bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracking accuracy of T2- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for infusate distribution by convection-enhanced delivery
Authors: Iyer Rajiv R. , Butman John A. , Walbridge Stuart , Gai Neville D. , Heiss John D. , Lonser Russell R. 
Published: June 2011

Object
Because convection-enhanced delivery relies on bulk flow of fluid in the interstitial spaces, MR imaging techniques that detect extracellular fluid and fluid movement may be useful for tracking convective drug distribution. To determine the tracking accuracy of T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted MR imaging sequences, the authors followed convective distribution of radiolabeled compounds using these imaging sequences in nonhuman primates.

Methods
Three nonhuman primates underwent thalamic convective infusions (5 infusions) with 14C-sucrose (MW 342 D) or 14C-dextran (MW 70,000 D) during serial MR imaging (T2- and diffusion-weighted imaging). Imaging, histological, and autoradiographic findings were analyzed.

Results
Real-time T2- and diffusion-weighted imaging clearly demonstrated the region of infusion, and serial images revealed progressive filling of the bilateral thalami during infusion. Imaging analysis for T2- and diffusion-weighted sequences revealed that the tissue volume of distribution (Vd) increased linearly with volume of infusion (Vi; R2 = 0.94, R2 = 0.91). Magnetic resonance imaging analysis demonstrated that the mean ± SD Vd/Vi ratios for T2-weighted (3.6 ± 0.5) and diffusion-weighted (3.3 ± 0.4) imaging were similar (p = 0.5). While 14C-sucrose and 14C-dextran were homogeneously distributed over the infused region, autoradiographic analysis revealed that T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging significantly underestimated the Vd of both 14C-sucrose (mean differences 51.3% and 52.3%, respectively; p = 0.02) and 14C-dextran (mean differences 49.3% and 59.6%; respectively, p = 0.001).

Conclusions
Real-time T2- and diffusion-weighted MR imaging significantly underestimate tissue Vd during convection-enhanced delivery over a wide range of molecular sizes. Application of these imaging modalities may lead to inaccurate estimation of convective drug distribution.
Outcomes in the First Year after Initiation of First-Line Haart among Heterosexual Men and Women in the Uk Chic Study
Authors:   UK CHIC Study Steering Committee, Barber Tristan J , Geretti Anna Maria , Anderson Jane , Schwenk Achim , Phillips Andrew N , Bansi Loveleen , Gilson Richard , Hill Teresa , Walsh John , Fisher Martin , Johnson Margaret , Post Frank , Easterbrook Philippa , Gazzard Brian , Palfreeman Adrian , Orkin Chloe , Leen Clifford , Gompels Mark , Dunn David , Delpech Valerie , Pillay Deenan , Sabin Caroline A 
Published: June 2011

Background We analysed the influence of gender on use and outcomes of first-line HAART in a UK cohort. Methods Analyses included heterosexuals starting HAART from 1998-2007 with pre-treatment CD4+ T-cell count <350 cells/mm3 and viral load (VL)>500 copies/ml. Virological suppression (<50 copies/ml), virological rebound (>500 copies/ml), CD4+ T-cell counts at 6 and 12 months, clinical events and treatment discontinuation/switch in the first year of HAART were compared using linear, logistic and Cox regression. Results Compared with women ( n=2,179), men ( n=1,487) were older and had lower CD4+ T-cell count and higher VL at start of HAART. Median follow-up was 3.8 years (IQR 2.0-6.2). At 6 and 12 months, 72.7% and 75.3% had VL≤50 copies/ml, with no large differences between genders at either time after adjustment for confounders (6 months, OR 0.92 [95% CI 0.76-1.13]; 12 months, OR 1.06 [95% CI 0.85-1.31]). Overall, 79.4% patients achieved virological suppression and 19.2% experienced virological rebound, without gender differences, although men had an increased risk of rebound after excluding pregnant women (adjusted relative hazard [RH] 1.33 [95% CI 1.04–1.71]). Mean CD4+ T-cell count increases at 6 and 12 months were, respectively, 11 2 and 156 cells/mm3 overall, with mean differences between men and women of -14.6 cells/mm3 (95% CI -24.6—4.5) and -12.1 cells/mm3 (95% CI -24.4– 0.2) at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Clinical progression was similar in men and women, but men were less likely to experience treatment discontinuation/switch (adjusted RH 0.72 [95% CI 0.63–0.83]). Conclusions Despite higher discontinuation rates among women, men had an increased risk of virological rebound and slightly poorer CD4+ T-cell count responses. Identifying the reasons underlying treatment discontinuation/switch may help optimize treatment strategies for both genders.
A Markov Decision Process for Managing Habitat for Florida Scrub-Jays
Authors: Johnson Fred A. , Breininger David R. , Duncan Brean W. , Nichols James D. , Runge Michael C. , Williams B. Ken 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Florida scrub-jays Aphelocoma coerulescens are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act due to loss and degradation of scrub habitat. This study concerned the development of an optimal strategy for the restoration and management of scrub habitat at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, which contains one of the few remaining large populations of scrub-jays in Florida. There are documented differences in the reproductive and survival rates of scrub-jays among discrete classes of scrub height (&lt;120 cm or “short”; 120–170 cm or “optimal”; &gt;170 cm or “tall”; and a combination of tall and optimal or “mixed”), and our objective was to calculate a state-dependent management strategy that would maximize the long-term growth rate of the resident scrub-jay population. We used aerial imagery with multistate Markov models to estimate annual transition probabilities among the four scrub-height classes under three possible management actions: scrub restoration (mechanical cutting followed by burning), a prescribed burn, or no intervention. A strategy prescribing the optimal management action for management units exhibiting different proportions of scrub-height classes was derived using dynamic programming. Scrub restoration was the optimal management action only in units dominated by mixed and tall scrub, and burning tended to be the optimal action for intermediate levels of short scrub. The optimal action was to do nothing when the amount of short scrub was greater than 30%, because short scrub mostly transitions to optimal height scrub (i.e., that state with the highest demographic success of scrub-jays) in the absence of intervention. Monte Carlo simulation of the optimal policy suggested that some form of management would be required every year. We note, however, that estimates of scrub-height transition probabilities were subject to several sources of uncertainty, and so we explored the management implications of alternative sets of transition probabilities. Generally, our analysis demonstrated the difficulty of managing for a species that requires midsuccessional habitat, and suggests that innovative management tools may be needed to help ensure the persistence of scrub-jays at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. The development of a tailored monitoring program as a component of adaptive management could help reduce uncertainty about controlled and uncontrolled variation in transition probabilities of scrub-height and thus lead to improved decision making.
How Fitch-Margoliash Algorithm can Benefit from Multi Dimensional Scaling
Authors: Lespinats Sylvain , Grando Delphine , Maréchal Eric , Hakimi Mohamed-Ali , Tenaillon Olivier , Bastien Olivier 
Published: June 2011

Whatever the phylogenetic method, genetic sequences are often described as strings of characters, thus molecular sequences can be viewed as elements of a multi-dimensional space. As a consequence, studying motion in this space (ie, the evolutionary process) must deal with the amazing features of high-dimensional spaces like concentration of measured phenomenon. To study how these features might influence phylogeny reconstructions, we examined a particular popular method: the Fitch-Margoliash algorithm, which belongs to the Least Squares methods. We show that the Least Squares methods are closely related to Multi Dimensional Scaling. Indeed, criteria for Fitch-Margoliash and Sammon's mapping are somewhat similar. However, the prolific research in Multi Dimensional Scaling has definitely allowed outclassing Sammon's mapping. Least Square methods for tree reconstruction can now take advantage of these improvements. However, “false neighborhood” and “tears” are the two main risks in dimensionality reduction field: “false neighborhood” corresponds to a widely separated data in the original space that are found close in representation space, and neighbor data that are displayed in remote positions constitute a “tear”. To address this problem, we took advantage of the concepts of “continuity” and “trustworthiness” in the tree reconstruction field, which limit the risk of “false neighborhood” and “tears”. We also point out the concentration of measured phenomenon as a source of error and introduce here new criteria to build phylogenies with improved preservation of distances and robustness. The authors and the Evolutionary Bioinformatics Journal dedicate this article to the memory of Professor W.M. Fitch (1929–2011).
Analgesic Control after Hip Arthroscopy: A Randomised, Double-Blinded Trial Comparing Portal with Intra-Articular Infiltration of Bupivacaine
Authors: Baker Joseph F. , Mcguire Ciara M. , Byrne Damien P. , Hunter Kim , Eustace Nick , Mulhall Kevin J. 
Published: June 2011

The optimum anaesthetic and analgesic management following hip arthroscopy is yet to be determined. There is, in addition, some concern over the use of intraarticular local anaesthetic. We compared the analgesic efficacy of intra-articular infiltration compared with portal infiltration of bupivacaine following hip arthroscopy. Patients were randomised to receive either 10ml of 0.25% bupivacaine either into the joint or around the portal sites following completion of surgery. 73 patients were recruited (40 intra-articular). The portal infiltration group required significantly more rescue analgesia immediately after surgery (2.33mg vs.0.57mg, p=0.036). Visual Analogue Scale pain scores were not significantly different at 1 and 2 hours following surgery, but at 6 hours the portal group had significantly lower VAS scores (p=0.0036). We believe that the initial pain following surgery results from capsular injury and this explains the need for more rescue analgesia in the portal infiltration group. Further work is needed to establish the ideal regimen. A combination of portal and intra-articular infiltration may be the most efficacious.
Chylous hip Joint Effusion and Bone Absorption after Total Hip Arthroplasty in a Patient with Chylocolporrhoea: A Case of Gorham's Disease
Authors: Tan Cheng-Aun , Chen Perng-Jong , Liu Tan-Kue , Shen Po-Wen 
Published: June 2011

Chyle is a sterile, milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats that is formed in the small intestines and taken up by lymph vessels. Chylous effusions usually occur after destruction or obstruction of lymphatic channels, and chylous joint effusions have been reported in association with rheumatoid and/or septic arthritis, and as the result of penetrating trauma to subsynovial fatty tissue and the intra-articular fat pad. We report a case of bone absorption and lytic change in the femur associated with a chylous hip joint effusion after a total hip arthroplasty (THA) in a patient with chylocolporrhoea and a history of chylous ascites.
The Ligamentum Capitis Femoris: Anatomic, Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography Study
Authors: Perez-Carro Luis , Golano Pau , Vega Jordi , Escajadillo Natalia F. , Rubin Carlos G. , Cerezal Luis 
Published: June 2011

The objective of the study was to describe the normal anatomy of the ligamentum capitis femoris and to determine the neurovascular structures potentially at risk during its reconstruction. Ten cadaveric specimens of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) were dissected and photographed. Magnetic resonance (MR) and Computed tomography (CT) arthrography evaluation of the anatomy of the LCF in 30 hips were performed to measure length of the ligament and to study the proximity of neurovascular structures. The anatomical study showed that the LCF has a pyramidal structure and a banded appearance. The thickness of the medial wall of the acetabulum 3mm superior to the inferior acetabular boundary was found to be 6.7mm (4–9mm) at point 1 (anterior), 4.1mm (3–7mm) at point 2 (central), and 6.5mm (49mm) at point 3 (posterior). Central anchors or screws were found to lie within 1.7cm (1.6–1.9cm) of the external iliac vein and artery. Angulation of anchors in the anterior and posterior columns in the axial plane with respect to acetabular fossa floor (the Optimal Angulation Angle or OAA), is safer (0 to 45° the safest optimal angles). The sagittal angulation created by the safe pathway in the anterior and posterior columns with respect to the plane of the facies lunata in this area was also measured and termed the Optimal Angle of Penetration (OAP) with normal values being: 110° (102–123°) for the posterior column and 90° (85–94°) for the anterior column. Our results suggest that reconstruction of the LCF can be safely performed if these guidelines are followed.
Understanding the Crude Oil Price: How Important Is the China Factor?
Authors: Mu Xiaoyi , Ye Haichun 
Published: June 2011

This paper employs monthly data on China’s net oil import from January 1997 to June 2010 to assess the role of China’s net import in the evolution of the crude oil price. Based on a vector autoregression (VAR) analysis, we find that the growth of China’s net oil import has no significant impact on monthly oil price changes and there is no Granger causality between the two variables. The historical decomposition indicates that shocks to China’s oil demand have only played a small role in the oil price run-up of 2002-2008. We also calculate the price changes implied by China’s net oil import growth from a longer-term supply and demand shift perspective. doi: 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol32-No4-4 “Surging Chinese demand is underpinning the recent spike in the price of oil, figures from the International Energy Agency (IEA) show. This ‘China factor’ has more bearing on oil prices than the ‘risk factor’ coming from global tensions, some experts say” —CNN (2004) “The price of crude oil could soar to $200 a barrel in as little as six months, as supply continues to struggle to meet demand . . . Soaring global demand for oil is being led by China’s
Ultrabright Fluorescent Silica Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Control of Particle Size and Dye Loading
Authors: Cho Eun‐Bum , Volkov Dmytro O. , Sokolov Igor 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of ultrabright fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles (UFSNPs) of various sizes loaded with different amounts of fluorescent dye (Rhodamine 6G) is reported here. The dye is physically entrapped inside the nanochannels of the silica matrix created during templated sol–gel self assembly. Due to the specific nanoenvironment, the fluorescence of the encapsulated dye molecules remains unquenched up to very high concentrations, which results in relatively high fluorescence. The particle size (ranging from 20–50 nm) and dye loading (0.8–9.3 mg dye per g particles) are controlled by the timing of the synthesis and the concentration of several organotriethoxysilanes, which are coprecursors of silica. The quantum yields of the encapsulated dye range from 0.65 to 1.0. The relative brightness of a single particle is equivalent to the fluorescence of 30–770 free nondimerized R6G dye molecules in water, or to that of 1.5–39 CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Despite the presence of some hydrophobic groups on the particles' surfaces, colloidal suspensions of the particles are relatively stable (as monitored for 120 days).
Prevalence of congenital myopathies in a representative pediatric united states population
Authors: Amburgey Kimberly , McNamara Nancy , Bennett Lindsey R. , McCormick M. Eileen , Acsadi Gyula , Dowling James J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe prevalence of congenital myopathies in the United States has not been examined. To address this, we determined the point prevalence of congenital myopathies in a well‐defined pediatric population from Southeastern Michigan. The overall point prevalence was 1:26,000. Mutations in RYR1 were the most common cause of congenital myopathies at 1:90,000. Our data broadly agrees with estimates from previous European studies and provides the first estimate of the prevalence of congenital myopathies in the United States. Ann Neurol 2011;70:662–665
Dynamic Chirality Determines Critical Roles for Bioluminescence in Symplectin–Dehydrocoelenterazine System
Authors: Kongjinda Vorawan , Nakashima Yosuke , Tani Naoki , Kuse Masaki , Nishikawa Toshio , Yu Chin‐Hui , Harada Nobuyuki , Isobe Minoru 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSymplectin is a photoprotein containing the dehydrocoelenterazine (DCL) chromophore, which links to a cysteine residue through a covalent bond with the emission of blue light. This study focuses on the stereochemical process of the emerging stereogenic centers. Two isomeric fluorinated DCL analogs (2,4‐diF‐ and 2,6‐diF‐DCL) were employed owing to their different bioluminescence activities, these being 200 % and 20 % compared to natural DCL, respectively. Each of these diF‐DCLs was found to exchange with the natural DCL in symplectin at pH 6.0. The emerging stereogenic carbons were racemic at the binding sites. Changing the pH of this storage form to the protein’s optimum solubility pH (pH 7.8) resulted in 2,4‐diF‐DCL‐bound symplectin luminescence, and the spent solutions were then analyzed and coelenteramide‐390‐CGLK‐peptide and coelenteramine were detected after a peptidase digestion. The same analysis of the 2,6‐diF‐DCL‐bound symplectin, on the other hand, afforded coelenteramine only but no coelenteramide. When the racemic storage diF‐DCLs moved to the active site at pH 7.8, a change in the chirality with the 390‐Cys residue resulted. Model experiments using L‐cysteine‐containing CGLK‐peptide supported two diastereoisomers from each diF‐DCL. The significant difference in the luminescence from these two chromophores is attributed to a plausible mechanism including the dynamically variable stereogenic center emerging at the storage and then the active site on the symplectin. It is concluded that such dynamic chirality plays a significant role in the symplectoteuthis bioluminescence.
Isoxazol‐5(4H)one Derivatives as PTP1B Inhibitors Showing an Anti‐Obesity Effect
Authors: Kafle Bhooshan , Aher Nilkanth G. , Khadka Deegendra , Park Hwangseo , Cho Hyeongjin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn developing inhibitors of therapeutic target enzymes, significant time and effort are committed to the preparation of large numbers of compounds. In an effort to develop a potent inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B as an anti‐obesity and/or anti‐diabetic agent, we constructed an isoxazolone chemical library by using a simplified procedure that circumvents tedious workup and purification steps. The 10×7 isoxazolone derivatives were synthesized by coupling the two halves of the target compounds. When mixed and heated in test tubes, the precursors produced the reaction products as precipitates. After brief washing, the products were pure enough to be used for enzymatic experiments. With the precursors for the coupling reactions prepared, the 10×7 library compounds could be prepared in a day by using the present protocol. The library compounds thus obtained were examined for their inhibitory activities against PTP1B. Among them, compound C3 was the most potent inhibitor of PTP1B with an IC50 of 2.3 μM. The in vivo effect of C3 was also examined in an obesity‐prone mouse strain. Diet‐induced obese (DIO)/diabetic mice were divided into two groups and each group was fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) or HFD+C3 for four weeks. The group of C3‐fed mice gained significantly less weight relative to the HFD‐fed control group during the four weeks of the drug feeding period. In contrast to the anti‐obesity effect of C3, no difference was observed in the glycemic control of the HFD and HFD+C3 mice groups.
Dealing with Dynamic Decision Problems when Knowledge of the Environment Is Limited: An Approach Based on Goal Systems
Authors: Selten Reinhard , Pittnauer Sabine , Hohnisch Martin 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTWe experimentally analyzed decision procedures for dealing with a dynamic decision‐making problem in which only qualitative information about the deterministic dynamics of the environment was available to participants. A participant's task was to maximize long‐term profit in a computer‐simulated monopoly market featuring delays and inertia. The design enabled a goal‐system‐based procedure, whereby a participant could select one or several short‐term variables to be controlled (goal variables) and chose target values (aspiration levels) for each of them over a total of 50 periods. We report results based on a sample of 63 participants on the formation of goal systems and the process of aspiration adaptation. Our main findings are, first, that more frequently selecting goal systems that adequately reflect the causal structure of the underlying model is positively correlated with long‐term profit; second, that goal persistence, a measure of a participant's tendency to stick to the current goal system, is positively correlated with long‐term profit; and third, that aspiration levels tend to be adapted in strong agreement with certain basic principles of a benchmark model of aspiration adaptation. Our study thus suggests and provides empirical foundation for an approach to dealing with complex dynamic decision problems based on neither optimization nor learning. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microtia‐anotia: A global review of prevalence rates
Authors: Luquetti Daniela Varela , Leoncini Emanuele , Mastroiacovo Pierpaolo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere are few published studies on microtia‐anotia frequency.METHODSUsing data from birth defects surveillance programs around the world, we conducted a systematic review on the frequency of microtia‐anotia to further explore the differences in prevalence across countries. Ninety‐two birth defects surveillance programs were evaluated with a total of 8917 cases of microtia‐anotia. We computed the prevalence per 10,000 births for each surveillance program for total cases of microtia‐anotia (microtia types I to IV), microtia (types I to III), and anotia (type IV). Prevalence ratios were calculated by large geographic areas, race/ethnicity, and by surveillance methodologies.RESULTSThe overall prevalences were: microtia‐anotia, 2.06 (confidence interval [CI], 2.02–2.10); microtia, 1.55 (CI, 1.50–1.60); and anotia 0.36 (CI, 0.34–0.38). Higher prevalences were observed for the Americas, Northern Europe and Asia, among Hispanics and Asians, and among active ascertainment and hospital‐based surveillance programs.CONCLUSIONSWe observed marked variation in the prevalence of microtia‐anotia across surveillance programs and within countries. These results must be interpreted cautiously as this variability may be explained mainly by differences in surveillance methods. However, given the magnitude of some of the differences, other factors may also be involved. This study contributes to the knowledge of the prevalence of microtia‐anotia by providing a critical analysis of the existing data. In addition, it supports the need for a coding system that allows complete phenotype characterization of microtia‐anotia, including severity and laterality, as well as for further studies on the variation of its frequency related to race and ethnicity. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.