bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Electrical Treeing Phenomena in XLPE Cable Insulation Adopting UHF Technique
Authors: Sarathi Ramanujam , Nandini Arya , Danikas Michael 
Published: June 2011

Understanding Electrical Treeing Phenomena in XLPE Cable Insulation Adopting UHF TechniqueA major cause for failure of underground cables is due to formation of electrical trees in the cable insulation. A variety of tree structure can form from a defect site in cable insulationvizbush-type trees, tree-like trees, fibrillar type trees, intrinsic type, depending on the applied voltage. Weibull studies indicate that a higher applied voltage enhances the rate of tree propagation thereby reducing the life of cable insulation. Measurements of injected current during tree propagation indicates that the rise time and fall time of the signal is of few nano seconds. In the present study, an attempt has been made to identify the partial discharges caused due to inception and propagation of electrical trees adopting UHF technique. It is realized that UHF signal generated during tree growth have signal bandwidth in the range of 0.5-2.0 GHz. The formation of streamer type discharge and Townsend type discharges during tree inception and propagation alters the shape of the tree formed. The UHF signal generated due to partial discharges formed during tree growth were analyzed adopting Ternary plot, which can allow one to classify the shape of tree structure formed.
Lessons learned and experience gained from the application of the FEM to solve transient flow filtration tasks
Authors: Grambličková D. , Bednárová E. , Minárik M. 
Published: June 2011

Lessons learned and experience gained from the application of the FEM to solve transient flow filtration tasksThe frequent occurrence of floods in recent times has motivated discussions of experts who concentrate on reviewing the safety of flood dikes. Due to their line character and the often unknown composition of their bodies and subsoil, this task is very complicated. The proposed paper deals with some risks involving the safety of flood dikes and possibilities for their treatment in Slovakia. Attention is also paid to the lessons learned and experience gained from the application of the finite element method by solving the above-mentioned problems.
On the use of the Muskingum method for the simulation of flood wave movements
Authors: Baláž M. , Danáčová M. , Szolgay J. 
Published: June 2011

On the use of the Muskingum method for the simulation of flood wave movementsThe Muskingum method is a hydrological flow routing model with lumped parameters, which describes the transformation of discharge waves in a river bed using two equations. The first one is the continuity equation (conservation of mass) and the second equation is the relationship between the storage, inflow, and outflow of the reach (the discharge storage equation). These equations are applied within a river reach between two cross sections of a river. The parameters of the model can be estimated by several methods. Here the classical graphic method is compared with two new methods where a genetic algorithm and harmony search was used for optimization. The discrete state space formulation of the Muskingum method was applied on the lower Morava reach between Moravský Svätý Ján and Záhorská Ves. The results showed a good degree of accuracy of all three methods, which were assessed by the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient.
Regards critiques sur le dispositif de lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux : les obligations de vigilance et de déclaration des professionnels de l'expertise comptable et du commissariat aux comptes
Authors: André Caroline 
Published: June 2011

Le dispositif français de lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux et le financement du terrorisme (BCFT) ne cesse d’être réformé afin d’atteindre un objectif : celui de l’efficacité. Pour ce faire, la liste des professionnels assujettis aux obligations de vigilance et de déclaration ne cesse de s’allonger et elle le sera dans les prochaines années. En outre, l’ordonnance n? 2009-104 du 30 janvier 2009 relative à la prévention de l’utilisation du système financier aux fins de BCFT a procédé à une refonte du dispositif préventif de cette lutte. L’ordonnance a ainsi affermi le dispositif en renforçant les obligations de vigilance à la charge des professionnels et en élargissant le champ d’application de l’obligation de déclaration. Toutefois, le nombre de déclarations émanant des commissaires aux comptes et des experts-comptables reste marginal. Leur activité déclarative représente 0,13% et 0,03% du nombre total des déclarations de soupçon reçu par TRACFIN (rapport 2008). Or, au regard de l’importance du rôle de ces professionnels dans la régulation de l’économie, de fortes marges de progression apparaissent possibles et souhaitables. Cet article présente, de manière critique, le dispositif français de lutte contre le BCFT, instauré à l’attention de ces professionnels.
Carbon Nanomaterials for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Applications: A Bright Future
Authors: Brennan Lorcan J. , Byrne Michele T. , Bari Mazhar , Gun'ko Yurii K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThere is an urgent need for alternative energy resources due to the rapid rise in the price of fossil fuels and the great danger of the increasing greenhouse effect caused by carbon dioxide emission. Sunlight provides by far the largest of all carbon‐neutral energy sources. Therefore, the current solar‐ or photovoltaic‐cell‐based technologies, which can utilize solar energy, are of extreme importance. Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are of particular interest because they can offer a number of advantages when compared to existing photovoltaic technologies. In this review, recent advances in carbon‐related nanomaterials and their application as materials for DSSCs are discussed. Carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene display remarkable electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties that enable several exciting applications in DSSCs. The progress on the utilisation of carbon nanotubes, graphene, and their nanocomposites is reviewed as highly prospective materials to replace transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers and counter electrodes in DSSCs. Moreover, carbon nanomaterials enable improvement of the performance of absorbing layers in working photoanodes by enhancing the light absorption and electron transport across the semiconducting nanostructured film. The application of carbon nanotubes, graphite particles, and graphene as additives towards the improved efficiency of the electrolyte in these solar cells is also discussed. Finally, a brief outlook is provided on the future development of carbon nanomaterial composites as prospective materials for DSSCs, particularly as components for printable solar cells, which are expected to play an important role in the future solar‐cell market.
Environmental Management in SMEs in the UK: Practices, Pressures and Perceived Benefits
Authors: Brammer Stephen , Hoejmose Stefan , Marchant Kerry 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTEnvironmental management represents a significant challenge for small businesses, and prior research has shown that they are typically less engaged with environmental issues than their larger counterparts. At the same time, prior research has seldom explored engagement among small and medium‐sized companies (SMEs) with the wide variety of practices that are encompassed by environmental management, nor has it sought to explore heterogeneity among SMEs. In this study, we analyse the extent of SME involvement in a wide range of environmental management practices and the differences between small and medium‐sized businesses. We also explore SME perceptions of pressures for, and benefits of, engagement with environmental issues. Our findings show that most small businesses are engaged in some environmental initiatives but that there is significant heterogeneity in the engagement of small and medium‐sized businesses. Consistent with this, we show that the smallest companies perceive significantly fewer benefits of engagement with environmental issues. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Laminar Mixing in Miniature Hollow‐Fibre Membrane Reactors by using Secondary Flows (Part 1)
Authors: Kopf Florian , Schlüter Michael , Kaufhold Dennis , Hilterhaus Lutz , Liese Andreas , Wolff Christoph , Beutel Sascha , Scheper Thomas 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn der modernen Verfahrenstechnik hat sich die Miniaturisierung zur gezielten Ausnutzung definierter Reaktionsbedingungen weitgehend etabliert. Der Nachteil kleiner Volumenströme und uneffektiver, laminarer Durchmischung wird durch kontinuierliche Betriebsweise und kurze Diffusionswege weitgehend ausgeglichen. Dennoch treten bei der Übertragung makroskopisch sicher beherrschter Prozesse noch erhebliche Schwierigkeiten auf, da vor allem grenzschichtdominierte Transportprozesse weitgehend unverstanden sind. Dies gilt besonders für biotechnologische Anwendungen, bei denen Umsatz und Selektivität neben skalenübergreifenden Stofftransportprozessen auch von lokalen Scherbeanspruchungen beeinflusst werden. Zur gezielten Einstellung von Prozessparametern werden deshalb Miniatur‐Hohlfasermembranreaktoren entwickelt, die auf kleinem Raum eine indirekte Begasung sowie eine integrierte Eduktzufuhr und Produktabtrennung bei definierter Scherrate ermöglichen. Da sich gezielt einstellbare Sekundärströmungen als besonders geeignet erwiesen haben, um kurze Diffusionswege bei scherarmer Durchmischung zu gewährleisten [1], werden deren Prinzipien auch im Miniatur‐Hohlfasermembranreaktor angewendet. So werden Reaktorgeometrien zur Erzeugung von Kármánschen Wirbelstraßen und Dean‐Wirbeln optimiert, um insbesondere den grenzschichtnahen Stofftransport zwischen Hohlfasermembran und umgebendem Fluid zu erhöhen. Zunächst werden numerische Strömungssimulationen durchgeführt, die im Weiteren mit experimentellen Daten validiert werden. Anhand zweier Reaktormodelle wird gezeigt, dass durch gezielte Nutzung von Sekundärströmungen eine erhebliche Steigerung des Stoffaustausches bei scherarmer Durchmischung erzielt werden kann.
Performance analysis of ONOE protocol—an IEEE 802.11 link adaptation algorithm
Authors: He Jianhua , Tang Zuoyin , Chen Hsiao‐Hwa , Wang Shu 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYLink adaptation (LA) plays an important role in adapting an IEEE 802.11 network to wireless link conditions and maximizing its capacity. However, there is a lack of theoretic analysis of IEEE 802.11 LA algorithms. In this article, we propose a Markov chain model for an 802.11 LA algorithm (ONOE algorithm), aiming to identify the problems and finding the space of improvement for LA algorithms. We systematically model the impacts of frame corruption and collision on IEEE 802.11 network performance. The proposed analytic model was verified by computer simulations. With the analytic model, it can be observed that ONOE algorithm performance is highly dependent on the initial bit rate and parameter configurations. The algorithm may perform badly even under light channel congestion, and thus, ONOE algorithm parameters should be configured carefully to ensure a satisfactory system performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximations of the Carrier–Greenspan periodic solution to the shallow water wave equations for flows on a sloping beach
Authors: Mungkasi Sudi , Roberts Stephen G. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYThe Carrier–Greenspan solutions to the shallow water wave equations for flows on a sloping beach are of two types, periodic and transient. This paper focuses only on periodic‐type waves. We review an exact solution over the whole domain presented by Johns [‘Numerical integration of the shallow water equations over a sloping shelf’, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 2(3): 253–261, 1982] and its approximate solution (the Johns prescription) prescribed at the zero point of the spatial domain. A new simple formula for the shoreline velocity is presented. We also present new higher order approximations of the Carrier–Greenspan solution at the zero point of the spatial domain. Furthermore, we compare numerical solutions obtained using a finite volume method to simulate the periodic waves generated by the Johns prescription with those found using the same method to simulate the periodic waves generated by the Carrier–Greenspan exact prescription and with those found using the same method to simulate the periodic waves generated by the new approximations. We find that the Johns prescription may lead to a large error. In contrast, the new approximations presented in this paper produce a significantly smaller error. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavior of 2‐iminothiazolidin‐4‐one with different reagents
Authors: Hamama Wafaa S. , Ismail Mohadamed A. , Soliman Mamdoh , Shaaban Saad , Zoorob Hanafi H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAnnulations of 2‐imino‐4‐thiazolidinone (5) via cycloaddition followed by cyclocondensation reaction with 1,3‐diphenylpropenone (6), benzylidenemalonate, and 1,2‐bis(chloromethyl)benzene gave 7, 19 and 20, respectively. Reaction of 5 with suitable electrophiles (Mannich bases of arylalkanone), 1,4‐dichlorobenzene (diarylmethylation), and formylation afforded 8/9, 21/22, and 23, respectively. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of some new 4‐substituted‐3‐aryl‐1‐(2,6‐dimethylpyrimidin‐4‐yl)pyrazoles
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Nair Reshmi R. , Dhiman Saurabh Sudha , Sharma Jitender , Prakash Om 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSynthesis of a series of new 4‐substituted‐3‐aryl‐1‐(2,6‐dimethylpyrimidin‐4‐yl)pyrazoles (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 2f, 2g, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, and 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g) is described. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antibacterial activity against two gram‐positive and two gram‐negative bacteria, namely, Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 8509), Bacillus stearothermophilus (MTCC 8508), Escherichia coli (MTCC 51), and Pseudomonas putida (MTCC 121), and their activity was compared with two commercial antibiotics, streptomycin and chloramphenicol. Two compounds, namely, 3‐(4‐anisyl)‐1‐(2,6‐dimethylpyrimidin‐4‐yl)pyrazole‐4‐carboxaldehyde (2b) and 3‐(2‐thienyl)‐1‐(2,6‐dimethyl pyrimidin‐4‐yl)pyrazole‐4‐carboxaldehyde (2g) were found to be equipotent to streptomycin and chloramphenicol against gram‐negative bacteria, E. coli having minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value = 4 μg/mL. Compounds 4b and 4d also displayed good activity against E. coli with MIC = 8 μg/mL. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Novel application of the MSSCP method in biodiversity studies
Authors: Tomczyk‐Żak Karolina , Kaczanowski Szymon , Górecka Magdalena , Zieenkiewicz Urszula 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAnalysis of 16S rRNA sequence diversity is widely performed for characterizing the biodiversity of microbial samples. The number of determined sequences has a considerable impact on complete results. Although the cost of mass sequencing is decreasing, it is often still too high for individual projects. We applied the multi‐temperature single‐strand conformational polymorphism (MSSCP) method to decrease the number of analysed sequences. This was a novel application of this method. As a control, the same sample was analysed using random sequencing. In this paper, we adapted the MSSCP technique for screening of unique sequences of the 16S rRNA gene library and bacterial strains isolated from biofilms growing on the walls of an ancient gold mine in Poland and determined whether the results obtained by both methods differed and whether random sequencing could be replaced by MSSCP. Although it was biased towards the detection of rare sequences in the samples, the qualitative results of MSSCP were not different than those of random sequencing. Unambiguous discrimination of unique clones and strains creates an opportunity to effectively estimate the biodiversity of natural communities, especially in populations which are numerous but species poor. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of a novel thioesterase (PtTE) from Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Gong Yangmin , Guo Xiaojing , Wan Xia , Liang Zhuo , Jiang Mulang 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) thioesterase PtTE was encoded by a 648 bp open reading frame. The deduced 216 amino acids showed no similarity with plant acyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases and bacterial thioesterases. Southern blot analysis revealed that one copy of PtTE was present in the P. tricornutum genome, and Real‐time quantitative PCR showed that PtTE was up‐regulated upon nitrogen deprivation. Thioesterase activity of PtTE was established by heterologous expression of PtTE cDNA in Escherichia coli (E. coli) XL1‐Blue and K27fadD88, a mutant strain of fatty acid β‐oxidation pathway. The substrate specificity of PtTE was determined by fatty acid profile analyses of the culture supernatant and membrane lipid of recombinant strains. Recombinant PtTE in E.coli enhanced total fatty acid content of XL1‐Blue by 21%, and also changed the fatty acid compositions of membrane lipid and culture supernatant. These changes were directed predominantly towards C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acids. Overexpression of PtTE alone in P. tricornutum did not alter the fatty acid composition of P. tricornutum, but enhanced total fatty acid content by 72%. This novel thioesterase gene shows its potential in metabolic engineering for enhancing lipid yield of microalgae. This is so far the first report of thioesterase from eukaryotic microalgae. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lotteries and truncated binomial coefficients
Authors: Sasvári Zoltán , Kücken Michael 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe consider the expression

and investigate for which k and n is P(k, n) an integer. We find integer solutions k and m of the equation P(k, n) = m for a given integer m and approximate real solutions x = x(k) of the equation P(k, x) = 2. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
To think or not to think: The effect of cognitive deliberation on the influence of injunctive versus descriptive social norms
Authors: Melnyk Vladimir , Herpen Erica van , Fischer Arnout R.H. , van Trijp Hans C.M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractConsumers can process information containing social norms at different cognitive deliberation levels. This paper investigates the effect of cognitive deliberation for both descriptive and injunctive norms. The experimental study examines the consequences for attitudes and behavioral intentions of these two norm formulations under different levels of deliberation. Results show that (1) cognitive load limits the influence of both norm formulations, and (2) cognitive deliberation increases the effect of descriptive and decreases the effect of injunctive norms. The positive and negative thoughts made salient by the information are shown to lead to these consequences. Marketers therefore need to consider the context and channels in which social norms are communicated, as this can affect the motivation, ability, and/or opportunity of consumers to process the information. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mixed messages in brand names: Separating the impacts of letter shape from sound symbolism
Authors: Doyle John R. , Bottomley Paul A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRecent work suggests that sound symbolism in brand names conveys marketing‐relevant messages. However, if the customer sees a brand name rather than hears it, visual characteristics of the letters may convey messages of their own. These may conflict with or reinforce the message conveyed by sound symbolism of the name. Study 1 replicates the essence of the sound symbolism effect claimed in recent work. Study 2 shows that the visual characteristics of letters provide a plausible alternative explanation of these findings. Study 3 manipulates the visual characteristics in the brand name letters and reverses the previously found direction of sound symbolism effects. The findings suggest that powerful visual messages are present in brand names and that because of confounding, the contribution sound symbolism makes to the brand name may not always act as thought. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanocobaltite: Preparation, Characterization, and their Catalytic Activity
Authors: Singh Gurdip , Kapoor Inder Pal Singh , Dubey Shalini 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMixed transition metal oxides (MTMO) nanoparticles of 3rd‐series (NiCo2O4, CuCo2O4, and ZnCo2O4) were prepared by a co‐precipitation method. These were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The particle size was found to be in the order of 53.0, 43.4, and 21.2 nm, respectively. The thermolysis of ammonium perchlorate (AP), AP‐HTPB (hydroxyterminated polybutadiene) composite solid propellants (CSPs), and HTPB was found to be catalyzed with MTMOs and the burning rate of CSPs was also enhanced. TG and ignition delay study demonstrated that the higher temperature decomposition (HTD) of AP is catalyzed enormously by these catalysts and CuCo2O4is the best candidate.
On the thermal oxidation of AlInN/AlN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Eickelkamp Martin , Weingarten Martin , Rahimzadeh Khoshroo Lars , Ketteniss Nico , Behmenburg Hannes , Heuken Michael , Kalisch Holger , Jansen Rolf H. , Vescan Andrei 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this work, we report on the thermal oxidation of AlInN/AlN/GaN heterostructures. A ‘nearly‐native’ Al2O3 oxide was formed during this procedure, which can be used as a gate oxide and thus enables the fabrication of MIS‐HFET. 2DEG density and, in particular, carrier mobility are strongly affected by the thermal treatment in O2 atmosphere. Hence, only a narrow processing window for successful thermal oxidation was identified, covering annealing temperatures between 700 °C and 800 °C and annealing durations of few minutes. Oxide thicknesses estimated to be in the range of 0.6 nm and 2.6 nm were fabricated, enabling a suppression of reverse leakage currents of MIS large‐area gate diodes by up to three orders of magnitude. The resulting oxide thickness scales well with the square root of oxidation time, indicating a diffusion of oxygen atoms into the barrier. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micellization Behavior of Cationic Gemini Surfactants in Aqueous‐Ethylene Glycol Solution
Authors: Tikariha Deepti , Kumar Birendra , Singh Namrata , Ghosh Kallol K. , Quagliotto Pierluigi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe micellization behavior of gemini surfactants i.e. alkanediyl‐α,ω‐bis(cetyldimethylammonium bromide) (C16‐s‐C16,2Br− where s = 3, 4, 10) in 10% (v/v) ethylene glycol solution was investigated by surface tension and conductometric measurements at 300 K. The critical micelle concentration, degree of micellar ionization, surface excess concentration, minimum surface area per molecule of surfactant, surface pressure at the CMC and Gibbs energy of adsorption of the dimeric surfactants have also been determined in the presence of different salts (NaCl, NaBr and NaI). The critical micelle concentration and degree of micellar ionization values decrease significantly in the presence of sodium halides and follows the sequence NaCl < NaBr < NaI. The free energy, enthalpy and entropy of micellization of dimeric surfactants in 10% (v/v) ethylene glycol solution were determined using the temperature dependence of the critical micelle concentration. The standard free energy of micellization was found to be negative in all the cases.