bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delivery of RNAi mediators
Authors: Ford Lance P. , Toloue Masoud M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDelivering polynucleotides into animals has been a major challenge facing their success as therapeutic agents. Given the matured understanding of antibody‐mediated delivery techniques, it is possible to rationally design delivery vehicles that circulate in the blood stream and are specifically delivered into target organs. If the targeting moiety is designed to contain the cargo of an RNAi mediator without impacting its paratope, directed delivery can be achieved. In this article, we review the state of art in delivery technology for RNA mediators and address how this technique could soon be used to enhance the efficacy of the numerous small RNA therapeutic programs currently under evaluation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action
RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
‘Posttranscriptional’: to life scientists, no longer a postscript
Authors: Wilusz Jeff 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems
RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
Quality control of beverages using XRS allied to chemometrics: determination of fixed acidity, alcohol and sucrose contents in Brazilian cachaça and cashew juice
Authors: Levatti Alexandre Thais , Goraieb Karen , Bueno Maria Izabel M. S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe present work proposes a new method to evaluate parameters of quality control for beverages using X‐ray spectrometry (XRS) allied to the chemometric tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square regression for one variable (PLS 1). The chosen beverages were cachaça and cashew juice owing to their economic importance in Brazil. The first study, which was carried out with craft cachaça samples acquired in Amparo (São Paulo State), established a relationship between color and sucrose content of the product and also calibrated their fixed acidities and alcoholic contents. The second study constructed multivariate models for sucrose content in commercial cachaça and cashew juice and also determined the predictive power of the method. The maximum relative errors for the predicted values of 2.9 and 2.3% for cachaça and cashew juice, respectively, demonstrate that the methods are quite promising for the quality control of these beverages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicenter Study of 19 Aortopulmonary Window Parathyroid Tumors: The Challenge of Embryologic Origin
Authors: Arnault Vincent , Beaulieu Anthony , Lifante Jean‐Christophe , Sitges Serra Antonio , Sebag Frederic , Mathonnet Muriel , Hamy Antoine , Meurisse Michel , Carnaille Bruno , Kraimps Jean‐Louis 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundEctopic abnormal parathyroid glands are relatively common in the superior mediastinum but are rarely situated in the aortopulmonary window (APW). The embryological origin of these abnormal parathyroid glands is controversial. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the embryological origin and the surgical management of abnormal parathyroid glands situated in the APW.MethodsThe databases of patients operated on for primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism at eight European medical centers with a special interest in endocrine surgery were reviewed to identify those with APW adenomas. Demographic features, localization procedures, and perioperative and pathology findings were documented. The embryological origin was determined based on the number and position of identified parathyroid glands.ResultsNineteen (0.24%) APW parathyroid tumors were identified in 7,869 patients who underwent an operation for hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and 181 patients (2.3%) with mediastinal abnormal parathyroid glands. Ten patients had primary, eight had secondary, and one had tertiary HPT. Sixteen patients had undergone previous unsuccessful cervical exploration. In three patients, an APW adenoma was suspected by preoperative localization studies and was cured at the initial operation. Sixteen patients had persistent HPT of whom 15 were reoperated, resulting in 6 failures. Evaluation of 17 patients who had bilateral neck exploration allowed us to determine the most probable origin of the APW parathyroid tumors: 12 were supernumerary, 4 appeared to originate from a superior, and 1 from an inferior gland.ConclusionsAbnormal parathyroid glands situated in the APW are rare and usually identified after an unsuccessful cervical exploration. Preoperative imaging of the mediastinum and neck are essential. The origin of these ectopically situated tumors is probably, as suggested by our data, from a supernumerary fifth parathyroid gland or from abnormal migration of a superior parathyroid gland during the embryologic development.
Iatrogenic and Non‐Iatrogenic Vascular Trauma in a District General Hospital: A 21‐year Review
Authors: De’Ath Henry D. I. , Galland Robert B. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundVascular trauma is associated with significant mortality and severe complications. Vascular injuries in the UK are infrequent, although the exact incidence remains unknown. The objective of this article is to describe patients presenting with vascular trauma to one surgeon over 21 years in a British hospital.MethodsA retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed and supplemented by case notes retrieval. Patients’ details, including cause and nature of vascular injury, intervention, and long‐term survival, were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed by comparison of survival curves using a log‐rank test.ResultsEighty‐nine patients presented, including 44 men (49%). Iatrogenic trauma accounted for 63 cases (71%) with a median age of 63 years (range = 33‐91), and 51 of these cases (81%) occurred either following peripheral angioplasty (n = 40) or after cardiac catheterisation (n = 11). Within the non‐iatrogenic group (n = 26), median age was 35 years (range = 15‐71), with 19 cases (58%) situated in the lower limb. There were no amputations. Median survival of patients following peripheral vascular intervention was 83 months, compared with 180 months following coronary procedures. No patient died following non‐iatrogenic trauma.ConclusionVascular trauma remains a serious although uncommon phenomenon, with a trend in the UK of increasing iatrogenic trauma. To ensure the best possible outcomes, future rotas and designation of services will need to guarantee the consistent availability of a vascular surgeon. A British national registry on vascular trauma is currently lacking and would assist in identifying national trends and comparing international outcomes and epidemiology.
Endovenous Ablation for the Treatment of Chronic Venous Insufficiency and Venous Ulcerations
Authors: Marrocco Christopher J. , Atkins Marvin D. , Todd Bohannon W. , Warren Thomas R. , Buckley Clifford J. , Bush Ruth L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectiveConventional treatment of chronic venous disease with ulceration is layered compression dressings. Saphenous vein stripping is reserved for recurrent or nonhealing ulcers. This study examines outcomes of aggressive endovenous therapy in promoting ulcer healing and/or preventing ulcer recurrence. The role of additional perforator vein ablation also is analyzed.MethodsThis retrospective chart review occurred during a 2.5‐year time frame during which 356 patients with venous insufficiency were seen in our vein center and underwent 412 venous operations (56 with bilateral disease treated on separate dates). A cohort of 75 (21.1%) patients with severe chronic venous disease underwent 83 (20.1%) procedures (C5: n = 52, 63%; C6: n = 31, 37%); 8 patients had bilateral procedures. Data analysis included body‐mass index (BMI), history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or previous vein surgery, and type of procedure (radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of greater saphenous vein (GSV) alone or GSV and perforator ablation (GSVP)). Complications, ulcer healing rates, and recurrent ulcerations were examined. Descriptive statistics are reported and contingency tables used when appropriate.ResultsOverall, the patients were 63.5 ± 13.4 years of age (men: n = 36, women: n = 39) with a BMI of 32.4 (range, 20.8–53.4). All of the patients had GSV insufficiency and 30 (44%) patients had deep vein incompetence. Only 19 (28%) patients had a history of a DVT and 13 (19%) had previous vein procedures. The 31 extremities with C6 disease had been treated conservatively with compression for an average of 7.6 ± 4.2 (range, 1–156) months before undergoing ablation. Ablation site was GSV in 49 (72%) and GSVP in 19 (28%). Only two (2.9%) complications occurred: excessive hemosiderin staining and paresthesias each occurred in one patient. Of the C5 patients treated, two (4.7%) developed recurrent ulcerations and five (20%) C6 patients did not heal completely or developed a recurrent ulcer. There was no statistically significant difference in ulcer healing or recurrence rates between C5 and C6 patients treated with and without the addition of perforator interruption.ConclusionsChronic venous insufficiency with active or healed ulceration is commonly seen in our academic vein center. In this series, endovenous ablation allowed for excellent healing rates and acceptable recurrent ulcer rates. It is unclear from this small cohort whether the addition of perforator ablation was of benefit in improving venous hemodynamics.
Prognostic Factors and Outcome of 438 Chinese Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Underwent Partial Hepatectomy in a Single Center
Authors: Wang Jie , Xu Lei‐bo , Liu Chao , Pang Hao‐wei , Chen Ya‐jin , Ou Qing‐jia 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectiveThis study was designed to evaluate the prognostic factors and outcome of 438 Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent partial hepatectomy in a single center.MethodsClinicopathological data of 438 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent partial hepatectomy at the author’s hospital between 1991 and 2004 were reviewed retrospectively. The Kaplan–Meier method was adopted for evaluating survival. Prognostic factors were assessed by Cox proportional hazard model and logistic regression model.ResultsThe perioperative (30 days) mortality and morbidity were 7.5% (33/438) and 21.7% (95/438), respectively. The operative mortality decreased significantly from 10.6% (23/218) in 1991–2001 to 4.5% (10/220) in 2002–2004 (P = 0.019). Postoperative overall survival rates at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years were 72.2%, 53.5%, and 43.3%, respectively. Cox multivariate analysis indicated that Child‐Pugh score, tumor size, capsular invasion, tumor stage, vascular invasion, and resection margin were independent prognostic factors for overall survival (P < 0.05). Also, 254 cases had tumor recurrence after operation and 87 cases of them were reoperated. Logistic multivariate analysis showed that tumor size, capsular invasion, vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, extrahepatic metastasis, and resection margin were independent risk factors of tumor recurrence (P < 0.05).ConclusionsTumor size, capsular invasion, vascular invasion, and resection margin were the main factors that may impact the overall survival and tumor recurrence. Because resection margin was the only factor that relates to the surgery, enough resection margin (>2 cm) should be obtained whenever possible.
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia: Cardiovascular Risk and Dietary Intervention
Authors: Musunuru Kiran 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAtherogenic dyslipidemia comprises a triad of increased blood concentrations of small, dense low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, decreased high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, and increased triglycerides. A typical feature of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherogenic dyslipidemia has emerged as an important risk factor for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease. A number of genes have now been linked to this pattern of lipoprotein changes. Low‐carbohydrate diets appear to have beneficial lipoprotein effects in individuals with atherogenic dyslipidemia, compared to high‐carbohydrate diets, whereas the content of total fat or saturated fat in the diet appears to have little effect. Achieving a better understanding of the genetic and dietary influences underlying atherogenic dyslipidemia may provide clues to improved interventions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in high‐risk individuals.
Conodont alteration and tectonothermal evolution of a diagenetic unit in the Iberian Variscan belt (Ponga-Cuera unit, NW Spain)
Authors: BLANCO-FERRERA SILVIA , SANZ-LÓPEZ JAVIER , GARCÍA-LÓPEZ SUSANA , BASTIDA FERNANDO , VALÍN M. LUZ 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTectonothermal analysis of a mainly carbonate unit located in the external part of the Variscan orogen in NW Spain is dealt with using the conodont colour alteration index (CAI) and the study of textures of these microfossils. The Kübler index of the illite (KI) is used as a complementary method. The area is characterized by a great uniformity in the CAI values, which in most cases are <2, indicating diagenetic conditions. In spite of the low CAI values, textures show great variety and were mainly originated by diagenetic processes of apatite dissolution and precipitation. The conodonts underwent a long period of heating (probably from the Pennsylvanian to the Cenozoic) to low temperatures (<100°C) to reach the low CAI values measured. Assuming a normal geothermal gradient, these temperatures required an overburden <3 km that in part was due to burial and in part to tectonic superimposition. Minor local anomalies in the CAI values and some textural alterations, related to dissolution and precipitation of authigenic minerals, could be due to epithermal activity that gave rise to various ore deposits in the studied area mainly during Permian times.
BEHAVIOURAL AND BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
Authors: JAMES WILLIAM H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe human sex ratio SR (proportion male) at birth has been reported to vary with many variables. The explanation of this variation is not established, but I have hypothesized that it is partially caused by the hormonal concentrations of both parents around the time of conception. The present note suggests how this hypothesis might accommodate recent sex ratio findings relating to ‘psychosexual restriction’, female genital cutting, sexes of prior sibs, finger length ratios, the autism spectrum disorder, parental occupation and maternal eating disorders. Tests of such suggestions are offered, and it is hypothesized that: (a) in women, Manning'sR(the ratio of the lengths of the 2nd and 4th digits) is positively correlated with offspring sex ratio (proportion male); (b) women who have undergone female genital cutting (FGC) have high androgen levels; (c) offspring sex ratio correlates positively with ‘masculinity’ of parental occupation, the correlation being mediated by testosterone levels. It is noted that the lines of evidence for three hypotheses (James', Manning's and Baron-Cohen's) are mutually supportive.
Fungal composition of lichen thalli assessed by single strand conformation polymorphism
Authors: MUGGIA Lucia , GRUBE Martin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFungi that are unrelated to the mycobiont species frequently colonize lichens. Some of these fungal colonists are described lichenicolous fungi, lichen parasites and pathogens that produce recognizable morphological characters, while others apparently produce no noticeable structures. Here we apply the single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique to directly assess the abundance of different fungi in lichens. Twenty-eight lichen thalli were chosen, some with and some without externally visible symptoms of parasite infection, and these were subjected to total DNA extraction. PCR was conducted with fungal-specific primers for the ITS region of ribosomal DNA. Single strands of the products were separated on native acrylamide gels. The majority of lichen specimens, both infected and those without symptoms, displayed more than one band in the stained gels. In one case, 14 bands were detected using SSCP. Some of these bands apparently represent other neighbouring lichens in the habitat, but many are apparently non-lichen-forming. Since few lichen-associated fungi have been cultured and sequenced, it is difficult to know if SSCP bands represent obligate lichenicolous fungi, other asymptomatic lichen parasites, or fungi not obligately associated with lichens, but our results indicate that large numbers of non-lichen-forming fungi commonly co-occur with lichens in nature. For specimens of the filamentous lichensCystocoleus ebeneusandRacodium rupestrewe used cloned sequences to compare the number of sequences obtained by the SSCP method to the number obtained by direct sequencing of thallus extracts, and we generally found that more sequences could be detected by SSCP than could be seen by direct sequencing.
A new species of Elixia (Umbilicariales) from Greece
Authors: SPRIBILLE Toby , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten 
Published: June 2010

AbstractElixia cretica T. Sprib. & Lumbsch is described as a new species from the mountains of western Crete. The second member of the previously monotypic genus and only the third member of the family Elixiaceae, it is distinguished by its surficial thallus, larger ascospores and corticolous habit. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on a sequence of mitochondrial small subunit DNA confirms the position of the new species. We also report E. flexella from New Hampshire (USA) as new to eastern North America.
A new perspective onPunctelia subrudecta(Parmeliaceae) in North America: previously rejected morphological characters corroborate molecular phylogenetic evidence and provide insight into an old problem
Authors: LENDEMER James C. , HODKINSON Brendan P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn North America the namesPunctelia subrudectaandP. perreticulatahave variously been applied to corticolous sorediatePuncteliaspecimens with lecanoric acid and a pale lower surface. ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 sequence data were generated from a geographically and morphologically broad sampling from within these specimens, and a molecular phylogeny was inferred. A combined approach using morphology, geography, and phylogeny was used to circumscribe three distinct species in North America, one of which is described as new to science (P. caseana), one of which is finally confirmed for the continent (P. jeckeri), and one whose original circumscription is validated (P. perreticulata). The phylogeny inferred from ITS sequence data supports the taxonomic value of the following morphological characters for distinguishing species in this group: presence/absence of pruina; conidium type and length (although see discussion ofP. jeckeri), and presence/absence of scrobiculae on the upper surface. A key to the North American species ofPuncteliais provided.
Industrial development under institutional frailty: the development of the Mexican textile industry in the nineteenth century
Authors: Gómez-Galvarriato Aurora 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENLa industria textil moderna apareció en México tempranamente y creció de forma continua a lo largo del siglo XIX. Sin embargo, esto no se tradujo en un proceso de industrialización exitoso como resultado de altos costos de transporte y fragilidad institucional: concepto que incluye la incertidumbre, la debilidad y la fragmentación institucionales. La fragilidad institucional generó una política arancelaria capturada que otorgaba bajos niveles de protección efectiva a la industria, un mercado financiero atrasado que limitó los recursos disponibles al crecimiento industrial, y un crecimiento en los costos de transporte debido a las alcabalas. Los altos costos de transporte fragmentaron el mercado nacional y como resultado generaron una industria geográficamente dispersa.
Empresas versus mercados. Un boceto para una historia de la empresa (1.a Parte)
Authors: Martin Sebastian Coll 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENPartiendo de la pregunta de qué puede aportarle a un estudiante de económicas o empresariales la historia de la empresa, el articulo defiende que esta aportación puede ser muy positiva, siempre que quienes impartan la materia adopten un enfoque más analítico que simplemente descriptivo. La naturaleza de la empresa y las causas y consecuencias de los cambios en la organización y el tamaño de la misma deberían ocupar, para ello, una posición central en sus explicaciones, mediante un equilibrio entre teoría e historia. En una primera parte del artículo se ofrece una panorámica de las teorías acerca de la naturaleza de la empresa, con especial atención al enfoque costes de transacción, y de la business history norteamericana, centrada en la empresa de ese país a lo largo del último siglo. En una segunda parte se presentan algunas reflexiones y sugerencias para extender este tipo de análisis a otros países y épocas.
Debilidades en la edicion de J. Segura de los «Elementos» de Walras
Authors: Braun Carlos Rodriguez , Gonzalez Luis Julian Alvarez 
Published: June 2010

Walras fue uno de los más grandes economistas de todos los tiempos. En consecuencia, la única actitud que cabe ante la traducción de sus Elementos de economía política pura es el alborozo, aunque haya mediado más de un siglo entre la primera edición del libro y la versión española.La traducción puede parecer tardía, pero no lo es. Habrá que recordar la lenta historia de los Elementos, comenzando por el propio original, publicado originalmente en dos entregas, en 1874 y 1877. En cuanto a traducciones, no las hubo hasta mediados de este siglo, y es destacable que la primera fue la japonesa de 1953. Después vinieron otras, al inglés, italiano y ahora al español, todas basadas en la llamada edición definitiva de 1926. Aún no existe una versión alemana.En el caso de la flamante versión española de los Elementos, existe un motivo de regocijo adicional: el ingreso de Julio Segura en el campo de la historia del pensamiento económico, siguiendo una vieja tradición de los buenos economistas que, aquí y en el extranjero, gustan de bucear en lo orígenes de su disciplina.Pero somos muchos los buzos y las profundidades prístinas son en ocasiones oscuras y misteriosas. No es de extrañar, por lo tanto, que choquemos unos con otros, ni que exploremos el mismo sitio y salgamos después a la superficie con relatos muy diversos acerca de lo que creemos haber visto.
Los cálculos del producto nacional en los siglos XIX y XX y su utilizacion en la historia economica
Authors: Bustelo Francisco 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENDespués de señalar las dificultades que entraña calcular series temporales largas de agregados económicos, se indican las principales estimaciones que se han hecho retrospectivamente de la renta nacional de España durante los siglos XIX y XX, señalando deficiencias y discrepancias. Se analiza en detalle una obra del profesor Prados de la Escosura y se insiste, a la luz de trabajos más recientes sobre la renta nacional de la España contemporánea, en la necesidad de contrastar datos, métodos y resultados de toda cuantificación histórica para poder así aquilatar su validez última.