bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing cognitive motivation: an evaluation model for emergency preparedness exercises
Authors: Andreassen Natalia , Elvegård Rune , Villanger Rune , Johnsen Bjørn Helge 
Published: May 2024

Purpose
Evaluating emergency preparedness exercises is crucial for assessing enhanced knowledge, facilitating learning and implementing knowledge in organizations. The cognitive process of motivation for action is a precursor for action, coping behavior and individual learning. This study aims to focus on how guided evaluation of emergency preparedness exercises can enhance cognitive motivation and influence the mental readiness of exercise participants.

Design/methodology/approach
This is a conceptual paper with a model approach design. The main conceptual contribution is suggesting a model for guided evaluation in emergency preparedness exercises. We present a theoretical background for understanding the increase in motivation based on social cognitive learning theory. In particular, this study discusses how different evaluation steps contribute to enhanced motivation and learning for exercise participants.

Findings
Increased motivation and enhanced personal performance standards could be achieved through using processes that lead to self-efficacy in guided exercise evaluation. Specifically, sources of enhanced motivation, such as repeated coping experiences, self-regulation processes, mastery motivation and performance motivation, would proliferate the readiness of individual crisis managers and teams.

Practical implications
This article suggests an evaluation model for use in emergency preparedness exercises. This approach combines bottom-up and top-down processes for debriefing, reflection and feedback, both individually and in teams. This approach aims to enhance exercise participants’ motivation and utilize exercise evaluation for organizational learning.

Originality/value
The conceptual discussion leads to developing implications for evaluation practice, suggesting how to structure evaluation and why. This study is novel for its explanation of how to use evaluation in the learning process.
Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland: Silene uniflora‡
Authors: Davy Anthony J. , Baker Alan J. M. , Willis Arthur J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Silene uniflora Roth (S. maritima With., S. vulgaris Garcke subsp. maritima (With.) Á. & D. Löve), Sea Campion, that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation.

Silene uniflora is a mat‐like perennial herb that in Britain and Ireland is primarily distributed in coastal habitats, notably on sea cliffs and shingle banks but also at the drift line and rarely on sand; it also has populations on mountains and heavy metal mine waste tips. All of these substrates tend to be oligotrophic, loose‐textured and freely draining, and often with adverse ion concentrations. It is found in suitable habitats around much of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts of Europe.

Its breeding system is gynodioecious and gynomonoecious (some individuals bearing female flowers only, some bearing hermaphrodite flowers only and others with both types of flower). The proportions of the three types of individual vary considerably between populations, but hermaphrodite flowers tend to predominate. The showy, white, nectar‐producing flowers are produced continuously over the entire summer and are pollinated mainly by long‐tongued Hymenoptera and night‐flying moths but autogamous selfing is also frequent.

Silene uniflora and its close relative S. vulgaris were the subject of a classic, decadal study involving genetical and transplant experiments that was seminal in the development of ‘experimental taxonomy’. More recently, attention has focused on the rapid evolution of Zn‐tolerant populations of S. uniflora growing on mine spoil and contaminated river gravels. It has also become a model organism for the study of sexually transmitted, castrating fungal diseases in plants (notably of the genus Microbotryum).
Risk factors associated with mortality among patients on maintenance hemodialysis: The Thailand Renal Replacement Therapy registry
Authors: Premprasong Artchawin , Nata Naowanit , Tangwonglert Theerasak , Supasyndh Ouppatham , Satirapoj Bancha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIntroductionEnd‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) has been increasing in prevalence across the world, including Thailand, and patients with ESKD on hemodialysis have a high mortality risk.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed across 855 hemodialysis centers in the Thailand Renal Replacement Therapy registry. The database and mortality data were analyzed.ResultsA total of 58 952 patients were included. The survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 93.5%, 69.7%, and 41.2%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, factors such as aging, permanent catheter or arteriovenous graft, twice‐weekly hemodialysis, low levels of urea reduction ratio, normalized protein catabolic rate, hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, serum albumin, LDL‐cholesterol, intact‐parathyroid hormone, uric acid, sodium, phosphate, and bicarbonate were significantly related to death.ConclusionMortality is high in ESKD patients on hemodialysis. Age, type of vascular access, twice‐weekly hemodialysis, inadequate dialysis, low protein intake, anemia, abnormal electrolytes, and bone mineral disorders are associated with all‐cause mortality.
The nutrition‐related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment for patients with non‐small cell lung cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Graham Kate L. , Carty Danika , Poulter Shay P. , Blackman Chantal , Dunstan Olivia G. , Milton Taryn L. , Ferguson Cassie , Smith Kaitlyn , Van Dijk Emilly , Jongebloed Darcy , Loeliger Jenelle , Baguley Brenton J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAimsImmune checkpoint inhibitor therapy used for lung cancer has significantly changed response and survival rates, however, the impact on patients' nutritional status remains largely unexplored. This review aims to identify common adverse events that increase nutrition risk induced in non‐small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and assess impact on nutritional status.MethodsPubMed, Medline and CINAHL were systematically searched in September 2023 for randomised controlled trials comparing immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer to a control group. Treatment‐related adverse events that increased nutrition impact symptoms identified in the patient‐generated subjective global assessment and clinical guidelines were extracted and qualitatively analysed. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.ResultsEleven eligible randomised controlled trial studies were identified and analysed. The data demonstrated immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment was associated with a lower percentage of reported nutrition impact symptoms, for example, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, compared to chemotherapy treatment. Conversely, immune checkpoint inhibitor treated patients recorded a greater percentage of immune‐related adverse events that alter metabolism or nutrient absorption.ConclusionNon‐small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors still experience nutrition impact symptoms but less frequently than patients treated with chemotherapy. This combined with unique nutrition‐related consequences from colitis and thyroid disorders induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy indicates patients should be screened, assessed and interventions implemented to improve nutrition.
Influence of different presentation forms of chlorhexidine on contaminated root canals during agitation
Authors: Lopes Ana B. S. , R. Lima Augusto , D. Bronzato Juliana , Herrera Daniel R. , Francisco Priscila A. , Carvalho Maria C. C. , Abuna Gabriel , Sinhoreti Mario , Gomes Brenda P. F. A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis in vitro study aimed to verify the influence of chlorhexidine (CHX) (gel and solution) in association with different activation protocols on disinfection of root canals contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis. In total, 120 lower premolar roots were selected, contaminated and divided into 12 groups according to irrigation technique and substance. Samples were collected before and after each irrigation technique and analysed for colony‐forming units (CFU). Three dentin discs were obtained for quantification of viable intratubular cells by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). CFU results showed that sonic and ultrasonic were more effective than conventional irrigation. Ultrasonic activation was more effective than sonic for CHX gel (p < 0.05). CLSM showed that either activation was better than conventional in all groups and root canal thirds (p < 0.05). It was concluded that ultrasonic/sonic activation was more effective than conventional techniques and CHX enhanced intratubular dentin decontamination across all irrigation methods.
On the formation of charred millet aggregates in archaeological assemblages
Authors: Teira‐Brión Andrés , Kaal Joeri , Charles Michael 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCharred aggregates are one of the most common forms in which millets are preserved on archaeological sites. Despite the lack of consensus on their origin, few studies have attempted to determine how aggregates are formed. Knowing how aggregates are produced allows us to understand the diversity of processes operating in the formation of charred archaeobotanical assemblages. As a contribution to filling this gap, we investigated the charring conditions of archaeological millet assemblages by comparing them to experimentally charred millets grains exposed to different temperatures, and reducing and oxidizing atmospheres, using pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (Py‐GC‐MS) and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation‐GC‐MS (THM‐GC‐MS). The results show that the formation of aggregates in the millet species studied is due to the transformation of organic material into char and the emission of volatiles as a consequence of the high thermal impact that is produced in some areas of grain clusters. Substances derived from the charring act as a ‘glue’ that holds a grain cluster together, in which some grains are exposed to a temperature range allowing preservation of recognisable grain morphologies.
Static and dynamic guided bone regeneration using a shape‐memory polyethylene terephthalate membrane: An experimental study in rabbit mandible
Authors: Imoto Kazuhiro , Hoshi Karen , Odashima Kenji , Nogami Shinnosuke , Unuma Hidero , Yamauchi Kensuke 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBackgroundPeriosteal expansion (PEO) results in the formation of new bone in the space created between existing bone by expanding the periosteum. PEO has already been performed on rabbit parietal bone and effective new bone formation has been demonstrated. In this study, the utility of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane as an activator was evaluated in the more complex morphology of the mandible.MethodsA PET membrane coated with hydroxyapatite (HA)/gelatine was placed in the rabbit mandibular bone at lower margin of mandibular molar region underneath periosteum, and screw‐fixed. In the experimental group, the membrane was bent and screw‐fixed along the lateral surface of the bone, with removal of the outer screw after 7 days followed by activation of the membrane. The experimental group was divided into two subgroups: with and without a waiting period for activation. Three animals were euthanized at 3 weeks and another three at 5 weeks postoperatively. Bone formation was assessed using micro‐CT as well as histomorphometric and histological methods.ResultsNo PET membrane‐related complications were observed. The area of newly formed bone and the percentage of new bone in the space created by the stretched periosteum did not significantly differ between the control and experimental groups. However, in the experimental group a greater volume was present after 5 weeks than after 3 weeks. Histologically, bone formation occurred close to the site of cortical bone perforation, with many sinusoidal vessels extending through the perforations in the new bone into the overlying fibrous tissue. Inflammatory cells were not seen in the bone.
Allylamine coating on zirconia dental implant surface promotes osteogenic differentiation in vitro and accelerates osseointegration in vivo
Authors: Salamanca Eisner , Wu Yi‐Fan , Aung Lwin Moe , Chiu Bor Rong , Chen Mei Kuang , Chang Wei‐Jen , Sun Ying Sui 
Published: May 2024

AbstractObjectivesThe glow discharge plasma (GDP) procedure has proven efficacy in grafting allylamine onto zirconia dental implant surfaces to enhance osseointegration. This study explored the enhancement of zirconia dental implant properties using GDP at different energy settings (25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 W) both in vitro and in vivo.Materials and MethodsIn vitro analyses included scanning electron microscopy, wettability assessment, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and more. In vivo experiments involved implanting zirconia dental implants into rabbit femurs and later evaluation through impact stability test, micro‐CT, and histomorphometric measurements.ResultsThe results demonstrated that 25 and 50 W GDP allylamine grafting positively impacted MG‐63 cell proliferation and increased alkaline phosphatase activity. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of OCN, OPG, and COL‐I. Both 25 and 50 W GDP allylamine grafting significantly improved zirconia's surface properties (p < .05, p < .01, p < .001). However, only 25 W allylamine grafting with optimal energy settings promoted in vivo osseointegration and new bone formation while preventing bone level loss around the dental implant (p < .05, p < .01, p < .001).ConclusionsThis study presents a promising method for enhancing Zr dental implant surface's bioactivity.
The Complementarity and Substitution Effects of CSR‐Focused Governance Mechanisms on CSR Decoupling
Authors: Abweny Mohammad , Afrifa Godfred Adjapong , Iqbal Abdullah 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACTResearch Question/IssueThe study examines whether CSR‐focused governance mechanisms (CSR committees, standalone CSR reports, and CSR contracting) operate as complements or substitutes for each other in mitigating CSR decoupling.Research Findings/InsightsThe study finds that CSR‐focused governance mechanisms diminish CSR decoupling and enhance CSR credibility in UK firms. In addition, the simultaneous presence of CSR committees and standalone CSR reports has a complementary effect in mitigating CSR decoupling. Conversely, the combinations of CSR committees and CSR contracting as well as standalone CSR reports and CSR contracting exhibit a substitute relationship. These impacts remain consistent when categorizing CSR decoupling into underreporting and overreporting. During the financial crisis of 2008–2009, the complementary relationship between CSR committees and CSR reports remained consistent, although the substitution between CSR committees and CSR contracting, and CSR reports and CSR contracting, is only observed after the crisis.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThe study innovatively contributes to the agency theory literature by adopting a bundle corporate governance approach while focusing on specific CSR governance mechanisms to address agency issues. It empirically shows that complementary combinations of CSR‐focused governance mechanisms signify a marginal benefit in reducing CSR decoupling, leading to a reduction in agency costs.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThe study offers several implications. First, it helps firms create ideal combinations of different CSR‐focused governance mechanisms that provide superior marginal benefits. Second, firms' stakeholders, especially the investors, could identify the usefulness of adopting CSR‐focused governance mechanisms in CSR reporting. Finally, it could also attract regulators' attention toward the weaker aspects of the existing corporate governance code regarding CSR.
Depression and type 2 diabetes: A causal relationship and mechanistic pathway
Authors: Khawagi Wael Y. , Al‐kuraishy Hayder M. , Hussein Nawar R. , Al‐Gareeb Ali I. , Atef Esraa , Elhussieny Omnya , Alexiou Athanasios , Papadakis Marios , Jabir Majid S. , Alshehri Abdullah A. , Saad Hebatallah M. , Batiha Gaber El‐Saber 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDepression is a mood disorder that may increase risk for the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and vice versa. However, the mechanistic pathway linking depression and T2D is not fully elucidated. The aim of this narrative review, therefore, was to discuss the possible link between depression and T2D. The coexistence of T2D and depression is twice as great compared to the occurrence of either condition independently. Hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia promote the incidence of depression by enhancing inflammation and reducing brain serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine [5HT]). Dysregulation of insulin signalling in T2D impairs brain 5HT signalling, leading to the development of depression. Furthermore, depression is associated with the development of hyperglycaemia and poor glycaemic control. Psychological stress and depression promote the development of T2D. In conclusion, T2D could be a potential risk factor for the development of depression through the induction of inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress that affect brain neurotransmission. In addition, chronic stress in depression may induce the development of T2D through dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and increase circulating cortisol levels, which triggers IR and T2D.
Extending the formal state: the case of Pakistan's Frontier Crimes Regulation
Authors: Callen Michael , Gulzar Saad , Rezaee Arman , Shapiro Jacob N. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWhy do modern states allow parts of their territory to be governed by non‐state actors? We study this question using the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR) in Pakistan, a British Colonial law abrogated only in 2018, which left governance to pre‐colonial tribal councils in large parts of modern day Pakistan. In areas where the FCR did not apply, the British and then Pakistani state built modern political and bureaucratic institutions. Using primary legal documents, we build a dataset of when and where the FCR applied between 1901 and 2012. The territorial extent of the formal state is both cleanly demarcated by this law and varies substantially over time, permitting an empirical examination of the determinants of state control. The data reveal that the Green Revolution's potential to transform agriculture played a major role in extending the formal state. The law was repealed first from areas where agricultural productivity benefited the most from the Green Revolution. This is consistent with a model in which technological changes that shift the returns to control influence where states choose to govern.
Thermal transfer rate is slower in bigger fish: How does body size affect response time of small, implantable temperature recording tags?
Authors: O'Donnell Matthew J. , Regish Amy M. , McCormick Stephen D. , Letcher Benjamin H. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe recent miniaturisation of implantable temperature recording tags has made measuring the water temperatures fish experience in the wild possible, but there may be a body size‐dependent delay in implanted tag response time to changes in external temperature. To determine whether fish body size affects the response rate of implanted temperature tags, we implanted 20 Salvelinus fontinalis (127–228 mm fork length (FL), 15.1–120.4 g) with temperature recording tags and subjected them to rapid temperature changes (±8°C in less than 2 seconds) in the laboratory. We found that thermal transfer rates, and the lag in temperature tag response rate, was positively correlated with fish size, but the direction of temperature change (colder or warmer) had no significant effect. In fish exposed to a slower rate of temperature change (2°C h−1) implanted tags did not show a response lag. Understanding the limitations of this important technology is crucial to determining the utility of the data it produces and its ability to accurately measure fish thermal experience in the wild.
Identification of youth at clinical high‐risk for psychosis: A community‐based study from India
Authors: Tikka Sai Krishna , Malathesh Barikar C. , Spoorthy Mamidipalli Sai , Kusneniwar Govindrao N. , Agarwal Neeraj , d'Avossa Giovanni , Katshu Mohammad Zia Ul Haq 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAimA two‐stage process, wherein self‐report screening precedes the structured interview, is suggested for identifying individuals at clinical high‐risk for psychosis (CHR‐P) in community samples. Aim of this study was to screen a community youth sample from India for CHR‐P using the two‐stage method. Specific objectives were to assess concordant validity of the self‐report measure and predictive validity of the two‐stage method.MethodsBased on probability sampling, 2025 youth aged 15–24 years were recruited from one rural and one urban area of Telangana, a Telugu‐speaking state in India. Telugu version of the PRIME Screen‐Revised (PS‐R) and structured interview for psychosis‐risk syndromes (SIPS) were used. CHR‐P positive and negative cohorts were followed‐up for transition to psychosis at 3‐monthly intervals.ResultsOne hundred ten individuals screened positive on PS‐R. SIPS conducted on 67 out of 110 individuals confirmed 62 (92.54%) to be CHR‐P positive. PS‐R showed 98.41% sensitivity and 90.74% specificity. Among CHR‐P positive, three participants transitioned to psychosis in 15 months. The hazard ratio for psychosis transition was 11.4.ConclusionsScreening accuracy of PS‐R in the community youth sample in Telangana is optimum. The hazard ratio for psychosis transition in the community identified CHR‐P indicates good predictive validity for the two‐stage method.