Application of Emulsion Blocking Mechanism for Sealing the Near Wellbore Region
Authors: Zeidani K. , Polikar M. , Huang H. , Boyd J.W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Across Canada, thousands of abandoned gas wells leak gas to the surface. As a potential solution to this problem, we have done laboratory-scale, experiments relevant to a field-tested novel process that injects a viscous oil-in-water emulsion to plug the formation near the wellbore. In an earlier study, we observed that, for unconsolidated cores, the process is effective and may withstand large pressure gradients over long periods of time; however, the emulsion penetration depth was limited to a small fraction of the core's length. Now, we report results of subsequent experiments, our understanding of the emulsion blocking mechanism and criteria for controlling the distance into the formation to which an emulsion may penetrate.
In these experiments, well-characterized emulsions were injected into an etched glass micromodel or a micromodel packed with well-sorted glass beads or sand grains to yield the desired permeability. Visualization experiments were done to observe the capture mechanisms of the emulsion droplets. We observed that, for a given pressure gradient, some droplets are too large to pass through a pore's throat (size exclusion), that other droplets attach to the pore's surface and coalesce with nearby droplets to accelerate the blockage process and that more viscous droplets are most effective in blocking pores. We found that the rate and extent of transfer of surfactant from the solution to the bead's surface must be important.
In subsequent experiments, we flushed the micromodels with a surfactant solution to alter the wettability of the beads prior to injecting the emulsions. The results showed that the choice of surfactant, its concentration and the volume of its injected solution predictably affect the depth to which the oil-in-water emulsion may penetrate into a micromodel.
In conclusion, this work characterizes the flow behaviour and breaking of an emulsion in a porous medium and examines parameters that may be adjusted to control the novel process.

Introduction
Crude oil emulsions are a broad area and several books have been written on the subject(1–3). Their occurrence in certain modes of crude oil production and their application as a blocking agent in underground porous media have received more attention recently. Emulsions can be encountered in almost all phases of oil production and processing(4, 5). Field emulsions can be generated within oil reservoirs and/or in the wellbore during production.
The problem has been more pronounced recently due to the fact that many oil reservoirs are being watered out. Salty water has to be separated from the produced emulsions in order to meet crude specifications for transportation, storage and export, as well as avoid catalyst poisoning in the refineries. However, emulsion treatment is not an easy task and demands an application of various thermal, mechanical, chemical and/or electrical processes or their combination(4, 5).
On the other hand, the application of emulsions as blocking agents in many secondary and tertiary oil recovery processes makes them of particular interest to many researchers. Laboratory studies have suggested that oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions can be used to obtain a deeper formation plugging resulting in better sweep efficiency and greater oil recovery(6–11).