bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gel Filtration Studies of Trace Metal‐Fulvic Acid Solutions Extracted From Sewage Sludges
Authors: Baham John , Ball N. B. , Sposito Garrison 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTrace metal‐fulvic acid solutions extracted with NaOH from two chemically different sewage sludges and separated from humic acid using HCl were fractionated on a column of Sephadex G‐10 gel using deionized water at pH 5.65 as the eluant. The effluent from the gel was analyzed in 3‐ml increments for organic C, Cl, and the metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn. Elution diagrams prepared with the analytical data showed multiple maxima in organic C concentration and a single maximum in Cl concentration (indicating the presence of inorganic salts). Fe and Cu showed concentration maxima that followed closely those in both the organic and inorganic fractions, while Cd, Ni, and Zn tended to show maxima following the inorganic fraction peak and only one or two of the organic C maxima. The data indicated that Cu and Fe formed complexes with sludge‐derived fulvic acid (FA) under the conditions of the experiment. Cd, Ni, and Zn were associated with the FA only weakly, in a manner dependent on the nature of the sludge, and in the relative order of affinity Zn > Ni > Cd. These data suggested that sludge‐derived FA behaves toward trace metals as a relatively harder Lewis base than Cl−.Infrared spectra of the eluted organic fractions indicated that protein decomposition products and polysaccharide components appear in the fractions of relatively larger molecular size, as do the components containing SO3H groups. The IR spectra also gave evidence that COOH and SO3H functional groups are involved in metal‐FA interactions. An important organic fraction of sludge‐derived FA was identified that appears to be an aliphatic, carboxylic acid mixture which can complex only Cu significantly.
Nitrification and Denitrification in Cattle Manure‐Amended Soil
Authors: Guenzi W. D. , Beard W. E. , Watanabe F. S. , Olsen S. R. , Porter L. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDry cattle manure was mixed with soil at a rate of 45 and 90 metric tons/ha and amended with K15NO3, and (15NH4)2SO4 in separate treatments. The greenhouse experiment included an uncropped and a sorghum (Sorghum vulgure Pers.) treatment. Soil atmosphere was analyzed for CO2, N2, O2 + Ar, N2O, and enriched 15N2. The energy‐rich manure created a high biological oxygen demand and caused low O2 and high CO2 concentrations in the soil environment. Evidence for denitrification was obtained by the presence of N2O and 15N enriched N2‐in the soil gases for the manure treatments amended with 15NO3− and 15NH4+. The 15N enriched N2 in the soil gases in the uncropped soil decreased to background levels after 10 days in the NO3−‐amended manured soils, whereas 15N2 enrichment from 15NH4+‐amended manured soils existed at 39 days. The recovery of NO3−‐15N in the uncropped soils was 90.2% without manure, 9.4% with 45, and 8.1% with 90 metric tons/ha of manure. Recovery of NH4+‐15N in the uncropped soil was 92.2% without manure, 60.3% with 45, and 57.0% with 90 metric tons/ha of manure. Higher concentrations of added fertilizer N were recovered in the cropped system. In this study, where manure was mixed thoroughly with soil, water was added daily to field capacity, and O2 concentrations were never below 3.1%, denitrification must have occurred in anaerobic microsites in a predominantly aerobic system. The results for the NH4+‐manure treatment demonstrated that both nitrification and denitrification occurred simultaneously.
Seasonal Runoff Losses of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Missouri Valley Loess Watersheds
Authors: Alberts E. E. , Schuman G. E. , Burwell R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeasonal losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff were determined for a 7‐year period from three corn‐cropped watersheds in southwestern Iowa. Three seasonal periods were defined: fertilizer, seedbed, and establishment period from April through June (P1); reproduction and maturation period from July through November (P2); and residue period from December through March (P3).Most of the average annual total N and P losses were associated with the sediment portion of runoff and occurred during P1. The extreme susceptibility of the loess soils to erosion during P1 must be taken into account when designing conservation practices to control plant nutrient losses. Seasonal discharges of runoff, sediment, and nutrients were much lower from a level‐terraced watershed than from two contour‐farmed watersheds, which demonstrates the benefit of terracing in resource conservation.Average annual soluble N and P losses were quite low and never exceeded 1% of the annual fertilizer application. These losses were the highest during P3 from the contour‐farmed watersheds.Water and sediment weighted nutrient concentrations were the highest from the contour‐farmed watersheds during P3, when residues covered the soil surface. Leaching of soluble nutrients from the residue and the greater selectivity of the soil erosion process for the finer fractions of the soil (i.e., clay and organic material) during snowmelt runoff are probably the factors responsible.
Availability of Sulfur in Sewage Sludge to Plants: A Comparative Study
Authors: Elseewi Ahmed A. , Page A. L. , Bingham F. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago saliva L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and turnip (Brassica rapa L.) were grown on calcareous and acid soils low in available sulfur amended with sewage sludge and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) at rates equivalent to 0 and 80 ppm S for alfalfa and 0, 25, 50, and 100 ppm S for white clover and turnip. The availability of S from the two sources was evaluated through measurements of yield, total‐S concentration in the plant tissue, S uptake expressed in mg/pot, S recovery, and SO4‐S concentration in the soil. Addition of either sludge or gypsum corrected the S deficiency in the plants and significantly increased the dry matter yields. Improvements in yields were associated with increased S concentrations in the plant from deficiency levels (0.010 to 0.088%) to levels ≥ 0.2%. The average ratio of total S concentration in the sludge‐treated plants to that in the gypsum‐treated plants was 0.83, and the average S uptake and S recovery ratios were 1.09 and 0.95, respectively, indicating comparable availability of S in the two sources. Initial concentrations of NH4‐OAc‐extractable SO4‐S in the soil were increased twofold to sevenfold by application of sludge to the soil. The ratio of post‐harvest SO4‐S in sludge‐ and gypsum‐treated soils ranged from 0.39 to 2.27 with a mean of 0.95. The results demonstrate that sewage sludge is a potential source of available S to plants.
Persistence of Tebuthiuron in Surface Runoff Water, Soil, and Vegetation in the Texas Blacklands Prairie
Authors: Bovey R. W. , Burnett E. , Meyer R. E. , Richardson C. , Loh A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe concentration of tebuthiuron (N‐[5‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐N,N′‐dimethylurea) applied in the spray or pellet form was measured in surface runoff water from watersheds which received natural or simulated rainfall. The persistence of tebuthluron in soil and vegetation was also investigated.Pelleted tebuthiuron was applied at 2.24 kg/ha (active ingredient) to a 1.3‐ha rangeland watershed. A 2.8‐cm rain, 2 days after application, produced 0.94 cm runoff which contained an average of 2.2 ppm of tebuthiuron. Tebuthiuron concentration decreased rapidly with each subsequent runoff event and after 3 mo was <0.05 ppm; none was detected in runoff water 1 year after treatment. The concentration of tebuthiuron, applied as a spray at 1.12 kg/ha, decreased to <0.01 ppm within 4 mo in runoff from a small plot which received simulated rainfall. On 0.6‐ha plots, mean tebuthiuron (sprays and granules) concentration was 0.50 ppm or less in water when the first runoff event occurred 2 mo after application. Concentrations of tebuthiuron in soil and grass from pellet applications were low (<1 ppm) and decreased with time.
Cadmium‐Enriched Sewage Sludge Application to Acid and Calcareous Soils: Effect on Yield and Cadmium Uptake by Lettuce and Chard
Authors: Mahler R. J. , Bingham F. T. , Page A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEight soils with pH values ranging from 4.8 to 7.8 were treated with 1% sewage sludge amended with variable amounts of CdSO4. The concentration of Cd in the soils ranged from 0.1 to 320 µg Cd/g. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris vat. cicla) were grown to maturity in pot cultures on the treated soils to determine the effect of soil pH on yield and Cd uptake. Fifty percent yield decrements for acid and calcareous soils, respectively, were associated with the following concentrations of Cd in soil: lettuce—214 and 139 µg/g; chard—175 and 250 µg/g. Tissue concentrations of Cd associated with the 50% yield decrement for acid and calcareous soils, respectively, were as follows: lettuce—470 and 160 µg/g; chard—714 and 203 µg/g.Multiple regression analysis of yields as a function of pH, CEC, % CaCO3, % organic carbon (OC), % sand‐silt‐clay, and Cd addition rate revealed a highly significant yield relationship with Cd addition rate, % OC, % clay, and pH (lettuce: R2 = 0.82***; chard: R2 = 0.93***). Leaf Cd was significantly related to soil parameters as follows: lettuce—saturation extract Cd and CEC, R2 = 0.82***; chard—saturation extract Cd and pH, R2 = 0.89***.
Fate of 2,4‐D in a Naff Silt Loam Soil
Authors: Wilson R. G. , Cheng H. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory studies were conducted to determine the adsorption, desorption, hydrolysis, and breakdown of commercially formulated isooctyl ester and dimethylamine salt of 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] in a Naff silt loam soil. More 2,4‐D was adsorbed to the surface soil than to soil at lower depths, and the percentage of 2,4‐D adsorbed decreased as the total amount of 2,4‐D present increased. Adsorbed 2,4‐D was gradually desorbed from soil by successively exchanging the solution in equilibrium with soil with distilled water. Formulated 2,4‐D isooctyl ester applied to moist soil underwent hydrolysis to the anionic form at a rapid rate, with >80% of the ester hydrolyzed in 72 hours. High amounts of 2,4‐D in runoff (sediment and water) retarded the active degradation of carboxyl‐14C 2,4‐D when 2,4‐D was incubated in runoff from a wheat field treated with various formulations and rates of 2,4‐D. The presence of the ester formulation at the high rate of application increased the lag period before degradation of carboxyl‐14C and ring‐14C 2,4‐D occurred in soil. However, once the active breakdown of carboxyl‐14C and ring‐14C 2,4‐D was initiated, little difference could be detected in the degradation patterns. At the end of the 10 weeks of incubation in runoff or in soil, only 1% of the 14C‐2,4‐D originally applied to the soil could be identified as 2,4‐D.
Effects of Evaporative Salt Water Cooling Towers on Salt Drift and Salt Deposition on Surrounding Soils
Authors: Wiedenfeld R. P. , Hossner L. R. , McWilliams E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive salt water cooling towers recently constructed near Galveston Bay, Texas, have been shown to contribute to salt deposition in the surrounding area. Levels as high as 1,200 kg/ha per year of total salt were encountered within 100 m of the towers, but decreased in a logrithmic fashion with distance to <300 kg/ha per year at 434 m with only 16% attributable to the cooling towers. The remaining deposition was caused by natural sea spray which varies widely but averages about 250 kg/ha per year in the study area. Changes in composition of air‐borne salts with distance from the cooling towers were noted, primarily as a narrowing of the Na/Ca ratio. Salinity levels in the soil are in equilibrium with naturally deposited salts. Enhanced salt deposition levels due to the cooling towers initially caused only slight effects in the soils closest to the towers, but may eventually lead to both salinization and solonization in the surrounding vicinity.
Radiological Investigations of an Abandoned Uranium Tailings Area
Authors: Moffett D. , Tellier M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTailings have been accumulating in the Elliot Lake area since mining started some 20 years ago. The tailings solids were impounded by construction of dams, resulting in the discharge of a clear and neutral outflow which at that time was considered to be a satisfactory practice. However, acid generated in the tailings by oxidation of pyrite has solubilized certain heavy metals which can escape through the semiporous embankments or as outflow during heavy rainfalls. It is now evident that these areas, some of which have been idle for over 12 years, release acids and certain naturally occurring radionuclides to an unacceptable degree. In most cases the acid tailings outflows are neutralized to pH 8.5 to precipitate these heavy metals. This neutralization will have to be continued indefinitely, unless a better remedy is found.An investigation is underway at a 16‐ha pyrite‐containing uranium tailings area to determine what happens to certain radioactive elements. The analysis of solid samples showed the activities of 226Ra, 210Pb, and 210Po were lower than could be accounted for by their radioactive decay since disposal. Uranium and thorium also have been significantly leached out of the tailings surface. The collection and analysis of water samples from the water table beneath the tailings area revealed two classes of water: a low‐acid class (<1,000 ppm acidity) and a high‐acid class. The acidity of the water was directly related to the weathering of pyrite in the surface layers of the tailings. The high‐acid water samples generally contained higher concentrations of 210Pb, 232Th, 230Th, 220Th, and uranium than low‐acid water samples. The low‐acid water samples contained only elevated concentrations of 226Ra which, if released untreated, would exceed water quality criteria. See page samples below the tailings dam were also monitored and analyzed, and may exceed desirable water quality criteria for 226Ra and 210Pb if not treated.
Effects of Liquid Swine Waste Applications on Corn Yield and Soil Chemical Composition
Authors: Sutton A. L. , Nelson D. W. , Mayrose V. B. , Nye J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 2‐year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of salt (0.2 and 0.5%) in swine rations, liquid waste handling systems (aerobic and anaerobic), and application rates on the recycling of swine wastes to Fox silt loam and Chalmers silt loam soils cropped to corn (Zea mays L.).Liquid swine waste (1.8 to 3.0% dry matter) was applied annually at rates of 45, 90, and 134 metric tons/ha. The high rate provided an average of 378 kg N, 113 kg P, 163 kg K, and 42 kg Na per ha. Check and inorganic fertilizer (168 kg N/ha, 56 kg P/ha, 112 kg K/ha) treatments were included.Soil Na, nitrate N, and extractable P concentrations increased with increasing waste application rates. Soil electrical conductivity was not affected by waste application rate. The effects of dietary salt levels and waste handling systems on the chemical composition of the soils were inconsistent.There was evidence for downward movement of Na, K, and NO3− in the soil profile of plots receiving waste and fertilizer. Downward movement of NO3− was observed to a greater extent in fertilizer‐treated plots than in waste‐treated plots. Under climatic conditions prevailing in this study, 2 years of waste application had no detrimental effects on the chemical composition of the two silt loam soils.Soil application of waste resulting from different dietary salt levels and waste handling systems resulted in similar corn yields and leaf chemical composition. Yields were higher from plots treated with waste and inorganic fertilizer compared to the check plot. Corn yields increased with increasing rates of waste application up to the 90‐metric tons/ha rate, then leveled off. Nitrogen, P, and K concentrations in corn ear leaf tissue increased with increasing waste applications.
Metal Distribution in Forested Ecosystems in Urban and Rural Northwestern Indiana
Authors: Parker G. R. , Mc Fee W. W. , Kelly J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMetal distribution in vegetation and soil components, annual inputs, and losses were determined in undisturbed urban and rural ecosystems in northwestern Indiana. The urban area has been exposed to contamination from industrial and other urban sources for about 100 years. The levels of cadmium, zinc, copper, and lead (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb) were significantly higher in the soils and vegetation on the urban site compared to a similar system in a rural setting 67 km away. Metal concentration in the top 2.5 cm of soil averaged 10 ppm Cd, 2,456 ppm Zn, 463 ppm Pb, and 119 ppm Cu. This was 20 to 100 times more concentrated than that found on the rural site. The surface litter (O horizon) on the urban site also had four to nine times greater metal concentration and total metal quantities were many times greater in the urban ecosystem than on the rural site. The higher soil levels were reflected in higher concentrations in most plant species, but species differed greatly in metal levels.Greater than 95% of the weight of all four metals was found in the soil (0–25 cm) for both dune and wetland ecosystems. The remaining metal burden is equally distributed between the surface litter and the plant biomass.Slightly more Cd and twice as much Zn entered the urban site than the rural site during 1975–76. Annual input of Pb and Cu was four times greater on the urban site. While pollution control has apparently reduced annual input to the urban site, metal concentrations will remain high due to the low rates of leaching losses measured.
Timing and Rate of Fertilizer Nitrogen for Sugarbeets Related to Nitrogen Uptake and Pollution Potential
Authors: Hills F. J. , Broadbent F. E. , Fried Maurice 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen (N) uptake by sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) from fertilizer and soil, as related to time and rate of application, was evaluated at Davis, California, in two field experiments utilizing 15N‐deleted ammonium sulfate. There were no significant differences in root, top, or sugar yield when fertilizer N (135 kg/ha) was applied at planting, at thinning, split equally between thinning and layby, or split equally between planting, thinning, and layby. Also, there were no substantial differences in soil or fertilizer N in tops and roots in response to these dates of application.Fertilizer N recovery was 47% when 112 kg N/ha were applied to achieve maximum sugar yield. Roots removed as much N as that applied and tops contained an additional 105 kg N/ha. When applied N was 2.5 times the amount required for maximum sugar yield, tops and roots contained almost as much N as applied. The sugarbeet crop, carefully fertilized, has potential for alleviation of nitrate pollution of ground water.
Zinc and Cadmium Contents of Agricultural Soils and Corn in Northwestern Indiana
Authors: Pietz R. I. , Vetter R. J. , Masarik D. , Mc Fee W. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil and corn (Zea mays L.) leaf and grain samplings were conducted in northwestern Indiana to determine if airborne heavy metal particulates containing Cd and Zn from the northwestern Indiana industrial‐urban complex, situated on the south side of Lake Michigan, were contaminating soils and crops. Sampling in the region revealed no widespread metal contamination. Some metal enrichment had occurred on agricultural soils in Gary and East Gary, Ind. Corn leaf concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn fluctuated with sampling location, but grain Cd and Pb levels remained essentially constant at <0.05 and <0.4 µg/g, respectively. A comparison of Zn/Cd ratios in soils, and in corn leaves and grain, suggested that Cd was more actively accumulated in the corn plant but not the grain.Because of the limited acreage affected and the relatively low metal levels observed, no human or animal health problems are expected from harvested crops or silage.The use of log distance vs. log metal concentration in regression analysis showed that the limited metal contamination of agricultural soils was mainly in a southeasterly direction from the industrial‐urban area.
Influence of the Chemical Form of Mercury on its Adsorption and Ability to Leach Through Soils
Authors: Hogg T. J. , Stewart J. W. B. , Bettany J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of Hg by two soils, differing in chemical and physical characteristics, indicated that both organic Hg compounds (methyl mercuric chloride [MMC] and phenyl mercuric acetate [PMA]) and inorganic compounds (mercuric chloride [HgCl2]) followed the linear form of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The highest adsorption maxima for all Hg compounds were found for the soils which had the higher organic matter content and clay content. Adsorption maxima increased in the order MMC < PMA < HgCl2.A two‐rate effluent leaching experiment was conducted utilizing undisturbed soil cores of the same two soils and the same three Hg compounds (labeled with 203Hg) which were applied uniformly to the top 0–10 cm of each column. In contrast to the movement of other cations in the effluent and soil, even at the higher irrigation rate, none of the applied Hg was found to move below the 10‐ to 20‐cm soil layer. More MMC than HgCl2 or PMA were found in the 10‐ to 20‐cm layer; however, the differences were small. The lack of movement of Hg and the high adsorption maxima was a consequence of the strong binding between Hg compounds and soil. The inability of weak chemical extractants (CaCl2, NH4OAc, DTPA, EDTA) to remove significant quantities of Hg confirmed this hyphothesis. Seven to 31% of the applied Hg was lost from the columns during the experiment presumably by volatilization.
The Uptake of 203Hg‐Labeled Mercury Compounds by Bromegrass from Irrigated Undisturbed Soil Columns
Authors: Hogg T. J. , Bettany J. R. , Stewart J. W. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBromegrass (Bromus inermis) was grown under conditions of sewage effluent irrigation on undisturbed soil columns in which the 0‐ to 10‐cm layers had been treated with 10 µg Hg/g soil as 203Hg‐labeled mercuric chloride (HgCl2), phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA), and methyl mercuric chloride (MMC). Mercury concentrations in plant dry matter decreased over three successive harvests and highest values were found on MMC‐treated soils of fine texture and low organic matter content (2.0 to 0.2 µg Hg/g for first and third harvest, respectively).Exposure of the plants and soils to simulated fall conditions resulted in a small but significant increase in the Hg concentration of plant dry matter. Higher levels of Hg were found in plant stems (up to 0.88 µg Hg/g) than plant foliage (up to 0.24 µg Hg/g) at the termination of the experiment and even higher levels in the main roots (up to 42.5 µg Hg/g) and fine roots (up to 106.4 µg Hg/g) separated from the 0–10 cm soil layer. Mercury concentration of roots decreased with depth for all Hg treatments but were still 150 times greater than background levels in the MMC‐treated soils at the 40‐ to 60‐cm depth. A significant amount of all forms of applied Hg (10–32%) was lost during the experiment, presumably by volatilization. The majority of the remaining Hg in the soil was found to be strongly bound and not extractable by weak salt solutions, dilute acids, and chelates.