bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rise and fall of intercountry adoption in the 21st century
Authors: Selman Peter 
Published: August 2009

English Recent developments in intercountry adoption worldwide, based on a demographic analysis of trends in 22 receiving states between 2001 and 2007, are reviewed. The analysis shows a marked decline in the global number of adoptions after a steady rise from the mid-1990s to over 45,000 in 2004. French Les récents développements de l’adoption internationale dans le monde entier, observés à partir de l’analyse des tendances démographiques dans 22 pays d’accueil entre 2001 et 2007, sont passés en revue. L’analyse montre une baisse sensible du nombre global d’adoptions après une hausse constante du milieu des années 1990 jusqu’à plus de 45,000 en 2004. Spanish Se revisaron los desarrollos recientes en la adopción entre países a nivel mundial, con base en análisis demográficos de tendencias en 22 estados receptores entre 2001 y 2007. El análisis muestra un marcado declive en el número global de adopciones después de un aumento sostenido desde la mitad de los años noventa, por encima de 45,000 en 2004.
Intuitions of Fittingness
Authors: Price A. W. 
Published: August 2009

In one sense of the term current among analytical philosophers, the quietist_lacks skeptical doubts about the metaphysical or epistemological status of ethical judgments as a class of judgment. He may still have doubts about, say, the current state of morality.
There are criteria of courage by which, though they are open-ended, a man may count as acting bravely. It need not follow that he has adopted the best tactics. Yet he must have responded fittingly to danger. But how is that to be identified?
“Ought”-judgments are to be understood contextually, with an implicit relativity to certain ends or quasi-ends, and—when the “ought” is only pro tanto—to certain aspects of, or opportunities within, a situation. These judgments are often intuitive in that they do not derive from the application of a principle. Fittingness is an anthropocentric relation that holds within some human perspective; we should not think of it as a feature purportedly inherent in the very nature of things.
It is salutary to remember cases where the “ought” is so relativized, say to an undesirable end, that it identifies no reason for action. The nature of the relation does not change when it is relativized to an end that the agent has reason to achieve. “Ought”-judgments should not be interpreted in ambitious ways that make them generally problematic.
Multi-step Synthesis of a Protected Monosaccharide Unit by Iterative Reactions in Microreactors and Fluorous Liquid-phase Extractions
Authors: Kawakami Hiroko , Goto Kohtaro , Mizuno Mamoru 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
We describe a process that simultaneously achieves microreaction synthesis and fluorous liquid-phase extraction in a single system. Use of this method in multi-step synthesis of a protected monosaccharide unit yielded the desired product. Moreover, the total synthesis time, including an only single column chromatography as the last step, was significantly shortened compared with general synthetic methods.
Reversible ArSE Aroylation of Naphthalene Derivatives
Authors: Okamoto Akiko , Yonezawa Noriyuki 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Reversible ArSE aroylation has been observed in the reaction of 2,7-dimethoxynaphthalene (1) with 4-chlorobenzoic acid/acid chloride 2 with the aid of discrete acidic mediators. The reaction readily gives 1-aroylated-, 3-aroylated-, and 1,8-diaroylated products. The product distribution clearly shows dependence on the kind and strength of the acidic mediators and the time-course of the distribution manifests dearoylation of the productive aroylnaphthalenes. These reaction behaviors including acid-strength-dependent reversibility are well interpreted from the viewpoint of highly congested noncoplanar geometry of the polyaromatic ketone products.
Magnetic-field Sensitive Gels with Wide Modulation of Dynamic Modulus
Authors: Mitsumata Tetsu , Abe Noriyuki 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
A new class of magnetorheological gel that demonstrates drastic and reversible changes in dynamic modulus without using strong magnetic fields was obtained. The magnetic gel consists of carrageenan of polysaccharides and carbonyl iron particles. The magnetic gel with a volume fraction of 0.34 exhibited a reversible increase by factors of 500 of the storage modulus and 1200 of the loss modulus upon a magnetic field of 500 mT. We postulate that the particle structural change by magnetic fields leads to the drastic change in the dynamic modulus.
Robust stabilization of a chemical reactor
Authors: Bakošová Monika , Puna Dalibor , Dostál Petr , Závacká Jana 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRobust static output feedback control was applied to a continuous stirred tank reactor with parametric uncertainty and multiple steady states in which exothermic reaction takes place. The problem of robust controller design was converted to a solution of linear matrix inequalities and a computationally simple non-iterative algorithm is presented. The possibility of using robust static output feedback for stabilization of reactors with uncertainty and comparison of robust P and PI controllers with an optimal controller is demonstrated by simulation results.
Key side products due to reactivity of dimethylmaleoyl moiety as amine protective group
Authors: Lee Mijoon , Hesek Dusan , Noll Bruce , Mobashery Shahriar 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDimethylmaleoyl (DMM) moiety has become an important amine protective group in sugar chemistry. We disclose herein that DMM-containing D-glucosamine analogues, because of their electrophilic nature, are prone to reactions with strong nucleophiles, such as hydrazine, resulting in a set of undesired side products that are difficult to detect, yet proved to be problematic for organic synthesis.
In vitro antifungal and antibacterial properties of thiodiamine transition metal complexes
Authors: Mishra Ajay , Mishra Shivani , Kaushik Narender 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSynthesis, characterization and biological studies of some thiodiamine metal complexes are described. Cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes of type [Cu(L)2Cl2] and [Co(L)2SO4], where L = (cyclohexyl-N-thio)-1,2-ethylenediamine (L1) and (cyclohexyl-N-thio)-1,3-propanediamine (L2), were synthesized. The synthesized copper and cobalt thiodiamine complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, mass, UV-VIS and 1H NMR spectroscopic studies. Thiodiamines coordinate as a bidentate N-S ligand. The binding sites are azomethine nitrogen and thioamide sulfur. Molar conductance values in dimethylsulfoxide indicate non-electrolyte nature of the complexes. In vitro-antimicrobial screening shows promising results against both bacterial and fungal strains.
Synthesis of 2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]furo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives
Authors: Bradiaková Ivana , Ďurčeková Tatiana , Prónayová Naďa , Gatial Anton , Krutošíková Alžbeta 
Published: August 2009

Abstract2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydrofuro[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one (I) was prepared by a three-step synthesis. Its reaction with phosphorus sulfide rendered thione II which was methylated to 2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-methylsulfanylfuro[3,2-c]pyridine (III). 5-Methyl-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydrofuro[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one (IV) was obtained by the reaction of I with methyl iodide in PTC conditions. The chlorine atom in derivate V was replaced with heterocyclic secondary amines via nucleophilic substitution and 4-substituted furopyridines VIa and VIb were thus prepared. 2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]furo[3,2-c]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (VII) was obtained by hydrolysis of the corresponding carbonitrile Va.
Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of new benzoylthiourea ligands
Authors: Kurt Gülşah , Sevgi Fatih , Mercimek Bedrettin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this study, new benzoylthiourea derivatives, (E)-N-[(2-benzamidomethyleneamino)ethylcarbamothioyl]benzamide H3L′, N-(1-(3-benzoylthioureido)propan-2-ylcarbamothioyl)-benzamide H4L″, (E)-N-[4-(benzamidomethyleneamino)phenylcarbamothioyl]benzamide H3L‴, were synthesized. Structures of the compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques. In addition, all synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity. Compound H3L‴ exhibited antibacterial activity.
Copper determination using ICP-MS with hexapole collision cell
Authors: Chrastný Vladislav , Komárek Michael 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDetermination of copper using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) suffers from polyatomic overlays originating from Na+ and Mg2+ matrix elements due to the formation of 40Ar23Na+ and 40Ar25Mg+ in the mass-to-charge ratios of 63 and 65, respectively. The collision/reaction cell technology belongs to the most modern methods used to overcome polyatomic interferences. Gas-filled collision/reaction cell can cause an additional mass bias effect influencing analytical precision of the method. In this study, the additional mass bias effect of the hexapole collision/reaction cell ICP-MS was studied on an example of n(65Cu)/n(63Cu) isotope ratio. As a result, a method for suppressing polyatomic interference on the mass-to-charge ratio of 63 and 65 was introduced and additional mass bias of the collision/reaction cell was lowered to an acceptable level.
Gas chromatography with surface ionization detection of nitro pesticides
Authors: Takahashi Seiji , Nagamura Futoshi , Sasaki Miki , Fujii Toshihiro 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA surface ionization gas chromatographic detector, based upon positive surface ionization, was used in capillary gas chromatography to sensitively and selectively detect nitro pesticides: pendimethalin, trifluralin, flumetralin. Higher sensitivity (better detection limit), substance specificity, and advantageous applicability are reported. Sensitivity to pendimethalin, trifluralin, and flumetralin was 1.4 C g−1, 1.1 C g−1, and 1.0 C g−1, respectively, with the linear range of operation greater than 1 × 105 for these compounds. The minimum detectable level was in the range of 10−13 g s−1. Compared with an atomic emission detector, SID provided a 110 times better detection limit for trifluralin.
An assessment of tree species dynamics in rural farmland of Nepal
Authors: Kharal DK , Oli BN 
Published: August 2009

Dynamics of species distribution, species composition and species number are very important areas to be understood for sustainable management of forest and tree resources. The paper endeavours to solicit information on dynamics of tree species in terms of their composition and number, and also assesses the relationship between socio-economic factors and tree species dynamics. The study was conducted through survey of 98 sampled households, focus group discussion and direct field observation. Species composition and species number of tree resources of the study area are identified for different time period. The study found out that proportion of tree species loss on farmland was higher than that of species introduction. Similarly, 20 species were found with very limited distribution in the study area while two of them are already under the threatened category at the national level. The reasons for species change in the farmland are also identified. Farmers are now attracted to grow fast growing, multipurpose and easily available tree species. Economic return is the major concern for them. Such a situation may lead to further loss of tree species from the farmland. Some species such as Shorea robusta and Phyllanthus emblica, which were among the widely distributed in the beginning, are now about to be lost because of easy availability in nearby forest, slow growth rate and limited uses. Key Words: Composition, Diversity, Dynamics, Farmland, Socioeconomic factors, Trees. doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2150 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 3-10
Features and allometric relationships characterising trees on farmland – an example from Chainpur VDC, Chitwan
Authors: Meilby Henrik , Puri Lila 
Published: August 2009

Trees on farmland are important sources of fodder, food and a range of wood products and improve local climate and the ecological quality of agricultural landscapes. In spite of this, little is known about the composition of farm tree populations, farmer's management and the resulting characteristics of the trees. In a case study in Chainpur VDC, Chitwan, all trees with diameter 3 2 cm 0.5 metres above ground were enumerated and mapped within 8.44 ha of farmland. The total number of trees was 898, corresponding to a density of 106 ha-1. The basal area 0.5 and 1.3 m above ground were 2.00 and 1.42 m2ha-1, respectively, and the total crown cover was 8.76%. The number of species recorded was 63, most of which were represented by only a few individuals. The most frequent species were Melia azedarach L. (Bakaino, 238 individuals), Bauhinia purpurea Wall. (Tanki, 111 individuals) and Ficus hispida L.f. (Khasreto, 87 individuals). Measurements of diameter and height of crown and stem were done for a sample comprising 81% of the trees. In addition, ocular assessment of the lopping intensity was carried out. Based on these observations, a set of allometric models relating stem diameter, tree height, crown width, crown length and lopping were developed and used for preparation of schematic tree silhouettes. Marked differences between tree species were observed with regard to crown shape and the effect of lopping on shape. Key words: allometric models, farmer's tree species preferences, fodder tree species, lopping assessment, tree silhouettes doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2152 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 18-26
Generation and utilization of community fund in small-scale community forest management in the Terai region of Nepal
Authors: Dhakal Maheshwar , Masuda Misa 
Published: August 2009

It has been widely recognized that constantly increasing community fund is one of the indicators of successful implementation of community forestry program in Nepal. However, a very few people know how the fund is collected under the program and it has been utilized so far. The paper is based on the generation and utilization of community fund of two-community forests in the Terai region. The community forests of the region have collected large amount of community fund annually from the sale of forest products and non-forestry sources as well. The study revealed that along with community fund increasing, office operation cost has been constantly increasing while utilizing the fund, whereas promotion of forest management and community development costs are essential for long-term sustainability of the program. Therefore, the study concluded that only the minimization of office operation cost could increase the forest management and community development costs based on the principle of trade-off, which is crucial to keep the people intact in community forestry program and its long-term sustainability. Keywords: community forestry, community fund, Terai, Nepal doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2156 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 55-61
Conflict management strategy adopted in community forestry of Nepal: a study of four community forests in midwestern region
Authors: Acharya GR , Yasmi Y 
Published: August 2009

This study focuses on two types of conflicts in Community Forest User Group (CFUG): conflict between User Group Committee (UGC) and user, conflict among users. Users were found impaired from the UGC decisions and their pattern of benefit sharing. Conflict also existed among users. Major strategies adopted to manage conflict were found to be either avoiding or forcing; but avoiding is the most widely used strategy. Moreover compromising and accommodating were found less frequently compared to forcing and collaborating that were rarely used. This study challenges the common perception that community forestry of Nepal is successful in managing its conflict. The findings of this study do not support this claim because collaborating strategy has rarely been used in Community Forest (CF) conflict management. In contrast, this study shows that avoiding and forcing were more commonly used. The greater application of avoiding and forcing strategy in conflict management indicates that CF is still lagging in realizing the best possible option of collaborating. This finding also challenges the effectiveness of the existing conflict management mechanism in CF. This study also suggests collaborating strategy as a better option for managing conflict. On the other hand, this study also reveals that CF is not benefiting the poor of the community. Though, many scholars trumpet CF as a successful programme in Nepal, this study points out that CF has not yet been able to manage its conflicts in a more constructive way. The study also pinpoints short comings of existing conflict management strategies that could be addressed to improve its performance in the days to come. Key words: Benefit sharing, community forestry, conflict, strategy doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i2.2172 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 2, 44-52
Epiphytic orchids of Nepal
Authors: Ghimire M 
Published: August 2009

This paper includes a list of 207 species of epiphytic orchids from Nepal that belong to 49 genera including 5 endemic species (Bulbophyllum ambrosia, Eria baniai, E. nepalensis, Oberonia nepalensis and Pleione coronaria). Phytogeographical distribution along with altitudinal ranges of all of these epiphytic species, phenology of flowering of 199 species and host plant(s) of 148 species have been reported herewith. The aim of this paper is to assess the distribution patterns, host-epiphyte relationship and phenology of flowering of Nepalese epiphytic orchids. Key words: Epiphytic orchids, host range, phenology, Nepal doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i2.2173 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 2, 53-63
Consumption Pattern of Timber and Fuelwood in Community Forests: a case study from Sindhupalchok District
Authors: Lamichhane D 
Published: August 2009

The study was carried out in four community forest user groups (CFUGs) of Sindhupalchok district of Nepal with a view to find out the consumption pattern of forest products especially timber and fuelwood from the community forests (CFs). A set of structured questionnaires was used to collect data from the respondents of the selected CFUGs. Four CFUGs were randomly selected from among those meeting the predetermined criteria such as: more than 5 years old, regularly harvesting timber and fuelwood, and active in forest management. With a 20% sampling intensity, 103 respondents were identified from the groups for household visit and personal interview. Records of forest product distribution together with a checklist of secondary data were obtained from the District Forestry Office (DFO) and the CFUG records. This data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in the use of timber and fuelwood among the users. Similarly, there was no correlation between the number of livestock and use of firewood. However, there was a strong relationship between the number of livestock and fodder trees on their farmland. There was a higher demand for fuelwood than timber but the pine-dominant community forests were found to be producing more timber, thereby creating a big gap between the demand and supply of firewood. However, the supply of timber was comparatively consistent with demand. Keywords: Community forest user group, demand and supply, farmland, fuelwood, timber doi: 10.3126/banko.v19i1.2179 Banko Janakari, Vol. 19, No. 1, 23-28
Neural network‐based adaptive attitude tracking control for flexible spacecraft with unknown high‐frequency gain
Authors: Hu Qinglei 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAdaptive control design using neural networks (a) is investigated for attitude tracking and vibration stabilization of a flexible spacecraft, which is operated at highly nonlinear dynamic regimes. The spacecraft considered consists of a rigid body and two flexible appendages, and it is assumed that the system parameters are unknown and the truncated model of the spacecraft has finite but arbitrary dimension as well, for the purpose of design. Based on this nonlinear model, the derivation of an adaptive control law using neural networks (NNs) is treated, when the dynamics of unstructured and state‐dependent nonlinear function are completely unknown. A radial basis function network that is used here for synthesizing the controller and adaptive mechanisms is derived for adjusting the parameters of the network and estimating the unknown parameters. In this derivation, the Nussbaum gain technique is also employed to relax the sign assumption for the high‐frequency gain for the neural adaptive control. Moreover, systematic design procedure is developed for the synthesis of adaptive NN tracking control with L2 ‐gain performance. The resulting closed‐loop system is proven to be globally stable by Lyapunov's theory and the effect of the external disturbances and elastic vibrations on the tracking error can be attenuated to the prescribed level by appropriately choosing the design parameters. Numerical simulations are performed to show that attitude tracking control and vibration suppression are accomplished in spite of the presence of disturbance torque/parameter uncertainty. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Au@pNIPAM Thermosensitive Nanostructures: Control over Shell Cross‐linking, Overall Dimensions, and Core Growth
Authors: Contreras‐Cáceres Rafael , Pacifico Jessica , Pastoriza‐Santos Isabel , Pérez‐Juste Jorge , Fernández‐Barbero Antonio , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThermoresponsive nanocomposites comprising a gold nanoparticle core and a poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) shell are synthesized by grafting the gold nanoparticle surface with polystyrene, which allows the coating of an inorganic core with an organic shell. Through careful control of the experimental conditions, the pNIPAM shell cross‐linking density can be varied, and in turn its porosity and stiffness, as well as shell thickness from a few to a few hundred nanometers is tuned. The characterization of these core–shell systems is carried out by photon‐correlation spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Additionally, the porous pNIPAM shells are found to modulate the catalytic activity, which is demonstrated through the seeded growth of gold cores, either retaining the initial spherical shape or developing a branched morphology. The nanocomposites also present thermally modulated optical properties because of temperature‐induced local changes of the refractive index surrounding the gold cores.
Swelling‐Induced Surface Patterns in Hydrogels with Gradient Crosslinking Density
Authors: Guvendiren Murat , Yang Shu , Burdick Jason A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHydrogels with controlled surface patterns are useful for a range of applications, including in microdevices, sensors, coatings, and adhesives. In this work, a simple and robust method to generate a wide range of osmotically driven surface patterns, including random, lamellar, peanut, and hexagonal structures is developed. This method does not require the use of organic solvents for swelling, pre‐patterning of the film surface, or coating of a second layer on the gel. The patterns are fabricated by exposing a photocurable formulation to light while open to air and then swelling, using oxygen inhibition of the radical polymerization at the surface to create a gradient of crosslinking with depth, which was confirmed by measuring the double bond conversion at the surface, surface mechanics, and molecule diffusion into the network. The modulus gradient, and hence osmotic pressure, is controlled by the crosslinker concentration, and the characteristic size of the patterns is determined by the initial film thickness. The patterns are stable in both swollen and dry states, creating a versatile approach that is useful for diverse polymers to create complex patterns with long‐range order.