bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aqueous extraction of black leaf tea.
Authors: LONG V. D. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryTea extracts produced from black tea and water by one extraction in a singlestage, laboratory‐scale, fixed‐bed extractor at water‐to‐tea ratios 4:1 and 5:1 by mass had concentrations 6–12 mass% soluble solids corresponding to 11–23 mass% yield from leaf on an as‐received basis. Concentration and yield are related functions of the water‐to‐tea ratio and the method of water addition. Observed trends are explained by quantitative theory which presents equations relating to perfectly stirred extraction and plug‐flow percolation. The best performance, obtained by conditioning leaf before extraction with part of the extraction water, occurred under conditions of reduced convective mixing.
The status of fluoride in bovine milk
Authors: BEDDOWS C. G. , BLAKE C. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryRaw, whole and skim milks containing fluoride up to 100 ppm fluoride were pasteurised by the HTST and low temperature holding (LTH), and UHT and ‘in bottle’ sterilization methods. The heat treated milks were stable on standing at room temperature while centrifugation at 4000 g, 12 000 g and 30 000 g showed that a fluoride containing precipitate was not formed.Dialysis in conjunction with a fluoride ion‐selective electrode showed that most of the fluoride was in an easily removable ionic complex. However a proportion of the fluoride, depending upon the heat treatment process used, was not removed by dialysis. A similar effect was observed with heat treated 0.25% casein suspension and with calcium phosphate free (CPF) milk. Examination of the non‐dialysable fraction from milk, by addition of fresh fluoride and also by gel chromotography showed that the fluoride was held in a tightly bound but reversible ionic complex.All of the fluoride could be recovered in an ionic form as shown using the ion‐selective electrode on the milk after precipitation of the milk protein with 0.3 M citric acid.
Compositional variations and sensory acceptability of apple juice drink
Authors: BOARD P. W. , WOODS HELEN J. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryApple juice drinks containing 60% of Granny Smith or Jonathan juice, 8–14% soluble solids and Brix: acids ratios of 15:1 to 30:1 were assessed by a panel of twenty‐five tasters. Sweetness and sourness increased with increasing levels of soluble solids and acidity respectively. Sourness showed little change with soluble solids at constant Brix: acid ratio but sweetness changed significantly. Intensity of flavour increased with soluble solids but the changes differed in the two types of drinks. Drinks having different soluble solids or Brix:acid ratios sometimes had similar flavour acceptabilities. Sweetness or lack of sourness, and intensity of flavour appeared to account for much of the flavour acceptability of the drinks. Equations for predicting flavour acceptance, based on Brix and Brix:acid ratios, were also developed.
Reaction of melanoidins with sulphur dioxide: stoichiometry of the reaction
Authors: WEDZICHA B. L. , KAPUTO M. T. 
Published: July 2010

SummarySulphur dioxide, in the form of sulphur(IV) oxoanions(S(IV)), e.g. HSO‐3, SO2‐3, reacts irreversibly with non‐enzymic browning model melanoidins (Mr > 12000, prepared by combination of 1.25 mol glucose with 1 mol glycine (pH 5.5, 90°C, 22 hr)). When the reaction with S(IV) is carried out for > 39 days at 40°C and pH 5.5 with initial concentrations of melanoidin of 5.71 g/l and S(IV) of 0.0371 M (equivalent to c. 2400 ppm SO2), up to one sulphur atom is incorporated for every two molecules of glucose used to form the polymer. This stoichiometry is discussed in relation to the degree of unsaturation of the melanoidin.
Shape factors for the analysis of diffusion in air drying of grains
Authors: AGUERRE R. J. , GABITTO J. F. , CHIRIFE J. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe shape factors (φ) of different varieties of wheat, corn (maize), rice, sorghum, sunflower seeds and soybean have been experimentally determined. Shape factor values ranged from 0.63 to 0.99. These values are useful for correcting literature moisture diffusion coefficients in grains of different shapes, obtained from the analysis of drying curves; this allows direct comparison of diffusivity in different grains.
Influence of the degree of hydration on the thermal expansion of muscle tissue
Authors: MORLEY M. J. , MILES C. A. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe variation of expansivity, α, of beef M. semitendinosus with moisture content was determined by measurement of the temperature change induced by adiabatic compression over the moisture content range 2 to 90%, at temperatures (T) of 1, 8 and 15°C. At low levels of hydration, α increased with moisture content, reached a maximum around 35% water, and thereafter decreased. The data suggested that thermal expansivity is related to water binding, and the application of a simple expansivity model based on ‘free’ water, ‘bound’ water and dry‐solids, gave a value for the expansivity of ‘bound’ water at 8°C of 8.9±1.7x10‐4°C‐1, about seventeen times that of ‘free’ water.
Rapid estimation of psychrotrophic and proteolytic bacterial counts from total bacterial counts in cooled raw milk
Authors: POFFÉ R. , MERTENS W. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryCooled raw bulk milk samples were examined for total bacterial count after 3 days at 30°C, and the numbers of psychrotrophs and proteolytic psychrotrophs after 10 days at 7°C. Positive correlations were found between the total bacterial count and the numbers of psychrotrophs, enumerated on standard plate count (SPC) agar (r = 0.88, n = 65), and between the numbers of psychrotrophs counted on SPC agar and on milk agar, respectively (r = 0.89, n = 59). Only 30.4% of the bacteria were psychrotrophs but the regression shows that the percentage of psychrotrophs increases when the total bacterial count rises. On average only small differences were found between the counts of psychrotrophs on SPC agar and milk agar, suggesting that in most samples the same organisms were probably enumerated on both media. The numbers of proteolytic bacteria were less well correlated with the numbers of psychrotrophs (r = 0.65, n = 56), as wide variations occurred between the samples. It is suggested that the total bacterial count at 30°C can be a useful estimate of the number of psychrotrophs.
A low‐cost manual dehuller for soybeans
Authors: SINGH J. , SINHA L. K. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryRemoval of the hull is essential for processing soybean into human food, and a low‐cost manual dehuller was developed for use by unskilled people in rural areas without electricity. Using two labourers, its capacity is 35 kg h−1 at 96% dehulling efficiency, at a cost of Rs 0.13 kg−1. At a capital cost of Rs 2000, it would be an affordable communal item with potential to improve soybean utilization and nutrition in poor villages.
Mathematical modelling of hot air drying of sweet potato slices
Authors: DIAMANTE L. M. , MUNRO P. A. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe effect of air dry bulb temperature, air relative humidity, air velocity and sample thickness on the thin‐layer air drying of sweet potato slices was investigated. The drying rate curves consisted of two approximately linear falling rate periods and contained no constant rate period. Several mathematical models were fitted to the drying rates of sweet potato slices under a range of drying conditions. It was found that the modified Page equation best described the thin‐layer air drying of sweet potato slices down to a moisture content of 10% dry basis. Correlations were also determined for the slope and intercept of the modified Page equation in terms of the experimental variables.
User experiences with pharmacy benefit manager data at the point of care
Authors: Kaushal Rainu , Dhopeshwarkar Rina , Gottlieb Lawrence , Jordan Harmon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjective  MedsInfo‐ED is a model health information exchange project for a network of emergency departments (EDs) in the state of Massachusetts. In this initiative, claims data from pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) were made available at the point of care to clinicians in the EDs. We performed a qualitative assessment of respondents' experiences with MedsInfo‐ED.Methods  The assessment occurred at three pilot site EDs after implementation of MedsInfo‐ED. A semi‐structured interview instrument was used to collect information on strengths and weaknesses of the intervention.Results  Respondents generally felt that MedsInfo‐ED improved their knowledge of patients' medications. However, overall, the respondents did not believe that MedsInfo‐ED decreased the time required to obtain a medication list. Workflow integration of the application differed among the three hospital sites in order to best fit their department needs. Important additional information desired by the respondents included psychiatric and HIV medications, mail order medications and medications dispensed in other countries. Suggestions for improvement included integrating the patient consent process into the workflow as well as improving medication list outputs.Conclusions  The integration of PBM data at the point of care may help improve access to and completeness of patient medication histories, although such systems need to be carefully designed and implemented.
Studying factors related to pressure ulcers prevention: a marginal scale model for modelling heterogeneity among hospitals
Authors: Baldi Ileana , Ferrando Alberto , Foltran Francesca , Ciccone Giovannino , Gregori Dario 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  The purpose of this study was to analyse risk factors associated with the presence of pressure ulcer development in patients referred to several Italian hospitals, taking properly into account the within‐hospital outcome correlation.Methods  We analysed data from a prevalence survey coordinated by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel on 12 000 hospitalized patients in Italy, collecting information on patient's risk, presence of ulcers and prevention measures.The article describes the bases which generalized estimating equations rely on as well as their statistical properties. The article compares different model specifications in the light of background knowledge of the survey data and model assumptions, and discusses the potential for this modelling approach to apply in similar statistical situations.Results  In accordance with existing literature, factors associated with pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients were identified as Braden scale, age and assistance‐connected aspects. Between‐hospital variability seemed to be explained by the adopted degree of prevention (use of preventive equipment combined with a repositioning strategy).Conclusions  Modelling the covariance matrix or the scale argument of the correlated binary responses (presence/absence of pressure ulcers) by using moment estimators based on generalized estimating equations prevents optimistic inference and provides an important insight into the role of structural differences among hospitals.
Intra HLA‐D/DR region recombinant detected by primed lymphocyte typing (PLT)
Authors: JAKOBSEN B. K , KRISTENSEN T , LAMM L. U , MORLING N , BRUUN‐PETERSEN G , PLATZ P , RYDER L. P , SVEJGAARD A 
Published: July 2010

The chromosome 6 markers, HLA‐ABC, D, DR, MT, properdin factor Bf, and complement factors 2 (C2) and 4 (C4), were studied in three families, each of which included two HLA identical siblings, one or both of whom were known to be HLA‐B: GLO recombinants. The families were also typed with primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) for HLA‐D/DR region associated DP antigens. None of these studies gave evidence that the recombinations had occurred within the HLA region. Mixed leucocyte culture (MLC) tests within the families showed no detectable stimulation between the HLA identical siblings in two of the families, but a very weak stimulation between the HLA identical siblings (H and G) in the third family (GG). No reactive PLT reagents were generated when cells from the HLA identical siblings of the first two families were primed against each other. In contrast, priming between cells of H and G gave rise to reactive reagents. One of these (GHx), reacted with a determinant which segregated within the GG family as if child G was a paternal recombinant between the HLA‐D, DR, DP, and C4 loci, on the one hand, and on the other hand one or more loci governing other HLA‐D/DR region controlled lymphocyte activating determinants. This reagent was only restimulated by cells from two of 47 unrelated individuals. The other PLT reagent (HGx) did not give a clearcut pattern within the family because it was weakly positive with all family members (most of whom were D/DR2‐positive) except the specific responder; in the panel it reacted with a determinant significantly associated with D/DR/DP2. Other PLT reagents could be generated within the family against lymphocyte activating determinants controlled by genes in the two paternal haplotypes telomeric to the assumed recombinational site. These reagents gave stronger reactions than the HGx and GHx reagents and reacted with two determinants in the unrelated panel strongly associated with D/DR/DP2 and D/DR/DP6, respectively.It seems likely that the GG family represents a third example of a recombination between the HLA‐DR and SB loci. Our findings further support the assumption that the DR determinants may be immunodominant in lymphocyte activation.
Studies on Dermatomycoses in Dairy Animals/ Untersuchungen über Hautmykosen bei Milchvieh
Authors: Pal M. , Singh D. K. 
Published: July 2010

Summary: The incidence of mycotic dermatitis of dairy animals due to various fungi has been investigated in different parts of Gujarat, India during the period between August, 1980 and March, 1982. A total of 139 samples from 86 cattle, 51 buffalos, and 2 goats having cutaneous lesions were examined for various dermatophytes. Out of the total of samples examined from the cases of dermatitis, 60.4% were found positive for dermatophytes. Of the 65 isolates obtained in culture, 58 were Trichophyton verrucosum, 2 T. mentagrophytes, 2 Microsporum canis, 2 M. gypseum and 1 T. rubrum. Besides, mixed infection of dermatophytes and mites were encountered in 4 animals. Typical ringworm lesions were mainly found in the head and neck regions. Generalized cases however, involving the entire body were observed in 12 calves. The disease was more frequent and severe in young cattle below 1 year of age. Cases of mycotic dermatitis occurred throughout the year but the incidence was high during winter months.Zusammenfassung: Das Vorkommen von Hautmykosen durch verschiedene Erreger wurde in Gujarat, Indien, zwischen August 1980 und März 1982 untersucht 139 Proben wurden von 86 Rindern, 51 Büffeln und zwei Ziegen mit Hautläsionen auf Dermatophyten untersucht. Bei 60,4% der Proben wurden Dermatophyten gefunden. Es handelte sich bei den 65 Isolaten im einzelnen um Trichophyton verrucosum (58), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (2), Microsporum canis (2), Microsporum gypseum (2) und Trichophyton rubrum (1). Mischinfektionen mit Dermatophyten wurden bei 4 Tieren gefunden. Die typischen Mykoseherde fanden sich vor allem an Kopf und Hals. Bei 12 Kälbern wurden auch generalisierte Hautmykosen gesehen. Kälber, die jünger als 1 Jahr waren, erkrankten häufiger und schwerer. Hautmykosen traten während des ganzen Jahres auf, jedoch besonders oft im Winter.
Paralytic Rabies: its Pathology and Nature of the Virus*
Authors: Kuwata Tsuguo , Kuniyoshi Tomoshige , Ito Hiromitsu 
Published: July 2010

SummaryA patient died from symptoms of flaccid paralysis of extremities without showing any classical symptoms of rabies. The autopsy was perfomed, and the distribution of lesions and pathological changes in the central nervous system was similar to poliomyelitis. However, by isolating a virus and its identification, the patient was diagnosed as paralytic rabies.
Cytochemical Study on Phosphomonoesterase in Rabbit and Guinea pig Blood cells*,**
Authors: Takeuchi Tadao 
Published: July 2010

Summary9 different substrates and 3 different salts of glycerophosphate were used in this histochemical study of phosphomonesterase in smears of rabbit and guinea pig blood and bone marrow. With the use of two substrates, phytin and 1: 2‐methylcyclohexanolphosphate, no reaction was observed in the cells. Phosphomonoesterase with the other substrates was demonstrated distinctly in blood and bone marrow cells. Pictures obtained with the use of several different substrates were somewhat different in a few respects. The substrate specificity of phosphatases was also observed histochemically under phosphomonoesterase. The picture of distribution of enzymatic activity was essentially identical with all substrates, but the reactions were of different character for different substrates either in cytoplasm or in nucleus.
DATA REVISION AND MARKET RESPONSE: THE CASE OF UNITED STATES TRADE BALANCE ANNOUNCEMENTS†
Authors: Ghosh Sucharita , Lien Donald 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIn this paper we study economic news, as reflected in the announcements of the United States trade balance by the Commerce department, to illustrate the importance of revised data versus preliminary data to economic agents. A new methodology has been developed here to study how agents in the exchange market respond to these monthly trade balance announcements and consequently, move the dollar's exchange rate. In contrast to previous studies where agent reactions to only preliminary trade figures were analyzed, this method is applied to examine market reactions to the preliminary and revised trade balance figures.
MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OF TWINS: A COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC AND BEHAVIOURAL GENETICS MODELS
Authors: Miller Paul , Mulvey Charles , Martin Nick 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this note is to compare the performance of the model of DeFries and Fulker [hereafter ‘the DFF model’] with the conventional fixed effects model in the analysis of data on twins in the study of economic well‐being. Unlike the fixed‐effects model that has traditionally been estimated in the economics literature, the DFF model provides explicit controls for genetic and shared environmental factors. The weight of the evidence from estimation of the two models considered is that the impact of education in Australia, holding constant genetic and shared environmental factors, is of the same order of magnitude as that estimated in studies that do not take account of these factors: at most ability and shared environmental factors contribute 1 to 2 percentage points to the gross return to education. The similarity of the results computed for the different models employed is reassuring, and suggests that reliable controls for the omitted genetic and shared environment variables are obtained through these indirect methods.
ON COMPARING MACROECONOMIC MODELS USING FORECAST ENCOMPASSING TESTS
Authors: J. Andrews M. , Minford A. P. L. , Riley J. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIt is clearly of interest to macroeconomists to be able to evaluate whether one large‐scale macroeconometric model ‘is better’ than another. Although comparisons between models are sometimes invidious, because the purposes for which the models were built differ, it is the case that formal comparisons of two models' statistical properties are rare. This is in spite of considerable theoretical advances in the econometric methodology, namely the development and use of non‐nested and encompassing tests.Chong and Hendry (1986) advocate the use of the forecast encompassing regressions, where the outturns are regressed on competing (one‐step‐ahead) forecasts. This paper reports the findings of applying this rather easy‐to‐use method of comparing large scale macroeconometric models. The forecast data we use are those published by three macroeconometric modelling groups, namely: Liverpool; the National Institute; and The London Business School. Forecasts for up to three years ahead are published for unemployment, growth, and inflation, throughout the 1980's.Forecast encompassing tests fail to separate one model from another, based on one‐year‐ahead forecasts. Each model ‘wins’ once. However, the conclusions are not the same as using root‐mean‐square‐forecast‐error criteria, illustrating Clements and Hendry's (1994) observation that minimum root‐mean‐square‐forecast‐error is neither necessary nor sufficient for a model to have constant parameters, to provide accurate forecasts, or to encompass its rivals.
A DOUBLE LENGTH REGRESSION COMPUTATION METHOD FOR THE 2SGLS ESTIMATOR OF RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS MODELS
Authors: Ma Yue , Liu Shuangzhe 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper extends a matrix inverse result of Higgins and presents a new unified double length regression method to calculate the two‐step generalised least squares estimators of two types of rational expectations model with current anticipated and unanticipated components. The estimator can be applied directly in most of the standard econometric computer packages such as PC‐Give and Microfit.
NONSENSE REGRESSIONS BETWEEN INTEGRATED PROCESSES OF DIFFERENT ORDERS
Authors: Marmol Francesc 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHerein we develop an analytical study of the asymptotic distributions obtained when we run linear regressions in the levels of stochastically independent integrated time series when the orders of integration of the dependent and independent variables are different. These theoretical findings largely explain the Monte Carlo results recently reported in Banerjee et al. (1993).
Height changes among chronic low back pain patients during intense physical exercise
Authors: Hupli M. , Heinonen R. , Vanharanta H. 
Published: July 2010

The possible effects of intense physical exercise on the total body stature of low back pain patients were monitored by circadian total body height measurements. The height was measured with a statiometer, and the change in height was correlated with the changes in the range of motion, pain and subjective disability and degree of disc degeneration seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pictures. The stature of 24 low back pain patients was measured during a 3‐week period. There was an increase of about 3 mm in height after only 4 days of exercise, and by the end of the programme the morning height increased on average by 7.2 mm.There were also 12 non‐rehabilitated low back pain patients but no such increase was noted among them. The gain of height and reduction of pain were found to be statistically signigicantly correlated (P=0.0001, r=−0.41), as did the gain of height and teh decrease of back disablity (Oswestry index) (P<0.0001, r=−0.39). Circadian total height measures but not the MR images will change due to the active back rehabilitation programme.