bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational Analysis of Human Adenovirus Type 22 Provides Evidence for Recombination among Species D Human Adenoviruses in the Penton Base Gene
Authors: Robinson Christopher M. , Rajaiya Jaya , Walsh Michael P. , Seto Donald , Dyer David W. , Jones Morris S. , Chodosh James 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT
Recombination in human adenoviruses (HAdV) may confer virulence upon an otherwise nonvirulent strain. The genome sequence of species D HAdV type 22 (HAdV-D22) revealed evidence for recombination with HAdV-D19 and HAdV-D37 within the capsid penton base gene. Bootscan analysis demonstrated that recombination sites within the penton base gene frame the coding sequences for the two external hypervariable loops in the protein. A similar pattern of recombination was evident within other HAdV-D types but not other HAdV species. Further study of recombination among HAdVs is needed to better predict possible recombination events among wild-type viruses and adenoviral gene therapy vectors.
Characterization of the H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Derived from Wild Pikas in China
Authors: Zhou Jiyong , Sun Wenbo , Wang Junhua , Guo Junqing , Yin Wei , Wu Nanping , Li Lanjuan , Yan Yan , Liao Ming , Huang Yu , Luo Kaijian , Jiang Xuetao , Chen Hualan 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT
The highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus emerged from China in 1996 and has spread across Eurasia and Africa, with a continuous stream of new cases of human infection appearing since the first large-scale outbreak among migratory birds at Qinghai Lake. The role of wild birds, which are the natural reservoirs for the virus, in the epidemiology of the H5N1 virus has raised great public health concern, but their role in the spread of the virus within the natural ecosystem of free-ranging terrestrial wild mammals remains unclear. In this study, we investigated H5N1 virus infection in wild pikas in an attempt to trace the circulation of the virus. Seroepidemiological surveys confirmed a natural H5N1 virus infection of wild pikas in their native environment. The hemagglutination gene of the H5N1 virus isolated from pikas reveals two distinct evolutionary clades, a mixed/Vietnam H5N1 virus sublineage (MV-like pika virus) and a wild bird Qinghai (QH)-like H5N1 virus sublineage (QH-like pika virus). The amino acid residue (glutamic acid) at position 627 encoded by the PB2 gene of the MV-like pika virus was different from that of the QH-like pika virus; the residue of the MV-like pika virus was the same as that of the goose H5N1 virus (A/GS/Guangdong [GD]/1/96). Further, we discovered that in contrast to the MV-like pika virus, which is nonpathogenic to mice, the QH-like pika virus is highly pathogenic. To mimic the virus infection of pikas, we intranasally inoculated rabbits, a species closely related to pikas, with the H5N1 virus of pika origin. Our findings first demonstrate that wild pikas are mammalian hosts exposed to H5N1 subtype avian influenza viruses in the natural ecosystem and also imply a potential transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from wild mammals into domestic mammalian hosts and humans.
Arginine Methylation of the ICP27 RGG Box Regulates the Functional Interactions of ICP27 with SRPK1 and Aly/REF during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection
Authors: Souki Stuart K. , Sandri-Goldin Rozanne M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT
The herpes simplex virus 1 protein ICP27 is methylated on arginine residues within an RGG box, and arginine methylation regulates ICP27 export to the cytoplasm. Arginine methylation can regulate protein-protein interactions; therefore, we examined the effect of hypomethylation on ICP27's interactions with cellular proteins SRPK1 and Aly/REF, which bind to ICP27 through the RGG box region. During infections with viral mutants containing lysine substitutions or the methylation inhibitor adenosine dialdehyde, the interaction of ICP27 with SRPK1 and Aly/REF was decreased, as determined by coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization studies, indicating that ICP27 RGG box methylation regulates interaction with these proteins.
T-Cell Tolerance for Variability in an HLA Class I-Presented Influenza A Virus Epitope
Authors: Wahl Angela , McCoy William , Schafer Fredda , Bardet Wilfried , Buchli Rico , Fremont Daved H. , Hildebrand William H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTTo escape immune recognition, viruses acquire amino acid substitutions in class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-presented cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. Such viral escape mutations may (i) prevent peptide processing, (ii) diminish class I HLA binding, or (iii) alter T-cell recognition. Because residues 418 to 426 of the hypervariable influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP418-426) epitope are consistently bound by class I HLA and presented to CTL, we assessed the impact that intraepitope sequence variability has upon T-cell recognition. CTL elicited by intranasal influenza virus infection were tested for their cross-recognition of 20 natural NP418-426epitope variants. Six of the variant epitopes, of both H1N1 and H3N2 origin, were cross-recognized by CTL while the remaining NP418-426epitope variants escaped targeting. A pattern emerged whereby variability at position 5 (P5) within the epitope reduced T-cell recognition, changes at P4 or P6 enabled CTL escape, and a mutation at P8 enhanced T-cell recognition. These data demonstrate that substitutions at P4 and/or P6 facilitate influenza virus escape from T-cell recognition and provide a model for the number, nature, and location of viral mutations that influence T-cell cross-recognition.
The Efficacy of Antigen Processing Is Critical for Protection against Cytomegalovirus Disease in the Presence of Viral Immune Evasion Proteins
Authors: Holtappels Rafaela , Thomas Doris , Reddehase Matthias J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) code for immunoevasins, glycoproteins that are specifically dedicated to interfere with the presentation of antigenic peptides to CD8 T cells. Nonetheless, the biological outcome is not an immune evasion of the virus, since CD8 T cells can control CMV infection even when immunoevasins are expressed. Here, we compare the processing of a protective and a nonprotective epitope derived from the same viral protein, the antiapoptotic protein M45 in the murine model. The data provide evidence to conclude that protection against CMVs critically depends on antigenic peptides generated in an amount sufficient to exhaust the inhibitory capacity of immunoevasins.
Palmitoylation of the Influenza A Virus M2 Protein Is Not Required for Virus Replication In Vitro but Contributes to Virus Virulence
Authors: Grantham Michael L. , Wu Wai-Hong , Lalime Erin N. , Lorenzo Maria E. , Klein Sabra L. , Pekosz Andrew 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT
The influenza A virus M2 protein has important roles during virus entry and in the assembly of infectious virus particles. The cytoplasmic tail of the protein can be palmitoylated at a cysteine residue, but this residue is not conserved in a number of human influenza A virus isolates. Recombinant viruses encoding M2 proteins with a serine substituted for the cysteine at position 50 were generated in the A/WSN/33 (H1N1) and A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) genetic backgrounds. The recombinant viruses were not attenuated for replication in MDCK cells, Calu-3 cells, or in primary differentiated murine trachea epithelial cell cultures, indicating there was no significant contribution of M2 palmitoylation to virus replication in vitro. The A/WSN/33 M2C50S virus displayed a slightly reduced virulence after infection of mice, suggesting that there may be novel functions for M2 palmitoylation during in vivo infection.
Matrix Metalloprotease Inhibitors Restore Impaired NK Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection
Authors: Liu Qingquan , Sun Yongtao , Rihn Suzannah , Nolting Anne , Tsoukas Peter Nicholas , Jost Stephanie , Cohen Kristen , Walker Bruce , Alter Galit 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIncreasing evidence suggests that NK cells not only are critical in the initial host defense against pathogens but also may contribute to continued protection from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression. NK cell cytolysis can be induced directly through diverse receptor families or can be induced indirectly through Fc receptors by antibodies mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC has been implicated in both protection from simian immunodeficiency virus infection and slower progression of HIV-1 disease. ADCC activity declines with advancing infection, and yet the underlying mechanism for this dysfunction has not been defined, nor has it been determined whether the activity can be reconstituted. Here we demonstrate that NK cell-mediated ADCC is severely compromised in chronic HIV infection. The potency of ADCC function was directly correlated with baseline FcγRIIIa receptor (CD16) expression on NK cells. CD16 expression was negatively influenced by elevated expression of a group of enzymes, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), normally involved in tissue/receptor remodeling. Inhibition of MMPs resulted in increased CD16 expression and augmented ADCC activity in response to antibody-coated target cells. These data suggest that MMP inhibitors may improve NK cell-mediated ADCC, which may provide subjects with an opportunity to harness the cytolytic power of NK cells through naturally occurring nonneutralizing HIV-specific antibodies.
The role of emotions on pacing strategies and performance in middle and long duration sport events
Authors: Baron B , Moullan F , Deruelle F , Noakes T D 
Published: June 2009

Thepacing strategy may be defined as the process in which the total energy expenditure during exercise is regulated on a moment-to-moment basis in order to ensure that the exercise bout can be completed in a minimum time and without a catastrophic biological failure. Experienced athletes develop a stable template of the power outputs they are able to sustain for different durations of exercise, but it is not known how they originally develop this template or how that template changes with training and experience. While it is understood that the athlete's physiological state makes an important contribution to this process, there has been much less interest in the contribution that the athlete's emotional status makes.The aim of this review is to evaluate the literature of physiological, neurophysiological and perceptual responses during exercise in order to propose a complex model interpretation of this process which may be a critical factor determining success in middle- and long-duration sporting competitions.We describe unconscious/physiological and conscious/emotional mechanisms of control, the focus of which are to ensure that exercise terminates before catastrophic failure occurs in any bodily system.We suggest that training sessions teach the athlete to select optimal pacing strategies by associating a level of emotion with the ability to maintain that pace for exercise of different durations. That pacing strategy is then adopted in future events.Finally, we propose novel perspectives to maximise performance and to avoid overtraining by paying attention also to the emotional state in training process.
Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: the UEFA injury study
Authors: Ekstrand J , Hägglund M , Waldén M 
Published: June 2009

ObjectiveTo study the injury characteristics in professional football and to follow the variation of injury incidence during a match, during a season and over consecutive seasons.DesignProspective cohort study where teams were followed for seven consecutive seasons. Team medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time-loss injuries from 2001 to 2008.SettingEuropean professional men's football.ParticipantsThe first team squads of 23 teams selected by the Union of European Football Associations as belonging to the 50 best European teams.Main outcome measurementInjury incidence.Results4483 injuries occurred during 566 000 h of exposure, giving an injury incidence of 8.0 injuries/1000 h. The injury incidence during matches was higher than in training (27.5 vs 4.1, p<0.0001). A player sustained on average 2.0 injuries per season, and a team with typically 25 players can thus expect about 50 injuries each season. The single most common injury subtype was thigh strain, representing 17% of all injuries. Re-injuries constituted 12% of all injuries, and they caused longer absences than non re-injuries (24 vs 18 days, p<0.0001). The incidence of match injuries showed an increasing injury tendency over time in both the first and second halves (p<0.0001). Traumatic injuries and hamstring strains were more frequent during the competitive season, while overuse injuries were common during the preseason. Training and match injury incidences were stable over the period with no significant differences between seasons.ConclusionsThe training and match injury incidences were stable over seven seasons. The risk of injury increased with time in each half of matches.
Five-year prospective comparison study of topical glyceryl trinitrate treatment of chronic lateral epicondylosis at the elbow
Authors: McCallum Sebastian DA , Paoloni Justin A , Murrell George AC 
Published: June 2009

BackgroundTopical glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) treatment has previously demonstrated short-term efficacy in the treatment of lateral epicondylosis. No long-term follow-up has been performed.HypothesisBenefits from topical GTN persist 5 years after the cessation of therapy.Study designA prospective comparative study.MethodsA follow-up study of 58 patients treated with 6 months of topical GTN or placebo, combined with a tendon rehabilitation programme, was performed 5 years after discontinuation of therapy. Assessment included patient-rated pain scores, clinically assessed lateral epicondylar and proximal common extensor tendon tenderness, hand-held dynamometer measurement of resisted third finger metacarpophalangeal extension with a fully extended elbow (Maudsley's test) and wrist extensor tendon mean peak force using a modified chair pick-up test (the Orthopaedic Research Institute—tennis elbow testing system).ResultsPatients in both the GTN group and those in the placebo group had significant improvements in symptoms, clinical signs and provocative functional tests compared with baseline week 0 measures. GTN did not offer any additional clinical benefit over a standard tendon rehabilitation programme at 5 years.ConclusionWhile GTN appears to offer short-term benefits up to 6 months in the treatment of lateral epicondylosis, at 5 years there does not appear to be significant clinical benefits when compared with patients undertaking a standard tendon rehabilitation programme alone. This is in contrast to findings of continued benefits at long-term follow-up described in the literature for patients with Achilles tendinopathy treated with GTN.
Cancer incidence and mortality in a historical cohort of Australian pest control workers
Authors: MacFarlane E , Benke G , Del Monaco A , Sim M R 
Published: June 2009

Objectives:To determine the rates of mortality and incident cancer in a historical cohort of pest control operators.Methods:A retrospective cohort was assembled from former state government occupational health surveillance programmes. This cohort was linked to the Australian national registries of cancer and mortality and the results were compared with the general Australian population rates.Results:125 deaths and 89 incident cancers were found during the periods of observation (mortality 1983–2004 and cancer 1983–2002). Overall cancer incidence and mortality rates were not found to be significantly different from the general population. Among the specific causes of death, suicide (standardised mortality ratio; SMR 1.78; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.83) and unintentional falls (SMR 4.57; 95% CI 1.72 to 12.19) were significantly in excess, although the latter was based on only 4 deaths. Melanoma was the only specific incident cancer found significantly in excess (standardised incidence ratio 1.56; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.37).Conclusions:Pest control workers have overall mortality and cancer rates similar to the general population. Excess rates of incident melanoma and intentional self-poisoning mortality are of concern and warrant further investigation. Follow-up of this cohort as its members age, will provide more insight into these possible associations.
Palaeozoic Lachlan orogen, Australia; accretion and construction of continental crust in a marginal ocean setting: isotopic evidence from Cambrian metavolcanic rocks
Authors: Foster David A. , Gray David R. , Spaggiari Catherine , Kamenov George , Bierlein Frank P. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Lachlan orogen developed as a classic accretionary orogen in an oceanic setting between the palaeo-Pacific subduction zone and the Australian craton. Direct evidence for the composition and age of the lower crust and the basement to the thick Palaeozoic turbidite fan of the Lachlan orogen is limited. Exposures of Cambrian metavolcanic rocks and geophysical data suggest that most of the basement is the mafic oceanic crust along with possible small fragments of older continental crust. The trace element compositions of Cambrian metavolcanic rocks in the western and central Lachlan orogen are similar to those of volcanic rocks formed in modern back-arc and forearc settings. Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic data from these Cambrian rocks suggest a supra-subduction zone setting with little or no influence of continental crust other than subducted sediment.
Evolution from an oblique subduction back-arc mobile belt to a highly oblique collisional margin: the Cenozoic tectonic development of Thailand and eastern Myanmar
Authors: Morley C. K. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

Previous tectonic models (escape tectonics, topographic ooze) for SE Asia have considered that Himalayan–Tibetan processes were dominant and imposed on cool, rigid SE Asian crust. However, present-day geothermal gradients, metamorphic mineral assemblages, structural style and igneous intrusions all point to east Myanmar and Thailand having hot, ductile crust during Cenozoic–Recent times. North to NE subduction beneath SE Asia during the Mesozoic–Cenozoic resulted in development of hot, thickened crust in the Thailand–Myanmar region in a back-arc mobile belt setting. This setting changed during the Eocene–Recent to highly oblique collision as India coupled with the west Burma block. The characteristics of the orogenic belt include: (1) a hot and weak former back-arc area about 200–300 km wide (Shan Plateau) heavily intruded by I-type and S-type granites during the Mesozoic and Palaeogene; (2) high modern geothermal gradients (3–7 °C per 100 m) and heat fl ow (70–100 mW m
−2
; (3) widespread Eocene–Pliocene basaltic volcanism; (4) Late Cretaceous–earliest Cenozoic and Eocene–Oligocene high-temperature–low-pressure metamorphism; (5)
c
. 47–29 Ma peak metamorphism in the Mogok metamorphic belt followed by
c
. 30–23 Ma magmatism and exhumation of the belt between the Late Oligocene and early Miocene; (6) a broad zone of Eocene–Oligocene sinistral transpression in the Shan Plateau, later reactivated by Oligocene–Recent dextral transtension; (7) diachronous extensional collapse during the Cenozoic, involving both high-angle normal fault and low-angle normal fault (LANF) bounded basins; (8) progressive collapse of thickened, ductile crust from south (Eocene) to north (Late Oligocene) in the wake of India moving northwards; and (9) the present-day influence on the stress system by both the Himalayan orogenic belt and the Sumatra–Andaman subduction zone.
Arc-continent collisions, sediment recycling and the maintenance of the continental crust
Authors: Clift Peter D. , Schouten Hans , Vannucchi Paola 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

Subduction zones are both the source of most new continental crust and the locations where crustal material is returned to the upper mantle. Globally the total amount of continental crust and sediment subducted below forearcs currently lies close to 3.0 Armstrong Units (1 AU=1 km
3
a
−1
), of which 1.65 AU comprises subducted sediments and 1.33 AU tectonically eroded forearc crust, compared with an average of
c
. 0.4 AU lost during subduction of passive margins during Cenozoic continental collision. Margins may retreat in a wholesale, steady-state mode, or in a slower way involving the trenchward erosion of the forearc coupled with landward underplating, such as seen in the central and northern Andean margins. Tephra records of magmatism evolution from Central America indicate pulses of recycling through the roots of the arc. While this arc is in a state of long-term mass loss this is achieved in a discontinuous fashion via periods of slow tectonic erosion and even sediment accretion interrupted by catastrophic erosion events, probably caused by seamount subduction. Crustal losses into subduction zones must be balanced by arc magmatism and we estimate global average melt production rates to be 96 and 64 km
3
Ma
−1
km
−1
in oceanic and continental arc, respectively. Critical to maintaining the volume of the continental crust is the accretion of oceanic arcs to continental passive margins. Mass balancing across the Taiwan collision zones suggests that almost 90% of the colliding Luzon Arc crust is accreted to the margin of Asia in that region. Rates of exhumation and sediment recycling indicate that the complete accretion process spans only 6–8 Ma. Subduction of sediment in both erosive and inefficient accretionary margins provides a mechanism for returning continental crust to the upper mantle. Sea level governs rates of continental erosion and thus sediment delivery to trenches, which in turn controls crustal thicknesses over 10
7
–10
9
years. Tectonically thickened crust is reduced to normal values (35–38 km) over time scales of 100–200 Ma.