bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benchmarking the fundraising performance of UK charities
Authors: Aldrich Tobin 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

The cost of fundraising and its effectiveness are issues of increasing importance in the UK nonprofit sector. Measuring fundraising effectiveness properly is critical to organisations on two fronts. From a financial stewardship perspective, charities need to ensure that their fundraising is as efficient as possible. From a public relations perspective they need to be able to demonstrate this to donors and our other stakeholders. There are many problems to be overcome in objectively judging a charity's performance relative to other nonprofit organisations. There are significant methodological barriers to be overcome to produce valid and meaningful comparisons. The well established Fundratios study shows that it is feasible to construct a methodology for robust benchmarking underpinned by good quality data which charities can use as a tool to inform the management of their fundraising activities.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital scoliosis: possible causes and consequences in a skeleton from Nubia
Authors: Kilgore Lynn , Van Gerven Dennis 
Published: June 2009

AbstractReports of congenital scoliosis (CS) are rare in the literature of paleopathology. This study details severe CS in the complete, well preserved skeleton of an adult male, dated to AD 550–800, from the Sudanese site of Kulubnarti. This skeleton, designated as S‐16, is the most complete archaeologically derived example of CS to be documented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rotational molding cycle time reduction using a combination of physical techniques
Authors: Abdullah M.Z. , Bickerton S. , Bhattacharyya D. , Crawford R.J. , Harkin‐Jones E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRotational molding is a process used to manufacture hollow plastic products, and has been heralded as a molding method with great potential. Reduction of cycle times is an important issue for the rotational molding industry, addressing a significant disadvantage of the process. Previous attempts to reduce cycle times have addressed surface enhanced molds, internal pressure, internal cooling, water spray cooling, and higher oven air flow rates within the existing process. This article explores the potential benefits of these cycle time reduction techniques, and combinations of them. Recommendations on a best practice combination are made, based on experimental observations and resulting product quality. Applying the proposed molding conditions (i.e., a combination of surface‐enhanced molds, higher oven flow rates, internal mold pressure, and water spray cooling), cycle time reductions of up to 70% were achieved. Such savings are very significant, inviting the rotomolding community to incorporate these techniques efficiently in an industrial setting. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fabrication of segmented cladding fiber by bicomponent spinning
Authors: Duan Julan , Teng Cuiqing , Han Keqing , Yu Muhuo , Wu Wenxuan , Zhang Qijin , Chiang Kin Seng 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFabrication of segmented cladding fiber (SCF) by bicomponent spinning was proposed in this article. In the new designed spin pack, we considered the high refractive component of cladding and core as a whole to control the cross section of the fiber. Quenching system in current bicomponent melting spinning system was modified according to the requirement of quenching fiber with a large size. The polymer SCF with required cross section was successfully fabricated using polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate. The transmission loss in the wavelength of 500–1000 nm was tested by the cut‐back method. The result showed that the transmission loss of the obtained fiber was comparatively high, being up to 30 dB/m. The output light pattern of the obtained fiber of 60 cm was collected by using a charge‐coupled device camera with laser light of 532 nm as the input. The output light pattern for the far field was a uniform circle and that for the near field was similar to the cross‐section designed. The results showed that the obtained fiber was still a multimode optical fiber because of the comparatively large refractive index difference between the two materials used. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of steady shear on the morphology of biodegradable poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)/polylactide blend
Authors: Zhang Yisheng , Wu Defeng , Zhang Ming , Zhou Weidong , Xu Chenchen 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe biodegradable polymer blend containing 70/30 weight ratio of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and polylactide (PLA) was prepared by means of melt mixing. The evolution of the “sea‐island” phase structure in the steady shear flow was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and parallel‐plate rheometer. The results show that the morphological evolution induced by steady shear follows different mechanisms at various flow rates. The lower shear rates (Newtonian flow) promote coalescence of the discrete PLA droplets, whereas higher shear rates (non‐Newtonian flow) promote break‐up of the droplets. The dynamic rheological responses of PCL/PLA blend before and after steady preshear were then analyzed using emulsion model and Taylor equation. The results show that the evolution approaches of the morphology highly depend on changed level of the critical effective interfacial tension in the steady shear flow, which are further confirmed by the transient rheological measurements. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and rational design of anti‐inflammatory compounds: N‐phenyl‐cyclohexenyl sulfonamide derivatives
Authors: Lloret Gustavo R. , Cunha Neto Álvaro , Rittner Roberto , Bitencourt Michelle , Freitas Matheus P. , Aquino Nilton S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of (±)‐ethyl 6‐[N‐(2‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)sulfamoyl]cyclohex‐1‐ene‐1‐carboxylate (5n) has been reproduced from a method previously described and served as the background for the preparation of a nitro derivative, potentially useful as an anti‐inflammatory agent. Furthermore, a structure‐based QSAR analysis of a series of N‐arylsulfamoyl congeners derived a highly predictive model for the activities of novel small‐molecule inhibitors of NO and cytokine production, whose preparation may be successfully achieved according to a similar procedure as above. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulsed‐Plasma Polymeric Allylamine Thin Films
Authors: Yang Zhilu , Wang Xiaona , Wang Jin , Yao Ye , Sun Hong , Huang Nan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHigh surface functional groups concentration, excellent dynamical stability and mechanical properties are ideal for biomedical plasma polymers. Herein, we report a simple and effective approach to fabricating such an ideal plasma polymeric allylamine film on 316L stainless steel (SS) by pulsed plasma polymerization. The experimental results show that the concentration of the primary amine groups (NH2/C) of the plasma polymeric allylamine film was 2.4 ± 0.4%. The plasma polymeric allylamine film possesses not only high surface NH2 concentration, but also high cross‐linking degree and close‐knit network structure that could well resist hydrolysis, and dissolution in the aqueous solution. Furthermore, the plasma polymeric allylamine film was used as a stent coating that shows a good resistance to the deformation behaviour of compression and expansion of the stent.magnified image
Characterising relict cryogenic macrostructures in mid‐latitude areas of the USA with three‐dimensional ground‐penetrating radar
Authors: Doolittle James , Nelson Frederick 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGround‐penetrating radar (GPR) has considerable potential for the detection and identification of sediment‐filled wedges and relict polygonal patterns in mid‐latitude areas. Relict cryogenic macrostructures have been described previously both within and outside the maximum extent of the Late Wisconsinan glacial border in many regions of the USA. The features were formed under climatic conditions associated with permafrost and periglacial conditions and provide evidence of climate change. In this study, buried relict cryogenic macrostructures were identified with GPR. On some two‐dimensional GPR (2D GPR) records, boundaries with the host materials are indistinguishable or blurred resulting in the features being overlooked, misinterpreted and/or imprecisely delineated. Three‐dimensional GPR (3D GPR) was able to delineate buried networks of sediment‐filled wedges and provided more meaningful information than 2D radar records. When supplemented with adequate ground‐truth observations, GPR offers considerable potential for imaging, interpreting and mapping near‐surface cryogenic macrostructures in former periglacial environments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confined dynamics of a ribosome‐bound nascent globin: Cone angle analysis of fluorescence depolarization decays in the presence of two local motions
Authors: Ellis Jamie P. , Culviner Peter H. , Cavagnero Silvia 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe still know very little about how proteins achieve their native three‐dimensional structure in vitro and in the cell. Folding studies as proteins emerge from the mega Dalton‐sized ribosome pose special challenges due to the large size and complicated nature of the ribosome‐nascent chain complex. This work introduces a combination of three‐component analysis of fluorescence depolarization decays (including the presence of two local motions) and in‐cone analysis of diffusive local dynamics to investigate the spatial constraints experienced by a protein emerging from the ribosomal tunnel. We focus on E. coli ribosomes and an all‐α‐helical nascent globin in the presence and absence of the cotranslationally active chaperones DnaK and trigger factor. The data provide insights on the dynamic nature and structural plasticity of ribosome‐nascent chain complexes. We find that the sub‐ns motions of the N‐terminal fluorophore, reporting on the globin dynamics in the vicinity of the N terminus, are highly constrained both inside and outside the ribosomal tunnel, resulting in high‐order parameters (>0.85) and small cone semiangles (<30°). The shorter globin chains buried inside the tunnel are less spatially constrained than those of a reference sequence from a natively unfolded protein, suggesting either that the two nascent chain sequences have a different secondary structure and therefore sample different regions of the tunnel or that the tunnel undergoes local structural adjustments to accommodate the globin sequence. Longer globins emerging out of the ribosomal tunnel are also found to have highly spatially constrained slow (ns) motions. There are no observable spectroscopic changes in the absence of bound chaperones.
Virulence development and genetic polymorphism in Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood after prolonged exposure to sublethal concentrations of nematicides and continuous growing of resistant tomato cultivars
Authors: Meher Hari C , Gajbhiye Vijay T , Chawla Gautam , Singh Ghanendra 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The root‐knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, is an important plant pathogen damaging to tomato. Continuous use of resistant tomato cultivars and nematicides for its effective management might lead to resistance break‐up or nematicide failure. Genetic variability and virulence in M. incognita on susceptible Pusa Ruby tomato were analysed by bioassay, esterase and DNA polymorphism after a 5 year weekly exposure to carbofuran, carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos at 0.0125, 0.0250 and 0.0500 µg g−1. Virulence in M. incognita after a 5 year multiplication on resistant tomatoes was assessed.RESULTS: The nematicidal treatments resulted in the development of virulent M. incognita populations. Their invasion potential increased significantly after continuous exposure to low concentrations of the nematicides. Also, growing resistant tomato cultivars for ten successive seasons resulted in a 6.6% increase in the invasion potential. These virulent populations exhibited 1–3 additional esterase and DNA bands compared with untreated populations.CONCLUSION: A 5 year exposure of M. incognita to sublethal concentrations of nematicides or resistant tomato cultivars exerted enough selection pressure to cause genomic alterations for virulence development. Isozyme markers can be used for rapid and precise diagnostics of field populations by advisory services, enabling judicious remedial management decisions. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A synchrotron tensile test setup for nanocrystalline thin films
Authors: Ulyanenkova T. , Baumbusch R. , Filatova T. , Doyle S. , Castrup A. , Gruber P. A. , Markmann J. , Weissmüller J. , Baumbach T. , Hahn H. , Kraft O. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe current report covers the establishment of an in situ X‐ray diffraction tensile experiment at the synchrotron ANKA located at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe for probing diffraction signals from nanocrystalline thin films during tensile deformation. Measurements on nanocrystalline palladium films verify the capabilities of the setup.
Optically stimulated luminescence at room temperature of hydrothermal K2YF5:Pr3+ crystals
Authors: Marcazzó J. , Khaidukov N. M. , Caselli E. , Dangelo C. , Santiago M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this paper optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties of Pr3+‐doped double potassium yttrium fluoride (K2YF5) under green light stimulation at room temperature as a function of the doping concentration are reported. Besides, some characteristics concerning the possible application of this composition as a new OSL dosimeter are presented, namely, the dose–response and fading of the OSL signal. The residual thermoluminescence (TL) response of K2YF5:Pr3+ after the OSL experiment has been investigated in order to establish whether the traps responsible for OSL are also involved in the TL process. Spectral analysis of the OSL emission has been carried out to determine the role played by Pr3+ ions in the radiative relaxation process. Finally, the total OSL output of K2YF5:Pr3+ is compared to that of commercial Al2O3:C.
Transport and recombination kinetics in TlGaTe2 crystals
Authors: Qasrawi A. F. , Gasanly N. M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this work, the transport and recombination mechanisms as well as the average hole‐relaxation time in TlGaTe2 have been investigated by means of temperature‐dependent dark electrical conductivity, photoexcitation intensity‐dependent photoconductivity, and Hall effect measurements, respectively. The experimental data analysis revealed the existence of a critical temperature of 150 K. At this temperature, the transport mechanism is disturbed. The dark conductivity data analysis allowed the determination of an energy state of 258 meV. The hole‐relaxation time that was determined from the Hall mobility data was observed to increase with decreasing temperature. The behavior was attributed to the hole–thermal lattice scattering interactions. At fixed photoexcitation intensity, the photocurrent Iph decreases with decreasing temperature down to 150 K. Below this temperature it changes direction. The latter data allowed the determination of the recombination center energy as 110 meV. On the other hand, at fixed temperature and variable illumination intensity, the photocurrent follows the relation IphαFn (the value of the exponent, n, decreases with decreasing temperature).
Different roles of cadmium‐ and sulfur (selenium)‐terminated crystal facets in the formation of a photovoltaic response from hybrid organic/inorganic CdS (CdSe) heterojunctions
Authors: Dimitriev O. P. , Kislyuk V. V. , Syngaevsky A. F. , Smertenko P. S. , Pud A. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPhotovoltaic (PV) response of hybrid organic/inorganic bilayer heterostructures based on organic polymers or small molecules on the one hand, such as poly(3‐hexylthiophene), polyaniline doped with poly(styrenesulfonic acid), poly(ethylene‐3,4‐dioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS), phthalocyanine, and inorganic CdS or CdSe single crystals on the other hand, has been studied depending on the crystal facet used. The effect of the surface‐terminated layer of the crystal on the PV performance of hybrid heterojunctions has been observed. It was found that the different crystal facets could render both quantitative and qualitative effect on PV properties of the hybrid heterojunctions.Photocurrent spectra of CdS/PEDOT:PSS heterojunctions based on the Cd‐terminated (solid curve) and S‐terminated (dashed curve) crystal facet.magnified image
Raman tensor analysis of sapphire single crystal and its application to define crystallographic orientation in polycrystalline alumina
Authors: Munisso Maria Chiara , Zhu Wenliang , Pezzotti Giuseppe 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRaman selection rules were theoretically put forward and, according to the obtained relationships, the full set of Raman tensor elements was experimentally determined for the corundum structure of a sapphire single‐crystal. The knowledge of the Raman selection rules allowed us to represent the change in polarizability of the aluminium oxide molecule with respect to each of the available vibrational modes. Restrictions related to the symmetry of the scattering system are also discussed together with directional properties, thus leading to unambiguous assignment of the fundamental modes available in sapphire single‐crystal. From the experimental side, scattering intensities of Raman bands located at 378 cm–1and 417 cm–1, which correspond to theEgand theA1gphonon modes of the corundum structure, respectively, were collected in selected polarization configurations as a function of in‐plane rotation angle on different crystallographic planes. Fitting to theoretical equations (i.e., worked out for different crystallographic orientations) enabled us to unequivocally define the elements of the Raman tensor. Finally, a tensorial algorithm was proposed for the practical determination of unknown crystallographic textures in polycrystalline alumina materials, an issue of significant importance in materials science. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
How the SiC substrate impacts graphene's atomic and electronic structure
Authors: Magaud L. , Hiebel F. , Varchon F. , Mallet P. , Veuillen J.‐Y. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGraphene, the two‐dimensional form of carbon presents outstanding electronic and transport properties. This gives hope for the development of applications in nanoelectronics. However, for industrial purpose, graphene has to be supported by a substrate. We focus here on the graphene‐on‐SiC system to discuss how the SiC substrate interacts with the graphene layer and to show the effect of the interface on graphene atomic and electronic structures.magnified imageFigure shows cross section of the ab initio total charge density at the graphene/C‐terminated SiC interface.(© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonparametric equivalence testing with respect to the median difference
Authors: Meier Ulrich 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe problem of comparing two independent groups of univariate data in the sense of testing for equivalence is considered for a fully nonparametric setting. The distribution of the data within each group may be a mixture of both a continuous and a discrete component, and no assumptions are made regarding the way in which the distributions of the two groups of data may differ from each other – in particular, the assumption of a shift model is avoided. The proposed equivalence testing procedure for this scenario refers to the median of the independent difference distribution, i.e. to the median of the differences between independent observations from the test group and the reference group, respectively. The procedure provides an asymptotic equivalence test, which is symmetric with respect to the roles of ‘test’ and ‘reference’. It can be described either as a two‐one‐sided‐tests (TOST) approach, or equivalently as a confidence interval inclusion rule. A one‐sided variant of the approach can be applied analogously to non‐inferiority testing problems. The procedure may be generalised to equivalence testing with respect to quantiles other than the median, and is closely related to tolerance interval type inference. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The direct assimilation of cloud‐affected satellite infrared radiances in the ECMWF 4D‐Var
Authors: McNally A. P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA system has been developed to make use of infrared radiance data in cloudy conditions. The central strategy is to extend the 4D‐Var analysis control vector to include parameters which describe the cloud conditions and simultaneously estimate these parameters together with temperature and humidity inside the main analysis. In the current prototype configuration of the system, the extra cloud variables are decoupled from the model physics and only cloudy data in completely overcast conditions are used. Early experiments with the new system have produced some encouraging results. Additional use of overcast radiance data improves the analysis fit to independent radiosonde observations and results in some small, but statistically significant, improvements in forecast quality. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
All‐subsets regression under effect heredity restrictions for experimental designs with complex aliasing
Authors: Hamada Christina A. , Hamada Michael S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe consider an all‐subsets regression method for models under effect heredity restrictions for experimental designs with complex aliasing, whose number of potential main effects and two‐factor interactions exceed the number of runs. In this paper, we present an algorithm that systematically attempts to fit all such models. We illustrate the algorithm with two published experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Relationships Between Structure, Surface Properties, and Antimicrobial Activity of Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides
Authors: Krysiński Jerzy , Płaczek Jakub , Skrzypczak Andrzej , Błaszczak Jan , Prędki Bartłomiej 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe research concerns analysis of cause‐effect relationships occurring between condition attributes describing structure and surface‐active properties and decision attributes (antimicrobial activity) of alkyl(alkylthiomethyl)dimethylammonium chlorides and alkyl(alkoxymethyl)dimethylammonium chlorides. 72 ammonium chlorides were described by 7 condition attributes concerning structure and 7 condition attributes concerning surface‐active properties. Antimicrobial activity was expressed by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 (classification I) and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (classification II). The ROSE 2 (Rough Sets Data Explorer) and LEM 2 (Minimal Set Covering Algorithm) software were used to perform the analysis. Attributes with continuous values were discretized. 45 decision rules were generated in the classification I, and 38 rules in the classification II. Those described the most important dependencies between structure, surface‐active properties of analyzed chlorides and their antimicrobial activity. Strong decision rules supported by large number of objects provide guidelines which may facilitate synthesis of new compounds with preferable antimicrobial properties.