bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twelve-month health related quality of life and functional outcomes of hospitalised orthopaedic sport and active recreation injuries
Authors: Andrew N , Gabbe B J , Wolfe R , Cameron P A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundSerious sport and active recreation injuries are common with the potential for grave long-term consequences. Despite this few studies have examined the long-term outcomes of these injuries.ObjectiveTo establish if patients hospitalised with orthopaedic sport and active recreation injuries have returned to their pre-injury levels of health and function 12-months post-injury and to identify predictors of poor outcomes.DesignProspective cohort study with 12-month follow-up.SettingTwo Level 1 trauma centres and one regional hospital in Victoria, Australia.ParticipantsAdults with orthopaedic sport and active recreation injuries who were admitted to either Level 1 trauma centre between March 2008 and March 2009 or the regional hospital between June 2008 and June 2009 and captured by the Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry. There were 324 participants recruited to the study of which 98% were successfully followed up at 12-months post-injury.Assessment of risk factorsIndependent variables assessed for predictors of outcome were sporting group, age, sex, education level, major trauma classification (injury severity score>15) and injury patterns.Main outcome measurementsThe 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended.ResultsAt 12-months post-injury 58.1% of participants reported reduced function and a significant reduction in physical health (p<0.001) and mental health (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis identified injury due to motor sports (p=0.001) or equestrian sports (p=0.015) and being classified as a major trauma (p=0.043), as predictors of a poor physical health outcome. Low education level (p=0.040) and having a major trauma injury (p=0.047) were predictors of a poor mental health outcome.ConclusionThe findings of our study highlight that at 12-month post-injury, most patients injured during sport and active recreation had not returned to their pre-injury status. This information is useful for setting priorities for treatment and for the progression of sports injury prevention.
Risk of injury in norwegian male professional football
Authors: Bjørneboe J , Bahr R , Andersen T E 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundOnly one previous injury surveillance study (Ekstrandet al., 2010) has been carried out for several seasons. Ekstrandet al. (2010) found that the injury incidence and pattern were stable during seven Champions League seasons.ObjectiveTo monitor trends in injury incidence and pattern in Norwegian male professional football over six seasons.DesignProspective cohort study where injuries and exposure were registered by team medical staff using the league injury surveillance system for six seasons (2002–2007). An injury was recorded when a player was unable to fully take part in football training or match play.SettingTippeligaen, the top 14 male Norwegian professional teams.Main outcome measurementInjury incidence (injuries/1000 player-hours).ResultsA total of 2365 injuries were recorded; 1664 (70.4%) acute injuries and 701 (29.6%) overuse injuries. The overall incidence of acute injuries was 16.1 per 1000 match hours (95% CI 15.1 to 17.1) and 1.9 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.0) per 1000 h of football training. The incidence of overuse injuries was 1.4 (95% CI 1.3 to 1.5).The incidence of overuse injuries and acute training injuries was consistent during the six-year study period. However, the risk of acute match injury increased (p=0.004). We could not detect any shifts in injury type, location, severity or re-injuries. No significant difference in the risk of acute match injuries (rate ratio (RR): 0.92, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.08), acute training injuries (RR: 1.16, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.36) or overuse injuries (RR: 1.07, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.25) was observed between preseason (January-March) and competitive season (April-October).ConclusionThe risk of acute match injuries in Norwegian male professional football increased during the six-season study period. However, we detected no change in the risk of training or overuse injuries or any difference between the preseason and competitive season.
An information resource linking performance to prevention of sports injuries – a preliminary inquiry
Authors: Broughton H , Cromie S , Trimble T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundA review by Chalmers et al. (2004), rugby coaches have a role in preventing injuries and a perspective by Bahr et al. (2005), understanding the mechanisms of injury in sport identified a number of factors.ObjectiveTo design an information resource for coaching sport.DesignAn information resource develops modules of learning, retrospective injury data are reviewed and ethical approval is sought. The inquiry is based on rugby union.SettingStructured interviews are held with senior level coaches.ParticipantsFive qualified senior grade coaches in rugby union.InterventionThe coaches remarked that safety is practicable, athlete conditioning beneficial and technique is important. Injury data linked to game events illustrated the relevance of Newtonian Physics.ResultsQualitative data highlights safety as being practicable but game rules had less certainty.From the injury data the total consults: n=367 (08/09), n=377 (09/10) shoulder 39, 42; 81 due to the tackle (inertia & interaction), low back 104, 41; 145 due to scrum, tackle (interaction), hamstring 38, 42; 80 due to running (inertia) and the ankle 52, 59;111 due to running, tackle (inertia).ConclusionSafety in coaching sport is practicable, but the game rules need more recognition. Applying Newtonian Physics to injury events enabled an understanding of game actions. Integrating into the modules of learning; the game rules, the applications of Newtonian Physics and attention to safety, injuries can be prevented.
Rugby players and whiplash where are all the cases?
Authors: Clough A , Clough P J , Kelly I , Earle F 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundDespite efforts to provide a comprehensive diagnosis of whiplash (eg, The Quebec Classification system, 1995; Soderlund & Dennison) it is an ill defined and poorly understood injury. Its occurrence seems to be dependent on a number of contextual variables.ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to identify the number of cases of whiplash reported in one complete season by professional rugby players.DesignA longitudinal design was adopted. The assessment of whiplash was carried out independently of the assessment of the number of incidents that could potentially lead to WAD. The two assessments were blinded to each other.SettingThe study was undertaken within a professional rugby club in the north of England.ParticipantsThe full first team squad (n=32) were included in the study.Assessment of riskThe main independent variables was the number of potential whiplash inducing incidents over the entire season.Main outcome measurementsThe main outcome measure was the number of whiplash related injuries reported.ResultsThere were six cases of whiplash reported during the entire season. Five followed an on field assessment during the game and the players were deemed fit to continue with play. They needed treatment post injury in readiness for the next game, however in all five cases the injuries were not sufficiently serious to rule the player concerned out of contention for selection and all have missed no matches as a result of their injury. The minimum number of collisions that would have been expected to produce whiplash was found to be three per game.ConclusionIt is clear that the number of reported/diagnosed whiplash injuries in this sample is much lower than would be expected if you were to use data from the non-sporting domain. Further investigation into why this discrepancy happens is underway, using physiological, psychological and biomechanical markers.
Sequential fatigue progressively alters lower extremity biomechanics
Authors: Cortes N , Greska E , Kollock R , Onate J 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundNon-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has been reported to occur during the later stages of a game, when fatigue is most likely present. Few studies have focused on progressive changes that occur throughout fatiguing.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a sequential fatigue protocol on lower extremity biomechanics while performing a sidestep cutting task (SS).DesignQuasi-experimental.SettingLaboratory.Participants18 female collegiate soccer players (age=19.2±0.9 years, mass=61.6±5.1 kg, height=1.66±0.5 m) free of injury volunteered for participation.InterventionsLower extremity biomechanics was assessed during the SS task using 3-D motion capture. Participants alternated between a fatigue set of; three squats, agility (5–10–5), three vertical jumps, step-ups, and two unanticipated SS trials. The cycle was repeated until fatigue was attained.Main outcome measurementsDependent variables included: hip and knee flexion and abduction angles and moments, measured at initial contact and peak stance (PS). Repeated measure ANOVA's with three levels were conducted to assess differences between pre-fatigue, 50% and 100% of fatigue. Alpha level was set at 0.05.ResultsThere was a significant decrease in knee flexion between pre (−17±5°), 50% (−16±6°), and 100% of fatigue (−14±4°),p=0.004; and hip flexion at pre (45.4±10.9°), 50% (46.2±11.2°), and 100% of fatigue (40.9±11.3°),p=0.004. A noticeable decreased was also observed for hip abduction at initial contact between pre (−13.8±6.6°), 50% (−9.1±6.5°), and 100% of fatigue (−7.8±6.5°), as well as for hip adduction moment (Pre:0.14±0.13 Nm/kgm, 50%:0.08±0.13 Nm/kgm, and 100%:0.08±0.13 Nm/kg, p=0.007). Further, similar decreases were observed at PS for knee flexion (Pre: 52.9±5.6°, 50%:−56.1±7.2°, and 100%:−50.5±7.1°,p=0.001), and hip adduction moment (Pre:0.72±0.31 Nm/kgm, 50%:0.59±0.33 Nm/kgm, and 100%:0.39±0.29 Nm/kgm, p=0.003).ConclusionThe detrimental effects of fatigue on lower extremity biomechanics are visible at 50% of the participants' maximum fatigue, and become more marked when attaining 100%, with a decrease in hip and knee sagittal and frontal mechanics. ACL injury prevention programs should emphasise feedback throughout an entire practice, not only during warm-up.
Clinical patterns and injury exposure rates in elite road cycling are changing over the last decade
Authors: Barrios C , de Bernardo N , Vera P , Laíz C , Hadala M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe latest bicycle technical advances and the new training protocols might have an incidence of injury occurrence in professional cycling.ObjectiveTo analyze changes in injury incidence of a group of elite cyclist in active and compare the injury rates with those reported for an historical group (HG).DesignEpidemiologic retrospective study based on clinical oriented interviews.SettingClinical survey of all traumatic and overuse injuries occurred in male elite cyclists engaged in three professional teams.ParticipantsThe HG consisted in 65 professional road cyclists surveyed from 1983 to 1995. Mean age, 25 years (range 21 32). The current series (CS) included 51 elite cyclists with a mean age of 27 (19–36). The CS was studied from 2003 to 2009.Main outcome measuresAbbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and the Ekstrand 3 point scale for absence from sports activity. Injury exposure rates: injuries per racer, per year and per 1000 km of both competing and training.ResultsTraumatic injuries increased from 38.4% to 48.6%. However, AIS severe lesions decrease from 51.2% to 8%. Tendinopaties were the most common overuse injuries in the HG (41.5%). Contrary, 56.6% of overuse injuries were due to muscular lesions in the CS group. In HG cyclists, the injury rates for traumatic injuries were 0.54 per racer, 0.11 per year, and 0.003 per 1000 km of training and competition. The rates for overuse injury were 0.86 per racer, 0.17 per year, and 0.005 per 1000 km. In CS cyclists, injury rates for traumatic injuries were found to be higher: 0.98 per racer, 0.24 per year, 0.007 per 1.000 km. Overuse injury rates were 1.04 per racer, 0.26 per year, and 0.009 per 1.000 km.ConclusionProfessional cyclists still in active are exposed to a double risk of traumatic injuries than those competing in the 80's and 90's. Exposure to overuse remains almost equal, but with a complete different clinical pattern imposed by the high incidence of muscular injuries.
Magnitude and economic burden of sports and physical activity-related injuries in dutch 10–12 year old children
Authors: van Mechelen W , Collard D C M , Chinapaw M , Verhagen E A L M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe several health benefits of regular physical activity (PA) in children are well known. Participation in PA, however, also increases the risk of adverse effects, such as injuries. However, reliable descriptive data on PA injuries in younger children is lacking.ObjectiveDescribe the incidence, severity and cost of injuries resulting from physical education (PE), sports and leisure time PA in 10–12 year old children.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingPrimary schools.Participants995 children aged 10–12 years.InterventionsWeekly exposure to sports, PE and leisure time PA was estimated for each participant during the 2006–2007 school year. An injury was recorded if it caused the child to at least stop the current activity. The parents of the injured child reported all associated direct and indirect costs in a cost diary.Main outcome measuresInjury incidence density (ID) and related costs.ResultsA total of 119 injuries were reported by 104 children, resulting in an overall injury ID of 0.48 per 1000 h of exposure (95% CI 0.38 to 0.57). ID was lowest for leisure time PA, followed by PE and sports, respectively. Overall for girls (ID 0.60; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.75) a higher injury ID was reported than for boys (ID 0.37; 95% CI 0.26 to 0.48). The mean direct and indirect costs were, respectively, 131€ (SD 213€) and 57€ (SD 159€). The highest costs were found for upper extremity injuries, as in general these were the more severe injuries.ConclusionPA-related injuries are common in children and result in high associated costs. Girls require special attention as they seem to be at higher injury risk. Even so intervention programmes that prevent upper extremity injuries will have the greatest short-term impact for public health.
Comparative analysis of knee valgus in athletes during takeoff and landing
Authors: Mendonça L D , Bittencourt N F N , Signorini L , Leite M N F , Silva A A , Fonseca S T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe knee malalignment is a risk factor of injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tear. Most studies that analyses the knee valgus in jump tasks, investigates only this pattern at landing. It would be interesting to study the knee valgus at takeoff, because at this specific moment the active components of the movement are the primary injury contributors.Objectiveto compare the frontal plane knee angle (FPKA) during takeoff and landing at countermovement jump in athletes.DesignObservational cross sectional.SettingVolleyball and basketball players were evaluated at Minas Tennis Club and at Sports Prevention and Rehabilitation Laboratory (CENESP-UFMG).Participants101 athletes, mean age 15.88 (0.35) years were included in this study. All participants were healthy, with no current complaints of lower limb injury or pain and no history of lower limbs previous surgery.Assessment of risk factorsHigh-FPKA. Reflexive markers were located in ASIS, femoral condyles and in a middle point of the medial and lateral maleolus.Main outcome measurementsThe FPKA was determined in SIMI motion 2D software.ResultsThe mean angle during takeoff was 3.020 and 3.13 0 for dominant and non-dominant leg. For landing, it was 2840 and 2210 respectively. There was no significant statistical differences between the two means on both legs (p=0.73 dominant leg and p=0.13 non-dominant leg). Meanwhile, the variance was greater in the impulsion analysis (37.2 right leg and 48.3 left leg) compared to landing (24.4 and 29.8 respectively).ConclusionThe analysis of FPKA during takeoff provides data about the active contribution of certain variables in knee injuries and must be better understood. Differences between the FPKA during takeoff and landing were not found in this study, although in the first movement there was a major variance. This inconsistency may demand a more thorough investigation.
ALGEBRO-GEOMETRIC INVARIANTS OF GROUPS (THE DIMENSION SEQUENCE OF A REPRESENTATION VARIETY)
Authors: LIRIANO S. , MAJEWICZ S. 
Published: March 2011

If G is a finitely generated group and A is an algebraic group, then RA(G) = Hom (G, A) is an algebraic variety. Define the "dimension sequence" of G over A as Pd(RA(G)) = (Nd(RA(G)), …, N0(RA(G))), where Ni(RA(G)) is the number of irreducible components of RA(G) of dimension i (0 ≤ i ≤ d) and d = Dim (RA(G)). We use this invariant in the study of groups and deduce various results. For instance, we prove the following: Theorem A.Let w be a nontrivial word in the commutator subgroup ofFn = 〈x1, …, xn〉, and letG = 〈x1, …, xn; w = 1〉. IfRSL(2, ℂ)(G)is an irreducible variety andV-1 = {ρ | ρ ∈ RSL(2, ℂ)(Fn), ρ(w) = -I} ≠ ∅, thenPd(RSL(2, ℂ)(G)) ≠ Pd(RPSL(2, ℂ)(G)). Theorem B.Let w be a nontrivial word in the free group on{x1, …, xn}with even exponent sum on each generator and exponent sum not equal to zero on at least one generator. SupposeG = 〈x1, …, xn; w = 1〉. IfRSL(2, ℂ)(G)is an irreducible variety, thenPd(RSL(2, ℂ)(G)) ≠ Pd(RPSL(2, ℂ)(G)). We also show that if G = 〈x1, . ., xn, y; W = yp〉, where p ≥ 1 and W is a word in Fn = 〈x1, …, xn〉, and A = PSL(2, ℂ), then Dim (RA(G)) = Max {3n, Dim (RA(G′)) +2 } ≤ 3n + 1 for G′ = 〈x1, …, xn; W = 1〉. Another one of our results is that if G is a torus knot group with presentation 〈x, y; xp = yt〉 then Pd(RSL(2, ℂ)(G))≠Pd(RPSL(2, ℂ)(G)).
BOOLEAN FACTOR CONGRUENCES AND PROPERTY (*)
Authors: SÁNCHEZ TERRAF PEDRO 
Published: March 2011

A variety [Formula: see text] has Boolean factor congruences (BFC) if the set of factor congruences of any algebra in [Formula: see text] is a distributive sublattice of its congruence lattice; this property holds in rings with unit and in every variety which has a semilattice operation. BFC has a prominent role in the study of uniqueness of direct product representations of algebras, since it is a strengthening of the refinement property. We provide an explicit Mal'cev condition for BFC. With the aid of this condition, it is shown that BFC is equivalent to a variant of the definability property (*), an open problem in Willard's work[9].
Strong Convergence Theorems of the Ishikawa Process with Errors for Strictly Pseudocontractive Mapping of Browder-Petryshyn Type in Banach Spaces
Authors: Tang Yu-Chao , Cai Yong , Liu Li-Wei 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe prove several strong convergence theorems for the Ishikawa iterative sequence with errors to a fixed point of strictly pseudocontractive mapping of Browder-Petryshyn type in Banach spaces and give sufficient and necessary conditions for the convergence of the scheme to a fixed point of the mapping. The results presented in this work give an affirmative answer to the open question raised by Zeng et al. 2006, and generalize the corresponding result of Zeng et al. 2006, Osilike and Udomene 2001, and others.
International Child Sex Tourism: Enhancing the Legal Response in South East Asia
Authors: Johnson Afrooz Kaviani 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSouth East Asia has earned the dubious reputation of being the world's prime child sex tourism destination. While a number of commentators have analysed extra-territorial legislation in the home countries of travelling child sex off enders, this article assesses the laws in the South East Asian destination countries in order to stimulate debate and action on much-needed reform. Unfortunately, few provisions in national legislation specifically address child sex tourism as a distinct form of sexual exploitation. To enhance the legal response to this abhorrent crime, it is recommended that national legislation directly address child sex tourism. Further, given the transnational nature of the crime, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) should urgently adopt a multinational approach that synchronises national legislation and complies with, or exceeds, the minimum standards prescribed by international law.
Children's rights in and out of the womb
Authors: Montgomery Heather , Cornock Marc 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article looks at the extent to which children's rights are applicable to the unborn. It focuses on England and Wales but also uses law and practice in other countries for comparative purposes. From the dual perspectives of the law and the anthropology/sociology of childhood, the authors examine how the unborn are constructed in law and culture and what this says about the boundaries between life and non-life, child and foetus, person and non-person. They also discuss the reluctance that many who work in childhood studies, and on children's rights, have shown in discussing the controversial question of when childhood begins. The article then examines differing ideas about when children are granted social and legal personhood and the various and often-contradictory positions taken by the law, parents, health care professionals and in more general debates.
Collaborating with the United nations: Does Flexibility Imply Informality?
Authors: Fromageau Edouard 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCollecting information has always been both a necessity and a challenge for the United Nations. The timely and accurate knowledge of relevant facts is undoubtedly a necessary prerequisite when exercising its functions. However, given the lack of autonomous sources of information, the United Nations is more often than not reliant upon States to acquire information before they take any action. Recent practice in this respect is marked by informality and opaqueness. These traits come into sharp focus particularly in the context of investigations led by United Nations. What this article will attempt to show is that flexibility, or at least good-functioning, does not necessarily imply informality. By taking similar examples of exchanges of information at the international, European and domestic levels, it will be argued that a formal legal basis stressing a limited number of conditions for the exchange of information has already been established and thus may be possible in the context of the United Nations.
Policing Interpol: The Commission for the Control of Interpol's Files and the Right to a Remedy
Authors: Ling Cheah Wui 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe impact of Interpol's work on the lives of private individuals has come under increased human rights criticism and scrutiny of late. In response, Interpol has strengthened the position of the Commission for the Control of Interpol's Files as an independent, remedial body. The Commission has been charged with the task of ensuring that Interpol meets its human rights obligations, particularly the right to an adequate and effective remedy. This article charts the Commission's historical evolution and critically situates it within Interpol's institutional landscape, with a view to assessing the scope and limits of the Commission's powers. While its status as an independent, remedial body has indeed been strengthened, a holistic appraisal of the Commission's powers against rapidly crystallizing standards of IO accountability highlights a number of shortcomings and the need for further steps to be taken.