bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Datura Sanguinea R. and P., its Stem and Leaves
Authors: Wallis T E , Konjovic Mirjana 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Datura sanguinea R. and P., the Dark-red Datura, is a perennial species growing as a shrub or small tree in Peru and Ecuador. It has been grown in England and the chief alkaloid present is hyoscine. The structure of the leaves and stem is described and compared with other medicinal species of Datura. The characters by which the dried drug may be recognised and distinguished from stramonium are given. The pollen grains are described as an additional means of differentiation.
The Influence of the Nature of the Recovery Medium on the Apparent Viability of Phenol-Treated Bacteria
Authors: Harris N D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Suspensions of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, untreated and treated by exposure to phenol, o-cresol or p-chloro-m-cresol, were counted on various types of media. While the counts from untreated suspensions were not affected by the nature of the medium, those from treated suspensions were influenced markedly. There was no correlation between the nutritional status of a medium and its suitability for the cultivation of the treated organisms. Although both bacterial species gave similar patterns of response and ranked the media in roughly the same order of suitability, E. coli was the more responsive species. Generally, the order of suitability was: meat extracts, yeast extracts, meat extract-peptone broth, peptones (all the single ingredients 1 per cent, pH 7; media solidified with New Zealand agar). Although supplementation of the meat extract-peptone control medium, especially with yeast extracts, led to higher counts from treated suspensions, dilution of the extract broth also gave similar results. Further, a fresh infusion broth was superior both to the extract broth and to a digest medium, for counting treated bacteria. The deficiencies of the extract broth were due partly to the phosphate precipitation procedure used in its preparation. The results indicate that when media suitable for the growth of damaged bacteria are required, they should be selected without recourse to preconceived ideas about composition, concentration or method of preparation.
Ionisation Constants of Some Penicillins and of their Alkaline and Penicillinase Hydrolysis Products
Authors: Rapson H D C , Bird A E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Ionisation constants of several penicillins and of 6-aminopenicillanic acid in water at 25°, and approximate ionisation constants of the products of alkaline and penicillinase hydrolysis of some penicillins, are presented. The results suggest that mild alkaline hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin is not a simple reaction. The initial product (the penicilloic acid) has the same imino-group ionisation constant as the product of penicillinase hydrolysis, but this ionisation constant decreases after further treatment with alkali. The nature of this effect is discussed.
A Rapid Method for the Determination of Griseofulvin in Fermenter Broth
Authors: Holbrook A , Bailey F , Bailey Greta M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method has been devised for the determination of griseofulvin in fermenter broths. This is based on the conversion of griseofulvin to isogriseofulvin with methane sulphonic acid in methanol. The reaction is followed by measuring the resulting change in ultra-violet absorption. The method is rapid, accurate and suited to the routine examination of a wide variety of samples.
A Nervously-Mediated Action of Angiotensin in Anaesthetised Rats
Authors: Laverty R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In rats under chloralose anaesthesia, angiotensin in large doses caused a nervously-mediated vasoconstriction in the vascularly-isolated innervated hind limb, whereas in small doses it caused a nervously mediated peripheral vasodilatation. Noradrenaline over an equipressor dose range caused only a nervously-mediated peripheral vasodilatation. These peripheral responses were abolished by section of the nerves leading to the hind limb.
The Determination of Poldine Methyl Methosulphate in Biological Fluids
Authors: Langley P F , Lewis J D , Mansford K R L , Smith D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A spectrophotometric method is described for the quantitative determination of the quaternary ammonium compound, poldine methyl methosulphate in aqueous solution and in biological fluids. The method involves coupling with methyl orange with simultaneous extraction into a mixture of ethylene dichloride and isopentanol and the determination of the optical density of the resulting acidified solution. The effect of pH on the coupling and extraction and the specificity of the reaction towards related compounds are examined.
Some in vitro Tests on Sodium Gluconatodihydroxo-Aluminate Iii: A Soluble Buffer Antacid
Authors: Grossmith F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The properties of a new buffer antacid, the active substance of which is a 40 per cent w/v aqueous solution of a complex considered to be sodium gluconatodihydroxoaluminate III, have been compared with those of some existing antacid preparations. The unit dose (4 ml.) of this preparation has high acid neutralising capacity, speed of action and buffering power.
A New Cationic Antimicrobial Agent, N-Dodecyl-4-Aminoquinaldinium Acetate (Laurolinium Acetate)
Authors: Cox W A , D'Arcy P F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The properties of a new cationic antimicrobial agent, N-dodecyl-4-aminoquinaldinium acetate (laurolinium acetate, Laurodin) are described. It has bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and some protozoa. Its activity is antagonised by anionic substances but some is retained in the presence of organic matter. The compound is well suited for topical use but is too toxic for parenteral use.
Studies in the Field of Diuretic Agents
Authors: Petrow V , Stephenson O , Wild A M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A new route to the anilides of 4-halogeno-3-sulphamoylbenzoic acid is described. These novel compounds, and in particular 4-chloro-2′-methyl-3-sulphamoylbenzanilide, are found to be potent orally active diuretic agents.
The Preparation and Measurement of the Surface Activity of A Series of 4-Alkyl-1, 1′-Spirobipiperidinium Bromides
Authors: Thomas J , Clough D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The preparation of a series of 4-alkyl-1, 1′-spirobipiperidinium bromides is described. The measurement of the surface tension of aqueous solutions of these quaternary salts is reported. Within the concentration ranges studied none of the spiran quaternary compounds form micelles. The relationship between micelle formation of quaternary ammonium ions and antibacterial activity is discussed.
The Inhibition of Malic Dehydrogenase by Salicylate and Related Compounds
Authors: Smith M J H , Bryant C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Salicylate and γ-resorcylate affected the distribution of radioactivity incorporated from labelled succinate into the soluble intermediates of rat liver mitochondria in a manner consistent with an inhibitory action of the drugs on malic dehydrogenase. The addition of nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide to the mitochondrial preparations reversed the effects of salicylate and γ-resorcylate. A general structural requirement for inhibitory activity against malic dehydrogenase in vitro in salicylate congeners appears to be a phenolic hydroxyl group in the ortho position to a carboxyl group except that 2-hydroxyphenylacetate also inhibited the enzyme.
A New Method for the Estimation of Histaminase Activity
Authors: Spencer P S J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of enzyme and substrate concentrations on the rate of inactivation of histamine by histaminase of rat ileum have been investigated. The fact that the time taken for one-half of the histamine to be destroyed is inversely proportional to the enzyme content of the incubation mixture has been used as a basis for a new method for the estimation of histaminase activity in tissue extracts.
The Morphology and Anatomy of the Leaf of Podophyllum Peltatum L.
Authors: Ellis S , Fell K R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A brief review of the history of Podophyllum peltatum L. is given, together with an illustrated account of the macroscopical and anatomical structure of the leaf. The diagnostic characters of the powdered leaves are recorded and compared with those previously reported for Podophyllum hexandrum Royle. To distinguish the leaves of the two species in powder form, recourse must be made to palisade ratios: for P. peltatum, the values are 7·0–8·5–12·16–17, and for P. hexandrum, 4·0–4·96-7·68-11·25.
The Determination of Epitetracycline and Tetracycline by Ion-Exchange Paper Chromatography and its Application to Human Urine and Serum
Authors: Addison E , Clark R G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A simple quantitative chromatographic method is described for the separation of epitetracycline and tetracycline in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is applicable qualitatively to human serum and quantitatively to the biological determination of tetracycline in urine. Whatman's modified cellulose phosphate cation-exchange paper is developed by the descending technique using 0·1 per cent w/v ammonium chloride solution. The spots are located as yellow fluorescent spots under ultra-violet light and ammonia vapour, eluted in 10 per cent w/v ammonium chloride, and the extinction determined at 356 mμ. The method is not suitable for the separation of chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline from tetracycline.
Dioscorea Belizensis Lundell as A Source of Diosgenin
Authors: Blunden G , Hardman R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Twenty-nine species of wild Dioscorea from British Honduras were screened for saponins. The tubers of D. belizensis Lundell afforded yields of steroids of about 2 per cent of the dry weight, calculated as the acetate of the predominant genin, diosgenin. A routine assay for diosgenin in these tubers is given and the effects of comminution, chemical disintegration, fermentation, refrigeration, autoclaving, and drying of the tubers are described. The yield is controlled by an endogenous enzyme system.
The Relation Between Chemical Structure and Biological Activity
Authors: van Rossum J M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The number of new compounds being synthesised every year increases in an exponential way. Consequently investigations of the relation between chemical structure and biological activity similarly increases. Studies of this kind provide information about which moieties in the molecule are essential to obtain potent and specific drugs. Furthermore they may give a clue to the mechanism of the action of drugs.
Two major aspects of structure-activity studies raise questions. Firstly, how do alterations in the chemical structure alter the geometry of the molecule and its physical properties? Secondly, what does the fact of biological activity imply? Do different drugs produce the same kind of effect; do they have an identical mechanism of action?
In this review the value of studies on structure-activity, as well as some of the pitfalls and limitations of interpretation will be discussed. Work done on the pharmacology of the nervous system will be used to illustrate this discussion.
The Critical Micelle Concentrations of Double Long-Chain Electrolytes (Amine Soaps) in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Packter A , Donbrow M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Micelle formation and gegenion binding have been studied in aqueous solutions of primary and quaternary ammonium dodecyl sulphates (amine soaps) by the conductivity method. Critical micelle concentrations decrease markedly with increase in the cation chain length; this phenomenon is due mainly to increase in the free energy of micelle formation. Gegenion binding also increases with increasing cation chain length and reaches 95 per cent for the octyl and higher ammonium salts.
A New Technique for Investigating the Process of Tablet Compression: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Marshall K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This preliminary report covers static tests involving the incorporation of an electrical conducting material in a tablet formula and subsequent recording during compression of the change in electrical resistance of the compact. An assessment of the experimental variables has indicated optimum conditions for making dynamic tests on an instrumented tablet machine and suggested more refined adaptations of the technique. Comparisons between this electrical property of the material and other properties such as relative volume, initial granule size, moisture content of the granules and crushing strength of the compact are presented. The resistance plots show evidence of change in the physical condition of the material under pressure; that is an initial packing stage followed by a brief period during which the granular structure is capable of supporting the imposed load without breakdown and finally gradual failure of the granules to give a compact mass.
Determination of Blood and Other Tissue Concentrations of Paracetamol in Dog and Man
Authors: Gwilt J R , Robertson A , McChesney E W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The even distribution of non-conjugated paracetamol in the tissue waters of the dog has been confirmed. The mean tissue water: plasma water concentration is 1·1. A technique for the determination of non-conjugated paracetamol in man has been devised from existing methods. It has increased sensitivity and is applicable to the routine determination of a large number of samples. This method determines only non-conjugated paracetamol, the sulphated and glucuronated conjugates do not interfere with its accuracy, and it gives results comparable with previous methods. In man, 45 min. after oral administration of paracetamol, the whole blood: plasma concentration ratio is virtually constant at 1·1, indicating that the determination of non-conjugated paracetamol in whole blood should give a satisfactory indication of tissue level.
The Absorption Characteristics of Paracetamol Tablets in Man
Authors: Gwilt J R , Robertson A , Goldman L , Blanchard A W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Paracetamol tablets from different sources showed widely differing absorption patterns in man. As judged by a blood concentration at 45 min. of less than 10 μg./ml. whole blood, low absorption was usually found in 25 per cent of subjects. This may be reduced to less than 10 per cent by a new paracetamol/sorbitol tablet. This combination produced higher average blood levels at 45 min. than crushed tablets of paracetamol. There appears to be a relation between the absorption of the drug and both age and weight; this variation can be reduced by paracetamol/sorbitol.
Effect Upon the Analgesic Action of Reserpine of Central Nervous System Stimulants and Drugs Affecting the Metabolism of Catechol- and Indole-Amines
Authors: Leme J Garcia , Silva M Rocha e 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect upon the analgesic action of reserpine of central nervous system stimulants and of drugs affecting the metabolism of catechol-and indole-amines as measured in mice by a hot-plate method has been analysed. The analgesic effect, which has a maximal intensity 48 hr. after injection of the alkaloid, is partially or totally counteracted by MAO inhibitors, LSD-25 and 5-hydroxytryptophan. Central nervous system stimulants given to reserpinised mice before each test were effective in reducing the reaction time to the heat stimulation only 24 and 48 hr. after reserpine. DOPA showed no significant ability to reduce the analgesic effect of reserpine. In the light of these findings a suggestion has been made that 5-hydroxytryptamine rather than catecholamines would be involved in the mechanism of the analgesic effect due to reserpine and since central nervous system stimulants are able to reduce this action initially but are ineffective later, part of the effect is thought to be due to sedation of the animals, the participation of the stimulants being confined to a direct antagonism against the sedation. The lasting analgesic effect is supposed to correspond to a lack of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cerebral structures.
Loss of Biological Activity of Apomorphine from Auto-Oxidation
Authors: Burkman A M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Buffered and unbuffered solutions of apomorphine hydrochloride in physiological saline were incubated at 30° for 61 days and samples were periodically withdrawn for both chemical and biological assay. Within the limits of error, the loss of biological activity, as measured by the gradual diminution in the intensity of the pecking syndrome in pigeons, paralleled the disappearance of unoxidised apomorphine. The un-buffered solutions retained approximately 75 per cent of their biological activity after 60 days incubation while solutions buffered initially to pH 6·0 were biologically inert after 16 days. Extracted and concentrated degradation product(s) when administered to pigeons failed to initiate the pecking syndrome.
Postural Drainage of Respiratory Tract Fluid in Phosgene-Induced Pulmonary Oedema
Authors: Boyd Eldon M , Perry William F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Cats and dogs were given phosgene by inhalation at a dose in the range of the LD50. During the hour or two before death, the volume output of respiratory tract fluid increased some 30-fold in half the animals and its lipid and sodium chloride contents were similar to those of blood plasma. Postural pulmonary drainage did not augment the volume output of respiratory tract fluid nor consistently affect chemical or histological measurements upon the lungs and chemical measurements upon respiratory tract fluid and blood. Postural pulmonary drainage did not increase the survival rate of intact rats exposed to phosgene. The ability of the animals to excrete such large volumes of respiratory tract fluid appeared to be due to a marked reserve capacity of the ciliary drainage mechanism which was evidently not affected by the dose of phosgene given to these animals.
Amphetamine-Like Activity of β-Phenethylamine After A Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor in vivo
Authors: Mantegazza P , Riva M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
β-Phenethylamine possesses marked amphetamine-like effects which are demonstrable in animals pre-treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Like amphetamine, β-phenethylamine induces an increase of coordinated spontaneous motility in mice, anorexia in rats and dogs, hyperthermia in mice and rats, and exhibits a difference in lethality between isolated and aggregated mice. These effects are seen with similar doses of β-phenethylamine or amphetamine. But, unlike amphetamine, β-phenethylamine does not increase coordinated spontaneous motility in rats.
An Apparatus for the Long-Term Collection of Urine Free from Faecal and Food Contamination
Authors: Brittain R T , Spencer P S J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An apparatus for the long-term collection of urine free from faecal and food contamination has been constructed using a galvanised wire cage suspended above a smooth glass plate inclined at an angle such that food and faeces are deflected from the urine collector.
Effect of Ultra-Violet Irradiation of Phenylephrine Solutions
Authors: Luduena F P , Snyder Ann L , Lands A M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Solutions of phenylephrine in distilled water were irradiated with ultra-violet light for 3 hr. The irradiated solutions tested on perfused guinea-pig lungs had a bronchodilator potency greater than that of the original non-irradiated phenylephrine solution. The bioassay and photofluorometric determinations (Shore and Olin method) suggested that adrenaline had been formed from phenylephrine in the irradiated solution.
The Synthesis of N-Substituted Amidines of Potential Pharmacological Activity
Authors: Smith J A , Taylor H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A series of N-3-diethylaminopropyl benzamidines has been prepared. The method used was the well-known Pinner synthesis (Pinner, 1892) of the imido-ester hydrochloride and then further reaction with 3-diethylaminopropylamine monohydrochloride. The compounds were tested for histamine-like, antihistamine and adrenergic neurone blocking activity. Some nonspecific antihistamine activity was found; there was no other activity.
The Influence of Lipid on the Paper Chromatographic Behaviour of Sympathomimetic Catecholamines in Plasma Extracts
Authors: Roberts D J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Inconsistent results have been obtained during the separation and estimation of catecholamines in extracts of rabbit plasma and the cause traced to displacements of Rr values by lipid. An extraction technique which overcomes this is described. The possibility of misinterpretation of results after chromatographic separation on paper of the catecholamines from biological extracts is discussed.
The Morphology and Histology of the Seeds of Strychnos Nux-Vomica, Linn., and its Adulterants, Strychnos Nux-Blanda, Hill, and Strychnos Potatorum, Linn.
Authors: Turner T D , Davies J Malcolm 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The morphology and histology of the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, Linn., Strychnos nux-blanda, Hill., and Strychnos potatorum, Linn., are described. The diagnostic features by which the two adulterants S. nux-blanda and S. potatorum can be distinguished from the pharmacopoeial drug S. nux-vomica, are noted.
The Effects of Two Phenylacetic Acid Derivatives on the Analgesic Action of Morphine in Mice
Authors: Medaković M , Banić B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
After intracerebral injection in mice, the analgesic effect of morphine depended on the dose. Two phenylacetic acid esters, CFT 1201 (diethylaminoethylphenyldiallyl acetate) and CFT 1208 (diethylaminoethylphenylallyl acetate), injected intraperitoneally, potentiated the analgesic action of 0·5 μg. of morphine, injected into the posterior portion of the brain 90 min. later. When the phenyl acetates were injected (50 μg.) into the brain, they potentiated the analgesic action of morphine, injected subcutaneously (10 mg./kg.) 80 min. later. The results show that the inhibitors of the hepatic microsomal enzymes may affect the action of analgesics by an action on the central nervous system.
A Note on the Toxicity and Solvent Properties of Dimethyl Sulphoxide
Authors: Brown V K , Robinson J , Stevenson D E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Dimethyl sulphoxide has good solvent properties for a wide range of chemicals, and a low toxicity to mammals. The acute oral LD50 for rats is about 20ml./kg. and for chickens about 12·5 ml./kg. Rats tolerate up to 10 daily doses of 10 ml./kg. weight. Dimethyl sulphoxide is therefore a useful solvent for chemical compounds under toxicological evaluation.
Phosphatidylethanolamine and Lysophosphatidylethanolamine
Authors: Robins D C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine and Lysophosphatidylethanolamine belong to a group of phospholipids generally termed cephalins. The phospholipids are universally distributed among living organisms and are thought to be essential components of cell membranes. From the quantities of lipoidal and protein material found in cell membranes (Danielli and Stein, 1956) together with surface tension and related studies (Danielli and Harvey, 1935; Danielli and Davson, 1935), the membranes are considered to consist of a bimolecular leaflet of lipids with a unimolecular layer of protein adsorbed onto the polar surface.
The course of investigation of the cephalin fraction has not been reviewed in recent years, and here is discussed the general scope of the work in this field, under the headings of preparation, structure, synthesis and physical properties.