bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Hyporheic Zone on Supersaturated Gas Exposure to Incubating Chum Salmon
Authors: Arntzen Evan V. , Geist David R. , Murray Katherine J. , Vavrinec John , Dawley Earl M. , Schwartz Dennis E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Hydroelectric dam operation causes total dissolved gas (TDG) to be seasonally elevated in the lower Columbia River, as surface water concentrations approach 120%. Federally protected chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta embryos incubating in nearby spawning areas could be affected if depth-compensated TDG concentrations within the hyporheic zone exceed 103%. The objective of this study was to determine whether TDG of the hyporheic zone in two chum salmon spawning areas—one in a side channel near Ives Island, Washington, and another on the main-stem Columbia River near Multnomah Falls, Oregon—was affected by the elevated TDG of the surface water. Depth-compensated hyporheic TDG did not exceed 103% at the Multnomah Falls site. However, in the Ives Island area, chum salmon redds were exposed to TDG greater than 103% for more than 300 h. In response to river depth fluctuations, TDG varied significantly in the Ives Island area, suggesting increased interaction between the hyporheic zone and surface water at that site. We conclude from this study that the interaction between surface water and the hyporheic zone affects the concentration of TDG within the hyporheic zone directly via physical mixing and indirectly by altering water chemistry and thus dissolved gas solubility. Consideration of these interactions is important when estimating TDG exposure within egg pocket environments and will enable resource managers to optimize recovery strategies.
Effects of Fin-Clipping on the Foraging Behavior and Growth of Age-0 Muskellunge
Authors: Wagner Curtis P. , Einfalt Lisa M. , Scimone Adam B. , Wahl David H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We evaluated the effects of fin-clipping on the foraging behavior and growth of age-0 muskellunge Esox masquinongy. Fish were subjected to one of six fin-clipping treatments (one or both pectoral and pelvic fins, all paired fins, and a nonclipped control) and allowed to forage on golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas in laboratory pools (1.7 m in diameter). Observations of foraging behavior showed that muskellunge required a similar number of stalks, follows, and strikes to capture prey regardless of fin clip. Capture efficiencies (56%) were also similar among treatments. In outdoor pools (1.5 m in diameter), the growth and food conversion efficiency of fin-clipped muskellunge feeding on golden shiners over a 1-month period did not differ from those of unclipped controls. Fin removal did not compromise foraging behaviors and growth for juvenile muskellunge foraging on moderately evasive prey, and fish showed immediate behavioral compensation.
Growth and Survival of Four Sizes of Stocked Largemouth Bass
Authors: Diana Matthew J. , Wahl David H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We compared growth and survival (including losses to stocking stress and predation) of four sizes of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in four Illinois reservoirs. Fish were stocked as small fingerlings (55 mm total length) in July, medium fingerlings (100 mm) in August, large fingerlings (150 mm) in September, and advanced fingerlings (200 mm) the subsequent spring. Survival of small fingerlings was very low (catch per unit effort &lt; 1 fish/h of electrofishing in the fall after stocking), and fish stocked as small fingerlings were not observed in electrofishing samples after the spring following stocking. In samples collected soon after stocking, large and advanced fingerlings were larger and more abundant than other sizes. However, in subsequent sampling, there were no differences in size or survival among fish stocked as medium, large, and advanced fingerlings. Long-term growth of stocked fish was similar to that of wild fish, but survival of stocked fish was low for all sizes. Mean initial stocking mortality for fish held in cages was variable but generally low (0.0–5.6%) and was related to lake temperature at stocking. The diets of predators (primarily adult largemouth bass) contained high numbers of small-, medium-, and large-sized fingerlings after stocking, but no predation was observed on advanced fingerlings. Cost of producing fish increased with size, and cost–benefit analysis determined that medium (100-mm) fish had the greatest return per cost. We recommend stocking medium fingerlings because the stocking of larger fingerlings did not produce a significant increase in survival.
Laboratory Testing of Downhole Gas Separators
Authors: Bohorquez R. , Ananaba V. , Alabi O. , Podio A. L. , Lisigurski O. , Guzman M. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
This paper provides insights on the design of downhole gas separators based on the laboratory study of various separator designs. A downhole gas separator, also known as a gas anchor, may be installed below the pump to separate free gas from the produced liquid. The free gas-produced downhole is usually separated through the casing-tubing annulus (the casing-tubing annulus acts as a natural gravity separator) while the liquid is produced through the tubing. However, inefficient gas anchor designs are widespread and an acceptable guide for their optimum design does not currently exist.
Laboratory testing of downhole gas separators has been ongoing since January 2005 at The University of Texas at Austin Petroleum Production Engineering Facility (UTAPPEF) using an instrumented full-scale model of a wellbore and separator constructed with clear acrylic pipe to visualize the fluid mechanics of the separation process. An air and water mixture is injected through the well's perforations. The air and water flow rate measurements are used to measure and define a performance plot of each separator design. The separator designs tested differed in entry-port configuration, size of dip tube, and the relative position of the separator-fluid entry ports with respect to the well's perforations. Based on the results of the tests, a new separator design that includes the effect of centrifugal forces to separate the gas and liquid phases was developed.
The results show that, for the conditions in the laboratory, 100% separation was achieved whenever the entry ports were located 1- to 2-feet (ft) below the bottom-most casing perforation thereby dispelling the predominant industry-held opinion that more distance is required between the separator-fluid entry ports and the bottom-most casing perforation. Similarly, laboratory results equally show that an optimum dip tube length of 5.5 ft is sufficient for the optimal separation of free gas from the produced liquid by the separator. This clearly runs contrary to the accepted industry practice, as many industry models employed for the estimation of dip-tube length were found to over-estimate the dip-tube length, and this subsequently results in the undesirable increased pressure drop across the separator. Lastly, the entry port geometry does not appear to have a significant impact on the separator performance as long as sufficient flow area is present. The efficiency of all gravity-driven separators was limited by the liquid velocity inside the separator annulus. When the liquid velocity inside the separator averaged approximately 6 in. per second or less, an almost-to-complete gas separation was achieved. On the other hand, the centrifugal separator had a liquid capacity 70% greater than any of the gravity-driven, static-downhole gas separators.
Acid Emulsified in Xylene: A Cost-Effective Treatment To Remove Asphaltene Deposition and Enhance Well Productivity
Authors: Fatah W. Abdel , Nasr-El-Din H.A.. A. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
Emulsified acid (30 vol% diesel and 70 vol% HCl) has been used in both matrix and acid fracturing treatments. Injecting the acid in this form has several advantages including retarding the reaction of the acid with rock, reducing corrosion to well tubulars, and minimizing acid additives. However, using this acid to treat wells with asphaltene deposition requires removing asphaltene first using a suitable aromatic-based solvent, and then using a matrix acid treatment. This additional step increases the cost and time needed to execute acid treatments.
To remove asphaltene deposition and enhance well productivity, hydrochloric acid was emulsified in xylene. Xylene was the external phase, and was used to dissolve asphaltenes. Then the acid as the dispersed phase dissolved the carbonate rock, enhancing well productivity. Extensive laboratory work was performed to ensure the stability of acid-in-xylene emulsion and measure its apparent viscosity. Acid concentration was 15 wt% HCl, the acid volume fraction was 0.7, and the balance was xylene with demulsifier. All tests were conducted at room temperature and 160°F (bottomhole temperature).
The stability and apparent viscosity of emulsified acids were found to be a function of the type of hydrocarbon phase used to prepare the emulsified acid. Emulsified acids prepared with xylene had a lower apparent viscosity and were stable for relatively shorter times. A matrix acid treatment based on xylene-emulsified acid was applied in four wells without encountering operational problems. Unlike previous matrix acid treatments using regular acids, the four wells responded to the new treatment without increasing water cut, except in one well that was wet before the treatment.
Frac-Fluid Recycling and Water Conservation: A Case History
Authors: Gupta D.V.S.. V.S. , Hlidek B.T.. T. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
Shallow-gas fracturing is very prevalent in western Canada. Several thousand wells are typically drilled and completed in the shallow- gas fields every year. All these wells are typically hydraulically fractured. Before 1999, after testing for microtoxicity, the flowback fluid was allowed to be land farmed in southeastern Alberta. In that year, the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board began more stringent enforcement of Guide 58, which required that flowback fluid be disposed in a disposal well.
At that time, one operator typically had a project of 300 to 400 wells with an average of 5 fracs per day during spring/sum- mer. When the fluid could no longer be land farmed, attempts were made to recycle the flowback fluid. The chemistry of the surfactant-gel fluid was insensitive to the water quality, which made the recycling concept successful. Several cost advantages were achieved, which will be detailed in the paper. These included freshwater costs, transportation costs, disposal costs, and chemical costs. An additional advantage that was realized involved a 50% reduction in the freshwater requirements for a project—a significant additional benefit because several years of drought conditions have caused water shortages in the area.
This paper will detail the chemistry of the fracturing gel, its field application, the optimized recycling operation, and the details on cost advantages achieved, as well as future direction for further reduction in freshwater usage on a project basis.
Trade and Variety in a Model of Endogenous Product Differentiation
Authors: Lorz Oliver , Wrede Matthias 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper sets up a model of endogenous product differentiation to analyze the variety effects of international trade. In our model multi-product firms decide not only about the number of varieties they will supply but also about the degree of horizontal differentiation between these varieties. Firms can raise the degree of differentiation by investing variety-specific fixed costs. In this setting, we analyze how trade integration, i.e. an increase in market size, influences the number of firms in the market, the number of product varieties supplied by each firm, and the degree of differentiation between these varieties.
Is magnetic resonance imaging safe for patients with retained metal fragments from combat and terrorist attacks?
Authors: Eshed Iris , Kushnir Tamar , Shabshin Noga , Konen Eli 
Published: November 2009

Background: Increasing numbers of military confrontations and terrorist attacks have led to increasing reports of retained metal fragments among patients referred for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The potential hazard of retained metal fragments for patients undergoing MRI has been studied among patients with retained metal fragments from domestic violence but not from combat and terrorist attacks. Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate the safety of MRI in patients with subcutaneous warfare-metal fragments. Material and Methods: 10,322 consecutive metal screening forms of patients scheduled for 1.5 Tesla (T) MR examination were retrospectively reviewed. All patients reported to have retained metal fragments were contacted by telephone and asked to describe the event in which they were exposed to the fragments and for any adverse sequelae or sensations during and after MRI. Their radiographs were evaluated for the number and size of the fragments. The data were analyzed for correlations between these factors. Results: Seven of the 24 patients who reported retained metal fragments were excluded, since there was no validating evidence of their presence. Fragments in the remaining 17 patients (18 MRI examinations) were inflicted by military or terrorist attacks that occurred 2–39 years prior to the MRI. The fragment size ranged between 1 and 10 mm. One patient reported a superficial migration of a 10-mm fragment after MRI. No other adverse reactions were reported. Conclusion: Conducting 1.5T MRI examinations is safe in patients with retained metal fragments from combat and terrorist attacks not in the vicinity of vital organs. However, caution is advised.
Sex differences in fetal growth responses to maternal height and weight
Authors: lampl Michelle , Gotsch Francesca , Kusanovic Juan Pedro , Gomez Ricardo , Nien Jyh Kae , Frongillo Edward A. , Romero Roberto 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSex differences in fetal growth have been reported, but how this happens remains to be described. It is unknown if fetal growth rates, a reflection of genetic and environmental factors, express sexually dimorphic sensitivity to the mother herself. This analysis investigated homogeneity of male and female growth responses to maternal height and weight. The study sample included 3,495 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies followed longitudinally. Analytic models regressed fetal and neonatal weight on tertiles of maternal height and weight, and modification by sex was investigated (n = 1,814 males, n = 1,681 females) with birth gestational age, maternal parity, and smoking as covariates. Sex modified the effects of maternal height and weight on fetal growth rates and birth weight. Among boys, tallest maternal height influenced fetal weight growth before 18 gestational weeks of age (P = 0.006), and prepregnancy maternal weight and body mass index subsequently had influence (P < 0.001); this was not found among girls. Additionally, interaction terms between sex, maternal height, and maternal weight identified that males were more sensitive to maternal weight among shorter mothers (P = 0.003) and more responsive to maternal height among lighter mothers (P ≤ 0.03), compared to females. Likewise, neonatal birth weight dimorphism varied by maternal phenotype. A male advantage of 60 g occurred among neonates of the shortest and lightest mothers (P = 0.08), compared to 150 and 191 g among short and heavy mothers, and tall and light‐weight mothers, respectively (P = 0.01). Sex differences in response to maternal size are under‐appreciated sources of variation in fetal growth studies and may reflect differential growth strategies. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Yield of systematic transcranial doppler in patients with transient ischemic attack
Authors: Meseguer Elena , Lavallée Philippa C. , Mazighi Mikael , Labreuche Julien , Cabrejo Lucie , Olivot Jean‐Marc , Abboud Halim , Slaoui Tarik , Lapergue Bertrand , Guidoux Céline , Klein Isabelle F. , Touboul Pierre‐Jean , Amarenco Pierre 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveUrgent evaluation and treatment of transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients in a dedicated TIA clinic may reduce the 90‐day stroke risk by 80%. ABCD2 (Age, Blood pressure, Clinical features, Duration, Diabetes) score and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities help to identify patients at high risk of stroke. Our aim was to determine whether the use of transcranial Doppler (TCD) examination on arrival at the TIA clinic yields additional information that facilitates the identification of patients at high risk of stroke recurrence.MethodsBetween January 2003 and December 2007, 1,881 patients were admitted to SOS‐TIA clinic (a TIA clinic with around‐the‐clock access). Clinical and vascular assessment included TCD performed by a neurologist immediately after admission. Stroke prevention measures were initiated on arrival, in accordance with guidelines. All patients were followed for 1 year after presentation to the SOS‐TIA clinic.ResultsA total of 1,823 TCD examinations were performed within 4 hours of admission. Intracranial narrowing or occlusion was found in 8.8% of patients, and was independently associated with age, hypertension, and diabetes. After 1‐year follow‐up on best preventive therapy, the incidence of recurrent vascular events (intracranial revascularization for TIA recurrence, stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death combined) was 7.0% in patients with intracranial narrowing or occlusion and 2.4% in those without (log‐rank, p = 0.007). The hazard ratio of combined outcome for the presence of intracranial narrowing or occlusion was 2.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15‐4.56; p = 0.02) in multivariate analysis including age, gender, hypertension, and diabetes, and was 2.50 (95%CI, 1.24–5.05; p = 0.01) in multivariate analysis including ABCD2 score ≥4.InterpretationImmediate TCD examination on arrival at the TIA clinic is feasible and could help to identify patients at high risk of vascular events recurrence. This study supports a systematic intracranial vascular examination in the initial management of TIA. ANN NEUROL 2010;68:9–17
Developmental and degenerative features in a complicated spastic paraplegia
Authors: Manzini M. Chiara , Rajab Anna , Maynard Thomas M. , Mochida Ganeshwaran H. , Tan Wen‐Hann , Nasir Ramzi , Hill R. Sean , Gleason Danielle , Al Saffar Muna , Partlow Jennifer N. , Barry Brenda J. , Vernon Mike , LaMantia Anthony‐Samuel , Walsh Christopher A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to explore the genetic and molecular causes of Troyer syndrome, one of several complicated hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs). Troyer syndrome had been thought to be restricted to the Amish; however, we identified 2 Omani families with HSP, short stature, dysarthria and developmental delay—core features of Troyer syndrome—and a novel mutation in the SPG20 gene, which is also mutated in the Amish. In addition, we analyzed SPG20 expression throughout development to infer how disruption of this gene might generate the constellation of developmental and degenerative Troyer syndrome phenotypes.MethodsClinical characterization of 2 non‐Amish families with Troyer syndrome was followed by linkage and sequencing analysis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization analysis of SPG20 expression were carried out in embryonic and adult human and mouse tissue.ResultsTwo Omani families carrying a novel SPG20 mutation displayed clinical features remarkably similar to the Amish patients with Troyer syndrome. SPG20 mRNA is expressed broadly but at low relative levels in the adult brain; however, it is robustly and specifically expressed in the limbs, face, and brain during early morphogenesis.InterpretationNull mutations in SPG20 cause Troyer syndrome, a specific clinical entity with developmental and degenerative features. Maximal expression of SPG20 in the limb buds and forebrain during embryogenesis may explain the developmental origin of the skeletal and cognitive defects observed in this disorder. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:516–525
Dicer ablation in oligodendrocytes provokes neuronal impairment in mice
Authors: Shin Daesung , Shin Ji‐Yeon , McManus Michael T. , Ptáček Louis J. , Fu Ying‐Hui 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveMicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and have many roles in the brain, but a role in oligodendrocyte (OL) function has not been demonstrated.MethodsA Dicer floxed conditional allele was crossed with the proteolipid protein promoter‐driven inducible Cre allele to generate inducible, OL‐specific Dicer‐floxed mice.ResultsOL‐specific Dicer mutants show demyelination, oxidative damage, inflammatory astrocytosis and microgliosis in the brain, and eventually neuronal degeneration and shorter lifespan. miR‐219 and its target ELOVL7 (elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 7) were identified as the main molecular components that are involved in the development of the phenotype in these mice. Overexpressing ELOVL7 results in lipid accumulation, which is suppressed by miR‐219 co‐overexpression. In Dicer mutant brain, excess lipids accumulate in myelin‐rich brain regions, and the peroxisomal β‐oxidation activity is dramatically reduced.InterpretationPostnatal Dicer ablation in mature OLs results in inflammatory neuronal degeneration through increased demyelination, lipid accumulation, and peroxisomal and oxidative damage, and therefore indicates that miRNAs play an essential role in the maintenance of lipids and redox homeostasis in mature OLs that are necessary for supporting axonal integrity as well as the formation of compact myelin. Ann Neurol 2009;66:843–857
Novel drug‐based Fe(III) heterochelates: synthetic, spectroscopic, thermal and in‐vitro antibacterial significance
Authors: Jani D.H. , Patel H.S. , Keharia H. , Modi C.K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA series of novel heterochelates of the type [Fe(An)(L)(H2O)2]•mH2O [where H2An = 4,4′‐(arylmethylene)bis(3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐ol); aryl = 4‐nitrophenyl, m = 1 (H2A1); 4‐chlorophenyl, m = 2 (H2A2); phenyl, m = 2 (H2A3); 4‐hydroxyphenyl, m = 2 (H2A4); 4‐methoxyphenyl, m = 2 (H2A5); 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl, m = 1.5 (H2A6); 2‐nitrophenyl, m = 1.5 (H2A7); 3‐nitrophenyl, m = 0.5 (H2A8); p‐tolyl, m = 1 (H2A9) and HL = 1‐cyclopropyl‐6‐fluoro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(piperazin‐1‐yl)‐1,4‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid] were investigated. They were characterized by elemental analysis (FT‐IR, 1H‐ & 13C‐NMR, and electronic) spectra, magnetic measurements and thermal studies. The FAB‐mass spectrum of [Fe(A3)(L)(H2O)2]•2H2O was determined. Magnetic moment and reflectance spectral studies revealed that an octahedral geometry could be assigned to all the prepared heterochelates. Ligands (H2An) and their heterochelates were screened for their in‐vitro antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens bacterial strains. The kinetic parameters such as order of reaction (n), the energy of activation (Ea), the pre‐exponential factor (A), the activation entropy (ΔS#), the activation enthalpy (ΔH#) and the free energy of activation (ΔG#) are reported. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.