bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cyclical transmission of strains ofTrypanosoma congolenseandT. vivaxresistant to normal therapeutic doses of trypanocidal drugs
Authors: Gray A. R. , Roberts C. J. 
Published: June 2009

Two strains of T. congolense and two strains ofT. vivax,resistant to normal therapeutic doses of trypanocidal drugs, were transmitted byG. morsitansandG. tachinoidesthrough series of cattle in the absence of drugs to assess the transmissibility of the trypanosomes by tsetse flies and the stability of drug resistance in the organisms during cyclical development.The characteristics of both strains ofT. vivaxand one strain ofT. congolensewere typical of the species, but the infectivity of the second strain ofT. congolensefor laboratory animals was abnormally low.The transmissibility of the trypanosomes was assessed on the bases of the infection rates in tsetse flies used to transmit the strains and the periods required for the development of the trypanosomes in the flies and bovine hosts. The transmissibilities of both strains ofT. vivaxand the first strain ofT. congolensewere normal by comparison with data obtained by cyclically transmitting non-resistant trypanosomes of the same species, but the period required for the development of the second strain ofT. congolensein tsetse flies was abnormally long.There was no loss of drug resistance in any of the strains examined in the experiments. A strain ofT. congolenseretained resistance to diminazene aceturate at a dose rate of 7-0 mg/kg, homidium chloride at 2-0 mg/kg, quinapyramine sulphate at 4-4 mg/kg and isometamidium chloride at 0-5 mg/kg during a series of eight transmissions by tsetse flies in a period of 376 days.
Studies on the aggregation behaviour ofNippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Alphey Thomas J. W. 
Published: June 2009

Two behaviour patterns which could bring about clumping inN. brasiliensis, sexual attraction and thigmokinesis, were investigated. A T-tube choice-chamber to facilitate anin vitrostudy of sexual attraction is described. A method for studying aggregation is also outlined. MaleN. brasiliensiswere shown to be attracted to female worms, positive sexual attraction. Both sexes were shown to exhibit strong thigmokinetic responses, and possible functions of such behaviour are discussed.I am grateful to Professors J. Brough and D. Bellamy for providing the facilities during the course of this study. I should also like to thank Dr E.. A. Hammond for his supervision, help and criticism throughout the project. This work was carried out during the tenure of a Scientific Research Council Studentship.
Environmental and human influence on the ecology of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi in Western Europe
Authors: Pozio E. , La Rosa G. , Serrano F. J. , Barrat J. , Rossi L. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYSurveys on Trichinella parasites in domestic and sylvatic animals collected in France, Italy, and in the Extremadura region of Spain showed that the distribution of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi is influenced by both environmental and human behaviour factors. In France, both Trichinella species are prevalent in the fox population from mountain areas and natural parks but are infrequent in wild boars (< 0·001%). In Italy, only T. britovi is present in sylvatic animals (foxes, wolves, and mustelids) living 500 m above sea level. This species is rare in wild boars ( < 0·001%) in that area. Sylvatic trichinellosis is found in only 24% and 34% of French and Italian territory, respectively, while lowland areas may generally be considered Trichinella-free, because the domestic cycle is absent. The ecology of T. spiralis and T. britovi in the Extremadura shows a different picture from that observed in France and Italy because of the presence of both domestic and sylvatic cycles. The domestic cycle not only allows the maintenance of T. spiralis in the domestic environment, but it also has a great impact on the prevalence in wild boar populations. It does not influence the prevalence in vulpine populations. These data suggest (1) that domestic trichinellosis occurs only in rural areas of Western Europe in association with traditional swine-rearing practices, but not in industrialized pig farms; (2) that sylvatic trichinellosis occurs only in natural habitats which, in Western Europe, are widespread in mountain areas; (3) that the fox is the primary reservoir in the sylvatic cycle, where the parasite is maintained in a closed circuit and (4) that among sylvatic animals T. spiralis is present at lower altitude than is T. britovi.
Purification and partial characterization of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) from Tritrichomonas foetus hydrogenosomes
Authors: hrdý I. , Mertens E. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYMalate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) from Tritrichomonas foetus hydrogenosomes was purified close to homogeneity by a combination of differential centrifugation, zwitterionic detergent solubilization, Red-Sepharose chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme with apparent subunit size of 59 kDa and native molecular mass of 308 kDa utilized NAD+ preferentially to NADP+ as a cofactor and required Mn2+ or Mg2+ for its activity. Affinity curves for malate and coenzymes were hyperbolic. Km for malate was 100 μM and 458 μM in the presence of NAD+ and NADP+, respectively. Km for NAD+ and for NADP+ in the presence of malate was 18 μM and 207 μM, respectively. The enzyme is proposed to be a tetramer with a possible physiological role in the maintenance of an appropriate NAD+/NADH ratio in hydrogenosomes.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA technique for the identification of Trichinella species
Authors: Bandi C. , La Rosa G. , Comincini S. , Damiani G. , Pozio E. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was successfully used to produce genetic fingerprints distinguishing between Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi. The same patterns were obtained from purified and crude DNA preparations of pooled and single muscle larvae. RAPD fingerprinting was applied to muscle larvae preserved under different conditions and recovered from different hosts. Larvae recovered from fresh and frozen meat and stored at – 20 °C for a long time or under 70% ethyl alcohol at room temperature for 30 d gave good and reproducible results. Single larvae recovered from a naturally infected wild boar and from a human biopsy gave fingerprints congruent to those obtained from T. britovi reference strains. The results prove that RAPD analysis is a quick method to distinguish between the autochthonous Trichinella species of Central-Southern Europe in less than 1 d after the detection of the infection. If necessary, the biological material can be frozen or stored under 70% ethyl alcohol at room temperature and sent to laboratories able to perform the RAPD analysis. The RAPD technique requires no prior knowledge of the molecular biology of the organism to be investigated and therefore appears to be a promising tool in parasitology for the identification of sibling species.
Paramphistomum sukumum sp.nov. and other stomach-flukes from cattle in the Sukumaland area of the Lake Region, Tanganyika
Authors: Dinnik J. A. 
Published: June 2009

The morphology of Paramphistomum sukumum sp.nov. from Bos indicus in the Lake Region of Tanganyika, East Africa, is described and illustrated.A list is given showing the incidence of nine species of the family Paramphistomatidae and three species of the family Gastrothylacidae found in cattle in the Sukumaland area of the Lake Region of Tanganyika.
Some Nematoda (Strongylina and Oxyurina) from kangaroos (Macropus spp.) from Eastern Australia
Authors: Mawson Patricia M. 
Published: June 2009

The collection of large numbers of nematodes from Macropus rufus from Toganmain and Wilcannia in New South Wales and Cunnamulla in Queensland and from M. canguru from Cunnamulla has made possible the revision of five species and the description of three new species. The work is divided into two sections:(1) Strongylina. Filarinema flagrifer Mönnig, Zoniolaimus setifer Cobb, Z. cobbi Kung, Rugopharynx australis (Mönnig) and Papillostrongylus labiatus Johnston & Mawson are re-described: Pharyngostrongylus alpha Johnston & Mawson and P. beta Johnston & Mawson are recognized as synonyms of R. australis; Filarinema moennigi sp.nov. is described from Macropus rufus.(2) Oxyurina. Macropoxyuris longigularis gen.nov., sp.nov., and M. brevigularis gen.nov., sp.nov., are described from M. canguru. Re-examination of paratype material of oxyurids previously recorded from marsupials has made possible the presentation of more detailed descriptions, and the following nomenclatural changes become necessary: Oxyuris (s.l.) acuticaudata Johnston & Mawson is a synonym of Austroxyuris finlaysoni Johnston & Mawson: Syphacia trichosuri Johnston & Mawson is considered as Oxyuris (s.l.) trichosuri; two new genera are proposed, Potoroxyuris, for Oxyuris (s.l.) potoroo Johnston & Mawson, and Paraustroxyuris for Passalurus parvus Johnston & Mawson. Figures are given of Passalurus ambiguus (Duj.).The material studied was made available by the generosity of Dr R. Mykytowycz of the C.S.I.R.O. Division of Wildlife Research, Canberra, to whom I am most grateful.I am also indebted to Dr R. J. Ortlepp, Division of Veterinary Services, Onderstepoort, South Africa, for the gift of a sample of Rugopharynx australis, to Dr M. J. Mackerras, then of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, for material from Macropus canguru from centres in south eastern Queensland, and to Dr G. B. Sharman of the C.S.I.R.O. Division of Wildlife Research for information on the correct names of the host species.
Nematode parasite populations in cattle in Fiji: a humid tropical environment
Authors: Donald A. D. 
Published: June 2009

Observations are reported on the fluctuations in populations of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites in 68 calves on two dairy farms in Fiji based on fortnightly faecal worm egg counts over a 3-year period. On one of the farms the calves began to graze soon after birth; on the other farm they were reared indoors until they were weaned at 6 months of age.The important species were Cooperia spp., Bunostomum phlebotomum, Haemonchus placei, H. similis and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Only small numbers of Trichostrongylus spp., Mecistocirrus digitatus and Neoascaris vitulorum were present.Potentially pathogenic worm burdens were only found in young cattle, mostly between 2 and 15 months of age. Faecal egg counts for each parasite species rose independently to a peak and then declined to low levels. For most species there was a close relationship between the time at which the peak faecal egg count occurred and the age of calves on the same farm, irrespective of the season in which the calves began to graze. This is considered to be due to the high rainfall and constant high temperatures throughout the year resulting in at least minimal favourable conditions for the development and survival of the pre-parasitic stages of all species in all months of the year. It is concluded that the succession of species which occurred must be strongly influenced by intrinsic factors in the life-history of each parasite.Tere were differences in the levels of peak egg counts between groups of calves which began to graze in different seasons but almost all parasite species examined were affected equally. The lowest levels were recorded in calves which were first exposed continuously to infection at the beginning of the dry season and the highest levels in those exposed at the beginning of the wet season.Protection of calves from parasite infection, by indoor rearing until weaning at 6 months of age, did not confer any striking advantage as the acquisition of potentially pathogenic worm burdens was merely delayed.The results are discussed in the light of recent theoretical concepts regarding the immunological control of helminth parasite infection.I am indebted to Mr A. E. Harness of Wainivesi for permitting observations to be made on his dairy farm, to Deo Raj Singh and Ram Kumar for technical assistance, and to Dr D. F. Stewart and Dr J. K. Dineen of the McMaster Laboratory for their criticism of the manuscript. My thanks are due to Miss Suzanne Dodd and Mr I. T. Roper of the McMaster Laboratory for the preparation of the figures. The permission of the Director of Agriculture, Fiji, to publish this paper is gratefully acknowledged.
A comparative study of the movement of some microphagous, plant-parasitic and animal-parasitic nematodes
Authors: Wallace H. R. , Doncaster C. C. 
Published: June 2009

Ciné film and direct observation showed that microphagous, plant and animal nematodes have the same basic wave pattern when moving. Their speed is linearly related to the product of their length and wave frequency during unrestricted movement in deep water. The speed, wave pattern and frequency of the plant nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci and the animal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis changed in a similar way in response to changes in water film thickness on the surface of agar of different concentrations. T. colubriformis like D. dipsaci were most mobile in a sand-water medium at a suction corresponding to the stage when most of the water has drained from the pores. The optimum temperature for activity of T. colubriformis and D. dipsaci was about 20° C. and both survived desiccation at 50% relative humidity and 24° C. for 32 days. T. colubriformis was attracted to and aggregated around grass roots (Phleum pratense). The results suggest that the free-living stages of microphagous, plant parasitic and animal parasitic nematodes move similarly and that nematodes can be divided arbitrarily into three groups: (1) those active enough to swim in deep water; (2) those able to swim in thick water films, escape from the soil and ascend plants above ground level; and (3) those too inactive to swim, the crawlers, which are largely confined to the soil. The habitat of free-living stages of nematodes, irrespective of their host or feeding habits, is probably related to their propulsive power.We thank Dr D. Poynter for supplying the animal parasites used.
An outbreak of helminthiasis in pheasant chicks due to Plagiorchis (M.) megalorchis Rees 1952; with some critical remarks on P. (M.) laricola Skrjabin 1924
Authors: Rayski C. 
Published: June 2009

Large numbers of Plagiorchis (M.) megalorchis Rees, 1952, were found in the small intestine of dying pheasant chicks in Peeblesshire, Scotland. This is the first record of this trematode in pheasants. In one chick one specimen of Brachylaemus fuscatus (Rud, 1819) was found, which is a new host record in this country. Unusual virulence of these trematodes in pheasants and turkeys is noted, showing lack of adaptation to these hosts. In addition to chironomids and midge, culicine larvae were infected with cercariae from naturally infected Lymnaea pereger. It is proposed to consider P. laricola Skrjabin as described and illustrated by Chertkova (1953) to be Plagiorchis bikhovskayae n.nom.The author wishes to express his thanks to R. H. Duff, M.R.C.V.S., of the Ministry of Agriculture, Veterinary Laboratory, Lasswade, for placing the first pheasant chicks at his disposal, and to A. Howe, the gamekeeper at Holylee, for his information and willing help.
Enzymatic amplification of mini-exon-derived RNA gene spacers of Leishmania donovani: primers and probes for DNA diagnosis
Authors: Hassan Q. , Ghosh A. , Ghosh S. S. , Gupta M. , Basu D. , Mallik K. K. , Adhya S. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe multicopy mini-exon-derived RNA (med RNA) locus of Leishmania donovani was enzymatically amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The major 180 bp PCR product contained conserved med RNA gene sequences flanking the variable intergenic spacer from the med RNA gene tandem repeat. The oligonucleotide primers cross-reacted with other Leishmania species. In serial dilution experiments, positivity in the PCR assay was observed down to the genomic DNA equivalent of less than a single Leishmania cell. When the major PCR products from Indian L. donovani isolates were cloned and used as probes in dot hybridization analyses, they discriminated between L. donovani and L. amazonensis, L. major and L. infantum under high stringency conditions. DNA from spleen biopsies and blood samples of confirmed kala azar patients was positive, as were two skin biopsies from patients with post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). These observations demonstrate that PCR amplification of med RNA intergenic spacers is sufficiently sensitive for clinical diagnosis of kala azar and PKDL, and furthermore, that cloned intergenic spacer probes may be useful for identification and classification of L. donovani.
Cloning of the rDNA repeat unit from a British entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernematidae) and its potential for species identification
Authors: Reid A. P. , Hominick W. M. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe entire ribosomal DNA repeat unit of a steinernematid species (Nashes isolate) was cloned as three separate EcoR I fragments in the plasmid pUC18. An equimolar cocktail of these three clones was used to identify Steinernema species on Southern blots as each species displays its own unique restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The clones also identified two new species isolated in a soil survey of coastal regions of Britain. One of the clones (pSn4.0) can detect length heterogeneities in the rDNA repeat unit of various isolates of some of the species, particularly the most common in the United Kingdom, S. feltiae. These differences in the rDNA repeat unit length remained constant over several years for one isolate of S. feltiae, but were different for each of the geographical isolates studied to date.
Trypanosoma brucei: characterization of protein kinases that are capable of autophosphorylation in vitro
Authors: Hide G. , Graham T. , Buchanan N. , Tait A. , Keith K. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYAutophosphorylation by protein kinases has been implicated as an important control mechanism in signal transduction and growth regulatory pathways in mammalian cells. We have set out to investigate whether any such autophosphorylating protein kinase activities can be found in Trypanosoma brucei. In order to do this, we have developed a system for characterizing such protein kinase activities using an in vitro assay. This assay was carried out by fractionation of trypanosome lysates using isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis followed by incubation of the gel in γ32P-labelled nucleotide triphosphate and subsequent autoradiography. We have identified two classes of autophosphorylating protein kinase activities. In the first class all were dependent on ATP as the phosphate donor substrate and were all found to have a molecular size of 60 kDa. Differences in the activity of these protein kinases were observed between the bloodstream and procyclic life-cyle stages. Furthermore, the addition of mammalian epidermal growth factor to bloodstream stage lysates stimulated an additional activity. The second class of autophosphorylating protein kinases utilized GTP as the phosphate donor and were all found to be 90 kDa in size. Stage-specific differences were also observed in the activity of these protein kinases.
Cyclosporin A: drug treatment in vivo affects the kinetics of [14C]glucose transport in Hymenolepis microstoma in vitro
Authors: Wastling J. M. , Chappell L. H. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe transport of [14C]glucose by Hymenolepis microstoma in vitro following in vivo treatment with cyclosporin A (CsA) was determined over a range of concentrations. For untreated (control) worms glucose uptake showed saturation kinetics with a small diffusion component. Estimates of the maximum velocity of glucose uptake (Vmax) and the affinity of substrate for the glucose transporter (Kt) revealed that untreated 8-day-old worms had a Vmax twice that of 15-day-old worms and that younger worms had a lower Kt. An inverse relationship was demonstrated between log10 worm weight and the rate of uptake of [14C]glucose, reflecting the relatively greater number of glucose transporters due to the larger surface area: volume ratio of smaller worms. Treatment of H. microstoma with CsA in vivo significantly increased the diffusion component of glucose uptake in vitro. Parasites from drug-treated mice had a significantly lower Vmax for glucose uptake than size-matched controls. The affinity of glucose for its transporter in CsA-treated worms (Kt) was not significantly different from size-matched controls. Both juvenile and adult worms underwent transient depletion in total glycogen content after CsA treatment in vivo. The data confirm that CsA treatment in vivo disrupts the functional integrity of the worm tegument, one facet of which is impaired acquisition of glucose.
The development and morphology of Polycercus lumbrici (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)
Authors: Scott J. S. 
Published: June 2009

Polycercus lumbrici, previously described only by Metchnikov (1868) in Russia, has been found in Scotland in the earthworm Allolobophora terrestris.Experimental infestation of earthworms with Polycercus lumbrici as a result of feeding them with the eggs of Paricterotaenia paradoxa shows that the proliferating cysts are the larvae of the latter as suggested by Joyeux and Baer (1939).There is evidence that Polycercus may induce parasitic castration of the earthworm in which it occurs.Metchnikov's description of the development of the larva is confirmed for the most part but is modified to include a retroversion of the larva in its early stages of development. The development of the scolex is shown to follow a pattern similar to that of Cysticercus fasciolaris in that the hooks are borne on a ‘prebulb’ which later invests a ‘bulb’, the former giving rise to the muscles of the walls of the double sac of the rostellum, the latter to the hook-elevator muscles.The rostellar hooks of P. paradoxa are elevated by the action of a double layer of muscles which radiate from a conical invagination of the bulb. These muscles, in association with the muscles of the wall of the rostellum, elevate the hooks by modifying the shape of the rostellum rather than by direct action on the hooks.The nervous system and the excretory system in the scolex of P. paradoxa are briefly described and the nature of the ‘glandular’ structure of the rostellum is discussed.I wish to record my gratitude to Professor H. G. Callan for affording me the facilities for my work and to the many persons, too numerous to mention by name, who helped me to obtain my material. I am particularly indebted to Mr D. R. R. Burt for guidance and constructive criticism at all stages of my work and to Mr I. M. Sandeman for much helpful advice.The work was carried out during the tenure of Research Grants from Madras College, St Andrews, and from the D.S.I.R., to whom I would express my appreciation for their aid.
Studies on the excretory system of amphistome parasites of ruminants
Authors: Tandon R. S. 
Published: June 2009

The excretory systems of Gastrothylax crumenifer, Fischoederius elongatus and F. cobboldi have been described. In all three species it shows the characteristic, more or less H-shaped, pattern of the amphistome excretory system.The difference between the systems in the three species lies in the nature of the branches of the anterior portions of the longitudinal excretory ducts, in the transverse excretory ducts and the branches received by them and in the number of flame cells at the ends of the capillaries.The main longitudinal excretory ducts run internal to the intestinal caeca in G. crumenifer and F. cobboldi, while in F. elongatus they run almost external to the caeca and maintain this position even in the posterior half of the body, where the caeca are not present.