bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Methods Used in Comparative Field Testing of Commensal Rodenticides
Authors: Daniel Ashton A , Jackson WB , McCumber JH 
Published: March 2009

Comparative field testing of commensal rodenticides is defined as a side-by-side testing of two or more materials under similar environmental conditions. This differs from comparison of field test data, where information is obtained at different times or under different environmental field conditions.
Comparative testing provides valuable information concerning advantages and limitations of rodenticides, including experience with special uses. This is useful for control operators when planning strategies for chemical and other control techniques in the development of integrated pest management. Comparative testing also may provide information pertinent to labeling instructions.
The design of a comparative field test should permit an unbiased evaluation of the rodenticides. The test site should be relatively homogeneous: a group of similar buildings, several contiguous city blocks, or a building which can be divided into comparable units. The use of isolated areas would be ideal but not essential if precautions are taken to avoid or limit rodent movements between areas. Equivalent pest infestations in all areas, although desirable, also are not essential if the censusing techniques are sensitive to the relative density. Use of two or more censusing techniques is desirable to prevent method limitations from biasing the test results. This permits greater flexibility in data analysis should one of the census methods prove inappropriate or unmanageable.
The test should include a control group or population, if possible. This control area (population) can be an untreated area or, in the case of a warfarin-resistant rat or mouse population, an area treated with a warfarin bait. Use of a control provides baseline information on population patterns within the test environment.
Included for discussion are comparative tests on Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in urban habitats and tests on rural resistant house mouse (Mus musculus) infestations. Rodenticides in pelletized and meal formulations were utilized as place pack and bulk baits. Compounds utilized during these evaluations include warfarin (0.025% bait), bromadiolone (Maki) (0.005% bait), brodifacoum (Talon) (0.005% bait), pyriminy (DLP-787) (10% tracking powder), and bromethalin (EL-614) (0.005% bait).
Design and Evaluation Criteria for Development of Toxic Wicks for Rodent Control
Authors: Morris KD , Proctor RD , Kaukeinen DE 
Published: March 2009

Research suggests the feasibility of using wicks to deliver toxicants for rodent control, with subsequent rodent ingestion of the toxicant through grooming. Such wicks may overcome disadvantages of more conventional control materials, such as toxic baits and tracking powders for such applications as sites with little space or access for conventional baiting, with attractive alternative food sources, or where potential hazard and contamination are of particular concern.
Several innovations for developing and evaluating toxic wicks for rodent control are described. These methods are devised to determine optimum wick systems based on considerations of outer device construction, wick configuration and composition, and the nature and concentration of the toxicant in the device. Further, the delivery system to the rodent in relation to rodent susceptibility and behavior, wick placement, longevity, and safety are explored. Although the techniques illustrated involve a brodifacoum-containing wick device for commensal house mouse control, similar considerations and test procedures would have application in developing other toxicants and wick devices for rodent control.
Criteria for the Selection and Development of Predacides
Authors: Savarie PJ , Connolly GE 
Published: March 2009

Since 1940, the Denver Wildlife Research Center has been evaluating toxicants for the control of coyotes. These lethal agents for coyotes and other predators are commonly called predacides. This paper describes our current criteria for the selection and development of predacides. Efficacy standards under practical working conditions, human and environmental safety factors, and compliance with registration requirements established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) are important criteria. Most of the criteria were developed for chemicals that would be used in the livestock protection collar (toxic collar), but they also apply to other predacidal techniques such as single lethal dose baits and large baits.
The first criterion is that the chemical be toxic to coyotes, although tests on coyotes may be precluded for chemicals that are hazardous to humans. Of prime importance is that the chemical not be dermally toxic or carcinogenic. An antidote is highly desirable but not essential. A predacide should be tasteless and odorless so that it is well accepted and should be effective at low oral doses so that the amount used is not excessive and bulky. A predacide should be effective within 24 h so that predation can be stopped as soon as possible. Chemicals that are economical and commercially available are highly desirable. Residue levels in poisoned coyotes should not be toxic to scavengers. For livestock-borne devices such as the toxic collar, the toxicant should not leave harmful residues of chemical in sheep exposed to sublethal doses. The presence of such residues could prevent marketing of sheep that had worn toxic collars. If the sheep dies, residues in or on the sheep should not be toxic to scavengers. Selective toxicity to coyotes is desirable so that nontarget species will not be poisoned if they come in contact with the chemical. Last, the chemical should be registerable and fulfill requirements as set forth by regulatory agencies.
Application of Bainite and Ferrite-Martensite Structure for High-Strength Heavy-Gage Linepipe
Authors: Takechi H , Matsuda H , Tamehiro H , Ohashi M , Nakasugi H 
Published: March 2009

It is essential for linepipe used in severe environments, such as cold regions and the deep sea, to have a good balance of strength, toughness, and weldability. To improve these properties conspicuously, ultralow carbon bainitic (ULCB) steel was developed. ULCB steel is well suited for Arctic linepipe up to American Petroleum Institute (API) Grade X80 because of its excellent girth weldability and high strength. The low-temperature toughness in the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) is, however, not sufficient for use below −45 °C because of the addition of columbium and boron. Therefore, another kind of linepipe steel must be developed for very low temperature use, such as in heavy wall pump stationing pipe. It is extremely difficult, however, to attain high strength and high toughness by conventional controlled-rolling practice without the use of columbium and boron.
To solve this difficult problem, a new chemical composition and controlled-rolling method have been developed. The typical chemical composition is 0.05C-1.6Mn-0.45Ni-0.25Mo-0.01Ti for API X65 grade steel, and the chief characteristic of controlled rolling is a very low slab reheating temperature (about 960 °C) and rolling in the austeniteferrite region. The microstructure of this steel comprises a mixture of fine elongated martensite and deformed and nondeformed ferrite, and shows the dual-phase structure.
In this paper, the effects of microalloying elements and processing parameters on the mechanical properties of UCLB and ferrite-martensite dual-phase steels are discussed, and the results of actual production tests are also presented.
Improvement of Submerged-Arc Weld Heat-Affected Zone Toughness by Titanium Additions to Linepipe Steels
Authors: McCutcheon DB , McGrath JT , Godden MJ , Ruddle GE , Weatherly G , Houghton DC 
Published: March 2009

The effect of titanium additions on the base plate properties and coarsegrained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) toughness of a partially acicular ferrite linepipe steel has been studied using laboratory melts. The heats were made with titanium levels between 0 and 0.039 weight percent, and were chill cast using cooling rates similar to those in commercial slab casting. The slabs were controlled rolled to 15-mm plate, and the CGHAZ grain size and toughness were evaluated using both double-pass submerged-arc welds (≈2 kJ/mm heat input) and simulated CGHAZ coupons.
Titanium additions between 0.005 and 0.011 weight percent restricted austenite grain coarsening during both slab reheating and thermal cycles of the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ). This improved the plate Charpy fracture appearance transition temperature and the CGHAZ toughness of simulated weld HAZs, measured by using both crack opening displacement and instrumented impact tests. Higher titanium additions (0.015 to 0.039 weight percent) at high titanium/nitrogen ratios (3.00 to 4.6) exhibited improved grain size control in comparison with the base chemistry heats, but no significant improvement in CGHAZ toughness.
The precipitate size distribution and chemistry in the as-cast, as-rolled, and welded conditions have been characterized to assess their effect on grain coarsening.
Available Granular Carriers—Properties and General Processing Methods
Authors: Ross HW 
Published: March 2009

Inert carriers are generally either inorganic minerals or botanical materials. These carriers can be divided further into granules and dust. The most popular granular carriers are the clay minerals attapulgite, montmorillonite, and vermiculite. The important botanical carriers are granular corncob and granular walnut shells.
Granular carriers can be generally described as having a mesh range of between 4 and 80 mesh. The standard sizes for clay are 8/16, 16/30, 25/50, and 30/60. Corncobs standard sizes are 8/14, 10/14, 10/20, 14/20, and 20/40.
The major producers of clay granulars carriers include Engelhard, Excel Minerals, Floridin, Lowe's, Inc., and Oil Dri. Corncob is produced in the Midwest by the Andersons, Coeval, Inc., and Mount Pulaski Products. Sand is produced by PPG Industries, Inc.
The general processing of clay follows the following sequence: (a) overburden removal, (b) mining, (c) grinding, (d) drying, (e) sizing, (f) high-temperature heating, (g) sizing, and (h) packaging and shipping.
Although this discussion may highlight only a few of the granular carriers and companies available, the intent is to introduce the reader to the granular marketplace and processing.
Granular Application Equipment—The State of the Art and Current Problems
Authors: Johnson RR 
Published: March 2009

This discussion focuses on granular application equipment purchased and used by the farmer. Often this equipment is part of a planter or seeder but may be separate or combined with other implements. Insecticide applicators are the most popular granular attachment on row crop planters, followed in order by fertilizer and herbicide attachments. Fertilizer is the most popular granule used with small grain seeders, but herbicide and insecticides are also occasionally applied. A granular applicator must meter, deliver, and distribute the chemical. In some cases, soil incorporation is also required. Granules are usually metered either through a gravity-fed metering orifice or through a positive metering device in which a constant granule volume is metered by means of a rotor. The granule is then delivered to a target location by means of gravity or pneumatic pressure. In some cases, such as with insecticides, several alternative distribution methods and sites must be provided. These include application in the seed furrow or a broadcast band over the row that either remains on the soil surface or is incorporated into the soil profile.
Engineering decisions interact with physical and chemical properties of granular chemicals. Uniform metering is dependent upon careful control of factors such as particle size, bulk density, flowability, and caking susceptibility. Factors such as granule crushing strength, abrasiveness, and impact resistance affect the vigor with which mechanical systems can be designed to handle and deliver granules. The hygroscopic and corrosive properties of granules affect maintenance procedures and durability of a given application system. Future customers will demand and deserve improved granule application systems. Interdisciplinary cooperation can assist in targeting realistic areas to improve the ease, safety, and efficiency of chemical granule use.
Laboratory and Field Characterization of Sulphlex as a Paving Binder
Authors: Kandhal PS , Mellott DB , Hoffman GL 
Published: March 2009

Plasticized sulfur (Sulphlex) binders have been developed by the Southwest Research Institute (SWRI) in Texas as a total replacement for asphalt. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation constructed an experimental pavement in October 1980 using Sulphlex 233-A binder. This study consists of laboratory and field characterization of Sulphlex in comparison to a conventional asphalt cement (AC-20).
Basic mix properties (such as, tensile strength, stiffness modulus, resilient modulus of elasticity, Marshall stability, etc.) were determined encompassing a rather wide range of pavement service temperatures: from −29 to 60°C (−20 to 140°F). The mix resistance to moisture-induced damage was also evaluated. The construction and field performance of the Sulphlex pavement have been described.
The tensile strength and stiffness modulus of the Sulphlex mix were determined to be significantly higher than the asphalt mix at temperatures lower than 16°C (60°F). The stiffness moduli data indicate that the Sulphlex mix is likely to be more prone to low temperature, nonload associated pavement cracking. The use of Sulphlex appears more promising in thick pavement layers, such as black base. Future formulations of Sulphlex binder should be aimed to lower the temperature susceptibility characteristics.
Irradiation Embrittlement of Pressure Vessel Steels: A Review of Activities in France
Authors: Petrequin P 
Published: March 2009

Research on irradiation embrittlement in modern pressure vessel steels was initiated at the French Atomic Energy Commission ten years ago. During this period many steels and welds were irradiated in the Triton and Siloe reactors; research was undertaken both independently and within the framework of research programs coordinated by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Mainly through tests of tensile and Charpy impact properties, the effects of chemical composition were studied, confirming the influence of copper and phosphorus and uncovering the surprisingly detrimental effect of nickel content. At the same time, new fracture mechanics testing procedures for irradiated materials were developed.
Today the major part of these programs is complete and future activities will probably be reduced on pressure vessel steels. The main topics for forthcoming studies are the effect of flux or irradiation rate on embrittlement and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. A review of past activities and a preview of forthcoming research is given.
During the period covered by these studies, many pressurized water reactors were built in France that are now starting to operate, with each reactor containing irradiation surveillance capsules. This important program, which is described in the second part of the paper, will lead in the next ten years to an increased knowledge of radiation embrittlement on a more statistical basis, taking into account results obtained on a reference plate.
Specific Problems of Reactor Pressure Vessels Related to Irradiation Effects
Authors: Kussmaul K 
Published: March 2009

The structural integrity of pressure vessels of light-water reactors is decisively controlled by the ductility of the vessel material. Layout and design principles as well as the chemical composition of the materials have been optimized for new plants as redundant measures to assure sufficient toughness during the whole lifetime history, an approach termed the Basis Safety Concept.
Adequate measures had to be taken to sustain the necessary safety margin in two older vessels that did not meet these advanced requirements. The necessary safety has been achieved by changing the core configuration to reduce the end-of-life fluence and thus limit the loss of toughness, and setting pressure and temperature limits on the heat-up and cool-down procedure to assure the load path, as well as by instituting an enhanced nondestructive evaluation program, especially on the joint weld of the belt line region, as a basis for fracture mechanics analysis.
Apart from surveillance and plant-specific irradiation programs, additional research and development programs are being performed to investigate irradiation damage by means of linear elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics.
Problems in the Evaluation of Reactor Vessel Surveillance Capsules
Authors: Perrin JS 
Published: March 2009

Commercial PWR and BWR power reactors in the United States each contain a series of pressure vessel steel surveillance capsules. These capsules typically contain neutron dosimeters, thermal monitors, Charpy V-notch impact specimens, and tension specimens. These capsules are periodically removed during the life of a reactor and evaluated to determine the effect of radiation on the pressure vessel steel. The pressure-temperature operating curves for the plant are adjusted as necessary by using the surveillance capsule results.
Much valuable information has been obtained from pressure vessel surveillance capsules. There are, however, numerous problems which have been encountered during the examination of these capsules. These problems could lead to a decrease in the amount of useful information obtained from a capsule. Areas in which problems have been observed include the overall surveillance program, capsule design and construction, specimen preparation and documentation, specimen testing and evaluation, and reporting.
Problems typical of those which have been observed are presented. In addition, recommendations for prevention of these problems are made.
Variability of the Precipitation Process in Time and Space
Authors: Landsberg HE 
Published: March 2009

The spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation as well as its quantity is highly variable. The coefficient of variation is a function of total annual amount. The smaller the total precipitation, the greater the variability. Sampling procedures are very deficient. The small orifices of gages cause sizeable errors. Differences in amounts collected even by closely spaced gages can be very large, especially in summer. Time series of neighboring gages as little as 5 km apart may have correlations of less than 0.5. In rolling and mountainous terrain differences in single rain events can be tremendous. This will affect the dilution of aerosols that are washed out.
Essential parameters are generally not measured. Principal among these are drop or flake diameters. These will affect both the dilution of the nuclei material and the efficiency of washout of aerosols. The number and nature of the cloud condensation nuclei are only observed in special projects. Drop sizes will change during single rain events, and the washout process will be strongly affected by the duration of precipitation events. Very few records exist of electrical charges on precipitation elements. These may have a fairly substantial influence on aerosol collection.
All of these characteristics have an influence on precipitation chemistry. They will affect the choice of sampling equipment and the sampling frequency. Notable differences exist between liquid and frozen precipitation, and information must be available about various forms of precipitation for proper interpretation. The chemical nature of the condensation nuclei for cloud formation, ultimately ending up in liquid rain, is different from the freezing nuclei involved in solid precipitation. And in many instances rain may start out as snow, melting on its way down. In all instances, whatever chemical material is dissolved or suspended in precipitation is a mixture of both the nuclei necessary for condensation or sublimation and aerosol washed out below the cloud level, and gases incorporated into precipitation either in or below the cloud.
The possibility of further chemical action among various components of advective and intercepted material makes it advisable to do any analysis as promptly as possible, preferably during the precipitation event.
Practical Quality Control of Rainwater Analyses
Authors: Tyree SY 
Published: March 2009

A detailed picture is presented of the internal consistency of the data generated by a typical acid rain monitoring system. Three independent techniques may be applied in the assessment of rainwater acidity: pH measurement, titration, and charge balance. Each is described. On the assumption that one solution can have only one acidity value, the three techniques present an excellent test for data consistency. Typical results from two extensive monitoring systems are shown.
The difficulties inherent in the titration technique are: agreement on protocol, reagent impurities, carbon dioxide interference, and weak acid end points. It will be shown that the titration technique is to be recommended in a very limited number of cases. The pH measurement technique is recommended provided it is understood that accuracy no worse than ±0.2 of a pH unit is acceptable. Methods of minimizing error are discussed. The charge balance method presumes the measurement of eight ions, minimum. Error sums and ultimate accuracy are described. Methodology recommendations are made. Practical results of analyses of real samples collected and analyzed by very inexperienced personnel under “adequate” supervision are shown.
Analysis of Rain by Ion Chromatography
Authors: Fitchett AW 
Published: March 2009

Ion chromatography (IC) incorporates ion exchange chromatography coupled to eluent suppression and electrical conductivity detection for the sequential elution and determination of anions or cations. In the area of rainwater analysis, IC offers the ability to determine anion and cation profiles at below parts per million levels in very small samples. IC is being used presently in several rain sampling networks such as Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the United States Geological Survey. The parameters that are commonly measured by IC in rainwater are fluoride, chloride, phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
This paper deals with all aspects of IC as it pertains to rainwater analysis and includes theory and instrumentation along with sample analysis. Details on the precision and accuracy of the technique and a comparison to other methodology are shown.
Applications of Within-Event Precipitation Chemistry Measurements
Authors: Raynor GS , Hayes JV 
Published: March 2009

Chemical measurements from hourly sequential precipitation samples and simultaneous meteorological measurements and observations were analyzed to discover relationships between chemical species, infer atmospheric mechanisms, relate precipitation chemistry to meteorological events and conditions, and identify probable pollutant source regions. Analytical methods that can be applied to short-period samples, but usually not to event, weekly, or monthly samples, are described and illustrated.
Changes in concentrations of chemical species during precipitation events can be documented and used to infer atmospheric processes. These changes can be related also to meteorological conditions such as changes in rainfall rate and wind direction or to frontal passages. Source directions and probable source regions can be located by wind direction and trajectory analyses. Means of many samples taken under similar conditions can document relationships between meteorological conditions, concentrations in precipitation, and amounts of wet deposition.