bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CLONING MARINE ALGAE FOR MARICULTURE
Authors: Waaland J. Robert 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTraditional marine algal mariculture relies on spores or gametes for inoculation of artificial substrates on which the algae are grown to harvest size in open waters. In the case of Porphyra and Laminaria mariculture, this process has reached a high level of sophistication. Newly established seaweed mariculture industries growing Eucheuma and Gracilaria have employed vegetative propagation techniques successfully in artificial substrate or pond culture of these algae. Successful manipulation of the regenerative potential of small, mass‐produced vegetative fragments of certain marine algae, notably Gigartina and Porphyra, has recently been used to inoculate artificial substrates with clones of these algae in experimental mariculture studies. Methods of fragment production and their inoculation on artificial substrates are described. Early development, transplantation to the field, survival in the field and subsequent growth and longevity are also described. Strain selection and maintenance of genetic stocks of cultivars can be greatly facilitated if spore or gamete reproduction can be bypassed by cloning methods. A relatively small amount of material may be used to inoculate large amounts of substrate using such cloning methods. Uniformity of response to environmental factors and uniformity of the resulting crop are advantages of the use of cloning techniques in algal mariculture.
GROWTH AND FOOD UTILIZATION OF CAGED ATLANTIC CROAKER AND STRIPED MULLET REARED ON VARIOUS LIPID DIETS IN A HEATED WATER SYSTEM
Authors: Jones Fredrick V. , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAtlantic croaker and striped mullet were caged‐cultured in the cooling lake of a power plant near Baytown, Texas, from 30 May to 2 September 1978 to determine the effects of semi‐purified diets on growth. These diets varied in the type of lipid utilized (fish oil, beef tallow or soybean oil). Temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen were monitored to determine growth rates.Survival was generally high, ranging from 80 to 100%, except for one cage of croaker which broke from its mooring line resulting in an 80% loss. Total production ranged from 3.1 to 5.4 kg/m3 and 0.55 to 2.5 kg/m3 for Atlantic croaker and striped mullet, respectively. Percent gains and production were highest for fish fed diets containing fish oil as a lipid source, rather than beef tallow or soybean oil.
INDUCED SEX INVERSION, MATURATION, SPAWNING AND EMBRYOGENY OF THE PROTOGYNOUS GROUPER, Mycteroperca microlepis
Authors: Roberts Daniel E. , Schlieder Rodric A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFemale gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) were collected from the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, maintained in closed systems and spawned. Sex inversion of this protogynous grouper was induced with oral application of methyl‐testosterone. Ovotestes of transitional males were described. Photo‐period, temperature, and hormome application were utilized to induce maturation and ovulation of females. Approximately 26,000 eggs were produced in 2 spawns. Fertilization rate was 50%. Larvae hatched after 45 hours at 21.0°C. Embryonic and early larval stages were described.
PROSPECTS FOR COMMERCIAL NETCAGE CULTURE OF RED GROUPER (Epinephelus akaara T. & S.) IN HONG KONG
Authors: Tseng Wen‐Young 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe red grouper (Epinephelus akaara T. & S.) is non‐gregarious. It likes to inhabit crevices and caverns which are formed by the reefs and artificial materials in natural waters. They have a wide tolerance to salinity, temperature and oxygen requirement. Crustaceans and fish seem to be their favorite food. Live fish have a high market demand in Hong Kong. More than 70% of the live fish is provided directly or indirectly from aquaculture. Around 25,000 cages are engaged in culture at present, and 600–900 tons of cultured fish are produced annually. Natural fingerlings are the main seed source, but there is still a 30–50% shortage of fingerlings, and although induced spawning was successful two years ago, mass production of fingerlings still has a long way to go.Several culture methods such as cage, barrier, dam, pond and reef culture are employed in Hong Kong. Among these, cage culture is predominant, with a very bright and promising future.
PERFORMANCE OF DOMESTIC AND DOMESTIC X WILD CROSSES OF CHANNEL CATFISH IN TWO WATER TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Bondari K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDomestic x Domestic, Domestic x Wild, and Wild x Wild channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were paired in individual spawning pens and subsequent egg masses were artificially incubated. Domesticated catfish originated from 5 different hatcheries located in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi and since 1974 had undergone selective breeding for 2 generations for multiple traits. Wild catfish were collected from Carlyle and Shelbyville reservoirs in Illinois and were transferred to Tifton, Georgia, for this study. None of the 8 Wild x Wild pairs spawned in captivity, but the 8 Wild ♂ x Domestic ♀ and the 8 Domestic ♂ x Wild ♀ produced 3 and 6 egg masses, respectively. The fry hatched from each of the 14 egg masses (5 from Domestic x Domestic) were standardized to 2 tanks of 500 fish each at 4 weeks of age where one tank received 22°C well water and the other 28°C from 4–12 weeks. The fish from both tanks were grown in a constant 22°C water temperature from 12–40 weeks. The objective was to produce crossbreds superior to both parents in growth and survival in 22°C well water. An increment of 6°C in water temperature for a period of 8 weeks increased body weights of both straightbred and crossbred catfish by 100%. Domestic x Domestic catfish outperformed the Domestic x Wild crossbreds in both temperature regimes. These results suggest a stronger need for growth improvement through selective breeding of channel catfish than crossbreeding with wild strains.
ECOLOGICAL AQUACULTURE, NEW APPROACHES TO AQUACULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: MacKay K. T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTExisting aquaculture systems in North America are energy intensive. For example, rainbow trout production in raceways requires an energy subsidy of 81 MJ/Kg while catfish pond production requires 44 MJ/Kg; both are more energy intensive than feed lot beef production. An alternative approach, “ecological aquaculture,” has been practiced for centuries in Asia but has only recently been applied in North America. Ecological aquaculture is energy efficient, recycles wastes, minimizes environmental impact, and is integrated with other food production systems. This paper discusses the principles of ecological aquaculture and illustrates them with examples from North American operations. Such operations range from extensive culture of rainbow trout in small productive prairie ponds to greenhouse water recirculation systems with fish supplying the nutrients for hydroponic crop production. Other examples are backyard fish production systems and polyculture pond systems fertilized by pig manure.
SOURCING Penaeus setiferus: A SUMMARY OF LARVAL PRODUCTION, INCIDENCE OF CAPTURE OF MATED FEMALES, AND MATING INCIDENCE BY TIME OF DAY ON RESEARCH CRUISES 1981–1983
Authors: Bray William A. , Lawrence Addison L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTResults of 32 collection cruises for Penaeus setiferus adults over a 3‐year period in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico are reviewed to document incidence of capture of mature females, mating incidence by time of day of capture, and larval production from natural and artificial inseminations. Mean number of eggs per spawn by year for natural inseminations ranged from 197,000–309,000 (n=160) and for artificial inseminations, 136,000–300,000 (n=174) for females averaging 38–45 g. Mean percent hatch for natural inseminations ranged from 35.3–72.8, and for artificial inseminations, 14.7–77.8. The percentage of females captured from 0900–1600 hours which were mated ranged from 0–13%, while 9–42% of those captured from 1600–2200 hours were mated. The strongest diurnal increase in mating activity occurred from 1600–1800 hours. Three mated conditions, characterized by 1) a complete compound spermatophore; 2) the “wings” or anterior portion of the spermatophore only; and 3) a sperm mass only, represented 28.4%, 38.3%, and 33.3%, respectively, at time of capture. A significant relationship was found between spermatophore stage and hour of capture (P < 0.149), suggesting there may be a sequential breakdown of the spermatophore prior to spawning.
MECHANICAL SIZE GRADING OF POSTHARVEST PRAWNS1
Authors: Arndt Gerald D. , Gautz Loren D. , Wang Jaw‐Kai 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAn inexpensive and simple mechanical size grader for freshwater prawns was developed, utilizing a pair of diverging rollers (114 mm diameter and 90 cm length). Five machine variables were studied using a two‐level fractional factorial sequential search technique. Optimum roller speed was 100 RPM, with an optimum roller incline of 10 percent. Space between rollers was 20 mm at the entrance and 29 mm at the exit. At a recomnended feeding rate of 3 prawns every 3 seconds, 90 percent correct sorting of market sized prawns was achieved.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, GLUCONEOGENESIS AND LIPOGENESIS WITH LABELLED U 14C GLUTAMATE IN COHO SALMON: EFFECT OF SEA TRANSFER
Authors: Guillaume J. , Stéphan G. , Messager J. L. , Garin D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis experiment was carried out in two groups of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) hatched in early 1982 in Brittany (France). The biggest fish (group 1) had been kept in freshwater, although smoltification had been evident during autumn 1982. The smallest fish (group 2) had not smoltified. In April 1983, fish of group 1 resembled smolts (average weight about 300 g) again while those of group 2 looked like parr (average weight about 40 g). At that time, injections of U 14C glutamate were made intraperitoneally and measurement of the incorporation of 14C into protein, glucose and lipids of plasma, liver and muscle was performed after 2, 3 or 5 hours. This operation was repeated in June on batches of salmon out of group 1 that were transferred, either into seawater (SW) or freshwater (FW) tanks. At that time, the fish were either fully adapted to SW or “desmoltified” in FW.The results show in groups 1 and SW very clear modifications of the use of glutamate as compared with groups 2 and FW: gluconeogenesis is enhanced; apparent protein anabolism is enhanced in liver, but depressed in muscle. Apparent lipogenesis from glutamate is sharply decreased; therefore preparation for, and adaptation to, seawater induces clear changes in the intermediary metabolism.A second experiment was carried out in October 1983 in fish, where gill ATPase was measured to confirm that the modifications were due to smoltification itself. The effects of autumn smoltification are, however, very different from those observed in spring.
SURVIVAL OF CAGE CULTURED BLACK DRUM, ATLANTIC CROAKER, AND STRIPED MULLET IN UPPER ESTUARINE WATER IN RELATION TO LIFE HISTORY STRATEGY
Authors: Jones Fredrick V. , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBlack drum (Pogonias cromis), Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) were cage cultured in a cooling lake of a power plant near Baytown, Texas, from 1 September 1976 through 1 September 1978 and observations on the effects of water temperature and salinity on their survival are reported.The heated‐water system was typified by high variability of and rapid drops in salinity in the intake area which moderated as water was mixed during passage through the cooling lake. Temperature averaged 11.1°C higher in the discharge canal than in the intake area, but was only about 1–2°C higher in water discharged into Trinity Bay.Survival of fishes was low in the intake area and increased progressively through the cooling lake. The most important relationship relating to mortality was the temperature‐salinity‐size interaction. Immature fish were tolerant of low temperatures combined with rapidly dropping salinity whereas older sciaenids which would normally have migrated out of the system if not caged died.
SALMONID MARINE REARING IN FRANCE
Authors: Boeuf Gilles , Harache Yves 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn a preceding paper in 1980, the status of marine salmonid rearing in French coastal waters was described and the prospects analyzed. After a period of rapid increase in production (1976–1980) a plateau was reached, and in 1983 total marketed production remained below 450 metric tons. The major part of this production was composed of rainbow trout, with coho salmon and brown trout staying at a limited scale. The causes of this evolution and the possible ways of influencing further development of this activity are discussed. Among the major factors influencing production, environmental parameters (temperature, salinity), availability of juveniles, production costs of the marine phase and market acceptability are analyzed. We include a discussion about competition with marine aquaculture products of northern Europe and the emerging production of large size rainbow trout in freshwater in southern areas of France. The major inputs to be expected from research progress and their applicability to the production phase are discussed.
CAGE CULTURE OF RED TILAPIA IN PRAWN AND SHRIMP PONDS
Authors: Meriwether Frank H. , Scura Edward D. , Okamura Wayne Y. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFeeding trials were conducted in prawn ponds (freshwater) and shrimp ponds (brackishwater) with red tilapia stocked in floating 0.8‐m3 cages. Pond sizes ranged from 0.23 to 0.45 ha. Seven ponds were stocked at a density of 26 cages/ha. One hundred 9‐9 tilapia fingerlings were stocked into each cage. Fish survival after 8 weeks averaged 98.5% excluding a set of six cages from one pond which was preempted from the study due to high mortality, possibly caused by algal toxins. The growth of caged tilapia fed supplemental diets was significantly (α = .05) higher in brackishwater than in freshwater ponds. Tilapia raised in freshwater cages without supplemental feeding grew at a significantly lower rate than caged fish in any other treatment analyzed. Feed conversion rates were calculated for caged fish grown in fresh water and brackish water. The costs and revenues derived from this polyculture strategy were analyzed. Gross profitha of brackishwater red tilapia cage culture is estimated to be more than double the gross profit obtained in freshwater ponds.
PROLIFERATIVE KIDNEY DISEASE (PKD) IN PACIFIC SALMON AND STEELHEAD TROUT
Authors: Hedrick R. P. , Kent M. L. , Rosemark R. , Manzer D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTProliferative kidney disease (PKD) was detected for the first time in Pacific salmon at a California State Hatchery in June 1983. Both chinook (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon and steelhead trout (Salm gairdneri) held at the hatchery contracted the disease. The cumulative mortality attributed to the disease was 95, 13 and 18% respectively. The mortality rate was greatest during the month of July when the water temperatures were 58–60°F (14–16°C). The protozoan causing PKD was detected in the kidney, spleen, liver, gills and pyloric‐ceca of affected fish. Although lesions typical of Renibacte‐rium salmoninarum infection were found in the kidney of one chinook salmon, all other fish examined were free of complicating bacterial or viral diseases. The ultrastructural features of the protozoan observed in the three species of affected fish were consistent with those described for the parasite in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in European outbreaks.
POLYCULTURE OF CHINESE CARPS AND PRAWNS AT COMMERCIAL DENSITIES AND REDUCED FEEDING RATES I. WATER AND SEDIMENT MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
Authors: Costa‐Pierce Barry A. , Clay Laurel , Malecha Spencer R. , Laws Edward A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe ecology of water and sediment microbial communities was examined over a 28‐week period in semi‐intensive prawn monoculture ponds and fish/prawn polyculture ponds stocked with commercial densities of silver and grass carp but fed at 50% and 1% of control feeding rates. Fish polycultures at reduced feeding rates had little effect on phytoplankton biomass parameters (concentrations of ATP, chl a), total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (TN, TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) during the experimental period. However, fish polyculture ponds fed at reduced rates had significantly increased rates of primary production, microbial DNA synthesis, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, and surface sedimentary oxygen consumption rates compared to controls.High rate plyculture ponds fed at one‐half (20 kg·ha‐1·d‐1) the control monoculture ponds (40 kg·ha‐1· d‐1) had two times (2X) lower suspended organic matter (SOM) concentrations at 13 weeks, lower surface sediment ATP concentrations at 9 weeks, less within‐pond variability in surface sediment ATP concentrations, and higher sedimentary respiration rates than controls. Polyculture ponds fed at 0.4 kg·ha‐1· d‐1had 3X less SOM than controls but had sedimentary respiration rates similar to the high rate polyculture ponds.In short, fish polycultures in intensive prawn aquaculture ponds combined with reduced feeding rates may be a simple solution to the pervasive problems of water quality control, benthic reducing conditions and decreased prawn growth characteristic of semi‐intensive aquaculture ponds under continuous cultivation.
PREVENTING PREDATION IN MOLLUSCAN MARICULTURE: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Jory Darryl E. , Carriker Melbourne R. , Iversen Edwin S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEven after many decades of study, predation remains one of the major hurdles to successful field mariculture of molluscs in many areas of the world. Traditional predator control methods include physical barriers (such as trays and enclosures), off‐bottom culture, chemical poisons, removal and trapping, dredges, mops, X‐ray sterilization, and biological means. Most of these methods have produced only limited success, though two or more methods in combination (such as enclosures and active predator removal) are effective hut are expensive. Examples of recent attempts at predator control include protective covers for Manila clams, floating cages for queen conchs, substrate modifications for hard clams, suspension systems for oysters and scallops, and research on development of predator attractants. The ecological concepts of “Size Selective Predation,” “Optimal Patch Use,” “Prey Switching,” “Ingestive Conditioning,” and “Search Image Formation” and their relevance to effective predator control in molluscan field culture are discussed.
PRODUCTION OF CAGED CHANNEL CATFISH IN AN ILLINOIS SURFACE MINE LAKE
Authors: Stickney Robert R. , Moy Philip B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTChannel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings representing four size ranges (5.1–10.2, 10.3–15.2, 15.3–20.3 and 20.4 to 25.4 cm) were reared in 0.28 m3 cages at densities of 600 fish/m3. Five replicate cages containing each size group were stocked in a surface mine lake of approximately 1.5 ha in late June, 1984. The fish were fed six days per week at the rate of 3% of body weight with feeding rate adjustments every two weeks. At harvest in mid‐October, 1984, fish stocked at an initial length range of 20.4–25.4 cm were of marketable size on average (379.8 g). Fish in the next smaller size range were marginal for marketing on the average, while those in the two smallest size ranges were submarketable. Results indicated that single season production of channel catfish in cages in southern Illinois would require the stocking of relatively large fingerlings; however, small fingerlings could be easily reared to market size in less than two complete growing seasons. The technique could provide food for owners of such water bodies and might provide supplemental income.
EFFECTS OF CUMULATIVE LOADING LEVEL, AS FISH WEIGHT PER UNIT FLOW, ON WATER QUALITY AND GROWTH OF LAKE TROUT
Authors: Meade James W. , Ramsey John S. , Williams John C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTLake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, were cultured in a series of five rearing units (in triplicate). The fish removed available oxygen in each unit, from about 10.5 to 7.0 mg/L. Oxygen was replaced, through aeration, between rearing units. Effects of cumulative loading, as fish weight/flow rate, are described in terms of water quality and fish growth. In fish reared at the highest loading level, mean growth during the 2‐month cumulative loading period was depressed by more than half. However, the growth rate progressively increased in those fish reared under high loading levels, indicating acclimation of the fish to high metabolite concentrations. After two months of series‐reuse rearing, cumulative loading was removed through introduction of fresh water (noreuse) to each unit, and fish recovery was monitored. During recovery, mean growth of fish that had been reared under the highest cumulative loading level was equal to or greater than that of fish that had been reared under the low loading levels.
THE ECONOMIC AND MARKET POTENTIAL FOR HYBRID BASS AQUACULTURE IN ESTUARINE WATERS: A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
Authors: Liao David S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe costs and returns of hybrid bass aquaculture were evaluated based on experimental production data in South Carolina. The market potential for hybrid bass was examined based on market price and volume of striped bass on the East Coast during the past two decades. This preliminary assessment indicates that the economic outlook of commercial aqua‐culture of hybrid bass in estuarine waters appears promising. With current technology, prices in the $5.50/kg or higher range would generate some profits for aquafarms. However, the major concern at present is legal restrictions on commercial production and marketing of hybrid bass in South Carolina.
COMBINED EFFECTS OF SHRIMP SIZE AND DIETARY PROTEIN SOURCE ON THE GROWTH OF Penaeus setiferus AND P. vannamei
Authors: Chen Houng‐Yung , Zein‐Eldin Zoula P. , Aldrich David V. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThree size classes of juvenile Penaeus setiferus (average wet weight = 0.08, 0.99, and 3.82 g) and P. vannamei (average wet weight = 0.12, 1.39, and 4.72 g) were kept 3 weeks in indoor tanks at 28°C, and each of 3 isonitrogenous (28% protein) experimental diets were fed to each size class. Shrimp meal of a basal experimental diet was replaced by fish protein hydrolysate, soybean meal, and cotton seed meal to achieve animal:plant (A:P) protein ratios of 1:1.5, 0.9:1, and 1.5:1 in the 3 diets. Penaeus vannamei grew faster than P. setiferus given the same diets. For both species, A:P ratios of food improved growth for all 3 size categories of shrimp. This effect was significantly greater in the small animals than in the medium or larger‐sized ones. Thus, the quality of diet needed to achieve maximum growth appears to be size dependent, smaller shrimp being more dependent than larger ones on animal protein. Results also indicated that the two larger size classes of P. setiferus require higher animal protein in their feed for maximum growth than do similar size classes of P. vannamei.