bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UNDERSTANDING HETEROGENEITY IN PRICE ELASTICITIES IN THE DEMAND FOR ALCOHOL FOR OLDER INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Ayyagari Padmaja , Deb Partha , Fletcher Jason , Gallo William , Sindelar Jody L. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper estimates the price elasticity of demand for alcohol using Health and Retirement Study data. To account for unobserved heterogeneity in price responsiveness, we use finite mixture models. We recover two latent groups, one is significantly responsive to price, but the other is unresponsive. The group with greater responsiveness is disadvantaged in multiple domains, including health, financial resources, education and perhaps even planning abilities. These results have policy implications. The unresponsive group drinks more heavily, suggesting that a higher tax would fail to curb the negative alcohol‐related externalities. In contrast, the more disadvantaged group is more responsive to price, thus suffering greater deadweight loss, yet this group consumes fewer drinks per day and might be less likely to impose negative externalities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late and very late mortality in 5‐year survivors of childhood cancer: Changing pattern over four decades—Experience from the Nordic countries
Authors: Garwicz Stanislaw , Anderson Harald , Olsen Jørgen H. , Falck Winther Jeanette , Sankila Risto , Langmark Frøydis , Tryggvadóttir Laufey , Möller Torgil R. ,   for the Association of the Nordic Cancer Registries (ANCR) and the Nordic Society for Pediatric Hematology Oncology (NOPHO)
Published: December 2011

AbstractLong‐term survivors of childhood cancer suffer from a higher mortality than the general population. Here we evaluate late and very late mortality, and patterns of causes of death, in 5‐year survivors after childhood and adolescent cancer in cases diagnosed during four decades in the five Nordic countries. The study is population‐based and uses data of the nationwide cancer registries and the cause of death registers. There were in all 37,515 incident cases, diagnosed with cancer before the age of 20 years, between 1960 and 1999. The 5‐year survivor cohort used in the mortality analyses consisted of 21,984 patients who were followed up for vital status until December 31, 2005 (Norway, Sweden) or 2006 (Denmark, Finland, Iceland). At the latest follow‐up, 2,324 patients were dead. The overall standardized mortality ratio was 8.3 and the absolute excess risk was 6.2 per 1,000 person‐years. The pattern of causes of death varied markedly between different groups of primary cancer diagnosis, and was highly dependent on time passed since diagnosis. With shorter follow‐up the mortality was mainly due to primary cancer, while with longer follow‐up, mortality due to second cancer and noncancer causes became more prominent. Mortality between 5 and 10 years after diagnosis continued to decrease in patients treated during the most recent period of time, 1990–1999, compared to previous periods, while mortality after 10 years changed very little with time period. We conclude that improvement of definite survival demands not only reducing early but also late and very late mortality.
Selective photothermolysis to target sebaceous glands: Theoretical estimation of parameters and preliminary results using a free electron laser
Authors: Sakamoto Fernanda H. , Doukas Apostolos G. , Farinelli William A. , Tannous Zeina , Shinn Michelle , Benson Steve , Williams Gwyn P. , Gubeli Joseph F. , Dylla H. Frederick , Anderson R. Rox 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe success of permanent laser hair removal suggests that selective photothermolysis (SP) of sebaceous glands, another part of hair follicles, may also have merit. About 30% of sebum consists of fats with copious CH2 bond content. SP was studied in vitro, using free electron laser (FEL) pulses at an infrared CH2 vibrational absorption wavelength band.MethodsAbsorption spectra of natural and artificially prepared sebum were measured from 200 to 3,000 nm, to determine wavelengths potentially able to target sebaceous glands. The Jefferson National Accelerator superconducting FEL was used to measure photothermal excitation of aqueous gels, artificial sebum, pig skin, human scalp, and forehead skin (sebaceous sites). In vitro skin samples were exposed to FEL pulses from 1,620 to 1,720 nm, spot diameter 7–9.5 mm with exposure through a cold 4°C sapphire window in contact with the skin. Exposed and control tissue samples were stained using H&E, and nitroblue tetrazolium chloride staining (NBTC) was used to detect thermal denaturation.ResultsNatural and artificial sebum both had absorption peaks near 1,210, 1,728, 1,760, 2,306 and 2,346 nm. Laser‐induced heating of artificial sebum was approximately twice that of water at 1,710 and 1,720 nm, and about 1.5× higher in human sebaceous glands than in water. Thermal camera imaging showed transient focal heating near sebaceous hair follicles. Histologically, skin samples exposed to ∼1,700 nm, ∼100–125 milliseconds pulses showed evidence of selective thermal damage to sebaceous glands. Sebaceous glands were positive for NBTC staining, without evidence of selective loss in samples exposed to the laser. Epidermis was undamaged in all samples.ConclusionsSP of sebaceous glands appears to be feasible. Potentially, optical pulses at ∼1,720 or ∼1,210 nm delivered with large beam diameter and appropriate skin cooling in approximately 0.1 seconds may provide an alternative treatment for acne. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:175–183, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Light‐activated sutureless closure of wounds in thin skin
Authors: Yang Penggao , Yao Min , DeMartelaere Sheri L. , Redmond Robert W. , Kochevar Irene E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesClosing lacerations in thin eyelid and periorbital skin is time consuming and requires high skill for optimal results. In this study we evaluate the outcomes after single layer closure of wounds in thin skin with a sutureless, light‐activated photochemical technique called PTB.Study Design/Materials and MethodsDorsal skin of the SKH‐1 hairless mouse was used as a model for eyelid skin. Incisions (1.2 cm) were treated with 0.1% Rose Bengal dye followed by exposure to 532 nm radiation (25, 50, or 100 J/cm2; 0.25 W/cm2) for PTB. Other incisions were sutured (five 10‐0 monofilament), exposed only to 532 nm (100 J/cm2), or not treated. Outcomes were immediate seal strength (pressure causing leakage through incision of saline infused under wound), skin strength at 1, 3, and 7 days (measured by tensiometry), inflammatory infiltrate at 1, 3, and 7 days (histological assessment), and procedure time.ResultsThe immediate seal strength, as measured by leak pressure, was equivalent for all PTB fluences and for sutures (27–32 mmHg); these pressures were significantly greater than for the controls (untreated incisions or laser only treatment; P < 0.001). The ultimate strength of PTB‐sealed incisions was greater than the controls at day 1 (P < 0.05) and day 3 (P < 0.025) and all groups were equivalent at day 7. Sutures produced greater inflammatory infiltrate at day 1 than observed in other groups (P = 0.019). The average procedure time for sutured closure (311 seconds) was longer than for the PTB group treated with 25 J/cm2 (160 seconds) but shorter than the group treated with 100 J/cm2 (460 seconds).ConclusionPTB produces an immediate seal of incisions in thin, delicate skin that heals well, is more rapid than suturing, does not require painful suture removal and is easy to apply. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:163–167, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tunable Nanometer‐Scale Architecture of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanostructured Materials for Structural and Functional Applications
Authors: Misra R. Devesh K. , Jia Zhiyong , Huang Haizhen Z. , Yuan Qiang , Shah Jinesh S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDirect crystallization of polymer crystals along the long axis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to produce a hybrid nanostructured material is expected to retain the properties of CNTs and has the advantage of a strong polymer/CNT interface. Three different polymer systems are selected to elucidate the fundamental principles that govern the processing of organic–inorganic hybrid nanostructured materials with nanometer‐scale architecture. The tunable character of the nanometer‐scale hybrid architecture is investigated as a function of undercooling and polymer concentration. It is observed that while polyethylene and nylon 6,6 crystallize in a periodic manner as disk‐shaped crystals along the long axis of the CNTs, the polypropylene–CNTs result in conventional spherulites. The reasons for these differences are analyzed.
Photodegradable Polymers for Biotechnological Applications
Authors: Pasparakis George , Manouras Theodore , Argitis Panagiotis , Vamvakaki Maria 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPhotodegradable polymers constitute an emerging class of materials that finds numerous applications in biotechnology, biomedicine, and nanoscience. This article highlights some of the emerging applications of photodegradable polymers in the form of homopolymers, particles and self‐assembled constructs in solution, hydrogels for tissue engineering, and photolabile polymers for biopatterning applications. Novel photochemistries have been combined with controlled polymerization methods, which result in well‐defined photodegradable materials that exhibit light mediated and often controlled fragmentation processes.
Quantitative ultrasound of the tongue and submental muscles in children and young adults
Authors: Engel‐Hoek Lenie Van Den , Van Alfen Nens , De Swart Bert J.M. , De Groot Imelda J.M. , Pillen Sigrid 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIntroduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of quantitative muscle ultrasound (QMUS) to visualize oral muscles and to establish normative data for muscle thickness and echo intensity of submental and tongue muscles in healthy children and young adults. The data were compared with those of 5 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods: Ultrasound images from the suprahyoid region and from the surface of the tongue were made in 53 healthy subjects aged 5 to 30 years. Results: All measurements were feasible in all subjects and patients with good reproducibility except for the mylohyoid muscle. Muscle thickness depended on height, and echo intensity depended on weight. Our findings suggest gradual involvement of oral muscles in DMD. Conclusions: QMUS in oral muscles is feasible in healthy children, adults and patients with DMD. These data show that it is possible to differentiate between healthy persons and patients with DMD. Muscle Nerve 46:31–37, 2012
Inverse problems for unilevel block α‐circulants
Authors: Trench W. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYWe consider the following inverse problems for the class of unilevel block α‐circulants , where k > 1, C0, C1, …, , α ∈ {1,2, … ,k −1}, gcd(α,k) = 1, and ∥ ⋅ ∥ is the Frobenius norm.Problem 1 Find necessary and sufficient conditions on and for the existence of such that CZ = W, and find all such C if the conditions are satisfied.Problem 2 For arbitrary and , find
urn:x-wiley:10705325:media:nla832:nla832-math-0009 characterize the class
urn:x-wiley:10705325:media:nla832:nla832-math-0010 and find C in this class with minimum norm.Problem 3 If is given, find
urn:x-wiley:10705325:media:nla832:nla832-math-0012 and find such that ∥ C −A ∥ = σα(Z,W,A).We also consider slightly modified problems for the case where gcd(α,k) > 1. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advective Heat Transport in Frozen Rock Clefts: Conceptual Model, Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Hasler Andreas , Gruber Stephan , Font Marianne , Dubois Anthony 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTAdvective heat transported by water percolating into discontinuities in frozen ground can rapidly increase temperatures at depth because it provides a thermal shortcut between the atmosphere and the subsurface. Here, we develop a conceptual model that incorporates the main heat‐exchange processes in a rock cleft. Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations based on the model indicate that latent heat release due to initial ice aggradation can rapidly warm cold bedrock and precondition it for later thermal erosion of cleft ice by advected sensible heat. The timing and duration of water percolation both affect the ice‐level change if initial aggradation and subsequent erosion are of the same order of magnitude. The surplus advected heat is absorbed by cleft ice loss and runoff from the cleft so that this energy is not directly detectable in ground temperature records. Our findings suggest that thawing‐related rockfall is possible even in cold permafrost if meltwater production and flow characteristics change significantly. Advective warming could rapidly affect failure planes beneath large rock masses and failure events could therefore differ greatly from common magnitude reaction‐time relations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brief mechanical ventilation impacts airway cartilage properties in neonatal lambs
Authors: Kim Minwook , Pugarelli Joan , Miller Thomas L. , Wolfson Marla R. , Dodge George R. , Shaffer Thomas H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractUltrasound imaging allows in vivo assessment of tracheal kinetics and cartilage structure. To date, the impact of mechanical ventilation (MV) on extracellular matrix (ECM) in airway cartilage is unclear, but an indication of its functional and structural change may support the development of protective therapies. The objective of this study was to characterize changes in mechanical properties of the neonatal airway during MV with alterations in cartilage ECM. Trachea segments were isolated in a neonatal lamb model; ultrasound dimensions and pressure–volume relationships were measured on sham (no MV; n = 6) and MV (n = 7) airways for 4 hr. Tracheal cross‐sections were harvested at 4 hr, tissues were fixed and stained, and Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT‐IRIS) was performed. Over 4 hr of MV, bulk modulus (28%) and elastic modulus (282%) increased. The MV tracheae showed higher collagen, proteoglycan content, and collagen integrity (new tissue formation); whereas no changes were seen in the controls. These data are clinically relevant in that airway properties can be correlated with MV and changes in cartilage ECM. MV increases the in vivo dimensions of the trachea and is associated with evidence of airway tissue remodeling. Injury to the neonatal airway from MV may have relevance for the development of tracheomalacia. We demonstrated active airway tissue remodeling during MV using an FT‐IRIS technique which identifies changes in ECM. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012. 47:763–770. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HISTORIC CHANGES (1941–2008) IN SIDE CHANNEL AND BACKWATER HABITATS ON AN UNCHANNELIZED REACH OF THE MISSOURI RIVER
Authors: Yager L. A. , Dixon M. D. , Cowman T. C. , Soluk D. A. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTFlow regulation has had pervasive effects on aquatic ecosystems within the world's large rivers. While channelization on the lower Missouri River has led to major changes in the river and its floodplain, including the loss of shallow water habitats, effects of upstream dams on unchannelized reaches on the Missouri have not been formally assessed. We quantified changes in the number and size of off‐channel habitats, specifically backwaters and side channels, on the 95‐km unchannelized reach of the Missouri below Gavins Point Dam (Yankton, South Dakota) using historical (1941, 1983–1985, 2008) aerial imagery. Total and mean areas of side channels declined by 77% and 37% and total and mean length decreased by 79% and 42% from 1941 to 2008. Total area of backwaters increased by 40% from 1941 to 2008, whereas mean area decreased by 36%. Our findings suggest that sharp declines in the area and length of side channels have occurred on this unchannelized remnant reach of the Missouri River, with likely significant impacts on aquatic ecosystem processes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Wrinkled Cross‐Linked Graphene Oxide Membranes for Biological and Charge‐Storage Applications
Authors: Tang Lena A. L. , Lee Wong Cheng , Shi Hui , Wong Ethel Y. L. , Sadovoy Anton , Gorelik Sergey , Hobley Jonathan , Lim Chwee Teck , Loh Kian Ping 
Published: December 2011

AbstractInspired by the amphiphilicity of graphene oxide (GO), the surface of water is used as a template for the assembly of a GO film. Methacrylate‐functionalized GO sheets can be cross‐linked instantaneously at the water–air interface to form a highly wrinkled membrane spreading over an extended area. The multiple covalent linkages amongst the GO sheets enhances the in‐plane stiffness of the film compared to noncovalently bonded GO films. The highly convoluted GO membrane can be used in two applications: the promoting of spontaneous stem‐cell differentiation towards bone cell lineage without any chemical inducers, and for supercapacitor electrodes. Due to reduced van der Waals restacking, capacitance values up to 211 F g−1 can be obtained. The scalable and inexpensive nature of this assembly route enables the engineering of membranes for applications in regenerative medicine and energy‐storage devices where secondary structures like nanotopography and porosity are important performance enhancers.
The influence of Cu(II) ions on physicochemical properties of potato starch oxidised by hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Pietrzyk Sławomir , Juszczak Lesław , Fortuna Teresa , Łabanowska Maria , Bidzińska Ewa , Błoniarczyk Katarzyna 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe study investigates the influence of Cu(II) ions used as a catalyst on the effectiveness of potato starch oxidation by hydrogen peroxide, and compares the physicochemical properties of the modified starches. The starch was oxidised by H2O2 alone and with the addition of Cu(II) ions at three concentrations: 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 g per 100 g d.m. of starch. The oxidised starches were examined for the content of carboxyl groups, carbonyl groups, amylose and copper, and for water‐binding capacity and water solubility at temperatures of 60 and 80°C. Colour parameters (L*a*b*), susceptibility to retrogradation, thermodynamic characteristics of pasting, intrinsic viscosity and pasting characteristic by RVA were also determined. The results indicate that the concentration of Cu(II) ions added as a catalyst has an effect on both the effectiveness of the oxidation process and the physicochemical properties of starch.
Electroconvulsive seizures stimulate the vegf pathway via mTORC1
Authors: Elfving Betina , Wegener Gregers 
Published: December 2011

AbstractElectroconvulsive treatment (ECT) is considered the most effective treatment of depression. Recent studies demonstrate that electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), the animal variant of ECT, robustly stimulate hippocampal cell proliferation. However, the mechanisms underlying the cellular and molecular responses to ECS are not yet fully understood. A leading hypothesis of depression suggests that neurotrophic factors/growth factors play a critical role. Particularly the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered important, as it has been demonstrated that hippocampal VEGF expression is induced by ECS and that signaling through the VEGF receptor, Flk‐1 (VEGFR2), is required for cell proliferation. VEGF expression is believed to be regulated by two distinct mTOR (mammalian Target of Rapamycin)‐containing multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of ECS on the expression of VEGF, cognate receptors, mTORC1, and mTORC2 in the frontal cortex and the hippocampus. Using male Sprague‐Dawley rats, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (real‐time qPCR) in three groups: Sham, acute (after one ECS), and repeated (ECS every day for 10 days). VEGF, VEGFR2, and components from mTORC1 were affected by repeated ECS, indicating that mediation of VEGF via mTORC1 is important for the effect of ECS. Synapse 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sucrose‐predictive cues evoke greater phasic dopamine release than saccharin‐predictive cues
Authors: McCutcheon James E. , Beeler Jeff A. , Roitman Mitchell F. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCues that have been paired with food evoke dopamine in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and drive approach behavior. This cue‐evoked dopamine signaling could contribute to overconsumption of food. One manner in which individuals try to restrict caloric intake is through the consumption of foods containing artificial (non‐nutritive) sweeteners. We were interested in whether cues paired with a non‐nutritive sweetener (saccharin) would evoke similar dopamine release as cues paired with a nutritive sweetener (sucrose). We trained food‐restricted rats to associate distinct cues with sucrose or saccharin pellets. In the first group of rats, training sessions with each pellet took place on different days, maximizing the opportunity for rats to detect nutritional differences. After training, voltammetry recordings in NAc core revealed that sucrose cues evoked greater phasic dopamine release than saccharin cues. In a second group of rats, on each training day, sucrose and saccharin pellets were presented in pseudorandom order within the same session, to mask nutritional differences. In this condition, the difference in dopamine between sucrose and saccharin cues was attenuated, but not abolished. These results suggest that sucrose‐paired cues will more powerfully motivate behavior than saccharin‐paired cues. The differing responses to each cue seem to be driven by overall preference with both the nutritional value that the pellets predict as well as other factors, such as taste, contributing. Synapse 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Injuries Presenting to the Emergency Department in the United States
Authors: Ootes Daan , Lambers Kaj T. , Ring David C. 
Published: December 2011

Background The epidemiology of upper extremity injuries presenting to emergency departments in the USA is not well studied. The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the incidence rates of upper extremity injuries presenting to emergency departments. Methods The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS)—a database of emergency department visits based on a sample of hospitals selected and weighted to represent the entire US population in order to allow estimates of overall incidence—was queried for all upper extremity injuries presenting to US emergency departments in 2009. Injury types were analyzed for each region of the upper extremity, and incidence rates were calculated based on population estimates from the US Census. Results A query of the NEISS resulted in 92,601 records of upper extremity injury treated at an emergency department in the USA in 2009, which translates to an estimated total of 3,468,996 such injuries that year. This corresponds to an incidence of 1,130 upper extremity injuries per 100,000 persons per year. The most common region injured was the finger (38.4%). The most common upper extremity injury was a fracture (29.2%). Specific injuries with high incidence rates (all per 100,000 per year) included finger lacerations (221), wrist fractures (72), finger fractures (68), and lower arm fractures (64). Home is the most common setting for an upper extremity injury. Conclusions The NEISS provides estimates of the incidences of upper extremity injuries that may be useful for public health initiatives.