bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Collection comme mode discursif dans les relations de voyage françaises aux XVI
e
et XVII
e
siècles
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: June 2011

Résumé

L'expression
récit de voyage
peut laisser présupposer un mode discursif dominant, celui de la narration. Cependant, dans le genre viatique du seizième au dix-huitième siècle, la narration se conjuguait constamment avec un deuxième mode discursif, que certains critiques ont appelé l'inventaire ou la description. Reste pourtant à mettre en évidence une autre dimension de ce mode non-narratif — la collection. Tout en étant intimement liée à la description et à l'inventaire, la collection ne leur était pas coextensive. De nombreux textes viatiques se présentaient à divers niveaux comme des collections. La collecte était en effet dans ces relations l'un des modes fondamentaux de production et d'organisation du savoir. Celles-ci ne se contentaient pas de retracer l'itinéraire du voyageur, mais elles permettaient de donner à voir les lieux parcourus à travers le prisme de la collection. Ce phénomène a pris toute son ampleur à une époque caractérisée par l'essor de la collection d'objets matériels comme pratique sociale ou philosophique en Europe, et particulièrement célèbre pour ses innombrables cabinets. De plus, cette pratique matérielle alimentait (ou, réciproquement, était alimentée par) des emplois métaphoriques de la notion de collection dans des discours très diversifiés, dont les relations de voyage.
The Cytokinin Receptors of Arabidopsis Are Located Mainly to the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Wulfetange Klaas , Lomin Sergey N. , Romanov Georgy A. , Stolz Andrea , Heyl Alexander , Schmülling Thomas 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe plant hormone cytokinin is perceived by membrane-located sensor histidine kinases. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) possesses three cytokinin receptors: ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE2 (AHK2), AHK3, and CYTOKININ RESPONSE1/AHK4. The current model predicts perception of the cytokinin signal at the plasma membrane. However, cytokinin-binding studies with membrane fractions separated by two-phase partitioning showed that in the wild type, as well as in mutants retaining only single cytokinin receptors, the major part of specific cytokinin binding was associated with endomembranes. Leaf epidermal cells of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) expressing receptor-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis showed strong fluorescence of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network for all three receptors. Furthermore, separation of the microsomal fraction of Arabidopsis plants expressing Myc-tagged AHK2 and AHK3 receptors by sucrose gradient centrifugation followed by immunoblotting displayed the Mg2+-dependent density shift typical of ER membrane proteins. Cytokinin-binding assays, fluorescent fusion proteins, and biochemical fractionation all showed that the large majority of cytokinin receptors are localized to the ER, suggesting a central role of this compartment in cytokinin signaling. A modified model for cytokinin signaling is proposed.
Far More than Market‐Based: Rethinking the Impact of the Dutch Viswijzer (Good Fish Guide) on Fisheries' Governance
Authors: de Vos Birgit I. , Bush Simon R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe sustainable seafood movement has given greater credence to non‐governmental organisation (NGO) involvement in fisheries' governance through a series of market‐based tools and strategies, including consumer awareness campaigns and seafood certification schemes. Despite their proliferation in recent years, the market‐based translation of consumer demand directly steering fishermen towards more sustainable practices, we argue, limits our understanding of the wider patterns of interaction that these tools can engender. Using the case of the Dutch Good Fish Guide or Viswijzer, we contend that market‐based tools can be effective in creating both horizontal and vertical spaces of interaction between key actors in the Dutch fishery sector. We conclude that while market‐based impacts may be negligible, the Viswijzer presents a powerful communicative instrument that has succeeded in fostering more face‐to‐face interaction and deliberation between otherwise disparate actors. Constructive collaboration between NGOs and industry can therefore create the requisite level of trust in the transition towards sustainable fisheries.
Citizenship and Consumption: Mobilisation in Alternative Food Systems in France
Authors: Dubuisson‐Quellier Sophie , Lamine Claire , Le Velly Ronan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractContemporary alternative food movement implement various means of action, which were previously developed by movements that were striving to construct citizenship through consumption. Drawing on the results of in‐depth ethnographic studies, this article analyses the main fields of action of three French organisations: consumer education, implementation of alternative forms of trade and consumer mobilisation in protest campaigns. It shows that these actions require the movement to build representations of consumers, highlight their potential power within the framework of regulations and provide them with various tools to make the right choice. The article also presents the difficulties these organisations face in articulating political action and economic engagement. Consumption remains an important means for recruiting and mobilising individuals. Yet neither individuals nor movements can entirely overlook certain consumerist modes of functioning that stem from the current features of the agro‐food system and the irreducible nature of the freedom of choice.
Survey in Shanghai communities: the public awareness of and attitude towards dementia
Authors: LI Xia , FANG Wenli , SU Ning , LIU Yuanyuan , XIAO Shifu , XIAO Zeping 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective:  To assess the knowledge of and attitudes towards dementia among Shanghai residents.Methods:  A 10‐item optional questionnaire relating to dementia was developed for the project. Questionnaires were randomly distributed to 1806 families, each family had one respondent.Results:  A total of 1531 questionnaires were available. Among them, 45% considered ‘dementia is a normal part of ageing’ and 29–41% correctly identified the symptoms of mild dementia. Of the respondents, 43% indicated that they would not be ashamed of having a demented relative, and 45% did not think that medical care benefited those with dementia. Subgroups analyses showed there was a wider agreement on the concept ‘dementia is a normal part of ageing’ in the elderly or the females with primary school education background than the counterpart. According to the educational level, the sequence (from the highest to the lowest) of the proportion of respondents who considered a demented relative to be shameful was as follows: middle school group (60.5%) > primary school group (41.3%) > university group (25.2%); according to age group: adult group (59.8%) > elderly group (37.3%) > youth group (30.2%). There was a higher identification rate of the symptoms of mild dementia in women than in men (P < 0.01). According to the educational level, the sequence (from the highest to the lowest) of identification rate was: university group > primary school group > middle school group; according to age group: elderly group > youth group > adult group. There was a significant difference among groups (P < 0.01). Multivariate regression results suggested that the sex, educational level and age had an influence on the concept of ‘dementia is part of normal ageing’; the feeling of shame of having demented relatives was influenced by the educational level and age.Conclusion:  Lack of correct knowledge about dementia and discrimination of dementia are highly prevalent among urban residents in Shanghai.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria from Bench to Bedside
Authors: Pu Jeffrey J. , Brodsky Robert A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hematologic disease that presents with protean manifestations. Clinical and laboratory investigation over the past 25 years has uncovered most of the basic science underpinnings of PNH and has led to the development of a highly effective targeted therapy. PNH originates from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) that acquires a somatic mutation in a gene called phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class A (PIG‐A). ThePIG‐Agene is required for the first step in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis. Failure to synthesize GPI anchors leads to an absence of all proteins that utilize GPI to attach to the plasma membrane. Two GPI‐anchor proteins, CD55 and CD59, are complement regulatory proteins; their absence on the surface of PNH cells leads to complement‐mediated hemolysis. The release of free hemoglobin leads to scavenging of nitric oxide and contributes to many clinical manifestations, including esophageal spasm, fatigue, and possibly thrombosis. Aerolysin is a pore‐forming toxin that binds GPI‐anchored proteins and kills normal cells, but not PNH cells. A fluorescinated aerolysin variant (FLAER) binds GPI‐anchor and serves as a novel reagent diagnosing PNH. Eculizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against C5, is the first effective drug therapy for PNH. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 219–224
Bile Acids Regulate Cardiovascular Function
Authors: Khurana Sandeep , Raufman Jean‐Pierre , Pallone Thomas L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractResearch over the last decade has uncovered roles for bile acids (BAs) that extend beyond their traditional functions in regulating lipid digestion and cholesterol metabolism. BAs are now recognized as signaling molecules that interact with both plasma membrane and nuclear receptors. Emerging evidence indicates that by interacting with these receptors, BAs regulate their own synthesis, glucose and energy homeostasis, and other important physiological events. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the actions of BAs on cardiovascular function. In the heart and the systemic circulation, BAs interact with plasma membrane G‐protein‐coupled receptors, for example, TGR5 and muscarinic receptors, and nuclear receptors, for example, the farnesoid (FXR) and pregnane (PXR) xenobiotic receptors. BA receptors are expressed in cardiovascular tissue, however, the mechanisms underlying BA‐mediated regulation of cardiovascular function remain poorly understood. BAs reduce heart rate by regulating channel conductance and calcium dynamics in sino‐atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes and regulate vascular tone via both endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms. End‐stage liver disease, obstructive jaundice, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy are prominent conditions in which elevated serum BAs alter vascular dynamics. This review focuses on BAs as newly recognized signaling molecules that modulate cardiovascular function. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 210–218
Mentoring K Scholars: Strategies to Support Research Mentors
Authors: Burnham Ellen L. , Schiro Stephanie , Fleming Michael 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to present strategies utilized to support K scholar research mentors. K scholars are generally assistant professors who are close to developing independent research programs. Of all the various types of mentees, K scholars offer the greatest challenges, as well as the greatest rewards, for research mentors. To see one’s mentee achieve independent PI status and become an established investigator is one of the great joys of being a research mentor. Research mentors for K scholars, however, may not directly benefit from their mentoring relationship, neither in terms of obtaining data to support their research program or laboratory, nor in assistance with grants or scientific papers. There is a pressing need for the research community to address the workload, institutional expectations, and reward system for research mentors. The dearth of research mentors and role models in clinical translational science parallels the decreasing number of physicians choosing careers in clinical research. While there is limited empirical information on the effectiveness of mentor support mechanisms, this white paper concludes that providing mentor support is critical to expanding the available pool of mentors, as well as providing training opportunities for K scholars. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 199–203
Zone‐based analysis for automated detection of abnormalities in chest radiographs
Authors: Kao E‐Fong , Kuo Yu‐Ting , Hsu Jui‐Sheng , Chou Ming‐Chung , Liu Gin‐Chung 
Published: June 2011

Purpose:The aim of this study was to develop an automated method for detection of local texture‐based and density‐based abnormalities in chest radiographs.Methods:The method was based on profile analysis to detect abnormalities in chest radiographs. In the method, one density‐based feature, Density Symmetry Index, and two texture‐based features, Roughness Maximum Index and Roughness Symmetry Index, were used to detect abnormalities in the lung fields. In each chest radiograph, the lung fields were divided into four zones initially and then the method was applied to each zone separately. For each zone, Density Symmetry Index was obtained from the projection profile of each zone, and Roughness Maximum Index and Roughness Symmetry Index were obtained by measuring the roughness of the horizontal profiles via moving average technique. Linear discriminant analysis was used to classify normal and abnormal cases based on the three indices. The discriminant performance of the method was evaluated using ROC analysis.Results:The method was evaluated on a database of 250 normal and 250 abnormal chest images. In the optimized conditions, the zone‐based performance Az of the method for zones 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0.917, 0.897, 0.892, and 0.814, respectively, and the case‐based performance Az of the method was 0.842. Our previous method for detection of gross abnormalities was also evaluated on the same database. The case‐based performance of our previous method was 0.689.Conclusions:In comparing the previous method and the new method proposed in this study, there was a great improvement by the new method for detection of local texture‐based and density‐based abnormalities. The new method combined with the previous one has potential for screening abnormalities in chest radiographs .
A Bayesian approach to real‐time 3D tumor localization via monoscopic x‐ray imaging during treatment delivery
Authors: Li Ruijiang , Fahimian Benjamin P. , Xing Lei 
Published: June 2011

Purpose:Monoscopic x‐ray imaging with on‐board kV devices is an attractive approach for real‐time image guidance in modern radiation therapy such as VMAT or IMRT, but it falls short in providing reliable information along the direction of imaging x‐ray. By effectively taking consideration of projection data at prior times and/or angles through a Bayesian formalism, the authors develop an algorithm for real‐time and full 3D tumor localization with a single x‐ray imager during treatment delivery.Methods:First, a prior probability density function is constructed using the 2D tumor locations on the projection images acquired during patient setup. Whenever an x‐ray image is acquired during the treatment delivery, the corresponding 2D tumor location on the imager is used to update the likelihood function. The unresolved third dimension is obtained by maximizing the posterior probability distribution. The algorithm can also be used in a retrospective fashion when all the projection images during the treatment delivery are used for 3D localization purposes. The algorithm does not involve complex optimization of any model parameter and therefore can be used in a “plug‐and‐play” fashion. The authors validated the algorithm using (1) simulated 3D linear and elliptic motion and (2) 3D tumor motion trajectories of a lung and a pancreas patient reproduced by a physical phantom. Continuous kV images were acquired over a full gantry rotation with the Varian TrueBeam™ on‐board imaging system. Three scenarios were considered: fluoroscopic setup, cone beam CT setup, and retrospective analysis.Results:For the simulation study, the RMS 3D localization error is 1.2 and 2.4 mm for the linear and elliptic motions, respectively. For the phantom experiments, the 3D localization error is < 1 mm on average and < 1.5 mm at 95th percentile in the lung and pancreas cases for all three scenarios. The difference in 3D localization error for different scenarios is small and is not statistically significant.Conclusions:The proposed algorithm eliminates the need for any population based model parameters in monoscopic image guided radiotherapy and allows accurate and real‐time 3D tumor localization on current standard LINACs with a single x‐ray imager.
In Vitro
Cross-Resistance to Daptomycin and Host Defense Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides in Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates
Authors: Mishra Nagendra N. , McKinnell James , Yeaman Michael R. , Rubio Aileen , Nast Cynthia C. , Chen Liang , Kreiswirth Barry N. , Bayer Arnold S. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

We investigated the hypothesis that methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) isolates developing reduced susceptibilities to daptomycin (DAP; a calcium-dependent molecule acting as a cationic antimicrobial peptide [CAP]) may also coevolve reduced
in vitro
susceptibilities to host defense cationic antimicrobial peptides (HDPs). Ten isogenic pairs of clinical MRSA DAP-susceptible/DAP-resistant (DAP
s
/DAP
r
) strains were tested against two distinct HDPs differing in structure, mechanism of action, and origin (thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal proteins [tPMPs] and human neutrophil peptide-1 [hNP-1]) and one bacterium-derived CAP, polymyxin B (PMB). Seven of 10 DAP
r
strains had point mutations in the
mprF
locus (with or without
yyc
operon mutations), while three DAP
r
strains had neither mutation. Several phenotypic parameters previously associated with DAP
r
were also examined: cell membrane order (fluidity), surface charge, and cell wall thickness profiles. Compared to the 10 DAP
s
parental strains, their respective DAP
r
strains exhibited (i) significantly reduced susceptibility to killing by all three peptides (
P
< 0.05), (ii) increased cell membrane fluidity, and (iii) significantly thicker cell walls (
P
< 0.0001). There was no consistent pattern of surface charge profiles distinguishing DAP
s
and DAP
r
strain pairs. Reduced
in vitro
susceptibility to two HDPs and one bacterium-derived CAP tracked closely with DAP
r
in these 10 recent MRSA clinical isolates. These results suggest that adaptive mechanisms involved in the evolution of DAP
r
also provide MRSA with enhanced survivability against HDPs. Such adaptations appear to correlate with MRSA variations in cell membrane order and cell wall structure. DAP
r
strains with or without mutations in the
mprF
locus demonstrated significant cross-resistance profiles to these unrelated CAPs.
Comparative Study of the Genetic Barriers and Pathways towards Resistance of Selective Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus Replication
Authors: Delang Leen , Vliegen Inge , Froeyen Mathy , Neyts Johan 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) inhibitors include direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) such as NS3 serine protease inhibitors, nucleoside and nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitors, and host-targeting antivirals (HTAs) such as cyclophilin inhibitors that have been developed in recent years. Drug-resistant HCV variants have been reported both
in vitro
and in the clinical setting for most classes of drugs. We report a comparative study in which the genetic barrier to drug resistance of a representative selection of these inhibitors is evaluated employing a number of resistance selection protocols. The NS3 protease inhibitors VX-950 and BILN 2061, the nucleoside polymerase inhibitor 2′-
C
-methylcytidine, three nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitors (thiophene carboxylic acid, benzimidazole, and benzothiadiazine), and DEB025 were included. For each drug and passage in the selection process, the phenotype and genotype of the drug-resistant replicon were determined. For a number of molecules (BILN 2061 and nonnucleoside inhibitors), drug-resistant variants were readily selected when wild-type replicon-containing cells were directly cultured in the presence of high concentrations of the inhibitor. Resistance to DEB025 could be selected only following a lengthy stepwise selection procedure. For some DAAs, the signature mutations that emerged under inhibitor pressure differed depending on the selection protocol that was employed. Replication fitness of resistant mutants revealed that the C445F mutation in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase can restore loss of fitness caused by a number of unfit resistance mutations. These data provide important insights into the various pathways leading to drug resistance and allow a direct comparison of the genetic barriers of various HCV drugs.
Human Pharmacokinetics and Safety Profile of Finafloxacin, a New Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic, in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Patel Heena , Andresen Arne , Vente Andreas , Heilmann Hans-Dietrich , Stubbings Will , Seiberling Michael , Lopez-Lazaro Luis , Pokorny Rolf , Labischinski Harald 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Finafloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic with the unique property of increasing antibacterial activity at pH values lower than neutral. Whereas its antibacterial activity at neutral pH matches that of other quinolones in clinical use, it is expected to surpass this activity in tissues and body fluids acidified by the infection or inflammation processes. Pharmacokinetic parameters of oral single and multiple doses of up to 800 mg of finafloxacin and safety/tolerability observations were assessed in a phase I study including 95 healthy volunteers. Finafloxacin is well absorbed after oral administration, generating maximum concentrations (
C
max
s) in plasma at least comparable to those of other fluoroquinolones, with a half-life of around 10 h. About one-third of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. Renal elimination appears to be a saturable process leading to slight increases of the area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity and dose normalized (AUC
∞,norm
) at dosages of 400 mg and above. Safety and tolerability data characterize finafloxacin as a drug with a favorable safety profile. In particular, adverse reactions regarded as class-typical of fluoroquinolones, such as, e.g., electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, neurotoxic effects, or hypoglycemia, were not observed in the study population.
Characterization of Treatment Failure in Efficacy Trials of Drugs against Plasmodium vivax by Genotyping Neutral and Drug Resistance-Associated Markers
Authors: Barnadas Celine , Koepfli Cristian , Karunajeewa Harin A. , Siba Peter M. , Davis Timothy M. E. , Mueller Ivo 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Plasmodium vivax
intervention trials customarily report uncorrected treatment failure rates. Application of recrudescence-reinfection genotyping and drug resistance single-nucleotide polymorphism typing to a 4-arm comparative efficacy trial illustrated that molecular approaches can assist in understanding the relative contributions of true drug resistance (recurrent with same genotype) and new infections to treatment failure. The PCR-corrected adequate clinical and parasitologic response may constitute an informative secondary endpoint in future
P. vivax
drug trials.