bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TCRβ Allelic Exclusion in Dynamical Models of V(D)J Recombination Based on Allele Independence
Authors: Farcot Etienne , Bonnet Marie , Jaeger Sébastien , Spicuglia Salvatore , Fernandez Bastien , Ferrier Pierre 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAllelic exclusion represents a major aspect of TCRβ gene assembly by V(D)J recombination in developing T lymphocytes. Despite recent progress, its comprehension remains problematic when confronted with experimental data. Existing models fall short in terms of incorporating into a unique distribution all the cell subsets emerging from the TCRβ assembly process. To revise this issue, we propose dynamical, continuous-time Markov chain-based modeling whereby essential steps in the biological procedure (D-J and V-DJ rearrangements and feedback inhibition) evolve independently on the two TCRβ alleles in every single cell while displaying random modes of initiation and duration. By selecting parameters via fitting procedures, we demonstrate the capacity of the model to offer accurate fractions of all distinct TCRβ genotypes observed in studies using developing and mature T cells from wild-type or mutant mice. Selected parameters in turn afford relative duration for each given step, hence updating TCRβ recombination distinctive timings. Overall, our dynamical modeling integrating allele independence and noise in recombination and feedback-inhibition events illustrates how the combination of these ingredients alone may enforce allelic exclusion at the TCRβ locus.
A Role for Granzyme M in TLR4-Driven Inflammation and Endotoxicosis
Authors: Anthony Desiree A. , Andrews Daniel M. , Chow Melvyn , Watt Sally V. , House Colin , Akira Shizuo , Bird Phillip I. , Trapani Joseph A. , Smyth Mark J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Lymphocyte perforin and serine protease granzymes are well-recognized extrinsic mediators of apoptosis. We now demonstrate that cytotoxic lymphocyte granule components profoundly augment the myeloid cell inflammatory cytokine cascade in response to TLR4 ligation. Whereas caspase-1–deficient mice were completely resistant to LPS, reduced serum cytokine production and resistance to lethal endotoxicosis were also obtained with perforin-deficient mice, indicating a role for granzymes. Consistently, a lack of granzyme M (GrzM) resulted in reduced serum IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF, and IFN-γ levels and significantly reduced susceptibility to lethal endotoxicosis. These altered responses were also observed in granzyme A-deficient but not granzyme B-deficient mice. A role for APC–NK cell cross-talk in the inflammatory cascade was highlighted, as GrzM was exclusively expressed by NK cells and resistance to LPS was also observed on a RAG-1/GrzM-double deficient background. Collectively, the data suggest that NK cell GrzM augments the inflammatory cascade downstream of LPS-TLR4 signaling, which ultimately results in lethal endotoxicosis. Most importantly, these data demonstrate that granzymes should no longer be considered solely as mediators of apoptosis, but additionally as potential key regulators of inflammation.
The Cell-Specific Induction of CXC Chemokine Ligand 9 Mediated by IFN-γ in Microglia of the Central Nervous System Is Determined by the Myeloid Transcription Factor PU.1
Authors: Ellis Sally L. , Gysbers Vanessa , Manders Peter M. , Li Wen , Hofer Markus J. , Müller Marcus , Campbell Iain L. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The IFN-γ–inducible chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 are implicated in the pathogenesis of T cell-mediated immunity in the CNS. However, in various CNS immune pathologies the cellular localization of these chemokines differs, with CXCL9 produced by macrophage/microglia whereas CXCL10 is produced by both macrophage/microglia and astrocytes. In this study, we determined the mechanism for the microglial cell-restricted expression of the Cxcl9 gene induced by IFN-γ. In cultured glial cells, the induction of the CXCL9 (in microglia) and CXCL10 (in microglia and astrocytes) mRNAs by IFN-γ was not inhibited by cycloheximide. Of various transcription factors involved with IFN-γ–mediated gene regulation, PU.1 was identified as a constitutively expressed NF in microglia but not in astrocytes. STAT1 and PU.1 bound constitutively to the Cxcl9 gene promoter in microglia, and this increased significantly following IFN-γ treatment with IFN regulatory factor-8 identified as an additional late binding factor. However, in astrocytes, STAT1 alone bound to the Cxcl9 gene promoter. STAT1 was critical for IFN-γ induction of both the Cxcl9 and Cxcl10 genes in microglia and in microglia and astrocytes, respectively. The small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PU.1 in microglia markedly impaired IFN-γ–induced CXCL9 but not STAT1 or IFN regulatory factor-8. Cells of the D1A astrocyte line showed partial reprogramming to a myeloid-like phenotype posttransduction with PU.1 and, in addition to the expression of CD11b, acquired the ability to produce CXCL9 in response to IFN-γ. Thus, PU.1 not only is crucial for the induction of CXCL9 by IFN-γ in microglia but also is a key determinant factor for the cell-specific expression of this chemokine by these myeloid cells.
Oil Shale
Authors: Weiss Hans‐Jürgen , Lisboa Antonio Carlos Luz 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Origin and Properties of Oil Shale

2.1.

Origin, Stratification

2.2.

Physical Properties

2.3.

Chemical Composition

3.

World Resources and Deposits

3.1.

Europe

3.1.1.

Western Europe

3.1.2.

Eastern Europe

3.2.

America

3.3.

Asia

3.4.

Africa

3.5.

Australia and New Zealand

4.

Exploitation

5.

Mining Methods

5.1.

Underground Mining

5.2.

Aboveground Mining

6.

Shale Preparation

7.

Pyrolysis

7.1.

Definition and Kinetics

7.2.

Aboveground Retorting Processes

7.2.1.

Class 1 (Indirectly Gas‐Heated) Retorts

7.2.2.

Class 2 (Directly Gas‐Heated) Retorts

7.2.3.

Class 3 (Directly Solids‐Heated) Retorts

7.3.

In Situ Processing of Oil Shale

8.

Combustion

9.

Gasification

10.

Properties and Uses of the Products

11.

Outlook
Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Rademacher Wilhelm , Brahm Lutz 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Classes of “True” Plant Growth Regulators2.1.Compounds Related to Auxins2.1.1.Natural and Synthetic Auxins2.1.1.1.Indol‐3‐ylacetic Acid (IAA)2.1.1.2.Indol‐3‐ylbutyric Acid (IBA)2.1.1.3.1‐Naphthylacetic Acid (NAA)2.1.1.4.2‐(1‐Naphthyl)acetamide (NAAm)2.1.1.5.Carbaryl2.1.2.Inhibitors of Auxin Transport2.1.2.1.N‐m‐Tolylphthalamic Acid2.1.2.2.Cyclanilide2.2.Compounds Related to Gibberellins2.2.1.Naturally‐Occurring Gibberellins and Compounds with Gibberellin‐Like Activity2.2.1.1.Gibberellic Acid = Gibberellin A3(GA3)2.2.1.2.Mixture of Gibberellin A4with Gibberellin A7(GA4/7)2.2.1.3.AC 94,3772.2.2.Inhibitors of Gibberellin Biosynthesis2.2.2.1.Chlormequat Chloride‐Chlorocholine Chloride (CCC)2.2.2.2.Mepiquat Chloride2.2.2.3.Flurprimidol2.2.2.4.Inabenfide2.2.2.5.Paclobutrazol2.2.2.6.Uniconazole2.2.2.7.Daminozide2.2.2.8.Trinexapac‐ethyl2.2.2.9.Prohexadione (Calcium Salt)2.3.Cytokinins2.3.1.6‐Benzylaminopurine (6‐BA, BAP)2.3.2.Thidiazuron (TDZ)2.3.3.Forchlorfenuron (CPPU)2.4.Abscisic Acid (ABA)2.4.1.(S)‐Abscisic Acid (S‐ABA)2.5.Compounds Related to Ethylene2.5.1.Ethylene, Ethylene‐Removing and Ethylene‐Releasing Compounds2.5.1.1.Ethephon2.5.2.Inhibitors of Ethylene Biosynthesis2.5.2.1.Aviglycin (Hydrochloride) (AVG)2.5.3.Inhibitors of Ethylene Action2.5.3.1.1‐Methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP)3.Compounds with Effects Similar to Plant Growth Regulators3.1.Compounds Causing Subtle Phytotoxicity3.1.1.Hydrogen Cyanamide3.1.2.Mefluidide3.1.3.Maleic Hydrazide (Potassium Salt)3.1.4.Chlorpropham (CIPC)3.1.5.Dikegulac (Sodium Salt)3.2.Distinct Fungicides, Insecticides and Herbicides3.2.1.Pyraclostrobin4.Outlook/Conclusions
Applications of High Performance Ion‐Exchange Chromatography in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Workentine Matthew L. , Tran Vy A. , Turner Raymond J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A variety of analytical chemistry methods are available for analyzing the broad range of compounds utilized in the pharmaceutical industry. In comparison of mass spectrometry and NMR, chromatography is useful technique for chemical analysis and can be done with column, pump, and detector. This article focuses on basic theory and applications of high performance ion‐exchange chromatography (HPIC) in the pharmaceutical industry.
From Concept to the Clinics: Development of Novel Large Molecule Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Kaur Balveen , Lesinski Gregory B. , Chaudhury Abhik Ray 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDevelopment of a therapeutic agent is a laborious process commencing with the discovery of a “druggable target” underlying the pathology of a disease. Discovery process is followed by identification of a lead molecule/compound, optimization of the pharmaceutical formulation of the compound, laboratory testing, IND approval, and clinical trials. This article focuses on characterization, pharmaceutical formulation, and clinical studies of bevacizumab (avastin), proteasome inhibitors, interferon‐alpha (IFN‐•), and oncolytic viruses.
Karl Fischer Titration: Determination of Water Content in Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Schoeffski Katrin , Hoffmann Helga 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Water determination plays an important role in the pharmaceutical analysis. The national pharmacopoeias describe the Karl Fischer titration as a method for water determination. The Karl Fischer titration is based on the reaction from iodine with sulfur dioxide in alcohol in the presence of water. This article focuses on determination of water content in pharmaceuticals by Karl Fischer titration.
EDTATitrations
Authors: Chang Zheng 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe EDTA titration is based on the stoichiometric formation of water‐soluble metal‐EDTA complex to determine the concentration of the metal ion in aqueous solutions. In comparison of advanced instrumental techniques, the EDTA titration is simple to operate, can produce accurate results for sample with different complexities, and does not require costly instrumentation. This article focuses on basic principles, titration curves, end point detection, titration types, and practical considerations in EDTA titration.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in the Pharmaceutical Analysis
Authors: Levin Shulamit 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHigh Performance Liquid Chromatograhy (HPLC) is the most important analytical technique used during the various stages of drug development and manufacturing. The key to a proper HPLC system operation is the knowledge of the principles of chromatographic process as well as the understanding of the reasons behind the choice of components of the chromatographic system. This article focuses on HPLC theory, its role in drug analysis, and its techniques.
Handbook of Analysis and Pharmaceutical Quality: Nano‐Methods
Authors: Tyner Katherine M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe expansion of nanotechnology in the pharmaceutical industry has opened up a new field of therapy as well as increased the pressure on regulatory bodies for adequate regulation and safety assessment. The impact nanotherapeutics, drug delivery systems, or combination products could affect treatment of disease by enabling targeted delivery. This article provides an overview of the methods typically used to characterize nanomaterials specifically relating to pharmaceutical industry and their relevance to the field.
X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry in Medicine
Authors: Nie Linda 
Published: June 2010

AbstractX‐ray Fluorescence (XRF) and neutron activation analysis (NAA) are the two main non‐invasive methods for in vivo and in vitro element analysis. XRF is the emission of fluorescent x‐rays from a material that has been bombarded with x‐rays of gamma rays. This article describes XRF technology for in vivo element measurement.
Systems‐Based Approach to Laboratory Compliance with the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (
CGMP
) Regulations
Authors: Bliesner David M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The laboratory control system can be divided into at least seven different sub elements which are required to insure overall compliance with the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) regulations. These include: (1) Laboratory Managerial and Administrative Systems, (2) Laboratory Documentation Practices and Standard Operating Procedures, (3) Laboratory Equipment Qualification and Calibration, (4) Laboratory Facilities, (5) Methods Validation, (6) Laboratory Computer Systems, and (7) Laboratory Investigations. This article outlines potential sub elements of the laboratory control system which are required for smooth and compliant laboratory operations of a typical analytical laboratory.
Uses ofX‐Ray Powder Diffraction In the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Ivanisevic Igor , McClurg Richard B. , Schields Paul J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractX‐ray diffraction (XRD) has a broad range of applications in various stages of drug development and manufacturing, such as API characterization and identification. API characterization is more commonly applied during drug development while API identification is directed more towards manufacturing, regulatory aspects, and intellectual property. This article focuses on basic principles and experimental procedures of XRD and its application in API characterization and identification.
The Langmuir‐Blodgett Approach to Making Colloidal Photonic Crystals from Silica Spheres
Authors: Bardosova Maria , Pemble Martyn E. , Povey Ian M. , Tredgold Richard H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe area of colloidal photonic crystal research has attracted enormous attention in recent years as a result of the potential of such materials to provide the means of fabricating new or improved photonic devices. As an area where chemistry still predominates over engineering the field is still in its infancy in terms of finding real applications being limited by ease of fabrication, reproducibility and ‘quality’‐ for example the extent to which ordered structures may be prepared over large areas. It is our contention that the Langmuir‐Blodgett assembly method when applied to colloidal particles of silica and perhaps other materials, offers a way of overcoming these issues. To this end the assembly of silica and other particles into colloidal photonic crystals using the Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) method is described and some of the numerous papers on this topic, which have been published, are reviewed. It is shown that the layer‐by‐layer control of photonic crystal growth afforded by the LB method allows for the fabrication of a range of novel, layered photonic crystals that may not be easily assembled using any other approach. Some of the more interesting of these structures, including so‐called heterostructured photonic crystals comprising of layers of spheres having different diameters are presented and their optical properties described. Finally, we offer our comments as to future applications of this interesting technology.
Darcy's law–based numerical simulation for modeling 3D liquid absorption into porous wicks
Authors: Masoodi Reza , Tan Hua , Pillai Krishna M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLiquid imbibition into polymer wicks, where a clear liquid front can be seen rising during the wicking process, is modeled using the concepts of flow in porous media. The flow of liquid behind the moving liquid front is modeled using the physics of single‐phase flow in a porous medium where the Darcy's law is combined with the continuity equation and a capillary suction pressure is imposed at the liquid front. A novel numerical simulation PORE‐FLOW© based on the finite element/control volume method is proposed to model such imbibitional flows in wicks of complex shapes. A validation of the simulation is obtained by achieving an excellent comparison of its predictions with an experimental result, an analytical solution, and the Washburn equation for the case of wicking against gravity in a cylindrical wick. The simulation is also used to predict a case of two‐dimensional (2D) wicking in the altered cylindrical wicks with two different cross‐sectional areas. Once again an excellent match is obtained with the experimental results, while analytical solutions for the single and double cross‐section cases along with the Washburn equation fail to predict the 2D wicking. Later, some other types of altered wicks with sharp changes in their cross‐sectional areas were analyzed numerically for their wicking behavior. It was observed that the height of liquid front in a vertical wick as a function of time, which is proportional to the history of liquid imbibed, is strongly dependent on the extent of reduction in the wick cross‐sectional area as well as its location vis‐à‐vis the wick entrance. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
A dimensionless model for predicting the mass‐transfer area of structured packing
Authors: Tsai Robert E. , Seibert A. Frank , Eldridge R. Bruce , Rochelle Gary T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe mass‐transfer area of nine structured packings was measured in a 0.427 m ID column via absorption of CO2 from air into 0.1 kmol/m3 NaOH. The mass‐transfer area was most strongly related to the specific area (125–500 m2/m3), and liquid load (2.5–75 m3/m2·h). Surface tension (30–72 mN/m) had a weaker but significant effect. Gas velocity (0.6–2.3 m/s), liquid viscosity (1–15 mPa·s), and flow channel configuration had essentially no impact on the mass‐transfer area. Surface texture (embossing) increased the effective area by 10% at most. The ratio of mass‐transfer area to specific area (ae/ap) was correlated within the limits of ±13% for the entire experimental database
${{a_{\rm{e}} } \over {a_{\rm{p}} }}= 1.34 \left[ {\left( {{{\rho _{\rm{L}} } \over \sigma }} \right)g^{1/3} \left( {{Q \over {L_{\rm{p}} }}} \right)^{4/3}} \right]^{\,0.116}$. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
A contact‐point based approach for the analysis of reactions among solid particles
Authors: Dalvi Vishal V. , Suresh A. K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe contact‐point framework,1 which replaces the picture of continuous contact between the reactants by contact at a finite number of points, has been proposed as a rational one for treating reactions among particulate solids. However, available models suffer from various drawbacks, the main one being that they do not show the right asymptotic behavior for large number of contact points. A model is presented here, that corrects these deficiencies. The results show that the contact‐point model approaches particle‐continuum behavior whenever the number of contact points exceeds 500. The model predictions have been compared with some data from our previous work on calcia‐alumina system in the temperature range 1,150–1,300°C. The model fits the data well, with the fitted values of diffusivity (of calcia through alumina) being of the order of 10−16 m2/s. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Biosimilar epoetins and other “follow‐on” biologics: Update on the European experiences
Authors: Jelkmann Wolfgang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAfter the patents of biopharmaceuticals have expired, based on specific regulatory approval pathways copied products (“biosimilars” or “follow‐on biologics”) have been launched in the EU. This article summarizes experiences with hematopoietic medicines, namely the epoetins (two biosimilars traded under five different brand names) and the filgrastims (two biosimilars, six brand names). Physicians and pharmacists should be familiar with the legal and pharmacological specialities of biosimilars: The production process can differ from that of the original, clinical indications can be extrapolated, glycoproteins contain varying isoforms, the formulation may differ from the original, and biopharmaceuticals are potentially immunogenic. Only on proof of quality, efficacy and safety, biosimilars are a viable option because of their lower costs. Am. J. Hematol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unexpectedly low pulse oximetry measurements associated with variant hemoglobins: A systematic review
Authors: Verhovsek Madeleine , Henderson Matthew P.A. , Cox Gerard , Luo Hong‐yuan , Steinberg Martin H. , Chui David H.K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPulse oximetry estimates arterial blood oxygen saturation based on light absorbance of oxy‐ and deoxy‐hemoglobin at 660 and 940 nm wavelengths. Patients with unexpectedly low SpO2 often undergo cardio‐pulmonary testing to ascertain the cause of their hypoxemia. However, in a subset of patients, a variant hemoglobin is responsible for low SpO2 measurements. The extent of this problem is unclear. We performed a systematic literature review for reports of low SpO2 associated with variant hemoglobins. We also reviewed unpublished cases from an academic hemoglobin diagnostic reference laboratory. Twenty‐five publications and four unpublished cases were identified, representing 45 patients with low SpO2 and confirmed variant hemoglobin. Fifty‐seven family members of patients had confirmed or suspected variant hemoglobin. Three low oxygen affinity variant hemoglobins had concordantly low SpO2 and SaO2. Eleven variant hemoglobins were associated with unexpectedly low SpO2 measurements but normal SaO2. Hemoglobin light absorbance testing was reported in three cases, all of which showed abnormal absorption spectra between 600 and 900 nm. Seven other variant hemoglobins had decreased SpO2, with unreported or uncertain SaO2. Twenty‐one variant hemoglobins were found to be associated with low SpO2. Most variant hemoglobins were associated with spuriously low SpO2. Abnormal absorption spectra explain the discrepancy between SpO2 and SaO2 for some variants. The differential diagnosis of possible variant hemoglobin ought to be considered in asymptomatic patients found to have unexpectedly low SpO2. The correct diagnosis will help to spare patients from unnecessary investigations and anxiety. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In situ photopolymerization of PEGDA‐protein hydrogels on nanotube surfaces
Authors: Smoak Evan M. , Henricus Marsiyana M. , Banerjee Ipsita A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPeptide nanotubes were used as templates for the growth of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate‐based nanoscale hydrogels via photopolymerization. A Rose Bengal di‐amine derivative comprised of a photoactivator and coinitiator within the same molecule was used as the photoinitiator to increase photopolymerization efficiency. The nanotubes were covalently bound to the protein BSA before formation of the hydrogels. We also examined the photopolymerization efficiency in reactions involving nanotubes in the absence of BSA. Although photopolymerization occurred efficiently under both conditions, higher yields of highly crosslinked nanostructures were obtained for the protein bound nanotube‐PEGDA hydrogels. It was observed that the swelling ratios were also dependent upon whether or not BSA was bound to the nanotubes before photopolymerization. The thermal properties of the nanocomposite hydrogels were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry analyses and the morphologies were examined using TEM, SEM, and AFM analyses. Such nanocomposites prepared by low cost, mild methods could be extremely efficient for the in situ preparation of three‐dimensional arrays of peptide nanotube grafted hydrogels. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010