bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE IDEA OF RIGHTS IN THE IMPERIAL CRISIS
Authors: Yirush Craig 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis essay examines the idea of rights advanced by the American colonists in the imperial crisis (1763-1776). It argues that the colonists viewed all English subjects as having the same fundamental rights as individuals everywhere in the empire. These individual rights (to life, liberty, and property) were in turn guaranteed by the right to consent to taxation. In the empire, the colonists insisted, these rights could only be protected by the colonial legislatures as they were not represented in the British Parliament, which in turn meant that the colonies must have the ability to govern themselves in all internal matters, a claim which ultimately led to the idea of each colony as a “free state,” independent of King and Parliament. While the colonists began by defending these rights on the basis of their legal inheritance as Englishmen, they gradually moved towards a more radical claim: that these rights were theirs based on the law of nature, and thus open to all men in principle. This move to natural rights was based in part on the colonial claim that they had migrated to America, a place inhabited by indigenous peoples whom they viewed as “savages” and thus outside of the jurisdiction of the English common law. The radical move to natural rights, however, was in tension with the loose confederation which emerged in the years after 1776 in which each colony was now a quasi-independent republican state and in which the rights of minorities—Native Americans, African Americans, religious dissenters, and Loyalists—could not be effectively protected by the federal government.
ON DECLARING THE LAWS AND RIGHTS OF NATURE
Authors: Thompson C. Bradley 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article examines the moral theory of the American Revolutionary and Founding periods by focusing on two key concepts of that doctrine: the moral laws and the moral rights of nature. In particular, the article will examine several important questions from the perspective of America’s Revolutionary generation: What are the moral laws and rights of nature? What is the difference between a law and a right of nature, and how are the laws and rights of nature related to each other? Are nature’s moral laws and rights descriptive, prescriptive, or both? What are the attributes and sanctions of nature’s laws and rights, and how are they promulgated? What is the source of nature’s laws and rights? And finally, how did America’s founding fathers use the laws and rights of nature to establish their political institutions? In order to answer these questions, the article focuses on the core text universally recognized as the symbol of America’s revolutionary mind and moral theory: the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration’s deepest philosophic meaning is herein illuminated by also examining the broader, extant literature of the period.
Orating Verdi: Death and the mediac.1901
Authors: WILLIAMS GAVIN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article explores Verdi's death as a ‘media event’, tracing the unfolding news from the earliest reports of his imminent demise up to the monumental commemorations held 30 days afterwards. Throughout this time, news media helped to define a period of so-called national mourning. Yet a broader range of media (including the telegraph, tram and railway) played an important role in demarcating the geopolitical scope of this collective grief. As a point of comparison, Verdi's death is considered in relation to the assassination of King Umberto I – a recent incident, of greater magnitude, which had provoked a spell of national mourning only months into the new century. Echoes of Umberto's assassination can be heard in responses to Verdi's death, linking both events to a common historical and political moment. This new context for understanding Verdi's final moments not only seeks to illuminate the manifold interactions between public and persona in Liberal Italy but also raises questions about the construction of auditory experiences in national mourning and the sensory dimension of the nation state's lugubrious politics.
Emerging Issues and Methodological Advances in Fisheries Reproductive Biology
Authors: Lowerre-Barbieri Susan K. , Brown-Peterson Nancy J. , Murua Hilario , Tomkiewicz Jonna , Wyanski David M. , Saborido-Rey Fran 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Although incorporating detailed reproductive data into all stock assessments is not a practical goal, the need to understand how reproductive biology affects population productivity is being increasingly recognized. More research focused on reproductive biology—coupled with a shift towards a resilience perspective in fisheries science—is resulting in challenges to many long-held assumptions; the emergence of important new issues; and identification of the need to improve data and methods used in reproductive studies. Typically, data for reproductive studies are based on an assessment of gonadal development, which is most accurately evaluated with histology. This special section of Marine and Coastal Fisheries contains contributions from a workshop on the gonadal histology of fishes that was held in Cadiz, Spain, during June 2009. These papers cover a wide range of species and reproductive topics while introducing improved and new histological techniques. In this introduction, we address the following needs: (1) to employ standardization, thereby improving our ability to conduct comparative studies; (2) to better understand patterns of gonadal development and spawning events over time; and (3) to move beyond the spawning stock biomass paradigm. We identify the contributions of special section papers to these topics and conclude by suggesting needs for future research and integration of reproductive data into both conceptual and quantitative models to better understand how reproductive performance affects population dynamics.
Growth and Survival in Relation to Body Size of Juvenile Pink Salmon in the Northern Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Malick Michael J. , Haldorson Lewis J. , Piccolo John J. , Boldt Jennifer L. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The abundance of anadromous salmon is partially determined by size-selective mortality during the early marine life phase. Consequently, identifying the growth patterns of juvenile salmon during this life phase is important in understanding the dynamics of salmon populations. We examined patterns of early marine growth in juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha released by four hatcheries in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, and explored how these patterns related to marine survival. Since larger individuals are thought to experience reduced mortality, we partitioned the data into weight-based quartiles and compared growth rates (% body weight/d) of all fish, the largest fish (top 25%), and the smallest fish (bottom 25%). Sampling occurred during summer 1997–2004 in PWS, the inshore Gulf of Alaska (GOA), and the offshore GOA. Growth rates varied significantly among years and sampling locations; however, the growth rate patterns were markedly similar among size-groups and hatcheries. Growth rates tended to be high in 1997, 2002, and 2004 and lower in 1998, 2001, and 2003. Fish sampled in the offshore GOA typically had faster growth rates than those sampled elsewhere, although this was less pronounced for the largest fish. For all size-groups, the relationship between survival and growth rate was strongest for fish captured in the offshore GOA and weakest for those captured in PWS, indicating that the likelihood of survival is greater for juveniles that migrate offshore earlier. The strength of the growth rate–survival relationship for pink salmon captured in the offshore GOA was similar among all size-groups, suggesting that once fish migrate offshore they are less vulnerable to size-selective predation.
Movement Patterns and Residence of Adult Winter Flounder within a Long Island Estuary
Authors: Sagarese Skyler R. , Frisk Michael G. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We implanted individually coded acoustic transmitters into 40 adult winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (mean total length = 320 mm; range = 240–423 mm) and monitored them by use of passive acoustic telemetry from September 2007 to April 2009 to classify spatial and temporal movement patterns and quantify residency in Shinnecock Bay, eastern Long Island, New York. Overall, 94,250 valid detections were received. Winter flounder remained inshore, and 89% of the total detections occurred between May and October when bottom water temperature exceeded 15°C. Residency in Shinnecock Bay was dependent on time of release and varied greatly from a few weeks to more than 6 months; total presence (number of days on which individual fish were detected within the bay) averaged 22.0 d (range = 1–132 d). Tracked winter flounder were classified as exhibiting three movement patterns: (1) inner bay movements (short term versus long term), (2) dispersal to offshore waters, and (3) connectivity to other inshore areas. The first two patterns were consistent with historical notions of spatially overlapping resident and migratory individuals, whereas fish that displayed the third pattern may have exhibited a larger home range. These results provide insight into winter flounder movements, residency, and stock structure in a coastal bay of Long Island and provide important information for management. The interaction of exploitation and divergent migration behaviors may be a factor contributing to the winter flounder's decline in Long Island bays; however, more work will be required to obtain a full understanding of the spatial behavior and stock structure of this species.
Sidewinder: Description of a New Block Winch for Deploying Instruments at Sea
Authors: Sturdevant Molly , Nishimura Gary , Orsi Joe 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We describe a new electric winch design and its functionality for conducting research operations off different-sized vessels. Currently, several small oceanographic winches are available for deploying research instruments and nets, but they are typically heavy, noisy, semipermanently mounted to the deck, hydraulically operated, and not readily transferable between vessels. The limitation of winch portability between vessels, in particular, has been exacerbated by the increasing use of a variety of chartered vessels to conduct state and federal agency and university research. To address these challenges, we developed a relatively lightweight (70 kg), portable block-design winch that is spooled with 400 m of plasma line, powered by two 12-V marine batteries, and operated by a remote control box on a pendant equipped with a joystick. The 2.2-kW drive produces 100 kg of line pull at speeds of 0 to 2.0 m/s. The pendant includes digital displays for line speed, scope, and angle as well as an emergency stop. Nicknamed the “Sidewinder,” this winch is quiet, can be operated by one person, and is suspended outboard from a davit or crane boom, increasing available deck space and relocating all lines safely away from vessel personnel. On vessels 7 to 50 m in length the Sidewinder has been successfully tested for deploying small gear such as conductivity–temperature–depth profilers and large BONGO plankton nets that require specific deployment and retrieval speeds and line angles. To ensure safe operation, vessel support features such as the power system and davit working load capacity should be considered when the Sidewinder is custom-built.
A Simulation-Based Method to Determine Model Misspecification: Examples Using Natural Mortality and Population Dynamics Models
Authors: Piner Kevin R. , Lee Hui-Hua , Maunder Mark N. , Methot Richard D. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Recent developments in the models used in wildlife and fisheries science have allowed the inclusion of a wider range of data than previously. However, the diagnostics of such complex models have not kept pace. We describe a new diagnostic technique based on simulation analysis. Model misspecification was identified through simulation methods that created a distribution of likely parameter values for a model that was correctly specified. If the actual estimate of that parameter is outside the bounds of the simulated distribution, then the model is probably misspecified. We tested the reliability of the new diagnostic by introducing known-model misspecification into complex fisheries stock assessment models. We then compared the results from this new diagnostic with those of a more tradition fisheries diagnostic, namely, retrospective analysis. The simulation-based diagnostic was shown to identify misspecification affecting the estimated dynamics more reliably than retrospective analysis.
Received December 6, 2010; accepted March 27, 2011
Sailfish Habitat Utilization and Vertical Movements in the Southern Gulf of Mexico and Florida Straits
Authors: Kerstetter David W. , Bayse Shannon M. , Fenton Jenny L. , Graves John E. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were deployed on 19 sailfish Istiophorus platypterus captured in the southern Gulf of Mexico and Florida Straits between 2005 and 2007 on commercial pelagic longline gear (n = 18) and recreational rod-and-reel gear (n = 1). The data from three tags indicated mortality events and were excluded from subsequent analyses. All PSATs were programmed to collect pressure (depth), temperature, and light-level data for 10 d at approximately 90-s intervals. These transmitted point data subsequently allowed the reconstruction of vertical movement patterns. The remaining 16 PSAT data sets indicate that sailfish are primarily associated with the upper surface waters within the top 20 m (75.7% of total time during the day versus 46.7% at night) but undertake numerous short-duration vertical movements below the local mixed layer to depths of 50–150 m, presumably to feed. Analyses of 2,279 individual vertical movements among all 16 tagged sailfish indicated two distinct types (short-duration “V” and longer-duration “U” movements) similar to those reported for white marlin Kajikia albida. Sailfish also exhibited movement type differences between diel periods (having higher proportions of V movements in daytime), suggesting directed foraging at depth. Although short-duration movement to depths by these tagged fish contribute a small percentage of the total time at depth, these depths overlap with the monitored shallow-set pelagic longline gear depths actively targeting swordfish by the vessel in the local fishery. These results suggest that time-at-depth histograms alone may be insufficient to capture feeding motivations at depth and, therefore, true interaction potentials between individual sailfish and pelagic longline gear.
Received August 14, 2010; accepted April 24, 2011
Estimating Recreational and Commercial Fishing Effort for European Lobster Homarus gammarus by Strip Transect Sampling
Authors: Kleiven Alf Ring , Olsen Esben Moland , Vølstad Jon Helge 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Recreational fishing effort for coastal marine species can be significant but is often challenging to estimate. Here we present a case study where a probability-based strip transect survey is used to estimate effort in the Norwegian fishery for European lobster Homarus gammarus. This fishery is conducted by both recreational and commercial fishers, but reliable information on total fishing effort and total catch is lacking. In 2008, we conducted a strip transect sampling survey throughout the lobster fishing season in southern Norway to estimate the number of deployed lobster traps over time. Surface buoys marking lobster traps were counted along strip transects placed representatively in the survey area in five different weeks throughout the lobstering season. Calibration studies were conducted to standardize transect width and to estimate and adjust for detection rates of buoys along transect strips. Mean number of lobster traps per square kilometer and associated variance was estimated by a ratio estimator using bootstrapping, with transects as the primary sampling units. Poststratification of the counts by depth (by 10-m depth intervals) combined with geographical information systems mapping improved the precision of the estimated density of lobster traps and increased the effective sample size of transects by 22–44% per week. Estimated daily effort for the first week was 48.95 (SE = 3.11) traps/km2, decreasing steadily to 5.96 (SE = 0.79) in the eighth (and last) week of the lobster season. Our study shows that lobster traps deployed by recreational fishers outnumber the ones deployed by commercial fishers, contributing to 65% of the total effort (number of traps) in the fishery. We show that strip transects are a suitable way to estimate effort in the Norwegian lobster fishery. We conclude that improved management efforts need to target recreational as well as commercial fishing activities in order to achieve effective management of the red-listed species.
Received August 5, 2010; accepted July 5, 2011
Environmental Influences on Juvenile Fish Abundances in a River-Dominated Coastal System
Authors: Carassou L. , Dzwonkowski B. , Hernandez F. J. , Powers S. P. , Park K. , Graham W. M. , Mareska J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We investigated the influence of climatic and environmental factors on interannual variations in juvenile abundances of marine fishes in a river-dominated coastal system of the north-central Gulf of Mexico, where an elevated primary productivity sustains fisheries of high economic importance. Fish were collected monthly with an otter trawl at three stations near Mobile Bay from 1982 to 2007. Fish sizes were used to isolate juvenile stages within the data set, and monthly patterns in juvenile fish abundance and size were then used to identify seasonal peaks for each species. The average numbers of juvenile fish collected during these seasonal peaks in each year were used as indices of annual juvenile abundances and were related to corresponding seasonal averages of selected environmental factors via a combination of principal components analysis and co-inertia analysis. Factors contributing the most to explain interannual variations in juvenile fish abundances were river discharge and water temperature during early spring–early summer, wind speed and North Atlantic Oscillation index during late fall–winter, and atmospheric pressure and wind speed during summer–fall. For example, juvenile abundances of southern kingfish Menticirrhus americanus during summer–fall were positively associated with atmospheric pressure and negatively associated with wind speed during this period. Southern kingfish juvenile abundances during late fall–winter were also negatively associated with wind speed during the same period and were positively associated with river discharge during early spring–early summer. Juvenile abundances of the Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus during early spring–early summer were negatively associated with river discharge and North Atlantic Oscillation during late fall–winter. Overall, the importance of river discharge for many of the species examined emphasizes the major role of watershed processes for marine fisheries production in coastal waters of the north-central Gulf of Mexico.
Received January 24, 2011; accepted August 16, 2011
Metallicity of the SrTiO3 surface induced by room temperature evaporation of alumina
Authors: Delahaye J , Grenet T 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
It is shown that a metallic state can be induced on the surface of SrTiO3 crystals by the electron beam evaporation of oxygen deficient alumina or insulating granular aluminium. No special preparation nor heating of the SrTiO3 surface is needed. Final metallic or insulating states can be obtained depending on the oxygen pressure during the evaporation process. Photoconductivity and electrical field effect are also demonstrated.
Type I and II positive allosteric modulators differentially modulate agonist‐induced up‐regulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Thomsen Morten S. , Mikkelsen Jens D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractLong‐term treatment with nicotine or selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists increases the number of α7 nAChRs and this up‐regulation may be involved in the mechanism underlying the sustained procognitive effect of these compounds. Here, we investigate the influence of type I and II α7 nAChR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) on agonist‐induced α7 nAChR up‐regulation. We show that the type II PAMs, PNU‐120596 (10 μM) or TQS (1 and 10 μM), inhibit up‐regulation, as measured by protein levels, induced by the α7 nAChR agonist A‐582941 (10 nM or 10 μM), in SH‐EP1 cells stably expressing human α7 nAChR, whereas the type I PAMs AVL‐3288 or NS1738 do not. Contrarily, neither type I nor II PAMs affect 10 μM nicotine‐induced receptor up‐regulation, suggesting that nicotine and A‐582941 induce up‐regulation through different mechanisms. We further show in vivo that 3 mg/kg PNU‐120596 inhibits up‐regulation of the α7 nAChR induced by 10 mg/kg A‐582941, as measured by [125I]‐bungarotoxin autoradiography, whereas 1 mg/kg AVL‐3288 does not. Given that type II PAMs decrease desensitization of the receptor, whereas type I PAMs do not, these results suggest that receptor desensitization is involved in A‐582941‐induced up‐regulation. Our results are the first to show an in vivo difference between type I and II α7 nAChR PAMs, and demonstrate an agonist‐dependent effect of type II PAMs occurring on a much longer time scale than previously appreciated. Furthermore, our data suggest that nicotine and A‐582941 induce up‐regulation through different mechanisms, and that this confers differential sensitivity to the effects of α7 nAChR PAMs. These results may have implications for the clinical development of α7 nAChR PAMs.
Topical application of 17β‐estradiol (E2) improves skin flap survival through activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in rats
Authors: Shafighi Maziar , Fathi Ali R. , Brun Claudio , Huemer Georg M. , Wirth Raphael , Hunger Robert , Banic Andrej , Constantinescu Mihai A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of 17β‐estradiol (E2) on nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cell cultures and the effect of topical E2 on the survival of skin flap transplants in a rat model. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with three different E2 concentrations and nitrite (NO
2) concentrations, as well as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expressions were analyzed. In vivo, random‐pattern skin flaps were raised in female Wistar rats 14 days following ovariectomy and treated with placebo ointment (group 1), E2 as gel (group 2), and E2 via plaster (group 3). Flap perfusion, survival, and NO
2 levels were measured on postoperative day 7. In vitro, E2 treatment increased NO
2 concentration in cell supernatant and eNOS expression in cell lysates (p < 0.05). In vivo, E2 treated (gel and plaster groups) demonstrated significantly increased skin flap survival compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). E2 plaster‐treated animals exhibited higher NO
2 blood levels than placebo (p < 0.05) paralleling the in vitro observations. E2 increases NO production in endothelial cells via eNOS activation. Topical E2 application can significantly increase survival of ischemically challenged skin flaps in a rat model and may augment wound healing in other ischemic situations via activation of NO production.