bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellite Microwave Surface Observations in Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Quilfen Yves , Chapron Bertrand , Tournadre Jean 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Sea surface estimates of local winds, waves, and rain-rate conditions are crucial to complement infrared/visible satellite images in estimating the strength of tropical cyclones (TCs). Satellite measurements at microwave frequencies are thus key elements of present and future observing systems. Available for more than 20 years, passive microwave measurements are very valuable but still suffer from insufficient resolution and poor wind vector retrievals in the rainy conditions encountered in and around tropical cyclones. Scatterometer and synthetic aperture radar active microwave measurements performed at the C and Ku band on board the European Remote Sensing (ERS), the Meteorological Operational (MetOp), the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), the Environmental Satellite (Envisat), and RadarSat satellites can also be used to map the surface wind field in storms. Their accuracy is limited in the case of heavy rain and possible saturation of the microwave signals is reported. Altimeter dual-frequency measurements have also been shown to provide along-track information related to surface wind speed, wave height, and vertically integrated rain rate at about 6-km resolution. Although limited for operational use by their dimensional sampling, the dual-frequency capability makes altimeters a unique satellite-borne sensor to perform measurements of key surface parameters in a consistent way. To illustrate this capability two Jason-1 altimeter passes over Hurricanes Isabel and Wilma are examined. The area of maximum TC intensity, as described by the National Hurricane Center and by the altimeter, is compared for these two cases. Altimeter surface wind speed and rainfall-rate observations are further compared with measurements performed by other remote sensors, namely, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission instruments and the airborne Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer.
Utility of serial urinary cytology in the initial evaluation of the patient with microscopic hematuria
Authors: Nakamura Kogenta , Kasraeian Ali , Iczkowski Kenneth A , Chang Myron , Pendleton John , Anai Satoshi , Rosser Charles J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
We determine the utility of serial urinary cytologies in patients presenting with microscopic hematuria who were evaluated with upper and lower urinary tract studies to rule out a malignancy.

Methods
Two hundred and thirty-seven patients with the diagnosis of microscopic hematuria were evaluated at an inner-city tertiary care hospital. Of these 239 patients, 182 patients had 405 cytologies obtained as part of their evaluation for hematuria. In addition, all patients had their lower urinary tract and upper tract thoroughly evaluated.

Results
Two hundred and seventy four cytology samples were read as normal, 104 (26%) as atypia, 7 (2%) as suspicious/malignant, and 20 (5%) as unsatisfactory. Seventeen patients (9.3%) had biopsy confirmed bladder cancer. Of these 17 patients, 2 had normal cytology, 11 had atypia, and 5 had suspicious/malignant. No patient had a positive cytology and a negative biopsy. Overall the number of hematuric patients harboring bladder cancer was small (7%). Cytology #1 detected 4 cases of cancer, cytology #2 detected an additional case and cytology #3 did not detect any additional cancers.

Conclusion
Because of this low prevalence of bladder cancer in patients presenting with microscopic hematuria and the low sensitivity of detecting bladder cancers, the utility of urinary cytology in the initial evaluation of patients with hematuria may be minimal. The exact role of urinary cytology in the evaluation of hematuria is unknown.
Glucocorticoids with different chemical structures but similar glucocorticoid receptor potency regulate subsets of common and unique genes in human trabecular meshwork cells
Authors: Nehmé Alissar , Lobenhofer Edward K , Stamer W Daniel , Edelman Jeffrey L 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
In addition to their well-documented ocular therapeutic effects, glucocorticoids (GCs) can cause sight-threatening side-effects including ocular hypertension presumably via morphological and biochemical changes in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. In the present study, we directly compared the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) potency for dexamethasone (DEX), fluocinolone acetonide (FA) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA), examined the expression of known GRα and GRβ isoforms, and used gene expression microarrays to compare the effects of DEX, FA, and TA on the complete transcriptome in two primary human TM cell lines.

Methods
GR binding affinity for DEX, FA, and TA was measured by a cell-free competitive radio-labeled GR binding assay. GR-mediated transcriptional activity was assessed using the GeneBLAzer beta-lactamase reporter gene assay. Levels of GRα and GRβ isoforms were assessed by Western blot. Total RNA was extracted from TM 86 and TM 93 cells treated with 1 μM DEX, FA, or TA for 24 hr and used for microarray gene expression analysis. The microarray experiments were repeated three times. Differentially expressed genes were identified by Rosetta Resolver Gene Expression Analysis System.

Results
The GR binding affinity (IC50) for DEX, FA, and TA was 5.4, 2.0, and 1.5 nM, respectively. These values are similar to the GR transactivation EC50 of 3.0, 0.7, and 1.5 nM for DEX, FA, and TA, respectively. All four GRα translational isoforms (A-D) were expressed in TM 86 and TM 93 total cell lysates, however, the C and D isoforms were more highly expressed relative to A and B. All four GRβ isoforms (A-D) were also detected in TM cells, although GRβ-D isoform expression was lower compared to that of the A, B, or C isoforms. Microarray analysis revealed 1,968 and 1,150 genes commonly regulated by DEX, FA, and TA in TM 86 and TM 93, respectively. These genes included RGC32, OCA2, ANGPTL7, MYOC, FKBP5, SAA1 and ZBTB16. In addition, each GC specifically regulated a unique set of genes in both TM cell lines. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software, analysis of the data from TM 86 cells showed that DEX significantly regulated transcripts associated with RNA post-transcriptional modifications, whereas FA and TA modulated genes involved in lipid metabolism and cell morphology, respectively. In TM 93 cells, DEX significantly regulated genes implicated in histone methylation, whereas FA and TA altered genes associated with cell cycle and cell adhesion, respectively.

Conclusion
Human trabecular meshwork cells in culture express all known GRα and GRβ translational isoforms, and GCs with similar potency but subtly different chemical structure are capable of regulating common and unique gene subsets and presumably biologic responses in these cells. These GC structure-dependent effects appear to be TM cell-lineage dependent.
Improved Determination of Preconsolidation Pressure of a Sensitive Clay
Authors: Hamilton J. J. , Crawford C. B. 
Published: September 2009

Poor agreement between calculated and measured consolidation settlement in the Leda (Laurentian) clay of eastern Canada suggested that either the classical consolidation theory might not apply to this soil or that present testing techniques were not yielding the correct consolidation characteristics of the soil. An underestimation of the preconsolidation load was found to result from tests using normal procedures. An investigation of various techniques to improve the determination of the preconsolidation pressure are outlined in this paper.
Increment loading tests with various increment sizes and increment durations were investigated as well as continuous loading tests under various controlled rates of stress application and various controlled rates of strain. It was found that small increment tests best defined the pressure - void-ratio curve, but required much time. A method of determining the point of 100 per cent primary consolidation on the log time - deflection plot of small increment tests was developed. Constant rate of strain tests show promise as possible rapid testing techniques.
Fresh Leaves: Practicing Environmental Criticism
Authors: Kilcup Karen L. 
Published: September 2009

Ecocide is more of a threat than nuclear war.—Lawrence BuellIt is worth noting that [environmental destruction] is not the work of ignorant people. Rather, it is largely the result of work by people with BAs, BSs, LLBs, MBAs, and PhDs.—David OrrI cannot identify what sparked my environmental awareness. The romantic in me invokes childhood with an ardently outdoor maternal grandfather, who taught me to distinguish a beech tree from a birch, to plant potatoes, and to welcome the tree frogs' spring chorus with awe and delight. More likely, the recognition arrived not from childhood pleasures or reading Henry David Thoreau but from something as quotidian and cumulative as exhaustion from years of commuting from New Hampshire to Boston for work as an adjunct, sucking exhaust fumes on Route 128.
Transgenically Induced GAD Tolerance Curtails the Development of Early β-Cell Autoreactivities but Causes the Subsequent Development of Supernormal Autoreactivities to Other β-Cell Antigens
Authors: Tian Jide , Dang Hoa , von Boehmer Harald , Jaeckel Elmar , Kaufman Daniel L. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVETo study how tolerance to GAD65 affects the development of autoimmunity to other β-cell autoantigens (β-CAAs) in GAD65-transgenic (GAD-tg) NOD mice.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe used ELISPOT to characterize the frequency and functional phenotype of T-cell responses to GAD65 and other β-CAAs at different ages in GAD-tg mice and their NOD mouse littermates.RESULTSIn young GAD-tg mice, Th1 responses to GAD65's dominant determinants were 13−18% of those in young NOD mice. This coincided with a great reduction in Th1 responses to other β-CAAs. Evidently, GAD65-reactive T-cells are important for activating and/or expanding early autoreactivities in NOD mice. As GAD-tg mice aged, their T-cell responses to GAD65 remained low, but they developed supernormal splenic and pancreatic lymph node T-cell autoimmunity to other β-CAAs. Apparently, the elimination/impairment of many GAD65-reactive T-cells allowed other β-CAA–reactive T-cells to eventually expand to a greater extent, perhaps by reducing competition for antigen-presenting cells, or homeostatic proliferation in the target tissue, which may explain the GAD-tg mouse's usual disease incidence.CONCLUSIONSTransgenically induced reduction of GAD65 autoreactivity curtailed the development of early T-cell responses to other β-CAAs. However, later in life, β-CAA–reactive T-cells expanded to supernormal levels. These data suggest that early β-cell autoreactivities are mutually dependent for support to activate and expand, while later in the disease process, autoantigen-specific T-cell pools can expand autonomously. These findings have implications for understanding type 1 diabetes immunopathogenesis and for designing antigen-based immunotherapeutics.
Does Granisetron Eliminate the Gag Reflex? A Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Friedlander Barenboim Silvina , Dvoyris Vladislav , Kaufman Eliezer 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Although gagging is a frequent problem that, when severe, can jeopardize the dental procedure, no single protocol is used to alleviate this phenomenon. Selective 5-HT3 antagonists, such as granisetron, may attenuate gagging. In this study, granisetron and placebo were administered intravenously, in a crossover, double-blind manner, to 25 healthy volunteers in 2 different sessions. Gagging levels were recorded before and after administration, as were BP, pulse, and O2 saturation. Recorded results were analyzed with the use of tests for nonparametric values (P = .05). A significant increase in the depth of swab insertion was noted after administration of both placebo and drug. The increase in drug effectiveness correlated with decreased body weight. The true efficacy of granisetron in gagger patients with this treatment protocol has yet to be fully established, although it has been theorized that an increased dosage of granisetron may have a better effect.
Effects of lead on thyroid functions in lead-exposed workers
Authors: Pekcici Recep , Kavlakoğlu Burak , Yilmaz Sevim , Şahin Mustafa , Delibaşi Tuncay 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Lead exposure is a common public health problem. Exposure to the metal can cause hematological, gastrointestinal, rheumatological, endocrine, neurological and renal problems in humans. However, effects on the thyroid gland are controversial. We retrospectively investigated thyroid function parameters in 65 adult males who had been occupationally exposed to lead. We then compared the findings with those of 60 male patients who had no history of lead exposure or thyroid abnormalities, who served as the control group. The mean ages of the lead-exposed workers and the controls were 34.3 ± 7.9 and 32.9 ± 6.6 years respectively. Blood lead levels in the lead-exposed workers were significantly higher than in the control group. The lead-exposed workers were assigned to one of three groups according to their blood lead levels, as follows: 40–59 μg/dl, 60–79 μg/dl, or 80 μg/dl and above. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels in the 80 μg/dl and above group were significantly higher than in either the 40–59 μg/dl group or the 60–79 μg/dl group. However, TSH levels in the 40–59 μg/dl group did not differ significantly from those in the 60–79 μg/dl group. These results suggest that high levels of lead in the blood may affect thyroid physiology. Clinicians should be aware of the potential hazardous effects of lead on the thyroid, especially in patients who have been occupationally exposed to lead.
Magnetism and granulometry of Pleistocene sediments of Dhapasi section, Kathmandu (Nepal): implications for depositional age and paleoenvironment
Authors: Gautam Pitambar , Sakai Tetsuya , Paudayal Khum Narayan , Bhandari Sudarshan , Gyawali Babu Ram , Gautam Chinta Mani , Rijal Moti Lal 
Published: September 2009

A 28-m thick exposure of the younger stage deposits of Kathmandu Valley fluvio-deltaic deposits at Dhapasi has been studied for magnetic susceptibility (MS), remanent magnetization (RM), grain size characteristics of fine-grained sediments, and sedimentary fabric by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) . In situ volume MS (κ; in 10-3 SI) of the natural sediments ranges from 0.001 to 0.15, with lower range (<0.02) restricted to quartz-rich coarse sand, whereas the uppermost 20-cm thick section affected by anthropogenic activity exhibits enhanced range (0.15-2). RM of specimens from some 80 levels reveals predominantly normal polarity except for a part of ca. 80cm thick sandy silt, located about 6-m above the base, yielding reverse polarity attributed to the Laschamp Reversal Event/Excursion (LRE) dated in literature at ca. 41 Ka. This inference, along with majority of other 14C data, lends further support to the affinity of Dhapasi section to the Gokarna Formation (ca. >45 to 34 Ka). Laser granulometry of fine-grained sediments from 76 levels reveals polymodal (2-4 modes) nature. With two prominent modes corresponding at 7.3 and 57.5 μm, these sediments plot into sandy silt, silt, and silty sand regions. MS correlates positively among broad grain size classes (i.e., increasing trend from sand through silt to clay). Mainly oblate susceptibility ellipsoids and low anisotropy degree shown by AMS data suggest a depositional fabric contributed by mainly paramagnetic minerals (e.g., phyllosilicates) responsible to low magnitudes of mass-specific MS (5-15 × 10-8 m3kg-1). Magnetic lineations or maximum susceptibility axes (kmax) are inferred to be predominantly NNW to SSE below ca. 18-m level, but NNE to SSW above. Such difference points to shift of paleoflow during the sediment deposition, and together with slight differences in grain-size parameters, in two prominent intervals of prodelta deposits, suggests significant changes in the paleodrainage configuration and source-sink relationship. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2247 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 17-28
Recent Advances in the Chemical Synthesis of RNA
Authors: Beaucage Serge L. , Reese Colin B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAs a consequence largely of recent developments in RNA interference (RNAi) research, the availability of rapid and efficient methods for the chemical synthesis of RNA sequences has become a matter of considerable urgency. This unit is concerned mainly with work that has been carried out, especially in the past decade, on the design of new and improved methods of RNA synthesis. The main criteria for the choice of protecting groups for the 2′‐hydroxy functions of the ribonucleoside building blocks, which is arguably the most crucial strategic decision to be made, are discussed. A number of new ether‐, acetal‐, orthoester‐, and ester‐based 2′‐protecting groups are described and their application, mainly in phosphoramidite‐based solid‐phase synthesis, is discussed in some detail. Brief consideration is also given to solution‐phase RNA synthesis, which may well prove to be of great importance if a systemic drug is developed and multikilogram quantities of synthetic RNA sequences are required. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 38:2.16.1‐2.16.31. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Metabolomic Perspective of Small Molecule Toxicity
Authors: Patterson Andrew D. , Idle Jeffrey R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRecent advances in small molecule profiling, including ultraperformance liquid chromatography and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, have given unprecedented views of the metabolic response to toxic stimuli. Metabolomics, the process of measuring the concentration changes in metabolites of biofluids such as urine, serum, sweat or saliva or that of intact cells, tissues or single‐celled organisms, is the missing piece of the omics puzzle (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics) necessary for providing a holistic view (DNA, RNA, protein and metabolites) of the biological response to a toxicant. Furthermore, metabolomics is an essential addition to any toxicity biomarker‐screening programme, as evidenced by its strong foothold in both pharmaceutical and academic settings. Here we discuss metabolomic science with respect to its past and future contributions to the field of toxicology and describe blueprints necessary for conducting a well‐designed and robust metabolomics experiment from sample collection to data acquisition and analysis. Metabolomics holds great promise as a tool for advancing the field of toxicology by uncovering novel biomarkers of toxic responses and by significantly improving xenobiotic metabolite identification.
New Iron(II) Complexes for Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization: The Ligand Design for Triazacyclononane Results in High Reactivity and Catalyst Performance
Authors: Kawamura Mitsunobu , Sunada Yusuke , Kai Hidetomo , Koike Nobuyuki , Hamada Akane , Hayakawa Hitoshi , Jin Ren‐Hua , Nagashima Hideo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMononuclear cordinatively unsaturated iron(II) complexes having a triazacyclononane ligand were developed as highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts for the atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). These iron catalysts showed high performance in the well‐controlled ATRP of styrene, methacrylates, and acrylates. The high reactivity of these catalysts led to well‐controlled polymerization and block copolymerization even with lower catalyst concentrations.
Manganese‐Promoted Regioselective Ring‐Opening of 2,3‐Epoxy Acid Derivatives: A New Route to α‐Hydroxy Acid Derivatives
Authors: Concellón José M. , Bernad Pablo L. , Rodríguez‐Solla Humberto , Díaz Pamela 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA simple and general methodology directed towards the synthesis 3‐aryl‐2‐hydroxy amides, or esters with total regioselectivity from the easily available 2,3‐epoxy amides or esters, promoted by active manganese is described. Utilizing enantiopure epoxy amides as starting materials, the corresponding 3‐aryl‐2‐hydroxy amides in enantiopure form are also available. Some synthetic applications of selected examples of 3‐aryl‐2‐hydroxy carboxylic acid derivatives are shown. A mechanism has been proposed to explain this novel reaction.
The Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles via the Coupling of Phenyliodonium Ylides and Enamine Esters
Authors: Wang Jun‐Yan , Wang Xian‐Pei , Yu Zheng‐Sen , Yu Wei 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe boron trifluoride etherate (BF3⋅Et2O)‐catalyzed reactions between phenyliodonium ylides and enamine esters provide an efficient method for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles.
Are recently identified genetic variants regulating BMI in the general population associated with anorexia nervosa?
Authors: Brandys Marek K. , van Elburg Annemarie A. , Loos Ruth J.F. , Bauer Florianne , Hendriks Judith , van der Schouw Yvonne T. , Adan Roger A.H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe influence of body mass index (BMI) on susceptibility to anorexia nervosa (AN) is not clear. Recently published genome‐wide association (GWA) studies of the general population identified several variants influencing BMI. We genotyped these variants in an AN sample to test for association and to investigate a combined effect of BMI‐increasing alleles (as determined in the original GWA studies) on the risk of developing the disease. Individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for association with AN in a sample of 267 AN patients and 1,636 population controls. A logistic regression for the combined effect of BMI‐increasing alleles included 225 cases and 1,351 controls. We found no significant association between individual SNPs and AN. The analysis of a combined effect of BMI‐increasing alleles showed absence of association with the investigated condition. The percentages of BMI‐increasing alleles were equal between cases and controls. This study found no evidence that genetic variants regulating BMI in the general population are significantly associated with susceptibility to AN. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.