bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patients as team members: opportunities, challenges and paradoxes of including patients in multi‐professional healthcare teams
Authors: Martin Graham P. , Finn Rachael 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCurrent healthcare policy emphasises the need for more collaborative, team‐based approaches to providing care, and for a greater voice for service users in the management and delivery of care. Increasingly, policy encourages ‘partnerships’ between users and professionals so that users, too, effectively become team members. In examining this phenomenon, this paper draws on insights from the organisational‐sociological literature on team work, which highlights the challenges of bringing together diverse professional groups, but which has not, to date, been applied in contexts where users, too, are included in teams. Using data from a qualitative study of five pilot cancer‐genetics projects, in which service users were included in teams responsible for managing and developing new services, it highlights the difficulties involved in making teams of such heterogeneous members—and the paradoxes that arise when this task is achieved. It reveals how the tension between integration and specialisation of team members, highlighted in the literature on teams in general, is especially acute for service users, the distinctiveness of whose contribution is more fragile, and open to blurring.
The swan effect in midwifery talk and practice: a tension between normality and the language of risk
Authors: Scamell Mandie 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMidwifery activity in the labour room coalesces around routine surveillance practices. When engaging in such practice, midwives have to cope with attempting to instil a sense of confidence in the mother’s embodied ability to give birth to her baby spontaneously while concurrently attending to an array of risk‐focused tests and measurements. Midwives are vigilant about the potential harm that may come to mother and baby while at the same time they are responsible for facilitating a normal birth. This article sets out to explore the tension between these two tasks and shows how routine midwifery practice during labour can communicate certain understandings about birth. Using empirical evidence taken from an ethnographic study of midwifery talk and practice, attention is given to how midwives’ activity during labour and birth implicitly introduces a sense of danger, an imagined risk that confines practice and operates to unsettle normality.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SECOND HOME DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: HOOGENDOORN GIJSBERT , VISSER GUSTAV 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThis investigation aims to make a contribution towards addressing the general lack of academic reflection on second homes in South Africa. In particular, it aims to provide insight into the economic impact of second home development on smaller settlements in remote rural towns in the country. While the empirical evidence demonstrates the unique development characteristics and impact of South African second home development, the investigation also highlights the stimulation of new capital inflow, employment creation and property price appreciation.
Nitroxide derivatives of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs exert anti‐inflammatory and superoxide dismutase scavenging properties in A459 cells
Authors: Flores‐Santana Wilmarie , Moody Terry , Chen Weibin , Gorczynski Michael J , Shoman Mai E , Velázquez Carlos , Thetford Angela , Mitchell James B , Cherukuri Murali K , King S Bruce , Wink David A 
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEInflammation and reactive oxygen species are associated with the promotion of various cancers. The use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in cancer prevention treatments has been promising in numerous cancers. We report the evaluation of NSAIDs chemically modified by the addition of a redox‐active nitroxide group. TEMPO‐aspirin (TEMPO‐ASA) and TEMPO‐indomethacin (TEMPO‐IND) were synthesized and evaluated in the lung cancer cell line A549.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHESWe evaluated physico‐chemical properties of TEMPO‐ASA and TEMPO‐IND by electron paramagnetic resonance and cyclic voltammetry. Superoxide dismutase‐like properties was assayed by measuring cytochrome c reduction and anti‐inflammatory effects were assayed by measuring production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). MTT proliferation assay and clonogenic assay were evaluated in the A549 lung carcinoma cell line. Maximum tolerated doses (MTD) and acute ulcerogenic index were also evaluated in in vivo.KEY RESULTSMTD were: TEMPO (140 mg·kg−1), ASA (100 mg·kg−1), indomethacin (5 mg·kg−1), TEMPO‐ASA (100 mg·kg−1) and TEMPO‐IND (40 mg·kg−1). While TEMPO‐ASA was as well tolerated as ASA, TEMPO‐IND showed an eightfold improvement over indomethacin. TEMPO‐IND showed markedly less gastric toxicity than the parent NSAID. Both TEMPO‐ASA and TEMPO‐IND inhibited production of PGE2 and LTB4 in A549 cells with maximum effects at 100 µg·mL−1 or 10 µg·mL−1 respectively.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe nitroxide‐NSAIDs retained superoxide scavenging capacity of the parent nitroxide and anti‐inflammatory effects, inhibiting cyclooxygenase and 5‐lipoxygenase enzymes. These redox‐modified NSAIDs might be potential drug candidates, as they exhibit the pharmacological properties of the parent NSAID with antioxidant activity decreasing NSAID‐associated toxicity.
Repair of Bone Defect in Femoral Condyle Using Microencapsulated Chitosan, Nanohydroxyapatite/Collagen and Poly(L‐Lactide)‐Based Microsphere‐Scaffold Delivery System
Authors: Niu Xufeng , Fan Yubo , Liu Xinhui , Li Xiaoming , Li Ping , Wang Jiangxue , Sha Ziyi , Feng Qingling 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBone repair ability of microencapsulated chitosan, nanohydroxyapatite/collagen (nHAC), and poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA)‐based microsphere‐scaffold delivery system was investigated in present research, with nHAC/PLLA composite scaffold as a control. Chitosan microspheres (CMs) encapsulated with bone morphogenetic protein‐2‐derived synthetic peptide were incorporated into nHAC and PLLA‐based matrix via a thermally induced phase separation method, in which dioxane was used as the solvent for PLLA. Compared with the rapid release from CMs, the synthetic peptide was delivered from CMs/nHAC/PLLA microsphere‐scaffold composite in a temporally controlled manner, depending on the degradation of both incorporated CMs and PLLA matrix. MC3T3‐E1 osteoblastic cells were seeded into nHAC/PLLA and CMs/nHAC/PLLA scaffolds, respectively, and in vitro cytocompatibility was tested by scanning electron microscopy and 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The results indicated that, with the appearance of CMs in microsphere‐scaffold composite, the osteoblasts exhibit better morphology and proliferation ability. In vivo tissue compatibility was evaluated by transplanting the scaffolds into rabbit femoral condyles with a defect 6 mm in diameter. After implanting for 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively, radiographic and histological observation revealed that the CMs/nHAC/PLLA composite can accelerate the regeneration of cancellous bone defect as compared with the nHAC/PLLA scaffold. The results demonstrated that the CMs/nHAC/PLLA possesses better biocompatibility, which should be attributed to both the incorporated chitosan component and the encapsulated bioactive synthetic peptide. The promising CMs/nHAC/PLLA microsphere‐scaffold composite can be used as delivery system for multiple bioactive factors or as inductive implant scaffold for bone regeneration.
Cortical excitability changes associated with fixation‐off sensitivity: A case report
Authors: Strigaro Gionata , Prandi Paolo , Varrasi Claudia , Monaco Francesco , Cantello Roberto 
Published: June 2011

Summary“Fixation‐off sensitivity” (FOS) is an ideal human model for studying the features of epileptic discharges. Physiologically, FOS is expected to correspond to enhanced excitability of widespread cortical structures. To test this hypothesis, we measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the excitability level of the primary motor area in a 22‐year‐old woman with eyelid myoclonias and absences, who presented with generalized FOS. We also explored her visual system by pattern‐reversal and flash‐visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Both outside and within FOS, the cortical silent period was dramatically short, indicating defective γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)B inhibition as a persistent background factor. The same was true for the short‐interval intracortical inhibition, a TMS marker of cortical GABAA inhibition. The FOS state corresponded then to a pathologic enhancement of intracortical facilitation, a TMS marker of Glu/Asp transmission. During FOS, the flash VEP exhibited a hugely enhanced afterdischarge, expressing a pathologic overactivity of secondary visual areas. Within the limits of a single‐case study, we thus provide electrophysiologic evidence supporting a grossly imbalanced cortical excitability, in both the frontal and posterior areas, as an important correlate of the present FOS subtype.
Subcontinuous epileptiform activity after failed hippocampal radiosurgery
Authors: Rheims Sylvain , Didelot Adrien , Guenot Marc , Regis Jean , Ryvlin Philippe 
Published: June 2011

SummaryPurpose:  Although gamma‐knife radiosurgery (GKS) has proved efficacious in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), its antiepileptic mechanism of action remains elusive. Human and experimental data suggest that subnecrotic radiation‐induced tissue changes might contribute to the antiepileptic effect of GKS. However, there are no data regarding the evolution of electroencephalography (EEG) activity within GKS‐treated hippocampus, information that aid in better understanding both the mechanism of action and the reason for failure of GKS treatment.Methods:  Two patients with disabling seizures 4 and 6 years after mesial temporal GKS with a marginal dose of 24 Gy were investigated with stereotactic intracerebral EEG recordings. Both patients had right TLE with hippocampal atrophy, but with past history of Coxsackie virus meningoencephalitis and congenital toxoplasmosis, respectively. Ten to 12 electrodes were implanted, including seven to eight electrodes within the epileptic temporal lobe.Key Findings:  In both patients, depths electrodes placed within the irradiated mesial temporal structures disclosed a remarkable pattern of subcontinuous spiking activity intermingled with asymptomatic rhythmic discharges up to 1 min in duration. This activity differed from the abnormalities usually captured in mesial TLE (mTLE) and suggested radiosurgery‐induced brain changes. Both patients underwent anterior temporal lobectomy and achieved a class I outcome after a follow‐up of 18 and 40 months, respectively. Pathologic examination of the surgical specimens showed variable degrees of radiation‐effect changes.Significance:  Our study shows that mesial temporal structures previously treated with GKS can demonstrate a persistent high degree of epileptiform activity in patients who failed to respond to that treatment. Although this persistent EEG activity appears likely to reflect GKS‐induced brain changes, its relation to GKS seizure outcome remains unclear.
Does semiology tell us the origin of seizures consisting mainly of an alteration in consciousness?
Authors: Baykan Betül , Altindag Ebru , Feddersen Berend , Ozel Sevda , Noachtar Soheyl 
Published: June 2011

SummaryPurpose: Studies on seizures only with an alteration of consciousness were limited mainly to generalized epilepsy. This seizure type has been described rarely in focal epilepsy. We aimed to analyze the semiologic features of this seizure type in focal and generalized epilepsies in a blinded design.Methods: A total of 338 seizure videos in 100 patients were included exclusively by semiologic criteria. Two investigators evaluated the seizure semiology (aura, seizure duration, blinking, mild motor phenomena including automatisms, and so on) from the videos. Primarily the ictal electroencephalography (EEGs) studies and all laboratory findings were evaluated for the localization of the epileptogenic zone and delineating the syndromes, in the second step.Key Findings: Of the focal epilepsy patients (n = 57), the epileptogenic zone could be localized to the temporal (n = 20), frontal (n = 9), and parietooccipital (n = 3) regions. The most common etiology of the generalized epilepsy patients (n = 43) was presumably genetic (n = 33). The presence of aura (none in generalized epilepsy vs. 35% in focal epilepsy; p = 0.0008), lack of blinking (19.3% in focal vs 65.1% in generalized epilepsy; p = 0.01), and longer seizure duration (generalized 14.3 ± 17.7 s vs focal 54.9 ± 40.1 s; p < 0.0001) are significantly associated with focal epilepsy, whereas high seizure frequency (p = 0.002), family history of epilepsy (p = 0.016), and responsiveness to therapy (p = 0.004) point to generalized epilepsy with logistic regression analysis.Significance: Seizures consisting mainly of an alteration in consciousness may originate from any brain lobe in focal epilepsies and also occur in generalized epilepsies. Several semiologic and clinical features that help to differentiate between focal and generalized epilepsy should be considered in the syndrome diagnosis.
Stability of cryopreserved white blood cells (WBCs) prepared for donor WBC infusions
Authors: Stroncek David F. , Xing Lu , Chau Quyen , Zia Nausheen , McKelvy Alyce , Pracht Leigh , Sabatino Marianna , Jin Ping 
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND: White blood cells (WBCs) collected from hematopoietic stem cell transplant donors are often given to the recipient to speed immune recovery or treat disease relapse. The postthaw recovery and viability of cryopreserved donor WBCs, stored for as long as 7 years, were assessed.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Total nucleated cell (TNC) cell recovery, CD3+ cell recovery, and TNC viability were measured in 311 clinical donor WBC products: 168 products were unmanipulated or minimally manipulated and 143 products were extensively manipulated. An additional 45 products were selected because they were stored for a longer duration; these were tested using both standard methods and global transcriptional analysis. All products were cryopreserved in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) plus 6% pentastarch and stored in liquid nitrogen.RESULTS: The mean duration of storage of the 311 products was 143 days. Their TNC recovery was 92 ± 17%, CD3+ cell recovery was 76 ± 19%, and the TNC viability was 84 ± 6%. Duration of storage had no effect on TNC recovery, CD3+ cell recovery, or TNC viability of the 311 products. The mean duration of storage of the long‐term stored products was 5.2 years; their TNC recovery (93 ± 14%) and the TNC viability (78 ± 13%) did not differ from the 311 products, but their CD3 cell recovery was greater (86 ± 22%; p = 0.0042). Gene expression profiles of the long‐term‐stored products revealed no differences due to storage duration.CONCLUSIONS: Donor WBC products cryopreserved in 5% DMSO and 6% pentastarch can be stored in liquid nitrogen for at least 7 years.
Organ donation from children: time for legal, ethical and cultural change
Authors: Brierley Joe , Larcher Vic 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSuccessful transplantation has lead to increasing need for donated organs from children; however, contemporaneously decreased brain‐death rates means optimization of donation processes is crucial. Although excellent palliative care and organ donation are compatible, discrepancies exist both between and within European countries in abilities to offer families donation opportunities. Change will require address of legal, ethical and cultural barriers, and this review aims to explore such changes pertinent to both dead and living organ donation.Conclusion:  We argue that across Europe it is surely time for legal, ethical and cultural change to facilitate parents, families and of course children in having the choice of donation.
Color Stability of Ten Resin‐Based Restorative Materials
Authors: SABATINI CAMILA , CAMPILLO MARC , AREF JAMIL 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTDespite significant developments to improve the optical properties of composites, color stability remains a challenge with changes still observed immediately after polymerization and after some time of storage.Objective:  This study aimed to evaluate the color change of ten commercially available resin composite systems immediately after polymerization, at 24 hours, and at 1 month of water storage.Materials and Methods:  Five discs of two thicknesses (1 mm/3 mm) in two shades (A3/Bleach) were made from ten commercially available brands of resin composite. Color measurements were recorded with a colorimeter and expressed in terms of the CIE L*a*b* scale. Color change was calculated between baseline and immediate polymerization (ΔE*1), between immediate polymerization and 24 hours (ΔE*2), and between 24 hours and 1 month (ΔE*3). Values ΔE* ≥ 3.3 were considered clinically unacceptable as color shifts over this threshold value may be noticeable. The results were analyzed using a three‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student–Newman–Keuls's tests. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all tests.Results:  Color change was evidenced for all brands, shades, and thickness. The greatest color change was observed immediately after initial polymerization with ΔE* values ranging from 2.4 to 12.0. Color change after 24 hours and 1 month were significantly less than those observed after polymerization. Immediately after polymerization, only Tetric EvoCeram (Ivoclar‐Vivadent, Amherst, NY, USA) showed changes below 3.3. At 24 hours, 20 out of the 40 groups including all materials in both shades and thicknesses showed changes above 3.3. At 1 month, color changes for all brands remained under 3.3.Conclusions:  Overall, clinically relevant color changes (ΔE* ≥ 3.3) took place immediately after polymerization of current light‐activated composites. These changes were predominantly attributed to shifts in the L* and b* parameters towards the dark and blue region, respectively. Color shifts continued at 24 hours with changes in the L* and b* parameters towards the light and yellow region, respectively. After 1 month, only minor changes under the 3.3 threshold took place.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEEnsuring an accurate color match of resin composite restorations to the surrounding tooth structure is a critical aspect of any esthetic restorative procedure. A better understanding of the changes taking place during the different stages of maturation and storage of composites may be of significant benefit to clinicians as this may help minimize shade mismatch issues.(J Esthet Restor Dent ••:••–••, 2011)
A Survey of Dentulous and Edentulous Patient Preference among Different Denture Esthetic Concepts
Authors: STOCKHEIMER COLE , WALISZEWSKI MICHAEL P. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTStatement of Problem:  Most esthetic preference research and anatomical average analysis come from dentulous populations. If edentulous patients have a different preference, application of this data during denture construction is problematic.Purpose:  The aim of this survey was to compare dentulous and edentulous respondent preference among three different denture esthetic concepts.Material and Methods:  A questionnaire and test booklet of standardized full‐face digital photographs were used. It included three arrangements during maximum smile for six subjects. Dentulous and edentulous respondents were asked questions about their preference among the three randomly ordered concept photographs for each of the six subjects. A total of 167 dentulous and 269 edentulous questionnaires were analyzed descriptively and with Chi‐squared tests to compare the esthetic preference of the respondents.Results:  There was no statistically significant difference overall between dentulous and edentulous preference. Respondent preference varied significantly depending upon subject set and gender. Preference data compared closely to previous research.Conclusion:  Within the limitations of this survey, dentulous and edentulous respondent preference among the three esthetic concepts was not significantly different. Questionnaire respondents continued to frequently prefer appearances that are far from the anatomical average.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEDentulous and edentulous patients show a similar esthetic preference. Application of dentulous patient preferences and anatomical averages during edentulous patient treatment is appropriate.(J Esthet Restor Dent 24:112–125, 2012)
Low‐Density Lipoprotein Adsorption Therapy Can Restore Drug Sensitivity for Immunosuppressants Via Inhibitory Effects Upon MDR‐1 Gene Expression
Authors: Ueda Satoshi , Sugimoto Keisuke , Yanagida Hidehiko , Fujita Shinsuke , Miyazawa Tomoki , Sakata Naoki , Okada Mitsuru , Takemura Tsukasa 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn two patients with steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), we investigated the relationship between clinical findings during immunosuppressive therapy and multiple drug resistant gene‐1 (MDR‐1) expression. MDR‐1 was detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In a boy who initially developed SRNS at 3 years, we observed MDR‐1 expression over 3 years. Maximal and minimal MDR‐1 expression were 90 000 and 7800 copies/µg RNA, respectively. In a 4‐year‐old boy who initially developed SRNS at 3 years, we determined MDR‐1 expression over 2 years. Maximal and minimal MDR‐1 expression were 42 000 and 6900, respectively. MDR‐1 evaluation requires determination of MDR‐1 expression at several time points in a clinical course. Establishment of a normal expression may be needed for each individual patient. Increasing MDR‐1 during remission was followed soon by recurrences, an observation that may be a guide for therapeutic choice. LDL influences a humoral factor involved in MDR‐1 expression. Both patients responded to LDL adsorption therapy because of elevated LDL levels. While cyclosporine A therapy gradually decreased MDR‐1 expression, LDL adsorption therapy decreased expression sharply. Based on the results of the present study, LDL adsorption therapy could contribute to the amelioration of drug sensitivity for immunosuppressants including corticosteroids via inhibitory effects on MDR‐1 expression.
New exploration licensing policy (NELP) in India
Authors: Azhar Muhammad 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn India, the exploration and production (E&P) activities in petroleum sector had been the protected domain of the public sector oil companies. The government of India has been implementing the policies of liberalisation and reforms in the Indian economy for two decades. This was extended to the petroleum sector also. The exploration policy was also revised and new exploration licensing policy was introduced in 1999. Foreign and private companies were also permitted to participate in the ensuing bidding rounds. Hundred per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) was permitted in E&P sector. Many incentives were extended to the investors. The bid evaluation system was made transparent, and level playing field was promised to all participating companies, domestic or foreign, public or private. Since then, eight rounds of NELP have taken place. After the ninth round, the government is contemplating to introduce open acreage licensing policy. The article provides an assessment of the New Exploration Licensing Policy in India.