bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of power Doppler gain setting on Virtual Organ Computer‐aided AnaLysis indices in vivo: can use of the individual sub‐noise gain level optimize information?
Authors: Collins S. L. , Stevenson G. N. , Noble J. A. , Impey L. , Welsh A. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo demonstrate the influence of gain setting on the calculated Virtual Organ Computer‐aided AnaLysis (VOCAL™) three‐dimensional (3D) indices and define a point, the sub‐noise gain (SNG), at which maximum information is available without noise artifact.MethodsPregnant women were recruited at the time of their pregnancy‐dating scan. Five identical static 3D power Doppler volumes of the placenta were acquired using identical machine settings apart from altering the power Doppler gain setting. The gain settings included the individualized SNG setting (determined by increasing gain until noise artifact was visible, then reducing it until the artifact just disappeared). The data were analyzed using VOCAL II. Vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularization flow index (VFI) were calculated for the same sample at five different power Doppler gain levels. The relationship between the values calculated for the VOCAL indices and the gain value was explored using linear regression analysis.ResultsResults from 50 women were analyzed. The percentage difference in VI and VFI from that observed at the SNG level in each woman was significantly linearly related to the gain setting relative to that at the SNG point (VI: r2 = 0.68, P < 0.0001; VFI: r2 = 0.72, P < 0.0001), with the values produced for VI and VFI decreasing as the gain was turned down. There was a distinct ‘turning point’ at the SNG level with linear relationships above and below, but with significantly different gradients (P ⩽ 0.001). This relationship was not demonstrated for FI.ConclusionThe SNG setting appears to represent each individual's optimum gain level. Using this may improve meaningful comparisons of VI and VFI between patients. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Freshwater diatoms as a source of lipids for biofuels
Authors: Graham James M , Graham Linda E , Zulkifly Shahrizim B , Pfleger Brian F , Hoover Spencer W , Yoshitani Jun 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Until recently, biodiesel production has been derived from terrestrial plants such as soybean and canola, leading to competition between biodiesel production and agricultural production for source materials. Microalgae have the potential to synthesize 30 times more oil per hectare than terrestrial plants without competing for agricultural land. We examined four genera (Cyclotella, Aulacoseira, Fragilaria, Synedra) of common freshwater diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) for growth and lipid content in defined medium (sD11) that replicates hypereutrophic conditions in lakes and wastewater treatment plant effluents and optimized the medium for silicon content. Cyclotella and Aulacoseira produced the highest levels of total lipids, 60 and 43 μg total lipids/ml, respectively. Both diatoms are rich in fatty acids C14, C16, C16:1, C16:2,7,10, and C22:5n3. Of the diatoms examined, Cyclotella reached the highest population density (&gt;2.5 × 106 cells/ml) in stationary phase when many of the cells appeared to be filled entirely with oil. Silicon enrichment studies indicated that for optimal utilization of phosphorus and nitrogen by diatoms growing in wastewater effluent, the amount of silicon present or added to the effluent should be 17.5 times the mass of phosphorus in the effluent. With high growth rates, high lipid contents, and rapid settling rates, Cyclotella and Aulacoseira are candidates for biodiesel production.
Optimization of glucose feeding approaches for enhanced glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine production by an engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Chen Xin , Liu Long , Li Jianghua , Liu Jie , Du Guocheng , Chen Jian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In this work, a recombinant Escherichia coli was constructed by overexpressing glucosamine (GlcN) synthase and GlcN-6-P N-acetyltransferase for highly efficient production of GlcN and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). For further enhancement of GlcN and GlcNAc production, the effects of different glucose feeding strategies including constant-rate feeding, interval feeding, and exponential feeding on GlcN and GlcNAc production were investigated. The results indicated that exponential feeding resulted in relatively high cell growth rate and low acetate formation rate, while constant feeding contributed to the highest specific GlcN and GlcNAc production rate. Based on this, a multistage glucose supply approach was proposed to enhance GlcN and GlcNAc production. In the first stage (0–2 h), batch culture with initial glucose concentration of 27 g/l was conducted, whereas the second culture stage (2–10 h) was performed with exponential feeding at μ set = 0.20 h−1, followed by feeding concentrated glucose (300 g/l) at constant rate of 32 ml/h in the third stage (10–16 h). With this time-variant glucose feeding strategy, the total GlcN and GlcNAc yield reached 69.66 g/l, which was enhanced by 1.59-fold in comparison with that of batch culture with the same total glucose concentration. The time-dependent glucose feeding approach developed here may be useful for production of other fine chemicals by recombinant E. coli.
Deletion of GPIHBP1 causing severe chylomicronemia
Authors: Rios Jonathan J. , Shastry Savitha , Jasso Juan , Hauser Natalie , Garg Abhimanyu , Bensadoun André , Cohen Jonathan C. , Hobbs Helen H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a hydrolase that cleaves circulating triglycerides to release fatty acids to the surrounding tissues. The enzyme is synthesized in parenchymal cells and is transported to its site of action on the capillary endothelium by glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored high‐density lipoprotein‐binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1). Inactivating mutations in LPL; in its cofactor, apolipoprotein (Apo) C2; or in GPIHBP1 cause severe hypertriglyceridemia. Here we describe an individual with complete deficiency of GPIHBP1. The proband was an Asian Indian boy who had severe chylomicronemia at 2 months of age. Array‐based copy‐number analysis of his genomic DNA revealed homozygosity for a 17.5‐kb deletion that included GPIHBP1. A 44‐year‐old aunt with a history of hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis was also homozygous for the deletion. A bolus of intravenously administered heparin caused a rapid increase in circulating LPL and decreased plasma triglyceride levels in control individuals but not in two GPIHBP1‐deficient patients. Thus, short‐term treatment with heparin failed to attenuate the hypertriglyceridemia in patients with GPIHBP1 deficiency. The increasing resolution of copy number microarrays and their widespread adoption for routine cytogenetic analysis is likely to reveal a greater role for submicroscopic deletions in Mendelian conditions. We describe the first neonate with complete GPIHBP1 deficiency due to homozygosity for a deletion of GPIHBP1.
Patient Selection for Prostate Biopsy: Risk-based or PSA-based?
Authors: Nariculam J. , Shabbir M. , Thomas Karen , Le Roux P.J. , Walker R.M. , Charig C.R. , Parker C. 
Published: October 2011

Aim: The AUA Best Practice Statement on PSA advocates a risk-based approach to selecting men for biopsy, based not on a PSA threshold, but on the risk of finding cancer on biopsy. We have therefore studied the association between candidate risk factors and prostate biopsy results. Method: All patients who underwent a prostate biopsy within the Epsom and St Helier NHS Trust between July 2005 and July 2007 were identified. Those with a serum PSA value of <15.0ng/ml were selected for inclusion. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to analyse risk factors for the presence of cancer, and of significant cancer, on biopsy. Significant prostate cancer on biopsy was arbitrarily defined as either a Gleason score of 7 or more, or the presence of cancer in 50% or more of the cores. Results: Of 400 cases, 153 (38%) were found to have prostate cancer on biopsy, of which 93 were classed as significant. On multivariate analysis, smaller prostate volume, abnormal DRE, PSA level and absence of previous negative biopsy were independent predictors of significant prostate cancer. The multivariate logistic regression results were used to create a predictive nomogram for significant cancer. Conclusion: The PSA level is merely one of several factors that predict biopsy results. A risk-based, rather than a PSA-based, approach to selecting men for prostate biopsy has the potential to both reduce the number of men undergoing biopsy, and increase the detection of significant cancers.
Fate and Free Will in the Jewish Philosophies according to Josephus
Authors: Moore George Foot 
Published: October 2011

In the thirteenth book of his Ancient History of the Jews, Josephus relates (Ant. xiii. 1–5) the doings and fortunes of Jonathan, the brother of Judas Maccabaeus and after the death of Judas (161 B.C.) the leader of the rebellious Jews in their struggle with the Syrian rulers. In the sequel of Jonathan's embassies to Rome and Sparta, and not long before he fell into the hands of Tryphon and was put to death, we read (Ant. xiii. 5, 9):About this time there were three philosophical schools (αἱρέσɛις) among the Jews, which entertained different opinions about human affairs. One of them was called that of the Pharisees, one of the Sadducees, and the third of the Essenes.
Cytogenetics and sex determination in man and mammals
Authors: Ford C. E. 
Published: October 2011

SummarySex in man and probably throughout the class mammalia is normally determined by the presence of a Y chromosome (male) or its absence (female). The presence of genetic loci on both the long and the short arm of the X chromosome in double dose appears to be essential for the development of mature functional ovaries in the human female though a single X suffices in the female mouse.The development of masculine genital anatomy and phenotype is a consequence of prior formation of testes. In the absence of gonads of either kind, female internal and external genitalia are formed but secondary sex development fails. In rare human families a mutant gene suppresses the development of male external genitalia in 46, XY embryos but permits the development of testes and male internal genitalia. The external phenotype is normal female (syndrome of testicular feminization). A sex-linked mutant gene in the mouse has a similar effect.The locus or loci directly concerned with male development might lie wholly on the Y chromosome or might be located on another chromosome or chromosomes. In the latter case it (or they) must be repressed in the female and normally activated by a locus or loci on the Y chromosome in the male. Present evidence does not permit the exclusion of either possibility.
Sex differences at puberty
Authors: Marshall W. A. 
Published: October 2011

The physical changes which take place at puberty in both sexes may be classified under the following headings:(1)Morphological. The rate of growth increases but this acceleration is greater in some dimensions than others so that the overall shape of the body changes, i.e. the rate of change in both size and shape alters.(2)Body composition. There are changes in the relative amounts of bone, muscle and fat.(3)Physiological. There are changes, particularly in the circulatory and respiratory systems, altering the ability to carry out prolonged muscular work.(4)Sex specific. The secondary sex characters develop and reproductive capacity is attained.(5)Endocrine. The above changes result from alterations in the quantities of various hormones released into the blood stream by the endocrine glands, especially the pituitary, the gonads (ovaries in female and testes in male), and the adrenal cortex. The endocrine changes must precede the morphological or other effects which they produce, but will be more readily understood if we examine their effects first.
Comparative employability of men and women in different industries
Authors: Davies B. T. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe employability of men and women in different industries is shown to be based mainly on traditional patterns and culture and by economic pressure and conditions of the labour market. Two probable reasons for the preference of men in some industries are: (1) their physical strength; (2) their lower labour turnover rate. One probable reason for the preference of women in some industries is their lower incidence of colour blindness. Other aspects of employability, including wages, anthropometry and productivity, are discussed.
Neuroendocrine control of lactational infertility
Authors: Tyson John E. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAn ever-changing secretory pattern of pituitary gonadotrophins and prolactin has been observed in puerperally lactating women. Studies in our laboratory suggest such changes are under neurogenic control via the breast. This in turn alters hypothalamic function. Endocrine profiles in lactating women obtained over 10 hours indicate that prolactin secretion and, to a lesser extent, LH secretion, are directly related to the duration and intensity of the suckling stimulus. Thus, lactation performance governs pituitary-ovarian function. Other investigators have shown that alterations in hypothalamic catecholamine turnover represents the interface between nipple stimulation and subsequent pituitary hormone secretion. Although further work is necessary to elucidate the exact neuroendocrine pathways involved, full lactation will effectively delay the restoration of cyclic gonadotrophin secretion and ovulation.
Culture and the climacteric
Authors: Flint Marcha P. , Garcia Margarita 
Published: October 2011

SummaryTwo American ethnic (sub-cultural) groups of Cuban and Jewish women of comparable socio-economic status were studied in New Jersey, USA in order to show how each of their cultures influences the climacteric. A wide spectrum of cultural variables, associated with each of these ethnic groups, was obtained through a questionnaire about self-image, reproductive history, attitudes toward the menopause, climacteric symptoms, the role of the physician during the climacteric and behaviour, attitudes and feelings about sex. A further differentiation of these variables, associated with each specific ethnic group, yielded an ethnic profile from which ethnic group membership could be predicted.
Social bonding and violence in sport
Authors: Dunning Eric 
Published: October 2011

SummaryHaving set out a provisional ‘typology of violence’, the question of violence in sport is considered in its historical perspective, with numerous examples. The question of violence in relation to social bonding is then considered and distinctions are drawn between the types of violence inherent in two differently structured societies, the segmentally and functionally bonded. Contemporary football hooliganism is then considered as developing from segmentally bonded elements in present-day society.
Sport and physical health
Authors: Bassey E. Joan , Fentem P.H. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe role of sport is considered in the light of the health and physical capabilities of the average members of the population. It is shown how the different aspects of physical capacity can be extended, not only in the average sedentary person, but also in the elderly and the physically incapacitated. The efficacy of sport in the prevention of disease is also discussed.
Sport and mental health
Authors: Yaffé Maurice 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe contribution of mental health to sports performance in sports populations is discussed. Athletes' psychological needs and problems, and the various ways in which these may be resolved, are considered.The benefits of physical activity in the treatment of psychiatric populations and the elderly are reviewed.Recent emphasis on sports participation for its intrinsic rewards and the psychological benefits derived are also considered, and attention is drawn to the particular needs of children.
Endovascular coiling of a mycotic external carotid artery pseudoaneurysm following pharyngolaryngectomy with a free jejunal graft
Authors: Smelt J L C , Alhamarneh O , Dyer J D , Liew L 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectives:(1) To highlight the significance of carotid artery pseudoaneurysm as a rare complication following neck dissection, and (2) to suggest endovascular coiling as management, in the presence of infection, previous radiotherapy and a grafted blood supply.Case report:A 66-year-old man diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and upper oesophagus underwent pharyngolaryngectomy with reconstruction of a neo-pharynx using a free jejunal graft. The patient had previously received radiotherapy for a soft palate squamous cell carcinoma. Two months after surgery, computed tomography demonstrated a bilobed pseudoaneurysm of the left external carotid artery just distal to the arterial branch supplying the jejunal graft. This mycotic pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with endovascular coiling, while maintaining the patency of the superior thyroid artery supplying the jejunal graft anastomosis.Conclusion:In this patient, endovascular coiling of the external carotid artery was considered to be the only definitive treatment for a life-threatening mycotic pseudoaneurysm.
Wnt3a is involved in the early stage of miPSC and mESC haemopoietic differentiation
Authors: Zhang Wencheng , Yao Hailei , Wang Sihan , Shi Shuangshuang , Lv Yang , He Lijuan , Nan Xue , Yue Wen , Li Yanhua , Pei Xuetao 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway is important in regulating not only self‐renewal of haemopoietic progenitors and stem cells but also haemopoietic differentiation of ESCs (embryonic stem cells). However, it is still not clear how it affects haemopoietic differentiation. We have used a co‐culture system for haemopoietic differentiation of mouse ESCs and iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) in which the Wnt3a gene‐modified OP9 cell line is used as stromal cells. The number of both Flk1+ and CD41+ cells generated from both co‐cultured mouse ESCs and mouse iPSCs increased significantly, which suggest that Wnt3a is involved in the early stages of haemopoietic differentiation of mouse ESCs and mouse iPSCs in vitro.
Early Archean serpentine mud volcanoes at Isua, Greenland, as a niche for early life
Authors: Pons Marie-Laure , Quitté Ghylaine , Fujii Toshiyuki , Rosing Minik T. , Reynard Bruno , Moynier Frederic , Douchet Chantal , Albarède Francis 
Published: October 2011

The Isua Supracrustal Belt, Greenland, of Early Archean age (3.81–3.70 Ga) represents the oldest crustal segment on Earth. Its complex lithology comprises an ophiolite-like unit and volcanic rocks reminiscent of boninites, which tie Isua supracrustals to an island arc environment. We here present zinc (Zn) isotope compositions measured on serpentinites and other rocks from the Isua supracrustal sequence and on serpentinites from modern ophiolites, midocean ridges, and the Mariana forearc. In stark contrast to modern midocean ridge and ophiolite serpentinites, Zn in Isua and Mariana serpentinites is markedly depleted in heavy isotopes with respect to the igneous average. Based on recent results of Zn isotope fractionation between coexisting species in solution, the Isua serpentinites were permeated by carbonate-rich, high-pH hydrothermal solutions at medium temperature (100–300 °C). Zinc isotopes therefore stand out as a pH meter for fossil hydrothermal solutions. The geochemical features of the Isua fluids resemble the interstitial fluids sampled in the mud volcano serpentinites of the Mariana forearc. The reduced character and the high pH inferred for these fluids make Archean serpentine mud volcanoes a particularly favorable setting for the early stabilization of amino acids.
Constipation and Nonspecific Abdominal Pain in Teenage Girls Referred for Emergency Surgical Consultation
Authors: Buddingh K. Tim , Wieselmann Eva , Heineman Erik , Broens Paul M.A. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of this study was to describe the discharge diagnoses of children receiving surgical consultation for acute abdominal pain according to age and sex.Methods:Retrospective chart review.Results:Nine hundred forty‐one children were included. Appendicitis was confirmed in 31% of young boys (<12 years), 42% of teenage boys (≥12 years), 38% of young girls, and only 18% of teenage girls. A large number of teenage girls were diagnosed as having constipation and nonspecific abdominal pain. Gynecological diagnoses were relatively rare (9% of teenage girls). Teenage girls often required multiple visits to the emergency department. In addition, they frequently received consultation from other medical specialists: 30% versus 20% of young girls and 12% of boys. Teenage girls had the highest rate of (retrospectively) unnecessary surgery: 36% versus 10% of young girls (P < 0.01) and 11% of boys (P < 0.01).Conclusions:Most children receiving surgical consultation for acute abdominal pain do not have diseases requiring surgery. In teenage girls, especially, the proportion with appendicitis is low. Constipation and nonspecific abdominal pain are the main discharge diagnoses in this group. Physicians should have a high index of suspicion of constipation when examining teenage girls with acute abdominal pain.
Apoplastic Reactive Oxygen Species Transiently Decrease Auxin Signaling and Cause Stress-Induced Morphogenic Response in Arabidopsis
Authors: Blomster Tiina , Salojärvi Jarkko , Sipari Nina , Brosché Mikael , Ahlfors Reetta , Keinänen Markku , Overmyer Kirk , Kangasjärvi Jaakko 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are ubiquitous signaling molecules in plant stress and development. To gain further insight into the plant transcriptional response to apoplastic ROS, the phytotoxic atmospheric pollutant ozone was used as a model ROS inducer in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and gene expression was analyzed with microarrays. In contrast to the increase in signaling via the stress hormones salicylic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene, ROS treatment caused auxin signaling to be transiently suppressed, which was confirmed with a DR5-uidA auxin reporter construct. Transcriptomic data revealed that various aspects of auxin homeostasis and signaling were modified by apoplastic ROS. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of auxin signaling showed that transcripts of several auxin receptors and Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (Aux/IAA) transcriptional repressors were reduced in response to apoplastic ROS. The ROS-derived changes in the expression of auxin signaling genes partially overlapped with abiotic stress, pathogen responses, and salicylic acid signaling. Several mechanisms known to suppress auxin signaling during biotic stress were excluded, indicating that ROS regulated auxin responses via a novel mechanism. Using mutants defective in various auxin (axr1, nit1, aux1, tir1 afb2, iaa28-1, iaa28-2) and JA (axr1, coi1-16) responses, ROS-induced cell death was found to be regulated by JA but not by auxin. Chronic ROS treatment resulted in altered leaf morphology, a stress response known as “stress-induced morphogenic response.” Altered leaf shape of tir1 afb2 suggests that auxin was a negative regulator of stress-induced morphogenic response in the rosette.