bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Apoplexy (Stroke) Treated With or Without Prolonged Artificial Hyperventilation: 1. Cerebral Circulation, Clinical Course, and Cause of Death
Authors: CHRISTENSEN M. STIG , PAULSON OLAF B. , OLESEN JES , ALEXANDER S. CRAIGHEAD , SKINHØJ ERIK , DAM WILLY H. , LASSEN NEILS A. 
Published: June 2011

Fifty patients with severe cerebral apoplexy were treated with artificial hyperventilation of three days' duration facilitated by general anesthesia (barbiturates and muscle relaxants) and instituted within the first day after onset of the attack. After a classification according to carotid angiographical findings, degree of consciousness and focal symptoms, a random allocation was performed so that 24 patients were subjected to moderate hypocapnia (Pa

CO

CO
2

about 25 mm Hg) and 26 patients to normocapnia (Pa

CO

CO
2

about 40 mm Hg). Afterward, 21 comparable patients not receiving ventilatory treatment were studied. The clinical course and the mortality rate showed no statistically significant differences between the three groups. All patients studied disclosed a longstanding (12 days) spontaneous hyperventilation.

The ventilation treatment was followed by a low cerebral perfusion pressure and a high rate of pulmonary complications. Autopsies from all groups studied typically showed tentorial herniation and pathological lung changes.
In 32 of the patients without occlusion of the carotid artery the regional cerebral blood flow was measured before hyperventilation treatment was applied. A low mean flow and focal abnormalities (ischemia, hyperemia, vasoparalysis) typically were found and in good correlation to the autopsy findings. In six of 13 patients tested an "inverse steal syndrome" following aminophylline was disclosed.
Hypertension and Diabetes as Risk Factors in Stroke Patients
Authors: LAVY SYLVAN , MELAMED ELDAD , CAHANE ESTHER , CARMON AMIRAM 
Published: June 2011

The occurrence of hypertension and diabetes in stroke patients was evaluated in a retrospective epidemiological study in the Jerusalem district. During the years 1960 through 1967, 1,522 new stroke cases (834 males and 688 females) were diagnosed and included in the study. Cerebral ischemia was diagnosed in 509 patients (33%), 181 patients (12%) had an intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage and 832 patients (55%) had a stroke of undetermined type. For the total stroke series, 42% had hypertension. Almost the same percentage was found for males (41%) and females (43%). There was almost no sex predominance in the hypertensive stroke cases in the different age groups and for the various types of stroke. The frequency of hypertension among the stroke cases was low in the 40 to 49 age group, higher in the 50 to 59 age group, maximal in the 60 to 69 age group, and declining in the above 70 age group. The percentage of hypertensives was about the same for the ischemic and the undetermined types of stroke and for the total stroke series in the different age groups. It was found to be slightly higher in the hemorrhage type. The prevalence of hypertension among the male stroke cases was compared with the prevalence of hypertension in the general male population aged 40 and above (9.6%).
For the total stroke series, 20% had diabetes. The same percentage was found for males (19%) and females (20%). There was almost no sex predominance in the diabetic stroke cases in the different age groups and for the various types of stroke. There was no significant change in the distribution of diabetes in the various age groups and the different stroke types. The prevalence of diabetes among the male stroke cases was compared with its prevalence in the general male population aged 40 and above (5%).
Our study shows that hypertension and diabetes play an important role as risk factors in the development of cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage alike.
Report of Joint Committee for Stroke Facilities-- IX. Strokes in Children (Part 1)
Authors: GOLD ARNOLD P. , CHALLENOR YASOMA B. , GILLES FLOYD H. , HILAL SADEK P. , LEVITON ALAN , ROLLINS ELLEN I. , SOLOMON GAIL E. , STEIN BENNETT M. 
Published: June 2011

The study group assigned the task of reviewing what is known about strokes in children has performed an outstanding service in bringing to the attention of readers of Guidelines for Stroke Care an important but little-publicized subject. They have given an analysis in depth, covering epidemiology, neuropathology, diagnosis and medical treatment, neurosurgical management, neuroradiology, rehabilitation, and psychological and educational problems. Strokes occur in children much less frequently than in the adult population. Nevertheless their significance should not be underestimated or underemphasized, for they have unusual features because their impact affects the developing nervous system.
The Strokes in Children section of the Report of the Joint Committee for Stroke Facilities is being published in two parts of which this is the first; the second part will appear in the November-December issue of this Journal.
Ulcerated Atheromatous Plaques of the Carotid Artery Bifurcation
Authors: GOMENSORO J. B. , MASLENIKOV V. , DE BONI J. A. , DE PEREZ G. LAGUARDIA , PURRIEL J. , MEDOC J. , BARRIOS R. RODRIGUEZ , ABO J. C. , TENYI A. , AZAMBUJA N. 
Published: June 2011

The clinical diagnosis of an ulcerated plaque at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery is based on: mid-carotid bruit, cholesterol or platelet emboli in the retina, transient ischemic attacks particularly with amaurosis fugax, and a reversible neurological deficit.
In this series, thrombosis in situ was the final phenomenon in the natural history of the ulcerated plaque.
In certain unusual instances it appears that the pathogenesis of a transient ischemic attack is a decrease in cardiac output (fall in systemic blood pressure) leading to a disproportionate decrease in cerebral blood flow in that portion of the arterial system distal to a pathologically narrowed artery.
The ultimate diagnosis of an ulcerated plaque depends upon the radiological description at arteriography and upon direct visualization by the surgeon.
Surgical treatment at the present time is the therapy of choice.
Ulcerated carotid plaques may be bilateral, and, occasionally, are found at other levels than the bifurcation of the common carotid; however, ulcerated plaques were not seen in the intracranial vessels.
The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Antihypertensive Agents. Implications for Stroke Prevention
Authors: FREIS EDWARD D. 
Published: June 2011

Hypertension and atherosclerosis are the leading causes of stroke. The risk of stroke is directly related to the height of the blood pressure.
The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study included 523 male patients. If the results of two subgroups (115 to 129 mm Hg and 90 to 114 mm Hg initial diastolic) are combined, the total incidence of stroke was 25 in the control group and six in the treated group.
In addition to widespread lack of awareness of the medical profession of the benefits of treatment, there also is a failure of detection of hypertension in large segments of our population. There is need for greater professional as well as public education concerning hypertension.
Myocardial Damage and Cardiac Arrhythmias After Intracranial Hemorrhage. A Critical Review
Authors: WEIDLER D. J. 
Published: June 2011

Evidence is presented which supports the theory that intracranial hemorrhage may secondarily cause myocardial damage and cardiac arrhythmias.
Fatal intracranial hemorrhage occasionally is accompanied by ECG changes which are consistent with myocardial infarction; histological examination of the heart revealed a variable amount of myocardial damage. After intracranial hemorrhage in animals, myocardial damage was frequent. Similar myocardial damage was produced in animals by intravenous infusion of norepinephrine or acetylcholine and by electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglia, vagus nerve or mesencephalic reticular formation.
Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and various degrees of A-V block were reported in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Similar cardiac arrhythmias were found in animals after intracranial hemorrhage, and with electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve, stellate ganglia or CNS centers. Available data suggest that increased or altered autonomic activity may be the mechanism whereby intracranial hemorrhage produces myocardial damage and cardiac arrhythmias.
The efficacy of autonomic blockade in preventing myocardial damage, which was secondary to experimental intracranial hemorrhage in animals, was demonstrated. It is suggested that the initiation of therapy with autonomic blocking drugs, as soon as possible after the onset of intracranial hemorrhage in patients, may be useful in preventing myocardial damage and cardiac arrhythmias.
Carotid Compression Tonography
Authors: COHEN DAVID N. , WANGELIN RICHARD , TROTTA CARLOS , BEVEN EDWIN G. , HUMPHRIES ALFRED W. , YOUNG JESS R. 
Published: June 2011

One hundred twenty-two patients had carotid compression tonography (CCT) followed by bilateral carotid arteriography. In the group (82 patients) which was felt to have significant occlusive disease of the internal carotid at the level of the carotid bifurcation (>50% stenosis), the CCT showed a 92% correlation with arteriography. Of the group (48 patients) that underwent endarterectomy, there was a 94% correlation with CCT testing. In 40 patients, with normal arteriograms or with less than 50% stenotic lesions on arteriography, there was a large number (25%) of patients with a CCT test which appeared to indicate decreased flow. Various reasons for this are discussed.
The high correlation of the CCT test and carotid arteriography in the patients with surgically amenable lesions would suggest that the CCT test is a good noninvasive screening technique for the detection of significant occlusive disease of the extracranial carotid vascular system.
Kinks, Coils, and Carotids: A Review
Authors: DESAI BINDU , TOOLE JAMES F. 
Published: June 2011

Kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery (ICA) sometimes may result in symptomatic cerebrovascular disease, but indisputable evidence linking the two conditions is lacking. However, there is enough evidence to warrant careful consideration of surgical correction in patients who have features of the carotid artery syndrome and kinking of the ICA as shown on angiography. Kinking or buckling of the artery is due to atherosclerosis and is to be distinguished from coiling, which is ascribed to embryological causes.
Definite recommendations regarding the advisability of surgery for infants who are discovered to have coils cannot be made, but coiling is generally asymptomatic. Adults with kinks in their carotid arteries who have recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) benefit most from surgical correction, particularly if symptoms are aggravated on head rotation, which may cause the kink to obstruct.
Prediction of Early Stroke Risk in Transient Symptoms With Infarction
Authors: Arsava E. Murat , Furie Karen L. , Schwamm Lee H. , Sorensen A. Gregory , Ay Hakan 
Published: June 2011

Background and Purpose—

The risk of stroke shortly after transient ischemic attack with infarction on diffusion-weighted images, also known as transient symptoms with infarction (TSI), is substantially higher than is the risk after imaging-normal transient ischemic attack. We sought to assess the utility of a Web-based recurrence risk estimator (RRE;
http://www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/RRE/
) originally developed for use in patients with ischemic stroke for predicting 7-day risk of stroke in patients with TSI.

Methods—

We calculated RRE and ABCD
2
scores in a retrospective series of 257 consecutive patients with TSI diagnosed by diffusion-weighted images within 24 hours of symptom onset. We defined subsequent stroke as clinical deterioration associated with new infarction spatially distinct from the index lesion. We assessed the predictive performance of each model by computing the area under receiver-operating characteristics curve.

Results—

Over 7-day follow-up, 16 patients developed a recurrent stroke (6.2%). The sensitivity and specificity of an RRE score of ≥2 for predicting 7-day stroke risk were 87% and 73%, respectively. The area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78–0.92) for RRE and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.45–0.69) for ABCD
2
score (z-test;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
The RRE score seems to predict 7-day risk of stroke after a TSI. If further validated in larger data sets, the RRE score could be useful in identifying high-risk patients with TSI who may benefit from early intervention with targeted stroke prevention strategies.
Local Brain Temperature Reduction Through Intranasal Cooling With the RhinoChill Device
Authors: Abou-Chebl Alex , Sung Gene , Barbut Denise , Torbey Michel 
Published: June 2011

Background and Purpose—
Hypothermia is neuroprotectant but currently available cooling methods are laborious, invasive, and require whole-body cooling. There is a need for less invasive cooling of the brain. This study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of temperature reduction of the RhinoChill transnasal cooling device.

Methods—
We conducted a prospective single-arm safety and feasibility study of intubated patients for whom temperature reduction was indicated. After rhinoscopy, the device was activated for 1 hour. Brain, tympanic, and core temperatures along with vital signs and laboratory studies were recorded. All general and device-related adverse events were collected for the entire hypothermia treatment.

Results—

A total of 15 patients (mean age, 50.3±17.1 years) were enrolled. Brain injury was caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, trauma, and ischemic stroke in equal numbers. Hypothermia was induced for fever control in 9 patients and for neuroprotection/intracranial pressure control in 6. Core temperature, brain temperature, and tympanic temperature were reduced an average of 1.1±0.6°C (range, 0.3 to 2.1°C), 1.4±0.4°C (range, 0.8 to 5.1°C), and 2.2±2°C (range, 0.5 to 6.5°C), respectively. Only 2 patients did not achieve the goal of ≥1°C decrease in temperature. Brain temperature
,
tympanic temperature
,
and core temperature reductions were similar between the afebrile and febrile patients. There were no unanticipated adverse events and only 1 anticipated adverse event: hypertension in 1 subject that led to discontinuation of cooling after 30 minutes. There were no nasal complications.

Conclusions—
Intranasal cooling with the RhinoChill device appears safe and effectively lowers brain and core temperatures. Further study is warranted to assess the efficacy of hypothermia through intranasal cooling for brain-injured patients.
Rotating Stratified Barotropic Flow over Topography: Mechanisms of the Cold Belt Formation off the Soya Warm Current along the Northeastern Coast of Hokkaido
Authors: Mitsudera Humio , Uchimoto Keisuke , Nakamura Tomohiro 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The Soya “Warm Current” (SWC) flows through a shallow strait between the Japan Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. The SWC has a jet structure downstream of the strait along the northern coast of Hokkaido with a maximum speed exceeding 1 m s−1 at its axis in summer and fall. A surface cold belt with a subsurface doming structure forms offshore of the SWC axis. Mechanisms of the cold belt formation are discussed from a point of view of resonant interaction between a barotropic stratified flow and a shallow sill and subsequent baroclinic adjustment along the SWC. When a stratified current rides a slope upstream, the thermocline displaces upward greatly and outcrops owing to resonant generation of internal Kelvin waves if the upper layer is thinner than the lower layer. The control section, where a Froude number is unity, occurs “upstream” from the sill crest when the ambient inflow has a barotropic flow component. These upwelling features closely resemble those along the southwestern coast of Sakhalin Island. The SWC then flips from an upwelling-type to a downwelling-type structure; in doing so, it transits from the west coast of Sakhalin to the east coast of Hokkaido. It is this transition that leads to the offshore doming structure, which propagates downstream as a vorticity wave, manifesting the cold belt at the surface.
Effect of walking patterns on the elastohydrodynamic lubrication of metal-on-metal total hip replacements
Authors: Gao L , Fisher J , Jin Z 
Published: June 2011

The profiles of forces and kinematics can significantly affect the results of both hip simulators and computer simulations of hip implants, in terms of lubrication and wear. Most of the related studies have employed the simplified load and motion profiles to simulate walking. The purpose of this study is to investigate the lubrication of a typical metal-on-metal (MOM) total hip implant, under different loading and motions of walking; which included three patterns for hip simulators (Leeds Mk I, Leeds ProSim, and the ISO standard) and a combined walking-stopping-start-up-walking pattern. A general ball-in-socket lubrication model was solved and full numerical solutions of the elastohydrodynamic lubrication were presented. The multi-grid method was adopted to solve the Reynolds equation. A combined multi-level multi-integration and fast Fourier transform technique was used to obtain the elastic deformation of bearing surfaces. Complex three-dimensional loading and motion were found to result in large variations of the film thickness during one walking cycle, particularly for the physiological case considered in the Leeds Mk I simulator. Under such a physiological pattern, the squeeze film effect was generally greater than the other two hip simulator patterns, particularly during the swing phase, resulting in larger film thickness. The squeeze film effect was encouraged by the translation of the lubricating contact area in the entrainment direction. Small variations in the film thickness and friction torque were observed between the Leeds ProSim and ISO patterns. Intermittent breaks during steady walking were unlikely to cause complete depletion of lubrication in the MOM hip implants. At 5 s after stopping, the lubrication regime was shifted from full film lubrication to mixed lubrication. A lubricant pocket was developed quickly and the film profile finally achieved an equilibrium condition.
Association of transforming growth factor-β1 gene C-509T and T869C polymorphisms with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction in the Chinese: a case-control study
Authors: Peng Zhongxing , Zhan Lixuan , Chen Shengqiang , Xu En 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in inflammation and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. There is scant information on the relation between variations within the TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risks of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, this case-controlled study was carried out to investigate the possible association of the TGF-β1 gene C-509T and T869C polymorphisms, and their combined genotypes with the risk of atherosclerotic cerebral infarction (CI) in the Chinese population.

Results
We recruited 164 CI patients and 167 healthy control subjects who were frequency-matched for age and gender. The frequencies of the -509TT genotype and T allele gene were significantly higher in the CI group (P = 0.007, P = 0.006). The frequencies of +869CC genotype and C allele were higher in the CI group (P = 0.002, P = 0.004). In the CI group, the individuals with -509TT genotype had a significantly higher level of plasma triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.017). +869CC genotype correlated significantly with higher level of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in the CI group (P = 0.015). With haplotype analysis, the frequency of the -509T/+869C combined genotype was significantly higher in the CI group than in controls (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Our study suggests that C-509T and T869C gene polymorphisms in TGF-β1 may be a critical risk factor of genetic susceptibility to CI in the Chinese population.
Spontaneous confocal Raman microscopy--a tool to study the uptake of nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes into cells
Authors: Romero Gabriela , Rojas Elena , Estrela-Lopis Irina , Donath Edwin , Moya Sergio Enrique 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Confocal Raman microscopy as a label-free technique was applied to study the uptake and internalization of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into hepatocarcinoma human HepG2 cells. Spontaneous confocal Raman spectra was recorded from the cells exposed to oxidized CNTs and to PLGA NPs. The Raman spectra showed bands arising from the cellular environment: lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, as well as bands characteristic for either PLGA NPs or CNTs. The simultaneous generation of Raman bands from the cell and nanomaterials from the same spot proves internalization, and also indicates the cellular region, where the nanomaterial is located. For PLGA NPs, it was found that they preferentially co-localized with lipid bodies, while the oxidized CNTs are located in the cytoplasm.
Local existence and uniqueness of solutions of a degenerate parabolic system
Authors: Zhang Dazhi , Sun Jiebao , Wu Boying 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This article deals with a degenerate parabolic system coupled with general nonlinear terms. Using the method of regularization and monotone iteration technique, we obtain the local existence of solutions to the Dirichlet initial boundary value problem. We also establish the uniqueness of the solution if the reaction terms satisfy the Lipschitz condition.
T cell Activation does not drive CD4 decline in longitudinally followed HIV-infected Elite Controllers
Authors: Kamya Philomena , Tsoukas Christos M , Boulet Salix , Routy Jean-Pierre , Thomas Réjean , Côté Pierre , Boulassel Mohamed-Rachid , Lessard Bernard , Kaul Rupert , Ostrowski Mario , Kovacs Colin , Tremblay Cecile L , Bernard Nicole F 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
Elite controllers (EC) are a rare subset of HIV infected individuals who control viral load below 50 copies/ml of plasma without treatment.

Methods
Thirty four EC were studied. The slope of CD4 count change was available for 25 of these subjects. We assessed immune activation by measuring the percent of CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells in the EC group and comparing it with that in 24 treatment-naïve HIV disease progressors and 13 HIV uninfected healthy controls.

Results
Compared to HIV uninfected subjects, EC had higher percentages of CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells (p < 0.001) that was lower than that observed in progressors (p < 0.01). Fifteen of 25 EC had a slope of CD4 count change that was not significantly different from 0 while 3 had a positive and 7 a negative CD4 count slope. Immune activation did not distinguish EC subsets with stable/increasing versus declining CD4 counts.

Conclusions
Elevated immune activation in ECs is not associated with a faster rate of CD4 decline