bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mysterious practice of petrol sniffing in isolated Indigenous groups
Authors: Cairney Sheree , Dingwall Kylie 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe practice of petrol sniffing is a unique and poorly understood phenomenon that is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and social devastation in affected remote Indigenous communities. For these groups and for the wider community, much mystery has surrounded the practice and its effects. Here we introduce the epidemiology of petrol sniffing among Indigenous groups internationally, review its impact on the brain, behaviour and social functions and summarise related interventions.
The burden of kidney disease in Indigenous children of Australia and New Zealand, epidemiology, antecedent factors and progression to chronic kidney disease
Authors: White Andrew , Wong William , Sureshkumur Premala , Singh Gurmeet 
Published: September 2010

Aims:  To review and present the most important issues related to kidney disease in Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, Maori and Pacific Islander children from Australia and New Zealand.Methods:  A review of medical literature about: 1. incidence of kidney disease in Indigenous children in Australia and New Zealand, especially where rates are different from the general populations, 2. factors in early life which increase risk for chronic kidney disease in adult life, and 3. early identification and primary and secondary interventions in childhood which may prevent chronic kidney disease in adults.Results:  Kidney diseases, both acute and chronic are more common in Maori, Pacific Islander, Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The reasons are multiple and include genetic, environmental and socio‐economic factors. In childhood post streptococcal glomerulonephritis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, renal stones and acute kidney injury all occur at higher frequency in at least some of the Indigenous populations. Chronic kidney disease CKD occurs more commonly, and at a younger age in Indigenous than non Indigenous people. Factors involved may include reduced nephron endowment at birth, and subsequent insults including nephritis, obesity, and early onset type 2 diabetes, as well as underlying socioeconomic and environmental determinants.Conclusion:  A lifecourse understanding allows one to conceptualise multiple risk factors and target interventions.
Adequacy of cosmetic preservation: chemical analysis, microbial challenge and in‐use testing
Authors: TRAN T.T. , HURLEY F.J. , SHURBAJI M. , KOOPMAN L.B. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisThe adequacy of preservation of seven previously unopened commercial cosmetic products was tested by individual challenges with Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15422, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, using the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA) method. Each product was consecutively challenged three times, 28 days apart. Inoculated composite products were counted by conventional techniques at eight prefixed intervals. Six of seven cosmetics passed the CTFA acceptance criteria. On the basis of viable counts seven days after inoculation (CTFA criteria), the products were classified as follows: five products were well preserved, one was marginally preserved, and one was poorly preserved. The poorly preserved product failed the CTFA criteria for all three bacteria tested. Concentrations of preservative ingredients in uninoculated composites were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. All preservatives listed on the labels of the seven cosmetic products were identified by chemical analysis. Tentative in‐use validation of the CTFA criteria was performed for three of the seven cosmetic formulations. The results suggested that some cosmetic products may be underpreserved.
Evaluation de l'activité antifongique de deux dérivés et test d'innocuitéin vivo de shampooings à visée antipelliculaire ainsi formulés
Authors: RIVALLAND P. , COIFFARD L. , LELAURE M. , ROECK‐HOLTZHAUER Y. DE 
Published: September 2010

RésuméLes pellicules, affection dermatologique due essentiellement à la levure Pityrosporum ovale, affectent les deux tiers de la population, d'une manière plus ou moins sévére.Pour notre part, nous nous sommes attachés à mettre en évidence l'activité antifongique de deux substances couramment utilisées dans des cosmétiques capillaires: la pyrithione‐zinc et la piroctone olamine, à plusieurs concentrations. Une fois choisie, la concentration optimale, deux shampooings ont été formulés, afin de déterminer la tolérance cutanée des formes cosmétiques terminées. La tolérance cutanée a étéévaluée par étude profilométrique de contre‐empreintes obtenues à partir d'empreintes de peau.Cette étude nous révèle une supériorité de la piroctone olamine, aussi bien d'un point de vue activité antifongique que d'un point de vue tolérance cutanée.
Calculation of optimum emulsifier mixtures for phase inversion emulsification*
Authors: FÖRSTER TH. , RYBINSKI W. VON , TESMANN H. , WADLE A. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisThe phase inversion emulsification is a convenient method of preparing fine‐disperse and long‐term stable oil‐in‐water emulsions, which are stabilized with nonionic emulsifiers. On the basis of EACN‐values (equivalent alkane carbon numbers) the calculation of phase inversion in concentrates (CAPICO) is possible, which yields emulsifier and oil mixing ratios corresponding to a given phase inversion temperature (PIT). The CAPICO‐method is illustrated for the example of a cosmetic oil‐in‐water lotion containing an oil mixture, glyceryl monostearate and a fatty alcohol ethoxylate. Of special interest is the influence of silicone oils on the PIT. At a constant emulsifier oil ratio the complete phase behaviour of this emulsion system is represented in a temperature/water content graph. Optimum emulsification results are obtained if during PIT emulsification a microemulsion or a lamellar phase is passed. The emulsions were characterized by particle sizing, and emulsion stability against sedimentation was evaluated by ultrasonic velocity changes. A fine‐disperse and long‐term stable oil‐in‐water emulsion was prepared by a time and energy‐saving two‐step hot‐cold process.
Preliminary studies towards utilization of various plant extracts as antisolar agents
Authors: RAMOS M.F.S. , SANTOS E.P. , BIZARRI C.H.B. , MATTOS H.A. , PADILHA M.R.S. , DUARTE H.M. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisThe aim of this work was to evaluate several plant extracts with regard to ultraviolet absorption spectra in view of a possible application as antisolar agents. Liquid and dry extracts of Hamamelis virginiana, Matricaria recutita, Aesculus hippocastanum, Rhamnus purshiana and Cinnamomum zeylanicum were prepared by repercolation, maceration and microwave oven extraction. UVB absorption spectra (290–320nm) were obtained and the solar protection factors (SPF) of these preparations were determined by a spectrophotometric method. The results showed that after incorporation to a 2% solution of the synthetic sunscreen octylmethoxycinnamate, the extracts showed an intensification in SPF values, suggesting that this can be an interesting method to intensify SPF. In addition, these extracts can contribute their emollient and moistening properties to the product. These are important characteristics for protecting skin against exposure to the sun.
Dyestuff—fibre interactions
Authors: LEWIS D.M. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisThe strength and nature of dye–fibre interactions vary according to fibre type and dye type. In the case of acid dyes for polyamide fibres, cationic dyes for acrylic fibres, disperse dyes for hydrophobic fibres, and direct dyes for cellulosic fibres, these interactions may be classified as non‐covalent, a classification which includes van der Waals (VDW), electrostatic, induction, solvophobic and charge‐transfer interactions.Reactive dyes are a notable exception to the above, since the interaction which is responsible for their excellent wet fastness is the dye–fibre covalent bond, however, these dyes are increasingly viewed as environmentally unfriendly due to high salt usage and residual unfixed colour. This situation may be improved by either incorporating amine sites in the cellulose or by reversing the system to incorporate reactive residues in the fibre and nucleophilic sites in the dye.Nonionic disperse dyes are valuable for hydrophobic fibres such as polyester but have made little impact on hydrophilic fibres such as silk, wool and cotton. Experiments to develop simple treatments to render the latter fibres disperse dyeable are described and the combined role of solvophobic and – interactions discussed.
The effectiveness of molecular oxygen in cosmetic formulations
Authors: STANZL K. , ZASTROW L. , RÖDING J. , ARTMANN C. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisIn a preliminary clinical study, two cosmetic preparations were compared, one without an oxygen carrier and therefore without oxygen, the other one containing the oxygen carrier, fully saturated with oxygen. The parameters measured were the moisture content of the skin and the skin profile. Since the oxygen‐free product contained the same ingredients, including phospholipids in liposomal form, with the exception of perfluorodecalin – the oxygen carrier, this investigation showed that perfluorodecalin plus molecular oxygen improves the barrier function of the skin. In a second clinical study, five cosmetic preparations containing various amounts of molecular oxygen from 1.44 ml to 4.5 ml per 100 ml product were compared. The parameters measured were the oxygen partial pressure of the skin, the moisture content of the skin, and the skin profile. A linear dose‐dependent increase in oxygen partial pressure of the skin (r=0.978) and a linear dose‐dependent reduction in fine lines and wrinkles (r=0.9855) was found. The results for the increase in skin moisture were more difficult to interpret. There seemed to be an overlap of the moisturizing base with the efficacy coming from the increasing amount of oxygen per application.
Proposed protocol for determination of photostability Part I: cosmetic UV filters
Authors: BERSET G. , GONZENBACH H. , CHRIST R. , MARTIN R. , DEFLANDRE A. , MASCOTTO R.E. , JOLLEY J.D.R. , LOWELL W. , PELZER R. , STIEHM T. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisThe protocol described here has been developed to measure the stability of UV‐B filters; a modified version is recommended for UV‐A filters. It should be considered as a tool to predict the effectiveness remaining after exposure to UV‐A and UV‐B light. It is a simple and reliable in vitro model simulating conditions of actual use. The results show that each filter requires an appropriate choice and fine tuning of reproducible analytical conditions. While absolute values are directly influenced by uncertainties in irradiance (dosimetry), comparative measurements with respect to a known standard are very reliable.
A New Focus on Japanese and Asian Skin Tokyo, December 11, 2004 LVMH Recherche Symposium Organized by LVMH Recherche ‐ 45804 St Jean de Braye, France Chairman: Frédéric Bonté
Authors: Tagami H. 
Published: September 2010

When we attain a certain level of mental development, it is natural for us to wish to show our bodily features as attractive as possible to others, particularly to those of opposite sex. Thus, cosmetics have been playing an important role in our cultural activities. In their long history, human beings have made all possible efforts to utilize various natural substances as ingredients for the formulation of desirable make‐up products and fragrances. However, some of them caused unexpected skin problems or even a hazard to health. Hence, in the past, dermatologists tended to regard cosmetics as unnatural and sometimes undesirable substances applied to the skin.In old days, those individuals who had conspicuous skin diseases were discriminated in their society under a collective term of leper. Even until recently, patients who had congenital skin malformations or keratinization disorders, such as severe cases of ichthyosis, were cruelly put on exhibition to the public. Studies conducted by dermatologists have greatly contributed to eradication of such a prejudice against skin disfigurements and skin diseases. At the same time, through various trials and errors, they have developed many therapeutic measures for them. However, it is only in the later half of the last century that medicine and cosmetic science have begun to make the best use of the rapid progress in biological sciences, uniting their working sphere of activity. It has become clear that dermatology and cosmetology, both concerned not only with improvement of the skin appearance but also with maintenance and enhancement of skin health, share the same background of skin science. Their expertise has begun to be shared each other, contributing greatly to the recent rapid progress of the science related to the skin. They include the development of various non‐invasive biophysical methods that are employed for objective and quantitative in vivo evaluation of morphological and functional properties of the skin that are easily overlooked even by astute eyes of expert clinicians and that of acceptable and truly effective skin care products. Science has now become a strong driving force to accelerate development of desirable cosmetics.
The sharks of South East Asia – unknown, unmonitored and unmanaged
Authors: Lam Vivian Y Y , Sadovy de Mitcheson Yvonne 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSharks fisheries have declined globally due to over‐ and unregulated fishing. As with many collapsed and unmonitored coastal fisheries, information is difficult to obtain, yet it is important to understand the historical changes determining population trends and evaluate the current status of sharks in order to conserve these vulnerable species. Here, we document for the first time the history and general condition of the shark fisheries of Southern China, specifically Hong Kong, and Guangdong, Fujian and Hainan Provinces. This study shows, through the use of historical literature and anecdotal accounts, including fisher interviews, that all known shark fisheries in the region collapsed between the 1970s and the 1990s. Of the 109 species present historically in the South China Sea, only 18 species were recorded in current market surveys, of which all were landed as bycatch and 65% were below the size of sexual maturity. Markets are dominated by smaller species, including the spadenose shark (Scoliodon laticaudus) and the whitespotted bambooshark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum). Marketed large shark species are almost all below the size of sexual maturation, evidence of growth overfishing and a factor in recruitment overfishing. Some species, like the whale (Rhincodon typus) and basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus), are clearly vulnerable to local extinction without intervention. Given the inherent vulnerability of sharks and the overfished states of many sharks, there is clearly an urgent need to formulate impacting conservation and management plans for these rapidly declining species in a region that has the highest demand for shark products globally.
EXPLORING THE NEED FOR A SHARED COGNITIVE MAP
Authors: Langfield‐Smith Kim 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article reports on an experiment that was undertaken to elicit the shared perceptions of a group of individuals in relation to a particular organizational domain. These shared perceptions were termed collective beliefs, and were to be modelled in the form of a causal cognitive map. An initial conceptual framework was presented in which it was posited that groups of individuals who work closely together share a set of common beliefs which enable them to function successfully as a group. These shared beliefs are an integral part of the group's cultural identity. Collective beliefs were defined as those beliefs which are a function of the group, encompassing more than those beliefs that are shared by the individuals within the group.Following the experiment it was proposed that it is not necessary for members of a group to have a complete set of shared beliefs in order to function as a decision‐making group. In the new model, collective cognitions are described as merely transitory phenomena, changing in response to circumstances. The reforming of such phenomena over time results in the formation of shared belief systems. This framework was supported by the literature.
STRATEGIES FOR SAFEGUARDING PUBLIC VALUES IN LIBERALIZED UTILITY SECTORS
Authors: BRUIJN HANS DE , DICKE WILLEMIJN 
Published: September 2010

In the utility sectors, public values such as affordability, safety, and protection of the environment, require safeguarding. In the last 15 years, most utilities have been either liberalized or privatized. In an attempt to protect public values under these new conditions, this shift has been accompanied by an emphasis on tight regulations and strict norms. These are examples of hierarchical safeguarding mechanisms. This mechanism can cause adverse effects, such as an increase in transaction costs, which diminish or even outweigh the supposed advantages of liberalization and privatization.In addition to hierarchical safeguarding, this article describes two mechanisms used to safeguard public values: network mechanisms and market mechanisms. We suggest that smart combinations of network and hierarchy on the one hand, and market and hierarchy on the other, will lead to more effective and efficient safeguarding of public values than relying on hierarchy alone.
Veterinary Realities: What is Foot and Mouth Disease?
Authors: Law John , Mol Annemarie 
Published: September 2010

AbstractVeterinary science draws on different traditions for knowing and acting, and mobilises different kinds of materials and techniques. This article explores these differences and their tensions for the diagnosis of foot and mouth disease in the UK in 2001. It shows that when they talk of foot and mouth disease, different veterinary traditions refer to the different objects. The clinic looks for deviances in animals, the laboratory detects the presence or otherwise of virus, while epidemiology focuses on patterns of transmission in populations. Despite the fact that they use the same word, clinic, lab and epidemiology are each involved with their own specific ontological variant of ‘the’ disease. At the same time other figures and configurations shift with the disease. This means that it is not possible to map different versions of foot and mouth disease onto a background of shared co‐ordinates. So in 2001 clinic, lab and epidemiology diagnosed foot and mouth disease mobilising different kinds of materials, the entities inhabiting these practices had different qualities and they operated in different ways. Even time lines and spatial relations changed. Such differences are usually treated as a matter of perspective: it is assumed that everyone is looking at a single world. The article challenges this assumption by arguing that different veterinary traditions draw upon and contribute to different worlds in the plural. This shift makes it easier to explore the strengths of these worlds, their drawbacks and their limitations.
In vivo reflectance‐mode confocal microscopy in clinical dermatology and cosmetology
Authors: González S. , Gilaberte‐Calzada Y. 
Published: September 2010

Synopsis In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non‐invasive imaging tool that allows real‐time visualization of cells and structures in living skin with near histological resolution. RCM has been used for the assessment of benign and malignant lesions, showing great potential for applications in basic skin research and clinical dermatology. RCM also reveals dynamic changes in the skin over time and in response to specific stimuli, like ultraviolet exposure, which makes it a promising tool in cosmetology, as it allows repetitive sampling without biopsy collection, causing no further damage to the areas under investigation. This review summarizes the latest advances in RCM, and its applications in the characterization of both normal and pathological skin.
Evaluation of dermoscopic and histopathologic features and their correlations in pigmented basal cell carcinomas
Authors: Demırtaşoǧlu M , İlknur T , Lebe B , Kuşku E , Akarsu S , Özkan Ş 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  Because of their clinical similarities, pigmented basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) can be confused with melanocytic pigmented lesions especially with melanoma. Since special dermoscopic features have been described for pigmented BCCs, dermoscopy is accepted as a useful tool for the diagnosis of pigmented BCCs.Objective  To investigate dermoscopic and corresponding histopathologic features of BCCs and to evaluate their correlations in pigmented BCCs.Methods  In this study, 32 pigmented BCCs in 30 patients whose diagnoses were confirmed with clinical and histopathologic features were included. Before the histopathologic evaluation, the lesions were analysed for dermoscopic features. Histopathologic correlations of dermoscopic features of BCCs and the localization of pigment accumulation in tumour mass were investigated.Results  In addition to ulceration, large grey‐blue ovoid nests, multiple grey‐blue globules, maple leaf areas and arborizing telangiectasia; dermoscopically yellow‐brown, whitish‐yellow, and black‐dark brown colour showed statistically significant correlation with their histopathologic counterparts (P < 0.05). Whitish veil, which is among dermoscopic features of BCCs, did not show significant correlation with its histopathologic counterpart (P > 0.05). It was histopathologically determined that pigmentation is found within the tumour mass as well as in the tumour stroma and in the hyperplastic epidermal melanocytes.Conclusions  Ulceration, large grey‐blue ovoid nests, multiple grey‐blue globules, maple leaf‐like areas and arborizing telangiectasia, which are specific dermoscopic features for the diagnosis of pigmented BCC, were found to correlate with their histopathologic counterparts. In conclusion, dermoscopy can be described as a valuable tool for the diagnosis of pigmented basal cell carcinomas.
The safety of hydroquinone
Authors: Nordlund JJ , Grimes PE , Ortonne JP 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHydroquinone is one of the most effective molecules for the treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders, with over 40 years of efficacy and safety data. Concerns over its safety have been raised because of the fact that it is a derivative of benzene and because of the long‐term side‐effects observed with cosmetic products containing high concentrations of hydroquinone. However, despite 40–50 years use of hydroquinone for medical conditions, there has not been a single documented case of either a cutaneous or internal malignancy associated with this drug. This article reviews the evidence for the safety of hydroquinone in the treatment of hyperpigmentation conditions.