bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models of processing: discourse
Authors: Garnham Alan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article discusses models of discourse processing, primarily from a psycholinguistic perspective, though considerations from the other cognitive sciences are mentioned where appropriate. It also touches on issues of discourse representation, because questions about representation and questions about process are closely intertwined. The origins of an interest in questions about discourse are identified in Bransford's ideas from the early 1970s. Their development into more detailed models of discourse processing is discussed, and detailed descriptions are given of, in particular, anaphor processing and, to a lesser extent the establishment of coherence. Some issues that arise in connection with the production of discourse are briefly discussed, as are their relation to dialog rather than to monolog.WIREs Cogn Sci2010 1 845–853This article is categorized under:Linguistics > Language in Mind and BrainPsychology > Language
Language production
Authors: Ferreira Victor S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLinguistic expressions are produced through a multicomponent multistage process. This article describes the major components of the language‐production process and discusses issues of current research focus. General mechanisms of word and sentence production are described. This is followed by discussion of language production in conversation, different modes of production (written production, sign language, monitoring, bilingualism, aphasia, corpus research), and the relationship of language‐production mechanisms to other cognitive systems (eye movements, attention, memory, gesture), before ending with concluding thoughts.WIREs Cogn Sci2010 1 834–844This article is categorized under:Linguistics > Language in Mind and BrainPsychology > Language
Accurate repair of non‐cohesive, double strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: enhancement by homology‐assisted end‐joining
Authors: Moscariello Mario , Florio Carolina , Pulitzer John F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAlthough the joining of blunt ends in yeast by non‐homologous end joining (NHEJ) is reported to be inefficient in comparison to cohesive‐end joining (Boulton and Jackson, 1996), we find that efficiency varies greatly, depending on strain, growth phase and sequence. In particular, the levels of efficiency of recircularization of a plasmid linearized by non‐cohesive cleavage is augmented to that of cohesive end joining if the cleavage cut site is flanked by sequences present in the genome. We call this enhancement ‘homology‐assisted end joining’ (HAEJ), which depends on components of the NHEJ repair pathway and, in some cases, on components of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway and on Htl1 a component of the remodels structure of chromatin (RSC) complex. The homologous genome sequences are not used as templates for repair DNA synthesis, but may facilitate end‐to‐end collision and ligation by providing a track for guided diffusion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MAPK pathways by post‐translational modifications
Authors: Molina María , Cid Víctor J. , Martín Humberto 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSaccharomyces cerevisiae has been widely used as a model eukaryotic organism to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that operate upon activation of signalling pathways. For over two decades, many clues to the regulation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways have derived from basic research in yeast. Here we review aspects of MAPK pathway fine‐tuning, such as the functional implication of feedback loops or regulatory inputs from other pathways, mediated by post‐transcriptional modifications on their components. The impact of recent phosphoproteomic approaches in this particular field is also discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 1,2,4,5‐Benzenetetrasulfonic Acid (H4B4S) and its Implementation as a Linker for Building Metal‐Organic Frameworks on the Example of [Cu2(B4S)(H2O)8]·0.5H2O
Authors: Muesmann Thomas W. T. , Mietrach Andrea , Christoffers Jens , Wickleder Mathias S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBenzene 1,2,4,5‐tetrasulfonic acid (H4B4S) was prepared in two steps starting from 1,2,4,5‐Tetrachlorobenzene. Slow evaporation of an aqueous reaction mixture of H4B4S and Cu2(OH)2(CO3) led to light green single crystals of [Cu2(B4S)(H2O)8]·0.5H2O. X‐ray single crystal investigations revealed the compound to be triclinic [P$\bar{1}$, Z = 1, a = 710.0(1), b = 713.7(1), c = 1077.1(2) pm, α = 98.41(2)°, β = 102.91(2)°, γ = 100.69(2)°]. In the crystal structure the Cu2+ ions are coordinated by four water molecules and two monodentate sulfonate anions yielding a tetragonally distorted [CuO6] octahedron. The anions are connected to further copper ions leading to ladder shaped chains running along the [100] direction. According to DTA/TG investigations the dehydration of the compound is finished at 240 °C and the decomposition of the anhydrous sulfonate starts at 340 °C.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New Dinuclear Iron(III) Complex: [Fe2O(PhCO2)2(2,2′‐bpy)2(N3)2]·H2O
Authors: Wu Qing‐Ran , Du Chuan‐Qin , Hu Huai‐Ming , Xu Bing 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBy using a precursor complex [Fe3O(PhCO2)6(H2O)3]NO3 as starting material and 2,2′‐bpy (= 2,2′‐bipyridine) as rigid chelating ligand, the new dinuclear iron‐oxido complex [Fe2O(PhCO2)2(2,2′‐bpy)2(N3)2]·H2O (1) was synthesized and structurally characterized. The reaction of [Fe3O(PhCO2)6(H2O)3]NO3 with 2,2′‐bpy and sodium azide in 1:3:3 ratio gave the dinuclear complex 1, whereas a 1:6:3 ratio reaction system only gave the complex [Fe(2,2′‐bpy)3]3+, which indicated that 2,2′‐bipyridine plays a crucial function in the nuclear forming procedure. Meanwhile, the N3– ligands take up the chelating domain of oxygen and reduce the nucleation. Different π–π interactions exist in 1, which extend its structure to a three dimensional supramolecular framework.
Self‐assembly and Properties of Three Novel Supramolecular Architectures: Dimensional Increase of Cd/Ag 4‐Formylbenzoate Complexes Controlled by Hexamethylenetetramine
Authors: Deng Zhao‐Peng , Huo Li‐Hua , Xu Ying‐Ming , Gao Shan , Zhao Hui 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe reactions of Cd(NO3)2 or AgNO3 with hexamethylenetetramine (hmt) and 4‐formylbenzoic acid (4‐Hfba) yield three novel supramolecular architectures [Cd(4‐fba)2(μ2‐hmt)(H2O)]n (1), [Cd(4‐fba)2(μ2‐hmt)(H2O)2]n·nH2O (2), and [Ag(4‐fba)(μ3‐hmt)]n·2nH2O (3), which were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and powder as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Structural analyses show that both complexes 1 and 2 have an one‐dimensional motif, except for a distinction arising from the coordination spheres and the bent angles of N–Cd–N. Both complexes are featuring three‐dimensional supramolecular frameworks through hydrogen bonding interactions, additional π–π interactions exist for complex 2. Complex 3 contains a classic undulating two‐dimensional Ag‐hmt layer, which is further axially connected by 4‐fba– linkers to give a 3D (3,5)‐connected gra net. The luminescence spectra of complexes 1 and 2 show a similar emission in the blue region at room temperature. Furthermore, efforts to further study the postsynthetic modification of these complexes are underway in our laboratory owing to the presence of the pendant formyl groups.
β3‐Adrenergic Signaling Acutely Down Regulates Adipose Triglyceride Lipase in Brown Adipocytes
Authors: Deiuliis Jeffrey A. , Liu Li‐Fen , Belury Martha A. , Rim Jong S. , Shin Sangsu , Lee Kichoon 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMice exposed to cold rely upon brown adipose tissue (BAT)‐mediated nonshivering thermogenesis to generate body heat using dietary glucose and lipids from the liver and white adipose tissue. In this report, we investigate how cold exposure affects the PI3 K/Akt signaling cascade and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and trafficking in BAT. Cold exposure at an early time point led to the activation of the PI3 K/Akt, insulin‐like signaling cascade followed by a transient decrease in adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) gene and protein expression in BAT. To further investigate how cold exposure‐induced signaling altered ATGL expression, cultured primary brown adipocytes were treated with the β3‐adrenergic receptor (β3AR) agonist CL 316,243 (CL) resulting in activation of PI3 K/Akt, ERK 1/2, and p38 signaling pathways and significantly decreased ATGL protein levels. ATGL protein levels decreased significantly 30 min post CL treatment suggesting protein degradation. Inhibition of PKA signaling by H89 rescued ATGL levels. The effects of PKA signaling on ATGL were shown to be independent of relevant pathways downstream of PKA such as PI3 K/Akt, ERK 1/2, and p38. However, CL treatment in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes did not decrease ATGL protein and mRNA expression, suggesting a distinct response in WAT to β3‐adrenergic agonism. Transitory effects, possibly attributed to acute Akt activation during the early recruitment phase, were noted as well as stable changes in gene expression which may be attributed to β3‐adrenergic signaling in BAT.
Preliminary results from U–Th dating of glacial–interglacial deposition cycles in a silica speleothem from Venezuela
Authors: Lundberg J. , Brewer-Carias C. , McFarlane D.A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRecent explorations in Cueva Charles Brewer, a large cave in a sandstone tepui, SE Venezuela, have revealed silica biospeleothems of unprecedented size and diversity. Study of one — a sub-spherical mass of opaline silica — reveals a complex, laminated internal structure consisting of three narrow dark bands alternating with two wider light bands. Uranium–thorium dating has produced 3 stratigraphically correct dates on the light bands from 298 ± 6 (MIS 9) to 390 ± 33 ka (MIS 11). U concentration is only 30–110 ppb. Initial234U/238U ratios are high and increase over time from 1.8 to 5.3. Growth rate is very low, the fastest, at 0.37 ± 0.23 mm/ka, in MIS 9. Trace element and heavy metal content of the dark bands is distinctly higher than that of the light bands. It is hypothesized that the dark and light bands correlate with drier/glacial and wetter/interglacial periods, respectively, and that this sample probably began to grow in MIS 13. The cave is in a region that straddles a regionally important ecotone: the speleothem isotopic and trace element variations may preserve a useful paleoclimatic signal. This is the first published suite of U–Th dates from a single silica speleothem and the longest Quaternary record for this region.
Early Holocene dune activity linked with final destruction of Glacial Lake Minong, eastern Upper Michigan, USA
Authors: Loope Henry M. , Loope Walter L. , Goble Ronald J. , Fisher Timothy G. , Jol Harry M. , Seong J.C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe early Holocene final drainage of glacial Lake Minong is documented by 21 OSL ages on quartz sand from parabolic dunes and littoral terraces and one radiocarbon age from a lake sediment core adjacent to mapped paleoshorelines in interior eastern Upper Michigan. We employ a simple model wherein lake-level decline exposes unvegetated littoral sediment to deflation, resulting in dune building. Dunes formed subsequent to lake-level decline prior to stabilization by vegetation and provide minimum ages for lake-level decline. Optical ages range from 10.3 to 7.7 ka; 15 ages on dunes adjacent to the lowest Lake Minong shoreline suggest final water-level decline ∼ 9.1 ka. The clustering of optical ages from vertically separated dunes on both sides of the Nadoway–Gros Cap Barrier around 8.8 ka and a basal radiocarbon date behind the barrier (8120 ± 40 14C yr BP [9.1 cal ka BP]) support the hypothesis that the barrier was breached and the final lake-level drop to the Houghton Low occurred coincident with (1) high meltwater flux into the Superior basin and (2) an abrupt, negative shift in oxygen isotope values in Lake Huron.
The Construction of Northumberland House and the Patronage of its Original Builder, Lord Henry Howard, 1603–14
Authors: Guerci Manolo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper affords a complete analysis of the construction of the original Northampton (later Northumberland) House in the Strand (demolished in 1874), which has never been fully investigated. It begins with an examination of the little-known architectural patronage of its builder, Lord Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton from 1603, one of the most interesting figures of the early Stuart era. With reference to the building of the contemporary Salisbury House by Sir Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, the only other Strand palace to be built in the early seventeenth century, textual and visual evidence are closely investigated. A rediscovered elevational drawing of the original front of Northampton House is also discussed. By associating it with other sources, such as the first inventory of the house (transcribed in the Appendix), the inside and outside of Northampton House as Henry Howard left it in 1614 are re-configured for the first time.
The movement and distribution of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae on pea plants is affected by egg placement and flowering
Authors: Perkins L.E. , Cribb B.W. , Hanan J. , Zalucki M.P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe distribution and movement of 1st instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on whole garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants were determined in glasshouse trials. This economically-important herbivore attacks a wide variety of agricultural, horticultural and indigenous plants. To investigate the mechanisms underlying larval intra-plant movement, we used early-flowering and wild-type plant genotypes and placed eggs at different vertical heights within the plants, one egg per plant. Leaf water and nitrogen content and cuticle hardness were measured at the different plant heights. Of 92 individual larvae, 41% did not move from the node of eclosion, 49% moved upwards and 10% moved downwards with the distance moved being between zero and ten plant nodes. Larvae from eggs placed on the lower third of the plant left the natal leaf more often and moved further than larvae from eggs placed in the middle or upper thirds. The low nutritive value of leaves was the most likely explanation for more movement away from lower plant regions. Although larvae on flowering plants did not move further up or down than larvae on non-flowering plants, they more often departed the leaflet (within a leaf) where they eclosed. The final distribution of larvae was affected by plant genotype, with larvae on flowering plants found less often on leaflets and more often on stipules, tendrils and reproductive structures. Understanding intra-plant movement by herbivorous insects under natural conditions is important because such movement determines the value of economic loss to host crops. Knowing the behaviour underlying the spatial distribution of herbivores on plants will assist us to interpret field data and should lead to better informed pest management decisions.
Spatial clustering and associations of two savannah tsetse species, Glossina morsitans submorsitans and Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae), for guiding interventions in an adaptive cattle health management framework
Authors: Sciarretta A. , Tikubet Getachew , Baumgärtner J. , Girma Melaku , Trematerra P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe paper deals with tsetse (family Glossinidae) control and aims at improving the methodology for precision targeting interventions in an adaptive pest management system. The spatio-temporal distribution of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead, and Glossina pallidipes Austen, at Ethiopia's Keto pilot site, is analyzed with the spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) methodology that focus on clustering and spatial associations between species and between sexes. Both species displayed an aggregated distribution characterised by two main patches in the south and an extended gap in the north. Spatial patterns were positively correlated and stable in most cases, with the exception of the early dry season and the short rainy season when there were differences between the species and sexes. For precision targeting interventions, the presented methods here are more effective than the previously used geostatistical analyses for identifying and delimiting hot spots on maps, measuring shapes and sizes of patches, and discarding areas with low tsetse density. Because of the improved knowledge on hot spot occurrences, the methods allow a better delimitation of the territory for control operations and a more precise computation of the number of the relatively expensive traps used for monitoring and control purposes.
A six-year study of insect emergence from temporary flooded wetlands in central Sweden, with and without Bti-based mosquito control
Authors: Vinnersten T.Z. Persson , Lundström J.O. , Schäfer M.L. , Petersson E. , Landin J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn temporary wetlands in the River Dalälven floodplains, recurrent but irregular floods induce massive hatching of the flood-water mosquito Aedes sticticus, which causes enormous nuisance. Flood-water mosquito control using the biological larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) was commenced in parts of the floodplains during 2002, and here we report the first six years of full-season monitoring of general insect emergence from temporary wetlands with and without treatment. Emergence traps, which were emptied weekly, were used from May to September each year. A total of 137,153 insects of 13 taxonomic orders were collected. Diptera was highly dominating and especially the sub-order Nematocera with 18 families was a very prominent taxon. Bti-treatment effects were analysed by taxonomic order, by sub-order in Diptera and Hemiptera, and by family for Nematocera and Coleoptera for the whole study period. We found no significant negative effects of Bti treatments on the production of insects by taxonomic order, with the exception of Coleoptera in the long term. However, no significant negative effects were found for the Coleoptera families, neither in the short term nor in the long term. There was no significant negative treatment effect on Nematocera production, neither when analyzed for the whole sub-order nor when analyzed by family. However, abundance of Ceratopogonidae was significantly higher in experimental than in reference wetlands. We conclude that Bti-treatment effects on insect production may be minute in comparison to other environmental factors structuring the insect fauna of the temporary wetlands studied.
A tale of two trapping methods:Helicoverpaspp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in pheromone and light traps in Australian cotton production systems
Authors: Baker G.H. , Tann C.R. , Fitt G.P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPheromone and light traps have often been used in ecological studies of two major noctuid pests of agriculture in Australia,Helicoverpa armigeraandH. punctigera. However, results from these two methods have rarely been compared directly. We set pheromone and light traps adjacent to or amongst cotton and various other crops for 10–11 years in the Namoi Valley, in northern New South Wales, Australia. Catches in pheromone traps suggested a major peak in (male) numbers ofH. punctigerain early spring, with relatively few moths caught later in the summer cropping season. In contrast, (male)H. armigerawere most abundant in late summer. Similar trends were apparent for catches of both male and femaleH. armigerain light traps, but both sexes ofH. punctigerawere mostly caught in mid-summer. For both species, males were more commonly caught than females. These catch patterns differed from some previous reports. At least three generations of both species were apparent in the catches. There was some evidence that the abundance of later generations could be predicted from the size of earlier generations; but, unlike previous authors, we found no positive relationships between local winter rainfall and subsequent catches of moths, nor did we find persuasive evidence of correlations between autumn and winter rainfall in central Australia and the abundance of subsequent 1st generationH. punctigeramoths. FemaleH. punctigerawere consistently more mature (gravid) and more frequently mated than those ofH. armigera. Overall, our results highlight the variability in trap catches of these two species and question the use of trap catches and weather as predictors of future abundance in cropping regions.
Misattribution of facial expressions of emotion in adolescents at increased risk of psychosis: the role of inhibitory control
Authors: van Rijn S. , Aleman A. , de Sonneville L. , Sprong M. , Ziermans T. , Schothorst P. , van Engeland H. , Swaab H. 
Published: May 2010

BackgroundBy studying behavior, cognitive abilities and brain functioning in adolescents at high risk for psychosis, we can gain an insight into the vulnerability markers or protective factors in the development of psychotic symptoms. Although many high-risk studies have focused on impairments in neurocognitive functions, such as memory and attention, very few studies have investigated problems in processing social cues such as facial expressions as a possible vulnerability marker for psychosis.MethodThirty-six adolescents at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis and 21 non-clinical controls completed a face recognition test, a facial affect labeling test and an inhibitory control test. Schizotypal traits and schizophrenia symptoms were assessed using a schizotypy questionnaire and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).ResultsThe UHR group showed impairments in labeling facial expressions of others, in addition to a spared ability to recognize facial identity. More specifically, the UHR group made more errors in labeling neutral expressions compared to the controls, and an analysis of error types indicated that neutral faces were misattributed as being angry. The degree of misattribution of neutral-as-angry faces correlated significantly with reduced inhibitory control.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that misattributing social cues might contribute to vulnerability for psychosis. This social cognitive deficit may be related to problems in inhibitory control, which potentially plays an important role in the selection of appropriate social meaning. These findings may have relevance for understanding the mechanisms underlying prodromal social dysfunction, which should be targeted in future remediation interventions.