bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Superior Hybrid Gas Hydrate Inhibitors
Authors: Pakulski Marek K. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Gas hydrate inhibition is a serious concern for operators who produce or transport natural gas at pressure and temperature conditions favorable for hydrates formation. As production goes into deeper water, hydrate control grows in importance. Ideally, operators want total hydrate control without the problems associated with Thermodynamic Hydrate Inhibitors (THI), mainly methanol and/or Low Dose Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHI). Past laboratory studies and field experience indicated that hydrate inhibition synergy is gained through the combination of Thermodynamic Inhibitors and Kinetic Inhibitors (KHI). This is termed a Hybrid Hydrate Inhibitor (HHI). Because of the performance, logistical and cost drivers presented by the use of methanol, any alternative approach would have to consider these three factors.
Detailed studies were performed on several mixtures of polymeric and non-polymeric KHI, and THI to find best performing combinations of hydrate inhibitors. The objective of the study was to provide all of the benefits of the existing technology with improved performance, improved logistics and at a cost not to exceed hydrate prevention with methanol. It was uncovered that some KHIs combined together supplement each other to offer synergistic performance for significantly lower cost than single KHI products. The work to be presented resulted in discovery of few KHI/KHI/THI combinations that outperformed any previously used product.
Oil and gas industry is continuously looking for more cost-efficient and safer technologies. This work offers another improvement in flow control assurance.

Introduction
Laboratory studies and past field experience indicated that hydrate inhibition synergy is gained through the combination of Thermodynamic Inhibitors (THI) and Kinetic Inhibitors (KHI) [1]. This is termed a Hybrid Hydrate Inhibitor (HHI). Because of the performance, logistical and cost drivers presented by the use of methanol, any alternative approach would have to consider those three factors. The performance has to do with hydrate dissolution in the event a hydrate formed during operations. A Kinetic Inhibitor (KHI) can prevent hydrates formation but cannot dissolve already formed hydrates. Anti-agglomerant inhibitors (AA) allow hydrates to form but keep the hydrate particles dispersed in the fluids. The logistical has to do with pump sizing; i.e. conventional Low Dosage Inhibitor (LDHI) applications require new pumps and configurations.
Potential synergy in gas hydrate inhibition between polyether amines (PEA) and polymeric type kinetic hydrate inhibitors (PHI) has been reported before [2, 3]; however, this phenomenon was not studied thoroughly. PHIs are very costly chemicals, about five times more expensive than PEAs. The cost of methanol is far less than specialty LDHI chemistry.
An Economic Study of CNG Floating Processing and Storage Platform and the Supporting CNG Carriers
Authors: Lamb Thomas , Ramoo Regu 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
An Economic Study of CNG Floating Processing and Storage Platform and the CNG Carriers to support it are presentenced. There are many small (Stranded) gas fields that are not economical to exploit with LNG. It has been shown by a number of researchers that Compressed Natural Gas can be an economical alternative for the stranded gas fields and even the associated gas from oil fields especially as the gas demand and price increases. Even though the carriage of CNG has been proposed over the past 10 years nothing has happened due to the economics of the carrier designs and currently abundance of gas in certain countries. However, many other countries do not have natural gas sources and as their energy demand increases natural gas is a clean and efficient fuel. There are thousands of offshore oil production platforms that currently flare off the gas. This will not be allowed in the future and they must find a way to dispose of the gas. CNG Carriers may be the answer to this problem in that they could transport the associated gas provided that gas compression capabilities were added to the oil production platforms.
The basis of this paper is a new containment tank which offers significantly improved volumetric efficiency and deadweight coefficients for the carriers and the FCNGPSO. It is believed that this new tank offers a breakthrough that provides a design and economical acceptable solution for the collection, storage and transportation of CNG.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
While there are no CNG carriers currently in operation, several design solutions have been proposed:SEA NG Coselle CNG Carrier,EnerSea -Volume Optimized Transport and Storage (VOTRANS),Gas Transportation Module (GTM),Knutsen PNG,TransOcean Gas- Cassettes,Statoil/Tee Kay/Høegh- Consortium Compressed Gas Shuttle, andIFP - GAS CONTAINERS.Cubic Doughnut Tank System (CDTS)
A number of alternative technologies exist that have the potential to make the development of small fields - of under five tcf in size - economically viable. None of these however, has yet been developed and proven on a commercial scale, though they have each proven themselves viable on technical parameters. The most advanced among these alternative technologies include:floating LNG processing and storage offshore,GTL(gas-to-liquid) floating production storage and offloading(GTL-FPSO),natural gas hydrates, (NGH)
These technologies have been developed to a point where commercial scale deployment is not too far away, in the case of GTL and NGH, and demonstration plants have been in operation for several years. What remains to be seen is whether these technologies can run on a commercial scale and still be economically viable.
Coupled Dynamic Analysis of Stinger and Pipeline
Authors: Suschitz Luca , Taylor Leland 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper presents recent developments in the methodology to address the structural integrity of stingers and pipelines during pipelay submarine installation. Specific attention is given to the comprehensive coupling of kinematics of a single or multiple articulated segments of stinger interacting in synchrony with sea loading, vessel motions and in combination with buoyancy and inertial forces. This in conjunction with the pipeline engaging from the seabed through the unilateral action of roller supports allotted between the barge and several stinger segments. A time domain dynamic and fatigue analysis is conducted utilizing nonlinear finite element solver. In a classical structural code the computed wave loads are based on the stinger's position remaining fixed. The nonlinear approach presented allows the stinger to rise and fall as the wave passes. For articulated types, the finite free rotation at the hinges respects the kinematics of the assembly. This new method has been applied to the design of new stingers and capitalizes on history of lesson learned in their construction spanning many decades. Establishing the structural demand on a dynamic system is a blend of deterministic and stochastic loading conditions. These conditions often occur simultaneously and for a new design are mainly forecasts. The prognostic usage shares the stinger between pipelay and transit or abandonment mode and differential exposures to wave directions from head sea to quartering and beam seas. This new approach offers a detail determination of response patterns of the stinger sections such as bending in the surge-sway plane, torsion in the roll direction and inertial effects in the surge-heave plane. These patterns address the tension-compression time histories expected for all stinger structural members to allow its fatigue life prediction as well as providing insight in the estimation of accumulated fatigue damage in the pipeline during installation. The method provides the ability to capture anisotropies, transitions, field joints and pipeline ancillary mechanical equipment often incorporated in the pipeline on board the vessel as the line is laid.
When Mother Nature Smiles - Multi-year Analysis of Currents at the Macondo Well Site
Authors: Brickley Peter , Coholan Patrice D. , Sharma Neha , Cadwallader Matthew L. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Contrary to popular belief, the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout and oil spill could have been far more environmentally and economically catastrophic. Relatively benign metocean conditions persisted in the Gulf of Mexico during the spill response efforts at the Macondo site. Statistical evidence indicates that metocean conditions could have been far worse, making the response efforts significantly more challenging and the economical repercussions orders of magnitude greater. Analysis of historical data and statistical trends over the past 26 years enumerates 22 separate incursions of the Loop Current or Loop Current Eddy into northern Mississippi Canyon. Such conditions can vastly complicate the scale of response efforts. Here we are presenting the possible impacts of worst-case environmental scenarios on response efforts at the Macondo site and the potential repercussions of strong Loop Current events during the oil spill. This study will help outline effective metocean risk management strategies for deepwater operators to mitigate the effects of oil spills in the future.

Introduction
The activities of the offshore oil & gas industry in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) have intensified and extended farther offshore in recent decades, creating new challenges for marine resource and environmental management. The occurrence of oil spills in such an environment is fundamentally a matter of probability. Although not the first, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill has proved to be the largest and most catastrophic in U.S. waters. The semi-submersible offshore drilling rig was operating in 1500m of water when it experienced a fatal explosion on 20 April 2010. The explosion resulted in the prolonged expulsion of oil from the sea floor and the broken riser before the well was finally capped on 15 July. Final estimates of the oil released into the water column range from 798,000 gallons/day (USGS, 2010) to 4 million gallons/day (BP maximum estimate, 20 June 2010). Early reports on 23 April indicated that the oil spill had already formed a surface slick 1.6 km wide by 8 km long. By 25 April aerial surveys reported sheen spreading over a surface area of 32 km2 (NOAA 2010). Within two days, the edge of this slick approached within 40 km of coastal Louisiana. Response efforts to contain, collect, disperse, or burn the surface oil slick and landed oil fraction involved the efforts of some 48,000 people over the Gulf coast region, with the majority along the coastlines and shelf waters of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and the northwestern coast of Florida. Damage assessment and recovery effort continue to this day.
Application of Geophysical Technologies and the Impact on Shell
Authors: Douma Jan , Hewett Benjamin , Kohli Madhu 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The application of a wide range of geophysical technologies (ranging from Narrow-Azimuth (NAZ), Wide-Azimuth (WAZ) streamer and Ocean-Bottom-Seismic (OBS) node acquisition, to anisotropic seismic imaging) has resulted in considerable business impact on Shell's GOM field development. In this paper, results will be shown for several GOM deepwater fields.

Introduction
Whereas seismic processing for large Gulf of Mexico (GOM) exploration projects typically focuses on imaging the unseen (often imaging below complex salt structures), seismic processing for development projects often has to focus on adding further fine detail to the seismic data.
Typical business drivers demanding such details for development are:–Well-Positioning requiring enhanced lateral and vertical positioning–Reservoir Modeling requiring enhanced seismic resolution to enhance stratigraphic details–Reservoir monitoring requiring time-lapse signal
To address these challenges, respectively, a variety of seismic processing techniques like anisotropic velocity model building + PreStackDepthMigration (PreSDM), High Definition Seismic imaging, and 4D TimeLapse processing are commonly applied in our development projects. Hereby, various seismic acquisition methods are used (ranging from Narrow-Azimuth (NAZ), and Wide-Azimuth (WAZ) streamer, to WAZ Ocean-Bottom-Seismic (OBS) node acquisition).
The application of all these geophysical technologies has resulted in considerable business impact on Shell's GOM field development. In this paper, results will be shown for several GOM deepwater fields.

Geophysical Technologies

Anisotropy and Pre-Stack Migration
Anisotropy impacts the positioning and focusing of subsurface events. Taking anisotropy properly into account in PreSDM can significantly reduce subsurface uncertainties, improve the seismic to well match, and impact well positioning. In the GOM with its many salt structures embedded in sediments, we especially recognize the effect of differential anisotropy: isotropic salt bodies next to anisotropic sediments. This can easily lead to false structures next to and below salt. The typical velocity model building procedure used here has been described in detail by Stopin et al. (2008) and consists of several migration and update cycles where the velocity and the anisotropy parameters (d and (or ?)) are inverted for. Final acceptance criteria are PreSDM results with flat image gathers and small seismic to well misties (typically not more than 100 ft).
It should be noted that this anisotropic velocity model updating procedure is a highly integrated iterative effort involving processing, interpretation, and well-positioning staff.
IL-6 Mediates the Susceptibility of Glycoprotein 130 Hypermorphs to Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Silver Jonathan S. , Stumhofer Jason S. , Passos Sara , Ernst Matthias , Hunter Christopher A. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
IL-6 and IL-27 are closely related cytokines that play critical but distinct roles during infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Thus, IL-6 is required for the development of protective immunity to this pathogen, whereas IL-27 is required to limit infection-induced pathology. Paradoxically, these factors both signal through gp130, but little is known about how the signals downstream of gp130 are integrated to coordinate the immune response to infection. To better understand these events, gp130 Y757F mice that have a mutation in gp130 at the binding site for suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, a critical negative regulator of gp130 signaling, were infected with T. gondii. These mutant mice were acutely susceptible to this challenge, characterized by an early defect in the production of IL-12 and IFN-γ and increased parasite burdens. Consistent with the reduced IL-12 levels, IL-6, but not other gp130 cytokines, was a potent antagonist of IL-12 production by gp130 Y757F macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro. Moreover, in gp130 Y757F mice, blocking IL-6 in vivo, or administration of rIL-12, during infection restored IFN-γ production and protective immunity. Collectively, these studies highlight that a failure to abbreviate IL-6–mediated gp130 signaling results in a profound anti-inflammatory signal that blocks the generation of protective immunity to T. gondii.
Mast Cells and Neutrophils Release IL-17 through Extracellular Trap Formation in Psoriasis
Authors: Lin Andrew M. , Rubin Cory J. , Khandpur Ritika , Wang Jennifer Y. , Riblett MaryBeth , Yalavarthi Srilakshmi , Villanueva Eneida C. , Shah Parth , Kaplan Mariana J. , Bruce Allen T. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
IL-17 and IL-23 are known to be absolutely central to psoriasis pathogenesis because drugs targeting either cytokine are highly effective treatments for this disease. The efficacy of these drugs has been attributed to blocking the function of IL-17–producing T cells and their IL-23–induced expansion. However, we demonstrate that mast cells and neutrophils, not T cells, are the predominant cell types that contain IL-17 in human skin. IL-17+ mast cells and neutrophils are found at higher densities than IL-17+ T cells in psoriasis lesions and frequently release IL-17 in the process of forming specialized structures called extracellular traps. Furthermore, we find that IL-23 and IL-1β can induce mast cell extracellular trap formation and degranulation of human mast cells. Release of IL-17 from innate immune cells may be central to the pathogenesis of psoriasis, representing a fundamental mechanism by which the IL-23–IL-17 axis mediates host defense and autoimmunity.
Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Circulating and Functional Antigens Derived from Piperacillin in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Whitaker Paul , Meng Xiaoli , Lavergne Sidonie N. , El-Ghaiesh Sabah , Monshi Manal , Earnshaw Caroline , Peckham Daniel , Gooi Jimmy , Conway Steve , Pirmohamed Munir , Jenkins Rosalind E. , Naisbitt Dean J. , Park B. Kevin 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of the relationship between the chemistry of drug Ag formation and immune function is lacking. Thus, mass spectrometric methods were employed to detect and fully characterize circulating Ags derived from piperacillin in patients undergoing therapy and the nature of the drug-derived epitopes on protein that can function as an Ag to stimulate T cells. Albumin modification with piperacillin in vitro resulted in the formation of two distinct haptens, one formed directly from piperacillin and a second in which the dioxopiperazine ring had undergone hydrolysis. Modification was time and concentration dependent, with selective modification of Lys541 observed at low concentrations, whereas at higher concentrations, up to 13 out of 59 lysine residues were modified, four of which (Lys190, Lys195, Lys432, and Lys541) were detected in patients’ plasma. Piperacillin-specific T lymphocyte responses (proliferation, cytokines, and granzyme B release) were detected ex vivo with cells from hypersensitive patients, and analysis of incubation medium showed that modification of the same lysine residues in albumin occurred in situ. The antigenicity of piperacillin-modified albumin was confirmed by stimulation of T cells with characterized synthetic conjugates. Analysis of minimally modified T cell-stimulatory albumin conjugates revealed peptide sequences incorporating Lys190, Lys432, and Lys541 as principal functional epitopes for T cells. This study has characterized the multiple haptenic structures on albumin in patients and showed that they constitute functional antigenic determinants for T cells.
Marketing Multicultural en España, primer país europeo en nuevos inmigrantes
Authors: Arroyo Almaraz Isidoro , Van Wyck Ors Cliff 
Published: May 2011

Las diferencias culturales de los inmigrantes hacen necesarias diferentes estrategias por parte de los responsables de marketing. Esta investigación define el marketing multicultural, explica cómo ha sido estudiado y tratado con éxito por empresas líderes. Se combinan dos métodos de investigación, uno heurístico que utiliza datos secundarios y otro cualitativo que utiliza datos procedentes del estudio del caso. El estudio de las diferencias culturales pone de manifiesto que las diferencias se agrandan según sea el perfil de la cultura de acogida; el perfil de la identidad de cada colectivo de inmigrantes; los medios de comunicación. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que los individuos no viven la vida con tan solo una referencia cultural, entran y salen de distintas culturas, por lo que la publicidad tiene que plantearse como campañas integradas.
Rehydration of Polymeric, Aqueous, Biphasic System Facilitates High Throughput Cell Exclusion Patterning for Cell Migration Studies
Authors: Tavana Hossein , Kaylan Kerim , Bersano‐Begey Tommaso , Luker Kathryn E. , Luker Gary D. , Takayama Shuichi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper describes a cell‐exclusion patterning method facilitated by a polymeric aqueous two‐phase system. The immersion aqueous phase (polyethylene glycol) containing cells rehydrates a dried disk of the denser phase (dextran) on the substrate to form a dextran droplet. With the right properties of the phase‐forming polymers, the rehydrating droplet remains immiscible with the immersion phase. Proper formulation of the two‐phase system ensures that the interfacial tension between the rehydrating droplet and the surrounding aqueous phase prevents cells from crossing the interface so that cells only adhere to the regions of the substrate around the dextran phase droplet. Washing out the patterning two‐phase reagents reveals a cell monolayer containing a well‐defined circular gap that serves as the migration niche for cells of the monolayer. Migration of cells into the cell‐excluded area is readily visualized and quantified over time. A 96‐well plate format of this “gap healing” migration assay demonstrates the ability to detect inhibition of cell migration by known cytoskeleton targeting agents. This straightforward method, which only requires a conventional liquid handler and readily prepared polymer solutions, opens new opportunities for high throughput cell migration assays.
Labeling and Tracking P2 Purinergic Receptors in Living Cells Using ATP‐Conjugated Quantum Dots
Authors: Jiang Shan , Liu Aiping , Duan Hongwei , Soo Jianchow , Chen Peng 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIt has been increasingly recognized that adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ATP) signaling through P2 purinergic receptors has a diverse influence on cell functions and human health. In this contribution, a simple and non‐invasive method to specifically label P2 receptors using ATP‐conjugated quantum dots (QDs) is demonstrated. In addition, the endocytosis, vesicular trafficking, and recycling of QD‐labeled P2 receptors are studied under different physiological conditions using confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.
Capture region of a 3D PPN guidance law for intercepting high‐speed targets
Authors: Tyan Feng 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe implementation of a classic three‐dimensional PPN guidance against a high‐speed nonmaneuvering target is analyzed. All the analysis is performed in a line‐of‐sight fixed coordinate. By utilizing an auxiliary function inspired from the tangential relative velocity at interception, a necessary and sufficient condition for the airfoil shape capture region for intercepting the target is obtained. In addition, to have a maximum range of the angle between a target velocity and line of sight, the optimal aiming of an interceptor is derived. Finally, a sufficient condition for the capture region with the finite line‐of‐sight turn rate constraint is also presented.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Towards cracking the epigenetic code using a combination of high‐throughput epigenomics and quantitative mass spectrometry‐based proteomics
Authors: Stunnenberg Hendrik G. , Vermeulen Michiel 
Published: May 2011

AbstractHigh‐throughput genomic sequencing and quantitative mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomics technology have recently emerged as powerful tools, increasing our understanding of chromatin structure and function. Both of these approaches require substantial investments and expertise in terms of instrumentation, experimental methodology, bioinformatics, and data interpretation and are, therefore, usually applied independently from each other by dedicated research groups. However, when applied reiteratively in the context of epigenetics research these approaches are strongly synergistic in nature.