bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Biotic Integrity of Watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Moyle Peter B. , Randall Paul J. 
Published: August 2010

We developed a watershed index of biotic integrity that used whole watershed variables for metrics rather than site‐specific variables. We used the index to evaluate the biological health of 100 watersheds in the Sierra Nevada of California. The index scores, which were based on various measures of distribution and abundance of native fish and frogs, indicated that 7 of the watersheds were in excellent condition (high biotic health), 36 were in good to very good condition, 48 were in fair condition, and 9 were in poor condition. The biggest factors contributing to low index scores were large dams and introduced fishes, although measures of road density and indicators of intensity of use of terrestrial habitats were also important. Large areas of the Sierra Nevada that were once fishless now contain trout in most waters, anadromous fishes are excluded from many streams from which they were once abundant, assemblages of native fishes have been disrupted, and ranid frogs have been extirpated from many areas. All watersheds in the Sierra Nevada have thus experienced loss of biotic integrity, but some have suffered much less than others. Evaluations of the biotic integrity of watersheds over wide regions can help managers set priorities for watershed‐oriented systems of aquatic conservation and provide starting places for more‐intensive studies.Evaluación de la Integridad Biótica de Cuencas Acuíferas en la Sierra Nevada, CaliforniaUn indice de cuencas de integridad biótica fue desarrollado, el cual utilizó variables paramétricas en vez de variables de lugar específico. El índice fue utilizado para evaluar la salud biológica de cien cuencas en la Sierra Nevada de California. El muestreo, el cual fue basado en varias medidas de disribución y abundancia de peces nativos y ranas indicaron que siete de las cuencas estaban en excelente condición (salud biótica), treinta y seis estaban de buena a muy buena condición, cuarenta y ocho estaban en favorable condición y nueve estaban en mala condición. Los factores más grandes que contribuyeron al bajo muestreo fueron represas grandes y peces introducidos, aunque medidas de densidad de carreteras, indicadores de intensidad del uso de comunidades terrestres, fueron también importantes. Grandes areas de la Sierra Nevada que no tenían peces ahora contienen trucha en la mayoria de sus aguas, peces anadromos están excluidos de muchos arroyos, en los cuales ellos fueron una vez abundantes; comunidades de peces nativos han sido interrumpidas, y ranas de la familia ranidae han sido exterminadas de muchas areas. Todas las cuencas en la Sierra Nevada, por lo tanto, han experimentado pérdida de integridad biótica, pero algunas han experimentado menos pérdida que otras. Evaluaciones de la integridad biótica de cuencas sobre regiones extensas pueden ayudar a establecer prioridades para un sistema de conservación acuática y proveer información básica para estudios más intensos.
Patient Attitudes About Headache
Authors: Barnat Michael R. , Lake Alvin E. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThere is a growing body of literature on the psychology of headache. Little of that research effort has gone to study patient attitudes toward the disorder, for example the impact of headache on the patient's subjective quality of life. Only one study (Packard, 1979) has recently focused on differences in perception between headache patients and their physicians.The present study was designed to help fill a gap in the existing knowledge of patient perceptions. The respondents were first visit patients in a headache treatment center. A survey form was employed and revised and in two sampling efforts the opinions of two hundred fifty two patients were obtained.The following areas of empirical interest are described: demographic characteristics of the sample and headache characteristics, the patient's perceptions of headache causation, the relationship between headache and other life problems, patients' understanding of relief factors, their own coping strategies, emotional reactions during headache and the “social stigma” associated with headache.Patients frequently have concerns about where their case fits in to the whole spectrum of headache suffering. The data above, taking into account the fact that samples will differ from setting to setting, can be helpful in educating both patients and their physicians about this complex disorder.
Recurrent VI Nerve Palsy in Cluster Headache
Authors: Peatfield R.C. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISA patient is reported who has had 4 bouts of typical left‐sided cluster headache, each lasting for about 6 weeks. In the last 3 of these he developed a right lateral rectus palsy, which persisted unchanged throughout each cluster and settled about a week after the pain subsided. No alternative cause for the palsy could be identified and its mechanism remains obscure, though it may be in some way related to ophthalmoplegic migraine.
Child, Parent, and Physician Reports of a Child's Headache Pain: Relationships Prior to and Following Treatment
Authors: Andrasik Frank , Burke Edmund J. , Attanasio Virginia , Rosenblum Edwin L. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISWhile headache represents one of the most common medical complaints of children, very little is known about its phenomenology. In the two studies currently reported, children's headache complaints were assessed in several ways. In Study 1, 53 children and their parents provided estimates of 3 parameters of headache during separate interviews and then engaged in 4 continuous weeks of daily record keeping, all of which occurred prior to participating in a behavioral treatment program. In Study 2, 37 of the children who had completed treatment and their parents participated in the same type of assessment to determine correspondence between various ways to gauge improvement. Additional estimates of improvement were collected by administering visual analog scales to children, parents, and a pediatric neurologist (upon completion of his independent interview). Although child and parent estimates of headache activity obtained at the initial interview were highly consistent, these estimates greatly overstated the values recorded by the children in their daily diaries. Interview estimates overstated diary values by from 56% to 112%. The interview estimation biases were greatly reduced by treatment's end, however, and were no longer significant for all but 1 measure. Parent and child diaries revealed high levels of agreement for headache intensity both prior to and following treatment. Signficant disagreement occurred prior to treatment for headache frequency, but this did not continue following completion of treatment. Visual analog estimates of improvement were not statistically different from improvement measured by diary report, although children, parents, and neurologist underestimated actual improvement by 5%, 10%, and 20%, respectively.
Sumatriptan for the Range of Headaches in Migraine Sufferers: Results of the Spectrum Study
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Stewart Walter F. , Cady Roger , Hall Charles , O'Quinn Stephen , Kuhn Timothy , Gutterman Donna 
Published: August 2010

Background.—Migraineurs experience a spectrum of headaches: migraine, migrainous, and episodic tension‐type as defined by the International Headache Society (IHS).Objective.—To evaluate the effectiveness of sumatriptan, 50‐mg tablets, in treating the spectrum of headaches in IHS‐diagnosed migraineurs.Design/Methods.—Migraineurs with severe disability (Headache Impact Questionnaire score 250 or greater) were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study. Patients treated up to 10 headaches with sumatriptan, 50 mg, or placebo (4:1). Headache features, recorded prior to treatment, were used to classify each headache using IHS criteria. Headache response (moderate or severe pain reduced to mild or no pain) and pain‐free response were recorded at 2 and 4 hours postdose (primary endpoint). Because patients treated multiple attacks, statistical methods controlling for within‐subject correlation were used.Results.—Two hundred forty‐nine migraineurs treated 1576 moderate or severe headaches: migraine (n = 1110), migrainous (n = 103), and tension‐type (n = 363). Sumatriptan was superior to placebo for headache response 4 hours postdose (primary endpoint) across all headache types (migraine, 66% versus 48%; P<.001; migrainous, 71% versus 39%; P<.01; tension‐type, 78% versus 50%, P<.001). Sumatriptan was also superior to placebo for pain‐free response 4 hours postdose for migraine (41% versus 24%, P<.001) and tension‐type headaches (56% versus 36%, P = .001). Sumatriptan provided superior pain‐free response 2 hours postdose for migraine (18% versus 7%, P<.0001) and tension‐type headache (28% versus 14%, P = .0005) compared with placebo.Conclusion.—Sumatriptan, 50‐mg tablets, are effective for the full spectrum of headaches experienced by patients with disabling migraine due to a sumatriptan‐responsive mechanism.
Comorbidity of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in Chronic Daily Headache and Its Subtypes
Authors: Juang Kai‐Dih , Wang Shuu‐Jiun , Fuh Jong‐Ling , Lu Shiang‐Ru , Su Tung‐Ping 
Published: August 2010

Objective.—To investigate the frequency of depressive and anxiety disorders in patients with chronic daily headache.Background.—There is a lack of data in the literature on the extent of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with different subtypes of chronic daily headache.Methods.—We recruited consecutive patients with chronic daily headache seen in a headache clinic from November 1998 to December 1999. The subtypes of chronic daily headache were classified according to the criteria proposed by Silberstein et al. A psychiatrist evaluated the patients according to the structured Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview to assess the comorbidity of depressive and anxiety disorders.Results.—Two hundred sixty‐one patients with chronic daily headache were recruited. The mean age was 46 years, and 80% were women. Transformed migraine was diagnosed in 152 patients (58%) and chronic tension‐type headache in 92 patients (35%). Seventy‐eight percent of patients with transformed migraine had psychiatric comorbidity, including major depression (57%), dysthymia (11%), panic disorder (30%), and generalized anxiety disorder (8%). Sixty‐four percent of patients with chronic tension‐type headache had psychiatric diagnoses, including major depression (51%), dysthymia (8%), panic disorder (22%), and generalized anxiety disorder (1%). The frequency of anxiety disorders was significantly higher in patients with transformed migraine after controlling for age and sex (P = .02). Both depressive and anxiety disorders were significantly more frequent in women.Conclusion.—Psychiatric comorbidity, especially major depression and panic disorders, was highly prevalent in patients with chronic daily headache seen in a headache clinic. These results demonstrate that women and patients with transformed migraine are at higher risk of psychiatric comorbidity.
Clinical Utility of an Instrument Assessing Migraine Disability: The Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) Questionnaire
Authors: Lipton R.B. , Stewart W.F. , Sawyer J. , Edmeads J.G. 
Published: August 2010

Objective.—We evaluated the agreement between Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) scores and independent physician judgments about pain, disability, and treatment needs based on patient medical histories.Background.—The MIDAS questionnaire measures headache‐related disability as lost time due to headache from paid work or school, household work, and nonwork activities.Methods.—Twelve histories from patients with migraine were presented to 49 primary and specialty care physicians unaware of the MIDAS scores. Physicians graded each patient for pain level (mild, moderate, or severe), level of disability (none, mild, moderate, or severe), and need for medical care (from 0 [lowest] to 100 [highest]). Physicians also identified MIDAS scores they associated with different degrees of disability and with the urgency to prescribe an effective treatment during the first consultation.Results.—The physicians' perceptions of the need for medical care based on medical histories correlated with the MIDAS score (r = .69). Estimates of pain and disability by physicians were directly correlated with increasing MIDAS scores. Using the physicians' clinical judgments, the overall MIDAS score was categorized into four grades of increasing severity.Conclusions.—Scores on the MIDAS are highly correlated with physician judgments regarding patients' pain, disability, and need for medical care. These findings support the potential utility of the MIDAS questionnaire in clinical practice.
Hypoglycemia Rebound Migraine
Authors: Jacome Daniel E. 
Published: August 2010

Objective.—To describe a patient with specific hypoglycemia rebound migraine.Background.—There is an increased prevalence of headache in persons with diabetes. Although hypoglycemia may precipitate headache in some diabetic (and nondiabetic) patients, it is not a universal pathogenetic mechanism responsible for headache in those individuals or in normal fasting subjects.Methods.—Clinical history, review of past medical records, neurologic examination, follow‐up evaluation, electroencephalogram, and computerized tomography of the head.Results.—A 56‐year‐old man with unstable diabetes mellitus had recurrent monthly episodes of profound hypoglycemia for 40 years. These episodes were followed by severe, global, pulsatile headache after glycemia became normal subsequent to intravenous infusion of glucose and the patient was no longer confused and lethargic. He had no headache preceding or throughout the actual hypoglycemic phase. His neurologic examination was normal when asymptomatic. His baseline electroencephalogram was normal, but showed mild slowing of the background in the immediate posthypoglycemic state. Computerized tomography of the head demonstrated mild atrophic changes. His severe bouts of hypoglycemia and migraine were ameliorated by prophylactic treatment with valproic acid.Conclusion.—Posthypoglycemic migraine may occur exceptionally in patients with unstable diabetes as a rebound phenomenon, caused by an unidentified mechanism.
Validation of a German Language Questionnaire for Screening for Migraine, Tension‐Type Headache, and Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgias
Authors: Fritsche Guenther , Hueppe Michael , Kukava M. , Dzagnidze A. , Schuerks Markus , Yoon M.‐S. , Diener Hans‐Christoph , Katsarava Zaza 
Published: August 2010

Background.—To develop a German language questionnaire for screening for migraine, tension‐type headache, and trigeminal autonomic cephalgias.Objective.—Aim of the study was to develop a German language self‐administered headache questionnaire for screening for migraine (MIG), tension‐type headache (TTH), and trigeminal‐autonomic cephalgias (TAC).Methods.—Questionnaire‐based diagnoses were blindly compared with those of headache experts.Results.—Overall 278 headache patients (MIG = 97, TTH = 60, TAC = 98, MIG plus TTH = 23) as well as 42 patients with low back pain without headache and 47 healthy subjects were studied. The Cohen's kappa for 7 headache syndromes including all combination diagnoses was 0.64 (95% CI 0.58‐0.70). Sensitivity and specificity for migraine were 0.73 and 0.96, for TTH 0.85 and 0.98, for TAC 0.63 and 0.99, and for MIG plus TTH 0.62 and 0.97, respectively. Ignoring all combination diagnoses, the kappa‐coefficient for the monodiagnoses MIG, TTH, and TAC (193 out of 278 patients) was 0.93 (CI 0.83‐1.0). The retest‐reliability (4 weeks later) was 0.95.Conclusion.—We present the first questionnaire in German language including 3 most common primary headaches for use in epidemiological research.
Donitriptan, a Unique High‐Efficacy 5‐HT1B/1DAgonist: Key Features and Acute Antimigraine Potential
Authors: John Gareth W. , Perez Michel , Pauwels Petrus J. , Le Grand Bruno , Verscheure Yvan , Colpaert Francis C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTWe hypothesized that the limited acute therapeutic effectiveness of tryptamine derivatives in alleviating migraine headache could be explained by the relatively low intrinsic activity of these agents at 5‐HT1B/1Dreceptors. Donitriptan is a novel arylpiperazide 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) derivative which was designed to exploit the higher potency and efficacy properties of 5‐HT compared to tryptamine at 5‐HT1B/1Dreceptors.In vitro, donitriptan has subnanomolar affinity for nonhuman and human 5‐HT1B/1Dreceptors and micromolar affinity for the 5‐HTip subtype. Donitritpan potently inhibited forskolin‐induced cAMP formation and enhanced specific GTP35γS specific binding to a greater extent than tryptamine derivatives and equivalent to 5‐HT in C6 cells expressing human 5‐HT1Bor 5‐HT1Dreceptors. Donitriptan produced more potent and larger amplitude increases in hyperpolarizing Ca2+‐dependent K+current than sumatriptan in guinea pig isolated trigeminal ganglion neurons, and was more potent than tryptamine derivatives in eliciting contractile responses in rabbit isolated saphenous vein rings.In vivo, donitriptan evoked more potent, longer‐lasting and greater amplitude carotid vasoconstrictor responses than tryptamine derivatives in anesthetized pigs; and in contrast to sumatriptan, naratriptan or zolmitriptan, produced long‐lasting, dose‐dependent decreases in unilateral carotid blood flow in conscious dogs at doses from 0.63 mg/kg p.o. without affecting heart rate or behavior. Oral donitriptan also evoked hypothermic responses in guinea pigs suggesting that the compound gains access to the brain.Donitriptan is thus a selective, potent 5‐HT1B/1Dreceptor agonist which can be distinguished from tryptamine derivatives in consistently exerting high intrinsic activity at these receptors in a series of vascular and neuronal models relevant to migraine. Advantages in terms of therapeutic effectiveness in the acute relief of migraine headache over currently available triptans can be expected to include greater response rates and consistency of pain relief, a lower incidence of migraine recurrence and better tolerability. The acute anti‐migraine potential of the first high efficacy 5‐HT1B/1Dagonist of its kind, donitriptan, is currently being investigated in man.
The Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Sertraline: Its Profile and Use in Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: MacQueen Glenda , Born Leslie , Steiner Meir 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe naphthylamine derivative sertraline is a potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake into presynaptic terminals. Sertraline has a linear pharmacokinetic profile and a half‐life of about 26 h. Its major metabolite, desmethylsertraline does not appear to inhibit serotonin reuptake. Sertraline mildly inhibits the CYP2D6 isoform of the cytochrome P450 system but has little effect on CYP1A2, CYP3A3/4, CYP2C9, or CYP2C19. It is, however, highly protein bound and may alter blood levels of other highly protein bound agents. Sertraline is a widely used serotonin reuptake inhibitor that has been shown to have both antidepressant and antianxiety effects. Many clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy in depression compared with both placebo and other antidepressant drugs. Its efficacy has also been demonstrated in randomized, controlled trials of patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. In short‐term, open‐label studies it has appeared efficacious and tolerable in children and adolescents and in the elderly, and data are positive for its use in pregnant or lactating women. Typical side effects include gastrointestinal and central nervous system effects as well as treatment‐emergent sexual dysfunction; withdrawal reactions may be associated with abrupt discontinuation of the agent. The safety profile of sertraline in overdose is very favorable. Sertraline's efficacy for both mood and anxiety disorders, relatively weak effect on the cytochrome P450 system, and tolerability profile and safety in overdose are factors that contribute to make it a first‐line agent for treatment in both primary and tertiary care settings.SUMMARYSertraline is a potent and specific serotonin uptake inhibitor with efficacy in mood and anxiety disorders. Its therapeutic value in major depression, dysthymia, OCD, social phobia, panic disorder, and PMDD has been established. In addition, recent data support its relative safety for use in pregnant and breast‐feeding women. It has relatively weak effects on the cytochrome P450 system, a tolerability profile that is positive compared with antidepressants of other classes, and it is relatively safe in overdose. These findings contribute to sertraline being the first‐line agent for the treatment of several psychiatric disorders.
Gacyclidine: A New Neuroprotective Agent Acting at the N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate Receptor
Authors: Hirbec Hélène , Gaviria Manuel , Vignon Jacques 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGacyclidine is a new phencyclidine derivative with neuroprotective properties. Tritiated gacyclidine and its enantiomers bind to NMDA receptors with binding parameters similar to those of other non‐competitive NMDA receptor antagonists. The (‐)enantiomer, (‐)GK11, exhibits an affinity (2.5 nM) similar to that of dizocilpine (MK‐801), while the (+)enantiomer, (+)GK11, has a 10 times lower affinity. When its interaction with NMDA receptors is prevented, gacyclidine binds also to “non‐NMDA” binding sites which are mainly located in the molecular layer of the cerebellum on the dendritic tree of Purkinje cells. These binding sites do not appear to be related to any known neuro transmitters.In primary cortical cultures, gacyclidine and its enantiomers, at 0.1 to 5.0 μ, prevent glutamate‐induced neuronal death. In rats,in vivoneurotoxicity of gacyclidine is far low than that of MK‐801. No necrotic neurons were detected in animals sacrificed at 18 or 96 h after treatment with gacyclidine (1, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg i.v.). At the highest (20 mg/kg) but not the lower doses (1–100 mg/kg) electron microscopy revealed the presence of few cytoplasmic or intramitochondrial vacuoles. In soman‐treated monkeys gacyclidine enhanced neuroprotective activity of “three drugs cocktail” (atropine + di‐azepam + pralidoxime). Moreover, in rats, gacyclidine exerts a dose‐ and time‐dependent neuroprotection in three models of spinal cord lesion. Beneficial effects of gacyclidine include reduction of lesion size and improvement of functional parameters after injury. In traumatic brain injury models gacyclidine improves also behavioral parameters and neuronal survival. Optimal protection is obtained when gacyclidine is administered at 0 to 30 min after injury. It is, therefore, concluded that gacyclidine exhibits neuroprotective effects similar to those of other NMDA receptor antagonists, with the advantage of being substantially less neurotoxic maybe due to its interaction with “non‐NMDA” binding sites.