bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of cervical lymph node metastases using indirect computed tomography lymphography with iopamidol in a tongue VX2 carcinoma model
Authors: Shu Y , Xu X , Wang Z , Dai W , Zhang Y , Yu Y , Sha Y , Wu H 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjective:To investigate the performance of indirect computed tomography lymphography with iopamidol for detecting cervical lymph node metastases in a tongue VX2 carcinoma model.Materials and methods:A metastatic cervical lymph node model was created by implanting VX2 carcinoma suspension into the tongue submucosa of 21 rabbits. Computed tomography images were obtained 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after iopamidol injection, on days 11, 14, 21 (six rabbits each) and 28 (three rabbits) after carcinoma transplantation. Computed tomography lymphography was performed, and lymph node filling defects and enhancement characteristics evaluated.Results:Indirect computed tomography lymphography revealed bilateral enhancement of cervical lymph nodes in all animals, except for one animal imaged on day 28. There was significantly slower evacuation of contrast in metastatic than non-metastatic nodes. A total of 41 enhanced lymph nodes displayed an oval or round shape, or local filling defects. One lymph node with an oval shape was metastatic (one of 11, 9.1 per cent), while 21 nodes with filling defects were metastatic (21/30, 70 per cent). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values when using a filling defect diameter of 1.5 mm as a diagnostic criterion were 86.4, 78.9, 82.9, 82.6 and 83.3 per cent, respectively.Conclusion:When using indirect computed tomography lymphography to detect metastatic lymph nodes, filling defects and slow evacuation of contrast agent are important diagnostic features.
Ewing's sarcoma of the masseter muscle
Authors: Osborn H A , Wehrli B , Franklin J H , Fung K 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjective:To present a case of extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma originating in the masseter muscle, and to review the diagnosis and management of these rare tumours.Methods:Case report and literature review.Results:We report a patient with Ewing's sarcoma of the masseter muscle with mandibular invasion. She was treated with induction chemotherapy, salvage surgery and free flap reconstruction.Conclusion:This case highlights the management of these rare tumours. Aggressive multi-modal treatment, including multi-agent chemotherapy, surgical resection and irradiation, appears to offer the best prognosis. Contemporary reconstructive techniques can restore function and form in cases with challenging defects.
Tympanoplasty graft preparation using ear drops containing polyethylene glycol, flumetasone and clioquinol
Authors: List R J , Flook E P , Tay H L 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe aim of tympanoplasty graft preparation is to stiffen the fascia or perichondrium and thereby to optimise ease of manipulation. We report 39 cases utilising a novel technique in which the graft is prepared in ear drops containing polyethylene glycol, flumetasone pivalate (0.02 per cent) and clioquinol (1 per cent). This technique is useful in reducing the risk of desiccation if placement is delayed, and may pose less risk of infection and mechanical damage than alternative methods.
New and noteworthy species of the lichen genus Lecanora (Ascomycota; Lecanoraceae) from South Korea
Authors: LÜ Lei , JOSHI Yogesh , ELIX John A. , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten , WANG Hai Ying , KOH Young Jin , HUR Jae-Seoun 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTwo new species, Lecanora hafelliana L. Lü, Y. Joshi & Hur and L. loekoesii Y. Joshi, L. Lü & Hur, are described as new to science from South Korea and eight species, L. campestris (Schaer.) Hue, L. cenisia Ach., L. nipponica H. Miyaw., L. perplexa Brodo, L. plumosa Müll. Arg., L. polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh., L. subrugosa Nyl. and L. sulcata (Hue) H. Miyaw., are recorded from South Korea for the first time. Lecanora hafelliana is characterized by the presence of hafellic acid, which is reported for the first time in this genus, while L. loekoesii is characterized by multispored asci and a thallus containing norstictic acid.
A new species of the genus Porpidia from Antarctica
Authors: OSYCZKA Piotr , OLECH Maria 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTo date, there have only been two endemic species of the lichen genus Porpidia known from the maritime Antarctic. A new endemic species, Porpidia submelinodes Osyczka & Olech, recognized in the South Shetlands and South Orkneys, is described in this paper. The species is primarily characterized by its rusty orange, sorediate thallus, composed of convex, well separated and rounded areoles, and by the absence of lichen secondary products detectable by TLC. The morphology and soralia of this new species correspond to the arctic-alpine and boreal-mountain lichen Porpidia melinodes. The paper also discusses the differences between these two taxa and all Porpidia species reported from Antarctica.
Two additional new species of Carbacanthographis from India
Authors: SHARMA Bharati O. , KHADILKAR Pradnya 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTwo new species of the lichen genus Carbacanthographis, namely C. albolirellata and C. indica, are reported from India. The two species are distinguished by their exciple character, ascospore septation and chemistry. Carbacanthographis albolirellata has a completely carbonized exciple, submuriform ascospores and no lichen substances. Carbacanthographis indica is characterized by a laterally carbonized exciple, trans-septate ascospores and by the presence of salazinic acid.
A taxonomic survey of Lecanora sensu stricto in Thailand (Lecanoraceae; Ascomycota)
Authors: PAPONG Khwanruan , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe species of Lecanora sensu stricto occurring in Thailand are revised. Twenty-eight species are accepted with one new species, L. kansriae described for a taxon with small crystals in the amphithecium and containing the stictic acid chemosyndrome. Eight species are recorded from Thailand for the first time: L. coronulans, L. farinacea, L. interjecta, L. leproplaca, L. melaleuca, L. plumosa, L. pseudargentata, and L. toroyensis. Previous records of L. casuarinophila, L. insignis, L. pulicaris, and L. subgranulata are shown to be based on misidentifications. The new combination Vainionora flavidorufa is proposed for Lecanora flavidorufa Hue (syn. L. lividocarnea Vain. and L. lividoglauca Vain.). A key for the identification of the treated species is provided.
Halegrapha (Ascomycota: Graphidaceae), an enigmatic new genus of tropical lichenized fungi dedicated to Mason E. Hale Jr.
Authors: LÜCKING Robert , RIVAS PLATA Eimy , KALB Klaus , COMMON Ralph S. , BARCENAS PEÑA Alejandrina , DUYA Melizar V. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe new genus Halegrapha is introduced, with six species (five new species and one new combination) from Australia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Kenya, Mexico, and the United States: H. chimaera Rivas Plata & Lücking (type species; Philippines), H. floridana Common & Lücking (United States: Florida), H. intergrapha Hale ex Lücking (Malaysia), H. kenyana Kalb & Lücking (Kenya), H. mexicana A. B. Peña & Lücking (Mexico), and H. mucronata (Stirt.) Lücking (Australia). The genus resembles Graphis morphologically in the strongly carbonized, black lirellae and white-grey thallus strongly encrusted with calcium oxalate crystals, but has a Phaeographis-type hymenium (clear in two species) and ascospores, making it a ‘chimera’ between the two genera. Molecular data suggest the genus to be closely related to Phaeographis and allies but genetically distinct from any of the genera currently recognized, including Platygramme.
Participatory networks for large-scale monitoring of large carnivores: pumas and jaguars of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest
Authors: De Angelo Carlos , Paviolo Agustín , Rode Daniela , Cullen Laury , Sana Denis , Abreu Kaue Cachuba , Xavier da Silva Marina , Bertrand Anne-Sophie , Haag Taiana , Lima Fernando , Rinaldi Alcides Ricieri , Fernàndez Sixto , Ramírez Fredy , Velàzquez Myriam , Corio Cristian , Hasson Esteban , Di Bitetti Mario S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMost large carnivores are secretive and threatened, and these characteristics pose problems for research on, and monitoring of, these species across extensive areas. Participatory monitoring, however, can be a useful tool for obtaining long-term data across large areas. Pumas Puma concolor and jaguars Panthera onca are the largest predators in the threatened Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest. To survey the presence of these two species we established a participatory network of volunteers and a partnership with researchers in the three countries that share the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest (Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay). We trained participants in simple methods of collecting faeces and track imprints of large felids. Between 2002 and 2008 > 100 volunteers helped with monitoring, obtaining 1,633 records identified as pumas or jaguars across c. 92,890 km2. We confirmed jaguar presence in a large section of the Misiones Green Corridor in Argentina and in the largest protected areas of Brazil and Paraguay. Pumas exhibited a wider distribution, being recorded throughout Misiones province in Argentina and in some areas of Brazil and Paraguay where jaguars were not detected. Both species, and especially jaguars, were detected mainly in the few remaining medium and large forest fragments in this Forest. Although these carnivores are often in conflict with local people, their charisma and cultural significance makes them flagship species that motivated the participation of volunteers and institutions. Participatory monitoring allowed coverage of a vast area at relatively low cost whilst enhancing collaborative management policies among people and institutions from three countries.
SURVEY Towards a global view of dynamical systems, for the C1-topology
Authors: BONATTI C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper suggests a program for getting a global view of the dynamics of diffeomorphisms, from the point of view of the C1-topology. More precisely, given any compact manifold M, one splits Diff1(M) into disjoint C1-open regions whose union is C1-dense, and conjectures state that each of these open sets and their complements is characterized by the presence of: •either a robust local phenomenon;•or a global structure forbidding this local phenomenon. Other conjectures state that some of these regions are empty. This set of conjectures draws a global view of the dynamics, putting in evidence the coherence of the numerous recent results on C1-generic dynamics.
THE PARADOX OF JOHN STUART MILL
Authors: Kors Alan Charles 
Published: May 2011

AbstractJohn Stuart Mill is the critical transitional figure between the classical liberalism of the 19th century, with its emphasis upon the creative power of free individuals unfettered by government or social interventions, and the welfare-state liberalism of the 20th century, with its combination of individual choice in matters of belief and lifestyle and the political redistribution of wealth. In On Liberty and The Subjection of Women, Mill offered a defense of self-sovereignty and voluntary association that appeared to extend explicitly to the economic spheres. Both works are celebrations of the productive and moral enhancements of individual liberty. In The Principles of Political Economy, however, Mill's categorical distinction between “production” and “distribution” assigned the latter to the “expedient” discretion of the state, inviting, in theory, a democratic redistributionist state. Mill's posthumous Essays on Socialism reveal that he was no friend of socialism or Marxism, but that he welcomed a more active and interventionist state. One of individual liberty's most notable defenders, paradoxically, provided the theoretical underpinning of its current diminution.
FOUNDING LIBERALISM, PROGRESSIVE LIBERALISM, AND THE RIGHTS OF PROPERTY
Authors: Pestritto Ronald J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article contends that liberalism in America underwent a fundamental transformation during the Progressive Era. This transformation took place, partly, through the Progressives' reinterpretation of the doctrine of property rights that had served as a foundation for founding-era liberalism. Progressives rejected the eighteenth-century, natural-rights principles which had privileged individual rights to life, liberty, and property as the fundamental aims of any just government, and argued instead that America at the turn of the twentieth century was beset by a tyranny of the minority which was employing property rights to inhibit genuine freedom for the bulk of the population. This article examines the character of founding-era liberalism and points to the connection between the political theory of the Declaration of Independence and John Locke'sSecond Treatise of Government. It then provides an account of the Progressive critique of this original version of American liberalism. The Progressive critique is shown to take two forms: a rejection of property rights in principle, followed by a rejection of them in practice.
THE PROPERTY EQUILIBRIUM IN A LIBERAL SOCIAL ORDER (OR HOW TO CORRECT OUR MORAL VISION)
Authors: Gaus Gerald 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe “welcome return” to “substantive political philosophy” that Rawls'sA Theory of Justicewas said to herald has resulted in forty years of proposals seeking to show that philosophical reflection leads to the demonstrable truth of almost every and any conceivable view of the justice of property rights. Select any view—from the justice of unregulated capitalist markets to the most extreme forms of egalitarianism—and one will find that some philosophers have proclaimed that rational reflection uniquely leads to its justice. This is, I believe, a sort of ideological thinking masquerading as philosophizing. In this paper, using some tools from game theory as well as experimental findings, I seek to sketch a non-ideological approach to the question of the justification of property rights. On this approach the aim of political philosophy is, first and foremost, to reflect on whether our social rules of property are within the “optimal eligible set” of rules acceptable to all.
LIBERTY AFTER LEHMAN BROTHERS
Authors: Lomasky Loren E. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe financial Crunch of 2008 was easily explained by both the left and right–too easily. Each insisted that events thoroughly confirmed its own long-held views and utterly refuted those of the opposed camp. This essay argues that there are indeed new lessons to be drawn from the Crunch, lessons that involve balancing the bounty of the Invisible Hand against perils of the Prisoner's Dilemma. Liberal moral imperatives are traced to variables of Personal Choice and External Cost that are typically in tension with each other and thus generate needs for institutional reconstructions that change according to time and circumstance. Personal bankruptcy protection, limited liability corporations, and intellectual property are cited as examples. It is argued that the Crunch occurred because of failure adequately to balance these variables. Three paradoxes came to a head in 2008: Paradox of Efficient Markets; Paradox of Reduced Risk; Paradox of Hard-won Knowledge. The essay concludes with suggestions concerning specific lessons to be drawn from the Crunch and a corresponding list of lessons not to be drawn.
A LOCKEAN ARGUMENT FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE
Authors: Hausman Daniel M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis essay defends the controversial and indeed counterintuitive claim that there is a good argument to be made from a Lockean perspective for government action to guarantee access to health care. The essay maintains that this argument is in some regards more robust than the well-known argument in defense of universal health care spelled out by Norman Daniels, which this essay also examines in some detail. Locke's view that government should protect people's lives, property, and freedom–where freedom is understood as independence and self-determination–justifies government action to ensure access to health care, because (roughly), just as individuals cannot protect themselves from crime and foreign invasion, so individuals are unable to provide for their own health care. Defense from disease is as important as defense from crime, and–although this is arguable–government action to guarantee access to health care does not itself undermine freedom.
RULE CONSEQUENTIALISM MAKES SENSE AFTER ALL
Authors: Cowen Tyler 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIt is commonly claimed that rule consequentialism (utilitarianism) collapses into act consequentialism, because sometimes there are benefits from breaking the rules. I suggest this argument is less powerful than has been believed. The argument requires a commitment to a very particular (usually implicit) account of feasibility and constraints. It requires the presupposition that thinking of rules as the relevant constraint is incorrect. Supposedly we should look at a smaller unit of choice—the single act—as the relevant choice variable. But once we see feasibility as a matter of degree, there is no obvious cut-off point for how broadly we should think about the constraints on our choices. Treating “a bundle of choices” as a relevant free variable is no less defensible than treating “a single act” as the relevant free variable. Rule utilitarianism, rule consequentialism, and other rules-based approaches are stronger than their current reputation.
ARE MODERN AMERICAN LIBERALS SOCIALISTS OR SOCIAL DEMOCRATS?
Authors: Arnold N. Scott 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper answers the title question, “Yes,” on both counts. The first part of the paper argues that modern liberals are socialists, and the second part argues that they are also social democrats. The main idea behind the first argument is that the state has effectively taken control of the incidents of ownership through its taxation, spending, and regulatory policies. The main idea behind the second argument is that the institutions of social democracy are replicated by the institutions favored by modern American liberalism. Specifically, the takeover of the American healthcare system, Social Security, employers' mandatory contributions to unemployment insurance, and workers' compensation insurance replicate the institutions of social democracy.
Climate and soil drive forest structure in Bolivian lowland forests
Authors: Toledo Marisol , Poorter Lourens , Peña-Claros Marielos , Alarcón Alfredo , Balcázar Julio , Leaño Claudio , Licona Juan Carlos , Bongers Frans 
Published: May 2011

Abstract:Climate is one of the most important factors determining variation in forest structure, but whether soils have independent effects is less clear. We evaluate how climate and soil independently affect forest structure, using 89 200 stems ≥ 10 cm dbh from 220 1-ha permanent plots distributed along environmental gradients in lowland Bolivia. Fifteen forest structural variables, related to vertical structure (forest height and layering), horizontal structure (basal area, median and the 99th percentile of the stem diameter and size-class distribution) and density of life forms (tree, palm and liana), were evaluated. Environmental variables were summarized in four multivariate axes, related to rainfall, temperature, soil fertility and soil texture. Multiple regression indicates that all structural variables were affected by one or more of the environmental axes, but the explained variation was generally low (median R2 = 0.15). Rainfall and soil texture affected most forest structural variables (respectively 87% and 80%) and had qualitatively similar effects. This suggests that plant water availability, as determined by rainfall and soil water retention capacity, is the strongest driver of forest structure, whereas soil fertility was a weaker driver of forest structure, affecting 53% of the variables. Maximum forest height, palm density, total basal area and liana infestation showed the strongest responses to environmental variation (with R2 ranging from 0.31–0.82). Forest height, palm density and total basal area increased with plant water availability, while liana infestation decreased with plant water availability. Therefore, multiple rather than single environmental factors must be used to explain the structure of tropical forests.
The roles of history and habitat area in the distribution and composition of avian species assemblages in the highlands of Costa Rica
Authors: Barrantes Gilbert , Yglesias Mariel , Fuchs Eric J. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract:Bird species assemblages in isolated Neotropical highland mountains have been moulded by the drastic climatic changes that occurred in late Pleistocene. Palynological evidence indicates that after the Pleistocene the highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama became isolated as climate turned gradually more tropical and highland vegetation retreated to the upper elevations of high mountains, forming highland islands. We surveyed birds at 10 representative sites throughout the Costa Rican highlands in order to determine the species composition of highland endemic assemblages. The area of available highland habitat explains 77% of the variance in species richness of the 36 highland endemics across highland islands, and the composition of these species assemblages have a nested distribution, rather than being independent sets of species on each island. The observed nested pattern is more consistent with a differential extinction model of species assemblages, and less likely to be explained by differential migration. We conclude that the reduction of highland vegetation and the avifauna associated with it, and its subsequent confinement to the summit of high mountains, is a possible explanation for the current distribution of highland endemic species in Costa Rican highland islands.
Pitchers of Nepenthes rajah collect faecal droppings from both diurnal and nocturnal small mammals and emit fruity odour
Authors: Wells Konstans , Lakim Maklarin B. , Schulz Stefan , Ayasse Manfred 
Published: May 2011

Abstract:The pitchers of Nepenthes rajah, a montane carnivorous plant species from Borneo, are large enough to capture small vertebrates such as rats or lizards, which occasionally drown therein. The interactions of N. rajah with vertebrates, however, are poorly understood, and the potential mechanisms that lure vertebrates to the pitchers are largely unknown. We observed frequent visits (average: one visit per 4.2 h) of both the diurnal tree shrew Tupaia montana and the nocturnal rat Rattus baluensis to pitchers by infrared sensor camera and video recording. Both mammalian species often licked the inner surface of the pitcher lid, which harbours numerous exudate-producing glands. Analysis of volatiles extracted from the secretions of the pitcher lids by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed 44 volatile compounds, including hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones and sulphur-containing compounds, which are commonly present in sweet fruit and flower odours. The faeces of small mammals were repeatedly observed inside the pitcher, whereas we found the body of only one Tupaia montana drowned in the 42, vital and reasonably large, surveyed pitchers. Our findings suggest that the N. rajah pitcher makes use of the perceptual biases of rats and tree shrews by emitting volatiles known from fruits. The profits that the plant obtains from the repeated visits of two small mammals, together with the provision of exudates for the mammals, comprise an exceptional case of plant–vertebrate interaction.