bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated preparation of high‐quality epitaxial graphene on 6H‐SiC(0001)
Authors: Ostler Markus , Speck Florian , Gick Markus , Seyller Thomas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this contribution, we present details on a recently installed hot‐wall reactor for graphene growth on silicon carbide (SiC) in argon under atmospheric pressure. Both preparation steps, i.e., the preconditioning of the SiC substrate by hydrogen etching and the graphene growth are performed in this setup in a fully automated manner thus ensuring the preparation of high‐quality graphene on an everyday basis. Samples were characterized by atomic force microscopy and X‐ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy. We present results on the optimization of the hydrogen etching procedure. The thickness distribution of graphene samples grown in the automated process is Gaussian with a mean value of 1.1 monolayers and a standard deviation of 0.17 monolayers. This indicates a highly controlled process.
In situ electrical conductivity and Raman study of C60 tetragonal polymer at high pressures up to 30 GPa
Authors: Mases Mattias , You Shujie , Weir Samuel T. , Evans William J. , Volkova Yana , Tebenkov Alexander , Babushkin Alexey N. , Vohra Yogesh K. , Samudrala G. , Soldatov Alexander V. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTheory predicts that tetragonal polymeric C60 will undergo a phase transition into a metallic phase at pressures around 20 GPa. Raman and structural experiments at high pressures confirmed formation of a new phase above 20 GPa although the question about its electrical properties was still open. We report on the first simultaneous in situ study of vibrational and electrical properties of two‐dimensional (2D) tetragonal C60 polymer at pressures up to 30 GPa in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) specially designed for this purpose. Our results reveal an anomaly in Raman spectra and a drop in electrical resistance of the sample at 20–25 GPa. We tentatively associate this anomalous behaviour with a phase transition into the conductive phase although its metallic character is yet to be proven. At high pressures the Raman spectra exhibit a high degree of disorder. Upon pressure release the order was partially restored and, more importantly, a significant amount of the initial 2D polymeric phase was recovered.
Hyperfine interaction in graphene: The relevance for spintronics
Authors: Dóra Balázs , Simon Ferenc 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe study the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of graphene. The interaction between nuclear spins and the orbital motion of Dirac electrons is strongly modified by the linear electronic dispersion with respect to its canonical form. The NMR shift and spin‐lattice relaxation time are calculated as function of temperature, chemical potential, and magnetic field for clean and impure graphene, and three distinct regimes are identified: Fermi‐, Dirac‐gas, and extreme quantum limit (EQL) behaviors. A critical spectrometer assessment shows that NMR is within reach for fully 13C enriched graphene of reasonable size.
Topology peculiarities of graphite films of nanometer thickness
Authors: Tyurnina Anastasia V. , Ismagilov Rinat R. , Chuvilin Andrey V. , Obraztsov Alexander N. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe graphite films of nanometer thickness were produced by condensation of carbon from gaseous phase onto polycrystalline nickel. The films have wrinkled surface with the atomically flat regions separated by the ridges. Together with a net of randomly oriented ridges the periodically ordered wrinkles have been observed. Exposure of the grown graphite films in air leads to appearance of gaseous blisters gradually growing with time. We propose explanations of the mechanisms responsible for formation of these topology peculiarities.magnified image
Valence electronic structure of the indene molecule: Experiment vs. GW calculations
Authors: Umari P. , Castellarin‐Cudia C. , Feyer V. , Di Santo G. , Borghetti P. , Sangaletti L. , Stenuit G. , Goldoni A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe investigate the valence electronic properties in the gas phase of the indene molecule, which is one of the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, with photoemission spectroscopy using synchrotron light and through first‐principles calculations using a many‐body perturbation theory GW approach. We found an excellent agreement between theory and experiment. This allows us to assign to the peaks appearing in the photoemission spectrum the calculated molecular orbitals.
Mechanisms of failure in the static indentation resistance of auxetic carbon fibre laminates
Authors: Coenen V. L. , Alderson K. L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCarbon fibre laminates were produced with matched through‐the‐thickness modulus, but with negative (auxetic), positive and near zero through‐the‐thickness Poisson's ratios. These were indented with noses of diameter 2, 12.7 and 20 mm. Enhancements in indentation resistance were seen for the auxetic laminates with smaller, more localized damage areas for the two larger diameter indentors where delamination was the dominant failure mechanism. Little difference was seen in mechanical properties for the 2 mm diameter indentor where fibre breakage was the dominant failure mechanism, though smaller damage areas are still obtained in this case due to delamination growth suppression.
On the effect of heat and solvent exposure on the microstructure properties of auxetic foams: A preliminary study
Authors: Gatt Ruben , Attard Daphne , Manicaro Elaine , Chetcuti Elaine , Grima Joseph N. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe effect of elevated temperature and solvent exposure on the microstructure of auxetic polyurethane foams is investigated. It is shown that such effects result in an expansion of the auxetic foams accompanied by the removal of the highly convoluted features in the microstructure of auxetic foams with the result that such foams lose their auxetic characteristics. It is also shown that such changes do not occur if the foams are subjected to the high temperature or solvent exposure in a contained state which does not permit the expansion. This means that auxetic foams can still be used in such environments provided that the right precautions are taken (e.g. putting them in a cover thereby constraining them to retain their volume).
Solitary waves in auxetic rods
Authors: Kołat P. , Maruszewski B. T. , Tretiakov K. V. , Wojciechowski K. W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPropagation of longitudinal solitary waves in rods made of an isotropic material was studied by computer simulations. The analysis of the problem was based on the equation derived by Porubov from Murnaghan's free energy model. Amplitudes, velocities and shapes of pulses of propagating solitary waves were determined both for auxetic materials, i.e. exhibiting negative Poisson's ratio, and for common ones – of positive or zero Poisson's ratio.
Intervening in the Lives of Youth with Complex Behavioral Health Challenges and Their Families: The Role of the Wraparound Process
Authors: Bruns Eric J. , Walker Janet S. , Zabel Michelle , Matarese Marlene , Estep Kimberly , Harburger Deborah , Mosby Madge , Pires Sheila A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWraparound is an individualized, team‐based service planning and care coordination process intended to improve outcomes for youth with complex behavioral health challenges and their families. In recent years, several factors have led wraparound to become an increasingly visible component of service systems for youth, including its alignment with the youth and family movements, clear role within the systems of care and public health frameworks, and expansion of the research base. In this paper, we provide a review of the place of the wraparound process in behavioral health, including a discussion of the opportunities it presents to the field, needs for further development and research, and recommendations for federal actions that have the potential to improve the model's positive contribution to child and family well‐being.
Combined use of the cardiofemoral index and middle cerebral artery Doppler velocimetry for the prediction of fetal anemia
Authors: Cabral Antônio Carlos Viera , Reis Zilma Silveira Nogueira , Apocalypse Isabela Gomes , Osanan Gabriel Costa , Lage Eura Maria , Leite Henrique Vitor 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of the combined use of the cardiofemoral index (CFI) and the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA‐PSV), converted to multiples of the median (MoM), as noninvasive means to detect severe fetal anemia.MethodWe measured CFI and MCA‐PSV MoM in 37 fetuses just before their first (n = 37), second (n = 22), and third (n = 14) cordocenteses and transfusions. Then, using 2 different criteria for severe fetal anemia detection (Hb deficit ≥ 7 g/dL and hemoglobin level ≤ 0.55 of MoM), we assessed their hemoglobin status during cordocentesis and the accuracy of CFI and MCA‐PVS was determined.ResultsAt the first cordocentesis the mean hemoglobin level was 8.5 ± 3.6 g/dL and 15 fetuses (40.5%) had hydrops. In a total of 81 fetal evaluations, 58 (71.6%) of the CFIs and 34 (42.0%) of the MCA‐PSV MoM measurements were abnormal. The result of one of these tests was abnormal in 65 evaluations (80.3%) and the results of both tests were abnormal in 27 evaluations (33.3%). All fetuses diagnosed as being severely anemic by at least one of the hemoglobin criteria during cordocentesis had an abnormal result by at least one of the noninvasive tests. Before the second and third transfusions, the combined use of the CFI and MCA‐PSV MoM predicted severe fetal anemia with 100% sensitivity. When the CFI and MCA‐PSV MoM measurements were normal, the negative likelihood ratio was zero.ConclusionWhen associated, CFI and MCA‐PSV MoM were accurate predictors of severe fetal anemia.
Comparison of the pain experienced by infertile women undergoing hysterosalpingo contrast sonography or radiographic hysterosalpingography
Authors: Socolov Demetra , Boian Iuliana , Boiculese Lucian , Tamba Bogdan , Anghelache‐Lupascu Ivona , Socolov Razvan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the pain and cause of pain experienced by women undergoing hysterosalpingography (HSG) and contrast hysterosalpingo sonography (HyCoSy) with air in a saline solution for the assessment of uterine and tubal patency.MethodIn this prospective study, 121 infertile women undergoing these 2 procedures measured the pain incurred using a digital/analog scale (1–10). We looked for correlations between pain level and variables pertaining to the procedures. Vagal effects and their persistence were also recorded.ResultsThe pain was less during HSG (median, 5) than during HyCoSy (median, 7). It was greater than menstrual pain for 38.8% of participants during HSG and for 70.5% of participants during HyCoSy. There was no correlation between pain and difficult catheter passage, degree of tubal obstruction, volume of contrast medium injected, or presence of IgG antibodies to Chlamydia when these variables were studied for HyCoSy alone. However, the strong correlation between pain score and volume of contrast medium injected during each procedure seems to explain the significantly higher pain levels during HyCoSy (P < 0.001). In 65.3% and 57.8% of participants, respectively, the pain disappeared immediately after the HSG or HyCoSy. Only mild vagal effects were recorded following both procedures, in 0.8% of participants after HSG and 2.5% of participants after HyCoSy.ConclusionHysterosalpingo contrast sonography is similar to HSG regarding rapidity of pain disappearance, and infrequency and moderation of vagal effects, but the level of pain is slightly higher, probably due to the greater volume of medium injected.
Effects of pepsin and trypsin on the anti-adipogenic action of lactoferrin against pre-adipocytes derived from rat mesenteric fat
Authors: Ono Tomoji , Morishita Satoru , Fujisaki Chikako , Ohdera Motoyasu , Murakoshi Michiaki , Iida Norio , Kato Hisanori , Miyashita Kazuo , Iigo Masaaki , Yoshida Toshihide , Sugiyama Keikichi , Nishino Hoyoku 
Published: September 2010

Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional glycoprotein in mammalian milk. In a previous report, we showed that enteric-coated bovine LF tablets can decrease visceral fat accumulation, hypothesising that the enteric coating is critical to the functional peptides reaching the visceral fat tissue and exerting their anti-adipogenic activity. The aim of the present study was to assess whether ingested LF can retain its anti-adipogenic activity. We therefore investigated the effects of LF and LF treated with digestive enzymes (the stomach enzyme pepsin and the small intestine enzyme trypsin) on lipid accumulation in pre-adipocytes derived from the mesenteric fat tissue of male Sprague–Dawley rats. Lipid accumulation in pre-adipocytes was significantly reduced by LF in a dose-dependent manner and was associated with reduction in gene expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha and PPARγ as revealed by DNA microarray analysis. Trypsin-treated LF continued to show anti-adipogenic action, whereas pepsin-treated LF abrogated the activity. When an LF solution (1000 mg bovine LF) was administered by gastric intubation to Sprague–Dawley rats, immunoreactive LF determined by ELISA could be detected in mesenteric fat tissue at a concentration of 14·4 μg/g fat after 15 min. The overall results point to the importance of enteric coating for action of LF as a visceral fat-reducing agent when administered in oral form.
Fermentation of calcium-fortified soya milk does not appear to enhance acute calcium absorption in osteopenic post-menopausal women
Authors: Cheung Anne Lise Tang Fook , Wilcox Gisela , Walker Karen Z. , Shah Nagendra P. , Strauss Boyd , Ashton John F. , Stojanovska Lily 
Published: September 2010

Ageing women may choose to drink soya milk to reduce menopausal symptoms. As fermentation enriches soya milk with isoflavone aglycones, its beneficial qualities may improve. To reduce osteoporotic risk, however, soya milk must be Ca enriched, and it is not known how fermentation affects Ca bioavailability. A randomised crossover pilot study was undertaken to compare the Ca absorption of fortified soya milk with that of fermented and fortified soya milk in twelve Australian osteopenic post-menopausal women. The fortified soya milk was inoculated withLactobacillus acidophilusAmerican Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 4962 and fermented for 24 h at 37°C. Ca absorption from soya milk samples was measured using a single isotope radiocalcium method. Participants had a mean age of 54·8 (sd12·3) years, with mean BMI of 26·5 (sd5·5) kg/m2and subnormal to normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (mean 62·5 (sd19·1) nmol/l). Participants consumed 185 kBq of45Ca in 44 mg of Ca carrier. The mean fractional Ca absorption (α) from soya milk and fermented soya milk was 0·64 (sd0·23) and 0·71 (sd0·29), respectively, a difference not of statistical significance (P = 0·122). Although fermentation of soya milk may provide other health benefits, fermentation had little effect on acute Ca absorption.
Feeding a thermally oxidised fat inhibits atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aortic root of LDL receptor-deficient mice
Authors: Kämmerer Ines , Ringseis Robert , Eder Klaus 
Published: September 2010

Activators of PPARα have been demonstrated to inhibit atherosclerosis development due to lipid lowering in plasma and direct protective effects on the vasculature. Because dietary oxidised fats (OF) have strong PPARα-activating and lipid-lowering properties, we hypothesised that dietary OF has also an inhibitory influence on atherosclerosis development. To verify our hypothesis, we investigated the effect of feeding diets containing an OF (a 92 : 8 mixture of heated (170°C, 48 h) hydrogenated palm fat and fresh sunflower oil) compared with a fresh fat (fresh hydrogenated palm fat) on the development of atherosclerotic lesions in LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR− / − ) mice. We observed that a dietary OF caused a strong up-regulation of PPARα-regulated genes in the liver and a marked reduction in plasma concentrations of cholesterol and TAG (P < 0·05). Cross-sectional lesion area and the lipids and collagen levels in the aortic root were approximately 40–50 % lower in mice fed diets containing OF than in those fed diets containing fresh fat (P < 0·05). Immunohistochemical analysis of aortic root sections revealed an about 8-fold increased expression of PPARα and a markedly reduced expression of the proinflammatory vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific marker α-actin in LDLR− / − mice fed OF (P < 0·05). We postulate that OF exert anti-atherogenic effects by activation of PPARα both in the liver, which contributes to lipid lowering in plasma, and in the vasculature, which inhibits pro-atherogenic events such as monocyte recruitment and SMC proliferation and migration.
The Sensitivity of American Options to Suboptimal Exercise Strategies
Authors: Ibáñez Alfredo , Paraskevopoulos Ioannis 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe value of American options depends on the exercise policy followed by option holders. Market frictions, risk aversion, or a misspecified model, for example, can result in suboptimal behavior. We study the sensitivity of American options to suboptimal exercise strategies. We show that this measure is given by the Gamma of the American option at the optimal exercise boundary. More precisely, “ifBis the optimal exercise price, but exercise is eitherbrought forward whenordelayed untila priceB̃has been reached, the cost of suboptimal exercise is given by ½ ×Γ(B) × (B−B̃)2, whereΓ(B) denotes the American option Gamma.” Therefore, the cost of suboptimal exercise is second-order in the bias of the exercise policy and depends on Gamma. This result provides new insights on American options.
Trading Volume in Dealer Markets
Authors: Malinova Katya , Park Andreas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe develop a financial market trading model in the tradition of Glosten and Milgrom (1985) that allows us to incorporate nontrivial volume. We observe that in this model price volatility is positively related to the trading volume and to the absolute value of the net order flow (i.e., the order imbalance). Moreover, higher volume leads to higher order imbalances. These findings are consistent with well-established empirical findings. Our model further predicts that higher trader participation and systematic improvements in the quality of traders’ information lead to higher volume, larger order imbalances, lower market depth, shorter duration, and higher price volatility.
Molecular approaches to the identification ofBulinusspecies in south-west Nigeria and observations on natural snail infections with schistosomes
Authors: Akinwale O.P. , Kane R.A. , Rollinson D. , Stothard J.R. , Ajayi M.B. , Akande D.O. , Ogungbemi M.O. , Duker C. , Gyang P.V. , Adeleke M.A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe current study considers the distribution of a small sample of 138Bulinussnails, across 28 localities within eight Nigerian states. Snails were identified using a combination of molecular methods involving both DNA sequencing of a partial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority ofBulinussamples tested belonged to the speciesBulinus truncatuswhile only two wereBulinus globosus. The use ofRsaI restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomalitsofBulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosomeDra1repeat within each of the collectedBulinussamples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of theDra1repeat demonstrated that 29.7% of snails were infected with schistosomes. Sequencing of the partial schistosomeitsfrom a small subset of snail samples suggested that some snails were either penetrated by bothSchistosoma haematobiumandSchistosoma bovismiracidia or hybrid miracidia formed from the two species.
Diagnostic otoscopy skills of community ear assistants in Western Nepal
Authors: Youngs R , Weir N , Tharu P , Bohara R B , Bahadur D 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIntroduction:Deafness is a major problem in developing countries. Rural communities tend to be affected more than urban ones, and chronic otitis media is common. The World Health Organization has proposed primary ear care as a method of providing otological services in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic otoscopy skills of community ear assistants in rural Western Nepal.Materials and methods:Community ear assistants undertook the pre-operative evaluation of 92 patients selected for middle-ear surgery in an ‘ear camp’ setting. The otoscopy skills of community ear assistants were also assessed by means of an otoscopy quiz. Consultant otologists and trainee otolaryngologists underwent an identical assessment.Results:The community ear assistants' selection of patients for middle-ear surgery concurred with the consultant otologists' opinion in 87 of 92 patients (94.5 per cent). The level of community ear assistants' otoscopy skills was between that of junior and senior otolaryngology trainees.Conclusions:With intensive training, medically unqualified community ear assistants can develop otoscopy skills comparable to those of medically qualified otolaryngology trainees. These results support the development of primary ear care in poorer countries where access to specialist otological services is difficult or impossible.
Changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusin Alberta, Canada: population-based surveillance, 2005–2008
Authors: KIM J. , FERRATO C. , GOLDING G. R. , MULVEY M. R. , SIMMONDS K. A. , SVENSON L. W. , KEAYS G. , CHUI L. , LOVGREN M. , LOUIE M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIncreasing prevalence of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) has been reported in Canada. We report the results of a prospective surveillance of MRSA infections in Alberta over a consecutive 3-year period. A total of 8910 unique clinical MRSA isolates was analysed from July 2005 to June 2008. The incidence of MRSA infection increased over the study period and was highest in males, age group ⩾85 years, and the Calgary Area. CMRSA10 (USA300) and CMRSA2 (USA100/800) were the most common PFGE strain types, representing 53·0% and 27·9% of all isolates, respectively. Significant differences were noted between MRSA strains in the source of infection and antimicrobial susceptibility. The incidence of MRSA infection in Alberta has nearly doubled in the last 3 years; this is attributed to the emergence of CMRSA10 as the predominant strain.
Serological survey of 2009 H1N1 influenza in residents of Beijing, China
Authors: DENG Y. , PANG X. H. , YANG P. , SHI W. X. , TIAN L. L. , LIU B. W. , LI S. , CUI S. J. , LI Y. , LU G. L. , ZHANG L. , ZHANG X. , LIU B. , SEALE H. , HUANG F. , WANG Q. Y. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIn order to determine the prevalence of antibody against 2009 H1N1 influenza in Beijing, we conducted a serological survey in 710 subjects, 1 month after the epidemic peak. We found that 13·8% of our cohort was seropositive. Subjects aged ⩾60 years recorded the lowest seroprevalence (4·5%). The age-weighted seroprevalence of 14·0% was far lower than the supposed infection rate at the epidemic peak, derived from the basic reproduction number for 2009 H1N1 virus. For subjects who had received the pandemic vaccine seroprevalence was 51·4%. In subjects aged ⩾60 years the seasonal influenza vaccination was not significantly associated with being seropositive. Our study suggests that many factors, and not just the immunological level against 2009 H1N1 influenza in the community, affected the spread of the virus within the population of Beijing.