bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FEEDING RESPONSES OF THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (PECK) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN RELATION TO HOST RESISTANCE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Tomlin Elizabeth S. , Borden John H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFeeding preferences of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), for resistant or susceptible Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr., were investigated using three types of laboratory bioassay. In paired-twig bioassays, fall weevils were significantly deterred from feeding up to 80% by resistant clones from four British Columbia provenances: Green Timbers, Cedarvale, Haney, and Big Qualicum. Females showed greater discrimination than males. Spring weevils were deterred from feeding by clones from the Green Timbers and Big Qualicum provenances by up to 60%. Fall males were more consistently deterred than spring males, suggesting that some host selection occurs in the fall. Females were significantly deterred from ovipositing on twigs from one clone from Big Qualicum, and stimulated by clones from Cedarvale when given a choice. Given no choice, however, they were significantly deterred from ovipositing, but not feeding by several resistant clones. In agar-disc bioassays, spring weevils were significantly deterred from feeding by bark from the provenances of Cedarvale and Big Qualicum by up to 86%. Trees from the provenances of Big Qualicum and Green Timbers caused the most consistent feeding or oviposition deterrency and may rely on this in part as a resistance mechanism. Because not all resistant clones and provenances were deterrent, we hypothesize that these trees may employ other resistance mechanisms which could be incorporated along with feeding and oviposition deterrency into breeding for resistance.
OVIPOSITION, TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION, AND POTENTIAL IMPACT OF STROBILOMYIA LARICIS MICHELSEN AND S. VIARIA (HUCKETT) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) ON EASTERN LARCH, LARIX LARICINA (DU ROI) K. KOCH
Authors: McClure Martha , Quiring Dan T. , Turgeon Jean J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA 2-year field study was carried out to locate and identify eggs, determine the temporal distributions of eggs and larvae, and assess the impact of Strobilomyia laricis and S. viaria on Larix laricina. Eggs of S. laricis were beige with a patterned surface and usually laid one per cone in the bud scales at the base of the cone. Eggs of S. viaria were white and smooth and usually laid one per cone between the ovuliferous scales of the cone. Strobilomyia laricis oviposited from mid- to late May and S. viaria from late May to mid-June, each species initiating oviposition at a different stage of cone phenology. Peak egg densities of S. laricis were 25 and 65% higher than those of S. viaria in 1990 and 1991, respectively. Larvae of both species completed development at the same time, from mid-June to early July. The mean number of scales eaten per cone did not differ between species; one larva damaged a mean of 8.4 scales per cone in 1990 and 10.7 scales per cone in 1991. As the number of scales per cone increased, the mean number of scales eaten increased and the mean percentage of scales eaten decreased. Cone crops were light in both years. In 1990, the only year we were able to differentiate cone maggot larvae, 44% of cones were damaged by S. laricis and only 16% by S. viaria. Together, S. laricis and S. viaria damaged 60 and 67% of the cones and destroyed 38 and 50% of the potential seed crop in 1990 and 1991, respectively.
REVIEW OF THE WORLD SPECIES OFDIMMOCKIAASHMEAD (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Ikeda Eiji , Huber John T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe five species ofDimmockiaAshmead are reviewed and keyed. Members are mainly hyperparasites of Hymenoptera and Diptera parasitic on Lepidoptera, though they are also recorded as primary parasites of Lepidoptera. The NearcticD.incongruaandD.pallipesare redescribed and a lectotype is designated forD.incongrua.Dimmockia marylandicaGirault is provisionally removed fromDimmockiabut its correct placement is unknown because the unique type is lost. The PalaearcticD.brevicornisis newly recorded from North America. Additional taxonomic features are provided forD.exorientisandD.secunda. Two African species, previously placed inDimmockia, are transferred toSympiesisasS.polygoniae(Risbec) comb.nov. andS.cosmopterygi(Risbec) comb.nov. A lectotype is designated forS.polygoniae. A character analysis ofDimmockiaspecies and 21 species ofSympiesisis provided and relationships are discussed.
PATTERNS OF FEEDING INJURY TO POTATO BY THE POTATO FLEA BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN MANITOBA
Authors: Pernal S.F. , Senanayake D.G. , Holliday N.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe amount and distribution of foliar feeding injury by adult potato flea beetles, Epitrix cucumeris (Harris), were examined on individually caged potato plants grown in field plots in Manitoba. Plants were either maintained as uninfested controls, or were exposed throughout the growing season to different insect densities that mimicked the natural seasonal pattern of infestation. In 1984, a trial was conducted using cv. ‘Norland’ exposed to four different densities of potato flea beetles. In 1989 and 1990, cv. ‘Russet Burbank’ was exposed to potato flea beetles, and in some treatments, plants were exposed to early summer infestations of Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). In each trial, during the late summer period of high potato flea beetle density, the amount and distribution of flea beetle feeding injury were assessed at weekly intervals. Counts of feeding punctures in single leaflets were made from leaves in the upper, middle, and lower third of each caged plant, and these data were subjected to repeated measures analysis of variance. In each of the 3 years, increasing the number of flea beetles increased the mean number of feeding punctures per leaflet in an approximately linear fashion; however, the number of punctures per beetle varied between cultivars and years. In 1984 and 1990, the number of feeding punctures per leaflet was least in the upper third of the plants, and greater in the lower, or middle and lower, third of plants. However, in 1989, the vertical distribution of feeding punctures was relatively even. Previous feeding by Colorado potato beetles increased the mean number of flea beetle feeding punctures per leaflet and changed the vertical distribution of feeding punctures. Rainfall and temperature were correlated with patterns of flea beetle injury; injury was concentrated on lower leaflets during weeks of greater rainfall, and upper leaflets were injured most during weeks with higher average temperatures. It is concluded that flea beetles exhibit preferences for feeding in specific portions of potato plants, and that these preferences change in response to previous defoliation and are influenced by meteorological conditions. Consequently, counting feeding punctures would not be a reliable method of assessing whether control measures for potato flea beetles are justified.
REDUCED COLD-HARDINESS OF PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO EXTERNAL WATER AND SURFACTANTS
Authors: Horton David R. , Lewis Tamera M. , Neven Lisa G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOverwintering pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster), were misted with water or with one of several dilute solutions of water and surfactant, and then exposed to a range of subzero temperatures for 24 h. Misted psylla had significantly greater mortality than unmisted controls. Increases in mortality occurred at temperatures as warm as −6°C, a temperature well within the range of conditions in the field. At extreme low temperatures (−18°C) there was virtually no mortality in the unmisted controls, whereas mortality approached or reached 100% in several of the misted groups. Temperatures necessary to kill 50% of insects estimated for topically treated psylla ranged between −2.6 and −12.7°C for surfactant-treated insects, and below −18°C for water-treated or control insects. The possibility of using surfactants and water for control of overwintering pear psylla is discussed.
LIFE CYCLE OF FORFICULA SENEGALENSIS SERV. (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BULRUSH MILLET IN THE SUDANESE-SAHELIAN ZONE OF NIGER
Authors: Boukary Ibrahim Baoua , Tourneur Jean-Claude , Gingras Jean 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe reproduction of Forficula senegalensis Serv. was studied in fields of bulrush millet (Pennisetum typhoides Burm.), 40 km south of Maradi, Niger. Flight activity, as determined by light trapping, follows a seasonal cycle in two phases: first the arrival of adults of the previous year in the fields at the onset of tillering; and second, the dispersal of adults of the new generation at the time of blooming and maturation of the plant, and their departure at harvest time. Females lay their eggs at the collar of the plants during tillering; hatching and nymphal dispersal occur soon afterward. From the second instar on, nymphs migrate to the intermediate and upper levels of the plant. The reproductive cycle of F. senegalensis thus appears closely synchronized with the development of bulrush millet.
INVITATION PAPER: C.P. Alexander Fund: HOST CHOICE BY APHIDIID PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE): HOST RECOGNITION, HOST QUALITY, AND HOST VALUE
Authors: Mackauer M. , Michaud J.P. , Völkl W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSpecies in the family Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera) parasitize exclusively ovoviviparous aphids. Females use a variety of information to detect and evaluate suitable hosts. Olfactory cues associated with aphids, or the aphids’ host plant, are important for host location. Visual cues including aphid colour, shape, and movement can be evaluated from a distance without physical contact; aphid movement may act as a releasing stimulus for attack. Contact chemosensory cues (gustatory cues) are evaluated by antennation of the host cuticle and during ovipositor probing. A potential host must conform to the wasp’s response profile and satisfy minimum physiological and dietary requirements for immature development and growth. Host quality is determined in part by attributes specific to each aphid species and in part by each aphid’s individual-specific growth potential. Host quality for male and female progeny may vary as a result of different patterns of resource allocation and sexual size dimorphism. For an encountered aphid to be accepted as a host, its perceived value must exceed the wasp’s response threshold for oviposition. Host value, as opposed to host quality, varies dynamically with parasitoid state variables such as age, egg load, and prior experience. A conceptual model of host choice by aphidiid wasps is presented.
TRANSMISSION OF THE PITCH CANKER FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SUBGLUTINANS F. SP. PINI, TO MONTEREY PINE, PINUS RADIATA, BY CONE- AND TWIG-INFESTING BEETLES
Authors: Hoover Kelli , Wood David L. , Storer Andrew J. , Fox Joseph W. , Bros William E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractConophthorus radiatae Hopkins, Ernobius punctulatus Fall, and Pityophthorus spp. infest cones and twigs of Monterey pines (Pinus radiata D. Don) and thus may be important vectors of the pitch canker fungus Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini in the central coast of California. Fifteen percent of 1st-year Monterey pine conelets infested with C. radiatae prior to August 1990 developed pitch canker by May 1991. Conophthorus radiatae, E. punctulatus, and Pityophthorus spp. were dissected from some of these conelets and found carrying F. s. pini. Between June 1990 and May 1991, 16% of 695 randomly selected uninfested 1st-year conelets from a total of 329 separate cone whorls were infested by at least one of the above beetle species, and F. s. pini was isolated from 42% of the attacked conelets. Average percentage contamination of beetles per conelet was highest for adults of Pityophthorus spp. (38%), followed by adults of C. radiatae (33%), larvae of E. punctulatus (24%), and larvae of Pityophthorus spp. (5%). There were significant associations between conelets that contained contaminated C. radiatae, Pityophthorus spp., and/or E. punctulatus and conelets with F. s. pini.Under experimental conditions, C. radiatae and E. punctulatus transmitted the fungus to healthy cones. Ernobius punctulatus required an entrance tunnel by C. radiatae to enter and infect the cone. Artificially wounded cones did not develop pitch canker. Intra- and interspecific transmission of F. s. pini was demonstrated among these beetle species. In infested branch tips without cones, interspecific transmission of F. s. pini between E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp. was also demonstrated.The roles of C. radiatae and E. punctulatus as vectors of F. s. pini and of Pityophthorus spp. as potential vectors are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of pitch canker disease. The spread of pitch canker to California’s native pines as well as other conifers may be enhanced by interspecific transmission of F. s. pini between E. punctulatus and C. radiatae in cones and between E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp. in branch tips. Ernobius punctulatus provides a pathway for the fungus to potential insect vectors that attack several hosts and a variety of plant parts.
PATHOGENICITY OF ASCOSPHAERA LARVIS TO LARVAE OF THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTING BEE, MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA
Authors: Goettel Mark S. , Duke Grant M. , Goerzen D. Wayne 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLaboratory assays and field surveys showed that Ascosphaera larvis (Bissett) is a pathogen of alfalfa leafcutting bee larvae, capable of causing high mortality in commercial populations. In one population, over 21% of bees were found to be infected by A. larvis. However, overall levels of the disease are low and it is unlikely that this pathogen poses an immediate threat to commercial leafcutting bee populations in Canada. The LD50 was determined to be 1.9 × 105 spores/bee. Elevated levels of CO2 are required for in vitro spore germination. The disease can easily be diagnosed within bee cells by X-ray radiography, thereby enabling disease levels to be monitored using conventional methods utilized by the industry to monitor leafcutting bee quality.
ASSESSING NATURAL SELECTION IN WHITE PINE WEEVILS (PISSODES STROBI PECK) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FOR OVERCOMING RESISTANCE IN TREES: AN EVOLUTIONARY MODEL
Authors: Barclay Hugh J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn evolutionary model was constructed for the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck). This weevil attacks Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bongard) Carriere], and Sitka spruce trees have two forms, one being susceptible to the insect attacks and the other being resistant to attack. There is a fear that insects may develop tolerance to the resistant trees. The strategy of interplanting susceptible and resistant trees to minimize the likelihood of the insects developing tolerance mechanisms to circumvent the resistance is examined. It is found that if only one gene locus is involved, the development of tolerance occurs more quickly than if resistance is governed by two independent loci. The rate of evolution of tolerance to tree resistance is retarded by increased adult survivorship, the degree of recessiveness of the gene, preferential attack of susceptible trees, redistribution of intolerant insects from resistant to susceptible trees, and the immigration of wild-type insects.
EFFECT ON GROWTH AND ROOT NODULATION OF CLOVERS, TRIFOLIUM SPP., BY GALLERIA MELLONELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) INFECTED WITH STEINERNEMA CARPOCAPSAE (WEISER) (RHABDITA: STEINERNEMATIDAE) AND ITS SYMBIONT, XENORHABDUS NEMATOPHILUS POINAR AND THOMAS
Authors: Eidt D.C. , Stewart J.G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRed and white clovers, Trifolium spp., were grown in nitrogen-poor soil containing cadavers of larval Galleria mellonella (L.) that were infected with Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and its symbiont Xenorhabdus nematophilus Poinar and Thomas. Growth and root nodulation were not affected by the nematode treatment, leading us to conclude that they would not be impaired through the action of antimicrobial agents produced by Xenorhabdus spp. present in soils because of Xenorhabdus-infected insect cadavers.
THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE AND PREY PREFERENCE OF FELTIELLA ACARISUGA (VALLOT) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) FOR TWO OF ITS PREY: MALE AND FEMALE TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITES, TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIIDAE)
Authors: Opit G.P. , Roitberg B. , Gillespie D.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe preference of the predatory midge, Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot), for adult male and female twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was examined using functional response models. The midge exhibited a type-II functional response to each prey. Handling time was estimated to be much higher for the female mites than for the males (1.52 vs. 0.40 h). Estimated instantaneous search rates for the female and male mites were similar (1.32 vs. 1.28). A preference index of 1.03 was calculated using the ratio of the instantaneous search rates. Feltiella acarisuga was found to exhibit no preference for either female or male mites; when both prey were present in equal numbers, midge larvae killed as many females as males.
BEHAVIOR OF FEMALE ERETMOCERUS SP. NR. CALIFORNICUS HOWARD (APHELINIDAE: HYMENOPTERA) ATTACKING BEMISIA ARGENTIFOLII BELLOWS AND PERRING (ALEYRODIDAE: HOMOPTERA) ON TWO NATIVE CALIFORNIAN WEEDS
Authors: Headrick David H. , Bellows Thomas S. , Perring Thomas M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSearching and ovipositional behaviors by female Eretmocems sp. nr. californicus Howard on Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring infesting velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medic. (Malavaceae), and telegraph weed, Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt. (Asteraceae), were quantified. Adult female behaviors were described and quantified for E. sp. nr. californicus to establish a behavioral time budget analysis. Females departed from leaves of A. theophrasti in 83.3% of the trials, and of those that remained and searched for hosts, walking speeds averaged 0.29 mm/s. Females departed from the leaves of H. grandiflora in 44.4% of the trials, and those remaining readily searched for whitefly hosts with walking speeds averaging 0.26 mm/s. The duration of host assessment by antennation was related to subsequent behaviors; rejecting a host was a shorter process than accepting it for further evaluation irrespective of plant species or nymphal stage. Evidence for a behavioral preference for oviposition under early nymphal instars was documented for female E. sp. nr. californicus on both plant species. Oviposition efficiency in 1-h laboratory trials for nymphs on A. theophrasti was 30% and efficiency on H. grandiflora was 23%. Females spent 61.9 and 53.3% of their total time in searching, host assessment, probing, and oviposition while on A. theophrasti and H. grandiflora, respectively. The remainder of the time was spent grooming, resting, and host feeding, except host feeding on A. theophrasti was not observed. Implications of this study for silverleaf whitefly management through conservation and augmentation of native flora and fauna are discussed.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SECOND MATING IN A BISEXUALTRICHOGRAMMASPECIES AND THE FIRST MATING IN A THELYTOKOUSTRICHOGRAMMASPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE)
Authors: Pintureau Bernard , Iglesias Calvin M. Del Pilar , Grenier Simon 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA chromatic mutation, dark body (mutants with a darker body than wild individuals), allowed us to test the effectiveness of the second mating in the bisexual speciesTrichogramma turkestanicaMeyer, and of the first mating in the thelytokous speciesT.cordubensisVargas and Cabello. Second mating inT.turkestanicawas mostly efficient (i.e. followed by fertilization). Nevertheless, the latency before the second mating was longer as the time between second and first matings increased. The utilization of the spermatozoa from the second mating increased as the stock of spermatozoa from the first mating decreased. A long time in the presence of a male was necessary to obtain mating of the thelytokous females ofT.cordubensis. Such fertilized females produced a low percentage (28%) of daughters from bisexual reproduction.
RESPONSES OF LARVAL CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (HARRIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO A FEEDING STIMULANT
Authors: Li S.Y. , Fitzpatrick S.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe commercial feeding stimulant Pheast® was tested in the laboratory to determine its attractive and phagostimulatory effects on larval Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). In choice experiments, larvae were attracted initially to filter paper discs treated with Pheast, but did not remain on or near treated discs. Larvae were not attracted initially to raspberry leaf discs treated with Pheast, but were more likely to stay near treated leaf discs than water-dipped ones. Larvae were neither attracted to nor arrested on whole raspberry leaves treated with Pheast. In no-choice experiments, larvae fed Pheast-treated leaves consumed more leaf tissue than, and grew almost twice as quickly as, larvae fed leaves dipped in water. When larvae were fed leaves treated with Dipel WP (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki) plus 5% Pheast, the mortality was 93% greater than that of larvae fed leaves treated with Dipel WP alone. These results suggest that Pheast has potential to enhance efficacy of B. thuringiensis against C. rosaceana on raspberries in the field.
THE ADVANTAGE OF SHORT TONGUES IN BUMBLE BEES (BOMBUS) — ANALYSES OF SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS ACCORDING TO FLOWER COROLLA DEPTH, AND OF WORKING SPEEDS ON WHITE CLOVER
Authors: Plowright C.M.S. , Plowright R.C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFour surveys of Bombus workers found on various flower species generated classifications of bumble bees according to tongue length and corolla depth of flower species. The long-tongued bees frequented species with long corollas and short-tongued bees frequented species with short corollas. Within-species analyses revealed several significant positive correlations between tongue length and corolla depth. The advantage of short tongues in bumble bees was investigated in an analysis of working speeds of different species on white clover, which has a short corolla. Bees with short tongues were more efficient than bees with long tongues.
DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF THANASIMUS FORMICARIUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE) AT THREE CONSTANT TEMPERATURES
Authors: Hui Ye , Bakke Alf 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThanasimus formicarius (L.), a main predator of bark beetles in Eurasia, was studied at constant temperatures of 15, 21, and 25 °C. Morphological data and duration of development are indicated for the egg (2.4 by 0.8 mm; 28–7 days at temperatures from 15 to 25 °C), three larval instars (9–14 days depending on instar and temperatures of 21 and 25 °C), pupa (15 and 33.5 days over the range of temperatures), and adult. Information is also given on head capsule size, sex ratio, fecundity, and length of adult life.