bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chlorine
Authors: Bommaraju Tilak V. , Lüke Benno , O'Brien Thomas F. , Blackburn Mary C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractChlorine, produced by the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, is one of the top 10 commodity chemicals, in terms of capacity, in the United States. Chlorine is used for manufacturing a wide variety of organic and inorganic chemicals, in addition to being used in paper and pulp production and for water treatment. This article reviews the fundamental aspects related to the production of chlorine, electrolytic cell technologies to manufacture chlorine, with focus on the modern ion‐exchange cells, brine purification schemes, and chlorine processing steps. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties of chlorine are listed along with the storage, transportation and environmental aspects related to chlorine.The current market profile of chlorine and its future growth opportunities are presented here, with a listing of the present operating chlorine plants in the United States.
Funktionale molekulare Reaktionskolben: neuartige Eigenschaften und Reaktionen in diskreten, selbstorganisierten Wirtmolekülen
Authors: Yoshizawa Michito , Klosterman Jeremy K. , Fujita Makoto 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAuf kleinstem Raum: Selbstorganisierte Wirtmoleküle können als „molekulare Reaktionskolben“ die Reaktivitäten und Eigenschaften von Gastmolekülen verändern, die den räumlichen Einschränkungen ihrer wohldefinierten Hohlräume ausgesetzt sind. Vielfältige funktionale Wirte mit unterschiedlichen Größen, Formen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten wurden mithilfe der einfachen, modularen Konzepte der supramolekularen Chemie hergestellt.magnified imageDer Einsatz von selbstorganisierten Wirtmolekülen als “molekularen Reaktionskolben” hat das Interesse an der Reaktivität und den Eigenschaften von Molekülen in definierten Hohlräumen unter räumlicher Einschränkung enorm gesteigert. Die modulare Synthese selbstorganisierter Wirte ist einfach, und es wurden Systeme mit verschiedenen Größen, Formen und Eigenschaften hergestellt. In diesem Aufsatz gehen wir zunächst kurz auf die unterschiedlichen molekularen Reaktionskolben ein und konzentrieren uns anschließend auf ihren Einsatz als funktionale molekulare Behälter, besonders für den Einschluss von Gastmolekülen zur Verwirklichung ungewöhnlicher Reaktionen und zur Beobachtung einzigartiger chemischer Phänomene. Diese selbstorganisierten Hohlräume können als neuartige Phase angesehen werden, in der Reaktionen ablaufen, die in fester, flüssiger oder gasförmiger Phase nicht möglich sind.
Schulinspektion in Schweden
Authors: Schmidt Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSeit Jahrzehnten und auch heute noch arbeiten die Schweden daran, ihr Bildungswesen so zu organisieren, dass möglichst Viele eine gute Ausbildung bekommen. Besonders die Schwachen sollen gefördert werden und diejenigen, die „vom Wege abgekommen”︁ sind. So können Schülerinnen und Schüler, deren Schulnoten in den Hauptfächern Schwedisch, Mathematik oder Englisch nicht ausreichen, an einem Förderunterricht teilnehmen [1]. Eine weitere Chance bekommen diejenigen, deren Noten auf dem Abgangszeugnis des Gymnasiums nicht ausreichen, um zu studieren. Ihnen werden einjährige Kurse an einem Komvux, der kommunalen Erwachsenenbildung, oder/und einjährige Vorkurse an einer Universität angeboten. Für Studierwillige, die bereits im Beruf stehen, aber keine HochschulZugangsberechtigung haben, wurde 1977 die Hochschulprüfung eingerichtet, die inzwischen allen offensteht [2]. Wie wird dieses komplexe System gesteuert?
Local existence for the free boundary problem for nonrelativistic and Relativistic compressible Euler equations with a vacuum boundary condition
Authors: Trakhinin Yuri 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe study the free boundary problem for the equations of compressible Euler equations with a vacuum boundary condition. Our main goal is to recover in Eulerian coordinates the earlier well‐posedness result obtained by Lindblad [11] for the isentropic Euler equations and extend it to the case of full gas dynamics. For technical simplicity we consider the case of an unbounded domain whose boundary has the form of a graph and make short comments about the case of a bounded domain. We prove the local‐in‐time existence in Sobolev spaces by the technique applied earlier to weakly stable shock waves and characteristic discontinuities [5, 12]. It contains, in particular, the reduction to a fixed domain, using the “good unknown” of Alinhac [1], and a suitable Nash‐Moser‐type iteration scheme. A certain modification of such an approach is caused by the fact that the symbol associated to the free surface is not elliptic. This approach is still directly applicable to the relativistic version of our problem in the setting of special relativity, and we briefly discuss its extension to general relativity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving TCP performance for vertical handover in heterogeneous wireless networks
Authors: Kim Hojin , Lee SuKyoung 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe incorporation of wireless local area networks (WLANs) into existing cellular networks as supplementary access technologies has become an issue of great interest. However, vertical handover (VHO), which allows users to roam between a WLAN and a cellular network, causes an abrupt change in certain link characteristics such as the round trip time and data rate. Owing to such changes, reordering problem and premature timeout occur and trigger unnecessarily fast retransmission during VHO, causing throughput degradation. Thus, we propose a new transmission control protocol (TCP) mechanism, which resolves the reordering problem by suppressing unnecessary retransmission caused by spurious duplicate acknowledgments (dupacks) incurred because of the reordering problem, and prevents premature timeout by employing an adaptive retransmission timer. We analytically investigate the throughput of our proposed TCP scheme. The numerical and simulation results show that our proposed TCP performs better in terms of throughput than other schemes appearing in the literature. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromosomal mobilization and reintegration of Sleeping Beauty and PiggyBac transposons
Authors: Liang Qi , Kong Jun , Stalker James , Bradley Allan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Sleeping Beauty and PiggyBac DNA transposon systems have recently been developed as tools for insertional mutagenesis. We have compared the chromosomal mobilization efficiency and insertion site preference of the two transposons mobilized from the same donor site in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells under conditions in which there were no selective constraints on the transposons' insertion sites. Compared with Sleeping Beauty, PiggyBac exhibits higher transposition efficiencies, no evidence for local hopping and a significant bias toward reintegration in intragenic regions, which demonstrate its utility for insertional mutagenesis. Although Sleeping Beauty had no detectable genomic bias with respect to insertions in genes or intergenic regions, both Sleeping Beauty and PiggyBac transposons displayed preferential integration into actively transcribed loci. genesis 47:404–408, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does contact dermatitis to fragrances influence the quality of life? A descriptive study measuring and comparing the quality of life and skin involvement in patients with contact dermatitis to fragrances
Authors: Sanchez‐Politta S. , Pashe F. , Naldi L. , Piletta P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe study of the impact of diseases on individuals' quality of life is an important and useful tool for clinicians, particularly for an efficient follow‐up and for the good management of patients suffering from chronic diseases. Contact dermatitis is a common condition in dermatological patients. However, despite efficient screening, the understanding and acceptance of contact allergy remain difficult and avoidance of these allergens is not always possible. The aim of this study was to determine whether contact dermatitis to fragrances affects quality of life and to define whether there is a relationship between the severity of skin involvement and quality of life. To measure the quality of life, we chose the VQ‐Dermato (VQ‐d) questionnaire, the only valid and reliable questionnaire in French, to which we added 10 non‐validated specific questions regarding fragrances. We included patients with pertinent positive patch test reactions to fragrances attending the contact clinic between 1 January 1998 and 30 September 2004. During this time, 2814 patients were patch tested and 310 had positive reactions to the fragrance mix 8% (FM) of the standard series. We recruited non‐atopic individuals, exclusively allergic to fragrance mix, with patch test reactions scored ++ and +++; the only additional positive reactions accepted were to balsam of Peru and the patient's own perfumes; 52 patients met these criteria, but only 33 participated. To evaluate the severity of skin involvement, we used the severity scoring of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD index). The quality of life of individuals allergic to fragrances was mostly moderately affected. Patients were more affected psychologically during the first year after the diagnosis of fragrance allergy. Skin reaction during the acute stage of contact allergy to fragrances can be severe. No correlation between VQ‐d and SCORAD could be established. It was concluded that there was no severe impact on quality of life because of fragrance contact allergy, but that psychological issues and depression may play an important role in determining the way skin disease affects people. Patch testing improves the quality of life. Lack of correlation between VQ‐d and SCORAD demonstrates that an objective measure such as SCORAD may not fully capture the impact of the disease. These results cannot be generalized because of the low response rate and limited sample size. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of some 6‐methoxyimidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazines
Authors: Lombardino Joseph G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of 6‐methoxyimidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine and its 2‐methyl analog is reported. Carboxylic acids, esters and quaternary salts derived from this ring system are described and the heterocyclic system is shown to undergo the Mannich reaction. A condensation reaction of the 2‐methyl group is reported and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectra and acidity constants of some imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazines are recorded.
1‐(2‐Mercaptoethyl)phthalazines and related compounds
Authors: Castle Raymond N. , Takano Seiichi 
Published: April 2009

Abstract1‐(2‐Mercaptoethyl)phthalazine (VII) and its analogs such as S‐2‐(1‐phthalazyl)ethyliso‐thiuronium bromide (VI), sodium S‐2‐(1‐phthalazyl)ethylthiosulfate (VIII), 1,3‐bis‐acetylthio‐2‐(1‐phthalazyl)propane (XII), 2‐(1‐phthalazyl)‐1,3‐propanedithiol (XIII), disodium 2‐(1‐phthalazyl)‐1,3‐propanedithiosulfate (XIV), 3‐dimethylamino‐2‐(1‐phthalazyl)‐1‐propanethiol (XVII) and 3‐(4‐methyl‐1‐piperazinyl)‐2‐(1‐phthalazyl)‐1‐propanethiol (XIX) have been prepared as potential radiation protection agents.
The chemistry of cyclic enaminoketones. III. Synthesis of bi‐ and tricyclic enaminoketones from enamine esters and nitriles
Authors: Meyers A. I. , Reine A. H. , Sircar J. C. , Rao K. B. , Singh S. , Weidmann H. , Fitzpatrick M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe cyclization of enamines derived from β‐aminoesters and β‐aminonitriles into bi‐ and tricyclic enaminoketones (6,9,13 and 24) has been investigated. The enamines derived from aminonitriles cyclize smoothly with magnesium perchlorate in benzene or toluene, whereas the enamines derived from aminoesters cyclize spontaneously during their formation. The scope and limitation of this process is discussed.
Synthesis and spectral properties of some 1,2‐dithienylethenes and 1‐thieny1‐4‐phenylbutadienes
Authors: Campaigne E. , Fleming William L. , Dinner Alan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA total of seven thiophene derivatives not previously reported have been prepared via the Knoevenagel condensation of an activated methylthiophene and a heterocyclic or aromatic aldehyde. The principal peaks in the ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra as well as some nuclear magnetic resonance data are reported for these compounds.
Antimalaria agents II. Synthesis and reactions of 3‐([p‐(4‐nitrophenyl)sulfonyl] phenyl)sydnone
Authors: Singhal Gopal H. , Popoff Ivan C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis and several reactions of a sydnone substituted with strongly electron‐withdrawing substituents are described. Infrared evidence for labile open chain iminoanhydride is presented.
Cu(I) substitutions. furo[3,2‐b] pyridines, furo[3,2‐c] pyridines and 1h‐thieno[3,4‐b] 2‐pyran‐l‐ones from cuprous acetylides
Authors: Mladenović S. A. , Castro C. E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe reaction of cuprous acetylides with aryl halides bearing a nucleophilic ortho substituent provides a versatile route to heterocyclic substances. The present work portrays the ease with which polyheterosystems can be constructed with this reaction. The synthesis of 2‐substituted 7‐iodofuro[3,2‐c]pyridines, 2‐substituted furo[3,2‐b]pyridines, and 3‐substituted lH‐thieno‐[3,4‐b]‐2‐pyran‐l‐ones (thiaisocoumarins) is described. The latter two ring systems have not been previously reported.
An investigation of the abnormal products from the reaction of 2‐thenyl and benzyl grignard reagents by gas chromatography.
Authors: Campaigne E. , Johnson Roger E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe products of the reaction of 2‐thenylmagnesium chloride (I) with a variety of reagents has been studied by gas chromatography. Carbon dioxide and ethylene oxide produced significant amounts of 5‐substituted (“para”) products as well as 3‐substituted (“ortho”) and normal addition products. Several other reagents, including acetyl chloride and formaldehyde, produced mainly “ortho” products along with small amounts of normal products. The dependence of product distribution on temperature, added salts and solvent character was found to correlate with the reported rates of inversion about the carbon‐magnesium bond in primary Grignard reagents. Blocking the “ortho” position, in 3‐methyl‐2‐thenylmagnesium chloride, increased the proportion of “para” product from 3 to 33%. In addition, the reactions of benzylmagnesium chloride with certain reagents were re‐examined.
Electrophilic substitution of dibenz[b,f]oxepin
Authors: Bavin P. M. G. , Bartle K. D. , Jones D. W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDibenz[b,f]oxepin undergoes nitration and acid‐catalyzed deuteration at the 10‐position and adds bromine across the 10,11 bond. These reactions contradict predictions made by the SCFMO method. Chemical reactions and NMR spectroscopy suggest that dibenz[b,f]oxepin is only weakly aromatic.
Synthesis of 5,6‐dihydro‐8‐methoxy‐4H‐imidazo[4,5,1‐ij]quinolines and some related ring systems
Authors: Werbel Leslie M. , Battaglia Josephine , Zamora Maria L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractReduction of amides of 8‐amino‐6‐methoxyquinoline over platinum oxide in glacial acetic acid at room temperature affords 2‐substituted‐5,6‐dihydro‐8‐methoxy‐4H‐imidazo [4,5,1‐ij]‐quinolines (I). The method could not be utilized for urea or carbamate derivatives of 8‐amino‐6‐methoxyquinoline. 2‐Amino derivatives of I were prepared through the chloro compound obtained from 5,6‐dihydro‐8‐methoxy‐4H‐imidazo[4,5,1‐ij]quinolin‐2(1H)‐one, (IV). Several related ring systems have also been prepared.
Pyrimidine N‐oxides. Oxidation of 5‐nitroso‐2,4,6‐triaminopyrimidine
Authors: Delia T. J. , Portlock D. E. , Venton D. L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe peroxytrifluoroacetic acid oxidation of 5‐nitroso‐2,4,6‐triaminopyrimidine (1b) led to the formation of two products: 5‐nitro‐2,4,6‐triaminopyrimidine 1‐N‐oxide (2) and 5‐nitro‐2,4,6‐triaminopyrimidine 1‐3‐di‐N‐oxide (3). On the basis of previous experience 2 was the sole expected oxidation product. However, 3 represents a rather unexpected development in that di‐N‐oxides in the pyrimidine series are uncommon. The yields are good for both products and structures are assigned on the basis of elemental analysis, mass spectral data, and chemical reactions. The reaction sequence is also discussed.
The preparation of 2H‐1,2,3‐benzothiadiazine‐1,1‐dioxides, 11H‐11a‐dihydrobenzimidazo[1,2‐b] [1,2] benzisothiazole‐5,5‐dioxides, 6H‐dibenzo[c,g] [1,2,5] thiadiazocine‐5,5‐dioxides and 5H‐Dibenzo[c,g] [1,2,6] thiadiazocine‐6,6‐dioxides
Authors: Wright John B. 
Published: April 2009

Abstracto‐Benzoylbenzenesulfonyl chlorides (I) were prepared conveniently from aminobenzophenones by diazotization followed by reaction with sulphur dioxide in the presence of Cu+, according to the general method of Meerwein.Reaction of the sulfonyl chlorides with hydrazine led to 4‐phenyl‐2H‐1,2,3‐benzothiadiazine‐1,1‐dioxides (II). The latter compounds could be methylated and acetylated readily in the 2‐position. The 2‐methyl derivative (III) could be prepared also by reaction of the sulfonyl chloride (Ia) with methylhydrazine. Catalytic hydrogenation of 6‐chloro‐4‐phenyl‐2H‐1,2,3‐benzothiadiazine‐1,1‐dioxide (IIa) gave the 3,4‐dihydro derivative (V). Reaction of the sulfonyl chlorides (I) with o‐phenylenediamine followed by cyclodehydration led to 11H‐11,11a‐dihydrobenzimidazo[1,2‐b] [1,2]benzisothiazole‐5,5‐dioxides (VII). One of the latter compounds (VIIa) in sodium hydroxide solution in the presence of methyl iodide or benzyl chloride was transformed into 6‐methyl‐ and 6‐benzyl‐5H‐dibenzo[c,g] [1,2,6]thiadiazocine‐5,5‐dioxides (VIII), respectively.5H‐Dibenzo[c,g] [1,2,6] thiadiazocine‐6,6‐dioxides (XIV) were prepared also by cyclodehydration of 2‐amino‐2′‐benzoylbenzenesulfonanilides (XIII).
Reissert compound studies. XVII. Phosphorus‐containing reissert compound analogues
Authors: Spatz David M. , Popp Frank D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe reaction of isoquinoline, potassium cyamide, and chlorophosphates or chlorothiophosphates leads to the formation of phosphorus containing analogues of Reisert compounds. These analogues can be converted by base to an anion which undergoes elimination to isoquinaldonitrile or which can be alkylated. Acid‐catalysed hydrolysis of the analogues leads to isoquinoline.
Synthesis of pyridazine derivatives XXII. s‐triazolo[4, 3‐b]pyridazine 5‐oxides
Authors: Pollak A. , Stanovnik B. , Tisler M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of s‐triazolo[4,3‐b] pyridazine 5‐oxides is reported. To our knowledge, they are the first example of N‐oxides of heteroaromatic azoloazines with a bridgehead nitrogen. They are easily rearranged, in particular when irradiated with ultraviolet light, into 6‐hydroxy‐s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazines.
2‐Amino‐2‐thiazoline. V. phenylthioureido and phenylureido derivatives of 2‐thiazoline
Authors: Klayman Daniel L. , Maul James J. , Milne George W. A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe reaction of 2‐amino‐2‐thiazoline (I) with phenylisothiocyanate has been reported to give 2‐imino‐3‐phenylthiocarbamoylthiazolidine (II) at low temperatures and l‐phenyl‐3‐(2‐thiazolin‐2‐yl)‐2‐thiourea (III) at ca. 100°. When performed by us, however, this reaction gave only a single mono‐adduct regardless of the temperature. Nmr and chemical evidence indicates that structure III is the correct one. Treatment of I with phenylisocyanate also gave a mono‐adduct which was established to be l‐phenyl‐3‐(2‐thiazolin‐2‐yl)urea (V). Compound I does not form a simple di‐adduct with excess phenylisothiocyanate but does so with phenylisocyanate to give 2‐phenylcarbamoylimino‐3‐phenylcarbamoylthiazolidine (VI). The reaction of III with phenylisocyanate gives 2‐phenylthiocarbamoylimino‐3‐phenylcarbamoylthiazolidine (VII), however, the corresponding reaction of V with phenylisothiocyanate does not give the anticipated product but a mixture of compounds which includes VI and VII.
Synthetic Amebicides. VIII. 7,7′‐[Iminobis(alkyleneimino) [bis[benz[c] acridines] and Congeneric 9‐Aminoacridines, 12‐Aminobenz[a] acridines, [2‐Aminobenz[b] acridines, and 4‐Aminoquinolines
Authors: Elslager Edward F. , Short Franklin W. , Tendick Frank H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThirty‐five 7,7′‐(iminodialkylenediimino))bis[benz[c]acridines] (VII), 7,7′‐(alkylene‐ and phenylenediimino)bis[benz[c]acridines] (VIII and IXa‐c), [iminobis(alkyleneimino)]bis[acridines, benz[a]acridines, benz[b]acridines, and quinolines] (X, Xla‐c, XII, XIII, and XIVa‐c), and [alkylenebis(iminoalkyleneimino)]bis[acridines, benz[c]acridines, and quinolincs] (XVI, XVII, XVIIIa and b, and XIXa‐c) were synthesized by the condensation of one equivalent of the appropriate alkylenediamine with two equivalents of the requisite chloroheterocycle in phenol. Many of the bis(aminoheterocyclic) compounds are highly active against Entamoeba histolytica in vitro and in experimental animals.
Acylation of nitrogen heterocycles. II . Carbobenzoxylation of substituted adenines under the conditions of the schotten‐baumann reaction
Authors: Altman J. , Ben‐Ishai D. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract9‐Benzyladenine, 6‐benzylamino‐9‐benzyladenine, 6‐piperidino‐9‐benzyladenine and 2′,3′‐O‐isopropylidene‐5′‐trityladenosine underwent a Bamberger fission of the imidazole ring when treated with carbobenzoxy chloride in aqueous base. Under similar experimental conditions adenine itself afforded two monoacyl derivatives.
Organosilicon compounds VI. The preparation of silylaziridines and silyldiaziridines by silicon‐carbon cleavage
Authors: Thames Shelby E. , McClesky Josef F. , Kelly Phillip L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe preparation of several 2‐furyl‐, 2‐thienyl‐, benzyl‐, and allylsubstituted silanes is reported. Such derivatives, when treated with aziridine in the presence of a metal catalyst, afford good yields of silylaziridines and silyldiaziridines. A qualitative study of electronic and steric requirements of the displacement reaction is reported.
Sterically‐crowded pyrroles
Authors: Broadbent H. Smith , Burnham Weldon S. , Olsen Richard K. , Sheeley Richard M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe syntheses in good yields of a considerable number of moderately to severely sterically‐crowded 1,2,5‐trisubstituted pyrroles by means of modifications of the Knorr‐Paal condensation are described. Notwithstanding reports to the contrary, the classical procedure; succeeded in moderately sterically‐crowded cases, e.g., R2 = R5 = Me, R1 = i‐Pr, Me2CHMeCH‐, Me2N‐, Ph2N‐, 9‐carbazolo, subst. 4‐morpholino, 1‐piperazino, 1‐piperidino, etc. A product‐water azeotroping procedure succeeded in more severely sterically‐crowded cases e.g., R2 = R5 = Et, R1 = i‐Pr; R2 = R5 = Me, R1 = Me3CCH2‐, R2 = R5 = i‐Pr, R1 = PhCH2‐. Highly sterically‐crowded pyrroles, e.g., R2 = R5 = Me, R1 = t‐Bu, adamantyl, PhCH2CMe2; R2 = R5 = Et, R1 = t‐Bu; R1 = R2 = R5 = i‐Pr; R2 = R5 = t‐Ru, R1 = Me, Et, PhCH2‐, were obtained using titanium tetrachloride as a Lewis acid catalyst and as a water scavenger. Infrared spectra of the reacting mixtures provided evidence pertinent to the mechanism of the reaction, which is discussed.
Benzothiazoline derivatives. I. Reaction of 2‐benzothiazolinethione with ethylene oxide
Authors: Sohar Paul , Denny George H. , Babson Robert D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTreatment of 2‐benzothiazolinethione with excess ethylene oxide in acetic acid resulted in N‐hydroxyethylation and thiono‐oxo replacement to give 3‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐benzothiazolinone. This product was also obtained when S‐alkylthiobenzothiazoles were treated in this way. Similar treatment of the N‐substituted compounds 3‐methyl‐2‐benzothiazolinethione and 3‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐benzothiazolinethione gave simple thiono‐oxo replacement.