bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wider roads, more cars
Authors: Næss Petter , Mogridge Martin J. H. , Sandberg Synnøve Lyssand 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe transport policy currently followed in many European cities seems to be a combination of investments in public transport in order to increase, or at least maintain, its market share, and road building in order to keep up with expected traffic growth. Apparently, there is a prevalent belief among policy makers that increased road capacity in urban areas does not in itself cause any growth in car traffic worth mentioning. Such a belief neglects the simple economic theory of supply and demand, as well as more specific theories about the dynamics of traffic under congested conditions. An empirical study of commuting patterns in two transport corridors in Oslo, Norway, shows that a considerable proportion of commuters are sensitive to changes in the speed of the respective modes of transportation. The mode chosen depends to a large extent on the ratio of door‐to‐door travel times by car and transit. Freer flowing traffic in the road network will induce a higher proportion of commuters to travel by car. Conversely, faster public transport will reduce the proportion of car commuters, but the effects of such improvements will be offset if road capacity is simultaneously increased. In addition to the relative speeds of car and transit, the parking conditions at the workplace are of great importance to the choice of transport mode.
Control strategies for vehicular NOx emissions in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Shao Min , Zhang Yuanhang , Raufer Roger 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGuangzhou is a city in southern China that has experienced very rapid economic development in recent years. The city's air has very high concentrations of various pollutants, including sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone (O3) and particulate. This paper reviews the changes in air quality in the city over the past 15 years, and notes that a serious vehicular‐related emissions problem has been superimposed on the traditional coal‐burning problem evident in most Chinese cities. As NOx concentrations have increased, oxidants and photochemical smog now interact with the traditional SO2and particulate pollutants, leading to increased health risks and other environmental concerns.Any responsible NOx control strategy for the city must include vehicle emission control measures. This paper reviews control strategies designed to abate vehicle emissions to fulfill the city's air quality improvement target in 2010. A cost‐effectiveness analysis suggests that, while NOx emission control is expensive, vehicular emission standards could achieve a relatively sizable emissions reduction at reasonable cost. To achieve the 2010 air quality target of NOx, advanced implementation of EURO3 standards is recommended, substituting for the EURO2 currently envisioned in the national regulations. Related technical options, including fuel quality improvements and inspection/maintenance (I/M) upgrades (ASM or IM240), are assessed as well.
Climate negotiations at a crucial stage: the Hague meeting of contracting Parties in November 2000 and its follow‐up
Authors: Kjellén Bo 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe author discusses the central issues of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol in the general context of the Rio process. The nexus of issues under negotiation in relation to climate change are viewed in the context of multilateral diplomacy for sustainable development. The article outlines the background to the important Sixth Conference of the Parties, held in the Hague in November 2000, and highlights the relationship between the main actors in the negotiations. Finally, the main results of the Hague negotiations are presented, followed by comments on follow‐up procedures and perspectives.
Sustainability of the dimension stone industry in Zimbabwe—challenges and opportunities
Authors: Maponga Oliver , Munyanduri Nelson 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe rapid expansion of the dimension stone and black granite industry in Zimbabwe in the 1990s, a result of increasing domestic and international demand for black granite, has ushered in new challenges and opportunities for producers and beneficiaries alike. This article investigates the social, environmental and economic challenges emanating from the export boom, the economic opportunities presented by the expanding market and the potential role the robust industry could play in regional economic development and poverty alleviation. The article evaluates the long‐term sustainability of the dimension stone industry and recommends the reinvestment of revenues into diversification of the regional economic base, upgrading of local infrastructure, further processing of rough stone before export and encouragement of micro‐businesses to enhance sustainability. The author argues for modification of economic incentives to incorporate environmental and social objectives in order to enhance sustainability. The need for a holistic approach to policies affecting the exploitation, processing and marketing of granite resources and their products is recognized. More research on the operations of the industry is called for.
Guatemala strives for environmental and economic sustainability in the Rio Dulce region
Authors: Perlack Robert D. , Ensminger J. Timothy , Martinez Romeo 
Published: October 2009

AbstractConditions in Guatemala's Rio Dulce National Park (RDNP) present an immediate decision‐making challenge concerning the reversal of current destructive environmental trends, and in establishing policies for restoration, protection, and sustainable use. This article summarises results of environmental assessment activities undertaken at three levels: an environmental impact assessment (EIA) of a proposed industrial forestry activity, an environmental assessment of management options for the Rio Dulce National Park, and water management planning for the Rio Dulce/Lago Izabal watershed. A key result of the EIA was to prohibit construction of a barge terminal within the boundaries of the park because it could set a precedent for future development. Management options for the park focused on establishing land‐use controls, dealing with river transport more effectively, and identifying funding mechanisms to implement solutions. At the watershed scale, a strategic approach was recommended to identify priority issues for initiating change toward sustainability in the region.
Alternative approaches to flood mitigation: a case study of Bangladesh
Authors: Neto Frederico 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFloods were by far the most damaging type of natural disasters during the 1990s, in terms of both human impacts and socio‐economic losses. Vulnerability to flooding disasters around the world is almost always differentiated by the socio‐economic conditions of different income groups in the disaster area. In general, the poorer the income group (or the country) the more vulnerable it is likely to be to the adverse impacts of floods. The article argues that Bangladesh is the world's most flood‐prone developing country in terms of the relative socio‐economic impacts of floods. While conventional flood control strategies tend to be based on structural engineering approaches—such as the construction of large‐scale embankments, diversion canals and dams—this article argues that more emphasis should be given to alternative, non‐structural measures. The main lesson from recent flooding disasters in Bangladesh is that, in the absence of expensive structural measures, many non‐structural ones can go a long way towards reducing vulnerability to and mitigating the impacts of floods.
Numerical Study of a Bio‐Centrifugal Blood Pump With Straight Impeller Blade Profiles
Authors: Song Guoliang , Chua Leok Poh , Lim Tau Meng 
Published: October 2009

AbstractComputational fluid dynamic simulations of the flow in the Kyoto‐NTN (Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan) magnetically suspended centrifugal blood pump with a 16‐straight‐bladed impeller were performed in the present study. The flow in the pump was assumed as unsteady and turbulent, and blood was treated as a Newtonian fluid. At the impeller rotating speed of 2000 rpm and flow rate of 5 L/min, the pump produces a pressure head of 113.5 mm Hg according to the simulation. It was found that the double volute of the pump has caused symmetrical pressure distribution in the volute passages and subsequently caused symmetrical flow patterns in the blade channels. Due to the tangentially increasing pressure in the volute passages, the flow through the blade channels initially increases at the low‐pressure region and then decreases due to the increased pressure. The reverse flow and vortices have been identified in the impeller blade channels. The high shear stress of the flow in the pump mainly occurred at the inlet and outlet of the blade channels, the beginning of the volute passages and the regions around the tips of the cutwater and splitter plate. Higher shear stress is obtained when the tips of the cutwater and splitter plate are located at the impeller blade trailing edges than when they are located at the middle of the impeller blade channel. It was found that the blood damage index assessed based on the blood corpuscle path tracing of the present pump was about 0.94%, which has the same order of magnitude as those of the clinical centrifugal pumps reported in the literature.
Low‐Cost Pulsatile Cardiac Assist Device With Compliant Input Chamber
Authors: Del Cañizo Juan , Rodríguez‐Martínez Daniel , Perez‐Caballero Ramon , Quintana Begoña , Ruiz‐Fernandez Manuel 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe propose a new, low‐cost pulsatile ventricular assist device (VAD) for short‐term applications. The new device could prove very useful in emergency ventricular failure in which patient survival is not assured. In these cases, the device allows ventricular function to be maintained as the patient's situation is evaluated and a decision is made on whether to perform a heart transplant or to replace the device with a long‐term VAD. The device has a pneumatic tubular blood chamber, clip valves over the cannulae, and a compliant input chamber that improves filling of the pump. Clip valves and all other functions of the device are controlled by means of a computerized console. The use of clip valves reduces the cost of the disposable part of the device.
Are Dialysis Devices Usable as Ozone Gas Exchangers?
Authors: Travagli Valter , Zanardi Iacopo , Gabbrielli Alessandro , Paccagnini Eugenio , Bocci Velio 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA study aimed to compare the efficiency of the ozone transfer of four hydrophilic dialysis filters, and one hydrophobic gas‐exchange device (GED) has been performed. Obviously, the former should be specifically used only for dialysis. Unfortunately, some clinicians incautiously use them as GEDs. It has been shown that: (i) dialysis filters present a wide range of gas‐exchange yield (from 0 up to 70%), often related to variability according to the treatment time; (ii) by scanning microscopy, it has been noticed that hollow fibers are somewhat altered by ozone; and (iii) because their constitutive materials may not be ozone‐resistant, they may release toxic compounds harmful for the patients. On the contrary, the appropriate GED is ozone‐transfer efficient, is ozone‐resistant, and is suitable for blood autotransfusion and ozonation.
TRANSFUSION COMPLICATIONS: Seroprevalence of Babesia microti in blood donors from Babesia‐endemic areas of the northeastern United States: 2000 through 2007
Authors: Johnson Stephanie T. , Cable Ritchard G. , Tonnetti Laura , Spencer Bryan , Rios Jorge , Leiby David A. 
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: Current estimates of 70 cases of transfusion‐transmitted Babesia microti, with 12 associated deaths, suggest that Babesia is a growing blood safety concern. The extent of Babesia infections among blood donors has not been well defined. To determine how common exposure to B. microti is among blood donors, a seroprevalence study was undertaken in the American Red Cross Northeast Division.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood donations at selected blood drives in Connecticut and Massachusetts (2000 through 2007) were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies to B. microti using immunofluorescence assay. Geographic and temporal trends of B. microti seroprevalence were estimated for donor's zip code of residence.RESULTS: Overall, a 1.1% seroprevalence was identified in Connecticut, with the highest levels found in two Southeastern counties (Middlesex and New London). Observed seroprevalence for offshore islands of Massachusetts was 1.4%. Seropositive donations were identified from donors residing in all eight counties in Connecticut and three counties in Massachusetts. Although a seasonal peak was found between July and September, seropositive donations were identified in every month of the year.CONCLUSIONS: Foci of statistically higher B. microti seroprevalence among blood donors were observed; however, B. microti transfusion transmission risk exists for blood collected throughout Connecticut and portions of Massachusetts. Similarly, a seasonal peak was identified; nevertheless, seropositive donations were found year‐round. Thus, geographic and/or seasonal exclusion methods are insufficient to fully safeguard the blood supply from Babesia transmission. Steps should be taken to reduce risk of transfusion‐transmitted B. microti, perhaps through implementation of year‐round, regional testing.
Skin disinfection methods: prospective evaluation and postimplementation results
Authors: Ramirez‐Arcos Sandra , Goldman Mindy 
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: Optimal skin disinfection ensures blood safety. In this study, efficacies of the two‐step skin disinfection methods used at Canadian Blood Services (CBS) and two one‐step methods produced by different manufacturers were compared.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In each of the three phases of the study, two methods were compared by disinfection of the antecubital fossae of study subjects. The two‐step methods were compared in Phase I: Method A (isopropyl alcohol scrub and iodine tincture ampule) and Method B (isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine scrub and isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine ampule). In Phases II and III, Method B was compared to two different one‐step swab sticks containing isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine (Methods C and D). Contact plates were applied on each of the subjects before and after disinfection and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours followed by colony counting.RESULTS: In 99% of the subjects, colonies per plate were reduced from approximately 60 to less than 10 after disinfection using any method. Method B was superior to Method A (p < 0.05) but was not significantly different from Methods C and D. Method D was implemented for skin disinfection at CBS with no significant effects on blood product contamination. Skin reactions increased from approximately 0.02% to approximately 0.62% after implementation, which were subsequently reduced to approximately 0.04%.CONCLUSION: In this study, isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine disinfectants were more efficacious than isopropyl alcohol and iodine. There was no difference in efficacy between one‐step and two‐step procedures or between methods of application. A one‐step chlorhexidine and isopropyl alcohol kit has been successfully implemented at CBS.
Red blood cell alloimmunization in sickle cell disease patients in Uganda
Authors: Natukunda Bernard , Schonewille Henk , Ndugwa Christopher , Brand Anneke 
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion is an integral part in the management of sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. Alloimmunization is a recognized complication of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions with consequences including delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions and difficulties in getting compatible blood for future transfusions. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of RBC alloimmunization in SCD patients in Uganda where pretransfusion screening for alloantibodies is not practiced.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In a cross‐sectional study, SCD patients at Mulago Hospital Sickle Cell Clinic, Kampala, Uganda, were investigated. The demographic characteristics and transfusion history were recorded. Blood samples were drawn from consenting, previously transfused patients and RBC alloimmunization was demonstrated using immunohematologic techniques.RESULTS: There were 428 patients (median age, 12 years; female/male ratio, 1.0) and they had received a median of 3 units in a median of three transfusion episodes. Twenty‐six patients (6.1%) possessed RBC alloantibodies and 21 (80.7%) of them had received up to 10 transfusions. A total of 30 alloantibodies was found; 20 (66.7%) and 5 (16.6%) belonged to Rh and MNS blood groups, respectively. Five of the alloimmunized patients had multiple antibodies.CONCLUSIONS: The rate of RBC alloimmunization in Ugandan SCD patients was 6.1%. The homogeneity between donors and SCD patients plus the low transfusion load may explain this immunization frequency. Nevertheless, our study confirms the significance of RBC alloimmunization as a complication in Ugandan SCD patients. Therefore, there is need to improve immunohematologic testing in Uganda so that RBC alloimmunization and its consequences may be prevented.
Zoledronic acid repolarizes tumour‐associated macrophages and inhibits mammary carcinogenesis by targeting the mevalonate pathway
Authors: Coscia Marta , Quaglino Elena , Iezzi Manuela , Curcio Claudia , Pantaleoni Francesca , Riganti Chiara , Holen Ingunn , Mönkkönen Hannu , Boccadoro Mario , Forni Guido , Musiani Piero , Bosia Amalia , Cavallo Federica , Massaia Massimo 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIt is unknown whether zoledronic acid (ZA) at clinically relevant doses is active against tumours not located in bone. Mice transgenic for the activated ErbB‐2 oncogene were treated with a cumulative number of doses equivalent to that recommended in human beings. A significant increase in tumour‐free and overall survival was observed in mice treated with ZA. At clinically compatible concentrations, ZA modulated the mevalonate pathway and affected protein prenylation in both tumour cells and macrophages. A marked reduction in the number of tumour‐associated macrophages was paralleled by a significant decrease in tumour vascularization. The local production of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin‐10 was drastically down‐regulated in favour of interferon‐γ production. Peritoneal macrophages and tumour‐associated macrophages of ZA‐treated mice recovered a full M1 antitumoral phenotype, as shown by nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kB, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production. These data indicate that clinically achievable doses of ZA inhibit spontaneous mammary cancerogenesis by targeting the local microenvironment, as shown by a decreased tumour vascularization, a reduced number of tumour‐associated macrophages and their reverted polarization from M2 to M1 phenotype.
Targeting and retention of HPV16 E7 to the endoplasmic reticulum enhances immune tumour protection
Authors: Loera‐Arias M.J. , Martínez‐Pérez A.G. , Barrera‐Hernández A. , Ibarra‐Obregón E.R. , González‐Saldívar G. , Martínez‐Ortega J.I. , Rosas‐Taraco A. , Villanueva‐Olivo A. , Esparza‐González S.C. , Villatoro‐Hernandez J. , Saucedo‐Cárdenas O. , Montes‐de‐Oca‐Luna R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is where the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are loaded with epitopes to cause an immune cellular response. Most of the protein antigens are degraded in the cytoplasm to amino acids and few epitopes reach the ER. Antigen targeting of this organelle by Calreticulin (CRT) fusion avoids this degradation and enhances the immune response. We constructed a recombinant adenovirus to express the E7 antigen with an ER‐targeting signal peptide (SP) plus an ER retention signal (KDEL sequence). In cell‐culture experiments we demonstrated that this new E7 antigen, SP‐E7‐KDEL, targeted the ER. Infection of mice with this recombinant adenovirus that expresses SP‐E7‐KDEL showed interferon induction and tumour‐protection response, similar to that provided by an adenovirus expressing the E7 antigen fused to CRT. This work demonstrated that just by adding a SP and the KDEL sequence, antigens can be targeted and retained in the ER with a consequent enhancement of immune response and tumour protection. These results will have significant clinical applications.
RESEARCH OF INTEREST
Authors: Peterson Louis J. , Whaley Russell F. 
Published: October 2009

Freimer, Earl H. and McCarty, Maclyn, “Rheumatic Fever,”Takagi, Y., McGlone, R., and Millard, R., “A Survey of Speech Disorders of Individuals With Clefts,”Weiss, Thalia and Glasser, Betty, “Social Adjustments of Adolescents Discharged From a Mental Hospital,”Korsch, B. et al., “Infant Care and Punishment: A Pilot Study,”Whaley, R. F., and Tait, G. T., “How Well Do College Students Know Their Blood Types?,”Sherwin, A. et al., “Determination of Psychiatric Impairment In Children,”Stewart, D. J., “A Dental Service for Children with Bleeding Disorders,”Hochbaum, G. M., “Research to Improve Health Education,”
RESEARCH OF INTEREST
Authors: Peterson Louis J. , Whaley Russell F. 
Published: October 2009

Linder, Forrest E., “The Health of the American People,”Huenemann, Ruth L., “A Nutrition Study of Teenagers,”Caldbeck‐Meenan, John, “Screening University Students With the C.M.I.,”Levin, Marvin E. and Recant, Lillian, “Diabetes and the Environment,”Dowell, Linus J., “Health Knowledge and Its Influence on Health Practices,”Levy, Leo, “Factors Which Facilitate or Impede Transfer of Medical Functions from Physicians to Paramedical Personnel,”
RESEARCH OF INTEREST
Authors: Peterson Louis J. , Whalley Russel F. 
Published: October 2009

Barton, Jack. “School Psychology and School Psychologists: An Approach to An Old Problem,” American Psychologist, 23: 3 (March 1968), 187–194.Hughes, H. Stuart. “Emotional Disturbance and American Social Change, 1944–1969,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 126: 1 (July 1969), 59–66.Burton, Dee. “Birth Order and Intelligence,” Journal of Social Psychology, 76: 6, (December 1968), 199–206.Eckhardt, William, and Newcombe, Alan. “Militarism, Personality and Other Social Attitudes,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 13: 2 (June 1969), 210–218.Rosenthal, Ted L., et al. “Social Strata and Perception of Magical and Folk‐Medical Child‐Care Practices,” Journal of Social Psychology, 77: 1 (February 1969), 3–13.Flapan, Mark. “A Paradigm for the Analysis of Childbearing Motivations of Married Women Prior to Birth of the First Child,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 39: 3 (April 1969), 402–417.
RESEARCH OF INTEREST
Authors: PETERSON LOUIS J. , WHALEY RUSSELL F. 
Published: October 2009

Krain, Lawrence S., Weiss, Robert C. and Heidbreder, Gerald A. “Los Angeles County Health Department Youth Clinics,”Ochsmer, Alton, “The Helath Menace of Tobacco,” American ScientistOgilvie, Brue C., and Tutko, Thomas A. “If You Want to Build Character, Try Something Else,”Harlow, Harry F., Harlow, Margaret, and Suomi, Stephen J. “From Thought to Therapy: lessons from a Primate Laboratory,” American ScientistConn, Robert H. and Anderson, Dubley. “D.C. Moounts Unfunded Progam of Screening for Lead Poisoning,”
Research of Interest
Authors: Peterson Louis J. 
Published: October 2009

Nordsiek, Frederic W. “The Sweet Tooth,” American Scientist.Lipman‐Blumen, Jean. “How Ideology Shapes Women's Lives,” Scientific American.Amsel, Zili, et al. “The Use of the Narcotics Register for Follow‐up of a Cohort of Adolescent Addicts”.Veevers, J.E., “Drinking Attitudes and Drinking Behavior: An Exploratory Study”.Knittel, Robert E., Robert C. Child and John Hobgood. “Role and Training of Health Education Aides”.Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr. “Preventing Unwanted Pregnancies Among Adolescents”.