bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central and cerebrovascular effects of leg crossing in humans with sympathetic failure
Authors: Harms Mark P.M. , Wieling Wouter , Colier Willy N.J.M. , Lenders Jacques W.M. , Secher Niels H. , van Lieshout Johannes J. 
Published: October 2009

Leg crossing increases arterial pressure and combats symptomatic orthostatic hypotension in patients with sympathetic failure. This study compared the central and cerebrovascular effects of leg crossing in patients with sympathetic failure and healthy controls. We addressed the relationship between MCA Vmean (middle cerebral artery blood velocity; using transcranial Doppler ultrasound), frontal lobe oxygenation [O2Hb (oxyhaemoglobin)] and MAP (mean arterial pressure), CO (cardiac output) and TPR (total peripheral resistance) in six patients (aged 37–67 years; three women) and age- and gender-matched controls during leg crossing. In the patients, leg crossing increased MAP from 58 (42–79) to 72 (52–89) compared with 84 (70–95) to 90 (74–94) mmHg in the controls. MCA Vmean increased from 55 (38–77) to 63 (45–80) and from 56 (46–77) to 64 (46–80) cm/s respectively (P&lt;0.05), with a larger rise in O2Hb [1.12 (0.52–3.27)] in the patients compared with the controls [0.83 (−0.11 to 2.04) μmol/l]. In the control subjects, CO increased 11% (P&lt;0.05) with no change in TPR. By contrast, in the patients, CO increased 9% (P&lt;0.05), but also TPR increased by 13% (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, leg crossing improves cerebral perfusion and oxygenation both in patients with sympathetic failure and in healthy subjects. However, in healthy subjects, cerebral perfusion and oxygenation were improved by a rise in CO without significant changes in TPR or MAP, whereas in patients with sympathetic failure, cerebral perfusion and oxygenation were improved through a rise in MAP due to increments in both CO and TPR.
Pulmonary Vascular Complications in Asymptomatic Children With Portal Hypertension
Authors: Whitworth John R , Ivy D Dunbar , Gralla Jane , Narkewicz Michael R , Sokol Ronald J 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTObjectives:To determine the prevalence of portopulmonary hypertension, hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), and intrapulmonary vascular shunting (IPVS) in children with clinically stable portal hypertension and to assess the value of vasoactive peptide levels, biochemical tests and clinical signs or symptoms to predict these conditions.Patients and Methods:A prospective, cross‐sectional analysis was conducted on 33 children, ages 4 to 17 years, with stable cirrhosis (n = 28) or extrahepatic portal hypertension (n = 5). The children were screened for IPVS and hypoxia with contrast‐enhanced echocardiography (cECHO) and pulse oximetry, and screened for pulmonary hypertension with Doppler echocardiography. Chemistries, radiographs, physical examinations, and levels of vasoactive peptides were compared between subjects with IPVS and those with normal cECHO.Results:No subject had pulmonary hypertension. Six (19%) had IPVS, all of which had intrahepatic causes of portal hypertension, and 1 of whom had HPS. Compared with subjects with normal cECHO, those with IPVS had biochemical evidence of more advanced liver disease and higher b‐type natriuretic peptide levels.Conclusions:Prevalence of portopulmonary hypertension and HPS appear to be rare in clinically stable children with portal hypertension. Intrapulmonary vascular shunting was present in 19% of these patients. A novel finding of this study is the elevation of b‐type natriuretic peptide in children with IPVS.
Crohn Disease and Mycobacterial Infection in Children: An Intriguing Relationship
Authors: Chiappini Elena , de Martino Maurizio , Mangiantini Franscesca , Lionetti Paolo 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe relation between Crohn disease (CD) and mycobacterial infection is complex and intriguing. The 2 conditions share common immunopathogenic features, and the hypothesis that Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis may cause CD is still under debate. Moreover, differential diagnosis between CD and intestinal tuberculosis (TB) may be challenging, especially in the growing proportion of children immigrating from countries with a high prevalence of TB. Thus, in Western countries, paediatricians who are involved in the diagnosis and management of children with CD are expected to face intestinal TB more frequently than in the past and should always consider the differential diagnosis between these 2 conditions. In addition, the use of biological agents in the treatment of CD, which may reactivate latent TB, requires the development of targeted diagnostic algorithms. Children with CD who are candidates for treatment with antitumour necrosis factor‐α agents should be screened for latent or active TB and closely followed over time, also considering possible failure of antitubercular prophylaxis and the frequent uncharacteristic presentation of TB in children receiving antitumour necrosis factor‐α agents. In the present review, the most recent literature findings on these topics are reported, focusing particularly on the paediatric age group.
Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Wheat Transcriptional ActivatorSpaInfluences Its Pattern of Expression and Has Pleiotropic Effects on Grain Protein Composition, Dough Viscoelasticity, and Grain Hardness
Authors: Ravel Catherine , Martre Pierre , Romeuf Isabelle , Dardevet Mireille , El-Malki Redouane , Bordes Jacques , Duchateau Nathalie , Brunel Dominique , Balfourier François , Charmet Gilles 
Published: October 2009

AbstractStorage protein activator (SPA) is a key regulator of the transcription of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain storage protein genes and belongs to the Opaque2 transcription factor subfamily. We analyzed the sequence polymorphism of the three homoeologous Spa genes in hexaploid wheat. The level of polymorphism in these genes was high particularly in the promoter. The deduced protein sequences of each homoeolog and haplotype show greater than 93% identity. Two major haplotypes were studied for each Spa gene. The three Spa homoeologs have similar patterns of expression during grain development, with a peak in expression around 300 degree days after anthesis. On average, Spa-B is 10 and seven times more strongly expressed than Spa-A and Spa-D, respectively. The haplotypes are associated with significant quantitative differences in Spa expression, especially for Spa-A and Spa-D. Significant differences were found in the quantity of total grain nitrogen allocated to the gliadin protein fractions for the Spa-A haplotypes, whereas the synthesis of glutenins is not modified. Genetic association analysis between Spa and dough viscoelasticity revealed that Spa polymorphisms are associated with dough tenacity, extensibility, and strength. Except for Spa-A, these associations can be explained by differences in grain hardness. No association was found between Spa markers and the average single grain dry mass or grain protein concentration. These results demonstrate that in planta Spa is involved in the regulation of grain storage protein synthesis. The associations between Spa and dough viscoelasticity and grain hardness strongly suggest that Spa has complex pleiotropic functions during grain development.
Histoplasmosis: cytodiagnosis and review of literature with special emphasis on differential diagnosis on cytomorphology
Authors: Gupta N. , Arora S. K. , Rajwanshi A. , Nijhawan R. , Srinivasan R. 
Published: October 2009

N. Gupta, S. K. Arora, A. Rajwanshi, R. Nijhawan and R. Srinivasan Histoplasmosis: cytodiagnosis and review of literature with special emphasis on differential diagnosis on cytomorphologyBackground:  Human infection with Histoplasma capsulatum runs the gamut from asymptomatic to disseminated disease. In immunocompromised patients, a tiny inoculum can lead to widespread disseminated infection. Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment is therefore important.Objective:  To review the cases of histoplasmosis diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and to discuss the clinical presentation, associated inflammatory response, load of organisms and differential diagnosis on cytomorphology in these cases.Methods:  Retrospective review of seven cases of histoplasmosis at a tertiary‐care centre during the period from 1998 to 2009 was performed. Clinical presentation along with cytomorphological features were studied and discussed in detail.Results:  The mean age of patients was 48.6 years and six out of seven were male. History of immunodeficiency (HIV) was available in five cases. Six patients presented with peripheral and/or abdominal lymphadenopathy. One patient had nodular shadows in both lungs and two also had skin lesions. On cytological smears, a variable load of uniform round to oval, about 2–4 μm in diameter, budding yeasts were seen intracellularly (within histiocytes) as well as extracellularly. In one case (HIV positive), these organisms were also seen within neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes. In two cases, an inflammatory response in the form of epithelioid cell granulomas along with multinucleated giant cells was seen.Conclusions:  FNAC is a reliable tool to recognize infection with H. capsulatum in tissues. This infection can cause a variable inflammatory response, which should be considered while reporting on such cases.
Groundfish species diversity and assemblage structure in Icelandic waters during recent years of warming
Authors: STEFANSDOTTIR LILJA , SOLMUNDSSON JÓN , MARTEINSDOTTIR GUÐRÚN , KRISTINSSON KRISTJÁN , JONASSON JÓNAS PÁLL 
Published: October 2009

AbstractElevated ocean temperatures have been predicted to lead to a poleward shift in the latitudinal distribution ranges of fish species. Different responses of fish species to increased temperatures might lead to changes in assemblage structure and local species richness. In this study, the assemblage structure and diversity of groundfish in Icelandic waters were examined using data from a standardized groundfish survey conducted annually in 1996–2007. We used hierarchical cluster analysis to define assemblages in two time periods and canonical correspondence analysis to explore the relationships between the assemblages and temperature, depth, latitude, longitude and year. We further used two estimates of diversity, species richness and the Shannon index. Four major species assemblages were identified. Assemblages in the hydrographically stable deep waters north of the country were consistent during the study, while assemblage structure in the more variable shallow waters underwent some changes. For this period of generally increasing sea temperature, the canonical correspondence analysis also revealed a shift towards species representative of warmer temperatures. Diversity was shown to be highly variable both temporally and spatially, and also to vary with depth and temperature. Species richness increased with temperature and time southwest of the country, but decreased northeast of the country. The different trends detected between the northern and southern areas illustrate the importance of performing analyses at the most appropriate scale.
Characterization of the carbon fluxes of a vegetated drained lake basin chronosequence on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain
Authors: ZONA D. , OECHEL W. C. , PETERSON K. M. , CLEMENTS R. J. , PAW U K. T. , USTIN S. L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGreenhouse gas fluxes from vegetated drained lake basins have been largely unstudied, although these land features constitute up to 47% of the land cover in the Arctic Coastal Plain in northern Alaska. To describe current and to better predict future sink/source activity of the Arctic tundra, it is important to assess these vegetated drained lake basins with respect to the patterns of and controls on gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem exchange, and ecosystem respiration (ER). We measured CO2 fluxes and key environmental variables during the 2007 growing season (June through August) in 12 vegetated drained lake basins representing three age classes (young, drained about 50 years ago; medium, drained between 50 and 300 years ago; and old, drained between 300 and 2000 years ago, as determined by Hinkel et al., 2003) in the Arctic Coastal Plain. Young vegetated drained lake basins had both the highest average GPP over the summer (11.4 gCO2 m−2 day−1) and the highest average summer ER (7.3 gCO2 m−2 day−1), while medium and old vegetated drained lake basins showed lower and similar GPP (7.9 and 7.2 gCO2 m−2 day−1, respectively), and ER (5.2 and 4 gCO2 m−2 day−1, respectively). Productivity decreases with age as nutrients are locked up in living plant material and dead organic matter. However, we showed that old vegetated drained lakes basins maintained relatively high productivity because of the increased development of ice‐wedge polygons, the formation of ponds, and the re‐establishment of very productive species. Comparison of the seasonal CO2 fluxes and concomitant environmental factors over this chronosequence provides the basis for better understanding the patterns and controls on CO2 flux across the coastal plain of the North Slope of Alaska and for more accurately estimating current and future contribution of the Arctic to the global carbon budget.
Neural cadherin is expressed in human gametes and participates in sperm–oocyte interaction events
Authors: Marín‐Briggiler C. I. , Lapyckyj L. , González Echeverría M. F. , Rawe V. Y. , Alvarez Sedó C. , Vazquez‐Levin M. H. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryNeural cadherin (N‐cadherin) is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in calcium‐dependent cell–cell adhesion and signalling events. The previous evidence shows N‐cadherin expression in the human gonads and gametes; however, N‐cadherin subcellular localization in human spermatozoa and oocytes, and its involvement in fertilization remain to be characterized. In this study, expression of N‐cadherin in human spermatozoa and testis was confirmed by RT‐PCR and protein forms were identified using Western immunoblotting. N‐cadherin localization in testicular and ejaculated spermatozoa, in cells that had undergone capacitation and acrosomal exocytosis, as well as in oocytes was assessed using immunocytochemistry. Participation of the adhesion protein in fertilization was evaluated using the HemiZona Assay (HZA) and the zona pellucida (ZP)‐free hamster oocyte sperm penetration assay (SPA). Both the N‐cadherin transcript and the mature protein form (135 kDa) were found in spermatozoa and testis. The protein was mainly immunolocalized in the acrosomal region of testicular, non‐capacitated and capacitated spermatozoa, and was found in the equatorial segment after acrosomal exocytosis. N‐cadherin was also detected in oocytes, in conjunction with β‐catenin, a member of the adhesion complex. Sperm incubation with anti N‐cadherin antibodies did not affect their ability to interact with homologous ZP in the HZA; by contrast, presence of the antibodies in the SPA led to a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the percentage of penetrated oocytes. In conjunction, results indicate that N‐cadherin is a sperm protein of testicular origin localized in cellular regions involved in gamete interaction. N‐cadherin would not participate in sperm–ZP interaction, but it would have a role in sperm–oolemma adhesion/fusion events.
Image correlation microscopy for uniform illumination
Authors: GABORSKI T.R. , SEALANDER M.N. , EHRENBERG M. , WAUGH R.E. , MCGRATH J.L. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryImage cross‐correlation microscopy is a technique that quantifies the motion of fluorescent features in an image by measuring the temporal autocorrelation function decay in a time‐lapse image sequence. Image cross‐correlation microscopy has traditionally employed laser‐scanning microscopes because the technique emerged as an extension of laser‐based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. In this work, we show that image correlation can also be used to measure fluorescence dynamics in uniform illumination or wide‐field imaging systems and we call our new approach uniform illumination image correlation microscopy. Wide‐field microscopy is not only a simpler, less expensive imaging modality, but it offers the capability of greater temporal resolution over laser‐scanning systems. In traditional laser‐scanning image cross‐correlation microscopy, lateral mobility is calculated from the temporal de‐correlation of an image, where the characteristic length is the illuminating laser beam width. In wide‐field microscopy, the diffusion length is defined by the feature size using the spatial autocorrelation function. Correlation function decay in time occurs as an object diffuses from its original position. We show that theoretical and simulated comparisons between Gaussian and uniform features indicate the temporal autocorrelation function depends strongly on particle size and not particle shape. In this report, we establish the relationships between the spatial autocorrelation function feature size, temporal autocorrelation function characteristic time and the diffusion coefficient for uniform illumination image correlation microscopy using analytical, Monte Carlo and experimental validation with particle tracking algorithms. Additionally, we demonstrate uniform illumination image correlation microscopy analysis of adhesion molecule domain aggregation and diffusion on the surface of human neutrophils.
A comparison study of detecting gold nanorods in living cells with confocal reflectance microscopy and two‐photon fluorescence microscopy
Authors: ZHOU Y. , WU X. , WANG T. , MING T. , WANG P.N. , ZHOU L.W. , CHEN J.Y. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryTwo‐photon fluorescence microscopy and confocal reflectance microscopy were compared to detect intracellular gold nanorods in rat basophilic leukaemia cells. The two‐photon photoluminescence images of gold nanorods were acquired by an 800 nm fs laser with the power of milliwatts. The advantages of the obtained two‐photon photoluminescence images are high spatial resolution and reduced background. However, a remarkable photothermal effect on cells was seen after 30 times continuous scanning of the femto‐second laser, potentially affecting the subcellular localization pattern of the nanorods. In the case of confocal reflectance microscopy the images of gold nanorods can be obtained with the power of light source as low as microwatts, thus avoiding the photothermal effect, but the resolution of such images is reduced. We have noted that confocal reflectance images of cellular gold nanorods achieved with 50 μW 800 nm fs have a relatively poor resolution, whereas the 50 μW 488 nm CW laser can acquire reasonably satisfactory 3D reflectance images with improved resolution because of its shorter wavelength. Therefore, confocal reflectance microscopy may also be a suitable means to image intracellular gold nanorods with the advantage of reduced photothermal effect.
Genetic epidemiology of the Sudden Oak Death pathogenPhytophthora ramorumin California
Authors: MASCHERETTI S. , CROUCHER P. J. P. , KOZANITAS M. , BAKER L. , GARBELOTTO M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA total of 669 isolates ofPhytophthora ramorum,the pathogen responsible for Sudden Oak Death, were collected from 34 Californian forests and from the ornamental plant‐trade. Seven microsatellite markers revealed 82 multilocus genotypes (MGs) of which only three were abundant (>10%). Iteratively collapsing based upon minimum ΦST, yielded five meta‐samples and five singleton populations. Populations in the same meta‐sample were geographically contiguous, with one exception, possibly explained by the trade of infected plants from the same source into different locations. Multidimensional scaling corroborated this clustering and identified nursery populations as genetically most distant from the most recent outbreaks. A minimum‐spanning network illustrated the evolutionary relationships among MGs, with common genotypes at the centre and singletons at the extremities; consistent with colonization by a few common genotypes followed by local evolution. Coalescent migration analyses used the original data set and a data set in which local genotypes were collapsed into common ancestral genotypes. Both analyses suggested that meta‐samples 1 (Santa Cruz County) and 3 (Sonoma and Marin Counties), act as sources for most of the other forests. The untransformed data set best explains the first phases of the invasion, when the role of novel genotypes may have been minimal, whereas the second analysis best explains migration patterns in later phases of the invasion, when prevalence of novel genotypes was likely to have become more significant. Using this combined approach, we discuss possible migration routes based on our analyses, and compare them to historical and field observations from several case studies.
An AFLP clock for absolute dating of shallow‐time evolutionary history – too good to be true?
Authors: EHRICH D. , EIDESEN P. B. , ALSOS I. G. , BROCHMANN C. 
Published: October 2009

A major drawback of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP) as genetic makers for phylogeographic studies is their lack of a temporal dimension. In a recent publication in Molecular Ecology, Kropf et al. (2009) proposed a molecular clock for AFLP. In this comment we evaluate the proposed approach both theoretically and empirically. A linear increase with time is a prerequisite to use a genetic distance as molecular clock. Testing the relationship between genetic distance and time in the data of Kropf et al. (2009) for linearity revealed that the relationship was in fact not linear for their pooled data, as well as for one of the three species analyzed. Also, the relationship was not linear in two new species, where divergence times could be inferred from macrofossils. When applying the proposed molecular clock to data from eight species, dates obtained were plausible in some cases, but very improbable in others. The suggested genetic distance was also influenced by intrapopulation genetic diversity, leading to a potential bias. In the future, investigations of AFLP mutation rates combined with phylogeographic modelling may contribute to adding a time scale to the understanding of AFLP data.
Sediments from Lake Cheko (Siberia), a possible impact crater for the 1908 Tunguska Event
Authors: Gasperini Luca , Bonatti Enrico , Albertazzi Sonia , Forlani Luisa , Accorsi Carla A. , Longo Giuseppe , Ravaioli Mariangela , Alvisi Francesca , Polonia Alina , Sacchetti Fabio 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCheko, a small lake located in Siberia close to the epicentre of the 1908 Tunguska explosion, might fill a crater left by the impact of a fragment of a Cosmic Body. Sediment cores from the lake’s bottom were studied to support or reject this hypothesis. A 175‐cm long core, collected near the center of the lake, consists of an upper ∼1 m thick sequence of lacustrine deposits overlaying coarser chaotic material. 210Pb and 137Cs indicate that the transition from lower to upper sequence occurred close to the time of the Tunguska Event. Pollen analysis reveals that remains of aquatic plants are abundant in the top post‐1908 sequence, but are absent in the lower pre‐1908 portion of the core. These results, including organic C, N and δ13C data, suggest that Lake Cheko formed at the time of the Tunguska Event.