was an act that could enhance a monarch’s renown, it was losing its force as emblematic conduct of the royal victor. By the mid-century, the ideal sultan was less a warrior of legendary prowess than a prudent statesman more interested in treaties with his enemies than personal violence against them. Moreover, he was now the prosecutor of abduction. Around 1540, imperial law began to crack down on abduction by prescribing the dire punishment of castration. As if in response, the uses of abduction as a public assertion of honor, power and valor began to be appropriated by opponents of the government’s vision of order—rebels and disaffected servants of the state.
“Convenient to the Piety of Our Signoria and to the Honor of the Lord God”: Gender and Institutional Honor on the Early Modern Dalmatian Frontier
Authors: Dursteler Eric 
Published: July 2011

AbstractConversion was a common phenomenon in the early modern Mediterranean, and in most instances, individual apostasies from Islam or Christianity warranted minimal response. The conversion of women, however, and particularly women of status, elicited a more significant reaction. Both Ottoman and Venetian ruling elites attributed particular significance to female spiritual peril, partly because of cultural assumptions about women’s weakness and lack of spiritual fortitude, but also because of the sexual peril that was assumed to accompany conversion. As a result, rulers responded to such threats institutionally in a much more determined fashion, in order to defend the woman’s virtue and the honor of her family, but also to preserve the reputation of the state and the honor of its male rulers. A close reading of a case from the Veneto-Ottoman frontier in Dalmatia demonstrates that just as the protection of wives and daughters was an essential measure of the honor of a family’s men, so too, the honor of the state, its institutions, and its rulers was uniquely bound to the defense of the faith and virtue of its female subjects.
Muslims in Christian Countrysides: Reassessing Exaricus Tenures in Eastern Iberia
Authors: Barton Thomas W. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article re-examines a form of tenancy on Christian-ruled lands in eastern Iberia usually held by Muslims, termed exarici in Latin documentation, that has received little focused attention or trans-regional analysis. Some previous scholarship has insisted that Exaricus tenures were relatively uniform adaptations of pre-conquest Andalusi agricultural practices that consequently could not carry a juridical status. This study instead argues that in at least some sectors of the countryside there were two forms of Exaricus tenures with different institutional origins and circumstances. Subsets of each of these groups of tenants suffered from servile conditions instituted by landlords, custom, or contracts. Using overlooked and reinterpreted evidence drawn from multiple regions and time periods, this article finds that Exaricus tenures were highly diversified, shaped by lords and prospective tenants in response to shifts in the land and labor markets, and thus should not be described as conforming to generalized, universal characteristics.
Disclosure of Medical Data to Relatives after the Patient’s Death: Recent Legal Developments with Respect to Relatives’ Entitlements in The Netherlands.
Authors: Bongers L.M.H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn the Netherlands the physician is still bound to professional confidentiality after the patient’s death. However, in the legal doctrine and in case law some exceptions have been recognized, especially for circumstances where the relatives have a legitimate interest in the inspection of medical records of the deceased. Today developments as regards the Dutch proposal to new legislation on patients’ rights, notably the proposed insertion of a provision stipulating the conditions under which the relatives have a right of access to medical records of the deceased, give cause for renewed consideration of this issue related to legal protection after death. This article explores whether the proposed provision corresponds to the prevailing principles regarding disclosure of medical data after death. It is concluded that there is a need to reconsider the provision’s wording or to adhere to self-regulation of the Royal Dutch Medical Association in order to strike an appropriate balance between the various interests concerned.
Wind energy: a technology that is still evolving
Authors: Milborrow D J 
Published: June 2011

Wind energy is developing very rapidly and over 30 GW of capacity was installed worldwide in 2009. It is also continuing to mature, with rotor diameters and ratings steadily increasing. Now there are several commercial designs available with rotor diameters exceeding 100 m and ratings exceeding 5 MW. Although the majority of developments are installed onshore, offshore wind is slowly taking off and there are plans for around 40 GW in Great Britain alone. The rapid growth has been accompanied by better understanding of the design issues, so that blades, towers, and other components are now lighter than they were 30 years ago and can be produced more efficiently. The most significant trend in recent years has been the move towards direct-drive generators, eliminating gearboxes that have, at times, been troublesome. Permanent magnet generators are delivering further weight savings, and research that is funded both by governments and manufacturers promises to deliver further improvements in cost effectiveness.
SHP2 tyrosine phosphatase stimulates CEBPA gene expression to mediate cytokine-dependent granulopoiesis
Authors: Zhang Li , Friedman Alan D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractG-CSF signals contribute to granulocyte lineage specification. We previously found that G-CSF induces SHP2 tyrosine phosphorylation and that chemical inhibition of SHP1/SHP2 reduces CFU-G and prevents G-CSF but not M-CSF activation of ERK. We now find that SHP2 shRNA knockdown in the 32Dcl3 granulocytic line reduces ERK activation, diminishes CEBPA protein and RNA expression and promoter histone acetylation, and inhibits granulopoiesis. Exogenous, shRNA-resistant SHP2 rescues these effects of SHP2 knockdown, exogenous C/EBPα rescues granulocytic markers, and exogenous RUNX1 rescues C/EBPα. 32Dcl3 lines with knockdown of ERK1 and ERK2 retain normal levels of C/EBPα and differentiate normally in G-CSF despite also having reduced proliferation. SHP2 knockdown reduces CEBPA levels in lineage-negative murine marrow cells cultured in TPO, Flt3 ligand, and SCF, without affecting the rate of cell expansion. On transfer to IL-3, IL-6, and SCF to induce myelopoiesis, levels of granulocytic RNAs are reduced and monocyte-specific RNAs are increased by SHP2 knockdown, and there is a reduction in the percentage of CFU-G that form in methylcellulose and of granulocytes that develop in liquid culture. In summary, SHP2 is required for induction of C/EBPα expression and granulopoiesis in response to G-CSF or other cytokines independent of SHP2-mediated ERK activation.
Cytokine-induced osteopoietic differentiation of transplanted marrow cells
Authors: Otsuru Satoru , Rasini Valeria , Bussolari Rita , Hofmann Ted J. , Dominici Massimo , Horwitz Edwin M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTransplantation of whole bone marrow (BMT) leads to engraftment of both osteoprogenitor cells and hematopoietic cells; however, the robust osteopoietic chimerism seen early after BMT decreases with time. Using our established murine model, we demonstrate that a post-BMT regimen of either granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, or stem cell factor each stimulates greater donor osteoblast chimerism at 4 months posttransplantation than saline-treated controls and approximates the robust osteopoietic chimerism seen early after BMT; however, only growth hormone led to significantly more donor-derived osteocytes than controls. Importantly, there were no adverse hematologic consequences of the different treatments. Our data demonstrate that these cytokines can stimulate the differentiation of transplanted donor marrow cells into the osteopoietic lineage after BMT. Post-BMT cytokine therapy may generate durable osteopoietic engraftment, which should lead to sustained clinical benefit and render BMT more applicable to bone disorders.
MicroRNA function in myeloid biology
Authors: O'Connell Ryan M. , Zhao Jimmy L. , Rao Dinesh S. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The past 5 years have seen an explosion of knowledge about miRNAs and their roles in hematopoiesis, cancer, and other diseases. In myeloid development, there is a growing appreciation for both the importance of particular miRNAs and the unique features of myelopoiesis that are being uncovered by experimental manipulation of miRNAs. Here, we review in detail the roles played by 4 miRNAs, miR-125, miR-146, miR-155, and miR-223 in myeloid development and activation, and correlate these roles with their dysregulation in disease. All 4 miRNAs demonstrate effects on myelopoiesis, and their loss of function or overexpression leads to pathologic phenotypes in the myeloid lineage. We review their functions at distinct points in development, their targets, and the regulatory networks that they are embedded into in the myeloid lineage.
Reproductive health for refugees by refugees in Guinea IV: Peer education and HIV knowledge, attitudes, and reported practices
Authors: Woodward Aniek , Howard Natasha , Souare Yaya , Kollie Sarah , von Roenne Anna , Borchert Matthias 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
Both conflict and HIV affect sub-Saharan Africa, and supportive approaches for HIV prevention among refugees are crucial. Peer education has been associated with improved HIV outcomes, though relatively little research has been published on refugee settings. The primary objective of this study was to assess whether exposure to refugee peer education was associated with improved HIV knowledge, attitudes, or practice outcomes among refugees in Guinea. Secondary objectives were to assess whether gender, age, or formal education were more strongly associated than peer education with improved HIV outcomes.

Methods
Data was collected by cross-sectional survey from 889 reproductive-age men and women in 23 camps in the Forest Region of Guinea. Selected exposures (i.e. peer education, gender, formal education, age) were analysed for associations with HIV outcomes using logistic regression odds ratios (OR).

Results
Most participants (88%) had heard of HIV, particularly those exposed to peer or formal education. Most correctly identified ways to protect themselves, while maintaining misconceptions about HIV transmission. Women and those exposed to either peer or formal education had significantly fewer misconceptions. Half of participants considered themselves at risk of HIV, women with 52% higher odds than men (adjusted OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.01-2.29). Participants exposed to peer education had more than twice the odds of reporting having made HIV-avoidant behavioural changes than unexposed participants (72% versus 58%; adjusted OR 2.49, 95%CI 1.52-4.08). While women had 57% lower odds than men of reporting HIV-avoidant behavioural changes (OR 0.43, 95%CI 0.31-0.60), women exposed to peer education had greater odds than exposed men of reporting HIV-avoidant changes (OR 2.70 versus OR 1.95). Staying faithful (66%) was the most frequent behavioural change reported.

Conclusions
Peer education was most strongly associated with reported HIV-avoidant behaviour change. Gender was most associated with HIV knowledge and risk perception. Refugee women had fewer misconceptions than men had, but were more likely to report HIV risk and less likely to report making behavioural changes. Peer education appears promising for HIV interventions in chronic-emergency settings, if gender disparities and related barriers to condom usage are also addressed.
An unusual case of congenital melanocytic nevus presenting as neurocutaneous melanoma coexisting with Tuberous Sclerosis complex: A case report
Authors: Rai Santosh , Kalakoti Piyush , Syed MM Aarif , Thacker Purujit J , Jain Rishi , Kalra Gaurav 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Introduction
Congenital melanocytic nevi are among the several known risk factors for the development of melanoma. Neurocutaneous melanosis is a rare, congenital, non-hereditary disorder characterized by the presence of multiple and/or giant congenital melanocytic nevi. It is a rare condition, with fewer than 200 cases reported in the literature. Its association with tuberous sclerosis complex, a form of the neurocutaneous syndrome, is an unusual finding which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been documented in the English literature so far. Herein we present the first case documenting such an association in a 16-year-old post-pubertal Indian girl.

Case presentation
In this report, we describe the case of a 16-year-old Indian girl who presented to our hospital with swelling on the scalp which had progressed from the hairline to just above the left brow, causing mechanical ptosis. She was born with a black-pigmented triangular patch covered with hair over the scalp which had increased in size over a period of eight years after birth. An X-ray of her skull and ultrasonography revealed soft tissue swelling in the left temporofrontoparietal region. Magnetic resonance imaging of her brain showed the presence of 8.99 cm × 2.26 cm abnormal signal intensity involving the scalp, a few small tubers with cortical dysplasia in the left frontoparietal region with asymmetric dilatation, and the presence of calcified subependymal nodules within the left lateral ventricle. These findings were suggestive of tuberous sclerosis. A histopathological examination of the swelling was suggestive of congenital melanocytic nevi. The patient underwent surgery. Excision of the tumor with primary skin grafting was done, with the graft being taken from the medial aspect of the right thigh.

Conclusion
This case warrants further research to provide concrete evidence of an association of neurocutaneous melanoma with tuberous sclerosis complex. Research should be conducted to prove whether this is an unusual association or a new syndrome. Also, similar cases in other parts of the globe should be documented, as they would provide substantial support for such an association.
Developmental evolution of flowering plant pollen tube cell walls: callose synthase (CalS) gene expression patterns
Authors: Abercrombie Jason M , O'Meara Brian C , Moffatt Andrew R , Williams Joseph H 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
A number of innovations underlie the origin of rapid reproductive cycles in angiosperms. A critical early step involved the modification of an ancestrally short and slow-growing pollen tube for faster and longer distance transport of sperm to egg. Associated with this shift are the predominantly callose (1,3-β-glucan) walls and septae (callose plugs) of angiosperm pollen tubes. Callose synthesis is mediated by callose synthase (CalS). Of 12 CalS gene family members in Arabidopsis, only one (CalS5) has been directly linked to pollen tube callose. CalS5 orthologues are present in several monocot and eudicot genomes, but little is known about the evolutionary origin of CalS5 or what its ancestral function may have been.

Results
We investigated expression of CalS in pollen and pollen tubes of selected non-flowering seed plants (gymnosperms) and angiosperms within lineages that diverged below the monocot/eudicot node. First, we determined the nearly full length coding sequence of a CalS5 orthologue from Cabomba caroliniana (CcCalS5) (Nymphaeales). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated low CcCalS5 expression within several vegetative tissues, but strong expression in mature pollen. CalS transcripts were detected in pollen tubes of several species within Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales, and comparative analyses with a phylogenetically diverse group of sequenced genomes indicated homology to CalS5. We also report in silico evidence of a putative CalS5 orthologue from Amborella. Among gymnosperms, CalS5 transcripts were recovered from germinating pollen of Gnetum and Ginkgo, but a novel CalS paralog was instead amplified from germinating pollen of Pinus taeda.

Conclusion
The finding that CalS5 is the predominant callose synthase in pollen tubes of both early-diverging and model system angiosperms is an indicator of the homology of their novel callosic pollen tube walls and callose plugs. The data suggest that CalS5 had transient expression and pollen-specific functions in early seed plants and was then recruited to novel expression patterns and functions within pollen tube walls in an ancestor of extant angiosperms.
Increased B-type natriuretic peptide and decreased proteinuria might reflect decreased capillary leakage and is associated with a better outcome in patients with severe burns
Authors: de Leeuw Karina , Nieuwenhuis Marianne K , Niemeijer Anuschka S , Eshuis Hans , Beerthuizen Gerard IJM , Janssen Wilbert M 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Introduction
It is difficult to adjust fluid balance adequately in patients with severe burns due to various physical changes. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is emerging as a potential marker of hydration state. Proteinuria is used as a predictor of outcome in severe illness and might correlate to systemic capillary leakage. This study investigates whether combining BNP and proteinuria can be used as a guide for individualized resuscitation and as a predictor of outcome in patients with severe burns.

Methods
From 2006 to 2009, 38 consecutive patients (age 47 ± 15 years, 74% male) with severe burns were included and followed for 20 days. All had normal kidney function at admission. BNP and proteinuria were routinely measured. Ordered and actually administered fluid resuscitation volumes were recorded. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was used as the measure of outcome.

Results
BNP increased during follow-up, reaching a plateau level at Day 3. Based on median BNP levels at Day 3, patients were divided into those with low BNP and those with high BNP levels. Both groups had comparable initial SOFA scores. Patients with high BNP received less fluid from Days 3 to 10. Furthermore, patients with a high BNP at Day 3 had less morbidity, reflected by lower SOFA scores on the following days. To minimize effects of biological variability, proteinuria on Days 1 and 2 was averaged. By dividing the patients based on median BNP at Day 3 and median proteinuria, patients with high BNP and low proteinuria had significantly lower SOFA scores during the entire follow-up period compared to those patients with low BNP and high proteinuria.

Conclusions
Patients with higher BNP levels received less fluid. This might be explained by a lower capillary leakage in these patients, resulting in more intravascular fluid and consequently an increase in BNP. In combination with low proteinuria, possibly reflecting minimal systemic capillary leakage, a high BNP level was associated with a better outcome. BNP and proteinuria have prognostic potential in severely burned patients and may be used to adjust individual resuscitation.
Continuity of supply of psychiatric medicines for newly received prisoners
Authors: Hassan Lamiece , Senior Jane , Edge Dawn , Shaw Jenny 
Published: June 2011

Aims and methodA retrospective case-note review was undertaken at five English prisons between June 2008 and March 2009 to estimate the proportion of psychiatric medicines (antidepressants, antipsychotics and hypnotics/anxiolytics) reported at prison reception that are discontinued on entry to prison.ResultsOf the 1006 records sampled, the review showed that 18% of prisoners had been prescribed psychiatric medication before being placed in custody. Altogether, 240 separate psychiatric medicines were recorded among prisoners at reception. Of these, 47% were not prescribed during the first week of custody. In only 11% of cases where medication was discontinued had psychiatric assessment been completed.Clinical implicationsPrison mental health policy states that psychiatric medication should not be withdrawn in custody without proper clinical assessment. Denial of medication in the absence of clinical assessment during early custody has the potential to create additional stress in individuals during a period of increased vulnerability and risk.