bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virtual Reality in Air Traffic Control
Authors: Akselsson R. , Källqvist C , Bednarek V , Cepciansky M. , Trollås A. , Davies R. , Eriksson J. , Olsson R. , Johansson G. 
Published: January 2012

Air traffic control is a highly spatial work. However, there are currently no three-dimensional tools used in the education of air traffic controllers or in the operational work of air traffic control. This paper presents results from some pilot studies aiming to: – Find new techniques for visualisation and editing of trajectories in air traffic control – Investigate how Virtual Reality (VR) can contribute to the air traffic controllers' understanding of the air space and of certain situations. Two VR models have been developed. In one model a procedure called ‘holding’ is visualised. In the other VR model the different sectors in the air space are shown to make it easier for the air traffic controller to build a mental picture of a sector. In a training package the user can fly around in the sector and see how traffic passes through. These introductory studies indicate the usefulness of new ways to present the third dimension in a variety of air traffic situations. The tools can be used to visualise a three dimensional situation and help the air traffic controller to build a mental model. The most obvious application area is in training and education of air traffic controllers but other applications such as an explanation and communication tool in the investigation after an incident are of interest.
Problems in Evaluation Heat Stress Risk of Women Workers Using the WBGT Index
Authors: Konarska Maria , Soltyñski Krzysztof , Marszalek Anna 
Published: January 2012

Screening evaluation of heat stress in industrial workers, made according to ISO 7243: 1989 standard, showed the misclassification of the workload in case of women. The metabolic rate evaluation of women working at several work stations in the heavy metal industry showed a high level of physical workload, even exceeding the permissible values according to Polish occupational safety regulations — 3.7 kcal/min which means 258W (1600 kcal/shift). In spite of that, the classification of workload based on the WBGT standards indicated the metabolic rate of these women at a moderate level. The consequence of this classification are the unproper (to high) reference values of WBGT index chosen from the standard. The reason of this misclassification in the case of workload in women is probably caused by the fact that WBGT standard was developed on the men's physical performance as the basis, while the physical capacity of women is lower.
Effect of Noise on Automatic Speech Recognition System Error Rate
Authors: Chen Fang , Masi Cristiano 
Published: January 2012

Many studies have indicted that stress and workload can effect the recognition accuracy of the speech recognition system. This can include noise, vibration, G-force, information overload, vocal quality in noise, vocal quality and psychological stress, concurrent task performance and vocal fatigue. The commercially available speech recognition system has not yet reached the perfect design to recognize natural human speech. The military application of automatic speech recognition systems has been studied in a wide arrangement. Verbex’ Voice Master was recommended in its instruction book as especially suited well for use in a noisy environment. This system was selected as a candidate system for use in cockpits. Before implementing it in the cockpit, its strengths and weaknesses for special utterances need to be tested in a laboratory environment. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of noise on recognition accuracy in dual-task performance. The experiment was carried out in a noise-insulated room. The Verbex’ Voice Master speech recognition system was installed into the computer. Eleven male Swedish students were the subjects. Two noise levels were set up with a combination of mental workload and physical workload. The results showed that without noise and mental workload, the recognition accuracy could be as good as 99.4%. With noise and mental workload, the recognition accuracy could be reduced to 95%. The results indicated that noise had significant effects on the computer error while mental workload had significant effects on both subject error and computer error.
Human Modeling in the Context of the Digital Factory
Authors: Linner S. , Rossgoderer U. , Wunsch A. 
Published: January 2012

Manufacturers are forced to reduce the time-to-market for their products. A short and effective engineering process requires the support of concurrent engineering, a common database for all planning-relevant data and a compatible systems landscape. This is our vision of the Digital Factory. One important aspect of manufacturing is the optimal use of a human workforce. Digital Factory applications with 3D human models enable engineers to plan and optimize human tasks. These tools are used to design workplaces, perform ergonomic and time studies and document the results. Manufacturers achieve better productivity of human tasks, and the workers gain from ergonomically designed working environments.
The Effects of Search Environment and Task Realism on Search Behavior
Authors: Niu Xioyan , Bisantz Ann M. 
Published: January 2012

This paper presents a study which compared user search behavior across an open search environment (the World Wide Web) and a closed search environment (an on-line library card catalog). Users performed a structured search task, where they were given topics to search for, and a self-directed search task, where they could choose their own topics. Search tasks were defined based on a qualitative, three-stage model of search behavior. Results showed that overall, search behavior tended to be very similar across search environments, indicating that empirical results and models of search behavior could generalize across these two environments.*** Differences were due primarily to characteristics of the particular search environments chosen (e.g., the Internet vs. a library catalog) and the searching mechanisms and interfaces available for searching these environments. Additionally, behavior was also similar across the structured vs. self defined search tasks, suggesting that aspects of search engines and user search behavior can be tested in a controlled setting and that the results can be applied to less controlled, more natural search tasks.
Validation of Recruiter Personality Traits for Stress Resiliency
Authors: Mullins Linda L. , Fatkin Linda T. 
Published: January 2012

Recent research conducted with Army recruiters has classified recruiting as a high-risk occupation that includes consistently high levels of stress (Mullins & Fatkin, 2000). Research found that recruiters with high neuroticism scores perceived higher levels of job-related stress. The objective of the present study was to validate these previous findings and identify recruiter characteristics that contribute to recruiter stress and performance. Participants for the study included 55 recruiters. The Zuckerman Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire III-Revised (ZKPQ) was used to measure personality. The Multiple Affect Adjective CheckList - Revised (MAACL-R), Subjective Stress Scale, and Specific Rating of Events Scale were used to measure state levels of stress. A cluster analysis was performed with the five subscale measures of the ZKPQ resulting in a four-cluster solution: High Impulsivity-High Neuroticism, Low Impulsivity-High Neuroticism, Low Impulsivity-Low Neuroticism, and High Impulsivity-Low Neuroticism. Separate ANOVAs were computed between personality clusters and recruiter performance and stress measures. Research findings partially supported previous results. Consistent with previous findings (Mullins & Fatkin, 2000), differences in personality did not result in mission performance differences. MAACL-R results indicate that individuals in the high Neuroticism groups perceive higher levels of stress. However, findings for the Subjective Stress Scale and Specific Rating of Events Scale were not significantly related to trait personality clusters.
How to Construct Web Contents Systematically
Authors: Yamaoka Toshiki , Tsunoda Tomoyuki , Yamashita Kiyomi , Matsunobe Takuo , Hashiya Yuji , Nishiyama Yasufumi , Takahashi Kyoko 
Published: January 2012

The method for constructing web contents was considered. The construction procedure is as follows. Elicit “user requirement” to find out the user demands and the web management side needs to clarify the “purpose” of what they want to solicit. Mark a check where each line and row corresponds to clarify the relation between both in the matrix by which user requirements and the purposes are arranged in lines and rows. To understand the systematic feature of the website itself, “grasping information” and “structuring information” are necessary. Finally, the structured web concept is created from the acquired information mentioned earlier, and this method of designing each page on the website based on the concept can be applied not only to the web contents but also to product planning as well. Finally, the website of a theatrical company was actually constructed using this method.
Visual Demand of Driving and the Execution of Display-Intensive in-Vehicle Tasks
Authors: Tsimhoni Omer , Green Paul 
Published: January 2012

To gain insight as to when telematics can be distracting, 16 participants drove a simulator on roads with long curves of several different radii. Participants read electronic maps displayed in the center console while both parked and driving. In separate trials, the visual demand/workload of the same straight and curved sections was measured using the visual occlusion technique. Visual demand was correlated with inverse curve radius. As visual demand increased, driving performance declined. Participants made shorter glances at the display, made more of them, but waited longer between glances. Overall, task completion time increased when the task was performed while driving (versus while parked), except for short duration tasks (a single glance or under 3 seconds timed while parked), where task time decreased. While driving, task completion times were relatively unaffected by the driving workload.
An Integrated Methodology for User Interface Design: Human Factors in Use Case Driven Development Process
Authors: Li Qian 
Published: January 2012

Human factors has provided many applicable theories and techniques to analyze user requirements, design user interfaces, and conduct evaluation of usability in software development. However, it is common that contributions made by human factors practitioners are not incorporated in this development process, which impairs the ability of human factors practitioners to have significant impact in cross-functional teams. This paper reviews the possible reasons that human factors efforts are frequently ignored in software design and development and proposes a conceptual framework for the integration of the methods and tools from both the user-centered design approach and the use case driven process to take advantages of the merit and recent progress in both human factors and object-oriented technology.
Wrist and Forearm Postures and Velocities in Repetitive Precision Tasks
Authors: Shyhalla Kathleen , Paquet Victor , Drury Colin 
Published: January 2012

Precision work has been shown to impose physical demands over and above similar work that does not require precision, but few studies have evaluated the effects of such work on the musculoskeletal stress of the upper extremities. Repetitive tasks that involved moving between a Home disk and a precision target were studied. The movements from the Home to the target were divided into a ballistic phase, followed by a slower homing-in phase. Work in two layouts, with the target in front of, or to the side of the Home disk, and three levels of precision were investigated for each phase of the home-to-target movement. Wrist and forearm postures and joint velocities were significantly different (P < 0.05) during the ballistic and homing in phases of travel for 21 of the 24 indices considered. Postures changed rapidly during the ballistic, but were sustained during the homing-in phase. Work in the forward versus side layouts produced statistically different joint angles and velocities (P < 0.05) for 17 of the 24 indices considered. Different levels of task precision elicited statistically differences in 5 of the 12 joint velocities (P < 0.05). Interactions were also important. The phase of movement factor produced statistically significant interactions with layouts (P < 0.05) for 11 of 12 postures and 5 of 12 velocities, and with levels of precision (P < 0.05) for 5 of 12 velocities. With such important interaction effects, it is clear that breaking repetitive precision tasks into distinct phases promotes a better understanding of how precision work affects the musculoskeletal stress of the upper extremities. Graphical representations also show differences in how joint velocities were impacted by levels of precision for the forward and side layouts.
Infection Control/Health Care Epidemiology and Human Factors Engineering — a “New” Pairing for Patient Safety?
Authors: Alvarado Carla J. 
Published: January 2012

This paper covers the history of infection control and the role human factors engineering, and macroergonomics in particular, has played and will continue to play in the reduction of hospital-acquired or nosocomial infections—a key aspect for enhancing patient safety and quality of care. Semmelweis is considered the father of modern hospital infection control and epidemiology programs; and he used human factors engineering and a systems approach to solve infection control problems by considering societal, organizational, environmental, task, tools and person factors in his investigations. Today, the IOM stresses the importance of organizational and process designs and a “culture of safety” for the reduction of medical errors. Examples of current problems and areas for future infection control and human factors research are presented, including design issues, change management and safety culture. All levels of the work system—from the microenvironment level issues such as noise and light to the macro environment level issues such as organizational culture and societal factors—must be taken into account for controlling nosocomial infections and enhancing patient safety. “ Because of my convictions, I must here confess that God only knows the number of patients that have gone prematurely to their graves by my fault. I have handled cadavers extensively, more than most accoucheurs. As painful and depressing, indeed as such an acknowledgement is, still misfortune should not persist forever, for the truth must be made known to all concerned.” Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis, Budapest Hungary 1861
Dynamic Assessment of Pilot Mental Status
Authors: Magnusson Staffan , Berggren Peter 
Published: January 2012

Modern flight and weapon platforms are becoming more and more sophisticated. New sensors and weapon systems are added, giving the operator more information to process before acting or deciding. Today, many pilots feel they reach their information processing limits during difficult missions and during difficult circumstances. The purpose of the present study has been to measure mental workload, situational awareness and performance during specific air-to-ground missions in both simulated and real flight in order to assess operator status. Specifically to compare simulated versus real flight regarding the concepts, to analyze the relationships between physiological reactions, situational awareness, and experienced mental workload and also develop and test causal models of operator function. A second purpose of the study was to develop practically useful methods for analyzing mental workload and performance during operative conditions.
The Effectiveness of Cognitive Elaboration Using Augmented Reality as a Training and Learning Paradigm
Authors: Vincenzi Dennis A. , Valimont Brian , Macchiarella Nickolas , Opalenik Chris , Gangadharan Sathya N. , Majoros Anthony E. 
Published: January 2012

Until now, little research attention in the area of Augmented Reality (AR) has been paid to the cognitive benefits engendered by this emerging technology. AR, the synthesis of computer images and text in the real world (Azuma, 1997), affords a supplement to normal information acquisition that has yet to be fully explored and exploited. AR achieves a more smooth and seamless interface by complementing human cognitive networks, and aiding information integration through multi-modal sensory elaboration, by utilizing visual, verbal, proprioceptive, and tactile memory while the user is performing real world tasks. AR also incorporates visuo-spatial ability, which involves the representations of spatial information in memory. The use of this type of information is an extremely powerful form of elaboration. This study examined four learning paradigms: print (printed material) mode, observe (video tape) mode, interact (text annotations activated by mouse interaction) mode, and select (AR) mode. The results of the experiment indicated that the select (AR) mode resulted in better learning and recall when compared to the other 3 conventional modes of learning. Implications for training and curriculum design are discussed.
Ergonomics Implementation, the Right Way and the Wrong Way
Authors: Povlotsky Boris 
Published: January 2012

This paper illustrates some of author's views of the ergonomics implementation challenges within diverse industries, manufacturing, office environments, and machinery/product design. We intend to analyze and review the roots of problems from different perspectives and recommend which ergonomics approaches are likely to succeed or fail. Most importantly it is imperative to find the actual cause(s) of obstacle(s) - problem(s) before looking for appropriate ergonomics solution(s) and acceptance of ergonomics innovations by end users. The presented material is based on the substantial authors' experiences in human factors engineering and ergonomics, in industry and academia and in various countries. Our objective is to present an integrated view of ergonomics within corporate bureaucracy in the contexts of favorable and unfavorable environments - factors that lead to success or failure.
Evaluation of a Collaborative Movement Task in a Distributed Three-Dimensional Virtual Environment
Authors: Mateo Julio C. , Cowgill Jeffrey L. , Moore Thomas J. , Gilkey Robert H. , Simpson Brian D. , Weisenberger Janet M. , Manning Joseph T. 
Published: January 2012

A task designed to estimate the impact of communication channel performance on individual and collaborative human performance in distributed, shared, virtual environments was evaluated. The 'Fitts-like' task required participants to press buttons as fast as they could in a three-dimensional virtual workspace. In addition, in the collaborative task the 2 participants were required to press the buttons simultaneously. The size of the buttons, the distance between buttons, and the delay between movement and visual feedback were manipulated. The results were well described by Fitts' law. Movement Time increased with increases in Index of Difficulty and delay. The Index of Performance decreased with delay and was lower in the collaborative task. Overall, orderly changes in performance were observed with manipulation of task parameters, suggesting that future studies to examine more complicated manipulations of network performance and multisensory displays are appropriate.
Supporting Asynchronous Dialogs in the Communication of Army Operations Orders
Authors: Smith Philip J. , Spencer Amy L. 
Published: January 2012

An empirical study was completed to study the use of an asynchronous multimedia communication tool to support dialogs during a joint forces military exercise. Ten captains, majors and colonels from Canada, France, Germany, Israel and the US who participated in the joint forces exercise had the option of using this multimedia communication tool whenever they felt it would help them to communicate information to commanders in other units. Two of the messages consisted of one-way communications. The remaining 13 were asynchronous dialogs. In these messages, the officers: • Made extensive use of pointing, drawing and embedded written notes • Used these asynchronous dialogs to detect and repair misconceptions that arose from live face-to-face briefings (6/13 dialogs) • Used these asynchronous dialogs to share expertise while developing a plan (13/13 dialogs). On Likert scales (1=strongly disagree; 7=strongly agree), the ratings for usefulness and usability were 6.2 and 6.4, respectively.
Human Factors Considerations in Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver Technology: Contrasting Military Technical Requirements with User Expectations
Authors: Courter Barbara Jex , Ellis Ellen M. 
Published: January 2012

This paper presents only the opinions of the authors for a forum of other Human Factors professionals. No representation of The Aerospace Corporation, GPS Wing, US Air Force, US Army, or US Department of Defense (DoD) policy is implied or intended. The need for human factors considerations in the development of handheld GPS receiver technology becomes increasingly apparent as society becomes increasingly dependant on precision navigation and timing information. GPS receivers provide ubiquitous situational awareness, during the daily mundane commute or in theater amidst the fog of war. Both military and commercial receivers are only as useful as their ability to convey navigation information to the user in a timely and reliable manner. Warfighters have become familiar with the ease and convenience of commercial receivers, mapping functionality, and integrated technology. However, there is great variance between the requirement set for military operations and civilian applications. The US Army and Air Force GPS Wing face future expectation management issues with military GPS user equipment. Potential areas for risk mitigation include careful human factors considerations early in the requirements development process, platform and application tailoring, incorporating “best practices” from industry and commercial end-user experience, and education and training.
Using Capacity Analysis to Evaluate the Effect of MP3 Player Usage on Driver Behavior
Authors: Roberts Shannon C. , Lee John D. , Hoffman Joshua D. 
Published: January 2012

Objective: To develop measures of driver interaction with in-vehicle devices through capacity analysis. Background: Common measures of driver behavior focus on the mean values of measures that do not consider temporal distribution of attention. Capacity analysis can quantify the temporal profile of a drivers' capacity and the resulting task efficiency. Methods: Fifty participants performed search tasks on either an MP3 player or its aftermarket controller in a medium-fidelity driving simulator. A capacity analysis used a hazard function to describe tasks according to their probability of completion. Results: Capacity coefficients, calculated as the ratio of two integrated hazard functions, were not constant over time indicating that the probability of task completion is dynamic and must be described with more than a measure of the central tendency of distribution, such as mean task completion time. Conclusion: Along with other commonly used driving performance metrics, capacity analysis can reveal task completion dynamics that are often neglected with reaction time measures, providing insight into how drivers direct their attention away from the road to complete secondary tasks.