bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dementia care in Poland
Authors: Leszek J. 
Published: March 2009

Poland one of the central European countries has a population of about 40 milion, 7,4% of whom aged 60 and over.The number of elderly in Poland is expected to rise dramatically to 16% by 2020. The health status of Poland’s middle aged and elderly population is not satisfactory; there is high mortality from cardiovascular diseases and malignancies. Poor health status results in higher consumption of health care especially by the elderly. For all mentally ill people there are about 2000 psychiatrists in university psychiatric clinic, psychiatrics departments and in ambulatory practice. A very small number of of psychiatrics(from general number 2000) are qualified in gerontopsychiatry in Poland. Among growing number of elderly patients are persons with dementia, incl. dementia Alzheimer’s type (about 250 000 patients). For their disposal are 4 psychogeriatry wards with small number of beds (average 15 for one ward). Memory clinic, aimed at elderly diagnosis, therapy and rehabilitation for patients with dementia are planned. First centre of this kind(with programme of training in psychogeriatry) for Alzheimer patients was opened in 2007 yr in Scinawa, near Wroclaw (Lower Silesia Province). Important role in caring of dementia patients is playing by families and self-service organization of families. The first organization of this kind was founded in Lower Silesia in 1991 (Wroclaw) as The Lower Silesia Alzheimer Association Family Support.Dementia care in Poland as not satisfactory up to know, is currently under discussion and a new concept of caring will be prepared.
Education on Old Age Psychiatry at Europe: Facts and Proposals
Authors: Firmino H. , Fernandes L. 
Published: March 2009

Old Age Psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry and forms part of the multidisciplinary delivery of mental health care to older people.The specialty of psychiatry of the elderly requires a grounding in general psychiatry and in general medicine as well as training in the specific aspects of both psychiatric and medical conditions as they occur in older people. Psychiatry of the elderly should be taught in the variety of settings in which it is practised.Training in mental health care of older people should be offered at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and also during continuing professional development.It is important to recognise that in some countries, resources, especially in terms of mental health professionals, are very limited. In these countries it will be necessary to establish sensible priorities for mental health problems of the elderly.In this presentation we goes to consider some ideas to develop educational training at European Countries.
Sexuality and Homosexuality in Old Age
Authors: Krebs-Roubicek E. 
Published: March 2009

The nature and frequency of sexual activity among the elderly are unknown. The elderly often view sexuality as an expression of passion, affection, admiration and loyalty; a renewall of romance. Sexual activity is a means for the elderly to affirm physical functioning, to maintain a strong sense of identity and to establish self-confidence.However, not all elderly persons have positive attitudes towards sexuality. Even healthy elderly persons may internalize the stereotypes towards aging. The elderly will be viewed as:•Asexual invalids;•Dirty old men;•Lecherous old women.Negative attitude about masturbation and homosexuality can interfere with sexual expression. Many elderly homosexual persons have not publicly revealed their sexual preference. They may experience additional stress due to a perceived need to hide their sexual orientation.
Ageing-ethical Issues and Stigma
Authors: Tataru N. , Dicker A. 
Published: March 2009

During the twentieth century, many behavioural and biological theories of aging have been advanced that ageing is a multidimensional phenomenon. Ageing is a progressive decline in function and performance, which accompanies advancing years. Cicero noticed that the old people preserved their intellects if they maintained their interests.To the social, economical and medical problems that old age arises to the society, one may add the continue increase of old people proportion in the general population. The ageing of population is becoming a reality in developed and in less developed countries too. We talk about a conceptual definition of normal ageing and also about successful and morbid ageing. Normal ageing is an ageing process without any clinical somatic or mental disorder and a morbid ageing is characterized by a process presenting clinical disorders which affects the somatic and mental health, the successful ageing being an ageing process in a favourable environmental conditions to promote individual development. We can consider not only the presence/absence of a disorder but also its impact in someone's life. The functioning capacity loss could be considered as a marker of the presence of a clinical disorder.Stigma remains a major obstacle to ensuring access to good care for elderly with mental disorders, these patients suffers of a double jeopardy (old age and mental disorders). Both stigma and discrimination against these old persons depend on the type of mental disorder and we have to protect them against discrimination and improve their quality of life.
Successful Ageing for those with Major Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Yang Y.-J. 
Published: March 2009

So far, successful ageing is usually a dream or presumed as an unreachable goal for those people with major psychotic disorders, especially the schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. Thanks to the improvement of general health, better treatment, and decreased discriminations, there are more and more people with major psychotic disorders live into later age. Due to the persistent and active psychotic symptoms, the impaired cognitive performance and malfunctioned supportive system, most of our patients appeared less prepared for their later life. Unfortunately, how and what will they live through the jeopardy has been neglected and under discussed as there are few literatures in this topic.The author will search the articles and theses relevant to this issue from the literature through evidence-based approaches and discuss it in three major parts. The first part of the presentation will be the review of the past condition and the facts of current situation of the people with major psychotic disorder in later life. Epidemiological study profiles with the frame of traditional biopsycho-social construct will be reported. The second part will be the possible ways these people may adopt to achieve successful aging with their efforts in a self-management model. In the third part, the author will propose possible and feasible programs that promote active living for the people with major psychotic disorders, aiming at the goal of successful ageing.In conclusion, the author hopes that this presentation could become the morning bells and arouse the attention in this field.
Distinct Effects of D9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Neural Activation During Emotional Processing
Authors: Fusar-Poli P. 
Published: March 2009

Aims:Cannabis use can both increase and reduce anxiety in humans. The neurophysiological substrates of these effects are unknown.Method:Fifteen healthy English-native right-handed men were studied on three separate occasions using an event-related fMRI paradigm while viewing faces that implicitly elicited different levels of anxiety. Each scanning session was preceded by the ingestion of either 10mg of D-9-THC, 600mg of CBD, or a placebo, in a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled design. Electrodermal activity (Skin Conductance Response, SCR) and objective and subjective ratings of anxiety were recorded durign the scanning.Results:D-9THC increased anxiety, as well as levels of intoxication, sedation and psychotic symptoms, whereas there was a trend for a reduction in anxiety following administration of CBD. The number of SCR fluctuations during the processing of intensely fearful faces increased following administration of D-9THC but decreased following administration of CBD. CBD attenuated the BOLD signal in the amygdala and the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex while subjects were processing intensely fearful faces, and its suppression of the amygdalar and posterior cingulate responses was correlated with the concurrent reduction in SCR fluctuations. D-9-THC mainly modulated activation in frontal and parietal areas.Conclusions:D-9-THC and CBD had clearly distinct effects on the neural, eclectrodermal and symptomatic response to fearful faces. The effects of CBD on activation in limbic and paralimbic regions may contribute to its ability to reduce autonomic arousal and subjective anxiety, whereas the anxiogenic effects of D-9-THC may be related to effects in other brain regions.
Antipsychotic Effects of Cannabidiol
Authors: Leweke F.M. , Koethe D. , Pahlisch F. , Schreiber D. , Gerth C.W. , Nolden B.M. , Klosterkötter J. , Hellmich M. , Piomelli D. 
Published: March 2009

Background:In contrast to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol does not exert psychotomimetic effects. Cannabidiol was suggested a re-uptake inhibitor of anandamide and potential antipsychotic properties have been hypothesized for it. We therefore performed a clinical trial to investigate thesis hypothesis and to clarify the underlying link to the neurobiology of schizophrenia.Methods:We performed an explorative, 4-week, double-blind, controlled clinical trial on the effects of purified cannabidiol in acute schizophrenia compared to the antipsychotic amisulpride. The antipsychotic properties of both drugs were the primary target of the study. Furthermore, side-effects and anxiolytic capabilities of both treatments were investigated.Results:42 patients fulfilling DSM-IV criteria of acute paranoid schizophrenia participated in the study. Both treatments were associated with a significant decrease of psychotic symptoms after 2 and 4 weeks as assessed by BPRS and PANSS. However, there was no statistical difference between both treatment groups. In contrast, cannabidiol induced significantly less side effects (EPS, increase in prolactin, weight gain) when compared to amisulpride.Conclusions:Cannabidiol revealed substantial antipsychotic properties in acute schizophrenia. This is in line with our suggestion of an adaptive role of the endocannabinoid system in paranoid schizophrenia, and raises further evidence that this adaptive mechanism may represent a valuable target for antipsychotic treatment strategies.The Stanley Medical Research Institute (00-093 to FML) and the Koeln Fortune Program (107/2000 + 101/2001 to FML) funded this study.
Neurofunctional Effects of Cannabis on Response Inhibition
Authors: Borgwardt S. , Allen P. , Bhattacharyya S. , Fusar-Poli P. , Crippa J.A. , Seal M.L. , Fraccaro V. , Atakan Z. , Martin-Santos R. , O'Carroll C. , Rubia K. , McGuire P.K. 
Published: March 2009

Background:This study examined the effect of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on brain activation during a motor inhibition task.Methods:Functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural measures were recorded while 15 healthy volunteers performed a Go/No-Go task following administration of either THC or CBD or placebo in a double-blind, pseudo-randomized, placebo-controlled repeated measures within-subject design.Results:Relative to placebo, THC attenuated activation in the right inferior frontal and the anterior cingulate gyrus. In contrast, CBD deactivated the left temporal cortex and insula. These effects were not related to changes in anxiety, intoxication, sedation, and psychotic symptoms.Conclusions:These data suggest that THC attenuates the engagement of brain regions that mediate response inhibition. CBD modulated function in regions not usually implicated in response inhibition.
Disability in Schizophrenic Disorders
Authors: Wancata J. , Freidl M. , Friedrich F. , Matschnig T. , Unger A. , Stockinger A. , Dantendorfer K. 
Published: March 2009

Aims:The purpose of this study was to investigate disability among patients suffering from schizophrenia and to identify predictors of disability.Methods:101 patients from different types of psychiatric services in Vienna and diagnosed with schizophrenia according to ICD-10 were included. They were investigates by means of 36-Item self-administered version of the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHO-DAS-II) and the PANSS-scale. Patients’ mothers and fathers were asked to fill in the Family Problem Questionnaire.Results:The mean total score of the WHO-DAS-II was 74.1 (SD 21.9). When using weighted sub-scores the highest disability scores were found for social contacts, participation in society and household (means 2.58, 2.57 and 2.51 respectively). Using logistic regression, overall disability was positively associated with patient's age, overall severity of symptoms (PANSS) and number of previous hospital admissions. Overall disability was not associated with duration of illness and or patient's gender. The subjective burden experienced by patients’ fathers and mothers were increased by reduced social contacts and impaired participation in society, while we could not find an association with other domains of patient's disability (understanding, mobility, self-care, household).Conclusions:This study shows that schizophrenia results in disability in several domains. Family caregivers’ burden was predominantly increased by social consequences of schizophrenia.
Disorders of Functioning in Neurotic Disorders
Authors: Linden M. 
Published: March 2009

Background:The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, ICF, discriminates between functions, activities/capacities, context factors and participation. There is only limited information on disorders of capacity in neurotic disorders.Method:213 inpatients of a department of behavioral and psychosomatic medicine (70% women, median age 45 years) were rated with the “Mini-ICF-Rating for Pychological Disorders, Mini-ICF-P”. This instrument assesses thirteen dimensions of capacity, derived fom the ICF, which can be impaired by mental disorders. Rating varies between 0 (no problem) to 4 (can not fullfill respective requirements at all).61% of patients suffered from disorders from section F4 (neurotic, adjustment and somatoform disorders) of the ICD-10 (WHO, 1991), 29% from F3 (affective disorders) and 10% from F6 (personality disorders).Results:41% were on sick leave before admission. The average global score of the Mini-ICF-P was 0,84 (SD = 0,56), corresponding to “mild disability”. Highest disability was found for “flexibility” (M = 1,64, SD = 0,94), and lowest for “self maintenance” (M = 0,19, SD = 0,44) and “mobility” (M = 0,43, SD = 0,85). The Mini-ICF-P-score and profile was correlated with rate and duration of sick leave, but also type of disorder (e.g. depression vs. phobias), and course of treatment.Conclusion:Comparatively minor disorders of capacity are associated with high rates of sick leave, i.e. disorders of participation. Not only restoration of functons but also of capacities should be targets of treatment.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health from the Few Point of Social Psychiatry
Authors: Rössler W. 
Published: March 2009

Social psychiatry has always suffered from an inappropriate diagnostic classification system. Social psychiatry is directed toward the integration of disabled persons into their family, profession and society in general. As such the exclusive assessment of symptoms is only of minor value for the objectives of social psychiatric approaches. It lies in the core of social psychiatry to assess patients’ problems with functioning. This has already been possible by using the International Classification of Impairment Disability and Handicap (ICIDH) which primarily focused on the deficits of affected persons. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health now allows to classify not only deficits of affected persons but also their resources. Disability is always defined as an interaction of deficits in functioning on one side and the environment on the other side. This is a much more dynamic approach to rehabilitation than previously conceptualized.A good example for a modern view on the deficits and resources of affected persons is their occupational functioning. Only lately professionals almost without exception agreed on the fact that it is impossible to reintegrate or rehabilitate affected persons in the first labour market. For that reasons disabled persons were excluded from the labour market and trained and employed mainly in sheltered workshops. Today using a more interactive approach to occupational rehabilitation, professionals are much more optimistic to integrate disabled persons in the first labour market. This development in occupational rehabilitation will be described shortly and related to the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health.
New Developments in Diagnosis and Therapy of Depression in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Lederbogen F. 
Published: March 2009

Introduction:Repeatedly, it has been demonstrated that depression increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders; vice versa, in subjects with pre-existing heart disease, comorbid depression was found to predict an unfavourable cardiovascular prognosis. However, several studies failed to observe that treatment of depression positively influences cardiac risk. Therefore, focus of research has shifted to identification of subjects, who would benefit from antidepressant therapy that is tailored to their individual needs.Method:Search of literature databases, focusing latest goals and advances in diagnosis and therapy of depression in subjects with cardiovascular disease.Results and discussion:Screening cardiac patients for depression seems to result in a different population of depressed patients, as compared with most trials testing antidepressant agents. This different inclusion process obviously favoured oversampling of subjects with minor or reversible depressive syndromes such as adjustment disorders. It is known that in these conditions placebo treatment is powerful, sometimes equalling verum condition in effectiveness.This hypothesis is supported by re-analysis of former studies revealing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) to be more effective in subjects with severe or recurrent depression or in patients, in whom depression had begun prior to the onset of cardiovascular disease (e.g., myocardial infarction). Surprisingly, some data support the notion that treatment with SSRIs ameliorates cardiac prognosis irrespective of their antidepressant action. Ongoing studies deal with treatment of depression in patients with heart failure or stroke, and with psychotherapy aimed at reducing cardiac risk factors.
Transcultural Aspects in CL-Psychiatry
Authors: Varandas P. 
Published: March 2009

Modern psychiatry must take into account more and more the so called cultural differences in its practice. These differences are not merely the evident cultural aspects of diverse ethnic origin, but also the differences determined by economic, social and cultural reasons.The main paradox of our times is that we try to believe on the ilusion of people homogenicity consequent to the globalization process, when we see that everyone access to the same markets, products, services and news or when we see that everyone can communicate with everyone all over the world. This ilusion is reinforced by the higher cosmopolitism levels of our towns, where we can see people from different ethnic or cultural backgrounds sharing the same space in a reasonable harmonic way.However, this ilusion is covering the intimate aspiration of any person or group to preserve his identity and afirm his own values. In fact we are living in a society that expresses multiethnic, multiculture and multisocial differences in an interdepedent diversity.Hospitals are in a way microsocieties where this paradox emerge or in purely sociologic terms described above, but also by the clinical expression of this diversity.CL-Psychiatry is the field where this subject must be known and researched. This presentation will reviewed the situation.
Guidelines in Consultation-liaison-psychiatry: A Critical Comment (TRAC-NR. 1824 5-17-2008)
Authors: Diefenbacher A. , Georgescu D. , Gaebel W. 
Published: March 2009

Background and aims:Psychiatric comorbidity of general hospitals inpatients leads to complicated courses of illness and to increased health car costs as compared to patients that suffer from somatic illnesses alone. Such patients are cared for by psychiatric Consultation-Liaison (CL) services. When analyze guidelines that deal with the organization of psychiatric CL-services in USA and the UK, as well with a guideline developed for psychosomatic CL-services in Germany, and an Dutch guideline released in 2008Methods:Literature search and review of guidelines.Results:Existing guidelines in CL-psychiatry are in part controversial with regard to recommendation for treatments, preferences as to concentrate on clinical, or on organizational issues, and differ even in the grade of evidence given to single topics, such as effectiveness of CL-interventions.Conclusions:To improve the efficiency of CL-psychiatry, guidelines might be important, as well for the treatment of psychiatric diseases in general, but even more so for diseases that are frequent in general hospitals such as delirium. However, reliability of guidelines in CL-psychiatry differing among countries should be improved.
Bipolar and Unipolar Major Depression are not Associated with the P2RX7-gene (SNP rs2230912) in an European Case-control Sample
Authors: Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M. , Herms S. , Georgi A. , Hauser J. , Czerski P. , Diaconu C.C. , Babadjanova G. , Jamra R. Abou , Rietschel M. , Noethen M.M. , Cichon S. 
Published: March 2009

Background:In two recent studies the SNP rs2230912 (Gln460Arg) located in exon 13 of P2RX7-gene (chromosome 12q24) provided the strongest evidence of association with bipolar disorder (BP) (Barden et al,2006; McQuillin et al, 2008) and in one study with the unipolar major depression (Mdd-UP) ( Lucae et al, 2006).Objective:In the present study we investigated the involvement of the SNP rs2230912 in BPI in four European samples from Germany, Poland, Romania and Russia and in the combined sample (N=1445) in comparison with a combined sample of 2006 normal controls. Additionally, a Mdd-UP sample (N=640) from Germany was studied.Method:All patients were diagnosed according to DSM-IV-R. The BPI sample consisted of 802 females (55.5%) and 643 males (44.5%); the mean AO was 26.9 (SD=10.6); the mean age-at-interview was 42.7 (SD=12.5). The control sample had a mean age of 39.74 (SD=11.22) [1113 females (55.5%); 893 males (44.5%)]. Genotyping of all national samples was performed at Bonn University using the Mass ARRAY system on a Sequenom Compact MALDI-TOF-device. The single marker analysis was performed with FAMHAP software.Results:There was no allelic association between the G-allele of the SNP rs2230912 and either BPI or Mdd-UP both in the national samples and in the combined sample. The genotypic analysis also indicated no significant results. Our samples of patients and controls had genotypic distributions similar to those of the previously published studies and even in these studies there were no significant differences in genotype frequencies between BPI patients and controls.