bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food color preferences against a dark, textured background vary in relation to sex and age in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)
Authors: Behbahaninia Hirbod , McGraw Kevin J. , Butler Michael W. , Toomey Matthew B. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMany animals consume colorful foods, because bright coloration either enhances conspicuousness of food items or signals nutritional rewards. A comparatively under-studied aspect of food color preferences is the role of the background environment in shaping food detectability and choices. Previous work with house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), for example, showed that individuals preferred red and green food items and avoided yellow ones. However, this study of desert, ground-feeding birds was done with seeds presented against an artificial white background that is unlikely to reflect natural conditions. Therefore, we performed a similar experiment, but quantified selection of colorful foods using a different visual environment that better mimicked natural conditions. We mixed dark, inedible distractor pellets (i.e., analogous to natural desert sand and rocks) with sunflower kernels that were colored red, green, yellow, or orange to test for differences in foraging patterns by sex, age, and expression of male plumage coloration in non-molting house finches. This food presentation resulted in yellow seeds having a significantly greater chromatic, but not achromatic, contrast with the background than red or green seeds. Under these conditions, all birds consumed yellow, and to a lesser extent red, seeds most often, and both adult males and females had a strong preference for yellow kernels; adult males also tended to prefer green kernels, but females tended not to prefer green kernels. Juveniles showed no significant preferences for any seed color, and adult male plumage coloration was not related to seed color preference. Therefore, in contrast to studies using different foraging environments, house finches tended to prefer yellow seeds, supporting models that suggest that visual background and contrast may be more important than color per se in visually mediated foraging decisions of birds. Moreover, the fact that adult males and females differed in food color preference has not been reported previously in songbirds.
Differential attack by a cichlid fish on resident and non-resident fish of another cichlid species
Authors: Awata Satoshi , Kohda Masanori , Ochi Haruki 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAn algivorous cichlid,
Variabilichromis moorii(
Vm), defends permanent territories in Lake Tanganyika, Africa. A zoobenthivorous cichlid,
Neolamprologus mustax(
Nm), spends 60% of daylight hours foraging in
Vmterritories, from which other zoobenthivorous fishes are chased out and consequently which are much richer in prey animals than areas outside of
Vmterritories. We conducted a field experiment to examine whether
Nmresidents and non-residents received different degrees of attacks from
Vm.
Nmfish were caught in their territories, released at a point distant from these territories, and followed to observe interactions with
Vmfish. The frequency of attacks received by the displaced
Nmfish was greater than attacks received by
Nmresidents, indicating that
Nmresidents had easier access to
Vmterritories than non-residents did. A possible mechanism for this is reduced aggression of
Vmtowards
Nmresidents, as a result of the ‘dear enemy’ effect that has been reported in territorial contests between rivals. An alternative mechanism is that tolerance towards
Nmdiffers among
Vmfish and
Nmresidents selectively visit more tolerant
Vmfish due to previous experience while non-residents randomly approach both tolerant and hostile
Vmfish. The ability of
Vmto discriminate between
Nmresidents and non-residents is essential to the former mechanism but not to the latter. To more specifically examine which mechanism works in the
Vm–
Nmcommensal system, we will need to follow individually identified
Vmfish interacting with
Nmresidents and non-residents.
When rank counts — dominant dogs learn better from a human demonstrator in a two-action test
Authors: Pongrácz Péter , Bánhegyi Petra , Miklósi Ádám 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDogs can learn effectively from a human demonstrator in detour tests as well as in different kinds of manipulative tasks. In this experiment we used a novel two-action device from which the target object (a ball) was obtained by tilting a tube either by pulling a rope attached to the end of the tube, or by directly pushing the end of the tube. Tube tilting was relatively easy for naïve companion dogs; therefore, the effect of the human demonstration aimed to alter or increase the dogs’ initial preference for tube pushing (according to the behaviour shown by naïve dogs in the absence of a human demonstrator). Our results have shown that subjects preferred the demonstrated action in the two-action test. After having witnessed the tube pushing demonstration, dogs performed significantly more tube pushing than the dogs in the rope pulling demonstration group. In contrast, dogs that observed the rope pulling demonstration, performed significantly more similar actions than the subjects of the other demonstration group. The ratio of rope pulling was significantly higher in the rope pulling demonstration group, than in the No Demo (control) group. The overall success of solving the task was also influenced by the social rank of the dog among its conspecific companions at home. Independently of the type of demonstration, dominant dogs solved the task significantly more often than the subordinate dogs did. There was no such difference in the No Demo group.
This experiment has shown that a simple two-action device that does not require excessive pre-training, can be suitable for testing social learning in dogs. However, effects of social rank should be taken into account when social learning in dogs is being studied and tested, because dominant and subordinate dogs perform differently after observing a demonstrator.
After “The Court Rose”: The Rise of Diplomatic Means to Implement the Pronouncements of the International Court of Justice
Authors: de Chazournes Laurence Boisson , Angelini Antonella 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
What happens after the International Court of Justice releases a pronouncement? This article attempts to answer this question by reviewing the diplomatic initiatives taken by States as well as by other members of the Court’s ‘audience’, such as international organizations. Both judgments and advisory opinions are covered. This allows comparing the relational dynamics afferent to each type of the Court’s jurisdiction. Endorsing a broad definition of ‘follow-up’, the analysis aims at enhancing awareness as to the panoply of diplomatic initiatives that can be taken following a pronouncement of the Court as well as to the complexity of the implementation process at large.
Historia and Materia: The Philosophical Implications of Francis Bacon's Natural History
Authors: Giglioni Guido 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article examines the philosophical implications underlying Bacon's views on historical knowledge, paying special attention to that variety of historical knowledge described by Bacon as “natural.” More specifically, this article explores the interplay of history (historia) and fable (fabula). In the sphere of thought, fabula is the equivalent to materia in nature. Both are described by Bacon as being “versatile” and “pliant.” In Bacon's system of knowledge, philosophy, as the domain of reason, starts from historiae and fabulae, once memory and the imagination have fulfilled their cognitive tasks. This means that, for Bacon, there is no such thing as a pure use of reason. He advocates a kind of reason that, precisely because it is involved with matter's inner motions (its “appetites,” in Bacon's characteristic language), is constitutively 'impure'. The article shows how the terms historia and fabula cover key semantic areas in defining Bacon's philosophy: historia may mean “history” as well as “story,” fabula “myth” as well “story.” In both cases, we can see significant oscillations from a stronger meaning (close to those of matter and nature) to a weaker one (connected to wit and imagination), as if the power of nature decreases moving from histories and myths to stories. On the other hand, there are cases in which Bacon seems to stick to a diachronic view of the meaning of fables and histories, such that the transition from myths to history, especially natural history, is described as a collective effort towards reality and enlightenment.
Dedes in Dersim: Narratives of Violence and Persecution
Authors: Törne Annika 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe article is the result of an empirical research project that integrates historical, sociological and socio-psychological perspectives. The study is focused on the institution of religious leaders—dedes, the experts of oral tradition in Dersim, Eastern Anatolia. It attempts to trace back political obliteration strategies applied to these main agents of memory, by investigating their meaning and role for the maintenance of cultural identity. It analyses autobiographical memories of violence and persecution in narratives of dedes, especially in regard to their coping patterns and perceptions of history.
Buhaira, the Lake of Demons
Authors: Ebrahimi Ma'soumeh 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe paper is a brief presentation of the Buhaira (lit. "a small lake"), a 17th century Persian treatise, containing inter alia ample information on various demons, jinns, monsters and imaginary beings (their forms, habits, dwellings and functions), culled from Near Eastern (mostly Islamic) folk traditions and written sources. It is a typical, but less-known, sample of the Persian wondergraphical literature compiled by Mir Mahmūd Fozūnī Astar-ābādī, known as Mollā Fozūnī.
THE WAYS OF METAPHOR IN NEUROSCIENCE, OR BEING ON THE RIGHT OR WRONG TRACK
Authors: PARETI GERMANA , DE PALMA ARMANDO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle ABSTRACT /title In the 19th century progress in communication systems induced Hermann von Helmholtz and Emil du Bois-Reymond to compare nervous fibres to telegraph wires aiming to familiarize the neural net already independently described. Owing to neurophysiological developments, this metaphorical way of speaking collapsed. In the 1820's Edgar Adrian chose the Morse code, shifting the paradigm from a mechanical to a semantical model: the fibre served to communicate information by means of a code based on frequencies of impulses. Later the term 'neural code' became simply a metaphor, thus helping to fill a cognitive gap: this move, however, could lead to snags neurophysiologists might encounter adopting it.
NATUR ALS MORALISCHE ANSTALT DIE METEOROLOGIA PHILOSOPHICO-POLITICA DES FRANZ REINZER, S.J., EIN NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHES EMBLEMBUCH AUS DEM JAHRE 1698
Authors: MEINEL CHRISTOPH 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title La meteorologia tradizionale, impigliata nella cosmologia aristotelica pi a lungo di altre parti della scienza naturale, una scienza sparita e quasi dimenticata dalla ricerca storica. Colla sua sintesi straordinaria di trattato di meteorologia, libello d'emblema, e specchio di principe, la Meteorologia di Reinzer ci d occasione di localizzare pi precisamente la meteorologia premoderna nel suo contesto intellettuale ed istituzionale, e di mostrare le sue relazioni col pensiero scientifico, colle tradizioni della natura moralizzata o della teologia naturale, e col programma politico-didattico dei Gesuiti alla fine del Seicento.
GRECO-EGYPTIAN ZODIACS FROM A GALLO-ROMANO SITE
Authors: TURNER A. J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Nella prima parte del saggio vengono descritti due zodiaci d'avorio scoperti a Grand (Vosges) e si trascrivono ed interpretano le iscrizioni. Nelle tavole vi un elenco dei Decani che aggiunge diversi nomi nuovi a quelli gi esistenti. Nella seconda parte gli zodiaci vengono messi in relazione al contesto contemporaneo della medicina ermetica ed astrologica, si avanzano ipotesi sulle loro origini e fini e si discutono infine le implicazioni dell'elenco dei Decani per la trasmissione dei Decani stessi.
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: SCHETTINO EDVIGE 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title L'articolo si serve di materiali inediti per ricostruire alcuni episodi della vita di Macedonio Melloni e per sciogliere l'enigma dei suoi anni napoletani. Nell'Appendice si presenta un elenco delle lettere finora rintracciate, dirette al Melloni o da questi indirizzate ad altri.
LA QUADRATURA DELLA VELOCITÀ
Authors: NARDI ANTONIO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Galileo's theory of falling bodies assumes that the speed increases as the time. The geometrical representation of such a proportional increment is a sequence of similar triangles. The areas of these triangles are connected with the values of distances traversed. Now, Galileo did he seize and accept that an area could ever represent a distance traversed? The author of this paper tries to show why it is reasonable to conclude, that he did, even if with some comprehensible intellectual trouble related to infinitesimal considerations. In this respect it is important to consider Mersenne's interpretation of galilean Dialogo and Discorsi.
LA QUAESTIO DI BARROW: UN'APORIA DELLA VISIONE TRAMITE LENTI
Authors: PARIGI SILVIA 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>This article analyses some XVIIth-XVIIIth century tentative solutions of a problem of the theory of vision, posed to the attention of the scholars by Isaac Barrow in 1669: that one consisting in the noneffect of distance, and in the confused appearance taking place in the case of an object seen through a biconvex lens, or a concave mirror. Berkeley's solution, exposed in his Essay towards a new theory of vision (1709), seems particularly important. At the end of the article we briefly refer some present neuropsychological developments of Barrow's problem and, in general, of the problem of visual perception.
LES CADRANS SOLAIRES RECTILIGNES
Authors: ARCHINARD MARGARIDA 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Gli orologi solari rettilinei, sia quelli per fasce di latitudini particolari che quelli universali, derivano da una concezione assai complessa, nonostante oggi sia abbastanza semplice verificarne la validità astronomica grazie alla trigonometria sferica.Eppure, il processo intellettuale che, all'epoca, portò alla loro creazione fu certamente di natura geometrica.Sistematicamente trascurato negli antichi trattati di gnomonica, tale processo viene qui ricostituito, partendo dal menaeus di Vitruvio, che sta alla base della struttura geometrica di tali meridiane.Abbiamo altresì esaminato tutte le fonti storiche, attualmente conosciute, per cercare di scoprire l'origine degli orologi solari rettilinei e di tracciarne la storia.
ISTITUZIONI E FONTI
Authors: LÓPEZ PIÑERO JOSÉ M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Si dà notizia della struttura e dell'attività scientifica e didattica del Gruppo di Storia della Scienza presso l'Instituto de Estudios Documentales e Historicos sobre la Ciencia dell'Università di Valencia, Spagna.
APPENDICE II
Authors: PEANO GIUSEPPE , MACFARLANE ALEXANDER 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Presentiamo ventisei scritti, costituiti da lettere e cartoline postali, inviati da Giuseppe Peano a Ernesto Cesàro; e, inoltre, due lettere: una di Alexander Macfarlane e un'altra di Alexander Ziwet. Queste ultime, indirizzate a Peano, contengono le informazioni chieste da Cesàro, su cattedre e costo della vita, per un suo eventuale trasferimento negli Stati Uniti d'America.Gli scritti di Peano trattano di questioni relative al Calcolo infinitesimale, al Calcolo baricentrico, alla «Rivista di Matematica» e al «Formulario» editi da Peano. In tali scritti vengono pure toccati alcuni argomenti didattici concernenti l'insegnamento di Calcolo infinitesimale ed è contenuto un quesito di Matematica attuariale. Tra gli aspetti confidenziali, segnaliamo le offerte, rivolte da Peano a Cesàro, di scambiarsi le rispettive cattedre di Torino e Napoli e di assumere la direzione della «Rivista».
A CATALOGUE OF ENGLISH, FRENCH, ITALIAN AND GERMAN SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS MAKERS FROM 1750 TO 1900
Authors: BERTINI SILVIA 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Menmak è un repertorio che raccoglie nomi e notizie su più di 2.900 costruttori di strumenti scientifici, attivi tra il 1750 ed il 1900 in Italia, Francia, Germania e Gran Bretagna.Il lavoro vuole essere soprattutto uno strumento di consultazione, un vademecum, per gli studiosi di questo settore.
ON A SINGULAR CHINESE PORTABLE SUNDIAL *
Authors: BERTUCCIOLI GIULIANO , PROVERBIO EDOARDO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title La produzione di orologi solari portatili orizzontali e verticali risale in Cina presumibilmente al XVII-XVIII secolo a seguito della diffusione degli orologi di produzione europea. Viene descritto un singolare orologio solare portatile cinese conservato al Museo Siamese di Cagliari. L'orologio presenta caratteristiche del tutto particolari e si presume che sia stato costruito ed utilizzato per fini divinatori sulla base di alcune antiche dottrine astrologiche e geomantiche cinesi.
CARTEGGIO DI DOMENICO COTUGNO
Authors: BORRELLI ANTONIO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>This short essay should be - event though not exaustive at all a view on the situation of the Cotugno papers. Domenico Cotugno (1736-1822) was one of the most eminent scientists among them who worked in Naples in the 18th and in the early 19th century. This essay is particularly centred upon the Cotugno papers founded in National Library of Naples (Carteggio Cotugno, mss. S. Martino, 394-401). Among these papers there are many letters written by scientists and learned people, from Italy and from abroad. This writing finally gives some indications about Cotugno's letters founded in other libraries, and a list of edited papers.
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE AND THE PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY OF GIRARD DESARGUES
Authors: FIELD J. V 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title L'articolo segue in dettaglio i legami fra la geometria proiettiva di Desargues (1639) e il suo lavoro sulla prospettiva lineare (1636). Mette cos in evidenza come la tradizione pratica riguardante la perspectiva abbia contribuito ad uno sviluppo importante in matematica pura, e come esso presenti alcune analogie con cambiamenti contemporanei nella filosofia naturale.
THE HERITAGE OF DUGALD STEWART: OXFORD PHILOSOPHY AND THE METHOD OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
Authors: CORSI PIETRO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title L'articolo esamina il dibattito sulla metodologia dell'economia politica che anim i circoli intellettuali anglicani degli inizi del diciannovesimo secolo. Ad Oxford, l'approccio all'economia politica era fortemente condizionato dalla riflessione critica sulle proposte epistemologiche avanzate da Dugald Stewart nel suo Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind. I pensatori dell'Oriel College che presero parte al dibattito erano preoccupati dal processo di rapida trasformazione della societ inglese, e dall'emergere di fonti di autorit culturale indipendenti dalla, se non apertamente contrarie alla Chiesa Anglicana ed alle Universit. La discussione della metodologia dell'economia politica investiva dunque diversi aspetti della vita sociale ed intellettuale del tempo. Il dibattito oxoniense ruotava intorno al parallelismo che molti credevano di notare tra il metodo della meccanica razionale e quello dell'economia politica. Pur avallando le pretese di scientificit avanzate dagli economisti classici, i docenti di Oxford negavano che i risultati ottenuti in economia politica fossero immediatamente applicabili alla realt sociale: al pari dei cultori della meccanica razionale, l'economista doveva tenere presenti le frizioni generate dalle esistenti strutture politiche e sociali. A Cambridge, William Whewell e Richard Jones valutavano con preoccupazione la difesa dell'economia politica elaborata dai colleghi di Oxford. A loro avviso, gli studiosi dell'Oriel College concedevano troppo all'economia politica ricardiana. Alla fine degli anni venti del diciannovesimo secolo, gli intellettuali cantabrigensi sottoposero a critica severa il preteso parallelismo tra meccanica razionale ed economia politica che i seguaci di Ricardo e i ?CTRLerr type="1" mess="Doute Cars isoles avec recollage" ?docenti di Oxford ponevano al centro delle loro riflessioni. L'economia politica, si diceva a Cambridge, era una disciplina troppo giovane per poter assumere procedure assiomatico-deduttive. Laboriose ricerche erano ancora da intraprendere, prima che si potesse procedere alla costruzione di un sistema di economia teorica. Il presente saggio sottolinea la centralit di Dugald Stewart nel dibattito sulla metodologia dell'economia politica dei primi decenni del diciannovesimo secolo. Si sostiene inoltre che la lettura critica delle tesi epistemologiche avanzate dallo Stewart rappresent un momento cruciale nella elaborazione della metodologia dell'economia politica proposta da John Stuart Mill. I risultati di questo studio impongono una revisione delle interpretazioni classiche dei dibattiti filosofici e culturali in genere del primo Ottocento inglese.
THE 's GRAVESANDE COLLECTION IN THE MUSEUM BOERHAAVE, LEIDEN
Authors: DE CLERCQ PETER 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Una delle collezioni chiave del Museo Boerhaave di Leida è costituita dagli strumenti filosofici originali disegnati da W. J. 's Gravesande per ricerche sperimentali e dimostrazioni didattiche, costruiti in gran parte da J. van Musschenbroek. Nel 1951 ne fu stampato il catalogo, il quale costituisce un primo resoconto e lascia aperti molti dubbi sulla genesi e sulle vicende della collezione, assorbita nel Gabinetto fisico di Leida dopo la morte di 's Gravesande nel 1742.Attingendo in parte da manoscritti rintracciati negli archivi dell'Università di Leida, l'autore intende elaborare un nuovo catalogo di questa collezione. Il presente articolo costituisce una prima informazione sul « lavoro in corso » ed è stato letto al VI Simposio sugli strumenti scientifici tenuto a Firenze dal 7 al 10 ottobre 1986.
THEODICY AND NATURE'S ECONOMY *
Authors: LA VERGATA ANTONELLO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>L'idea dell'abbondanza, della varietà e della necessaria imperfezione delle cose create svolse fin dalla Rivoluzione scientifica del '600 un ruolo importante nelle rivendicazioni del disegno divino, nelle fisicoteologie e nelle teodicee. C'è una stretta connessione fra le riflessioni di filosofi e teologi naturali sul problema del male e le riflessioni dei naturalisti sull'economia della natura e sull'equilibrio fra le specie attraverso la reciproca distruzione. La concezione dell'economia della natura è piuttosto una concezione dell'economia morale della natura. Nella seconda parte dell'articolo viene considerata l'influenza esercitata da queste idee sui primi studiosi di demografia quantitativa e, in particolare, sulla teologia naturale che informa la prima edizione del saggio di Malthus sulla popolazione.
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: BERETTA MARCO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli (1761-1818), was the first Italian chemist who tried to organize systematically the diffusion of chemical ideas in Italy. And even if his works were theorethically weak, his function as editor and journalist gave a strong impulse to the birth of this science.Therefore an extend study of his unpublished letters and manuscripts should lead to a better comprehension of the Italian scientific organisation after the chemical revolution.