bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Halides of Titanium in Lower Oxidation States
Authors: Meyer Gerd , Gloger Thomas , Beekhuizen Jan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNew investigations on the di‐ and trihalides of titanium, TiX2 and TiX3 (X = Cl, Br, I), with their 3d2 and 3d1 electronic configurations, confirm the early observations and conclusions of Klemm. At sufficiently low temperatures, Ti–Ti single bonds are formed in the one‐dimensional trihalides, i.e., Ti–Ti dimers are observed. Equally, in the two‐dimensional dihalides, {Ti3} triangles occur with three single bonds. Phase transitions were detected from single‐crystal or powder X‐ray diffraction data, from magnetic measurements and thermal analysis. Except for the binary halides a number of ternary halides ATiX3 (extended chains of facesharing octahedra), K4Ti3Br12 (triples of face‐sharing octahedra), Na2Ti3Cl8 (triangular trimers), A3Ti2X9 (dimers of face‐sharing octahedra), and A3TiX6 (isolated octahedra) as well as the mixed‐valent halides CsTi2I7 (tetrahedra and octahedra) and Na5Ti3Cl12 (chains of octahedra) have been observed. Except for the triangles in titanium(II) halides, cluster compounds are rare but include K4[{OTi4}I12] and {CTi6}Cl14.
Risk Factors for Abdominal Wound Dehiscence in Children: A Case‐Control Study
Authors: van Ramshorst Gabriëlle H. , Salu Nathalie E. , Bax Nikolaas M. A. , Hop Wim C. J. , van Heurn Ernst , Aronson Daniel C. , Lange Johan F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackgroundIn the limited literature concerning abdominal wound dehiscence after laparotomy in children, reported incidences range between 0.2–1.2% with associated mortality rates of 8–45%. The goal of this retrospective case‐control study was to identify major risk factors for abdominal wound dehiscence in the pediatric population.MethodsPatients younger than aged 18 years who developed abdominal wound dehiscence in three pediatric surgical centers during the period 1985–2005 were identified. For each patient with abdominal wound dehiscence, four controls were selected by systematic random sampling. Patients with (a history of) open abdomen treatment or abdominal wound dehiscence were excluded as control subjects. Putative relevant patient‐related, operation‐related, and postoperative variables for both cases and control subjects were evaluated in univariate analyses and subsequently entered in multivariate stepwise logistic regression models to identify major independent predictors of abdominal wound dehiscence.ResultsA total number of 63 patients with abdominal wound dehiscence and 252 control subjects were analyzed. Mean presentation of abdominal wound dehiscence was at postoperative day 5 (range, 1–15) and overall mortality was 11%. Hospital stay was significantly longer (p < 0.001) in the case group (median, 42 vs. 10 days). Major independent risk factors for abdominal wound dehiscence were younger than aged 1 year, wound infection, median incision, and emergency surgery. Incisional hernia was reported in 12% of the patients with abdominal wound dehiscence versus 3% in the control group (p = 0.001).ConclusionsAbdominal wound dehiscence is a serious complication with high morbidity and mortality. Median incisions should be avoided whenever possible.
Negative screening tests in classical galactosaemia caused by S135L homozygosity
Authors: Crushell E. , Chukwu J. , Mayne P. , Blatny J. , Treacy E. P. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryClassical galactosaemia is relatively common in Ireland due to a high carrier rate of the Q188R GALT mutation. It is screened for using a bacterial inhibition assay (BIA) for free galactose. A Beutler assay on day one of life is performed only in high risk cases (infants of the Traveller community and relatives of known cases). A 16‐month‐old Irish‐born boy of Nigerian origin was referred for investigation of developmental delay, and failure to thrive. He had oral aversion to solids and his diet consisted of cow's milk and milk‐based cereal mixes. He was found to have microcephaly, weight <2nd percentile, hepatomegaly and bilateral cataracts. Coagulation screen was normal and transaminases were slightly elevated. His original newborn screen was reviewed and confirmed to have been negative; urinary reducing substances on three separate occasions were negative. Beutler assay demonstrated “absent” red cell galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) activity. GALT enzyme activity was <0.5 gsubs/h per gHb confirming classical galactosaemia. Gal‐1‐P was elevated at 1.88 μmol/gHb. Mutation analysis of the GALT gene revealed S135L homozygosity. S135L/S135L galactosaemia is associated with absent red cell GALT activity but with approximately 10% activity in other tissues such as the liver and intestines, probably explaining the negative screening tests and the somewhat milder phenotype associated with this genotype. The patient was commenced on galactose‐restricted diet; on follow‐up at 2 years of age, growth had normalized but there was global developmental delay. In conclusion, galactosaemia must be considered in children who present with poor growth, hepatomegaly, developmental delay and cataracts and GALT enzyme analysis should be a first line test in such cases. Non‐enzymatic screening methods such as urinary reducing substances and BIA for free galactose are not reliable in S135L homozygous galactosaemia.
Facile Preparation of Crosslinked Polymeric Nanocapsules via Combination of Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Ultraviolet Irradiated Crosslinking Techniques
Authors: Mu Bin , Shen Ruoping , Liu Peng 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A facile approach for the preparation of crosslinked polymeric nanocapsules was developed by the combination of the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization and ultraviolet irradiation crosslinking techniques. The well-defined polystyrene grafted silica nanoparticles were prepared via the SI-ATRP of styrene from functionalized silica nanoparticles. Then the grafted polystyrene chains were crosslinked with ultraviolet irradiation. The cross-linked polystyrene nanocapsules with diameter of 20–50 nm were achieved after the etching of the silica nanoparticle templates with hydrofluoric acid. The strategy developed was confirmed with Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy.
Evolution of Wurtzite Structured GaAs Shells Around InAs Nanowire Cores
Authors: Paladugu M , Zou J , Guo YN , Zhang X , Joyce HJ , Gao Q , Tan HH , Jagadish C , Kim Y 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
GaAs was radially deposited on InAs nanowires by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition and resultant nanowire heterostructures were characterized by detailed electron microscopy investigations. The GaAs shells have been grown in wurtzite structure, epitaxially on the wurtzite structured InAs nanowire cores. The fundamental reason of structural evolution in terms of material nucleation and interfacial structure is given.
Cellular and molecular studies of the initial process of the photodynamic therapy in HEp‐2 cells using LED light source and two different photosensitizers
Authors: Machado Aline Helena Araujo , Soares Pacheco Cristina , Da Silva Newton Soares , Moraes Karen C.M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy is an attractive therapeutic procedure for a variety of neoplastic and non‐neoplastic disorders that involve a tumor localizing photosensitizer that induces cytotoxicity when activated by a particular wavelength of light. Considering the acceptability of the phthalocyanine photosensitizers, we began to address initial cellular and molecular aspects involved in the therapy that leads to apoptosis or necrosis. After HEp‐2 cells had been incubated for 1 h with aluminium tetrasulfonate chloride (AlPcS4) or zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc) at 10 μM, they were irradiated with an LED prototype (640 nm, 70 mW, 4.5 J/cm2) and subsequently analyzed at 0 and 3 h after the irradiation through MTT, fluorescence microscopy, Annexin V–PI staining and gene transcription analysis. Based on the results we can address that the two photosensitizers led to 2 different death pathways; for AlPcS4, the results suggest an initial process of intrinsic death pathway; and for ZnPc, a prostanoid‐mediated activation of death machinery is suggested.
Risk factors of suicide in inpatients and recently discharged patients with affective disorders. A case-control study
Authors: Høyer E.H. , Licht R.W. , Mortensen P.B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectivePatients with affective disorders are at high risk of suicide, especially during inpatient treatment and during the first year after discharge.MethodsA blinded case-control design was used. The study included a total national sample of patients with affective disorder admitted during the period from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 1995, who died because of suicide, either during admission or shortly after discharge.ResultsA history of suicide attempt was a significant risk factor (IRR 4.9; 95% CI 2.1–11.6). Loss of job during the year prior to the index admission was associated with an increase in suicide risk (IRR: 2.9; 95% CI 1.2–7.5). Clinical improvement during the index admission (IRR: 0.3; 95% CI 0.1–0.7), and treatment with antidepressant drugs at the censoring date (IRR: 0.3; 95% CI 0.1–0.7) were associated with a decrease in suicide risk.ConclusionImproved treatment may be a key factor in suicide prevention in patients during, and shortly after hospitalisation with affective disorders. Also, there is a need to be especially aware of suicide risk in patients with little or no improvement at discharge.
THE ESSENTIAL NORM OF A WEIGHTED COMPOSITION OPERATOR FROM THE BLOCH SPACE TO H∞
Authors: HOSOKAWA TAKUYA 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe express the operator norm of a weighted composition operator which acts from the Bloch space ℬ to H∞ as the supremum of a quantity involving the weight function, the inducing self-map, and the hyperbolic distance. We also express the essential norm of a weighted composition operator from ℬ to H∞ as the asymptotic upper bound of the same quantity. Moreover we study the estimate of the essential norm of a weighted composition operator from H∞ to itself.
New advances in automatic selection of eligible surface elements for grasping and fixturing
Authors: Zheng Y. , Qian W.-H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMany object surfaces involve a number of pieces, expressed by different equations. Previous methods of optimal grasp planning can hardly cope with such cases. Ding et al. solve this problem by characterizing the object surface with convex facets and discrete points, then selecting the eligible ones for force-closure, and finally seeking the optimal contact positions on the selected elements. So far, however, no point contact with friction (PCwF) but only frictionless point contacts (FPC) can be used on the facets, while soft finger contacts (SFC) are excluded at all. In this paper, to the above two surface elements we add line segments. Moreover, the limitations on the contact types are completely removed. A general condition and a quantitative criterion of eligibility are presented, followed by a heuristic algorithm and an iterative algorithm for finding the better eligible elements. Three common examples show: the new advances make the formerly tough problems smoothly solvable.
Asymptotic Enumeration of Constellations and Related Families of Maps on Orientable Surfaces
Authors: CHAPUY GUILLAUME 
Published: May 2009

We perform the asymptotic enumeration of two classes of rooted maps on orientable surfaces:m-hypermaps andm-constellations. Form= 2 they correspond respectively to maps with even face degrees and bipartite maps. We obtain explicit asymptotic formulas for the number of such maps with any finite set of allowed face degrees.Our proofs combine a bijective approach, generating series techniques related to lattice walks, and elementary algebraic graph theory.A special case of our results implies former conjectures of Z. Gao.
Pairagon: a highly accurate, HMM-based cDNA-to-genome aligner
Authors: Lu David V. , Brown Randall H. , Arumugam Manimozhiyan , Brent Michael R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Motivation: The most accurate way to determine the intron–exon structures in a genome is to align spliced cDNA sequences to the genome. Thus, cDNA-to-genome alignment programs are a key component of most annotation pipelines. The scoring system used to choose the best alignment is a primary determinant of alignment accuracy, while heuristics that prevent consideration of certain alignments are a primary determinant of runtime and memory usage. Both accuracy and speed are important considerations in choosing an alignment algorithm, but scoring systems have received much less attention than heuristics.
Results: We present Pairagon, a pair hidden Markov model based cDNA-to-genome alignment program, as the most accurate aligner for sequences with high- and low-identity levels. We conducted a series of experiments testing alignment accuracy with varying sequence identity. We first created ‘perfect’ simulated cDNA sequences by splicing the sequences of exons in the reference genome sequences of fly and human. The complete reference genome sequences were then mutated to various degrees using a realistic mutation simulator and the perfect cDNAs were aligned to them using Pairagon and 12 other aligners. To validate these results with natural sequences, we performed cross-species alignment using orthologous transcripts from human, mouse and rat.
We found that aligner accuracy is heavily dependent on sequence identity. For sequences with 100% identity, Pairagon achieved accuracy levels of &gt;99.6%, with one quarter of the errors of any other aligner. Furthermore, for human/mouse alignments, which are only 85% identical, Pairagon achieved 87% accuracy, higher than any other aligner.
Availability: Pairagon source and executables are freely available at http://mblab.wustl.edu/software/pairagon/
Contact: davidlu@wustl.edu; brent@cse.wustl.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ratio adjustment and calibration scheme for gene-wise normalization to enhance microarray inter-study prediction
Authors: Cheng Chunrong , Shen Kui , Song Chi , Luo Jianhua , Tseng George C. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Reproducibility analyses of biologically relevant microarray studies have mostly focused on overlap of detected biomarkers or correlation of differential expression evidences across studies. For clinical utility, direct inter-study prediction (i.e. to establish a prediction model in one study and apply to another) for disease diagnosis or prognosis prediction is more important. Normalization plays a key role for such a task. Traditionally, sample-wise normalization has been a standard for inter-array and inter-study normalization. For gene-wise normalization, it has been implemented for intra-study or inter-study predictions in a few papers while its rationale, strategy and effect remain unexplored.
Results: In this article, we investigate the effect of gene-wise normalization in microarray inter-study prediction. Gene-specific intensity discrepancies across studies are commonly found even after proper sample-wise normalization. We explore the rationale and necessity of gene-wise normalization. We also show that the ratio of sample sizes in normal versus diseased groups can greatly affect the performance of gene-wise normalization and an analytical method is developed to adjust for the imbalanced ratio effect. Both simulation results and applications to three lung cancer and two prostate cancer data sets, considering both binary classification and survival risk predictions, showed significant and robust improvement of the new adjustment. A calibration scheme is developed to apply the ratio-adjusted gene-wise normalization for prospective clinical trials. The number of calibration samples needed is estimated from existing studies and suggested for future applications. The result has important implication to the translational research of microarray as a practical disease diagnosis and prognosis prediction tool.
Contact: ctseng@pitt.edu
Availability: http://www.biostat.pitt.edu/bioinfo/
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Variation in spatial distribution and migration of Icelandic summer-spawning herring
Authors: Óskarsson Gudmundur J. , Gudmundsdottir A. , Sigurdsson T. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Óskarsson, G. J., Gudmundsdottir, A., and Sigurdsson, T. 2009. Variation in spatial distribution and migration of Icelandic summer-spawning herring. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1762–1767. The distribution of the fishable stock of Icelandic summer-spawning herring (Clupea harengus L.) and the overwintering grounds have changed with fishing seasons from 1978/1979 through 2006/2007. The possible causes investigated include variation in sea temperatures, stock size, and annual recruitment. The stock collapsed as a result of overfishing and environmental changes during the late 1960s, since when the spawning stock has gradually increased, from 11 kt in 1972 to 800 kt in 2006. These changes coincided with geographic variation in its distribution. We identify five phases, based on a graphic analysis and the centre of gravity of the fishery. Investigations on a large geographic scale gave no clear indication that sea temperature has affected the distribution. Changes were also not clearly related to stock size or year-class strength. The distribution change in the late 1990s may be partly explained by year classes adopting a new migration pattern when entering the fishable stock.
Acoustic species identification of schooling fish
Authors: Korneliussen Rolf J. , Heggelund Yngve , Eliassen Inge K. , Johansen Geir O. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Korneliussen, R. J., Heggelund, Y., Eliassen, I. K., and Johansen, G. O. 2009. Acoustic species identification of schooling fish. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1111–1118. The development of methods for the acoustic identification of fish is a long-term objective aimed at reducing uncertainty in acoustic-survey estimates. The relative frequency response r(f) measured simultaneously at several frequencies is one of the main acoustic features that characterize the targets, but the relationship between nearest neighbours, school morphology, and environmental and geographical data are also important characteristics in this context. The number of acoustic categories that can be separated with a high spatial resolution is limited by the stochastic nature of the measurements. Because the acoustic categorization of larger ensembles is more reliable than for single targets, spatial smoothing of the backscattering within the school boundaries before that process allows the separation of more categories than is possible with the raw, highly resolved data. Using the mean r(f) of an entire school gives even more reliable categorization, but determining whether or not the school is monospecific sets a new challenge. This problem is evaluated here. The methods are tested and verified. Identification of acoustic categories with similar acoustic properties is done for schooling fish, although the results have limited spatial resolution. The reliability of the categorization is further improved when knowledge of school morphology and geographical distribution of the species are taken into account.
Late Cenozoic structural and stratigraphic evolution of the northern Chinese Tian Shan foreland
Authors: Lu Honghua , Burbank Douglas W. , Li Youli , Liu Yunming 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThree successive zones of fault‐related folds disrupt the proximal part of the northern Tian Shan foreland in NW China. A new magnetostratigraphy of the Taxi He section on the north limb of the Tugulu anticline in the middle deformed zone clarifies the chronology of both tectonic deformation and depositional evolution of this collisional mountain belt. Our ∼1200‐m‐thick section encompasses the upper Cenozoic terrigenous sequence within which ∼300 sampling horizons yield an age span of ∼8–2 Ma. Although the basal age in the Taxi He section of the Xiyu conglomerate (often cited as an indicator of initial deformation) is ∼2.1 Ma, much earlier growth of the Tugulu anticline is inferred from growth strata dated at ∼6.0 Ma. Folding of Neogene strata and angular unconformities in anticlines in the more proximal and distal deformed zones indicate deformation during Miocene and Early Pleistocene times, respectively. In the Taxi He area, sediment‐accumulation rates significantly accelerate at ∼4 Ma, apparently in response to encroaching thrust loads. Together, growth strata, angular unconformities, and sediment‐accumulation rates document the northward migration of tectonic deformation into the northern Tian Shan foreland basin during the late Cenozoic. A progradational alluvial–lacustrine system associated with this northward progression is subdivided into two facies associations at Tugulu: a shallow lacustrine environment before ∼5.9 Ma and an alluvial fan environment subsequently. The lithofacies progradation encompasses the time‐transgressive Xiyu conglomerate deposits, which should only be recognized as a lithostratigraphic unit. Along the length of the foreland, the locus of maximum shortening shifts between the medial and proximal zones of folding, whereas the total shortening across the foreland remains quite homogeneous along strike, suggesting spatially steady tectonic forcing since late Miocene times.
The use of gastrointestinal intubation studies for controlled release development
Authors: Sutton Steven C. 
Published: May 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Regional gastrointestinal absorption and toleration studies to support controlled release (CR) development have been limited to naso‐intubation and telemetric capsule methods.• The use of intubation for this purpose has been individually reported for single CR candidates; viz rivastigmine, and UK‐338,003.• Nyberg et al. have recently published a report on 13 Phase I studies using a telemetric capsule. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • When the highest ethical standards were employed in the recruitment, treatment, compensation and follow‐up care given to all participants, subjects were easily recruited, and clinical intubation studies were uncomplicated to complete.• From the eight Phase I studies, improved methods are proposed for unequivocal interpretation of the results.• When required, clinical intubation studies are uniquely designed to aid in the CR development of drug candidates.AIMSThis review describes clinical results of gastrointestinal intubation studies of eight controlled release (CR) candidates under development during the 1990s and offers suggestions for determining why, when and how to conduct human intubation studies.METHODSExperience with the administration of the following eight compounds to various regions of the gastrointestinal tract is described: CJ‐13,610, CP‐195,543, CP‐331,684, CP‐409,092, CP‐424,391, azithromycin, sertraline, and trovafloxacin. Also included are human pharmacokinetic studies with prototype CR dosage forms for CJ‐13,610 and CP‐424,391.RESULTSIntubation studies, while appearing invasive, are safe and not unpleasant procedures that have been found to be valuable in the development of CR formulations.CONCLUSIONSThe following recommendations are made regarding intubation studies: (i) no intubation study is recommended for compounds with high permeability, since these compounds are likely to be well absorbed from the colon; (ii) compounds with moderate permeability may require an intubation study if the dog colon and in silico models predict a marginally acceptable CR concentration–time profile; (iii) use a dose that approximates 1 h of the intended CR delivery rate; (iv) use the smallest volume possible; (v) define and record tubing placement; (vi) use a thermodynamically stable solution or/and suspension.