bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Treaties and Obligations
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the role of the Euratom Treaty, and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), in the commercial use of special fissile materials (SFM) is explained. The Euratom Treaty embraces assurance of supplies, assurance of use in civil activities, safety standards, research, and promotion of the commercial use of nuclear materials. The safeguards activities carried out by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors are also described. The procedures used in nuclear material accountancy to confirm compliance with the treaty in a timely manner are given. The main nuclear accounts for depleted uranium, natural uranium, low enriched uranium (LEU), high enriched uranium (HEU), and plutonium are defined. Bilateral agreements between states providing and using nuclear materials have obligations as a condition of supply, and the monitoring of these obligations by a system of pool accountancy is explained.
Self and Cosmos
Authors: Graf Chiara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter treats the prefaces to books 3 and 1 of Seneca’s Natural Questions. These prefaces elevate a feeling which this chapter refers to as “integrated wonder,” a specular self-love that is born from the ability to see oneself as part of a broader cosmos, while also preserving an intact and distinct sense of self. Integrated wonder is predicated upon the ability to see beyond appearances and grasp the continuity between one’s own faculty of reason and the rationality of the cosmos. However, this chapter also destabilizes this conception of subject-affirming wonder, pointing out certain passages in these prefaces that call into question the efficacy of seeing below the surface. Future chapters will build on this initial destabilization, suggesting that surface appearances—and the subject-obliterating emotions that arise therefrom—can be didactically effective.
Rights
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the place of rights in public law from the mid-16th to 19th centuries. The focus is on rights that would commonly be protected in a bill of rights. The chapter begins with rights, fundamental law, and constitutional review. There is discussion of the early case law in which Coke CJ posited the idea that the courts might declare statute void for violation of fundamental law. This is followed by consideration of rights, collateral challenge, and administrative law. The focus then shifts to examination of rights, negative residual liberties, and public law. The last section of the chapter is concerned with continuity and change in the 20th to 21st centuries. The issue is considered from five related perspectives: rights and the common law, rights and statute, rights and the Human Rights Act 1998, rights and EU law, and rights and legal theory.
Epilogue
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The final chapter of the book is the epilogue. It is not a conclusion that summarizes all arguments in the book. It is rather a short chapter that offers some reflections on the central themes of the book. The chapter is structured in accord with the book as a whole, with reflections on its four constituent parts. The principal thought in relation to the central theme of the book is surprise that the dominant view concerning the absence of administrative law in England prior to the early/mid-20th century has persisted so long. The errors relating to that thesis were evident from the abundance of both case law and regulatory statute dating from the mid-16th century onwards, which is the period covered by this book.
Moral Necessitism and Scientific Contingentism
Authors: Bhogal Harjit 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Here is a puzzling phenomenon. Moral theories are typically thought to be necessary. If act utilitarianism is true, for example, then it is necessarily true. However, scientific theories are typically thought to be contingent. If quantum field theory is true, it’s not necessarily true—the world could have been Newtonian. The aim of this chapter is to explore this discrepancy between domains. In particular, it will suggest that necessitism, about both moral and scientific domains, is naturally motivated by `internality’ intuitions. In effect, these internality intuitions tell against the explanatory role of certain `external’ entities—like moral or scientific principles. The chapter suggests that perhaps these internality intuitions are more compelling in the moral case than the scientific case. If so, this would rationalize the combination of moral necessitism and scientific contingentism.
The Stuff That Matters
Authors: Laskowski N. G. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
On one way of talking about a traditional metaethical topic, realists accept that some items appear on the list of what exists in the moral or more broadly normative domain of inquiry. They then divide over whether those items are like what science and experience suggest that all other items on the list of what exists across all domains are like—naturalistic and secular. Reductive naturalists answer this further question affirmatively. Why don’t nonnaturalists? This chapter explores the answer that it’s because normative entities are “just too different” in the sense that they are countably different things. However, it is argued that this answer rests on the subtle presupposition that the normative domain doesn’t also contain uncountable entities of the sort that analytic metaphysicians call “stuff”. Taking intuitions of difference seriously points the way to a novel form of metaethical reductive naturalism. The key is to identify the stuff that matters.
Offence Guidelines—Introduction
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the youth-specific offence sentencing guidelines which appear in the Magistrates’ Court Handbook. In applying the Sentencing Children and Young People — Overarching Principles definitive guideline, which must be considered alongside any offence-specific guideline, the court is urged to make an individualistic decision based on a full assessment of the young person. The equivalent adult guideline only becomes relevant to the courts’ deliberations once the court has followed all of the steps set out in the youth-specific offence guideline and has decided that a custodial sentence is unavoidable. Indeed, it is important that the court does not consult an adult guideline too early in the sentencing process. This would be to ignore the important principles applicable to youths and designed to emphasize the necessity for an individualistic approach for young defendants.
Jurisdiction of the Youth Court
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the jurisdiction of the youth court. According to the Children and Young Persons Act 1933, s 46, ‘no charge against a child or young person, and no application whereof the hearing is by rules made under this section assigned to youth courts, shall be heard by a magistrates’ court which is not a youth court’. All criminal charges against a child or young person are assigned to the youth court unless there is an adult co-defendant. The youth court has power in certain cases to send a youth defendant to the Crown Court for trial or to commit them for sentence. In addition, section 18 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 assigns applications for gang injunctions to the youth court.
Remand Periods
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores remand periods. Prior to conviction: the remand period to police cells is 24 hours; remand to custody for maximum of eight clear days on first remand; subsequent remand to custody for up to 28 clear days provided the next stage in the proceedings will be dealt with; subsequent remand to custody for up to 28 clear days if the defendant is already in custody serving a sentence and will not be released before that date; and remand on bail for eight days, or longer if the defendant consents. Following a sending to the Crown Court, the magistrates have the power to adjourn for a period up to the date of trial. The Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980, s 129 allows for the remands of persons not produced before the court due to illness or accident. The court must have ‘solid grounds’ to justify an opinion that failure to be produced was due to illness or accident. With regard to post-conviction, the remand period is maximum three weeks if in custody, four weeks if on bail.
Financial Order Enforcement
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the court that enforces financial penalties against an offender. It explores the consideration of the court to make the financial penalties the responsibility of the parent or guardian, depending on the age of the offender. It also details how a court may deal with a fine defaulter, such as conducting a means enquiry, allowing further time to pay, remitting of all or part of the fine, and making an attachment of earnings order. The chapter points out that there is no power to make a fines collection order, a deduction from benefit order, or to order time in custody in default of payment for an offender under the age of 18. It mentions the attendance centre order, which is made where the court would have power to impose imprisonment in default of payment.
Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the Rehabilitation of Offenders 1974 Act that establishes a scheme whereby a person convicted of a criminal offence can be rehabilitated. It points out that the rehabilitation for an offender is achieved by deeming that offences are spent after a certain period of time. It also details how the 1974 Act deems that the offender be treated as if they were never convicted of the offence once the conviction is spent. The chapter reveals that spent convictions do not need to be declared when applying for employment or for financial services and that convictions are never spent for the purposes of criminal proceedings. It implies that the length of time before a conviction is spent depends on the sentence passed and not the offence.
Surcharge
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at different rates of applicable surcharge depending on the age of the offender on the date of the commission of the offence. The court must impose a surcharge order on any case relating to any offence committed on or after 1 April 2007. It also notes the reduction of a surcharge if the offender is not able to pay both the surcharge and compensation. The chapter reviews the consideration of the court when dealing with an offender that has insufficient means to pay the surcharges. It points out how a court will not deal with a person if the person is discharged or if it makes an order under the Mental Health Act 1983 in respect of that person.
The Bright Side of Political Uncertainty: The Case of R&D
Authors: Atanassov Julian , Julio Brandon , Leng Tiecheng 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We use close gubernatorial elections as a quasi-natural experiment to document a positive effect of political uncertainty on firm-level R&D. This finding is in contrast to the existing literature documenting a negative impact of political uncertainty on capital investment. We examine potential mechanisms and find that our results are consistent with the growth option view of R&D investment. The effect is stronger for politically sensitive and high-tech industries.The results are robust to different proxies for political uncertainty shocks. As predicted by models of investment under uncertainty, the real effects of political uncertainty critically depend on the type of the investment. JEL G18, G38, O31, O32
Biophysical modeling and diffusion kurtosis imaging reveal microstructural alterations in normal-appearing white-matter regions of the brain in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Hashim Zia , Gupta Mansi , Neyaz Zafar , Srivastava Shivani , Mani Vinita , Nath Alok , Khan Ahmad Raza 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Study Objectives
Studies have indicated that sleep abnormalities are a strong risk factor for developing cognitive impairment, cardiomyopathies, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, neuroimaging modalities are unable to show any consistent markers in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. We hypothesized that, compared with those of the control cohort, advanced diffusion MRI metrics could show subtle microstructural alterations in the brains of patients with OSA.

Methods
Sixteen newly diagnosed patients with moderate to severe OSA and 15 healthy volunteers of the same age and sex were considered healthy controls. Multishell diffusion MRI data of the brain, along with anatomical data (T1 and T2 images), were obtained on a 3T MRI system (Siemens, Germany) after a polysomnography (PSG) test for sleep abnormalities and a behavioral test battery to evaluate cognitive and executive brain functions. Diffusion MRI data were used to compute diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) parameters along with white-matter tract integrity (WMTI) metrics for only parallel white-matter fibers.

Results
OSA was diagnosed when the patient’s apnea–hypopnea index was ≥ 15. No significant changes in cognitive or executive functions were observed in the OSA cohort. DKI parameters can show significant microstructural alterations in the white-matter region, while the WMTI metric, the axonal-water-fraction (fp), reveals a significant decrease in OSA patients concerning the control cohort.

Conclusions
Advanced diffusion MRI-based microstructural alterations in the white-matter region of the brain suggest that white-matter tracts are more sensitive to OSA-induced intermittent hypoxia.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Mouse Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Inhibiting the NR1D2/LCN2 Pathway
Authors: Jiang Cheng , Wang Shengbao , Wang Cunbao , Chen Gang , Xu Jing , You Chongge 
Published: May 2024

Abstract:
Sepsis is characterized as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from infection, leading to the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SICM) is a frequently encountered condition in clinical settings. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess inherent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory attributes, rendering them a promising therapeutic approach to reestablish the equilibrium between anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory systems in septic patients. Consequently, MSCs are frequently employed in clinical investigations. In this study, the author established a mouse SICM model through cecal ligation and puncture and administered MSCs through the tail vein. Following successful modeling, the myocardial function and histopathological changes were detected by echocardiography, hematoxylin–eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,, and other experiments. As a result, MSCs demonstrated the ability to enhance myocardial function, promote cardiac tissue repair, suppress inflammatory response, reduce levels of myocardial injury markers, and mitigate oxidative stress. In addition, transcriptome and proteome analyses were conducted. Through differential expression analysis, functional enrichment analysis, and multiomics association analysis, it was revealed that the transcriptional factors nuclear receptor subfamily 1 (NR1D2) and target gene lipocalin 2 (LCN2) played key roles in mediating the effects of MSCs on SICM. JASPAR website and ChIP-qPCR experiment were used to predict and confirm the targeting relationship between them. Subsequent cell coculture experiments and a series of experiments confirmed that MSCs attenuated cardiomyocyte injury by downregulating the expression of NR1D2 and its downstream target gene LCN2. In conclusion, MSCs alleviate mice SICM through inhibiting NR1D2/LCN2 pathway.
Free Vascularized Fibula Graft as Primary Salvage Procedure for Acute Cervical Osteomyelitis Caused by Epidural Abscess
Authors: Ciosek Timothy A. , Sørlie Andreas , Munch-Ellingsen Jens , Solberg Tore K. , Weum Sven , de Weerd Louis 
Published: May 2024

Summary:
Acute cervical osteomyelitis due to an epidural abscess and pyogenic spondylodiscitis in an immunosuppressed patient with progressive myelopathy is a challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. This report presents our novel approach to treat such a condition in a 56-year-old patient in whom antibiotic treatment and decompression of the medulla by laminectomy of C4–C6 failed. Under general anesthesia, debridement of all infected tissue, including anterior corpectomy of C4–C6, was performed. Simultaneously, a free vascularized fibula graft (FVFG) was harvested, adapted to the bone defect, and anastomosed to the superior thyroid artery and external jugular vein. The graft was stabilized with an anterior plate. A scheduled posterior stabilization was performed 1 week later. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from bone samples and was treated with antibiotics. The postoperative course was uncomplicated besides a dorsal midline defect 6 weeks postoperatively that was closed with a sensate midline-based perforator flap. Five years on, the patient is infection free, and regular control computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scan images show progressive fusion and hypertrophy of the fibula to C3/C7 vertebrae. An FVFG combined with posterior stabilization could be a promising primary salvage procedure in cases with progressive myelopathy caused by acute cervical osteomyelitis due to spinal infection. The FVFG contributes to blood circulation, delivery of antibiotics, and an immunological response to the infected wound bed and can stimulate rapid fusion and hypertrophy over time.
Physical Pain Among Urban Native American Emerging Adults: Sociocultural Risk and Protective Factors
Authors: Saba Shaddy K. , Rodriguez Anthony , Dickerson Daniel L. , Mike Lynette , Schweigman Kurt , Arvizu-Sanchez Virginia , Funmaker George , Johnson Carrie L. , Brown Ryan A. , Malika Nipher , D’Amico Elizabeth J. 
Published: May 2024

Objective
American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) people have high rates of physical pain. Pain is understudied in urban-dwelling, AI/AN emerging adults, a group with unique sociocultural risk and protective factors. We explore associations between socioeconomic disadvantage, additional sociocultural factors, and pain among urban AI/AN emerging adults.

Methods
AI/AN participants aged 18–25 years (N = 417) were recruited via social media. Regression models tested associations between socioeconomic disadvantage (income and ability to afford health care) and pain as well as additional sociocultural factors (discrimination, historical loss, cultural pride and belonging, visiting tribal lands) and pain. Multigroup regression models tested whether associations between sociocultural factors and pain differed between participants who were socioeconomically disadvantaged and those who were less disadvantaged.

Results
In the full sample, lower income (b = 1.00–1.48, p < .05), inability to afford health care (b = 1.00, p = .011), discrimination (b = 0.12, p = .001), and historical loss (b = 0.24, p = .006) were positively associated with pain, whereas visiting tribal lands was negatively associated with pain (b = −0.86 to −0.42, p < .05). In the multigroup model, visiting tribal lands 31+ days was negatively associated with pain only among the less socioeconomically disadvantaged group (b = −1.48, p < .001).

Conclusions
Socioeconomic disadvantage may, in part, drive pain disparities among AI/AN emerging adults and act as a barrier to benefitting from visiting tribal lands. Results support a biopsychosocial approach to targeting pain in this population, including addressing socioeconomic challenges and developing culturally informed, strengths-based interventions.
Deinococcus arenicola sp. nov., a novel radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from sandy soil in Antarctica
Authors: Cheng Li , Mu Hongmei , Zhang Xinyu , Jiang Peiqiang , Liu Lukuan , Li Jing 
Published: May 2024

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-mobile and spherical strain, designated ZS9-10T, belonging to the genus Deinococcus was isolated from soil sampled at the Chinese Zhong Shan Station, Antarctica. Growth was observed in the presence of 0–4 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7.0–8.0 and at 4–25 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ZS9-10T formed a lineage in the genus Deinococcus. It exhibited highest sequence similarity (97.4 %) to Deinococcus marmoris DSM 12784T. The major phospholipids of ZS9-10T were unidentified phosphoglycolipid, unidentified glycolipids and unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c), C16 : 0 and C16 : 1
ω7c. MK-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain ZS9-10T and its close relative D. marmoris DSM 12784T were 27.4 and 83.9 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, a novel species, named Deinococcus arenicola sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain iis ZS9-10T (=CCTCC AB 2019392T=KCTC43192T).
Genetic regulation of lncRNA expression in the whole human brain
Authors: He Yijie , Tang Yaqin , Tan Pengcheng , Huang Dongyu , Wang Yongheng , Wen Tong , Huang Lin , Wang Jia , Shao Lizhen , Cai Qinyu , Li Zhimou , Wang Yueyang , Liu Taihang , Han Zhijie 
Published: May 2024

AbstractLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a key role in the human brain, and genetic variants regulate their expression. Herein, the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) of lncRNAs encompassing ten brain regions from 134 individuals was analyzed, and novel variants influencing lncRNA expression (eSNPs) and the respective affected lncRNAs (elncRNAs) were identified. The eSNPs are proximate to their corresponding elncRNAs, enriched in the non-coding genome, and have a high minor allele frequency. The elncRNAs exhibit a high-level and complex pattern of expression. The genetic regulation is more tissue-specific for lncRNAs than for protein-coding genes, with notable differences between cerebrum and cerebellum. However, it shows relatively similar patterns across the cortex regions. Furthermore, we observed a significant enrichment of eSNPs among variants associated with neurological disorders, especially insomnia, and identified insomnia-related lncRNAs involved in immune response functions. Moreover, the present study offers an improved tool for lncRNA quantification, a novel approach for lncRNA function analysis, and a database of lncRNA expression regulation in the human brain. These findings and resources will advance the research on non-coding gene expression regulation in neuroscience.