bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Un nouveau dispositif d'assainissement budgétaire en Europe
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Ried Stefan 
Published: May 2011

Résumé La situation actuelle de la Grèce illustre clairement que les règles du Pacte européen de stabilité et de croissance, PSC, n’ont été ni assez strictes, ni assez scrupuleusement respectées. Pour sortir de l’impasse budgétaire actuelle et de la crise qu’elle provoque, nous proposons un nouveau dispositif d’assainissement budgétaire en Europe. Le cœur du dispositif s’appuie sur un Pacte européen de consolidation (PEC), complétant le PSC avec cinq nouvelles caractéristiques. Les pays adhérents au Pacte devraient présenter un plan de retour à l’équilibre de leur budget, incluant les modalités concrètes de réduction des dépenses structurelles ; ils devraient mettre en place une loi prévoyant une augmentation automatique des impôts en cas d’écart à la trajectoire définie de leur solde budgétaire ; ils pourraient assurer auprès du PEC que chaque nouvelle émission de dette publique soit conforme au plan spécifié ; les primes d’assurance correspondraient à un certain pourcentage du montant émis ; le non respect de la loi d’augmentation automatique des impôts ou la sortie volontaire du pacte de consolidation impliquerait que les futures émissions de titres publics ne bénéficieraient pas de la garantie du PEC : soit le pays n’a plus besoin de garantie, soit il souhaite faire défaut. Dans ce dernier cas, le nouveau dispositif préciserait les modalités d’un défaut sur la dette publique.
Faut-il remettre en cause la politique familiale française ?
Authors: Sterdyniak Henri 
Published: May 2011

Résumé La politique familiale française réalise un arbitrage délicat entre trois objectifs : assurer un niveau de vie minimal à chaque enfant, assurer aux familles le même niveau de vie qu’aux personnes sans enfant, favoriser l’emploi féminin. Malgré ses réussites en termes de taux de fécondité et de taux d’emploi des femmes, la politique familiale française est souvent remise en cause : elle serait trop coûteuse, profiterait aux plus riches et nuirait au travail des femmes. L’article montre que ces critiques ne sont pas pertinentes. Le quotient conjugal et le quotient familial sont des composantes nécessaires de l’impôt progressif. Cibler les prestations sur les plus pauvres affaiblirait la cohérence de la politique familiale. La politique familiale transfère des masses relativement importantes aux familles ; la prise en charge du coût des enfants est totale pour les familles à bas revenus et diminue quand le revenu augmente. Une grande réforme, qui remplacerait l’ensemble des prestations familiales et des dispositifs fiscaux, par une allocation uniforme par enfant affaiblirait la politique familiale, éloignerait de la parité familiale et nuirait aux familles nombreux.
Verdissement de la fiscalité
Authors: Chiroleu-Assouline Mireille , Fodha Mouez 
Published: May 2011

Résumé La littérature sur le double dividende étudie la poursuite simultanée de deux objectifs – l’amélioration de la qualité de l’environnement par l’instauration ou l’augmentation d’une taxe environnementale (premier dividende) et l’augmentation du bien-être social grâce à la diminution des distorsions provoquées par le reste du système fiscal (second dividende). Nous proposons d’aller au-delà des résultats usuels de la littérature, où le second dividende ne peut être atteint qu’au détriment d’un groupe d’agents qui doit supporter la charge de la taxe, en étudiant les conditions à réunir afin de concilier le double dividende avec des critères d’équité. La réforme doit donc atteindre trois objectifs : la qualité de l’environnement, l’efficacité économique ( i.e. le gain macroéconomique) et la Pareto amélioration. Cet objectif triple nécessite donc trois instruments : la taxe environnementale, la taxe sur les salaires et l’indice de progressivité fiscale. Nous montrons que les propriétés redistributives de la fiscalité sur les salaires sont un outil de correction des distorsions sociales induites par la politique environnementale. Nous proposons ainsi de recycler les recettes de la fiscalité carbone par une baisse non linéaire de l’impôt sur le revenu qui combine une réduction du taux d’imposition de la première tranche de l’impôt sur le revenu (ce qui bénéficie à tous les agents) et une hausse du taux des tranches supérieures (dont le coût sera supporté par les hauts revenus). Ce dernier mécanisme permet de compenser le caractère régressif de la fiscalité carbone.
La gouvernance régionale du transport ferroviaire de voyageurs en France : une approche par la méthode des comptes de surplus
Authors: Desmaris Christian 
Published: May 2011

Il y a dix ans, la loi SRU a ouvert une réforme ambivalente du système ferroviaire de transport de voyageurs en France. Elle préserve le monopole d’exploitation de l’opérateur historique, mais confie aux Régions la responsabilité d’autorité organisatrice. La théorie économique suggère que le monopole conduit à une capture de rente. Par la méthode des comptes de surplus, que nous déployons sur le compte de facturation SNCF-TER, nous montrons qu’en cette phase initiale, RFF est le principal bénéficiaire du surplus total disponible, loin devant les voyageurs tendanciellement bénéficiaires de la régionalisation ferroviaire. L’effet sur les collectivités publiques est plus équivoque. Si les Régions ont su maîtriser la frontière de prix de la subvention d’exploitation, hors péages, elles ont dû céder d’importants avantages au titre de la modernisation du matériel roulant. Une approche plus fine montre combien chaque Région constitue un « modèle économique du TER » particulier régi par un mode de gouvernance spécifique.
An Evolutionarily Conserved TNF-α–Responsive Enhancer in the Far Upstream Region of Human CCL2 Locus Influences Its Gene Expression
Authors: Bonello Grégory B. , Pham Minh-Hieu , Begum Kazi , Sigala Jose , Sataranatarajan Kavithalakshmi , Mummidi Srinivas 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Comparative cross-species genomic analysis has served as a powerful tool to discover novel noncoding regulatory regions that influence gene expression in several cytokine loci. In this study, we have identified several evolutionarily conserved regions (ECRs) that are shared between human, rhesus monkey, dog, and horse and that are upstream of the promoter regions that have been previously shown to play a role in regulating CCL2 gene expression. Of these, an ECR that was ∼16.5 kb (−16.5 ECR) upstream of its coding sequence contained a highly conserved NF-κB site. The region encompassing the −16.5 ECR conferred TNF-α responsiveness to homologous and heterologous promoters. In vivo footprinting demonstrated that specific nucleotide residues in the –16.5 ECR were protected or became hypersensitive after TNF-α treatment. The footprinted regions were found to bind NF-κB subunits in vitro and in vivo. Mutation/deletion of the conserved NF-κB binding site in the −16.5 ECR led to loss of TNF-α responsiveness. After TNF-α stimulation, the –16.5 ECR showed increased sensitivity to nuclease digestion and loss of histone signatures that are characteristic of a repressive chromatin. Chromosome conformation capture assays indicated that –16.5 ECR physically interacts with the CCL2 proximal promoter after TNF-α stimulation. Taken together, these results suggest that the −16.5 ECR may play a critical role in the regulation of CCL2.
IL-32γ Induces the Maturation of Dendritic Cells with Th1- and Th17-Polarizing Ability through Enhanced IL-12 and IL-6 Production
Authors: Jung Mi Young , Son Mi Hye , Kim Soo Hyun , Cho Daeho , Kim Tae Sung 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
IL-32, a newly described multifunctional cytokine, has been associated with a variety of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, and Crohn’s disease. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of IL-32γ on bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DC)-driven Th responses and analyzed the underlying signaling events. IL-32γ–treated DCs exhibited upregulated expression of cell-surface molecules and proinflammatory cytokines associated with DC maturation and activation. In particular, IL-32γ treatment significantly increased production of IL-12 and IL-6 in DCs, which are known as Th1- and Th17-polarizing cytokines, respectively. This increased production was inhibited by the addition of specific inhibitors of the activities of phospholipase C (PLC), JNK, and NF-κB. IL-32γ treatment increased the phosphorylation of JNK and the degradation of both IκBα and IκBβ in DCs, as well as NF-κB binding activity to the κB site. The PLC inhibitor suppressed NF-κB DNA binding activity and JNK phosphorylation increased by IL-32γ treatment, thereby indicating that IL-32γ induced IL-12 and IL-6 production in DCs via a PLC/JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Importantly, IL-32γ–stimulated DCs significantly induced both Th1 and Th17 responses when cocultured with CD4+ T cells. The addition of a neutralizing anti–IL-12 mAb abolished the secretion of IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner; additionally, the blockage of IL-1β and IL-6, but not of IL-21 or IL-23p19, profoundly inhibited IL-32γ–induced IL-17 production. These results demonstrated that IL-32γ could effectively induce the maturation and activation of immature DCs, leading to enhanced Th1 and Th17 responses as the result of increased IL-12 and IL-6 production in DCs.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Is an Important Regulator of Cutaneous Immunity: Effect on Dendritic Cell and T Cell Functions
Authors: Mikami Norihisa , Matsushita Hiroaki , Kato Tetsuya , Kawasaki Rumi , Sawazaki Taichi , Kishimoto Taeko , Ogitani Yusuke , Watanabe Keiko , Miyagi Yayoi , Sueda Kaori , Fukada So-ichiro , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Tsujikawa Kazutake 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Some cutaneous inflammations are induced by percutaneous exposure to foreign Ags, and many chemical mediators regulate this inflammation process. One of these mediators, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is a neuropeptide released from nerve endings in the skin. CGRP binds to its receptors composed of receptor activity-modifying protein 1 and calcitonin receptor-like receptor to modulate immune cell function. We show that CGRP regulates skin inflammation under physiological conditions, using contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models of receptor activity-modifying protein 1–deficient mice. CGRP has different functions in CHS responses mediated by Th1 or Th2 cells; it inhibits Th1-type CHS, such as 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene–induced CHS, but promotes Th2-type CHS, such as FITC-induced CHS. CGRP inhibits the migration of Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells to the lymph nodes in 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene–induced CHS, and upregulates IL-4 production of T cells in the draining lymph nodes in FITC-CHS. These findings suggest that CGRP regulates several types of CHS reactions under physiological conditions and plays an important role in cutaneous immunity.
Significance of Histopathology in Leprosy Patients with 1–5 Skin Lesions with Relevance to Therapy
Authors: Veena S , Kumar Prakash , P. Shashikala , H. Gurubasavaraj , Chandrasekhar H R ,   Murugesh
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Background: Patients with 1-5 skin lesions are clinically categorized as paucibacillary for treatment purposes. For betterment and adequate treatment of patients, this grouping needs further study.
Aim: To study a group of leprosy patients with 1-5 skin lesions, compare clinical details with histopathological findings and bacteriological status of the skin to evaluate the relevance of this grouping.
Materials and Methods: Two-year study involving 31 patients of leprosy with 1-5 skin lesions was included in this study. A number of skin lesions were recorded. Skin biopsies were taken in all patients. The biopsies were evaluated for the type of pathology and acid fast bacilli (AFB) status.
Results: Of 31 patients, 19 (61.2%) had single skin lesion, 7 (22.5%) had two lesions, 4 (12.9%) had three lesions, and only one (3.22%) had four lesions, there were no patients with five lesions. Of the 31 patients, 30 (96.7%) were clinically diagnosed as borderline tuberculoid and one patient (3.22%) has tuberculoid leprosy. Skin smears were negative for AFB in all patients. The histological diagnoses were: TT 1 (3.22%), BT 24 (77.41%), and IL 6 (19.2%). AFB were found in 2 (6.45%) out of 31 skin biopsies. Clinicopathological correlation was 76.6% in the BT group.
Conclusion: Tissue biopsy findings in 1-5 skin lesions which were not considered relevant for treatment purposes until now should be given a status in the categorization and assessment of severity of the disease. The significance of finding of AFB and histopathology of multibacillary (MB) type of leprosy in tissue biopsies, in patients grouped as PB should be resolved so that patients could be given the drug therapy and duration of therapy they warrant.
An Association Between Hypoplastic Myelodysplastic Syndrome
and T-Prolymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: A. Arathi C , R. Puttaraj K , N. Shobha S 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) represents one of the most challenging health-related problems in the elderly, characterized by dysplastic morphology in the bone marrow in association with ineffective hematopoiesis. Hypoplastic MDS (h-MDS) accounts for 12-17% of all patients with MDS and has yet to be shown to alter the disease course or prognosis. The concept that T-cell-mediated autoimmunity contributes to bone marrow failure in MDS has been widely accepted due to hematologic improvement after immunosuppressive therapy. T-cell expansion is known to occur in these patients, but development of chronic T-cell disorders, especially T-prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) in a hypocellular MDS is extremely rare, which has an aggressive course. The possible explanation for the association between the two disorders is that T-PLL might arise from a clonally arranged MDS stem cell. We report a unique case of h-MDS with non-progressive pancytopenia and severe hypocellular marrow for 2 years, followed by T-PLL within few months.
Epignathus with Fetiform Features
Authors: Y. Kumar Sunil , U. Shrikrishna , Shetty Jayaprakash , Sitaram Aishwarya 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTEpignathus is an extremely rare oropharyngeal teratoma that commonly arises from the palate, leading to a high mortality (80-100%) due to airway obstruction in the neonatal period. We present a case of epignathus immature teratoma with fetiform features, originating from basisphenoid in a 28-week preterm male baby, who succumbed to death immediately after birth. Since epignathus is a life-threatening condition at the time of delivery, a prenatal diagnosis is essential to coordinate the treatment and appropriate management by securing the airway, either by endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy followed by complete resection of the tumor.
Retromastoid-sub occipital: A novel approach to cerebello pontine angle in acoustic neuroma surgery-our experience in 21 cases
Authors: Naya PK , Kumar RVS 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Background: Acoustic neuroma surgery poses significant challenges regarding definite management and preservation of hearing and the facial nerve are of great concern. Aim: To analyze the efficacy of the retromastoid approach in acoustic neuroma surgery. Materials and Methods: Tumors operated between January 2002 and December 2008, by the authors, using the retromastoid approach, were analyzed. Twenty-one patients who presented with acoustic tumor were considered for this study. Discussion: Precise knowledge of the neuroanatomy in the cerebellopontine angle is the key to success and microsurgical technique is the sole factor for good outcome. Conclusion: Retromastoid, in fact is the approach to the skull base with minimal or no damage to neurovascular structures, in contrast to the translabyrinthine or presigmoid approach.
Quality of life in patients with epilepsy in India
Authors: Shetty Pushparaja H , Punith K , Naik Ravishankar K , Saroja AO 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Background: People with epilepsy have impairment in their quality of life (QOL) due to effect of epilepsy on various aspects of their life and the medication effects. Systematic studies on QOL in epilepsy from developing countries are sparse. Objectives: To assess the QOL in people with epilepsy and to evaluate various factors affecting the QOL in them. Materials and Methods: People with generalized and partial epilepsy on medication aged more than 18 years were included in the study. The QOL was assessed with QOLIE-89 instrument. Statistical significance was evaluated by the use of Chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Sixty people with epilepsy were studied among whom the older patients had lower overall QOL scores compared to younger patients. Female patients had lower scores compared to males. Married people had lower quality of health score. Patients with simple partial seizures had lowest overall QOL mean score. There was reduction in the overall QOLIE scores with increasing duration of the epilepsy. Patients who had their last seizure within 10 months prior to evaluation had lower mean overall scores. Conclusion: QOL was impaired in people with epilepsy with increased impairment in women, older patients, simple partial seizures, and those with recent seizure.
Tuberculous lumbar arachnoiditis mimicking conus cauda tumor: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Konar Subhas K , Narasinga Rao KVL , Mahadevan Anita , Devi B Indira 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTTuberculous spinal arachnoiditis involving cauda equina is rare. A patient with lumbar tuberculous arachnoiditis in the absence of both vertebral and meningeal tuberculosis, which was mimicking spinal intradural extramedullary tumor is described here. Diagnosis was made based on intraoperative fi ndings and was confi rmed by histopathology. Surgical decompression along with a combination of steroid and antitubercular therapy resulted in a good outcome. At 3 months follow-up, the patient regained bladder control and was able to walk with support. Clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging, and intraoperative fi ndings are described. Pathology and the relevant literature are discussed. Based on the patient’s clinical and radiologic fi ndings, it was believed that the patient had a conus cauda tumor and was operated on. Histologic examination of the mass revealed tuberculoma. Surgical decompression followed by antituberculosis medication resulted in good outcome. Hence tuberculous arachnoiditis should be considered in diff erential diagnosis of conus cauda tumors.
Effect of plant extracts on Alzheimer’s disease: An insight into therapeutic avenues
Authors: Obulesu M , Rao Dowlathabad Muralidhara 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastative neurodegenerative disorder which needs adequate studies on effective treatment options. The extracts of plants and their effect on the amelioration of AD symptoms have been extensively studied. This paper summarizes the mechanisms like acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, modifi cation of monoamines, antiamyloid aggregation effect, and antioxidant activity which are actively entailed in the process of amelioration of AD symptoms. These effects are induced by extracts of a few plants of different origin like Yizhi Jiannao, Moringaoleifera (Drumstick tree), Ginkgo Biloba (Ginkgo/Maidenhair tree), Cassia obtisufolia (Sicklepod), Desmodium gangeticum (Sal Leaved Desmodium), Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm), and Salvia officinalis (Garden sage, common sage).
Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy: An important cause of cerebral hemorrhage in the elderly
Authors: Bano Shahina , Yadav Sachchida Nand , Garga Umesh Chandra , Chaudhary Vikas 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTCerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is an important cause of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH) in the elderly. Although there are no pathognomic clinical features of CAA-related PICH, the association of white matter changes with lobar, recurrent, or multiple simultaneous hemorrhages in older patients should raise the suspicion of its diagnosis. A defi nitive diagnosis of CAA requires pathologic examination of the aff ected tissue. However, with modern imaging techniques, it is possible to diagnose the “probable CAA” in patients presenting with PICH. Gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging is a very sensitive, noninvasive technique for identifying microhemorrhages in life. The diagnosis of CAA is important because of the likely implication it has on future management targeted to reduce risk of future bleeding.
A case of a massive mandibular schwannoma
Authors: Shetty Shishir Ram , Rao Prasanna Kumar , Chatra Laxmikanth , Shenai Prashanth 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTSchwannoma, a benign nerve sheath tumor is relatively rare in occurrence and even rarer in sites, such as jaw bones. There are only 45 reported cases of intraosseous schwannoma of the jaws reported in the literature. We report a rare case of mandibular schwannoma in a 50-year-old Indian male. The clinical features resembled that of a residual cyst, fibroosseous lesion or an odontogenic tumor/cyst. Radiological differential diagnoses of ameloblastoma or odontogenic keratocyst was made based on the findings of the orthopantomogram. The lesion was examined histopathologically and a final diagnosis of schwannoma arising from the inferior alveolar nerve was made. The aim of this report is to add information to the existing sparse literature on intraosseous schwannomas of the jaw.
Painful tic convulsif syndrome due to vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia
Authors: Mittal Puneet , Mittal Gaurav 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTCombined clinical presentation of hemifacial spasm and ipsilateral trigeminal neuralgia is also known as painful tic convulsif (PTC). It is a rare condition and the most common cause is vascular compression. Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD) is characterized by dilated and tortuous vertebral and basilar arteries. VBD is an uncommon and rarely reported cause of PTC. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), due to its inherent excellent contrast resolution, is an excellent modality for demonstrating the nerve compression by dilated and tortuous vessels seen in this condition. For this purpose, 3D MRI sequences are especially useful like constructive interference in steady state (CISS) and MR angiography. Both of these have been reported to be helpful in the diagnosis of this condition. We report a case of PTC in which we were able to document facial and trigeminal nerve compression by VBD on MRI, using CISS and time-of-fl ight MR angiography.
Musculocutaneous nerve substituting for the distal part of radial nerve: A case report and its embryological basis
Authors: Yogesh AS , Marathe RR , Pandit SV 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTIn the present case, we have reported a unilateral variation of the radial and musculocutaneous nerves on the left side in a 64-year-old male cadaver. The radial nerve supplied all the heads of the triceps brachii muscle and gave cutaneous branches such as lower lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm and posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm. The radial nerve ended without continuing further. The musculocutaneous nerve supplied the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscles. The musculocutaneous nerve divided terminally into two branches, superfi cial and deep. The deep branch of musculocutaneous nerve corresponded to usual deep branch of the radial nerve while the superfi cial branch of musculocutaneous nerve corresponded to usual superfi cial branch of the radial nerve. The dissection was continued to expose the entire brachial plexus from its origin and it was found to be normal. The structures on the right upper limb were found to be normal. Surgeons should keep such variations in mind while performing the surgeries of the upper limb.
The Continuous Dependence on the Nonlinearities of Solutions of Fast Diffusion Equations
Authors: Pan Jiaqing 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the Cauchy problemWe will prove that(i) for mc < m,m0 < 1, |u(x, t, m)–u(x, t, m0)| → 0 as m → m0 uniformly on every compact subset of ℝN × ℝ+, where ;(ii) there is a C* that explicitly depends on m such that