bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
E‐Government and Democracy
Authors: Margolis Michael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses e-government and democracy. The first section looks at the proximate intellectual roots of cyber-democracy, specifically the ‘New Left’ and the ‘counter-culture’ movements of the 1960s and early 1970s. It also studies the difficulties in implementing direct democracy, despite the increased powers the internet provides to each citizen. The article ends by questioning the advantages of the citizens' judging the results of the public policies. The advantages and dangers of democratic participation that emphasizes the output side of politics are also discussed.
Mind, Will, and Choice
Authors: Druckman James N. , Lupia Arthur 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article probes the role of mind, will, and choice in the domain of contextual political science. It argues that many questions about how context affects choice are better answered by focusing on the brain instead of the mind and explains that incorporating insights about brains and preferences into context-oriented research designs can provide greater clarity about how, when, and why factors such as time, place, language, and culture affect political choices. It also shows that non-cooperative game theory can be used very effectively to identify key causal attributes of important contextual variables relevant to political analysis.
Theory, Fact, and Logic
Authors: Aya Rod 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at the relevance of theory, fact, and logic in contextual political analysis. It discusses the endless argument in the social and physical sciences where theory explains fact and fact tests theory by way of logic, which connects them as premise to a conclusion. It explains that fact tests theory by observation compared with prediction and if observation confirms prediction then what is observed confirms theory. It suggests that if postmodern antinomianism is correct, then the hypothetico-deductive ‘consistency and responsibility to fact’ view of rational inquiry is vanity.
Why and How Psychology Matters
Authors: McGraw Kathleen M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the relevance of psychology in contextual political analysis. It outlines a general theoretical perspective that proposes that human behaviour is a function of both individual and situational forces and describes how both individual differences and situational forces have illuminated our understanding of the contextual determinants of political phenomena. It comments on social scientist Kurt Lewin's work on the person-situation controversy and offers some thoughts on the potential tension between a focus on contextual effects and theory development.
Motivation and Emotion
Authors: Jasper James M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article considers the use of emotion and motivation as analytic tools for understanding politics. It outlines the distinction among different categories of feelings that have been often lumped together in order to discourage conceptual overextension. These include urges, reflexes, affective allegiances, moods, and moral sentiments. This article compares internal and external motives and discusses political analysts' efforts to find ways to make unconscious system imperatives or false consciousness into conscious ones which can be resisted.
Frames and Their Consequences
Authors: Polletta Francesca , Ho M. Kai 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at the relevance of the so-called frames in political analysis. It explains that frames matter and it can be seen in the ways in which political actors package their messages to affect their ability to recruit adherents, gain favorable media coverage, demobilize antagonists, and win political victories. The article traces the emergence of the concepts of frame and framing in the sociology of social movements in the 1980s and discusses the pioneering works of William Gamson and David Snow. Gamson and Snow adopted Erving Goffman's interactive perspective that frames are jointly and continuously constructed and reconstructed by movement actors and their audiences. This article also highlights the role of familiar relationships, routine practices, and institutionalized rules, both in spawning frames and in limiting their reach.
How Ideas Affect Actions
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines how ideas influence actions. It explains that writers of the past have asserted that ideas affect actions and provides epigraphs that provide more than eloquent testimony for that assertion. Sophocles suggested that ideas can override interest and change how a person acts, Julius Caesar believed that ideas can justify interests and can reinforce a person's preferences for action, and Robert Musil said that ideas can shape a person's understanding of his or her interests and can therefore create a new set of preferred actions.
How to Detect Culture and Its Effects
Authors: Ballinger Pamela 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article considers ways to detect culture or identify culture and its effects. It offers a historical overview of how scholars have treated culture in order to suggest that in reconnecting and detecting the social and the cultural in our analyses, both anthropologists and political scientists may find that ‘old theories’ and ‘second editions’ point to more effective ways of taking account of culture. It explains that traditional means by which anthropologists have studied culture has been through field research because they believed that fieldwork is synonymous with participant-observation. Detecting culture requires heeding our senses in order to contextualize the realms in which social practices and their symbolic representations operate.
Race, Ethnicity, Religion
Authors: Jung Courtney 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the relevance of religion, ethnicity, and race in political analysis. It discusses the relation between political power and constructivism and evaluates the influence of the politics of race, ethnicity, and religion on democratic consolidation. It explains that political scientists and other observers of contemporary politics treat race, ethnicity, and religion as problems and they believe such social categories threaten the survival of democratic political institutions and the fabric of national society. It also proposes solutions to the problems caused by social heterogeneity in order to ensure the survival of democracy.
Why and How History Matters
Authors: Tilly Charles 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the importance of history in political analysis. It suggests that explanatory political science can hardly get anywhere without relying on careful historical analysis and describes social movements in history. It discusses the historical importance of the processes of state transformation and the conception of social movements as political innovations. It concludes that every significant political phenomenon lives in history and requires historically grounded analysis for its explanation.
Uses of Local Knowledge
Authors: Kalb Don 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks into the concept and uses of local knowledge and its relevance to contextual analysis. It describes radical democratic, corporate, and expert driven projects and suggests that local knowledge is always locked in a dialectical relationship with the actions of accumulated capital and coercion. Thus, what experts often tend to classify as a thing called local knowledge can better be seen as the contingent product of a complex and dynamic field of power relationships, both among locals as well as between locals and their external interlocutors. It is a negotiated project or program rather than an empirical fact.
The Politics of Demography
Authors: Curtis Bruce 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article examines the politics of demographic knowledge both in terms of its political conditions of possibility and its practical utility. It explains that demographic knowledge is inherently a political and administrative knowledge because it is based on conventions for establishing equivalences among human subjects and events, for attributing identities to them, and for locating them in time and space. It suggests that demographic knowledge can create powerful new possibilities for configuring and re-configuring social relations and processes in keeping with a great variety of interests and that demography can participate in rational social planning, in the identification of the environmental circumstances that surround disease clusters, and even in ethnic cleansing.
The Gender Politics of Technology
Authors: Wajcman Judy 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines gender difference issues related to the politics of technology. It discusses feminists' identification of men's monopoly of technology as an important source of their power and women's traditional lack of technological skills as an important element in their dependence on men. It explains the concept of the so-called technofeminism and shows that such a perspective on technology adds a new dimension to the political analyses of gender difference and sexual inequality. It suggests that the process of technical change is integral to the renegotiation of gender power relations and that the recognition that gender and technology are mutually constitutive opens up fresh possibilities for feminist scholarship and action.
Technology as a Site and Object of Politics
Authors: Jasanoff Sheila 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article analyses the conception of technology as a site and object of politics. It presents four narratives that provide a rationale for a lively politics of technology and each case had given rise to its distinctive conceptual dialectic articulated through specific constellations of political actors, controversies, discourses, and forms of action. It suggests that technology as a site and object of politics displays itself clearly in four linked yet separate aspects: as risk, as design, as standard, and as ethical constraint. On each front politics has played out as a dialectic between competing propositions. The article concludes that the politics of technology is the play and the ploy through which today's citizens can assert control over potentially dangerous extensions of their ambitiously inventive selves.
From Patristics to Early Christian Studies
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Charles Kannengiesser's presidential address to the North American Patristics Society in 1990 was a lament originally titled ‘Bye, Bye Patristics’. Most of the classically educated French scholars who had revitalized patristics as part of what Kannengiesser termed ‘the spiritual and humanistic revival in Europe after World War II’ were dead, and educational support for these studies in Europe was dwindling. This article describes the passage from ‘patristics’ to ‘early Christian studies’. It also examines how patristics emerged as a discipline by looking at France, Germany, and Great Britain.
Literature, Patristics, Early Christian Writing
Authors: Vessey Mark 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
How does one distinguish more from less ‘literary’ texts of the early Christian centuries? What does ‘literary’ mean in such contexts? The failure to address these basic questions of language and method is a weakness of many contemporary scholarly treatments of early Christian literature and literary texts. Rather than propose a single, generally applicable literary methodology for early Christian studies, this article attempts to bring some clarity to current discussions by supplying elements of a genealogy of terms and methods hitherto in use. By observing past approaches to the ‘letter’ of early Christian texts, one may be reminded of the substantial dependence of modern idioms on text-based, ‘literary’ knowledge, including literature on western, Latin, and Christian institutions.
Which Early Christianity?
Authors: King Karen L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
It would seem that the questions ‘Which Christianity?’ and ‘Whose Christianity?’ were posed very early, even before the gospels and most of the New Testament literature had been composed, and at a time when the number of believers must have been very small indeed. Throughout the history of Christianity, diverse beliefs and practices would ebb and flow on the tides of historical change and conflict, navigating and sometimes floundering with ever-shifting geographical, social-political, and cultural contexts as Christianity expanded from a tiny movement to a global religion. The question is how to represent this ever-shifting diversity adequately. This problem has become increasingly urgent owing to several factors, prominent among them the rise of critical historical methodologies and new frameworks for the study of early Christianity; astonishing discoveries of previously unknown ancient texts from Egypt; and questions arising from new contexts, especially from ecumenism and the realities of local and global pluralisms.
Material Evidence (2): Visual Culture
Authors: Jensen Robin M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Like other students of culture, historians of ancient Christianity deem the visual art, artefacts, and architecture of the early church as resources indispensable to discerning how various early Christian communities expressed and transmitted their religious beliefs. The study of visual images not only supplements and balances documentary research, but often affords scholars access to objects which are not only of great beauty, but which act as powerful agents of message and meaning. Furthermore, it opens the question of how vision itself functioned in religious practice. The insights gained from the study of visual culture are achieved not only from comparing textual evidence with material evidence, but also from the appreciation of the interpretive role, expressive power, and aesthetic qualities of physical remains in their own right, along with the analysis of the visual experience itself as a meaning-constructive activity.
Pagans and Christians
Authors: Salzman Michele R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAs Christianity ‘triumphed’ over the course of the fourth century, so too did Christians' growing intolerance for pagans, and also Jews and ‘heretical Christians’. In the traditional narrative, Christians ended the fourth century by persecuting pagans and coercing their conversion. The political conflict was constant. The balance of power only shifted after Constantine, as Christians came to persecute pagans in the new Christian empire. This clear, simple model of pagan–Christian political conflict, leading, in the first three centuries, to persecution and martyrdom, and ending, in the fourth century, with Christianity triumphant, has been challenged, if not displaced, by nuanced studies of the interactions of pagans and Christians in Roman society.
The West (2): North Africa
Authors: Rebillard Éric 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Rather than provide a continuous narrative, this article tries to bring to the fore some exceptional documents that allow the historian to go beyond the received view of the history of Christianity in North Africa. It also deliberately focuses on the literary sources, although the archaeological and epigraphic evidence is abundant. The article examines: the origins of Christianity in North Africa; Tertullian and the Christians in Carthage at the end of the second century; Cyprian and the organization of the African church in the third century; the persecutions in North Africa; the origins of Donatism; Donatist martyr stories; the Conference of Carthage in 411; interpretations of Donatism; Augustine and the limits of the Christianization of North Africa; and the end of Christianity in North Africa.
The East (2): Egypt and Palestine
Authors: Brakke David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Few if any regions in which ancient Christianity thrived capture the modern imagination in the same way as Palestine and Egypt, whose famous cities and equally famous desert regions provided the settings for Jesus and his first followers, and later, for innovative theologians and legendary monks. This article focuses on problems or themes that shape the current study of both of these regional varieties of ancient Christianity. Despite the numerous significant differences between Egypt and Palestine, and between the courses that Christianity took in them, the churches in these areas shared common features. In both cases, forms of Christianity originated as forms of Judaism. The formidable Origen spent his career and left his mark in both Egypt and Palestine, which were later troubled by disputes over ‘Origenism’. Monasticism took root in both areas, where it contributed in different ways to reconfigurations of sacred space and to processes of Christianization.
The East (3): Syria and Mesopotamia
Authors: Van Rompay Lucas 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Syriac Christianity emerged in northern Mesopotamia, an area of encounter between various peoples and civilizations in which Aramean settlement began as early as the end of the second millennium BCE. In the first Christian centuries, this area was a buffer between the Roman and Parthian Empires. The origins of Syriac Christianity can be traced back to the second century, when Christians began to use the Aramaic of Edessa as their literary language. The Edessene language itself goes back to an earlier period, as is evidenced by pagan Syriac inscriptions, and it continued in a pagan or non-Christian context well into the third century. But it was Christian use that made the language popular over a wide area and a convenient vehicle for the spread of Christianity wherever there was a substrate of spoken Aramaic.
Creeds, Councils, and Canons
Authors: Ferguson Everett 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Creeds, councils, and canons are interrelated topics. Disputes over beliefs and practices prompted the meeting of church councils, which defined acceptable statements of belief (creeds) and drew up rules (canons) governing conduct, discipline, organization, and worship. The two most widely used and ecumenically acceptable creeds are also historically the most problematic: the Apostles' Creed in the western churches and the Nicene Creed, originating in the East and accepted in the West. The classic work of J. N. D. Kelly was the nodal point in twentieth-century study of the creeds. The second section of this article discusses the work of H. J. Sieben, local and regional councils, and ecumenical councils. The third section considers the contributions of Jean Gaudemet, other sources in the East, and the disciplinary work of the ecumenical councils.
Church and Empire
Authors: Drake Harold A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Persecution contributed to the development of Church and Empire in two fateful ways. First, it made opposition to Rome an important aspect of Christian identity, embedding the heroic role of the martyrs in both literature and liturgy. Second, persecution solidified communities around the person of their bishop. Constantine's alliance with Christian bishops set that relationship in motion. This article considers the political implications of his reign. It also discusses the way in which a newly muscular Christianity used that relationship to suppress variant means of understanding divinity, and the analytical tools which scholars have used to explain that phenomenon. The final sections consider the implications of these developments for the concepts of Church and Empire.
Early Christian Apocryphal Literature
Authors: Shoemaker Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The apocryphal literature of early Christianity consists primarily of narrative traditions about the life and teaching of Jesus, his family, and his apostles, as well as letters, apocalyptic visions, and other-worldly journeys attributed to these individuals that fall outside the biblical canon. These writings, however, do not always correspond to the literary genres of the New Testament. The production of apocrypha in antiquity was of course not limited to early Christianity or to Christian themes. The various expressions of ancient Judaism also produced a wealth of extra-biblical writings about the many personages of the Hebrew scriptures. These apocrypha, perhaps more commonly known today as the ‘pseudepigrapha’, were also embraced by various early and medieval Christian groups, who made these writings their own, often redacting them according to Christian interests and concerns.
Homiletics
Authors: Mayer Wendy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUndervalued and largely ignored until the last decade of the twentieth century, the topics of early Christian preaching and the early Christian homily have only recently begun to receive the attention they deserve. What is beginning to emerge from this growing area of research is a realization that the homily and the preaching of it are of far greater interest in their own right and are far more complex than had previously been imagined. That aside, the field itself is a minefield and full of traps for the unwary. If one is to take advantage of the riches offered by early Christian sermons and their preaching, one needs to approach every aspect of this complex field with care. This article describes the earlier approaches to this topic; revaluing early Christian preaching; the origins and early development of Christian preaching; problems of definition; basic Sources; and methodological issues.
Early Christian Historians and Historiography
Authors: Adler William 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA wealth of historical writing survives from the early church: ecclesiastical histories, memoirs, universal histories and chronicles, biographies, historical fiction, and accounts of the acts of martyrs. This article focuses on works that either illustrate basic trends in early Christian historiography or had a lasting impact on its development. It examines the work of Eusebius of Caesarea (260–340), focusing on Ecclesiastical History. Once Eusebius established the model for the writing of church history, numerous works of the same genre followed in its wake. The Ecclesiastical History, not the Life of Constantine, is the work that has earned Eusebius the title ‘father of Christian history’.
Christian Philosophy
Authors: Drobner Hubertus R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Having reached its fully developed form in Plato and Aristotle, Greek philosophy formed influential schools, such as Stoicism, Middle Platonism, and Neoplatonism, which were to have a major impact on Christianity. When Rome eventually incorporated Greece into its Empire in the second century BCE, Greek language and thought began to pervade the whole Mediterranean culture. When Christ was born, this ‘Hellenism’ had shaped a new composite Graeco-Roman culture. However, all studies of Christian philosophy come down to the original question asked at the beginning: What does the juxtaposition of the adjective ‘Christian’ to the noun ‘philosophy’ mean? This article argues that in the same way that philosophy formed the understanding of the Christian faith, faith changed and moulded philosophy. Still, the basic questions of ‘Christian philosophy’ remain: What did Christians accept from philosophy, and how did this change Christianity?