bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le travail des enfants se substitue‐t‐il au travail des adultes? Travail des enfants et morbidité des adultes au Népal
Authors: Nepal Apsara , Nepal Mani 
Published: May 2012

Résumé.Partant d'une enquête auprès des ménages du Népal, les auteurs testent les hypothèses dites du luxe et de la substitution à propos du travail des enfants. Les deux semblent vérifiées: l'augmentation du revenu par tête d'un ménage réduit la durée du travail des enfants, et l'absence d'un adulte du travail pour cause de maladie augmente cette durée. Les filles font plus d'heures que les garçons. Les autres variables qui réduisent la durée du travail des enfants sont: les aides à la scolarisation, la scolarité privée, la présence de frères et sœurs au foyer, la durée de la scolarité des parents. Toutefois, l'augmentation de la consommation n'induit pas une réduction de la durée du travail des enfants.
Antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of the beta‐lactamase‐producing Haemophilus influenzae isolated in Chongqing, China
Authors: Luo Chong , Xia Yongwu , Liu Qian , Chu Lijuan , Fu Xiaohong , Jing Chunmei , Chen Dapeng , Liu Lan , Shi Yu 
Published: May 2012

This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from children with acute respiratory infection in Chongqing, China. To this end, 1967 H. influenzae isolates from 2006 to 2009 were analysed regarding β‐lactamase production and antibiotic resistance. Ninety‐nine β‐lactamase‐producing H. influenzae isolates from 2010 were analysed for antibiotic resistance and promoter regions of blaTEM‐1. β‐lactamase production was found in 35.8% (705/1967) of the strains. All ninety‐nine β‐lactamase‐producing strains from 2010 were of the TEM‐1 type as determined by PCR but did not produce the predicted 1075 bp product. According to PCR‐SSCP and DNA sequencing, the promoter regions of blaTEM‐1 were categorized into 6 genotypes as SSCP1 (Pdel), SSCP2 (Pa/Pb), SSCP3 (P4), SSCP4 (Prpt.b), SSCP5 (2Prpt) and SSCP6 (P3.b). The Pdel, Pa/Pb and Prpt.b were common promoters of blaTEM‐1 for H. influenzae isolated from children in Chongqing. Strains with Prpt.b were more resistant to ampicillin (AMP) than strains with Pdel, Pa/Pb and P4 (p < 0.05). Therefore, blaTEM‐1 β‐lactamase is the main mechanism for resistance of H. influenzae to ampicillin in Chongqing. Furthermore, the Prpt.b promoters may be related to the high resistance of H. influenzae to AMP.
Foraging mode variation in three stream‐dwelling salmonid fishes
Authors: Tunney Tyler D. , Steingrímsson Stefán Ó. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDespite long‐standing interest in foraging modes as an important element of animal space use, few studies document and compare individual foraging mode differences among species and ecological conditions in the wild. We observed and compared foraging modes of 61 wild Arctic charr,
Salvelinus alpinus, 42 brown trout,
Salmo trutta, and 50 Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar, in their first growing season over a range of habitats in 10 Icelandic streams. We found that although stream salmonids typically sit‐and‐wait to ambush prey from short distances, Arctic charr were more mobile during prey search and prior to prey attack than Atlantic salmon, whereas brown trout were intermediate. In all three species, individuals that were mobile during search were more likely to be moving when initiating attacks on prey, although the strength and the slope of this relationship differed among species. Arctic charr also differed from salmon and trout as more mobile individuals travelled longer distances during prey pursuits. Finally, coupled with published data from the literature, salmonid foraging mobility (both during search and prior to attack) clearly decreased from still water habitats (e.g., brook charr), to slow‐running waters (e.g., Arctic charr) to fast‐running waters (e.g., Atlantic salmon). Hence, our study suggests that foraging mode of young salmonids can vary distinctly among related species and furthers our understanding of the behavioural mechanisms shaping the geographical distribution of wild salmonids.
Local suppression of IL‐21 in submandibular glands retards the development of Sjögren’s syndrome in non‐obese diabetic mice
Authors: Liu Hao , Liu Guoxin , Gong Lei , Zhang Yan , Jiang Guangshui 
Published: May 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 728–735Background:  The aim of this study was to verify the validity of IL‐21 local suppression in submandibular glands of preventing the development of Sjögren’s syndrome in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice and figure out the mechanism.Methods:  IL‐21 levels in submandibular glands were suppressed by ductal cannulation of IL‐21 shRNA lentivirus. Then, saliva flow rates (SFR) and histopathologic changes of submandibular glands were measured to assess the severity of disease development. Real‐time PCR, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the changes of T helper cells and related cytokines.Results:  The reduction in SFRs in NOD mice was significantly alleviated from 9 to 17 weeks of age along with the suppression of IL‐21 in submandibular glands. Lymphocytic infiltration was also milder than control NOD mice. Moreover, the lower level of IL‐21 led to the down‐regulation of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells.Conclusions:  Local suppression of IL‐21 in submandibular glands could retard the development of Sjögren’s syndrome in NOD mice. IL‐21 might contribute to the development of B‐cell disorder in Sjögren’s syndrome via Tfh cells pathway.
EGFR status and EGFR ligand expression influence the treatment response of head and neck cancer cell lines
Authors: Jedlinski Adam , Ansell Anna , Johansson Ann‐Charlotte , Roberg Karin 
Published: May 2012

Background:  Combination treatment (chemoradiotherapy) is the standard treatment for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); however, treatment resistance and local recurrence are significant problems. A high level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been associated with a more aggressive phenotype as well as decreased responsiveness to radio‐ or chemotherapy. We examined the role of EGFR status and EGFR ligand expression for the treatment response.Methods:  Intrinsic sensitivity to radiotherapy, cisplatin, and cetuximab treatments was investigated in 25 HNSCC cell lines. EGFR gene copy number, mRNA and protein expression, EGFR and Akt phosphorylation status, and mRNA expression of the EGFR ligands were analyzed using quantitative PCR and ELISA and assessed for their impact on treatment sensitivity.Results:  Different treatment modalities yielded great diversity in outcome; of note, cetuximab treatment stimulated growth in one cell line. When treatments were combined primarily additive effects were observed. While radioresistance tended to be associated with a high level of phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR; P = 0.09), cetuximab‐resistant cells had low levels of pEGFR (P = 0.13). The three most cetuximab‐sensitive cell lines had high EGFR gene copy numbers. Furthermore, cetuximab treatment response was significantly correlated with epiregulin mRNA expression (r = −0.408, P = 0.043). Cisplatin‐resistant tumor cells expressed significantly lower levels of EGFR protein (P = 0.04) compared to cisplatin‐sensitive cells and tended to have lower levels of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt; P = 0.13) and lower expression levels of amphiregulin (P = 0.18).Conclusions:  Epidermal growth factor receptor status and ligand expression influence the treatment sensitivity of HNSCC cells and may be useful as predictive markers.
Understanding Muslim patients: cross‐cultural dental hygiene care
Authors: Sirois ML , Darby M , Tolle S 
Published: May 2012

To cite this article:   Int J Dent Hygiene DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2012.00559.x  Sirois ML, Darby M, Tolle S. Understanding muslim patients: cross‐cultural dental hygiene care.Abstract:Background:  Healthcare providers who understand the basic pillars of Islamic beliefs and common religious practices can apply these concepts, anticipate the needs of the Muslim patient and family, and attract Muslim patients to the practice.Objective: Cross cultural knowledge can motivate dental hygienists to adopt culturally acceptable behaviors, strengthen patient‐provider relationships and optimize therapeutic outcomes. Trends in Muslim population growth, Islamic history and beliefs, modesty practices, healthcare beliefs, contraception, childbearing, childrearing, pilgrimage, dietary practices, dental care considerations and communication are explained.Materials and methods: This paper reviews traditional Muslim beliefs and practices regarding lifestyle, customs, healthcare and religion as derived from the literature and study abroad experiences.Results and discussion: Recommendations are offered on how to blend western healthcare with Islamic practices when making introductions, appointments, eye contact, and selecting a practitioner. The significance of fasting and how dental hygiene care can invalidate the fast are also discussed.Conclusion: The ultimate goal is for practitioners to be culturally competent in providing care to Muslim patients, while keeping in mind that beliefs and practices can vary widely within a culture.
Lifestyle and salivary cortisol at the age of 12 and 24 months
Authors: Swartz Jackie , Stenius Fredrik , Alm Johan , Theorell Töres , Lindblad Frank 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAim:  To analyse salivary cortisol levels in 12‐ and 24‐month‐olds from families with an anthroposophic lifestyle and comparisons (‘partly anthroposophic’ and ‘non‐anthroposophic’).Methods:  Salivary samples were collected at child ages of 12 (n = 178) and 24 (n = 149) months. Cortisol was analysed with radioimmunoassay technique.Results:  Evening cortisol levels in children from anthroposophic families were lower than in comparisons at 12 months of age (geometric means: anthroposophic 1.7, partly anthroposophic 1.9, non‐anthroposophic 3.6 nmol/L; p = 0.024) and at 24 months of age (1.1, 1.8 and 2.9 nmol/L, respectively; p = 0.002). At 24 months of age, similar differences were noted also for the afternoon levels (2.3, 3.3 and 3.9 nmol/L, respectively; p = 0.043). At age 12 months, the differences in the evening cortisol were statistically explained by a meat‐free diet and at age 24 months by the anthroposophic lifestyle as such. The circadian variations were parallel in the three groups at age 12 and 24 months. No cortisol differences were observed between parents representing different lifestyles.Conclusions:  An anthroposophic lifestyle is associated with low cortisol levels in the evening at age 12 and 24 months, at age 24 months also in the afternoon.
Towards the understanding of Down syndrome using mouse models
Authors: Yamakawa Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTDown syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of mental retardation. Several DS mouse models with partial trisomy 16 homologous to human chromosome 21 have been developed, and our research group has been studying those mouse models. We have shown a dosage‐dependent overexpression of genes in the trisomic region of the mouse. We have also described abnormalities including increased oxidative stress, increased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, tau‐hyperphosphorylation and overactivation of its phosphatases, impaired developmental and adult neurogenesis, histological abnormalities in brains including ventricle enlargements and minor neurodegenerations in those mice. These observations may contribute to the identification of responsible genes and understanding of molecular pathology of Down syndrome.
Domestic trading costs and pure theory of international trade
Authors: Marjit Sugata , Mandal Biswajit 
Published: May 2012

Abstract We use the HOS (Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson) model of international trade to find a link between trading (in particular domestic trading or retailing or domestic transport cost) costs, pattern of trade and volume of trade. Even if we use symmetric iceberg type trading costs, we generate relative price effects and prove that higher trading costs in labor‐abundant countries will restrict the volume of world trade and conversely for the capital‐abundant nation. Asymmetric trading cost between goods may have paradoxical output effects. A relatively capital‐abundant country will be worse off with increasing trading cost, whereas the labor‐abundant country may gain from further increases in trading cost.
Use of Multiparametric MR with Neurovascular Bundle Evaluation to Optimize the Oncological and Functional Management of Patients Considered for Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Panebianco Valeria , Salciccia Stefano , Cattarino Susanna , Minisola Francesco , Gentilucci Alessandro , Alfarone Andrea , Ricciuti Gian Piero , Marcantonio Andrea , Lisi Danilo , Gentile Vincenzo , Passariello Roberto , Sciarra Alessandro 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
To obtain the best results with radical prostatectomy, either from an oncological or a functional point of view, a correct selection of cases and planning of surgery are crucial. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) promises to make it a successful imaging tool for improving many aspects of prostate cancer management.

Aim
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether a modern multiparametric MRI can help either to better select prostate cancer cases for a nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy or to improve the functional evaluation related to neurovascular bundles preservation.

Main Outcome Measures
The effect of preoperative MRI on neurovascular bundle management was examined for the frequency and the appropriateness of changes of the surgical plane on the basis of MRI indications.

Methods
In a prospective study, 125 consecutive patients with biopsy proven prostate cancer who were scheduled to undergo bilateral nerve-sparing surgery. All patients included into the study were submitted to a preoperative multiparametric MRI. On the basis of MRI evaluation, patients were divided into two groups. Patients in group A were then submitted to a bilateral nerve-sparing (NS) radical prostatectomy (RP), whereas patients in group B were submitted to unilateral NS or non-NS RP.

Results
In group A, the confirmation from the MRI study to perform a bilateral NS procedure was appropriate in 70 of 73 cases (95.9%), whereas in group B, the surgical plan was appropriate in 28 of 32 cases (87.5%). On the contrary, MRI findings suggested a change in the initial surgical plan (group B) for 32 of 105 cases (30.5%). Of these 32 cases in group B, MRI suggested to perform a unilateral NS procedure in 21 of 32 cases (65.6%) and a non-NS procedure in 11 of 32 cases (34.4%).

Conclusions
Multiparametric MRI analysis can significantly improve the standard selection and management of prostate carcinoma cases considered for an NS RP.
Broken degeneracies: the rotation curve and velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way halo
Authors: Deason A. J. , Belokurov V. , Evans N. W. , An J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
We use distant blue horizontal branch stars with Galactocentric distances 16 &lt; r &lt; 48 kpc as kinematic tracers of the Milky Way dark halo. We model the tracer density as an oblate, power law embedded within a spherical power-law potential. Using a distribution function method, we estimate the overall power-law potential and the velocity anisotropy of the halo tracers. We measure the slope of the potential to be γ∼ 0.4, and the overall mass within 50 kpc is ∼4 × 1011 M⊙. The tracer velocity anisotropy is radially biased with β∼ 0.5, which is in good agreement with local solar neighbourhood studies. Our results provide an accurate outer circular velocity profile for the Milky Way and suggest a relatively high-concentration dark matter halo (cvir∼ 20).
Strength training reduces intracortical inhibition
Authors: Weier A. T. , Pearce A. J. , Kidgell D. J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAimPaired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to investigate the influence of 4 weeks of heavy load squat strength training on corticospinal excitability and short‐interval intracortical inhibition (rectus femoris muscle).MethodsParticipants (n = 12) were randomly allocated to a strength training or control group. The strength training group completed 4 weeks of heavy load squat strength training. Recruitment curves were constructed to determine values for the slope of the curve, V50 and peak height. Short‐interval intracortical inhibition was assessed using a subthreshold (0.7 × active motor threshold) conditioning stimulus, followed 3 ms later by a supra‐threshold (1.2 × active motor threshold) test stimulus. All motor evoked responses were taken during 10% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque and normalized to the maximal M‐wave.ResultsThe strength training group attained 87% increases in 1RM squat strength (P < 0.01), significant increases in measures of corticospinal excitability (1.2 × Motor threshold: 116%, P = 0.016; peak height of recruitment curve = 105%, P < 0.001), and a 32% reduction in short‐interval intracortical inhibition (P < 0.01) following the 4‐week intervention compared with control. There were no changes in any dependent variable (P > 0.05) detected in the control group.ConclusionRepeated high force voluntary muscle activation in the form of short‐term strength training reduces short‐interval intracortical inhibition. This is consistent with studies involving skilled/complex tasks or novel movement patterns and acute studies investigating acute voluntary contractions.
Effect of self‐selected music on adults' anxiety and subjective experiences during initial radiotherapy treatment: A randomised controlled trial and qualitative research
Authors: O'Callaghan Clare , Sproston Michael , Wilkinson Kate , Willis David , Milner Alvin , Grocke Denise , Wheeler Greg 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntroduction: Patients may experience radiotherapy as anxiety provoking, especially during unfamiliar initial treatment. This study examines whether patients' use of self‐selected music while undergoing first radiotherapy treatment reduces anxiety, and how patients describe their first radiotherapy experience with or without self‐selected music.Methods: Using quantitative and qualitative methods, 100 participants preparing to commence radiotherapy were assigned to the initial radiotherapy session either with self‐selected music or without music. In both participant groups, the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory measured pre‐ and post‐radiotherapy levels, music preference questions examined future music desires during treatment and a semistructured questionnaire examined additional subjective experiences.Results: Overall, participants were not highly anxious pre‐radiotherapy, anxiety decreased in both music and control groups following radiotherapy (P = 0.008) and this change was not different between groups (P = 0.35). However, music group participants were significantly more likely to want music in future radiotherapy sessions (P = 0.007). Some reported a benefit from the music in terms of feeling supported, distracted or that treatment time seemed faster. Participants in both groups often commended helpful staff. Negative reactions were only occasional.Conclusions: Although preferred music does not reduce anxiety, it can support some patients undergoing initial radiotherapy and departmental staff should invite patients to bring music to radiotherapy, provide music libraries and offer to play patient selected music during treatments.
Incidence of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin: results from a prospective multicentre study
Authors: Danesh‐Sani SH , Danesh‐Sani SA , Zia R , Faghihi S 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to reveal the incidence and distribution pattern of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin.Methods:  We undertook a prospective study of 248 consecutive patients (aged 26 to 88 years) hospitalized with confirmed cardiac ischaemic periods. Digital OPG radiographs were obtained from all patients for radiographic examination of the jaws and dentition. Patients underwent clinical and radiographic examinations, and symptoms were evaluated in detail to determine the prevalence and distribution pattern of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin.Results:  Craniofacial pain was the sole symptom of cardiac ischaemia in 13 patients (5.2%); two developed acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Pain in the craniofacial region, chest, shoulders and arms was experienced by 72 patients. The most frequently affected region was the left mandible. In the absence of chest pain, patients most frequently experienced pain in craniofacial structures. Incidence of craniofacial pain was significantly higher in females than males (p = 0.024).Conclusions:  Cardiac pain commonly radiates to the craniofacial structures. Pain of cardiac origin is usually described as pressure and/or a burning sensation that is provoked by physical activity and relieved by rest. Craniofacial pain of cardiac origin usually occurs bilaterally. Dental practitioners can play a crucial role in the diagnosis of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin.
Nutritional assessments for ordinary medical care in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Taniguchi Eitaro , Kawaguchi Takumi , Otsuka Momoka , Uchida Yuki , Nagamatsu Ayu , Itou Minoru , Oriishi Tetsuharu , Ishii Kumiko , Imanaga Minami , Suetsugu Takuro , Otsuyama Jyuri , Ibi Ryoko , Ono Midori , Tanaka Suiko , Sata Michio 
Published: May 2012

Aim:  In patients with chronic liver disease who are at risk of malnutrition, simple and useful assessments for nutritional status should be established for ordinary medical care. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and controlling nutritional status (CONUT) are simple assessments constructed of only two or three laboratory data. We aimed to describe the potential of PNI and CONUT as a nutritional assessment tool in patients with chronic liver disease.Methods:  We enrolled 165 patients, aged 18–85 years, with chronic liver disease. These patients were nutritionally assessed by PNI or CONUT, demonstrating the association with the severity of chronic liver disease or anthropometric values.Results:  The value of PNI or CONUT was significantly associated with the severity of chronic liver disease (P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, the value of CONUT was significantly associated with all the anthropometric values such as body mass index (BMI, P < 0.05), mid‐arm circumference (AC, P < 0.001), mid‐arm muscle circumference (AMC, P < 0.001), and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF, P < 0.001), whereas the value of PNI was significantly associated with the values of AC (P < 0.01), AMC (P < 0.05) and TSF (P < 0.05). Approximately 80% of cirrhotic patients were assessed by PNI or CONUT to have obvious malnutrition.Conclusion:  PNI and CONUT are potential tools for nutritional assessment in patients with chronic liver disease, especially for ordinary medical care, because of their simplicity.