bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Face‐to‐face donor cancellation rates (attrition): establishing a benchmark
Authors: Fleming Morag , Tappin Rupert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Face‐to‐face fundraising, both on the street and on the doorstep, has taken place in the UK for well over a decade. Its success can be said to be dependent on the balance between acquisition costs and income generated for the charity. Whilst the former is easy to measure, the latter has proven much harder to predict. This paper reports the results of a survey of the payment behaviour of over 377 000 face‐to‐face recruited regular giving donors, to 30 charities. Whilst charity brand awareness was found not to have a significant impact on levels of attrition, the region in which campaigns were run, together with the level of the ask and the cause of the charity, were all found to have a significant effect on attrition. As a result of improvements in both attrition and average gift from 2004 to 2006, charities have reported increased income from their street and door face‐to‐face campaigns.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved strategy for tandem affinity purification‐tagging of Schizosaccharomyces pombe genes
Authors: Cipak Lubos , Spirek Mario , Novatchkova Maria , Chen Zhiming , Rumpf Cornelia , Lugmayr Wolfgang , Mechtler Karl , Ammerer Gustav , Csaszar Edina , Gregan Juraj 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTandem affinity purification (TAP) is a method that allows rapid purification of native protein complexes. We developed an improved technique to fuse the fission yeast genes with a TAP tag. Our technique is based on tagging constructs that contain regions homologous to the target gene cloned into vectors carrying a TAP tag. We used this technique to design strategies for TAP‐tagging of predicted Schizosaccharomyces pombe genes (http://mendel.imp.ac.at/Pombe_tagging/). To validate the approach, we purified the proteins, which associated with two evolutionarily conserved proteins Swi5 and Sfr1 as well as three protein kinases Ksg1, Orb6 and Sid1.
Upc2p‐associated differential protein expression in Candida albicans
Authors: Hoehamer Christopher F. , Cummings Edwin D. , Hilliard George M. , Morschhäuser Joachim , David Rogers Phillip 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe gain‐of‐function mutation G648D in UPC2 causes ERG11 up‐regulation and increased fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans. In this study, we performed 2‐DE and PMF to identify proteomic alterations in an ERG11‐overexpressing fluconazole‐resistant C. albicans clinical isolate compared with its fluconazole‐susceptible parent strain. We identified 23 differentially expressed proteins, and among them, seven became differentially expressed in a C. albicans wild‐type strain after the introduction of a UPC2 allele carrying this mutation. These Upc2p‐regulated proteins may contribute to fluconazole resistance in C. albicans.
A novel and efficient tool for locating and characterizing protein cavities and binding sites
Authors: Tripathi Ashutosh , Kellogg Glen E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSystematic investigation of a protein and its binding site characteristics are crucial for designing small molecules that modulate protein functions. However, fundamental uncertainties in binding site interactions and insufficient knowledge of the properties of even well‐defined binding pockets can make it difficult to design optimal drugs. Herein, we report the development and implementation of a cavity detection algorithm built with HINT toolkit functions that we are naming Vectorial Identification of Cavity Extents (VICE). This very efficient algorithm is based on geometric criteria applied to simple integer grid maps. In testing, we carried out a systematic investigation on a very diverse data set of proteins and protein–protein/protein–polynucleotide complexes for locating and characterizing the indentations, cavities, pockets, grooves, channels, and surface regions. Additionally, we evaluated a curated data set of unbound proteins for which a ligand‐bound protein structures are also known; here the VICE algorithm located the actual ligand in the largest cavity in 83% of the cases and in one of the three largest in 90% of the cases. An interactive front‐end provides a quick and simple procedure for locating, displaying and manipulating cavities in these structures. Information describing the cavity, including its volume and surface area metrics, and lists of atoms, residues, and/or chains lining the binding pocket, can be easily obtained and analyzed. For example, the relative cross‐sectional surface area (to total surface area) of cavity openings in well‐enclosed cavities is 0.06 ± 0.04 and in surface clefts or crevices is 0.25 ± 0.09. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reputation management in collaborative computing systems
Authors: Arenas Alvaro E. , Aziz Benjamin , Silaghi Gheorghe Cosmin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn collaborative systems, a set of organizations shares their computing resources, such as compute cycles, storage space or on‐line services, in order to establish Virtual Organizations (VOs) aimed at achieving common tasks. The formation and operation of Virtual Organizations involve establishing trust among their members and reputation is one measure by which such trust can be quantified and reasoned about. In this paper, we contribute to research in the area of trust for collaborative computing systems along two directions: first, we provide a survey on the main reputation‐based systems that fulfil the trust requirements for collaborative systems, including reputation systems designed for e‐commerce, agent‐based environments, and Peer‐to‐Peer computing and Grid‐based systems. Second, we present a model for reputation management for Grid Virtual Organizations that is based on utility computing and that can be used to rate users according to their resource usage and resources and their providers according to the quality of service they deliver. We also demonstrate, through Grid simulations, how the model can be used in improving completion and welfare in Virtual Organizations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Renal Fibrosis Through Immune Modulation and Remodeling Properties in a Rat Remnant Kidney Model
Authors: Semedo Patricia , Correa-Costa Matheus , Antonio Cenedeze Marcos , Maria Avancini Costa Malheiros Denise , Antonia dos Reis Marlene , Shimizu Maria Heloisa , Seguro Antonio Carlos , Pacheco-Silva Alvaro , Saraiva Ĉamara Niels Olsen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regenerative properties in acute kidney injury, but their role in chronic kidney diseases is still unknown. More specifically, it is not known whether MSCs halt fibrosis. The purpose of this work was to investigate the role of MSCs in fibrogenesis using a model of chronic renal failure. MSCs were obtained from the tibias and femurs of male Wistar-EPM rats. Female Wistar rats were subjected to the remnant model, and 2|×|105 MSCs were intravenously administrated to each rat every other week for 8 weeks or only once and followed for 12 weeks. SRY gene expression was observed in female rats treated with male MSCs, and immune localization of CD73+CD90+ cells at 8 weeks was also assessed. Serum and urine analyses showed an amelioration of functional parameters in MSC-treated animals at 8 weeks, but not at 12 weeks. Masson's trichrome and Sirius red staining demonstrated reduced levels of fibrosis in MSC-treated animals. These results were corroborated by reduced vimentin, type I collagen, transforming growth factor β, fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and Smad3 mRNA expression and α smooth muscle actin and FSP-1 protein expression. Renal interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor α mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased after MSC treatment, whereas IL-4 and IL-10 expression levels were increased. All serum cytokine expression levels were decreased in MSC-treated animals. Taken together, these results suggested that MSC therapy can indeed modulate the inflammatory response that follows the initial phase of a chronic renal injury. The immunosuppressive and remodeling properties of MSCs may be involved in the decreased fibrosis in the kidney.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Reliability study in five languages of the translation of the pain behavioural scale Doloplus®
Authors: Pickering G. , Gibson S.J. , Serbouti S. , Odetti P. , Gonçalves J. Ferraz , Gambassi G. , Guarda H. , Hamers J.P. , Lussier D. , Monacelli F. , Garrote J.M. Pérez‐Castejón , Zwakhalen S.M. , Barneto D. , Doloplus® Collectif , Wary B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNon‐verbal pain assessment scales are useful tools for pain evaluation in persons with communication disorders and moderate–severe dementia. The Doloplus® was one of the first scales to be developed and validated as a pain assessment tool in older adults with dementia. This study aims at evaluating the translation of the Doloplus® scale in five languages, as regards test–retest and inter‐rater reliability. Results show that both tests are good or excellent for the English, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish versions and moderate for the Dutch version. These results bring a unique opportunity to include the translated Doloplus® scale in daily assessment of elderly persons with communication disorders, and future studies should focus on enriching the validation of the scale in each language.
Expression and intracellular localization of progesterone receptors in cultured human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Kawahara Kazuko , Shimazu Atsushi 
Published: September 2009

Objective:  The aim of this immunocytochemical study was to characterize the expression and distribution of the progesterone receptor (PR) and estrogen receptor (ER) in gingival fibroblasts using culture cells derived from people at various ages.Background:  The reaction of female hormones is tissue or cell specific, and receptor availability in the cell is one of the major causes for the different reactions. Gingiva is a target tissue for female hormones; however, the characteristics of PR and ER in both the fibroblasts and the other component cells remain largely unknown.Materials:  Gingival tissue was obtained from six people at various ages and culture fibroblasts were established. At least three passages of each cell line were strained for PR and ER with monoclonal antibodies (Clone 1A6, Clone 1D5, respectively).Results:  PR positive cells were detected in all six cell lines through early passages to late ones, but ER were only observed in two of six samples with faint reactions. The staining intensity for PR was greater than for ER, but less than that shown in the MCF‐7 breast cancer cells, positive control. In every positive control test, ER reactivity was equal to or higher than that of PR. During the interphase, significantly fewer positive fibroblasts occurred compared with negative fibroblasts, and positive nuclei were even fewer. Meanwhile, most of the mitotic cells were PR positive, showing intense localization around chromosomes and on microtubules. These findings suggest that gingival fibroblasts are fundamentally capable of expressing PR and transmit the signal to target genes.Conclusions:  The present study may conclude that in either gender or at any age, gingival fibroblasts express PR rather low in level and do not necessarily localize PR in a nuclear dominant fashion, which is an essential feature for reproductive organ cells. The poor ER reactivity shown in the gingival fibroblasts was discussed in view of the receptor subtype.
Calcification of degenerating tissues in the periodontal ligament during tooth movement
Authors: Nakamura Yoshiki , Tanaka Takashi , Noda Koji , Shimpo Satoshi , Oikawa Takashi , Hirashita Ayao , Kawamoto Tadafumi , Kawasaki Kenzo 
Published: September 2009

Objective:  Calcification of degenerating tissues in the periodontal ligament (PDL) during tooth movement was investigated longitudinally.Materials and methods:  Upper first molars of male Wistar rats were moved lingually for 1, 7 and 21 d, following which unfixed undecalcified sections of the lingual PDL (in the pressure zone) were examined histologically, histochemically (autoradiography and electron probe microanalysis).Results:  On d 1 of tooth movement, degenerating tissues, together with some calcified particles, were visible in the pressure zone of the lingual PDL. On d 7, substantial calcified aggregations were seen in the degenerating tissues, predominantly situated between the bone and root. This was confirmed by the 45Ca autoradiography. On d 21 of tooth movement, large calcified aggregations were still clearly evident between the bone and root.Conclusions:  This calcification of the degenerating tissues is a self‐defense response of the living body to prevent direct contact between alveolar bone and the tooth root during compression of the PDL, so preventing friction between them and the development of ankylosis.
The Incidence of First Hickman Catheter-Related Infection and Predictors of Catheter Removal in Cancer Patients
Authors: Rotstein Coleman , Brock Lucy , Roberts Robin S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To describe the incidence and types of first Hickman catheter-related infection (HCRI) in cancer patients and to identify indicators for catheter removal.Design:Retrospective cohort study.Setting:A regional, tertiary, referral cancer center and its supportive care university teaching hospital.Patients and Methods:A retrospective review was conducted of 316 consecutive adult oncology patients who underwent Hickman catheter placement from 1986 to 1990 at a regional oncology center. HCRI was determined on the basis of clinical information incriminating the Hickman catheter as the source of infection. Patient characteristics and data about HCRIs (exit site cellulitis, tunnel infection with concomitant exit site cellulitis, bloodstream infection, and exit site cellulitis with bloodstream infection) were abstracted from patient medical records. Subsequently, univariate and multivariate analyses for the risk of HCRI and catheter removal were completed.Results:The incidence of first HCRI was 5.98 infections per 1,000 catheter days. Overall, 156 (49%) of 316 patients developed their first HCRI prior to catheter removal. The median time to HCRI was 90 days. Male gender (P= .0004) and hematologic malignancy (P= .0001) emerged as significant risk factors for HCRI in the univariate analysis. A Cox model verified that male gender (P=.02) and hematologic malignancy (P= .004) were associated with an enhanced risk of HCRI. There were 35 exit site infections (23%), three infections of the tunnel and the exit site (2%)) 80 bloodstream infections (51%), and another 38 bloodstream infections with concomitant exit site infections (24%). The incidence of bloodstream infection was 3.05 per 1,000 catheter days. Gram-positive pathogens outnumbered gram-negatives and fungi, with Staphylococcusepidermidis being most common. Fifty (32%) of 156 HCRIs resulted in catheter removal. Predictors of Hickman catheter removal in the univariate analysis were bloodstream infection (P= .046) and pathogen type (P= .006). Multiple regression analysis suggested that having a gram-negative (P= .014) or fungal (P= .057) pathogen was the most important factor for catheter removal.Conclusions:These data suggest that first HCRIs occur more commonly in male patients with hematologic malignancies than in patients with solid tumors. The removal of Hickman catheters in oncology patients probably is predicated on the causative pathogen, but further investigations are necessary to delineate this issue.
OSHA Inspections
Authors: Valenti August J. , Decker Michael D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 requires that every worker be provided with a safe and healthful workplace and authorizes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to conduct workplace inspections. OSHA conducts workplace inspections in hospitals and checks for compliance with the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, the Enforcement Policy and Procedures for Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis, and the Hazardous Chemicals Standards, among others. The hospital epidemiologist bears considerable responsibility for developing and implementing plans to protect employees from occupational exposures to infectious hazards such as bloodborne pathogens and tuberculosis. To prepare for an inspection, the hospital epidemiologist must understand the basis on which OSHA operates and must proceed in a thoughtful, coordinated manner.
Disease trends in women living in established market economies: evidence of cohort effects during the epidemiological transition
Authors: Kuh Diana , Santos Silva Isabel dos , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Leon David A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines trends in all-cause mortality and in coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, breast cancer, and lung cancer. These diseases show very different patterns over time and place but all had a significant impact on women's health in the 20th century. The first three are the classic “life course diseases” affected by factors operating at every stage of life and which may have interactive effects on individual disease risk. Trends in lung cancer are also considered given the importance of this disease for cohorts of women born in the 20th century.
The study plan
Authors: Meinert Curtis L. , Tonascia Susan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The basic elements of the plan for any trial is set long before the first patient is enrolled. The nature of the test treatment and outcome measure will be specified in the funding proposal. Specifics relating to the execution of the study plan may not be addressed until the trial has been funded. This chapter details the items that must be addressed in developing a study plan and treatment protocol for the trial.
Chile: Socioeconomic Differentials and Mortality in a Middle-Income Nation
Authors: VEGA JEANETTE , HOLLSTEIN ROLF DIETER , DELGADO IRIS , PEREZ JUAN C. , CARRASCO SEBASTIAN , MARSHALL GUILLERMO , YACH DEREK 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In Chile, rapid social and economic change combined with relatively high-quality health data provides an important opportunity to study the relationship between socioeconomic status and mortality in a middle-income country. This chapter shows that despite overall economic growth and improvement in aggregate health status, health inequalities are large and widening in Chile. The increase is temporally related to broadening income inequalities associated with the structural economic reforms and marketization begun in 1981. Not only was Chile the first country in the American region to embark on a structural economic reform process, but its reform program has also been the most radical. This intensity persisted until the demise of Pinochet's military government and the arrival of democracy in 1990. In the light of the changing macroeconomic context, the chapter examines recent evidence on the factors underlying health inequalities in Chile through both individual-level and ecological-level analyses.
Gender, Health, and Equity: The Intersections
Authors: ÖSTLIN PIROSKA , GEORGE ASHA , SEN GITA 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers the issues of gender, equity, and health to illustrate the ways in which gender influences health inequalities. It argues that gender bias is one of the fundamental causes of inequity in health, and emphasizes the need for more equitable gender relations. The first part of the chapter explains the meaning of gender and how it informs a health equity perspective. Through a gender lens, it then examines inequalities in mortality, morbidity, health care, and health research. A policy analysis describes recent progress in bringing gender issues to the global health agenda and suggests mechanisms for moving toward greater gender equity both in process and in outcomes.
Sweden and Britain: The Impact of Policy Context on Inequities in Health
Authors: DIDERICHSEN FINN , WHITEHEAD MARGARET , BURSTRÖM BO , ÅBERG MONICA , ÖSTLIN PIROSKA 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn comparing two western European countries, Sweden and the United Kingdom, this chapter demonstrates a methodology for distinguishing empirically between causal pathways in order to explain the way that macro-policies affect health. It examines the hypothesis that the effect of poverty on health may be weaker in Sweden than in Britain—that being poor in Sweden may be less damaging to health than being poor in Britain. It questions which aspects of the social and policy context in Britain add to and reinforce the negative experience of being poor, and, conversely, which aspects of living in Swedish society may be more supportive for poor people, possibly making the experience of poverty less stressful and damaging to health. The two countries serve as a “natural policy experiment” and make the case for more robust health equity impact assessments.
What Works in Foster Care?
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis book reports the findings from the Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study, which examined outcomes for adults who were placed in family foster care as children. The primary research questions were as follows: (1) How are maltreated youth who were placed in foster care faring as adults? To what extent are they different in their functioning from other adults? (2) Are there key factors or program components that are linked with better functioning in adulthood? The book also contains the agency comparisons and the predictive equations that link certain demographic foster care experiences and interventions with more positive alumni outcomes.
Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks and Past Research
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTo understand the context and environment of the alumni while in foster care and their influence on adult outcomes, this chapter is divided into four sections. The first section deals with foster care research. Prior research informing this study's research questions and hypotheses is discussed. This section begins by presenting findings on the impact of child maltreatment on later development. The next section looks at Landsverk's conceptual framework. This model describing critical factors impacting youth development in foster care is presented. The third section examines developmental theories and conceptual models. Theories and conceptual models explaining child growth and development and informing the Northwest Alumni Study are discussed. The last section looks at esearch questions and hypotheses. This chapter concludes by presenting the primary and secondary research questions and hypotheses.
Relationships, Social Support Networks, and Parenting
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPrior chapters have reported on alumni functioning in terms of physical and mental health; education; and employment and finances. This chapter focuses on the nature and quality of the relationships that alumni have with key groups of people such as spouses or partners, birth family, and former foster parents. Sources and types of social support available to alumni are examined, as well as child-rearing status, parenting, and placement of children of alumni in foster care.