bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF A LEXICON FOR BEEF FLAVOR IN INTACT MUSCLE
Authors: ADHIKARI KOUSHIK , CHAMBERS IV EDGAR , MILLER RHONDA , VÁZQUEZ‐ARAÚJO LAURA , BHUMIRATANA NATNICHA , PHILIP CHRISLY 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTA lexicon describing the flavor characteristics of beef across different cuts, grades, and cooking temperatures and methods was developed. Four major cuts of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) quality grade beef were cooked to five endpoint temperatures using braising, broiling (oven broiling and electric charbroiling), roasting and grilling (indoor and outdoor grilling). Six highly trained panelists identified and defined a total of 38 aroma and flavor characteristics in 176 beef samples. Beef identity, brown/roasted, bloody/serumy, metallic, fat‐like, overall sweet, sour aromatics and five tastes were present in practically all samples. Other attributes were present only in certain samples, depending on either the sample group or the cooking method/endpoint temperature combination used. This lexicon potentially offers the beef industry a standard tool to identify and quantify flavor attributes as impacted by temperature, cooking method, aging process, storage time, diet regime, packaging, USDA quality grades, etc.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSUntil now, the beef industry's main focus has been to assess beef tenderness and juiciness, with an emphasis on ways to improve beef texture. Meat companies and academic institutions have been using the 1995 American Meat Science Association guidelines to assess the flavor of beef, which are not comprehensive. Recent work has focused on flavor, and the industry needs a standardized flavor lexicon that can be used for many projects. It is important for the industry to be able to systematically identify and quantify flavor attributes that drive consumer acceptance.
A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Early Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke with Atorvastatin and Irbesartan
Authors: Beer Christopher , Blacker David , Bynevelt Michael , Hankey Graeme J. , Puddey Ian B. 
Published: November 2011

Background Cholesterol and blood pressure lowering therapies are effective in the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke. Aim To determine whether 30 days of treatment with atorvastatin, or irbesartan, initiated within 96 h of symptom onset improves recovery from acute ischemic stroke. Methods Eighty-one patients with acute ischemic stroke participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of atorvastatin (80 mg) vs. placebo, and/or irbesartan (150 mg) vs. placebo. Fifty-two patients (randomized 53 ± 22 h after onset of symptoms) completed the 30-day primary outcome follow-up. Results The primary outcome, maximal brain infarct size at days 3 and 30 measured by perfusion computed tomography, was not significantly altered by random assignment to irbesartan (1088 (IQR 216, 2594) mm2 at day 3, compared with 398 (144, 2053) mm2 among the placebo group, P=0·79 controlling for baseline values; and 822 (159, 1717) mm2 at day 30, cf 280 (76, 1330) mm2; P=0·63); or atorvastatin (454 (107, 1765) mm2 cf 825 (265, 2509) mm2 at day 3; P=0·33; and 462 (43, 1399) mm2 cf 280 (128, 1559) mm2 at day 30, P=0·79). There were no other significant differences among the treatment groups with the exception of: • high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, which were lower in the irbesartan treatment group at day 30 (mean difference 12·6 mg/L; 95% CI: −25·1, −0·1; P=0·048); and • the mean cerebral blood flow in the affected cerebral hemisphere at 30 days after stroke, which was significantly reduced by random assignment to irbesartan compared with placebo in both the affected cerebral hemisphere (−7·5 mL/100 mL/min (95% CI: −1·7 to −13·4, P=0·01)) and in the unaffected hemisphere (−7·3 mL/100 mL/min (95% CI: −1·3, −13·4; P=0·02)). Atorvastatin therapy was well tolerated, but irbesartan therapy was associated with an increased rate of withdrawal from therapy ( n=10 (29%), compared with n=3 (9%) who withdrew from placebo, P=0·04). Conclusions Treatment with atorvastatin and irbesartan, initiated on day 3 after acute ischemic stroke, did not appear to substantially modify infarct growth.
At the Nexus of Science and Religion: UFO Religions
Authors: Zeller Benjamin E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe modern period has witnessed a rise of religious interest in extraterrestrial life and visitations, which although dating back to the 18th century, culminated during the 20th century in the emergence of the ‘UFO religions’. This article highlights the manner in which the founders and members of unidentified flying object (UFO) religions have sought to operate at the nexus of science and religion in the modern world. The article first considers definitional questions and explains the origin of the concept of UFOs, ufology, and UFO religions. The article then traces the history of the development and rise of several of these religions, providing case studies of the major UFO religions and religious movements. Finally, the article considers recent scholarship and research issues involving UFO religions.
Globalization and Theology
Authors: Raschke Carl 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe buzzword “globalization” has dominated academic discussions in philosophy and the social sciences for almost a quarter century now. But what do, or should, theologians have to say? This article first explores the controversy over the general meaning of the term “globalization”, then discusses the somewhat recent historical tendency of theologians to contribute largely in a reticent or reactive way to the debates, and finally outlines three strategies by which leaders in the field have productively engaged and which chart a significant future for the field. Such strategies reflect involvement in debates about global justice with specific attention to climate change, money and international finance, and the emergent idea of a new “cosmopolitanism”. At the same time, in light of current global social economic sea changes, such as the decline of the hegemony of the West and the growing political influence of “developing world” nations, theologians are beginning to realize that old‐style liberalism and self‐condemnatory moralizing about the West’s exploitations of the world’s peoples and resources needs to be replaced with a sense of a multi‐cultural and transnational common purpose in facing the common threats to our entire humanity.
Auxiliary Verb Constructions (and Other Complex Predicate Types): A Functional–Constructional Overview
Authors: Anderson Gregory D. S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of a typology of auxiliary verb constructions (AVCs) and other complex predicate types. A brief semantic, inflectional and diachronic or developmental typology of AVCs is proposed. This includes an overview and exemplification of the basic functional semantic contrasts expressed by AVCs, as well as how inflectional categories are distributed throughout the sub‐types of constructions attested. How AVCs differ from other common sub‐types of complex predicate such as serial verb constructions or light verb constructions is exemplified, and more minor or tradition‐specific terms are also discussed in brief. The varied sources for the development of AVCs are cursorily introduced and how such constructions further develop into complex verb forms once grammaticalized is briefly discussed. Thus, the study discusses the full grammaticalization path that such structures follow, from lexical verb construction to AVC to verb plus affix forms. An extensive bibliography is also included.
Diversity of Chlamydomonas Channelrhodopsins
Authors: Hou Sing‐Yi , Govorunova Elena G. , Ntefidou Maria , Lane C. Elizabeth , Spudich Elena N. , Sineshchekov Oleg A. , Spudich John L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChannelrhodopsins act as photoreceptors for control of motility behavior in flagellates and are widely used as genetically targeted tools to optically manipulate the membrane potential of specific cell populations (“optogenetics”). The first two channelrhodopsins were obtained from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR1 and CrChR2). By homology cloning we identified three new channelrhodopsin sequences from the same genus, CaChR1, CyChR1 and CraChR2, from C. augustae, C. yellowstonensis and C. raudensis, respectively. CaChR1 and CyChR1 were functionally expressed in HEK293 cells, where they acted as light‐gated ion channels similar to CrChR1. However, both, which are similar to each other, differed from CrChR1 in current kinetics, inactivation, light intensity dependence, spectral sensitivity and dependence on the external pH. These results show that extensive channelrhodopsin diversity exists even within the same genus, Chlamydomonas. The maximal spectral sensitivity of CaChR1 was at 520 nm at pH 7.4, about 40 nm redshifted as compared to that of CrChR1 under the same conditions. CaChR1 was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris and exhibited an absorption spectrum identical to the action spectrum of CaChR1‐generated photocurrents. The redshifted spectra and the lack of fast inactivation in CaChR1‐ and CyChR1‐generated currents are features desirable for optogenetics applications.
Social Negativity and Health: Conceptual and Measurement Issues
Authors: Brooks Kathryn P. , Dunkel Schetter Christine 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe goal of this review paper is to identify conceptual and measurement issues in the study of social negativity and health in order to foster development of research on this important topic. We begin by discussing how the negative side of social ties has been conceptualized and by identifying features of the underlying construct. Next, we review selected evidence on the effects of social negativity on physiology, self‐reported health, morbidity, and mortality. We end by highlighting unresolved questions and presenting recommendations for how the field should move forward.
Social Equality and the Mobilization of the Law
Authors: Portillo Shannon 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSociolegal scholars refer to the invocation of law or rules during a dispute as the mobilization of law. Most studies of the mobilization of law focus on the mobilization of law by people in non‐official capacities, particularly by persons of relatively low social status or in positions of social disadvantage. Early studies debated the effectiveness of court‐centered strategies for social justice, examining whether real social change could be achieved through formal judicial means. Scholars now largely agree that law can be effectively mobilized for social change through both direct formal legal action and the indirect radiating effects of legal mobilization. This is because the influence of law goes beyond the courtroom; rights consciousness and legal mobilization help to transform culture and understandings of social status and power. Currently scholars are turning their attention to the mobilization of law within organizations such as schools and workplaces and the mobilization of rights talk and justice talk in unofficial arenas domestically and internationally.
Religion: Faith in the Age of Reason
Authors: GREGORY JEREMY 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis essay reviews some of the key developments in research into religion since JECS was founded in 1978. In the late 1970s the dominant paradigm was to view the eighteenth century as the Age of Reason, whose principal characteristic was a secularising Enlightenment. Since then the Enlightenment itself has been reconceptualised, and scholars are more alive to the positive relationship between the Enlightenment and religion. Moreover, religion is now viewed as being crucial to politics, questions of national identity and cultural matters – in short, as being more vital to the eighteenth century in 2011 than it was in 1978.
German Studies: Where is the Aufklärung now?
Authors: WHALEY JOACHIM 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSome commentators have recently suggested that research into the Aufklärung is currently in decline, or at least no longer as exciting as it was in the ‘heroic’ age that began in the 1960s, when German scholars rediscovered the Aufklärung as a source of inspiration for the present. This essay examines the development of Aufklärung studies since the 1960s and suggests that they are characterised by continuity and change rather than decline.
Russian Studies: New Synergies
Authors: KAHN ANDREW 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis survey traces a set of interrelated trends that characterise current scholarly approaches to the literary culture of the Russian Enlightenment. These include the impact of New Historicism on discussions of court literature and ritual, the relation between literary producers and consumers, and the different models of authorial careers that arise and lead to diverse models of classicism as well as different lyric practices. The article also draws attention to important new editions and works of reference that are providing tools in the ongoing discussion of how the eighteenth century understood the modernising project of the Enlightenment.
Restricted Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) Herpesvirus Transcription in KS Lesions from Patients on Successful Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Dittmer Dirk P. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is caused by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8). KS is an AIDS-defining cancer, and it is changing in the post-antiretroviral therapy (post-ART) era. In countries with ready access to ART, approximately one-third of KS cases present in patients with undetectable HIV loads and CD4 counts of ≥200 cells/µl. This is in contrast to pre-ART era KS, which was associated with systemic HIV replication and CD4 counts of ≤200 cells/µl. Using primary patient biopsy specimens, we identified a novel molecular signature that characterizes AIDS KS lesions that develop in HIV-suppressed patients on ART: KSHV transcription is limited in HIV-suppressed patients. With one exception, only the canonical viral latency mRNAs were detectable. In contrast, early AIDS KS lesions expressed many more viral mRNAs, including, for instance, the viral G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR).

IMPORTANCE
This is the first genomewide study of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) transcription in KS lesions in the post-antiretroviral (post-ART) era. It shows that the gene expression of KSHV is altered in patients on ART, and it provides clinical evidence for active AIDS (as characterized by high HIV load and low CD4 counts) being a potential modulator of KSHV transcription. This implies a novel mode of pathogenesis (tightly latent KS), which may inform KS cancer treatment options in the post-ART era.
Prospective Swiss cohort study of living-kidney donors: study protocol
Authors: Thiel Gilbert T , Nolte Christa , Tsinalis Dimitrios 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundOffering living kidney donation raised the concern that donors are exposed to unknown risks. All Swiss transplant centres therefore decided to start a prospective cohort study of living kidney donors in Switzerland. This paper describes the rationale for and implementation of this cohort study.Methods/designAll kidney donors in Switzerland are registered and examined before donation and biennially after donation starting in the first year after nephrectomy. Before each follow-up visit, the study centre sends a package to the kidney donor containing the health questionnaire, blood and urine tubes and a prepaid envelope for sending the samples to the central laboratory. The donor makes an appointment with their family physician, who examines the donor and reports findings such as pain and other complaints, blood pressure, creatinine, albumin, all major health events and the state of mental and social well-being to the study centre. The family doctor draws the blood sample and mails it with the urine sample in the prepaid envelope. All data are centrally managed. All abnormal findings in the follow-up of individual donors are regularly discussed with the principal investigator, and necessary clinical changes made and recorded in the database. The health insurance of the recipient covers all costs of the donor follow-up. The main outcomes are the occurrence of albuminuria, hypertension and renal insufficiency. The secondary outcomes are major somatic and social events such as death, cardiovascular disease, stroke and depression.DiscussionThis prospective cohort offers unique opportunities to assess the risks of living kidney donation and will allow us to examine the risks associated with the methods used for nephrectomy in Switzerland (various forms of open surgery and laparoscopic nephrectomy). The prospective collection of all clinically relevant data and the regular monitoring of donors will allow timely interventions at early stages before serious kidney and general health problems occur.
Training the biomedical informatics workforce in Latin America: results of a needs assessment
Authors: Blas Magaly M , Curioso Walter H , Garcia Patricia J , Zimic Mirko , Carcamo Cesar P , Castagnetto Jesus M , Lescano Andres G , Lopez Diego M 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveTo report the results of a needs assessment of research and training in Medical Informatics (MI) and Bioinformatics (BI) in Latin America.Methods and resultsThis assessment was conducted by QUIPU: The Andean Global Health Informatics Research and Training Center. After sending email invitations to MI–BI related professionals from Latin America, 142 surveys were received from 11 Latin American countries. The following were the top four ranked MI-related courses that a training programme should include: introduction to biomedical informatics; data representation and databases; mobile health; and courses that address issues of security, confidentiality and privacy. Several new courses and topics for research were suggested by survey participants. The information collected is guiding the development of curricula and a research agenda for the MI and BI QUIPU multidisciplinary programme for the Andean Region and Latin America.
The ‘Eigenständig werden’ prevention trial: a cluster randomised controlled study on a school-based life skills programme to prevent substance use onset
Authors: Hansen Julia , Hanewinkel Reiner , Maruska Karin , Isensee Barbara 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveTo implement and evaluate ‘Eigenständig werden 5+6’ (‘Becoming Independent 5+6’), a school-based curriculum for grades 5 and 6 developed on the basis of evidence-based criteria for effective drug prevention curricula in schools. Evaluation of the programme includes efficacy, feasibility and practicability in daily school routine.Methods and resultsThe intervention ‘Eigenständig werden 5+6’ consists of 14 teaching units evenly distributed over grades 5 and 6 which are interactively delivered, and a parent component. Programme effects are studied in a four wave cluster randomised controlled trial with two arms, an intervention and a control group. Self-completed questionnaires from students and teachers are collected by trained research staff. 45 schools, 172 classes and 3444 students with a mean age of 10.37 years (SD=0.59) and 47.9% girls from four federal states in Germany were assessed at baseline. 1685 students in 81 classes were assigned to intervention classes, 1759 students in 91 classes to the control arm. No differences between conditions were found for age, gender, immigration background, socioeconomic status, substance use or life skills at baseline. Exceptions were higher self-efficacy (t(3438)=2.34, p=0.02, d=0.08) and empathy (t(3302)=2.4, p=0.02, d=0.09) in the control group, whereas class climate seemed better in the intervention group (t(3037)=2.01, p=0.05, d=0.07), but effect sizes state marginal differences.ConclusionBaseline data suggest that the initial conditions are favourable for testing programme efficacy since distribution of baseline levels of the outcomes did not differ in the intervention and control groups, except for negligible differences between self-efficacy and empathy, which were higher in the control group, and class climate, which was higher in the intervention group.Trial registration numberCurrent Controlled TrialsISRCTN99442407.
How is agitation and restlessness managed in the last 24 h of life in patients whose care is supported by the Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient?
Authors: Gambles M , McGlinchey T , Latten R , Dickman A , Lowe D , Ellershaw J E 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundGuidance regarding the patient centred management of agitation and restlessness reinforces the importance of considering underlying causes, non-pharmacological approaches to treatment and judicious use of medications titrated to patient need. In contrast, recent reports in the literature suggest that the practice of continuous deep sedation until death is prevalent in the UK.AimTo use data from the National Care of the Dying Audit - Hospitals (NCDAH) to explore the administration of medication for management of agitation and restlessness in the last 24 h of life.MethodsHospitals submitted data from up to 30 consecutive adult patients whose care in the final hours/days of life was supported by the Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP). Data on the total dose received in the last 24 h of life PRN and the last dose prescribed for administration via continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSCI) for agitation and restlessness were submitted.Results155 hospitals provided data from 3893 patients. Median total doses in the last 24 h for midazolam, haloperidol and levomepromazine, respectively, were: PRN only, 2.5, 1.5 and 6.25 mg; CSCI only, 10, 3 and 6.25 mg; PRN+CSCI, 15, 3 and 12.5 mg.ConclusionOnly 51% of patients received medication to alleviate agitation and restlessness in the last 24 h of life. Median doses were low in comparison to doses recommended for continuous deep sedation, suggesting that there is no ‘blanket’ policy for continuous deep sedation at the end of life for patients whose care is supported by the LCP.
Accuracy of a feedback device for cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a dental chair
Authors: Segal Nicolas , Laurent Florian , Maman Louis , Plaisance Patrick , Augustin Pascal 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundConflicting studies exist about the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a dental chair. In some situations, dental surgeons are obliged to perform CPR with the patient on the chair. Feedback devices are supposed to guide the compression depth in order to improve the quality of CPR, but some devices are based on an accelerometer that can theoretically report erroneous results because of the lack of rigidity of a dental chair.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of these devices to guide chest compressions on a dental chair.MethodsA prospective, randomised, crossover, equivalence/non-inferiority study was conducted to compare the values of compression depths provided by the feedback device (Real CPR Help®, delivered by Zoll© Medical Corporation, Chelmsford, MA, USA) with the real measurements provided by the manikin (Resusci Anne®Advanced SkillTrainer, Laerdal Medical AS©, Norway). Chest-compression-only CPR was performed by 15 Basic Life Support instructors who carried out two rounds of continuous CPR for 2 min each. Data were analysed with a correlation test, a Bland–Altman method and a Wilcoxon test. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05.ResultsA significant difference was found between the mean depths of compression measured by the feedback device and the manikin on a dental chair and on the floor (p<0.0001). The feedback device overestimated the depth of chest compressions, and Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated poor agreement.ConclusionThis study indicates that feedback devices with accelerometer technology are not sufficiently reliable to ensure adequate chest compression on dental chairs.