bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of annealing on structural and electrical properties of double metal structure Ru/Cu contacts on n‐type InP
Authors: Devi V. Lakshmi , Jyothi I. , Reddy V. Rajagopal , Choi Chel‐Jong 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this article, we have investigated the effects of rapid thermal annealing on the electrical and structural properties of Ru/Cu Schottky contacts on n‐InP by current density–voltage (J–V), capacitance–voltage (C–V), Secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The Schottky barrier height (SBH) of the as‐deposited Ru/Cu Schottky contact is found to be 0.65 eV (I–V) and 0.84 eV (C–V), respectively. The obtained barrier height values 0.81 eV (I–V), 0.95 eV (C–V) at 100 °C, 0.85 eV (I–V), 1.02 eV (C–V) at 200 °C, 0.80 eV (I–V), 0.90 eV (C–V) at 300 °C and 0.75 eV (I–V), 0.88 eV (C–V) at 400 °C. It is observed that the SBH increases with annealing temperature up to 200 °C. Further, increase in the annealing temperature up to 400 °C, SBH decreases compared to the one at 200 °C annealed samples. Norde method is also used to calculate the barrier height of Ru/Cu Schottky contact. Based on the above results, the optimum annealing temperature for the Ru/Cu Schottky contact is 200 °C. According to SIMS and XRD results, the formation of indium phases at the interface may be the reason for the increase of barrier height after annealing at 200 °C. The AFM results showed that the overall surface morphology of Ru/Cu Schottky contact is fairly smooth even after annealing at 400 °C.
Development of white and monochromatic X‐ray topography system in SAGA‐LS
Authors: Ishiji Kotaro , Kawado Seiji , Hirai Yasuharu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe developed a compact synchrotron X‐ray topography system equipped with a demountable Si channel‐cut crystal monochromator with an energy range of 5–20 keV at beamline 09A in SAGA Light Source (SAGA‐LS) to enable switching between a white X‐ray beam and a monochromatic X‐ray beam. The position of incidence of the X‐ray beam on the sample is kept constant because the beam‐path difference, which is caused by inserting the monochromator and by tuning the X‐ray energy, is adjusted automatically. Two possible applications of this system are proposed: (1) the observation of dislocations in a thick Si rod by white X‐ray topography, and (2) a comparative study of X‐ray images of defects and strain in a 4H‐SiC wafer captured using white and monochromatic X‐ray beams.
Density of states deduced from ESR measurements on low‐dimensional nanostructures; benchmarks to identify the ESR signals of graphene and SWCNTs
Authors: Szirmai Péter , Fábián Gábor , Dóra Balázs , Koltai János , Zólyomi Viktor , Kürti Jenő , Nemes Norbert M. , Forró László , Simon Ferenc 
Published: October 2011

AbstractElectron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is an important tool to characterize the ground state of conduction electrons and to measure their spin‐relaxation times. Observing ESR of the itinerant electrons is thus of great importance in graphene and in single‐wall carbon nanotubes. Often, the identification of CESR signal is based on two facts: the apparent asymmetry of the ESR signal (known as a Dysonian lineshape) and on the temperature independence of the ESR signal intensity. We argue that these are insufficient as benchmarks and instead the ESR signal intensity (when calibrated against an intensity reference) yields an accurate characterization. We detail the method to obtain the density of states from an ESR signal, which can be compared with theoretical estimates. We demonstrate the success of the method for K doped graphite powder. We give a benchmark for the observation of ESR in graphene.
Analysis of spectra of neat and lanthanide ion‐doped KPb2Cl5 excited by synchrotron radiation
Authors: Tanner Peter A. , Jia Guohua , Cheng Bing‐Ming , Brik Mikhail G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe excitation and emission spectra of neat K2PbCl5, and also doped with the lanthanide ions Pr3+, Nd3+, Er3+ and Tm3+ have been recorded at temperatures down to 10 K using synchrotron radiation. To facilitate the spectral assignments, a first principles calculation has been performed and despite its inaccuracies it confirms the nature of the lower energy levels of this system. The lowest energy transitions in the excitation spectrum are Pb2+‐centred, whereas the band gap transitions, which are essentially of a charge transfer (CT) nature, are at shorter wavelengths. The emission transitions are likewise assigned to those from the Pb2+ 3P1,0 states, and from the band gap. The Stokes shift of the latter transition is ∼18 000 cm−1. Under synchrotron radiation excitation, the energy transfer from the host or Pb2+ levels to 4fN lanthanide ion levels is not efficient.
Robotic‐assisted colon and rectal surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Kanji Aliyah , Gill Richdeep S. , Shi Xinzhe , Birch Daniel W. , Karmali Shahzeer 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundColorectal surgery is one of the most common procedures performed by general surgeons, with an increasing number being performed laparoscopically. Robotic technology is emerging in the ongoing evolution in minimally invasive surgery. This study systematically reviews the literature regarding the safety and feasibility of robotic‐assisted colorectal surgery.MethodsA comprehensive search of electronic databases was completed for the period 2000 to 2010. Two independent reviewers assessed the studies for relevance and inclusion, and extracted data.ResultsAfter an initial screen of 347 titles, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 854 patients were included with a mean age of 61 years and a body mass index of 25.5 kg/m2. Major complications included 27 anastamotic leaks (27/766 = 3.5%), 10 post‐operative bleeds (1.1%) and 14 post‐operative infections (1.6%). There were no mortalities reported.ConclusionsThis systematic review demonstrates that robotic‐assisted colorectal surgery is emerging as a safe and feasible option in colorectal surgery. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking control and robustness analysis for planar vertical takeoff and landing aircraft under bounded feedbacks
Authors: Gruszka Aleksandra , Malisoff Michael , Mazenc Frédéric 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYWe study feedback tracking problems for the planar vertical takeoff and landing (PVTOL) aircraft dynamics, which is a benchmark model in aerospace engineering. We provide a survey of the literature on the model. Then we construct new feedback stabilizers for the PVTOL tracking dynamics. The novelty of our work is in the boundedness of our feedback controllers and their applicability to cases where the velocity measurements may not be available, coupled with the uniform global asymptotic stability and uniform local exponential stability of the closed‐loop tracking dynamics and the input‐to‐state stable performance of the closed‐loop tracking dynamics with respect to actuator errors. Our proofs are based on a new bounded backstepping result. We illustrate our work in a tracking problem along a circle. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Counterproductive Work Behaviours in Response to Emotional Exhaustion: A Moderated Mediational Approach
Authors: Bolton LaMarcus R. , Harvey Richard D. , Grawitch Matthew J. , Barber Larissa K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDrawing from the conservation of resources framework and self‐control principles, we proposed a moderated mediational model through which emotional exhaustion may be linked to counterproductive work behaviours (CWBs). Analyses conducted with 175 Midwestern government workers revealed that both depersonalization (i.e. detachment from one's work, customers or co‐workers) and organizational disidentification (i.e. cognitive opposition to an organization) were viable predictors of deviancy. Further, depersonalization and disidentification mediated the relationship between emotional exhaustion and CWBs, although disidentification drove these findings. Lastly, trait self‐control moderated most variations of this relationship, in that this mediational model only applied to individuals with low and moderate self‐control but not high self‐control. Consistent with the conservation of resources framework, this study suggests that in a state of depleted emotional resources, heightened depersonalization and disidentification together provide the necessary levels of psychological/emotional withdrawal and justification for CWBs to emerge. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traumatic Grief and Traumatic Stress in Survivors 12 Years after the Genocide in Rwanda
Authors: Mutabaruka Jean , Séjourné Nathalène , Bui Eric , Birmes Philippe , Chabrol Henri 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe relationship between exposure to traumatic events and traumatic grief and the role of mediating and moderating variables [peritraumatic distress, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and symptoms of depression] were studied in survivors of the genocide of Batutsi in Rwanda in 1994. One hundred and two survivors (70 women, mean age 45 ± 7.53 years) participated in this retrospective study. All of them had lost a member of their family. The severity of traumatic exposure (Comprehensive Trauma Inventory), peritraumatic distress (Peritraumatic Distress Inventory), current PTSD symptoms (PTSD Checklist), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory) and traumatic grief symptoms (Inventory of Traumatic Grief) was evaluated. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was then conducted to examine the relative contribution of each variable to the symptoms of traumatic grief. The severity of traumatic exposure was related to traumatic grief symptoms (B = 0.06, R = 0.6, R2 = 0.36 and ß = 0.6, t = 7.54, p = 0.00). The Baron and Kenny procedure (1986) (including three separate regressions), along with the Sobel test, was used to test mediation effects. Peritraumatic distress and PTSD symptoms may be mediating variables between traumatic exposure and traumatic grief. Traumatic grief is a complex but assessable entity, where previous distress and suffering result from both psychological trauma and the loss of a loved one. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasmamessungen und Schichteigenschaften
Authors: Schlichtherle Stefan , Strauss Georg N. , Pulker Hans K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFür die Herstellung von PVD–Schichten im Dickenbereich von Nanometern bis Mikrometern sind grundsätzlich nur einige wenige Beschichtungstechnologien und deren spezielle, auf Applikation zugeschnittene, Varianten im Einsatz. Basis‐PVD‐Verfahren wie das Gasentladungs‐Zerstäuben, das Ionenplattieren und die Arc‐Ablation werden typisch im DC‐Modus betrieben – in jüngster Zeit aber auch im gepulsten DC‐Moden. Moderne Beschichtungsanlagen mit den Energieversorgungsund Steuerungseinrichtungen ermöglichen eine Vielzahl von Änderungen der Beschichtungsparameter. Solche Änderungen und deren Auswirkungen über das Beschichtungsplasma auf den resultierenden Schichtaufbau während der Schichtformierung am Substrat sind durch Kenntnis aus Messungen der Plasma‐Charakteristika abschätzbar. Ein besseres Verständnis der Quellen‐Charakteristika, der Plasmaparameter und der Schichteigenschaften bei diversen PVD‐Prozessen im kontinuierlichen und gepulsten Modus soll die Prozessfindung und Gestaltung für optimale Beschichtungen unterschiedlichster Teile vereinfachen und abschätzbar machen. Zusätzlich soll durch den Vergleich kontinuierlicher und gepulster Prozessvarianten von Beschichtungstechniken die Modifikationsmöglichkeit bestehender, im Einsatz befindlicher BeschichtungsSysteme für die Herstellung neuer Schichtqualitäten für neue Produkte geprüft werden.
Fragen zu Vakuum‐Molekularpumpen
Authors: Schittko Franz Josef 
Published: October 2011

AbstractZu den Versuchen zur Gasreibung im Vakuum haben wir eine MagnetlagerPumpe umgebaut zu einem konzentrischen Zylindersystem. Statt des Schaufelsystems rotierte ein CFK‐Zylinder in einem feststehenden Al‐Zylinder im Abstand von 0,4 und 0,8 mm mit Drehzahlen bis 800 Hz. Der mit anderen Versuchssystemen gefundene lineare Zusammenhang der Reziprokwerte von Viskosität und Gasdruck konnte im untersuchten Vakuum‐Bereich bestätigt werden. Bei Vorversuchen haben wir Pumpeneigenschaften der Apparatur festgestellt. Abhängig von Gasfluss und Druck sind Differenzdrücke als Funktion der Drehzahl bestimmt worden. Das Reibsystem wirkt als Pumpe mit Leitungswiderstand. Dieses System haben wir in Abhängigkeit von der Drehzahl untersucht. Für die Reibungsmessungen haben wir Werte, bei denen der Widerstand den Pumpeffekt kompensierte. Es gibt dann keine Gasströmung durch das System, sondern nur eine Rotation im Innern. Diese Werte liegen auf Kurven mit 2 Ästen und begrenzen das Gebiet, in dem gepumpt wird. Zwischen den beiden Ästen dieser Grenzkurve wird der Betrag der negativen Druckdifferenzen mit Drehzahl größer und fällt dann wieder ab. Der Extremwert entspricht optimalen Pumpeigenschaften. Die Lage des Extremwertes verschiebt sich mit steigendem Gasdruck und Fluss zu niedrigeren Drehzahlen. Die Frage lautet: Welche Effekte bewirken diese Vorgänge? Möglicherweise nutzt die Molekularpumpe von Siegbahn diesen Effekt. Das Gas wird in radialer Richtung nach Innen verdichtet. Die Fördergeschwindigkeit nimmt dabei auf ein Fünftel ab. Bei Holweckpumpen konnte man bei fester Drehzahl ein optimales Saugvermögen in Abhängigkeit vom Druck feststellen. An solchen Stellen gibt es mit Stickstoff als Pumpgas einen deutlichen Fördereffekt für zusätzlichen Wasserstoff und Helium.
Candida Peritonitis: An Update on the Latest Research and Treatments
Authors: Carneiro Herman Anthony , Mavrakis Anastasios , Mylonakis Eleftherios 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe incidence of Candida peritonitis is increasing and the mortality rate remains high. Candida albicans is the most common yeast causing Candida peritonitis, but a shift to more drug‐resistant non‐albicans strains has been observed. Major risk factors for developing Candida peritonitis include hollow viscus perforation, abdominal and thoracic surgery, surgical drains in situ, intravenous and urinary catheters, total parenteral nutrition, severe sepsis, antibiotic therapy (≥48 h before peritonitis), immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus, and extensive Candida colonization. Polymicrobial peritoneal infections with Candida spp. and enteric bacteria (such as E. coli and B. fragilis) have been associated with higher mortality. Laboratory detection of Candida is still based on histopathological diagnosis and culture‐based methods. Isolated Candida spp. must be treated as a pathogen contributing to peritonitis. Prompt diagnosis, effective antifungal therapy, and skilled surgical management are essential components of treatment. Treatment includes removal of all foreign bodies, such as intravenous and urinary catheters and drains, whereas abscesses usually require surgical or radiological drainage. Antifungal therapy should be chosen based on sensitivity profiles. Fluconazole is still appropriate for most severe community‐acquired or nosocomial infections. Echinocandins are used as first‐line in critically ill patients, those with prior azole exposure, and those with fluconazole‐resistant candidiasis. Peritoneal lavage can be used in combination with other antifungal agents to treat refractory infections. Risk factors must be weighed to decide on prophylaxis (usually with fluconazole) to limit antifungal resistance.
The cetrarioid core group revisited (Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae)
Authors: NELSEN Matthew P. , CHAVEZ Natali , SACKETT-HERMANN Erin , THELL Arne , RANDLANE Tiina , DIVAKAR Pradeep K. , RICO Víctor J. , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe cetrarioid core group has been the focus of numerous taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in recent years, yet the phylogenetic resolution and support among these clades remains unclear. Here we use four commonly employed loci to estimate if their use increases phylogenetic resolution and support. The present study largely confirms the topologies of previous studies, but with increased support. Approximately half of the genera in the cetrarioid core were not monophyletic.Melanelia sorediellawas clustered withinCetrariella, and the combinationCetrariella sorediella(Lettau) V. J. Rico & A. Thell comb. nov. is made. Additionally, the genusFlavocetrariellawas supported as part ofNephromopsisand is considered to be a synonym of the latter. Finally, a comparison of genetic distances shows that the maximum intrageneric genetic distance encompassed by many cetrarioid genera is lower than that of many other genera inParmeliaceae.
Risk and the fabrication of apolitical, unaccountable military markets: the case of the CIA ‘Killing Program’
Authors: LEANDER ANNA 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article argues that risk is central in (re)producing the unaccountable commercial military/security markets that are a normal part of our political reality. The argument is twofold: first it is suggested that risk rationalities and the associated ‘preventive imperative’ has a depoliticising effect – accentuated by the impersonal spread of risk rationalities and the strategies of risk professionals – which lowers the eagerness to seek accountability. However, and second, depoliticisation is significant above all as a serious obstacle to the innovative thinking that is thesine qua nonof effective accountability. The enmeshed, ‘hybrid’, nature of the market places it in the ‘blind spot’ of law and is as such fundamental to the current lack of accountability. Consequently, moving beyond established regulatory frameworks and technical understandings of accountability (that is, politicising the market) is a precondition for more effective accountability. Failing to do so, will leave the current rapid legal innovation impotent while reinforcing impunity as the focus on and confidence in established regulatory frameworks grows. The failure to politicise creates an ‘accountability paradox’ where the pursuit of accountability diminishes it. The article develops this argument with reference to Blackwater's (now Xe) role in the so called CIA ‘Killing Program’.
Combined visual odometry and visual compass for off-road mobile robots localization
Authors: Gonzalez Ramon , Rodriguez Francisco , Guzman Jose Luis , Pradalier Cedric , Siegwart Roland 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, we present the work related to the application of a visual odometry approach to estimate the location of mobile robots operating in off-road conditions. The visual odometry approach is based on template matching, which deals with estimating the robot displacement through a matching process between two consecutive images. Standard visual odometry has been improved using visual compass method for orientation estimation. For this purpose, two consumer-grade monocular cameras have been employed. One camera is pointing at the ground under the robot, and the other is looking at the surrounding environment. Comparisons with popular localization approaches, through physical experiments in off-road conditions, have shown the satisfactory behavior of the proposed strategy.
Locally finite minimal non-FC-groups
Authors: Kuzucuoglu Mahmut , Phillips Richard E. 
Published: October 2011

We recall that a group G is an FC-group if for every x∈G the set of conjugates {xg|g∈G} is a finite set. Our interest here is with those groups G which are not FC groups while every proper subgroup of G is an FC-group: such groups are called minimal non-FC-groups. Locally finite minimal non-FC-groups with (G ≠ G′ are studied in [1] and the structure of these groups is reasonably well understood. In [2] Belyaev has shown that a perfect, locally finite, minimal non-FC-group is either a simple group or a p-group for some prime p. Here we make use of the results of [5] to refine the result of Belyaev and provide a positive answer to problem 5·1 of [11]; in particular, we prove the followingTheorem. There exists no simple, locally finite, minimal non-FC-group.
MANIOC CULTIVATION AT CEREN, EL SALVADOR: OCCASIONAL KITCHEN GARDEN PLANT OR STAPLE CROP?
Authors: Sheets Payson , Dixon Christine , Guerra Monica , Blanford Adam 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMany scholars have thought the Classic period Maya did not cultivate the root crop manioc, while others have suggested it may have been an occasional cultigen in kitchen gardens. For many decades there was no reliable evidence that the ancient Maya cultivated manioc, but in the 1990s manioc pollen from the late Archaic was found in Belize, and somewhat older pollen was found in Tabasco. At about the same time of those discoveries, research within the Ceren village, El Salvador, encountered occasional scattered manioc plants that had grown in mounded ridges in kitchen gardens. These finds adjacent to households indicated manioc was not a staple crop, and vastly inferior to maize and beans in food volume produced. However, 2007 research in an agricultural area 200 m south of the Ceren village encountered intensive formal manioc planting beds. If manioc was widely cultivated in ancient times, its impressive productivity, ease of cultivation even in poor soils, and drought resistance suggest it might have been a staple crop helping to support dense Maya populations in the southeast periphery and elsewhere.
WRITING IN SPACE: GLOTTOGRAPHIC AND SEMASIOGRAPHIC NOTATION AT TEOTIHUACAN
Authors: Colas Pierre Robert 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe study of writing has in many cases devoted attention to the detection of forms of writing. It has also tended to distinguish these from forms of non-writing by relying on the western notion that true writing must represent language. This study departs from former work and applies an integrational theory of writing to the notational system of Teotihuacan in central Mexico, observing the distinction between glottographic (language-based) and semasiographic (idea-based) writing. The article suggests that scribes at Teotihuacan employed the graphic space of speech scrolls to differentiate consciously between glottographic and semasiographic writing. The analysis behind the study reveals an important difference, too, between the infixes and affixes of speech scrolls, whereby infixes always represented semasiographic writing; in contrast, affixes could consist of both glottographic and semasiographic writing. An integrational theory of writing that focuses on graphic space as a distinguishing feature of different writing systems can show how scribes of ancient Teotihuacan established and followed subtle distinctions within their notational system, in a manner unknown in western writing.
SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE IN THETIERRA FRÍA? EVIDENCE FROM SEDIMENTARY RECORDS IN TLAXCALA
Authors: Borejsza Aleksander , Frederick Charles D. , Lesure Richard G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSwidden agriculture in Mesoamerica is commonly associated with the hot and humid lowlands and with small isolated communities. Charcoal-rich sediments discovered in Tlaxcala, however, suggest that it was practiced in the cold highlands in the Formative and Classic periods. The headwaters of the Xilomantla drainage incised a nine-meter deep channel shortly before 200b.c., in response to increased runoff from slopes degraded by agriculture. It was filled back within a few hundred years with sands and muds containing recurrent laminae of charred plant matter that reflect the annual burning of secondary scrub in fallowed fields. A gully in the La Ladera drainage received high inputs of charcoal from the surroundings of a nearby settlement between ca.a.d.400 and 900. The farming practices inferred from these deposits have no exact ethnographic analog. They inflicted lasting environmental damage, but were upheld for several centuries despite changes in settlement patterns.