bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Babel to Eden
Authors: Subbiondo Joseph L. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Starting in the 1950s, there has been renewed interest in the 17th-century English philosophical language movement and in Jan Amos Comenius (1592–1670), who visited England in 1641 and participated in that movement. In that most of the interest in Comenius has been centered on his role in the development of philosophical language, there has been a tendency to take his theory of universal language (‘panglottia’) out of the broader intellectual context of his work. In spite of his diverse range of inquiry, Comenius, for the most part, maintained a unifying theme for his work – educational reform. For Comenius, educational reform was the end and philosophical language was a means to that end. Thus, as the paper tries to demonstrate, the influence of Comenius on the English philosophical language movement in general, and on the work of its leading theorist and practitioner. John Wilkins (1614–1672) in particular, was that he established a means/end relationship for philosophical language and educational reform.
Johann Andreas Schmeller Zwischen Universeller Lauttheorie und Empirischer Dialektlautkunde
Authors: Harnisch Rüediger 
Published: November 2010

Zusammenfassung
Johann Andreas Schmeller (1785–1852) gilt als Begründer der wissenschaftlichen Mundartforschung. Nach einem Zeitalter fast ausschließlich lexikographischer Beschäftigung mit Mundarten schreibt er mit seinen “Mundarten Bayerns” von 1821 die erste vollständige dialektale Flexionslehre und die erste Lautlehre nicht nur eines Dialekts, sondern des Germanischen überhaupt. Da die Mundartforschung bis weit ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein den historisch-vergleichenden Weg beschritt, gingen von Schmellers grundlegenden theoretischen und methodischen Ansätzen nur jene in die Forschungsgeschichte ein, die sich diesem Paradigma einordnen ließen. Dabei wurde zwangsläufig übersehen, daß Schmeller in seiner Lautkunde auf einem Wissensfundament steht, zu dem antike Klassifikationsversuche ebenso gehören wie Aussprachephysiologien und -pathologien des 18. Jahrhunderts, die aufgeklärte französische Grammatik und die Sprachpädagogik mit ihrer ‘Lautiermethode’. Nur so ist der starke universalistische und theoretische Strang zu erklären, der durch Schmellers empirische Dialektlautkunde läuft, und der wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Sprung zu ermessen, den Schmeller mit seiner explizit auf ‘Aussprache’ abgestellten Lehre vollzieht. ‘Buchstaben’ kommen darin nur als Transkripte für Laute vor. Mit Schmeller gelingt es damit endlich einmal einem Grammatiker, die Lautverhältnisse einer Einzelsprache umfassend und mit einem Apparat zu beschreiben, der den Ansprüchen einer wissenschaftlichen Phonetik genügt. Sein sprachgeschichtliches Wissen um den ‘organischen’ Zusammenhang von Lauten rezenter Dialekte und deren (‘etymologischen’) Vorstufen nutzt Schmeller weniger für eine lautgeschichtliche Darstellung denn als systematisches tertium comparationis für den synchronischen Vergleich von dialektalen Aussprachevarianten.
Lectures DuCratyle, 1960–1990
Authors: Clerico Geneviève 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis study constitutes an attempt to come to grips with the vast scholarly production of the past thirty or so years concerning Plato’sCratylus. It is noted that the analyses of this text either diverge from or complete each other, depending on whether the commentators subscribe to a dialectic and philosophical or a linguistic and language-oriented interpretation. It is maintained that it is the status accorded by Plato to language in this dialogue that is at the centre of the discussion. The contemporary debate deals with the role of the alphabet in the text, particular levels of analysis (etymology, relative motivation, onomatopoetics), the origin and development of language, and the clash between two theses: conventionalism vs naturalism. It is shown that the valuation of ‘Cratylism’, especially in the form currently found in French scholarship (e.g., Genette), extends an old tradition which tends to retain nothing but attempts at etymological or phonic interpretation. In fact, important developments according to which Socrates supports the conventionalist thesis and notes the impossibility to prove the ‘appropriateness of names’ deserve to receive their full significance.
Grammar and lexicon in traditional grammar
Authors: Subirats-Rüggeberg Carlos 
Published: November 2010

SummaryInMethodvs didactica(1668) and other works Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682) developed a theory of grammar which was based on the study of lexical, syntactic and semantic relations of words within the lexicon of a language. Matthias Kramer (1640–C.1730), in his many bilingual dictionaries, applied Becher’s grammatical theory to develop a general theory of linguistic analysis, studying the morphological relationships between roots, derivatives and/or compounds, synonymy between words, and the relationships of words in sentences and idioms in various languages. The paper demonstrates that Kramer’s approach effectively marks a breakaway from traditional grammar as still found in the works of Justus Georg Schottel (1612–1676), Kaspar Stieler (1632–1707), and others, because it applies an explicit grammatical model and because it does away with the traditional separation between lexicon and grammar. Kramer also breaks with the traditional association between form and meaning, which not only affects his concept of grammatical explanation, but also his way of establishing a comparison between languages. Kramer’s linguistic approach, it is suggested, presents certain similarities with modern studies of lexical grammar, since both try to study linguistic phenomena in the lexicon and both eliminate the arbitary separation between lexicon and grammar.
Franz Boas’ Theory of Phonetics
Authors: Mackert Michael 
Published: November 2010

SummaryFranz Boas’ (1858–1942) Statements on phonetics can only be appreciated adequately if they are read against the background of 19th-century experimental psychology, acoustics, physiology, and psychophysics. This paper demonstrates that Boas adhered to a theory of phonetics which included a physical and a psychological component. The former component was informed by contemporary ideas on phonetics put forward by Hermann Helmholtz (1821–1894), Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), Hermann Paul (1846–1921), and Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851–1887). Within this component, Boas included the production of speech sounds, their acoustical nature, and the mechanical workings of the ear. For Boas, speech-sounds were averages consisting of groups of oscillations which gave each sound its peculiar character. The ear analyzed speech-sounds into their component groups of oscillations, and the resulting sensations were individually transmitted into consciousness. The psychological component of Boas’ theory was influenced by Gustav Fechner’s (1801–1887) psychophysics, and it was initially based on Herbartian psychology. This second component included mental representations (Vorstellungen) of sounds, the process of apperception, and Fechner’s law of thresholds (Schwellengesetz). Boas’ theory presupposed a model of the mind as machine in which the ear was seen as a mechanical extension of the mind. Within this mechanical model of the mind, the recognition of speech-sounds was deterministically governed by the law of thresholds and the process of apperception. The interaction of the law of thresholds with the process of apperception was responsible for the phenomenon of alternating sounds. With the help of his theory, Boas countered positions which considered such seemingly fluctuating sounds as the hallmark of ‘primitive’ languages. In order to distance himself from Heymann Steinthal’s (1823–1899) Eurocentric linguistics, which was rooted in the Herbartian tradition, Boas later abandoned his Herbartian framework in favor of an associationist theory of psychology.
La Doctrina y el Uso de Los Futuros en Las Gramáticas Renacentistas
Authors: Alconchel José Luis Girón 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Spanish grammars written through the 16th and 17th centuries can be used and are to be used as primary sources for the history of the Spanish language. However, when it comes to write the history of the morphology and syntax laid down in them, the following distinctions must be made: the prescribed use or standard, the described uses, and the grammarian’s own written use. In this paper, these distinctions are applied to the history of the analytic future and the conditional tenses (cantar-clitic-he, cantar-clitic-hía), especially in the attempt to explain the loss of these forms in the first half of the 17th century. Nebrija defines the future and conditional tenses as periphrases of infinitive + haber; Correas defines them in the same way, but he does not identify easily the verb haber in the -ía ending of the conditional tense. Neither of them – nor the other grammarians who have been studied: the Anonymous of Lovaina of 1555 and 1559, Villalón, del Corro, Jiménez Patón, Tejeda, Juan de Luna – codify the analytic forms in the verbal paradigms; that means that they do not consider them standard or prescribed usage, although they use them themselves (written uses) and they put them down as examples or other speakers’ uses (described uses). But the written use lasts only until the end of the 17th century; Tejeda and Correas use the analytic forms only in examples (described uses). Taking into account that in the literary language analytic forms last until about 1650, it must be said that the language of the grammars abandons these forms approximately a quarter of a century earlier.These forms were bound to disappear, because of their defective nature and their restricted distribution, and also because they showed a word order (auxiliated + auxiliary), uncompatible with SVO languages. Grammars of the ‘Golden Century’ allow us to understand better their dissapearance right in the first quarter of the 17th century, because they report the full grammatiealization of haber as the only auxiliary verb of the compound tenses.
Gramáticas y Ortografías Españolas Preacadémicas en el Siglo xviii
Authors: Alcalde María José Martínez 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Studies on the history of Spanish grammar generally pay less attention to the period that follows the works of Gonzalo Correas and ends with the publication of the grammar of the Spanish Royal Academy (i.e., 1640–1770) than to both what precedes and what follows this period. Focusing specifically on the 18th century, the importance of the publication of the first grammar of the Royal Academy (1771) diminished interest in authors who published works on grammar during the preceding seven decades. That part of the 18th century that, from a grammatical perspective, may be called ‘preacademic’, is usually considered uninteresting, particularly when compared with the grammatical achievements of the 16th and 17th centuries. The most important Spanish grammarian of this period, Benito de San Pedro (1723–1801), stands out for anticipating the adoption of rationalist positions taken from French grammatical studies; his work of 1769 is in contrast with that of Benito Martinez Gayoso (c.1710–1787) of 1743, which represents a less interesting traditional approach to grammar. In this article these two opposing approaches are studied; they parallel better studied contrasts among other Spanish grammarians. It also presents the circumstances that allow for the establishment of a relationship between the publication of the treatises of Martinez Gayoso and San Pedro. It shows that some of the innovations attributed to Benito de San Pedro, such as the classification of the so-called indefinite articles, was discussed earlier, and in a clearer manner, by Martinez Gayoso. However, it is in a more modest and later pre-academic grammar, that of Salvador Puig (1719–1793) of 1770, where one finds the best and the most exhaustive treatment of the subject. This is only one of many interesting proposals of solutions to grammatical problems that one finds in the works of this period, including differences in approaches to orthography, before and even after the publication of the grammar and the orthography of the Royal Academy.
Rodolfo lenz
Authors: Álvares Martínez María Ángeles 
Published: November 2010

SummaryRodolfo Lenz (1863–1938) left Germany late in the 19th century to settle in Santiago de Chile, where both taught linguistics and philplogy. The influence he exerted was very important, as he was largely responsible for the spreading the teachings of the German school of Philology in South America. Both historical linguistics and synchronic and dialectological studies advanced during this period, in Chile as well as in the rest of Latin America, as a result of his work. This paper analyzes Lenz’s grammatical and lexical contribution to Spanish, particularly through his seminal works La oration y sus partes (1920) and theDiccionario etimológico de las voces chilenas derivadas de lenguas indigenas americanas(1905–1910). Thus the origins and development of Lenz’s main grammatical ideas are treated in connection with the first work, but his lexicographical work is also described and analyzed in order to discuss the main problems he faced in its compilation, problems that Lenz himself addressed in the Introduction he wrote to this work.
On “Eskimo Words for Snow”
Authors: Cichocki Piotr , Kilarski Marcin 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis article examines the complex interdependence of linguistics and the discourses of social sciences and philosophy based on the example of the Eskimo words for snow. In particular, we trace the life cycle of the example through three phases: (1) the origin of the misconception in the studies of Franz Boas (1858–1942) and Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897–1941); (2) its propagation in textbooks and in sympathetic and alternative theoretical contexts, and (3) the contemporary status quo following the exposition of the misconception by Laura Martin (1986), Geoffrey Pullum (1989) and Steven Pinker (1994, 2007). Further, we examine the theoretical and methodological shortcomings of the exposition, and their implications for the poverty of critical and impartial discussion on the nature of linguistic categorization and its cognitive implications, as originally discussed by Boas and Whorf.
Functionality of Barley Proteins Extracted and Fractionated by Alkaline and Alcohol Methods
Authors: Wang Cheng , Tian Zhigang , Chen Lingyun , Temelli Feral , Liu Hui , Wang Yanxin 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThis research optimized the extraction of different protein fractions from barley grains and assessed the physicochemical properties of the fractions obtained. Pearling was first used to remove the grain's outer layers (mainly bran and germ) so that the barley cytoplasmic proteins (albumin and globulin) would be enriched in the pearling flour (PF), while endosperm proteins (hordein and glutelin) would be enriched in the pearled grain flour (PGF). Salt, alcohol, and alkaline solutions were then used to extract different barley protein fractions from PF and PGF. The effects of extraction solvent type, pH, temperature, and extraction time on protein content and extraction efficiency were studied. Aqueous ethanol (55%, v/v) efficiently extracted barley hordein from PGF at 60°C, whereas pH 11.5 alkaline solution was the most efficient for extracting both cytoplasmic and endosperm proteins from barley PF and PGF at 23°C. Subunit molecular weight, amino acid composition, and the functional properties of each isolated barley protein fraction were investigated. Barley glutelin demonstrated superior oil‐binding property and emulsifying stability, whereas barley hordein exhibited good foaming capacity.
Protein and Quality Characterization of Complete and Partial Near‐Isogenic Lines of Waxy Wheat
Authors: Jonnala Ramakanth S. , MacRitchie Finlay , Smail Virgil W. , Seabourn Bradford W. , Tilley Michael , Lafiandra Domenico , Urbano Marcella 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate protein composition and its effects on flour quality and physical dough test parameters using waxy wheat near‐isogenic lines. Partial waxy (single and double nulls) and waxy (null at all three waxy loci, Wx‐A1, Wx‐B1, and Wx‐D1) lines of N11 set (bread wheat) and Svevo (durum) were investigated. For protein composition, waxy wheats in this study had relatively lower albumins‐globulins than the hard winter wheat control. In the bread wheats (N11), dough strength as measured by mixograph peak dough development time (MDDT) (r = 0.75) and maximum resistance (Rmax) (r = 0.70) was significantly correlated with unextractable polymeric protein (UPP), whereas in durum wheats, moderate correlation was observed (r = 0.73 and 0.59, respectively). This may be due to the presence of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) Dx2+Dy12 at the Glu‐D1 locus instead of Dx5+Dy10, which are associated with dough strength. Significant correlation of initial loaf volume (ILV) to flour polymeric protein (FPP) (r = 0.75) and flour protein (FP) (r = 0.63) was found in bread wheats, whereas in durum wheats, a weak correlation of ILV was observed with FP (r = 0.09) and FPP (r =0.51). Significant correlation of ILV with FPP in bread wheats and with % polymeric protein (PPP) (r = 0.75) in durum lines indicates that this aspect of end‐use functionality is influenced by FPP and PPP, respectively, in these waxy wheat lines. High ILV was observed with 100% waxy wheat flour alone and was not affected by 50% blending with bread wheat flour. However, dark color and poor crumb structure was observed with 100% waxy flour, which was unacceptable to consumers. As the amylopectin content of the starch increases, loaf expansion increases but the crumb structure becomes increasingly unstable and collapses.
Clinical Features and Genotype‐Phenotype Correlations in Children With Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 3 Related to ABCB4 Mutations
Authors: Colombo Carla , Vajro Pietro , Degiorgio Dario , Coviello Domenico A , Costantino Lucy , Tornillo Luigi , Motta Valentina , Consonni Dario , Maggiore Giuseppe ,   SIGENP Study Group for Genetic Cholestasis
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency of ABCB4 mutations among children with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis with elevated gamma‐glutamyl‐transpeptidase (γ‐GT) activity and to characterize the genotypes with respect to severity of symptoms, response to ursodeoxycholic acid therapy, and outcome.Patients and Methods:Molecular analysis of ABCB4 in 133 Italian children was performed, and ABCB4 mutations were classified as disease‐causing mutations or benign substitutions according to the prediction algorithm PolyPhen.Results:Twenty‐eight patients were identified carrying 31 mutations (20 disease causing). Twenty patients carried 2 mutated alleles and 8 only 1. At presentation (1–204 months), 20 children were symptomatic with jaundice and/or pruritus, whereas in 8 biochemical cholestasis was a fortuitous finding. Cirrhosis developed in 15 and 6 progressed to terminal liver failure. Disease‐causing mutations on both alleles were found to be associated with reduced liver expression of ABCB4 protein, lack of response to ursodeoxycholic acid therapy, and progression to cirrhosis and end‐stage liver disease, whereas mild genotypes, including single heterozygous mutations, were generally associated with less severe disease and, often, absence of symptoms.Conclusions:ABCB4 mutations are responsible for a chronic liver disease in more than one‐third of patients with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis and elevated γ‐GT activity. In patients with severe ABCB4 genotype, the disease is often progressive with risk of developing cirrhosis and liver failure during the first 2 decades of life. Patients with mild genotypes, including single heterozygous mutations, have variable expressions of liver disease that may be influenced by comorbidity factors and modulated by still unknown genetic modifiers.
The Composition and Origins of Genomic Variation among Individuals of the Soybean Reference Cultivar Williams 82
Authors: Haun William J. , Hyten David L. , Xu Wayne W. , Gerhardt Daniel J. , Albert Thomas J. , Richmond Todd , Jeddeloh Jeffrey A. , Jia Gaofeng , Springer Nathan M. , Vance Carroll P. , Stupar Robert M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSoybean (Glycine max) is a self-pollinating species that has relatively low nucleotide polymorphism rates compared with other crop species. Despite the low rate of nucleotide polymorphisms, a wide range of heritable phenotypic variation exists. There is even evidence for heritable phenotypic variation among individuals within some cultivars. Williams 82, the soybean cultivar used to produce the reference genome sequence, was derived from backcrossing a Phytophthora root rot resistance locus from the donor parent Kingwa into the recurrent parent Williams. To explore the genetic basis of intracultivar variation, we investigated the nucleotide, structural, and gene content variation of different Williams 82 individuals. Williams 82 individuals exhibited variation in the number and size of introgressed Kingwa loci. In these regions of genomic heterogeneity, the reference Williams 82 genome sequence consists of a mosaic of Williams and Kingwa haplotypes. Genomic structural variation between Williams and Kingwa was maintained between the Williams 82 individuals within the regions of heterogeneity. Additionally, the regions of heterogeneity exhibited gene content differences between Williams 82 individuals. These findings show that genetic heterogeneity in Williams 82 primarily originated from the differential segregation of polymorphic chromosomal regions following the backcross and single-seed descent generations of the breeding process. We conclude that soybean haplotypes can possess a high rate of structural and gene content variation, and the impact of intracultivar genetic heterogeneity may be significant. This detailed characterization will be useful for interpreting soybean genomic data sets and highlights important considerations for research communities that are developing or utilizing a reference genome sequence.
Ribosomal protein L11 mutation in zebrafish leads to haematopoietic and metabolic defects
Authors: Danilova Nadia , Sakamoto Kathleen M. , Lin Shuo 
Published: November 2010

SummaryMutations in ribosomal proteins are associated with a congenital syndrome, Diamond–Blackfan anaemia (DBA), manifested by red blood cell aplasia, developmental abnormalities and increased risk of malignancy. Recent studies suggest the involvement of p53 activation in DBA. However, which pathways are involved and how they contribute to the DBA phenotype remains unknown. Here we show that a zebrafish mutant for the rpl11 gene had defects both in the development of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and maintenance of erythroid cells. The molecular signature of the mutant included upregulation of p53 target genes and global changes in metabolism. The changes in several pathways may affect haematopoiesis including upregulation of pro‐apoptotic and cell cycle arrest genes, suppression of glycolysis, downregulation of biosynthesis and dysregulation of cytoskeleton. Each of these pathways has been individually implicated in haematological diseases. Inhibition of p53 partially rescued haematopoiesis in the mutant. Altogether, we propose that the unique phenotype of DBA is a sum of several abnormally regulated molecular pathways, mediated by the p53 protein family and p53‐independent, which have synergistic impact on haematological and other cellular pathways affected in DBA. Our results provide new insights into the pathogenesis of DBA and point to the potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.