bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colour change in cyanosis and the confusions of congenital colour vision deficient observers
Authors: McNamara Renae , Taylor Clair M. , McKenzie David K. , Coroneo Minas T. , Dain Stephen J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractVisual recognition of cyanosis is an important clinical activity. While pulse oximetry is almost universal in the hospital environment, there are circumstances where it is not available or may be unreliable. Cyanosis recognition is affected by lighting colour. In addition, there is, mainly anecdotal, evidence that people with greater colour vision deficiencies (CVDs) have particular difficulty and there is no effective lighting strategy to assist in the observation. The change of blood colour with oxygenation has been shown to lie close to the direction of colour confusions made by congenital red‐green dichromats. The important sites of observation are lips, nail beds and palm creases. 10 subjects who were known to be chronically hypoxaemic were recruited from the chronic respiratory program. Their blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) varied from 84% to 96% pre‐exercise, and 61–84% post‐exercise. Ten normal subjects were recruited whose SpO2 was 99% or 100%. The spectral radiances of lips, nail beds and palm creases were measured using a telespectroradiometer and compared with the spectral radiances of a white tile of known spectral reflectances measured in the same location. This is a non‐contact method of measurement, avoiding the blanching caused by pressure of contact methods. The spectral reflectances were calculated, and the chromaticities calculated for a Planckian radiator T = 4000K. Measurements on lips yielded the most consistent results. The colour changes pre‐ and post‐exercise and compared with normal colour lie generally along a deutan confusion line. These results show the direction of the colour change and confirm the, previously anecdotal, difficulties in detecting cyanosis by observers with CVDs.
Quantitative assessment of commercial filter ‘aids’ for red‐green colour defectives
Authors: Moreland Jack D. , Westland Steven , Cheung Vien , Dain Steven J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe claims made for 43 commercial filter ‘aids’, that they improve the colour discrimination of red‐green colour defectives, are assessed for protanomaly and deuteranomaly by changes in the colour spacing of traffic signals (European Standard EN 1836:2005) and of the Farnsworth D15 test. Spectral transmittances of the ‘aids’ are measured and tristimulus values with and without ‘aids’ are computed using cone fundamentals and the spectral power distributions of either the D15 chips illuminated by CIE Illuminant C or of traffic signals. Chromaticities (l,s) are presented in cone excitation diagrams for protanomaly and deuteranomaly in terms of the relative excitation of their long (L), medium (M) and short (S) wavelength‐sensitive cones. After correcting for non‐uniform colour spacing in these diagrams, standard deviations parallel to the l and s axes are computed and enhancement factors El and Es are derived as the ratio of ‘aided’ to ‘unaided’ standard deviations. Values of El for traffic signals with most ‘aids’ are <1 and many do not meet the European signal detection standard. A few ‘aids’ have expansive El factors but with inadequate utility: the largest being 1.2 for traffic signals and 1.3 for the D15 colours. Analyses, replicated for 19 ‘aids’ from one manufacturer using 658 Munsell colours inside the D15 locus, yield El factors within 1% of those found for the 16 D15 colours.
Case Report: Use of a nanocrystalline silver dressing and vacuum‐assisted closure in a severely burned dog
Authors: Mullally Colleen , Carey Kim , Seshadri Ravi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective
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To describe the first veterinary use of a nanocrystalline silver dressing (NSD) and use of vacuum‐assisted closure (VAC) to treat a severely burned dog.Case or Series Summary
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A 1‐year‐old female intact American Staffordshire Terrier with 50% total body surface area burned was referred for definitive care approximately 18–24 hours post injury. The dog was treated with crystalloid fluids, hydroxyethyl starch, and antimicrobials based on culture and sensitivity results of wound cultures, fresh frozen plasma, human serum albumin, and packed red cells. Wound care initially consisted of daily debridement under anesthesia with silver sulfadiazine application and bandaging. Because of the extent and the location of the wounds and morbid state of the patient, early wound grafting was not an option. Because of its reported improvement in granulation tissue formation and decreased tissue edema, VAC was used once the majority of burned tissue was manually debrided. Because of the pain caused by VAC and traditional bandaging techniques with this extent of injury, an NSD was utilized. This strategy was chosen due to the antimicrobial properties of NSD and the reduced necessity for daily bandage changes, which was reduced to only every 3 days. This protocol reduced the need for daily sedation or anesthesia.New or Unique Information Provided
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VAC and NSD were used successfully for the treatment of a severe burn injury in a dog. The use of NSD decreased the cost of therapy by reducing the need for daily bandage changes, thereby reducing the anesthetic and analgesic costs and allowing the patient to be managed on an outpatient basis.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Late‐onset schizophrenic syndromes in socially isolated situations: a comparison of Janzarik's ‘Kontaktmangelparanoid’ and late paraphrenia
Authors: KOJO Keiko 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe two concepts of Kontaktmangelparanoid (contact‐deficit hallucinosis) and late paraphrenia at the level of symptomatology and psychopathology from the perspective of contributing to an understanding of these special problems of psychogeriatrics are discussed in the present study. This sheds light on the important role of isolation, especially in elderly females, as a pathogenic factor in late‐onset paranoic state. Clinical physicians might naively associate late‐onset paranoid (hallucinatory) syndrome with organic factors such as age and cerebrovascular processes, and particularly with dementia, but they do not associate it with the patient's living environment. Admittedly, treatment prospects for chronic, entrenched syndromes are limited, but there are these types of exceptions. We have evaluated the two concepts, from the perspective of their modern‐day significance, with a view to the possibility that a more sophisticated exploration of the linkage among the various symptoms (symptomatology) and of the meaning inherent in the linkage of symptoms (psychopathology) in both concepts will pave the way to a therapeutic methodology that sheds light on the situation of elderly females living in imposed isolation.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Detection of early amnestic mild cognitive impairment without significantly objective memory impairment: a case‐controlled study
Authors: MURAYAMA Norio , ISEKI Eizo , FUJISHIRO Hiroshige , YAMAMOTO Ryoko , OTA Kazumi , SUZUKI Masaru , NAGASHIMA Kiichi , ARAI Heii , SATO Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  We encountered eight early amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients (early MCI group) who did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria for aMCI. We compared the scores of neuropsychological examinations as well as the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose consumption (CMRglc) decrease on 18F‐FDG PET examination between the early MCI group and 10 aMCI patients (MCI group) or six normal elderly subjects (normal group), to examine whether the current diagnostic criteria can detect early‐stage aMCI.Methods:  The three groups underwent Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition (WAIS‐III), Wechsler Memory Scale Revised (WMS‐R), magnetic resonance imaging and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET) examinations.Results:  The early MCI group did not show significant memory impairment of 1.0 SD or other cognitive dysfunctions on neuropsychological examinations, and did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria of aMCI. With one‐way anova and Tukey's HSD post‐hoc test, the early MCI group showed the highest scores for WAIS‐III, whereas the MCI group showed the lowest scores for WMS‐R, although there were no significant differences between the early MCI and normal groups. In order to show a discrepancy in scores between WAIS‐III and WMS‐R, we subtracted the scores of WMS‐R from WAIS‐III. Consequently, the normal group showed significantly smaller differences in scores than the other groups, although there were no significant differences between the early MCI and MCI groups. 18F‐FDG PET recognized a CMRglc decrease in the posterior cingulate gyrus and/or part of the parietotemporal area in both the MCI and early MCI groups, of which the extent and magnitude were weaker in the early MCI group. The normal group did not show a significant CMRglc.Conclusions:  The early MCI group should be included in aMCI not only based on the discrepancy between intelligence and memory scores, but also based on the 18F‐FDG PET findings. The combination of these examinations would make it possible to diagnose early‐stage aMCI.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Investigation of responders and non‐responders to long‐term donepezil treatment
Authors: INOUE Jun , HOSHINO Ryoichi , NOJIMA Hidenori , ISHIDA Wataru , OKAMOTO Norio 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Donepezil is effective in maintaining the cognitive function of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, not all patients respond to donepezil. In the present study, we examined the clinical features of responders and non‐responders to long‐term donepezil treatment.Methods:  The present retrospective study was performed on 95 AD outpatients who had been taking donepezil for ≥2 years. All subjects underwent periodic examinations of cognitive function, namely Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Rorschach Cognitive Index (RCI), as well as clinical evaluations using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. Patients were divided into three groups as follows: (i) the ‘maintained’ group (MG), in which the global CDR score was maintained over the ≥2 years of treatment; (ii) the ‘declined’ group (DeG), in which the global CDR score increased one rank over the treatment period; and (iii) the ‘obvious and rapid decline’ group (ORDeG), in which the global CDR score increased two ranks early during the treatment period. Clinical features, treatment outcome, the time lag between a caregiver's recognition of the onset of dementia and the start of treatment, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), and cognitive functions were compared between the three groups.Results:  Patients in the ORDeG (i.e. non‐responders) were significantly younger and had a longer time lag between the onset of dementia and the start of treatment than patients in the MG (P < 0.05). Of note, patients in the ORDeG had a longer period of executive dysfunction before treatment started than patients in the MG (P < 0.001). Evaluation of cognitive function revealed that mean changes from baseline on the MMSE and RCI were significantly lower for patients in the ORDeG compared with the MG at 8 and 4 months, respectively (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively).Conclusion:  Donezepil non‐responders are likely to be younger and to have a longer time lag between the onset of dementia and the start of treatment, in particular a longer duration of executive dysfunction. Furthermore, the non‐responders do not demonstrate maintenance of cognitive functions in the short term. Thus, the early diagnosis of dementia and prompt initiation of donepezil treatment is indicated for a good outcome. To this end, it is important to educate people to recognize a deterioration of executive function in daily living.
MINI‐REVIEW: New national health program against dementia in Japan: The medical center for dementia
Authors: AWATA Shuichi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHerein, the Medical Center for Dementia, which was introduced in 2008 as a new national health program in Japan, is reviewed from the perspective of the recent history of the national provision against dementia and the findings of a series of studies on the current status of medical care for dementia. The Medical Center for Dementia was developed to provide special medical services for dementia and connect with other community resources in order to contribute to building a comprehensive support network for demented patients. Specifically, the Medical Center for Dementia provides the following: (i) special medical consultation; (ii) differential diagnosis and early intervention; (iii) medical treatment for the acute stage of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and concurrent medical conditions; (iv) education for general practitioners and other community professionals; (v) network meetings for the establishment of medical–medical and medical–care connection; and (vi) provision of information regarding dementia to the public. Special Medical Consultation Rooms would play an important role in the efficient functioning of the Medical Center for Dementia. In cooperation with municipal governments, the Medical Center for Dementia is also expected to play an important role in policy making and to improve the local status of medical care for people with dementia.
Body Mass Index Is Associated With Brain Metabolite Levels in Alcohol Dependence—A Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Study
Authors: Gazdzinski Stefan , Durazzo Timothy C. , Mon Anderson , Meyerhoff Dieter J. 
Published: September 2010

Background:  Recent studies demonstrated that alcohol dependence and excessive alcohol consumption are associated with increased rates of obesity. In healthy light‐drinkers, we and others have observed associations between elevated body mass index (BMI) and reductions in brain volumes, lower concentrations of N‐acetyl‐aspartate (NAA, marker of neuronal viability) and choline‐containing compounds (Cho, involved in membrane turnover), and lower glucose utilization, particularly in frontal lobe—a brain region that is particularly vulnerable to the effects of alcohol dependence. Here, we evaluated whether BMI in alcohol‐dependent individuals was independently associated with regional measures of brain structure, metabolite concentrations, and neocortical blood flow.Methods:  As part of a study on the effects of alcohol dependence on neurobiology, we analyzed retrospectively data from 54 alcohol‐dependent males, abstinent from alcohol for about 1 month and with BMI between 20 and 37 kg/m2 by structural MRI, perfusion MRI (blood flow), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.Results:  After correction for age, smoking status, and various measures of alcohol consumption, higher BMI was associated with lower concentrations of NAA, Cho, creatine and phosphocreatine (Cr, involved in high energy metabolism), and myo‐inositol (m‐Ino, a putative marker of astrocytes) primarily in the frontal lobe, in subcortical nuclei, and cerebellar vermis (p < 0.004). Regional brain volumes and perfusion were not significantly related to BMI. Furthermore, comorbid conditions, clinical laboratory measures, and nutritional assessments were not significant predictors of these MR‐based measures.Conclusions:  The results suggest that BMI, independent of age, alcohol consumption, and common comorbidities, is related to regional NAA, Cho, Cr, and m‐Ino concentrations in this cohort of alcohol‐dependent individuals. Additionally, as some common comorbid conditions in alcohol dependence such as cigarette smoking are associated with BMI, their associations with regional brain metabolite levels in alcohol‐dependent individuals may also be influenced by BMI.
De la financiarisation
Authors: FREEMAN Richard B. 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.L'implosion de Wall Street en 2007–2009 et la récession mondiale qu'elle a entraînée ont donné un rôle central à la relation entre la finance et l'économie. Les gouvernements, les agences internationales et les experts n'avaient pas pris conscience des risques accrus découlant de la déréglementation du secteur financier. L'auteur décrit les coûts énormes qui en ont résulté– destruction massive d'emplois et baisse probable de la richesse et de la croissance publiques, imposant un rééquilibrage des budgets en raison de l'adoption de programmes massifs de relance et de renflouement. Il analyse plus précisément l'impact des incitations monétaires influant sur la recherche du profit en rapport avec les décisions qui ont provoqué la crise. Il prône enfin l'adoption de réformes radicales des institutions afin de relier la finance et l'économie réelle.
Faut‐il un séisme pour réveiller le monde de l'économie?
Authors: SCHETTKAT Ronald 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.A partir des années 1970, la théorie du taux naturel et l'hypothèse de l'efficience des marchés ont joué un rôle décisif – notamment de par leur application aux marchés du travail – tant pour l'interprétation des tendances économiques que pour la détermination des orientations politiques. Dans leur perspective, l'action publique et les réglementations faussent le jeu des marchés, qui, sans cela, fonctionneraient de manière optimale. La crise actuelle vient de les remettre brutalement en cause. En examinant le contexte européen à partir des années 1990, l'auteur montre qu'elles sont dénuées de fondement: les réformes structurelles ont maintenu un taux élevé de chômage après les récessions, et les politiques monétaires et budgétaires déflationnistes inspirées par ces théories ont freiné la reprise.
It's financialization!
Authors: FREEMAN Richard B. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Wall Street's 2007–09 implosion and the ensuing global recession highlight the crucial relationship between finance and the economy. Governments, international agencies and experts had failed to detect rising risk levels in the deregulated financial sector. The author outlines the resulting huge cost in lost jobs and likely reductions in public goods and growth, as economies restabilize budgets after paying for massive bailouts and stimulus packages. Specifically, he assesses the role of monetary incentives for rent‐seeking in the decisions that led to the crisis. Finally, he makes the case for radical reform of the institutions linking finance and the real economy.
Global crisis and beyond: Sustainable growth trajectories for the developing world
Authors: GHOSH Jayati 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Despite recent signs of output recovery, casual resumption of the growth model that crashed in 2008–09 will exacerbate the domestic and global imbalances that caused the crisis in the first place – to the detriment of the real economy, equitable development, and employment recovery. The model's environmental unsustainability is also evident. The author therefore argues for a broad policy agenda including reform of the international financial system, development strategies re‐focused on wage‐driven domestic demand and viable agriculture, fiscal promotion of greener technologies and demand patterns, and redistributive social policies to reduce inequalities and act as macroeconomic stabilizers in downturns.
Incomplete crisis responses: Socio‐economic costs and policy implications
Authors: TORRES Raymond 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.This article examines the perverse effects of incomplete crisis responses. Initial emphasis on the role of government – through coordinated fiscal measures to stimulate the economy, cushion job losses and support vulnerable groups – was effective in averting another Great Depression, despite widening public deficits. However, a policy mistake was made by bailing out banks without reforming the dysfunctional financial system that triggered the crisis: concern over the financial markets' reaction to growing public indebtedness has shifted policy towards a more traditional, market‐oriented approach focusing on fiscal consolidation, smaller government and weak social protection. The risks are greater inequities and economic instability.
¡Es la «financialización»!
Authors: FREEMAN Richard B. 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.La implosión sufrida por Wall Street de 2007 a 2009 y la recesión mundial consiguiente han mostrado la importancia que revisten las finanzas en la economía. Ni los gobiernos, ni los organismos internacionales, ni los especialistas detectaron los peligros que acechaban en el sector financiero liberalizado. Ahorase está pagando una factura colosal en pérdidas de empleos, bienes públicos y crecimiento. Las cantidades gigantescas desembolsadas en salvamentos y planes de estímulo han dejado secuelas graves en los presupuestos estatales y en las economías. El autor resume estos problemas y el de los incentivos al acaparamiento de ganancias. Por último, propugna razonadamente una reforma afondo de las instituciones que articulan las finanzas con la economía real.
Crisis mundial y trayectorias de crecimiento sostenible para el mundo en desarrollo
Authors: GHOSH Jayati 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.A pesar de que se atisba una recuperación del mercado de productos desde hace ya varios meses, el retorno al modelo de crecimiento que se desplomó en 2008–2009 exacerbaría los desequilibrios nacionales y mundiales que causaron la crisis. Saldrían malparados la economía real, el desarrollo equitativo y el empleo, y se volvería a un modelo que es ecológicamente insostenible. Por ello, la autora aboga por la reforma del sistema financiero internacional, las estrategias de desarrollo basadas en la demanda interna y la agricultura viable, las bonificaciones fiscales a las tecnologías respetuosas con elmedio ambientey las políticas sociales redistributivas que reduzcan las desigualdades y sirvan de estabilizadores macroeconómicos durante las recesiones.
Quantitative mapping of the retinal thickness at the posterior pole in chronic open angle glaucoma
Authors: Brusini P. , Tosoni C. , Miani F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe sensitivity of a new device, which is able to measure the thickness of the retina at the posterior pole (Retinal Thickness Analyzer), was assessed in a group of 21 glaucomatous patients, and in 24 patients with ocular hypertension. The specificity of RTA was evaluated in a control group of normal eyes. Of the glaucomatous eyes, 57.6% had a significant reduction in retinal thickness, while another 30.3% were borderline. In the ocular hypertension group, 37.5% of eyes were abnormal, and 45.8% were borderline. In the control group, no eye was abnormal, though 42.9% had borderline alterations. In many glaucomatous eyes (81.8%) there was a relationship between retinal thickness loss and visual field defects.
Latanoprost and the ibopamine test: a year's experience
Authors: Giraldi J. Pecori , Mollicone A. , Seguto D. , Simeone L. , Zaccara F. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryWe report here the results obtained in a group of 52 eyes affected by open‐angle Glaucoma (OAG), whose intraocular pressure (IOP) was inadequately controlled by two drugs of different pharmacological categories, into which there was introduced Latanoprost, both in place of one of the two drugs and in addition to the preceding therapy. The ocular hypotensive effect was good (21.74%). The ibopamine provocative test, carried out before the Latanoprost administration, and at 3 and 6 months into treatment gave evidence that outflow pathway compromission was uninfluenced by the drug.