bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a certain Fossiliferous Pebble-band in the “Olive Group“ of the Eastern Salt Range, Punjab
Authors: Wynne A. B. 
Published: October 2009

Not long ago I received from my friend Dr. H. K. Warth some very interesting specimens, including fossil
Conulariæ
, discovered by him in the Eastern Salt Range, parts of which region I had examined from his bungalow at the Mayo Salt-mines, and sometimes in his company. His discovery was the subject of a short paper by my self read before the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, an abstract of which appeared in the “Geological Magazine” for March 1886.

Almost immediately afterwards, the Records of the Geological Survey of India (vol. xix. pt. 1, 1886) having reached me, I found therein a paper on the same subject by Dr. Waagen, of Prague. The treatment of the matter in this paper and the extent to which its deductions are carried with regard to the geology of the whole Eastern Hemisphere are too important in their bearing upon Salt-Range geology and stratigraphy to be quite passed over by an individual who had the largest part of the task of examining that Range for the Geological Survey of India.
So far as the paper now referred to deals with the stratigraphy of the Range, I am in a position to offer opinions the result of direct observation; where it deals with purely pal~eontological matter, I offer none; and where it embraces collateral questions, bearing upon the geology of half the earth, depending upon stratigraphic features of the Range, I claim recognition of the observed facts only so far as my own part in these
Appendix
Authors: Judd John W. 
Published: October 2009

Although, the particular section described by Mr. Durham has not been examined by me, I have had considerable opportunities of making myself acquainted with the general characters and relations of the igneous rocks of the district where it is exposed. In the year 1876, I spent some months in examining the volcanic rocks of Angus and Fife, under the guidance of the late Sir Charles Lyell, who had such an intimate acquaintance with the geology of the district; and the general conclusions at which I arrived with regard to the relations and ages of the different types of igneous rocks in that area correspond very closely with the views which Mr. Durham has enunciated in the foregoing paper.
Among the rocks which Mr. Durham has from time to time sent me for determination, there are several which, from the remarkable state of their preservation and the light which they seem to throw upon some very important petrological problems, appear to me to be worthy of detailed description. I am greatly indebted to the author of the paper, not only for the loan of his own collection of rock-sections, but for the readiness with which he has supplied me with ample materials for further study. Three of the rocks referred to in this paper are particularly interesting in their characters, and may be regarded as noteworthy additions to British petrography.
The remarkably fresh rock of Northfield (see Plate XIII. fig. 1) has a specific gravity of 2·68. It is a very
On some Derived Fragments in the Longmynd and Newer Archæan Rocks of Shropshire
Authors: Callaway Charles 
Published: October 2009

In my papers on the Archæan rocks of Shropshire I have touched upon the evidence of age furnished by included fragments. I stated that the Longmynd conglomerates of Haughmond Hill contained pebbles of purple rhyolite similar to the typical rhyolites (Uriconian) of the Wrekin. In the Uriconian series itself I had found conglomerates full of rounded pieces of granitoid and gneissic rocks, evidently derived from a crystalline area of which Primrose Hill, at the south-western end of the Wrekin, was an undenuded fragment. I have since been able to enlarge this evidence, and, in order to give precision to previous conclusions, a series of specimens have been submitted to microscopic tests

The Longmynd Rocks of Shropshire largely derived from the Uriconian Series (Newer Archæan)

The plum-coloured conglomerates and grits of the Longmynd hills are well known. With the exception of a band of pale-green slate fringing the area along its eastern margin, they form the chief mass of the formation. Whatever estimate of their thickness may ultimately be obtained, there is no doubt that these sediments represent the washings from a very considerable extent of land
The conglomerates are sometimes crowded with pebbles of purple rhyolites absolutely undistinguishable under the microscope from well-known Wrekin types, and many of the fragments display the spherulitic and perlitic structures originally described by Mr. Allport § Well-rounded pieces of a pale-green felsite are less common
The prevailing grits are of a purple colour. Quartz is the most abundant constituent; the purple rhyolite comes next
Notes on the Distribution of the Ostracoda of the Carboniferous Formations of the British Isles
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Kirkby J. W. 
Published: October 2009

The known Ostracoda of the British Carboniferous Formations are not even yet all described, although fifty-five species have been determined or redescribed, with illustrations, since this paper was read (see page 507). There are now 177 known species and notable varieties of Carboniferous Ostracods, belonging to 33 genera of 9 families.

II. C
lassification
O
f
T
he
S
trata
.

With regard to their distributiou in the strata, it is necessary to premise that in Scotland the Carboniferous rocks are usually grouped as follows :—

The Carboniferous Formations Of The British Isles
.

In the North of England the same system of rocks is often classified thus :—
The Coal-measures and the Millstone Grit of the two countries may be regarded as equivalent, though the “Upper red beds (b)” of Scotland are absent in the N.E. of England.
The Carboniferous Limestone series of Scotland and the Yoredale Rocks of England are, in part, parallel deposits, but not wholly, for the base of the former series, when traced southwards across the border into Northumberland, has part of the Yoredales beneath it. Hence it follows that the lower portion of the Yoredale Rocks is parallel with the upper portion of the Calciferous Sandstones, and that the Scar Limestone and Lower Limestone-shale are more or less equivalent to the main portion of the same series.
But the term Yoredale scarcely applies in Northumberland, and the Geological Surveyors group the whole of the rocks below the Millstone Grit as the “Carboniferous Limestone Series” in the maps of that county.
On Tertiary Chilostomatous Bryozoa from New Zealand
Authors: Waters Arthur Wm. 
Published: October 2009

In the following paper the Chilostomata from three collections are described, two being kindly lent by Miss Jelly, to whom they had been sent by a correspondent living in the neighbourhood of Napier. They are from Petane and Waipukurau, both representing a well-known horizon, and also some from Waikato and Trig's Station, Tanner's Run, besides others designated as from the neighbourhood of Napier.
For the third collection, which is only small, I am indebted to the kindness of Professor Hutton, who collected the material from the base of the Shakespeare Cliff, Wanganui.
Petane, Waipukurau, and Wanganui are known localities in what is called the Wanganui system, which Tenison-Woods in his “Corals and Bryozoa of the Neozoic Period in New Zealand” (Colon. Mus. and Geol. Survey Dept. 1880), calls “Upper Miocene,” but which Professor Hutton more recently (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xli. 1885, p. 194) calls “Newer Pliocene.”
The only papers on New-Zealand fossil Bryozoa with which I am acquainted are those by Tenison-Woods, just mentioned, and one by Stoliczka, “On the Bryozoa from the Marine Beds of the Waitemataschichten of Orakei Bay.” The Waitemata beds belong to the Pareora system, and are considered by both Woods and Hutton to be Miocene.
Of some few the state of preservation is very satisfactory, while with most this is by no means the case ; yet it is often surprising to find how in badly preserved specimens the characters can be distinctly made out by a detailed examination of cell after cell.
On the Echinoidea of the Cretaceous Strata of the Lower Narbadá Region
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

Owing to the kindness of H. B. Medlicott, Esq., F.R.S., Director of the Geological Survey of India, I have lately received a considerable number of specimens of Echinoidea, which have been obtained from recorded localities, from the Cretaceous formation, in the Lower Narbadá valley.
A small collection of Echinoidea, Mollusca, and Brachiopoda, and a coral are in the Museum of this Society, and they came from the neighbourhood of Bág on the Narbadá, in the same district whence the forms lately received were found. This small collection was described by me in a communication to this Society in 1865, another collection from S.E. Arabia being associated with it, and an Upper Greensand horizon was given to the strata containing the species (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxi. p. 349). The persistence of many well-known European species into the far east was noticed. In 1866, Messrs. Blanford and Wynne surveyed the Bág district, and decided that the succession of the Cretaceous rocks was, from below upwards, as follows:—Sandstone and conglomerate, 20 feet; nodular limestone, nearly unfossiliferous, 20 feet; argillaceous limestone, fossiliferous, 10 feet; and coralline limestone (Bryozoan) 10 to 20 feet. The relation of these conformable beds to the overlying Lameta beds and the Deccan and Malwa Trap was noticed.
The surveyors accepted my decision regarding the age of the beds which had yielded the fossils, namely the argillaceous beds near Deola and Chirákhán. In 1868 a similar horizon was stated to be present iu the Sinai area ; it was
On
Heterosuchus valdensis
, Seeley, a Procœlian Crocodile from the Hastings Sand of Hastings
Authors: Seeley H. G. 
Published: October 2009

The specimen in the British Museum, numbered 36555, came there in the second Mantellian collection, which was acquired after Dr. Mantell's death. It is part of a thin ironstone nodule, 10 centim. long and 6 centim. wide, from the Hastings Sand of Hastings, manifestly water-worn, but containing vertebræ which have not hitherto been determined. The nodule (Pl. XII. fig. 7) displays the remains of fully a dozen vertebræ, which extend round the nodule in parts of more than one coil, so arranged as to expose the ventral surface or bodies of the vertebræ, towards the external margin of the concretion. These vertebræ indicate a procœlian Crocodile of small size; and although the remains are so imperfect, I refer them to a new genus, since their forms are different from those of any Purbeck Crocodiles or other described Crocodilia.
The nodule displays some other vertebrate remains which may possibly belong to another kind of animal. Thus in a transverse fracture the outlines may be traced of two long ovals which extend in the same axis, and may represent the superior aspect of the parietal region of a small skull, in which each temporal fossa is 13 or 14 millim, wide and 7 millim, long. The external surface appears to small Purbeck Crocodiles ; and what might be the quadrate bone is seen to extend in an outward direction as it is prolonged distally. No proccelian Crocodile has the temporal vacuities elongated in this way; but from the imperfect preservation and small
On the Origin of Dry Chalk Valleys and of Coombe Rock
Authors: Reid Clement 
Published: October 2009

For many years the singular mass of angular flints and Chalk, known as the Brighton Elephant-bed, has been familiar to geologists. This deposit I had not seen till 1884, when I was instructed to examine, for the Geological Survey, the Pleistocene deposits of Sussex between the escarpment of the South Downs and the sea.
Coming from eight years' work in strongly glaciated districts, I was at once struck by the appearance of the Elephant-bed—or, as it is called in the district, the “Coombe Rock.” It is a very different deposit from anything commonly seen in the Yorkshire or Lincolnshire Wolds, and different, though not so markedly different, from anything found in Norfolk.
This occurrence in a non-glaciated district of a type of gravel unlike anything of ordinary occurrence in glaciated districts of similar configuration aroused my interest. After two years' study of the beds in the field, I venture to bring forward my views as to the mode of formation of Coombe Rock and as to the origin of dry Chalk Valleys—two subjects intimately connected.
The configuration of the surface beneath the drift on the seaward side of the South Downs is identical with that found in the Chalk districts of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. In each of these districts we have a dip-slope from the edge of the escarpment seaward. But this slope does not pass under the low-lying drift areas; it ends abruptly in a cliff, now much degraded, but still recognizable as a sea-cliff both by the marine
Considerations on the Date, Duration, and Conditions of the Glacial Period, with reference to the Antiquity of Man
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

When, twenty-eight years ago, the barriers which restricted the age of Man to a limited chronology were overthrown by the discoveries in the Valley of the Somme and Brixham Cave, the pent-up current of geological opinion tended to the other extreme of assigning to Man (Post-glacial) an excessive antiquity ; and now the belief in that great antiquity seems to me to be exerting, in a manner somewhat similar to that which at first caused the rejection of the Kent's Cave and Somme Valley evidence, an imperceptible bias on the questions raised as to the Glacial and Preglacial age of Man— apart from the question of Pliocene or Miocene Man, into which, on the present occasion, I do not purpose to enter.
The extreme opinions which dealt with millions of years are now probably held by few ; but still, with many and, probably, the majority of geologists the Glacial and Postglacial periods, which involve the question of the antiquity of Man, are measured by very great terms of time. At the outset of the discussion, and when the antiquity of Man was limited to the Postglacial period, I saw no reason for assigning to that period the length of time then claimed by many geologists. The data, however, on which to form an opinion with respect to the duration of this and of the Glacial period were too imperfect to form any definite conclusion upon. Since then further observations in the Alps, and more especially the observations of the
On the Lower Part of the Upper Cretaceous Series in West Suffolk and Norfolk
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. , Hill W. 
Published: October 2009

The zonal subdivisions of the Cambridgeshire Chalk were first described in 1880, and more fully in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey, in 1881, the outcrops of the Totternhoe Stone and the Melbourn Rock having then been traced as far as Burwell and Newmarket respectively; but the survey of the Suffolk Chalk having been previously completed, the lines were not continued on the Survey map.
The section exposed in the cliffs near Hunstanton has often been described, but the beds there seen are very different from those which occupy a similar stratigraphical position near Newmarket; it was evident, therefore, that between these two places the beds forming the lower part of the Chalk underwent a considerable amount of lateral change, and that, until more was known of the manner in which one facies of the Lower Chalk passed into the other, no correlation of the Norfolk and Cambridge sections could be more than suggestive.
Moreover, in the absence of this information, one of us has found much difficulty in correlating the subdivisions of the Lincolnshire Chalk with that of the Midland counties, and he felt that when once the constitution of the Norfolk Chalk was properly understood, that of Lincolnshire, which bears great resemblance to it, would no longer offer any difficulty.

It being clear, therefore, that important issues depended upon an investigation of the changes that take place in the Cretaceous rocks as they pass from Suffolk into Norfolk, it was with the object of exploring this
terra incognita
On Grooves and Quartzite Boulders in the Roger Mine at Dukinfield
Authors: Radcliffe James 
Published: October 2009

The Roger Mine, shown on Ordnance sheet no. 105, six-inch scale, of Ashton-under-Lyne and Dukinfield, is extensively worked at Denton, Dukinfield, Ashton-under-Lyne, and in the neighbourhood of Oldham.
At Dukinfield coal is being worked at a depth of five hundred and fifty yards, and averages about four feet in thickness. Quartzite boulders have from time to time been found in this mine, and have been noticed on various occasions in communications to the Manchester Geological Society, in vols. xiii. and xiv. of their Transactions.
The groovings and boulders are not found in any mine or strata in this neighbourhood, except in what is known as the Roger Mine, which lies near the top of the middle series of the Manchester coalfield. But occasionally quartzite pebbles have been found by Mr. G. Wild, of Bardsley, in the Arley and Pomfret Mines. The single groovings vary in depth from a few inches to eighteen inches, and in width from one foot to three feet. Occasionally several of these grooves run close together, and then widen out into one broad “scour,” or groove, of fifteen or even eighteen feet wide, as if the base of a large moving body had come in contact with the upper surface of the coal-bed. These grooves have been traced at intervals over a distance of from five to six hundred yards in length, and from fifty to sixty yards in width.
The Roger-Mine seam of coal is composed of three divisions :― the “upper,“ a soft, bright
On some New Features in
Pelanechinus corallinus
.
Authors: Groom T. T. 
Published: October 2009

In vol. xxxiv. p. 924, of the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ Mr. Walter Keeping, F.G.S., described two specimens of a form previously referred by Dr. Wright to the genus
Hemipedina
. He showed that this form was quite distinct from
Hemipedina
, and gave it the name of
Pelanechinus
. It showed, in his opinion, affinities with the Echinothuridæ on the one hand and the Diadematidæ on the other.

These two specimens have hitherto been the only ones known, with the exception of a few fragments described by Dr. Wright.
I was fortunate enough to find in 1881 in the Coral Rag at Calne, in a quarry at the north end of the town, a third specimen which shows some interesting features hitherto undescribed.

The diameter of the test is about 85 millim.; it is considerably flattened from above downwards. The whole of the oral surface is beautifully preserved, with the exception of a sector including one ambulacral and the greater part of two interambulacral areas. The teeth are exposed
in situ
, together with most of the peristomial imbricating plates; the latter, however, are not exhibited so clearly as in the specimen in the Woodwardian Museum. A zone, about 15 millim. wide, belonging to the oral surface is also preserved. My specimen quite confirms Mr. Keeping's opinion that the test was flexible.

The plates have frequently separated along the line of suture, especially on the aboral surface, while the median interambulaeral line and the lines of junction between the ambulacral and
On Boulders found in Seams of Coal
Authors: Spencer John 
Published: October 2009

In working the coal-seams of Lancashire, particularly in those seams found near the Gannister mine, from time to time isolated boulders have been discovered, the position of which it is not easy to explain.
These boulders are not always of the same kind. They generally consist of granite, quartz, or quartzite, and probably of local rocks which do not particularly attract the attention of the workmen in the collieries. They vary in size from an inch to six or eight inches in diameter, the largest being of granite.
A fine specimen has lately been found at Old Meadows Pit, near Bacup, Lancashire, by Mr. John Lord, Bacup. It weighs 6 lb. The granite is composed of quartz, reddish felspar, and hornblende.
This boulder was imbedded in the chief coal of the Rossendale district, the Gannister or Mountain Mine, at a distance of 180 ft. from the surface of the ground. Between this seam and the surface, besides sandstones and shales, are found the Upper Foot or Bullion Coal, the Forty Yards' Mine, and a small Cannel Coal, as seen in the accompanying section:—
There was no trace of disturbance in the strata near where the boulder was found. Similar boulders have been found at Crawshawbooth and Goodshaw Hill, about four miles from Burnley, at, Wholaw Nook and Burnt Hills Coalpits, in the same district, and at Higher Dog Hill, Oldham. They are also said to occur in the neighbourhood of Leeds.
The boulders in every case are isolated. Sometimes they
On the Age of the Altered Limestone of Strath, Skye
Authors: Geikie Archibald 
Published: October 2009

The alteration of the Lias limestone of Skye into white marble by the intrusion of masses of eruptive rock has been long regarded as one of the most interesting features of that attractive island. The first announcement of this metamorphism was made by Macculloch, in a paper read by him before this Society in the beginning of the year 1815. He there described the transition from ordinary unaltered shelly Secondary limestone into an irregular shapeless “marble limestone” in which all semblance of stratification had been lost, and of which the general structure resembled that of the Assynt limestone of Sutherland. He was at first inclined to regard this massive rock as a “primary” limestone, which it had naturally been supposed to be; for he found it exactly to resemble the limestones associated with schists and granites in various parts of the Highlands. But he discovered what he considered to be a regular alternation of the marble limestone and shell-limestone, which removed “the last shadow of a doubt” from his mind as to the real identity of the rocks. The obliteration of the stratification and the assumption of a more crystalline texture he believed to be not improbably due to the invasion of the limestone by eruptive masses of “syenite” *
Four years after the appearance of this memoir, Macculloch gathered together his numerous observations on the geology of the West of Scotland, and published them in his classic work on the Western Islands. Among the sections of that book which
Further Observations on the Correlation of the Eocene Strata in England, Belgium, and the North of France
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

It is not my intention to reopen the whole question of the position and correlation of the Eocene strata of England and France, but merely to bring again before the Society such portions of them as involve some yet unsettled points of classification and some necessary rectifications of my own work.
The synchronism of the Thanet Sands with the Lower Landenian, of the London Clay with the Lower Ypresian, of the Bracklesham Beds with the Calcaire Grossier, and of the Barton Beds with the Grès de Beauchamp is now perfectly well established. But with respect to the exact relation of the Sands of Bracheux and of the Soissonnais to the English Series, of the Oldhaven Beds to the Woolwich Series, and of the Lower and Upper Bagshots to equivalent strata in the Paris Basin, there are still differences of opinion and some open questions.
Since'the publication of my early papers on the Eocene strata, the important monographs on the Eocene Mollusca of Edwards* and Searles Wood† in this country, and the last great work of Deshayes‡ in France, have made large additions to the Eocene faunas of the English and French Tertiaries. At the same time, the work of the Geological Survey and others in the London and Hampshire Basins §; of MM. Hébert ∥, Dolfuss ∥, De Mercey ∥, and others in the Paris Basin; of MM. Gosselet ¶, Ortlieb, and Chelloneix ** in the North of France; and of MM. Briart and Cornet M. Dewalque, MM. Rutot, Van