bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic stress injuries of the elbow in young gymnasts
Authors: Chan D. , Aldridge M. J. , Maffulli N. , Davies A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The radiological changes of chronic stress injuries of the elbow in 19 adolescent elite gymnasts are reported. The principal abnormalities were avascular necrosis of the capitellar epiphysis (Panner's disease) (one patient), post-traumatic subarticular necrosis (osteochondritis dissecans) of the capitellum (six patients) and the medial articular eminence of the distal humerus (one patient). Flattening and anterior depression of the radial head epiphysis with an underlying metaphyseal notch associated with an epiphyseal cleft (three patients), which, in one patient who continued training, developed into a chronic Salter Type IV stress fracture. A further patient, post-epiphyseal fusion, showed osteochondritis dissecans of the anterior aspect of the radial head. Seven patients exhibited a spectrum of olecranon changes from fragmentation of the epiphysis to chronic Salter Type I stress fractures of the growth plate. A follow-up survey found that, of those who responded to a questionnaire, nearly all the patients with articular surface damage failed to continue with competitive gymnastics whereas those with olecranon abnormalities were able to continue gymnastics at the same level. The mechanism of injury and the pathological changes are discussed.
Quantitative lymphoscintigraphy using 99Tcm human serum albumin in patients with previously treated uterine cancer
Authors: Kataoka M. , Kawamura M. , Hamada K. , Itoh H. , Nishiyama Y. , Hamamoto K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
To evaluate the clinical usefulness of lymphoscintigraphy using 99Tcm human serum albumin (99Tcm-HSA) in assessing lymphoedema in the lower extremities, lymphoscintigraphy was performed by subcutaneous injection of 7.4 MBq of 99Tcm-HSA in 26 patients with uterine cancer, previously treated by operation (OP) and/or radiation therapy (RT), and in five controls. Radioactivity at the injection site in the lower extremities was counted for 3 min at 10 min (A) and at 3 h (B) after injection, and clearance of 99Tcm-HSA was defined as (1—(B)/(A)) × 100(%). Clearance in controls was 46.8 ± 3.9%, which was significantly more than those in the other treatment groups. Clearances in patients treated with both OP and RT were less than those in patients treated with either OP or RT alone (30.1 ± 11.4 vs. 41.9 ± 8.9, 43.7 ± 9.6%, respectively; p &lt; 0.01). The clearance in legs with lymphoedema was less than those without lymphoedema in patients treated with both OP and RT (16.6 ± 7.7 vs. 34.9 ± 9.3%; p &lt; 0.01) and in patients treated with RT (33.1 ± 7.4 vs. 48.0 ± 5.6%; p &lt; 0.01). There was a significant difference between clearance in controls and clearance in non-oedematous patients' legs treated with OP and RT (p &lt; 0.01). In patients treated with RT alone, radiation dose was closely correlated with 99Tcm-HSA clearance and with the development of lymphoedema. These data suggest that lymphoscintigraphy using 99Tcm-HSA is useful in evaluating lymphoedema and that radiation dose is one of the factors in the development of lymphoedema.
Radical radiotherapy for 28 cases of mucosal melanoma in the nasal cavity and sinuses
Authors: Gilligan D. , Slevin N. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Mucosal melanoma is rare and is traditionally treated by radical surgery. A retrospective survey was made of 28 cases of malignant mucosal melanoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses treated by definitive radiotherapy. Initial complete regression was observed in 22 out of 28 cases (79%). Absolute local control by radiotherapy alone was achieved in 17 out of 28 cases (61%) but follow-up was limited in many cases by early death due to metastatic disease; actuarial local disease-free survival was 49% at 3 years. The approach of radical radiotherapy for melanoma of this site can be justified on the basis of the local control achieved, low treatment morbidity in patients who are typically elderly and the propensity to disseminated disease. Doses of radiotherapy required to achieve local control need to be radical; the influence of dose per fraction is uncertain.
Biological intercomparisons of neutron beams used for radiotherapy generated by p+ → Be in hospital-based cyclotrons
Authors: Hall Eric J. , Brenner David J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The new generation of hospital-based neutron therapy facilities involve cyclotrons using protons on beryllium. The spectrum of neutrons produced includes a large and variable proportion of low-energy neutrons that are poorly penetrating but biologically effective. Cells cultured in vitro were used to compare the three US facilities at Seattle, M.D. Anderson and UCLA, together with the UK facility at Clatterbridge. Cyclotrons were compared within a given experiment on the same day using cells from a common suspension. Among the three US facilities, the relative potency factor at a depth of 25 mm differs by about 11%, with Seattle the least and UCLA the most biologically effective. Clatterbridge was compared directly with M.D. Anderson and found to be less effective by about 5%; it has a slightly lower biological effectiveness than any of the US facilities. There is evidence for an increased biological effectiveness in the build-up region, which reduces the effective skin sparing potential. There is not much difference in build-up between the three US facilities. Using the proton-on-beryllium neutron production process results in a wide spectrum of neutrons with a large but variable low-energy component. The biological effectiveness of the beam depends on target design and thickness as well as the design of the collimating system. Consequently the biological effectiveness of neutron beams generated by this process must be assessed on an individual basis. It cannot be assumed that because cyclotrons have similar accelerating energies that the relative biological effectiveness will be the same.
Erratum
Authors: Huda W. , Sandison G. A. , Lee T. Y. 
Published: July 2009

In a paper entitled “Patient doses from computed tomography in Manitoba from 1977 to 1987” by W. Huda et al (1989), there is an error in equation 2 on page 140. The revised equation 2 should read
This change (i.e. replacing the slice thickness T by the slice thickness squared T2) requires modification of the resultant Tables V, VI and VII.
The modified Table V should now read
The corrections for Table VI are only for the years 1984 to 1987. In these years, the collective effective dose equivalent has been overestimated by factors which range from 10% to 30%. The (approximate) corrections for these years are given below.
1984 10% reduction in the collective dose (person-Sv)
1985 15% reduction in the collective dose (person-Sv)
1986 15% reduction in the collective dose (person-Sv)
1987 30% reduction in the collective dose (person-Sv)
In Table VII, the computed average HE values for patients undergoing CT scans in Manitoba are obtained using the collective dose values given in Table VI. Thus the values of average patient HE for the years 1984 through 1987 should be reduced by the same amount as the collective doses in Table VI. In addition, in Table VII the correct scanner specific patient HE values should now read:
Average patient HE for the GE scanner (1987) 3.1 mSv
Average patient HE for the Siemens DRH 3.4 mSv
An unusual presentation of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis and diaphyseal aclasia
Authors: Ritchie D. A. , O'Connor S. A. , McGivern D. 
Published: July 2009

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a rare disease characterized by deposition of calcified bodies in the alveoli, which produce dense sand-like micronodules throughout the lungs. The radiological, pathological and clinical features have been previously well described (Sosman et al, 1957; Thurairajasingam et al, 1975; Prakash et al, 1983; Fraser et al, 1991).
Diaphyseal aclasia (Solomon, 1963; Murray et al, 1990) is one of the more common anomalies of skeletal development with an estimated prevalence of nine per million (Voutsinas & Wynne-Davis, 1983). Inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, most cases present during childhood development owing to deformity and compli cations; however, milder cases may only be detected later in life by chance.
Both pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis and diaphyseal aclasia demonstrate a familial tendency and have specific radiological features, but they are not known to be related. We present a case of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis found incidentally while under investigation of skeletal deformity.
In 1967, a 5-year-old boy was referred to an orthopaedic clinic with right upper limb deformity. His developmental milestones were slightly retarded, but he was otherwise well.
A radiograph of his right humerus revealed an osteochondroma in the upper shaft and an abnormal adjacent lung field. A chest radiograph (Fig. 1) showed a diffuse dense interstitial process with a predominantly nodular pattern. There was blurring of the mediastinal borders and a faint negative pleural shadow. Further osteochondromas were demonstrated in other parts of the skeleton in keeping with diaphyseal aclasia.
Diagnosis of brain death: superiority of perfusion studies with 99Tcm-HMPAO over conventional radionuclide cerebral angiography
Authors: de la Riva A. , González F. M. , Llamas-Elvira J. M. , Latre J. M. , Jimenez-Heffernan A. , Vidal E. , Martinez M. , Torres M. , Guerrero R. , Alvarez F. , Mateo A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The use of technetium-99m hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime (99Tcm-HMPAO) in the diagnosis of brain death has been evaluated in 41 studies of 37 patients with severe brain injury, who were under the effect of drugs or when other diagnostic methods were equivocal. HMPAO studies were compared with conventional radionuclide angiography performed simultaneously by intravenous administration of HMPAO as a bolus. The ages of patients ranged from 4 months to 75 years. Dynamic flow images and 5-min static uptake images were acquired following bolus injection of 555 Mbq of 99Tcm-HMPAO. All patients showing no brain uptake were confirmed as brain-dead by standard clinical criteria, with no contradictory cases in the static study. In addition, all patients who were not brain-dead showed HMPAO uptake at least in the brainstem. Dynamic flow images were equivocal in five patients, four of whom had no uptake on static images and clinically confirmed brain death. In addition, two other cases showed “mismatched” dynamic and static images: in one case no perfusion was observed on flow images but uptake restricted to the posterior fossa was seen on static images; the other case showed perfusion on the dynamic study and static imaging revealed hemispheric uptake with no posterior fossa uptake. Static perfusion 99Tcm-HMPAO studies offer advantages over conventional brain scintigraphy, better results being due to adequate assessment of posterior fossa activity and avoiding equivocal studies.
Chest radiograph scoring system for use in preterm infants
Authors: Hyde I. 
Published: July 2009

Papers dealing with the chest radiograph in pre-term infants are sufficiently rare in the British radiological literature to merit enhanced attention. Yuksel et al (1991) are to be congratulated in helping to refine those features which have a bearing on the outcome of chronic lung disease in these infants.
Although not germane to the theme of the paper, I was struck by the fact that two patients had lobectomies because of expanding air cysts.
High-intensity zone: a diagnostic sign of painful lumbar disc on magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Aprill C. , Bogduk N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The prevalence, validity and reliability of high-intensity zones in the annulus fibrosus seen on T 2-weighted magnetic resonance images of patients with intractable low-back pain were determined. This sign was readily recognized by two independent observers. It occurred in 28% of 500 patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging for back pain. The presence of a highintensity zone correlated significantly with the presence of Grade 4 annular disruption and with reproduction of the patient's pain. Its sensitivity as a sign of either annular disruption or pain was modest but its specificity was high, and its positive predictive value for a severely disrupted, symptomatic disc was 86%. This sign is diagnostic of painful internal disc disruption.
Hydatid disease of the liver: evaluation of ultrasound and computed tomography
Authors: El-Tahir M. I. , Omojola M. F. , Malatani T. , Al-Saigh A. H. , Ogunbiyi O. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have evaluated computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US) in 41 patients with hepatic hydatid disease. CT was diagnostic in all patients, while US performed on 36 patients was diagnostic in 34. In the remaining two cases, heavy calcification in one and a large amount of intracavitary air in the other prevented accurate diagnosis. The US findings in the liver regarding cyst form (multilocular or unilocular), size and location were comparable to those of CT. CT detected associated extrahepatic cysts in the abdomen and pelvis in 11 patients while US performed on the same group of patients detected such cysts in seven patients. It is suggested that the entire abdomen and pelvis should be scanned in patients suspected of hydatid disease and when a hepatic lesion is suggestive of the disease.
Scintigraphic abnormalities in patients with painful hip replacements treated conservatively
Authors: Miles K. A. , Harper W. M. , Finlay D. B. L. , Belton I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A retrospective review of the scintigraphic appearances of 98 painful hip replacements was made. 16 patients (16%) underwent revision surgery whereas in the remaining 82 hips (84%), symptoms settled with conservative management. 73 of these (89%) had at least one area of increased activity on delayed diphosphonate scintigraphy with 27% having increased activity in three or more areas around the femoral component. Hips with increased activity at the lesser trochanter and tip were less likely to undergo spontaneous resolution of symptoms. Uncemented prostheses were more likely to have multiple areas of increased activity. Abnormalities in dynamic bone scintigraphy and gallium studies were also seen in patients whose symptoms resolved without surgery. Whereas a normal bone scintigram indicates that loosening or infection is most unlikely, the presence of increased activity does not necessarily indicate a need for revision surgery, even when multiple areas are present. A period of conservative management should be considered before operative intervention is undertaken.
A study of the relationship between routine ultrasound quality assurance parameters and subjective operator image assessment
Authors: Metcalfe S. C. , Evans J. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Comparisons have been made between a number of routine quality assurance (QA) measurements and a number of related subjective aspects of image quality. These comparisons between lateral resolution and perceived definition, dynamic range and subjective grey-level assessment, and slice thickness and overall image quality appraisal showed very poor correlation. We deduce from this that other QA parameters are needed to quantify good image quality as denned by the operators.
Epitheloid haemangioendothelioma of liver: a vascular tumour easily mistaken for metastatic carcinoma on ultrasound imaging
Authors: Banerjee B. , Rennison A. 
Published: July 2009

Epitheloid haemangioendothelioma is a rare neoplasm of vascular origin that may occur in the liver. Although there have been sporadic reports of this tumour in the past, the term “epitheloid haemangioendothelioma” was first suggested by Weiss and Enzinger only recently (Weiss & Enzinger, 1982). The tumour usually affects adults and pursues a relatively benign course intermediate between haemangioma and angiosarcoma; long-term survival with chemotherapy, hepatic resection and hepatic transplant has been documented. Scant reference can be found to its radiographic appearances. We present a case to illustrate the ultrasound appearances of this tumour and emphasize its potential confusion with metastatic disease.
A 29-year-old woman presented with persistent right upper quadrant abdominal pain and anorexia over a period of 2 months. She had undergone laparotomy and repair of a liver laceration 16 years earlier, following a riding accident, but had been in good health in the intervening period.
Direct and CT measurements of canals and foramina of the skull base
Authors: Berlis A. , Putz R. , Schumacher M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This investigation is based on measurements of 60 macerated adult European skulls from the Alexander-Ecker Collection at the Anatomy Department of the University of Freiburg. Computer tomographical (CT) and anatomical measurements were compared to assess the accuracy of the CT representation of osseous structures. Nine structures were examined: the optic canal; the superior orbital fissure; the foramen rotundum; the foramen ovale; the foramen spinosum; the foramen Vesalii (venosum); the carotid canal; the internal auditory canal, and the hypoglossal canal. The results show a good and even excellent correlation if the cranial opening is approximately at a right angle to the scanline. For this reason, the results of the coronal examination of the internal auditory canal are less satisfactory, and the coronal and axial measurements of the hypoglossal canal show only a moderately good correlation.
Osteosarcoma metastatic to the kidney with invasion of the inferior vena cava
Authors: King C. M. P. , Reznek R. H. , Norton A. J. , Kingston J. E. 
Published: July 2009

Although renal metastases are found at autopsy in 12% of patients with osteosarcoma (McKenna et al, 1966), antemortem diagnosis is extremely rare. Deposits occur as part of widespread dissemination of the disease and the patients usually die of other effects before their renal disease becomes symptomatic.
We report a patient who presented 5 years after treatment for a femoral osteosarcoma with a renal metastasis involving the renal vein and inferior vena cava which was demonstrated on computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound. This entity has not been previously described and the initial suspicion was that the patient had developed a further primary tumour.
A 15-year-old male presented in January 1985 with a swelling above the left knee. Radiographs suggested an osteosarcoma and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Staging investigations, including CT of the chest and radionuclide bone scan, showed no evidence of metastases. Initial treatment was by limb sparing resection of the primary tumour with pre- and post-operative chemotherapy. Local recurrence a year later necessitated disarticulation of the hip. In March 1989 a left upper lobectomy and wedge resection of the left lower lobe were performed for pulmonary metastases.
Thereafter, he remained well until June 1990 when he presented with a 6 week history of painless haematuria. He failed to attend for investigation of this problem and the haematuria apparently resolved spontaneously. In August 1990 he returned having noticed a lump in the right hypochondrium.
Historical experiments predating commercially available computed tomography
Authors: Webb S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractComputed tomography (CT) was a revolution in radiology. Commercially available CT scanners appeared in 1972, a joint effort between the EMI Company, Atkinson Morley's Hospital, London and the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS). The name of Sir Godfrey Hounsfield will always be associated with these developments.Like most developments in science the breakthrough came by standing on the shoulders of giants and many experiments can, with the curious wisdom of hindsight, be considered precursors to CT. Gabriel Frank's patent in 1940 showed apparatus for back-projection CT and Takahashi developed equipment in the 1940s for reconstructing from a sinogram; in both cases using an optical “computer”. A medical CT scanner was reportedly constructed in 1957 in Kiev. Transmission CT was performed by Kuhl in 1965. Cormack built an experimental scanner in 1963. Oldendorf identified what was needed for successful CT as early as 1960. Throughout the 1960s a host of independent workers were busy on the mathematical problems of reconstructing from projections with both medical scanning and non-medical applications in mind.Experiments in early emission tomography influenced the development of CT. With imagination one can even see how close “classical” tomography, as started even before 1920, came to the realization of CT. The pioneering British radiographer Watson stands out from a galaxy of inventors.The lecture at Radiology and Oncology '91 in Brighton was a thumbnail sketch of the origins of radiological CT. A fuller story is told elsewhere (Webb, 1990).
Erratum — letter to the Editor
Authors: Gandhi M. R. , Brown P. , Romanowski C. A. J. , Morcos S. K. , Campbell S. , El nahas A. M. , Gray T. A. 
Published: July 2009

The Publisher apologizes to both the authors and the readers for an error which appeared in this letter which was published in the May 1992 issue of the British Journal of Radiology. The error occurred in the paragraph which covered the creatinine clearance values preand post-administration of contrast media. In the interests of clarity the letter has been reprinted.The use of theophylline, an adenosine antagonist in the prevention of contrast media induced nephrotoxicityImpaired renal perfusion has been implicated in the pathogenesis of contrast media (CM) induced nephrotoxicity (El-Sayed et al, 1991). Animal and, more recently, clinical studies have suggested that endogenous adenosine may mediate the renal haemodynamic response to intra vascular CM (Arend et al, 1987;Katholietal, 1991). We have recently attempted to evaluate the protective effect of an adenosine antagonist, theophylline against CM-induced nephrotoxicity.
Appearances of choroidal osteomas with diagnostic imaging
Authors: Bloom Philip A. , Ferris John D. , Laidlaw Alistair , Goddard Paul R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The diagnostic imaging appearances of three choroidal osteomas (osseous choristomas) are presented. This rare, benign choroidal tumour is being recognized with increasing frequency, and is important to remember in the differential diagnosis of any unusual mass in the ocular fundus lest it be mistaken for a more sinister lesion. All three osteomas were demonstrated by ocular ultrasound (US), fluorescein angiography (FA) and computed tomography (CT) but none by plain radiography. None of the lesions was visible on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the reason for this is probably the bony nature of the tumours. The appearances of choroidal osteomas on US, FA, plain radiography and CT are discussed. To our knowledge this is the first report of a series of choroidal osteomas investigated by MR.