bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mechanistic model of developing immunity to Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in lambs
Authors: SINGLETON D. R. , STEAR M. J. , MATTHEWS L. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYAcquired immunity influences the severity of parasitic disease, but modelling the effects of acquired immunity in helminth infections has proved challenging. This may be due to a lack of suitable immunological data, or to the perceived complexity of modelling the immune response. We have developed a model of T. circumcincta infection in domestic sheep that incorporates the effects of acquired immunity on parasite establishment and fecundity. A large data set from commercially managed populations of Scottish Blackface sheep was used, which included relationships between IgA activity and worm length, and between worm length and fecundity. Use was also made of a recently published meta-analysis of parasite establishment rates. This realistic but simple model of nematode infection emulates observed patterns of faecal egg counts. The end-of-season faecal egg counts are remarkably robust to perturbations in the majority of the parameters, possibly because of priming of the immune system early in the season, reducing parasite establishment and growth and, therefore, faecal egg counts. Lowering the amount of early infection leads to higher end-of-season egg counts. The periparturient rise in egg counts in ewes appears to have an important role in supplying infection for the priming of the immune response. This feedback in the immune priming suggests that nematode infections may be difficult to eliminate.
Everyday memory: Self-perception and structural brain correlates in a healthy elderly population
Authors: BJØRNEBEKK ASTRID , WESTLYE LARS T. , WALHOVD KRISTINE B. , FJELL ANDERS M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMapping the cerebral structural correlates of age-related cognitive decline is a growing area of research. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between healthy elderly’s perceived memory functioning in daily life, neuropsychological test performance on a standardized test on verbal memory, and cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in brain regions implicated in memory networks, including the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Eighty-three healthy and cognitively well-functioning volunteers aged 60–85 years underwent MRI scans, Everyday Memory Questionnaire (EMQ), and neuropsychological assessment. Both self-perceived memory in daily life related to attention and executive functions and an objective measure of verbal recall (CVLT) were, independently, associated with thickness of the left MTL. The two cognitive variables were uncorrelated, and including both measures in the model nearly doubled the amount of explained variance on MTL thickness. This suggests that measures of perceived everyday memory might substantially inform and supplement studies investigating the relationships between neuropsychological test performance and brain morphology. The results are consistent with a bigger-is-better relationship in the MTL and suggest that EMQ and neuropsychological test performance have detectable and comparable structural correlates in a region critically involved in memory functions in the well-functioning elderly. (JINS, 2010, 16, 1115–1126.)
Retrieval practice: A simple strategy for improving memory after traumatic brain injury
Authors: SUMOWSKI JAMES F. , WOOD HALI G. , CHIARAVALLOTI NANCY , WYLIE GLENN R. , LENGENFELDER JEANNIE , DELUCA JOHN 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMemory impairment is common following traumatic brain injury (TBI), but interventions to improve memory in persons with TBI have been ineffective. Retrieval practice is a robust memory strategy among healthy undergraduates, whereby practice retrieving information shortly after it is presented leads to better delayed recall than simple restudy. In a verbal paired associate paradigm, we investigated the effect of retrieval practice relative to massed and spaced restudy on delayed recall in 14 persons with chronic memory impairment following a TBI and 14 age-matched healthy controls. A significant learning condition (massed restudy, spaced restudy, retrieval practice) by group (TBI, healthy) interaction emerged, whereby only healthy controls benefited from spaced restudy (i.e., distributed learning) over massed restudy, but both groups greatly benefited from retrieval practice over massed and spaced restudy. That is, retrieval practice greatly improves memory in persons with TBI, even when other mnemonic strategies (e.g., distributed learning) are less effective. (JINS, 2010, 16, 1147–1150.)
Colocalization Analysis in Fluorescence Micrographs: Verification of a More Accurate Calculation of Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
Authors: Barlow Andrew L. , MacLeod Alasdair , Noppen Samuel , Sanderson Jeremy , Guérin Christopher J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOne of the most routine uses of fluorescence microscopy is colocalization, i.e., the demonstration of a relationship between pairs of biological molecules. Frequently this is presented simplistically by the use of overlays of red and green images, with areas of yellow indicating colocalization of the molecules. Colocalization data are rarely quantified and can be misleading. Our results from both synthetic and biological datasets demonstrate that the generation of Pearson's correlation coefficient between pairs of images can overestimate positive correlation and fail to demonstrate negative correlation. We have demonstrated that the calculation of a thresholded Pearson's correlation coefficient using only intensity values over a determined threshold in both channels produces numerical values that more accurately describe both synthetic datasets and biological examples. Its use will bring clarity and accuracy to colocalization studies using fluorescent microscopy.
Duration of untreated psychosis and response in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Chong S. A. , Subramaniam M. , Verma S. , Chan Y‐H. 
Published: October 2010

Objective  It is suggested that the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is directly correlated to the outcome of the illness. This study examines the effect of DUP on the acute response of patients with first‐episode psychosis.Method  In this naturalistic study, 55 Asian patients with first‐episode psychosis were assessed weekly for 6 weeks on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Simpson–Angus Rating Scale, Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. Clinical response was defined as a 20% or greater reduction in PANSS from baseline.Results  After 6 weeks, the response rate was 67% (n=37). The responders had a mean DUP of 14.7 ± 20.2 months and a median of 6 months. This was significantly shorter when compared to the mean DUP 37.3 (SD=32.7) months, median of 36 months of the nonresponders (Mann–Whitney U‐test, P=0.37). There was no significant difference in the mean daily dose of antipsychotics, themean Simpson–Angus Scale, the Barnes Akathisia Scale and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale scores between the responders and nonresponders.Conclusions  The study results suggest that DUP is a predictor of acute response in first episode psychosis.
Effectiveness and tolerability of risperidone in Asian patients with first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Verma S. , Chong S. A. , Subramaniam M. , Chan Y. H. 
Published: October 2010

Objectives  To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of risperidone in Asian patients with first‐episode psychosis and to examine correlates of response in a naturalistic study.Method  Patients with first‐episode psychosis were evaluated at baseline and weekly for 6 weeks with the Positive and Negative Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS), Simpson–Angus Rating Scale (SARS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS), Rating Scale for Side‐effects (RSSE), and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS).Results  42 patients with a mean age of 24.85 ± 9.68 years and mean duration of untreated illness of 11.91 ± 22.04 months were recruited. The mean dose of risperidone was 1.82 ± 0.77 mg. The mean reduction in PANSS score was from 67.97 ± 20.02 at baseline to 42.53 ± 14.08 at week 6 (P < 0.005). The incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms was 9.5% and akathisia was 7.1%. 45.2% of patients showed more than or equal 40% reduction in the PANSS score (responders). When responders were compared to nonresponders, the responders had a significantly higher total and positive PANSS score at baseline.Conclusion  Risperidone is an effective and safe antipsychotic in first‐episode psychosis.
Genetic‐epidemiological study of schizophrenia with the beginning in the young age
Authors: Gutkevitch E. 
Published: October 2010

The aim of investigation was the study of factors spreading in population and families of schizophrenia with consideration the age to the moment of manifestation. There were studied 476 schizophrenia disordered persons, included in Tomsk epidemiological register (ER) of schizophrenia. The age to the moment of manifestation of schizophrenia was registered in the age of disordered persons by the moment of the beginning psychotical displays of disorders. The disease began in the interval from 15 to 60 years.In the population is spreading mostly schizophrenia with the age of manifestation from 15 to 45 years: from 5.2 disordered persons in the age of 15–19‐year‐old‐to 2.4 disordered persons in the age of 40–44‐year‐old‐on a 10 000 of whole population. The most intensive indicator was noted in the age of 20–24 years old – 6.5 disordered persons on a 10 000 of population.There were shared two groups ofdisordered persons: with the beginning of disorder in the age of 15–24 years old (young age) – 196 disordered persons, in the age of 25–44 years old (mature age) – 254 disordered persons. Different clinical forms described these groups and specialties of display the schizophrenia diseases.There were studied 332 families of disordered persons ER. The relatives of fist degree of probands with the beginning of disease in young age were ill with schizophrenia two times more, then relatives of probands with the beginning of disease in mature age (3.5 and 1.8%, correspondingly). Analysis of multifactorial threshold model (MFT) showed that a whole contribution of genetic factors – additive genetic component – by the beginning of schizophrenia in 15–24‐year‐old‐was 62.1%, residual environmental factors was 31.4%. Single major locus model (SML) revealed, that the probability of appearing disease in the age of 15–24 years old (p1) of mutant homozygotes AA is equal to 33%. In time less displayed pathological phenotype of heterozygotes they Aa (p2=2,3%). The majority of schizophrenia disordered persons in young age (72.6%) are heterozygotes, homozygotes are 27.4%. In the young age are ill schizophrenia homozygotes carrier of pathological genotype with increased genetically predisposition and increased probability its display more often.
The therapeutic alliance in early psychosis
Authors: Bentall R. , Tarrier N. , Lewis S. , Haddock G. , Kinderman P. , Kingdon D. ,   the SoCRATES team
Published: October 2010

Research with nonpsychotic patients has indicated that the therapeutic alliance makes an important contribution to outcome of psychological treatments. Although recent years have seen a resurgence of enthusiasm for psychotherapeutic interventions for psychotic patients, particularly following the publication of large‐scale RCTs of cognitive‐behaviour therapy (CBT) for schizophrenia patients, there have been few attempts to assess the contribution that the patient–therapist relationship makes to these interventions, which have been usually described in terms of particular techniques. However, in a study of psychodynamic therapy for chronic schizophrenia patients, Frank and Gunderson (1990) reported that patients were slow to form an adequate alliance, although the quality of the alliance was a predictor of long‐term outcome.In this paper, we will review evidence from previous studies, and present data on the therapeutic alliance and other process variables taken during a large randomized controlled trial of CBT for first and second episode schizophrenia patients (the SoCRATES study). A total of 315 patients entered the study, and were randomized to treatment as usual, supportive counselling or CBT, with a 5‐week therapy envelope commencing within 2 weeks of admission to hospital. Baseline and follow‐up assessments were conducted by psychiatrists blind to group assignment, and 75% of the patients were retained in the study at 18 month follow‐up. We have reported the main outcome data elsewhere; statistically significant but modest benefits were found for both CBT and counselling. Therapeutic alliance measures were completed by both patients and therapists in thetwo psychological treatment groups at the third and 10th session. All measures had acceptable reliability but therapist assessments of the alliance correlated poorly with patients' perceptions. Both patient and therapist alliance ratings at session 3 predicted duration of treatment. Duration of treatment, in turn, predicted therapy response. The findings indicate the importance of investigating process variables as mediators of response to treatments for early psychosis.
Diagnoses at the first psychotic episode and cognitive functioning
Authors: Addington J. , Addington D. 
Published: October 2010

Objectives  To determine the relationship between diagnosis and cognitive functioning in a first‐episode sample.Methods  175 subjects were diagnosed (SCID) on admission to a comprehensive treatment programme for early psychosis and 1 year later. Symptoms (PANSS), social functioning and cognitive functioning (using a comprehensive cognitive battery) were assessed initially and at 1 year. Subjects were divided into three groups: (1) Stable diagnosis of schizophrenia over 1 year (n=84). (2) Initial diagnosis of schizophreniform, brief psychotic disorder, substance induced psychosis or psychosis NOS but who met criteria for schizophrenia at 1 year (n=49) and (3) Stable diagnosis over 1 year of schizophreniform, brief psychotic disorder, substance induced psychosis or psychosis NOS (n=44).Results  There were significant differences amongst the three groups at both assessment periods in positive and negative symptoms and social functioning. There were no differences amongst the groups in cognitive functioning.Conclusions  Individuals with psychotic disorders who do not go on to develop schizophrenia do not differ significantly in neurocognition from those who do develop schizophrenia, although they may have advantages in other areas.
WSFEPP: neuropsychological function and diagnosis in early psychosis
Authors: Fitzgerald D. , Lucas S. , Redoblado M. A. , Brennan J. , Anderson J. , Sanbrook M. , Taylor A. , Harris A. 
Published: October 2010

Objective  This study aimed to examine whether neuropsychological profiles of young first‐episode psychosis (FEP) patients varied according to diagnosis.Method  A sample of 94 FEP patients aged 13–25 were recruited as part of The Western Sydney First Episode Psychosis Project. Subjects completed a comprehensive battery of tests, grouped into 10 cognitive domains. Differences in cognitive profiles were examined in three diagnostic groups (schizophrenia, mood disorders, mixed psychosis) and compared to healthy controls. Correlations between neuropsychological deficits and clinical characteristics were explored.Results  Patterns of deficit were similar across diagnostic categories, but areas of selective deficit differentiated psychotic mood disorders from schizophrenia and other psychosis. Results indicated greater deficits in verbal learning and memory for schizophrenia than psychotic mood disorders. The Mood disorders group demonstrated selective deficits only on speeded processing tasks. Negative symptoms were associated with poorer neuropsychological functioning.Conclusions  Results confirm that significant cognitive deficits are evident in early psychosis and are present regardless of traditional diagnostic categorizations. However, results indicate that schizophrenia and mood disorders can be distinguished on the basis of areas of selective deficit.
Neuropsychological functioning and diagnosis in early psychosis
Authors: Fitzgerald D. , Lucas S. , Redoblado M. A. , Brennan J. , Anderson J. , Sanbrook M. , Taylor A. , Harris A. 
Published: October 2010

Objective  This study aimed to examine whether neuropsychological profiles of young first‐episode psychosis (FEP) patients varied according to diagnosis.Methods  A sample of 94 FEP patients aged 13–25 were recruited as part of The Western Sydney First Episode Psychosis Project. Subjects completed a comprehensive battery of tests, grouped into 10 cognitive domains. Differences in cognitive profiles were examined in three diagnostic groups (schizophrenia, mood disorders, mixed psychosis) and compared to healthy controls. Correlations between neuropsychological deficits and clinical characteristics were explored.Results  Patterns of deficit were similar across diagnostic categories, but areas of selective deficit differentiated psychotic mood disorders from schizophrenia and other psychosis. Results indicated greater deficits in verbal learning and memory for schizophrenia than psychotic mood disorders. The Mood disorders group demonstrated selective deficits only on speeded processing tasks. Negative symptoms were associated with poorer neuropsychological functioning.Conclusions  Results confirm that significant cognitive deficits are evident in early psychosis and are present regardless of traditional diagnostic categorizations. However, results indicate that schizophrenia and mood disorders can be distinguished on the basis of areas of selective deficit.
Thought disorder prior to schizophrenia‐related vs. affective psychosis
Authors: Ott S. L. , Erlenmeyer‐Kimling L. , Roberts S. 
Published: October 2010

Data from the New York High‐Risk Project were used to study prodromal symptoms in subjects age 9, years before some of them developed psychotic disorders. We rated thought disorder from videotaped interviews (total n=123). Previous analyses showed elevated scores in subjects with adulthood schizophrenia‐related psychosis (n=9), a group including individuals with schizophrenia (Sz, n=4) and schizoaffective disorder, mainly Sz (SAS, n=5). However, high scores were observed primarily in subjects with SAS.To examine whether there is an association of thought disorder with psychosis in combination with affective disturbance, we examined means of three patients with adulthood affective psychosis (AffP), and found that none exhibited thought disorder in childhood. Thus, thought disorder was not present in subjects with AffP, moderately so in those with Sz, and high in those with SAS. An interpretation of these results seems, considering the sample sizes, speculative, in spite of statistical significance.We were able to expand the sample to total n=255, with adulthood SRP n=14, and AffP n=9. We will present these analyses and further discuss thought disorder prior to affective and schizophrenia‐related psychosis.
Catatonic stupor induced by neuroleptic in adolescent
Authors: Askenazy F. , Lestideau K. , Myquel M. , Darcourt G. , Lecrubier Y. 
Published: October 2010

We present a case report of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with catatonic state (CS) and without pyrexia in a 15‐year‐old‐girl. The onset was acute without previous history of psychotic symptoms. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome occurred after monotherapy with Loxapine (150 mg/day) during 15 days, followed by haloperidol (22.5 mg/day). After an improvement of hallucinatory symptoms, she presents a CS 24 days after a first dose of haloperidol. We describe the case history, and the management of this rare syndrome associated with a high mortality rate. Treatment was medical (parental nutrition hydratation) with intravenous clonazepram.Organic (EEG and MRI abnormalities) and psychiatric symptoms largely overlapped from the onset of CS. Clinical state was characterized by prominent auditory hallucinations and visions. Family history was remarkable for alcoholism, violence, sexual trauma and neurological pathology. Clinical interview released the presence of auditory hallucinations in some young relatives.This case report revealed by: (1) interactions between organic and psychiatric syndrome in catatonia, (2) the possible prodomal function of auditory hallucination in child, (3) the necessity of focusing on relatives in schizophrenia.
DUP in first‐episode schizophrenia and its early prognosis in Japan
Authors: Yamazawa R. , Mizuno M. , Nemoto T. , Watanabe K. , Yamashita C. , Oda K. , Chino B. , Kashima H. 
Published: October 2010

DUP of first‐episode schizophrenia patients has recently been drawing a lot of attention, but there is no investigation in relation to early prognosis in Japan. The duration of first admission and neuroleptic dosage in 1 year after prescribing first neuroleptics have been studied.Subjects and method  83 consecutive patients of neuroleptic naïve first‐episode schizophrenia from two hospitals were investigated on its mean DUP. Furthermore, the mean duration (days) of first admission and chlorpromazine equivalent dosage(mg) in 1 year after first treatment were compared intwopatients groups. Group a DUP > 5 months, Group B < 5 months.Results  The mean DUP was 13.7 months and the median was 5.0 months. The length of stay of first admission: group A: 121.1 days, and group B: 40.7 days (P=0.018). Chlorpromazine equivalent dosage in 1 year were 770.5 mg in group A, and 226.1 mg in group B (P=0.080).Discussion  Correlation of DUP and GAF, length of first admission, and chlorpromazine dosage will be discussed.
Generalized anxiety disorder (ICD‐10) in primary care from a cross‐cultural perspective: a valid diagnostic entity?
Authors: Maier W. , Gänsicke M. , Freyberger H. J. , Linz M. , Heun R. , Lecrubier Y. 
Published: October 2010

Objective:Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common psychiatric disorder. The nosological status of this diagnostic entity was critically discussed because of the very high rate of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, the assumed low degree of social disability associated with GAD in the absence of other disorders, and an ambigious definition. Method:We explored the frequency and associated social disability of GAD, and examined whether the ICD‐10 definition of GAD is appropriate. The analysis was based on the WHO study on ‘Psychological Problems in Primary Care’ conducted in a standardized manner in 14 countries. Results:We found GAD (total and without another psychiatric disorder) to be common in primary care in nearly all countries (mean 1‐month prevalence rate, 7.9%), with 25% of these cases presenting with GAD in the absence of any comorbid psychiatric disorder. GAD in general, as well as non‐comorbid GAD, are associated with social disability which is as severe as that in chronic somatic diseases. Conclusion:It remains questionable whether the current ICD‐10 diagnosis of GAD defining 6 months as a minimum duration and requiring at least four associated symptoms for diagnosis is the most appropriate option. Using this definition, a substantial proportion of psychosocially disabled subjects characterized by anxiety, tension and worrying remain undetected, and are possibly therefore not adequately treated.