bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absorption of carbon dioxide in agitated sodium carbonate‐bicarbonate solutions
Authors: Bedekar S. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCoefficients of absorption of carbon dioxide in solutions containing sodium carbonate and bicarbonate have been determined in an agitated tank type of gas absorber. The variation of absorption coefficient with conversion into bicarbonate was studied in detail. The average absorption coefficient in the range of 0 to 90% conversion has been correlated with the speed of the agitator and indirectly with the power consumed by the agitator.
Introduction to the mechanism of the hydrochlorination of rubber
Authors: Gordon Manfred , Taylor James S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mechanism of rubber hydrochlorination is discussed in the light of the known crystal structure of rubber hydrochloride. The coiling of a rubber chain segment into a trans‐decalin‐shaped transition state is shown to be necessary and sufficient to explain the alternation along the polymer chain of D‐and L‐asymmetric carbon atoms, each separated from the next by three CH2 groups. As a preliminary to kinetic analysis, techniques are described for precise measurements on the degree of hydrochlorination of latex at various times of reaction. An analytical technique defines the reaction progress to 0·5%, and serves to calibrate a diffusion‐gradient method of following the reaction by density change. This method is at least equally sensitive, but more convenient. Despite the complexity of the natural latex medium, the reaction kinetics are shown to be reproducible and free from uncontrolled effects. The reaction is rate‐controlled chemically rather than by transport. The main part of the rate curve consists of two straight‐line (zero‐order) portions meeting at a kink.
Corrosion of iron in the presence of dispersed and solid sulphur
Authors: Seymour Raymond B. , Pascoe Walter R. , Steiner Robert H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe observation of Farrer & Wormwell1 that steel is attacked rapidly by aqueous dispersions of sulphur has been confirmed. It has been shown, however, that the corrosion is decreased considerably when the pH of the solution is raised to a value of 9 or lowered to a value of 4. Much less corrosive effects were noted when dispersions of commercial sulphur cements were used in place of elementary sulphur.
The effect of surface‐active agents on the rate of solution of sulphur in sulphite solutions
Authors: Levenson G. I. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of‐surface‐active agents on the rate of solution of sulphur in sodium and ammonium sulphite slurries has been studied. Cationic surface‐active agents greatly increase the rate of solution. Anionic agents produce some acceleration in the bulk reaction by improving the dispersal of the powder, but retard the specific reaction rate per unit surface area of the sulphur. The Catalytic effectiveness of a homologous series of n‐alkylpyridinium bromides increases up to the dodecyl member, then decreases with further increase in chain length. The catalytic behaviour of the cationic accelerators is thought to be due partly to a surface‐charge effect and partly to a local generation of polysulphide.
Gas chromatography. I. The separation and estimation of volatile organic compounds by gas‐liquid partition chromatography
Authors: Ray N. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn extension of the work of James and Martin on the separation of volatile fatty acids and bases by gas—liquid partition chromatography is described. This technique has now been applied to the analysis of most types of volatile organic compounds on a milligram scale; mixtures of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, esters, aldehydes and ketones have been separated on a column of kieselguhr impregnated with di‐(3: 5: 5‐trimethylhexyl) phthalate, and the components determined by a thermal‐conductivity method.
Fluid ‘hydroforming’
Authors: McGrath Henry G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluid ‘hydroforming’ is a powdered catalyst operation that owes its success to continued research and development on naphtha‐upgrading. Its predecessor, fixed‐bed ‘hydroforming’, was employed commercially to make aromatics and aviation gasoline during World War II. The principal reaction occurring is dehydrogenation under pressure in the presence of product gas rich in hydrogen. Like fluid catalytic cracking, it is a regenerative process and can therefore be operated at steady‐state conditions. Among its advantages are superior product distribution, reduced investment and lower operating cost. Fluid ‘hydroforming’ is believed to represent the first successful commercial exploitation of the powdered catalyst technique in a flow system under substantial pressure.
A modification of Trouton's rule
Authors: Bowden S. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTrouton's rule is modified to allow for the fact that the entropy of vaporization is generally a function of the Guldberg ratio and the parachor‐critical volume ratio. The medification has the advantage that it is applicable to non‐associated substances of low boiling‐point, and furnishes a rational basis for their classification into normal and abnormal liquids. Moreover, a high value of the medified ratio is diagnostic of association in the liquid state.
The fischer‐tropsch synthesis with cobalt catalysts: The effect of process conditions on the composition of the reaction products
Authors: Gibson E. J. , Hall C. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of the process variables on the alcohol and olefin contents of the liquid products and on the molecular weight of the total product obtained by synthesis with cobalt catalysts have been investigated.Within the range of reaction conditions hitherto employed, the generally accepted variations in product composition are confirmed, but, over the whole range of conditions within which cobalt catalysts are active for the synthesis, the effects of changes in conditions are more complicated and some new effects have been observed.The results suggest that the composition of the product is determined partly by the direct influence of the catalyst, the temperature, pressure, mean ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide, and space velocity of fresh gas, and partly by an indirect effect of these variables exerted through the extent of conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. There is evidence that suggests that the olefin content varies inversely with the average molecular weight of the product.It is considered that the results provide support for the hypothesis that the mechanism of the synthesis reaction involves step‐wise growth of carbon chains, giving rise to alcohols, or alcohols and olefins, as the initial, desorbed products, the chemical identity of the molecules as they appear in the final product being determined by the extent to which secondary reactions occur. When cobalt catalysts are used at atmospheric pressure it seems probable that, under certain conditions, some hydrogenation cracking takes place.
Electrical measurements in the study of immersed paint coatings on metal. I. Comparison between capacitance and gravimetric methods of estimating water‐uptake
Authors: Brasher D. M. , Kingsbury A. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn electrical capacitance method of estimating the water‐uptake of paint films on metal immersed in sea‐water has given, for many paint formulations, values agreeing with those obtained by a gravimetric method. For a few paints, however, pronounced disagreement was shown between values obtained by the two methods.Theoretical considerations show that such differences indicate, in general, a type of water distribution within the film departing considerably from the random, uniform distribution assumed in calculating the ‘capacitance’ values. Several types of distribution are discussed.The capacitance method can be used for routine testing of the water‐uptake of paints only on a type of paint known to give good agreement between the two methods; where applicable, it has decided advantages over gravimetric methods.
Use of liquid films in the study of the absorption of gases by drops
Authors: Dixon B. E. , Swallow J. E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a continued study of the absorption of gases by liquid drops, search has been made for a physical barrier capable of separating two gas phases while permitting the passage of drops. For this purpose a draught of inert gas and a mass of foam were only partially successful, but a liquid film stretched across the absorption chamber was found to provide a satisfactory gas‐barrier with a life of several hours. The passage of drops through the film was observed by means of high‐speed cinematography. Results obtained by means of film barriers for the absorption of carbon dioxide by water drops during formation have been compared with those previously obtained by another method. The desorption of carbon dioxide by water drops in air has been measured, and the application to the process of desorption of an expression previously derived for the absorption coefficient is considered.
Organo‐boron compounds. 1. Preparation and properties of some aliphatic borates
Authors: Haider S. Z. , Khundkar M. H. , Siddiqullah Md. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn apparatus is described for the azeotropic removal of water during the condensation of boric acid with aliphatic alcohols, and subsequent purification of the borate as a semi‐continuous process. The synthesis of allyl borate from boron acetate is also described. The densities, viscosities and refractive indices of the borates are given and the variations of the boiling points in the homologous series discussed.
The corrosion of machinery in H.M. ships
Authors: Kenworthy L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorrosion in H.M. ships' machinery is shown to present a series of constantly changing problems as greater speeds and efficiency are demanded. Partly as a result of the vast experience accumulated through the strenuous conditions of war‐time operation, current problems are not very numerous but are spread over a wide range of environments. To illustrate this, examples are cited from sea‐water, distilled‐water, steam, hydraulic‐fluid and forced‐lubrication systems and of surfaces subjected to fuel‐oil combustion products and damp atmospheres. The components considered include Diesel‐engine cylinder liners, boilers, chromium‐iron turbine blading, various non‐ferrous components in steam lines, cylinders and bearings in hydraulic fluids, and gearing and bearings in forced‐lubrication systems. Remedial measures are discussed and some recent innovations to reduce corrosion are described. It is emphasized that sea‐water contamination and periods when machinery is standing idle are two major factors that influence the liability to corrosion in naval vessels.
The influence of formamide on the bactericidal action of selected chemical compounds. II
Authors: Cooper E. A. , Goddard A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFormamide (20% concentration) has the specific property of considerably increasing the germ‐icidal power of the saturated fatty acids. The adsorption of the acids by activated charcoal is, however, diminished in the presence of formamide, except when the amount of adsorbent is small; an increase is then sometimes observed. Acetamide and glycol also diminish the adsorption of acetic acid, but to a somewhat less extent than formamide. The bactericidal power of trichloroaoetic acid is reduced by formamide and the adsorption by charcoal is also diminished. isoPropyl alcohol, unlike formamide, does not exhibit a specific effect on the bactericidal action of acetic acid; acetone, acetic acid, and certain esters are influenced to much the same extent.
New ω‐substituted anisoles. VII. Aryloxymethyl thiocyanates
Authors: Barber H. J. , Cottrell H. J. , Green M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhenoxymethyl and phenylthiomethyl chlorides are readily converted into the corresponding thiocyanates by interaction with potassium thiocyanate in acetone or alcohol. The compounds thus obtained possess the thiocyanate and not the isothiocyanate structure. 2: 4‐Dichlorophen‐oxymethyl thiocyanate undergoes isomerization to the isothiocyanate on distillation under reduced pressure.
Organic fluorine compounds. II. Preparation and reactions of some fluorodibasic acids
Authors: Fear E. J. P. , Thrower J. , Veitch J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNeutral oxidation of a mixture of polyfluorocyclohexenes gave 3H‐heptafluoroadipic acid in good yield. Alkaline oxidative degradation of this acid and of the mixed polyfluorocyclohexenes afforded both difluoromalonic and tetrafluorosuccinic acids, and methods of separation of these perfluorodibasic acids are described. Difluoromalonic acid was found to react with phosphorus oxychloride to give difluoromalonyl chloride. Clemmensen reduction of 2‐benzoyl‐1 : 1 : 2 : 2‐tetrafluoropropionic acid gave γ‐phenylbutyric acid.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. XVII. The chemical complexity of resins
Authors: Hollingdale S. H. , Megson N. J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalculations previously reported on the theoretical numbers of isomerides of phenol–methylene type present in phenolic resins are extended. The case of o‐cresol and related bifunctional phenols is comparatively simple, partly because no branching of chains is possible. In the case of phenol itself the number of isomerides increases enormously with chain length, while branched derivatives contribute increasingly to the number present in the higher homologues. m‐Cresol provides an even more complex example. The inadequacy of conventional synthetic and analytical methods for elucidation of chemical structure is stressed. General formulae are derived for calculating the numbers of certain types of isomerides.
A study of the application of the spouted bed technique to wheat drying
Authors: Mathur K. B. , Gishler P. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA description has been given of a method which can be used to agitate solids that are of too coarse and uniform a particle size to be fluidized satisfactorily. This method has been applied to the drying of wheat. The following variables have been studied on a small pilot‐plant scale: feed moisture content, feed rate, bed depth and inlet air temperature. A description has been given of the temperature and humidity profiles within a wheat bed agitated by this technique.
THE GUERBET REACTION OF CETYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Sulzbacher M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCetyl alcohol has been submitted to the Guerbet reaction and converted into 2‐tetradecyl‐octadecyl alcohol. Conditions have been found whereby this branched‐chain alcohol can be obtained in good yield with virtual suppression of fatty acid formation. Some reactions and derivatives of the new alcohol are described and some light thrown on the mechanism of the Guerbet reaction. The modified reaction described has also been applied to sperm oil alcohols.
Phototropic effects in oxides. I. Titanium dioxide
Authors: McTaggart F. K. , Bear Joy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe previously known photoropic effect caused by iron impurity in titanium dioxide was studied in some detail. In addition, nickel, chromium, and copper were shown to give rise to marked effects, while slight effects were caused by cobalt, manganese, and certain rare earths. The necessity of water for the promotion of the effect was demonstrated, and evidence was obtained that suggests that the phototropism is a phenomenon taking place at the surfaces or interfaces of the host oxide. A mechanism is discussed.
The interaction of monolayers of branched‐chain fatty acids with calcium ions in the underlying solution
Authors: Durham K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of calcium ions in the substrate on surface films of α‐substituted fatty acids has been investigated. It is shown that the introduction of an ethyl group in the α‐positions of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids prevents calcium ions from causing surface films of these acids to become solid and brittle at pH 7.5. Fatty acids with main chains longer than C16 are found to give brittle solid films on substrates containing calcium ions at pH 7.5.The effect on the calcium ion/myristic acid film interaction of variation in the size of the substituent group has also been studied and it is found that even a methyl group has sufficient steric hindrance to prevent film solidification.
Autoxidation of olefins
Authors: Hawkins E. G. E. , Quin D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOlefins of various structures have been oxidized with oxygen at 85–125°, generally in the presence of mild alkali and a catalyst, and the products examined. These products were complex mixtures and appeared to have been derived from attack at several positions in the molecule. All except one of these olefins provided epoxides as major products; the one exception, 2:2:5:5‐tetra‐methylhex‐3‐ene, was structurally incapable of forming a hydroperoxide at the allyl position.
The heats of chlorination of some hydrocarbons and their chloro‐derivatives
Authors: Kirkbride F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDirect determinations have been made of the heat of substitutive chlorination (R.H + Cl2–→R.Cl + HCl) for benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, cyclohexane, n‐hexane, ethylene dichloride, and chloroform. Heats of formation are derived for 1 : 1 : 2‐trichloroethane, chlorocyclohexane, and benzyl chloride.Similarly the heat of additive chlorination of three chloroethylenes has been determined, and an approximation to the heat of additive chlorination of benzene has been made.The results are shown to agree closely with the values which can be calculated from recently published heats of combustion of the relevant compounds. Both for substitutive and for additive chlorination, the heat evolution tends to diminish markedly as the number of chlorine atoms already in the molecule is increased.
The role of alkali sulphates in vanadium catalysts for sulphur dioxide oxidation
Authors: Tandy G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemical composition of alkali metal sulphate‐vanadium oxide mixtures in equilibrium with SO3‐SO2‐air mixtures has been investigated. These gas mixtures were prepared from a 5% SO2–95% air mixture, the ratio of SO2 to SO3 being maintained at the equilibrium value corresponding to the temperature of each run. Experiments have been carried out with mixtures of V2O3 and one alkali metal sulphate (Na, K, Rb, or Cs) in the temperature range 380–600°.In the temperature range 440–600° a liquid is produced, consisting of vanadium compounds dissolved in an alkali pyrosulphate‐sulphate mixture. The melting point of the mixture formed decreases with increasing atomic weight of alkali metal used. The weight increases observed with an alkali sulphate/V2O6 molecular ratio of 2.5/1 suggest the formation of normal pyrosulphate, M2S2O7, and VOSO4. With the Rb2SO4 and Cs2SO4 mixtures there is also evidence for the part formation of a higher sulphate, M2S3O10. The extent of reduction of the V2O5 is lower in the presence of alkali metals of higher atomic weight. Thus potassium is more effective in stabilizing the vanadium in the pentavalent state than is sodium, and caesium is even better. This may account for the preference for the potassium salt over the sodium salt as a promoter in commercial catalysts.
Azeotropism in binary solutions: Carbon tetrachloride‐benzene system
Authors: Fowler R. T. , Lim S. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVapour‐liquid equilibrium data for the system carbon tetrachloride‐benzene have been determined under isobaric conditions at 760 mm. Hg pressure and isothermal conditions at 40°, using an improved equilibrium still. The experimental results are found to be thermodynamically consistent. An azeotropic mixture is predicted to exist at pressures above 1800 mm. Hg.
The swelling of gelatin films. The effects of drying temperature and of conditioning the layers in atmospheres of high relative humidity
Authors: Jopling D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGelatin layers show minimum swelling when the temperature of the layer during drying is about 35°. When dried at a higher temperature, the layer is ‘so‐like’ and bonding does not occur until the layer is swollen or conditioned at a high relative humidity.Sol‐like layers of non‐de‐ionised gelatin when swollen in distilled water swell rapidly to a maximum value and then contract to a final value. De‐ionized sol‐like layers swell straight to this final value. The overshoot with the non‐de‐ionized layers is believed to be due to osmotic forces within the layers, which disappear when the salts are washed out.When conditioned in an atmosphere of high relative humidity, all layers afterwards show a reduced swell. The reduction is very large and very rapid for sol‐like layers. The results are explained by assuming that bonds formed during setting and drying are under no strain at the time of their formation and will tend to resist any compressive or tensile strains caused by drying or by increased swelling, respectively. The number and the strength of the bonds will be controlled by the drying conditions.
Cyanamide
Authors: Miller S. A. , Bann B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifficulty in the removal of calcium carbonate by filtration in the preparation of cyanamide by passage of CO2 through an aqueous slurry of the calcium salt, is overcome by dissolution of the salt in an aqueous solution of cyanamide before passage of the CO2. A large laboratory apparatus is described for this process, by which high yields are obtained. Stable solutions of cyanamide of 60% concentration or 95% pure solid material can be prepared which are very convenient for the preparation of cyanamide derivatives, several of which are described.
The determination of naphthalene in gas. A comparison of the picrate and ultra‐violet methods
Authors: Densham A. B. , Seaton E. Mary 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA picrate method of determining naphthalene in gas is described with a correction for unsaturated picrate‐forming hydrocarbons. An ultra‐violet method of determining naphthalene and mono‐methylnaphthalenes separately in gas is outlined. A comparison shows that the picrate method gives results agreeing with the total of naphthalene plus monomethyluaphthalenes as determined by the ultra‐violet method.
The separation and identification of some volatile paraffinic, naphthentc, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: James A. T. , Martin A. J. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeparation of some volatile paraffinic, naphthenic, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons by means of gas‐liquid chromatography are described. Stationary liquid phases capable of specifically retarding certain chemical structures are used in the identification of the different types of hydrocarbon. Some generalisations are made on factors affecting separations by gas‐liquid chromatography.
Studies in the corrosion of metals occasioned by aqueous solutions of some surface‐active agents IV. Aluminium
Authors: Holness H. , Langstaff R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe action of dilute aqueous solutions of representative aniouic, cationic and non‐ionic wetting agents on aluminium has been studied, using London tap‐water and distilled water.Several of the anionic active agents imparted a water‐repellent film to the metal and this afforded protection, with sulphonated castor oil and sodium di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate, but not with sodium alkylarylsulphonate or triethanolamine lauryl sulphate.The attack took the form of pitting, the pits being covered with nodules of corrosion product.All cationic agents had some action on the metal, this action being most marked in the case of triethanolamine which appeared to exert a solvent action; the non‐ionic agent had little effect.Many of the specimens immersed in tap water solutions acquired a firm deposit of calcium carbonate crystals.Results have been expressed graphically and mechanisms suggested.