bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elemental Composition and Response to Nitrogen of Sunflower and Corn1
Authors: Robinson R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reason for the research was to learn the elemental composition of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and to measure the crop's response to nitrogen and irrigation. Comparative performance of corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower in yield, response to fertilizer, and removal of nutrients from the soil is of interest because sunflower is a new crop on many corn‐growing farms.The objective was to compare sunflower and corn in yield, elemental composition, response to nitrogen fertilizer, and removal of nutrients from the soil. The crops were grown on silt loam soil with and without nitrogen applied at various times and on sandy soil with and without nitrogen and irrigation.Nitrogen at 75 or 150 kg/ha failed to significantly increase yield of either crop on fertile silt loam soils. On droughty sand, nitrogen at 224 kg/ha increased sunflower yield, but both irrigation and nitrogen were needed to significantly increase corn yield.Treatments within a trial did not affect elemental composition except where treatment altered yield.Sunflower achenes and vegetative parts had greater concentrations of most elements than did corn. However, the higher yield of corn offset this and resulted in greater soil depletion of most elements.Concentrations are given of N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Sr, Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo, Mn, and B in corn and sunflower stems and leaves in prebloom stage and in mature sunflower achenes, sunflower stover, corn caryopses, and corn stover.Sunflower yields were 35 to 40% those of corn under favorable soil fertility and moisture conditions. This research indicates that sunflower ranks below corn as a soil‐depletive crop.
Flooding and Soil Temperature Effects on Wheat During Grain Filling1
Authors: Luxmoore R. J. , Fischer R. A. , Stolzy L. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe root environment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) was modified with flooding and soil temperature treatments during the grain filling stage in an assessment of the relation between root respiration and grain yield. Short term flooding (10 to 15 days) at 15 to 17C soil temperature in a pot and field experiment did not influence yield. Longer term flooding (20 to 30 days) reduced yield by 15 to 23% at 15 to 17C soil temperature and by 73% at 25C soil temperature. Yield reduction was associated with smaller mean grain weight. At 5C soil temperature 30 days of flooding had no significant effect on yield. Stem dry weight per tiller decreased by about 95% with increase in soil temperature from 5 to 25C for both flooded and nonflooded treatments. Mathematical simulation estimates of root respiration applied to the experimental conditions indicated that roots were a minor sink for assimilate during the grain filling stage. Root environmental effects on wheat yield could not be interpreted in terms of roots being competitive with the developing grain for photosynthate. The significant effects of soil conditions on the maturing wheat plant indicate some importance of roots and root environment during the grain filling stage.
Grain Yield, Milling Quality, and Seed Viability of Rice as Influenced by Time of Nitrogen Application and Time of Harvest1
Authors: Seetanun W. , De Datta S. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSince the development of high yielding tropical rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars like ‘IR8,’ attention has turned to the differences in grain quality among rice cultivars. In field experiments at the IRRI farm, we studied the optimum time for applying nitrogen to rice cultivars for maximum grain yield, highest milling yield, and maximum seed viability. We applied ammonium sulfate at 60 kg/ha N in the 1969 wet season and 150 kg/ha N in the 1970 dry season. We used the cultivars IR8, ‘IR20,’ ‘C4‐63,’ and ‘RD1’ in the 1969 wet season and IR8, IR20, ‘IR22,’ and RD1 in the 1970 dry season. Farmers in South and Southeast Asia grow these cultivars on millions of hectares.Split application of nitrogen increased grain yield over single basal application in some cultivars by minimizing lodging.Topdressing of nitrogen at heading increased the percentage of head rice (unbroken polished grains) which was associated with higher protein content under that treatment. IR22, whose percentage of head rice was higher than those of the other cultivars tested, showed no further increase in head rice with nitrogen topdressing.Based on maximum grain yield with highest milling recovery and seed viability, the best time for harvesting transplanted rice was between 30 and 42 days after heading in the wet season and between 28 and 34 days after heading in the dry season.
Storage of High Moisture Grain Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] Treated with Propionic Acid1
Authors: Nelson L. R. , Cummins D. G. , Harris H. B. , Baird D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was designed to determine if propionic acid can be used as a preservative for storage of high moisture sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grain. Sorghum grain at 16, 21, and 26% moisture levels was treated with 0.75% propionic acid by weight, and treated and untreated samples of each moisture level were stored in polyethyline lined garbage cans for 60 days. The untreated 21 and 26 moisture level samples heated while the untreated 16% moisture sample or the 16, 21, 26% moisture samples treated with propionic acid did not heat. After 60 days in storage, untreated grain stored at 21 and 26% moisture had molded and was badly deteriorated. No evidence of molding was observed in any of the propionic acid treated samples and only slight evidence of molding was observed in the untreated 16% moisture sample. Significant differences among samples for in vitro dry matter digestibilities were not observed. Unspoiled grain samples (16% moisture untreated, and 16, 21, and 26% moisture samples treated with propionic acid) were fed to feeder pigs for intake and gain evaluation. The highest feed intake was for the 26% moisture propionic acid treated sample and the rations containing the 21 and 26% moisture grain treated with propionic acid produced the highest average daily gains in weight. It was concluded that high moisture sorghum grain can be stored successfully as a feed grain after treatment with propionic acid.
Canopy Temperatures of Barley as Influenced by Morphological Characteristics1
Authors: Ferguson Hayden , Eslick R. F. , Aase J. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCanopy temperature under a set of environmental conditions is an integrated result of the energy absorption and dissipation mechanisms acting within the canopy. The relative magnitude of these various mechanisms may affect the amount and efficiency of water use. We studied the influence of different morphological features such as plant color, awn length, and waxiness on canopy temperatures of field grown barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Morphological differences were obtained by using barley lines isogenic for the various features. Canopy temperatures were measured with an infrared thermometer on five different dates within a 21‐day period after heading. Light‐colored plants were significantly cooler (5% level) than normal‐colored plants. Awn length significantly (5% level) affected canopy temperatures of a sixrow variety; awned canopies were cooler than awnless. Awn length did not affect the canopy temperatures of a two‐row variety. Waxiness did not affect canopy temperatures. Calculations indicate that differences in canopy temperatures due to plant morphology could significantly affect water use.
Nitrogen Requirements of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) Varieties ‘Blueboy’ and ‘Redcoat’1
Authors: Stanford George , Hunter Albert S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn 1970–71, five N‐rate field experiments were conducted with fall‐seeded soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) on limestone‐derived soils in Pennsylvania. Varieties ‘Blueboy’ and ‘Redcoat’ were compared at two locations. At three locations, only Blueboy was grown. Redcoat is widely grown in Pennsylvania, but Blueboy was only recently introduced. The relative nitrogen requirements of these varieties, therefore, was essentially unknown when these studies were begun. Fall and spring applications of 0, 34, 67, 101, 135, and 168 kg/ha of N as ammonium sulfate were compared at each location. The nitrogen content of grain plus straw associated with maximum attainable yield of dry matter was similar among locations and varieties, the mean percent N and its standard deviation being 1.38 ± 0.06%. Yields of grain invariably were depressed when nitrogen in grain plus straw exceeded the mean value of 1.22 ± 0.06% (S.D.). The latter value is considered to represent the internal N requirement of the wheat associated with optimum production of grain, and it corresponds to the percent N in grain plus straw associated with 95 to 98% of total dry matter production.Recovery of fertilizer N was significantly greater for spring than for fall applications, although differences were small (means were 56 and 48%, respectively, for all locations). Yields of Blueboy were substantially greater than those of Redcoat at locations where these varieties were compared. Interactions of rate and time of N application on yields of grain and dry matter and N yields were not significant. Total uptake of N required per unit of wheat grain for maximum attainable yield is almost twice that required for corn.
Botanical Composition of Subclover‐Grass Pastures as Affected by Single and Dual Grazing by Cattle and Sheep1
Authors: Bedell T. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSince cattle and sheep tend to prefer different forage species and since little information has been available upon which to design successful grazing programs for western Oregon dryland improved pastures, a grazing experiment was conducted to determine the effects of several combinations of cattle and sheep use on forage species composition and livestock performance. Improved pasture mixtures of ‘Nangeela’ subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) with ‘Oregon’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and with ‘Alta’ tall rescue (Festuca arundmaeea Schreb.) were grazed by cattle and sheep alone and in several combinations during the spring‐summer seasons of 1967, 1968, and 1969. Seasonal botanical composition of both forage mixtures was influenced markedly by the kind of grazing treatment. The subclover component, necessary in order to sustain high forage production, declined both within and progressively among seasons in the sheep‐alone and low cattle:high sheep, dual use treatments. Grazing cattle selected grasses whereas sheep selected subclover as long as forage of the preferred species was abundant. Grazing cattle alone, or a relatively high proportiton of cattle:sheep, tended to hold grasses in check allowing more subclover to prevail longer into the grazing season. This contributed to higher per acre animal performance and to a higher proportion of subclover in the succeeding year.
Response of Coastal Bermudagrass to Soil Applied Sulfur, Magnesium, and Potassium1
Authors: Landua D. P. , Swoboda A. R. , Thomas G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA pot experiment was conducted using several acid sandy soils of Texas to determine their sulfur and magnesium requirements and the rapidity with which these elements can become limiting when using 400 ppm N and 200 ppm P. Potassium was applied at the rate of 50, 200, and 400 ppm K.Yield of Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) was significantly increased (1% level) by the application of 32 ppm S. Magnesium at the rate of 48 ppm Mg and potassium above the rate of 50 ppm K did not affect yield significantly until the third harvest.Sulfur content of the forage was increased only by the application of S. Magnesium content was increased by the application of Mg, but was decreased by the application of S and K. Potassium content was increased by the application of K and S and decreased by the application of Mg.
Rainout Shelter and Drainage Lysimeters to Quantitatively Measure Drought Stress1
Authors: Teare I. D. , Schimmelpfennig H. , Waldren R. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA modern rainout shelter designed to open and close with an improved electronic control sytsem and to withstand high winds is described. It was installed in conjunction with drainage lysimeters to quantitatively evaluate evapotranspiration, physiological indicators of drought stress, and irrigation scheduling.
Protein, Crude Fiber, Tannin, and Oxalate Concentrations of Some Introduced Astragalus Species1
Authors: Davis A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA collection of Astragalus accessions was grown for seed increase and preliminary evaluation at Wawawai, Washington. This presented a unique opportunity to evaluate them for forage quality components. Those selected were: concentration of protein (N ✕ 6.25), crude fiber, tannin, and oxalate; and presence or absence of alkaloids.Analyses of the 46 Astragalus accessions, representing 33 species and four unidentified accessions, showed a ranged of 9.8 to 21.7% protein, 15.5 to 33.9% crude fiber, .05 to 20.3 mg/g tannin and .44 to 2.66% oxalates. Species with more than 18% protein and less than 28% crude fiber (i.e., equal to good alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay) and acceptable levels of oxalates and tannins were: A coluteocarpus Boiss., A. dactylocarpus Boiss., A. galegiformis L., A. peduncularis Royle, A. tephrosioides Boiss., and one unidentified accession (P. I. 314361). The only species having measurable amounts of alkaloids was A. calycinus Bieb.
Activity of Barley Seedling Roots as Measured by Strontium Uptake1
Authors: Soileau J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRoot activity at various depths in soils is important in relation to effective use of lime and fertilizers by crops. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings were grown in presplit cylinders in the greenhouse to measure root activity in three 10‐cm soil depth zones and to estimate daily rates of nutrient uptake. Twenty‐five seedlings were planted per 15 ✕ 30 cm cylinder containing 6.5 kg of soil. SrCO3 was applied to one of the 10‐cm layers of soil, and the plants were sequentially harvested for measurement of Sr uptake and root growth. A substantial number of roots penetrated to the 20 to 30 cm zone in 14 days. After 31 days, total root length was 662 m, distributed uniformly throughout the soil column. Root activity index calculations based on Sr uptake in tops per unit length of roots indicated that the 0 to 10 cm layer was the most active root zone over a 31‐day period. Total uptake of St, Ca, Mg, and P by barley tops increased linearly with increase in total root length or dry weight. Mean daily rates of uptake of Ca, Mg, and P (μg/m of roots/day) showed a general decrease with time. Milliequivalent concentration ratios of Ca to Sr in barley tops were much lower than ratios of exchangeable Ca to exchangeable Sr in the soil.
Flue‐Cured Tobacco Yield and Oxygen Content of Soil in Lysimeters Flooded for Various Periods1
Authors: Campbell R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. var. ‘Coker 298’) plants grown in lysimeters were flooded for 0, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 120 hours to define more clearly 02‐depletion rates in soil and effects of flooding on growth. The 02 content of air entrapped in soil pores was monitored with membrane‐covered galvanic‐type probes before, during, and after a 96‐hour flooding. Oxygen decreased from 16 to less than 4% in the soil atmosphere within 24 hours after flooding. Upon drainage, 02 increased within 48 hours to the original concentration.Growth and yield differences between the control and 12‐ and 24‐hour flooding treatments were not significant. Flooding for longer than 48 hours significantly reduced yield to less than 40% of that of the unflooded plants. Plants were more susceptible to flood damage at the 12‐ leaf stage of development than at the 17‐leaf stage. Reducing sugars increased from 11.8 to 14.8% and total alkaloids decreased from 1.26 to 0.76% in tobacco leaves flooded for 24 hours.
Influence of Temperature and Moisture Stress from Sodium Chloride Salinization on Okra Emergence1
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOkra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) seed were planted in a Scranton fine sand soil at 20, 25, and 30 C with six levels of moisture stress, 1.18, 1.75, 2.41, 4.33, 5.90, and 10.84 atm. Moisture stress was obtained by varying the moisture level in the soil and by NaCl salinization. The emergence rate and fresh plant weight decreased as the temperature decreased and soil moisture stress increased. The optimum temperature and soil moisture stress for total and earliness of emergence was 25 to 30 C and 1.18 atm. No emergence occurred at 10.84 atm of moisture stress and total emergence was reduced only at 5.90 atm and 20 C.
Partitional Analysis of Grain Yield from Different Shoots as Influenced by Nitrogen in Finger Millet1
Authors: Krishnamurthy K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPattern of grain yield contribution from different tiller groups in relation to nitrogen levels was investigated in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn, var. ‘H‐22’) in a 2‐year field trial. There was linear increase in grain yield (7 to 26 g/plant) with increasing levels of nitrogen (0 to 90 kg/ha). These differences in grain yield were mainly related to the total number of shoots produced (4.0 to ll.9/plant), and particularly to those produced during the first 27 days (2.1 to 8.7/plant). Nitrogen also increased the grain yield contribution (38 to 52%) from the early season tillers. The final grain yield and the number of shoots produced within 5 weeks of transplanting were related. The main axis contributed 24%, whereas early, intermediate, late, and secondary tiller groups provided 47, 16, 8, and 5%, respectively, to the total grain yield per plant (17 g). In a similar manner, these groups of shoots contributed 15, 40, 21, 14, and 10%, respectively, to total ear number per plant (6.9).
Effects of N, K, and Cl on Nitrogen Components of Russet Burbank Potato Plants (Solanum tuberosum L.)1
Authors: Murarka I. P. , Jackson T. L. , Moore D. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough it is generally recognized that Cl− may reduce nitrate uptake by plants, little is known about the effects of Cl− or cation‐anion balance on the various N fractions in plants. The effects of rates of N, K, and Cl fertilizers and N‐K‐Cl interactions on total N, nitrate N, and protein N in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants were studied in the greenhouse to provide a basis for evaluating by chemical analysis their influence on the N status of plants.Both the concentrations and the total amounts of N, nitrate N, and protein N were significantly increased by N rates up to 200 ppm. The total N uptake was increased by K fertilization but the concentrations of N, nitrate N, and protein N were decreased from the dilution effects of increased growth. Cloride application at 100 or 200 ppm significantly decreased the total amounts of N and nitrate N in the top but did not affect the total amount or the concentration of the protein N fraction. These findings support the conclusion that chloride may compete with nitrate uptake and with accumulation of NO3− but apparently does not interfere with conversion of N to protein. Through its influence on cation‐anion balance, high chloride may lead to plant tissues that are low in nitrate even though the plant is adequately supplied with N.
Influence of Temperature Change at Bud on Composition of Alfalfa at First Flower1
Authors: Greenfield P. L. , Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L., cv. ‘Vernal’) plants were grown to bud in three temperature regimes, H (33/24 C, day/night), W (27/18 C), and C (21/12 C), and then part of the plants in each chamber were switched to the other regimes and grown to first flower. When plants were retained in the same regime to first flower, days to bud and first flower, dry weight of plant parts, total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC), and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) percentages in plant parts increased with a decrease in temperature, whereas concentrations of P, Zn, and Mn in the herbage decreased with a decrease in temperature. Concentrations of N, K, and Fe were highest and similar in the herbage retained in the H and W regimes and lowest in the C regime. However, concentrations of Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, and B in the herbage were highest in plants retained in the H regime, and lowest but similar in plants retained in the W and C regimes.A change to a cooler temperature between bud and first flower generally delayed flowering, increased dry weights of plant parts and the percentages of TNC and IVDDM in these parts, and decreased concentrations of minerals in the herbage. Change to a warmer temperature had the opposite effect. Concentrations of TNC, IVDDM, and minerals in the herbage at first flower were influenced most by temperature between bud and first flower, but root TNC percentage at first flower was influenced both by temperature prior to bud and by temperature from bud to first flower. Percentages of TNC and IVDDM in the herbage at first flower were highly correlated (r=0.93). The most dramatic changes in TNC percentages in response to temperature change occurred in leaflets. Changing temperature from H to C at bud increased the TNC percentage in leaflets by 121% as compared with plants held in the H regime. In contrast, changing from C to H at bud decreased TNC percentage in leaflets by 62% as compared with plants held in the C regime. From a practical viewpoint, alfalfa herbage harvested after a cool period of weather should have a greater energy feeding value and silage fermentation capacity than herbage harvested after a warm period.
Cow and Calf Gains on Ladino Clover‐Tall Fescue and Tall Fescue, Grazed Alone and with Coastal Bermudagrass1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Goode L. , Gross H. D. , Linnerud A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCows and calves were used in a 2‐year study to determine the quality, as measured by calf gains, of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) pasture, with and without ladino clover (Trifolium repens) grazed alone or in combination with ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers.). Pastures were managed to limit any adverse influence of forage quantity or quality on calf gain.Gain per calf was highest on ladino‐tall fescue (L‐TF) pastures during the entire trial. In period 1 (initiation of grazing until May 31) calves on tall fescue (TF) averaged 6 kg/head less than those grazing L‐TF (43.3 vs 37.3 kg). During the critical summer months calves on the L‐TF + Coastal bermudagrass (CB) and TF + CB systems averaged 73.1 and 68.3 kg/head, respectively, compared with 79.9 kg for L‐TF. Total seasonal gains from the L‐TF treatment averaged only 4 kg/head more than the L‐TF + CB system (122.1 vs 118.1). Although seasonal calf gains from the TF + CB system were lower (105 kg/head) than L‐TF + CB, they were acceptable (0.68 kg/head per day) and justify quantitative evaluation of a pure grass system.