bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GRS 1915+105 “celebrates its majority” (1992–2010)
Authors: Castro-Tirado Alberto J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOver the 18 years since its discovery, GRS 1915+105 has continuously brightened in the X/γ-ray sky. It is considered the prototypical microquasar. Most of these are LMXBs that show sporadic ejection of matter at apparently superluminal velocities. In these the three basic ingredients of quasars are found: a black hole, an accretion disc and collimated jets of high energy particles, but in microquasars the black hole is only a few M⊙ instead of several × 106 M⊙; the accretion disc had mean thermal temperature of several × 106 K instead of several × 103 K, and the particles ejected at relativistic speeds travel distances of a few ly only, compared to few × 106 ly as in radio galaxies. However many open issues remain to be addressed.
Do cataclysmic variables produce jets?
Authors: Tovmassian G. , Gänsicke B. , Zharikov S. , Ramirez A. , Diaz M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIt is believed that CVs do not produce jets unlike other, more massive interactive binaries. Here we present spectrophotometric observations of the super-outburst of V455 And. We show here that a strong wind perpendicular the the accretion disc at the maximum of the super-otburst, i.e a jet, can probably explain the observed spectroscopic behavior of this system.
The determination of the GX 339-4's mass based on its 2010 outburst
Authors: Chen Tao 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the quasi periodic oscillation (QPO) behavior of the black hole candidate GX 339-4 during its 2010 outburst using RXTE/PCA data. We perform spectral and timing analysis of the observations, where the QPOs are observed. We analyze the relationship between the centroid frequency of QPO and the spectral parameters. The correlation of spectral and timing properties can be used to estimate the mass of black hole with the scaling method. Using this method we estimate a mass of 7.5 ± 0.8 M⊙ of GX 339-4.
On the apparent lack of Be X-ray binaries with black holes in the galaxy and in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Ziółkowski Janusz , Belczyński Krzysztof 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the Galaxy there are 67 Be X-ray binaries known to-date. Out of those, 45 host a neutron star, and for the reminder the nature of a companion is not known. None, so far, is known to host a black hole. This disparity is referred to as a missing Be – black hole X-ray binary problem. The stellar population synthesis calculations following the formation of Be X-ray binaries (Belczyński & Ziółkowski 2009) predict that the ratio of the binaries with neutron stars to the ones with black holes is rather high FNS/BH ~ 30–50. A comparison of this ratio with the number of confirmed Be – neutron star X-ray binaries (45) indicates that the expected number of Be – black hole X-ray binaries is of the order of only ~0–2. This is entirely consistent with the observed Galactic sample. Therefore, there is no problem of the missing Be+BH X-Ray Binaries for the GalaxyIn the Magellanic Clouds there are 94 Be X-ray binaries known to-date. Out of those, 60 host a neutron star. Again, none hosts a black hole. The stellar population synthesis calculations carried out specifically for the Magellanic Clouds (Ziółkowski & Belczyński 2010) predict that the ratio of the Be X-ray binaries with neutron stars to the ones with black holes is only FNS/BH ~ 10. This value is rather too low, as it implies the expected number of Be+BH X-ray binaries of the order of ~6, while none is observed. We found, that to remove the discrepancy, one has to take into account a different history of the star formation rate in the Magellanic Clouds, with the respect to the Galaxy. New stellar population synthesis calculations are currently being carried out.
Non thermal emission from T Tauri stars
Authors: del Valle María V. , Romero Gustavo E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractT Tauri stars are low mass, pre-main sequence stars. These objects are surrounded by an accretion disk and present strong magnetic activity. T Tauri stars are copious emitters of X-ray emission which belong to powerful magnetic reconnection events. Strong magnetospheric shocks are likely outcome of massive reconnection. Such shocks can accelerate particles up to relativistic energies through Fermi mechanism. We present a model for the high-energy radiation produced in the environment of T Tauri stars. We aim at determining whether this emission is detectable. If so, the T Tauri stars should be very nearby.
Exploring the association of Fermi sources with Young Stellar Objects
Authors: Munar-Adrover P. , Paredes J. M. , Romero G. E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMassive protostars have associated bipolar outflows which can produce strong shocks when interact with the surrounding medium. Some theoretical models predict that particle acceleration at relativistic velocities can occur leading to gamma ray emission. In order to identify young stellar objects (YSO) that might emit gamma rays, we have crossed the Fermi First Year Catalog with catalogs of known YSOs, obtaining a set of candidates by spatial correlation. We have conducted Montecarlo simulations to find the probability of chance coincidence. Our results indicate that ~70% of the candidates should be gamma-ray sources with a confidence of ~5σ.
What is shaping the planetary nebula K3-35?
Authors: Gómez Y. , Tafoya D. , Anglada G. , Miranda L. F. , Uscanga L. , Torrelles J. M. , Velázquez P. F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractK 3-35 is a very young planetary nebula (PN) with a characteristic S-shaped radio emission morphology. It is the first PN where water vapor maser was detected: the emission is located in a torus-like structure with a radius of 100 AU and also at the surprisingly large distance of 5000 AU from the star, in the tips of the bipolar lobes. Several mechanism have been proposed to explain the bipolar morphology of PNe, and in the case of K 3-35 we believe we may be observing several of them at the same time: i) a disk-like structure traced by the H2O masers, ii) a precessing bipolar jet probably due to the presence of a binary companion and iii) circular polarization in the OH 1665 MHz masers, which suggests the presence of a magnetic field. Additional observations and modeling are needed to establish what mechanisms are shaping K 3-35.
Intraspecific genotypic richness and relatedness predict the invasibility of microbial communities
Authors: Jousset Alexandre , Schulz Wiebke , Scheu Stefan , Eisenhauer Nico 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Biological invasions can lead to extinction events in resident communities and compromise ecosystem functioning. We tested the effect of two widespread biodiversity measurements, genotypic richness and genotypic dissimilarity on community invasibility. We manipulated the genetic structure of bacterial communities (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and submitted them to invasion by Serratia liquefaciens. We show that the two diversity measures impact on invasibility via distinct and additive mechanisms. Genotypic dissimilarity of the resident communities linearly increased productivity and in parallel decreased invasion success, indicating that high dissimilarity prevents invasion through niche pre-emption. By contrast, genotypic richness exerted a hump-shaped effect on invasion and was linked to the production of toxins antagonistic to the invader. This effect peaked at intermediate richness, suggesting that high richness levels may increase invasibility. Invasibility could be well predicted by the combination of these two mechanisms, documenting that both genotypic richness and dissimilarity need to be considered, if we are to understand the biotic properties determining the susceptibility of ecosystems to biological invasions.
Pulsed electron–electron double resonance: beyond nanometre distance measurements on biomacromolecules
Authors: Reginsson Gunnar W. , Schiemann Olav 
Published: February 2011

PELDOR (or DEER; pulsed electron–electron double resonance) is an EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) method that measures via the dipolar electron–electron coupling distances in the nanometre range, currently 1.5–8 nm, with high precision and reliability. Depending on the quality of the data, the error can be as small as 0.1 nm. Beyond mere mean distances, PELDOR yields distance distributions, which provide access to conformational distributions and dynamics. It can also be used to count the number of monomers in a complex and allows determination of the orientations of spin centres with respect to each other. If, in addition to the dipolar through-space coupling, a through-bond exchange coupling mechanism contributes to the overall coupling both mechanisms can be separated and quantified. Over the last 10 years PELDOR has emerged as a powerful new biophysical method without size restriction to the biomolecule to be studied, and has been applied to a large variety of nucleic acids as well as proteins and protein complexes in solution or within membranes. Small nitroxide spin labels, paramagnetic metal ions, amino acid radicals or intrinsic clusters and cofactor radicals have been used as spin centres.
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Korea: The fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008
Authors: YOO KWANG H. , KIM YOUNG S. , SHEEN SEUNG S. , PARK JOO H. , HWANG YONG I. , KIM SANG‐HA , YOON HO I. , LIM SUNG C. , PARK JAE Y. , PARK SEOUNG J. , SEO KI H. , KIM KI U. , OH YEON‐MOK , LEE NA Y. , KIM JI S. , OH KYUNG W. , KIM YOUNG T. , PARK IN‐WON , LEE SANG‐DO , KIM SE K. , KIM YOUNG K. , HAN SUNG K. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Because the mortality and social burden associated with COPD is increasing, repeated surveys of the prevalence of COPD have been used to assess risk factors, detect potential patients, and establish early diagnoses and management protocols. We report the prevalence of spirometrically detected COPD in Korea in 2008, using data from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey.Methods:  Using nationwide stratified random sampling, based on the Korean Statistical Office census, 6840 subjects aged ≥19 years underwent spirometry, which was performed by four trained technicians, during 2008. The place of residence, levels of education and income and smoking status, as well as other results from a COPD survey questionnaire were also assessed.Results:  Airflow obstruction (FEV1/FVC < 0.7) was detected in 8.8% of subjects aged ≥19 years (11.6% of men and 5.9% of women) and COPD was detected in 13.4% of subjects aged ≥40 years (19.4% of men and 7.9% of women). Of the 6840 subjects, 27.3% were current smokers and 17.2% were former smokers, and the prevalence of COPD was higher in current and former smokers than in never smokers. Approximately 94% of patients with COPD had mild‐to‐moderate disease, without apparent symptoms; only 2.4% had been diagnosed by a physician and only 2.1% of patients had been treated. The independent risk factors for COPD were smoking, advanced age and male gender.Conclusions:  Although the prevalence of COPD in Korea is high, the disease is underdiagnosed and most COPD patients are under‐treated.
Cough reflex sensitivity and airway inflammation in patients with chronic cough due to non‐acid gastro‐oesophageal reflux
Authors: QIU ZHIHONG , YU LI , XU SHUCHANG , LIU BO , ZHAO TING , LÜ HANJING , QIU ZHONGMIN 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  The aim of this study was to explore the pathogenesis of chronic cough caused by non‐acid reflux.Methods:  Seven patients with chronic cough due to non‐acid reflux, 12 patients with chronic cough due to acid reflux, 10 patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease without cough and 12 healthy volunteers were recruited for the study. All subjects underwent oesophageal multi‐channel intraluminal impedance measurements combined with pH monitoring, and assessment of cough reflex sensitivity to capsaicin and induced sputum cytology. The concentrations of substance P, mast cell tryptase, prostaglandin D2 and histamine in induced sputum were measured by ELISA.Results:  Cough threshold C2 and C5 did not differ between patients with chronic cough due to non‐acid or acid reflux, but the values were significantly lower than those for patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease without cough and healthy volunteers. Weakly acidic reflux episodes were obviously more frequent in patients with chronic cough due to non‐acid reflux than in the other three groups. Sputum substance P and mast cell tryptase concentrations were remarkably increased in patients with chronic cough, but were similar for those with cough due to non‐acid or acid reflux. There were significant inverse correlations between substance P levels and cough threshold C2 or C5 in patients with cough due to non‐acid or acid reflux, and between mast cell tryptase levels and cough threshold C2 in patients with cough due to acid reflux.Conclusions:  Chronic cough due to non‐acid reflux may be related to cough reflex hypersensitivity caused by neurogenic airway inflammation and mast cell activation, in which weakly acidic reflux is possibly a major factor.
When Life Itself is War: On the Urbanization of Military and Security Doctrine
Authors: GRAHAM STEPHEN 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIt is now well established that both the ‘war on terror’ and its offshoots have been conspicuously marked by overwhelmingly urban discourses, materialities and practices. Deliberately transdisciplinary, synthetical and polemical in scope, this article seeks to demonstrate that new ideologies of permanent and boundless war are radically intensifying the militarization of urban life in the contemporary period. The article delineates the ways in which contemporary processes of militarization — which surround what I label the ‘new military urbanism’— raise fundamental questions for critical urban scholarship because of the ways in which they work to normalize the permanent targeting of everyday urban sites, circulations and populations. Focusing primarily on US security and military doctrine, culture and technology, this article explores the new military urbanism's five interrelated foundations in detail, namely: the urbanization of military and security doctrine; the links between militarized control technologies and digitized urban life; the cultural performances of militarized media consumption; the emerging urban political economies of the ‘security’ industries; and the new state spaces of violence. Following the elaboration of each of these themes, the article concludes by identifying ways forward for critical urban research in exposing and confronting the normalization of the new military urbanism.RésuméIl est désormais établi que la ‘guerre contre le terrorisme’ et ses ramifications ont été visiblement marquées par une vague de pratiques, de productions matérielles et de discours urbains. D’une portée délibérément transdisciplinaire, synthétique et polémique, cet article montre que les nouvelles idéologies de guerre permanente sans frontières renforcent profondément la militarisation de la vie urbaine contemporaine. Les processus de militarisation contemporains (entourant ce qui est baptisé ici ‘le nouvel urbanisme militaire’) soulèvent des questions fondamentales pour la recherche urbaine critique, du fait qu’ils contribuent à normaliser la prise pour cible des populations, flux et sites urbains ordinaires. S’attachant surtout à la doctrine, la culture et la technologie militaires et sécuritaires américaines, une analyse détaille les cinq fondements en interrelation de ce nouvel urbanisme militaire: l’urbanisation de la doctrine militaro‐sécuritaire; les liens entre technologies de contrôle militarisées et vie urbaine numérisée; les spectacles culturels consommés via les médias militarisés; les économies politiques urbaines naissantes des ‘industries de la sécurité’; les nouveaux espaces de violence nationaux. Une fois ces différents thèmes développés, la conclusion vient proposer des axes d’études urbaines critiques à travers l’exposé et la remise en cause de la normalisation propre au nouvel urbanisme militaire.
Understanding the Elusive Black Box of Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Pavlou Paul A. , El Sawy Omar A. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTA major challenge for managers in turbulent environments is to make sound decisions quickly. Dynamic capabilities have been proposed as a means for addressing turbulent environments by helping managers extend, modify, and reconfigure existing operational capabilities into new ones that better match the environment. However, because dynamic capabilities have been viewed as an elusive black box, it is difficult for managers to make sound decisions in turbulent environments if they cannot effectively measure dynamic capabilities. Therefore, we first seek to propose a measurable model of dynamic capabilities by conceptualizing, operationalizing, and measuring dynamic capabilities. Specifically, drawing upon the dynamic capabilities literature, we identify a set of capabilities—sensing the environment, learning, coordinating, and integrating—that help reconfigure existing operational capabilities into new ones that better match the environment. Second, we propose a structural model where dynamic capabilities influence performance by reconfiguring existing operational capabilities in the context of new product development (NPD). Data from 180 NPD units support both the measurable model of dynamic capabilities and also the structural model by which dynamic capabilities influence performance in NPD by reconfiguring operational capabilities, particularly in higher levels of environmental turbulence. The study's implications for managerial decision making in turbulent environments by capturing the elusive black box of dynamic capabilities are discussed.
Interorganizational System Characteristics and Supply Chain Integration: An Empirical Assessment*
Authors: Saeed Khawaja A. , Malhotra Manoj K. , Grover Varun 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTSome firms have gained significant benefits by effectively deploying interorganizational systems (IOS) to tightly couple operations with their supply chain partners. In contrast, other firms with IOS deployments have struggled to achieve this level of success. So it is not clear how such systems can be configured to promote idiosyncratic interorganizational processes that integrate the supply chains and facilitate successful outcomes. To shed further light on this issue, we draw from multiple theoretical perspectives to develop a comprehensive and unique conceptualization of IOS characteristics that goes beyond the limited treatment it has received in extant literature. Furthermore, we empirically examine the IOS configuration choices made by firms with different supply chain integration (SCI) profiles. Our results support the notion that successful firms sequence the configuration of IOS characteristics toward effectively developing and supporting their supply chain process capabilities. In particular, we found that firms at the lower end of SCI configure IOS features to support supplier evaluation and automatic alerts. As organizations move to the upper end of the SCI spectrum, greater attention is paid to features associated with systems integration, planning, and forecasting. Recommendations to managers and academics stemming from our study are provided, along with avenues for future research.
A Dynamic Collaboration Capability as a Source of Competitive Advantage
Authors: Allred Chad R. , Fawcett Stanley E. , Wallin Cynthia , Magnan Gregory M. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe resource‐based view of the firm argues the essence of decision making is to determine how firm and supply chain resources can be configured to achieve inimitable advantage and superior performance. However, combining resources found among diverse members of a supply chain requires higher levels of coordination than exist at most companies. Manifest cross‐functional and interorganizational conflict impedes the relational advantages of collaboration. This research employs a multimethod—survey and interview—approach to evaluate collaboration's influence on operational and firm performance. Our findings show that collaboration, as a dynamic capability, mediates the conflict resulting from functional orientations, and improves performance. Specific structural enablers to enhance an organization's collaborative capability are identified and described, providing insight into how firms can exploit interfirm resources for competitive advantage.
Pertussis Serodiagnosis in Belgium from 1990 to 2009
Authors: Vincent Muriel , Rodeghiero Caroline , Eylenbosch Romain , Mans Yvan , Swalus-Steenhouwer Jeannine , Piérard Denis , Huygen Kris , Vanhoof Raymond 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTDiagnosis of pertussis by culture and PCR is most sensitive when performed on nasopharyngeal specimens collected <2 weeks and <3 weeks, respectively, after the onset of clinical disease. Conversely, serological testing allows the diagnosis of patients (mostly adults) with less typical whooping cough symptoms, for whom clinical samples are often collected at later time points. Here, we report on a 20-year serodiagnostic survey of pertussis in Belgium from 1990 to 2009. In total, 13,163 patients were analyzed forBordetella pertussis-specific antibodies by agglutination, complement fixation, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. The number of positive pertussis cases detected by serodiagnosis ranged between 50 and 150 annually. The mean age of positive cases increased from 9.9 years in 1990 to 33.9 years in 2009. Whereas from 1990 to 2003, children and young adolescents made up the majority of cases, from 2004 onwards, cases were detected in all age groups and the distribution became bimodal, with a first peak at the age of 10 to 20 years and a second at the age of 35 to 50 years. In contrast, patients diagnosed since 2001 by PCR and/or culture were mostly children younger than 1 year of age. Despite extensive childhood vaccination campaigns, whooping cough is still present in Belgium. Our findings confirm the potential role of adults in the continued transmission of pertussis and strongly warrant booster or cocoon vaccinations in older age groups.