bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER
Authors: Strandell J. H. 
Published: August 2010

The controllable pitch propeller, which has attained great importance in aviation, may have an equally important part to play in marine engineering.The author in this article reviews the history of the controllable pitch propeller, tracing its beginning from successful water turbine applications. His article is a timely follow‐up to the one by Dr. Nordstrom which was translated by the author and reprinted in the February 1940 issue of the Journal.After describing historical designs and applications, the author covers the field of current practice which is almost entirely limited to the Scandinavian countries. This is followed by a proposed design of the author, which is described in detail with particular regard to its application in the field of submarine propulsion.There can be but little doubt that we are due for considerable experimentation, in this country, with variable pitch propellers. What their future application may be must be left for the future to disclose.
PRESSURE DROP TESTS ON GLOBE AND ANGLE VALVES WITH OIL AND WATER FLOW
Authors: KARR MILTON , SCHUTZ LORING W. 
Published: August 2010

The data for this paper was originally obtained for two theses: One written in 1937 by Milton Karr and Harry D. Crapon, and the other in 1938 by Loring W. Schutz and Archibald M. Main, Jr., for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.The paper is published for several reasons: First, it illustrates the thorough and workmanlike method of doing a job that results from contemporary technical schooling. Again, it emphasizes the complex problem which is involved in warship construction, even in the disposition of a small brass valve. The data itself increases that already available for solving the complex problem.
FUEL INJECTION PUMPS FOR DIESEL POWERED NAVAL MOTOR BOATS
Authors: Alden CarrollR. 
Published: August 2010

It may truly be said that the fuel injection pump is the heart of the Diesel engine. This statement applies particularly to high speed light weight Diesels in which the time available for the injection is inversely proportional to the engine speed.It has long since been demonstrated that fuel pumps respectively built in accordance with several different schools of thought relative to their underlying principles of operation, will each successfully operate the several types of engines to which they have been correctly applied, often with a close agreement in the matter of specific fuel consumption and specific power output. It therefore logically follows that questions of preferment of the various designs rests, not in theoretical considerations but upon the suitability of the respective designs to the particular conditions of use and service. This paper therefore deals with practical rather than theoretical aspects of fuel injection pumps for Naval motor boats.
THERMAL BOLT STRESS STUDY IN A HIGH‐PRESSURE FLANGED PIPE JOINT
Authors: POTTER J. H. , EITEL V. W. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis paper reports on a series of temperature runs on a high‐pressure, high‐temperature bolted flanged joint. The work was done in the mechanical engineering laboratory at the Johns Hopkins University during 1949. Bolt stresses were computed from temperature measurements in the bolts and flanges. A stream of hot gases was introduced in the line containing the flange, the stream temperature ranging from 600°F to 1200°F. The Reynold's Number varied from 10,000 to 20,000.The temperature differential between the flange and bolts was found to be small in all cases, and linearly related to the stream temperature. The findings are contrasted with those reported earlier by some German engineers.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS IN PRECISION MACH NUMBER AND PRESSURE‐RATIO COMPUTERS
Authors: HERR DONALD L. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYTHIS is a brief report on the basic requirements of pressure transducers, specifically with respect to their equivalent “pressure transmission errors,” their effect upon the accuracy of Mach Number and pressure‐ratio computations, their effect upon the design requirements of the computers in which they are employed, and the absolute performance requirements of such transducers. By separating out the irreducible intrinsic errors arising from the transducers (pressure‐force, pressure‐voltage, etc.), the proper design emphasis in the computer itself is delineated. Finally, useful practical and theoretical characteristics are included.
Economics of biofortification
Authors: Qaim Matin , Stein Alexander J. , Meenakshi J. V. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMicronutrient malnutrition is a serious public health problem in many developing countries. Different interventions are currently used, but their overall coverage is relatively limited. Biofortification—that is, breeding staple food crops for higher micronutrient contents—is a new agriculture‐based approach, but relatively little is known about its ramifications. Here, the main factors influencing success are discussed and a methodology for economic impact assessment is presented. Ex ante studies from India and other countries suggest that biofortified crops can reduce the problem of micronutrient malnutrition in a cost‐effective way, when targeted to specific situations. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings and address certain issues still unresolved.
The Doha development round and Africa: partial and general equilibrium analyses of tariff preference erosion
Authors: Bchir Mohamed Hedi , Karingi Stephen N. , Mold Andrew , Osakwe Patrick N. , Sadni Jallab Mustapha 
Published: August 2010

AbstractErosion of trade preferences currently being enjoyed by the least developed countries (LDCs) and some developing countries remains an important area in the ongoing trade negotiations. The different positions regarding the preference erosion question besides being informed by political economy considerations are also founded on empirical results of this particular question. But does the methodology used for the empirical analysis matter? In this article, the importance of preference erosion due to MFN liberalization on agriculture is analyzed. Drawing from the potential complementary strengths in triangulation, the article uses both partial and general equilibrium analyses. The article shows that the ranking of preference erosion as an issue of policy concern is influenced by the empirical methodology adopted. However, irrespective of the rank, the article concludes that preference erosion is an important issue not only in terms of welfare, but also as it has impacts on incomes for preference‐receiving countries.
Auction markets for specialty food products with geographical indications
Authors: Schamel Günter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe present a first analysis of online auction markets for specialty food products. We identify auction prices, trade volume, and value for domestic and foreign‐origin specialty ham with geographical indications (GIs) that were sold in online auctions in Germany within a 1‐month period. Applying hedonic modeling, we examine potential factors that may influence online bidding behavior and final auction prices. We estimate positive auction price effects for weight, bidding activity, and auction length, that the domestic product is sold at a discount, that higher shipping costs have a negative impact on final prices, and that auctions ending on Fridays and Saturdays yield lower prices. The model may be used to estimate the value of GIs. In our example, we estimate relative price differences of 20–30% for the GIs of three specialty hams (Prosciutto di Parma, Jamón Serrano, and Schwarzwälder Schinken).
Shadow wages, allocative inefficiency, and labor supply in smallholder agriculture
Authors: Barrett Christopher B. , Sherlund Shane M. , Adesina Akinwumi A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article introduces a method for estimating structural labor supply models in the presence of unobservable wages and deviations of households' marginal revenue product of self‐employed labor from their shadow wage. This method is therefore robust to a wide range of assumptions about labor allocation decisions in the presence of uncertainty, market frictions, locational preferences, etc. We illustrate the method using data from rice producers in Côte d'Ivoire. These data, like previous studies, reveal significant systematic differences between shadow wages and the marginal revenue product of family farm labor. We demonstrate how one can exploit systematic deviations, in the present case related to household characteristics such as the land/labor endowment ratio, to control for both unobservable wages and prospective allocative inefficiency in labor allocation in structural household labor supply estimation.
Molecular basis for the rhino Yurlovo (hrrhY) phenotype: severe skin abnormalities and female reproductive defects associated with an insertion in the hairless gene
Authors: Panteleyev A. A. , Ahmad W. , Malashenko A. M. , Ignatieva E. L. , Paus R. , Sundberg J. P. , Christiano A. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn 1989, mice bearing mutations at the hr (hairless) locus were first proposed as a model for the human hair growth disorder papular atrichia, since in both these mice and in corresponding patients, a complete hair loss develops due to disintegration of the normal follicle structure into dermal cysts and so‐called utriculi. Recently, the human hairless gene was characterized, and pathogenetic mutations were found to be associated with a recessively inherited form atrichia with papular lesions; however, the functions of hr gene remain unclear. Allelic mutations in the murine hairless gene represent a potentially powerful tool to elucidate the role of the hairless gene protein product in hair follicle physiology. In 1980, several naked animals were discovered in a breeding colony of B10.R109/Y mice maintained in the Laboratory of Experimental Biological Models (L.E.B.M., Yurlovo, Moscow District, Russia). By cross breeding with hairles HRS/J hr/hr mice, this mutation was shown to be allelic with hairless. Here, we describe the molecular basis of the hrrhY mutation in mice, which consists of a 13 bp insertion in exon 16 of the hr gene. Histological evaluation of Yurlovo mouse skin revealed some differences as compared to the hairless and rhino mutations, with the formation of dermal megacysts being the most specific peculiarity of the Yurlovo mutation. These results, together with previous studies of hrrhY/hrrhY mutant mice, suggest that the rhino Yurlovo (hrrhY) mutation represents a third and potentially more severe variation of the hairless phenotype.
Cutaneous barrier repair and pathophysiology following barrier disruption in IL‐1 and TNF type I receptor deficient mice
Authors: Man M.‐Q. , Wood L. , Elias P. M. , Feingold K. R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDisruption of the permeability barrier elicits a homeostatic repair response which rapidly restores barrier function while repeated barrier perturbation results in cutaneous pathology. In response to barrier disruption there is a marked increase in epidermal TNF‐α and IL‐1 production. To determine the potential role of TNF and IL‐1 in mediating the cutaneous changes that occur following barrier disruption we compared the kinetics of barrier recovery and the degree of epidermal hyperplasia and cutaneous inflammation in TNF type I (p55) receptor and IL‐1 receptor type I (p80) deficient mice. No abnormalities in epidermal morphology were observed with light or electron microscopy in receptor deficient mice. Under baseline conditions epidermal barrier function was unchanged in receptor deficient mice. Following barrier disruption the kinetics of barrier recovery were similar in control vs TNF receptor deficient mice regardless if the barrier was disrupted by acetone treatment, SDS treatment, or tape stripping. In contrast, barrier recovery was slightly but significantly accelerated regardless of the method of barrier disruption in IL‐1 receptor deficient mice. The degree of epidermal hyperplasia and cutaneous inflammation following repeated barrier disruption was similar in control, TNF receptor, and IL‐1 receptor deficient mice. The present study demonstrates that barrier recovery is not delayed and the degree of epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation are not altered in either TNF receptor or IL‐1 receptor deficient mice, indicating that neither TNF nor IL‐1 alone are essential for either barrier repair or the cutaneous pathology induced by barrier perturbation. Whereas the increase in IL‐1 following barrier disruption may delay components of the repair response, whether either TNF‐α or IL‐1 regulate aspects of the homeostatic response remains unresolved.
Diagnostic approach and treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Authors: Sticherling Michael , Bonsmann Gisela , Kuhn Annegret 
Published: August 2010

SummaryCutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a heterogeneous disorder with a wide range of skin manifestations. In the second part of this review, diagnostic procedures and treatment options in CLE are summarized.The diagnosis of the various subtypes of CLE is based on patients's history,clinical findings,laboratory features, and histological and immunofluorescent examinations of skin biopsies. In case of systemic organ involvement, further adequate technical investigations are necessary. The therapy has to be adjusted to the subtype of CLE and its inflammatory activity as well as the extent of skin involvement. The skin manifestations of CLE are primarily treated by topical therapy, such as glucocorticosteroids, in combination with antimalarials. The response of CLE to immunosuppressive drugs that control organ involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus is often disappointing. Recent advances in biotechnology resulted in the development of several novel systemic agents for the treatment of autoimmune diseases; however, controlled clinical trials are still necessary for the approval of new therapies in CLE.
Survey of canteens and food services in Victorian schools
Authors: Maddock Bronwyn , Warren Carol , Worsley Anthony 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective:  To examine the characteristics of food services in Victorian government primary and secondary schools.Design and methods:  A cross‐sectional postal survey of all high schools and a random sample of one quarter of primary school respondents in Victoria. A ‘School Food Services and Canteen’ questionnaire was administered by mail to the principal of each school.Subjects:  Respondents included principals, canteen managers and home economics teachers from 150 primary and 208 secondary schools representing response rates of 48% and 67%, respectively.Main outcome measures:  Responses to closed questions about school canteen operating procedures, staff satisfaction, food policies and desired additional services.Data analyses:  Frequency and cross‐tabulation analyses and associated χ2‐tests.Results:  Most schools provided food services at lunchtime and morning recess but one‐third provided food before school. Over 40% outsourced their food services, one‐third utilised volunteer parents, few involved students in canteen operations. Half of the secondary schools had vending machines; one in five had three or more. Secondary school respondents were more dissatisfied with the nutritional quality of the food service, and expressed more interest in additional services than primary respondents. Schools with food policies wanted more service assistance and used volunteer parents, student and paid canteen managers more than schools without policies.Conclusion:  Most schools want to improve the nutritional quality of their food services, especially via school food policies. There is a major opportunity for professional organisations to advocate for the supply of healthier school foods.
Modified Constipation Assessment Scale is an effective tool to assess bowel function in patients receiving radiotherapy
Authors: Isenring Elisabeth , Bauer Judith , Capra Sandra 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives:  To determine the reliability and relative construct validity of the Modified Constipation Assessment Scale (MCAS) and use it to assess bowel function in oncology outpatients receiving radiotherapy.Design:  Validation study using data collected as part of a randomised controlled trial. Relative construct validity was investigated by triangulating the MCAS with bowel function assessed by the quality of life questionnaire, QLQ‐C30, and professional field notes.Subjects:  Sixty subjects (male : female 51 : 9; mean age 61.9 ± 14 years) receiving at least 20 fractions of radiotherapy to the gastrointestinal or head and neck area.Setting:  Australian private radiotherapy centre.Main outcome measure:  Bowel function assessed by the MCAS.Statistical analyses:  Test–retest reliability was assessed by correlation. Mann–Whitney U‐scores compared differences between the groups and Fisher's exact tests investigated the proportion of subjects experiencing changes in MCAS scores.Results:  The MCAS proved to be reliable with a mean difference between repeated tests in subjects being less than 1% of the maximum score. For bowel function assessed by the MCAS and the QLQ‐C30, 53% of responses were ranked in the same tertile. Of a total of 60 scores, six were misclassified (one false negative by the MCAS, five false negative by the QLQ‐C30). The MCAS provided more information than the QLQ‐C30 alone for 27 (45%) of the bowel‐function scores.Conclusion:  The MCAS has acceptable reliability and relative construct validity and is useful in assessing bowel function in patients receiving radiotherapy. Further work should be conducted on the validity and reliability of the MCAS prior to its use in other populations.
Supplement utilisation patterns of older Australians: Results from a randomly selected national sample
Authors: Brownie Sonya , Rolfe Margaret 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective:  The aim of the present study was to measure the prevalence and patterns of dietary and health supplement utilisation of older Australians.Design:  A self‐administered mail questionnaire.Subjects and setting:  Almost 2500 Australians aged 65 years and over were randomly selected from the 2000 Australian Electoral Commission roll. All states and territories were proportionally represented in the sample. Responses were obtained from 1263 predominantly independently living Australians aged 65 years and over.Results:  At the time of the survey, 43% (n = 548) reported the use of some form of supplement: females 52% (n = 324) and males 35% (n = 224). The supplements used most often were vitamin C (26%), multivitamin/mineral preparations (17%), fish oils (17%), vitamin E (16%), calcium (+/– vitamin D) (13%), garlic capsules or oil (11%), vitamin B (single or mixed) (9%), other single vitamins or minerals (7%), zinc (6%) and gingko (5%). The majority of supplements were consumed regularly (daily or every few days) and for an extended period (more than three years). Supplement users appeared to rely on their doctor, newspapers, family or friends and pharmacy staff for information about supplements. The most commonly cited reasons for supplement use were to enhance energy levels, improve stamina and promote feelings of wellness.Conclusion:  A high proportion of older supplement users reported regular and prolonged patterns of supplement use. Health professionals should explore the motives that maintain this behaviour, evaluate the appropriateness of the type and patterns of supplement use and provide supplement users with information that explains the potential risks associated with commonly used supplements.
Aspiring dietitians study: A pre‐enrolment study of students motivations, awareness and expectations relating to careers in nutrition and dietetics
Authors: Hughes Roger , Desbrow Ben 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective:  To qualitatively explore the attitudes, expectations and career plans of aspiring dietetic students.Design:  Qualitative study involving open‐ended semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews.Subjects:  Sixty‐three student applicants to the Griffith University Master of Nutrition and Dietetics Program over the 2002–2003 period.Main outcome measures:  Attitudinal data about the motivations, competency expectations and career plans of Nutrition and Dietetic program applicants.Analysis:  Qualitative content analysis.Results:  Student applicants had a mix of health science and exercise science undergraduate training backgrounds, were in their early to mid‐20s and were recent graduates. The most common motivations for becoming a dietitian was a long‐term primary interest in nutrition, health and helping people inspired by previous experience with other dietitians, family or personal illnesses and significant others such as mothers and teachers. Approximately 30% of applicants reported being motivated by personal experiences (self or friends) with obesity or eating disorders. High‐level communication and organisational skills and nutrition knowledge were the common competency expectations of dietitians among potential students. Most reported working clinically, running a private practice (particularly in sports nutrition) or in mixed practice settings with autonomy and practice diversity as long‐term career aspirations. There was a generally low level of specific awareness of public health nutrition or food service management practice opportunities in the profession.Conclusions:  There appears to be a need to further market the diversity of practice in the profession to senior school‐age and undergraduate students so that applicants are more informed of the realities of career opportunities.
Dietary supplements: Prevalence of use in the New Zealand population
Authors: PARNELL Winsome R. , WILSON Noela C. , SMITH Claire 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective:  To determine prevalence of dietary supplement use in New Zealand and to describe types of supplements used.Design:  Secondary data analysis of two cross‐sectional national surveys.Subjects:  In total, 3275 children aged 5–14 years, 4636 adults aged 15+ years.Setting:  Homes throughout New Zealand.Main outcome measures:  Prevalence data over 24 hours (children and adults) and over previous year (adults only), type of supplements consumed, pattern of dietary supplement use.Results:  Adults (24.2%) were more likely than children (5.4%) to consume any dietary supplement in the previous 24 hours. Over the previous year 59% of adults had consumed at least one supplement. Adult females were more frequent consumers than males both in the previous year (67.6%, 50.4%) and in the previous 24 hours (30.5%, 17.8%). Multivitamins and minerals were the type most frequently consumed by adults (19.8%) and children (2.1%). Older adults, compared with younger adults, are more likely to consume supplements daily and less likely to consume an individual supplement for a limited time.Conclusions:  The prevalence of use of dietary supplements of a population differs markedly depending on the duration of the period over which use of a supplement is recalled. In New Zealand adults, prevalence of use was 2.4 times higher recalling some use over the previous year, than when recalling use in the previous 24 hours. Use varied by age for adults and by ethnicity among adults and children.