bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arabidopsis CULLIN4-Damaged DNA Binding Protein 1 Interacts with CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1-SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA Complexes to Regulate Photomorphogenesis and Flowering Time
Authors: Chen Haodong , Huang Xi , Gusmaroli Giuliana , Terzaghi William , Lau On Sun , Yanagawa Yuki , Zhang Yu , Li Jigang , Lee Jae-Hoon , Zhu Danmeng , Deng Xing Wang 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) possesses E3 ligase activity and promotes degradation of key factors involved in the light regulation of plant development. The finding that CULLIN4 (CUL4)-Damaged DNA Binding Protein1 (DDB1) interacts with DDB1 binding WD40 (DWD) proteins to act as E3 ligases implied that CUL4-DDB1 may associate with COP1-SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA (SPA) protein complexes, since COP1 and SPAs are DWD proteins. Here, we demonstrate that CUL4-DDB1 physically associates with COP1-SPA complexes in vitro and in vivo, likely via direct interaction of DDB1 with COP1 and SPAs. The interactions between DDB1 and COP1, SPA1, and SPA3 were disrupted by mutations in the WDXR motifs of MBP-COP1, His-SPA1, and His-SPA3. CUL4 cosuppression mutants enhanced weak cop1 photomorphogenesis and flowered early under short days. Early flowering of short day–grown cul4 mutants correlated with increased FLOWERING LOCUS T transcript levels, whereas CONSTANS transcript levels were not altered. De-etiolated1 and COP1 can bind DDB1 and may work with CUL4-DDB1 in distinct complexes, but they mediate photomorphogenesis in concert. Thus, a series of CUL4-DDB1-COP1-SPA E3 ligase complexes may mediate the repression of photomorphogenesis and, possibly, of flowering time.
Auxin-Mediated Ribosomal Biogenesis Regulates Vacuolar Trafficking inArabidopsis
Authors: Rosado Abel , Sohn Eun Ju , Drakakaki Georgia , Pan Songqin , Swidergal Alexandra , Xiong Yuqing , Kang Byung-Ho , Bressan Ray A. , Raikhel Natasha V. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn plants, the mechanisms that regulate the transit of vacuolar soluble proteins containing C-terminal and N-terminal vacuolar sorting determinants (VSDs) to the vacuole are largely unknown. In a screen for Arabidopsis thaliana mutants affected in the trafficking of C-terminal VSD containing proteins, we isolated the ribosomal biogenesis mutant rpl4a characterized by its partial secretion of vacuolar targeted proteins and a plethora of developmental phenotypes derived from its aberrant auxin responses. In this study, we show that ribosomal biogenesis can be directly regulated by auxins and that the exogenous application of auxins to wild-type plants results in vacuolar trafficking defects similar to those observed in rpl4a mutants. We propose that the influence of auxin on ribosomal biogenesis acts as a regulatory mechanism for auxin-mediated developmental processes, and we demonstrate the involvement of this regulatory mechanism in the sorting of vacuolar targeted proteins in Arabidopsis.
Tomato 14-3-3 Protein 7 Positively Regulates Immunity-Associated Programmed Cell Death by Enhancing Protein Abundance and Signaling Ability of MAPKKK α
Authors: Oh Chang-Sik , Pedley Kerry F. , Martin Gregory B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractProgrammed cell death (PCD) is triggered when Pto, a Ser-Thr protein kinase, recognizes either the AvrPto or AvrPtoB effector from Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. This PCD requires mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK α ) as a positive regulator in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Nicotiana benthamiana. To examine how PCD-eliciting activity of the tomato MAPKKK α protein is regulated, we screened for MAPKKK α -interacting proteins in tomato and identified a 14-3-3 protein, TFT7. Virus-induced gene silencing using the TFT7 gene in N. benthamiana compromised both Pto- and MAPKKK α -mediated PCD, and coexpression of TFT7 with tomato MAPKKK α enhanced MAPKKK α -mediated PCD. TFT7 was also required for PCD associated with several other disease resistance proteins and contributed to resistance against P. syringae pv tomato. Coexpression of TFT7 with MAPKKK α in vivo caused increased accumulation of the kinase and enhanced phosphorylation of two MAP kinases. TFT7 protein contains a phosphopeptide binding motif that is present in human 14-3-3 ε, and substitutions in this motif abolished interaction with MAPKKK α in vivo and also the PCD-enhancing activity of TFT7. A 14-3-3 binding motif, including a putative phosphorylated Ser-535, is present in the C-terminal region of MAPKKK α. An S535A substitution in MAPKKK α reduced interaction with TFT7 and both PCD-eliciting ability and stability of MAPKKK α. Our results provide new insights into a role for 14-3-3 proteins in regulating immunity-associated PCD pathways in plants.
A Stromal Heat Shock Protein 70 System Functions in Protein Import into Chloroplasts in the Moss Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Shi Lan-Xin , Theg Steven M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Heat shock protein 70s (Hsp70s) are encoded by a multigene family and are located in different cellular compartments. They have broad-ranging functions, including involvement in protein trafficking, prevention of protein aggregation, and assistance in protein folding. Hsp70s work together with their cochaperones, J domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (e.g., GrpEs), in a functional cycle of substrate binding and release accompanied by ATP hydrolysis. We have taken advantage of the gene targeting capability of the moss Physcomitrella patens to investigate the functions of chloroplast Hsp70s. We identified four Hsp70 genes and two GrpE cochaperone homolog genes (CGE) in moss that encode chloroplast proteins. Disruption of one of the Hsp70 genes, that for Hsp70-2, caused lethality, and protein import into heat-shocked chloroplasts isolated from temperature-sensitive hsp70-2 mutants was appreciably impaired. Whereas the double cge null mutant was not viable, we recovered a cge1 null/cge2 knock down mutant in which Hsp70-2 was upregulated. Chloroplasts isolated from this mutant demonstrated a defect in protein import. In addition, two different precursors staged as early import intermediates could be immunoprecipitated with an Hsp70-2–specific antibody. This immunoprecipitate also contained Hsp93 and Tic40, indicating that it represents a precursor still in the Toc/Tic translocon. Together, these data indicate that a stromal Hsp70 system plays a crucial role in protein import into chloroplasts.
Effects of Sibship and the Presence of Multiple Predators on the Behavior of Green Frog (Rana clamitans) Tadpoles
Authors: Smith Geoffrey R. , Boyd Allison , Dayer Christopher B. , Ogle Megan E. , Terlecky Andrew J. , Dibble Christopher J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn nature, prey are exposed to multiple predators simultaneously. We examined the effects of the cues of two potential predators, mosquitofish and odonate larvae, individually and in combination on the behavior of green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles. In addition to examining the behavioral response of green frog tadpoles to multiple predators, we examined variation in behavior among tadpoles from different egg masses (i.e. different sibships). Sibships differed in activity level and there was a significant predator cue by sibship interaction. Two sibships were relatively more active in the control and odonate predator cue treatments but showed reduced activity in treatments containing mosquitofish cues, whereas the remaining sibships showed consistently low levels of activity in all predator cue treatments, including the control. The use of the vegetated side of the aquarium did not differ between tadpoles exposed to the different predator cues. Sibship had no effect on tadpoles’ use of the vegetated side of the aquarium, and there was no interaction between sibship and predator cue. Our results suggest that green frogs did not respond to simultaneous exposure to multiple predator cues any differently than they did to exposure to individual predator cues. More importantly, our results suggest variation, possibly genetically based, in behavioral responses of tadpoles to predators, and thus selection on these behaviors is possible. Of particular interest is that there was variation in behavioral responses to a non‐native predator (Gambusia affinis), suggesting an evolutionary response to an invasive predator is possible.
Productive cough is an independent risk factor for the development of COPD in former smokers
Authors: YAMANE Takashi , HATTORI Noboru , KITAHARA Yoshihiro , HARUTA Yoshinori , SASAKI Hideo , YOKOYAMA Akihito , KOHNO Nobuoki 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  It has yet to be determined whether the presence of productive cough is a risk factor for the development of COPD. The aim of the present study was to obtain more information on this potential association in Japanese men.Methods:  Seven hundred and eighty‐three men with normal spirometry who did not have respiratory disease were recruited. The subjects were divided into three groups: group A, non‐smokers; group B, those with a positive smoking history without productive cough; and group C, those with a positive smoking history and productive cough. The incidence rates of COPD were compared among the three groups and the relative risks for the development of COPD were assessed.Results:  During the mean follow‐up period of 33.6 ± 20.4 months, 19 (2.4%) subjects developed COPD. The incidence rate of COPD was significantly higher in group C than in group B (10.1 vs 2.2%, P = 0.003). A multivariate analysis of data for all subjects, current smokers and former smokers revealed that productive cough was an independent risk factor for the development of COPD in all subjects and former smokers but not in current smokers.Conclusions:  Productive cough was an independent risk factor for the development of COPD in Japanese men. In particular, former smokers who complain of this symptom should be regarded as being at high risk for the development of COPD. The data suggested that stage 0 disease, as defined in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2001 guidelines, is relevant for the identification of subjects at risk of developing COPD.
Reduction of rare soil microbes modifies plant–herbivore interactions
Authors: Hol W. H. Gera , De Boer Wietse , Termorshuizen Aad J. , Meyer Katrin M. , Schneider Johannes H. M. , Van Dam Nicole M. , Van Veen Johannes A. , Van Der Putten Wim H. 
Published: January 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 292–301AbstractRare species are assumed to have little impact on community interactions and ecosystem processes. However, very few studies have actually attempted to quantify the role of rare species in ecosystems. Here we compare effects of soil community assemblages on plant‐herbivore interactions and show that reduction of rare soil microbes increases both plant biomass and plant nutritional quality. Two crop plant species growing in soil where rare microbes were reduced, had tissues of higher nutritional quality, which theoretically makes them more susceptible to pest organisms such as shoot‐feeding aphids and root‐feeding nematodes. Reduction of rare microbes increased aphid body size in the absence of nematodes; nematodes always reduced aphid body size independent of the soil microbial community. This study is the first to show that rare soil microbes are not redundant but may play a role in crop protection by enhancing aboveground and belowground plant defence. It remains to be tested whether these are direct effects of rare soil microbes on plants and herbivores, or indirect effects via shifts in the microbial soil community assemblages.
Optimal microvessel density from composite graft of autogenous maxillary cortical bone and anorganic bovine bone in sinus augmentation: influence of clinical variables
Authors: Galindo‐Moreno Pablo , Padial‐Molina Miguel , Fernández‐Barbero Juan Emilio , Mesa Francisco , Rodríguez‐Martínez Dolores , O'Valle Francisco 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the microvessel density (MVD) of intra‐sinus grafts after 6 months of wound healing and to study the relationship between revascularization processes and patient clinical variables and habits.Material and methods: We performed 45 maxillary sinus augmentations with different implant placements in 25 consecutive patients, obtaining bone cores of the grafted area for histological, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical study. Biopsies were also taken from pristine bone in the posterior maxilla (control).Results: All implants survived at 24 months. Biopsies of sinus augmentation areas showed significantly greater remodeling activity vs. pristine bone, with significantly more osteoid lines. The morphometry study revealed 34.88±15.2% vital bone, 32.02±15.1% non‐mineralized tissue and 33.08±25.4% remnant anorganic bovine bone particles. The number of CD34‐positive vessels was 86.28±55.52/mm2 in graft tissue vs. 31.52±13.69/mm2 in native tissue (P=0.002, Mann–Whitney U=46). The larger amount of non‐mineralized tissue in grafts was directly correlated with a higher MVD (r=0.482, P=0.0001, Pearson's test). MVD was affected by the presence of periodontitis or tobacco and alcohol consumption.Conclusion: The angiogenesis and revascularization obtained by this type of graft achieve adequate tissue remodeling for osseointegration and are influenced by periodontal disease and tobacco or alcohol consumption. To cite this article:
Galindo‐Moreno P, Padial‐Molina M, Fernández‐Barbero JE, Mesa F, Rodríguez‐Martínez D, O'Valle F. Optimal microvessel density from composite graft of autogenous maxillary cortical bone and anorganic bovine bone in sinus augmentation: influence of clinical variables. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 221–227 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01827.x
The role of successional stage and small‐scale disturbance for establishment of pioneer grass Corynephorus canescens
Authors: Tschöpe Okka , Tielbörger Katja 
Published: January 2010

AbstractQuestion: Which mechanisms promote the maintenance of the protected pioneer grass Corynephorus canescens in a mosaic landscape? Which are the interactive effects of small‐scale disturbances, successional stage and year‐to‐year variation on early establishment probabilities of C. canescens?Location: Brandenburg, NE Germany.Methods: We measured emergence and survival rates over 3 yr in a sowing‐experiment conducted in three successional stages (C. canescens‐dominated site, ruderal forb site and pioneer forest) under two different regimes of mechanical ground disturbance (disturbed versus undisturbed control).Results: Overall, disturbance led to higher emergence in a humid year and to lower emergence in a very dry year. Apparently, when soil moisture was sufficient, the main factor limiting C. canescens' establishment was competition, while in the dry year, water became the limiting factor. Survival rates were not affected by disturbance. In humid years, C. canescens emerged in higher numbers in open successional stages while in the dry year, emergence rates were higher in late stages, suggesting an important role of late successional stages for the persistence of C. canescens.Conclusions: Our results suggest that small‐scale disturbances can promote germination of C. canescens. However, disturbances should be carefully planned. The optimal strategy for promoting C. canescens is to apply disturbances just before seed dispersal and not during dry years. At the landscape scale, a mosaic of different vegetation types is beneficial for the protected pioneer grass as facilitation by late‐successional species may be an important mechanism for the persistence of C. canescens, especially in dry years.
Viroids: Small Probes for Exploring the Vast Universe of RNA Trafficking in Plants
Authors: Wang Ying , Ding Biao 
Published: January 2010

Abstract Cell‐to‐cell and long‐distance trafficking of RNA is a rapidly evolving frontier of integrative plant biology that broadly impacts studies on plant growth and development, spread of infectious agents and plant defense responses. The fundamental questions being pursued at the forefronts revolve around function, mechanism and evolution. In the present review, we will first use specific examples to illustrate the biological importance of cell‐to‐cell and long‐distance trafficking of RNA. We then focus our discussion on research findings obtained using viroids that have advanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in RNA trafficking. We further use viroid examples to illustrate the great diversity of trafficking machinery evolved by plants, as well as the promise for new insights in the years ahead. Finally, we discuss the prospect of integrating findings from different experimental systems to achieve a systems‐based understanding of RNA trafficking function, mechanism and evolution.
Transcriptional Regulation of Secondary Growth and Wood Formation
Authors: Du Juan , Groover Andrew 
Published: January 2010

Abstract Secondary growth and wood formation are products of the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem. Although the mechanisms have only recently begun to be uncovered, transcriptional regulation appears increasingly central to the regulation of secondary growth. The importance of transcriptional regulation is illustrated by the correlation of expression of specific classes of genes with related biological processes occurring at specific stages of secondary growth, including cell division, cell expansion, and cell differentiation. At the same time, transcription factors have been characterized that affect specific aspects of secondary growth, including regulation of the cambium and differentiation of cambial daughter cells. In the present review, we summarize evidence pointing to transcription as a major mechanism for regulation of secondary growth, and outline future approaches for comprehensively describing transcriptional networks underlying secondary growth.
Self-consistent analysis of OH Zeeman observations
Authors: Crutcher Richard M. , Hakobian Nicholas , Troland Thomas H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Crutcher et al. used OH Zeeman observations of four nearby molecular dark clouds to show that the ratio of mass to magnetic flux was smaller in the ∼0.1 pc cores than in the ∼1 pc envelopes, in contradiction to the prediction of ambipolar diffusion driven core formation. A crucial assumption was that the magnetic field direction is nearly the same in the envelope and core regions of each cloud. Mouschovias & Tassis have argued that the data are not consistent with this assumption, and presented a new analysis that changes the conclusions of the study. Here, we show that the data are in fact consistent with the nearly uniform field direction assumption; hence, the original study is internally self-consistent and the conclusions are valid under the assumptions that were made. We also show that the Mouschovias & Tassis model of magnetic fields in cloud envelopes is inconsistent with their own analysis of the data. However, the data do not rule out a more complex field configuration that future observations may discern.
Over‐expression of Toll‐like receptors and their ligands in small‐for‐size graft
Authors: Jiang Weiwei , Hu Mingzheng , Rao Jianhua , Xu Xiaoqun , Wang Xuehao , Kong Lianbao 
Published: January 2010

Aim:  Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) participate in several physiological and pathological processes of transplantation, including inflammation and allograft rejection, but the expression of TLRs and their ligands remains undetermined in small‐for‐size graft transplantation.Methods:  A non‐arterialized partial liver transplantation model was used. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein, CD14 and Myeloid Differentiation‐2 (MD‐2) mRNA, as well as TLR2 and TLR4 exogenous ligands (endotoxin) and endogenous ligands [heat shock protein (HSP) 60 and 70] were assessed. The signaling pathways induced by TLR2 and TLR4 were also assessed.Results:  In small‐for‐size liver graft, the expression of mRNA and protein of TLR2 and TLR4, CD14 and MD‐2 mRNA, as well as endogenous ligands of TLR2 and TLR4 such as HSP60 and HSP70 was quickly and significantly increased after reperfusion, and reached a peak at 3 h after reperfusion. The levels of exogenous ligands (endotoxin) were increased and reached a peak at 6 h after reperfusion. The appearance of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA was accompanied by increased HSP 60 and 70 mRNA within 24 h after reperfusion. In the small‐for‐size group, the peak levels of TLRs and their endogenous ligands appeared earlier than those in the full size group; the peak levels of TLRs and their endogenous and exogenous ligands were higher than those in the full size group.Conclusion:  TLR2 and TLR4, as well as their endogenous and exogenous ligands were activated in small‐for‐size liver graft transplantation.
Optimization of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis forLegionella pneumophilaSubtyping
Authors: Zhou Haijian , Ren Hongyu , Zhu Bingqing , Kan Biao , Xu Jianguo , Shao Zhujun 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTA total of 32 strains ofLegionella pneumophilawere used to optimize pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for subtyping ofL. pneumophila. Twenty-six isolates ofL. pneumophilawith various origins and 11 isolates from five different water systems were used as the panels. For optimization of electrophoretic parameters (EPs) of SfiI PFGE, 26 isolates were analyzed with SfiI digestion, using four EPs yielding the sameDvalue. The EP of a switch time of 5 to 50 s for 21 h had the smallest similarity coefficients and was declared the optimal EP for SfiI PFGE ofL. pneumophila. By software analysis and pilot study, AscI was chosen as another PFGE enzyme. AscI PFGE could cluster the isolates from each water system into the same or very similar patterns and had a high degree of typing concordance with other molecular methods. In evaluating the discriminatory power of AscI with the panel of 26 isolates, AscI PFGE gave one single pattern and aDvalue of 100%. AscI PFGE had a high discriminatory power and a high degree of consistency with epidemiological data and other molecular typing methods forL. pneumophilasubtyping, and hence, AscI could be used as a restriction enzyme in PFGE subtyping ofL. pneumophila.
Tool for Quantification of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Gene Expression in Cheese
Authors: Duquenne Manon , Fleurot Isabelle , Aigle Marina , Darrigo Claire , Borezée-Durant Elise , Derzelle Sylviane , Bouix Marielle , Deperrois-Lafarge Véronique , Delacroix-Buchet Agnès 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

Cheese is a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem characterized by the presence of a large variety of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. Some microorganisms, including species of lactobacilli or lactococci, are known to contribute to the organoleptic quality of cheeses, whereas the presence of other microorganisms may lead to spoilage or constitute a health risk.
Staphylococcus aureus
is recognized worldwide as an important food-borne pathogen, owing to the production of enterotoxins in food matrices. In order to study enterotoxin gene expression during cheese manufacture, we developed an efficient procedure to recover total RNA from cheese and applied a robust strategy to study gene expression by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). This method yielded pure preparations of undegraded RNA suitable for RT-qPCR. To normalize RT-qPCR data, expression of 10 potential reference genes was investigated during
S. aureus
growth in milk and in cheese. The three most stably expressed reference genes during cheese manufacture were
ftsZ
,
pta
, and
gyrB
, and these were used as internal controls for RT-qPCR of the genes
sea
and
sed
, encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins A and D, respectively. Expression of these staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was monitored during the first 72 h of the cheese-making process, and mRNA data were correlated with enterotoxin production.