bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust determination of earthquake source parameters and mantle attenuation
Authors: Ko Yen‐Ting , Kuo Ban‐Yuan , Hung Shu‐Huei 
Published: March 2012

An improved inversion technique is needed to effectively separate the frequency dependence of the source from the intrinsic attenuation of the medium. We developed a cluster‐event method (CEM) in which clusters of nearby events, instead of individual events, pair with stations to form the basis for measurements ofQ value and corner frequency (fc). We assume that the raypaths from one cluster to a station share an identical Q while each event in the same cluster is allowed for only one fcin the inversion process. This approach largely reduces the degrees of freedom to achieve a robust inversion. We use an optimization algorithm of simulated annealing to solve the nonlinear inverse problem. The CEM was applied to events at 70–150 km depths in the Japan subduction zone recorded by F‐net. We show that the method proposed here leads to better constraints on both source parameters and attenuation. The resultantQ's in the mantle wedge increase from lower than 300 beneath the arc and back‐arc to greater than 600 in the fore‐arc region. Thefc's satisfy a self‐similar scaling relationship with seismic moment ofM0 ∝ fc−3 with a best fit stress drop of 21.9 ± 6.9 MPa in Madariaga's form. This contrasts to the stress drop of 1.4 ± 1.1 MPa for a global data set composed of prior measurements for crustal events. The results of this study agree with results from previous studies, except with an upward deviation due to higher corner frequencies and stress drops.
Seismic characterization of hydrates in faulted, fine‐grained sediments of Krishna‐Godavari basin: Unified imaging
Authors: Jaiswal P. , Dewangan P. , Ramprasad T. , Zelt C. A. 
Published: March 2012

A combination of diffusion and advection in fine grained sediments can create a patchy Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR) which has little to no apparent correlation with the overlying hydrate distribution. Using 2D seismic data from faulted, clay‐rich sediments in the Krishna‐Godavari (KG) basin, we show both the hydrate distribution and the BSR structure are fault controlled. Our demonstration hinges upon a kinematically accurate P wave velocity (VP) model which is estimated using a composite traveltime‐inversion, depth‐migration method in an iterative manner. The flexibility of the method allows simultaneous usage of traveltimes from multiple, discontinuous reflectors. The application begins with a simple VP model from time processing which is reflective of a diffusive, continuous, hydrate– and free gas–bearing system. The application converges in three iterations yielding a final VPmodel which is suggestive of a patchy distribution of hydrates and free gas possibly developing through a combined diffusive‐advective system. The depth image corresponding to the final VP model can be interpreted for faults that suggest ongoing tectonism. The BSR appears to be truncated at active faults zones. Both the final VP model and the corresponding depth image can be reconciled with the hydrate distribution and BSR depth at logging/coring sites located ∼250 m away from the line by projecting the sites along the strike direction of the regional faults.
Aerosol impact on the brightening in Japan
Authors: Kudo Rei , Uchiyama Akihiro , Ijima Osamu , Ohkawara Nozomu , Ohta Sachio 
Published: March 2012

The long‐term changes in aerosol optical depth (AOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA) at 0.75 μm from the 1970s to the 2000s at 14 sites in Japan were estimated from the direct and diffuse irradiances measured by ground‐based broadband radiometers under clear‐sky conditions. Noticeable changes in AOD and SSA were seen: AOD decreased by 0.02, and SSA increased by 0.21. The ratio of surface solar irradiance to solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere under clear‐sky conditions, calculated from the estimated AOD and SSA, showed apparent brightening of +0.05, of which +0.01 was attributed to a decrease of AOD and +0.04 to an increase of SSA. The cloud forcing of the surface solar irradiance, estimated as the difference between the surface solar irradiance measured under cloudy‐sky conditions and that under clear‐sky conditions, showed no significant trend. These findings suggest that the brightening in Japan has been caused by changes in aerosol optical properties, especially SSA, rather than by cloud changes.
Modeling methane emissions from the Alaskan Yukon River basin, 1986–2005, by coupling a large‐scale hydrological model and a process‐based methane model
Authors: Lu Xiaoliang , Zhuang Qianlai 
Published: March 2012

Much progress has been made in methane modeling for the Arctic. However, there is still large uncertainty in emissions estimates due to the spatial variability in water table depth resulting from complex topographic gradients, and due to variations in methane production and oxidation due to complex freezing and thawing processes. Here we extended an extant methane emission module within a biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), to include a large‐scale hydrology model, the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model. The VIC model provides the required inputs, including freezing and thawing fronts, soil temperature and moisture, to the methane module. The effect of topography on the redistribution of soil moisture and water table depth was explicitly modeled using the TOPMODEL approach. The coupled modeling framework was applied to the Yukon River basin at a spatial resolution of 1 km from 1986 to 2005. The simulations show that the average annual net emissions of CH4 from the region are 4.01 Tg CH4 yr−1. El Niño phenomena usually lead to positive emission anomalies, while decreases in net CH4 emissions may be associated with strong La Niña events. Precipitation was found to be more closely related to CH4 dynamics than to soil temperature and active layer depth during the study period. This study suggests that the effects of soil freezing and thawing processes and the effects of microtopography on hydrology should be considered in the quantification of CH4 emissions.
Widespread and synchronous change in deep‐ocean circulation in the North and South Atlantic during the Late Cretaceous
Authors: Robinson Stuart A. , Vance Derek 
Published: March 2012

Modern thermohaline circulation plays a role in latitudinal heat transport and in deep‐ocean ventilation, yet ocean circulation may have functioned differently during past periods of extreme warmth, such as the Cretaceous. The Late Cretaceous (100–65 Ma) was an important period in the evolution of the North Atlantic Ocean, characterized by opening ocean gateways, long‐term climatic cooling and the cessation of intermittent periods of anoxia (oceanic anoxic events, OAEs). However, how these phenomena relate to deep‐water circulation is unclear. We use a proxy for deep‐water mass composition (neodymium isotopes; εNd) to show that, at North Atlantic ODP Site 1276, deep waters shifted in the early Campanian (∼78–83 Ma) from εNd values of ∼−7 to values of ∼−9, consistent with a change in the style of deep‐ocean circulation but >10 Myr after a change in bottom water oxygenation conditions. A similar, but more poorly dated, trend exists in εNd data from DSDP Site 386. The Campanian εNd transition observed in the North Atlantic records is also seen in the South Atlantic and proto‐Indian Ocean, implying a widespread and synchronous change in deep‐ocean circulation. Although a unique explanation does not exist for the change at present, we favor an interpretation that invokes Late Cretaceous climatic cooling as a driver for the formation of Southern Component Water, which flowed northward from the Southern Ocean and into the North Atlantic and proto‐Indian Oceans.
Elasticity of phase D and implication for the degree of hydration of deep subducted slabs
Authors: Rosa Angelika D. , Sanchez‐Valle Carmen , Ghosh Sujoy 
Published: March 2012

Seismic anomalies in subducted slabs, including low velocity zones and shear wave splitting, have often been related to hydrous regions. Phase D (MgSi2H2O6, 10–18 wt.% H2O) may be the ultimate water carrier in hydrous subducted peridotite and its seismic properties are thus essential for interpreting observed anomalies in terms of hydration. Here, we report the sound velocities and elasticity of Mg‐ and Al‐Fe‐bearing phase D single‐crystals measured by Brillouin spectroscopy. The room conditions adiabatic bulk and shear modulus are: KS0 = 154.8(3.2) GPa and μ = 104.3(2.1) GPa for Mg‐phase D and KS0 = 158.4(3.9) GPa and μ = 104.7(2.7) GPa for AlFe‐phase D, suggesting minor effect of cation substitution on the elasticity of phase D. Based on the seismic velocity data, we found that 16 vol.% of AlFe‐phase D in hydrous subducted peridotite with 1.2 wt.% H2O could provide a plausible explanation for the negative velocity anomalies of 3% observed in fragments of the Tonga slab below the transition zone.
Miniature active damping stage for scanning probe applications in ultra high vacuum
Authors: Assig Maximilian , Koch Andreas , Stiepany Wolfgang , Straßer Carola , Ast Alexandra , Kern Klaus , Ast Christian R. 
Published: March 2012

Scanning probe microscope (SPM) experiments demand a low vibration level to minimize the external influence on the measured signal. We present a miniature six-degree of freedom active damping stage based on a Gough-Stewart platform (hexapod) which is positioned in ultra high vacuum as close to the SPM as possible. In this way, vibrations originating from the experimental setup can be effectively reduced providing a quiet environment for the SPM. In addition, the hexapod provides a rigid reference point, which facilitates wiring as well as sample transfer. We outline the main working principle and show that for scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements of a Si(111) 7 × 7 surface, the hexapod significantly improves the stability and quality of the topographic images.
Droplet formation and scaling in dense suspensions
Authors: Miskin Marc Z. , Jaeger Heinrich M. 
Published: March 2012

When a dense suspension is squeezed from a nozzle, droplet detachment can occur similar to that of pure liquids. While in pure liquids the process of droplet detachment is well characterized through self-similar profiles and known scaling laws, we show here the simple presence of particles causes suspensions to break up in a new fashion. Using high-speed imaging, we find that detachment of a suspension drop is described by a power law; specifically we find the neck minimum radius,
r

m

, scales like

near breakup at time
τ
= 0. We demonstrate data collapse in a variety of particle/liquid combinations, packing fractions, solvent viscosities, and initial conditions. We argue that this scaling is a consequence of particles deforming the neck surface, thereby creating a pressure that is balanced by inertia, and show how it emerges from topological constraints that relate particle configurations with macroscopic Gaussian curvature. This new type of scaling, uniquely enforced by geometry and regulated by the particles, displays memory of its initial conditions, fails to be self-similar, and has implications for the pressure given at generic suspension interfaces.
Stoichiometry of proton translocation by respiratory complex I and its mechanistic implications
Authors: Wikström Mårten , Hummer Gerhard 
Published: March 2012

Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) in the respiratory chain of mitochondria and several bacteria functions as a redox-driven proton pump that contributes to the generation of the protonmotive force across the inner mitochondrial or bacterial membrane and thus to the aerobic synthesis of ATP. The stoichiometry of proton translocation is thought to be 4 H
+
per NADH oxidized (2 e
-
). Here we show that a H
+
/2 e
-
ratio of 3 appears more likely on the basis of the recently determined H
+
/ATP ratio of the mitochondrial
F
1
F

o

-ATP synthase of animal mitochondria and of a set of carefully determined ATP/2 e
-
ratios for different segments of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This lower H
+
/2 e
-
ratio of 3 is independently supported by thermodynamic analyses of experiments with both mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. A reduced H
+
/2 e
-
stoichiometry of 3 has important mechanistic implications for this proton pump. In a rough mechanistic model, we suggest a concerted proton translocation mechanism in the three homologous and tightly packed antiporter-like subunits L, M, and N of the proton-translocating membrane domain of complex I.
Young people's process of engagement in school counselling
Authors: Prior Seamus 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground: Adolescent reluctance to engage in help‐seeking for psychological and emotional problems is well documented. Despite a significant expansion in counselling provision in UK secondary schools, young people's experience of accessing counselling remains under‐researched. Aim: The present study aimed to elucidate the key features and stages of the help‐seeking process as defined by young people accessing school counselling. Method: Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with young people who had successfully completed a course of counselling at school. Thematic narrative analysis focusing on help‐seeking was then applied to the interview transcripts. Results: The analysis proposes a multi‐staged socially‐mediated process of disclosure and engagement, from initial acknowledgement of a problem through to full disclosure to the counsellor. Discussion: Analysis of young people's narratives highlights: the complex process of negotiation and evaluation which they undertake to engage fully in school counselling; the careful management of stigmatisation concerns both through practical access arrangements and the language in which school counselling is framed; the significant balanced position of the counsellor as both integrated and separate within the school community; and the key role of facilitators in enabling young people to access counselling, both practically and psychologically.
Effect of hole transporting layers on the performance of PCPDTBT : PCBM organic solar cells
Authors: Kettle J , Waters H , Horie M , Chang S-W 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
We study the performance of PCPDTBT : C71-PCBM organic photovoltaics (OPVs) for three hole transporting layers (HTL); PEDOT : PSS, nickel oxide (NiO) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). We show that devices fabricated with nickel oxide HTL demonstrate the highest power conversion efficiency and theoretical data using a transfer matrix model confirms that this is as a result of increased absorption in the active layer as well as a result of improved series resistance and improved matching of energy levels. Device degradation is studied and lifetime is highest for the NiO and MoO3 based devices, proving that OPVs with this material system are less sensitive to the environmental effects of water, oxygen and irradiance.
Elastic and vibrational properties of monoclinic HfO2 from
first-principles study
Authors: Wu Rui , Zhou Bo , Li Qian , Jiang ZhenYi , Wang WenBo , Ma WenYan , Zhang XiaoDong 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The elastic and vibrational properties of crystalline monoclinic HfO2 have been
investigated using density functional perturbation theory. Using the Voigt and Reuss theory, we
estimate the bulk, shear and Young's modulus for polycrystalline HfO2, which agree
very well with the available experimental and theoretical data. Additionally, we present a
systematic analysis of the elastic properties of HfO2 polymorphs and find the trends
in the elastic parameters for the HfO2 structures are consistent with those for the
ZrO2 structures. The choice of exchange-correlation functional has an important
effect on the results of elastic and vibrational properties. The utilization of
Hartwigzen–Goedecker–Hutter type functional is a great improvement on calculation
of the zone-centre phonon frequencies, and shows the root-mean-square absolute deviation of
7 cm−1 with experiments. A rigorous assignment of all the Raman modes is
achieved by combining symmetry analysis with the first-principles calculations, which helps us
to identify the main peak and some other features of Raman spectra. Furthermore, the Raman
spectrum of HfO2 powder has been simulated for the first time, providing a
theoretical benchmark for the interpretation of the unresolved problems in experimental
studies.
The effect of non-axisymmetric wall geometry on 13C transport in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Miettunen J. , Kurki-Suonio T. , Makkonen T. , Groth M. , Hakola A. , Hirvijoki E. , Krieger K. , Likonen J. , Äkäslompolo S. 
Published: March 2012

We present the first results of 3D simulations of global 13C transport in ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) indicating that the deposition profile of 13C exhibits toroidal asymmetry in the main chamber.
In 2007, the migration of carbon in AUG was studied with a methane (13CH4) injection experiment (A. Hakola et al and the ASDEX Upgrade Team 2010 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
52 065006). The total amount of deposited 13C was estimated by assuming toroidally symmetric deposition. Remarkably, the total number of deposited atoms was observed to be less than 10% of the number of injected atoms.
The experiment has been simulated with the 3D orbit-following Monte Carlo code ASCOT using both a realistic 3D wall geometry of AUG and a 3D magnetic field with toroidal ripple. The simulations indicate that the non-axisymmetric wall geometry causes notable toroidal asymmetry in the deposition profile in the outer (low-field side) midplane region which can provide a partial explanation for the missing carbon inferred from post-mortem analysis of 13C deposition.
WHIDE—a web tool for visual data mining colocation patterns in multivariate bioimages
Authors: Kölling Jan , Langenkämper Daniel , Abouna Sylvie , Khan Michael , Nattkemper Tim W. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Bioimaging techniques rapidly develop toward higher resolution and dimension. The increase in dimension is achieved by different techniques such as multitag fluorescence imaging, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption / Ionization (MALDI) imaging or Raman imaging, which record for each pixel an N-dimensional intensity array, representing local abundances of molecules, residues or interaction patterns. The analysis of such multivariate bioimages (MBIs) calls for new approaches to support users in the analysis of both feature domains: space (i.e. sample morphology) and molecular colocation or interaction. In this article, we present our approach WHIDE (Web-based Hyperbolic Image Data Explorer) that combines principles from computational learning, dimension reduction and visualization in a free web application.
Results: We applied WHIDE to a set of MBI recorded using the multitag fluorescence imaging Toponome Imaging System. The MBI show field of view in tissue sections from a colon cancer study and we compare tissue from normal/healthy colon with tissue classified as tumor. Our results show, that WHIDE efficiently reduces the complexity of the data by mapping each of the pixels to a cluster, referred to as Molecular Co-Expression Phenotypes and provides a structural basis for a sophisticated multimodal visualization, which combines topology preserving pseudocoloring with information visualization. The wide range of WHIDE's applicability is demonstrated with examples from toponome imaging, high content screens and MALDI imaging (shown in the Supplementary Material).
Availability and implementation: The WHIDE tool can be accessed via the BioIMAX website http://ani.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/BioIMAX/; Login: whidetestuser; Password: whidetest.
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Contact: tim.nattkemper@uni-bielefeld.de
Combining multiple approaches for gene microarray classification
Authors: Nanni Loris , Brahnam Sheryl , Lumini Alessandra 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Motivation: The microarray report measures the expressions of tens of thousands of genes, producing a feature vector that is high in dimensionality and that contains much irrelevant information. This dimensionality degrades classification performance. Moreover, datasets typically contain few samples for training, leading to the ‘curse of dimensionality’ problem. It is essential, therefore, to find good methods for reducing the size of the feature set.
Results: In this article, we propose a method for gene microarray classification that combines different feature reduction approaches for improving classification performance. Using a support vector machine (SVM) as our classifier, we examine an SVM trained using a set of selected genes; an SVM trained using the feature set obtained by Neighborhood Preserving Embedding feature transform; a set of SVMs trained using a set of orthogonal wavelet coefficients of different wavelet mothers; a set of SVMs trained using texture descriptors extracted from the microarray, considering it as an image; and an ensemble that combines the best feature extraction methods listed above. The positive results reported offer confirmation that combining different features extraction methods greatly enhances system performance. The experiments were performed using several different datasets, and our results [expressed as both accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve] show the goodness of the proposed approach with respect to the state of the art.
Availability: The MATHLAB code of the proposed approach is publicly available at bias.csr.unibo.it/nanni/micro.rar
Contact: loris.nanni@unipd.it
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Risk of second cancers after the diagnosis of non‐melanoma skin cancer in Korean patients
Authors: ROH Mi Ryung , SHIN Hyun Joon , LEE Soo Hyun , CHUNG Kee Yang 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIndividuals with a personal history of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are known to have an increased risk of subsequent cancers. However, most of the studies regarding this fact were done on Caucasian populations. We investigated whether Korean patients with NMSC have an increased risk of developing second cancers compared to the general Korean population. Five hundred and thirty‐two patients diagnosed with NMSC at the Department of Dermatology of Yonsei University Health System from 1999 to 2008 were assessed for development of second cancers. The overall second cancer incidence was increased among patients diagnosed with NMSC compared with the general population in Korea: 37 second cancer total (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–1.90); 23 second cancers in males (SIR 4.24, 95% CI 2.69–6.36); and 14 second cancers in females (SIR 2.28, 95% CI 1.25–3.83). There were significantly increased incidence ratios for NMSC (eight second cancers [SIR 9.52, 95% CI 4.11–18.77]), bladder cancer (four second cancers [SIR 4.21, 95% CI 1.15–10.78]) and nasopharyngeal cancer (one second cancer [SIR 20.00, 95% CI: 1.51–25.33]). Korean patients diagnosed with NMSC had more second cancers, particularly other skin cancers. This study provides additional evidence that NMSC may be a clinically significant and substantial risk factor for second cancers even in a Korean population, in which the incidence of NMSC is much lower than Caucasians.