bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and Composition of Sudangrass on High‐Calcium, Low‐Magnesium Soil1
Authors: Fine L. O. , Shannon D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnsatisfactory growth of monocot crops on irrigated areas of Haverson soil, which is classified as a Ustic Torrifluvent fine‐loamy mixed (calcareous), mesic, and known occurrence of Mg deficiency and grass tetany in the area encouraged the authors to undertake this study. The objectives in the work were to determine plant performance through a considerable range of soil Ca:Mg and establish, if possible, minimum soil Mg levels for adequate nutrition of Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense L.), an important forage of the area. ‘Piper’ sudangrass was grown in a greenhouse on three soil sources from the area: 1) surface soil previously Mg‐treated, 2) surface soil, 3) subsurface. The sources were all very slightly calcareous and had ratios of extractable Ca:Mg as high as 30:1 and as much as 4.5 meq exchangeable K/100 g. Mg was added at rates of 0, 2, 4, 8 meq, and K at 0 and 2 meq/100 g soil to attempt a remedy of field‐observed chlorosis and poor yields. Iron sulfate foliar sprays were used periodically to alleviate an iron chlorosis which developed in most cultures in the experiment. The Mg content of tissue grown on untreated soil ranged from 0.13 to 0.20%, generally one‐third to one‐half the Ca content. Soil K additions increased plant Ca content considerably and without exception, and increased plant Mg content in the second and third harvest with all three soil sources. Soil Mg additions increased plant Mg as much as three‐fold, but depressed Ca appreciably only with the topsoil having field‐applied Mg a year previously, and only slightly at harvests 1 and 2 with the other two soil sources. Mg depressed plant K in harvests 1 and 2. Plant Mg and K contents increased approximately proportional to soil additions of these ions. Plant materials harvested were generally below suggested minimums of Mg content for grass tetany control, and the K/Ca + Mg meq ratio exceeded 1.80. Results of these investigations indicate that for sudangrass forage of satisfactory quality, extractable Mg should be raised by soil additions to one‐half or equal the soil K when conditions of extractable Ca and K similar to these are found. Although yields were not affected the first harvest, Mg content of forage was increased and yields and Mg were both improved in subsequent harvests. Additions to bring Mg equal to native soil K and reduce Ca:Mg to 10:1 resulted in forage Mg content above 0.20%.
A Versatile Generalized Computer Program for Generating Calcomp Plots of Data Points, Histograms, and Functions1
Authors: Fribourg Henry A. , Hannaway David B. , Patterson Virginia K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA FORTRAN IV program using CALCOMP drum plotter routines was written, incorporating the features present in two programs previously reported by other authors and adding other capabilities. Rectangular graphs can be prepared with one or two X axes and one or two Y axes, and each pair of parallel axes may be drawn at different scales. Several lines of descriptive labeling are possible for both horizontal and vertical axes. Data points may be plotted either as histograms with or without hatchings or as individual symbols. The symbols may be isolated or connected with dots, dashes, or combinations of dots and dashes in different lengths. Plots can be generated for numerous functions representable in Cartesian coordinates. The resulting graphs are suitable for publication.
Responses of Red Clover to Increasing Rates of Topdressed Potassium Fertilizer1
Authors: Smith Dale , Smith R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh yields of legumes require large amounts of soil K. The purpose of this study conducted at Arlington, Wis. (43.7° N Lat) was to determine the amount of topdressed K needed to obtain maximum herbage yields from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). ‘Lakeland’ red clover was established on low K Typic Argiudoll (Plano silt loam) soil and topdressed during spring of the second year with 0 to 896 kg/ha of K as KCl. The three highest K rates also were applied in split applications with half topdressed in fall and half in spring. There was no advantage to splitting K rates between fall and spring. No significant differences in herbage yield were observed in response to the application rates of K. However, yields tended to decrease with the 672 and 896 kg K/ha spring applications. Analysis of the second‐year total herbage showed that concentrations of K and Cl increased with K topdressing rate, but concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrates, N, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, B, Sr, and Mn decreased. There was no effect of K fertilizer on concentrations of S, Fe, Al, and percentage of IVDDM. Residual herbage yields and stands in the third year, following a severe winter, increased steadily up to 336 (stand) or 448 kg/ha (herbage yield) of spring applied K. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. ‘Vernal’) with similar spring K applications on adjacent plots yielded less than red clover at all K rates. Even so, red clover yields were not increased as much as those of alfalfa by the topdressed K. Possibly red clover needs less K for maximum growth than alfalfa, or that at low soil K levels, red clover is better able to absorb K from the soil because of its profuse surface rooting.
Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Reproduction of ‘Starr’ Spanish‐type Peanuts
Authors: Ketring D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSuccessful use of plant growth regulants to increase yields of leguminous field crops has not been achieved. Only a few substances have been tested on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants. Four diverse plant growth regulators were tested on ‘Starr’ Spanish‐type peanut plants to 1) determine their effects on growth and yield components, 2) establish an optimum time for regulant application, and 3) ascertain any residual effects on germination of the seeds produced. The regulants were applied at either early or late‐flowering to plants grown in the greenhouse. When treatments were applied at early‐flowering, shoot fresh weight at harvest was reduced by morphactin, but increased by abscisic acid and picloram plus 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. None of the substances affected growth in the late‐flowering treatment. There was no apparent relationship between vegetative growth and weight of mature seeds produced.Cumulative flowering patterns were altered by some of the substances and the continuous, prolonged flowering of these indeterminate plants was prevented. Pegging was stimulated by morphactin, but there was a wide range within which flowering and pegging could proceed without significantly affecting yield.Treated plants produced seeds with altered germination. Seeds from morphactin‐treated plants germinated abnormally, and they had low ethylene production rates; the percentage of rapidly growing (vigorous) seeds was reduced. The percentage of vigorous seeds from plants treated with abscisic acid and 2.5 ppm of herbicide was also reduced.
Post‐harvest Heating and Survival of Sod as Influenced by Pre‐harvest and Harvest Management1
Authors: Darrah C. H. , Powell A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHarvested turfgrass sod is a highly perishable commodity. Decline in quality and even death can occur if sod is not transplanted within a relatively short time. Respiratory heating is assumed to be the major deleterious effect occurring within the sod mass.Simulated storage conditions were employed to study the post‐harvest heating, carbohydrate response, and survival of a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa patensis L.) ‐ red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) sod. Mowing height, nitrogen fertility, clipping residue, and mowing interval were preharvest techniques investigated. Time of harvest and cutting depth were evaluated as harvest techniques.Sod which was 28C when placed into storage heated to 39C after 72 hours. During the storage period carbohydrates declined from 21.8 to 10.7%. Increased storage time resulted in significantly less top and root regrowth after transplanting. Low mowing heights, low nitrogen fertility, and clipping removal contributed to less heating during storage. Sod mowed at 7.6 cm heated to 46C after 72 hours of storage. Sod grown under low N fertility heated to 41C while high nitrogen sod heated to 44C after 72 hours of storage. Clipping removal vs. nonremoval accounted for a 4C differential in storage temperature after 48 hours. Mowing interval had no significant effect on storage temperature.Early morning harvest resulted in the lowest storage temperatures and greatest survival. A temperature difference as great as 14C was measured between sod harvested at 0600 and 1500 hours. Decreasing the amount of soil between layers of sod contributed to higher temperatures during storage. Thin cut sod heated to 47C while sod cut to a depth of 1.9 cm heated to 38C after 72 hours.The detrimental effects of high temperatures encountered during sod storage can be reduced. Lowest storage temperatures occurred when sod was harvested in early morning. Removal of active biomass from the sod stack was also an effective means of limiting storage temperatures. Treatments which contributed to the generation of more heat during storage suffered the greatest loss of live turf
Effect of Tillage Methods and Phosphorus Fertilization on Maize in the Humid Tropics1
Authors: Kang B. T. , Yunusa M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe recent interest in the adoption of minimum tillage for crop production in the humid tropics for better soil and water conservation has raised questions concerning crop yield and nutrient absorption. There is lack of information on the most suitable method of P application with minimum tillage as compared to conventional tillage with tropical soils. The present study was therefore undertaken to investigate the interaction between soil tillage and P application methods on (a) P movement in the soil profile, (b) maize root distribution, (c) P content, and (d) maize yield.The experiment was conducted on Egbeda soil series (Oxic Paleustalf) in southern Nigeria in 1974 and 1975 using a split‐plot design with four replications. Conventional and minimum tillage were the main plots, P rates and placement were the sub‐plots.Root density of maize was increased with P application. There was a tendency of higher root concentration in the upper 10 cm of the soil surface with minimum tillage. Movement of broadcast P in the soil profile was observed to be slow with minimum tillage. However, broadcast, band, and hill methods of P application was observed to be equally effective in supplying adequate P to the maize crop at P rates of 20 kg P/ha on the Egbeda soil. Therefore, no effect of P placement method on maize yield was observed with both minimum and conventional tillage methods. The lower maize yield with minimum tillage in 1974 was attributed to early N‐ stress. In 1975 with 160 kg N/ha, maize yield was equal with conventional and minimum tillage methods.
Modification of a Hay Baler for Applying Organic Preservatives to High Moisture Hay1
Authors: McNemar J. H. , Sheaffer C. C. , Clark N. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn much of the United States the limiting factor in making good quality hay is the amount of time required for hay curing. The object of this research was to modify a conventional twine‐tie baler to apply liquid preservatives to high moisture hay in order to decrease field drying times.Alfalfa‐timothy (Medicago sativa L. — Phleum pratense L.) hay was field treated with ammonium isobutyrate using a modified baler equipped with nozzles, pump, and storage tank. The preservative was applied at rates of 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0% to hay with an average moisture content of 39% with a range of 36 to 50%. All applied rates of preservative reduced storage temperatures. The baler modifications allowed for effective application of an organic preservative under field conditions.
Anhydrous Ammonia Compared to Ammonium Nitrate on Cool‐Season Grasses1
Authors: Schou J. B. , Tesar M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen fertilization of perennial grasses would be more widely accepted in the humid temperate part of the USA if it were more profitable. Currently the total cost of injecting NH3, anhydrous ammonia (AA), into sod is less than broadcasting ammonium nitrate (AN) but application technology and effects of AA on grasses are meager. These two N sources were compared in the field on deep‐rooted grasses—bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) (SB), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L) (RC), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) (TF), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) (OG)—and on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) (KB), a short‐rooted grass. Grasses were evaluated for seasonal and total yield, efficiency of N use, % stimulation between AA rows, and injury from AA in a 2‐year period (YR 1 + YR 2) after N fertilization of a Conover loam (Udollic Ochraqualfs; fine loamy, mixed, mesic). N was applied to the five grass sods only in the first year at at rates 112, 224, 448, and 896 kg/ha as surface‐broadcast AN or AA injected 13 cm deep into sods at row spacing of 25, 51, 76, and 102 cm. AA was slower than AN in increasing yield: in YR 1, AA produced lower yields in the first and higher yields in the last cutting than AN; in YR 1, yields were lower with AA but, except at the lowest N rate, were higher with AA in YR 2. Total yields increased with higher rates of N and were similar at all rates with either N source on all grasses except KB which yielded more with AA than AN at the highest rate. First‐year yields on all grasses plateaued at 224 kg N but increased with higher N rates in YR 2. Increasing AA spacing did not affect total yields but decreased yields in YR 1, particularly with KB, and increased yields in YR 2. Average yields in % were: SB‐100, TF‐86, RC‐79, OG‐75, and KB‐56. RC was the most efficient user of N. We concluded that AA is a feasible and efficient N source on perennial cool‐season grasses at rates up to 224 kg N/ha. Row spacings of 51 and 76 cm with special knives are suggested for shallow and deep‐rooted grasses, respectively.
Control of Witchgrass in Fields of Seedling Kentucky Bluegrass1
Authors: Robocker W. C. , Canode C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCompetition by witchgrass (Panicum capillare L.) in newly planted fields of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) reduces vigor and stand of bluegrass seedlings and may significantly reduce seed yields the first harvest year. In some years a seeding may be lost. Control of witchgrass during seedbed preparation is impossible because bluegrass is a cool‐season grass that should be planted early, particularly in non‐irrigated areas, while witchgrass is a warm‐season species that emerges 3 to 4 week after bluegrass. Use of selective herbicides is thus the only feasible means of controlling witchgrass.In a preliminary screening trial of 10 herbicides, only MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) showed acceptable selectivity. MSMA at rates ranging from 0.6 to 5.6 kg/ha was applied on irrigated Kentucky bluegrass seedings in a Typic Haploxeroll (Garrison gravelly loam) soil. Witchgrass seedlings ranged from two to four leaves through six to ten tillers of growth, and bluegrass development was from one to two leaves through five to seven tillers. Three consecutive years of replicated field trials showed that seed yields tended to increase with increasing control of witchgrass. Treatment with 3.4 to 5.6 kg/ha of MSMA when witchgrass had begun rapid growth (more than two tillers) provided excellent control of witchgrass with no injury to Kentucky bluegrass seedling.
Soil Oxygen and Temperature Effect on Tetany Potential of Three Annual Forage Species1
Authors: Elkins Charles B. , Hoveland Carl S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrass tetany, a metabolic disorder of cattle on pasture, has often been related to low Mg and high K levels, and high K/(Ca+Mg) equivalent ratios in forages. These forage mineral imbalances often occur during wet periods when soil O2 may be low. The effect of 2, 4, 8, 16, and 21% soil air O2, on Ca, Mg, and K contents of rye (Secale cereale L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), and arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi) was studied in the growth chamber at 22 C day air temperatures and 12 or 16 C night temperatures.Increasing soil O2, had little effect on Ca or Mg content of rye forage but increased K from 2 to 5%, and increased the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio to over 4. Uptake of K, Ca, and Mg was generally lower at 12 than at 16 C. Ryegrass forage, grown at increasing soil air O2, had higher K, Ca, and Mg contents. Concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg in ryegrass were lower at 12 than at 16 C. Magnesium levels at 2 to 16% soil O2 were below the critical level of 0.2% at 12 C air temperature. Soil O2 had little effect on the composition of arrowleaf clover forage, except for a small increase in K.These results indicated that ryegrass forages, grown on poorly‐drained soil would likely be more tetany‐prone than that grown on well‐drained soil. However, rye forage would be more tetany‐prone when grown on well‐drained soil. The high Mg levels of arrowleaf clover showed its value in balancing tetany‐prone grass forage when it is maintained in a pasture.
Temperature and Oxygen Effects in Soil on Nutrient Uptake in Jojoba Seedlings1
Authors: Reyes D. M. , Stolzy L. H. , Labanauskas C. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractJojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), a woody shrub, produces seeds which have several potential uses. The objectives of this experiment were to study the effects of soil temperature and soil oxygen supply on the nutrient uptake of the jojoba plant. Presently, there is little information on effect of soil physical factors on plant nutrients.The study was conducted in a greenhouse with constant temperature tanks to maintain root temperatures at 21, 27, and 33 C. Soil oxygen supply to the roots was controlled by controlling the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere above the soil columns. Plants grown at a 33 C soil temperature produced significantly more dry weight than plants at 21 or 27 C. Concentrations of N, P, K, Na, Mn, and Fe in the leaves of plants grown at 33 C were substantially higher than leaves grown at 21 or 27 C. In general, nutrient concentrations in roots and total amount in plants were higher in plants grown at 33 C than at 21 or 27 C.The two lowest levels of soil oxygen supply to the roots (1.5 and 6.5%) significantly reduced dry weight of leaves, stems, and roots compared to plants grown at oxygen levels of 12 and 21%. Decreased soil oxygen significantly reduced the concentration of K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, and B in leaves while concentrations of N, Na, and Fe were increased. Concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, Na, B, and Fe in roots grown under low soil oxygen were less than plants grown with 21% oxygen. Low levels of soil oxygen significantly increased concentration of Na in leaves and stems and decreased the concentration in the roots. This study indicates that growth and nutrient uptake of jojoba is best at higher temperatures in well‐aerated soils.
Photosynthesis of Sugarbeets under N and P Stress: Field Measurements and Carbon Balance1
Authors: Cary J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdvances in crop management are limited by our inability to recognize changes in growth resulting from short‐term fluctuations in plant environment. Simple, rapid, and nondestructive methods are needed to indicate daily and hourly rates of growth under field conditions. Because plant carbon balance is one possible approach to this problem, CO2 gas exchange parameters were measured on Beta vulgaris leaves of field‐grown plants to learn whether or not they might signal the onset of nitrogen and P stresses. The sugarbeets were grown on field plots of Portneuf silt loam (Xerollic Calciothid) soil and allowed to develop severe N and P stresses. Carbon dioxide exchange and stomatal resistance of intact plant leaves were measured with small leaf chambers during 1‐min periods. Leaf water potentials were also measured in the field with a hydraulic press. The CO2 compensation points, dark respiration, and osmotic pressures of excised leaf tissue were measured in the laboratory by standard methods. Photosynthesis per unit leaf area was reduced in advanced stages of N deficiency; however, none of the measurements satisfactorily indicated the onset of N or P stress because of heterogeneity between leaves. Calculations using the daily carbon balance of an average plant predicted the relative effects on root yield of 1) photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area, 2) photorespiration, 3) stomatal resistance to gas diffusion, 4) mesophyll resistance to carbon dioxide transfer, 5) size of the seedling tops in the spring, 6) partitioning of photosynthate between tops and roots near the end of the season, and 7) date of full plant cover. While all these factors are important, advances that can be made by manipulating most of them are limited. Increasing photosynthesis by reducing mesophyll resistance appears to offer the greatest potential for large yield increases.
Control of Weeds in Non‐Cultivated, Narrow‐Row Sorghum1
Authors: Burnside O. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent increased awareness of our finite energy supply and concern about our diminishing farm labor supply has stimulated the reexamination of production methods of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in the Great Plains. Objectives of this research were to increase sorghum yields with the use of narrow‐row culture and improve weed control while reducing labor, energy requirements, and production costs. Improved weed control methods in sorghum developed during the past decade have facilitated reduced tillage methods of producing sorghum. Experimental results indicate the feasibility of producing grain sorghum in narrow rows without cultivation under non‐irrigated conditions on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (Typic Argiudoll) at Lincoln, Neb. Selective control of annual broadleaf weeds was more readily accomplished than the control of grass weeds. Early weed control was most important in eliminating sorghum losses from weeds. Sorghum kept weed‐free the first 4 weeks after planting suffered no yield loss from subsequent weed growth. Herbicide treatments applied preplant incorporated, preemergence, or early postemergence selectively controlled annual weeds and resulted in sorghum yields equivalent to those on handweeded plots. The sorghum producer has the possibility of achieving higher sorghum yields when the crop is grown in narrow rows while reducing tillage, labor, and energy requirements in his production system.