bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHAT'S IN A TEXT?RECONSTRUCTING THE ROMAN REPUBLIC– APPROACHES AND AIMS ONCE AGAIN
Authors: HÖLKESKAMP KARL-J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In this rejoinder to Michael Crawford's critical (re)view (pp. 105–14) of Karl-J. Hölkeskamp's book Reconstructing the Roman Republic: An Ancient Political Culture and Modern Research (Princeton 2010), the author answers concrete criticisms, restates his most important positions, perspectives, and proposals on the topic, and gives a survey of possible theories and models, methodological approaches, and conceptual frameworks discussed at length in the book: concepts of ‘politics’, ‘policies’etc. and the overcoming of traditional ‘constitutionalist’ and ‘factionalist’ approaches in recent research; the concept of ‘political culture’ as a catalyst for a change of paradigm and the new look at rituals and other symbolic dimensions of politics; ‘culturalist’, sociological and comparative approaches to ‘city-statehood’ as well as some concrete controversial issues of his so-called ‘elitist’ view of the Roman republic, its political class and the foundations of its self-construction, legitimization, and successful reproduction.
Standing laparoscopic castration in an equine male pseudohermaphrodite
Authors: Rubio‐Martínez L. M. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThis report describes the surgical anatomy and successful removal of the internal gonads in a 6‐year‐old male pseudohermaphrodite Friesian horse by standing laparoscopy. Gonads could not be identified by physical or ultrasonographic examination and bilateral standing flank laparoscopy revealed the presence of intra‐abdominal gonads suspended from the dorsal aspect of the abdominal cavity by 10–15 cm long vascular pedicles. No evidence of female internal genitalia such as a uterus was found and bilateral gonadectomy was performed laparoscopically. Histological analysis of the excised gonads confirmed the diagnosis of male pseudohermaphroditism. Minor cosmetic surgery of the external genitalia to correct urinary misdirection was successfully performed 3 months after laparoscopic castration. Standing flank laparoscopic examination was excellent for identification and surgical removal of internal genitalia. Standing flank laparoscopy should be considered for inspection and removal of internal genitalia in intersex horses.
Physical activity fluctuations and body fat during adolescence
Authors: Bélanger M. , O'Loughlin J. , Karp I. , Barnett T. A. , Sabiston C. M. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryObjectiveThe objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that greater fluctuations in physical activity lead to greater increases in body fat during adolescence.MethodsSeven hundred fifty‐six adolescents in Montreal, Canada, aged 12–13 years at baseline, completed a 7‐d physical activity recall questionnaire every 3 months over 5 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness were measured at baseline and at the end of follow‐up. Subject‐specific linear regressions, expressing physical activity as a function of time, were fitted and physical activity fluctuation scores were obtained by averaging the absolute values of regression residuals. The association between body fat after 5 years and the physical activity fluctuation score was assessed in linear regressions adjusting for baseline body fat, average number of physical activity sessions per week, diet and sociodemographic variables.ResultsAmong boys, there were statistically significant positive associations between physical activity fluctuation and BMI (β, 95% confidence interval: 0.12, 0.02–0.21) and triceps skinfold (0.40, 0.17–0.63). The associations with waist circumference or subscapular skinfold were not statistically significant (0.22, −0.04–0.49; 0.13, −0.05–0.32, respectively). In girls, there were statistically significant negative associations between physical activity fluctuation and BMI (−0.12, −0.20 to −0.03), waist circumference (−0.54, −0.91 to −0.17), subscapular skinfold (−0.41, −0.56 to −0.26) and triceps skinfold (−0.22, −0.38 to −0.05).ConclusionPhysical activity fluctuations appear to affect body fat during adolescence. Sex‐specific interventions may be needed given that greater physical activity fluctuations seem unfavourable for boys and beneficial for girls.
Involutions in Janko’s simple group J4
Authors: Rowley Peter , Taylor Paul 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this paper we determine the suborbits of Janko’s largest simple group in its conjugation action on each of its two conjugacy classes of involutions. We also provide matrix representatives of these suborbits in an accompanying computer file. These representatives are used to investigate a commuting involution graph for J4.Supplementary materials are available with this article.
Snf1-Like Protein Kinase Ssp2 Regulates Glucose Derepression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Matsuzawa Tomohiko , Fujita Yasuko , Tohda Hideki , Takegawa Kaoru 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

The function of two fission yeast genes, SPCC74.03c/
ssp2
+
and SPAC23H4.02/
ppk9
+
, encoding an Snf1-like protein kinase were investigated. Deletion of
ssp2
+
caused a partial defect in glucose derepression of
inv1
+
,
fbp1
+
, and
gld1
+
and in assimilation of sucrose and glycerol, while a mutation in
ppk9
+
had no apparent effect. Scr1, a transcription factor involved in glucose repression, localized to the nucleus under glucose-rich conditions and to the cytoplasm during glucose starvation in wild-type cells. In contrast, in the
ssp2
Δ mutant, Scr1 localized to the nucleus in cells grown in glucose-rich medium as well as in glucose-starved cells. Immunoblot analysis showed that Ssp2 is required for the phosphorylation of Scr1 upon glucose deprivation. Mutation of five putative Ssp2 recognition sites in Scr1 prevented glucose derepression of invertase in glucose-starved cells. These results indicate that Ssp2 regulates phosphorylation and subcellular localization of Scr1 in response to glucose.
Nucleolin Interacts with US11 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Is Involved in Its Trafficking
Authors: Greco Anna , Arata Loredana , Soler Eric , Gaume Xavier , Couté Yohann , Hacot Sabine , Callé Aleth , Monier Karine , Epstein Alberto L. , Sanchez Jean-Charles , Bouvet Philippe , Diaz Jean-Jacques 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection induces profound nucleolar modifications at the functional and organizational levels, including nucleolar invasion by several viral proteins. One of these proteins is US11, which exhibits several different functions and displays both cytoplasmic localization and clear nucleolar localization very similar to that of the major multifunctional nucleolar protein nucleolin. To determine whether US11 interacts with nucleolin, we purified US11 protein partners by coimmunoprecipitations using a tagged protein, Flag-US11. From extracts of cells expressing Flag-US11 protein, we copurified a protein of about 100 kDa that was further identified as nucleolin.
In vitro
studies have demonstrated that nucleolin interacts with US11 and that the C-terminal domain of US11, which is required for US11 nucleolar accumulation, is sufficient for interaction with nucleolin. This association was confirmed in HSV-1-infected cells. We found an increase in the nucleolar accumulation of US11 in nucleolin-depleted cells, thereby revealing that nucleolin could play a role in US11 nucleocytoplasmic trafficking through one-way directional transport out of the nucleolus. Since nucleolin is required for HSV-1 nuclear egress, the interaction of US11 with nucleolin may participate in the outcome of infection.
System tools for system change
Authors: Willis Cameron D , Mitton Craig , Gordon Jason , Best Allan 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundHealth system transformations are influenced by dynamic relationships within and between individuals and institutions, as well as political, educational and legislative factors. This article aims to promote awareness of five tools that recognise this complexity and that are proposed to have value for decision makers: concept mapping, social network analysis, system dynamics modelling, programme budgeting and marginal analysis, and the tools for knowledge management and translation.MethodsThe authors briefly describe the methodological approach of each tool, provide a commentary on the conditions in which these tools have been employed, and discuss their impact on the processes and outcomes of system transformation. An international advisory panel was convened based on a combination of experience, expertise and perspective. The panel assisted in synthesising the evidence relating to each tool and, in partnership with the authors, refined the interpretation of the role and value of each tool for system transformation.FindingsThe tools discussed may impact the structural and procedural outcomes of transformation as well as the values, behaviours and attitudes of people undergoing change. The techniques described provide those undertaking transformation with methods to negotiate clinical, academic, political, organisational and cultural perspectives, and recognise the pivotal role of context in transformation.ConclusionsThis review offers a novel synthesis of how these tools may add value to decision making for health policy. The tools discussed, while not a panacea to the challenges of large system change, provide methods that acknowledge the complexity of the transformative challenge and present innovative paths to co-produced solutions.
Bile duct changes in different etiologic types of end-stage chronic liver disease: a study on native explant livers
Authors: Jain Deepali , Nayak Nabeen C 
Published: December 2011

AimsBile duct changes in the form of intraepithelial neoplasia or dysplasia have been well studied in chronic biliary tract diseases. It is important to analyse the morphologic spectrum of bile duct changes in non-biliary diseases as a link has been reported between intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and chronic liver disease associated with viral hepatitis, metabolic syndromes and with alcohol abuse.MethodsThe authors retrospectively reviewed liver explants of alcoholic liver disease (ALD)-, hepatitis C virus- and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related end-stage liver diseases to analyse morphologic changes in large intrahepatic bile ducts. Diagnostic criteria of biliary intraepithelial lesions at end-stage disease are discussed.ResultsMajority of explants exhibited reactive changes. Normal cuboidal epithelium of septal bile ducts was observed in minority of cases. Low-grade biliary intraepithelial neoplastic lesions were identified in all cases with variable frequency. None of the cases were associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Nuclear hyperchromasia, cellular polarity and presence o inflammation were considered as differentiating points between reactive and neoplastic lesions.ConclusionsAt end stage of liver disease, large septal bile ducts rarely show normal morphology. Presence of low-grade biliary dysplasia at end stage signifies its frequent occurrence probably in response to alcohol/viral/metabolic syndrome-related injury.Addition to literatureObservational analysis of large bile ducts in non-biliary diseases of varied aetiology has not been discussed from this part of world where incidence of cholangiocarcinoma is low. Identifying these lesions correctly is important. The frequency of these lesions is not uncommon especially at the end-stage liver disease.
The relationship between oxygen uptake reserve and heart rate reserve is affected by intensity and duration during aerobic exercise at constant work rate
Authors: Cunha Felipe A. , Midgley Adrian W. , Monteiro Walace D. , Campos Felipe K. , Farinatti Paulo T.V. 
Published: December 2011

The relationship between the percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR) and percentage of oxygen uptake reserve (%VO2R) has been recommended for prescribing aerobic exercise intensity. However, this relationship was derived from progressive maximal exercise testing data, and the stability of the relationship during prolonged exercise at a constant work rate has not been established. The main aim of this study was to investigate the stability of the %VO2R–%HRR relationship during prolonged treadmill exercise bouts performed at 3 different constant work rates. Twenty-eight men performed 4 exercise tests: (i) a ramp-incremental maximal exercise test to determine maximal heart rate (HRmax) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and (ii) three 40-min exercise bouts at 60%, 70%, and 80% VO2R. HR and VO2 significantly increased over time and were influenced by exercise intensity (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). A 1:1 relationship between %HRR and %VO2R, and between %HRR and %VO2max, was not observed, with mean differences of 8% (t = 5.2, p < 0.001) and 6% (t = 4.8, p < 0.001), respectively. The VO2 values predicted from the ACSM running equation were all significantly higher than the observed VO2 values (p < 0.001 for all comparisons), whereas a difference for HR was observed only for the tenth min of exercise at 80% VO2R (p = 0.041). In conclusion, the main finding of this study was that the %HRR–%VO2R relationship determined by linear regression, obtained from progressive maximal exercise testing, did not apply to prolonged treadmill running performed at 3 work rates.
Short-term muscle power and speed in preschoolers exhibit stronger tracking than physical activity
Authors: Gabel Leigh , Obeid Joyce , Nguyen Thanh , Proudfoot Nicole A. , Timmons Brian W. 
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the tracking of short-term muscle power, speed, and physical activity over a 15-month period in a sample of healthy Canadian preschool-aged children. Seventeen preschoolers (age, 4.4 ± 0.8 years) completed exercise testing and physical activity monitoring at baseline and follow-up separated by 14.6 ± 4.1 months. Short-term muscle power was measured using a modified 10-s Wingate test with peak power and mean power normalized to body mass. Speed was assessed with a 25-m dash. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry (Actigraph GT1M) using a 3-s epoch over 7 consecutive days. Total physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, expressed as a percentage of accelerometer wear time, were examined. Tracking of the variables between year 1 and year 2 was analyzed using Spearman rank order correlations and Kappa statistics. Paired t-tests were used to assess differences in performance and physical activity between year 1 and year 2. Total physical activity was not significantly different at year 2 (p > 0.05) and showed fair tracking (r = 0.51, p = 0.05; ĸ = 0.30). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was increased at year 2 (p = 0.03) and exhibited poor tracking (r = 0.29, p = 0.28; ĸ = 0.00). Short-term muscle power and speed was increased at year 2 (p < 0.0001) and exhibited significant tracking: peak power (r = 0.72, p = 0.001; ĸ = 0.46), mean power (r = 0.83, p = 0.00004; ĸ = 0.82), and 25-m dash (r = 0.82, p = 0.0001; ĸ = 0.47). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity increased in this sample of boys and girls during the preschool years, and short-term muscle power and speed exhibited stronger tracking than physical activity.
New faults v. fault reactivation: implications for fault cohesion, fluid flow and copper mineralization, Mount Gordon Fault Zone, Mount Isa District, Australia
Authors: Nortje G. S. , Oliver N. H. S. , Blenkinsop T. G. , Keys D. L. , McLellan J. G. , Oxenburgh S. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Fluid flow leading to mineralization can occur both on newly formed faults and on faults that are reactivated subsequent to their initial formation. Conventional models of fault reactivation propose that, under high pore-fluid pressures, misorientated faults may reactivate due to low fault cohesion. Timing and orientation data for a mineralized Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic terrain (Mount Gordon Fault Zone (MGFZ)) indicate that multiple successive new orientations of predominantly strike-slip faults developed (between 1590 and
c
. 1500 Ma), requiring that during the younger deformations some earlier formed faults were too cohesive and/or had insufficient pore-fluid pressures (or other potential fault-weakening effects) to induce reshear. Low pore-fluid pressures were probably not to blame for failed reactivation on all older faults because some young faults did form or reactivate due to high pore-fluid pressures, as evidenced by jigsaw-fit dilatant breccias, hypogene copper mineralization in veins and breccia infill, and subvertical tensile quartz veins aligned subparallel to
σ
1
. The assumption that old faults consistently have little or no cohesion appears to be incorrect in this terrain. Many older faults display prominent quartz veins along their length, which may explain this conclusion. Furthermore, faults with high cohesion may have acted as barriers and compartments, so that intersections between them and newly formed faults host mineralization, not because of reactivation, but because of interaction between new faults and cohesive materials defined either by fault precipitates or rock juxtaposition. Together, these results and observations provide new, simple tools to stimulate copper exploration within the region and in fault-hosted terrains.
The microstructural character and mechanical significance of fault rocks associated with a continental low-angle normal fault: the Zuccale Fault, Elba Island, Italy
Authors: Smith S. A. F. , Holdsworth R. E. , Collettini C. , Pearce M. A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The core of the Zuccale low-angle normal fault contains a distinctive fault-rock zonation that developed during exhumation, composed of a diversity of fault rocks derived from lithologically heterogeneous wall rocks. Field and microstructural analyses indicate that deformation mechanisms active within the fault core, including brittle fracture, dissolution–precipitation creep and crystal-plasticity, were active broadly contemporaneously. Initially, deformation was accommodated within frictionally weak and inherently stable talc-phyllonites. Although the talc-phyllonites can account for slip at low angles, grain-scale weakening effects were limited by changes over time to the structure of the fault core, resulting from interactions with subsidiary footwall faults. Ultimately, the talc-phyllonites were dismembered into a series of isolated lenses incapable of transmitting grain-scale weakening up to the fault scale. Following this, deformation was accommodated within well-connected units of dolomite-, quartz- and calcite-bearing cataclasite, fault breccia, and foliated fault gouge. Deformation progressively migrated through this latter sequence as a result of precipitation-hardening due to the widespread growth of dolomite. The complexity of fault-zone structure, combined with changes to fault-rock distribution over time, may have resulted in fundamental changes in fault-slip behaviour, an important point to consider given the recent spectrum of slip mechanisms identified along many tectonic faults.
Diverse habitats of pseudotachylytes in the Alpine Fault Zone and relationships to current seismicity
Authors: Toy Virginia G. , Ritchie Samuel , Sibson Richard H. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Pseudotachylytes are ubiquitous within New Zealand's Alpine Fault Zone, occurring as: (i) thin fault veins parallel to existing hanging wall mylonitic foliation; (ii) thicker fault and injection veins around and within metabasite lenses in hanging wall fault rocks and on the footwall–hanging wall boundary; (iii) chaotic injected masses within footwall-derived, granitoid mylonites; and (iv) chaotic injected masses into cataclasites within the fault core.
Overall, pseudotachylytes are not volumetrically dominant enough to have formed during all increments of earthquake slip on the Alpine Fault. We propose they were mostly generated during regular moderate magnitude events or during foreshock and aftershock sequences to larger earthquakes. The largest volume pseudotachylytes occur in footwall-derived mylonites (type (iii)). This may indicate that high-stress, anhydrous seismic slip is most common in the footwall. Most types (i), (ii) and (iii) pseudotachylytes formed at or near the base of the seismogenic zone, at temperatures up to 350 °C and at depths of 7–10 km or more. Ductilely overprinted pseudotachylytes represent the down-dip termination of large fault ruptures in a zone that would usually fail by aseismic creep. Type (iv) pseudotachylytes were formed at shallower depths (4–7 km) in a damage zone around the fault principal slip surface. Rare amygdules indicate that the fault zone locally contained free fluids.

Supplementary material:

Table of host, rock and pseudotachylyte major and minor oxide proportions is available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18490
.
Seismogenic structure of a crystalline thrust fault: fabric anisotropy and coeval pseudotachylyte–mylonitic pseudotachylyte in the Grizzly Creek Shear Zone, Colorado
Authors: Allen Joseph L. , Shaw Colin A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Field and microstructural observations from the Proterozoic Grizzly Creek Shear Zone suggest that crustal-scale fabric anisotropy exerted a significant control on earthquake rupture propagation during deformation at mid-crustal depths. The shear zone developed in amphibolite-facies supracrustal gneisses and granitoids, and consists of a 0.4–0.7 km-wide zone of high-strain rocks with foliation transposed to 256°/51°NW and top-to-the-south kinematics. The shear zone is overprinted by hundreds of veins of pseudotachylyte, mylonitic pseudotachylyte and ultramylonite. Field observations and whole-rock geochemical data suggest that pseudotachylyte fault veins formed as a result of first-generation rupture through intact rock. Pseudotachylytes are preferentially localized in as many as nine decametre-scale rupture zones dispersed across the width of the shear zone, concordant to foliation. We present a conceptual model for the asymmetric development of anisotropic fabric in a thrust-related fault zone in crystalline metamorphic rocks. Progressive tectonic exhumation of hanging wall rocks during thrusting results in the development of a crustal-scale anisotropic fabric that provides a preferentially weakened zone that could accommodate the propagation of earthquake ruptures from the seismogenic zone into the middle crust.