bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE BIOLOGY OF TWO RELATED SPECIES OF COENAGRIONID DRAGONFLIES (ODONATA: ZYGOPTERA) IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Sawchyn W. W. , Gillott C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe biology ofCoenagrion angulatumWalker andC.resolutumHagen in Saskatchewan has been studied. In these species embryonic development begins as soon as the eggs are laid and is completed in the field within 3 weeks. Larval development is rapid and larvae in the final instar were first collected before the middle of September. Development ceases during the first 2 weeks of October when the water temperature is about 2 °C. By this time the majority of larvae are in the last three instars. Larvae overwinter frozen in the ice 15 to 20 cm below the pond surface. They are able to survive temperatures as low as −5° to −6 °C though these extremes are not normally experienced in the field because of snow cover. Although the study pond filled with runoff water by mid-April no change in the larval population structure occurred until mid-May. Emergence, which is highly synchronous, begins in the last week of May. However, it is governed by the prevailing air and water temperatures, and occurs only when the mean daily water temperature exceeds 12 °C and the mean maximum air temperature reaches 20° to 21 °C. Most insects emerge within 10 days of the first appearance of the adults. Sexual maturation takes about 1 week. Oviposition occurs while the pair are in tandem. Preferred oviposition sites are the submerged portions of stalks of floating plants such asUtricularia,Ranunculus, andPotamogeton. The observations are discussed in terms of the species’ ability to survive the climatic extremes of central Canada.
APPROACHES TO ASSESSING INSECTICIDE EFFICACY IN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) CONTROL PROGRAMS
Authors: Simmons Gary A. , Chen Chao W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo-sample and four-sample methods of assessing insecticidal control efficacy are explored. Respective indices of survival and mortality including methods of constructing confidence intervals and minimizing bias are discussed. Procedures for determining the number of samples required for specified statistical limits are presented
EFFECTS OF INSECT DEVELOPMENTAL INHIBITORS ON ADULT EMERGENCE OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE). II
Authors: Dove R. F. , McKague A. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdult emergence of Simulium verecundum was reduced 75 to 100% by 0 001 to 0.1 ppm Altosid SR–10 at 25 ± 3 °C and 10 °C. No reduction in adult emergence was observed with 0.0001 ppm Altosid SR–10. 0.1 ppm of the granular R–20458 4–G reduced adult emergence 56 to 98% whereas 0.02 ppm was not effective. Exposure of black fly larvae to 0.1 ppm R–20458 4–G for 24 h gave a maximum of 50% reduction in adult emergence of those flies which had not pupated during the 24-h period.
DEFENSE IN TWO PRE-SOCIAL MEMBRACIDS (HOMOPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE)
Authors: Wood T. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOf nine treehopper species presented to the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, two were unpalatable. The basis for rejection of newly emerged adults of Umbonia crassicornis and Platycotis viltata appeared to be taste. As these adult insects matured the pronotum became highly sclerotized. Mature P. vittata lost their aposematic color and became palatable while U. crassicornis continued to be rejected. Both species brood their young and form large conspicuous aggregations.
AN EXCEPTIONALLY EARLY AND INFORMATIVE ARRIVAL OF ADULTANAX JUNIUSIN ONTARIO (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE)
Authors: Butler Terese , Peterson Jane E. , Corbet Philip S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo mature male adults ofAnax Juniuswere seen in Ontario exceptionally early in spring, before emergence had begun locally, and very soon after an episode of unseasonably warm weather which was associated with the arrival from Texas of a low-pressure system.
INFLUENCE OF OTHER INSECTS ON PRODUCTION OF HORN FLY, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), FROM CATTLE DUNG IN SOUTH-CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Macqueen Angus , Beirne Bryan P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effect of coprophilic insects on horn fly (Haematobia irritans irritans (L.)) production from cattle dung was measured at Kamloops, B.C. Adult female flies were trapped after oviposition on fresh dung pads during 24-h sample periods. The pads were then either exposed to field insects for 24 h or covered with frames excluding insects for the same period, and removed to a greenhouse where all fauna emerged.Horn fly females did not show a definite diurnal rhythm in oviposition. There was a single peak in adult abundance during the summer. Numbers of progeny produced per female fly from covered pads showed an apparent peak from 0300 to 0600 h while lowest numbers were produced in the early evening. Throughout the summer the progeny production from pads exposed to other insects was uniformly and significantly lower than from covered pads of the same age. Insects chiefly responsible for this suppression are probably the predators Philonthus cruentatus Gmelin, Sphaeridium scarabaeoides (L.), and S. lunatum (F.). Parasites of horn fly and dung-burying beetles (Scarabaeinae) are scarce and so there is still plenty of opportunity for manipulation of horn fly populations by use of other biological agents.
PRELIMINARY FIELD TRIALS WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – CHEMICAL INSECTICIDE COMBINATIONS IN THE INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Morris O.N. , Armstrong J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) + sublethal doses of the organophosphates fenitrothion or Orthene® were aerially applied to spruce budworm infested white spruce and balsam fir trees. B.t. + fenitrothion applied at 10 BIU + 17.5 g active ingredient in 4.71./ha (4 BIU + 0.25 oz in 0.5 gal/acre) and depositing at 1.5 to 3.0 BIU + 2.1 to 4.9 g/ha (0.03 to 0.07 oz/acre) did not protect the trees in the year of application owing to too low application rates but apparently gave good protection 1 year later without further treatment. A B.t. + Orthene combination applied at 20 BIU + 42 g/ha (8 BIU + 0.6 oz/acre) and depositing at the rate of 6.9 BIU + 12.6 g/ha (2.29 BIU + 0.18 oz/acre) provided good protection for both tree species in the year of spray.Moth emergence was substantially reduced by 20 to 30 BIU B.t. + Orthene combination treatment. Thuricide fenitrothion, Dipel fenitrothion, and 30 BIU Orthene treatments reduced oviposition rate by at least 62%, 47%, and 47%, respectively. B,t. + a low dose of Orthene apparently had no major destructive effects on larval, pupal, or egg parasites whereas B.t. + a low dose of fenitrothion seriously reduced egg parasitism.The data indicate the possibility of using B.t. in combination with low doses of chemical insecticides against the spruce budworm as an alternative to high doses of chemical insecticides alone.
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND SIZE ON FLIGHT ACTIVITY AND OVIPOSITION IN THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Lucuik G. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWell-fed, mated female spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) show little activity during the first 24 h after emergence. During the second 24 h they lay between 33 and 50% of their egg complement. During the third 24 h most flight activity occurs. Smaller, artificially starved females are much more active, especially during the second 24-h period, when many fly before ovipositing. Timing of oviposition and flight is under photoperiodic control: female flight occurs just before dark after peak oviposition while male activity starts before dark, but peaks after dark, with a morning peak of variable intensity.
LABORATORY CROSSINGS WITH DIFFERENT SOURCES OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER PARASITE CHRYSOCHARIS LARICINELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Ryan R.B. , Yoshimoto C. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChrysocharis laricinellae (Ratz.) from Austria, Sweden, England, and Wisconsin, some of which were thought possibly different species, were crossed. Hybrid sex ratios in this arrhenotokous species were similar to parental types, indicating conspecificity. English and Wisconsin strains tended toward darker legs and female scapes.
SEASONAL FLIGHT AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SCOLYTIDAE ATTRACTED TO ETHANOL IN AN OAK-HICKORY FOREST IN MISSOURI
Authors: Ruling M. P. , Kearby W. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWindow flight traps baited with ethanol attracted 15 genera representing 25 species of scolytids. Monarthrum fasciatum and Xyleborus saxeseni were the most frequently trapped scolytids. Evidence for seasonal flight periods and vertical flight distribution are presented for Hypothenemus dissimilis, X. ferrugineus, X. saxeseni, X. sayi, X. xylographus, M. fasciatum, M. mali, and Corthylus columbianus. Live Q. velutina injected with ethanol attracted five species of scolytids: X. saxeseni, X. xylographus, M. fasciatum, M. mali, and C. columbianus.
TERMITE (ISOPTERA) SUPPRESSION WITH TOXIC BAITS
Authors: Ostaff D. , Gray D. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA field trial with toxic-bait blocks for suppression of subterranean termite activity was initiated in Toronto. Decayed, mirex-impregnated red pine wood blocks 2.5 × 3.8 × 0.5 cm were placed individually in soil at 1.5-m intervals. Attack on bait blocks effectively suppressed termite activity for 3 years in the eight plots. The method offers a cheaper, environmentally sound, effective alternative to conventional soil-poisoning methods.
ORIENTATION AND DISPERSAL OF LATE-STAGE LARVAE OF PORTHETRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Doane Charles C. , Leonard David E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLate-stage gypsy moth larvae, Porthetria dispar (L.), orient by polarized light in woodland openings. Activity of larvae was greatest before 1030 h and after 1400 h Eastern Standard Time, when plane-polarized sky-light was stronger and ground surface temperatures more moderate than during midday. Larvae in the opening were attracted to vertical objects up to 3 m distant at cardinal points closest to their path of orientation but much less to the cardinal points furthest away. Most larvae move in a north to northeast or south to southwest direction at abroad angle to the direction of the sun’s rays.
EFFECTS OF THE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR INDOLEBUTYRIC ACID ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND REPRODUCTION OF THE WESTERN TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA CALIFORNICUM PLUVIALE (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Cameron P. J. , Wellington W. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe synthetic plant growth regulator indolebutyric acid delayed pupation, produced lighter pupae, and interfered with the larva-to-pupa molt of the western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma californicum pluviale (Dyar), when it was mixed with water (0.1 g/1.) in which cut foliage for rearing the larvae was kept. Treatment of very young larvae led to adults that produced more and better eggs than the controls. Treating older larvae produced antigonadotrophic effects.
GENETIC FEEDBACK AND SIMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTROPHES
Authors: Sydor William J. , Pimentel David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn investigation was made of the impact of a series of environmental catastrophes upon herbivore population regulation through density-dependent genetic feedback interactions with simulated plants. Mean density and amplitude of fluctuation of the herbivore in the control system (only susceptible alleles in the plant population) were higher than in the genetic feedback system (3 resistant alleles and 3 susceptible alleles in the plant population). Mean density and amplitude of fluctuation of the herbivores in the catastrophic system (only susceptible alleles in the plant population and the herbivore population subject to a series of environmental catastrophes) were lower than in the control and genetic feedback systems, but both mean density and amplitude of fluctuation were higher than in the genetic feedback and catastrophic system (3 resistant and 3 susceptible alleles in the plant population and the herbivore population subject to a series of environmental catastrophes). The results of this experiment suggest that genetic feedback can exert a controlling influence in population dynamics even in systems where environmental catastrophes are a common occurrence.
DEFOLIATION OF WHITE BIRCH BY THE BIRCH CASEBEARER, COLEOPHORA FUSCEDINELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Bryant D. G. , Raske A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDefoliation by the birch casebearer, Coleophora fuscedinella Zeller, the most important pest of white birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh., in Newfoundland, is correlated with leaf size but the differences in defoliation associated with leaf size are too small to be of practical importance. Thus, a sample of at least eight leaves from either the top crown quarter or from mid crown will give consistent estimates of tree defoliation, and 14 trees should be sampled to classify a stand for appraisal surveys or for evaluation of damage to scenic areas. Evaluation of stand defoliation in three broad classes is recommended: up to 30% defoliation appears as light browning not noticed by the general public, 30% to 90% results in distinct browning, and over 90% defoliation denotes intensive browning and bud and branch mortality.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ATTEMPTS BY INTRODUCTIONS AGAINST PEST INSECTS IN THE FIELD IN CANADA
Authors: Beirne B. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis is an analysis of the attempts to colonize at least 208 species of parasites and predators on about 75 species of pest insects in the field in Canada. There was colonization by about 10% of the species that were introduced in totals of under 5,000 individuals, 40% of those introduced in totals of between 5,000 and 31,200, and 78% of those introduced in totals of over 31,200. Indications exist that initial colonizations may be favoured by large releases and by selection of release sites that are semi-isolated and not ecologically complex but that colonizations are hindered when the target species differs taxonomically from the species from which introduced agents originated and when the release site lacks factors needed for introduced agents to survive or when it is subject to potentially-avoidable physical disruptions. There was no evidence that the probability of colonization was increased when the numbers of individuals released were increased by laboratory propagation. About 10% of the attempts were successful from the economic viewpoint. Successes may be overestimated if the influence of causes of coincidental, actual, or supposed changes in pest abundance are overlooked. Most of the successes were by two or more kinds of agents of which at least one attacked species additional to the target pests. Unplanned consequences of colonization have not been sufficiently harmful to warrant precautions to the extent advocated by Turnbull and Chant but are sufficiently potentially dangerous to warrant the restriction of all colonization attempts to biological control experts. It is concluded that most failures were caused by inadequate procedures, rather than by any weaknesses inherent in the method, that those inadequacies can be avoided in the future, and therefore that biological control of pest insects has much unrealized potential for use in Canada.
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND THE EVALUATION OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR AN INSECT POPULATION
Authors: Taylor C. Robert , Headley J. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe development of physiological resistance in insect populations of agricultural and public health importance to insecticides and other methods of control has taken on proportions of increasing importance. In this paper, a mathematical pest population model is presented which can be used for dynamic economic and ecological evaluation of alternative control strategies. Because of the unique nature of pest populations, the model is not directly applicable to all actual problems. However, the model is an illustration of a whole class of models that promises to remove pest control strategies from the category of ad hoc decisions.For those empirical problems for which a benefit function can be defined, dynamic programming is suggested as a method for determining an optimal strategy over time. When it is difficult or impossible to specify a benefit function, which is frequently the case, it is suggested that Monte Carlo techniques, applied to the pest control strategies of interest, be used to determine the effects on the pest population over time.
SPRING FLIGHT AND ADULT ACTIVITY OF THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ON SITKA SPRUCE IN WESTERN WASHINGTON
Authors: Overhulser D. L. , Gara R. I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObservations were made on the flight patterns, sex ratios, and ovipositional activity of Pissodes strobi in Sitka spruce. There is an aggregation of adults on spruce leaders early in the flight season during which sexual maturation and mating take place. Males are more active early in the flight season, while females are more numerous during the latter half of the flight season.
EXTRACTION AND BIOASSAY OF FEMALE SEX PHEROMONE OF WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA LEUCOSTIGMA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Grant G. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFactors affecting the extraction and bioassay of the sex pheromone of white-marked tussock moths were evaluated. Dipping the female pheromone glands in a solvent (preferably hexane) to produce a wash containing active material was a particularly effective and reproducible method of obtaining a potent extract. These were most active if obtained from virgin females < 2 days old. Extracts from recently mated females were only slightly less active than those from virgin females. Males were most responsive in bioassays when 2 to 3 days old. The maximum percentage response of males was obtained at 1 × 10−4 FE (female equivalents); beyond this concentration the percentage response decreased. Characteristically, extracts lost their potency within 1–3 weeks of preparation. It is suggested that either an inhibitor or loss of a chemical component of the sex pheromone causes an extract to become inactive.
NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM, LECANIUM TILIAE (HOMOPTERA: COCCIDAE), IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Rubin Amos , Beirne B. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLecanium tiliae (L.) is now attacked in British Columbia by three species of parasites, about 18 predators, and a fungus. Parasites are the most important natural enemies but parasitize an average of only 30% of the scales. Reasons for low parasite effectiveness include: hyper-parasitism by one species, Coccophagus lycimnia, which is apparently a recent arrival in the district, on itself and on the chief parasite, Blastothrix longipennis; a tendency for C. lycimnia to be relatively abundant in low scale populations; differences in sex ratio of B. longipennis between low and high host populations; and parasite mortality in the scales. It was confirmed that the parasites pass the summer as diapausing adults rather than in alternate hosts. It is concluded that the biological control attempt of 1928 and 1929 that has been widely regarded as a success was in fact probably a failure, as the introduced parasite, B. sericea, did not apparently become established. An attempt in 1969 and 1970 with an introduced fungus also failed.
CONTROL OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE ON HARVESTED APPLES BY METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION AND COLD STORAGE
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Gaunce A. P. , Madsen B. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), was killed on harvested apples by fumigation with 32 g/m3 of methyl bromide for 2 hours followed by standard cold storage for about a month. Fumigation, without storage, did not kill all the scale.
A QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF BEATING FOR SAMPLING LARVAE OF SELIDOSEMA SUAVIS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN PLANTATIONS IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: White T. C. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBy beating foliage with a stick, insects inhabiting the foliage can be dislodged onto a sheet held beneath it. In an attempt to develop this as a quantitative method for sampling lepidopterous defoliators feeding on exotic conifers in New Zealand, the size of the sheet and method of beating were standardized. Analysis of samples made over a period of 2 years revealed that differences between individual collectors were minimal, and that although very similar proportions of larvae were captured on the three areas of sheet used, the middle size gave the optimum balance between precision and cost of sampling. It also showed that as the number of larvae captured increased, the number of samples could be decreased in a semi-sequential manner.
A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE GENUS TEGRODERA (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)
Authors: Pinto John D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree allopatric species are recognized in the North American genus Tegrodera LeConte. Speciation was probably a relatively recent event in this genus as all species are closely related, and separable by minor but consistent differences of adult anatomy. The most distinctive species, T. aloga Skinner, ranges throughout much of the Sonoran Desert in western Arizona and northwestern Sonora. T. erosa LeConte, a species occurring in southern California and Baja California, is separated geographically from T. aloga by the arid Colorado Desert. T. erosa consists of two distinct subspecies, the nominate form occurring in southern California, and T. e. inornata Blaisdell distributed throughout much of Baja California. T. latecincta Horn, a species found in the Owens and Antelope valleys of California, is the closest relative of T. erosa. It is separated from the latter by the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains, and from T. aloga by the vast Mojave Desert. The species of Tegrodera are each associated with different plant communities, though the genus Eriastrum seems to be an important food source for all adults. The taxonomic analysis presented herein includes the study of both intra- and interspecific variation. The first instar larva of T. aloga and T. e. erosa are compared, and notes on seasonal distribution, habitat, and non-sexual behavior are included.
THE ABIETINA GROUP OF PRISTIPHORA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Wong Horne R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwelve species are recognized in the abietina group of Pristiphora. A key to species and illustrations of the lancets and penis valves are presented. Only P. erichsonii (Hartig) is holarctic in distribution. P. gerula (Konow) is re-established as a species since it is not a variety of P. saxesenii (Hartig). A new species P. thalenhorsti is described. The name P. takagii is proposed for laricivorus Takagi nee Brischke.
FIELD TEST OF AN AUTOCIDAL CONTROL METHOD WITH THE FERAL MOSQUITO CULEX RESTUANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Bracken G. K. , Maw M. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn autocidal control method involving attraction of ovipositing females to artificial oviposition sites, rearing and chemical sterilization of adults reared from the collected eggs, and release of sterilized males back into the system was field tested with the mosquito Culex restuans Theobald. This species cannot be cultured continuously. The average weekly percentage of sterile egg rafts was 2.4 (range 0.3–16.0) in the test area where sterile males were released (av. 9620/wk) and 5.3 (range 1.5–30.0) in the area where both sterile males (av. 7000/wk) and untreated females (av. 4590/wk) were released. The low level of sterility achieved is attributed to infiltration of gravid females from outside the experimental areas, poor efficiency in producing sterile males from the collected egg rafts, and the small scale of the test.A hypothetical model is used to compare theoretical reduction in rates of increase of a population of mosquitoes when various proportions are induced to oviposit in ‘trap’ pools if the eggs trapped are destroyed, reared to produce sterile males for release, or reared to produce sterile males for release in conjunction with larvicidal treatment of uncontrolled breeding areas.