bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic and Experiential Features in a Case of Cultural Transmission in the House Mouse (Mus musculus)
Authors: Mainardi Danilo , Mainardi Marisa , Pasquali Antonio 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe present study analyses the capacity of house mice (Mus musculus) to solve a problem, consisting in opening a door which must be rotated 50 times in the same direction to allow access to the food reward. This capacity emerged spontaneously in 4.8 % of 500 animals belonging to a random bred Swiss population, tested beforehand. The experiment then investigated the effects of genetic and experiential (social) factors on transmission of this capacity from one individual to another. Five groups of approximately 70 animals each were compared: a) controls; b) animals with no experience of the problem but offspring of parents able to solve the problem spontaneously; c) animals with experience of the problem being offspring of parents able to solve it spontaneously; d) naive offspring of parents incapable of solving the problem spontaneously; e) animals with experience of the problem and offspring of parents incapable of solving it. The results showed considerable effects both of genetic and experiential (social) factors with values ranging from only 3.9 % of successful naive mice among offspring of unsuccessful individuals, up to 32.3 % of successful offspring of successful parents, reared with a mother who solved the problem several times in their presence.
Promiscuous Mating among Blue Monkeys in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya
Authors: Cords Marina , Mitchell Betsy J. , Tsingalia H. M. , Rowell T. E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract13 females and 12 of 19 males present in a group of blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) mated promiscuously during an intense bout of sexual activity. Several aspects of their behavior are considered as mechanisms for determining mating patterns. Estrus synchrony coincided with a multi‐male influx, allowing promiscuity. The length of stay and rank of an incoming male were correlated with his number of copulations in the group, while the original resident and highest ranking male was never seen to mate. Thus, although agonistic behavior, especially among males, affected mating success, it did not guarantee copulations. Adjustments of position relative to other individuals also affected who mated with whom. These and earlier observations suggest that there may be more than one way to be successful in mate competition, and lead us to question whether the kinds of behavior we observed have merely a reproductive function.
Role of Early Experience in Mixed‐colony Odor Recognition in the Ants Manica rubida and Formica selysi
Authors: Errard Christine 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn experimental model of mixed societies of ants was used to test the effect of early conditioning to a mixed colony odor on interspecific recognition after various periods of separation, with Manica rubida (Myrmicinae) and Formica selysi (Formicinae). Recognition was evaluated by recording the behaviour of individuals interacting after they had been grouped in mixed societies. The observed frequency and nature of these interactions depended on the way the societies were made up (whether with the same or different species, and with or without previous exposure to that species). The recognition displayed by the workers was much more altered in interspecific than in intraspecific groupings, which is evidence of the existence of some species recognition. In addition, the adult is capable of recognizing the olfactory characteristics of its group, the group odor would be a mixture of individual odors.
The Biology of a Subtropical Population ofHalictus ligatusSay (Hymenoptera; Halictidae)
Authors: Packer Laurence 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn the subtropical climate of the Florida Keys,Halictus ligatushas a continuously brooded, multivoltine colony cycle. This results in young gynes and workers being active at all times of year, potentially causing problems for males with respect to mate choice. Males responded to females by ignoring them, touching them briefly or by knocking them off of flowers into the surrounding vegetation, where mating takes place. Over half of the females at this locality are mated although males prefer large, young individuals. Multiple mating of females does occur. Males search for females around flowers and, less commonly, near nest sites. Because females of this social insect offer varied returns to male mating effort, it is not surprising that males exhibit mate choice.
Feeding Territoriality in Female Northern Bats, Eptesicus nilssoni
Authors: Rydell Jens 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA nursing colony of 26 Northern bats was studied in South‐Central Sweden. The foraging behaviour is described with emphasis on social interactions on feeding grounds. The bats foraged in small feeding territories used night after night. The reproducing females defended feeding territories against other colony members as well as non‐members by means of aggressive chases and vocalizations. A linear dominance order occurred among the females that regularly visited a feeding site. Intrusions into already occupied feeding sites resulted in territorial conflicts (47 %), passive departure by one or both opponents (43%) or mutual acceptance (11%). Conflicts occurred throughout the summer, but became less frequent in July when insect abundance increased.
Sex Differences in Plasma Steroid Concentrations and Singing Behaviour during Ontogeny in Canaries (Serinus canaria)
Authors: WEICHEL KLAUS , SCHWAGER GABY , HEID PETRA , GÜTTINGER HANS R. , PESCH ANNEGRET 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe relationship between the ontogenetic pattern of sex steroids and the differentiation of sexually dimorphic song in canaries of both sexes was studied. Songs were recorded to assess the temporal course of different developmental stages. Song parameters such as length and frequency of tours were measured. Parallel to behavioural observations, all birds were bled regularly every 20–30 days from the age of 15 days to day 235. The plasma samples were analyzed by RIA to measure testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol‐17β (E2). The following results were obtained: 1) In young male canaries we distinguish three different stages of song development: subsong, starting at the age of 30 days, plastic song, and juvenile autumnal song finally giving way to the rigid and stable utterances of the reproductive period in next spring. During ontogeny the length and frequency of tours increase gradually. Female canaries were not observed singing regularly during their first year of life, whereas males sing very frequently. 2) Both sexes show tendencies to elevated titres of testosterone before the onset of juvenile moult. These titres correspond to those of paired males during the reproductive cycle. Song development is not correlated with the ontogenetic pattern of testosterone: the process of crystallization from the amorphic songs uttered by juveniles progresses gradually to the autumnal song in late autumn, when the titres of T in males are low (< 200 pg/ml). Female T and DHT levels during ontogeny correspond to those of the males. 3) There are sex differences in the estradiol pattern. Males show higher titres in several stages of development than females.
Recognition of Queen Larvae by Worker Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)
Authors: NOONAN KATHERINE C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractColonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera, from two patrilines (cordovan and dark) were established and observations were made on the behaviour shown by the worker bees in rearing queen larvae within their colonies. The relationship among the bees within these colonies was either r = 3/4 (super‐sisters) or r = 1/4 (half sisters). The worker bees showed preferential care to the queen larvae that were of their own patriline. Workers of the cordovan patriline showed a stronger preference for larvae of their own patriline than did the dark workers. Cordovan workers also showed a higher rate of visitation, indicating behavioural differences between the patrilines. These results suggest that kin selection is operating on honey bee behaviour used in rearing reproductives.
Social Behavior of the African Electric Catfish, Malapterurus electricus, during Intra‐ and Interspecific Encounters
Authors: Rankin Catharine H. , Moller Peter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractUsing a “resident‐intruder” protocol, we observed spacing strategies and agonistic behavior in the African electric catfish, Malapterurus electricus, as it encountered conspecifics and equal‐sized members of three other species (a bichir, a tilapia, and goldfish). M. electricus defended a familiar shelter site. The catfish employed different locomotor and electric behavioral strategies, depending on the intruder species. In conspecific interactions, M. electricus engaged in ritualized fights, including lateral and open‐mouth displays, occasionally escalating to bites. Electric organ discharges were rare. In contrast, in interspecific encounters contacts were limited to brief touches with frequent use of electric organ discharge volleys. Our data indicate that M. electricus discriminates between con‐specifics and other species. We postulate that such a discrimination may be mediated by chemical and/or mechanical cues.
Early Experience Determines the Song of the Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita)
Authors: Thielcke Gerhard , Zimmer Ute 
Published: May 2010

Abstract7 of 8 juvenile chiffchaff males, caught between Jul. 28 and Aug. 18 in southwest Germany, developed song in acoustic isolation which corresponded to the song of their nesting areas (Figs. 1, 2, 3). They must have learned this song institution between about 44 and 100 days of age. One captured bird with divergent syllables probably had not finished crystallizing its song at the end of the experiment.
Courtship Disruption at the Lek in the Guianan Cock‐of‐the‐Rock
Authors: Trail Pepper W. , Koutnik Debra L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDuring 4 seasons of study at a large (55 male) lek of Guianan cock‐of‐the‐rock (Rupicola rupicola) in Suriname, we observed 3906 female courtship visits. Of these, 1171 (30.0%) were disrupted by adult males, 430 (11.0%) were disrupted by yearling males, and 289 (7.4%) were disrupted by females. This is one of the highest levels of courtship disruption reported among lek‐breeding birds. Disruption was performed by approximately half of the territorial adult males each year, spanning the full range of mating success and territory location.Courtship disruption occurs in two contexts among adult male cock‐of‐the‐rock. The most frequently performed disruptions were low‐intensity supplantings and threats directed toward more successful territorial neighbors. These appear to reflect attempts to improve or maintain territorial status within the male social organization. Less commonly, individual males persistently directed high‐intensity disruption toward specific females. Such males succeeded in redirecting the females' mate choice to themselves in 27% of instances. We found no support for the hypothesis that females choose males on the basis of their immunity to disruption. Reproductively successful males received disruption at proportionately equal or greater levels than unsuccessful males.Courtship disruption by yearling cock‐of‐the‐rock occurred primarily in the context of practice courtship by these non‐territorial immatures. Disruption by females was uncommon and did not appear to deny or even delay access to any male.We discuss these results in the light of recent proposals concerning the role of courtship disruption in the operation of mate choice and the determination of male dispersion on leks.
Vocal Cues in Cotton‐top Tamarin Play Vocalizations1
Authors: Goedeking Philipp , Immelmann Klaus 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus) one finds a significantly increased frequency of occurrence of playful wrestling, where the respective vocalizations are characterized by a high degree of instability in the contour of the fundamental frequency. Approximately 20 s after these instable pitched vocalizations, however, frequency of occurrence is significantly reduced. The ethometric methods and those for the detailed analysis of vocalizations are explained in this paper. It is hypothesized that instable pitch expresses some kind of emotion involved in playful interactions.
Factors Influencing Shell Investigation in the Hermit Crab, Pagurus bernhardus
Authors: Neil Susan J. , Elwood Robert W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLaboratory experiments in which littoral specimens of Pagurus bernhardus were offered shells with blocked apertures showed that animals occupying poor quality shells approached and contacted new shells more quickly, spent longer investigating them, and spent a greater proportion of that time in active exploration of them than did animals in better shells. Animals spent less time investigating shells smaller than the optimal size than they did good quality shells, even though none of the shells could be occupied. Crabs spent less time investigating a new shell when a visible stimulus (a stone, a shell or another crab) was present. Shell assessment was thus influenced by the quality of the crab's own shell, the quality of the offered shell and the presence of other features in the animal's environment.
Social Behavior of Males and Simultaneous Hermaphrodites in the Lantern Bass
Authors: Fischer Eric A. , Petersen Chris W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSerranus baldwini (Serranidae), the lantern bass, is a small, gleaning carnivore found in turtle grass and rubble substrates in the Caribbean. Small S. baldwini are simultaneous hermaphrodites, but large members of this species are males. The males patrol territories in which several hermaphrodites reside. Hermaphrodites spawn as females with the resident males and rarely spawn as males themselves. Unlike the pattern in reciprocating hermaphrodites, courtship is largely a male function in S. baldwini. Males are much more active and aggressive than are hermaphrodites. In reciprocally spawning species, interactions among mates are more symmetrical. The behavior patterns found in the serranines reflect the differences in mating systems in a manner similar to that found in other organisms and is consistent with current mating system theory.
Cooperative Hunting and its Relationship to Foraging Success and Prey Size in an Avian Predator
Authors: Hector Dean P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAplomado falcons (Falco femoralis) often hunt in pairs when chasing birds; 29% of 349 hunts observed in eastern Mexico involved mated pairs of falcons simultaneously chasing the same prey animal; and 66% of 100 hunts of birds were tandem pursuits. Although true cooperative hunting is uncommon in birds of prey, hunts by pairs of Aplomado falcons consistently showed signs of cooperative behavior such as use of a simple coordinative signal, and some division of labor between participating individuals. Pairs were more than twice as successful as solo falcons hunting birds (44% vs. 19%), however, there was no evidence that cooperative hunting increased the range of feasible prey sizes. The frequent use of cooperative foraging in this and similar species may relate to necessities of efficient nest defense, and food and nest procurement in savannas inhabited by a diversity of nest‐site predators.
Avian Predation on Heteroptera: Experiments on the European Blackbird Turdus m. merula L.
Authors: SCHLEE MARSHA A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHeteroptera are often preyed upon by birds in spite of their noxious scent‐gland secretions. Consequently, the question is raised as to whether or not birds possess physiological immunity to the secretions, simply tolerate any discomfort, or use special prey‐handling techniques.This study reports the responses of 12 European blackbirds, ranging in age from 45 days to 8 years, to 583 adult Heteroptera from 8 species (Coreidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Pentatomidae). The main results are:(1) The non‐aposematic bugs were eaten (63.1%) far more often than the aposematic ones (16.3%). Palomena prasina and Coreus marginatus had the highest edibility rank; Eurydema ornatum, the lowest. The highest rate of predation took place in the youngest birds.(2) The metathoracic secretion of 4 of the pentatomid species functioned as a topical contactirritant of the buccal cavity, head and eyes; the other test species provoked little or no discomfort. Some birds showed little sensitivity to the secretions. Among the behaviors induced were head‐shaking, dirt‐eating, respiratory difficulties, head‐scratching, and eye‐blinking. One bird engaged in “anting” with Graphosoma lineatum. No intoxication resulted from ingestion of the bugs.(3) Several prey‐handling techniques were used: seize, mandibulate, peck, shake, and wipe. The last three are probably correlated with the distinct physical properties of the Heteroptera. In general, the bugs were handled more during the first trials than during the last. The blackbirds learned to modify their handling techniques in such ways as to avoid or minimize exposure to the insects' secretions.(4) The caustic action of the scent‐gland secretion did not constitute an effective deterrent. Rejection of the Heteroptera was primarily based on gustatory cues.
Role of the Carrier Frequency in the Territorial Songs of Oscines
Authors: BREMOND JEAN‐CLAUDE 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBirds cannot emit acoustic signals of very low frequencies. To code a message with such signals they shift them upwards by using a frequency modulation. The new frequency chosen for transmission is the carrier. Its value is adapted to the phonetic and sensory capacities of the bird, as well as to the characteristics of the channel.The code does not give any significance to the carrier alone, but determines its value. Modulation and demodulation must be applied to carriers of the same value.The code also determines the carrier wave shape, i.e. its spectrum. Any alteration of this shape reduces decoding possibilities.To code and decode messages with frequency modulated signals, birds use the same strategies as humans.
Mother‐young Relationships in Captive Ungulates: Behavioral Changes over Time
Authors: Ralls Katherine , Lundrigan Barbara , Kranz Karl 
Published: May 2010

AbstractUngulates are frequently classified into two groups: the “followers”, in which young initially stay close to their mother and the “hiders”, in which young remain at some distance from their mother, often concealed in vegetation. To examine differences in mother‐young behavior between the follower and hider groups and among species within these groups, we studied 63 mother‐young pairs, representing 22 ungulate species, for 7 weeks after birth of the young. The follower group had consistently higher scores than the hider group on measures of mother‐young association, and lower scores on the percentage of time the young spent lying; however, there was considerable variation within each group.In follower species, two measures of mother and young association decreased over time. In hiders, contact between mother and young did not increase over time although the distance between them, while both were lying, decreased. This reduction in the resting distance between mother and young did not always coincide with other changes possibly indicative of the end of the hiding period. The amount of time young hiders spent lying decreased over time.
Choice of Opponents during Competition for Food among American Goldfinches
Authors: Popp James W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCaptive American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) were observed competing over access to a feeder. The goldfinches did not approach the feeder at random. Individuals could determine the rank of a bird on the feeder relative to their own rank and could also distinguish between the ranks of two birds on the feeder. This ability allowed individuals to approach perches occupied by subordinate birds and avoid dominant ones. Individuals could, therefore, avoid aggressive encounters with dominant birds and gain access to the feeder with the least risk. The ability to determine the rank of a potential opponent was probably facilitated by individual recognition.
Evidence for Conceptual Quantitative Abilities in the African Grey Parrot: Labeling of Cardinal Sets
Authors: Pepperberg Irene M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn African grey parrot with experience in vocal labeling and categorization of objects, colors, and shapes has been taught to produce vocal numerical labels for collections of 2–6 objects. This ability generalized to sets of novel objects, to objects in random arrays, and to some heterogeneous collections. The results are discussed in terms of their relationship to numerical concepts in humans and other animals, particularly with respect to counting, language, and “prepared” associations.
Greater Mating Success of Drosophila biarmipes Males Possessing an Apical Dark Black Wing Patch
Authors: Singh B. N. , Chatterjee Sujata 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDrosophila biarmipes males possess an apical black patch on their wings. In a laboratory stock of this species, males without such a patch have been found. Mating success of these two types of male was studied in an Elcns‐Wattiaux mating chamber. Results show that males possessing the dark black patch have greater mating success than those without. This finding suggests that visual stimulus plays an important role in the mating behaviour of D. biarmipes.
Male Aggression, Female Mimicry and Female Choice in the Rove Beetle, Aleochara curtula (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)
Authors: Peschke Klaus 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCauses, consequences and pheromonal regulation of male contest and female choice in the staphylinid beetle, Aleochara curtula (Goeze), have been investigated in the field and in the laboratory. At the feeding and mating site (carcass) the sex ratio is male biased. Polyandry is affected by prolonged copulations, spermatophore plugs and anti‐aphrodisiac pheromones transferred from the male, and by female repulse behaviour as well. Aggression of competing males leads to expulsion of inferior males from the carcass. Young, starved and multiply mated males, which need access to the food resource, produce the female sex pheromone. They release homosexual responses, but also avoid intrasexual aggression. On the other hand, females behave aggressively towards individuals bearing the female sex pheromone or repulse their copulatory attempts. Those males of insufficient physiological condition produce a lighter spermatophore and fertilize less eggs. The adaptive significance of female mimicry, male mating tactics, and female choice is discussed.