bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling spatially explicit forest structural attributes using Generalized Additive Models
Authors: Frescino Tracey S. , Edwards Thomas C. , Moisen Gretchen G. 
Published: January 2010

We modelled forest composition and structural diversity in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, as functions of satellite spectral data and spatially‐explicit environmental variables through generalized additive models. Measures of vegetation composition and structural diversity were available from existing forest inventory data. Satellite data included raw spectral data from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), a GAP Analysis classified TM, and a vegetation index based on raw spectral data from an advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR).Environmental predictor variables included maps of temperature, precipitation, elevation, aspect, slope, and geology. Spatially‐explicit predictions were generated for the presence of forest and lodgepole cover types, basal area of forest trees, percent cover of shrubs, and density of snags. The maps were validated using an independent set of field data collected from the Evanston ranger district within the Uinta Mountains. Within the Evanston ranger district, model predictions were 88% and 80% accurate for forest presence and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), respectively. An average 62% of the predictions of basal area, shrub cover, and snag density fell within a 15% deviation from the field validation values. The addition of TM spectral data and the GAP Analysis TM‐classified data contributed significantly to the models' predictions, while AVHRR had less significance.
Pinus monophylla establishment in an expanding Pinus‐Juniperus woodland: Environmental conditions, facilitation and interacting factors
Authors: Chambers Jeanne C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract. The tree species comprising Pinus‐Juniperus woodlands are rapidly expanding into shrub‐grasslands throughout their range. Observational studies indicate that establishment is facilitated by nurse plants, but little information exists on the mechanisms involved. I examined both abiotic and biotic factors influencing Pinus monophylla establishment in Artemisia tridentata steppe with expanding populations of P. monophylla and Juniperus osteosperma. I determined soil water contents, temperatures, and nutrient characteristics for the primary establishment microhabitats, i.e. under Pinus, under Juniperus, under Artemisia, tree interspace and sage interspace, and evaluated the emergence and survival response of two seedling cohorts over a 3‐yr period for the different microhabitats.I also examined the effects of seed burial and predation on seedling establishment. Microhabitats under trees and shrubs had higher extractable P and K, higher organic matter, total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity than interspace microhabitats. Soil water contents (0–15 cm) were lower in interspaces than under shrubs or trees due to dry surface (0–5 cm) soils. Soil temperatures (at 1 and 15 cm) were lowest under trees, intermediate under shrubs, and highest in interspaces. Timing and rate of seedling emergence were temperature dependent with the order of emergence paralleling mean growing season temperatures: tree interspace = shrub interspace > under shrub > under Juniperus under Pinus. Seed burial was required for rooting and the highest emergence occurred from depths of 1 and 3 cm indicating that caching by birds and rodents is essential and that animals bury seeds at adequate if not optimal depths for emergence. Seedlings required microenvironmental modification for survival; all seedlings, including those that emerged from seeds and transplants, died within the first year in interspace microhabitats. Survival in under‐tree or under‐shrub microhabitats depended on soil water availability and corresponded closely to soil water contents over the 3‐yr study. Under‐shrub microhabitats had more favourable soil and micro‐environmental characteristics than under‐tree microhabitats and had the highest seedling life spans for the first‐year seedling cohort. Predation of Pinus seedlings by rodents was a significant cause of mortality with caged transplants exhibiting life spans that were 74% longer overall than uncaged transplants. Emergence and survival of P. monophylla within the expanding woodland were dependent upon a complex set of interacting factors including growing season conditions, microhabitat characteristics, and animal species.
Classification and ordination of plant communities of the Naukluft Mountains, Namibia
Authors: Burke Antje 
Published: January 2010

Abstract. To determine the relationship between vegetation and environmental parameters in a desert‐savanna ecotone, vegetation in the Naukluft Mountains of Namibia (southern Africa) was described and analysed in terms of environmental parameters determining the observed patterns. 12 plant communities, largely characterized by low shrubs, were described on the basis of a classification. Through ordination altitude, clay, potassium content of the substrate and, to a lesser extent, habitats were identified as underlying environmental factors determining the composition of these plant communities. The edaphic parameters showed some correlation with subsurface geology, but microclimatic conditions, water availability and level of disturbance appeared to override the effect of nutrient composition provided by different substrate.Communities of conservation importance, such as plant communities composed of Karoo shrubs, are prevalent on the mountain plateau, presenting an isolated outpost of Nama Karoo vegetation. The transitional status between desert and savanna, remnant patches of Nama Karoo and the high habitat diversity mark the importance of this high altitude area for biodiversity conservation.
Abiotic determinants of the fynbos/succulent karoo boundary, South Africa
Authors: Lechmere‐Oertel Richard G. , Cowling Richard M. 
Published: January 2010

This study investigates the influence of texture, soil moisture and nutrient status on the growth and survival of seedlings of two typical fynbos (Leucadendron pubescens and Passerina vulgaris) and succulent karoo (Ruschia spp.) species, which grow in the boundary zone between these two vegetation types. Seedlings of each species were grown in shalederived and sandstone‐derived soils and under xeric and mesic regimes. Under the xeric regime, the shale‐derived and sandstone‐derived soils represented fine and coarse‐textured soils, respectively. Under the mesic regime, the same soils represented nutrient‐rich and nutrient‐poor soils, respectively.The seedlings of both fynbos species died rapidly under the xeric regime, irrespective of soil type. In contrast, the succulent karoo seedlings survived for over 77 days without water. Under mesic conditions, the fynbos seedlings grew faster than the succulent karoo seedlings, irrespective of soil type. Fynbos seedlings appear to be directly limited by the environment (moisture and salinity), whereas succulent karoo seedlings may be limited by interactions with other plants.
Vitamin D stimulates apoptosis in gastric cancer cells in synergy with trichostatin A /sodium butyrate‐induced and 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine‐induced PTEN upregulation
Authors: Pan Lina , Matloob Ammar F. , Du Juan , Pan Hong , Dong Zhixiong , Zhao Jing , Feng Yu , Zhong Yun , Huang Baiqu , Lu Jun 
Published: January 2010

Previous studies have shown an anticancer effect of vitamin D, but the mechanisms underlying this action have not been fully explored. Here we show that 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3, the active form of vitamin D) significantly promoted apoptosis in the undifferentiated gastric cancer cell line HGC‐27, and this was accompanied by a concurrent increase in phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) expression on VD3 treatment. In contrast, knockdown of PTEN expression by stable transfection of PTEN small interfering RNA greatly decreased the apoptosis rate. We further demonstrated that VD3 induced PTEN expression through vitamin D receptor. In addition, our evidence showed that vitamin D receptor, Egr‐1 and p300 induced PTEN expression in a synergistic fashion. Furthermore, we found that the histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A and sodium butyrate and the methylation inhibitor 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine played important roles in vitamin D‐induced apoptosis through PTEN upregulation. The data presented in this article suggest potential benefits of vitamin D in gastric cancer therapies in association with the use of trichostatin A/sodium butyrate and 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine.Structured digital abstract
MINT‐7306489, MINT‐7306501, MINT‐7306512: P300 (uniprotkb:Q09472) physically interacts (MI:0914) with VDR (uniprotkb:P11473) and EGR1 (uniprotkb:P18146) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
Employment Effectiveness of China's Economic Stimulus Package
Authors: Cai Fang , Wang Dewen , Zhang Huachu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractUsing an input‐output method, this paper simulates the impacts of the global financial crisis and the decline of exports on China's economy and employment. With shrinking external demand, boosting domestic demand becomes crucial for maintaining economic growth and promoting employment. Our simulated results indicate that an investment scenario with employment as a priority can achieve the objective of employment maximization without significantly reducing growth. Public investment should focus on employment, education, health, housing and social security to rebalance China's economy so that it can realize sustained and stable economic growth.
External Demand Decline‐caused Industry Collapse in China
Authors: Lai Pingyao 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIndustry collapse has become an important phenomenon in China's recent economic growth fluctuation. This paper develops a simple model to analyze this phenomenon. Our analysis focuses on an external demand decline‐caused industry collapse. The model reveals that the combination of large‐scale decline in external demand with a horizontal domestic supply curve causes the domestic export industry to undergo a sharp decrease in output in a short period of time, which further leads to a sharp decline in employment. The conventional stabilization policy is less effective in coping with this sudden industry collapse. The Chinese Government needs to formulate an appropriate structural industry stabilization policy to cope with the sudden industry collapse, and, in particular, to implement a direct employment aid program to deal with unemployment resulting from the industry collapse.
Renminbi's Potential to Become a Global Currency
Authors: Wu Friedrich , Pan Rongfang , Wang Di 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper is a tentative endeavor to delineate the potential of the renminbi to become a global currency. It first analyzes the critical economic, financial and policy attributes that are required to support a currency to gain an international role. It then examines whether China has the potential to acquire these attributes. The paper concludes by offering some provisional observations on the implications for Asia and the global economy, should the renminbi evolve into a world currency in the coming decades.
Uncovering the Relationship between FDI, Human Capital and Technological Progress in Chinese High‐technology Industries
Authors: Zhao Guoqing , Zhang Zhongyuan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractUsing a panel dataset for 28 sub‐industries from 5 Chinese industries from 1995 to 2006, this paper examines the impact of human capital, R&D expenditure and FDI spillover on the productivity improvement of Chinese high‐technology industries. The whole industry sample results suggest that human capital promotes total factor productivity, technical change and technical efficiency change, but that FDI lowers all of these factors in Chinese high‐technology industry. When we distinguish between types of ownership structure in the industries, we find that human capital improves technical change but lowers technical efficiency change, whereas FDI only improves technical efficiency change in state‐owned and state‐controlled enterprises but reduces technical change in state‐owned and state‐controlled enterprises and joint ventures.
The phytotelmata and foliage macrofauna assemblages of a bromeliad species in different habitats and seasons
Authors: MONTERO GUILLERMO , FERUGLIO CÉSAR , BARBERIS IGNACIO M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract.  1. The macrofauna living inside the phytotelmata or on the foliage of bromeliads could be directly affected by habitat and seasonality. Habitat may also have indirect effects by affecting plant morphology.2. In Chaco forests, a facultative epiphytic bromeliad (Aechmea distichantha) shows different morphology when growing in sun and shade conditions. Therefore, the abundance and assemblage composition of the macrofauna living on this bromeliad were analysed in different habitats and seasons.3. Sun plants were shorter, had higher tank water content, but lower litter mass than shade ones. Phytotelmata water temperature and pH were similar between habitats.4. In the phytotelmata, the macrofauna abundance and richness per plant, as well as total richness, were similar between habitats and among seasons. Detritivores were more abundant than predators in all habitats and seasons. Shade plants had a higher proportion of detritivores than sun plants in spring and summer, but not in winter.5. On the bromeliad foliage, the macrofauna abundance and richness per plant were lower in winter. There were no differences in abundance between habitats, but shade plants had higher species richness than sun plants. In spring and summer, total richness was higher in shade plants than in sun plants. In spring and summer, detritivores were more abundant for shade, whereas ants were more abundant in sun plants. The proportion of hunting spiders was higher in the shade in spring and summer.6. Our study showed that habitat mainly affects bromeliad‐foliage macrofauna, but not the phytotelmata macrofauna.
Why Hasn’t Earth Warmed as Much as Expected?
Authors: Schwartz Stephen E. , Charlson Robert J. , Kahn Ralph A. , Ogren John A. , Rodhe Henning 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The observed increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST) over the industrial era is less than 40% of that expected from observed increases in long-lived greenhouse gases together with the best-estimate equilibrium climate sensitivity given by the 2007 Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Possible reasons for this warming discrepancy are systematically examined here. The warming discrepancy is found to be due mainly to some combination of two factors: the IPCC best estimate of climate sensitivity being too high and/or the greenhouse gas forcing being partially offset by forcing by increased concentrations of atmospheric aerosols; the increase in global heat content due to thermal disequilibrium accounts for less than 25% of the discrepancy, and cooling by natural temperature variation can account for only about 15%. Current uncertainty in climate sensitivity is shown to preclude determining the amount of future fossil fuel CO2 emissions that would be compatible with any chosen maximum allowable increase in GMST; even the sign of such allowable future emissions is unconstrained. Resolving this situation, by empirical determination of the earth’s climate sensitivity from the historical record over the industrial period or through use of climate models whose accuracy is evaluated by their performance over this period, is shown to require substantial reduction in the uncertainty of aerosol forcing over this period.
Validation, reproducibility and safety of trans dermal electrical stimulation in chronic pain patients and healthy volunteers
Authors: Lecybyl Remigiusz , Acosta Juan , Ghoshdastidar Joydeep , Stringfellow Kinga , Hanna Magdi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Surrogate pain models have been extensively tested in Normal Human Volunteers (NHV). There are few studies that examined pain models in chronic pain patients. Patients are likely to have altered pain mechanisms. It is of interest to test patient pain responses to selective pain stimuli under controlled laboratory conditions.

Methods
The Institutional Ethic Committee approved the study. 16 patients with chronic neuropathic radiculopathy and 16 healthy volunteers were enrolled to the study after obtaining informed consent. During electrical stimulation (150 minutes for volunteers and 75 minutes for patients) the following parameters were measured every 10 minutes:
Ongoing pain: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Numeric Rate Scale (NRS)
Allodynia (soft foam brush)
Hyperalgesia (von Frey monofilament 20 g)
Flare
For each endpoint, the area under the curve (AUC) was estimated from the start of stimulation to the end of stimulation by the trapezoidal rule. The individual AUC values for both periods were plotted to show the inter- and intra-subject variability. For each endpoint a mixed effect model was fitted with random effect subject and fixed effect visit. The estimate of intra-subject variance and the mean value were then used to estimate the sample size of a crossover study required to have a probability of 0.80 to detect a 25% change in the mean value. Analysis was done using GenStat 8th edition.

Results
Each endpoint achieved very good reproducibility for patients and NHV. Comparison between groups revealed trends towards:
Faster habituation to painful stimuli in patients
Bigger areas of hyperalgesia in patients
Similar area of allodynia and flare (no statistical significance)

Conclusion
The differences demonstrated between patients and NHVs suggest that the electrical stimulation device used here may stimulate pathways that are affected in the pathological state.
Severe Plasmodium vivax malaria exhibits marked inflammatory imbalance
Authors: Andrade Bruno B , Reis-Filho Antonio , Souza-Neto Sebastião M , Clarêncio Jorge , Camargo Luis MA , Barral Aldina , Barral-Netto Manoel 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Despite clinical descriptions of severe vivax malaria cases having been reported, data regarding immunological and inflammatory patterns are scarce. In this report, the inflammatory and immunological status of both mild and severe vivax malaria cases are compared in order to explore immunopathological events in this disease.

Methods and Results
Active and passive malaria case detections were performed during 2007 in Buritis, Rondônia, in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 219 participants enrolled the study. Study individuals were classified according to the presence of Plasmodium vivax infection within four groups: non-infected (n = 90), asymptomatic (n = 60), mild (n = 50) and severe vivax infection (n = 19). A diagnosis of malaria was made by microscopy and molecular assays. Since at present no clear criteria define severe vivax malaria, this study adapted the consensual criteria from falciparum malaria. Patients with severe P. vivax infection were younger, had lived for shorter time in the endemic area, and recalled having experienced less previous malaria episodes than individuals with no malaria infection and with mild or asymptomatic infection. Strong linear trends were identified regarding increasing plasma levels of C reactive protein (CRP), serum creatinine, bilirubins and the graduation of disease severity. Plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-gamma(IFN-gamma) and also IFN-gamma/interleukin-10 ratios were increased and exhibited a linear trend with gradual augmentation of disease severity. Both laboratory parameters of organ dysfunction and inflammatory cytokines were reduced during anti-parasite therapy in those patients with severe disease.

Conclusion
Different clinical presentations of vivax malaria infection present strong association with activation of pro-inflammatory responses and cytokine imbalance. These findings are of utmost importance to improve current knowledge about physiopathological concepts of this serious widespread disease.
A rare case of pulmonary tuberculosis with simultaneous pulmonary and skin sarcoidosis: a case report
Authors: Mise Kornelija , Goic-Barisic Ivana , Puizina-Ivic Neira , Barisic Igor , Tonkic Marija , Peric Irena 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Tuberculosis and sarcoidosis are chronic diseases that rarely occur concomitantly. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder characterized pathologically by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in involved tissues. Tuberculosis is infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis characterized by granulomas with caseous necrosis.

Case presentation
We present a case of 43-year-old female refugee from Kosovo with microbiological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis and pulmonary and skin sarcoidosis at the same time. Three weeks after corticosteroid therapy for pulmonary sarcoidosis was introduced, positive finding of mycobacterium culture of bronchial aspirate was observed. Based on these results, corticosteroid therapy was excluded and antituberculous therapy was introduced for six months. In the meantime, new nodes on face and nose appeared and skin sarcoidosis was diagnosed. The patient was given corticosteroids and colchicine according to the skin and pulmonary sarcoidosis therapy recommendation.

Conclusion
The authors of this study suggest that in cases when there is a dilemma in diagnosis between tuberculosis and sarcoidosis we should advance with corticosteroid therapy until we have microbiological confirmation of mycobacterium culture. This case is remarkable because this is a third described case of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis together (the first reported in Asia, the second in South Africa), and to authors knowledge, this is a first case report in Europe.
Reexamination of the Photochemical Primary Process of Photo-Fries Rearrangement Reaction as Studied by MFE Probe
Authors: Gohdo Masao , Wakasa Masanobu 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A photo-Fries rearrangement reaction of 1-naphthyl acetate in n-hexane was studied by a nanosecond laser flash photolysis technique under magnetic fields of 0 to 1.65 T. The escaped yield of 1-naphthoxyl radical decreased with increasing magnetic field (B) at 0 &lt; B ≤ 0.005 T, but inversely increased with increasing B at much higher fields of 0.005 T &lt; B ≤ 1.65 T. Such inverted magnetic field effects (MFEs) can be interpreted with the hyperfine coupling and the Δg mechanisms through the singlet radical pair. The fact that MFEs are observed for the present photo-Fries rearrangement reaction suggests a singlet radical pair intermediacy with a lifetime as long as several ns.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Behavior of Polyaniline/H2Ti4O9 Lamellar Nanocomposite
Authors: Liu Chao , Zhang Xiaobo , Wang Sheng , Liu Lin , Guo Lucun , Tong Zhiwei , Inoue Haruo 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A novel polyaniline (PANI)/H2Ti4O9 lamellar nanocomposite has been synthesized by in situ polymerization using aniline intercalation compound (ANI)/H2Ti4O9 as the intermediate. According to the experimental results, the ANI within the interlayer spacing of the layered H2Ti4O9 material may be oriented in a single-layer arrangement, with the benzene rings perpendicular to the layer sheets. After polymerization, a monolayer of PANI chains within the confined galleries was produced. The PANI/H2Ti4O9 nanocomposite has been studied by electrochemical methods, which revealed good redox activity.
Hydroxyalkylation of p-Cresol to 2,2′-Methylenebis(4-methylphenol) Using Sn/Si-MCM-41 Catalysts
Authors: Garade Ajit C , Niphadkar Prashant S , Joshi Praphulla N , Rode Chandrashekhar V 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Sn/Si-MCM-41 has exhibited an excellent catalytic activity [70% product yield with 88% selectivity to 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methylphenol)] for the selective hydroxyalkylation of p-cresol. At equal level of Sn loading, Sn/Si-MCM-41 prepared by direct hydrothermal synthesis showed higher activity than Sn-impregnated Si-MCM-41 catalyst.