bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creative and Stylistic Devices Employed by Children During a Storybook Narrative Task: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Gorman Brenda K. , Fiestas Christine E. , Peña Elizabeth D. , Clark Maya Reynolds 
Published: April 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of culture on the creative and stylistic features children employ when producing narratives based on wordless picture books.MethodParticipants included 60 first- and second-grade African American, Latino American, and Caucasian children. A subset of narratives based on wordless picture books collected as part of a larger study was coded and analyzed for the following creative and stylistic conventions: organizational style (topic centered, linear, cyclical), dialogue (direct, indirect), reference to character relationships (nature, naming, conduct), embellishment (fantasy, suspense, conflict), and paralinguistic devices (expressive sounds, exclamatory utterances).ResultsMany similarities and differences between ethnic groups were found. No significant differences were found between ethnic groups in organizational style or use of paralinguistic devices. African American children included more fantasy in their stories, Latino children named their characters more often, and Caucasian children made more references to the nature of character relationships.ConclusionEven within the context of a highly structured narrative task based on wordless picture books, culture influences children’s production of narratives. Enhanced understanding of narrative structure, creativity, and style is necessary to provide ecologically valid narrative assessment and intervention for children from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Survey of K–3rd-Grade Teachers' Knowledge of Ear Infections and Willingness to Participate in Prevention Programs
Authors: Danhauer Jeffrey L. , Johnson Carole E. , Caudle Abby T. 
Published: April 2011

PurposeEar infections are prevalent in kindergarten through 3rd-grade (K–3rd) children and can affect their performance at school. Chewing gum, when administered by parents and teachers, can help prevent ear infections in children. This pilot study surveyed K–3rd-grade teachers in the Santa Barbara School Districts to assess their knowledge about ear infections and their willingness to participate in ear infection prevention programs.MethodA 37-item questionnaire was developed and was e-mailed to a convenience sample of 112 teachers in February 2010.ResultsResponse rate was 26%; 29 teachers responded. Most respondents were experienced females ≥36 years of age who said that their education provided no information about ear infections. Less than half said that they knew signs of ear infections or that ear infections could be prevented, but more than half believed that ear infections could hinder children’s development and quality of life. All of the schools and almost all of the teachers did not permit chewing gum on campus or in their classrooms, but most teachers said they would participate in ear infection prevention programs, let students chew xylitol gum if it prevented ear infections, and wanted more information on this topic.ConclusionAlthough teachers said they would participate in ear infection prevention programs, obstacles were identified that could preclude the use of xylitol chewing gum. Prevention programs should be developed, but xylitol gum prophylaxis regimens may be better directed at in-home use.
Dysphagia Management: A Survey of School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists in Vermont
Authors: Hutchins Tiffany L. , Gerety Katherine W. , Mulligan Moira 
Published: April 2011

Purpose
This study (a) gathered information about the kinds of dysphagia management services school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) provide, (b) examined the attitudes of SLPs related to dysphagia management, (c) compared the responses of SLPs on the basis of their experience working in a medical setting, and (d) investigated the relationship between SLPs' training and their confidence to provide dysphagia services.

Method
Fifty-two school-based SLPs practicing in Vermont responded to a survey designed to gather information on the variables of interest.

Results
Respondents reported a low incidence of students requiring dysphagia services and SLPs providing a wide range of dysphagia services. Results indicated variability in attitudes related to dysphagia management, but trends were also evident. Chief among them were SLPs' low levels of confidence to provide dysphagia services and the need for additional training in dysphagia management. SLPs who had experience in a medical setting reported greater confidence to evaluate and treat students with dysphagia compared to those without experience in a medical setting. Relationships between a variety of previous training experiences and confidence to treat dysphagia were also revealed.

Conclusion
This study expanded previous research in this area. Factors accounting for our results, limitations, directions for future research, and implications for practice are discussed.
Research Designs for Evaluating the Impact of Community-Based Management on Natural Resource Conservation
Authors: Thomas Craig W. , Koontz Tomas M. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTCommunity-based management has increasingly replaced centralized planning and regulation as an alternative means for conserving natural resources. But there is little empirical evidence to suggest whether community-based management has a positive or negative impact on the actual condition of natural resources. If, as is commonly argued, conservation success depends largely on local context, then we must think carefully about the entire causal chain of community-based management activities, from the inputs supporting decision-making processes to management outputs and environmental outcomes. We accordingly discuss appropriate methodologies for demonstrating the causal impacts of community-based management on natural resource conservation.
Geographic Expression of Social Values in Bioregional Planning: A Case Study of the Palouse
Authors: Donovan Shannon , Wulfhorst J.D. , Jennings Michael 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT
Support for landscape-level planning across the Palouse comes from non-profit organizations working with local policymakers to develop regional conservation ordinances. However, developing landscape-level conservation plans is limited by the lack of consensus on the region's boundaries. To address this issue, we conducted archival research and qualitative interviews with ninety stakeholders to determine their definitions of the Palouse. In this study, we reveal the range of reasons participants have for defining the Palouse and its boundaries. Most study participants perceived that geographic boundaries extend beyond political borders, suggesting a need for a bioregional planning approach.
The impact of 𝜁(𝑠) complex zeros on 𝜋(𝑥) for 𝑥<10^{10¹³}
Authors: Stoll Douglas , Demichel Patrick 
Published: April 2011

An analysis of the local variations of the prime counting function

π
(
x
)

\pi (x)

due to the impact of the non-trivial, complex zeros

ϱ
k

\varrho _k

of

ζ
(
s
)

\zeta (s)

is provided for

x
>

10

10

13

x>10^{10^{13}}

using up to 200 billion

ζ
(
s
)

\zeta (s)

complex zeros. A new bound for

|

l
i

(
x
)
−
π
(
x
)

|

>

x

1

/

2

(

l
o
g

l
o
g

l
o
g

x
+
e
+
1
)

/

e

l
o
g

x

|\mathrm {li}(x)-\pi (x)|>x^{1/2}(\mathrm {log}\,\mathrm {log}\,\mathrm {log}\,x+e+1)/e\, \mathrm {log}\,x

is proposed consistent with the error growth rate in Littlewood’s proof that

l
i

(
x
)
−
π
(
x
)

\mathrm {li}(x)-\pi (x)

changes sign infinitely often. This bound is also consistent with all presently known cases where

π
(
x
)
>

l
i

(
x
)

\pi (x)>\mathrm {li}(x)

including many new examples listed. This implies that Littlewood’s constant

K

=
1

/

e

\mathrm {K}=1/e

, the lower bound for Skewes’ number is

3.17
×

10

114

3.17\times 10^{114}

and the positive constant

c
c

in the Riemann Hypothesis equivalent

|

l
i

(
x
)
−
π
(
x
)

|

>
c

l
o
g

(
x
)

x

1

/

2

|\mathrm {li}(x)-\pi (x)|>c\,\mathrm {log}(x)x^{1/2}

is less than

3
×

10

−
27

3\times 10^{-27}

.
Preparation of Rat Serum for Culturing Mouse Embryos: Figure 1.
Authors: Garcia Monica D. , Udan Ryan S. , Hadjantonakis Anna-Katerina , Dickinson Mary E. 
Published: April 2011

INTRODUCTIONThe most important component of proper mammalian embryo culture is high-quality rat serum. Some commercial sources exist, but control over anesthetization methods and serum extractions means that preparations consistently give superior results. To obtain ∼100 mL of rat serum, 30 adult male Sprague Dawley rats must be used. Depending on the number of cultures performed per week, this amount of rat serum can last for several months. This protocol requires two people to collect blood from the rat.
Magnetic Twisting Cytometry
Authors: Kasza Karen E. , Vader David , Köster Sarah , Wang Ning , Weitz David A. 
Published: April 2011

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol provides the general steps for magnetic twisting cytometry (MTC). MTC is an active microrheology method well-suited to measuring the mechanical properties of the individual adherent cells. Specialized equipment is required for producing the magnetic fields used in this technique. Specific cells, reagents, and experimental times and temperatures will depend on the objectives of the investigator.
Megaselia abdita: Culturing and Egg Collection
Authors: Rafiqi Ab. Matteen , Lemke Steffen , Schmidt-Ott Urs 
Published: April 2011

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes methods for maintaining the scuttle fly Megaselia abdita as a lab culture. It comprises procedures for fly husbandry and egg collection. The completion of the M. abdita life cycle requires ∼18–20 d at 25°C. Embryogenesis lasts ∼24 h, larval development, 4 d, and the pupal stage ∼10 d.
Growing and Harvesting TAP-Tagged Yeast Cells
Authors: Link Andrew J. , Weaver Connie , Farley Adam 
Published: April 2011

INTRODUCTIONOne approach to identifying protein–protein interactions is the biochemical purification of a target protein from cells or tissues under nondenaturing conditions followed by the mass spectrometric identification of the components of the purified protein complex. This combination of highly specific protein purification strategies and mass spectrometry has proven to be a very successful approach for identifying protein–protein interactions. The tandem affinity purification (TAP) affinity tag and purification method allows efficient recovery of proteins present at low cellular concentrations under native conditions. Expressing the target protein at its natural levels avoids the assembly of overexpressed proteins into nonphysiological complexes. This protocol describes the preparation of TAP-tagged yeast cells.
Three-Dimensional Root Phenotyping with a Novel Imaging and Software Platform
Authors: Clark Randy T. , MacCurdy Robert B. , Jung Janelle K. , Shaff Jon E. , McCouch Susan R. , Aneshansley Daniel J. , Kochian Leon V. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A novel imaging and software platform was developed for the high-throughput phenotyping of three-dimensional root traits during seedling development. To demonstrate the platform’s capacity, plants of two rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes, Azucena and IR64, were grown in a transparent gellan gum system and imaged daily for 10 d. Rotational image sequences consisting of 40 two-dimensional images were captured using an optically corrected digital imaging system. Three-dimensional root reconstructions were generated and analyzed using a custom-designed software, RootReader3D. Using the automated and interactive capabilities of RootReader3D, five rice root types were classified and 27 phenotypic root traits were measured to characterize these two genotypes. Where possible, measurements from the three-dimensional platform were validated and were highly correlated with conventional two-dimensional measurements. When comparing gellan gum-grown plants with those grown under hydroponic and sand culture, significant differences were detected in morphological root traits (P &lt; 0.05). This highly flexible platform provides the capacity to measure root traits with a high degree of spatial and temporal resolution and will facilitate novel investigations into the development of entire root systems or selected components of root systems. In combination with the extensive genetic resources that are now available, this platform will be a powerful resource to further explore the molecular and genetic determinants of root system architecture.
Application of high‐throughput genome sequencing to intrapathovar variation in Pseudomonas syringae
Authors: STUDHOLME DAVID J. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYOne reason for the success of Pseudomonas syringae as a model pathogen has been the availability of three complete genome sequences since 2005. Now, at the beginning of 2011, more than 25 strains of P. syringae have been sequenced and many more will soon be released. To date, published analyses of P. syringae have been largely descriptive, focusing on catalogues of genetic differences among strains and between species. Numerous powerful statistical tools are now available that have yet to be applied to P. syringae genomic data for robust and quantitative reconstruction of evolutionary events. The aim of this review is to provide a snapshot of the current status of P. syringae genome sequence data resources, including very recent and unpublished studies, and thereby demonstrate the richness of resources available for this species. Furthermore, certain specific opportunities and challenges in making the best use of these data resources are highlighted.
A chromatographic survey of methods for extracting long‐chain grass fructans
Authors: Kagan I. A. , Kirch B. H. , Strickland J. R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTo optimize yields of long‐chain fructans extracted from herbage, fructan concentrations and chromatographic profiles were compared in four cool‐season grasses extracted by different methods. In a preliminary study, extraction temperatures, pH prior to extract concentration, numbers of extractions, and tissue coarseness were varied to evaluate their effects on chromatographic profiles and quantities of total long‐chain fructan (degree of polymerization (DP) of ∼7 or higher). Fructans were separated by anion‐exchange high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). The identity of the putative fructan peaks was confirmed by acid hydrolysis of fructans to fructose. Tall fescue and bluegrass fructans were below the detection limits used in this study. Pooled timothy and cocksfoot data indicated that two or three extractions at the same temperature yielded similar amounts of fructans and that adjusting pH from 6 to 7 did not affect recovery. Replicated extractions of cocksfoot by four methods chosen from the preliminary study demonstrated that the least fructan was extracted from chopped cocksfoot at ambient temperature (P = 0·019). One C18 solid‐phase extraction cleanup step sufficed for analysis. The extraction method recommended is two boiling water extractions of either chopped or ground material. However, ground material extracted at ambient temperature is comparable in total fructan concentration and maximum DP.
Improved functional ability and independence in activities of daily living for older adults at high risk of hospital readmission: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Courtney Mary D. , Edwards Helen E. , Chang Anne M. , Parker Anthony W. , Finlayson Kathleen , Bradbury Carolyn , Nielsen Zoë 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective  During hospitalization older people often experience functional decline which impacts on their future independence. The objective of this study was to evaluate a multifaceted transitional care intervention including home‐based exercise strategies for at‐risk older people on functional status, independence in activities of daily living (ADLs) and walking ability.Methods  A randomized controlled trial was undertaken in a metropolitan hospital in Australia with 128 patients (64 intervention, 64 control) aged over 65 years with an acute medical admission and at least one risk factor for hospital readmission. The intervention group received an individually tailored programme for exercise and follow‐up care which was commenced in hospital and included regular visits in hospital by a physiotherapist and a registered nurse, a home visit following discharge and regular telephone follow‐up for 24 weeks following discharge. The programme was designed to improve health‐promoting behaviours, strength, stability, endurance and mobility. Data were collected at baseline, then 4, 12 and 24 weeks following discharge using the Index of ADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ; modified).Results  Significant improvements were found in the intervention group in IADL scores (P < 0.001), ADL scores (P < 0.001) and WIQ scale scores (P < 0.001) in comparison to the control group. The greatest improvements were found in the first 4 weeks following discharge.Conclusions  Early introduction of a transitional model of care incorporating a tailored exercise programme and regular telephone follow‐up for hospitalized at‐risk older adults can improve independence and functional ability.
A Bnr‐like formin links actin to the spindle pole body during sporulation in the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii
Authors: Kemper Michael , Mohlzahn Lars , Lickfeld Manuela , Lang Claudia , Wählisch Sabrina , Schmitz Hans‐Peter 
Published: April 2011

SummaryFormin proteins are nucleators of actin filaments and regulators of the microtubule cytoskeleton. As such, they play important roles in the development of yeast and other fungi. We show here that AgBnr2, a homologue of the ScBnr1 formin from the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii, localizes to the spindle pole body (SPB), the fungal analogue of the centrosome of metazoans. This protein plays an important role in the development of the typical needle‐shaped spores of A. gossypii, as suggested by several findings. First, downregulation of AgBNR2 causes defects in sporangium formation and a decrease in the total spore number. Second, a fusion of AgBNR2 to GFP that is driven by the native AgBNR2 promoter is only visible in sporangia. Third, AgBnr2 interacts with a AgSpo21, a sporulation‐specific component of the SPB. Furthermore, we provide evidence that AgBnr2 might nucleate actin cables, which are connected to SPBs during sporulation. Our findings add to our understanding of fungal sporulation, particularly the formation of spores with a complex, elongated morphology, and provide novel insights into formin function.
Transcription of integron‐harboured gene cassette impacts integration efficiency in class 1 integron
Authors: Wei Quhao , Jiang Xiaofei , Li Min , Chen Xiaoyun , Li Gang , Li Ru , Lu Yuan 
Published: April 2011

SummaryClass 1 integrons play important roles in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria. Generally, class 1 integron consists of an integrase gene (intI1), a recombination site (attI1) and a promoter (Pc) that drives the transcription of the downstreamed gene cassettes. Occasionally, there is a second promoter P2 downstream of the Pc promoter. Several Pc variants and Pc–P2 combinations have been defined and they display different transcription strengths, but the influence of the transcription of integron‐harboured gene cassette on the integration efficiency has never been comprehensively studied. In this study, the integration frequencies of gene cassettes into the attI1 sites that downstream of four different Pc variants as well as their combinations with P2 promoter were measured. The results showed that there was an inverse correlation between the strength of Pc promoter and the integration efficiency and, with the same Pc promoter, the integration efficiency was significantly decreased when a P2 promoter preceded the attI1 site. Our findings indicate there is a relationship between the transcription of integron‐harboured gene cassette and the integration of exogenous gene cassettes. The interrelationship between these two relatively independent processes may throw a light on our understanding the regulation system of class 1 integron.
The Vibrio cholerae quorum sensing response is mediated by Hfq‐dependent sRNA/mRNA base pairing interactions
Authors: Bardill J. Patrick , Zhao Xiaonan , Hammer Brian K. 
Published: April 2011

Summary Vibrio cholerae quorum sensing controls expression of four redundant sRNAs, Qrr1‐4. The Qrr sRNAs are predicted to alter the translation of several mRNAs, including, hapR, which encodes a transcription factor that controls genes for virulence factors, biofilm formation, protease production and DNA uptake. Each Qrr contains a 21 nucleotide region absolutely conserved among pathogenic Vibrios, and predicted to base pair with mRNA targets, like hapR, aided by the RNA chaperone Hfq. This molecular mechanism was not experimentally tested previously, and we provide here both in vivo and in vitro evidence to validate this model. In Escherichia coli, Qrr expression repressed a HapR‐GFP translational fusion, and a specific nucleotide substitution in the 21 nucleotide region eliminated HapR control, while a compensatory mutation in hapR restored it. In V. cholerae, the identical mutations also deregulated HapR‐dependent gene expression and corresponding QS phenotypes by altering HapR protein levels. We calculated in vitro binding affinities of a Qrr/hapR complex and show that Hfq stabilizes complex formation. Finally, the Qrr mutation with in vivo defects also prevented Qrr/hapR binding, while the compensatory hapR mutation restored binding. These results demonstrate that the V. cholerae QS response is mediated by base pairing interactions between Qrr sRNAs and hapR mRNA.
Micro‐collinearity and genome evolution in the vicinity of an ethylene receptor gene of cultivated diploid and allotetraploid coffee species (Coffea)
Authors: Yu Qingyi , Guyot Romain , de Kochko Alexandre , Byers Anne , Navajas‐Pérez Rafael , Langston Brennick J. , Dubreuil‐Tranchant Christine , Paterson Andrew H. , Poncet Valérie , Nagai Chifumi , Ming Ray 
Published: April 2011

SummaryArabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is a self‐compatible perennial allotetraploid species (2n = 4x = 44), whereas Robusta coffee (C. canephora L.) is a self‐incompatible perennial diploid species (2n = 2x = 22). C. arabica (CaCaEaEa) is derived from a spontaneous hybridization between two closely related diploid coffee species, C. canephora (CC) and C. eugenioides (EE). To investigate the patterns and degree of DNA sequence divergence between the Arabica and Robusta coffee genomes, we identified orthologous bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) from C. arabica and C. canephora, and compared their sequences to trace their evolutionary history. Although a high level of sequence similarity was found between BACs from C. arabica and C. canephora, numerous chromosomal rearrangements were detected, including inversions, deletions and insertions. DNA sequence identity between C. arabica and C. canephora orthologous BACs ranged from 93.4% (between Ea and Ca) to 94.6% (between Ca and C). Analysis of eight orthologous gene pairs resulted in estimated ages of divergence between 0.046 and 0.665 million years, indicating a recent origin of the allotetraploid species C. arabica. Analysis of transposable elements revealed differential insertion events that contributed to the size increase in the Ca sub‐genome compared to its diploid relative. In particular, we showed that insertion of a Ty1‐copia LTR retrotransposon occurred specifically in C. arabica, probably shortly after allopolyploid formation. The two sub‐genomes of C. arabica, Ca and Ea, showed sufficient sequence differences, and a whole‐genome shotgun approach could be suitable for sequencing the allotetraploid genome of C. arabica.