bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central Nervous System Metastases in Patients with HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: Incidence, Treatment, and Survival in Patients from registHER
Authors: Brufsky Adam M. , Mayer Musa , Rugo Hope S. , Kaufman Peter A. , Tan-Chiu Elizabeth , Tripathy Debu , Tudor Iulia Cristina , Wang Lisa I. , Brammer Melissa G. , Shing Mona , Yood Marianne Ulcickas , Yardley Denise A. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Purpose: registHER is a prospective, observational study of 1,023 newly diagnosed HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients.
Experimental Design: Baseline characteristics of patients with and without central nervous system (CNS) metastases were compared; incidence, time to development, treatment, and survival after CNS metastases were assessed. Associations between treatment after CNS metastases and survival were evaluated.
Results: Of the 1,012 patients who had confirmed HER2-positive tumors, 377 (37.3%) had CNS metastases. Compared with patients with no CNS metastases, those with CNS metastases were younger and more likely to have hormone receptor–negative disease and higher disease burden. Median time to CNS progression among patients without CNS disease at initial MBC diagnosis (n = 302) was 13.3 months. Treatment with trastuzumab, chemotherapy, or surgery after CNS diagnosis was each associated with a statistically significant improvement in median overall survival (OS) following diagnosis of CNS disease (unadjusted analysis: trastuzumab vs. no trastuzumab, 17.5 vs. 3.8 months; chemotherapy vs. no chemotherapy, 16.4 vs. 3.7 months; and surgery vs. no surgery, 20.3 vs. 11.3 months). Although treatment with radiotherapy seemed to prolong median OS (13.9 vs. 8.4 months), the difference was not significant (P = 0.134). Results of multivariable proportional hazards analyses confirmed the independent significant effects of trastuzumab and chemotherapy (HR = 0.33, P &lt; 0.001; HR = 0.64, P = 0.002, respectively). The effects of surgery and radiotherapy did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.062 and P = 0.898, respectively).
Conclusions: For patients with HER2-positive MBC evaluated in registHER, the use of trastuzumab, chemotherapy, and surgery following CNS metastases were each associated with longer survival. Clin Cancer Res; 17(14); 4834–43. ©2011 AACR.
New Routes to Old Places: PIK3R1 and PIK3R2 Join PIK3CA and PTEN as Endometrial Cancer Genes
Authors: Herrero-Gonzalez Sandra , Di Cristofano Antonio 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Cheung and colleagues identify PIK3R1 and PIK3R2, the genes encoding the α and β isoforms of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) p85 regulatory subunit, as additional mutation targets in endometrial cancer, and describe a novel mechanism leading to PTEN loss. Cancer Discovery; 1(2); 106–7. ©2011 AACR.
Commentary on Cheung et al., p. 170
New Insight Puts CRAF in Sight as a Therapeutic Target
Authors: Rebocho Ana Paula , Marais Richard 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
By selectively depleting components of the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in transgenic mice, it is now shown in 2 studies that CRAF is critical for signaling to MEK downstream of oncogenic Kras and that BRAF is not required. Cancer Discovery; 1(2); 98–9. ©2011 AACR.
Commentary on Karreth et al., p. 128
Settling Accounts with Liberalism: On the Work of Domenico Losurdo
Authors: Azzarà Stefano G. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLiberalism is currently the hegemonic world-view, capable of dictating its terms even to the very movements that antagonise it. But does the history of liberalism really coincide with that of modern democracy? In two of his recent works, Liberalism: A Counter-History and The Language of Empire, Domenico Losurdo demonstrates that this is not the case. At its origin, liberalism was not a universalistic defence of the individual’s freedom. On the contrary, it represented a demand for wresting complete self-government of civil society from the monarch. However, given that each society is traversed by deep differences and bitter conflicts, the emancipation from absolute power turned into the possibility for the strongest individuals and social forces to exercise an unprecedented absolute power over subaltern classes and ‘inferior races’. It was only after the confrontation and clash with the demands of radicalism and socialism and two world-wars that liberal thought was forced to make peace with the principles of democracy. However, contemporary liberalism seems to have forgotten its own most-recent achievements and to have returned to its eighteenth-century form: will modern democracy survive this involution?
Walter Benjamin’s Archive: Images, Texts, Signs Walter Benjamin Benjamin Handbuch. Leben-Werk-Wirkung
Authors: Löwy Michael 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe are used to classifying different thinkers according to their general orientation: progressive or conservative, revolutionary or nostalgic of the past, materialist or idealist. Walter Benjamin does not fit into these categories. He is a revolutionary critic of the ideologies of progress, a materialist theologian, and his nostalgia for the past is at the service of his Marxist dreams for the future. It is therefore not surprising that so many different and conflicting readings of his work have developed since his death, some trying to bring him back into the usual frames of thinking, others trying to recruit him for the newest philosophical fads, and many simply damning him as ridden with contradictions and therefore an intellectual failure. But there are also some happy exceptions: those who try to take into account the irreducible singularity of his intellectual and political endeavours. These three books, quite different in object and method ‐ a collection of documents from his archives, a biography, and a ‘Benjamin Handbook’ ‐ belong to these exceptions.
Capital as Power: A Study of Order and Creorder
Authors: Hansen Bue Rübner 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNitzan and Bichler’s Capital as Power suggests that conventional theories of capitalism, Marxist and liberal alike, are unable to answer the question: what is capital? They argue that the basic units of Marxist economics, abstract labour and value, are unobservable and immeasurable, and hence ‘non-existent’ and ‘fictitious’. Against Marxists, they argue that capital is not an ‘economic’ entity, but a symbolic quantification of power.This review contends that what Nitzan and Bichler present as a critique of Marxism as such pivots on an incomprehension of dialectical thinking, and thus misses the mark. Furthermore, this absence in their readings of Marx is strictly correlative to the limits of their own theory-building. Capital as Power simply inverts the vulgar economism it finds in Marxist theories, presenting us with a theory in which capital is financial rather than productive, and symbolic rather than material. In doing so, it reproduces the one-sidedness it criticises, while discarding the possibility of analysing capitalism dialectically as a totality consisting of contradictory, but mutually presupposing, moments.
The End of Virtue? Denmark and the Internationalisation of Human Rights
Authors: Ersen Jonas Christoff , Madsen Mikael Rask 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe article analyses the interface of Denmark and internationalisation of human rights with the goal of examining the transformation of the place and perception of international law in Scandinavia over the last decades. More precisely, the article contrasts two fundamentally different moments of the interface of international human rights and Denmark: first a period of external engagement in which Denmark – and the other Scandinavian countries – developed their position as virtuous defenders of international law and human rights and, secondly, the eventual national implications of international human rights law. This approach allows us to more generally analyse the interrelationship between the internationalisation of human rights and its eventual effect on Danish legal and political practices. We generally argue that the original politics of virtue in the area of international law and particularly international human rights law declined when international human rights started having national implications, that is, it no longer was simply a good of export. We, moreover, argue that the realistic approach developed in the national context now is having significant spill-over effects on Denmark's international policies in the area.
The CISG in Denmark and Danish Courts
Authors: Lookofsky Joseph 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this article the author explores key aspects of Denmark's reception and implementation of the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (CISG). Placing the treaty within its larger private law context, the author explains the complexity and confusion created by Denmark's refusal to ratify Part II of the Convention that regulates sales contract formation. The author then proceeds to investigate Denmark's obligation to have regard to the international character of the Convention and the need to promote uniformity in its application, underlying the problematical relationship between these international obligations and the Danish judicial tradition of formulating premises so brief that they shed little light on the decision's underlying rationale (ratio decidendi). Following analysis and critique of three Danish CISG court judgments which help illustrate these propositions, the author proposes corrective steps designed to further a more international (and less parochial) approach to the CISG.
Can Religion Contribute to Development? The Road from ‘Truth’ to ‘Trust’
Authors: Ruben Ruerd 
Published: July 2011

AbstractReligion has played a rather ambivalent role in the study of development. This can partly be attributed to the common emphasis on its role for providing insurance and risk reduction. Current challenges for enhancing poverty alleviation in settings of civic conflict increasingly ask attention for social mediation and new identity building. Religion can then become a key driver for supporting bridging and linking networks. This requires, however, that epistemological attention shifts from the study of ‘truth’ to the understanding of ‘trust’.
Religion, Development and Insecurity: Looking for Root Causes in An Ambiguous Relationship
Authors: Kanyandago Peter 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe general attitude and appreciation in regard to religion and development, and matters related to God is a positive one. It is also true that religion in its different forms has contributed towards human development. However, it is also true that religion has either directly promoted violence or has indirectly given rise to it. The article sets out to explain what could be the root causes of this situation by using a theoretical approach based on Fukuyama. It is argued that the dominant religious and developmental systems which are products of the current Western worldview generally do not give value to what is different from them. This is applied to the violence found in The Movement of the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God which had its base at Kanungu in Uganda. Negation of cultural and religious can be seen as one of the root causes of some violence and insecurity in the world without forgetting that each society has its own form of violence. The article suggests that if religion and development are to promote security they must respect and promote differences and diversity in cultures and nature.
Religion, Development and Security: A Mission Studies Perspective
Authors: Wijsen Frans 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis contribution explores the historical relation between mission studies and development studies, and the contributions of mission studies to development studies. The author argues that mission studies contributes to the debate on religion and development in two ways, by the conceptual clarification of the notions religion and development, and by adding a dialogical methodology that studies the relation between religion and development from within and from below.
Deletion of genes encoding PU.1 and Spi-B in B cells impairs differentiation and induces pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Sokalski Kristen M. , Li Stephen K. H. , Welch Ian , Cadieux-Pitre Heather-Anne T. , Gruca Marek R. , DeKoter Rodney P. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The E26 transformation-specific (Ets) transcription factor PU.1 is required to generate lymphoid progenitor cells from hematopoietic stem cells, but it is not required to generate B cells from committed B-cell lineage progenitors. We hypothesized that PU.1 function in B-cell differentiation is complemented by the related Ets transcription factor Spi-B. To test this hypothesis, mice were generated lacking both PU.1 and Spi-B in the B-cell lineage. Unlike mice lacking PU.1 or Spi-B, mice deficient in both PU.1 and Spi-B in the B-cell lineage had reduced frequencies of B cells as well as impaired B-cell differentiation. Strikingly, all PU.1 and Spi-B–deficient mice developed pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia before 30 weeks of age. Pre-B cells accumulated in the thymus resulting in massive thymic enlargement and dyspnea. These findings demonstrate that PU.1 and Spi-B are essential transcriptional regulators of B-cell differentiation as well as novel tumor suppressors in the B-cell lineage.
An Efficient Three-component Tandem Reaction Leading to Pentacyclic Isoindole-fused Benzo[b,e][1,4]diazepines in Water
Authors: Wang Shu-Liang , Cheng Chuang , Wu Fei-Yue , Li Jing , Jiang Bo , Tu Shu-Jiang 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
An efficient methodology for the synthesis of highly functionalized pentacyclic isoindole-fused benzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine derivatives from readily available common reactants in water has been developed. The tandem reaction resulted in efficient assembly of two new rings and four σ bonds including three C–N bonds in a one-pot operation.
Shape-controlled Synthesis of LiMnPO4 via a Hydrothermal Route and Its Electrochemical Behavior in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Ting , Mei Tao , Zhu Yongchun , Gong Huaxu , Huang Tao , Qian Yitai 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
LiMnPO4 nanosquares with the edge size of 800–1000 nm and the thickness of 50–250 nm were hydrothermally prepared using 1.0 g of Na4P2O7·10H2O. Subsequently, the LiMnPO4 nanosquares were annealed with ascorbic acid (Vc) at 600 °C to prepare the LiMnPO4/C nanocomposites. The electrochemical performances of LiMnPO4 and LiMnPO4/C at 0.1 C demonstrated first run discharge capacities at 81.6 and 125.5 mA h g−1, respectively. In addition, spindles, bows, and cubes composed of LiMnPO4 nanosquares have also been prepared.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of N,N-Bis(dihydrofuranyl)hydroxyamines: A Cascade Reaction Involving Friedel–Crafts Alkylation, Internal Redox Reaction, and Umpolung
Authors: Sohtome Yoshihiro , Yamaguchi Takahisa , Shin Bongki , Nagasawa Kazuo 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Stereoselective syntheses of N,N-bis(dihydrofuranyl)hydroxyamines from phenols and nitroolefins have been accomplished by means of cycle-specific catalysis with guanidine/bisthiourea organocatalyst and achiral base. Circumstantial evidence supports the idea that a nitroso intermediate participates in the dimerization, which involves internal redox reaction/umpolung.
The use of compression stockings for venous disorders in Brazil
Authors: Cataldo J L , de Godoy J M Pereira , de Barros N 
Published: July 2011

Objective The aim of this study was to analyse the medical indication and the use of elastic compression stockings, and to assess patient adherence to treatment in different regions of Brazil. Method The prescription and clinical indication of elastic stockings were evaluated in a prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, multicentre study for a population of private patients. In 2009, 3414 patients from 123 treatment centres in southern, south-eastern and north-eastern Brazil were evaluated using a questionnaire. The following variables were analysed: sociodemographic (gender, age, occupation and education), lifestyle (physical activity and time spent standing); classification of venous disease (CEAP [clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathophysiological] classification – clinical criteria), indications for prescription, consumer behaviour (strength, acquisition and use of stockings) and criteria of satisfaction (improvement, duration of use, adherence). The effects of compression therapy were assessed at a follow-up visit approximately 30 days after starting treatment with the following items being assessed: complaints about pain, discomfort, burning sensation and oedema of the leg while using elastic stockings. Multivariate analysis was used to compare data with an alpha error of 5% ( P value < 0.05) being considered acceptable. Results The average age increased with the severity of chronic venous insufficiency; the main indications used by physicians were leg pain and discomfort; 89.3% of patients bought stockings and thus started treatment with more than 90% of these reporting improvements in symptoms. Conclusion Elastic stockings are available to the Brazilian population, look acceptable at the time of purchase and provide good results; however, some limitations regarding their use need to be addressed.
A Comparison of Point of Zero Charge Measurement Methodology
Authors: Cristiano Elena , Hu Yung-Jin , Sigfried Matthew , Kaplan Daniel , Nitsche Heino 
Published: July 2011

AbstractContaminant-transport modeling requires information about the charge of subsurface particle surfaces. Because values are commonly reused many times in a single simulation, small errors can be magnified greatly. Goethite (α-FeOOH) and pyrolusite (β-MnO2) are ubiquitous mineral phases that are especially contaminant reactive. The objective of the present study was to measure and compare the point of zero charge (PZC) using different methods. The pyrolusite PZC was measured with three methods: mass titration (MT) (PZC = 5.9±0.1), powder addition (PA) (PZC = 5.98±0.08), and isoelectric point, IEP (PZC = 4.4±0.1). The IEP measurement was in agreement with literature values. However, MT and PA resulted in a statistically larger PZC than the IEP measurement. The surface area of pyrolusite, 2.2 m2g−1, was too small to permit PZC determination by the potentiometric titration (PT) method. Goethite PZC values were measured using MT (7.5±0.1), PT (7.46±0.09), and PA (7.20±0.08). The present work presents the first reported instance where MT and PA have been applied to measure the point of zero charge of either pyrolusite or goethite. The results illustrate the importance of using multiple, complementary techniques to measure PZC values accurately.
Surface Area and Porosity of Nanotubes Obtained from Kaolin Minerals of Different Structural Order
Authors: Matusik Jakub , Wisła-Walsh Ewa , Gaweł Adam , Bielańska Elżbieta , Bahranowski Krzysztof 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMesoporous materials with pore diameters in the range 2–50 nm forming tubular or fibrous structures are of great interest due to their unique properties. Because they are commonly used as sorbents and catalyst carriers, knowledge of their surface area and porosity is critical. A modified intercalation/deintercalation method was used to increase the efficiency of nanotube formation from kaolin-group minerals which differ in terms of their degree of structural order. Unlike previous experiments, in the procedure adopted in the present study, methanol was used instead of 1,3-butanediol for grafting reactions and octadecylamine intercalation was also performed. The samples were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The specific surface area and porosity of previously described and newly formed materials were investigated by N2 adsorption/desorption. Compared to results described earlier, the percent yield of nanotubes obtained in the present study was significantly greater only in the case of ‘Maria III’ kaolinite, which has high structural order. This increase was obtained mainly by the grafting reaction with methanol. Highly ordered stacking of kaolinite-methanol intercalates was noticed and, thus, the amine intercalation was more efficient. In particular, the use of long-chain octadecylamine significantly increased the nanotube yield. The grafting reaction with methanol procedure yielded fewer nanotubes, however, when applied to poorly ordered samples (‘Jaroszów’ kaolinite and ‘Dunino’ halloysite). In the case of the ‘Maria III’ kaolinite, the diameter of the rolled layers observed by TEM was ~30 nm and corresponded to average diameters of newly formed pores (DmN) determined using N2 adsorption/desorption, confirming that nanotubes contributed to an increase in surface area and total pore volume. In the case of ‘Jaroszów’ kaolinite and ‘Dunino’ halloysite mainly macropores (DmN > 100 nm) and mesopores (20 nm > DmN > 40 nm) were formed. The pores were attributed to interparticle and interaggregate spaces in the stacks of platy particles and to the small relative number of nanotubes.
Acidic Dissolution of Magnetite: Experimental Study on the Effects of Acid Concentration and Temperature
Authors: Salmimies Riina , Mannila Marju , Kallas Juha , Häkkinen Antti 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMagnetite (Fe3O4) is a key economically valuable component in iron ore and is extracted by dissolution processes, but among the Fe (oxyhydr)oxides its solubility behavior is one of the least understood. The objective of this study was to improve understanding of magnetite dissolution mechanisms leading to thermodynamic equilibrium by comparing the dissolution of two solid samples, one synthetic and one industrial, using oxalic, sulfuric, and nitric acids at varying concentrations and temperatures. Of the three solid-liquid systems investigated, only the system consisting of magnetite and oxalic acid reached an equilibrium state within the duration of an individual experiment (6 h). In this system, increasing the acid concentration resulted in a significant increase in the equilibrium concentration of dissolved Fe. When dissolving synthetic and industrial magnetite, increasing the temperature not only increased the rate of reaction but also affected the concentration of dissolved Fe. Significant effects were observed when increasing the temperature from 15 to 35°C, but only slight differences were seen on further increases in temperature. Observations regarding the equilibrium state of the sulfuric and nitric acid systems could not be made because equilibrium was not reached. The most important individual observation regarding the equilibrium state of the nitric- and sulfuric-acid systems seems to be that in future studies a much longer reaction time is necessary, due to slow kinetics of the dissolution mechanism. A proton-based mechanism has been hypothesized as the one governing the dissolution of magnetite by these two acids, but only the dissolution of the industrial sample yielded results that were similar for these two acids and consistent with that hypothesis.