bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of Birdsfoot Trefoil and Alfalfa. IV. Carbohydrate Reserve Levels and Growth Analysis Under Two Temperature Regimes1
Authors: Nelson C. J. , Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

‘Empire’ birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and ‘Vernal’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were grown in two growth chambers set at 32/24 C (day/night) and 18/10 Net assimilation rate (NAR) was highest for both species in the cool regime, but NAR values of trefoil were only 63% and 52% of those of alfalfa in the cool and warm regime, respectively. Alfalfa in both temperature regimes and trefoil in the cool regime exhibited typical carbohydrate root reserve cycles. However, trefoil grown at warm temperatures did not restore its reserve.Alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil flowered almost simultaneously in the cool regime (ca. 43 days). By comparison, the warm regime hastened flowering in alfalfa (24 days) and retarded it in trefoil (60 days). Delayed maturity of trefoil in the warm regime was attributed to a low NAR and to diseased roots and crowns which limited the energy supply. It was apparent that trefoil was not as adapted as alfalfa to warm temperatures.
Development of Resistance to Root‐Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)1
Authors: Hunt O. J. , Peaden R. N. , Faulkner L. R. , Griffin G. D. , Jensen H. J. 
Published: July 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) clones with dominant monogenic resistance to the Northern root‐knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) were used in a backcross breeding procedure to develop resistance in adapted plant materials. Recurrent parents were some of the parent clones of the cultivars ‘Washoe’ and ‘Lahontan’ with resistance to pea aphid, spotted alfalfa aphid, stem nematode and bacterial wilt.Results of these studies indicated that it was relatively easy to transfer a high level of M. hapla resistance into otherwise adapted germ plasm while maintaining resistance to several other pests. Eighty percent of the triplex and quadruplex M. hapla resistant clones were resistant to spotted alfalfa aphids and pea aphids and 65% of the polycross progeny of these clones were resistant to stem nematodes.
Effects of Leaf and Stem Diseases on Yield and Quality of Alfalfa Forage1
Authors: Willis W. G. , Stuteville D. L. , Sorensen E. L. 
Published: July 2010

Field plots of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., sprayed weekly with Dithane M‐45 during the 1965 growing season to control leaf and stem diseases yielded 2.8 MT/ha (18%) more hay than did unsprayed plots (Average of four varieties in four cuttings). Disease control increased carotene content 21% (third cutting) and decreased stem defoliation 18%. Increases in annual forage yields in MT/ha, for sprayed over unsprayed plots, respectively, were ‘Cody’ 1.57 (8.8%), ‘Lahontan’ 3.47 (21.1%), ‘Ranger’ 3.11 (19.4%), and ‘Vernal’ 3.11 (26.9%).Phoma medicaginis and Leptosphaerulina briosiana were the major pathogens in the first and second cuttings. Their control increased yields of Cody 4%, Lahontan 14%, Ranger 19%, and Vernal 19% for the first two cuttings combined. Cercospora zebrina was the principal pathogen in the third and fourth cuttings. Control of C. zebrina increased yields of Cody 16%, Ranger 29%, Lahontan 30%, and Vernal 38% for the third and fourth cuttings combined. Corresponding increases in carotene content for the third cutting were 17, 20, 45, and 10%, respectively.Defoliation was reduced by spray treatments. Protein percentage was not affected.
Seed Increase Problems in Synthetic Cultivars of Elymus junceus Fisch.1
Authors: Schaaf H. M. 
Published: July 2010

Polycrosses and Syn‐ls, produced in 3 consecutive years (1959, 1960, and 1961) in a recombination block composed of the parent clones of ‘Vinall’ Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.), were evaluated for seed yield in two replicated tests. The polycrosses were composed of equal weights of seed of 20 replications of each parent. The Syn‐ls were equal‐weight composites of five polycrosses. The 1959 polyerosses and the 1959 Syn‐1 were compared with their 1960 counterparts in 1962 and 1964.Counterparts for 1960 and 1961 were compared in 1966 and 1967.In the first test, the 1960 Syn‐1 yielded significantly higher (P<.05) than the 1959 Syn‐1, demonstrating superiority of the 1960 seed. Differential performances of three polycrosses accounted for the difference. In the second test, yields of the 1960 and 1961 Syn‐ls, as well as combined averages for the 1960 and 1961 polycrosses, were closely similar. However, one 1961 polycross yielded significantly higher (P<.05) than its 1960 counterpart. The reverse was true of three other polycrosses, but the differences were not significant (P<.05). These opposing effects, although balanced in the Syn‐1, could cause divergence in later generations.In the recombination block, large clone‐by‐year differentials were evident in seed production and seed size. if pollen production paralleled seed production, as seems likely, there were inequities of male parentage in all 3 years. Relative differences in seed size gave rise to both over‐ and under‐representation of females in the equalweight Syn‐I for each year. Inequalities of parentage were greatest in 1959.Where these conditions exist, simple practices offering Where these conditions exist, simple practices offering Where these conditions exist, simple practices offering Where these conditions exist, simple practices offering more effective control of synthetic parentage are (a) imposing a uniform limit on number of spikes per plant to equalize male parentage, and (b) compositing on the basis of seed size to equalize female parentage. more effective control of synthetic parentage are (a) imposing a uniform limit on number of spikes per plant to equalize male parentage, and (b) compositing on the basis of seed size to equalize female parentage.
Radiation‐Induced Resistance to Root‐Knot Nematodes in Korean Lespedeza1
Authors: Offutt M. S. , Riggs R. D. 
Published: July 2010

Eighty‐three cultivars and strains of annual lespedeza, Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim. and L. striata (Thunb.) H. & A., 77 of which were irradiated L. stipulacea strains, were evaluated for resistance to two of the most prevalent forms of root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita “A” and M. incognita “B”).‘Climax,’ ‘Kobe,’ ‘Korean,’ ‘Summit,’ and strain 29a were scored as susceptible, and ‘Rowan’ was scored as moderately resistant to each of these two forms of root‐knot nematodes. Seventeen percent of the 77 irradiated strains originating from strain 29a were scored as highly resistant to M. incognita “A”, 12% were scored as highly resistant to M. incognita “B”, and 9% were scored as highly resistant to both of these forms of root‐knot nematodes. In this study, 57% of the irradiated L. stipulacea strains had a significantly higher level of resistance to M. incognita “A” and 65% had a significantly higher level of resistance to M. incognita “B” than the check strain 29a. Approximately5 0% of the irradiated strains also were scored as either equal or superior in resistance to both M. incognita “A” and M. incognita “B” in comparison with the moderately resistant cultivar Rowan. Thus, through the use of irradiation, a new source of L. stipulacea germ plasm with a high level of resistance to these two forms of root‐knot nematodes is now available for improvemenotf this species.
Importance of Hexaploid Wheat Germ Plasm in Hexaploid Triticale Breeding1
Authors: Sisodia N. S. , McGinnis R. C. 
Published: July 2010

The original hexaploid (6x) Triticales were synthesized from crosses involving tetraploid (4x) wheat, Triticum sp. and rye, Secale sp. Recent evidence suggests that 6x wheat germ plasm is important in the improvement of 6x Triticale. Reasons for this are examined both at the nuclear and the cytoplasmic level.By incorporating the 6x wheat genotype in 6x Triticale, one is recombining the AB genomes of the 4x and the 6x wheats and thereby making use of the evolutionary advantages of the 6x wheats. The C:N (cytoplasmicnuclear) ploidy ratio is 1:1 and 1:1.5 in 6x Triticale having 6x and 4x wheat cytoplasm, respectively. From this and other experimental evidence, 6x wheat cytoplasm appears of be more compatible than 4x wheat cytoplasm with the nucleus of the 6x Triticale. However, this relationship is not expected to be absolute since each genotype may be unique in its response.
Genetic Diversity Inherent in Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd.1
Authors: Berry C. D. , Lessman K. J. , White G. A. , Earle F. R. 
Published: July 2010

Forty selections were used to evaluate inherent genotypic diversity in Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. Materials were evaluated at two locations during 1966 and 1967 for 11 characters.Analyses of variance indicated significant genotypic variation among lines for all characters except early vigor, days between one‐half and full bloom, and percent vernolic acid. Importance of years in a V. anthelmintica breeding and evaluation program was emphasized by large year × entry effects.Genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) values suggested potential for genetic progress. Broad sense heritability estimates (H) varied from 0.92 to 0.01 for characters evaluated. GCV and H estimates were combined in estimates of expected gain from selection in percent of the mean (GS). Values suggested that substantial changes may be made in population means for most characters evaluated.Phenotypic correlation coefficients indicated simultaneous selection might be practiced for several traits. Selection for good early vigor, early bloom dates, and increased seed number per head also should increase seed and oil yields.
Genotype by Environment Interaction Study of Cotton in Oklahoma1
Authors: Murray Jay C. , Verhalen Laval M. 
Published: July 2010

Eleven cotton (Gossypinm hirsutum L.) varieties were grown at three locations in Oklahoma over a three‐year period. Lint yield, fiber length, fiber coarseness, and two measures of fiber strength were studied using the analysis described by Comstock and Moll.Significant varieties by years mean squares were obtained for fiber length and one measure of fiber strength. However, those mean squares were so small relative to their respective varietal mean squares that the evaluation of length and strength over years was considered unnecessary. A very large and significant varieties by locations mean square for yield suggested that the state should be subdivided in some manner for varietal testing and breeding purposes. A division into dryland and irrigated production may be adequate. The second‐order interaction mean squares for yield and fiber coarseness were large and significant. Therefore, a sizable proportion of the interactions exhibited by those two traits could not be attributed to locations or to years. Inferences made from comparisons of variance components were the same as those obtained from an examination of mean squares.
Hybrid Vigor in Hard Red Spring Wheat Crosses1
Authors: Wells Darrell. G. , Lay Charles L. 
Published: July 2010

Yield and seed weight were studied in the F1 and F2 generations of 22 spring wheats, Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, crossed with ‘Lee’ and ‘Rushmore.’ Plots were grown in four‐replicate tests at Brookings, S. Dak., in 1965 and 1967.Yields of crosses ranged from 14% less to 82% more than the high parent. Highly significant differences for F1 yields were found both years in general combining ability but only in 1965 in specific combining abilities. Yields of the F1 and of the high parent were not correlated. Yields were not correlated between years for Lee, Rushmore, tested lines, or F1s. F2 yields in relation to the high parent for Lee crosses ranged from 35% less to 15% more and for Rushmore crosses from 42% to 6% less than the high parent. Only three F.2S ranked higher in yield than the high parent and these were of Lee parentage. F1 and F2 yields were not correlated. The tested lines that consistently produced F1s higher in yield than the high parent were II54‐30, SD622, SD6310, and SD6332.In relation to the high parent, Fxs of Lee crosses ranged in kernel weight from 13% less to 13% more. Highly significant differences in general combining ability were shown both years but differences in specific combining abilities were not found. Kernel weights and yields of F1s were correlated both years for Lee crosses and in 1965 for Rushmore crosses. The only correlation of significance between years was for kernel weights of the 22 tested lines. Kernel weights of F2s ranged from 9% less to 7% more.
Predicting Yields of Two Bunchgrass Species
Authors: Wright Henry A. 
Published: July 2010

Four regression models were developed from various combinations of three plant characteristics (number of flowering culms, number of vegetative culms, and fourth longest leaf) to predict weights of individual plants of two bunchgrasses. The linear form of the three plant characteristics and one interaction (number of flowering culms times fourth longest leaf), together, were highly predictive for weights of needleandthread (Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr.), and for bottlebrush squirreltail (Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith) during 1962 and 1963.Regression models 3 and 4, developed in this paper, may have high predictive value for other bunchgrass because they proved to be satisfactory on both a very leafy species and a very stemmy species. Except for the protected plants of squirreltail, both models had R2 values greater than 0.89 for weights of each species during each of 2 years. Moreover, except for one group of data, standard deviations from regression were within 25% of the mean.
Variation in Carbohydrate Composition in the Endosperm of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) in Relation to Maturity1
Authors: Rosenbrook R. W. , Andrew R. H. 
Published: July 2010

Reducing sugars, sucrose, and water‐soluble polysaccharides were quantitatively determined for kernels of eight inbred lines of sweet corn and their Fl combinations, including reciprocals, 25 days after pollination. A second harvest was taken from the inbred parents at 28 days. The inbreds differed significantly for percent moisture and for each carbohydrate fraction. Moisture content and carbohydrate composition changed at significantly different rates for the eight lines.Analysis of covariance was used to remove effects of maturity on F1 kernels. There were highly significant differences among maternal half‐sib groups for percent moisture, reducing sugars, sucrose, and water‐soluble polysaccharides. Differences within half‐sib groups were significant for all variables except reducing sugars. Differences among reciprocal crosses were attributed to maternal effects and gene‐dosage relationships in the endosperm. Regression coefficients showed that content of reducing sugars and sucrose decreased, but content of water‐soluble polysaccharides rapidly increased with advancing maturity.
Leaf Number ‐ An Index of Meiosis in Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Mock J. J. , Frey K. J. 
Published: July 2010

An index to allow identification of meiotic stages in corn (Zen mays L.) without plant destruction was sought. Plants grown in growth chamber and field were dissected at several leaf‐number stages, and florets were sampled from four regions (tip, mid, butt, and branch) of each tassel. Anthers were prepared for microscope examination by the acetocarmine‐squash method, and the meiotic stage of each was assayed.Correlations of meiotic stage with several plant traits showed expanded leaf number to be a better index of meiosis than days after emergence, plant height, or stem diameter. The leaf number associated with a given meiotic stage varied with genotypes and environments, but within genotype‐environment combinations the correlations ranged from 0.73 to 0.89. After genotypes and environments had been characterized, leaf nuinber was a reliable index of meiotic stage in corn. Use of the index is limited to genetically homogeneous populations.
A Recessive Gene for Male Sterility in Hexaploid Wheat1
Authors: Briggle L. W. 
Published: July 2010

A recessive gene for male sterility in wheat (Triticum nestivum L. em Thell.) was transferred to ‘Chancellor’ from a heterogeneous stock commonly known as Pugsley Male‐sterile Wheat. Complete male sterility occurred at a relatively low frequency in the original stock. After the initial cross and four backcrosses to Chancellor, accompanied by rigid selection for single gene segregation for male sterility, some populations were obtained which segregated according to a ratio of three fertile plants to one malesterile plant. Intermediate types (partial sterility) did not occur in the most advanced and highly selected populations when grown in the greenhouse.Transmission of the recessive allele for male sterility by the male gamete occurred at the same frequency as by the Ieniale gamete. Number of gametes tested, however, was small. Female fertility was normal.Pollen produced by fertile plants was normal ‐ whether those plants were homozygous for the dominant allele or heterozygous. Pollen produced by male‐sterile plants was smaller than normal, irregular in shape, and did not stain in iodine solution.Fertile plants with the dominant allele (homozygous or heterozygous) did not restore fertility to Triticum titmpheevi‐derived cytoplasmic male‐sterility.
Influence of Gibberellic Acid on the Winter Growth of Varieties of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)1
Authors: Blacklow W. M. , McGuire W. S. 
Published: July 2010

The winter growth of varieties of tall rescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) that had originated from the Mediterranean region (‘Oregon 1000’ and ‘Tunisian’)and northern Europe (‘Alta’) were studied outdoors in the Mediterranean climate of western Oregon, and in controlled environment chambers.Cubes of sod taken during the winter months from swards of Alta and Tunisian showed that Alta had a greater density of tillers and buds, and based on etiolated regrowth, a higher level of reserves. Monthly sowing of seed in pots from May through October showed that a preceding exposure to summer conditions was unnecessary to establish differences in winter growth.During the winter, foliar growth of both Alta and Oregon 1000 was increased by a temperature of 15 to 20 C, a foliar spray of 0.1% gibberellie acid (GA), and possibly by a long photoperiod. Although chlorophyll concentration in the foliage was reduced by GA, the total chlorophyll per plant was increased by 10 to 30%.Regrowth from reserves at 7/3.5 C (day/night) was described by a monomolecular function. The time taken for 63% of the total regrowth to be attained was 103 and 53 days for Alta and Tunisian respectively; these response times were halved for both varieties by GA.Tunisian made more growth than Alta at 7/3.5 C, 19 langley per day (400 to 700 nm). The water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were 6.4 and 7.9% of the total dry weight of Alta and Tunisian respectively, with greater concentrations in stems than leaves and roots; fructosans were the dominant WSC with sucrose, followed by reducing sugars of lesser concentrations. The level of WSC was increased by GA to 12.0 and 11.0% for Alta and Tunisian respectively. The greatest increase was that of sucrose.
Development of Two Alfalfa Populations with Resistance to Insect Pests, Nematodes, and Diseases. I. Aphid Resistance1
Authors: Hunt O. J. , Peaden R. N. , Nielson M. W. , Hanson C. H. 
Published: July 2010

‘Turkistan’ alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) is a good source of resistance to aphids, to organisms such as stem nematode associated with moist soil conditions, and diseases such as bacterial wilt and Phytophthora root rot. It is very susceptible to foliar pathogens.In 1959, two germplasm pools, MSE and MSF, were initiated at Beltsville, Md., by intercrossing 50 plants of Turkistan origin with 50 foliar disease‐resistant plants of MSA‐9, MSB‐9, and ‘DuPuits’ alfalfa. After four cycles of intercrossing and recombination within pools, the two pools were sent to Reno, Nev., and later to Tucson, Ariz., to undergo two cycles of penotypic selection for resistance to spotted alfalfa aphid [Therioaphis maculata (Buckton)] and pea aphid, [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)]. From 65 to 300 plants were intercrossed within each cycle and pool to initiate a new cycle.Cycles 4, 5, and 6 were evaluated for seedling survival under severe aphid infestations. An average of 95 and 92% of the plants of MSE‐6 and MSF‐6, respectively, survived the spotted alfalfa aphid test, compared to 1% for ‘Caliverde’. An average of 60 and 42% of the plants of MSE‐6 and MSF‐6, respectively, survived the pea aphid test, compared to 0% for Caliverde. This form of mass selection was effective in developing resistance to spotted alfalfa aphids and pea aphids.
Increased Post‐Inductive Photoperiods for Delayed Flowering in Saccharum sp. Hybrids1
Authors: Moore Paul H. , Heinz Don J 
Published: July 2010

Fifty‐nine clones, consisting of Saccharum sp. hybrids, S. spontaneum L., S. robustum Brandes and Jeswiet (✕ Grassl), and closely related genera hybridized with S. officinarum L., were subjected to combinations of preinductive and post‐inductive photoperiods to dday their flowering and thus synchronize the emergence of their inflorescences with later‐flowering Saccharum sp. hybrids.The number of days delay in flowering varied among the clones tested and was correlated to the normal flowering dates. Early‐season flowering clones were delayed more than were late‐season flowering clones.Most clones responded quantitatively to the illumination of the post‐inductive photoperiod. Greatest delay of flowering was seen as response to long post‐inductive photoperiods and highest supplementary illumination. A large number of days delay for flowering was often associated with low percentage flowering. Maximum percentage flowering and minimum days delay of flowering occurred in response to a combination of short postinductive photoperiods and low‐level supplementary illumination.
Nutritive Value of the Protein in High‐oil Selections in Maize1
Authors: Genter C. F. , King K. W. 
Published: July 2010

Inbred lines were developed by continuous selfing and simultaneous selection for high protein and high oil content of the grain of corn (Zea mays L.). Grain of sixth generation inbred lines was analyzed and then composited to represent the four possible combinations of high and low oil and protein. A feeding trial was conducted with rats to evaluate the nutritional value of the protein of the composite samples.Protein digestibility of all four composites was lower than that of a field maize sample included as a reference, and the protein digestibility of the two high‐protein composites was lowest of all. The protein efficiency ratio was lowest for the high‐protein — high‐oil composite. Thus, no practical improvement in the nutritive value of the protein could be determined.