bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wastewater‐irrigated vegetables: market handling versus irrigation water quality
Authors: Ensink Jeroen H. J. , Mahmood Tariq , Dalsgaard Anders 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective and methods  Vegetables irrigated with untreated domestic wastewater were, at the time of harvest, analysed for the presence of the faecal indicator, Escherichia coli, and helminth eggs in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Vegetables from the same harvested batch were collected approximately 12 h later from the local market.Results  The survey found relatively low concentrations of E. coli (1.9 E. coli per gram), but relatively high concentrations of helminths (0.7 eggs per gram) on vegetables collected from agricultural fields. Higher concentration of both E. coli (14.3 E. coli per gram) and helminths (2.1 eggs per gram) were recovered from the vegetables collected from the market.Conclusions  The results of the survey suggest that unhygienic post harvest handling was the major source of produce contamination. Interventions at the market, such as the provision of clean water to wash produce in, are better ways to protect public health and more cost effective than wastewater treatment.
Effectiveness of common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables
Authors: Amoah P. , Drechsel P. , Abaidoo R. C. , Klutse A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective  To analyse and improve the effectiveness of common indigenous washing methods for the reduction of faecal coliform (FC) populations on the surface of wastewater‐irrigated vegetables and to determine simple factors affecting their efficacy.Methods  Questionnaire interviews were used to gather information on common methods used for washing vegetables in seven West African countries. The efficacy of the most common decontamination methods was measured in terms of log reductions in FC populations on homogenised contaminated lettuce, cabbage and spring onion samples.Results  The large majority of urban households and restaurants in the subregion are aware of vegetable‐related health risks and wash vegetables before consumption. Methods used vary widely within and between Ghana and neighbouring francophone West African countries. However, several of the most common methods do not reduce the contamination to any desirable level. Significantly, different log reductions are achieved depending on the washing method, contact time and water temperature. Tests to improve the apparent ineffective methods were especially promising in view of the relatively expensive vinegar. However, up to 3 log units reduction is also possible at a much lower price with ‘Eau de Javel’ (household bleach), which is commonly used in francophone West Africa.Conclusion  Washing vegetables before consumption is an important component of a multiple barrier approach for health risk reduction. The high risk perception among consumers demands that more information be made available on the appropriate use of these washing methods. Any washing method will need complementary efforts to reduce contamination before the vegetables enter the kitchen, such as safer irrigation practices.
The relative contribution of case management and inadequate care‐seeking behaviour to childhood deaths from diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections in Hidalgo, Mexico
Authors: Bojalil Rossana , Kirkwood Betty R , Bobak Martin , Guiscafre Hector 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective  To investigate the contribution of poor case management and care‐seeking behaviour to childhood deaths from acute respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhoeal diseases in rural Mexico.Methods  Eighty‐nine deaths from ARI and diarrhoea in under‐fives from Hidalgo over a 7‐month period were identified from registered death certificates. We interviewed the carers of 75 of these children, eliciting what happened before death, including signs and symptoms, contact with health services, details on treatments and details of doctors. These death narratives were used to assess the contributions of care seeking and case management to the childhood deaths. We conducted an independent investigation of the clinical competence of doctors mentioned in the death narratives using standard case scenarios and compared this with results obtained from neighbourhood control doctors.Results  Late care seeking and/or poor case management contributed to 68% of deaths. The estimated contribution of care seeking alone was 32%, of case management alone 17% and of both care seeking and case management 18% of deaths. Doctors implicated as having contributed to a child’s death had significantly lower clinical competence scores than those who were not. Private doctors accounted for 1.4 times more consultations prior to death than public doctors, but were implicated in 1.8 times the number of deaths.Conclusion  Efforts to reduce child mortality need to improve both care seeking for childhood illnesses and quality of case management. It is essential that doctors in the private sector be included, as in Mexico and many other countries they provide a large proportion of care, often with adverse outcomes.
Low prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in young women attending a youth counselling service in Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: Melo Josefa , Folgosa Elena , Manjate Delfina , Osman Nafissa , Francois Isabelle , Temmerman Marleen , Cappuccinelli Piero , Colombo Mauro M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjectives  To determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in a group of young women attending the Adolescent and Youth Friendly Service, in Maputo, Mozambique, and to evaluate their level of knowledge, practices and attitudes about STI.Methods  A total of 445 women voluntarily participated in the study and filled in a self‐administered knowledge, practices and attitudes (KAP) questionnaire; 435 of them underwent a laboratory examination for vaginosis, candidiasis, trichomoniasis, gonorrhoea, chlamydiosis, syphilis and HIV infection.Results  Women had a high level of awareness and knowledge of STI and HIV. Candidiasis was the most prevalent reproductive tract infection (36%), followed by vaginosis (13%) and trichomoniasis (7.6%), and sexually transmitted diseases. HIV seroprevalence was 4%; 42% were negative in all tests.Conclusion  The low prevalence of STI and HIV may be related in part to the high level of awareness registered in the group.
Risk associated with asymptomatic parasitaemia occurring post‐antimalarial treatment
Authors: Olliaro Piero , Pinoges Loretxu , Checchi Francesco , Vaillant Michel , Guthmann Jean‐Paul 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective  Parasites may recur asymptomatically after initial clearance by antimalarial treatment. Current guidelines recommend treatment only when patients develop symptoms or at the end of follow‐up. We wanted to assess prospectively the probability of becoming symptomatic and the risks of this practice.Methods  We analysed data collected in 13 trials of uncomplicated paediatric malaria conducted in eight sub‐Saharan African countries. These studies followed all cases of post‐treatment asymptomatic parasitaemia until they developed symptoms or to the end of the 28‐day follow‐up period, at which time parasite genotypes were compared to pre‐treatment isolates to distinguish between recrudescences and new infections.Results  There were 425 asymptomatic recurrences after 2576 treatments with either chloroquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine or amodiaquine, of which 225 occurred by day 14 and 200 between day 15 and day 28. By day 28, 42% developed fever (median time to fever = 5 days) and 30% remained parasitaemic but afebrile, while 23% cleared their parasites (outcome unknown in 4%). Young age, parasitaemia ≥500 parasites/μl; onset of parasitaemia after day 14, and treatment with amodiaquine were the main variables associated with higher risk of developing fever.Conclusion  In areas of moderate to intense transmission, asymptomatic recurrences of malaria after treatment carry a substantial risk of becoming ill within a few days and should be treated as discovered. Young children are at higher risk. The higher risk carried by cases occurring in the second half of follow‐up may be explained by falling residual drug levels.
Translation of artemether–lumefantrine treatment policy into paediatric clinical practice: an early experience from Kenya*
Authors: Zurovac D. , Njogu J. , Akhwale W. , Hamer D. H. , Snow R. W. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective  To describe the quality of outpatient paediatric malaria case‐management approximately 4–6 months after artemether–lumefantrine (AL) replaced sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) as the nationally recommended first‐line therapy in Kenya.Methods  Cross‐sectional survey at all government facilities in four Kenyan districts. Main outcome measures were health facility and health worker readiness to implement AL policy; quality of antimalarial prescribing, counselling and drug dispensing in comparison with national guidelines; and factors influencing AL prescribing for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in under‐fives.Results  We evaluated 193 facilities, 227 health workers and 1533 sick‐child consultations. Health facility and health worker readiness was variable: 89% of facilities stocked AL, 55% of health workers had access to guidelines, 46% received in‐service training on AL and only 1% of facilities had AL wall charts. Of 940 children who needed AL treatment, AL was prescribed for 26%, amodiaquine for 39%, SP for 4%, various other antimalarials for 8% and 23% of children left the facility without any antimalarial prescribed. When AL was prescribed, 92% of children were prescribed correct weight‐specific dose. AL dispensing and counselling tasks were variably performed. Higher health worker’s cadre, in‐service training including AL use, positive malaria test, main complaint of fever and high temperature were associated with better prescribing.Conclusions  Changes in clinical practices at the point of care might take longer than anticipated. Delivery of successful interventions and their scaling up to increase coverage are important during this process; however, this should be accompanied by rigorous research evaluations, corrective actions on existing interventions and testing cost‐effectiveness of novel interventions capable of improving and maintaining health worker performance and health systems to deliver artemisinin‐based combination therapy in Africa.
Human and porcine neurocysticercosis: differences in the distribution and developmental stages of cysticerci
Authors: Sáenz B. , Ramírez J. , Aluja A. , Escobar A. , Fragoso G. , Morales J. , Pérez‐Tamayo R. , Rosetti F. , Larralde C. , Sciutto E. , Fleury A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective  To describe and compare the clinical impacts of neurocysticercosis (NC) caused by Taenia solium in humans and pigs.Methods  Comparative study of the brains of 16 asymptomatic pigs and 35 human NC cases (15 asymptomatic and 20 symptomatic).Results  In humans, cysticerci were more frequently located in the ventricles and subarachnoid space at the base of the brain (11.8%vs. 1.6%; P = 0.001 and 25.9%vs. 0%; P < 0.0001, respectively) while in pigs, cysticerci were more frequently found in the parenchyma (44.4%vs. 7.6%; P < 0.0001). In human brains, 75.9% of the cysticerci were calcified, while in pigs all cysticerci were in the vesicular stage.Conclusion  The duration of infection and the host–parasite relationship (such as immune reactivity and brain haemodynamics) differ between humans and pigs. This may account for the different distribution and stage of the cysticerci among humans and pigs.
Accidental paraffin poisoning in Kenyan children
Authors: Lang T. , Thuo N. , Akech S. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA serious and common accident in rural Kenyan homesteads is accidental ingestion of paraffin when it has been mistaken for water and offered to a young child. Here we report the incidence, parental practices and outcome of severe paraffin poisoning, requiring admission at Kilifi District Hospital, Kenya. Over a 2‐year period, 48 children (0.5% of all admissions) were admitted with kerosene poisoning, constituting 62% of all poisoning cases. All cases were accidental. Ten per cent had induced vomiting. One child (2%) died. We suggest these data support assessment followed by implementation of practical and affordable measures to prevent paraffin poisoning.
Estimates of the economic burden of rotavirus‐associated and all‐cause diarrhoea in Vellore, India
Authors: Mendelsohn Andrea S. , Asirvatham Jaya Ruth , Mkaya Mwamburi D. , Sowmynarayanan T. V. , Malik Vandana , Muliyil Jayaprakash , Kang Gagandeep 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective  To determine the cost of rotavirus and all‐cause diarrhoea in Vellore, India.Methods  Parents of children <5 years of age accessing clinics, emergency rooms, or hospitals for acute diarrhoea completed a questionnaire detailing healthcare utilisation, medical and non‐medical expenditures, and lost income. Faecal samples were screened for rotavirus and medical records were examined. Costs were estimated for inpatient and outpatient resource consumption, stratified by facility.Results  Total societal costs of a hospitalised diarrhoeal episode were Rs 3278.50 (US$ 80.80) at a large referral hospital and Rs 1648.60 (US$ 40.60) at a smaller community hospital. Costs for rotavirus positive or negative gastroenteritis were similar. Median household expenditures per diarrhoeal episode at the referral and the community hospitals equalled 5.8% and 2.2% of the annual household income, respectively.Conclusions  Diarrhoeal disease in children constitutes a considerable economic burden. An appropriately priced and effective rotavirus vaccine may provide significant economic savings for the Indian household and healthcare system.
Cyclotetrapeptides and cyclopentapeptides: occurrence and synthesis*
Authors: SCHMIDT ULRICH , LANGNER JÖRG 
Published: August 2010

The structures reported for the three cancerostatic all‐l‐cyclotetrapeptides cyclo(Pro‐Leu)2, cyclo(Pro‐Val)2 and cyclo(Pro‐Phe)2 isolated from a tunicate seem questionable. The synthetic compounds claimed to be identical to the naturally occurring cyclotetrapeptides are in fact not cyclotetrapeptides but rather cyclooctapeptides.We have not been able to prepare the tyrosinase inhibitor cyclo(Pro‐Val‐Pro‐Tyr). Ring closure of H‐Pro‐Val‐Pro‐Tyr‐OC6F5 gave rise to 31% of cyclo(Pro‐Val‐Pro‐d‐Tyr). The same product was obtained in 53% yield from H‐Pro‐Val‐Pro‐d‐Tyr‐oc6F5.For the ring closure to the all‐l‐cyclopentapeptide cyclo(Pro‐Ala‐Ala‐Phe‐Leu), all ring closure positions have been investigated. The reaction at the nitrogen atom of leucine leads to 21% of the all‐l‐cyclopentapeptide. Dimers or mixtures of monomers and dimers result from reaction at all other positions. © Munksgaard 1997.
Identification of the motilide pharmacophores using quantitative structure activity relationships
Authors: Khiat A. , Boulanger Y. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractErythromycin A and some derivatives have been shown to act as agonists at the motilin receptor site (motilides) and a structural similarity between these molecules and the N‐terminal fragment of motilin has been proposed. Conformational analysis and three‐dimensional quantitative structure‐activity relationship (3D‐QSAR) methods have been used to determine the homology between a series of erythromycin A derivatives and motilin 1‐10. A total of 18 compounds has been studied to correlate the gastrointestinal motor stimulating (GMS) activity with the structure‐related parameters determined by 3D‐QSAR. Two models with good predictive power of the GMS activity are presented, leading to the prediction of motilin 1‐10 activity. The models are consistent with the majority of the data available. The most significant parameters for GMS activity are a favorable dispersion interaction from the quaternary ammonium group of the desosamine ring. In motilin 1‐10, the aromatic side chains of Phe1 and Tyr7 seem to play the same role as the quaternary ammonium group in models 1 and 2, respectively. Some hydroxyl groups of erythromycin A derivatives and hydrophobic groups of the Val2 and lie4 side chains of motilin also contribute to the GMS activity. The experimental GMS activities measured are in good agreement with the predicted values, with correlation coefficient values of 0.98 and 0.94 in models 1 and 2, respectively.
Untersuchungen über den Stoff‐und Energies umsatz wachsender Schweine
Authors: Fingerling G. , Eisenkolbe P. , Hientzsch Br. , Just M. , Knauth G. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungIn der Kellnerschen Stärkewertlehre kommt der ”Wertig‐keit„ insofern eine große Bedeutung zu, als durch sie der Wirkungs‐wert eines Futtermittels in Prozenten des vollwertig gedachten zum Ausdruck gebracht wird. Um den Ansatzwert vollwertiger Futter‐mittel der Berechnung zugrunde legen zu können, hat O. Kellner den Fettansatz, den reine isolierte Nährstoffe bei der Mast aus‐gewachsener Ochsen bewirkten, durch Respirationsversuche ermittelt und mit Hilfe dieser Ansatzwerte und des Gehaltes der Futtermittel an verdaulichen Nährstoffen den Wirkungswert der vollwertig gedachten Futtermittel berechnet. Das Verhältnis des auf diese Weise berechneten zum tatsächlichen, im Versuch festgestellten Ansatzes nannte er Wertigkeit.Auf dieselbe Weise haben wir bereits früher zu gleichem Zwecke das Fettansatzvermögen reiner Nährstoffe bei der Schweine‐mast ermittelt. Da unsere damaligen Versuche aber nur mit einem Tier und in einem Versuch durchgeführt werden konnten, wurde der Fettbildungswert von Erdnußöl durch diese Versuche auf breiterer Grundlage (6 Tiere) erneut festgestellt.Bei diesen Versuchen fanden wir fast dieselben Werte, die wir früher erhalten hatten: 100 g verdauliches Erdnußöl bewirkten einen Fleisch‐ und Fettansatz von 862,1 Cal, entsprechend einem Ansatz von 90,7 g Korperfett, wahrend bei unserem früheren Ver suche ein Ansatz von 835,7 Cal, entsprechend 88,0 g Körperfett in Erscheinung getreten war.
Untersuchungen über den Nahrstoffgehalt von Baumwollsaatschrot
Authors: Kirsch W. , Jantzon H. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungDie Prüfung eines Baumwollsaatschrotes der Firma Hobum, Vertriebsgesellschaft m. b. H., Harburg‐Wilhelmsburg, ergab auf Grund von Verdauungsversuchen an Hammeln folgenden Nährstoffgehalt: in 100 kg Baumwollsaatschrot mit 87,76% T.‐S, waren enthalten: 13,23 kg verdaulich.es Roheiweiß, 13.04 kg verdauliches Reineiweiß, 41.5 kg Stärkewert.
Fütterungsversuche mit ”Terno„ ‐Schnitten
Authors: Liebscher Wilhelm 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungDie nach dem Verfahren H. Fattinger hergestellten Ternoschnitte erwiesen sich als hochverdaulich. Durch den Zusatz von Satu‐rationsschlamm wird die Verdaulichkeit nicht beeinträchtigt. Nach eigenen Versuchen sowie nach Beobachtungen in der Praxis haben sie sich bei der Fütterung der Rinder, Pferde und Schweine gut bewährt.
Zum Einfluß der Ameisensäure auf den Säure‐Basen‐Haushalt
Authors: Lenkeit W. , Deppe K. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungUnter dem Einfluß der zugeführten Menge Ameisensäure gehen die Basenwerte im Harn zurück. Es bleibt jedoch bis zum Ende der 5otägigen Versuchsfütterung ein Basenüberschuß bestehen.Der Ammoniakgehalt des Harnes bleibt ziemlich unverändert mit einer geringen Tendenz zur Abnahme. Bei Mineralsäuresilagen war dagegen stets eine Zunahme festzustellen.Die Alkalireserve des Blutes wird nach der Seite der Azidose verschoben.Die Ca‐P‐Bilanz wird von der Ameisensäure in der zur Einsäuerung erforderlichen Menge nicht ungünstig beeinflußt. Mineralsäuresilagen haben eine entgegengesetzte Wirkung.
Untersuchungen über den Einfluß einer Ver” gärung von Buchenholz” und Fichtenholzsäge” mehlen unter Zusatz eines Molke” Phosphor” säuregemisches sowie von Zucker auf die Verdau” lichkeit der Nährstoffe durch den Wiederkäuer
Authors: Kirsch W. , Jantzon H. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungDie vorliegenden Versuche hatten den Zweck, ein von den Chemischen Werken Albert angegebenes Verfahren zu prüfen, wonach Holzsägemehl durch eine Vergärung mit Molke‐Phosphorsäurezusatz im Sinne einer “Aufschließung” für den Wiederkäuer verdaulicher gemacht werden kann. Auf Grund von Verdauungsversuchen am Hammel gelangten wir zu folgenden. Ergebnissen:

Frisches Buchensägemehl, nach Vorschrift mit Molke‐Phosphorsäurezusatz vergoren, wurde nur in geringem Umfang und nicht besser verdaut, als frisches Buchensägemehl im unvergorenen Zustande bzw. nach einer Vergärung mit Zuckerzusatz. Eine “Auf‐schließung” (im Sinne einer Erhöhung der Rohfaserverdaulichkeit) durch die Vergärung mit Molke‐Phosphorsäurezusatz ist nicht eingetreten.
Bei Fichtensägemehl (Weichholz) konnte eine wenn auch geringe Verbesserung der Rohfaserverdaulichkeit infolge der Vergärung mit Molke‐Phosphorsäurezusatz festgestellt werden (Rohfaserverdaulichkeit unvergoren 11,9%, vergoren mit Molke‐Phosphor‐säure 19,0%).
Eine Verfütterung von älterem, d. h. länger gelagertem Fichtensägemehl hatte genau die gleiche geringe Verdaulichkeit wie das frische Fichtensägemehl.
Eine Einsäuerung von Buchen‐ bzw. Fichtensägemehl im Gemisch mit gehäckseltem Futterrübenblatt erbrachte das gleiche Ergebnis wie die Versuche mit dem frisch verfütterten Sägemehl bzw. der Verfütterung von vergorenem Sägemehl, dem Zucker zugesetzt worden war.

Demnach hat die Vergärung von Buchensägemehl (Hartholz) rait Molke‐Phosphorsäurezusatz keine Wirkung. Bei Fichtensägemehl (Weichholz) — mit Molke‐Phosphorsäurezusatz vergoren — ist eine geringe Verbesserung der Rohfaserverdaulichkeit festzustellen, wahrscheinlich als spezifische Wirkung des Phosphorsäurezusatzes. Sie blieb aber zu niedrig, um daraus irgendwelche Schlüsse auf wirtschaftliche Anwendung ableiten zu können.Die Untersuchungen wurden ausgeführt mit Unterstützung des A. T. F. Ausschuß für Technik in der Forstwirtschaft, Berlin W 9, dem an dieser Stelle gedankt sei.
Die Bestimmung des Chloridgehaltes pflanzlicher und tierisdier Substanzen auf potentiometrischem Wege
Authors: Scharrer K. , Jung J. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungDie mit der genauen Erkennung des Endpunktes bei der maßanalytischen Chloridbestimmung zusammenhängenden Schwierigkeiten lassen die potentiometrisch indizierte Chloridtitration als besonders vorteilhaft erscheinen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Methode mitgeteilt, die mit Hilfe üblicher Meßgeräte eine sehr genaue und schnelle Bestimmung des Chloridgehaltes pflanzlicher und tierischer Substanzen auf potentiometrischem Wege gestattet.
Einfluß von Antibiotika‐Zusätzen auf die Proteinverwertung nicht entölter und entölter Sojabohnen vor und nach einer Hitzebehandlung
Authors: Columbus A. , Gebhardt G. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungEs wurden N‐Bilanz‐Versuche an wachsenden Albinoratten mit nicht entöltem und extrahiertem Sojabohnenmehl vor und nach einer Hitzebehandlung unter Zusatz von Penicillin und Streptomycin durchgeführt, um der Frage der Ausschaltung des wachstumshemmenden Prinzips der rohen Sojabohnen durch Antibiotika nachzugehen. Unter den Versuchsbedingungen ließ sich eine solche Wirkung nicht erfassen, da Hitzebehandlung und Antibiotikazugaben unabhängig voneinander wirkten und ein Antibiotikaeinfluß auch bei Fütterung hitzebehandelter Soja nachweisbar war.
Bilateral hypoglossal nerve palsies following head injury
Authors: BRENNAN RICHARD J , SHIRLEY JOHN P , COMPTON EFFREY S 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBilateral hypoglossal nerve palsies following head injury are very rare, with only two cases previously being reported. We present the case of an 11 year old boy who developed this disorder after being struck by a car and discuss the mechanism of injury which is most likely traction on the hypoglossal nerve.