bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of the Effect of Global Warming on the Intensity of Atlantic Hurricanes Using a GCM with Statistical Refinement
Authors: Zhao Ming , Held Isaac M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A statistical intensity adjustment is utilized to extract information from tropical cyclone simulations in a 50-km-resolution global model. A simple adjustment based on the modeled and observed probability distribution of storm lifetime maximum wind speed allows the model to capture the differences between observed intensity distributions in active/inactive year composites from the 1981–2008 period in the North Atlantic. This intensity adjustment is then used to examine the atmospheric model’s responses to different sea surface temperature anomalies generated by coupled models for the late twenty-first century. In the North Atlantic all simulations produce a reduction in the total number of cyclones, but with large intermodel spread in the magnitude of the reduction. The intensity response is positively correlated with changes in frequency across the ensemble. However, there is, on average, an increase in intensity in these simulations despite the mean reduction in frequency. The authors argue that it is useful to decompose these intensity changes into two parts: an increase in intensity that is intrinsic to the climate change experiments and a change in intensity positively correlated with frequency, just as in the active/inactive historical composites. By isolating the intrinsic component, which is relatively independent of the details of the SST warming pattern, an increase is found in storm-lifetime maximum winds of 5–10 m s−1 for storms with intensities of 30–60 m s−1, by the end of the twenty-first century. The effects of change in frequency, which are dependent on the details of the spatial structure of the warming, must then be superimposed on this intrinsic change.
The Effects of Small-Scale Turbulence on Air–Sea Heat Flux
Authors: Veron Fabrice , Melville W. Kendall , Lenain Luc 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The air–sea exchange of heat is mainly controlled by the molecular diffusive layer adjacent to the surface. With an order of magnitude difference between the kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity of water, the thermal sublayer is embedded within its momentum analog: the viscous sublayer. Therefore, the surface heat exchange rates are greatly influenced by the surface kinematics and dynamics; in particular, small-scale phenomena, such as near-surface turbulence, have the greatest potential to affect the surface fluxes. Surface renewal theory was developed to parameterize the details of the turbulent transfer through the molecular sublayers. The theory assumes that turbulent eddies continuously replace surface water parcels with bulk fluid, which is not in equilibrium with the atmosphere and therefore is able to transfer heat. The so-called controlled-flux technique gives direct measurements of the mean surface lifetime of such surface renewal events. In this paper, the authors present results from field experiments, along with a review of surface renewal theory, and show that previous estimates of air–sea scalar fluxes using the controlled-flux technique may be erroneous if the probability density function (PDF) of surface renewal time scales is different from the routinely assumed exponential distribution. The authors show good agreement between measured and estimated heat fluxes using a surface renewal PDF that follows a χ distribution. Finally, over the range of forcing conditions in these field experiments, a clear relationship between direct surface turbulence measurements and the mean surface renewal time scale is established. The relationship is not dependent on the turbulence generation mechanism. The authors suggest that direct surface turbulence measurements may lead to improved estimates of scalar air–sea fluxes.
Generation of an Eddy Dissipation Rate Map at the Hong Kong International Airport Based on Doppler Lidar Data
Authors: Chan P. W. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Turbulent airflow mostly occurs at Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) when winds blow off the hills on the Lantau Island (with peaks rising to almost 1000 m to the south of the airport) from the east to the southwest. In a previous study by Chan et al., turbulence intensity in terms of cube root of eddy dissipation rate (EDR1/3) was measured directly using a staring lidar beam. This paper extends the previous study to calculate the spatial distribution of EDR1/3 (the so-called EDR map), with the ultimate goal of monitoring the turbulence over all of the runway corridors of HKIA using the lidar.
The EDR map is calculated based on plan position indicator (PPI) scans of the lidar. The whole scan area is divided into a number of small sectors, each having a size of about 1 km in range and 20° in azimuth. Velocity structure function is evaluated in every sector and compared with the theoretical von Kármán model to estimate the EDR1/3. This paper gives an overview of the calculation method, shows some examples of EDR map in terrain-disrupted turbulent airflow at HKIA, and examines the quality of the EDR1/3 value thus obtained by comparing against the measurements of a ground-based anemometer.
End-of-life practices in palliative care: a cross sectional survey of physician members of the German Society for Palliative Medicine
Authors: Schildmann Jan , Hoetzel Julia , Mueller-Busch Christof , Vollmann Jochen 
Published: September 2010

Objectives: To elicit types and frequencies of end-of-life practices by physician members of the German Society for Palliative Medicine. To analyse associations between characteristics of physicians and patients and end-of-life practices with intended hastening of death. Design: Cross-sectional postal survey. Main outcome measures: Types and frequencies of end-of-life practices with foreseeable or intended hastening of patients’ death. Association between end-of-life practices with hastening of death and predefined characteristics of physicians and patients. Results: Nine hundred and one physicians participated in the study (response rate: 55.8%). There was alleviation of symptoms in 78.1% and limitation of medical treatment with possible life shortening in 69.1% of cases. In 10 cases medication had been administered by the physician (N = 9) or the patient (N = 1) with the intention to hasten death. Patients’ best interest and avoidance of possible harm to the patient were reported as reasons for non-involvement of competent patients in decision making. Physicians with added qualification in palliative medicine significantly less frequently reported end-of-life practices with intended hastening of death (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Physician members of the German Society for Palliative Medicine perform a broad spectrum of end-of-life practices including intended hastening of death. The findings on patients’ non-involvement in decision making warrant further empirical—ethical analysis.
Validation of the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6™) across episodic and chronic migraine
Authors: Yang Min , Rendas-Baum Regina , Varon Sepideh F , Kosinski Mark 
Published: September 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess psychometric properties of the six-item Headache Impact Text (HIT-6™) across episodic and chronic migraine. Methods: Using a migraine screener and number of headache days per month (HDPM), participants from the National Survey of Headache Impact (NSHI) study and the HIT-6 validation study (HIT6-V) were selected for this study. Eligible participants were categorized into three groups: chronic migraine (CM: ≥ 15 HDPM); episodic migraine (EM: < 15 HDPM); non-migraine headaches. Reliability and validity of the HIT-6 were evaluated. Results: A total of 2,049 survey participants met the inclusion/exclusion criteria for this study. Participants were identified as 6.4% CM; 42.1% EM; 51.5% non-migraine, with respective mean HIT-6 scores: 62.5 ± 7.8; 60.2 ± 6.8; and 49.1 ± 8.7. High reliability was demonstrated with internal consistency (time1/time2) of 0.83/0.87 in NSHI, and 0.82/0.92 in HIT6-V. Intra-class correlation for test-retest reliability was very good at 0.77. HIT-6 scores correlated significantly ( p < .0001) with total Migraine Disability Assessment Scale scores ( r = 0.56), headache pain severity ( r = 0.46), and HDPM ( r = 0.29). Discriminant validity analysis showed significantly different HIT-6 scores ( F = 488.02, p < .0001) across the groups. Conclusion: Results from these analyses confirm that the HIT-6 is a reliable and valid tool for discriminating headache impact across episodic and chronic migraine.
One-year prevalence of migraine in Spain: A nationwide population-based survey
Authors: Matías-Guiu Jorge , Porta-Etessam Jesus , Mateos Valentín , Díaz-Insa Samuel , Lopez-Gil Arturo , Fernández Cristina 
Published: September 2010

AimThe purpose of the study was to estimate the one-year prevalence of migraine among a population-based sample of Spanish adults.MethodMen and women aged 18-65 years were selected at random according to quotas for age, sex, size of habitat (10,000 inhabitants, 10,001–50,000 inhabitants, 50,001 −200,000 inhabitants and 200,000 inhabitants) and residence proportional to the population size of the geographical location. A random-digit-dial, computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) survey was conducted between April and July 2006. The 2004 International Headache Society operational diagnostic criteria were applied.ResultsFrom a total of 70,692 telephone calls and 26,255 (31.7%) valid contacts, 5,668 (21.6%) respondents completed the CATI survey. A total of 476 subjects (8.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.7-9.1%) with strict migraine and 236 with probable migraine (4.2%, 95% CI 3.7-4.7%) were recorded. The 1-year prevalence of total migraine (N = 712) was 12.6% (95% CI 11.6-13.6) (17.2% in females, 8.0% in males). The prevalence rates showed significant geographic variations, from 7.6% in Navarra to 18% in the Canary Islands. One-half of the subjects had migraine with aura. One-third of subjects were never diagnosed for migraine.ConclusionsThe one-year prevalence of migraine in Spain is 12.6%, with a prevalence of migraine with and without aura of 8.4% and probable migraine of 4.2%. These findings add data to the current understanding of migraine.
Adaptive dose insertion in early phase clinical trials
Authors: Hu Bo , Bekele B. Nebiyou , Ji Yuan 
Published: September 2010

Background and Purpose We propose to adaptively insert new doses during the course of a dose-finding trial when none of the prespecified doses in the trial are acceptable, for example, have tolerable toxicity. Methods Our procedure uses an activation rule to determine whether a new dose is needed and an inverse dose–response algorithm to estimate new doses to be inserted into the trial. Results The proposed method can be applied to both one-agent and two-agent trials. In application to a Phase I trial about advanced ovarian cancer, our method selected a new dose that is better than all prespecified doses in at least 44% simulations. The effectiveness of the procedure was also demonstrated in a simulation study. Limitations The proposed method is applicable to dose-finding trials with binary responses. Conclusions We believe that with the added adaptive dose insertion, traditional dose-finding trials will have better chances of locating desirable doses. In addition, by allowing for dose insertion, unnecessary trial suspension due to lack of acceptable doses can be avoided.
Measurement error in the timing of events: effect on survival analyses in randomized clinical trials
Authors: Korn Edward L , Dodd Lori E , Freidlin Boris 
Published: September 2010

Background Presence of measurement error in the outcome can complicate the interpretation of a randomized clinical trial. The Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee of the US Food and Drug Administration voted against recommending approval of bevacizumab for the initial treatment of metastatic breast cancer; one of their major concerns was the presence of a large amount of nondifferential measurement error in the evaluation of progression-free survival, the primary outcome of the randomized clinical trial E2100. Purpose To investigate the effects of nondifferential measurement error in time-to-event outcomes on the conclusions of a proportional hazards analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Methods Simulations were performed showing effects of measurement error on the estimated treatment effect (hazard ratio) in a clinical trial. In some simulations, the measurement error structure from E2100 data was approximated; for other simulations, larger or smaller measurement error was considered. Results The bias in estimating the hazard ratio was very small using measurement error and a hazard ratio similar to E2100. Even with a larger nondifferential measurement error, the bias remained small when the hazard ratio was in a range commonly seen in clinical trials. There was no or little effect on the variability of the estimated treatment effect. Limitations Because of censoring issues, retrospective evaluation of the measurement error structure from a completed trial is difficult. Although our simulations cover a range of plausible measurement error values, in theory, a trial could have much larger measurement error than we considered. Differential measurement error is only briefly considered. Conclusions Nondifferential measurement error due to variability in estimating time-to-event outcomes will typically not be a major concern in randomized clinical trials.
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (AChEI's) for the treatment of visual hallucinations in schizophrenia: a case report
Authors: Patel Sachin S , Attard Azizah , Jacobsen Pamela , Shergill Sukhi 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
Visual hallucinations are commonly seen in various neurological and psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Current models of visual processing and studies in diseases including Parkinsons Disease and Lewy Body Dementia propose that Acetylcholine (Ach) plays a pivotal role in our ability to accurately interpret visual stimuli. Depletion of Ach is thought to be associated with visual hallucination generation. AchEI's have been used in the targeted treatment of visual hallucinations in dementia and Parkinson's Disease patients. In Schizophrenia, it is thought that a similar Ach depletion leads to visual hallucinations and may provide a target for drug treatment

Case Presentation
We present a case of a patient with Schizophrenia presenting with treatment resistant and significantly distressing visual hallucinations. After optimising treatment for schizophrenia we used Rivastigmine, an AchEI, as an adjunct to treat her symptoms successfully.

Conclusions
This case is the first to illustrate this novel use of an AchEI in the targeted treatment of visual hallucinations in a patient with Schizophrenia. Targeted therapy of this kind can be considered in challenging cases although more evidence is required in this field.
An exploratory study of Muslim adolescents' views on sexuality: Implications for sex education and prevention
Authors: Smerecnik Chris , Schaalma Herman , Gerjo Kok , Meijer Suzanne , Poelman Jos 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
This paper describes the results of an exploratory qualitative study on Muslim adolescents' views on sexuality in the Netherlands.

Methods
Data were gathered from an Internet forum on which 44 Muslim and 33 non-Muslim adolescents discussed sexuality as it relates to Islam. These discussions were subsequently analyzed for content using Nvivo 2.0.

Results
Our analysis revealed several issues that are relevant for the design of future sex education programs targeting Muslim youth. Apart from some expected outcomes regarding, for example, taboos on sexuality, sex outside marriage, abortion, homosexuality and conservative gender roles, our analyses showed that in cases of disputes 1) discussions were polarized, 2) opponents used the same Qur'anic passages to support their views, and 3) the authority of an Imam was questioned when his interpretation of Qur'anic passages was not in line with the views of participants.

Conclusions
Our findings show that current approaches to sex education among Muslim youth are likely to be unsuccessful given the rigidity of sexual norms in Muslim society. In addition, we also identified new barriers to sex education among Muslim youth (e.g. lack of respect for an Imam who opposes a youth's views on sexuality).
Specific eradication of HIV-1 from infected cultured cells
Authors: Levin Aviad , Hayouka Zvi , Friedler Assaf , Loyter Abraham 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA correlation between increase in the integration of Human Immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) cDNA and cell death was previously established. Here we show that combination of peptides that stimulate integration together with the protease inhibitor Ro 31-8959 caused apoptotic cell death of HIV infected cells with total extermination of the virus. This combination did not have any effect on non-infected cells. Thus it appears that cell death is promoted only in the infected cells. It is our view that the results described in this work suggest a novel approach to specifically promote death of HIV-1 infected cells and thus may eventually be developed into a new and general anti-viral therapy.
Combining Ketamine with Astrocytic Inhibitor as a Potential Analgesic Strategy for Neuropathic Pain. Ketamine, Astrocytic Inhibitor and Pain
Authors: Mei Xiao-Peng , Wang Wei , Wang Wen , Zhu Chao , Chen Lei , Zhang Ting , Xu Li-Xian , Wu Sheng-Xi , Li Yun-Qing 
Published: September 2010

Background: Neuropathic pain is an intractable clinical problem. Intrathecal ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, is reported to be useful for treating neuropathic pain in clinic by inhibiting the activity of spinal neurons. Nevertheless, emerging studies have disclosed that spinal astrocytes played a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. However, the present clinical therapeutics is still just concerning about neuronal participation. Therefore, the present study is to validate the coadministration effects of a neuronal noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine and astrocytic cytotoxin L-α-aminoadipate (LAA) on spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced neuropathic pain. Results: Intrathecal ketamine (10, 100, 1000 μg/kg) or LAA (10, 50, 100 nmol) alleviated SNL-induced mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent manner respectively. Phosphorylated NR1 (pNR1) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was down-regulated by intrathecal ketamine (100, 1000 μg/kg) or LAA (50, 100 nmol) respectively. The combination of ketamine (100 μg/kg) with LAA (50 nmol) showed superadditive effects on neuropathic pain compared with that of intrathecal administration of either ketamine or LAA alone. Combined administration obviously relieved mechanical allodynia in a quick and stable manner. Moreover, down-regulation of pNR1 and GFAP expression were also enhanced by drugs coadministration. Conclusions: These results suggest that combining NMDAR antagonist ketamine with an astrocytic inhibitor or cytotoxin, which is suitable for clinical use once synthesized, might be a potential strategy for clinical management of neuropathic pain.
The use of 3D surface scanning for the measurement and assessment of the human foot
Authors: Telfer Scott , Woodburn James 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundA number of surface scanning systems with the ability to quickly and easily obtain 3D digital representations of the foot are now commercially available. This review aims to present a summary of the reported use of these technologies in footwear development, the design of customised orthotics, and investigations for other ergonomic purposes related to the foot.MethodsThe PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched. Reference lists and experts in the field were also consulted to identify additional articles. Studies in English which had 3D surface scanning of the foot as an integral element of their protocol were included in the review.ResultsThirty‐eight articles meeting the search criteria were included. Advantages and disadvantages of using 3D surface scanning systems are highlighted. A meta‐analysis of studies using scanners to investigate the changes in foot dimensions during varying levels of weight bearing was carried out.ConclusionsModern 3D surface scanning systems can obtain accurate and repeatable digital representations of the foot shape and have been successfully used in medical, ergonomic and footwear development applications. The increasing affordability of these systems presents opportunities for researchers investigating the foot and for manufacturers of foot related apparel and devices, particularly those interested in producing items that are customised to the individual. Suggestions are made for future areas of research and for the standardization of the protocols used to produce foot scans.
Regulation of breast cancer cell motility by T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein
Authors: Adams Homer C , Chen Ru , Liu Zhuoming , Whitehead Ian P 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Introduction
T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein (Tiam1) is an Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac)-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor that was isolated based on its ability to induce a metastatic phenotype. In polarized migrating keratinocytes, Tiam1 is found at the leading edge, where it cooperates with the protease-activated receptor 1 (Par1) complex to establish front-to-rear polarity. Although a positive correlation has been observed between Tiam1 expression and tumor grade in a variety of human malignancies, including breast, its role in breast cancer cells has not yet been examined.

Methods
Tiam1 expression and Rac activity were examined in a panel of human breast cancer cell lines that exhibit different degrees of cell motility. The contribution of Tiam1 to cell motility was directly examined by using transwell motility and wound-healing assays.

Results
Although we observed a striking, positive correlation between Tiam1 expression and cell motility in the panel of breast cancer cell lines, we did not observe a correlation between Tiam1 expression and overall levels of Rac activity. Consistent with this, small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-mediated suppression of Tiam1 expression limits the motility of cell lines in which Tiam1 expression is high (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453) but does not substantially alter the overall levels of activated Rac. Tiam1 overexpression is also not sufficient to increase the motility of more poorly motile cells (T-47D) or to increase Rac activity. Immunofluorescence and cellular fractionations indicate that Tiam1 is found predominantly in the Golgi of breast cancer cells, and in the latter case, Tiam1 was shown to co-fractionate with a limited pool of Rac1. Consistent with this Golgi localization, Tiam1 supports cell motility and Golgi reorientation in response to serum in a wound-healing assay using MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435S cells.

Conclusions
Tiam1 expression correlates with cell motility in human breast cancer cells and is required to support the motile phenotype. Localization of endogenous Tiam1 to the Golgi, and its demonstrated role in Golgi reorientation, suggest that it may support motility through a mechanism that is discrete from its known function in leading-edge dynamics.
Buchbesprechung
Authors: Moser Michael 
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung

Мовна політика та мовна ситуація в Україні. Аналіз і рекомендації. Проект INTAS Language Policy in Ukraine: Anthropological, Linguistic and Further Perspective (20062008). За редакцією Юліане БЕСТЕРС-ДІЛЬҐЕР. Київ (Видавничий дім Києво-Могилянська академія) 2008, 363 ст. // Language Policy and Language Situation in Ukraine. Analysis and Recommendations. INTAS Project Language Policy in Ukraine: Anthropological, Linguistic and Further Perspectives. Juliane BESTERS-DILGER (ed.). Frankfurt am Main u.a.: Peter Lang 2009. 396 S. ISBN 978-3-631-58389-0