bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Access to Housing in Urban China
Authors: LOGAN JOHN R. , FANG YIPING , ZHANG ZHANXIN 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLike income inequality, housing inequality in urban China is strongly affected by state policies that give preferential treatment to insiders. In this case, the key policies are related to their residence status, which involves not only their migration history but also their legal position. Using data from the Chinese census of 2000 for eight large cities, this study shows how residence status affects access to various pathways to housing. In addition to the well‐known marginal housing situation of the recent ‘floating population’, it documents surprising advantages for migrants with urban registration status and persistent disadvantages for rural migrants regardless of how long they have lived in the city.RésuméComme l’inégalité de revenu, l’inégalité de logement dans les villes chinoises est nettement affectée par les mesures étatiques qui privilégient les résidents en place. En l’occurrence, les politiques déterminantes s’attachent au statut de résidence, ce qui recouvre à la fois l’historique migratoire des individus et leur situation juridique. À partir des données du recensement chinois de 2000 dans huit grandes villes, l’étude montre comment le statut de résidence influe sur l’accès aux différents canaux conduisant à un logement. Outre la condition de logement marginale bien connue de la «population flottante» récente, sont exposés les surprenants atouts des migrants qui sont enregistrés comme urbains, et les inconvénients persistants que rencontrent les migrants ruraux quelle que soit la durée pendant laquelle ils ont vécu dans la ville.
Characterization of motor control in handwriting difficulties in children with or without developmental coordination disorder
Authors: CHANG SHAO‐HSIA , YU NAN‐YING 
Published: November 2009

Aim  The purpose of this study was to characterize handwriting deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) using computerized movement analyses.Method  Seventy‐two children (40 females, 32 males; mean age 7y, SD 7mo; range 6y 2mo to 7y 11mo) with handwriting deficits (33 with DCD, 39 without DCD); and 22 age‐ and sex‐matched children without handwriting deficits were asked to perform handwriting tasks on a digital tablet for the collection of kinematic and kinetic data. Practice times required to achieve automation of movement when writing an unfamiliar character were used to assess the motor learning of handwriting. The children were asked to copy three simple and three complex characters, and the velocity and axial pen force used for corresponding strokes were compared.Results  The attainment of automated handwriting was markedly slower in children with handwriting deficits and DCD, who used a faster stroke velocity to write simple characters (1.22 times those without handwriting deficits), but when writing complex characters, their stroke velocity and pen force were lower (0.85 and 0.89 times those without handwriting deficits, respectively).Interpretation  By linking the results with neuromotor control theories, it was determined that children with DCD have difficulties performing the open‐loop and closed‐loop movements required for fluent handwriting.
Predictive value of definitely abnormal general movements in the general population
Authors: BOUWSTRA HYLCO , DIJK‐STIGTER GEERTEKE R , GROOTEN HEDWIG MJ , JANSSEN‐PLAS FEMKE EM , KOOPMANS ALICE J , MULDER CHRISTIEN D , Van BELLE ANS , HADDERS‐ALGRA MIJNA 
Published: November 2009

Aim  Definitely abnormal general movements in populations of high‐risk infants predict serious neurodevelopmental impairment. This study aimed to assess predictive values of definitely abnormal general movements at 3 months for serious neurodevelopmental impairment in a representative sample of the general population.Method  A prospective cohort study of 455 3‐month‐old infants was performed (241 females, 214 males; mean birthweight 3452g, SD 604g; mean gestational age 39.4wks, SD 1.96; n=32 born preterm). At enrolment, general movement quality was assessed by means of video recording. At 4 years, all participants were reassessed by well‐baby health clinicians; if serious neurodevelopmental impairment was identified, clinical records were reviewed. Predictive values of definitely abnormal general movement quality for major neurodevelopmental impairment were calculated.Results  Five children were diagnosed as having a major neurodevelopmental disorder with serious implications for daily life, including three children with cerebral palsy (CP). Three out of the five had shown definitely abnormal general movements; they had lesions involving the periventricular white matter. Two children did not show definitely abnormal general movements; one had unilateral spastic CP due to a cortical lesion and the other had ataxia due to cerebellar atrophy. The positive predictive value of definitely abnormal general movements for major neurodevelopmental impairment was 18/100, and for CP it was 12/100. Negative predictive values approached 100%.Interpretation  The good predictive value of general movement assessment in high‐risk populations cannot be generalized to the general population.
Attentional and executive impairments in children with spastic cerebral palsy
Authors: BOTTCHER LOUISE , FLACHS ESBEN MEULENGRACHT , ULDALL PETER 
Published: November 2009

Aim Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are reported to have learning and social problems. The aim of the present study was to examine whether children with CP have impairments in attention or executive function.Method We examined attention and executive function with standardized neuropsychological measures in a group of children with unilateral (n=15) or bilateral (n=18) spastic CP (14 females, 19 males, mean age 11y 4mo, SD 1y 1mo, range 9y 1mo–13y 7mo; Gross Motor Function Classification System level In=22, IIn=3, IIIn=6, and IVn=2). Performance was compared with test norms.Results Verbal cognitive functioning fell within the normal range, whereas sustained (p=0.001) and divided attention (p<0.001) were found to be impaired. Greater impairment was observed in executive function in general (p<0.001) and in inhibition (p=0.038) and shifting (p<0.001) in particular. No significant difference was found between types of CP (unilateral and bilateral). Performance of all timed tasks was slower than the test norm (p<0.00).Interpretation The finding of slower performances across tasks may indicate a general impairment in efficiency of information processing in relation to white‐matter lesions. Impairments in attention and executive functions are present in children with CP and may help to explain why these children have increased social and learning problems.
Free testosterone levels in umbilical‐cord blood predict infant head circumference in females
Authors: WHITEHOUSE ANDREW J O , MAYBERY MURRAY T , HART ROGER , SLOBODA DEBORAH M , STANLEY FIONA J , NEWNHAM JOHN P , HICKEY MARTHA 
Published: November 2009

Aim  Fetal androgens influence fetal growth as well as postnatal neurocognitive ability. However, to our knowledge, no published study has prospectively examined the impact of early‐life androgens on infant brain growth. We report the association between circulating fetal androgen levels, measured from umbilical‐cord blood at birth, and a proxy measure of brain growth: head circumference.Method  Participants were 82 unselected female infants from a large representative birth cohort (mean gestational age 39.4wks, SD 1.7). Umbilical‐cord blood was obtained at birth and analysed for androgen concentrations (total testosterone, androstenedione, dehyrdroepiandrosterone, and its sulphated metabolite). Head circumference and two other measures of growth – weight (mean 3311.4g, SD 461.3) and length – were measured within 3 days of birth and again at approximately 1 year of age (mean age 13.1mo, SD 1.1).Results  Multivariate linear regressions found an inverse association between levels of free testosterone and growth in head circumference (correlation=−.24), even when adjusting for sociodemographic/obstetric covariates and head size at birth. Growth in weight and length could not be predicted by free testosterone concentration.Interpretation  This is the first report of an association between prenatal androgen levels and postnatal growth in head circumference. These findings suggest that early‐life androgens may impact brain development during infancy.
Effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on serotonin transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 protein and gene expression in rats: implications for MDMA neurotoxicity
Authors: Biezonski Dominik K. , Meyer Jerrold S. 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem.(2009)112, 951–962.Abstract3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘Ecstasy’) is a popular recreational drug used worldwide. This study aimed to determine the effects of this compound on the expression of nerve terminal serotonergic markers in rats. Experiment 1 investigated MDMA‐induced changes in levels of the serotonin transporter (SERT) and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT‐2) in the hippocampus, a region with sparse dopaminergic innervation, after lesioning noradrenergic input withN‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐N‐ethyl‐2‐bromobenzylamine (DSP‐4). Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were administered 100 mg/kg DSP‐4 or saline 1 week prior to either an MDMA (10 mg/kg × 4) or saline binge. Two weeks following the binge treatment, the DSP‐4/MDMA group unexpectedly showed little change in hippocampal VMAT‐2 protein expression compared with DSP‐4/Saline controls, despite large reductions in SERT levels in all regions examined in the MDMA‐treated animals. Furthermore, animals treated with binge MDMA (Experiment 2) showed a striking decrease in SERT gene expression (and a lesser effect on VMAT‐2) measured by quantitative RT‐PCR in pooled dorsal and median raphe tissue punches, when compared with saline‐treated controls. These results demonstrate that MDMA causes substantial regulatory changes in the expression of serotonergic markers, thus questioning the need to invoke distal axotomy as an explanation of MDMA‐related serotonergic deficits.
Circadian variations of prostaglandin E2 and F2 α release in the golden hamster retina
Authors: De Zavalía Nuria , Fernandez Diego C. , Sande Pablo H , Keller Sarmiento María I. , Golombek Diego A. , Rosenstein Ruth E. , Silberman Dafne M. 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem.(2009)112, 972–979.AbstractCircadian variations of prostaglandin E2 and F2α release were examined in the golden hamster retina. Both parameters showed significant diurnal variations with maximal values at midnight. When hamsters were placed under constant darkness for 48 h, the differences in prostaglandin release between subjective mid‐day and subjective midnight persisted. Western blot analysis showed that cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 levels were significantly higher at midnight than at mid‐day, and at subjective midnight than at subjective mid‐day, whereas no changes in COX‐2 levels were observed among these time points. Immunohistochemical studies indicated the presence of COX‐1 and COX‐2 in the inner (but not outer) retina. Circadian variations of retinal prostaglandin release were also assessed in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)‐lesioned animals. Significant differences in retinal prostaglandin release between subjective mid‐day and subjective midnight were observed in SCN‐lesioned animals. These results indicate that hamster retinal prostaglandin release is regulated by a retinal circadian clock independent from the SCN. Thus, the present results suggest that the prostaglandin/COX‐1 system could be a retinal clock output or part of the retinal clock mechanism.
Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibition alters the glial inflammatory response, reduces oxidative stress and cell death and increases angiogenesis following focal brain injury
Authors: Pifarré Paula , Prado Judith , Giralt Mercedes , Molinero Amalia , Hidalgo Juan , Garcia Agustina 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 807–817.AbstractRecent evidence obtained in cultured glial cells indicates that cGMP‐mediated pathways regulate cytoskeleton dynamics, glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and motility in astrocytes, as well as inflammatory gene expression in microglia, suggesting a role in the regulation of the glial reactive phenotype. The aim of this work was to examine if cGMP regulates the glial inflammatory response in vivo following CNS damage caused by a focal cryolesion onto the cortex in rats. Results show that treatment with the cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor zaprinast (10 mg/kg i.p.) 2 h before and 24 and 48 h after the lesion results 3 days post‐lesion in notably enhanced astrogliosis manifested by increased glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity and protein levels around the lesion. In contrast, zaprinast decreased the number of round/ameboid lectin‐positive cells and the expression of the activated microglia/macrophage markers Iba‐1 and CD11b indicating decreased recruitment and activation of these cells. This altered inflammatory response is accompanied by a decrease in protein oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death and neuronal degeneration. In addition, zaprinast enhanced angiogenesis in the lesioned cortex probably as a result of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in reactive astrocytes. These results suggest that regulation of the glial inflammatory response may contribute to the reported neuroprotective effects of cGMP‐phosphodiesterase inhibitors in brain injury.
Differential modulation of mu‐opioid receptor signaling to adenylyl cyclase by regulators of G protein signaling proteins 4 or 8 and 7 in permeabilised C6 cells is Gα subtype dependent
Authors: Talbot Jeffery N. , Roman David L. , Clark Mary J. , Roof Rebecca A. , Tesmer John J. G. , Neubig Richard R. , Traynor John R. 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2009)112, 1026–1034.AbstractRegulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins act as GTPase‐accelerating protein to negatively modulate G protein signaling and are defined by a conserved RGS domain with considerable amino acid diversity. To determine the effects of specific, purified RGS proteins on mu‐opioid signaling, C6 cells stably expressing a mu‐opioid receptor were rendered permeable to proteins by treatment with digitonin. Mu‐opioid inhibition of forskolin‐stimulated adenylyl cyclase by [d‐Ala2,N‐Me‐Phe4,Gly‐ol]‐enkephalin (DAMGO), a mu‐specific opioid peptide, remained fully intact in permeabilized cells. Purified RGS domain of RGS4 added to permeabilized cells resulted in a twofold loss in DAMGO potency but had no effect in cells expressing RGS‐insensitive G proteins. The inhibitory effect of DAMGO was reduced to the same extent by purified RGS4 and RGS8. In contrast, the RGS domain of RGS7 had no effect and inhibited the action of RGS8 as a result of weak physical association with Gαi2 and minimal GTPase‐accelerating protein activity in C6 cell membranes. These data suggest that differences in conserved RGS domains of specific RGS proteins contribute to differential regulation of opioid signaling to adenylyl cyclase and that a permeabilized cell model is useful for studying the effects of specific RGS proteins on aspects of G protein‐coupled receptor signaling.
Is vessel hull fouling an invasion threat to the Great Lakes?
Authors: Sylvester Francisco , MacIsaac Hugh J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim Hull fouling is a leading vector for the introduction of marine, non‐indigenous species (NIS) worldwide, yet its importance to freshwater habitats is poorly understood. We aimed to establish the complement of NIS transported via this vector to the Great Lakes and to determine if they pose an invasion risk.Location Laurentian Great Lakes.Methods During 2007 and 2008, we collected scrapings from exterior surfaces as well as underwater video‐transects from 20 vessels shortly after their arrival in Great Lakes’ ports. Invertebrates present were sorted and identified in the laboratory.Results Total estimated abundance averaged > 170,000 invertebrates per ship belonging to 109 taxa. Most (72%) of these taxa were freshwater species already present in the Great Lakes, whereas 11 and 31% were native to estuarine and marine habitats respectively, and would not be expected to survive in this habitat. Abundance was dominated by barnacles (51%), cladocerans (19%), bivalves (12%) and amphipods (11%). Sea‐chest grating and the rudder were hot‐spots for biofouling. Invertebrate diversity and total abundance were positively associated with total time spent in port during the last year and time in Pacific South American ports and negatively related to time in high latitudes and sailing speed. Although we found some live, established invaders such asGammarus tigrinusandDreissena rostriformis bugensis, only one individual of a freshwater NIS (Alexandrovia onegensis, Oligochaeta) not yet reported in the Great Lakes was detected. The animal’s poor condition and seemingly low population abundance indicated the risk of live introduction by this vector was likely quite low.Main conclusion Our results indicate that hull fouling appears to pose a low risk of introductions of new species capable of surviving in the Great Lakes, unlike foreign‐sourced freshwater ballast water that historically was discharged by these transoceanic vessels.
Cow‐Calf Producer Preferences for Voluntary Traceability Systems
Authors: Schulz Lee L. , Tonsor Glynn T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article identifies preferences of US cow‐calf producers for voluntary traceability systems to better identify the potential success of alternative voluntary traceability systems. Results suggest that notable heterogeneity exists between cow‐calf producers in their preferences and the welfare effects of mandating traceability adoption. Producers are sensitive to price, managing entity and information requirements. We provide forecasts of voluntary participation rates under different price premium and discount scenarios that producers may face. This analysis has policy implications as success of voluntary traceability systems hinges critically upon cow‐calf producer preferences.
Comparison of measurement techniques and static theory applied to concrete beam deformation
Authors: Rönnholm Petri , Nuikka Milka , Suominen Antti , Salo Panu , Hyyppä Hannu , Pöntinen Petteri , Haggrén Henrik , Vermeer Martin , Puttonen Jari , Hirsi Hannu , Kukko Antero , Kaartinen Harri , Hyyppä Juha , Jaakkola Anttoni 
Published: November 2009

Abstract In this paper, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), photogrammetric and total station measurements were compared with dial gauge observations in two different loading experiments on a reinforced concrete beam. In the first test, the T‐beam was stressed in several loading phases resulting in deformations of up to 13·63 mm. All measuring methods were able to detect deformations with an accuracy of better than 0·38 mm. The theoretical calculations of deflections based on a form of Euler–Bernoulli beam equation, however, underestimated the maximum bending of 4·08 mm. A similar loading experiment was applied on a rectangular concrete beam. In this case, the maximum deformation of the beam was 14·94 mm and measuring accuracies of all methods were better than 0·44 mm. The accuracy of theoretical calculations was better than 2·07 mm. The results indicate that laser scanning could be used as an alternative or complementary method to photogrammetric and total station measurements for detecting structural deformations in buildings.
The building shadow problem of airborne lidar
Authors: Shih Peter Tian‐Yuan , Huang Ching‐Mei 
Published: November 2009

Abstract Airborne lidar systems are equipped with a scanning mechanism that produces a swath of 3D coordinated points to form a cloud in each flight strip. The scanning is perpendicular to the direction of flight. The density of the point cloud is one of the major quality measures for the data collected with such systems. Point density, shade (occlusion of the laser beam) and penetration rate are major factors to be considered in the flight design. For practical operations, flight missions may be designed with overlaps ranging from 5 to 50%. Aside from the percentage overlap, the field of view is another important parameter for flight design. An evaluation scheme to assess the percentage overlap between flight strips and the selection of the field of view is proposed in this study. The influences of overlap and field of view are also demonstrated with real data gathered by an airborne lidar system.
P–T–t path of the Hercynian low‐pressure rocks from the Mandatoriccio complex (Sila Massif, Calabria, Italy): new insights for crustal evolution
Authors: LANGONE A. , GODARD G. , PROSSER G. , CAGGIANELLI A. , ROTTURA A. , TIEPOLO M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe tectono‐metamorphic evolution of the Hercynian intermediate–upper crust outcropping in eastern Sila (Calabria, Italy) has been reconstructed, integrating microstructural analysis, P–T pseudosections, mineral isopleths and geochronological data. The studied rocks belong to a nearly complete crustal section that comprises granulite facies metamorphic rocks at the base and granitoids in the intermediate levels. Clockwise P–T paths have been constrained for metapelites of the basal level of the intermediate–upper crust (Umbriatico area). These rocks show noticeable porphyroblastic textures documenting the progressive change from medium‐P metamorphic assemblages (garnet‐ and staurolite‐bearing assemblages) towards low‐P/high‐T metamorphic assemblages (fibrolite‐ and cordierite‐bearing assemblages). Peak‐metamorphic conditions of ∼590 °C and 0.35 GPa are estimated by integrating microstructural observations with P–T pseudosections calculated for bulk‐rock and reaction‐domain compositions. The top level of the intermediate–upper crust (Campana area) recorded only the major heating phase at low‐P (∼550 °C and 0.25 GPa), as documented by the static growth of biotite spots and of cordierite and andalusite porphyroblasts in metapelites. In situ U–Th–Pb dating of monazite from schists containing low‐P/high‐T metamorphic assemblages gave a weighted mean U–Pb concordia age of 299 ± 3 Ma, which has been interpreted as the timing of peak metamorphism. In the framework of the whole Hercynian crustal section the peak of low‐P/high‐T metamorphism in the intermediate‐to‐upper crust took place concurrently with granulite facies metamorphism in the lower crust and with emplacement of the granitoids in the intermediate levels. In addition, decompression is a distinctive trait of the P–T evolution both in the lower and upper crust. It is proposed that post–collisional extension, together with exhumation, is the most suitable tectonic setting in which magmatic and metamorphic processes can be active simultaneously in different levels of the continental crust.
Hydrodynamics of Aortic Cannulae During Extracorporeal Circulation in a Mock Aortic Arch Aneurysm Model
Authors: Minakawa Masahito , Fukuda Ikuo , Igarashi Takao , Fukui Kozo , Yanaoka Hideki , Inamura Takao 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study was designed to analyze flow pattern, velocity, and strain on the aortic wall of a glass aortic arch aneurysm model during the extracorporeal circulation, and to elucidate the characteristics of flow pattern in three different aortic cannulae. Different patterns of large vortices and helical flow were made by each cannula. With the curved end‐hole cannula, the high velocity flow (∼0.6–0.8 m/s) was blowing to the aneurismal wall without attenuating the strain rate tensor (∼0.2–0.25/s). With the dispersion cannula and the Soft‐Flow cannula, cannular jet was attenuated in the ascending aorta creating a large vortex at a velocity less than 0.5 m/s, and the strain rate tensor on the aneurismal wall was small (less than 0.15/s). In conclusion, end‐hole cannula should not be used in the operation of aortic arch aneurysm. Dispersion‐type aortic cannulae were less invasive on the aortic arch aneurismal wall, but particular attention to alternative cannulation sites should be paid in cases with severe atherosclerosis on the ascending aortic wall.