bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes of ultrastructure and downregulation of heat shock protein 70 and fibroblast growth factor 2 in gastric mucosa of rats with depressive-like behaviour
Authors: Hou Gonglin , Tang Mingming , Yan Linlin , Wang Mingming 
Published: September 2011

Objective: To understand the underlying mechanism of gastric symptoms in patients with depressive disorder.Methods: This study tested in the rat depression model evoked with chronic mild stress whether the microstructure gastric mucosa is injured using scanning electronic microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). In addition, the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) proteins in the gastric mucosa were measured by Western blotting.Results: We found that the gastric epithelial cells were ruptured and the gastric pits were widened in rats with depression. The amount of mucous granules was also reduced in the surface mucous cells. Moreover, parietal cells became active, and the secretory canaliculi were magnified. Expression of HSP70 and FGF2 was reduced in the gastric mucosa.Conclusions: These findings suggested that gastric symptoms in rats with depressive-like behaviour were caused by the injury of the gastric mucosa, AQ1 and HSP70 and FGF2 may be key molecules in the pathogenesis.
Sudomotor responses from glabrous and non‐glabrous skin during cognitive and painful stimulations following passive heating
Authors: Machado‐Moreira C. A. , Taylor N. A. S. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Aim:  It is widely accepted that thermal and psychological sweating are independently controlled and respectively restricted to non‐glabrous (hairy) and glabrous skin. These assumptions were evaluated in six experiments conducted across eight body segments, in which 38 glabrous and non‐glabrous skin surfaces were investigated.
Methods:  Sweating was measured in 30 passively heated individuals using ventilated sweat capsules, with passive heating used to first establish steady‐state sweating, averaging 0.30 mg cm−2 min−1 (±0.03) across all sites, prior to the application of cognitive and painful stimuli.
Results:  These non‐thermal (psychological) stimulations significantly increased sweat secretion at more than 70% of the sites investigated [cognitive: 28 of 38 sites (P < 0.05); pain: 23 of 32 sites (P < 0.05)], eliciting peak sweat rates averaging 0.51 mg cm−2 min−1 (±0.05) and 0.47 mg cm−2 min−1 (±0.4 respectively) across all sites. Furthermore, non‐thermal sweating was evident from both the glabrous and non‐glabrous surfaces and occurred without mean body or local skin temperatures changes (P > 0.05). Indeed, neither thermal nor psychological sweating was restricted to discrete skin surfaces, and there were no consistent sudomotor differences between these two skin classifications. Finally, at no site was thermal sweating inhibited during a non‐thermal stimulation.
Conclusion:  These generalized sudomotor responses challenge the hypotheses that glabrous skin sweating is driven by psychological stimuli, and that thermal sweating is a phenomenon restricted to the non‐glabrous skin surfaces.
Stromal Cell Derived Factor‐1 (SDF‐1) Targeting Reperfusion Reduces Myocardial Infarction in Isolated Rat Hearts
Authors: Jang Young‐Ho , Kim June‐Hong , Ban Changill , Ahn Kyohan , Cheong Jae‐Hun , Kim Hyung‐Hoi , Kim Jung‐Soo , Park Yong‐Hyun , Kim Jun , Chun Kook‐Jin , Lee Gyeong‐ Ho , Kim Miju , Kim Cheolmin , Xu Zhelong 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYRecent studies have shown that stromal cell derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1), first known as a cytokine involved in recruiting stem cells into injured organs, confers myocardial protection in myocardial infarction, which is not dependent on stem cell recruitment but related with modulation of ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the effect of SDF has been studied only in a preischemic exposure model, which is not clinically relevant if SDF is to be used as a therapeutic agent. Our study was aimed at evaluating whether or not SDF‐1 confers cardioprotection during the reperfusion period. Hearts from SD rats were isolated and perfused with the Langendorff system. Proximal left coronary artery ligation, reperfusion, and SDF perfusion in KH buffer was done according to study protocol. Area of necrosis (AN) relative to area at risk (AR) was the primary endpoint of the study. Significant reduction of AN/AR by SDF in an almost dose‐dependent manner was noted during both the preischemic exposure and reperfusion periods. In particular, infusion of a high concentration of SDF (25 nM/L) resulted in a dramatic reduction of infarct size, which was greater than that achieved with ischemic pre‐ or postconditioning. SDF perfusion during reperfusion was associated with a similar significant reduction of infarct size as preischemic SDF exposure. Further studies are warranted to assess the potential of SDF as a therapeutic agent for reducing I/R injury in clinical practice.
A comparative study of proximal hindlimb flexion in horses: 5 versus 60 seconds
Authors: ARMENTROUT A. R. , BEARD W. L. , WHITE B. J. , LILLICH J. D. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:The flexion test is routinely used in lameness and prepurchase examinations. There is no accepted standard for duration of flexion or evidence that interpretation of results would differ with different durations of flexion.Hypothesis:There will be no difference in interpretation of proximal hindlimb flexion for 5 or 60 s.Methods:Video recordings of lameness examinations of 34 client‐owned horses were performed that included: baseline lameness, proximal hindlimb flexion for 60 s, and flexion of the same limb for 5 s. Videos were edited to blind reviewers to the hypothesis being tested. The baseline lameness video from each horse was paired with each flexion to make 2 pairs of videos for each case. Twenty video pairs were repeated to assess intraobserver repeatability. Fifteen experienced equine clinicians were asked to review the baseline lameness video followed by the flexion test and grade the response to flexion as either positive or negative. Potential associations between the duration of flexion and the likelihood of a positive flexion test were evaluated using generalised linear mixed models. A kappa value was calculated to assess the degree of intraobserver agreement on the repeated videos. Significance level was set at P<0.05.Results:Proximal hindlimb flexion of 60 s was more likely to be called positive than flexion of 5 s (P<0.0001), with the likelihood of the same interpretation 74% of the time. The first flexion performed was more likely to be called positive than subsequent flexions (P = 0.029). Intra‐assessor agreement averaged 75% with κ= 0.49.Conclusions:Proximal hindlimb flexion of a limb for 5 s does not yield the same result as flexing a limb for 60 s.Potential relevance:Shorter durations of flexion may be useful for clinicians that have good agreement with flexions of 5 and 60 s.
Narrative identity and forensic psychology: A commentary on Youngs and Canter
Authors: Ward Tony 
Published: September 2011

Purpose. In this commentary, I will take a closer look atYoungs and Canter's (2011)paper on narrative roles in offending and examine the ideas underpinning their study and its methodology.Methods. I briefly overview some important theoretical ideas within the area of narrative research and highlight a number of unresolved and crucial issues. I then summarize the Youngs and Canter paper, concentrating on explicating its findings and identifying the major assumptions underpinning the study. Finally, I critically examine the paper in light of narrative research and theory.Result. There are three classes of problems evident in the paper, which map onto issues evident within the broader field of narrative theory and research. These problems are definitional vagueness, lack of clarity concerning the nature of the self and its relationship to narrative roles, and methodological problems involving reliability and validity.Conclusion. The Youngs and Canter paper makes an important contribution to the application of narrative theory to the forensic and correctional areas although there are some areas of weakness.
Heterogeneity within compulsive buyers: A Q‐sort study
Authors: Thornhill Kate , Kellett Stephen , Davies Jason 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. This study investigated how compulsive buyers make sense of their excessive shopping behaviour to explore possible sources of heterogeneity between compulsive buyers.Method. Twenty female participants met ‘caseness’ for compulsive buying (CB) on the CB Scale (CBS), prior to completing a Q‐sort specifically related to their experiences of shopping. Participants provided details of occupation, income, and debt levels and completed two psychometric scales: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale‐Shopping Version (YBOCS‐SV).Results. Principle component analysis (PCA) identified two groups within the compulsive buyers (labelled positive reinforcement and emotional distress) that explained 44% of the study variance. Ten women defined the positive reinforcement factor and tended to identify with pleasurable aspects of buying. Six women characterized the emotional distress factor and endorsed varied financial, emotional, and interpersonal difficulties associated with their CB. The emotional distress group carried significantly greater current debt levels and had significantly more severe CB.Conclusions. The study illustrates that compulsive buyers can relate to their ‘symptoms’ in dissimilar ways. The clinical implications of such heterogeneity are discussed, methodological shortcomings identified, and areas for future research indicated.
Distribution and molecular diversity of arborescentGossypiumspecies
Authors: Feng Chunda , Ulloa Mauricio , Perez-M. Claudia , Stewart James McD. 
Published: September 2011

Mexico is a center of diversity of Gossypium . As currently circumscribed, arborescent Gossypium species (subsection Erioxylum ) are widely distributed in dry deciduous forests located from Sinaloa in the north of its range to Oaxaca in the south of its range. However, extensive morphological variation exists among accessions from these different geographic regions. The objective of this work was to determine whether the observed morphological variation is reflected at the molecular level. Molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships were estimated with 210 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fragments and 766 amplified fragment length polymorphism fragments among 33 accessions of arborescent Gossypium, including 23 of Gossypium aridum , the most widely distributed of the arborescent Mexican diploid Gossypium species. Over 90% of the fragments were polymorphic; however, each accession contained only between 32% and 46% of the total loci. Two thirds of the loci among the G. aridum accessions had allelic frequencies lower than 80%. The genetic distance between Gossypium gossypioides (subsection Selera ) and species of subsection Erioxylum ranged between 0.64 and 0.84. The genetic distance between two recognized species, Gossypium lobatum and Gossypium schwendimanii , within subsection Erioxylum was 0.32. Most molecular data support the traditional classification of Gossypium species and the geographical ecotypes of the G. aridum accessions. A newly collected accession, US-72, of subsection Erioxylum was genetically distant (range, 0.42–0.54) from the other species of the subsection. Molecular data support the recognition of this taxon as a new species. The molecular diversity among accessions of G. aridum was greater than that among the species of subsection Erioxylum. The results indicate this subsection deserves additional study to establish a defensible taxonomic treatment of the various taxa and to resolve genetically distant geographical ecotypes.
Atrial Fibrillation and Mortality in Heart Failure
Authors: Chamberlain Alanna M. , Redfield Margaret M. , Alonso Alvaro , Weston Susan A. , Roger Véronique L. 
Published: September 2011

Background—
Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) share common risk factors and often coexist. The combination of HF and AF may carry a worse prognosis than either condition alone; however, the magnitude of this risk remains controversial and it is not known whether the timing of AF influences the risk of death.

Methods and Results—
We determined the risk of all-cause mortality in relation to the presence of AF prior to or after HF diagnosis in a community-based cohort of persons diagnosed as having HF between 1983 and 2006. Of 1664 individuals with HF, 553 had a history of AF and 384 developed AF after HF. During a median follow-up of 4.0 years, 450 deaths occurred among persons with prior AF, 314 among those with AF after HF, and 572 among patients without AF. In fully adjusted models, compared with patients without AF, those with AF prior to HF had a 29% increased risk of death, whereas those who developed AF after HF exhibited >2-fold increased risk of death.

Conclusions—
In the community, AF is frequent in the setting of HF and is associated with a large excess risk of death. The magnitude of this excess risk differs markedly according to the timing of AF, with AF developing after HF conferring the largest increased risk of death compared with HF patients without AF.
Redefinition of Transient Ischemic Attack Improves Prognosis of Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Mullen Michael T. , Cucchiara Brett L. 
Published: September 2011

Background and Purpose—
The recent redefinition of transient ischemic attack (TIA) reclassifies patients with acute infarction on magnetic resonance imaging as ischemic stroke. Redefinition will improve the prognosis of both TIA and ischemic stroke, an epidemiological paradox known as the Will Rogers phenomenon. We sought to quantify the impact of this phenomenon.

Methods—
Incidence of TIA, risk of death/disability after stroke, rate of acute infarction on magnetic resonance imaging after TIA, and 90-day stroke risk after TIA with and without infarction on magnetic resonance imaging were determined based on published data. The impact on poststroke disability in the redefined cohort of patients with ischemic stroke was computed. A sensitivity analysis was performed to account for uncertainty in input variables.

Results—
Using the new TIA definition, the 90-day risk of stroke following TIA is 1%. In the United States, redefinition will increase annual ischemic stroke incidence from 691 650 to 747 755 and result in a 3.4% absolute reduction in poststroke disability. In a sensitivity analysis, this risk reduction varies from 1.5 to 6.5%, and is most dependent on the incidence of TIA.

Conclusions—
Redefinition of TIA reduces stroke risk after TIA to approximately 1% at 90 days, and reduces the rate of poststroke disability by approximately 3.4%.
Reconstruction of integrin activation
Authors: Ye Feng , Kim Chungho , Ginsberg Mark H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIntegrins are integral membrane proteins that mediate cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. They are important for vascular development and hematopoiesis, immune and inflammatory responses, and hemostasis. Integrins are also signaling receptors that can transmit information bidirectionally across plasma membranes. Research in the past 2 decades has made progress in unraveling the mechanisms of integrin signaling and brings the field to the moment of attempting synthetic reconstruction of the signaling pathways in vitro. Reconstruction of biologic processes provides stringent tests of our understanding of the process, as evidenced by studies of other biologic machines, such as ATP synthase, lactose permease, and G-protein–coupled receptors. Here, we review recent progress in reconstructing integrin signaling and the insights that we have gained through these experiments.
Tracking human multiple myeloma xenografts in NOD-Rag-1/IL-2 receptor gamma chain-null mice with the novel biomarker AKAP-4
Authors: Mirandola Leonardo , Yu Yuefei , Jenkins Marjorie R , Chiaramonte Raffaella , Cobos Everardo , John Constance M , Chiriva-Internati Maurizio 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundMultiple myeloma (MM) is a fatal malignancy ranking second in prevalence among hematological tumors. Continuous efforts are being made to develop innovative and more effective treatments. The preclinical evaluation of new therapies relies on the use of murine models of the disease.MethodsHere we describe a new MM animal model in NOD-Rag1null IL2rgnull (NRG) mice that supports the engraftment of cell lines and primary MM cells that can be tracked with the tumor antigen, AKAP-4.ResultsHuman MM cell lines, U266 and H929, and primary MM cells were successfully engrafted in NRG mice after intravenous administration, and were found in the bone marrow, blood and spleen of tumor-challenged animals. The AKAP-4 expression pattern was similar to that of known MM markers, such as paraproteins, CD38 and CD45.ConclusionsWe developed for the first time a murine model allowing for the growth of both MM cell lines and primary cells in multifocal sites, thus mimicking the disease seen in patients. Additionally, we validated the use of AKAP-4 antigen to track tumor growthin vivoand to specifically identify MM cells in mouse tissues. We expect that our model will significantly improve the pre-clinical evaluation of new anti-myeloma therapies.
Latency profiles of full length HIV-1 molecular clone variants with a subtype specific promoter
Authors: van der Sluis Renée M , Pollakis Georgios , van Gerven Marja L , Berkhout Ben , Jeeninga Rienk E 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundHIV-1 transcription initiation depends on cellular transcription factors that bind to promoter sequences in the Long Terminal Repeat (LTR). Each HIV-1 subtype has a specific LTR promoter configuration and even minor sequence changes in the transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) or their arrangement can impact transcriptional activity. Most latency studies have focused on HIV-1 subtype B strains, and the degree to which LTR promoter variation contributes to differences in proviral latency is therefore largely unknown. Latency differences may influence establishment and size of viral reservoirs as well as the possibility to clear the virus by therapeutic intervention.ResultsWe investigated the proviral transcriptional latency properties of different HIV-1 subtypes as their LTRs have unique assemblies of transcription factor binding sites. We constructed recombinant viral genomes with the subtype-specific promoters inserted in the common backbone of the subtype B LAI isolate. The recombinant viruses are isogenic, except for the core promoter region that encodes all major TFBS, including NFκB and Sp1 sites. We developed and optimized an assay to investigate HIV-1 proviral latency in T cell lines. Our data show that the majority of HIV-1 infected T cells only start viral gene expression after TNFα activation.ConclusionsThere were no gross differences among the subtypes, both in the initial latency level and the activation response, except for subtype AE that combines an increased level of basal transcription with a reduced TNFα response. This subtype AE property is related to the presence of a GABP instead of NFκB binding site in the LTR.
Effects of metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 inhibition by small hairpin RNA on ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 cells
Authors: Zhang Ruitao , Shi Huirong , Chen Zhimin , Wu Qinghua , Ren Fang , Huang Haoliang 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) is demonstrated to be up-regulated in several types of cancer, and can serve as biomarker for cancer invasion and metastasis. To investigate the relations between MACC1 and biological processes of ovarian cancer, MACC1 specific small hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression plasmids were used to investigate the effects of MACC1 inhibition on ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 cells.

Methods
Expressions of MACC1 were detected in different ovarian tissues by immunohistochemistry. MACC1 specific shRNA expression plasmids were constructed and transfected into OVCAR-3 cells. Then, expressions of MACC1 were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. Cell proliferation was observed by MTT and monoplast colony formation assay. Flow cytometry and TUNEL assay were used to measure cell apoptosis. Cell migration was assessed by wound healing and transwell migration assay. Matrigel invasion and xenograft model assay were performed to analyze the potential of cell invasion. Activities of Met, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, Akt, cyclinD1, caspase3 and MMP2 protein were measured by Western blot.

Results
Overexpressions of MACC1 were detected in ovarian cancer tissues. Expression of MACC1 in OVCAR-3 cells was significantly down-regulated by MACC1 specific small hairpin RNA. In OVCAR-3 cells, down-regulation of MACC1 resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and invasion, meanwhile obvious enhancement of apoptosis. As a consequence of MACC1 knockdown, expressions of Met, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, cyclinD1 and MMP2 protein decreased, level of cleaved capase3 was increased.

Conclusions
RNA interference (RNAi) against MACC1 could serve as a promising intervention strategy for gene therapy of ovarian carcinoma, and the antitumor effects of MACC1 knockdown might involve in the inhibition of HGF/Met and MEK/ERK pathways.
Structural Search and Optimization in Social Networks
Authors: Dawande Milind , Mookerjee Vijay , Sriskandarajah Chelliah , Zhu Yunxia 
Published: September 2011

The explosive growth in the variety and size of social networks has focused attention on searching these networks for useful structures. Like the Internet or the telephone network, the ability to efficiently search large social networks will play an important role in the extent of their use by individuals and organizations alike. However, unlike these domains, search on social networks is likely to involve measures that require a set of individuals to collectively satisfy some skill requirement or be tightly related to each other via some underlying social property of interest. The aim of this paper is to highlight—and demonstrate via specific examples—the need for algorithmic results for some fundamental set-based notions on which search in social networks is expected to be prevalent. To this end, we argue that the concepts of an influential set and a central set that highlight, respectively, the specific role and the specific location of a set are likely to be useful in practice. We formulate two specific search problems: the elite group problem (EGP) and the portal problem (PP), that represent these two concepts and provide a variety of algorithmic results. We first demonstrate the relevance of EGP and PP across a variety of social networks reported in the literature. For simple networks (e.g., structured trees and bipartite graphs, cycles, paths), we show that an optimal solution to both EGP and PP is easy to obtain. Next, we show that EGP is polynomially solvable on a general graph, whereas PP is strongly NP-hard. Motivated by practical considerations, we also discuss (i) a size-constrained variant of EGP together with its penalty-based relaxation and (ii) the solution of PP on balanced and full d-trees and general trees.