bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PETROLEUM ACCUMULATIONS AND INVERSION STRUCTURES IN THE XIHU DEPRESSION, EAST CHINA SEA BASIN
Authors: Yang F.‐L. , Xu X. , Zhao W.‐F. , Sun Z. 
Published: September 2011

The central inversion zone in the Xihu Depression, East China Sea, was formed during the Late Miocene. The entire Tertiary succession, nearly 10,000 m thick, has undergone inversion here. The succession is composed mainly of sandstones and mudstones with minor coals and non‐marine limestones. Hydrocarbons are present in a series of structural traps which formed as a result of inversion‐related deformation. Oil and gas exploration in the Xihu Depressions has demonstrated that at least 90% of the commercial reserves so far found occur in inversion‐related structural traps in the central inversion zone, mainly in Eocene (Pinghu Formation) and Oligocene (Huagang Formation) sandstone reservoirs. Previous studies have shown that structural traps are controlled by the intensity and style of inversion tectonics. However, the relationship between the geometry, kinematics and size of the inversion structures and the oil and gas accumulations is not well understood.In this paper, the factors controlling trap formation (and hydrocarbon acumulations) in the study area are considered. Data came from 2D reflection seismic and electic logs from a number of wells. Controlling factors include inversion fault activity rate, inversion rate and the thickness of sediments eroded as a result of inversion‐related uplift of the Tertiary succession. The results show that the best exploration targets are located in the southern part of the central inversion zone. This area has a relatively low inversion fault activity rate (average 3.0 m/Ma) and a low inversion rate (average 0.4); a relatively small thickness of sediments was eroded from the Miocene Longjing and Liulang Formations (< 400 m) and the Eocene Pinghu Formation. By contrast, the northern part of the central inversion zone has a relatively high inversion fault activity rate (average 6.8 m/Ma) and a high inversion rate (0.8), and greater thicknesses of sediments were erosively removed (up to 1600 m). This may have resulted in the less favourable preservation of traps and the large‐scale leakage of oil and gas. Most oil and gas accumulations occur in the southern part of the central inversion zone, especially in reservoirs in the Longjing, Liulang and Pinghu Formations.
Effect of Freezing Temperature on the Color of Frozen Salmon
Authors: Ottestad Silje , Enersen Grethe , Wold Jens Petter 
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  New freezing methods developed with the purpose of improved product quality after thawing can sometimes be difficult to get accepted in the market. The reason for this is the formation of ice crystals that can give the product a temporary color loss and make it less appealing. We have here used microscopy to study ice crystal size as a function of freezing temperature by investigating the voids in the cell tissue left by the ice crystals. We have also investigated how freezing temperature affects the color and the visible absorption spectra of frozen salmon. Freezing temperatures previously determined to be the best for quality after thawing (–40 to –60 °C) were found to cause a substantial loss in perceived color intensity during frozen state. This illustrated the conflict between optimal freezing temperatures with respect to quality after thawing against visual appearance during frozen state. Low freezing temperatures gave many small ice crystals, increased light scattering and an increased absorption level for all wavelengths in the visible region. Increased astaxanthin concentration on the other hand would give higher absorption at 490 nm. The results showed a clear potential of using visible interactance spectroscopy to differentiate between poor product coloration due to lack of pigmentation and temporary color loss due to light scattering by ice crystal. This type of measurements could be a useful tool in the development of new freezing methods and to monitor ice crystal growth during frozen storage. It could also potentially be used by the industry to prove good product quality.Practical Application:  In this article we have shown that freezing food products at intermediate to low temperatures (–40 to –80 °C) can result in paler color during frozen state, which could affect consumer acceptance. We have also presented a spectroscopic method that can separate between poor product color and temporary color loss due to freezing.
Inactivation of Vegetative Cells by Continuous High‐Pressure Processing: New Insights on the Contribution of Thermal Effects and Release Device
Authors: Cavender George A. , Kerr William.L. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  Dynamic or continuous high‐pressure processing of fluid foods has drawn significant interest as a microbial reduction process in the past decade, and many attempts have been made to better understand the mechanisms involved in that reduction. This study was intended to provide insight into the contributions of thermal effects and differences in pressure release components in the inactivation of 2 vegetative pathogen analogs—the Gram‐positive Listeria innocua and the Gram‐negative Escherichia coli. Fluids containing microbial loads of 108 or greater were subjected to continuous high‐pressure processing at 200 to 210 MPa. Without active cooling of the release components, all fluids experienced a temperature rise in excess of 70 °C, thus occluding any pressure‐related effects for all release components. Active cooling of the valve bodies of the 2 valve‐style release components (a conical disruption valve and a micrometering valve) allowed the temperature rise to be abated enough to isolate the effects unique to a given valve. In Tryptic soy broth trials, the mean inactivation levels of E. coli between valves were similar—5.16 log and 5.33 log for the micrometering and conical disruption valves, respectively. When repeated with L. innocua, a similar inactivation level was observed in the conical disruption valve (5.1 log) but not the micrometering valve (3.02). Listeria innocua trials were also repeated using fluid whole milk, which showed a lower levels of inactivation—2.04 log for the micrometering valve and 2.51 log for the conical valve.Practical Applications:  This paper compares some of the most common pressure release components used in continuous high‐pressure processing and attempts to isolate the contributions of thermal effects from those of pressure and shear. This information is important to those seeking to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of a proposed set of process parameters for microbial inactivation. Further, the ability to reduce the extreme nature of the temperature rise has the potential to expand the use of process into more temperature sensitive products.
Preferences for Berries Among Consumers in Southern Chile: Blueberries Are Produced but Are They Consumed?
Authors: Schnettler Berta , Miranda Horacio , Sepúlveda José , Denegri Marianela , Mora Marcos , Lobos Germán 
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Blueberry plantations in Chile are oriented exclusively towards exports to northern hemisphere countries; however, this fruit has recently been introduced into the domestic market due to the increased supply and a fall in export market prices. Based on the previously mentioned, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate consumer preferences for 3 species of berries (blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries), sold loose (unpackaged) as opposed to packaged and branded, at different prices, in one of the principal blueberry producing areas of Chile; and to distinguish consumer segments by their preferences. To do this a survey was applied to 400 people in the Araucanía Region of southern Chile, who were responsible for purchasing fruit for their households. Conjoint analysis showed a preference for raspberries and strawberries over blueberries, packaged and branded, at the lowest price. Total of 2 principal segments were distinguished by cluster analysis: “price sensitive” (42.7%), who preferred strawberries, and “sensitive to species of berry” (47.5%), who preferred raspberries and strawberries. The segments presented different profiles in their demographic make‐up and fruit consumption behavior. Strategies are discussed that might reverse the low acceptance of blueberries in the Chilean domestic market.Practical Application: This study presents information on the introduction of new fresh foods into the market.
Sources of variation in reflectance spectrophotometric data: a quantitative analysis using avian eggshell colours
Authors: Cassey Phillip , Hauber Mark E. , Maurer Golo , Ewen John G. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. The evolution of coloration has generated some of the most diverse and variable phenotypes, both within and between species, in animals and plants. The objective quantitative assessment of the physical, chemical and perceptual basis of coloration has been greatly improved by the application of portable full‐spectrum spectrophotometers to measure reflectance data. Yet, the analysis and interpretation of physical measures of colour spectra must be conducted within the constraints of the uncertainty regarding the relative impacts of methodological vs. biological sources of variation.2. Here, we characterise the components of variation in data on reflectance spectra, related to sample storage and measurement equipment, to characterise colourful pigmentation of eggshells (Class: Aves) of two Turdus species. We quantified longitudinal shifts in reflectance occurring over repeated measurements of the same sets of avian eggshells. Shells were sampled at the time of collection and again after 5 years of dark storage using the same equipment. These data were then compared with spectra obtained from the same eggs after the storage with a different model of spectrophotometer for three colour metrics [blue‐green chroma (BGC), UV chroma and brightness].3. Blue‐green chroma and brightness of the same eggs varied systematically between years at a similar magnitude to the biological variation among different eggs. This suggests the need for future research into the extent of chemical and physical deterioration of eggshell appearance even during relatively short‐term storage. The variation introduced by using two different spectrophotometers also was significant but relatively small compared with biological levels of variation for UV and brightness.4. Our results confirm quantitatively that museum eggshell specimens are suitable for interspecific comparative analyses, but also highlight the requirement to account explicitly for variation in storage duration and measurement equipment, when ‘objectively’ comparing biological variation in coloration across individuals in space and also in time.
Noncovalent Complexes of an Inactive Mutant of CTX-M-9 with the Substrate Piperacillin and the Corresponding Product
Authors: Leyssene David , Delmas Julien , Robin Frédéric , Cougnoux Antony , Gibold Lucie , Bonnet Richard 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
We determined the crystal structure of an inactive Ser70Gly mutant of CTX-M-9 in complex with the bulky penicillin piperacillin at precovalent and posthydrolytic stages in the catalytic process. The structures obtained at high resolution were compared with the corresponding structures for the small penicillin benzylpenicillin and the bulky cephalosporin cefotaxime. The findings highlight the key role of the configuration of the carbon adjacent to the acylamino group of the side chain of β-lactams in the precovalent recognition of substrates.
Prospective Multicenter Study of the Epidemiology, Molecular Identification, and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis Isolated from Patients with Candidemia
Authors: Cantón Emilia , Pemán Javier , Quindós Guillermo , Eraso Elena , Miranda-Zapico Ilargi , Álvarez María , Merino Paloma , Campos-Herrero Isolina , Marco Francesc , de la Pedrosa Elia Gomez G. , Yagüe Genoveva , Guna Remedios , Rubio Carmen , Miranda Consuelo , Pazos Carmen , Velasco David ,   the FUNGEMYCA Study Group
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

A 13-month prospective multicenter study including 44 hospitals was carried out to evaluate the epidemiology of
Candida parapsilosis
complex candidemia in Spain. Susceptibility to amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin was tested by the microdilution colorimetric method. A total of 364
C. parapsilosis
complex isolates were identified by molecular methods:
C. parapsilosis
(90.7%),
Candida orthopsilosis
(8.2%), and
Candida metapsilosis
(1.1%). Most candidemias (
C. parapsilosis
, 76.4%;
C. orthopsilosis
, 70.0%;
C. metapsilosis
, 100%) were observed in adults. No
C. orthopsilosis
or
C. metapsilosis
candidemias occurred in neonates.
C. parapsilosis
was most frequent in adult intensive care unit (28.8%), surgery (20.9%), and internal medicine (19.7%) departments; and
C. orthopsilosis
was most frequent in hematology (28.6%), pediatrics (12.0%), and neonatology (11.5%) departments. The geographic distribution of
C. orthopsilosis
and
C. metapsilosis
was not uniform. According to CLSI clinical breakpoints, all
C. orthopsilosis
and
C. metapsilosis
isolates were susceptible to the nine agents tested. Resistance (MICs > 1 mg/liter) was observed only in
C. parapsilosis
: amphotericin B, posaconazole, itraconazole, and caspofungin (0.3% each), anidulafungin (1.9%), and micafungin (2.5%). Applying the new species-specific fluconazole and echinocandin breakpoints, the rates of resistance to fluconazole for
C. parapsilosis
and
C. orthopsilosis
increased to 4.8% and 0.3%, respectively; conversely, for
C. parapsilosis
they shifted from 1.9 to 0.6% (anidulafungin) and from 2.5 to 0.6% (micafungin). Our study confirms the different prevalence of
C. parapsilosis
complex candidemia among age groups: neither
C. orthopsilosis
nor
C. metapsilosis
was isolated from neonates; interestingly,
C. metapsilosis
was isolated only from adults and the elderly. The disparity in antifungal susceptibility among species could be important for therapy.
Genetic Features of CTX-M-15-Producing Acinetobacter baumannii from Haiti
Authors: Potron Anaïs , Munoz-Price L. Silvia , Nordmann Patrice , Cleary Timothy , Poirel Laurent 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter baumannii
isolates T23, W35, and H1 were isolated from three patients who had been injured in the Haiti earthquake in January 2010. Those isolates, corresponding to two distinct clones, were identified as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers and found to be
bla
CTX-M-15
-positive. That ESBL gene was associated with IS
Ecp1
, involved in its acquisition by a one-ended transposition mechanism. In all isolates, the IS
Ecp1-bla
CTX-M-15
compound transposon was apparently chromosomally located.
Effect of Rifampin on Production of Inflammatory Mediators in HepG2 Liver Epithelial Cells
Authors: Yuhas Yael , Berent Eva , Ashkenazi Shai 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTRifampin, a potent antibacterial agent, is one of the main drugs used in the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Hepatotoxicity is a well-documented adverse event. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rifampin on the production of inflammatory mediators in human epithelial HepG2 liver cells in the absence or presence of proinflammatory cytokines. Incubation of HepG2 cells with a cytokine mix plus rifampin was associated with a significant dose-dependent increase in the production of nitric oxide compared to incubation with the cytokine mix alone (P< 0.05) as well as with an increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase protein and mRNA expression. Rifampin significantly increased the secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8) in both untreated cells (P< 0.001) and cytokine-treated cells (P< 0.006). An array screening assay revealed that rifampin stimulated the production of IL-1β and gamma interferon-induced protein-10 (IP-10) in untreated cells and increased the secretion of RANTES in cytokine-treated cells. Together, these results indicate that rifampin may exert proinflammatory effects on liver cells.
Candida albicans Cell Wall Glycosylation May Be Indirectly Required for Activation of Epithelial Cell Proinflammatory Responses
Authors: Murciano Celia , Moyes David L. , Runglall Manohursingh , Islam Ayesha , Mille Celine , Fradin Chantal , Poulain Daniel , Gow Neil A. R. , Naglik Julian R. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Oral epithelial cells discriminate between the yeast and hyphal forms of
Candida albicans
via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. This occurs through phosphorylation of the MAPK phosphatase MKP1 and activation of the c-Fos transcription factor by the hyphal form. Given that fungal cell wall polysaccharides are critical in host recognition and immune activation in myeloid cells, we sought to determine whether β-glucan and
N
- or
O
-glycosylation was important in activating the MAPK/MKP1/c-Fos hypha-mediated response mechanism and proinflammatory cytokines in oral epithelial cells. Using a series of β-glucan and
N
- and
O
-mannan mutants, we found that
N
-mannosylation (via Δ
och1
and Δ
pmr1
mutants) and
O
-mannosylation (via Δ
pmt1
and Δ
mnt1
Δ
mnt2
mutants), but not phosphomannan (via a Δ
mnn4
mutant) or β-1,2 mannosylation (via Δ
bmt1
to Δ
bmt6
mutants), were required for MKP1/c-Fos activation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and cell damage induction. However, the
N
- and
O
-mannan mutants showed reduced adhesion or lack of initial hypha formation at 2 h, resulting in little MKP1/c-Fos activation, or restricted hypha formation/pseudohyphal formation at 24 h, resulting in minimal proinflammatory cytokine production and cell damage. Further, the α-1,6-mannose backbone of the
N
-linked outer chain (corresponding to a Δ
mnn9
mutant) may be required for epithelial adhesion, while the α-1,2-mannose component of phospholipomannan (corresponding to a Δ
mit1
mutant) may contribute to epithelial cell damage. β-Glucan appeared to play no role in adhesion, epithelial activation, or cell damage. In summary,
N
- and
O
-mannosylation defects affect the ability of
C. albicans
to induce proinflammatory cytokines and damage in oral epithelial cells, but this may be due to indirect effects on fungal pathogenicity rather than mannose residues being direct activators of the MAPK/MKP1/c-Fos hypha-mediated immune response.
A Metronidazole-Resistant Isolate of Blastocystis spp. Is Susceptible to Nitric Oxide and Downregulates Intestinal Epithelial Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase by a Novel Parasite Survival Mechanism
Authors: Mirza Haris , Wu Zhaona , Kidwai Fahad , Tan Kevin S. W. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Blastocystis
, one of the most common parasites colonizing the human intestine, is an extracellular, noninvasive, luminal protozoan with controversial pathogenesis.
Blastocystis
infections can be asymptomatic or cause intestinal symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Although chronic infections are frequently reported,
Blastocystis
infections have also been reported to be self-limiting in immunocompetent patients. Characterizing the host innate response to
Blastocystis
would lead to a better understanding of the parasite's pathogenesis. Intestinal epithelial cells produce nitric oxide (NO), primarily on the apical side, in order to target luminal pathogens. In this study, we show that NO production by intestinal cells may be a host defense mechanism against
Blastocystis
. Two clinically relevant isolates of
Blastocystis
, ST-7 (B) and ST-4 (WR-1), were found to be susceptible to a range of NO donors. ST-7 (B), a metronidazole-resistant isolate, was found to be more sensitive to nitrosative stress. Using the Caco-2 model of human intestinal epithelium,
Blastocystis
ST-7 (B) but not ST-4 (WR-1) exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of Caco-2 NO production, and this was associated with downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Despite its higher susceptibility to NO,
Blastocystis
ST-7 (B) may have evolved unique strategies to evade this potential host defense by depressing host NO production. This is the first study to highlight a strain-to-strain variation in the ability of
Blastocystis
to evade the host antiparasitic NO response.
Making standard ML a practical database programming language
Authors: Ohori Atsushi , Ueno Katsuhiro 
Published: September 2011

Integrating a database query language into a programming language is becoming increasingly important in recently emerging high-level cloud computing and other applications, where efficient and sophisticated data manipulation is required during computation. This paper reports on seamless integration of SQL into SML# - an extension of Standard ML. In the integrated language, the type system always infers a principal type for any type consistent SQL expression. This makes SQL queries first-class citizens, which can be freely combined with any other language constructs definable in Standard ML. For a program involving SQL queries, the compiler separates SQL queries and delegates their evaluation to a database server, e.g. PostgreSQL or MySQL in the currently implemented version.
The type system of our language is largely based on Machiavelli, which demonstrates that ML with record polymorphism can represent type structure of SQL. In order to develop a practical language, however, a number of technical challenges have to be overcome, including static enforcement of server connection consistency, proper treatment of overloaded SQL primitives, query compilation, and runtime connection management. This paper describes the necessary extensions to the type system and compilation, and reports on the details of its implementation.
Egg, Red Meat, and Poultry Intake and Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer in the Prostate-Specific Antigen-Era: Incidence and Survival
Authors: Richman Erin L. , Kenfield Stacey A. , Stampfer Meir J. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Chan June M. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Red and processed meat may increase risk of advanced prostate cancer. Data on postdiagnostic diet and prostate cancer are sparse, but postdiagnostic intake of poultry with skin and eggs may increase risk of disease progression. Therefore, we prospectively examined total, unprocessed, and processed red meat, poultry, and eggs in relation to risk of lethal prostate cancer (e.g., men without cancer at baseline who developed distant organ metastases or died from prostate cancer during follow-up) among 27, 607 men followed from 1994 to 2008. We also conducted a case-only survival analysis to examine postdiagnostic consumption of these foods and risk of lethal prostate cancer among the 3,127 men initially diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer during follow-up. In the incidence analysis, we observed 199 events during 306,715 person-years. Men who consumed 2.5 or more eggs per week had an 81% increased risk of lethal prostate cancer compared with men who consumed less than 0.5 eggs per week (HR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.13–2.89; Ptrend: 0.01). In the case-only survival analysis, we observed 123 events during 19,354 person-years. There were suggestive, but not statistically significant, positive associations between postdiagnostic poultry (HR ≥ 3.5 vs. &lt;1.5 servings per week: 1.69; 95% CI: 0.96–2.99; Ptrend: 0.07) and postdiagnostic processed red meat (HR ≥ 3 vs. &lt;0.5 servings per week: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.73–2.87; Ptrend: 0.08) and risk of progression of localized prostate cancer to lethal disease. In conclusion, consumption of eggs may increase risk of developing a lethal form of prostate cancer among healthy men. Cancer Prev Res; 4(12); 2110–21. ©2011 AACR.