bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel RecombinantMycobacterium bovisBCG, Ovine Atadenovirus, and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vaccines Combine To Induce Robust Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Responses in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Rosario Maximillian , Hopkins Richard , Fulkerson John , Borthwick Nicola , Quigley Máire F. , Joseph Joan , Douek Daniel C. , Greenaway Hui Yee , Venturi Vanessa , Gostick Emma , Price David A. , Both Gerald W. , Sadoff Jerald C. , Hanke Tomáš 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which elicits a degree of protective immunity against tuberculosis, is the most widely used vaccine in the world. Due to its persistence and immunogenicity, BCG has been proposed as a vector for vaccines against other infections, including HIV-1. BCG has a very good safety record, although it can cause disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. Here, we constructed a recombinant BCG vector expressing HIV-1 clade A-derived immunogen HIVA using the recently described safer and more immunogenic BCG strain AERAS-401 as the parental mycobacterium. Using routine ex vivo T-cell assays, BCG.HIVA401as a stand-alone vaccine induced undetectable and weak CD8 T-cell responses in BALB/c mice and rhesus macaques, respectively. However, when BCG.HIVA401was used as a priming component in heterologous vaccination regimens together with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored MVA.HIVA and ovine atadenovirus-vectored OAdV.HIVA vaccines, robust HIV-1-specific T-cell responses were elicited. These high-frequency T-cell responses were broadly directed and capable of proliferation in response to recall antigen. Furthermore, multiple antigen-specific T-cell clonotypes were efficiently recruited into the memory pool. These desirable features are thought to be associated with good control of HIV-1 infection. In addition, strong and persistent T-cell responses specific for the BCG-derived purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen were induced. This work is the first demonstration of immunogenicity for two novel vaccine vectors and the corresponding candidate HIV-1 vaccines BCG.HIVA401and OAdV.HIVA in nonhuman primates. These results strongly support their further exploration.
Viral Nucleic Acids in Live-Attenuated Vaccines: Detection of Minority Variants and an Adventitious Virus
Authors: Victoria Joseph G. , Wang Chunlin , Jones Morris S. , Jaing Crystal , McLoughlin Kevin , Gardner Shea , Delwart Eric L. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
Metagenomics and a panmicrobial microarray were used to examine eight live-attenuated viral vaccines. Viral nucleic acids in trivalent oral poliovirus (OPV), rubella, measles, yellow fever, varicella-zoster, multivalent measles/mumps/rubella, and two rotavirus live vaccines were partially purified, randomly amplified, and pyrosequenced. Over half a million sequence reads were generated covering from 20 to 99% of the attenuated viral genomes at depths reaching up to 8,000 reads per nucleotides. Mutations and minority variants, relative to vaccine strains, not known to affect attenuation were detected in OPV, mumps virus, and varicella-zoster virus. The anticipated detection of endogenous retroviral sequences from the producer avian and primate cells was confirmed. Avian leukosis virus (ALV), previously shown to be noninfectious for humans, was present as RNA in viral particles, while simian retrovirus (SRV) was present as genetically defective DNA. Rotarix, an orally administered rotavirus vaccine, contained porcine circovirus-1 (PCV1), a highly prevalent nonpathogenic pig virus, which has not been shown to be infectious in humans. Hybridization of vaccine nucleic acids to a panmicrobial microarray confirmed the presence of endogenous retroviral and PCV1 nucleic acids. Deep sequencing and microarrays can therefore detect attenuated virus sequence changes, minority variants, and adventitious viruses and help maintain the current safety record of live-attenuated viral vaccines.
Human Bocavirus Capsid Structure: Insights into the Structural Repertoire of the
Parvoviridae
Authors: Gurda Brittney L. , Parent Kristin N. , Bladek Heather , Sinkovits Robert S. , DiMattia Michael A. , Rence Chelsea , Castro Alejandro , McKenna Robert , Olson Norm , Brown Kevin , Baker Timothy S. , Agbandje-McKenna Mavis 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Human bocavirus (HBoV) was recently discovered and classified in the
Bocavirus
genus (family
Parvoviridae
, subfamily
Parvovirinae
) on the basis of genomic similarity to bovine parvovirus and canine minute virus. HBoV has been implicated in respiratory tract infections and gastroenteric disease in children worldwide, yet despite numerous epidemiological reports, there has been limited biochemical and molecular characterization of the virus. Reported here is the three-dimensional structure of recombinant HBoV capsids, assembled from viral protein 2 (VP2), at 7.9-Å resolution as determined by cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction. A pseudo-atomic model of HBoV VP2 was derived from sequence alignment analysis and knowledge of the crystal structure of human parvovirus B19 (genus
Erythrovirus
). Comparison of the HBoV capsid structure to that of parvoviruses from five separate genera demonstrates strong conservation of a β-barrel core domain and an α-helix, from which emanate several loops of various lengths and conformations, yielding a unique surface topology that differs from the three already described for this family. The highly conserved core is consistent with observations for other single-stranded DNA viruses, and variable surface loops have been shown to confer the host-specific tropism and the diverse antigenic properties of this family.
The impact of social norm change strategies on smokers' quitting behaviours
Authors: Zhang Xueying , Cowling David W , Tang Hao 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveUsing a social norm change paradigm model that reflects the California Tobacco Control Program's (CTCP) priorities, we compare the strength of the relationship of the social norm constructs to key smoking behavioural outcomes.MethodsSocial norm constructs that correspond to CTCP's priority areas were created from selected California Adult Tobacco Survey knowledge, attitude and belief questions using confirmatory factor analysis. We then examined the relationship between these constructs and quitting behaviours using logistic regression.ResultsThe secondhand smoke (SHS) and countering pro-tobacco influences'(CPTI) constructs followed a dose-response curve with quitting behaviours. Respondents who rated high on the SHS construct were about 70% more likely to have made a recent quit attempt in the last 12 months and about 100% more likely to intend to quit in the next 6 months than respondents who rated low on the SHS construct. For CPTI, respondents who rated high on this construct were 67% more likely to have made a recent quit attempt in the last 12 months and 62% more likely to have intentions to quit in the next 6 months than respondents who rated low on the CPTI construct.ConclusionSocial norm change constructs represent CTCP's priorities and are strongly related to desired individual behaviour outcomes. This analysis provides strong support for the framework underlying CTCP—namely, that changing social norms affects behaviour change at the individual level through changing population-level smoking-related behaviours.
Indoor secondhand tobacco smoke emission levels in six Lebanese cities
Authors: Saade Georges , Seidenberg Andrew B , Rees Vaughan W , Otrock Zaher , Connolly Gregory N 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundTo date, Lebanon has failed to enact comprehensive clean indoor air laws despite ratification of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), which calls for the protection of non-smokers from exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS). Complicating the problem of SHS exposure in Lebanon is the widespread use of the tobacco water-pipe. While most research on SHS has involved cigarette smoking as a source of emissions, other sources, including tobacco water-pipes, may be an important contributor.MethodsPM2.5concentrations (μg/m3) were measured in a sample of 28 public venues located in six major Lebanese cities. Active smoker density (number of smokers/100 m3) was calculated for both water-pipe and cigarette smokers. Venues were then categorised as having higher density of water-pipe smokers or higher density of cigarette smokers, and resultant emission levels were compared between the two groups.ResultsCigarette and water-pipe smoking was observed in 14 venues, while cigarette smoking only and water-pipe smoking only were found in 12 venues and one venue, respectively. Among all smoking-permitted venues, the mean PM2.5concentration was 342 μg/m3. Venues with a higher density of water-pipe smokers (n =14) showed a similar median PM2.5concentration (349 μg/m3) compared with venues with a higher density of cigarette smokers (n =13; 241 μg/m3; p=0.159). The mean PM2.5concentration in the single venue with a voluntary smoke-free policy was 6 μg/m3.ConclusionsDespite ratification of the FCTC in 2005, both cigarette and water-pipe smoking are commonly practised in enclosed public places throughout Lebanon, leading to unsafe levels of indoor particulate pollution. Smoke-free policies are needed in Lebanon to protect the public's health, and should apply to all forms of tobacco smoking.
Using a cessation-related outcome index to assess California's cessation progress at the population level
Authors: Tang Hao , Abramsohn Erin , Park Hye-Youn , Cowling David W , Al-Delaimy Wael K 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundThe California Tobacco Control Program (CTCP) has employed strategies to change social norms around smoking in order to decrease the prevalence of smoking and tobacco-related diseases. Research is scarce on CTCP's impact on overall smoking cessation in California.MethodsTobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) data from 1992–1993 to 2006–2007 was used to create a cessation-related outcome index (CROI), which was a summarised z score of the following determinants: plan to quit, quit attempt and recent quit rate for each of the 50 US states. CROI trends over the period of six separate TUS-CPSs were plotted for California and other comparison states, for 18–34 year olds and for those 35 years or older separately in the context of historical cigarette price z score trend.ResultsCalifornia had a consistently high CROI for both age groups. The CROI trend line increased moderately in California for both age groups despite a declining cigarette price z score trend. In contrast, other selected states with a declining cigarette price z score trend had a declining CROI trend for both age groups.ConclusionsThe increase of CROI in California while cigarette price z score trend declined suggests that the implementation of CTCP, even without a significant direct cessation component, has had a profound impact on cessation outcomes.
Can you please put it out? Predicting non-smokers' assertiveness intentions at work: Table 1
Authors: Aspropoulos Eleftherios , Lazuras Lambros , Rodafinos Angelos , Eiser J Richard 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to identify the psychosocial predictors of non-smoker employee intentions to ask smokers not to smoke at work. The predictive effects of past behaviour, anticipated regret, social norms, attitudinal, outcome expectancy and behavioural control beliefs were investigated in relation to the Attitudes–Social influence–self-Efficacy (ASE) model.MethodsData were collected from Greek non-smoker employees (n=137, mean age=33.5, SD=10.5, 54.7% female) in 15 companies. The main outcome measure was assertiveness intention. Data on participants' past smoking, age, gender and on current smoking policy in the company were also collected.ResultsThe majority of employees (77.4%) reported being annoyed by exposure to passive smoking at work, but only 37% reported having asked a smoker colleague not to smoke in the last 30 days. Regression analysis showed that the strongest predictor of non-smokers' assertiveness intentions was how often they believed that other non-smokers were assertive. Perceived control over being assertive, annoyance with secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at work and past assertive behaviour also significantly predicted assertiveness intentions.ConclusionsAssertiveness by non-smoker employees seems to be guided mainly by normative and behavioural control beliefs, annoyance with SHS exposure at work, and past behaviour. Interventions to promote assertiveness in non-smokers might benefit from efficacy training combined with conveying the messages that the majority of other non-smokers are frequently annoyed by exposure to SHS, and that nearly half of all non-smokers are assertive towards smokers.
Understanding the impact of the Smoke-Free Ontario Act on hospitality establishments' outdoor environments: a survey of restaurants and bars
Authors: Kennedy Ryan David , Elton-Marshall Tara , Mutti Seema , Dubray Jolene , Fong Geoffrey T 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundThe Smoke-Free Ontario Act (SFOA) came into effect in May 2006 and included restrictions to outdoor hospitality areas by only permitting smoking on a patio if the area had no roof.Objectives(1) To assess the impact of the SFOA on the prevalence of smoke-free patios in Ontario and (2) to determine the proportion of venues where structural alterations were made rather than going smoke-free in order to achieve compliance with the SFOA.MethodsA telephone survey of 403 hospitality sector operators/owners in four clustered samples of Ontario, Canada.ResultsBased on completed surveys, the SFOA resulted in an increase in prevalence of smoke-free patios, from 5% (n=21) to 25% (n=99). Of the patios where smoking was permitted before the SFOA (n=382), 42% (n=161) had physical structures that would make smoking not permissible under the new act. Operators of half of these venues (n=80) made their patios smoke-free, with most indicating they had no choice given the costs or physical limitations to changing their outdoor environment. The other half (n=81) reported making physical changes, including removing roof structures to achieve compliance.ConclusionThe SFOA resulted in greater protection from outdoor secondhand smoke; however, most patios still permitted smoking. Half of the venues that complied with the SFOA by going smoke-free did so involuntarily because of structural and/or financial limitations. The majority of venue operators preferred to permit smoking on their patios, and only made their patios smoke-free when they were required to do so by law.
Comprehensive smoke-free legislation and displacement of smoking into the homes of young children in Hong Kong
Authors: Ho Sai Yin , Wang Man Ping , Lo Wing Sze , Mak Kwok Kei , Lai Hak Kan , Thomas G Neil , Lam Tai Hing 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of comprehensive smoke-free legislation in 2007 on the exposure of children to secondhand smoke (SHS) in Hong Kong.MethodsTwo cross-sectional questionnaire surveys were conducted, before (2006) and after (2008) the implementation of smoke-free legislation, among primary 2–4 students (equivalent to US grades 2–4) from 19 and 24 randomly selected schools, respectively. Adjusted ORs for SHS exposure at home and outside home post-legislation compared with pre-legislation were calculated. The strength of the association between SHS exposure and respiratory symptoms in each survey was used as an indirect indicator of the intensity of exposure.ResultsAmong 3243 and 4965 never smoking students in the 2006 and 2008 surveys, the prevalence of SHS exposure in the past 7 days increased both at home (from 10.2% to 14.1%) and outside home (from 19.8% to 27.2%). Post-legislation, students were 56% more likely (p<0.01) to report SHS exposure at home coupled with an insignificantly stronger association between SHS exposure and respiratory symptoms. Similarly, students were 60% more likely (p<0.001) to report SHS exposure outside home in 2008, but the association between SHS exposure and respiratory symptoms became insignificantly weaker. Parental smoking rates were similar before and after legislation.ConclusionsThe prevalence of exposure to SHS at home and outside home have both increased among primary school students in Hong Kong post-legislation. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation without strong support for smoking cessation might have displaced smoking into the homes of young children.
Quit attempts in response to smoke-free legislation in England
Authors: Hackshaw Lucy , McEwen Andy , West Robert , Bauld Linda 
Published: April 2010

ObjectivesTo determine whether England's smoke-free legislation, introduced on 1 July 2007, influenced intentions and attempts to stop smoking.Design and settingNational household surveys conducted in England between January 2007 and December 2008. The sample was weighted to match census data on demographics and included 10 560 adults aged 16 or over who reported having smoked within the past year.ResultsA greater percentage of smokers reported making a quit attempt in July and August 2007 (8.6%, n=82) compared with July and August 2008 (5.7%, n=48) (Fisher's exact=0.022); there was no significant difference in the number of quit attempts made at other times in 2007 compared with 2008. In the 5 months following the introduction of the legislation 19% (n=75) of smokers making a quit attempt reported that they had done so in response to the legislation. There were no significant differences in these quit attempts with regard to gender, social grade or cigarette consumption; there was however a significant linear trend with increasing age (χ2=7.755, df=1, p<0.005). The prevalence of respondents planning to quit before the ban came into force decreased over time, while those who planned to quit when the ban came into force increased as the ban drew closer.ConclusionEngland's smoke-free legislation was associated with a significant temporary increase in the percentage of smokers attempting to stop, equivalent to over 300 000 additional smokers trying to quit. As a prompt to quitting the ban appears to have been equally effective across all social grades.
The impact of a 100% smoke-free law on the health of hospitality workers from the city of Neuquén, Argentina
Authors: Schoj Veronica , Alderete Mariela , Ruiz Ernesto , Hasdeu Santiago , Linetzky Bruno , Ferrante Daniel 
Published: April 2010

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of 100% smoke-free environment legislation on respiratory and sensory irritation symptoms and respiratory function among bar and restaurant workers from the city of Neuquén, Argentina.MethodsPre-ban and post-ban studies without a comparison group in an Argentinean city were conducted. A baseline survey and spirometric measurements were performed with a total of 80 bar and restaurant workers 1 month before (October 2007) and 3 months after (March 2008) the implementation of the new 100% smoke-free legislation.ResultsA significant reduction in secondhand smoke exposure was observed after the enactment and enforcement of the new legislation, and an important reduction in respiratory symptoms (from a pre-ban level of 57.5% to a post-ban level of only 28.8%). The reduction of sensory irritation symptoms was even higher. From 86.3% of workers who reported at least one sensory irritation symptom in October 2007, only 37.5% reported the same symptoms in March 2008. Also, data obtained by spirometry showed a significant forced vital capacity increase.ConclusionsConsistent with other studies, 100% smoke-free legislation improved short-term health outcomes in the sample and should be implemented nationwide. Furthermore, undertaking this study has been highly important in promoting 100% smoke-free environment legislation at the workplace as a legitimate right of hospitality workers, and in reducing social acceptance of designated smoking areas in bars and restaurants.
Weakly relativistic effect in the formation of ion-acoustic solitary waves in a positive ion-beam plasma
Authors: Kalita B. C. , Das R. , Sarmah H. K. 
Published: April 2010

Relativistic solitons are investigated in a plasma with positive-ion beams using the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation considering relativistic effects smaller for γi ≈ O(v2/c2) and γe ≈ O(u2/c2), and larger for γi ≈ O(v4/c4) and γe ≈ O(u4/c4), where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are relativistic factors of positive ions and electrons, respectively. Only compressive solitons of reasonable amplitudes are established subject to a mathematical condition in terms of initial and physical parameters with fourth-order terms in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for higher order relativistic effects and lower order relativistic effects without fourth-order terms in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for Q′ < 1 and Q′ > 1. The role of positive ion beams in a plasma with higher and lower order relativistic effects in the formation of relativistic solitons is fully explored in the investigation.
ON THE Uq(osp(1|2n)) AND U-q(so(2n + 1)) UNCOLORED QUANTUM LINK INVARIANTS
Authors: BLUMEN SACHA C. 
Published: April 2010

Let L be a link and [Formula: see text] its link invariant associated with the vector representation of the quantum (super)algebra Uq(A). Let FL(r, s) be the Kauffman link invariant for L associated with the Birman–Wenzl–Murakami algebra BWMf(r, s) for complex parameters r and s and a sufficiently large rank f. For an arbitrary link L, we show that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for each positive integer n and all sufficiently large f, and that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are identical up to a substitution of variables. For at least one class of links FL(-r, -s) = FL(r, s) implying [Formula: see text] for these links.
Effects of Calcium and Vitamin D on MLH1 and MSH2 Expression in Rectal Mucosa of Sporadic Colorectal Adenoma Patients
Authors: Sidelnikov Eduard , Bostick Roberd M. , Flanders W. Dana , Long Qi , Fedirko Veronika , Shaukat Aasma , Daniel Carrie R. , Rutherford Robin E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTo further clarify and develop calcium and vitamin D as chemopreventive agents against colorectal cancer in humans and develop modifiable biomarkers of risk for colorectal cancer, we conducted a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial clinical trial to test the effects of calcium and vitamin D3, alone and in combination, on key DNA mismatch repair proteins in the normal colorectal mucosa. Ninety-two men and women with at least one pathology-confirmed colorectal adenoma were treated with 2.0 g/d calcium or 800 IU/d vitamin D3, alone or in combination, versus placebo over 6 months. Colorectal crypt overall expression and distribution of MSH2 and MLH1 proteins in biopsies of normal-appearing rectal mucosa were detected by automated immunohistochemistry and quantified by image analysis. After 6 months of treatment, MSH2 expression along the full lengths of crypts increased by 61% (P = 0.11) and 30% (P = 0.36) in the vitamin D and calcium groups, respectively, relative to the placebo group. The estimated calcium and vitamin D treatment effects were more pronounced in the upper 40% of crypts (differentiation zone) in which MSH2 expression increased by 169% (P = 0.04) and 107% (P = 0.13) in the vitamin D and calcium groups, respectively. These findings suggest that higher calcium and vitamin D intakes may result in increased DNA MMR system activity in the normal colorectal mucosa of sporadic adenoma patients and that the strongest effects may be vitamin D related and in the differentiation zone of the colorectal crypt. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1022–32. ©2010 AACR.