bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zur Abhängigkeit der Eisen‐Verwertung im intermediären Stoff‐wechsel während der Gravidität von der Höhe der Eisenversorgung
Authors: Kirchgessner M. , Schneider Ursula A. , Schnegg A. , Grassmann E. 
Published: February 2011

ZusammenfassungBei 56 Ratten ‐ zur Hälfte gravid ‐ wurde in vier verschiedenen Fe‐Versorgungsstufen die absorbierte und im Intermediärstoffwechsel verfiigbare Menge Eisen untersucht. Mit zu‐nehmender Fe‐Zulage stiegen diese Mengen an, die trächtigen Tiere wiesen die höheren Werte auf. Die Verfügbarkeit des Eisens im Intermediärstoffwechsel (Quotient aus verfüg‐barer und absorbierter Menge) fällt bei den Kontrollen von 94 auf 77%, bei den Graviden von 97 auf 88%. Aufgrund dieser verringerten Verwertung mit steigender Versorgung kann gezeigt werden, daß bei einem Anstieg des Nettobedarfs der Bruttobedarf überproportional erhöht werden muß.
Degradation of Amino Acids and Peptides by Mixed Rumen Micro‐Organisms
Authors: Prins R.A. , Van Hal‐Van Gestel J.C. , Counotte G.H.M. 
Published: February 2011

ZusammenfassungDer Abbau von Aminosäuren und Peptiden durch gemischte Pansen‐MikroorganismenEs wurden kurzfristige Inkubationsversuche mit Pansen‐Mikroorganismen und Zusatz von freien oder peptidgebundenen Aminosäuren durchgeführt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß aus der Netto‐Geschwindigkeit der Fermentationsrate von freien Aminosäuren keine Aus‐sage über die Geschwindigkeit der Fermentation von peptidgebundenen Aminosäuren, dem ersten Stoffwechselprodukt der Proteinhydrolyse, gemacht werden kann.So wurden hohe Umsatzgeschwindigkeiten für Glycin, Methionin, Valin und Histidin gefunden, wenn sie als peptidgebundene Aminosäuren dem Inkubationsmedium zugesetzt, dagegen niedrige Vmax‐Werte für dieselben Aminosäuren, wenn sie als freie Aminosäuren zugesetzt wurden. Daraus läßt sich schließen, daß Aminosäuren bevorzugt in der Peptid‐form genutzt werden.Der Entzug von Aminosäuren aus dem Inkubationsmedium hängt ab von der Diät des Spendertieres, der Form, in der die Aminosäuren zugegeben werden und der Energieversor‐gung.
Calcium bioavailability of different organic and inorganic dietary Ca sources (citrate, lactate, acetate, oyster‐shell, eggshell, β‐tri‐Ca phosphate)
Authors: Bao S. F. , Windisch W. , Kirchgessner M. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryIn a 2‐week metabolic study with 45Ca‐labeled growing rats, each of six groups of 10 animals were fed restrictively a semisynthetic purified diet supplemented with calcium citrate, calcium lactate, calcium acetate, oyster‐shell meal, eggshell meal or β‐tri‐Ca phosphate. The total dietary contents of Ca, P and Mg were uniformly 2.8, 5.3 and 0.65 g/kg.True absorption, intermediate utilization and bioavailability was uniform for Ca citrate, lactate and acetate (average: 98.6, 97.9 and 96.5%). Oyster‐shell revealed only slightly lower values (97.7, 97.6 and 95.2%). Eggshell and β‐tri‐Ca phosphate were lower in bioavailability (93.8 and 92.0) because of a reduced true absorption (96.3 and 94.9%) and in the case of β‐tri‐Ca phosphate also due to a slightly reduced intermediate utilization (97.0%).In total, all tested Ca sources revealed an extremely high absorbability and utilizability. Thus, the chemical formulation of dietary Ca does not seem to be the primary factor of Ca bioavailability in practical diets.ZusammenfassungCa‐Bioverfügbarkeit verschiedener organischer und anorganischer Ca‐Quellen (Citrat, Lactat, Acetat, Austernschalen, Eierschalen, β‐tri‐Ca‐Phosphat)In einem 2wöchigen Stoffwechselexperiment mit 45Ca markierten wachsenden Ratten erhielten je 10 von 60 Tieren restriktiv eine semisynthetische, gereinigte Diät, die mit Ca‐Citrat, Ca‐Lactat, Ca‐Acetat, Austernschalenmehl, Eierschalenmehl oder β‐tri‐Ca‐Phosphat supplementiert war. Der Gesamtgehalt der Diäten an Ca, P und Mg betrug einheitlich 2,8, 5,3 und 0,65 mg/g.Die wahre Absorption, intermediäre Verwertung und Bioverfügbarkeit war für Citrat, Lactat und Acetat gleich hoch und betrug durchschnittlich 98,6, 97,9 und 96,5%. Austernschalen wiesen nur geringfügig niedrigere Werte auf (97,7, 97,6 und 95,2%). Eierschalen und β‐tri‐Ca‐Phosphat hatten eine niedrigere Bioverfügbarkeit des Ca (93,8 und 92,0), hauptsächlich infolge einer verminderten wahren Absorption (96,3 und 94,9%) sowie bei β‐tri‐Ca‐Phosphat auch aufgrund einer leicht reduzierten intermediären Verwertung (97,0%).Insgesamt wiesen alle untersuchten Ca‐Quellen eine äußerst hohe Absorbierbarkeit und Verwertbarkeit auf. Die chemische Bindungsform des Nahrungscalciums scheint demnach nicht den primären Faktor für die Ca‐Bioverfügbarkeit praktischer Rationen darzustellen.
Zur Wirksamkeit von Nicht‐Stärke‐Polysaccharide (NSP) hydrolysierenden Enzymen als Futtersupplemente zu Legehennenrationen auf Gerste‐Roggen‐ und Weizen‐Roggen‐Basis
Authors: Oloffs K. , Jeroch H. , Schöner F.‐J. 
Published: February 2011

ZusammenfassungIn einem zwölfwöchigem Leistungsversuch wurde die Wirksamkeit von β‐Glucanase‐ bzw. Xylanase enthaltenen Enzympräparaten zu Legehennenrationen auf Gerste‐Roggen‐ und Weizen‐Roggen‐Basis geprüft. Dabei wurde neben den Enzymzusätzen zusätzlich zwischen ad libitum und restriktiven Fütterungsvarianten unterschieden. Die geprüften Enzympräparate hatten sowohl bei ad libitum‐ als auch bei restriktiver Fütterung der Hennen keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Leistungsparameter. Der Anteil Schmutzeier war durch die Wirkung der Enzymzusätze auf die Exkrementbeschaffenheit (geringere Viskosität) verringert, wobei bei den restriktiv gefütterten Gruppen die Wirkung deutlicher ausfiel als bei den ad libitum versorgten Tieren.SummaryThe efficiency of enzymes hydrolyzing non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) as feed additives to layer rations on barley‐rye and wheat‐rye basisThe efficiency of enzyme additives containing β‐glucanase and xylanase to layer rations on a barley‐rye and wheat‐rye basis was tested in a 12‐week performance trial. All treatments were tested either using ad libitum or restricted feeding. The tested enzyme preparations revealed no significant influence on the performance parameters, neither in ad libitum feeding nor in restrictive variants. The quantity of dirty eggs was slightly decreased due to the influence of enzyme supplementation on the excreta consistency (lower viscosity). This effect was even stronger in the groups on restrictive feeding.
Clinically important detection of infection as an ‘incidental’ finding during cancer staging using FDG‐PET/CT
Authors: Wong P. S. , Lau W. F. E. , Worth L. J. , Thursky K. A. , Drummond E. , Slavin M. A. , Hicks R. J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground:  FDG‐PET/CT is widely used in the management of a variety of malignancies with excellent overall accuracy, despite the potential for false positive results related to infection and inflammation.Aim:  As cancer patients can develop clinically inapparent infections, we evaluated the prevalence and nature of incidental findings reported to be suggestive of infections that had been identified during clinical cancer staging with FDG‐PET/CT.Methods:  The study involved a retrospective analysis of 60 patients managed primarily at our facility from a total of 121 cases identified as having possible infection on clinical reporting of more than 4500 cancer staging investigations performed during the calendar year of 2008.Results:  Occult infections were uncommon overall (≤1%), but most often because of pneumonia (31.6%), upper respiratory tract infections (21.1%) or wound infections (15.8%). Abnormal scans contributed to patients' management in 52.7% of cases. Two out of 13 patients whose scan abnormalities were not investigated further had worsening changes on repeated scan and one of these patients had clinical deterioration.Conclusions:  In patients with FDG‐PET/CT scans suggestive of infection and in whom a final diagnosis could be reached, the positive predictive value for FDG‐PET/CT scans was 89% suggesting that abnormal scans indicative of infection should be investigated further in this population.
Asbestos‐related disease
Authors: Jamrozik E. , de Klerk N. , Musk A. W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractInhalation of airborne asbestos fibres causes several diseases. These include asbestosis, lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma as well as pleural effusion, discrete (plaques) or diffuse benign pleural fibrosis and rolled atelectasis. The lag time between exposure and the development of disease may be many decades, thus the health risks of asbestos continue to be relevant despite bans on the use of asbestos and improvements in safety regulations for those who are still exposed. Asbestos was mined and used extensively in Australia for over 100 years and Australia is now experiencing part of a worldwide epidemic of asbestos‐related disease. This review provides insight into the history and epidemiology of asbestos‐related disease in Australia and discusses relevant clinical aspects in their diagnosis and management. The past and current medico‐legal aspects of asbestos as well as currently evolving areas of research and future projections are summarized.
Income Shifting within a Dual Income Tax System: Evidence from the Finnish Tax Reform of 1993*
Authors: Pirttilä Jukka , Selin Håkan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDual income tax systems can suffer from income that shifts from progressively taxed labour income to capital income, which is taxed at a lower, flat rate. This paper empirically examines the 1993 Finnish dual income tax reform, which radically reduced the marginal tax rates on capital income for some, but not all, taxpayers. We measure how overall taxable income and the relative shares of capital income and labour income reacted to the reform. We find that the reform led to a small positive impact on overall taxable income, but part of the positive response was probably offset by income shifting among the self‐employed.
Deregulation of Shopping Hours: The Impact on Independent Retailers and Chain Stores
Authors: Wenzel Tobias 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper studies shopping hour decisions by retail chains and independent competitors. We use a Salop‐type model in which retailers compete in prices and shopping hours. Our results depend significantly on efficiency differences between the retail chain and the independent retailer. If the efficiency difference is small, the independent retailer may choose longer shopping hours than the retail chain and may therefore gain from deregulation at the expense of the retail chain. The opposite result emerges when the efficiency difference is large. Then, the retail chain may benefit whereas the independent retailer loses from deregulation.
Structural Change in Advanced Nations: A New Set of Stylised Facts*
Authors: Jorgenson Dale W. , Timmer Marcel P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe provide new evidence on patterns of structural change in advanced economies, reconsidering the stylised facts put forward by Kaldor (1963), Kuznets (1971), and Maddison (1980). Since 1980, the services sector has overwhelmingly predominated in the economic activity of the European Union, Japan, and the US, but there is substantial heterogeneity among services. Personal, finance, and business services have low productivity growth and increasing shares in employment and GDP. By contrast, shares of distribution services are constant, and productivity growth is rapid. We find that the labour share in value‐added is declining, while the use of ICT capital and skilled labour is increasing in all sectors and regions.
The Relevant Market for Production and Wholesale of Electricity in the Nordic Countries: An Econometric Study*
Authors: Juselius Mikael , Stenbacka Rune 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe apply cointegration analysis to daily averages of Nord Pool prices covering the period 2001–2007 in order to empirically characterize the geographical dimension of the relevant market for production and wholesale of electricity. We reach the following econometric conclusions: (i) price areas Finland, Sweden, and Norway 3 unambiguously belong to the same relevant market; (ii) Denmark 2 belongs to this same market except for the subsample 2004–2007; (iii) Norway 1 and Denmark 1 define separate markets on their own. We find that the stochastic trends in Nord Pool prices originate in countries abundant in capacity to generate hydro power.
DISPENSER OF THE MERCY OF THE GOVERNMENT: Pardons, Justice, and Felony Disenfranchisement
Authors: Rothchild Jonathan 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTI argue that the aporetic character of clemency must be understood in terms of its unmerited and merited character to achieve the underlying purposes of justice within criminal justice: justice as fairness (punishment must be deserved and proportionate) and justice as restoration (repair of the harm to victims and society and the reintegration of offenders) are paramount goals. Rather than destabilizing political order, pardons can render productive potential tensions between justice as fairness and justice as restoration. Taking as my conceptual point of departure Paul Ricoeur's claims about the suprajuridical and supraethical character of pardon, I develop the argument through three central sections: an excursus into historical and contemporary practices of clemency in the United States; a critical analysis of the merited and unmerited aspects of clemency with respect to remorse and atonement theories within theological and legal discourse; and a normative engagement with pardons and felony disenfranchisement.
THE POLITICS OF YHWH: John Howard Yoder's Old Testament Narration and Its Implications for Social Ethics
Authors: Nugent John C. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe apparent tension between the moral codes of the Old and New Testaments constitutes a perennial problem for Christian ethics. Scholars who have taken this problem seriously have often done so in ways that presume sharp discontinuity between the Testaments. They then proceed to devise a system for identifying what is or is not relevant today, or what pertains to this or that particular social sphere. John Howard Yoder brings fresh perspectives to this perennial problem by refuting the presumption of intratestamental discontinuity. Throughout multiple scattered works on the Old Testament, Yoder offers a coherent and provocative narration that culminates in the way of Christ and establishes the ethical continuity of the entire biblical canon. This essay presents the basic parameters of Yoder's Old Testament narration, suggests points where revision is needed, and highlights several implications for social ethics.
THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN WAR: Second‐ and Third‐Century Martyrdom and the Creation of Cosmic Warriors
Authors: Koscheski Jonathan 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTMany Christian historians and theologians hold the opinion that the early church condemned wholesale an active involvement in bloodshed. However, in light of evidence drawn from early Christian texts, most notably literature dealing with martyrdom, one finds that stance overly simplified. In fact, forms of early Christianity not only glorified war and violence in certain contexts but actively sought it out. This article enters into this conversation by applying a theory championed by Mark Juergensmeyer's Terror in the Mind of God. While this theory deals with modern examples of religious cultures of violence, his “stages of symbolic empowerment” apply surprisingly well to certain communities within the early orthodox church. The cosmic war complex that leads to nefarious figures such as the fanatic suicide bomber can be seen at work within the nascent matrix of the Church, which produced victims and warriors in the form of the voluntary martyrs.
MARTIN RÁZUS: Literary and Philosophical Reflections on Morality1
Authors: Gluchman Vasil 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTMartin Rázus (1888–1937) was one of the most important personalities of Slovak Lutheran social, political, cultural, literary, and intellectual life during the first half of the twentieth century. First, I examine the picture of Slovak rural morality portrayed in the works of Rázus, particularly his 1929 novel Svety[Worlds], in which Rázus presents the morality of the people in the Slovak countryside from the beginning of the twentieth century until the end of the 1920s. Second, as the ethical and moral issues of life are crucial topics of Rázus's philosophical and ethical reasoning, I examine Rázus's ethical treatise Argumenty[Arguments] (1932), in which he develops, explains, and philosophically justifies many of his ideas concerning the ethics and morality expressed in his literary works and political and religious essays.
Children with dyslexia reveal abnormal native language representations: Evidence from a study of mismatch negativity
Authors: Bruder Jennifer , Leppänen Paavo H. T. , Bartling Jürgen , Csépe Valéria , Démonet Jean‐Francois , Schulte‐Körne Gerd 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAlthough a deficit perceiving phonemes, as indexed by the mismatch negativity (MMN), is apparent in developmental dyslexia (DD), studies have not yet addressed whether this deficit might be a result of deficient native language speech representations. The present study examines how a native‐vowel prototype and an atypical vowel are discriminated by 9‐year‐old children with (n=14) and without (n=12) DD. MMN was elicited in all conditions in both groups. The control group revealed enhanced MMN to the native‐vowel prototype in comparison to the atypical vowel. Children with DD did not show enhanced MMN amplitude to the native‐vowel prototype, suggesting impaired tuning to native language speech representations. Furthermore, higher MMN amplitudes to the native‐vowel prototype correlated with more advanced reading (r=−.47) and spelling skills (r=−.52).
Attention modulates emotional expression processing
Authors: Wronka Eligiusz , Walentowska Wioleta 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTo investigate the time course of emotional expression processing, we recorded ERPs to facial stimuli. The first task was to discriminate emotional expressions. Enhanced negativity of the face‐specific N170 was elicited by emotional as opposed to neutral faces, followed by the occipital negativity (240–340 ms poststimulus). The second task was to classify face gender. Here, N170 was unaffected by the emotional expression. However, emotional expression effect was expressed in the anterior positivity (160–250 ms poststimulus) and subsequent occipital negativity (240–340 ms poststimulus). Results support the thesis that structural encoding relevant to gender recognition and simultaneous expression analysis are independent processes. Attention modulates facial emotion processing 140–185 ms poststimulus. Involuntary differentiation of facial expression was observed later (160–340 ms poststimulus), suggesting unintentional attention capture.
Sildenafil attenuates TNBS‐induced colitis in rats: possible involvement of cGMP and KATP channels
Authors: Fakhfouri Gohar , Rahimian Reza , Hashemi Saeed , Rasouli Mohammad Reza , Bahremand Arash , Mehr Shahram Ejtemaei , Khorramizadeh Mohammad Reza , Dehpour Ahmad Reza 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe involvement of cGMP/KATP pathway in effects of sildenafil on experimental colitis was investigated. Sildenafil significantly attenuated colonic injury markers. These effects were reversed by the addition of glibenclamide or ODQ, indicating the involvement of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels (KATP) and cGMP, respectively.
Novel classes of antibiotics or more of the same?
Authors: Coates Anthony RM , Halls Gerry , Hu Yanmin 
Published: February 2011

The world is running out of antibiotics. Between 1940 and 1962, more than 20 new classes of antibiotics were marketed. Since then, only two new classes have reached the market. Analogue development kept pace with the emergence of resistant bacteria until 10–20 years ago. Now, not enough analogues are reaching the market to stem the tide of antibiotic resistance, particularly among gram‐negative bacteria. This review examines the existing systemic antibiotic pipeline in the public domain, and reveals that 27 compounds are in clinical development, of which two are new classes, both of which are in Phase I clinical trials. In view of the high attrition rate of drugs in early clinical development, particularly new classes and the current regulatory hurdles, it does not seem likely that new classes will be marketed soon. This paper suggests that, if the world is to return to a situation in which there are enough antibiotics to cope with the inevitable ongoing emergence of bacterial resistance, we need to recreate the prolific antibiotic discovery period between 1940 and 1962, which produced 20 classes that served the world well for 60 years. If another 20 classes and their analogues, particularly targeting gram‐negatives could be produced soon, they might last us for the next 60 years. How can this be achieved? Only a huge effort by governments in the form of finance, legislation and providing industry with real incentives will reverse this. Industry needs to re‐enter the market on a much larger scale, and academia should rebuild its antibiotic discovery infrastructure to support this effort. The alternative is Medicine without effective antibiotics.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Respiratory Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐1
Protein kinase C–independent inhibition of arterial smooth muscle K+ channels by a diacylglycerol analogue
Authors: Rainbow RD , Parker AM , Davies NW 
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEAnalogues of the endogenous diacylglycerols have been used extensively as pharmacological activators of protein kinase C (PKC). Several reports show that some of these compounds have additional effects that are independent of PKC activation, including direct block of K+ and Ca2+ channels. We investigated whether dioctanoyl‐sn‐glycerol (DiC8), a commonly used diacylglycerol analogue, blocks K+ currents of rat mesenteric arterial smooth muscle in a PKC‐independent manner.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHConventional whole‐cell and inside‐out patch clamp was used to measure the inhibition of K+ currents of rat isolated mesenteric smooth muscle cells by DiC8 in the absence and presence of PKC inhibitor peptide.KEY RESULTSMesenteric artery smooth muscle Kv currents inactivated very slowly with a time constant of about 2 s following pulses from −65 to +40 mV. Application of 1 µM DiC8 produced an approximate 40‐fold increase in the apparent rate of inactivation. Pretreatment of the cells with PKC inhibitor peptide had a minimal effect on the action of DiC8, and substantial inactivation still occurred, indicating that this effect was mainly independent of PKC. We also found that DiC8 blocked BK and KATP currents, and again a significant proportion of these blocks occurred independently of PKC activation.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese results show that DiC8 has a direct effect on arterial smooth muscle K+ channels, and this precludes its use as a PKC activator when investigating PKC‐mediated effects on vascular K+ channels.