bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of I‐gel™ airway on intraocular pressure in pediatric patients who received sevoflurane or desflurane during strabismus surgery
Authors: Şahin Alparslan , Tüfek Adnan , Cingü Abdullah Kürşat , Çaça ıhsan , Tokgöz Orhan , Balsak Selahattin 
Published: April 2012

SummaryObjectives:  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of I‐gelTM laryngeal mask airway on intraocular pressure (IOP) in children with strabismus undergoing balanced anesthesia with sevoflurane or desflurane.Methods:  Forty‐seven children, ASA physical status I, were scheduled for elective strabismus surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the two inhalation anesthetic groups. Sevoflurane group comprised of 27 children, and desflurane group comprised of 20 children. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane or desflurane. No muscle relaxant was used. IOPs were measured before anesthesia, at 2 and 5 min after insertion of I‐gelTM and after removal of I‐gelTM. IOP measurements were obtained by Tonopen®.Results:  Intraocular pressure significantly decreased 2 min after insertion of I‐gelTM in both sevoflurane and desflurane groups (P < 0.001). Measurements 5 min after I‐gelTM insertion were also significantly lower than those of before insertion in both groups (P < 0.01). However, no significant differences were found between the preoperative measurement and the measurement after removal of I‐gelTM within two groups (P = 0.072 and P = 0.547, respectively). No significant differences were found in all IOP measurements between sevoflurane and desflurane groups.Conclusion:  Insertion of I‐gelTM laryngeal mask airway with giving sevoflurane or desflurane inhalation anesthetics seemed not to cause any increase in IOPs in pediatric ophthalmic surgery.
The open abdomen and temporary abdominal closure systems – historical evolution and systematic review
Authors: Quyn A. J. , Johnston C. , Hall D. , Chambers A. , Arapova N. , Ogston S. , Amin A. I. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAim  Several techniques for temporary abdominal closure have been developed. We systematically review the literature on temporary abdominal closure to ascertain whether the method can be tailored to the indication.Method  Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and relevant meeting abstracts until December 2009 were searched using the following headings: open abdomen, laparostomy, VAC (vacuum assisted closure), TNP (topical negative pressure), fascial closure, temporary abdominal closure, fascial dehiscence and deep wound dehiscence. The data were analysed by closure technique and aetiology. The primary end‐points included delayed fascial closure and in‐hospital mortality. The secondary end‐points were intra‐abdominal complications.Results  The search identified 106 papers for inclusion. The techniques described were VAC (38 series), mesh/sheet (30 series), packing (15 series), Wittmann patch (eight series), Bogotá bag (six series), dynamic retention sutures (three series), zipper (15 series), skin only and locking device (one series each). The highest facial closure rates were seen with the Wittmann patch (78%), dynamic retention sutures (71%) and VAC (61%).Conclusion  Temporary abdominal closure has evolved from simple packing to VAC based systems. In the absence of sepsis Wittmann patch and VAC offered the best outcome. In its presence VAC had the highest delayed primary closure and the lowest mortality rates. However, due to data heterogeneity only limited conclusions can be drawn from this analysis.
COLONIZING CONTRASTING LANDSCAPES. THE PIONEER COAST SETTLEMENT AND INLAND UTILIZATION IN SOUTHERN NORWAY 10,000–9500 YEARS BEFORE PRESENT
Authors: BANG‐ANDERSEN SVEINUNG 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThis article contributes a western Scandinavian perspective to the discussion of the human colonization of former glaciated landscapes. Four assumptions concerning the peopling of the Norwegian coast are discussed: 1) a delayed colonization, 2) an immigration from the ‘North Sea Continent’, 3) reindeer as the main economic factor, and 4) a rapid rate of expansion along the coast. It is argued that only the first and last suppositions still appear credible, but need to be confirmed. A gradual major development is evident. Stage 1: Marine hunters colonized the resource‐rich coastlines of south‐west Sweden and southern Norway about 10,000 y.BP. Stage 2: Soon after, based on short seasonal moves, some coastal groups started exploiting reindeer in recently deglaciated mountain areas in south‐west Norway. A similar subsistence pattern developed in north‐west Norway. With its remote location, distinct landscape development and many‐faceted environments, Norway appears as ideal for exploring human colonization processes on different geographical scales. More C14‐dates and osteological material are, however, still needed.
EXPERIMENTS WITH AN OLD CERAMIC BEEHIVE
Authors: FRANCIS J.E. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryCeramic beehives are frequently identified on archaeological sites in Greece and occur in large numbers. Their existence is at odds with the accounts of Roman authors, who disdain the use of clay for beekeeping and praise materials like wicker and wood, which have left no archaeological traces. The reason for the rejection of terracotta hives is unanimously that they are too cold in the winter and too hot in the summer, but temperature experiments with a nineteenth century ceramic beehive in Greece proved them to be within the norms experienced by bees. The results of this research thus indicate different traditions of beekeeping in Roman Greece and Italy and seek to explain why these may have developed.
DATING COINS, DATING WITH COINS
Authors: LOCKYEAR KRIS 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThis paper addresses the issue of how coins are dated, and how coins are then used to provide dates on archaeological excavations. Using examples from Roman archaeology, the author examines how patterns of manufacture, supply, loss and retrieval can impact on the value of those dates. The need to examine coin finds within their stratigraphic context is emphasized, as well as the need for the archaeological numismatist and the excavator to collaborate closely to obtain the best from the data. The paper concludes with an analysis of the impact of sample size on dating.
THE CONSTRUCTION/DECONSTRUCTION OF THE CUBICULUM: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE VILLA OF MATERNUS AT CARRANQUE (SPAIN)
Authors: CARUCCI MARGHERITA 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThis study discusses the validity and limits of modern criteria for the identification of a specific room‐type, the cubiculum, in the material remains of the Roman house. The starting point is the cubiculum of the late‐antique Villa of Maternus at Carranque, in Spain. Here, in the mosaic panel of the threshold, is an inscription which informs the reader that the room about to be entered is the cubiculum of Maternus. The explicit definition of this domestic space offers the rare opportunity to analyse a specific room‐type on secure grounds and to verify what types of layouts were used for the arrangement of the cubiculum in the late‐antique domestic buildings of Hispania.
Loss of cytosolic NADP‐malic enzyme 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana is associated with enhanced susceptibility to Colletotrichum higginsianum
Authors: Voll Lars M. , Zell Martina B. , Engelsdorf Timo , Saur Alexandra , Wheeler Mariel Gerrard , Drincovich Maria F. , Weber Andreas P. M. , Maurino Veronica G. 
Published: April 2012

Summary
While photosynthetic NADP‐malic enzyme (NADP‐ME) has a prominent role in the C4 cycle, the biological function of nonphotosynthetic isoforms remains elusive. Here, we analysed the link between Arabidopsis thaliana cytosolic NADP‐ME2 and the plant defence response.
Arabidopsis thaliana plants with wild‐type and modified NADP‐ME2 expression levels were analysed after elicitation with pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and during the interaction with the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum.
Under normal growth conditions, the lack or gain of NADP‐ME2 activity produced large changes in plant metabolite pool sizes without any effect on morphology or development. Total NADP‐ME activity and NADP‐ME2 transcript level were enhanced after PAMP treatment and pathogen infection. During infection with C. higginsianum, loss‐of‐function mutants of NADP‐ME2 (nadp‐me2) showed enhanced susceptibility. Transient apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after elicitation and callose papilla formation after infection were dampened in nadp‐me2. Late salicylic acid (SA)‐dependent and SA‐independent defence responses were not affected.
Taken together, our results indicate that NADP‐ME2 is an important player in plant basal defence, where it appears to be involved in the generation of ROS. Moreover, NADP‐ME2 was found to be dispensable for later defence responses.
Eye shape and retinal shape, and their relation to peripheral refraction
Authors: Verkicharla Pavan K , Mathur Ankit , Mallen Edward AH , Pope James M , Atchison David A 
Published: April 2012

Citation information: Verkicharla PK, Mathur A, Mallen EAH, Pope JM & Atchison DA. Eye shape and retinal shape, and their relation to peripheral refraction. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2012, 32, 184–199. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2012.00906.xAbstractPurpose:  We provide an account of the relationships between eye shape, retinal shape and peripheral refraction.Recent findings:  We discuss how eye and retinal shapes may be described as conicoids, and we describe an axis and section reference system for determining shapes. Explanations are given of how patterns of retinal expansion during the development of myopia may contribute to changing patterns of peripheral refraction, and how pre‐existing retinal shape might contribute to the development of myopia. Direct and indirect techniques for determining eye and retinal shape are described, and results are discussed. There is reasonable consistency in the literature of eye length increasing at a greater rate than height and width as the degree of myopia increases, so that eyes may be described as changing from oblate/spherical shapes to prolate shapes. However, one study indicates that the retina itself, while showing the same trend, remains oblate in shape for most eyes (discounting high myopia). Eye shape and retinal shape are not the same and merely describing an eye shape as being prolate or oblate is insufficient without some understanding of the parameters contributing to this; in myopia a prolate eye shape is likely to involve both a steepening retina near the posterior pole combined with a flattening (or a reduction in steepening compared with an emmetrope) away from the pole.Summary:  In the recent literature, eye and/or retinal shape have often been inferred from peripheral refraction, and, to a lesser extent, vice versa. Because both the eye’s optics and the retinal shape contribute to the peripheral refraction, and there is large variation in the latter, this inference should be made cautiously. Recently retinal shape has been measured independent of optical methods using magnetic resonance imaging. For further work on retinal shape, determining the validity of cheaper alternatives to magnetic resonance techniques is required.
A modified Bismuth‐Containing Quadruple Therapy Including a Short Course of Furazolidone for Helicobacter pylori Eradication After Sequential Therapy Failure
Authors: Fakheri Hafez , Bari Zohreh , Sardarian Hossein 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground:  Helicobacter pylori eradication has still remained a challenge, especially in case of failure to novel treatments. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate the effects of a modified bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy including a short course of furazolidone on a group of patients whose sequential therapy had been unsuccessful.Materials and Methods:  Thirty‐six H. pylori‐positive patients who had previously failed a clarithromycin‐containing sequential therapy enrolled the study. They received pantoprazole (40 mg‐bid), amoxicillin (1 g‐bid), and bismuth subcitrate (240 mg‐bid) for 2 weeks and furazolidone (200 mg‐bid) just during the first week. Eight weeks after treatment, H. pylori eradication was reassessed using C14‐urea breath test.Results:  Thirty five patients completed the study. H. pylori eradication rates were 80.6% (95% CI = 67.6–93.5) and 82.9% (95% CI = 70.6–95.2) according to intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol analyses, respectively. All patients had excellent compliance to treatment, and no one interrupted therapy owing to adverse effects.Conclusion:  Regarding the eradication rate (>80%), low price, and very low adverse effects, a 2‐week bismuth‐containing quadruple regimen including a short course of furazolidone can be an encouraging regimen for second‐line H. pylori eradication in case of sequential therapy failure. Possibly, it can be improved by alterations in dose, dosing intervals, and/or duration.
Population genetics of cis‐regulatory sequences that operate during embryonic development in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Authors: Garfield David , Haygood Ralph , Nielsen William J. , Wray Gregory A. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYDespite the fact that noncoding sequences comprise a substantial fraction of functional sites within all genomes, the evolutionary mechanisms that operate on genetic variation within regulatory elements remain poorly understood. In this study, we examine the population genetics of the core, upstream cis‐regulatory regions of eight genes (AN, CyIIa, CyIIIa, Endo16, FoxB, HE, SM30 a, and SM50) that function during the early development of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Quantitative and qualitative measures of segregating variation are not conspicuously different between cis‐regulatory and closely linked “proxy neutral” noncoding regions containing no known functional sites. Length and compound mutations are common in noncoding sequences; conventional descriptive statistics ignore such mutations, under‐representing true genetic variation by approximately 28% for these loci in this population. Patterns of variation in the cis‐regulatory regions of six of the genes examined (CyIIa, CyIIIa, Endo16, FoxB, AN, and HE) are consistent with directional selection. Genetic variation within annotated transcription factor binding sites is comparable to, and frequently greater than, that of surrounding sequences. Comparisons of two paralog pairs (CyIIa/CyIIIa and AN/HE) suggest that distinct evolutionary processes have operated on their cis‐regulatory regions following gene duplication. Together, these analyses provide a detailed view of the evolutionary mechanisms operating on noncoding sequences within a natural population, and underscore how little is known about how these processes operate on cis‐regulatory sequences.
Evolution of albinism in cave planthoppers by a convergent defect in the first step of melanin biosynthesis
Authors: Bilandžija Helena , Ćetković Helena , Jeffery William R. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYAlbinism, the reduction or loss of melanin pigment, is found in many diverse cave‐dwelling animals. The mechanisms responsible for loss of melanin pigment are poorly understood. In this study we use a melanogenic substrate assay to determine the position where melanin synthesis is blocked in independently evolved cave planthoppers from Hawaii and Croatia. In this assay, substrates of enzymes responsible for melanin biosynthesis are added to fixed specimens in vitro and their ability to rescue black melanin pigmentation is determined. L‐tyrosine, the first substrate in the pathway, did not produce melanin pigment, whereas L‐DOPA, the second substrate, restored black pigment. Substrates in combination with enzyme inhibitors were used to test the possibility of additional downstream defects in the pathway. The results showed that downstream reactions leading from L‐DOPA and dopamine to DOPA‐melanin and dopamine‐melanin, the two types of insect melanin, are functional. It is concluded that albinism is caused by a defect in the first step of the melanin synthesis pathway in cave‐adapted planthoppers from widely separated parts of the world. However, Western blots indicated that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the only enzyme shown to operate at the first step in insects, is present in Hawaiian cave planthoppers. Thus, an unknown factor(s) operating at this step may be important in the evolution of planthopper albinism. In the cavefish Astyanax mexicanus, a genetic defect has also been described at the first step of melanin synthesis suggesting convergent evolution of albinism in both cave‐adapted insects and teleosts.
The Paleozoic evolution of the gastropod larval shell: larval armor and tight coiling as a result of predation‐driven heterochronic character displacement
Authors: Seuss Barbara , Nützel Alexander , Scholz Henning , Frýda Jiří 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYEarly and middle Paleozoic gastropod protoconchs generally differ strongly from their corresponding adult morphologies, that is, most known protoconchs are smooth and openly coiled, whereas the majority of adult shells are ornamented and tightly coiled. In contrast, larval and adult shells of late Paleozoic gastropods with planktotrophic larval development (Caenogastropoda, Neritimorpha) commonly resemble each other in shape and principle ornamentation. This is surprising because habitat and mode of life of planktonic larvae and benthic adults differ strongly from each other.Generally, late Paleozoic to Recent protoconchs are tightly coiled. This modern type of larval shell resembles the adult shell morphology and was obviously predisplaced onto the larval stage during the middle Paleozoic. The oldest known planktonic‐armored (strongly ornamented) larval shells are known from the late Paleozoic. However, smooth larval shells are also common among the studied late Paleozoic gastropods. The appearance of larval armor at the beginning of the late Paleozoic could reflect an increase of predation pressure in the plankton. Although there are counter examples in which larval and adult shell morphology differ strongly from each other, there is statistical evidence for a heterochronic predisplacement of adult characters onto the larval stage. Larval and adult shells are built in the same way, by accretionary secretion at the mantle edge. It is likely that the same underlying gene expression is responsible for that. If so, similarities of larval and adult shell may be explained by gene sharing, whereas differences may be due to different (planktic vs. benthic life) epigenetic patterns.
The Development of a Survey to Measure Completeness of Response to Migraine Therapy
Authors: Coon Cheryl D. , Fehnel Sheri E. , Davis Kimberly H. , Runken M. Chris , Beach M. E. , Cady Roger K. 
Published: April 2012

Objective.— To assess the psychometric properties of a new patient‐reported migraine instrument, the Completeness of Response Survey (CORS), which measures a comprehensive set of factors important to patients' decisions regarding the initiation and continuation of treatment.Background.— Traditionally, migraine treatments and the instruments used to demonstrate their efficacy have focused on the relief of headache pain. As new treatments emerge with the potential for more complete and consistent migraine relief, more comprehensive tools are needed to demonstrate these benefits. The CORS includes 2 modules, the static CORS, which comprehensively evaluates one treatment at one time point, and the comparative CORS, which provides a more global comparison between 2 treatments at one time point. Together, the 2 modules can measure unmet treatment needs and improvements over the course of a clinical study.Methods.— Data from an 8‐site study comparing 147 patients' recent experiences with their current triptan therapy and 2 months of study treatment with a single‐tablet formulation of sumatriptan/naproxen sodium were used to conduct a preliminary psychometric evaluation of the CORS. The study included both modules of the CORS, the Headache Impact Test, the revised Patient Perception of Migraine Questionnaire, and a migraine diary.Results.— The CORS response categories in both the static and comparative modules demonstrated limited floor or ceiling effects and few missing values (<3%). Inter‐item correlations, principal components analysis (component loading range: 0.62 to 0.95), and high estimates of internal consistency (alpha range: 0.88 to 0.94) for each composite score supported the structure and proposed scoring algorithm for the static module. The pattern of correlations between the CORS static and comparative items and composites with the revised Patient Perception of Migraine Questionnaire items and subscales, as well as the relationships between responses to selected static CORS items and the migraine diary, supported the construct validity of the CORS.Conclusions.— The CORS is capable of demonstrating advantages of more comprehensive migraine therapies over traditional therapies, which are primarily focused on the resolution of headache pain, by addressing the frequency and speed with which the most common migraine symptoms are resolved and patients' return to normal functioning. This research shows evidence for the value and utility for the CORS static and comparative items and components, and further evaluation is underway.
Economic impact on US Medicare of a new diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes and the incremental costs associated with blood transfusion need
Authors: Goldberg Stuart L. , Chen Er , Sasane Medha , Paley Carole , Guo Amy , Laouri Marianne 
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND: Recent retrospective studies suggest myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are more common than previously recognized and patients who develop transfusional dependence may be at risk for increased comorbid complications.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of Medicare claims focusing on costs associated with patients with a new claim listing ICD‐9‐CM Diagnosis Code 238.7 in first quarter of 2003. Patients were followed until 2005 to assess resource use and costs.RESULTS: A total of 512 patients aged 65 years or more with newly diagnosed MDS were identified. Forty percent had received red blood cell transfusions between 2003 and 2005. During the 3‐year follow‐up, transfused patients experienced increased prevalence of cardiac diseases, dyspnea, and infections. Cumulative 3‐year mean Medicare costs for MDS patients were $49,156. Transfused patients had greater use of hospital inpatient and outpatient services and incurred significantly higher mean costs than nontransfused patients ($88,824 vs. $29,519, p < 0.001). After adjustment for baseline characteristics and clinical complications, transfusion was independently associated with a 48% increase in monthly costs in addition to the cost of transfusion administration.CONCLUSION: MDS places a significant economic burden on the US Medicare system. MDS patients requiring transfusions experience higher prevalence of new comorbid conditions and incur significantly higher Medicare costs than nontransfused patients during the initial 3 years after diagnosis.