bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations of the Surf-Zone Turbulent Dissipation Rate
Authors: Feddersen Falk 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The contributions of surface (breaking wave) boundary layer (SBL) and bottom (velocity shear) boundary layer (BBL) processes to surf-zone turbulence is studied here. The turbulent dissipation rate ε, estimated on a 160-m-long cross-shore instrumented array, was an order of magnitude larger within the surf zone relative to seaward of the surf zone. The observed ε covaried across the array with changing incident wave height, tide level, and alongshore current. The cross-shore-integrated depth times ε was correlated with, but was only 1% of, the incident wave energy flux, indicating that surf-zone water-column turbulence is driven directly (turbulence injected by wave breaking) or indirectly (by forcing alongshore currents) by waves and that the bulk of ε occurs in the upper water column. This small fraction is consistent with laboratory studies. The surf-zone-scaled (or Froude-scaled) ε is similar to previous field observations, albeit somewhat smaller than laboratory observations. A breaking-wave ε scaling is applicable in the midwater column at certain locations, indicating a vertical diffusion of turbulence and ε balance. However, observations at different cross-shore locations do not collapse, which is consistent with a cross-shore lag between wave energy gradients and the surface turbulence flux. With strong alongshore currents, a BBL-scaled ε indicates that shear production is a significant turbulence source within the surf zone, particularly in the lower water column. Similarly for large currents at one location, the dissipation to shear production ratio approaches one. Both dissipation scalings depend upon wave energy flux gradients. The ratio of BBL to SBL ε has complex dependencies but is larger for a deeper part of the surf zone and more obliquely incident waves.
A Rat Model for Intracranial Facial Nerve Crush Injuries
Authors: Burgette Ryan C. , Benscoter Brent J. , Monaco Gina N. , Kircher Matthew L. , Mantravadi Avinash V. , Marzo Sam J. , Jones Kathy J. , Foecking Eileen M. 
Published: November 2011

Objective(1) Explain the need for an animal model to study intracranial injuries to the facial nerve. (2) Describe various techniques attempted to identify and crush the intracranial segment of the facial nerve in a rat model. (3) Describe in detail a successful rat model of intracranial facial nerve crush injury.Study DesignRandomized controlled animal study.SettingAnimal laboratory.Subjects and MethodsMultiple attempts at surgical approaches to the cerebellopontine angle were attempted on cadaveric rats. Once a successful approach was derived, this was used on 19 live rats under anesthesia. Fourteen rats had a 1‐minute facial nerve crush performed, and 5 had a sham surgery with complete surgical exposure of the facial nerve but no crush. Rats were followed for a 12‐week duration evaluating immediate postoperative facial nerve function, complications, and survival.ResultsAll 14 (100%) rats that underwent surgery with crush injury had complete facial paralysis postoperatively. Complete facial paralysis was defined as loss of eye‐blink reflex, flat vibrissae, and lack of vibrissae movement. The 5 sham surgery rats had complete facial function postoperatively. Surgery was performed by 2 separate surgeons with no difference in outcome between the 2. Complications occurred in only 1 animal (1/19, 5.3%), which was a corneal abrasion requiring sacrifice.ConclusionOur group describes a consistent method for performing an intracranial crush injury in the rat. This new model and its applications in translational facial nerve research are promising, particularly with tumors or lesions at the cerebellopontine angle.
Endoscopic Management of Sinonasal Hemangiopericytoma
Authors: Tessema Belachew , Eloy Jean Anderson , Folbe Adam J. , Anstead Amy S. , Mirani Neena M. , Jourdy Deya N. , Ruiz Jose W. , Casiano Roy R. 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveSinonasal hemangiopericytomas (SNHPCs) are rare perivascular tumors with low‐grade malignant potential. Traditionally, these tumors have been treated with open approaches such as lateral rhinotomy, Caldwell‐Luc, or transfacial approaches. Increased experience with endoscopic management of benign and malignant sinonasal tumors has led to a shift in management of SNHPC. The authors present their experience in the largest series of patients with SNHPC managed endoscopically.Study Design and SettingCase series at a tertiary care medical center.Subjects and MethodA retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing endoscopic management of SNHPC at the University of Miami between 1999 and 2008 was conducted. All endoscopic resections were performed with curative intent.ResultsTwelve patients with the diagnosis of SNHPC were treated endoscopically. Mean age was 62.5 years (range, 51‐83 years). There were 6 men and 6 women. The mean follow‐up was 41 months (range, 15‐91 months). Seven (58.3%) presented with nasal obstruction, whereas 4 (41.6%) had epistaxis as their initial presenting symptom. Preoperative angiography or embolization was not performed in any case. Mean estimated blood loss was 630 mL (range, 100‐1500 mL). Six patients underwent endonasal endoscopic anterior skull base resection; 4 had complete endoscopic resection all with negative margins. None underwent postoperative adjuvant treatment. No recurrence or metastatic disease was observed in this patient population.ConclusionEndoscopic management of SNHPC is a feasible approach and did not compromise outcomes in this experience. In this series, familiarity with advance endoscopic sinus surgery was necessary to manage these patients. Postoperative adjuvant therapy was not necessary in this cohort.
State of the art in neuroprotection during acute type A aortic dissection repair
Authors: Haldenwang PL , Bechtel M , Moustafine V , Buchwald D , Wippermann J , Wahlers T , Strauch JT 
Published: November 2011

Temporary (TND) or permanent neurologic dysfunctions (PND) represent the main neurological complications following acute aortic dissection repair. The aim of our experimental and clinical research was the improvement and update of the most common neuroprotective strategies which are in present use. Hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA): Cerebral metabolic suppression at the clinically most used temperatures (18-22°C) is less complete than had been assumed previously. If used as a ‘stand-alone’ neuroprotective strategy, cooling to 15-20°C with a jugular SO2 ≥ 95% is needed to provide sufficient metabolic suppression. Regardless of the depth of cooling, the HCA interval should not exceed 25 min. After 40 min of HCA, the incidence of TND and PND increases, after 60 min, the mortality rate increases. Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (ASCP): At moderate hypothermia (25-28°C), ASCP should be performed at a pump flow rate of 10ml/kg/min, targeting a cerebral perfusion pressure of 50-60mmHg. Experimental data revealed that these conditions offer an optimal regional blood flow in the cortex (80±27ml/min/100g), the cerebellum (77±32ml/min/100g), the pons (89±5ml/min/100g) and the hippocampus (55±16ml/min/100g) for 25 minutes. If prolonged, does ASCP at 32°C provide the same neuroprotective effect? Cannulation strategy: Direct axillary artery cannulation ensures the advantage of performing both systemic cooling and ASCP through the same cannula, preventing additional manipulation with the attendant embolic risk. An additional cannulation of the left carotid artery ensures a bi-hemispheric perfusion, with a neurologic outcome of only 6% TND and 1% PND. Neuromonitoring: Near-infrared spectroscopy and evoked potentials may prove the effectiveness of the neuroprotective strategy used, especially if the trend goes to less radical cooling. Conclusion: A short interval of HCA (5 min) followed by a more extended period of ASCP (25 min) at moderate hypothermia (28°C), with a pump flow rate of 10ml/kg/min and a cerebral perfusion pressure of 50 mmHg, represents safe conditions for open arch surgery.
Chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtus communis and Satureja hortensis against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus in minced beef
Authors: Djenane D. , Yangüela J. , Amrouche T. , Boubrit S. , Boussad N. , Roncalés P. 
Published: November 2011

Essential oils (EOs) extracted by hydrodistillation from leaf parts of Algerian Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtus communis and Satureja hortensis were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main components of EOs obtained were γ-terpinene (94.48%), 1,8-cineole (46.98%) and carvacrol (46.10%), respectively, for E. globulus, M. communis and S. hortensis. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the EOs was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus CECT 4459 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 CECT 4267 using the agar diffusion technique. Results revealed that E. globulus and S. hortensis EOs had more antibacterial effects than that from M. communis. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) showed a range of 0.05–0.22% (volume by volume [v/v]). Sensitivity of gram-positive S. aureus was much higher than that of gram-negative E. coli. Plant EOs were added to minced beef (two-fold MIC value) at 0.10–0.44%, experimentally inoculated with the same pathogens at a level of 5 × 105 colony forming units (cfu)/g and stored at 5 ± 2 °C. Results showed that the EOs of E. globulus and S. hortensis had remarkable antibacterial properties, higher than that of M. communis, against S. aureus and E. coli. Indeed, a reduction of 5.8 log cfu/g (70.74% of reduction) was recorded after 7 days of storage for S. hortensis against E. coli. However, regarding S. aureus, both S. hortensis and E. globulus caused a highly significant ( p < 0.05) decrease of microbial counts, most evident after 5 days of storage; S. aureus numbers were 3.50 and 2.50 cfu/g, respectively, corresponding to a reduction of 2.20 and 3.20 log cfu/g (38.60 and 56.14% of reduction) after 1 week of storage. Sensory evaluation revealed that the aroma of minced beef meat treated with EOs was acceptable by panelists at the levels used.
Active vaccination with Dickkopf-1 induces protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity in murine multiple myeloma
Authors: Qian Jianfei , Zheng Yuhuan , Zheng Chengyun , Wang Lijuan , Qin Hong , Hong Sungyoul , Li Haiyan , Lu Yong , He Jin , Yang Jing , Neelapu Sattva , Kwak Larry W. , Hou Jian , Yi Qing 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDickkopf-1 (DKK1), broadly expressed in myeloma cells but highly restricted in normal tissues, together with its functional roles as an osteoblast formation inhibitor, may be an ideal target for immunotherapy in myeloma. Our previous studies have shown that DKK1 (peptide)–specific CTLs can effectively lyse primary myeloma cells in vitro. The goal of this study was to examine whether DKK1 can be used as a tumor vaccine to elicit DKK1-specific immunity that can control myeloma growth or even eradicate established myeloma in vivo. We used DKK1-DNA vaccine in the murine MOPC-21 myeloma model, and the results clearly showed that active vaccination using the DKK1 vaccine not only was able to protect mice from developing myeloma, but it was also therapeutic against established myeloma. Furthermore, the addition of CpG as an adjuvant, or injection of B7H1-blocking or OX40-agonist Abs, further enhanced the therapeutic effects of the vaccine. Mechanistic studies revealed that DKK1 vaccine elicited a strong DKK1- and tumor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ immune responses, and treatment with B7H1 or OX40 Abs significantly reduced the numbers of IL-10–expressing and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in vaccinated mice. Thus, our studies provide strong rationale for targeting DKK1 for immunotherapy of myeloma patients.
Cattle remain immunocompetent during the acute phase of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection
Authors: Windsor Miriam A , Carr B Veronica , Bankowski Bartomiej , Gibson Debi , Reid Elizabeth , Hamblin Pip , Gubbins Simon , Juleff Nicholas , Charleston Bryan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Infection of cattle with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) results in the development of long-term protective antibody responses. In contrast, inactivated antigen vaccines fail to induce long-term protective immunity. Differences between susceptible species have also been observed during infection with FMDV, with cattle often developing persistent infections whilst pigs develop more severe symptoms and excrete higher levels of virus. This study examined the early immune response to FMDV in naïve cattle after in-contact challenge. Cattle exposed to FMDV were found to be viraemic and produced neutralising antibody, consistent with previous reports. In contrast to previous studies in pigs these cattle did not develop leucopenia, and the proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to either mitogen or third party antigen were not suppressed. Low levels of type 1 interferon and IL-10 were detected in the circulation. Taken together, these results suggest that there was no generalised immunosuppression during the acute phase of FMDV infection in cattle.
Immunobiotic lactic acid bacteria beneficially regulate immune response triggered by poly(I:C) in porcine intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Hosoya Shoichi , Villena Julio , Shimazu Tomoyuki , Tohno Masanori , Fujie Hitomi , Chiba Eriko , Shimosato Takeshi , Aso Hisashi , Suda Yoshihito , Kawai Yasushi , Saito Tadao , Alvarez Susana , Ikegami Shuji , Itoh Hiroyuki , Kitazawa Haruki 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This study analyzed the functional expression of TLR3 in various gastrointestinal tissues from adult swine and shows that TLR3 is expressed preferentially in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), CD172a+CD11R1high and CD4+ cells from ileal Peyer's patches. We characterized the inflammatory immune response triggered by TLR3 activation in a clonal porcine intestinal epitheliocyte cell line (PIE cells) and in PIE-immune cell co-cultures, and demonstrated that these systems are valuable tools to study in vitro the immune response triggered by TLR3 on IEC and the interaction between IEC and immune cells. In addition, we selected an immunobiotic lactic acid bacteria strain, Lactobacillus casei MEP221106, able to beneficially regulate the anti-viral immune response triggered by poly(I:C) stimulation in PIE cells. Moreover, we deepened our understanding of the possible mechanisms of immunobiotic action by demonstrating that L. casei MEP221106 modulates the interaction between IEC and immune cells during the generation of a TLR3-mediated immune response.
Accelerated evolution of 3'avian FOXE1 genes, and thyroid and feather specific expression of chicken FoxE1
Authors: Yaklichkin Sergey Yu , Darnell Diana K , Pier Maricela V , Antin Parker B , Hannenhalli Sridhar 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
The forkhead transcription factor gene E1 (FOXE1) plays an important role in regulation of thyroid development, palate formation and hair morphogenesis in mammals. However, avian FOXE1 genes have not been characterized and as such, codon evolution of FOXE1 orthologs in a broader evolutionary context of mammals and birds is not known.

Results
In this study we identified the avian FOXE1 gene in chicken, turkey and zebra finch, all of which consist of a single exon. Chicken and zebra finch FOXE1 are uniquely located on the sex-determining Z chromosome. In situ hybridization shows that chicken FOXE1 is specifically expressed in the developing thyroid. Its expression is initiated at the placode stage and is maintained during the stages of vesicle formation and follicle primordia. Based on this expression pattern, we propose that avian FOXE1 may be involved in regulating the evagination and morphogenesis of thyroid. Chicken FOXE1 is also expressed in growing feathers. Sequence analysis identified two microdeletions in the avian FOXE1 genes, corresponding to the loss of a transferable repression domain and an engrailed homology motif 1 (Eh1) C-terminal to the forkhead domain. The avian FOXE1 proteins exhibit a significant sequence divergence of the C-terminus compared to those of amphibian and mammalian FOXE1. The codon evolution analysis (dN/dS) of FOXE1 shows a significantly increased dN/dS ratio in the avian lineages, consistent with either a relaxed purifying selection or positive selection on a few residues in avian FOXE1 evolution. Further site specific analysis indicates that while relaxed purifying selection is likely to be a predominant cause of accelerated evolution at the 3'-region of avian FOXE1, a few residues might have evolved under positive selection.

Conclusions
We have identified three avian FOXE1 genes based on synteny and sequence similarity as well as characterized the expression pattern of the chicken FOXE1 gene during development. Our evolutionary analyses suggest that while a relaxed purifying selection is likely to be the dominant force driving accelerated evolution of avian FOXE1 genes, a few residues may have evolved adaptively. This study provides a basis for future genetic and comparative biochemical studies of FOXE1.
FastCloning: a highly simplified, purification-free, sequence- and ligation-independent PCR cloning method
Authors: Li Chaokun , Wen Aiyun , Shen Benchang , Lu Jia , Huang Yao , Chang Yongchang 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Although a variety of methods and expensive kits are available, molecular cloning can be a time-consuming and frustrating process.

Results
Here we report a highly simplified, reliable, and efficient PCR-based cloning technique to insert any DNA fragment into a plasmid vector or into a gene (cDNA) in a vector at any desired position. With this method, the vector and insert are PCR amplified separately, with only 18 cycles, using a high fidelity DNA polymerase. The amplified insert has the ends with ~16-base overlapping with the ends of the amplified vector. After DpnI digestion of the mixture of the amplified vector and insert to eliminate the DNA templates used in PCR reactions, the mixture is directly transformed into competent E. coli cells to obtain the desired clones. This technique has many advantages over other cloning methods. First, it does not need gel purification of the PCR product or linearized vector. Second, there is no need of any cloning kit or specialized enzyme for cloning. Furthermore, with reduced number of PCR cycles, it also decreases the chance of random mutations. In addition, this method is highly effective and reproducible. Finally, since this cloning method is also sequence independent, we demonstrated that it can be used for chimera construction, insertion, and multiple mutations spanning a stretch of DNA up to 120 bp.

Conclusion
Our FastCloning technique provides a very simple, effective, reliable, and versatile tool for molecular cloning, chimera construction, insertion of any DNA sequences of interest and also for multiple mutations in a short stretch of a cDNA.
Brain microvascular pericytes are immunoactive in culture: cytokine, chemokine, nitric oxide, and LRP-1 expression in response to lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Kovac Andrej , Erickson Michelle A , Banks William A 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundBrain microvascular pericytes are important constituents of the neurovascular unit. These cells are physically the closest cells to the microvascular endothelial cells in brain capillaries. They significantly contribute to the induction and maintenance of the barrier functions of the blood-brain barrier. However, very little is known about their immune activities or their roles in neuroinflammation. Here, we focused on the immunological profile of brain pericytes in culture in the quiescent and immune-challenged state by studying their production of immune mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, and chemokines. We also examined the effects of immune challenge on pericyte expression of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), a protein involved in the processing of amyloid precursor protein and the brain-to-blood efflux of amyloid-β peptide.MethodsSupernatants were collected from primary cultures of mouse brain pericytes. Release of nitric oxide (NO) was measured by the Griess reaction and the level of S-nitrosylation of pericyte proteins measured with a modified "biotin-switch" method. Specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway inhibitors were used to determine involvement of these pathways on NO production. Cytokines and chemokines were analyzed by multianalyte technology. The expression of both subunits of LRP-1 was analyzed by western blot.ResultsLipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced release of NO by pericytes in a dose-dependent manner that was mediated through MAPK pathways. Nitrative stress resulted in S-nitrosylation of cellular proteins. Eighteen of twenty-three cytokines measured were released constitutively by pericytes or with stimulation by LPS, including interleukin (IL)-12, IL-13, IL-9, IL-10, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, eotaxin, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)-3, and CCL-4. Pericyte expressions of both subunits of LRP-1 were upregulated by LPS.ConclusionsOur results show that cultured mouse brain microvascular pericytes secrete cytokines, chemokines, and nitric oxide and respond to the innate immune system stimulator LPS. These immune properties of pericytes are likely important in their communication within the neurovascular unit and provide a mechanism by which they participate in neuroinflammatory processes in brain infections and neurodegenerative diseases.
Origin and consequences of brain Toll-like receptor 4 pathway stimulation in an experimental model of depression
Authors: Gárate Iciar , García-Bueno Borja , Madrigal José LM , Bravo Lidia , Berrocoso Esther , Caso Javier R , Micó Juan A , Leza Juan C 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
There is a pressing need to identify novel pathophysiological pathways relevant to depression that can help to reveal targets for the development of new medications. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) has a regulatory role in the brain's response to stress. Psychological stress may compromise the intestinal barrier, and increased gastrointestinal permeability with translocation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria may play a role in the pathophysiology of major depression.

Methods
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS) or CMS+intestinal antibiotic decontamination (CMS+ATB) protocols. Levels of components of the TLR-4 signaling pathway, of LPS and of different inflammatory, oxidative/nitrosative and anti-inflammatory mediators were measured by RT-PCR, western blot and/or ELISA in brain prefrontal cortex. Behavioral despair was studied using Porsolt's test.

Results
CMS increased levels of TLR-4 and its co-receptor MD-2 in brain as well as LPS and LPS-binding protein in plasma. In addition, CMS also increased interleukin (IL)-1β, COX-2, PGE2 and lipid peroxidation levels and reduced levels of the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin 15d-PGJ2 in brain tissue. Intestinal decontamination reduced brain levels of the pro-inflammatory parameters and increased 15d-PGJ2, however this did not affect depressive-like behavior induced by CMS.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that LPS from bacterial translocation is responsible, at least in part, for the TLR-4 activation found in brain after CMS, which leads to release of inflammatory mediators in the CNS. The use of Gram-negative antibiotics offers a potential therapeutic approach for the adjuvant treatment of depression.