bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using an economic framework to inform management of environmental entitlements
Authors: Horne Avril , Stewardson Michael , Freebairn John , McMahon Thomas A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThere is much in the scientific literature dealing with methods to determine environmental water requirements in streams. However, most of these methods are suited to long‐term water resource planning and setting regulatory targets. In Australia, the environment is now recognized as a legitimate user of water with its own water entitlement. With this in mind, and in the context of a water market, transparent decisions need to be made as to how best to utilize environmental water reserves on yearly, monthly or even daily basis. Environmental water managers must identify priority flow components and environmental assets. This will call for information on environmental water requirements to be presented in a manner that informs operational decisions. This paper proposes that describing environmental requirements as a function relating to different flow levels, a relationship named here as an environmental response curve, is an important first step in making transparent decisions to achieve the best outcome from limited environmental entitlements. The environmental response curves allow the marginal benefit of water (or value of each additional ML) to the environment to be understood. This allows environmental recommendations to be more readily translated into operational rules. This is not a new environmental flows methodology. The contribution of this paper is representing existing data to allow operational decisions. This paper provides a possible way forward in representing environmental demands for operation of environmental water and highlights areas where our current knowledge falls short. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in abiotic and biotic phosphorus uptake across a gradient of stream condition
Authors: Aldridge Kane T. , Brookes Justin D. , Ganf George G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDegraded streams have been shown to retain fewer nutrients than un‐modified streams. The aim of this project was to investigate the relative importance of abiotic and biotic pathways of phosphorus uptake by epilithic communities in un‐modified and modified streams. This was investigated through a series of filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP)‐uptake experiments in two streams of the Torrens River Catchment, South Australia. Total benthic FRP uptake was assessed as the loss of FRP to un‐sterilized epilithic communities (kT), abiotic uptake was the loss to sterilized epilithic communities (kA) and biotic uptake (kB) was the difference between total and abiotic uptake. It was hypothesized that un‐modified reaches would have higher kA and kB than degraded and engineered reaches. Overall, kT, kA and kB were greatest in un‐modified reaches, but this pattern was not consistent across seasons. kT and kB were greatest in the un‐modified reaches in autumn–winter and late spring, but not in winter–spring. Differences in kB were best explained by phosphorus availability in the water column and the period of continuous flow. kA was greatest in the un‐modified reaches in autumn–winter, greatest in the degraded reaches in winter–spring, but similar in the un‐modified reaches and degraded reaches in late spring. kA was most dependent upon the background FRP concentration, but also the attached organic matter in the un‐modified reaches. The project demonstrated that several impacts of changes in land‐use can alter the affinity of biotic and abiotic processes for phosphorus, which will have implications for in‐stream nutrient availability and downstream ecosystems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fish community structure in natural and engineered habitats in the Kansas River
Authors: White Katherine , Gerken Joseph , Paukert Craig , Makinster Andrew 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe investigated fish assemblage structure in engineered (rip‐rap) and natural habitats (log jams and mud banks) in the Kansas River USA to determine if natural structures had higher abundance and diversity of fishes at a local spatial scale. A total of 439 randomly selected sites were boat electrofished from May to August 2005 and 2006. Mean species diversity and richness were significantly higher in rip‐rap than log jams and mud banks. Mean relative abundance (CPUE; number of fish collected per hour electrofishing) of six of the 15 most common fishes (>1% of total catch) were most abundant in rip‐rap, two were most abundant in log jams, and none in mud banks. Rip‐rap had the highest relative abundance of fluvial specialist and macrohabitat generalists, whereas mean CPUE of fluvial dependents was highest in log jams. Although a discriminant function analysis indicated that nine size classes (eight species) discriminated among three habitat types, the high misclassification rate (38%) suggested a high degree of fish assemblage overlap among the habitats. Although previous work has suggested that engineered structures (rip‐rap) and urbanization are linked to reduced biotic diversity or reduced growth of fish species, our results suggest that at a local scale rip‐rap may not have the same negative impacts on fish assemblages. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model‐based multiplicity estimation of population size
Authors: Laska Eugene M. , Meisner Morris , Wanderling Joseph 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA survey is conducted atwofKselection units or lists, e.g. health care institutions or weeks in a year, to estimateN, the total number of individuals with particular characteristics. Our estimator utilizes two items determined for each survey participant: the number,u, among thewlists inSand the number,j, among allKlists on which each survey participant appears. In its traditional form, selection units are chosen using probability sampling and the statistical properties of the estimator derive from the sampling mechanism. Here, selection units are purposively chosen to maximize the chance that they are ‘typical’ and a model‐based analysis is used for inference. If the sample is typical, the ML estimators ofNandE(J) are unbiased. If a condition on the second moment ofU/Jis satisfied, the model‐based variance of the estimator ofNbased on a purposively chosen typical sample is smaller than one based on a randomly chosen sample. Methods to test whether the typical assumption is valid using data from the survey are not yet available. The importance of proper selection of the sample to maximize the chance that it is typical and model breakdown does not occur must be emphasized. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian hierarchical nonlinear model for assessing the association between genetic variation and drug cytotoxicity
Authors: Fridley Brooke L. , Jenkins Gregory , Schaid Daniel J. , Wang Liewei 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNon‐tumor cell‐based model systems have recently gained interest in pharmacogenetic research as a hypothesis generating tool. The hypotheses generated from these model systems can be followed up in functional studies, or tested in individuals taking the same investigational agents. The current cellular phenotypes (e.g. cytotoxicity) of interest in these studies are based on the effects of an individual dosage of a drug on the cell lines, or a summary of results at many dosages of a drug (e.g. dose that inhibits 50 per cent of cell growth, GI 50 ). A more complete analysis of the impact of genetic variation on all aspects of the dose–response curve may lend additional insight into the pharmacogenomics of a particular drug. This paper illustrates the use of a Bayesian hierarchical nonlinear model for the analysis of pharmacogenomic data with cytotoxicity endpoints. The model is illustrated with cytotoxicity and expression data collected on cell lines from a pharmacogenomic study of the drug gemcitabine. By completing an analysis based on the entire dose–response curve, we were able to detect additional genes that affect not only the GI 50, but also the slope of the curve, which reflects the therapeutic index of the drug. Simulation studies also demonstrate that in comparison with the analyses based on the commonly used summary measure GI 50, investigation of the impact of genetic variation on all aspects of the cytotoxicity dose–response curve is more informative, and more powerful with respect to detecting the effect of gene expression on cytotoxicity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian inference from incomplete longitudinal data: A simple method to quantify sensitivity to nonignorable dropout
Authors: Xie Hui 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBayesian approach has been increasingly used for analyzing longitudinal data. When dropout occurs in the study, analysis often relies on the assumption of ignorable dropout. Because ignorability is a critical and untestable assumption without obtaining additional data or making other unverifiable assumptions, it is important to assess the impact of departures from the ignorability assumption on the key Bayesian inferences. In this paper, we extend the Bayesian index of local sensitivity to non‐ignorability (ISNI) method proposed by Zhang and Heitjan to longitudinal data with dropout. We derive formulas for the Bayesian ISNI when the complete longitudinal data follow a linear mixed‐effect model. The calculation of the index only requires the posterior draws or summary statistics of these draws from the standard analysis of the ignorable model. Thus, our approach avoids fitting any complicated nonignorable model. One can use the method to evaluate which Bayesian parameter estimates or functions of these estimates in a linear mixed‐effect model are susceptible to nonignorable dropout and which ones are not. We illustrate the method using a simulation study and two real examples: rats data set and rheumatoid arthritis clinical trial data set. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic strategic groups: deriving spatial evolutionary paths
Authors: DeSarbo Wayne S. , Grewal Rajdeep , Wang Rui 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRecent theoretical developments in the domain of strategic groups, specifically those related to cognitive groups and strategic group identity, seem to suggest that strategic group membership is likely to be relatively stable over time and that firms in a strategic group co‐evolve. Yet appropriate data analytic approaches that use information about firms over time to identify stable strategic groups and their evolutionary paths have been lacking. To overcome such limitations, this research proposes a new clusterwise bilinear multidimensional scaling model that can simultaneously identify (1) the number of strategic groups, (2) the dimensions on which the strategic groups are based, and (3) the evolution of the strategy of these groups over time. Our discussion encompasses various alternative model specifications, together with model selection heuristics based on statistical information criteria. An illustration of the proposed methodology using data pertaining to strategic variables for a sample of public banks in the tristate area of New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania across three time periods (1995, 1999, and 2003) identifies two underlying dimensions with five strategic groups that display very different evolutionary paths over time. Post hoc analysis shows pronounced differences in firm performance across the five derived strategic groups. This article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings, as well as potential future research directions. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Supra‐photoswitch Involving Sandwiched DNA Base Pairs and Azobenzenes for Light‐Driven Nanostructures and Nanodevices
Authors: Liang Xingguo , Mochizuki Toshio , Asanuma Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA supra‐photoswitch is designed for complete ON/OFF switching of DNA hybridization by light irradiation for the purpose of using DNA as a material for building nanostructures. Azobenzenes, attached to D‐threoninols that function as scaffolds, are introduced into each DNA strand after every two natural nucleotides (in the form (NNX)n where N and X represent the natural nucleotide and the azobenzene moiety, respectively). Hybridization of these two modified strands forms a supra‐photoswitch consisting of alternating natural base pairs and azobenzene moieties. In this newly designed sequence, each base pair is sandwiched between two azobenzene moieties and all the azobenzene moieties are separated by base pairs. When the duplex is irradiated by visible light, the azobenzene moieties take the trans form and this duplex is surprisingly stable compared to the corresponding native duplex composed of only natural oligonucleotides. On the other hand, when the azobenzene moieties are isomerized to the cis form by UV light irradiation, the duplex is completely dissociated. Based on this design, a DNA hairpin structure is synthesized that should be closed by visible light irradiation and opened by UV light irradiation at the level of a single molecule. Indeed, perfect ON/OFF photoregulation is attained. This is a promising strategy for the design of supra‐photoswitches such as photoresponsive sticky ends on DNA nanodevices and other nanostructures.
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias
Authors: Schramm T. , Gloning K. P. , Minderer S. , Daumer‐Haas C. , Hörtnagel K. , Nerlich A. , Tutschek B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the types and numbers of cases, gestational age at specific prenatal diagnosis and diagnostic accuracy of the diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias in a prenatal population from a single tertiary center.MethodsThis was a retrospective database review of type, prenatal and definitive postnatal diagnoses and gestational age at specific prenatal diagnosis of all cases of skeletal dysplasias from a mixed referral and screening population between 1985 and 2007. Prenatal diagnoses were grouped into ‘correct ultrasound diagnosis’ (complete concordance with postnatal pediatric or pathological findings) or ‘partially correct ultrasound diagnosis’ (skeletal dysplasias found postnatally to be a different one from that diagnosed prenatally).ResultsWe included 178 fetuses in this study, of which 176 had a prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of ‘skeletal dysplasia’. In 160 cases the prenatal diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia was confirmed; two cases with skeletal dysplasias identified postnatally had not been diagnosed prenatally, giving 162 fetuses with skeletal dysplasias in total. There were 23 different classifiable types of skeletal dysplasia. The specific diagnoses based on prenatal ultrasound examination alone were correct in 110/162 (67.9%) cases and partially correct in 50/162 (30.9%) cases, (160/162 overall, 98.8%). In 16 cases, skeletal dysplasia was diagnosed prenatally, but was not confirmed postnatally (n = 12 false positives) or the case was lost to follow‐up (n = 4). The following skeletal dysplasias were recorded: thanatophoric dysplasia (35 diagnosed correctly prenatally of 40 overall), osteogenesis imperfecta (lethal and non‐lethal, 31/35), short‐rib dysplasias (5/10), chondroectodermal dysplasia Ellis‐van Creveld (4/9), achondroplasia (7/9), achondrogenesis (7/8), campomelic dysplasia (6/8), asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia Jeune (3/7), hypochondrogenesis (1/6), diastrophic dysplasia (2/5), chondrodysplasia punctata (2/2), hypophosphatasia (0/2) as well as a further 7/21 cases with rare or unclassifiable skeletal dysplasias.ConclusionPrenatal diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias can present a considerable diagnostic challenge. However, a meticulous sonographic examination yields high overall detection. In the two most common disorders, thanatophoric dysplasia and osteogenesis imperfecta (25% and 22% of all cases, respectively), typical sonomorphology accounts for the high rates of completely correct prenatal diagnosis (88% and 89%, respectively) at the first diagnostic examination. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐stabilizing minimum connected covers of query regions in sensor networks
Authors: Das Sajal K. , Datta Ajoy K. , Potop‐Butucaru Maria Gradinariu , Patel Rajesh , Yamazaki Ai 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSensor networks are mainly used to gather strategic information in various monitored areas. Sensors may be deployed in zones where their internal memory, or the sensors themselves, can be corrupted. Since deployed sensors cannot be easily replaced, network persistence and robustness are the two main issues that have to be addressed while efficiently deploying large scale sensor networks.The sensing radius of a sensor is the distance within which a sensor can monitor certain events. The communication radius of a sensor is the distance within which a sensor can transmit and receive data. A sensor is said to cover a particular monitored area if a circular area, with radius equal to that sensor's sensing radius, covers that area. A set of sensors is said to be strongly connected if any two sensors in the set can communicate with each other, either directly or indirectly. The goal of forming a minimum connected cover of a query region in sensor networks is to select a subset of nodes that entirely covers a particular monitored area, which is strongly connected, and which does not contain a subset with the same properties. Selecting a minimal number of connected sensors is an NP hard problem. In our work, we address minimality in terms of inclusion.In this paper, we consider the most general case, wherein every sensor has a different sensing and communication radius. We propose two novel and robust solutions to the minimum connected cover problem that can cope with both transient faults (corruptions of the internal memory of sensors) and sensor crash/join. Also, our proposal includes extended versions which use multi‐hop information.We also prove the self‐stabilization property of our solutions, both analytically and through extended simulations. A self‐stabilizing system is a system that, when started from an arbitrary state, is always guaranteed to recover following the occurrence of (transient) faults and converge to a desired behavior (legitimate state) in a finite number of steps.Viasimulations, we also conclude that our solutions provide better performance, in terms of coverage, than preexisting self‐stabilizing solutions. Moreover, we observe that multi‐hop solutions produce a better approximation to an optimal cover set. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The comparative analytical performance of the Beagle 2 X‐ray Spectrometer for in situ geochemical analysis on Mars
Authors: Talboys D. L. , Potts P. J. , Fraser G. W. , Butcher G. , Wegrzynek D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Beagle 2 X‐ray Spectrometer (B2 XRS) instrument was part of the Beagle 2 Mars lander payload and intended to perform in situ geochemical analyses of geological materials on Mars. The analytical performance of a spare version of the B2 XRS was compared with (1) a portable X‐ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometer designed to perform terrestrial fieldwork and (2) a laboratory‐based wavelength‐dispersive (WD‐XRF) system used to produce high quality geochemical data. The criteria used to assess the performance were based on fitting precision, accuracy and detection limit, determined from the analysis of international geochemical reference materials. The fitting precision of the B2 XRS and PXRF was found to be in agreement with the Horwitz function (a benchmark relating the analysed concentration of an analyte to its uncertainty) over 4 orders of magnitude of concentration range from 10−1 to 10−5 g/g. The PXRF generally had a better fitting precision than the B2 XRS because of its better resolution. In order of improving accuracy, the spectrometers generally are ranked B2 XRS, PXRF and WD‐XRF for various major and trace elements. A limiting factor in the accuracy of the B2 XRS was the application of the algorithm used for its quantitative analysis. The detection limits for the spectrometers ranked in the same order as the accuracy as a result of improving signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of elemental peaks, which is a direct consequence of improving resolution between these spectrometers. Overall, the B2 XRS was found to have a favourable analytical performance compared to the benchmark spectrometers, despite having met considerable design constraints and qualification tests as a planetary instrument. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Kristallchemie der Oxometallate des Cadmiums
Authors: Müller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn oxo/‐vanadates, ‐chromates, ‐wolframates, ‐germanates, for example, Cd2+ appears as cationic part of the crystal structures and shows mainly octahedral coordination by oxygen. It is amazing that CdMoO4 (Scheelite type) and α‐CdUO4 are containing CdO8‐polyhedra. The first mentioned compound shows distorted two times capped trigonal CdO6+2 prisms, in α‐CdUO4 the coordination number eight is realized by CdO8‐cubes. The only one example of sevenfold coordinated Cd2+ is CdV3O7. The compound CaCd2Bi2Nb4O15 shows in the anionic part of the crystal structure Nb4O15 blocks (allocated to the Aurivillius phases). The NbO6‐octahedra network corresponds a yet unknown higher Ruddlesden‐Popper phase too. The so called oxocadmates are formed by the large alkaline metals and barium. For example: BaCdO2; RbCdO2; K2Cd2O3; K6CdO4; Cs2K2Cd3O5 and Cs14Cd9O16. The compositions generally show metal rich compounds stand out due low coordination numbers of the big alkaline metals. On the other hand the oxygen deficit will lead to the smallest possible tetrahedral coordination of Cd2+. Special structural features found in the crystal structure of Cs14Cd9O16 are Cd9O16‐polyhedra blocks. Na2CdO2 is no member of the oxocadmates because of the common statistically distribution of large alkali Na+ and Cd2+ ions at the same point position of oxygen in the Bixbyite (Mn2O3) type. Despite the fact that Cs2K2Cd3O5 is a member of metal rich compounds it shows Cs+ inside a large extremely deformed CsO7‐polyhedron. Cd3Bi10O20 and CaCd2Bi2Nb4O15 are examples of lone pair activity of Bi3+. A special feature of Cd3Bi10O20 is the common use of one lone pair coming from two Bi3+ ions.
A Bromide‐bridged Platinum(II) Complex as Precursor to a Neutral Platinum Compound with a Base‐Stabilized Borylene Ligand
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Brenner Peter , Radacki Krzysztof 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe bromide‐bridged dinuclear platinum complex [(Cy3P){Br(Fc)B}Pt(μ‐Br)]2(1) (Fc = ferrocenyl) was synthesized by the abstraction of PCy3 from trans‐[(Cy3P)2Pt{(B(Fc)Br}Br] with concomitant build up of the phosphine borane adduct. This compound was shown to be a precursor for the first neutral base‐stabilized platinum borylene complex cis‐[Br2Pt(PCy3){B(Fc)NC5H4–4‐Me}](2). All compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in solution and single crystal crystallographic analysis.
Solvothermal Syntheses and Characterization of New Transition Metal Chalcogenidogermanates [{Co(tepa)}2(μ‐Ge2S6)] and [{M(tepa)}2(μ‐Ge2Se6)] (M = Mn, Fe) (tepa = Tetraethylenepentamine)
Authors: Chen Jiang‐Fang , Jin Qin‐Yan , Pan Ying‐Li , Zhang Yong , Jia Ding‐Xian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNew transition metal chalcogenidogermanates [{Co(tepa)}2(μ‐Ge2S6)] (1) and [{M(tepa)}2(μ‐Ge2Se6)] (M = Mn (2), Fe (3); tepa = tetraethylenepentamine) were synthesized with GeO2, S(Se) and transition metal chloride as starting materials in tepa under solvothermal conditions. Complexes 1–3 crystallize in isostructural tetragonal space group I41/a. In 1–3, the hexachalcogenidodigermanate anions are composed of two GeS4 or GeSe4 tetrahedra sharing a common edge, and act as bridging ligands by the trans terminal chalcogen atoms to link two [M(tepa)]2+ cations, resulting in neutral complexes. All transition metal ions are in octahedral coordination environment involved in five nitrogen atoms and one chalcogen atom. Hydrogen bonds lead to three‐dimensional networks of [{Co(tepa)}2(μ‐Ge2S6)] and [{M(tepa)}2(μ‐Ge2Se6)] moieties in the crystal structures. TG‐DSC curves show that 1–3 get rid of tepa ligands in 180–400 °C temperature range when heated under nitrogen stream.