bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Units of Account in Gold and Silver in Seventh-Century England:Scillingas, SceattasandPæningas
Authors: Hines John 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe seventh-century vernacular laws from the kingdoms of Kent and Wessex specify fines or compensation payments using units of account that have given us familiar terms in the numismatics of this period:scillingas(shillings),sceattasandpæningas(pennies). In light of the use of cognate words in Gothic and Old High German, and the comparative values given in the Old English law-codes themselves and in the fifth-century Theodosian Code, it is suggested that these represent a regular and durable bimetallic system correlating values in gold and silver. This proposition is examined further against the evidence of weighing-sets from sixth- and early seventh-century Anglo-Saxon graves, and it is argued that the results give greater and more precise meaning to the use of gold and silver in Early Anglo-Saxon artefacts, such as the great gold buckle from Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk.
Maize gluten and rapeseed meal as protein supplements to barley or wheat for intensively finished Charolais-cross bulls
Authors: Pullar D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFour diets, barley/proprietary protein concentrate (B/PC), barley/maize gluten (B/MG), barley/rapeseed meal (B/RSM) and wheat/'rapeseed meal (W/RSM) were formulated to contain 165 g crude protein and 13·0 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter. In experiment 1, all four diets were offered ad libitum to Charolais × Friesian bulls from 187 kg live weight to slaughter at about 488 kg live weight. In experiment 2, the B/PC and B/RSM were offered ad libitum to Charolais × (Hereford × Friesian) bulls from 222 kg live weight to slaughter at about 491 kg live weight. There were no significant differences between treatments in daily live-weight gain, percentage fat and lean in the live animal, slaughter weight or days on experiment in either experiment. In experiment 1, the carcasses from bulls given B/PC were 14 kg heavier than carcasses from bulls given W/RSM (P<0·05), but only 10 and 7 kg heavier than from bulls given B/MG and B/RSM respectively (P<0·05). The killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC was significantly greater (P<0·05) than bulls given B/RSM. In experiment 2, carcass weights were similar but the killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC were again greater (P < 0·001). It is concluded that B/MG and B/RSM were as effective as B/PC as finishing diets and that wheat can be successfully substituted for barley, when offered with rapeseed meal.
The eating quality of pork from Meishan and Large White pigs and their reciprocal crosses
Authors: Ellis M. , Lympany C. , Haley C. S. , Brown I. , Warkup C. C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo studies, one using a trained taste panel and the other a consumer panel, were carried out to evaluate the eating quality of the Meishan breed. Entire male and female pigs of four genotypes: purebred Meishan (MS) and Large Wliite (LW) and the reciprocal crosses (MS♂ × LW ♀ and LW♂ × MS♀) were reared in single sex groups and given a commercial diet ad libitum from 35 kg live weight to slaughter at around 70 kg. For the taste panel, a loin joint was roasted under standard conditions and samples of fat and lean were presented to the panellists. There were no statistically significant differences between the genotypes for tenderness, juiciness, flavour, odour, incidence of boar taint or overall acceptability. Purebred Meishan samples had a higher incidence of abnormal odours but lower cooking losses and shear force values than the other three genotypes. Meat from gilts was judged to be significantly more tender and juicy, with a weaker pork flavour but a lower incidence of abnormal flavours and higher overall acceptability than that from boars. There were statistically significant interactions between genotype and sex for tenderness, abnormal odour and shear force which mainly involved the purebred Meishans and were of little practical significance. In the consumer study, loin chops and leg joints from purebred LW and the two crossbred genotypes were evaluated. Households received two samples of the same type of joint from the same sex in two separate distributions. Each household received an LW sample and a sample from one of the crossbred genotypes. In general, consumers found the appearance of the joints from the three genotypes to be equally acceptable. For eating quality, the within-household deviations of the crossbred compared with the LW suggested that MS♂ × LW♀ samples were considered to be of better eating quality, particularly for juiciness (deviation -0·71, s.e. 0·24, P < 0·01). In contrast, LW♂ × MS♀ samples were generally considered inferior, particularly in terms of juiciness (+ 0·59, s.e. 0·26, P < 0·05) and flavour (+0·63, s.e. 0·27, P < 0·05). However, the overall acceptability of both crossbreds was considered little different from the Large White. Overall, the results of this work suggest little benefit in eating quality for the Meishan under United Kingdom production conditions.
Food ingredient selection by growing and finishing pigs: effects on performance and carcass quality
Authors: Gill B. P. , Onibi G. E. , English P. R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim was to investigate if selection of a balanced diet by growing and finishing pigs from foods differing in protein content is modified by the intrinsic nutrient and chemical properties of the high protein food ingredient offered. The treatments were as follows: a free-choice was offered between milled barley and either soya-bean meal (SBM) or low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) or an equal mixture of SBM and RSM (SBM+RSM). In two further treatments (SBM/RSM and RSM/SBM) the protein supplements were changed when pigs reached 50 kg. These were compared with a control diet (CONT) formulated to provide 13-0 MJ digestible energy (DE) and 10 g lysine per kg and containing barley (680 g/kg), SBM (150 g/kg) and RSM (150 g/kg). A total of 72 pigs weighing about 30 kg were randomly allocated to the treatments in groups of six (three boars and three gilts). Pigs were slaughtered at about 90 kg and the chilled carcasses were assessed by measuring subcutaneous fat depths and cross-sections of the eye-muscle at the last rib. Responses from 30 to 90 kg on treatments CONT, SBM, RSM and SBM+RSM were, for food intake 2·57, 2·37, 2·21 and 247 (s.e. 0·08) kg/day (P < 0·05), for growth rate 0·93, 0·87, 0·70 and 0·82 (s.e. 0·05) kg/day (P < 0·05) and for food conversion 2·77, 2·72, 3·17 and 3·01 (s.e. 0·181) kg food per kg growth (P > 0·05) respectively. The amount of protein supplement selected in the diet from 30 to 90 kg on treatments SBM, RSM and SBM+RSM averaged 524, 495 and 483 (s.e.d. 64·9) g/kg respectively. With SBM this proportion decreased with increasing body weight (P < 0·01; R2 = 0·58). Changing RSM to SBM at 50 kg increased preference for the protein supplement and intake of SBM averaged 983 g/kg from 50 to 90 kg. On the other hand, switching from SBM to RSM increased preference for barley and intake of RSM averaged 572 g/kg. There were no significant differences in carcass quality but treatments RSM and SBM/RSM tended to produce increased fat depths. In conclusion, the use of RSM did not give a satisfactory level of -performance under the restricted free-choice feeding environment of this study. Preference and nutrient intake were adversely modified by RSM possibly due to the undesirable effects of antinutritive factors.
Population structure of the Sahiwal breed in Pakistan
Authors: Dahlin A. , Khan U. N. , Zafar A. H. , Saleem M. , Chaudhry M. A. , Philipsson J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to assist conservation and improvement schemes in the Sahiwal breed of cattle in Pakistan. A data set, consisting of records of 244 pure Sahiwal breeding bulls and 5247 cows, the latter representing about 80% of all recorded Sahiwal cows in Pakistan born during a period covering about 20 years, was analysed with regard to inbreeding, additive relationships, effective population size and generation intervals. Average inbreeding coefficients of 1224 cows and 49 bulls, for which at least the grandparents and great-grandsires were known, were 0·043 and 0·046, respectively. About two-thirds of the inbreeding was due to matings between animals with parents or grandparents in common. The mean additive relationship among the cows was 0·062, with within-herd averages ranging from 0·087 to 0·358. The average population size in a subdata set of recorded Sahiwal cattle from 1980 to 1984 was 1612, whereas the most likely estimate of the effective population size was about 30 animals for the same active breeding population. The study indicated the immediate need for an active conservation programme whereby the Sahiwal subpopulations of India and Kenya also should be involved.
Reproduction management in dairy cattle: a prospective study using progesterone and oestrone sulphate for monitoring pregnancy
Authors: Kourletaki-Belibasaki S. , Stefanakis A. , Vafiadis D. , Hatzidakis G. , Krambovitis E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn a prospective 2-year study, milk progesterone and oestrone sulphate determinations were used to monitor and assess pregnancy in lactating cows. The testing was done centrally at a government regional veterinary establishment which was responsible for providing semen to the farms of the area and also had available specialist expertise in animal reproduction. Sample collection and dissemination of test results were achieved through the network of the artificial insemination service. This approach was preferred because it was considered ergonomic, cost-effective and reliable. Comparison of oestrus behavioural signs and progesterone on the day of insemination revealed that 7·8% (89/1133) of the animals tested had high progesterone levels. Single progesterone testing on day 21 post insemination was not satisfactory for pregnancy diagnosis as the positive predictive value was 83·0% (147/177). The combination of low progesterone on day 0 and high progesterone on day 21 improved the positive predictive value to 87·4% (235/269). Results from 400 samples taken 110 to 130 days post insemination from 53 animals revealed that cows with oestrone sulphate concentrations greater than 0·1 μg/l actually calved. This assay appears to be particularly suitable as a pregnancy confirmation test. A pilot field study implementing a programme of testing on days 0, 21 and 42 for progesterone and between days 110 to 130 for oestrone sulphate not only achieved almost absolute pregnancy predictive values but careful result analysis strongly indicated that the approach of systematic testing can also reveal the fertility profile of a given herd and help to identify potential causes of pregnancy failure from the period of the reproduction cycle in which they occur.
Three-tier open nucleus breeding schemes
Authors: Shepherd R. K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOptimum designs of three-tier open nucleus breeding schemes are evaluated deterministically by maximizing the equilibrium rate of genetic gain for two methods of selection. Methodology is developed for both restricted and unrestricted migration between tiers and incorporates the loss of variance due to selection. A formula is derived for calculating the asymptotic rate of inbreeding. In the extensive livestock industries, proportional improvements in the equilibrium rate of genetic gain of between 0·12 and 0·22 are possible over a closed nucleus if no restrictions are imposed on male and female migration between tiers. The value of the extra tier in an optimized three-tier open nucleus scheme is approximately 0-45 of the maximum proportional improvement of a two-tier open nucleus over a closed nucleus scheme. The optimum structure is to have approximately 1% and 10% of the population in the nucleus and multiplier respectively. With this optimum structure the asymptotic rate of inbreeding will be reduced to one-sixth of that in a closed nucleus. The effects of various factors on the optimum structure, genetic gain and inbreeding are examined. The advantage of a three-tier open nucleus scheme over a closed nucleus scheme can be reduced substantially if thesefactors are operating.
Typology of the evolution of intake by Charolais cows around calving
Authors: Ingrand S. , Agabriel J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCharolais cows were individually given hayad libitumaround calving for two successive winters (no. = 40 and no. = 43). Profiles of hay intake are defined for each cow as the evolution of individual daily intake level around calving.The aim of this work was to build a typology of these profiles, using multivariate analysis. Four and three groups of cows were distinguished respectively for a 2-month and a 4-month period around calving (PI and PI). These groups corresponded to different kinetics of intake level around calving which were defined as follows: group 1 — plane profiles, with a low difference of intake level between pregnancy and lactation; group 2 — profiles characterized by a marked decrease in intake level just before calving followed by a long and regular increase after calving; group 3 — profiles with no decrease before calving but an early break in the increase in intake after calving; group 4 — intake profiles with a large difference in intake level between pregnancy and lactation. Groups 2 and 3 were pooled for P2.Cows from groups 2 and 4 increased intake after calving fast enough to prevent the use of their body reserves even with a high milk-production level. Their calculated energy balance became positive very quickly, only 1 week after calving. At the other extreme, a decrease in body reserves was observed for cows which needed at least 1 month after calving to reach their maximum intake capacity and then recover a positive energy balance.
Individual performance and production per unit area of grazing steers of different potential growth rates
Authors: Molinuevo H. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to investigate the relationship between individual animal performance and production per unit area of land of steers of different potential growth rate under different grazing stocking rates (SR). The analysis involved 160 steers divided equally between two breeds, over 2 years at four SRfor each breed and two replicates for each SR. Thus there werefive steers per replicate. The breeds were purebred Aberdeen Angus (Angus) and 4 Limousin (Limousin). After weaning steers were grazed for 251 days on a pasture dominated by Festuca arundinacea. Given that equal SR does not equate to equal treament for breeds characterized to be of different size and rate of growth at a given age, the analysis was undertaken on the basis of three categories of metabolic body size per ha (S). The variables analysed were individual live-weight gain (final minus initial weight, kg), relative individual live-weight gain (logefinal weight - loge initial weight) and production (kg/ha). A mixed model was used to examine effects of breed, S, year and the interactions between these variables. In general significant (P < 0·05) differences were found for all factors of classification and interactions. Independent linear regressions were calculated for each breed between absolute live-weight gain, relative live-weight gain, and production on S. It was concluded that there was a genotype × environment interaction, with the Angus breed tending to show a higher production per unit area than the Limousin, especially at high levels of S when scarcity of forage was apparent. Nevertheless Limousin steers had higher absolute individual performance than the Angus. The higher production of the smaller breed may be explained by a higher SR at a given S level and also by its higher relative individual live-weight gain in relation to that of the larger breed. The data were coded to use Mott's model to study the relationship between absolute performance (kg) and production (kg/ha). However this model ignores the existing interaction involving breeds.
Forages in diets for growing pigs 2. Nutrient apparent digestibilities and partition of nutrient digestion in barley-based diets including red-clover and perennial ryegrass meal
Authors: Andersson C. , Lindberg J. E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGrowing pigs fitted with simple t-shaped cannulas posterior to the ileal-caecal valve were used in a change-over design experiment (5 × 5) to determine the Heal and total tract apparent digestibility and hindgut disappearance of dietary components and energy in a barley-based diet with increasing inclusion of either red-clover or perennial ryegrass meal (proportionately 0·10 and 0·20). The total tract and Heal apparent digestibilities of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), nitrogen-free extractives (NFE) and energy were significantly reduced with increasing inclusion of red-clover and perennial ryegrass meal in the diet (P < 0·05). For all fibrous components (total fibre (TF), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and crude fibre (CF)), the ileal apparent digestibility was unaffected by level offibre inclusion in the diet. Also the total tract apparent digestibility of TF, NDF and CF were unaffected by red-clover meal inclusion, while in contrast the total tract apparent digestibility of TF, NDF and CF were significantly reduced with perennial ryegrass meal inclusion (P < 0·05). The hindgut disappearance of crude fat, NDF, ADF and CF was not affected by forage meal inclusion, whereas the hindgut disappearance of OM, NFE, TF and energy were significantly lower in the perennial ryegrass meal diets than in both the control diet and the red-clover meal diets (P < 0·05).The total tract apparent digestibility of OM was higher for the control diet compared with the red-clover and perennial ryegrass meal diets. There was also a significantly higher apparent digestibility of OM in the total tract for red-clover meal compared with perennial ryegrass meal (P < 0·05). The Heal apparent digestibility of energy in a barley-based diet with forage meal inclusion decreased proportionately by about 0·014, 0·023 and 0·030 units per unit increase ofTF, NDF and CF in dry matter, respectively. Correspondingly, for the total tract energy apparent digestibility, there was a decrease proportionately by about 0·010, 0·016 and 0·022 units per unit increase of TF, NDF and CF in dry matter, respectively. Digestible energy content was significantly reduced, as measured at the ileum or over the total tract, with increasing inclusion offorage meal (P < 0·05).
Mating time and litter size in farm mink selected for confident or timid behaviour
Authors: Malmkvist J. , Houbak B. , Hansen S. W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFarm mink (Mustela vison) have been selected on the basis of their behaviour towards man since 1988 at the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences and in this study were offered the possibility to mate 1 week earlier than usual. The objective was to investigate if the behaviour-related selection has affected the reproduction of the farm mink, measured as mating willingness and reproductive success. The animals belonged to three breeding groups: A: selected for curious/confident reactions (17 males, 73 females), B: selected for timid reactions (17 males, 74 females), and C: selected without any demands on reactions towards humans (18 males, 73 females). The time when an average of 50% of the population were mated was 3-6 days for group A; thus the confident were mated 1·7 to 2·1 days earlier than the timid (B) and the control (C) animals. The length of gestation was shorter in group A (46·0 (s.d. 3·0) days) than in group C (47·6 (s.d. 3·6) days) but not different from group B (47·0 (s.d. 3·2) days). Group C had a lower kit mortality from birth to day 50 (11·3%) than groups A and B (20·4 to 21·2%). No significant differences were found between the groups regarding the frequency of successful matings, the ratio of remated females, number of interrupted matings, barren females or litter size. It is concluded that 8 years of selection has led to the development of reproductive differences primarily in the time of mating readiness, whereas the differences seen in kit loss may be related more to random effects.
Effects of pasture grazing or storage feeding and concentrate input between 5·5 and 11 months of age on the performance and carcass composition of bulls and on subsequent growth and carcass composition at 620 kg live weight
Authors: Steen R. W. J. , Kilpatrick D. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA 3-year experiment has been carried out to compare systems of bull beef production involving pasture grazing and continuous storage feeding and to examine the effects of sward surface height and concentrate input from 5·5 to 11 months of age on grazing behaviour, growth rate and body composition at the end of the treatment period and on subsequent growth rate and carcass composition at commercial slaughter weight. Animals were either set-stocked at pasture to maintain sward surface heights of 6·5 and 10·0 cm or were given grass silage (725 g digestible organic matter per kg dry matter (DM)) supplemented with 0·8, 1·6, 2·4, 3·2 and 4·0 kg cereal-based concentrates (188 g crude protein per kg DM) per head daily. Half of the animals grazed at each sward height were given 1 -6 kg concentrates per head daily while the remainder received no supplement. A total of 255 continental beef breed × Friesian calves which were initially 198 kg live weight were used. From 11 months of age until slaughter at a mean live weight of 620 kg all animals were given grass silage supplemented with 3 kg cereal-based concentrate DM per head daily.Reducing sward surface height from 10·0 to 6·5 cm increased the proportion of time spent grazing (P < 0·001), reduced the proportion of time involved in other activities and reduced live-weight gain (P < 0·001) from 1·21 to 0·84 kg/day. Offering concentrates at pasture reduced (P < 0·001) the proportion of time spent grazing (the effect being greater with the animals grazing the shorter swards) but did not affect the performance of the animals grazing the taller swards and produced only a modest increase in the live-weight gain (70 g/kg concentrates) of those grazing the shorter swards. At the end of the treatment period, the carcasses of the animals which had been given silage contained proportionally 0·39 more lipid than those of animals which had been at pasture and had the same growth rate. Differences in live weight at 11 months of age due to differences in feeding from 5·5 to 11 months were largely retained until the end of a 7-month period of realimentation while differences in carcass composition at II months were eliminated by slaughter at a constant live weight of 622 kg.