bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of reaction of low concentration mixtures of oxides of nitrogen, ammonia and water vapour
Authors: Mearns Alexander M. , Ofosu‐Asiedu Kingsley 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of reaction between oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, water vapour and oxygen in ppm quantities in nitrogen were studied. The kinetics of the nitrogen dioxide‐ammonia reaction and of the nitrogen dioxide‐water reaction were investigated separately, and a reaction model was developed to predict the rate of disappearance of nitrogen dioxide in the overall reaction system based on the reaction rate expressions deduced for the separate reactions. There was satisfactory agreement between measured and predicted dioxide concentrations as a function of time. The results have relevance to consideration of clean‐up processes of tail gases in nitric acid plants and to studies of reactions in polluted atmospheres.
Spectrophotometric and electron spin resonance studies on the chloro complexes of manganese (II), cobalt (II) and copper (II) in solvent extraction by trioctylamine and trioctylmethylamrnonium chloride
Authors: Sato Taichi , Nakamura Takato 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe complexes of bivalent manganese, cobalt and copper formed in the extraction from hydrochloric acid solutions by trioctylamine (TOA, R3N) and trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat‐336, R3R'NCl) in benzene have been examined by spectrophotometry and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. It was found that the moiety MCl2‐4 in all complexes studied had a tetrahedral geometry, and that the M‐Cl bond in the species (R3R′N)2MCl4 was rather more ionic than that in the species (R3NH)2MCl4, in which M = Mn, Co and Cu.
Polymer‐supported catalysts—selective hydrogenation of acid chlorides over palladium/polyamide
Authors: Cum Giampietro , Gallo Raffaele , Galvagno Signorino , And Agatino Spadaro , Vitarelli Pietro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe catalytic behaviour of palladium supported on aromatic polyamides was studied in the liquid phase hydrogenation of benzoyl chloride at 1 atm total pressure and between 348 and 408 K. The specific activity of the catalysts as a function of palladium concentration was found to increase with metal loading. It is suggested that palladium in a metallic state is the active site for the acid chloride hydrogenation. A decrease in the reaction rate has been observed at the highest temperatures indicating that under these conditions the availability of hydrogen becomes the rate determining step. Results on the liquid phase hydrogenation of acyl‐ and aroyl‐chlorides are reported. No strong influence of the nature of the substituents was observed on reaction parameters.
Spontaneous ignition hazards in stockpiles of cellulosic materials: Criteria for safe storage
Authors: Gray Brian F. , Griffiths John F. , Hasko Stephen M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ambient temperature at which ignition is brought about in various sizes, shapes and masses of sieved bagasse pith was investigated on a laboratory scale. ΔT‐time and ΔT‐position profiles were obtained, and critical temperatures are determined to closer than 0.5 K; this is the highest precision for location of the sub‐critical/super‐critical margin so far reported for any thermal ignition system. Such quality is a pre‐requisite for quantitative extrapolation in order to predict the critical sizes for field stock‐piles in normal climatic conditions. Scaling rules based on stationary‐state, thermal ignition theory are used and comparisons of the results are made with real piles. The predictions are shown to grossly over‐estimate the safe size of stock‐piles, and the reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Distinctions between the reactivity in perfectly dry substrates (as is inevitable at the temperatures prevailing in laboratory experiments) and that of natural, wet piles, and the part played by water are important features. A need for supplementary measurements of heat‐release rates at temperatures close to those prevailing in stock‐piles is stressed. The results are found to be consistent with similar measurements in woodflour and the conclusions are, therefore, applicable to all cellulosic materials at high temperatures.
Kinetics of the reaction between chloroform and 2,5‐dimethylpyrrole in the vapour phase
Authors: Busby Reginald E. , Dorgan Laura E. , Lazaar Kenneth I. , Parrick John , Rizvi S. Mumtaz H. , Shaw C. J. Granville , Zor Lale D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA kinetic study of the reaction between chloroform and 2,5‐dimethylpyrrole in a continuous flow vapour phase system at 733 K showed the rate to be first order with respect to chloroform.
Electroplating of nickel‐cadmium alloys from alkaline solutions
Authors: Rehim Saye D. S. Abd El , Wahaab Soad M. Abd El , Abdella Osama M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe electroplating of Ni‐Cd alloy coatings was carried out from alkaline baths (pH 10). For comparison, electroplating of the parent metals, Ni and Cd, was performed individually under the same conditions. The cathodic current efficiency for codeposition was high and decreased with increasing current density. The codeposition process is an anomalous type of plating with Cd being the preferentially deposited metal. The Ni content in the deposits increased with increasing current density. This increase in Ni content improves the corrosion resistance and microhardness of the deposits. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the deposits consist of a mixture of Ni, β, γ, γ1 phases.
Synthesis and characterisation of a submicrometre silicon carbide powder
Authors: Hanna S. B. , Abdel‐Mohsen F. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA beta‐silicon carbide powder with a surface area of 30m2g−l and a mean particle size of < 1μm was produced from the thermal conversion of silicon resin in an atmosphere of hydrogen. The amount of product increased with increasing iron content (0–2.1 wt%) and firing temperature (1200–1500°C). Chemical analysis, X‐ray diffraction and i.r. absorption spectrometry were used to follow the conversion reaction.
Coke formation during steam cracking of hydrocarbons. Part 2. Effect of preoxidation and prereduction of the reactor surface
Authors: Holmen Anders , Lindvaag Odd A. , Trimm David L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCoke formation by steam cracking of propane over preoxidised and prereduced alloy foils has been studied in a tubular reactor at 810–850°C. Coke formation on preoxidised steel involves coke formation on the oxide scale which is low and coke formation on metal exposed by spalling of the scale which is high. Surface analysis by Auger spectroscopy (AES) reveals that the surface concentration of iron and nickel is low on the oxide scale and high on the exposed metal. Coke formation on the surface of the prereduced steel is low and the surface contains chromium and manganese as the predominant metal components. Differences in the product spectra obtained over preoxidised and prereduced steels is suggested to be due to the presence of surface iron and nickel which increases the production of coke and hydrogen and decreases the production of olefins in steam cracking.
Dissolution kinetics of colemanite in water saturated by carbon dioxide
Authors: Alkan Mahir , Kocakerim M. Muhtar , Çolak Sabri 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dissolution kinetics of original and calcinated samples of the boron containing mineral colemanite, in CO2‐saturated water were studied. Effects of particle size, calcination temperature and reaction temperature were evaluated. It was observed that the dissolution is chemically‐controlled. The reaction rate decreased with increase in particle size, and increased with increase in the calcination and reaction temperatures. The activation energy for solution of the sample calcinated at 400°C as calculated as 57.7 kJ mol−1.
Photochemical Energy Conversion by a Thiazine Photosynthetic‐Photoelectrochemical Cell
Authors: Pan R. L. , Bhardwaj R. , Gross E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA thiazine photoelectrochemical cell has been developed involving thiazine photo‐reduction using EDTA as the electron donor together with photosynthetic electron transport in chloroplasts to generate electricity with a higher power conversion efficiency than for thiazine‐EDTA alone. Thionine and methylene blue have been shown to be electron acceptors of Photosystem I. The cell employed had a high ratio of the area of chloroplast‐impregnated membrane compared to the volume of thiazine solution. This emphasised the photosynthetic contribution. An open circuit photovoltage (Voc) of 415 mV, a maximum power density (Pa) of 4.15 m̈W cm‐2, a short circuit current density (Isc) of 50 m̈A cm‐2and a power conversion efficiency (Sp) of 0.145% were observed using thionine as the electron acceptor compared to aVocof 383 mV, aPdof 3.0 m̈W cm‐2, andIscof 43.0 m̈A cm‐2and anpof 0.095% when methylene blue was used as the electron acceptor. These results show that the thiazine photogalvanic cell can be combined with the chloroplast solar battery in order to increase the power conversion efficiency of the system.
Substitutent effects on the spectral behaviour and acid‐base properties of arylidene derivatives of salicylic hydrazide
Authors: El‐Baradie H. Y. F. , Khattab M. A. , Issa R. M. , Maghrabi J. Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe u.v. and i.r. spectra of some arylidene derivatives of salicylic hydrazide have been studied. The u.v. spectra in organic solvents are considered in terms of medium effect and molecular structure. The changes of the spectra in buffer solutions are explained on the basis of the shifts in the acid‐base equilibrium set; the various pK values are determined and commented upon in relation to substituent effects. The main bands in the i.r. spectra are assigned and the shift in their positions is discussed in the light of substituent effects.
Hydrodynamic and micellar properties of sodium alkyl benzene sulphonates
Authors: Anand Onkar N. , Malik Ved P. , Kumar Vijay 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper provides hydrodynamic data and micellar properties of some sodium alkyl benzene sulphonates. The free energy of micellisation. as deduced from experimental data, is compared with that calculated from the structural parameters and shows that these sulphonates form spherical and ellipsiodal micelles in aqueous medium. The ease of micellisation and micelle size increases as one goes from sodium decyl to sodium hexadecyl benzene sulphonates. The solubilisation data of n‐octane and ethyl benzene in aqueous sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate solutions above the cmc indicates that aliphatic hydrocarbons when solubilised reside within the micellar core whereas aromatic hydrocarbons reside in the micellar core as well as in the annular space between hydrodynamic shear surface and surface of the micellar core,
Hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene on an unsupported ruthenium catalyst: an esca study of titanium poisoned catalysts
Authors: Ingemar Odenbrand C. U. , Anderson S. Lars T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractESCA data show that the addition of titanium to a ruthenium catalyst gives a catalyst containing some metallic ruthenium and a mixed titanium‐ruthenium hydrous oxide. The ratio of ruthenium in the metallic form to ruthenium in the hydrous oxide form decreases with increasing titanium concentration. The poisoning effect of titanium on the hydrogenation activity results from the reduced amount of ruthenium metal available.
An investigation of the recovery of cryolite from alumina‐electrolyte froth by flotation
Authors: Kula Hayriye , Gürkan T¨︁Rker , özbelge H. önder 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the industrial production of aluminium by the electrolysis of alumina, electrolyte froth, which is a mixture of carbon and cryolite is obtained at a rate of 50 kg of froth per ton of aluminium produced. Cryolite can be recovered from this mixture by flotation. In this study, the effects of the following parameters on flotation were experimentally investigated: particle size, type, combination, dosage and ratio of reagents, and conditioning time. It is found that it is possible to decrease the carbon content of cryolite below 1% by suitably choosing the operating parameters. Electrolyte froth must be ground to —100 mesh size for the liberation of carbon particles captured in the cryolite matrix. Any combination of two of the reagents, kerosene, fuel oil, creosote and terebenthene yield good results if used together with pine oil. Pine oil is found to be a more effective frother compared to Pril, a commercial detergent. Satisfactory separations are obtained when a kerosene‐fuel oil mixture (50:50, v/v) is used as the collector with a dosage of 3.7 kg per ton of feed together with pine oil, the frother, with a dosage of 0.095 kg per ton of feed.
The effect of β‐dicalcium silicate, α‐monocalcium silicate and calcium hydroxide upon the removal of lead (pb2+) ions from aqueous solution
Authors: Grau Benitez N. F. , Saul G. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was conducted of the influence of pH, initial reactant concentration and reaction time upon the rate of removal of lead ions from solutions of lead nitrate. Three different reactants were used: β‐dicalcium silicate (β‐C2S)*, α‐monocalcium silicate (α‐CS), in the form of finely ground clinkers, and commercial calcium hydroxide. The initial concentration of lead in solution was varied between 5 and 1000 mg cm‐3 Pb2+ for different additions of reactant. For each concentration of lead ion the effect of time of shaking on the removal of lead was followed by the determination of residual lead concentration in the filtrate. Lead was reduced to low levels by all the precipitants. The precipitated reaction products were identified by X‐ray diffraction techniques, electron diffraction analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The analysis characterised the products of the precipitation reactions as basic lead carbonate, basic lead nitrates and lead hydroxide.
Recovery of chromium from waste electroplating liquors by ion‐exchange on casein. part ii. modelling eluate concentrations
Authors: Houchin Martin R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn empirical mathematical model has been derived to elucidate the factors influencing the eluate concentrations observed in a previously reported ion‐exchange study.1 The efficiency of the experimental procedure used in that study is evaluated in relation to the model, and an empirical 'efficiency' parameter used in the model is discussed with respect to its physical significance. The more general applicability of an expression derived for limiting maximum eluate concentration is also considered.
Oxidative decarboxylation of toluic acids to cresols
Authors: Sharma M. P. , Chatterjea J. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reported procedure for obtaining cresols from copper salts of toluic acids has been examined and certain improvements in yields have been obtained. It has been found that oxygen is preferable to the use of air in this reaction. The variables, oxygen flow rate, reaction temperature, reaction time and copper oxide concentration have been examined, and the effect on the percentage yields of cresols has been found. In the case ofp‐toluic acid, the molar yield ofm‐cresol could be raised to 70 % while the molar conversion was 21–22%. Form‐toluic acid the molar yield was considerably lower.
Stability constants and complexation capacities of complexes formed between heavy metals and extracellular polymers from activated sludge
Authors: Rudd Thomasine , Sterritt Robert M. , Lester John N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConditional stability constants and complexation capacities of extracellular polymers extracted from activated sludge with copper, nickel, cadmium and cobalt have been determined at high and low free metal concentrations using gel complexometry. The results compare favourably with those for other bacterial extracellular polymers, but less well with those for competing metal‐binding ligands present in sewage. The affinity of extracellular polymers for metals has been discussed in terms of their contribution to metal removal during the biological phase of wastewater treatment.
Thermal decomposition of aluminium hydroxycarboxylates—lactate, citrate and tartrate
Authors: Sato Taichi , Ikoma Shuji , Ozawa Fusaji 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermal transformation of anhydrous alumina obtained by the decomposition of the lactate, citrate and tartrate of aluminium has been examined by thermal analysis(TGA and DTA), infrared spectrophotometry and X‐ray diffraction study. It is found that under an atmosphere of air the thermal decomposition of aluminium hydroxycarboxylates to anhydrous amorphous alumina, which transforms to α‐alumina via γ‐, δ‐ and θ‐aluminas, proceeds as follows for Al[CH3CH(OH)COO]3, the decomposition of skeleton and the combustion of its decomposition products; for Al[CH2C(OH)CH2(COO)3] and Al2{[CH(OH)COO]2}3, dehydroxylation, decomposition of skeleton and the combustion of its decomposition products.
Adsorption of reaction species on raney nickel for slurry‐phase hydrogenation of p‐nitrotoluene
Authors: Choudhary V. R. , Chaudhari S. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption of hydrogen, p‐nitrotoluene, p‐toluidine and water on Raney nickel from their methanol solutions has been investigated under catalytic conditions. The isotherms of reversible adsorption of hydrogen are linear and the estimated heat of adsorption is 28.9 kJ mol−1. The amount of hydrogen held irreversibly on the catalyst is very large as compared to that adsorbed reversibly. The isotherms of adsorption of p‐nitrotoluene, p‐toluidine and water have different shapes (viz. types H3, S1 and L3 respectively). Among the reaction species, p‐toluidine is not adsorbed on the catalyst at low concentrations (< 0.8 mmol cm−3).
The use of microfinance services among economically active disabled people: Evidence from Uganda
Authors: Beisland Leif Atle , Mersland Roy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study investigates the use of microfinance services among economically active disabled people in Uganda. The findings suggest that disabled people make more use of microfinance services than previously assumed. A total of 89 per cent of the survey's respondents state that they have used at least one type of microfinance service. Informal self‐help schemes are more easily accessed than formal institutional schemes, and disabled people access more savings than loans. The multivariate analysis shows that access to microfinance services is positively related to education level. In addition, deaf people generally have less access to microfinance than those in other disability categories. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the application range of the MP‐MM in vias analyzing
Authors: Li Hailiang , Tian Yu , Tong Ling 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe feasibility of numerical calculations of a through‐hole via using the Matrix‐Penciled Moment Method (MP‐MM) proposed by Show‐Gwo Hsu and Ruey‐Beei Wu is investigated. It shows that the MP‐MM cannot be used to the via that is near the source port, and there is a lower bounded operating wavelength beyond which MP‐MM is not applicable. The conclusions in this paper are proven by both theory and the simulation results obtained by Ansoft's HFSS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circuit modeling for ultra‐wideband Tx‐Rx antenna systems based on frequency domainS‐parameters
Authors: Wang Y. , Li B. , Wu Z. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a circuit modeling procedure for Ultra‐wideband (UWB) Tx‐Rx antenna systems based on frequency domainS‐parameters. The modeling used an existing two‐port network's model consisting of four SPICE analog behavioral modules. The accuracy of the model has been validated by comparing its transient response with the measurement result using an oscillograph. This model can be used for the co‐design of the UWB Tx‐Rx antenna system with transmitters and receivers in circuit simulators. In the study, Tx‐Rx antenna systems using planar bow‐tie antenna and horn antenna with ultra‐wide bandwidths are used as examples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive processes in procedural justice judgments: The role of ease‐of‐retrieval, uncertainty, and experience
Authors: Janssen Jana , Müller Patrick A. , Greifeneder Rainer 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a field experiment with 517 job applicants, the processes underlying the formation of procedural justice judgments were investigated. It was hypothesized that procedural justice judgments may be based not only on content information (e.g., “What are fair aspects of the selection procedure?”), but also on the felt ease or difficulty with which this content information can be retrieved from memory (ease‐of‐retrieval; e.g., “How easily can I recall fair aspects of the selection procedure?”). Evaluations of the company's online application procedure show that job candidates based procedural justice judgments on content information or on ease‐of‐retrieval, depending on their uncertainty regarding the online application procedure as well as their prior experiences with online applications. Specifically, experienced applicants who felt certain based their judgments on ease‐of‐retrieval, whereas all other applicants based their judgments on content information. Implications for research on the formation of justice judgments as well as practical applications are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antecedents and outcomes of contingent workers' attitudes toward their temporary help services firm: A unit level longitudinal investigation
Authors: Subramony Mahesh 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study explored the unit‐level antecedents and outcomes of contingent workers' attitudes toward their temporary help services (THS) firm. It was proposed that (a) client‐orientation levels of the THS firm's full‐time staff would influence the level of support received by contingent workers, (b) staff supportiveness would be reciprocated by these workers in the form of favorable firm‐directed attitudes, and (c) contingent workers' attitudes toward the THS firm would influence two unit‐level outcomes—client reported service failure, and voluntary turnover rates of THS staff. Support was found for all the hypothesized relationships in a longitudinal study utilizing survey data gathered from 1324 full‐time employees, 570 contingent workers, and 1951 clients; and archival data on staff turnover from 46 strategic business units (SBUs) of a THS firm. These results are discussed within the context of employee–organization relationship (EOR), contingent workforce, and service management literatures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sporulationsverhalten von Bacillus megaterium während Kohlenstoffhunger
Authors: Kretschmer Sigrid 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome parameters of sporulation were determined from different carbohydrate‐limited B. megaterium cultures, which grew with doubling times of τ = 45, 80, and 190 min, respectively. The frequency of spore formation was 90–95%.Forespores and spores appeared asynchroneously. This asynchrony was due to the heterogenity in cell size of the populations. Spores within the smallest cells developed 90 min later than in the larger ones. As the extent of synchrony was the same with all three media, initiation of sporogenesis should occur independently of the respective stage of the cell cycle.The time passing between t0 (begin of the stationary growth phase) and the formation of the spore septum varied in the different media. Thus, the time at which the latter process starts is not directly determined by the end of the net growth but probably by processes which are connected with initiation of cell division.A model of cell division is presented according to that membrane synthesis during elongation of cells occurs at an annular zone at the newly formed poles of daughter cells. Sporulation septum then might be the product of a reinitiated, additional membrane synthesis at this site, the activity of which normally is repressed by the next division and remains repressed under non‐starvation conditions.