bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
North–South trade and standards: what can general equilibrium analysis tell us?
Authors: SHELDON IAN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe tension between standards being a response to market failures versus creating barriers to trade characterizes much of their economic analysis. This article explores in more detail the link between international trade and standards based on resolution of a public bad(s) problem. Specifically, a general equilibrium setting is sketched out, drawing on existing analysis in the trade and environmental economics literature, and designed to capture some key stylized facts and basic hypotheses concerning North–South trade where standards are targeted at negative externalities in production. The key conclusions to be drawn are that while a clear theoretical foundation exists for the hypothesis of ‘standards as barriers’ to trade, and the likely benefits of aid for trade programs, this is not the case for the hypothesis of ‘barriers as a catalyst’ for trade, pointing to the need for further research on the latter hypothesis.
TSPO-specific ligand Vinpocetine exerts a neuroprotective effect by suppressing microglial inflammation
Authors: Zhao Yan-Yin , Yu Jie-Zhong , Li Qin-Ying , Ma Cun-Gen , Lu Chuan-Zhen , Xiao Bao-Guo 
Published: July 2012

Vinpocetine has long been used for cerebrovascular disorders and cognitive impairment. Based on the evidence that the translocator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa) was expressed in activated microglia, while Vinpocetine was able to bind TSPO, we explored the role of Vinpocetine on microglia treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro. Our results show that both LPS and OGD induced the up-regulation of TSPO expression on BV-2 microglia by RT-PCR, western blot and immunocytochemistry. Vinpocetine inhibited the production of nitrite oxide and inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in BV-2 microglia, in which cells were treated with LPS or exposed to OGD, regardless of the time Vinpocetine was added. Next, we measured cell death-related molecules Akt, Junk and p38 as well as inflammation-related molecules nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Vinpocetine did not change cell death-related molecules, but inhibited the expression of NF-κB and AP-1 in LPS-stimulated microglia, indicating that Vinpocetine has an anti-inflammatory effect by partly targeting NF-κB/AP-1. Next, conditioned medium from Vinpocetine-treated microglia protected from primary neurons. As compared with in vitro, the administration of Vinpocetine in hypoxic mice also inhibited inflammatory molecules, indicating that Vinpocetine as a unique anti-inflammatory agent may be beneficial for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
Modeling the solar cycle: what the future holds
Authors: Nandy Dibyendu 
Published: July 2012

AbstractStellar magnetic fields are produced by a magnetohydrodynamic dynamo mechanism working in their interior – which relies on the interaction between plasma flows and magnetic fields. The Sun, being a well-observed star, offers an unique opportunity to test theoretical ideas and models of stellar magnetic field generation. Solar magnetic fields produce sunspots, whose number increases and decreases with a 11 year periodicity – giving rise to what is known as the solar cycle. Dynamo models of the solar cycle seek to understand its origin, variation and evolution with time. In this review, I summarize observations of the solar cycle and describe theoretical ideas and kinematic dynamo modeling efforts to address its origin. I end with a discussion on the future of solar cycle modeling – emphasizing the importance of a close synergy between observational data assimilation, kinematic dynamo models and full magnetohydrodynamic models of the solar interior.
Interplanetary conditions: lessons from this minimum
Authors: Luhmann J. , Lee C. O. , Riley P. , Jian L. K. , Russell C. T. , Petrie G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractInterplanetary conditions during the Cycle 23-24 minimum have attracted attention because they are noticeably different than those during other minima of the space age, exhibiting more solar wind stream interaction structures in addition to reduced mass fluxes and low magnetic field strengths. In this study we consider the differences in the solar wind source regions by applying Potential Field Source Surface models of the coronal magnetic field. In particular, we consider the large scale coronal field geometry that organizes the open field region locations and sizes, and the appearance of the helmet streamer structure that is another determiner of solar wind properties. The recent cycle minimum had an extraordinarily long entry phase (the decline of Cycle 23) that made it difficult to identify when the actual miminum arrived. In particular, the late 23rd cycle was characterized by diminishing photospheric fields and complex coronal structures that took several extra years to simplify to its traditional dipolar solar minimum state. The nearly dipolar phase, when it arrived, had a duration somewhat shorter than those of the previous cycles. The fact that the corona maintained an appearance more like a solar maximum corona through most of the quiet transitional phase between Cycles 23 and 24 gave the impression of a much more complicated solar minimum solar wind structure in spite of the weaknesses of the mass flux and interplanetary field. The extent to which the Cycle 23-24 transition will affect Cycle 24, and/or represents what happens during weak cycles in general, remains to be seen.
The floor in the solar wind: status report
Authors: Cliver E. W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCliver & Ling (2010) recently suggested that the solar wind had a floor or ground-state magnetic field strength at Earth of ~2.8 nT and that the source of the field was the slow solar wind. This picture has recently been given impetus by the evidence presented by Schrijver et al. (2011) that the Sun has a minimal magnetic state that was approached globally in 2009, a year in which Earth was imbedded in slow solar wind ~70% of the time. A precursor relation between the solar dipole field strength at solar minimum and the peak sunspot number (SSNMAX) of the subsequent 11-yr cycle suggests that during Maunder-type minima (when SSNMAX was ~0), the solar polar field strength approaches zero - indicating weak or absent polar coronal holes and an increase to nearly ~100% in the time that Earth spends in slow solar wind.
Extremely low geomagnetic activity during the recent deep solar cycle minimum
Authors: Echer E. , Tsurutani B. T. , Gonzalez W. D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe recent solar minimum (2008-2009) was extreme in several aspects: the sunspot number, Rz, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) magnitude Bo and solar wind speed Vsw were the lowest during the space era. Furthermore, the variance of the IMF southward Bz component was low. As a consequence of these exceedingly low solar wind parameters, there was a minimum in the energy transfer from solar wind to the magnetosphere, and the geomagnetic activity ap index reached extremely low levels. The minimum in geomagnetic activity was delayed in relation to sunspot cycle minimum. We compare the solar wind and geomagnetic activity observed in this recent minimum with previous solar cycle values during the space era (1964-2010). Moreover, the geomagnetic activity conditions during the current minimum are compared with long term variability during the period of available geomagnetic observations. The extremely low geomagnetic activity observed in this solar minimum was previously recorded only at the end of XIX century and at the beginning of the XX century, and this might be related to the Gleissberg (80-100 years) solar cycle.
A new imminent grand minimum?
Authors: Cionco Rodolfo G. , Compagnucci Rosa H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe planetary hypothesis of solar cycle is an old idea by which the planetary gravity acting on the Sun might have a non-negligible effect on the solar magnetic cycle. The advance of this hypothesis is based on phenomenological correlations between dynamical parameters of the Sun's movement around the barycenter of the Solar System and sunspots time series. In addition, several authors have proposed, using different methodologies that the first Grand Minima (GM) event of the new millennium is coming or has already begun. We present new fully three dimensional N-body simulations of the solar inertial motion (SIM) around the barycentre of the solar system in order to perform a phenomenological comparison between relevant SIM dynamical parameters and the occurrences of the last GM events (i.e., Maunder and Dalton). Our fundamental result is that the Sun acceleration decomposed in a co-orbital reference system shows a very particular behaviour that is common to Maunder minimum, Dalton minimum and the maximum of cycle 22 (around 1990), before the present prolonged minimum. We discuss our results in terms of a dynamical characterization of GM with relation to Sun dynamics and possible implications for a new GM event.
Long term relation between solar activity and surface temperature at different geographical regions
Authors: Souza-Echer M. P. , Gonzalez W. D. , Echer E. , Nordemann D. J. R. , Rigozo N. R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGlobal suface temperature has showed a rise trend in the last 150 years. This has been mainly attributed to the anthropogenic induced grenhouse gases emissions. However, the role of natural processes is not completely understood and should not be underestimated. In this work, we compare the long term variability of solar activity (as quantified by the sunspot number) with several surface temperature series from different geographical regions (global, hemispheric and latitudinal ranges). The interval of analysis is 1880-2005. The data are analyzed with wavelet multiresolution technique. It has been found that the solar activity long term trend has a maximum around 1970, while air surface temperature series showed maximum (still rising) at 2005. There are differences in the long term trend for Northern and Southern hemispheres. These differences and the relation with solar activity are discussed in this work.
Magneto-seismology of solar atmospheric loops by means of longitudinal oscillations
Authors: Luna-Cardozo M. , Verth G. , Erdélyi R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThere is increasingly strong observational evidence that slow magnetoacoustic modes arise in the solar atmosphere. Solar magneto-seismology is a novel tool to derive otherwise directly un-measurable properties of the solar atmosphere when magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave theory is compared to wave observations. Here, MHD wave theory is further developed illustrating how information about the magnetic and density structure along coronal loops can be determined by measuring the frequencies of the slow MHD oscillations. The application to observations of slow magnetoacoustic waves in coronal loops is discussed.
The LAGO (Large Aperture GRB Observatory) in Peru
Authors: Tueros-Cuadros E. , Otiniano L. , Chirinos J. , Soncco C. , Guevara-Day W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe Large Aperture GRBs Observatory is a continental-wide observatory devised to detect high energy (around 100 GeV) component of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs), by using the single particle technique in arrays of Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs) at high mountain sites of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Venezuela and Peru. Details of the instalation and operation of the detectors in Marcapomacocha in Peru at 4550 m.a.s.l. are given. The detector calibration method will also be shown.
REWARD VERSUS RISK IN UNCERTAIN INFERENCE: THEOREMS AND SIMULATIONS
Authors: SCHURZ GERHARD , THORN PAUL D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSystems oflogico-probabilistic(LP) reasoning characterize inference from conditional assertions that express high conditional probabilities. In this paper we investigate four prominent LP systems, the systemsO, P,Z, andQC. These systems differ in the number of inferences they licence (O⊂ P ⊂Z⊂QC). LP systems that license more inferences enjoy the possiblerewardof deriving more true and informative conclusions, but with this possible reward comes theriskof drawing more false or uninformative conclusions. In the first part of the paper, we present the four systems and extend each of them by theorems that allow one to compute almost-tight lower-probability-bounds for the conclusion of an inference, given lower-probability-bounds for its premises. In the second part of the paper, we investigate by means of computer simulations which of the four systems provides the best balance ofrewardversusrisk. Our results suggest that systemZoffers the best balance.
Skill tests of three‐dimensional tidal currents in a global ocean model: A look at the North Atlantic
Authors: Timko Patrick G. , Arbic Brian K. , Richman James G. , Scott Robert B. , Metzger E. Joseph , Wallcraft Alan J. 
Published: July 2012

We present and apply several skill tests to assess tidal currents generated within a global ocean model compared to an archive of current meter records spanning 40 years. Within the North Atlantic we have identified over 1800 velocity records available for comparison to model output. The skill tests identify those regions where tidal ellipse parameters (semi‐major/minor axis, inclination and Greenwich phase) fall within 95% confidence intervals derived from observations. Additional skill tests examine the vertical and horizontal structure of the tidal currents using the correlation and root mean square error between the observations and model. The skill tests account for grid misrepresentation within the model by comparing model values in a local 9‐point neighborhood. Both the three‐dimensional structure of model tidal currents and barotropic model tidal currents are compared to the altimetry based barotropic model TPXO 7.2. Our results indicate that the non‐data assimilative ocean model performance is comparable to TPXO 7.2. The semi‐major axes of the semi‐diurnal constituents lie within the 95% confidence intervals between 40% and 60% of the time in some regions of the North Atlantic. The performance degrades when all tidal ellipse parameters are considered. Root mean square errors between the model and observations distributed through the water column are generally less than 1 cm s−1 representing an error of less than ∼10% for constituent M2. The model tides also exhibit high correlation with observations in the horizontal planes. The skill tests could be adapted to other sets of observations and other models.
Field information links permafrost carbon to physical vulnerabilities of thawing
Authors: Harden Jennifer W. , Koven Charles D. , Ping Chien‐Lu , Hugelius Gustaf , David McGuire A. , Camill Phillip , Jorgenson Torre , Kuhry Peter , Michaelson Gary J. , O'Donnell Jonathan A. , Schuur Edward A. G. , Tarnocai Charles , Johnson Kristopher , Grosse Guido 
Published: July 2012

Deep soil profiles containing permafrost (Gelisols) were characterized for organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) stocks to 3 m depths. Using the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) we calculate cumulative distributions of active layer thickness (ALT) under current and future climates. The difference in cumulative ALT distributions over time was multiplied by C and N contents of soil horizons in Gelisol suborders to calculate newly thawed C and N. Thawing ranged from 147 PgC with 10 PgN by 2050 (representative concentration pathway RCP scenario 4.5) to 436 PgC with 29 PgN by 2100 (RCP 8.5). Organic horizons that thaw are vulnerable to combustion, and all horizon types are vulnerable to shifts in hydrology and decomposition. The rates and extent of such losses are unknown and can be further constrained by linking field and modelling approaches. These changes have the potential for strong additional loading to our atmosphere, water resources, and ecosystems.
Minimum distribution of subsea ice‐bearing permafrost on the U.S. Beaufort Sea continental shelf
Authors: Brothers Laura L. , Hart Patrick E. , Ruppel Carolyn D. 
Published: July 2012

Starting in Late Pleistocene time (∼19 ka), sea level rise inundated coastal zones worldwide. On some parts of the present‐day circum‐Arctic continental shelf, this led to flooding and thawing of formerly subaerial permafrost and probable dissociation of associated gas hydrates. Relict permafrost has never been systematically mapped along the 700‐km‐long U.S. Beaufort Sea continental shelf and is often assumed to extend to ∼120 m water depth, the approximate amount of sea level rise since the Late Pleistocene. Here, 5,000 km of multichannel seismic (MCS) data acquired between 1977 and 1992 were examined for high‐velocity (>2.3 km s−1) refractions consistent with ice‐bearing, coarse‐grained sediments. Permafrost refractions were identified along <5% of the tracklines at depths of ∼5 to 470 m below the seafloor. The resulting map reveals the minimum extent of subsea ice‐bearing permafrost, which does not extend seaward of 30 km offshore or beyond the 20 m isobath.
Modelling enemy release during range expansion of
Ilex aquifolium
with a two-component GLMM.
Authors: Thiele J. , Markussen B. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
In this worked example, we present a two-component generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) modelling a counting response with exceedingly many zeros. The emphasis will be on model construction and validation. To our knowledge only ADMB (if the likelihood functions are coded directly) and the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS allows for a flexible modelling of two-component GLMMs, so the statistical analysis will be done in SAS V9.2. However, the analysis did not proceed as smoothly as we hoped, and we comment on some of the problems we encountered. This forms Supplement C to Thiele J, Markussen B. Potential of GLMM in modelling invasive spread.
Laser-assisted water condensation in the atmosphere: a step towards modulating precipitation?
Authors: Kasparian J , Rohwetter P , Wöste L , Wolf J-P 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We review the recent results about laser-induced condensation based on self-guided filaments generated by ultrashort laser pulses. After recalling the physico-chemistry of cloud particle formation in the atmosphere and the physics of laser filamentation, we discuss experimental results on laser-induced condensation and its relevance for modulating precipitation.
Control-oriented modelling for neoclassical tearing mode stabilization via minimum-seeking techniques
Authors: Wehner W. , Schuster E. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Suppression of magnetic islands driven by the neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) is necessary for efficient and sustained operation of tokamak fusion reactors. Compensating for the lack of bootstrap current, due to the pressure profile flattening in the magnetic island, by a localized electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) has been proved experimentally as an effective method to stabilize NTMs. The effectiveness of this method is limited in practice by the uncertainties in the width of the island, the relative position between the island and the beam, and the ECCD power threshold for NTM stabilization. Heuristic search and suppress algorithms have been proposed and shown effective in improving the alignment of the ECCD beam with the island, using only an estimate of the island width. Making use of this estimate, real-time, non-model-based, extremum-seeking optimization algorithms have also been proposed not only for beam steering but also for power modulation in order to minimize the island-beam misalignment and the time required for NTM stabilization. A control-oriented dynamic model for the effect of ECCD on the magnetic island is proposed in this work to enable both control design and performance analysis of these minimum-seeking type of controllers. The model expands previous work by including the impact of beam modulation parameters such as the island-beam phase mismatch and the beam duty-cycle on the island width dynamics.
Control of neoclassical tearing modes
Authors: Maraschek M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Neoclassically driven tearing modes (NTMs) are a major problem for tokamaks operating in a conventional ELMy H-mode scenario. Depending on the mode numbers these pressure-driven perturbations cause a mild reduction in the maximum achievable β
N = β
t/(I
p/a
B
t) before the onset of the NTM, or can even lead to disruptions at a low edge safety factor, q
95. A control of these types of modes in high β
N plasmas is therefore of vital interest for magnetically confined fusion plasmas. The control consists of two major approaches, namely the control of the excitation of these modes and the removal, or at least mitigation, of these modes, once an excitation could not be avoided. For both routes examples will be given and the applicability of these approaches to ITER will be discussed.
Studies on neutral beam ion confinement and excitation of beta-induced Alfvén acoustic eigenmodes in the HL-2A tokamak
Authors: Yi Liu , Mitsutaka Isobe , Xiao-Dong Peng , Hao Wang , Xiao-Quan Ji , Wei Chen , Yi-Po Zhang , Yun-Bo Dong , Shigeru Morita , Kazuo Toi , Xu-Ru Duan 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Experiments with high-energy deuterium neutral beam (NB) injection were performed on the HL-2A tokamak. To obtain information on NB deposition and the slowing down of beam ions in HL-2A plasmas, very short-pulse deuterium NB injection, or the so-called ‘blip’ injection, was applied to MHD-quiescent ohmic deuterium plasmas. Analysis of neutron decay following the NB ‘blip’ injection indicates that tangentially injected beam ions are well confined, slowing down classically in the HL-2A tokamak. In contrast to the MHD-quiescent plasma, anomalous losses of beam ions were observed when a core-localized mode with a frequency up-chirping from 15 to 40 kHz appeared in the plasma. The core-localized mode was identified as a beta-induced Alfvén acoustic (BAAE) mode by its frequency sweeping behaviour and numerical calculation. Such a high energetic particle driven mode led to fast-ion loss, showing the strong influence of the core-localized fast-ion-driven BAAE mode on the fast-ion transport. Furthermore, a clear frequency splitting was first observed on the Alfvén-acoustic-type mode, and is found to be strongly linked to the effect of resonant wave–particle interaction, providing further insights into how frequency splitting structures are generated in the plasma.