bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonalimentary tooth use in the neolithic population of the Lengyel culture in central Poland (4600–4000 BC)
Authors: Lorkiewicz Wiesław 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOne hundred and four skeletons of adult individuals representing Neolithic populations of the Brześć Kujawski group of the Lengyel Culture (Kuyavia, central Poland, 4600–4000 BC) were analyzed with regard to evidence of nonalimentary tooth use, periapical lesions and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL). Instances of nonalimentary behaviors were found in 47.1% of females and 27.5% of males. Females were primarily characterized by occlusal grooves on the incisors and canines, most probably resulting from yarn production or weaving. The most frequent defect in males was severe tooth wear extending from the incisors to first molars, caused by some hard‐to‐identify nonalimentary activities. Occlusal grooves were also found in males, but their morphology indicates processing of some coarser material. The occupational nature of the tooth defects has been confirmed by archaeological data. The only two burials with grave goods indicative of craft specialization at the sites studied contain the remains of individuals with marks of nonalimentary tooth use. Moreover, the sites provide unequivocal evidence of weaving and basketry production in the form of loom weights and imprints of cloth and mats. Periapical lesions have been found in 40.4% of males and 35.6% of females, and AMTL in 32.1% of males and 36.7% of females. Individuals with evidence of nonalimentary tooth wear are characterized both by ahigher incidence of these lesions in general, and by their more frequent location in the anterior part of the alveolar arch. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Male ancestry structure and interethnic admixture in African‐descent communities from the Amazon as revealed by Y‐chromosome Strs
Authors: Palha Teresinha de Jesus Brabo Ferreira , Ribeiro‐Rodrigues Elzemar Martins , Ribeiro‐dos‐Santos Ândrea , Guerreiro João Farias , de Moura Luciene Soraya Souza , Santos Sidney 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSome genetic markers on both the Y chromosome and mtDNA are highly polymorphic and population‐specific in humans, representing useful tools for reconstructing the past history of populations with poor historical records. Such lack of information is usually true in the case of recent African‐descent populations of the New World founded by fugitive slaves throughout the slavery period in the Americas, particularly in Brazil, where those communities are known as quilombos. Aiming to recover male‐derived ethnic structure of nine quilombos from the Brazilian Amazon, a total of 300 individuals, belonging to Mazagão Velho (N = 24), Curiaú (N = 48), Mazagão (N = 36), Trombetas (N = 20), Itacoã (N = 22), Saracura (N = 46), Marajó (N = 58), Pitimandeua (N = 26), and Pontal (N = 20), were investigated for nine Y‐STRs (DYS393, DYS19, DYS390, DYS389 I, DYS389 II, DYS392, DYS391, DYS385 I/II). From the 169 distinct haplotypes obtained, 120 were singletons. The results suggest the West African coast as the main origin of slaves brought to Brazil (54% of male contribution); the European contribution was high (41%), while the Amerindian's was low (5%). Those results contrast with previous mtDNA data that showed high Amerindian female contribution (46.6%) in African‐descent populations. AMOVA suggests that the genetic differentiation among the quilombos is mainly influenced by admixture with European. However, when restricting AMOVA to African‐specific haplotypes, low differentiation was detected, suggesting great genetic homogeneity of the African founding populations and/or a later homogenization by intense slave trade inside Brazil. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
9‐Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl‐basierte Festphasensynthese von α‐Peptidthioestern
Authors: Mende Franziska , Seitz Oliver 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPeptidthioester sind Schlüsselverbindungen in der konvergenten Proteinsynthese, wie es die native chemische Verknüpfung, die spurlose Staudinger‐Verknüpfung und die Ag+‐vermittelte Thioesterverknüpfung beispielhaft belegen. Den zuverlässigsten Zugang zu Peptidthioestern bietet die Boc‐basierte Festphasensynthese. Die Säurelabilität vieler Peptidmodifikationen und die technische Ausstattung der meisten Parallelpeptidsyntheseautomaten erhöhen jedoch die Nachfrage nach der milderen Fmoc‐Synthesechemie. Die Fmoc‐basierte Peptidthioestersynthese ist oftmals mühevoll und verläuft in wesentlich geringeren Ausbeuten als die Synthese von Peptidsäuren und ‐amiden. Der Erfolg der nativen chemischen Verknüpfung und verwandter Techniken hat allerdings die Entwicklung neuer Synthesestrategien vorangetrieben. Gegenstand dieses Aufsatzes ist es, die neueren Entwicklungen auf diesem schnell expandierenden Forschungsgebiet aufzuzeigen.
9‐Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐Based Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Peptide α‐Thioesters
Authors: Mende Franziska , Seitz Oliver 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPeptide thioesters play a key role in convergent protein synthesis strategies such as native chemical ligation, traceless Staudinger ligation, and Ag+‐mediated thioester ligation. The Boc‐based solid‐phase synthesis provides a very reliable access to peptide thioesters. However, the acid lability of many peptide modifications and the requirements of most parallel peptide synthesizers call for the milder Fmoc‐based solid‐phase synthesis. The Fmoc‐based synthesis of peptide thioesters is more cumbersome and typically proceeds with lower yields than the synthesis of peptide acids and peptide amides. The success of native chemical ligation and related technologies has sparked intensive research effort devoted to the development of new methods. The recent progress in this rapidly expanding field is reviewed.
Simulation of continuous stirred ultrafiltration process: an approach based on surface renewal theory
Authors: Sarkar Debasish , Bardhan Shirshendu , Bandyopadhyay Amitava , Chakraborty Monojit , Bhattacharjee Chiranjib 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTUltrafiltration (UF) is an important operation in many processes, including foods and pharmaceuticals, and shear enhanced dead‐end systems are particularly suitable for small‐scale operations. Most industrial applications require a high permeate flux and maximum solute rejection, combined with long membrane life. A rigorous surface renewal model has been developed which describes the mass transfer processes occurring in a single stirred UF cell. The model takes into consideration two distribution functions of random surface elements, one with respect to their point of origin and the other related to the corresponding residence time on the membrane surface. The back transport flux and the permeate flux are evaluated at the membrane surface in order to develop a component balance equation. The component balance equation and a rejection–flux relationship arising from irreversible thermodynamics are solved simultaneously to allow a dynamic simulation. The dynamic simulation enables a more complete understanding of the permeate flux, membrane surface concentration and permeate concentration under various operating conditions. For validation of the proposed model, experiments were conducted on UF of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) solution in a continuous stirred UF cell comprising a cellulose acetate membrane of 5000 Da molecular weight cut‐off. Model predicted values are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The effects of different stirring mechanisms on mass transfer with flat disk, propeller and turbine impellers were also characterized using the developed model. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value‐added products from unburned carbon in bagasse fly ash
Authors: Batra Vidya S. , Varghese Anna Ria , Vashisht Pooja , Balakrishnan Malini 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSugar factories in India commonly use bagasse, the residue after sugarcane juice extraction, as a boiler fuel. This leads to generation of large amounts of fly ash containing 16–33% unburned carbon, which poses a disposal problem. In this study, different separation methods have been examined to separate the unburned carbon. The separated carbon has been modified for different applications and characterized. Simple methods like sieving yielded high carbon fractions. The carbon content could be increased further by treatment with acid to remove the ash present. Pellets formed from unburned carbon had calorific values ranging between 20 920 and 25 104 kJ kg−1. Activation in steam led to increase in surface area from 90–100 m2 g−1 to more than 500 m2 g−1. These results indicate that there is potential for multiple and environmentally friendly utilization of unburned carbon in bagasse fly ash. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of mobile phase condition by using HCI program for extracting luteolin and apigenin from celery
Authors: Li Shengnan , Tian Minglei , Ho Row Kyung 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTAn efficient optimization method was used to separate flavonoid compounds from celery by HCI program software. Two interfering species, tentatively considered the target compounds, were separated successfully by the HCI program with the optimum composition of mobile phase for reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography separation obtained. The elution profiles were calculated by the plate theory based on the linear and quadratic equations of the retention factor: lnk = lnkw + SF, k = A + B/F, lnk = L + MF + NF2, where F was the volume percentage of the organic modifier. In the binary solvents model, the calculated results of the mobile phase conditions suggested that methanol/water (60/40, v/v) or acetonitrile/water (34/66, v/v) was the optimized component, as was acetonitrile/methanol/water (10/30/60, v/v/v) when changed to a ternary solvents model. Under the experimental conditions, the agreement between the experimental elution profiles and the calculated values of the eluted concentration was relatively good. © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of photoluminescence of Cu+ ion in Li2SO4
Authors: Puppalwar S. P. , Dhoble S. J. , Kumar Animesh 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThe synthesis of the Li2SO4: Cu phosphor using a wet chemical method is reported here. The XRD technique showed the crystalline nature of the prepared material. The presence of Na and K in the host affected the observed photoluminescence characteristics of Li2SO4: Cu. Photoluminsecent emission spectra of Li2SO4: Cu phosphor showed a very strong prominet peak at 387 nm in the indigo region due to 3d9 4 s1 ↔ 3d10 transition of the Cu+ ion. The increase in peak intensity of the PL spectrum suggests that Cu+ acts as the luminescence center in the present matrix. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of receptor targeting aptamer binding characteristics using single‐molecule spectroscopy
Authors: Book Brittany , Chen Jiji , Irudayaraj Joseph 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis experimental design presents a single molecule approach based on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) for the quantification of outer membrane proteins which are receptors to an aptamer specifically designed to target the surface receptors of live Salmonella typhimurium. By using correlation analysis, we also show that it is possible to determine the associated binding kinetics of these aptamers on live single cells. Aptamers are specific oligonucleotides designed to recognize conserved sequences that bind to receptors with high affinity, and therefore can be integrated into selective biosensor platforms. In our experiments, aptamers were constructed to bind to outer membrane proteins of S. typhimurium and were assessed for specificity against Escherichia coli. By fluorescently labeling aptamer probes and applying FCS, we were able to study the diffusion dynamics of bound and unbound aptamers and compare them to determine the dissociation constants and receptor densities of the bacteria for each aptamer at single molecule sensitivity. The dissociation constants for these aptamer probes calculated from autocorrelation data were 0.1285 and 0.3772 nM and the respective receptor densities were 42.27 receptors per µm2 and 49.82 receptors per µm2. This study provides ample evidence that the number of surface receptors is sufficient for binding and that both aptamers have a high‐binding affinity and can therefore be used in detection processes. The methods developed here are unique and can be generalized to examine surface binding kinetics and receptor quantification in live bacteria at single molecule sensitivity levels. The impact of this study is broad because our approach can provide a methodology for biosensor construction and calculation of live single cell receptor‐ligand kinetics in a variety of environmental and biological applications. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1222–1227. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compatible Ionic liquid‐cellulases system for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass
Authors: Wang Ying , Radosevich Mark , Hayes Douglas , Labbé Nicole 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) have been increasingly recognized as novel solvents for dissolution and pretreatment of cellulose. However, cellulases are inactivated in the presence of ILs, even when present at low concentrations. To more fully exploit the benefits of ILs it is critical to develop a compatible IL‐cellulases system in which the IL is able to effectively solubilize and activate the lignocellulosic biomass, and the cellulases possess high stability and activity. In this study, we investigated the stability and activity of a commercially available cellulases mixture in the presence of different concentrations of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]). A mixture of cellulases and β‐glucosidase (Celluclast1.5L, from Trichoderma reesei, and Novozyme188, from Aspergillus niger, respectively) retained 77% and 65% of its original activity after being pre‐incubated in 15% and 20% (w/v) IL solutions, respectively, at 50°C for 3 h. The cellulases mixture also retained high activity in 15% [Emim][OAc] to hydrolyze Avicel, a model substrate for cellulose analysis, with conversion efficiency of approximately 91%. Notably, the presence of different amounts of yellow poplar lignin did not interfere significantly with the enzymatic hydrolysis of Avicel. Using this IL‐cellulase system (15% [Emim][OAc]), the saccharification of yellow poplar biomass was also significantly improved (33%) compared to the untreated control (3%) during the first hour of enzymatic hydrolysis. Together, these findings provide compelling evidence that [Emim][OAc] was compatible with the cellulase mixture, and this compatible IL‐cellulases system is promising for efficient activation and hydrolysis of native biomass to produce biofuels and co‐products from the individual biomass components. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1042–1048. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mannitol‐Guided delivery of ciprofloxacin in artificial cystic fibrosis mucus model
Authors: Yang Yan , Tsifansky Michael D. , Shin Sooyoung , Lin Qingnuo , Yeo Yoon 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAbnormal airway mucus presents a significant challenge for inhalational drug delivery. Recognizing the thick and tenacious airway mucus seen in the cystic fibrosis (CF) patients as a critical barrier to effective drug delivery, both into the mucus layer itself as well as across that layer to the underlying airway epithelium, we hypothesize that mannitol or NaCl can form inhalable drug carriers, improve drug penetration into the mucus, and ultimately enhance the drug's therapeutic effect. The objective of this study is to test whether mannitol and NaCl particles, as inhalable drug carriers, improve drug delivery into and enhance a drug's activity within a mucus‐like material. Microparticles containing Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), an active ingredient, and either mannitol or NaCl were produced by spray‐drying. Cipro encapsulated in mannitol particles (Cipro–mannitol) was significantly more effective at killing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) grown in artificial mucus (AM) than Cipro encapsulated in either NaCl particles (Cipro–NaCl) or in hydrophobic particles consisting of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), albumin, and lactose (Cipro–DAL). The relatively high antibacterial effectiveness of Cipro–mannitol was not due to the effect of mannitol on bacteria or on Cipro. Rather, the unique performance of the mannitol‐based particles in AM is attributable to its ability to increase local water content in the AM and enhance drug penetration into it. Mannitol is a promising excipient for inhalable microparticles that facilitate the drug delivery into the CF mucus. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1441–1449. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biocatalytic process optimization based on mechanistic modeling of cholic acid oxidation with cofactor regeneration
Authors: Braun Michael , Link Hannes , Liu Luo , Schmid Rolf D. , Weuster‐Botz Dirk 
Published: December 2010

AbstractReduction and oxidation of steroids in the human gut are catalyzed by hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of microorganisms. For the production of 12‐ketochenodeoxycholic acid (12‐Keto‐CDCA) from cholic acid the biocatalytic application of the 12α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of Clostridium group P, strain C 48–50 (HSDH) is an alternative to chemical synthesis. However, due to the intensive costs the necessary cofactor (NADP+) has to be regenerated. The alcohol dehydrogenase of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus (ADH‐TE) was applied to catalyze the reduction of acetone while regenerating NADP+. A mechanistic kinetic model was developed for the process development of cholic acid oxidation using HSDH and ADH‐TE. The process model was derived by identifying the parameters for both enzymatic models separately using progress curve measurements of batch processes over a broad range of concentrations and considering the underlying ordered bi–bi mechanism. Both independently derived kinetic models were coupled via mass balances to predict the production of 12‐Keto‐CDCA with HSDH and integrated cofactor regeneration with ADH‐TE and acetone as co‐substrate. The prediction of the derived model was suitable to describe the dynamics of the preparative 12‐Keto‐CDCA batch production with different initial reactant and enzyme concentrations. These datasets were used again for parameter identification. This led to a combined model which excellently described the reaction dynamics of biocatalytic batch processes over broad concentration ranges. Based on the identified process model batch process optimization was successfully performed in silico to minimize enzyme costs. By using 0.1 mM NADP+ the HSDH concentration can be reduced to 3–4 µM and the ADH concentration to 0.4–0.6 µM to reach the maximal possible conversion of 100 mM cholic acid within 48 h. In conclusion, the identified mechanistic model offers a powerful tool for a cost‐efficient process design. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1307–1317. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A unique and potent protein binding nature of liposome containing polyethylenimine and polyethylene Glycol: A nondisplaceable property
Authors: Liu Yen‐Ku , Lin Yu‐Ling , Chen Chia‐Hung , Lin Ching‐Min , Ma Kuan‐Lun , Chou Fu‐Hsuan , Tsai Jin‐Sheng , Lin Hsin‐Yu , Chen Fu‐Rong , Cheng Tian‐Lu , Chang Chia‐Ching , Liao Kuang‐Wen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMost of the currently available targeting vectors are produced via the linkage of targeting molecules. However, the coupling process is complicated, and the covalent linkage may attenuate the activity of certain targeting molecules. In this study, we have developed a cationic liposome complexed with polyethylenimine and polyethylene glycol polymers (LPPC) that can capture various proteins without covalent conjugation. Characterizations of prepared LPPC revealed that the maximal‐binding capacity was about 170 µg of bovine serum albumin to 40 µg of sphere‐shaped LPPC (180 nm). The proteins were essentially located at or near the surface when analyzed by atomic force or transmission electron microscopy. We demonstrate that polyethylenimine was an essential component to bind the proteins. Upon the saturation of captured proteins, a given protein could not be displaced by other additional proteins and still retained its biological activity. Using a variety of functional proteins, we show some typical examples of the utility of incorporated beta‐glucuronidase and antibodies onto the LPPC. The beta‐glucuronidase can be used for the study of antigen–antibody interactions, whereas in studies with the antibody complex, we used anti‐CD3 as an agonist to stimulate the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells via a receptor‐mediated mechanism and anti‐VEGFR for cell staining. In conclusion, the prepared LPPC can provide a platform to capture biologically and biochemically functional proteins on its surface for various applications, such as cell signaling, cell profiling, noncovalent enzyme‐linked immunoassays, and others not mentioned. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1318–1327. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preliminary approach of real‐time monitoring in vitro matrix mineralization based on surface plasmon resonance detection
Authors: Kim Shin Ae , Das Sumit , Lee Howon , Kim Junghoon , Song Yun Mi , Kim In Sook , Byun Kyung Min , Hwang Soon Jung , Kim Sung June 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMatrix mineralization is a terminal process in osteoblast differentiation, and several approaches have been introduced to characterize the process in tissues or cultured cells. However, an analytical technique that quantitates in vitro matrix mineralization of live cells without any labeling or complex treatments is still lacking. In this study, we investigate a simple and enhanced optical method based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection that can monitor the surface‐limited refractive index change in real‐time. During monitoring MC3T3‐E1 cells in vitro culture every 2 days for over 4 weeks, the SPR angle is shifted with a greater resonance change in cells cultured with osteogenic reagents than those without the reagents. In addition, the SPR results obtained have a close relevance with the tendency of conventional mineralization staining and an inductively coupled plasma‐based calcium content measure. These results suggest a new approach of a real‐time SPR monitoring in vitro matrix mineralization of cultured cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1473–1478. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.