bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
19th Century Latin America Imperialism from a Global Perspective
Authors: Powelson Michael 
Published: October 2011

Abstract19th century Latin America was subjected to imperialist aggression from both the European nations and the United States. The form of imperialism, however, changed over the course of the century, with the ‘traditional’ imperialism of the colonial period giving way to the ‘gentlemanly’ imperialism of the early to mid‐19th century. By the century’s end, a ‘new’ imperialism emerged noted for its association with the growing world capitalist economy, especially the need for the capitalist nations of Europe and the United States to acquire new markets for their goods, cheaper sources of labor, and greater access to raw materials.
Poikiloderma with Neutropenia: Report of Three Cases Including One with Calcinosis Cutis
Authors: Chantorn Rattanavalai , Shwayder Tor 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Poikiloderma with neutropenia (PN), Clericuzio type (OMIM #604173) is a new, unique genodermatosis first described by Clericuzio et al (Am J Med Genet A, 2011, 155, 337) in Navajo Indian population. This disease is characterized by poikiloderma that usually develops in the first year of life and is associated with nail abnormality, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, chronic neutropenia, and recurrent infections. The rash typically starts from the extremities and spreads centripetally to involve the trunk, face, and ears. Recently, a homozygous mutation in the C16orf57 gene on chromosome 16q13 was identified as a strong candidate as the gene responsible for PN. We report three cases of PN whose clinical presentations, laboratory investigations, and C16orf57 mutation support the diagnosis of PN. One child has developed multiple painful calcinosis cutis lesions. Early‐onset poikiloderma should prompt a complete blood count as a screening test.
Acceptance of Elective Bradypacing by Patients: An African Perspective
Authors: THOMAS MARTINS OLUWAFEMI 
Published: October 2011

Background:
In our practice, we noticed that patients respond differently when pacemaker insertion is recommended to them. We then saw the need to study how African patients accept elective pacemaker implantation.
Aim:
The study was conducted to determine African patients’ responses to elective pacemaker insertion.
Patients and Methods:
We recruited patients who reported at our outpatient clinic with indications for elective pacemaker insertion. The study period lasted 64 months from September 1999. The patients were counseled before insertion and we sought their consent before being recruited for the study. Five possible responses were used to grade acceptance. They were followed up for 12 months each. Patients who were brought in emergency and those who refused participation were excluded. Those who missed follow‐up were also dropped.
Results:
Ninety‐two patients (n = 92) met our study criteria after dropping eight patients who missed follow‐up clinic attendance. Most of the candidates (71.7%) felt they had no options but to accept pacemakers at the time of operation. The remaining candidates either accepted the procedure with hope or wholeheartedly. Most of the candidates migrated up the ladder of acceptance over the 12‐month period.
Discussion and Conclusion:
We concluded that most patients would accept pacemakers wholeheartedly over time. (PACE 2012; 35:58–61)
Critical Analysis of Glass Stability Parameters and Application to Lithium Borate Glasses
Authors: Ferreira Eduardo B. , Zanotto Edgar D. , Feller Steve , Lodden Grant , Banerjee Joy , Edwards Trent , Affatigato Mario 
Published: October 2011

We reevaluated nine parameters of glass stability (GS) against crystallization determined from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments to predict the glass‐forming ability (GFA) of oxide liquids on cooling. Then, borate glasses were prepared and tested, covering the Li2O–B2O3 system with 20.0–66.7 mol% lithia. The glasses were prepared from both commercial chemical and powders, obtained by a solution method. The GS parameters were calculated using characteristic glass transition, crystallization, and melting peaks of DSC thermograms. We found that seven stability parameters give similar trends for compositions up to 33.3 mol% lithia, where, as we expected, GS significantly decreases with lithia content. Thereafter, up to 66.7 mol% lithia, GS shows a broad shallow maximum, but is approximately constant indicating that, surprisingly, composition does not significantly affect the GFA in this wide compositional range. This result qualitatively agrees with our successful experience of preparing glasses with compositions up to 74 mol% lithia and corroborates the adequacy of simple DSC tests to comparatively gauge the GS and GFA of glass‐forming liquids.
Testing the Efficiency of Markov Chain Monte Carlo With People Using Facial Affect Categories
Authors: Martin Jay B. , Griffiths Thomas L. , Sanborn Adam N. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractExploring how people represent natural categories is a key step toward developing a better understanding of how people learn, form memories, and make decisions. Much research on categorization has focused on artificial categories that are created in the laboratory, since studying natural categories defined on high‐dimensional stimuli such as images is methodologically challenging. Recent work has produced methods for identifying these representations from observed behavior, such as reverse correlation (RC). We compare RC against an alternative method for inferring the structure of natural categories called Markov chain Monte Carlo with People (MCMCP). Based on an algorithm used in computer science and statistics, MCMCP provides a way to sample from the set of stimuli associated with a natural category. We apply MCMCP and RC to the problem of recovering natural categories that correspond to two kinds of facial affect (happy and sad) from realistic images of faces. Our results show that MCMCP requires fewer trials to obtain a higher quality estimate of people’s mental representations of these two categories.
Tracking human impact on current tree species distribution using plant communities
Authors: E Silva Daniel , Badeau Vincent , Legay Myriam , Corcket Emmanuel , Dupouey Jean‐Luc 
Published: October 2011

AbstractQuestionsCan we adequately model beech distribution based on accompanying vegetation, and how does this compare with a climate model? To what extent does accompanying vegetation predict larger extension of beech at its SW margin compared with current distribution? Do human factors explain the discrepancy between current and potential distribution?LocationLowland forests at the SW European range margin of beech.MethodsWe built a logistic regression model of beech presence based on accompanying understorey vegetation using 66 976 plots in the French National Forest Inventory (NFI) network. Explanatory variables were obtained by multivariate reduction of 252 species in NFI plots. The model was calibrated in regions where human impact on beech has been comparatively low. The probability of beech presence was estimated at its SW margin and compared with current distribution. We tested whether forest management factors could explain beech absence in locations where the flora predicted its presence. Performance of this model was compared with a classical climatic‐envelope model.ResultsModelled potential distribution of beech along its SW margin was larger than observed distribution, suggesting area shrinkage under man's influence. Sites where beech was predicted as present but was currently absent were significantly less common in high forest stands, and more common in coppices, plantations and private forests. Characteristics of species replacing beech (early‐successional, plantation or exotic species) confirmed the role of forest management and disturbance in beech disappearance. The floristic model provided a finer resolution distribution map than the climatic‐envelope model.ConclusionsPlant communities, together with precise tree species maps, allowed us to estimate manipulation of beech by man, and main silvicultural causes of its disappearance. The improvement in quality of current distribution models has important implications for modelling of niches under future climate scenarios.
The Book of Isaiah in Contemporary Research
Authors: Hays Christopher B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article surveys scholarship on the book of Isaiah since roughly the start of the 21st century. Noting that theories of the book's formation based on internal textual data have not commanded consensus, it calls for stronger methodological controls for models of composition and redaction, on the basis of comparative data from other ancient Near Eastern texts, especially prophetic texts. Although there has been an outpouring of scholarship from every angle, significant recent trends include centripetal/holistic approaches to the book and study of its reception history.
Affiliation Goals and Health Behaviors
Authors: Cullum Jerry , O’Grady Megan A. , Tennen Howard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPeople are inherently driven by the need to form and maintain relationships, and these affiliation goals can influence health behaviors in two ways: (a) indirectly, by increasing a person’s attention to others and subsequently leaving them more likely to emulate the health behaviors of others (social contagion); (b) directly, by leading people to be more likely to engage in health behaviors they perceive as helping them to form and maintain relationships with others (self‐initiated behavioral engagement). In this review, we discuss the evidence for the catalyzing role of affiliation goals in these two processes for a variety of positive (e.g., exercising, smoking‐cessation) and detrimental (e.g., binge drinking and eating, needle sharing) health behaviors. We also discuss individual difference factors that may temporarily or chronically activate affiliation goals and ultimately influence health behaviors. Affiliation goals hold many implications for the study of health behavior, and for improving interventions.
Selective Exposure, Decision Uncertainty, and Cognitive Economy: A New Theoretical Perspective on Confirmatory Information Search
Authors: Fischer Peter 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe propose that a variety of findings on selective exposure effects (confirmatory information search) and their different underlying psychological processes can be integrated utilizing a new model based upon perceived decision uncertainty and cognitive economy. The proposed model assumes that (a) perceived decision uncertainty is negatively related to the extent of engagement in confirmatory information search; (b) that decision makers are fundamentally motivated to preserve cognitive energy; and (c) that the cognitive processing of decision‐consistent information requires fewer cognitive resources than the processing of decision‐inconsistent information. By employing these three basic assumptions on cognitive economy and confirmatory information processing, we can integrate classic motivational (dissonance) and cognitive (informational) accounts of selective exposure.
Hegemonic Masculinity on the Sidelines of Sport
Authors: Grindstaff Laura , West Emily 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNearly a quarter of a century old, the concept of hegemonic masculinity as developed by R. W. Connell remains both influential and contested among gender scholars. In this essay, we use our research on coed cheerleading in the United States as a springboard to explore the bounds and limits of hegemonic masculinity as both cultural script and analytic construct. Cheerleading constitutes a public stage for ‘doing gender’ in ways that highlight normative, taken‐for‐granted notions of gender difference; consequently, we use cheerleading as a vehicle for asking under what circumstances and to what degree heterosexuality remains central to the enactment of hegemonic masculinity, which reflects a larger question about the flexibility of the concept and its openness to contestation and change. Building on the work of Connell and others, we stress the need for relational analyses of gender when studying both masculinities and femininities, as well as the importance of linking individual‐level data to broader structures of gendered power and inequality.
Reduction in Fluoroquinolone Use following Introduction of Ertapenem into a Hospital Formulary Is Associated with Improvement in Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Group 2 Carbapenems: a 10-Year Study
Authors: Cook Paul P. , Gooch Michael , Rizzo Shemra 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

We examined the effect of the addition of ertapenem to our hospital formulary on the resistance of nosocomial
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
to group 2 carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem). This was a retrospective, observational study conducted between 1 January 2000 and 31 January 2009 at a large, tertiary-care hospital. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) regression models were used to evaluate the effect of ertapenem use on the susceptibility of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
to group 2 carbapenems as well as on the use of the group 2 carbapenems, ciprofloxacin, and other antipseudomonal drugs (i.e., tobramycin, cefepime, and piperacillin-tazobactam). Resistance was expressed as a percentage of total isolates as well as the number of carbapenem-resistant bacterial isolates per 10,000 patient days. Pearson correlation was used to assess the relationship between antibiotic use and carbapenem resistance. Following the addition of ertapenem to the formulary, there was a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolates resistant to the group 2 carbapenems (
P
= 0.003). Group 2 carbapenem use and the number of carbapenem-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolates per 10,000 patient days did not change significantly over the time period. There was a large decrease in the use of ciprofloxacin (
P
= 0.0033), and there was a correlation of ciprofloxacin use with the percentage of isolates resistant to the group 2 carbapenems (ρ = 0.47,
P
= 0.002). We suspect that the improvement in susceptibility of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
to group 2 carbapenems was related to a decrease in ciprofloxacin use.
Pharmacokinetics of Isoniazid, Rifampin, and Pyrazinamide in Children Younger than Two Years of Age with Tuberculosis: Evidence for Implementation of Revised World Health Organization Recommendations
Authors: Thee S. , Seddon J. A. , Donald P. R. , Seifart H. I. , Werely C. J. , Hesseling A. C. , Rosenkranz B. , Roll S. , Magdorf K. , Schaaf H. S. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently issued revised first-line antituberculosis (anti-TB) drug dosage recommendations for children. No pharmacokinetic studies for these revised dosages are available for children <2 years. The aim of the study was to document the pharmacokinetics of the first-line anti-TB agents in children <2 years of age comparing previous and revised WHO dosages of isoniazid (INH; 5 versus 10 mg/kg/day), rifampin (RMP; 10 versus 15 mg/kg/day), and pyrazinamide (PZA; 25 versus 35 mg/kg/day) and to investigate the effects of clinical covariates, including HIV coinfection, nutritional status, age, gender, and type of tuberculosis (TB), and the effect of NAT2 acetylator status. Serum INH, PZA, and RMP levels were prospectively assessed in 20 children <2 years of age treated for TB following the previous and the revised WHO dosage recommendations. Samples were taken prior to dosing and at 0.5, 1.5, 3, and 5 h following dosing. The maximum drug concentration in serum (
C
max
), the time to
C
max
(
t
max
), and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were calculated. Eleven children had pulmonary and 9 had extrapulmonary TB. Five were HIV infected. The mean
C
max
(μg/ml) following the administration of previous/revised dosages were as follows: INH, 3.19/8.11; RMP, 6.36/11.69; PZA, 29.94/47.11. The mean AUC (μg·h/ml) were as follows: INH, 8.09/20.36; RMP, 17.78/36.95; PZA, 118.0/175.2. The mean
C
max
and AUC differed significantly between doses. There was no difference in the
t
max
values achieved. Children less than 2 years of age achieve target concentrations of first-line anti-TB agents using revised WHO dosage recommendations. Our data provided supportive evidence for the implementation of the revised WHO guidelines for first-line anti-TB therapy in young children.
Regional and temporal variations in organ donation across the UK (secondary analyses of databases)
Authors: McGlade Donal , Rae Gordon , McClenahan Carol , Pierscionek Barbara 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesTo explore regional variations in donation of cadaveric solid organs and tissues across the four devolved health administrations of the UK (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland).DesignA secondary analysis of databases from NHS Blood & Transplant (1990–2009) and from the National Organ Procurement Service for the Republic of Ireland, Eurotransplant International Foundation and Scandiatransplant.ResultsAfter adjusting for time, statistically significant differences were found among the four regions (p<0.001) for liver donations. The only exceptions were between England and Scotland and between Wales and Northern Ireland where the differences were not significant following a Bonferroni correction (p>0.008). England had significantly fewer heart donations than both Wales (p<0.001) and Northern Ireland (p=0.005). There were no significant differences among the four regions for lung donations. Regional variations in kidney and corneal donations were moderated by time. Northern Ireland, however, has had consistently lower corneal donation rates than the other three regions.ConclusionOrgan donation rates over the last two decades vary in the four UK regions, and this variation depends on the type of organ donated. Further exploration of underlying factors, organisational issues, practices and attitudes to organ donation in the four regions of the UK, taking into account findings from EU countries with varying approaches to presumed consent, needs to be undertaken before such legislation is introduced across the UK.
Penile amputation and scrotal urethrostomy in 18 dogs
Authors: Burrow R. D. , Gregory S. P. , Giejda A. A. , White R. N. 
Published: October 2011

The objective of this study was to report the signalment, indications for surgery, postoperative complications and outcome in dogs undergoing penile amputation and scrotal urethrostomy. Medical records of three surgical referral facilities were reviewed for dogs undergoing penile amputation and scrotal urethrostomy between January 2003 and July 2010. Data collected included signalment, presenting signs, indication for penile amputation, surgical technique, postoperative complications and long‐term outcome. Eighteen dogs were included in the study. Indications for surgery were treatment of neoplasia (n=6), external or unknown penile trauma (n=4), penile trauma or necrosis associated with urethral obstruction with calculi (n=3), priapism (n=4) and balanoposthitis (n=1). All dogs suffered mild postoperative haemorrhage (posturination and/or spontaneous) from the urethrostomy stoma for up to 21 days (mean 5.5 days). Four dogs had minor complications recorded at suture removal (minor dehiscence (n=1), mild bruising and swelling around the urethrostomy site and mild haemorrhage at suture removal (n=2), and granulation at the edge of stoma (n=1)). One dog had a major complication (wound dehiscence and subsequent stricture of the stoma). Long‐term outcome was excellent in all dogs with non‐neoplastic disease. Local tumour recurrence and/or metastatic disease occurred within five to 12 months of surgery in two dogs undergoing penile amputation for the treatment of neoplasia. Both dogs were euthanased.
CTCF function is modulated by neighboring DNA binding factors
Authors: Weth Oliver , Renkawitz Rainer 
Published: October 2011

The zinc-finger protein CTCF was originally identified in the context of gene silencing and gene repression (Baniahmad et al. 1990; Lobanenkov et al. 1990). CTCF was later shown to be involved in several transcriptional mechanisms such as gene activation (Vostrov et al. 2002) and enhancer blocking (Filippova et al. 2001; Hark et al. 2000; Kanduri et al. 2000; Lutz et al. 2003; Szabó et al. 2000; Tanimoto et al. 2003; Phillips and Corces 2009; Bell et al. 1999; Zlatanova and Caiafa 2009a, 2009b). Insulators block the action of enhancers when positioned between enhancer and promoter. CTCF was found to be required in almost all cases of enhancer blocking tested in vertebrates. This CTCF-mediated enhancer blocking is in many instances conferred by constitutive CTCF action. For some examples however, a modulation of the enhancer blocking activity was documented (Lutz et al. 2003; Weth et al. 2010). One mechanism is achieved by regulation of binding to DNA. It was shown that CTCF is not able to bind to those binding-sites containing methylated CpG sequences. At the imprinting control region (ICR) of the Igf2/H19 locus the binding-site for CTCF on the paternal allele is methylated. This prevents DNA-binding of CTCF, resulting in the loss of enhancer blocking (Bell and Felsenfeld 2000; Chao et al. 2002; Filippova et al. 2001; Hark et al. 2000; Kanduri et al. 2000, 2002; Szabó et al. 2000; Takai et al. 2001). Not only can DNA methylation interfere with CTCF binding to DNA, it was also shown in one report that RNA transcription through the CTCF binding site results in CTCF eviction (Lefevre et al. 2008). In contrast to these cases most of the DNA sites are not differentially bound by CTCF. Even CTCF interaction with its cofactor cohesin does not seem to differ in different cell types (Schmidt et al. 2010). These results indicate that regulation of CTCF activity might be achieved by neighboring factors bound to DNA. In fact, whole genome analyses of CTCF binding sites identified several classes of neighboring sequences (Dickson et al. 2010; Boyle et al. 2010; Essien et al. 2009). Therefore, in this review we will summarize those results for which a combined action of CTCF with factors bound adjacently was found. These neighboring factors include the RNA polymerases I, II and III, another zinc finger factor VEZF1 and the factors YY1, SMAD, TR and Oct4. Each of these seems to influence, modulate or determine the function of CTCF. Thereby, at least some of the pleiotropic effects of CTCF can be explained.
Causes of bimodal stable isotope signatures in the feathers of a molt-migrant songbird
Authors: Bridge Eli S. , Fudickar Adam M. , Kelly Jeffrey F. , Contina Andrea , Rohwer Sievert 
Published: October 2011

Stable isotope ratios of hydrogen (δD) and carbon (δ13C) in feathers collected from Painted Buntings ( Passerina ciris (L., 1758)) breeding in the midwestern United States revealed a surprising degree of variation in δD, as well as a clear bimodal signal in δ13C in the innermost primary feather. Because this population does not molt on the breeding grounds, we reasoned that these observations could be due (i) to birds migrating to two (or possibly more) distinct molting areas or (ii) to differences in the timing of molt (as opposed to molt location) relative to arrival at the stopover site. To evaluate these hypotheses, we collected feathers at a molting location in northwestern Mexico, which revealed patterns similar to those from the birds in the US (favoring the second hypothesis above). We suspect that some birds arrive at stopover sites and begin molting before their body tissues equilibrate to the new isoscape so that the first feathers grown represent a blend of materials from the breeding and stopover locations. Other birds may delay molt after arriving at the molting site, allowing them to equilibrate with the local isoscape and produce feathers with isotope signatures of the molting location.