bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Assessment of Udder Health Status of Sows at Time of Weaning with Special Reference to Bacteriology and Cytology in Milk
Authors: Persson A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe main objective of this study was to obtain data about the frequencies of teat injuries, udder skin lesions and abnormal palpatory findings of the mammary glands at the day of weaning and 7 days after weaning. Milk samples were collected from mammary glands and teats without clinical changes and from glands and teats showing abnormal clinical appearance. Bacteriological examination was performed and evaluated. The total cell content (TCC) and the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) were counted and used as indicators of inflammatory response.Sixty per cent of the lactations showed teat injuries and (or) udder skin lesions irrespective of lactation number. The prevalence of palpable changes increased gradually from the first to the second and subsequent lactations (15%, 30% and 60%), the increase from the first to the second and from the first to the third and subsequent lactations being significant or highly significant (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). The average number of teats injured per ‘lactation with teat injuries’ showed a numerical but not significant decrease (3.0, 3.2 and 2.4, respectively). The average number of palpable changes per ‘lactation with palpable changes’ varied from 1.7 to 2.5. The teat injuries were numerically more frequent within the two thoracic and first three abdominal teat pairs, varying from 11% to 16%. The clinical appearance of the teat injuries and palpatory changes subsided rapidly, 76% and 49% being scored as clinically normal when the reexamination was performed 7 days after weaning.Irrespective of clinical group, the milk collected at the day of weaning yielded non‐ as well as α‐ and β‐haemolytic streptococci. The β‐haemolytic streptococci turned out to be more frequently isolated from milk collected from clinically abnormal glands and teats. The limited number of secretion samples obtained and cultured 7 days after weaning yielded staphylococci andActinomyces pyogenes, which indicated a bacterial flora known to cause infectious mastitis.A cytological comparison between milk from clinically normal and abnormal mammary glands and teats revealed almost significantly or significantly increased levels of TCC and PMNLs (12.17 vs. 17.76 × 106cells/ml and 1.40 vs. 2.77 × 106cells/ml). A comparison between levels of TCC and PMNLs in milk collected from the two clinical groups of sows, but where the bacteriological growth turned out to be negative, also revealed significant increases in the levels of the two cell parameters emanating from clinically abnormal glands and teats. The individual sow, but not herd or lactation, showed a significant influence on the variation of TCC.
Pyogranulomatous Pleuritis with Empyema in Hunting Dogs
Authors: Frendin J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryNine hunting breed dogs were treated for thoracic empyema of undetermined origin. Seven dogs returned to normal health after combined pleural drainage by modified Seldinger technique and long‐term chemotherapy. Two were destroyed in the early phase of treatment. One died and one was destroyed due to recurrence. Associated signs in four of the dogs included thoracic wall swellings. In two of these, very small foreign bodies of plant origin were found intrathoracically at surgery. Predominantly anaerobic commensals of the mucous membranes were isolated from pleural exudate. Post‐mortem examination in the four cases showed productive, pyogranulomatous intrathoracic inflammation and pleural adhesions. It is proposed that inhaled small plant parts, by synergism with endogenous microorganisms of mucous membrane origin, may be of aetiologic importance in seemingly idiopathic pyogranulomatous pleuritis with empyema in hunting dogs.
A Comparison of Serum Ionized Calcium Concentrations and Serum Total Calcium Concentrations in Dogs with Lymphoma
Authors: Teachout D.J. , Taylor S.M. , Archer F.J. 
Published: May 2010

SummarySerum ionized calcium and total calcium concentrations were measured in 16 dogs with lymphoma and 49 healthy control dogs. Blood samples for all determinations of ionized calcium were collected into tubes containing silicone separator gel and processed under a closed anaerobic system. An ionized calcium analyser with ion selective electrodes was used to determine pH, ionized calcium and ionized calcium adjusted to pH 7.4.Reference ranges for ionized calcium (iCa pH 7.4) of 1.30–1.46 mmol/l, and for total calcium of 2.37–2.82 mmol/l were established.A stronger correlation (r = 0.85) was found between measured ionized calcium and total calcium levels in dogs with lymphoma and hypercalcaemia than in those with lymphoma and normocakaemia (r = 0.64). Measurement of serum ionized calcium was diagnostically concordant with the measurement of serum total calcium in the determination of calcium status in all dogs with lymphoma. Serum ionized calcium did not provide a diagnostic advantage over total calcium in the detection of hypercalcaemia of malignancy in these dogs.
Morphology of Starch Digestion in The Horse
Authors: Kienzle E. , Pohlenz J. , Radicke S. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryStructure of starch in feed and chyme of horses (7 with a cannula at the caudal end of the jejunum and 2 with a cecal fistula) after feeding high starch diets (maize: whole, broken, ground, expanded and as silage, oats: whole, rolled or ground, rolled barley, raw potatoes, and tapioca) was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Structure of feed starch and morphology or starch degradation in the chyme corresponded to data on preileal starch digestibility which was investigated in a parallel study. Barriers for starch digestion in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse were structure of the plant storage organ, as, for example, a tight connection between starch granules in maize grains as well as the structure of the starch granules itself. The highly digestible oat starch was degraded by exocorrosion around the grains, whereas in other, less digestible, starch types degradation occurred by endocorrosion via pin holes. The number and size of the pin holes increased with increasing preileal starch digestibility. The effect of various ways of decomposition on preileal digestibility increased with advanced destruction of the original starch structure. Expanding was most effective. The granules were destroyed completely and the starch became soluble. Simple examination by light microscopy is a fast method to evaluate the degree of starch decomposition in the feed.
The Effects of Age and Reproductive Status on Serum and Blood Parameters in Merino Breed Sheep
Authors: Alonso A. J. , de Teresa R. , García M. , González J. R. , Vallejo M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryMerino breed female sheep (225 in total) were used to study the effects of age and reproductive state on the values of 31 physiological parameters. Of these 31 parameters, 23 were affected by the age of animals, by their reproductive state, or by the interaction between these two factors.The statistical weighing of each of the factors of variability was determined. This revealed that the effects produced by them were indeed systematic. In order to demonstrate the systematic nature of the factors of variability, an attempt was made to classify each animal with respect to its reproductive state and age group, given only the set of biochemical values relating to it. The number of correct assignments to an age group achieved was 84.41%, and this rose to 92.17% with regard to reproductive state. A figure of 100% of correct assignments was reached with the adult age group and animals in oestrus.Thus, although the range of values observed for physiological parameters can, on occasions, be very large, this must be seen as a result of physiological deviations from average. These deviations are systematic and quantifiable, whether analysed in isolation or together as part of a multivariate analysis.
Microbiology and Pathology of Fibrinous Pericarditis in Danish Slaughter Pigs
Authors: Buttenschøn J. , Friis N. F. , Aalbæk B. , Jensen T. K. , Iburg T. , Mousing J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe prevalence of fibrinous pericarditis detected at slaughter in Danish slaughter pigs is approximately 0.02%. The microbiology and pathology of this disorder was studied through 46 field cases collected at slaughter from May 1994 to August 1995. Mycoplasmas(Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, M. hyosynoviaeandM. hyorhinis) were isolated from the pericardium in 38 cases and from the joints in six.M. Hyopneumoniaedominated with 33 isolates from the pericardium.Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaewas isolated from the pericardium in three cases (as mono‐infection in one and together withM. hyopneumoniaein two cases) andActinomyces pyogneswas isolated from the pericardium twice (as mono‐infection in one case and together withM. hyopneumoniaein another).A pyogeneswas also present in the lung, liver and kidney in one of these cases.Streptococcus suiswas isolated together with mycoplasmas from the pericardium in three Cases. The pericardium was sterile in three cases and contained a low grade mixed flora in two; the latter is believed to be a result of the slaughter procedure rather than an infection. No chlamydiae were found in connection with me microbiological examination. Parvovirus was found in one case in the pericardium and in two cases in me spleen. Forty‐five cases were subacute to chronic. The gross pathological examination showed mat bronchopneumonia, chronic pleuritis and synovitis or a low grade arthritis occurred in most cases. Only the arthritic lesions are believed to be pathogenetically concurrent with the pericarditis. Slight evidence of stasis of the liver and/or periangiolar edema was present in six cases. The histopathological examination confirmed the above mentioned findings. Bacterial colonies were found within the fibrinous layer on the pericardium in all cases from which eitherA pleuropneumoniae, A pyognesorS. suiswas isolated. It is concluded that in this study mycoplasmas, particularlyM. Hyopneumoniae, are the more likely cause of fibrinous pericarditis in slaughter pigs.
Effects of Hypocalcaemia on Blood Flow to the Ovaries of the Sheep
Authors: Jonsson N. N. , Daniel R. C. W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe objectives of the study were to use sheep as a model to determine whether a reduction in plasma calcium concentration similar to that observed during periods of postpartum subclinical hypocalcaemia in lactating dairy cattle might affect the blood flow to the ovaries. Different levels of hypocalcaemia were induced in each of six, non‐pregnant sheep by the slow intravenous infusion of Na2‐EDTA. Measurements of blood flow to the ovaries were made before and after the induction of hypocalcaemia, using113Sn and46Sc radiolabeled microspheres. As plasma ionized calcium was reduced, there was a significant decline in ovarian blood flow. Ovarian blood flow (percentage of resting) = 0.54Ca++(percentage of resting) + 58.4. This model was significant at P < 0.01, withR2= 0.92. Accordingly, a reduction in plasma ionized calcium of 50% would yield a reduction in ovarian blood flow of 16%.
Influence of Feeding Hay on the Alopecia of Breeding Guinea Pigs
Authors: Gerold S. , Huisinga E. , Iglauer F. , Kurzawa A. , Morankic A. , Reimers S. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAnimals with partial alopecia were seen frequently in a breeding colony of guinea pigs. No pathologic aetiology could be determined. An influence of nutrition on the density of the hair coat was considered. Breeding groups were fed one of the commercial guinea pig diets of differing composition, with or without the addition of hay. Observation occurred over a period of months and the quality of the hair coat was evaluated periodically using a semi‐quantitative scoring system. More extensive and more frequent fur defects were found in guinea pigs receiving a breeding diet with a high content of crude protein (23%) and a low level of crude fibre (12%), offered hay only restrictively compared with animals receiving a diet with a lower content of crude protein (15.5%) and a higher level of crude fibre (19.5%), offered the same amount of hay. The amount of hay offered is of paramount importance. Animals fed only the diet with the higher level of crude fibre (19.5%), according to the manufacturer's instructions as a complete food, without the addition of hay, showed a less dense hair coat within 4 weeks. In our colony a group of five breeding animals and their young required 200 g of hay daily in order to improve their hair coat quality to normal Conversely, animals receiving less hay had progressively deteriorating hair coat density. Not only the amount of hay offered, but also the accessibility for all animals plays a role in preventing alopecia in guinea pigs. In larger cages (twice the usual ground surface area) fur defects were seen when the same amount of hay (200 g) was offered in only one central area, rather than spread out evenly throughout the cage. Hair loss was observed to be the result of trichophagia between adult animals kept in the same cage. The need for crude fibre of breeding animals does not appear to be completely met by pellets rich in fibre segments.
Inhibition of Antigen‐Induced Muscle Contractions by‐Inhibitors of Thromboxane Pathway in Rat Small Intestine
Authors: Amstutz I. , Diener M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryRats were sensitized against egg albumin and the response of the longitudinal muscle from the proximal small intestine to the antigen was tested. Egg albumin (1–100 μg/ml) concentration‐dependently induced a contraction of the longitudinal muscle in tissues from sensitized animals but not from non‐sensitized animals. The response to the antigen was resistant to neuronal blockers like tetrodotoxin, atropine and hexamethonium. Inhibitors of thromboxane synthesis such as the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, the thromboxane synthase blocker, 1‐benzylimidazole, or the combined cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase/thromboxane synthase inhibitor, sulfasalazine, inhibited the contraction evoked by egg albumin. A similar concentration‐dependent inhibition of the antigen response was observed with two thromboxane A2receptor blockers, SK&F 88046 and KW‐3635. None of these blockers affected the response to the muscarinic agonist, carbachol, excluding unspecific effects of the drugs on smooth muscle contractility.The effect of antigen was reduced by the mast cell stabilizing agent, quercetin, and by the histamine H1receptor blocker, mepyramin. These drugs, however, also inhibited the response to carbachol. When contractions were stimulated directly by the stable thromboxane derivative, carbocyclic thromboxane A2, the smooth muscle proved to be more than three orders of magnitude more sensitive to this agonist of the thromboxane pathway compared to histamine. Consequently, thromboxane A2seems to be one of the main mediators of anaphylactically induced longitudinal muscle contractions in the rat small intestine.
An Apparent Flea‐allergy Dermatitis in Kids and Lambs
Authors: Yeruham I. , Rosen S. , Perl S. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryHeavy infestation of lambs in two herds and kids in one herd with the cat flea, CtenocephaUdes felis felis, accompanied by severe anaemia, eosinophilia and exudative dermatitis, is described. Flea infestation was more widespread during the summer months, when optimal climatic conditions for flea development prevail.The clinical and histological findings are discussed in the light of the pertinent literature. Recovery of the affected animals and normalization of the haematological values were observed after the insecticide treatment. Flea‐allergic dermatitis is apparently the cause of the skin lesions in the Iambs and kids.
Blood Metabolites and Hormones—Especially Glucose and Insulin—in Veal Calves: Effects of Age and Nutrition
Authors: Hugi D. , Gut S. H. , Blum J. W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryVeal calves often develop insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia and glucosuria. We have studied effects of age and nutrition on blood metabolites and hormones, with major emphasis on glucose and insulin, in four groups of veal calves from 66–69 kg until slaughter at 175–196 kg. Calves were fed milk replacers which differed with respect to lactose, total sugar, protein and fat content. Mean intakes in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 of lactose (1.24, 1.08, 0.95 and 0.66 kg/d), total sugar (1.27, 1.10, 1.01 and 96 kg/d), crude protein (0.40, 0.48, 0.65 and 0.49 kg/d) and crude fat (0.32, 0.31, 0.37 and 0.46 kg/d) were different. Average daily gains were 1.46–1.49 kg and feed/gain ratios were 1.49–1.61 kg/kg. Glucose and insulin concentrations were not associated with protein and fat intakes, but followed lactose and total sugar intakes, albeit differently at the start and end of the growth trial. Thus, insulin concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) at the end than at start of the growth trial in all 4 groups, whereas glucose concentrations increased (P < 0.05) with increasing age in only group 2. In conclusion, lactose and total sugar intakes affected the degree of hyperglycaemia and modified hyperinsulinemia at a given age, but the age‐dependent rise of insulin concentrations could not be explained by hyperglycaemia alone.
Bacteriological Findings, Blood Chemistry Profile and Plasma Endotoxin Levels in Bitches with Pyometra or other Uterine Diseases
Authors: Fransson B. , Lagerstedt A.‐S. , Hellmen E. , Jonsson P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryUteri from 60 bitches with a clinical diagnosis of pyometra, or with an enlarged uterus as revealed radiographically or ultrasonographically, underwent histopathological examination, at which a diagnosis of pyometra was established in 48 of the 60 (80%) cases.Escherichia coliwas isolated from 43 (90%) of the 48 uteri with pyometra. In 8 of the 60 cases, other pathological uterine conditions, such as endometrial hyperplasia, adenomyosis, mucometra or hydrometra, were diagnosed histopathologically. No bacterial growth was observed in the uteri of these 8 cases. Four of the 60 bitches (6%) showed no pathological changes in the uterus, and in 3 of these no bacteriological growth was seen in the uterus, while in one case a sparse growth of mixed culture was found. Blood samples from bitches with uterine infection caused by gram‐negative bacteria showed marked hematological changes. These included higher total WBC counts and a more marked left shift in the differential WBC count than among the other bitches. Toxic degeneration of neutrophils was present among the bitches with gram‐negative uterine infection and the serum ALP level was slightly higher than in the other groups of bitches. The plasma endotoxin concentration was determined in 53 bitches before surgery, in 28 bitches after surgery and in 11 control dogs. Only in 7 of the samples was endotoxin detected. The general condition of the bitches included in the present study was only mildly to moderately affected, and in no case indicated severe endotoxemia.
Total Protein and Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Equine Tears
Authors: Martin E. , Molleda J. M. , Ginel P.J. , Novales M. , Lucena R. , López R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryLacrimal fluid represents a major ocular surface defensive mechanism providing different concentrations of all immunoglobulin classes. In this report, four classes of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG and IgGT) have been measured in horse tears. As in others species, IgA is the main immunoglobulin responsible for local protection and constitutes quantitatively, 50% of all lacrimal proteins. The rest of immunoglobulins studied are normally present in equine tear fluid (though in lower concentration) and contribute to ocular surface immune protection. Female and adult horses showed significant higher mean IgA concentration than male and young horses. The lack of a significant correlation between plasma and tear immunoglobulin level suggest the presence of active transport or secretion mechanisms similar to that reported for IgA in other species.
Androgen Receptors and Skeletal Muscle Composition in Trotters Treated with Nandrolone Laureate
Authors: Hyyppä S. , Karvonen U. , Räsänen L. A. , Persson S. G. B. , Pösö A. R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryTo study the effects of nandrolone laureate (19‐nortestosterone) on muscle hypertrophy and concentration of androgen receptors (AR), biopsy specimens were taken from the middle gluteal muscle of 6 Finnhorse trotters (geldings and mares) undergoing training before, immediately after, and 13 weeks after a 14‐week treatment with nandrolone. Another 6 similarly trained horses served as controls. An additional 10 mares and 10 geldings were used to study annual variation in muscle concentration of AR.AR was immunohistochemically localized in the nuclei. AR concentration remained constant during the first 14 weeks of the study, but increased significantly during the 13‐week follow‐up period in both groups. This finding can be explained by the annual variation in AR.In the anabolic steroid (AS)‐treated horses, but not in the controls (C), the cross‐sectional area of the type I fibres increased significantly during the treatment period, and the percentage of type IIA fibres correlated positively with AR concentration at the end of nandrolone treatment. In the AS group, the concentration of DNA decreased during the 13‐week follow‐up period, and the percentage of H‐chains in the isoenzymes of LDH increased. Protein concentration increased in both groups during the follow‐up period. Glycogen content and the activity of citrate synthase in muscle during the study remained unchanged.It can thus be concluded that AS produce differing effects on type I and type II fibres, and the AR concentration in equine muscle may contribute to the change observed in the middle gluteal muscle.
The Association Between Ionized Calcium in Blood and Selected Parameters in Dairy Cows with Left Displaced Abomasum
Authors: Geishauser T. , Oekentorp N. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe objective of this study was to examine the association between blood calcium (Ca) and left displaced abomasum (LDA), and between Ca and selected anamnestic, blood and urine parameters in cows diagnosed with LDA. One hundred and forty‐four cows diagnosed with LDA and 20 controls were used. The association between Ca and LDA was evaluated using linear regression. Possible associations between anamnestic, blood and urine parameters and blood calcium were assessed using a forward stepwise procedure in linear regression. Ca was not significantly associated with LDA. In control cows, Ca was explained by urea alone (R2= 0.6); this was a negative association. In cows diagnosed with LDA, the final model of Ca included base excess (partial R2= 0.31), urea (partial R2= 0.11), phosphorus (partial R2= 0.03) and potassium (partial R2= 0.03). A negative linear association was found between base excess and Ca. A quadratic association was found between urea and Ca. We conclude that Ca is significantly associated with urea in dairy cows. Ca is not significantly associated with displaced abomasum in cows diagnosed with LDA. Blood base excess and urea explain Ca in cows diagnosed with LDA.