bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sample Preparation Techniques for Determination of Fish Energy Density via Bomb Calorimetry: An Evaluation Using Largemouth Bass
Authors: Glover David C. , DeVries Dennis R. , Wright Russell A. , Davis Donald A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe evaluated three homogenization and subsampling techniques for preparing fish tissue samples for bomb calorimetry to identify differences in efficiency for estimating fish energy density. We compared (1) drying the whole fish and homogenizing the dried fish tissue, (2) homogenization prior to drying and then drying the subsample of fish tissue, and (3) homogenization after autoclaving to soften the hard structures and then drying a subsample of the homogenized fish tissue. Sample drying time and energy density estimates were compared among techniques across a size range (wet mass = 32–1,080 g) of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Both of the subsampling techniques reduced drying time by about 40% relative to drying the whole fish. All three methods provided statistically similar estimates of largemouth bass energy densities. The autoclave process was most efficient, minimizing both sample preparation time and drying time. Variance of energy density estimates was greater for both subsampling methods compared with the traditional whole‐fish method. Thus, subsampling can decrease sample preparation time for bomb calorimetry but may reduce power to detect differences among variables of interest (e.g., season). Lastly, estimates of energy density for largemouth bass were a function of body mass, suggesting that using a constant energy density in bioenergetics models is not appropriate.
Salmon Carcasses Increase Stream Productivity More than Inorganic Fertilizer Pellets: A Test on Multiple Trophic Levels in Streamside Experimental Channels
Authors: Wipfli Mark S. , Hudson John P. , Caouette John P. , Mitchell Nicole L. , Lessard Joanna L. , Heintz Ron A. , Chaloner Dominic T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractInorganic nutrient amendments to streams are viewed as possible restoration strategies for re‐establishing nutrients and stream productivity throughout the western coast of North America, where salmon runs and associated marine‐derived nutrient subsidies have declined. In a mesocosm experiment, we examined the short‐term (6 weeks) comparative effects of artificial nutrient pellets and salmon carcasses, alone (low and high amounts) and in combination, on stream food webs. Response variables included dissolved nutrient concentrations, biofilm ash‐free dry mass (AFDM) and chlorophyll‐a levels, macroinvertebrate density, growth and body condition of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, and whole‐body lipid content of invertebrates and juvenile coho salmon. Most of the response variables were significantly influenced by carcass treatment; the only response variable significantly influenced by fertilizer pellet treatment was soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentration. Ammonium‐nitrogen concentration was the only response variable affected by both (low and high) levels of carcass treatment; all others showed no significant response to the two carcass treatment levels. Significant treatment × time interactions were observed for all responses except nitrate; for most responses, significant treatment effects were detected at certain time periods and not others. For example, significantly higher SRP concentrations were recorded earlier in the experiment, whereas significant fish responses were observed later. These results provide evidence that inorganic nutrient additions do not have the same ecological effects in streams as do salmon carcasses, potentially because inorganic nutrient additions lack carbon‐based biochemicals and macromolecules that are sequestered directly or indirectly by consumers. Salmon carcasses, preferably deposited naturally during spawning migrations, appear to be far superior to inorganic nutrient amendments for sustaining and restoring stream productivity, including fish production, and should be chosen over artificial nutrient additions when feasible and practical.
Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing for Improving Self-Care Among Northern Plains Indians With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Calhoun Darren , Brod Rod , Kirlin Kristin , Howard Barbara V. , Schuldberg David , Fiore Christine 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the utility of motivational interviewing techniques to improve management of type 2 diabetes among residents of an American Indian reservation. A convenience sample of participants was recruited at an Indian Health Service diabetes clinic (n = 26). Random blood glucose, A1C, and demographic variables for the 6 months before baseline were collected via chart review; data on random blood glucose, A1C, demographic variables, health-related behaviors, and psychological self-report instruments were collected at baseline and 3 months after intervention. The intervention consisted of two individual, 30-minute sessions of motivational interviewing (MI) delivered over 3 weeks.
Significant improvements in participants' self-reported depressive symptoms, genetic/racial fatalism, treatment satisfaction, and social/vocational worry were observed. Stepwise regression revealed seven predictors of change in A1C from baseline to study end: completion of the study, total blood quantum, change in A1C from 6 months before baseline to baseline, and change in provider trust, treatment acceptance, depression, and reported hours of exercise per week from baseline to study completion. The final analysis had an R2 value of 0.896, accounting for 89.6% of the variance in A1C change. This pilot study provides preliminary support for the utility of MI techniques in diabetes care among American Indians.
Self-Management Goal Setting in a Community Health Center: The Impact of Goal Attainment on Diabetes Outcomes
Authors: Anderson Daren R. , Christison-Lagay Joan , Procter-Gray Elizabeth 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective. This study sought to evaluate the details of self-management goal setting in a largely Hispanic population of patients with type 2 diabetes, to evaluate the impact of various factors on goal attainment and to assess the impact of self-management on glycemic control.
Setting. The intervention was conducted at Community Health Center, Inc., a large, multisite federally qualified health center in Connecticut caring for an ethnically and racially diverse population of medically underserved patients.
Methods. Patients with type 2 diabetes participated in a diabetes self-management program delivered by diabetes educators. We evaluated factors associated with successful goal attainment and the impact of goal setting on glycemic control.
Results. During a 3-year period, 488 patients participated in the self-management program and set a total of 2,133 goals. Hispanic patients and those with depression were as successful as others at setting and attaining goals. Goals focusing on medications and healthy eating were more often successfully attained. Successful goal attainment was independently associated with achieving or maintaining an A1C value of &lt; 7.0%.
Conclusions. Underserved, largely Spanish-speaking patients successfully set and attained specific goals, with a preference for those focused on healthy eating and medication taking. This evaluation suggests an association between the successful achievement of individual goals and glycemic control.
A four kinetic state model of fast axonal transport: Model formulation and perturbation solution
Authors: Kuznetsov Andrey 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This paper formulates a four kinetic state model for fast axonal transport. The paper further develops the Smith-Simmons model that is based on equations governing intracellular molecular-motor-assisted transport; these equations are extended by considering four rather than three kinetic states for organelles. The model considers plus-end and minus-end-oriented organelles that can be either free (suspended in the cytosol) or attached to microtubules (MTs) (in the latter case organelles are transported by molecular motors). The paper then develops a method for uncoupling differential equations of the proposed model. A perturbation solution of this problem is obtained. The effect of transition between plus-end-oriented and minus-end oriented organelles is discussed. The accuracy of the obtained perturbation solution is evaluated by comparing the zero-order and the first-order results with a high-accuracy numerical solution.
The effects of exogenous testosterone on spatial memory in rats
Authors: Hodosy Július , Páleš Ján , Ostatníková Daniela , Celec Peter 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Testosterone (T) is known to affect spatial abilities in men and women. Studies focusing on this relationship showed that both endogenous variability of T and administration of exogenous T, altered mental rotation and spatial visualization. Organizational and activational effects of T can be separately identified. The aim of our study was to evaluate the activational effects of exogenous T on spatial memory in male and female rats. T was administered 3 times a week over a two week period in either 1 mg/kg for low testosterone group or 10 mg/kg for high testosterone group. The Morris water maze was performed to assess the rat’s working and reference spatial memory. T and estradiol levels were measured in plasma. Increase in plasma T levels was confirmed in the experimental groups in comparison to the control groups (receiving sterile oil, 3 times a week over a two week period). Low dose T impaired working, but improved reference memory in female rats. In male rats the negative effects of T (both doses) on reference memory were shown. This experiment showed that the activational effects of exogenous testosterone on spatial memory of rats were gender and dose-dependent.
Polymorphisms of interleukin-8 and -18 genes and diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Cilenšek Ines , Hercegovac Amela , Terzić Rifet , Petrovič Mojca , Petrovič Daniel 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
We evaluated possible roles of interleukin-8 gene polymorphisms (1633T/C-rs2227543, 251A/T-rs4073) and interleukin-18 gene polymorphisms (-607C/A-rs1946518, -137G/C-rs187238) in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes. 271 patients with DR and 113 without diabetic retinopathy were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. We did not observe an association between either interleukin-8 gene polymorphisms (1633T/C, 251A/T) or interleukin-18 gene polymorphisms (-607C/A, -137G/C) and diabetic retinopathy in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes. We did not find statistically significant differences in interleukin-8 serum levels between diabetics with the TT and AA genotype and those with other genotypes. The interleukin-18 serum levels between diabetics with the CC genotype of the -607C/A polymorphism and those with other genotypes (AA, AC) were not significantly different. Moreover, we did not observe a statistically significant effect of the tested polymorphisms of either interleukin-8 or interleukin-18 genes on serum levels in diabetics. In conclusion, our study indicates that the examined polymorphisms of interleukin-8 (1633T/C, 251A/T) and interleukin-18 (-607C/A or the -137G/C) genes are not genetic risk factors for diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, they may not be used as genetic markers for diabetic retinopathy in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes.
Current Concepts in the Recognition and Treatment of Posterolateral Corner Injuries of the Knee
Authors: Lunden Jason B. , Bzdusek Peter J. , Monson Jill K. , Malcomson Kent W. , Laprade Robert F. 
Published: May 2010

Synopsis Injuries to the posterolateral corner of the knee pose a significant challenge to sports medicine team members due to their complex nature. Identifying posterolateral corner injuries is paramount to determining proper surgical management of the injured athlete, with the goal of preventing chronic pain, instability, and/or surgical failure. Postoperative rehabilitation is based on the specific structural involvement and surgical procedures. A firm understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the structures of the posterolateral corner is essential for successful rehabilitation outcomes. Emphasis is placed on protection of the healing surgical repair/reconstruction, with gradual restoration of range of motion, strength, proprioception, and dynamic function of the knee. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the anatomy, biomechanics, and mechanism of injury for posterolateral corner injuries, with a review of clinical examination techniques for identifying these injuries. Furthermore, a review of current surgical management and postoperative guidelines is provided. Level of Evidence Diagnosis/therapy, level 5. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(8):502–516. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3269
No Longer a ‘Last Resort’: The End of Corporal Punishment in the Schools of Toronto
Authors: Axelrod Paul 
Published: May 2010

Abstract: In 1971, following a protracted and tumultuous debate, the Toronto Board of Education formally abolished the use of corporal punishment in its schools – the first Ontario board to do so. Corporal punishment continued to be employed elsewhere in Ontario and throughout Canada well into the 1980s, and the use of physical discipline was prohibited in all Canadian schools only in 2004, following a ruling of the Supreme Court of Canada. Why did educators and legislators defend corporal punishment for so long, and why did the tide turn in the last part of the twentieth century? Concentrating on legal and political dynamics, this article explores the ways in which the Toronto Board of Education grappled with the issue of corporal punishment in the three decades before its abolition. It seeks to situate the story of Toronto's approach to school discipline on the broader social landscape on which the battle over corporal punishment was conducted. It concludes that the particular configuration of the Toronto Board of Education following trustee elections in 1969 strongly affected the shape and outcome of the corporal punishment debate.
CHR Forum
Authors: Webb Jeff A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract: In 1965 Memorial University recruited the young historian Keith Matthews, hoping he would both conduct research on the West of England–Newfoundland fishery and collect archival material for the university. He fulfilled this dual mandate, and his work was an important part of an important historiographic shift. Matthews's break with a 175-year-old interpretation was marked by a highly original essay, ‘Historical Fence Building,’ which subsequent historians have read back into his 1968 thesis. This essay examines his training and the context at Memorial that shaped his career, arguing that because of the persuasiveness of Matthews's later historiographic critique the continuity between his thesis and earlier works is greater than is often recognized.
Natural selection on inflorescence color polymorphisms in wildProteapopulations: The role of pollinators, seed predators, and intertrait correlations
Authors: Carlson Jane E. , Holsinger Kent E. 
Published: May 2010

•Premise of the study:The processes maintaining flower color polymorphisms have long been of evolutionary interest. Mechanistic explanations include selection through pollinators, antagonists, local environments, drift, and pleiotropic effects. We examined the maintenance of inflorescence color polymorphisms in the genusProtea(Proteaceae) of South Africa, in which ∼40% of species contain different color morphs.•Methods:We studied 10 populations of four bird‐pollinatedProteaspecies and compared adult performance, floral and leaf morphology, vegetative pigmentation, germination, and seedling survival between co‐occurring pink and white morphs. We also tested for differences in pollination success and pre‐dispersal seed predation.•Key results:White morphs produced seeds 10% heavier and 3.5 times more likely to germinate, which all else being equal, should fuel positive selection on white. In one studied population per species, however, white morphs were more susceptible to seed predation by endophagous larvae. Pollinators had no morph‐specific effects on female fecundity, as measured by amount or probability of seed set. Differences in stem color indicated that white morphs produced smaller quantities of pigment and associated compounds throughout, possibly explaining their higher seed palatability.•Conclusions:Our findings suggest a mechanism for some white protea polymorphisms: deleterious pleiotropic effects on pink morphs are occasionally offset by reduced losses to seed‐eating larvae. Because trends were repeated across species, we suggest that similar processes may also occur in other proteas, placing a new emphasis on seed predators for influencing some of South Africa's amazing floral diversity.
Mixed mating in a recently derived self‐compatible population of Leavenworthia alabamica (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Busch Jeremiah W. , Herlihy Christopher R. , Gunn Lena , Werner William J. 
Published: May 2010

• Premise of the study: A mixture of outcrossing and selfing is often observed in plant populations. Although mixed mating is ubiquitous, it has several potential evolutionary explanations. Mixed mating may be actively maintained by selection, passively determined by the pollination environment, or a transitional stage during the evolution of self‐fertilization.• Methods: We studied patterns of self‐compatibility and selfing rates in a population of Leavenworthia alabamica that recently lost self‐incompatibility. We also experimentally tested whether natural selection against selfing at the pre‐ or postzygotic stage is sufficient to explain mixed mating in this population.• Key results: Visualizing pollen tube growth following self‐pollination, we found that nearly all plants were fully self‐compatible. Progeny array analysis revealed that the average selfing rate of the population was s = 0.523. The inbreeding coefficient in the parents (F = 0.539) exceeded the amount expected if the selfing rate (s) were constant [Feq = s/(2 − s)], indicating either population subdivision or higher selfing rates in the past. Inference of family‐level selfing rates revealed substantial variation. Experiments found that self and outcross pollen fertilized nearly equal numbers of ovules in competition. Comparison of seed production following self‐ or cross‐pollination failed to implicate early acting inbreeding depression as a factor maintaining mixed mating.• Conclusions: The results of our experiments suggest that mixed mating is not maintained by selection against self‐pollen or zygotes in this population. Mixed mating is most likely a byproduct of the pollination process but may also be a transitional stage during the evolution of higher selfing rates.
The Microtubule Regulator Stathmin Is an Endogenous Protein Agonist for TLR3
Authors: Bsibsi Malika , Bajramovic Jeffrey J. , Vogt Mario H. J. , van Duijvenvoorden Eveline , Baghat Aabed , Persoon-Deen Carla , Tielen Frans , Verbeek Richard , Huitinga Inge , Ryffel Bernhard , Kros Alexander , Gerritsen Wouter H. , Amor Sandra , van Noort Johannes M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
TLR3 recognizes dsRNAs and is considered of key importance to antiviral host-defense responses. TLR3 also triggers neuroprotective responses in astrocytes and controls the growth of axons and neuronal progenitor cells, suggesting additional roles for TLR3-mediated signaling in the CNS. This prompted us to search for alternative, CNS-borne protein agonists for TLR3. A genome-scale functional screening of a transcript library from brain tumors revealed that the microtubule regulator stathmin is an activator of TLR3-dependent signaling in astrocytes, inducing the same set of neuroprotective factors as the known TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. This activity of stathmin crucially depends on a long, negatively charged α helix in the protein. Colocalization of stathmin with TLR3 on astrocytes, microglia, and neurons in multiple sclerosis-affected human brain indicates that as an endogenous TLR3 agonist, stathmin may fulfill previously unsuspected regulatory roles during inflammation and repair in the adult CNS.
Timing of CD8+ T Cell Responses in Relation to Commencement of Capillary Leakage in Children with Dengue
Authors: Dung Nguyen Thi Phuong , Duyen Huynh Thi Le , Thuy Nguyen Thi Van , Ngoc Tran Van , Chau Nguyen Van Vinh , Hien Tran Tinh , Rowland-Jones Sarah L. , Dong Tao , Farrar Jeremy , Wills Bridget , Simmons Cameron P. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Immune activation is a feature of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and CD8+ T cell responses in particular have been suggested as having a role in the vasculopathy that characterizes this disease. By phenotyping CD8+ T cells (CD38+/HLA-DR+, CD38+/Ki-67+, or HLA-DR+/Ki-67+) in serial blood samples from children with dengue, we found no evidence of increased CD8+ T cell activation prior to the commencement of resolution of viremia or hemoconcentration. Investigations with MHC class I tetramers to detect NS3133–142-specific CD8+ T cells in two independent cohorts of children suggested the commencement of hemoconcentration and thrombocytopenia in DHF patients generally begins before the appearance of measurable frequencies of NS3133–142-specific CD8+ T cells. The temporal mismatch between the appearance of measurable surface activated or NS3133–142-specific CD8+ T cells suggests that these cells are sequestered at sites of infection, have phenotypes not detected by our approach, or that other mechanisms independent of CD8+ T cells are responsible for early triggering of capillary leakage in children with DHF.
Type I IFN Receptor Regulates Neutrophil Functions and Innate Immunity to Leishmania Parasites
Authors: Xin Lijun , Vargas-Inchaustegui Diego A. , Raimer Sharon S. , Kelly Brent C. , Hu Jiping , Zhu Leiyi , Sun Jiaren , Soong Lynn 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Type I IFNs exert diverse effector and regulatory functions in host immunity to viral and nonviral infections; however, the role of endogenous type I IFNs in leishmaniasis is unclear. We found that type I IFNR-deficient (IFNAR−/−) mice developed attenuated lesions and reduced Ag-specific immune responses following infection with Leishmania amazonensis parasites. The marked reduction in tissue parasites, even at 3 d in IFNAR−/− mice, seemed to be indicative of an enhanced innate immunity. Further mechanistic analyses indicated distinct roles for neutrophils in parasite clearance; IFNAR−/− mice displayed a rapid and sustained infiltration of neutrophils, but a limited recruitment of CD11b+Ly-6C+ inflammatory monocytes, into inflamed tissues; interactions between IFNAR−/−, but not wild-type (WT) or STAT1−/−, neutrophils and macrophages greatly enhanced parasite killing in vitro; and infected IFNAR−/− neutrophils efficiently released granular enzymes and had elevated rates of cell apoptosis. Furthermore, although coinjection of parasites with WT neutrophils or adoptive transfer of WT neutrophils into IFNAR−/− recipients significantly enhanced infection, the coinjection of parasites with IFNAR−/− neutrophils greatly reduced parasite survival in WT recipients. Our findings reveal an important role for type I IFNs in regulating neutrophil/monocyte recruitment, neutrophil turnover, and Leishmania infection and provide new insight into innate immunity to protozoan parasites.