bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labor Regulation
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses three significant challenges in the Chinese tech sector’s labor regulation: platforms’ algorithmic exploitation of workers, the government’s failure to provide adequate social insurance for migrant and informal sector workers, and the restriction on workers’ rights to form unions. Despite initial sluggishness in addressing labor violations, the tech crackdown beginning in late 2020 saw Chinese labor authorities introduce guidance and measures to enhance platform worker protections. However, the actual judicial practice has shown little change, with courts remaining divided over defining employment relationships for platform workers. Although the courts have offered more protection to self-employed delivery workers, it has affected only a small percentage of cases. Unlike their counterparts in antitrust and data enforcement, labor regulators—including judicial and administrative authorities—showed more restraint due to their broader policy mandates which require them to take into account the economic ramifications of their actions.
The Collective-Action Constitution
Authors: Siegel Neil S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The primary structural purpose of the US Constitution is to empower the federal government to solve collective-action problems for the states and to prevent the states from undermining these solutions or causing such problems. Any faithful account of what the Constitution is for and how it should be interpreted must include this main structural function. The Constitution was established principally because of the widely recognized failures of its predecessor, the Articles of Confederation, to adequately address multistate collective-action problems, including funding the national government, regulating foreign and interstate commerce, and defending the nation from attack. These challenges are called collective-action problems because the states would need to act collectively, not individually, to solve them, and they would often struggle to do so. In a fundamental sense, the US Constitution is the Collective-Action Constitution, and the sobering problems facing America today—including inadequate access to health care, climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic and future ones, opioid addiction, gun violence, racism and other bigotry, political extremism, unlawful immigration, terrorism, and nuclear proliferation—cannot be adequately dealt with by government if Americans do not recognize this truth. The main goal of the Collective-Action Constitution is not to vindicate a conception of economic efficiency but to create and maintain political and economic union.
Property Law in the Society of Equals
Authors: Essert Christopher 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Property Law in the Society of Equals is an account of the property law and its justificatory foundations. It begins with the common worry that property is an inegalitarian institution and shows that, contrary to the worry, property is actually an essential constituent of a society of equals. Property law is the solution to the Problem of Yours and Mine, a moral problem about the impossibility of our relating to one another on terms of equality absent an institution that allows us to have things as our own. This understanding of property not only shows why property is required for us to have equal relations, it also provides a distinctive perspective on the ways in which our current institutions of property are defective from their own internal point of view and require radical reform. The book uses this abstract account to explain contemporary property law. The book explains private law doctrines including trespass, licence, nuisance, acquisition, transfer, tenancy, and the law of servitudes; it also illuminates the boundaries between property rights and personal rights and between property rights and contract rights, and explores various liminal cases of property through that lens. In addition, the book critiques property internally, showing how property’s justification requires a state to provide homes to all of its subjects and showing how other parts of the public law of property, including various forms of land use regulation, should be understood as part of the law of property rather than external limitations on it.
Human-aided dispersal and population bottlenecks facilitate parasitism escape in the most invasive mosquito species
Authors: Girard Maxime , Martin Edwige , Vallon Laurent , Tran Van Van , Da Silva Carvalho Camille , Sack Justine , Bontemps Zélia , Balteneck Julie , Colin Florence , Duval Pénélope , Malassigné Simon , Hennessee Ian , Vizcaino Lucrecia , Romer Yamila , Dada Nsa , Ly Huynh Kim Khan , Huynh Thi Thuy Trang , Bellet Christophe , Lambert Gregory , Nantenaina Raharimalala Fara , Jupatanakul Natapong , Goubert Clement , Boulesteix Matthieu , Mavingui Patrick , Desouhant Emmanuel , Luis Patricia , Cazabet Rémy , Hay Anne-Emmanuelle , Valiente Moro Claire , Minard Guillaume 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During biological invasion process, species encounter new environments and partially escape some ecological constraints they faced in their native range, while they face new ones. The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is one of the most iconic invasive species introduced in every inhabited continent due to international trade. It has also been shown to be infected by a prevalent yet disregarded microbial entomoparasite Ascogregarina taiwanensis. In this study, we aimed at deciphering the factors that shape the global dynamics of A. taiwanensis infection in natural A. albopictus populations. We showed that A. albopictus populations are highly colonized by several parasite genotypes but recently introduced ones are escaping it. We further performed experiments based on the invasion process to explain such pattern. To that end, we hypothesized that (i) mosquito passive dispersal (i.e. human-aided egg transportation) may affect the parasite infectiveness, (ii) founder effects (i.e. population establishment by a small number of mosquitoes) may influence the parasite dynamics, and (iii) unparasitized mosquitoes are more prompt to found new populations through active flight dispersal. The two first hypotheses were supported as we showed that parasite infection decreases over time when dry eggs are stored and that experimental increase in mosquitoes’ density improves the parasite horizontal transmission to larvae. Surprisingly, parasitized mosquitoes tend to be more active than their unparasitized relatives. Finally, this study highlights the importance of global trade as a driver of biological invasion of the most invasive arthropod vector species.
The Effect of Total Knee Replacement on Dual–Task Gait Performance in Older Adults
Authors: Azzam Ibrahim , Rozen Nimrod , Eliyahu Amir , Dabby Dan , Elbaz Avi , Mor Amit , Krasovsky Tal 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objective
Total knee replacement (TKR) is a common solution for patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis (OA). Still, fall rates remain relatively high after surgery. TKR may alter pain and knee function, balance control, and proprioception. However, given the role of complex (dual-task) walking in fall prediction for older adults, it is unknown how TKR alters the attentional demand of walking in older adults. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of TKR on dual-task walking among older adults.

Methods
Participants were evaluated 1 month before surgery and 4.5 months after surgery. Participants walked along an instrumented 7-meter path for 1 minute with and without a cognitive task (serial-3 subtraction). Pain and knee function, knee proprioception, dynamic balance, and balance confidence, as well as dual-task costs (DTC) were compared before and after the surgery and factors associated with change in gait DTCs were assessed.

Results
Thirty-eight participants completed the study (age 72.6 years, SD = 4.9; 11 men). A significant decrease in pain was found following TKR, with no change in balance, balance confidence, or proprioception. There were no differences in gait DTCs before and after the surgery. However, change in dynamic balance, specifically reactive postural control and dynamic gait, predicted changes in gait speed and stride time DTCs.

Conclusion
The absence of an effect of TKR on gait DTCs can potentially underlie increased fall risk after TKR. Results from this study emphasize the significance of balance as a measure and focal point for rehabilitation after TKR.

Impact
This study contributes to our understanding of the attentional cost of walking in people before and after TKR, as well as to factors associated with it. Results from this work can assist formulation of rehabilitation programs for people with knee OA.
Whose firm? Resilience of the German corporate sector to financialization
Authors: Giovanazzi Carmen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We examine how financialization has progressed in the German nonfinancial corporate sector since the 2000s. Using a sample of firms historically listed in the largest German stock market indices, DAX and MDAX, we not only confirm the rise of international passive asset managers but also find a growing prevalence of controlling business families. Although executive pay increasingly consists of equity grants, indicating growing shareholder value orientation, we do not identify corporate financialization in terms of rising share buybacks and payout rates. Instead, ever larger shares of corporate funds are kept inside firms as retained earnings. While firms in the USA ‘downsize-and-distribute’ under the pressure of institutional investors, we hold that German firms ‘save-and-sit-on-it’. Although shaped by the liberalization of corporate governance regulations, this regime still relies on blockholdings and codetermination, while integrating asset managers as new providers of patient capital.
A giant bowfin from a Paleocene hothouse ecosystem in North America
Authors: Brownstein Chase Doran , Near Thomas J 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Aquatic biodiversity changed dramatically at the start of the Paleogene. Although comparatively little is known about global freshwater ecosystems that appeared just after the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction, available data suggest that they were buffered from the worst effects of the extinction event. Here, we describe a nearly complete skeleton of a large-bodied ray-finned fish from a wetland ecosystem that existed fewer than 10 Myr after the end-Cretaceous extinction in western North America. With a maximum length likely exceeding 2 m, †Amia basiloides sp. nov. is one of the largest species in Holostei, a once species-rich clade of ray-finned fishes now survived by the nine living species of gars and bowfins. High-resolution computed tomography scans illuminate the anatomy of †A. basiloides and suggest it was an analogue of living large-bodied, piscivorous freshwater fishes found in the Southern Hemisphere and southern North America. When considered in a phylogenetic context, †A. basiloides shows that close relatives of living bowfins rapidly achieved gigantism in the Early Paleogene of North America after the largest members of an ancient clade closely related to bowfins went extinct. Although the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary likely induced turnover of freshwater vertebrate predatory guilds, holostean faunas remained ecologically comparable across the extinction due to exceptionally fast episodes of convergence.
Optimization of Amplicon-Based Sequencing for Large-Scale Diagnostics of Known Pome Viruses and Viroids
Authors: Costa Larissa C. , Hu Xiaojun , Lamour Kurt , Devorshak Christina , Foster Joseph A. , Hurtado-Gonzales Oscar P. 
Published: April 2024

The implementation of reliable methods for the simultaneous detection of multiple viruses is challenging in plant viral diagnosis. In the present study, we report the development and effectiveness of an optimized version of a robust multiplexed PCR (HiPlex) followed by simultaneous targeted amplicon sequencing to detect 14 viruses and 5 viroids of pome fruit trees. We used amplicon sequencing data from 1,400 pome fruit tree samples previously diagnosed with the HiPlex v.1.0, which included 290 primer pairs for pome viruses. The analysis enabled the identification of highly efficient and specific primer pairs to be assembled in a new HiPlex (dubbed HiPlex v.2.0). Additionally, newly designed primers were implemented for 30% of targeted viruses and viroids. Overall, 116 primer pairs were assembled into the HiPlex v.2.0, resulting in a reduction of the number of primers and multiplex PCR reactions needed by 60 and 50%, respectively. The new HiPlex also includes two nepoviruses, tomato ringspot virus and tobacco ringspot virus, showing flexibility at augmenting and expanding the number of targeted diagnosed viruses using this approach. This optimized set of primers increased the cost-effectiveness and sensitivity while reducing background amplification. Comparable results for virus and viroid detection were obtained using the HiPlex v.2.0 and individual RT-qPCRs, even at a 10,000-fold dilution, demonstrating similar sensitivity to standard PCR-based diagnostics. This new HiPlex-based amplicon sequencing represents a powerful, sensitive, and low-cost tool for large-scale screening of pome fruit trees for all reported viruses and viroids infecting these crops. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Ablation of specific insulin‐like growth factor I forms reveals the importance of cleavage for regenerative capacity and glycosylation for skeletal muscle storage
Authors: Luo Yangyi E. , Villani Katelyn R. , Lei Hanqin , Kuo Li‐Ying , Imery Ian , Stoker Bradley E. , Fatima Naureen , Noles Steven M. , Moore Cara M. , Barton Elisabeth R. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractInsulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) facilitates mitotic and anabolic actions in all tissues. In skeletal muscle, IGF‐I can promote growth and resolution of damage by promoting satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, suppressing inflammation, and enhancing fiber formation. While the most well‐characterized form of IGF‐I is the mature protein, alternative splicing and post‐translational modification complexity lead to several additional forms of IGF‐I. Previous studies showed muscle efficiently stores glycosylated pro‐IGF‐I. However, non‐glycosylated forms display more efficient IGF‐I receptor activation in vitro, suggesting that the removal of the glycosylated C terminus is a necessary step to enable increased activity. We employed CRISPR‐Cas9 gene editing to ablate IGF‐I glycosylation sites (2ND) or its cleavage site (3RA) in mice to determine the necessity of glycosylation or cleavage for IGF‐I function in postnatal growth and during muscle regeneration. 3RA mice had the highest circulating and muscle IGF‐I content, whereas 2ND mice had the lowest levels compared to wild‐type mice. After weaning, 4‐week‐old 2ND mice exhibited higher body and skeletal muscle mass than other strains. However, by 16 weeks of age, muscle and body size differences disappeared. Even though 3RA mice had more IGF‐I stored in muscle in homeostatic conditions, regeneration was delayed after cardiotoxin‐induced injury, with prolonged necrosis most evident at 5 days post injury (dpi). In contrast, 2ND displayed improved regeneration with reduced necrosis, and greater fiber size and muscle mass at 11 and 21 dpi. Overall, these results demonstrate that while IGF‐I glycosylation may be important for storage, cleavage is needed to enable IGF‐I to be used for efficient activity in postnatal growth and following acute injury.
A Comparison of Virtual Reality and Traditional Audio-Recorded Hearing Voices Simulations: Their Impact on Empathy in Health Care Students
Authors: Pina-Thomas Deborah , Zohn Jennifer H. , Phillips Lynn 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Empathy is essential to the development of communication skills. Simulating psychosis to develop empathy for mental health patients is complex; we hypothesized that virtual reality (VR) would be effective in increasing empathy in health care students. This experimental study compared the effectiveness of a VR simulation with a traditional hearing voices simulation as measured by the Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale-Revised. Twenty-five health care students were randomized into two groups. The results indicated that both simulated experiences increased empathy levels, supporting the study’s hypothesis. A 10-minute VR simulation is an effective teaching strategy for developing empathy in health care students.
Large Language Models in Medical Education: Comparing ChatGPT- to Human-Generated Exam Questions
Authors: Laupichler Matthias Carl , Rother Johanna Flora , Grunwald Kadow Ilona C. , Ahmadi Seifollah , Raupach Tobias 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Problem
Creating medical exam questions is time consuming, but well-written questions can be used for test-enhanced learning, which has been shown to have a positive effect on student learning. The automated generation of high-quality questions using large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, would therefore be desirable. However, there are no current studies that compare students’ performance on LLM-generated questions to questions developed by humans.

Approach
The authors compared student performance on questions generated by ChatGPT (LLM questions) with questions created by medical educators (human questions). Two sets of 25 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) were created, each with 5 answer options, 1 of which was correct. The first set of questions was written by an experienced medical educator, and the second set was created by ChatGPT 3.5 after the authors identified learning objectives and extracted some specifications from the human questions. Students answered all questions in random order in a formative paper-and-pencil test that was offered leading up to the final summative neurophysiology exam (summer 2023). For each question, students also indicated whether they thought it had been written by a human or ChatGPT.

Outcomes
The final data set consisted of 161 participants and 46 MCQs (25 human and 21 LLM questions). There was no statistically significant difference in item difficulty between the 2 question sets, but discriminatory power was statistically significantly higher in human than LLM questions (mean = .36, standard deviation [SD] = .09 vs mean = .24, SD = .14; P = .001). On average, students identified 57% of question sources (human or LLM) correctly.

Next Steps
Future research should replicate the study procedure in other contexts (e.g., other medical subjects, semesters, countries, and languages). In addition, the question of whether LLMs are suitable for generating different question types, such as key feature questions, should be investigated.
Exploring Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion–Related Pedagogy Across Different Professions
Authors: Sukhera Javeed , Kennedy Erin , Panza Michael , Rodger Susan , Watling Chris 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) have become an important priority for academic medicine. However, several barriers challenge the effective implementation of DEI-related pedagogy. An exploration of the barriers to and enablers of DEI-related pedagogy—as they relate to professional contexts—can inform how to advance DEI in medical education. Shulman’s notion of signature pedagogies offers a foundation for understanding and exploring the influence of such contexts on teaching and learning. Comparisons across professions may help make signature pedagogies more visible and may facilitate change. In this study, the authors aim to explore how the professional contexts of medicine, nursing, and teacher education approach DEI-related pedagogy.

Method
The authors conducted a qualitative exploratory study using constructivist grounded theory methodology. Using both purposive and theoretical sampling, 24 participants from across the United States and Canada were interviewed, including physicians, nurses, and K-12 teachers in practice as well as professional educators in each discipline (May–December 2022). Interviews included a case-based elicitation approach, and data were analyzed iteratively across the data collection period using constant comparative analysis.

Results
Medicine and nursing tend to prioritize objectivity and seek to avoid or neutralize emotions that are intrinsic to DEI-related learning, view DEI expertise as being outside the purview of their profession, and view time for DEI as limited in a clinical learning environment. In contrast, teaching is built on the assumption that DEI expertise is coconstructed and inclusive of community voices and lived experiences. DEI-related pedagogy in teaching allowed for exploration of deep assumptions and learning about structural inequities.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that assumptions and values held in professions, such as medicine and nursing, that valorize objectivity and neutrality, while stigmatizing vulnerability and suppressing emotions, may constrain DEI-related teaching and learning in such contexts.
Validation of the Learner Engagement Instrument for Continuing Professional Development
Authors: Cook David A. , Stephenson Christopher R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Learner engagement is the energy learners exert to remain focused and motivated to learn. The Learner Engagement Instrument (LEI) was developed to measure learner engagement in a short continuing professional development (CPD) activity. The authors validated LEI scores using validity evidence of internal structure and relationships with other variables.

Method
Participants attended 1 of 4 CPD courses (1 in-person, 2 online livestreamed, and 1 either in-person or livestreamed) in 2018, 2020, 2021, and 2022. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine model fit for several alternative structural models, separately for each course. The authors also conducted a generalizability study to estimate score reliability. Associations were evaluated between LEI scores and Continuing Medical Education Teaching Effectiveness (CMETE) scores and participant demographics. Statistical methods accounted for repeated measures by participants.

Results
Four hundred fifteen unique participants attended 203 different CPD presentations and completed the LEI 11,567 times. The originally hypothesized 4-domain model of learner engagement (domains: emotional, behavioral, cognitive in-class, cognitive out-of-class) demonstrated best model fit in all 4 courses, with comparative fit index ≥ 0.99, standardized root mean square residual ≤ 0.031, and root mean square error of approximation ≤ 0.047. The reliability for overall scores and domain scores were all acceptable (50-rater G-coefficient ≥ 0.74) except for the cognitive in-class domain (50-rater G-coefficient of 0.55 to 0.66). Findings were similar for both in-person and online delivery modalities. Correlation of LEI scores with teaching effectiveness was confirmed (rho=0.58), and a small correlation was found with participant age (rho=0.19); other associations were small and not statistically significant. Using these findings, we generated a shortened 4-item instrument, the LEI Short Form.

Conclusions
This study confirms a 4-domain model of learner engagement and provides validity evidence that supports using LEI scores to measure learner engagement in both in-person and livestreamed CPD activities.