bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRACTICAL SCREENING FOR DIABETES MELLITUS IN PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Guttorm Eigil 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A prospective and consecutive investigation of 1697 pregnant women without earlier known diabetes and a retrospective investigation of 120 pregnant diabetics (White class A: 94, White class B: 26), has been performed. It was found that:
the most useful criteria of potential diabetics were: 1) the presence of diabetes in close relatives, diagnosed before the age of 40 years, 2) the presence of obesity in the patients, defined as 20 per cent overweight or more just before pregnancy, 3) previous delivery of a big baby, defined as a baby with birthweight ≦ 4500 g. Of the 1697 pregnant women 8 per cent were potential diabetics and in 8 per cent glucosuria was found. pregnant women with glucosuria and potential diabetics defined as above had a higher risk of having a diabetic OGTT than other pregnant women.
A diabetic OGTT was found with falling incidence in the groups: potential diabetics with glucosuria: 10.5 per cent, non-potential diabetics with glucosuria: 3.7 per cent, potential diabetics without glucosuria: 3.4 per cent, and in the control group (non-potential diabetics without glucosuria): 0.3 per cent.
A positive correlation was found between the level of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) early in pregnancy, and the result of OGTT later in pregnancy. When FPG exceeded 89 mg/100 ml (75 mg/100 ml whole blood) the incidence of diabetic curves increased significantly.
By combining the following criteria: potential diabetics – glucosuria – fasting plasma glucose, FPG, it was found that the percentage of pregnant women, which ought to be investigated with an OGTT, could be reduced to 4 per cent, while the sensitivity and the specificity of the screening was 78 per cent and 89 per cent, respectively.
This approach also resulted in the detection of all the most treatmentrequiring cases of diabetes. The practical use of the screening method is described.
TRADITIONAL ANIMAL SCREENING TESTS
Authors: Noel Peter R. B. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
It is fundamental that before new chemicals may enter the environment of man, they should seem to be (i) desirable and (ii) reasonably safe. Although new chemicals should be treated as separate entities, there is little evidence in general terms to suggest that there is an alternative to screening tests in intact animals, despite the deficiencies of techniques about which much is written.
The object of toxicological studies is two-fold, to demonstrate (i) possible reactions irrespective of dosage of new compounds and (ii) the probability in biological terms of these reactions occurring near therapeutic doses (an attempt to prove a negative, the absence of toxicity).
Criticism of techniques is easy, especially when considering individual compounds. This introductory paper has attempted to draw attention to the logic which forms the basis of animal screening tests, whilst at the same time commenting on (i) deficiencies due to lack of information and (ii) changes that are likely in the future which will improve extrapolation of results to man. Evidence that traditional tests will be superseded in the foreseeable future appears to the author to be minimal when the whole field of testing new chemicals is considered.
The general principles relating to animal studies are "guidelines" which should allow an element of flexibility to treat individual chemicals on their own merits.
SERUM PROGESTERONE IN DIABETIC PREGNANCY
Authors: Klebe J. G. , Gæde P. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The serum concentration of progesterone during pregnancy was followed in 74 diabetic women with uncomplicated pregnancies. According to the White classification the subjects included class B, C and D patients.
It is shown by comparison with a reference group of normal pregnant women, that diabetics in the late part of pregnancy have normal or high levels of serum progesterone, and a reference interval for uncomplicated, diabetic pregnancies is computed.
The progesterone level in serum is correlated to the pregnanediol excretion in urine and a significant correlation (2α < 0.05) is found between the progesterone concentration (nmol/l serum) and the pregnanediol concentration (μmol/l urine). In contrast, no significance is seen, when the progesterone concentration is correlated to the amount of pregnanediol (μmol/24 h) excreted during the day.
A highly significant correlation (2α < 0.001) is shown between the serum concentrations of progesterone and placental lactogenic hormone (HPL).
THE USE OF RODENTS FOR STUDIES OF TOXICITY IN CONTRACEPTIVE RESEARCH
Authors: Leonard B. J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
After nearly two decades of clinical use of oral contraceptives, clinical studies have shown a few rare adverse reactions, including jaundice, venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, ischaemic cerebrovascular effects, hypertension, amenorrhoea, breakthrough bleeding, anxiety, depression, weight gain, and changes in libido. Preclinical studies in rodents dosed with oral contraceptives did not and would not be expected to reveal side effects of such low incidence.
A carcinogenic effect can be produced in certain strains of mice and rats when oestrogens, progestogens and combinations of these hormones are given in high doses throughout their life span. The susceptibility to tumour induction by hormonal contraceptives is not consistent in different strains of mice and rats, and if there is little or no predictive value in rodents it is difficult to see how they can provide useful information of the potential carcinogenicity of any of these compounds in women. Ideally, carcinogenic testing of oral contraceptives should be conducted in animal species which have a similar metabolic disposition of the drugs and similar feedback mechanisms which control ovulation and menstruation to that of women: subhuman primates and guinea pigs possess some of these characteristics.
Many previous studies indicate that carcinogenic tests in rodents have not been carried out in a very satisfactory manner.
Improvements which are suggested include the use of strains with a low spontaneous tumour incidence, strains which are free of oncogenic viruses, and standardised diet. The use of extremely high doses should be avoided.
To date there is no convincing evidence that oral contraceptives are carcinogenic in women, but further epidemiological studies following prolonged treatment will provide the most meaningful evidence.
SERUM LEVELS OF HUMAN CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPIN (HCS) IN NORMAL AND ABNORMAL PREGNANCIES
Authors: Lebech Paul E. , Borggaard Birgit 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Serum levels of human placental chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) were determined by radioimmunoassay (immunosorbent) in 800 pregnancies, normal as well as pathological. The normal group comprised 200 pregnant women (254 estimations).
Correlation has been found to exist between the placental weight and the HCS levels as determined in the last few weeks before onset of labour. In connection with twin pregnancies HCS levels were found to be in the upper end or above the normal range. In cases of anencephaly HCS levels were found to be normal with low values of oestrogen excretion in urine.
Other examples may be mentioned in support of the importance of the HCS estimation to the evaluation of the placental function.
URINARY OESTRIOL EXCRETION IN DIABETIC PREGNANCY
Authors: Klebe J. G. , Winkel P. , Lyngbye J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Urinary oestriol excretion during pregnancy was followed in 159 diabetics with uncomplicated pregnancies. According to the White classification this sample included 35 class B, 59 class C, and 65 class D patients. These classes did not differ significantly in respect to the oestriol excretion and were, therefore, pooled and compared to a reference group of 36 non-diabetic subjects with uncomplicated pregnancies.
The level of oestriol excretion during the last trimester was higher in the diabetics than in the controls.
A regression analysis based on data from the last trimester revealed that during this period the oestriol excretion increased at a higher rate in the diabetics than in the controls.
It is concluded that the use of the oestriol excretion in non-diabetics with uncomplicated pregnancies could be misleading as a reference for diabetics, especially in the last weeks of pregnancy.
THE TRANSVERSE DIAMETER OF THE PELVIC INLET IN DIABETIC WOMEN IN RELATION TO AGE AT ONSET OF DIABETES
Authors: Mølsted-Pedersen Lars 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
X-ray pelvimetry of 156 pregnant diabetic women showed a significantly positive correlation between the transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet and age at diagnosis of diabetes.
Compared with the pelvic measurements in a control group of 50 nondiabetic, puerperal women, the transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet was significantly shorter among diabetic wcmen whose diabetes had set in before the age of 13 and significantly longer among diabetic women whose diabetes had been diagnosed after the age of 21. The shorter transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet in women with early-onset diabetes is related to the diabetic disease. The changes are non-specific, and their cause is unknown. The pelvic changes may contribute to the frequently complicated course of delivery in these women.
HEMOGLOBIN F IN NEWBORN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: Davidsen Otto 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The relative concentration of hemoglobin F was determined by use of agar gel electrophoresis in the cord blood from 38 infants of diabetic mothers and 94 infants with non-diabetic mothers.
The relative concentration of hemoglobin F was found to be negatively correlated to the gestational age of the infants. In infants of diabetic mothers the concentration was insignificantly higher than would be expected from their gestational age, and comparable to that of infants of non-diabetic mothers of about 2 weeks lower gestational age.
In the diabetes group hemoglobin F was correlated neither to the increased birth weight of the infants nor to the severity of the maternal diabetes.
ALPHA1-FETOPROTEIN AND CARBONIC ANHYDRASE B AND C CONCENTRATION IN CORD BLOOD FROM NEWBORN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: Nørgaard-Pedersen B. , Klebe J. G. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA) concentration B and C and the α1-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration was determined in cord blood from 45 newborn infants of diabetic mothers (IDM). The concentration of these quantities has separately been compared with the corresponding concentration in cord blood from normal newborn infants with the same gestational age. No difference was found except for AFP, where a significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentration was found in some infants of insulin treated diabetic mothers.
CONTRACEPTION IN DIABETIC PATIENTS
Authors: Wiese J. , Osler M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A retrospective investigation was made of contraception in diabetic women delivered in our department in 1969 and 1970. Seventy-nine (69 per cent) answered the questionnaires. About one third had found the contraceptive instruction insufficient. A shift from conventional to intrauterine contraception and sterilization was seen, but nearly 25% of the patients were still using conventional methods, mainly the condom. The patients consider this an unreliable method. Thirty-three patients were using intrauterine contraception. Although 10 of them had bleeding irregularities, all were satisfied with the method. Sterilization had been performed on 17 patients, all of whom were fully satisfied and had experienced no side effects. Four of 11 insulin-requiring diabetics, who have used combined oestrogen-progesterone medication have had difficulties in the regulation of the diabetes. Of 24 unwanted pregnancies 12 occurred since the hospitalization in 1969 and 1970. In diabetic women the contraceptive method should either be sterilization, intrauterine device or low dose progestagens, and only in a few cases conventional.
A thorough contraceptive instruction as well as a close control of the diabetic women are of importance in order to avoid unplanned pregnancy.
The best way to achieve this is by having an out-patient clinic in connection with the obstetrical department to supervise contraception in all diabetic women in the area.
NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IN CONTRACEPTIVE RESEARCH
Authors: Goldzieher Joseph W. , Joshi Sharad , Kraemer Duane C. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
An extensive review of the use of non-human primates in contraceptive research was compiled in December 1971. An effort has been made to update certain topics from that symposium, specifically (1) similarities and differences between humans and other primates with respect to gametogenesis and gamete transport, implantation and ovum development, sexual cycles and sexual behaviour; (2) metabolism of steroids in nonhuman primates; (3) certain metabolic effects of steroids in non-human primates, canines, and humans; and, (4) the relevance of certain aspects of toxicity, such as tumorigenesis, when studied in non-human primates and other species.
BILIARY EXCRETION AND HEPATOTOXICITY OF CONTRACEPTIVE STEROIDS
Authors: Smith Robert L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The naturally occurring oestrogens and certain synthetic sex hormones, particularly those with a 17α-alkyl function, can interfere with hepatic excretory function by impairment of biliary excretion. This may be manifest in abnormal liver function tests or it may appear as cholestatic jaundice.
The naturally occurring and synthetic sex hormones undergo extensive biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation but the extent to which this occurs varies with species and structure. They appear in bile in the form of conjugates and metabolic conjugation is crucial for their biliary excretion. Impairment of metabolic conjugation, for genetic reasons, or because the presence of an inhibitor may lead to defective biliary excretion of steroids.
The natural oestrogens and contraceptive steroids tend to undergo extensive enterohepatic circulation which causes them to persist in the body. This factor has an important bearing on their pharmacokinetics and this has not been adequately considered.
The hepatic dysfunction induced by natural and synthetic sex hormones may affect the capacity of the liver to excrete other compounds of endogenous (e. g. bilirubin) and exogenous (e. g. other drugs) origin.
The mechanism(s) whereby natural and synthetic sex hormones impair hepatic excretion is not known. These compounds can influence various factors involved in biliary excretion such as metabolic conjugation, hepatic uptake and secretion and permeability of the biliary tree. Steroid induced changes in bile composition may be important in both cholestasis and in the formation of lithogenic bile.
SCREENING FOR MUTAGENIC HAZARDS OF POTENTIAL CHEMICAL CONTRACEPTIVES IN THE MALE
Authors: Bateman A. J. , Jackson H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
At first sight it might appear that effective contraception, by preventing reproduction, makes mutagenesis irrelevant. The fallacy of this reasoning is explained. The ways in which mutation would constitute a hazard in man are presented. The nature of the mutation process is described and the manner of origin of the several kinds of mutation. A selection of the most appropriate of the many methods for recognising mutagens is briefly presented.
Known mutagens should be excluded from use as contraceptives. Consideration of the possible approaches to contraceptive action in the male gives hope of discovering effective compounds which are non-mutagenic.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TESTING SPERMICIDES
Authors: McConnell Robert F. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Vaginal antifertility agents are an important part of the overall contraceptive armamentarium. Maximum effort should be placed on programs to improve their present status with regard to their contraceptive efficacy, ease of administration and general aesthetic acceptability.
Initial testing for spermicides has been dependent on a series of in vitro screening methods incorporating human sperm with spermicides and utilizing immobility or sperm death as the end point. Confusion has existed in interpretation of results using different test systems. The International Planned Parenthood Foundation Agreed Test for Total Spermicide Power is now being used in most laboratories as the standard screening method. The test does not detect acrosomal proteinase inhibitors which may be useful vaginal antifertility agents. New screening methods must be developed.
Vaginal irritation has been assessed in the dog, monkey and rabbit. It is suggested that the ten day rabbit vaginal irritation study be used as an additional standard method to establish tolerances for new vaginal antifertility agents.
Toxicity studies have ranged from 30 to 180 days and have been conducted in rabbits, dogs and monkeys. Additional animal studies may be necessary to assess teratogenicity and carcinogenicity. As new vaginal antifertility agents are developed, new means of assessing their activity must be developed. The frog and rabbit models described will be of value as additional screening methods.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HORMONE RELEASING INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
Authors: Zaffaroni Alejandro 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
In order to understand the special requirements for the assessment of human toxicity for hormone releasing intrauterine devices it is necessary first to describe the constitution of one such system. The uterine progesterone system developed in our laboratories is the hormonal intrauterine system which has been most extensively tested clinically. It releases 50 μg per day of progesterone in continuous form. It has been designed to have a one-year period of functional life and it constitutes the first once a year hormonal fertility control agent and the first hormonal system which is target specific.
A number of unique features in the design and construction of this new and intrinsically safe hormonal system are described.
The sialic acid content in mouse female reproductive organs as a quantitative parameter for testing the estrogenic and antiestrogenic effect, antiestrogenic depot effect, and dissociated effect of estrogens on the uterus and vagina
Authors: Nishino Y , Neumann F 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The hormone dependency of the vaginal SA content in mice has been investigated in the present study.
In intact animals, the SA concentration is significantly higher in diestrus than estrus. In ovariectomized animals, natural sex steroids have characteristic effects on the SA content:
E2 at a small dose produces a slight increase in the vaginal SA concentration as the result of the moderate mucification of the epithelium. With increasing doses, the SA concentration is decreased, thereby the vaginal epithelium is cornified and stratified. Progesterone, given alone, has no effect, but it increases the SA concentration on the simultaneous administration of E2. The extensive mucification is induced by the combined treatment.
Testosterone produces also a slight increase in the SA concentration due to mucification. This androgen restores the E2 effect on the SA content up to the level of the castrated control.
These results with natural sex steroids are discussed in relation to their histomorphological effects on some of the female sexual organs.
A METHOD FOR PARTIAL DECAPITATION OF CHICKEN EMBRYOS; ITS LIMITATIONS AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR ADENOHYPOPHYSECTOMY – AN EVALUATION OF "EQUIVALENT" METHODS IN AMNIOTES
Authors: Betz T. W. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A procedure for partial decapitation, some apparent and possible sources of variation, implications, limitations and validation of the operation as "adenohypophysectomy" are described and considered.
Usually 75% of "fertilized" eggs contain embryos eligible for surgery at ~38 hours of incubation and often 90 % of these can be operated upon successfully. The procedure requires 1.5 to 2 minutes per embryo. Mortality is high, but enough partially decapitated embryos can be obtained for quantitative studies even to the onset of hatching.
Other apparently less accurate, precise, efficient and/or simple ways to remove adenohypophyseal influence during development in amniote embryos include: electro-cautery or -coagulation, X-rays, laser beams, inhibitors, anti-sera and decapitation. Surgical partial decapitation is a practical device for adenohypophyseal developmental endocrinology of chicken embryos.
CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF SOMATOSTATIN IN ENDOCRINE-LIKE CELLS AND NEURONS OF THE RAT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES TO THE A1-CELLS OF THE PANCREATIC ISLETS AND TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS
Authors: Hökfelt Tomas , Efendić Suad , Hellerström Claes , Johansson Olle , Luft Rolf , Arimura Akira 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
With the indirect immunofluorescence technique somatostatin, a recently isolated and structurally characterized hypothalamic tetradecapeptide, which inhibits growth hormone release, has been traced in different tissues of the rat. Somatostatin or somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) was present in both neurons and endocrine-like cells.
Somatostatin positive nerve cell bodies were observed in the periventricular region in the anterior parts of the hypothalamus and in probable nerve endings in the external and internal layer of the median eminence and in the pituitary stalk and in the ventromedial, arcuate and ventral premammillary nuclei and to a small extent in the periventricular region. Somatostatin positive nerve fibers were also found in the posterior pituitary, indicating the existence of a third neurosecretory hypothalamohypophysial system, and in nerves in different layers of the wall of the small and large intestine. These nerves may possibly be of sensory nature since some cell bodies of the spinal ganglia showed a weak immunofluorescence.
Somatostatin or SLI was found in certain cells localized in the periphery of the pancreatic islets. In parallel studies with glucagon antibodies it could be established that the somatostatin positive cells and the glucagon positive cells were not identical but localized extremely close to each other. Furthermore, with the Hellman-Hellerström silver staining technique it could be shown that virtually all somatostatin cells are argyrophilic and vice versa. Somatostatin positive cells thus constitute the so-called A1-cells (D-cells). Glucagon positive cells, on the other hand, do in all probability not exhibit argyrophilia. The occurrence of probable somatostatin containing cells in the pancreatic islets is of special interest in view of several recent studies demonstrating an inhibitory action of this peptide on glucagon and insulin secretion.
Somatostatin or SLI was found in a rather small number of cells in the thyroid gland with a parafollicular position. These cells exhibited a positive immunofluorescence also after pretreatment of the antiserum with calcitonin. Furthermore, endocrine-like cells in the stomach and in the intestine were also somatostatin positive. A large number of cells in various tissues, especially in the lamina propria of the gastro-intestinal tract, showed a strong fluorescence both after incubation with control serum and with FITC conjugated serum alone.
The present results indicate that somatostatin or a somatostatin-like peptide(s), in addition to its inhibitory action on growth hormone release, may play a physiological role at many other levels of the organism.