bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Art and Design Blogs: a Socially‐Wise Approach to Creativity
Authors: Budge Kylie 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMany images of the ‘artist’ or ‘designer’ pervade the media and popular consciousness. Contemporary images of the artist and creativity that focus solely on the individual offer a very narrow depiction of the varying ways creativity occurs for artists and designers. These images do not capture the variety of creative processes and myriad ways artists and designers work. Young creatives in particular are choosing to work with a social approach to creativity. An example of this approach is the world of blogging, a form of social media where young creatives have a very active voice. This article explores how creative bloggers, that is, artists, designers and makers who blog about their practice, use a social approach to foster creativity with a sense of community, environmental and ethical awareness, a value framework that is in opposition to the market‐driven notion of liberal individualism. Is there a way to include participation in the broader art and design blogging world as part of art and design education? What can we learn from such a social approach to learning in higher education art and design programmes? This article explores these questions and shares findings of an ethnographic approach to an analysis of art and design blogs. In doing so it argues for a socially‐wise approach to creativity in art and design education as a means of promoting values other than those usually connected to the market.
A Shared Place of Discovery and Creativity: Practices of Contemporary Art and Design Pedagogy
Authors: Page Tara 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article is based on a project that explored the practices of art and design beginning teachers (BTs) working with learners in a post‐age‐16 context. The aim of the project was to: explore contemporary art and design practices; explore the concept of artist teacher learner researcher; enable beginning teachers to collaborate with post‐age‐16 pupils and develop new approaches and strategies to art and design pedagogy. Through practices that blurred learner‐teacher identities a dialectical pedagogy emerged and a collaborative community of practice developed, all enabled through a renegotiation and reconceptualising of places of learning. The beginning teachers also started to construct their artist teacher identities, understand what it means to practise as an artist teacher in the classroom, understand the impact of these practices on teaching and learning and develop new learning and teaching methods. This project demonstrates the possibilities of these practices for contemporary art and design pedagogy and also how these practices can endure and be sustainable for this community of beginning teachers in the current cultural, social and political contexts of education.
Against Nature: Sodomy and Homosexuality in Colonial Latin America
Authors: Tortorici Zeb 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSince the early 1980s, historians have increasingly turned their attention toward the topics of sodomy and “homosexuality” in colonial Latin America. Contemporaries referred to such crimes – prosecuted by criminal courts or the Holy Office of the Inquisition, depending on locale and jurisdiction – as either the pecado nefando (the nefarious sin), the pecado contra natura (sin against nature), or sodomía (sodomy). This, however, has not dissuaded historians from applying the terms “lesbian,”“gay,”“homosexual,” and “queer” to historical subjects. This paper highlights some of the major trends and debates that have shaped the historiography of sodomy in colonial Latin America, focusing on disagreements over which partner (“active” or “passive”) was punished more harshly, whether sodomy was seen as a form of heresy, and how to best identify and characterize historical subjects in the past. The essay concludes by offering some suggestions for the future development of the field, and advocates for historians to focus on the category of the “unnatural” (contra natura) rather than limit themselves to same‐sex sexuality. A focus on the unnatural essentially allows historians to speak of autoeroticism, erotic religious visions, same‐sex solicitation, sodomy, and bestiality in conjunction with one another, thus offering a more nuanced view of the intersections of gender, sexuality, desire, and colonialism between the late 16th and early 19th centuries.
Decomposing Associations Between Acculturation and Drinking in Mexican Americans
Authors: Mills Britain A. , Caetano Raul 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundAcculturation to life in the United States is a known predictor of Hispanic drinking behavior. We compare the ability of 2 theoretical models of this effect—sociocultural theory and general stress theory—to account for associations between acculturation and drinking in a sample of Mexican Americans. Limitations of previous evaluations of these theoretical models are addressed using a broader range of hypothesized cognitive mediators and a more direct measure of acculturative stress. In addition, we explore nonlinearities as possible underpinnings of attenuated acculturation effects among men.MethodsRespondents (N = 2,595, current drinker N = 1,351) were interviewed as part of 2 recent multistage probability samples in a study of drinking behavior among Mexican Americans in the United States. The ability of norms, drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, and acculturation stress to account for relations between acculturation and drinking outcomes (volume and heavy drinking days) were assessed with a hierarchical linear regression strategy. Nonlinear trends were assessed by modeling quadratic effects of acculturation and acculturation stress on cognitive mediators and drinking outcomes.ResultsConsistent with previous findings, acculturation effects on drinking outcomes were stronger for women than men. Among women, only drinking motives explained acculturation associations with volume or heavy drinking days. Among men, acculturation was linked to increases in norms, and norms were positive predictors of drinking outcomes. However, adjusted effects of acculturation were nonexistent or trending in a negative direction, which counteracted this indirect normative influence. Acculturation stress did not explain the positive associations between acculturation and drinking.ConclusionsStress and alcohol outcome expectancies play little role in the positive linear association between acculturation and drinking outcomes, but drinking motives appear to at least partially account for this effect. Consistent with recent reports, these results challenge stress models of linear acculturation effects on drinking outcomes and provide (partial) support for sociocultural models. Inconsistent mediation patterns—rather than nonlinearities—represented a more plausible statistical description of why acculturation‐drinking associations are weakened among men.
Prolonged Urinary Detection Times of EtG and EtS in Patients with Decreased Renal Function
Authors: Høiseth Gudrun , Nordal Kristin , Pettersen Eirik , Mørland Jørg 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundThe aims of this study were to investigate detection times for ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS) in urine samples of patients with decreased kidney function and to compare these with those previously reported for healthy volunteers.MethodsFourteen patients were included, each delivering 10 urine samples after a nonsupervised intake of 0.1 to 1.4 g ethanol/kg body weight. The urinary detection times of EtG and EtS in these patients were adjusted for doses and compared to previously published healthy volunteers.ResultsDetection times were significantly longer in patients with decreased renal function compared with healthy volunteers (p < 0.01 for both EtG and EtS).ConclusionsEven after very minor alcohol intakes, these patients could fail alcohol tests based on the detection of conjugated ethanol metabolites for several days and wrongly be suspected of higher or more recent alcohol intakes than actually have found place.
Development of New Demi‐Span Equations From a Nationally Representative Sample of Older People to Estimate Adult Height
Authors: Hirani Vasant , Aresu Maria 
Published: February 2012

ObjectivesTo develop new equations for the calculation of body mass index (BMI) of adults aged 65 and older for when an actual height measurement may not be possible or reflect attained height because of loss of height with aging or conditions such as kyphosis or osteoporosis.DesignCross‐sectional, nationally representative samples; data from 1994, 2000 2005, and 2007.SettingAdults aged 65 and older living in England.ParticipantsTwo thousand four hundred fifty‐four noninstitutitionalized adults aged 65 and older taking part in the Health Survey for England (HSE).MeasurementsHeight and demi‐span measurements (defined as the distance between the mid‐point of the sternal notch and the finger roots with the arm outstretched laterally) were taken according to standard procedures.ResultsSex‐ and age‐specific regression equations were produced from measured height and demi‐span (DEH) using HSE 2005 data to develop new DEH equations (DEHage) from people aged 65 and older. The derived DEHage equation was applied to the HSE data for 1994, 2000, and 2007 to attempt to test its reliability. Analysis showed that DEHage predicts current height better than when using the Bassey equation (DEHBassey). DEHage can be used instead of a height measurement to derive other anthropometric indices such as body mass index (BMI) in older people.ConclusionThe new equations developed for predicting current height in older people can be used to calculate BMI more accurately in older people.
Lower Body Functioning Prevalence and Correlates in Older American Indians in a Southeastern Tribe: The Native Elder Care Study
Authors: Goins R. Turner , Innes Kim , Dong Lili 
Published: February 2012

The objective of this study was to use performance‐based measurements to identify, in a population of community‐dwelling American Indians aged 55 and older, the prevalence and correlates of lower body functioning. Data were collected as part of a cross‐sectional study of disability from members of a tribe in the southeast. Lower body functioning was measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), where higher scores reflect better functioning. Independent variables included age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, current cigarette smoking, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), hearing loss, vision loss, bone or joint trauma, chronic pain syndrome, osteoporosis, medical comorbidity, and depressive symptomatology. The total composite SPPB score (8.8 ± 3.4) declined significantly with increasing age and was negatively associated with unmarried status, physical inactivity, vision loss, bone or joint trauma, and medical comorbidity after adjustment for all other factors in the model. Likewise, all individual SPPB component scores declined significantly with increasing age and were negatively associated with physical inactivity and comorbidity. The balance test score was significantly and negatively associated with unmarried status and vision loss; gait speed was negatively related to unmarried status; and chair stand test score was negatively related to BMI, vision loss, bone or joint trauma, and chronic pain syndrome. In the clinical setting, the SPPB can be an important screening tool for adverse health‐related events. Further studies are needed to investigate the determinants and sequelae of physical dysfunction in this population.
Frailty Transitions in the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging
Authors: Espinoza Sara E. , Jung Inkyung , Hazuda Helen 
Published: February 2012

ObjectivesTo examine frailty transitions in Mexican American (MA) and European American (EA) older adults.DesignLongitudinal, observational cohort study.SettingSocioeconomically diverse neighborhoods in San Antonio, Texas.ParticipantsThree hundred twelve MA and 285 EA community‐dwelling older adults (≥65) with frailty information at baseline (1992–1996) and transition information at follow‐up (2000/01) in the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging.MeasurementsFive frailty characteristics (weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slowness, and low physical activity), frailty score (0–5), and overall frailty state (nonfrail = 0 characteristics, prefrail = 1 or 2, frail = ≥3) were assessed at baseline. Transitions (progressed, regressed, or no change) were assessed for frailty score and state. Odds ratios (ORs) of progression and regression in individual characteristics were estimated using generalized estimating equations adjusted for age, sex, ethnic group, socioeconomic status, comorbidity, diabetes, and follow‐up interval.ResultsDiabetes mellitus with macrovascular complications (OR = 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–3.33), fewer years of education (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93–1.0) and follow‐up interval (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.17–1.46) were significant predictors of progression in any frailty characteristic. Mortality increased with greater frailty state, and prefrail individuals were more likely than frail individuals to regress.ConclusionDiabetes mellitus with macrovascular complications and fewer years of education are important predictors of progression in any frailty characteristic. Because of greater risk of death than for the nonfrail state and greater likelihood of regression than for the frail state, the prefrail state may be an optimal target for intervention.
Absence of acute adverse in vitro effects on aged AS‐1 red blood cells and thawed plasma after prolonged exposure to 13.56‐MHz radio energy
Authors: Davis Rodeina , Gottschall Jerome , Gutierrez Alfonso , Hohberger Clive , Graminske Sharon , Veeramani Dharmaraj , Holcombe Jerry 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in radio frequency identification (RFID) technology for tracking blood products to improve productivity and safety in the transfusion medicine supply chain. We conducted a limited study to assess the temperature and biologic effects after extreme exposure to 13.56‐MHz RF radiation on aged red blood cells (aRBCs) nearing their 42‐day life and three types of thawed plasma (TP).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Using a Food and Drug Administration–approved limit test protocol, test units of both aRBCs and three types of TP were subjected to high levels of RF energy for an extended duration to assess worst‐case effects compared to minimally exposed control units. Three replications were performed for each product type.RESULTS: Hemolysis after 23 to 25 hours of RF energy exposure was less than 0.3% for all test and control aRBC units and well within the 1% or less acceptance criterion. Both biologic test and temperature increase results were within acceptance criteria and consistent with earlier tests on 6‐ to 9‐day RBCs, with no detectable acceleration in cellular degradation of aRBCs. Nine different plasma coagulation factors were evaluated and, with one explainable exception, all showed less than 20% change in their measured test versus control values, meeting the acceptance criteria. The relative temperature increase between test and control units never exceeded the 1.5°C acceptance criterion for RBCs and 4°C for plasma.CONCLUSION: Use of 13.56‐MHz RFID technology is unlikely to have any significant temperature or biologic effects on aRBC and plasma units under normal operating conditions.
Reactivation of hepatitis B virus with mutated hepatitis B surface antigen in a liver transplant recipient receiving a graft from an antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen– and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen–positive donor
Authors: Blaich Annette , Manz Michael , Dumoulin Alexis , Schüttler Christian G. , Hirsch Hans H. , Gerlich Wolfram H. , Frei Reno 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) may contain antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, anti‐HBs). These anti‐HBs may lead to a misinterpretation of the actual hepatitis B immune status. Furthermore, they may not only confer protection against hepatitis B virus (HBV), but may also favor the selection of HBsAg mutants.CASE REPORT: We report a case of de novo HBV infection in a HBV‐naïve recipient with alcoholic liver disease, who received a liver from a donor with antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg, anti‐HBc) and anti‐HBs.RESULTS: A lookback investigation revealed the following: 1) Due to anti‐HBs passively acquired through FFP, the recipient was considered immune to HBV and did not receive anti‐HBV prophylaxis. 2) Within 1 year after transplantation he developed hepatitis B in absence of any elevated liver enzymes after the anti‐HBs by FFP declined. 3) Despite an infection with HBV‐containing wild‐type HBcAg, the patient did not seroconvert to anti‐HBc positivity. 4) The replicating HBV encoded two HBsAg mutations, first sQ129R and 4 months later sP127S. They map to the highly conserved “α” determinant of the HBsAg loop.CONCLUSION: 1) Passive transfer of anti‐HBs from FFP led to an erroneous pretransplant diagnosis of HBV immunity when the patient was in fact HBV‐naïve. 2) HBsAg mutations might have been selected in escape from donor's actively produced anti‐HBs and the recipient's anti‐HBs by FFP might have favored this selection. 3) It is doubtful whether hepatitis B immunoglobulin could have prevented the reactivation. 4) Antiviral prophylaxis would have been crucial.
Anti‐D in pregnant women with the RHD(IVS3+1G>A)‐associated DEL phenotype
Authors: Gardener Glenn J. , Legler Tobias J. , Hyett Jonathan A. , Liew Yew‐Wah , Flower Robert L. , Hyland Catherine A. 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women with the DEL phenotype appear to be D– by routine serology. Women with DEL phenotypes that show a partial D‐like epitope loss may develop anti‐D. It has been proposed that this alloantibody could have a deleterious effect with respect to hemolytic disease in the fetus and newborn.CASE REPORTS: Two pregnant women, one in Australia and one in Germany, were serotyped as D– and were sensitized to the D antigen. Noninvasive fetal RHD genotyping was performed to plan pregnancy management.RESULTS: In both cases the fetal RHD status could not be assigned due to the presence of a maternal DEL allele. This was suspected through detection of high RHD amplicon levels during quantitative polymerase chain reaction. For both cases extended molecular typing of the maternal genomic DNA revealed a RHD(IVS3+1G>A) allele. For case one, the D+ infant developed a mild hemolytic disease requiring phototherapy. In the second case a D– (or DEL) newborn was unaffected.CONCLUSION: Fetal genotyping from maternal plasma reveals RHD variants in pregnant women with anti‐D. Fetuses and newborns of sensitized pregnant women carrying the RHD(IVS3+1G>A) allele are at risk of hemolytic disease.
Fingerprints at the Crime-Scene: Statistically Certain, or Probable?
Authors: Neumann Cedric 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Fingerprints have been used for a century to identify criminals. But, astonishingly, fingerprint experts rely on subjective opinion, not on objective science. Yet they are required to claim absolute certainty for their judgements – a certainty that is mythical. Cedric Neumann brings probabilities and the hope of better justice to the courtroom; with Julian Champkin he explains the idea.
What a Coincidence! It's Not as Unlikely as You Think
Authors: Jones Byron , Muirhead Robb 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Evelyn Evans of New Jersey won the lottery – twice. A stranger at a party may have something unlikely in common with us. It is human nature to believe such coincidences are rare. However, Byron Jones and Robb Muirhead explain that they are common, and that we should be much more surprised if we never heard about them. People are not good at assessing probabilities, and we often do not ask the right or appropriate questions.
Potentially antigenic RBC membrane proteins in dogs with primary immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia
Authors: Tan Emmeline , Bienzle Dorothee , Shewen Patricia , Kruth Stephen , Wood Darren 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundPrimary immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs. The mechanisms underlying autoimmune reactivity remain poorly understood.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify membrane proteins of RBCs that could be antigenic in dogs with primary IMHA.MethodsAntibodies were eluted with xylene from RBCs of 12 dogs with IMHA, 4 dogs with anemia due to causes other than IMHA, and 2 healthy dogs. Pooled RBC membrane proteins were prepared from blood of 17 healthy dogs. The eluted antibodies were then analyzed by immunoblotting for interactions with the pooled membrane proteins and autologous plasma. Bands present in the 12 dogs with IMHA but not in the 6 other dogs were considered potential autoantigens and were identified by liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsRBC eluates from all 18 dogs had reactivity against band 3 protein. Antibodies to 6 additional proteins were uniquely identified in dogs with IMHA. Reactivity to calpain, complement component 3, and peroxiredoxin 2 was identified in 8, 8, and 4 of the 12 samples, respectively, from dogs with IMHA, but in none of the samples from the 6 dogs without IMHA.ConclusionsDetection of universal immune reactivity against band 3 protein probably indicates recognition of senescent RBC. Proteins uniquely recognized by antibodies in dogs with IMHA are involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis (calpain), inflammation (complement), and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (peroxiredoxin 2). It remains to be determined if these proteins are important in initiating autoimmunity or if immunoglobulins targeting these proteins develop during IMHA.
Uterine haemodynamics in young and aged pregnant mares measured using Doppler ultrasonography
Authors: OUSEY J. C. , KÖLLING M. , NEWTON R. , WRIGHT M. , ALLEN W. R. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryReason for performing study:Aged mares with endometrosis suffer higher rates of pregnancy loss than young mares, due to poor placental development. Reduced uterine blood supply may be one contributory factor.Objectives:To measure uterine artery (UA) blood flow and other Doppler indices throughout pregnancy and compare placental and foal development in young mares and aged mares.Methods:Thoroughbred mares were grouped according to age and endometrial biopsy score: 1) 6 young mares (mean age 7.3 years,Category I); 2) 6 aged mares (mean age 18.3 years,Category II). Vascular pathology was nil or mild except in one aged mare with moderate perivasculitis. Both UA were scanned fortnightly throughout pregnancy. Total blood flow volume (BFV, ml/min/kg bwt), peak systolic velocity (PSV, cm/s) and resistance index (RI) were determined by pulsed wave, Doppler ultrasound and UA diameter using B‐mode. Mixed‐effects regression analyses were used to relate vascular parameters with different predictive variables, whilst accounting for the multiple repeated measurements taken from individual horses through the duration of their pregnancies.Results:PSV, RI and total BFV were best predicted by stage of pregnancy (P<0.001; r2>78%). The UA diameter was also associated with stage of pregnancy (P<0.001; r2= 87%) and was significantly greater in the gravid horn (P<0.001). There was a tendency for lower total BFV in older mares (P<0.05) and they delivered lighter foals than young mares (P<0.05). Gross placental morphometry was similar, but microscopic surface density of the microvilli was lower (P<0.02), in aged than young mares.Conclusions and potential relevance:Increased uterine blood flow and decreased vascular resistance reflect fetal growth and development of the placental microcirculation. Older mares have poorer placental microvillus development and lighter foals with reduced UA blood flow. Poor uterine blood flow may be an important contributory factor for pregnancy loss in aged mares.