bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beneficial effects of combined olive oil ingestion and acute exercise on postprandial TAG concentrations in healthy young women
Authors: Sasahara Chihoko , Burns Stephen F. , Miyashita Masashi , Stensel David J. 
Published: January 2012

Foods high in monounsaturated fat, such as olive oil, and endurance exercise are both known to independently reduce postprandial TAG concentrations. We examined the combined effects of exercise and dietary fat composition on postprandial TAG concentrations in nine healthy pre-menopausal females (age 26·8 (sd 3·3) years, BMI 22·3 (sd 2·0) kg/m2). Each participant completed four, 2 d trials in a randomised order: (1) butter–no exercise, (2) olive oil–no exercise, (3) butter–exercise, (4) olive oil–exercise. On day 1 of the exercise trials, participants walked or ran on a treadmill for 60 min. On the no-exercise trials, participants rested on day 1. On day 2 of each trial, participants rested and consumed an olive oil meal (saturated fat 15 % and unsaturated fat 85 %) or a butter meal (saturated fat 71 % and unsaturated fat 29 %) for breakfast. Venous blood samples were obtained in the fasted state and for 6 h postprandially on day 2. A significant main effect on physical activity (exercise or control) was obtained for plasma TAG concentration (three-way ANOVA, P = 0·043), and the total area under the concentration v. time curve for TAG was 26 % lower on the olive oil–exercise trial (4·40 (sd 0·40) mmol × 6 h/l) than the butter–no exercise trial (5·91 (sd 1·01) mmol × 6 h/l) (one-way ANOVA, P = 0·029). These findings suggest that the combination of exercise and a preference for monounsaturated dietary fat intake in the form of olive oil may be most beneficial for reducing postprandial TAG concentrations.
Determinants of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and development of prediction models in three US cohorts
Authors: Bertrand Kimberly A. , Giovannucci Edward , Liu Yan , Malspeis Susan , Eliassen A. Heather , Wu Kana , Holmes Michelle D. , Laden Francine , Feskanich Diane 
Published: January 2012

Epidemiological and other evidence suggests that vitamin D may be protective against several chronic diseases. Assessing vitamin D status in epidemiological studies, however, is challenging given finite resources and limitations of commonly used approaches. Using multivariable linear regression, we derived predicted 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) scores based on known determinants of circulating 25(OH)D, including age, race, UV-B radiation flux at residence, dietary and supplementary vitamin D intakes, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, post-menopausal hormone use (women only) and season of blood draw, in three nationwide cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study II and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. The model r2 for each cohort ranged from 0·25 to 0·33. We validated the prediction models in independent samples of participants from these studies. Mean measured 25(OH)D levels rose with increasing decile of predicted 25(OH)D score, such that the differences in mean measured 25(OH)D between the extreme deciles of predicted 25(OH)D were in the range 8·7–12·3 ng/ml. Substituting predicted 25(OH)D scores for measured 25(OH)D in a previously published case–control analysis of colorectal cancer yielded similar effect estimates with OR of approximately 0·8 for a 10 ng/ml difference in either plasma or predicted 25(OH)D. We conclude that these data provide reasonable evidence that a predicted 25(OH)D score is an acceptable marker for ranking individuals by long-term vitamin D status and may be particularly useful in research settings where biomarkers are not available for the majority of a study population.
Bilingualism on display: The framing of Welsh and English in Welsh public spaces
Authors: Coupland Nikolas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article develops an interpretive perspective on public displays of bilingualism. Photographic data from contemporary Wales illustrate how public bilingual—Welsh and English—displays are organized in different frames, reflecting historically changing language-ideological priorities and more local symbolic markets. In institutionally driven displays, the Welsh language is framed as an autonomous code in parallel with English, displacing an earlier pattern of representing Welsh subordinated to English norms. In other frames Welsh is constructed as the only legitimate heartland language, or as an impenetrable cultural curiosity. In the most open and least institutionalized frame, Welsh is displayed as part of a culturally distinctive but syncretic cultural system. These framing contests dramatize deeper tensions that surface in attempts to revitalize minority languages under globalization. (Wales, Welsh, bilingualism, language display, language ideology, linguistic landscapes, metaculture)*
Sensing the rhythms of everyday life: Temporal integration and tactile translation in the Seattle Deaf-Blind community
Authors: Edwards Terra 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article is concerned with how social actors establish relations between language, the body, and the physical and social environment. The empirical focus is a series of interactions between Deaf-Blind people and tactile signed language interpreters in Seattle, Washington. Many members of the Seattle Deaf-Blind community were born deaf and, due to a genetic condition, lose their vision slowly over the course of many years. Drawing on recent work in language and practice theory, I argue that these relations are established by Deaf-Blind people through processes ofintegrationwhereby continuity between linguistic, embodied, and social elements of a fading visual order are made continuous with corresponding elements in an emerging tactile order. In doing so, I contribute to current attempts in linguistic anthropology to model the means by which embodied, linguistic, and social phenomena crystallize in relational patterns to yield worlds that take on the appearance of concreteness and naturalness. (Classifiers, Deaf-Blind, integration, interpretation, language and embodiment, practice, rhythm, Tactile American Sign Language, tactility)*
EFFECTIVENESS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPLEMENTAL GLUTAMINE DIPEPTIDE IN TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION THERAPY FOR CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS: A DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION MODEL BASED ON ITALIAN DATA
Authors: Pradelli Lorenzo , Iannazzo Sergio , Zaniolo Orietta , Muscaritoli Maurizio , Eandi Mario 
Published: January 2012

Introduction: The supplementation of alanyl-glutamine dipeptide in critically ill patients necessitating total parenteral nutrition (TPN) improves clinical outcomes, reducing mortality, infection rate, and shortening intensive care unit (ICU) hospital lengths of stay (LOSs), as compared to standard TPN regimens.Methods: A Discrete Event Simulation model that incorporates outcomes rates from 200 Italian ICUs for over 60,000 patients, alanyl-glutamine dipeptide efficacy data synthesized by means of a Bayesian random effects meta-analysis, and national cost data has been developed to evaluate the alternatives from the cost perspective of the hospital. Simulated clinical outcomes are death and infection rates in ICU, death rate in general ward, and hospital LOSs. Sensitivity analyses are performed by varying all uncertain parameter values in a plausible range.Results: The internal validation process confirmed the accuracy of the model in replicating observed clinical data. Alanyl-glutamine dipeptide on average results more effective and less costly than standard TPN: reduced mortality rate (24.6% ± 1.6% vs. 34.5% ± 2.1%), infection rate (13.8% ± 2.9% vs. 18.8% ± 3.9%), and hospital LOS (24.9 ± 0.3 vs. 26.0 ± 0.3 days) come at a lower total cost per patient (23,409 ± 3,345 vs. 24,161 ± 3,523 Euro).Treatment cost is completely offset by savings on ICU and antibiotic costs. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results.Conclusions: Alanyl-glutamine dipeptide is expected to improve clinical outcomes and to do so with a concurrent saving for the Italian hospital.
IQ and the Fronto-temporal Cortex in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Gutiérrez-Galve Leticia , Bruno Stefania , Wheeler-Kingshott Claudia A.M. , Summers Mary , Cipolotti Lisa , Ron Maria A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCognitive changes are documented in bipolar disorder (BP). Cortical volume loss, especially in prefrontal regions, has also been reported, but associations between cognition and cortical abnormalities have not been fully documented. This study explores associations between cognitive performance and cortical parameters (area, thickness and volume) of the fronto-temporal cortex in 36 BP patients (25 BPI and 11 BPII). T1-weighted volumetric MRI images were obtained using a 1.5 Tesla scanner. Cortical parameters were measured using surface-based morphometry and their associations with estimated premorbid, current IQ, visual memory, and executive function explored. Premorbid IQ was associated with frontal cortical area and volume, but no such associations were present for current cognitive performance. Cortical parameters were not different in BPI and BPII patients, but the association between current IQ and temporal cortical area was stronger in BPII patients. The pattern of cortico-cognitive associations in BPI and BPII patients merits further consideration. (JINS, 2012, 18, 370–374)
Reliable Change on the Boston Naming Test
Authors: Sachs Bonnie C. , Lucas John A. , Smith Glenn E. , Ivnik Robert J. , Petersen Ronald C. , Graff-Radford Neill R. , Pedraza Otto 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSerial assessments are commonplace in neuropsychological practice and used to document cognitive trajectory for many clinical conditions. However, true change scores may be distorted by measurement error, repeated exposure to the assessment instrument, or person variables. The present study provides reliable change indices (RCI) for the Boston Naming Test, derived from a sample of 844 cognitively normal adults aged 56 years and older. All participants were retested between 9 and 24 months after their baseline exam. Results showed that a 4-point decline during a 9–15 month retest period or a 6-point decline during a 16–24 month retest period represents reliable change. These cutoff values were further characterized as a function of a person's age and family history of dementia. These findings may help clinicians and researchers to characterize with greater precision the temporal changes in confrontation naming ability. (JINS, 2012, 18, 375–378)
Tide transformation in the Guadalquivir estuary (SW Spain) and process‐based zonation
Authors: Díez‐Minguito M. , Baquerizo A. , Ortega‐Sánchez M. , Navarro G. , Losada M. A. 
Published: January 2012

This study analyzes tide transformation in the Guadalquivir estuary (SW Spain). When fresh water discharges are less than 40 m3/s, the estuary is tidally‐dominated (flood‐dominated) and well mixed. Under such conditions, the estuary can be divided into three stretches, each characterized by a different tide propagation process. In the first stretch of 25 km, the dominant process is diffusion. In the next stretch, approximately over 35 km length, convergence and friction processes are in balance. At the head of the estuary, in the last stretch, the tidal motion is partially standing because of tidal reflection on the Alcalá del Río dam, located 110 km upstream from the estuary mouth. The reflection coefficient R varies with the frequency; for diurnal constituents its magnitude ∣RD∣ is 0.25; this value increases in the case of semi‐diurnal (∣RS∣ ≈ 0.40), and quarter‐diurnal constituents (∣RQ∣ ≈ 0.65), and reaches its minimum at the sixth‐diurnal components (∣RX∣ ≈ 0.10). The tidal reflection can generate residual currents that have consequences in the bed morphology. Furthermore, when the fresh water discharges are greater than 400 m3/s, the estuary is fluvially‐dominated and the water level can be calculated as the linear superposition of tide and river contributions. However, superposition arguments do not hold for currents at any point in the estuary.
Meteor‐radar observed mesospheric semi‐annual oscillation (SAO) and quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) over Maui, Hawaii
Authors: Li Tao , Liu Alan Z. , Lu Xian , Li Zhenhua , Franke Steven J. , Swenson Gary R. , Dou Xiankang 
Published: January 2012

We observed the variations of the semi‐annual oscillation (SAO) in the mesopause region of northern subtropics, and we describe its origin and forcing implications. Using the measurements of horizontal wind profiles made by the University of Illinois meteor radar in Maui, Hawaii (20.7°N, 156.3°W) from May 2002 to June 2007 and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim data set, we find that the mesospheric SAO, with the winter westerly near 80–90 km clearly stronger than the summer westerly, is out of phase with the stratospheric SAO near 1 hPa (∼50 km). The mesospheric SAO easterly is strong during the easterly phase and weak during the westerly phase of the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) near 10 hPa (∼30 km), suggesting the modulation of the mesospheric SAO by the stratospheric QBO. The mesospheric QBO has an amplitude of approximately 5 m/s near 80 km. It is in phase with the stratospheric QBO near 10 hPa and out of phase with the QBO‐like oscillation near 1 hPa. The correlation of the gravity wave (GW) and the quasi‐two‐day wave (QTDW) activities with the mesospheric SAO and QBO suggests that the GW drags and the QTDW Eliassen‐Palm flux divergences likely contribute to the QBO modulation of the mesospheric SAO. The winter easterly wind in the tropical upper stratosphere pushes further into the northern subtropics during the QBO westerly phase than during the easterly phase. This may have impacts on the upward propagation of westward‐propagating GWs originated from the middle latitudes, and thus the westward GW forcing in the upper mesosphere of northern subtropics.
N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide in the management of patients in the medical emergency department (PROMPT): correlation with disease severity, utilization of hospital resources, and prognosis in a large, prospective, randomized multicentre trial
Authors: Luchner Andreas , Möckel Martin , Spanuth Eberhard , Möcks Joachim , Peetz Dirk , Baum Hannsjörg , Spes Christoph , Wrede Christian E. , Vollert Jörn , Müller Reinhold , Katus Hugo , Giannitsis Evangelos 
Published: January 2012

AimsN‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) is a potent marker of heart failure and other cardiac diseases. The value of NT‐proBNP testing in the medical emergency department (ED) was assessed in patients >65 years old.Methods and resultsThis large, prospective, randomized, controlled, multicentre trial was conducted in six medical EDs. Data for evaluation of the primary endpoint of hospitalization were available for 1086 patients. Median NT‐proBNP was 582 pg/mL. A total of 16% of patients presented with NT‐proBNP <150 pg/mL (low), 55% with NT‐proBNP between 150 and 1800 pg/mL (intermediate), and 29% with NT‐proBNP >1800 pg/mL (high). NT‐proBNP was positively correlated with hospital admission [odds ratio (OR) for high vs. low 2.9, P < 0.0001], length of stay (8.5 days vs. 3.5 days for high vs. low, P < 0.01), in‐hospital death (3.9% vs. 0% for high vs. low, P < 0.01), 6 months re‐hospitalization (OR for high vs. low 5.1, P < 0.0001), and 6 months death or re‐hospitalization (OR for high vs. low 5.7, P < 0.0001). Knowledge of NT‐proBNP had no significant effect on the primary endpoint hospital admission and the secondary endpoints intermediate/intensive care unit (IMC/ICU) admission, length of stay, re‐hospitalization and death, or re‐hospitalization in the total cohort. However, patients with high open NT‐proBNP (>1800 pg/mL) were more likely to be admitted to the hospital (P < 0.05) and IMC/ICU (P < 0.05), whereas patients with low open NT‐proBNP (<150 pg/mL) were less likely to be admitted (P < 0.05) compared with patients with blinded NT‐proBNP.ConclusionAlthough NT‐proBNP does not affect overall hospitalization, it is associated with better stratification of patient care and is strongly correlated with subsequent utilization of hospital resources and prognosis.
Preface
Authors: Wise Richard , Livermore David , Brown Derek , Symonds Jane 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
It is over 12 years since the BSAC Working Party on Susceptibility (then Sensitivity) Testing first reported its recommendations. The primary aim of the Working Party has not changed, namely to guide the hospital laboratory in ‘assisting the clinician in his/her choice of an appropriate . . . antibiotic’. In addition, the accurate surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is increasing in importance. This latest publication moves forward from the initial discussion of breakpoints in 1988, through minimum inhibitory concentration methodology in 1991 to the current standardized disc technique (and related issues such as automation, β-lactamase detection and interpretative reading). We realize that this has involved a mammoth amount of work by a few committed individuals, who, in turn, are very grateful to the BSAC for underwriting this effort with the necessary financial resources. Equally, it has involved a wider group of interested laboratories that field-tested the method.
Some of the information in this supplement has been posted on the BSAC website (http://www.bsac.org.uk). It will be updated regularly. We advise all interested, both laboratory workers and pharmaceutical companies, to look at the website frequently.
In bringing together this Supplement we thank Sheila Dutta Chowdhury for secretarial input and most significantly all the members of the Working Party, past and present, for their hard work.
Where will we be in another 12 years? Undoubtedly automation will play a major role in the clinical laboratory and most probably detection of the genetic basis of resistance in individual isolates will be available. Until then, we commend this document to the membership of the BSAC and to a wider audience.
History and development of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methodology
Authors: Wheat Philip F. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is performed daily on bacterial isolates in clinical laboratories. The techniques employed are often taken for granted. This paper traces the history and development of some methods still in common use for routine AST, e.g. disc diffusion and agar dilution. It was quickly recognized by early investigators that there were many variables affecting the results of these tests. Consequently, there was recognition (as early as the late 1950s) that standardization of these techniques was required. This need has led to many organizations producing standardized AST methodologies. Although some disc diffusion techniques that generated results within 4–6 h were described, most relied on 18–24 h incubation before a result was available. The clinical and economic pressures for rapid methods with low labour input led to the development of semi-automated and automated AST methodologies in the 1970s. Until 10 years ago, AST techniques relied on phenotypically testing the bacteria isolated. However, to increase the speed and reliability of resistance testing, the use of a genotypic approach has been advocated. The limitations and benefits of this new approach are discussed.
Detection of β-lactamase-mediated resistance
Authors: Livermore David M. , Brown Derek F. J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
β-Lactams are the most widely used antibiotics, and β-lactamases are the greatest source of resistance to them. An understanding of β-lactamase detection and identification is therefore valuable. Colorimetric, acidimetric and iodometric tests of β-lactamase production are good, rapid indicators of penicillin and ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus, Moraxella and Neisseria spp. These methods can also be applied to Gram-negative aerobic bacilli but are less useful, since the usual question is not whether a β-lactamase is produced by these organisms, but which β-lactamase? Accurate identification of the β-lactamases of Enterobacteriaceae demands gene or protein sequencing, but the broad type of enzyme produced by an isolate can often be inferred from antibiotic susceptibility data. Resistance to ceftazidime or cefpodoxime implies extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., especially if susceptibility to cefoxitin is retained. ESBL production can be confirmed with double disc tests or with various commercial kits. Derepression of AmpC β-lactamases in Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter freundii is another important mechanism and can be inferred from cross-resistance to β-lactamase inhibitor combinations and to all cephalosporins except fourth-generation agents. Antagonism between cefoxitin and cefotaxime can be used to infer the presence of inducible AmpC enzymes in these species, indicating the risk of segregation of derepressed mutants, but in general this risk is better predicted from accurate speciation.
Recommendations for susceptibility tests on fastidious organisms and those requiring special handling
Authors: King Anna 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Fastidious organisms present problems in antimicrobial susceptibility testing related to particular cultural requirements or slow growth. Methods for commonly isolated fastidious organisms, including haemolytic streptococci, Neisseria spp. and Haemophilus spp., are included in the description of the standardized disc diffusion method. However, some further information is given here for Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria spp. Other less commonly isolated fastidious organisms are detailed and modifications of the disc diffusion method are given for Campylobacter spp. and rapidly growing anaerobes. For those organisms where disc diffusion methodology is not recommended, Brucella spp., Helicobacter pylori and Leigionella spp., MIC determinations are often needed, although disc diffusion test results may be useful as screens for resistance. Where disc diffusion can be used it is important to use the correct medium and to include appropriate controls. Methodology is also given for testing isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which are affected by both medium and temperature.