bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irrigation, organic fertilization and species successional stage modulate the response of woody seedlings to herbaceous competition in a semi‐arid quarry restoration
Authors: Soliveres Santiago , Monerris Jorge , Cortina Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractQuestionIs the response of woody plants to herbaceous competition affected by the level of irrigation and organic fertilization? Does the magnitude and the sign of this response depend on the successional status of woody species?LocationA limestone quarry in a semi‐arid Mediterranean area inSE Spain.MethodsWe studied seedling survival and growth of six woody species with contrasting ecological strategies (early‐successional vs late‐successional) and their associated herbaceous layer under different irrigation and organic fertilization levelsResultsElevated water supply, but not organic fertilization, increased herbaceous cover. The response of woody seedlings and changes in herbaceous cover to a contrasting resource supply was species‐specific. Seedling survival and growth of late‐successional species increased at high levels of irrigation. Pioneer species showed the opposite trend, suggesting that increases in water availability may outweigh the deleterious effect of increased herbaceous competition in late‐successional species but not in early‐successional species.ConclusionsOur study provides further insights into the role of techniques such as irrigation and organic fertilization, which are commonly used in conjunction with hydroseeding, in defining woody plant establishment and successional trajectories in semi‐arid areas under restoration. Our results will contribute to improve restoration success by reconciling two major objectives of restoration: soil protection and secondary succession. We recommend a new approach for the restoration of limestone quarries. This approach comprises the planting of late‐successional species on randomly distributed nutrient‐rich patches of high availability of water and nutrients, and the use of pioneer species in the surrounding nutrient poor and drier matrix. This approach should promote optimal ecosystem functioning, including soil protection, while increasing biodiversity and fostering secondary succession.
“New Style” Campaigning, Citizen Knowledge, and Sources of Legitimacy for State Courts: A Case Study in Texas
Authors: MCKENZIE MARK JONATHAN , UNGER MICHAEL A. 
Published: October 2011

In this study, we explore whether perceptions of the Texas Supreme Court's legitimacy are influenced by “new style” judicial campaigns and levels of political sophistication. Using a statewide survey of Texas registered voters, we find that knowledge about the Texas judiciary and politics more generally is associated with higher levels of support for the state's supreme court. However, an embedded experiment manipulating a judicial candidate's party and issue positions does not alter individuals' perceptions of the Texas court. These results suggest that concerns over the effect of increasingly politicized judicial elections on judicial legitimacy, at least in Texas, may be exaggerated.En este estudio, exploramos si las percepciones sobre la legitimidad de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de Texas son influenciadas por el “nuevo estilo” de las campañas judiciales y los niveles de sofisticación política. Usando una encuesta estatal de votantes registrados en Texas, encontramos que un mayor conocimiento político y judicial en Texas es generalmente asociado con mayores niveles de apoyo a la Suprema Corte del Estado. Sin embargo, un experimento en el que se manipuló el partido al que el candidato judicial está afiliado y postura respecto a un asunto no alteró las percepciones individuales acerca de la Corte de Texas. Estos resultados sugieren que las preocupaciones sobre los efectos de elecciones judiciales cada vez más politizadas en la legitimidad judicial, por lo menos en Texas, pueden ser exageradas.
Novel Antibody Capture Assay for Paraffin‐Embedded Tissue Detects Wide‐Ranging Amyloid Beta and Paired Helical Filament–Tau Accumulation in Cognitively Normal Older Adults
Authors: Postupna Nadia , Rose Shannon E. , Bird Thomas D. , Gonzalez‐Cuyar Luis F. , Sonnen Joshua A. , Larson Eric B. , Keene C. Dirk , Montine Thomas J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractQuantifying antigens in formalin‐fixed tissue is challenging and limits investigation in population‐based studies of brain aging. To address this major limitation, we have developed a new technique that we call “Histelide”: immunohistochemistry (HIST‐) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (‐EL‐) performed on a glass slide (‐IDE). We validated Histelide in sections of prefrontal cortex from 20 selected cases: 12 subjects with clinically and neuropathologically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD), either autosomal dominant or late‐onset forms, and 8 clinical and neuropathologic controls. AD cases had significantly increased amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and paired helical filament– (PHF‐) tau per area of neocortex that was proteinase K‐sensitive, and significantly decreased amount of synaptophysin. We next investigated prefrontal cortex from 81 consecutive cases of high‐cognitive performers from the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study, a population‐based study of brain aging and incident dementia. As expected, latent AD was common in this group; however, our results quantified widely individually varying levels of Aβ peptides and PHF‐tau among these high‐cognitive performers. This novel approach obtains quantitative data from population‐based studies, and our initial studies with high‐cognitive performers provide important quantitative insights into latent AD that should help guide expectations from neuroimaging and prevention studies.
Electronic health record-based surveillance of diagnostic errors in primary care
Authors: Singh Hardeep , Giardina Traber Davis , Forjuoh Samuel N , Reis Michael D , Kosmach Steven , Khan Myrna M , Thomas Eric J 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundDiagnostic errors in primary care are harmful but difficult to detect. The authors tested an electronic health record (EHR)-based method to detect diagnostic errors in routine primary care practice.MethodsThe authors conducted a retrospective study of primary care visit records ‘triggered’ through electronic queries for possible evidence of diagnostic errors: Trigger 1: A primary care index visit followed by unplanned hospitalisation within 14 days and Trigger 2: A primary care index visit followed by ≥1 unscheduled visit(s) within 14 days. Control visits met neither criterion. Electronic trigger queries were applied to EHR repositories at two large healthcare systems between 1 October 2006 and 30 September 2007. Blinded physician–reviewers independently determined presence or absence of diagnostic errors in selected triggered and control visits. An error was defined as a missed opportunity to make or pursue the correct diagnosis when adequate data were available at the index visit. Disagreements were resolved by an independent third reviewer.ResultsQueries were applied to 212 165 visits. On record review, the authors found diagnostic errors in 141 of 674 Trigger 1-positive records (positive predictive value (PPV)=20.9%, 95% CI 17.9% to 24.0%) and 36 of 669 Trigger 2-positive records (PPV=5.4%, 95% CI 3.7% to 7.1%). The control PPV of 2.1% (95% CI 0.1% to 3.3%) was significantly lower than that of both triggers (p≤0.002). Inter-reviewer reliability was modest, though higher than in comparable previous studies (к=0.37 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.44)).ConclusionsWhile physician agreement on diagnostic error remains low, an EHR-facilitated surveillance methodology could be useful for gaining insight into the origin of these errors.
The 6-min walk test: responses in healthy Canadians aged 45 to 85 years
Authors: Hill Kylie , Wickerson Lisa M. , Woon Lynda J. , Abady Afshin Heidar , Overend Tom J. , Goldstein Roger S. , Brooks Dina 
Published: October 2011

We sought to describe responses to the 6-min walk test (6MWT) in healthy Canadian adults in order to facilitate interpretation of its results in patient populations. Seventy-seven healthy Canadians aged 45 to 85 years (65 ± 11 years, 40 females) completed this study. During a single visit, three 6MWTs were undertaken. The main outcome measure was 6-min walk distance (6MWD). Age, gender, height, and weight were recorded. In 61 (79%) participants, cardiorespiratory variables were collected during the third 6MWT using a calibrated portable gas analysis system. The 6MWD increased between the first and second test (615 ± 96 to 639 ± 98 m; p < 0.001) with no further improvement on the third test (638 ± 99 m; p = 0.945). The best 6MWD from the first 2 tests was 640 ± 99 m (range 416 to 880 m). A greater 6MWD was achieved by males compared with females (672 ± 94 vs. 611 ± 93 m; p = 0.005). The following equation accounted for 49% of the variance in 6MWD: 6MWD = 970.7 + (–5.5 × age) + (56.3 × gender), where females = 0, males = 1. The 6MWT elicited large cardiorespiratory responses with minimal symptoms. The rate of oxygen uptake measured at test-end was associated with the 6MWD (r = 0.802; p < 0.001). These data allow the 6MWD achieved in Canadian adults to be expressed as a percentage of the predicted value and provide researchers and clinicians with values for the expected cardiorespiratory responses in a healthy adult population for the purpose of comparison with patient populations.
Borg’s scales in strength training; from theory to practice in young and older adults
Authors: Buckley John P. , Borg Gunnar A.V. 
Published: October 2011

This study is the first to apply Borg’s psychophysical equation to measuring responses to strength training with weights machines. Theoretical constructs of Borg’s scales were assessed in younger and older adults to estimate the appropriate load and number of repetitions required to meet recommended practice guidelines. A younger group (YG; 20 males, 20 females; aged 19–38 years) and older group (OG; 13 males, 13 females; aged 50–75 years) participated in 3 experiments. Experiment 1: YG performed 2-repetitions of incremented loads during triceps–elbow extensions and knee extensions to level 7 on Borg’s CR10 Scale. Experiment 2: YG (n = 16) then performed 12-repetitions at the loads from experiement 1 that elicited CR10 ratings 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0. Experiment 3: OG performed 15-repetitions of “lat-pull” and leg press at 15-repetition maximum (RM) load. In experiments 2 and 3, CR10 or Borg RPE were measured every 2 repetitions. Experiment 1 revealed classic psychophysical response growth exponents between 1.1 and 1.8, which were greater in arms than legs (p < 0.001) and in females (p < 0.001). Theoretical estimates of 1RM were derived from the growth curves for the weights eliciting CR10 ratings of 1.5, 3, and 5. CR10 ratings of 3 to 6 fell within estimates of 40%–70% 1RM. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed, for constant load exercise “over time” (12 and 15 repetitions) from an initial CR10 rating of 4 to 6, a linear increase of 1 scale point for every 3 to 4 repetitions. In conclusion, Borg’s equation has been used to set theoretical estimates of a %1RM. Relevant to current practice guidelines was the ability to set appropriate loads in relation to performing recommended numbers of repetitions (e.g., if the CR10 rating is >6 after 2 repetitions, the weight is likely be too heavy to complete 12 to 15 repetitions).
Volume, intensity, and timing of muscle power potentiation are variable
Authors: Chaouachi Anis , Poulos Nick , Abed Fathi , Turki Olfa , Brughelli Matt , Chamari Karim , Drinkwater Eric J. , Behm David G. 
Published: October 2011

Whereas muscle potentiation is consistently demonstrated with evoked contractile properties, the potentiation of functional and physiological measures is inconsistent. The objective was to compare a variety of conditioning stimuli volumes and intensities over a 15-min recovery period. Twelve volleyball players were subjected to conditioning stimuli that included 10 repetitions of half squats with 70% of 1-repetition maximum (RM) (10 × 70), 5 × 70, 5 × 85, 3 × 85, 3 × 90, 1 × 90, and control. Jump height, power, velocity, and force were measured at baseline, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 min. Data were analysed with a 2-way repeated measure ANOVA and magnitude-based inferences. The ANOVA indicated significant decreases in jump height, power, and velocity during recovery. This should not be interpreted that no potentiation occurred. Each dependent variable reached a peak at a slightly different time: peak jump height (2.8 ± 2.3 min), mean power (3.6 ± 3.01 min), peak power (2.5 ± 1.8 min), and peak velocity (2.5 ± 1.8 min). Magnitude-based inference revealed that both the 5 × 70 and 3 × 85 protocol elicited changes that exceeded 75% likelihood of exceeding the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) for peak power and velocity. The 10 × 70 and the 5 × 70 had a substantial likelihood of potentiating peak velocity and mean power above the SWC, respectively. Magnitude-based inferences revealed that while no protocol had a substantial likelihood of potentiating the peak vertical jump, the 5 × 70 had the most consistent substantial likelihood of increasing the peak of most dependent variables. We were unable to consistently predict if these peaks occurred at 1, 3, or 5 min poststimulation, though declines after 5 min seems probable.
Antibody Conjugate Therapeutics: Challenges and Potential
Authors: Teicher Beverly A. , Chari Ravi V.J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAntibody conjugates are a diverse class of therapeutics consisting of a cytotoxic agent linked covalently to an antibody or antibody fragment directed toward a specific cell surface target expressed by tumor cells. The notion that antibodies directed toward targets on the surface of malignant cells could be used for drug delivery is not new. The history of antibody conjugates is marked by hurdles that have been identified and overcome. Early conjugates used mouse antibodies; cytotoxic agents that were immunogenic (proteins), too toxic, or not sufficiently potent; and linkers that were not sufficiently stable in circulation. Investigators have explored 4 main avenues using antibodies to target cytotoxic agents to malignant cells: antibody-protein toxin (or antibody fragment–protein toxin fusion) conjugates, antibody-chelated radionuclide conjugates, antibody–small-molecule drug conjugates, and antibody-enzyme conjugates administered along with small-molecule prodrugs that require metabolism by the conjugated enzyme to release the activated species. Only antibody-radionuclide conjugates and antibody-drug conjugates have reached the regulatory approval stage, and nearly 20 antibody conjugates are currently in clinical trials. The time may have come for this technology to become a major contributor to improving treatment for cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res; 17(20); 6389–97. ©2011 AACR.
Artesunate Induces Oxidative DNA Damage, Sustained DNA Double-Strand Breaks, and the ATM/ATR Damage Response in Cancer Cells
Authors: Berdelle Nicole , Nikolova Teodora , Quiros Steve , Efferth Thomas , Kaina Bernd 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Artesunate, the active agent from Artemisia annua L. used in the traditional Chinese medicine, is being applied as a first-line drug for malaria treatment, and trials are ongoing that include this drug in cancer therapy. Despite increasing interest in its therapeutic application, the mode of cell killing provoked by artesunate in human cells is unknown. Here, we show that artesunate is a powerful inducer of oxidative DNA damage, giving rise to formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase–sensitive sites and the formation of 8-oxoguanine and 1,N6-ethenoadenine. Oxidative DNA damage was induced in LN-229 human glioblastoma cells dose dependently and was paralleled by cell death executed by apoptosis and necrosis, which could be attenuated by radical scavengers such as N-acetyl cysteine. Oxidative DNA damage resulted in DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) as determined by γH2AX foci that colocalized with 53BP1. Upon chronic treatment with artesunate, the level of DSB continuously increased over the treatment period up to a steady-state level, which is in contrast to ionizing radiation that induced a burst of DSB followed by a decline due to their repair. Knockdown of Rad51 by short interfering RNA and inactivation of DNA-PK strongly sensitized glioma cells to artesunate. These data indicate that both homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining are involved in the repair of artesunate-induced DSB. Artesunate provoked a DNA damage response (DDR) with phosphorylation of ATM, ATR, Chk1, and Chk2. Overall, these data revealed that artesunate induces oxidative DNA lesions and DSB that continuously increase during the treatment period and accumulate until they trigger DDR and finally tumor cell death. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(12); 2224–33. ©2011 AACR.
Geranylgeranylacetone, Heat Shock Protein 90/AMP-Activated Protein Kinase/Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase/Nitric Oxide Pathway, and Endothelial Function in Humans
Authors: Fujimura Noritaka , Jitsuiki Daisuke , Maruhashi Tatsuya , Mikami Shinsuke , Iwamoto Yumiko , Kajikawa Masato , Chayama Kazuaki , Kihara Yasuki , Noma Kensuke , Goto Chikara , Higashi Yukihito 
Published: October 2011

Objective—
Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) induces expression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), an adaptor molecule for assembly of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation complex. The purpose of this study was to determine whether GGA enhances Hsp90 expression and augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation via upregulation of eNOS in humans.

Methods and Results—

We evaluated the effects of GGA on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and on forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside in 40 healthy young men. Hsp90, eNOS, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and Akt expression in HUVECs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was detected by Western blot analysis. GGA increased Hsp90 expression and phosphorylation of eNOS and AMPK but not Akt in HUVECs and increased Hsp90 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Oral administration of GGA (600 mg) augmented the FBF response to acetylcholine. Infusion of
N
G
-monomethyl-l-arginine, an NO synthase inhibitor, completely abolished GGA-induced augmentation of the FBF response to acetylcholine. GGA also augmented the acetylcholine-stimulated NO release in smokers.

Conclusion—
These findings suggest that GGA-induced activation of Hsp90/AMPK significantly increased NO-mediated vasodilation in healthy subjects, as well as in smokers. The use of GGA may be a new therapeutic approach for improving endothelial dysfunction.
Effects of Carotid Endarterectomy or Stenting on Blood Pressure in the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS)
Authors: Altinbas Aysun , Algra Ale , Brown Martin M. , Featherstone Roland L. , Kappelle L. Jaap , de Borst Gert Jan , Mali Willem P.Th.M. , van der Worp H. Bart 
Published: October 2011

Background and Purpose—
Arterial hypotension is more frequently observed early after carotid artery stenting (CAS) than after carotid endarterectomy (CEA), but their long-term effects on blood pressure (BP) are unclear. We compared the effects of CAS and CEA on BP up to 1 year after treatment in the International Carotid Stenting Study.

Methods—

Patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis were randomly allocated to CAS or CEA. Systolic and diastolic BP were recorded at baseline, at discharge, and at 1, 6, and 12 months. Antihypertensive medication use was recorded. A per-protocol analysis was performed. Patients with missing BP records were excluded. Between-group BP changes were compared and adjusted for baseline covariates with linear regression. Within-group BP changes were compared with the paired
t
test.

Results—

CAS (N=587) and CEA (N=637) were both associated with a decrease in BP at discharge, which was greater after CAS (mean difference in systolic BP between groups, 10.3 mm Hg; 95% CI, 7.3–13.3;
P
<0.0001; in diastolic BP, 4.1 mm Hg; 95% CI, 2.4–5.7;
P
<0.0001). During follow-up, BP changes were not different between groups. Adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics did not change the results. Fewer patients undergoing CAS used antihypertensive medication during follow-up than patients undergoing CEA (relative risk at 12 months, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85–0.97;
P
=0.0073).

Conclusions—
CAS leads to a larger early decrease in BP than CEA, but this effect does not persist over time. CAS may lessen the requirement for antihypertensive medication more than CEA.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
www.controlled-trials.com
. Unique identifier: ISRCTN25337470.
Outcome After Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Measured With the EQ-5D
Authors: Ronne-Engström Elisabeth , Enblad Per , Lundström Erik 
Published: October 2011

Background and Purpose—
The EQ-5D measures quality of life based on self-reported health status in 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. In this study, the EQ-5D was evaluated as an outcome measure for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods—
The EQ-5D was completed in 710 patients 9 months after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Relevant demographic and clinical factors were evaluated as predictors of the 5 outcome dimensions in a series of linear regression models.

Results—
Worse health status in mobility, self-care, and usual activities was predicted by increasing age and by a more severe disease as indicated by the presence of an aneurysm, worse clinical condition at admission, or more blood on the CT scan. Younger age and female gender predicted worse health status regarding anxiety/depression.

Conclusions—
The evaluation of the EQ-5D reveals age-related differences in the nature of the challenges faced by these patients.
Children’s selection of fruit and vegetables in a ‘dream versus healthy’ lunch-box survey
Authors: Dresler-Hawke Emma , Whitehead Dean , Parker Leigh 
Published: October 2011

Background: Internationally, it is well established that the behaviour, performance, and achievement of schoolchildren is directly linked to the nutritional status of overall diet – including the contents of their school lunch-boxes. In a previous survey study by the lead authors, primary school children’s food consumption behaviour was investigated. Results indicated that most children’s lunch-boxes contained an over-representation of ‘undesirable’ food groups and an under-representation of fruit and vegetables. This follow-up study examined children’s awareness of healthy food choices and investigated what food groups children would choose if given free choice when constructing a lunch-box. Methods: The data was obtained by surveying 1,184 primary school children from eight different urban primary schools in the Manawatu Region of New Zealand. Food items included in this survey represented the 40 most common foods from the previous study. A series of accompanying food charts were used in combination with the checklists. From these lists the children were asked to construct a hypothetical ideal ‘dream’ lunch-box and a ‘healthy’ lunch-box. Results: Results indicated a significant difference between the fruit and vegetable content between lunch-boxes, demonstrating that children understood fruit and vegetables are healthy – but that they did not necessarily translate this knowledge into action. Conclusion: The influences on children’s choices in fruit and vegetables are as complex as the barriers to them eating. This study offers unique insight into the knowledge and behaviours of schoolchildren when selecting and consuming fruit and vegetables – especially given a degree of autonomy and choice.