bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraints on speciation suggested by comparing lake‐stream stickleback divergence across two continents
Authors: BERNER DANIEL , ROESTI MARIUS , HENDRY ANDREW P. , SALZBURGER WALTER 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAdaptation to ecologically distinct environments can coincide with the emergence of reproductive barriers. The outcome of this process is highly variable and can range along a continuum from weak population differentiation all the way to complete, genome‐wide divergence. The factors determining how far diverging taxa will move along this continuum remain poorly understood but are most profitably investigated in taxa under replicate divergence. Here, we explore determinants of progress towards speciation by comparing phenotypic and molecular divergence within young (<150 years) lake‐stream stickleback pairs from Central Europe to divergence in older (thousands of years) archetypal lake‐stream pairs from Vancouver Island, Canada. We generally find relatively weak divergence in most aspects of foraging morphology (gill raker number, body shape) in the European pairs, although substantial adaptive divergence is seen in gill raker length. Combined with striking overall phenotypic differences between the continents, this argues for genetic and time constraints on adaptive divergence in the European pairs. The European lake‐stream pairs also do not display the strong habitat‐related differentiation in neutral (microsatellite) markers seen in the Canadian watersheds. This indicates either the lack of strong reproductive barriers owing to weak adaptive divergence, or alternatively that neutral markers are poorly suited for detecting reproductive barriers if these emerge rapidly. Overall, our comparative approach suggests constraints on speciation due to genetic architecture and limited time for divergence. The relative importance of these factors remains to be quantified by future investigation.
Dietary intake in adolescents with asthma – potential for improvement
Authors: Bueso Anne Kørner , Berntsen Sveinung , Mowinckel Petter , Andersen Lene Frost , Lødrup Carlsen Karin C. , Carlsen Kai‐Håkon 
Published: October 2010

To cite this article: Bueso AK, Berntsen S, Mowinckel P, Andersen LF, Lødrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen K‐H. Dietary intake in adolescents with asthma – potential for improvement. Pediatric Allergy Immunology 2011: 22: 19–24.AbstractAssociations between an unhealthy diet and overweight and the presence of asthma are reported. The aims of this study were to assess whether the intake of nutrients and food items in adolescents with asthma differs from that of healthy adolescents, whether the intake was in accordance with the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) or whether possible relationships were confounded by body composition. A four‐day‐validated 18‐page pre‐coded food diary was completed by 169 13‐ to 14‐year‐old adolescents, 93 with asthma and 76 healthy control subjects, in addition to clinical assessment, anthropometric measurements, lung function and skin prick tests. Neither intake of added sugar, snacks nor saturated fat was associated with asthma. All groups had an intake of saturated fat and added sugars exceeding the NNR, while the intake of fruits and vegetables, fibre and vitamin D was lower than recommended. The intake of folate, calcium, magnesium and iron was lower than recommended for girls with asthma and healthy girls. The intake of vitamin C was satisfactory for all groups. Body composition did not influence eating habits, and the prevalence of overweight was similar in the two groups. The dietary intake among Norwegian adolescents in general had a potential for improvement. As girls have a lower energy intake than boys, they have a larger demand of quality of the diet. Additional dietary research in adolescents with asthma is recommended.
Serum immunoglobulin levels as a predictive factor for a better outcome of non‐atopic childhood asthma
Authors: Baris Safa , Karakoc‐Aydiner Elif , Ozen Ahmet , Ozdemir Cevdet , Bahceciler Nerin N. , Barlan Isil B. 
Published: October 2010

To cite this article: Baris S, Karakoc‐Aydiner E, Ozen A, Ozdemir C, Bahceciler NN, Barlan IB. Serum immunoglobulin levels as a predictive factor for a better outcome of non‐atopic childhood asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 298–304.AbstractChildhood asthma is a heterogeneous condition with different phenotypes. Hereby, we aimed to study impact of serum immunoglobulin levels on clinical phenotypes and outcome of asthma. Seventy‐eight children (M: 26, F: 52) aged less than 10 yrs (mean = 8.56 ± 3.23 yrs) and diagnosed as mild‐moderate persistent asthma, followed up for at least 1 yr were included into the study. Asthmatic children were divided into two groups based on serum immunoglobulin levels at admission and were evaluated with respect to demographic data, allergic sensitization, symptom scores, medication usage, pulmonary functions, and non‐specific bronchial hyper‐reactivity. The age at onset of symptoms (40.88 ± 32.02 vs. 23.04 ± 26.97 months) was significantly younger in children with hypogammaglobulinemia (n = 28) compared to normogammaglobulinemia group (n = 50) (p = 0.016). Mean follow‐up duration was 3.8 ± 2.1 yrs. Atopic sensitization rate was higher in those with normal immunoglobulin levels (81.2% vs. 17.9%), (p < 0.0001). Normal serum immunoglobulin levels were associated with atopic asthma (OR, 4.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0–10.1). For the prediction of atopic asthma, having normal immunoglobulin levels yielded predictive values of: sensitivity = 88.6%, specificity = 71.8%, positive predictive value = 81.1%, negative predictive value = 82.1%. Furthermore, percentages of atopic dermatitis and allergic conjunctivitis, elevated serum total IgE levels, eosinophilia, and bronchial hyper‐reactivity were more common in normogammaglobulinemia with asthma group (p = 0.040, p = 0.003, p = 0.024, p = 0.030, p = 0.040, respectively). Although marked reductions in asthma scores and inhaled corticosteroid usage were observed in both groups over time, the rate of decline was significantly higher and earlier in hypogammaglobulinemia group (p = 0.0001, p = 0.004, respectively). In conclusion, asthmatic children with hypogammaglobulinemia presented at an earlier age, with lower rates of atopy, and earlier clinical improvement accompanied with earlier discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids than children with normal immunoglobulin levels. Our data demonstrated that in children currently named as early‐onset non‐atopic asthma, hypogammaglobulinemia might be accompanying, providing evidence for a different phenotype of childhood asthma.
Resistance of Hordeum chilense against loose smuts of wheat and barley (Ustilago tritici and U. nuda) and its expression in amphiploids with wheat
Authors: Rubiales D. , Moral A. 
Published: October 2010

With 1 table Abstract Hordeum chilense is wild barley with high potential for cereal breeding purposes given its high crossability with other members of the Triticeae tribe. It is resistant to loose smuts of wheat (Ustilago tritici). The resistance is expressed in xTritordeum amphipoids, offering perspectives for its utilization both in tritordeum breeding and for its transfer to wheat. H. chilense and tritordeums are also resistant to barley loose smut (U. nuda).
Polarized targeting of L1‐CAM regulates axonal and dendritic bundling in vitro
Authors: Barry Joshua , Gu Yuanzheng , Gu Chen 
Published: October 2010

AbstractProper axonal and dendritic bundling is essential for the establishment of neuronal connections and the synchronization of synaptic inputs, respectively. Cell adhesion molecules of the L1‐CAM (L1‐cell adhesion molecule) family regulate axon guidance and fasciculation, neuron migration, dendrite morphology, and synaptic plasticity. It remains unclear how these molecules play so many different roles. Here we show that polarized axon–dendrite targeting of an avian L1‐CAM protein, NgCAM (neuron‐glia cell adhesion molecule), can regulate the switch of bundling of the two major compartments of rat hippocampal neurons. Using a new in‐vitro model for studying neurite–neurite interactions, we found that expressed axonal NgCAM induced robust axonal bundling via the trans‐homophilic interaction of immunoglobulin domains. Interestingly, dendritic bundling was induced by the dendritic targeting of NgCAM, caused by either deleting its fibronectin repeats or blocking activities of protein kinases. Consistent with the NgCAM results, expression of mouse L1‐CAM also induced axonal bundling and blocking kinase activities disrupted its axonal targeting. Furthermore, the trans‐homophilic interaction stabilized the bundle formation, probably through recruiting NgCAM proteins to contact sites and promoting guided axon outgrowth. Taken together, our results suggest that precise localization of L1‐CAM is important for establishing proper cell–cell contacts in neural circuits.
Increased excitability of cortical neurons induced by associative learning: an ex vivo study
Authors: Bekisz Marek , Garkun Yury , Wabno Joanna , Hess Grzegorz , Wrobel Andrzej , Kossut Malgorzata 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn adult mice, classical conditioning in which whisker stimulation is paired with an electric shock to the tail results in a decrease in the frequency of head movements, induces expansion of the cortical representation of stimulated vibrissae and enhances inhibitory synaptic interactions within the ‘trained’ barrels. We investigated whether such a simple associative learning paradigm also induced changes in neuronal excitability. Using whole‐cell recordings from ex vivo slices of the barrel cortex we found that layer IV excitatory cells located in the cortical representation of the ‘trained’ row of vibrissae had a higher frequency of spikes recorded at threshold potential than neurons from the ‘untrained’ row and than cells from control animals. Additionally, excitatory cells within the ‘trained’ barrels were characterized by increased gain of the input–output function, lower amplitudes of fast after‐hyperpolarization and decreased effect of blocking of BK channels by iberiotoxin. These findings provide new insight into the possible mechanism for enhanced intrinsic excitability of layer IV excitatory neurons. In contrast, the fast spiking inhibitory cells recorded in the same barrels did not change their intrinsic excitability after the conditioning procedure. The increased excitability of excitatory neurons within the ‘trained’ barrels may represent the counterpart of homeostatic plasticity, which parallels enhanced synaptic inhibition described previously. Together, the two mechanisms would contribute to increase the input selectivity within the conditioned cortical network.
Full Positional Accuracy Analysis of Spatial Data by Means of Circular Statistics
Authors: Polo María‐Eugenia , Felicísimo Ángel M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe positional error in spatial data is defined as a vector by comparing the coordinates between the true position and the measured position. The standard tests to assess the positional accuracy use only the magnitude of the vector and omit the azimuth. This article suggests that the use of both values allows a much more complete analysis of the positional error. A set of tests is proposed that are relevant for this purpose and demonstrate that some important features are not identified by the common procedures. The test samples come from two datasets. The first is obtained from the comparison of 100 homologous points in two conventional maps, and the second one comes from the geometric calibration of a photogrammetric scanner. The results are analyzed and discussed, showing that important issues such as error anisotropy are detected only by means of the circular statistics tests and density maps of distribution. Therefore, tests that assess the goodness of fit for uniform distribution in azimuths, such as Rayleigh and Rao tests, give low probabilities (P = 0 and P > 0.01). Moreover, density maps working with both magnitude and angle can locate the outlier candidate and offer more information about the spatial distribution of error.
Beyond ‘Social Polarization’? A Test for Asian World Cities in Developmental States
Authors: TAI PO‐FEN 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe two major problems with the social polarization thesis are its definition and quantification. This article focuses on a dual labour market, locally and internationally, but ignores wider social inequality. A framework developed from Friedmann's world city hypothesis and data on changes in occupation, status and migration are used to test the validity of the hypothesis in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taipei and Seoul. The results show that, in all these cities, there is a common trend towards professionalization, but no accompanying growth in managers, clerks, and self‐employed and household labour. Different scenarios of social polarization have been observed in two types of Asian world city, the ‘city state’ (e.g. Singapore and Hong Kong) and the ‘capital city’ (e.g. Taipei and Seoul). Singapore and Hong Kong are examples of a centralized development model that enhances the labour force and expands cross‐border networks with polarized immigrant workers. In contrast, Taipei and Seoul, both of which are subject to political tensions, demonstrate anti‐centralizing tendencies and have had to prevent the emigration of native elites and control the immigration of low‐skilled foreign workers. The social polarization hypothesis in Asian world cities needs to be re‐examined in the local institutional context mediated by the social policies of developmental states.Résumé La thèse de la polarisation sociale soulève deux grands problèmes: sa définition et sa quantification. Cet article s'intéresse à un marché du travail dual, sur un plan local et international, en ignorant l'inégalité sociale au sens large. Utilisant un cadre élaboréà partir de l'hypothèse de la ville mondiale de Friedmann et de données sur les évolutions en matière d'emploi, de position sociale et de migration, il teste la validité de la thèse à Singapour, Hong Kong, Taipei et Séoul. Toutes ces villes partagent une tendance à la professionnalisation, mais sans augmentation parallèle des cadres, des employés de bureau, des travailleurs indépendants et de la main‐d'œuvre familiale. Des scénarios de polarisation sociale différents ont été observés dans deux types de villes mondiales asiatiques, l'État‐cité (comme Singapour et Hong Kong) et la ville‐capitale (comme Taipei et Séoul). Singapour et Hong Kong relèvent d'un modèle de développement centralisé qui améliore l'emploi et tisse des réseaux transfrontaliers avec des travailleurs immigrants polarisés. En revanche, Taipei et Séoul, qui connaissent toutes deux des tensions politiques, présentent des tendances anticentralisatrices et ont dû empêcher l'émigration de leurs élites locales, tout en contrôlant l'immigration des travailleurs étrangers peu qualifiés. Dans les villes mondiales asiatiques, il convient donc de réexaminer l'hypothèse de la polarisation sociale dans le contexte institutionnel local issu des politiques sociales d'États promoteurs de développement.
Self‐legislation, Respect and the Reconciliation of Minority Claims
Authors: CEVA EMANUELA 
Published: October 2010

abstractIt is a widely supported claim that liberal democratic institutions should treat citizens with equal respect. I neither dispute nor champion this claim, but investigate how it could be fulfilled. I do this by asking, as a sort of litmus test, how liberal democratic institutions should treat with respect citizens holding minority convictions, and thereby dissenting from a deliberative output. The first step of my argument consists in clarifying the sense in which liberal democracies have a primary concern for the respectful treatment of citizens qua self‐legislating persons. Taking the second step, I address critically the common tendency in the literature to concentrate on what I have termed the ex ante legem phase, focusing solely on the structure of institutionalized decision‐making processes. I submit, rather, that the principle of equal respect for persons demands more of liberal democratic institutions to enhance citizens' chances to give voice to their consciences and influence, on that ground, the formulation of the rules to which they should conform. Fulfilling this commitment requires democratic theorizing to go beyond the ex ante legem phase and regard forms of ex post legem contestation as an extension of citizens' right to political participation. Against this backdrop, I take the third and last step and argue that a promising way forward consists in the adoption of an ex post legem version of conscientious exemptionism, granting citizens a conditional moral right to request exemptions on the grounds of conscience from certain controversial legal and political provisions.
Cerebral cortical dynamics during visuomotor transformation: Adaptation to a cognitive‐motor executive challenge
Authors: Gentili Rodolphe J. , Bradberry Trent J. , Oh Hyuk , Hatfield Bradley D. , Contreras Vidal José L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractEEG was employed during cognitive‐motor adaptation to a visuomotor transformation that required inhibition of an established motor plan. Performance was positively related to frontal alpha and theta power during both planning and execution of reaching movements to visual targets. EEG changes suggest initial involvement of frontal executive functioning to suppress established visuomotor mappings followed by progressive idling (i.e., alpha synchrony). Also, progressive idling of the temporal and parietal sites over the trials was observed, suggesting a decreasing role of working memory and encoding of the new visuomotor map, respectively. The regional changes in the cortical dynamics translated into the quality of motor behavior. This study expands our understanding of the role of frontal executive processes beyond the cognitive domain to the cognitive‐motor domain.
Prognostic significance of circumferential cell surface immunoreactivity of glypican‐3 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yorita Kenji , Takahashi Nobuyasu , Takai Hirotake , Kato Atsuhiko , Suzuki Masami , Ishiguro Takahiro , Ohtomo Toshihiko , Nagaike Koki , Kondo Kazuhiro , Chijiiwa Kazuo , Kataoka Hiroaki 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground: GC33 is a recently developed monoclonal antibody against human glypican‐3 (GPC3), which is significantly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). GC33 recognizes a GPC3 ectodomain and shows significant antitumour activity in vivo. Thus, humanized GC33 antibody may be a promising tool for treating HCC having cell surface GPC3 expression.Aims: This study aims to determine the specificity, subcellular localization and prognostic impact of GPC3 immunoreactivity detected by GC33 in HCC clinical specimens.Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for 194 cases of resected HCC and prognostic analysis was performed for 185 eligible cases. Two antigen retrieval methods (autoclave and protease pretreatments) were used for immunohistochemistry and compared. The immunoscore system reflecting circumferential membranous GPC3 immunoreactivity was developed using either the autoclave or protease methods. The GPC3 mRNA level was analysed by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.Results: GC33 immunostaining after autoclave is a sensitive method and revealed the GPC3 expression (≥20% of tumour cells) in the majority (77%) of HCC samples tested. Alternatively, protease pretreatment showed lower sensitivity, but was superior for evaluating the intensity and subcellular localization of GPC3. Correlation between immunoscores and the GPC3 mRNA level was also confirmed. Subsequent clinicopathological analysis revealed worse prognoses in HCC patients with circumferential membranous GPC3 immunoreactivity. For HCC patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in particular, the high membranous GPC3 immunoreactivity was an independent prognostic factor for disease‐free survival.Conclusions: Circumferential membranous GPC3 immunoreactivity in HCC indicates poorer prognosis particularly in patients with HCV infection.
Identification of elmid larvae (Coleoptera: Elmidae) from Sanin District of Honshu, Japan, based on mitochondrial DNA sequences
Authors: HAYASHI Masakazu , SOTA Teiji 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLarvae of Elmidae from the Sanin District, Honshu, Japan, were classified into 14 types based on morphological features, of which 11 types were unidentified for species. Species or genus of the unidentified types were determined by comparing their mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene sequences with those of identified adult specimens. A new key to species/genera of elmid larvae was proposed.
Emotional processing and executive functions in major depressive disorder: dorsal prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the intra–extra dimensional set shift
Authors: Heinzel Alexander , Northoff Georg , Boeker Heinz , Boesiger Peter , Grimm Simone 
Published: October 2010

Heinzel A, Northoff G, Boeker H, Boesiger P, Grimm S. Emotional processing and executive functions in major depressive disorder: dorsal prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the intra–extra dimensional set shift.Objective:Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterised by predominately negatively valenced emotional symptoms that are often accompanied by cognitive impairments. We posited that cognitive impairments in MDD are related to altered emotional processing in prefrontal cortex.Methods:We compared 20 medication-free patients with MDD and 29 matched healthy controls. Both groups performed an emotional task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Furthermore, they completed the intra–extra dimensional set shift (IED) test probing for cognitive impairments. Then we correlated the results of the IED with the changes in fMRI BOLD signal in MDD patients and healthy subjects.Results:The subcategory of the IED applying extradimensional shift (EDS) showed a divergent performance of the MDD group committing significantly more errors than the control group. Correlating the EDS errors with fMRI signal changes, the healthy subjects showed a positive correlation with the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the right orbitofrontal cortex. MDD subjects, in contrast, showed a positive correlation in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and a negative correlation in the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC).Conclusion:We hypothesise that the differential correlation in healthy controls and MDD patients may reflect the use of different strategies in their performance. The impaired executive functions, as reflected by altered processing in right DLPFC and left DMPFC, may implicitly influence emotional processing in patients suffering from MDD.