bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training Industrial Personnel in Radioisotope Utilization
Authors: Danforth John P. 
Published: September 2009

The General Motors Research Laboratories, in conjunction with the General Motors Institute, has been conducting its “Radioisotopes In Industry” Training Program since May, 1957. This technical training activity encompasses, in an intensive ten-week period, subjects ranging from simple atomic physics to highly technical neutron activation techniques.
Subject matter coverage is designed to give the participants a broad understanding of the basic physical principles involved in the measurement and manipulation of radioactivity. The curriculum is based upon the premise that each trainee should acquire sufficient knowledge regarding radio-isotopes to be capable of effectively organizing and conducting a radioisotope program for his organization with a minimum of further assistance. Accordingly, in addition to the classical subjects, the following are covered in detail: Radiation Detection and Instrumentation Safety and Health Physics Procedures Radiochemical and Radiophysical Techniques Laboratory and Equipment Design Radiological Decontamination Industrial Hygiene Involving Radioisotopes Federal and State Regulations Radioisotope Engineering Problems Radiography and Autoradiography Radioactive Waste Disposal Radioisotope Procurement Radiation Shielding Design Radioisotope Application Project Design
In order to utilize presentation time to the fullest advantage, all of the course material has been carefully organized and programmed along the lines used in General Motors technical training courses.
At the request of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Office of Isotope Development, the training program outline is being prepared in book form for public release. In conjunction with this release, to further promote radioisotope utilization by American industry, the Atomic Energy Commission is currently planning and sponsoring courses involving the industrial application of radioisotopes. These courses will have the same general design and intent as the one just described and will be available to technical people from industry at large.
Bonded Metal-to-Metal Shear Testing
Authors: Lunsford Lee R. 
Published: September 2009

The factors affecting joint strength, the different specimen types, and the properties actually evaluated by each type are discussed in detail. These properties are compared with the properties of a bonded joint which actually allow failure to take place. It points out that most methods presently used are empirical, and serious errors could be obtained in extrapolating this information to other materials or environments. The possibilities of predicting joint strength from basic material properties are discussed. The paper includes a discussion of the difficulties encountered in bonding titanium joints where the adherend strain is approximately twice that of steel or aluminum.
These principles are incorporated into a method of analysis in which the shear modulus of the adhesive becomes very important.
Preparation of Metal Surfaces for Adhesive Bonding
Authors: Shane R. S. 
Published: September 2009

Procedures for the preparation of aluminum, stainless steel, and magnesium for adhesive bonding have been developed, together with illustrative data showing the reliability of results. The lap joint shear test at room temperature was used as the criterion. The testing procedures, equipment used, and process variables are presented in a separate paper. Tests of specimens exposed to 95 per cent relative humidity for 14 days and salt spray for 30 days are also included.
Bloomingdale FM-47 adhesive was used as the control adhesive; other adhesives evaluated were Scotchweld 585 Tape, Shell Epon VIII Adhesive, and Metlbond MN3C tape.
Photoelastic Evaluation of the Panel Shear Test for Plywood
Authors: Bryan Eegene L. 
Published: September 2009

The ASTM panel shear test for plywood was evaluated for shear stress distribution by photoelastic procedures.
Although the shear stress pattern in the test area of the specimen deviated substantially from one of pure shear, the shear stress distributions at the critical sections were remarkably uniform. In this light, it is concluded that the panel shear test is a very accurate method for determining the shear strength of wood panel materials.
Surface Flammability Measurements by the Radiant-Panel Method
Authors: Robertson A F 
Published: September 2009

The flammability of solids may be considered as a function of the ratio of heat release rate to critical ignition energy of the material being studied. The radiant-panel flammability test method, based on this concept, has shown its usefulness as a research tool. A review of previous studies made by this method is included.
Recently obtained experimental data are presented which illustrate the large changes in flammability that can occur with changes in the relative humidity of the ambient conditioning atmosphere. Data presented suggest that the subsurface heat-dissipation behavior of the material under test may have an important influence on flammability.
The paper concludes with the suggestion that, although the radiant-panel flammability test method has achieved some recognition, it would be a mistake to assume that it, or any other test method, would be ideal for prediction of the surface flammability hazard of all materials in all situations.
The Fire Marshal's Point of View on Fire Tests
Authors: Carlson R E 
Published: September 2009

During and prior to the early 1900's, the construction of a fire-resistive assembly or building was an art. Development of the testing procedures in ASTM Methods E 119 and the resultant fire-resistive rated assemblies and building units have replaced the “art” that once governed. Variations in physical test facilities and the broad provisions contained in the standard have, however, resulted in conflicts and differences in the conclusions reached by different testing facilities.
To provide closely related test results from different testing facilities requires more definitive requirements for physical facilities and correlation tests among testing agencies. Refinement of standards for preparation of test specimens and testing methods is essential to correlate test results.
The evaluation of fire test reports by the fire prevention engineer seeks the answer to the following questions:
1. Where was the test conducted, who supervised the test and wrote the report?
2. Does the report accurately record the test assembly to the point that the tested assembly may be duplicated in the field construction?
3. Does the report clearly show that the fire test was conducted in accordance with all and not part of the provisions of ASTM Methods E 119?
Fire test reports are of little value for building code purposes or to the fire protection engineer unless they can be translated into similar assemblies in the construction of buildings that will, under conditions of field fire experience, perform equally as well as the test assembly.
Planning a Nondestructive Testing Program for Solid Propellant Rocket Motors
Authors: Mills W. W. 
Published: September 2009

Nondestructive testing is mandatory to assure the quality, reliability, and motor performance required by the solid propellant rocket motor industry. The motor performance desired demands minimum inert component weight and, therefore, precludes the luxury of wide material and design safety margins. Established techniques have been used where applicable, and new and advanced techniques have been evolved or modified for use. Extensive consideration and effort are being expended to develop automation and instrumentation for the readout and evaluation process so as to minimize subjective and qualitative interpretation of the test by providing objective and quantitative interpretation. Standards for evaluation of the test method used and th eitem produced are necessarily being upgraded. This correlation is found through direct measurement of specific properties, through experience based on past performance, or from destructive tests.
Nondestructive testing does not provide a specific method of solution for every problem; therefore multiple test methods are necessary to supply the information required to make an evaluation. This coupled with the current and anticipated problem areas emphasizes the need for a practical and sound nondestructive testing program for solid propellant rocket motors.
Standard Fire Endurance Tests—Discussion, Criticism, and Alternatives
Authors: Ödeen K 
Published: September 2009

This paper will give a survey of my own investigations in this field, as well as those which have been performed by other authors. The main outlines of an advanced method of fire technical design is described in accordance with the new Swedish regulations. These have been used for only a few months; therefore, the experiences are quite naturally not very extensive. However, it seems as if this method will make it possible to decrease the costs for fire protection without reducing the degree of safety. The method has turned out to be very useful especially when studying steel structures.
Standardized fire tests are based on the assumption that the temperaturetime development of the fire is following the so-called “standard fire curve.” This assumption is extremely simplified and in most cases hardly realistic. On the basis of a simple heat balance equation for the fire cell it is possible to compute the temperature-time development of the fire taking into account all relevant factors such as rate of combustion, amount of fuel (fire load), heat transfer conditions at the heated surfaces, and thermal properties of the structures enclosing and enclosed in the fire. A lot of numerical results will be included in the paper, that is, temperature-time curves for use as alternatives to the standard method which have been included in the new Swedish regulations. On the basis of the computed results there also will be given a proposal for another test procedure which probably will give results closer to those at a real fire.
This paper also will give results from fire tests under very “pure” conditions with wood fuel as well as with kerosine. It has been possible to make comparisons between recorded and computed temperatures, and good correlation is established. The influence of wood fuel on the fire characteristics of varying air supply, amount of fuel, and varying degrees of atomization of the fuel particles has been studied.
Examples will be given of the effect on structural members of different types of temperature-time developments, and some examples of use in structural design of the technique will be described also.
Hydraulic Oil Cleanliness: A Key to N/C Machine Maintenance
Authors: Arndt O. H. 
Published: September 2009

High uptime on numerical control (N/C) machining centers is the result of correcting any condition that may ultimately lead to some component failure. This requires an intimate knowledge of the machine hydraulic system and components, and that rare sense of what is right (or wrong) in the entire operation of a machine. A measurement of oil cleanliness can be most helpful.
A remarkable increase of N/C machines in manufacturing industries presents a challenge to develop personnel for proper care of these installations. Development of this skill in machine maintenance is the users' achievement.
Present day machines, with improved components and hydraulic systems, are less sensitive to hydraulic problems. Several years of experience has provided technical knowledge in the art. This information can be passed on by a machine builder to a user, or from one user to another, in symposiums such as this.
Grammar Games and Bilingual Blends
Authors: Kramsch Claire 
Published: September 2009

Grammar Games in the ClassroomIt looked like an error of vocabulary. The class was reading a text by the east german author Thomas Brussig, Wasserfarben, and practicing the indirect discourse subjunctive. In the text, an East German school director, Schneider, summons a student to his office to reprimand him on his lack of motivation:Society places … high expectations on the graduating senior…. A basic expectation is that he engages in meaningful academic study and that he personally contributes to the national defense by standing up for the state.
The Asian Turns
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: September 2009

Everybody Loves a CrisisThe story of what's what in asian american studies is like the story of the profession at large: no one thinks in a vacuum. But the current drift in literary scholarship toward questions of transnationalism and globalization arrives at shores long explored by scholars who work on Asian America and the Pacific. Much of this familiarity has to do with the material history of their subjects, the ways in which questions of diaspora and integration, relations between the flows of people and the flows of things, and the narratives of international politics and imperialist violence constitute the ground of Asian America and indeed of the concept of the Pacific as an ocean, a sea of islands, a limit to westward expansion, and the lubricated surface of a certain transcultural history. The critical insights that unfold from the labor of Asian Americanist thought, like those gained through the study of African America and the Caribbean, do not add ethnographic detail to some larger and fundamentally established picture of the history of the United States or global modernity: they change the picture. They reframe it.
Biocultures: An Emerging Paradigm
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: September 2009

Literature and Science Policy: A New Project for the HumanitiesThe misfortune lies with a single gene, in an excessive repeat of a single sequence—CAG. Here's biological determinism in its purest form. More than forty repeats of that one little codon, and you're doomed.—Ian McEwan, Saturday (94)Huntington's disease. Perowne, the neurosurgeon in Ian McEwan's novel Saturday (2005), readily diagnoses the genetic abnormality that afflicts a petty criminal who is assaulting him. It is like a tic with Perowne. He cannot stop himself from analyzing the biological causes of the poor emotional control, the violent temper, of the man who is mugging him. Perowne regards himself as a “professional reductionist,” a man of science who “can't help thinking it's down to invisible folds and kinks of character, written in code, at the level of molecules” (281). A lifetime of medical experience has led him to conclude that much of our behavior is dictated by biology. But Huntington's disease represents an extreme case. For someone with this condition, the “future is fixed and easily foretold” (94).
Respiratory Monitoring: Physiological and Technical Considerations
Authors: Becker Daniel E. , Casabianca Andrew B. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The American Dental Association and several dental specialty organizations have published guidelines that detail requirements for monitoring patients during various levels of sedation and, in some cases, general anesthesia. In general, all these are consistent with those guidelines suggested by the American Society of Anesthesiologists for sedation and analgesia by nonanesthesiologists. It is well accepted that the principal negative impact of sedation and anesthesia is the compromise of respiratory function. While monitoring per se is a technical issue, an appreciation of its purpose and the interpretation of the information provided require an understanding of respiratory anatomy and physiology. The focus of this continuing education article is to address the physiological aspects of respiration and to understand the appropriate use of monitors, including the interpretation of the information they provide.
Coupled simulation of the flue gas and process gas side of a steam cracker convection section
Authors: De Schepper Sandra C.K. , Heynderickx Geraldine J. , Marin Guy B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA coupled simulation of the flue gas and process gas side of the convection section of a steam cracker is performed, making use of the CFD software package Fluent. A detailed overview of the operating mode of the different heat exchangers suspended in the convection section is obtained. The asymmetric inlet flow field of the flue gas in the convection section, and the radiation from the convection section walls leads to large differences in outlet temperatures of the tubes located in the same row. The flow fields and temperature fields in the tubes of a single heat exchanger differ significantly with e.g., outlet temperatures of the hydrocarbon‐steam mixture ranging from 820 K to 852 K. Moreover, the simulations reveal the presence of hot spots on the lowest tube row, possibly causing fouling. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
The effect of low‐power microwaves on the growth of bacterial populations in a plug flow reactor
Authors: Carta Renzo , Desogus Francesco 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA plug flow reactor (PFR) which permits the growth of bacteria in a microwave environment is described. The apparatus is used to analyse the effect of microwave radiation at the frequency of 2.45 GHz and at 37°C on the growth rate of three bacterial species: Bacillus clausii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The growth constant is determined for reacting mixtures irradiated with microwaves of different powers ranging from 0 to 400 mW. Analyses show that (a) the apparatus is able to perform the experimental runs maintaining an aseptic environment; (b) under the microwave power levels examined in the present study, no effects are detected for the Bacillus clausii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa species, while for the Staphylococcus aureus species, a few small effects are found (a minimum value of the growth constant at 200 mW and an increase of the constant between 200 and 400 mW). © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Data linkage to estimate the extent and distribution of occupational disease: new onset adult asthma in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Cherry Nicola , Beach Jeremy , Burstyn Igor , Fan Xiangning , Guo Na , Kapur Nitin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundAlthough occupational asthma is a well recognized and preventable disease, the numbers of cases presenting for compensation may be far lower than the true incidence.MethodsWorkers' Compensation Board (WCB) claims for any reason 1995–2004 were linked to physician billing data. New onset adult asthma (NOAA) was defined as a billing for asthma (ICD‐9 code of 493) in the 12 months prior to a WCB claim without asthma in the previous 3 years. Incidence was calculated by occupation, industry and, in a case–referent analysis, exposures estimated from an asthma specific job exposure matrix.ResultsThere were 782,908 WCB eligible claims, with an incidence rate for NOAA of 1.6%: 23 occupations and 21 industries had a significantly increased risk. Isocyanates (OR 1.54: 95% CI 1.01–2.36) and exposure to mixed agricultural allergens (OR = 1.59: 95% CI 1.17–2.18) were related to NOAA overall, as were exposures to cleaning chemicals in men (OR = 1.91:95% CI 1.34–2.73). Estimates of the number of cases of occupational asthma suggested a range of 4% to about half for the proportion compensated.ConclusionsData linkage of administrative records can demonstrate under‐reporting of occupational asthma and indicate areas for prevention. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:831–840, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical composition distribution study in ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization to produce LLDPE material using MgCl2‐TiCl4‐based Ziegler‐Natta catalysts
Authors: Garoff Thomas , Mannonen Laura , Väänänen Marjo , Eriksson Virgine , Kallio Kalle , Waldvogel Päivi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe characteristic features of LLDPE polymerization with ZN catalyst are the time drift effect during polymerization and the bending effect when trying to decrease density of the copolymer by adding more comonomer to the polymerization. The time drift in LLDPE polymerization is revealed by a constant decrease of comonomer incorporation during polymerization time. The bending is revealed by difficulties in lowering the density of LLDPE material below the density of 920 kg/m3. With increasing comonomer content during polymerization, the density does not decrease, but the soluble fraction increases. To try to observe if these phenomena are connected, two types of catalysts, SiO2 supported and precipitated MgCl2 ZN catalysts, were studied. A short time (10 min) and an extended time (60 min) copolymerization test series where the polymerizations were performed in the presence of a gradually increasing comonomer amount. Both catalysts show a strong bending when density is presented as a function of 1‐hexene both in 10‐ and 60‐min polymerization, indicating no connection between time drift and bending. The density, melting point, and crystallinity results all indicate that both catalysts are making similar copolymer material with identical chemical composition distribution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Solvent system for steady state electrospinning of polyamide 6.6
Authors: De Vrieze Sander , Westbroek Philippe , Van Camp Tamara , De Clerck Karen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA mixture of formic acid/acetic acid makes it possible to electrospin polyamide 6.6 in steady state conditions. Steady state conditions are essential in nozzle electrospinning to generate a stable process which fabricates reproducible material, permitting industrial upscaling. This study shows that only a limited mixture range of formic acid/acetic acid allows electrospinning of polyamide 6.6 in steady state.Furthermore, the weight concentration in solution; the tip to collector distance and the flow rate have been changed to control the average diameter of the nanofibres. The average diameter increases by increasing weight concentration in solution, increasing volume fraction of acetic acid in the mixture, increasing tip to collector distance and increasing flow rate. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Microwave‐Assisted Kolbe‐Schmitt Synthesis Using Ionic Liquids or Dimcarb as Reactive Solvents
Authors: Stark A. , Huebschmann S. , Sellin M. , Kralisch D. , Trotzki R. , Ondruschka B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe activation of relatively inert carbon dioxide as a building block for organic products is of interest from both ecological and chemical points of view. One of the few industrially relevant processes using CO2 is the Kolbe‐Schmitt synthesis. Two strategies to obtain the carboxylated product 2,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid from resorcinol are presented: both Dimcarb and hydrogencarbonate‐ or methylcarbonate‐based ionic liquids are employed as reactive solvents in a microwave‐assisted reaction. Reaction optimization shows that the ionic liquids are more reactive than Dimcarb. However, Dimcarb offers advantages with regard to ecological aspects, such as the Global Warming and Human Toxicity Potential and the Cumulative Energy Demand, which were assessed as part of the process development.