bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamical modelling of concentration–age–discharge in watersheds
Authors: Duffy Christopher J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThere is now a wide literature on the use of tracer age and transit time distributions to diagnose transport in environmental systems. Theories have been proposed using idealized tracer age modelling for ocean ventilation, atmospheric circulation, soil, stream and groundwater flow. Most approaches assume a steady flow regime and stationarity in the concentration (tracer) distribution function for age, although recent work shows that this is not a necessary assumption. In this paper, dynamic model for flow, concentration, and age in volume‐averaged and a spatially distributed watershed system are derived in terms of the moments of the underlying distribution function for tracer age, time, and position. Several theoretical and practical issues are presented: (1) The low‐order moments of the age distribution function are sufficient to construct a dynamical system for the mean age and concentration under steady or transient flow conditions. (2) Solutions to the coupled system of equations for flow, concentration and age show that ‘age’ of solutes stored within the watershed or leaving the watershed is a dynamic process which depends on flow variations as well as the solute or tracer dynamics. (3) Intermittency of wetting and drying cycles leads to an apparent increase in the tracer age in proportional to the duration of the ‘dry’ phase. (4) The question of how mobile/immobile flow may affect the age of solutes is examined by including a low permeable, passive store that relaxes the well‐mixed assumption. (5). A spatially distributed advective and dispersive transport solution for age evolution over a simple 1‐D hillslope is developed to demonstrate the age theory for a distributed source of water and tracer, and the solution is shown to have very similar input–output behaviour when compared to the volume‐average model for comparable parameters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Definitions of homework, types of homework, and ratings of the importance of homework among psychologists with cognitive behavior therapy and psychoanalytic theoretical orientations
Authors: Kazantzis Nikolaos , Dattilio Frank M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA random sample of 827 psychologists were surveyed to assess their definitions of homework, use of homework tasks, and perceived importance of homework. Theoretical orientation distinguished practitioners' responses. Cognitive‐behavioral therapists defined homework as being closer to empirically supported therapy, whereas psychodynamic therapists rated homework as less characteristic of a process that embraces client responsibility and adaptive skills. Cognitive‐behavior therapists did not limit their choices to activity‐based tasks, and psychodynamic therapists reported using behavioral tasks “sometimes.” Monitoring dreams and conscious thought were also used among the entire sample surveyed. Psychodynamic therapists rated homework as “somewhat” or “moderately” important, whereas cognitive‐behavior therapists more often rated homework as “very important.” Data suggest some homework may be common to different psychotherapeutic approaches. Findings are discussed in the context of recent theoretical work on homework in psychotherapy and recommendations for future research. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66:1–16, 2010.
Alcohol dehydrogenase in non‐aqueous media using high‐pressure technologies: reaction set‐up and deactivation determination
Authors: Thorey Paul , Knez Željko , Habulin Maja 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The demand for enantiomerically pure molecules is growing continuously and biocatalysis is a powerful technique for their production. In this work, the catalyst was an enzyme combined with its coenzyme, NADP. High pressure technology, a second clean technology, was applied as well. Dense gases are promising solvents for biocatalysis. They have been investigated extensively as reaction media for lipase‐catalysed reactions, but seldom for reactions, catalysed with alcohol dehydrogenases, as in this work.RESULT: The production of optically pure R‐1‐phenylethanol from acetophenone was investigated. The NADP‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis (LBADH) was used as a catalyst. The hydrogenation was performed with isopropanol as a co‐substrate in different conditions: dense propane with LBADH and NADP co‐immobilized on glass beads and in the biphasic system water/dense propane. The obtained R‐1‐phenylethanol was enantiopure. The conversions were up to 90%. Deactivation of LBADH was also measured in these media.CONCLUSION: Protocols were successfully developed for the testing of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in dense gases. Enantioselectivity of LBADH is excellent in those media but it deactivated quickly. An LBADH‐catalysed reaction was performed in a dense gas for the first time. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics of toluene and sulfur compounds removal by means of an integrated process involving the coupling of absorption and biodegradation
Authors: Darracq Guillaume , Couvert Annabelle , Couriol Catherine , Amrane Abdeltif , Le Cloirec Pierre 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Scrubbing using an organic solution instead of an aqueous solution could be a useful way to improve the removal of hydrophobic compounds. Absorption of toluene, dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) in an organic solution (di‐2‐ethylhexyladipate—DEHA), followed by biodegradation by activated sludge was considered, with particular attention to kinetic aspects. DEHA was selected for its relevance in terms of absorption capacity and absorption velocity of the selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs). After the biodegradation step and owing to its cost, recycling of the VOC‐free solvent should be considered.RESULTS: Enhancement of VOC mass transfer from the organic to the aqueous phase due to bacterial activity was highlighted and the main driving force was found to be biosurfactant production rather than biodegradation reaction. However, the mass transfer rate between the two phases was shown to be lower than VOC biodegradation rate; hence, significant biodegradation of DMDS and toluene was recorded in a few days during batch experiments, 0.10 and 0.09 mmol respectively. Toluene showed higher biodegradation rates (about 0.05 and 0.10 mg h−1 for DMDS and toluene), leading to higher growth rates. Contrarily, owing to its high volatility, important DMS losses were observed.CONCLUSION: The relevance of the proposed integrated process was shown for hydrophobic VOC removal, at least for toluene and DMDS. Unfortunately, the absorbent phase was also degraded, proved by detection of by‐products during analyses of the aqueous phase headspace. The comparison of DEHA with other solvents or solid polymers available for multiphase bioreactor applications may be a reliable option to continue this work. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A facile synthesis of tetrasubstituted 2,3‐dihydrofuran derivatives using poly(ethylene glycol) as soluble support
Authors: Feng Chun , Lu Cuifen , Chen Zuxing , Dong Nianguo , Shi Jiawei , Yang Guichun 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
magnified imageA facile synthesis of tetrasubstitude 2,3‐dihydrofurans has been conducted using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a soluble polymer support. The PEG‐supported pyridinium ylides react with 3‐arylidene‐2,4‐pentanedione in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) via conjugate addition to form PEG‐supported dihydrofuran derivatives, being cleaved by 1% KCN/EtOH to afford trans‐tetrasubstitude‐2,3‐dihydrofurans, varying from good to excellent yields. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
A straightforward synthesis of pentosidine framework
Authors: Liu Yahua , Zhang Weihan , Sayre Lawrence M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
magnified imagePentosidine framework 4‐butyl‐2‐propyl‐4H‐aminoimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (2) was synthesized through a five steps reaction sequence. The regiochemistry of 2 was confirmed by an unambiguous synthesis, and the UV absorption and fluorescent properties of 2 were examined. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Facile synthesis of 2,6‐diaryl‐4‐secondary aminonicotinonitriles and highly substituted unsymmetrical 2,2′‐bipyridines
Authors: Bhosale Sidhanath V. , Patil Umesh D. , Kalyankar Mohan B. , Nalage Santosh V. , Patil Vijay S. , Desale Kamlesh R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
magnified imageThe ring transformation of 2H‐pyran‐2‐one by N‐aryl amidine in the presence of KOH in DMF at room temperature resulted in a facile synthesis of the 2,6‐diaryl‐4‐secondary aminonicotinonitrile and highly substituted unsymmetrical 2,2′‐bipyridines in moderate yield. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis of α,β‐unsaturated caprolactams starting from heterocyclic imines
Authors: Johannes Katharina , Watzke Martin , Martens Jürgen 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
magnified imageNew classes of α,β‐unsaturated caprolactams containing variable heteroatoms in δ‐position were synthesized from heterocyclic imines as a starting material. The synthetic route is based on an acid chloride addition followed by a ring‐closing metathesis using a ruthenium catalyst. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Sol/Gel Transition of Aqueous Alginate Solutions Induced by Fe2+ Cations
Authors: Hernández Rebeca , Sacristán Javier , Mijangos Carmen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNovel information on the gelation mechanism of aqueous alginate solutions in the presence of iron cations is obtained by combining confocal Raman spectroscopy and viscoelastic measurements. The mechanism of gelation of alginate with iron cations is proposed to occur through a combined acid and ionotropic gelation. The low binding ability of iron cations to alginate uronate chains suggests that the formation of iron alginate hydrogels preferentially occurs through an acid gelation. This gives rise to a structure more similar to chemical gels than to physical gels in the sense that they are composed of random aggregates, in contrast to the rod‐like structure exhibited by Ca‐alginate gels.magnified image
Tailoring of Co‐Continuous Polymer Blend Morphology: Joint Action of Nanoclays and Compatibilizers
Authors: Persenaire Olivier , Raquez Jean‐Marie , Bonnaud Leïla , Dubois Philippe 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe effect of both organoclay (Cloisite® 30B) and compatibilizers (EVA copolymer or MAgPE) on the morphology and mechanical properties is investigated with a special focus on co‐continuous structures. For that purpose, LDPE and PBAT are selected as an inert/reactive polymer pair model. The influence of the nature of the nanoclay/compatibilizer pair on the morphology of the nanocomposite is studied by means of SEM and TEM. Depending on the compatibilizer, it comes out that the organoclay can be selectively located in either the polyolefinic or polyester phase while the interface is invariably stabilized by clay platelets. Interestingly enough, it appears that such a combination (organoclay plus compatibilizer) allows for tailoring the final properties of polymer blends.magnified image
SET‐RAFT Polymerization of Progargyl Methacrylate and a One‐Pot/One‐Step Preparation of Side‐chain Functionalized Polymers via Combination of SET‐RAFT and Click Chemistry
Authors: Zhang Weidong , Zhang Wei , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Jian , Zhu Xiulin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA clickable alkyne monomer, PgMA, was successfully polymerized in a well‐controlled manner via single electron transfer initiation and propagation through the radical addition fragmentation chain transfer (SET‐RAFT) method. The living nature of the polymerization was confirmed by the first‐order kinetic plots, the linear relationships between molecular weights and the monomer conversions while keeping relatively narrow $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ (≤1.55), and the successful chain‐extension with MMA. The better controllability of SET‐RAFT than other CRP methods is attributed to the less competitive termination in view of the presence of the CTA as well as the Cu(II) that is generated in situ. Moreover, a one‐pot/one‐step technique combining SET‐RAFT and “click chemistry” methods has been successfully employed to prepare the side‐chain functionalized polymers.magnified image
Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone from hops, modulates hepatic expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone distribution and metabolism
Authors: Radović Branislav , Hussong Ragna , Gerhäuser Clarissa , Meinl Walter , Frank Norbert , Becker Hans , Köhrle Josef 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn the present study, we analyzed the influence of xanthohumol (XN) on thyroid hormone (TH) distribution and metabolism in rats. A potent and selective competition of XN for thyroxine (T4) binding to transthyretin (IC50=1 μM at 1.7 nM [125I]T4) was found in human and rat sera in vitro. Female rats treated orally with XN showed increased hepatic expression of T4‐binding globulin and decreased transthyretin and albumin. Thyrotropin levels and hepatic type 1 deiodinase activity were moderately increased. Northern blot analysis revealed diminished expression of liver sulfotransferase (Sult1a1) and uridine‐diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt1a1) after XN treatment. The transcript levels of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), known to be involved in regulation of enzymes metabolizing hormones, drugs and xenobiotics, was lower in rats treated with >10 mg XN/kg body weight per day. Immunoblot analysis indicates reduced amounts of CAR protein. The phenobarbital‐inducible cytochrome P450 mRNA level was decreased in rats treated with >10 mg XN/kg/day, in agreement with reduced CAR protein. Although only moderate changes in TH serum levels were observed, the XN‐dependent altered expression of components involved in TH homeostasis might be important not only for hormone metabolism, but also for hepatic phase I and II elimination of drug metabolites and xenobiotics.
A strictly noninvasive MR setup dedicated to longitudinal studies of mechanical performance, bioenergetics, anatomy, and muscle recruitment in contracting mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Giannesini Benoît , Vilmen Christophe , Le Fur Yann , Dalmasso Christiane , Cozzone Patrick J. , Bendahan David 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMR techniques have proven their ability to investigate skeletal muscle function in situ. Their benefit in terms of noninvasiveness is, however, lost in animal research, given that muscle stimulation and force output measurements are usually achieved using invasive surgical procedures, thereby excluding repeated investigations in the same animal. This study describes a new setup allowing strictly noninvasive investigations of mouse gastrocnemius muscle function using 1H‐MRI and 31P‐MR spectroscopy. Its originality is to integrate noninvasive systems for inducing muscle contraction through transcutaneous stimulation and for measuring mechanical performance with a dedicated ergometer. In order to test the setup, muscle function was investigated using a fatiguing stimulation protocol (6 min of repeated isometric contractions at 1.7 Hz). T2‐weighted imaging demonstrated that transcutaneous stimulation mainly activated the gastrocnemius. Moreover, investigations repeated twice with a 7‐day interval between bouts did show a high reproducibility in measurements with regard to changes in isometric force and energy metabolism. In conclusion, this setup enables us for the first time to access mechanical performance, energy metabolism, anatomy, and physiology strictly noninvasively in contracting mouse skeletal muscle. The possibility for implementing longitudinal studies opens up new perspectives in many research areas, including ageing, pharmaceutical research, and gene and cell therapy. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone vascularization and trabecular bone formation are mediated by PKBalpha/Akt1 in a gene‐dosage‐dependent manner: In vivo and ex vivo MRI
Authors: Vandoorne Katrien , Magland Jeremy , Plaks Vicki , Sharir Amnon , Zelzer Elazar , Wehrli Felix , Hemmings Brian A. , Harmelin Alon , Neeman Michal 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPKBalpha/Akt1, a protein kinase, is a major mediator of angiogenic signaling. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of PKBalpha/Akt1 in bone vascularization and development. For that aim, macromolecular dynamic contrast enhanced MRI was applied to examine in vivo vascular changes in long bones of 40‐day‐old growing PKBalpha/Akt1‐deficient, heterozygous, and wild‐type mice. Ex vivo μMRI and μCT were applied to monitor the impact of PKBalpha/Akt1 gene dosage on trabecular bone formation during endochondral bone growth. PKBalpha/Akt1‐deficient mice and, remarkably, also heterozygous mice showed significantly reduced blood volume fraction in the humerus compared to wild‐type mice. Moreover, PKBalpha/Akt1‐deficient mice showed a more severe vascular deficiency with reduced permeability. μCT and μMRI of trabeculae revealed impaired bone formation in both PKBalpha/Akt1‐deficient and heterozygous mice, whereas cortical bone parameters were only reduced in PKBalpha/Akt1‐deficient mice. Reduction of metaphyseal blood vessel invasion, concomitant with aberrant trabeculae and shorter long bones, demonstrates a gene‐dose‐dependent role for PKBalpha/Akt1 in regulation of overall size and endochondral bone growth. MRI proved to provide high sensitivity for in vivo detection of subtle gene dose effects leading to impaired bone vascularity and for uncovering changes in trabecular bone. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Swan neck deformities in rheumatoid arthritis: a qualitative study on the patients' perspectives on hand function problems and finger splints
Authors: van der Giesen F. J. , Nelissen R. G. H. H. , van Lankveld W. J. , Kremers‐Selten C. , Peeters A. J. , Stern E. B. , le Cessie S. , Vliet Vlieland T. P. M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjective: To identify hand function problems and the reasons for choosing a specific finger splint in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and swan neck deformities.Methods: A qualitative study was performed alongside a randomized, controlled cross‐over trial comparing the effectiveness of two types of finger splints (the silver ring splint [SRS] and the prefabricated thermoplastic splint [PTS]) in 50 patients with RA and swan neck deformities. Questions on the patients' main hand function problem and reasons for choosing a specific splint type were performed at baseline and after using each splint. The qualitative analyses included the identification of meaning units and (sub)concepts related to hand function problems and splint preferences.Results: RA patients with swan neck deformities experience problems with flexion initiation, painful proximal interphalangeal joint hyperextension, grip activities and comprehensive hand function activities. Reasons for preferring or not preferring a specific type of finger splint included: effect, ease of use, appearance, comfort and side effects. Apart from the splint slipping off and a negative attitude towards the appearance of the splint, which appeared to be more frequently mentioned in connection with the SRS, no clear pattern of positive or negative appreciation of either type of splint could be distinguished.Conclusion: RA patients with swan neck deformities experience a variety of problems, including impairments in functions and limitations in daily activities. With the prescription of finger splints, a substantial number of potentially positive and negative consequences of their use need to be taken into account. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abnormal liver transaminases and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia at presentation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Segal Idit , Rassekh S. Rod , Bond Mason C. , Senger Christof , Schreiber Richard A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackgroundAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in childhood. While hepatitis is a well‐known complication during the treatment phase of ALL, the association of abnormal liver biochemistries at initial presentation of leukemia is poorly described. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence and assess the clinical impact of hepatitis at diagnosis in children with ALL.ProcedureAll children diagnosed with ALL at BC Children's Hospital between 2001and 2006 were included. Charts were reviewed and data recorded to a computerized spreadsheet. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed.ResultsOne hundred forty‐seven ALL patients were identified. Over one third of patients had abnormal liver transaminase values (AST and/or ALT). Of the patients with abnormal transaminases, (52%) had ALT elevations twice the upper limit of normal. Risk factors for elevated transaminases included a high WBC count at diagnosis, older age, bulky disease, and T‐cell leukemia. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia was observed in 3.4% of subjects. Of these cases, 60% received steroids prior to induction chemotherapy and all had rapid resolution of their hyperbilirubinemia to normal levels.ConclusionsElevated transaminases are common at initial presentation of ALL and are likely due to hepatic injury from leukemic infiltrates. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia at presentation may require treatment modification and dose reduction. A short course of steroids prior to initiation of induction chemotherapy appears to result in rapid resolution of the hyperbilirubinemia with subsequent ability to provide full dosing of induction chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:434–439. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A spectroscopic approach for structural characterization of polypropylene/clay nanocomposite
Authors: Banerjee Saikat , Joshi Mangala , Ghosh Anup K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis study focuses on the degree of dispersion and structural development of organomodified MMT clay (OMMT) during processing of polypropylene clay nanocomposites using both conventional and nonconventional characterization techniques. PP‐g‐MA and Cloisite 15A were melt blended with three different grades of PP separately in a micro‐twin screw compounder at selected screw speed and temperature. The clay was modified with fluorescent dyes and the adsorbed dye content in the clay gallery was estimated by using UV‐spectrophotometric method. The effects of residence time and molecular weight of the PP matrix on the clay dispersion were studied. The extent of dispersion and exfoliation of the clay in polymer matrix determined from the torque versus time data obtained from microcompounder. It was further supported by XRD, SEM, TEM, and DSC analysis. Offline dielectric and fluorescence spectrophotometric studies were also carried out. Changes in dielectric constant and dielectric loss with both frequency and temperature yielded quantitative information about the extent of clay exfoliation and intercalation in the polymer matrix. It was observed that with an increase in MFI (decrease in molecular weight) and mixing time, the extent of clay dispersion and exfoliation were also improved due to easy diffusion of polymer chains inside clay gallery. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:2007–2016, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers