bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropathic pain models in the development of analgesic drugs
Authors: Honoré Per Hartvig , Basnet Anna , Eljaja Laila , Kristensen Pernille , Andersen Lene Munkholm , Neustrup Signe , Møllgaard Pia , Bjerrum Ole J. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Introduction
Animal disease models are predictive for signs seen in disease. They may rarely mimic all signs in a specific disease in humans with respect to etiology, cause or development. Several models have been developed for different pain states and the alteration of behavior has been interpreted as a response to external stimulus or expression of pain or discomfort. Considerable attention must be paid not to interpret other effects such as somnolence or motor impairment as a pain response and similarly not to misinterpret the response of analgesics.
Neuropathic pain is caused by injury or disease of the somatosensory system. The clinical manifestations of neuropathic pain vary including both stimulus-evoked and non-stimulus evoked (spontaneous) symptoms. By pharmacological intervention, the threshold for allodynia and hyperalgesia in the various pain modalities can be modulated and measured in animals and humans. Animal models have been found most valuable in studies on neuropathic pain and its treatment.

Aim of the study
With these interpretation problems in mind, the present text aims to describe the most frequently used animal models of neuropathic pain induced by mechanical nerve injury.

Methods
The technical surgical performance of these models is described as well as pain behavior based on the authors own experience and from a literature survey.

Results
Nerve injury in the hind limb of rats and mice is frequently used in neuropathic pain models and the different types of lesion may afford difference in the spread and quality of the pain provoked. The most frequently used models are presented, with special focus on the spared nerve injury (SNI) and the spinal nerve ligation/transection (SNL/SNT) models, which are extensively used and validated in rats and mice. Measures of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity with von Frey filaments and Hargreaves test, respectively, are described and shown in figures.

Conclusions
A number of animal models have been developed and described for neuropathic pain showing predictive value in parallel for both humans and animals. On the other hand, there are still large knowledge gaps in the pathophysiologic mechanisms for the development, maintenance and progression of the neuropathic pain syndrome

Implications
Better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms of neuropathic pain in animal models may support the search for new treatment paradigms in patients with complex neuropathic pain conditions
Numerical simulation of two-dimensional Faraday waves with phase-field modelling
Authors: Takagi Kentaro , Matsumoto Takeshi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA fully nonlinear numerical simulation of two-dimensional Faraday waves between two incompressible and immiscible fluids is performed by adopting the phase-field method with the Cahn–Hilliard equation due to Jacqmin (J. Comput. Phys., vol. 155, 1999, pp. 96–127). Its validation is checked against the linear theory. In the nonlinear regime, qualitative comparison is made with an earlier vortex-sheet simulation of two-dimensional Faraday waves by Wright, Yon & Pozrikidis (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 400, 2000, pp. 1–32). The vorticity outside the interface region is studied in this comparison. The period tripling state, which is observed in the quasi-two-dimensional experiment by Jiang, Perlin & Schultz (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 369, 1998, pp. 273–299), is successfully simulated with the present phase-field method.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN INFANT MORTALITY IN SPITALFIELDS, LONDON, 1750–1839
Authors: HUMPHREY LOUISE , BELLO SILVIA , ROUSHAM EMILY 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThis study examines sex differences in infant mortality in Spitalfields, London, and the estimated contribution of endogenous and exogenous factors to neonatal and infant mortality using the biometric model from 1750 to 1839. There was a marked decline in the risk of death during infancy and the neonatal period for both sexes during the study period. There was significant excess male infant mortality compared with that of females in the 1750–59 cohort, estimated from baptism and burial registers, but not in later cohorts. Similarly, males had higher neonatal mortality rates than females in 1750–59 but not in later cohorts. Biometric analyses suggest that the observed decrease in neonatal mortality in both sexes was caused by a reduction in both endogenous and exogenous causes of death. The contribution of maternal health and breast-feeding practices to the observed patterns of mortality is discussed in the light of available evidence.
Magnetic fabric and tectonic setting of the Early to Middle Jurassic felsic dykes at Pitt Point and Mount Reece, eastern Graham Land, Antarctica
Authors: Žák Jiří , Soejono Igor , Janoušek Vojtěch , Venera Zdeněk 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAt Pitt Point, the east coast of Graham Land (Antarctic Peninsula), the Early to Middle Jurassic (Toarcian–Aalenian) rhyolite dykes form two coevally emplaced NNE–SSW and E–W trending sets. The nearly perpendicular dyke sets define a large-scale chocolate-tablet structure, implying biaxial principal extension in the WNW–ESE and N–S directions. Along the nearby north-eastern slope of Mount Reece, the WNW–ESE set locally dominates suggesting variations in the direction and amount of extension. Magnetic fabric in the dykes, revealed using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) method, indicates dip-parallel to dip-oblique (?upward) magma flow. The dykes are interpreted as representing sub-volcanic feeder zones above a felsic magma source. The dyke emplacement was synchronous with the initial stages of the Weddell Sea opening during Gondwana break-up, but it remains unclear whether it was driven by regional stress field, local stress field above a larger plutonic body, or by an interaction of both.
The geochemistry of upland ponds, Taylor Valley, Antarctica
Authors: Lyons W. Berry , Welch Kathleen A. , Gardner Christopher B. , Jaros Chris , Moorhead Daryl L. , Knoepfle Jennifer L. , Doran Peter T. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica are the largest ice-free region on the continent. These valleys contain numerous water bodies that receive seasonal melt from glaciers. For forty years, research emphasis has been placed on the larger water bodies, the permanent ice-covered lakes. We present results from the first study describing the geochemistry of ponds in the higher elevations of Taylor Valley. Unlike the lakes at lower elevations, the landscape on which these ponds lie is among the oldest in Taylor Valley. These upland ponds wax and wane in size depending on the local climatic conditions, and their ionic concentrations and isotopic composition vary annually depending on the amount of meltwater generated and their hydrologic connectivity. This study evaluates the impact of changes in summer climate on the chemistry of these ponds. Although pond chemistry reflects the initial meltwater chemistry, dissolution and chemical weathering within the stream channels, and possibly permafrost fluid input, the primary control is the dilution effect of glacier melt during warmer summers. These processes lead to differences in solute concentrations and ionic ratios between ponds, despite their nearby proximity. The change in size of these ponds over time has important consequences on their geochemical behaviour and potential to provide water and solutes to the subsurface.
Paper Productivity of Ground-based Large Optical Telescopes from 2000 to 2009
Authors: Kim Sang Chul 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe present an analysis of the scientific (refereed) paper productivity of the current largest (diameter > 8m) ground-based optical (and infrared) telescopes during the ten-year period from 2000 to 2009. The telescopes for which we have gathered and analysed the scientific publication data are the two 10-m Keck telescopes, the four 8.2-m Very Large Telescopes (VLT), the two 8.1-m Gemini telescopes, the 8.2-m Subaru telescope, and the 9.2-m Hobby–Eberly Telescope (HET). We have analysed the numbers of papers published in various astronomical journals produced by using these telescopes. While the total numbers of papers from these observatories are largest for the VLT, followed by Keck, Gemini, Subaru, and HET, the number of papers produced by each component of the telescopes is largest for Keck, followed by VLT, Subaru, Gemini, and HET. In 2009, each telescope of the Keck, VLT, Gemini, Subaru, and HET observatories produced 135, 109, 93, 107, and 5 refereed papers, respectively. We have shown that each telescope of the Keck, VLT, Gemini, and Subaru observatories is producing 2.1 ± 0.9 Nature and Science papers annually and these papers make up 1.7 ± 0.8% of all refereed papers produced by using each of those telescopes. Extending this relation, we propose that this ratio of the number of Nature and Science papers to the total number of refereed papers that will be produced by future extremely large telescopes (ELTs) will remain similar. From a comparison of the publication trends of the above telescopes, we suggest that (i) having more than one telescope of the same kind at the same location and (ii) increasing the number of instruments available at the telescope are good ways to maximize the paper productivity.
Taxing development in Tanzania: why must women pay?
Authors: Bujra Janet 
Published: September 2011

The extension of a development tax to women in Tanzania raises the general issue of the relevance of gender to patterns of economic development in a country with a ‘socialist’ reputation. This article looks at the link between gender and development in Tanzania, but equally importantly it focuses on the way in which the question of gender has been contested and debated within Tanzania.
While the debate on gender has highlighted the way in which ‘socialist’ policies have intensified women's workloads without removing patriarchal social relations, the development tax both recognises the contribution of women but also exposes their continued dependence on men, since their production does not always result in cash income. Structural adjustment programmes have, however, begun to force women into the marketing of subsistence food in order to make ends meet, as the inflationary effects of adjustment bite. Rather than being ‘integrated into development’, SAPs and the Development Levy bind women more closely into capitalist and petty commodity relations of production.
The Prospects for a New Lomé convention: structural adjustment or structural transformation?
Authors: Parfitt Trevor W. , Bullock Sandy 
Published: September 2011

In December 1989 the European Community (EC) and 66 African, Caribbean and Pacific states (the ACP) completed negotiations on the establishment of a fourth Lomé Convention. There can be little doubt that one of the decisive factors in influencing the ACP to continue their association with the EC has been Lomé aid. The funding disbursed by the European Development Fund (EDF) has gained a reputation for its generous terms. It has also entailed relatively low conditionality, the EDF's only stipulation being that it should be spent on EC goods and services.
However, this benefit has been put at risk in the newly agreed text of Lomé 4. One of the central innovations of the revised convention will be to introduce a new level of conditionality into Lomé aid in the form of ‘structural adjustment’ policies. This Briefing assesses the likely impact this innovation is likely to have on the operation of the Lomé aid regime. In order to do this we shall initially review the current operation of the Lomé Convention with a view to determining how far it actually does benefit the ACP. The question of why the EC evidently feels that it is necessary to introduce structural adjustment policies into the Lomé regime will also be addressed. Finally, we shall examine how the EC is likely to implement these policies.
Do children learn history from ‘Living History’ projects?
Authors: POND MIKE , CHILDS ALAN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAdvocates of Living History, in which children are given the opportunity to experience what it was like to live through a particular time or event, often claim that children learn more through such re‐creations. Critics, however, argue that this approach, with its appeal to empathetic understanding, trivializes history and pays insufficient attention to learning the ‘facts’. A survey of the literature reveals that there is little by way of research evidence to challenge such criticisms or to support the advocates’ claims. Specifically, there has been no study of the ways in which children's knowledge and understanding of an historical period might have improved as a result of a Living History experience (as distinct from history through drama, role play or active learning, where there is some evidence). As keen organizers of Living History events, the authors of this article were anxious to discover whether their efforts had the benefits they hoped for, or whether their critics were justified. Therefore they used a research funding opportunity made available to them to conduct a study of children's learning about the Home Front during the Second World War, part of the National Curriculum Key Stage 2 programme of study. The research involved 148 children from nine schools in Norfolk. In each school an ‘experimental group’ had attended a two‐and‐a‐half‐day residential ‘evacuees’ experience at Holt Hall, in either 1990 or 1991. Each group was matched by a control group in each school. The ‘control groups’ had been taught about the same period and events at the same time, but they had not had the Living History experience. A test of ten items requiring children to comment on the historical content of pictures was constructed and piloted, then administered to both the experimental and control groups. Children's responses were then ‘marked’ and the scores analysed using a Mann‐Whitney U one‐tailed test. When scores from the experimental groups were combined, and the scores from the control groups were combined, the difference was found to be significant beyond the 0.01 level. In individual schools, the results in four were found to be statistically significant at levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.001. This appeared to justify the confidence placed in the value of Living History for children's learning.
Reforming the Canadian curriculum
Authors: Werner Walt 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTCurriculum reform in English Canada is currently driven by three national trends. The first is fiscal restraint on the part of all levels of government which results in down‐sizing of available curriculum options for students and support for teachers; this has encouraged, however, the growth of new co‐operative endeavours among educators within and across provincial jurisdictions. The second includes cultural and economic demographic realities that are challenging the relevance and accessibility of the curriculum, while the third is the political rhetoric of economic competitiveness. Curriculum scholarship is influenced by these trends because research funding comes primarily from the state.
adegenet 1.3-1: new tools for the analysis of genome-wide SNP data
Authors: Jombart Thibaut , Ahmed Ismaïl 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Summary: While the R software is becoming a standard for the analysis of genetic data, classical population genetics tools are being challenged by the increasing availability of genomic sequences. Dedicated tools are needed for harnessing the large amount of information generated by next-generation sequencing technologies. We introduce new tools implemented in the adegenet 1.3-1 package for handling and analyzing genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. Using a bit-level coding scheme for SNP data and parallelized computation, adegenet enables the analysis of large genome-wide SNPs datasets using standard personal computers.
Availability: adegenet 1.3-1 is available from CRAN: http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/adegenet/. Information and support including a dedicated forum of discussion can be found on the adegenet website: http://adegenet.r-forge.r-project.org/. adegenet is released with a manual and four tutorials totalling over 300 pages of documentation, and distributed under the GNU General Public Licence (≥2).
Contact: t.jombart@imperial.ac.uk
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MapReduce implementation of a hybrid spectral library-database search method for large-scale peptide identification
Authors: Kalyanaraman Ananth , Cannon William R. , Latt Benjamin , Baxter Douglas J. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Summary: A MapReduce-based implementation called MR-MSPolygraph for parallelizing peptide identification from mass spectrometry data is presented. The underlying serial method, MSPolygraph, uses a novel hybrid approach to match an experimental spectrum against a combination of a protein sequence database and a spectral library. Our MapReduce implementation can run on any Hadoop cluster environment. Experimental results demonstrate that, relative to the serial version, MR-MSPolygraph reduces the time to solution from weeks to hours, for processing tens of thousands of experimental spectra. Speedup and other related performance studies are also reported on a 400-core Hadoop cluster using spectral datasets from environmental microbial communities as inputs.
Availability: The source code along with user documentation are available on http://compbio.eecs.wsu.edu/MR-MSPolygraph.
Contact: ananth@eecs.wsu.edu; william.cannon@pnnl.gov
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Computational prediction of eukaryotic phosphorylation sites
Authors: Trost Brett , Kusalik Anthony 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Kinase-mediated phosphorylation is the central mechanism of post-translational modification to regulate cellular responses and phenotypes. Signaling defects associated with protein phosphorylation are linked to many diseases, particularly cancer. Characterizing protein kinases and their substrates enhances our ability to understand and treat such diseases and broadens our knowledge of signaling networks in general.
While most or all protein kinases have been identified in well-studied eukaryotes, the sites that they phosphorylate have been only partially elucidated. Experimental methods for identifying phosphorylation sites are resource intensive, so the ability to computationally predict potential sites has considerable value.
Results: Many computational techniques for phosphorylation site prediction have been proposed, most of which are available on the web. These techniques differ in several ways, including the machine learning technique used; the amount of sequence information used; whether or not structural information is used in addition to sequence information; whether predictions are made for specific kinases or for kinases in general; and sources of training and testing data.
This review summarizes, categorizes and compares the available methods for phosphorylation site prediction, and provides an overview of the challenges that are faced when designing predictors and how they have been addressed. It should therefore be useful both for those wishing to choose a phosphorylation site predictor for their particular biological application, and for those attempting to improve upon established techniques in the future.
Contact: brett.trost@usask.ca
Long-term hydrological and phytoplankton monitoring (1992–2007) of three potentially eutrophic systems in the eastern English Channel and the Southern Bight of the North Sea
Authors: Lefebvre Alain , Guiselin Natacha , Barbet Frederique , Artigas Felipe L. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Lefebvre, A., Guiselin, N., Barbet, F., and Artigas, F. L. 2011. Long-term hydrological and phytoplankton monitoring (1992–2007) of three potentially eutrophic systems in the eastern English Channel and the Southern Bight of the North Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2029–2043. The spatial and main temporal variations in nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton abundance were investigated between 1992 and 2007 in the eastern English Channel and the Southern Bight of the North Sea, zones of consistent presence of Phaeocystis globosa and diatom blooms. Silicate and phosphate were the main nutrients potentially limiting phytoplankton growth, but the dynamics of the limitation seemingly differ between sites. Phosphate concentration showed a clear monotonic decreasing trend, whereas dissolved inorganic nitrogen and silicate trends were more complex. Nitrate was rarely or never a limiting factor. Results highlight three main periods with a Phaeocystis- or diatom-dominated system in the 1990s, and a more complex pattern in the 2000s. The composition of the phytoplanktonic community is described and an attempt made to establish a link between the community and its environment in terms of variability, shifts, and trends. The effects of larger- vs. regional-scale controlling factors are also discussed.
N-Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Confers Resistance toward Biotrophic and Hemibiotrophic Pathogens via Altered Activation of AtMPK6
Authors: Schikora Adam , Schenk Sebastian T. , Stein Elke , Molitor Alexandra , Zuccaro Alga , Kogel Karl-Heinz 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria rely on quorum sensing to coordinate the collective behavior during the interactions with their eukaryotic hosts. Many Gram-negative bacteria use N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) as signals in such communication. Here we show that plants have evolved means to perceive AHLs and that the length of acyl moiety and the functional group at the γ position specify the plant’s response. Root treatment with the N-3-oxo-tetradecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (oxo-C14-HSL) reinforced the systemic resistance to the obligate biotrophic fungi Golovinomyces orontii in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei in barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants. In addition, oxo-C14-HSL-treated Arabidopsis plants were more resistant toward the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Oxo-C14-HSL promoted a stronger activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases AtMPK3 and AtMPK6 when challenged with flg22, followed by a higher expression of the defense-related transcription factors WRKY22 and WRKY29, as well as the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1 gene. In contrast to wild-type Arabidopsis and mpk3 mutant, the mpk6 mutant is compromised in the AHL effect, suggesting that AtMPK6 is required for AHL-induced resistance. Results of this study show that AHLs commonly produced in the rhizosphere are crucial factors in plant pathology and could be an agronomic issue whose full impact has to be elucidated in future analyses.