bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calling behavior of Tetropium fuscum (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae)
Authors: Lemay Matthew A. , Silk Peter J. , Sweeney Jon 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe describe the calling posture of the brown spruce longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (F.), and demonstrate, using solid-phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, that this posture is positively correlated with the release of fuscumol, a male-produced long-range pheromone. The posture is observed only in males and is characterized by an extension of the legs that raises the body entirely off the substrate at an angle of approximately 10°, with the posterior end higher than the head. Characterization of the calling posture is a useful diagnostic tool for future research on the reproductive biology of T. fuscum, since a simple visual assessment can be used instead of chemical analysis to determine when males are emitting fuscumol. In addition, we demonstrate that the presence of conspecific males stimulates calling behaviour in T. fuscum. This study contributes much-needed data on the biology and mating behavior of this invasive wood-boring species.
Laboratory evaluation of flight activity of Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Authors: Chen Hui , Li Zhen , Tang Ming 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDendroctonus armandi Tsai and Li is an important native pest of Chinese white pine (Pinus armandii Franch. (Pinaceae)) in the Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China. Populations can reach epidemic levels and cause widespread mortality of trees in forest ecosystems. We studied the flight behaviour of D. armandi collected under controlled conditions using a flight-mill system to gather information to aid in its management. Our results indicate that D. armandi has three distinct flight patterns (intermittent flight, short-burst flight, and sustained uninterrupted flight). There were no significant differences in flight performance between males and females. Median daily values for total distance traveled, total flight time, and maximum uninterrupted flight time were 275.1 m day−1, 815 s day−1, and 40 s day−1, respectively (n = 148). Individuals displayed positive phototactic behaviour: total flight distance and total flight time were greater under artificial illumination than in natural light or darkness. The level of flight activity increased throughout the morning, remained high during the afternoon (1400–1600), dropped considerably at 1800, and was lowest at midnight. There was no significant difference in flight distance or flight time between the first and second generations. From the data collected, it is clear that the phototactic response is an important factor in the flight behaviour of D. armandi and may influence its spatial dispersal.
Analysis of Plasma Zinc and Copper Concentration, and Perceived Symptoms, in Individuals with Depression, Post Zinc and Anti-Oxidant Therapy
Authors: Russo A.J. 
Published: April 2011

Aim To assess plasma Zn and Cu levels in individuals with depression. Subjects and Methods Plasma from 73 clinically depressed individuals, 38 individuals with anxiety and 16 controls were tested for plasma Zn and Cu concentration using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Results Depressed individuals, with and without secondary anxiety, had decreased plasma Zn and elevated plasma Cu compared to controls. Zn normalized (increased to the level of normal controls) but Cu increased in individuals with depression (with and without secondary anxiety), after Zn therapy, whereas both plasma Zn increased and Cu levels decreased in anxiety, with and without secondary depression, after Zn therapy. Individuals with depression, with and without secondary anxiety, had significantly higher symptom severity when compared to neurotypical controls. Symptom severity in individuals with anxiety (both with and without secondary depression) significantly decreased after Zn therapy, whereas symptoms remained the same in individuals with primary depression. Discussion These data show an association between Zn and Cu plasma levels and clinically depressed individuals, and suggest that high Cu levels are associated with high symptom severity.
Subjective Definitions of Problems and Symptoms in Palliative Care
Authors:   The Members of the HOPE Steering Group, Stiel Stephanie , Hollberg Christina , Pestinger Martina , Ostgathe Christoph , Nauck Friedemann , Lindena Gabriele , Elsner Frank , Radbruch Lukas 
Published: April 2011

Background Data from the core data set of the Hospice and Palliative Care Evaluation (HOPE) from 1999 to 2001 demonstrated considerable variance in the incidence of patients’ symptoms and problems between participating services. This paper aims to investigate these differences more closely. Methods During the evaluation period of HOPE in 2002 a telephone survey with a representative of each participating unit was performed. Telephone interviews assessed the professionals’ definitions of selected symptoms and estimates of problem and symptom incidences. Content analysis was used to evaluate qualitative answers. Results Staff members rated pain, weakness, nausea/emesis as the most frequent physical symptoms; anxiety, depression and amentia as most frequent psychological symptoms; wound treatment, mobilisation and weakness as nursing problems and organisation of care settings, loneliness, demands of relatives the most common social needs. Staff members used a wide range of definitions for cachexia, weakness and depression. Discussion Standard definitions of symptoms and problems were lacking in the articulation of subjective staff members’ perspectives. Meaningful evaluation of multicentre surveys would require training in symptom assessment and classification in order to produce a common basis for documentation. Even though definitions differed widely, underlying concepts seemed to be compatible.
The importance of early season phosphorus nutrition
Authors: Grant C. A. , Flaten D. N. , Tomasiewicz D. J. , Sheppard S. C. 
Published: April 2011

A review of studies conducted in a range of plant species indicated the importance of an adequate supply of P during early crop growth and outlined plant adaptations for accessing early season P. Potential implications of the requirement for early season P in the development of management practices to optimize P supply for crop production were also discussed. Phosphorus plays a critical role in energy reactions in the plant. Deficits can influence essentially all energy requiring processes in plant metabolism. Phosphorus stress early in the growing season can restrict crop growth, which can carry through to reduce final crop yield. Deficiencies during early growth generally have a greater negative influence on crop productivity than P restrictions imposed later in growth. Plants respond to P deficiencies by adaptations that increase the likelihood of producing some viable seed. The adaptations increase the ability of the plant to access and accumulate P and include modification of rhizosphere pH, diversion of resources to root production, increased root proliferation in high-P regions, and formation of associations with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. Plants differ in strategies adopted and in efficiency of P absorption. Effective nutrient management for optimal crop production must ensure that P is supplied to the crop in adequate amounts early in the growing season. It is important that we develop methods to accurately predict the early season P supply from the soil, in order to avoid either over-fertilization or crop deficiencies. Practices to provide adequate P early in plant growth include placement of P fertilizer in or near the seed-row and maintenance of adequate concentrations of plant-available P in the soil through a long-term nutrient management strategy. Other possible management practices could include enhancement of seed concentrations of P, manipulation of tillage system and crop sequence, improved activity of mycorrhizae and other microbiological agents such as Penicillium bilaii to increase phytoavailability of soil P, or genetic selection of crops with an enhanced ability for early season uptake of P from both soil and fertilizer sources. As plants differ in relative abilities to access P from the soil and fertilizer applications, nutrient management must be tailored to the specific crop, in order to optimize P supply and crop productivity. By restricting fertilizer applications to situations where P supply is limiting to crop production and by use of effective P management practices, we can optimize the economic of fertilizer use while avoiding negative impacts on environmental quality. Key words: Crop, fertilizer, placement, nutrient, management
A review of sulphur fertilizer management for optimum yield and quality of canola in the Canadian Great Plains
Authors: Malhi Sukhdev S. , Schoenau Jeff J. , Grant Cynthia A. 
Published: April 2011

In the Parkland region of the Canadian prairies, Canola (Brassica napus L. or Brassica rapa L.) is an important cash crop. Canola has a high requirement for sulphur (S). However, many soils in this region are deficient or potentially deficient in plant-available S for optimum canola seed yield. Application of sulphate-S at about 15–30 kg S ha-1 is usually sufficient to prevent S deficiency in canola on most of the S-deficient soils. Application of sulphate-S to canola at seeding time gives the highest increase in yield and S uptake. Deficiencies of S in canola plants can be prevented and/or corrected and seed yield improved with the use of sulphate-S fertilizers in the growing season. Application of sulphate-S at bolting can substantially restore seed yield, while an application at early flowering can moderately correct S deficiency damage. Side-banding is the most effective way to apply sulphate-S fertilizers to produce maximum seed yield and to prevent any damage to canola seedlings from seed-row placement. In relatively moist areas, broadcast-incorporation methods can produce seed yield similar to side-banding in most years. Elemental S fertilizers were not effective in increasing seed yield in the year of application, and were generally less effective than sulphate-S fertilizer even after multiyear annual applications, especially when applied in spring. Autumn-applied elemental S was more effective than spring-applied elemental S. Banding delayed availability of elemental S as compared to broadcast application. Use of granular elemental S products is not reliable for optimum seed yield of canola under Canadian prairie conditions on S-deficient soils, particularly in the initial year and with spring application or band placement. Elemental S fertilizers may have a role to maintain or build-up sulphate-S levels in soils marginally low in S where residual benefits are desirable, but management decisions should consider both immediate and long-term effects of S fertilizer on seed yield, seed quality and economics. The findings suggest the need of future research to increase dispersion and distribution of S particles from granules for faster oxidation of elemental S in soil, and to develop elemental S fertilizer products/formulations that can be used on a commercial scale to prevent and/or correct S deficiency in the growing season to optimize seed yield and quality of canola. Research is also required to determine the long-term effects of balanced application of S with other nutrients on soil quality, accumulation and distribution of nitrate-N, sulphate-S and other nutrients in the soil profile, efficiency of nutrient, water and energy use, and crop diseases. More research should be conducted in relation to soil/plant tissue testing issues for optimum seed yield and quality of canola. Key words: Balanced fertilization, canola, elemental S fertilizers, method of application, rate of S, seed quality, seed yield, sulphate-S fertilizers
Red soils of different origins from southwest Nigeria: Characteristics, classification, and management considerations
Authors: Okusami T. A. , Rust R. H. , Alao A. O. 
Published: April 2011

Representative profiles of the Owena, Egbeda, Alagba, and Balogun series were studied. The Owena soil is formed in amphibolite whereas Egbeda and Balogun soils are formed in biotite gneiss derived parent materials. The Alagba soil is formed in sandstone parent rock. The main objectives were to characterize the soils and their clay fraction, and to classify and interpret soil properties for agricultural land use. Most soils exhibit 2.5 YR hues in subsurface horizons. A pedon formed in biotite gneiss has the highest dithionite Fe content and Fed/clay ratio. The relationships between clay content and Fed values vary according to parent material origin and, therefore, would have to be interpreted differently for soil weathering processes. Clay coatings were noticeable in some soil horizons of all pedons studied. Soils are generally medium to slightly acid with sandstone-derived soils being the most acid. The clay mineral suite in all soils is dominated by kaolinite with traces of 2:1 and 2:2 clay minerals, goethite, hematite, anatase, maghemite, and rutile. In addition, some soils contain trace amounts of gibbsite. Kandic horizons have been identified in all soils. The low charge properties of the soils reflect the intensely weathered clay mineral suite. The base status is probably influenced by the cropping system and therefore may tend to unnecessarily differentiate highly weathered soils at the order level. The Egbeda and Balogun series were classified as Rhodic Kandiudults, clayey-skeletal, oxidic and Rhodic Kandiudalfs, clayey-skeletal, oxidic, respectively. Others, Owena, and Alagba series, were classified as Typic Kanhaplohumults, clayey, oxidic and Rhodic Kanhaplustults, fine loamy or clayey, oxidic, respectively. In the FAO-Unesco legend, all soils become Rhodic Ferralsols. In addition, the Owena (with its nitic properties) is further classified as niti-rhodic Ferralsol. The two classification systems are at variance for highly weathered (variable charge property) soils and this difference will definitely influence management decisions depending on which system is used at any particular time. Soil attributes favorable for agricultural use include thick sola and favorable structures. Chemical properties suggest minimal fixation of phosphorus. Key words: Dithionite Fe, kandic, oxidic, variable charge, ferralic, exchangeable Al
Nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils
Authors: Beauchamp E. G. 
Published: April 2011

A review of the salient features of N2O emissions from agricultural soils was done to assess our current understanding and associated problems. Nitrous oxide is an important globe warming gas and a destructive agent of ozone in the stratosphere. A major concern is the increasing contribution of chemical fertilizers to atmospheric N2O buildup. There is only a limited understanding of the contributions from manures, biological N2 fixation and crop residues. A recent estimate suggests that agriculture's share of N2O emissions is 80% although such estimates are highly uncertain because of imprecise data and the physical and biological complexities of the production process. As a product of the nitrification and denitrification process in soils, a major problem is our understanding of the proportion of N2O produced, i.e. the product ratios, although there is a good general understanding of the processes involved. Measurements of N2O emissions from the soil surface fail to take into account N2O flux from the bottom of the root zone into the subsoil and aquifers although they are generally considered to be significant. There is a need to apply newly available methodology and for combining this methodology and modelling together to predict N2O emissions on the landscape (or field) scale taking climate, soil and cropping variables into account. There is enough information available now to exercise some control of N2O emissions from cultivated soils. It is suggested that this be done focusing on factors that directly affect the soil microbes involved with the nitrification (NH4+, O2) and denitrification (NO3−, C, O2) processes. Cropping practices and some soil characteristic amendments are suggested herein for this purpose. Key words: Denitrification, nitrification, emission control, gas ratios
Estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields over 28 months
Authors: Wagner-Riddle C. , Thurtell G. W. , Kidd G. K. , Beauchamp E. G. , Sweetman R. 
Published: April 2011

Field studies conducted throughout the calendar year are needed to improve flux estimates for the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). In this study, we report monthly N2O emissions measured using micrometeorological techniques and a Tunable Diode Laser Trace Gas Analyzer (TDLTGA). Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured at the Elora Research Station (20 km north of Guelph, Ontario) from July to November 1992, and from March 1993 to February 1995, giving a total of 2445 daily averages obtained during the full length of the experiment. The soil at the experimental site was a Conestogo silt loam (Gleyed melanic brunisol). Several fields were monitored including fallow, manured fallow, Kentucky bluegrass, alfalfa, barley, canola, soybeans and corn plots. Spring thaw emissions from fallow or ploughed plots measured from March to April ranged from 1.5 to 4.3 kg N ha−1, corresponding to approximately 65% of the total annual emission. Similar effects were not observed on the vegetated (alfalfa and grass) plots. The lowest total annual N2O emissions were measured for second year alfalfa (1 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and bluegrass (0 to 0.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Higher annual emissions (2.5 to 4.0 kg N ha−1 yr−1) were observed for corn, barley, canola, and fallow plots. Highest annual emissions were measured after addition of nitrogen in the form of animal manure on a fallowed plot (5.7 to 7.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1), and alfalfa residue by fall-ploughing (6.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Plot management during the previous year affected N2O emissions, particularly on the soybean plot (5.9 kg N ha−1 yr−1) that followed a manured fallow treatment. The micrometeorological technique used in this study was successful at quasi-continuous monitoring of N2O fluxes from several plots, and therefore, useful for detecting long-term effects of management on emissions. Key words: Nitrous oxide, N2O fluxes, trace gases, agriculture, greenhouse gases
Les temps de résidence du carbone et le potentiel de stockage de carbone dans quelques sols cultivés français
Authors: Balesdent Jérôme , Recous Sylvie 
Published: April 2011

In order to predict the potential of soils to store carbon in response to land use or climate changes, we measured the fluxes and distribution of residence times of C in French cultivated soils. We used the natural abundances in 13C and 14C to measure this distribution in long-term experiments of maize cultivation in France. 75% of the topsoil carbon had a mean residence time of 40 yr. Coarse particle-size fractions contained most of the younger carbon. A compartment of stable C was estimated using radiocarbon dating. Belowground plant material inputs stored as much as C as aboveground inputs. The effect of temperature on soil carbon mineralization affected only rate constants, with a Q10 = 3.1 constant in the range 1–25 °C. The data were summerized in a simple simulation model, which predicted a nil or low effect of climatic change on soil carbon storage in the next 50 yr. In France, land use changes will have more influence than atmospheric changes on C storage. Key words: France, greenhouse gases, mineralization, model, soil carbon, storage, temperature
Spectral Analysis and Crystal Structures of 4-(4-Methylphenyl)-6-Phenyl-2,3,3a, 4-Tetrahydro-1H-Pyrido[3,2,1-jk]Carbazole and 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-6-Phenyl-2,3,3a, 4-Tetrahydro-1H-Pyrido[3,2,1-jk]Carbazole
Authors: Kalyana Sundar J. , Natarajan S. , Chitra S. , Paul Nidhin , Manisankar P. , Muthusubramanian S. , Suresh J. 
Published: April 2011

The crystal structures of 4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-phenyl-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,2,1-jk]carbazole (IIa) and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-phenyl-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,2,1-jk]carbazole (IIb) were elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound (IIa), C28H25N, crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1, witha=8.936(2) Å,b=10.490(1) Å,c=11.801(1) Å,α=102.69(5)°, β=103.27(3)°,γ=93.80(1)°, andZ=2. The compound (IIb), C28H25NO, crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/a, witha=11.376(5) Å,b=14.139(3) Å,c=13.237(4) Å,β=97.41(3)°, andZ=4. In both the structures, the pyrido ring adopts a twist boat conformation and the carbazole molecule has the twisted envelope structure with C3 and C13 at the flap. No classical hydrogen bonds are observed in the crystal structures. Details of the preparation, structures, and spectroscopic properties of the new compounds are discussed.
Prenatal Magnesium Sulfate and Functional Connectivity in Offspring at Term-Equivalent Age
Authors: Ufkes Steven , Kennedy Eleanor , Poppe Tanya , Miller Steven P. , Thompson Benjamin , Guo Jessie , Harding Jane E. , Crowther Caroline A. 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceUnderstanding the effect of antenatal magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) treatment on functional connectivity will help elucidate the mechanism by which it reduces the risk of cerebral palsy and death.ObjectiveTo determine whether MgSO4 administered to women at risk of imminent preterm birth at a gestational age between 30 and 34 weeks is associated with increased functional connectivity and measures of functional segregation and integration in infants at term-equivalent age, possibly reflecting a protective mechanism of MgSO4.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study was nested within a randomized placebo-controlled trial performed across 24 tertiary maternity hospitals. Participants included infants born to women at risk of imminent preterm birth at a gestational age between 30 and 34 weeks who participated in the MAGENTA (Magnesium Sulphate at 30 to 34 Weeks’ Gestational Age) trial and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term-equivalent age. Ineligibility criteria included illness precluding MRI, congenital or genetic disorders likely to affect brain structure, and living more than 1 hour from the MRI center. One hundred and fourteen of 159 eligible infants were excluded due to incomplete or motion-corrupted MRI. Recruitment occurred between October 22, 2014, and October 25, 2017. Participants were followed up to 2 years of age. Analysis was performed from February 1, 2021, to February 27, 2024. Observers were blind to patient groupings during data collection and processing.ExposuresWomen received 4 g of MgSO4 or isotonic sodium chloride solution given intravenously over 30 minutes.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrior to data collection, it was hypothesized that infants who were exposed to MgSO4 would show enhanced functional connectivity compared with infants who were not exposed.ResultsA total of 45 infants were included in the analysis: 24 receiving MgSO4 treatment and 21 receiving placebo; 23 (51.1%) were female and 22 (48.9%) were male; and the median gestational age at scan was 40.0 (IQR, 39.1-41.1) weeks. Treatment with MgSO4 was associated with greater voxelwise functional connectivity in the temporal and occipital lobes and deep gray matter structures and with significantly greater clustering coefficients (Hedge g, 0.47 [95% CI, −0.13 to 1.07]), transitivity (Hedge g, 0.51 [95% CI, −0.10 to 1.11]), local efficiency (Hedge g, 0.40 [95% CI, −0.20 to 0.99]), and global efficiency (Hedge g, 0.31 [95% CI, −0.29 to 0.90]), representing enhanced functional segregation and integration.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, infants exposed to MgSO4 had greater voxelwise functional connectivity and functional segregation, consistent with increased brain maturation. Enhanced functional connectivity is a possible mechanism by which MgSO4 protects against cerebral palsy and death.