bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Released nucleotides amplify the cilium‐dependent, flow‐induced [Ca2+]i response in MDCK cells
Authors: Praetorius H. A. , Leipziger J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  Changes in perfusate flow produce increases in [Ca2+]i in renal epithelial cells. Cultured renal epithelia require primary cilia to sense subtle changes in flow. In perfused kidney tubules this flow response is caused by nucleotide signalling via P2Y2 receptors. It is, however, not known whether nucleotides are released by mechanical stress applied to renal primary cilia. Here we investigate whether nucleotides are released during the cilium‐dependent flow response and contribute to the flow‐induced, cilium‐dependent [Ca2+]i signal.Methods:  MDCK cells loaded with Fluo‐4‐AM were observed at 37 °C in semi‐open single or closed‐double perfusion chambers.Results:  Our data suggest a purinergic component of the cilium‐dependent flow‐response: (1) ATP scavengers and P2 receptor antagonists reduced (55%) the cilium‐dependent flow‐response; (2) ATP added at subthreshold concentration sensitized the renal epithelia to flow changes; (3) increases in fluid flow transiently enhanced the ATP concentration in the superfusate (measured by biosensor‐cells). To test if nucleotides were released in sufficient quantities to stimulate renal epithelia we used non‐confluent MDCK cells without cilia as reporter cells. We confirmed that non‐confluent cells do not respond to changes in fluid flow. Placing confluent, ciliated cells upstream in the in‐flow path of the non‐confluent cells made them responsive to fluid flow changes. This phenomenon was not observed if either non‐confluent or de‐ciliated confluent cells were placed upstream. The [Ca2+]i‐response in the non‐confluent cells with ciliated cells upstream was abolished by apyrase and suramin.Conclusion:  This suggests that subtle flow changes sensed by the primary cilium induces nucleotide release, which amplifies the epithelial [Ca2+]i‐response.
Researching the Practice, Practicing the Research, and Promoting Responsible Policy: Usable Knowledge in Mind, Brain, and Education
Authors: Christodoulou Joanna A. , Daley Samantha G. , Katzir Tami 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTABSTRACT—The theme of Usable Knowledge in Mind, Brain, and Education will be a special section that will appear regularly in the journal. The section will focus on the synergistic connections between biology, cognitive science, and human development on the one hand and educational thought, policy, and practice on the other. Efforts to create usable knowledge in mind, brain, and education focus on questions that relate research and theory to educational practice, involving pedagogy and learning, discussions of how best to conduct ethical and valid research that crosses disciplinary boundaries, and consideration of how to use such research to promote responsible policy.
An Education Grounded in Biology: Interdisciplinary and Ethical Considerations
Authors: Gardner Howard 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTABSTRACT—Work in the new area of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) raises epistemological and ethical issues. With respect to epistemology, the norms of the component disciplines must be honored and the resulting amalgam must be more than a mere sum of the parts. With respect to ethics, the roles of scientist, educator, and practitioner each raise ethical dilemmas and the MBE worker must be cognizant of each set of dilemmas and the possible strains among them. Only if both of these spheres are confronted can good work be achieved in MBE.
Learning to Read in the Digital Age
Authors: Rose David , Dalton Bridget 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTABSTRACT—The digital age offers transformative opportunities for individualization of learning. First, modern imaging technologies have changed our understanding of learning and the sources and ranges of its diversity. Second, digital technologies make it possible to design learning environments that are responsive to individual differences. We draw on CAST's research and development on universal design for learning to suggest the potential of digital reading environments that are designed to support learning and engagement by addressing the diversity in learners’ representation, strategic and affective networks. Optimal customization depends on continued advances in the digital tools of the neurosciences and the design and enactment of digital learning environments.
The RAVE‐O Intervention: Connecting Neuroscience to the Classroom
Authors: Wolf Maryanne , Barzillai Mirit , Gottwald Stephanie , Miller Lynne , Spencer Kathleen , Norton Elizabeth , Lovett Maureen , Morris Robin 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTABSTRACT—This article explores the ways in which knowledge from the cognitive neurosciences, linguistics, and education interact to deepen our understanding of reading's complexity and to inform reading intervention. We first describe how research on brain abnormalities and naming speed processes has shaped both our conceptualization of reading disabilities and the design of a multicomponent reading intervention, the RAVE‐O program. We then discuss the unique ways this program seeks to address the multiple and varied sources of disruption in struggling readers. Finally, we present efficacy data for the RAVE‐O reading intervention across multiple school settings.
Learning Sequences in the Acquisition of Mathematical Knowledge: Using Cognitive Developmental Theory to Inform Curriculum Design for Pre‐K–6 Mathematics Education
Authors: Griffin Sharon 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTABSTRACT—Using Central Conceptual Structure theory as an heuristic, learning sequences in the acquisition of number knowledge are described in three forms that bridge theory and practice: as a four‐stage theoretical progression, as items on a developmental test created to test the theoretical progression, and as learning objectives in a curriculum designed to teach math concepts and skills implied in the theoretical progression. Other aspects of the theory that were used to create teaching methods and materials for the Number Worlds curriculum are also described, as are some of the outcomes of this theory‐based program.
Burns to persons suffering from diabetes: a systemic preventive approach
Authors: Abu‐Qamar Ma’en Zaid , Wilson Anne 
Published: May 2009

Aims. To report the findings of an investigation of patients with diabetes and burns, with emphasis on implications for practice: primary and secondary preventions.Background. Diabetes and burns are complex conditions with multi‐system involvements, which worsen outcomes for patients, and their management. This research investigated outcomes for patients and diabetes management.Methods. Data on outcomes were obtained from records of patients hospitalised for foot burns in an Australian hospital from 1999–2004. A questionnaire survey design was employed to obtain information on how clinicians in burns units manage diabetes. SPSS was used to analyse data obtained from both resources. Comments written in the questionnaire were analysed using relational analysis.Results. Of the 64 patients, 12 were with diabetes and 52 were without diabetes. Those with diabetes were more likely to sustain contact foot burns (58·3% Diabetes Mellitus vs. 13·5% non Diabetes Mellitus χ2 = 11·487, p = 0·002). The duration of hospitalisation was statistically significantly longer among patients with diabetes compared with those without diabetes (U = 169, p = 0·014); although the two groups were not statistically significant different in terms of severity of burns and received treatment.Of the 29 clinical leaders, 21 (72%) indicated that they regularly provided care to patients with diabetes. Most respondents (n = 15; 58%) reported that new plans need to be initiated to accommodate the combined insult of diabetes and burns. Diabetes centres were located in all participating sites; but not always involved in the process of care.Conclusion. The co‐existence of diabetes and burns worsens outcomes for patients, and complicates management plans. Optimal management can be achieved via a multidisciplinary approach starting with glycaemic control, and continued to aggressive management of diabetes and burns.Relevance to clinical practice. Preventive measures should start with tight glycaemic control, identification and avoidance of sources of trauma, early detection and treatment, and continue to aggressive inpatient management of patients with both diabetes and a burn injury.
Chronic diseases among African Americans in Southeastern Virginia: a pilot study
Authors: St Rose Marie , Wilson Rudolph 
Published: May 2009

Aims and objectives. The aim of this study was to explore chronic diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, overweight and obesity, breast cancer, prostate cancer and HIV in African Americans residing in Southeastern Virginia and to determine whether socio‐economic factors correlate with chronic diseases, health‐related behaviors, access to health care and health screening.Background. In the United States, approximately 90 million people are living with chronic diseases, which accounts for 70% of American deaths. These conditions affect all racial groups; however, African Americans suffer the most from these diseases.Design. A descriptive exploratory design with survey methodology.Methods. The random sample consisted of 150 African American households from one city and one county in Southeastern Virginia. A health survey questionnaire was used to conduct face‐to‐face interviews with the respondents.Results. The study found a high prevalence of hypertension and smoking. The majority of respondents reported that they sometimes eat foods high in sugar, salt, and fat and cholesterol. Only 9·2% stated that they read food labels all of the time for nutritional information and the majority (31%) did not read the labels at all. Almost 81% of respondents had health insurance coverage and reported the doctor’s office as the main source of care. Income inversely correlated with diabetes, high sugar intake, and high fat and cholesterol, but positively correlated with health insurance and smoking. Education inversely correlated with stroke and alcohol consumption, but positively correlated with physical activity, health insurance and routine health checkup.Conclusion. The study provided a foundation for other efforts when addressing chronic diseases.Relevance to clinical practice. Recognizing groups of people at risk for chronic diseases can help to alert health professionals when establishing community‐based interventions to promote healthy diet and nutrition, smoking cessation and decrease the number of people with hypertension.
Quality of life of older people in residential care home: a literature review
Authors: Lee Diana TF , Yu Doris SF , Kwong Alice NL 
Published: May 2009

Aim.  To integrate the research evidence on quality of life of older people living in a residential care home setting.Background. Residential care is provided for older people who are unable to live in their own home due to various health and social reasons. A number of studies have been published that have focused on diverse quality of life issues of residential care home elders. Consolidating the evidence from these studies may provide insights into enhancing quality of life of this particular group of older people.Design. A literature review of research evidence on quality of life issues among residential care home elders.Method. A systematic search of the literature published between 1994–January 2008 was undertaken to identify research evidence on quality of life of older people living in residential care home. Information about the study design, research objectives, study setting, sample characteristics, and key findings were extracted for comparison and integration. Three aspects about quality of life of the residential care home elders were identified: views of residential care home elders on quality of life, factors affecting quality of life of residential care home elders and methods to improve quality of life in residential care home elders.Results. Eighteen publications were identified. Older people perceived their ability to maintain independence, autonomy and individuality as the most important criteria for determining quality of life. Interventions designed to improve quality of life of older people living in residential facilities corresponded to these criteria. A range of interventions including a walking program, mental stimulation and environmental modification were proposed and evaluated to improve quality of life of residential care home elders. Among these interventions, environmental modification that targeted at improving the residential care homes and quality of services appears to be promising.Conclusion. Quality of life in residential care home elders is a complex issue that may be determined by the elders’ independence, individuality and autonomy, and influenced by quality of residential care and facilities. Environmental modification appears to be a way to improve the quality of life of residential care home elders.Relevance to clinical practice. The knowledge of understanding quality of life of residential care home elders provides insights into the implementation of appropriate residential care services. Programs that aim to de‐institutionalise the residential care home settings are important to the enhancement of residential care services.
The meaning of rehabilitation for older people who have survived stroke
Authors: Hjelmblink Finn , Holmström Inger , Sanner Margareta 
Published: May 2009

Aim.  To explore the meaning of rehabilitation to older, Swedish stroke survivors, from the time of the acute stroke to the end of the rehabilitation.Background.  Many people who are stroke survivors do not resume social activities even though they have regained physical functions. However, the contents of stroke rehabilitation seems to depend on whether rehabilitation is understood from the disease perspective or the illness perspective contained in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. This in turn may determine the kind of rehabilitation offered to survivors.Design.  Inductive, qualitative interview study undertaken during 2003.Method.  Nineteen Swedish stroke survivors were interviewed twice, and the interviews were analysed using a Grounded Theory approach.Findings.  To the older survivors, the meaning of rehabilitation was social reintegration. To achieve this they tried to regain lost physical and cognitive functions, relations (including play activities, everyday narratives and self‐esteem) and lost certainty. The survivors needed to regain their ability to be not only to perform social activities. However, their rehabilitation ended when its focus turned to impairments found in the illness experiences of the survivors. The survivors developed their own cognitive and behavioural strategies for overcoming these kinds of obstacles to their social reintegration.Conclusion.  Older, Swedish stroke survivors strive for a socially integrated life. Unacknowledged impairments experienced from the illness perspective of the survivors and the survivors’ own rehabilitation strategies should therefore be considered in their rehabilitation.Relevance to clinical practice.  Stroke survivors need support from professionals who can understand and acknowledge the illness perspective of rehabilitation. Professionals should be able to understand how to facilitate the cognitive and behavioural strategies found in survivors’ illness narratives. In order to socially reintegrate, survivors’ rehabilitation should be transferred to the places where they have previously performed play activities together with family and friends.
Diagnostic utility and cost‐effectiveness of reflex bacterial culture for the detection of urinary tract infection in dogs with low urine specific gravity
Authors: Tivapasi Musavenga T. , Hodges Joanne , Byrne Barbara A. , Christopher Mary M. 
Published: May 2009

Background:Urinary tract infections (UTIs) may be subclinical or difficult to detect in dilute urine as sediment abnormalities may not be observed. In our laboratory, bacterial culture is automatically performed (reflex culture) on samples with urine specific gravity (USG)≤1.013 to increase the likelihood of detecting infection. The value of routine culture of dilute urine, however, has not been fully assessed.Objective:The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of positive bacterial cultures and analyze the diagnostic utility and cost‐effectiveness of culture compared with routine sediment examination for detecting UTI in dilute urine specimens from dogs.Methods:Urinalysis and concurrent aerobic bacterial culture results were obtained from the electronic medical record system at the University of California–Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for samples with USG≤1.013 analyzed from July 1998 through January 2005. Urine collection method, presence of leukocytes and bacteria, bacterial culture results, and clinical diagnosis were recorded. Cost‐effectiveness of reflex culture, based on low USG as the sole criterion, was evaluated.Results:Of 1264 urine specimens, 106 (8.4%) had positive bacterial cultures. Using culture as the gold standard, sediment evaluation had a diagnostic sensitivity of 58.5% and specificity of 98.3% (diagnostic accuracy 94.9%). An additional cost of $60 per patient was incurred, leading to average annual costs of $11,668 for reflex bacterial cultures of all samples with low USG, regardless of collection method. Within our study population, 10 urine samples needed to be cultured for each true positive result.Conclusions:The sensitivity of urine sediment evaluation is low for UTI in dilute urine samples; however, reflex bacterial culture does not appear to be cost‐effective in dogs with USG≤1.013 in the absence of active urine sediment or high clinical suspicion for UTI.
Contributions of neuroimaging, balance testing, electrophysiology and blood markers to the assessment of sport-related concussion
Authors: Davis G A , Iverson G L , Guskiewicz K M , Ptito A , Johnston K M 
Published: May 2009

Objective:To review the diagnostic tests and investigations used in the management of sports concussion, in the adult and paediatric populations, to (a) monitor the severity of symptoms and deficits, (b) track recovery and (c) advance knowledge relating to the natural history and neurobiology of the injury.Design:Qualitative literature review of the neuroimaging, balance testing, electrophysiology, blood marker and concussion literature.Intervention:PubMed and Medline databases were reviewed for investigations used in the management of adult and paediatric concussion, including structural imaging (computerised tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging), functional imaging (single photon emission computerised tomography, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging), spectroscopy (magnetic resonance spectroscopy, near infrared spectroscopy), balance testing (Balance Error Scoring System, Sensory Organization Test, gait testing, virtual reality), electrophysiological tests (electroencephalography, evoked potentials, event related potentials, magnetoencephalography, heart rate variability), genetics (apolipoprotein E4, channelopathies) and blood markers (S100, neuron-specific enolase, cleaved Tau protein, glutamate).Results:For the adult and paediatric populations, each test has been classified as being: (1) clinically useful, (2) a research tool only or (3) not useful in sports-related concussion.Conclusions:The current status of the diagnostic tests and investigations is analysed, and potential directions for future research are provided. Currently, all tests and investigations, with the exception of clinical balance testing, remain experimental. There is accumulating research, however, that shows promise for the future clinical application of functional magnetic resonance imaging in sport concussion assessment and management.
Who should conduct and interpret the neuropsychological assessment in sports-related concussion?
Authors: Echemendia R J , Herring S , Bailes J 
Published: May 2009

Objective:This paper seeks to (i) describe the education and training of clinical neuropsychologists, (ii) discuss the significant differences between test administration and clinical assessment, (iii) outline the complex factors involved in psychometric test theory and test interpretation, and (iv) provide a framework for the role of clinical neuropsychologists in the interpretation and administration of neuropsychological instruments within the sports context.Design:Review of pertinent professional practice, empirical and theoretical literature.Intervention:Pubmed, Medline and Psych Info databases were reviewed. In total, 35 articles and 2 books were reviewed.Results:The decision to return an athlete to play following sports-related brain injury is complex and requires the analysis of several sources of data. The decision is determined by a team physician; ideally within the context of a multidisciplinary team that employs comprehensive concussion surveillance and management, including baseline and post-injury neuropsychological assessment. Neuropsychologists possess the training and skill sets necessary to provide unique expertise in the assessment of cognitive functioning and post-injury neurocognitive and psychological assessment.Conclusions:Baseline neuropsychological testing is a technical procedure that can be conducted by technicians under the supervision/guidance of a neuropsychologist. Post-injury assessment requires advanced neuropsychological expertise that is best provided by a clinical neuropsychologist. Significant international differences exist with respect to the training and availability of clinical neuropsychologists, which require modification of these views on a country by country basis.
What are the most appropriate return-to-play guidelines for concussed child athletes?: Figure 1
Authors: Purcell L 
Published: May 2009

Objective:To examine concussion literature for specific guidelines regarding return to play (RTP) following sport-related concussion in child athletes. To make recommendations regarding the most appropriate RTP guidelines for child athletes following sport-related concussion.Design:A literature review of concussion literature.Intervention:A literature search was conducted using Medline and Embase databases from 1998 to 2008. More than 60 articles and two websites were reviewed.Results:There is a paucity of research on sport-related concussion in child athletes, particularly younger children (age 5–12 years). In particular, there is no research on RTP guidelines for child athletes following sport-related concussion. Child athletes take longer to recover from concussions than adults. Concussion symptoms may resolve before cognitive function has completely recovered. Concussion assessment and management in children can be confounded by their growth and development, as well as the lack of trained medical personnel involved with youth sports. There are no child-specific assessment tools for concussion.Conclusions:RTP decisions in children should be made cautiously and should be individualised. No concussed child athlete should be allowed to RTP the same day. Physical and cognitive rest is very important to allow for the resolution of concussion symptoms. Child athletes should remain symptom free for several days before starting a medically supervised stepwise exertion protocol. Further research is needed to elucidate the effects of concussion in children and to determine the most appropriate RTP guidelines. Child-specific concussion assessment tools need to be developed to improve concussion assessment and management in children.