bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Cloudsat Reflectivity Measurements and Ice Cloud Properties Using Ground-Based and Airborne Cloud Radar Observations
Authors: Protat A. , Bouniol D. , Delanoë J. , O’Connor E. , May P. T. , Plana-Fattori A. , Hasson A. , Görsdorf U. , Heymsfield A. J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A quantitative assessment of Cloudsat reflectivities and basic ice cloud properties (cloud base, top, and thickness) is conducted in the present study from both airborne and ground-based observations. Airborne observations allow direct comparisons on a limited number of ocean backscatter and cloud samples, whereas the ground-based observations allow statistical comparisons on much longer time series but with some additional assumptions. Direct comparisons of the ocean backscatter and ice cloud reflectivities measured by an airborne cloud radar and Cloudsat during two field experiments indicate that, on average, Cloudsat measures ocean backscatter 0.4 dB higher and ice cloud reflectivities 1 dB higher than the airborne cloud radar. Five ground-based sites have also been used for a statistical evaluation of the Cloudsat reflectivities and basic cloud properties. From these comparisons, it is found that the weighted-mean difference ZCloudsat − ZGround ranges from −0.4 to +0.3 dB when a ±1-h time lag around the Cloudsat overpass is considered. Given the fact that the airborne and ground-based radar calibration accuracy is about 1 dB, it is concluded that the reflectivities of the spaceborne, airborne, and ground-based radars agree within the expected calibration uncertainties of the airborne and ground-based radars. This result shows that the Cloudsat radar does achieve the claimed sensitivity of around −29 dBZ. Finally, an evaluation of the tropical “convective ice” profiles measured by Cloudsat has been carried out over the tropical site in Darwin, Australia. It is shown that these profiles can be used statistically down to approximately 9-km height (or 4 km above the melting layer) without attenuation and multiple scattering corrections over Darwin. It is difficult to estimate if this result is applicable to all types of deep convective storms in the tropics. However, this first study suggests that the Cloudsat profiles in convective ice need to be corrected for attenuation by supercooled liquid water and ice aggregates/graupel particles and multiple scattering prior to their quantitative use.
Effect of Out-of-Band Response in NOAA-16 AVHRR Channel 3b on Top-of-Atmosphere Radiances Calculated with the Community Radiative Transfer Model
Authors: Liu Quanhua , Liang Xingming , Han Yong , van Delst Paul , Chen Yong , Ignatov Alexander , Weng Fuzhong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) developed at the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA) is used in conjunction with a daily sea surface temperature (SST) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) atmospheric data and surface wind to calculate clear-sky top-of-atmosphere (TOA) brightness temperatures (BTs) in three Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) thermal infrared channels over global oceans. CRTM calculations are routinely performed by the sea surface temperature team for four AVHRR instruments on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites NOAA-16, NOAA-17, and NOAA-18 and the Meteorological Operation (MetOp) satellite MetOp-A, and they are compared with clear-sky TOA BTs produced by the operational AVHRR Clear-Sky Processor for Oceans (ACSPO). It was observed that the model minus observation (M−O) bias in the NOAA-16 AVHRR channel 3b (Ch3b) centered at 3.7 μm experienced a discontinuity of ∼0.3 K when a new CRTM version 1.1 (v.1.1) was implemented in ACSPO processing in September 2008. No anomalies occurred in any other AVHRR channel or for any other platform. This study shows that this discontinuity is caused by the out-of-band response in NOAA-16 AVHRR Ch3b and by using a single layer to the NCEP GFS temperature profiles above 10 hPa for the alpha version of CRTM. The problem has been solved in CRTM v.1.1, which uses one of the six standard atmospheres to fill in the missing data above the top pressure level in the input NCEP GFS data. It is found that, because of the out-of-band response, the NOAA-16 AVHRR Ch3b has sensitivity to atmospheric temperature at high altitudes. This analysis also helped to resolve another anomaly in the absorption bands of the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) sensor, whose radiances and Jacobians were affected to a much greater extent by this CRTM inconsistency.
Influence of Environmental Humidity on Tropical Cyclone Size
Authors: Hill Kevin A. , Lackmann Gary M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Observations demonstrate that the radius of maximum winds in tropical cyclones (TCs) can vary by an order of magnitude; similar size differences are evident in other spatial measures of the wind field as well as in cloud and precipitation fields. Many TC impacts are related to storm size, yet the physical mechanisms that determine TC size are not well understood and have received limited research attention. Presented here is a hypothesis suggesting that one factor controlling TC size is the environmental relative humidity, to which the intensity and coverage of precipitation occurring outside the TC core is strongly sensitive. From a potential vorticity (PV) perspective, the lateral extent of the TC wind field is linked to the size and strength of the associated cyclonic PV anomalies. Latent heat release in outer rainbands can result in the diabatic lateral expansion of the cyclonic PV distribution and balanced wind field. Results of idealized numerical experiments are consistent with the hypothesized sensitivity of TC size to environmental humidity. Simulated TCs in dry environments exhibit reduced precipitation outside the TC core, a narrower PV distribution, and reduced lateral extension of the wind field relative to storms in more moist environments. The generation of diabatic PV in spiral bands is critical to lateral wind field expansion in the outer portion of numerically simulated tropical cyclones. Breaking vortex Rossby waves in the eyewall lead to an expansion of the eye and the weakening of inner-core PV gradients in the moist environment simulation. Feedback mechanisms involving surface fluxes and the efficiency of diabatic PV production with an expanding cyclonic wind field are discussed.
Social work as a moral and political practice
Authors: Chu William C.K. , Tsui Ming-sum , Yan Miu-chung 
Published: April 2009

English In their efforts to promote the Global Standards for the Education and Training of the Social Work Profession, the authors discovered the withering of the moral and political bases of social work practice in the West. The revitalization of the roots of social work is important to the promotion of social justice. French Dans leurs efforts pour promouvoir les Standards Mondiaux pour l’Enseignement et la Formation aux Professions Sociales, les auteurs découvrent le déclin des bases morales et politiques de la pratique du travail social en occident. La revitalisation des racines du travail social est importante pour la promotion de la justice sociale. Spanish En su esfuerzo para promover los Estándares Globales para la Educación y el Entrenamiento en la Profesión del Trabajo Social, los autores descubrieron el marchitar de las bases políticas y morales de la práctica del trabajo social en occidente. La revitalización de las raíces del trabajo social es importante para la promoción de la justicia social.
Portraying immigrants to the public: Mexican workers in the USA and African workers in Spain
Authors: Martinez-Brawley Emilia E. , Gualda Estrella 
Published: April 2009

English This study looks into how US and Spanish regional newspapers convey messages about immigrants to the public and whether the messages present immigrants under favorable or unfavorable lights. The study identifies persistent directional biases and a prevalent negative orientation in covering immigrants in the news. The role of social work in facilitating image changes is discussed. French Cette étude examine d’une part la façon dont des messages concernant les immigrants sont envoyés au grand public par les journaux régionaux Américains et Espagnols et d’autre part si ces messages présentent les immigrants sous un jour favorable ou défavorable. L’étude identifie des biais directionnels persistants et une orientation négative prévalente dans la façon de couvrir les évènements impliquant des immigrants dans les nouvelles. Le rôle du travail social pour favoriser des changements d’image y est discuté. Spanish Esta investigación examina la forma en que periódicos en Estados Unidos y España, presentan a los inmigrantes, evaluando si es de manera favorable o desfavorable. Se identificó un sesgo negativo persistente y una orientación desfavorable. Se discutió el papel del trabajo social en el ámbito de la inmigración.
Northern Peruvian non-governmental organizations
Authors: Claiborne Nancy , Junqing Liu  , Vandenburgh Henry , Hagen Jan , Mera Rodas Armando , Raunelli Sander Juan Manuel , Adanaque Zapata Juan Gabriel , Zurita Paucar Martin Javier 
Published: April 2009

English Interorganizational relationships are important capacity-building mechanisms for non-governmental organizations. Based on case studies of six Peruvian NGOs, this study found that international NGOs play crucial roles in how Peruvian NGOs function. In contrast, collaborative relationships among these Peruvian NGOs and with the government are underdeveloped. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed. French Les relations inter organisations représentent d’importants mécanismes de construction d’aptitude pour les organisations non gouvernementales. Basée sur les études de cas de six ONGs péruviennes, cette étude démontre que les ONGs internationales jouent un rôle crucial dans le fonctionnement des ONGs péruviennes. Par contraste, les relations de coopération entre ces ONGs péruviennes et avec le gouvernement sont sous- développées. Les raisons possibles de ces résultats sont discutées. Spanish Las relaciones inter-organizacionales son importantes mecanismos de construcción para las organizaciones no gubernamentales. Basado en seis ONG peruanas, este estudio determinó que las ONG internacionales juegan un papel fundamental en el funcionamiento de las ONG peruanas. Por el contrario, las relaciones de colaboración entre estas ONG peruanas y el gobierno están subdesarrolladas. Las posibles razones de estos descubrimientos son discutidas.
Social networks among poor women in Ethiopia
Authors: Kebede Wassie , Butterfield Alice K. 
Published: April 2009

English Social networks are social capital for poor women living in a slum neighborhood in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Based on neighborhood, friendship, kinship, gender and ethnic ties, informal networks provide social, emotional and financial support. Social network analysis is a promising method for community development and participatory social work in Africa. French Les réseaux sociaux représentent un capital social pour les femmes pauvres qui vivent dans les bidonvilles à Addis-Abeba, en Ethiopie. Basés sur des liens de voisinage, d’amitié, de parenté, de genre et de culture, les réseaux informels apportent un soutien social, affectif et financier. L’analyse du réseau social est une méthode prometteuse pour le développement communautaire et le travail social participatif en Afrique. Spanish Las redes sociales son de suma importancia para las mujeres pobres que viven en los barrios de pocos recursos de Addis Abeba, Etiopía. Basadas en barrios, amistades, relaciones, géneros y lazos étnicos, las redes informales proveen ayuda social, emocional y financiera. El análisis de las redes sociales es un método promisorio para el desarrollo de las comunidades y el trabajo social participativo en África.
Preparation for social work students to do cross-cultural clinical practice
Authors: Magnus Peter 
Published: April 2009

English Thorough preparations are required to do placements in an unfamiliar culture. Applying the concepts of proficiency and cross-cultural understanding, the article explores the development of a suitable student role, safety measures, the language barrier and how to keep writing and learning in a challenging placement situation. French Des préparations minutieuses sont requises pour effectuer un placement en stage dans une culture non familière. Appliquant les concepts de compétence et de compréhension interculturelle, l’article explore le développement d’un rôle d’étudiant approprié, des mesures de sécurité, de la barrière linguistique et la façon de continuer à écrire et apprendre dans une situation de placement stimulante. Spanish Es necesario prepararse a fondo para realizar una práctica dentro de una cultura ajena. Aplicando los conceptos de competencia y entendimiento inter cultural, el artículo explora el desarrollo de un rol estudiantil apropiado, medidas de seguridad, la barrera del lenguaje y cómo mantenerse escribiendo y aprendiendo en una práctica desafiante.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Concomitant Superior Labral Anterior Posterior (SLAP) Lesions and Rotator Cuff Tears in Patients over the Age of 45 Years
Authors: Abbot Amy E. , Li Xinning , Busconi Brian D. 
Published: April 2009

Background Rotator cuff tears commonly occur in combination with other shoulder injuries such as superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) lesions. The incidence of these associated lesions increases with age; however, the management of concomitant SLAP and rotator cuff tears has yet to be convincingly addressed in the literature. Hypothesis Patients over the age of 45 years who have concomitant arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and debridement of their type II SLAP lesions will have improved patient satisfaction and functional outcome compared with those who undergo simultaneous rotator cuff and type II SLAP repair. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods We recruited 48 patients (mean age, 51.9 years; range, 45-60 years) who had concomitant rotator cuff and type II SLAP tears. All underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with subacromial decompression. Patients were randomized intraoperatively into 2 groups: repair versus debridement of their type II SLAP lesions. Ten patients were lost at final follow-up (4 in debridement and 6 in repair group). The outcome was assessed by the Tegner score and University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score and clinically to evaluate range of motion (forward elevation/internal rotation/external rotation). Results At 2 years postoperatively, both the debridement and repair groups showed significant improvement in Tegner score, UCLA score, and range of motion. Patients who underwent rotator cuff repair in combination with debridement of their SLAP tears had significantly better overall UCLA scores (34 vs 31; P < .001) and improved function (5.5 vs 3.8; P < .005) and pain relief (9.6 vs 7.7; P < .001) compared with those who underwent simultaneous rotator cuff and SLAP repair. Range of motion in both internal and external rotation was also significantly better in those patients who had SLAP debridement as compared to SLAP repair. Conclusion In patients over the age of 45 years with a minimally retracted rotator cuff tear and associated SLAP lesion, arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff with combined debridement of the type II SLAP lesion may provide greater patient satisfaction and functional outcome in terms of pain relief and motion.
Nonlinear Viscoelastic Solids—A Review
Authors: Wineman A. 
Published: April 2009

Elastomers and soft biological tissues can undergo large deformations and exhibit time dependent behavior that is characteristic of nonlinear viscoelastic solids. This article is intended to provide an overview of the subject of nonlinear viscoelastic solids for researchers who are interested in studying the mechanics of these materials. The article begins with a review of topics from linear viscoelasticity that are pertinent to the understanding of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior. It then discusses the topics that enter into the formulation of constitutive equations for isotropic, transversely isotropic and orthotropic nonlinear viscoelastic solids. A number of specific forms of constitutive equations have been proposed in the literature and these are discussed. Attention is restricted to constitutive equations that are phenomenological rather than molecular in origin. The emphasis is then on nonlinear single integral finite linear viscoelastic and Pipkin—Rogers constitutive equations, the latter containing the quasi-linear viscoelastic model used in biomechanics of soft tissue. Expressions for the Pipkin—Rogers model are provided for isotropy, transverse isotropy and orthotropy. The constitutive equations are then applied to the description of homogeneous triaxial stretch and simple shear histories. The special case of uniaxial stretch histories is analyzed in detail. There is a discussion of the deviation from linear behavior as nonlinear effects become important. Non-homogeneous deformations are considered next. The combined tension and torsion of a solid cylinder on an incompressible, isotropic nonlinear viscoelastic solid is discussed in detail because of its importance in experiments involving viscoelastic materials. A large number of solutions to boundary value problems have appeared in the literature and many of these are summarized. The article concludes with comments about interesting topics for further research.
Total serum bilirubin does not affect vascular reactivity in patients with diabetes
Authors: Yeh Susie Yim , Doupis John , Rahangdale Shilpa , Horr Samuel , Malhotra Atul , Veves Aristidis 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Bilirubin may have a major role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease based on recent data regarding its anti-oxidant properties. We determined the relationship between total serum bilirubin and vascular reactivity in a large cohort of individuals with diabetes, a disease associated with known oxidant stress. We studied 302 individuals: 52 controls, 37 with type 1 diabetes, 213 with type 2 diabetes. High-resolution ultrasound was used to measure flow-mediated dilation (FMD; endothelium-dependent) and nitroglycerin-induced dilation (NID, endothelium-independent) of the brachial artery. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to measure microvascular reactivity in the forearm skin before and after iontophoresis of acetylcholine (endothelium-dependent) and sodium nitroprusside (endothelium-independent). Bilirubin levels were higher in the type 2 diabetes group (0.71 ± 0.34 mg/dl) compared to controls (0.56 ± 0.26 mg/dl, p < 0.0001). A weak inverse correlation was observed between bilirubin and FMD ( r = –0.125, p = 0.032) and skin endothelium-dependent vasodilation ( r = –0.157, p = 0.019). In multivariate analyses, however, these correlations were not statistically significant. There is no association between bilirubin levels and vascular reactivity in the macro- and microcirculation of individuals with diabetes. Bilirubin, therefore, does not correlate with predictors of cardiovascular risk in the diabetic population.
Community trial of home-based exercise therapy for intermittent claudication
Authors: Mouser Matthew J , Zlabek Jonathan A , Ford Catherine L , Mathiason Michelle A 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common disease, and intermittent claudication (IC) is a life-changing symptom. Exercise therapy has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for IC in a supervised setting; however, most insurance carriers do not reimburse for exercise therapy. As a result, non-supervised programs have largely replaced supervised programs, despite limited evidence of their benefit. In this retrospective study of the results of our routine care, we analyzed the outcomes of a structured 6-month home-based exercise program for IC. A total of 120 patients with PAD and IC were enrolled in a home-based exercise program. Forty-one patients fulfilled program requirements, for a 34.2% completion rate. Those who completed the program demonstrated an 86.4% improvement in their initial claudication distance and a 19.8% improvement in their absolute claudication distance. No patient factors identified those who did not complete the program versus those who completed the program and thus attained the observed benefit. We did observe that 47% of those who did not complete the program dropped-out by not keeping their follow-up appointment. Although patients who completed our program improved from baseline, it was less dramatic than reported in studies of supervised programs. The design of home-based programs should include mechanisms that maximize compliance in returning for follow-up appointments.
Cell therapies for therapeutic angiogenesis: back to the bench
Authors: Sieveking Daniel P , Ng Martin KC 
Published: April 2009

Abstract The discovery, over a decade ago, of endothelial progenitor cells that are able to participate in neovascularization of adult tissue has been greeted enthusiastically because of the potential for new cell-based therapies for therapeutic angiogenesis. Since that time, an ever-growing list of candidate cells has been proposed for cardiovascular regeneration. However, to date, pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating the therapeutic potential of various cell therapies have reported conflicting results, generating controversy. Key issues within the field of cell therapy research include a lack of uniform cellular definitions, as well as inadequate functional characterization of the role of putative stem/progenitor cells in angiogenesis. Given the mixed results of initial clinical studies, there is now a scientific imperative to understand better the vascular biology of candidate cells in order to better translate cell therapy to the bedside. This review will provide a translationally relevant overview of the biology of candidate stem/progenitor cells for therapeutic angiogenesis.
A rare case of leiomyosarcoma arising from a femoral vein tributary: a case report
Authors: Paraskevas Nikolaos , Castier Yves , Dauge Marie-Christine , Alsac Jean-Marc , Francis Fady , El Batti Salma , Lesèche Guy 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Primary vascular tumours are very rare. Most cases are leiomyosarcomas usually arising from large veins such as the inferior vena cava. Involvement of major veins in the limbs is uncommon and of small veins or tributaries extremely uncommon. We report a case of leiomyosarcoma originating from a tributary of the femoral vein in a 55-year-old woman.
The beneficial effects of breastfeeding on microvascular function in 11- to 14-year-old children
Authors: Khan Faisel , Green Fiona C , Forsyth J Stewart , Greene Stephen A , Newton David J , Belch Jill JF 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Infant feeding practices have an impact on health in later life, although the evidence for its effects on cardiovascular health is not so clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding in infancy and vascular function in later childhood. Infant feeding data, together with demographic and clinical information, were obtained prospectively from a cohort of children from birth until 2 years of age. Vascular function was assessed in 159 children, now aged 11–14 years, by measuring their skin microvascular responses to iontophoretic administration of the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine. Endothelial function was significantly better in children who had been breastfed than in those who had received infant milk formula ( p = 0.001), after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Linear regression showed that acetylcholine responses were significantly related to the duration of breastfeeding ( r = 0.30, p = 0.006). The risk of later cardiovascular disease may be reduced by exclusively breastfeeding during infancy. These findings have potential public health implications, and support policies aimed at promoting breastfeeding.