bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boundary Work and the Complexity of Natural Resources Management
Authors: Mollinga Peter P. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses how research on natural resources management systems can address the complexity of such systems. Three different types of complexity are identified: ontological, societal, and analytical. Significant ideas for “dealing with complexity” are extracted from U.S., Swiss, and U.K. literature on inter‐ and transdisciplinary research. Based on this, the “boundary work” framework is presented to systematically think through complexity challenges. The framework suggests that inter‐ and transdisciplinary research on natural research management requires three types of work: (i) the development of suitable boundary concepts that allow thinking of the multidimensionality of NRM issues; (ii) the configuration of adequate boundary objects as devices and methods that allow acting in situations of incomplete knowledge, nonlinearity, and divergent interests; and (iii) the shaping of conducive boundary settings in which these concepts, devices, and methods can be fruitfully developed and effectively put to work. The ideas presented are illustrated with an example of a research program on sustainable land and water management in Uzbekistan. The concluding section highlights three issues important for increasing the effectiveness of inter‐ and transdisciplinary research on natural resources management.
Eco‐efficient Agriculture: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Keating Brian A. , Carberry Peter S. , Bindraban Prem S. , Asseng Senthold , Meinke Holger , Dixon John 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTEco‐efficiency in the simplest of terms is about achieving more with less—more agricultural outputs, in terms of quantity and quality, for less input of land, water, nutrients, energy, labor, or capital. The concept of eco‐efficiency encompasses both the ecological and economic dimensions of sustainable agriculture. Social and institutional dimensions of sustainability, while not explicitly captured in eco‐efficiency measures, remain critical barriers and opportunities on the pathway toward more eco‐efficient agriculture. This paper explores the multidimensionality of the eco‐efficiency concept as it applies to agriculture across diverse spatial and temporal scales, from cellular metabolisms through to crops, farms, regions, and ecosystems. These dimensions of eco‐efficiency are integrated through the presentation and exploration of a framework that explores an efficiency frontier between agricultural outputs and inputs, investment, or risk. The challenge for agriculture in the coming decades will be to increase productivity of agricultural lands in line with the increasing demands for food and fiber. Achieving such eco‐efficiency, while addressing risk and variability, will be a major challenge for future agriculture. Often, risk will be a critical issue influencing adoption; it needs explicit attention in the diagnosis and intervention steps toward enhancing eco‐efficiency. To ensure food security, systems analysis and modeling approaches, combined with farmer‐focused experimentation and resource assessment, will provide the necessary robust approaches to raise the eco‐efficiency of agricultural systems.
Television Discourse and Situation Comedy
Authors: Attallah Paul 
Published: March 2010

Abstract: This essay is a condensed version of a chapter from the late Paul Attallah's unpublished doctoral dissertation “TV before TV” (1987) at McGill University. It is published to commemorate the first anniversary of his death. It is an approach to the analysis of television discourse as one that does not question its own epistemo-ideological categories, but rather has tended to view television primarily as a technology capable of producing certain determinate effects. The author takes the example of the sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies to illustrate television micro-practices below the threshold of the dominant TV discourse; for instance that, as Beverly Hillbillies refused to rise above or transcend the sitcom genre, it spoke the great absence in television criticism at the time—the recognition of TV as still fundamentally an “unworthy discourse.”
Diplomats and the Civil War at Sea
Authors: Carroll Francis M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract: The Civil War created problems for Anglo-American relations as Confederate interests attempted to build commerce raiders in British shipyards and to provide blockade-runners to service the Southern economy. US consuls in such key places as Liverpool and Bermuda were instrumental in attempting to stop this traffic by diplomatic means. Confederate commerce raiders, most notably the Alabama and the Shenandoah, were able to put to sea and caused great damage to the Northern merchant fleet, for which the British government was eventually held responsible. The Union Navy, led by figures like Admiral David Glasgow Farragut, found that the capture of Southern ports, such as New Orleans, Mobile, and Wilmington, were the most effective way of stopping blockade-runners. The naval war was a major theatre of operations during the Civil War and secondarily also endangered US relations with Britain.
Survey of Salmonella serovars in broilers and laying breeding reproducers in east of Algeria
Authors: Ammar Ayachi , Alloui Nadir , Bennoune Omar , Kassah-Laouar Ahmed 
Published: March 2010

Background: Avian salmonellosis affects the poultry industry in underdeveloped and in developed countries. The aim of this study was to identify the most common Salmonella serovars in broilers and laying breeding reproducers in Eastern Algeria according to the ISO 6579 method. Methodology: A total of 294 samples were obtained from two flocks of 10,000 broilers and laying breeding reproducers. Samples included livers and spleens, drag swabs of bottom boxes of young chickens, cloacal swabs, and faecal samples of chickens. Additional samples were also taken from water, feed and dusty surfaces. Results and conclusions: Only the cloacal swabs, poultry faeces and samples from dusty surfaces were positive for Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Livingstone with a detection rate of 12% and 1.6% respectively. The results showed evidence of legislative failure regarding biosafety within the poultry industry in the area of Batna, Eastern Algeria.
Complications and Efficiency of Liver Biopsies using the Tru-Cut Biopsy Gun
Authors: Cevik Figen Caglan , Aykin Nevil , Naz Hasan 
Published: March 2010

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the complications and quality of the specimens of percutaneous liver biopsy in patients with chronic viral hepatitis who were scheduled for treatment and also to evaluate the contribution of the knowledge of ultrasound guided (USG) biopsy localization to the existing data. Methodology: Liver biopsies conducted at our clinic between 2003 and 2008 were retrospectively evaluated. In 53.8% of the cases, hepatobiliary USG was performed to mark the localization of the biopsy site. An automatically triggered Tru-Cut biopsy gun was used. Results: Biopsies waere taken from the livers of 236 patients (46.6% male, 53.4% female) with a mean age of 47.1 ± 12.5 years. The majority of patients had hepatitis C (61.9%); 1.6% experienced major complications (3 patient biliary peritonitis, 1 patient liver bleeding); 52.1% of the samples were ≥ 1 cm in length; And 69.7% of the biopsy samples with specified portal area had ≥ 4 portal areas. There was no statistically significant difference between the patients with localized and non-localized biopsy site in terms of major complications and length of biopsy samples ( respectively p = 1.000, p = 0.209 ). Conclusion: We believe that percutaneous liver biopsy using Tru-Cut biopsy gun can be peformed safely, with complications in 1.6% of the procedures. The length of the biopsy specimen is shorter than ideal values. Evaluation of the patients with and without USG-guided biopsy revealed no significant difference in terms of major complications and specimen size.
Analysis of chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules in cytomegalovirus-positive renal transplant recipients
Authors: Obeid Obeid E , Alzahrani Alhusain J 
Published: March 2010

Background: The relationship among cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and the serum level of chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules is not well studied. This study aimed to assess chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules in CMV-positive Saudi renal transplant recipients. Methodology: The study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Eastern Saudi Arabia over a 12-month period. All kidney transplant recipients who regularly attended the nephrology clinics were included (n = 150). Randomly selected age- and sex-matched individuals served as a control group (n = 158). CMV antibodies (IgG and IgM), chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules were measured using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CMV viral DNA was detected using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Of the 150 patients studied, 149 (n = 150) had detectable levels of Anti-CMV IgG antibodies (99.3%). In the control group, 113 (n = 158), blood donors had anti-CMV IgG antibodies (71.5%). Forty-one (n = 150) kidney transplant recipients were positive for anti-CMV IgM antibodies (27.3%), whereas only one (n = 158) blood donor had detectable anti-CMV IgM antibodies. All IgM positive samples contained CMV viral DNA. MCP-1, IL-8, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 levels were measured using ELISA. Of those, only MCP-1 and IL-8 were detectable. Eighteen kidney transplant recipients were positive for MCP-1 (12%). All MCP-1 patients were also anti-CMV IgM positive, while 5 patients had detectable levels of IL-8 (3.3%). All these patients were CMV IgM-positive. Conclusions: The increase in chemokine levels during CMV infection may reflect a possible role for these molecules in the immunopathogenesis of CMV infection in this study population.
Quality of the Transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cell Response Induced by Adenoviral Vector Immunization Is Critically Influenced by Virus Dose and Route of Vaccination
Authors: Holst Peter Johannes , Ørskov Cathrine , Thomsen Allan Randrup , Christensen Jan Pravsgaard 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Adenoviral vectors have been widely used for experimental gene therapy and vaccination, yet there is a surprising lack of knowledge connecting the route and dose of adenovirus administration to the induced transgene-specific immune response. We have recently demonstrated polyfunctional CD8+ T cells and protective memory responses using adenoviral vectors, which seem to contrast with recent reports suggesting that an exhausted CD8+ T cell phenotype is induced by inoculation with adenoviral vectors. Accordingly, we investigated the route and dose interrelationship for transgene-specific CD8+ T cells using adenoviral vectors encoding β-galactosidase applied either s.c. or i.v. Irrespective of the route of inoculation, most of the adenoviral inoculum was found to disseminate systemically as the dose was raised beyond 109 particles. The number of transgene-specific CD8+ T cells correlated positively with dissemination, whereas the functional capacity of the generated T cells correlated inversely with vector dissemination. A comparison of the immune response to s.c. or i.v. administration at moderate doses revealed that inoculation by both routes induced a transient peak of IFN-γ–producing CD8+ T cells 2 to 3 wk postinfection, but following i.v. administration, these cells were only detected in the liver. Two to four months after systemic, but not peripheral, immunization, dysfunctional transgene-specific CD8+ T cells impaired in both cytokine production and important in vivo effector functions, accumulated in the spleen. These findings indicate that the localization of the adenoviral inoculum and not the total Ag load determines the quality of the CD8+ T cell response induced with adenoviral vaccines.
Dynamic Regulation of CD8 T Cell Tolerance Induction by Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells
Authors: Schurich Anna , Berg Martina , Stabenow Dirk , Böttcher Jan , Kern Michaela , Schild Hans-Jörg , Kurts Christian , Schuette Verena , Burgdorf Sven , Diehl Linda , Limmer Andreas , Knolle Percy A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Cross-presentation of soluble Ag on MHC class I molecules to naive CD8 T cells by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) leads to induction of T cell tolerance that requires interaction between coinhibitory B7-H1 on LSECs and programmed cell death-1 on CD8 T cells. In this study, we investigate whether cross-presentation of high as well as low Ag concentrations allowed for LSEC-induced tolerance. Ag concentration directly correlated with the cross-presentation capacity of murine LSECs and thus strength of TCR stimulation. Although LSEC cross-presentation at low-Ag concentrations resulted in tolerance, they induced differentiation into effector T cells (CTL) at high-Ag concentrations. CTL differentiation under these conditions was not caused by increased expression of costimulatory CD80/86 on cross-presenting LSECs but was determined by early IL-2 release from naive CD8 T cells. B7-H1 signals from LSECs and TCR avidity reciprocally controlled early T cell release of IL-2 and CTL differentiation. B7-H1 expression directly correlated with cross-presentation at low- but not high-Ag concentrations, indicating an imbalance between TCR and coinhibitory signals regulating T cell release of IL-2. Exogenous IL-2 overrode coinhibitory B7-H1–mediated signals by LSECs and induced full CTL differentiation. Our results imply that LSEC-mediated T cell tolerance can be broken in situations where T cells bearing high-avidity TCR encounter LSECs cross-presenting high numbers of cognate MHC class I peptide molecules, such as during viral infection of the liver. Furthermore, we attribute a novel costimulatory function to IL-2 acting in a T cell autonomous fashion to promote local induction of immunity in the liver even in the absence of CD80/86 costimulation.
Essential Role of IL-17A in the Formation of a Mycobacterial Infection-Induced Granuloma in the Lung
Authors: Okamoto Yoshida Yuko , Umemura Masayuki , Yahagi Ayano , O’Brien Rebecca L. , Ikuta Koichi , Kishihara Kenji , Hara Hiromitsu , Nakae Susumu , Iwakura Yoichiro , Matsuzaki Goro 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Granulomas play an essential role in the sequestration and killing of mycobacteria in the lung; however, the mechanisms of their development and maturation are still not clearly understood. IL-17A is involved in mature granuloma formation in the mycobacteria-infected lung. Therefore, IL-17A gene-knockout (KO) mice fail to develop mature granulomas in the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-infected lung. This study analyzed the mechanism of IL-17A–dependent mature granuloma formation in the mycobacteria-infected lung. The IL-17A KO mice showed a normal level of nascent granuloma formation on day 14 but failed to develop mature granulomas on day 28 after the BCG infection in the lung. The observation implies that IL-17A is required for the maturation of granuloma from the nascent to mature stage. TCR γδ T cells expressing TCR Vγ4 or Vγ6 were identified as the major IL-17A–producing cells that resided in the BCG-induced lung granuloma. The adoptive transfer of the IL-17A–producing TCR γδ T cells reconstituted granuloma formation in the IL-17A KO mice. The expression of ICAM-1 and LFA-1, which are adhesion molecules important in granuloma formation, decreased in the lung of the BCG-infected IL-17A KO mice, and their expression was induced on BCG-infected macrophages in coculture with IL-17A–producing TCR γδ T cells. Furthermore, IL-17A KO mice showed not only an impaired mature granuloma formation, but also an impaired protective response to virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, IL-17A produced by TCR γδ T cells plays a critical role in the prevention of M. tuberculosis infection through the induction of mature granuloma formation.
Model Calibration
Authors: Cont Rama 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA derivative pricing model is said to be calibrated to a set of benchmark instruments if the value of these instruments, computed in the model, correspond to their market prices.Model calibrationis the procedure of selecting model parameters in order to verify the calibration condition. Model calibration can be viewed as theinverse problemassociated with the pricing of derivatives. In the theoretical situation where prices of call options are available for all strikes and maturities, the calibration problem can be explicitly solved using an inversion formula. In real situations, given a finite (and often sparse) set of derivative prices, model calibration is an ill‐posed problem whose solution often requires aregularizationmethod. We discuss various—deterministic and stochastic—algorithms for solving them.
The Aerobic Oxidation ofp‐Xylene to Terephthalic acid: A Classic Case of Green Chemistry in Action
Authors: Partenheimer Walt , Poliakoff Martyn 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMethods of Making Terephthalic Acid Using Stoichiometric ReagentsMethods for Preparing Terephthalic Acid Using Cobalt Acetate and Dioxygen in Acetic AcidAdding Bromide to Improve Terephthalic Acid Production Using Cobalt and Manganese Acetates in Acetic AcidPotential Processes Using Water as a SolventSummary and Final Comments
tert‐Butanesulfinylphosphines: Simple Chiral Ligands in Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Electron‐Deficient Olefins
Authors: Lang Feng , Li Dong , Chen Junmin , Chen Jun , Li Liangchun , Cun Linfeng , Zhu Jin , Deng Jingen , Liao Jian 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn efficient rhodium complex catalyst system was developed by using a class of simple tert‐butanesulfinylphosphines as bidentate ligands, which solely bear sulfur chirality and combine the advantages of both sulfoxide and phosphine ligands. Excellent activities (in 0.5 hour, up to 99% yield) and enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) were displayed in Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric 1,4‐additions under mild conditions.
Recognizing contributions in wikis: Authorship categories, algorithms, and visualizations
Authors: Arazy Ofer , Stroulia Eleni , Ruecker Stan , Arias Cristina , Fiorentino Carlos , Ganev Veselin , Yau Timothy 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWikis are designed to support collaborative editing, without focusing on individual contribution, such that it is not straightforward to determine who contributed to a specific page. However, as wikis are increasingly adopted in settings such as business, government, and education, where editors are largely driven by career goals, there is a perceived need to modify wikis so that each editor's contributions are clearly presented. In this paper we introduce an approach for assessing the contributions of wiki editors along several authorship categories, as well as a variety of information glyphs for visualizing this information. We report on three types of analysis: (a) assessing the accuracy of the algorithms, (b) estimating the understandability of the visualizations, and (c) exploring wiki editors' perceptions regarding the extent to which such an approach is likely to change their behavior. Our findings demonstrate that our proposed automated techniques can estimate fairly accurately the quantity of editors' contributions across various authorship categories, and that the visualizations we introduced can clearly convey this information to users. Moreover, our user study suggests that such tools are likely to change wiki editors' behavior. We discuss both the potential benefits and risks associated with solutions for estimating and visualizing wiki contributions.
Simple pharmacometric tools for oral anti‐diabetic drug development: competitive landscape for oral non‐insulin therapies in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Samtani Mahesh N. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe objectives were to develop a translational model that will help select doses for Phase‐3 trials based on abbreviated Phase‐2 trials and understand the competitive landscape for oral anti‐diabetics based on efficacy, tolerability and ability to slow disease progression. Data for eight anti‐diabetics with temporal profiles for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from 12 publications were digitized. The monotherapy data consisted of FPG and HbA1c profiles that were modeled using a transit compartment model. Evaluation of the competitive landscape utilized HbA1c literature data for 11 drugs. For the safety metric, tolerability issues with anti‐diabetic drug classes were tabulated. For disease progression, the coefficient of failure method was used for assessing data from two long‐term trials. The transit rate constants were remarkably consistent across 12 trials and represent system‐specific/drug‐independent parameters. The competitive landscape analysis showed that the primary efficacy metric fell into two groups of ΔHbA1c: >0.8% or ∼0.8%. On the safety endpoints, older agents showed some tolerability issues while the new agents were relatively safe. Among the different drug classes, only the thiazolidinediones appeared to slow disease progression but may also increase heart failure risk. In conclusion, the ability of system‐specific parameters to predict HbA1c provides a tool to predict the expected efficacy profile from abbreviated dose‐finding trials. To be commercially viable, new drugs should improve ΔHbA1c by about 0.8% or more and possess safety profiles similar to newer anti‐diabetic agents. Thus, this study proposes a suite of simple yet powerful tools to guide type‐2‐diabetes drug development. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of reduced prokaryotic genomes and the minimal cell concept: Variations on a theme
Authors: Delaye Luis , Moya Andrés 
Published: March 2010

AbstractProkaryotic genomes of endosymbionts and parasites are examples of naturally evolved minimal cells, the study of which can shed light on life in its minimum form. Their diverse biology, their lack of a large set of orthologous genes and the existence of essential linage (and environmentally) specific genes all illustrate the diversity of genes building up naturally evolved minimal cells. This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that sometimes the same essential function is performed by genes from different evolutionary origins. Nevertheless, all cells perform a set of life‐essential functions however different their cell machinery and environment in which they thrive. An upcoming challenge for biologists will be to discern, by studying differences and similarities in current biodiversity, how cells with reduced genomes have adapted while retaining all basic life‐supporting functions.