bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equipment for advance probing and for advance treatment of the ground from the TBM / Einrichtungen zur Vorauserkundung und vorauseilenden Gebirgsbehandlung auf einer TBM
Authors: Heim André 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn the planning phase of a tunnel project, site investigations are carried out, geotechnical data is collected and analyses produced. A favourable and practical tunnel alignment is determined and the geological units to be bored through are described, classified and the risks for tunnelling are estimated. Nonetheless, the ground passed through will always have surprises in store, in mechanised as in conventional tunnelling, in hard rock and in loose ground. Rock type, hardness and strength, degree of jointing, occurrence and formation of fault zones and karst features, formation water ingress etc. can all deviate from the forecast information.This article is concerned with the subject of mechanised tunnel driving in hard rock, in particular with the equipment for advance probing integrated into the machine and methods of advance treatment of geologically conditioned disruptions and deviations to ensure that mechanised boring can continue in safety. This includes details of the advance probing methods used from drilling, through radar technology, to seismic applications and their possible combinations. The advance treatment of the ground that follows or is directly linked to the investigation is described through concepts and practical examples (e.g. grouting, advance drilling and pipe screens).In der Planfeststellungsphase eines Tunnelbauprojekts werden Vorerkundungen durchgeführt, geotechnische Daten gesammelt und Analysen erstellt. Eine günstige und durchführbare Tunneltrasse wird festgelegt und die zu durchörternden geologischen Einheiten beschrieben, klassifiziert und auf tunnelvortriebsrelevante Risiken eingeschätzt. Dennoch hält der Baugrund für den maschinellen wie auch den konventionellen Tunnelbau sowohl im Hart‐ als auch im Lockergestein immer wieder Überraschungen bereit. Gesteinstyp, ‐härte und ‐festigkeit, Klüftungsgrad, Auftreten und Ausbildung von Störzonen und Karstvorkommen, Bergwasserzutritt u. ä. können von den prognostizierten Werten und Erkenntnissen abweichen.Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Thematik des maschinellen Tunnelvortriebs im Hartgestein, insbesondere mit den maschinenintegrierten Einrichtungen zur Vorauserkundung sowie mit den Möglichkeiten, das Gebirge im geologisch bedingten Stör‐ oder Abweichungsfall soweit vorauszubehandeln, damit der maschinelle Vortrieb gesichert fortgeführt werden kann. Dabei werden die genutzten Vorauserkundungsmethoden von konventionell bohrend über Radartechnologie bis hin zu seismischen Anwendungen und möglichen Kombinationen der Methoden erörtert. Die an die Vorauserkundung anschließende oder auch mit ihr direkt verknüpfte Vorausbehandlung des Gebirges wird anhand von Konzepten und Praxisbeispielen (z.B. Injektionen, Vorausbohrungen und Rohrschirme) dargestellt.
Contract models for TBM drives in hard rock – codes in Austria and Switzerland and their practical implementation / Vertragsmodelle für TBM Vortriebe im Festgestein – Regelwerke in Österreich und der Schweiz und deren praktische Umsetzung
Authors: Schneider Eckart , Spiegl Markus 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe Austrian standard conditions of contract for underground works with continuous tunnelling have been available since 2005. Until then, contract conditions for sequential and continuous tunnelling were combined in a single code. In Switzerland, major transport tunnels were already being bored with TBMs at the start of the 1970s, much earlier than in Austria. Corresponding standard conditions have been available there for many years, most recently revised in 2004. In this article, the most important provisions of the Austrian and Swiss conditions of contract are presented and commented. Their implementation on specific projects is described through some significant projects. A comparison between Austria and Switzerland, where there has also been a standard bill of quantities for TBM drives for a long while – the Norm‐Positions‐Katalog – which is generally accepted and used practically universally, indeed show a basic similarity in the essential points, but in the implementation of the details there are still considerable differences.Seit 2005 gibt es in Österreich eine eigene Werkvertragsnorm für Untertagebauarbeiten mit kontinuierlichem Vortrieb. Bis dahin waren die Vertragsbestimmungen für zyklische und kontinuierliche Vortriebe in einem einzigen Regelwerk zusammengefasst. In der Schweiz wurden schon ab Anfang der 1970er‐Jahre, also wesentlich früher als in Österreich, große Verkehrstunnelbauten mit Tunnelvortriebsmaschinen realisiert. Eine entsprechende Werkvertragsnorm gibt es dort seit vielen Jahren. Zuletzt wurde sie 2004 aktualisiert. Im Beitrag werden die wichtigsten Bestimmungen der österreichischen und der schweizerischen Werkvertragsnormen vorgestellt und kommentiert. Ihre projektspezifische Ausformung wird anhand signifikanter Projekte dargestellt. Ein Vergleich zwischen Österreich und der Schweiz, wo es außerdem seit langem eine Standard‐Leistungsbeschreibung für TBM‐Vortriebe – den Norm‐Positions‐Katalog – gibt, der generell akzeptiert ist und praktisch flächendeckend angewendet wird, zeigt zwar eine grundsätzliche Übereinstimmung in wesentlichen Punkten, in der Ausformung der Details bestehen jedoch erhebliche Unterschiede.
Palomino HRT – Exploration drillings in two geological formations
Authors: Walter Andreas , Guimarães Carlos , Gerstner Reinhold 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe Palomino HPP, with an installed capacity of 80 MW, is under construction in the Central Mountains of the Dominican Republic. The geological investigations for the 13.53 km long headrace tunnel were highly restricted due to difficult access in the mountain areas, high tunnel overburden as well as precautionary environmental protections in the National Park José del Carmen Ramirez. With respect to the approximately 12.4 km long TBM drive an exploration programme was carried out during excavation, to detect fractured zones as well as the presence of pressurised groundwater in advance.Palomino HRT – Erkundungsbohrungen in zwei geologischen GebirgsartenIm zentralen Bergland der Dominikanischen Republik wird das Wasserkraftwerk Palomino mit einer Nennleistung von 80 MW errichtet. Aufgrund der schwierigen Zugänglichkeit, der hohen Überlagerungen und der naturschutzbedingen Einschränkungen im Nationalpark José del Carmen Ramirez war die geologische Erkundung entlang des 13,53 km langen Druckstollens stark eingeschränkt. Für den etwa 12,4 km langen TBM‐Abschnitt wurde, um Störzonen oder das Antreffen druckhafter Gebirgswässer im Vortrieb vorab zu erkennen, ein ausführliches Vorauserkundungsprogram konzipiert.
Astrocyte immune responses in epilepsy
Authors: Aronica Eleonora , Ravizza Teresa , Zurolo Emanuele , Vezzani Annamaria 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAstrocytes, the major glial cell type of the central nervous system (CNS), are known to play a major role in the regulation of the immune/inflammatory response in several human CNS diseases. In epilepsy‐associated pathologies, the presence of astrogliosis has stimulated extensive research focused on the role of reactive astrocytes in the pathophysiological processes that underlie the development of epilepsy. In brain tissue from patients with epilepsy, astrocytes undergo significant changes in their physiological properties, including the activation of inflammatory pathways. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that proinflammatory molecules can alter glio‐neuronal communications contributing to the generation of seizures and seizure‐related neuronal damage. In particular, bothin vitroandin vivodata point to the role of astrocytes as both major source and target of epileptogenic inflammatory signaling. In this context, understanding the astroglial inflammatory response occurring in epileptic brain tissue may provide new strategies for targeting astrocyte‐mediated epileptogenesis. This article reviews current evidence regarding the role of astrocytes in the regulation of the innate immune responses in epilepsy. Both clinical observations in drug‐resistant human epilepsies and experimental findings in clinically relevant models will be discussed and elaborated, highlighting specific inflammatory pathways (such as interleukin‐1β/toll‐like receptor 4) that could be potential targets for antiepileptic, disease‐modifying therapeutic strategies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Network coordination and performance among MNEs in Latin America
Authors: De La Torre José R. , Chacar Aya 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe propose that to be successful under major environmental changes, an organizational response must fit the new environmental contingencies. We employ the political and economic reforms in Latin America during the 1990s as a natural experiment in which to examine these phenomena. Increased market integration should lead firms to establish closer managerial coordination among subsidiaries to an extent proportional to the strength of external changes. Firms that retain under‐ or overstructured organizations will underperform those whose response is fitting to environmental changes particular to their industry. Moreover, firms that exhibit an appropriate regional response are likely to have organizational capabilities transferable to a global level. Data obtained through a survey of MNEs operating in Latin America by 2000 and from Compustat support the theory proposed.
Corpus callosum damage predicts disability progression and cognitive dysfunction in primary‐progressive MS after five years
Authors: Bodini Benedetta , Cercignani Mara , Khaleeli Zhaleh , Miller David H. , Ron Maria , Penny Sophie , Thompson Alan J. , Ciccarelli Olga 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe aim to identify specific areas of white matter (WM) and grey matter (GM), which predict disability progression and cognitive dysfunction after five years in patients with primary‐progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). Thirty‐two patients with early PPMS were assessed at baseline and after five years on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and EDSS step‐changes were calculated. At year five, a subgroup of 25 patients and 31 healthy controls underwent a neuropsychological assessment. Baseline imaging consisted of dual‐echo (proton density and T2‐weighted), T1‐weighted volumetric, and diffusion tensor imaging. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were created, and fed into tract‐based spatial statistics. To compensate for the potential bias introduced by WM lesions, the T1 volumes underwent a lesion‐filling procedure before entering a voxel‐based morphometry protocol. To investigate whether FA and GM volume predicted EDSS step‐changes over five years and neuropsychological tests scores at five years, voxelwise linear regression analyses were performed. Lower FA in the splenium of the corpus callosum (CC) predicted a greater progression of disability over the follow‐up. Lower FA along the entire CC predicted worse verbal memory, attention and speed of information processing, and executive function at five years. GM baseline volume did not predict any clinical variable. Our findings highlight the importance of damage to the interhemispheric callosal pathways in determining physical and cognitive disability in PPMS. Disruption of these pathways, which interconnect motor and cognitive networks between the two hemispheres, may result in a disconnection syndrome that contributes to long‐term physical and cognitive disability. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of chunk tightness and chunk familiarity in problem solving: Evidence from ERPs and fMRI
Authors: Wu Lili , Knoblich Guenther , Luo Jing 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMultiple factors of task difficulty keep problem solvers from finding the crucial thinking steps required to solve insight problems. In this study, we distinguished two difficulty factors, chunk familiarity and chunk tightness, and investigated their effects on chunk decomposition—a specific type of insight that depends on the process of breaking up perceptual patterns or chunks into elements so that they can be reorganized to form a new meaning. Subjects solved problems that required decomposing Chinese characters that differed in chunk familiarity and chunk tightness. Brain activity was recorded using the electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that chunk familiarity could be overcome through an inhibition of familiar meanings, whereas overcoming chunk tightness required visual‐spatial processing. Furthermore, chunk familiarity posed an additional difficulty when chunk tightness was high. This result demonstrates that the difficulty sources in a problem do not always simply add up. Rather, the difficulty of a problem can reside in the interaction of particular sources of difficulty. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluoride enrichment in aquifers of the Thar Desert: controlling factors and its geochemical modelling
Authors: Singh Chander Kumar , Kumari Rina , Singh Neha , Mallick Javed , Mukherjee Saumitra 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe groundwater is the only source of drinking water in the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, India. The study area is a part of the Thar Desert. It has low and scattered population and no industries; hence, the possibility of anthropogenic input of fluoride is almost negligible. Thus, the enrichment of fluoride is only possible due to geochemical processes taking place in the groundwater of the region. A total of 100 groundwater samples, 34 samples from Jaisalmer and 66 samples from the Pokharan administrative blocks, were collected. It was observed that the concentration of fluoride ranged from 0.08 mg/l to 4.56 mg/l in the groundwater of Jaisalmer and from 0.56 mg/l to 6.60 mg/l in the samples of the Pokharan block. The alkaline condition (average pH, 7.7 ± 0.22 and 8.01 ± 0.25 in Jaisalmer and the Pokharan administrative block, respectively) in the region favours fluorite dissolution. Ion exchange, dissolution of calcite, semi‐arid climate, alkaline conditions and weathering are responsible for fluoride enrichment in the groundwater of the study area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating agricultural deep drainage lag times to groundwater: application to Antelope Valley, California, USA
Authors: Grismer Mark E. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractEstimates of groundwater volumes available in semiarid regions that rely on water balance calculations require the determination of both surface to groundwater lag times and volumes from irrigation or rainfall initiated recharge. Subsurface geologic material hydraulic properties (e.g. hydraulic conductivities, water retention functions) necessary for unsaturated flow modelling are rarely available as are the instrumented field tests that might determine such lag times. Here we develop a simple two‐parameter (specific yield, Sy, and pore‐size distribution index, λ), one‐dimensional unsaturated flow model from simplifications of the Richards equation (using the Brooks‐Corey relationships) to determine lag times from agricultural deep drainage associated with the irrigation of alfalfa hay and various row crops in the Antelope Valley of California, USA. Model‐predicted lag times to depths of 85 m bgs (below ground surface) were similar to that measured in a 2‐year ponded recharge field trial, slightly overestimating that measured by approximately 15% (0.51 vs 0.44 years). Lag time estimates were most sensitive to estimated deep percolation rates and roughly equally sensitive to the model hydraulic parameters. Generally, as subsurface material textures coarsen towards larger Sy and λ values for all Sy >10%, lag times progressively increase; however, at Sy <10%, lag times decrease substantially suggesting that particular combinations of Sy and λ values that may be associated with similarly textured materials can result in the prediction of different lag times for Sy approximately 10%. Overall, lag times of 1–3 years to a depth of 69 m bgs were estimated from deep drainage of agricultural irrigation across a variety of irrigation schedules and subsurface materials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualizing probabilistic flood forecast information: expert preferences and perceptions of best practice in uncertainty communication
Authors: Pappenberger Florian , Stephens Elisabeth , Thielen Jutta , Salamon Peter , Demeritt David , van Andel Schalk Jan , Wetterhall Fredrik , Alfieri Lorenzo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe aim of this article is to improve the communication of the probabilistic flood forecasts generated by hydrological ensemble prediction systems (HEPS) by understanding perceptions of different methods of visualizing probabilistic forecast information. This study focuses on interexpert communication and accounts for differences in visualization requirements based on the information content necessary for individual users. The perceptions of the expert group addressed in this study are important because they are the designers and primary users of existing HEPS. Nevertheless, they have sometimes resisted the release of uncertainty information to the general public because of doubts about whether it can be successfully communicated in ways that would be readily understood to nonexperts. In this article, we explore the strengths and weaknesses of existing HEPS visualization methods and thereby formulate some wider recommendations about the best practice for HEPS visualization and communication. We suggest that specific training on probabilistic forecasting would foster use of probabilistic forecasts with a wider range of applications. The result of a case study exercise showed that there is no overarching agreement between experts on how to display probabilistic forecasts and what they consider the essential information that should accompany plots and diagrams. In this article, we propose a list of minimum properties that, if consistently displayed with probabilistic forecasts, would make the products more easily understandable. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of the impact of climate change on drought: an evaluation of six UK catchments using two stochastic approaches
Authors: Chun Kwok Pan , Wheater Howard , Onof Christian 
Published: February 2012

AbstractUnder future climate scenarios, possible changes of drought patterns pose new challenges for water resources management. For quantifying and qualifying drought characteristics in the UK, the drought severity indices of six catchments are investigated and modelled by two stochastic methods: autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models and the generalized linear model (GLM) approach. From the ARIMA models, autocorrelation structures are first identified for the drought index series, and the unexplained variance of the series is used to establish empirical relationships between drought and climate variables. Based on the ARIMA results, mean sea level pressure and possibly the North Atlantic Oscillation index are found to be significant climate variables for seasonal drought forecasting. Using the GLM approach, occurrences and amounts of rainfall are simulated with conditioning on climate variables. From the GLM‐simulated rainfall for the 1980s and 2080s, the probabilistic characteristics of the drought severity are derived and assessed. Results indicate that the drought pattern in the 2080s is less certain than for the 1961–1990 period, based on the Shannon entropy, but that droughts are expected to be more clustered and intermittent. The 10th and 50th quantiles of drought are likely higher in the 2080s scenarios, but there is no evidence showing the changes in the 90th quantile extreme droughts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein pathway activation mapping reveals molecular networks associated with antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer cell lines
Authors: van Agthoven Ton , Godinho Marcia F.E. , Wulfkuhle Julia D. , Petricoin Emanuel F. , Dorssers Lambert C.J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPreviously, we have identified a panel of breast cancer antiestrogen resistance (BCAR) genes. Several of these genes have clinical relevance because mRNA or protein levels associate with tamoxifen resistance or tumor aggressiveness. We postulated that changes in activation status of protein signaling networks induced by BCAR genes may provide better insight into the mechanisms underlying antiestrogen resistance. Key signal transduction pathways were analyzed for changes in activation or expression using reverse‐phase protein microarrays probed with 78 antibodies against signaling proteins with known roles in tumorigenesis. We used ZR‐75‐1‐derived cell lines transduced with AKT1, AKT2, BCAR1, BCAR3, BCAR4, EGFR, GRB7, HRAS, HRASv12 or HEF1 and MCF7‐derived cell lines transduced with BCAR3, BCAR4 or EGFR. In the antiestrogen‐resistant cell lines, we observed increased phosphorylation of several pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival. All tamoxifen‐resistant cell lines contained high levels of phosphorylated AKT and its biochemically linked substrates Forkhead box O1/3. The activation of ERBB2, ERBB3 and the downstream modulators focal adhesion kinase and SHC were activated in cells with overexpression of BCAR4. Remarkable differences were observed for the levels of activated AMPK alpha1, cyclins, STAT5, STAT6, ERK1/2 and BCL2. The comparison of the cell signaling networks in estrogen‐dependent and ‐independent cell lines revealed biochemically linked kinase–substrate markers that comprised systemically activated signaling pathways involved in tamoxifen resistance. Our results show that this model provides insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of breast cancer progression and antiestrogen resistance. This knowledge may help the development of novel targeted treatments.
Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 by thymosin beta‐4 is associated with gastric cancer cell migration
Authors: Ryu Yun‐Kyoung , Lee Yu‐Sun , Lee Geun‐Hee , Song Kyu‐Sang , Kim Yong‐Sung , Moon Eun‐Yi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThymosin beta‐4 (Tβ4), actin‐sequestering protein, plays important roles in many cellular functions including cancer cell migrations. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) in Wnt signaling pathway is a key molecule to control intercellular interaction. Here, we investigated whether GSK‐3 activity is regulated by Tβ4 and it is associated with Tβ4‐mediated migration in gastric cancer cells. Various expression level of Tβ4 was observed in human gastric tumor tissues. Migration in gastric cancer cells, SNU638 and SNU668, was dependent on a relative expression level of Tβ4. Cell migration was higher in SNU668 with a higher expression level of Tβ4 than that in SNU638 with a lower Tβ4. Although the level of phosphorylated(p)‐GSK‐3α (inactive), β‐catenin, E‐cadherin and E‐cadherin:β‐catenin complex was relatively higher, p‐GSK‐3β (inactive) was lower in SNU638 compared to those in SNU668 cells. LiCl, GSK‐3α/β inhibitor, reduced lung metastasis of B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and SNU668 cell migration. Small interference (si)RNA of GSK‐3α increased SNU638 cell migration in accordance with the reduction of E‐cadherin:β‐catenin complex formation through a decrease in β‐catenin and E‐cadherin. Expression level of GSK‐3α/β, β‐catenin and E‐cadherin in SNU668 and SNU638 was reversed by Tβ4‐siRNA and by the treatment with acetylated‐serine‐aspartic acid‐lysine‐proline (SDKP) tetrapeptide of Tβ4, respectively. E‐cadherin expression in SNU638 cells was decreased by β‐catenin‐siRNA. PD98059, MEK inhibitor, or U0126, ERK inhibitor, reduced SNU668 cell migration accompanying an increase in p‐GSK‐3α, β‐catenin and E‐cadherin. Taken together, data indicated that the expression of GSK‐3α, β‐catenin and E‐cadherin could be negatively regulated by Tβ4‐induced ERK phosphorylation. It suggests that Tβ4 could be a novel regulator to control Wnt signaling pathways.