bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of an injury to the brain on bone healing and callus formation in young adults with fractures of the femoral shaft
Authors: Yang T-Y. , Wang T-C. , Tsai Y-H. , Huang K-C. 
Published: February 2012

In patients with traumatic brain injury and fractures of long bones, it is often clinically observed that the rate of bone healing and extent of callus formation are increased. However, the evidence has been unconvincing and an association between such an injury and enhanced fracture healing remains unclear. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 74 young adult patients with a mean age of 24.2 years (16 to 40) who sustained a femoral shaft fracture (AO/OTA type 32A or 32B) with or without a brain injury. All the fractures were treated with closed intramedullary nailing. The main outcome measures included the time required for bridging callus formation (BCF) and the mean callus thickness (MCT) at the final follow-up. Comparative analyses were made between the 20 patients with a brain injury and the 54 without brain injury. Subgroup comparisons were performed among the patients with a brain injury in terms of the severity of head injury, the types of intracranial haemorrhage and gender. Patients with a brain injury had an earlier appearance of BCF (p < 0.001) and a greater final MCT value (p < 0.001) than those without. There were no significant differences with respect to the time required for BCF and final MCT values in terms of the severity of head injury (p = 0.521 and p = 0.153, respectively), the types of intracranial haemorrhage (p = 0.308 and p = 0.189, respectively) and gender (p = 0.383 and p = 0.662, respectively). These results confirm that an injury to the brain may be associated with accelerated fracture healing and enhanced callus formation. However, the severity of the injury to the brain, the type of intracranial haemorrhage and gender were not statistically significant factors in predicting the rate of bone healing and extent of final callus formation.
Pharmacology, Efficacy, and Safety of Linagliptin for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Neumiller Joshua J 
Published: February 2012

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy and safety of linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor recently approved in the US for use as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data Sources: English-language articles in the PubMed database to October 2011 (selected using the search terms linagliptin, alogliptin, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin, and pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, or diabetes) were identified for review. Reference lists from identified articles were reviewed for additional references of interest. Abstracts published at relevant meetings were also evaluated, and information was obtained from the manufacturer. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Publications reporting the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy and safety of linagliptin were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Linagliptin therapy results in clinically meaningful reductions in hemoglobin A1c, as well as fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It contrasts with other agents in its class by not requiring dosage adjustment in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Oral doses of linagliptin 5 mg once daily have been shown to be clinically effective, well tolerated, and weight-neutral. An increased rate of hypoglycemia when linagliptin was used in combination with an insulin secretagogue compared to placebo was noted in clinical trials. Conclusions: Linagliptin provides an additional therapeutic option for type 2 diabetes mellitus and, in contrast to other agents in the DPP-4 class, can be used without dose adjustment in patients with any degree of declining renal function.
Warfarin Genotyping in a Single PCR Reaction for Microchip Electrophoresis
Authors: Poe Brian L , Haverstick Doris M , Landers James P 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Warfarin is the most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant medication but also is the second leading cause of emergency room visits for adverse drug reactions. Genetic testing for warfarin sensitivity may reduce hospitalization rates, but prospective genotyping is impeded in part by the turnaround time and costs of genotyping. Microfluidics-based assays can reduce reagent consumption and analysis time; however, no current assay has integrated multiplexed allele-specific PCR for warfarin genotyping with electrophoretic microfluidics hardware. Ideally, such an assay would use a single PCR reaction and, without further processing, a single microchip electrophoresis (ME) run to determine the 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting warfarin sensitivity [i.e., CYP2C9 (cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 9) *2, CYP2C9 *3, and the VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1) A/B haplotype].

METHODS
We designed and optimized primers for a fully multiplexed assay to examine 3 biallelic SNPs with the tetraprimer amplification refractory mutation system (T-ARMS). The assay was developed with conventional PCR equipment and demonstrated for microfluidic infrared-mediated PCR. Genotypes were determined by ME on the basis of the pattern of PCR products.

RESULTS
Thirty-five samples of human genomic DNA were analyzed with this multiplex T-ARMS assay, and 100% of the genotype determinations agreed with the results obtained by other validated methods. The sample population included several genotypes conferring warfarin sensitivity, with both homozygous and heterozygous genotypes for each SNP. Total analysis times for the PCR and ME were approximately 75 min (1-sample run) and 90 min (12-sample run).

CONCLUSIONS
This multiplexed T-ARMS assay coupled with microfluidics hardware constitutes a promising avenue for an inexpensive and rapid platform for warfarin genotyping.
Hydration and Proton Transfer in 3M™ PEM Ionomers: An Ab Initio Study
Authors: Clark Jeffrey K. , Paddison Stephen J. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTElectronic structure calculations were performed to study the effects local hydration, neighboring side chain connectivity, and protogenic group separation have in facilitating proton dissociation and transfer in fragments of 3M ionomers under conditions of low hydration. Two different types of ionomers, each consisting of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) backbone, were considered: (1) perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomeric fragments containing two pendant side chains (–O(CF2)4SO3H) of distinct separation along the PTFE backbone to model different equivalent weight ionomers and (2) single side chain fragments of three bis(sulfonyl imide)- based fragments with multiple and distinct acid groups per side chain having structural and chemical differences mediating protogenic group separation (side chains: –O(CF2)4SO2(NH)- SO2C6H4SO3H) with the sulfonic acid group located in either the meta or the ortho position on the phenyl ring and –O(CF2)4SO2(NH)SO2(CF2)3SO3H). Fully optimized structures of these fragments with and without the addition of water molecules at the B3LYP/6-311G** level revealed that both side chain connectivity and protogenic group separation, along with local hydration, are key contributors to proton dissociation and the energetics of proton transfer in these materials. Specifically, cooperative interaction between protogenic groups through hydrogen bonding and electron withdrawing –CF2– groups are critical for first proton dissociation and the state of the dissociated proton at low levels of hydration. However, the close proximity of protogenic groups in the ortho bis acid precluded second proton dissociation at low hydration as the relatively fixed protogenic group separation promoted interactions between water molecules, while the labile side chains in the PFSA ionomers allowed for greater freedom in the hydrogen bond network formed. Potential energy profiles for proton transfer were determined at the B3LYP/6-31G** level. The energetic penalty associated with proton transfer was found to be strongly dependent on the surrounding hydrogen bond network and the state of the dissociated proton(s), as well as, the separation between protogenic groups.
Design of semi-interpenetrating networks based on poly(ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate) and oligo(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether
Authors: Tripodo Guiseppe , Wischke C. , Lendlein A. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe synthesis of semi-interpenetrating networks (SIPN) based on linear poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) (PECA) and oligo(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (OEGDG) based polymer networks was motivated by the hypothesis that the brittleness of polycyanoacrylates may be overcome by incorporating them into a polymer network architecture. A sequential synthetic route was applied, in which first PECA was prepared by anionic polymerization. Subsequently, OEGDG was crosslinked with different anhydrides and curing catalysts to form networks with hydrolyzable ester bonds and interpenetrating PECA. These SIPNs showed a low water uptake compared to other polyether based networks. Some of the obtained materials were transparent and exhibited a great flexibility, which was maintained also after 24 h of immersion in water and subsequent drying. Such networks could be components of future stimuli-sensitive material systems.
Infant and Toddler Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Salardi Silvana , Porta Massimo , Maltoni Giulio , Rubbi Flavia , Rovere Silvia , Cerutti Franco , Iafusco Dario , Tumini Stefano , Cauvin Vittoria ,   the Diabetes Study Group of the Italian Society of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (ISPED)
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
To compare the effect of the prepubertal duration of diabetes on the occurrence of complications in two groups of patients after the same number of years of the disease.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This multicenter study enrolled 105 patients aged 16–40.3 years; 53 were prepubertal at diagnosis (aged 0–3) and 52 were pubertal (Tanner stage) and aged 9–14.9. The mean duration of disease was 19.8 and 19.5 years for prepubertal and pubertal patients, respectively. In all patients, retinal photographs were taken and centrally graded. Urinary albumin excretion (UAE; 86 case subjects), blood pressure (BP; 89 case subjects), and lifetime HbA1c (72 case subjects) were also evaluated.

RESULTS
The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) was higher in pubertal than in prepubertal patients, both for any grade DR (71 vs. 40%, P = 0.002) and for mild or more severe DR (P = 0.005). The prevalence of abnormal UAE was not different in the two groups. Hypertension was found only in three patients, all pubertal at diagnosis. In the small group with moderate-to-severe DR, lifetime HbA1c levels, as percentages above the upper normal reference value, were higher (P &lt; 0.01) in prepubertal than in pubertal patients.

CONCLUSIONS
If diabetes is diagnosed in infants or toddlers and the prepubertal duration of diabetes is very long, the patients seem to be protected against DR. This protection disappears if lifetime metabolic control is bad. Instead, when onset is at puberty, the DR risk is higher and less dependent on metabolic control and may be influenced by age-related factors, such as BP.
Achievement of Target A1C Levels With Negligible Hypoglycemia and Low Glucose Variability in Youth With Short-Term Type 1 Diabetes and Residual β-Cell Function
Authors: Sherr Jennifer , Tamborlane William V. , Xing Dongyuan , Tsalikian Eva , Mauras Nelly , Buckingham Bruce , White Neil H. , Arbelaez Ana Maria , Beck Roy W. , Kollman Craig , Ruedy Katrina ,   the Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
To determine exposure to hyper- and hypoglycemia using blinded continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) profiles in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with residual β-cell function during the first year of insulin treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Blinded, 3–7 day CGM profiles were obtained in 16 short-term T1D patients (age 8–18 years, T1D duration 6–52 weeks) who had peak C-peptide levels ranging from 0.46 to 1.96 nmol/L during a mixed-meal tolerance test. Results in this short-term group were compared with those in 34 patients with well-controlled, longer-term T1D (duration ≥5 years), matched for age and A1C with the short-term T1D group, and with those in 26 age-matched nondiabetic individuals.

RESULTS
Despite matching for A1C, and therefore similar mean sensor glucose levels in the two T1D groups, short-term T1D participants had a lower frequency of hypoglycemia (0.3 vs. 7.6%, P &lt; 0.001), a trend toward less hyperglycemia (17 vs. 32%, P = 0.15), and a greater percentage in the target range (median 77 vs. 60%, P = 0.02). Indeed, the percentage of sensor glucose levels ≤70 mg/dL in the short-term T1D group (0.3%) did not differ from those in the nondiabetic group (1.7%, P = 0.73). The coefficient of variation of sensor glucose levels (an index of glucose variability) was lower in short-term vs. longer-term T1D participants (27 vs. 42%, respectively, P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
In youth with short-term T1D who retain residual β-cell function, there is negligible exposure to hypoglycemia and lower glucose variability than in youth with well-controlled T1D of longer duration.
An overview of recent advances in HPLC instrumentation
Authors: Zotou Anastasia 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This review highlights the fundamentals and the most prominent advances in the field of HPLC instrumentation over the last decades. Fundamental aspects and practical considerations of column switching, conventional (heart-cut) and comprehensive two-dimensional LC are presented. Different aspects of microcolumn- and nanoliquid-chromatography are reviewed. Recent progress in column technology and the demands and developments in instrumentation and accessories for miniaturized LC are also discussed. In the field of miniaturization, particularly in chip-based nano-LC systems, some aspects on micro-fluidic chip fabrication, using particle-packed HPLC microchips or polymer-based monoliths, are addressed. An introduction to ultra performance LC (UPLC) is also presented.
Review of recent developments of on-line sample stacking techniques and their application in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Chen Yonglei , Lü Wenjuan , Chen Xingguo , Teng Min 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become one of the most useful tools in separation science because of its high separation efficiency, low cost, versatility, ease of sample preparation and automation. However, some limitations of CE, such as poor concentration sensitivity due to its lower sample loading and shorter optical path length, limits its further applications in separation science. In order to solve this problem, various on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as transient isotachophoresis preconcentration, field-enhanced sample stacking, micelle to solvent stacking, micelle collapse, dynamic pH junction, sweeping, solid phase extraction, single drop microextraction and liquid phase microextraction have been combined with CE. Recent developments, applications and some variants together with different combinations of these techniques integrating in CE are reviewed here and our discussions will be confined to the past three years (2008–2011).
On some aspects of the definition of scattering states in quantum field theory
Authors: Tóth Gábor 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The problem of extending quantum-mechanical formal scattering theory to a more general class of models that also includes quantum field theories is discussed, with the aim of clarifying certain aspects of the definition of scattering states. As the strong limit is not suitable for the definition of scattering states in quantum field theory, some other limiting procedure is needed. Two possibilities are considered, the abelian limit and adiabatic switching. Formulas for the scattering states based on both methods are discussed, and it is found that generally there are significant differences between the two approaches. As an illustration of the applications and the features of these formulas, S-matrix elements and energy corrections in two quantum field theoretical models are calculated using (generalized) old-fashioned perturbation theory. The two methods are found to give equivalent results.
Tracheobronchial mucoid pseudotumor
Authors: Itoi Satoshi , Ohara Gen , Kagohashi Katsunori , Kawaguchi Mio , Kurishima Koichi , Satoh Hiroaki 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The topic of large mucoid plug of tracheobronchus simulating a tumor lacks scientific research and publication. We report such a case presenting as a pseudo-tumor in an elderly population. The plug was easily removed with a flexible bronchoscope. Microscopically, neither malignant cells nor microbial agents were present in the mucoid plug, confirming the diagnosis of a mucoid pseudotumor. If a collection of mucus, indistinguishable from a true tumor, is detected in the tracheobronchial tree particularly on CT scan, we should consider performing bronchoscopy, as such tracheobronchial mucoid pseudotumor may be distinguished from true tumors by this procedure.
Measurement of Head Scatter Factor for Linear Accelerators using Indigenously Designed Columnar Mini Phantom
Authors: Appasamy Murugan , Xavier Sidonia , Kuppusamy Thayalan , Velayudham Ramasubramanian 
Published: February 2012

Measurement of Head Scatter Factor for Linear Accelerators using Indigenously Designed Columnar Mini Phantom
A columnar mini phantom is designed as recommended by ESTRO to measure the Head Scatter Factor (Sc) for 6 MV beam of two linear accelerators. The measurement of Sc at different orientations of the chamber, parallel and perpendicular at 1.5 cm depth predicts the deviation of 2.05% and 1.9% for Elekta and Siemens linear accelerators respectively. The measurement of Sc at 1.5 cm is higher compared to 10 cm depth for both the linear accelerators suggesting the electron contamination at 1.5 cm depth. The effect of wedges on Sc yields a significant contribution of 3.5% and 5% for Siemens and Elekta linear accelerators respectively. The collimator exchange effect reveals the opening of upper jaw increases the Sc irrespective of the linear accelerator. The result emphasizes the need of Sc measurement at 10 cm. The presence of wedge influences the Sc value and the SSD has no influence on Sc. The measured Sc values are in good agreement with the published data.
Direct and indirect measurements relevant to the assessment of fatigue of the respiratory muscles - review
Authors: Kuraszkiewicz Bożena 
Published: February 2012

Direct and indirect measurements relevant to the assessment of fatigue of the respiratory muscles - review
The purpose of this review is to present selected tests available with the potential to detect the development of respiratory muscle fatigue in normal subjects and patients. All reviewed techniques represent a part of a variety of measures and indices, which have been employed to assess this complex process at the present time.
Current role of grasslands in development of agriculture and rural areas in Poland - an example of mountain voivodships małopolskie and podkarpackie
Authors: Jankowska-Huflejt Halina , Wróbel Barbara , Twardy Stanisław 
Published: February 2012

Current role of grasslands in development of agriculture and rural areas in Poland - an example of mountain voivodships małopolskie and podkarpackie
In paper the current situation of agriculture activity in mountain areas in Poland on the example of two mountain voivodships: małopolskie and podkarpackie was presented. Particular the role of permanent grasslands in development of agriculture and rural areas was highlighted. The tools for support of agriculture development in mountain areas i.e. LFA payments, payments for cow and sheep raising were presented. The future prospects of the development of mountain areas in Poland were showed.
Application of sorption tests to estimate selected properties of alluvial soils in Żuławy Elbląskie
Authors: Olchawa Andrzej , Terlikowski Jerzy 
Published: February 2012

Application of sorption tests to estimate selected properties of alluvial soils in Żuławy Elbląskie
The specific surface area and hence the sorption or desorption moisture at constant water vapour pressure will increase with increasing content of humus and clay fraction in soils. Adopting such an assumption, preliminary experimental studies were performed to assess the possibility of using sorption/desorption tests to determine some features of alluvial soils from Żuławy such as cation exchange capacity CEC and the specific external surface area Se. Results of the sorption tests were compared with the analyses of the same soil properties determined with standard methods to evaluate the usefulness of the former. Preliminary studies showed a high similarity in the determination of CEC and Se with both methods. Confirmed usefulness of sorption/desorption methods for determination of the specific surface area of mineral soil particles and particularly for analyses of cation exchange capacity would bring a significant simplification of studies and a possibility of their dissemination due to the ease of such analyses. Determination of the specific surface area with the sorption and desorption method does not require sophisticated equipment and laborious and costly preliminary procedures. Dissemination of this method and recognition it as a reference one would, however, need further studies on various soil types.
Trichosanthes dioica root extract induces tumor proliferation and attenuation of antioxidant system in albino mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma
Authors: Bhattacharya Sanjib , Haldar Pallab 
Published: February 2012

Trichosanthes dioicaroot extract induces tumor proliferation and attenuation of antioxidant system in albino mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinomaTrichosanthes dioicaRoxb. (Cucurbitaceae), called pointed gourd in English, is a dioecious climber grown widely in the Indian subcontinent. The present study assessed the influence of treatment of hydroalcoholic extract ofTrichosanthes dioicaroot (TDA) on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice with effects on antioxidant systems. Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of tumor (EAC) cells in mice, TDA was administered at 25 and 50 mg/kg for 8 consecutive days. On the 9thday, half of the mice were sacrificed for estimation of tumor proliferation, hematological, and hepatic antioxidative parameters. The rest were kept for assessment of survival parameters. TDA exhibited dose dependent and significant increase in tumor weight, tumor volume, packed cell volume and viable cells and reduced non-viable cells and life span of EAC bearing animals. Hematological parameters were significantly worsened in TDA-treated mice. TDA treatment significantly aggravated the hepatic antioxidative parameters. The present study demonstrated thatT. dioicaroot possessed tumor promoting activity in EAC bearing albino mice, plausibly mediated by attenuation of endogenous antioxidant systems.