bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender and age differences in the distribution of the HDL subclasses among the Chinese population
Authors: Tian Li , Yang Yuye , Fu Mingde , Xu Yanhua 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground and aims: to analyze the gender and age differences in the distribution of the high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses among the Chinese population, and to clarify the mechanism of these changes. Methods and results: the apoA‐I contents of the plasma HDL subclasses were determined by 2‐DE coupled with immunodetection in 324 men (including 186 normolipidemic subjects) and 186 women (including 114 normolipidemic subjects). The contents of preβ1‐HDL and HDL3 (HDL3c, HDL3b, HDL3a) were significantly lower, whereas the contents of HDL2a and HDL2b were higher for women than for men in the <50 years age group. Moreover, the contents of preβ1‐HDL and HDL3 were higher for female subjects; the HDL2a and HDL2b contents were lower for both female and male subjects in the 50–59, 60–69, and ≥70 years age groups versus the subjects of the same gender in the <50 years age group. When compared to the normolipidemic premenopausal women, preβ1‐HDL, HDL3b, and HDL3a increased while HDL2b decreased significantly in normolipidemic men and postmenopausal women. Conclusions: the contents of the large‐sized HDL particles HDL2b were higher, but the contents of the small‐sized HDL particles (preβ1‐HDL, HDL3b, HDL3a) were lower for women versus men in the <50 years age group. Meanwhile, the gender difference in distribution of the HDL subclass narrowed obviously with advancing age. Moreover, the characteristics of the HDL subclass distribution profile for the normolipidemic postmenopausal women resembled those for the normolipidemic men.
Easy mass spectrometry for metabolomics and quality control of vegetable and animal fats
Authors: Riccio Maria Francesca , Saraiva Sérgio A. , Marques Lygia Azevedo , Alberici Rosana , Haddad Renato , Moller Jens C. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Catharino Rodrigo Ramos 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEasy ambient sonic spray ionization (EASI), a novel desorption/ionization technique for ambient mass spectrometry analysis, is shown to permit the characterization of different types of vegetable and animal fats. The taxonomic markers of the oils, mainly fatty acids and phenols, are extracted with methanol/water (1:1) solution and made alkaline with NH4OH, then placed and dried on the surface of a glass tip and directly analyzed by EASI‐MS in the negative‐ion mode. EASI provides a supersonic cloud of charged droplets that causes efficient desorption and ionization of the oil markers directly from the surface of the glass tip. As proof‐of‐principle cases, EASI(−)‐MS was applied to genuine samples of olive oil, hazelnut oil, soybean oil, grape seed oil, canola oil, butter, and lard. Characteristic metabolomics EASI(−)‐MS profiles of fatty acids and eventually phenols were obtained.
Effects of tocopherols and tocotrienols on the inhibition of autoxidation of conjugated linoleic acid
Authors: Ko Soon‐Nam , Kim Chul‐Jin , Kim Chong‐Tai , Kim Yangha , Kim In‐Hwan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe effect of eight vitamin E homologues, i.e. α‐, β‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherol and α‐, β‐, γ, and δ‐tocotrienol, on the inhibition of autoxidation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were investigated. The oxidation was carried out in the dark for 21 days at 50 °C and monitored by peroxide values (PV) and TBA values. The levels of the individual vitamin E homologues in CLA during storage were determined by HPLC. γ‐Tocopherol exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among the homologues tested in this study when the antioxidant activities of the individual homologues in CLA were compared by PV. The order of antioxidant activity of eight homologues was γ‐tocopherol > δ‐tocopherol = δ‐tocotrienol ≥ γ‐tocotrienol > β‐tocopherol = β‐tocotrienol > α‐tocopherol = α‐tocotrienol. The degradation rates of α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol were faster than those of the other homologues, whereas δ‐tocopherol had the highest stability in CLA during storage. All homologues exhibited an antioxidant activity by inhibiting the formation of secondary oxidation products. It appears that α‐tocotrienol and β‐tocotrienol have significantly higher antioxidant activities for secondary oxidation in CLA than α‐tocopherol and β‐tocopherol. Meanwhile, the other homologues, namely γ‐tocopherol, γ‐tocotrienol, δ‐tocopherol, and δ‐tocotrienol, exhibited similar antioxidant activity for secondary oxidation in CLA.
Determining nutritional labeling data for fats and oils by 1H NMR
Authors: Sedman Jacqueline , Gao Lei , García‐González Diego , Ehsan Sadia , van de Voort Frederik R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe nutrition labeling compositional data (NLCD) required for fat‐containing food products consists of the percentages of saturated, cis‐monounsaturated, and cis‐polyunsaturated fat as well as trans content. The capability of 1H NMR spectroscopy to determine the NLCD components in oils that do not contain significant levels of trans isomers has already been established in the literature, but not its capability to differentiate between cis‐ and trans‐unsaturation. In the present study, the determination of all four NLCD components in fats and oils has been demonstrated for the first time. A preliminary analysis of the intensity‐normalized 1H NMR spectra of defined mixtures of pure triacylglycerols (TAG) by partial least squares (PLS) regression revealed that the (mono)allylic proton resonances of cis and trans bonds were sufficiently well separated to allow for accurate quantitation of trans content by simple peak integration. This chemometric approach also served to facilitate the identification of optimal integration limits for these cis‐ and trans‐allylic resonances. Fixed integration limits were also set for the other resonances employed in the determination of the four NLCD components, and a standardized spectral preprocessing procedure was established. The 1H NMR NLCD data obtained for the TAG mixtures by this methodology was a good match to the actual values, calculated from the known molar composition of these gravimetrically prepared mixtures. A procedure for the conversion of the NMR mol% NLCD to units of wt%, previously developed for 13C NMR, was adapted for 1H NMR and shown to be effective in compensating for the overestimation of wt% saturates and underestimation of wt% unsaturates by 1H NMR if this conversion is not made. The 1H NMR methodology for NLCD determination was validated by analyzing AOCS Laboratory Proficiency Program GC samples as well as samples taken from a hydrogenator over time and analyzed for trans content by GC and IR spectroscopy. Comparison of the 1H NMR mol% and wt% NLCD obtained for these validation samples with the data obtained from the reference methods indicated that 1H NMR can deliver high‐quality, accurate NLCD, much like 13C NMR, but in a much shorter time frame. Thus, 1H NMR provides a more rapid and cost‐effective means of obtaining NLCD than 13C NMR and can replace GC as a primary reference method for the calibration of simpler and automatable instrumental methods such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
Rapid quantitation of fish oil fatty acids and their ethyl esters by FT‐NIR models
Authors: Azizian Hormoz , Kramer John K. G. , Ehler Shannon , Curtis Jonathan M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractConsumption of fish oil and dietary supplements containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has steadily increased because of their reported health benefits. A rapid procedure based on Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐NIR) models was developed for analysis of fish oil and their ethyl ester derivatives to replace the time consuming GC method. Inclusion of fish oil or ethyl esters containing varied concentrations of OA, EPA, and DHA into the FT‐NIR classification models made possible their classification and quantification. Accurate GC analysis is essential in developing reliable quantitative models since FT‐NIR is matrix dependent. Development of FT‐NIR models based on 30 m PEG capillary GC column results, as recommended by the official GC method for analysis of marine oils, proved problematic, since these columns did not resolve many geometric isomers compared to 100  m highly polar cyanopropyl polysiloxane columns. Depending on the content of geometric isomers in fish oils and ethyl esters, the levels of long‐chain n‐3 PUFA would be overestimated if the model used were based on the results from a 30  m column. The FT‐NIR method was found to be applicable to all fish oil and ethyl ester samples, except when fatty acids were outside the range examined, or contaminants were present. The FT‐NIR method was applicable to analysis of in‐plant intermediates provided contaminants were absent, or identified so they could be incorporated into the model. The FT‐NIR method was suitable to evaluate the shelf life of n‐3 PUFA concentrates.
Synthesis and characterization of cast resin based on different saturation epoxidized soybean oil
Authors: Li Yantao , Fu Liyu , Lai Shufen , Cai Xinchao , Yang Liting 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAcrylated epoxidized soybean oils (AESOs) with different level of saturation were obtained by the ring opening of different saturation epoxidized soybean oils using acrylic acid as the ring opener. AESO‐based thermosets have been synthesized by free radical polymerization of these AESOs and methyl methacrylate. The thermal properties of these resins were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and thermo‐gravimetric analysis. The results indicated that the thermal stability of these resins depends upon the epoxy value; the glass transition temperature increases with increasing of epoxy value. The tensile and impact strength of the resins were also studied, and indicated that tensile strength increases with increasing epoxy value, whereas impact strength decreases. The resulting thermosets ranged from elastomers to glassy polymers.
Antioxidant capacity of rapeseed meal and rapeseed oils enriched with meal extract
Authors: Szydłowska‐Czerniak Aleksandra , Amarowicz Ryszard , Szłyk Edward 
Published: April 2010

AbstractResponse surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the quantitative effects of two independent variables: solvent polarity and temperature of the extraction process on the antioxidant capacity (AC) and total phenolics content (TPC) in meal rapeseed extracts. The mean AC and TPC results for meal ranged between 1181–9974 µmol TE/100 g and 73.8–814 mg sinapic acid/100 g of meal. The experimental results of AC and TPC were close to the predicted values calculated from the polynomial response surface models equations (R2 = 0.9758 and 0.9603, respectively). The effect of solvent polarity on AC and TPC in the examined extracts was about 3.6 and 2.6 times greater, respectively, than the effect of processing temperature. The predicted optimum solvent polarity of ε = 78.3 and 63.8, and temperature of 89.4 and 74.2°C resulted in an AC of 10 014 µmol TE/100 g and TPC of 863 mg SAE/100 g meal, respectively. The phenolic profile of rapeseed meal was determined by an HPLC method. The main phenolics in rapeseed meal were sinapine and sinapic acid. Refined rapeseed oils were fortified with an extract – rich in polyphenols – obtained from rapeseed meal. The supplemented rapeseed oil had higher AC and TPC than the refined oil without addition of meal extracts. However, AC and TPC in the enriched oils decreased during storage. The TPC in the studied meal extracts and rapeseed oils correlated significantly (p<0.0000001) positively with their AC (R2 = 0.9387).Practical applications: Many bioactive compounds extracted from rapeseed meal provide health benefits and have antioxidative properties. Therefore, it seems worth to consider the application of antioxidants extracted from the rapeseed meal for the production of rapeseed oils with potent AC. Moreover, antioxidants extracted from the rapeseed meal were added to refined rapeseed oil in order to enhance its AC. AC was then tested by FRAP assay. FRAP method is based on the reduction of the ferric tripyridyltriazine (Fe3+‐TPTZ) complex to the ferrous tripyridyltriazine (Fe2+‐TPTZ), and it is simple, fast, low cost, and robust method. FRAP method does not require specialized equipment and can be performed using automated, semi‐automatic, or manual methods. Therefore the proposed FRAP method can be employed by the fat industry laboratories to asses the AC of rapeseed oils and meal.
A strong inorganic acid‐initiated methacrylate polymerization strategy for room temperature preparation of monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Wang Man‐Man , Wang He‐Fang , Jiang Dong‐Qing , Wang Shan‐Wei , Yan Xiu‐Ping 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA facile strong inorganic acid‐initiated methacrylate polymerization strategy was developed for fabricating monolithic columns at room temperature. The prepared monoliths were characterized by FTIR spectrometry, mercury intrusion porosimeter and SEM, while their performance was evaluated by CEC for the separation of various types of compounds including alkyl benzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, anilines, and nitrophenol isomers. The column‐to‐column and batch‐to‐batch reproducibility for the prepared monoliths in terms of the RSD of EOF flow velocity, retention factor, and the minimum plate height of naphthalene ranged from 3.4 to 12.4%. The fabricated monoliths gave excellent performance for the separation of the test neutral compounds with the theoretical plates of 170 000–232 000 plates per meter for thiourea, and 77 400–112 300 plates per meter for naphthalene. The proposed strong inorganic acid‐initiated methacrylate polymerization strategy is a promising alternative for fabricating organic polymer‐based monoliths.
Improved conditions for silver–ammonia staining of DNA in polyacrylamide gel
Authors: Cong Wei‐Tao , He Hong‐Zhang , Zhu Zhong‐Xin , Ye Cai‐Xue , Yang Xu‐Yi , Choi Jung‐Kap , Jin Li‐Tai , Li Xiao‐Kun 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAn improved silver–ammonia staining method for DNA on polyacrylamide gels is described. In this method, staining of DNA using silver–ammonia complex allows high sensitivity, low cost, low toxicity, and simple protocol without requiring fixation and sensitization steps. The protocol takes less than 40 min to complete, with a detection limit of 1.5 pg of single DNA band on polyacrylamide gels, approximately 30‐fold higher than that of original silver–ammonia staining method. Furthermore, this novel technique not only exhibits high sensitivity for large DNA fragment, but also shows a better trend to detect low‐base‐pair DNA compared with other silver staining methods.
Reduction of Cr (VI) in electroplating wastewater and investigation on the sorptive removal by WBAP
Authors: Shah Bhavna A. , Shah Ajay V. , Singh Rajesh R. , Patel Nayan B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present investigation was to study the removal of total chromium from the electroplating industry effluent using Weathered Basalt Andesite Products (WBAP). The reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) by hydrazinium sulfate (HS) was adopted. The sorbent WBAP before and after sorption, was characterized by FTIR, X‐ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, and TGA methods. The effects of various parameters such as hydronium ion concentration, shaking time, sorbent dose, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature on the removal of Cr (III) from aqueous solution was studied. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH0, ΔS0, and ΔG0) for the sorption process were evaluated. Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin‐Kaganer‐Radushkevich isotherm models were examined to describe the sorption isotherms. Analysis of sorption results obtained showed that the sorption pattern followed the Freundlich sorption isotherm. Langmuir maximum sorption capacity of WBAP for Cr (III) was found to be 12.07 mg/g. The process follows Pseudo second order rate and surface diffusion is identified as the predominating mechanism. The effluent having average discharge of total chromium 90 mg/L was successfully treated with the same sorbent with a removal of 85.65%. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Forest fire, bank strength and channel instability: the ‘unusual’ response of Fishtrap Creek, British Columbia
Authors: Eaton B.C. , Moore R.D. , Giles T.R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn August 2003, the McLure forest fire burned 62% of the drainage basin of Fishtrap Creek. Streamflow has been measured there since the early 1970s, and suspended sediment concentration and channel morphology have been monitored since the fire. Although the short post‐fire period (four years) limits our ability to draw firm conclusions about streamflow changes, there has been no obvious increase in peak flows since the fire. However, the total runoff during the freshet period does appear to have increased and the onset of snowmelt appears to occur about two weeks earlier than it did prior to the fire. Suspended sediment records from Fishtrap Creek and from an unburnt reference stream nearby are similar, suggesting that the burnt areas have remained relatively stable and that the sediment supply to Fishtrap Creek has not been dramatically altered. In contrast, the stream channel morphology has changed, widening by over 100% of the original width in some places and transforming from a laterally stable plane‐bed morphology to a laterally active riffle‐pool morphology. The timing and magnitude of the observed morphologic changes are consistent with the predicted decline in bank strength due to root decay, implying that the observed changes are associated with an internal instability associated with changes to the stream boundaries, rather than with the more typically reported externally driven instabilities caused by changes in streamflow or sediment supply. This delayed response in the absence of large changes in streamflow or sediment supply, while ‘unusual’ in that it has not been documented in the previous literature, may be a common mode of response, particularly in wat'ersheds with nival flow regimes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control parameter optimization for multiple distributed generators in a microgrid using particle swarm optimization
Authors: Chung Il‐Yop , Liu Wenxin , Cartes David A. , Moon Seung‐Il 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMicrogrids are state‐of‐the‐art power distribution networks consisting of multiple distributed generators (DGs) and sensitive power loads. The goal of microgrid operation is to provide reliable and high‐quality electric power to loads regardless of abnormal cases such as faults or loss‐of‐mains (islanding). This paper presents power control methods to coordinate multiple microgrid generators for both grid‐connected and autonomous modes. To maintain required control performance and power quality during operating condition changes, hard toil of fine‐tuning control parameters is required. This paper proposes an effective control parameter‐tuning method using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and gain‐scheduling method. System requirements such as power quality regulation and load following performance are reflected in the cost function. The optimization algorithm implementation with time‐domain simulation model is also explained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameters influencing the market value of wind power – a model‐based analysis of the Central European power market
Authors: Obersteiner Carlo , Saguan Marcelo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn leading European wind power countries wind power generation affects wholesale power prices already today. First investigations indicate that the respective wind power‐price relation lowers the market value of wind power relative to the baseload price with increasing penetration. The aim of this paper is to identify parameters that determine this effect based on simulations for the Central European Power Market (CEPM). We model wind power‐price interactions and investigate the sensitivity of the market value on a number of wind power and system related parameters. The market value of wind power is sensitive to changes in wind share and variability, wind‐demand correlation and the supply characteristics. Results further indicate that for expected wind capacities in 2020 the market value in the CEPM is significantly lower than the baseload price. The market value reducing effect varies among countries and is comparably low for wind power portfolios whose generation is weakly correlated with the overall wind power generation in the respective power market. Hence with rising wind shares it will become increasingly important to take this effect into account when assessing the economics of wind power projects. Future trends in the CEPM that may positively influence the market value are increasing electricity demand, fuel and CO2 prices, a better geographic distribution of onshore wind within the CEPM and an increasing utilization of offshore wind. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of early onset dementia on caregivers: a review
Authors: van Vliet Deliane , de Vugt Marjolein E. , Bakker Christian , Koopmans Raymond T. C. M. , Verhey Frans R. J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveWhen it comes to dementia, caregiving can have adverse effects on the psychological and physical health of the informal caregiver. As yet, little is known about the impact of caring for a young dementia patient. This review provides an overview of the literature concerning the impact of early onset dementia (EOD) on informal caregivers and on children of EOD patients. The available literature comparing the impact on EOD and late onset dementia (LOD) caregivers will also be provided.MethodsPubMed, Psychinfo, and Cinahl were searched for articles that considered the psychological or psychosocial impact of EOD on informal caregivers and children. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed in order to make better judgments about the value of each article.ResultsSeventeen articles were included, of which the overall methodological quality was limited. The results showed that EOD caregivers experienced high levels of burden, stress, and depression. When compared with LOD caregivers, results were inconclusive. Furthermore, the caregivers of EOD patients experienced a variety of psychosocial problems, including relational problems, family conflict, problems with employment, financial difficulties, and problems concerning diagnosis.ConclusionsWhether there is a difference in impact between EOD and LOD on caregivers is still unclear. The studies conducted are methodologically too limited to answer this question. Nevertheless, it is clear that EOD caregivers do seem to experience high levels of psychological suffering and specific problems related to their phase in life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.