bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glandular trichomes of Solanum berthaultii alter host preference of the Colorado potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Authors: Yencho G. Craig , Tingey Ward M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractChoice and no‐choice studies were conducted to determine how the glandular trichomes of the wild potato, Solanum berthaultii Hawkes, affect host preference of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Given a feeding choice between S. tuberosum and S. berthaultii, larvae and adults preferred the foliage of S. tuberosum, but adults were more discriminating. When foliage of S. berthaultii was appressed to S. tuberosum leaflets, fewer adults fed on the appressed leaflets. When given a choice between ‘trichome‐intact’ and ‘trichome‐removed’ S. berthaultii foliage, adults preferred to feed on the latter. The preference for ‘trichome‐removed’ foliage and the percent of adults initiating feeding, increased with the degree of trichome removal. These studies provide evidence that the resistance of S. berthaultii is associated with feeding deterrents localized in the glandular trichomes, that S. berthaultii possesses more than one mechanism of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle, and that the expression of resistance is dependent on the developmental stage of the insect.
Fluctuating asymmetry and survival ability in the forest tent caterpillar moth Malacosoma disstria: implications for pest management
Authors: Naugler Christopher T. , Leech Susan M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFluctuating asymmetry of the first tarsal segment of the proleg of the forest tent caterpiller moth Malacosoma disstria Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) was significantly inversely related to survival ability in the lab. The monitoring of population levels of fluctuating asymmetry could have important implications in pest management of this and other species by providing an indication of the health of a population.
Effect of temperature on the termination of diapause in the univoltine almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali
Authors: Tzanakakis M. E. , Veerman A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDiapausing larvae of Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) were collected in early August and late September. They were subjected to various photoperiod and temperature regimens for up to 20 weeks, then kept at L16:D8 and 19 °C for another 14 to 26 weeks for diapause to be terminated and pupation to take place.Photoperiod did not affect diapause completion. It was confirmed that the two morphologically distinct diapause stages have different temperature requirements for their completion. The first diapause stage was completed synchronously at temperatures between 16 and 19 °C. A higher temperature of 26 °C delayed diapause development. The second stage required lower temperatures between 4 and 10 °C. Spontaneous termination of diapause was observed at constant 19 °C.When applied to the first diapause stage for 20 weeks, low temperatures made the larvae refractory to subsequent intermediate temperatures. The first stage was thus maintained until a higher temperature of 26 °C made the larvae regain their ability to respond to the intermediate temperatures and complete this stage. Larvae grown in Retsou almonds had a higher diapause intensity than larvae grown in Truoito almonds.The results suggest that, in nature, the high temperatures of late summer and early autumn are likely to maintain the first diapause stage. Subsequently, the less warm temperatures of autumn allow the completion of the first stage by late autumn, and the low temperatures of late autumn and of winter allow the completion of the second diapause stage by mid winter.
Thermal responses in the citrus fruit fly, Dacus tsuneonis: evidence for a pupal diapause
Authors: Yasuda Tetsuya , Narahara Minora , Tanaka Seiji , Wakamura Sadao 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThermal responses controlling pupariation and adult eclosion in a citrus fruit fly, Dacus tsuneonis (Miyake), were studied to understand the winter biology of this species. When mature larvae were exposed to various temperature conditions, the highest percentage of pupariation was obtained at 15°C, although the variance at this temperature was greater than at 20C or 25°C. Pupariation occurred most rapidly at 20°C and an alternating temperature with a mean of 15°C. At constant 15°C, pupae failed to emerge as adults. Pupae were characterized by a reduced respiration rate, which is typical of a diapausing pupa. When insects were stored at different temperatures for 45 days after pupariation, and then transferred to 25°C, adult eclosion occurred earlier when the initial temperature was 10°C than when it was 5°C or 15°C. Adult eclosion occurred most synchronously and pupal mortality was lowest when insects were stored at 15°C for 90 days before incubation at 25°C. These results strongly suggest that D. tsuneonis enters a pupal diapause.
Environmental variation in physical and chemical cues used by the parasitic wasp, Aphytis melinus, for host recognition
Authors: Hare J. Daniel , Luck Robert F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractO‐caffeoyltyrosine is a host recognition kairomone for Aphytis melinus DeBach (Aphelinidae) found in the covers of its host, California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Diaspidae). This study tests the hypothesis that the concentration of O‐caffeoyltyrosine and scale cover size are reliable indicators of scale body size, an important component of host quality for A. melinus, over a range of scale rearing conditions. Both scale cover area and O‐caffeoyltyrosine concentrations were only qualitatively related to scale body size during the third instar, the scale life stage most suitable for A. melinus. Scale cover area and O‐caffeoyltyrosine concentrations were reduced, relative to scale body size, when scale were reared on bark and leaves compared to fruits. Scale cover area and O‐caffeoyltyrosine concentration were also relatively reduced when scales were reared in mid‐summer compared to spring and fall, and when reared on orange cultivars compared to lemon cultivars in the field. Finally, scale cover area and O‐caffeoyltyrosine concentration were reduced when scale were reared at 52% compared to 100% humidity in the laboratory. Scales appear to be chemically conspicuous to A. melinus for a short period of the time in which they are physiologically susceptible. Scales that minimize their cover size and maximize the incorporation rate of O‐caffeoyltyrosine into covers may minimize their conspicuousness to A. melinus. Minimizing scale cover size, but not necessarily incorporation rates, may make scales more vulnerable to predators, however.
Comparative field studies of various traps and attractants of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae
Authors: Broumas T. , Haniotakis G. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the framework of an ongoing testing and refining process of a mass trapping method, using a combination of semiochemicals, for the control of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae, four trap designs, three trap colors, six different food attractants and two pheromone formulations were compared under field conditions. No differences were observed between the trap designs and the food attractants tested. Trap color had a significant effect in preference tests only. Traps combining food attractants and pheromones attracted higher numbers of both male and female flies but the differences became statistically significant only in cases of low trap densities. Pheromones enclosed in cyclodextrenes were not as attractive as standard pheromone formulations. The findings of these tests allow a choice among trap types and semiochemicals for cost reduction and convenience, but not for enhancement of the efficacy of the method.
Prey preference and egg production of the carabid beetle Agonum dorsale
Authors: Bilde Trine , Toft Søren 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn order to elucidate whether the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi is low quality food for the carabid beetle Agonum dorsale, as it has previously been found to be for cereal spiders, we performed a series of experiments using fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster as a standard alternative prey (‘control prey’): 1) Prey preference, 2) Aphid consumption for satiated and starved beetles, 3) Egg production on different diets and 4) Preference experiments with fruit flies coated with a taste of different prey types. Other alternative prey types used were earthworms and sciarid midges, all potential prey in the field. A. dorsale has a low preference for aphids compared to fruit flies. Apparently there is an upper limit to the consumption of aphids independent of hunger and much below the beetles' total food demand. Egg production on a pure diet of aphids is lower than on a pure diet of fruit flies; it is extremely low on a pure diet of earthworms; the highest fecundity is found on a mixed diet. As fruit flies coated with a taste of aphids or sciarid midges are less prefered than flies covered with a taste of fruit flies there may be a chemical factor, acting through taste, involved in determining prey preference.
Dispersal of adult female fig wasps: 1. Arrivals and departures
Authors: Ware Anthony B. , Compton Stephen G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFicus burtt‐davyi, like most other fig species (Ficus, Moraceae), is exclusively pollinated by its own unique species of fig wasp, in this case Elisabethiella baijnathi (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). Because fig crop development on any one tree is usually synchronised, the small and short‐lived female wasps have to migrate and find other trees bearing figs which are at suitable stage of development for oviposition. However, the likelihood of successful location and subsequent arrival at a new host tree is dependent on distance and the effect of environmental factors such as wind and temperature. This study examines the relationship between ambient temperatures and the timing of fig wasps emergence from their natal figs and the commencement of their dispersal flight. The behaviour of the wasps arriving at figs which were ready to be pollinated was also examined. The female wasps did not appear to distinguish between the figs and other parts of the tree when in flight. However, after landing on the tree their search for figs was more directed as they visited more figs than leaves. Short‐range recognition of figs appears to be by contact chemo‐reception, but the wasps showed a preference for entering figs which did not already contain a female wasp.
Larval diet influence on oviposition behaviour in Spodoptera littoralis
Authors: Anderson P. , Hilker M. , Löfqvist J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFemales of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with different feeding experiences during their larval development were tested for their ovipositional response to methanol extracts of larval frass and semisynthetic diets. The effect of the following frass, diet and diet component extracts was tested: (a) frass from S. littoralis or Agrotis segetum larvae fed on a potato‐based diet; (b) frass from S. littoralis larvae fed on a wheat germ‐based diet; (c) potato and wheat germ‐based diets; and (d) potatoes and wheat germ.Ovipositing females without prior experience of the potato diet were deterred by extracts of: (1) larval frass from either species fed on potato diet; (2) the potato‐based diet; (3) potato. Also females with experience of the potato diet during only a part of their larval development were deterred from oviposition by frass of larvae reared on the potato diet and by the diet itself. However, for females reared on the potato diet for their entire larval development, oviposition was no longer deterred by either of the three extracts listed above. Extracts of: (1) frass from larvae of either species reared on wheat germ diet: (2) the wheat germ diet; or (3) wheat germ did not significantly affect oviposition. Females with ablated antennae were still deterred by frass extracts from larvae fed on potato diet, when they had been reared on the wheat germ diet. In feeding experiments, larvae of larval stage one and of larval stage three‐four reared on either of the two diets preferred to feed on the wheat germ diet. However, the preference was significantly stronger for larvae with no prior contact with the potato diet. The effect of larval experience on the loss of oviposition‐deterring activity by extracts of larval frass, diets and diet components is discussed in view of induction and selection.
Endophytes of fescue grasses enhance susceptibility of Popillia japonica larvae to an entomopathogenic nematode
Authors: Grewal S. K. , Grewal P. S. , Gaugler R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe evaluated tritrophic level interactions among fungal endophytes (Acremonium spp.) of fescue grasses (Festuca spp.), the root‐feeding Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman larvae, and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar. Third‐instar P. japonica larvae were introduced into pots containing endophyte‐infected or endophyte‐free plants of tall fescue Festuca arundinacea Schreber (cultivars Kentucky 31 and Georgia Jesup Improved) and the Chewings fescue Festuca rubra commutata Guad. (cultivars F‐93 and Jamestown II). After two weeks, the surviving larvae were recovered, and their susceptibility to nematodes was evaluated in sand columns. Endophytes enhanced the rate of nematode‐induced mortality in all cultivars except Georgia Jesup Improved, and increased the proportion of dead larvae with nematodes in all cultivars except Jamestown II. Endophytes in the cultivar Kentucky 31 were associated with improved nematode establishment in the larvae. No effect on nematode reproduction was found.Since endophytes produce biologically active alkaloids, we tested the effects of an ergot alkaloid, ergotamine tartrate, on the feeding behavior and weight of P. japonica larvae in agar medium. The alkaloid caused feeding deterrence, and reduced the consumption of medium by the larvae, resulting in weight loss. These larvae were more susceptible to H. bacteriophora than the untreated larvae. Unfed ‘starved’ larvae were more susceptible to nematodes than those fed on untreated agar. Our results support the hypothesis that endophyte‐induced starvation of P. japonica would reduce larval vigor, and render them more susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes.
Ant predation of Eriocrania miners in a polluted area
Authors: Koricheva Julia , Lappalainen Janne , Haukioja Erkki 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that air pollution may affect population densities of birch‐feeding leafminers via changes in ant predation. Foraging activity of three ant species (Formica rufa, F. fusca and F. lemani), predation rates and population densities of both solitary and gregarious Eriocrania (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae) miners were investigated at 13 sites around the Harjavalta copper‐nickel smelter, SW Finland. Ant species differed in their distribution patterns relative to pollution. However, the total percentage of birch trees foraged by ants (all species combined) showed no correlation with the distance from the factory complex. As a result, no clear trends in predation rates were apparent in relation to the distance from the pollution source for either solitary or gregarious Eriocrania species. Densities of the solitary Eriocrania species tended to increase with the distance from the pollution source whereas densities of the gregarious E. haworthi peaked close to the factory complex. No corresponding differences in predation rates between solitary and gregarious miners were found. Ant predation, thus, did not explain density patterns of Eriocrania miners in the polluted area.
Effect of methoxyphenols on grain aphid feeding behaviour
Authors: Leszczynski B. , Tjallingii W. F. , Dixon A. F. G. , Swiderski R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMethoxyphenols might be important in the resistance of cereals to aphids. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings were used to determine the effect of caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids, and scopoletin on the feeding behaviour of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.). Aphids on wheat seedlings treated systemically with these phenols showed reduced ingestion of phloem sap and salivation into sieve elements in most cases. The earlier pathway phases of probing were prolonged. Moreover increase in number of probes as well as reduction of total time of probing was observed. In addition, no O‐demethylase activity was found in homogenates of aphids fed on moderately‐resistant (phenolic rich) or susceptible (phenolic poor) wheat varieties. The significance of these results for understanding the resistance of cereals to aphids is discussed.
Suitability of the maize weevil and angoumois grain moth as hosts for the parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae and Pteromalus cerealellae
Authors: Smith Lincoln , Weaver David K. , Arbogast Richard T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTwo parasitoids, Pteromalus cerealellae (Ashmead) and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), were compared for their ability to parasitize two important internally‐developing insect pests of stored maize (Zea mays L.). Parasitism by P. cerealellae was greater on Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), than on maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, in no‐choice experiments. Anisopteromalus calandrae parasitized more maize weevils than did P. cerealellae. The former parasitoid parasitized only a few Angoumois grain moths successfully in maize, but parasitized many in wheat if the hosts were younger than 3 weeks old. Thus, both host age and type of grain affect suitability for parasitism. The effects of parental host (species on which the female developed) and experimental host (species exposed to parasitism) on parasitism rate of P. cerealellae were tested in a host‐switching experiment. Parasitism by parasitoids reared on maize weevils was 23% lower than that of parasitoids reared on Angoumois grain moth. This effect was independent of which host the filial generation of parasitoids was tested on. However, the experimental host species had a much greater effect on parasitoid fecundity than the parental host species. Female progeny had smaller body sizes when emerging from maize weevil than from Angoumois grain moth, which may explain the parental host effect on fecundity. There was also a slight intergenerational effect of host species on parasitoid body size.
Do anthocorid predators respond to synomones from Psylla‐infested pear trees under field conditions?
Authors: Drukker B. , Scutareanu P. , Sabelis M. W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBecause Y‐tube olfactometer experiments in the laboratory showed a response of anthocorid bugs to odour from Psylla‐infested leaves, it was of interest to assess its relevance under field circumstances. This was done by measuring the density of predatory bugs on pear trees adjacent to Psylla‐infested or control trees that were covered with fine mesh gauze‐screens. In this way odours from these caged trees could spread through the screen, while contact with the Psylla prey in the cage was prevented. The density of anthocorid predators around cages with heavily infested trees was significantly higher than around uncaged control trees and around cages containing uninfested or little infested trees. Covering a cage with Psylla‐infested trees by an airtight plastic sheet led to an immediate drop in the density of anthocorid predators, whereas removal of the sheet led to predator aggregation again. The results of these field experiments strongly support the hypothesis that anthocorid predators respond to volatile chemicals emanating from Psylla‐infested pear trees.
Comparison of sagging at the cheek and lower eyelid between male and female faces
Authors: Ezure Tomonobu , Yagi Eiichiro , Kunizawa Naomi , Hirao Tetsuji , Amano Satoshi 
Published: April 2011

Background: Facial sagging is a well‐known morphological feature associated with aging and reduced dermal elasticity. Its morphological characteristics and mechanism have been studied in females, but it is unclear whether or not there is a gender difference.Aims: The aim of this study was to clarify the morphological characteristics of sagging and the mechanism of sagging formation in male faces as compared with female faces, focusing on changes in dermal elasticity.Methods: Faces of 98 healthy Japanese male volunteers, in their 20s–60s, were photographed at an angle of 45°. Upper and lower cheek sagging severity was evaluated by using photograph‐based grading criteria. In addition, new photograph‐based grading criteria of sagging severity at the lower eyelid were established and used. Dermal elasticity was measured using a non‐invasive, in vivo suction skin elasticity meter, Cutometer®. Furthermore, photographs of 108 healthy Japanese female volunteers in their 20s–60s were used to compare the difference in the morphological characteristics of sagging between males and females.Results: Male facial sagging was prominent at the lower eyelid, upper cheek and lower cheek. Sagging severity in the upper and lower cheek was almost the same between males and females at all ages, whereas sagging at the lower eyelid in males was significantly more severe than that in females after middle age. Although dermal extensibility (Uf) was not related to age, total deformation recovery (Ua), −(amount of deformation) −(Uf−Ua), overall elasticity of the skin including creep and creep recovery (Ua/Uf), net elasticity excluding viscoelastic creep (Ur/Ue), ratio of elastic recovery to total deformation (Ur/Uf) and −(ratio of viscoelastic to elastic distention) −(Uv/Ue) were all significantly negatively related to age in both men and women. Furthermore, as in female faces, male facial sagging was significantly negatively related to dermal elasticity parameters, such as −(Uf−Ua), Ua/Uf, Ur/Ue and Ur/Uf.Conclusion: These results indicate that the morphology and areas of sagging in male faces are similar to those in females in the cheek, but sagging at the lower eyelid is more severe in males after middle age. Furthermore, the dermal elasticity of male facial skin decreased with age similar to that of females, and may therefore be associated with the sagging formation in male faces.
Alterations in the RB1 Pathway in Low‐grade Diffuse Gliomas Lacking Common Genetic Alterations
Authors: Kim Young‐Ho , Lachuer Joel , Mittelbronn Michel , Paulus Werner , Brokinkel Benjamin , Keyvani Kathy , Sure Ulrich , Wrede Karsten , Nobusawa Sumihito , Nakazato Yoichi , Tanaka Yuko , Vital Anne , Mariani Luigi , Ohgaki Hiroko 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe recently reported that the vast majority (>90%) of low‐grade diffuse gliomas (diffuse astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma and oligodendroglioma) carry at least one of the following genetic alterations: IDH1/2 mutation, TP53 mutation or 1p/19q loss. Only 7% of cases were triple‐negative (ie, lacking any of these alterations). In the present study, array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in 15 triple‐negative WHO grade II gliomas (eight diffuse astrocytomas and seven oligodendrogliomas) showed loss at 9p21 (p14ARF, p15INK4b, p16INK4a loci) and 13q14–13q32 (containing the RB1 locus) in three and two cases, respectively. Further analyses in 31 triple‐negative cases as well as a total of 160 non‐triple‐negative cases revealed that alterations in the RB1 pathway (homozygous deletion and promoter methylation of the p15INK4b, p16INK4a and RB1 genes) were significantly more frequent in triple‐negative (26%) than in non‐triple‐negative cases (11%; P = 0.0371). Multivariate analysis after adjustment for age, histology and treatment showed that RB1 pathway alterations were significantly associated with unfavorable outcome for patients with low‐grade diffuse glioma [hazard ratio, 3.024 (1.279–6.631); P = 0.0057]. These results suggest that a fraction of low‐grade diffuse gliomas lacking common genetic alterations may develop through a distinct genetic pathway, which may include loss of cell‐cycle control regulated by the RB1 pathway.