bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Soil Compaction on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Rice in a Highly Permeable Soil1
Authors: Singh N. T. , Patel M. S. , Singh Rachhpal , Vig A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMuch irrigation water used in growing lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) is lost through percolation, especially in highly permeable soils. Soil treatments to minimize water loss have been costly and laborious. We tried soil compaction as a simple and inexpensive method to cut down on percolation losses in field plot on a Fatehpur loamy sand (Typic Ustochrept) and measured crop yield and water use efficiency as a result.The treatments consisted of soil compaction with 2, 6, 10, and 16 passes of a 130 cm wide, 0.7 metric ton stone roller when the soil was close to Proctor optimum moisture content (approximately 11.9%). With the respective treatments, we achieved a bulk density of 1.70, 1.75, 1.79, and 1.84 g/cm3 in the surface 6 cm of the soil. Rice was both directly seeded and transplanted. Soil compaction significantly reduced the water intake rate. Between the treatments of 2 and 16 passes of the roller, 99 cm of water was saved in the direct‐seeded crop. Soil compaction beyond 10 roller passes produced no significant reduction in rice yield in 1976. Significant yield increases ranging from 53 kg to 94 kg/ha were observed when soil compaction increased from 2 to 16 roller passes in 1977. The water use efficiency of rice also increased significantly with increases in compaction. These results suggest that soil compaction is a practical and perhaps a better method of minimizing the water requirements of rice than other methods, like mixing clays, laying of subsurface barriers, etc., in highly permeable coarse‐textured soils.
Soybean Growth and Yield as Affected by Row Spacing and by Seasonal Water Supply1
Authors: Taylor H. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious experiments have shown that soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown in narrow rows often out‐field those grown in the more traditional 102‐cm row spacings. Those experiments often have been conducted where early season leaf area development and synthesis rate, rather than seasonal water, control crop yield. The present research was conducted to test the hypothesis that wide row soybeans will yield as much as, or more than, narrow row soybeans during years of low seasonal water supply.‘Wayne’ soybeans were grown in 25, 50, 75, and 100‐cm row widths at Castana, Iowa during the 1975, 1976, and 1977 growing seasons. All plots were thinned to 16 plants/m2 about 3 weeks after planting. Data were collected on leaf areas, leaf water potentials, stages of development, dry weights of plant parts, numbers of pods, root length densities, soil water contents, and yield.There were wide differences among the 3 years in seasonal water supply for soybean growth. During 1977, a year when water supply was high, narrow row soybeans (25‐cm rows) yielded 17% more than those in the 100‐cm rows. During the 2 years with the lower seasonal water supplies, there were no significant differences in yield (P = 0.05) among the 25, 50, 75, and 100‐cm row spacings. Plants growing in the 75 and 100‐cm row widths, however, had higher (wetter) daytime leaf water potentials, grew taller, had larger leaf areas, and set more pods than those growing in the 25‐cm rows.An intriguing question remains about the reason that the wide row plants yielded no more than the narrow row plants during dry years.
Measurement of Matric Potential in Plant Tissue with a Hydraulic Press1
Authors: Shayo‐Ngowi A. , Campbell G. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to determine the suitability of using a simple hydraulic press for matric potential measurements on plant tissue, measurements made with the hydraulic press were compared with measurements made using a pressure chamber. Leaf tissue from Phalaris arundinacea, Rhus glabra, Pinus ponderosa, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays was pretreated by freezing and thawing to destroy membranes, so only the matric component of the potential was measured. The samples were then dried for varying lengths of time and matric potentials were measured with the pressure chamber and the hydraulic press. Correlations of measurements on the five species showed slopes which did not differ significantly from 1, intercepts which did not differ significantly from zero, and correlation coefficients ranging from 0.96 to 1.00. The hydraulic press method is faster and easier than the pressure chamber, and required equipment is less expensive.
Performance and Economic Returns of Beef Cows and Calves Grazing Grass‐Legume Herbage1
Authors: Petritz D. C. , Lechtenberg V. L. , Smith W. H. 
Published: July 2010

abstractA 3‐year grazing study was conducted to evaluate tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), orchardgrass (Dactylic glomerata L.), and a mixture of tall fescue and clover (Trifolium sp.) as beef cow pasture. The purpose of the study was to determine the relative animal performance and economic returns from the three pasture swards when grazed by beef cows and their calves. The experiment was conducted at the Southern Indiana Purdue Agricultural Center on a site consisting of Zanesville silt loam (Typic Fragiudalf). The grass pastures were fertilized with 112 kg/ha N each year. All pastures were grazed from late April until early October.Calf gains averaged 0.80, 0.54, and 0.83 kg/day on orchardgrass, tall fescue, and tall fescue‐legume pastures, respectively. Cow gains averaged 0.26, 0.01, 0.26 kg/day and conception percentage averaged 90, 71, and 92 on the orchardgrass, tall fescue, and tall fescue‐legume pastures, respectively.Economic benefits were assessed by calculating the differences in receipts and production costs associated with the various pastures. Tall fescue‐legume pastures produced $106/ha greater net returns than tall fescue pastures, and $8/ha greater net returns than orchardgrass pastures. Most of the difference in net returns was due to poor calf gains and poor conception percentages when the animals were grazing tall fescue pastures.
Mineral Concentration of Tall Fescue Genotypes Grown under Controlled Conditions1
Authors: Sleper D. A. , Garner G. B. , Nelson C. J. , Sebaugh J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrass tetany is a disease affecting cattle, sheep, and goats when limited amounts of ultilizable Mg are available. Genetic and environmental considerations on forage Mg are critical if agronomists are to provide forages with low tetany potential. Two genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) that differed in inherent Mg concentration were grown in controlled environments to determine if growth temperature and interval between harvests could overcome genetic influences on Mg concentration. Vegetative herbage of genotype B5‐62 had Mg concentrations of 0.38 and 0.290%, at the high (25/20 C day/night) and low (17/12 C day/night) temperature, respectively. Genotype B17‐42 was inherently low in Mg concentration, and had values of 0.22 and 0.14% for the high and low temperature, respectively. Calcium concentration and the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio were little influenced by the two temperature treatments. Genotype B5‐62 was well below the 2.2 (meq/100 g dry matter) critical level for the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio, while B17‐42 was above for most treatments. Interval of harvest significantly altered onlv the concentration of K and the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio, with both being the lowest from treatments that were harvested less frequently. It was concluded that genetic control for Mg concentration in these genotypes was sufficiently strong so that genotypes selected for high and low Mg remained relative over two growth temperatures and three harvest intervals.
Soil Submergence Effects on Nutrient Uptake, Growth, and Yield of Five Corn Cultivars1
Authors: Singh Room , Ghildyal B. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe potential of new corn hybrids in India is not obtained because of waterlogging. A field experiment on a Mollisol‐udoll soil was conducted 1) to study the response of five corn varieties (cultivars) to waterlogged conditions and 2) to determine the critical growth stages and duration of waterlogging at which yield is significantly reduced. Waterlogging affected growth rate, nutrient uptake, a number of other physiological processes, and yield.Waterlogging (48 hours and 72 hours) at knee‐high stage and tasselling stage retarded the growth of all the varieties except ‘Ganga‐2’ and submergence for 72 hours significantly reduced the uptake of N and K and increased P uptake in all the varieties. Calcium and Mg uptake were unaffected.The grain yield of varieties was found in the decreasing order of ‘Jaunpur’ < ‘Kisan’ < ‘Vijay’ < ‘Ganga‐7’ < Ganga‐2. Soil flooding at knee‐high stage was found to be more harmful than at tasseling stage. The critical limits of waterlogging at knee‐high stage were 72 hours for Ganga‐2 and 48 hours for other varieties. Flooding for 72 hours did not reduce the yield of Ganga‐2 at tasselling stage but yield of other varieties was significantly decreased. Ganga‐2 was more tolerant to waterlogging because it developed maximum gas spaces and an extensive adventitious root system at the surface of the water under waterlogged conditions.
Mineral Concentration in Two Tall Fescue Genotypes Grown under Variable Soil Nutrient Levels1
Authors: Brown J. R. , Sleper D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrass tetany is a disease that affects cattle and sheep. Information is needed to determine if soil treatments can alter mineral concentration in the herbage. Two tall fescue genotypes (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) B17‐42 and B5‐62, which differ in their genetic ability to accumulate Mg were grown under different K and Mg levels in the greenhouse. Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the genetic differences to accumulate Mg could be altered by soil fertility treatments. Potassium was added at a rate of 50, 150, and 250 ppm while Mg was added at a rate of 0, 90, to a Mexico soil (Udollic Ochraqualf) and 230 ppm to a Keeno soil (Mollic Fragiudalf) growing both tall fescue genotypes. Genotype B5‐62 had the highest Mg concentration for all treatments. Genotypes growing. on the Mexico soil contained more herbage Mg than those growing on the Keeno soil. Initial soil tests showed that the Mexico soil contained 234 ppm of Mg while the Keeno soil contained only 73 ppm Mg. Applied K or Mg soil treatments did not eliminate the ability of B5‐62 to accumulate more Mg than B17‐42.
Shattercane Control in Narrow‐Row Soybeans1
Authors: Burnside O. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMuch shattercane [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] infested land is being rotated from sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] or corn (Zea mays L.) to soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in order to selectively control this weed increaser with herbicides plus cultivation. Some farmers became interested in growing these soybeans in narrow‐rows and eliminating cultivation in order to take advantage of higher yields of drilled soybeans. Thus, field experiments were designed to determine the feasibility of narrow‐row soybean production on a Colo silty clay loam (Cumulic Haplaquolls) infested with a forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] during 1974‐78 at Lincoln, Neb. Forage sorghum showed competitiveness similar to shattercane without soil persistence of seed, and preplant herbicides were selected for shattercane toxicity and soybean tolerance. Seven of 18 herbicide treatments applied preplant and soil‐incorporated gave better than 95% average weed control, but none gave 100% control. Many preplant herbicides selectively controlled weeds in soybeans with little or no soybean injury or stand loss. These same herbicides facilitated economical, narrow‐row soybean production without cultivation in shattercane infested fields. However, a limited amount of shattercane seed was produced each year; so some method of controlling these weed escapes will be needed if shattercane is to be eradicated from soybean fields.
Root Temperature and Percentage NO3−/NH4+ Effect on Tomato Plant Development I. Morphology and Growth1
Authors: Ganmore‐Neumann Ruth , Kafkafi U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe increased use of combined irrigastion and fertilization under field conditions, and the possibility of sup plying nutrients to the plants daily raised the problem of the best percentages NO3‐/NH4+ to be supplied to tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) grown in the field in the various seasons. The objectives of this work were to find the most suitable percentages of NO3‐/NH4+ at various root temperatures, on growth and morphology of tomato roots.Tomato plants were grown in an experiment with a factorial design of four temperatures (8, 16, 24, and 34 C) and four percentages NO3‐/NH4+ (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, and 0/100) at constant N concentration of 10 meq/liter and constant pH of 6.5. To maintain the percentage NO3‐/NH4+ and pH constant, the nutrient solution was flushed through the pots at a rate of 1 liter per hour. When constant pH and constant solution composition were maintained the 50/50 NO3‐/NH4+ treatment showed the most growth, averaged over all temperatures. High percentage NO3‐/NH4+ retarded plant growth at low root temperatures but is preferred at high root temperature. Plants grown in solution rich in NO3‐ developed long, thin branched roots and those grown in solution rich in NH4+ developed short, thick second and third order roots.The results of this work can be directly applied to hydroponic systems and with a future field study it may produce new fertilizer solution compositions to be adapted to specific soil environmental conditions.
Applied N and Moisture Level Effects on Yield, Depth of Root Activity, and Nutrient Uptake by Soybeans1
Authors: Al‐Ithawi Bashir , Deibert E. J. , Olson R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] has commonly been recognized as a rather non‐responsive crop to fertilizer treatments compared with cereals, reasons for which are quite obscure. For studying the moisture and nutritional aspects that might be involved in this anomaly, a field experiment was conducted on Sharpsburg silty clay loam, a Typic Argiudoll, at three moisture levels, with three depths of 32P tagged P placement (22.5, 45, 90 cm) during 1974 and 1976. Objectives were to evaluate effects of fertilizer N, residual soil N, and moisture level on yield, zones of root activity, water use efficiency, and the total uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn by the crop.Seed yield of soybean was increased 675 and 1148 kg/ha by high soil moisture levels compared with low levels in 1974 and 1976, respectively. Total dry matter, percent plant P derived from fertilizer and uptake of all nutrients were also increased with increased soil moisture level. Although placement depth of 32P‐tagged P had no effect on total dry matter accumulation and seed yield of soybean there was essentially equivalent utilization of the tagged fertilizer whether placed at 22.5, 45, or 90 cm depth evidencing the deep nutrient extraction capabilities of the soybean plant. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased seed yield of soybean at all moisture levels in 1974 but only at low moisture in 1976 with amounts of residual soil NO3‐N at planting explaining the difference between the 2 years. Applied N also increased removal of all other soil nutrients measured except Fe. Consumptive water use was greater the higher the rate of N applied and the higher the moisture regime.
Response of Sunflower to Plant Population1
Authors: Robinson R. G. , Ford J. H. , Luenschen W. E. , Rabas D. L. , Smith L. J. , Warnes D. D. , Wiersma J. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cost of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed provides an incentive for reducing planting rates which, in turn, reduce plant populations. This research was undertaken to determine minimum populations needed for maximum yield and their effect on seed quality and head drying. Populations of oilseed and nonoilseed cultivars of 17, 25, 37, 49, and 62 thousand plants/ha were established at six locations in Minnesota. Soils were Typic Haplaquolls, Aeric Calciaquolls, Typic Eutroboralf and Udorthentic Haploborolls. Both oilseed and nonoilseed cultivars required the same populations for maximum yield. Minimum populations needed for maximum yield varied from 25 to 62 thousand plants/ha among locations. Differences in optimum plant populations among locations were attributed to soil, rain, and temperature. Yields were not depressed by populations up to 62 thousand. Optimum population for oilseed and small‐nonoilseed cultivars was that which gave maximum yield because seed quality factors of test weight and/or oil percentage increased with population. Optimum population for large‐nonoilseed cultivars was often less than that giving highest yield because the percentage of large seeds decreased with increasing population. As plant populations increased from 17 to 62 thousand plants/ha, head moisture percentages decreased from 68 to 50% at early harvest and from 43 to 20% at later harvest. Preharvest desiccant sprays reduced head moisture but did not alter the relationship between increasing population and decreasing head moisture. Increasing row spacing to conserve soil moisture between rows did not increase yield on a sandy soil.
Planting Date Effects on Growth, Yield, and Oil of Irrigated Sunflower1
Authors: Unger Paul W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInterest in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as an oilseed crop has greatly increased in the Southern Great Plains since 1974. To effectively manage sunflower for oil production and oil quality, information is needed concerning the effect of various agronomic practices. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of planting date on growth, yield, oil percent, and oil fatty acid concentration of irrigated sunflower. Sunfower ‘Hybrid 896’ seed was planted at about 2‐week intervals from late March to late July or early August from 1975 to 1978 on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll). Time from planting to emergence was influenced by soil temperature, and ranged from 19 days with early plantings to 5 days with late plantings. The time from planting to the 50% ray flower stage decreased with delayed plantings, except for the last four plantings for which the average was about 59 days. Seed yields were not significantly different with plantings from late March to mid‐June. Yields decreased with plantings after 21 June. Seed soil percent was relatively constant with early plantings, but decreased with plantings after about 29 May; oil yield/ha also decreased with plantings after that date. The oleic and linoleic acid concentrations of the oil were strongly affected by planting date because the different planting dates resulted in seed development during periods of different temperatures. Earlyplanted sunflower matured during hot weather, and the oil had oleic and linolecic acid concentrations of 43 and 45%, respectively. Oil from late‐planted sunflower, which matured during cooler weather, had oleic and linoleic acid concentrations of around 15 and 75% respectively.
Imbibitional Chilling Injury in Soybean Axes: Relationship to Stelar Lesions and Seasonal Environments1
Authors: Ashworth E. N. , Obendorf R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe increasing use of isolated embryonic axes as experimental tissues for studies on early germination events warrants an evaluation of stress effects during hydration. The objectives were to evaluate embryonic axis growth and stress crack formation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds and isolated axes resulting from hydrational stresses of cold temperatures and low tissue moisture. Sensitivity to imbibitional chilling of seeds and isolated axes was evaluated in several cultivars produced in different years at different locations. Germination, seedling growth, and formation of stelar lesions were measured. Isolated axes with an initial moisture content of 6% were injured by imbibition at 5 C as evidenced subsequently by reduced growth at 25 C. Adjustment of axis moisture to 17% before hydration protected against imbibitional chilling injury. Sensitivity to imbibitional chilling was influenced by cultivar and year or location of production. Lesions formed across the stele of hypocotyls during rapid hydration of 6% initial moisture isolated axes at 5 or 25 C but were not observed after hydration of 17% moisture axes or after hydration of intact seeds. The presence of lesions suggests caution when using isolated embryonic axes as experimental tissues.
Use of Deterministic and Empirical Models to Predict Potential Evapotranspiration in an Advective Environment1
Authors: Shouse Peter , Jury W. A. , Stolzy L. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was conducted for three successive summers in the arid southwestern United States to determine the applicability of traditional empirical and deterministic potential evapotranspiration formulas for predicting water loss under extreme advective conditions. Five models for predicting potential evapotranspiration were compared to hydrologic balance estimates of water loss from a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) crop over two summer seasons and to each other during a third summer season. Of the five methods, pan evaporation was the least reliable indicator of full‐cover crop water use whether considered on a weekly or seasonal basis. The Priestley‐Taylor correlation, which required local calibration could not describe extreme changes in sensible heat advection from year to year with a single calibration. A form of the solar radiation correlation which contains parameters that are functions of humidity and wind run, worked adequately in all years as did an advection‐modified Priestley‐Taylor equation which requires a single calibration and vapor pressure deficit values. The Penman combination equation, which did not require local calibration, corresponded most closely to measured values. All models which contained some facility for recalibration or correction in response to changes in vapor deficit worked adequately under changing advective conditions during the entire experiment.
Germination and Emergence of Russian Wildrye Seeds Coated with Hydrophilic Materials1
Authors: Berdahl J. D. , Barker R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost forage grasses have a small caryopsis that must be seeded at shallow depths to emerge. However, soil surrounding the seed often becomes too dry to support germination and seedling development. Agar, alginic acid, carragheenan, ‘Super Slurper’, and ‘Viterra 2 Hydrogel’3 were incorporated into silica seed coatings of Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.) to increase the quantity of water available to the germinating seed and seedling. After 72 hours, water uptake from a saturated blotter averaged 4.3 mglseed for a silica coated check and ranged from 5.6 to 9.0 mglseed for the five hydrophilic coatings. At 14 days, seed germination was 95.5% for an uncoated check and ranged from 86.5 to 93.5y0 for the five hydrophilic coatings. Vermiculite was ground to pass a 1.0‐mm screen, and water was mixed with the vermiculite to obtain matric potentials of −1, −5, −9, −10, −11, and −12 bars. None of the seed coatings increased the rate of emergence or increased the total emergence relative to the uncoated check within any of the six matric potentials. Failure of any of the five seed coatings to improve seedling emergence from vermiculite over a wide range of matric potentials suggested that hydrophilic coatings have little potential to improve stand establishment of Russian wildrye in the field.