bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN BANGLADESH: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS
Authors: ALOM JAHANGIR , QUDDUS MD. ABDUL , ISLAM MOHAMMAD AMIRUL 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe nutritional status of under-five children is a sensitive sign of a country's health status as well as economic condition. This study investigated the differential impact of some demographic, socioeconomic, environmental and health-related factors on the nutritional status among under-five children in Bangladesh using Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2007 data. Two-level random intercept binary logistic regression models were used to identify the determinants of under-five malnutrition. The analyses revealed that 16% of the children were severely stunted and 25% were moderately stunted. Among the children under five years of age 3% were severely wasted and 14% were moderately wasted. Furthermore, 11% of the children were severely underweight and 28% were moderately underweight. The main contributing factors for under-five malnutrition were found to be child's age, mother's education, father's education, father's occupation, family wealth index, currently breast-feeding, place of delivery and division. Significant community-level variations were found in the analyses.
Tyranny in Aristophanes'sBirds
Authors: Ambler Wayne 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe protagonist of Aristophanes'sBirdsrises from nowhere to become atyrannosof the first order, but scholars disagree when assessing him. Do Peisetairos's impressive political gifts make him an apt example of competent rule, or does his treatment of his subjects mark him as guilty of hubris and perfidy? While documenting the distinguishing features of this remarkable ruler, it is argued that—Arrowsmith's eloquent essay notwithstanding—Aristophanes does not condemn him. Nor, however, does he recommend Peisetairos's rule, as Henderson suggests. Between these extremes is a more complexvia media: if a birdlike populace is to have an empire, they must also embrace a Peisetairos. But it would not be unwise to oppose an empire at such a price, even if the Alcibidean leader who would preside over it cannot be condemned for seeking to rule in the way he imagines to be most advantageous for himself.
The Concept of “Cultural Affiliation” in NAGPRA: Its Potential and Limits in the Global Protection of Indigenous Cultural Property Rights
Authors: Kuprecht Karolina 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn the debate about indigenous cultural property, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of the United States has developed and implemented an unorthodox concept of “cultural affiliation.” The act entitles Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations to claim repatriation of their cultural property—comprising human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony—upon the establishment of a specific shared group identity and a cultural affiliation to an object. The concept of cultural affiliation in the act replaces proof of ownership, or proof that an object was stolen or illicitly removed. It thereby amends traditional standards saturated in notions of property and ownership that have perpetuated since Roman law and allows the evolution of a control regime over cultural property that takes into account the cultural aspects of the objects. On an international level, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) of 2007 stipulates a similar emancipation of indigenous peoples' cultural property claims from notions of property and ownership. This article explores NAGPRA's cultural affiliation concept as it stands between private property and human rights law and brings into focus the concept's elements that go beyond traditional property law. It ultimately looks at the potential and limits of the concept from an international perspective as a standard for other countries that consider implementation of UNDRIP's provisions on indigenous, tangible, movable cultural property.
Doubt and Human Nature in Descartes'sMeditations
Authors: Patterson Sarah 
Published: April 2012

Descartes is well known for his employment of the method of doubt. His most famous work, theMeditations, begins by exhorting us to doubt all our opinions, including our belief in the existence of the external world. But critics have charged that this universal doubt is impossible for us to achieve because it runs counter to human nature. If this is so, Descartes must be either misguided or hypocritical in proposing it. Hume writes:There is a species of scepticism, antecedent to all study and philosophy, which is much inculcated by Des Cartes and others, as a sovereign preservative against error and precipitate judgement. It recommends an universal doubt, not only of all our former opinions and principles, but also of our very faculties… The Cartesian doubt, …were it ever possible to be attained by any human creature (as it plainly is not)would be entirely incurable; and no reasoning could ever bring us to a state of assurance and conviction upon any subject (Enquiry12.3; emphasis added).
Being Human: Religion and Superstition in a Psychoanalytic Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Clack Beverley 
Published: April 2012

At one place in his collection of essaysThe Crane Bag and Other Disputed Subjects, the novelist and mythographer Robert Graves makes the following claim that might sound rather shocking to the ears of an analytic philosopher:I find myself far more at home with mildly superstitious people – sailors and miners, for instance – than with stark rationalists. They have more humanity.
Tropical cyclone intensification trends during satellite era (1986–2010)
Authors: Kishtawal C. M. , Jaiswal Neeru , Singh Randhir , Niyogi D. 
Published: April 2012

Using International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS, version v03r03) analysis during satellite era (1986–2010) we determined the trends of intensification of tropical cyclones (TC) over all the global basins, except the North Indian Ocean. Over all the basins, the rate of TC intensification from 64 kt to first peak of intensity maxima (global average value = 104 kt) was found to be positive. The above trends were significant for 4 out of 5 basins, except the North West Pacific. The trends indicate that the TCs now intensify from 64 kt to 104 kt nearly 9 hours earlier than they did 25 years back. The maximum reduction in intensification time is noticed over the North Atlantic Ocean where the average time needed for TC to intensify from 64 kt to 112 kt has reduced by nearly 20 hours during the past 25‐year period.
Direct demonstration of CD4 T cell cooperation in the primary
in vivo
generation of CD4 effector T cells
Authors: Kroeger David R. , Rudulier Christopher D. , Peters Nathan C. , Bretscher Peter A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Many observations bear upon the cellular and molecular requirements for CD4 T cell activation. The interaction of CD4 T cells with dendritic cells (DC), central to the induction of most immune responses, is the most studied. However, leukocytes other than DC can dramatically affect the induction and differentiation of CD4 T cells into effector cells. We recently provided indirect evidence that in vivo CD4 T cooperation facilitates the activation of CD4 T cells. Here, we demonstrate that the activation of CD4 T cells, specific for the hen egg lysozyme (HEL) 105–120 peptide, is optimally achieved when BALB/c mice are immunized with additional MHC class II-binding HEL peptides in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant. This cooperation cannot be mimicked by the coadministration of LPS or of an agonistic antibody to CD40, at the time of immunization. In contrast, OX40–OX40L interactions are necessary for CD4 T cell cooperation in that an OX40 agonistic antibody can replace, and an OX40L-blocking antibody can abrogate, CD4 T cell cooperation in situations where such cooperation would otherwise enhance the activation of CD4 T cells.
Detection and molecular characterization of adenoviruses in Korean children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis
Authors: Lee Jae In , Lee Gyu‐Cheol , Chung Ju Young , Han Tae Hee , Lee Young Ki , Kim Moo Sang , Lee Chan Hee 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTHuman adenoviruses (HAdVs) are an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. However, few studies on the epidemiology or types of HAdVs associated with acute gastroenteritis have been conducted in Korea. Therefore, in the present study, the incidence of HAdV in 2064 stool samples from Korean children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis (2004–2006) was assessed and the types of viruses present determined. Polymerase chain reaction, sequencing, and phylogenic analyses revealed that 113 samples (5.5%) were HAdV‐positive. While HAdVs were mainly detected during July to October, no seasonal difference between the enteric and non‐enteric viruses in the incidence of HAdV was observed. HAdV‐41 and HAdV‐40 were found in 54 (47.8%) and 3 (2.6%) HAdV‐positive samples, respectively. HAdV‐3, HAdV‐7, HAdV‐2, HAdV‐31, HAdV‐4, and HAdV‐37 were detected in 11 (9.7%), 5 (4.4%), 2 (1.7%), 2 (1.7%), 1 (0.8%), and 1 (0.8%) of sample(s), respectively. Thus, not only enteric, but also non‐enteric, HAdVs may play an important role in acute gastroenteritis in Korean children.
Villin 1 is a predictive factor for the recurrence of high serum alpha‐fetoprotein‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy
Authors: Xieraili Maimaiti , Yasen Mahmut , Mogushi Kaoru , Obulhasim Gulanbar , Mayinuer Abudureheman , Aihara Arihiro , Tanaka Shinji , Mizushima Hiroshi , Tanaka Hiroshi , Arii Shigeki 
Published: April 2012

The prognostic assessment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after resection is an important clinical issue. The present study investigated those genes associated with high serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), and their clinical significance, including prognosis and recurrence after hepatectomy. Based on gene expression analysis of 110 training HCC cases, 20 genes whose mRNA expression levels were significantly upregulated and 50 genes that were downregulated correlated with high serum AFP‐associated HCC patients. Gene expression profiles of Villin1 (Vil1) were obtained in high serum AFP‐associated HCC tumor tissues. In the present analysis, only VIL1 was significantly correlated with the recurrence of HCC. The results were validated independently using Taqman gene expression assays and immunostaining analysis. Results showed that the upregulation of VIL1 mRNA was also correlated with high serum PIVKAII, vascular invasion (P < 0.05), poor differentiation, an advanced cancer stage (P < 0.01) and recurrence‐free survival (P = 0.017). The upregulation of VIL1 mRNA was observed more frequently in the early recurrence patients as compared to the late recurrence patients. Cox regression univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that high serum AFP levels (overall survival, HR 1.675, P = 0.002; FRS, HR 1.359, P = 0.039) and Vil1 protein expression (overall survival, HR 0.253, P = 0.009; FRS, HR 0.401, P = 0.041) were independent, unfavorable prognostic factors for overall and recurrence‐free survival of patients. We demonstrated that the VIL1 gene is a potential candidate molecular marker for high serum AFP‐associated HCC and a predictive candidate for the postoperative recurrence and poorer prognosis of HCC. (Cancer Sci, doi: 10.1111/j.1349‐7006.2012.02315.x, 2012)
England's legislation on smoking in indoor public places and work‐places: impact on the most exposed children
Authors: Sims Michelle , Bauld Linda , Gilmore Anna 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAimsTo examine whether English legislation to make virtually all indoor public places and work‐places smoke‐free on 1 July 2007 displaced smoking into the home and hence increased the proportion of children exposed to levels of second‐hand smoke known to be detrimental to health.DesignRepeated cross‐sectional study with data from 10 annual surveys undertaken from 1996 to 2008.SettingEngland.ParticipantsNationally representative samples of non‐smoking children aged 4–15 years old living in private households.MeasurementsSalivary cotinine, parental smoking status, whether smoking is allowed within the house, socio‐demographic variables.FindingsThe proportion of children exposed to damaging levels of second‐hand smoke (defined as those with cotinine levels >1.7 ng/ml) has fallen over time, from 23.5% in 1996 to 12.6% in 2008. The legislation was not associated with further changes in the proportion of children above this threshold—the odds of having cotinine >1.7 ng/ml did not change after adjustment for the pre‐legislative trend and confounders (odds ratio: 1.0, 95% confidence interval: 0.78, 1.4). Non‐significant associations were also found when examining children by parental or household smoking status.ConclusionsLegislation to prohibit smoking in indoor public places and work‐places does not increase the proportion of children exposed to damaging levels of second‐hand smoke. Even in a country with a strong tobacco control climate, a significant proportion of children remain highly exposed to second‐hand smoke and future policies need to include interventions to reduce exposure among these children.
The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score is an effective triage marker following staggered paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose
Authors: Craig D. G. , Zafar S. , Reid T. W. D. J. , Martin K. G. , Davidson J. S. , Hayes P. C. , Simpson K. J. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackgroundThe sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score is an effective triage marker following single time point paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose, but has not been evaluated following staggered (multiple supratherapeutic doses over >8 h, resulting in cumulative dose of >4 g/day) overdoses.AimTo evaluate the prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score following staggered paracetamol overdose.MethodsTime‐course analysis of 50 staggered paracetamol overdoses admitted to a tertiary liver centre. Individual timed laboratory samples were correlated with corresponding clinical parameters and the daily SOFA scores were calculated.ResultsA total of 39/50 (78%) patients developed hepatic encephalopathy. The area under the SOFA receiver operator characteristic for death/liver transplantation was 87.4 (95% CI 73.2–95.7), 94.3 (95% CI 82.5–99.1), and 98.4 (95% CI 84.3–100.0) at 0, 24 and 48 h, respectively, postadmission. A SOFA score of <6 at tertiary care admission predicted survival with a sensitivity of 100.0% (95% CI 76.8–100.0) and specificity of 58.3% (95% CI 40.8–74.5), compared with 85.7% (95% CI 60.6–97.4) and 75.0% (95% CI 65.2–79.5) , respectively, for the modified Kings College criteria. Only 2/21 patients with an admission SOFA score <6 required renal replacement therapy or intracerebral pressure monitoring. SOFA significantly outperformed the Model for End‐stage Liver Disease, but not APACHE II, at 0, 24‐and 48‐h following admission.ConclusionsA SOFA score <6 at tertiary care admission following a staggered paracetamol overdose,is associated with a good prognosis. Both the SOFA and APACHE II scores could improve triage of high‐risk staggered paracetamol overdose patients.
Genetic study on developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Shi Dongquan , Dai Jin , Ikegawa Shiro , Jiang Qing 
Published: April 2012

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (10): 1121–1125AbstractBackground  Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a developmental disorder of the hip joint that results in an abnormal socket of the femoral head, ranging from instability, subluxation and complete dislocation of the hip joint. DDH has a considerable genetic component.Design  We reviewed the recent progress on genetic study of DDH.Results  By linkage and case–control association studies, DDH loci have been identified with several susceptibility genes that involve in bone and joint biology; however, no unequivocal genes with global significance have been detected. The current problem of the association study in DDH is discussed.Conclusions  By advanced technologies and international collaboration, we need to find more susceptibility genes and bridge the gap between genetic evidence and molecular mechanisms.
Oral transmission as a route of infection for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Schönherz A A , Hansen M H H , Jørgensen H B H , Berg P , Lorenzen N , Einer‐Jensen K 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSurveys among wild marine fish have revealed occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) infections in a high number of diverse fish species. In marine aquaculture of rainbow trout, preying on invading wild fish might thus be a risk factor for introduction and adaptation of VHSV and subsequent disease outbreaks. Our objective was to determine whether an oral transmission route for VHSV in rainbow trout exists. Juvenile trout were infected through oral, waterborne and cohabitation transmission routes, using a recombinant virus strain harbouring Renilla luciferase as reporter gene. Viral replication in stomach and kidney tissue was detected through bioluminescence activity of luciferase and qRT‐PCR. Replication was detected in both tissues, irrespective of transmission route. Replication patterns, however, differed among transmission routes. In trout infected through oral transmission, replication was detected in the stomach prior to kidney tissue. In trout infected through waterborne or cohabitation transmission, replication was detected in kidney prior to stomach or in both tissues simultaneously. We demonstrate the existence of an oral transmission route for VHSV in rainbow trout. This implies that preying on invading infected wild fish is a risk factor for introduction of VHSV into marine cultures of rainbow trout.
Development and validation of a range of endogenous controls to support the implementation of practical Taqman real‐time PCR‐based surveillance for fish diseases within aquaculture
Authors: Bland F , McIntosh R , Bain N , Snow M 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe use of Taqman real‐time PCR‐based technology has recently become more frequent in the detection of pathogens in the aquaculture industry. This interest has necessitated the development of robust and reliable pathogen‐detection assays. The development of a range of endogenous control assays to be run alongside these diagnostic assays works to further increase confidence in the latter. This study describes the design of a range of endogenous control assays based on the elongation factor 1‐α (EF1‐α) gene specific to a range of fish species including Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; brown trout, Salmo trutta; cod, Gadus morhua; haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus; saithe, Pollachius virens; whiting, Merlangius merlangus; Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarkii; carp (family Cyprinidae), roach, Rutilus rutilus; European eel, Anguilla anguilla; and herring, Clupea harengus, as well as a number of fish cell lines. Evidence is provided of the validation of these assays for specific species, a range of tissue types and cell lines as well as an example of the potential uses of these assays.
Plasma procalcitonin and the risk of cardiovascular events and death: a prospective population‐based study
Authors: Schiopu A. , Hedblad B. , Engström G. , Struck J. , Morgenthaler N. G. , Melander O. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract.  Schiopu A, Hedblad B, Engström G, Struck J, Morgenthaler NG, Melander O (Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden; BRAHMS GmbH/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hennigsdorf, Germany). Plasma procalcitonin and the risk of cardiovascular events and death: a prospective population‐based study. J Intern Med 2012; 272: 484–491.Objectives:  A number of inflammatory biomarkers such as C‐reactive protein (CRP) are independent predictors of cardiovascular risk. The inflammatory biomarker procalcitonin (PCT) has previously been shown to be associated with coronary atherosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome. We evaluated the ability of PCT to predict future cardiovascular events in a population of apparently healthy individuals.Design:  We measured plasma PCT levels in 3713 subjects with no previous history of cardiovascular disease, randomly selected from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. The correlation between PCT concentration and the incidence of coronary events, stroke and cardiovascular death over a median follow‐up period of 13.7 years was studied using a Cox regression analysis corrected for age, sex, CRP level, traditional risk factors and renal function.Results:  Age and sex were strong determinants of PCT; the concentration of PCT was significantly higher in men than in women. PCT was associated with several of the established cardiovascular risk factors (CRP, hypertension, diabetes and renal function) as determined by multivariate linear regression. Of note, PCT was inversely correlated with HDL and smoking. We found significant correlations between PCT levels, coronary events and cardiovascular death. However, these relationships lost statistical significance when the analysis was corrected for CRP and the traditional risk factors.Conclusions:  This is the largest population‐based prospective study to demonstrate a positive association between plasma PCT levels and cardiovascular risk in subjects with no previous history of acute cardiovascular events. However, the high degree of covariation between PCT and other cardiovascular risk factors limits the value of PCT as an independent cardiovascular risk predictor.
Identification of differential resistance to six Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae isolates in commercial onion cultivars through the development of a rapid seedling assay
Authors: Taylor A. , Vagany V. , Barbara D. J. , Thomas B. , Pink D. A. C. , Jones J. E. , Clarkson J. P. 
Published: April 2012

Fusarium oxysporum isolates collected from onions in the UK and other countries were characterized using sequences of the transfer elongation factor 1‐α (TEF) gene and compared with published sequence data for 10 other isolates. Isolates associated with diseased onion bulbs in the UK formed two clades. Isolates from both clades were selected for pathogenicity testing and to develop a rapid seedling assay to screen commercial onion cultivars for resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOC), the cause of basal rot. Differences in the levels of aggressiveness between isolates were observed and isolates from both clades were pathogenic. Differences in resistance/susceptibility were also observed amongst 10 commercial onion cultivars, with cvs Ailsa Craig Prizewinner and White Lisbon showing the highest levels of resistance. The results from the seedling assay were supported by those from a subsequent onion bulb rot assay. Thus, this study reports the development of a rapid, simple and repeatable seedling assay that can be used to screen large numbers of onion cultivars for resistance to FOC and which is indicative of resistance at the bulb stage.