bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3 Powers (Theta 1)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter shows that the program Aristotle has set out for Metaphysics Theta begins with ordinary Greek. Energeia is set to one side, not being an ordinary Greek word but a made-up philosophical term. Another term, ‘dunamis’, takes centre stage, but only as it is used ‘in the preeminently strict sense’. This ordinary and strict usage of the term ‘capacity’ is that connected with change. A capacity connected with change is called a power. So when one speaks of powers, one means to be speaking of ‘capacities’ (dunameis) in the strict and ordinary Greek sense (or at least, what Aristotle takes to be that sense). Even the usage of the term ‘power’ in ordinary Greek is, according to Aristotle, rather complicated. Aristotle begins by trying to sort out these complications.
Chapter 1 The topology of ecological interaction networks: the state of the art
Authors: Petchey Owen L. , Morin Peter J. , Olff Han 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers topology, i.e. the shape and structure of networks of interacting organisms in ecological systems. Species often form the nodes of such networks, though life stages, age classes or functional groups are sometimes equally applicable. The links between nodes in ecological networks can have a variety of meanings, in particular they can represent transfer of energy or material, they can represent the net effect on fitness or population size (direct and/or indirect) of one species on another, or represent the exchange of information. These differences create at least three types of interaction networks: competition networks, mutualistic networks and food webs (consumption networks), all of which are subsets of the full network of interactions in any community.
Chapter 3 Modelling the dynamics of complex food webs
Authors: Brose Ulrich , Dunne Jennifer A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces various approaches to dynamic network analyses and illustrates some of the key findings. First, classic results from dynamic analyses of simple interaction modules of few species (food chains, omnivory modules) are shortly introduced. Subsequently, the question of whether embedding such simple modules in complex food webs affects the dynamic outcome is illustrated using the example of a classic keystone module. The following section on dynamic analyses of complex food webs is organized around the classic and enduring debates on the relationships between (1) complexity and stability and (2) diversity and stability. The allometric (body size dependent) scaling of the biological rates of the populations is presented as a solution to the instability of complex food webs, and future directions of research on dynamic models of complex food webs are outlined.
Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics: Concurrent Multiscale Simulation at Finite Temperature Protect
Authors: Rudd Robert E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCoarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) is a computer modeling technique that couples conventional molecular dynamics (MD) in some spatial regions of the simulation to a more coarse-grained description in others. This concurrent multiscale modeling approach allows a more efficient use of computer power as it focuses only on those degrees of freedom that are physically relevant. In the spirit of finite element modeling (FEM), the coarse-grained regions are modeled on a mesh with variable mesh size. CGMD is derived solely from the MD model, however, and has no continuum parameters. As a result, it provides a coupling that is smooth and provides control of errors that arise at the coupling between the atomistic and coarse-grained regions. In this chapter, we review the formulation of CGMD, describing how coarse graining, the systematic removal of irrelevant degrees of freedom, is accomplished for a finite temperature system. We then describe practical implementation of CGMD for large-scale simulations and some tests of validity. We conclude with an outlook on some of the directions future development may take.
7 Lexical concepts
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the main properties of lexical concepts. It argues that lexical concepts, by virtue of constituting units of semantic structure — the semantic pole of a symbolic unit — are thereby central elements of the language user's mental grammar. The chapter also provides a methodology for identifying distinct lexical concepts and illustrates this with a detailed examination of the lexical concepts associated with the forms time and flying.
9 Conceptual structure
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with outlining the nature of conceptual structure as assumed by LCCM Theory. It also addresses the way in which language interfaces with the conceptual system in service of situated meaning construction. It argues that a fundamental design feature of human cognition is that linguistic representations provide an indexing and control function with respect to the conceptual system, greatly increasing the range of uses and flexibility of the human conceptual system. However, this does mean that linguistic representations are equivalent to the concepts which populate the conceptual system. In particular, linguistic representations, i.e., symbolic units, evolved to complement and enhance the existing form of representations that inhere in the conceptual system, rather than duplicating them.
12 Lexical concept integration
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses the second of the compositional processes in LCCM Theory. Once lexical concepts have been selected, they are then subject to lexical concept integration. This process involves the unpacking of linguistic content associated with the lexical concepts being integrated. This gives rise to the formation of lexical conceptual units. The chapter describes and illustrates this process, focusing in particular on the principles which guide lexical concept integration.
14 Metaphor and metonymy
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides an LCCM account of figurative language phenomena such as metaphor and metonymy. It argues that figurative language is continuous with literal language. This follows as there are a common set of mechanisms which underlie meaning construction in language understanding. The chapter illustrates how these mechanisms apply giving rise to figurative language. A further issue addressed is the distinction between metaphor and metonymy, showing how the two are distinct, from the perspective of LCCM Theory.
4 Emulation versus Comparative Advantage: Competing and Complementary Principles in the History of Economic Policy
Authors: Reinert Erik S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter outlines a broad historical interpretation of industrial policies in modern history, focusing on technological learning, synergies, and increasing returns. Throughout all experiences of catching up, successful strategies always involved a principle of emulation involving explicit measures explicitly aimed to acquire knowledge in increasing returns activities. Only later, after the success of industrialization, countries can effort forms of market governance relying on the principle of comparative advantage as they emerge from the dynamics of international specialization and trade.
6 Industrial Tariffs, International Trade, and Development
Authors: Akyüz Yılmaz 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the appropriate structure and evolution of tariffs in the course of industrial development. It argues that rapid liberalization and harmonization of industrial tariffs across countries and sectors advocated by developed countries in multilateral trade negotiations is not only inconsistent with their own historical experience, but it could also hold back industrialization in developing countries. The longer-term implications for industrialization of a commitment to low and uniform tariffs by developing countries are much more serious than their impact on “static” resource allocation and welfare, they influence the potential for long-term learning and growth. Finally, some proposals are advanced that can help reconcile policy flexibility with multilateral discipline.
7 The (Slow) Return of Industrial Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Peres Wilson 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn order to empower their development processes, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean need to implement policies aimed at creating new sectors or modernizing mature ones, albeit within the constraints imposed by the size, development level, and economic structure of the individual national economies. This chapter analyzes the re-emergence of such policies after the “liberalization shock”, their achievements so far, and the obstacles facing their implementation.
8 Flying Geese and Waddling Ducks: The Different Capabilities of East Asia and Latin America to ‘Demand‐Adapt’ and ‘Supply‐Upgrade’ their Export Productive Capacity
Authors: Palma José Gabriel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter investigates the consequences of different patterns of specialization and export for the long-term growth paths of developing countries (in terms of patterns, pace, and sustainability). A comparison between East Asian and Latin American countries highlights the different potentials for productivity growth and production upgrading of different specialization patterns. It is argued that the latter come together with different internal institutional arrangements and can be influenced by explicit policy measures. The chapter discusses the degrees of freedom that developing countries have in their “choices” of specialization and the underlying political economy.
10 The Impact of Public Policies in Brazil along the Path from Semi‐Stagnation to Growth in a Sino‐Centric Market
Authors: Barros de Castro Antonio 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the interaction between public policies and patterns of growth in Brazil over the last three decades, starting from the period when fast industrialization ends and major macroeconomic imbalances emerge. The effects of the various macroeconomic policy measures in terms of patterns of industrial growth are discussed. Brazil is possibly the only Latin American country that has emerged from the stabilization cures and liberalization shocks with a live and diversified industrial structure. However, at the end of the tunnel of semi-stagnation the international scene has dramatically changed with the emergence of China as a powerful major producer and exporter (including to the markets of other industrializing countries). Hence, new challenges but also new opportunities have arisen in Brazilian industry. As industrial policies played a crucial role in the early industrialization phase, they are likely to be important — albeit on different levels — in the adjustment to a Sino-centric world.
11 The Past, Present, and Future of Industrial Policy in India: Adapting to the Changing Domestic and International Environment
Authors: Singh Ajit 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn the post-World War II period, India was probably the first non-communist developing country to have instituted a fully-fledged industrial policy based on some form of central planning. The purpose of the policy was to co-ordinate investment decisions both in the public and the private sectors and to seize the “commanding heights” of the economy by bringing certain strategic industries and firms under public guidance. This chapter argues that the ensuing industrial policies not only had a major role in fostering India's industrial revolution but still play an important role in the current period of rapid growth.
13 The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in Asia and Latin America
Authors: Khan Mushtaq H. , Blankenburg Stephanie 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the viability and effectiveness of industrial policies for catching up in relation to state-led management of rents throughout the process of social transformation. A crucial point is that “progressive” rent-management strategies aimed at technology acquisition and economic development are politically constrained by power constellations within society and their relations with the State itself. Essential for the explanation of success and failure of industrial policy strategies in late developers is therefore the compatibility of industrial and technological strategies with the distribution of political power. The chapter discusses a number of policy variants in different Asian countries and in Latin America, explaining how different internal political configurations can account for different outcomes of apparently similar industrial policies both within and between these regions.
15 Nationality of Firm Ownership in Developing Countries: Who Should ‘Crowd Out’ Whom in Imperfect Markets?
Authors: Amsden Alice H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn traditional theory, the nationality of an enterprise shouldn't matter to economic development. Whether a firm is a foreign-owned subsidiary of a multinational (FOE), or a private nationally owned enterprise in the developing world (POE), development will be the same so long as markets are perfect. However, this is no longer the case in markets that are monopolistic. Firms incorporate specific forms of knowledge and the location of ownership contributes to determine technological and production strategies. In these circumstances, the nationality of ownership does matter. Whether a developing economy is dominated by FOEs or POEs, its mid-tech or (mature) high-tech sectors affect the rates of learning and expansion of productive capacity. In fact, the chapter argues that crowding out of POEs by FOEs in such industries is not development friendly.
3 Plato's Hesiod: An acquired taste?
Authors: Most G. W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBy analysing the pattern of Hesiodic quotations across Plato's works, this chapter concludes that Plato came to admire and use Hesiod — especially the Works and Days — more as he got older. The Hesiodic corpus, included the Theogony and Works and Days but not the Catalogue of Women and the minor works, just as the only genuine Homeric texts, for Plato, appear to be the Iliad and Odyssey.
From Dual to Cooperative Federalism
Authors: Schütze Robert 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
What is the federal philosophy inspiring the structure of European law? The federal principle stands for constitutional arrangements that find “unity in diversity”. The two most influential manifestations of the federal principle emerged under the names of “dual” and “cooperative” federalism in the constitutional history of the United States of America. Dual federalism is based on the idea that the federal government and the State governments are co-equals and each is legislating in a separate sphere. Cooperative federalism, on the other hand, stands for the thought that both governments legislate in the same sphere. They are hierarchically arranged and complement each other in solving a social problem. Can the European Union be understood in federal terms? The book’s General Part introduces three constitutional traditions of the federal idea. Following the American tradition, the European Union is defined as a Federation of States as it stands on the “middle ground” between international and national law.
Scientific Realism
Authors: Devitt Michael , Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues for scientific realism. Scientific realism is primarily a metaphysical doctrine about the existence and nature of the unobservables of science. There are good explanationist arguments for realism, most famously that from the success of science, provided abduction is allowed. Abduction seems to be on an equal footing, at least, with other ampliative methods of inference. One argument against realism is the argument from underdetermination. It starts from the claim that any theory faces many empirically equivalent rivals. Once we note the role of auxiliary hypotheses in testing theories, and our ability to create evidence in novel experiments, the argument collapses. Another argument against realism is the pessimistic meta-induction argument. The key defense against this is that, over recent centuries, methodological changes have greatly improved our capacity to understand the unobservable world.
Global Response Dependency and Worldmaking
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract‘Worldmaking’ is the antirealist doctrine that we make the known world with our concepts. It is Constructivism without a commitment to relativism. This chapter considers the relation between Worldmaking and the global response-dependency theory of concepts urged by Pettit. According to this theory all concepts are of dispositions to produce a certain sort of response in normal humans in normal conditions. Pettit denies that this theory leads to Worldmaking. The chapter argues that he is wrong. The theory leads to the view that all properties are response-dependent and this leads to Worldmaking. For that reason alone Pettit's theory of concepts should be rejected.
Natural Kinds and Biological Realisms
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines some interesting ‘realism’ issues in biology, arguing that these are best seen as about which kinds are explanatorily significant, which ones are ‘natural kinds’. Seeing them as ‘realism’ issues has caused unclarity and confusion. The main issue discussed is that between Ereshefsky's ‘pluralistic antirealism’ and Kitcher's ‘pluralistic realism’ about species. The chapter argues that so far as ‘realism’ is concerned, these views are actually the same. Concerning the higher categories it finds no good reason for the view of Eldredge and Cracraft that the higher taxa ‘do not exist in the same sense as do species’ and doubts the cladistic view that only monophyletic groups are ‘real’, that is to say, natural kinds. However, the signs are that the higher categories are not natural kinds and hence that the Linnaean hierarchy should be abandoned.
Chapter 7 Social Justice and the Welfare State: Institutional Problems
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOne of the central themes of this chapter is the neo‐liberal critique of the ‘public service ethic’ which it has been thought by Social Democratic thinkers as the main way in which the self‐interested behaviour of welfare bureaucracies can be constrained. The chapter looks at the close links between the neo‐liberal approach to this and the Public Choice School of public policy analysts who argue that the role and expansion of welfare bureaucracy is best explained by the utility maximizing behaviour at work in such bureaucracies when they are exempt from market disciplines and the possibility of bankruptcy. The role of interest groups in a welfare state is taken up again with reference to the work of Macur Olson in terms of his account of the rigidities caused to the economy by long lasting interest groups. The neo‐liberal approach to trades unions is also considered in this chapter.
The Idea of Iambos
Authors: Rotstein Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis study of the genre of Greek iambic poetry, from the perspective provided by ancient testimonies, places research on iambos in the framework of a new methodological approach to ancient genres based on the cognitive sciences, offering an unprecedented study of ancient theories of genres and the way they affected ancient scholarship. It examines the possibility of musical performance of iambic poetry as well as the various occasions of public performance, particularly at musical contests and rhapsodic recitals. The author argues that, from the Archaic to the Classical period, there was a shift from the notion of literary class depending primarily on rhythm and on its archetypical representative, Archilochus, towards iambos as a genre defined mainly by invective as its dominant feature.
Approaching Genre
Authors: Rotstein Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAs often happens with ancient literary genres, most divergences on iambos in contemporary scholarship are due to a basic disagreement on what literary genres are. This chapter presents a view of literary genres that derives from studies on categorization that the cognitive sciences have developed in the fields of psychology, anthropology, linguistics, and the growing field of cognitive poetics. It discusses approaches to the genre and corpus of iambos.
Iambosin Archilochus (fr. 215W)
Authors: Rotstein Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents an interpretation of Archil. 215W. It attempts to define a general type of occasion and a general function for the iamboi in Archil. 215W. The occasion: that of ritualized commensality or conviviality, either restricted to some (i.e. symposia) or more public (at religious festivals or public meals). The function: mainly entertainment. Such an occasion and such a function are not distinctive enough for us to argue that they shaped the genre of iamboi or that they gave them their name. The more inclusive an occasion of performance, the less prone it is to give names to specific songs. It seems, therefore, that the question about the meaning of iambos for 7th-century BCE audiences cannot be answered exclusively by reference to function or occasion of performance. Additional features must have been at work, of which, rhythm may well have been a prominent one.
Public Performance ofIamboi
Authors: Rotstein Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter suggests that iamboi were a ‘performance framed by ritual’; that is to say, not directly playing a role in ritual, but not purely theatrical either. Accordingly, iamboi had a loose connection to their various performance contexts, with entertainment playing an important role. They could be performed and re-performed at festivals and competitions, as well as on private or semi-private occasions (such as symposia). This proposition is examined with particular attention to evidence for the performance of iamboi on occasions other than symposia, namely religious festivals and mousikoi agones.
Invective as the Dominant Feature ofIambos
Authors: Rotstein Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe perception of Archilochus played a major role in the process of selection and reduction of the elements relevant for the categorization of iambos. Before the notion of iambos was restricted to the dominant feature of abuse, it was the prototype of the genre, Archilochus, who was taken to be predominantly abusive, at the expense of the thematic and functional variety of his poetry. This chapter examines the stage at which the perception of iambos as mainly abusive crystallized.
Sending the Letter
Authors: Whyman Susan E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The 18th-century Post Office is usually portrayed as mired in inefficiency. New private and public sources tell a different earlier story. Post office records and 34 letter collections show how people used the Royal Mail and how it affected their lives. In the 17th century, basic postal routines were established and the quantity of letters carried increased. In the 18th century, a national network served by coaches grew out of the old six roads. By 1800 the Royal Mail had become a commercial newsagent spreading papers throughout the nation. At the same time, it continued to open letters and censor mail. The newspaper, novel, and coffeehouse are often cited in regard to the rise of the public sphere, but the letter and the Post Office are rarely mentioned. Yet its arena of unrestricted discourse was as provocative to the state as any coffeehouse. By 1800, a service created to censor mail had become a private necessity and a public right.