bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological investigations of the 2001 foot‐and‐mouth disease outbreak in Argentina
Authors: Perez A. M. , Ward M. P. , Carpenter T. E. 
Published: October 2010

A total of 2126 herds, an attack rate of 0.82 per cent, were affected during an epidemic of foot‐and‐mouth disease in Argentina in 2001. The spatial and temporal distribution of the epidemic was investigated using nearest‐neighbour and spatial scan tests and by estimating the frequency distributions of the times to intervention, and distances and times between outbreaks. The outbreaks were clustered and associated significantly (P<0.01) with herd density; 94 per cent were located in the Pampeana region, where the cattle population is concentrated, which had an attack rate of 1.4 per cent. The clustering results suggested that the virus had spread locally between outbreaks. Most of the outbreaks were separated by one day and the maximum distance between outbreaks was almost 2000 km, indicating that the infection spread rapidly over large distances. The index outbreak was detected more than 15 days after the primary outbreak, and restrictions on the movement of cattle were probably not enforced until about one month after infection occurred. As in other major epidemics, the period between the first outbreaks and the effective application of control strategies was probably crucial in determining the progress of the epidemic.
Endoscopic renal evaluation and biopsy of chelonia
Authors: Hernandez‐Divers S. J. 
Published: October 2010

Sixty‐nine tortoises, turtles and terrapins representing 28 species of the order Chelonia, class Reptilia were evaluated by endoscopy for renal disease. Under general anaesthesia, coelomic and/or extracoelomic endoscopic evaluations and biopsies of the kidney(s) were undertaken. Endoscopic approaches required a 2 to 4 mm skin incision in the prefemoral fossa, and minimal blunt dissection through the subcutaneous tissues. For the coelomic approach the coelomic aponeurosis of the transverse and oblique abdominal muscles was penetrated so that the cranioventral kidney(s) could be examined and biopsied. The extracoelomic approach required the endoscope to be advanced in a caudodorsal direction, between the coelomic aponeurosis and the broad iliacus muscle, so that the dorsolateral kidney(s) could be examined and biopsied. Both techniques were safe and effective for obtaining renal biopsies for histological examination and microbiological culture. Several renal pathologies were identified including glomerulonephrosis, tubulonephrosis, interstitial nephritis, uric acid accumulation, tubulonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal oedema, glomerulosclerosis, nephrosclerosis, soft tissue mineralisation, and pyelonephritis. Several infectious conditions were identified, including a predominance of Gram‐negative bacterial infections, two cases of hexamitiosis, and one case of mycobacteriosis.
Randomised, controlled field trial of two new techniques for the castration and tail docking of lambs less than two days of age
Authors: Kent J. E. , Thrusfield M. V. , Molony V. , Hosie B. D. , Sheppard B. W. 
Published: October 2010

Two methods to reduce the pain associated with the castration and tail docking of lambs with rubber rings were tested by 10 shepherds, each using 60 housed lambs. In 20 of the lambs the innervation to the scrotum, testes and tail was crushed with a ‘Big Nipper’ bloodless castrator, and in 20 local anaesthetic (2 per cent lignocaine with adrenaline) was injected with a newly developed high‐pressure jet injector under the rubber rings after they had been applied; 10 lambs were given a placebo treatment and 10 were treated by the shepherds' routine elastrator ring procedure. Both new methods significantly decreased the incidence of limb and tail movement by 78 per cent and the time spent by the lambs in abnormal postures, when compared with either the shepherds' routine treatment or the placebo treatment. An experienced observer and most of the shepherds also assessed that the lambs suffered signficantly less pain when treated by the two new methods than when they were treated with rubber rings alone. No detrimental long‐term effects of the two new methods were observed. On average the new methods took 68 seconds to apply, compared with 29 seconds for the rubber rings; of the two new methods most shepherds preferred using the pressure jet injector.
Use of endoscopy and renal biopsy for the diagnosis of kidney disease in free‐living birds of prey and owls
Authors: Müller K. , Göbel T. , Müller S. , Hermanns W. , Brunnberg L. 
Published: October 2010

Eighty‐nine free‐living birds of prey and owls were examined and blood samples and radiographs were taken. In addition, 126 specimens of renal tissue were obtained without complications, with a mean postbiopsy haemorrhage time of 67 seconds. On average, the samples were 2.2 mm long, 1.3 mm wide and 1.0 mm deep and they all contained proximal and distal tubuli and from one to 89 glomeruli; 49 of them contained from one to four intralobular veins, and on average each sample contained 10.7 per cent air sac tissue; 113 of the 126 samples could be evaluated histologically.
Biological availability of inhaled fluticasone propionate in horses
Authors: Laan T. T. J. M. , Westermann C. M. , Dijkstra A. V. , van Nieuwstadt R. A. , Fink‐Gremmels J. 
Published: October 2010

Healthy horses received aerosolised, intranasal or oral doses of 3 mg of fluticasone propionate evenly divided over morning and evening treatments for seven days. The bioavailability of the drug was determined in terms of the suppression of the endogenous cortisol concentrations in the horses during the period of treatment. The horses which received the aerosolised drug had significantly lower concentrations of endogenous cortisol on days 5 and 8 than the horses which received aerosolised placebo. The horses which received nasal and oral doses of fluticasone propionate showed no significant changes in their endogenous cortisol concentrations.
Errors associated with milk cell counting
Authors: Hillerton J. E. , Berry E. A. , Gravenor M. B. , Middleton N. 
Published: October 2010

The accuracy of somatic cell counts in milk samples was investigated in four studies. First, the counts recorded by one milk buyer in one supply over six months ranged from 105,000 to 401,000 cells/ml with no apparent changes in the volume of milk consigned or the level of mastitis in the herd that would explain this wide range. Secondly, the counts in daily samples from one bulk milk supply for 28 days ranged from 84,000 to 282,000 cells/ml, again with no apparent changes in the performance of the herd to explain the wide range. Thirdly, the replicated counts recorded for one sample by three separate laboratories agreed closely; however, when a sample with a high cell count was interspersed then two of the three laboratories reported high cell counts suggestive of ‘carry‐over’ in excess of the 2 per cent ‘allowable’. Finally, cell count data from three separate laboratories on samples from 21 cows for 33 days revealed problems with the misidentification of samples on the farm in 1 per cent of the samples, and misidentification and mishandling of 1 to 2·6 per cent of the samples in the laboratories. All three laboratories differentiated samples from cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis, but the mean cell count of the uninfected cows varied between the laboratories with one of them recording statistically significantly higher counts over the period.
Prevalence of BSE in cattle found dead, euthanased or emergency slaughtered on farms in western France in 2000, 2001 and 2002
Authors: Morignat E. , Calavas D. , Cohen C. , Ducrot C. , Roy P. 
Published: October 2010

The overall trend and the trend within birth cohorts of the prevalence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle found dead, euthanased or emergency slaughtered on farms in the Bretagne, Basse Normandie and Pays de la Loire regions of France, during the periods from August 7 to December 22 in 2000, 2001 and 2002, were analysed by non‐conditional logistic regression, adjusted for the region and for the type of animals. The overall prevalence of BSE during these three periods decreased from 2.71 per 1000 in 2000 to 1.41 per 1000 in 2001 and 0.42 per 1000 in 2002. The prevalence within birth cohorts started to decrease for the cohort born between July 1, 1995 and June 30, 1996 (cohort 95/96) and the trend was reinforced for cohort 96/97, suggesting that the exposure of animals to the BSE agent had started to decrease for animals born after July 1995, that is, one year before the ban on specified risk materials in meat and bone meal was implemented in France. However, considering that most of the animals would have been infected at between six and 18 months of age, the decrease may have been due, at least partly, to this control measure.
Effects of a single dose of dexamethasone‐21 ‐ isonicotinate on the metabolism of heifers in early lactation
Authors: Jorritsma R. , Thanasak J. , Houweling M. , Noordhuizen J. P. T. M. , Müller K. E. 
Published: October 2010

Eight Swedish crossbred heifers, about two‐and‐a‐half years old, were given a single intramuscular dose of dexamethasone‐21‐isonicotinate between nine and 15 days after they had calved and eight similar heifers were left untreated. The treatment had no significant effects on the lipolytic activity of the heifers' fat tissues, and no effect on the concentrations of non‐esterified fatty acids and β‐hydroxybutyrate in blood or the triacylglycerol content of the liver. However, there were significant increases in plasma glucose concentrations two days after the injection and in plasma insulin concentrations two and four days after the injection.
Measurement of the thickness of the corium and subcutaneous tissue of the hind claws of dairy cattle by ultrasound
Authors: van Amstel S. R. , Palin F. L. , Shearer J. K. 
Published: October 2010

The thickness of the subsolar soft tissue layer (dermis and subcutaneous tissue) of the hind lateral and medial claws of 23 Holstein dairy cattle was measured by ultrasound imaging. The results showed that on average the subsolar soft tissue layer of the lateral hind claw was significantly thicker (4.29 mm) than that of the medial hind claw (3.92 mm).
Antibodies to selected pathogens in free‐ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mammals in Canada
Authors: Philippa J. D. W. , Martina B. E. E. , Kuiken T. , Van de Bildt M. W. G. , Osterhaus A. D. M. E. , Leighton F. A. , Daoust P. Y. , Nielsen O. , Pagliarulo M. , Schwantje H. , Shury T. , van Herwijnen R. 
Published: October 2010

Antibody titres to selected pathogens (canine adenovirus [CAV‐2], feline herpesvirus [FHV], phocine herpesvirus [PHV‐1], canine distemper virus, dolphin morbillivirus [DMV], phocine distemper virus [PDV], parainfluenza virus type 3 [P13], rabies virus, dolphin rhabdovirus [DRV], canine coronavirus, feline coronavirus, feline leukaemia virus, Borrelia burgdorferi and Toxoplasma gondii) were determined in whole blood or serum samples from selected free‐ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mammals, including cougars (Felis concolor), lynxes (Felis lynx), American badgers (Taxidea taxus), fishers (Martes pennanti), wolverines (Gulo gulo), wolves (Canis lupus), black bears (Ursus americanus), grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) and belugas (Delphinapterus leucas), which had been collected at several locations in Canada between 1984 and 2001. Antibodies to a number of viruses were detected in species in which these infections have not been reported before, for example, antibodies to cav‐2 in walruses, to pdv in black bears, grizzly bears, polar bears, lynxes and wolves, to DMV in grizzly bears, polar bears, walruses and wolves, to P13 in black bears and fishers, and to DRV in belugas and walruses.
Suspected adverse reactions, 2005
Authors: Dyer F. , Spagnuolo‐Weaver M. , Tait A. 
Published: October 2010

Reports to the UK Suspected Adverse Reaction Surveillance Scheme (SARSS) in 2005 decreased by 2 per cent compared with 2004
The numbers of reports involving pigs, fish and birds increased, while reports involving rabbits continued to decline
There was a marked increase in the number of reports involving accidental ingestion of palatable tablets containing a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug authorised for use in dogs
There was an increase in the number of reports of suspected adverse reactions in humans compared with 2004
– These are some of the findings under the SARSS in 2005, as discussed in the following article by Fabia Dyer, Martha Spagnuolo‐Weaver and Alex Tait of the Veterinary Medicines Directorate
On‐farm eradication of foot‐and‐mouth disease as an alternative to mass culling
Authors: Poulin M. C. , Christianson W. T. 
Published: October 2010

A control and eradication programme for foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) was initiated on a 1500‐sow farm in Asia as an alternative to mass culling. The programme was based on mass vaccination and exposure to FMD virus to ensure the development of effective immunity throughout the population. Pigs are not long‐term carriers of FMD virus and it should be eliminated by 21 days after infection. Entry of breeding stock was temporarily halted and the sow herd was partially depopulated in order to create a buffer between the infected and uninfected animals. After exposure to the virus and partial depopulation, the virus was eliminated through unidirectional pig flow and strict all‐in/all‐out procedures, and by thorough cleaning and disinfection of the buildings. Twelve months after the initial outbreak, the eradication plan was completed and successful. In parallel with the eradication programme, a small‐scale isolated weaning project was carried out with the sow population that was moved out of the affected farm; 708 piglets were weaned to a separate facility 300 m away. No clinical signs of FMD were observed and the piglets remained serologically negative.
Comparison of the effects of fan‐assisted and natural ventilation of vehicles on the welfare of pigs being transported to slaughter
Authors: Warriss P. D. , Brown S. N. , Knowles T. G. , Wilkins L. J. , Pope S. J. , Chadd S. A. , Kettlewell P. J. , Green N. R. 
Published: October 2010

A total of 417 pigs with an estimated average liveweight of 91 kg were transported to slaughter in three journeys, carried out in late June, each consisting of a three‐hour drive followed by a one‐hour holding period at the slaughter plant before they were unloaded. The pigs were accommodated on the lower two decks of a three‐deck articulated lorry, each deck having five equal‐sized pens; half were kept in naturally ventilated pens and half in pens with fan‐assisted ventilation. The pigs’ body temperature was recorded as the temperature of the blood lost at exsanguination, and as the temperature of the inner surface of the ear measured by thermal imaging. The pigs carried on the upper deck were hotter than those carried on the lower deck, and the pigs carried at the front of the vehicle were hotter than those at the back. There were small differences between the temperatures of the pigs in the different pens, but overall the temperatures of the pigs kept in pens with fan‐assisted ventilation were no lower than those of the pigs kept in pens with natural ventilation. The higher temperature of the pigs transported in the front of the vehicle was associated with significantly higher serum concentrations of cortisol and activities of creatine kinase, and a tendency to higher albumin concentrations and osmolality, suggesting that they may have been exposed to more physical and psychological stress, and were possibly slightly more dehydrated, than the pigs in the rearmost pens. The type of ventilation had no effect on the blood composition of the pigs.
Effects of the timing of the administration of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin on the development of lesions associated with porcine circovirus type 2
Authors: Opriessnig T. , Halbur P. G. , Yu S. , Thacker E. L. , Fenaux M. , Meng X. J. 
Published: October 2010

To determine whether there is an effect of the timing of vaccination on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV‐2) replication and PCV‐2 ‐associated lesions, 78 pigs were randomly assigned to eight groups: group 1 (10 pigs) was vaccinated with a commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine at two and four weeks of age, group 2 (nine pigs) was vaccinated at four and six weeks of age, group 3 (10 pigs) at six and eight weeks of age and group 4 (10 pigs) at eight and 10 weeks of age; group 5 (nine pigs) was vaccinated once with a double dose at four weeks of age, and group 6 (10 pigs) was vaccinated once with a double dose at eight weeks of age. Groups 7 and 8, both of 10 pigs, were not vaccinated. At eight weeks of age, the pigs in groups 1 to 7 were inoculated with PCV‐2. Fourteen days after they had been inoculated, the pigs in groups 1, 4 and 5 had significantly (P<0·05) more copies of the PCV‐2 genome in their serum than the unvaccinated pigs. Microscopically, 14 of the 68 inoculated pigs had normal lymphoid tissues, 40 had mild PCV‐2 ‐associated lymphoid lesions and 14 had moderate lesions. The mean overall lymphoid lesions (lymphoid depletion, granulomatous inflammation, and quantity of PCV‐2 antigen in spleen, tonsil, and five lymph nodes) were significantly (P<0·05) more severe in groups 4 and 5 than in groups 2, 3, 7 and 8.
Effects of stage and number of tumours on prognosis of dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumours
Authors: Murphy S. , Sparkes A. H. , Blunden A. S. , Brearley M. J. , Smith K. C. 
Published: October 2010

Between 1997 and 1999, 280 dogs with mast cell tumours were identified, of which 59 (21 per cent) had multiple tumours. Follow‐up data for survival analysis were available for 145 dogs with single tumours and 50 dogs with multiple tumours. There was no significant difference between the survival times of the two groups; the survival rates after 12 and 24 months were 88 per cent and 83 per cent, respectively, for the dogs with single tumours, and 86 per cent at both intervals for the dogs with multiple tumours. Eight of the dogs with single tumours had lymph node metastases (stage II disease) and these dogs had a median survival time of 431 days, whereas the 50 dogs with multiple tumours (classified as stage III disease) and the dogs with single tumours (classified as stage I disease) had not reached their median survival times. Golden retrievers appeared to be predisposed to developing multiple tumours in the population studied, with an odds ratio of 3·8. This study found no evidence that dogs with multiple tumours had different survival times than those with single tumours, although there was evidence that the presence of lymph node metastasis generally carried a poorer prognosis.
Idiopathic immune‐mediated polysynovitis in three horses
Authors: Pusterla N. , Pratt S. M. , Magdesian K. G. , Carlson G. P. 
Published: October 2010

This paper describes the clinical, laboratory and histological findings in three horses with immune‐mediated polysynovitis; they had lost weight, suffered intermittent fever, were lethargic and stiff, and had effusions in several joints. Laboratory abnormalities included anaemia, leucocytosis, hyperfibrinogenaemia and hyperglobulinaemia. The diagnosis was based on the presence of a suppurative, non‐septic inflammation in at least two different joints in each of the horses and the presence of immunoglobulins in the synovial membrane of one of them. The horses were treated with a combination of dexamethasone and azathioprine, and responded well to the initial treatment. Twenty months after its last re‐evaluation, the first horse was being maintained on azathioprine because similar clinical signs had recurred after the cytotoxic drug was discontinued; the second horse was finishing a tapering course of prednisolone 15 months after its first examination, and the third horse was euthanased five months after it was first examined as a result of an unrelated injury.
PrP genotype progression in flocks participating in the National Scrapie Plan for Great Britain
Authors: Warner R. , Morris D. , Dawson M. 
Published: October 2010

The National Scrapie Plan (nsp) for Great Britain is a voluntary scheme that, through PrP genotype testing and restricted breeding, aims to reduce the risk of scrapie in the national sheep flock. To gauge the progress in member flocks and within breeds, the genotype profile of successive crops of ram lambs was monitored between 2002 and 2004. In each of the 11 most frequently sampled breeds, the proportion of ram lambs testing in the most resistant genotype category (nsp type 1: arr/arr) increased, and there was a reduction in the proportion of genotypes associated with the highest disease risk, that is X/vrq, where X is an allele other than arr. Changes in the proportion of ram lambs testing for ARR‐heterozygous genotypes (nsp type 2: arr /X, where × is not vrq) appeared to be influenced by whether the sheep were hill breeds or non‐hill breeds. In each of six frequently sampled hill breeds these genotypes expanded, in relative terms, whereas they declined in four of five prominent lowland/crossing breeds. The proportion of ram lambs that carried neither arr nor vrq (nsp type 3) declined consistently in the top 11 breeds, but there was little change in the arr /vrq genotype (nsp type 4). Among individual flocks that had ram lambs tested in all three years 2002 to 2004, the majority experienced an increase in the proportion testing arr /arr, and of those that had vrq ram lambs in 2002, most recorded a decrease in their frequency by 2004.
Cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine in goats and sheep anaesthetised with sevoflurane
Authors: Kutter A. P. N. , Kästner S. B. R. , Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R. , Huhtinen M. 
Published: October 2010

In sheep, α2 ‐agonists can induce severe hypoxaemia. In goats, reports on changes in oxygenation are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine in six goats and four sheep anaesthetised with sevoflurane and maintained at approximately 1 minimal alveolar concentration. The animals were ventilated mechanically and held in an upright position to minimise the influence of positioning on pulmonary function. After baseline cardiopulmonary measures, 2 μg/kg dexmedetomidine was injected intravenously over one minute, and measurements were made for 120 minutes. In both species, respiratory resistance, alveolar dead space and shunt fraction increased and thoracic compliance decreased significantly; arterial, pulmonary arterial, pulmonary capillary wedge and central venous pressures increased and heart rate and cardiac output decreased significantly. Arterial oxygen tension decreased significantly, with no significant difference between the goats and sheep. Wide interindividual differences were observed in both the goats (mean [sd] 144 [149·1] mmHg, range 54·8 to 443·7 mmHg) and sheep (mean [sd] 129·8 [132·1] mmHg, range 33·7 to 352·8 mmHg), but the cardiovascular and respiratory changes were similar in the two species.