bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assertion-based slicing and slice graphs
Authors: Barros José Bernardo , da Cruz Daniela , Henriques Pedro Rangel , Pinto Jorge Sousa 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

This paper revisits the idea of slicing programs based on their axiomatic semantics, rather than using criteria based on control/data dependencies. We show how the forward propagation of preconditions and the backward propagation of postconditions can be combined in a new slicing algorithm that is more precise than the existing specification-based algorithms. The algorithm is based on (a) a precise test for removable statements, and (b) the construction of a
slice graph
, a program control flow graph extended with semantic labels and additional edges that “short-circuit” removable commands. It improves on previous approaches in two aspects: it does not fail to identify removable commands; and it produces the smallest possible slice that can be obtained (in a sense that will be made precise). Iteration is handled through the use of loop invariants and variants to ensure termination. The paper also discusses in detail applications of these forms of slicing, including the elimination of (conditionally) unreachable and dead code, and compares them to other related notions.
Molecules, cells and networks involved in processing olfactory stimuli in the mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Kuner T. , Schaefer A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
How sensory stimuli are processed by neural networks is a key question of neurosci­ence. Olfactory conditioning experiments in mice demonstrated that odour processing is fast and stimulus-dependent. Selective ge­netic perturbation of the inhibitory circuitry in the first relay station of olfactory processing, the olfactory bulb, altered such discrim­ination times, with increased inhibition accelerating and decreased inhibition slowing down odour discrimination. This illustrates that inhibition fulfils a key role in sensory processing.
Singularities in the complex physical plane for deep water waves
Authors: Baker Gregory R. , Xie Chao 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDeep water waves in two-dimensional flow can have curvature singularities on the surface profile; for example, the limiting Stokes wave has a corner of $2\lrm{\pi} / 3$ radians and the limiting standing wave momentarily forms a corner of $\lrm{\pi} / 2$ radians. Much less is known about the possible formation of curvature singularities in general. A novel way of exploring this possibility is to consider the curvature as a complex function of the complex arclength variable and to seek the existence and nature of any singularities in the complex arclength plane. Highly accurate boundary integral methods produce a Fourier spectrum of the curvature that allows the identification of the nearest singularity to the real axis of the complex arclength plane. This singularity is in general a pole singularity that moves about the complex arclength plane. It approaches the real axis very closely when waves break and is associated with the high curvature at the tip of the breaking wave. The behaviour of these singularities is more complex for standing waves, where two singularities can be identified that may collide and separate. One of them approaches the real axis very closely when a standing wave forms a very narrow collapsing column of water almost under free fall. In studies so far, no singularity reaches the real axis in finite time. On the other hand, the surface elevation $y(x)$ has square-root singularities in the complex $x$ plane that do reach the real axis in finite time, the moment when a wave first starts to break. These singularities have a profound effect on the wave spectra.
Prichard's Heresy
Authors: Berkovski Sandy 
Published: September 2011

AbstractH. A. Prichard ascribed to Aristotle a form of closeted hedonism. Aristotle allegedly misunderstood his own task: while his avowed goal inNicomachean Ethicsis to give an account of the nature of happiness, his real goal must be to offer an account of the factors most efficiently generating happiness. The reason is that the nature of happiness is enjoyment, and this fact is supposed to have been recognised by Aristotle and his audience. While later writers judged Prichard's view obviously mistaken, I argue that the issue is more complex. In the process of reconstructing the logical skeleton of Prichard's argument I show that Aristotle may have had to endorse the identification of the subject's good with that subject's psychological satisfaction. But I also argue that, while making prior assumptions about the meaning of ‘eudaimonia’, Aristotle made no such assumptions about the nature of eudaimonia.
Ethical Necessities
Authors: Reader Soran 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this paper I introduce my work in ethics, inviting others to draw on my approach to address the ethical issues that concern them. I set up the Centre for Ethical Philosophy at Durham University in 2007 to plug a puzzling gap in philosophical work to help us help the world. In 1. I set out ethical philosophy. In 2. I consider some implications, for example, that to do good we must pay much more attention to the beings around us, less to ourselves. In 3. I consider the implications for how we should think about war and peace. In 4. I draw out some implications for good political practice. In 5. I consider objections and conclude.
Early New Persian in Syriac script: Two texts from Turfan
Authors: Sims-Williams Nicholas 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe German Turfan collection includes fragments of two Early New Persian manuscripts in Syriac script, a bilingual (Syriac and New Persian) Psalter and a pharmacological handbook containing prescriptions similar to those in the Syriac Book of Medicines published by E. A. W. Budge. Both texts make use of certain non-Syriac characters, some of which were also used for writing Sogdian while others may have been created especially for writing Persian in Syriac script. The Syriac text of the Psalter fragments is that of the Peshitta; the translation is particularly valuable for the vocalization of the Persian words. In addition to many unusual and interesting words, the pharmacological fragments attest the rare Syriac numeral symbols derived from those of ancient Aramaic. The present article contains a transliteration and translation of all these texts together with a glossary and full philological discussion.
Sur la concentration de certaines fonctions additives
Authors: DE LA BRETÈCHE R. , TENENBAUM G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractImproving on estimates of Erdős, Halász and Ruzsa, we provide new upper and lower bounds for the concentration function of the limit law of certain additive arithmetic functions under hypotheses involving only their average behaviour on the primes. In particular we partially confirm a conjecture of Erdős and Kátai. The upper bound is derived via a reappraisal of the method of Diamond and Rhoads, resting upon the theory of functions with bounded mean oscillation.
Ordered groups, eigenvalues, knots, surgery and L-spaces
Authors: CLAY ADAM , ROLFSEN DALE 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe establish a necessary condition that an automorphism of a nontrivial finitely generated bi-orderable group can preserve a bi-ordering: at least one of its eigenvalues, suitably defined, must be real and positive. Applications are given to knot theory, spaces which fibre over the circle and to the Heegaard–Floer homology of surgery manifolds. In particular, we show that if a nontrivial fibred knot has bi-orderable knot group, then its Alexander polynomial has a positive real root. This implies that many specific knot groups are not bi-orderable. We also show that if the group of a nontrivial knot is bi-orderable, surgery on the knot cannot produce anL-space, as defined by Ozsváth and Szabó.
Exploring the Neglected Constraints on Chindia: Analysing the Online Chinese Perception of India and its Interaction with China's Indian Policy
Authors: Shen Simon 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn recent years, the governments of China and India have initiated a strategic partnership. Talks of creating an integrated “Chindia” economic hub have been commonplace. Many studies have been undertaken from conflicting perspectives on bilateral relations at the high level, but how ordinary Chinese people view their contemporary Indian counterparts and how this provides a civic dimension to the partnership remains under-explored. In an authoritarian nation where exhibiting sentiments contrary to the party-state's policy is not encouraged and remains uncommon, the Chinese have increasingly relied upon the internet to express their views on various aspects of policy, including that towards India. Using systematic, qualitative research on the online community, this article categorizes the various opinions expressed by Chinese internet users about India, the Indians and Beijing's Indian policy; analyses the apparent huge gap between these perceptions and the official rhetoric of Beijing; and forecasts how such perceptions might influence future Sino-Indian relations.
Is Taiwan Studies in Decline?
Authors: Sullivan Jonathan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTaiwan studies is confronting several challenges from within and outside the academy to its vitality if not viability. The growing attraction of mainland China to researchers, the encroachment of disciplines and marginalization of area studies, and the closing life cycles of several of the most salient research themes on Taiwan, have all contributed to the sense of a field in decline. This article seeks to provide a more concrete empirical basis for assessing the state of the Taiwan studies field. Drawing on content analysis of journal publications, combined with citation data and a survey of Taiwan specialists, the article addresses a number of key questions about the field.
Maternal intention to breast-feed and breast-feeding outcomes in term and preterm infants: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2000–2003
Authors: Colaizy Tarah T , Saftlas Audrey F , Morriss Frank H 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effect of intention to breast-feed on short-term breast-feeding outcomes in women delivering term and preterm infants.DesignData from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) for three states, Ohio, Michigan and Arkansas, during 2000–2003 were analysed. SAS 9·1·3 and SUDAAN 10 statistical software packages were used for analyses.SettingArkansas, Michigan and Ohio, USA.SubjectsMothers of recently delivered infants, selected by birth certificate sampling.ResultsOf 16 839 mothers included, 9·7 % delivered preterm. Some 52·2 % expressed definite intention to breast-feed, 16·8 % expressed tentative intention, 4·3 % were uncertain and 26·8 % had no intention to breast-feed. Overall 65·2 % initiated breast-feeding, 52·0 % breast-fed for ≥4 weeks and 30·8 % breast-fed for ≥10 weeks. Women with definite intention were more likely to initiate (OR = 24·3, 95 % CI 18·4, 32·1), to breast-feed for ≥4 weeks (OR = 7·12, 95 % CI 5·95, 8·51) and to breast-feed for ≥10 weeks (OR = 2·75, 95 % CI 2·20, 3·45) compared with women with tentative intention. Levels of intention did not differ between women delivering preterm and term. Women delivering at <34 weeks were more likely to initiate breast-feeding (OR = 2·24, 95 % CI 1·64, 3·06) and to breast-feed for ≥4 weeks (OR = 2·58, 95 % CI 1·96, 3·41), but less likely to breast-feed for ≥10 weeks (OR = 0·55, 95 % CI 0·44, 0·68), compared with those delivering at term. Women delivering between 34 and 36 weeks were less likely to breast-feed for ≥10 weeks than those delivering at term (OR = 0·63, 95 % CI 0·49, 0·81).ConclusionsPrenatal intention to breast-feed is a powerful predictor of short-term breast-feeding outcomes in women delivering both at term and prematurely.
Food and drink consumption at school lunchtime: the impact of lunch type and contribution to overall intake in British 9–10-year-old children
Authors: Harrison Flo , Jennings Amy , Jones Andy , Welch Ailsa , van Sluijs Esther , Griffin Simon , Cassidy Aedín 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the differences in dietary intakes of children consuming school meals and packed lunches, the contribution of lunchtime intake to overall dietary intake, and how lunchtime intake relates to current food-based recommendations for school meals.DesignCross-sectional analysis of overall intake of macronutrients and food choice from 4 d food diaries and school lunchtime intake from the two diary days completed while at school.SettingNorfolk, UK.SubjectsOne thousand six hundred and twenty-six children (aged 9–10 years) attending ninety Norfolk primary schools.ResultsAt school, lunchtime school meal eaters consumed more vegetables, sweet snacks, chips, starchy foods and milk, and less squash/cordial, fruit, bread, confectionery and savoury snacks than packed lunch eaters. These differences were also reflected in the overall diet. On average school meal eaters met the School Food Trust (SFT) food-based standards, while food choices among packed lunch eaters were less healthy. The contribution of food consumed at school lunchtime to overall diet varied by food and lunch type, ranging from 0·8 % (milk intake in packed lunches) to 74·4 % (savoury snack intake in packed lunches).ConclusionsThere were significant differences in the foods consumed by school meal and packed lunch eaters, with food choices among school meal eaters generally in line with SFT standards. The food choices made at school lunchtime make a significant contribution to overall diet.
Scientific Challenges and Policy Needs
Authors: Moore Michael N. , Owen Richard , Depledge Michael H. 
Published: September 2011

A key determinant of the quality and sustainability of the coastal marine environment is the dramatic growth of the human population, in particular along the global coastal zone, over the course of the last century. Burgeoning population growth, often as a result of reduced infant mortality and migration from rural communities, has created unprecedented social and economic demands for food resources, both in fisheries and aquaculture, while poor governance in respect of haphazard urbanisation and industrialisation and poorly regulated waste management have contributed extensively to the degradation of coastal ecosystems. Human health and wellbeing are consequently at risk from the resultant increased burdens of bacterial and viral pathogens from sewage and agricultural faecal run-off, as well as chemical and particulate waste from a variety of sources such as industry, domestic effluent, combustion processes, agricultural run-off of pesticides and nutrients, transport and road run-off. Unless policy formulation recognises that expansion of the human populations is often a key causative factor in the degradation of the coastal marine environment and related human health risks, and develops effective sustainability and mitigation strategies to deal with this, then any other actions will only provide expensive stop-gap solutions that are essentially ‘papering over the cracks’. A recognition of the complex nature of the connectivity of the coastal marine environment with public health is critical for understanding the relationships involved.
A holistic systems approach such as Integrated Coastal Zone Management is necessary to address the highly interconnected scientific challenges of increased human population pressure, pollution and over-exploitation of food (and other) resources as drivers of adverse ecological, social and economic impacts, and the urgent and critical requirement for effective public health solutions to be developed through the formulation of politically and environmentally meaningful policies. Since coastal zone environmental problems and related health and socio-economic issues are trans-national in character, the demands on regulation and governance go well beyond the actions of a single government and will require integrated action on a regional and global scale by national governments and stakeholders (e.g. non-governmental organisations), regional organisations (e.g. European Union) and international organisations (e.g. United Nations).
Jalal's Sunset
Authors: Daneshvar Simin 
Published: September 2011

Only three out of her 36 short stories are available in English (two translated by the writer herself), and yet Simin Daneshvar (b. 1921) is Iran's first woman novelist and one of the country's most significant fiction writers. Daneshvar has published Savooshoon (the most popular Iranian novel), three collections of short stories, ten translations, and a memoir about her late husband, Jalal Al-e Ahmad. Having retired from her teaching position at Tehran University, she lives in Iran and is now working on her second novel, The Wandering Island.Daneshvar's literary work is a celebration of the feminine—her taste for life and love, her art of endurance and strength. While most of her female characters manage to survive, none reveals such stamina or resilience as the narrator of Jalal's Sunset. Confronted with the unexpected death of a husband, a colleague, and a collaborator, Daneshvar in this text portrays a real survivor.
Pamiat’ as a Social Movement
Authors: Dunlop John B. 
Published: September 2011

The events presently taking place in the Baltic are so interesting that I am almost prepared to cede my time to Alex Shtromas. Pamiat’ is clearly a less intriguing phenomenon than the issues he has been discussing.I have been asked to talk about Pamiat’ as a social movement and basically my response is that it is not one. It is not a social movement. Pamiat’ would like very much to be one, but recent events have made clear that the response of ethnic Russians living in the RSFSR to Pamiat’ has been very restrained. We know this due to various polls which have been published in the Soviet press and due to the elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, which showed that Pamiat’ had little support. I suspect that the upcoming elections in March 1990 to the RSFSR Supreme Soviet will also demonstrate the same lack of support for Pamyat'. (They did so, conclusively.)
Roma (Gypsies) in the Soviet Union and the Moscow Teatr ‘Romen’
Authors: Lemon Alaina 
Published: September 2011

The Moscow Teatr “Romen,” dating back to 1931, is famous throughout the Soviet Union, and its performers have been some of the country's best-known. The Teatr “Romen” connects Roma from all over the country, and many who work there are related; three generations of a family may appear on the stage at one time. These families, along with Roma working as professionals, make up an lite within the Romani community in Moscow. They are the most outwardly assimilated (wearing European dress, etc.), most fluent and literate in Russian as well as Romani. These families usually move in different spheres than do Roma who live in villages around Moscow and work in cooperatives or as independent merchants, although extended family networks may include Roma of all spheres. Most studies of Gypsies (including those of non-Roma, such as Irish Travellers in the United Kingdom) assume a certain homogeneity of culture and of class:
The refusal to acknowledge Gypsy upward mobility in the context of a dominant society has also prevented research of class difference within Gypsy groups and created a sense of marginalized homogeneity that does not reflect reality.The Teatr “Romen” is a case that demands such acknowledgment. Yet, in a sense, these élite performers are doubly marginal, both as performers and as ethnic outsiders who “threaten the rhetoric and narratives of nationalism.” Currently in the USSR, such narratives are in flux, as many national minorities demand greater cultural and political autonomy. Roma, however, are not demanding their own republic, and requests for schools and radio shows are often tempered by the assertion that, “this country has been kind to Gypsies.” Roma élites are also in a peculiar position: charged with representing Roma to outsiders, they are also concerned about maintaining the integrity of the urban community as Roma. Because of this, they must negotiate the interstitial area between cultures.
Up-regulation of chemokine C–C ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-X-C chemokine 8 (CXCL8) expression by monocytes in chronic idiopathic urticaria
Authors: Santos J C , de Brito C A , Futata E A , Azor M H , Orii N M , Maruta C W , Rivitti E A , Duarte A J S , Sato M N 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe disturbed cytokine–chemokine network could play an important role in the onset of diseases with inflammatory processes such as chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU). Our main objectives were to evaluate the relation between proinflammatory chemokine serum levels from CIU patients and their response to autologous skin test (ASST) and basophil histamine release (BHR). We also aimed to assess the chemokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) upon polyclonal stimulus and to evaluate chemokine C–C ligand 2/C-X-C chemokine 8 (CCL2/CXCL8) and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression in monocytes. We observed significantly higher serum levels of the CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CCL2 in CIU patients compared to the healthy group, regardless of the BHR or ASST response. The basal secretion of CCL2 by PBMC or induced by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A (SEA) was higher in CIU patients than in the control group, as well as for CXCL8 and CCL5 secretions upon phytohaemagglutinin stimulation. Also, up-regulation of CCL2 and CXCL8 mRNA expression was found in monocytes of patients upon SEA stimulation. The findings showed a high responsiveness of monocytes through CCL2/CXCL8 expression, contributing to the creation of a proinflammatory environment in CIU.
A shift in the collagen V antigenic epitope leads to T helper phenotype switch and immune response to self-antigen leading to chronic lung allograft rejection
Authors: Tiriveedhi V , Angaswamy N , Brand D , Weber J , Gelman A G , Hachem R , Trulock E P , Meyers B , Patterson G , Mohanakumar T 
Published: September 2011

Summary
Immune responses to human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and self-antigen collagen V (Col-V) have been proposed in the pathogenesis of chronic rejection (bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, BOS) following human lung transplantation (LTx). In this study, we defined the role for the shift in immunodominant epitopes of Col-V in inducing T helper phenotype switch leading to immunity to Col-V and BOS. Sera and lavage from BOS+ LTx recipients with antibodies to Col-V were analysed. Two years prior to BOS, patients developed antibodies to both Col-V,α1(V) and α2(V) chains. However, at clinical diagnosis of BOS, antibodies became restricted to α1(V). Further, lung biopsy from BOS(+) patients bound to antibodies to α1(V), indicating that these epitopes are exposed. Fourteen Col-V peptides [pep1–14, pep1–4 specific to α1(V), pep5–8 to α1,2(V) and pep9–14 to α2(V)] which bind to HLA-DR4 and -DR7, demonstrated that prior to BOS, pep 6, 7, 9, 11 and 14 were immunodominant and induced interleukin (IL)-10. However, at BOS, the response switched to pep1, 4 and 5 and induced interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 responses, but not IL-10. The T helper (Th) phenotype switch is accompanied by decreased frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the lavage. LTx recipients with antibodies to α1(V) also demonstrated increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation with decreased MMP inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), suggesting that MMP activation may play a role in the exposure of new Col-V antigenic epitopes. We conclude that a shift in immunodominance of self-antigenic determinants of Col-V results in induction of IFN-γ and IL-17 with loss of tolerance leading to autoimmunity to Col-V, which leads to chronic lung allograft rejection.