bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of Mediastinal Masses in Dogs by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Lana Susan , Plaza Susan , Hampe Kerri , Burnett Rob , Avery Anne C. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Biopsy of mediastinal masses can be invasive, but the procedure may be necessary if cytology of a mass aspirate is inconclusive. The 2 most common mediastinal masses, lymphoma and thymoma, may both be comprised of small lymphocytes. We investigated the ability of flow cytometry to distinguish between these 2 neoplasms.Hypothesis:Flow cytometry of mediastinal mass aspirates may provide a definitive diagnosis of thymoma or lymphoma, reducing the need for biopsy.Animals:Dogs with mediastinal masses presenting to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital/Animal Cancer Center were included in the study.Methods:Aspirates obtained over 2 years that met the inclusion criteria (i.e. sufficient viable cells and a definitive diagnosis by means other than flow cytometry) were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the percentage of cells expressing B‐and T‐cell markers, and co‐expressing CD4 and CD8.Results:All cases of thymoma (n = 6) consisted of ≥10% lymphocytes coexpressing CD4 and CD8, a phenotype that is characteristic of thymocytes, whereas 6 of 7 lymphomas contained <2% CD4+CD8+ lymphocytes. The CD4+CD8+ lymphoma could be readily distinguished flow cytometrically from thymoma by light scatter properties. The phenotypes of the remaining lymphomas were CD4+ T cell (4), CD34+ (1) and B cell (1).Conclusions: Our studies demonstrate that flow cytometry is a useful tool for discriminating mediastinal masses. Lymphocyte‐rich mediastinal masses could be unambiguously identified by flow cytometry in 13/13 cases.
Phase I Evaluation of Low‐Dose Suramin as Chemosensitizer of Doxorubicin in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Cancers
Authors: Kosarek Carrie E. , Hu Xiao , Couto C. Guillermo , Kisseberth William C. , Green Eric M. , Au Jessie L. S. , Wientjes M. Guillaume 
Published: March 2010

Background:Low and nontoxic concentrations (10–50 μM) of suramin, which is a nonspecific inhibitor of multiple growth factors, including fibroblast growth factors, enhances the activities of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin and paclitaxel, both in vitro and in vivo. Suramin has not been evaluated as a chemosensitizing agent in dogs with cancer.Hypothesis:Nontoxic suramin can be used safely as a chemosensitizer in dogs.Animals:Sixteen dogs of various breeds with measurable tumors were treated; 1 dog that had undergone amputation for osteosarcoma received adjuvant therapy.Methods:The dogs received 53 courses of treatment with suramin in combination with doxorubicin. The suramin dosage was 6.75 mg/kg IV 3 h before standard doxorubicin administration every 2 weeks. The pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy were determined.Results:The pharmacokinetics of low‐dose suramin followed a 2‐compartment model with half‐lives of 2 h and 6 days. The distribution volume was a 0.34 ± 0.12 L/kg, and clearance was 1.86 ± 0.76 mL/kg/h. During the time interval that doxorubicin was present at therapeutically active concentrations (ie, from the start of infusion to 24 hours), the plasma concentrations were maintained within 20% of the target range (8–60 μM) in 72% of the treatments. The toxicity of the suramin/doxorubicin combination was mild and comparable to the toxicity expected for doxorubicin monotherapy. Objective partial responses were observed in 2 out of 16 evaluable dogs (13%). All 5 dogs that previously received doxorubicin showed improved responses to the suramin/doxorubicin combination.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: A fixed, low‐dose suramin regimen yields the desired target plasma concentrations in most dogs, and appears to enhance the activity of doxorubicin without enhancing toxicity.
Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Leaf Toxicosis in Horses: A Retrospective Study of 32 Cases
Authors: Alward Ashley , Corriher Candice A. , Barton Michelle H. , Sellon Debra C. , Blikslager Anthony T. , Jones Samuel L. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Ingestion of wilted red maple leaves by horses can result in severe hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. Little is known about what factors influence the outcome of red maple leaf toxicosis in horses.Hypothesis:Our hypothesis was that physical examination findings, clinicopathologic variables or therapeutic modalities may predict outcome in horses with red maple leaf toxicity.Animals:Horses with red maple leaf toxicosis presented to referral hospitals in the southeast region of the United States.Methods:A multi‐institutional retrospective study was designed to identify factors that predict mortality in horses with red maple toxicosis.Results:Thirty‐two horses with red maple toxicosis were identified, 19 of which died. Twenty‐nine horses presented with anemia and 24 had clinicopathologic evidence of systemic inflammation. Renal insufficiency was identified in 12/30 (41%) horses. Laminitis (9/28) and colic (13/30) also were identified in horses with red maple toxicosis, but development of these 2 conditions did not have a negative effect on short‐term survival. Horses with red maple toxicosis that survived to discharge were likely to have developed pyrexia during hospitalization (P= .030). Horses that were treated with a corticosteroid had a significantly increased likelihood of death (P= .045). There was no significant relationship between initial serum hemoglobin concentration, methemoglobin concentration, or percentage methemoglobin and mortality in this horse series.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study suggests that information obtained on initial examination cannot be used to accurately predict survival in horses with red maple toxicosis, but horses that receive corticosteroids are unlikely to survive.
High Complication Rate of an Automatic Tru‐Cut Biopsy Gun Device for Liver Biopsy in Cats
Authors: Proot S.J.M. , Rothuizen J. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Liver biopsies taken with an automatic Tru‐Cut biopsy gun device caused unexpected fatal shock reactions in cats. The goal of the present study was to determine if this biopsy device caused more frequent fatal complications than did a semiautomatic device.Animals: All cats referred to the Utrecht University, between October 1, 2002, and October 31, 2004, in which ultrasound‐guided Tru‐Cut liver biopsies were taken. The indications for liver biopsy were increased liver enzyme activity, increased bile acid concentrations, ultrasonographic abnormalities of the liver, ultrasonographic abnormalities of the bile ducts, or some combination of these findings. Coagulation parameters were normal.Methods: From October 1, 2002, until October 31, 2003, 26 cats were biopsied with an automatic biopsy device. Between November 1, 2003, and October 31, 2004, 19 cats underwent liver biopsy with a semiautomatic biopsy device.Results: In the first period, 5 of the 26 cats (19%) developed severe shock within 15 minutes. Resuscitation was not successful. In the second period, none of the 19 cats experienced any major adverse effect. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to diagnosis, clinical signs, clinicopathologic findings, or the use of anesthetics.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: We conclude that the difference in complication rate is explained by the biopsy technique used. The pressure wave, which occurs when firing the automatic device, may have caused intense vagotonia and shock. Use of this automatic biopsy device should be avoided in cats because of the high risk of fatal complications.
Myeloma‐Related Disorders in Cats Commonly Present as Extramedullary Neoplasms in Contrast to Myeloma in Human Patients: 24 Cases with Clinical Follow‐up
Authors: Mellor Paul J. , Haugland Sean , Murphy Sue , Smith Ken C. , Holloway Andrew , Archer Joy , Powell Roger M. , Polton Gerry A. , Tasker Severine , McCormick David , Tempest Michelle E. , McNeil Pauline E. , Scase Timothy J. , Knott Chris D. , Bonfanti Ugo , Villiers Elizabeth J. , Argyle David J. , Herrtage Michael E. , Day Michael J. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Myeloma‐related disorders (MRD) are rare neoplasms of plasma cells. Published case reports describe a diversity of clinical presentations with confusing terminology and diagnostic criteria as a consequence of the assumption that MRD in cats are analogous to those in dogs or humans.Objective: The aim of the study was to describe clinical, clinicopathologic and imaging findings, response to treatment, survival and possible associations with other diseases or vaccination in a large case series. A priori hypotheses were that cats with MRD commonly present with extramedullary involvement and uncommonly have radiographic bone lesions, in contrast to human patients.Animals:Twenty‐four cats with MRD confirmed by cytology or histopathology and immunohistochemistry.Method: A multicenter retrospective study was performed.Results:Two types of clinical presentation were observed. The first group (n = 17) had neoplasia involving abdominal organs, bone marrow, or both. All developed systemic clinical signs and paraproteinemia. Five of 7 cats that received chemotherapy improved clinically or had decreased serum globulin concentration (median survival, 12.3 months; range, 8.5–22 months). The second group comprised 7 cats with skin masses, 2 of which were paraproteinemic and developed rapidly worsening systemic signs. In cats without systemic signs, excision of the skin masses appeared to be associated with prolonged survival (up to 2.4 years). Cats with MRD commonly presented with extramedullary involvement (67%), versus humans with MRD (5%) (P< .001), and uncommonly presented with radiographic bone lesions (8%) versus humans with MRD (80%) (P< .001).Conclusions: Radiographic bone lesions are uncommon in cats with MRD and extramedullary presentation is common, relative to human myeloma.
Single Agent Gemcitabine Chemotherapy in Dogs with Spontaneously Occurring Lymphoma
Authors: Turner Avenelle I. , Hahn Kevin A. , Rusk Anthony , Gamblin Ranee M. , Cosgrove Sallie B. , Griffice Kelly , Khanna Chand 
Published: March 2010

Background:Gemcitabine has been shown to be effective as a single agent in a variety of tumors including nonHodgkin's lymphoma. Its use in veterinary medicine has been limited and to date this drug has not been used as a first‐line therapy in dogs with lymphoma.Hypothesis:Gemcitabine as a single agent may be efficacious in dogs presented for the first time with lymphoma.Animals:Twenty‐four dogs with spontaneously occurring lymphoma.Methods:All dogs were clinically staged and given gemcitabine at 400 mg/m2over a 30‐minute intravenous infusion weekly for 3 weeks and then given 1 week off treatment before starting a second cycle.Results:A single dose of gemcitabine lowered both neutrophil count (decrease in mean neutrophil count from 10,640 cells/μL to 3,140 cells/μL) and platelet count (decrease in mean platelet count from 201,290 cells/μL to 139,190 cells/μL) 7 days after administration. Consequently gemcitabine dosage was reduced at the second treatment in 8 of 21 dogs or a dose delay of 1–7 days and a reduction of dosage was used in 7 of 21 dogs. Seven dogs completed the assigned 4‐week cycle. Two of these dogs had progressive disease and 5 had stable disease. No objective responses were seen in dogs treated with a second cycle of gemcitabine.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Gemcitabine administration as a single agent resulted in hematologic toxicity and did not reduce lymphoma burden. If gemcitabine is to be used in veterinary medicine, additional prospective pharmacologic studies should be done to determine the appropriate dosage, regimen, and schedule of use before it can be recommended for use in the treatment of dogs with lymphoma as a single agent.
Fall Panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) Hepatotoxicosis in Horses and Sheep
Authors: Johnson A.L. , Divers TJ. , Freckleton M.L. , McKenzie H.C. , Mitchell E. , Cullen J.M. , McDonough S.P. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Fourteen horses at a boarding stable in Virginia were diagnosed with hepatic disease and locally grown hay was implicated as the cause.Hypothesis:Panicum dichotomiflorum, the predominant grass species in the hay, is hepatotoxic to horses.Animals:Naturally occurring cases were adult horses of various breeds. Two healthy adult horses and 2 healthy adult sheep were used in feeding trials.Methods:Blood and liver specimens collected from affected animals during the outbreak were analyzed. Some of the affected animals were treated supportively; the main intervention was hay withdrawal. Feeding trials were not blinded and no treatments were provided. Blood and liver specimens were collected and analyzed throughout the trials.Results:Five affected animals were euthanized, whereas the others recovered. One research horse was euthanized for postmortem examination, and the other research animals recovered after hay withdrawal. All affected animals had evidence of hepatic disease with abnormally high aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Evaluation of liver biopsy specimens disclosed mild lymphocytic and histiocytic inflammation, mild vacuolar change (hydropic degeneration), prominently clumped chromatin, and necrosis of individual hepatocytes.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Severe hepatotoxicosis developed rapidly afterPanicumhay exposure. Patchy hepatocyte necrosis was observed, implicating apoptosis as the mechanism of hepatotoxicosis. Absence of fibrosis in the research animals indicates that immediate withdrawal ofPanicumhay should allow all but severely affected animals to recover from acute exposure.
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Effects of Hetastarch Plus Hypertonic Saline Solutions during Experimental Endotoxemia in Anesthetized Horses
Authors: Pantaleon Lucas G. , Furr Martin O. , II Harold C. McKenzie , Donaldson Lydia 
Published: March 2010

Background:Small volume resuscitation has been advocated as a beneficial therapy for endotoxemia in horses but this therapy has not been investigated in a prospective manner. The objective of this study was to determine the cardiopulmonary effects of small‐volume resuscitation using hypertonic saline solution (HSS) plus Hetastarch (HES) during experimental endotoxemia in anesthetized horses.Hypothesis:Treatment of horses with induced endotoxemia using HES‐HSS does not alter the response of various cardiopulmonary indices when compared to treatment with either small‐or large‐volume isotonic crystalloid solutions.Animals:Eighteen healthy horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane. Endotoxemia was induced by administering 50 μg/kg ofEscherichia coliendotoxin IV. The horses were treated over 30 minutes with 15 mL/kg of balanced polyionic crystalloid solution (control), 60 mL/kg of balanced polyionic crystalloid solution (ISO), or 5 mL/kg of HSS followed by 10 mL/kg of HES (HSS‐HES).Methods:Prospective randomized trial.Results:Cardiac output (CO) after endotoxin infusion increased significantly (P< .05) from baseline in all groups, whereas mean central venous pressure increased significantly (P< .05) in the ISO group only. Mean pulmonary artery pressure increased from baseline (P< .05) in horses treated with isotonic fluids and HSS‐HES. There was no effect of treatment with HSS‐HES on CO, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), mean arterial pressure, blood lactate concentrations, or arterial oxygenation.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The use of HSS‐HES failed to ameliorate the deleterious hemodynamic responses associated with endotoxemia in horses. The clinical value of this treatment in horses with endotoxemia remains unconfirmed.
Effect of Rapid Intravenous Administration of 50% Dextrose Solution on Phosphorus Homeostasis in Postparturient Dairy Cows
Authors: Grünberg Walter , Morin Dawn E. , Drackley James K. , Constable Peter D. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Dextrose is commonly administered to postparturient dairy cows, which often have low plasma phosphorus concentration ([P]) as a result of anorexia and sudden onset of lactation. Intravenous (IV) dextrose administration causes hypophosphatemia in other species.Hypothesis:Bolus administration of dextrose to postparturient dairy cows results in a transient decrease in plasma [P].Animals:Six healthy postparturient dairy cows.Methods:Using a crossover design, cows were administered 500 mL of 50% dextrose solution IV or a sham treatment. Plasma concentrations of glucose ([glucose]), immunoreactive insulin ([IRI]), and phosphorus were monitored for 12 hours after each treatment. Urine [P], [glucose], and volume and salivary [P] were also determined.Results:Plasma [glucose], [IRI], and [P] were stable during sham treatment. Plasma [P] decreased rapidly after dextrose administration, dropping by 35% in 1 hour and remaining below baseline for 90 minutes. Salivary [P], urine [P], and urine volume per hour remained stable after dextrose administration, but glucose was detected in urine for up to 6 hours. The amount of glucose excreted in urine in 12 hours (11.9 ± 4.5 g) was less than 5% of the administered dose. Regression analysis revealed a stronger association between plasma [P] and [IRI] than between plasma [P] and [glucose], suggesting that hyperinsulinemia drove the hypophosphatemia.Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Results indicate that low plasma [P] should be expected in cows that have received IV dextrose within 1 hour before blood sampling. Caution is advised when administering dextrose solution to cows already at risk of hypophosphatemia.
Lack of Association between Repeated Vaccination and Thyroiditis in Laboratory Beagles
Authors: Scott‐Moncrieff J. Catharine , Glickman Nita W. , Glickman Lawrence T. , HogenEsch Harm 
Published: March 2010

Background: Intensive vaccination protocols have been suggested as partially responsible for an increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases in dogs in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine whether repeated routine vaccination in dogs is associated with an increased prevalence of thyroiditis.Methodology/principal findings: We conducted a prospective experimental study with 20 healthy purpose‐bred Beagles. Five dogs were vaccinated with a multivalent vaccine and a rabies vaccine. Five dogs received only the multivalent vaccine, and 5 dogs received only the rabies vaccine. Five dogs were unvaccinated controls. The multivalent vaccine was administered at 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 26, and 52 weeks of age and every 6 months thereafter. The rabies vaccine was administered at 16 and 52 weeks of age and then once a year. Blood samples were collected 1 week before euthanasia for evaluation of thyroid profiles and measurement of antibodies directed against canine thyroglobulin. Dogs were euthanized at 5.5 years of age, and the thyroid glands were evaluated histopathologically.Thyroiditis was present in 8 of 20 (40%) dogs at postmortem examination. No association was found between a dog being vaccinated and the prevalence of thyroiditis at postmortem examination. However, the power of the study to detect such an association was low because of the unexpected high prevalence of thyroiditis in the unvaccinated control dogs. Thyroid function tests were abnormal in 2 of 8 dogs with thyroiditis but were normal in all dogs without thyroiditis.Conclusions/significance: There was no evidence to support an association between routine vaccination and thyroiditis at postmortem examination in beagle dogs after repeated vaccination.
Temporal Relationship between Gastrointestinal Protein Loss, Gastric Ulceration or Erosion, and Strenuous Exercise in Racing Alaskan Sled Dogs
Authors: Davis Michael , Willard Michael , Williamson Katherine , Royer Chris , Payton Mark , Steiner Jörg M. , Hinchcliff Kenneth , McKenzie Erica , Nelson Stuart 
Published: March 2010

Background: Alterations in the appearance and function of gastrointestinal mucosa are common after strenuous exercise. However, the duration of exercise required to alter the gastrointestinal mucosa has not been reported.Hypothesis: We used 42 sled dogs to test the hypothesis that the magnitude of exercise‐induced gastrointestinal mucosal dysfunction is related to exercise duration.Animals: Six dogs served as conditioned controls, and the remaining dogs were randomly chosen for examination after 1–5 consecutive days of running at 100 miles/d.Methods: Gastroduodenoscopy and measurement of gastric permeability were performed 24 hours after cessation of exercise. Intestinal protein loss (represented by fecal alpha‐1 protease inhibitor concentration) was measured within 6 hours of cessation of exercise. Twelve of the 42 dogs were examined again after 5 months of detraining to determine the effect of training on gastrointestinal mucosal function.Results: Exercise increased gastric permeability (P= .04) and endoscopic severity of gastric lesions (P< .0001), but neither variable was significantly affected by distance traveled. Acute exercise had no effect on intestinal protein loss. Untrained dogs had significantly lower fecal alpha‐1 protease inhibitor concentrations compared with trained, unexercised dogs. Training had no effect on gastric permeability to sucrose or the endoscopic appearance of the stomach.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These data suggest that relatively modest exercise is required to increase intestinal protein loss, but more substantial exercise is required to cause alterations in the proximal gastrointestinal tract. However, none of these alterations appear to progress with increasing exercise duration.
Persistence of Serum Antibodies to Sarcocystis neuvona in Horses Moved from North America to India
Authors: Brown Christopher M. , Morrow Jennifer K. , Carleton Carla L. , Ramanathan Balachandran , Reddy Ravinder , Vaidya Vijay , Karthikeyan Salem M. , Zulfikar Ali A. , Kannadkar Vasant S. 
Published: March 2010

Background: The study reported here was undertaken to assess the presence of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in the serum of horses of North American origin that had been relocated for 1 year or more to India (ie, outside of the known endemic areas for S neurona). Hypothesis: The presence or absence of such antibodies should provide information concerning the persistence of such antibodies, or support the presence of chronic infection, or both. Animals: A total of 228 Thoroughbred horses were sampled in India, of which 86 were of North American origin that had been in India between 1 and 13 years, 124 were Indian‐born horses that had never been out of India, 8 were of Irish origin, 8 were of English origin, and 2 were originally from France. Methods: Sera were tested using established western blot analysis. Results: Of the Indian‐born horses, 0.8% were test positive, and of the North American horses, 42% were test positive. All of the English and Irish horses were test negative, and the 2 French horses were test positive. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These data indicate that antibodies against S neurona can be detected for many years after horses have been removed from an endemic area and that this may be attributable to long half‐life of the antibodies or to chronic infection and ongoing antibody production, or both.