bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peptide conjugates of therapeutically used antitubercular isoniazid—design, synthesis and antimycobacterial effect
Authors: Horváti Kata , Mező Gábhor , Szabó Nóra , Hudecz Ferenc , Bősze Szilvia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow‐growing, powerful human pathogen which can survive in the host macrophages. In the chemotherapy of such intracellular pathogens it is necessary to achieve relatively high level of the drug in blood to attain therapeutically effective concentration in infected cells, which presumably has several serious side effects on healthy tissues. The elimination of M. tuberculosis from infected phagocytes could be more efficient with target cell‐directed delivery of antituberculars. A particularly promising approach is to conjugate a drug moiety to a peptide based carrier. The conjugates are chemically constructed to target release by hydrolysis (enzymatic and/or chemical) to liberate the active compound. Here we report the synthesis, characterisation and antimycobacterial evaluation of isoniazid (INH) peptide conjugates. As carrier moiety T‐cell epitope of immundominant 16‐kDa protein of M. tuberculosis and tuftsin‐derived peptides were used. To conjugate INH two synthetic methods were developed, where INH was coupled directly to the peptides or through a heterobifunctional reagent. We found that all of the INH conjugates were effective against M. tuberculosis and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were comparable to the free INH moiety. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decay kinetics of the luminescence of Ag– centers doped in alkali halide crystals
Authors: Kawai Taketoshi , Akai Ichiro , Ichida Hideki , Kanematsu Yasuo , Mizoguchi Kohji , Karasawa Tsutomu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDecay kinetics of the luminescence of Ag– centers doped in NaCl, KBr, and CsBr single crystals have been investigated in the temperature range from 4 K to 260 K. At low temperature, the radiative transitions from the 1T1u states in the Ag– centers exhibit the luminescence with the decay time constants of about 1.3 ns. With increasing temperature, the decay time constants decrease, reflecting a thermally activated non‐radiative transition process from the 1T1u to 3T1u states. On the other hand, the luminescence due to the radiative transitions from the 3T1u states have the decay time constants of about 1.0 ms at low temperature and about 10 μs above 80 K. From the analysis of the temperature dependence of the decay time constants, the parameters of a three‐level model and a thermally activated non‐radiative process from the 1T1u to 3T1u states are obtained. The parameters are discussed as compared with those of other Tl+‐type centers doped in alkali halide crystals. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantifying uncertainty in estimation of hydrologic metrics for ecohydrological studies
Authors: Kennard Mark J. , Mackay Stephen J. , Pusey Bradley J. , Olden Julian D. , Marsh Nick 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHydrologic metrics have been used extensively in ecology and hydrology to summarize the characteristics of riverine flow regimes at various temporal scales but there has been limited evaluation of the sources and magnitude of uncertainty involved in their computation. Variation in bias, precision and overall accuracy of these metrics influences the ability to correctly describe flow regimes, detect meaningful differences in hydrologic characteristics through time and space, and define flow‐ecological response relationships. Here, we examine the effects of two primary factors—discharge record length and time period of record—on uncertainty in the estimation of 120 separate hydrologic metrics commonly used by researchers to describe ecologically relevant components of the hydrologic regime. Metric bias rapidly decreased and precision and overall accuracy markedly increased with increasing record length, but tended to stabilize >15 years and did not change substantially >30 years. We found a strong positive relationship between the degree of overlap of discharge record and similarity in hydrologic metrics when based on 15‐ and 30‐year discharge periods calculated within a 36‐year temporal window (1965–2000), although hydrologic metrics calculated for a given stream gauge tended to vary only within a restricted range through time. Our study provides critical guidance for selecting an appropriate record length and temporal period of record given a degree of metric bias and precision deemed acceptable by a researcher. We conclude that: (1) estimation of hydrologic metrics based on at least 15 years of discharge record is suitable for use in hydrologic analyses that aim to detect important spatial variation in hydrologic characteristics; (2) metric estimation should be based on overlapping discharge records contained within a discrete temporal window (ideally >50% overlap among records); and (3) metric uncertainty varies greatly and should be accounted for in future analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genotoxic effects of a particular mixture of acetamiprid and α‐cypermethrin on chromosome aberration, sister chromatid exchange, and micronucleus formation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes
Authors: Kocaman Ayşe Yavuz , Topaktaş Mehmet 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe genotoxic effects of a particular mixture of acetamiprid (Acm, neonicotinoid insecticide) and α‐cypermethrin (α‐cyp, pyrethroid insecticide) on human peripheral lymphocytes were examined in vitro by chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchange (SCE), and micronucleus (MN) tests. The human peripheral lymphocytes were treated with 12.5 + 2.5, 15 + 5, 17.5 + 7.5, and 20 + 10 μg/mL of Acm+α‐cyp, respectively, for 24 and 48 h. The mixture of Acm+α‐cyp induced the CAs and SCEs at all concentrations and treatment times when compared with both the control and solvent control and these increases were concentration‐dependent in both treatment times. MN formation was significantly induced at 12.5 + 2.5, 15 + 5, 17.5 + 7.5, μg/mL of Acm+α‐cyp when compared with both controls although these increases were not concentration‐dependent. Binuclear cells could not be detected sufficiently in the highest concentration of the mixture (20 + 10 μg/mL) for both the 24‐ and 48‐h treatment times. Mitotic index (MI), proliferation index (PI) and nuclear division index (NDI) significantly decreased because of the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of the mixture, at all concentrations for two treatment periods. Significant decreases in MI and PI were concentration dependent at both treatment times. The decrease in NDI was also concentration‐dependent at 48‐h treatment period. In general, Acm+α‐cyp inhibited nuclear division more than positive control, mitomycin C (MMC) and showed a higher cytostatic effect than MMC. Furthermore, in this article, the results of combined effects of Acm+α‐cyp were compared with the results of single effects of Acm or α‐cyp (Kocaman and Topaktas,2007,2009, respectively). In conclusion, the particular mixture of Acm+α‐cyp synergistically induced the genotoxicity/cytotoxicity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
FreeMobility: dynamic location computing using GIS
Authors: Ji Yiming , Sproul Gordon 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of the FreeMobility localization system—a distributed system that allows access points (APs) or cellular towers to dynamically determine the location of a mobile user using only received signal strength (SS) and mobility information (direction and traveled distance) from the mobile. FreeMobility does not require special infrastructure or installation, and it is readily applicable to commodity devices like laptops, PDAs and cell phones using existing Wi‐Fi and/or cellular networks. This paper introduces mathematical methodology that dynamically predicts the location of the mobile; the paper also presents detailed analysis and experimental results that explore practical issues in implementing the system. FreeMobility was evaluated using: (1) measurements from IEEE 802.11 networks at both the University of South Carolina, Beaufort (USC Beaufort) and a residential neighborhood in Columbia, SC; and (2) online data resources from war‐driving community and other research communities. The results demonstrate that FreeMobility provides reliable location estimates, and the localization error is comparable with other existing systems. With the assistance of the geographic information system (GIS), FreeMobility does not require dense tower deployment, and it is able to provide location attributes in addition to pure coordinates from most other systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preferential removal of non‐injured seeds by an omnivorous ant, Tetramorium tsushimae Emery, in the seed dispersal of Chamaesyce maculata (L.) small
Authors: Ohnishi Yoshihiro K. , Suzuki Nobuhiko 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo elucidate roles of an omnivorous ant, Tetramorium tsushimae Emery, against pre‐dispersal seed consumers in the seed dispersal of Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small, the effects of the seed injury by a stinkbug, Nysius plebeius Distat, on the seed removal by the ant and the germination rate were examined in laboratory experiments. The ants of T. tsushimae removed more frequently non‐injured seeds than injured seeds. Therefore, low removal frequency of injured seeds by T. tsushimae ants might facilitate the increase in removal frequency of non‐injured seeds, consequently leading to efficient seed dispersal of C. maculata. The germination rate of injured seeds that N. plebeius nymphs sucked was conspicuously lower than the non‐injured seeds. The germination rate of seeds that T. tsushimae ants carried out of their nest was similar to that of the non‐injured seeds. Thus, seed removal by T. tsushimae ants has hardly effects on the germination of these seeds. Therefore, the preferential removal of non‐injured seeds by T. tsushimae ants might contribute to the dispersal success of C. maculata seeds. These results might show a novel interaction between myrmecochorous plants and ants in which the assessment of seed quality by ants contributes to the reproductive success of plants.
Chemical Composition and Characteristics of Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari Seed Oil
Authors: Patel B. H. , Thakore S. , Nagar Padamnabhi Shanker 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe seeds of Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari contain 9.8 ± 0.7% oil. The fatty acid composition and chemical properties of the extracted oil were determined. Gas liquid chromatography of the methyl esters of the fatty acids shows the presence of 46.62% saturated fatty acids and 51.40% unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is as follows: capric acid 3.50%, myristic acid 14.51%, palmitic acid 6.68%, stearic acid 4.70%, arachidic acid 3.18%, behenic acid 14.05%, myristoleic acid 1.34%, palmitoleic acid 12.07%, oleic acid 14.15%, eicosenoic acid 0.11%, linoleic acid 22.34% and alpha linoleic acid 1.37%.
Structure, Protein Interactions and In Vitro Protease Accessibility of Extruded and Pressurized Full‐Fat Soybean Flakes
Authors: Jung Stephanie , Mahfuz Abdullah , Maurer Devin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe objectives of the present study were to determine how extrusion (barrel temperature of 100 °C) and high‐pressure processing (HPP, 200 and 500 MPa, 15 min, 25 °C) of full‐fat soybean flakes (FFSF) modified the structure of soybean cotyledon cells, the protein interactions and the in vitro protease accessibility. Cellular disruption of the cotyledon cells was only observed for extruded FFSF. Extrusion and HPP at 500 MPa favored formation of insoluble protein aggregates, in which oil was entrapped. High pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and extraction methods using buffers containing SDS and 2‐mercaptoethanol suggested that noncovalent interactions were the main forces in protein aggregate formation during HPP 500 MPa and extrusion. Intermolecular cross‐linking by disulfide bonding was also involved in insoluble aggregates, but at a lesser extent than noncovalent interactions. Extrusion and HPP 500‐MPa treatment enhanced the proteolytic attack, while treatment at 200 MPa had no impact. Drastic changes in the peptide profile of the extracted proteins were, however, only observed for the enzyme‐treated 500‐MPa FFSF. Optimal oil and protein extraction yields required cellular disruption of cotyledon cells and hydrolysis of protein aggregates, which were obtained with enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of extruded FFSF.
Intraoperative use of cone‐beam computed tomography in a cadaveric ossified cochlea model
Authors: Barker Emma , Trimble Keith , Chan Harley , Ramsden James , Nithiananthan Sajendra , James Adrian , Bachar Gideon , Daly Mike , Irish Jonathan , Siewerdsen Jeff 
Published: March 2009

ObjectivesTo describe a cadaveric temporal bone model of labyrinthitis ossificans and investigate the utility of intraoperative cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the facilitating cochlear implantation.DesignCadaveric temporal bone study.MethodsFive cadaveric heads had cement introduced into the 10 cochleas. CBCT and a conventional CT scan were compared to assess the extent of cochlear obliteration. The cement was drilled‐out (under CBCT guidance, if required) and cochlear implant electrode arrays (from 3 different manufacturers) inserted.ResultsCBCT images demonstrated temporal bone anatomy and the extent of cochlear obliteration as clearly as conventional CT in all cases. Intraoperative CBCT guided drilling and facilitated electrode placement in two of five heads (3 of 10 ears). Streak‐artifact from the electrodes of two devices partially obscured image clarity.ConclusionsThe obliterated cochlear model reproduced a disease‐ossified cochlear both radiographically and surgically. CBCT is useful for intraoperative imaging to facilitate electrode array placement in the obliterated or congenitally abnormal cochlea.
Test‐retest reliability of drug‐induced sleep endoscopy
Authors: Rodriguez‐Bruno Krista , Goldberg Andrew N. , McCulloch Charles E. , Kezirian Eric J. 
Published: March 2009

ObjectiveTo determine the test‐retest reliability of drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE).MethodsProspective cohort study. Patients with OSA underwent two separate DISE examinations. The following outcomes were measured: a global assessment of obstruction at the palate and/or hypopharynx; the degree of obstruction at the palate and hypopharynx; and the contribution of individual structures (palate, tonsils, tongue, epiglottis, and lateral pharyngeal walls) to obstruction.ResultsThirty‐two patients underwent two separate DISE examinations. The preoperative sleep study apnea‐hypopnea index was 40.7 ± 21.1, and the lowest oxygen saturation was 79.8 ± 17.4 percent. Point estimates for the intraclass correlation coefficient analogs related to palatal obstruction ranged from 0.41 to 0.89; related to the hypopharyngeal airway, the point estimates ranged from 0.57 to 0.84.ConclusionThe test‐retest reliability of DISE appears good, especially in the evaluation of the hypopharyngeal airway. Larger studies can generate more precise confidence interval estimates and test the generalizability of these findings.
Trap for Women or Freedom to Choose? The Struggle over Cash for Child Care Schemes in Finland and Sweden
Authors: HIILAMO HEIKKI , KANGAS OLLI 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDebates on welfare reforms have revolved around institutional inertias with the emphasis on institutions as structures. We argue that political discourses work in the same vein and create continuities constraining the array of possible policy options – political frames as carriers of institutional inertia and path dependence. The data are based on political debates on child home care in Finland and Sweden. The ‘trap for women’ frame became dominant in the Swedish discourse, while in Finland ‘freedom to choose’ has been hegemonic. According to the Swedish frame, public day care offers children the best preconditions for later development and enhances social equality, whereas in Finland care at home with all its positive characteristics was contrasted with bureaucratic institutional care. The article highlights how politicians have used these hegemonic discourses to maintain the legitimacy of certain policy options.
Popular Explanations of Poverty: A Critical Discussion of Empirical Research
Authors: LEPIANKA DOROTA , VAN OORSCHOT WIM , GELISSEN JOHN 
Published: March 2009

AbstractVarious authors point to the connection between public perceptions of poverty and institutionalised strategies of dealing with the poor. The way the general public perceives the poor, and especially the causes of poverty, is generally assumed to have a profound influence on the legitimacy of anti-poverty policies. Yet studies on popular perceptions of and attributions for poverty are relatively infrequent. Moreover, a considerable share of existing research appears conceptually and/or methodologically inadequate. This article provides a critical review of existing literature that is interwoven into the discussion of the two most common approaches to studying lay poverty attributions: the factor analytical approach and the forced-choice-question approach. With respect to the latter, we present an empirical analysis and interpretation of the four response categories that constitute the core of the forced-choice question included in Eurobarometer.
Engineering spatial concepts
Authors: Micucci Daniela , Tisato Francesco , Adorni Marzia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe success of a software system strongly depends on the ability of turning a precise domain analysis into a concrete architecture. Even if the domain model relies on sound ontological bases, there is often a wide semantic gap between the conceptual model and the concrete components that should reify it. To fill the semantic gap, relevant domain concepts should be engineered by identifying the corresponding architectural abstractions, which can be realized by concrete software components. Space plays a crucial role in many application domains, but surprisingly, related architectural abstractions have not emerged yet. This paper proposes space-related abstractions derived from the application of classical software engineering principles; in particular, the information hiding principle that leads to an operational definition of space. Basic abstractions are refined to deal with architectural aspects. As the underlying software engineering principles are close to principles that underlie the definition of space ontologies, the conjecture is that the proposed space architectural abstractions might be the basis for a formalization in ontological terms.
The concepts of model in information systems engineering: a proposal for an ontology of models
Authors: Sánchez Diana M. , Cavero José María , Marcos Esperanza 
Published: March 2009

AbstractModelling is one of the most frequent tasks in the area of information systems (ISs), with models such as schemata, ontologies, patterns and architectures forming the bases for their creation. Very often, however, the difference between these types of models is not clear and causes confusion and erratic use of the terms. The aim of this paper is to clarify the concept of model through a study of some of the more common ones used in ISs. This proposal is presented through an ontology, where we show how we conceptualize models according to their role in the development of an IS: the model understood as the representation of a domain or as a reality serving as an example.
‘I cannot keep my place without being deascent’: Pauper Letters, Parish Clothing and Pragmatism in the South of England, 1750–1830
Authors: JONES PETER D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the issue of pauper agency under the old poor law. It relies on an examination of the ‘voice’ of paupers as it appears in a hitherto neglected source, pauper letters. The ‘face-to-face’ nature of poor relief has often been commented upon by historians, yet despite an ongoing historical preoccupation with all aspects of its administration, the question of how paupers actually interacted with, let alone were able to influence, the provision of that relief remains largely unexamined. Concentrating on requests for, or involving the issue of, clothing, this paper argues that paupers not only demonstrated a keen awareness of the imperatives underpinning relief policy in the locality, but also utilised aspects of many long-standing and powerful cultural discourses to strengthen their case for clothing relief.
The Environmental Effects of Blood Sports in Lowland England since 1750
Authors: JONES ERIC L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper considers the effects of blood sports on the landscape, wildlife and farming, and assesses the implications of the topic for some matters of historical interpretation. Histories of individual sports written by practitioners are rarely candid about the environmental costs and even descriptions by professional historians tend to neglect the dynamic ecological consequences. Ritualised foxhunting supplanted more effective control and encouraged pests. Any benign consequences were incidental. Thanks to commercial money, shooting intensities held up well even during agricultural depressions. Game preservation, notably of pheasants, meant heavy pressure on birds of prey and other wild species; planting woodland was the main benign effect, although this simultaneously fostered so-called pests. Killing species that competed with game eliminated some wildlife but often proved self-defeating in the long term. Angling had mixed implications for waterside wildlife, although riverine habitats were lastingly modified when sport-fishing replaced fishing for food. Hunting and shooting meant some withdrawal of land from farming and interference with rotations: these activities reduced productivity. That the national economy could ‘afford’ to divert so many resources to elite sports contradicts the dominant view that England came up against a resources barrier.
The Dependent Poor? (Re)constructing The Lives of Individuals ‘On the Parish’ in Rural Dorset, 1800–1832
Authors: SHAVE SAMANTHA A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSocial commentators in the early decades of the nineteenth century considered the ‘poor classes’ to be a homogenous sub-group of society dependent on parish poor relief. Whilst in recent decades studies of the Old Poor Law have added much to our understandings of the complexity of poor relief practices, the concept of dependency has proved remarkably durable. This article challenges this central assumption by focusing upon the very individuals who constituted this supposedly homogenous dependent group. The relief histories of eight individuals from two cohorts who resided in the Dorset parish of Motcombe are (re)constructed and linked to demographic data to produce detailed biographies. On the basis of these biographies it is argued that even in north Dorset, where opportunities for employment and alternative forms of subsistence were few, ‘the poor’ experienced complex fluctuations of dependence on, and independence from, poor relief. It is also shown that traditional assumptions about the factors prompting relief, including the expansion of the family, did not have a uniform impact on all individuals. Such a methodology also makes it possible to explore how the parish managed to respond to the differing and similar needs of individuals. It is thus stressed that instead of following one policy for all, parish officials applied and tailored relief to suit each individual.