bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Vereinheitlichung der Naturkräfte
Authors: Wuensch Daniela 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDavid Hilbert war neben Henri Poincaré der bedeutendste Mathematiker des 20. Jahrhunderts und bestimmte entscheidend die Entwicklung der Physik. Mit seiner axiomatischen Methode beabsichtigte er, die Wissenschaften in ihrer Struktur zu vereinigen. Es gelang Hilbert, alle Zweige der modernen Physik, die Relativitätstheorie, die Quantentheorie und die vereinheitlichten Theorien grundlegend zu bestimmen. In Göttingen führte er zusammen mit Felix Klein eine Blüte der Mathematik und der Physik ohnegleichen herbei. Die Machtübernahme der Nazis setzte ihr ein jähes Ende.
Elektrodynamik in der Einsiedelei
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNächtens schließt er sich in sein Zimmer ein und studiert im Schein einer Öllampe Elektrodynamik, während nebenan Mommy und Daddy zu Bett gehen. Noch mit 40 Jahren lebt er bei seinen Eltern, nur kurz unterbrochen von einigen Jahren Berufstätigkeit als Techniker für die Dansk‐Norsk‐Engelske Telegraf Selskab. “Als Figur hätte er direkt einem Dickens‐Roman entsprungen sein können”, stellt ein Biograf fest.
Nano‐Resonatoren aus Diamant
Authors: Riedrich‐Möller Janine , Kipfstuhl Laura , Becher Christoph 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOptisch aktive Defekte in Diamant, sogenannte Farbzentren, sind attraktive Kandidaten für die Realisierung von Konzepten der Quanteninformation. Die kontrollierte Wechselwirkung solcher Farbzentren mit Lichtfeldern kann durch die Ankopplung an optische Resonatoren erleichtert werden. Unserer Gruppe an der Universität des Saarlandes ist es nun in einer Kooperation mit den Universitäten Augsburg, Kaiserslautern und Freiburg gelungen, optische Resonatoren im Nano‐ und Mikrometermaßstab direkt in einkristallinem Diamant herzustellen und die Kopplung von Farbzentren zu demonstrieren.
Stark korrelierte Photonen auf einem Halbleiterchip
Authors: Volz Thomas , Reinhard Andreas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNichtlineare Wechselwirkungen zwischen einzelnen Lichtquanten, den Photonen, werden zentraler Bestandteil zukünftiger optischer Quantentechnologien sein. Unserer Arbeitsgruppe an der ETH Zürich gelang es kürzlich, ein hochgradig nichtlineares optisches System, bestehend aus einem Quantenpunkt in einem nanophotonischen Resonator, zu realisieren und daran starke Quantenkorrelationen zwischen gestreuten Photonen nachzuweisen. Ein derartiges System könnte als Einzelphotonen‐Transistor in einem optischen Computerchip zum Einsatz kommen.
Von der Unsichtbarkeit zur Unhörbarkeit
Authors: Stenger Nicolas , Wegener Martin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDie Konzepte der Transformationsoptik, die unlängst erste Unsichtbarkeitstarnkappen ermöglicht haben, können von elektromagnetischen Wellen auf andere Wellentypen übertragen werden. Kürzlich gelang so unserem Forscherteam in Karlsruhe die erste Tarnkappe für elastische Wellen in einer dünnen Platte im akustischen Frequenzbereich – eine “Unhörbarkeitstarnkappe”.
Photosynthese – die Fabrik im Blatt
Authors: Rolfs Claus 
Published: March 2012

AbstractZucker mit der Molekülstruktur C6H12O6 ist ein energiereicher Stoff. Er wird in den Blättern der Pflanzen über die Photosynthese hergestellt und zwar mit Hilfe von Lichtenergie und zwei energiearmen Stoffen, nämlich Wasser (H2O) und Kohlendioxid (CO2). Hierbei wird auch der für Mensch und Tier wertvolle Sauerstoff O2 freigesetzt. Jedes Blatt ist gewissermaßen eine kleine chemische Fabrik.
Einsatz von gebogenem Glas im Bauwesen
Authors: Schuler Christian , Sonja  , Elstner Michael , Illguth Marcus , Lorenz Alexander 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDer Einsatz von gebogenen Glaselementen in der modernen Architektur nimmt stetig zu. Da sich die Herstellung, das Tragverhalten sowie das baurechtliche Genehmigungsverfahren in grundlegenden Punkten zu planem Glas unterscheiden, sind zusätzliche Hinweise und Erläuterungen beim Einsatz erforderlich. Es wird aufgezeigt, welche Besonderheiten zu beachten sind, wo die Risiken liegen können und wo sich der derzeitige Stand der Technik befindet.Application of curved glass in architecture. The use of glass in modern architecture is growing continuously. Since curved glass differs radically from flat glass in production, load bearing behavior, as well as in the approval procedure of building law, some additional information and details need to be taken into consideration when using curved glass. It will be shown, which specialities have to be considered, where the possible risks are, and what the current State‐of‐the‐Art is.
Qualitätskontrolle von ESG und TVG – Einsatz der Spannungsoptik
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Kasper Ruth , Di Biase Pietro , Kremens Titus , Bucak Ömer , Illguth Marcus , Wahlers Ludger , Reckow Jürgen , Kubiak Rolf , Gruber Reinhard 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBei thermisch gebogenen TVG‐ und ESG‐Scheiben konnten in der Vergangenheit bei Schadensfällen und Forschungsprojekten durch Visualisierung mittels Polfilteraufnahmen Unregelmäßigkeiten hinsichtlich der Verteilung der thermischen Vorspannung festgestellt werden. Die Abweichungen von einer homogenen Vorspannungsverteilung steht in Zusammenhang mit nicht konformen Bruchbildern [1].Bis dato fehlte jedoch eine Interpretationsgrundlage für die Bewertung der Polfilterbilder, da der Zusammenhang zwischen der visualisierten Farbgebung und dem Spannungszustand im Glas unbekannt war. Das Forschungsprojekt “ZIM – Gebogenes Glas“ nahm dies zum Anlass, die Möglichkeiten einer Online‐Qualitätskontrolle mit Visualisierung der Vorspannungsverteilung zur Verbesserung der Produktqualität von gebogenem Glas zu untersuchen und zerstörungsfrei Aussagen über das Bruchbild zu treffen.Quality control of heat strengthened and fully tempered glass panels – Use of photoelasticity. In the past irregularities concerning the distribution of prestress in bent heat strengthened and fully tempered glass have been visualized by using polarizing filters. Especially in cases of damages, discrepancies of homogeneous distributions have been detected in polarizing filter images and a correlation between non‐conforming fracture pattern has been made. Until now a basis for the interpretation of these irregularities could not be found. Therefore, within the research project “ZIM – bended glass” the product quality of bent glass by using the visualization of the distribution of stress was investigated. The results shall also serve for a future online quality monitoring system. The distribution of stress combined with the visualized colors gives a deeper insight in the resulting fracture patterns of glass.
EN 1090 – Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung unter Berücksichtigung der technologischen Möglichkeiten und Verfahrensgrenzen
Authors: Ummenhofer Thomas , Ruff Daniel C. , Steidl Frank , Knödel Peter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMit der Umstellung auf die Bemessung von Metalltragwerken nach dem Eurocode wird auch deren Herstellung in der EN 1090 geregelt. Im Vergleich zur DIN 18800 Teil 7 entsteht dem Hersteller ein erhöhter Aufwand an zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen (ZfP). Da im Rahmen der DIN 18800 nur in verhältnismäßig geringem Umfang zerstörungsfreie Prüfungen gefordert werden, bestehen jetzt Unsicherheiten bezüglich der Anforderungen der EN 1090 sowie bei der Auswahl geeigneter Prüfmethoden.Die Anforderungen der EN 1090 werden nachfolgend ausführlich erläutert.EN 1090 – non‐destructive testing taking into account the technological capabilities and process limits. With conversion to the design of metal structures according to the Eurocode also their production is regulated according to EN 1090. Compared to DIN 18800 part 7, the producer is confronted with an increased expenditure of non‐destructive tests (NDT). Since non‐destructive tests are only required to a very limited extent within the scope of DIN 18800, uncertainties now exist with regard to the requirements of EN 1090 as well as to the selection of suitable testing methods. The requirements of EN 1090 are discussed in detail as follows.
A multiscale model for dislocations: From mesoscopic elasticity to macroscopic plasticity
Authors: Van Goethem N. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA multiscale model for dislocations in single crystals is proposed. The aim of this paper is to provide homogenization of dislocations from the meso‐ to the macro‐scale. In particular we prove a new formula relating macroscopic strain incompatibility and dislocation density. Moreover, it is shown that plasticity is recovered from homogenization of purely elastic mesoscopic crystals with dislocations, where the appropriate functional space of Special functions of Bounded Deformation appears as a natural choice. Nonstandard defect and deformation internal variables and their evolution in time appear while novel differential relations are sketched in the non‐Riemannian crystal with a thermodynamical model as based on those results,
Retroperitoneal Adrenal‐Sparing Surgery for the Treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome Caused by Adrenocortical Adenoma: 8‐Year Experience With 87 Patients
Authors: He Hong‐chao , Dai Jun , Shen Zhou‐jun , Zhu Yu , Sun Fu‐kang , Shao Yuan , Zhang Rong‐ming , Wang Hao‐fei , Rui Wen‐bin , Zhong Shan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study was to present our 8‐year experience with partial adrenalectomy via the retroperitoneal approach for the treatment of Cushing’s adenoma.MethodsA total of 93 patients who underwent adrenal surgery for Cushing’s adenoma from March 2003 to December 2010 were enrolled in this study. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were reviewed from the database. Student’s t test was used to analyze the continuous data, and the χ2 test was used to analyze the categoric data. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsAdrenal‐sparing surgery was performed in 87 cases (31 by open surgery, 56 by retroperitoneal laparoscopy). Six patients underwent open/laparoscopic total adrenalectomy because of recurrent disease or a large size. The cure rate in our series was 97.8%. Hypertension resolved in 34 of 64 patients (53.1%), diabetes in 7 of 27 patients (25.9%) and obesity in 28 of 48 patients (58.3%). One patient died during the postoperative period. The intraoperative complication rate for the open surgery group was significantly higher than that for the retroperitoneal laparoscopy group (9.1 vs. 1.7%).ConclusionsThe retroperitoneal approach is reliable and safe for treating Cushing’s syndrome. The laparoscopic technique can decrease the prevalence of intraoperative complications. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy can be performed with extremely low morbidity and achieves an excellent outcome, although death may occur during the postoperative period in high‐risk patients. Postoperative management plays an important role in the surgical treatment of Cushing’s syndrome.
Management of Esophageal Foreign Bodies: Experience in a Developing Country
Authors: Orji Foster Tochukwu , Akpeh James O. , Okolugbo Nekwu E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe outcome of esophagoscopy for removal of suspected esophageal foreign bodies (EFBs) is dependent on the FB characteristics and the surgeon’s experience. This study was conducted to review our experience and highlight challenges in the management of EFBs in a developing country. The value of radiologic signs in FB detection was also evaluated.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of 131 patients: 58.8% males and 41.9% females aged 8 months to 64 years, treated for suspected EFBs in our institution over a 13‐year period. Statistics were derived by univariate analysisResultsForeign bodies were found and retrieved in 118 cases. Coins were the predominant FB in children (35%), and bones (25%) and dentures (17%) were predominant in adults. Plain radiography was highly useful in detecting FBs in children (coins/metals 100%) but less so in adults (bones 25%, dentures 11%). Repeated esophagoscopy attempts were encountered more in patients with impacted sharp objects (85%) and were recorded significantly among trainee surgeons (p = 0.004). Open esophagotomy was carried out in 13 (10%) difficult cases. Major complications including two iatrogenic esophageal perforations and one death occurred following esophagoscopy by trainee surgeons.ConclusionsRigid esophagoscopy is relatively safe and useful procedure in trained hands for removal of EFBs. Management of long‐standing EFBs, dentures, and other sharp objects requires the skills of the most experienced members of the surgical team for a successful outcome. Open surgical treatment is unavoidable in cases of irretrievable esophageal FBs or in the presence of esophageal perforation.
Options in Breast Cancer Local Therapy: Who Gets What?
Authors: Jatoi Ismail 
Published: March 2012

AbstractToday, women with primary breast cancer may consider three surgical options: breast‐conserving surgery (BCS), mastectomy (MT), and mastectomy with contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (MT + CPM). In each case, the ipsilateral axilla is generally managed with a sentinel node biopsy and possibly an axillary lymph node dissection. BCS generally requires breast radiotherapy, except in older women having tumors with a favorable prognosis who will receive endocrine therapy. In contrast, women treated with MT generally do not require radiotherapy, except for those with large tumors or metastases to the axillary nodes. Moreover, MT and MT + CPM are usually undertaken with breast reconstruction. Yet, most patients today are suitable candidates for BCS, with a few relative contraindications. Thus, early pregnancy, previous radiotherapy to the breasts, active collagen vascular disease, multicentric breast cancer, large tumors (although neoadjuvant systemic therapy can often reduce tumor size), and the presence of the BRCA mutation are all relative contraindications to BCS. BRCA mutation carriers should consider MT + CPM because their risk of contralateral breast cancer is greatly increased. In the U.S., the use of MT for the treatment of primary breast cancer has declined in recent years, while MT + CPM rates have increased, and BCS rates have remained relatively stable. The underlying reasons for these trends are not fully understood. Local therapy options should be discussed with each patient in considerable detail, and more studies are needed to better elucidate which factors influence a woman’s choice of local therapy following a breast cancer diagnosis.
Direct numerical simulation of stationary homogeneous stratified sheared turbulence
Authors: Chung D. , Matheou G. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractUsing direct numerical simulation, we investigate stationary and homogeneous shear-driven turbulence in various stratifications, ranging from neutral to very stable. To attain and maintain a stationary flow, we throttle the mean shear so that the net production stays constant for all times. This results in a flow that is characterized solely by its mean shear and its mean buoyancy gradient, independent of initial conditions. The method of throttling is validated by comparison with experimental spectra in the case of neutral stratification. With increasing stratification comes the emergence of vertically sheared large-scale horizontal motions that preclude a straightforward interpretation of flow statistics. However, once these motions are excluded, simply by subtracting the horizontal average, the underlying flow appears amenable to the standard methods of turbulence analysis. It is shown that a direct acknowledgement of the confining influence of the periodic simulation box can lead to a meaningful physical interpretation of the large scales. Once an appropriate confinement scale is identified, many features, including horizontal spectra, flux–gradient relationships and length scales, of stratified sheared turbulence can be readily understood, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in terms of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. Finally, the similarity-theory framework is used to interpret the scaling of the vertical diapycnal diffusivity in stratified turbulence.
Is the storm time response of the inner magnetospheric hot ions universally similar or driver dependent?
Authors: Liemohn Michael W. , Katus Roxanne 
Published: March 2012

The Hot Electron and Ion Drift Integrator (HEIDI) model was used to simulate all of the intense storms (Dstmin < −100 nT) from solar cycle 23 (1996–2005). These storms were classified according to their heliospheric driving structure, namely, either an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) or a corotating interaction region and its trailing high‐speed stream (CIR/HSS). Five different HEIDI input combinations were used to create a large collection of numerical results, varying the plasma outer boundary condition and electric field description in the model. Statistical data‐model analyses were conducted on the total energy content, yielding error estimates on the correlation coefficients and root‐mean‐square error values for each run set. The accuracy of each run set depends on the method of comparison and classification of the driver. For the correlation coefficients, the simulations using a local‐time‐dependent outer boundary condition were consistently better than those using a local‐time‐averaged (but high‐time‐resolution) nightside boundary condition, with the simplistic electric field being better than the self‐consistent field description. For the root‐mean‐square error, the results are less conclusive. For the CIR/HSS‐driven storms, those with the high‐time‐resolution boundary condition were systematically better than those with the local‐time‐dependent (but lower‐time‐resolution) boundary condition. For the ICME‐driven storms, those run sets employing the self‐consistent electric field calculation were systematically better than those using the simplistic electric field. The implication, therefore, is that the inner magnetospheric physical response to strong driving is, at least to some degree, fundamentally different depending on the heliospheric structure impacting geospace. Specifically, for an accurate SYMH* comparison, it is found that CIR/HSS events respond strongly to transient spikes in the plasma outer boundary condition, while ICME passages exhibit a more highly structured electric field.
Persistent termini of 2004‐ and 2005‐like ruptures of the Sunda megathrust
Authors: Meltzner Aron J. , Sieh Kerry , Chiang Hong‐Wei , Shen Chuan‐Chou , Suwargadi Bambang W. , Natawidjaja Danny H. , Philibosian Belle , Briggs Richard W. 
Published: March 2012

To gain insight into the longevity of subduction zone segmentation, we use coral microatolls to examine an 1100‐year record of large earthquakes across the boundary of the great 2004 and 2005 Sunda megathrust ruptures. Simeulue, a 100‐km‐long island off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, straddles this boundary: northern Simeulue was uplifted in the 2004 earthquake, whereas southern Simeulue rose in 2005. Northern Simeulue corals reveal that predecessors of the 2004 earthquake occurred in the 10th century AD, in AD 1394 ± 2, and in AD 1450 ± 3. Corals from southern Simeulue indicate that none of the major uplifts inferred on northern Simeulue in the past 1100 years extended to southern Simeulue. The two largest uplifts recognized at a south‐central Simeulue site—around AD 1422 and in 2005—involved little or no uplift of northern Simeulue. The distribution of uplift and strong shaking during a historical earthquake in 1861 suggests the 1861 rupture area was also restricted to south of central Simeulue, as in 2005. The strikingly different histories of the two adjacent patches demonstrate that this boundary has persisted as an impediment to rupture through at least seven earthquakes in the past 1100 years. This implies that the rupture lengths, and hence sizes, of at least some future great earthquakes and tsunamis can be forecast. These microatolls also provide insight into megathrust behavior between earthquakes, revealing sudden and substantial changes in interseismic strain accumulation rates.
Metagenomic analysis of a stable trichloroethene-degrading microbial community
Authors: Brisson Vanessa L , West Kimberlee A , Lee Patrick K H , Tringe Susannah G , Brodie Eoin L , Alvarez-Cohen Lisa 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Dehalococcoides bacteria are the only organisms known to completely reduce chlorinated ethenes to the harmless product ethene. However, Dehalococcoides dechlorinate these chemicals more effectively and grow more robustly in mixed microbial communities than in isolation. In this study, the phylogenetic composition and gene content of a functionally stable trichloroethene-degrading microbial community was examined using metagenomic sequencing and analysis. For phylogenetic classification, contiguous sequences (contigs) longer than 2500 bp were grouped into classes according to tetranucleotide frequencies and assigned to taxa based on rRNA genes and other phylogenetic marker genes. Classes were identified for Clostridiaceae, Dehalococcoides, Desulfovibrio, Methanobacterium, Methanospirillum, as well as a Spirochete, a Synergistete, and an unknown Deltaproteobacterium. Dehalococcoides contigs were also identified based on sequence similarity to previously sequenced genomes, allowing the identification of 170 kb on contigs shorter than 2500 bp. Examination of metagenome sequences affiliated with Dehalococcoides revealed 406 genes not found in previously sequenced Dehalococcoides genomes, including 9 cobalamin biosynthesis genes related to corrin ring synthesis. This is the first time that a Dehalococcoides strain has been found to possess genes for synthesizing this cofactor critical to reductive dechlorination. Besides Dehalococcoides, several other members of this community appear to have genes for complete or near-complete cobalamin biosynthesis pathways. In all, 17 genes for putative reductive dehalogenases were identified, including 11 novel ones, all associated with Dehalococcoides. Genes for hydrogenase components (271 in total) were widespread, highlighting the importance of hydrogen metabolism in this community. PhyloChip analysis confirmed the stability of this microbial community.
Microbial diversity in arctic freshwaters is structured by inoculation of microbes from soils
Authors: Crump Byron C , Amaral-Zettler Linda A , Kling George W 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Microbes are transported in hydrological networks through many environments, but the nature and dynamics of underlying microbial metacommunities and the impact of downslope inoculation on patterns of microbial diversity across landscapes are unknown. Pyrosequencing of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene hypervariable regions to characterize microbial communities along a hydrological continuum in arctic tundra showed a pattern of decreasing diversity downslope, with highest species richness in soil waters and headwater streams, and lowest richness in lake water. In a downstream lake, 58% and 43% of the bacterial and archaeal taxa, respectively, were also detected in diverse upslope communities, including most of the numerically dominant lake taxa. In contrast, only 18% of microbial eukaryotic taxa in the lake were detected upslope. We suggest that patterns of diversity in surface waters are structured by initial inoculation from microbial reservoirs in soils followed by a species-sorting process during downslope dispersal of both common and rare microbial taxa. Our results suggest that, unlike for metazoans, a substantial portion of bacterial and archaeal diversity in surface freshwaters may originate in complex soil environments.