bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Iceland
Authors: GUDMUNDSSON GUNNAR 
Published: June 2011

This study was undertaken to estimate the incidence of primary subarachnoid hemorrhage among the population of Iceland during the 11-year period from 1958 through 1968. The incidence for the whole country was 8.0/100,000--males 9.1 and females 6.9. The incidence was significantly higher in Reykjavik (the capital) (10.5/100,000) than the area outside Reykjavik (rural and villages) (5.9/100,000).
In the rural area the incidence was significantly higher for males (7.47/100,000) than for females (4.32/100,000). This difference was not found in the city.
The incidence for Reykjavik is similar to the one found in comparable studies.
Fibrinogen Concentration and Immunoelectrophoresis in the Internal Jugular Vein and the Corresponding Arterial Blood in Ischemic Brain Afflictions
Authors: KOLAR OLDRICH J. , DYKEN MARK L. 
Published: June 2011

In plasma specimens simultaneously obtained from the bulb of the internal jugular vein (UV) and the brachial artery, fibrinogen, alpha-
1
antitrypsin and alpha-
2
macroglobulin concentrations were determined using the radial immunodiffusion technique. In 16 (22%) from the total 71 patients with various ischemic central nervous system afflictions studied, significant arteriovenous differences in the fibrinogen concentration were observed.

In 32 patients from this series, simultaneous internal jugular vein and arterial plasma fibrinogen immunoelectrophoresis was performed. In 16 (50%) of these patients, immunoelectrophoretic abnormalities in the internal jugular vein plasma fibrinogen precipitate were established. In 12 (37%) instances, the internal jugular vein immunoelectropherograms revealed abnormal precipitates. From these 12 patients, ten (83%) showed immunoelectrophoretic abnormalities in the fibrinogen precipitation arc and in seven (58%) instances significant arteriovenous differences in the fibrinogen concentration were established.
In the patients with abnormal precipitates in the internal jugular vein plasma immunoelectropherograms, the average interval of 13 days from the onset of neurological symptoms of the ischemic central nervous system affliction to the cannulation of the internal jugular vein was significantly shorter (P < 0.001) as compared to the average of 34 days in the patients with normal internal jugular vein immunoelectropherograms.
The examination of UV plasma specimens by means of the techniques used appears to be prospectively important in two major areas: (1) as an auxiliary examination indicating localized thrombotic process in the vascular bed, primarily supplying the central nervous system; and on periodical examination, (2) as a laboratory indicator of resolution of the thrombosis.
X. Community Health Services for Stroke
Authors: SHAPIRO MAYNARD I. , ATKINS RUTH , BONIFACE WILLIAM R. , HOLLEY LYDIA S. , MCNAMARA EVELYN M. , OLINGER CHARLES P. , PEEPLES WILLIAM J. , REGAN PATRICIA A. , VALLBONA CARLOS , WOOD COURTNEY B. , WYLIE CHARLES M. 
Published: June 2011

The Section developed by the Community Health Services Study Group proved to be a difficult, yet important, segment of the "Guidelines." They have worked diligently to prepare a document which will give communities stimulation, information, and direction in achieving the goals of identifying persons at high risk, preventing stroke, improving care of stroke patients, and providing continuity of care, particularly after the life-threatening phase of illness. The awesome responsibilities facing various health workers and community agencies in after-care are detailed. It is i this area that concerted effort can make an important contribution, particularly in those instances where disability is severe and support from many sources is essential.
Although no blueprint can be outlined in a manner which will be universally applicable, this description of facilities and services, if applied imaginatively, should be useful to health planners, hospital trustees, civic leaders, health professionals, and educators in mounting community programs for prevention of stroke and comprehensive care of persons who suffer a stroke.
Fluorescein Angiography in Microvascular Surgery: A Study Using the Rodent Artery
Authors: FOX JOHN L. , YASARGIL M. GAZI 
Published: June 2011

Fluorescein angiography was carried out on 45 Ostpon Mendelson rats with a view toward detecting injury areas following microvascular anastomoses. Decreased fluorescence was seen regardless if the injury occurred prior to or after the injection of fluorescein, and also if postin-jury angiography was filmed during direct arterial injection (mainly fluorescence from the blood stream) or one to five minutes later (mainly vessel wall fluorescence).
The effects of injury paralleled the effects of positive direct current applied to the fluorescent vessel. Focal absence of fluorescence also occurred at sites of clotting or intraluminal adventitia deposition at anastomotic sites in spite of good vessel wall pulsations.
The procedure may prove to be worthwhile and preferable to risky contrast x-ray angiography during intra-operative transcranial microvascular anastomoses for cerebrovascular insufficiency.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients With Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: KAWAKAMI HIROSHI , KUTSUZAWA TAKASHI , UEMURA KAZUO , SAKURAI YOSHIHARU , NAKAMURA TAKASHI 
Published: June 2011

Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by
133
Xe clearance method in 44 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HIH) within three weeks from attack. Mean CBF in cases with the more disturbed consciousness was the lower value. There was no definite relationship between mean CBF and the duration from last stroke to measurement. In 44 cases, 35 showed hematoma of so-called "lateral type" and nine showed a "mesial type." There was no difference of mean CBF between these two groups. In the group with lateral-type hematoma, 14 cases were thought to show large space-occupying signs, and their mean CBF was significantly lower than that of the other 21 cases.

In 16 cases, relative hyperemic regions were observed in both the focal and nonfocal areas. In seven cases, relative ischemic regions were frequently in nonfocus rather than focus.

Response of hyperemic region to carbon dioxide was good in seven and poor in three regions in focal area, and was good in eight and poor in one region in nonfocal area. Reactivity of ischemic region to 5% CO
2
inhalation was good in three and poor in zero regions in focus, and was good in three and poor in two regions in nonfocus.

Early venous filling (EVF) was observed in 13 cases and all of them were with lateral-type hematomas.
Only four out of 13 cases showed good correlation between angiographical findings and cerebral circulation.
The Distribution and Density of Reduced Cerebral Blood Flow Following Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion: An Experimental Study by the Technique of Hydrogen Clearance in Baboons
Authors: SYMON L. , PASZTOR E. , BRANSTON N. M. 
Published: June 2011

The effect of middle cerebral arterial occlusion on blood flow over the parietal aspect of the cortex and in the putamen of baboons has been assessed by the technique of hydrogen clearance. Reduction of blood flow was present over the entire lateral aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, maximal in the regions of frontal, parietal and temporal opercula where the blood flow was reduced to some 25% of control levels, and in the deep nuclei where the average flow in three animals was 20%. Reactivity to carbon dioxide was correspondingly reduced and, indeed, paradoxical reactivity or intracerebral steal was found in the most densely ischemic opercular zone. There was no evidence in the present studies of any area with increased tissue blood flow following middle cerebral occlusion.
Under control conditions, some inhomogeneity of blood flow was evident in the cortical areas studied, the parietal association areas having a significantly lower blood flow than the more anterior regions of the hemisphere.
Ultrastructural Alterations in the Dog Brain After Profound Hypothermia Induced by Extracorporeal Circuit
Authors: HARRIS JAMES H. , ROBERTSON JAMES T. 
Published: June 2011

This study has demonstrated that hypothermia with or without circulatory arrest produced ultrastructural alterations in the dog brain. Fluid accumulation in the perivascular area and in the neuropil persists for at least seven days. Neurons in all areas of the brain studied are quite resistant to fluid alterations. Minimal changes occurring in neurons appear to be reversible from these studies with no neuronal necrosis, even with cooling to 10°C. Endothelial cells and oligodendrocytes exhibit essentially normal morphology in all experimental groups. Astrocytes and their processes undergo the most severe alterations, with cellular changes greater in dogs subjected to 60 minutes than to 30 minutes of cardiac arrest, and progressive degrees of damage occurring with increases in postpumping time prior to sacrifice. Our studies indicate cytological damage increases for longer periods posthypothermia than earlier reports which noted a resolution at 72 hours of the edema observed at 24 hours. We have demonstrated with the electron microscope (EM) that edema persists for at least seven days.
The application of new developments in the pumping technique such as improved filtering of microemboli may reduce the pathological alterations described in this study and aid the clinical management of patients subjected to hypothermia.
Bilateral Reduction of Hemispheric Blood Flow in Patients With Unilateral Cerebral Infarction
Authors: FUJISHIMA MASATOSHI , TANAKA KENJIRO , TAKEYA YO , OMAE TERUO 
Published: June 2011

Bilateral hemispheric blood flow was determined by the intravenous RISA technique in patients with unilateral cerebral infarction. Of all 29 patients, bilateral reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF) was demonstrated in 13, of whom hemispheric vascular resistance was significantly increased and arm-to-brain circulation time prolonged.
In these cases with bilateral subnormal CBF, blood flow on the noninfarcted side tended to increase if the patients were conscious at the time of onset, whereas it remained unchanged even 77 days following stroke if their consciousness was impaired. The already lowered blood flow on the infarcted hemisphere, however, did not increase for a relatively long period of time after the onset.
It appears that bilateral reduction of CBF in patients with unilateral infarction is primarily caused by diffuse cerebral vascular changes and some additional systemic circulatory disorder. The possibility of other factors participating is also discussed.
Prognosis and Quality of Survival in a Hospitalized Stroke Population From the South
Authors: HAERER A. F. , WOOSLEY P. C. 
Published: June 2011

Likelihood and quality of survival were assessed for patients (79% blacks) consecutively admitted to a southern teaching hospital stroke unit. The functional condition of 260 patients in eight categories of cerebrovascular disease was determined at discharge and three years later. Cumulative probability of five-year survival was calculated for 400 patients and compared to the population at large. Clinical variables were related to the prognosis in 155 patients with anterior circulation infarction.
Mortality during hospitalization varied from 8% to 52%. More than half of the patients in most diagnostic groups died within three years of their stroke. Only 22% of patients with anterior circulation infarcts were fully ambulatory three years later. Prognosis worsened markedly with age and known pre-existing hypertension, and survival was decreased in blacks and in men. Overall five-year survival probability for all stroke patients discharged alive was 49%. Survival was similar in patients discharged ambulatory with or without aid, but poor in patients not ambulatory at discharge. Less than half as many individuals in the anterior circulation infarct group survived five years than did in the general population. The prognosis for blacks was even somewhat worse when compared to the black population at large.
Cilostazol Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscles Cell Differentiation Through the cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein-Dependent Pathway
Authors: Chen Wei-Jan , Chen Ying-Hwa , Lin Kwang-Huei , Hsuan Ting Chiao , Yeh Yung-Hsin 
Published: June 2011

Objective—
Cilostazol, a potent type 3 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has recently been found to reduce neointimal formation by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. The aim of this study is to investigate whether cilostazol exerts an action on phenotypic modulation of VSMCs, another important process in the pathogenesis of neointimal formation.

Methods and Results—
Cilostazol may convert VSMCs from a serum-induced dedifferentiation state to a differentiated state, as indicated by a spindle-shaped morphology and an increase in the expression of smooth muscle cell differentiation marker contractile proteins. The upregulation of contractile proteins by cilostazol involves the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, because the cAMP analog mimicked and specific cAMP/PKA inhibitors opposed the effect of cilostazol. Furthermore, cilostazol-activated cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB), including phosphorylation at Ser133 and its nuclear translocation. Deletion and mutational analysis of the contractile protein promoters along with chromatin immunoprecipitation using anti-CREB antibody showed that CRE is essential for cilostazol-induced contractile protein expression. Transfection of dominant-negative CREB (mutated Ser133) plasmid in VSMCs blocked cilostazol-stimulated contractile protein expression. In vivo, cilostazol upregulated contractile proteins and induced the activation of CREB in the neointima of balloon-injured arteries.

Conclusion—
Cilostazol promotes VSMC differentiation through the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling cascade.
Microphysical Structure of the Marine Boundary Layer under Strong Wind and Spray Formation as Seen from Simulations Using a 2D Explicit Microphysical Model. Part I: The Impact of Large Eddies
Authors: Shpund J. , Pinsky M. , Khain A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe effects of large eddies (LE) on the marine boundary layer (MBL) microphysics and thermodynamics is investigated using a 2D Lagrangian model with spectral bin microphysics including effects of sea spray. The 600 m × 400 m MBL computational area is covered by 3750 adjacent interacting Lagrangian parcels moving in a turbulent-like flow. A turbulent-like velocity field is designed as a sum of a high number of harmonics with random time-dependent amplitudes and different wavelengths including large eddies with scales of several hundred meters. The model explicitly calculates diffusion growth/evaporation, collisions, and sedimentation of droplets forming both as sea spray droplets and background aerosols, as well as aerosol masses within droplets. The turbulent mixing between parcels is explicitly taken into account. Sea spray generation is determined by a source function depending on the background wind speed assumed in the simulations to be equal to 20 m s−1. The results of simulations obtained by taking into account the effects of LE are compared to those obtained under the assumption that the vertical transport of droplets and passive scalars is caused by small-scale turbulent diffusion. Small-scale turbulence diffusion taken alone leads to an unrealistic MBL structure. Nonlocal mixing of the MBL caused by LE leads to the formation of a well-mixed MBL with a vertical structure close to the observed one. LE lead to an increase in the sensible and latent heat surface fluxes by 50%–100% and transport a significant amount of large spray droplets upward. Microphysical processes lead to formation of spray-induced drizzling clouds with cloud base near the 200-m level.
Recording patient preferences for end-of-life care as an incentivized quality indicator: What do general practice staff think?
Authors: Hannon Kerin L , Lester Helen E , Campbell Stephen M 
Published: June 2011

Introduction: Since April 2009, indicators for the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework pilot have been developed and piloted across a nationally representative sample of practices. In October 2009 a single palliative care indicator was piloted for 6 months that looked at, ‘ the percentage of patients on the palliative care register who have a preferred place to receive end-of-life care documented in the records’. Aim: The aim of this study was to gain the views and experiences of general practice staff on whether the inclusion of a single incentivized indicator to record the preferred place to receive end-of-life care would improve the quality of palliative care. Any issues arising from its implementation in a pay-for-performance scheme were also explored. Methods: Interviews took place with 57 members of staff in 24 practices: 21 GPs, 16 practice managers, 12 nurses and eight others (mostly information technology experts). Results: The indicator was not deemed appropriate for incentivization due to concerns about incentivizing an isolated, single issue within a multi-faceted, multi-disciplinary and complex topic. Palliative care was seen to be too sensitive and patient specific to be amenable to population-level quality measurement. In implementation, the indicator would pose potential harm to patients who may be asked about their end-of-life care at an inappropriate time and by a member of staff who may not be best placed to address this sensitive topic. Conclusions: The most appropriate time to ask a patient about end-of-life care is subjective and patient specific and therefore does not lend itself to an inflexible single indicator. Focusing on one isolated question simplifies and distracts from a multi-faceted and complex issue and may lead to patient harm.
Preclinical studies on targeted delivery of multiple IFNα2b to HLA-DR in diverse hematologic cancers
Authors: Rossi Edmund A. , Rossi Diane L. , Cardillo Thomas M. , Stein Rhona , Goldenberg David M. , Chang Chien-Hsing 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe short circulating half-life and side effects of IFNα affect its dosing schedule and efficacy. Fusion of IFNα to a tumor-targeting mAb (mAb-IFNα) can enhance potency because of increased tumor localization and improved pharmacokinetics. We used the Dock-and-Lock method to generate C2-2b-2b, a mAb-IFNα comprising tetrameric IFNα2b site-specifically linked to hL243 (humanized anti–HLA-DR). In vitro, C2-2b-2b inhibited various B-cell lymphoma leukemia and myeloma cell lines. In most cases, this immunocytokine was more effective than CD20-targeted mAb-IFNα or a mixture comprising the parental mAb and IFNα. Our findings indicate that responsiveness depends on HLA-DR expression/density and sensitivity to IFNα and hL243. C2-2b-2b induced more potent and longer-lasting IFNα signaling compared with nontargeted IFNα. Phosphorylation of STAT1 was more robust and persistent than that of STAT3, which may promote apoptosis. C2-2b-2b efficiently depleted lymphoma and myeloma cells from whole human blood but also exhibited some toxicity to B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells. C2-2b-2b showed superior efficacy compared with nontargeting mAb-IFNα, peginterferonalfa-2a, or a combination of hL243 and IFNα, using human lymphoma and myeloma xenografts. These results suggest that C2-2b-2b should be useful in the treatment of various hematopoietic malignancies.
Noise reduction in protein-protein interaction graphs by the implementation of a novel weighting scheme
Authors: Kritikos George D , Moschopoulos Charalampos , Vazirgiannis Michalis , Kossida Sophia 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
Recent technological advances applied to biology such as yeast-two-hybrid, phage display and mass spectrometry have enabled us to create a detailed map of protein interaction networks. These interaction networks represent a rich, yet noisy, source of data that could be used to extract meaningful information, such as protein complexes. Several interaction network weighting schemes have been proposed so far in the literature in order to eliminate the noise inherent in interactome data. In this paper, we propose a novel weighting scheme and apply it to the S. cerevisiae interactome. Complex prediction rates are improved by up to 39%, depending on the clustering algorithm applied.

Results
We adopt a two step procedure. During the first step, by applying both novel and well established protein-protein interaction (PPI) weighting methods, weights are introduced to the original interactome graph based on the confidence level that a given interaction is a true-positive one. The second step applies clustering using established algorithms in the field of graph theory, as well as two variations of Spectral clustering. The clustered interactome networks are also cross-validated against the confirmed protein complexes present in the MIPS database.

Conclusions
The results of our experimental work demonstrate that interactome graph weighting methods clearly improve the clustering results of several clustering algorithms. Moreover, our proposed weighting scheme outperforms other approaches of PPI graph weighting.
Meta-analysis of grain yield QTL identified during agricultural drought in grasses showed consensus
Authors: Swamy BP Mallikarjuna , Vikram Prashant , Dixit Shalabh , Ahmed HU , Kumar Arvind 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
In the last few years, efforts have been made to identify large effect QTL for grain yield under drought in rice. However, identification of most precise and consistent QTL across the environments and genetics backgrounds is essential for their successful use in Marker-assisted Selection. In this study, an attempt was made to locate consistent QTL regions associated with yield increase under drought by applying a genome-wide QTL meta-analysis approach.

Results
The integration of 15 maps resulted in a consensus map with 531 markers and a total map length of 1821 cM. Fifty-three yield QTL reported in 15 studies were projected on a consensus map and meta-analysis was performed. Fourteen meta-QTL were obtained on seven chromosomes. MQTL1.2, MQTL1.3, MQTL1.4, and MQTL12.1 were around 700 kb and corresponded to a reasonably small genetic distance of 1.8 to 5 cM and they are suitable for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS). The meta-QTL for grain yield under drought coincided with at least one of the meta-QTL identified for root and leaf morphology traits under drought in earlier reports. Validation of major-effect QTL on a panel of random drought-tolerant lines revealed the presence of at least one major QTL in each line. DTY

12.1
was present in 85% of the lines, followed by DTY

4.1
in 79% and DTY

1.1
in 64% of the lines. Comparative genomics of meta-QTL with other cereals revealed that the homologous regions of MQTL1.4 and MQTL3.2 had QTL for grain yield under drought in maize, wheat, and barley respectively. The genes in the meta-QTL regions were analyzed by a comparative genomics approach and candidate genes were deduced for grain yield under drought. Three groups of genes such as stress-inducible genes, growth and development-related genes, and sugar transport-related genes were found in clusters in most of the meta-QTL.

Conclusions
Meta-QTL with small genetic and physical intervals could be useful in Marker-assisted selection individually and in combinations. Validation and comparative genomics of the major-effect QTL confirmed their consistency within and across the species. The shortlisted candidate genes can be cloned to unravel the molecular mechanism regulating grain yield under drought.