bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF A FLUORIDE RESISTANT ACID PHOSPHATASE REACTION IN THE MOUSE DUODENUM
Authors: BURT ROBERT C. , MEREDITH BARBARA R. , GRAUER ROBERT C. 
Published: April 2011

A fluoride resistant acid phosphatase reaction (pH 5.0) has been demonstrated histochemically in the cuticular border of the mouse duodenum. This reaction was shown to be inactivated by the metal chelating agent, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, and reactivated by the following metallic salts : calcium chloride, cobalt(ous) nitrate, cupric sulfate, ferric chloride, ferric ammonium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, lead nitrate, lithium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, mercuric chloride, manganous chloride and zinc acetate. The two ferric salts produced the greatest amount of reactivation and cupric sulfate and manganous chloride produced the least amount of reactivation. These characteristics of inactivation by a metal chelating agent and metal reactivation plus the fluoride resistance of the acid phosphatase reaction present in the cuticular border of the mouse duodenum are features more typical of an alkaline type of phosphatase rather than the acid variety. This suggests that alkaline type phosphatase may be demonstrable histochemically in the cuticular border of the mouse duodenum in the acid pH range.
QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE DEVELOPING HAMSTER TOOTH: ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
Authors: NUKI KLAUS , BONTING SJOERD L. 
Published: April 2011

1. It has been possible to adapt the quantitative histochemical technique of microdissection and microchemical assay for the study of the quantitative distribution of alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase activity in the first maxillary molar of the hamster, between birth and 4 days of age. 2. The zones of the tooth buds dissected out and assayed were: stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium, ameloblasts, dentine plus enamel, odontoblasts, three areas of the dental papilla, and the cervical loop. 3. The quantitative results for the alkaline phosphatase distribution were found to agree qualitatively with the results obtained by the Gomori and azo dye staining techniques, except that the staining techniques gave falsely negative reactions at low activities. 4. Alkaline phosphatase activity was lowest in the zones furthest from dentine and enamel formation, while the two zones of cells most intimately concerned in the formation of dentine and enamel did not show the highest activity; in fact the ameloblast zone was one of the lowest in activity. The highest zones of activity, stratum intermedium and sub-odontoblastic papilla, were immediately next to the cells forming the matrices of dentine and enamel. 5. These facts are considered to be supporting evidence for the theory of Neuman and Neuman regarding the "detoxifying" properties of alkaline phosphatase in a "barrier" surrounding the sites of calcification. 6. The levels of lactic dehydrogenase activity were of the same order of magnitude in all the cellular zones. The zones furthest removed from enamel and dentine formation occupied the lower part of the range found.
STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF BRAIN ESTERASES
Authors: BARRON KEVIN D. , BERNSOHN JOSEPH I. , HESS ADELINE 
Published: April 2011

1. Starch gel electrophoresis of rat brain homogenates has demonstrated 9 esterases which hydrolyze α-naphthyl acetate and naphthol AS-acetate. One of these has been identified as acetylcholinesterase. The nature of the others is undefined. In addition an enzyme (presumably pseudocholinesterase) acting against butyrylthiocholine iodide has been located at the site of sample insertion. 2. Homogenates of human white matter have yielded 9 esterases active against the same naphthol substrates. None of these is a cholinesterase. However, with acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate, acetylcholinesterase is demonstrable in human material. Enzymic activity against butyrylthiocholine iodide is demonstrable at the origin in human material, also. 3. Best results are obtained by use of homogenates centrifuged at 20,000 x g for 60 minutes.
Characterization and treatment of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease: a 28-year experience in the United States
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey I. , Jaffe Elaine S. , Dale Janet K. , Pittaluga Stefania , Heslop Helen E. , Rooney Cliona M. , Gottschalk Stephen , Bollard Catherine M. , Rao V. Koneti , Marques Adriana , Burbelo Peter D. , Turk Siu-Ping , Fulton Rachael , Wayne Alan S. , Little Richard F. , Cairo Mitchell S. , El-Mallawany Nader K. , Fowler Daniel , Sportes Claude , Bishop Michael R. , Wilson Wyndham , Straus Stephen E. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Chronic active EBV disease (CAEBV) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by markedly elevated levels of antibody to EBV or EBV DNA in the blood and EBV RNA or protein in lymphocytes in tissues. We present our experience with CAEBV during the last 28 years, including the first 8 cases treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the United States. Most cases of CAEBV have been reported from Japan. Unlike CAEBV in Japan, where EBV is nearly always found in T or natural killer (NK) cells in tissues, EBV was usually detected in B cells in tissues from our patients. Most patients presented with lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly; fever, hepatitis, and pancytopenia were common. Most patients died of infection or progressive lymphoproliferation. Unlike cases reported from Japan, our patients often showed a progressive loss of B cells and hypogammaglobulinemia. Although patients with CAEBV from Japan have normal or increased numbers of NK cells, many of our patients had reduced NK-cell numbers. Although immunosuppressive agents, rituximab, autologous cytotoxic T cells, or cytotoxic chemotherapy often resulted in short-term remissions, they were not curative. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was often curative for CAEBV, even in patients with active lymphoproliferative disease that was unresponsive to chemotherapy. These studies are registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00032513 for CAEBV, NCT00062868 and NCT00058812 for EBV-specific T-cell studies, and NCT00578539 for the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation protocol.
Heterozygous ITGA2B R995W mutation inducing constitutive activation of the αIIbβ3 receptor affects proplatelet formation and causes congenital macrothrombocytopenia
Authors: Kunishima Shinji , Kashiwagi Hirokazu , Otsu Makoto , Takayama Naoya , Eto Koji , Onodera Masafumi , Miyajima Yuji , Takamatsu Yasushi , Suzumiya Junji , Matsubara Kousaku , Tomiyama Yoshiaki , Saito Hidehiko 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCongenital macrothrombocytopenia is a genetically heterogeneous group of rare disorders. αIIbβ3 has not been implicated in these conditions. We identified a novel, conserved heterozygous ITGA2B R995W mutation in 4 unrelated families. The surface expression of platelet αIIbβ3 was decreased to 50% to 70% of control. There was spontaneous PAC-1 and fibrinogen binding to resting platelets without CD62p expression. The activation state of αIIbβ3 in 293T cells was higher for αIIb-W995 than for β3-H723 but was weaker than for β3-N562. FAK was spontaneously phosphorylated in αIIb-W995/β3-transfected 293T cells. These results indicate that αIIb-W995/β3 has a constitutive, activated conformation but does not induce platelet activation. αIIb-W995/β3-transfected CHO cells developed membrane ruffling and abnormal cytoplasmic protrusions. The increased size and decreased number of proplatelet tips in αIIb-W995/β3-transduced mouse fetal liver-derived megakaryocytes indicate defective proplatelet formation. We propose that activating mutations in ITGA2B and ITGB3 represent the etiology of a subset of congenital macrothrombocytopenias.
A novel vascular disrupting agent plinabulin triggers JNK-mediated apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis in multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Singh Ajita V. , Bandi Madhavi , Raje Noopur , Richardson Paul , Palladino Michael A. , Chauhan Dharminder , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Previous studies have established a role of vascular-disrupting agents as anti- cancer agents. Plinabulin is a novel vascular-disrupting agent that exhibits potent interruption of tumor blood flow because of the disruption of tumor vascular endothelial cells, resulting in tumor necrosis. In addition, plinabulin exerts a direct action on tumor cells, resulting in apoptosis. In the present study, we examined the anti–multiple myeloma (MM) activity of plinabulin. We show that low concentrations of plinabulin exhibit a potent antiangiogenic action on vascular endothelial cells. Importantly, plinabulin also induces apoptotic cell death in MM cell lines and tumor cells from patients with MM, associated with mitotic growth arrest. Plinabulin-induced apoptosis is mediated through activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Moreover, plinabulin triggered phosphorylation of stress response protein JNK, as a primary target, whereas blockade of JNK with a biochemical inhibitor or small interfering RNA strategy abrogated plinabulin-induced mitotic block or MM cell death. Finally, in vivo studies show that plinabulin was well tolerated and significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival in a human MM.1S plasmacytoma murine xenograft model. Our study therefore provides the rationale for clinical evaluation of plinabulin to improve patient outcome in MM.
β2-Glycoprotein I: a novel component of innate immunity
Authors: Ağar Çetin , de Groot Philip G. , Mörgelin Matthias , Monk Stephanie D. D. C. , van Os Gwendolyn , Levels Johannes H. M. , de Laat Bas , Urbanus Rolf T. , Herwald Heiko , van der Poll Tom , Meijers Joost C. M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSepsis is a systemic host response to invasive infection by bacteria. Despite treatment with antibiotics, current mortality rates are in the range of 20%-25%, which makes sepsis the most important cause of death in intensive care. Gram-negative bacteria are a prominent cause of sepsis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), one of the major constituents of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, plays a major role in activating the host's immune response by binding to monocytes and other cells. Several proteins are involved in neutralization and clearance of LPS from the bloodstream. Here, we provide evidence that β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is a scavenger of LPS. In vitro, β2GPI inhibited LPS-induced expression of tissue factor and IL-6 from monocytes and endothelial cells. Binding of β2GPI to LPS caused a conformational change in β2GPI that led to binding of the β2GPI-LPS complex to monocytes and ultimately clearance of this complex. Furthermore, plasma levels of β2GPI were inversely correlated with temperature rise and the response of inflammatory markers after a bolus injection of LPS in healthy individuals. Together, these observations provide evidence that β2GPI is involved in the neutralization and clearance of LPS and identify β2GPI as a component of innate immunity.
Disease properties, geography, and mitigation strategies in a simulation spread of rinderpest across the United States
Authors: Manore Carrie , McMahon Benjamin , Fair Jeanne , Hyman James M , Brown Mac , LaBute Montiago 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
For the past decade, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has been working toward eradicating rinderpest through vaccination and intense surveillance by 2012. Because of the potential severity of a rinderpest epidemic, it is prudent to prepare for an unexpected outbreak in animal populations. There is no immunity to the disease among the livestock or wildlife in the United States (US). If rinderpest were to emerge in the US, the loss in livestock could be devastating. We predict the potential spread of rinderpest using a two-stage model for the spread of a multi-host infectious disease among agricultural animals in the US. The model incorporates large-scale interactions among US counties and the small-scale dynamics of disease spread within a county. The model epidemic was seeded in 16 locations and there was a strong dependence of the overall epidemic size on the starting location. The epidemics were classified according to overall size into small epidemics of 100 to 300 animals (failed epidemics), epidemics infecting 3 000 to 30 000 animals (medium epidemics), and the large epidemics infecting around one million beef cattle. The size of the rinderpest epidemics were directly related to the origin of the disease and whether or not the disease moved into certain key counties in high-livestock-density areas of the US. The epidemic size also depended upon response time and effectiveness of movement controls.
Hospital-based, prospective, multicentre surveillance to determine the incidence of intussusception in children aged below 15 years in Germany
Authors: Bissantz Nicolai , Jenke Andreas C , Trampisch Matthias , Klaaßen-Mielke Renate , Bissantz Kathrin , Trampisch Hans-Joachim , Holland-Letz Tim 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundA new vaccine against Rotavirus (RV) gastroenteritis was introduced in Germany in 2006. In 1997 the first RV vaccine was withdrawn due to an increased incidence in intussusception (IS). Thus, an accurate estimation of the incidence of IS is important for post-licensure surveillance.MethodsIS-Data were obtained from the 'Erhebungseinheit für seltene pädiatrische Erkrankungen Deutschland' (ESPED, German surveillance unit for rare pediatric diseases) collaborations' central register where all cases of intussusception in Germany for the years 2006 and 2007 are collected (n = 1200). In order to obtain an unbiased estimate of the incidence, it is necessary to determine the population under risk out of which these cases originated, and the proportion of real cases not reported to the registry (underreporting). In order to assess underreporting, a random sample of 31 hospitals was re-assessed by an outside reviewer. The estimation of incidence was done using a single Maximum-Likelihood (ML) estimator based on data from both the registry and the sample.ResultsThe uncorrected observed incidence was calculated to be 26.6/100,000 child-years for children below 1 year old, 23.8 for those below 2 years old, and 5.2 for those below 15 years old. The review revealed a mean reporting quota of about 41% and the ML approach yielded an incidence of 51.5/100,000 child-years (95%CI [41.7;61.1]) for children below 2 years of age.ConclusionsWhile substantial under-reporting led to very conservative estimates of the IS incidence, the approach described here allows an accurate estimation of IS incidence including corresponding confidence bands. Therefore, ML estimation is a straightforward instrument to derive stable, unbiased estimates in epidemiological studies with incomplete data.
Interactions between genetic admixture, ethnic identity, APOE genotype and dementia prevalence in an admixed Cuban sample; a cross-sectional population survey and nested case-control study
Authors: Teruel Beatriz Marcheco , Rodríguez Juan J Llibre , McKeigue Paul , Mesa T Teresa Collazo , Fuentes Evelyn , Cepero A Adolfo Valhuerdi , Hernandez Milagros A Guerra , Copeland JRM John RM , Ferri Cleusa P , Prince Martin J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
The prevalence and incidence of dementia are low in Nigeria, but high among African-Americans. In these populations there is a high frequency of the risk-conferring APOE-e4 allele, but the risk ratio is less than in Europeans. In an admixed population of older Cubans we explored the effects of ethnic identity and genetic admixture on APOE genotype, its association with dementia, and dementia prevalence.

Methods
A cross-sectional catchment area survey of 2928 residents aged 65 and over, with a nested case-control study of individual admixture. Dementia diagnosis was established using 10/66 Dementia and DSM-IV criteria. APOE genotype was determined in 2520 participants, and genetic admixture in 235 dementia cases and 349 controls.

Results
Mean African admixture proportions were 5.8% for 'white', 28.6% for 'mixed' and 49.6% for 'black' ethnic identities. All three groups were substantially admixed with considerable overlap. African admixture was linearly related to number of APOE-e4 alleles. One or more APOE-e4 alleles was associated with dementia in 'white' and 'black' but not 'mixed' groups but neither this, nor the interaction between APOE-e4 and African admixture (PR 0.52, 95% CI 0.13-2.08) were statistically significant. Neither ethnic identity nor African admixture was associated with dementia prevalence when assessed separately. However, considering their joint effects African versus European admixture was independently associated with a higher prevalence, and 'mixed' or 'black' identity with a lower prevalence of dementia.

Conclusions
APOE genotype is strongly associated with ancestry. Larger studies are needed to confirm whether the concentration of the high-risk allele in those with African ancestry is offset by an attenuation of its effect. Counter to our hypothesis, African admixture may be associated with higher risk of dementia. Although strongly correlated, effects of admixture and ethnic identity should be distinguished when assessing genetic and environmental contributions to disease risk in mixed ancestry populations.
Communicating uncertainty - how Australian television reported H1N1 risk in 2009: a content analysis
Authors: Fogarty Andrea S , Holland Kate , Imison Michelle , Blood R Warwick , Chapman Simon , Holding Simon 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
Health officials face particular challenges in communicating with the public about emerging infectious diseases of unknown severity such as the 2009 H1N1(swine 'flu) pandemic (pH1N1). Statements intended to create awareness and convey the seriousness of infectious disease threats can draw accusations of scare-mongering, while officials can be accused of complacency if such statements are not made. In these communication contexts, news journalists, often reliant on official sources to understand issues are pivotal in selecting and emphasising aspects of official discourse deemed sufficiently newsworthy to present to the public. This paper presents a case-study of news communication regarding the emergence of pH1N1.

Methods
We conducted a content analysis of all television news items about pH1N1. We examined news and current affairs items broadcast on 5 free-to-air Sydney television channels between April 25 2009 (the first report) and October 9 (prior to the vaccine release) for statements about [1] the seriousness of the disease [2] how the public could minimise contagion [3] government responses to emerging information.

Results
pH1N1 was the leading health story for eight of 24 weeks and was in the top 5 for 20 weeks. 353 news items were identified, yielding 3086 statements for analysis, with 63.4% related to the seriousness of the situation, 12.9% providing advice for viewers and 23.6% involving assurances from government. Coverage focused on infection/mortality rates, the spread of the virus, the need for public calm, the vulnerability of particular groups, direct and indirect advice for viewers, and government reassurances about effective management.

Conclusions
Overall, the reporting of 2009 pH1N1 in Sydney, Australia was generally non-alarmist, while conveying that pH1N1 was potentially serious. Daily infection rate tallies and commentary on changes in the pandemic alert level were seldom contextualised to assist viewers in understanding personal relevance. Suggestions are made about how future reporting of emerging infectious diseases could be enhanced.
Study protocol of physical activity and sedentary behaviour measurement among schoolchildren by accelerometry - Cross-sectional survey as part of the ENERGY-project
Authors: Yıldırım Mine , Verloigne Maïté , de Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Androutsos Odysseas , Manios Yannis , Felső Regina , Kovács Éva , Doessegger Alain , Bringolf-Isler Bettina , te Velde Saskia J , Brug Johannes , Chinapaw Mai JM 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
Physical activity and sedentary behaviour among children should be measured accurately in order to investigate their relationship with health. Accelerometry provides objective and accurate measurement of body movement, which can be converted to meaningful behavioural outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the best evidence for the decisions on data collection and data processing with accelerometers among children resulting in a standardized protocol for use in the participating countries.

Methods/Design
This cross-sectional accelerometer study was conducted as part of the European ENERGY-project that aimed to produce an obesity prevention intervention among schoolchildren. Five countries, namely Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Switzerland and the Netherlands participated in the accelerometer study. We used three different Actigraph models-Actitrainers (triaxial), GT3Xs and GT1Ms. Children wore the device for six consecutive days including two weekend days. We selected an epoch length of 15 seconds. Accelerometers were placed at children's waist at the right side of the body in an elastic belt.
In total, 1082 children participated in the study (mean age = 11.7 ± 0.75 y, 51% girls). Non-wearing time was calculated as periods of more than 20 minutes of consecutive zero counts. The minimum daily wearing time was set to 10 hours for weekdays and 8 hours for weekend days. The inclusion criterion for further analysis was having at least three valid weekdays and one valid weekend day. We selected a cut-point (count per minute (cpm)) of <100 cpm for sedentary behaviour, <3000 cpm for light, <5200 cpm for moderate, and >5200 cpm for vigorous physical activity. We also created time filters for school-time during data cleaning in order to explore school-time physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns in particular.

Discussion
This paper describes the decisions for data collection and processing. Use of standardized protocols would ease future use of accelerometry and the comparability of results between studies.
Defect symmetry influence on electronic transport of zigzag nanoribbons
Authors: Zeng Hui , Leburton Jean-Pierre , Xu Yang , Wei Jianwei 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe electronic transport of zigzag-edged graphene nanoribbon (ZGNR) with local Stone-Wales (SW) defects is systematically investigated by first principles calculations. While both symmetric and asymmetric SW defects give rise to complete electron backscattering region, the well-defined parity of the wave functions in symmetric SW defects configuration is preserved. Its signs are changed for the highest-occupied electronic states, leading to the absence of the first conducting plateau. The wave function of asymmetric SW configuration is very similar to that of the pristine GNR, except for the defective regions. Unexpectedly, calculations predict that the asymmetric SW defects are more favorable to electronic transport than the symmetric defects configuration. These distinct transport behaviors are caused by the different couplings between the conducting subbands influenced by wave function alterations around the charge neutrality point.