bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Texts, Authority, and Community in the South African ‘Ibandla lamaNazaretha’ (Church of the Nazaretha), 1910-1976
Authors: Cabrita Joel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis six-decade history of textual production in the Nazaretha church seeks to illuminate the changing practices of governance and community in the church during this period. The church’s documentary history provides insight into its leaders’ efforts to use texts to govern, centralize and discipline their geographically far-flung, often unruly congregations. In addition to focusing on the documentary regime instituted by the church’s leaders, this article also explores the reading and writing practices that animated ordinary believers. For laity, as well as for leaders, texts and a general range of literate practices were a means of knitting themselves together in opposition to the incursion of the state, and in distinction to contemporary rival Christians. Finally, this article also seeks to position the texts of Nazaretha leaders and laity as significant material objects in their own right.
The Child's Right to an Education: 'Consensus-Minus-One'?
Authors: Johnson Robert 
Published: March 2010

AbstractUniversal commitment to the child's right to an education is clearly insufficient for the very large number of children globally who continue to be denied that fundamental right. The right to an education places obligations on states – including donor states – and multilateral agencies within the UN system. An increasing emphasis on the merit of schooling as an effective 'investment' in the child's productive potential repudiates a rights perspective, even as purportedly rights-based UN agencies submit to such a resourcing rationale under the leadership of the World Bank, which (at best) remains silent about education as a right. The linking of access to education resources to the recipient state's submission to Bank and/or IMF budgetary mechanisms is an additional serious qualification on this right of the child. Agencies such as UNICEF must urgently act to ensure an effective rights-based framework in country-level efforts to achieve this fundamental and universal right of the child.
Constitutional Analysis: A Proclamation of Children's Right to Protection, Provision, and Participation
Authors: Driskill Samantha Tisdale , DeFalco Paige LeForce , Lang Jill Holbert , Habashi Janette 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe study of children's images as delineated in constitutional documents highlights the historical transitions that have occurred within and among countries, as manifested in the Convention of the Rights of the Child. As such, content analysis was administered to examine constitutional and amendment documents of 179 nation-states listed and recognized by the United Nations Development Programme in the Human Developmental Index. This analysis produced quantitative and qualitative data in which it described the ranking of each country and it's postulation toward children's protection, provision and participation as outlined by CRC. The findings provide greater understanding of the nation-state posture towards children as active rights bearers.
Restorative Justice through a Children's Rights Lens
Authors: Lynch Nessa 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRestorative justice is an alternative to the formal criminal justice system which focuses on repairing the harm caused to the victim of the offence, effecting reconciliation between victim and offender, and the re-integration of the offender. Its use is widespread in national youth justice systems. This article will analyse the use of restorative justice in connection with offending by children. It will be argued that despite evidence of endorsement by the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the fundamental concepts of restorative justice are at odds with a children's rights model of youth justice as required by international standards. Not only do similar concerns about due process rights exist for children as for the adult system, it is difficult to reconcile the best interests of the child standard with the victim focused approach of restorative justice, and there are doubts as to whether children have sufficient maturity for remorse and reintegration.
The Development and Validation of a Functional Assessment Tool for the Upper Extremity in the Overhead Athlete
Authors: Alberta Frank G. , ElAttrache Neal S. , Bissell Scott , Mohr Karen , Browdy Jason , Yocum Lewis , Jobe Frank 
Published: March 2010

Background There are no validated upper extremity instruments designed specifically to evaluate the performance and function of overhead athletes. Current shoulder and elbow scoring systems may not be sensitive to subtle changes in performance in this high-demand population. Hypothesis The scoring system developed in this study will be valid, reliable, and responsive in the evaluation of overhead athletes. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Based on the results of a pilot questionnaire administered to 21 overhead athletes, a final 10-item questionnaire was developed. Two hundred eighty-two healthy, competitive overhead athletes completed the new questionnaire, as well as 2 established upper extremity questionnaires, and were self-assigned into injury categories: (1) playing without pain, (2) playing with pain, and (3) not playing due to pain. Correlations between the scores and differences between injury categories were measured. Responsiveness testing was performed in an additional group of 55 injured athletes, comparing their scores before and after an intervention. Results The new score showed high correlation with the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score and the DASH sports/performing arts module. The new score correctly stratified overhead athletes by injury category (P < .0001). The new score also demonstrated excellent responsiveness, varying appropriately with improvements in injury category after treatment of injuries (P < .05). Conclusion The new patient-reported instrument is valid and responsive in the evaluation of overhead athletes. Reliability was also demonstrated for the 13-item pilot questionnaire. The results support its use for the functional assessment of overhead athletes in future studies.
Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy
Authors: Clarke Andrew W. , Ahmad Muaaze , Curtis Mark , Connell David A. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Lateral elbow tendinopathy is a common condition often diagnosed by ultrasound. Debate exists regarding which ultrasound findings correlate with disease severity and prognosis. Hypothesis: Sonographic predictors for tendon healing in patients with lateral elbow tendinopathy can be found by correlating initial ultrasound findings with subsequent changes in pain and functional disability scores after a period of nonoperative management. Study Design: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Sixty-two elbows (34 right, 28 left) in 62 patients (30 male, 32 female) with a clinical diagnosis of lateral elbow tendinopathy underwent sonographic evaluation of the common extensor origin after assessment with a validated outcome measure, the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE). After 6 months of nonoperative standardized treatment (physiotherapy with eccentric loading), the PRTEE questionnaire was repeated. Results: The mean pretreatment PRTEE was 78 (range, 51-97) and posttreatment score was 29 (range, 0-91). This difference in means was found to be significant ( P < .0001). A positive correlation was identified between the presence of a lateral collateral ligament tear ( P < .0001) and the size of the largest intrasubstance tear ( P < .0001) and poor outcome. A negative correlation was identified with amount of hypoechogenicity ( P = .0009). No correlation was found with age, sex, side, duration of symptoms, thickness of tendon, or amount of neovascularity. Conclusion: The size of intrasubstance tears and presence of a lateral collateral ligament tear on ultrasound can be used to assess lateral elbow tendinopathy severity, indicate those who may not respond to nonoperative therapy, and potentially guide more invasive treatment. Those patients with a large intrasubstance tear or tears identified on ultrasound are less likely to respond to nonoperative treatment. Presence of neovascularity has little correlation with change in pain severity or functional disability and may be a poor predictor of prognosis.
Employee Satisfaction in the Health Care Sector
Authors: Barhem Belal , Younies Hassan , Younis Mustafa 
Published: March 2010

Health care workers play a vital role in patients’ well-being. Their satisfaction is an important issue for all health care managers. Health care providers can be categorised into two groups on the basis of their financial goals and sources of funding. The two categories are: not-for-profit (NFP) publicly funded organisations; and for-profit (FP) privately funded organisations. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), FP and NFP health care organisations operate under similar government regulations and workforce diversity. However, the objectives and source of funds for FP and NFP health care organisations always affect the management style and decisions. These differences—in addition to differences related to job satisfaction and personal development—such as medical equipment, materials, facilities and the availability of support staff, have an impact on the satisfaction of health care workers. In our study, we investigate the major factors affecting health care workers’ satisfaction level within private and public health organisations in the UAE. Differences in satisfaction level based on gender, ethnicity, work type and organisation size are studied. The findings of the study show a medium level of satisfaction in the private and public sectors, with differences in all satisfaction dimensions between both sectors except for nature of job. Organisation size, too, seems to affect the satisfaction level.
Rate of Use of Referrals in the Emergency Department
Authors: Downey La Vonne A. 
Published: March 2010

The objectives of this article are: First, to determine the rate of referral completions for primary care physicians (PCPs) given out in the emergency department (ED) to the patients who are present without a PCP. The second objective is to determine the reasons given by the individuals who did not use the referrals given. The methods used during this article are: A retrospective study looking at who uses the referrals given to them in the ED during a six month ED-based pilot programme. A second prospective study using a phone survey was then done; those who did not use the referrals were contacted, which helped in determining the reasons for the non-usage. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The results of this article indicate that there was a significant difference based on gender (p = 0.001). Males, who made up 48 per cent of the total survey population, used referrals only 9 per cent of the time as compared to females. Females, at 52 per cent of the total respondents, used referrals 42 per cent of the time. There was also a significant difference (p = 0.01) based on method of payment for services. The type of payment was mixed, with 51 per cent self-pay, 30 per cent public and 18 per cent private. Those in the category of self-pay had 43 per cent non-usage as compared to 30 per cent of those with public and 7 per cent of the private payers. There was no significant difference based on the type of illness, age and/or education. The reasons given for not using referrals were: 25 per cent did not remember being given a referral; 14 per cent did not speak English well enough to understand referrals; for 10 per cent the location was inconvenient; and 10 per cent reported improvement in health condition. The usage of referrals was affected by several factors. It was affected by the insurance status, despite the patient being told that the health care provider was free of charge. The second factor was gender, with females being more likely to use the referrals given. The reasons given for non-usage were also multidimensional, with the largest percentage (25 per cent) not remembering that they were given referrals in the ED, 14 per cent having language barriers that affected use, 10 per cent finding the location difficult to reach and 10 per cent stating their condition had improved, thus not needing the referral.
Impact of highly conserved HLA haplotype on acute graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Morishima Satoko , Ogawa Seishi , Matsubara Aiko , Kawase Takakazu , Nannya Yasuhito , Kashiwase Koichi , Satake Masahiro , Saji Hiroo , Inoko Hidetoshi , Kato Shunichi , Kodera Yoshihisa , Sasazuki Takehiko , Morishima Yasuo ,   for the Japan Marrow Donor Program
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Although the effects of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus matching on clinical outcome in unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantations have been characterized, the biologic implications of HLA haplotypes have not been defined. We demonstrated the genetic fixity of Japanese conserved extended haplotypes by multi–single nucleotide polymorphism analysis in 1810 Japanese donor-recipient pairs matching with HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 alleles. Three major Japanese conserved extended haplotypes (named HP-P1, HP-P2, and HP-P3) were essentially completely conserved at least in the 3.3-Mb HLA region from HLA-A to -DPB1, and extended far beyond HLA-A. The risk of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) of these HLA haplotypes was assessed with multivariate Cox regression in 712 patients transplanted from HLA fully (HLA-A, B, C, DRB1, DQB1, and DPB1) matched unrelated donors. HP-P2 itself reduced the risk of grade 2 to 4 acute GVHD (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.63; P = .032 compared with HP-P2-negative), whereas HP-P3 tended to increase the risk (HR = 1.38; P = .07). Among 381 patients with HP-P1, HP-P1/P3 (HR = 3.35; P = .024) significantly increased the risk of acute GVHD compared with homozygous HP-P1. This study is the first to demonstrate that a genetic difference derived from HLA haplotype itself is associated with acute GVHD in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Reconstructing genome trees of prokaryotes using overlapping genes
Authors: Cheng Chih-Hsien , Yang Chung-Han , Chiu Hsien-Tai , Lu Chin Lung 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
Overlapping genes (OGs) are defined as adjacent genes whose coding sequences overlap partially or entirely. In fact, they are ubiquitous in microbial genomes and more conserved between species than non-overlapping genes. Based on this property, we have previously implemented a web server, named OGtree, that allows the user to reconstruct genome trees of some prokaryotes according to their pairwise OG distances. By analogy to the analyses of gene content and gene order, the OG distance between two genomes we defined was based on a measure of combining OG content (i.e., the normalized number of shared orthologous OG pairs) and OG order (i.e., the normalized OG breakpoint distance) in their whole genomes. A shortcoming of using the concept of breakpoints to define the OG distance is its inability to analyze the OG distance of multi-chromosomal genomes. In addition, the amount of overlapping coding sequences between some distantly related prokaryotic genomes may be limited so that it is hard to find enough OGs to properly evaluate their pairwise OG distances.

Results
In this study, we therefore define a new OG order distance that is based on more biologically accurate rearrangements (e.g., reversals, transpositions and translocations) rather than breakpoints and that is applicable to both uni-chromosomal and multi-chromosomal genomes. In addition, we expand the term "gene" to include both its coding sequence and regulatory regions so that two adjacent genes whose coding sequences or regulatory regions overlap with each other are considered as a pair of overlapping genes. This is because overlapping of regulatory regions of distinct genes suggests that the regulation of expression for these genes should be more or less interrelated. Based on these modifications, we have reimplemented our OGtree as a new web server, named OGtree2, and have also evaluated its accuracy of genome tree reconstruction on a testing dataset consisting of 21 Proteobacteria genomes. Our experimental results have finally shown that our current OGtree2 indeed outperforms its previous version OGtree, as well as another similar server, called BPhyOG, significantly in the quality of genome tree reconstruction, because the phylogenetic tree obtained by OGtree2 is greatly congruent with the reference tree that coincides with the taxonomy accepted by biologists for these Proteobacteria.

Conclusions
In this study, we have introduced a new web server OGtree2 at http://bioalgorithm.life.nctu.edu.tw/OGtree2.0/ that can serve as a useful tool for reconstructing more precise and robust genome trees of prokaryotes according to their overlapping genes.
Ectodermal Wnt6 is an early negative regulator of limb chondrogenesis in the chicken embryo
Authors: Geetha-Loganathan Poongodi , Nimmagadda Suresh , Christ Bodo , Huang Ruijin , Scaal Martin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Background
Pattern formation of the limb skeleton is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling centers located in the ectodermal sheath and mesenchymal core of the limb anlagen, which results, in the forelimb, in the coordinate array of humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and digits. Much less understood is why skeletal elements form only in the central mesenchyme of the limb, whereas muscle anlagen develop in the peripheral mesenchyme ensheathing the chondrogenic center. Classical studies have suggested a role of the limb ectoderm as a negative regulator of limb chondrogenesis.

Results
In this paper, we investigated the molecular nature of the inhibitory influence of the ectoderm on limb chondrogenesis in the avian embryo in vivo. We show that ectoderm ablation in the early limb bud leads to increased and ectopic expression of early chondrogenic marker genes like Sox9 and Collagen II, indicating that the limb ectoderm inhibits limb chondrogenesis at an early stage of the chondrogenic cascade. To investigate the molecular nature of the inhibitory influence of the ectoderm, we ectopically expressed Wnt6, which is presently the only known Wnt expressed throughout the avian limb ectoderm, and found that Wnt6 overexpression leads to reduced expression of the early chondrogenic marker genes Sox9 and Collagen II.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that the inhibitory influence of the ectoderm on limb chondrogenesis acts on an early stage of chondrogenesis upsteam of Sox9 and Collagen II. We identify Wnt6 as a candidate mediator of ectodermal chondrogenic inhibition in vivo. We propose a model of Wnt-mediated centripetal patterning of the limb by the surface ectoderm.
An allele separating skeletal patterning and spermatogonial renewal functions of PLZF
Authors: Ching Yung-Hao , Wilson Lawriston A , Schimenti John C 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger gene Plzf (also called Zbtb16, Zfp145 or Green's luxoid) belongs to the POZ/zinc-finger family of transcription factors. It contains a BTB/POZ domain that mediates epigenetic transcriptional repression. PLZF is essential for proper skeleton patterning and male germ cell renewal. Two alleles have been reported that display similar phenotypes: a targeted knock-out, and the spontaneous nonsense mutation luxoid.

Results
We describe a new ENU induced missense allele of Plzf called seven toes (Plzf
7t
). Homozygous animals exhibit hindlimb and axial skeleton abnormalities. Whereas the skeletal abnormalities are similar to those of the other alleles, Plzf
7t
differs in that it does not cause spermatogonial depletion and infertility. Positional cloning revealed a point mutation changing the evolutionarily conserved amino acid Glu44 to Gly, possibly altering the BTB domain's activity.

Conclusions

Plzf
7t
is a separation-of-function allele that reveals differential requirements for domains of PLZF in different developmental milieus.
The M1 form of tumor-associated macrophages in non-small cell lung cancer is positively associated with survival time
Authors: Ma Junliang , Liu Lunxu , Che Guowei , Yu Nanbin , Dai Fuqiang , You Zongbing 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in growth, progression and metastasis of tumors. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), TAMs' anti-tumor or pro-tumor role is not determined. Macrophages are polarized into M1 (with anti-tumor function) and M2 (with pro-tumor function) forms. This study was conducted to determine whether the M1 and M2 macrophage densities in NSCLC are associated with patient's survival time.

Methods
Fifty patients with an average of 1-year survival (short survival group) and 50 patients with an average of 5-year survival (long survival group) were included in this retrospective study. Paraffin-embedded NSCLC specimens and their clinicopathological data including up to 8-year follow-up information were used. Immunohistochemical double-staining of CD68/HLA-DR (markers for M1 macrophages) and CD68/CD163 (markers for M2 macrophages) was performed and evaluated in a blinded fashion. The M1 and M2 macrophage densities in the tumor islets, stroma, or islets and stroma were determined using computer-aided microscopy. Correlation of the macrophage densities and patient's survival time was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.

Results
Approximately 70% of TAMs were M2 macrophages and the remaining 30% were M1 macrophages in NSCLC. The M2 macrophage densities (approximately 78 to 113 per mm2) in the tumor islets, stroma, or islets and stroma were not significantly different between the long survival and short survival groups. The M1 macrophage densities in the tumor islets (approximately 70/mm2) and stroma (approximately 34/mm2) of the long survival group were significantly higher than the M1 macrophage densities in the tumor islets (approximately 7/mm2) and stroma (13/mm2) of the short survival group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). The M2 macrophage densities were not associated with patient's survival time. The M1 macrophage densities in the tumor islets, stroma, or islets and stroma were positively associated with patient's survival time in a univariate analysis (P < 0.01 or 0.001). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, the M1 macrophage density in the tumor islets was an independent predictor of patient's survival time.

Conclusions
The M1 macrophage density in the tumor islets is an independent predictor of survival time in NSCLC patients.