bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The differential effect of the teacher–student interpersonal relationship on student outcomes for students with different ethnic backgrounds
Authors: den Brok Perry. , van Tartwijk Jan. , Wubbels Theo. , Veldman Ietje. 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundThe differential effectiveness of schools and teachers receives a growing interest, but few studies focused on the relevance of student ethnicity for this effectiveness and only a small number of these studies investigated teaching in terms of the teacher–student interpersonal relationship. Furthermore, the methodology employed often restricted researchers to investigating direct effects between variables across large samples of students.AimsThis study uses causal modelling to investigate associations between student background characteristics, students' perceptions of the teacher–student interpersonal relationship, and student outcomes, across and within several population subgroups in Dutch secondary multi‐ethnic classes.Methods and sampleMulti‐group structural equation modelling was used to investigate causal paths between variables in four ethnic groups: Dutch (N = 387), Turkish first‐ and second‐generation immigrant students (N = 267), Moroccan first and second generation (N = 364), and Surinamese second‐generation students (N = 101).ResultsDifferent structural paths were necessary to explain associations between variables in the different (sub) groups. Different amounts of variance in student attitudes could be explained by these variables.ConclusionsThe teacher–student interpersonal relationship is more important for students with a non‐Dutch background than for students with a Dutch background. Results suggest that the teacher–student relationship is more important for second generation than for first‐generation immigrant students. Multi‐group causal model analyses can provide a better, more differentiated picture of the associations between student background variables, teacher behaviour, and student outcomes than do more traditional types of analyses.
Gestalt Therapy: Student Perceptions of Fritz Perls inThree Approaches to Psychotherapy
Authors: Reilly Joe , Jacobus Veronica 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTheThree Approaches to Psychotherapy (TAP)videotape series introduces students to three major schools of psychotherapy: client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy, and rational–emotive therapy. A sample of undergraduate students viewed theTAPseries. The students were surveyed about their observations of Gestalt therapy and Fritz Perls' interactions with and treatment of Gloria, the client. This importance of the film series is its presentation of psychotherapy as done in that time by the founders of these schools. Videotapes are routinely employed educationally to show therapy techniques and illuminate theory. This paper examines the usefulness of this video to teach gestalt therapy to psychology students in four sections — two underclass and two upper class sections — in the same term. Student perceptions of this 40-year-old film series are explored. The gender relationship of therapist and client is shown as an example of the apparent sexism of the culture and cognitive processes of the time and its participants. Results found to today's instructionally sophisticated students agreed with Perls' explanation and portrayal of gestalt therapy and interactions with Gloria, his adult client.
Speciation and Mobility Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Coastal Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Ash Landfill
Authors: Inui Toru , Oya Yoshihiro , Plata Hermelinda , Katsumi Takeshi , Kamon Masashi 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In the metropolitan areas of Japan, coastal landfills have become a practical and main solution for the disposal of municipal solid waste incinerator ash (MSWIA) due to limited inland space. Leachate from the landfilled MSWIA contains many dissolved and suspended substances harmful to the surrounding environment, particularly heavy metals, such as lead, zinc, and cadmium. The mobility assessment of these heavy metals is therefore one of the important environmental issues for the coastal landfill. In this paper, modified batch tests were conducted to investigate the effects of pH and Eh changes on the mobility of heavy metals in both MSWIA and marine clay layer. Based on the speciation of heavy metals by using a sequential extraction method in the leachate-MSWIA and leachate-marine clay systems, heavy metal mobility and availability were discussed with the comparison to large-scale model test results presented by (Kamon et al. “Biochemical Effects on the Long-Term Mobility of Heavy Metals in Marine Clay at Coastal Landfill Sites,” J. ASTM Int., Vol. 3, 2006), which provides the long-term change in heavy metal concentrations and forms in the coastal MSWIA landfill site. Under the high pH (≈11) and low Eh (≈−200 mV) condition in the MSWIA-leachate system, Zn, Pb, and Cd were effectively immobilized by the formation of the reducible and oxidizable fractions of Zn and the oxidizable and residual (insoluble) fractions of Pb significantly. However, the potential mobility of Cd was relatively high since the formation of exchangeable compounds was more dominantly contributed to the immobilization. Test results on the speciation of the metals in the marine clay-leachate system accounts well for the evidence that the marine clay acts as the attenuation layer for heavy metals in leachate. These findings strongly support that heavy metal mobility is restricted in the coastal MSWIA landfill due to the formation of stable and insoluble forms under reduced-alkaline condition and the attenuation effect of the marine clay.
Sealed Aluminum Cavity Reactions when Submerged in Pure O2 Reboiler Sump
Authors: Schmidt William P. , Cawthra Michael , Houghton Patrick A. , McDonald Ralph H. , Sherwood Robert J. , Wieder Stephen J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Aluminum has a long history of safe service in cryogenic air separation units; however, there have been some rare instances of aluminum/O2 reactions. Aluminum ignition and propagation depends strongly on the oxygen purity, oxygen pressure, aluminum geometry, and type and energy of igniter. Over the years, the industry has experienced a particular type of aluminum/O2 reaction: cavity incidents. These incidents are characterized by the presence of a sealed cavity that is created when welding two metal items together. Such a sealed cavity can lead to aluminum ignition under certain specific conditions: (1) The sealed cavity is submerged in a bath of liquid oxygen. Over a long period of time, liquid cryogen can enter the sealed cavity through slight imperfections in the weld. (2) The sealed cavity is warmed over a short period of time, typically a few hours. (3) The liquid oxygen vaporizes, and the pressure inside the cavity builds to very high levels (potentially over 50 bars). (4) Ignition occurs in the high pressure, high purity oxygen environment, and the resulting aluminum/oxygen reaction burns through the relatively thick cavity walls. (5) The oxygen and reaction products exit the cavity through the hole, lowering the pressure and extinguishing the reaction. This paper discusses two such incidents, which have occurred since 2001. Both incidents took place in brazed aluminum heat exchanger (BAHX) reboiler support beam systems. In both cases, the BAHX reboiler was damaged, leading to a process leak, which required that the plant be repaired. In one case, the damage occurred while warming a plant. In the second case, the damage occurred during normal operation. This second case does not appear to follow the sequence of events outlined above; however, evidence is presented to support the scenario that the cavity incident occurred during a previous warming of the plant. This initial damage then impaired the normal operation of the reboiler, leading to a second hydrocarbon related reaction during normal operation. The paper discusses the potential ignition mechanisms, probable causes of the incidents, and methods to prevent future re-occurrences.
XML-basierte Codierung musikwissenschaftlicher Daten — Zu den Voraussetzungen einer digitalen MusikeditionXML-based Encoding of Musicological Data — About the Requirements of a Digital Music Philology
Authors: Kepper Johannes 
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung
Ausgehend von einem kurzen Überblick über die Geschichte der Musikcodierung werden mit MusicXML und MEI zwei konzeptionell sehr unterschiedliche Datenformate zur Codierung von Musiknotation vorgestellt. Während MusicXML als Austauschformat inzwischen größte Verbreitung gefunden hat, versucht MEI ausdrücklich, musikeditorische Anforderungen zu erfüllen. Der Beitrag versucht, einige dieser Anforderungen zu skizzieren und einen Einblick in die spezifischen Herausforderungen auf dem Weg zu einer digitalen Musikphilologie zu beleuchten.
Does Ibuprofen Increase Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia?
Authors: Zecca Enrico , Romagnoli Costantino , De Carolis Maria Pia , Costa Simonetta , Marra Rosa , De Luca Daniele 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether ibuprofen exposure was associated with increased hyperbilirubinemia in preterm infants.
METHODS: Since 2000, ibuprofen has been administered to all infants at &lt;30 weeks of gestation who are admitted to our unit, to prevent patent ductus arteriosus. We retrospectively compared data for 418 infants subjected to ibuprofen prophylaxis (2000–2007) and 288 infants not exposed to ibuprofen (1993–1999).
RESULTS: The ibuprofen group had a significantly higher peak total serum bilirubin level (9.0 ± 2.5 mg/dL vs 7.3 ± 3.3 mg/dL), more need for phototherapy (398 infants [95%] vs 254 infants [87.6%]), and a longer phototherapy duration (94.3 ± 43.6 hours vs 87.2 ± 38.6 hours). Groups did not differ with respect to gestational age, birth weight, gender ratio, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency incidence, or hypoalbuminemia (&lt;2.5 g/dL) incidence. Hemolytic isoimmunization was diagnosed with similar incidences (no-ibuprofen group: 7 of 288 infants; ibuprofen group: 8 of 418 infants). The rates of exchange-transfusion also were similar between the groups (no-ibuprofen group: 14 infants [4.8%]; ibuprofen group: 19 infants [4.5%]).
CONCLUSIONS: Ibuprofen administration was associated with higher peak total serum bilirubin levels, and the more-pronounced hyperbilirubinemia led to longer phototherapy. The potential role of competition between ibuprofen and bilirubin in the hepatic glucuronidation pathway is discussed.
Time-Related Changes in Steroid Use and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants
Authors: Yoder Bradley A. , Harrison Megan , Clark Reese H. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: To assess dexamethasone (DEX) and hydrocortisone (HC) use in premature infants over time and the association of steroid use with the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age.
METHODS: We analyzed data from the Pediatrix database for neonates of 23 to 32 weeks' gestation managed during 1997–2006 (N = 77520). We compared the use of DEX, HC and BPD (defined by oxygen use at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age) according to year and estimated gestational age. Mantel-Haenszel χ2 was used to compare the trends in steroid use and BPD rates according to year.
RESULTS: There were no differences by year in the proportion of births at each gestation or in early or late neonatal death. DEX use decreased from a peak of 25.0% in 1998 to 6.8% in 2006, but HC use increased from 1.1% in 1997 to a peak of 6.5% in 2006. The median age at initiation of DEX use increased &gt;2 weeks from 1997 to 2006. BPD rates increased from 19% in 1997 to 25% by 2006. Rates for severe BPD (defined by positive pressure support) also increased significantly over time. Between 23 and 28 weeks, there was a significant increase in BPD rates associated with the decrease in DEX over time.
CONCLUSIONS: Steroid use and preference have changed significantly over the past decade. Decreased use of DEX was associated with increased rates of BPD, any or severe, among very preterm infants. Well-designed, randomized, noncrossover trials with long-term outcome analysis of high-risk infants are needed.
Prevalence of Transient Hyperphosphatasemia Among Healthy Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Huh Susanna Y. , Feldman Henry A. , Cox Joanne E. , Gordon Catherine M. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and clinical characteristics of transient hyperphosphatasemia (TH) in a cohort of healthy infants and toddlers.METHODS: We performed a secondary data analysis of healthy infants and toddlers enrolled in a study examining the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency. From 2005 to 2007, children aged 8 to 24 months were enrolled during well-child visits at an urban primary care pediatric clinic. At enrollment, we collected data regarding sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. We measured serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. We placed participants into 1 of 3 categories on the basis of serum AP levels: normal (AP: 110–400 U/L), intermediate (AP: &gt;400 to 1000 U/L), and TH (AP: &gt;1000 U/L). We used Fisher's exact test and analysis of variance to evaluate differences in characteristics among the 3 groups.RESULTS: Nine (2.8%) of 316 children had an AP level of &gt;1000 U/L (mean: 2165 U/L). Sixteen children (5.1%) had an intermediate serum AP level (mean: 544 U/L). Mean weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length z scores were similar across all 3 AP groups. Compared with the 291 children without TH, children in the intermediate AP and TH groups had similar mean serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, PTH, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.CONCLUSIONS: TH seems to be a relatively common condition among healthy infants and toddlers. TH was not associated with anthropometric measures, vitamin D status, PTH, or serum minerals. Recognition of this benign condition is important to avoid unnecessary investigations.
State Variation in Psychotropic Medication Use by Foster Care Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Rubin David M. , Feudtner Chris , Localio Russell , Mandell David S. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare on a national cohort of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) the concurrent use of ≥3 psychotropic medications between children in foster care and children who have disabilities and receive Supplemental Security Income, and to describe variation among states in the use of these medications by children in foster care.METHODS: Studied was the concurrent use of ≥3 classes of psychotropic medications, identified from the 2001 Medicaid claims of 43406 children who were aged 3 to 18 years and had ≥1 annual claim for ASD. Medicaid enrollment as a child in foster care versus a child with disabilities was compared. Multilevel logistic regression, clustered at the state level and controlling for demographics and comorbidities, yielded standardized (adjusted) estimates of concurrent use of ≥3 medications and estimated variation in medication use within states that exceeded 1 and 2 SDs from the average across states.RESULTS: Among children in foster care, 20.8% used ≥3 classes of medication concurrently, compared with 10.1% of children who were classified as having a disability. Differences grew in relationship to overall use of medications within a state; for every 5% increase in concurrent use of ≥3 medication classes by a state's population with disabilities, such use by children in a state's foster care population increased by 8.3%. Forty-three percent (22) of states were &gt;1 SD from the adjusted mean for children who were using ≥3 medications concurrently, and 14% (7) of the states exceeded 2 SDs.CONCLUSIONS: Among children with ASD, children in foster care were more likely to use ≥3 medications concurrently than children with disabilities. State-level differences underscore policy or programmatic differences that might affect the receipt of medications in this population.
Magnetic Shielding During MWD Azimuth Measurements and Wellbore Positioning
Authors: Amundsen P.A.. A. , Ding S.. , Datta B.K.. K. , Torkildsen T.. , Saasen A.. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
Magnetic contamination of the drilling fluid may contribute significantly to errors in directional surveying of wellbores. Such contaminations shield the field measured by the magnetic sensors in measurement-while-drilling (MWD) directional tools. The resulting error often exceeds typical sensor uncertainties, and so, the accuracy of the inferred wellbore position is severely degraded. Although the magnetic interference can be reduced by careful attention to procedures for transport, pumping, and handling of drilling fluids and their associated additives, the problem has not yet been eliminated.
To understand the magnetic shielding effect in a well-defined setting, we have initiated a series of laboratory measurements where magnetic material of known properties are added to a well-defined nonmagnetic drilling fluid, and the resulting magnetic shielding is measured with a fluxgate magnetometer immersed in the fluid.
In our experiments, powdered magnetite was added to a mixture of xanthan gum in water to obtain a mixture of nominal magnetic susceptibility typical of drilling fluids containing metal from pipe wear and erosion. Immediately after stirring, the vertical component of the Earth's magnetic field inside the liquid was measured and found to be significantly damped. Without touching the system, the field was subsequently logged. It was found to continue to decay for the next hour or so, reaching a fairly sharp minimum. The magnetic field then started to increase slowly and irregularly again over the next few days.
This observed time dependency of the magnetic shielding is so far unknown to the surveying industry. The effect, combined with analysis of directional data, can explain errors encountered in directional surveying. Recommendations for how to minimize such errors are presented.
A New Fracture Model That Includes Load History, Temperature, and Poisson's Effects
Authors: Aadnoy Bernt S. , Belayneh Mesfin 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The fracture equation used in the oil industry is derived from the Kirsch equation for the hoop stress. Because of its simplicity, it is almost exclusively used for the prediction of fracture initiation pressures. However, it is not useful for analysis of load history.
An analytic study was undertaken to model load history leading to the fracturing of the borehole. To use the model, initial conditions must be established, given by the virgin in-situ stress state and the pore pressure, followed by the load history and the temperature history. Imposing a volumetric strain balance, a new fracturing equation is developed. Because the borehole is loaded in the radial direction, causing tension in the tangential direction, a Poisson's effect arises. In addition, the general solution includes effects of temperature history.
Example cases will show the improvement with the new model. The first case compares the new load-history fracture model with the Kirsch solution. The Poisson's scaling factor in the new solution leads to a higher fracture pressure than the conventional solution. This may explain some of the discrepancy between models and field data. The second case investigates the thermal effects by comparing the fracture pressure for the drilling phase with a hot-production phase and a cold-water-injection phase.
It is believed that by including the pressure and temperature load history, a better assessment of the fracture strength is obtained, leading to better predictions.
Determinant of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in a Tertiary Neonatal Unit
Authors: Nepal Deepeshwara , Jeeva Sankar M , Misra Satish M , Paul Vinod K 
Published: July 2009

Introduction: Initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth is an important determinant of successful breastfeeding. National Family and Health Survey -3(NFHS-3) reported that only 23.4% of children < 3 years were breastfed within one hour of birth. Objectives: the purpose of this study is to study the determinant of initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth. Setting: Tertiary -level neonatal unit. Material and Methods: All mothers admitted in the postnatal ward were eligible for inclusion; mothers of sick and /or preterm infants were excluded. Enrolled mothers were interviewed between 24 and 72 hours after delivery. Results: The proportion of mothers who initiated breast feeding within one hour of delivery was 32%, between 1-6 hrs were 47% and between 6 to 48 hrs were 21%. Maternal age, education, socioeconomic status, occupation and antenatal or labor room counseling did not influence the initiation of breast feeding within one hour of delivery in univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, admission in the general ward and delivery by caesarean section were found to be significantly associated with not initiating breastfeeding within one hour (adjusted ORs: 8.79, 2.48 to 31.08, p=0.001 and 6.79, 4.07 to 22.02 p=0.001 respectively). Only about 13% of the infants received prelacteal feeds. Conclusion: Mothers delivering by caesarean section or admitted in the general ward were at high risk of not initiating breastfeeding within one hour. Innovative strategies are required to ensure timely ignition of breastfeeding. Key words: Breastfeeding, Caesarean section, prelacteal feeds, time of initiation. doi: 10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2042 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol 29, No. 2, pp.74-78
Apert Syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly): A Rare Syndromic Craniosynostosis
Authors: Shrestha Mahesh , Adhikari Neelam , Shah Ganesh 
Published: July 2009

We report a premature infant who had multisutural craniosynostosis with pointed head, syndactyly of 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers of all four limbs and other findings that were consistent with Apert syndrome. This is perhaps the first case of Apert Syndrome reported from Nepal. Key words: Apert syndrome, craniosynostosis, syndactyly doi: 10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2046 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol 29, No. 2, pp.92-93
Modified Alvarado Scoring System in the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis
Authors: Talukder David Bibhutosh , Siddiq AKM Zafrullah 
Published: July 2009

Acute appendicitis is one of the common surgical emergencies. Different scoring systems are there in use to diagnose appendicitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the modified Alvarado scoring system in clinical practice for acute appendicitis. A prospective study was conducted on 100 patients hospitalized with abdominal pain suggestive of acute appendicitis and were subsequently operated, from July 2005 to June 2008 at Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) hospital, Dhaka. Both male and female patients from 7 years to 55 years of age were enrolled in the study. Preoperatively, modified Alvarado score was assigned to all, and the results were compared with operative and histopathological diagnosis. Out of 100 operated patients 84 were diagnosed as a case of acute appendicitis on the basis of histopathological report. Patients with modified Alvarado score of 8-10, 5-7 and 1-4 have the accuracy of 95%, 78%, and 0% respectively. In the higher score group the accuracy is more and acceptable. Lower score group should be kept under observation. Score sensitivity is more in male than female patients. This scoring system is a reliable and practicable diagnostic modality to increase the accuracy in diagnosis of acute appendicitis and thus to minimize unnecessary appendicectomy.Key Words: Alvarado scoring system, Acute appendicitis. doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2845 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.18-20