bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Kim Gene H. , Ryan John J. , Marsboom Glenn , Archer Stephen L. 
Published: November 2011

Epigenetics refers to changes in phenotype and gene expression that occur without alterations in DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications of the genome can be acquired de novo and are potentially heritable. This review focuses on the emerging recognition of a role for epigenetics in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Lessons learned from the epigenetics in cancer and neurodevelopmental diseases, such as Prader‐Willi syndrome, can be applied to PAH. These syndromes suggest that there is substantial genetic and epigenetic cross‐talk such that a single phenotype can result from a genetic cause, an epigenetic cause, or a combined abnormality. There are three major mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, including methylation of CpG islands, mediated by DNA methyltransferases, modification of histone proteins, and microRNAs. There is substantial interaction between these epigenetic mechanisms. Recently, it was discovered that there may be an epigenetic component to PAH. In PAH there is downregulation of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and normoxic activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF‐1α). This decrease in SOD2 results from methylation of CpG islands in SOD2 by lung DNA methyltransferases. The partial silencing of SOD2 alters redox signaling, activates HIF‐1α) and leads to excessive cell proliferation. The same hyperproliferative epigenetic abnormality occurs in cancer. These epigenetic abnormalities can be therapeutically reversed. Epigenetic mechanisms may mediate gene‐environment interactions in PAH and explain the great variability in susceptibility to stimuli such as anorexigens, virus, and shunts. Epigenetics may be relevant to the female predisposition to PAH and the incomplete penetrance of BMPR2 mutations in familial PAH.
Pulmonary Hemodynamic Responses to Inhaled NO in Chronic Heart Failure Depend on PDE5 G(‐1142)T Polymorphism
Authors: Damy Thibaud , Lesault Pierre‐François , Guendouz Soulef , Eddahibi Saadia , Tu Ly , Marcos Elisabeth , Guellich Aziz , Dubois‐Randé Jean‐Luc , Teiger Emmanuel , Hittinger Luc , Adnot Serge 
Published: November 2011

To evaluate the vasoconstrictor component of PH in CHF by investigating the hemodynamic response to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and to determine whether this response was influenced by the phosphodiesterase 5 gene (PDE5) G(1142)T polymorphism. CHF patients underwent right heart catheterization at rest and after 20 ppm of iNO and plasma cGMP and PDE5 G(1142)T polymorphism determinations. Of the 72 included CHF patients (mean age, 53±1 years; mean left ventricular ejection fraction, 29±1%; and mean pulmonary artery pressure, 25.5±1.3 mmHg), 54% had ischemic heart disease. Proportions of patients with the TT, GT, and GG genotypes were 39%, 42% and 19% respectively. Baseline hemodynamic characteristics were not significantly different across PDE5 genotype groups, although pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) tended to be lower in the TT group (P=0.09). Baseline plasma cGMP levels were significantly lower in the TT than in the GG and GT patients. With iNO, PVR diminished in TT (‐33%) but not GG (‐1.6%) or GT (0%) patients (P=0.002); and PCWP increased more in TT than in GT (P<0.05) or GG (P<0.003) patients. The PDE5 G(‐1142) polymorphism is therefore a major contributor to the iNO‐induced PVR decrease in CHF.
Idiopathic and Heritable PAH Perturb Common Molecular Pathways, Correlated with Increased MSX1 Expression
Authors: Austin Eric D. , Menon Swapna , Hemnes Anna R. , Robinson Linda R. , Talati Megha , Fox Kelly L. , Cogan Joy D. , Hamid Rizwan , Hedges Lora K. , Robbins Ivan , Lane Kirk , Newman John H. , Loyd James E. , West James 
Published: November 2011

The majority of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is not associated with BMPR2 mutation, and major risk factors for idiopathic PAH are not known. The objective of this study was to identify a gene expression signature for IPAH. To accomplish this, we used Affymetrix arrays to probe expression levels in 86 patient samples, including 22 healthy controls, 20 IPAH patients, 20 heritable PAH patients (HPAH), and 24 BMPR2 mutation carriers that were as yet unaffected (UMC). Culturing the patient cells removes the signatures of drug effects and inflammation which have made interpretation of results from freshly isolated lymphocytes problematic. We found that gene expression signatures from IPAH patients clustered either with HPAH patients or in a single distinct group. There were no groups of genes changed in IPAH that were not also changed in HPAH. HPAH, IPAH, and UMC had common changes in metabolism, actin dynamics, adhesion, cytokines, metabolism, channels, differentiation, and transcription factors. Common to IPAH and HPAH but not UMC were an upregulation of vesicle trafficking, oxidative/nitrosative stress, and cell cycle genes. The transcription factor MSX1, which is known to regulate BMP signaling, was the most upregulated gene (4∗) in IPAH patients. These results suggest that IPAH cases have a shared molecular origin, which is closely related to, but distinct from, HPAH. HPAH and IPAH share the majority of altered signaling pathways, suggesting that treatments developed to target the molecular etiology of HPAH will also be effective against IPAH.
Neurogenic Responses in Rat and Porcine Large Pulmonary Arteries
Authors: Duggan Daniel J. , Bieger Detlef , Tabrizchi Reza 
Published: November 2011

Pharmacological differences between neurogenic sympathetic responses in rat and pig isolated pulmonary arteries were examined in strip preparations. Electrical field stimulation in the range of 0.6 to 40 Hz resulted in frequency‐dependent contractions in terms of amplitude and rate of rise. Responses in the rat declined sharply from pulmonary trunk to main artery; in contrast, in the pig they continued into the third‐order vessels. Contractions were inhibited in the presence of tetrodotoxin, prazosin or WB‐4101 and hence neurogenic in origin. Cocaine enhanced field stimulated contractions in both rat and porcine tissues; however, the effect in the former was of significantly greater magnitude in terms of either area under the mechanogram or height of contraction. In addition, the rate of rise, time to peak and duration of peak were all increased in the rat but less so or not in the pig. Field stimulated contractions were virtually abolished by guanethidine (1×10−6 M) in rat but not in porcine pulmonary arteries in which a ten‐fold higher concentration significantly reduced neurogenic contractions and abolished them in 2 out of 4 tissues tested. The effect of guanethidine (1×10−6 M) observed in blood vessels of rat exceeded about five‐fold that observed in porcine tissues. Thus, neurogenic responses appear to be entirely mediated by extra‐junctional α1‐adrenoceptors in both species, and in contrast to the rat, pig tissues seem to have a noradrenaline re‐uptake that is either less efficient or operating near saturation.
Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst with Complicating Aspergillus Infection Presenting as a Refractory Lung Abscess
Authors: Mahmood Nader , Azam Hamad , Ali M. Imran , Khan M. Anees 
Published: November 2011

Background Hydatid disease is rare in the United States. Rarely the hydatid cyst can become infected with mycotic organisms, such as Aspergillus. We describe a young male who presents with clinical features of suppurative lung abscess whose workup diagnosed hydatid cyst complicated by Aspergillus co-infection. Case presentation A 27-year-old Peruvian male was hospitalized because of fever, chills, and productive cough of three months’ duration. Clinical features were consistent with a suppurative lung abscess. Significant findings included leukocytosis with eosinophilia and a chest x-ray showing a large lingular lobe thick walled cavity with a wavy irregular fluid level. The patient ultimately underwent surgical resection of the lingular lobe. Examination of the surgical specimen revealed the cavity to be a hydatid cyst. Histologic examination of the cyst wall showed intense inflammation and several septate hyphae of Aspergillus species. The patient recovered fully and has remained in good health. Conclusion A thick-walled cavity and a wavy meniscus constitute unusual features for an ordinary pyogenic lung abscess and suggests other possibilities. Endogenous cases of hydatid disease are uncommon in the United States, with the majority of cases occurring in immigrants. There are few published case reports describing incidental findings of Aspergillus in a hydatid cyst. The rare occurrence of such a condition can lead to a delay in diagnosis and treatment.
Electronic Health Record Adoption – Maybe It’s not about the Money
Authors: Skinner A. , Windle J. , Grabenbauer L. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryObjective: The slow adoption of electronic health record (EHR) systems has been linked to physician resistance to change and the expense of EHR adoption. This qualitative study was conducted to evaluate benefits, and clarify limitations of two mature, robust, comprehensive EHR Systems by tech-savvy physicians where resistance and expense are not at issue.Methods: Two EHR systems were examined – the paperless VistA / Computerized Patient Record System used at the Veterans‘ Administration, and the General Electric Centricity Enterprise system used at an academic medical center. A series of interviews was conducted with 20 EHR-savvy multi-institutional internal medicine (IM) faculty and house staff. Grounded theory was used to analyze the transcribed data and build themes. The relevance and importance of themes were constructed by examining their frequency, convergence, and intensity.Results: Despite eliminating resistance to both adoption and technology as drivers of acceptance, these two robust EHR’s are still viewed as having an adverse impact on two aspects of patient care, physician workflow and team communication. Both EHR’s had perceived strengths but also significant limitations and neither were able to satisfactorily address all of the physicians’ needs.Conclusion: Difficulties related to physician acceptance reflect real concerns about EHR impact on patient care. Physicians are optimistic about the future benefits of EHR systems, but are frustrated with the non-intuitive interfaces and cumbersome data searches of existing EHRs.
Online Optical Coherence Tomography during Subthreshold Laser Irradiation
Authors: Veritti Daniele , Sarao Valentina , Lanzetta Paolo 
Published: November 2011

Purpose To investigate the role of real-time optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the detection of standard and nonvisible subthreshold laser irradiation. Methods We used an integrated platform consisting of a slit-lamp, a digital camera, a slit-lamp mounted OCT, and a 532-nm laser photocoagulator (Topcon Inc., Tokyo, Japan). The laser aiming beam and the OCT scan were aligned to obtain real-time tomographic imaging of the irradiated area during laser exposure. Standard and subthreshold laser irradiation and simultaneous OCT acquisition were tested in artificial and biological samples. Laser testing cards were chosen as artificial samples. Freshly enucleated pig eyes were used for iris irradiation. Results Ophthalmoscopically visible reference burns were placed on the laser testing card in 2 parallel lines. Then, a series of laser spots with the same size and duration but different power were placed between the reference burns. Online OCT during laser irradiation detected changes in the reflectivity profile of the artificial sample at a power of 200 mW, in absence of ophthalmoscopically visible lesions. Similarly, reference burns were placed on pig iris and between them various laser spots were performed at ranging powers. Changes in the iris optical properties, as detected with online OCT, were produced with a power of 860 mW in absence of visible endpoint. Conclusions Online OCT is able to identify non-ophthalmoscopically visible lesions during subthreshold laser irradiation either in artificial samples or in pig iris.
Reversal of Sensation of Conjunctival Autograft after Pterygium Surgery
Authors: Sakarya Yasar , Sakarya Rabia , Kara Selcuk 
Published: November 2011

Purpose To evaluate sensation change at nasal and superior conjunctival and corneal quadrants after pterygium surgery with conjunctival autograft. Methods A prospective study was carried out in 14 patients. Seventeen eyes were operated for primary nasal pterygium. Sensation in nasal and superior conjunctival and corneal quadrants was measured with a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer (CBA) before, and at 2 weeks, 1 month, and every month for 6 months after surgery. Preoperative and postoperative measurements were recorded and analyzed with Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The mean patient age was 53.5 years (range 44-68). All patients had nasal primary pterygium and completed the 6-month follow-up. The conjunctival autograft was correctly positioned and fixed in all eyes with fibrin glue. Mean ± SD sensations in conjunctival autograft were none (p<0.05) at 1 month, 4.28±5.34 mm (p<0.05) at 2 months, 12.85±2.67 mm (p<0.05) at 3 months, and returned to normal level, 23.57±2.43 mm (p>0.05), at 4 months. Mean sensations in superior conjunctival area where the autograft was harvested were 11.42±5.56 mm (p<0.05) at 1 month, and returned to normal level, 22.14±2.67 mm (p>0.05), at 2 months. Mean sensations in nasal corneal area after surgery were 7.81±4.06 mm (p<0.05) at 2 weeks, 26.42±2.43 mm (p<0.05) at 1 month, and returned to normal level, 49.00±3.38 mm (p>0.05), at 2 months. Mean sensations in superior corneal area did not change postoperatively. Conclusions Anesthesia at first month and hypoesthesia at second and third month at conjunctival autograft was observed after pterygium surgery. Additionally, hypoesthesia was observed at nasal cornea and superior bulbar conjunctiva at the first month.
Affect: origins and Targets of Hate
Authors: Sternberg Karin , Sternberg Robert J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Somewhere in the United States a hate crime is committed every hour — someone is being assaulted on the basis of his or her race, religion, or sexual orientation. Innocent people are being murdered, raped, and intimidated, and their property is being destroyed for no other reason than their affiliation to a group that is disliked, despised, or even hated by the perpetrator
(Crime in the United States, 2007
). Turning one's eyes from the United States to other parts of the world, the situation does not look much better. Worldwide, there are dozens of armed conflicts and wars being fought. Terrorism and counterterrorism are increasing risks to the security of the global community. At the time this article is being written, genocide is being committed in parts of the Sudan. Genocides are nothing new. Past genocides have left many millions of people dead. The causes of the armed conflicts, genocides, terror attacks, and hate crimes are complex and cannot be reduced to one single factor. However, hate toward the target group is one (of the many) antecedents in most of these cases. To date, little attention has been given by psychologists to understanding how hate evolves and is maintained. Only knowledge of these processes will make it possible to devise programs to prevent the development of hate and to intervene effectively in ongoing conflicts.
Aggression
Authors: Miller Norman , Yang Linli 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Aggression and violence between individuals and groups remains a persistent problem and phenomenon. Verbal attack, slanderous gossip, family abuse, street assault, robbery, rape, and murder are among the aggressive acts that, rather than disappearing with developing civilization, persist as a lingering shadow. Such pervasiveness calls for an understanding of the nature and causes of aggression, as well as means of controlling and reducing it.
Alternatives to Violence
Authors: Nelson Linden I. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe phrasealternatives to violenceis often used in the context of conflict resolution or peacemaking to refer to nonviolent options that are available to individuals and decision‐makers for responding to conflict. The notion that human beings can choose whether to respond to conflict violently or nonviolently is central to peace psychology and related disciplines. The field of conflict resolution is largely concerned with describing, analyzing, and promoting alternatives to violence. Conflict resolution education and peace education are sometimes defined as efforts to increase awareness of alternatives to violence and to teach competencies and attitudes that enable and motivate people to use alternatives to violence.
Apologies and Forgiveness
Authors: Blatz Craig W. , Ross Michael 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Following conflict and injustice, leaders of formerly antagonistic groups sometimes apologize for the harms that their groups perpetrated. For example, in 2002 the Irish Republican Army (IRA) apologized for slaying non–enemy combatants in their violent campaign for Irish independence. Government leaders occasionally apologize decades and even centuries after an injustice. Recently, for example, the Canadian and Australian governments apologized for abuse of Aboriginal populations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, seven American states apologized for their role in transatlantic slavery, and British prime minister Tony Blair apologized for the Irish Potato Famine. Some scholars argue that apologies, even belated ones, help heal the wounds of the past and promote reconciliation. Others oppose government apologies, arguing that they are ineffective and sometimes harmful. Politicians apologize for many kinds of transgressions, but no apologies generate the same degree of controversy as those for historical injustices. Below, we summarize the existing research on apologies, focusing on political apologies for historical injustices.
Appreciative Inquiry
Authors: Cobb Sara 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Reducing violence and promoting peace are the overall goals of peace and conflict studies; typically, research has focused on the
barriers
to peace or the
causes
of violence, both of which derive from a problem‐focused orientation. Because of the power of language and the way that narratives constrain action, as well as imagination, this orientation can, paradoxically, reproduce the very problems that are the targets of change and limit the way in which persons can reframe their conditions and create new futures. Moving beyond a problem orientation, “appreciative inquiry” (AI) is a change technology that has been transferred, in recent years, from the organizational context where it was born, to peace and conflict studies. This essay reviews the theoretical commitments of AI, explores its application to peace and conflict studies, and then offers reflections on some of the issues arising from its transfer from organizational studies to a context where deep hatred and extreme violence mark the terrain in which conflict resolution may be practiced. Drawing on narrative theory, these reflections are intended to provide a cautionary note to practitioners, as well as, potentially, advance the practice of AI within peace‐building and conflict resolution, as a practice of
appreciating
the contours of violence and marginalization.
Buddhism and Peace Psychology
Authors: Dockett Kathleen H. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Buddhism is one of the world's oldest religions. It is the fastest growing and among the most influential in north america and Europe today. There are many types of Buddhism, with goals that range from personal self‐enlightenment to movements for social reform and world peace. Most fundamentally Buddhism is a philosophy of life with practical prescriptions for how to over‐come the sufferings of existence. It offers the prospect of inner peace, fulfillment, and ultimately release from suffering, simply through the exercise and control of one's own mind. at its core, Buddhism is about developing a universal wisdom rooted in compassion for all living things.
Children, Peace and Aggression in
Authors: Christie Daniel J. , Knoll Sarah 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The literature on peaceful children has the usual kind of bias we see in the field of psychology. Most of the research examines children through a psychopathology lens, testing hypotheses on the origins of aggression and ways to reduce aggressive behavior. Moreover, most of the published research that bears on aggression has been conducted in the West, thereby limiting generalizations. With these limitations in mind, this article looks at what we know about the psychosocial causes of aggression, ways to reduce aggressive tendencies, and how to encourage peaceful thoughts, emotions, and actions in children.
Children and Political Violence
Authors: Merrilees Christine E. , Cairns Ed 
Published: November 2011

AbstractExperts have noted the increase in the number of wars/conflicts breaking out within (as opposed to between) states beginning in the second half of the twentieth century. This form of conflict puts children and families in danger of experiencing political or ethnic violence within their communities and even in their homes. Intrastate, political wars hit close to home and threaten multiple environments in which children develop. In many of these conflicts, people on opposing sides of the conflict often share contested territory, providing frequent reminders of the conflict and opportunities to participate in the tensions between the conflicting groups. As of 2006, the United Nations estimated that over 2 million children had been killed and 6 million had been disabled due to armed conflict (United Nations General Assembly, 2006). Although it is difficult to fully estimate the total number of children directly or indirectly affected by political violence, it is well known that civilians are increasingly at risk as victims of war, and many of these victims are young people.
Children's Exposure to Violence
Authors: Slone Michelle 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Despite ever‐growing calls for peace and the proliferation of peacekeeping initiatives, many areas in the world continue to be violent environments in which children develop, often struggling to survive amid frightening conditions and destruction. Wars, terrorism, social conflicts, and political violence are man‐made disasters. Perhaps one of the most tragic consequences of modern warfare is that present global conflicts are mostly prosecuted as a prolonged series of violent events by irregular forces and within civilian cities and communities. This implies that the horrors of war extend beyond traditional battlefields to places where children live, implicating them both as direct and indirect victims.
Cognitive Complexity
Authors: Conway Lucian Gideon , Gornick Laura Janelle 
Published: November 2011

AbstractImagine that you are trying to choose a picnic spot with a good friend. Your friend wants to sit underneath a pagoda; you want to sit by the river. Unfortunately, there are no pagodas by the river. Indeed, it is clear from your initial discussion that you don't like pagodas, and your friend doesn't like rivers. You seem out of luck. How can you deal with this dilemma? Perhaps you might say to your friend, “I am going to sit by the river, and you can come if you like, but if you don't come, you'll be by yourself.” That is, you can present a simple ultimatum:Join me or don't join me, but that is your choice.That sort of thing may work in the short term — your friend may give in to your ultimatum — but it doesn't usually build long‐term peaceful relationships.