bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous and medically induced cerebrospinal fluid leakage in the setting of pituitary adenomas: review of the literature
Authors: Lam Grace , Mehta Vivek , Zada Gabriel 
Published: June 2012

Object
Spontaneous and medically induced CSF leaks are uncommonly associated with pituitary adenomas. The aim of this study was to further characterize the clinical scenarios most closely associated with this phenomenon.

Methods
A review of the literature was conducted to identify all cases of nonsurgical CSF leaks associated with pituitary adenomas. The authors aimed to identify associated risk factors and management strategies used to treat these tumors and repair the CSF leak site.

Results
Fifty-two patients with spontaneous or medically induced CSF leaks in the setting of a pituitary adenoma were identified from 29 articles published from 1980 through 2011. In 38 patients (73%), CSF rhinorrhea developed following initiation of medical therapy, whereas spontaneous CSF leakage developed as the presenting symptom in 14 patients (27%). The patients' mean age was 42.8 years (range 23–68 years). There were 35 males and 17 females. Forty-two patients (81%) had a prolactinoma, with the remaining patients having the following tumors: nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (6 patients), growth hormone–secreting adenoma (2 patients), mammosomatotroph cell adenoma (1 patient), and ACTH-secreting adenoma (1 patient). Infrasellar tumor invasion into the paranasal sinuses was specifically reported in 56% of patients. The medical agents associated with CSF leakage were dopamine agonists (97%) and somatostatin analogs (3%). The average time from initialization of medical treatment to onset of rhinorrhea was 3.3 months (range 3 days–17 months). Nonsurgical management was successful in 4 patients, including 1 who had successful resolution with a temporary lumbar drain. Forty-six patients (88%) underwent surgical intervention to treat the CSF leak and/or resect the tumor. In 2 patients, surgery was not performed due to medical contraindications or patient preference.

Conclusions
Nonsurgical development of CSF rhinorrhea may occur in the setting of pituitary adenomas, especially following favorable response of invasive prolactinomas to initiation of dopamine agonist therapy. Additional cases have been reported as the presenting symptom of a pituitary adenoma and are likely to be related to decreased tumor volume due to intrinsic infarction or hemorrhage, ongoing invasion, and/or increases in intracranial pressure. Surgical repair, preferentially via a transsphenoidal approach, is the recommended initial treatment for definitive repair of the CSF leak and achievement of maximal tumor resection.
Is posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula a predictor of posttraumatic meningitis? A US Nationwide Inpatient Sample database study
Authors: Sonig Ashish , Thakur Jai Deep , Chittiboina Prashant , Khan Imad Saeed , Nanda Anil 
Published: June 2012

Object
Various factors have been reported in literature to be associated with the development of posttraumatic meningitis. There is a paucity of data regarding skull fractures and facial fractures leading to CSF leaks and their association with the development of meningitis. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to elucidate the factors associated with the development of posttraumatic meningitis. A secondary goal was to analyze the overall hospitalization cost related to posttraumatic meningitis and factors associated with that cost.

Methods
The NIS database was analyzed to identify patients admitted to hospitals with a diagnosis of head injury from 2005 through 2009. This data set was analyzed to assess the relationship of various clinical parameters that may affect the development of posttraumatic meningitis using binary logistic regression models. Additionally, the overall hospitalization cost for the head injury patients who did not undergo any neurosurgical intervention was further categorized into quartile groups, and a regression model was created to analyze various factors responsible for escalating the overall cost of the hospital stay.

Results
A total of 382,267 inpatient admissions for head injury were analyzed for the 2005–2009 period. Meningitis was reported in 0.2% of these cases (708 cases). Closed skull base fractures, open skull base fractures, cranial vault fractures, and maxillofacial fractures were reported in 20,524 (5.4%), 1089 (0.3%), 5064 (1.3%), and 88,649 (23.2%) patients, respectively. Among these patients with fractures, meningitis was noted in 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.05%, and 0.10% admissions, respectively. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was reported in 453 head injury patients (0.1%) and CSF otorrhea in 582 (0.2%). Of the patients reported to have CSF rhinorrhea, 35 (7.7%) developed meningitis, whereas in the cohort with CSF otorrhea, 15 patients (2.6%) developed meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (p < 0.001, OR 22.8, 95% CI 15.6–33.3), CSF otorrhea (p < 0.001, OR 9.2, 95% CI 5.2–16.09), and major neurosurgical procedures (p < 0.001, OR 5.6, 95% CI 4.8–6.5) were independent predictors of meningitis. Further, CSF rhinorrhea (p < 0.001, OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.6–2.7), CSF otorrhea (p < 0.001, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.9–2.7), and posttraumatic meningitis (p < 0.001, OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.5–3.8) were independent factors responsible for escalating the cost of head injury in cases not requiring any major neurosurgical intervention.

Conclusions
Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and CSF otorrhea are independent predictors of posttraumatic meningitis. Furthermore, meningitis and CSF fistulas may independently lead to significantly increased cost of hospitalization in head injury patients not undergoing any major neurosurgical intervention.
Use of the 28-Joint Count Yields Significantly Higher Concordance Between Different Examiners Than the 66/68-Joint Count
Authors: GRUNKE MATHIAS , WITT MATTHIAS N. , RONNEBERGER MONIKA , SCHNEZ AMELIE , LAUBENDER RUEDIGER P. , ENGELBRECHT MATTHIAS , KAVANAUGH ARTHUR , SCHULZE-KOOPS HENDRIK 
Published: June 2012

Objective.Joint counts are the key outcome measure in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There is a great variability between different assessors of the same patient; this variability can be reduced by standardized training. The training effect is far less pronounced for the 66/68-joint count compared to the 28-joint count. We evaluated the reason for the higher interrater disagreement in the 66/68 compared to the 28-joint count.Methods.Participants in joint examination seminars evaluated a patient with RA before and after training in the European League Against Rheumatism technique. Joints were rated positive or negative for tenderness and swelling. The number of positive joints and the variability between examiners before and after the training were compared. Concordance was calculated for every single joint using the Fleiss-Kappa test.Results.In total, 256 health professionals were instructed in the 66/68-joint count and 84 in the 28-joint count. The disagreement between examiners was higher for swelling than for tenderness. After the training, there was a significant reduction of interrater variability, which was more pronounced in the 28 than in the 66/68-joint count. Comparisons between joint counts revealed that the joints of the feet were more likely to be rated negative, yet interrater disagreement was still high.Conclusion.Standardization of joint examination significantly reduces variability between assessors. The better performance of the 28-joint count is due to the lower number of joints examined, especially the foot joints, which remain difficult to assess reliably even after training.
Max Weber et l'anthropologie
Authors: Löwy Michael , Varikas Eleni 
Published: June 2012

Résumé Malgré la présence évidente d’analyses de type anthropologique dans ses écrits, Weber est rarement considéré comme anthropologue. Il nous semble cependant que le « moment anthropologique » est bel et bien une des composantes de son œuvre : une bonne partie de ses écrits porte sur les sociétés dites « archaïques ». Au fond, son projet scientifique – comment émerge la modernité rationnelle occidentale – ne prend sens que dans l’écart avec les sociétés non modernes, « primitives ». Weber est donc bien anthropologue, au sens où il rend raison des sociétés prémodernes, et de cette analyse découlent des concepts utiles pour comprendre la modernité. Anthropologie et sociologie sont inséparables d’une approche historique. Ce qui les distingue n’est pas tant la méthode ou les objets – religion, normes sociales, famille – que le type de société/communauté étudiée.
Les tontines favorisent-elles la performance des entreprises au Cameroun ?
Authors: Rozas Sonia Tello , Gauthier Bernard 
Published: June 2012

Résumé Les Associations d’épargne et de crédit rotatif (AECR), connues aussi sous le nom de tontines au Cameroun et en Afrique francophone, constituent l’une des formes d’organisation les plus populaires pour financer des projets dans les pays où l’accès au crédit est restreint. Dans cette étude, nous analysons l’effet de la participation aux tontines entrepreneuriales sur la performance des entreprises. À l’aide de données du secteur manufacturier, nous examinons, en particulier, l’hypothèse selon laquelle les réseaux sociaux auxquels les tontines sont associées permettent d’avoir accès à des fonds financiers, de surmonter les défaillances du marché formel ainsi que d’améliorer la performance entrepreneuriale. Nous observons que les tontines ont un effet positif et significatif sur la croissance de l’emploi et des ventes au sein des entreprises. De plus, les résultats étayent l’hypothèse selon laquelle les ressources tontinières servent principalement à financer les flux de trésorerie plutôt qu’à augmenter le capital ou qu’à réaliser des investissements. Classification JEL : 012, O17, G21
L'impact des aléas pluviométriques sur les disparités régionales de pauvreté au Sénégal
Authors: Cabral François Joseph 
Published: June 2012

Résumé Dans cet article, nous tentons d’évaluer l’impact de chocs pluviométriques sur la pauvreté à l’échelle des différentes zones agro-écologiques du Sénégal à l’aide d’un modèle d’équilibre général calculable dynamique dans lequel nous intégrons un indice qui capte les fluctuations pluviométriques. Les résultats de nos simulations attestent que l’impact d’une mauvaise pluviométrie est davantage ressenti par les ruraux des zones agro-écologiques du bassin arachidier, de la zone sylvo-pastorale et de la Casamance, relativement plus dépendantes de la pluviométrie dans leurs activités de production. Compte tenu des liens inter-branches entre l’agriculture et le reste de l’économie, les urbains, en particulier ceux résidant hors de la capitale, sont également affectés. En revanche, lorsque surviennent des périodes d’excédents pluviométriques, l’incidence de la pauvreté baisse chez toutes les catégories de ménages. Classification JEL : Q1, O13, I3, C6
Within-crown distribution, attack, and germination of Curculio occidentis-damaged and Cydia latiferreana-damaged Garry oak acorns in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Otvos Imre S. , Mills Doris A. , Conder Nicholas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractGarry oak, Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hooker (Fagaceae), is part of a unique ecosystem in British Columbia, Canada, which is rich in rare and endangered plant species. Garry oak recruitment is critical to the existence of this ecosystem, therefore, the effect of Curculio occidentis (Casey) (filbert weevil; Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham) (filbertworm; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on acorn germination is of great interest. Together these two insects infested 80.7%, 75.1%, and 51.3% of acorns collected in 1996, 1997 (low crop years), and 1998 (high crop year), respectively. Filbertworm infestation did not vary with crown level. Filbert weevil infestation did not vary with crown level during poor crop years, but significantly more filbert weevil-infested acorns were found in the lower than the middle and upper portions of the trees during the high crop year. Severely damaged acorns did not germinate, and acorns with light to moderate feeding damage had lower germination success than undamaged acorns, but growth of germinated seedlings in the light to moderate damage category was unaffected. This study showed, for the first time, that these two insect species infested a large proportion of Garry oak acorns on the tree in British Columbia, and that light to moderate damage of the acorn has relatively low impact on seedling growth.
The Syngeneic BT4C Rat Malignant Glioma is a Valuable Model to study Myelomonocytic cells in Tumors
Authors: Wirth Thomas , Ahmad Farizan , Pacholska Agnieszka , Samaranayake Haritha , Ylä-Herttuala Seppo 
Published: May 2012

Background The impact of infiltrating macrophages on tumor progression in malignant gliomas has been studied extensively. However, there is a lack of animal models for studying the role of infiltrating macrophages in malignant gliomas. Material and methods: The BT4C rat malignant glioma model was characterized by immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory cell types associated with the tumors. Results BT4C malignant gliomas are highly vascularized tumors with an infiltrative behavior. BT4C gliomas demonstrated a high infiltration rate of macrophages. Particularly, a CD68/VEGFR-1 positive subtype of macrophages was detected at the edges of malignant gliomas. Also, CD133 positive cells were located mainly at the infiltrative edges of gliomas, whereas VEGFR-2 was highly expressed throughout the malignant glioma. Conclusion The immunocompetent BT4C rat malignant glioma model shows features similar to its human counterpart, which makes it a valuable model to study the impact of tumor associated macrophages in the pathology of malignant gliomas.
The Sorin Freedom Stentless Pericardial Valve: Clinical and Echocardiographic Performance at 10 years
Authors: Milano Aldo D. , Dodonov Mikhail , Celiento Michele , Pizzuti Manuela , Golia Giorgio , Faggian Giuseppe , Bortolotti Uberto , Mazzucco Alessandro 
Published: June 2012

Objective: The Sorin Pericarbon Freedom (SPF) is a stentless valve made of pericardium clinically available in 1990. We report the clinical and hemodynamic performance of the SPF at 10 years. Methods: From April 2000 to December 2005, 85 patients with a mean age of 75 ± 6 years (range 57–86), underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) with an SPF. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 58 ± 10% (range 29–86%) and mean peak transvalvular gradient (PG) 86 ± 24 mm Hg. Clinical evaluation was performed at 3, 6, 12 months, and yearly thereafter. Results: There were 2 operative deaths (2.4%). Follow-up ranged from 2 to 135 months (mean 78 ± 32 months) and was 99% complete. There were 35 late deaths, 7 of which were valve-related, with an actuarial survival of 45 ± 8% at 10 years. Structural SPF deterioration occurred in 2 patients, with an actuarial freedom of 96 ± 3%. A total of 4 patients were re-operated, 2 because of structural deterioration, 1 because of endocarditis, and 1 because of sinotubular junction dilatation; freedom from reoperation was 93 ± 4% at 10 years. At last clinical control, 41 patients (89%) were in NYHA class I or II. Mean SPF effective orifice area varied from 1.55 ± 0.66 cm2 for size 21 mm to 2.33 ± 0.86 cm2 for size 27 mm; PG varied from 19 ± 10 mm Hg for size 21 mm to 11 ± 6 mm Hg for size 27 mm. Left ventricular mass index decreased from 213 ± 51 gm/m2 to 157 ± 436 gm/m2 (p<0.001). Conclusions: The SPF has demonstrated overall good results in terms of valve durability and freedom from valve-related complications up to 10 years, with excellent hemodynamic performance.
An Exploratory Study of Sleep Quality, Daytime Function, and Quality of Life in Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support
Authors: Casida Jesus M. , Brewer Robert J. , Smith Cheryl , Davis Jean E. 
Published: June 2012

Purpose: To identify and describe: (1) characteristics of sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life (QOL) pre and post implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD); (2) changes in sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and QOL at baseline and 6 months post implant; and (3) relationships among the sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and QOL variables. Methods: We employed an exploratory research design. Fifteen patients with continuous/non-pulsatile flow LVAD consented to partake in the study. However, only 12 patients completed the baseline and 6-month post-LVAD implant data. We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) to measure study variables. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 19.0 software. Results: Patients reported worse sleep quality accompanied by daytime sleepiness particularly at baseline, and persisting up to 6 months post LVAD implant. A significant improvement in QOL was observed at 6 months post implant, but remained at poor levels. Correlations among sleep disturbance and daytime dysfunction components of PSQI and global daytime sleepiness (ESS) with QOL were strong (Pearson's correlations r>.60; p values <.05). Conclusions: We report the first empirical data describing the characteristics and correlations among sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and QOL in patients with LVADs. Our findings offer beginning evidence about the sleep-QOL connection in this population which warrants attention in clinical practice and research. Further research is required to clearly elucidate these phenomena in patients with mechanical circulatory support and other implantable artificial organs.
Low-Dose Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Fujii Tomoko , Namba Yoshitomo , Fujitani Shigeki , Sasaki Jun , Narihara Kentarou , Shibagaki Yugo , Uchino Shigehiko , Taira Yasuhiko 
Published: June 2012

Background: Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is used increasingly to treat acute kidney injury (AKI), which is a common condition in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, the optimal CRRT dose for the treatment of AKI is still a matter of controversy This study was conducted to ascertain the minimal dose of CRRT that can be effective on AKI patient outcomes. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study in two ICUs of academic medical centers in Japan. Patients aged 15 years or older admitted to the ICUs from January 2007 to July 2010 and treated with CRRT for AKI during their ICU stay were included. Data were retrospectively collected from patient records. Patients were categorized by doses that were above (higher-dose group) or below (lower-dose group) the median. Major outcome measures were hospital mortality, ICU mortality, and renal recovery at hospital discharge. Results: 131 AKI patients were treated with continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) during the study period. The median dose of CVVHDF was 16 ml/kg per hr (IQR = 14 to 20). Hospital mortality was 44%, which was significantly lower than the predicted mortality (56%, p<0.01). Patients who received lower-dose CRRT tend to have lower mortality rates (36% vs. higher-dose 53%; p = 0.055). Conclusions: We found that low-dose CRRT did not increase mortality in critically ill patients with AKI. We also found that AKI patients treated with lower-dose CRRT non-significantly but numerically lower hospital mortality compared to higher-dose CRRT.
China's Media Transformation and Audience Research
Authors: Hongmei Li 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter reviews Chinese audience research in the broader context of social, cultural, and media transformations that have taken place in China in the last three decades. It first describes some of the lasting structural changes that have altered Chinese media industries and Chinese society, such as foreign media influence, commercialization, and China's entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001 – developments that, to a great extent, have shaped the way in which audiences are conceptualized and studied in China. It then analyzes influential audience studies in order to examine key themes and patterns, with a specific focus on the shift in the status of Chinese audience members, from subjects and primarily citizens of the nation to consumers in a capitalist marketplace. The chapter reviews research conducted by scholars interested in cultural studies, ethnography, and new communication technologies, seeking to identify gaps in the knowledge of Chinese audiences. It explains what still needs to be explored in the field of audience studies in China; and it ends by offering an agenda for future research.
The Decline of Modern Journalism in the Neo‐Partisan Era
Authors: Richard Campbell , Cohen Jonathan 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Today's media market is a fragmented world where more options than ever exist, but where readers of hardcopy newspapers are disappearing, and vast numbers now embrace cable news, social networks, blogs, and Twitter. The former “mass” audience morphs into smaller niche users who chase particular hobbies, entertainment, and politics. Media outlets that hope to survive appeal not to mass audiences any more but to interest groups – from sports fans and history buffs to conservatives or progressives. Mimicking the news business of the eighteenth century, partisanship has returned with a vengeance, more profitable than ever. For the US news media, muting political leanings to reach a mass audience no longer makes sense. Instead, media now make money by targeting and catering to niche interests. In such a marketplace, we see the decline in a form of journalism that promoted fact‐gathering and expertise, and held up “objectivity” as the ideal for professional practice. Rising in its place is a new era of partisan news – a “journalism of assertion” – marked partly by a return to journalism's colonial roots and partly by the deterioration of the “journalism of verification” that once kept watch over society's central institutions. This transition is symbolized by the rise of the news pundit as a kind of “expert” with more standing than verified facts, authentic documents, and actual experts. Today the new partisan fervor found in news outlets online and on cable has been both a product of and a major catalyst for the intense political divisiveness found in the United States. For news to move forward in such an era, we need to reinvigorate the “news of verification,” teaching journalism students to break free from static older formulas and to reimagine the telling of significant stories in compelling ways.
Stature and body mass estimation from skeletal remains in the European Holocene
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Holt Brigitte M. , Niskanen Markku , Sladék Vladimir , Berner Margit , Garofalo Evan , Garvin Heather M. , Hora Martin , Maijanen Heli , Niinimäki Sirpa , Salo Kati , Schuplerová Eliŝka , Tompkins Dannielle 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTechniques that are currently available for estimating stature and body mass from European skeletal remains are all subject to various limitations. Here, we develop new prediction equations based on large skeletal samples representing much of the continent and temporal periods ranging from the Mesolithic to the 20th century. Anatomical reconstruction of stature is carried out for 501 individuals, and body mass is calculated from estimated stature and biiliac breadth in 1,145 individuals. These data are used to derive stature estimation formulae based on long bone lengths and body mass estimation formulae based on femoral head breadth. Prediction accuracy is superior to that of previously available methods. No systematic geographic or temporal variation in prediction errors is apparent, except in tibial estimation of stature, where northern and southern European formulae are necessary because of the presence of relatively longer tibiae in southern samples. Thus, these equations should bebroadly applicable to European Holocene skeletal samples. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.