bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Flavanones by Use of Anhydrous Potassium Carbonate as an Inexpensive, Safe, and Efficient Basic Catalyst.
Authors: Mondal Rina , Gupta Arpita Das , Mallik Asok K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of the target compounds can be achieved from 2′‐hydroxychalcones or from an equimolar mixture of 2‐hydroxyacetophenones and aromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Hypoxia‐Targeted Conjugate of the Cardioprotective Agent 3′,4′‐Dihydroxyflavonol and Evaluation of Its Ability to Reduce Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury.
Authors: Yap Suwan , Woodman Owen L , Crack Peter J. , Williams Spencer J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe efficacy of the title agent is enhanced through its targeting to hypoxic regions of partial reperfusion.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct One‐Pot Introduction of 2‐Methylpyridines to Baylis—Hillman Adducts via Base‐Mediated 3‐Aza‐Cope Rearrangement.
Authors: Lee Hyun Seung , Lee Sangku , Kim Se Hee , Kim Jae Nyoung 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of the adducts from bromides (I) or (VIII) and 2‐methylpyridine derivatives involves the initial formation of an pyridinium salt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Angularly Fused Aromatic Compounds from Alkenyl Enediynes by a Tandem Radical Cyclization Process.
Authors: Roy Snigdha , Anoop Anakuthil , Biradha Kumar , Basak Amit 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA simple procedure allows the synthesis of [4]helicenes via cyclization of enediyne precursors (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation of Azomethine Ylides and Their Complexes: Iridium(III)‐Mediated Cyclization of Nitrone Substrates Containing Alkynes.
Authors: Song Guoyong , Chen Dan , Su Yan , Han Keli , Pan Cheng‐Ling , Jia Aiqun , Li Xingwei 
Published: December 2011

AbstractInternal redox cyclizations of nitrone‐functionalized terminal alkynes (I) are mediated by simple iridium complexes to give the cyclized azomethine ylides (II), which undergo [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition reactions with several alkynes and alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Reinvestigation of the Synthesis of Isoliquiritigenin: Application of Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons Reaction and Claisen—Schmidt Condensation.
Authors: Sano Shigeki , Okubo Yoshinori , Handa Atsushi , Nakao Michiyasu , Kitaike Syuji , Nagao Yoshimitsu , Kakegawa Hisao 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe convenient synthesis of the title compound (IV) is realized via the Claisen—Schmidt condensation of the compounds (I) and (II) or via the Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons (HWE) reaction with the compounds (V) and (VI).
Degradation of Malathion and Parathion by Ozonation, Photolytic Ozonation, and Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation Processes
Authors: Beduk Fatma , Aydin Mehmet Emin , Ozcan Senar 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe oxidation of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), such as malathion and parathion, in aqueous solution was studied using conventional ozonation (O3), photolytic ozonation (O3/UV, O3/UV/H2O2), and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (O3/TiO2/UV) processes. Experiments were performed in batch mode at laboratory scale and processes were compared in terms of disappearance kinetics. The best results of pesticide mineralization were obtained when TiO2 particles in combination with ozone (O3) and UV photolysis (λ = 254 nm) were applied. Decomposition of 99% of parent compounds were achieved in 10 min and oxon derivatives were completely removed in 30 min. The initial reaction rate increases linearly with increasing catalyst amount. Toxicity measurements of the treated solutions were carried out in order to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment methods. No detoxification was achieved for O3 and O3/UV applications. Heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation was shown to be feasible for achieving complete decomposition of OPPs and their oxon intermediates.
Discovery and Characterization of Atropisomer PH‐797804, a p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor, as a Clinical Drug Candidate
Authors: Xing Li , Devadas Balekudru , Devraj Rajesh V. , Selness Shaun R. , Shieh Huey , Walker John K. , Mao Michael , Messing Dean , Samas Brian , Yang Jerry Z. , Anderson Gary D. , Webb Elizabeth G. , Monahan Joseph B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPH‐797804 ((aS)‐3‐{3‐bromo‐4‐[(2,4‐difluorobenzyl)oxy]‐6‐methyl‐2‐oxopyridin‐1(2H)‐yl}‐N,4‐dimethylbenzamde) is a diarylpyridinone inhibitor of p38 mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase derived from a racemic mixture as the more potent atropisomer (aS), first proposed by molecular modeling and subsequently confirmed by experiments. Due to steric constraints imposed by the pyridinone carbonyl group and the 6‐ and 6′‐methyl substituents of PH‐797804, rotation around the connecting bond of the pyridinone and the N‐phenyl ring is restricted. Density functional theory predicts a remarkably high rotational energy barrier of >30 kcal mol−1, corresponding to a half‐life of more than one hundred years at room temperature. This gives rise to discrete conformational spaces for the N‐phenylpyridinone group, and as a result, two atropic isomers that do not interconvert under ambient conditions. Molecular modeling studies predict that the two isomers should differ in their binding affinity for p38α kinase; whereas the atropic S (aS) isomer binds favorably, the opposite aR isomer incurs significant steric interference with p38α kinase. The two isomers were subsequently identified and separated by chiral chromatography. IC50 values from p38α kinase assays confirm that one atropisomer is >100‐fold more potent than the other. It was ultimately confirmed by small‐molecule X‐ray diffraction that the more potent atropisomer, PH‐797804, is the aS isomer of the racemic pair. Extensive pharmacological characterization supports that PH‐797804 carries most activity both in vitro and in vivo, and it has a stability profile compatible with oral formulation and delivery options.
Developmental expression of cell recognition molecules in the mushroom body and antennal lobe of the locust Locusta migratoria
Authors: Eickhoff René , Bicker Gerd 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe examined the development of olfactory neuropils in the hemimetabolous insect Locusta migratoria with an emphasis on the mushroom bodies, protocerebral integration centers implicated in memory formation. Using a marker of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling cascade and lipophilic dye labeling, we obtained new insights into mushroom body organization by resolving previously unrecognized accessory lobelets arising from Class III Kenyon cells. We utilized antibodies against axonal guidance cues, such as the cell surface glycoproteins Semaphorin 1a (Sema 1a) and Fasciclin I (Fas I), as embryonic markers to compile a comprehensive atlas of mushroom body development. During embryogenesis, all neuropils of the olfactory pathway transiently expressed Sema 1a. The immunoreactivity was particularly strong in developing mushroom bodies. During late embryonic stages, Sema 1a expression in the mushroom bodies became restricted to a subset of Kenyon cells in the core region of the peduncle. Sema 1a was differentially sorted to the Kenyon cell axons and absent in the dendrites. In contrast to Drosophila, locust mushroom bodies and antennal lobes expressed Fas I, but not Fas II. While Fas I immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the midbrain during embryogenesis, labeling persisted into adulthood only in the mushroom bodies and antennal lobes. Kenyon cells proliferated throughout the larval stages. Their neurites retained the embryonic expression pattern of Sema 1a and Fas I, suggesting a role for these molecules in developmental mushroom body plasticity. Our study serves as an initial step toward functional analyses of Sema 1a and Fas I expression during locust mushroom body formation. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2021–2040, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compensatory redistribution of neuroligins and N‐cadherin following deletion of synaptic β1‐integrin
Authors: Mortillo Steven , Elste Alice , Ge Yongchao , Patil Shekhar B. , Hsiao Kuangfu , Huntley George W. , Davis Ronald L. , Benson Deanna L. 
Published: December 2011

Abstractβ1‐containing integrins are required for persistent synaptic potentiation in hippocampus and regulate hippocampal‐dependent learning. Based largely on indirect evidence, there is a prevailing assumption that β1‐integrins are localized at synapses, where they contribute to synapse adhesion and signaling, but this has not been examined directly. Here we investigate the fine localization of β1‐integrin in adult mouse hippocampus using high‐resolution immunogold labeling, with a particular emphasis on synaptic labeling patterns. We find that β1‐integrins localize to synapses in CA1 and are concentrated postsynaptically. At the postsynaptic membrane, β1‐integrins are found more commonly clustered near active zone centers rather than at the peripheral edges. In mice harboring a conditional deletion of β1‐integrins, labeling for N‐cadherin and neuroligins increases. Western blots show increased levels of N‐cadherin in total lysates and neuroligins increase selectively in synaptosomes. These data suggest there is a dynamic, compensatory adjustment of synaptic adhesion. Such adjustment is specific only for certain cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), because labeling for SynCAM is unchanged. Together, our findings demonstrate unequivocally that β1‐integrin is an integral synaptic adhesion protein, and suggest that adhesive function at the synapse reflects a cooperative and dynamic network of multiple CAM families. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2041–;2052, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accumulated caveolae constitute subcellular compartments for glial calcium signaling in lanceolate sensory endings innervating rat vibrissae
Authors: Takahashi‐Iwanaga Hiromi , Iwanaga Toshihiko 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe terminal Schwann cells that accompany lanceolate sensory endings in the rat vibrissal follicle are known to display the small plasma membrane invaginations termed caveolae, which concentrate Ca2+ signaling molecules. We have previously shown that these cells generate Ca2+ signals at the lamellar processes covering the receptor axons through activation of the metabotropic purinoceptor P2Y2. To investigate the roles of caveolae in the spatiotemporal organization of Ca2+ signals, terminal Schwann cells were observed by immunohistochemistry for the caveola protein caveolin‐1, and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, immunohistochemical detection of P2Y2 and its coupling partner Gq/11 along with confocal image analysis of the purinergically induced glial Ca2+ responses was performed in isolated tissue preparations either treated or untreated with the caveolae eliminator methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin. Results showed the Schwann lamellae to be characterized by the presence of dense caveolae accompanying a fine tubular network of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store and by intense expression of the signaling molecules P2Y2 and Gq/11. Loss of caveolae diffusely redistributed these molecules throughout the entire cell and impaired the lamellar Ca2+ signals, both in chronological priority (preceding the global cell response) and in spatial integrity (involving the entire length of the processes). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a subcellular accumulation of caveolae underlying compartmentalized glial Ca2+ signals that can couple with local effects on the accompanying axon terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2053–2066, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Density gradients of vesicular glutamate‐ and GABA transporter‐immunoreactive boutons in calbindin‐ and μ‐opioid receptor‐defined compartments in the rat striatum
Authors: Wouterlood Floris G. , Härtig Wolfgang , Groenewegen Henk J. , Voorn Pieter 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCortical and subcortical inputs to the striatum are functionally highly organized and they obey to some extent striatal patch‐matrix topography. Whether this organization is reflected in the density of various glutamatergic endings is unknown. We therefore mapped boutons expressing the vesicular glutamate transporters VGluT1 and VGluT2, together with boutons immunoreactive for vesicular γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT) in patch and matrix throughout the striatum. We used triple‐immunofluorescence staining followed by multichannel, high‐magnification confocal laser scanning and 3D object recognition. Densities of VGluT1 and VGluT2 boutons were on average higher in matrix than in patches in all striatal sectors. The dorsal one‐third of the striatum contained the highest densities of VGluT1 boutons. Subsequent 3D surface plotting revealed patterns of density “valleys” in the dorsomedial striatum coinciding with patch locations in the patch‐matrix mapping. The density of VGluT1 boutons increased along three axes: ventrolateral‐to‐dorsomedial, ventral‐to‐dorsal, and lateral‐to‐medial. In contrast, VGluT2 showed a global increase in density from lateral to medial and a relatively high density in the ventral striatum. VGAT appeared more evenly distributed in the striatal patch‐matrix than the VGluTs, with a tendency of bouton density to increase from medial to lateral. We noted a good correlation between the high VGluT1 bouton density dorsomedially with inputs from dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and related thalamic regions, and the enhanced VGluT2 input ventromedially with input from ventral medial prefrontal cortex and thalamic, amygdaloid, and hippocampal sources. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2123–2142, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are Unsaturated Isocyanides so Different from the Corresponding Nitriles?
Authors: Chrostowska Anna , Matrane Abdellatif , Maki Daisuke , Khayar Said , Ushiki Hideharu , Graciaa Alain , Belachemi Larbi , Guillemin Jean‐Claude 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSimple unsaturated and cyclopropylic isocyanides are synthesized by an efficient and simple approach. These compounds with gradually increasing distance between the unsaturated moiety and the isonitrile group are studied by UV photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations, and also compared to the corresponding nitriles. The first photoelectron band of the unsaturated compounds is linked to removal of an electron from the HOMO, which corresponds to CC multiple‐bond ionization in antibonding interaction with the π‐isocyanide bond (in the same plane) for conjugated systems, or in antibonding interaction with the pseudo‐π‐CH2 group for isolated systems. For the 1‐ethenyl derivatives, both cyano and isocyano groups act as a π‐electron acceptor from the vinyl group, but the isocyano π system is much more strongly destabilized (ionization energies (IEs) shift to smaller values) by vinyl (3.12 eV) than the cyano π system is (2.70 eV). In comparison with the 1‐ethynyl derivatives, a less pronounced destabilization (2.69 eV) of πNC by the ethynyl system (1.86 eV for πCN), and nearly the same order of magnitude of the energetic gap between the total antibonding (πCC−πNC) and the total bonding (πCC+πNC) IEs for ethenyl and ethynyl compounds are noted. The huge values of these last‐named data for H2CCHNC (3.85 eV) and for HCCNC (4.04 eV) reflect the strong interaction between the unsaturated carbon–carbon moiety and the isocyanide group, and thus more efficient conjugation than for the corresponding nitriles.
Parity violation and parity conservation in unstirred crystallization: Effect of first crystals
Authors: Szurgot M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractStatistics of nucleation of chiral forms was studied to establish the effect of the number of first crystals and their handedness on distributions of enantiomers. Various bimodal, trimodal and unimodal distributions are obtained in unstirred crystallization, depending on the number of initial crystals and growth conditions. The binomial distribution satisfactorily describes experimental distributions of enantiomeric excess and may be used to predict distributions and probabilities of nucleation of enantiomers. The first nucleated crystals determine the handedness of secondary crystals, and number of initial crystals governs statistics of chiral nucleation. According to the binomial distribution if single crystals nucleate as the first, the bimodal distributions result with D and L peaks. If LD, LL, and DD pairs are nucleated as first, trimodal distributions with D, R, and L peaks are created, and if groups of crystals of various handedness nucleate as the first the unimodal distributions of enantiomeric excess with racemate R peaks are formed. Chiral nucleation experiments on sodium bromate were the basis for the theoretical considerations and verifications of predictions resulting from binomial distributions on probabilities of the creation of L and D crystals, and racemates, and the presence of D, L, and R peaks in the distributions. Growth conditions affect the number of the first crystals and effectiveness of cloning, and as a result, the distributions of enantiomers. Formation of pure enantiomers and/or racemates proves that the conservation of chiral symmetry, and the breakage of chiral symmetry can occur in unstirred crystallization. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fundamentals and practice of metal contacts to wide band gap semiconductor devices
Authors: Borysiewicz M. A. , Kamińska E. , Myśliwiec M. , Wzorek M. , Kuchuk A. , Barcz A. , Dynowska E. , di Forte‐Poisson M.‐A. , Giesen C. , Piotrowska A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPresented are the theoretical and experimental fundamentals of the fabrication of ohmic contacts to n‐ and p‐type wide band gap semiconductors such as SiC and GaN. In particular, the Ni‐Si/n‐SiC, Al‐Ti/p‐SiC, Ti‐Al/n‐GaN and Ni‐Au/p‐GaN systems are discussed with the focus on the thermally activated chemical reactions taking place at the metal‐semiconductor interface, that lead to the appearance of ohmic behaviour in the contact. Examples of reactions at very intimate interfaces are shown, which are irresolvable using even such sophisticated characterisation methods as high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and can only be explained using modelling. The issue of thermal stability of the contacts is discussed and the introduction of specifically designed diffusion barriers (eg. Ta‐Si‐N) into the contact metallisation stack is presented as a solution improving drastically the thermal stability of the contacts without degrading their electrical properties. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly Stable Noble‐Metal Nanoparticles in Tetraalkylphosphonium Ionic Liquids for in situ Catalysis
Authors: Banerjee Abhinandan , Theron Robin , Scott Robert W. J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGold and palladium nanoparticles were prepared by lithium borohydride reduction of the metal salt precursors in tetraalkylphosphonium halide ionic liquids in the absence of any organic solvents or external nanoparticle stabilizers. These colloidal suspensions remained stable and showed no nanoparticle agglomeration over many months. A combination of electrostatic interactions between the coordinatively unsaturated metal nanoparticle surface and the ionic‐liquid anions, bolstered by steric protection offered by the bulky alkylated phosphonium cations, is likely to be the reason behind such stabilization. The halide anion strongly absorbs to the nanoparticle surface, leading to exceptional nanoparticle stability in halide ionic liquids; other tetraalkylphosphonium ionic liquids with non‐coordinating anions, such as tosylate and hexafluorophosphate, show considerably lower affinities towards the stabilization of nanoparticles. Palladium nanoparticles stabilized in the tetraalkylphosphonium halide ionic liquid were stable, efficient, and recyclable catalysts for a variety of hydrogenation reactions at ambient pressures with sustained activity. Aerial oxidation of the metal nanoparticles occurred over time and was readily reversed by re‐reduction of oxidized metal salts.
Developments of TaN ALD Process for 3D Conformal Coatings
Authors: Brizé Virginie , Prieur Thomas , Violet Perrine , Artaud Laurent , Berthomé Grégory , Blanquet Elisabeth , Boichot Raphaël , Coindeau Stéphane , Doisneau Béatrice , Farcy Alexis , Mantoux Arnaud , Nuta Ioana , Pons Michel , Volpi Fabien 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThere is a growing interest in producing tantalum nitride (TaN) thin films for various industrial applications. For example, in microelectronics, the development of IC technology is driven by the need to increase both performance and functionality while reducing power and cost. This goal can be achieved by several solutions among which the introduction of architecture enhancements such as 3D integration. The most challenging step is the deposition of a conformal, continuous, and adherent diffusion barrier. In this work, atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TaN thin films is explored using the combination between the thermodynamical behavior of the precursor, mass transfer in the reactor, and the operating conditions. TaN thin film deposition on very complex shape substrates, such as nanodots, TSV, silicon nanowires, and carbon nanotubes, has been evaluated.
The MicroRNA miR‐8 is a positive regulator of pigmentation and eclosion in Drosophila
Authors: Kennell Jennifer A. , Cadigan Ken M. , Shakhmantsir Iryna , Waldron Evan J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non‐coding RNAs that post‐transcriptionally silence gene expression by binding to target mRNAs. Previous studies have identified the miRNA miR‐8 as a pleiotropic regulator of Drosophila development, controlling body size and neuronal survival by targeting multiple mRNAs. In this study we demonstrate that miR‐8 is also required for proper spatial patterning of pigment on the adult abdominal cuticle in females but not males. Results: Female adult flies lacking miR‐8 exhibit decreased pigmentation of the dorsal abdomen, with a pattern of pigmentation similar to wild type flies grown at higher temperatures. This pigmentation defect in miR‐8 mutants is independent of the previously reported body size defect, and miR‐8 acts directly in the developing cuticle to regulate pigmentation patterning. The decrease in pigmentation in miR‐8 mutants was more pronounced in flies grown at higher temperatures. We also found that loss of miR‐8 dramatically affected the ability to eclose at higher temperatures. Conclusion: Loss of miR‐8 increased the sensitivity of Drosophila to higher temperatures for both pigmentation patterning and the ability to eclose. Together, these data suggest that miR‐8 acts as a buffer to stabilize gene expression patterns in the midst of environmental variation. Developmental Dynamics 241:161–168, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sox10‐iCreERT2: A mouse line to inducibly trace the neural crest and oligodendrocyte lineage
Authors: Simon Christiane , Lickert Heiko , Götz Magdalena , Dimou Leda 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSOX10 is a well‐conserved and widely expressed transcription factor involved in the regulation of embryonic development and in the determination of cell fate. As it is expressed in neural crest cells, their derivatives and the oligodendrocyte lineage, mutations of the protein contribute to a variety of diseases like neurocristopathies, peripheral demyelinating neuropathies, and melanoma. Here, we report the generation of an inducible Sox10‐iCreERT2 BAC transgenic mouse line that labels, depending on the timepoint of induction, distinct derivatives of the otic placode and the neural crest as well as cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Surprisingly, we could show a neural crest origin of pericytes in the brain. Besides its use for fate‐mapping, the Sox10‐iCreERT2 mouse line is a powerful tool to conditionally inactivate genes in the neural crest cells, their progeny and/or the oligodendrocyte lineage in a time‐dependent fashion to gain further insights into their function and contribution to diseases. genesis 50:506–515, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.