bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytokinins Mediate Resistance againstPseudomonas syringaein Tobacco through Increased Antimicrobial Phytoalexin Synthesis Independent of Salicylic Acid Signaling
Authors: Großkinsky Dominik K. , Naseem Muhammad , Abdelmohsen Usama Ramadan , Plickert Nicole , Engelke Thomas , Griebel Thomas , Zeier Jürgen , Novák Ondřej , Strnad Miroslav , Pfeifhofer Hartwig , van der Graaff Eric , Simon Uwe , Roitsch Thomas 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCytokinins are phytohormones that are involved in various regulatory processes throughout plant development, but they are also produced by pathogens and known to modulate plant immunity. A novel transgenic approach enabling autoregulated cytokinin synthesis in response to pathogen infection showed that cytokinins mediate enhanced resistance against the virulent hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci. This was confirmed by two additional independent transgenic approaches to increase endogenous cytokinin production and by exogenous supply of adenine- and phenylurea-derived cytokinins. The cytokinin-mediated resistance strongly correlated with an increased level of bactericidal activities and up-regulated synthesis of the two major antimicrobial phytoalexins in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), scopoletin and capsidiol. The key role of these phytoalexins in the underlying mechanism was functionally proven by the finding that scopoletin and capsidiol substitute in planta for the cytokinin signal: phytoalexin pretreatment increased resistance against P. syringae. In contrast to a cytokinin defense mechanism in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) based on salicylic acid-dependent transcriptional control, the cytokinin-mediated resistance in tobacco is essentially independent from salicylic acid and differs in pathogen specificity. It is also independent of jasmonate levels, reactive oxygen species, and high sugar resistance. The novel function of cytokinins in the primary defense response of solanaceous plant species is rather mediated through a high phytoalexin-pathogen ratio in the early phase of infection, which efficiently restricts pathogen growth. The implications of this mechanism for the coevolution of host plants and cytokinin-producing pathogens and the practical application in agriculture are discussed.
Focusing homologous recombination: pilin antigenic variation in the pathogenic Neisseria
Authors: Cahoon Laty A. , Seifert H. Steven 
Published: August 2011

SummarySome pathogenic microbes utilize homologous recombination to generate antigenic variability in targets of immune surveillance. These specialized systems rely on the cellular recombination machinery to catalyse dedicated, high‐frequency reactions that provide extensive diversity in the genes encoding surface antigens. A description of the specific mechanisms that allow unusually high rates of recombination without deleterious effects on the genome in the well‐characterized pilin antigenic variation systems of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis is presented. We will also draw parallels to selected bacterial and eukaryotic antigenic variation systems, and suggest the most pressing unanswered questions related to understanding these important processes.
Localized Delaunay Refinement for Volumes
Authors: Dey Tamal K , Slatton Andrew G 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDelaunay refinement, recognized as a versatile tool for meshing a variety of geometries, has the deficiency that it does not scale well with increasing mesh size. The bottleneck can be traced down to the memory usage of 3D Delaunay triangulations. Recently an approach has been suggested to tackle this problem for the specific case of smooth surfaces by subdividing the sample set in an octree and then refining each subset individually while ensuring termination and consistency. We extend this to localized refinement of volumes, which brings about some new challenges. We show how these challenges can be met with simple steps while retaining provable guarantees, and that our algorithm scales many folds better than a state‐of‐the‐art meshing tool provided by CGAL.
Coarse‐to‐Fine Combinatorial Matching for Dense Isometric Shape Correspondence
Authors: Sahillioǧlu Y. , Yemez Y. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe present a dense correspondence method for isometric shapes, which is accurate yet computationally efficient. We minimize the isometric distortion directly in the 3D Euclidean space, i.e., in the domain where isometry is originally defined, by using a coarse‐to‐fine sampling and combinatorial matching algorithm. Our method does not require any initialization and aims to find an accurate solution in the minimum‐distortion sense for perfectly isometric shapes. We demonstrate the performance of our method on various isometric (or nearly isometric) pairs of shapes.
Redundancy and Patterns of Household Finance
Authors: Morris Lydia D. 
Published: August 2011

This paper examines the nature and implications of different patterns of income flow within households in the critical situation of redundancy for the male main earner. In a sample of forty households a number of different patterns of resource allocation were found, and may be divided into four general types: one based on female control, two on male control, and one on dual control. A normative tendency to attach priority to items of collective household expenditure was detected, together with a division of labour which left the woman largely responsible for domestic affairs. I argue that given these circumstances, the lower the household income, the greater the need for unitary control, and the greater the likelihood that this control will be exercised by the woman. The paper goes on to examine the implications of the different patterns of income flow for marital relations, outlining the way in which the renegotiation of personal and domestic needs will have implications for, and also be influenced by, the nature of the marital relationship, the degree of both spouses' involvement in extra-household networks, the characteristics of these networks, and the resources which they make available.
DO WE SEE APPLES AS EDIBLE?
Authors: NANAY BENCE 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDo we (sometimes) perceive apples as edible? One could argue that it is just a manner of speaking to say so: we do not really see an object as edible, we see it as having certain shape, size and color and we only infer on the basis of these properties that it is. I argue that we do indeed see objects as edible, and do not just believe that they are. My argument proceeds in two steps. First, I point out that Susanna Siegel's influential argument in favor of the claim that we represent sortal properties perceptually does not work. Second, I argue that we can fix this argument if we replace the sortal property in question with the property of being edible, climbable or Q‐able in general.
Chronic olanzapine treatment decreases arachidonic acid turnover and prostaglandin E2 concentration in rat brain
Authors: Cheon Yewon , Park Jee‐Young , Modi Hiren R. , Kim Hyung‐Wook , Lee Ho‐Joo , Chang Lisa , Rao Jagadeesh S. , Rapoport Stanley I. 
Published: August 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 364–376.AbstractThe atypical antipsychotic, olanzapine (OLZ), is used to treat bipolar disorder, but its therapeutic mechanism of action is not clear. Arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n‐6) plays a critical role in brain signaling and an up‐regulated AA metabolic cascade was reported in postmortem brains from bipolar disorder patients. In this study, we tested whether, similar to the action of the mood stabilizers lithium, carbamazepine and valproate, chronic OLZ treatment would reduce AA turnover in rat brain. We administered OLZ (6 mg/kg/day) or vehicle i.p. to male rats once daily for 21 days. A washout group received 21 days of OLZ followed by vehicle on day 22. Two hours after the last injection, [1‐14C]AA was infused intravenously for 5 min, and timed arterial blood samples were taken. After the rat was killed at 5 min, its brain was microwaved, removed and analyzed. Chronic OLZ decreased plasma unesterified AA concentration, AA incorporation rates and AA turnover in brain phospholipids. These effects were absent after washout. Consistent with reduced AA turnover, OLZ decreased brain cyclooxygenase activity and the brain concentration of the proinflammatory AA‐derived metabolite, prostaglandin E2, In view of up‐regulated brain AA metabolic markers in bipolar disorder, the abilities of OLZ and the mood stabilizers to commonly decrease prostaglandin E2, and AA turnover in rat brain phospholipids, albeit by different mechanisms, may be related to their efficacy against the disease.
A novel flow cytometry‐based technique to measure adult neurogenesis in the brain
Authors: Spoelgen Robert , Meyer Annette , Moraru Anja , Kirsch Friederike , Vogt‐Eisele Angela , Plaas Christian , Pitzer Claudia , Schneider Armin 
Published: August 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 165–175.AbstractThe stimulation of neurogenesis is an exciting novel therapeutic option for diseases of the central nervous system, ranging from depression to neurodegeneration. One major bottleneck in screening approaches for neurogenesis‐inducing compounds is the very demanding in vivo quantification of newborn neurons based on stereological techniques. To effectively develop compounds in this area, novel fast and reliable techniques for quantification of in vivo neurogenesis are needed. In this study, we introduce a flow cytometry‐based method for quantifying newly generated neurons in the brain based on the counting of cell nuclei from dissected brain regions. Important steps involve density sedimentation of the cell nuclei, and staining for the proliferation marker bromodeoxy uridine and nuclear cell type markers such as NeuN. We demonstrate the ability of the technique to detect increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus of animals which underwent physical exercise and received fluoxetine treatment.
Modification of a novel angiogenic peptide, AG30, for the development of novel therapeutic agents
Authors: Nakagami Hironori , Nishikawa Tomoyuki , Tamura Nao , Maeda Akito , Hibino Hajime , Mochizuki Masayoshi , Shimosato Takashi , Moriya Toshinori , Morishita Ryuichi , Tamai Katsuto , Tomono Kazunori , Kaneda Yasufumi 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe previously identified a novel angiogenic peptide, AG30, with antibacterial effects that could serve as a foundation molecule for the design of wound‐healing drugs. Toward clinical application, in this study we have developed a modified version of the AG30 peptide characterized by improved antibacterial and angiogenic action, thus establishing a lead compound for a feasibility study. Because AG30 has an α‐helix structure with a number of hydrophobic and cationic amino acids, we designed a modified AG30 peptide by replacing several of the amino acids. The replacement of cationic amino acids (yielding a new molecule, AG30/5C), but not hydrophobic amino acids, increased both the angiogenic and the antimicrobial properties of the peptide. AG30/5C was also effective against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and antibiotic‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a diabetic mouse wound‐healing model, the topical application of AG30/5C accelerated wound healing with increased angiogenesis and attenuated MRSA infection. To facilitate the eventual clinical investigation/application of these compounds, we developed a large‐scale procedure for the synthesis of AG30/5C that employed the conventional solution method and met Good Manufacturing Practice guidelines. In the evaluation of stability of this peptide in saline solution, RP‐HPLC analysis revealed that AG30/5C was fairly stable under 5°C for 12 months. Therefore, we propose the use of AG30/5C as a wound‐healing drug with antibacterial and angiogenic actions.
Antibiotic effects on bacterial profile in osteonecrosis of the jaw
Authors: Ji X , Pushalkar S , Li Y , Glickman R , Fleisher K , Saxena D 
Published: August 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 18, 85–95Objective:  Oral infection is considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), and antibiotic therapy has become a mainstay of BRONJ therapy. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of antibiotics on bacterial diversity in BRONJ tissues.Materials and methods:  The bacterial profile from soft tissues associated with the BRONJ lesion was determined using 16S rRNA‐based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing. Twenty BRONJ subjects classified as stage 0–2 were enrolled in this study, and patient groups were divided into an antibiotic cohort (n = 10) treated with systemic antibiotic and a non‐antibiotic cohort (n = 10) with no prior antibiotic therapy.Results:  The DGGE fingerprints indicated no significant differences in bacterial diversity of BRONJ tissue samples. Patients on antibiotics had higher relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes with bacterial species, Streptococcus intermedius, Lactobacillus gasseri, Mogibacterium timidum, and Solobacterium moorei, whereas patients without antibiotics had greater amounts of Parvimonas micra and Streptococcus anginosus. Thirty percent of bacterial populations were uncultured (yet‐to be cultured) phylotypes.Conclusion:  This study using limited sample size indicated that oral antibiotic therapy may have a limited efficacy on the bacterial population associated with BRONJ lesions.
Clinical Outcomes of an Osteotome Technique and Simultaneous Placement of Neoss Implants in the Posterior Maxilla
Authors: Volpe Stefano , Lanza Massimiliano , Verrocchi Damiano , Sennerby Lars 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTBackground: Insufficient bone volume often hamper placement of dental implants in the posterior maxilla.Purpose: The aim of the present clinical study was to evaluate retrospectively the clinical outcome of implant placement in the resorbed posterior maxilla using an osteotome technique without adding any grafting material.Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with 5 to 9 mm of residual alveolar bone height in the posterior maxilla received twenty‐nine implants (Neoss Ltd., Harrogate, UK) using an osteotomy technique without bone grafts. Intraoral radiographs were taken before and after implant placement, at the time of loading and after 11 to 32 months of loading (mean 16.4 months), to evaluate bone formation below the sinus membrane and marginal bone loss. Implant stability measurements (OsstellTM, Gothenburg, Sweden) were performed after implant installation and at abutment connection 5 months later. All implants were installed with the prosthetic platform level with the bone crest.Results: No implant was lost giving a survival rate of 100% after a mean follow‐up time of 16.4 months. The average vertical bone height was 7.2 ± 1.5 mm at placement and 10.0 ± 1.0 mm after 11 to 32 months. The average increase of 2.8 ± 1.1 mm was statistically significant. There was a statistically significant improvement in implant stability from 70.7 ± 9.2 implant stability quotient (ISQ) at placement to 76.7 ± 5.7 ISQ at abutment connection, 5 months later. The mean marginal bone loss amounted to 0.7 ± 0.3 mm after 11 to 32 months of loading.Conclusion: It is concluded that the osteotome technique evaluated resulted in predictable intrasinus bone formation, firm implant stability, and good clinical outcomes as no implants were lost and minimal marginal bone loss was observed.
RAPID LARGE‐SCALE PURIFICATION OF BETULINIC ACID
Authors: DING KE , XIAO SISI , LU JINGJING , YUAN QIPENG 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTA rapid and efficient method for large‐scale purification of natural betulinic acid from Zizyphi Spinosi Semen was described. The procedure involved reflux extraction, preparative separation using low‐pressure reverse‐phase liquid chromatography and purification by crystallization. High purity (over 90%) and recovery of betulinic acid were obtained by preparative low‐pressure reverse‐phase liquid chromatography. Betulinic acid with the purity of over 99% was produced by crystallization. The method described was a useful tool in the preparative‐scale isolation of betulinic acid with low cost.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe production of betulinic acid is easier and the yield and purity of betulinic acid produced this way are higher than before. This method can be used not only for experiment in the laboratory but also for industrial applications. The material – Zizyphi Spinosi Semen is a by‐product of wild jujube juice industry, so it is easy to get. High‐purity betulinic acid produced this way was sold to many companies at home and abroad. It is used as food additive and cosmetic material because of its insomnia and anxiety function. Reagents are common and inexpensive, some of them are reusable.
MICROWAVE‐ASSISTED DEHYDRATION FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SAMPLE PREPARATION IN THE STUDY OF THERMO‐SONICATED YOGURT
Authors: BERMÚDEZ‐AGUIRRE DANIELA , LYNCH‐HOLM VALERIE , BARBOSA‐CÁNOVAS GUSTAVO V. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTIn electron microscopy, considerable sample preparation time is required to make meaningful observations. The objective of this work was to study the microstructure of sonicated yogurt with three sample preparation techniques. The first sample preparation consisted of the conventional dehydration with organic solvents; technique number 2 consisted of freeze‐drying the samples. The third technique consisted of dehydration of samples with solvents assisted with the use of microwave (MW). Images showed that freeze‐drying is not a technique suitable for yogurt because of the low resolution. However, high‐resolution images were obtained with MW, showing very good homogenization of the components of the sonicated yogurt (fat globules, casein micelles and lactose crystals) and also MW shortened the time of sample preparation to 3 h compared with the conventional dehydration technique (5 days).PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSample preparation for electron microscopy takes a considerable amount of time, and sometimes, shorter processing times are required for some specific applications that require high‐resolution images of the product quickly. Microwave energy has been used in the food industry for different applications, but this energy can also be used to considerably reduce the processing times during sample preparation for microscopy without affecting the original structure of the product while providing high‐quality images.
Transition Towards Sustainable Food Consumption and Production in a Resource Constrained World  Reflections on the Foresight Stakeholder Conference, 4–5 May 2011, Budapest, Hungary La transition vers une production et une consommation alimentaires durables dans un monde aux ressources limitées  Réflexions sur la Conférences des parties prenantes autour de l’exercice de prospective de SCAR, 4‐5 mai 2011, Budapest, Hongrie Übergang hin zu nachhaltigem Lebensmittelkonsum und nachhaltiger Lebensmittelproduktion in einer Welt mit begrenzten Ressourcen  Überlegungen zur Stakeholder‐Konferenz über aktuelle “Foresight”‐Studien, 4.‐5. Mai 2011, Budapest, Ungarn
Authors: Kovács Barna 
Published: August 2011

summaryTransition Towards Sustainable Food Consumption and Production in a Resource Constrained World Reflections on the Foresight Stakeholder Conference, 4–5 May 2011, Budapest, HungaryThe SCAR Foresight Stakeholder Conference aimed to be the cornerstone of the Foresight process by identifying innovative solutions which would enable agri‐food systems to cope with a range of complex and interlinked challenges over the next 30–40 years. This article reflects the major views and themes emerging from the conference. Several transitional pathways towards more sustainable food consumption and production were identified and these might provide a basis for forward thinking in the development of public policies and industry strategies: (a) consider expected resource scarcities in long‐term research priority setting and take planetary boundaries seriously; (b) support trans‐disciplinary research to understand the complexity of agri‐food systems and enhance agro‐ecological and resilience research; (c) give consumer‐oriented research a higher priority in public funding; (d) take a cross‐sectoral approach and make public agricultural knowledge and innovation systems (AKIS) fit to cope with the new and interconnected challenges; (e) explore new means of policy coordination and consider the trade‐offs between different sectoral policies; and (f) take a long‐term view for both research policy and research priority setting and enable more efficient research spending by strengthening transnational program cooperation. Tackling long‐term European agri‐food system sustainability challenges will require increased investments in research and innovation.
Matricellular Proteins: New Molecular Targets To Prevent Heart Failure
Authors: Okamoto Hiroshi , Imanaka‐Yoshida Kyoko 
Published: August 2011

SummaryMatricellular proteins are highly expressed in reparative responses to pressure and volume overload, ischemia, oxidative stress after myocardial injury, and modulate the inflammatory and fibrotic process in ventricular remodeling, which leads to cardiac dysfunction and eventually overt heart failure. Generally, matricellular proteins loosen strong adhesion of cardiomyocytes to extracellular matrix, which would help cells to move for rearrangement and allow inflammatory cells and capillary vessels to spread during tissue remodeling. Among matricellular proteins, osteopontin (OPN) and tenascin‐C (TN‐C) are de‐adhesion proteins and upregulate the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases. These matricellular proteins could be key molecules to diagnose cardiac remodeling and also might be targets for the prevention of adverse ventricular remodeling. This review provides an overview of the role of matricellular proteins such as OPN and TN‐C in cardiac function and remodeling, as determined by both in basic and in clinical studies.