bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current problems in scattering radiative transfer modelling for data assimilation
Authors: Bennartz Ralf , Greenwald Tom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article assesses current issues related to scattering radiative transfer (RT) in data assimilation (DA) and proposes possible ways to solve or mitigate these issues. Emphasis is put not so much on fundamental issues related to RT but on the practical application within a framework of operational numerical weather prediction and DA with their tight constraints on computational efficiency. In particular, three potentially critical open issues are studied: firstly, the trade‐off between speed and accuracy in RT schemes for DA. A numerically efficient method is proposed to determine beforehand whether scattering needs to be accounted for. Secondly, the impact of spectrally highly variable gaseous absorption coefficients within a given instrument's bandpass and its implications on scattering RT is studied. Results of this second part are also put in context with uncertainties caused by the lack of knowledge of scattering optical properties. Finally, model errors due to, for example, the assumption of plane‐parallel RT are studied. It is argued that errors caused by plane‐parallel RT will likely continue to dominate the error budget both in terms of biases and random errors. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A simple and rapid authentication protocol in mobile networks
Authors: Guo Ming‐Huang 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTRecently, mobile networks are more and more popular in providing the most pursuing pervasive networking services. Many technologies are deployed in mobile networks, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). In these communication systems, user secrecy and privacy are important issues and should be managed seriously. To avoid security threats, many studies on authentication in the mobile networks are proposed. In 2008, Juang and Wu introduced an authentication scheme with user privacy protection in UMTS networks. It resisted and avoided many security attacks and threats, but there are still some problems, such as the incomplete defense against the impersonation attack and data with International Mobile Subscriber Identity exchanged outside home networks. In this paper, we proposed a simple and rapid authentication scheme in mobile networks. The proposal applies the Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman key agreement protocol to exchange the session key safely and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm to improve the mobile security. It also deploys the temporary key mechanism to speed up the authentication while user is roaming in the mobile networks. The analysis shows that our mechanism not only improves Juang and Wu's proposal but also is a more secure and simple authentication protocol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TheWWWDOTApproach to Improving Students’ Critical Evaluation of Websites
Authors: Zhang Shenglan , Duke Nell K. , Jiménez Laura M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article introduces a framework designed to improve students' awareness of the need to critically evaluate websites as sources of information and to improve their skill at doing so. The framework, called theWWWDOTframework, encourages students to think about at least six dimensions when evaluating a website: (1)Who wrote this and what credentials do they have? (2)Why was it written? (3)When was it written and updated? (4)Does this help meet my needs? (5)Organization of website; (6)To do list for the future. In an experimental study, fourth‐ and fifth‐grade students who were taught this framework became more aware than control group students of the need to evaluate information on the Internet for credibility and were better able to evaluate the trustworthiness of websites on multiple dimensions. This article describes the framework and how it can be taught through a series of four 30‐minute lessons. Suggestions and materials for teaching are provided.
Identifying Spanish–English Cognates to Scaffold Instruction for Latino ELs
Authors: Montelongo José A. , Hernández Anita , Herter Roberta Joan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSpanish–English cognates have been used for decades to facilitate the acquisition of English by Latino English learners (ELs). Using the online program, WordSift, in tandem with the online Find‐a‐Cognate database, teachers can identify important Spanish–English cognates and noncognate words in text. With this information, teachers can plan and devise vocabulary lessons that benefit ELs and native English speakers.
Review of computational fluid dynamics for wind turbine wake aerodynamics
Authors: Sanderse B. , van der Pijl S.P. , Koren B. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the state‐of‐the‐art numerical calculation of wind turbine wake aerodynamics. Different computational fluid dynamics techniques for modeling the rotor and the wake are discussed. Regarding rotor modeling, recent advances in the generalized actuator approach and the direct model are discussed, as far as it attributes to the wake description. For the wake, the focus is on the different turbulence models that are employed to study wake effects on downstream turbines.
Metabotropic glutamate receptors and cancerous growth
Authors: Teh Jessica , Chen Suzie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractG‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a class of therapeutic targets that have been widely exploited for drug designs and development. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) belong to Class C GPCRs and are predominantly involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). The surprising accumulating evidence suggesting other functional roles of mGluRs in human malignancies in addition to synaptic transmission has presented intriguing possibilities to make mGluRs putative novel targets for human cancers. Since our group first described the aberrant expression of mGluR1 as the driving force in melanomagenesis in transgenic mouse models, other subtypes of mGluRs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancer types such as malignant gliomas and medulloblastomas. As such, increased efforts have been generated to elucidate the mechanisms by which mGluRs confer oncogenic potential. Current knowledge on the participation of various mGluRs in several human cancers suggests that mGluRs are ‘druggable’ members of the GPCR superfamily and their oncogenic implications in cancer, so further understanding on anti‐mGluR strategies will be beneficial. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:211–220. doi: 10.1002/wmts.21For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
RNA‐binding proteins in neurodegenerative disease: TDP‐43 and beyond
Authors: Hanson Keith A. , Kim Sang Hwa , Tibbetts Randal S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases are a diverse group of disorders that affect different neuron populations, differ in onset and severity, and can be either inherited or sporadic. One common pathological feature of most of these diseases is the presence of insoluble inclusions in and around neurons, which largely consist of misfolded and aggregated protein. For this reason, neurodegenerative diseases are typically thought to be disorders of aberrant protein processing, in which the cumulative effects of misfolded protein aggregates overwhelm the neuron's proteostatic capacity. However, a growing body of evidence suggests a role for abnormal RNA processing in neurodegenerative disease. The importance of RNA metabolism in disease was highlighted by the discovery of TDP‐43 (TAR DNA‐binding protein of 43 kDa), an RNA‐binding protein (RBP), as a primary component of insoluble aggregates in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Subsequently, inherited mutations in TDP‐43 and the structurally related RBP, FUS/TLS (fused in sarcoma/translated in liposarcoma), were found to cause ALS. These exciting findings have ushered in a new era of ALS research in which the deregulation of RNA metabolism is viewed as a central cause of motor neuron deterioration. In addition, the fact that neuropathologically and anatomically distinct neurodegenerative diseases display altered RNA metabolism suggests that common pathologic mechanisms may underlie many of these disorders. WIREs RNA 2012, 3:265–285. doi: 10.1002/wrna.111This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) of Oils by Light and Temperature Exploitation
Authors: Manzocco Lara , Panozzo Agnese , Calligaris Sonia 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe peroxide formation rate was measured in sunflower and soybean oils exposed to increasing light intensity, from 0 to 8000 lx, at 10, 20 and 30 °C. Results indicated that shelf life estimation of photosensitive foods under actual or accelerated conditions cannot be correctly achieved if the effect of light is not taken into account. At each lighting level, the Arrhenius equation was applied to develop a model predicting oil shelf life. Thermal activation energy was lower than 50 kJ/mol, indicating temperature to be a scarcely efficient accelerating factor. In contrast, the oxidation rate was significantly affected by light according to a power law equation, whose parameters describe the electromagnetic activation energy of the reaction. The model accounting for the effect of light on oxidation rate was merged with the Arrhenius equation to get a model predicting shelf life on the basis of the concomitant changes in both temperature and light.
Explaining the Motherhood Wage Penalty During the Early Occupational Career
Authors: Staff Jeremy , Mortimer Jeylan T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPrior research shows that mothers earn lower hourly wages than women without children, and that this maternal wage penalty cannot be fully explained by differences between mothers and other women in work experience and job characteristics. This research examines whether the residual motherhood wage penalty results from differences between mothers and other women in the accumulation of work interruptions and breaks in schooling. Using longitudinal data for 486 women followed from ages 19 to 31 in the Minnesota Youth Development Study, we find that accumulated months not in the labor force and not enrolled in school explain the residual pay gap between mothers and other women.
Direct comparison of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Musiek Erik S. , Chen Yufen , Korczykowski Marc , Saboury Babak , Martinez Patricia M. , Reddin Janet S. , Alavi Abass , Kimberg Daniel Y. , Wolk David A. , Julin Per , Newberg Andrew B. , Arnold Steven E. , Detre John A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe utility of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) imaging in Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis has been well established. Recently, measurement of cerebral blood flow using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (ASL‐MRI) has shown diagnostic potential in AD, although it has never been directly compared with FDG‐PET.MethodsWe used a novel imaging protocol to obtain FDG‐PET and ASL‐MRI images concurrently in 17 AD patients and 19 age‐matched control subjects. Paired FDG‐PET and ASL‐MRI images from 19 control subjects and 15 AD patients were included for qualitative analysis, and paired images from 18 control subjects and 13 AD patients were suitable for quantitative analyses.ResultsThe combined imaging protocol was well tolerated. Both modalities revealed similar regional abnormalities in AD, as well as comparable sensitivity and specificity for the detection of AD after visual review by two expert readers. Interobserver agreement was better for FDG‐PET (κ: 0.75, standard error: 0.12) than ASL‐MRI (κ: 0.51, standard error: 0.15); intermodality agreement was moderate to strong (κ: 0.45–0.61); and readers were more confident of FDG‐PET reads. Simple quantitative analysis of global cerebral fluorodeoxyglucose uptake (FDG‐PET) or whole‐brain cerebral blood flow (ASL‐MRI) showed excellent diagnostic accuracy for both modalities, with area under receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.90 for FDG‐PET (95% confidence interval: 0.79–0.99) and 0.91 for ASL‐MRI (95% confidence interval: 0.80–1.00).ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that FDG‐PET and ASL‐MRI identify similar regional abnormalities and have comparable diagnostic accuracy in a small population of AD patients, and support the further study of ASL‐MRI in dementia diagnosis.
Positive constrained minimizers for supercritical problems in the ball
Authors: Grossi Massimo , Noris Benedetta 
Published: October 2011

We provide a sufficient condition for the existence of a positive solution to\[−Δu+V(|x|)u=up in B1,-\Delta u+V(|x|) u=u^p \quad \hbox { in } B_1,\]whenppis large enough. HereB1B_1is the unit ball ofRn\mathbb {R}^n,n≥2n\ge 2, and we deal with both Neumann and Dirichlet homogeneous boundary conditions. The solution turns out to be a constrained minimum of the associated energy functional. As an application we show that in caseV(|x|)≥0V(|x|)\geq 0,V≢0V\not \equiv 0is smooth andppis sufficiently large, and the Neumann problem always admits a solution.
Anterior hypopituitarism is rare and autoimmune disease is common in adults with idiopathic central diabetes insipidus
Authors: Hannon M. J. , Orr C. , Moran C. , Behan L. A. , Agha A. , Ball S. G. , Thompson C. J. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryObjective  Central diabetes insipidus is a rare clinical condition with a heterogenous aetiology. Up to 40% of cases are classified as idiopathic, although many of these are thought to have an autoimmune basis. Published data have suggested that anterior hypopituitarism is common in childhood‐onset idiopathic diabetes insipidus. We aimed to assess the incidence of anterior hypopituitarism in a cohort of adult patients with idiopathic diabetes insipidus.Design and patients  We performed a retrospective review of the databases of two pituitary investigation units. This identified 39 patients with idiopathic diabetes insipidus. All had undergone magnetic resonance imaging scanning and dynamic pituitary testing (either insulin tolerance testing or GHRH/arginine and short synacthen testing) to assess anterior pituitary function.Results  One patient had partial growth hormone deficiency; no other anterior pituitary hormonal deficits were found. Thirty‐three percent had at least one autoimmune disease in addition to central diabetes insipidus.Conclusions  Our data suggest that anterior hypopituitarism is rare in adult idiopathic diabetes insipidus. Routine screening of these patients for anterior hypopituitarism may not, therefore, be indicated. The significant prevalence of autoimmune disease in this cohort supports the hypothesis that idiopathic diabetes insipidus may have an autoimmune aetiology.
Acute infections and venous thromboembolism
Authors: Schmidt M. , Horvath‐Puho E. , Thomsen R. W. , Smeeth L. , Sørensen H. T. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract.  Schmidt M, Horvath‐Puho E, Thomsen RW, Smeeth L, Sørensen HT (Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and Department of Non‐Communicable Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK). Acute infections and venous thromboembolism. J Intern Med 2012; 271: 608–618.Background.  Data on the association between acute infections and venous thromboembolism (VTE) are sparse. We examined whether various hospital‐diagnosed infections or infections treated in the community increase the risk of VTE.Methods.  We conducted this population‐based case–control study in Northern Denmark (population 1.8 million) using medical databases. We identified all patients with a first hospital‐diagnosed VTE during the period 1999–2009 (n = 15 009). For each case, we selected 10 controls from the general population matched for age, gender and county of residence (n = 150 074). We identified all hospital‐diagnosed infections and community prescriptions for antibiotics 1 year predating VTE. We used odds ratios from a conditional logistic regression model to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of VTE within different time intervals of the first year after infection, controlling for confounding.Results.  Respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin, intra‐abdominal and bacteraemic infections diagnosed in hospital or treated in the community were associated with a greater than equal to twofold increased VTE risk. The association was strongest within the first 2 weeks after infection onset, gradually declining thereafter. Compared with individuals without infection during the year before VTE, the IRR for VTE within the first 3 months after infection was 12.5 (95% confidence interval (CI): 11.3–13.9) for patients with hospital‐diagnosed infection and 4.0 (95% CI: 3.8–4.1) for patients treated with antibiotics in the community. Adjustment for VTE risk factors reduced these IRRs to 3.3 (95% CI: 2.9–3.8) and 2.6 (95% CI: 2.5–2.8), respectively. Similar associations were found for unprovoked VTE and for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism individually.Conclusions.  Infections are a risk factor for VTE.
Caught in the act: the dialogue between bacteriophage R17 and the type IV secretion machine of plasmid R1
Authors: Berry Trista M. , Christie Peter J. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryBacteria communicate with each other through contact‐independent and ‐dependent signalling mechanisms. Sensory perception of both types of signals is needed for conjugative transfer of mobile DNA elements via type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) to bacterial or eukaryotic target cells. While the regulatory circuitries coupling extracellular quorum and environmental signals to transcription of T4SS genes are increasingly understood, it remains fundamentally unknown how a potential recipient cell stimulates donor conjugative DNA transfer upon contact. In this issue, Lang et al. (2011) report use of the male‐specific bacteriophage R17, a phage that binds conjugative pili elaborated by IncF plasmid R1, to define requirements for phage‐contact‐mediated T4SS activation and phage penetration. They report that R17 penetrates only through T4SS channels engaged for delivery of their plasmid cargo to recipient cells. Engagement requires docking of catalytically active relaxase TraI bound at oriT with the TraD substrate receptor (also termed the T4CP). The data, together with recent ultrastructural and biochemical findings, support an intriguing new model that the T4CP cumulatively senses an intracellular signal (substrate docking) and an extracellular signal (pilus bound by phage or a recipient cell) to co‐ordinate a late stage morphogenetic or gating reaction that enables bidirectional transmission of nucleoprotein substrates through the T4SS.
AKIN10 and FUSCA3 interact to control lateral organ development and phase transitions in Arabidopsis
Authors: Tsai Allen Yi‐Lun , Gazzarrini Sonia 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe Snf1 (sucrose non‐fermenting‐1)/AMPK (AMP‐activated protein kinase)/SnRK1 (Snf1‐related protein kinase 1) kinases act as sensors of energy status in eukaryotes. Despite the important role of these kinases in regulation of cellular responses to metabolic stress, only a few SnRK1 substrates have been identified. Using yeast two‐hybrid screens, we isolated AKIN10 as an interactor of the B3‐domain transcription factor FUSCA3 (FUS3), an essential regulator of seed maturation in Arabidopsis. Pull‐down and bi‐molecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays confirm the interaction in vitro and in planta, respectively. In‐gel kinase assays show that AKIN10 phosphorylates FUS3 and that the N‐terminal domain of FUS3 is required for AKIN10 phosphorylation. Mutations of three serines (fus3S55A/S56A/S57A) within a partial SnRK1 consensus sequence in the N‐terminal region of FUS3 reduce greatly FUS3 phosphorylation by AKIN10, which indicates that these serines are the predominant AKIN10 target sites. In a cell‐free system, AKIN10 positively regulates FUS3 stability, as overexpression of AKIN10 delayed the degradation of the recombinant FUS3. Plants over‐expressing AKIN10 show delayed seed germination, vegetative growth and flowering time, indicating that AKIN10 antagonizes the embryonic‐to‐vegetative and vegetative‐to‐reproductive phase transitions. Furthermore, overexpression of AKIN10 alters cotyledon, silique and floral organ development, suggesting that AKIN10 regulates lateral organ development. Genetic interaction studies show that the fus3‐3 mutation partially rescues the phase transition and organ development defects caused by AKIN10 overexpression. Taken together, these findings indicate that FUS3 and AKIN10 interact physically and share overlapping pathways to regulate developmental phase transitions and organogenesis in Arabidopsis.
Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Female Reproduction
Authors: Rizzo A , Roscino MT , Binetti F , Sciorsci RL 
Published: October 2011

ContentsReactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive oxidizing agents. Cells, under aerobic conditions, have a defence system against ROS, and in normal circumstances, there is an appropriate balance between pro‐oxidants and antioxidants. When an overproduction of ROS develops or the body fails to eliminate ROS in excess, oxidative stress arises, during which ROS accumulate and damage cells and tissues. Besides their noxious effects, accumulating data have shown that controlled and adequate ROS concentrations exert physiologic functions. Different studies have confirmed the presence of ROS and the transcripts of the various antioxidant enzymes in the female reproductive tract. When ROS production overwhelms antioxidant defences, oxidative stress occurs, which may deeply threaten the anatomical and functional integrity of the genital tract. This review addresses the main physiological and pathological roles exerted by ROS and their scavenging systems in several processes involved in the main physiological functions of the female reproductive tract of both women and domestic animals. Particularly, the involvement of the oxidant system in several reproductive processes is investigated, such as follicular development, ovarian steroidogenesis, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and function, luteolysis, germ cell function, maintenance of pregnancy and beginning of parturition.