bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucose and pyruvate catabolism inLitomosoides carinii
Authors: Ramp Th. , Köhler P. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe filarial wormLitomosoides cariniishowed a rapid uptake of glucose duringin vitroincubation. This uptake proceeded linearly with time, and was significantly higher under aerobic compared to anoxic conditions. Under an atmosphere of nitrogen the worms converted glucose almost quantitatively to lactate, whereas in the presence of oxygen appreciable quantities of acetate, acetoin and CO2, in addition to lactate, were formed. Although aerobically only 73% of the carbohydrate carbon could be accounted for by the latter products as well as by a net glycogen synthesis, attempts to identify other compounds presumed to be derived from glucose metabolism have been unsuccessful. The complete sequence of the glycolytic enzymes was detected in particulate-free cytosolic extracts of the filarial worm. With the exception of 6-phosphofructokinase, all glycolytic enzyme activities were considerably higher than those reported for rat liver. In addition,L. cariniipossesses the entire set of enzymes catalysing the eight successive reaction steps of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. On a mitochondrial protein basis, the specific activities of these enzymes were similar to those present in rat liver. Various enzymatic activities of the mitochondrial respiratory chain were detected in the parasite. These include low levels of NADH and cytochrome c oxidases, but a high activity value for NADH dehydrogenase. Cell-free extracts and the mitochondrial fraction of the worms were found to exhibit an enzyme capable of catalysing the decarboxylation of pyruvate. Since this activity was stimulated 5- to 20-fold by the cofactors known to be required by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of other animal cells, pyruvate decarboxylation and thus acetate formation in the parasite may be mediated by an enzyme similar to, or identical with, the pyruvate dehydrogenase system. Isotopic carbon balance studies and experiments in which substrates specifically labelled with14C were employed showed that substrate carbon can to some extent enter into respiratory CO2. From these and the enzymatic analyses it is suggested that complete oxidation of carbon substrate may be of relevance as an energy-conserving pathway in the filarial worm.
Transfer of immunity against Hymenolepis nana in mice with lymphoid cells or serum from infected donors
Authors: Palmas C. , Wakelin D. , Gabriele F. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryImmunity to Hymenolepis nana was adoptively transferred to recipient mice of 4 strains using mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC), spleen cells (SC), and/or serum taken from infected donor mice. Donor cells capable of transferring immunity appeared in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen at an early stage (5 days) after infection. Immunity was most effectively transferred with MLNC and immune serum did not enhance this effect. It is suggested that effective immunity to H. nana involves both antibody and T cell-mediated inflammatory events.
Commercialisation of a recombinant vaccine againstBoophilus microplus
Authors: Willadsen P. , Bird P. , Cobon G. S. , Hungerford J. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIncreasingly, there is need for methods to control cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestations by the use of non-chemical technology. This need is brought about by a mixture of market forces and the failure or inadequacy of existing technology. A recombinant vaccine has now been developed against the tick. This vaccine relies on the uptake with the blood meal of antibody directed against a critical protein in the tick gut. The isolation of the vaccine antigen, Bm86, and its production as a recombinant protein is briefly described. The vaccine has been tested in the field, has been taken through the full registration process and is now in commercial use in Australia. A related development has occurred in Cuba. The potential for improvement of the current vaccine and for the development of similar vaccines against other haematophagous parasites is discussed.
The Treatment of Surra in Horses by Means of Arsenic and its Derivatives
Authors: Holmes J. D. E 
Published: June 2009

The value of arsenic in the treatment of trypanosomiasis is no new discovery.Evans (1880), who described the first pathogenic trypanosome, recommended the administration of arsenic. Lingard (1899), for many years, investigated surra in India and treated twenty-one horses suffering from that disease with arsenious acid. One horse survived. His system of treatment was, the administration of arsenic in the form of Fowler's solution, commencing with 5 grains, twice daily and gradually increasing to 10 grains. Treatment extended over several months; the total amount of arsenic given, in some instances, amounted to over 2,000 grains. During the period of treatment intermissions of 30 to 50 days were recorded, but all the animals, with one exception, finally succumbed to the disease. Bruce (1897 and 1903), treating nagana in Zululand, gave 6 to 12 grains of arsenic in form of arsenite of soda to horses and asses suffering from that disease. Trypanosomes remained absent during the period of treatment, but reappeared immediately treatment ceased. Trélut (1907) claims to have cured cases of dourine by the daily administration of 3 to 6 grammes of arsenious acid. Archangeliky and Novikoff (1907) also record cases of dourine cured by them with arsenite of sodium and cacodylic acid. Marchal (1903) stated that he cured five stallions suffering from dourine by subcutaneous injections of 1 gramme of cacodylate of soda. Loeffler and Ruehs (1908) record a number of successful experiments on animals affected with nagana, which they treated with a solution of arsenious acid. They consider this solution to be a specific cure and a prophylactie for nagana. Laveran and Thiroux (1907–8) repeated these experiments and came to conclusions different form those of Loeffler and Ruehs.
The Development of Trypanosoma lewisi outside the Vertebrate Host
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H. , Strickland C. 
Published: June 2009

From the results of our experiments we may conclude that the development of T. lewisi outside the invertebrate host is not confined to one species or genus, but may take place at least in the rat louse and the rat flea and also (though perhaps more incompletely) in the bed-bug. We see further that development needs not always to be combined with longevity in the invertebrate host, but that sometimes life without development may be longer than with it (behaviour in the tick compared to that in the louse).When we compare the behaviour of T. lewisi in the four invertebrate hosts studied here, we see that the most complete cycle takes place in the flea, where forms are produced which are never found in cultures. In the louse the development may be truly described as a natural culture; in the bug, the development (as far as we could judge by our incomplete experiment) does not even produce all the cultural forms (only the crithidiae) and at last in the tick the trypanosomes do not develop at all but are only preserved for some time.We finish this paper by thanking Professor Nuttall for the liberal way in which he enabled us to carry out these experiments, and for the keen interest he always took in our work.
The transmission of Spirochaeta duttoni
Authors: Hindle Edward 
Published: June 2009

(1) About 30% of the O. moubata from Uganda have been found to be immune to infection with S. duttoni.(2) When infected ticks are kept at ordinary temperatures (about 21°C). the following parts of the body are found to harbour the infection :—gut + contents, sexual organs, Malpighian tubules, excrement.The following parts were found to be uninfective:—salivary glands, coxal fluid.(3) When infected ticks are kept at a temperature of about 35°C. for two or three days previous to dissection, all the organs of the body, including the salivary glands, are found to be infective. Moreover the incubation periods that elapse before the appearance of spirochaetes in the injected mice are shorter than in the case of the corresponding experiments with ticks that had not been kept at a high temperature.(4) No spirochaetes have been detected in any of the organs of infected ticks that had been kept at a temperature of about 21°C. When a tick ingests blood containing spirochaetes, the latter persist in the lumen of the gut for periods varying from a few days up to as long as four weeks; usually, however, they disappear from the gut in the course of nine or ten days.(5) When infected ticks are heated to a temperature of 35°C. for two or three days, spirochaetes reappear in the lumen of the gut, and also appear in all the organs of the tick, and in the coelomic fluid.(6) The spirochaetal infection that may follow the bite of an infected O. moubata results from the entrance of the infective material, excreted by the tick whilst feeding, into the open wound caused by the tick's bite. It is not the result of the inoculation of infective material from the salivary glands.
An Experimental Study of Tick Paralysis in Australia
Authors: Ross I. Clunies 
Published: June 2009

1. Tick paralysis occurs in man, the dog, and other domesticated animals on the East Coast of Australia.2. As far as is known, the disease in Australia is only conveyed by the mature female ofIxodes holocyclus. The immature stages and the male of this species of ticks are non-pathogenic.3. A similar disease, induced in a like manner by females of other species of ticks, has been observed by various authors in South Africa, Canada and Crete.4. A single tick, as shown by experiment, may cause fatal paralysis in man and the dog in Australia, the death-rate in dogs being very high.5. The main symptoms of tick paralysis in Australia do not differ materially from those observed in other countries. They begin with loss of coordination commencing in the hind legs in dogs, the fore legs, head and neck becoming subsequently affected. Death in all cases appears to be due to respiratory paralysis.6. The onset of symptoms has not been observed to occur in less than 5 days from the time the tick or ticks have attached themselves to a dog.7. Some of the ticks do not produce paralysis and others do, as shown repeatedly from my experiments on dogs. This requires explanation. It does not depend on the time that has elapsed between the tick having moulted and its attacking the dog.8. Paralysis has never been seen to occur when ticks were removed from dogs before the time when symptoms usually appear.9. It is impossible to transmit the disease from affected to healthy animals by the inoculation of blood, cerebro-spinal fluid or nervous tissue. Nor can the disease be transmitted by the injection of the body contents of ticks removed from affected animals. The examination of the fluids and organs of affected animals has failed to reveal the presence of pathogenic organisms.10. It is considered that the causal factor in the production of the disease is a tick-derived toxin, this toxin being secreted by the salivary glands.11. During the process of engorgement the salivary glands develop greatly, pouring out a maximum amount of secretion during the 2 days before the female tick drops.12. An emulsion of salivary glands ofI. holocyclusproved to be toxic for when injected into a dog (Experiment V, p. 424) it caused fever, vomiting, etc. The salivary secretion contains anticoagulins. As Nuttall and Strickland found for anticoagulins, individual ticks may vary in toxicity.13. The period which elapses between the attachment of a tick to the host and the first signs of an attack of tick paralysis cannot be regarded in the light of an incubation period; it is dependent on the rate and stage of the tick's engorgement.14. If it be accepted that the causal agent of the disease is a tick-derived toxin, it remains to be shown how such a toxin is produced.15. There is some evidence that immunity to the disease may be acquired after recovering from previous attacks.16. There is no evidence of season having an influence on tick paralysis. It was induced experimentally both in winter (June–August) and summer (November–December) in Sydney.
Experimental Drug Treatment of East Coast Fever of Cattle
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. 
Published: June 2009

No drug has been found which will influence the fatal course of East Coast Fever or retard the multiplication of Theileria parva in the blood of the affected cattle.The drugs which were tried with negative results were Trypanblue, Congo red, Tryposafrol, Creosote and Oleum copaivae, Arsacetin, Soamin, “606,” Emetine hydrochloride, Mercury salicylate, Mercury succinimide, Quinine bihydrochloride and hydrochloride, Ethylhydrocupreine, Ammonium fluoride, Potassium iodide, Sodium salicylate, Calcium lactate, and Nuclein.All of our animals died—18 treated and 3 untreated—and showed typical lesions at autopsy. They were all infected by means of ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) which had fed on infected cattle as larvae and nymphs and been placed on the experimental animals as nymphs and adults respectively.The increase in the number of parasitized red blood corpuscles, but for slight irregularities, proceeds continuously night and day until the animal dies. We have not as yet observed a case ending in recovery.The accompanying table gives a summary relating to each experimental animal (except XII): the number and kind of ticks which produced infection, the incubation period, the time when the parasites appeared in the peripheral blood, the time when the animals died, and the maximum percentage of parasitized blood corpuscles observed during the course of the disease. The days are all reckoned from Day 1 when the infective ticks were placed upon the cattle.
Studies on populations of head-lice (Pediculus humanus capitis: Anoplura). II
Authors: Buxton P. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. The material which is discussed in the present paper consists of more than 2000 crops of hair collected from Sokoto, Nigeria; Nairobi and Kakamega, Kenya; Colombo, Ceylon; and Jerusalem, Palestine. The amount of material examined is considerable, but it must be admitted that it has not been found possible to obtain an unselected sample representative of any human community as a whole.2. The paper gives detailed information about the prevalence of head-lice in respect of the individual's race, sex, age, weight of crop of hair and the season of the year.3. The following general conclusions may be drawn:(a) The distribution of lice among a population of people is skew. Among infested persons the commonest count is always low (generally 1–10 lice), but occasional counts of many hundreds or a few thousands are recorded.(b) If the people are grouped by age, sex, etc. a positive correlation is generally found between the proportion of men in each group who are infested and the mean number of lice per infested person.(c) There is clear evidence from several places that season affects the frequency of infestation. In most but not all places the insect is most widely distributed in the colder, wetter part of the year. It is not known whether this is due to some effect of climate upon the insect itself or upon human habits and activity.(d) It will doubtless be found that the individual's race is an important factor in determining infestation, but little has yet been established on this subject.(e) Wherever material has been available from individuals of widely different age, it has been found that boys are more infested than youths, who in turn are more infested than grown men.(f) In some places females are more frequently infested than males, though it was established that there was no difference between the sexes at Kakamega.(g) The weight of the individual's crop of hair is in most places positively correlated with infestation.4. Many of the factors mentioned in 3 (d)–(g) are local and depend on racial customs. It is emphasized that further investigations would be most profitably carried out in the countries concerned by men well acquainted with the local people and their ways.5. There are probably a large number of individual differences due to sensitiveness, vanity, general health, etc.; these have hardly been studied at present but it is probable that collectively they are very important.
Helminthic Infestations of Natives in the Kenya Highlands
Authors: Daubney R. , Carman J. A. 
Published: June 2009

(1) Examination of the inmates of Government reformatories in the Highlands of Kenya showed a high incidence (57·9 per cent.) of very light infestations with hookworm, and an incidence of approximately 50 per cent, of Taenia infestations. Many of the latter are not detected by the usual microscopic examination.(2) Treatment with carbon tetrachloride in doses of from 1½c.c. for children to 4 c.c. as the standard adult dose gave approximately 76·1 per cent, cures for hookworm, and in the case of boys with fairly light infestations with T. saginata an efficacy of approximately 97 per cent. In the case of 72 boys very heavily infested with Taenia 58 per cent. cures were effected by a single treatment with carbon tetrachloride and oil of chenopodium.(3) A combination of carbon tetrachloride and oil of chenopodium appears to be a safe and efficacious anthelminthic for the common worm infestations of man in Kenya.(4) Growing natives lightly infested with hookworm appeared to grow and increase in weight at a normal rate, and did not improve in physical condition after treatment.(5) Boys in the same institution infested with Taenia progressed at a subnormal rate, but increased to a figure above normal after treatment, the increase appearing to be mathematically significant in spite of the small number of samples analysed.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man. I. General Introduction, and II. Description of the whole Life-History ofEntamoeba histolyticain Cultures
Authors: Dobell Clifford 
Published: June 2009

A pure strain ofEntamoeba histolyticahas been isolated and cultivated, and an attempt has been made to study and describe its whole life-history in detail.This strain (K. 28 c) was derived from the dysenteric dejecta of a kitten experimentally infectedper osby means of typical cysts from the faeces of a monkey (Macacus sinicus). It has now been under continuous cultivation for about 20 months (220 serial subcultures), and its developmentin vitrohas been uniform throughout.Methods have been devised, and are here described, whereby any desired stage in the life-history of this strain—amoebae, cysts, and all intermediate stages (including encystation and excystation)—can be readily procuredin vitroat will.Detailed study has shown that the trophic amoebae multiply in cultures by simple binary fission only, as they do in their natural hosts. Their mode of division is briefly described.Encystation also occursin vitrojust as it does in the bowel, with formation of characteristic precystic amoebae and the final production of typical quadrinucleate cysts.Excystation has been carefully studied, and it has been found that a single quadrinucleate, amoeba escapes from each cyst through a minute perforation in its wall. An account is given of this remarkable process, which has not been described previously.The 4-nucleate excysted (metacystic) amoeba has been found to produce a new generation of trophic forms by a complicated series of nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions, which are described in detail for the first time. The final result of this subdivision is the production of eight uninucleate amoebulae by each quadrinucleate amoeba hatched from a cyst.These amoebulae are young trophic amoebae, and not gametes or conjugants. No sexual phenomena of any sort have been observed during the metacystic itages: and the life-history ofE. histolytica, as visiblein vitro, is thus wholly sexual.A development similar to that here described in the case of StrainK. 28 c has been found to occur in many other cultivated strains ofE. histolytica— including a strain isolated directly from man, and a human strain experiaentally implanted in a monkey (M. sinicus) and recovered therefrom in pure culture. There are therefore good reasons for concluding that the development were described is not abnormal, and that it is probably closely parallel to that which occurs naturally inside man.
Observations of the Sarcoptes of man
Authors: Lunn H. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. A study has been made of the adult female Sarcoptes scabiei de Geer var. hominis (Hering). The findings have been compared to the description of Sarcoptes of the horse given by Buxton.2. Forty-two living adult female S. scabici de Geer var. hominis (Hering) have been measured.3. The apparent increase in size due to mounting is demonstrated.4. The anatomy of the birth passage is discussed with special reference to the absence, in the specimens examined, of a genital operculum.
Chemotropic studies on the blow-fliesLucilia sericata(Mg.) andLucilia caesar(L.)
Authors: Cragg J. B. , Ramage G. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. Oviposition byL. sericatahas been induced on a moist clipped fleece by incorporating ammonium carbonate and indole, hence attraction is not completely dependent on some factor produced by the living animal.2.Chemistry of attractants. A new method for determining small amounts of hydrogen sulphide is described. Larval excreta contains hydrogen sulphide but no indole or skatole. Following incubation the ammonia and sulphydryl contents of various natural attractants are markedly increased.3.Field trials on sheep. 0·002% ethyl mercaptan in conjunction with 0·1% ammonium carbonate was able to induce oviposition byL. sericata. The mercaptan concentration could be reduced to 0·001%, providing 0·0001% hydrogen sulphide was present. 0·01% mercaptan and aqueous solutions of hydrogen sulphide alone are not attractive.4. The results obtained support the hypothesis that attraction is the result of the breakdown of cystine, with the production of sulphur compounds, coupled with the presence of ammonium carbonate (or of some putrefactive material).5.Chemical baits. During the period 17 August–21 September 1943, various combinations of ammonium carbonate, hydrogen sulphide and indole in conjunction with sheep wool proved to be attractants for females ofL. caesar.
On the Nephrocytes of Pediculus humanus
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Keilin D. 
Published: June 2009

In Pediculus humanus are found two groups of excretory-accumulatory cells known as nephrocytes.The one group, the peri-oesophageal, lies ventrally and consists of large cells aggregated usually in two masses about the oesophagus anterior to the reniform salivary glands.The second group lies dorsally and consists of disseminated cell aggregates linked with the fat body.The typical nephrocyte is a binucleate cell with granular protoplasm containing greenish droplets of varying size. The excretory function of the nephrocytes is demonstrated by intra-coelomic injection of ammonia-carmine. The latter, 24 hours after injection, is taken up by the nephrocytes which become red and filled with the carmine granules. These granules remain in the protoplasm of the nephrocytes throughout the life of the insect.Similar cells exist in Mallophaga and have been wrongly described by some authors as salivary glands.The two groups of nephrocytes, described by us in Pediculus, occur in other insects, but the dorsal group in the latter forms usually two chains of cells (known as pericardial cells) lying on either side of the heart.