bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing normal and torn rotator cuff tendons using dynamic shear analysis
Authors: Chaudhury S. , Holland C. , Vollrath F. , Carr A. J. 
Published: June 2011

This study reports the application of a novel method for quantitatively determining differences in the mechanical properties of healthy and torn rotator cuff tissues. In order to overcome problems of stress risers at the grip-tendon interface that can obscure mechanical measurements of small tendons, we conducted our investigation using dynamic shear analysis.Rotator cuff tendon specimens were obtained from 100 patients during shoulder surgery. They included 82 differently sized tears and 18 matched controls. We subjected biopsy samples of 3 mm in diameter to oscillatory deformation under compression using dynamic shear analysis. The storage modulus (G’) was calculated as an indicator of mechanical integrity.Normal tendons had a significantly higher storage modulus than torn tendons, indicating that torn tendons are mechanically weaker than normal tendons (p = 0.003). Normal tendons had a significantly higher mean shear modulus than tendons with massive tears (p < 0.01).Dynamic shear analysis allows the determination of shear mechanical properties of small tissue specimens obtained intra-operatively that could not be studied by conventional methods of tensile testing. These methods could be employed to investigate other musculoskeletal tissues. This pilot study provides some insight into mechanisms that might contribute to the failure of repair surgery, and with future application could help direct the most appropriate treatment for specific rotator cuff tears.
Does cyclical loading affect the elution of antibiotics from articulating cement knee spacers?
Authors: Rogers B. A. , Middleton F. R. , Shearwood-Porter N. , Kinch S. , Roques A. , Bradley N. W. , Browne M. 
Published: June 2011

Two-stage revision surgery for infected total knee replacement offers the highest rate of success for the elimination of infection. The use of articulating antibiotic-laden cement spacers during the first stage to eradicate infection also allows protection of the soft tissues against excessive scarring and stiffness. We have investigated the effect of cyclical loading of cement spacers on the elution of antibiotics. Femoral and tibial spacers containing vancomycin at a constant concentration and tobramycin of varying concentrations were studied in vitro. The specimens were immersed and loaded cyclically to 250 N, with a flexion excursion of 45°, for 35 000 cycles. The buffered solution was sampled at set intervals and the antibiotic concentration was established so that the elution could be calculated. Unloaded samples were used as a control group for statistical comparison. The elution of tobramycin increased proportionately with its concentration in cement and was significantly higher at all sampling times from five minutes to 1680 minutes in loaded components compared with the control group (p = 0.021 and p = 0.003, respectively). A similar trend was observed with elution of vancomycin, but this failed to reach statistical significance at five, 1320 and 1560 minutes (p = 0.0508, p = 0.067 and p = 0.347, respectively). However, cyclically loaded and control components showed an increased elution of vancomycin with increasing tobramycin concentration in the specimens, despite all components having the same vancomycin concentration. The concentration of tobramycin influences both tobramycin and vancomycin elution from bone cement. Cyclical loading of the cement spacers enhanced the elution of vancomycin and tobramycin.
High tibial osteotomy with a dynamic axial fixator
Authors: Bachhal V. , Sankhala S. S. , Jindal N. , Dhillon M. S. 
Published: June 2011

We report the outcome of 32 patients (37 knees) who underwent hemicallostasis with a dynamic external fixator for osteoarthritis of the medial compartment of the knee. There were 16 men (19 knees) and 16 women (18 knees) with a mean age at operation of 54.6 years (27 to 72). The aim was to achieve a valgus overcorrection of 2° to 8° or mechanical axis at 62.5% (± 12.5%). At a mean follow-up of 62.8 months (51 to 81) there was no change in the mean range of movement, and no statistically significant difference in the Insall-Salvati index or tibial slope (p = 0.11 and p = 0.15, respectively). The mean hip-knee-ankle angle changed from 190.6 (183° to 197°) to 176.0° (171° to 181°), with a mean final position of the mechanical axis of 58.5% (35.1% to 71.2%). The desired alignment was attained in 31 of 37 (84%) knees. There were 21 excellent, 13 good, two fair and one poor result according to the Oxford knee score with no correlation between age and final score. This score was at its best at one year with a statistically significant deterioration at two years (p = 0.001) followed by a small but not statistically significant deterioration until the final follow-up (p = 0.17). All the knees with Ahlback grade 1 osteoarthritis had excellent or good results. Complications included pin tract infections involving 16.4% of all pins used, delayed union in two, knee stiffness in four, fracture of the lateral cortex in one and ring sequestrum in one. In conclusion, hemicallostasis provides precision in attaining the desired alignment without interfering with tibial slope or patellar height, and is relatively free of serious complications.
The management of the orthopaedic sequelae of meningococcal septicaemia
Authors: Park D. H. , Bradish C. F. 
Published: June 2011

Septicaemia resulting from meningococcal infection is a devastating illness affecting children. Those who survive can develop late orthopaedic sequelae from growth plate arrests, with resultant complex deformities. Our aim in this study was to review the case histories of a series of patients with late orthopaedic sequelae, all treated by the senior author (CFB). We also describe a treatment strategy to address the multiple deformities that may occur in these patients. Between 1997 and 2009, ten patients (seven girls and three boys) were treated for late orthopaedic sequelae following meningococcal septicaemia. All had involvement of the lower limbs, and one also had involvement of the upper limbs. Each patient had a median of three operations (one to nine). Methods of treatment included a combination of angular deformity correction, limb lengthening and epiphysiodesis. All patients were skeletally mature at the final follow-up. One patient with bilateral below-knee amputations had satisfactory correction of her right amputation stump deformity, and has complete ablation of both her proximal tibial growth plates. In eight patients length discrepancy in the lower limb was corrected to within 1 cm, with normalisation of the mechanical axis of the lower limb. Meningococcal septicaemia can lead to late orthopaedic sequelae due to growth plate arrests. Central growth plate arrests lead to limb-length discrepancy and the need for lengthening procedures, and peripheral growth plate arrests lead to angular deformities requiring corrective osteotomies and ablation of the damaged physis. In addition, limb amputations may be necessary and there may be altered growth of the stump requiring further surgery. Long-term follow-up of these patients is essential to recognise and treat any recurrence of deformity.
Loss of Drosophila melanogaster p21-activated kinase 3 Suppresses Defects in Synapse Structure and Function Caused by spastin Mutations
Authors: Ozdowski Emily F , Gayle Sophia , Bao Hong , Zhang Bing , Sherwood Nina T 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic structures that must elongate, disassemble, and be cleaved into smaller pieces for proper neuronal development and function. The AAA ATPase Spastin severs microtubules along their lengths and is thought to regulate the balance between long, stable filaments and shorter fragments that seed extension or are transported. In both Drosophila and humans, loss of Spastin function results in reduction of synaptic connections and disabling motor defects. To gain insight into how spastin is regulated, we screened the Drosophila melanogaster genome for deletions that modify a spastin overexpression phenotype, eye size reduction. One suppressor region deleted p21-activated kinase 3 (pak3), which encodes a member of the Pak family of actin-regulatory enzymes, but whose in vivo function is unknown. We show that pak3 mutants have only mild synaptic defects at the larval neuromuscular junction, but exhibit a potent genetic interaction with spastin mutations. Aberrant bouton morphology, microtubule distribution, and synaptic transmission caused by spastin loss of function are all restored to wild type when pak3 is simultaneously reduced. Neuronal overexpression of pak3 induces actin-rich thin projections, suggesting that it functions in vivo to promote filopodia during presynaptic terminal arborization. pak3 therefore regulates synapse development in vivo, and when mutated, suppresses the synaptic defects that result from spastin loss.
Estimating Creatinine Clearance: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Wilhelm Sheila M. , Kale‐Pradhan Pramodini B. 
Published: June 2011

Study Objectives. To determine which body weight descriptor most accurately predicts measured creatinine clearance (Clcr) and whether rounding serum creatinine concentration (Scr) to 1 mg/dl when it is less than 1 mg/dl accurately predicts measured Clcr.Design. Meta‐analysis of 13 English‐language trials comparing 24‐hour measured Clcr with Cockcroft‐Gault estimated Clcr by using various body weights or rounded Scr values.Patients. A total of 1197 patients (mean age 53.3 yrs, 48.7% male) were included in the meta‐analysis.Measurements and Main Results. A thorough literature search of the PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library databases was performed (1976‐June 2010) to identify relevant clinical trials. Patient population, number of subjects, age, and 24‐hour measured and estimated Clcr were extracted independently by two investigators by using standardized data collection forms. Mean difference (MD) between estimated and measured Clcr was assessed. Thirteen studies met all selection criteria. A random‐effects model was applied secondary to a high level of heterogeneity among the studies (I2>50%). Total body weight in the Cockcroft‐Gault equation overestimated measured Clcr (MD 15.91 ml/min, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.17–24.65 ml/min). Ideal body weight underestimated Clcr (MD −5.15 ml/min, 95% CI −9.92 to −0.38 ml/min). No body weight (i.e., assumes body weight is 72 kg, thus removing the factor of 72 from the denominator of the equation) closely estimated Clcr (MD 0.43 ml/min, 95% CI −5.42–6.27 ml/min). Adjusted body weight with correction factors of 0.3 or 0.4 also closely estimated Clcr (MD 4.55 ml/min, 95% CI −11.41–20.50 ml/min, and MD 19.94 ml/min, 95% CI −9.6–49.49 ml/min, respectively). Total body weight with a rounded Scr value closely estimated measured Clcr (MD 3.51 ml/min, 95% CI −17.18–24.20 ml/min). Ideal body weight with a rounded Scr value underestimated Clcr (MD −29.45 ml/min, 95% CI −48.46 to −10.43).Conclusion. Using the Cockcroft‐Gault equation with no body weight and actual Scr value most closely estimated measured Clcr. In obese patients, it may be reasonable to use actual body weight with a correction factor of 0.3 or 0.4 and actual Scr value in the Cockcroft‐Gault equation. Based on this analysis, the use of total body weight, ideal body weight, and a rounded Scr value cannot be recommended.
Casual Blood Pressure and Neurocognitive Function in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Lande Marc B. , Gerson Arlene C. , Hooper Stephen R. , Cox Christopher , Matheson Matt , Mendley Susan R. , Gipson Debbie S. , Wong Cynthia , Warady Bradley A. , Furth Susan L. , Flynn Joseph T. 
Published: June 2011

Summary

Background and objectives
Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk for cognitive dysfunction, and over half have hypertension. Data on the potential contribution of hypertension to CKD-associated neurocognitive deficits in children are limited. Our objective was to determine whether children with CKD and elevated BP (EBP) had decreased performance on neurocognitive testing compared with children with CKD and normal BP.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
This was a cross-sectional analysis of the relation between auscultatory BP and neurocognitive test performance in children 6 to 17 years enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) project.

Results
Of 383 subjects, 132 (34%) had EBP (systolic BP and/or diastolic BP ≥90th percentile). Subjects with EBP had lower mean (SD) scores on Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence (WASI) Performance IQ than those with normal BP (normal BP versus EBP, 96.1 (16.7) versus 92.4 (14.9), P = 0.03) and WASI Full Scale IQ (97.0 (16.2) versus 93.4 (16.5), P = 0.04). BP index (subject's BP/95th percentile BP) correlated inversely with Performance IQ score (systolic, r = −0.13, P = 0.01; diastolic, r = −0.19, P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, the association between lower Performance IQ score and increased BP remained significant after controlling for demographic and disease-related variables (EBP, β = −3.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −7.3 to −0.06; systolic BP index, β = −1.16 to 95% CI: −2.1, −0.21; diastolic BP index, β = −1.17, 95% CI: −1.8 to −0.55).

Conclusions
Higher BP was independently associated with decreased WASI Performance IQ scores in children with mild-to-moderate CKD.
Protective Role of Selenium Against Over-Expression of Cancer-Related Apoptotic Genes Induced By O-Cresol in Rats
Authors: Khalil Wagdy , Booles Hoda 
Published: June 2011

Protective Role of Selenium Against Over-Expression of Cancer-Related Apoptotic Genes Induced ByO-Cresol in RatsCresols are monomethyl derivatives of phenol frequently used as solvents and intermediates in the production of disinfectants, fragrances, pesticides, dyes, and explosives, which is probably why they are widely distributed in the environment. General population may be exposed to cresols mainly through inhalation of contaminated air. In this study we evaluated the toxicological effects ofo-cresol on differential gene expression profile of rat liver and prostate. Experiments were conducted on 80 male rats, 60 of which were exposed too-cresol (1.5 g kg-1, 5 g kg-1, or 15 g kg-1) through feed for 8 weeks. Three groups of rats were supplemented with 0.1 mg kg-1selenium (Se, in the form of, sodium selenite) in addition too-cresol to evaluate its effectiveness againsto-cresol toxicity. Control group received neither o-cresol nor Se, while one group received Se alone. Survival was similar between the exposed and control animals. Rats exposed to 15 g kg-1ofo-cresol showed a 16 % loss in body weight by the end of the study, which may have been related too-cresol making feed unpalatable at this concentration. Liver and prostate tissue samples were collected at the end of the treatment. mRNA analysis revealed that apoptotic genes (CYP3A, COX-2, PPARγ, BAX, BCL2, AKT-1, and PKCα) related to cancer were up-regulated in liver and prostate tissues isolated from groups exposed to 5 g kg-1and 15 g kg-1o-cresol in comparison to control. Changes in gene expression profile were prevented when rats were supplemented with Se. The exact mechanisms underlying its protective effect remain to be clarified by future studies.
Genotoxic Effects of Green Tea Extract on Human Laryngeal Carcinoma Cells In Vitro
Authors: Durgo Ksenija , Kostić Sandra , Gradiški Katarina , Komes Draženka , Osmak Maja , Franekić Jasna 
Published: June 2011

Genotoxic Effects of Green Tea Extract on Human Laryngeal Carcinoma Cells In VitroGreen tea (Camellia sinensis) contains several bioactive compounds which protect the cell and prevent tumour development. Phytochemicals in green tea extract (mostly flavonoids) scavenge free radicals, but also induce pro-oxidative reactions in the cell. In this study, we evaluated the potential cytotoxic and prooxidative effects of green tea extract and its two main flavonoid constituents epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG) on human laryngeal carcinoma cell line (HEp2) and its cross-resistant cell line CK2. The aim was to see if the extract and its two flavonoids could increase the sensitivity of the cisplatin-resistant cell line CK2 in comparison to the parental cell line. The results show that EGCG and green tea extract increased the DNA damage in the CK2 cell line during short exposure. The cytotoxicity of EGCG and ECG increased with the time of incubation. Green tea extract induced lipid peroxidation in the CK2 cell line. The pro-oxidant effect of green tea was determined at concentrations higher than those found in traditionally prepared green tea infusions.
Pinios (Peneus) River (Central Greece): Hydrological — Geomorphological elements and changes during the quaternary
Authors: Migiros George , Bathrellos George , Skilodimou Hariklia , Karamousalis Theodoros 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The Pinios River is the third longest river of Greece. It drains the entire drainage basin of Thessaly (eastern part of Central Greece), part of which is the largest plain of the country. In this research the hydrological, geomorphological and geological characteristics of the riverine area of Pinios were studied. Classification and grouping of these characteristics were then carried out, which led to the segmentation of the Pinios River into seven sections, each one with its own set of thematic data. These sets assign separate functions and evolutions of the river system during the Quaternary. Specifically, the basin of the present Pinios River, before its evolution into a river basin, comprised three separate and independent systems. The present Pinios River emerged as a river system from the merging of the lacustrine paleoenvironments along with the major tributaries that drained large parts of the present hydrological basin and as soon as the karstic openings of the central hill valley and the Tempi valley took place during the Quaternary. The followed methodology for the segmentation of the river can be used for the study of heterogeneous river systems.
ALS Gene Mutations in Apera Spica-Venti Confer Broad-Range Resistance to Herbicides
Authors: Krysiak Michał , Gawroński Stanisław , Adamczewski Kazimierz , Kierzek Roman 
Published: June 2011

ALSGene Mutations inApera Spica-VentiConfer Broad-Range Resistance to HerbicidesSeveral biotypes of wind bentgrass in Poland have been identified as being resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. We screened these weeds with chlorsulfuron and performed a whole-plant bioassay with a range of doses based on these four herbicides: chlorsulfuron, sulfosulfuron, propoxycarbazone-sodium and mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium mixture. Ten biotypes, diverse in their levels of resistance, were submitted for molecular tests. PCR amplification and sequencing of als domains demonstrated numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms. Nine biotypes showed non-synonymous substitutions in codon Pro197, changing it to Ser or Thr. Mutation in Pro197conferred a high level of resistance to the tested herbicides. Analysis of four biotypes also revealed a substitution in the Ala122codon, changing it to Val. In one biotype this substitution was not accompanied by Pro197mutation and this biotype was resistant to chlorsulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, but not to sulfosulfuron or propoxycarbazone-sodium. Correspondence between mutations and levels of resistan ce to ALS inhibitors may support management of resistant weeds with the existing palette of herbicides.
Evolution of Regional Disparities in Poland
Authors: Czyż Teresa , Hauke Jan 
Published: June 2011

Evolution of Regional Disparities in Poland
The article presents the state of and changes in the pattern of regional disparities in Poland over the years 1995-2007. The differences in the level of economic development of regions are examined in a dynamic approach on the basis of per capita income, indices of local government finances, and investment outlays. The effect of development-activating factors on regional income is considered. An answer is sought to the question of whether the growth dynamics had a favourable effect on the evolution of regional disparities in Poland.
Recent Experiences and Challenges of Military Physiotherapists Deployed to Afghanistan: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Rowe Peter , Carpenter Christine 
Published: June 2011

Purpose: Military physiotherapists in the Canadian Forces meet the unique rehabilitation needs of military personnel. Recently, the physiotherapy officer role has evolved in response to the Canadian Forces' involvement in the combat theatre of operations of Afghanistan, and this has created new and unique challenges and demands. The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences and challenges of military physiotherapists deployed to Afghanistan. Methods: A qualitative research design guided by descriptive phenomenology involved recruitment of key informants and in-depth interviews as the data collection method. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and the data analyzed using a foundational thematic analysis approach. Strategies of peer review and member checking were incorporated into the study design. Results: Six military physiotherapists were interviewed. They described rewarding experiences that were stressful yet highly career-satisfying. Main challenges revolved around heavy workloads, an expanded scope of practice as sole-charge practitioners, and the consequences and criticality of their clinical decisions. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that enhanced pre-deployment training and the implementation of a stronger support network will improve the capabilities of military physiotherapists deployed to difficult theatres of operations. This type of systematic and comprehensive research is needed to assist the Canadian Forces in proactively preparing and supporting physiotherapists deployed on future missions.
Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging findings during deep brain stimulation surgery
Authors: Huston Olivia O. , Watson Robert E. , Bernstein Matt A. , McGee Kiaran P. , Stead S. Matt , Gorman Debb A. , Lee Kendall H. , Huston John 
Published: June 2011

Object
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established neurosurgical technique used to treat a variety of neurological disorders, including Parkinson disease, essential tremor, dystonia, epilepsy, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This study reports on the use of intraoperative MR imaging during DBS surgery to evaluate acute hemorrhage, intracranial air, brain shift, and accuracy of lead placement.

Methods
During a 46-month period, 143 patients underwent 152 DBS surgeries including 289 lead placements utilizing intraoperative 1.5-T MR imaging. Imaging was supervised by an MR imaging physicist to maintain the specific absorption rate below the required level of 0.1 W/kg and always included T1 magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo and T2* gradient echo sequences with selected use of T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2 fast spin echo (FSE). Retrospective review of the intraoperative MR imaging examinations was performed to quantify the amount of hemorrhage and the amount of air introduced during the DBS surgery.

Results
Intraoperative MR imaging revealed 5 subdural hematomas, 3 subarachnoid hemorrhages, and 1 intraparenchymal hemorrhage in 9 of the 143 patients. Only 1 patient experiencing a subarachnoid hemorrhage developed clinically apparent symptoms, which included transient severe headache and mild confusion. Brain shift due to intracranial air was identified in 144 separate instances.

Conclusions
Intraoperative MR imaging can be safely performed and may assist in demonstrating acute changes involving intracranial hemorrhage and air during DBS surgery. These findings are rarely clinically significant and typically resolve prior to follow-up imaging. Selective use of T2 FLAIR and T2 FSE imaging can confirm the presence of hemorrhage or air and preclude the need for CT examinations.