bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entomopathogenic nematodes for the management of Agrotis ipsilon: effect of instar, nematode species and nematode production method
Authors: Ebssa Lemma , Koppenhöfer Albrecht M 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Previous laboratory studies have indicated the potential of some entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species for the control of larvae of the black cutworm (BCW). To determine the most promising EPN species and the most susceptible BCW stages, a more in‐depth evaluation of seven EPN species against different BCW instars was carried out, the efficacies of in vitro‐ and in vivo‐produced EPNs were compared and the suitability of BCW instars for EPN reproduction was examined.RESULTS: Heterorhabditis megidis was the most virulent species, irrespective of larval stage in small arenas, followed most often by H. bacteriophora. In pots with grass, Steinernema carpocapsae tended to be the most virulent species, followed by H. bacteriophora, H. megidis and S. riobrave. Fourth and/or fifth instars were the most susceptible stages to most EPN species, and pupae the least susceptible. Furthermore, H. bacteriophora, H. megidis and S. carpocapsae successfully reproduced in fifth and sixth instars and pupae. In vivo‐produced H. megidis and S. carpocapsae controlled fifth instars better than the corresponding in vitro‐produced products; production method did not affect H. bacteriophora and S. riobrave efficacy.CONCLUSIONS: Several in vitro‐produced commercial EPN strains were highly virulent to BCW and warrant further testing under field conditions, along with some in vivo‐produced strains. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Core‐shell SiC/SiO2 heterostructures in nanowires
Authors: Wu Renbing , Zha Bailin , Wang Liuying , Zhou Kun , Pan Yi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper presents a simple vapour deposition method for one‐step synthesis of SiC//SiO2 core‐shell heterostructured nanowires. The phases, structures and morphologies of the synthesized core‐shell heterostructures are systemically studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results show that these heterostructures consist of a single crystalline SiC core of 20∼30 nm diameter covered by a uniform layer, about 15 nm thickness of amorphous SiO2. Such heterostructures were grown based on the vapour–solid mechanism and the deposition way has an important influence on their morphology. A unique optical property has also been found in their photoluminescence spectra that have blue shift relative to the bulk SiC.
Theoretical insights into the visible near‐infrared absorption spectra of Bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) copper(II) in pyridine
Authors: de Almeida K. J. , Ramalho T. C. , Alves M. C. , Vahtras O. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the specific solvent effects on the optical absorption spectrum of copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate complex in pyridine. The effects of single and double coordination of pyridine molecules at axial position of bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) copper(II) indicate that both positions and intensities of 3d–3d electronic transitions are strongly dependent on the coordination environment around the copper(II) complex. The results indicate that the nature of the electron‐acceptor atoms in the equatorial ligands plays an important role in the number of solvent molecules in the first solvation shell of copper(II) acac systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Technical Feasibility of Robot‐Assisted Ventral Hernia Repair
Authors: Allison Nathan , Tieu Ken , Snyder Brad , Pigazzi Alessio , Wilson Erik 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe da Vinci robotic laparoscopic incisional hernia repair with intracorporeal closure of the fascial defect and circumferential suturing of the mesh may offer an alternative to current fascial closure and transabdominal sutures and tackers.MethodsFrom 2009 to 2011, a retrospective review of 13 patients with a mean age of 51 years, median body mass index (BMI) of 31.53 kg/m2, and small and medium‐sized ventral hernias (mean fascial defect 37.39 cm2) were treated with the da Vinci robot system using intracorporeal primary closure of the fascial defect with a running O‐absorbable suture followed by underlay mesh fixation using a continuous running, circumferential, nonabsorbable suture. This study aimed to assess the technical feasibility of the procedure. In addition, the operating time and specific morbidity of postoperative pain, and long‐term recurrence were recorded.ResultsThe mean operating time was 131 min. There were no conversions to open or standard laparoscopic techniques. There were no postoperative deaths. The overall morbidity rate was 13%. One patient remained in hospital for pain control, and another experienced urinary retention that required a Foley catheter. The mean hospital stay was 2.4 days. During a median follow‐up period of 23 months, one of the patients experienced a recurrent hernia. None experienced chronic suture site pain or discomfort.ConclusionsThis is a retrospective series review of robot‐assisted ventral hernia repair using intracorporeal primary closure followed by continuous running, circumferential fixation. The findings show that this technique is feasible and may not be associated with chronic postoperative pain. Further evaluation is needed, and long‐term data are lacking to assess the benefit to the patient, but this series can be the basis for future studies.
Future Expectations Among Adolescents: A Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Sipsma Heather L. , Ickovics Jeannette R. , Lin Haiqun , Kershaw Trace S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFuture expectations have been important predictors of adolescent development and behavior. Its measurement, however, has largely focused on single dimensions and misses potentially important components. This analysis investigates whether an empirically‐driven, multidimensional approach to conceptualizing future expectations can substantively contribute to our understanding of adolescent risk behavior. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to derive subpopulations of adolescents based on their future expectations with latent class analysis. Multinomial regression then determines which covariates from Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory are associated with class membership. After modeling these covariates, we examine whether future expectations is associated with delinquency, substance use, and sexual experience. Our analysis suggests the emergence of four distinct classes labeled the Student Expectations, Student/Drinking Expectations, Victim Expectations, and Drinking/Arrest Expectations classes according to their indicator profiles. These classes differ with respect to covariates associated with membership; furthermore, they are all statistically and differentially associated with at least one adolescent risk behavior. This analysis demonstrates the additional benefit derived from using this multidimensional approach for studying future expectations. Further research is needed to investigate its stability and role in predicting adolescent risk behavior over time.
Sophorolipid Production by Starmerella bombicola (ATCC 22214) from Virgin and Waste Frying Oils, and the Effects of Activated Earth Treatment of the Waste Oils
Authors: Wadekar Sushant , Kale Sandeep , Lali Arvind , Bhowmick Diptinarayan , Pratap Amit 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFrying is one of the most common processes in households, restaurants and food industries. During frying, oil undergoes degradation and hence has to be replaced time to time. This creates large amounts of waste causing disposal and environmental problems. Sophorolipids are produced by microbial bioconversion of refined vegetable oils along with glucose. The raw material cost accounts for 10–30% of the overall cost of biosurfactant production that can be reduced by using a low cost substrate like waste frying oil. In the present work, waste frying oils were used in the production of sophorolipids at the shake flask level. It gave mainly (70–80%) the acidic form of sophorolipids. It was observed that the linoleic acid was preferentially consumed over other fatty acids by the organism (Starmerella bombicola). The activated earth treatment was found to improve the yield of sophorolipids and hence the treatment can be used to convert waste frying oil as a low cost substrate into a cost effective carbon source.
Vitamin B6 supplementation in pregnant women with nausea and vomiting
Authors: Wibowo Noroyono , Purwosunu Yuditiya , Sekizawa Akihiko , Farina Antonio , Tambunan Victor , Bardosono Saptawati 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether supplementation with vitamin B6 improves nausea and/or vomiting in pregnancy.MethodsThis experimental study was conducted with 60 pregnant women experiencing nausea and/or vomiting prior to the 12th gestational week. Of these women, 30 were treated daily with 10 mg and the remaining 30 with 1.28 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride for 2 weeks. The primary outcome was the Pregnancy‐Unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea (PUQE) score in each group at the end of treatment.ResultsThe women experiencing nausea and/or vomiting in pregnancy had significantly lower levels of circulating vitamin B6 (P = 0.007) compared with those without this symptom. Vitamin B6 supplementation significantly increased plasma vitamin B6 concentration (P < 0.05 in both groups). There were no significant differences in PUQE score or in plasma concentration levels of protein, dopamine, serotonin, unconjugated estriol, and ghrelin after supplementation between the 2 groups at baseline, but there was a significantly lesser decrease in PUQE score and a greater increase in vitamin B6 level and vitamin B6 concentration to plasma protein concentration ratios in group 1 than in group 2 after supplementation (P < 0.05 for all).ConclusionAlthough the high‐supplementation group had a greater decrease in PUQE score in comparison to the low‐supplementation group, the difference is unlikely to affect the severity of symptoms.
Non-local energy transfers in rotating turbulence at intermediate Rossby number
Authors: Bourouiba L. , Straub D. N. , Waite M. L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTurbulent flows subject to solid-body rotation are known to generate steep energy spectra and two-dimensional columnar vortices. The localness of the dominant energy transfers responsible for the accumulation of the energy in the two-dimensional columnar vortices of large horizontal scale remains undetermined. Here, we investigate the scale-locality of the energy transfers directly contributing to the growth of the two-dimensional columnar structures observed in the intermediate Rossby number ($\mathit{Ro}$) regime. Our approach is to investigate the dynamics of the waves and vortices separately: we ensure that the two-dimensional columnar structures are not directly forced so that the vortices can result only from association with wave to vortical energy transfers. Detailed energy transfers between waves and vortices are computed as a function of scale, allowing the direct tracking of the role and scales of the wave–vortex nonlinear interactions in the accumulation of energy in the large two-dimensional columnar structures. It is shown that the dominant energy transfers responsible for the generation of a steep two-dimensional spectrum involve direct non-local energy transfers from small-frequency small-horizontal-scale three-dimensional waves to large-horizontal-scale two-dimensional columnar vortices. Sensitivity of the results to changes in resolution and forcing scales is investigated and the non-locality of the dominant energy transfers leading to the emergence of the columnar vortices is shown to be robust. The interpretation of the scaling law observed in rotating flows in the intermediate-$\mathit{Ro}$ regime is revisited in the light of this new finding of dominant non-locality.
Functional genome annotation ofDrosophilaseminal fluid proteins using transcriptional genetic networks
Authors: AYROLES JULIEN F. , LAFLAMME BROOKE A. , STONE ERIC A. , WOLFNER MARIANA F. , MACKAY TRUDY F. C. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryPredicting functional gene annotations remains a significant challenge, even in well-annotated genomes such as yeast andDrosophila. One promising, high-throughput method for gene annotation is to use correlated gene expression patterns to annotate target genes based on the known function of focal genes. TheDrosophila melanogastertranscriptome varies genetically among wild-derived inbred lines, with strong genetic correlations among the transcripts. Here, we leveraged the genetic correlations in gene expression among known seminal fluid protein (SFP) genes and the rest of the genetically varying transcriptome to identify 176 novel candidate SFPs (cSFPs). We independently validated the correlation in gene expression between seven of the cSFPs and a known SFP gene, as well as expression in male reproductive tissues. We argue that this method can be extended to other systems for which information on genetic variation in gene expression is available.
Taking to the Waves: Vietnamese society around the radio in the 1930s
Authors: DeWALD ERICH 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCompared with other public media, the colonial state showed a relative lack of interest in radio broadcasting, which developed in Vietnam in the 1930s under the aegis of two organizations based in Hanoi and Saigon, the Radio-Club de l'Indochine du Nord and Radio Saigon. These two groups were largely responsible for the new technology's expansion and for determining the content of broadcasting. The groups actively consulted the growing radio public, and that vocal audience played a role in determining not just what was heard but also in the social life of radio in late-colonial Vietnam. The content of radio was limited to a non-political domain and this fact, along with the particular position that many radios took in the social geography of towns and cities, lent itself to the easy entry of the radio into day-to-day life. Indeed, the early history of radio in Vietnam is remarkable for how rapidly it became commonplace, even banal.
Foveal cone density shows a rapid postnatal maturation in the marmoset monkey
Authors: SPRINGER ALAN D. , TROILO DAVID , POSSIN DANIEL , HENDRICKSON ANITA E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe spatial and temporal pattern of cone packing during marmoset foveal development was explored to understand the variables involved in creating a high acuity area. Retinal ages were between fetal day (Fd) 125 and 6 years. Cone density was determined in wholemounts using a new hexagonal quantification method. Wholemounts were labeled immunocytochemically with rod markers to identify reliably the foveal center. Cones were counted in small windows and density was expressed as cones × 103/mm2 (K). Two weeks before birth (Fd 125–130), cone density had a flat distribution of 20–30 K across the central retina encompassing the fovea. Density began to rise at postnatal day 1 (Pd 1) around, but not in, the foveal center and reached a parafoveal peak of 45–55 K by Pd 10. Between Pd 10 and 33, there was an inversion such that cone density at the foveal center rose rapidly, reaching 283 K by 3 months and 600 K by 5.4 months. Peak foveal density then diminished to 440 K at 6 months and older. Counts done in sections showed the same pattern of low foveal density up to Pd 1, a rapid rise from Pd 30 to 90, followed by a small decrease into adulthood. Increasing foveal cone density was accompanied by 1) a reduction in the amount of Müller cell cytoplasm surrounding each cone, 2) increased stacking of foveal cone nuclei into a mound 6–10 deep, and 3) a progressive narrowing of the rod-free zone surrounding the fovea. Retaining foveal cones in a monolayer precludes final foveal cone densities above 60 K. However, high foveal adult cone density (300 K) can be achieved by having cone nuclei stack into columns and without reducing their nuclear diameter. Marmosets reach adult peak cone density by 3–6 months postnatal, while macaques and humans take much longer. Early weaning and an arboreal environment may require rapid postnatal maturation of the marmoset fovea.
GABA inactivation of visual area MT modifies the responsiveness and direction selectivity of V2 neurons in Cebus monkeys
Authors: JANSEN-AMORIM ANA KARLA , LIMA BRUSS , FIORANI MARIO , GATTASS RICARDO 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe investigated the contribution of the projections from area MT to the receptive field properties of cells in visual area V2 in anesthetized and paralyzed Cebus apella monkeys. We recorded extracellular single-unit activity using tungsten microelectrodes in three monkeys before and after pressure injection of a 0.25-mol/l GABA solution. The visual stimulus consisted of a single bar moving in one of eight directions. In total, 72 V2 neurons were studied in 18 sessions of GABA injection into area MT. A group of 22 neurons was investigated over a shorter period of time ranging from 15 to 60 min, during which the activity did not return to baseline levels. The remaining 50 neurons were studied over a period of at least 2 h, and no statistical difference was observed in the neuronal response before and long after GABA inactivation. The effects on these 50 neurons consisted of an early (1–20 min) significant general decrease in excitability with changes in either orientation or direction selectivity. The differential decrease in excitability resulted in an intermediate improvement (20–40 min) of the signal-to-noise ratio for the stimulus-driven activity. The inactivation depended on the quantity of GABA injected into area MT and persisted for a period of 2 h. The GABA inactivation in area MT produced inhibition of most cells (72%) and a significant change of direction tuning in the majority (56%) of V2 neurons. Both increases and also decreases in the direction tuning of V2 neurons were observed. These feedback projections are capable of modulating not only the levels of spontaneous and driven activity of V2 neurons but also the V2 receptive field properties, such as direction selectivity.
Vitamin A activates rhodopsin and sensitizes it to ultraviolet light
Authors: MIYAZONO SADAHARU , ISAYAMA TOMOKI , DELORI FRANÇOIS C. , MAKINO CLINT L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe visual pigment, rhodopsin, consists of opsin protein with 11-cisretinal chromophore, covalently bound. Light activates rhodopsin by isomerizing the chromophore to the all-transconformation. The activated rhodopsin sets in motion a biochemical cascade that evokes an electrical response by the photoreceptor. All-transretinal is eventually released from the opsin and reduced to vitamin A. Rod and cone photoreceptors contain vast amounts of rhodopsin, so after exposure to bright light, the concentration of vitamin A can reach relatively high levels within their outer segments. Since a retinal analog, β-ionone, is capable of activating some types of visual pigments, we tested whether vitamin A might produce a similar effect. In single-cell recordings from isolated dark-adapted salamander green-sensitive rods, exogenously applied vitamin A decreased circulating current and flash sensitivity and accelerated flash response kinetics. These changes resembled those produced by exposure of rods to steady light. Microspectrophotometric measurements showed that vitamin A accumulated in the outer segments and binding of vitamin A to rhodopsin was confirmed inin vitroassays. In addition, vitamin A improved the sensitivity of photoreceptors to ultraviolet (UV) light. Apparently, the energy of a UV photon absorbed by vitamin A transferred by a radiationless process to the 11-cisretinal chromophore of rhodopsin, which subsequently isomerized. Therefore, our results suggest that vitamin A binds to rhodopsin at an allosteric binding site distinct from the chromophore binding pocket for 11-cisretinal to activate the rhodopsin, and that it serves as a sensitizing chromophore for UV light.
Transnationalism, Unilateralism and International Law
Authors: Shaffer Gregory , Bodansky Daniel 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWhen we speak of transnational environmental law and legal process, we are concerned with the migration and impact of legal norms, rules and models across borders. Such migration can occur through the mediation of international law and institutions, or through the impact of unilateral legal developments in one jurisdiction that affect behaviour in others. The paper discusses the importance of assessing transnational environmental law in light of the constraints facing consent-based international environmental law, examines the trade-offs between transnational and international environmental law from the perspective of legitimacy, and concludes by discussing the important but delicate relation of international law to transnational environmental law as both a check and a consolidator. International law should guard against the self-serving unilateral use of transnational environmental law, but it should do so in a way that preserves (and does not shut off) the dynamic, responsive character of the transnational environmental law process. Otherwise international law itself will be delegitimized.
Linking activity, composition and seasonal dynamics of atmospheric methane oxidizers in a meadow soil
Authors: Shrestha Pravin Malla , Kammann Claudia , Lenhart Katharina , Dam Bomba , Liesack Werner 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Microbial oxidation is the only biological sink for atmospheric methane. We assessed seasonal changes in atmospheric methane oxidation and the underlying methanotrophic communities in grassland near Giessen (Germany), along a soil moisture gradient. Soil samples were taken from the surface layer (0–10 cm) of three sites in August 2007, November 2007, February 2008 and May 2008. The sites showed seasonal differences in hydrological parameters. Net uptake rates varied seasonally between 0 and 70 μg CH4 m−2 h−1. Greatest uptake rates coincided with lowest soil moisture in spring and summer. Over all sites and seasons, the methanotrophic communities were dominated by uncultivated methanotrophs. These formed a monophyletic cluster defined by the RA14, MHP and JR1 clades, referred to as upland soil cluster alphaproteobacteria (USCα)-like group. The copy numbers of pmoA genes ranged between 3.8 × 105–1.9 × 106 copies g−1 of soil. Temperature was positively correlated with CH4 uptake rates (P&lt;0.001), but had no effect on methanotrophic population dynamics. The soil moisture was negatively correlated with CH4 uptake rates (P&lt;0.001), but showed a positive correlation with changes in USCα-like diversity (P&lt;0.001) and pmoA gene abundance (P&lt;0.05). These were greatest at low net CH4 uptake rates during winter times and coincided with an overall increase in bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundances (P&lt;0.05). Taken together, soil moisture had a significant but opposed effect on CH4 uptake rates and methanotrophic population dynamics, the latter being increasingly stimulated by soil moisture contents &gt;50 vol% and primarily related to members of the MHP clade.