bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Machine Awakens: The Science and Politics of the Fantastic Automaton
Authors: Tresch John 
Published: March 2011

Automatons of the eighteenth century testified to a faith in the rationality of a clockwork universe. During the early nineteenth century, in the Restoration and July Monarchy, images of self-moving machines were newly associated with the physics of ethers, conversions, steam and electricity, as well as with animal magnetism; they also frequently had magical and religious associations. This new generation of fantastic automatons can be seen as a reaction to the demiurgic power of mechanized industry and as a focal point for rethinking the past while facing an uncertain future. Images of animated matter and self-moving machines reveal the close partnership between romanticism and mechanization. Beyond highlighting the connections among the sciences of fluids, conversions and transmutations, fantastic literature, the emergence of mass entertainment, and early socialism, images of fantastic automatons reveal the supernatural undercurrents of the early industrial age.
Les automates du dix-huitième siècle témoignent d'une rationalité ayant foi en un modèle mécanique de l'univers. Pendant la Restauration et la monarchie de Juillet, les images de machines mues par leurs propres forces s'associent aussi bien à la puissance transformatrice de l'industrie mécanique qu'aux réévaluations causées par la Révolution. Cette nouvelle génération d'automates fantastiques est liée à la physique des éthers, des conversions, de la vapeur et de l'électricité, comme au magnétisme animal, souvent avec des connotations magiques ou religieuses. Les images de machines automatiques et de la matière animée révèlent que romantisme et mécanisation vont souvent de pair. Les automates démontrent le rapport entre les sciences des « forces vives », la littérature romantique, la presse populaire, la magie et les débuts du socialisme dans les années avant 1848; ils révèlent en outre les courants surnaturels qui soustendent les débuts de l'industrialisation.
Le Combat Par Tous Les Moyens: Colonial Violence and the Extreme Right in 1930s Oran
Authors: Kalman Samuel 
Published: March 2011

This article examines the prevalence of extreme-rightist violence in 1930s French colonial Algeria, specifically in the department of Oran. Part of a larger pattern of symbolic, physical, and structural belligerence perpetrated by settlers and authorities, the assaults took multiple forms. Prior to 1936 Jews were the primary targets of the Algerian leagues. Yet the ascension to power of the Popular Front in June 1936, led by the Jewish socialist Léon Blum, broadened the scope of the attacks to include Muslims and leftists. The extreme Right perceived this government and its supposed colonial allies as a threat to the European domination of Algeria, in response embracing a popular phantasmatic vision of the colonial project known as algérianité, which defended the desires and values of the settler population. This included the rejection of metropolitan rule in favor of authoritarian local government, the formation of a strict racial hierarchy in Algeria, and the violent exclusion of all real and perceived enemies.
Cet article examine la prévalence des campagnes de violence perpétrée par l'extrême droite dans l'Algérie coloniale, en particulier dans le département d'Oran, pendant les années trente. Liés aux modes dominants de belligérance—physique, symbolique, et structurelle—caractéristiques de la vie et du système colonial, ces assauts prirent une série de formes diverses. Avant 1936, les ligues de l'extrême droite ont ciblé les juifs. Néanmoins, après l'ascension au pouvoir du Front populaire, avec le socialiste juif Léon Blum en tête, les attaques s'étendirent aux musulmans et aux gauchistes. En réponse aux ⪡ ennemis ⪢, les ligues ont adopté une vision fantasmatique et populaire du projet colonial : l'algérianité, une défense théorique des désirs et valeurs des colonisateurs, y compris le rejet de la métropole en faveur d'un gouvernement strictement autoritaire, la constitution d'une structure hiérarchique des races en Algérie, et l'exclusion systématique d'ennemis véritables ou perçus comme tels.
“A Civic Tool of Modern Times”: Politics, Mass Society, and the Stadium in Twentieth-Century France
Authors: Lewis Robert W. 
Published: March 2011

This article traces the relationship between athletic stadia and the transformation of mass politics in France from the 1920s through World War II. While much of the discussion about stadia focused on their role in boosting athletic participation and facilitating national regeneration in the wake of World War I, a wide variety of political actors paradoxically promoted the stadium-based spectacle as a visible manifestation of vitality and mass support. The stadium, as a political venue, thus offered more than a vast platform for political activity: it suggested a symbolic, spectacular, and emotional political language appropriate for a space devoted to physical activity and positioned the crowd itself as an essential participant in the framework of this kind of mass politics, while simultaneously offering authorities a heightened ability to police and regulate mass gatherings.
Cet article fait l'historique du rapport entre les stades de sport et la transformation de la politique de masse en France des années vingt jusqu'à la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. A la suite de la Première Guerre mondiale, les stades étaient considérés principalement comme des lieux consacrés à la participation sportive et facilitant (selon certains) la régénération du pays. Mais en même temps toute une gamme d'acteurs politiques ont paradoxalement mobilisé les stades afin de développer un style politique basé sur le spectacle et les spectateurs. Le stade se révèle essentiel pendant cette période, mais pas uniquement de par son envergure comme scène politique: il suggère aussi un langage politique, spectaculaire et symbolique enraciné dans l'activité sportive. De plus, le stade met l'accent sur les spectateurs comme participants à cette activité politique tout en aidant les autorités à surveiller et réguler ces manifestations de masse.
Efficient Dehydration of Aldoximes to Nitriles Catalyzed by a Lewis Acid Ionic Liquid
Authors: Nakajima Mizuki , Qiao Kun , Kobayashi Nobuhisa , Bao Quanxi , Tomida Daisuke , Yokoyama Chiaki 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A Lewis acid ionic liquid, 1-[4-(chlorosulfonyl)butyl]-3-methylimidazolium chlorosulfate ([CBMIm]SO3Cl), with Lewis acid sites in both the anion and cation was synthesized. This was demonstrated to be an efficient catalyst for dehydration of aldoximes to nitriles. An unexpected self-induced phase separation of the reaction mixture was observed when the reaction was carried out in acetonitrile. This could be attributed to the hydrolysis of [CBMIm]SO3Cl to regenerate 1-(4-sulfobutyl)-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate ([SBMIm]HSO4), which was the Brønsted precursor of [CBMIm]SO3Cl.
Rod-shaped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle Formation Using AOT and Water without Oil
Authors: Oshitani Jun , Kataoka Nobuhide , Yoshida Mikio , Gotoh Kuniaki , Imamura Koreyoshi , Tanaka Hidekazu 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
We synthesized rod-shaped hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles using sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) as an additive in water without an oil. The length of the particles increases from 40 to 100 nm with increasing the concentration ratio AOT/Ca while maintaining a width of 12 nm. These results indicate that an oil phase is not necessarily needed to form the rod-shaped HAp nanoparticles using AOT.
Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Troponin I in Human Whole Blood Samples by Using Silver Nanoparticle Films and Microwave Heating
Authors: Aslan Kadir , Grell Tsehai AJ 
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND
Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of mortality in developed countries. It is widely recognized that troponin I (TnI) can be used for the assessment of a myocardial infarction.

METHODS
We investigated the use of the microwave-accelerated and metal-enhanced fluorescence (MA-MEF), a technique based on the combined use of low-power microwave heating, silver nanoparticle films (SNFs), and fluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of TnI from human whole blood samples. SNFs were deposited onto amine-modified glass microscope slides by use of Tollen's reaction scheme and characterized by optical absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The detection of TnI from buffer solutions and human whole blood samples on SNFs was carried out by using fluorescence-based immunoassays at room temperature (control immunoassay, 2 h total assay time) or microwave heating (MA-MEF–based immunoassay, 1 min total assay time).

RESULTS
We found that the lower limits of detection for TnI from buffer solutions in the control immunoassay and MA-MEF–based immunoassay were 0.1 μg/L and 0.005 μg/L, respectively. However, we were unable to detect TnI in whole blood samples in the control immunoassays owing to the coagulation of whole blood within 5 min of the incubation step. The use of the MA-MEF technique allowed detection of TnI from whole blood samples in 1 min with a lower detection limit of 0.05 μg/L.

CONCLUSIONS
The MA-MEF–based immunoassay is one of the fastest reported quantitative detection methodos for detection of TnI in human whole blood and has low detection limits similar to those obtained with commercially available immunoassays.
Post-transcriptional regulation of human cathepsin L expression
Authors: Mittal Shivani , Mir Riyaz A. , Chauhan Shyam S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe expression of cathepsin L, a lysosomal protease, is known to be elevated in cancer and other pathologies. Multiple splice variants of human cathepsin L with variable 5′UTRs exist, which encode for the same protein. Previously we have observed that variant hCATL A (bearing the longest 5′UTR) was translatedin vitrowith significantly lower efficiency than variant hCATL AIII (bearing the shortest 5′UTR). Contrary to these findings, results of the present study reveal that in cancer cells, hCATL A mRNA exhibits higher translatability in spite of having lower stability than AIII. This is the first report demonstrating a highly contrasting trend in translation efficiencies of hCATL variants in rabbit reticulocytes and live cells. Expression from chimeric mRNAs containing 5′UTRs of A or AIII upstream to luciferase reporter cDNA established the A UTR to be the sole determinant for this effect. Transient transfections of bicistronic plasmids and mRNAs confirmed the presence of a functional Internal Ribosome Entry Site in this UTR. Our data suggest that differential stability and translation initiation modes mediated by the 5′UTRs of human cathepsin L variants are involved in regulating its expression.
Air-coupled ultrasound inspection of glued laminated timber
Authors: Sanabria Sergio J. , Furrer Roman , Neuenschwander Jürg , Niemz Peter , Sennhauser Urs 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A novel air-coupled ultrasound (ACU) 120 kHz normal transmission system enabled successful imaging of bonding and saw cut defects in multilayered glulam beams up to 280 mm in height with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 40 dB. The main wave propagation paths were modeled; quasi-longitudinal and quasi-transverse modes were coupled in each lamella and the sound field was found to be shifted from the insonification axis as a function of the ring angle, leading to interference of wave paths in the receiver and to 15 dB amplitude variability in defect-free glulam. The assessment was improved with spatial processing algorithms that profited from the arbitrary scanning resolution and high reproducibility of ACU. Overlapped averaging reduced in-band noise by 15 dB, amplitude tracking captured only the first incoming oscillation, thus minimizing diffraction around defect regions, and image normalization compensated 6 dB of systematic amplitude variability across the fiber direction. The application of ACU to in situ defect monitoring was demonstrated by using multiparameter difference imaging of measurements of the same sample with and without saw cut defects. The segmentation of the defect geometry was improved significantly and the amplitude variability was reduced by 10 dB. Further work is planned to model additional insonification setups and grain and density heterogeneities.
Development of an integrated thermal and enzymatic hydrolysis for lignocellulosic biomass in fixed-bed reactors
Authors: Kirsch Christian , Zetzl Carsten , Smirnova Irina 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The limitations of the current biorefinery process utilizing stirred-tank reactors for the enzymatic step include poor mixing in the case of high biomass loadings, additional steps for the product separation, and a long reaction time. In this study the hydrothermal pretreatment and the enzymatic hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic biomass were combined in one fixed-bed reactor. The influence of the shear forces during recirculation and enzyme stability at elevated temperatures were investigated. It has been shown that the shear forces resulting from pumping have a negligible effect on enzyme activity. However, large pressure drops reduce the enzyme activity significantly. Furthermore, the enzyme stability was significantly increased at elevated temperatures (60°C) by applying static pressures up to 200 bar (56% residual activity at 60°C after 24 h). This is beneficial for the process as a higher temperature accelerates the reaction. Further improvement of the overall process efficiency was achieved by increasing the solid-to-water ratio and circulation of the enzyme solution. At a biomass content of 7%, a glucose concentration of 61 g l-1 and a yield of 85% was achieved. The integrated process was first done on a laboratory scale (50 ml). At 100 bar, 60°C and 10% biomass loading an increased initial reaction rate was observed. However, this effect was followed by the stagnation of the glucose yield as one of the enzymes, Novozyme 188, showed no remarkable stabilization with pressure. Nevertheless, an overall glucose yield of 40% was achieved after 5.5 h, compared to 14 h under normal pressure and 50°C.
Surface chemistry of vessel elements by FE-SEM, μ-XPS and ToF-SIMS
Authors: Orblin Elina , Eta Valerie , Fardim Pedro 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Separation of vessel elements and fibers was carried out for Eucalyptus kraft and recycled pulp as raw materials. A new separation method is presented. The surface morphology, surface chemical characteristics and chemistry of individual vessel elements were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), microbeam X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (μ-XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). By FE-SEM it could be seen that vessel elements in recycled pulp were almost intact or only partly broken via the pits. They were also detected on the surface of newsprint paper. The chemical composition of vessel element surfaces was similar to that of fibers. The surface coverage by lignin in vessels showed scattered results by μ-XPS. However, normalized lignin peak intensities of ToF-SIMS indicated that vessels had lower surface lignin counts than fibers. Vessel elements in recycled pulp were rich in phthalates and other hydrocarbons originating probably from printing ink and paper chemicals. Fillers, sizes, and other paper chemicals were not completely removed from the recycled vessel surfaces during the de-inking.
The Impact of IV Connectors on Clinical Practice and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Macklin Denise 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
It has only been during the past decade that contamination of the intraluminal fluid pathway has gained recognition as a cause of CR-BSI. The IV connector is the gate keeper of the intraluminal fluid pathway. The care and maintenance of catheters is the complete responsibility of the primary nurse. The primary CR-BSI causative agent is biofilm formation. Biofilm formation depends on the number of cells, the presence of surface conditioning and the flow rate of the solution. Staph epidermis, and Staph aureus have surface cell receptors which assist in fibrin, fibrinogen location enabling the microorganisms to successfully adhere. Therefore, intraluminal contamination prevention strategies must be two-pronged - to prevent active and passive microorganism migration into the intaluminal fluid pathway and to prevent microorganism adhesion by minimizing fibrin build-up on the internal surface. The two care and maintenance procedures nurses use to protect the intraluminal pathway are swabbing the connector septum and flushing the connector after use. Individualizing the care based on the patient has not been studied. Since every patient is unique, different catheters and connectors are used, and even the nurse's experience and knowledge are different, achieving consistent positive outcomes using a one-size-fits-all approach has shown to have inconsistent outcomes. An overview of swabbing and flushing is discussed and then how IV connector design affects these practice and outcomes is reviewed. It is imperative to recognize what procedures are performed for improved patient outcomes, versus what procedures are performed to overcome IV connector design features. If flushing and swabbing procedures are standardized to general time requirements alone and connector design is overlooked, it should be understood that outcomes may vary and this variance may not be related to inconsistent nursing adherence to IV connector related swabbing and flushing procedures.
Challenges in the Accurate Identification of the Ideal Catheter Tip Location
Authors: Nakazawa Nadine 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The chest radiograph has been the primary tool to identify the catheter tip location after bedside placement of central venous access devices (CVADs), especially with peripherally inserted central catheters. The targeted ideal landing zone for a CVAD has evolved over time to the lower third of the superior vena cava, near the juncture of the right atrium. This article will discuss the evolution in the narrowing of the ideal targeted zone for landing the CVAD tip, and the issues around perception of “seeing” the catheter tip in the chest radiograph that can be imprecise and inaccurate. A brief overview of emerging technologies that capitalize on individual patient's internal physiologic characteristics to better identify this ideal landing zone will be presented.
FTO, Type 2 Diabetes, and Weight Gain Throughout Adult Life
Authors: Hertel Jens K. , Johansson Stefan , Sonestedt Emily , Jonsson Anna , Lie Rolv T. , Platou Carl G.P. , Nilsson Peter M. , Rukh Gull , Midthjell Kristian , Hveem Kristian , Melander Olle , Groop Leif , Lyssenko Valeriya , Molven Anders , Orho-Melander Marju , Njølstad Pål R. 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
FTO is the most important polygene identified for obesity. We aimed to investigate whether a variant in FTO affects type 2 diabetes risk entirely through its effect on BMI and how FTO influences BMI across adult life span.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Through regression models, we assessed the relationship between the FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms rs9939609, type 2 diabetes, and BMI across life span in subjects from the Norwegian population-based HUNT study using cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. For replication and meta-analysis, we used data from the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) and Malmö Preventive Project (MPP) cohorts, comprising a total sample of 41,504 Scandinavians.

RESULTS
The meta-analysis revealed a highly significant association for rs9939609 with both type 2 diabetes (OR 1.13; P = 4.5 × 10−8) and the risk to develop incident type 2 diabetes (OR 1.16; P = 3.2 × 10−8). The associations remained also after correction for BMI and other anthropometric measures. Furthermore, we confirmed the strong effect on BMI (0.28 kg/m2 per risk allele; P = 2.0 × 10−26), with no heterogeneity between different age-groups. We found no differences in change of BMI over time according to rs9939609 risk alleles, neither overall (∆BMI = 0.0 [−0.05, 0.05]) nor in any individual age stratum, indicating no further weight gain attributable to FTO genotype in adults.

CONCLUSIONS
We have identified that a variant in FTO alters type 2 diabetes risk partly independent of its observed effect on BMI. The additional weight gain as a result of the FTO risk variant seems to occur before adulthood, and the BMI difference remains stable thereafter.
Diabetes-Related Distress and Physical and Psychological Health in Chinese Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Ting Rose Z.W. , Nan Hairong , Yu Mandy W.M. , Kong Alice P.S. , Ma Ronald C.W. , Wong Rebecca Y.M. , Loo Kitman , So Wing-Yee , Chow Chun-Chung , Ko Gary T.C. , Wing Yun-Kwok , Chan Juliana C.N. 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
To validate a Chinese version of the Diabetes Distress Scale (CDDS).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The CDDS was derived using forward-backward translation and administered in 189 Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with evaluation of its psychometric properties.

RESULTS
On the basis of principal-component analysis, three factors of the 15-item version of the CDDS (CDDS-15) accounted for 63% of the variance. The correlation coefficient between the original 17-item and 15-item scales was 0.99. The Cronbach α for internal consistency was 0.90, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.74. The CDDS-15 score was significantly associated with glycemic control, obesity, depressive symptoms, and quality of life.

CONCLUSIONS
The CDDS-15 is a valid and reliable instrument to assess diabetes-related distress.
Risk of Malignant Neoplasm of the Pancreas in Relation to Diabetes
Authors: Chen Hua-Fen , Chen Peter , Li Chung-Yi 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
We prospectively assessed the age- and sex-specific incidence and relative risk of malignant neoplasm of the pancreas in Taiwan’s diabetic population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 615,532 diabetic patients and 614,871 age- and sex-matched control subjects were linked to inpatient claims (2000–2006) to identify the admissions for malignant neoplasm of the pancreas (ICD-9: 157). The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the age- and sex-specific relative risk of pancreatic neoplasm.

RESULTS
Compared with the control group, the diabetic patients had a significantly increased risk of pancreatic cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 1.54 [95% CI 1.39–1.71]). The higher and significant age-specific HRs were observed in diabetic men (1.91) and women (1.80) aged 45–65 years.

CONCLUSIONS
Middle-aged diabetic men and women were associated with the most increased risk of malignant neoplasm of the pancreas.