bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pride and Shame in Ghana: Collective Memory and Nationalism among Elite Students
Authors: McDonnell Erin Metz , Fine Gary Alan 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:Based on an original dataset of university students, this article investigates Ghanaian collective memories of past events that are sources of national pride or shame. On average, young elite Ghanaians express more pride than shame in their national history, and they report shame mostly over actions that caused some physical, material, or symbolic harm. Such actions include not only historic events and the actions of national leaders, but also mundane social practices of average Ghanaians. Respondents also report more “active” than "receptive" shame; that is, they are more ashamed of events or practices that caused harm to others and less ashamed about events in which they were the “victims.” We advance the idea of a standard of “reasonableness” that Ghanaians apply in their evaluation of events, behaviors, or circumstances: they apply contemporary standards of morality to past events, but they temper their judgment based on considerations of whether past actions were “reasonable” given the power and material imbalances at that time. Ghanaian students identify strongly with both national and pan-African identities, and they frequently evoke their international image to judge a national event as either honorable or shameful. Ethnicity can be one factor in an individual's judgment of precolonial events, whereas political party affiliation is the stronger predictor of attitudes toward postindependence events.
Maeterlinck et le théâtre pour marionnettes: Alladine et Palomides, Intérieur, La mort de Tintagiles
Authors: Kwon Hyun-Jung 
Published: February 2012

Maurice Maeterlinck's volume Alladine et Pallomides, Intérieur, La Mort de Tintagiles (1893) has the sub-heading "trois petits drames pour marionnettes," but this does not mean that marionettes were to replace human actors. Maeterlinck used marionettes as a theatrical tool and metaphor to challenge the psychological and realistic dramas that were prevalent at the end of the nineteenth century. While marionettes do not have the individuality of human physical and psychological characteristics, they can convey complex meanings, both negative and positive. Using such characteristics, Maeterlinck commonly lifts his characters from personal, daily, anecdotal and historical contexts and expresses them as spiritual entities controlled by essential forces such as fate, love and death. He describes various static forms (characters asleep or in faint silhouette in the dark) like real marionettes. Through this unique method, he creates a new dramaturgy focusing on feelings and circumstances, rather than on plot or action. Maurice Maeterlinck	's volume Alladine et Pallomides, Intérieur, La Mort de Tintagiles (1893) has the sub-heading "trois petits drames pour marionnettes," but this does not mean that marionettes were to replace human actors. Maeterlinck used marionettes as a theatrical tool and metaphor to challenge the psychological and realistic dramas that were prevalent at the end of the nineteenth century. While marionettes do not have the individuality of human physical and psychological characteristics, they can convey complex meanings, both negative and positive. Using such characteristics, Maeterlinck commonly lifts his characters from personal, daily, anecdotal and historical contexts and expresses them as spiritual entities controlled by essential forces such as fate, love and death. He describes various static forms (characters asleep or in faint silhouette in the dark) like real marionettes. Through this unique method, he creates a new dramaturgy focusing on feelings and circumstances, rather than on plot or action. (In French).
Invoking Derrida: Authorship, Readership, and the Specter of Presence in Film and Print
Authors: Guthrie Bernadette 
Published: February 2012

This article investigates how questions of presence intersect with those of readership and authorship in Derrida's work. Through an examination of Kirby Dick and Amy Ziering Kofman's film Derrida alongside several of Derrida's own texts, most importantly "The Deaths of Roland Barthes," the article contends that Derrida uses differing rhetorical techniques to underscore his authorial "absent presence" in person and in print—drawing attention to distances within the first context and intimacies within the latter. In order to demonstrate the interdependency of these questions of authorship with those of readership, I root this investigation in my own singular position as a "third generation" reader of Derrida. As a reader who came to Derrida's work after his death, I demonstrate the unique way in which his "absent presence" functions for readers who have only encountered him through his texts.
Biocorrosion of AISI 4340 Steel
Authors: Rovetta Sabrina M. , Abdalla Antonio J. , Khouri Sonia , Otani Choyu , Miyakawa Walter 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present work is to evaluate the Penicillium candidum filamentous fungi biocorrosion effects on AISI 4340 steel. Small AISI 4340 steel blocks are exposed to a biocorrosion process inside glass tubes containing culture media (Sabouraud Dextrose HIMEDIA broth) inoculated with Penicillium candidum spores for 14 days, at 25ºC constant temperature. The surface microstructures are evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and the chemical composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Comparison of micrographies before and after biocorrosion shows that surface structures present morphological alterations, suggesting corrosion wear. Grain contours can no longer be visualized and oxygen content on the steel surface increases to 32% after biocorrosion. Besides, topographic parameters like root mean square roughness (Rms), arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) and mean roughness (Rz) increase 57%, 132%, and 71%, respectively, from their initial values. It is concluded that AISI 4340 steel is reasonably susceptible to corrosion.
A Critique of Howard's Argument for Innate Limits in Chess Performance or Why We Need an Account Based On Acquired Skill and Deliberate Practice
Authors: Ericsson K. Anders , Moxley Jerad H. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryIn this issue Howard reported that the effect of chess study is surprisingly small among elite chess players, who continue playing more games in international chess tournaments. In contrast, we show that individual differences in chess study are the likely causes of both higher chess ratings and more chess games played in international tournaments, which is often very costly and includes airfare, hotel, and tournament registration fees. The low correlation between his estimates of study time and chess rating is shown to be a consequence of his methodology of relying on a couple of questions in an internet survey rather than the standard methodology in expert performance research involving a 30‐minute interview tracing yearly engagement in many different practice activities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing Thermal Shock Resistance of Layered Refractories
Authors: Hein Jarno , Kuna Meinhard 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSevere thermal shocks may cause critical thermal stresses and failure in refractories or ceramic materials. To increase the thermal shock resistance, layered material structures are suggested. In order to optimize properties of these alternative structures, thermo‐mechanical simulations are required. In this study, a finite difference method (FDM) is used for solving the partial differential equation of heat conduction with spatially varying parameters. The optimization of the strip's thermal shock resistance is exemplarily done on a 10 layered strip subjected to constant temperature jump on the top surface. Each layer can be set with different porous Al2O3 and MgO ceramics, whose material properties are theoretically determined. In this study, an improved optimization method is developed that consists of a combination and sequence of Monte Carlo simulations and evolution strategies to overcome certain disadvantages of both techniques.
Chiral‐Symmetry Selection in Soft Monolayers under Vortical Flow
Authors: Petit‐Garrido Núria , Claret Josep , Ignés‐Mullol Jordi , Farrera Joan Anton , Sagués Francesc 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHerein, we report and interpret a new chiral‐selection phenomenon in the orientational ordering of soft‐assembled domains that arise spontaneously in Langmuir monolayers of an azobenzene derivative at the air/water interface. The orientational chirality of isolated sub‐millimeter domains was unambiguously assessed by optical microscopy. The selection process, quantified by using an enantiomeric excess parameter, was controlled by stirring the aqueous subphase. We have studied the dependence of this process on stirring rate and handedness, stirring time, temperature, and on the initial state of the monolayer. The influence of the concomitant cis/trans isomerization on the reported chiral‐selection process is also discussed.
Dyrk kinases regulate phosphorylation of doublecortin, cytoskeletal organization, and neuronal morphology
Authors: Slepak Tatiana I. , Salay Lindsey D. , Lemmon Vance P. , Bixby John L. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn a neuronal overexpression screen focused on kinases and phosphatases, one “hit” was the dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation‐regulated kinase (Dyrk4), which increased the number of dendritic branches in hippocampal neurons. Overexpression of various Dyrk family members in primary neurons significantly changed neuronal morphology. Dyrk1A decreased axon growth, Dyrk3 and Dyrk4 increased dendritic branching, and Dyrk2 decreased both axon and dendrite growth and branching. Kinase‐deficient mutants revealed that most of these effects depend on kinase activity. Because doublecortin (DCX), a microtubule‐binding protein, regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and neuronal morphogenesis, we investigated the possibility that DCX is a target of Dyrks. We found that overexpression of Dyrk2 and Dyrk3, but not Dyrk1A or Dyrk4, can change DCX phosphorylation status. Mutation of a consensus phosphorylation site for Dyrk kinases at Serine 306 (Ser306) in DCX indicated that this is one target site for Dyrk2 and Dyrk3. Overexpression of Dyrk2 restored altered DCX distribution in the growth cones of dendrites and axons, and partially reversed the morphological effects of DCX overexpression; some of these effects were abrogated by mutation of Ser306 to alanine. These studies implicate Dyrks in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization and process outgrowth in neurons, and suggest that DCX is one relevant Dyrk target. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Evolution of the basal ganglia: Dual‐output pathways conserved throughout vertebrate phylogeny
Authors: Stephenson‐Jones Marcus , Ericsson Jesper , Robertson Brita , Grillner Sten 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe basal ganglia, including the striatum, globus pallidus interna and externa (GPe), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and substantia nigra pars compacta, are conserved throughout vertebrate phylogeny and have been suggested to form a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. In mammals, this circuitry is further elaborated by the presence of a dual‐output nucleus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and the presence of modulatory input from the cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). We sought to determine whether these additional components of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in one of the phylogenetically oldest vertebrates, the lamprey. We show, by using immunohistochemistry, tract tracing, and whole‐cell recordings, that homologs of the SNr and PPN are present in the lamprey. Thus the SNr receives direct projections from inwardly rectifying γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic striatal neurons expressing substance P, but it is also influenced by indirect basal ganglia projections from the STN and potentially the GPe. Moreover, GABAergic SNr projection neurons are tonically active and project to the thalamus and brainstem motor areas. The homolog of the PPN contains both cholinergic and GABAergic neurons and is connected with all the nuclei of the basal ganglia, supporting its proposed role as part of an extended basal ganglia. A separate group of cholinergic neurons dorsal to the PPN corresponds to the descending mesencephalic locomotor region. Our results suggest that dual‐output nuclei are part of the ancestral basal ganglia and that the PPN appears to have coevolved as part of a mechanism for action selection common to all vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2957–2973, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ETHICS CONCERNING LEISURE
Authors: Duckworth Edwin , King Paul T. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTIn the United States, non‐work, or non‐productive activity can produce ego anxiety within a person who considers work as the primary index of self‐worth. This anxiety can become extreme when a person retires or is forced into unemployment. One cause of this anxiety is society's standards concerning acceptable activity; particularly the work‐oriented attiude formulated in the “Protestant Ethic.”However, the “Protestant Ethic” is neither Protestant nor religious. Rather, it is a set of national mores, which justify our work‐oriented economy in religious terms.Situational ethics, which reflect both sound counseling practice and contemporary theology, can be formulated concerning the problem of leisure. And, we propose a guideline for such an ethic.
Intramuscular nerve damage in lacerated skeletal muscles may direct the inflammatory cytokine response during recovery
Authors: Pereira Barry P. , Tan Bee Leng , Han Hwan Chour , Zou Yu , Aung Khin Zarchi , Leong David T. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe expression of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in surgically repaired lacerated muscles over a 12‐week recovery phase was investigated. We hypothesized that these expression levels are influenced by both neural and muscular damage within lacerated muscles. Microarrays were confirmed with reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction assays and histology of biopsies at the lesion of three simulated lacerated muscle models in 130 adult rats. The lacerated medial gastrocnemius with the main intramuscular nerve branch either cut (DN), crushed but leaving an intact nerve sheath (RN); or preserved intact (PN) were compared. At 4 weeks, DN had a higher number of interleukins up‐regulated. DN and RN also had a set of Bmp genes significantly expressed between 2 and 8 weeks (P ≤ 0.05). By 12 weeks, DN had a poorer and slower myogenic recovery and greater fibrosis formation correlating with an up‐regulation of the Tgf‐β gene family. DN also showed poorer re‐innervation with higher mRNA expression levels of nerve growth factor (Ngf) and brain‐derived neurotrophin growth factor (Bdnf) over RN and PN. This study demonstrates that the inflammatory response over 12 weeks in lacerated muscles may be directed by the type of intramuscular nerve damage, which can influence the recovery at the lesion site. Inflammatory‐related genes associated to the type of intramuscular nerve damage include Gas‐6, Artemin, Fgf10, Gdf8, Cntf, Lif, and Igf‐2. qPCR also found up‐regulation of Bdnf (1‐week), neurotrophin‐3 (2w), Lif (4w), and Ngf (4w, 8w) mRNA expressions in DN, making them possible candidates for therapeutic treatment to arrest the poor recovery in muscle lacerations (250). J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2330–2345, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automated tractography of the cingulate bundle in Alzheimer's disease: A multicenter DTI study
Authors: Fischer Florian U. , Scheurich Armin , Wegrzyn Martin , Schermuly Ingrid , Bokde Arun L.W. , Klöppel Stefan , Pouwels Petra J.W. , Teipel Stefan , Yakushev Igor , Fellgiebel Andreas 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate the feasibility of multicenter tractography of the cingulate bundle (CB) in Alzheimer's disease (AD).Materials and Methods:Automated deterministic tractography of the CB was applied to scans of 45 patients with probable AD and 58 healthy controls (HC) acquired with Siemens Sonata (1.5T; 60 gradients), Trio (3T; 61 gradients), and Avanto (1.5T; 30 gradients). Diagnosis and center effects on the tracking indices fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), track density, and volume were estimated with analysis of variance.Results:The multicenter coefficients of variance (CVs) in HC and AD patients were 7% and 7% for FA, 10% and 8% for MD, 18% and 20% for density, and 21% and 21% for volume. Multicenter and single‐center CVs were within a similar range. Significant center effects declined in the order MD > FA > density > volume. After adjustment for center and age, the AD group showed significantly higher MD (P < 0.001) and lower FA (P < 0.05) as compared with the HC group.Conclusion:Despite strong center effects, we detected significantly altered microstructural integrity of the CB in AD patients. Diffusion‐tensor imaging indices of the CB as obtained by automated tractography might qualify as a biologically sustained surrogate marker for diagnostic and monitoring purposes in multicenter AD trials. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:84–91. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Geo‐referenced databases for roughness parameters in urban areas: an application to Greater Manchester
Authors: Carraça M. G. D. , Collier C. G. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe parameterization of surface roughness characteristics is an essential element in models of atmospheric boundary processes. Key elements in deriving these characteristics involve analysis of comprehensive data bases of urban morphology. In this paper a procedure is described and tested for a part of Greater Manchester in northwest England, a complex urban area quite different from North American cities. The results are compared with previously published work. Although some differences are identified, the results of the analyses are generally consistent.
Optical properties of the long‐range Si(110)‐(16 × 2) reconstruction from first principles
Authors: Ferraro Elena , Hogan Conor , Palummo Maurizia , Del Sole Rodolfo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe compute the electronic and optical properties of the long‐range Si(110)‐(16 × 2) surface reconstruction using a first‐principles approach. We consider the adatom‐tetramer‐interstitial (ATI) model proposed by Stekolnikov et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 136104 (2004)] that is the lowest energy structural model proposed up to now. Calculations of the electronic band structure and surface differential reflectance (SDR) are compared with available experimental data. We conclude that the ATI model is not completely consistent with the experimental observations, and more precise studies are necessary to establish the surface atomic structure with certainty.
Development of the six‐legged walking and climbing robot SpaceClimber
Authors: Bartsch Sebastian , Birnschein Timo , Römmermann Malte , Hilljegerdes Jens , Kühn Daniel , Kirchner Frank 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this article, we present SpaceClimber,1 a six‐legged, bio‐inspired, energy‐efficient and adaptable free‐climbing robot for mobility on steep gradients. The long‐term stool is to provide a system for extraterrestrial surface exploration missions, paying special attention to mobility in lunar craters to retrieve or analyze scientific samples from the interior of these craters. We present an envisaged mission for SpaceClimber and summarize the deriving system requirements. The robot's morphology determination procedure is depicted, considering the predefined demands and utilizing a simulation environment in combination with evolutionary optimization strategies, followed by a detailed description of the system's hardware design. The theoretical concept for the control of such machines with an extensive sensory–motor configuration is explained, as well as the implemented locomotion control approach and attempts to optimize the behavior of the robot using machine learning techniques. In addition, the experimental plant that was built for testing and evaluating the performance of the developed system in an environment as realistic as possible is introduced, followed by a description of the experiments performed. Concluding, we summarize the results and experiences and give an outlook on further developments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Situ Observation of the Evolution of Intragranular Acicular Ferrite at Ce‐Containing Inclusions in 16Mn Steel
Authors: Bin Wen , Bo Song 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe effects of chemical compositions and austenitizing temperature on the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) of 16Mn steel were systematically investigated, and the in situ observation of the evolution of IAF at Ce‐containing inclusions was carried out using a high‐temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy. The results show that trace amount of Ce can induce the IAF nucleation, while the optimum content of Ce is around 0.02 wt%. The appropriate austenitizing temperature is around 1200°C and the optimal prior austenite grain size is about 120 µm. The temperature range for IAF transformation is around between 557 and 623°C, and the time for which is about 13 s. The disregistries between Ce‐containing inclusions and α‐Fe are so small that may act as highly effective nuclei of IAF.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of the trans‐Hyponitrite Compounds Ph3E(μ‐ONNO)EPh3 (E = Ge, Pb)
Authors: Mayer Tobias , Böttcher Hans‐Christian 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of the trans‐hyponitrite compounds Ph3E(μ‐ONNO)EPh3 [E = Ge (1), Pb (2)] as well as their crystal and molecular structure are reported. Compound 1 crystallized from toluene/pentane in the trigonal space group R$\bar{3}$ with a = 29.7969(18), b = 29.7969(18), c = 11.8465(6) Å; γ = 120°; V = 9108.8(9) Å3; Z = 12, ρ = 1.461 g·cm–3,T = 173(2) K. Compound 2 crystallized from toluene/iso‐hexane in the triclinic space group P$\bar{3}$ with a = 10.0330(2), b = 11.0615(2), c = 24.2080(4) Å; α = 97.3730(10), β = 95.8550(10), γ = 115.3940(10)°; V = 2369.69(7) Å3; Z = 3, ρ = 1.970 g·cm–3, T = 173(2) K.The crystal structure determination revealed that two conformational isomers exist in the row of related group 14 element compounds. Whereas the species of tin and lead exhibit a S‐shaped arrangement of the hyponitrite group between the two EPh3 fragments, the corresponding germanium compound shows instead of a N‐shape within the hyponitrite group. DFT calculations revealed that S‐shaped conformers should be in all three cases the more stable ones. This stands in contrast to the observed N conformation of 1 in the crystal.
Impacts of elevated CO2 and temperature on soil respiration in warm temperate evergreen Quercus glauca stands: an open‐top chamber experiment
Authors: Wang Xin , Nakatsubo Takayuki , Nakane Kaneyuki 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe conducted an open‐top chamber experiment for 3 years to examine the effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on soil respiration in experimental stands of Quercus glauca, an evergreen tree species common in the warm temperate zone of Japan. Seedlings of Q. glauca were planted in open‐top chambers and treated with factorial combinations of ambient and elevated (ambient × 1.4, ambient × 1.8) CO2 concentrations and ambient and elevated (+3°C) air temperatures. Elevated CO2 significantly increased the total soil respiration rate (P < 0.001) and the soil respiration rate at 15°C (R15) (P < 0.05) but had no significant effect on the temperature coefficient Q10. Although temperature significantly affected total soil respiration rate (P < 0.05), neither the R15 nor the Q10 of total soil respiration was affected significantly by the air temperature increase. Annual soil respiration rate, estimated from R15, Q10, and soil temperature data, tended to increase with elevated CO2 concentration. These results suggest that soil respiration rate in Japanese warm temperate broad‐leaved forests dominated by Q. glauca is sensitive to elevated CO2 and is likely to increase under future climatic conditions.