bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polarization field crossover in semi‐polar InGaN/GaN single quantum wells
Authors: Shen H. , Garrett G. A. , Wraback M. , Zhong H. , Tyagi A. , DenBaars S. P. , Nakamura S. , Speck J. S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe present an electroreflectance study of the polarization field in semi‐polar (10$ \bar 1\bar 1 $) and (11$ \bar 2 $2) oriented InGaN quantum wells (QW). For the ($ \bar 1\bar 1 $) sample, the flat‐QW condition (the electric field in the QW is zero) is at a reverse bias voltage. For the (11$ \bar 2 $2) sample, the flat‐QW condition is at a forward bias voltage larger than the turn on voltage of the diode. However, the flat‐barrier condition (the electric field in the barrier region is zero) is at a forward bias voltage less than the turn on voltage of the diode. The flat‐QW condition and the flat‐barrier condition are determined by examining the zero‐crossing and the Franz‐Keldysh oscillations in the electroreflectance signal for (10$ \bar 1\bar 1 $) and (11$ \bar 2 $2) InGaN QWs, respectively. From the corresponding bias voltages, we deduce the polarization field in the QWs and conclude that in the semi‐polar InGaN/GaN QW there is a crossover angle between the polar and non‐polar orientations where the polarization field vanishes. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of UV optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles dispersed in traditional organic and novel bio‐molecular solvents
Authors: Qin Liqiao , Shing Christopher , Sawyer Shayla 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTwo types of ZnO nanoparticles were dispersed in a bio‐molecular solvent and in ethanol. The mixtures were characterized by photoluminescence and absorbance measurements. Strong UV emission was observed near the band gap of ZnO at 380 nm. The parasitic green emission which normally appears in ZnO suspensions was weakened when ZnO was dispersed in the bio‐molecular solvent. Suspensions were spin‐cast on quartz, and then Al contacts were deposited by a standard lift‐off process via e‐beam lithography. Point contact current‐voltage characteristics of the samples were measured under equal intensity conditions using 340 nm UV LED and white LED sources. The ratio of the UV photo‐generated current to dark current was as high as 105. Finally, the photocurrent response spectrum was measured. The results show that ZnO nanoparticle is favourable for visible blind UV photodetectors. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A story of breakthrough versus incremental innovation: corporate entrepreneurship in the global pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Dunlap‐Hinkler Denise , Kotabe Masaaki , Mudambi Ram 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBreakthrough innovations are difficult to create, yet they are critical to long‐term competitive advantage. This highlights the considerable opportunities and risks that face corporate entrepreneurs. We study the complex explorative and exploitative entrepreneurial processes of multinational firms operating in the global pharmaceutical industry. We analyze over 1,500 new drug approvals by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We find that a successful track record in breakthrough innovation significantly increases the likelihood of a current breakthrough, while achievements in nongeneric incremental innovation do not have a significant effect. A strong foundation in generic incremental innovation hinders breakthrough performance. Thus, incremental innovation processes appear to be heterogeneous. Products that emerge from joint ventures and alliances are more likely to be breakthroughs. Foreign subsidiary participation in innovation processes did not significantly inhibit breakthroughs. These suggestive findings support the decentralization literature that highlights the benefits associated with exploiting knowledge from foreign centers of excellence. Contrary to the literature arguing that younger firms tend to have greater advantages in exploration, we do not find firm age to be a significant predictor of the likelihood of breakthrough innovation. Copyright © 2010 Strategic Management Society.
A study of the moderating effects of firm age at internationalization on firm survival and short‐term growth
Authors: Carr Jon C. , Haggard K. Stephen , Hmieleski Keith M. , Zahra Shaker A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractResearch on firm internationalization has focused primarily on the antecedents, rather than outcomes, of the strategic decision to enter foreign markets. In addition, factors moderating the outcomes of internationalization have not received systematic analysis. Aiming to fill these gaps in the literature, the current study examines the moderating effects of firm age on postinternationalization survival and growth. Consistent with the liabilities of newness perspective, we suggest that firm age will have a positive moderating effect on postinternationalization survival. Building from the liabilities of aging perspective, we propose that firm age will have a negative moderating effect on postinternationalization short‐term growth. We test these arguments using a longitudinal sample of 787 firms. Results showed that, postinternationalization, younger firms experienced significantly higher rates of short‐term growth than older firms. Findings regarding firm age and survival, postinternationalization, were, however, not conclusive. Overall, our findings indicate that the timing of internationalization has important implications with regard to the short‐term growth of firms. Copyright © 2010 Strategic Management Society.
Sensitivity analysis for misclassification in logistic regression via likelihood methods and predictive value weighting
Authors: Lyles Robert H. , Lin Ji 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe potential for bias due to misclassification error in regression analysis is well understood by statisticians and epidemiologists. Assuming little or no available data for estimating misclassification probabilities, investigators sometimes seek to gauge the sensitivity of an estimated effect to variations in the assumed values of those probabilities. We present an intuitive and flexible approach to such a sensitivity analysis, assuming an underlying logistic regression model. For outcome misclassification, we argue that a likelihood‐based analysis is the cleanest and the most preferable approach. In the case of covariate misclassification, we combine observed data on the outcome, error‐prone binary covariate of interest, and other covariates measured without error, together with investigator‐supplied values for sensitivity and specificity parameters, to produce corresponding positive and negative predictive values. These values serve as estimated weights to be used in fitting the model of interest to an appropriately defined expanded data set using standard statistical software. Jackknifing provides a convenient tool for incorporating uncertainty in the estimated weights into valid standard errors to accompany log odds ratio estimates obtained from the sensitivity analysis. Examples illustrate the flexibility of this unified strategy, and simulations suggest that it performs well relative to a maximum likelihood approach carried out via numerical optimization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences between predicted and established diagnoses of Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome in the Polish population: underdiagnosis or loss of affected fetuses?
Authors: Jezela‐Stanek Aleksandra , Ciara Elżbieta , Małunowicz Ewa , Chrzanowska Krystyna , Latos‐Bieleńska Anna , Krajewska‐Walasek Małgorzata ,   The Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome (SLOS) Collaborative Group
Published: June 2010

AbstractSmith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a metabolic disorder in which an error in cholesterol biosynthesis results in congenital anomalies/mental deficits. The results of our previous newborn screening, based on the carrier frequency of the two most common SLOS‐causing mutations in Poland (p.W151X and p.V326L), would make SLOS one of the most frequent recessive disorders in our country (with an incidence of 1:2,300 – 1:3,937). This prompted us to carry out a 3‐year (2006–2008) national surveillance program in which about 2,000 physicians were asked to identify potential SLOS patients pre‐ and postnatally based on clinical identification forms. The incidence of SLOS in Poland was estimated to be from 1:60,941 to 1:105,395 (1: 83,168 ± 22,227) live births, and its 3‐year prevalence 1:866,273 ± 16,242. The mean carrier frequency was calculated to be from 1:123 to 1:165. The notable discrepancy between our previous carrier newborn screening and these prospective data may result from reduced fertility in SLOS carriers, intrauterine death of affected fetuses, or underdiagnosis in postnatal life. Since we did not notice significant data supporting the first two aspects, our study may support the suggestion that screening for the most frequent DHCR7 alleles does not reflect the true disease rates in the Polish population. Hence, further studies in which maternal urinary steroids (7‐dehydroestriol/estriol and 8‐dehydropregnanetriol/pregnanetriol ratios) would serve as screening markers in early pregnancies may be justified.
Off‐channel temporary pools contribute to native riparian plant species diversity in a regulated river floodplain
Authors: Ishida Shinya , Yamazaki Azusa , Takanose Yoichiro , Kamitani Tomohiko 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOff‐channel temporary pools on riverbanks have characteristic seasonal wet–dry cycles resulting from direct inflow of river water or hyporheic flow seepage. This study addressed two questions regarding the role of temporary pools in supporting diversity of riparian vegetation in a regulated river in Japan: (1) do temporary pools maintain high native riparian plant species diversity? And, (2) how do physical environmental factors affect the pattern of plant species distribution? The study was conducted on a 1‐km section of the Hayade River alluvial fan in Niigata Prefecture, central Japan. Two to five transect belts consisting of 20 contiguous plots (1 m × 1 m) were laid out in two off‐channel temporary pools and six other sites classified by physiognomy. Vascular plant presence, relative elevation, and substratum type were recorded in all plots. Species richness, Simpson's reciprocal index (1/D), and Shannon–Wiener function (H′) were calculated by life form to estimate plant species diversity. Two conclusions could be drawn from the results. First, the temporary pools maintained high native riparian plant species diversity in this regulated river floodplain. Second, several environmental factors (seasonal wet–dry cycle, low elevation, complex micro‐topography, and fine substrata) created spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of moisture conditions in the temporary pools, supporting plant species diversity. For sustainable maintenance of riparian plant species diversity, progressive river‐management should restore original riverine dynamics to generate a shifting mosaic of diverse geomorphology.
Folate Polyglutamylation is Required for Rice Seed Development
Authors: Anukul Nampeung , Ramos Riza Abilgos , Mehrshahi Payam , Castelazo Anahi Santoyo , Parker Helen , Diévart Anne , Lanau Nadège , Mieulet Delphine , Tucker Gregory , Guiderdoni Emmanuel , Barrett David A. , Bennett Malcolm J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In plants, polyglutamylated folate forms account for a significant proportion of the total folate pool. Polyglutamylated folate forms are produced by the enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS). The FPGS enzyme is encoded by two genes in rice, Os03g02030 and Os10g35940. Os03g02030 represents the major expressed form in developing seed. To determine the function of this FPGS gene in rice, a T-DNA knockout line was characterised. Disrupting Os03g02030 gene expression resulted in delayed seed filling. LC-MS/MS-based metabolite profiling revealed that the abundance of mono- and polyglutamylated folate forms was significantly decreased in seeds of the knockout line. RT-qPCR detected an increase in the transcript abundance of folate biosynthesis genes in seed of the knockout plant, whereas the folate deglutamating enzyme γ-glutamyl hydrolase mRNA level was reduced. Our study has uncovered a novel role for folate polyglutamylation during rice seed development and a potential feedback mechanism to maintain folate abundance.
Ultrasound measurements of lower extremity soft tissue and interstitial fluid thickness may be used as an early indicator of dehydration
Authors: Summers Richard L. , Woodward LouAnn H. , Jackson Loretta , Martin David S. , Platts Steven H. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Purpose
Several studies have suggested that clinical indicators of a patient’s fluid status that are frequently used in practice are highly variable and not useful in the differentiation of these patients. In this study, we examine the potential use of ultrasound measurements of soft tissue and interstitial fluid thickness for the detection of conditions of mild to moderate dehydration.

Materials and methods
This study involved healthy subjects in which a mild dehydration was a consequence of tilt bed rest (average loss of plasma volume of ~10%). The soft tissue and interstitial thickness superficial to the calcaneous and immediately below the lateral malleolus were measured in the supine position using high frequency ultrasound both before and after the treatment. Also the echocardiographic measurements of orthostatic induced changes in stroke volume were obtained.

Results
In the eight healthy subjects studied, there was an average of a 13% diminution in both the ankle and pretibial soft tissue and interstitial thickness after tilt bed rest (p = 0.05) that coincided with mildly decreased orthostatic induced changes in stroke volume.

Conclusions
Traditional tilt testing has been a less than satisfactory technique for determining the hydration status of patients. This study looks at the possibility of using ultrasound as a method for the objective measurement of tissue dehydration. The method was able to detect significant changes in tissue interstitial fluid under conditions of mild dehydration. Since the technique obtains measurements in the supine position, it also obviates creating orthostatic symptoms in restrictive clinical environments.
Sex‐specific relationships among attachment security, social values, and sensation seeking in early adolescence: Implications for adolescents’ externalizing problem behaviour
Authors: Sarracino Diego , Presaghi Fabio , Degni Silvia , Innamorati Marco 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTIn early adolescence, attachment security reflects not only the quality of ongoing relationships with parents, but also how adolescents process social relationships with “others” – that is, their “social value orientation” – with possible implications for adolescents’ risk‐taking. In this study, a sample of Italian early adolescents were administered self‐report measures in order to examine the relationships (a) between early adolescents’ perceived attachment security to mothers and fathers, social values (related to family and the socio‐cultural context), and sensation seeking (as a temperamental predisposition to risk‐taking), and (b) between these variables and adolescents’ externalizing problem behaviour. Adolescents were more securely attached to the same‐sexed parent. Further, attachment security with the opposite‐sexed parent predicted more conservative social value orientations, and lower levels of problem behaviour. In contrast, sensation seeking predicted self‐enhancement and openness‐to‐change values to a greater extent, and, in girls, lower levels of attachment security to mothers and fathers.
Flax oil-mediated activation of PPAR-γ correlates with reduction of hepatic lipid accumulation in obese spontaneously hypertensive/NDmcr-cp rats, a model of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Chechi Kanta , Yasui Naomi , Ikeda Katsumi , Yamori Yukio , K. Cheema Sukhinder 
Published: June 2010

Flax oil feeding has been proposed to have beneficial effects on the outcome of the metabolic syndrome due to the highn-3 fatty acid content of flax oil; however, the mechanisms of its action remain largely unknown. We investigated the effects of flax oil feeding on hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR)/NDmcr-cp rats, a genetic model of the metabolic syndrome. Hepatic gene expression of PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c was also assessed in order to investigate the possible underlying mechanisms. Obese and lean SHR/NDmcr-cp rats were fed high-fat diets enriched with either lard or flax oil for a period of 4 weeks. Obese rats exhibited higher body weight, liver weight and mesenteric fat-, epididymal fat- and renal fat-pad weights, and also TAG and cholesterol concentrations in serum and VLDL, LDL and HDL fractions, when compared with the lean rats (P < 0·001), irrespective of the diets. Concentrations of fasting serum insulin and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were lower in flax oil-fed obese (FO) rats compared with the lard-fed obese (LO) rats (P < 0·01). Flax oil feeding also revealed a significant reduction in hepatic TAG and cholesterol concentrations in obese rats compared with the LO rats (P < 0·05). In addition, FO rats exhibited significantly higher hepatic mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, which negatively correlated (r− 0·98,P < 0·05) with their hepatic lipid levels. These findings suggest that flax oil feeding may activate PPAR-γ-dependent pathways to alter the hepatic lipid metabolism and to increase insulin sensitivity in the obese SHR/NDmcr-cp rats.
Resource development and aboriginal culture in the Canadian north
Authors: Angell Angela C. , Parkins John R. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the relationship between resource development and aboriginal community and cultural impacts in Canada's north from the 1970s to the present. Based on a review of published literature, it is contended that northern centred scholarship can be conceptualised in two phases. These are firstly the community impacts phase (1970 to mid-1990s), a phase guided largely by a cultural politics of assimilation, a sociology of disturbance, and an anthropology of acculturation; and secondly the community continuity phase (mid-1990s to present), a phase underpinned by political empowerment, participatory social impact assessment, and the influence of cultural ecology. Due to these shifting political dynamics and research frameworks, and a lack of longitudinal research in the north over the last four decades, it is concluded that the nature of the relationship between resource development and aboriginal culture remains elusive and subject to wide ranging interpretation. Analysis shows that cultural impacts from resource development are dependent on the scale of development and spatial disturbance. It also shows growing political power in the north, a greater focus on community-based research, and renewed discussion of cultural continuity and how it is defined and assessed over time.
Cold war whaling: Bellingshausen and theSlavaflotilla
Authors: Bulkeley Rip 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTOn 7 December 1945 a captured German whaling factory,Wikinger, was allocated to the Soviet Union under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement between that country, the United States and the United Kingdom. In the first section, this article presents the first detailed account of howWikingerwas seized by the Royal Navy and eventually transferred to Soviet ownership. The second section illustrates the hostile attitudes of western governments towards theSlavawhaling flotilla during the cold war, and the degree to which their suspicions were focused on the work of scientists assigned to the flotilla. The next four sections trace the fluctuating perceptions and presentations, during the Tsarist and early Soviet periods, of the Imperial Russian Navy's Antarctic expedition of 1819–1821, the problems in respect of Antarctica which confronted Soviet diplomacy and propaganda in the 1940s, and the new story, about Russians having been the first people to discover Antarctica, which was developed in order to address them. It is then possible, in the seventh section, to explain the political utility of theSlavaflotilla in the early 1950s. An eighth section sketches the divergent cultural fortunes of the Bellingshausen expedition and theSlavaflotilla after the period under consideration.This article discusses the use of whaling and history in support of Soviet Antarctic policy between the end of World War 2 and the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–1958. But theSlavawhaling flotilla did not just play a part in the historicisation of Soviet Antarctic policy. It was itself a historically constituted object, fraught with meanings on both sides of the cold war. For that reason the opportunity is taken to give a more detailed account of the flotilla's origins than has been available hitherto. The author notes that two contributors to this journal have preceded him in some of these matters (Armstrong 1950, 1971; Gan 2009). He ventures to suggest, however, that the connections between whaling, historiography and public information management in Soviet Antarctic policy have not been fully demonstrated before this.
It's not WEIRD, it's WRONG: When Researchers Overlook uNderlying Genotypes, they will not detect universal processes
Authors: Gaertner Lowell , Sedikides Constantine , Cai Huajian , Brown Jonathon D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe dispute Henrich et al.'s analysis of cultural differences at the level of a narrow behavioral-expression for assessing a universalist argument. When Researchers Overlook uNderlying Genotypes (WRONG), they fail to detect universal processes that generate observed differences in expression. We reify this position with our own cross-cultural research on self-enhancement and self-esteem.
The socio-ecological approach turns variance among populations from a liability to an asset
Authors: Kesebir Selin , Oishi Shigehiro , Spellman Barbara A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe emphasize the value of the socio-ecological approach in addressing the problem of population variances. The socio-ecological perspective studies how social and natural habitats shape human behaviors, and are in turn shaped by those behaviors. This focus on system-level factors is particularly well-suited to studying the origins of group differences in human behavior.
Determinants of cognitive variability
Authors: Khemlani Sangeet S. , Lee N. Y. Louis , Bucciarelli Monica 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHenrich et al. address how culture leads to cognitive variability and recommend that researchers be critical about the samples they investigate. However, there are other sources of variability, such as individual strategies in reasoning and the content and context on which processes operate. Because strategy and content drive variability, those factors are of primary interest, while culture is merely incidental.
When nurture becomes nature: Ethnocentrism in studies of human development
Authors: Lancy David F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis commentary will extend the territory claimed in the target article by identifying several other areas in the social sciences where findings from the WEIRD population have been over-generalized. An argument is made that the root problem is the ethnocentrism of scholars, textbook authors, and social commentators, which leads them to take their own cultural values as the norm.
It's not just the subjects – there are too many WEIRD researchers
Authors: Meadon Michael , Spurrett David 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA literature in which most data are outliers is flawed, and the target article sounds a timely alarm call for the behavioural sciences. It also suggests remedies. We mostly concur, except for arguing that the importance of the fact that the researchers themselves are mostly outliers has been underplayed. Improving matters requires non-Western researchers, as well as research subjects.