bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic utility of spontaneous erythroid colony formation and JAK2 mutational analysis for thrombotic events in essential thrombocythaemia
Authors: Weston H. , Cowell V. , Grimmett K. , Saal R. , Jones M. , Mills T. , Gill D. , Marlton P. , Bird R. , Mollee P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:  Thrombotic events in essential thrombocythaemia (ET) are difficult to predict with current risk stratification based on age and prior history of thrombosis.Aims:  We aimed to assess the predictive value of the JAK2 V617F mutation (JAK2) and spontaneous erythroid colony (SEC) growth for the development of thrombotic events post diagnosis in patients with ET.Methods:  Consecutive patients with ET were retrospectively identified, and clinical and laboratory correlates were evaluated. Thrombotic events were categorized according to their occurrence at or prior to diagnosis (prior thrombosis), and any time post diagnosis of ET (subsequent thrombosis). JAK2 analysis was performed by allele‐specific PCR on whole blood or bone marrow.Results:  A total of 62 patients was identified, median age 63 years; 67% (41/61) JAK2‐positive and 47% (25/53) SEC‐positive. Median follow‐up was 33 months (range, 1 to 137). JAK2‐positive patients showed a trend to increased prior thrombosis (27% vs 5%, P= 0.08), and a significant increase in the development of subsequent thrombosis (5‐year event rate 31% vs 6%, P= 0.04), which persisted when stratified for a history of prior thrombosis (P= 0.04). Survival was not affected by JAK2 status. The SEC assay predicted an increased rate of baseline thrombosis (16% vs 0%, P= 0.04), but was not found to be predictive of any subsequent thrombotic events.Conclusions:  Patients with ET who are JAK2‐positive by whole blood allele‐specific PCR appear to be at increased risk of thrombotic complications, which is independent of a prior history of thrombosis.
Allocating monitoring effort in the face of unknown unknowns
Authors: Wintle Brendan A. , Runge Michael C. , Bekessy Sarah A. 
Published: July 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1325–1337AbstractThere is a growing view that to make efficient use of resources, ecological monitoring should be hypothesis‐driven and targeted to address specific management questions. ‘Targeted’ monitoring has been contrasted with other approaches in which a range of quantities are monitored in case they exhibit an alarming trend or provide ad hoc ecological insights. The second form of monitoring, described as surveillance, has been criticized because it does not usually aim to discern between competing hypotheses, and its benefits are harder to identify a priori. The alternative view is that the existence of surveillance data may enable rapid corroboration of emerging hypotheses or help to detect important ‘unknown unknowns’ that, if undetected, could lead to catastrophic outcomes or missed opportunities. We derive a model to evaluate and compare the efficiency of investments in surveillance and targeted monitoring. We find that a decision to invest in surveillance monitoring may be defensible if: (1) the surveillance design is more likely to discover or corroborate previously unknown phenomena than a targeted design and (2) the expected benefits (or avoided costs) arising from discovery are substantially higher than those arising from a well‐planned targeted design. Our examination highlights the importance of being explicit about the objectives, costs and expected benefits of monitoring in a decision analytic framework.
Distant Encounters of the Third Kind: Multinational Companies Locating Divisional Headquarters Abroad
Authors: Benito Gabriel R. G. , Lunnan Randi , Tomassen Sverre 
Published: July 2010

abstractWe examine the location and relocation abroad of divisional headquarters of companies originating in a small country on the periphery of Europe. While the internationalization of business activities has been extensively studied for more than four decades, there is limited research on the strategic decision to locate divisional headquarters outside the home country. Our study shows a massive movement of headquarters functions between 2000 and 2006. Building on agency, resource based, and institutional perspectives, we propose that such moves are driven by efficiency/effectiveness as well as legitimacy factors. We find that state ownership and ownership concentration discourage MNCs from moving headquarters activities abroad, but national ownership does not. We also find that while MNCs may move their divisional headquarters to gain efficiency by co‐locating with foreign subsidiaries, they keep them at home when the company becomes large, highly diversified and complex to manage.
The Role of Dual Embeddedness in the Innovative Performance of MNE Subsidiaries: Evidence from Brazil
Authors: Figueiredo Paulo N. 
Published: July 2010

abstractThis paper explores variability across a set of subsidiaries in a given local context and the same industry in terms of innovative performance as an outcome of the manner and extent to which they embed within both corporate (internal) and local (external) counterparts. By drawing on fieldwork evidence of seven subsidiaries operating in Brazil (1996–2007) it was found that: (1) subsidiaries that were able to develop knowledge‐intensive linkages with specific internal and external counterparts simultaneously and based on continually increased frequency and improved quality achieved higher innovative performance levels than subsidiaries that developed such linkages with limited frequency and unchanged quality over time; and (2) some counterparts and linkages were more effective than others in terms of contributing to the subsidiaries' innovative performance. By drawing on a novel approach that explores dual embeddedness and its impacts on differences across a set of subsidiaries in terms of innovative performance over time, this paper extends our understanding of embeddedness as part of strategic asset‐seeking strategies. It also provides a basis to deepen the analysis of the nuances of multiple embeddedness and its implications for the subsidiary's competitive performance.
The Impact of Added Cultural Distance and Cultural Diversity on International Expansion Patterns: A Penrosean Perspective
Authors: Hutzschenreuter Thomas , Voll Johannes C. , Verbeke Alain 
Published: July 2010

abstractInternational strategy research has identified a variety of multinational enterprise (MNE) expansion patterns. Some MNEs appear to expand internationally at a stable rate, whereas others expand rapidly in one period and then tend to experience slower growth. The latter pattern suggests the occurrence of the Penrose effect. We identified two determinants of these diverging patterns. First, we propose that high levels of added cultural distance (reflecting expansion into new local contexts) during one period, may negatively affect further international expansion because of dynamic adjustment costs. Second, we suggest that managing a network of subsidiaries operating in a set of local contexts with high cultural diversity, increases environmental and internal governance complexity. Extant cultural diversity of the local contexts where the MNE is active in a first period may therefore discourage adding further cultural distance. We test the hypothesized relationships using a panel of 91 German companies.
Knowledge Accumulation and Dissemination in MNEs: A Practice‐Based Framework
Authors: Tallman Stephen , Chacar Aya S. 
Published: July 2010

abstractThis paper proposes that the mechanisms of external knowledge capture and internal knowledge transfer can best be understood at the micro‐organizational level of Communities of Practice (CoPs) rather than at that of the subsidiaries' network. The paper then offers a model of the dynamics of organizational learning in network organizations, such as MNEs, which builds on this unit of analysis. This model: (i) clarifies the link between CoPs and Networks of Practice (NoPs), by offering a novel conceptual model of how knowledge, particularly tacit, embedded knowledge, is absorbed; and (ii) proposes a new link – that between CoPs and Internal Networks of Practice (INoPs), as another essential ingredient to knowledge accumulation and transfer within firms. We also propose that the firm‐level architectural knowledge that is developed through INoPs is valuable and rare, and in combination with the component knowledge developed through NoPs, can create novel knowledge that may be a source of competitive advantage.
A ZYGOTE COULD BE A HUMAN: A DEFENCE OF CONCEPTIONISM AGAINST FISSION ARGUMENTS
Authors: CURTIS BENJAMIN L. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIn this paper I defend the view that a zygote is a human from the fission objection that is widely thought to be decisive against the view. I do so, drawing upon a recent discussion of this issue by John Burgess, by explaining in detail the metaphysical position the proponent of the view should adopt in order to rebut the objection.
Achieving change in special needs units
Authors: Joyce Theresa , Oliver Barley 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY. The article outlines an intervention in a special needs unit in an adult training centre. Low levels of client activity prior to intervention increased significantly upon the introduction of: (i) staff training; (ii) weekly review meetings; (iii) use of the Portage Checklist; and (iv) a structured daily timetable.Results are discussed in the context of increasing levels of activity by using a comprehensive yet flexible approach, as opposed to more traditional room management procedures which the authors consider are not always appropriate when working with people who are profoundly handicapped.
The Colour Changes of Vat and Azoic Dyes by Wet and Dry Heat*
Authors: KORNREICH E. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryIn an earlier paper1 the author showed that the change of shade of dyeings of vat and azoic dyes on soaping is due to a transition of the dye particles from the amorphous to the crystalline state. Additional evidence is now produced, and it is shown thattwo vat dyes deposited in the fibre simultaneously can combine on soaping to form a crystalline system different from that of the respective individual dyes.
The Apparent Anomalous Monoreduction of 2:4‐Dinitrotoluene explained on the Theory of Hyperconjugation (The Baker‐Nathan Effect)
Authors: HODGSON H. H. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryHyperconjugation accounts for the somewhat greater negativity of the 4‐nitro‐group compared with the 2‐nitro‐group in 2:4‐dinitrotoluene; in consequence, selective reduction of the former by alkaline sulphides produces mainly 2‐nitro‐4‐aminotoluene, although some 4‐nitro‐2‐aminotoluene is also formed. In acid medium the 2‐nitro‐group becomes relatively negative in comparison with the 4‐nitro‐group, owing to the inductive (+I) effect having the chief rôle, with resultant preferential salt formation to give the very positive ‐NO2H group at 2‐position and preferential reduction of it by acid stannous chloride. The apparent anomaly to the author's general theory1 is thus removed.
The Dyeing of Direct Dyes on Cotton*
Authors: LEMIN D. R. , VICKERS E. J. , VICKERSTAFF T. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryRate‐of‐dyeing measurements have been carried out on over fifty direct cotton dyes dyed on cotton in two liquor lengths and with three salt concentrations. The results are expressed in terms of the time of half‐dyeing and the equilibrium exhaustion.The value of the results in predicting the dyeing behaviour of binary combinations of dyes has been critically examined. It is shown that in approximately one in three cases, the course of dyeing is not that which would be predicted from the rate‐of‐dyeing measurements on the individual components, whilst the prediction of truly compatible mixtures is even less successful. From this is is concluded that rate‐of‐dyeing data on direct dyes are of little practical value.It is suggested that the rate of migration of direct dyes is of more importance than the rate of dyeing, and measurements of the migration rate and its variation with salt and dye concentrations have been made. The controllability of the dyes by salt is also highly important in practice, and the dyebath exhaustion produced by the addition of salt has been measured over a wide range of salt concentrations for all the dyes. A method of defining salt controllability is developed.On the basis of the rate of migration and salt controllability, a system of classification of the direct dyes is derived which provides some indication of the best practical method of application.
Sodium 2‐Hydroxy‐3‐carboxynaphthalene‐6‐sulphonate and 2:6‐Dihydroxynaphthalene‐3‐carboxylic Acid
Authors: CROSS E. J. 
Published: July 2010

SummarySulphonation of 1‐amino‐2‐hydroxynaphthalene‐3‐carboxylic acid and climination of the 1‐amino‐group from the product1 yields 2‐hydroxy‐3‐carboxynaphthalene‐6‐sulphonic acid. The orientation of the sulphonic group was determined by conversion into the corresponding dihydroxynaphthoic acid, the dimethyl ether of which afforded 2: 6‐dimethoxynaphthalene on decarboxylation.
The Mechanism of the Gomberg Reaction*
Authors: HODOSON H. H. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryVarious data connected with the Gomberg reaction are collected and discussed from the viewpoint that, although diaryl formation is explicable on a radical mechanism, the origin of the radicals is in the decomposition of diazonium ions rather than in that of the isomeric covalent diazo‐compounds. The difference in the reaction of diazonium salts with 2‐hydroxy‐1: 4‐naphthaquinone in acetic acid and alkaline media, respectively, is readily explained by modern resonance theory.
The Action of Light on Cellulose Acetate Rayon and Nylon dyed with Duranol, Dispersol, S. R. A., and Solacet Dyes
Authors: EGERTON G–. S. 
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the photochemical degradation of cellulose acetate rayon and nylon yarns dyed with dispersed and soluble acetate dyes. Measurements were made of the losses in tensile strength of the yarns after exposure to sunlight in atmospheres of dry and moisture–saturated air. Many of the acetate dyes increase the degradation of nylon to a considerable extent, but have a very much smaller effect on the degradation of cellulose acetate rayon. In several cases the loss in strength of the dyed cellulose acetate is less than that of the undyed yarn exposed under identical conditions. The photochemical degradation of both textile materials, whether dyed or undyed, is found to be due to oxidation processes.The acetate dyes that are particularly effective in increasing the degradation of nylon are capable of increasing the degradation of undyed cotton that is simultaneously irradiated in their vicinity. In these cases the dye may be present on nylon, on cellulose acetate rayon, or as a dye film on glass. A much smaller effect is observed when undyed cellulose acetate or nylon is irradiated in proximity to these acetate dyes. Cellulose acetate rayon delustred with titanium dioxide also increases the degradation of undyed cotton irradiated in its vicinity.The small influence of acetate dyes on the photochemical degradation of cellulose acetate rayon and their larger effect on that of nylon are interpreted in terms of a theory involving oxidation of the textile material by activated oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.The relation between the fading of the dyed yarns and the degradation of the textile substrate is discussed, and it is pointed out that many of the dyes that increase the photochemical degradation of nylon are least fast to light on this fibre.
Some Experimental Observations on the Photochemical Degradation of Dyed Cotton
Authors: ASHTON D. , CLIBBENS D. , PROBERT M. E. 
Published: July 2010

The photochemical oxidation of cotton by the air is sensitised by sulphur and basic dyes, as well as by vat dyes. As with vat dyes, so too with sulphur dyes, there is a correlation between the colour of the dye and its sensitising action. With the basic dyes there is no such relation between colour and sensitising action. The only direct dye so far observed to accelerate the photochemical oxidation iH the thiazole dye Primuline. The introduction of the azo group into the Primuline molecule by oxidation, or by diazotising and coupling, diminishes or destroys its photochemical action.Very small amounts of copper may exert a large effect on the photochomieal action of all classes of dyes. The effect is a complicated one, but its net result is to diminish greatly the sensitising action of the most active dyes.Many dyes liberate hydrogen peroxide on irradiation in moist air, but this action is preventod by tho presence of small amounts of copper and of some other metals.There is a strong positive correlation between the liberation of peroxide by a dye on irradiation and its accelerating effect on the photochemical oxidation. Tho accelerating sulphur dyes do not, however, liberate detectable amounts of peroxide on irradiation.
The Photo–oxidation of a Chlorophyll ‘Preparation
Authors: LONIE WILLIAM , RITCHIE MOWBRAY 
Published: July 2010

Examination has been made of the photo–oxidation in white light of a chlorophyll preparation on various solids by the direct measurement of oxygen pressure decrease.Rates were very low on glass, zinc oxide, aluminium oxide, thallous phosphate, and ferric phosphate, but were some ten times more rapid on thallous bromide and thallous iodide. No change in rate with thallous bromide preparations was observed in the presence of water vapour and carbon dioxide. The quantum efficiency on glass was of the order of 10˜8 for blue light.The oxygen: chlorophyll and the oxygen: carotene molecular ratios of the final photoproduct were almost exactly unity. The final stable product is regarded as a hydroperoxide: partial reversibility of the oxidation was observed by simple pressure reduction.In general, the course of the oxidation resembles that of some other organic molecule oxidations, being characterised by an induction period, by a constant–rate portion, and by a subsequent rate of oxidation slowly decreasing to zero.
Artificial Light–fastness Tests on Coloured Textiles
Authors: LEAD W. L. 
Published: July 2010

A résumé is given of the various factors which influence the rate of fading of coloured textiles by natural and artificial light, reference being made to both published and unpublished results.The importance of humidity is stressed.Two dyes of equal fastness under one set of conditions are not necessarily of equal fastness under other conditions. Consequently, it is possible for a dye to be rated differently on the British Standard (S. D. C.) system according to the conditions of testing.It is impossible to express in a single number all the information about how a dye fades.Agreement on a suitable physical method of measuring the degree of fading would help to remove some of the guesswork from present methods of colour–fastness testing.
Proceedings of the Society
Authors: Speke R.W. 
Published: July 2010

It has been shown that the restraining effect of Dispersol VL upon leuco vat dyes is a function of the amountM present in the system and not of its concentration in the aqueous solution. A method of assessment of the relative sensitivities of individual leuco vat dyes has been evolved. By this method the relationship between the dyebath exhaustion and the amount of Dispersol VL in the dyebath, obtaining under given dyeing conditions, is experimentally determined. A sensitivity factor is then calculated from the slope of the initially linear graphical relation between these two variables. An anomalous behaviour has, however, been encountered with certain indanthrone derivatives. Evidence is presented to show the influence, on restraining effect, of varying the depth of shade, the temperature of dyeing, and the salt concentration of the dyebath.Investigations into the retarding and levelling effects of this non‐ionic body, as herein reported, indicate that these two properties are related to the restraining effect of Dispersol VL upon the leuco vat dye under consideration.
The Distribution of Direct Dyes between Wool and Cotton in One–bath Union Dyeing Part
Authors: BIRD C. L. , NANAVATI C. M. , STEVENS C. B. 
Published: July 2010

Durazol Red 2B shows maximum affinity for cotton at 40°c., but is absorbed more rapidly at higher temperatures; on wool both the rate of absorption and the amount of dye absorbed increase as the temperature is raised. The effects of adding Glauber's salt to the dyebath, and of varying the liquor–goods ratio, are very similar for both wool and cotton. Addition of small amounts of acid to the dyebath greatly increases the amount of dye absorbed by the wool, but the absorption by cotton is relatively insensitive to pH changes. Provided that acid is not present, the percentage exhaustion of a union dyebath is low, except when the amount of dye available is small.When only a small amount of dye is used, the eolour of the two fibres is the same when each contains the same amount of dye. As the percentage of dye on the fibre increases more dye is required on the cotton than on the wool if the shades on the two fibres are to match. Ultimately, the amount of dye required on the cotton may be four times as much as that required on the wool. The maximum depth of shade obtainable on cotton is much less than that obtainable on wool.
The Diffusion of Direct Dyes into Cellulose
Authors: CKANK J. 
Published: July 2010

Some recent theoretical papers concerned with the diffusion of direct dyes into cellulose are reviewed. Mathematical solutions of the diffusion equation applicable to dyeing with a restricted amount of dye, as in commercial practice, are presented in a form suitable for calculation. Several examples of calculated rate–of–dyeing curves, suitable for direct comparison with measured ratos of dyeing from a commercial dyebath, are shown.Attempts to provide a quantitative theoretical explanation of the experimental facta about rate of dyeing are discussed. The picture of dye diffusion in cellulose, which seems to be emerging as a result of recent work, is described.
Recent Developments in Fluorescent Lamps, with particular reference to Colour Problems
Authors: Henderson S. T. 
Published: July 2010

Joint Meeting of the Midlands Section with the British Association of Chemists held at the School of Arts and Crafts, Derby, on 21st March 1951, Mr. A. J. Wesson in the chairA brief survey of the factors influencing fluorescent lamp utility is followed by an account of the phosphors used, with particular reference to their emission bands and the specification of the resulting colour properties of lamps by spectrophotometry and colorimetry. The problem of adequate colour rendering is discussed with examples, in particular the attempts made to improve rendering at the red end of the spectrum.
Reduction of Direct Dyes during the Dyeing of Viscose Rayon
Authors: Armfield W. 
Published: July 2010

The cause of reduction of certain direct dyes during the dyeing of viscose rayon at temperatures near the boil is the presence of alkali, and some direot dyes contain sufficient alkali to cause reduction of other direct dyes although they themselves may not be affected.With increase in temperature reduction increases, and at the boil considerably more reduction takes place than at 90d̀c.Dyeing in enclosed machines favours reduction owing to the restricted air space, but the effect of this can be overoome by blowing air. over the surface, or through the dye liquor. Lowering the pH of the dye liquor decreases the tendency of dyes to reduce during dyeing. Addition of such a substance as ammonium sulphate or chloride prevents reduction altogether even when dyeing at temperatures near the boil, in all but exceptional cases.The pH values of a number of aqueous dye solutions are listed, and a simple method is described whereby the susceptibility of direct dyes to reduction can be determined. A number of dyes have been tested, and are classified into four groups, according to whether they show considerable, moderate, slight, or no reduction.