bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of elastic scattering and analyzer‐acceptance angle on the analysis of angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data
Authors: Powell C. J. , Werner W. S. M. , Smekal W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe have made calculations of N 1s, O 1s, Si(oxide) 2p, Hf 4f, and Si(substrate) 2p photoelectron intensities at selected emission angles for films of SiO1.6N0.4 and HfO1.9N0.1 of various thicknesses on silicon. These calculations were made with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Database for Simulation of Electron Spectra for Surface Analysis (SESSA) to investigate effects of elastic scattering and analyzer‐acceptance angle that could be relevant in the analysis of angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) experiments. The simulations were made for an XPS configuration with a fixed angle between the X‐ray source (i.e. for the sample‐tilting mode of ARXPS) and with Al and Cu Kα X‐ray sources. The no‐loss intensities changed appreciably as elastic scattering was switched ‘on’ and ‘off’, but changing the analyzer‐acceptance angle had a smaller effect. Ratios of intensities for each line from the overlayer film for the least realistic model condition (elastic scattering switched ‘off’, small analyzer‐acceptance angle) to those from the most realistic model condition (elastic scattering switched ‘on’, finite analyzer‐acceptance angle) changed relatively slowly with emission angle, but the corresponding intensity ratio for the Si(substrate) 2p line changed appreciably with emission angle. The latter changes, in particular, indicate that neglect of elastic‐scattering effects can lead to erroneous results in the analysis of measured ARXPS data. The elastic‐scattering effects were larger in HfO1.9N0.1 than in SiO1.6N0.4 (due to the larger average atomic number in the former compound) and were larger with the Al Kα X‐ray source than with the Cu Kα source because of the larger cross sections for elastic scattering at the lower photoelectron energies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studying clone evolution using incremental clone detection
Authors: Göde Nils , Koschke Rainer 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYFinding, understanding and managing software clones—passages of duplicated source code—is of large interest in research and practice. Analyzing the evolution of clones across multiple versions of a program adds value to both applications. Although there is an abundance of techniques to detect clones, current approaches are limited to a single version of a program. The current techniques to track clones utilize these single‐version approaches and map clones of consecutive versions retroactively. This causes an unnecessary overhead in runtime and may lead to an incorrect mapping due to ambiguity. In this paper, we present an incremental clone detection algorithm, which detects clones based on the results of the previous version's analysis. It creates a mapping between clones of consecutive versions along with the detection. We evaluated our incremental approach regarding its advantage in runtime as well as the usefulness of the mapping for studies on the clone evolution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interference competition at the landscape level: the effect of free‐ranging dogs on a native mesocarnivore
Authors: Vanak Abi Tamim , Gompper Matthew E. 
Published: September 2010

Summary 1. Free‐ranging domestic dogs are the world’s most common carnivore and can negatively interact with native wildlife at multiple levels. Yet the intraguild competitive effects of dogs on the distribution and habitat use of native carnivores are poorly known, especially in areas of conservation concern. 2. We examined the spatial distribution of sympatric populations of radiocollared Indian foxes and free‐ranging dogs to determine if Indian foxes alter their habitat use in the presence of dogs. We tested the effects of landcover type, primary prey abundance (rodents) and the presence of dogs as predictors of Indian fox spatial distribution in a threatened grassland habitat in central India. 3. By counting rodent burrows, we determined that the relative abundance of rodents was higher in fallow land and agricultural land compared to natural grasslands. From radiotelemetry data, we determined that the presence of dogs was closely linked to human‐modified habitats, such as agricultural land and human settlements. 4. Top ranked models, based on Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for small sample size, indicated that the negative effects of the presence of dogs and agricultural land, and the positive effects of the presence of grassland and fallow land habitats were the strongest predictors of Indian fox spatial distribution. Thus, the use of the landscape by Indian foxes was determined not only by habitat type, but also by the presence of a mid‐sized carnivore, the dog. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that the presence of domestic dogs on the periphery of natural habitats can interfere with the spatial distribution of a sympatric carnivore. Vaccination and sterilization programmes, aimed at reducing population sizes and pathogen prevalence, do not restrict the free‐ranging behaviour of dogs. Therefore, in areas of conservation value, control of free‐ranging dogs would be required to fully mitigate the deleterious effects of dogs on native carnivores and other wildlife.
Nitrogen source interacts with ROP signalling in root hair tip‐growth
Authors: BLOCH DARIA , MONSHAUSEN GABRIELE , SINGER MEROMIT , GILROY SIMON , YALOVSKY SHAUL 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTRoot hairs elongate in a highly polarized manner known as tip growth. Overexpression of constitutively active Rho of Plant (ROP)/RAC GTPases mutants induces swelling of root hairs. Here, we demonstrate that Atrop11CA‐induced swelling of root hairs depends on the composition of the growth medium. Depletion of ammonium allowed normal root hair elongation in Atrop11CA plants, induced the development of longer root hairs in wild‐type plants and suppressed the effect of Atrop11CA expression on actin organization and reactive oxygen species distribution, whereas membrane localization of the protein was not affected. Ammonium at concentrations higher than 1 mM and the presence of nitrate were required for induction of swelling. Oscillations in wall and cytoplasmic pH are known to accompany tip growth in root hairs, and buffering of the growth medium decreased Atrop11CA‐induced swelling. Fluorescence ratio imaging experiments revealed that in wild‐type root hairs, the addition of NH4NO3 to the growth medium induced an increase in the amplitude of extracellular and intracellular pH oscillations and an overall decrease in cytoplasmic pH at the cell apex. Based on these results, we suggest a model in which ROP GTPases and nitrogen‐dependent pH oscillations function in parallel pathways, creating a positive feedback loop during root hair growth.
Role of the Mesonephros as a Transient Haematopoietic Organ in the Bovine Embryo
Authors: Kritzenberger M. , Wrobel K.‐H. 
Published: September 2010

With 7 figures and 2 tablesSummaryDuring vertebrate embryogenesis, haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) arise in the aorta‐gonads‐mesonephros (AGM) region. In the present study, we examined serial sections of 22–34 days post‐insemination (dpi) bovine embryos, a species with a well‐developed and functional mesonephros. We describe the temporo‐spatial distribution of presumptive c‐kit positive HSC and the occurrence of haematopoietic foci in the mesonephros and fetal liver using specific antibodies directed against haematopoietic cell markers and conventional electron microscopy. In the mesonephros, presumptive HSC were found at 23–24 dpi in the blood stream, in the endothelial lining of the filtering capillaries and in the septal stroma of the cranial part of the mesonephros, the mesonephric giant corpuscle (MGC), suggesting a colonalization via the blood stream from the haematopoietic clusters of the dorsal aorta. From 25 to 30 dpi, presumptive HSC predominate in the septal stroma of the MGC, were they first expand but then decline and disappear following 32 dpi. In parallel, we found ongoing erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis starting in the MGC at 24 dpi and extending during the complete observation period. In the embryonic liver, colonization with presumptive c‐kit positive HSC occurs slightly later, at 25 dpi. Active formation of blood cells in the liver increases following 30 dpi. In conclusion, the mesonephros of bovine embryos, in particular its MGC, functions as a primitive haematopoietic organ, temporarily intercalated between extraembryonic erythropoiesis and haematopoiesis within in the fetal liver, thus recapitulating for a short period a phylogenetically old site of blood formation.
Topical agents for idiopathic distal colitis and proctitis
Authors: Lawrance Ian Craig 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRectally administered topical agents have demonstrated efficacy in the maintenance of distal colitis (DC) and proctitis and as they are rarely associated with significant blood drug levels, side effects are infrequent. The topical 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) suppositories and enemas target different regions of the distal colon and are effective for proctitis and DC, respectively. They demonstrate clinical results that are better than oral 5‐ASAs and are preferred to topical steroids with better clinical, endoscopic and histological outcomes, without the risk of adrenal suppression. Disease resistant to topical agents, however, can be extremely difficult to manage. The addition of oral 5ASAs, steroids, immunosuppressants and the anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α agents may be effective, but can result in significant side effects and not all patients will respond to the therapies. It is for these patients that new and novel therapies are required. Novel topical agents have been proposed for the management of resistant DC. These agents included butyrate, cyclosporine, and nicotine enemas, as well as tacrolimus suppositories, and tacrolimus, ecabet sodium, arsenic, lidocaine, bismuth, rebamipide and thromboxane enemas. While some of these agents appear to demonstrate impressive outcomes, the majority have only been examined in small open‐labeled studies. There is thus a desperate need for more randomized double‐blinded placebo controlled studies to investigate the clinical utility of these topical therapies. This review summarizes the efficacy of the established topical therapies, and explores the available data on the new and novel topical agents for the management of DC and proctitis.
Effect of the dose volume of perfluorocarbon when starting partial liquid ventilation
Authors: Davies Mark W , Dunster Kimble R , Wilson Kathy , Colditz Paul B 
Published: September 2010

Objective: Very preterm neonates are prone to brain injury if cerebral blood flow fluctuates. Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) may benefit any lung disease but giving 30 mL/kg of perfluorocarbon when starting PLV increases cortical cerebral blood flow velocity. We aimed to determine if varying the initial dose of perfluorocarbon alters the effect on cerebral blood flow velocity when starting PLV.Methods: In this randomised, controlled trial with historical comparison 24 preterm lambs received one of three loading doses of intratracheal perfluorocarbon liquid over 20 min when starting PLV: 20, 30 or 40 mL/kg. Data on respiratory mechanics, haemodynamics and cerebral blood flow velocity, measured with laser Doppler, were collected continuously for 30 min from the start of dosing.Results: Cortical cerebral blood flow velocity increased over time in all three groups (two‐way ANOVA,P= 0.007). There was no difference between groups (two‐way ANOVA,P= 0.26). There was no difference between groups in cortical cerebral blood flow velocity variability (P= 0.68), blood pressure (P= 0.96) or heart rate (P= 0.46). The was no statistically significant difference in PaCO2between groups measured at baseline and at 30 min after starting PLV (P= 0.51).Conclusions: Cortical cerebral blood flow velocity and its variability are not affected by varying doses of tracheal perfluorocarbon (20, 30 or 40 mL/kg) at the start of PLV in preterm lambs.
Paediatric frequent attenders at emergency departments: A linked‐data population study
Authors: Gibson Nicholas P , Jelinek George A , Jiwa Moyez , Lynch Ann‐Maree 
Published: September 2010

Aim:  To characterise the phenomena of paediatric frequent attenders (FAs) to emergency departments (EDs) in Perth.Methods:  A linked data population study of all children (<15 years) attending Perth hospital EDs between 1 July 2000 and 31 December 2006. FAs attending five or more times annually were assessed for demographic characteristics, mode of arrival, urgency, clinical conditions and disposition by frequency of attendance.Results:  Over 6.5 years, 229 883 children contributed to 378 068 annualised chains of events (mean 1.5). Most children (98.2%) attended EDs less than five times a year. The more frequently children attended, the more likely they were to be male, younger, self‐referred, have respiratory or infectious disorders, and to arrive by ambulance. Characteristics of those attending 0–4 (n= 371 171) and 5–9 (n= 6405) times per year were broadly similar, while those attending 10–19 times per year (n= 461) were more urgent, had a higher frequency of respiratory disease and higher admission rates (all P < 0.001). Those attending more than 20 times a year (n= 31) had serious chronic illness.Conclusions:  Frequent attenders of 5–9 times a year may be no sicker or more in need of hospital services than those who attend less frequently. The preponderance of respiratory and infectious disorders across all FA groups suggests these could be the focus of further research. We advocate a holistic approach to take into account parental expectations, and a systems approach to change ED attendance behaviour.
Impact of introducing binasal continuous positive airway pressure for acute respiratory distress in newborns during retrieval: Experience from Western Australia
Authors: Resnick Steven , Sokol Jenni 
Published: September 2010

Aim:  We aimed to review the impact of introducing binasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute respiratory distress in newborns ≥32 weeks gestation during retrieval in Western Australia.Methods:  Retrospective review of newborns ≥32 weeks gestation with acute respiratory distress, transported by the Western Australian Neonatal Transport Service between February 2002 and December 2004.Results:  Respiratory management of 369 newborns was examined. CPAP use increased significantly during the study period from 33% in 2002 to 59% in 2004. Overall, endotracheal tube (ETT) ventilation was required in 108 (29%), nasal CPAP in 166 (45%) and cot oxygen in 95 (26%) patients. Twenty‐two (13%) newborns in the CPAP group subsequently required ETT ventilation within 24 h: these babies had higher initial oxygen requirements than those successfully transported on CPAP alone. There was no significant morbidity or mortality in patients retrieved on CPAP.Conclusion:  CPAP was increasingly utilised as an alternative to ETT ventilation for the management of most cases of less severe acute respiratory distress in near‐term neonates on retrieval. This review demonstrated that newborns requiring more than 45–50% oxygen at the time of retrieval were more likely to require intubation at a later time, and hence may benefit from intubation at the time of retrieval. A prospective randomised trial would assist in ascertaining the true benefit of CPAP during retrieval in the newborn period.
Optimizing ICD programming for shock reduction
Authors: Schwab Joerg O. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWith the increasing numbers of patients with implantable cardioverter/defibrillators for primary prevention (PP), the topic of inappropriate therapy becomes more and more important. If a shock intervention, e.g. for rapidly conducted atrial fibrillation or fast VT (FVT), represents the first reminder of the implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD), the adherence to the therapy will decrease. Moreover, anxiety to receive the next inappropriate ICD Rx is able to initiate a bad quality of life or depression. Starting with the PainFREE Rx II Trial results, the programming of antitachycardia pacing was able to terminate even fast ventricular arrhythmia, i.e. ≥188 bpm, in three of four episodes. Thereafter, several studies evaluated whether a prolongation in ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) detection is able to reduce unnecessary ICD Rx owing to nonsustained VT. The PREPARE trial evaluated this concept in a cohort of PP patients. This nonrandomized study compared a historical control group to patients with a prolonged detection interval. The results underline the idea that an extension in detection time leads to a significant decrease in ICD Rx for supra‐ as well as VT. The RELEVANT study investigated in a randomized fashion the outcome of an increase in detection time in nonischemic patients under CRT including an ICD. The findings clearly demonstrated a reduction in ICD Rx as well as hospital admissions, significantly. Currently, the ADVANCE III trial investigates a 30/40 interval detection compared to 18/24 for FVT in prospective randomized fashion in patients for primary or secondary prevention including all ICD devices.
Polymorphisms in growth hormone gene and their associations with calf weight in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: ISHIDA Takafumi , UMEBAYASHI Ai , TSURUTA Sinichi , AKASHI Ryo , HARADA Hiroshi 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to detect effective genetic polymorphisms of bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene associated with calf weight in Japanese Black cattle. Fifty‐eight sires and 47 breeding cows were used to detect the polymorphisms in exons by single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Four homozygous and six heterozygous SSCP genotypes were identified in exon 5. Although each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) had been reported, these genotypes were caused by three SNPs at the nucleotide positions 2141, 2277 and 2291. Four haplotypes C‐C‐A, G‐C‐A, C‐C‐C and G‐T‐A were newly identified. It was suggested that other haplotypes not detected in this study may not exist, considering the allele frequencies reported in Bos taurus and Bos indicus, and the migrating process of native Japanese cattle. Thereafter, we examined associations between the detected polymorphic sites in exon 5 by PCR – restriction fragment length polymorphism and calf weight using 53 breeding dams and 135 calves. The birth weights of calves with haplotype G‐C‐A are significantly lighter and calves' weights produced by cows with such haplotype are also lighter at 30 days old, using regression analysis. Although further research is necessary, these results may serve as a useful criterion to select breeding stocks, especially in maternal abilities.
Preliminary study on metabolic profile of pregnant and non‐pregnant ewes with high or low degree of behavioral lateralization
Authors: MORGANTE Massimo , GIANESELLA Matteo , VERSACE Elisabetta , CONTALBRIGO Laura , CASELLA Stefania , CANNIZZO Chiara , PICCIONE Giuseppe , STELLETTA Calogero 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTo evaluate the metabolic profile of pregnant and non‐pregnant ewes with high or low degree of behavioral lateralization, we used 57 clinically healthy Sardinian ewes. They were divided into three groups: Group A (nonpregnant ewes), Group B (pregnant ewes with one fetus) and Group C (pregnant ewes with twin fetuses). Using behavioral tests, in all groups lateralization was established and ewes were distinguished into ewes with high and low level of lateralization. Every 30 days for 4 months (at 35, 76, 103 and 145 days of gestation), blood samples were collected and total cholesterol, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, insulin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total protein, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ‐glutamine transferase (γ‐GT), β‐hydroxybutyrate (β‐OHB), chloride (Cl), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) were assessed. The repeated measures multifactor analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed statistical differences of time, pregnancy and degree of lateralization on some studied parameters. These results confirm that pregnancy represents a very important metabolic moment and show the effect of the degree of behavioral lateralization on the assessment of metabolic parameters in non‐pregnant and pregnant ewes. Further studies are necessary to value the influence of these factors on other parameters such as hematological parameters and hormones.
Adult attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A survey of diagnosis and treatment practices
Authors: Knutson Kathleen C. , O'Malley Maureen 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Purpose: To review the literature to ascertain best practices in the diagnosis and treatment of adult attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to determine the current beliefs and practices of nurse practitioners (NPs) regarding adult ADHD. Data sources: Licensed NPs (n= 260) responded to a questionnaire that inquired about numbers of patients seen with ADHD and about current diagnostic and treatment methods. Diagnostic confidence and referral patterns were also surveyed. Best practices were identified through a review of current and classic nursing, medical, and psychological literature on ADHD. Conclusions: The results of the survey showed that most NPs believe that adult ADHD exists, although the majority diagnose and treat this condition infrequently. Psychiatric NPs were an exception. Implications for practice: NPs are diagnosing and treating adult ADHD at levels far below expected based on population prevalence data. While those NPs who suspected ADHD were using appropriate diagnostic and treatment methods, more education is warranted to increase confidence for a greater number of nonpsychiatric NPs to improve targeted diagnosis and treatment for this condition.
Identification of genes responding to nematode infection in red grouse
Authors: WEBSTER L. M. I. , MELLO L. V. , MOUGEOT F. , MARTINEZ‐PADILLA J. , PATERSON S. , PIERTNEY S. B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe identification of genes involved in a host’s response to parasite infection provides both a means for understanding the pathways involved in immune defence and a target for examining host–parasite co‐evolution. Most studies rely on a candidate gene approach derived from model systems to identify gene targets of interest, and there have been a dearth of studies geared towards providing a holistic overview of immune response from natural populations. We carried out an experiment in a natural population of red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) to manipulate levels ofTrichostrongylus tenuisparasite infection. The transcriptomic response of individuals was examined from standard cDNA and suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries produced from gut, liver and spleen, enriching for genes expressed in response toT. tenuisinfection. A total of 2209 and 3716 unique transcript sequences were identified from the cDNA and SSH libraries, respectively. Forty‐five of these had Gene Ontology annotation associated with immune response. Some of these genes have previously been reported from laboratory‐based studies of model species as important in immune response to gastrointestinal parasite infection; however, multiple novel genes were also identified. These may reveal novel pathways involved in the host response of grouse toT. tenuisand provide a resource that can be utilized as candidate genes in other species.
Browder-Krasnoselskii-Type Fixed Point Theorems in Banach Spaces
Authors: Agarwal RaviP , O'Regan Donal , Taoudi Mohamed-Aziz 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe present some fixed point theorems for the sum "Equation missing" of a weakly-strongly continuous map and a nonexpansive map on a Banach space "Equation missing". Our results cover several earlier works by Edmunds, Reinermann, Singh, and others.