bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and the design and dosimetry of a high-intensity, 24 keV, neutron beam for BNCT research
Authors: Perks C. A. , Mill A. J. , Constantine G. , Harrison K. G. , Gibson J. A. B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper reviews the development of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and describes the design and dosimetry of an intermediate energy neutron beam, developed at the Harwell Laboratory, principally for BNCT research. Boron neutron capture therapy is a technique for the treatment of gliomas (a fatal form of brain tumour). The technique involves preferentially attaching 10B atoms to tumour cells and irradiating them with thermal neutrons. The thermal neutron capture products of 10B are short range and highly damaging, so they kill the tumour cells, but healthy tissue is relatively undamaged. Early trials required extensive neurosurgery to expose the tumour to the thermal neutrons used and were unsuccessful. It is thought that intermediate-energy neutrons will overcome many of the problems encountered in the early trials, because they have greater penetration prior to thermalization, so that surgery will not be required. An intermediate-energy neutron beam has been developed at the Harwell Laboratory for research into BNCT. Neutrons from the core of a high-flux nuclear reactor are filtered with a combination of iron, aluminium and sulphur. Dosimetry measurements have been made to determine the neutron and gamma-ray characteristics of this beam, and to monitor them throughout the four cycles used for BNCT research. The beam is of high intensity (∼2×l07 neutrons cm−2s−1, equivalent to a neutron kerma rate in water of 205mGyh−1) and nearly monoenergetic (93% of the neutrons have energies ∼24keV, corresponding to 79% of the neutron kerma rate).
High-resolution computed tomography in pulmonary cystic fibrosis
Authors: Hansell David M. , Strickland Basil 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Twenty-one patients with established cystic fibrosis were examined using high-resolution, narrow-section computed tomography. The bronchiectasis of cystic fibrosis is described and is shown to be characteristic in many respects. Computed tomography was found to be more accurate than standard radiography in locating the disease process and demonstrated pleural involvement which was not apparent on chest radiographs.
Evaluation of response following irradiation of juvenile angiofibromas
Authors: Robinson Anne C. R. , Khoury G. G. , Ash D. V. , Daly B. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTen cases of angiofibroma treated by irradiation are reported. Relief of symptoms occurred by the end of treatment in eight patients. Objective regression was much slower, six having visible disease for greater than 6 months and four for at least 1 year. Only one was symptomatic. Radiological resolution lagged behind clinical improvement and was complete in only one of three asymptomatic patients evaluated by computed tomography (CT) at between 2 and 3 years after treatment. The significance of these residual masses seen on CT is unclear.
Phalangeal osteoid osteoma
Authors: Meng Quanfei , Watt lain 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Although the typical features of osteoid osteomas are well known, those arising in phalanges are frequently misdiagnosed. This is partly because of their rarity (9% of osteoid osteomas in the Bristol Bone Tumour Registry occur in phalanges), and also because of atypical radiological features. The most common appearance is of an eccentric lesion with soft-tissue swelling and a relative absence of sclerosis, suggesting osteomyelitis.
The prevalence and characterization of simple hepatic cysts by ultrasound examination
Authors: Gaines P. A. , Sampson M. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
To help assess the significance of liver cysts we have prospectively documented their prevalence and characteristics within a general population being referred for ultrasound. Simple hepatic cysts occur in 2.5% of the population, becoming increasingly common with age. They show a preference for women, the right lobe of the liver and are occasionally multiple. The differential diagnosis is discussed.
Structure–function analysis of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as modifiers of radiation-induced pulmonary endothelial dysfunction in rats
Authors: Ward W. F. , Molteni A. , Kim Y. T. , Ts'ao C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that thiol-containing collagen antagonists (penicillamine) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (Captopril and CL242817) ameliorate endothelial dysfunction in irradiated rat lung. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the non-thiol ACE inhibitor CGS13945 also modifies radiation-induced pulmonary endothelial dysfunction in rats sacrificed 2 months after a single dose (0–30 Gy) of 60Co γ rays to the right hemithorax. The CGS13945 was administered in the feed continuously after irradiation at a regimen of 30 mg (kg body weight)-1 day-1. Four markers of lung endothelial function were monitored: ACE activity, plasminogen activator (PLA) activity, and prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane (TXA2) production. Right lung ACE and PLA activities decreased with increasing radiation dose, and CGS 13945 significantly ameliorated both responses. Dose-reduction factors (DRF) for the inhibitor were 1.80 for ACE activity and 1.41 for PLA activity (p&lt;0.05). In contrast, lung PGI2 and TXA2 production increased with increasing radiation dose, and CGS 13945 did not influence either response significantly. Thus the ACE inhibitor CGS 13945 modifies radiation-induced pulmonary endothelial dysfunction in rats, indicating that the presence of a thiol group is not essential for therapeutic efficacy in this class of compounds. On the other hand, CGS 13945 exhibits a differential sparing of radiation-induced pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, as does penicillamine. A structure-function analysis of the present and previous data indicates that all of the ACE inhibitors tested (Captopril, CL242817 and CGS 13945) spare the radiation-induced suppression in lung ACE and PLA activity; all of the thiol compounds tested (penicillamine, Captopril and CL242817) spare the radiation-induced elevation in lung PGI2 and TXA2 production; and the thiol ACE inhibitors (Captopril and CL242817) spare all four endothelial responses. These data confirm a novel and potentially important application for ACE inhibitors as modifiers of radiation-induced lung injury, and suggest that there are at least two components to their mechanism of therapeutic action in this model.
Balloon embolization of a congenital arterio-venous fistula between the internal mammary artery and a portal vein radicle
Authors: Cobby Mark J. D. , Culling William , Jordan Stephen C. , Hartnell George G. 
Published: July 2009

Congenital arterio-venous fistulae between a systemic artery and portal vein are extremely rare. There are only two case reports in the English language (Glass et al, 1960; Stanford et al, 1970) of a fistula between an internal mammary artery and the portal venous system. We report a case presenting at an early age, which was successfully treated by balloon embolization.
A full-term, female infant was noted to have a loud, continuous murmur over the left lower sternum when 2 days old. The pregnancy had been uneventful and feeding and growth progressed normally over the next 5 months. There were no episodes of cyanosis or other abnormality. The chest radiograph was normal. A provisional diagnosis of a coronary artery fistula was made.
Echocardiography showed no intracardiac abnormality and no evidence of a coronary artery fistula. At the age of 7 months, the child underwent cardiac catheterization, which showed normal pressures, saturations and anatomy. A dilated and hypertrophied vessel arising from the left subclavian artery in the expected position of the internal mammary artery was observed. This crossed the midline at the level of the diaphragm and became narrowed and kinked, communicating with a large anterior vessel that passed into the liver to supply the portal venous system (Fig. 1). A subsequent aortogram and selective arteriogram demonstrated normal origins and anatomy of the coeliac and superior mesenteric arteries with a patent portal vein.
Magnetic resonance imaging of ruptured aneurysm of the ascending aorta
Authors: Spielmann R. P. , Küng E. E. , Witte G. , Heller M. 
Published: July 2009

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been recognized as an excellent method to assess pathology of the thoracic aorta (Amparo et al, 1985; Geisinger et al, 1985; Glazer et al, 1985; Dinsmore et al, 1986). However, it is generally not feasible in the investigation of acute complications of aortic disease, because the strength of the magnetic field and the restricted access to the patient during the investigation preclude adequate monitoring and therapy in most instances. In this paper, the case of a ruptured aortic aneurysm is presented, which was imaged a few hours after the onset of symptoms. Although the patient was haemodynamically stable at the time of the examination, she died 2h after the procedure, before surgery could be performed. A postmortem examination was obtained, and the findings were compared with the magnetic resonance images.
An 80-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital within 1 h of the onset of severe chest pain. Blood pressure values were in the lower normal range, although there was a long history of arterial hypertension. Myocardial infarction was excluded by electrocardiogram (ECG) and enzyme examination. The physical examination revealed a diastolic heart murmur suggestive of incompetence of the aortic valve. A plain radiograph of the thorax showed abnormal widening of the mediastinum. On subsequent two-dimensional echocardiography, aneurysm of the ascending aorta and some pericardial fluid were recognized.
The quality of high-energy X-ray beams
Authors: LaRiviere Philip D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Supplement 17 of the British Journal of Radiology is a survey of central-axis depth doses for radiotherapy machines, patterned largely on BJR Supplement 11 published some 11 years earlier. Inspection of the high-energy X-ray depth doses for a 10 × 10 cm field at an SSD of 100 cm disclosed large differences between the two sets of data, especially for qualities above 8 MV. For example, a depth dose of 80% at 10 cm is rated at about 19 MV according to BJR Supplement 11, and 23 MV according to BJR Supplement 17. It was found that the Supplement 17 depth-dose data above 8 MV were erratic, but that the Supplement 11 data could be represented by an analytical expression, providing a unique means of assigning MV quality. It was also found that the dose– weighted average energy of the filtered beam plotted smoothly against depth dose. For dosimetric purposes, it is suggested that this parameter be used as a true measure of beam quality, removing the discrepancies introduced by the use of nominal MV for this purpose.
Atypical radiological features of β-glucuronidase deficiency (mucopolysaccharidosis VII) occurring in an elderly patient from an inbred kindred
Authors: Chapman S. , Gray R. G. F. , Constable T. J. , Bundey S. 
Published: July 2009

Sly et al (1973) described the first patient with mucopolysaccharidosis VII and concluded that the condition was autosomal recessive in view of the profound deficiency of β-glucuronidase in the affected patient and intermediate levels in his parents. The classical clinical picture consists of mental retardation, failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, macrocephaly, dysostosis multiplex and inconstant corneal clouding. However, this can vary as shown by the further 20 patients (Bernsen et al, 1987) described since 1973. For example, two patients have died in the neonatal period with hydrops, while three adult patients have been asymptomatic. In addition, one sister, clinically affected like her two siblings, had a level of β-glucuronidase that was in the heterozygote range (Bernsen et al, 1987) so that even the enzyme levels do not correlate with the clinical picture.
This patient, now 37 years old, was born in Pakistan, and came to this country in 1984. Deformed feet were noticed at birth and he did not walk until the age of 7 years. His height was normal as a child, but as he aged, short stature became apparent and the joints of his hands became swollen. He has had two herniorrhaphies; he is not deaf nor has he had attacks of rhinitis.
On examination, he is severely mentally retarded, is very short (height 144 cm) and has a large head (90th centile) and coarse facial features (Fig. la).
Foregut cyst of the mediastinum: fluid re-accumulation after transbronchial needle aspiration
Authors: van Beers Bernard , Trigaux Jean-Paul , Weynants Patrick , Collard Jean-Marie , Melange Michel 
Published: July 2009

Cysts arising from embryonic remnants of the primitive foregut include bronchogenic cyst, oesophageal duplication and neurenteric cyst (Kirwan et al, 1973). The place of computed tomography (CT) and needle biopsy in the diagnosis and the management of foregut cysts of the mediastinum has been demonstrated (Schwartz et al, 1985, 1986; Kuhlman et al, 1988).
We report a case of a foregut cyst diagnosed and treated by these methods, but without long-term symptomatic relief inasmuch as symptoms recurred 3 years later with re-accumulation of fluid.
In 1986, a 27-year-old man complained of vague right thoracic pain. A right mediastinal mass was discovered on chest radiographs (Fig. la, b). A CT scan showed a tubular cystic mass (internal density + 30 HU). This had regular and smooth borders and was located on the right side of the entire thoracic oesophagus (Fig. lc, d). There was no subdiaphragmatic extension and a CT scan of the upper abdomen did not show any abnormality. In particular, no pancreatic lesion was detected. A rigid bronchoscopy was performed and a Storz transbronchial needle was used to puncture the cyst transcarinally. This aspiration biopsy needle has an outer diameter of 1·4 mm. Seventy millilitres of clear, yellow fluid were aspirated and the procedure was well tolerated.
Cultures of the fluid were negative and cytological examination showed no malignant cells. The presumptive diagnosis, based on CT and needle aspiration, was oesophageal duplication cyst.
X-ray dual-photon absorptiometry: a new method for the measurement of bone density
Authors: Cullum I. D. , Ell P. J. , Ryder J. P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A recently introduced method (dual-photon X-ray absorptiometry, DEXA) capable of measuring skeletal density in man (at present in the spine and hips, but ultimately for the whole body) has been evaluated in terms of its ability to perform longterm assessment of bone density changes. The method, which uses X rays rather than γ rays as its photon source, represents a significant improvement over present systems both in image quality and precision (reproducibility) of results, which is better than 1% in vivo. Scannning time is approximately halved compared with present techniques and the radiation dose is reduced by 25%. First data on long-term drift of results and effects of changes in patient composition (i.e. thickness and fat content) are given and show the new method to be superior to present radionuclide systems. It is likely that this new method will become the standard for bone density measurements.
Use of a radon mould technique for skin cancer: results from the Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute (1975–1984)
Authors: Ashby Michael A. , Pacella Juan A. , de Groot Raymond , Ainslie Jill 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
During the period from 1975 to 1984, 642 patients had non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) treated by a radon mould technique following the principles of the Manchester system. The results of 77 out of 642 (12%) with histologically verified lesions are presented. The sites of the lesions were as follows: head and neck 25 (32%), upper limbs 38 (49%), lower limbs 13 (17%) and trunk one case only. The histological diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma 48 (62%), basal cell carcinoma in 22 (29%) and other in seven (9%). There were nine out of 77 (12%) failures, four with persistent disease, which did not clear after initial treatment (and for whom the radon mould was an inappropriate choice of technique), and five (6%) recurrences after clearance of the initial lesion. There was a sharp rise in failures after 1979 when there was a change of radon supplier, but no calibration error was substantiated. It is clearly beneficial for institutions to cross-check the manufacturer's brachytherapy source data. There have been no further recurrences or any symptomatic late morbidity. This is a safe, effective and practical radiotherapeutic technique for superficial lesions (not exceeding a depth of 4 mm) in areas of poor radiation tolerance, and may obviate the need for a prolonged fractionated course of external-beam radiation in selected patients. Alternatives to radon are discussed.
The use of real-time orbital ultrasound in Graves' ophthalmopathy: a comparison with computed tomography
Authors: Given-Wilson Rosalind , Pope Richard M. , Michell Michael J. , Cannon Richard , McGregor Alan M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Evaluation of the severity of orbital involvement and likelihood of the development of optic neuropathy in Graves' disease can be clinically difficult. We describe the use of real-time orbital ultrasound scanning to measure the medial rectus muscle width in 20 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and 21 normal individuals. The normal reference interval (to 2 SDs) was 1.75 to 4.07 mm. Significantly (p&lt; 0.001; Mann Whitney U-test) larger values were observed in the patients compared with controls, and there was good correlation between medial rectus width and a clinical index of disease severity in individual eyes (p&lt; 0.001; Spearman rank correlation coefficient). Comparison of the medial rectus measurements obtained using orbital computed tomography and ultrasound showed positive correlation at the p&lt; 0.001 significance level. Computed tomographic medial rectus measurements also correlated with horizontal and vertical muscle indices for that orbit. We suggest that real-time ultrasound of medial rectus width, using widely available equipment, provides an accurate, simple and non-invasive means of evaluating the orbits of patients with Graves' disease. Repeated measurements may be of value in identifying patients at high risk of visual failure, and in following prospectively the orbital response to therapy in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Dysphagia after fast neutron therapy to the head and neck
Authors: Alexander Mark S. M. , Edelman Gill M. , Man Kate , Randall Christopher J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Nine patients presenting with dysphagia following successful treatment for head and neck cancer with neutron radiotherapy are reviewed. Combined clinical and videofluoroscopic investigation is used to analyse their deficits and provide indications for management. All patients show impairment of both the oral and pharyngeal phases of the swallow, with the exception of one subject who shows signs of focal neurological damage. It is suggested that fibrosis is the underlying cause of dysphagia in the remainder.
Clinical significance of cranial nerve deficit in the therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Chen Ming-Shen , Lin Fang-Jen , Tang Simon G. , Leung Wai-Man , Leung Wan 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The results of radiation treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have recently been improved, but the prognosis remains relatively poor in cases with cranial nerve (CN) involvement. A total of 109 cases with histologically-proven NPC and cranial nerve involvement treated during 1979–1985 were reviewed and analysed. Definitive radiotherapy (RT) was given to patients with a high upper margin of the RT field at 2.5 cm above the base of the skull to a total dose of 70.2 Gy/39 fractions/8 weeks, with two applications of intranasopharyngeal brachytherapy. There were 37 cases (34%) in Group I (upward invasion only) and 72 cases (66%) in Group II (bidirectional invasion). Abducens, trigeminal, occulomotor and facial were the commonly involved nerves. Headache was the major symptom at diagnosis and was present in 82.6% of the patients, significantly higher than in general NPC cases (p&lt; 0.005). Fifty per cent (31/62) achieved complete response to definitive RT, but it did not correlate well with survival rate. The residual neurological deficit of each CN ranged from 31 to 57%. The actuarial 5-year survival rates of Groups I and II were similar in spite of neck lymph node metastasis in Group II (33% (I) compared with 24% (II); p&gt; 0.05). Cases with single CN deficit did not show better results than those with multiple CN involvements. Five-year survivors were seen only in those who received a complete course of definitive RT.
A real headache!
Authors: Jackson J. E. , O'Donnell C. J. 
Published: July 2009

This 31-year-old female patient had recently undergone a uterine myomectomy. Histology of the resected surgical specimen had demonstrated borderline sarcomatous change in a fibroid and, in view of a complaint of headaches, the patient was referred for further radiological investigation to exclude cerebral metastatic desease. There had been no previous history of trauma. Neurological examination was unremarkable. A plain frontal skull radiograph (Fig. 1) and a computed tomogram at the level of the lateral ventricles, following intravenous contrast medium (Fig. 2), are shown. What abnormalities are present and what are the likely causes for these appearances?
The plain frontal skull radiograph (Fig. 1) demonstrates elevation of the right lesser wing of sphenoid. The computed tomogram (Fig. 2) shows a water-density extracerebral mass over the right cerebral convexity and a higher-density extracerebral collection over the left fronto-parietal convexity, which shows enhancement of its wall.
Alterations in body and skin temperatures caused by magnetic resonance imaging: is the recommended exposure for radiofrequency radiation too conservative?
Authors: Shellock Frank G. , Schaefer Daniel J. , Crues John V. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Increases in tissue temperature caused by exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation are a primary safety concern of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Therefore, body and skin temperatures were measured in six subjects before (20 min), during (30min) and after (20 min) MRI procedures performed at specific absorption rates (SARs) six to 10 times higher than the limit recommended by the UK National Radiological Protection Board. Body temperature was unchanged throughout the experiment. Abdominal skin temperature increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) during MRI, decreased significantly post-MRI, but was still significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than baseline. The highest abdominal skin temperature recorded was 36°C. Upper arm, forearm and chest skin temperatures increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) during MRI and remained elevated post-MRI. The highest skin temperatures recorded on the upper arm, forearm and chest were 38.1, 36.0 and 34.5°C, respectively. Thigh and calf skin temperatures were not significantly changed during MRI. These alterations in tissue temperatures were physiologically trivial and easily tolerated by the subjects, suggesting that the recommended exposure to RF radiation during MRI of the body for patients with normal thermoregulatory function may be too conservative.