bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase I Trial of Lapatinib in Children With Refractory CNS Malignancies: A Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium Study
Authors: Fouladi Maryam , Stewart Clinton. F. , Blaney Susan M. , Onar-Thomas Arzu , Schaiquevich Paula , Packer Roger J. , Gajjar Amar , Kun Larry E. , Boyett James M. , Gilbertson Richard J. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose To estimate the maximum-tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and pharmacokinetic properties of lapatinib, a selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ERBB2 inhibitor, in children with refractory or recurrent CNS malignancies. Patients and Methods Lapatinib was administered orally twice daily at escalating doses starting at 300 mg/m2 to patients who were not (stratum I) or were (stratum II) receiving steroids. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed during the first two courses. Expression of the four ERBB receptors and downstream signaling elements in tumor tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results Fifty-nine patients were enrolled (stratum I, n = 32; stratum II, n = 27). Of 29 patients evaluable for toxicity in stratum I, one experienced a DLT (diarrhea) at 520 mg/m2 twice daily, and all three receiving 1,150 mg/m2 twice daily experienced DLTs (one each of rash, diarrhea, and fatigue). Two of 21 patients evaluable for toxicity in stratum II experienced DLTs of rash at 900 mg/m2 twice daily. Lapatinib dosage was related linearly to area under the [concentration-time] curve from start time to 12 hours later (AUC0-12) and dose-normalized maximum serum concentration and AUC values for patients in stratum II were both significantly higher (P = .001) than those for patients in stratum I. Frequent, high-level expression of activated (phosphorylated) EGFR and ERBB2 receptors and downstream signal intermediates were observed in tumors, particularly in ependymomas that displayed prolonged stable disease on lapatinib therapy. Conclusion Lapatinib is well tolerated in children with recurrent CNS malignancies, with rash, diarrhea, and fatigue identified as DLTs. The recommended phase II dose, regardless of steroid use, is 900 mg/m2 twice daily.
Combined zebrafish-yeast chemical-genetic screens reveal gene–copper-nutrition interactions that modulate melanocyte pigmentation
Authors: Ishizaki Hironori , Spitzer Michaela , Wildenhain Jan , Anastasaki Corina , Zeng Zhiqiang , Dolma Sonam , Shaw Michael , Madsen Erik , Gitlin Jonathan , Marais Richard , Tyers Mike , Patton E. Elizabeth 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
Hypopigmentation is a feature of copper deficiency in humans, as caused by mutation of the copper (Cu2+) transporter ATP7A in Menkes disease, or an inability to absorb copper after gastric surgery. However, many causes of copper deficiency are unknown, and genetic polymorphisms might underlie sensitivity to suboptimal environmental copper conditions. Here, we combined phenotypic screens in zebrafish for compounds that affect copper metabolism with yeast chemical-genetic profiles to identify pathways that are sensitive to copper depletion. Yeast chemical-genetic interactions revealed that defects in intracellular trafficking pathways cause sensitivity to low-copper conditions; partial knockdown of the analogous Ap3s1 and Ap1s1 trafficking components in zebrafish sensitized developing melanocytes to hypopigmentation in low-copper environmental conditions. Because trafficking pathways are essential for copper loading into cuproproteins, our results suggest that hypomorphic alleles of trafficking components might underlie sensitivity to reduced-copper nutrient conditions. In addition, we used zebrafish-yeast screening to identify a novel target pathway in copper metabolism for the small-molecule MEK kinase inhibitor U0126. The zebrafish-yeast screening method combines the power of zebrafish as a disease model with facile genome-scale identification of chemical-genetic interactions in yeast to enable the discovery and dissection of complex multigenic interactions in disease-gene networks.
Strengthening Laboratory Systems in Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Olmsted Stuart S. , Moore Melinda , Meili Robin C. , Duber Herbert C. , Wasserman Jeffrey , Sama Preethi , Mundell Ben , Hilborne Lee H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Considerable resources have been invested in recent years to improve laboratory systems in resource-limited settings. We reviewed published reports, interviewed major donor organizations, and conducted case studies of laboratory systems in 3 countries to assess how countries and donors have worked together to improve laboratory services. While infrastructure and the provision of services have seen improvement, important opportunities remain for further advancement. Implementation of national laboratory plans is inconsistent, human resources are limited, and quality laboratory services rarely extend to lower tier laboratories (eg, health clinics, district hospitals). Coordination within, between, and among governments and donor organizations is also frequently problematic. Laboratory standardization and quality control are improving but remain challenging, making accreditation a difficult goal. Host country governments and their external funding partners should coordinate their efforts effectively around a host country’s own national laboratory plan to advance sustainable capacity development throughout a country’s laboratory system.
The Importance of Continuous Quality Assessment: A Lesson from Antiemetic Guidelines for Preventing Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Li Edward C. , Trovato James A. 
Published: August 2010

At the University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, we noticed that patients did not routinely receive a guideline recommended antiemetic regimen for the prevention of chemotherapy induced emesis. To achieve better compliance, treatment guidelines were incorporated into chemotherapy preprinted orders. The purpose of this study is to evaluate outcomes in the delayed period following highly emetogenic chemotherapy in patients receiving a guideline recommended antiemetic regimen. Outcomes were compared to a historical cohort of patients who did not receive a guideline recommended regimen. This prospective, observational, quality-assessment study enrolled patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy who received a standard delayed antiemetic regimen of dexamethasone for 5 days plus dolasetron for 3 days. Patients documented the number of emesis episodes, breakthrough nausea with medication use, and adverse effects. Quality of life was measured using the Modified Functional Living Index – Emesis. Originally, 40 to 60 patients were planned to be studied. This study was stopped early, because national consensus guidelines for preventing chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting were recently updated and no longer recommended this regimen. Overall, the incidence of vomiting was statistically similar ( P= 0.4) in the prospective study cohort (77.8%) vs the historical cohort (65.2%). Also, breakthrough antiemetic use was similar in both groups. Complete response was similar between the two groups (27.8% current, 30.4% historic). Outcomes were similar in the current study vs the historical cohort. The institution's guidelines were modified and further studies will assess the efficacy of newer antiemetic regimens using these data as historical control.
Fentanyl Iontophoretic Transdermal System
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri , Baker Danial E. 
Published: August 2010

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent to you in print and CD-ROM forms and are available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of your facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The October 2006 monograph topics are levetiracetam injection, idursulfase, certolizumab pegol, telbivudine, and etonogestrel implant. The DUE is levetiracetam injection.
Medication Reconciliation Physician Order Form
Authors: Lacy Joann L. , Wilkinson Samaneh T. 
Published: August 2010

Patient safety is a complex issue that is constantly evolving. Communication via standardized drug ordering is recognized as one of the key elements to providing a safer hospital stay, as well as a stronger patient outcome. This feature will publish bimonthly and will provide examples of standardized drug prescribing and a forum for discussion. If you have a template that you believe other hospital pharmacies can benefit from, please submit it along with answers to the questions (seen below in the text) to Joyce Generali, Director of Drug Information at Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 or E-mail at jgeneral@kumc.edu .
Hydraulic Properties of Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Pease R. Eric , Stormont John C. , Hines J. , O’Dowd Dan 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
This paper presents the laboratory results and methods used to measure the hydraulic parameters of asphalt concrete core samples. The same testing methods used to measure the saturated hydraulic conductivity and moisture retention in soils were applied to the asphalt concrete cores. Moisture retention was analyzed according to the van Genuchten (1980) mathematical model to produce the drying portion of the moisture retention curves. In addition to standard desorption tests, wetting curves were developed for two asphalt concrete cores. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured using a flexible wall permeameter. The asphalt concrete differs from these soils by maintaining a much lower porosity, and the dry asphalt concrete exhibited a water repellant behavior.
Dynamic Recrystallization in Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Chakravartty J. K. , Kapoor R. , Sarkar A. , Banerjee S. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
In this investigation, the characteristics of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) in five Zr-alloys, namely, commercial pure zirconium (CP-Zr), Zircaloy-2 (Zr–Sn), Zr-2.5Nb (Zr–Nb), Zr-2.5Nb-0.5Cu (Zr–Nb-Cu), and Zr-1Nb-1Sn-0.1Fe (Zr–Nb–Sn–Fe), have been examined. For this purpose, processing maps were constructed using strain rate sensitivity (m) data as a function of temperature and strain rate. This has been done using compression tests carried out at constant true strain rate. The processing maps revealed the bounds of DRX domain as iso-contour of m in strain rate–temperature plane. Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the evolution of the microstructure and to ascertain the nature of dislocation mechanisms in deformed and quenched samples from the DRX domain. For all the alloys studied, TEM revealed complete modification of β-transformed microstructure to an equiaxed morphology containing dislocation substructure within. The variation of grain size with strain rate and temperature, high ductility, and a linear variation of log(grain size) with log(Z) (where Z is the Zener–Hollomon parameter) are some important characteristic features associated with DRX domains of Zr-alloys. While Nb exhibited strong influence on lowering the strain rate for the occurrence of DRX of CP-Zr, Sn addition (Zr–Sn) did not alter DRX characteristics. TEM observations neither revealed the nature of nucleation event nor identified the dislocation mechanism involved in the DRX process. In order to ascertain the rate controlling dislocation mechanism, the flow stress data were analyzed using a model of thermally activated flow. On the basis of the magnitudes of activation energy and apparent activation area, the cross-slip of screw dislocation has been identified as the rate controlling mechanism involved in the DRX process. The activation energy has been found to increase by alloying elements, which is expected to lower stacking fault energy (SFE) and increase separation between the partials. Further analysis of the data using Friedel’s model revealed that the activation energy for the cross-slip process can be decomposed into two parts—one related to the process of forming a constriction in the dissociated dislocations and the other needed for recombining the dissociated dislocations. While the former component (related to SFE) is dominant in Nb containing Zr-alloys, both the components are involved in controlling the deformation behavior of CP-Zr and Zr–Sn alloys. The effects of alloying elements on DRX characteristics and on the evolution of dislocation structure have been rationalized on the basis of cross-slip as the rate controlling dislocation mechanism in a qualitative manner. The importance of dynamic recovery in DRX process has been emphasized in view of this.
Estimating Indirect Genetic Effects: Precision of Estimates and Optimum Designs
Authors: Bijma Piter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSocial interactions among individuals are abundant both in natural and domestic populations. Such social interactions cause phenotypes of individuals to depend on genes carried by other individuals, a phenomenon known as indirect genetic effects (IGE). Because IGEs have drastic effects on the rate and direction of response to selection, knowledge of their magnitude and relationship to direct genetic effects (DGE) is indispensable for understanding response to selection. Very little is known, however, of statistical power and optimum experimental designs for estimating IGEs. This work, therefore, presents expressions for the standard errors of the estimated (co)variances of DGEs and IGEs and identifies optimum experimental designs for their estimation. It also provides an expression for optimum family size and a numerical investigation of optimum group size. Designs with groups composed of two families were optimal and substantially better than designs with groups composed at random with respect to family. Results suggest that IGEs can be detected with ∼1000–2000 individuals and/or ∼250–500 groups when using optimum designs. Those values appear feasible for agriculture and aquaculture and for the smaller laboratory species. In summary, this work provides the tools to optimize and quantify the required size of experiments aiming to identify IGEs. An R-package SE.IGE is available, which predicts SEs and identifies optimum family and group sizes.
Disparities in Peaks, Plateaus, and Declines in Prevalence of High BMI Among Adolescents
Authors: Madsen Kristine A. , Weedn Ashley E. , Crawford Patricia B. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this study was to investigate trends in prevalence of high BMI from 2001 to 2008 and examine racial/ethnic disparities.

METHODS:
Records for a total of 8 283 718 fifth-, seventh-, and ninth-grade students who underwent California's school-based BMI screening between 2001 and 2008 were included. Logistic regression identified trends in prevalence of high BMI (≥85th, ≥95th, ≥97th, and ≥99th percentiles).

RESULTS:
For 3 of 4 BMI cut points, prevalence continued to increase for black and American Indian girls through 2008, Hispanic girls plateaued after 2005, non-Hispanic white girls declined to 2001 prevalence levels after peaking in 2005, and Asian girls showed no increases. Non-Hispanic white boys peaked in 2005, then declined to 2001 prevalence levels for all BMI cut points; Hispanic and Asian boys declined after 2005 (for 3 lowest BMI cut points only) but remained above 2001 levels; and American Indian boys peaked later (2007) and declined only for BMI ≥95th. No girls and few boys showed a decline after peaking in prevalence of BMI ≥99th percentile. In 2008, disparities in prevalence were greatest for BMI ≥99th percentile, with prevalence of 4.9% for American Indian girls and 4.6% for black girls versus 1.3% for non-Hispanic white girls.

CONCLUSIONS:
On the basis of statewide California data, prevalence of high BMI is declining for some groups but has not declined for American Indian and black girls. These trends portend greater disparities over time, particularly in severe obesity. Interventions and policies that are tailored to the highest risk groups should be pursued.
Brain Activation of Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder is Different Than Peers
Authors: Zwicker Jill G. , Missiuna Cheryl , Harris Susan R. , Boyd Lara A. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES:
Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) struggle to learn new motor skills, demonstrating more variable performance than typically developing (TD) children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patterns of brain activity differed between children with and without DCD while performing a motor task.

METHODS:
Using functional MRI, we measured brain activation patterns in 7 children with DCD and 7 age-matched peers (aged 8–12 years) during a fine-motor, trail-tracing task.

RESULTS:
Despite similar levels of behavioral motor performance, different patterns of brain activity were noted between the 2 groups. The group with DCD showed significantly more activation than control subjects in left inferior parietal lobule, right middle frontal gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus, right lingual gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, right posterior cingulate gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, and right cerebellar lobule VI. These results suggest that the group with DCD relied on visuospatial processing to complete the task. The TD group demonstrated significantly more activation than the group with DCD in left precuneus, left superior frontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus/insula, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left postcentral gyrus; these regions have been associated with spatial processing, motor control and learning, and error processing.

CONCLUSIONS:
Children with DCD activate different brain regions from typical children when performing the same trail-tracing task. Despite the small sample size, our results contribute to a growing body of literature suggesting that children with DCD exhibit differences in neural networks and patterns of brain activation relative to same-age peers.
Sputter Deposition of CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 from Composite Targets on (100) Si
Authors: Akpa Okechukwu N. , Shoieb Shaik , Thompson Trenton R. , Isaacs-Smith Tamara F. , Anderson Philip , Seraphin Supapan , Das Kalyan K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThin films of CuInSe2 (CIS) and CuGaSe2 (CGS) were deposited on (100) Si substrates by RF magnetron sputtering using stoichiometric targets, at various substrate temperatures. Prior to film deposition, the Si substrates were cleaned using the RCA cleaning procedure and treated in a buffered oxide etch (BOE) solution. Deposited films were characterized using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of cross-sectional samples and Hall measurements. Rutherford backscattering analysis indicated that the CIS films had a composition of Cu0.8In1.1Se1.9, whereas CGS films were Cu-poor and Ga-rich with a composition of Cu0.3Ga1.5Se1.5. Clean Cu-chalcopyrite/Si interfaces were obtained using BOE treated Si substrates. Transmission electron micrographs of cross-sectional samples indicated a polycrystalline film structure and that the native oxide on the Si substrate was eliminated. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) conducted in the TEM showed that contamination levels in the films were low. The Hall-mobility experiments performed the CIS film indicated that the material was of p-type conductivity with a carrier concentration of 9.6 x 1020/cm3 and a Hall mobility of 390 cm2V-1s-1.
Nanoparticle Layers Transformed from Ordered TiO2 Nanotube Arrays and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Alivov Yahya , Pan Xuan , Pandikunta Mahesh , Kuryatkov Vladimir , Nikishin Sergey A , Holtz Mark , Fan Zhaoyang 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTransformation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs) to truncated bipyramidal shape nanoparticles (NPs) with a large fraction of photo-catalytically active {001} facet surface was observed after thermal annealing TiO2 ordered nanotube arrays in fluorine ambient. Size of the formed nanoparticles depended on fluorine concentration and can be controlled from 20 nm to 350 nm. The crystal and optical properties of nanoparticle layers are superior to those of nanotube arrays, which are also annealed but without geometrical transformation. Using nanoparticle layers formed by this method we have fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with different size NPs in the range 35-350 nm. The dependence of solar cell performance on NP size is discussed.
Photoelectrochemical properties of electrospun titania nanofibers - comparison with nanoparticles
Authors: Macak Jan , Pytel Jaromir , Rodriguez Ruiz Jesus , Beranek Radim 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPhotoelectrochemical properties of photoelectrodes consisting of pressed layers of electrospun TiO2 nanofibers were investigated by wavelength-resolved photocurrent measurements in LiClO4 (0.1 M) aqueous electrolyte with or without addition of KI as an additional hole scavenger. The photocurrents on nanofiber electrodes were three-times lower as compared to electrodes based on Hombikat nanocrystalline particles. The calcination of electrodes was necessary to observe enhanced efficiencies in the presence of iodide. The most striking difference between nanofiber and particulate electrodes was found in the effect of calcination on the efficiency of water photooxidation.
Characterization of Strained Layer Superlattice Solar Cells by X-ray Diffraction and Current-Voltage Measurements
Authors: Samberg Joshua P. , Carlin Conrad Zachary , El-Masry Nadia A. , Bradshaw Geoffrey K. , Colter Peter C. , Harmon Jeffrey L. , Bedair Salah M. , Hauser John R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInGaAs can be used to enhance the response of solar cells past the 1.43 eV cutoff of GaAs. Strained-layer superlattice (SLS) structures with high indium and phosphorus compositions (up to 35% and 68% respectively) have been grown successfully. SLS solar cells with indium and high phosphorus compositions (up to 15% and 85% respectively) have been grown successfully. The spectral response of the solar cells has been extended to as low as 1.27 eV. This enhancement is also shown by an increase in the short circuit current, with a small reduction in the short circuit voltage as compared to standard GaAs p-n junction for AM1.5 and one sun.Dark current curves show the extent of recombination in the superlattice. The reverse saturation current in the recombination region (0.2-0.8 V) was determined using a non-linear least squares fitting routine. An Arrhenius plot was generated by finding the reverse saturation current over a temperature range of 300-370 K. The low recombination devices show non-ideality constants of 1.7 with activation energies of 1.3-1.4 eV. The high recombination devices have non-ideality constants (˜2.3) and lower activation energies of 1.1 eV.