bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incremental slip history of a thrust: diverse transport directions and internal folding of the Utrillas thrust sheet (NE Iberian Chain, Spain)
Authors: Simón J. L. , Liesa C. L. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A kinematical model for the Utrillas thrust is proposed, including reconstruction of the incremental slip history, progressive internal deformation and tectono-sedimentary relationships at the Montalbán (foreland) and Aliaga (piggy-back) Tertiary basins. A 3D geometrical model of the main thrust surface, defined by ramps oriented NE–SW, east–west, NW–SE and north–south, is reconstructed from cross-sections. Besides, the thrust sheet is internally deformed by two main, frequently superposed fold sets, trending NW–SE to NNW–SSE (earlier) and east–west (later), respectively. A total ‘arrow’ (finite horizontal displacement) of about 5.9 km towards N032°E is estimated by means of schematic, plan-view retrodeformation of the distinctly oriented ramps making its front. Orientation and cross-cut relationships of mesoscopic kinematical indicators at the thrust front provide a scenario of successive transport directions towards the ENE, NNE and north, which is consistent with the progressive development of internal folding, as well as with the evolution of intraplate compressive stress fields through Tertiary times.
DCAMKL-1 Regulates Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Human Pancreatic Cells through a miR-200a–Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Sureban Sripathi M. , May Randal , Lightfoot Stan A. , Hoskins Aimee B. , Lerner Megan , Brackett Daniel J. , Postier Russell G. , Ramanujam Rama , Mohammed Altaf , Rao Chinthalapally V. , Wyche James H. , Anant Shrikant , Houchen Courtney W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an exceptionally aggressive disease in great need of more effective therapeutic options. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in cancer invasion and metastasis, and there is a gain of stem cell properties during EMT. Here we report increased expression of the putative pancreatic stem cell marker DCAMKL-1 in an established KRAS transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer and in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Colocalization of DCAMKL-1 with vimentin, a marker of mesenchymal lineage, along with 14-3-3 σ was observed within premalignant PanIN lesions that arise in the mouse model. siRNA-mediated knockdown of DCAMKL-1 in human pancreatic cancer cells induced microRNA miR-200a, an EMT inhibitor, along with downregulation of EMT-associated transcription factors ZEB1, ZEB2, Snail, Slug, and Twist. Furthermore, DCAMKL-1 knockdown resulted in downregulation of c-Myc and KRAS through a let-7a microRNA-dependent mechanism, and downregulation of Notch-1 through a miR-144 microRNA-dependent mechanism. These findings illustrate direct regulatory links between DCAMKL-1, microRNAs, and EMT in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, they demonstrate a functional role for DCAMKL-1 in pancreatic cancer. Together, our results rationalize DCAMKL-1 as a therapeutic target for eradicating pancreatic cancers. Cancer Res; 71(6); 2328–38. ©2011 AACR.
Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the “Achilles' Heel” of Androgen Receptor Activity
Authors: Sadar Marianne D. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Androgen ablation therapy remains the gold standard for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, but unfortunately, it is not curative, and eventually the disease will return as lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Mounting evidence supports the concept that development of CRPC is causally related to continued transactivation of androgen receptor (AR). All current therapies that target the AR are dependent on the presence of its C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD). However, it is the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the AR that is the “Achilles' heel” of AR activity, with AF-1 being essential for AR activity regardless of androgen. Recent efforts to develop drugs to the AR NTD have yielded EPI-001, a small molecule, sintokamide peptides, and decoys to the AR NTD with EPI-001, the best characterized and most promising for clinical development based upon specificity, low toxicity, and cytoreductive antitumor activity. Cancer Res; 71(4); 1208–13. ©2011 AACR.
Cancer Therapy Associated Bone Loss: Implications for Hip Fractures in Mid-Life Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: Edwards Beatrice J. , Raisch Dennis W. , Shankaran Veena , McKoy June M. , Gradishar William , Bunta Andrew D. , Samaras Athena T. , Boyle Simone N. , Bennett Charles L. , West Dennis P. , Guise Theresa A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been recently associated with hip fractures. We present a case series of breast cancer survivors and a systematic review of bone health care in breast cancer.
Experimental Design: We completed clinical assessments and bone density testing (BMD) of hip fractures from January 2005 to December 2008. Prefracture and 12-month functional status was obtained. Systematic review included case reports and review of MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FDA AERS) from January 1998 to December 2008 (search terms: breast cancer, bone loss, osteopenia, osteoporosis, malignancy, cancer treatment, menopause, adriamycin, cytoxan, tamoxifen, and AIs).
Results: Median age was 53.5 years; five women had osteopenia, one osteoporosis. Five cases were ER (+), and received surgery, XRT chemotherapy, and anastrozole. Functional decline was noted at 12 months, with difficulty in performing heavy housekeeping, climbing stairs, and shopping. The FDA AERS database included 228 cases of fractures associated with breast cancer therapy; 77/228 (29.4%) were hip or femur fractures. Among mid-life women under the age of 64 years there were 78 fractures; 15/228 (19%) were hip and femur fractures. AIs were the most common drug class associated with fractures (n = 149, 65%).
Conclusions: Cancer treatment induced bone loss results in hip fractures among mid-life women with breast cancer. Hip fractures occur at younger ages and higher BMD than expected for patients in this age group without breast cancer. Hip fractures result in considerable functional decline. Greater awareness of this adverse drug effect is needed. Clin Cancer Res; 17(3); 560–8. ©2011 AACR.
The Recent Developments in Custody Law for Muslims in Israel: Gender and Religion
Authors: Ramadan Moussa Abou 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this paper we explore how Shari‘a Courts cope with the issue of custody, in light of two Supreme Court rulings concerning custody cases, in which the regional Shari‘a court suspected the mother of living a Christian way of life. The article aims at discerning the debate between the Shari‘a Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court concerning the Legal Capacity and Guardianship Law and rulings in the issue of child custody, and at proposing an alternative line of interpretation that would help avoiding the debate. The article argues that Shari‘a courts have embarked on a “purification” process, removing secular elements from their legal discourse, both at the rhetoric and symbolic levels, and thus excluding any affinity to secular legislation. The Legal Capacity and Guardianship Law is a main focus of those “purification” efforts. This raises the question of why the Supreme Court actually reversed only so few Shari‘a court rulings. We suggest that it did not have to do so. Though explicitly not basing its rulings on civil law, the Shari‘a Court of Appeals actually imported the principle of the child’s best interest through the back door, by considering it to be a principle acknowledged by Shari‘a. The court reinterpreted religious legal literature and in fact Islamized Israeli law, in the sense of turning an Israeli legal principle into an Islamic one. Another softening of what appears to be a rigid position held by the Shari‘a court may be discerned in its rulings that allow drawing on social workers’ reports in order to determine a child’s best interest.
Thoughts on the Conflict Management Field after 30 Years
Authors: Crocker Chester A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article surveys the emergence of conflict management from the academic and policy shadows into a far more prominent field of inquiry and practice. As the barriers to entry into third party roles collapsed at the end of the Cold War, the field of conflict management expanded, diversified, and fragmented into a range of practice areas (scholarly, policy-oriented, and operational). Four phases of this evolution are identified. An increasingly crowded field lacks gatekeepers or natural coherence, underscoring the need for leadership and sustained, coordinated efforts. The study of mediation has blossomed around the work of Zartman and others, while the policy community has swung back and forth in its enthusiasm for third party roles in an age where hard power and smart power vie for pride of place. Conflict management responses are increasingly spontaneous, ad hoc and case-specific. Debate is emerging over the pros and cons of engaging with armed non-state actors that are placed on proscribed lists in the struggle against terrorism. Post-conflict challenges continue to pose a severe test to practitioners of peacebuilding.
An Evaluation of Five ARW-WRF Microphysics Schemes Using Synthetic GOES Imagery for an Atmospheric River Event Affecting the California Coast
Authors: Jankov Isidora , Grasso Lewis D. , Sengupta Manajit , Neiman Paul J. , Zupanski Dusanka , Zupanski Milija , Lindsey Daniel , Hillger Donald W. , Birkenheuer Daniel L. , Brummer Renate , Yuan Huiling 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The main purpose of the present study is to assess the value of synthetic satellite imagery as a tool for model evaluation performance in addition to more traditional approaches. For this purpose, synthetic GOES-10 imagery at 10.7 μm was produced using output from the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW-WRF) numerical model. Use of synthetic imagery is a unique method to indirectly evaluate the performance of various microphysical schemes available within the ARW-WRF. In the present study, a simulation of an atmospheric river event that occurred on 30 December 2005 was used. The simulations were performed using the ARW-WRF numerical model with five different microphysical schemes [Lin, WRF single-moment 6 class (WSM6), Thompson, Schultz, and double-moment Morrison]. Synthetic imagery was created and scenes from the simulations were statistically compared with observations from the 10.7-μm band of the GOES-10 imager using a histogram-based technique. The results suggest that synthetic satellite imagery is useful in model performance evaluations as a complementary metric to those used traditionally. For example, accumulated precipitation analyses and other commonly used fields in model evaluations suggested a good agreement among solutions from various microphysical schemes, while the synthetic imagery analysis pointed toward notable differences in simulations of clouds among the microphysical schemes.
The Spectral Ice Habit Prediction System (SHIPS). Part III: Description of the Ice Particle Model and the Habit-Dependent Aggregation Model
Authors: Hashino Tempei , Tripoli Gregory J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe a numerical scheme of the Spectral Ice Habit Prediction System (SHIPS) that simulates the dependency of aggregation process explicitly on crystal habit and size in cloud-resolving models (CRMs). The sizes and shapes of ice crystals are known to modulate the aggregation process, which is a critical part of physical processes leading to precipitation in addition to vapor deposition and riming processes. A problem with conventional formulation of aggregation process in CRMs is that it is not designed to predict the aggregates’ properties based on the information on crystals. To simulate such dependency, SHIPS solves a quasi-stochastic model that describes growth tendency for a group of particles, together with particle property variables (PPVs) that carry information on habit and types of ice particles.
SHIPS diagnoses the ice particle properties based on the PPVs for each mass bin at given a time and space, which are used to calculate the collision cross-sectional area and terminal velocity differences based on crystal habits explicitly. To achieve prediction of properties of aggregates and rimed particles, SHIPS introduces 1) the use of a conceptually based, circumscribing shape, called the ice particle model, and 2) the explicit prediction of the circumscribing sphere volume based on a simple growth model of the maximum dimension. Based on these properties, SHIPS is able to predict the mass–dimensional relationships of aggregates so that they are physically consistent with the growth history of the particles. In addition, the information about the crystals making up the aggregates is predicted. Part IV of this series will present the results and evaluation of the application of this formulation to idealized tests in a Lagrangian “box model” setup.
The Spectral Ice Habit Prediction System (SHIPS). Part IV: Box Model Simulations of the Habit-Dependent Aggregation Process
Authors: Hashino Tempei , Tripoli Gregory J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to assess the prediction of particle properties of aggregates and particle size distributions with the Spectral Ice Habit Prediction System (SHIPS) and to investigate the effects of crystal habits on aggregation process. Aggregation processes of ice particles are critical to the understanding of precipitation and the radiative signatures of cloud systems. Conventional approaches taken in cloud-resolving models (CRMs) are not ideal to study the effects of crystal habits on aggregation processes because the properties of aggregates have to be assumed beforehand. As described in Part III, SHIPS solves the stochastic collection equation along with particle property variables that contain information about crystal habits and maximum dimensions of aggregates. This approach makes it possible to simulate properties of aggregates explicitly and continuously in CRMs according to the crystal habits.
The aggregation simulations were implemented in a simple model setup, assuming seven crystal habits and several initial particle size distributions (PSDs). The predicted PSDs showed good agreement with observations after rescaling except for the large-size end. The ice particle properties predicted by the model, such as the mass–dimensional (m-D) relationship and the relationship between diameter of aggregates and number of component crystals in an aggregate, were found to be quantitatively similar to those observed. Furthermore, these predictions were dependent on the initial PSDs and habits. A simple model for the growth of a particle’s maximum dimension was able to simulate the typically observed fractal dimension of aggregates when an observed value of the separation ratio of two particles was used. A detailed analysis of the collection kernel indicates that the m-D relationship unique to each crystal habit has a large impact on the growth rate of aggregates through the cross-sectional area or terminal velocity difference, depending on the initial equivalent particle distribution. A significant decrease in terminal velocity differences was found in the inertial flow regime for all the habits but the constant-density sphere. It led to formation of a local maximum in the collection kernel and, in turn, formed an identifiable mode in the PSDs. Remaining issues that must be addressed in order to improve the aggregation simulation with the quasi-stochastic model are discussed.
A Discrete Ordinate, Multiple Scattering, Radiative Transfer Model of the Venus Atmosphere from 0.1 to 260 μm
Authors: Lee Christopher , Richardson Mark Ian 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The authors describe a new radiative transfer model of the Venus atmosphere (RTM) that includes optical properties from nine gases and four cloud modes between 0.1 and 260 μm. A multiple-stream discrete ordinate flux solver is used to calculate solar and atmospheric infrared fluxes with a prescribed temperature profiles and calculate radiative–convective equilibrium temperatures using the model.
Components of the RTM are validated using observations from Pioneer Venus and Venus Express. A visible bond albedo of 0.74 and subsolar surface visible flux of 50 W m−2 [4.0% of the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) insolation] are calculated for a suitable temperature and composition profile derived from the Venus International Reference Atmosphere. Solar fluxes are simulated over a range of latitudes and good agreement is found with results from the Pioneer Venus probes and Venera landers. TOA infrared fluxes are compared with Venus Express observations and found to compare well at all observed wavelengths.
The RTM is used to calculate radiative heating rates and these calculated heating rates are compared with those prescribed in a modern Venus GCM. Modifications are suggested to improve the prescribed thermal forcing used in recent GCMs. Using a small family of numerical and physical configurations, little sensitivity to vertical resolution is found in the model. For suitable global mean solar forcing a surface temperature of 750 K at radiative–convective equilibrium is calculated, in good agreement with observations and other recent modeling efforts.
Mechanisms Controlling Precipitation in the Northern Portion of the North American Monsoon
Authors: Cerezo-Mota Ruth , Allen Myles , Jones Richard 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Key mechanisms important for the simulation and better understanding of the precipitation of the North American monsoon (NAM) were analyzed in this paper. Three experiments with the Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) regional climate model, the Hadley Centre Regional Model version 3P (HadRM3P), driven by different boundary conditions were carried out. After a detailed analysis of the moisture and low-level winds derived from the models, the authors conclude that the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) moisture and the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ) play an important role in the northern portion of the NAM. Moreover, the realistic simulation of these features is necessary for a better simulation of precipitation in the NAM. Previous works suggest that the influence of moisture from the GoM in Arizona–New Mexico (AZNM) takes place primarily via the middle- and upper-tropospheric flow (above 700 mb). However, it is shown here that if the GoM does not supply enough moisture and the GPLLJ at lower levels (below 700 mb) does not reach the AZNM region, then a dry westerly flow dominates that area and the summer precipitation is below normal. The implications of these findings for studies of climate change are demonstrated with the analysis of two general circulation models (GCMs) commonly used for climate change prediction, which are shown not to reproduce correctly the GPLLJ intensity nor the moisture in the GoM. This implies that the precipitation in AZNM would not be correctly represented by a regional model driven by these GCMs.
Subduction over the Southern Indian Ocean in a High-Resolution Atmosphere–Ocean Coupled Model
Authors: Lee Mei-Man , Nurser A. J. George , Stevens I. , Sallée Jean-Baptiste 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This study examines the subduction of the Subantarctic Mode Water in the Indian Ocean in an ocean–atmosphere coupled model in which the ocean component is eddy permitting. The purpose is to assess how sensitive the simulated mode water is to the horizontal resolution in the ocean by comparing with a coarse-resolution ocean coupled model. Subduction of water mass is principally set by the depth of the winter mixed layer. It is found that the path of the Agulhas Current system in the model with an eddy-permitting ocean is different from that with a coarse-resolution ocean. This results in a greater surface heat loss over the Agulhas Return Current and a deeper winter mixed layer downstream in the eddy-permitting ocean coupled model. The winter mixed layer depth in the eddy-permitting ocean compares well to the observations, whereas the winter mixed layer depth in the coarse-resolution ocean coupled model is too shallow and has the wrong spatial structure. To quantify the impacts of different winter mixed depths on the subduction, a way to diagnose local subduction is proposed that includes eddy subduction. It shows that the subduction in the eddy-permitting model is closer to the observations in terms of the magnitudes and the locations. Eddies in the eddy-permitting ocean are found to 1) increase stratification and thus oppose the densification by northward Ekman flow and 2) increase subduction locally. These effects of eddies are not well reproduced by the eddy parameterization in the coarse-resolution ocean coupled model.
Large-Scale Precipitation Variability over Northwest China Inferred from Tree Rings
Authors: Fang Keyan , Gou Xiaohua , Chen Fahu , Cook Edward , Li Jinbao , Buckley Brendan , D’Arrigo Rosanne 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A preliminary study of a point-by-point spatial precipitation reconstruction for northwestern (NW) China is explored, based on a tree-ring network of 132 chronologies. Precipitation variations during the past ~200–400 yr (the common reconstruction period is from 1802 to 1990) are reconstructed for 26 stations in NW China from a nationwide 160-station dataset. The authors introduce a “search spatial correlation contour” method to locate candidate tree-ring predictors for the reconstruction data of a given climate station. Calibration and verification results indicate that most precipitation reconstruction models are acceptable, except for a few reconstructions (stations Hetian, Hami, Jiuquan, and Wuwei) with degraded quality. Additionally, the authors compare four spatial precipitation factors in the instrumental records and reconstructions derived from a rotated principal component analysis (RPCA). The northern and southern Xinjiang factors from the instrumental and reconstructed data agree well with each other. However, differences in spatial patterns between the instrumentation and reconstruction data are also found for the other two factors, which probably result from the relatively poor quality of a few stations. Major drought events documented in previous studies—for example, from the 1920s through the 1930s for the eastern part of NW China—are reconstructed in this study.
Regime Change of the Boreal Summer Hadley Circulation and Its Connection with the Tropical SST
Authors: Feng Ran , Li Jianping , Wang Jincheng 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The year-to-year variability of the boreal summer [June–August (JJA)] Hadley circulation (HC) is dominated by an asymmetric mode centered in the Northern Hemisphere (AMN) and a quasi-symmetric mode centered at 5°N (QSM). The regime change of the JJA HC is revealed by the phase reversal of the time series of the AMN, showing significant weakening of the northern part of the JJA HC and a reversed seesaw relationship of the zonal-mean updraft over 10°–20°N and around the equator. This transition is accompanied by the southward retreat of the HC core and is well correlated with the weakening of tropical summer monsoons. The strong warming trends of the sea surface temperature over the tropical Atlantic and Indo–west Pacific warm pool play an important role in the regime change of the JJA HC. The high-frequency interannual variability of the JJA HC, however, is mainly featured by the QSM and is highly correlated with the Niño-3.4 index, implying that ENSO’s influence is mainly on the high-frequency interannual time scale.