bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The developmental periods of the Ixodid tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum. under laboratory conditions
Authors: Branagan Denis 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA study, begun in 1966 at Edinburgh University, and completed during the ensuing 30 months at Muguga, Kenya, of the developmental periods of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum. under controlled temperature and humidity was carried out to provide basic background information for an intensified FAO/EAVRO programme of East Coast fever research. Quantitative data are given on the preoviposition, pre-eclosion and, for larvae and nymphs, premoulting periods at three constant temperatures, 25, 21 and 18°C. The rate of development at all stages was accelerated by raising the temperature and retarded by lowering it. A “pre-immobilization period” which precedes the entry of engorged larvae and nymphs to the true moulting process also appeared to be temperature dependent. Development became very prolonged as temperatures fell below 18°C, being negligible at 15°C and having apparently ceased altogether at 9°C. Continuous exposure for more than two or three days to temperatures of 4°C and below were lethal to all engorged instars. Humidity (controlled at levels between 18 and 87% r.h.) had no influence on the rate of development. It is concluded that within limits of tolerable aridity, developmental periods would be completed within the times dictated by temperature regardless of the level of humidity or changes in the level of humidity. No suggestion of any diapause mechanism was discerned.
Differences in susceptibility to a granulosis virus between field populations of the potato moth, Phthorimaea Operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Briese D. T. , Mende H. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA laboratory bioassay technique was used to compare the susceptibility to a granulosis virus of 16 field populations of Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) in Australia. A difference of 11·6× was found between the most and least susceptible population, while a laboratory strain was over 30 × as resistant as some field populations. It is suggested that this variability might reflect the past history of exposure of different populations to the virus, which appears to be endemic. The implications for the use of this virus as a microbial control agent are discussed.
Rhyzobius ventralis (Erichson) and R. forestieri (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), their biology and value for scale insect control
Authors: Richards Aola M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLife-cycles and voltinism are described for Rhyzobius ventralis (Erichs.) and R. forestieri (Muls.) living in the region of Sydney, Australia, and also the role each plays in its particular biocoenosis. Colour variation and wax production are described for the larvae, prepupae, pupae and adults of both species, also the defensive and feeding behaviour. New and known host records are listed for both species. Reasons are suggested for the success, partial failure or failure of the species as biological control agents in various parts of the world.
Field experiments with a wind tunnel on the flight speed of some west African mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Gillies M. T. , Wilkes T. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn open wind tunnel, down which air was blown from over a bait animal, was used in the field in the Gambia to measure the flight speed of host-seeking mosquitoes. Insects were trapped on an electrocuting grid fitted halfway up the tunnel. As the speed of air movement through the electrocuting grid was increased from 0·5 m/s, catches of Mansonia spp. fell off steeply, reaching negligible levels above 1·4 m/s. At air speeds lower than 0·5 m/s, catches at the grid were greatly reduced. Similar results were obtained for Anopheles ziemanni Griinb. and other species of Anopheles. It is concluded that the maximum flight speed of hostseeking females of all these species was in the range 1·4–1·8 m/s.
Studies on the biology ofCuliseta longiareolata(Macquart) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Pletzen R. Van , Van Der Linde T. C. De K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe dark-scaled form ofCuliseta longiareolata(Macq.) was found near Bloemfontein in South Africa. Breeding took place in various kinds of flooded pools, small containers and drinking troughs. It was multivoltine and overwintered as hibernating second-, third- and fourthinstar larvae and adult females. Laboratory colonisation was easily accomplished. Adults were maintained alive at 23°C and 70% relative humidity, and survival rates were high for 40–50 days. Starved females fed readily on blood from pigeons at night or on a 3:1 mixture of human blood and 10% sucrose solution from cotton-wool pads. Mating swarms were not observed in the field, but swarming activity occurred in laboratory populations provided with simulated dawn and dusk conditions. The fact that mating activity could be readily induced at any time was taken to show that it is not governed by a rigid endogenous rhythm. Egg-rafts varied in shape from round to oblong. Oviposition was invariably nocturnal. Some substance, probably emitted by bacteria, served as an oviposition attractant. The anterior pole of each egg lacks an exochorion and is hydrophilic. The posterior pole bears a lipid droplet. The exochorion is sculptured, the sculpturing consisting of bosses connected to one another by bridges constituting the outlines of a series of pores. The exochorial pattern varies in different regions of the egg. Pupation and emergence occurred mainly at night, and there was an approximately normal sex ratio.
Observations on the insect fauna of shaded and unshaded Amelonado cocoa
Authors: Bigger M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe insect fauna of a block of Amelonado cocoa trees at Tafo, Ghana, partly shaded by Gliricidia sepium and partly unshaded was sampled. Crematogaster clariventris (Mayr) and Oecopyhlla longinoda (Latr.) were the most numerous species of ants, the former occurring on 84% of the trees and the latter on 17%. There was a considerable overlap in the distribution of the two species. Thirty-two other species of ant were collected by pyrethrum knockdown sprays from the cocoa canopy, and 47 species were collected from leaf litter beneath the trees. More species of ant were recovered from litter on shaded plots than on unshaded ones. There was some avoidance of trees occupied by O. longinoda by certain canopy .ants. A greater number of Lepidoptera larvae, Orthoptera and the mirid Sahlbergella singularis Hagl were collected by pyrethrum knockdown sprays from unshaded plots than from shaded ones, whereas Diptera and Hymenoptera other than ants were more numerous on shaded plots. The most abundant coccid was Stictococcus sjostedti Ckll., a species tended for its honeydew by both dominant ants; it was more common on shaded plots. Mealybug species, of which Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) was the most common, were more abundant on unshaded plots.
A new species of Tachinidae (Diptera) parasitic on the sugarcane borer Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Natal, South Africa
Authors: Barraclough D.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSchembria eldana, a new species of goniine Tachinidae, is described (both sexes) from north-eastern Natal, South Africa, where it is parasitic on larvae of the sugarcane borer, Eldana saccharina Walker, in Cyperus papyrus umbels. The genus Schembria Rondani was previously known only from two females of S. meridionalis Rondani from Malta and Israel.
The concentration of lamdacyhalothrin and its effect on the cutworm Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Blair B.W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDuring initial screening of the synthetic pyrethroid lamdacyhalothrin (PP 321) at a concentration of 44 and 22 mg/l and applied as a 30 ml drench over each plant against third to fourth instar cutworms, Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) in microplots, few died but they did not damage the plants. Reducing the concentrations to 11 and 5.5 mg/l increased mortality and plant damage. When A. segetum were confined on soil treated with the insecticide at concentrations of 22, 11 and 5.5 mg/l and sprayed at an equivalent rate of 500 l/ha, they all died within one day. The higher concentrations appeared to have a repellent and/or antifeedant effect, and it has been possible to reduce the concentration of lamdacyhalothrin to 12.5 mg/l (≡5.6g a.i./ha) for the drench treatment without risking economic plant damage. For insecticides that have repellent and/or antifeedant properties, it should be possible to balance lower concentrations with adequate protection of plants from pest damage.
A new genus and species of coccinellid (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predator on Rastrococcus spp. (Homiptera: Pseudococcidae) from India
Authors: Booth R.G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAponephus lentiformis, a new genus and species of Coccinellidae, is described from southern India and placed in the tribe Scymnini. It was found during searches for natural enemies of Rastrococcus spp.
Egg mortality of the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens(Homoptera: Delphacidae) and green leafhoppers,Nephotettixspp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), on rice in Sri Lanka
Authors: Fowler S.V. , Claridge M.F. , Morgan J.C. , Peries I.D.R. , Nugaliyadde L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRice plants, infested with eggs ofNilaparvata lugens(Stål) orNephotettixspp. in laboratory cultures, were used to trap egg parasitoids in rice fields at two sites over a period of four days in Sri Lanka. Levels of egg parasitism per plant varied from 0 to 54% inN. lugensand 45 to 100% inNephotettixspp. Egg predation was a minor cause of mortality, but attack by a species ofPanstenon(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) killed up to 18%Nilaparvata lugenseggs.N. lugenseggs were parasitized byAnagrussp. nrflaveolusWaterhouse,A. optabilis(Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) andOligositasp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).Nephotettixspp. eggs were parasitized by two species ofGonatocerus(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and one ofParacentrobia(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). There was no overlap in field host range between the two parasitoid assemblages.Gonatocerusspp. andParacentrobiaspp. seldom attacked the sameNephotettixsp. egg batch, suggesting the possibility that these species compete in the field. Overall egg parasitism ofNilaparvata lugenswas positively related to host egg density at the spatial scale of the rice plant, but unrelated at the tiller or batch scale.Nephotettixspp. egg parasitism showed a negative density dependent relationship at the spatial scales of the tiller and plant and no relationship at the batch level. The potential role of these egg parasitoids in preventing outbreaks of hopper pests in Sri Lanka is discussed.
Factors influencing oocyte development in Mythimna convecta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their possible impact on migration in eastern Australia
Authors: McDonald Garrick , Cole Peter G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects of crowding and photoperiod during rearing of Mythimna convecta (Walker) on oocyte development in adult females were measured in the laboratory and field. Most larvae reared under isolated conditions in a Light 12 h: Dark 12 h photoperiod had mature oocytes within 72–84 h of eclosion. Females were slower to mature when reared under longer daylengths. The mean oocyte width in 3–10 days old females was significantly lower for moths reared under long (Light 16 h: Dark 8 h) than equal (Light 12 h: Dark 12 h) daylengths. Crowding of larvae also prolonged the pre-reproductive period. In the laboratory, 47% of females had arrested oocyte development of 3–6 days after eclosion and, in the field during late winter/spring, 48% of females required 3–9 days to mature. Larvae were collected from late spring/summer populations and caged under high and low density conditions. All females emerging from both treatments had arrested oocyte development of at least seven days. In catches from baited moth traps run over the same period, the proportion of immature female M. convecta was lower during spring (18–30%), than in summer (60%) and, in both seasons, mating commenced before oocytes had matured, but after oocyte arrest. Long daylength appears to be only one of several contributing factors causing delays in ovarian development during summer. Delays in achieving reproductive maturity, induced by either crowding or summer conditions, may assist M. convecta to emigrate from unfavourable habitats. This is particularly relevant in the winter rainfall areas of south-eastern Australia where most food plants senesce in summer and suitable habitats are usually confined to the coast.
Sexual behaviour of Heliothis peltigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Dunkelblum E. , Kehat M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe sexual behaviour of Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiffermüller) was studied in the laboratory. Calling activity was very low during the first five hours of scotophase and then increased sharply, particularly in six-to eight-day old females. Peak activity was observed, in all ages tested, between eight and nine hours into scotophase. Calling in six-day old females was significantly higher than in two-day old females but no significant differences were detected between four-to eight-day old females. Maximal amounts of pheromone were found in the pheromone glands of five-to eight-day old females in the second half of scotophase. Male activity was monitored in a wind tunnel. There was no response to pheromone lures during the first two days, then flying activity increased sharply and maintained its high level until the eighth day. Peak activity was observed between six and eight hours into scotophase. Mating activity was very low during the first five hours of scotophase and then increased sharply, with 61.8% of the observed pairs mating between six and eight hours into scotophase. The sexual behaviour of H. peltigera was very similar to the reported behaviour of the sympatric species Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) indicating that the reproductive separation of the two species is not affected by temporal factors, but depends mainly on the species-specific pheromone blends.
Composition and structure of Orthopteran faunas in cereal crops in Ethiopia
Authors: Habtewold Tibebu , Landin Jan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdult grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acridoidea, Tetrigioidea Tettigonioidea) assemblages were sampled at four localities in south-eastern Shoa, around Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, between August 1986 and September 1988. Three localities were followed for the whole period but the fourth locality was followed only between August 1986 and July 1987. Samples were taken fortnightly from both black and light soil fields of tef and wheat crops, each in three replicates. The fauna consisted of twenty-nine taxa of both short- and longhorned grasshoppers, twenty-six of which are identified to species. Over 70% of the species belong to Acrididae and most of them are either pests or potential pests of cereal crops. Species richness, diversity and dominance within and between sites and seasons did not differ much during the two year period. The composition and structure of the assemblage was relatively constant. Despite fluctuation in abundance, dominant and common species remained common and rare species rare. Aiolopus longicornis Sjöstedt was most dominant. Some species are more abundant on black soil than on light soil and vice versa. The results are compared to grasshopper assemblages studied elsewhere.
Chilo aleniellus(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a stem borer of maize in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Moyal P. , Tran M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe stem borer,Chilo aleniellus(Strand) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) is recorded for the first time as a pest of maize in the western part of the forest area of Côte d'lvoire. Descriptions are given of the larva (including chaetotaxy), the pupa, and adult genitalia. The geographical distribution of this species is presented, and its importance as a pest in Côte d'Ivoire is discussed.
Effects of temperature on the development and abundance of the sheep blowflyLucilia sericata(Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Wall R. , French N. , Morgan K.L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects of ambient temperature on all component life cycle stages of the sheep blowflyLucilia sericataMeigen were examined under controlled conditions. The critical base temperatures and the number of day-degrees required for completion of each stage were determined. Using these data a simple simulation model was developed to evaluate temperature effects on the seasonal pattern ofL. sericataabundance. The number of flies estimated by the model to be available for capture, together with the temperature over each capture period determining adult activity levels, were able to account for77%of the variance inL. sericataabundance observed over a season.
A new parasitoid (Diptera: Phoridae) of the mango shoot borer, Chlumetia transversa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in India
Authors: Disney R.H.L. , Khochare N.N. , Godase S.K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMegaselia chlumetiae Disney sp. n. is described from India. Its larva parasitizes larvae of Chlumetia transversa (Walker), a pest of Mangifera indica. Eggs are laid on the integument of the host larva. Newly emerged fly larva enter the host and develop by consuming the host's internal tissues. Pupariation normally takes place within the host's empty skin.
Insecticidal control of Melanterius servulus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a potential biocontrol agent of Paraserianthes lophantha (Leguminosae), in commercial seed orchards of black wattle, Acacia mearnsii(Leguminosae)
Authors: Donnelly D. , Calitz F.J. , Van Aarde I.M.R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA seed-feeding weevil, Melanterius servulus Pascoe, is considered suitable for release against the weed Paraserianthes lophantha. However, host specificity tests have indicated that M. servulus may also develop on the seeds of Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), which is both a weed and a crop plant in South Africa. Seed orchards, which supply the black wattle industry, may therefore need to be protected. The aim of this study was to determine whether the two pyrethroid insecticides presently used in wattle plantations against the wattle bagworm (Kotochalia junodi Heylaerts (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)) are effective against M. servulus. Since M. servulus has not yet been released in South Africa, field trials were not possible, and evidence that black wattle seed orchards can be protected from M. servulus was obtained indirectly, in two stages. Firstly, field trials showed that the two insecticides effectively protect the weed Acacia longifolia from a closely related weevil, Melanterius ventralis Lea, which has already been established as a biocontrol agent. Secondly, quarantine laboratory trials demonstrated that M. ventralis and M. servulus showed similar avoidance responses and similar levels of mortality when exposed to the insecticides. All the evidence indicates that the chemical protection of A. mearnsii seed orchards from M. servulus is possible.
The effect of temperature and humidity on development and longevity of Amblyomma triguttatum triguttatum (Acarina: Ixodidae)
Authors: Guglielmone A.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe development and longevity of Amblyomma triguttatum triguttatum Koch were studied at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C, and humidities with water staturation deficits of 2–3, 8–9 and 16–17 mm Hg. No stage developed at 40°C and the engorged larva was the only stage able to develop at 15°C. The rate of development was inversely related to temperature, with the exception of the pre-oviposition period of the engorged female which was longer at 35°C than at 30°C. The egg was the most vulnerable stage to high saturation deficit (low humidity) but some did survive in constant conditions of 16–17 mm Hg, showing an adaptation to harsh environments; A. t. triguttatum survives in a semi-desert habitat. The longevity of the unfed stages increased from the larvae, nymphs to adults. The longevity decreased with increase of temperature and decrease of humidity with the exception of adults maintained at 30°C and 16–17 mm Hg, which had a longer viability to the same saturation deficit at 20°C (50% mortality) and 25°C (50% and 100% mortality).
The cuticular hydrocarbons of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Phlebotominae) from field populations in northern India and Sri Lanka, and their change with laboratory colonization
Authors: Kamhawi S. , Lane R. P. , Cameron M. , Phillips A. , Milligan P. , Molyneux D. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of wild caught, male Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale & Brunetti from Kandy, Sri Lanka, and Calcutta, India, were significantly different. Using discriminant functions based on three peaks from a gas-liquid chromatogram, 89% of specimens were correctly allocated to their parent sample. These results correlate with previously reported morpho-metric differences in this species from different parts of its range. Following laboratory colonization of the Kandy strain, the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles showed a progressive change, so that wild-caught and F5 generations could be completely distinguished by discriminant function anaysis, with the F1 and F 2 as intermediates.
The effect of insecticide treatment and injection of sodium chloride and sucrose solutions on the water-salt homeostasis of lepidopterous larvae
Authors: Natochin Yu.V. , Parnova R.G. , Sundukov O.V. , Shakhmatova E.I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe osmolality and ion concentrations in the haemolymph and the body of lepidopterous larvae were studied under different experimental conditions. It was shown that the haemolymph osmolality of Aglais urticae (Linnaeus) larvae returned to normal three hours after the injection of 0.4 M sucrose or 0.4 M sodium chloride, despite the fact that in the latter case, the level of sodium was very high (to 53.1 mM vs 4.5 mM in control). The injection of 0.2 M or 0.4 M sodium chloride did not induce significant changes in the concentration of ions, other than sodium, in haemolymph. Treatment of Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus) larvae with insecticides (DDVP, lindane, decis) led to a fast loss of body weight (up to 30%). This was due to dehydration, which was accompanied by a significant decrease of potassium content in body tissue, but not in the haemolymph. Study of the haemolymph parameters of Lepidoptera and insects taken from their natural environment indicates that the lowest values of variation coefficient related to osmolality and to the concentration of the dominant cation of the haemolymph (sodium, potassium or magnesium). These data suggest effective regulation of osmolality and ion concentration in the insect haemolymph.
Taxonomic notes on some dacine (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies associated with citrus, olives and cucurbits
Authors: White Ian M. , Wang Xing-jian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe taxonomic identity and synonymy of four serious fruit fly pests, one of olives in Europe, and three Oriental species, two associated with citrus fruits and one with cucurbit fruits and vegetable, is clarified.PolistomimetesEnderlein is a new synonym ofTetradacusMiyake, which was originally described as a subgenus ofDacus, but is newly placed as a subgenus ofBactrocera. HeterodaculusHardy is removed from synonymy withPolistomimetes. Mellesis citriChen is a new synonym ofB. minax(Enderlein);D. cheniChao is a new synonym ofB. tsuneonis(Miyake); andD. nubilusHendel is replaced in synonymy withB. tau(Walker).Callantra splendidaPerkins andD. discipennisWalker are transferred to the genusBactroceraMacquart. The limits of the subgeneraB. (Daculus) andB. (Tetradacus) are discussed; it is concluded that oviscape form separates those subgenera.B. (Daculus) includes the olive fly,B. oleae(Gmelin) andB. (Tetradacus) includes the Oriental citrus flies,B. minax(Enderlein) andB. tsuneonis(Miyake), plus three other species. It is also concluded that the presence or absence of anterior supra-alar setae and prescutellar acrostichal seatae should not be used in the diagnosis ofBactrocerasubgenera. A lectotype ofPolistomimetes minaxEnderlein is designated.