bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prise en charge de l’infécondité dans les troubles de l’éjaculation: avis conjoints de l’andrologue, du biologiste et du gynécologue
Authors: Marcelli F. , Leroy M. , Robin G. , Saint-Pol P. , Rigot J.-M. , Mitchell V. 
Published: November 2009

RésuméQuatre-vingts pour cent des hommes qui présentent des troubles de l’éjaculation sont en âge de procréer, mais seul 5 à 10 % en sont spontanément capables. Du sperme antérograde et/ou rétrograde peut être recueilli par éjaculation assistée en association à des traitements pharmacologiques (chlorhydrate de minodrine-vibroéjaculation). En cas d’échecs de recueil de sperme et d’azoospermie, l’extraction chirurgicale des spermatozoïdes épididymaires ou testiculaires permet d’obtenir des spermatozoïdes, en quantité généralement moins importante que les techniques d’éjaculation assistée, mais non infectés et dépourvus de plasma séminal (souvent délétère dans les troubles de l’éjaculation). Même en cas d’éjaculation antérograde, il est impératif de recueillir les urines systématiquement à la recherche d’une éjaculation rétrograde, fréquente dans les troubles de l’éjaculation. Au laboratoire, l’analyse du sperme et de l’urine s’effectue par les méthodes de routine standardisées. La plupart des hommes présentant des troubles de l’éjaculation ont un sperme de mauvaise qualité (asthénospermie, nécrospermie, leucospermie). Les étiologies de la dégradation des paramètres du sperme sont multifactorielles, d’origine centrale et périphérique (testiculaire et extratesticulaire). Optimiser la qualité du sperme et des spermatozoïdes reste un challenge d’actualité dans les troubles de l’éjaculation. Si la cryopréservation doit être systématique, l’utilisation du sperme frais optimisé a généralement la préférence. Réussir à obtenir du sperme offre au couple une chance de grossesse naturelle (rarement) grâce à une éjaculation coïtale, par auto-insémination, par insémination intra-utérine, par fécondation in vitro conventionnelle (FIVc) ou injection intracytoplasmique de spermatozoïdes (ICSI) dans l’ovocyte. Dans les troubles de l’éjaculation, la prise en charge de la fécondité de l’homme doit être la plus rapide possible. Elle s’effectue conjointement à celle de la femme par une équipe coordonnant l’andrologue, le biologiste et le gynécologue.
Marqueurs épigénétiques du spermatozoïde: leur rôle dans la fertilité et dans le développement précoce de l’embryon
Authors: Grandjean V. 
Published: November 2009

Résumé
De par son haut degré de compaction, le génome du spermatozoïde a longtemps été considéré comme une entité inerte apportant certes l’information génétique indispensable au développement normal de l’embryon, mais n’ayant pas de rôle majeur dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes impliqués dans le développement précoce de l’embryon et dans la transmission de l’information épigénétique. Les deux études abordées dans cette veille scientifique suggèrent fortement que des marques épigénétiques, comme la structure chromatinienne du sperme et les profils spécifiques des ARNs du sperme, pourraient contribuer au développement normal de l’embryon précoce. Cela ouvre de nouvelles voies de recherche aussi bien dans le domaine de l’infertilité masculine que dans celui de la régulation des premiers stades embryonnaires et relance l’intérêt des études visant à identifier de nouveaux biomarqueurs de la fertilité.
Extension d'une classe d'unicité pour les équations de Navier–Stokes
Authors: May Ramzi 
Published: November 2009

Recently, Q. Chen, C. Miao and Z. Zhang (2009) [4] have proved that weak Leray solutions of the Navier–Stokes are unique in the class

L^{\frac{2}{1 + r}}([0,T],B_{\infty }^{r,\infty }(\mathbb{R}^{3}))

with

r \in ]−\frac{1}{2},1]

. In this paper, we establish that this criterion remains true for

r \in ]−1,−\frac{1}{2}]

.

Résumé

Récemment, Q. Chen, C. Miao et Z. Zhang (2009) [4] ont montré l'unicité des solutions faibles de Leray dans l'espace

L^{\frac{2}{1 + r}}([0,T],B_{\infty }^{r,\infty }(\mathbb{R}^{3}))

avec

r \in ]−\frac{1}{2},1]

. Nous proposons dans le présent travail d'étendre ce critère d'unicité au cas

r \in ]−1,−\frac{1}{2}]

.
PSA Testing of Men in the Haematuria Clinic, a Useful Additional Test or Unnecessary Investigation
Authors: Chandrasekharan Shankar , Shafik Adel A. , Eaton Jonathan D. 
Published: November 2009

Objective: To determine prostate cancer detection rates in a haematuria clinic and provide an insight into the usefulness of PSA testing in the haematuria clinic. Patients and methods: The records of all male patients ( n = 749) seen in the haematuria clinic over a 2-year period were analysed. Results: Of the 749 men, 511 (68%) had a PSA measured. In total, 28 cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed (3.7% of total). In the 50–69 age group, 263 out of 350 men (75%) had a PSA test. 11 cancers were diagnosed in this group (which was 3.1% of all patients or 4.2% of those screened in this age group). Conclusion: Our screening rates were slightly lower than those in the ProtecT, ERSPC and PLCO studies. Our overall cancer detection rate of 3.1% (for the 50–69 year olds) is comparable to those from ERSPC (8.2%), ProtecT (2.2%) and PLCO (1.4%). The data would suggest that there is not an excess of prostate cancer in patients with haematuria. PSA testing should be accompanied by a full and frank discussion about the benefits and risks of PSA screening which is not always practical in the haematuria clinic.
Factors affecting – And relationships between – Different modes of endogenous pain modulation in healthy volunteers
Authors: Treister Roi , Eisenberg Elon , Gershon Edith , Haddad May , Pud Dorit 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEndogenous analgesia (EA) can be reflected by diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC), non‐noxious inhibitory control (NNIC) and habituation to repeated painful stimuli. However, the coexistence of these phenomena in a given individual and the degree to which various factors predict their magnitudes have not been fully investigated. Using experimental paradigms of DNIC, NNIC and habituation, the present study explored the relationships between – and the contribution factors to – the magnitude of EA exhibited by healthy volunteers (n = 191; 104 F, 87 M) exposed to these three experimental paradigms. Each subject was assigned to all three paradigms (DNIC‐tested by co‐administering repeated short painful heat stimuli and a conditioning tonic cold pain stimulation; NNIC – tested similarly with the exception of using a painless conditioning stimulation; habituation – tested by applying repeated painful heat stimuli only) in a random order. Pain intensities decreased from baseline in all three paradigms. However, DNIC produced significantly more pain reduction than the other two modes (RM‐ANOVA). The magnitude of pain reduction of DNIC was found to be highly correlated with that of NNIC and habituation (r = 0.56, p < 0.001 for both correlations). A hierarchical regression analysis showed that baseline (p < 0.001) and conditioning pain scores (p = 0.043) predicted the magnitude of DNIC. A gender split analysis showed that conditioning pain scores served as a predictive factor for men only. Conclusions: Under these experimental conditions, different EA conditions seem to be related to each other. High initial pain intensities predict ‘effective’ DNIC and habituation, whereas intensity of the conditioning stimulus determines the magnitude of DNIC in men only.
Magnesium sulfate treatment alters fetal cerebellar gene expression responses to hypoxia
Authors: Haramati Ofir , Mane Revital , Molczadzki Gabriela , Perez‐Polo J. Regino , Chalifa‐Caspi Vered , Golan Hava M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPrenatal perturbation of brain circulation and oxygenation is a leading cause of perinatal brain damage affecting about 0.3–0.9% of births. Hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) in preterm human infants at gestational week 23–32 results in neurodevelopmental abnormalities in childhood, presenting as learning disability, seizure activity, motor impairment and in the most severe cases, death. Here, we examined the potential of MgSO4 treatment, prior to foetal hypoxia, to attenuate hypoxia induced damage in a murine model of maternal hypoxia. We studied the time course of maternal hypoxia and MgSO4 pre‐treatment effects on cerebellar tissue by means of DNA microarray analyses. Mild hypoxia induced minor expression changes in most genes. However, there were 5 gene sets which were down‐regulated by maternal hypoxia. MgSO4 pre‐treatment abrogated these decreases in gene. A cell cycle gene set which responded immediately (2 h) to hypoxia, showed a delayed response (24 h) when MgSO4 pre‐treatment was given. Similar proportions of cell death were observed in all groups before P7, where combined hypoxia and MgSO4 treatment increased cell death in the internal granule layer. There were a higher number of BrdU positive cells at the end of hypoxic episodes and a down‐regulation of Reelin signaling, compared to control. MgSO4 pre‐treatment prevented the enhancement of cell proliferation due to hypoxia and increased Reelin levels.Altogether, MgSO4 pre‐treatment both reduced the number of genes differentially affected by hypoxia and delayed the responses to hypoxia. In addition, MgSO4 pre‐treatment modified the nature of the transcriptional response; while hypoxia induced down‐regulation of gene sets, MgSO4 pre‐treatment mostly up‐regulated them. The dual reaction to the MgSO4 treatment may be the source of the ambiguity in observations reported for affected newborns.
Services cultural alignment in offshoring: The impact of cultural dimensions on offshoring location choices
Authors: Hahn Eugene D. , Bunyaratavej Kraiwinee 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEmpirical research on the growing wave of services offshoring has examined the impact of several key factors such as wages and personnel quality on firm choices of offshore locations. However, examinations of culture in services offshoring to date have largely been confined to the relatively coarse concept of aggregate cultural differences between the home and host countries. We propose that specific cultural attributes are more closely aligned with successful service provision. We empirically examine our theoretical development of service cultural alignment and investigate the impact of cultural dimensions on the location of service offshoring projects. In addition, we examine whether Western and Asian firms have different cultural preferences in terms of the location of services offshoring projects. We find that host countries with lower levels of Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance as well as higher levels of individualism and power distance are able to attract greater numbers of service offshoring projects, even after controlling for macroeconomic, linguistic, and risk‐related factors. We did not find that Western and Asian firms have different cultural preferences in this regard. We discuss implications of the findings with respect to theory, managerial practice, and governmental policy.
Learning trajectory in offshore OEM cooperation: Transaction value for local suppliers in the emerging economies
Authors: Li Yuan , Li Peter Ping , Liu Yi , Yang Dong 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe focus on the unique role of offshore OEM cooperation as a learning opportunity for local suppliers in the emerging economies. In particular, we conceptually argue and empirically confirm the links between learning intent, capability enhancement, governance mode, and overall innovativeness from the perspective of local suppliers in offshore OEM cooperation in China as well as the influence of local business culture within these links. We address two issues: (1) offshore OEM cooperation can be a unique opportunity for local suppliers with strong intent to learn from foreign buyers for capability enhancement and (2) the moderating effects of trust and contact as two distinctive governance modes. Addressing the two issues, we make two specific contributions to the research on inter‐firm cooperation, both of which derive from the often‐neglected theoretical lens of transaction value. Our general contribution lies in the extension of the transaction value perspective by specifying its dual tenets of inter‐firm co‐specialization and shared‐trust as the central theme of inter‐firm cooperation to complement the transaction cost economics and also contextualize the research on inter‐firm cooperation in terms of different partners’ perspectives as well as different governance modes.
The Peace and Security Council of the African Union: evaluating an embryonic international institution
Authors: Williams Paul D. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTHow has the Peace and Security Council (PSC) of the African Union helped promote peace, security and stability on the African continent? This article assesses the PSC's activities in light of insights generated by the literature on international security institutions. After providing an overview of the immediate origins of the PSC, it discusses five elements of the Council's institutional design. It then evaluates the PSC's activities during its first five years (2004–9), by examining the Council's political relevance, its efficiency and productivity, and whether it is the institution best placed to deal with the continent's security problems. It concludes that the PSC's future will hinge on whether more of the African Union's members can be persuaded to devote more serious levels of resources (human and financial) to it.
‘Does the truth pass across the fire without burning?’ Locating the short circuit in Rwanda's Gacaca courts
Authors: Ingelaere Bert 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe modernised tradition of the Gacaca courts has become the key mechanism for dealing with the past in Rwanda. The process needs to establish accountability for all acts of genocide and to foster reconciliation. Nevertheless, popular narratives and survey results reveal that a widespread ‘crisis’ accompanied the initial stages of the Gacaca process. We argue that a problematic quest for the truth is short-circuiting reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda. Truth-telling is the cornerstone of the transitional justice framework due to the design of the Gacaca tribunals. On the basis of twenty months of fieldwork in Rwandan villages, we locate tensions at different levels. The Gacaca system is a distinctively modern phenomenon despite its traditional appearance. The state-sanctioned speaking of the truth according to a prosecutorial logic runs counter to the core values of the customary institution and established societal practices. This friction is further enhanced by the underlying Judeo-Christian model of truth-telling introduced with the Gacaca system in a socio-political environment mediated by a culture of deceit and dominated by a war victor. In such a socio-cultural context, communication serves the interests of the power holders (national and local), and not necessarily the interest of truth-telling and justice.
Against the Asian tide: the Sudan divestment campaign
Authors: Patey Luke A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe efforts of American activists to pressure Asian corporations in Sudan have to date resembled a struggle to find the light switch in the dark, or swimming against a strong current. While the impact of the divestment campaign in the United States has been increasingly evident, its effectiveness in producing actual results in Sudan remains suspect. Thanks to China and a trio of Asian national oil companies, oil still flows in Sudan. The campaign's activities have failed to incorporate Sudan's wider international political and economic relations into its strategy. It has rather paradoxically sought to pressure state-owned corporations through financial market divestment. The nature of its Asian targets, reluctant Western investors and a distracted American government have obstructed the campaign from having a resounding impact in Sudan.
BRITAIN AND GLOBALISATION SINCE 1850: IV THE CREATION OF THE WASHINGTON CONSENSUS
Authors: Daunton Martin 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIn August 1971, President Nixon ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold, so precipitating a crisis in the Bretton Woods system which was not successfully resolved by the Smithsonian agreement in December 1971. The pound was soon free to float and the role of sterling as a reserve currency was seriously weakened. The members of the European Economic Community attempted to create stability between their own currencies, which left the British government in a dilemma about whether to join the European monetary experiment to complement membership of the Community. The address considers the tensions and difficulties facing the Conservative and Labour governments of the 1970s, and the response of the Thatcher government after 1979. The trade-off in the ‘trilemma’ between the three variables of exchange rates, capital movements and domestic monetary policy changed in a major way.
CULTURES OF EXCHANGE: ATLANTIC AFRICA IN THE ERA OF THE SLAVE TRADE
Authors: Richardson David 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTCultural factors have often been invoked to explain parliament's decision in 1807 to outlaw slave carrying by British subjects but they have only infrequently been cited in efforts to explain why the Atlantic slave trade itself became so large in the three centuries preceding 1807. This paper seeks to redress this imbalance by looking at ways in which inter-cultural dialogue between Africans and Europeans and related adjustments in social values and adaptations of African institutional arrangements may contribute to improving our understanding of the huge growth in market transactions in enslaved people in Atlantic Africa before 1807. In exploring such issues, the paper draws on important theoretical insights from new institutional economics, notably the work of Douglass North. It also attempts to show how institutionally and culturally based developments in transatlantic slave trafficking, the largest arena of cross-cultural exchange in the Atlantic world before 1850, may themselves help to promote understanding of the much broader historical processes that underpin economic change and the creation of the modern world.
SLAVES OUT OF CONTEXT: DOMESTIC SLAVERY AND THE ANGLO-INDIAN FAMILY,c. 1780–1830
Authors: Finn Margot 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the place of domestic slaves in British families resident in India,c. 1780–1830, and the ways in which the presence of slaves within these Anglo-Indian households challenged British understandings of slavery as a practice. Drawing upon probate data, private correspondence and the Parliamentary Papers, it suggests that the history of slavery in the British empire must be situated within wider histories of family, household and kin. Located within the family and often conflated with servants, domestic slaves in Anglo-India came to be seen as dependent female subordinates whose gender and status placed them outside the emerging politics of emancipation.
Shock waves and compactons for fifth-order non-linear dispersion equations
Authors: GALAKTIONOV VICTOR A. 
Published: November 2009

The followingfirst problemis posed:is a correct ‘entropy solution’ of the Cauchy problem for the fifth-order degenerate non-linear dispersion equations (NDEs), same as for the classic Euler oneut+uux= 0,These two quasi-linear degenerate partial differential equations (PDEs) are chosen as typical representatives; so other (2m+ 1)th-order NDEs of non-divergent form admit such shocks waves. As a relatedsecond problem, the opposite initial shockS+(x) = −S−(x) = signxis shown to be a non-entropy solution creating ararefaction wave, which becomesC∞for anyt> 0. Formation of shocks leads to non-uniqueness of any ‘entropy solutions’. Similar phenomena are studied for afifth-order in timeNDEuttttt= (uux)xxxxinnormal form.On the other hand, related NDEs, such asare shown to admit smoothcompactons, as oscillatorytravelling wavesolutions with compact support. The well-known non-negative compactons, which appeared in various applications (first examples by Dey, 1998,Phys. Rev.E, vol. 57, pp. 4733–4738, and Rosenau and Levy, 1999,Phys. Lett.A, vol. 252, pp. 297–306), are non-existent in general and are not robust relative to small perturbations of parameters of the PDE.
Le passé surcomposé et la valeur de parfait existentiel
Authors: APOTHÉLOZ DENIS 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTL'objectif de cet article est d’établir que dans l'un de ses emplois, traditionnellement qualifié de ‘régional’, le passé surcomposé est une forme verbale qui grammaticalise la valeur habituellement appelée ‘parfait existentiel’. Dans une première partie, on dresse un panorama des principales propriétés du parfait existentiel, tel que l'exprime en français le passé composé, en distinguant propriétés sémantiques et propriétés discursives. On montre en particulier que cette valeur implique un prédicat existentiel lié à un intervalle de validation. Dans une seconde partie, on développe un certain nombre d'arguments établissant que le passé surcomposé grammaticalise cette valeur. On présente un tableau général des principaux emplois du surcomposé, et on analyse plusieurs exemples pour mettre au jour les points communs et les différences entre le passé composé et le passé surcomposé existentiels, notamment dans leur rapport avec les adverbiaux temporels quantifieurs de fréquence. On montre que le passé surcomposé existentiel est fréquemment utilisé pour établir un contraste entre le passé et le présent.
35 Years of EDS Software
Authors: Schamber Frederick H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe computerized multichannel analyzer running software specifically designed for X-ray analysis appeared very early in the commercialization of the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and, like the solid-state X-ray detector itself, was built on a technology foundation originally developed for nuclear spectroscopy. However, software techniques employed for gamma-ray spectra could not accommodate the continuum component of EDS spectra, and a new approach was required. Least-squares fitting with “top-hat” filtered spectra proved to be an effective solution that is still widely used today. Though modern computer technology has subsequently contributed greatly to the speed and convenience of present-day EDS software, it seems that the achievable accuracy and precision of spectrum analysis has not fundamentally improved, and most of the early challenges are still quite relevant, although they may appear in new guises. The availability of the high speed silicon drift detector, however, may provide both the incentive and the data precision to drive future advances. This article traces the formative years of EDS software from the personalized perspective of a participant. Factors that shaped the development of the industry are identified, and future directions are speculated.
Effects of facultative symbionts and heat stress on the metabolome of pea aphids
Authors: Burke Gaelen , Fiehn Oliver , Moran Nancy 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We examined metabolite pools of pea aphids with different facultative symbiont infections, and characterized their effects on aphid metabolism in baseline and heat stress conditions. The bacterial symbiont Serratia symbiotica protects aphid hosts from the detrimental results of heat stress and shields the obligate symbiont Buchnera from effects of heat. We investigated whether broad effects on metabolism might correlate with this protection. Both facultative symbiont infection and heat treatment had large effects on the aphid metabolome. All three pea aphid facultative symbionts had similar effects on aphid metabolism despite their evolutionary diversity. Paradoxically, heat triggers lysis of many S. symbiotica cells and a correlated rapid reduction in S. symbiotica titres within aphid hosts. We conclude that facultative symbionts can have substantial effects on host metabolic pools, and we hypothesize that the protective effects of S. symbiotica may reflect the delivery of protective metabolites to aphid or Buchnera cells, after heat exposure.