bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of formulation parameters affecting low molecular weight drug release fromin situforming drug delivery systems
Authors: Patel Ravi B. , Carlson Angela N. , Solorio Luis , Exner Agata A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn situforming implants (ISFI) have shown promise in delivering adjuvant chemotherapy following minimally invasive cancer therapies such as thermal ablation of tumors. Although ISFI systems have been thoroughly investigated for delivery of high molecular weight (Mw) therapeutics, little research has been conducted to optimize their design for delivery of low Mw drugs. This study examined the effect of varying the formulation components on the low Mw drug release profile from a ISFI consisting of poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA), fluorescein (model drug), and excipient dissolved in 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP). Effects of varying PLGA Mw, excipient concentration, and drug loading were studied. Additionally, solubility studies were conducted to determine the critical water concentration required for phase inversion. Results demonstrated that PLGA Mw was the most significant factor in modulating low Mw drug release from the ISFI systems. ISFI formulations comprised of a low Mw (16 kDa) PLGA showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower burst release (after 24 h), 28.2 ± 0.5%, compared with higher Mw PLGA (60 kDa), 55.1 ± 3.1%. Critical water concentration studies also demonstrated that formulations with lower Mw PLGA had increased solubility in water and may thus require more time to phase invert and release the drug. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Calcium phosphate cement reinforcement by polymer infiltration and in situ curing: A method for 3D scaffold reinforcement
Authors: Alge Daniel L. , Chu Tien‐Min Gabriel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis study describes a novel method of calcium phosphate cement reinforcement based on infiltrating a pre‐set cement with a reactive polymer and then cross‐linking the polymer in situ. This method can be used to reinforce 3D calcium phosphate cement scaffolds, which we demonstrate using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as a model reinforcing polymer. The compressive strength of a 3D scaffold comprised of orthogonally intersecting beams was increased from 0.31 ± 0.06 MPa to 1.65 ± 0.13 MPa using PEGDA 600. In addition, the mechanical properties of reinforced cement were characterized using three PEGDA molecular weights (200, 400, and 600 Da) and three cement powder to liquid (P/L) ratios (0.8, 1.0, and 1.43). Higher molecular weight increased reinforcement efficacy, and P/L controlled cement porosity and determined the extent of polymer incorporation. Although increasing polymer incorporation resulted in a transition from brittle, cement‐like behavior to ductile, polymer‐like behavior, maximizing polymer incorporation was not advantageous. Polymerization shrinkage produced microcracks in the cement, which reduced the mechanical properties. The most effective reinforcement was achieved with P/L of 1.43 and PEGDA 600. In this group, flexural strength increased from 0.44 ± 0.12 MPa to 7.04 ± 0.51 MPa, maximum displacement from 0.05 ± 0.01 mm to 1.44 ± 0.17 mm, and work of fracture from 0.64 ± 0.10 J/m2 to 677.96 ± 70.88 J/m2 compared to non‐reinforced controls. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our novel reinforcement method, as well as its potential for fabricating reinforced 3D calcium phosphate cement scaffolds useful for bone tissue engineering. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Peering into cost layers for pricing products
Authors: Deo Prakash , Penkar Sam 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFirms tend to develop layered cost structures, reveal the authors. And executives who understand this cost structure have opportunities to make competitive pricing innovations – badly needed during this economic downturn. The authors explain what you need to know to ensure your firm's long‐term profitability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
It's coming: M&As under IFRSs
Authors: Cheng Kang , Finney Sharon G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe authors predict that by 2014 – if not sooner – U.S. companies will find themselves reporting under international financial reporting standards, not generally accepted accounting principles. How will this affect your firm's merger‐and‐acquisition strategy and compliance? The authors explain that, and also offer some practical suggestions on how to prepare for the change. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The promise and perils of the balanced scorecard
Authors: Cokins Gary 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere is lack of consensus as to what a balanced scorecard is. Many organizations develop a balanced scorecard without first developing a strategy map, from which key performance indicators (KPIs) for the balanced scorecard should be derived. In addition, many organizations confuse strategic KPIs, which belong in a balanced scorecard, with operational performance indicators (PIs), which belong in a dashboard. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emotional awareness in substance‐dependent patients
Authors: Carton Solange , Bayard Sophie , Paget Virginie , Jouanne Céline , Varescon Isabelle , Edel Yves , Detilleux Michel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe explored emotional awareness in substance‐dependent patients and its relationships to self‐reported alexithymia. Sixty‐four outpatients with drug dependence or alcohol dependence were evaluated before the beginning of treatment with the Hamilton Depressive Scale and the Covi Anxiety Scale, and they completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20) and the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS). Subjects exhibited low levels of emotional awareness and TAS‐20 scores were high. Both measures were not related to depressive and anxious symptomatology. This research is the first to provide LEAS results with substance‐dependent patients and highlights their deficits in emotions' differentiation and complexity. The lack of a relationship between LEAS and TAS‐20 is discussed from the methodological and theoretical points of view. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66:1–12, 2010.
Chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and related illnesses: a clinical model of assessment and intervention
Authors: Friedberg Fred 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA clinically informative behavioral literature on chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM) has emerged over the past decade. The purpose of this article is to (a) define these conditions and their less severe counterparts, i.e., unexplained chronic fatigue (UCF) and chronic widespread pain; (b) briefly review the behavioral theory and intervention literature on CFS and FM; and (c) describe a user‐friendly clinical model of assessment and intervention for these illnesses. The assessments described will facilitate understanding of the somewhat unusual and puzzling somatic presentations that characterize these patients. Using an individualized cognitive‐behavioral approach the mental health clinician can offer significant help to these often stigmatized and medically underserved patients. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66:1–25, 2010.
Measurement issues in the sonographic assessment of tennis elbow
Authors: Poltawski Leon , Jayaram Vijay , Watson Tim 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSonography is increasingly being used for assessment in tennis elbow research and clinical practice, but there are a lack of data regarding its validity, reliability, and responsiveness to change for this application. Studies using the modality were reviewed to establish current levels of evidence for these measurement properties. There is reasonable evidence regarding its validity for identifying tennis elbow tendinopathy, but a lack of data addressing its reliability and responsiveness. Practical issues affecting image quality are discussed, and recommendations for further investigation are suggested, to enhance the credible use of sonography with this debilitating condition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Reconstruction of river runoff to the Baltic Sea, AD 1500–1995
Authors: Hansson Daniel , Eriksson Christin , Omstedt Anders , Chen Deliang 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this paper we reconstructed river runoff to the Baltic Sea since 1500 using temperature and atmospheric circulation indices, showing the important atmospheric processes for river runoff in different regions. Runoff appears to be strongly linked to temperature, wind and rotational circulation components in the northern region and Gulf of Finland, but more associated with rotational and deformation circulation components in the south. No significant long‐term change has been detected in total river runoff to the Baltic Sea for 500 years, although decadal and regional variability is large. Analysis of runoff sensitivity to temperature shows that the south region may become drier with rising air temperatures. This is in contrast to the north region and Gulf of Finland where warmer temperatures are associated with more river runoff. Over the past 500 years the total river runoff to the Baltic Sea has decreased by 3% (450 m3/s) per degree Celsius increase. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Role of myostatin (GDF‐8) signaling in the human anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: Fulzele Sadanand , Arounleut Phonepasong , Cain Matthew , Herberg Samuel , Hunter Monte , Wenger Karl , Hamrick Mark W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMyostatin, also referred to as growth and differentiation factor‐8 (GDF‐8), is expressed in muscle tissue where it functions to suppress myoblast proliferation and myofiber hypertrophy. Recently, myostatin and its receptor, the type IIB activin receptor (ActRIIB), were detected in the leg tendons of mice, and recombinant myostatin was shown to increase cellular proliferation and the expression of type 1 collagen in primary fibroblasts from mouse tendons. We sought to determine whether myostatin and its receptor were present in human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tissue, and if myostatin treatment had any effect on primary ACL fibroblasts. ACL tissue samples were obtained from material discarded during ACL reconstruction surgery. Real‐time PCR and immunohistochemistry demonstrate that both myostatin and its receptor are abundant in the human ACL. Primary fibroblasts isolated from human ACL specimens were treated with recombinant myostatin, and myostatin treatment increased fibroblast proliferation as well as the expression of tenascin C (TNC), type 1 collagen, and transforming growth factor‐β1. Real‐time PCR analysis of TNC and type 1 collagen expression in ACL specimens from normal mice and mice lacking myostatin supported these findings by showing that both TNC and type 1 collagen were downregulated in ACL tissue from myostatin‐deficient mice. Together, these data suggest that myostatin is a pro‐fibrogenic factor that enhances cellular proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis by ACL fibroblasts. Recombinant myostatin may therefore have therapeutic applications in the area of tendon and ligament engineering and regeneration. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1113–1118, 2010
Simultaneous determination of seven main alkaloids of Chelidonium majus L. by ultra‐performance LC with photodiode‐array detection
Authors: Gu Yue , Qian Dawei , Duan Jin‐ao , Wang Zhenzhong , Guo Jianming , Tang Yuping , Guo Sheng 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of seven isoquinoline alkaloids, protopine, chelidonine, coptisine, stylopine, sanguinarine, berberine, and chelerythrine, in Chelidonium majus L. (Ch. majus) samples by ultra‐performance LC method with photodiode array detection is described. The baseline separation of these compounds was performed with (A) acetonitrile–(B) ammonium acetate (10 mM, adjusted to pH 3.0 with acetic acid) as the mobile phase using a C18 RP column (2.1×100 mm, 1.7 μm). Optimized conditions resulted in excellent peak shapes. The seven alkaloids were completely separated within 20 min. Good linear behaviors (r≥0.9992) over the investigated concentration ranges were observed for all the analytes. Validation proved the repeatability of the method was good and recovery was satisfactory. The validated method was successfully applied for 20 batches of Ch. majus. These results demonstrated that the ultra‐performance LC photodiode array method proposed was very useful in the analysis and quality control of Ch. majus.
Optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction followed by RP‐HPLC for the simultaneous determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis
Authors: Fang Xinsheng , Wang Jianhua , Yu Xiaoliang , Zhang Guohui , Zhao Jinpeng 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAn optimized microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) method and an efficient HPLC analysis method were developed for fast extraction and simultaneous determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the fruit of Chaenomeles sinensis. The open vessel MAE process was optimized by using a central composite experimental design. The optimal conditions identified were microwave power 600 W, temperature 52°C, solvent to material ratio 32 mL/g and extraction time 7 min. The results showed that MAE is a more rapid extraction method with higher yield and lower solvent consumption. The HPLC–photodiode array detection analysis method was validated to have good linearity, precision, reproduction and accuracy. Compared with conventional extraction and analysis methods, MAE–HPLC–photodiode array detection is a faster, convenient and appropriate method for determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the fruits of C. sinensis.
Hydrophilic stationary phases: A practical approach for the co‐analysis of compounds with varying polarity in biological matrices
Authors: Goucher Edward , Kicman Andrew , Wolff Kim , Smith Norman , Jickells Sue 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe aim was to simultaneously extract, separate and detect not only the opioid methadone and its primary metabolites (2‐ethylidene‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolidine and 2‐ethyl‐5‐methyl‐3,3‐diphenyl‐1‐pyrroline), but also creatinine from urine, plasma and fingerprints. Creatinine is highly polar and analysis by RP chromatography using conventional stationary phases such as silica‐bonded C8 and C18 is unsuitable. Hydrophilic stationary phases are increasingly being applied for the analysis of highly polar analytes, this chemistry being investigated as a suitable alternative. A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography phase column successfully retained creatinine and permitted the co‐analysis of methadone and its metabolites by LC‐MS/MS. Prior to analysis, an extraction protocol for urine and plasma was required but for fingerprint deposits this was not necessary. Alteration of sample pH, necessary to extract methadone, and its metabolites led to difficulties associated with the extraction of creatinine. This problem was addressed by first performing an SPE incorporating a hydrophilic interaction phase to extract creatinine, and the eluent then combined with the opioid extract from a mixed‐mode cation exchange phase. The assay for creatinine, methadone and its primary phase I metabolites met validation criteria. LC‐MS/MS analysis of creatinine and drug compounds together offers considerable advantages over traditional approaches that necessitate the quantification of creatinine using spectrophotometric approaches.
Evaluation of various HILIC materials for the fast separation of polar compounds
Authors: Chauve Bénédicte , Guillarme Davy , Cléon Philippe , Veuthey Jean‐Luc 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn recent years, numerous works have been reported on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) columns, but there is a growing demand for fast separations with improved resolution. Such analyses can only be obtained with the new generation of columns and instrumentation. In the present study, HILIC columns packed with porous sub‐2 μm particles or with superficially porous particles of 2.7 μm were evaluated. A set of 15 compounds with diverse physicochemical properties was selected. The aim of this study was to compare the chromatographic behavior of three selected columns. Concerning kinetic performance, the fused‐core column offers a backpressure two times lower than the sub‐2‐μm particle columns. However, these superficially porous particles also generated a 30% lower efficiency. The complex mechanism of HILIC was also investigated on bare silica columns, confirming that the mechanism is a mixture of partitioning, adsorption and ion exchange in different proportions according to the nature of the analytes, the composition of the mobile phase and the characteristics of the analytical support. Finally, a rapid separation of three drugs and their corresponding metabolites was carried out. The analysis time was reduced to less than 4 min while maintaining acceptable backpressure and sufficient resolution.
Getting an education: Schools leaders need specialized development
Authors: Dyer Karen M. , Renn Michael T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe unique elements in the public school setting in the United States demand a more customized approach to the development of its leaders. It is important to articulate how leader development affects student learning and achievement, the particular skills and capabilities that are critical for success in educational settings, and development strategies and tactics that support skill attainment and application and that equip participants with the means to develop capacity in others.
A seasonal forecast scheme for spring dust storm predictions in Northern China
Authors: Gao Tao , Xuebin Zhang , Wulan  
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe theme discussed in the present study is that of spring dust storm seasonal forecasts in Northern China. A comprehensive investigation of observations collected from 65 stations in Northern China, which studied strong winds for 35 years (1971–2005) and dust storms for 48 years (1961–2008), concluded that strong winds, which are recognized as a crucially dynamic factor, have unsurprisingly proven to be strongly related to dust storm activity. Therefore, determining effective predictors for strong winds should be helpful in spring dust storm forecasts. By employing this idea, comprehensive correlation analyses among the strong winds, dust storms and other influential elements from the oceans and the atmospheric circulations can be seen. From the spatial correlation fields between prior sea surface temperatures and the strong winds, four regions with higher oceanic coefficiencies are confirmed. The method of EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) decomposition is adopted to extract forecast signals from prior precipitation in Northern China and sea surface temperatures of those regions. The multivariable step‐regression model is employed to select efficient predictors and the multivariable regression model is used to create forecast equations. With the cross validation approach, six series of 48 year hindcasts with six different predictor sets are conducted. Furthermore, the three‐classification forecast method is used to judge successful or failed dust storm forecasts. Together, forecast skills of probability of detection and skill score suggest that series forecasts are better than random forecasts. The best forecast skill is gained from using the predictor set selected by the multivariable step‐regression model. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Diet‐induced obesity regulates the galanin‐mediated signaling cascade in the adipose tissue of mice
Authors: Kim Ahreum , Park Taesun 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGalanin is a neuropeptide that regulates the food intake, neurogenesis, memory, and gut secretion. This study was conducted to evaluate the high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced regulation of the galanin receptors (GalRs) and the associated signaling molecules in the adipose tissues of mice. Twenty C57BL/6J mice were given either an HFD or a normal diet for 12 wk. The results of the semiquantitative RT‐PCR analyses indicated that the HFD upregulated the expression of GalR1, GalR2, GalR3, resistance to audiogenic seizures, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptorγ2, adipocyte protein 2, and protein kinase Cδ and downregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor γ coactivator 1α and uncoupling protein 1 in the adipose tissues. The immunoblot results showed that the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptorγ2 and adipocyte protein 2, and the phosphorylation of c‐Raf and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 were increased, while the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate‐responsive element‐binding protein, which regulates peroxisome proliferative activated receptor γ coactivator 1α and uncoupling protein 1, was decreased in the epididymal adipose tissues of the HFD‐fed mice. These results suggest the possible association of the galanin‐mediated signaling pathways in the manifestation of the HFD‐induced activation of adipogenesis along with the suppression of thermogenesis in the adipose tissues of mice.
Structural characterization of silver dialkylphosphite salts using solid‐state 109Ag and 31P NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and DFT calculations
Authors: Chen Fu , Wasylishen Roderick E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHigh‐resolution solid‐state 109Ag and 31P NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate a series of silver dialkylphosphite salts, Ag(O)P(OR)2 (R = CH3, C2H5, C4H9 and C8H17), and determine whether they adopt keto, enol or dimer structures in the solid state. The silver chemical shift, CS, tensors and |J(109Ag, 31P)| values for these salts were determined using 109Ag (Ξ = 4.652%) NMR spectroscopy. The magnitudes of J(109Ag, 31P) range from 1250 ± 10 to 1318 ± 10 Hz and are the largest reported so far. These values indicate that phosphorus is directly bonded to silver for all these salts and thus exclude the enol structure. All 31P NMR spectra exhibit splittings due to indirect spin–spin coupling to 107Ag (I = 1/2, NA = 51.8%) and 109Ag (I = 1/2, NA = 48.2%). The 1J(109Ag, 31P) values measured by both 109Ag and 31P NMR spectroscopy agree within experimental error. Analysis of 31P NMR spectra of stationary samples for these salts allowed the determination of the phosphorus CS tensors. The absence of characteristic PO stretching absorption bands near 1250 cm−1 in the IR spectra for these salts exclude the simple keto tautomer. Thus, the combination of solid‐state NMR and IR results indicate that these silver dialkylphosphite salts probably have a dimer structure. Values of silver and phosphorus CS tensors as well as 1J(109Ag, 31P) values for a dimer model calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) method are in agreement with the experimental observations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.