bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Produced Water Volume Estimates and Management Practices
Authors: Veil J. A. , Clark C. E. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Produced water is the largest byproduct stream associated with oil and gas production. Within the United States, nearly one million oil or gas wells are producing hydrocarbons with various volumes of produced water. In the past, several estimates of the annual volume of produced water have been made, but none are highly accurate, nor are they current. This paper describes a study conducted by Argonne National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy in 2009 to develop accurate estimates of produced water volumes for a recent year (2007). The estimates were developed through contacts with regulatory agency representatives from each of the 31 states that produce oil and gas as well as several federal agencies that oversee onshore and offshore production on federal lands. A few states maintained detailed records of produced water volumes, many provided estimates from underground injection records, and a few do not maintain accurate records for estimation. For those states, estimates were developed using various extrapolation methods. Where possible, the produced water volumes are provided separately for different hydrocarbon types (i.e., crude oil, conventional gas, coal bed methane, tight shale gas). This allows calculations of water-to-hydrocarbon ratios for different states and different hydrocarbon types.
In addition to providing a recent accurate volume estimate, the paper discusses the ways in which the produced water is managed in the different states and in the U.S. offshore. While much of the onshore produced water is reinjected for enhanced recovery or disposal, and much of the offshore produced water is discharged to the ocean, various other methods are used, too. The Argonne study and this paper provide the most complete and recent picture of produced water management in the United States.
Next Steps to a Framework for Global Collaboration to Drive Business Performance
Authors: Hepsø Vidar , Olsen Hans-Hysing , Joanette Francois , Brych Felicia 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
During 2008-2009, Cisco and Statoil together with a consortium of global companies from multiple industries joined forces to develop a collaboration framework to document how to achieve greater business value through collaboration. In this work, we have documented four major benefits to collaboration: reducing costs, enhancing quality, accelerating the speed of planningexecution, and improved business agility. The members of the Collaboration Consoritum never met physically but developed the framework using WebEx, Telepresence, teleconferencing and through sharing ideas and concepts in a shared workspace. The framework developed through this global collaboration process is presented in this paper. The framework model consists of two major phases. First, setting the direction by developing a collaboration vision and strategy. Second, operationalizing collaboration by enabling added value through and integration of capabilities like internal organizational structure, culture/people, metrics, support services and through use of enabling collaboration technologies via Web2.0 and rich media. We also address how collaboration goes through several distinct phases as part of its evolution within and across organizations. In this paper, we present the elements of the collaboration framework and relate the use of the framework to existing and emerging collaboration practices in Intelligent Energy and other relevant industries.
HSE Training and Competence Development at Petrobras University
Authors: Trindade Roberto de , Queiroz Durval Vilar 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Investment in training and education merges with the history of Brazilian company Petrobras, one of the main energy corporations of the world. Training of Brazilians to develop the national oil industry started in 1938 when many were sent to specialise in universities not only within Brazil but also abroad to courses in countries such as USA, Canada and UK. Environmental and industrial accidents that occurred in early 2000 helped push Petrobras towards the objective of transforming HSE – Health, Safety and Environment as a value to the whole working force. Actions toward this objective include strict health and safety rules, monitoring of environmental impacts, running of cleaner and more energy efficient processes, reduction of residues and the introduction of mandatory HSE guidelines to the entire company. The present paper shows that Petrobras University plays a relevant role organising and operating several training activities on Health, Safety and Environment. This paper also shows the background of Petrobras University and highlights courses on HSE that are available to the employees. Results associate a positive relationship of the investment in training and education with economic, social and environmental performance. It is concluded that Petrobras University is an important strategic player of the company to achieve HSE as a true value to the workers.
Managing Safety in Difficult Times: What You Cannot Measure is Difficult to Manage
Authors: Siokos George , Karish John 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
"Boy – it's tough out there"
Many organizations say that safety is a core value that should not be compromised, yet there is evidence in these difficult times that this is happening. Every time there is pressure on business, the first thing that suffers appears to be areas such as training and HSE.
Perhaps, despite many years of linking good safety practices and performance to good productivity, the message has simply not gotten through to the right people. How can we convince organizational decision makers, that in tough times, investment in safety becomes even more important? People feel the pressure to reduce access to resources and experienced people, in times when they are needed most.
While there is no simple answer, there is research that suggests people will do things when they are convinced that they will benefit. Providing evidence of a return for the investment made in improving safety performance has always been problematic.
Ensco International Incorporated has extended and refocused its SHE leadership and cultural programs that commenced some years ago to address the challenges of managing in difficult times. Principally, it has worked with its leaders and rig based people to help them better understand how the organization's safety management systems work to deliver a superior safety outcome, and how these outcomes can be measured and linked to business performance in ways that make sense so that the workforce is actively engaged.
This paper will use research and Ensco's experiences to show the benefits of using evidence-based processes to improve safety. It will demonstrate the link between lead and lag indicators with behavioral observations that add value to productivity improvements. This is an important focus for many leaders today as they try and meet production and safety targets at the same time.
Systemic Means of Ensuring Quality Incident Investigations - Corrective Actions and Sharing Lessons Learned Make a Difference
Authors: Plett David , Boudreaux Eric , Holtke Greg 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A common challenge in safety is ensuring that lessons learned from incidents are incorporated in such a way as to eliminate or substantially reduce the potential for recurrence. For years, we have applied recognized causal analysis tools and corrective action philosophy. In the spirit of continuous improvement, the entire incident investigation process was reviewed to look for better methods.
Through our review, we discovered that although we conducted investigations they did not always determine root causes. When they did determine a root cause, we struggled with implementing effective corrective actions and applying lessons learned across multiple sites. Consequently, in many instances, the corrective actions did not always prevent repeat incidents. In addition, findings or corrections were not consistently shared throughout similar operations, which provided the possibility of similar occurrences at other sites.
Through research, collaboration, education, and communication, we have developed an effective model for reducing repeat incidents. This model can be used to solve problems, proactively or reactively, by using a combination of elements from commonly used causal analysis tools, as well as corrective action mechanisms. After an investigation, a high-level peer review is conducted to understand the findings and fidelity of preventative measures. To ensure follow-up, the findings and corrective actions are loaded into tracking software. Each action has automated notifications and escalation triggers if it is not completed timely. Reports are published to the intranet on a daily basis to show the progress of each item. The final and concurrent step is to share with other sites by uploading the entire investigation into a portal. The portal has notification capabilities and several hundred subscribers receive an email notification when a new document is posted; subscribers are expected to review and assess the applicability of the new information.
Improved quality of investigations, a drive toward sustainable corrective actions, and sharing implementation across the organization has contributed to an overall reduction in incidents and to an increased awareness and recognition of hazards. This method increases organizational visibility and accountability. It also creates an environment that promotes learning from incidents and taking actions that will reduce risks.
CDF Models Applied to Optimize Safe Designog Huge Gas Field Developments with High H2S Content
Authors: Huse Jan Reier , He Xuong 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In 2003, a gas well in Chongqing, China blew out and the H2S rich gas released caused in total 243 fatalities and numerous injuries. Fatalities occurred up to two kilometers from the well site and in quite different directions from the well.
Several huge gas fields are being developed in the same area, implying a significant risk for similar accidents. Modern 3D CFD model tools have been applied to simulate potential gas releases from such developments and the associated risk contours. The simulation work has been based on detailed modeling the complex geometries in a 25 km2 area and applying various environmental conditions for a set of release scenarios.
The results are corresponding very well to the actual accident in 2003 and explain why the accident at Luojazhai field had the extensive fatal consequences.
The simulation results may contribute to a safer design and operation of gas fields with very high content of H2S.
The results may also be applied in the planning and operation of emergency preparedness in densely populated rural area with an infrastructure typical for such areas.
Safety Culture Maturity in Petrochemical Companies in Brazil: The View of Managers and Workers
Authors: Goncalves A. P. , Andrade J. C. , Marinho M. M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A framework to measure safety culture maturity in Brazilian oil and gas companies was formulated based on the model of Hudson (2001). Following a review of the safety culture literature, a questionnaire was designed to measure aspects of organizational safety indicative of 5 levels of cultural maturity in Brazilian industry. This was completed by the safety managers (N=17) and workforce (N=161) of 17 petrochemical companies based in Camacari, Bahia, Brazil. The reliability of the questionnaire was checked and the Cronbach's α for each one five dimension range from α = 0.635 to α = 0.832, demonstrating good reliability of the measures used. The findings of the research demonstrate that the safety culture maturity model of Hudson (2001) was suitable, with slightly adaption, along with the framework to identify the stages of development of safety culture in the context of the Brazilian petrochemical industry. The differences between managers and workforce were not statistically significant. The companies studied presented characteristics of different stages of development of safety culture.
Online Journey Management System
Authors: Velazquez Beatriz , Rincon Ana Maria , Kanhan Beatriz 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Transportation is one of the highest risk activities identified in the upstream oil and gas industry. It involves light and heavy vehicles moving people, tools, equipment, and possibly hazardous materials, through difficult routes and sometimes to remote sites. Each year, the industry records thousands of vehicle accidents during its operations, which have resulted in injured workers, fatalities, and millions of dollars in property losses.
Because of this situation and the outcomes of vehicle accidents investigations, the Latin America region of our company launched Journey Management, a Web-based application to help reduce transportation risks. This paper describes the design, application, advantages, and organizational results of this regional system.
This initiative was designed to reduce risk exposure to employees, third parties, and the public, in addition to preventing vehicle incidents while operating under company authority. This paper explains how to plan a journey to consider the associated risks, including third parties involved in company transportation activities. It also reviews how to consider the legal requirements of each country while still adhering to company standard vehicle driving policy.
The principal improvements include reducing the risk levels and monitoring the progress of each journey in real time. This system generates reports, manages night trip restrictions, facilitates the identification of hazardous material transportation requirements, and increases supervision awareness within the organization. Since this application was implemented, a significant decrease in the vehicle incident rate has been achieved in our company's Latin America operations. This reduction reinforces the motivation to continue to work for additional improvements and to strive for the desired goal of zero vehicle accidents.
Management Of Change, Key Component Of An Effective HSE Management System
Authors: Julaihi Saiee , Jaafar Ahmad Tarmizi , Bakar Nur Atikah 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Management of Change System is an essential component of HSE management. Whilst the typical risk management framework is aimed at ensuring a safe system of work, the somewhat complementary management of change system is crucial in sustaining that safe system of work.
In the execution of work activities, changes or deviation from defined processes/procedures is inevitable; and this is not necessarily a problem provided such changes are adequately controlled. The key consideration in managing changes is ensuring that risk posed by proposed changes, if any, remains ALARP.
In PETRONAS Carigali, the management of change system clearly defines the required change governance, spanning the entire value chain of the company business; it caters for: ■Geophysical (survey and seismic) activities■drilling activities■facility design, fabrication and installation■production and maintenance activities■facility abandonment and decommissioning
Key considerations in the management of change system include the followings: ■Types of changes requiring control are clearly defined; including changes to plant design, operating philosophy, plant equipment, operating parameters, standard operating procedures, personnel, bypass of safety critical equipment, etc.■For temporary changes, the maximum duration and criteria for approval of such changes clearly defined.■Types of risk assessment that need to be carried out for the various proposed changes; including aspect of risk screening and acceptance criteria.■Approval process, including review by multi-disciplines technical authorities.■Key performance indicators and target; the critical success factors of the management of change system.
Specific examples of changes, selected from amongst the different types of changes representing the entire business value chain, will be discussed. This is aimed at sharing PETRONAS Carigali experience on how changes are managed in the organization, including a perspective of the key challenges.
In-service Integrity Monitoring through the Association of Acoustic Emission and Phased Array Non Destructive Examination
Authors: Marques Bruno Cruxen , Henriques Paulo Cesar , Estefani Cintyha , Donato Guilherme V. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This paper is a result of a field experience during an oil leak verified through the shell of a duplex steel production heat exchanger. It describes the use of non destructive examination (NDE) to monitor the in-service integrity of damaged equipments. The absence of the oil heater under investigation would represent a major impact in the unit's overall oil production, but a sudden failure could risk the plant safety and cause a serious oil leak to the sea. Therefore, in-service monitoring through the use of Acoustic Emission (AE) associated with Phased Array (PA) technique was considered to be an adequate way to evaluate the crack behavior. First, it was determined the crack size limit through the use of fracture mechanics analysis and compared to the existing one. The association of AE with PA ultrasonic technique introduced two important aspects to a precise monitoring: AE allowed an on line evaluation of the crack activity as a consequence of operational transients and PA permitted a precise crack location and sizing despite of the specific material characteristics. During the monitoring period the equipment underwent two shutdown events and one well startup. The results from AE indicated a high increase in the crack activity during those events. The PA analysis showed that from the first operational event, first shutdown, to the last event, second shutdown, there was a significant increase in the crack growth rate. This fact indicated an evident rise in the crack instability demanding the equipment removal from operation. This monitoring allowed the company to prepare another production strategy and plan the repairs while the production was safely maintained for extra 40 days. The complementary use of these two NDE techniques for in-service applications emerges as a powerful tool to support integrity management and improve facility safety.
Nuestro Lugar- Fostering Sustainable Solutions to Local Challenges in Oxy Argentina's Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Alvarez Mariale , Barrales Carolina Ortega , Ravishankar Krish 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Oxy Argentina developed a systematic process to identify, analyze and prioritize its stakeholder issues and social risks in connection with its ethical standards, its commitment to a safe and healthy workplace, environmental protection and active participation in the communities where it operates. The result was a unique social responsibility (SR) program that addresses important challenges for the local community.
Oxy Argentina developed "Nuestro Lugar" (Our Place) guided by an analysis of stakeholder interests and expectations in the northern Santa Cruz province. This program fosters a sense of belonging (to the company or to the community) and instills appreciation and care for local resources. Nuestro Lugar has three thematic pillars: Our Natural Place, Our Workplace, and Our Social Place. The latter consists of activities targeted to teenagers and young adults.
From the detailed analysis, teenagers and young adults were identified as the population at most serious social risk. Violence, drug addiction and lack of aspirations have become increasingly prevalent in the local community. Cities in the region depend heavily on the State and the oil industry for their economic wellbeing. In addition, immigration and extreme geographic and climate conditions contribute to a sense of isolation and lack of opportunities amongst the population.
In Nuestro Lugar teenagers can develop creative skills to build self-esteem and develop healthy recreational habits. The project also creates opportunities to foster sustainable solutions to local issues through dialogue and consensus-building, and helps Oxy Argentina to safeguard and protect its reputation as a responsible member of the business community.
The first center, built in Pico Truncado in 2007, greatly exceeded the company's expectations, enabling over 1,000 teenagers to participate in activities implemented through partnerships with third parties (mainly non-governmental organizations). A second center was inaugurated in Las Heras in 2009 to similar acclaim.
This paper discusses how Nuestro Lugar was developed to address key stakeholder expectations and issues; describes the main objectives, activities and outcomes of the Nuestro Lugar centers; and demonstrates how the Nuestro Lugar program has helped Oxy Argentina fulfill its SR mission to become the partner of choice, employer of choice, and neighbor of choice while contributing to the sustainability of the local community.
Haze—Hazard and Emergency in the Oil and Gas Industry in South East Asia
Authors: Kumarasamy Devan 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In Malaysia and other parts of Southeast Asia, haze is an annual problem that occurs from March through June and during September and October. The haze is caused mainly by fires in land clearing for cultivation activities, which seriously affect air quality and visibility in the region.
The scope of the presentation will cover the health effects and safety concerns, precautions to be observed, actions/counter measures and responsibilities during haze hazard and emergency situations in the oil and gas exploration & production (E&P) and downstream activities of an integrated petroleum multinational Corporation with its headquarters in Malaysia. The Company has business in more than 30 countries worldwide. In the Southeast Asian region, it has E&P and downstream petroleum and petrochemical operations in Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.
During haze incidents, the Ministry of Health, Malaysia has monitored the disease trend and found a positive correlation between haze, air pollution indicators and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection and Bronchial Asthma. These disease trends will be reflected in the paper. Other surveys were also conducted and are discussed. In the paper, health effects caused by haze and precautionary health measures will be detailed out with corresponding reference to the Air Pollution Indicators.
The paper will highlight the control and mitigation measures, the action plan and counter measures undertaken by the Company in managing haze hazard and emergency.