bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training Trainers in health and human rights: Implementing curriculum change in South African health sciences institutions
Authors: Ewert Elena G , Baldwin-Ragaven Laurel , London Leslie 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
The complicity of the South African health sector in apartheid and the international relevance of human rights as a professional obligation prompted moves to include human rights competencies in the curricula of health professionals in South Africa. A Train-the-Trainers course in Health and Human Rights was established in 1998 to equip faculty members from health sciences institutions nationwide with the necessary skills, attitudes and knowledge to teach human rights to their students. This study followed up participants to determine the extent of curriculum implementation, support needed as well as barriers encountered in integrating human rights into health sciences teaching and learning.

Methods
A survey including both quantitative and qualitative components was distributed in 2007 to past course participants from 1998-2006 via telephone, fax and electronic communication.

Results
Out of 162 past participants, 46 (28%) completed the survey, the majority of whom were still employed in academic settings (67%). Twenty-two respondents (48%) implemented a total of 33 formal human rights courses into the curricula at their institutions. Respondents were nine times more likely (relative risk 9.26; 95% CI 5.14-16.66) to implement human rights education after completing the training. Seventy-two extracurricular activities were offered by 21 respondents, many of whom had successfully implemented formal curricula. Enabling factors for implementation included: prior teaching experience in human rights, general institutional support and the presence of allies - most commonly coworkers as well as deans. Frequently cited barriers to implementation included: budget restrictions, time constraints and perceived apathy of colleagues or students. Overall, respondents noted personal enrichment and optimism in teaching human rights.

Conclusion
This Train-the-Trainer course provides the historical context, educational tools, and collective motivation to incorporate human rights educational initiatives at health sciences institutions. Increased implementation of human rights instruction, both formally and extracurricularly, has demonstrated the training's significance not only within academic institutions but more broadly across the health sector. Coworkers are vital allies in teaching human rights to health sciences students, helping to alleviate institutional barriers. Training fellow staff members and those in key leadership roles is noted as vital to the sustainability of human rights education.
T cell activity in successful treatment of chronic urticaria with omalizumab
Authors: Sánchez-Machín Inmaculada , Iglesias-Souto Javier , Franco Andrés , Barrios Yvelise , Gonzalez Ruperto , Matheu Víctor 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Omalizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody has the potential to alter allergen processing. Recently, it has been postulated the assessment of PHA-stimulated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activity as maker of CD4+ T cells activity in peripheral blood cells. We present the case report of a 35-year-old woman with a history of chronic idiopathic urticaria and angioedema of 8 years of development with poor response to treatment. The patient was partially controlled with cyclosporine at doses of 100 mg/12 h. However, she was still developing hives daily. Finally treatment with omalizumab was started at dose of 300 mg every 2 weeks. The patient experienced a decrease in urticarial lesions 2 days after starting therapy. We also evaluated the effects of omalizumab therapy on the activity of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from the patient, in order to determine the potential modification of anti-IgE therapy on the process of antigen presentation-recognition. Activity of CD4+ cells by ATP release was clearly increased demonstrating an enlarged CD4 activity. Omalizumab may be useful in the treatment of severe chronic urticaria. ATP activity of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells might be a non-subjective method to assess Omalizumab activity.
Carbon-assisted growth and high visible-light optical reflectivity of amorphous silicon oxynitride nanowires
Authors: Zhang Lei , Shi Tielin , Tang Zirong , Liu Dan , Xi Shuang , Li Xiaoping , Lai Wuxing 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Large amounts of amorphous silicon oxynitride nanowires have been synthesized on silicon wafer through carbon-assisted vapor-solid growth avoiding the contamination from metallic catalysts. These nanowires have the length of up to 100 μm, with a diameter ranging from 50 to 150 nm. Around 3-nm-sized nanostructures are observed to be homogeneously distributed within a nanowire cross-section matrix. The unique configuration might determine the growth of ternary amorphous structure and its special splitting behavior. Optical properties of the nanowires have also been investigated. The obtained nanowires were attractive for their exceptional whiteness, perceived brightness, and optical brilliance. These nanowires display greatly enhanced reflection over the whole visible wavelength, with more than 80% of light reflected on most of the wavelength ranging from 400 to 700 nm and the lowest reflectivity exceeding 70%, exhibiting performance superior to that of the reported white beetle. Intense visible photoluminescence is also observed over a broad spectrum ranging from 320 to 500 nm with two shoulders centered at around 444 and 468 nm, respectively.
Imaging of hibernomas: A retrospective study on twelve cases
Authors: Papathanassiou Zafiria G , Alberghini Marco , Taieb Sophie , Errani Costantino , Picci Piero , Vanel Daniel 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
To analyze the imaging features of hibernomas on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MRI).

Methods
Twelve hibernomas were retrospectively assessed with CT and MR imaging and compared to the histology of the specimen

Results
Nine females and three males with a mean age of 30 years were included. Ten tumors occurred in the thigh and two affected the subcutis of the periscapular and buttock regions. On eight CT scans, seven (87,5%) lesions were homogeneous and mildly to moderately hyperdense compared to subcutaneous fat while one lesion was heterogeneous with mixed hypo and hyperattenuating areas. On six T1W images, five (83,3%) lesions appeared homogeneous and hypointense relative to subcutaneous fat and one was heterogeneous. Incomplete fat suppression was depicted in all cases. All lesions displayed marked enhancement. Large intratumoral vessels were depicted in three of the 12 (25%) cases. Septations were depicted on four of the eight unenhanced CT and on all six MRI examinations.

Conclusions
Hibernoma usually appears hypodense and hypointense relative to subcutaneous fat on pre-contrast CT and MR T1W with variable enhancement patterns and incomplete fat suppression on STIR or fat-saturated sequences. These characteristics relate directly to the presence of brown fat. However, atypical findings such as heterogeneous patterns of mixed fatty and non fatty components on unenhanced CT and MR T1W can be also encountered. Absence of large intratumoral vessels should not exclude hibernomas from the differential diagnosis of regional lipomatous tumors.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage II Colon Cancer With Poor Prognostic Features
Authors: O'Connor Erin S. , Greenblatt David Yu , LoConte Noelle K. , Gangnon Ronald E. , Liou Jinn-Ing , Heise Charles P. , Smith Maureen A. 
Published: July 2011

Purpose Adjuvant chemotherapy is typically considered for patients with stage II colon cancer characterized by poor prognostic features, including obstruction, perforation, emergent admission, T4 stage, resection of fewer than 12 lymph nodes, and poor histology. Despite frequent use, the survival advantage conferred on patients with stage II disease by chemotherapy is yet unproven. We sought to determine the overall survival benefit of chemotherapy among patients with stage II colon cancer having poor prognostic features. Patients and Methods A total of 43,032 Medicare beneficiaries who underwent colectomy for stage II and III primary colon adenocarcinoma diagnosed from 1992 to 2005 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) –Medicare database. χ2 and two-way analysis of variance were used to assess differences in patient- and disease-related characteristics. Five-year overall survival was examined using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression with propensity score weighting. Results Of the 24,847 patients with stage II cancer, 75% had one or more poor prognostic features. Adjuvant chemotherapy was received by 20% of patients with stage II disease and 57% of patients with stage III disease. After adjustment, 5-year survival benefit from chemotherapy was observed only for patients with stage III disease (hazard ratio[HR], 0.64; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.67). No survival benefit was observed for patients with stage II cancer with no poor prognostic features (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.25) or stage II cancer with any poor prognostic features (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.13). Conclusion Among Medicare patients identified with stage II colon cancer, either with or without poor prognostic features, adjuvant chemotherapy did not substantially improve overall survival. This lack of benefit must be considered in treatment decisions for similar older adults with colon cancer.
Emotion Regulation and Problem Behaviours in Turkish Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Ozdemir Selda 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study examined the group differences of 49 boys and girls from two different groups of Turkish children with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) in the following two variables: emotional intensity and perceived self-efficacy. In order to measure emotional intensity and perceived self-efficacy, children completed the Emotion Regulation Interview (ERI) and described their ideas regarding how they would feel and act in six emotionally challenging situations. Findings from ERI indicated that Turkish children with AD/HD reported more intense feelings of anger and worry but also having confidence in their ability to regulate this arousal. Overall, results suggested underlying problems with emotion regulation in children with AD/HD.
Rehabilitation Counsellor Preferences for Rural Work Settings: Results and Implications of an Australian Study
Authors: Gittoes Elise , Mpofu Elias , Matthews Lynda R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study sought to identify influences on rehabilitation counsellors' preference to work in rural areas, including their recruitment to, and retention in, rural work settings. Participants were 38 practicing rehabilitation counsellors (31% males) recruited through the Australian Society of Rehabilitation Counsellors and the Rehabilitation Counselling Association of Australasia. The mean age of participants was 38.67 years (SD= 12.9 years, age range, 25 to 65 years). Nineteen (50%) were working in rural areas at the time of the survey. A specifically designed survey, the Work Setting Preference Inventory (WSPI), which incorporated both quantitative and qualitative response options, was used to collect data. Analysis involved open coding of data into themes that emerged from the participants' responses. Descriptive statistical analysis was applied to quantify the prevalence or salience of particular themes. Results suggest that participants perceived preference to work in rural area to be influenced by the unique lifestyle of rural communities and family friendly employer policies. They perceived the availability of employment and training opportunities and supplemental financial compensations as incentives to attract rehabilitation counsellors to work in rural areas. Programs to recruit rehabilitation counsellors to rural areas should address employee lifestyle preferences in the context their overall career development.
Implementing a Suitable Jobs Register in the Construction Industry: Preliminary Evidence
Authors: Keele Sophie M. , Treuer Kathryn , Sturre Vanessa L. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis pilot study investigated the efficacy of a job register index to support return to work (RTW) for injured workers in the construction industry. Participants included injured workers (n = 22), supervisors/managers (n = 23), treating practitioners (n = 5), occupational rehabilitation consultants (n = 5), union representatives/occupational health and safety representatives (n = 5), RTW coordinators (n = 2), steering committee members (n = 4) and the designated project officer (n = 1). A pre–post test intact group design was used to evaluate the perceived utility of the job register. A partial set of the sample including injured workers and supervisors/managers participated in the pretrial phase (n = 28) while the trial phase included more numerous stakeholder groups to assess the perceived utility of the register (n = 39). Participants completed surveys that incorporated a number of differing sections including injury description and circumstances, communication and collaboration with others, their overall opinion of the return to work process in general and suggestions for future improvements. Additional questions were designed for those participating in the trial with regards to the efficacy of the register. Data were analysed using analysis of variance procedures with pairwise comparisons of pre–post intervention test means. Alternative job options were seen to be offered more frequently. Communication and cooperation improved postimplementation. Supervisors perceived the job register a useful innovation to facilitate RTW. The register represents a new resource to the construction industry with potential for wider application following further study.
Endoplasmic reticulum quality control and dysmyelination
Authors: Kraus Allison , Michalak Marek 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDysmyelination contributes to several human diseases including multiple sclerosis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth, leukodystrophies, and schizophrenia and can result in serious neurological disability. Properly formed, compacted myelin sheaths are required for appropriate nerve conduction velocities and the health and survival of neurons. Many different molecular mechanisms contribute to dysmyelination and many of these mechanisms originate at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum is a critical organelle for myelin biosynthesis and maintenance as the site of myelin protein folding quality control, Ca2+homeostasis, cholesterol biosynthesis, and modulation of cellular stress. This review paper highlights the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and its resident molecules as an upstream and dynamic contributor to myelin and myelin pathologies.
Determination of the Soil-Water Retention Curve and the Hydraulic Conductivity Function Using a Small Centrifuge
Authors: Martins Reis Rodrigo , Nogueira Sterck Wagner , Bastos Ribeiro Artur , Dell’Avanzi Eduardo , Saboya Fernando , Tibana Sergio , Roberto Marciano Cláudio , Ramires Sobrinho Rubens 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
An alternative methodology for direct determination of the soil-water retention curve (SWRC) and evaluation the hydraulic conductivity of the unsaturated soil was developed using a commercially available small centrifuge with a swinging type rotor assembly without in-flight instrumentation. The testing procedure consists of spinning up four initially saturated soil specimens until constant water content is achieved for a given angular speed. The soil – suction relationship is determined by relating the respective water content to the suction magnitude induced by the ceramic plate at the specimen’s base. The hydraulic conductivity of the unsaturated soil is estimated by dividing the cumulative flow rate measured at each angular speed by the respective hydraulic gradient applied at specimen’s middle height. This methodology was applied for evaluating the SWRC of a residual gneissic soil profile using both, undisturbed and remolded soil specimens. The results show good agreement to other well established methodologies such as filter-paper method, porous plate funnel and suction plate extractor. The determined unsaturated hydraulic conductivities magnitudes were compared to the theoretical predicted values given by the Mualem – van Genuchten model (van Genuchten, 1980) indicating good agreement. Overall, it can be concluded that the methodology proposed ensures good agreement in determining the SWRC and the hydraulic conductivity of studied soils.
Does Genetic Ancestry Explain Higher Values of Glycated Hemoglobin in African Americans?
Authors: Maruthur Nisa M. , Kao W.H. Linda , Clark Jeanne M. , Brancati Frederick L. , Cheng Ching-Yu , Pankow James S. , Selvin Elizabeth 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values are higher in African Americans than whites, raising the question of whether classification of diabetes status by HbA1c should differ for African Americans. We investigated the relative contribution of genetic ancestry and nongenetic factors to HbA1c values and the effect of genetic ancestry on diabetes classification by HbA1c in African Americans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the community-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. We estimated percentage of European genetic ancestry (PEA) for each of the 2,294 African Americans without known diabetes using 1,350 ancestry-informative markers. HbA1c was measured from whole-blood samples and categorized using American Diabetes Association diagnostic cut points (&lt;5.7, 5.7–6.4, and ≥6.5%).

RESULTS
PEA was inversely correlated with HbA1c (adjusted r = −0.07; P &lt; 0.001) but explained &lt;1% of its variance. Age and socioeconomic and metabolic factors, including fasting glucose, explained 13.8% of HbA1c variability. Eleven percent of participants were classified as having diabetes; adjustment for fasting glucose decreased this to 4.4%. Additional adjustment for PEA did not significantly reclassify diabetes status (net reclassification index = 0.034; P = 0.94) nor did further adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, and metabolic risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS
The relative contribution of demographic and metabolic factors far outweighs the contribution of genetic ancestry to HbA1c values in African Americans. Moreover, the impact of adjusting for genetic ancestry when classifying diabetes by HbA1c is minimal after taking into account fasting glucose levels, thus supporting the use of currently recommended HbA1c categories for diagnosis of diabetes in African Americans.
Vildagliptin Improves Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilatation in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: van Poppel Pleun C.M. , Netea Mihai G. , Smits Paul , Tack Cees J. 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor vildagliptin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Sixteen subjects with type 2 diabetes (age 59.8 ± 6.8 years, BMI 29.1 ± 4.8 kg/m2, HbA1c 6.97 ± 0.61) on oral blood glucose–lowering treatment were included. Participants received vildagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. or acarbose 100 mg t.i.d. for four consecutive weeks in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. At the end of each treatment period, we measured forearm vasodilator responses to intra-arterially administered acetylcholine (endothelium-dependent vasodilator) and sodium nitroprusside (endothelium-independent vasodilator).

RESULTS
Infusion of acetylcholine induced a dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow in the experimental arm, which was higher during vildagliptin (3.1 ± 0.7, 7.9 ± 1.1, and 12.6 ± 1.4 mL ⋅ dL−1 ⋅ min−1 in response to three increasing dosages of acetylcholine) than during acarbose (2.0 ± 0.7, 5.0 ± 1.2, and 11.7 ± 1.6 mL ⋅ dL−1 ⋅ min−1, respectively; P = 0.01 by two-way ANOVA). Treatment with vildagliptin did not significantly change the vascular responses to sodium nitroprusside.

CONCLUSIONS
Four weeks’ treatment with vildagliptin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in subjects with type 2 diabetes. This observation might have favorable cardiovascular implications.
Short Form of the Chinese Version Diabetes Quality of Life for Youth Scale
Authors: Wang Ruey-Hsia , Lo Fu-Sung , Chen Bai-Hsiun , Hsu Hsiu-Yueh , Lee Yann-Jinn 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE
To test the psychometric properties of the short form of the Chinese version Diabetes Quality of Life for Youth scale (C-DQOLY-SF).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A 30-item C-DQOLY-SF was administered to 371 adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, correlation with HbA1c, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were used to examine the psychometric characteristics of C-DQOLY-SF.

RESULTS
A 25-item questionnaire with three correlated second-order factor structures best fitted data. Scores on the 25-item C-DQOLY-SF significantly correlated with HbA1c values. Cronbach’s α and ICCs of each scale and subscale ranged from 0.77 to 0.90 and from 0.70 to 0.92, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
The C-DQOLY-SF has satisfactory reliability and validity. The C-DQOLY-SF can be conveniently used in clinical settings to assess the quality of life of adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Mediterranean Diet and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study
Authors:   The InterAct Consortium
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE
To study the association between adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) and risk of developing type 2 diabetes, across European countries.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We established a case-cohort study including 11,994 incident type 2 diabetic case subjects and a stratified subcohort of 15,798 participants selected from a total cohort of 340,234 participants with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up, from eight European cohorts participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. The relative Mediterranean diet score (rMED) (score range 0–18) was used to assess adherence to MDP on the basis of reported consumption of nine dietary components characteristic of the Mediterranean diet. Cox proportional hazards regression, modified for the case-cohort design, was used to estimate the association between rMED and risk of type 2 diabetes, adjusting for confounders.

RESULTS
The multiple adjusted hazard ratios of type 2 diabetes among individuals with medium (rMED 7–10 points) and high adherence to MDP (rMED 11–18 points) were 0.93 (95% CI 0.86–1.01) and 0.88 (0.79–0.97), respectively, compared with individuals with low adherence to MDP (0–6 points) (P for trend 0.013). The association between rMED and type 2 diabetes was attenuated in people &lt;50 years of age, in obese participants, and when the alcohol, meat, and olive oil components were excluded from the score.

CONCLUSIONS
In this large prospective study, adherence to the MDP, as defined by rMED, was associated with a small reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in this European population.