bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The translational repressor Crc controls the Pseudomonas putida benzoate and alkane catabolic pathways using a multi‐tier regulation strategy
Authors: Hernández‐Arranz Sofía , Moreno Renata , Rojo Fernando 
Published: August 2012

SummaryMetabolically versatile bacteria usually perceive aromatic compounds and hydrocarbons as non‐preferred carbon sources, and their assimilation is inhibited if more preferable substrates are available. This is achieved via catabolite repression. In Pseudomonas putida, the expression of the genes allowing the assimilation of benzoate and n‐alkanes is strongly inhibited by catabolite repression, a process controlled by the translational repressor Crc. Crc binds to and inhibits the translation of benR and alkS mRNAs, which encode the transcriptional activators that induce the expression of the benzoate and alkane degradation genes respectively. However, sequences similar to those recognized by Crc in benR and alkS mRNAs exist as well in the translation initiation regions of the mRNA of several structural genes of the benzoate and alkane pathways, which suggests that Crc may also regulate their translation. The present results show that some of these sites are functional, and that Crc inhibits the induction of both pathways by limiting not only the translation of their transcriptional activators, but also that of genes coding for the first enzyme in each pathway. Crc may also inhibit the translation of a gene involved in benzoate uptake. This multi‐tier approach probably ensures the rapid regulation of pathway genes, minimizing the assimilation of non‐preferred substrates when better options are available. A survey of possible Crc sites in the mRNAs of genes associated with other catabolic pathways suggested that targeting substrate uptake, pathway induction and/or pathway enzymes may be a common strategy to control the assimilation of non‐preferred compounds.
Macroecology of pollination networks
Authors: Trøjelsgaard Kristian , Olesen Jens M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimInteracting communities of species are organized into complex networks, and network analysis is reckoned to be a strong tool for describing their architecture. Many species assemblies show strong macroecological patterns, e.g. increasing species richness with decreasing latitude, but whether this latitudinal diversity gradient scales up to entities as complex as networks is unknown. We investigated this using a dataset of 54 community‐wide pollination networks and hypothesized that pollination networks would display a latitudinal and altitudinal species richness gradient, increasing specialization towards the tropics, and that network topology would be affected by current climate.LocationGlobal.MethodsEach network was organized as a presence/absence matrix, consisting ofPplant species,Apollinator species and their links. From these matrices, network parameters were estimated. Additionally, data about geography (latitude, elevation), climate at the network site (temperature, precipitation) and sampling effort (observation days) and extent (study‐plot size) were gathered. Analyses were done using simultaneous autoregressive modelling (SAR).ResultsSpecies richness did not vary strongly with either latitude or elevation. However, network modularity decreased significantly with latitude whereas mean number of links per plant species (Lp) andA/Pratio peaked at mid‐latitude. Above 500 m a.s.l.,A/Pratio decreased and mean number of links per pollinator species (La) increased with elevation.Lpdisplayed mid‐ambient peaks with temperature and nestedness and modularity displayed linear relationships with precipitation.Main conclusionPollination networks showed macroecological patterns. No strong latitudinal or altitudinal gradient in species richness was observed.Lpand theA/Pratio peaked at mid‐latitude whereas modularity decreased linearly. Both patterns are suggestive of a more specialized interaction structure towards the tropics. In particular, mean annual precipitation appeared influential on network topology as both nestedness and modularity varied significantly. Importantly, corrected regressions suggest that neither sampling effort nor extent affected the observed patterns.
The relative influence of temperature, moisture and their interaction on range limits of mammals over the past century
Authors: Smith Adam B. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimsIdetermine the relative importance of temperature and moisture acting alone and in tandem for range contractions and expansions of mammalian species overc. 70 years.LocationThe contiguousUnitedStates west of the eastern border of theRockyMountains (103.77° W).MethodsMuseum records of 67 mammalian species from two time periods (1900–39 and 1970–2009), mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation are used to model historic and modern distributions. For each era the region outside each species’ range in the opposing era is assigned to zones of range limitation: temperature alone is prohibitive, moisture alone is prohibitive, both preclude the species, or both have values that alone are within the species’ tolerance range but in combination are outside its climatic niche (‘interaction’ limitation). The relative importance of each type of limitation is estimated by their intersection with regions of range contraction and expansion.ResultsAveraged across species, 82 ± 3% (± SE) of the areas of contraction are now occupied by interaction limitation, and 74 ± 5% of areas expanded into were historically occupied by similar zones. In comparison, areas of range shift in which just temperature or moisture acting alone would have excluded the species comprise between only 9 and 17%, and areas in which both factors are limiting are negligible. Expansions into and contractions from regions of interaction limitation occurred more often than expected by chance given the distribution of this type of limitation in the wider study region.Main conclusionsParticular combinations of temperature and moisture can interact directly or indirectly to limit species ranges even when these factors alone do not exceed species tolerances. Change in the correlation between of range‐limiting factors can have as much effect on species ranges as absolute change in those factors by themselves.
Secret Laws
Authors: GRANT CLAIRE 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThere is a thesis that legal rules need to be made public because people cannot guide their conduct by rules they cannot know. This thesis has been a mainstay of anti‐positivism and the controversy over it continues apace. However, positivism can accommodate the secret laws thesis. The deeper import of the debate over secret laws concerns our understanding of law's nature. In this regard secrecy merits attention as a candidate necessary connection between law and immorality. In addition the mediating role of lawyers as experts in ascertaining the law should be highlighted. It has been widely overlooked despite the fact that lawyers are criterial in Hart's concept of law.
Motivation, Reconsideration and Exclusionary Reasons*
Authors: HATZISTAVROU ANTONY 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWhat do exclusionary reasons exclude? This is the main issue I address in this article. Raz appears to endorse what I label the “motivational” model of exclusionary reasons. He stresses that within the context of his theory of practical reasoning, exclusionary reasons are reasons not to be motivated by certain first‐order reasons (namely, the first‐order reasons which conflict with the first‐order reasons that the exclusionary reasons protect). Some of his critics take him to be committed to another model of exclusionary reasons which I label the “consideration” model. According to this model exclusionary reasons are reasons not to consider or think of the conflicting first‐order reasons. I argue that Raz's account of the exclusionary function of decisions suggests a third model of exclusionary reasons which I label the “reconsideration” model. In the reconsideration model, exclusionary reasons are reasons not to reconsider the balance of first‐order reasons. In this article I show how the reconsideration model differs from both the motivational and the consideration model and how it can account for the exclusionary function not only of decisions but also of personal rules and authoritative directives.
Some Problems with Robert Alexy's Account of Legal Validity: The Relevance of the Participant's Perspective*
Authors: GAIDO PAULA 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article examines Robert Alexy's account of legal validity. It concludes that Alexy's account of legal validity lacks sufficient support given the author's methodological commitments. To reach that conclusion, it assesses the plausibility of simultaneously maintaining that the participant's perspective has conceptual privilege in the explanation of the nature of law, that legal discourse is a special case of general practical discourse, and that unjust considerations can be legally valid norms.
Supporter Influence on Club Governance in a Sports League; a “Utility Maximization” Model
Authors: Madden Paul , Robinson Terry 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe article formalizes a seminal suggestion of Sloane (), studying a sports league in which club objectives are multi‐argument utility functions defined over profits, win percentages and fan (=supporter) welfare, thus combining the three objectives that have been addressed separately in previous models. Particular focus is on the consequences of increasing the utility weight on fan welfare, to capture the recent increasing supporter involvement in club governance in UK football. Positive consequences are unambiguously higher attendances, with more nuanced affects on ticket prices and player expenditure. A normative consequence is that positive profits for club owners indicate social sub‐optimality.
Access to Flexible Working and Informal Care
Authors: Bryan Mark L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe use matched employer–employee data to explore the relationship between employees’ access to flexible working arrangements and the amount of informal care they provide to sick or elderly friends and relatives. Flexitime and the ability to reduce working hours are each associated with about 13% more hours of informal care. Workplaces do not respond to the presence of carers by providing flexible work, instead there is some underlying selection of carers into flexible workplaces. The wider workplace environment beyond formal flexible work may also facilitate care.
Individual Differences In Contributions And Crowding‐Out Of A Public Good
Authors: Andrew Luccasen Rapheal 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper reports experimental results that link other‐regarding preferences, personality, and demographic characteristics to contributions to a public good and the responsiveness of contributions to tax‐financed contributions. Contribution levels are higher among those with cooperative preferences, those with Myers–Briggs personality types of introversion and intuition, females, and upperclassmen. However, the response to a tax‐financed contribution is uniform. All player types reduce their contribution by an amount equal to the tax, a result known as complete crowd‐out.
Understanding Design with VGI using an Information Relevance Framework
Authors: Parker Christopher J. , May Andrew , Mitchell Val 
Published: August 2012

AbstractVolunteered Geographic Information (VGI) has the potential to offer benefits to end‐users over and above those of Professional Geographic Information (PGI). A multi‐methods approach, consisting of participatory observation, focus groups and diary studies, was used to study how VGI and PGI were actually used by a target user group. A theoretical framework of information relevance was used to understand the attributes of information that were most important in relation to the characteristics of the users' activity and their community. The key finding was that the discussion amongst GIS designers should not be whether to choose VGI or PGI as the information data set, but to consider which combination of VGI and PGI relating to different geographic features and task characteristics would best meet the users' needs. VGI is likely to be most relevant to the user when a geographic feature is dynamic rather than static in nature, and can also provide a level of detail that is unlikely to arise through PGI. These findings have implications for how different forms of information are most effective for different usage situations. Above all, a case is presented for the implementation of User Centred Design (UCD) principles when integrating VGI and PGI together in a single mashup‐based product.
Can Free (and Open Source) Software and Data be Used to Underpin a Self‐Paced Tutorial on Spatial Databases?
Authors: Ellul Claire 
Published: August 2012

AbstractUniversity College London's Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering (CEGE) offers a number of Masters programmes in topics related to Geomatics, including Surveying, Hydrographic Surveying, Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Science. Data management, and in particular the technology and applications of Spatial Databases, forms a key part of the curriculum on these courses. Interest in Spatial Databases is, however, more widespread – especially with the increasing understanding of the relevance of geospatial techniques to fields as diverse as anthropology and architecture. This article describes the development and evaluation of a self‐paced hands‐on course on Databases and Spatial Databases for CEGE students, presented to students to complement and enhance in‐class teaching. The article focuses on both pedagogical elements of self‐paced learning and the suitability of Free and Open Source Software and Open Data (PostgreSQL/PostGIS, Quantum GIS, Open Street Map) for the Spatial Databases curriculum. The resulting material was evaluated by a cohort of 25 students in 2010, and their feedback (very positive) and the overall results provide an interesting insight into suitable methods to employ when teaching technical subjects to a cohort having differing background skill levels.
MODELS OF COMPETITION BETWEEN FIRMS: ENDOGENOUS MARKET STRUCTURE IN THE KALECKIAN MODEL
Authors: Ohno Takashi 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to incorporate free entry into the Kaleckian model. To this end, we consider a model with monopolistic competition, mark‐up pricing and a free‐entry condition. Using this model, the Kaleckian model is unstable under a wage‐led growth regime, and it is stable under a profit‐led growth regime, when the interest rate is supposed to be constant. Stability under a wage‐led growth can be achieved if the interest rate is allowed to respond positively to capacity utilization. We also find that a goods market policy, but not an income distribution policy, is then effective from an economic growth perspective.
A longitudinal study on time perspectives: Relations with academic delay of gratification and learning environment1
Authors: PEETSMA THEA , SCHUITEMA JAAP , VAN DER VEEN INEKE 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAfter they start secondary school (at age 12 in the Netherlands), students' time perspectives on school and professional career and self‐regulated learning decrease, while their perspectives on leisure increase. We aimed to investigate relations in the developments in time perspectives and delay of gratification in the first years of secondary education. In addition, the dependence of these relations on students' perceptions of the extent to which teachers emphasize the relevance of what is being learned was investigated. Seven hundred and one students participated in the study. A self‐report questionnaire was administered four times. The results showed the expected decreases in time perspectives on school and professional career and on delay of gratification and increases in perspectives on leisure. Furthermore, as expected, the development in short‐term perspective on school and professional career was positively related, and the development in the long‐term perspective on leisure was negatively related, to the development in delay of gratification. Positive relations were found between emphasized relevance of learning and developments in students' perspectives on school and professional career and delay of gratification.
Entrusting dreams to someone else: The influences of autobiographical memory and future time perspectives on abandonment and entrustment of dreams
Authors: ISHINO YOKO , SHIMIZU HIROYUKI 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPeople tend to entrust their own dreams, hopes, wishes, or aspirations associated with past positive or negative experiences, to others. These “others” may include children or people in younger generations. To date, psychological studies have investigated several developmental characteristics in relation to time perspectives. However, few studies have focused on the influence of autobiographical memory and future time perspectives on abandonment or entrustment of dreams. The present study examined this influence, based on the data of a total of 309 undergraduates for two questionnaires which included both open‐ended questions and rating scales. The questionnaires examined (a) the kinds of feelings and reasons that occurred at the time of abandonment and entrustment of dreams, (b) the personal experiences prompting the abandonment and entrustment recalled, and (c) how current future time perspectives conveyed sentiments that dreams should be entrusted to someone else. Statistical analyses of the data revealed that autobiographical memory and time perspectives were strongly related to participants' feeling of entrusting dreams to others.
The disciplinary politics of antagonistic nationalism in militarized South and North Korea
Authors: Kang Jin Woong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAfter the Korean War (1950–53), the two militarized Koreas governed each and every member of society in similar ways through their disciplinary politics of antagonistic nationalism. The existing studies of state formation in the two Koreas have neglected an aspect of state power that was neither necessarily top‐down nor violent from above but also reproduced from below. In both South and North Korea, especially from the 1960s to the 1970s, state power had internal dynamics that penetrated the day‐to‐day activities of most citizens and led them to actively accept and participate in nationalist rule. This article explores an understudied aspect of the two Koreas' state power that was disciplinarily diffused in people's everyday practices through reproduction of aggressive nationalism from below and the organic construction of the individual body and nation.
Long‐term perturbation of spine plasticity results in distinct impairments of cognitive function
Authors: VanLeeuwen Jon‐Eric , Penzes Peter 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDendritic spines serve as the post‐synaptic structural component of synapses. The structure and function of dendritic spines are dynamically regulated by a number of signaling pathways and allow for normal neural processing, whereas aberrant spine changes are thought to contribute to cognitive impairment in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. However, spine changes within different brain regions and their contribution to specific cognitive functions, especially later in adulthood, is not well understood. In this study, we used late‐adult KALRN‐deficient mice as a tool to investigate the vulnerability of different cognitive functions to long‐term perturbations in spine plasticity in different forebrain regions. We found that in these mice, loss of one or both copies of KALRN lead to genotype and brain region‐dependent reductions in spine density. Surprisingly, heterozygote and knockout mice showed differential impairments in cognitive phenotypes, including working memory, social recognition, and social approach. Correlation analysis between the site and magnitude of spine loss and behavioral alterations suggests that the interplay between brain regions is critical for complex cognitive processing and underscores the importance of spine plasticity in normal cognitive function. Long‐term perturbation of spine plasticity results in distinct impairments of cognitive function. Using genetically modified mice deficient in a central regulator of spine plasticity, we investigated the brain region‐specific contribution of spine numbers to various cognitive functions. We found distinct cognitive functions display differential sensitivity to spine loss in the cortex and hippocampus. Our data support spines as neuronal structures important for cognition and suggest interplay between brain regions is critical for complex cognitive processing.
APOE genotype affects the pre‐synaptic compartment of glutamatergic nerve terminals
Authors: Dumanis Sonya B. , DiBattista Amanda M. , Miessau Matthew , Moussa Charbel E. H. , Rebeck G. William 
Published: August 2012

AbstractApolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype affects outcomes of Alzheimer's disease and other conditions of brain damage. Using APOE knock‐in mice, we have previously shown that APOE‐ε4 Targeted Replacement (TR) mice have fewer dendritic spines and reduced branching in cortical neurons. As dendritic spines are post‐synaptic sites of excitatory neurotransmission, we used APOE TR mice to examine whether APOE genotype affected the various elements of the glutamate–glutamine cycle. We found that levels of glutamine synthetase and glutamate uptake transporters were unchanged among the APOE genotypes. However, compared with APOE‐ε3 TR mice, APOE‐ε4 TR mice had decreased glutaminase levels (18%, p < 0.05), suggesting decreased conversion of glutamine to glutamate. APOE‐ε4 TR mice also had increased levels of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (20%, p < 0.05), suggesting that APOE genotype affects pre‐synaptic terminal composition. To address whether these changes affected normal neurotransmission, we examined the production and metabolism of glutamate and glutamine at 4–5 months and 1 year. Using high‐frequency 13C/1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we found that APOE‐ε4 TR mice have decreased production of glutamate and increased levels of glutamine. These factors may contribute to the increased risk of neurodegeneration associated with APOE‐ε4, and also act as surrogate markers for Alzheimer's disease risk.