bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science Fictions and Cyber Myths: or, Do Cyborgs Dream of Dolly the Sheep?
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
For most science writers and theorists, the history of the cyborg begins in 1960 with a neologism coined by the research scientist Manfred Clynes and the clinical psychiatrist Nathan Kline to refer to a technologically enhanced man or ‘cybernetic organism’ — a fusion of organism, machine, and code — capable of surviving and working in hostile alien environments. This chapter examines what constitutes feminist science by dissecting the work of Donna Haraway and the modern myth of the ‘cyborg’. It shows how the utopia of feminist science fiction is modelled upon ancient myths of hybridity, but at the same time seeks to distance itself from that ancient legacy. In her ground-breaking and now ‘classic’ analysis of feminism in the post-modern Western world, ‘A Cyborg Manifesto’, Haraway proposes some provocative ways of rethinking human subjectivity, invoking the term ‘cyborg’ as a metaphor for the late 20th-century subject.
‘This tart fable’: Daphne and Apollo in Modern Women’s Poetry
Authors: Fowler Rowena 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Contemporary women poets offer a serious, engaged, and formally satisfying encounter with classical myth. This chapter explores how the story of Daphne and Apollo provides an insight into women's experience as subjects and makers of poems. It traces a body of women's writing that keeps faith with its original inspiration while discovering women's physical, emotional, and intellectual experience at the heart of myth: in the ambiguous relationships of female figure and natural landscape, movement and stasis, aversion and desire. In the work of poets Jorie Graham and Eavan Boland, classical myth, as allusion or persona, enables an individual lyric voice to be heard even as it mutes the sense of an intrusively autobiographical speaker. This chapter explores the role of individual subjectivity in the confrontation between the poet and the female subjects of the mythic tradition, and considers closely the relationship between formal experimentation and the articulation of feminist ideals.
Muses and Mysteries
Authors: Hardie Alex 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of music in mystery cults. Looking at relationships between the Muses, Orpheus, Dionysus, and initiation rites such as those at Eleusis, it argues that choreia was an essential component in bringing about that contact with the divine which initiands sought. Also significant is the fact that Mnemosyne, mother of the Muses, plays an important part in the eschatology of mystery religions, thus establishing a link between immortality in Muse-inspired poetry and the blessed afterlife promised by initiation. The chapter further argues that mousike in such cults was understood to contain cosmic and eschatalogical symbolism through which the harmony of the cosmos could be revealed. Hence, poetic claims to divine wisdom inspired by the Muses should not be regarded merely as metaphor: the boundaries between the ‘sacral’ and the ‘literary’ were less clear-cut than is commonly supposed.
Changing Choral Worlds: Song-Dance and Society in Athens and Beyond
Authors: Kowalzig Barbara 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the changes in choral performance between the archaic world and that of classical Athens. It notes the paradox that whereas democracy brought with it a widening in the social background of choric performers, the chorus itself became increasingly associated with Dionysus. Such exclusivity seems to be at odds with traditional Greek polytheism and the system whereby each god is worshipped individually. Plato's Laws — a fundamental text for our understanding of the relationship between mousike, religion, and society — offers an image of a world in which different gods were worshipped with different types of choral practice. But it does not reflect the reality of contemporary Athens. We are left with a curious contradiction: Dionysus is the democratic god whose worship is open to all, but the Athenian democratic polis dances only for Dionysus.
Athenian Strings
Authors: Wilson Peter 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter investigates the role of stringed instruments in the musical culture of democratic Athens. Moving beyond the broad ideological distinction between lyre (traditional, élite, ‘Apollonian’) and aulos (new, vulgar, ‘Dionysiac’), it shows how the kithara became democratised during the course of the 5th century. The immense prestige of kithara-events (both instrumental playing, and singing to the kithara) at public festivals, where increasingly professionalised musicians performed before mass Athenian audiences, transformed perceptions of the instrument. At the same time its music was appropriated by practitioners of New Music. This is demonstrated by a discussion of Timotheus' Persians, a kitharodic nome, which presents itself as inclusive and new, yet at the same time embodying the finest traditions of Athenian conservative culture.
The Instrumental Frame: Will Prosecution Have an Impact?
Authors: Hawkins Keith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the conditions under which the beliefs held by regulatory inspectors about the possible instrumental impact of prosecution enter prosecution decision-making. Inspectors find it difficult to assess the impact of prosecution, but many are sceptical about whether prosecution produces some desired practical impact. Furthermore, they tend to judge the impact of prosecution in terms of compliance rather than in reductions in hazards or accidents. Most strikingly, most inspectors were less concerned with the behaviour of actual or potential rule breakers, than with the impact of a prosecution case on their own time and workload. The chapter considers inspectors' theorizing about individual and general deterrence, and the paradox of regulatory control in which prosecution is most important, ironically, in being threatened, rather than actually used.
The Organizational Frame: Prosecuting as Advertising
Authors: Hawkins Keith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Prosecution is a special display of organizational activity, announcing the behaviour not simply of organizations themselves, but of individuals within organizations. It allows officials to make statements and create images within an organizational context, because they have audiences within the regulatory organization to whom they need to display their activity and competence. This internal audience is often a powerful source of influence on inspectors' decision-making. The result is that some prosecutions are taken not because of any compelling intrinsic merit, but in satisfaction of bureaucratic expectations. This chapter discusses such organizational expectations, the performance indicators which allow supervisors to assess the extent to which inspectors fulfil their expectations, and the restrictions of resources and organizational customs which may constrain inspectors' decision-making behaviour. Finally, further constraints on inspectors' use of discretion in the form of organizationally determined caseload effects are analysed.
On Prosecution, Legal Decision-Making, and Law
Authors: Hawkins Keith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter reflects upon the character of legal control. Prosecution is a symbolic act, expressing conceptions of moral order, which carries meanings beyond any instrumental purpose to be served in reducing rule breaking. Prosecution decision-making is also heavily imprinted with its organizational provenance, and must be seen as an exercise in interpretation and translation in an organizational setting. The fact that regulatory bureaucracies are bodies operating on the public stage when they prosecute helps shape perceptions of the nature of regulatory violations and violators. Prosecution is also transformative: private troubles become public affairs, with private ordering by negotiation yielding to public law enforcement and adjudication. The pervasiveness of discretion is discussed, followed by an exploration of reflective and axiomatic decision-making. An analysis of the extent to which law can cope with risk, the pragmatism of law, and law as a moral enterprise concludes the book.
The Graeco-Romans and Graeco-Latin: A Terminological Framework for Cases of Bilingualism
Authors: BIVILLE FRÉDÉRIQUE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Greek-Latin bilingualism, which was part of the much broader multilingualism that characterised the Roman world, was not, as has frequently been observed, symmetrical. It was considerably more developed and more common on the Roman than the Greek side. This chapter establishes a typological and terminological framework for those linguistic encounters which arose from the use of Greek and Latin in conjunction and for the effects which bilingualism had on each language. Particular attention is paid to phenomena which could only have arisen in the context of these contact situations. The discussion is presented from the Roman and Latin perspective.
Bilingualism in Roman Egypt
Authors: FEWSTER PFNELOPE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines bilingualism in Roman Egypt from a historical rather than linguistic perspective. In particular, the problems of functioning in a society where administration was officially confined to the language of the minority are discussed to see how far up or down the social hierarchy individuals were likely to remain monolingual (that is, at what points translation standardly took place), and also to look briefly at the cultural implications of language use and choice. An understanding of how far Rome’s subjects were prepared to use the language of their conquerors, and in what ways they did so, may contribute to the ongoing debates about cultural change and resistance in the Roman empire.
Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire
Authors: BRIXHE CLAUDE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Greek and Phrygian probably interacted over a period of several thousand years. Isoglosses linking the two languages presuppose a close genetic relationship in prehistoric times. Contacts between the two languages must have been maintained, whether or not continuously, until the end of the second millennium, by which time the Phrygians were to be found in Macedonia and Thrace. The Macedonian invasion inevitably intensified interactions between the two languages, bringing them to an unprecedented level, but also changing their character. This chapter examines how Phrygian survived, at least in written form, until the middle of the third century AD.
Are Reasons for Action Beliefs?
Authors: CELANO BRUNO 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Suppose John takes his umbrella because he (rightly, as it turns out) believes that it will rain. Is the reason for him to take his umbrella his belief that it will rain, or is it the fact that it will? According to Joseph Raz, reasons are used to guide behaviour — and people are to be guided by what is the case, not by what they believe to be the case. Reasons-statements are conceptually related to judgements of practical rationality. A satisfactory theory of reasons for action should account for their relationships. Raz's position may be termed an ‘objectivist’ one. This chapter builds what may appear as a natural extension of it, ‘pure’ objectivism about reasons for action, and shows that it is untenable. Pure objectivism's main weakness lies in its failure to account for the relationships existing between reasons-statements, on the one hand, and judgements of practical rationality, on the other.
Authority for Officials
Authors: WALDRON JEREMY 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In philosophical discussions of authority, we often have in mind a confrontation between an official and a subject. Some ordinary citizen with views of his own about how to behave confronts an official directive which purports to steer him on a path he would not have chosen had he been left to his own devices. Can submission to such directives ever be justified? Joseph Raz's work on authority has consisted in elaborating the conditions that would have to be satisfied, in terms of the subject's reasons for action, before an affirmative answer could be given. However, not all questions of authority are of this type. They do not all involve subjects' responses to directives from officials. This chapter considers authority as between officials or institutions. The principle of institutional settlement is also discussed, along with public settlement, coordination and salience, respect and compliance, pre-emption and dependence, and Raz's normal justification thesis.
Legal Reasoning and the Authority of Law
Authors: PENNER J. E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Joseph Raz's theory of law makes the notion of authority central. In so far as the law is authoritative, it mediates between the reasons that apply to the subjects of the law and those subjects themselves, by providing guidance via exclusionary reasons in the form of rights, duties, rules, etc. An important aspect of Raz's characterisation of authority is what is termed the ‘practical difference thesis’: in so far as authorities mediate between the reasons for action and the subjects of the authority to whom those reasons apply, the directives of the authority have practical importance because they tell the subject how to act so that he does not need directly to consider (at least some of) the reasons that would bear on his acting in the particular circumstance. This chapter discusses legal reasoning and the authority of law, Raz's normal justification thesis, Ronald Dworkin's views on moral expertise and common law legal expertise, incomplete theorisation in law, and transparency and universality of moral reasoning.
Raz on Gaps—the Surprising Part
Authors: ENDICOTT TIMOTHY A. O. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In English law, there are various ways in which contracts can be invalid or unenforceable because they are immoral — and yet English lawyers know that many contracts are conclusively binding. The first two sources of legal gaps that Joseph Raz identifies do not seem so surprising. Vagueness in the sources of law leads to gaps in borderline cases, and there is a gap if the law includes inconsistent rules, with no way of deciding which is effective. In those situations it seems right to say that the law does not tell people where they stand, so that people may need a court to make a decision. But if Raz is right about the third source of gaps, then judges have discretion whenever the law appeals to moral considerations. This chapter discusses the sources thesis, moral considerations, judicial discretion, the social morality of judges, and contract law.
Equality, Incommensurability, and Rights
Authors: STEINER HILLEL 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In The Morality of Freedom, Joseph Raz plausibly proposes the following statement as the general form of strictly egalitarian principles: ‘All Fs who do not have G have a right to G if some Fs have G’. He then proceeds to mount a sustained criticism of such principles as being deeply implausible. Can one not care about equality as such without being irrational, envious or gripped by a strange aesthetic ideal? This chapter argues that, under one of two mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive assumptions about the aggregate magnitude of G, caring about equality as such need not be encumbered with such undesirable baggage. The aggregate magnitude of anything is supposed to be either constant or variable. This chapter examines Raz's philosophy on equality, incommensurability, rights, egalitarian rule, pure negative liberty, and utilitarianism and the pursuit of happiness.
The Intrinsic Value of Economic Equality
Authors: MARMOR ANDREI 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Some philosophers, prominently Joseph Raz and Harry Frankfurt, argue that we should not care about economic equality, that is, at least not if we think of economic equality as intrinsically valuable. Both Raz and Frankfurt claim that economic equality has no moral value in itself. Frankfurt formulated this point succinctly in saying that ‘what is important from the point of view of morality is not that everyone should have the same but that each should have enough’. This chapter argues that part of what having enough economic resources means is that one does not have much less than most others, and that the value of economic equality is actually derivable from those same considerations that were meant to show why equality, as such, has no intrinsic value, namely, the basic moral concern with the satisfaction of people's needs. This chapter also looks at sufficiency, the reasons for needing something, and the irrationality of envy.
Introduction
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book explores the concept of recognition of governments in international law. The question of the (continued) recognition of a government cannot always be separated from the related question of the recognition of the sovereignty and independence of a new state or the recognition of the annexation of an existing state, as in both cases the question which regularly arises is: who is to be recognized as the sovereign authority, i.e., the de jure government of the territory in question? This book shows with respect to governments in exile that, by making a formal announcement of ‘recognition’, states made (and may still make) public a certain decision from which definite legal consequences follow. It also shows that the policy of recognizing states, not governments, is only abolishing (or playing down) formal public statements on the recognition of governments but not the concept of recognition of governments as such.
Privileges and Immunities
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
While host states have accorded certain privileges and immunities to both recognized governments in exile and authorities in exile not recognized as governments, only authorities in exile recognized as governments have claimed and enjoyed privileges and immunities as of right. The jurisdictional immunities of a government in exile are discussed in this chapter, along with inviolability of the seat of government in exile. This chapter also deals with the issue of which individual members of a recognized government in exile (including heads of state and members of government and senior staff) and its armed forces may claim (personal) immunity from the jurisdiction of the host state and certain other privileges as of right under customary international law.
Conclusion
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book has showed that the term recognition and its variants, in the sense of recognition of governments, may be used in at least two different ways: they may indicate the recognizing state's willingness to enter into diplomatic relations and/or express its opinion on the legal status of the authority recognized. With which meaning recognition is used in a particular case depends solely on the intention of the recognizing state. The institution of recognition of governments in international law is thus much more than simply the term ‘recognition’. Recognized governments in exile have the right to exercise governmental functions and to enjoy governmental privileges and immunities within the jurisdiction of the recognizing state.
5 A Plethora of Charity Societies
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the foundation of several philanthropic associations and entities for the purpose of assisting the sick; collection of alms for the needy; protection and teaching of widows, orphans, and the aged; and the burial of the poor. It adds that charity hospitals and welfare institutions in Antioquia increased in direct response to the demands resulting from the rapid urbanisation and industrialisation of the Aburrá valley. It explains that these organisations constructed bridges between social classes.
Transcribing Serbo-Croatian Intonation
Authors: Godjevac Svetlana 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of intonation of Standard Serbo-Croatian with a proposal for prosodic transcription within the ToBI family of prosodic transcription models. The intonation model includes broad and narrow focus utterances of declarative statements and questions, and vocative chant. The transcription model includes a representation of the lexical pitch accents (short and long falling and short and long rising), phrase accents, boundary tones, break indices, words, and glosses.
The J_ToBi Model of Japanese Intonation
Authors: Venditti Jennifer J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the prosodic structure of Japanese, and the transcription of intonational patterns using the Japanese ToBI (J-ToBI) system. It discusses the role of pitch accent in Japanese, as well as the levels of phrasing present in the prosodic hierarchy. This structure is compared and contrasted with the intonation systems of other languages that also have been described using the ToBI framework. It provides details of the labels used in a Japanese ToBI transcription, along with a discussion of the motivation for, and issues concerning, many of these labels. It then highlights the differences between J-ToBI and the well-known Beckman–Pierrehumbert model. Finally, it describes efforts toward the automatization of J-ToBI labelling, and summarizes results of labeller agreement studies.
Intonational Prominence in Varieties of Swedish Revisited
Authors: Bruce Gösta 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides an assessment of the analysis of intonational prominence (pitch accents) in varieties of Swedish. The starting point is prosodic typology for Swedish dialects. Two hierarchical levels of intonational prominence is relevant in Swedish: accent (non-focal accent) and focus (focal accent). Under each higher level of prominence, a word form has either of the two word accents, accent I and accent II. Three general features of the typology are given. The first is the timing of pitch accent gestures. Phonological and phonetic aspects of pitch accent timing as well as more specific details of the pitch characteristics of accent I are discussed. The two other features of the typology concern the pitch realization of focus and the pitch patterns of compound words. A synthesis of model parameters is presented by simulating the different dialect types using resynthesis of intonation.
What Property Is
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Property comprises (1) ownership and quasi-ownership interests in things; (2) other rights over such things which are enforceable against all-comers; (3) money; and (4) cashable rights. This chapter argues that this definition of property tracks a wide range of conventional property talk, but also contains a large element of stipulation. It discusses how there is no ‘true’ property, property as things and property as wealth, social heuristics, Reich's new property, constitutional theory, and MacPherson's political property-rhetoric.
Property is Just, to a Degree, Sometimes
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that a judgement about the relative justice or injustice of a particular property institution, taken as a whole, must be addressed to the total package of privileges, powers, rights, obligations, liabilities, and immunities to which its gives rise, set in the social context in which it obtains. A conclusion that no property institution of any kind could be justified would entail that obligations imposed by trespassory rules are never genuine moral obligations and that claims to exercise ownership privileges and powers are never morally sound.