bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can popular systems of trophic classification be used for small water bodies?
Authors: Joniak Tomasz , Nagengast Barbara , Kuczyńska-Kippen Natalia 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the trophic conditions of the waters of twelve small ponds based on the analysis of their physical and chemical parameters according to Carlson's Trophic State Index and OECD. Great differentiation in the trophic status of ponds located in different varieties of landscape was observed and ranged from mesotrophic to weak eutrophic conditions in mid-forest ponds and clay-pits, eutrophic conditions in pastoral ponds, and hypertrophic conditions in urban water bodies. Throughout the analysis, a number of limitations in the classification methods of trophic conditions in the examined water bodies were noted. The specific problems were the shallow depth of ponds, which often corresponded with the depth of the Secchi disc transparency, or the complete overgrowing of the pond water column by macrophytes.
Comparing the Probability of Unemployment in Southern Greece Vis-À-Vis the Entire Country
Authors: Rodokanakis Stavros 
Published: December 2009

Comparing the Probability of Unemployment in Southern Greece Vis-À-Vis the Entire CountryThe basic aim of this paper is to investigate the impact that educational level of individuals and participation in training programmes (apprenticeship, intra-firm training, continuing vocational training, popular training) have on their job prospects in Southern Greece (namely the regions of Southern Aegean and Crete) during the implementation of the first Community Support Framework (1989-1993). We also research the differences between the two regions under study and the entire country. We try to see whether the educational level itself and participation in training programmes increased the chances of finding a job. More specifically, we research what are the social and demographic characteristics that increase the chances of someone in the examined population finding a job, how those chances change (if they do) after the introduction of training courses and, also, whether University graduates, in contrast to most of the rest of the EU member states, face greater difficulties in finding a job than non-University graduates, as a series of studies for Greece conclude. To the author's knowledge, this is the first attempt to analyse individual anonymised records (micro-data) from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) for both employed and unemployed in those two regions at NUTS 2 level.
Lowest-Low Fertility in Japan: Consequences For A Once-Great Nation
Authors: Sutton Michael 
Published: December 2009

Lowest-Low Fertility in Japan: Consequences For A Once-Great NationJapan, once a great economic superpower, is currently one of a number of countries experiencing lowest-low fertility, having a total fertility rate of less than 1.5. This demographic figure exists alongside two decades of low economic growth, undermining confidence in national integrity and longevity. The association of low growth and lowest-low fertility has provoked a contest between two visions for national rejuvenation - one an old and increasingly discredited liberalism, and the second, a new demographic conservatism. Japan's debate is not new or unique. Questioning the methods for national replacement and the relationship between fertility and national integrity remains a crucial aspect of nationalism in a globalized world. In the Japanese context, the contest is between two visions for the nation - on the one hand, a cautious nationalism with attendant liberal proclivities; on the other a more conservative vision for the role of women in the family and civic duties. The election of the Democratic Party of Japan (DJP) in 2009 saw fertility issues prominent in the election campaign. Nonetheless, recapturing the lost economic greatness and the role of fertility in definitions of Japanese nationalism remain unresolved and controversial issues.
Rural Areas in Poland in The Context of Changes in Population Age Structure in 1996, 2001 and 2006
Authors: Szymańska Daniela , Biegańska Jadwiga , Gil Anna 
Published: December 2009

Rural Areas in Poland in The Context of Changes in Population Age Structure in 1996, 2001 and 2006
The article presents changes in the rural age structures in Poland as observed in the years 1996, 2001 and 2006. The changes in population numbers are analysed with respect to age groups, the aging index and the old-age rate. Regarding its spatial scope, the article covers rural areas in Poland and the basic territorial units it uses are rural communes and the rural parts of mixed rural-urban communes that altogether amount to 2,171 units (as of 2006). The obtained results are discussed in a broader context of urban as well as countrywide age structures.
Is Houston Turning Green?
Authors: Zaninetti Jean-Marc 
Published: December 2009

Is Houston Turning Green?Houston metropolitan area is ranking now the 6th largest in the US, with a growth of 1 million people in 8 years. Despite its success story, Houston suffers from a long-standing environmental bad press. The city is well known for its lack of zoning. However, Houston officials display considerable efforts to "green" their city and improve its reputation. This new policy orientation raises interesting research questions about its effective adaptive capacity to the emerging pattern of sustainable development. This paper aims at assessing the strength and weaknesses of Houston metro area in the framework of the requirements of sustainable development.
Application of the Frier Distributed Model for Estimating the Impact of Land use Changes on the Water Balance in Selected Basins in Slovakia
Authors: Horvát Oliver , Hlavčová Kamila , Kohnová Silvia , Danko Michal 
Published: December 2009

Application of the Frier Distributed Model for Estimating the Impact of Land use Changes on the Water Balance in Selected Basins in SlovakiaIn this study, the FRIER rainfall-runoff model with distributed parameters was developed to assess changes in runoff and water balance due to changes in land use and climate. The water balance was calculated at 3 levels: on the surface and in unsaturated and saturated zones. Six basins from the central and eastern parts of Slovakia were selected on the basis of their similar size, but different topography, land use, soil texture and climate: the upper Hornád, the upper Hron, the Poprad, the Rimava, the Slaná and the Torysa River basins. Model parameters were estimated using data from the period from June 1998 to May 2000 in daily time steps. The differences and similarities of the hydrologic processes in individual basins were investigated during the calibration period. Several scenarios of changes in land use and two simple scenarios of changes in climate were developed to estimate the impact of these changes on water balance and runoff. The changes in the hydrological regime were compared and discussed.
Risks Due to Variability of K-Day Extreme Precipitation Totals and Other K-Day Extreme Events
Authors: Brunovský Pavol , Lapin Milan , Melicherčík Igor , Somorčík Ján , Ševčovič Daniel 
Published: December 2009

Risks Due to Variability of K-Day Extreme Precipitation Totals and Other K-Day Extreme EventsSeveral alternative definitions of extreme events are proposed. As the first step a statistical analysis of daily precipitation measurement time series from the Hurbanovo SHMI Observatory and elaboration of potentially dangerous precipitation events is carried out. Then, combined characteristics based on daily temperature, daily air humidity and daily precipitation totals are computed. The drought index based on normalized deviations from long-term averages is defined. Alternatively, to define extreme events "Data envelopment analysis" (DEA) is employed withK-day periods of values of temperature, humidity and precipitation corresponding to decision making units. In this paper we have used the period ofK= 10 days for both methodologies for identification of extreme events. The results of all definitions of extreme events are compared.
Transforming Hydrographs in the Hillslope Subsurface
Authors: Šanda Martin , Císlerová Milena 
Published: December 2009

Transforming Hydrographs in the Hillslope SubsurfaceTo reveal and evaluate the mechanism of transforming rainfall into runoff in the region, where the subsurface flow plays a dominant role in the runoff formation, a continuous hydrological and climatic data monitoring has been set-up in the experimental catchment Uhlířská (the Jizera Mountains, CR). The soil profile (Dystric Cambisol), formed on the weathered granite bedrock, is shallow and highly heterogeneous. Beside a standard catchment data observation a hillslope transect was instrumented to control the flow dynamics in the soil profile. From three soil horizons, the subsurface outflow is recorded in the subsurface trench. Adjacent to the trench the soil water suction is scanned by triplets of automatic tensiometers. Within the soil profile the unsaturated regime prevails, nevertheless the soil keeps almost saturated. Nearly simultaneous reaction of suction on a rainfall in all soil horizons implies a rapid vertical flow. Local preferential flow paths are conducting infiltrating water at significantly variable rates when saturation is reached. Groundwater table, soil moisture and subsurface runoff measured at the hillslope transect and the total outflow from the catchment, are correlated. The outflow from the catchment is dominantly controlled by soil moisture however the mechanism of its generation is not yet fully understood.
Predictive diagenetic clay-mineral distribution in siliciclastic rocks as a tool for identifying sequence boundaries in non-marine successions: the Coalspur Formation, west-central Alberta
Authors: Khidir Ahmed , Catuneanu Octavian 
Published: December 2009

Predictive diagenetic clay-mineral distribution in siliciclastic rocks as a tool for identifying sequence boundaries in non-marine successions: the Coalspur Formation, west-central AlbertaThe study of upper Cretaceous-lower Tertiary fluvial deposits of the Coalspur Formation in the Foothills region of west-central Alberta reveals that the distribution of early authigenic kaolinite has a well-defined relation to the sequence stratigraphic framework. In this context, it has been observed that the kaolin mineral content increases in sandstones lying below subaerial unconformities, which mark the most significant stratigraphic hiatuses and hence the sequence boundaries in fully fluvial successions. The increased abundance of authigenic kaolinite immediately below sequence boundaries may have been caused by the infiltration of meteoric water during times of subaerial erosion, resulting in the dissolution of unstable minerals (e.g., micas and feldspar) and the formation of kaolinite and secondary porosity. It is therefore suggested that the change in clay mineral assemblages in the stratigraphic section depends in part on the position of the analyzed sandstone samples relative to the sequence boundaries. In a larger context, the method of using authigenic clays to delineate depositional sequences in non-marine successions needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, as the diagnostic early diagenetic minerals underlying the sequence boundary may change as a function of palaeoclimate and also as a function of late diagenetic processes.
An Album of Sports Photography as a Treatise on "The Philosophy Of Sports"
Authors: Kossowska Anna 
Published: December 2009

An Album of Sports Photography as a Treatise on "The Philosophy Of Sports"The text discusses some attempts to present the most essential characteristics of sport with the use of selected photos showing human situations in different sports disciplines. Two albums are reviewed: the first one offering a more psychological aspect of sports processes, and the other focused more on the dramatic tension in sports and the challenges sport poses for the man. Composing such selected collections of photos is a significant method for presenting an image of sport as an organic cultural entity.
Truth in Sport
Authors: Michaluk Tomasz 
Published: December 2009

Truth in SportThe classical definition of truth, as the correspondence of something we can call facts and our image of them, applies to discussing those sports where a result is established by simple and unequivocal evaluation, based on sensory perceptions. In the most popular athletic contests, we do not perceive who wins, but we know the result of a measurement, which is later interpreted as the victory or taking a further place. The reading of a measuring device only represents the result, which does not mean that it really is the result. We do not know the real result; by reading the digits on the screen, we already read a sign. Subsequently, it can be interpreted as the sign of victory. We assume that by improving our measuring methods we approach the true representation of the results. It would be, however, naive, to claim that this process will lead to the measurement ceasing to represent and starting to be the represented object, unmediated through any signs. Therefore, apart from the classical conception of truth, we can define truth in sport semiotically as representation, and subsequently interpretation, of a sporting event, performed by the referees and spectators. In this definition truth is sanctioned by the referee's decision, not necessarily based on facts.Some professional sports can be compared to science. A scientific experiment must observe strictly defined conditions and take into account factors valid for its course and results. The conditions of a "sporting experiment" are strictly defined and their correctness is guarded by men and machines. In science, the discovery of a falsehood disqualifies a given "scientific event"; in sport a mistake or breaking the rules can become a controversial decision or a refereeing mistake, and usually are not changed or reviewed, turning into the "truth of sport".
The World Health Organisation's Rationale for Physical Activity: a Philosophical Critique
Authors: Bloodworth Andrew , McNamee Mike 
Published: December 2009

The World Health Organisation's Rationale for Physical Activity: a Philosophical CritiqueThe World Health Organisation's rationale for physical activity draws heavily on scientific evidence regarding disease and obesity. Greater philosophical reflection on such concepts, along with a recognition that supposed scientific facts are rarely value-free, allow for a more positive and considered argument for physical activity and its benefits. Olympism, Olympic culture, sports education, pedagogy of sport
Hook to the Chin
Authors: Kreft Lev 
Published: December 2009

Hook to the ChinWithin historical avant-garde movements from the beginning of the 20th century, a curious taste and fascination for boxing burst out, and developed later into the claim that art must become more similar to boxing, or to sport in general. This fascination with pugilism in the early stage of its popularity on the continent included such charismatic figures of the Parisian avant-garde as Arthur Cravan, who was Oscar Wilde's nephew, a pretty good boxer and an unpredictable organizer of proto-dada outrages and scandals.After WWI, the zenith of artists' and intellectuals' love for boxing was reached in Weimar Germany. One of the well known examples connecting boxing with art was Bertolt Brecht with his statement that we need more good sport in theatre. His and other German avant-garde artists' admiration for boxing included the German boxing star May Schmeling, who was, at least until he lost his defending championship match against Joe Louis, an icon of the Nazis as well. Quite contrary to some later approaches in philosophy of sport, which compared sport with an elite art institution, Brecht's fascination with boxing took its anti-elitist and anti-institutional capacities as an example for art's renewal.To examine why and how Brecht included boxing in his theatre and his theory of theatre, we have to take into account two pairs of phenomena: sport vs. physical culture, and avant-garde theatre vs. bourgeois drama. At the same time, it is important to notice that sport, as something of Anglo-Saxon origin, and especially boxing, which became popular on the European continent in its American version, were admired by Brecht and by other avant-garde artists for their masculine power and energy. The energy in theatre, however, was needed to disrupt its cheap fictionality and introduce dialectical imagination of Verfremdungseffect (V-effect, or distancing effect). This was "a hook to the chin" of institutionalized art and of collective disciplinary morality of German tradition.
Body Culture
Authors: Eichberg Henning 
Published: December 2009

Body CultureIn this article Author considers notion "body culture" — its role and place in the theory and practise of the specific kind of human movement activity related to variously conceived sport and physical culture. He researches this issue from the historical and contemporary point of view. He presents large theories on body and culture of Norbert Elias, Frankfurt School, phenomenology, Michael Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu context of justification. He analyses expression body culture also in the light of philosophy, sociology, anthropology, ethnology, psychology, education, linguistic, theology, politics and democracy assumptions.
Olympic Education as an Intergenerational Relation of the Third Degree
Authors: Pawłucki Andrzej 
Published: December 2009

Olympic Education as an Intergenerational Relation of the Third DegreeOlympic education is a more complex social reality than is commonly thought to be the case. Olympic education, understood as a social relation, is expressive when it takes place between the three generations, and when its axiological leader: the Olympic pedagogue, engages all subjects of the Academy.Olympic education must be constructed in such a way as to include both the act and the thought about the sense of the act. It must include the act of participation and the culture of actions through Olympic practice and the cultural awareness of the act. It must account for the cognitive capabilities of the pupil. Olympic students must participate in the adults' thoughts about cultural acts and in cultural acts themselves. Olympic education, like any other kinds of education, should encourage students to participate in the thoughts about cultural acts and cultural acts themselves. Education based exclusively on thoughts is not effective, and education based exclusively on acts is incomplete.It is easier to imagine and provide students with education through sport than with education through the culture of sport. In everyday school practice, sport education is provided only through actions, through learning by doing. This duality of education: through culture and through action, is demonstrated to the Olympic pedagogue by the concept of universal good, which grants every member of the Olympic family access to the truth about himself or herself, access to the knowledge about the meaning of one's destiny. This concept concerns each subject to education in each relationship it experiences. The discursive deficit of the Olympic good in one such relationship destroys education as an intergenerational transfer of self-knowledge.
The Influence of Dualism and Pragmatism on Physical Education
Authors: Kudláček Martin 
Published: December 2009

The Influence of Dualism and Pragmatism on Physical EducationPhysical education is an area in which most professionals focus only on the body and its needs. Most PE teachers do not believe that having an understanding of philosophy is important in order to be a good teacher. One might ask why the physical educators think this. Looking at the history of philosophy we might find the answer within philosophy itself. Physical education is an unquestionable part of the school curriculum, but it does not have the same value as other subjects. The importance of PE is underestimated as school administrators stress the importance of academic subjects. The reason why physical education is so strongly separated from academic disciplines is because of its roots in ancient Greek times, when the soul was separated from the body. Medieval scholars stressed the importance of soul and cursed body as the nest of sins. From then on we have had dualism, a term which is widely adopted by western society. Dualism is so deep in us that we do not realize its impact any more. Other strong educational influence came from great thinkers such as: Comenius (1592-1670), Rousseau (1712-1778) and Dewey (1859-1952). Particularly Dewey's influence on American education, society, psychology, philosophy and way of life is significant. An importance of the experience is valued by Pragmatism. Pragmatists believe that the curriculum should be focused on the child and not on facts, they remind us about the role of education in society, and about the realization of the deep roots of division of our bodily and mental functions. The opportunities offered by the pragmatist's approach to education can help us to improve U.S. education, particularly physical education, and thus to use this to improve the state of American society.
Cypriot P.E. Teachers' Opinions on Occupational Prestige and Social Capital
Authors: Christodoulou Diana 
Published: December 2009

Cypriot P.E. Teachers' Opinions on Occupational Prestige and Social CapitalPhysical Education teachers have a special role in the community but sometimes their fellow citizens may not be conscious of it. This paper is based on research which was conducted in order to study P.E. teachers' opinions about the relationship between social capital and their employment in the different sectors. Another objective of this article is to find out how P.E. teachers perceive themselves in relation to other occupations and whether they are satisfied with their position in the Cypriot labour market. The methods applied for this research were documentary analysis and survey method, but it is essential to remark that this paper is based on a larger investigation. Two sub-samples were created in order to compare their opinions towards the three objectives of this study. Results indicate that according to P.E. teachers; medical doctors have the highest prestige in Cyprus. They also believe that social capital has a great influence on their employment at the Cypriot Sport Organization but it is important to note that the majority of them are satisfied with their position in the labour market. This paper provides some evidence about the opinions and feelings of Cypriot P.E. teachers.