bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved element design for 64‐channel planar imaging
Authors: Chang Chieh‐Wei , Moody Katherine Lynn , Mcdougall Mary Preston 
Published: July 2011

AbstractInvestigation of highly accelerated MRI has developed into a lively corner in the hardware and methodology arena in recent years. At the extreme of (one‐dimensional) acceleration, our group introduced Single Echo Acquisition (SEA) imaging, in which the need to phase encode a 64 × Nreadout image is eliminated and replaced with the well‐localized spatial information obtained from an array of 64 very narrow, long, and parallel coils. The narrow coil width (2 mm) that facilitates this is accompanied by a concomitant constraint on the useful imaging depth. This note describes a 64‐element planar array, constructed within the same 8 × 13 cm total footprint as the original SEA array, still enabling full acceleration in one dimension, but with an element design modified to increase the imaging depth. This was accomplished by lowering the outer conducting legs of the planar pair with respect to the center conductor and adding a geometric decoupling configuration away from the imaging field of view. The element has been called a dual‐plane pair in that the current carrying rungs in the imaging FOV function exactly as the planar pair, but are simply placed in two separate planes (sides of PCB in this case). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 39B: 159–165, 2011
Algorithms for the partitioned solution of weakly coupled fluid models for cardiovascular flows
Authors: Malossi A. Cristiano I. , Blanco Pablo J. , Deparis Simone , Quarteroni Alfio 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYThe main goal of this work is to devise robust iterative strategies to partition the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations in a three‐dimensional (3D) domain, into non‐overlapping 3D subdomains, which communicate through the exchange of averaged/integrated quantities across the interfaces. The novel aspect of the present approach is that at coupling boundaries, the conservation of flow rates and of the associated dual variables is implicitly imposed, entailing a weak physical coupling. For the solution of the non‐linear interface problem two strategies are compared: relaxed fixed‐point and Newton iterations. The algorithm is tested in several configurations for problems ranging from academic ones to some related to the computational haemodynamics field, which involve more than two components at each coupling interface. In some cases, it is shown that relaxed fixed‐point methods are not convergent, whereas the Newton method leads in all tested cases to convergent schemes. One of the appealing aspects of the strategy proposed here is the flexibility in the setting of boundary conditions at the interfaces, where no hierarchy is established a priori (unlike Gauss–Seidel methods). The usefulness of this methodology is also discussed in the context of dimensionally heterogeneous coupling and preconditioning for domain decomposition methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic morphometrics reveals contributions of dendritic growth cones and filopodia to dendritogenesis in the intact and awake embryonic brain
Authors: Hossain Sharmin , Sesath Hewapathirane D. , Haas Kurt 
Published: July 2011

AbstractUsing in vivo rapid and long‐interval two‐photon time‐lapse imaging of brain neuronal growth within the intact and unanesthetized Xenopus laevis tadpole, we characterize dynamic dendritic growth behaviors of filopodia, branches, and dendritic growth cones (DGCs), and analyze their contribution to persistent arbor morphology. The maturational progression of dynamic dendritogenesis was captured by short‐term, 5 min interval, imaging for 1 h every day for 5 days, and the contribution of short‐term growth to persistent structure was captured by imaging at 5 min intervals for 5 h, and at 2 h intervals for 10 h during the height of arbor growth. We find that filopodia and branch stability increases with neuronal maturation, and while the majority of dendritic filopodia rapidly retract, 3% to 7% of interstitial filopodia transition into persistent branches with lifetimes greater than 90 min. Here, we provide the first characterization of DGC dynamics, including morphology and behavior, in the intact and awake developing vertebrate brain. We find that DGCs occur on all growing branches indicating an essential role in branch elongation, and that DGC morphology correlates with dendritic branch growth behavior and varies with maturation. These results demonstrate that dendritogenesis involves a remarkable amount of continuous remodeling, with distinct roles for filopodia and DGCs across neuronal maturation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 615–627, 2012
Epistasis: The key to understanding immunological disease?
Authors: Mitchison N. Avrion , Rose Anna M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEpistasis is fast becoming central to the understanding of the complex relationship between genotype and phenotype observed in autoimmune disease. A study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology uses in‐depth analysis of genome‐wide mapping by polymorphic microsatellite markers to shed light on the genomic control of autoimmunity and self‐tolerance.
Pestalotheols E–H: Antimicrobial Metabolites from an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from the Tree Arbutus unedo
Authors: Qin Song , Krohn Karsten , Hussain Hidayat , Schulz Barbara , Draeger Siegfried 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFour new compounds, pestalotheols E–H (1–4), along with one known metabolite, anofinic acid (5), were isolated from a fungal endophyte, an unidentified Ascomycete. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis, and the relative stereochemistries of pestalotheols E–H (1–4) were confirmed by NOESY experiments. Compounds 1–5 showed good antifungal, antibacterial, and antialgal activities against Microbotryum violaceum, Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, and Chlorella fusca; compounds 3–5 showed strong antibacterial activity.
The N‐Alkylation of Substituted 4‐Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines: Easy Access to a New Series of Electrophiles
Authors: Berionni Guillaume , Branca Mathieu , Pégot Bruce , Marrot Jérome , Kizilian Elyane , Goumont Régis 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe alkylation of 4‐substituted tetrazolo‐pyridines bearing electron‐withdrawing groups 7a–f to give the expected tetrazolo‐pyridinium salts 7a–f,Me or 7a–f,Et as a mixture of two N3/N2 isomers in good to quantitative yields in toluene, has been investigated. The nature of the alkyl group did not significantly affect the chemical shifts of the salts or the N3/N2 ratio, which was approximately 9:1, except for 7d,Me for which a 1:1 ratio was obtained. The alkylated tetrazolo‐pyridines were shown to react with cyclopentadiene and, in some cases, with 2,3‐dimethylbutadiene and isoprene, whereas the neutral tetrazolo‐pyridines remained unreactive towards dienes, indicating experimentally an increase in the electrophilicity of the heterocycles upon alkylation. TheDiels–Alder adducts were fully characterized through an extensive NMR and crystallographic study. It was found that the tetrazolo‐pyridinium salts either do not react or react very slowly with cyclohexadiene, showing the limitations of the scope of this activation. The theoretical scale of electrophilicity introduced by Domingo et al. on the basis of the global electrophilicity index, ω, defined by Parr, is also a very useful tool to discuss the relative reactivities of the various salts. The ω and ΔN indexes are shown to highlight the electrophilic activation of tetrazolo‐pyridines, 7a,Me and 7b,Me, which have indexes close to those of 4,6‐dinitrotetrazolo‐pyridine, which is one of the most electrophilic neutral heterocycles known to date. Using the known N and s parameters, which characterize the nucleophilicity of nucleophiles, the rate constants were found to fit the three‐parameter equation log k2 = s(N + E) introduced by Mayr to describe the feasibility of nucleophilic–electrophilic combinations. Based on this, the electrophilicity parameter E of 7a–b,Me was determined. With E values around –7, this corresponds to a positioning of the reactivity of the carbocyclic ring of the tetrazolo‐pyridinium salts in a domain of high electrophilicity previously defined for nitrobenzofuroxans.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in a Triangular Dithiazolyl‐Azaindole for Efficient Photoreactivity in Polar and Nonpolar Solvents
Authors: Fukumoto Sayo , Nakashima Takuya , Kawai Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA triangular dithiazolyl‐azaindole derivative has been synthesized as a highly sensitive photochromic molecule. 2,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐phenylthiazol derivative 1a, and a reference compound, 5‐methyl‐2‐phenylthiophene derivative 2a, both showed photochromism with quantum yields of 90 and 45 %, respectively, in hexane, and 90 and 35 %, respectively, in methanol. In the single‐crystal state, 1a revealed photochromic coloration. Its conformation was assigned to a photoreactive state with C2‐symmetry around the hexatriene reaction center. Temperature‐dependent NMR studies and quantum chemical calculations indicated the contribution of intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding between the central azaindole unit and the side thiazole units, which stabilizes the photoreactive C2‐symmetric conformation and elevates the photoreactivity in both non‐polar and polar solvents.
Development of model for treatment of pulp and paper industry bleaching effluent using response surface methodology
Authors: Sridhar R. , Sivakumar V. , Immanuel V. Prince , Maran J. Prakash 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe treatment of bleaching‐effluent from pulp and paper industry was investigated in a batch electrocoagulation (EC) reactor using aluminium as sacrificial electrodes. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of four independent parameters viz., current density (j: 5–25 mA/cm2), initial pH (pHo: 5–9), electrolyte (NaCl) concentration (c: 0–2 g/L) and electrolysis time (t: 10–30 min) on Colour, COD and BOD removal efficiency. The results were analyzed using Pareto analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based on RSM analysis, a second‐order polynomial regression model was developed and found to be good fit with experimental results. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Longterm forecasting of solid waste generation by the artificial neural networks
Authors: Ali Abdoli Mohammad , Falah Nezhad Maliheh , Salehi Sede Reza , Behboudian Sadegh 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study presents a new approach—preprocessing for reaching the stationary chain in time series—to unravel the interpolating problem of artificial neural networks (ANN) for long‐term prediction of solid waste generation (SWG). To evaluate the accuracy of the prediction by ANN, comparison between the results of the multivariate regression model and ANN is performed. Monthly time series datasets, by the yrs 2000–2010, for the city of Mashhad, are used to simulate the generated solid waste. Different socioeconomic and environmental factors are assessed, and the most effective ones are used as input variables. The projections of these explanatory variables are used in the estimated model to predict the generated solid waste values through the yr 2032. Ultimately, various structures of ANN models are examined to select the best result based on the performance indices criteria. Research findings clearly indicate that such a new approach can be a practical method for long‐term prediction by ANNs. Furthermore, it can reduce uncertainties and lead to noticeable increase in the accuracy of the long‐term forecasting. Results indicate that multilayer perception approach has more advantages in comparison with traditional methods in predicting the municipal SWG. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Expedient synthesis of (E)‐3‐methylcyclopentadec‐2‐en‐1‐one, an important precursor for (R)‐(−)muscones
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro , Adachi Teppei , Doya Masaharu , Hoshi Takashi , Suzuki Toshio 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTAn expedient synthesis of (E)‐3‐methylcyclopentadec‐2‐en‐1‐one, an important precursor for (R)‐(−)‐muscone, was developed. The key steps were vapour‐phase intramolecular aldol condensation catalysed by zinc oxide at 360 °C followed by double bond isomerization by the addition–elimination of hydrogen chloride. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tumor microenvironment expression of p‐STAT3 influences the efficacy of cyclophosphamide with WP1066 in murine melanoma models
Authors: Hatiboglu Mustafa Aziz , Kong Ling‐Yuan , Wei Jun , Wang Yongtao , McEnery Kayla Anne , Fuller Gregory N. , Qiao Wei , Davies Michael A. , Priebe Waldemar , Heimberger Amy B. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMelanoma is a common and deadly tumor that upon metastasis to the central nervous system (CNS) has median survival duration of less than 5 months. Activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been identified as a key mediator that drives the fundamental components of melanoma. We hypothesized that WP1066, a novel inhibitor of STAT3 signaling, would enhance the antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide (CTX) against melanoma, including disease within the CNS. The mechanisms of efficacy were investigated by tumor‐ and immune‐mediated cytotoxic assays, in vivo evaluation of the reduction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and by determining intratumoral p‐STAT3 expression by immunohistochemistry. Combinational therapy of WP1066, with both metronomic and cytotoxic dosing of CTX, was investigated in a model system of systemic and intracerebral melanoma in syngeneic mice. Inhibition of p‐STAT3 by WP1066 was enhanced with CTX in a dose‐dependent manner. However, in mice with intracerebral melanoma, the greatest therapeutic benefit was seen in animals treated with cytotoxic CTX dosing and WP1066, whose median survival time was 120 days, an increase of 375%, with 57% long‐term survivors. This treatment efficacy correlated with p‐STAT3 expression levels within the tumor microenvironment. The efficacy of the combination of cytotoxic dosing of CTX with WP1066 is attributed to the direct tumor cytotoxic effects of the agents and has the greatest therapeutic potential for the treatment of CNS melanoma.
The cancer stem cell niche—there goes the neighborhood?
Authors: Cabarcas Stephanie M. , Mathews Lesley A. , Farrar William L. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe niche is the environment in which stem cells reside and is responsible for the maintenance of unique stem cell properties such as self‐renewal and an undifferentiated state. The heterogeneous populations which constitute a niche include both stem cells and surrounding differentiated cells. This network of heterogeneity is responsible for the control of the necessary pathways that function in determining stem cell fate. The concept that cancer stem cells, a subpopulation of cells responsible for tumor initiation and formation, reside in their own unique niche is quickly evolving and it is of importance to understand and identify the processes occurring within this environment. The necessary intrinsic pathways that are utilized by this cancer stem cell population to maintain both self‐renewal and the ability to differentiate are believed to be a result of the environment where cancer stem cells reside. The ability of a specific cancer stem cell niche to provide the environment in which this population can flourish is a critical aspect of cancer biology that mandates intense investigation. This review focuses on current evidence demonstrating that homeostatic processes such as inflammation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, hypoxia and angiogenesis contribute to the maintenance and control of cancer stem cell fate by providing the appropriate signals within the microenvironment. It is necessary to understand the key processes occurring within this highly specialized cancer stem cell niche to identify potential therapeutic targets that can serve as the basis for development of more effective anticancer treatments.
Triblock copolymers of ε‐caprolactone, L‐lactide, and trimethylene carbonate: Biodegradability and elastomeric behavior
Authors: Widjaja Leonardus Kresna , Kong Jen Fong , Chattopadhyay Sujay , Lipik Vitali T. , Liow Sing Shy , Abadie Marc J.M. , Venkatraman Subbu S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFor the triblock copolymer of ε‐caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate, and L‐lactide, where L‐lactide blocks form the two ends, there is a range of compositions over which elastomeric behavior is obtained. Within this composition range, these polymers show good creep and recovery at ambient temperature, and exhibit high elongations to break. Additionally, we demonstrate that the recovery is independent of stress and strain for the elastomer compositions. The range of compositions that yield elastomeric character is rationalized based on the structure; specifically, there must be a minimum crystallinity of the end blocks and no crystallinity in the midblock, in addition to molar mass requirements. These polymers degrade by simple hydrolysis, and the rate of degradation is potentially programmable by manipulation of the molar ratio of hard segment to soft segment. Compared to biodegradable polyurethane, these polymers are expected to yield less harmful degradation products, and offer more variables for manipulation of properties. These polymers are also processable from the melt at temperatures exceeding about 130°C. We expect to use these polymers in a variety of applications, including stent coatings, fully‐degradable stents, and atrial septal defect occluders. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 99A: 38–46, 2011.
Permineralization process promotes preservation of Holocene macrofossil charcoal in soils
Authors: De Lafontaine Guillaume , Couillard Pierre‐Luc , Payette Serge 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe use of macrofossil soil charcoal as a palaeoecological tool to reconstruct past vegetation, climate or fire history has gained much interest in recent years. Yet little is known about taphonomy of charcoal in soils. Here we assessed the putative loss of palaeoecological information due to charcoal fragmentation after burial. We found no significant loss of charcoal mass with time. Instead, we found a significant positive relationship between the mass of charcoal particles and their age. Permineralization of charcoal particles older than ca. 5200 a explained the increased charcoal mass with time in mineral soils. The permineralization process increased the density of charcoal particles (resulting in a twofold particles mass increase) and thus offers a protection against subsequent degradation. Our results suggest high stability of palaeoecological information from charcoal macrofossils buried in mineral soils at least over the Holocene timescale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
River otter population size estimation using noninvasive latrine surveys
Authors: Mowry Rebecca A. , Gompper Matthew E. , Beringer Jeff , Eggert Lori S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAcross much of North America, river otter (Lontra canadensis) populations were extirpated or greatly reduced by the early 20th century. More recently, reintroductions have resulted in restored populations and the recommencement of managed trapping. Perhaps the best example of these river otter reintroductions occurred in Missouri, regarded as one of the most successful carnivore recovery programs in history. However, abundance estimates for river otter populations are difficult to obtain and often contentious when used to underpin management activities. We assessed the value of latrine site monitoring as a mechanism for quantifying river otter abundance. Analyses of fecal DNA to identify individual animals may result in an improved population estimate and have been used for a variety of mammal species. We optimized laboratory protocols, redesigned existing microsatellite primers, and calculated genotyping error rates to enhance genotyping success for a large quantity of river otter scat samples. We also developed a method for molecular sexing. We then extracted DNA from 1,421 scat samples and anal sac secretions (anal jelly) collected during latrine site counts along 22–34‐km stretches representing 8–77% of 8 rivers in southern Missouri in 2009. Error rates were low for the redesigned microsatellites. We obtained genotypes at 7–10 microsatellite loci for 24% of samples, observing highest success for anal jelly samples (71%) and lowest for fresh samples (collected within 1 day of defecation). We identified 63 otters (41 M, 22 F) in the 8 rivers, ranging from 2 to 14 otters per river. Analyses using program CAPWIRE resulted in population estimates similar to the minimum genotyping estimate. Density estimates averaged 0.24 otters/km. We used linear regression to develop and contrast models predicting population size based on latrine site and scat count indices, which are easily collected in the field. Population size was best predicted by a combination of scats per latrine and latrines per kilometer. Our results provide methodological approaches to guide wildlife managers seeking to initiate similar river otter fecal genotyping studies, as well as to estimate and monitor river otter population sizes. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Importance of scale in nest‐site selection by Arizona gray squirrels
Authors: Cudworth Nichole L. , Koprowski John L. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNests provide a place for individuals to rest, raise young, avoid predators, and escape inclement weather; consequently, knowledge of habitat characteristics important to nest placement is critical for managing species of conservation concern. Arizona gray squirrels (Sciurus arizonensis) are endemic to mountains of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. We investigated factors influencing nest‐site selection at 4 spatial scales (forest‐type, nest‐site, nest‐tree, and within‐canopy placement) to provide ecological information and management recommendations for this sensitive species. Nest densities were 2.6 times higher in riparian than pine‐oak woodlands. Nest sites had more large trees, snags, logs, and canopy cover and had lower slope. Arizona gray squirrels selected tall trees with more interlocking trees and tended to place nests adjacent to the main trunk. Regardless of scale, Arizona gray squirrels seemed to select nesting areas for their ability to provide protection from predators and the elements as well as access to food. Consequently, maintaining large trees with closed canopies and downed logs should be considered when determining land management plans. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.