bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable discrimination and asymmetric preferences in laboratory tests of reproductive isolation between cichlid colour morphs
Authors: EGGER B. , MATTERSDORFER K. , SEFC K. M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMating behaviour affects reproductive isolation and phenotypic differentiation. In Lake Tanganyika, the cichlid fish Tropheus moorii diversified into numerous, currently allopatric colour variants. Allopatric isolation is periodically interrupted by dispersal and secondary contact during lake level fluctuations, making long‐term differentiation partly dependent on assortative mating. Laboratory experiments with two moderately distinct morphs revealed assortative female preferences in one (Nakaku), but random mate choice in the other morph (Mbita). No discrimination was apparent between two subtly differentiated morphs (Chimba and Moliro). Tested against each other in a previous study, the highly distinct Moliro and Nakaku exhibited strong assortative preferences. The correlation between colour pattern similarity and mate discrimination suggests that allopatry and philopatric behaviour are less crucial for the maintenance of differentiation between highly distinct morphs than for more similar morphs. Interestingly, the asymmetric isolation in one pair of morphs is congruent with a pattern of unidirectional mitochondrial introgression between populations.
Investigation of aquaculture dynamics at a Ramsar site, using earth observation systems in conjunction with a socio‐economic assessment
Authors: Nagabhatla Nidhi , Pattnaik C. , Sellamuttu S. Seneratna , Narendra Prasad S. , Wickramasuriya R. , Finlayson Max 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study presents a comprehensive site‐scale analysis conducted within the global wetland inventory and mapping (GWIM) project. GWIM was developed and promoted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) through global partnerships to investigate wetland analyses at multiple scales. The present study investigates the complexity of an inland freshwater wetland system, presenting a conceptual framework for mapping and monitoring the dynamics of Lake Kolleru (a wetland of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention), utilizing a geospatial platform. Illustrating the pace of land use changes leading to the progressive elimination of the wetland ecosystem of freshwater Lake Kolleru, this study also highlights the impacts of such changes on the socio‐economic system. A comprehensive temporal analysis (1977–2007) provided a structural base to schematically analyse the dynamics of biophysical and ecological changes to the wetland by effectively using a spectrum of remote sensing data. The present status and changing trends in ecological dimensions of Lake Kolleru were illustrated, utilizing information from spatial analyses, complimented with socio‐economic assessment. Attention is drawn to the potential of utilizing earth resources systems in exploring space–time interactions in freshwater ecosystems heavily modified through aquaculture interventions. Further, the spatial derivatives are meant as reference material for local authorities and decision‐makers to rehabilitate the economic livelihood activities to the social community dependent on the lake ecosystem. The disseminated message emphasizes the applicability of geospatial tools to enhance the efficacy of the decision‐making process by facilitating regular monitoring of ecosystem dynamics and providing updated information on wetland patterns and uses.
Challenges to collective action in the management of the Kapenta fishery in lake Kariba
Authors: Nyikahadzoi Kefasi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study focused on the Kapenta fishing industry at Lake Kariba to illustrate that variations in economic situation, and in biophysical attributes of the resource users, make it difficult to institute collective conformity with fishery management regulations. The paper discusses how the Kapenta fishing companies in the Lake Kariba region have differing preferences regarding fishery resource management, and assign different priorities to various objectives of the resource management. The differences in personal objectives regarding management of the fishery resources, and the differences in the degree of control and access over the fishery, led to situations where users had varying incentive structures. The differences in incentive structures lead to fishery management regulations based on the average characteristics of users and the biophysical environment, fuelling conflicts between fishery resource managers and users. The variations of micro‐biophysical attributes of the resource, combined with the behaviour of the resource users, make it difficult to bring resource users together for developing and initiating collective action.
Mitigating cyanobacterial blooms: how effective are ‘effective microorganisms’?
Authors: Lurling Miquel , Tolman Yora , Euwe Marieke 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study examined the effects of ‘Effective Microorganisms (EM)’ on the growth of cyanobacteria, and their ability to terminate cyanobacterial blooms. The EM was tested in the form of ‘mudballs’ or ‘Bokashi‐balls’, and as a suspension (EM‐A) in laboratory experiments. No growth inhibition was observed for a laboratory strain of Microcystis aeruginosa and for M. aeruginosa from the field at the recommended dosage of 1 EM‐mudball per square‐metre (≈0.1–0.3 g L−1). Cyanobacteria were inhibited only at very high concentrations (5–10 g L−1 cyanobacteria), and a bloom was reduced, being attributed to the high amount of clay and high water turbidity. For these high dosage treatments, the dissolved oxygen concentration dropped initially to very low levels, with longer incubation indicating that nutrients were released from the material. The EM‐A suspension appeared ineffective in hampering cyanobacterial growths at recommended usage concentrations. EM‐mudballs released phosphate (160 μg P g−1) and metals (aluminium, copper, traces of lead and lanthanum). The results of this study did not support the hypothesis that EM are effective in preventing cyanobacterial proliferation or in terminating blooms, thereby suggesting lake restoration by ‘Effective Microorganisms’ is not a convincing eutrophication control option.
Discovery of male sterile plants and their contrasting occurrence between self‐compatible and self‐incompatible populations of the hermaphroditic perennialTrillium camschatcense
Authors: KUBOTA SHOSEI , OHARA MASASHI 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe sex type ofTrillium camschatcensehas been considered to be strictly monomorphic, composed of only hermaphroditic individuals. However, field observations have detected anther‐degenerated (AD) plants coexisting with hermaphrodites. The present study aimed to elucidate whether AD plants could be regarded as females and, if so, how their loss of male function is compensated. BecauseT. camschatcenseretains both self‐compatible (SC) and self‐incompatible (SI) populations, the frequencies of AD plants in multiple populations (22 SC and eight SI) were examined to predict the fate of these individuals under contrasting breeding systems. Morphological and genetic analyses in a SC population demonstrated that AD plants were completely male sterile, but female fertile. Although the quantity of seed produced was similar, hermaphrodites produced seeds predominantly via selfing, whereas seeds of AD plants were entirely outcrossed. Because inbreeding depression was severe, AD plants achieved a fitness advantage through inbreeding avoidance. However, the frequency of AD plants varied among SC populations (0–42%), suggesting that environmental variance can modify the relative fitness. Conversely, the frequency was suppressed among SI populations (0–2%). Because SI hermaphrodites are free from inbreeding, AD plants would not benefit from inbreeding avoidance and would find it difficult to invade a SI population.
Variation and plasticity of photosynthesis and respiration in local populations of fat‐hen Chenopodium album in northern Japan
Authors: HARAGUCHI AKIRA , LI BO , MATSUKI SAWAKO , NAGATA OSAMU , SUZUKI JUN‐ICHIROU , HARA TOSHIHIKO 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTo examine variation and plasticity of photosynthesis and dark respiration among regional populations, seven populations of Chenopodium album L. (a shade‐avoider species) were collected in northern Japan and grown under shaded and unshaded conditions. The light‐saturated photosynthetic rates (Pmax) on both a leaf area and a mass basis significantly differed among the populations; the light regime affected Pmax per leaf area, but had no effect on Pmax per leaf mass. There were no significant differences among the populations in dark respiration rates (Rd) either per leaf area or mass; the light regime affected Rd per leaf area, but had no effect on Rd per leaf mass. Specific leaf area (SLA) exhibited significant differences among populations and SLA significantly increased under shaded conditions. None of these traits showed clinal variation along a latitudinal gradient, partially because the climatic span across which the populations were collected was relatively small (13.9–18.9°C). Pmax, SLA and α (initial slope at zero irradiance of the light‐photosynthetic rate relationship curve) showed great genetic variation, whereas Rd showed little genetic variation. Pmax and Rd showed high plasticity on a leaf area basis, but not on a leaf mass basis as SLA and α had high plasticity. We found that there is great genetic variation between local populations of C. album within a small geographical range, which controlled plasticity of the reaction norm of the photosynthetic property for the light regime during the growth period. More variation in reaction norms would enable C. album populations to colonize unpredictable habitats. Genetic variation after long‐term adaptation to habitat conditions as well as plasticity during short‐term acclimation to an unpredictable environment could enable C. album to distribute itself successfully over a wide range of climates.
Floral herbivory of the wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa L.) by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.)
Authors: MÅRELL ANDERS , ARCHAUX FRÉDÉRIC , KORBOULEWSKY NATHALIE 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe wood anemone Anemone nemorosa L. is a common spring‐flowering geophyte in temperate deciduous forests. Despite life‐history traits generally considered advantageous against herbivory, it is a species susceptible to floral herbivory. We studied the floral herbivory of A. nemorosa in a deciduous temperate forest south of Paris, France, in spring 2008. The browsing rate of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) on flowering shoots was locally very high (75–80%) with, on average, 30% of flowering shoots lost by roe deer browsing at the population level. Floral herbivory by roe deer occurred at a time when resources are at their minimum in rhizomes, making the plant vulnerable to herbivory in terms of survival, future growth and reproduction. We believe that floral herbivory may interact with resource allocation and that these factors play a crucial role in the population dynamics of A. nemorosa.
Regeneration of deep‐forest Stemmadenia donnell‐smithii (Apocynaceae) at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico
Authors: SHWEIKI SONIA , HOWE HENRY F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract Stemmadenia donnell‐smithii is a subcanopy neotropical tree that occurs in a wide variety of forest and successional habitats. Often regarded as a species of highly disturbed habitats, we tested the hypothesis that regeneration in old‐growth forest is consistent with that of a late‐pioneer tree, with the number of established seedlings (stature <50 cm) near fruiting trees directly proportional to canopy openness (rs = 0.82, P < 0.01). Scarce larger juveniles (stature >50 cm in forest conditions) occurred only under broken canopies.
Climate Change Negotiations Update: Process and Prospects for a Copenhagen Agreed Outcome in December 2009
Authors: Kulovesi Kati , Gutiérrez María 
Published: November 2009

This article provides an update on the status of negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 3 months before the fifteenth Conference of the Parties is scheduled to reach an historic agreement on enhancing international climate change cooperation. It gives a brief overview of the process that is taking place under two distinct negotiating tracks and highlights the key substantive issues under the main areas of cooperation – namely mitigation, adaptation, technology and capacity building, as well as finance. It also briefly addresses the legal form of the outcome and outlines the main options for the post‐2012 legal framework.With only 3 weeks of negotiating time remaining before Copenhagen and a myriad of politically sensitive issues yet to be agreed and technical details to be addressed, it has become increasingly clear that moving the process forward will require a high‐level political compromise and that many of the details that will give the post‐2012 climate regime its shape will only be agreed after Copenhagen.
Anatomy of Russia’s market segmentation1
Authors: Gluschenko Konstantin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBased on a relationship between price difference and demand difference among locations, the role of various market frictions in causing segmentation of the Russian goods market is analysed. The spatial sample covers most of Russian regions (70 of the 89); the data are annual, spanning 1992 to 2000. Spatial disconnectedness of regions is found to be responsible for about 70 percent of the average price differential, while the rest is caused by ‘artificial’ impediments to market integration such as regional protectionism, organized crime and intra‐region shipping conditions.
Are private banks more efficient than public banks?
Authors: Karas Alexei , Schoors Koen , Weill Laurent 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe study whether bank efficiency is related to bank ownership in Russia. We find that foreign banks are more efficient than domestic private banks and, surprisingly, that domestic private banks are not more efficient than domestic public banks. These results are not driven by the choice of production process, the bank’s environment, management’s risk preferences, the bank’s activity mix or size, the econometric approach, or the introduction of deposit insurance. The policy conclusion is that the efficiency of the Russian banking system may benefit more from increased levels of competition and greater access of foreign banks than from bank privatization.
Returns to basic skills in central and eastern Europe
Authors: Denny Kevin , Doyle Orla 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article uses semi‐parametric econometric techniques to investigate the relationship between basic skills and earnings in three post‐communist countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovenia, using the International Adult Literacy Survey dataset. It finds that including a measure of basic skills in a Mincer model reduces the returns to education. In addition, using a partially linear model, in which log earnings is linear in education but is an arbitrary function of basic skills, it finds that this relationship is not well described by the common assumption of linearity at the tails of the distribution.
An almost‐too‐late warning mechanism for currency crises1
Authors: Cuaresma Jesús Crespo , Slacik Tomas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe propose exploiting the term structure of relative interest rates to obtain estimates of changes in the timing of a currency crisis as perceived by market participants. Our indicator can be used to evaluate the relative probability of a crisis occurring in one week as compared to a crisis happening after one week but in less than a month. We give empirical evidence that the indicator performs well for two important currency crises in Eastern Europe: the crisis in the Czech Republic in 1997 and the Russian crisis in 1998.
Democracy vs. dictatorship
Authors: Schiffbauer Marc , Shen Ling 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA democratic society is often regarded as a prerequisite for economic growth and development. Yet, most empirical studies are not capable of identifying a positive link between GDP growth and democracy indexes. In addition, it is a stylized empirical fact that: (i) most developing countries are dictatorships; and (ii) many poor dictatorships have experienced high growth performances and emerged from poverty such as South Korea, China and Egypt. Against this background, it is of interest to analyse in which ways the growth performance between autocratic and democratic economies may differ, in particular among low‐income countries. To answer this question, we compare the endogenous growth paths of two economies that differ only in their political regimes in the context of an overlapping generations model. The key features of the model are: (i) a positive bequest motive in the form of investments in education or productive public capital (infrastructure); (ii) a higher marginal (inter‐temporal) utility of consumption today versus consumption tomorrow in low‐income countries (for example, subsistence level of consumption); and (iii) a dictator that cares about her income or the income of her dynasty tomorrow. In this framework, we demonstrate that poor but large and stable dictatorships exhibit a higher equilibrium growth rate than comparable (equally poor) democracies. Moreover, there exists a particular threshold value in income such that the growth‐reducing impact of dictatorial consumption (corruption) outweighs the higher (initial) public investments. Above this, the growth rate under democracy dominates the one in dictatorship.
Tariffs, market conduct and government commitment
Authors: Baghdasaryan Delia , Žigić Krešimir 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe analyse a simple ‘tariffs cum foreign competition’ policy targeted at enhancing the competitive position of a domestic, developing country firm that competes with its developed country counterpart on the domestic market and that carries out an innovative (or imitative) effort. We evaluate this policy with respect to social welfare, type of oligopoly conduct, information requirement, time consistency and possibility of manipulative behaviour and conclude that the most robust policy setup is one in which the domestic government is unable to pre‐commit to the level of its policy. We also study how the unit cost heterogeneity of the domestic firm affects trade protection.
The emerging aversion to inequality
Authors: Grosfeld Irena , Senik Claudia 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper provides evidence of the changing attitudes to inequality during transition to the market in Poland. Using repeated cross‐sections of the population, it identifies a structural break in the relationship between income inequality and satisfaction. Whereas in the first stage of the transition process, an increase in income inequality was interpreted by the population as a positive signal of wider opportunities, later in the transition period increased inequality became a factor in dissatisfaction with the country’s economic situation. This was accompanied by increasing public sentiment that the process of income distribution is flawed and corrupt.
Livreor Symphony? Lutosławski'sLivre pour orchestreand the Enigma of Musical Narrativity
Authors: Reyland Nicholas 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTDespite a lasting ambivalence regarding the title of his 1968 orchestral work, Livre pour orchestre, Lutosławski ultimately consented to publication of the work under the name with which it was premiered. Analysts approaching the piece might therefore begin by asking if this work is indeed a livre of independent parts or a more sustained musical utterance encoding some kind of longer‐range musical narrative. Drawing on Lutosławski's poetics of musical plot, Roland Barthes's theories of narrative, music‐analytical adaptations of Barthes's theories, ongoing debates surrounding the issue of musical narrativity and the composer's artistic and social context, this article constructs a close reading of a piece in which a classicist conception of symphonic plot vies with an alternative structural paradigm reinvigorated by modernism, manipulating and ultimately reversing expectations while sculpting a powerful experience of musical change.
New Music, Late Style: Adorno's ‘Form in the New Music’
Authors: Williams Alastair 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT‘Form in the New Music’, which was originally published in a volume of Darmstädter Beiträge zur Neuen Musik devoted to the issue of form, engages with most of Adorno's earlier essays on new music, modifying and developing those ideas. In it, Adorno maintains the important perspective that a focus on technique cannot transcend subjectivity, but he depends less on the achievements of the Second Viennese School than in some earlier articles. He also contemplates contemporary approaches to composition, particularly as expressed by György Ligeti, drawing out the wider aesthetic implications of these ideas. Furthermore, as in many of Adorno's writings in the 1960s, the author explores themes that were to become prevalent in the posthumously published Aesthetic Theory. In general, the essay exhibits the characteristics of Adorno's late style: it returns to ideas located elsewhere in the author's oeuvre, but does so with altered nuances, which create an incremental shift in perspective.
Rise in maternal mortality in the Netherlands
Authors: Schutte JM , Steegers EAP , Schuitemaker NWE , Santema JG , de Boer K , Pel M , Vermeulen G , Visser W , van Roosmalen J ,   the Netherlands Maternal Mortality Committee
Published: November 2009

Please cite this paper as: Schutte J, Steegers E, Schuitemaker N, Santema J, de Boer K, Pel M, Vermeulen G, Visser W, van Roosmalen J, the Netherlands Maternal Mortality Committee. Rise in maternal mortality in the Netherlands. BJOG 2009;117:399–406.Objective  To assess causes, trends and substandard care factors in maternal mortality in the Netherlands.Design  Confidential enquiry into the causes of maternal mortality.Setting  Nationwide in the Netherlands.Population  2,557,208 live births.Methods  Data analysis of all maternal deaths in the period 1993–2005.Main outcome measures  Maternal mortality.Results  The overall maternal mortality ratio was 12.1 per 100 000 live births, which was a statistically significant rise compared with the maternal mortality ratio of 9.7 in the period 1983–1992 (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.5). The most frequent direct causes were (pre‐)eclampsia, thromboembolism, sudden death in pregnancy, sepsis, obstetric haemorrhage and amniotic fluid embolism. The number of indirect deaths also increased, mainly caused by an increase in cardiovascular disorders (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.6). Women younger than 20 years and older than 45 years, those with high parity or from nonwestern immigrant populations were at higher risk. Most substandard care was found in women with pre‐eclampsia (91%) and in immigrant populations (62%).Conclusions  Maternal mortality in the Netherlands has increased since 1983–1992. Pre‐eclampsia remains the number one cause. Groups at higher risk for complications during pregnancy should be better identified early in pregnancy or before conception, in order to receive preconception advice and more frequent antenatal visits. There is an urgent need for the better education of women and professionals concerning the danger signs, and for the training of professionals in order to improve maternal health care.