bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship, police leadership, and the investigation of crime in changing times
Authors: Smith Robert 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEntrepreneurship, or more importantly, entrepreneurial behaviour, is not a subject one normally associates with policing per se. By considering this slippery subject in relation to police leadership styles and how they influence the investigation of crime, this essay opens up considerations of organisational theory within the rubric of investigative psychology. The tying of the meaning of being an entrepreneur into the dominant narrative of police leadership opens up fruitful lines for empirical enquiry. This is achieved via an auto‐ethnographic focus. This is important because such work is currently lacking in the fields of investigative psychology and offender profiling. At present, the prevailing organisational ethos in policing is that success is measured by promotion and the focus of attention of ambitious officers is upon being promoted. Thus, it is paradoxical that the dominant narrative of police leadership and, by extension, police culture can be articulated by the underlying (yet dominant) narrative that is entrepreneurship. As a consequence, investigative ability is no longer a key idiom in deciding the police leaders of the future. This has implications and consequences for recruitment and retention of its future pool of investigators because contemporary organisational practices may be counterproductive in that in seeking to produce its leaders, the organisation has lost sight of its core business, the investigation of crime. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutations associated with the therapeutic efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil added to lamivudine in patients resistant to lamivudine with type B chronic hepatitis
Authors: Ohkawa Kazuyoshi , Takehara Tetsuo , Kato Michio , Kanada Aimi , Deguchi Matsuo , Kagita Masanori , Hikita Hayato , Sasakawa Akira , Kohga Keisuke , Uemura Akio , Sakamori Ryotaro , Yamaguchi Shinjiro , Miyagi Takuya , Ishida Hisashi , Tatsumi Tomohide , Hayashi Norio 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFactors influencing the therapeutic efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil added to continuing lamivudine have not been elucidated in lamivudine‐resistant patients with type B chronic hepatitis. The viral mutations influencing the efficacy of treatment with adefovir dipivoxil were investigated by sequencing analysis of the whole virus genome. Thirty patients resistant to lamivudine receiving adefovir dipivoxil therapy added to lamivudine were studied. From serum samples obtained before the administration of adefovir dipivoxil, full‐length viral DNA sequences were determined by PCR‐direct sequencing. Susceptibility of the virus to adefovir was examined further using in vitro transfection analysis. By screening the whole viral genome, the presence of two mutations, a T‐to‐C/G/A mutation at nt1753 (V1753) and an A‐to‐C mutation at nt2189 (C2189), correlated with the higher incidence of sustained viral DNA clearance during therapy (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, the V1753 (P = 0.001) and the C2189 (P = 0.007) mutations, and elevated transaminase (P = 0.011) and low viral load (P = 0.008) at the baseline were selected as significant independent factors associated with improved antiviral efficacy. In vitro transfection analysis showed no differences in susceptibility to adefovir among wild‐type virus and C1753 and C2189 mutant viruses, suggesting that the virus possessing these mutations may be eradicated more efficiently than the wild‐type virus by treatment regardless of a direct antiviral effect of adefovir. J. Med. Virol. 81:798–806, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasma HHV‐8 viral load in HHV‐8‐related lymphoproliferative disorders associated with HIV infection
Authors: Simonelli C. , Tedeschi R. , Gloghini A. , Talamini R. , Bortolin M.T. , Berretta M. , Spina M. , Morassut S. , Vaccher E. , De Paoli P. , Carbone A. , Tirelli U. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis is a mono‐institutional analysis of the clinical features, immunological and virological findings, and prognostic factors of patients with HIV infection and HHV‐8‐lymphoproliferative disorders. Patients with Multicentric Castleman Disease and HHV‐8‐related lymphoma diagnosed and treated from April 1987 to June 2004 were included in the study. HHV‐8 and HIV plasma viral load, CD4+ count, hematologic parameters, and general wellbeing (performance status) were assessed at the onset of the diseases and analyzed in order to identify possible prognostic factors. Nine patients with Multicentric Castleman disease, and 16 with HHV‐8‐related lymphomas (13 primary effusion lymphomas and 3 solid lymphomas), were diagnosed and treated out of 327 HIV‐related non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. Four patients with Multicentric Castleman disease received only antiretroviral drugs; 5 HAART plus oral etoposide. Nine patients with primary effusion lymphoma were treated with a CHOP‐like regimen (Cyclophosphamide, Prednisone anthracyclines, Vinca alkaloids, Bleomycin, Etoposide) and HAART; 1 with etoposide and HAART, 1 with HAART alone. The patients with solid lymphoma underwent CHOP‐like chemotherapy. Patients with Multicentric Castleman disease showed lower median values of HHV‐8 viral load and longer overall survival compared with HHV‐8‐related lymphomas. Patients with viral load of HHV‐8, >40,000 cp/ml had a significant shorter overall survival. In the univariate analysis, HHV‐8‐related lymphoma, HHV‐8 viral load >40,000 cp/ml and performance status >2 were associated with an increased risk of death. Multivariate analysis confirmed the diagnosis of lymphoma as an independent predictor of shorter survival. J. Med. Virol. 81:888–896, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of basal core promoter and precore mutations in Chinese chronic hepatitis B patients and correlation with serum HBeAG titers
Authors: Qin Yanli , Zhang Jiming , Mao Richeng , Guo Hongying , Yin Youkuan , Wu Xianghui , Weng Xinhua , Wands Jack , Tong Shuping 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe A1762T and G1764A mutations in the basal core promoter (BCP) region and the G1896A mutation in the precore (PC) region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome are found commonly in HBeAg‐negative patients. Experiments in vitro suggest that BCP and PC mutation reduce and abolish HBeAg expression, respectively. In the present study, the prevalence of the BCP and PC mutations were determined in 207 patients with HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B from China and correlated with the titers of serum HBeAg. None of the patients received antiviral therapy. The HBV genotype was determined by direct sequencing of the HBsAg gene. The BCP and PC mutations were detected by the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) and confirmed by DNA sequencing. The HBeAg titer was measured by the microparticle enzyme immunoassay. Fifty‐one of the 207 patients (24.6%) were infected with genotype B and the remainder with genotype C. The BCP mutations were detected in 103 patients (50%) while the PC mutation was present in 43 (20.8%). Thirteen patients (6.3%) harbored both BCP and PC mutations. No significant difference in the titers of HBeAg was found between patients infected with the two HBV genotypes, but the presence of either the BCP or PC mutation was associated with reduced HBeAg titer (P < 0.05). The presence of both the BCP and PC mutations was accompanied by even lower HBeAg titer (P < 0.05). These findings confirm that in patients with HBeAg, the BCP and PC mutations reduced the expression of HBeAg. J. Med. Virol. 81:807–814, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ala67Thr mutation in the poliovirus receptor CD155 is a potential risk factor for vaccine and wild‐type paralytic poliomyelitis
Authors: Kindberg Elin , Ax Cecilia , Fiore Lucia , Svensson Lennart 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPoliovirus infections can be asymptomatic or cause severe paralysis. Why some individuals develop paralytic poliomyelitis is unknown, but a role for host genetic factors has been suggested. To investigate if a polymorphism, Ala67Thr, in the poliovirus receptor, which has been found to facilitate increased resistance against poliovirus‐induced cell lysis and apoptosis, is associated with increased risk of paralytic poliomyelitis, poliovirus receptor genotyping was undertaken among Italian subjects with vaccine‐associated (n = 9), or with wild‐type paralytic poliomyelitis (n = 6), and control subjects (n = 71), using RFLP‐PCR and pyrosequencing. Heterozygous poliovirus receptor Ala67Thr genotype was found in 13.3% of the patients with paresis and in 8.5% of the controls (Odds Ratio = 1.667). The frequency of Ala67Thr among the controls is in agreement with earlier published data. It is concluded that the Ala67Thr mutation in the poliovirus receptor is a possible risk factor for the development of vaccine‐associated or paralytic poliomyelitis associated with wild‐type virus. J. Med. Virol. 81:933–936, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of association between genotypes and subtypes of HCV and occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt
Authors: Ryu Soo Hyung , Fan Xiaofeng , Xu Yanjuan , Elbaz Tamerl , Zekri Abdel‐Rahman N. , Abdelaziz Ashraf Omar , Di Bisceglie Adrian M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes was evaluated in individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis in Egypt. A total of 206 patients sero‐positive for HCV‐RNA among 400 surveyed individuals (186 with HCC, 100 with cirrhosis, and 114 healthy volunteers) were analyzed for HCV genotype. Of 206 patients, 129 had HCC, 65 had cirrhosis without HCC, and 12 were healthy volunteers. Phylogenetic analysis of sequence showed that of 206 samples, 186 contained HCV genotype 4 (90.3%), while 20 had HCV genotype 1 (9.7%). Among subjects with genotype 4, subtype 4a was predominant (79%), other subtypes included 4d, 4m, 4n, and 4o. Among those with HCV genotype 1, 15 had subtype 1g and five subtype 1a. Although subtype 4a was noted slightly more frequently in HCC (76%) compared to cirrhosis (66%) and controls (50%), there was no statistically significant difference between these three groups (P = 0.08). In conclusion, HCV genotype 4 predominates in Egypt. There was no association between subtypes of genotype 4 and the development of HCC. J. Med. Virol. 81:844–847, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of mixed infections by multiple genotypes of human cytomegalovirus in immunocompromised patients
Authors: Sowmya P. , Madhavan H.N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The present study was carried out to determine the frequency of occurrence of multiple genotypes of HCMV in immunocompromised patients, to determine if there is any discrepancy in identification of mixed infections by multiple genotypes in paired clinical specimens obtained from patients and to determine the significance of viral load differences between patients infected with single and multiple genotypes. One hundred clinical specimens from 75 patients were included in the study. Real‐time PCR; Multiplex PCR and PCR‐based RFLP were applied for the determination of viral load and genotyping of HCMV, respectively. Out of the 75 patients, 36 (48%) carried multiple genotypes. Discrepancy with regard to detection of genotypes were found in 17/25 patients whose paired clinical specimens were analyzed. Mixed genotypes were found more often in peripheral blood than urine or intraocular fluids collected from the same patient. There was a statistically significant difference between the median viral loads of clinical specimens carrying single genotypes and multiple genotypes. Mixed infections with multiple genotypes were found predominantly in the leukocyte fraction of peripheral blood specimens. The detection of mixed infections by multiple genotypes in the hypervariable regions of HCMV can be a surrogate marker of an increase in viral load. J. Med. Virol. 81:861–869, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization and functional analysis of occult hepatitis B virus infection in Chinese patients infected with genotype C
Authors: Fang Yong , Teng Xu , Xu Wei‐Zhen , Li Di , Zhao Hong‐Wei , Fu Li‐Juan , Zhang Feng‐Min , Gu Hong‐Xi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOccult HBV infection is defined as the persistence of HBV DNA in individuals negative for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), and many different mechanisms have been reported in different countries. However, in China, one of the endemic areas for HBV infection, no reports have been published on occult HBV infection. The present study investigated the virological features and the mechanism of occult HBV infection in China. Full‐length HBV DNA from eight patients with occult HBV infection (S1–S8) and three HBsAg‐positive cases (SWT1–SWT3) was cloned and sequenced. Additionally, four entire linear HBV genomes from occult cases were transfected transiently into HepG2 cells. The sequencing results showed two major mutations in patients with occult HBV infection as follows: deletions in the pre‐S1 (S3, S4, and S7) and X (S1, S2, and S5) regions. Such deletions covered the S promoter and the basal core promoter (BCP), and function analysis of these variants also showed a decrease in DNA replication and antigen expression. Two patients with occult infection (S6 and S8) had no mutations capable of interfering with viral replication and gene expression in the major viral population. Thus, the deletions in the S promoter and the BCP regions that disable the regulatory elements may be the reason for the absence of HBsAg, and multiple mechanisms may be responsible for occult HBV infection. J. Med. Virol. 81:826–835, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mother to child transmission of HIV‐1 in a Thai population: Role of virus characteristics and maternal humoral immune response
Authors: Kittinunvorakoon Chonticha , Morris Mary Kate , Neeyapun Kanchana , Jetsawang Bongkoch , Buehring Gertrude C. , Hanson Carl V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate factors influencing mother to child transmission of HIV‐1 in Thailand, where HIV‐1 CRF01_AE, the major subtype in Southeast Asia, predominates. Samples from 84 HIV‐1 infected, anti‐retroviral treatment‐naïve, non‐breast feeding mothers, 28 who transmitted HIV‐1 to their babies (transmitters) and 56 who did not (non‐transmitters), were studied for maternal humoral immune response and virus characteristics. Maternal humoral immune response was measured by lymphocyte phenotyping; neutralizing antibodies to laboratory HIV‐1 MN strain and two clinical isolates; peptide binding antibody to gp41 and V3 from strains CRF01_AE, B, and MN; autologous antibodies; and quasispecies diversity. Virus characteristics studied were viral load, co‐receptor usage, and viral replication capacity. No significant difference between transmitters and non‐transmitters was found for any parameter of maternal humoral immune response. However, viral load and viral replication capacity were significantly higher in transmitters versus non‐transmitters and were not correlated with each other. This suggests that viral replication capacity may be a transmission factor independent of viral load, which is already well established as a risk factor for transmission of HIV‐1. All except four viral isolates used the CCR5 co‐receptor. This is one of few studies of vertical transmission in a population where HIV‐1 CRF01_AE predominates. The data suggest that in this population the maternal humoral immune response was not important in preventing transmission at parturition, but that virus characteristics were key factors, and that viral replication capacity may contribute to birth‐associated mother to child transmission of HIV‐1. J. Med. Virol. 81:768–778, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of occult hepatitis B cases in Greek blood donors
Authors: Katsoulidou Antigoni , Paraskevis Dimitrios , Magiorkinis Emmanouil , Moschidis Zissis , Haida Catherine , Hatzitheodorou Eleni , Varaklioti Agoritsa , Karafoulidou Anastasia , Hatzitaki Maria , Kavallierou Lilian , Mouzaki Athanasia , Andrioti Evaggelia , Veneti Chrysanthi , Kaperoni Athanasia , Zervou Eleftheria , Politis Constantina , Hatzakis Angelos 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe use of sensitive nucleic acid testing for hepatitis B virus in blood donors revealed a number of HBV DNA(+) cases among HBsAg(−) donors, a status known as occult HBV infection. The purpose of this study was the serological and molecular characterization of occult HBV infection in Greek blood donors. A prospective study was undertaken in order to identify occult HBV infection cases in blood donors. As part of the routine screening of blood donations in Greece, blood units were screened individually by a multiplex HIV‐1/HCV/HBV nucleic acid assay. Initially reactive samples were retested with discriminatory assays. HBV DNA(+)/HBsAg(−) samples were tested further for HBV serological markers and HBV DNA was quantified by real‐time PCR. Molecular characterization was performed by sequencing the envelope and polymerase genes of HBV. Preliminary screening revealed 21 occult cases with the following patterns: anti‐HBc only: 7 donors, anti‐HBc/anti‐HBs: 7 donors, anti‐HBc/anti‐HBe: 5 donors, anti‐HBc/anti‐HBs/anti‐HBe: 2 donors. In all cases, the HBV DNA load was <351 IU/ml. Sequencing was successful in 10 donors (classified within genotype D) revealing several amino acid substitutions related to diagnostic escape and antiviral resistance. HBsAg diagnostic failure and low viral replication in occult HBV infection carriers could possibly be attributed to multiple changes in envelope and polymerase regions, respectively. J. Med. Virol. 81:815–825, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of anti‐danofloxacin antibody and development of an indirect competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for detection of danofloxacin residue in chicken liver
Authors: Liu Zhongqiu , Lu Shengxin , Zhao Cuihua , Ding Kai , Cao Zhaozhen , Zhan Jinhua , Ma Chen , Liu Jinting , Xi Rimo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Danofloxacin is used widely as both a clinical medicine for humans and a veterinary drug in animal husbandry. In this study a polyclonal anti‐danofloxacin antibody was prepared for the first time and a simple and rapid indirect competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) method based on the antibody was developed to monitor danofloxacin residue in chicken liver.RESULTS: The prepared antibody showed high sensitivity, with an IC50 value of 2.0 ng mL−1 towards danofloxacin, and good specificity, with significant cross‐reactivity only towards pefloxacin (22%) and fleroxacin (21%) among commonly used (fluoro)quinolones evaluated in the study. The developed cELISA test kit had a detection limit of 0.8 ng mL−1, and satisfactory results were obtained when it was applied to chicken liver spiked with various levels of danofloxacin. The cELISA test kit was also used to detect danofloxacin in chicken liver samples purchased from a local food market, and the results were confirmed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.CONCLUSION: The anti‐danofloxacin antibody prepared in this study exhibits excellent quality, with high sensitivity and good specificity. The cELISA test kit based on the antibody has a very low detection limit and is suitable for use as an efficient screening method to detect danofloxacin residue in foods and food products. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescents
Authors: Broman‐Fulks Joshua J. , Ruggiero Kenneth J. , Green Bradley A. , Smith Daniel W. , Hanson Rochelle F. , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Saunders Benjamin E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDebate has arisen over whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is most accurately conceptualized as representing a discrete clinical syndrome or an extreme reaction to traumatic life events. Recent taxometric research using predominately adult samples appears to support a dimensional model of PTSD, raising questions about the utility of current psychiatric nosology which depicts PTSD as a distinct entity. The present study sought to use taxometric procedures to examine the latent structure of posttraumatic stress reactions among a national epidemiologic sample of 2,885 adolescents. Results were consistent with previous taxometric studies in supporting a dimensional model of posttraumatic stress reactions. The implications of these findings for public policy, as well as the etiology and assessment of posttraumatic stress reactions, are discussed.
Spectrally selective B1‐insensitive T2 magnetization preparation sequence
Authors: Nezafat Reza , Ouwerkerk Ronald , Derbyshire Andrew J. , Stuber Matthias , McVeigh Elliot R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA T2 magnetization‐preparation (T2 Prep) sequence is proposed that is insensitive to B1 field variations and simultaneously provides fat suppression without any further increase in specific absorption rate (SAR). Increased B1 inhomogeneity at higher magnetic field strength (B0 ≥ 3T) necessitates a preparation sequence that is less sensitive to B1 variations. For the proposed technique, T2 weighting in the image is achieved using a segmented B1‐insensitive rotation (BIR‐4) adiabatic pulse by inserting two equally long delays, one after the initial reverse adiabatic half passage (AHP), and the other before the final AHP segment of a BIR‐4 pulse. This sequence yields T2 weighting with both B1 and B0 insensitivity. To simultaneously suppress fat signal (at the cost of B0 insensitivity), the second delay is prolonged so that fat accumulates additional phase due to its chemical shift. Numerical simulations as well as phantom and in vivo image acquisitions were performed to show the efficacy of the proposed technique. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The B‐matrix must be rotated when correcting for subject motion in DTI data
Authors: Leemans Alexander , Jones Derek K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo estimate diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) measures, such as fractional anisotropy and fiber orientation, reliably, a large number of diffusion‐encoded images is needed, preferably cardiac gated to reduce pulsation artifacts. However, the concomitant longer acquisition times increase the chances of subject motion adversely affecting the estimation of these measures. While correcting for motion artifacts improves the accuracy of DTI, an often overlooked step in realigning the images is to reorient the B‐matrix so that orientational information is correctly preserved. To the best of our knowledge, most research groups and software packages currently omit this reorientation step. Given the recent explosion of DTI applications including, for example, neurosurgical planning (in which errors can have drastic consequences), it is important to investigate the impact of neglecting to perform the B‐matrix reorientation. In this work, a systematic study to investigate the effect of neglecting to reorient the B‐matrix on DTI data during motion correction is presented. The consequences for diffusion fiber tractography are also discussed. Magn Reson Med, 61:1336–1349, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.