bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digestion by sheep of ground and unground dried molassed sugarbeet pulp diets and the effect of partially replacing the beet pulp with barley
Authors: Rymer C. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment was performed at the Ruminant Research Centre, Cockle Park Farm, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, in 1986 to determine the effect of grinding molassed sugarbeet pulp (MSBP) to varying degrees of fineness on overall apparent digestibility in wether sheep when the product constituted 90% of dry matter intake. A product (designatedS) consisting of the pelleted screenings of unground MSBP was significantly less digestible than the other three products. No significant difference in overall apparent digestibility was observed between unground, coarsely ground and finely ground MSBP prepared from the same batch.In a 4 x 6 randomized block design experiment, mature wethers equipped with rumen, duodenal and ileal cannulae were fed, in two meals, 1000 g concentrates and 100 g chopped hay per day. The concentrates consisted of 820 g mixture of barley and MSBP, 167·5 g soyabean meal, 10 g vitamins and minerals and 2·5 g chromic oxide per kg (fresh weight). The ratio of MSBP: barley was 1:3, 1:1 or 3:1 and the MSBP was either unground or finely ground. The aim was to determine the effect of replacing MSBP with barley on the nature of the rumen fermentation, overall apparent digestibility of the diet and the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis (using 35S as a microbial marker).There were no significant differences between the six diets in overall apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, but N digestibility increased significantly (P > 0·05) as barley replaced MSBP in the diet. As before, the particle size of MSBP had no effect on overall apparent digestibility of the diet. The quantity of microbial N was reduced (nonsignificantly) and the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis decreased (P> 0·05) compared with the other treatments when sheep were fed diets in which the ratio of MSBP: barley was 1:1. The particle size of MSBP had no effect on these factors.As barley replaced MSBP in the diet, the mean pH of rumen fluid, calculated over 24 h, tended to decrease and there was a significant increase (P> 0·05) in the length of time that the rumen fluid was below pH 6. There were no significant differences between treatments in the concentration of ammonia-N in the rumen fluid. The dilution rate of rumen fluid (measured using14C-Cr EDTA and Co EDTA as markers) decreased (P> 0·05) when MSBP replaced barley in the diet, and ground MSBP gave rise to lower (P> 0·05) dilution rates than unground MSBP. There were no significant differences between treatments in the ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) or the proportions of individual VFAs.
Comparative studies on different methods of Azolla utilization in rice culture
Authors: Singh A. L. , Singh P. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryInoculation of 3·0 t of fresh Azolla pinnata (Bangkok) per hectare 15 days before transplanting, 10 and 30 days after transplanting produced Azolla mats on the water surface 10, 12 and 15 days after inoculation, respectively. The Azolla growth and N2-fixation before transplanting were more than that after transplanting. Growing Azolla once before transplanting and twice after transplanting produced a total of 51·0–52·8 t fresh Azolla/ha, which fixed 92·8–96·0 kg nitrogen, whereas growing it once before transplanting plus once after transplanting and twice after transplanting produced 35·0–40·0 and 29·0–37·5 t fresh Azolla/h, and fixed 660·–72·4 and 52·5–66·1 kg N, respectively.Application of Azolla increased the plant height, tillering, grain and straw yields of rice and also the fertility of the soil at harvest. Growing and incorporating Azolla once before transplanting and twice after transplanting of rice increased the grain and straw yields significantly more than applying 60 kg N/ha as urea and showed greater effect on soil fertility.Growing Azolla before or after transplanting the rice in combination with 30 kg N/ha as urea and Azolla once before transplanting and once after transplanting without incorporation gave responses similar to that obtained by a divided application of 60 kg N/ha as urea. Growing and incorporating Azolla twice after transplanting showed slightly less response than growing it once before and once after transplanting and giving 60 kg N/ha as urea but slightly more than giving 45 kg N/ha as urea. The Azolla pinnata collected from Bangkok and Vietnam when used once before transplanting at equal biomass (15·0 t/ha fresh Azolla) together with a top dressing of 30 kg N/ha as urea showed a similar response in the rice crop.
The interaction of seed rate and pesticide on the tiller density, herbage yield and frit fly population of newly sown grass
Authors: Ellis S. A. , Clements R. O. , Bale J. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe relationship between seed rate and use of pesticide (chlorpyrifos and aldicarb) on tiller density and herbage yield of a conventionally established autumn re-seed (i.e. grass sown after a previous grass crop) of Italian ryegrass (cv. RvP) was investigated in small plot trials at three sites in Yorkshire, Berkshire and Devon in August 1984. Plots were also sampled for pests and earthworms. Pesticide enhanced yield at all sites at the first harvest in October 1984, particularly at the low seed rates, but this effect did not persist until the spring harvest in 1985. Tiller density and herbage dry-matter yield increased logarithmically with increasing seed rate. Frit fly was the major pest and the proportion of infested tillers increased linearly with seed rate. Low seed rate in combination with appropriate insecticide was more cost effective than untreated higher seed rates in the establishment of autumn re-seeded Italian ryegrass.
The effect of concentrate supplementation on high-yielding dairy cows under two systems of grazing
Authors: Arriaga-Jordan C. M. , Holmes W. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAn experiment with 36 high-yielding spring-calving cows studied the effect of 1 or 6 kg/day of concentrates offered to cows on either continuously stocked grazing or rotational strip grazing. A 4 × 4 latin-square design with periods of 3 weeks duration was adopted.Mean yield was 29 kg/day of fat corrected milk (FCM). The continuously stocked cows had higher milk yields, consumed more herbage organic matter, grazed longer, with bites of smaller size and responded less in total intake to the higher level of concentrates than the strip-grazed cows. The higher concentrate treatment increased milk yields but reduced fat contents so that the average response was 0·26 kg FCM/kg concentrate. There was no difference in response to concentrate allowance between grazing treatments.The differences recorded between grazing systems were attributable mainly to differences in green herbage allowance, which was greater with continuous grazing.
A cranial mesenteric vein preparation for measurement of amino acid uptake by lambs
Authors: Neutze S. A. , Oddy V. H. , Gooden J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA surgical preparation was developed to measure uptake of amino acids from the small intestine into the cranial mesenteric vein (CMV) of lambs. Results from this preparation were compared with those from the traditional hepatic portal vein (PV) preparation in the same lambs. Necropsy revealed that, in contrast to the PV preparation which included all portal-drained viscera, the CMV preparation drained primarily small intestine (0·84–0·92 small intestinal mass). The CMV preparation contributed 0·238 of blood flow from and 0·307 of oxygen consumption by the PV preparation. Venous-arterial differences for alpha-amino nitrogen (AAN), phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) were three- to fourfold greater in the CMV than in the PV preparation, indicating that the CMV preparation is more sensitive for measuring amino acid uptake. The ratio CMV/PV for uptake of AAN was 0·61 (P< 0·001), but this ratio was much closer to unity (mean 0·84) for Phe and Tyr. Since the CMV preparation drains primarily the small intestine, through which all amino acid absorption occurs, it should prove to be extremely valuable for studying absorption from and metabolism within this organ using a combination of arteriovenous and isotopic tracer techniques.
Endocrine changes, with emphasis on 13, 14–dihydro–15–keto–prostaglandin F2α and corticosteroids, before and during parturition in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: El-Belely M. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA study was conducted on eight preparturient camels which were kept in individual stalls adjacent to the Cairo abattoir during 1989. Four novel phenomena are described in this paper: (i) a significant (P < O·05) prepartum decrease in plasma concentrations of progesterone evident over the 48 h preceding parturition; (ii) a remarkably consistent increase in total plasma unconjugated oestrogens, commencing 2–4 days prior to parturition and peaking in excess of 200 pg/ml for c. 2 h before delivery; (iii) a tenfold increase to 5·4±0·19 ng/ml (mean±S.E.) in plasma concentrations of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) between days –10 and – 1, showing a sudden and large increase during the 5 h prior to delivery; and (iv) three peaks of total plasma corticosteroids during the 4 h preceding delivery, with the third peak showing the greatest magnitude (24·0±3·11 ng/ml). These results suggest that the dromedary camel is an example of a species in which luteal secretion of progesterone, especially 3α-dihydroprogesterone, is required throughout pregnancy and in which cessation of luteal function, associated with a rapid increase in the oestrogen: progesterone ratio and the secretion of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), is a requirement for parturition.
Effects of body fatness at lambing and diet in lactation on body tissue loss, feed intake and milk yield of ewes in early lactation
Authors: Cowan R. T. , Robinson J. J. , McDonald I. , Smart R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThirty-six mature Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes, each suckling two lambs, were used in a comparative slaughter experiment to measure changes in body tissues during early lactation. Two levels of body fatness at lambing were established by giving ewes a complete diet containing 10 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 139 g crude protein (CP)/kg d.m. either close to requirements orad libitumduring the second half of pregnancy. In lactation half the ewes in each group were given a complete diet containing either 90 (diet A) or 60 (diet B) % milled hayad libitum. These diets contained 7·9 and 9·2 MJ ME and 121 and 132 g CP/kg d.m. respectively.Ewes fed at the two levels in pregnancy contained 8·4 and 19·6 kg chemically determined fat 5 days after lambing but had similar amounts of body protein, ash and water. Over 6 weeks of lactation ewes given diet A lost 60 and 69% of these weights of fat respectively, while ewes given diet B gained 5% and lost 30% respectively. Up to 26 g of body protein was lost daily from ewes given diet A but none from ewes on diet B. During early lactation the weight of the empty digestive tract increased while the weights of most other body components, particularly the carcass, decreased. The ratio of body energy change to live-weight change varied from 24 to 90 MJ/kg. Thus live-weight change did not accurately reflect relative or absolute changes in body energy.Voluntary food intake was greater for ewes given the high-energy diet (B) than for those given diet A and was depressed in the fatter ewes. Differences in intake could be explained by the effects of body fatness and diet on the weight of gut contents. Milk yield was not significantly affected by body fat reserves but was higher on diet B than A. Fat content of milk was higher and protein content lower for ewes with the higher fat reserves at lambing.As the contribution of fat loss to energy available for milk synthesis increased there appeared to be a reduction in the energetic efficiency of milk synthesis. A number of possible reasons for this are discussed.
Protestant and Online: The Case ofAiyan
Authors: Wielander Gerda 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article presentsAiyan, an electronic house church publication, as a case study of a resistance community using up-to-date technology in the dual context of China's modernization and government repression. Based on detailed content analysis supported by results from fieldwork, the article introducesAiyan's background as an underground publication, its online existence, its visual character, its content and its aims. It then analysesAiyan's attempts at identity formation within the complex realities of religious activity in China, and finally identifies five main areas of political engagement withinAiyan: freedom of religious belief and legalization of status; rights awareness and rights education; defiance against the regime; rural–urban co-operation; and engagement of liberal intellectuals. The article concludes with an evaluation of the possible influence this sector of the house church community may have on China's political transformation.
Rapid extinction of cocaine craving: toward a novel cue exposure therapy
Authors: Ahmed Serge , Koob George 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCocaine does not only evoke intense rewarding sensations but also induces craving for more cocaine. This latter effect is especially obvious in addicted individuals and is thought to contribute together with other factors to trigger relapse after abstinence. Cocaine-induced craving can be studied in animals in the drug reinstatement model. In this model, responding for the drug (e.g., pressing a lever) is first extinguished by discontinuing drug reinforcement and then reinstated by drug priming (i.e., non-contingent re-exposure to the drug) or stress. Importantly, during reinstatement testing, responses continue to be unrewarded as during extinction and, therefore, reflect genuine drug seeking. Here we show that reinstatement of cocaine seeking can be rapidly extinguished with daily repeated cocaine priming. The extinction of cocaine seeking fully generalized to stress, another major trigger of drug craving and relapse. These findings suggest that cocaine and stress induce drug craving by generating similar conditioned interoceptive effects. The targeted extinction of these effects by repeated drug priming under medical supervision may represent a novel behavioral therapy against relapse in abstinent cocaine addicts.
The Effect of Tier 2 Intervention for Phonemic Awareness in a Response-to-Intervention Model in Low-Income Preschool Classrooms
Authors: Koutsoftas Anthony D. , Harmon Mary Towle , Gray Shelley 
Published: March 2009

Purpose
This study assessed the effectiveness of a Tier 2 intervention that was designed to increase the phonemic awareness skills of low-income preschoolers who were enrolled in Early Reading First classrooms.

Method
Thirty-four preschoolers participated in a multiple baseline across participants treatment design. Tier 2 intervention for beginning sound awareness was provided twice weekly in small groups over 6 weeks by trained teachers and speech-language pathologists (SLPs).

Results
The intervention was successful for 71% of the children, as indicated by medium to large effect sizes. Comparisons between children who did and did not qualify for intervention suggest that Tier 2 intervention helped narrow the gap in beginning sound awareness that had begun to emerge before treatment. Although children receiving special education and those learning English as a second language were enrolled in the classrooms, they were not overrepresented in the group qualifying for Tier 2 intervention, and most who did qualify demonstrated a positive response to intervention.

Conclusion
In a relatively short period of time, preschoolers' phonemic awareness skills were increased through small-group Tier 2 intervention provided by teachers and SLPs. Findings indicate the potential of Tier 2 interventions to positively impact the future reading skills of children who are at risk for later reading difficulties.
The Narrow View of Reading Promotes a Broad View of Comprehension
Authors: Catts Hugh W. 
Published: March 2009

PurposeThis article is a response to A. G. Kamhi’s proposal of the narrow view of reading.MethodA descriptive approach is used to review research concerning the cognitive basis of reading comprehension. Educational implications for instruction and assessment are considered. The role of the speech-language pathologist (SLP) in intervention related to reading comprehension is also addressed.ConclusionAlthough the narrow view of reading seems restrictive, it actually leads to a broad view of comprehension. The latter view, which is consistent with current research, proposes that comprehension is an active process in which readers use background knowledge and a range of cognitive processes to construct a coherent representation of text. This view challenges some current approaches to assessment and instruction of reading comprehension. It does not, however, diminish the role that SLPs can play in intervention related to reading comprehension.
Fluency: A Key Link Between Word Identification and Comprehension
Authors: Bashir Anthony S. , Hook Pamela E. 
Published: March 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to respond to A. G. Kamhi’s (2007) challenge to consider two points of view on reading—the broad and the narrow. Each point of view includes a component of the reading process; namely, comprehension and word recognition. Taken separately, each point of view is insufficient for our understanding of the development of the reading process. We must account for the development of fluency as a key link between word identification and comprehension.MethodA selective review of descriptive and evidence-based literature related to the complexity of the reading process is provided. In addition, information about the importance of reading fluency and the factors that contribute to fluent reading are reviewed.Clinical ImplicationsAlong with the other contributors to this forum, we suggest that reading is a complex developmental process that is based on the integration of diverse components into a smooth and automatic foundation on which fluent reading and consequently comprehension are grounded. We specifically address issues related to fluency and make suggestions for facilitating its development.
The Case for the Narrow View of Reading
Authors: Kamhi Alan G. 
Published: March 2009

Purpose
This prologue reiterates the case for the narrow view of reading as a solution to the persistently high levels of reading failure that occurs in our schools and provides a brief summary of the 5 response articles.

Method
The arguments that support the narrow view of reading are presented and the respondents are introduced.

Conclusion
Although the contributors to this clinical forum may have different views, we all are working toward a common goal: improving the literacy levels of children in our schools.
Effects of etanercept on urine neopterin levels in patients with psoriasis in a controlled, open‐label study
Authors: KOC Erol , TUNCA Mustafa , AKGUL Emin Ozgur , AKAR Ahmet , KURT Yasemin , KURUMLU Zafer , ERBIL Kemal , KILIC Selim 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTNeopterin is an immunological marker of cellular immune activation. Etanercept is a tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) antagonist that decreases excessive levels of TNF‐α associated with inflammatory disease down to physiological levels. The objective of this study was to investigate urine neopterin levels in psoriatic patients treated with etanercept, to study the effect of etanercept as a TNF‐α blocker on urine neopterin levels. Urine neopterin levels and urine neopterin/creatinine ratios were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography in 22 patients with psoriasis before and after treatment with etanercept. Results were compared with a group of 20 healthy volunteers, and 20 patients with inflammatory skin diseases as control groups. Urine neopterin levels, neopterin/creatinine ratios and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores were evaluated at baseline, and the 12th and 24th week after treatment. Urine neopterin levels were significantly elevated in the psoriatic group compared with control and inflammatory skin diseases groups (P < 0.05). Urine neopterin levels were significantly reduced after etanercept treatment. Statistically we did not find any correlation between neopterin levels and PASI scores. Our findings indicate that urine neopterin concentrations may reflect the disease activity in psoriasis, and may be used as a marker for monitoring disease activity and response to treatment with etanercept in psoriatic patients.
Patent ductus arteriosus flow patterns in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Okamoto Shinya , Ikawa Hiromichi , Fukumoto Hironori , Masuyama Hiroaki , Konuma Kunio , Kohno Miyuki , Nakamura Tsuneyuki , Takahashi Hiroaki 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground:  Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) mortality still remains high, due to lung hypoplasia and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate (PPHN). Effective management of PPHN and time of operation are quite important to the improvement of CDH treatment. In order to determine the optimal time for operation, we monitored PPHN with cardiac ultrasound.Methods:  PPHN was assessed with three parameters: patent ductus arteriosus flow patterns (PDAFP), %left ventricular diameter at diastole, and left ventricular fraction of shortening (LVFS). Four patients with an antenatal diagnosis were treated under this protocol. Diaphragm repair was performed when PDAFP became left to right shunt dominant and the pre‐ and postoperative course was analyzed with regular chart reviews.Results:  The alveolar‐arterial oxygen difference levels of four patients were 590, 335, 613 and 530 mmHg, and operations were carried out when the patients were 2, 2, 3 and 2 days old, respectively. In three of the four patients (all except case 3) the PDAFP changed from right to left shunt dominant or bidirectional (BD), to left to right shunt dominant within 48 h. The %left ventricular diameter at diastole was relatively stable around the time of operation. The LVFS of all patients decreased after the operation. Only the LVFS of case 3 decreased temporarily to less than 30% (which indicates poor left ventricular function) but recovered. No patients needed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. All patients survived the procedure and were extubated. Case 3, who took 10 days to become left to right shunt dominant after the operation, needed home oxygenation therapy for 10 months.Conclusions:  PDAFP was a reliable marker of PPHN on a high‐frequency oscillatory ventilator to determine the optimal time for the operation for CDH. The optimal time for operation is supposed to be the time when PDAFP become left to right shunt dominant.