bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Alternaria panax Causing Leaf Spot of Aralia cordata in Japan
Authors: Zhang M. , Tsukiboshi T. , Okabe I. 
Published: October 2009

Udo, Aralia cordata Thumb, Araliaceae, is a traditional Japanese perennial vegetable and used in Chinese herbal medicines. During the last 10 days of July 2008, before the period of flower, leaf spots were observed on udo growing under pine trees in Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan. Leaf spots affected more than 40% of the plants. Early symptoms appeared as small, round or irregular, water-soaked, dark brown lesions on the leaves. These areas expanded to 15 to 30 mm in diameter, were irregular and pale brown in the central area and the margin of the lesions were water soaked and dark brown. Later, some lesions coalesced. In continuously wet or humid conditions, conidiophores with conidia appeared on the surface of leaf spots. Conidiophores were medium brown and simple (approximately 70 to 160 × 6 to 8 μm). Well-developed conidia were long-obclavate, base obtuse, straight, yellowish brown, smooth walled, with six to nine transverse septa and three to five longitudinal or oblique septa, constricted at some main septa, some cells easily swelled, conidium body was 72 to 100 × 19 to 34 μm, and the rostra extension was 40 to 90 × 4 to 5 μm. The pathogen was identified as Alternaria panax on the basis of the morphology and sequence of ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 of rDNA. The sequence (GenBank Accession No. FJ607183) exactly matched the sequences of two A. panax (e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. AY898639 and AY898640) (2–4). The fungus was isolated on V8 agar from a single conidium found on symptomatic leaf tissue. Colonies of A. panax were gray-to-black and did not easily produce conidia on the agar. Koch's postulates were performed with the leaves of three branches on a field plant of Aralia cordata. Leaves were inoculated with a mycelial plug harvested from the periphery of a 7-day-old colony; an equal number of leaves on the same plant inoculated with plugs of V8 medium served as the control. All test leaves were covered with plastic bags for 24 h to maintain high relative humidity and incubated at a natural temperature (approximately 24 to 28°C). After 7 days, all inoculated leaves showed symptoms identical to those observed in natural conditions, whereas the controls remained symptom free. Reisolation of the fungus from lesions on inoculated leaves confirmed that the causal agent was A. panax. This species has been previously reported on Aralia cordata in Korea (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spots caused by A. panax on Aralia cordata in Japan. References: (1) W. D. Cho and H. D. Shin. List of Plant Diseases in Korea. 4th ed. Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 2004. (2) E. G. Simmons. Mycotaxon 14:17, 1982. (3) E. G. Simmons. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 2007. (4) T. Y. Zhang et al. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum: Alternaria. Vol. 16. Science Press (in Chinese), Beijing, 2003.
Recent Outbreaks of Black Rot of Brassicas Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Southern Mozambique
Authors: Bila J. , Mondjana A. M. , Wulff E. G. , Mortensen C. N. 
Published: October 2009

In August and September of 2007, black rot symptoms were observed on seedbed and field plants of Brassica spp. grown in the southern districts of Boane, Mahotas, and Chòkwé in Mozambique. One hundred eighty-two cabbage-growing households were evaluated for the incidence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Five Brassica cultivars, Glory F1, Glory of Enkhuizen, Copenhagen Market, Starke (Brassica oleracea pv. capitata L.), and Tronchuda (B. oleracea L. var. costata DC) were grown in the areas for several years. The hybrid Glory F1 was the most popular grown cultivar in the surveyed areas. In the Boane district, the highest incidence of black rot was recorded on Copenhagen Market (70%), Starke (67.9%), and Glory F1 (67.3%). In Chòkwé, Tronchuda (Portuguese kale) was the least affected Brassica crop. Water-soaked lesions starting at the edge of leaves with typical V-shaped necrotic lesions and vein discoloration were the most commonly observed symptoms. When examined with a microscope, cut edges of symptomatic stem and leaf tissues consistently exhibited bacterial streaming. The bacteria were isolated from commercial seed and field-grown plants on semiselective agar media (2). Forty-six X. campestris pv. campestris strains that were gram negative, aerobic, starch positive, nitrate negative, and oxidase negative or weakly positive (3) were further identified on the basis of ELISA (Agdia Inc., Elhart, IN), GN Biolog Microbial Identification System, version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA), and PCR-specific primers (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted by pin inoculating two upper leaves of cabbage (cv. Wirosa) in the 2- to 3-leaf stage with bacterial growth from 24-h-old agar cultures (2). Black rot symptoms developed on nearly all inoculated plants within 7 to 14 days. No symptoms were observed on control plants inoculated with a sterile pin without bacterial inoculum. The severity of black rot of Brassica spp. in three important farming districts caused significant losses in Mozambique. References: (1) T. Berg et al. Plant Pathol. 54:416, 2005. (2) S. J. Roberts and H. Koenraadt. Page 1 in: International Rules for Seed Testing: Annexe to Chapter 7 Seed Health Methods. ISTA, 2007. (3) N. W. Schaad et al. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001.
First Report of Faba bean necrotic yellows virus Affecting Legume Crops in Azerbaijan
Authors: Kumari S. G. , Attar N. , Mustafayev E. , Akparov Z. 
Published: October 2009

A total of 482 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), 182 lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), 12 vetch (Vicia sativa L.), 5 field pea (Pisum sativum L.), and 3 faba bean (Vicia faba L.) samples were collected from plants with symptoms suggestive of a viral infection (leaf rolling, yellowing, and stunting) from the major legume-production areas of Azerbaijan in the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons. All samples were tested by the tissue-blot immunoassay (3) at the Virology Laboratory of ICARDA, Syria using 11 specific legume virus antisera including a monoclonal antibody (2-5H9) (1) for Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV). Laboratory tests showed that FBNYV was detected in 73, 61, 11, 3, and 2 samples of chickpea, lentil, vetch, field pea, and faba bean, respectively. Total DNA was extracted from six FBNYV-positive samples (two chickpea, two lentil, and two vetch) and tested by PCR with the following four primer sets (FBNYV, Milk vetch dwarf virus [MDV], Subterranean clover stunt virus [SCSV], and nanovirus DNA-R primers [F103 and R101]) (2). All six Azeri samples as well as the reference nanovirus isolates (SCSV-Australia, MDV-Japan, and FBNYV-Syria) generated amplicons of the expected size (~770 bp) using the nanovirus DNA-R primers (F103 & R101). In addition, Azeri samples and FBNYV-Syria yielded a PCR amplicon of the expected size (666 bp) with the FBNYV primer pair. The MDV- and SCSV-specific primers did not generate amplicons with these six samples. Sequence analysis of the FBNYV amplicons from two isolates (AzL 282-07 from lentil [GenBank Accession No. GQ351600] and AzV 277-07 from vetch [GenBank Accession No. GQ371215]) showed that they were 99% identical with each other. Comparing the sequence of AzL 282-07 with that of other nanoviruses revealed identities of 97% (FBNYV-Spain; DQ830990), 96% (FBNYV-Iran; AM493900), 92% (FBNYV-Syria; Y11408), 92% (FBNYV-Egypt; AJ132183), 78% (MDV; AB044387) and 69% (SCSV-Australia; U16734). FBNYV has been reported to infect food legumes in many countries in West Asia and North Africa and cause economic losses on faba bean in Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. To our knowledge, this is the first record of FBNYV infecting legume crops in Azerbaijan. References: (1) A. Franz et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 128:255, 1996. (2) S. G. Kumari et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 47:42, 2008. (3) K. M. Makkouk and A. Comeau. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 100:71, 1994.
First Report of Tobacco mosaic virus in Abutilon theophrasti in China
Authors: Niu Y. B. , Qing L. , Yao M. , Wang D. F. , Liu J. D. , Wang J. S. 
Published: October 2009

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic), a tall, fecund, self-fertile annual plant in the family Malvaceae, is widely grown in China as a fiber crop and for its medicinal properties. In July of 2008, we observed diffuse chlorotic and necrotic spots on the oldest leaves of velvetleaf plants in the field in Shanxi Province. Sap extracts from six symptomatic plants were tested by direct antigen coated ELISA using polyclonal antibodies specific to Potato virus Y (PVY) and monoclonal antibodies specific to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Five of the six samples were negative for ToMV, CMV, and PVY but positive for TMV. Double-stranded RNA extracted from leaves of the five velvetleaf plants was used as template for reverse transcription (RT)-PCR as described by Krajačića et al. (1) and Li et al. (2) with some modifications. One-step RT-PCR was performed using a Quant One Step RT-PCR Kit (TIANGEN BIOTECH CO., LTD., Beijing, China) with sense (5′-CTGTTTAGCCGGTTTGGT-3′), and antisense (5′-TCCCTTTACGGACATCAC-3′) primers (3) designed to specifically amplify a fragment of the movement protein coding region of TMV. The expected 470-bp fragments were amplified from dsRNA from these five plants and the amplicon from each plant was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. FJ873800). Comparisons of a consensus sequence derived from the five amplicons with the nucleotide sequences available in the NCBI database using BLAST showed 99% identity with TMV from South Korea (GenBank Accession No. AB354955) and Spain (Accession No. AJ308692) and 98% with TMV from China (Accession No. AF165190). The serological, RT-PCR results and sequence data revealed that these velvetleaf plants were infected by TMV. On the basis of the serological analysis and genome sequence comparisons, this isolate was tentatively designated as TMV-Velvetleaf. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TMV in Abutilon theophrasti Medic in China. References: (1) M. Krajačić et al. J. Chromatogr A. 1144:111, 2007. (2) H. Li et al. Agric. Sci. Chin. 6:86, 2007. (3) Y. B. Niu et al. Chin. Biotechnol. 29:76, 2009.
First Report of Bursaphelenchus doui on Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) in Korea
Authors: Han H. , Chung Y.-J. , Shin S.-C. 
Published: October 2009

Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) is one the major tree species in Korean plantations, but it originated from North America. Bursaphelenchus doui was collected from the wood of dead tulip trees located at Wanju in Chonnam Province, Korea. Nematodes were maintained in fungal medium culture (Botrytis cinerae) on potato dextrose agar. B. doui is morphologically close to B. xylophilus, a causative organism of pine wilt disease, and identification to species is difficult. However, B. doui differs from the other species of the xyophilus group by the larger spicule (33.8 to 43.3 μm) (1). For accurate species identification, both morphology and molecular biological methods were applied. Morphological observations showed lip region 3.7 μm high and offset by a constriction, median bulb well developed, esophageal gland overlapping intestine dorsally, vulval flap present, tail terminus with distinct mucro. Males ventrally curved by fixation, spicules pared, and large with small, cucullus, oval-shaped bursa. Measurements of 20 females and 10 males (female; body length = 901.7 ± 60.5 μm, a = 34.3 ± 3.1, b = 10.4 ± 1.5, c = 23.0 ± 2.3, V = 77.1 ± 2.0, stylet length = 14.3 ± 0.4 μm, tail length = 39.5 ± 4.2 μm, length of postuterine sac = 104.6 ± 7.8: male; body length = 790.4 ± 40.6 μm, a = 34.4 ± 2.7, b = 10.8 ± 1.7, c = 22.7 ± 1.3, stylet length = 14.3 ± 0.3 μm, tail length = 34.8 ± 1.9 μm, spicules length = 39.5 ± 4.1 μm) were close to the original description of B. doui by Braasch et al. (1). For molecular diagnosis, DNA was extracted from more than 30 individual nematodes with a DNeasy Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and the internal transgenic spacers (ITS) 1, 2, and 5.8S regions in rDNA were amplified by PCR (US/PTC-0220; Bio Rad, Hercules, CA). ITS-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) can discriminate closely related species by using five different restriction enzymes (2). ITS-RFLP patterns obtained with these enzymes were the same as reported by Braasch et al. (1). B. doui previously has been detected in Korean wooden packages imported to China (1). However, most production of Korean wooden packages depends on imported coniferous trees from other countries. Although B. doui has been reported in Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) in Japan (3), the natural distribution of B. doui in Korea is unclear. On the basis of morphological and molecular biological information, we identify this nematode as B. doui. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. doui on tulip tree and in a natural area in Korea. References: (1) H. Braasch et al. Russ. J. Nematol. 12:19, 2004. (2) W. Burgermeister et al. Russ. J. Nematol. 13:29, 2005. (3) N. Kanzaki et al. Nematology. 10:69, 2008.
Movement of airborne contaminants in a hospital isolation room
Authors: Eames I. , Shoaib D. , Klettner C. A. , Taban V. 
Published: October 2009

We analyse the characteristics of a force-ventilated isolation room, and the contributions to transport caused by the movement of people and doors opening/closing.
The spread of fine droplets and particles can be understood, to leading order, by considering the movement of passive contaminants. A scaled (1:10) model of an isolation room (with water instead of air) was used to analyse the dilution of a passive contaminant (food dye), released either instantaneously or at a constant rate. The high level of turbulence, typical of isolation rooms, ensures that the dye concentration is uniform within the model room and mixing is perfect, and the measured mean concentration can be predicted theoretically. In a second series of experiments, the exchange generated by a door opening/closing is measured for different opening angles. A dipolar vortex is generated at the tip of the door which moves into the centre of the room, with a large coherent structure moving along the wall. The exchange volume is comparable to the swept volume of the door.
Larger droplets and particles do not move passively. Their movement within a turbulent flow is studied by combining a Lagrangian model of particle movement with a kinematic simulation of a pseudo turbulent flow. The results show that while the mean fall velocity of particles is largely unchanged, turbulence significantly enhances horizontal and vertical dispersion. The horizontal spread as a function of the level of turbulence and droplet properties is estimated.
The conclusions from both studies are brought together and discussed in the context of the airborne spread of contaminants within a general hospital room.
If cannabis caused schizophrenia—how many cannabis users may need to be prevented in order to prevent one case of schizophrenia? England and Wales calculations
Authors: Hickman Matt , Vickerman Peter , Macleod John , Lewis Glyn , Zammit Stan , Kirkbride James , Jones Peter 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTBackground  We consider how many cannabis users may need to be prevented in order to prevent one case of schizophrenia or psychosis [defined as number needed to prevent (NNP)].Method  Calculation for England and Wales using best available estimates of: incidence of schizophrenia; rates of heavy and light cannabis use; and risk that cannabis causes schizophrenia.Results  In men the annual mean NNP for heavy cannabis and schizophrenia ranged from 2800 [90% confidence interval (CI) 2018–4530] in those aged 20–24 years to 4700 (90% CI 3114–8416) in those aged 35–39. In women, mean NNP for heavy cannabis use and schizophrenia ranged from 5470 (90% CI 3640–9839) in those aged 25–29 to 10 870 (90% CI 6786–22 732) in 35–39‐year‐olds. Equivalent mean NNP for heavy cannabis use and psychosis were lower, from 1360 (90% CI 1007–2124) in men aged 20–24 and 2480 (90% CI 1408–3518) in women aged 16–19. The mean and median number of light cannabis users that would need to be prevented in order to prevent one case of schizophrenia or psychosis per year are four to five times greater than among heavy users.Conclusions  The number of young people who need to be exposed to an intervention to generate NNP and prevent one case of schizophrenia will be even larger. The public health importance of preventing cannabis to reduce schizophrenia or psychosis remains uncertain. More attention should be given to testing the hypothesis that cannabis is related causally to psychotic outcomes, and to considering what strategies will be the most effective in reducing heavy cannabis use among young people.
Prolonged myoclonus after a single bolus dose of propofol
Authors: Tam M. K. P. , Irwin M. G. , Tse M. L. , Lui Y. W. A. , Law K. I. , Ng P. W. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryPropofol is a commonly used anaesthetic agent and is rarely associated with seizure‐like phenomena. This case report presents a young woman with seizure‐like phenomena lasting more than 4 weeks after a single dose of propofol. The underlying pathophysiology of this condition is poorly understood but a psychological component is possible in this case.
Assessing the clinical or pharmaco‐economical benefit of target controlled desflurane delivery in surgical patients using the Zeus® anaesthesia machine*
Authors: Lortat‐Jacob B. , Billard V. , Buschke W. , Servin F. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe Zeus® anaesthesia machine includes an auto‐control mode which allows targeting of end‐tidal volatile and inspired oxygen concentrations. We assessed the clinical benefits and economic impact of this target‐controlled anaesthesia compared with conventional manually controlled anaesthesia. Eighty patients were randomly assigned to receive desflurane either with a fresh gas flow set by the anaesthetist or in auto‐control mode. Drug delivery was adjusted to maintain bispectral index between 40–60 units and systolic arterial pressure under 15 mmHg above its pre‐induction value (upper limit) and over 90 mmHg (lower limit). Blood pressure was maintained in the desired range for 89% and 91% of the maintenance period for auto‐control and manual control respectively (p = 0.49). Bispectral index was in the desired range for 82% and 79% of the maintenance period, for auto‐control and manual control respectively (p = 0.46). Oxygen consumption was more than halved by the use of auto‐control mode, and mean (SD) desflurane consumption during surgery was 0.07 (0.04) vs 0.2 (0.07) ml.min−1 in auto‐control and manual control respectively (p < 0.0001). The number of drug delivery adjustments per hour was significantly lower in auto‐control mode (mean (SD) 7 (2) vs 15 (12); p < 0.0001). Thus, the auto‐control mode provided similar haemodynamic stability and bispectral control as did conventional manually controlled anaesthesia, but led to a reduction in gas and vapour consumption with a more clinically acceptable workload.
An observational cohort study of triage for critical care provision during pandemic influenza: ‘clipboard physicians’ or ‘evidenced based medicine’?
Authors: Guest T. , Tantam G. , Donlin N. , Tantam K. , McMillan H. , Tillyard A. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryWe assessed the impact of a United Kingdom government‐recommended triage process, designed to guide the decision to admit patients to intensive care during an influenza pandemic, on patients in a teaching hospital intensive care unit. We found that applying the triage criteria to a current case‐mix would result in 116 of the 255 patients (46%) admitted during the study period being denied intensive care treatment they would have otherwise received, of which 45 (39%) survived to hospital discharge. In turn, 69% of those categorised as too ill to warrant admission according to the criteria survived. The sensitivity and specificity of the triage category at ICU admission predicting mortality was 0.29 and 0.84, respectively. If the need for intensive care beds is estimated to be 275 patients per week, the triage criteria would not exclude enough patients to prevent the need for further rationing. We conclude that the proposed triage tool failed adequately to prioritise patients who would benefit from intensive care.
The effect of host developmental stage at parasitism on sex‐related size differentiation in a larval endoparasitoid
Authors: GOLS RIETA , HARVEY JEFFREY A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.

For their larval development, parasitoids depend on the quality and quantity of resources provided by a single host. Therefore, a close relationship is predicted between the size of the host at parasitism and the size of the emerging adult wasp. This relationship is less clear for koinobiont than for idiobiont parasitoids.
As size differentiation in host species exhibiting sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is likely to occur already during larval development, in koinobiont larval endoparasitoids the size of the emerging adult may also be constrained based on the sex of the host caterpillar.
Sex‐specific growth trajectories were compared in unparasitised Plutella xylostella caterpillars and in second and fourth instar hosts that were parasitised by the solitary larval koinobiont endoparasitoid Diadegma semiclausum. Both species exhibit SSD, where females are significantly larger than males.
Healthy female P. xylostella caterpillars developed significantly faster than their male conspecifics. Host regulation induced by D. semiclausum parasitism depended on the instar attacked. Parasitism in second‐instar caterpillars reduced growth compared to healthy unparasitised caterpillars, whereas parasitism in fourth‐instar caterpillars arrested development. The reduction in growth was most pronounced in hosts producing male D. semiclausum.
Parasitism itself had the largest impact on host growth. SSD in the parasitoid is mainly the result of differences in growth rate of the parasitoid–host complex producing male and female wasps and differences in exploitation of the host resources. Female wasps converted host biomass more efficiently into adult biomass than males.