bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host-specific germination of the root holoparasiteHydnora triceps(Hydnoraceae)
Authors: Bolin Jay F. , Maass Erika , Tennakoon Kushan U. , Musselman Lytton J. 
Published: December 2009

We provide the first germination data on the root-holoparasitic Hydnoraceae. Aqueous root extracts of host and non-host Euphorbia spp. were applied to seeds of Hydnora triceps Drège & Meyer, a narrow endemic of Namibia and South Africa. The seeds of H. triceps germinated only in response to root extracts of its exclusive host, Euphorbia dregeana Meyer, and not for co-occurring non-host Euphorbia spp. This pattern of host specific germination suggests that germination response to host-root cues may be responsible for host partitioning. Provenance of H. triceps seeds and E. dregeana root extracts did not significantly affect germination rates. The round-eared elephant shrew ( Macroscelides proboscideus ) and the striped mouse ( Rhabdomys pumilio ) were observed feeding on the fleshy pulp of H. triceps fruits. Small-mammal droppings collected from the same partially consumed fruits contained intact seeds (1.9 ± 1.1 seeds/dropping) providing indirect evidence of seed dispersal by small mammals.
Investigations on the dynamic behavior of a small-diameter pile driven in soft clay
Authors: Alves Antonio M.L. , Lopes Francisco R. , Randolph Mark F. , Danziger Bernadete R. 
Published: December 2009

This paper presents results and analyses of the dynamic behavior of a small-diameter pile driven in very soft clay, with its tip embedded to a depth of 4.5 m with a clear distance of 1–1.5 m above a stiffer substratum. The research program included static and dynamic load tests performed over a period of 15 days, with blows from three different drop heights. The dynamic signals were analyzed using two different pile–soil interaction models. The performance of the dynamic models in predicting the shaft and base behavior of the model pile, as well as the change in bearing capacity and in some model parameters the dynamic with time, are addressed in particular.
THE SHADOW-CURVES OF THE ORBIT DIAGRAM PERMEATE THE BIFURCATION DIAGRAM, TOO
Authors: ROSS CHIP , ODELL MEREDITH , CREMER SARAH 
Published: December 2009

The "Q-curves [Formula: see text] have long been observed and studied as the shadowy curves which appear illusively — not explicitly drawn — in the familiar orbit diagram of Myrberg's map fc(x) = x2 + c. We illustrate that Q-curves also appear implicitly, for a different reason, in a computer-drawn bifurcation diagram of x2 + c as well — by "bifurcation diagram" we mean the collection of all periodic points of fc (attracting, indifferent and repelling) — these collections form what we call "P-curves". We show Q-curves and P-curves intersect in one of two ways: At a superattracting periodic point on a P-curve, the infinite family of Q-curve s which intersect there are all tangent to the P-curve. At a Misiurewicz point, no tangencies occur at these intersections; the slope of the P-curve is the fixed point of a linear system whose iterates give the slopes of the Q-curves. We also introduce some new phenomena associated with c sin x illustrating briefly how its two different families of Q-curves interact with P-curves. Our algorithm for finding and plotting all periodic points (up to any reasonable period) in the bifurcation diagram is reviewed in an Appendix.
Enigmatic fossils from the Upper Silurian of Bolivia: evidence for marine productivity in high-latitude Gondwana
Authors: Edwards D. , Axe L. , Poiré D. G. , Morel E. M. , Bassett M. G. , Cingolani C. A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Specimens collected recently from the Las Carmelitas facies of the Kirusillas Formation exposed in the Cochabamba area, Bolivia and dated as Ludlow (Late Silurian) by graptolites, show bedding surfaces almost completely covered by coalified compressions and impressions. The majority comprise mixtures of fragmented amorphous, unidentifiable material (‘debris’), but some horizons are dominated by well-defined morphological entities with a particular type or combination of types confined to a particular layer. In all, five morphotypes have been circumscribed, but their affinities, based on a comprehensive review of the possibilities, remain conjectural. Algal affinities are suggested tentatively for abundant, unbranched, narrow, strap-shaped fossils lacking any further diagnostic features and the numerous coalified discs or three-dimensionally preserved spheres (?leiosphaerid acritarchs) occurring isolated in the matrix or, less often, in clusters. Following a discussion on the recognition of faecal pellets in the fossil record, it is postulated that elliptical, spiral or simply segmented structures may be the excreta of planktonic or benthic metazoans, although the latter seems less likely in view of the proposed anoxic depositional environment of the shales that lack any bioturbation. Such coalified remains, whether from primary producers or grazers, indicate high productivity at high palaeolatitudes in the late Silurian continental seas in this region of peri-Gondwana.
Early Palaeozoic cooling events: peri-Gondwana and beyond
Authors: Cherns Lesley , Wheeley James R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

The short-lived end-Ordovician Hirnantian glaciation allied to marine mass extinction is variously considered as a short-lived event or as the peak of long-drawn-out climatic cooling through at least late Ordovician–early Silurian times. Evidence from Early Palaeozoic facies, faunas and stable isotope excursions used to interpret climatic cooling events ranges farther, from late Mid-Cambrian to late Silurian times. Glacigenic sediments, structures and geomorphology provide direct evidence of glacial episodes. Cool-water carbonate deposition, which is particularly widespread during the late Ordovician Boda event in high-latitude peri-Gondwana–Gondwana, and beyond into mid–low palaeolatitudes, is interpreted as indicating global cooling, not warming as has been proposed. Such carbonates also characterize mid-latitude continents widely at horizons earlier in the Ordovician, and more locally in the mid-Silurian in high-latitude Gondwana. Cool-water carbonate mounds have distinctive facies-controlled mound faunas across palaeocontinents. Other facies evidence for palaeoclimates includes black shale deposition, including deglacial organic-rich ‘hot shales’, which indicate transgression in epeiric seas, and sea-level curves interpreted from facies and faunal successions. Correlation is shown between facies evidence and positive C isotope excursions, from which cyclicities are apparent. The possible interface of orbitally controlled rhythms is considered against evolving palaeobiogeography, and changes in global sea level and in
p
CO
2
. Facies and faunal evidence from peri-Gondwanan terranes (Armorica, Central Europe, Alborz) is assessed with that from Gondwana (mostly North Africa, South America) and correlatives in Avalonia, Baltica and Laurentia to establish a wider picture of early Palaeozoic cooling events.
The tectonic context of the Early Palaeozoic southern margin of Gondwana
Authors: Pankhurst Robert J. , Vaughan Alan P. M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The oceanic southern margin of Gondwana, from southern South America through South Africa, West Antarctica, New Zealand (in its pre-break-up position), and Victoria Land to Eastern Australia, is one of the longest and longest-lived active continental margins known. Its construction was initiated in late Neoproterozoic times following the break-up of the pre-existing supercontinent of Rodinia. Gondwana was established by the amalgamation of Australian, Indian, Antarctic, African and South American continental fragments mostly derived from Rodinia. Its ‘Pacific’ margin continued to develop as the site of the 18 000 km Terra Australis orogen, predominantly facing subducting ocean floor and involving some terrane accretion events, through Palaeozoic and Mesozoic times until, and during, the eventual break-up of Gondwana itself.
On anonymity in an electronic society
Authors: Edman Matthew , Yener Bülent 
Published: December 2009

The past two decades have seen a growing interest in methods for anonymous communication on the Internet, both from the academic community and the general public. Several system designs have been proposed in the literature, of which a number have been implemented and are used by diverse groups, such as journalists, human rights workers, the military, and ordinary citizens, to protect their identities on the Internet.
In this work, we survey the previous research done to design, develop, and deploy systems for enabling private and anonymous communication on the Internet. We identify and describe the major concepts and technologies in the field, including mixes and mix networks, onion routing, and Dining Cryptographers networks. We will also review powerful traffic analysis attacks that have motivated improvements and variations on many of these anonymity protocols made since their introduction. Finally, we will summarize some of the major open problems in anonymous communication research and discuss possible directions for future work in the field.
Standardized mixed language programming for Fortran and C
Authors: Einarsson Bo , Hanson Richard J. , Hopkins Tim 
Published: December 2009

Programmers have long practiced the matter of mixed language procedure calls. This is particularly true for the programming languages C and Fortran. The use of the alternate language often results in efficient running time or the effective use of human or other resources.Prior to the Fortran 2003 standard there was silence about how the two languages interoperated. Before this release there existed a set of differingad hocmethods for making the inter-language calls. These typically depended on the Fortran and C compilers. The newer Fortran standard provides an intrinsic module, iso_c_binding, that permits the languages to interoperate. There remain restrictions regarding interoperable data types.This paper illustrates several programs that contain core exercises likely to be encountered by programmers. The source code is available from the first author's web site. Included is an illustration of a "trap" based on use of thead hocmethods: A call from a C to a Fortran 2003 routine that passes a character in C to a character variable in Fortran results in a run-time error.
On PDG-based noninterference and its modular proof (abstract only)
Authors: Wasserrab Daniel , Lohner Denis , Snelting Gregor 
Published: December 2009

We present the first machine-checked correctness proof for information flow control (IFC) based on program dependence graphs (PDGs). IFC based on slicing and PDGs is flow-sensitive, context-sensitive, and object-sensitive; thus offering more precision than traditional approaches. While the method has been implemented and successfully applied to realistic Java programs, only a manual proof of a fundamental correctness property was available so far.
The new proof is based on a new correctness proof for intraprocedural PDGs and program slices. Both proofs are formalized in Isabelle/HOL. They rely on abstract structures and properties instead of concrete syntax and definitions. Carrying the correctness proof over to any given language or dependence definition reduces to just showing that it fulfills the necessary preconditions, thus eliminating the need to develop another full proof.
We instantiate the framework with both a simple while language and Java bytecode, as well as with three different control dependence definitions. Thus we obtain 6 IFC correctness proofs for the price of 1½.
Flow-sensitive semantics for dynamic information flow policies (abstract only)
Authors: Broberg Niklas , Sands David 
Published: December 2009

Dynamic information flow policies, such as declassification, are essential for practically useful information flow control systems. However, most systems proposed to date that handle dynamic information flow policies suffer from a common drawback. They build on semantic models of security which are inherently flow insensitive, which means that many simple intuitively secure programs will be considered insecure.
In this paper we address this problem in the context of a particular system, flow locks. We provide a new flow sensitive semantics for flow locks based on a knowledge-style definition (following Askarov and Sabelfeld), in which the knowledge gained by an actor observing a program run is constrained according to the flow locks which are open at the time each observation is made. We demonstrate the applicability of the definition in a soundness proof for a simple flow lock type system. We also show how other systems can be encoded using flow locks, as an easy means to provide these systems with flow sensitive semantics.
Biomarkers of Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Banck Michaela S. , Grothey Axel 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Genomics and proteomics have held out the promise of individualized medicine for the last 10 or 20 years, but clinical medicine has not yet delivered on this promise. Some cancers, such as breast cancer and some hematologic malignancies, have been at the forefront of individualized therapeutic approaches by integrating molecular biomarkers into treatment decision algorithms. Until recently, the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) has lagged behind these other cancers in this regard and therapeutic decisions have been solely empirical. Data from various clinical trials and translational studies have now opened the door for individualized treatment approaches by identifying patients with metastatic CRC who are most likely to benefit from antibodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cetuximab and panitumumab. Activating mutations of KRAS, a downstream mediator of EGFR signaling, has been shown to render EGFR antibodies ineffective, such that analyzing tumors for these mutations has become mandatory before the use of EGFR antibodies is considered in CRC. Beyond KRAS, several additional biomarkers are currently being investigated as potential positive or negative predictors for the efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapy. Most of these markers are alterations of molecules integrated in the EGFR pathway. This review will focus on the type and quality of evidence that has been gathered to date to predict resistance to monoclonal antibodies against EGFR in CRC. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7492–501)
Eddy-Induced Instability for Low-Frequency Variability
Authors: Jin F-F. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Synoptic eddy–mean flow interaction has been recognized as one of the key sources for extratropical low-frequency variability. In this paper, the underlying dynamics of this interaction are examined from the perspective of a synoptic eddy-induced dynamic instability. To delineate this instability, a barotropic model is used that is linearized with respect to a stochastic basic flow prescribed with both climatologic-mean flow and synoptic eddy statistics. This linear model captures the dynamics of feedback between synoptic eddy and low-frequency flow through a dynamic closure that relates the anomalous eddy vorticity forcing to low-frequency flow anomalies. After reducing this dynamic closure to its fundamental components, this stability is elucidated with analytical results under the most idealized consideration of basic flow. It is shown that through systematic alteration of the synoptic eddy structures in the basic flow, a low-frequency planetary-scale perturbation generates anomalous eddy vorticity forcing positively proportional to the vorticity of the perturbation. Such a perturbation amplifies itself; the energy source for its growth comes from the reservoir residing in the basic synoptic eddy activity. Thus, the growth rate of the synoptic eddy-induced dynamic instability depends primarily on the kinetic energy level of the basic synoptic eddy activity. Moreover, this instability is scale selective with preference for zonal symmetric and asymmetric planetary-scale modes, whose meridional and zonal scales are roughly in the range of those of the observed leading low-frequency patterns. Analysis of this synoptic eddy-induced instability provides insight into the origin of extratropical low-frequency variability.
The Varying Response of Microwave Signatures to Different Types of Overland Rainfall Found over the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Seo Eun-Kyoung , Liu Guosheng , Suh Myoung-Seok , Sohn Byung-Ju 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar and ground rain measurements were used to investigate the performance of the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) land algorithm. In particular, data from a dense network of rain gauges being operated over the Korean Peninsula were utilized. To retrieve information related to the rainfall rate over land, the TRMM land algorithm relies mainly on brightness temperature TB depression at vertically polarized 85(V) GHz because of scattering by ice particles. It refers to the relationships between 85(V)-GHz TBs and rain rates in its predefined database. By comparing the TMI rain rates with the surface rain gauge and TRMM radar measurements, it was found that there are a variety of relationships between 85(V)-GHz TBs and rainfall rates resulting from the various types of precipitating clouds. The TMI land algorithm, therefore, could not resolve some raining clouds such as warm clouds as well as cold clouds having small amounts of ice particles above the rain layer. The rainfall amounts for those missed rain events are significant. As a result, rain rates produced by the land algorithm show systematic biases, which are a function of raining cloud types. Meanwhile, it is found that the 37-GHz TMI channels contain additional information on surface rain; the uncertainties in retrieving rain rates from TBs at TMI frequencies can be reduced up to 11% if all polarized 37- and 85-GHz TBs are used as predictors.
Erythropoietin accelerates smooth muscle cell–rich vascular lesion formation in mice through endothelial cell activation involving enhanced PDGF-BB release
Authors: Janmaat Maarten L. , Heerkens Jasper L. T. , de Bruin Alexander M. , Klous Anita , de Waard Vivian , de Vries Carlie J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this study, the effect of human erythropoietin Δ (Epo) on smooth muscle cell (SMC)–rich lesions was evaluated. Mice, of which the left carotid artery was ligated, were treated with suberythropoietic as well as erythropoietic doses of Epo and both doses of Epo enhanced SMC-rich lesion formation. No association was observed between hemoglobin levels and lesion size. Moreover, endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) numbers in the peripheral blood increased only in the erythropoietic dosing group, indicating that EPC numbers did not correlate with lesion size. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Epo-mediated enhancement of lesion formation correlates with increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) phosphorylation in the vessel wall. Experiments performed in cultured vascular cells demonstrated that Epo robustly induced phosphorylation of Stat5 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), but only very weakly in SMCs. In tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)–activated HUVECS, Epo induced expression of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B), which was at least partially responsible for the induction of Stat5 phosphorylation in SMCs by HUVEC-conditioned medium. In conclusion, in mice Epo accelerates SMC-rich neointima formation, which correlates with increased Stat5 phosphorylation in the vessel wall but is independent of erythrocyte and EPC numbers.
Stem cell exhaustion due to Runx1 deficiency is prevented by Evi5 activation in leukemogenesis
Authors: Jacob Bindya , Osato Motomi , Yamashita Namiko , Wang Chelsia Qiuxia , Taniuchi Ichiro , Littman Dan R. , Asou Norio , Ito Yoshiaki 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The RUNX1/AML1 gene is the most frequently mutated gene in human leukemia. Conditional deletion of Runx1 in adult mice results in an increase of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which serve as target cells for leukemia; however, Runx1−/− mice do not develop spontaneous leukemia. Here we show that maintenance of Runx1−/− HSCs is compromised, progressively resulting in HSC exhaustion. In leukemia development, the stem cell exhaustion was rescued by additional genetic changes. Retroviral insertional mutagenesis revealed Evi5 activation as a cooperating genetic alteration and EVI5 overexpression indeed prevented Runx1−/− HSC exhaustion in mice. Moreover, EVI5 was frequently overexpressed in human RUNX1-related leukemias. These results provide insights into the mechanism for maintenance of pre-leukemic stem cells and may provide a novel direction for therapeutic applications.
HIV-1 Vpr up-regulates expression of ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor and promotes NK cell–mediated killing
Authors: Richard Jonathan , Sindhu Sardar , Pham Tram N. Q. , Belzile Jean-Philippe , Cohen Éric A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHIV up-regulates cell-surface expression of specific ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor, including ULBP-1, -2, and -3, but not MICA or MICB, in infected cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, the viral factor(s) involved in NKG2D ligand expression still remains undefined. HIV-1 Vpr activates the DNA damage/stress-sensing ATR kinase and promotes G2 cell-cycle arrest, conditions known to up-regulate NKG2D ligands. We report here that HIV-1 selectively induces cell-surface expression of ULBP-2 in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes by a process that is Vpr dependent. Importantly, Vpr enhanced the susceptibility of HIV-1–infected cells to NK cell–mediated killing. Strikingly, Vpr alone was sufficient to up-regulate expression of all NKG2D ligands and thus promoted efficient NKG2D-dependent NK cell–mediated killing. Delivery of virion-associated Vpr via defective HIV-1 particles induced analogous biologic effects in noninfected target cells, suggesting that Vpr may act similarly beyond infected cells. All these activities relied on Vpr ability to activate the ATR-mediated DNA damage/stress checkpoint. Overall, these results indicate that Vpr is a key determinant responsible for HIV-1–induced up-regulation of NKG2D ligands and further suggest an immunomodulatory role for Vpr that may not only contribute to HIV-1–induced CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion but may also take part in HIV-1–induced NK-cell dysfunction.