bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary breadth and resource use of François' langur in a seasonal and disturbed habitat
Authors: Hu Gang 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPrevious studies of Trachypithecus species indicated that they were selective feeders that concentrated on relatively few food species/items. From January to December 2005, I quantified potential food availability and the food species/items eaten by five groups of François' langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) in the Mayanghe Nature Reserve (MNR), People's Republic of China. These langurs fed on 164 species, of which the top ten accounted for 51% of all feeding records. Langurs consumed more species (91) in the spring than in other seasons (73 summer, 75 autumn, and 67 winter), and only 38 species were consumed in all seasons. Nontree food species, such as bushes and lianas, accounted for 47% of the total feeding records and for a majority (68%) of the feeding records in winter. The annual diet consisted of leaves (64% of feeding records), fruit and seed (32%), and other nonfoliage items (4%); the langurs switched from being more folivorous in spring (93%) and summer (79%) to being more frugivorous in autumn (53%) and winter (56%). There was no correlation between the proportion of feeding records and the food availability in the most frequently consumed species, indicating that these langurs were selective feeders; there were significant correlations between consumption and abundance in both the entire set of 112 food species and the set of 86 infrequently consumed species, indicating that foods that are more available are eaten more frequently. It appeared that in the seasonal and disturbed habitat, feeding decisions and diet composition of the langur may be driven more by food availability, and less by animal's selectivity, than at other sites. The results indicate that François' langur copes with habitat alterations by broaden its dietary breadth; this has implications for the adaptive significance of dietary breadth, and has implications for future conservation strategies for species which exist in degraded habitats. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1176–1187, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of polypropylene/clay nanocomposite processing using Box‐Behnken statistical design
Authors: Banerjee Saikat , Joshi Mangala , Ghosh Anup K. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA wide range of process parameters regulate the final morphology achieved in layered silicate based polymer nanocomposites. This study deals with the optimization of process variables to improve the matrix formulation. A three‐factor, three‐level Box‐Behnken design with compatibilizer concentration (X1), clay concentration (X2), and screw speed (X3) as the independent variables were selected for the study. The dependent variable was mechanical property of the final nanocomposites. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MA) compatibilizer and organoclay (Cloisite 15A) was melt blended with polypropylene separately in a corotating twin screw extruder. The clay was modified with fluorescent dye Nile Blue A Perchlorate (NB) and the adsorbed dye content in the clay gallery was estimated by using UV‐spectrophotometric method. The Minitab‐15 software was used for analysis of the results obtained. Optimum compositions for better dispersion were achieved from contour plots and response surface methodology. It was supported by a unique fluorescence spectrophotometry along with transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction technique. An intensity ratio close to unity showed a better exfoliated morphology. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Dielectric behavior of alternating ethylene, propylene, and carbon monoxide co‐ and terpolymers via impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Jawad Saadi Abdul , Abu‐Surrah Adnan S. , Maghrabi Mufeed , Khattari Ziad 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDielectric behavior of alternating ethylene–carbon monoxide (ECO) and ethylene–carbon monoxide/propylene–carbon monoxide elastic terpolymer (EPEC‐48) (48% mole ratio of ECO) have been investigated by impedance spectroscopy. At intermediate frequencies, the co‐ and terpolymer samples display a relaxation peak with an activation energy of 1.40 and 1.12 eV, respectively, due to a rotational motion of the carbonyl groups in the relatively more polar ECO block. However, at low frequency, a relaxation peak was observed only in the EPEC‐48 terpolymer impedance and admittance spectra due to the rotational motion of the polar groups of propylene–carbon monoxide (PCO) block which is attached to ECO repeating units. In addition, it has been found that below 100°C the ECO material is highly resistive, and both dielectric constant and loss factor are dependent on frequency and temperature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation and characterization of novel self cross‐linking fluorinated acrylic latex
Authors: Chen Lijun , Wu Fengqin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSelf crosslinking fluorinated acrylic latex (SCLFAL) has been successfully prepared via starved seeded semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2‐(perfluoro‐(1,1‐bisisopropyl)‐2‐propenyl)oxyethyl methacrylate (POMA), and N‐methylolacrylamide (NMA). The resultant SCLFAL is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Influences of the added amount of NMA on the crosslinking degree, contact angle, particle size, and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the film are investigated. Results show that the crosslinking degree, contact angle, and Tg of the film can be improved when the moderate amount of NMA is introduced into the mixed monomers. However, the added amount of NMA has no marked effect on the particle size of SCLFAL. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Divinyl benzene cross‐linked HTPB‐based polyurethaneurea membranes for separation of p‐/o‐xylene mixtures by pervaporation
Authors: Gu Jin , Zhang Chun‐Fang , Bai Yun‐Xiang , Zhang Lin , Sun Yu‐Ping , Chen Huan‐Lin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCross‐linked hydroxy terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)‐based polyurethaneurea (PU), HTPB‐divinyl benzene (DVB)‐PU, was synthesized by a three‐step polymerization process. It was first used as membrane material to separate p‐/o‐xylene mixtures by pervaporation (PV). The effects of the content of cross‐linker DVB, feed concentration, and operating temperature on the PV performance of HTPB‐DVB‐PU membranes were investigated. The membranes demonstrated p‐xylene permselectivity as well as high total flux. The introduction of DVB significantly enhanced the temperature resistance ability of the HTPB‐DVB‐PU membranes. With increasing DVB content, the separation factor increased while the total flux decreased a little. The highest separation factor reaches 2.01 and the total flux is 33 g/m2h with feed concentration of 10 wt % p‐xylene at 30°C. These PV performances with increasing DVB content were explained in terms of the view point of chemical compositions and physical structures of the HTPB‐DVB‐PU membranes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis, extraction, and anti‐bacterial studies of some new bis‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives part I
Authors: Gumrukcuoglu Nurhan , Ugras Serpil , Ibrahim Ugras Halil , Cakir Umit 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA series of new bis triazole Schiff base derivatives (4) were prepared in good yields by treatment of 4‐amino‐3,5‐diphenyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (3) with bisaldehydes (1). Schiff bases (4) were reduced with NaBH4 to afford the corresponding bisaminotriazoles (5). All the new compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral data. Their overall extraction (log Kex) constants for 1 : 1 (M : L) complexes and CHCl3/H2O systems were determined at 25 ± 0.1°C to investigate the relationship between structure and selectivity toward various metal cations. The extraction equilibrium constants were estimated using CHCl3/H2O membrane transfer with inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy spectroscopy. The stability sequence of the triazole derivatives in CHCl3 for the metal cations was exhibited a characteristic preference order of extractability to metal ions [Fe(III) > Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II) > Mn(II) > Zn(II) > Mg(II) > Ca(II)]. The compounds were tested for anti‐microbial activity applying agar diffusion technique for 11 bacteria. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Surface modification of Kevlar by grafting carbon nanotubes
Authors: Chen Wei , Qian Xin‐Ming , He Xue‐Qiu , Liu Zhen‐Yi , Liu Ji‐Ping 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA novel and efficient method was developed for surface‐modification of Kevlar fibers by multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Kevlar fibers were immersed in a solution mixed with Hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4‐diazabi‐cyclo [2,2,2] octane (DABCO), and toluene to introduce pendant amine groups before the COCl‐functionalized carbon nanotubes were chemically grafted onto the surface of modified fibers under ultrasonic condition. The characterization of resulting fiber involved in SEM, infrared spectroscopy, and tensile measurement. Results indicated over 20% of the fiber surface were coated by MWCNTs even after washing, which indicated a good adhesion. Furthermore, the mean value of tensile strength of Kevlar fiber was improved by 12% compared with original one. And the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the fiber‐reinforced bismaleimides composite was increased by 30%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Cellulose acetate/polysilsesquioxane composites: Thermal properties and morphological characterization by electron spectroscopy imaging
Authors: de Oliveira Junior Adair Rangel , Ferrarezi Márcia Maria Favaro , Yoshida Inez Valéria Pagotto , do Carmo Gonçalves Maria 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCellulose acetate (CA) composites using two types of silane coupling agents (methyltrimethoxysilane and phenyltriethoxysilane) were prepared through two methodologies: direct reaction between CA and the specific monomer and reaction of CA with oligomers, which were produced by prehydrolysis of the same monomers. The thermal behavior and morphology of the materials were studied. The composites showed thermal stability similar to pure CA, increase of residue content at 790°C and reduction in the glass transition temperature. Complementary microscopy techniques were applied to investigate the distribution of polysilsesquioxane in the CA matrix. Silicon mapping images showed the presence of domains with higher polysilsesquioxane concentration than the matrix and also the presence of silicon‐rich nanodomains dispersed throughout the matrix. Based on mapping characterization, a schematic representation of the CA/polysilsesquioxane composite morphology was proposed. The organosilane type and architecture influenced the thermal behavior and the morphology of these materials. The results suggest that the silane coupling agents could be used to produce CA films with a range of properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Glass fiber/wood flour modified high density polyethylene composites
Authors: Yang Changxing , Li Guan , Qi Rongrong , Huang Mark 
Published: August 2011

AbstractComposites of high density polyethylene (HDPE) with the reinforcements of glass fiber (GF) and wood flour (WF) have been studied in this work. High‐density polyethylene‐grafted maleic hydride (HDPE‐g‐MAH) was used as a compatibilizer. In particular, the effect of GF, WF, and HDPE‐g‐MAH on the overall properties of GF/WF/HDPE composites (GWPCs in short form) was systematically studied. The results indicate that HDPE‐g‐MAH as a compatibilizer can effectively promote the interfacial adhesion between GF/WF and HDPE. By the incorporations of GF/WF, the heat deflection temperature can reach above 120°C, and the water absorption can be below 0.7%, also the tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength of GWPCs can surpass 55.2 Mpa, 69.4 Mpa, and 11.1 KJ/m2, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation of poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate)/montmorillonite nanocomposite by emulsion polymerization: Characterization and nanoscratch behavior
Authors: Moghbeli M.R. , Mehdizadeh N. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate)/organically modified montmorillonite (PSBA/organo‐MMT) latex particles have been prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization. The effects of modifier variety and the level of organo‐MMT have been investigated on the basis of the characteristics and mechanical properties of the resulting hybrid emulsion polymers. Although the more hydrophilic intercalated organic modifiers increased the latex particle size, the hydrophobic ones decreased the particle size. A more heterogeneous copolymer chain intercalation was seen by widespread XRD reflection as the organo‐MMT (organoclay) level increases. The tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the dispersion state of organoclay particles inside the nanocomposite copolymer films. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) showed that adding the organoclay to the copolymer decreased the maximum loss tangent (tanδ) value and caused the shift to a lower temperature. Interestingly, the incorporation of organoclay decreased the glass storage modulus of the copolymer, while increased the rubbery storage modulus to some extent. In addition, a standard indenter for the nanoscratching of copolymer nanocomposite films was used under low applied loads of 150 and 250 μN. The nanoscratch results showed that incorporation of a 3 wt % hydrophobic organoclay, e.g., Closite15A, in the copolymer matrix enhanced considerably the near‐surface hardness and grooving resistance of the nanocomposite film at room temperature. In fact, copolymer nanocomposite films with higher near‐surface hardness and tanδ curve broadening exhibited more nanoscratch resistance through a specific variety of viscoelastic deformation, which did not create a bigger groove. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Modeling of isochronal complex magnetic susceptibility of polymer–magnetic nanocomposites using fractional calculus
Authors: Garza‐Navarro M. A. , Reyes‐Melo M. E. , González‐González V. , Guerrero‐Salazar C. , Ortiz‐Méndez U. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this work, we report on the application of fractional calculus to the modeling of the isochronal behavior of complex magnetic susceptibility obtained from polymer–magnetic nanocomposites composed of cobalt‐ferrite nanoparticles embedded into a chitosan matrix. From the isochronal measurements of real and imaginary parts of the complex magnetic susceptibility and temperature‐dependent static measurements, performed at different applied dc‐fields, it was observed that the spins' response is mainly leaded by three contributions, which are attributed to the intrinsic magnetic anisotropy of the particles, the surface‐to‐core spins exchange within particles and to the dipole‐dipole interactions among particles. Accounting these contributions, the proposed magnetic model was capable to describe, in very precise way, the experimental behavior of both, real and imaginary, parts of the complex magnetic susceptibility, at temperatures below to that related to the transition of the polymer–magnetic nanocomposite into the superparamagnetic regime. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
A library of tunable agarose carbomer‐based hydrogels for tissue engineering applications: The role of cross‐linkers
Authors: Rossi Filippo , Perale Giuseppe , Storti Giuseppe , Masi Maurizio 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe role of the crosslinking agents was studied for a series of agarose–carbomer‐based hydrogels, specifically developed for tissue engineering applications, and was quantified using the most typical polycondensation parameter; the ratio between the reacting moieties, i.e., hydroxyl (A) and carboxyl (B) groups. Because of the bonds among hydrophilic groups, as A/B ratio was increased, the gel network showed higher compactness and less ability to swell. The role of crosslinkers was also further analyzed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (E/SEM) and rheological measurements. SEM analysis underlined the presence of different structures as well as the erosion due to the presence of cosolvents in hydrogel synthesis. Rheological measurements showed the dependence of crossover strain value and yield stress upon the ratio of hydroxyl/carboxyl groups and, generally, a clear pseudoplastic behavior. Such detailed characterizations were essential to investigate the design of an optimized formulation capable of being a proper hosting environment for glial cells, which were here used as they are a promising cell type in several central nervous system repair strategies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123:2211–2221, 2012
Effect of shear stress extrusion intensity on plasticized corn flour structure: Proteins role and distribution
Authors: Jbilou Fouzia , Ayadi Farouk , Galland Sophie , Joly Catherine , Dole Patrice , Belard Laurent , Degraeve Pascal 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPlasticized corn flour‐based materials were prepared by extrusion and injection molding. Extrusion of corn flour blends (75% wet basis (wb)—glycerol (5 or 10% wb)—water) was performed in a twin‐screw extruder with either one or three shearing zones. Native corn flour is mainly composed of corn starch granules surrounded by proteins layers. Therefore, the destructuration of corn flour by thermomechanical treatments was analyzed (i) by techniques essentially allowing to monitor corn starch amorphization (differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffractometry, determination of water sorption isotherms, susceptibility to hydrolysis by amylolytic enzymes) (ii) and via proteins layers role and distribution observed by confocal scanning laser microscopy and comparing the susceptibility of corn starch to hydrolysis by amylolytic enzymes in the presence or not of a protease. Both corn starch granules amorphization and proteins dispersion and aggregation were more pronounced for materials extruded in a screw profile with three shearing zones. For materials extruded in a screw profile with one shearing zone, the amorphization of starch was higher in materials made with 5% wb glycerol, whereas the proteins dispersion and aggregation was more pronounced in materials made with 10% wb glycerol. A barrier role of proteins to hydrolysis of corn starch by amylolytic enzymes was demonstrated and discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Polyoxymethylene‐homopolymer/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for biomedical applications
Authors: Pielichowska Kinga 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this article, new polyoxymethylene (POM)/hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocomposites for bone long‐term implants have been obtained and characterized by using FTIR, WAXD, SEM, TG, DSC, tensile tests, and in vitro evaluation. Characteristic bands both for extended chain crystals (ECC) and folded chain crystals (FCC) were observed in FTIR profiles for both pure POM and POM in POM/HAp nanocomposites. From WAXD analysis it has been found that the addition of HAp does not change the hexagonal system of POM in POM/HAp nanocomposites. Moreover, degree of crystallinity of POM increases with an increase of HAp content up to 1.0% and next decreases with an increase HAp content. It indicates that HAp nanoparticles up to 1.0% content act as effective nucleating sites. Mechanical tests revealed that Young's modulus increases, whereby, elongation at break and tensile strength decrease with increasing hydroxyapatite concentration. Results of in vitro investigations show that an increase of HAp content in POM nanocomposites facilitates formation of apatite layer on the sample surface and improves in vitro stability POM/HAp nanocomposites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Rheological evaluation of electron beam irradiated polypropylene in the presence of a multifunctional monomer and polybutene resin
Authors: Zarch F. Shamsoddini , Jahani Y. , Haghighi M. Nekoomanesh , Morshedian J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this research, the rheological properties of electron beam irradiated polypropylene homo polymer (PP) containing Polybutene (PB) resin and Trimethylol Propane Trimethacrylate multifunctional monomer is studied. The effect of PB resin in inducing long chain branches on the PP backbone are evaluated by various viscoelastic parameters. The zero shear viscosity (η0) of samples containing 5% PB resin considerably decreased to 5500 Pa s, from η0 = 11,500 Pa s, which indicates the plasticizing effect of PB resin on the ease of movement of PP macromolecules. It is found that the presence of PB resin enhanced the branching by facilitating the movement of PP macromolecules in solid state and increasing the recombination efficiency of PP macro radicals. The mobilizing effect of PB resin also reduced chain scission and degradation of PP resin which is traced by shifting the cross over frequency. The PB free radicals formed during the irradiation process can bound to PP free radicals and suppress the degradation process. The evaluation of zero shear viscosity ratios and crossover point ratios of irradiated samples to un‐irradiated ones confirmed that using small amount of PB resin increase branching efficiency, which is the evidence of mobilizing effect of PB resin. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Endogenous prostaglandin E2 inhibits aberrant overgrowth of rheumatoid synovial tissue and the development of osteoclast activity through EP4 receptor
Authors: Shibata‐Nozaki Toshiko , Ito Hiroshi , Mitomi Hirofumi , Akaogi Jun , Komagata Tatsuya , Kanaji Toshiya , Maruyama Takayuki , Mori Toshihito , Nomoto So , Ozaki Shoichi , Yamada Hidehiro 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveWe recently developed an ex vivo cellular model of pannus, the aberrant overgrowth of human synovial tissue. This study was undertaken to use that model to investigate the role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its receptor subtypes in the development of pannus growth and osteoclast activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsInflammatory cells that infiltrated pannus from patients with RA were collected without enzyme digestion and designated synovial tissue–derived inflammatory cells. Their single‐cell suspensions were cultured in medium alone to observe an aberrant overgrowth of inflammatory tissue in vitro. Levels of cytokines produced in culture supernatants were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits. Osteoclast activity was assessed by the development of resorption pits in calcium phosphate–coated slides.ResultsPrimary culture of the synovial tissue–derived inflammatory cells resulted in spontaneous reconstruction of inflammatory tissue in vitro within 4 weeks, during which tumor necrosis factor α, PGE2, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 were produced in the supernatant. This aberrant overgrowth was inhibited by antirheumatic drugs including methotrexate and infliximab. On calcium phosphate–coated slides, synovial tissue–derived inflammatory cells showed numerous resorption pits. In the presence of inhibitors of endogenous prostanoid production such as indomethacin and NS398, exogenous PGE1 and EP4‐specific agonists significantly inhibited all these activities of synovial tissue–derived inflammatory cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Addition of indomethacin, NS398, or EP4‐specific antagonist resulted in the enhancement of these cells' activities. EP2‐specific agonist had a partial effect, while EP1‐ and EP3‐specific agonists had no significant effects.ConclusionThese results suggest that endogenous PGE2 produced in rheumatoid synovium negatively regulates aberrant synovial overgrowth and the development of osteoclast activity via EP4.