bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
""PHPA" as a Frictional Pressure Loss Reducer and its Pressure Loss Estimation"
Authors: Ercan C. , Ozbayoglu M. E. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Significant circulating system pressure losses occur between mud and extreme long drill pipes during deep or ultra deep offshore drilling operations with the available fluid circulation technology. Therefore high pump horsepower is required to circulate the mud. Addition of a small amount of frictional drag reducer can decrease these circulating system pressure losses significantly. As a result, pipe flow capacity can be increased with lower horsepower requirements. Frictional drag reducing polymers are often composed of high molecular weight linear molecules and can be used with water or hydrocarbon based solvents.
The performance of a liquid polymer emulsion which contains partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide/polyacrylate (PHPA) copolymer was studied in this paper. Straight cylindrical pipe flow experiments were performed at different concentrations of solutions for measuring frictional pressure losses. Measured and theoretical frictional pressure loss values shows that as the "PHPA" concentration increases, considerable drag reduction (as high as 60 %) can be obtained. The optimum concentration for drag reduction purposes was estimated as 0.0020 (v/v). A new friction factor is proposed as a function of "PHPA" concentration and Reynolds number, and the results showed that the pressure losses can be estimated with an error less than 15 % by using the developed friction factor.
Un Mundo Donde Quepan Muchos Mundos: A Postcolonial Legal Perspective Inspired by the Zapatistas
Authors: Schacherreiter Judith 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
On January 1, 1994, the day when NAFTA entered into force, a group of indigenous appeared from the Lacandon jungle in Chiapas, occupied the city hall of San Cristóbal de las Casas, presented themselves as the Zapatista Army and announced: "We are the product of 500 years of fighting. [] But today we say: It is enough." This was the beginning of a rebellion which attracted international attention and is still going on today. Taking the announcement seriously, this article traces the history of 500 years from a legal perspective. By considering also the international dimension of this history, it shall be revealed that the reasons for the Zapatista revolt range from the Lacandon jungle through Chiapas, Mexico, Latin America, to the world and its global order. The article will focus on their demand for "land and freedom" which leads to the so-called agrarian question and the long history of bloody disputes about land, means of existence, natural resources, autonomy, sovereignty, power, dominance, oppression, life and death.The history of Mexican land law (sometimes as a legal reflection, sometimes as a result and sometimes as an origin of these disputes) shows with outstanding clarity international structures of hegemony. Foreign influence and legal transfer in accordance with European and U.S. economic interest have been shaping this area of law since colonization. On the other hand, history also gave birth to strong counter-hegemonic movements: the Mexican Revolution at the beginning of the 20th century and today the Zapatista rebellion.The objective of the article is the following: By putting the Zapatista struggle for land in the historical and global context, their “anti-systemic" or “postcolonial" quality shall be revealed. Against this background, the legal analysis of their rebellion shall be used to develop cornerstones of a postcolonial legal perspective. Hence, independent from the chronological order, the theoretical starting point is January 1, 1994. History will be approached as a memory that flashes on this day in the moment of uprising.
Toxicity and Genotoxicity Testing of Roundup
Authors: Raipulis Jēkabs , Toma Malda , Balode Maija 
Published: October 2009

Toxicity and Genotoxicity Testing of Roundup
Glyphosate, in the commercial formulation named Roundup, is a broad spectrum herbicide that is one of the most frequently applied pesticides in the world. However, there has been little evidence of Roundup toxicity or genotoxicity. Genotoxicity of glyphosate was carried out using the Escherichia coli SOS chromotest. The glyphosate-induced dose response in the SOS chromotest suggests that glyphosate possesses genotoxic properties. Glyphosate at a 0.2 g/l concentration in toxicity bioassay caused 50% mortality of Daphnia magna (LD50 after 24 h — 0.22 g/l; after 48 h — 0.19 g/l), but 0.25 — 0.5 g/l — 100% death of organisms (LD100 after 24 h — 0.5 g/l; after 48 h — 0.25 g/l). Our results (E. coli SOS chromotest and daphnia test system) together with recent animal studies and epidemiological reports suggest that glyphosate, especially, Roundup possesses both toxic and genotoxic properties.
Response of Lithuanian Winter Wheat Advanced Lines to Common Bunt (Tilletia tritici (BJERK.) WINT)
Authors: Ruzgas Vytautas , Liatukas Žilvinas 
Published: October 2009

Response of Lithuanian Winter Wheat Advanced Lines to Common Bunt (Tilletia tritici(BJERK.) WINT)The study was carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in an artificially inoculated nursery during 2006-2007. Resistance to common bunt in 2006 was tested for 71, in 2007 for 118 breeding lines of Lithuanian winter wheat from the competitive trial nursery. Additionally, 148 promising lines were selected and tested from the check nursery, which possessed some resistance in their pedigree ancestors. The average disease incidence in 2006 and 2007 was 80.9 and 63.5%, respectively. The very high infection level highlighted the genotypes with the most effective resistance under conditions highly favourable for common bunt. There were no lines without infected ears. Among the 29 breeding lines tested in the two years, two lines Bill/Aspirant and Dream/Lut.9329 were infected the least, 17.2% and 1.9% in 2006 and 18.5% and 7.8% in 2007, respectively. Most of the breeding lines were highly susceptible. Lines with disease incidence over 50% accounted for over 90% in 2006 and 80% in 2007 of the total lines tested. The most resistant lines had in their pedigrees the following resistance sources: genotypes Bill, Lut.9329, Strumok, Lut.9313, Lut.9358, Tommi as well as Dream, Haldor, 91002G2.1, 96/101, Bezenchiukskaya380.
Eye Refraction Anomalies in Down Syndrome Families
Authors: Sriubienė Margarita , Andriuškevičiūtė Irena , Sinkus Algimantas 
Published: October 2009

Eye Refraction Anomalies in Down Syndrome Families
The extra chromosomal material in Down syndrome patients causes a generalised disruption in the genetic balance. From this viewpoint, the non-specific developmental instability following aneuploidy might be also responsible for ocular anomalies in patients with Down syndrome. The aim of this study was to identify the eye refraction anomalies in families having individuals with Down syndrome. A total of 199 Down syndrome patients (average age 17.0 years), 85 their siblings (17.0 years) and 229 their parents (average age 48.9 years) underwent eye refraction examination. In Down syndrome patients ocular refractive findings as spherical equivalent were: emetropia 4.2±1.0%, hypermetropia 70.0±2.3%, and myopia 25.8±2.2%. Astigmatism was diagnosed in 42.8±1.5% of patients. Refraction could not be identified in 3.8±1.0% of patients. In the control group of siblings refractive findings as spherical equivalent were: emmetropia 51.2±3.8%, hypermetropia 39.4±3.7%, and myopia 9.4±2.2%. Astigmatism was diagnosed in 7.6±2.0% of siblings. In parents refractive findings as spherical equivalent were: emmetropia 42.8±2.3%, hypermetropia 40.2±2.3%, and myopia 17±1.8%. Astigmatism was diagnosed in 7.9±1.3% of parents. Refraction could not be identified in 1.1±0.5% of parents. Astigmatism, which is phylogenetically more recent, was found in Down syndrome patients 5.6 times more often than control siblings and 5.4 times more than in the parents group.
Genetic Variability Associated with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Gene Polymorphism in Sportsmen Pursuing Different Sports
Authors: Paulauskas Algimantas , Danileviciutė Asta , Povilaitis Tadas , Poderis Jonas 
Published: October 2009

Genetic Variability Associated with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Gene Polymorphism in Sportsmen Pursuing Different Sports
The purpose of the study was to determine angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms in sportsmen and sedentary individuals and to evaluate the differences in frequencies of ACE genotype and allele distribution among sportsmen who are involved in different sports. In this study 255 participants were analysed: 116 sedentary individuals and 139 sportsmen. Sportsmen were differentiated into separate groups according to various sports: endurance, strength requiring, cyclic and acyclic sports. DNA was purified from peripheral blood with a DNA purification kit "Fermentas". ACE gene polymorphic region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA electrophoresis was used to separate DNA fragments by size. Bands were visualised under ultra violet (UV) light. The frequency of D allele was higher than I allele in sedentary individuals; the sportsmen had higher frequency of I allele. The X2 test showed allele selection in sedentary individuals. Frequency of the I allele among the individuals who belong to endurance requiring sports was higher than was the D allele, while among the individuals who belong to sports requiring strength, the D and I allele frequences were equal. Differences in the individuals who belong to acyclic sports group were not significant — the frequency of I allele was much higher than D in the cyclic sports group. D allele frequency was twice higher than I allele among wrestlers.
Tolerance to Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Lithuanian Winter Wheat Advanced Lines
Authors: Liatukas Žilvinas , Ruzgas Vytautas 
Published: October 2009

Tolerance to Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Lithuanian Winter Wheat Advanced Lines
Tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting of winter wheat advanced breeding lines was evaluated at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in 2005 and 2006. The tests were conducted with intact ears germinated in plastic boxes on wet filter paper in a plant growth chamber. A total of 131 breeding lines were tested during the experimental period. The experiment revealed that sprouting cumulative index (SCI) characterises resistance of lines to pre-harvest sprouting more precisely than sprouting final score (SFS). The SFS ranged from 4.3 to 9.0 in 2005 and from 5.4 to 9.0 in 2006. The SCI value was 0.14-1.0 in both years. Lines in 2005 were more susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting than those in 2006. The most resistant were found to be the lines Flair/Asketis, Torfrida/Beaver//Tarso, Širvinta1/LIA3480, while the most susceptible ones were Elena/Flair, Mermaid/Alidos, Flair/Lut.96-3 in 2005. In 2006, the most resistant lines were Pegassos/Dream, Belisar/Briz, Lars/Lut.96-3 and the most susceptible were Rostovchanka/Lut.96-3, Rector/Briz, Rostovchanka/Flair. The SFS of resistant lines was up to score 6 and the SCI value reached 0.3 in both years. The SFS of susceptible lines was 9.0 and the SCI value more than 0.9 in both years.
Productivity and Root-Crop Quality of Lithuanian Carrot (Daucus Sativus Röhl.) Breeder Lines
Authors: Karklelienė Rasa , Radzevičius Audrius , Bobinas Česlovas 
Published: October 2009

Productivity and Root-Crop Quality of Lithuanian Carrot (Daucus Sativus Röhl.) Breeder Lines
The investigation was carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2004-2006. Nine promising Lithuanian breeder lines of carrots: 2030, 2046, 2049, 2056, 2065, 2075, 2084, 2091, 2095, and hybrid Svalia F1were included in our experiment. The following sets of parameters were estimated: plant phenology, morphology (length, diameter and mass of root), yield and biochemical composition (carotene, dry soluble matter, total sugar, nitrates). Carrots were cultivated in sandy or sandy-loam Calc (ar)i - Epihypogleyc Luvisols (LVg-p-w-cc), on a profiled surface in four replications. Multiyear results show that carrot root-crop quality depends not only on genotype but also on soil type and growing conditions. In Lithuania the most popular hybrid root-crops have the same shape, about 18-25 cm length and 3.6-3.9 cm diameter. Thus, for our experiment we chose breeder lines meeting to these popular standards. Breeder lines 2030 and 2075 had the best root shape: root length 18.0-21.0 cm and diameter 3.7-3.9 cm. During three years of observation, we found that breeder line 2056 carrots were large (root mass 172.7 g). Yield analysis showed that the highest total and marketable yield was achieved by breeder line 2030 and Svalia' F1. Carrot breeds 2030, 2091 and Svalia' F1had the best biochemical composition.
Genetic Structure of Isolated Vaccinium oxycoccus Populations in Lithuania
Authors: Žukauskienė Judita , Paulauskas Algimantas , Česonienė Laima , Daubaras Remigijus 
Published: October 2009

Genetic Structure of Isolated Vaccinium oxycoccus Populations in Lithuania
The genetic population structure of the wild Cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccus was studied using RAPDs (random amplified polymorphic DNA). During the last century, intensive peat bogs drainage, regulation of water levels, and intensive cranberry picking has caused a risk for survival of wild cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccus populations in Lithuania. Genetic variation among and within isolated V. oxycoccus populations was investigated with RAPD profiles. Fifty-six clones were sampled in four populations at the Čepkeliai, Žuvintas, Kamanos Reserves and Aukštaitijos National Park. RAPD analyses of nine primers showed 213 polymorphic loci in the samples. The polymorphism level in the Čepkeliai rezerve population was 56.34%, in Žuvintas 49.77%, in Kamanos 46.95% and in Aukštatija 43.19%. Polymorphism among populations was 100%. For the total sample group, Shannon's Information Index was 0.2 and Nei's gene diversity 0.12. The estimated total proportion of diversity among populations (GST) and gene flow (Nm) were 0.14 and 3.1, respectively. The UPGMA analyses have revealed that populations of V. oxycoccus are clearly separated into four lineages and only one Čepkeliai lineage had a homogenous haplotype. Others Žuvintas, Kamanos and Aukštatijos lineages differed from each other. One clone sampled from Aukštatija National Park (a8) had a unique haplotype.
Development of sustainable resource‐based nanostructured polyaniline/castor oil polyurethane composites
Authors: Ahmad Sharif , Riaz Ufana , Alam Javed 
Published: October 2009

AbstractProcessibility is one of the important requirements for the commercial utilization of conducting polymers. Studies on composites and blends based on nano polyaniline (PANI) dispersions have become the subject of scientific curiosity with regard to their morphology, stability, and electron transport properties. In general, polymer nanocomposites are made by dispersing inorganic or organic nanoparticles into either a conventional thermoplastic or thermoset polymer. The present study reports the synthesis of nanostructured MO‐PANI and castor oil polyurethane (COPU)–based composites. The effect of loading of nanostructured MO‐PANI in COPU on the spectral, physicochemical and morphological properties has been analyzed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 28:26–31, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20143
In situ generated hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene nanoparticles in polyimide films
Authors: Gupta Anand Kumar , Kurmvanshi S. K. , Bajpai R. , Keller J. M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPolyimide (PI) has been extensively investigated as matrices for blends in the search for novel materials for microelectronics and engineering application. The processing of the PI with hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) offers a considerable advantage to develop a material having good mechanical and thermal stability. Taking this into account, the HTPB was blended with polyamic acid, which is precursor to PI to form PI + HTPB films. A number of properties were evaluated for PI + HTPB films with ultra low concentrations of HTPB. The films prepared with ultra low concentration (10−3–1 wt%) showed unusual synergism, which is attributed to the presence of in situ generated micro/nanostructures derived from HTPB. The microhardness study was used to elucidate the actual mechanical performance due to structure formation of HTPB in a nanometer regime within PI matrix. Atomic force microscopy analysis confirmed the dispersion of HTPB at nano regime within PI matrix. The enhanced thermal stability as determined by thermogravimetric analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was attributed to the presence of micro/nanoparticle of HTPB within the PI matrix. The water absorption isotherms were measured and their abnormal behavior was correlated with micro‐/nano‐sized particles in the PI/HTPB film. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 28:48–59, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20144
Synthesis and characterization of uniform‐sized hollow chitosan microspheres
Authors: Wang Shan , Yu Demei 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHollow chitosan (CS) microspheres were obtained using an inverse‐emulsion crosslinking method. The temperature and viscosity of the CS emulsion affected the characteristics of the derived microspheres. The microspheres were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laser particle size analysis. FT‐IR indicated the sequence of transformations taking place before, during, and after the crosslinking of CS. Optical microscopy and SEM confirmed the spherical morphology of the gel. The formation of hollow microspheres with a single cavity was identified by SEM. The CS microspheres exhibited a narrow particle size distribution. Furthermore, particle size could be controlled by changing the stirring speed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 28:40–47, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20145
An investigation into the swelling properties, dimensional changes, and gel layer evolution in chitosan tablets undergoing hydration
Authors: Efentakis Manuel , Stamoylis Konstantinos 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to determine several characteristics of chitosan lactate in tablet form such as dimensional changes, gel evolution, swelling (liquid uptake), and erosion using an image analysis method. The examination of these characteristics will be helpful in the design of oral drug delivery systems with this polymer. It has been demonstrated that image analysis is a valuable technique, allowing the study of quantitative measurements of dimensional and core changes and gel evolution. The dimensional expansion changes of the chitosan lactate tablets were greater in water, and the crushing strength and the stirring effect affected these attributes to a limited extent. The fastest and greatest liquid uptake was observed in water, whereas the greatest erosion was observed in HCl. The thickness of the gel layer increased considerably with time up to the eighth hour, indicating the formation and development of a thick and durable gel, particularly in water. This is an essential characteristic for potential sustained drug release delivery. Consequently, this polymer appears to be a versatile material and a promising vehicle for the preparation of various oral sustained release medications and relevant devices. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 28:32–39, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20147
Modeling of turbulent precipitation: A transported population balance‐PDF method
Authors: di Veroli Giovanni , Rigopoulos Stelios 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTurbulent precipitation is a complex problem, whose mathematical description of precipitation requires a coupling of fluid dynamics with the population balance equation (PBE). In the case of turbulent flow, this coupling results in unclosed equations due to the nonlinear nature of precipitation kinetics. In this article, we present a methodology for modeling turbulent precipitation using the concept of the transported probability density function (PDF) in conjunction with a discretized PBE, simulated via a Lagrangian stochastic method. The transported PBE‐PDF approach resolves the closure problem of turbulent precipitation for arbitrarily complex precipitation kinetics, while retrieving the full particle size distribution (PSD). The method is applied to the precipitation of BaSO4 in a turbulent pipe flow and comparisons are made with the experimental results of Baldyga and Orciuch (Chem Eng Sci. 2001;56:2435‐2444) showing excellent agreement, while insight is drawn into the mechanisms that determine the evolution of the product PSD. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Paternal balanced reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34.3;q11.2) resulting in an lnfant with features of the 9q subtelomere and the 22q11 deletion syndromes due to 3:1 meiotic segregation and tertiary monosomy
Authors: McGoey Robin R. , Lacassie Yves 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe constitutional chromosomal reciprocal translocation (CRT) involving chromosomes 9 and 22 has been previously published in only five occasions. We report the sixth case of a balanced t(9;22) carrier who came to medical attention following the birth of his child with tertiary monosomy due to 3:1 meiotic segregation. This is only the second occurrence of paternal parent‐of‐origin to the t(9;22) CRT and is the first report of a t(9;22) undergoing 3:1 disjunction. It is also unique in its constellation of clinical features that overlap with two well‐described cytogenetic microdeletion syndromes: the 9q subtelomeric and 22q11.2 deletion syndromes. With its uncommon breakpoint at chromosome 9q34, this case also emphasizes the added importance of array comparative genomic hybridization to analysis of offspring born to CRT carrier parents. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.