bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Random Dispersion of Metal Nanoparticles Can Form a Laser Cavity
Authors: Murai Shunsuke , Fujita Koji , Meng Xiangeng , Tanaka Katsuhisa 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Metal nanoparticles are efficient scatterers for light at around the frequency of localized surface plasmon resonance. By randomly dispersing such strong scatterers in a gain material, a laser system is achieved. Multiple scattering leads to an optical feedback that selects lasing modes. This type of laser is called random laser and has been developed using dielectric scatterers. This article highlights the application of metal nanoparticles to random laser and emphasizes the advantages of metallic scatterers compared to dielectric scatterers.
Electrochemical Capacitor Properties of NiO in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Makino Sho , Takasu Yoshio , Sugimoto Wataru 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The electrochemical capacitor properties of dip-coated NiO/Ni were studied in six different ionic liquids and compared with a typical nonaqueous electrolyte and an alkaline electrolyte. A 3 V working potential for the ionic liquids leads to a larger energy density when compared to KOH electrolyte, with the highest energy density obtained in EMI-BF4.
Selective Oxidation of Hydrazides Using o-Iodoxybenzoic Acid to Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Aldehydes
Authors: Takale Balaram S , Telvekar Vikas N 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A selective method for conversion of hydrazide to corresponding aldehydes, acids, and esters by using hypervalent iodine reagent o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) has been developed under different reaction conditions. The developed method is mild and gives moderate to good yields for both aliphatic and aromatic substrates.
One-pot Preparation of Antioxidized Copper Fine Particles with a Unique Structure by Chemical Reduction at Room Temperature
Authors: Yonezawa Tetsu , Nishida Naoki , Hyono Atsushi 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A one-pot and single-step reduction process for producing antioxidized copper fine particles will be described. This process can be carried out at room temperature, and size range is quite wide, from 190 nm to 1 µm by varying the amount of gelatin, the stabilizing reagent. From SEM images it is revealed that higher loading of gelatin gave larger but relatively uniform particles. However, XRD patterns indicated that the large particles were composed of smaller particles; that is, they had a “particle-in-particle” structure. Cross-sectional TEM image strongly supports this structure and indicates that gelatin is a good antioxidizing coating material which kept 5-nm copper metallic.
Preparation and Characterization of Polydopamine-coated Silver Core/Shell Nanocables
Authors: Zhang Min , Zhang Xihao , He Xiwen , Chen Langxing , Zhang Yukui 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This paper describes for the first time a simple method to synthesize polydopamine-coated Ag nanocable with well-defined core–shell structure. The morphology, structure, and composition of the products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray power diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Upright Structuring of Functional Carboxylate Anchored on Benzoate/Cu(110) Molecular Template Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Katano Satoshi , Hori Masafumi , Rabot Caroline , Kim Yousoo , Kawai Maki 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Geometric control of p-aminobenzoate adsorbed on Cu(110) substrate has been demonstrated using the benzoate molecular template. Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to elucidate the local structures and electronic states of adsorbates on the molecular template.
William Hogarth's A Harlot's Progress: the beginnings of a purely pictographic sequential language
Authors: Bartual Roberto 
Published: April 2010

There have been numerous attempts to draw attention to the role of William Hogarth in the history of sequential art. Scott McCloud has cited Hogarth as one of the precursors of pictographic narratives, and Robert Crumb acknowledged the influence that the English engraver and painter
has had in his work. But in spite of constant homage, it still remains unclear in which ways the language of comics is indebted to the narrative techniques Hogarth applied in sequential groups of engravings such as A Harlot's Progress, The Rake's Progress, Marriage -la-Mode or Industry
and Idleness.
Hogarth's scholars have thoroughly studied the aesthetic aspects of his work but generally dismissed its sequential devices, with the fortunate exception of David Kunzle, who placed Hogarth's sequential prints in the much wider context of the European broadsheet and the
narrative strip. The purpose of this article is to analyse in a systematic manner Hogarth's sequential devices using his first long narration, A Harlot's Progress (1732), as a paradigm of his narrative style. It will use C. S. Peirce's terminology to distinguish between two types of
pictographic signs: symbols, which are systematically inserted in the dramatic setting in order to give metaphoric clues to the personality and background of the characters; and indexes, which function in a metonymic manner as causal clues to the events not depicted in the image. This distinction
will allow us to defend our central thesis in this article: these two types of visual signs, metaphoric and metonymic, which allowed Hogarth to evoke unrepresented events in the blank space between images, are the starting point of a purely pictographic sequential language that, after undergoing
many transformations, eventually led to what we call comics today.
Fumigation of Imported Shelled Peanuts with Methyl Bromide1
Authors: Leesch J. G. , Redlinger L. M. , Young C. T. , Sukkestad D. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Imported shelled peanuts were fumigated with methyl bromide at temperatures and dosages corresponding to quarantine-type fumigations against khapra beetles, Trogoderma granarium Everts. Samples of fumigated peanuts were analyzed independently by four laboratories for bromide residues and five laboratories conducted organoleptic tests of roasted peanuts. Sorption of methyl bromide during fumigation ranged from 89.3 to 71.4% of the dosage applied at temperatures ranging from 27.6 to 4.4 C, respectively. Bromide residues ranged from 70.2 to 286.3 ppm depending upon dosage - temperature combination and source of analysis. Organoleptic tests by 4 of the laboratories showed no flavor differences between treated and untreated peanuts while 1 laboratory obtained significant flavor differences between a paste made of treated peanuts and a paste made from untreated peanuts.
Seedcoat Splitting in Peanut — Its Inheritance and Relationship with Seed Weight1
Authors: Bovi M. L. A. , Norden A. J. , Gorbet D. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Seedcoat splitting in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) can have direct effects on market quality, germination, and susceptibility of seeds to invasion by fungi. Six parental genotypes with differing degrees of seedcoat splitting were crossed with three non-splitting genotypes, and the F1, F2, and F3 seedcoat generations were investigated to determine the inheritance of the seedcoat splitting trait and its effects on germination. Mature seeds were classified according to the number and extent of splits in the seedcoat. Individual seed weights and germination data were recorded.
In crosses involving genotypes with large differences in seed weight, the F1 seedcoat generation tended to be closer to the smaller parent in splitting percentages. Highly significant phenotypic correlations were obtained between seed weight and seedcoat splitting which led to the conclusion that segregation for seed weight can confound or mask the seedcoat splitting trait.
In crosses of geneotypes with similar seed weight, the F2 and F3 seedcoat generations had mean seed weights below that of both parents. Natural selection for non-splitting seedcoats seemed to be involved in the decreased number of heavier seeds in those populations. Seeds with split seedcoat germinated less than non-split seeds under field and laboratory conditions. As a consequence of the lower germination percentage, the population means tended to skew toward the smaller seed weight, which was represented to a greater degree by the non-split seeds.
Genetic models were proposed for crosses in which the parents were similar in seed weight and significantly different in splitting percentage. F2 populations revealed monogenic inheritance with additive effects in one cross, and also two unusual segregations which suggested duplicate additive and complementary gene action. Natural selection for non-split seeds appeared to bias the results. F1 data, in some crosses, revealed some degree of dominance for the splitting trait, although subsequent generations presented seedcoat splitting as a recessive trait. It appears that the selective germination of split seeds affected the genetic ratios, and should be considered in further studies.
A Preliminary Classification of Selected White Testa Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) by Flavonoid Analysis
Authors: Daigle D. J. , Conkerton Edith J. , Hammons Ray O. , Branch W. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The testa and defatted flours of 32 white testa and the krinkleleaf tan spanish peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were analyzed for flavonoids in order to classify these peanuts for breeding purposes. Flavonoids were extracted from the testa and flours with aqueous methanol. These extracts were analyzed for flavonoids by high pressure liquid chromatography. UV spectrometry was used to identify the compounds. These flavonoids were principally sugar derivatives of the aglycones quercetin, rhamnetin, and isorhamnetin. Two other aglycones were detected and tentatively identified as isoflavones. From these data, it was possible to classify the 32 white testa and the krinkleleaf genotypes into several groups based upon the presence, absence, or ratio of various flavonoid compounds.
Field Performance of Two Peanut Cultivars Relative to Aflatoxin Contamination
Authors: Davidson J. I. , Hill R. A. , Cole R. J. , Mixon A. C. , Henning R. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Two runner-type peanut cultivars, “Sunbelt Runner” and “Florunner,” were compared under differing field conditions for contamination of the seed by Aspergillus flavus Link and aflatoxin. Laboratory tests had shown marked differences in resistance between the two cultivars. Peanuts were grown on three nonirrigated farms during 1980 using two planting dates and three harvest dates for each cultivar. Peanuts grown on two farms experienced moderate to severe drought stress and both cultivars contained high levels of aflatoxin. Peanuts on the third farm received adequate rainfall and contained very low levels of aflatoxin. Microflora, grade and aflatoxin data showed that Sunbelt Runner (reported to be resistant to A. flavus infection) had no advantage over Florunner (reported to have moderate resistance to A. flavus) in reducing levels of A. flavus and subsequent aflatoxin contamination under field conditions. Levels of infection and contamination were related primarily to environmental conditions, (especially drought stress), during pod maturation. These and prior results show that the current laboratory assay method for selecting resistant lines should be carefully reassessed.
Genetic Variability and Heritability Estimates Based on the F2 Generation from Crosses of Large-Seeded Virginia-Type Peanuts with Lines Resistant to Cylindrocladium Black Rot1
Authors: Green C. C. , Wynne J. C. , Beute M. K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Selection of large-fruited, high-yielding Cylindrocladium black rot — (CBR) resistant lines from two sets of crosses, each set consisting of crosses in F2 generation between a virginia and two CBR-resistant lines, was evaluated to determine the potential for selecting cultivars with these traits. Heritabilities, phenotypic and genotypic correlations and estimates of additive and nonadditive genetic effects were determined for yield and fruit traits at two locations and CBR resistance at one location. Crosses with NC 2 as a parent had higher levels of CBR resistance than those with Florigiant as the common virginia-type parent. Heritability estimates for the necrosis index (CBR resistance) were high while estimates for yield and fruit traits were variable over crosses and locations. The necrosis index was significantly and negatively correlated with all fruit and yield traits for three of the four crosses indicating it should be possible to select high-yielding, largefruited lines with low levels of disease from three crosses. Only significant additive genetic effects were found for CBR resistance. Significant additive and nonadditive genetic effects were found for the yield and fruit traits. Estimates of additive and non-additive genetic effects indicate that early generation selection for CBR resistance should be effective, whereas selection for yield and fruit traits would be more effective in later generations.
Relative Susceptibilities of Component Lines of Peanut Cultivars Early Bunch and Florunner to Early and Late Leafspots1
Authors: Jackson L. F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Seedlings of component lines of peanut cultivars ‘Early Bunch’ and ‘Floninner’ were inoculated in the greenhouse with spore suspensions of each of 18 isolates of both Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum. Symptoms developed on Florunner lines within 5 to 7 and 9 to 11 days after inoculation with isolates of C. arachidicola and C. personatum, respectively. Symptoms developed on Early Bunch lines within 6 to 8 and 8 to 10 days after inoculation with isolates of C. arachidicola and C. personatum, respectively. Defoliation of Florunner and Early Bunch lines began within 11 to 14 and 14 to 17 days, respectively, following inoculation with isolates of C. arachidicola. Although variation in disease caused by isolates of the fungi was statistically significant, the susceptibilities of the component lines of the cultivars were not significantly different.
Seed Mineral Composition of Diverse Peanut Germplasm1
Authors: Branch W. D. , Gaines T. P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed is of major concern to the grower, processor, and consumer. Past investigations have mainly focused upon organic compounds, thus basic information pertaining to inorganic elements is relatively sparse. A chemical evaluation study was conducted over a three-year period to determine the concentration of elemental constituents among diverse germplasm and to examine the extent of correlation among element concentrations. Twenty-six distinct genotypes were analyzed for N, K, P, S, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, B, and Cu.
Significant differences were found among the germplasm lines for each of the inorganic elements. In general, the means were within the ranges that have been previously reported. Both highly significant positive and negative relationships were observed for several elemental combinations. The largest correlation was negative between seed Ca and K concentrations. These data indicate that careful consideration should be given to the selection method used in a breeding program for improving the compositional balance of peanut seed.
Reproductive Efficiency of Cultivated Peanuts. V. Response of Parental and Virginia (NC 4) x Spanish (C2) Hybrid Families to Changes in Photoperiod1
Authors: Emery Donald A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Spanish-type C2 and virginia-type NC 4 peanut plants were compared in 9H (9 hours light phase and 15 hours dark phase) and 9H + 3 (9 hours light phase with 15 hours dark phase interrupted with 3 hours of low intensity light) photoperiods. C2 tended to produce greater plant weights and increased numbers of flowers in long-day treatments when compared to short-day treatments but peg growth, fruit per flowers, fruits per plant, and seed weights were drastically reduced in 9H + 3 photoperiods. NC 4, on the contrary, had only slight reductions in reproductive efficiency when exposed to long days. C2 plants produce more early flowers, less pegs per flower, but more fruit per peg than NC 4 plants in 9H photoperiods. F1 plants from crosses between C2 and NC 4 had approximately the same plant weights as the NC 4 parent, but significantly greater reproductive efficiency than the virginia-type parent when grown in 9H light treatments. Neither the position of the peg on the plant nor the light treatment of the maternal parent appeared to influence peg growth on F1 plants. Significant differences in the growth of pegs bearing F1 embryos from reciprocal crosses were noted, however. F2 plants were selected from 9H, 9H + 3, and 15H light treatments which produced more virginia-type fruits and more pegs per early flower than the NC 4 (virginia-type) parent.
Control of Early and Late Leafspot on Two Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Shokes F. M. , Gorbet D. W. , Jackson L. F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The effectiveness of four fungicides for control of Cercospora arachidicola Hori (CA) and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk and Curt.) Deighton (CP) on Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Florunner’ and ‘Early Bunch’ was evaluated in 1978 and 1979. Chlorothalonil (3.5 liters/ha) + flowable sulfur on a 10-day schedule (T1) gave the best control of both leafspots. Chlorothalonil alone (2.3 liters/ha) on a 14-day schedule (T2) provided better disease control and higher pod yields than three other fungicide treatments on both cultivars in 1979. With reduced disease pressure in 1980, triphenytin hydroxide + flowable sulfur and mancozeb + flowable sulfur were almost as effective as T1 and T2 in maintaining high pod yield on Florunner. Yields were significantly less both years on Early Bunch for all treatments other than T1 and T2. The incidence of CA leafspot was low both years and CP was the predominant leafspot pathogen. Significantly higher numbers of CP lesions were observed on Early Bunch than on Florunner at 70 and 90 days after planting (DAP) in 1979 and at 110 DAP in 1980. Numbers of CA lesions on the two cultivars were not significantly different. Average pod yields across fungicide treatments of the two cultivars were not significantly different in 1979 or 1980. Differences in disease levels and pod yields were greater among fungicide treatments than between cultivars.
Factors Influencing Nitrogenase Activity (Acetylene Reduction) by Root Nodules of Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L.
Authors: Nambiar P. T. C. , Dart P. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Acetylene reduction assay, used to measure nitrogenase activity of legume root nodules, is influenced by environmental factors, which limit its application. The effects of some of the environmental factors on acetylene reduction by groundnut root nodules are described. The activity was nonlinear during the first hour of incubation. Assay temperature above 25 C decreased the activity. Washing the nodulated roots prior to the assay also decreased the activity. The activity was influenced by light intensity, soil moisture, and moisture content in the incubation bottle. Diurnal fluctuation with one maximum and one minimum activity period during a 24 hour cycle was observed. Nitrogenase activity was higher during the postrainy season compared to that of the rainy season. A virginia cultivar Kadiri-71 had higher nitrogenase activity than a dwarf valencia cultivar, MH 2.
Resistance of Wild Species of Peanut to an Insect Complex1
Authors: Stalker H. T. , Campbell W. V. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A complex of insects which can cause moderate to severe crop damage attacks peanuts in the North Carolina-Virginia production area. Wild species representing the seven sections of the genus Arachis L. were evaluated for resistance to tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds), corn earworm (Heliothis zea Bodie), and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris) during a 3-year field study. Very high levels of resistance for these insects were identified in several species collections. Because collections in section Arachis were among the species with the highest resistance levels, utilization of the germplasm resources to improve cultivated peanuts should be possible. In addition to evaluating species collections, 40-chromosome (A. hypogaea x wild species) hybrid derivatives were evaluated for resistance to the three insect pests plus southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber). Selections with resistance levels equal to or greater than the cultivar NC 6 were made for corn earworm and southern corn rootworm. Laboratory tests of several Arachis species indicated that a mechanism of resistance to H. zea is antibiosis. Because the levels of resistance to several insects have been greatly increased in lines of A. hypogaea, evidence exists for germplasm introgression from wild to the cultivated species of peanuts.
Resistance to Peanut Stunt Virus in Cultivated and Wild Arachis Species
Authors: Herbert T. T. , Stalker H. T. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Approximately 4000 lines (cultivars, introductions, breeding lines, and radiation-induced mutants) of cultivated peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) were tested for resistance to peanut stunt virus (PSV), and all were susceptible to PSV infection. Twenty-one lines were less severely damaged than the others. In addition, 90 collections of wild Arachis species including 55 members of section Rhizomatosae, 17 of Arachis, 16 of Erectoides, and one each of Caulorhizae and Extranervosae were tested. Several collections in sections Arachis, Caulorhizae, Erectoides and Rhizomatosae were highly resistant to PSV. Collections of A. duranensis, A. villosa, and a hybrid derivative of A. villosa-A. correntina have the most immediate potential for utilization. The reactions of a few F1 hybrids of Arachis species indicated that resistance to peanut stunt virus is not conditioned by a single dominant gene. Resistance of wild species could be used to develop resistant cultivars.
Effects of Applied Plant Nutrients on Sclerotinia Blight Incidence in Peanuts1
Authors: Hallock D. L. , Porter D. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in Southampton County, Virginia in 1978 and 1979 on Altavista loamy fine sand (Aquic Hapludult) to determine whether applied nutrients affect the severity of Sclerotinia blight in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Sclerotinia minor. Soil or foliar applications of N, K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Zn, Fe, B, S, and Cl were evaluated alone and/or in various combinations and formulations. Multiple Zn or Cu sprays applied on the foliage suppressed Sclerotinia blight symptoms most during fruit development. Yields in plots sprayed with four 1.12-kg/ha applications of Zn were 1,965 kg/ha greater than in untreated plots in 1978. Four 2.24 kg/ha sprays of Zn increased yields 810 kg/ha in 1979. In 1978, CuSO4 sprayed in a manner similar to ZnSO4 was the second most effective treatment among the simple nutrient materials. Zinc and Cu (sulfates) applied in a multi-nutrient commercial material which also contains Mn, Ca, and P suppressed Sclerotinia blight symptoms nearly as effectively as ZnSO4 sprays. Soil applied Zn or Cu (sulfates) at rates of 22.4 and 11.2 kg/ha, respectively, were relatively ineffective. Sequestrene Cu applied in four 0.56 kg/ha sprays of Cu suppressed Sclerotinia blight as effectively as four 2.24 kg/ha Zn sprays in 1979. Also, Sequestrene Zn and THIS Cu applied similarly to Sequestrene Cu decreased the disease symptoms in 1979.