bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of a Potentd-Peptide HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor with a Strong Barrier to Resistance
Authors: Welch Brett D. , Francis J. Nicholas , Redman Joseph S. , Paul Suparna , Weinstock Matthew T. , Reeves Jacqueline D. , Lie Yolanda S. , Whitby Frank G. , Eckert Debra M. , Hill Christopher P. , Root Michael J. , Kay Michael S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe HIV gp41 N-trimer pocket region is an ideal viral target because it is extracellular, highly conserved, and essential for viral entry. Here, we report on the design of a pocket-specificd-peptide, PIE12-trimer, that is extraordinarily elusive to resistance and characterize its inhibitory and structural properties.d-Peptides (peptides composed ofd-amino acids) are promising therapeutic agents due to their insensitivity to protease degradation. PIE12-trimer was designed using structure-guided mirror-image phage display and linker optimization and is the firstd-peptide HIV entry inhibitor with the breadth and potency required for clinical use. PIE12-trimer has an ultrahigh affinity for the gp41 pocket, providing it with a reserve of binding energy (resistance capacitor) that yields a dramatically improved resistance profile compared to those of other fusion inhibitors. These results demonstrate that the gp41 pocket is an ideal drug target and establish PIE12-trimer as a leading anti-HIV antiviral candidate.
Fire-scar formation in Jeffrey pine – mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, Mexico
Authors: Stephens Scott L. , Fry Danny L. , Collins Brandon M. , Skinner Carl N. , Franco-Vizcaíno Ernesto , Freed Travis J. 
Published: August 2010

Little is known about the probability of fire-scar formation. In this study, we examined all mixed conifer trees for fire-scar formation in a 16 ha watershed that burned as part of a 2003 wildfire in Sierra San Pedro Mártir National Park (SSPM), Mexico. In addition, we examine the probability of fire-scar formation in relation to the previous fire interval in forests in the SSPM and Sierra Nevada. Within the 16 ha SSPM watershed, 1647 trees were assessed (100% census) for new fire scars. The SSPM wildfire burned around the base of 78% of the trees, but only 8% developed a new fire scar. Although the years from tree germination to first fire scar could potentially represent a fire-free period, there is clear evidence from this study that the inclusion of this interval when computing fire statistics is not justified. When the time since previous fire was <10 years, 10–30 years, and >57 years, the probability of rescarring was approximately 0.05, 0.5, and 0.75, respectively. In areas where fires were frequent (<10 years), fire frequencies derived from fire scars will likely underestimate true fire frequency, at least in forests that are similar to those studied here.
Role of tree stand evapotranspiration in maintaining satisfactory drainage conditions in drained peatlands
Authors: Sarkkola Sakari , Hökkä Hannu , Koivusalo Harri , Nieminen Mika , Ahti Erkki , Päivänen Juhani , Laine Jukka 
Published: August 2010

Ditch networks in drained peatland forests are maintained regularly to prevent water table rise and subsequent decrease in tree growth. The growing tree stand itself affects the level of water table through evapotranspiration, the magnitude of which is closely related to the living stand volume. In this study, regression analysis was applied to quantify the relationship between the late summer water table depth (DWT) and tree stand volume, mean monthly summertime precipitation (Ps), drainage network condition, and latitude. The analysis was based on several large data sets from southern to northern Finland, including concurrent measurements of stand volume and summer water table depth. The identified model demonstrated a nonlinear effect of stand volume on DWT, a linear effect of Ps on DWT, and an interactive effect of both stand volume and Ps. Latitude and ditch depth showed only marginal influence on DWT. A separate analysis indicated that an increase of 10 m3·ha–1 in stand volume corresponded with a drop of 1 cm in water table level during the growing season. In a subsample of the data, high bulk density peat showed deeper DWT than peat with low bulk density at the same stand volume.
Modeling mortality in mixed-species stands of coastal British Columbia
Authors: Rathbun Leah C. , LeMay Valerie , Smith Nick 
Published: August 2010

Individual-tree distance-independent models were developed to estimate regular mortality for western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii), and western redcedar ( Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) in the coastal temperate rain forests of British Columbia, Canada. Permanent plots remeasured at intervals ranging from 1 to 17 years were used. Because of the irregular remeasurement intervals, survival was estimated using a generalized logistic model and mortality was calculated by subtraction. Basal area of trees larger than the subject tree provided reasonably accurate mortality estimates for larger trees. However, poor results were obtained for trees less than 7.5 cm in diameter at breast height, which had higher mortality rates than the larger trees. Since the implementation of a survival (or mortality) model within a growth and yield model environment can largely affect estimation accuracy, three methods of implementing the model were also evaluated. A probability multiplier approach where the stems per hectare surviving to the next period is estimated by multiplying the probability of survival by the stems per hectare at the beginning of the time period is recommended. This is equivalent to a stochastic approach averaged over many repetitions but with much less processing time.
Characteristics of downed wood across headwater riparian ecotones: integrating the stream with the riparian area
Authors: Holmes Kathryn L. , Goebel P. Charles , Morris Arthur E.L. 
Published: August 2010

Although downed wood is a significant structural component of riparian ecotones, most studies of downed wood dynamics are conducted only within the stream bankfull channel or on the riparian forest floor. We examined downed wood structural characteristics (e.g., length, volume, and decay class) across the entire riparian ecotone of seven headwater streams in mature deciduous forests of northeastern Ohio to understand the structural relationships between downed wood and riparian ecotones. Sampling was stratified by hydrogeomorphic zones that were defined by lateral position within the riparian ecotone and correspond to differing fluvial geomorphology. Most downed wood pieces sampled were small (<1 m) and with a high decay class. Downed wood pieces within the baseflow zone (within the wetted channel) were smaller and more abundant than those within the transitional zone (within the bankfull channel excluding the wetted channel). Surface contact was inversely related to aquatic influence across the riparian ecotone, with downed wood in Zone 3 (riparian area beyond the bankfull channel) having significantly higher contact than wood within the other zones. The ecotonal approach and the incorporation of hydrogeomorphic influences is an alternative approach that moves beyond traditional approaches to more holistic management of riparian forests.
Antioxidant responses to variations of oxygen by the Harderian gland of different species of the superspecies Spalax ehrenbergi
Authors: Soria-Valles C. , Caballero B. , Vega-Naredo I. , Sierra V. , Huidobro-Fernández C. , Gonzalo-Calvo D. D. , Tolivia D. , Rodríguez-Colunga M. J. , Joel A. , Coto-Montes A. , Avivi A. 
Published: August 2010

The subterranean blind mole rats of the superspecies Spalax ehrenbergi (Nehring, 1898) have developed several strategies to cope with changing concentrations of underground oxygen. Such an atmosphere induces the generation of reactive oxygen species that can cause oxidative damage without proper control. To understand how S. ehrenbergi appear to be able to counteract the free radicals and avoid oxidative damage, we studied the oxidative status of the Harderian gland (an organ particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress in many rodents) in two species of the superspecies S. ehrenbergi ( Spalax galili and Spalax judaei ) under different oxygen concentration levels, paying special attention to the antioxidant defences developed by these animals and the resulting macromolecular damage. The results presented herein reinforce the idea that S. ehrenbergi deal better with hypoxic conditions than other rodents by regulating the activity of its antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, S. galili is better adapted to hypoxic conditions, whereas S. judaei appears to be better adapted to hyperoxic conditions.
Comment on “The structural relationship: regression in biology”
Authors: Dhanoa M. S. , Sanderson R. 
Published: August 2010

Supplementary information relevant to structural relationship regression in biology as discussed by McArdle (1988; Can. J. Zool. 66(11): 2329–2339) is presented. Although McArdle presented both linear and multiple linear regression models, we limit our comment to the linear model only. McArdle’s eq. 2 is corrected. Deming’s alternative form of the maximum likelihood (ML) solution (Deming 1943; Statistical adjustment of data. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York) is introduced. In the ML solution, the ratio of the mean measurement variances of the y and x variables is assumed constant over the range of the data. However, when λMLis not constant, then iteratively reweighted generalized Deming regression or functional relationship estimation by maximum likelihood is more appropriate.
DIFFERENTIAL THERMOGRAPHY FOR EXPERIMENTAL, FULL-FIELD STRESS ANALYSIS OF HIP ARTHROPLASTY
Authors: ZANETTI ELISABETTA M. , AUDENINO ALBERTO L. 
Published: August 2010

A hip prosthesis implant produces a significant deviation in the stress pattern compared with the physiologic condition. In this work, the stress patterns are evaluated experimentally on synthetic femora, by means of thermoelastic stress analysis. Two factors have been considered: stem implantation and head offset. Stress maps were obtained using differential thermography and correlated to these factors.Thermoelastic stress maps have demonstrated to be sensitive to the implant and the head offset. In detail, the standard deviation of stresses can reduce from –5% to –50% (with reference to the physiologic one), depending on stem design; peak stresses change their position or disappear for different implant position or press-fitting, the sensitivity of average stresses to the offset is at least equal to 0.07 MPa/mm.On the whole, a methodology was developed, allowing the experimental evaluation and comparison of the stress distributions produced by different implants.
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA DIAGNOSIS USING A NEURO-FUZZY APPROACH
Authors: BENALI R. , DIB N. , REGUIG BEREKSI F. 
Published: August 2010

The ventricular premature contractions (VPC) are cardiac arrhythmias that are widely encountered in the cardiologic field. They can be detected using the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal parameters. A novel method for detecting VPC from the ECG signal is proposed using a new algorithm (Slope) combined with a fuzzy-neural network (FNN). To achieve this objective, an algorithm for QRS detection is first implemented, and then a neuro-fuzzy classifier is developed. Its performances are evaluated by computing the percentages of sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), and correct classification (CC). This classifier allows extraction of rules (knowledge base) to clarify the obtained results. We use the medical database (MIT-BIH) to validate our results.
Mittag‐Leffler Stability Theorem for Fractional Nonlinear Systems with Delay
Authors: Sadati S. J. , Baleanu D. , Ranjbar A. , Ghaderi R. , Abdeljawad (Maraaba) T. 
Published: August 2010

Fractional calculus started to play an important role for analysis of the evolution of the nonlinear dynamical systems which are important in various branches of science and engineering. In this line of taught in this paper we studied the stability of fractional order nonlinear time‐delay systems for Caputo′s derivative, and we proved two theorems for Mittag‐Leffler stability of the fractional nonlinear time delay systems.Erratum to “Mittag-Leffler Stability Theorem for Fractional Nonlinear Systems with Delay”dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/304352
A Galectin-3 Ligand Corrects the Impaired Function of Human CD4 and CD8 Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Favors Tumor Rejection in Mice
Authors: Demotte Nathalie , Wieërs Grégoire , Van Der Smissen Patrick , Moser Muriel , Schmidt Christopher , Thielemans Kris , Squifflet Jean-Luc , Weynand Birgit , Carrasco Javier , Lurquin Christophe , Courtoy Pierre J. , van der Bruggen Pierre 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHuman CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL), in contrast with CD8+ blood cells, show impaired IFN-γ secretion on ex vivo restimulation. We have attributed the impaired IFN-γ secretion to a decreased mobility of T-cell receptors on trapping in a lattice of glycoproteins clustered by extracellular galectin-3. Indeed, we have previously shown that treatment with N-acetyllactosamine, a galectin ligand, restored this secretion. We strengthened this hypothesis here by showing that CD8+ TIL treated with an anti–galectin-3 antibody had an increased IFN-γ secretion. Moreover, we found that GCS-100, a polysaccharide in clinical development, detached galectin-3 from TIL and boosted cytotoxicity and secretion of different cytokines. Importantly, we observed that not only CD8+ TIL but also CD4+ TIL treated with GCS-100 secreted more IFN-γ on ex vivo restimulation. In tumor-bearing mice vaccinated with a tumor antigen, injections of GCS-100 led to tumor rejection in half of the mice, whereas all control mice died. In nonvaccinated mice, GCS-100 had no effect by itself. These results suggest that a combination of galectin-3 ligands and therapeutic vaccination may induce more tumor regressions in cancer patients than vaccination alone. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7476–88. ©2010 AACR.
Circulating Levels of the Innate and Humoral Immune Regulators CD14 and CD23 Are Associated with Adult Glioma
Authors: Zhou Mi , Wiemels Joseph L. , Bracci Paige M. , Wrensch Margaret R. , Mccoy Lucie S. , Rice Terri , Sison Jennette D. , Patoka Joseph S. , Wiencke John K. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Allergy history has been consistently inversely associated with glioma risk. Two serologic markers, soluble CD23 (sCD23) and soluble CD14 (sCD14), are part of the innate and adaptive humoral immune systems and modulate allergic responses in opposite directions, with sCD23 enhancing and sCD14 blunting inflammatory responses. We measured sCD23 and sCD14 in serum from blood that was drawn at a single time point from 1,079 glioma patients postdiagnosis and 736 healthy controls. Glioma was strongly associated with high sCD14 [highest versus lowest quartile odds ratio (OR), 3.94; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.98–5.21] and low sCD23 (lowest versus highest quartile OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.89–3.23). Results were consistent across glioma histologic types and grades, but were strongest for glioblastoma. Whereas temozolomide treatment was not associated with either sCD14 or sCD23 levels among cases, those taking dexamethasone had somewhat lower sCD23 levels than those not taking dexamethasone. However, sCD23 was associated with case status regardless of dexamethasone treatment. These results augment the long-observed association between allergies and glioma and support a role for the innate and adaptive humoral functions of the immune system, in particular immunoregulatory proteins, in gliomagenesis. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7534–42. ©2010 AACR.
Meta-analysis of Neuroblastomas Reveals a Skewed ALK Mutation Spectrum in Tumors with MYCN Amplification
Authors: De Brouwer Sara , De Preter Katleen , Kumps Candy , Zabrocki Piotr , Porcu Michaël , Westerhout Ellen M. , Lakeman Arjan , Vandesompele Jo , Hoebeeck Jasmien , Van Maerken Tom , De Paepe Anne , Laureys Geneviève , Schulte Johannes H. , Schramm Alexander , Van Den Broecke Caroline , Vermeulen Joëlle , Van Roy Nadine , Beiske Klaus , Renard Marleen , Noguera Rosa , Delattre Olivier , Janoueix-Lerosey Isabelle , Kogner Per , Martinsson Tommy , Nakagawara Akira , Ohira Miki , Caron Huib , Eggert Angelika , Cools Jan , Versteeg Rogier , Speleman Frank 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Activating mutations of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) were recently described in neuroblastoma. We carried out a meta-analysis of 709 neuroblastoma tumors to determine their frequency and mutation spectrum in relation to genomic and clinical parameters, and studied the prognostic significance of ALK copy number and expression.
Experimental Design: The frequency and type of ALK mutations, copy number gain, and expression were analyzed in a new series of 254 neuroblastoma tumors. Data from 455 published cases were used for further in-depth analysis.
Results: ALK mutations were present in 6.9% of 709 investigated tumors, and mutations were found in similar frequencies in favorable [International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) 1, 2, and 4S; 5.7%] and unfavorable (INSS 3 and 4; 7.5%) neuroblastomas (P = 0.087). Two hotspot mutations, at positions R1275 and F1174, were observed (49% and 34.7% of the mutated cases, respectively). Interestingly, the F1174 mutations occurred in a high proportion of MYCN-amplified cases (P = 0.001), and this combined occurrence was associated with a particular poor outcome, suggesting a positive cooperative effect between both aberrations. Furthermore, the F1174L mutant was characterized by a higher degree of autophosphorylation and a more potent transforming capacity as compared with the R1275Q mutant. Chromosome 2p gains, including the ALK locus (91.8%), were associated with a significantly increased ALK expression, which was also correlated with poor survival.
Conclusions: ALK mutations occur in equal frequencies across all genomic subtypes, but F1174L mutants are observed in a higher frequency of MYCN-amplified tumors and show increased transforming capacity as compared with the R1275Q mutants. Clin Cancer Res; 16(17); 4353–62. ©2010 AACR.
Electropathological Substrate of Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Structural Heart Disease
Authors: Allessie Maurits A. , de Groot Natasja M.S. , Houben Richard P.M. , Schotten Ulrich , Boersma Eric , Smeets Joep L. , Crijns Harry J. 
Published: August 2010

Background—
The electropathological substrate of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) in humans is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the spatiotemporal characteristics of the fibrillatory process in patients with normal sinus rhythm and long-standing persistent AF.

Methods and Results—

During cardiac surgery, epicardial mapping (244 electrodes) of the right atrium (RA), the left lateral wall (LA), and the posterior left atrium (PV) was performed in 24 patients with long-standing persistent AF. Twenty-five patients with normal sinus rhythm, in whom AF was induced by rapid pacing, served as a reference group. A mapping algorithm was developed that separated the complex fibrillation process into its individual elements (wave mapping). Parameters used to characterize the substrate of AF were (1) the total length of interwave conduction block, (2) the number of fibrillation waves, and (3) the ratio of block to collision of fibrillation waves (dissociation index). In 4403 maps of persistent AF, no evidence for the presence of stable foci or rotors was found. Instead, many narrow wavelets propagated simultaneously through the atrial wall. The lateral boundaries of these waves were formed by lines of interwave conduction block, predominantly oriented parallel to the atrial musculature. Lines of block were not fixed but continuously changed on a beat-to-beat basis. In patients with persistent AF, the total length of block in the RA was more than 6-fold higher than during acute AF (median, 21.1 versus 3.4 mm/cm
2
;
P
<0.0001). The highest degree of interwave conduction block was found in the PV area (33.0 mm/cm
2
). The number of fibrillation waves during persistent AF was 4.5/cm
2
compared with 2.3 during acute AF, and the dissociation index was 7.3 versus 1.5 (
P
<0.0001). The interindividual variation of these parameters among patients was high.

Conclusions—
Electric dissociation of neighboring atrial muscle bundles is a key element in the development of the substrate of human AF. The degree of the pathological changes can be measured on an individual basis by electrophysiological parameters in the spatial domain.
Bediuzzaman and the Concept of Adl: Towards a Nursian Ontology of Divine Justice
Authors: Turner Colin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBediuzzaman Said Nursi (1876‐1960), one of the foremost Muslim thinkers in the modern era, is one of few scholars in the Sunni Islamic tradition to make the notion of justice (Adl) a cornerstone of his theological discourse. This article is an attempt to prise open the shell of Nursian thought on Divine justice by examining the concept as it applies to three different but overlapping spheres: the sphere of the relationship between God and the cosmos in general; the sphere of the relationship between God and man in particular; and the sphere of the relationships that man enjoys with his fellow men. The objective is to throw light on one of the most controversial, yet under-researched, aspects of Muslim theology as seen through the intellectual prism of one of the Muslim world’s most overlooked scholars of Quranic exegesis.
When Worlds Collide: Scientists Doing Science in the Social World
Authors: Davey Gareth , Kwok-bun Chan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDespite the traditional independence in academia between the science and social science traditions, science is, essentially, a social pursuit, intertwined with social conditions, structures, and processes. If science can be pictured as a form of human cultural activity, practiced by people called ‘scientists,’ then it should be regarded in sociological terms. Given the rapid growth of science in Asia, more sociological studies are thus needed there to unravel the interplay between science and society, and how scientists do science. The present study reports the findings of in-depth open-ended interviews with scientists in various universities and research institutes in Singapore. The overall research question was: How do scientists in Singapore do their work in a social world? The underlying questions were designed to explore the social complexity of scientists’ work. The findings showed that the workings of science were drawn together, and directed by, non-science elements. They included the market, which controls research agendas and fashions; economics, which determines the availability of funding and encourages collaboration; bureaucratic administration, which provides the resources available to do science; and fashions, which persuade researchers to pursue topics considered acceptable by their peers. The associations between science and non-science are also not harmonious. Various tensions were reported in the interviews. What can be done to remedy the colliding worlds of science and non-science? The answer lies in more sociological studies. The sociological study of science is a relatively new item on the academic agenda, and there is a paucity of research in the Asian context. This study identifies several avenues for further enquiry, and serves as a primer for further research.