bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alpha‐tocopherol and β‐carotene in legume–grass mixtures as influenced by wilting, ensiling and type of silage additive
Authors: Lindqvist H. , Nadeau E. , Jensen S. K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEffects of wilting, ensiling and type of additive on α‐tocopherol and β‐carotene contents in legume–grass mixtures were examined. Swards of birdsfoot trefoil + timothy (Bft + Ti), red clover + timothy (Rc + Ti) and red clover + meadow fescue (Rc + Mf) were harvested as a first regrowth in August 2005. Forage was wilted to a dry‐matter (DM) content of 273 g kg−1 and ensiled without additive or with an inoculant or acid. Wilting decreased α‐tocopherol concentration by 30% in the Bft + Ti mixture (P = 0·015). Untreated Bft + Ti silage had higher α‐tocopherol content than red clover silages (56·9 vs. 34·2 mg kg−1 DM; P = 0·015). The α‐tocopherol concentration of Bft + Ti forages increased during ensiling from 41·1 mg kg−1 DM in wilted herbage to 56·9, 65·2 and 56·8 mg kg−1 DM in untreated, inoculated and acid‐treated silage respectively (P = 0·015). The inoculant increased α‐tocopherol content in the red clover silages (50·1 vs. 34·2 mg kg−1 DM; P = 0·015) compared with untreated red clover silages. Red clover mixtures had lower β‐carotene content than Bft + Ti (32·3 vs. 46·2 mg kg−1 DM; P = 0·016), averaged over treatments. In conclusion, wilting had small effects but the use of bacterial inoculant as an additive and a Bft + Ti mixture increased α‐tocopherol concentration in the silage.
Heterogeneity, cyclicity and diagenesis in a Mississippian brachiopod shell of palaeoequatorial Britain
Authors: Angiolini Lucia , Stephenson Michael , Leng Melanie J. , Jadoul Flavio , Millward Dave , Aldridge Anthony , Andrews Julian , Chenery Simon , Williams Gareth 
Published: November 2011

Terra Nova, 24, 16–26, 2012AbstractA shell of Gigantoproductus okensis shows twenty growth lines with marked changes of fabric, indicating periodical reduction of growth rates caused by environmental perturbations. The number of growth lines suggests a lifespan of 20 years in agreement with the survival rates of extant brachiopods, and with spiral deviation analysis. Geochemical analyses across the growth profile show a heterogeneous distribution of stable isotopes and trace elements. It is possible to distinguish primary from altered carbonate, and to interpret the isotopic data. The oxygen isotope signal in the unaltered parts is periodical and annual, with oscillation of ∼1.1‰. The higher values are at the growth lines (winter), and therefore most likely related to monsoon circulation during the Visean. The annual periodicity seems also present in the altered part of the shell, suggesting that diagenesis could have reset the primary values, but preserved their cyclicity.
Cytokinin‐facilitated proteolysis of ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 attenuates signaling output in two‐component circuitry
Authors: Kim Kangmin , Ryu Hojin , Cho Young‐Hyun , Scacchi Emanuele , Sabatini Sabrina , Hwang Ildoo 
Published: November 2011

SummaryCytokinins propagate signals via multiple phosphorelays in a mechanism similar to bacterial two‐component systems. In Arabidopsis, signal outputs are determined by the activation state of transcription factors termed type‐B Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs); however, their regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the proteolysis of ARR2, a type‐B ARR, modulates cytokinin signaling outputs. ARR2‐hemagglutinin (HA) is rapidly degraded by cytokinin treatment, but other type‐B ARRs, such as ARR1‐HA, ARR10‐HA, ARR12‐HA and ARR18‐HA, are not. ARR2 degradation is mediated by the 26S proteasome pathway, and requires cytokinin‐induced phosphorylation of Asp80 residue in the receiver domain. Through mutational analysis of amino acid residues in the receiver domain, we found that substitution of Lys90 with Gly inhibits ARR2 degradation. ARR2K90G‐HA in transgenic Arabidopsis conferred enhanced cytokinin sensitivity in various developmental processes, including primary root elongation, callus induction, leaf senescence and hypocotyl growth. ARR2K90G‐HA increased the expression of type‐A ARRs, primary cytokinin‐responsive genes and indicators of signaling output in two‐component circuits. Expression of ARR2K90G‐HA from the native ARR2 promoter in the arr2‐4 knock‐out mutant also increased cytokinin sensitivity. In conclusion, ARR2 proteolysis is involved in the maintenance of the primary signaling output for normal developmental processes mediated by cytokinin in Arabidopsis.
Leprosy decline in Amazonas State, Brazil
Authors: Penna Maria Lucia Fernandes , Pedrosa Valderiza Lourenço , dos Santos Pereira Emília 
Published: October 2011

SummaryObjective  To analyse the leprosy case detection rates in Amazonas State, Brazil, by age group from 1980 to 2009.Method  The historical data series of leprosy cases by age group from 1980 to 2009 were fitted as a function of time using Poisson regression models. Relative annual reduction in the detection rate (RAR) by age group was estimated as one minus the exponential of the estimated regression coefficient for time. To compare the regression coefficients, we used their 95% confidence interval.Results  The relative annual reduction varied from 9% in the age group of 0–4 years to 1% in the age group of 60–69 years. There was a declining trend of the RAR in the younger age groups that disappeared after 29 years of age. The detection rate in people >29 years old declined very little over time, with no statistically significant difference between age groups.Conclusion  Our findings show a reduction in the infection risk in the last 30 years and a birth cohort effect: cohorts born in more recent years faced smaller risks of leprosy infection than older cohorts.
Improving an adult holding system for Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, to enhance sterile male performance
Authors: Silva N. , Dantas L. , Calisto R. , Faria M. J. , Pereira R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe success of using the sterile insect technique (SIT) for Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), suppression programmes is dependent on the release into the field of sterile males that survive and compete successfully with wild males for matings with wild females. The effects of pre‐release aromatherapy using ginger root oil (GRO) and the addition of hydrolysed yeast (protein and other nutrients) to the fly diet, on sterile male dispersal, survival, sexual maturation and mating performance under laboratory and field conditions were evaluated. The interaction between providing protein and/or GRO treatment was also evaluated. Under field cage conditions, male mating performance was significantly higher in treatments with GRO but was unaffected by the provision of protein. There was no interaction between them. However, after releases under field conditions, survival of protein‐fed sterile males was significantly longer compared with protein‐deprived sterile males. The use of GRO should be incorporated into the sterile male–handling protocol for SIT programmes. In combination with the validation of the provision of these supplements, two new cage systems developed in the Madeira‐Med Programme were tested in comparison with the standard plastic adult rearing containers boxes for a more cost‐effective sterile male emergence, feeding, holding and collecting process at fly emergence and release facilities. This selected cages systems can handle approximately 1 million pupae and reduces manual labour and other costs while maintaining good sterile male quality.
Estimation of spawning habitats of market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) from field surveys of eggs off Central and Southern California
Authors: Zeidberg Louis D. , Butler John L. , Ramon Darlene , Cossio Anthony , Stierhoff Kevin L. , Henry Annette 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLike many other loliginid squid, Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens deposits egg cases on the ocean floor. Depending upon temperature, egg cases may persist for 5–12 weeks before the paralarvae hatch. Because of this relatively long duration and squid’s pelagic life history, egg cases provide a practical life stage to survey. During 2001–2002, squid egg beds in Monterey Bay, Carmel Bay, and around the California Channel Islands were surveyed using a remotely operated vehicle with the goal of delineating the habitat of egg beds that are spawned during active commercial fishing. Egg cases were highly aggregated and densities reached 1338 capsules m−2. Squid eggs were significantly shallower in Central California. Egg cases occurred between 20 and 93 m around the Channel Islands, and in Central California they were between 13 and 61 m. The temperatures in both regions were similar (10–12 °C), with some eggs in Southern California found up to 14.4 °C. Ninety‐five percent of eggs were found on sand, suggesting that temperature and substrate are stronger behavioral cues than depth to stimulate spawning. Suitable spawning habitat was defined by three criteria: sandy benthic substrate, temperatures between 10 and 14.4 °C, and depths between 20 and 70 m when the first two criteria hold. Additionally, within this defined area, oxygen concentration is quantified. The greatest commercial landings of market squid occur in both Central and Southern California during a time of year when water temperatures of 10–12 °C are prevalent in the 20–70 m depth range.
Glucocorticoid resistance in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Bhadri Vivek A , Trahair Toby N , Lock Richard B 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGlucocorticoids (GCs), such as prednisolone and dexamethasone, are key components in multi‐agent chemotherapy protocols used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Approximately 10% of children with ALL will respond poorly to GCs, and GC resistance is associated with a significantly inferior outcome. This review summarises the current knowledge of GC resistance in ALL, including the roles of the GC receptor and its co‐chaperone molecules, the pro‐apoptotic and pro‐survival B‐cell lymphoma 2 family members and alternative non‐apoptotic mechanisms of cell death. It concludes with a discussion on therapeutic attempts to overcome GC resistance.
Changes in anticonvulsant prescribing for Australian children: Implications for Quality Use of Medicines
Authors: Cohen Simon A , Lawson John A , Graudins Linda V , Pearson Sallie‐A , Gazarian Madlen 
Published: November 2011

Aims:  The evidence‐base guiding choices between newer versus established anticonvulsants in children is limited. Inappropriate use exposes children to potentially ineffective and/or harmful medicines. Our objective is to describe recent anticonvulsant prescribing patterns in the Australian paediatric population, evaluating overall trends and extent of off‐label prescribing of newer agents.Methods:  Aggregated national data on 15 anticonvulsants with Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme subsidy dispensed by community pharmacies for children aged <16 years were obtained from the Drug Utilisation Subcommittee, which is part of the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. We analysed trends for the five most prescribed anticonvulsants dispensed between 2002 and 2009 and off‐label prescribing for agents where approved Australian product information stipulates a minimum age.Results:  Valproate was the most frequently prescribed anticonvulsant with no marked change in prescription numbers per 1000 children aged 0–16 years (11.3–11.8 prescriptions/year). Lamotrigine was the most frequently prescribed newer anticonvulsant (7.9–9.3 prescriptions/year). Carbamazepine prescriptions decreased by 38% and topiramate prescriptions increased by 19% over the 7‐year study period; 3.6% of topiramate prescriptions were off‐label (by age) for children aged <2 years. Since Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme listing in 2003, levetiracetam prescriptions increased steeply to 2.5 prescriptions/year per 1000 children in 2009; 4.2% were off‐label for children aged <4 years.Conclusions:  The substantial reduction in carbamazepine use and corresponding increase in newer anticonvulsant prescribing, including off‐label uses, raises questions about potentially suboptimal Quality Use of Medicines. Such major changes in prescribing may have important clinical and economic consequences. Further study to better understand paediatric prescribing choices and outcomes is needed.
Portrait of socio‐economic inequality in childhood morbidity and mortality over time, Québec, 1990–2005
Authors: Barry Mamadou S , Auger Nathalie , Burrows Stephanie 
Published: November 2011

Aim:  To determine the age and cause groups contributing to absolute and relative socio‐economic inequalities in paediatric mortality, hospitalisation and tumour incidence over time.Methods:  Deaths (n= 9559), hospitalisations (n= 834 932) and incident tumours (n= 4555) were obtained for five age groupings (<1, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19 years) and four periods (1990–1993, 1994–1997, 1998–2001, 2002–2005) for Québec, Canada. Age‐ and cause‐specific morbidity and mortality rates for males and females were calculated across socio‐economic status decile based on a composite deprivation score for 89 urban communities. Absolute and relative measures of inequality were computed for each age and cause.Results:  Mortality and morbidity rates tended to decrease over time, as did absolute and relative socio‐economic inequalities for most (but not all) causes and age groups, although precision was low. Socio‐economic inequalities persisted in the last period and were greater on the absolute scale for mortality and hospitalisation in early childhood, and on the relative scale for mortality in adolescents. Four causes (respiratory, digestive, infectious, genito‐urinary diseases) contributed to the majority of absolute inequality in hospitalisation (males 85%, females 98%). Inequalities were not pronounced for cause‐specific mortality and not apparent for tumour incidence.Conclusions:  Socio‐economic inequalities in Québec tended to narrow for most but not all outcomes. Absolute socio‐economic inequalities persisted for children <10 years, and several causes were responsible for the majority of inequality in hospitalisation. Public health policies and prevention programs aiming to reduce socio‐economic inequalities in paediatric health should account for trends that differ across age and cause of disease.
Improving biodiversity monitoring
Authors: LINDENMAYER DAVID B. , GIBBONS PHILIP , BOURKE MAX , BURGMAN MARK , DICKMAN CHRIS R. , FERRIER SIMON , FITZSIMONS JAMES , FREUDENBERGER DAVID , GARNETT STEPHEN T. , GROVES CRAIG , HOBBS RICHARD J. , KINGSFORD RICHARD T. , KREBS CHARLES , LEGGE SARAH , LOWE ANDREW J. , MCLEAN ROB , MONTAMBAULT JENSEN , POSSINGHAM HUGH , RADFORD JIM , ROBINSON DOUG , SMALLBONE LISA , THOMAS DAVID , VARCOE TONY , VARDON MICHAEL , WARDLE GLENDA , WOINARSKI JOHN , ZERGER ANDRE 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEffective biodiversity monitoring is critical to evaluate, learn from, and ultimately improve conservation practice. Well conceived, designed and implemented monitoring of biodiversity should: (i) deliver information on trends in key aspects of biodiversity (e.g. population changes); (ii) provide early warning of problems that might otherwise be difficult or expensive to reverse; (iii) generate quantifiable evidence of conservation successes (e.g. species recovery following management) and conservation failures; (iv) highlight ways to make management more effective; and (v) provide information on return on conservation investment. The importance of effective biodiversity monitoring is widely recognized (e.g. Australian Biodiversity Strategy). Yet, while everyonethinksbiodiversity monitoring is a good idea, this has not translated into a culture of sound biodiversity monitoring, or widespread use of monitoring data. We identify four barriers to more effective biodiversity monitoring in Australia. These are: (i) many conservation programmes have poorly articulated or vague objectives against which it is difficult to measure progress contributing to design and implementation problems; (ii) the case for long‐term and sustained biodiversity monitoring is often poorly developed and/or articulated; (iii) there is often a lack of appropriate institutional support, co‐ordination, and targeted funding for biodiversity monitoring; and (iv) there is often a lack of appropriate standards to guide monitoring activities and make data available from these programmes. To deal with these issues, we suggest that policy makers, resource managers and scientists better and more explicitly articulate the objectives of biodiversity monitoring and better demonstrate the case for greater investments in biodiversitymonitoring. There is an urgent need for improved institutional support for biodiversity monitoring in Australia, for improved monitoring standards, and for improved archiving of, and access to, monitoring data. We suggest that more strategic financial, institutional and intellectual investments in monitoring will lead to more efficient use of the resources available for biodiversity conservation and ultimately better conservation outcomes.
Community mental health nurses, caseloads, and practices: A literature review
Authors: Happell Brenda , Hoey Wendy , Gaskin Cadeyrn J. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTDeinstitutionalization, and more recently, earlier discharges from psychiatric inpatient units, have created and intensified the need for case management in community mental health. Nurses have been at the forefront of providing this case management. This literature review provides a synthesis of research and policy on the contribution of mental health nurses to community case management. The focus of this review is on the proportion of case management that mental health nurses undertake, the caseloads of case managers, and the interventions that mental health nurses most frequently perform in the community. The professional compositions of mental health case management workforces have been associated with economic imperatives, professional priorities, and the choice of case management models. The influence of mental health nurses in the case management workforce is particularly strong in the UK and Australia, but less so in the USA where social workers and people without mental health qualifications perform similar roles. Although heavy caseloads seem to be common among case managers, the research in this area is quite weak. The interventions that mental health nurses perform most often include case management (e.g. coordinating care), counselling, and medication management. Caring for the physical health of consumers might often be overlooked.
Cutaneous afferent input does not modulate motor intracortical inhibition in ageing men
Authors: Smith Ashleigh E. , Ridding Michael C. , Higgins Ryan D. , Wittert Gary A. , Pitcher Julia B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAfferent input has been shown to be a powerful modulator of cortical inhibition. Such modulation is likely to be important for the control of ongoing movement, but may also play a role in facilitating neuroplastic reorganisation. Human motor control and neuroplasticity both decline with ageing, whereas the efficacy of short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) appears not to. We examined if ageing alters the efficacy of afferent modulation of SICI. Previously, electrical cutaneous stimulation of a finger has been shown to reduce SICI in the motor cortices of young adults. Paired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess SICI in the cortical representation of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. SICI was assessed separately under two conditions: with and without prior afferent input from electrical cutaneous stimulation of the index finger. Fifteen ‘young’ (20.1 ± 2.1 years) and 15 ‘old’ male humans (65.5 ± 3.9 years) were studied. SICI did not differ when young and old males were compared. However, when preceded by electrical cutaneous finger stimulation, SICI was reduced in young men but not old men. Reflex testing indicated preservation of the afferent volley to the cortex. These findings suggest that a contributing factor in the decline of motor function, and possibly neuroplasticity, with ageing is loss of SICI modulation, probably due to altered cortical sensorimotor integration of afferent input.
Opposite function of dopamine D1 and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors in striatal cannabinoid‐mediated signaling
Authors: Daigle Tanya L. , Wetsel William C. , Caron Marc G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt is well established that the cannabinoid and dopamine systems interact at various levels to regulate basal ganglia function. Although it is well known that acute administration of cannabinoids to mice can modify dopamine‐dependent behaviors, the intraneuronal signaling pathways employed by these agents in the striatum are not well understood. Here we used knockout mouse models to examine the regulation of striatal extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling by behaviorally relevant doses of cannabinoids. This cellular pathway has been implicated as a central mediator of drug reward and synaptic plasticity. In C57BL/6J mice, acute administration of the cannabinoid agonists, (−)‐11‐hydroxydimethylheptyl‐Δ8‐tetrahydrocannabinol (HU‐210) and delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC), promoted a dose‐ and time‐dependent decrease in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in dorsal striatum. Co‐administration of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist N‐(Piperidin‐1‐yl)‐5‐(4‐iodophenyl)‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide(AM251) with HU‐210 prevented ERK1/2 inactivation, indicating a requirement for activation of this receptor. In dopamine D1 receptor knockout animals treated with HU‐210, the magnitude of the HU‐210‐dependent decrease in striatal ERK1/2 signaling was greater than in wild‐type controls. In contrast, HU‐210 administration to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor knockdown mice was ineffective at promoting striatal ERK1/2 inactivation. Genetic deletion of other potential ERK1/2 mediators, the dopamine D2 receptors or β‐arrestin‐1 or ‐2, did not affect the HU‐210‐induced modulation of ERK1/2 signaling in the striatum. These results support the hypothesis that dopamine D1 receptors and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors act in an opposite manner to regulate striatal CB1 cannabinoid receptor signal transduction.
Anticipation of meals during restricted feeding increases activity in the hypothalamus in rats
Authors: Verhagen Linda A. W. , Luijendijk Mieneke C. M. , de Groot Jan‐Willem , van Dommelen Linda P. G. , Klimstra Anne G. , Adan Roger A. H. , Roeling Tom A. P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRats exposed to timed restricted meals develop anticipation of food. They increase their activity levels in the hours preceding food access; this has been described as food‐anticipatory activity (FAA). In the present study, we show the involvement of regions of the hypothalamus [arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) and lateral hypothalamus] in the early development of FAA in rats exposed to the activity‐based anorexia (ABA) model. We thereby used two different paradigms, rats exposed to the ABA model (ABA‐normal) and rats exposed to the same restraint in food access but on a random feeding schedule (ABA‐random). The latter group of rats were not able to anticipate food. We found a strong correlation between the expression of food anticipation measured by running‐wheel activity and Fos expression levels in the DMH of ABA‐normal rats, whereas no correlation was found in ABA‐random rats. In contrast, in the randomly fed ABA rats only, a strong negative correlation was found between the neuronal activity in the hypothalamic area and the percentage body weight loss. Interestingly, these results imply that anticipation of meals during food restriction more strongly affects activation in the hypothalamus than negative energy balance alone. We conclude that during the early stages of development of FAA, the DMH plays a role in anticipation of food during periods of negative energy balance.