bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MEMBRANE THIAMINE TRTPHOSPHATASE FROM RAT BRAIN: INHIBITION BY ATP AND ADP
Authors: Barchi R. L. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—The hydrolysis of ThTP by rat brain membrane‐bound ThTPase is inhibited by nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. ATP and ADP are most effective, reducing hydrolysis by 50% at concentrations of 2 × 10−5m and 7·5 × 10−5m respectively. Nucleoside monophosphates and free nuclcosides as well as Pi have no effect on enzyme activity. ThMP and ThDP also fail to inhibit hydrolysis in concentrations up to 5 × 10−3m. Non‐hydrolysable methylene phosphate analogs of ATP and ADP were used in further kinetic studies with the ThTPase. The mechanism of inhibition by these analogs is shown to be of mixed non‐competitive nature for both compounds. An observed Ki, of 4 × 10−5m for the ATP analog adenosine‐PPCP and 9 × 10−5m for the ADP analog adenosine‐PCP is calculated at pH 6·5. Formation of the true enzyme substrate, the [Mg2+. ThTP] complex, is not significantly affected by concentrations of analogs producing maximal (>95%) inhibition of enzyme activity. Likewise the relationships between pH and observed Km and pH and Vmax are not shifted by the presence of similar concentrations of inhibitor.
FATTY ACID ABNORMALITY IN ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY
Authors: Igarashi M. , Schaumburg H. H. , Powers J. , Kishimoto Y. , Koilodny E. , Suzuki K. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—Recent clinical and morphological evidence established that adrenoleukodystrophy is a distinct X‐linked genetic disorder. Fatty acid compositions of lipids in the brain, adrenal and serum from seven patients were examined. Cholesterol esters of both brain and adrenal contained substantial proportions of fatty acids longer than C22 (11.8–41.9% of total in the brain and 13.4‐34.8% of total in the adrenal), while cholesterol esters from normal and pathological control specimens contained very little. These very long chain fatty acids were generally saturated in brain cholesterol esters but significant amounts of unsaturated long chain fatty acids were also present in adrenal cholesterol esters. The long chain fatty acids showed bell‐shaped distribution with C25 or C26 at the peak. Ganglio‐sides from patients’white matter also showed increased proportions of very long‐chain fatty acids, up to 50% of the total. Qualitatively similar but much milder fatty acid abnormalities were also found in galactosylceramide of the brain. On the other hand, fatty acids and fatty aldehydes of brain glycerophospholipids, adrenal free fatty acids, triglycerides and glycerophospholipids were not abnormal. Furthermore, serum cholesterol esters from two patients did not show the long‐chain fatty acid abnormality found in brain and adrenal cholesterol esters. Sequential extractions with acetone and hexane established that the characteristic birefringent material in the brain and adrenal is indeed cholesterol esters with very long chain fatty acids. This type of fatty acid abnormality has not been described in other pathological conditions and may well represent the unique biochemical abnormality that is directly related to the fundamental genetic defect underlying adrenoleukodystrophy.
Uncoupling of Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles by the Presynaptic Toxin β‐Bungarotoxin
Authors: Anderson D. C. , Parsons Stanley M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of the presynaptic neurotoxin β‐bungarotoxin (β‐BuTx) on the acetylcholine (ACh) storage system of synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ ofTorpedo californicawas studied. The toxin can totally inhibit active transport of [3H]ACh by the vesicles in a Ca2+‐, time‐, and concentration‐dependent manner. Correlated with these effects is a 50–60% stimulation of the vesicle proton‐pumping ATPase activity. The β‐BuTx‐mediated transport inhibition and ATPase stimulation are antagonized by delipidated bovine serum albumin, not reversed by excess EGTA, and not mimicked by other cationic proteins or soybean or pancreatic trypsin inhibitors. The behavior is consistent with phospholipase A2(PLA2)‐dependent damage to the vesicle membrane caused by β‐BuTx, which results in uncoupling of the ATPase and ACh transporter systems.The nonneurotoxicNaja najavenom PLA2causes similar effects, except that it is slightly more potent on a molar basis. About 100‐fold more β‐BuTx is required to effect lysis of synaptic vesicles than to uncouple them. ATP is a strong inhibitor of β‐BuTx‐ but not ofN. najaPLA2‐mediated uncoupling. The observations suggest that a component of β‐BuTx toxicity in the cholinergic terminal might involve attack on synaptic vesicles or vesicle‐like structures and that a nucleotide‐like factor might modulate the toxicity.
Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Is a Nonhistone Protein and a Possible Activator of Transcription in Neurons
Authors: Morgenegg Göpf , Winkler Gian C. , Hübscher Ulrich , Heizmann Claus W. , Mous Jan , Kuenzle Clive C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA single‐stranded DNA‐binding protein of Mr 35,000 (35K protein) was isolated from calf cerebral cortex by affinity chromatography on immobilized double‐stranded and single‐stranded DNA. Its localization in the nuclear compartment was demonstrated by im‐munohistochemistry. Previous studies had uncovered a homologous nonhistone chromosomal protein in the nuclei of rat cerebral cortex neurons, cerebellar neurons, oligodendrocytes, and liver cells. The rat protein accumulated in the nuclear compartment of neurons in exact temporal coincidence with the arrest of cell division and the initiation of terminal differentiation. Therefore, in the present work, the 35K protein was tested for an activating role in RNA transcription. During the course of this study we became aware that the 35K protein was identical to a glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phos‐phate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12). When authentic GAPDH from rabbit skeletal muscle was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes, it greatly stimulated RNA polymerase II transcription, whereas the 35K protein from caif brain did not. This apparent discrepancy was partially resolved by the finding that rabbit muscle GAPDH could be fractionated into two components by affinity chromatography on single‐stranded DNA cellulose. Only 5% of the applied protein was retained on the column and could be eluted with a shallow salt gradient identical to the one used for the isolation of the 35K protein. This single‐stranded DNA‐binding component of rabbit muscle GAPDH did not stimulate transcription. Apparently, the 35K protein from calf brain corresponded to this single‐stranded DNA‐binding subfrac‐tion, which explained its failure to activate transcription. So far, we have not been able to isolate the activating factor from calf brain but suggest that the temporal coincidence between the accumulation of GAPDH in rat neu‐ronal nuclei during differentiation and the concomitant increase in transcriptional activity may not be fortuitous.
Cyclic Nucleotide Response of the Hippocampal Formation to Septal Stimulation in Naive and Kindled Rats
Authors: Wasterlain Claude G. , Farber Debora B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRats were kindled through nonmagnetic electrodes stereotaxically implanted into the medial septum. Concentrations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP were measured by radioimmunoassay in seven brain regions after microwave fixation during the development and expression of kindled seizures. Hippocampal concentrations were similar to untreated controls (cyclic GMP level in the left and right hippocampus, 0.66 ± 0.04 and 0.68 ± 0.07 pmol/mg of protein, respectively; cyclic AMP, 9.4 ± 0.9 and 9.6 ± 0.8 pmol/mg of protein, respectively), in kindled animals that were not stimulated, and in naive animals in response to septal stimulation, in spite of the presence in the latter group of bilateral hippocampal after‐discharges. Animals that failed to develop kindling and kindled animals that failed to have a seizure in response to stimulation also showed no change in cyclic nucleotide concentrations in any brain region. Kindled animals that developed a seizure following stimulation showed significant elevations in levels of both cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in hippocampus and in several other brain regions. A single naive animal that had a seizure in response to its first stimulation also appeared to have elevated concentrations of both cyclic nucleotides in hippocampus. These data suggest that the elevation in levels of both cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP during kindled seizures is associated with seizure development rather than with the generation of afterdischarges or with the kindling engram.
Chromogranin C: A Third Component of the Acidic Proteins in Chromaffin Granules
Authors: Fischer‐Colbrie Reiner , Hagn Claus , Kilpatrick Lynn , Winkler Hans 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe characterized a group of acidic proteins of bovine chromaffin granules with an antiserum raised against a protein described by Rosa and Zanini [Eur. J. Cell Biol. 31, 94–98 (1983)] in pituitary gland. In adrenal medulla the proteins reacting with this antiserum are confined to chromaffin granules. Their largest component has a Mr of 86,000 and a pl of 5.0. In addition six proteins of lower molecular weight are recognized by this antiserum. In a cell‐free system only one protein is synthesized that can be precipitated with this antiserum. The properties of these proteins are very similar to those of the previously described chromogranins A and B; however, there is no immunological cross‐reaction between these protein groups. We suggest this third group of acidic proteins of chromaffin granules be named chromogranins C.
Electroconvulsive Shock and Cyclic AMP Signal Transduction: Effects Distal to the Receptor
Authors: Newman Michael E. , Solomon Haim , Lerer Bernard 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Chronic electroconvulsive shock (ECS) induced a significant decrease in noradrenaline‐ and forskolin‐stimulated cyclic AMP production in rat cortical slices, whereas a single ECS had a much smaller effect. In a cortical membrane preparation, adenylate cyclase activity in response to stimulation by forskolin, guanosine‐5′‐(β,γ‐imido)triphosphate, and Mn2+ ions was significantly increased in membranes derived from rats that had received chronic ECS, but was either unchanged or reduced in membranes from rats that received a single treatment only. The results are interpreted in terms of changes occurring at components of the adenylate cyclase enzyme distal to the receptor.
Effect of Early Iron Deficiency in Rat on the γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Shunt in Brain
Authors: Taneja Veena , Mishra Kamalapati , Agarwal K. N. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Early iron deficiency in rat does not affect the weight or the protein, DNA, and RNA content but results in a slight reduction in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) (13%, p < 0.01) and glutamic acid (20%, p < 0.001) content of the brain. The activities of the two GABA shunt enzymes, glutamate dehydrogenase and GABA‐transaminase, and of the NAD+‐linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) were inhibited whereas the glutamic acid decarboxylase, mitochondrial NADP+‐linked ICDH, and succinic dehydrogenase activities remained unaltered in brain. On rehabilitation with the iron‐supplemented diet for 1 week, these decreased enzyme activities in brain attained the corresponding control values. However, the hepatic nonheme iron content increased to about 80% of the control, after rehabilitation for 2 weeks. A prolonged iron deficiency resulting in decreased levels of glutamate and GABA may lead to endocrinological, neurological, and behavioral alterations.
Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Regions of the Rat Brain Following a Convulsion
Authors: Appleyard Margaret E. , Green A. R. , Smith A. D. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The effects of electroconvulsive shock on the levels of acetylcholinesterase in several brain regions of the rat were studied. Hippocampus, mesencephalon, cortex, and striatum exhibited rapid changes in acetylcholinesterase activity during the first few minutes following the convulsion, whereas brainstem and basal forebrain levels remained unchanged. In both hippocampus and midbrain there was a sustained decrease in activity: the total acetylcholinesterase activity was decreased by up to 40% within 2 min of the convulsion and did not return to control values for another 3 h. Thirty minutes after a flurothyl‐induced convulsion there was a similar fall in acetylcholinesterase activity in both these regions, whereas a subconvulsive electric shock produced no change. It is concluded that a convulsion produces significant short‐term decreases in acetylcholinesterase activity in areas of the rat brain that are involved in the generation and propagation of seizures, and the question is raised of whether this is related to the increase in seizure threshold that follows a convulsion.
A Semiautomated Analysis Method for Catecholamines, Indoleamines, and Some Prominent Metabolites in Microdissected Regions of the Nervous System: An Isocratic HPLC Technique Employing Coulometric Detection and Minimal Sample Preparation
Authors: Kilpatrick Ian C. , Jones Martin W. , Phillipson Oliver T. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The application of a commercially available coulometric electrochemical detector to the automated HPLC analysis of some monoamines and their metabolites in microdissected areas of the rat nervous system is described. Apart from the stability and high sensitivity of the system, other appealing features of the technique are the facile sample preparation and long‐term sample storage characteristics which show minimal analyte degradation. Basal values of some regional monoamine and metabolite concentration are listed together with a brief appendix that serves as a user's guide to the operation and maintenance of the detection system.
Spontaneous Release of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Formed from Putrescine and Its Enhanced Ca2+‐Dependent Release by High K+ Stimulation in the Brains of Freely Moving Rats
Authors: Noto Tadashi , Hashimoto Hiromichi , Nakao Junji , Kamimura Hiroshi , Nakajima Teruo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The spontaneous release of [3H]γ‐aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) in various areas of rat brain in jected with [3H]putrescine was examined using a push pull perfusion technique. The release in a 25‐min perfusate was highest in the caudate‐putamen. The effect of high K+ stimulation on the release of [3H]GABA formed from [3H]putrescine was examined in the caudate‐putamen. The release was enhanced by high K+ solution in a Ca2+‐dependent manner.
DNA methylation and Yin Yang‐1 repress adenosine A2A receptor levels in human brain
Authors: Buira Sandra P. , Dentesano Guido , Albasanz José Luis , Moreno Jesús , Martín Mairena , Ferrer Isidre , Barrachina Marta 
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 283–295.AbstractAdenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) are G‐protein coupled receptors that stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity. The most A2ARs‐enriched brain region is the striatum, in which A2ARs are largely restricted to GABAergic neurons of the indirect pathway. We recently described how DNA methylation controls basal A2AR expression levels in human cell lines. The present report provides clues about the molecular mechanisms that promote human brain region‐specific A2AR gene (ADORA2A) basal expression. The transcription factors ZBP‐89 and Yin Yang‐1 (YY1) have been characterized as regulators of ADORA2A in SH‐SY5Y cells by means of specific expression vectors/siRNAs transient transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. ZBP‐89 plays a role as an activator and YY1 as a repressor. No differences were found in ZBP‐89 levels with western blot between the putamen and cerebellum of human postmortem brains. However, increased YY1 levels and DNA methylation percentage in the 5′ untranslated region of ADORA2A, using SEQUENOM MassArray, were found in the cerebellum with respect to the putamen of human brains, showing an inverse relationship with A2AR levels in the two cerebral regions.
Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: importance for cerebral functions
Authors: Béard Elidie , Braissant Olivier 
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 297–313.AbstractApart of its well known function of ‘energetic buffer’ through the creatine/phosphocreatine/creatine kinase system allowing the regeneration of ATP, creatine has been recently suggested as a potential neuromodulator of even true neurotransmitter. Moreover, the recent discovery of primary creatine deficiency syndromes, due to deficiencies in l‐arginine : glycine amidinotransferase or guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (the two enzymes allowing creatine synthesis) or in the creatine transporter, has shed new light on creatine synthesis, metabolism and transport, in particular in CNS which appears as the main tissue affected by these creatine deficiencies. Recent data suggest that creatine can cross blood‐brain barrier but only with a poor efficiency, and that the brain must ensure parts of its needs in creatine by its own endogenous synthesis. Finally, the recent years have demonstrated the interest to use creatine as a neuroprotective agent in a growing number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. This article aims at reviewing the latest data on creatine metabolism and transport in the brain, in relation to creatine deficiencies and to the potential use of creatine as neuroprotective molecule. Emphasis is also given to the importance of creatine for cerebral function.
The Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide during the Oxidation of Reduced Vat Dyes
Authors: ATHERTON W. , TURNER H. A. 
Published: July 2010

Summary

An experimental method is described for the catalytic reduction of anthraquinone and anthraquinonoid vat dyes by which the sodium salt of the reduced form is obtained free from the oxidised form and from other impurities.
Evidence is given that, when the leuco‐compound so obtained is reoxidised by air or by sodium hypochlorite, one peroxide group is formed for each reduced quinone group oxidised.
The quantitative relation between reduced quinone groups reoxidised and peroxide groups formed appears to be independent of the tendering activity of the dye.
A Theoretical Discussion of Further Substitution in Disubstituted Naphthalenes. Part II– Heteronuclear Mononitronaphthylamines*
Authors: HODGSON H. H. , HATHWAY D. E. 
Published: July 2010

SummarySubstitution by diazo‐coupling, halogenation, nitration, and mercuration of 5‐, 6‐, and 8‐nitro‐1‐ and ‐2‐naphthylamines is discussed from the standpoint of the Veselý and Jakeš quinonoid hypothesis of substitution modified by modern electronic and resonance theory. All the apparent anomalies are adequately explained by the modified treatment.
Studies in Wool Dyeing: Comparison of Metheds for Applying Chrome Dyes
Authors: Royer G. L. , Millson H. E. , Amick C. A. 
Published: July 2010

When a wool staple is dyed with certain chrome dyes the tip portions are heavily dyed and the body portions are undyed or only lightly dyed. Cross‐sectional examination shows that the tip portions of such a staple are heavily dyed, the body portions are undyed and the intermediate portions are “ring” dyed, the thickness of the “rings” being greater toward the tip portions. This variation in dye penetration is caused by the condition of the epidermis of the wool fibre, and if this epidermal layer is broken or “damaged” the dye will penetrate the fibre more readily. When the dyed staple is carded or when wool is dyed after carding, the cross‐sections show unlevel distribution of dye from fibre to fibre. This fibre unlevelness causes poor colour values, skittery or heathery effects, and entails an inefficient use of dye. Exhaustion curves show that there are variations in wools from different regions and after physical and chemical processing. These variations increase the possibility of fibre unlevelness when various wools are blended together.Wool exhibits reactivity in aqueous solutions and induo.09 changes in pH both above and below the isoelectric zone, viz. pH 4–5. When a wool dyebath is made alkaline with ammonia at the start of the dyeing operation there is a gradual change in pH during the dyeing process, which influences the chromation, the decomposition of dye by oxidation and the exhaustion.Wool can be successfully dyed with chromable dyes which are not usually applied by the metachrome methed. This can be accomplished by dyeing in a bath which initially has a pH greater than 7, by using an optimum low percentage of bichromate, by having magnesium sulphate present, and by employing a surfaceactive agent as a dyeing assistant. This procedure has been called the Calcomet process. The addition of magnesium sulphate to the alkaline dyebath results in the formation of a magnesium‐dye complex without appreciably affecting the pH. The magnesium complex, however, appears to be unstable below a pH of about 7. The use of the specially designed surface‐active agent as a dyeing assistant promotes dye exhaustion from the alkaline bath and also causes the exhaustion of any chromium‐dye complex that is formed in the bath. Consequently, good penetration and levelness of shade are obtained.The afterchrome, chrome mordant, metachrome and Calcomet metheds were compared in the laboratory using several chrome dyes, and a detailed comparison of the various metheds was made with Calcochrome lied ECB in regard to rate of dyeing, rate and extent of chromation, pH and the completeness of exhaustion.
The Action of Sulphuryl Chloride on Wool
Authors: FARNWORTH A. J. , SPEAKMAN J. B. 
Published: July 2010

Sulphuryl chloride is known to make wool unshrinkable by canning disulphide bond breakdown in the surface scale structxire of the fibres. It has now been found that the aotion of sulphuryl chloride on commercial flannel is seriously impaired when residual oil and soap are removed by extraction with ether and alcohol. High reactivity with sulphuryl chloride can, however, be restored if sodium oleate or oleic acid, but not stearic acid, is added to the purified fabric from solution in alcohol. Within the limits of the experimental error, all the oleic acid added in this way can be removed by extraction with carbon tetrachloride without causing any serious fall in reactivity. It is obvious, therefore, that oleic acid does not itself promote the reaction between sulphuryl chloride and wool, but is the source of some substance, present in small quantity, which is the active compound. The latter can be isolated by extracting the fabric with alcohol, after first removing the oleic acid with carbon tetrachloride. When the alcohol extract is applied to a purified fabric, high reactivity with sulphuryl chloride is again observed.These observations suggest that the active compound in oleic acid is an organic peroxide, and con. firmation has been found in the fact that benzoyl peroxide has the same effect as oleic acid when applied to purified wool from alcoholic solution. By analogy with the chlorination of alkyl groups with sulphuryl chloride in presence of organic peroxides, it is believed that the latter assist the reaction between sulphuryl chloride and the disulphide bonds of wool by initiating reaction chains involving free chlorine atoms. If, therefore, peroxides are deliberately introduced into wool before treatment with sulphuryl chloride, the rate of reaction should be high enough to make continuous processing possible.
Fast Colour Printing
Authors: Farrington F. , Davis F. V. , Smith P. W. 
Published: July 2010

The development of fast‐ colour printing is traced from the discoveries of indanthrone and the formalde‐hyde‐sulphoxylates up to the present day. The relatively minor changes in machine printing technique since Bell's day are discussed, and screen printing is dealt with briefly.Some of the printer's hopes for the future are then considered. These include provision of an effective discharge agent for anthraquinonoid vats, and a discharge agent which does not attack the disulphide bonds of wool. The possible improvement of pigment printing colours is discussed, and the deficiencies of agera are touched on. Finally, the problem of the ideal printing thickener is dealt with in some detail.