bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of compounds on the purification and antibody preparation of the extracellular domain fragment of the receptor CD163
Authors: Cao Zong-Xi , Zhao Fu-Rong , Jia Kun , Sun Wei-Wei , Yan Ming-Fei , Guo Si-Hu , Jiao Pei-Rong , Qi Wen-Bao , Zhang Gui-Hong 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been acknowledged as one of the most important agents affecting swine. The scavenger receptor CD163 is one of the important entry mediators for PRRSV.

Results
The tD4 and tD5 CD163 genes were amplified, and the PCR products were cloned into pET-28a(+) (designated pET-28a-tD4 and pET-28a-tD5, respectively). The plasmids pET-28a-tD4 and pET-28a-tD5 were then transformed into the E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain and expressed by adding 1 mmol/L of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The proteins were highly expressed in the supernatant from the tD4- and tD5-producing cells that were incubated with a binding buffer containing the following compounds: β-mercaptoethanol, urea, Tween 20, glycerol, and SDS, while they were rarely expressed in the supernatant from the tD4- and tD5-producing cells that were incubated with binding buffer without the compounds. The tD4 and tD5 proteins were purified, and BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified proteins. Western blotting analysis showed that the tD4 and tD5 proteins were capable of reacting with tD5 antibodies; the titer of both the tD4 and tD5 antiserums was 1:160 against the tD5 protein, as shown by ELISA.

Conclusions
These studies provide a new way for the purification of proteins expressed in inclusion bodies and the preparation of the corresponding antibodies.
Literary Production, Circulating Libraries, and Private Publishing: The Popular Reception of Vernacular Fiction Texts in the Late Chosŏn Dynasty
Authors: Kim Michael 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This study examines the appearance of interpretive communities of popular readers in the late Chosŏn period. Popular readers formed around fictional texts that could be borrowed from circulating libraries or purchased from private publishers. While sources that directly address the phenomenon of popular reading during the Chosŏn period are rare, considerable information can be gleaned from Western language publications on Korea and careful attention to the material construction of popular fiction texts. Many Western visitors to Korea had a particular interest in Korean print culture, and their writings can present some valuable insights into the social reception of popular texts and the distribution of vernacular fictional works through markets, bookstores and circulating libraries. The material construction of popular fiction texts also witnessed major changes during this period, and fictional works produced by private publishers and circulating libraries assumed physical forms that were highly suited for the reading practices and preferences of popular readers. While considerably more research on this topic needs to be done, the findings of this study suggests that popular readers could be found throughout late Chosŏn society, and they may have been highly concentrated in areas such as Seoul and among certain social groups like elite women.
The Uses and Abuses of Wŏnhyo and the “T’ong Pulgyo” Narrative
Authors: Cho Eunsu 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This paper aims to illustrate Wŏnhyo’s place in the modern discourse of Korean nationalism, as the major figure of Korean Buddhist identity. Wŏnhyo (617–686) was a Buddhist monk and one of the key thinkers, writers, and commentators of the Korean Buddhist tradition. In addition to the breadth of Wŏnhyo’s own scholarship on Buddhist scriptures available in seventh-century Silla, Korea, the volume and diversity of scholarship about Wŏnhyo in modern Korea represents the status and history of the development of Buddhist studies in Korea. Wŏnhyo’s approach to Buddhism has been used in contemporary contexts to describe various aspects of Korean life and thought. Most people—scholars and nonacademics alike—have taken for granted the received narrative of Wŏnhyo, a narrative that is now highly nationalized. Following up the argument that has recently arisen among scholars (Shim Jae-ryong and Robert Buswell), linking Ch’oe Namsŏn in the colonial period with the emergence of the syncretic ideology that has grounded contemporary Korean scholarship, I expanded the scope of investigation to include other attempts to write about Wŏnhyo and Korean Buddhism throughout Korean Buddhist history, and their subsequent elaboration in the twentieth century. I explore the spectrum of evolving perspectives on Wŏnhyo, and how modern ideas about him have continued to shift with changing sociopolitical conditions. This will help us to gauge the significance of Wŏnhyo and his scholarship in the creation of a Korean Buddhist identity.
National History and Domestic Spaces: Secret Lives of Girls and Women in 1950s South Korea in O Chȏng-hûi’s “The Garden of Childhood” and “The Chinese Street”
Authors: Lee Jin-kyung 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Situating O Chông-hûi’s works “The Garden of Childhood” and “The Chinese Street” in the context of masculinist memories of the Korean War, produced in the 1970s and 1980s, the paper argues that O’s two stories offer a feminist reinterpretation of the Korean War and the post–Korean War era. “The Garden of Childhood” reinscribes the Korean War as a space of feminine sexuality emancipated from patriarchal authority, challenging the prevailing representations of mothers and wives as symbolic figures that project ideological reconciliation and national reunification in male writing. The second part of the paper, on “The Chinese Street,” explores the period immediately following the Korean War as the moment of launching of South Korean women as a workforce that is exploited simultaneously by the alliance of patriarchy, dictatorial state and neocolonial U.S. domination. The paper argues that it is the domestic sphere and relations through which working-class women’s labor is mobilized and yet elided and that O’s story deconstructs this linkage between women and family by narrating women’s disaffection from the domestic space. It contends that women’s resistance to the patriarchalized domestic sphere, consequently, works to subvert women’s subordination to the state and the neocolonial hegemony.
Disturbing Images: Rebellion, Usurpation, and Rulership in Early Sixteenth-Century East Asia—Korean Writings on Emperor Wuzong
Authors: Robinson David M. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Early in the sixteenth century, highly unflattering, even bizarre, descriptions of the Ming dynasty’s tenth emperor, posthumously known as Wuzong 武宗, the Martial Ancestor (r. 1506–1521) made their way to the Chosŏn court. These pointed criticisms of the emperor and deteriorating domestic conditions within China should be understood in light of developments at the court of King Chungjong 中宗 (r. 1506–1544). In order to provide the proper context for such an interpretation, this essay begins with an overview of the 1510 Rebellion in China, moves to the 1506 coup d’etat that placed King Chungjong on the throne, and then proceeds to Korean views of the 1510 Rebellion and the Martial Ancestor. It argues that the criticisms of the Martial Ancestor were intended to reaffirm the legitimacy of both the new king, Chungjong 中宗, who had come to power through a coup d’état, and perhaps more importantly, the officials who had affected the change.
Sugi’s Collation Notes to the Koryŏ Buddhist Canon and Their Significance for Buddhist Textual Criticism
Authors: Buswell Robert E. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Sugi’s (d.u.) thirty fascicles (kwŏn) of collation notes to the carving of the second koryŏ Buddhist canon, finished around 1247, are the only extant records detailing how East Asian Buddhist scholars in the premodern era went about the task of collating and editing multiple recensions of thousands of scriptures into a definitive canon. Despite their importance, these notes have received surprisingly little attention to date from the scholarly community. Sugi’s notes help to document the textual genealogies of the various East Asian canons and provide definitive proof that, in style and format, the second Koryŏ canon imitated both the Song Chinese Kaibao Tripitaka and first Koryŏ canons, but its readings followed more closely those found in the Khitan Liao canon. A careful analysis of Sugi’s editorial process reveals that he was far more facile and astute than Erasmus (1466–1536), who initiated the formal Western art of textual criticism more than two centuries later. Sugi qualifies as a sophisticated editor, who adhered to the most basic canons of internal evidence followed in modern textual criticism. This study concludes with a lengthy appendix summarizing all of Sugi’s seventy-six entries regarding the sixty-five different texts that are specifically analyzed in the collation notes.
Contention in the Construction of a Global Korean Community: The Case of the Overseas Korean Act
Authors: Park Jung-Sun , Chang Paul Y. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Amid great controversy, the South Korean National Assembly passed the Overseas Korean Act (OKA) on December 3, 1999. The benefits, which resemble quasi-citizenship rights, are justified by the South Korean government’s drive to redefine and reconstruct Korean identity in the context of an increasingly globalized world. Certain overseas Korean groups are legally included as (quasi) members of the South Korean nation-state, whereas other groups remain legal outsiders. Many people argue that the OKA defines “Korean identity” through technical and legal connections to the nation-state, South Korea, which in turn has larger implications for who does and does not constitute a Korean. Thus, the debate revolves around the confounded notions of national/legal/ethnic identities. Utilizing survey data and qualitative interviews, this article delineates the relationship between the South Korean government’s efforts to legally define Korean identity and a Korean diasporic community’s challenge based on ethnic homogeneity. Findings indicate that there is contention over not only the criteria by which one is defined as “Korean,” but also over the legitimacy of actors privileged to make such distinctions. We also point to the importance of considering historical experiences and geopolitics in shaping identity politics in the current context.
Development as Devolution: Nam Chŏng-hyŏn and the “Land of Excrement” Incident
Authors: Hughes Theodore 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Working under a strict regime of censorship enforced by the National Security Law, what strategies did south Korean writers use in the 1960s to contest the Cold War developmental trajectory privileged by the authoritarian state? This article examines the ways in which Nam Chŏng-hyŏn (who was prosecuted and convicted of violating the National Security Law in 1967) attempts to reappropriate the body as site of resistance opposing statist development made in the name of the nation. It traces the history of representations of the body in Korean literature, paying particular attention to the intersection between the disassociation of labor from the body in 1950s and 1960s literary texts and the Park Chung Hee regime’s investment of the national body in the commodity form.
Systematization of Film Censorship in Colonial Korea: Profiteering from Hollywood’s First Golden Age, 1926–1936
Authors: Yecies Brian 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Between 1926 and 1936, cinema in colonial Korea was a vibrant business, involving the production of domestic films and the distribution and exhibition of American, British, Chinese, French, German, Italian, and Russian films. During this decade, the first golden age of American cinema in Korea, Hollywood films overwhelmingly dominated the Korean market. Korea was an important territory that Hollywood used in its overall global expansion campaign. Amid this globalization operation, the Government-General of Chōsen’s film censorship apparatus was a financially self-sustaining operation. It paid for its operation by profiteering from the application of more than 6,700 American and 630 other countries’ feature and nonfeature films, a vast majority of which were approved with minor, if any, censorship changes. The Government-General’s systematization of film censorship policies was intended to obstruct Communist, revolutionary, and later, socialist themes rather than “Western” themes—at least until the late 1930s, when the Japanese Department of Home Affairs began banning the import of American films and the Government-General intensified the suppression of Korean culture.
Negotiating Cultural Identities in Conflict: A Reading of the Writings of Paek Kyŏnghae (1765–1842)
Authors: Kim Sun Joo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This article examines the life of Paek Kyŏnghae (1765–1842), a late Chosŏn scholar official from P’yŏngan Province, a region popularly conceived as lacking a yangban pedigree and scholarly tradition, so that its inhabitants were subject to ongoing social contempt and political discrimination. Situating Paek within this regional cultural context and also within the dynastic institutional practices of his time reveals the development of subjective expressions of regional belonging by insiders, as well as equally subjective expressions of regional stereotyping by outsiders. Tracing northern regional identities, as constructed and negotiated in reaction to outsiders’ views, and then locating such regional identities and politics in relation to the central court sheds new light on the personal ordeals that Paek was forced to undergo throughout his career. The compromises and choices that he made at every turn were driven by contradictions between Confucian ideals that honored the principle of meritocracy and dynastic practices that hinged upon long-standing aristocratic tradition. This article exposes the integrative power of dynastic ideology and systems (as well as complex institutional processes) that demanded a high level of conformity from individual participants, thus imposing lifelong agony on a gifted man because of his demeaned place of origin and less-than-desirable pedigree. In methodology, this study provides a critique of nation-centered historiography by highlighting views from the periphery.
The 2002 World Cup and a Local Festival in Cheju: Global Dreams and the Commodification of Shamanism
Authors: Yun Kyoim 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This article examines how multiple actors participated, both consciously and inadvertently, in commodifying Cheju shamanic tradition during the 2002 World Cup celebrations in South Korea. Approaching this sports event as an opportunity to draw global attention to Cheju and increase tourism on the island, the central and provincial governments sponsored various festivals in which shamanism was frequently appropriated as a cultural commodity. This article focuses on one local festival held on Cheju Island during the international soccer tournament. During the festival, diverse agents—including shamans, local residents, nonstate elites, and representatives from cultural institutions and the national and provincial governments—fashioned Cheju shamanism to foster their imagined global audience’s cultural curiosities. The desire to cultivate Cheju’s prestige mobilized a variety of people. However, in the process of controlling and directing customary rituals for public display in specific performance situations, the participants’ asymmetrical social positions and their different expectations and interests inevitably led to tension. Furthermore, the poor domestic and foreign attendance at festival events and the scant media coverage they received confirmed the nation’s preexisting power differentials, which globalization discourse and practices often mask.
Consuming Visions: The Crowds of the Korean World Cup
Authors: Joo Rachael Miyung 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The 2002 Korea-Japan FIFA World Cup produced a monumental response by Koreans, both in South Korea and beyond. Millions of fans clad in red T-shirts spilled onto public streets to cheer for the Korea Football Team. These crowds functioned as media publics mobilized through mass media coverage of the event. Prescribed consumer practices and their effective display in public contexts shaped the uniform characteristics of the crowds. The crowds signaled important changes in the role of the state within a neo-liberal political atmosphere. They also demonstrated shifts in the gendered frameworks of national mass mobilizations. Through their behavior, Korean participants in the World Cup celebrations showed that media technologies shape how Koreans understand and express themselves as national subjects within this era of globalization. The political significance of the World Cup crowds resides in people’s lived experiences, and their recognition of the potential of human mobilizations to enact social and political change.
Korean Medicine’s Globalization Project and Its Powerscapes
Authors: Kim Jongyoung 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In an effort to expand its boundaries by including science and industry in its realm, Korean medicine (KM) has undertaken a variety of globalization projects. KM’s entrance into the global scientific community is intended to enhance its scientific status. KM professionals are also attempting to build scientific-industrial networks so that they can manufacture and sell KM commodities, both in Korea and in foreign countries. The hybrid, fluid nature of KM enables these professionals to extend its reach and global influence, yet this process—the globalization of KM—also requires that KM participate in the global hegemony of science and the pharmaceutical industry. The contradictions inherent in this scenario give rise to uneven negotiations and conflicts at the local, national, and global levels. This paper considers these powerscapes—multiple and changing power relations—and their impact on KM’s globalization activities.
The Politics of the Family Law Reform Movement in Contemporary Korea: A Contentious Space for Gender and the Nation
Authors: Shin Ki-young 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This paper examines the politics of family law reform in Korea up to the 2005 revision, when the family head system was abolished. Why did it take so long to abolish the gender hierarchy of Korea’s family law, and what made the family head system so entrenched? Moreover, how was the family head system finally abolished, in 2005, after a long history of conservative obstruction? This paper demonstrates that there have been multiple and conflicting views on gender equality in family, presented by three major actors: conservatives, the Korean state, and women’s groups. Each vigorously defended its view of how gender relations in the family should figure into the construction of the Korean nation. Conservatives attempted to reify gender hierarchy in the family as a core value of the Korean culture, and therefore argued to preserve it. Women’s groups envisioned gender equality as intrinsic to genuine democracy, which could not be achieved if the old family law were preserved. This paper argues that the revisions to the family law were the outcome of changing political relations among these three critical stakeholders. These relations were reflected by changes in the dominant discourse on the social functions of family law at each revision, from a carrier of tradition in the early postcolonial period, to a transmitter of economic development in the 1970s, and finally into a catalyst for democracy in the late 1980s and afterward. The growing political influence of women’s groups in the 1990s and their close relationship with the Korean government and “progressive” social groups finally brought about the abolition of the entrenched gender hierarchy in family law.
Nation Rebuilding and Postwar South Korean Cinema: The Coachman and The Stray Bullet
Authors: Jeong Kelly 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This paper examines two remarkable films from the Golden Age of South Korean cinema (1955–1972) against the larger sociocultural backdrop of postwar South Korea. The films Mabu (The Coachman, Kang Taejin, director 1961) and Obalt’an (The Stray Bullet, Yu Hyônmok, director 1961) came out at a crucial historical moment for South Korea ’s nation rebuilding and postwar industrialization efforts, and reveal much about Korea’s nationhood, its masculine character, and its responses to postwar chaos and Americas quasi-colonial presence. Through their reaffirmation of patriarchy, construction of a modern masculine national subject, and vilification of women, who are visually and otherwise associated with modernity and Westernization, the films offer insight into postwar Korean life and values—and betray Korea’s deeply ambiguous feelings toward modernity. Hence this paper seeks to illustrate the connection between popular movies and the government ideology of this period, and more specifically, how the issues of family, masculinity, and modernity are connected to the nation rebuilding project that the South Korean state proposed during the early 1960s.
Is the Samguk yusa Reliable? Case Studies from Chinese and Korean Sources
Authors: McBride Richard D. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This study evaluates the problematic notion of “reliability” with respect to Iryŏn’s (1206–1289) Samguk yusa (Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms) and seeks to describe the extent to which this work is dependable as a vehicle for preserving anecdotes, legends, and lore from Korean antiquity. The Samguk yusa was not compiled for the purpose of preserving data to answer the types of questions modern historians ask; therefore, its validity and utility should not be judged by criteria it was never designed to fulfill. However, the extent to which it reliably reproduces the language of its sources can and should be measured to the extent that it is possible. This study examines four examples of Iryŏn’s borrowing from preexisting Chinese and Korean sources—by providing full translations and textual analysis—and demonstrates that the Samguk yusa, for the most part, reliably reproduces the language of its original sources. Although a strong editorial hand is visible, either that of Iryŏn or of a later individual, the evidence suggests that Iryŏn is consistent when citing preexisting sources and that Iryŏn’s editorial techniques conform to those practiced by his Chinese colleagues.
The Making of the North Korean State
Authors: Kim Gwang-Oon 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
North Korea’s official history emphasizes the indigenousness and autonomy of the North’s state formation process. Meanwhile, scholars from outside present the North as a satellite or a puppet. This article takes the middle ground and argues that the North’s regime formation is best understood as the outcome of the interactions between Kim Il Sung (Kim Ilsŏng)–led communists and the Soviet occupation forces. The North Korean government of the mid- to late-1950s criticized Soviet interference as “modern revisionism” and set a principle of “let’s do things our way.” The Soviet Union criticized the North Korean measures as “anti-Soviet” and as “promotion of nationalism, ” but the North Korean government was finding its own ideology, theory, and methods. North Korea decided to “not live today for today, but to live today for tomorrow. ” North Korea also diverged significantly from the USSR and China, especially in its party structure and its leadership system. As a result, North Korea developed a unique system, different from those of other Eastern European socialist states. The historical process of the North’s state formation sheds light on why it did not collapse with Eastern European communist states or the Soviet Union.