bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental pharmacokinetics of propylene glycol in preterm and term neonates
Authors: De Cock Roosmarijn F. W. , Knibbe Catherijne A. J. , Kulo Aida , de Hoon Jan , Verbesselt Rene , Danhof Meindert , Allegaert Karel 
Published: April 2012

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Propylene glycol is commonly used as an excipient in dose forms and is ingested by neonates when administering different drugs.• While propylene glycol is generally considered to be safe, toxic effects like bradycardia, lactic acidosis and convulsions have been reported.• Information on the pharmacokinetics of propylene glycol in neonates is lacking to provide insight into the possible risk of toxicity.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• This study describes the pharmacokinetics of propylene glycol in preterm and term neonates co‐administered with paracetamol and phenobarbital.• A pharmacokinetic model was developed which identified birth weight and postnatal age as important covariates for clearance.• The model was used to simulate exposure to propylene glycol co‐administered with both drugs.AIM Propylene glycol (PG) is often applied as an excipient in drug formulations. As these formulations may also be used in neonates, the aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of propylene glycol, co‐administered intravenously with paracetamol (800 mg PG/1000 mg paracetamol) or phenobarbital (700 mg PG/200 mg phenobarbital) in preterm and term neonates.METHODS A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed based on 372 PG plasma concentrations from 62 (pre)term neonates (birth weight (bBW) 630–3980 g, postnatal age (PNA) 1–30 days) using NONMEM 6.2. The model was subsequently used to simulate PG exposure upon administration of paracetamol or phenobarbital in neonates (gestational age 24–40 weeks).RESULTS In a one compartment model, birth weight and PNA were both identified as covariates for PG clearance using an allometric function (CLi= 0.0849 × {(bBW/2720)1.69× (PNA/3)0.201}). Volume of distribution scaled allometrically with current bodyweight (Vi= 0.967 × {(BW/2720)1.45}) and was estimated 1.77 times higher when co‐administered with phenobarbital compared with paracetamol. By introducing these covariates a large part of the interindividual variability on clearance (65%) as well as on volume of distribution (53%) was explained. The final model shows that for commonly used dosing regimens, the population mean PG peak and trough concentrations range between 33–144 and 28–218 mg l−1 (peak) and 19–109 and 6–112 mg l−1 (trough) for paracetamol and phenobarbital formulations, respectively, depending on birth weight and age of the neonates.CONCLUSION A pharmacokinetic model was developed for PG co‐administered with paracetamol or phenobarbital in neonates. As such, large variability in PG exposure may be expected in neonates which is dependent on birth weight and PNA.
‘If kids don't feel safe they don't do anything’: young people's views on seeking and receiving help from Children's Social Care Services in England
Authors: Jobe Alison , Gorin Sarah 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents findings from qualitative interviews with 24 young people (11–17 years) who have been referred to Children's Social Care Services in England. The paper explores young people's experiences of help seeking and their experiences of receiving help for maltreatment through statutory agencies. A central finding is the importance of relationships for young people when seeking and receiving help. It is through trusting relationships with professionals that young people are most likely to disclose maltreatment and/or engage with services. The paper concludes that young people's expectations and needs are not always met by the current safeguarding system and that the system needs to become more child‐centred if it is to address the concerns maltreated young people have consistently voiced through research.
From parental engagement to the engagement of social work services: discussing reductionist and democratic forms of partnership with families
Authors: Roose Rudi , Roets Griet , Van Houte Sabine , Vandenhole Wouter , Reynaert Didier 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTSocial work has moved from a child protection discourse towards a child welfare discourse that views the relationship between social workers and families as a partnership. Partnership with families in the field of child protection and child welfare, however, mirrors diverse ideological motives of social policy, civil society and practice. We engage in a theoretical discussion of different interpretations of partnership. We draw a primary distinction between reductionist and democratic forms of partnership with families. In a reductionist approach, social workers activate parents in order to realize the goals set by social work. A democratic approach to partnership refers to a shared responsibility between social workers, parents and children. In this approach, effective partnership is not something to be realized as an outcome, but a point of departure that implies a joint search for meaning and an experiment with which social workers engage. This engagement presents ‘non‐participation’ not as problematic but as an essential element of participation. The focus then shifts from a methodical approach to partnership – how to activate people to participate in the care process – to the question of how the engagement of social workers can be constructed together with families.
Young people's perspectives of being parented in critical situations: teenage non‐offenders and desisters speak out
Authors: Murray Cathy 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper considers young people's perspectives of being parented and draws on a study that comprised secondary analysis of 112 qualitative interviews with teenagers who had either never offended or who had ceased to offend for at least a year. Young people's offending behaviour has traditionally been linked to parenting styles, but it is parenting practices that proved central to parental responses to revelations about their offspring's offending. During the interviews, desisters gave accounts of their upbringing and, in particular, the parenting they experienced in one critical situation, namely when their offending came to light. At this point, parents of desisters were reported to be more punitive, more emotional and less measured than they were customarily, and non‐offenders anticipated similar reactions from their parents if they were to offend in the future. The relevance of the findings for professional interventions, especially parenting programmes, and for social workers in child protection is discussed, and suggestions for further research is made.
Shared decision‐making: a voice for the Lakota people
Authors: Herzberg Linda 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTChild welfare has long been a concern for American Indians, so much so that Congress passed the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) in 1978. The ICWA was intended to address was the large number of children placed out of home as a result of abuse and/or neglect, and the corresponding lack of tribal and community input regarding their removal and placement. This paper focuses on one group of American Indian people, the Lakota, whose children are overrepresented in the child welfare system. As a promising practice, shared decision‐making will be offered as a culturally appropriate model to build dialogue and cooperation between social workers and their Lakota clients. Shared decision‐making holds promise to help address the important social justice issues identified by Congress and by the Lakota people in the 1970s and which remain largely unresolved some 40 years later.
Education and employment opportunities among staff in Aboriginal family service agencies
Authors: Brown Jason , Fraehlich Cheryl 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to describe ways that successful culture‐based Aboriginal preventive family service agencies offer employment and education opportunities for staff. Staff in three inner‐city, culture‐based Aboriginal family agencies were asked about their employment and educational opportunities. Forty‐four individuals were asked the question: ‘what employment and education opportunities have you had while in this job?’ A total of 81 unique responses were received. Participants grouped the responses into eight themes including: planning for services, promotion within the agency, specific skill development, enhanced self‐confidence, cultural awareness, teaching others, workshops as well as certified training. Differences between the experiences of study participants and the existing literature indicate that practices within culture‐based Aboriginal family agencies are distinct in relation to funding, staff mobility, strengths‐base, practical training and cultural knowledge, and that these should be understood and recognized formally in funding decisions and in future research.
Identical germline mutations in the TMEM127 gene in two unrelated Japanese patients with bilateral pheochromocytoma
Authors: Takeichi Naomi , Midorikawa Sanae , Watanabe Atsushi , Naing Banyar Than , Tamura Hideki , Wakakuri‐Kano Toshiko , Ishizaki Akira , Sugihara Hitoshi , Nissato Sumiko , Saito Yuria , Aita Yuichi , Ishii Kiyo‐aki , Igarashi Takehito , Kawakami Yasushi , Hara Hisato , Ikeda Tatsuhiko , Shimizu Kazuo , Suzuki Shinichi , Shimano Hitoshi , Kawamoto Masashi , Shimada Takashi , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Oikawa Shinichi , Takekoshi Kazuhiro 
Published: April 2012

SummaryObjectiveRecently, TMEM127 was shown to be a new pheochromocytoma susceptibility gene; this is consistent with its function as a tumour suppressor gene (Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2009, 94, 2817). Most pheochromocytomas arise from the adrenal medulla, and in approximately half of the cases, the tumours are bilateral (Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2009, 94, 2817; Journal of the American Medical Association, 2004, 292, 943; Human Mutation, 2010, 31, 41; Science, 2009, 325, 1139). The aim of the present study was to determine whether TMEM127 mutations are involved in the pathogenesis of pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas in Japanese subjects.Patients and MethodsFor this study, 74 unrelated patients with pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma who tested negative for mutations and deletions in RET, VHL, SDHB and SDHD were recruited through a multi‐institutional collaborative effort in Japan. The TMEM127 gene sequence was determined in their germline DNA, and tumour DNA was analysed for the loss of heterozygosity. In addition, their TMEM127 gene sequences were compared with sequences from 114 normal healthy, ethnically matched controls.ResultsAmong the 74 eligible patients, two unrelated patients (2·7%) with bilateral adrenal pheochromocytoma were found to have an identical germline TMEM127 mutation (c.116_119delTGTC, p.Ile41ArgfsX39) associated with 2q deletion loss of heterozygosity, which was also previously described in a Brazilian case (Journal of the American Medical Association, 2004, 292, 943). We also determined that none of the 114 normal healthy controls had this deletion mutation.ConclusionThis is the first report showing that TMEM127 mutation plays a pathological role in pheochromocytoma in an Asian population. Although our surveillance is limited, the prevalence and the phenotype of this gene mutation appear to be similar to those reported in previous studies.
S100P immunostaining identifies a subset of peripheral‐type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas with morphological and molecular features similar to those of perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas
Authors: Tsai Jia‐Huei , Huang Wen‐Chih , Kuo Kuan‐Ting , Yuan Ray‐Hwang , Chen Yu‐Ling , Jeng Yung‐Ming 
Published: April 2012

Tsai J‐H, Huang W‐C, Kuo K‐T, Yuan R‐H, Chen Y‐L & Jeng Y‐M  (2012) Histopathology S100P immunostaining identifies a subset of peripheral‐type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas with morphological and molecular features similar to those of perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomasAims:  S100P is a calcium‐binding protein that is frequently expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathological significance of the expression of S100P in peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).Methods and results:  Immunohistochemical staining was used to investigate S100P expression in 112 cases of peripheral ICC. The results were compared with those for perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Patients with S100P‐positive peripheral ICC were more likely to have elevated serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19‐9 than those with S100P‐negative peripheral ICCs. All cases of peripheral ICC associated with intrahepatic lithiasis and all cases with intraductal/periductal growth patterns were positive for S100P. S100P‐positive peripheral ICCs were highly associated with ‘bile duct’ morphology rather than cholangiolar differentiation. Nearly all cases of perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were positive for S100P. Similarly to perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, S100P‐positive peripheral ICCs showed more frequent expression of CEA and MUC2, and were more likely to be N‐cadherin‐negative, than S100P‐negative cases. Notably, K‐RAS mutations were only detected in S100P‐positive peripheral ICCs, with a frequency similar to that in perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Patients with S100P‐positive peripheral ICC were more likely to have poor prognoses than those with S100P‐negative tumours.Conclusions:  S100P immunostaining identifies a subset of peripheral ICC that probably originates from larger bile ducts. This subset of peripheral ICCs shares common morphological and molecular features with perihilar and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas.
A novel genotyping technique for distinguishing between Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates virulent and avirulent to ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel)
Authors: Fujiwara‐Nagata E , Ikeda J , Sugahara K , Eguchi M 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe developed a simple genotyping method for Flavobacterium psychrophilum for analysing two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gyrA gene and to distinguish between isolates that are virulent and avirulent to ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel). The genotyping method is an on/off switch assay and is based on the polymerase chain reaction technique with phosphorothioated primers. We classified 232 isolates from four families of fish (i.e. Plecoglossidae, Osmeridae, Cyprinidae and Salmonidae) into four genotypes (G‐C, A‐T, A‐C and G‐T). The G‐C type isolates exhibited strong pathogenicity to ayu, whereas the A‐T and G‐T types did not show any pathogenicity to this species. The A‐C type exhibited no or weak pathogenicity to ayu. These results indicate that genotyping F. psychrophilum isolates with two SNPs from gyrA can clearly distinguish between isolates potentially harmful to ayu (G‐C type) and those that are potentially not harmful or less harmful (A‐C, A‐T and G‐T type). The on/off switch assay provides a quick, simple, and very powerful DNA genotyping technique for F. psychrophilum isolates.
Colletotrichum acutatum, A New Pathogen of Hazelnut
Authors: Sezer Arzu , Dolar Fatma Sara 
Published: April 2012

AbstractColletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds was identified from fruit clusters of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) in Turkey. Pathogenicity tests were conducted under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. Necrotic, sunken lesions and rot were observed on leaves, fruit clusters and pedicels. This is the first report of C. acutatum as a pathogen of hazelnut.
Contamination rates of different urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in young children: An observational cohort study
Authors: Tosif Shidan , Baker Alice , Oakley Ed , Donath Susan , Babl Franz E 
Published: April 2012

Aims:  The optimal method for diagnostic collection of urine in children is unclear. National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence recommend specimens taken by clean catch urine (CCU) for identification of urinary tract infection (UTI). We investigated contamination rates for CCU, suprapubic aspiration (SPA), catheter specimen urine (CSU) and bag specimen urine (BSU) collections.Method:  Retrospective observational cohort study with review of microbiology data and medical records at a large tertiary children's hospital. We reviewed urine culture growth from consecutive first urine specimens of children aged <2 years, over a 3‐month period in 2008. Patient demographics, collection method, location (emergency department, inpatient ward), culture growth, history of UTI, urogenital tract abnormality and antibiotic use were assessed. Contamination rates for collection methods were compared using logistic regression.Results:  Urine culture specimens of 599 children (mean age 7.0 months, 54% male) were included. There were 34% CCU, 16% CSU, 14% SPA, 2% BSU and 34% with unknown sample method. Contamination rates were 26% in CCU, 12% in CSU (odds ratio (OR) 0.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2–0.8) and 1% in SPA (OR 0.03 95% CI 0.0–0.3). Concurrent antibiotics use was associated with a lower contamination rate. Contamination rates were not associated with age, sex, location, history of UTI or urogenital abnormalities.Conclusion:  Contamination rates in CCU are much higher than in CSU and SPA samples. Ideally, SPA should be used for microbiological assessment of urine in young children. Collection procedures need to be optimised if CCU is used.
The relative importance of solitary bees and syrphid flies as pollinators of two outcrossing plant species in the New Zealand alpine
Authors: BISCHOFF MASCHA , CAMPBELL DIANE R. , LORD JANICE M. , ROBERTSON ALASTAIR W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPollinators vary in their relative contribution to the conspecific pollen deposited onto receptive stigmas, because of variation in both visitation rate and effectiveness of pollen transfer. Syrphid flies and short‐tongued solitary bees are common flower visitors in alpine New Zealand, yet their relative importance as pollinators is unknown. We measured pollinator performance of the New Zealand alpine endemics Hylaeus matamoko (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) and Allograpta spp. (Diptera: Syrphidae) on two New Zealand alpine herbs, Ourisia glandulosa (Plantaginaceae) and Wahlenbergia albomarginata (Campanulaceae). Ourisia glandulosa received visits by solitary bees and syrphid flies at equal frequencies, whereas W. albomarginata was mostly visited by H. matamoko. Based on single‐visit pollen deposition to virgin stigmas, H. matamoko was a much more effective pollinator than Allograpta spp., delivering 10 times as much pollen per visit to O. glandulosa stigmas and 3 times as much to W. albomarginata stigmas. By multiplying visitation frequency by single‐visit pollen deposition, we estimated that H. matamoko performed 90% and 95% of the pollination of O. glandulosa and W. albomarginata, respectively. Although H. matamoko bees are short‐tongued and small in size, they are critically important to plant reproductive success in the New Zealand alpine. These bees contributed most of the pollination, even to a species that received just as many visits by flies, underscoring the need to consider per‐visit effectiveness as well as visitation rate in assessing the importance of different pollinators.
Carbon dioxide insufflation safety in double‐balloon enteroscopy: An experimental animal study
Authors: Soria Federico , Lopez‐Albors Octavio , Morcillo Esther , Martin Carolina , Sarria Ricardo , Esteban Pilar , Carballo Fernando , Perez‐Cuadrado Enrique , Sanchez Francisco M , Latorre Rafael 
Published: April 2012

AimThe aim of the present study was to assess the safety and efficacy of CO2 during double‐balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in an experimental animal model study. In this study, insufflation with room air and with CO2 was compared.MethodsTwenty healthy swines were used. The animals were randomly allocated to two groups. The room air‐DBE group was insufflated with room air, whereas the CO2‐DBE group was insufflated with CO2. Endoscopy duration was 90 min. The following parameters were measured during the study (basal, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min): invasive hemodynamic parameters, ventilatory parameters, arterial blood gases, exploration depth, as well as biochemical tests. Residual gas was evaluated at the end of DBE, at 180 min and 24 h after DBE.ResultsDuring the endoscopic exploration none of the animals showed hemodynamic, ventilatory or arterial blood gas alterations in the normal reference range for the swine species. The CO2 group showed statistically significant differences over the room air group with lower post‐procedure residual gas and greater depth of the small bowel explored.ConclusionThe use of CO2 for insufflation during DBE was safe and no complications associated with CO2 were observed. In addition, the use of CO2 offers benefits over the use of room air for insufflation during DBE.
Investigation of ductile damage development in ferritic steel subject to uniaxial deformation
Authors: FAßMANN D. P. F. , GERSTEIN G. , SCHAPER M. , BACH FR.‐W. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe object of this investigation is the influence of uniaxial deformation on both the formation of voids and ductile damage in ferritic steel. Specimens are prepared by means of a method which, to a large extent, is free of manipulation and permits the crystal's interior to be observed. These specimens were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Anisotropic void formation and growth behaviour were exhibited which is correlated with the material texture using an EBSD investigation. Observing the crystalline structure by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables the effects of the pore formation and growth to be examined in more detail.
Effect of a variation in material properties on the crack tip opening displacement
Authors: CODRINGTON J. , KOTOUSOV A. , CHANG D. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the effect of a variation in material properties on the crack tip opening displacement, a parameter often used in the prediction of fatigue and fracture. This situation is typical when a component is subjected to a relatively slow temperature fluctuation or the material properties undergo direct changes, such as due to a phase transformation. An analytical strip‐yield model is developed using the small‐scale yielding assumption and theory of complex potentials. Four cases of crack tip plasticity behaviour are identified for the different combinations of parameters controlling the variation in material properties. Results of calculations over a wide range of material properties are presented and show a significant effect on the crack tip opening displacement. Finite element simulations are conducted to verify the analytical findings. The implications of the outcomes in relation to several practical situations are also discussed.
On improved crack tip plastic zone estimates based on T‐stress and on complete stress fields
Authors: SOUSA R. A. , CASTRO J. T. P. , LOPES A. A. O. , MARTHA L. F. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTCracked ductile structures yield locally to form a plastic zone (pz) around their crack tips, which size and shape controls their structural behaviour. Classical pz estimates are based solely on stress intensity factors (SIF), but their precision is limited to very low σn/SY nominal stress to yield strength ratios. T‐stresses are frequently used to correct SIF‐based pz estimates, but both SIF and SIF plus T‐stress pz estimates are based on truncated linear elastic (LE) stress fields that do not satisfy boundary conditions. Using Griffith's plate complete LE stress field to avoid such truncated pz estimates, the influence of its Williams’ series terms on pz estimation is evaluated, showing that T‐stress improvements are limited to medium σn/SY values. Then, corrections are proposed to introduce equilibrium requirements into LE pz estimates. Finally, these improved estimates are compared with pz calculated numerically by an elastic–plastic finite element analysis.