bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Investigation of Spectral Evolution of Wind Waves. Part II: Dissipation Term and Evolution Tests
Authors: Babanin Alexander V. , Tsagareli Kakha N. , Young I. R. , Walker David J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Numerical simulations of the wind-wave spectrum evolution are conducted by means of new observation-based wind-input and wave dissipation functions obtained in the Lake George field experiment. This experiment allowed simultaneous measurements of the source functions in a broad range of conditions, including extreme wind-wave circumstances. Results of the experiment revealed new physical mechanisms in the processes of spectral input/dissipation of wave energy, which are presently not accounted for in wave forecast models. These features had been parameterized as source terms in a form suitable for spectral wave models; in the present study, they were tested, calibrated, and validated on the basis of such a model.
Physical constraints were imposed on the source functions in terms of the known experimental dependences for the total wind-wave momentum flux and for the ratio between the total input and total dissipation. Enforcing the constraints in the course of wave-spectrum evolution allowed calibration of the free experimental parameters of the new input (Part I of the study) and dissipation functions; the latter is the topic of the present paper. The approach allows separate calibration of the source functions before they are employed in the evolution tests. The evolution simulations were conducted by means of the one-dimensional research WAVETIME model with an exact solution for the nonlinear term. The resulting time-limited evolution of integral, spectral, and directional wave properties, based on implementation of the new physically justified source/sink terms and constraints, is then analyzed. Good agreement of the simulated evolution with known experimental dependences is demonstrated.
A New Front Contact Counter Electrode with Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Array for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Li Xin , Lin Hong , Zhang Yongchang 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A new kind of front contact counter electrode with multi-wall carbon nanotube array on a nonconductive substrate and a thin metal layer was designed for dye-sensitized solar cells. Under standard AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm−2), a device with such counter electrode yielded an overall conversion efficiency of 2.53%.
Molecular characterization of rotaviruses in mid-western Turkey, 2006–2007
Authors: Altindis Mustafa , Bányai Krisztián , Kalayci Raike , Gulamber Cihangir , Koken Resit , Apan Teoman , Koçoğlu Esra , Bukulmez Aysegul , Yoldas Yasin , Aykurt Pınar 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Vaccines against rotaviruses are now available in numerous countries, including Turkey. As the vaccines may show various efficiencies against different type specificities and routine vaccination in infants might result in selection and immune escape of wild-type rotavirus strains, strain surveillance has been initiated before and during the vaccine introduction. We aimed to provide corresponding information on local strain prevalence in Anatolia, mid-western Turkey during the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. Stool samples positive for group A rotavirus by commercial enzyme immunoassay were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction based genotyping of the outer capsid antigens, VP7 and VP4, determining G and P type specificities respectively. Among 36 fully and 5 partially typeable strains we detected genotype G1, G2, and G9 VP7 specificities and genotype P[4], P[6] and P[8] VP4 specificities in 5 individual and 4 mixed combinations. The most common strain was G2P[4] (n=17), followed by G9P[8] (n=9). Other strains were G1P[8] (n=2), G2P[8] (n=2), G1+2P[8] (n=2), G9P[4] (n=1), G2+9P[8] (n=1), G4+9P[6] (n=1), and G2P[4+8] (n=1). Partially typed strains included 2 G1P[NT] and 3 G2P[NT] strains. Our data may help determine a baseline of the rotavirus genotype prevalence in Turkey and see if changes in the incidence of individual strains will be observed after routine use of vaccine.
Quantitative approach in environmental interpretations of deep-marine sediments (Dukla Unit, Western Carpathian Flysch Zone)
Authors: Prekopová Marta , Janočko Juraj 
Published: December 2009

Quantitative approach in environmental interpretations of deep-marine sediments (Dukla Unit, Western Carpathian Flysch Zone)In structurally complicated terranes with outcrops limited in number and extent, additional methods for interpreting depositional environments are required. Statistical analysis of bed thicknesses, in addition to conventional sedimentological analysis, is a quantitative way to refine environmental interpretations, interpretations that can be useful in predicting reservoir architecture. We analysed Paleogene deep-water sediments belonging to the Cisna, Sub-Menilite, and Menilite Formations of the Dukla Unit, Outer Carpathian Flysch Zone and, using two independent quantitative methods, tried to define their depositional environments. As a first approach we used Carlson & Grotzinger's model (2001), which suggests power law distribution of turbidite bed thicknesses. The second one is the lognormal mixture model of Talling (2001). Based on a quantitative approach, we suggest deposition of the lowermost Cisna Formation in the channel-levee environment. The overlying sediments of the Sub-Menilite Formation were deposited in a more distal, probably outer lobe environment. The uppermost Menilite Formation is interpreted as deposits from an outer lobe/basin plain environment.
Environmental changes in the declining Middle Miocene Badenian evaporite basin of the Ukrainian Carpathian Foredeep (Kudryntsi section)
Authors: Peryt Danuta , Peryt Tadeusz 
Published: December 2009

Environmental changes in the declining Middle Miocene Badenian evaporite basin of the Ukrainian Carpathian Foredeep (Kudryntsi section)
The Kudryntsi section in West Ukraine documents a major environmental change from hypersaline to marine conditions during the Middle Miocene. There are very few (or no) specimens of foraminifers in samples of the siliciclastic series (4 m thick, with limestone intercalations) which occurs above the gypsum (and below the transgressive deposits) in the southern part of quarry. The limestone intercalations are first sparitic and microsparitic, and then become pelletal. The pelletal depositional textures are interpreted as originated in restricted environments in contrast to mixed-fossil lithoclastic packstones/grainstones overlying the siliciclastic series. The diversity of fauna increases up section. Foraminifers, bivalves, ostracods and gastropods appear first and then, additionally, brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoids, and echinoids occur. Foraminiferal assemblages are dominated by elphidiids forming 70 to 90 % of the population. The most common species are Elphidium crispum (Linné) and E. macellum (Fichtel & Moll). The limestones show a wide range of δ13C values (from -1.6 ‰ to - 18.2 ‰) and δ18O values (from -0.2 ‰ to -9.4 ‰) indicating that the cementation and some recrystallization took place in meteoric-water-dominated fluid but the restriction-controlled trend can be recognized. The siliciclastic series was deposited in an evaporitic lagoon influenced by large inflows of continental waters carrying the siliciclastic and other detrital material from the older Badenian rocks as well as from their substrate. The Kudryntsi section documents a stepwise decrease in water salinity — from ca. 150-300 ‰ during the Badenian gypsum precipitation, through ca. 80-150 ‰ during deposition of the siliciclastic series to ca. 35 ‰ during sedimentation of the basal transgressive deposits. The basal deposits originated in shallow subtidal (0-20 m) environments of normal marine salinity (30-35 ‰) and temperate to warm waters (8-18 °C) as indicated by requirements of the E. crispum association in recent seas.
The Application Of Attributes Derived From High Resolution Seismic Data In Horizontal Drilling. A Case Study From Shuaiba Formation, Minagish Field, West Kuwait
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Al-Anezi Khalaf K. , Gezeeri Taher Mohd Nabil 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In the Minagish field, the Shuaiba formation has very low porosity and permeability, However, the presence of shrinkage cracks, joints and fractures make it ideal disposal zones. Karsts feature south east of the Minagish structure, containing an abundance of fractures and dissolution channels, have been identified for disposal. Karsts are formed by the passage of meteoric water through the carbonate rock and dissolved the rock as it passed. In the areas with significant dissolution, the formation has collapsed due to weight of overburden, creating areas of massive fracture and faulting. The karsts area have been successfully targeted with 2 horizontal wells drilled within last three years, with disposal capacity of 30000 to 40000 bw/day per well. Seismic attributes are one of the most routine technologies applied in geosciences interpretation and analysis of 3D seismic data, contain incredibly rich information in terms of amplitudes, frequency, geometry and texture. Since seismic attributes are sensitive to spatial variations in subsurface, these can acts as guide for horizontal wells specially in complex and unpredictable area. The Coherency Cube quantifies the measurement of local waveform similarity. Since it provides spatial change in the seismic waveform hence it can be related to sub surface features like Geometry of the subsurface reflectors, Faults, Pinchouts, Unconformities, changes in lithology, Changes in pore fluid density, Changes in elastic properties as well as depositional environments. In present case study seismic attributes specially coherency along with other data was applied to identify the shale dominated area and limestone formation near collapsed feature. The horizontal well targeted fractured limestone near the edge of collapsed feature. The drilling data was correlated with seismic attributes to identify the shale dominated area and Shuiaba limestone near the collapsed feature. It was observed that Shuiaba limestone was severely eroded inside the collapsed feature and filled with overlying base Burgan shales and silts. With this information well was side tracked toward the limestone formation and completed with its objectives. By correlating the seismic attributes with real time drilling data, more accurate information about the spatial variation in the vicinity of well is available. In case of drilling complications these information are very useful to find out best possible trajectory for side track as done in this Shuaiba disposal well. Hence seismic attributes can be applied not only for identifying the location but also for providing support during horizontal drilling. Above technique can also be applied in planning the different legs of multilateral well.
Lateral episiotomy protects primiparous but not multiparous women from obstetric anal sphincter rupture
Authors: RÄISÄNEN SARI HELENA , VEHVILÄINEN‐JULKUNEN KATRI , GISSLER MIKA , HEINONEN SEPPO 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective. To identify the risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter rupture (OASR). Design and setting. Retrospective population‐based register study. Population. A total of 514,741 women with singleton pregnancy and vaginal delivery between 1997 and 2007 in Finland. Methods. Primiparous (n = 2,315) and multiparous women (n = 534) with OASR were compared with primiparous and multiparous women without OASR by using stepwise logistic regression analysis. Main outcome measure. The OASR risk. Results. Episiotomy decreased the likelihood of OASR for the primiparous [odds ratio (OR) 0.83, 95% CI (confidence interval) 0.75–0.92], but not the multiparous women (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.67–2.44). The strongest risk factors for OASR among the primiparous women were forceps delivery (OR 10.20, 95% CI 3.60–28.90), birth weight over 4,000 g (OR 4.66, 95% CI 3.86–5.63), vacuum assisted delivery (OR 3.88, 95% CI 3.25–4.63), occiput posterior presentation (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.64–6.15), and prolonged active second stage of birth (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.65–2.58). Episiotomy was associated with decreased risks for OASR in vacuum assisted deliveries (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57–0.85). Risk factors for OASR among the multiparous women included forceps delivery (OR 10.13, 95% CI 2.46–41.81), prolonged active second stage of the birth (OR 7.18, 95% CI 4.32–11.91), birth weight over 4,000 g (OR 5.84, 95% CI 3.40–10.02), and vacuum assisted delivery (OR 4.17, 95% CI 3.17–5.48). Conclusions. The results support the restrictive use of episiotomy, since 909 episiotomies appear to be needed to prevent one OASR among primiparous women. Equivalent estimate in vacuum assisted deliveries among primiparous women was 66, favoring routine use of episiotomy in such cases.
Coupling atomistic accuracy with continuum effectivity for predictive simulations in materials research – the Quasicontinuum Method
Authors: Eidel Bernhard 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In this article we present a comparative analysis of different versions of the quasicontinuum method, which aim at a seamless transition from the atomistic to the continuum description of crystalline solids at zero temperature. All versions of this popular and powerful method exhibit the same building blocks, namely (i) a coarse-graining of fully atomistic resolution via kinematic constraints, (ii) an approximation of the energy/forces in coarse-grained regions via numerical quadrature and (iii) adaptive mesh refinement. The quasicontinuum versions are assessed in an example where a Lomer dislocation dipole is subject to shear deformation. In a second example, the fully nonlocal quasicontinuum method is used to simulate nanoindentation into an fcc single crystal. Compared with lattice statics good agreement is achieved with respect to significant details of the material behaviour for a small fraction of the computational costs.
Advancement in HCC imaging: diagnosis, staging and treatment efficacy assessments
Authors: Choi Byung Ihn , Lee Jeong Min 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDiagnostic confirmation and assessment of disease extent are crucial for proper management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Imaging studies play a crucial role in the diagnosis and staging of HCC. The imaging techniques commonly used for the diagnosis of HCC include ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Currently, improvements in imaging technology make a noninvasive and reliable diagnostic assessment of hepatocellular nodules possible in the cirrhotic liver. Biopsy is infrequently required prior to treatment, and the diagnosis of HCC is strongly dependent on hemodynamic features (arterial hypervascularity and washout in the venous phase) on dynamic imaging. Accurate staging of HCC is important in determining prognosis and in deciding optimal treatment for each patient. In addition, although there is a strong demand for an accurate diagnostic tool to detect smaller tumors, until now, the major challenge for radiologists in imaging cirrhosis is the characterization of small hepatocellular nodules in the cirrhotic liver. Further improvement of imaging technologies including functional imaging such as elastography, perfusion imaging and diffusion imaging, and development of new contrast media will undoubtedly improve the detection and characterization of small tumors. In this article, we present a summary of the most recent information on the diagnosis and staging of HCC.
Emulsion Properties and Phase Equilibrium and of New Asymmetric Gemini Surfactants Consisting of Fatty Acid Esters of Polyethoxylated Alcohol or Phenol
Authors: Nowicki Janusz 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe emulsion and phase properties of water‐surfactant systems are reported for nonionic surface active compounds of the asymmetrical gemini type resulting from the esterification of a polyethoxylated alcohol and a fatty acid. These products exhibit typical gemini surfactant properties, in particular, low critical micelle concentration (CMC) and good emulsifying properties, and they often form a gel depending on the temperature and concentration.
The Problems of Gelatine and Prescribing Urologically Specific Medication to a Diverse Population in the UK. An Initial Study
Authors: Warburton Hazel E. , Payne Mark S. , Payne Stephen R. 
Published: December 2009

Introduction: Gelatine is a setting agent used by the food and drug industries whose consumption is forbidden by religious and other faith groups. Gelatine-containing drugs are found in most of the drug classifications in Section 7.4 of the British National Formulary (BNF). We investigate the issues and seek to provide a solution to the use of gelatine-containing medications in urology. Methods: Forty representative urological practitioners were surveyed to ascertain if they knew of gelatine-containing urological drugs, had encountered patients enquiring about gelatine-containing medication, and where they would seek this information from. Results: Twenty-five percent of surveyed urologists had experience of patients refusing medication on the suspicion of gelatine content. 53% were unsure if urological drugs could contain gelatine, while 22%, wrongly, thought they did not. Regarding acquisition of drug constituent information, approximately a third did not know, a third looked to incorrect resources and a third referred to their pharmacy's drug information service. Conclusion: Most urologists are unaware of the issues surrounding the prescribing of gelatine-containing urological medications, the most important being those given for the management of prostatic hypertrophy. A knowledge of alternative prescribing options can help avoid belief violation for our diverse community in the UK.
Effects of cooling and supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin on diet digestibility, digestion kinetics and milk production of cross-bred Holstein cattle in the tropics
Authors: CHANCHAI W. , CHANPONGSANG S. , CHAIYABUTR N. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYThe aim of the current study was to determine how cooling and supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) affect body function with respect to digestion kinetics, digestibility and other variables relevant to milk production in cross-bred Holstein cattle. Ten primiparous cross-bred dairy cattle (0·875 Holstein Friesian×0·125 Red Shindi) were used and divided into two groups of five animals each that were housed in a normal shaded barn (NS barn; non-cooled cows) and in a shaded barn with mist-fan cooling (MF; cooled cows). The cows in each group were supplemented with rbST in early, mid and late stages of lactation with three consecutive subcutaneous injections of 500 mg rbST every 14 days. All cows were fed the same total mixed ration twice daily at approximately 1·1 of assumedad libitumintake and water was offeredad libitum. During the experimental periods, values of ambient temperatures and temperature humidity index (THI) in the NS barn were significantly higher than in the MF barn, whereas the relative humidity in the MF barn was significantly higher than in the NS barn (P<0·01). The respiration rate and rectal temperature were significantly higher for non-cooled cows than for cooled cows during the daytime whether there was or was not rbST supplementation. Supplementation of rbST for either cooled or non-cooled cows significantly increased dry matter intake (DMI), the efficiency of feed utilization and milk yields (P<0·05). Digesta kinetics using chromic oxide as an external marker showed a high digesta passage rate constant and low mean retention time of digesta in cows either by cooling or supplementation of rbST, whereas no changes were seen for the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). The half-time of Cr2O3in the whole digestive tract of cooled cows was lower than those of non-cooled cows and significantly decreased (P<0·05) during rbST supplementation in both groups in all stages of lactation. The magnitude of responses for the digesta passage rate and efficiency of feed utilization were larger in animals supplemented with rbST than in animals under MF cooling only.The main effect of cooling and supplemental rbST was to improve digestion by an increase in the rate of passage of digesta and in turn an increase in feed intake. Digestibility was not influenced by changes in passage rate of digesta either by cooling or rbST supplementation. Milk production in response to rbST supplementation is probably enhanced with cooling. The increased milk production induced by rbST supplementation was mediated by increased efficiency of feed utilization without changes in diet digestibility.
Cytochemical localization of ATP diphosphohydrolase fromLeishmania (Viannia) braziliensispromastigotes and identification of an antigenic and catalytically active isoform
Authors: REZENDE-SOARES F. A. , CARVALHO-CAMPOS C. , MARQUES M. J. , PORCINO G. N. , GIAROLA N. L. L. , COSTA B. L. S. , TAUNAY-RODRIGUES A. , FARIA-PINTO P. , SOUZA M. A. , DINIZ V. A. , CORTE-REAL S. , JULIANO M. A. , JULIANO L. , VASCONCELOS E. G. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYAn ATP diphosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.5) activity was identified in aLeishmania (Viannia) braziliensispromastigotes preparation (Lb). Ultrastructural cytochemical microscopy showed this protein on the parasite surface and also stained a possible similar protein at the mitochondrial membrane. Isolation of an active ATP diphosphohydrolase isoform from Lb was obtained by cross-immunoreactivity with polyclonal anti-potato apyrase antibodies. These antibodies, immobilized on Protein A-Sepharose, immunoprecipitated a polypeptide of approximately 48 kDa and, in lower amount, a polypeptide of approximately 43 kDa, and depleted 83% ATPase and 87% of the ADPase activities from detergent-homogenized Lb. Potato apyrase was recognized in Western blots by IgG antibody from American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) patients, suggesting that the parasite and vegetable proteins share antigenic conserved epitopes. Significant IgG seropositivity in serum samples diluted 1:50 from ACL patients (n=20) for Lb (65%) and potato apyrase (90%) was observed by ELISA technique. Significant IgG antibody reactivity was also observed against synthetic peptides belonging to a conserved domain fromL. braziliensisNDPase (80% seropositivity) and its potato apyrase counterpart (50% seropositivity), in accordance with the existence of shared antigenic epitopes and demonstrating that in leishmaniasis infection the domain r82-103 fromL. braziliensisNDPase is a target for the human immune response.
In vitroandin vivotrematode models for chemotherapeutic studies
Authors: KEISER J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYSchistosomiasis and food-borne trematodiases are chronic parasitic diseases affecting millions of people mostly in the developing world. Additional drugs should be developed as only few drugs are available for treatment and drug resistance might emerge.In vitroandin vivowhole parasite screens represent essential components of the trematodicidal drug discovery cascade. This review describes the current state-of-the-art ofin vitroandin vivoscreening systems of the blood flukeSchistosoma mansoni, the liver flukeFasciola hepaticaand the intestinal flukeEchinostoma caproni. Examples ofin vitroandin vivoevaluation of compounds for activity are presented. To boost the discovery pipeline for these diseases there is a need to develop validated, robust high-throughputin vitrosystems with simple readouts.