bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of pleural effusion in the new influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia in children and adolescent
Authors: Kim Young Nam , Cho Hwa Jin , Cho Young Kuk , Ma Jae Sook 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundParapneumonic effusion has been reported to develop either in typical bacterial infection or in viral pneumonia with bacterial co‐infection and to cause death. Swine‐origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection can be accompanied with pleural effusion; however, there are no reports about the significance of pleural effusion in H1N1 pneumonia. We retrospectively analyzed both the clinical characteristics and the significance of pleural effusion associated with H1N1 pneumonia in children and adolescent.MethodEighty‐nine patients who were admitted with H1N1 pneumonia were divided into two groups: 17 patients with pleural effusion (i.e., the effusion group), and 72 patients without pleural effusion (the non‐effusion group).ResultsLymphopenia (P = 0.030), elevation of the C‐reactive protein (P = 0.026), and positive rate of anti‐sptreptolysin O titer (P = 0.040) were significantly increased in the effusion group than in the non‐effusion group. In addition, the need for treatment with both oxygen (P < 0.001) and oseltamivir (P = 0.013) was significantly increased in the effusion group. However, there was no significant difference between the two investigated groups in the duration of the treatment with intravenous antibiotics, the time of fever remission calculated from admission, and the days of hospital stay. Also, there was no documented bacterial co‐infection in any of the studied groups.ConclusionThis result suggested that pleural effusion in H1N1 pneumonia could develop without bacterial co‐infection and had mild clinical course. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:505–509. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comprehension Strategies for Reading Historical Fiction Picturebooks
Authors: Youngs Suzette , Serafini Frank 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAs the texts readers encounter in and out of school grow in complexity, the strategies that teachers demonstrate and encourage students to employ need to expand to accommodate the changing nature of these texts. In this article, the authors present a three‐part framework for utilizing historical fiction picturebooks as instructional resources. First they share various strategies for previewing a text, and calling students’ attention to the visual, textual and design elements of historical fiction picturebooks. Second, various strategies are presented for moving beyond noticing to strategies for interpreting what has been presented in the visual and verbal text. Third, they suggest several strategies for moving beyond interpretation to develop readers’ ability to critically analyze the historical perspectives and contexts of these texts. In this article, the authors guide readers through the reading of two historical fiction picturebooks while modeling how to employ strategies for reading multimodal texts.
Confessions of a baseball mom: The impact of youth sports on parents' feelings and behaviors
Authors: Peter Nancy E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTo explore parents' emotional investment in and behaviors in response to youth sports, the author conducted a mixed‐methods investigation to answer four research questions: (1)How do parents feel about their children's participation in organized youth team sports? (2) Which situations trigger which feelings? (3) How do parents' feelings influence their behaviors? (4) What parental characteristics (such as personal histories or demographics) are linked to different feelings and behaviors? The research indicated that many parents' feelings are triggered by their children's sports experiences and that adults must learn how to translate these feelings into productive behaviors.
Prediction of ketoacyl synthase family using reduced amino acid alphabets
Authors: Chen Wei , Feng Pengmian , Lin Hao 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Ketoacyl synthases are enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and can be classified into five families based on primary sequence similarity. Different families have different catalytic mechanisms. Developing cost-effective computational models to identify the family of ketoacyl synthases will be helpful for enzyme engineering and in knowing individual enzymes’ catalytic mechanisms. In this work, a support vector machine-based method was developed to predict ketoacyl synthase family using the n-peptide composition of reduced amino acid alphabets. In jackknife cross-validation, the model based on the 2-peptide composition of a reduced amino acid alphabet of size 13 yielded the best overall accuracy of 96.44% with average accuracy of 93.36%, which is superior to other state-of-the-art methods. This result suggests that the information provided by n-peptide compositions of reduced amino acid alphabets provides efficient means for enzyme family classification and that the proposed model can be efficiently used for ketoacyl synthase family annotation.
PoPoolation2: identifying differentiation between populations using sequencing of pooled DNA samples (Pool-Seq)
Authors: Kofler Robert , Pandey Ram Vinay , Schlötterer Christian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Summary: Sequencing pooled DNA samples (Pool-Seq) is the most cost-effective approach for the genome-wide comparison of population samples. Here, we introduce PoPoolation2, the first software tool specifically designed for the comparison of populations with Pool-Seq data. PoPoolation2 implements a range of commonly used measures of differentiation (FST, Fisher's exact test and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test) that can be applied on different scales (windows, genes, exons, SNPs). The result may be visualized with the widely used Integrated Genomics Viewer.
Availability and Implementation: PoPoolation2 is implemented in Perl and R. It is freely available on http://code.google.com/p/popoolation2/
Contact: christian.schloetterer@vetmeduni.ac.at
Supplementary Information: Manual: http://code.google.com/p/popoolation2/wiki/Manual Test data and tutorial: http://code.google.com/p/popoolation2/wiki/Tutorial Validation: http://code.google.com/p/popoolation2/wiki/Validation
Brain‐Gut Axis
Authors: Camilleri Michael , Di Lorenzo Carlo 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe present review describes advances in understanding the mechanisms and provide an update of present and promising therapy directed at the gut or the brain in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The diagnosis of IBS typically is based on identification of symptoms, such as the Rome III criteria for IBS in adults and children. The criteria are similar in children and adults. The focus of the present review is the bowel dysfunction associated with IBS.
The fibrosis marker galectin‐3 and outcome in the general population
Authors: de Boer R. A. , van Veldhuisen D. J. , Gansevoort R. T. , Muller Kobold A. C. , van Gilst W. H. , Hillege H. L. , Bakker S. J. L. , van der Harst P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract.  de Boer RA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Gansevoort RT, Muller Kobold AC, van Gilst WH, Hillege HL, Bakker SJL, van der Harst P (University of Groningen). The fibrosis marker galectin‐3 and outcome in the general population. J Intern Med 2012; 272: 55–64.Objective.  Galectin‐3 is involved in fibrosis and inflammation and plays a role in heart failure, renal disease, obesity and cancer. We aimed to establish the relationship between galectin‐3 and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and mortality in the general population.Design and subjects.  This study included 7968 subjects from the Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENd‐stage Disease (PREVEND) cohort, with a median follow‐up of approximately 10 years. Plasma galectin‐3 was measured in baseline samples.Main outcome measures.  We investigated the relationships between galectin‐3 levels, demographic characteristics and risk factors of CV disease. We determined the prognostic value for all‐cause, CV and cancer mortality.Results.  The mean age of the population was 50 ± 13 years. Mean blood pressure was 129/74 mmHg, mean cholesterol was 5.7 ± 1.1 mmol L−1 and median galectin‐3 was 10.9 ng mL−1 [interquartile range (IQR) 9.0–13.1]. Galectin‐3 levels correlated with a wide range of risk factors of CV disease, including blood pressure, serum lipids, body mass index, renal function and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (P < 0.0001). We observed a strong association between galectin‐3 and age. Furthermore, we found a gender interaction, with female subjects (n = 4001) having higher median galectin‐3 levels (11.0 ng mL−1, IQR 9.1–13.4 vs. men (n = 3967) 10.7 ng mL−1, IQR 8.9–12.8; P < 0.0001), and galectin‐3 levels in women more strongly correlated with risk factors of CV disease. After correction for the classical CV risk factors (smoking, blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes), galectin‐3 levels independently predicted all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio per SD galectin‐3 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.19; P = 0.036), but not CV and cancer mortality separately.Conclusions.  Galectin‐3 is associated with age and risk factors of CV disease, with a strong gender interaction for these correlations. Galectin‐3 predicts all‐cause mortality in the general population.
Platelet‐activating Factor in Iberian Pig Spermatozoa: Receptor Expression and Role as Enhancer of the Calcium‐Induced Acrosome Reaction
Authors: Bragado MJ , Gil MC , Garcia‐Marin LJ 
Published: October 2011

ContentsPlatelet‐activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid involved in reproductive physiology. PAF receptor is expressed in some mammalian spermatozoa species where it plays a role in these germ‐cell‐specific processes. The aim of this study is to identify PAF receptor in Iberian pig spermatozoa and to evaluate PAF’s effects on motility, viability and acrosome reaction. Semen samples from Iberian boars were used. PAF receptor identification was performed by Western blotting. Spermatozoa motility was analysed by computer‐assisted sperm analysis system, whereas spermatozoa viability and acrosome reaction were evaluated by flow cytometry. Different PAF concentrations added to non‐capacitating medium during 60 min have no effect on any spermatozoa motility parameter measured. Acrosome reaction was rapid and potently induced by 1 μm calcium ionophore A23187 showing an effect at 60 min and maximum at 240 min. PAF added to a capacitating medium is not able to induce spermatozoa acrosome reaction at any time studied. However, PAF, in the presence of A23187, significantly accelerates and enhances the calcium‐induced acrosome reaction in a concentration‐dependent manner in Iberian boar spermatozoa. Exogenous PAF does not affect at all spermatozoa viability, whereas slightly exacerbated the A23187‐induced loss in viability. This work demonstrates that PAF receptor is expressed in Iberian pig spermatozoa and that its stimulation by PAF regulates the calcium‐induced acrosome reaction. This work contributes to further elucidate the physiological regulation of the most relevant spermatozoa functions for successful fertilization: acrosome reaction.
Leverage, executive incentives and corporate governance
Authors: Agha Mahmoud 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper analyses the effect of executive incentives and internal governance on capital structure. Using a large sample of non‐financial US‐listed firms over the period 1999–2005, it is found that managers have different attitudes towards leverage when offered different incentive schemes; leverage initially decreases in bonuses and stock incentives and then increases in these incentives after a certain incentive level, suggesting the existence of the entrenchment–alignment effects under these incentive schemes. In contrast, leverage initially increases in option incentives and then decreases after a certain option incentive level. When all of these incentive schemes are combined together into a single incentive package, the entrenchment–alignment effects prevail. It is also found that leverage increases in internal governance and managers behave differently under different governance regimes such that the entrenchment–alignment effects prevail under weak governance firms, whereas the alignment–entrenchment effects prevail under strong governance firms. The results also suggest that managers’ target leverage ratio is less than the one predicted by theory or preferred by firm shareholders.
Angiotensin‐(1–7) through Mas receptor up‐regulates neuronal norepinephrine transporter via Akt and Erk1/2‐dependent pathways
Authors: Lopez Verrilli María A. , Rodriguez Fermepín Martín , Longo Carbajosa Nadia , Landa Silvina , Cerrato Bruno D. , García Silvia , Fernandez Belisario E. , Gironacci Mariela M. 
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 46–55.AbstractAs angiotensin (Ang) (1–7) decreases norepinephrine (NE) content in the synaptic cleft, we investigated the effect of Ang‐(1–7) on NE neuronal uptake in spontaneously hypertensive rats. [3H]‐NE neuronal uptake was measured in isolated hypothalami. NE transporter (NET) expression was evaluated in hypothalamic neuronal cultures by western‐blot. Ang‐(1–7) lacked an acute effect on neuronal NE uptake. Conversely, Ang‐(1–7) caused an increase in NET expression after 3 h incubation (40 ± 7%), which was blocked by the Mas receptor antagonist, a PI3‐kinase inhibitor or a MEK1/2 inhibitor suggesting the involvement of Mas receptor and the PI3‐kinase/Akt and MEK1/2‐ERK1/2 pathways in the Ang‐(1–7)‐stimulated NET expression. Ang‐(1–7) through Mas receptors stimulated Akt and ERK1/2 activities in spontaneously hypertensive rat neurons. Cycloheximide attenuated Ang‐(1–7) stimulation of NET expression suggesting that Ang‐(1–7) stimulates NET synthesis. In fact, Ang‐(1–7) increased NET mRNA levels. Thus, we evaluated the long‐term effect of Ang‐(1–7) on neuronal NE uptake after 3 h incubation. Under this condition, Ang‐(1–7) increased neuronal NE uptake by 60 ± 14% which was blocked by cycloheximide and the Mas receptor antagonist. Neuronal NE uptake and NET expression were decreased after 3 h incubation with an anti‐Ang‐(1–7) antibody. Ang‐(1–7) induces a chronic stimulatory effect on NET expression. In this way, Ang‐(1–7) may regulate a pre‐synaptic mechanism in maintaining appropriate synaptic NE levels during hypertensive conditions.
Mechanisms Decreasing
In Vitro
Susceptibility to the LpxC Inhibitor CHIR-090 in the Gram-Negative Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Caughlan Ruth E. , Jones Adriana K. , DeLucia Angela M. , Woods Angela L. , Xie Lili , Ma Bing , Barnes S. Whitney , Walker John R. , Sprague Elizabeth R. , Yang Xia , Dean Charles R. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Testing
P. aeruginosa
efflux pump mutants showed that the LpxC inhibitor CHIR-090 is a substrate for MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ, and MexEF-OprN. Utilizing
P. aeruginosa
PAO1 with a chromosomal
mexC
::
luxCDABE
fusion, luminescent mutants arose on medium containing 4 μg/ml CHIR-090, indicating upregulation of MexCD-OprJ. These mutants were less susceptible to CHIR-090 (MIC, 4 μg/ml) and had mutations in the
mexCD-oprJ
repressor gene
nfxB
. Nonluminescent mutants (MIC, 4 μg/ml) that had mutations in the
mexAB-oprM
regulator gene
mexR
were also observed. Plating the clinical isolate K2153 on 4 μg/ml CHIR-090 selected mutants with alterations in
mexS
(immediately upstream of
mexT
), which upregulates MexEF-OprN. A mutant altered in the putative1ribosomal binding site (RBS) upstream of
lpxC
and overexpressing LpxC was selected on a related LpxC inhibitor and exhibited reduced susceptibility to CHIR-090. Overexpression of LpxC from a plasmid reduced susceptibility to CHIR-090, and introduction of the altered RBS in this construct further increased expression of LpxC and decreased susceptibility to CHIR-090. Using a
mutS
(hypermutator) strain, a mutant with an altered
lpxC
target gene (LpxC L18V) was also selected. Purified LpxC L18V had activity similar to that of wild-type LpxC in an
in vitro
assay but had reduced inhibition by CHIR-090. Finally, an additional class of mutant, typified by an extreme growth defect, was identified. These mutants had mutations in
fabG
, indicating that alteration in fatty acid synthesis conferred resistance to LpxC inhibitors. Passaging experiments showed progressive decreases in susceptibility to CHIR-090. Therefore,
P. aeruginosa
can employ several strategies to reduce susceptibility to CHIR-090
in vitro
.
MyD88-Dependent Recruitment of Monocytes and Dendritic Cells Required for Protection from Pulmonary Burkholderia mallei Infection
Authors: Goodyear Andrew , Troyer Ryan , Bielefeldt-Ohmann Helle , Dow Steven 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

The Gram-negative bacterium
Burkholderia mallei
causes rapidly fatal illness in equines and humans when contracted by inhalation and also has the potential to be used as a bioweapon. However, little is known regarding the early innate immune responses and signaling mechanisms required to generate protection from pneumonic
B. mallei
infection. We showed previously that monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) was a critical chemokine required for protection from pneumonic
B. mallei
infection. We have now extended those studies to identify key Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways, effector cells, and cytokines required for protection from respiratory
B. mallei
infection. We found that MyD88
−/−
mice were highly susceptible to pulmonary challenge with
B. mallei
and had significantly short survival times, increased bacterial burdens, and severe organ pathology compared to wild-type mice. Notably, MyD88
−/−
mice had significantly fewer monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) in lung tissues and airways than infected wild-type mice despite markedly higher bacterial burdens. The MyD88
−/−
mice were also completely unable to produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ) at any time points following infection. In wild-type mice, NK cells were the primary cells producing IFN-γ in the lungs following
B. mallei
infection, while DCs and monocytes were the primary cellular sources of interleukin-12 (IL-12) production. Treatment with recombinant IFN-γ (rIFN-γ) was able to significantly restore protective immunity in MyD88
−/−
mice. Thus, we conclude that the MyD88-dependent recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and DCs to the lungs and the local production of IL-12, followed by NK cell production of IFN-γ, are the key initial cellular responses required for early protection from
B. mallei
infection.
P
–
T
constraints and timing of Barrovian metamorphism in the Shetland Islands, Scottish Caledonides: implications for the structural setting of the Unst ophiolite
Authors: Cutts K.A. , Hand M. , Kelsey D.E. , Strachan R.A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:

An integrated
in situ
monazite laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and metamorphic equilibria study is used to establish the
P
–
T
conditions and timing of Barrovian metamorphism in the Shetland Islands, Scottish Caledonides. The results have implications for the structural setting of the Unst ophiolite, which was obducted onto metasedimentary rocks of the Dalradian Supergroup. Metapelites in the footwall of the ophiolite yield U–Pb ages between 462 and 451 Ma with
P
–
T
conditions varying from
c
. 7.5 kbar and 550 °C directly below the ophiolite to
c
. 10 kbar and 775 °C at structurally deeper levels. The timing of peak metamorphism corresponds closely to that of Grampian (
c
. 450–470 Ma) metamorphism in mainland Scotland and Ireland, and Taconic (
c
. 450–460 Ma) metamorphism in the Appalachians, thus confirming the near-synchroneity of this important arc accretion event along the Laurentian margin. There is a significant metamorphic contrast between the low-grade rocks associated with the Unst ophiolite and the
P
–
T
conditions recorded in its footwall. If published K–Ar ages of
c.
470 Ma broadly record obduction of the ophiolite, its present basal contact is probably a younger tectonic break that was associated with the excision of at least
c
. 10 km of crustal section.

Supplementary material:

Electron microporobe chemical analyses of garnet grains are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18494
Unusual mixed silica–carbonate deposits from magmatic–hydrothermal hot springs, Savo, Solomon Islands
Authors: Smith D.J. , Jenkin G.R.T. , Petterson M.G. , Naden J. , Fielder S. , Toba T. , Chenery S.R.N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:

The volcanic island of Savo, Solomon Islands, hosts an active hydrothermal system discharging unusual alkaline (pH 7–8) sulphate-rich, chloride-poor fluid, with variable admixtures of Ca–Mg–HCO
3
−
-rich fluid. Hot springs and their outflow streams precipitate a variety of deposits, including travertine, silica sinter and unusual mixed silica–carbonate rocks. Travertine fabrics are dominated by ray-crystal calcite, associated with rapid abiotic precipitation from a supersaturated solution. Sinter is produced by evaporation of thermal waters, and downstream samples contain preserved traces of micro-organisms, which potentially acted as templates for precipitation. Trace element chemistry of sinters and travertines includes anomalously high levels of Te, indicating a magmatic origin for a component fluid in the hydrothermal system. Springs are close to or at saturation with both calcite and amorphous silica. Increased contributions from the Ca–Mg–HCO
3
−
end-member favours calcite formation; this fluid is of low-temperature origin, and as such is favoured by high rainfall. Mixed samples show cyclical changes between silica and carbonate precipitation, potentially as a result of seasonal variation in rainfall.

Supplementary material:

A spreadsheet of water and deposit chemical analyses is available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18495
.
Oil charge preserves exceptional porosity in deeply buried, overpressured, sandstones: Central North Sea, UK
Authors: Wilkinson Mark , Haszeldine R. Stuart 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:
Exceptionally high-porosity sandstones are reported from oil provinces worldwide, yet the mechanism of porosity preservation remains controversial. We present strong evidence that the exceptional porosities in the Jurassic Fulmar Formation within the North Sea are the result of early oil charging preventing cementation and chemical compaction in sands with relatively low detrital clay contents, although overpressure and grain coatings do have some effect. The most dramatic evidence that reservoir quality is related to early oil charge is the spatial distribution of the porosity: the maximum porosity of the Fulmar Formation is systematically highest immediately below the top seal, and decreases below this despite uniform sedimentology. Hence, porosity is preferentially preserved where oil first accumulated in these unusually homogeneous overpressured reservoir sandstones, at the top. Oil charge prevents or significantly retards chemical compaction and cementation of a reservoir, preserving porosity. There is independent evidence for early oil charging of reservoirs within the Central Graben, from fluid inclusion studies and K–Ar age dates of authigenic illite. Micro-quartz grain coatings, which have been proposed to preserve porosity during burial, are associated with only 5% extra porosity in sands that exceed the worldwide average sandstone porosity by almost 20%.