bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disasters are not natural: risk management, a tool for development
Authors: Mora S. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Risk management is a policy promoting the identification, analysis and quantification of the probability of damage that a natural hazard might cause, considering the vulnerability of the human environment and the ways to prevent and mitigate the losses in advance. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) available information about causes and consequences of risk is scarce and barely matches the needs of project engineers and decision-makers. Average annual losses caused by major and ‘minor’ hazards (the latter usually not included in the statistics) amount to a large share of the development effort. Disasters provide evidence of the vulnerability of the countries, have a severe impact on the economic performance and social well-being through the loss of infrastructure, agricultural capacity, basic services, housing and environmental deterioration, and affect the quality of life of the poorest sectors of the population. Therefore, vulnerability is an economic problem with deep social roots. In LAC, the circumstances influencing the
ex ante
decision-making processes have not been favourable to prevention. Governments still reinforce reactive institutions, which are usually centralized. Delegation of tasks and responsibility to national planning entities, local governments and communities trails behind. Typically, local communities bear the brunt of the losses and do not participate in defining the ‘acceptable’ levels of risk. Therefore, it is evident that there is no such a thing as a ‘natural disaster’. The inclusion and adoption in investment projects of risk management criteria supported by engineering geology should start by increasing awareness, understanding and modelling of natural hazards, reducing vulnerability, and increasing social, environmental and economic resilience. This paper analyses practices based on experiences in LAC and proposes proactive risk management criteria.
Emplacement of the northern ophiolites of Cuba and the Campanian-Eocene geological history of the northwestern Caribbean-SE Gulf of Mexico region
Authors: Cobiella-Reguera Jorge L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The Mesozoic Proto-Caribbean Plate was consumed in the subduction zone of the Greater Antilles volcanic arc until the Campanian. At this time, volcanic arc magmatism ceased along Cuba. From Late Campanian to Danian, Cuba and its surroundings were a collision zone where the GAC accreted to the North American palaeomargin. In the Danian the almost east–west trending SE Cuba–Cayman Ridge–Hispaniola? volcanic arc was born. The related north dipping subduction zone acted as the SE North American plate boundary. From the Paleocene to Middle Eocene dense Caribbean lithosphere travelled northwards. The location, strike and subduction polarity of the assumed subduction zone are very different from those described by other models. Almost simultaneously the Cuban Orogeny developed in western and central Cuba. During the orogeny the northern ophiolite belt of Cuba and the Cretaceous volcanic rocks were thrust northwards tens of kilometres, onto the Mesozoic North American palaeomargin. In the Middle Eocene subduction stopped. Simultanously(?) a change in the regional stress field originated the near east–west trending sinistral Oriente fault zone, whose position and origin are probably tied to the weakened hot crust to the south of the Palaeogene volcanic arc axis.
Is the Cretaceous primitive island arc series in the circum-Caribbean region geochemically analogous to the modern island arc tholeiite series?
Authors: Hastie Alan R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The Early Cretaceous island arc lavas in the Caribbean region are frequently assigned to the primitive island arc (PIA) series and not to the island arc tholeiite (IAT) series. However, this review demonstrates that the Caribbean PIA rocks have immobile trace element abundances, trace element ratios and Nd–Hf isotope systematics which are indistinguishable from modern IAT lavas. Thus, it is proposed that the term PIA series be discarded and that the Early Cretaceous island arc rocks in the Caribbean be classified as IAT rocks.
Rethinking the origins of the red chert at La Désirade, French West Indies
Authors: Montgomery Homer , Kerr Andrew C. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
La Désirade in the Lesser Antilles contains one of the rare fragments of Jurassic oceanic crust known on Caribbean islands. Others in the northeastern Caribbean occur on Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. These fragments each include radiolarian-bearing chert that has been linked to an origin in the Pacific Ocean. Of these, a fragment in Sierra Bermeja, Puerto Rico is clearly of Pacific origin as it contains Lower Jurassic radiolarians that predate the opening between North and South America. Red ribbon chert at El Aguacate, Dominican Republic is essentially identical to widespread radiolarites found in accreted material of the Pacific basin and from Pacific Ocean ODP Site 801. Extensive sampling in the Atlantic basin has produced no Jurassic radiolarites. Thus, based on age (the older of the Sierra Bermeja outcrops) and lithology (El Aguacate), two of these fragments are definitely of Pacific origin. Re-evaluation of the chert/pillow lava sequence on La Désirade in light of recent discoveries at spreading ridges has resulted in a revised interpretation of their probable origin. A wide range of features of these cherts indicate pelagic and hydrothermal sedimentation at an Upper Jurassic spreading ridge, one that almost assuredly existed in the eastern Pacific realm. These features include: the types of chert found on the island, lack of argillaçeous partings, small outcrop size, discontinuous chert bodies, presence of limestone squeeze-ups into pillow lavas and indications of hydrothermal activity, including epidotization of basalt migrating outward from pillow margins with chert rinds that record pelagic and hydrothermal sedimentation at an Upper Jurassic spreading ridge, one that almost assuredly existed in the extreme eastern Pacific realm.
Dextral shear, terrane accretion and basin formation in the Northern Andes: best explained by interaction with a Pacific-derived Caribbean Plate?
Authors: Kennan Lorcan , Pindell James L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The structure, stratigraphy and magmatic history of northern Peru, Ecuador and Colombia are only adequately explained by Pacific-origin models for the Caribbean Plate. Inter-American models for the origin of the Caribbean Plate cannot explain the contrasts between the Northern Andes and the Central Andes. Persistent large magnitude subduction, arc magmatism and compressional deformation typify the Central Andes, while the Northern Andes shows back-arc basin and passive margin formation followed by dextral oblique accretion of oceanic plateau basalt and island arc terranes with Caribbean affinity. Cretaceous separation between the Americas resulted in the development of a NNE-trending dextral–transpressive boundary between the Caribbean and northwestern South America, becoming more compressional when spreading in the Proto-Caribbean Seaway slowed towards the end of the Cretaceous. Dextral transpression started at 120–100 Ma, when the Caribbean Arc formed at the leading edge of the Caribbean Plate as a result of subduction zone polarity reversal at the site of the pre-existing Trans-American Arc, which had linked to Central America to South America in the vicinity of the present-day Peru–Ecuador border. Subsequent closure of the Andean Back-Arc Basin resulted in accretion of Caribbean terranes to western Colombia. Initiation of flat-slab subduction of the Caribbean Plate beneath Colombia at about 100 Ma is associated with limited magmatism, with no subsequent development of a magmatic arc. This was followed by northward-younging Maastrichtian to Eocene collision of the trailing edge Panama Arc. The triple junction where the Panama Arc joined the Peru–Chile trench was located west of present-day Ecuador as late as Eocene time, and the Talara, Tumbes and Manabi pull-apart basins directly relate to its northward migration. Features associated with the subduction of the Nazca Plate, such as active calc-alkaline volcanic arcs built on South American crust, only became established in Ecuador, and then Colombia, as the triple junction migrated to the north. Our model provides a comprehensive, regional and testable framework for analysing the as yet poorly understood collage of arc remnants, basement blocks and basins in the Northern Andes.
The Cabo de la Vela Mafic-Ultramafic Complex, Northeastern Colombian Caribbean region: a record of multistage evolution of a Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic arc
Authors: Weber M. B. I. , Cardona A. , Paniagua F. , Cordani U. , Sepúlveda L. , Wilson R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Ophiolite-related rocks accreted to Caribbean Plate margins provide insights into the understanding of the intra-oceanic evolution of the Caribbean Plate and its interaction with the continental margins of the Americas. Petrological, geochemical and isotope (K–Ar, Sr and Nd) data were obtained in serpentinites, gabbros and andesite dykes from the Cabo de la Vela Mafic–Ultramafic Complex from the Guajira Peninsula, in the northernmost Colombian Caribbean region. Field relations, metasomatic alteration patterns and whole rock–mineral geochemistry combined with juvenile isotope signatures of the different units suggest that gabbros and serpentinites formed in a slow-spreading supra-subduction zone that was brought to shallower depths and subsequently evolved to an arc setting where andesitic rocks formed with little sediment input. The tectonomagmatic evolution of the Cabo de la Vela Mafic–Ultramafic Complex involved an intra-oceanic arc that evolved from pre-Campanian time to 74 Ma. Relationships with other units from the Guajira Peninsula show either the existence of a mature arc basement or a series of coalesced allocthonous arcs, juxtaposed before accretion onto the passive continental margin of South American in pre-Eocene times.
Polyphase development of the Falcón Basin in northwestern Venezuela: implications for oil generation
Authors: Baquero Marvin , Acosta Jorge , Kassabji Elías , Zamora José , Sousa Juan Carlos , Rodríguez Josmat , Grobas Jacqueline , Melo Luís , Schneider Frederic 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

A multi-event tectonic episode that affected the Caribbean and South American Plate boundaries as well as Cenozoic oil generation is based on new structural and geochemical data from the western Falcón Basin, Venezuela. It involves Late Cretaceous to Middle Eocene emplacement of the Lara Nappes followed by Late Eocene to Early Miocene tectonic collapse and graben formation, Middle Miocene inversion and out of sequence thrusting. Oil-source rock correlation of seeps in the northern part of the basin suggests a Cenozoic siliciclastic source rock deposited under suboxic to anoxic conditions. Potential Cenozoic source rocks and Late Cretaceous La Luna Formation were used to evaluate the generation conditions using one- and two-dimensional thermal modelling. A heat flow of
c
. 190 mW m
−2
was reached during the Oligocene–Early Miocene in the central part of the basin. As a result the Cretaceous source rock is overmature, while the primary Cenozoic source rocks are in the oil window. The thermal modelling also suggests that hydrocarbon accumulations are mainly located on the flanks of the graben, with small amounts possible in the centre, due to erosion during basin inversion. This modelling is highly consistent with the proposed polyphase tectonic model.
Clastic domains of sandstones in central/eastern Venezuela, Trinidad, and Barbados: heavy mineral and tectonic constraints on provenance and palaeogeography
Authors: Pindell James L. , Kennan Lorcan , Wright David , Erikson Johan 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Current models for the tectonic evolution of northeastern South America invoke a Palaeogene phase of inter-American convergence, followed by diachronous dextral oblique collision with the Caribbean Plate, becoming strongly transcurrent in the Late Miocene. Heavy mineral analysis of Cretaceous to Pleistocene rocks from eastern Venezuela, Barbados and Trinidad allow us to define six primary clastic domains, refine our palaeogeographic maps, and relate them to distinct stages of tectonic development: (1) Cretaceous passive margin of northern South America; (2) Palaeogene clastics related to the dynamics of the Proto-Caribbean Inversion Zone before collision with the Caribbean Plate; (3) Late Eocene–Oligocene southward-transgressive clastic sediments fringing the Caribbean foredeep during initial collision; (4) Oligocene–Middle Miocene axial fill of the Caribbean foredeep; (5) Late Eocene–Middle Miocene northern proximal sedimentary fringe of the Caribbean thrustfront; and (6) Late Miocene–Recent deltaic sediments flowing parallel to the orogen during its post-collisional, mainly transcurrent stage. Domain 1–3 sediments are highly mature, comprising primary Guayana Shield-derived sediment or recycled sediment of shield origin eroded from regional Palaeogene unconformities. In Trinidad, palinspastic restoration of Neogene deformation indicates that facies changes once interpreted as north to south are in fact west to east, reflecting progradation from the Maturín Basin into central Trinidad across the NW–SE trending Bohordal marginal offset, distorted by about 70 km of dextral shear through Trinidad. There is no mineralogical indication of a northern or northwestern erosional sediment source until Oligocene onset of Domain 4 sedimentation. Paleocene–Middle Eocene rocks of the Scotland Formation sandstones in Barbados do show an immature orogenic signature, in contrast to Venezuela–Trinidad Domain 2 sediments, this requires: (1) at least a bathymetric difference, if not a tectonic barrier, between them; and (2) that the Barbados deep-water depocentre was within turbidite transport distance of the Early Palaeogene orogenic source areas of western Venezuela and/or Colombia. Domains 4–6 (from Late Oligocene) show a strong direct or recycled influence of Caribbean Orogen igneous and metamorphic terranes in addition to substantial input from the shield areas to the south. The delay in the appearance of common Caribbean detritus in the east, relative to the Paleocene and Eocene appearance of Caribbean-influenced sands in the west, reflects the diachronous, eastward migration of Caribbean foredeep subsidence and sedimentation as a response to eastward-younging collision of the Caribbean Plate and the South American margin.
Submarine volcanic stratigraphy and the Caribbean LIP's formational environment
Authors: Diebold John 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

In 1995, R/V
Maurice Ewing
cruise EW9501 collected 5200 km of high-quality multichannel reflection profiles and 104 wide angle sonobuoy profiles in the Venezuelan Basin and over the Beata Ridge. These data provide images of the entire Caribbean crust, from seafloor to Moho, and verify earlier models of a two-‘layer’ crust. The EW9501 data also image the internal structure of these layers, revealing previously unseen features. The upper crustal ‘layer’ is actually a complex sequence, whose stratigraphy is analysed to show that the thickest part of the Caribbean volcanic plateau was experiencing east–west compressional deformation during the last stages of its emplacement.
Magma source evolution beneath the Caribbean oceanic plateau: new insights from elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic studies of ODP Leg 165 Site 1001 basalts
Authors: Kerr Andrew C. , Pearson D. Graham , Nowell Geoff M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Ocean Drilling Project Leg 165 sampled 38 m of the basaltic basement of the Caribbean Plate at Site 1001 on the Hess Escarpment. The recovered section consists of 12 basaltic flow units which yield a weighted mean Ar/Ar age of 80.9±0.9 Ma. The basalts (6.4–8.5 wt% MgO) are remarkably homogeneous in composition and are more depleted in incompatible trace elements than N-MORB. Depleted initial radiogenic isotope ratios (ε
Nd
+11.1 to +11.9; ε
Hf
+15.2 to +16.9;
87
Sr/
86
Sr 0.7025–0.7028;
206
Pb/
204
Pb 18.34–18.50;
207
Pb/
204
Pb 15.42–15.51;
208
Pb/
204
Pb 37.64–37.90) reveal a long-term history of depletion. Although the Site 1001 basalts are superficially similar to N-MORB, radiogenic isotopes in conjunction with incompatible trace element ratios show that the basalts have more similarity to the depleted basalts and komatiites of Gorgona Island. This chemical composition strongly implies that the Site 1001 basalts are derived from a mantle plume-depleted component and not from depleted ambient upper mantle. Therefore the Site 1001 basalts are, both compositionally and tectonically, a constituent part of the Caribbean oceanic plateau. Mantle melt modelling suggests that the Site 1001 lavas have a composition which is consistent with second-stage melting of compositionally heterogeneous mantle plume source material which had already been melted, most likely to form the 90 Ma basalts of the plateau. The prolonged residence (>10 Ma) of residual mantle plume source material below the region confirms computational model predictions and places significant constraints on tectonic models of Caribbean evolution in the Late Cretaceous.
The Caribbean: an oroclinal basin?
Authors: Milsom John 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Tightly curved mountain belts are prominent features of global topography. Typically, these ‘oroclines’ occur in areas of regional compression but enclose basins where extension has been contemporaneous with outward directed thrusting in the orogens. Examples of such basin–orogen pairs include the Alboran Sea–Gibraltar Arc, Tyrrhenian Sea–Aeolian Arc, Aegean Sea–Hellenic Arc and Pannonian Basin–Carpathian Arc, all in the western Tethys but matched in the eastern Tethys by the Banda Sea and Outer Banda Arc. The development of the basins has been variously explained by gravitational collapse of rapidly elevated mountain blocks and by extrusion prompted by asthenopheric flows, but it is not even universally agreed that similar processes have operated in all cases. Critics have cited gross differences in volcanic activity (absent from the Gibraltar Arc, modest in the Carpathians but intense in other examples) and in the presence or absence of recognizable Wadati–Benioff Zones. The superficial similarities between the Caribbean Sea–Antilles Arcs and typical oroclinal basin–orocline pairs have recently been invoked in support of an
in situ
Caribbean evolutionary model, even though the disputed origins of oroclines limit their reliability as analogues. The Caribbean's considerably greater area further emphasizes the need for caution, while the most obvious objection to identifying it as a member of the oroclinal group is its very long history. Oroclinal basins typically pass from initiation to effective stabilization in a few tens of millions of years, whereas the original Caribbean oceanic crust, which is now bounded to the east and west by active subduction zones, was probably formed in the Jurassic. Rather than invoking an overall common origin for the Caribbean and the Tethyan basins, it is more useful to look for shared causes of specific individual similarities. The impact of a rigid block might be as effective in imposing curvature on a mountain belt as rapid expansion in an adjacent area. However, it does seem that the case for the crust of the Caribbean being typical of oceanic large igneous provinces (LIPs) may have been overstated and, in the light of oroclinal analogues, that some features of the still poorly understood Beata Ridge and Lower Nicaragua Rise may be most easily explained by east–west extension promoted by the convergence between North and South America.
Proapoptotic Activity of Bortezomib in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cells
Authors: Bauer Sebastian , Parry Joshua A. , Mühlenberg Thomas , Brown Matthew F. , Seneviratne Danushka , Chatterjee Payel , Chin Anna , Rubin Brian P. , Kuan Shih-Fan , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Duensing Stefan , Duensing Anette 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are caused by activating mutations in the KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinase genes. Although &gt;85% of GIST patients treated with the small-molecule inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) achieve disease stabilization, complete remissions are rare and a substantial proportion of patients develop resistance to imatinib over time. Upregulation of soluble, non–chromatin-bound histone H2AX has an important role in imatinib-induced apoptosis of GIST cells. Additionally, H2AX levels in untreated GIST are maintained at low levels by a pathway that involves KIT, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this study, we asked whether bortezomib-mediated inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery could lead to upregulation of histone H2AX and GIST cell death. We show that bortezomib rapidly triggers apoptosis in GIST cells through a combination of mechanisms involving H2AX upregulation and loss of KIT protein expression. Downregulation of KIT transcription was an underlying mechanism for bortezomib-mediated inhibition of KIT expression. In contrast, the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway did not seem to play a major role in bortezomib-induced GIST cell death. Significantly, we found that bortezomib would induce apoptosis in two imatinib-resistant GIST cell lines as well as a short-term culture established from a primary imatinib-resistant GIST. Collectively, our results provide a rationale to test the efficacy of bortezomib in GIST patients with imatinib-sensitive or -resistant tumors. Cancer Res; 70(1); 150–9
Prolyl Hydroxylases 2 and 3 Act in Gliomas as Protective Negative Feedback Regulators of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors
Authors: Henze Anne-Theres , Riedel Johanna , Diem Tanja , Wenner Julia , Flamme Ingo , Pouyseggur Jacques , Plate Karl H. , Acker Till 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Adaptive responses to hypoxia in tumors are transcriptionally regulated by the hypoxia inducible factors (HIF-1α/HIF-2α), which are tightly controlled by the HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (PHD). Hypoxia induces expression of the PHD2 and PHD3 proteins in tumors but the pathobiological significance of these events is uncertain. Here, we show that PHD2 and PHD3 induction acts within a negative feedback loop to limit the hypoxic HIF response. In glioblastomas, PHD2 and PHD3 are hypoxia-inducible in vitro and expressed in hypoxic areas of tumors in vivo. Comparison with other PHDs revealed distinct cytoplasmatic and nuclear localization patterns of PHD2 and PHD3. Gain and loss of function experiments defined PHD2 and PHD3 as HIF target genes that remained operative even at low oxygen concentrations. We found that increased PHD levels could compensate for reduced oxygen availability to regulate the HIF response. This negative feedback loop protected tumor cells against hypoxia-induced cell death, functionally implicating this pathway in the control of the tumor-suppressive components of the HIF system in glioblastoma. Moreover, PHD inhibition facilitated cell death induction by staurosporine or tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand, hinting at a more general protective role of PHD in the regulation of cell viability. In summary, our findings recognize the PHD/HIF regulatory axis as a novel therapeutic target to disable a tumor's ability to adjust to hypoxic conditions and control cell survival, helping to potentially overcome therapeutic cell death resistance in glioblastomas. Cancer Res; 70(1); 357–66