bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cholinergic innervation of pyramidal cells and parvalbumin‐immunoreactive interneurons in the rat basolateral amygdala
Authors: Muller Jay F. , Mascagni Franco , McDonald Alexander J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe basolateral nucleus of the amygdala receives an extremely dense cholinergic innervation from the basal forebrain that is critical for memory consolidation. Although previous electron microscopic studies determined some of the postsynaptic targets of cholinergic afferents, the majority of postsynaptic structures were dendritic shafts whose neurons of origin were not identified. To make this determination, the present study analyzed the cholinergic innervation of the anterior subdivision of the basolateral amygdalar nucleus (BLa) of the rat using electron microscopic dual‐labeling immunocytochemistry. The vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was used as a marker for cholinergic terminals; calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMK) was used as a marker for pyramidal cells, the principal neurons of the BLa; and parvalbumin (PV) was used as a marker for the predominant interneuronal subpopulation in this nucleus. VAChT+ terminals were visualized by using diaminobenzidine as a chromogen, whereas CAMK+ or PV+ neurons were visualized with Vector very intense purple (VIP) as a chromogen. Quantitative analyses revealed that the great majority of dendritic shafts receiving cholinergic inputs were CAMK+, indicating that they were of pyramidal cell origin. In fact, 89% of the postsynaptic targets of cholinergic terminals in the BLa were pyramidal cells, including perikarya (3%), dendritic shafts (47%), and dendritic spines (39%). PV+ structures, including perikarya and dendrites, constituted 7% of the postsynaptic targets of cholinergic axon terminals. The cholinergic innervation of both pyramidal cells and PV+ interneurons may constitute an anatomical substrate for the generation of oscillatory activity involved in memory consolidation by the BLa. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:790–805, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Confocal immunofluorescence study of rat aortic body chemoreceptors and associated neurons in situ and in vitro
Authors: Piskuric Nikol A. , Vollmer Cathy , Nurse Colin A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAortic bodies (ABs) are putative peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, distributed near the aortic arch. Though presumed to be analogous to the well‐studied carotid bodies (CBs), their anatomical organization, innervation, and function are poorly understood. By using multilabel confocal immunofluorescence, we investigated the cellular organization, innervation, and neurochemistry of ABs in whole mounts of juvenile rat vagus and recurrent laryngeal (V‐RL) nerves and in dissociated cell culture. Clusters of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive (TH‐IR) glomus cells were routinely identified within these nerves. Unlike the CB, many neuronal cell bodies and processes, identified by peripherin (PR) and neurofilament/growth‐associated protein (NF70/GAP‐43) immunoreactivity, were closely associated with AB glomus clusters, especially near the V‐RL bifurcation. Some neuronal cell bodies were immunopositive for P2X2 and P2X3 purinoceptor subunits, which were also found in nerve terminals surrounding glomus cells. Immunoreactivity against the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was detected in local neurons, glomus cells, and apposed nerve terminals. Few neurons were immunopositive for TH or neuronal nitric oxide synthase. A similar pattern of purinoceptor immunoreactivity was observed in tissue sections of adult rat V‐RL nerves, except that glomus cells were weakly P2X3‐IR. Dissociated monolayer cultures of juvenile rat V‐RL nerves yielded TH‐IR glomus clusters in intimate association with PR‐ or NF70/GAP‐43‐IR neurons and their processes, and glial fibrillary acidic protein‐IR type II (sustentacular) cells. Cocultures survived for several days, wherein neurons expressed voltage‐activated ionic currents and generated action potentials. Thus, this coculture model is attractive for investigating the role of glomus cells and local neurons in AB function. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:856–873, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental expression of δ‐opioid receptors during maturation of the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory innervations of the neonatal heart: Early targets for opioid regulation of autonomic control
Authors: Mousa Shaaban A. , Shaqura Mohammed , Schäper Jörn , Treskatsch Sascha , Habazettl Helmut , Schäfer Michael , Abdul‐Khaliq Hashim 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEvidence is accumulating regarding the local opioid regulation of heart function. However, the exact anatomical location of δ‐opioid receptors (DORs) and expression during maturation of the autonomic and sensory innervations of the neonatal heart is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to characterize target sites for opioids in neonatal rat heart intracardiac ganglia at postnatal day (P)1, P7 and adulthood (P56–P84). Rat heart atria were subjected to reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, radioligand binding, and immunofluorescence confocal analysis of DORs with the neuronal markers vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP). Our results demonstrated DOR mRNA, protein, and binding sites that gradually increased from P1 toward adulthood. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showed DOR co‐localized with VAChT in large‐diameter principal neurons, TH‐immunoreactive (IR) small intensely fluorescent (SIF) catecholaminergic cells, and CGRP‐ or SP‐IR afferent nerve terminals arborizing within intracardiac ganglia and atrial myocardium. Co‐expression of DOR with VAChT‐IR neurons was observed from the first day of birth (P1). In contrast, DORs on TH‐IR SIF cells or CGRP‐IR fibers were not observed in intracardiac ganglia of P1, but rather in P7 rats. The density of nerve fibers in atrial myocardium co‐expressing DORs with different neuronal markers increased from neonatal age toward adulthood. In summary, the enhanced DOR expression parallel to the maturation of cardiac parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory innervation of the heart suggests that the cardiac opioid system is an important regulator of neonatal and adult heart function through the autonomic nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:957–971, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetohydrodynamic biorheological transport phenomena in a porous medium: A simulation of magnetic blood flow control and filtration
Authors: Rashidi M. M. , Keimanesh M. , Bég O. Anwar , Hung T. K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractApplication of magnetic fields to medical science is growing rapidly, with the development of novel magnetic pumps, hydromagnetic separation devices, etc. In this paper, we study the dual control mechanisms of transverse magnetic field and porous media filtration on viscous convection heat transfer in a buoyancy‐driven blood flow regime in a vertical pipe, as a model of a blood separation configuration. Non‐Newtonian characteristics of the blood are modeled with the well‐tested, thermodynamically rigorous micropolar model introduced by Eringen. Porous media effects are simulated with a Darcy–Forchheimer drag force model. The two‐point boundary value problem is normalized and the resulting dimensionless linear momentum, angular momentum (Eringen micro‐rotation) and energy conservation equations are solved by the Differential Transform M ethod (DTM). The convergence analysis elucidates that the DTM yields exceedingly accurate results, which are validated with a comparison with optimized fourth‐order Runge–Kutta numerical quadrature. The influence of micropolar vortex viscosity parameter (Eringen parameter (Er), Hartmann magnetohydrodynamic number ( Ha), aspect ratio (A), Darcy number ( Da), heat generation/absorption parameter (α) and Grashof number on the flow variables are studied in detail. The present study has important applications in magnetic field control of biotechnological (hemodynamic) processes, biomagnetic device technology, etc. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderators of weight gain in the early stages of outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Lockwood Rebecca , Serpell Lucy , Waller Glenn 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjective:Treatments for anorexia nervosa have relatively low levels of effectiveness. This prospective study examines the impact of patients' characteristics on their early responses to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anorexia nervosa.Method:Patients' eating attitudes, body mass index, and comorbid characteristics at the outset of treatment were used to predict drop‐out and changes in weight across the first 10 sessions of CBT. Forty anorexic patients (28 full syndrome and 12 atypical cases—body mass index range = 12.8–18.4) entered CBT for anorexia nervosa.Results:Early drop‐outs (N = 6) had relatively low levels of anxiety at the beginning of therapy, but there were no other moderators. Weight gain was slower in the 6th to 10th sessions among patients with relatively unhealthy eating attitudes (restraint and shape concerns). Higher levels of anxiety at the start of treatment were associated with poorer weight gain across these first 10 sessions.Discussion:Early anxiety levels should be attended to closely in CBT for anorexia nervosa, with low levels indicating a high risk of drop‐out and a greater need for engagement and motivational work, and high levels, indicating that clinicians should work explicitly with the patient on anxiety reduction techniques in order to enhance their level of early weight gain. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Binding of HgCl2 by a Nitro Functionalized Tripodal Receptor and Its Decomplexation Controlled by Anion Complexation
Authors: Dey Sandeep Kumar , Das Gopal 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe presence of a nitro functionality on N‐bridged tripodal receptors has an effect on its binding ability towards HgCl2 by coordination through one of the nitro oxygen atoms, ethereal oxygen and the bridgehead nitrogen atom. Decomplexation of HgCl2 and recovery of the receptor L can be accomplished by the formation of anion complexes with [L·HgCl2]. The complexation of different anions with multiple protonated receptor units is attributable to intramolecular (N–H)+···anion interactions, at the same time the presence of multiple C–H···anion and interligand C–H···Onitro hydrogen bonds provide added stabilization. Protonation at the bridgehead nitrogen atom and the presence of the nitro functionality render the aliphatic and aryl protons sufficiently acidic for their active participation in moderate to weak C–H···anion and C–H···Onitro interactions. Spectroscopic studies provide evidence for the formation of anion complexes from [L·HgCl2] by extrusion of HgCl2.
Oxidative Isomerization of Vinylidenecyclopropanes to Dimethylenecyclopropanes and Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Further Transformation
Authors: Lu Bei‐Li , Shi Min 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOxidative isomerization of vinylidenecyclopropanes 1 produces dimethylenecyclopropane aldehydes 2 in moderate to good yields using tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP)/4‐methylmorpholine N‐oxide (NMO) as a catalytic system and the obtained dimethylenecyclopropanes 3 can be transformed to indene derivatives smoothly in the presence of Brønsted acid (HOTf). The scope and limitations as well as the plausible mechanisms have been discussed.
Fate of the antifungal drug clotrimazole in agricultural soil
Authors: Sabourin Lyne , Al-Rajab Abdul Jabbar , Chapman Ralph , Lapen David R , Topp Edward 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Clotrimazole is a broad-spectrum antimycotic drug used for the treatment of dermatological and gynecological infections; it is incompletely broken down during sewage treatment and could potentially reach agricultural land through the application of municipal biosolids or wastewater. In the absence of any environmental fate data, we evaluated the persistence and dissipation pathways of 3H-clotrimazole during laboratory incubations of agricultural soils. Clotrimazole was removed from a loam (time to dissipate 50% = 68 d), a sandy loam (time to dissipate 50% = 36 d), and a clay loam (time to dissipate 50% = 55 d), with formation of nonextractable residues being the major sink for 3H. Their parent compound had no significant mineralization, as evidenced by the lack of formation of 3H2O. Up to 15% of the applied radioactivity was recovered in the form of [3H]-(2-chlorophenyl)diphenyl methanol. The rate of clotrimazole dissipation in the loam soil did not vary with moisture content, but it was slower at a lower temperature (number of days to dissipate 50% = 275.6 d at 4°C). Addition of municipal biosolids to the loam soil did not vary the clotrimazole dissipation rate. In summary, the present study has established that clotrimazole is dissipated in soil, at rates that varied with soil texture and temperature. Clotrimazole dissipation was accompanied by the formation of nonextractable residues and detectable extractable residues of the transformation product (2-chlorophenyl)diphenyl methanol. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:582–587. © 2010 SETAC
Bioconcentration of the intense sweetener sucralose in a multitrophic battery of aquatic organisms
Authors: Lillicrap Adam , Langford Katherine , Tollefsen Knut Erik 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Reports of the intense (artificial) sweetener sucralose (1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructo-furanosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside) in various environmental compartments have led to speculations about biological effects in nontarget species living in areas receiving discharges from anthropogenic activities. We have, as the first step in the risk assessment of this compound, conducted bioaccumulation studies in the freshwater alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the crustacean Daphnia magna, and zebrafish (Danio rerio). The freshwater algae and the daphnid tests were performed using a 48-h static exposure system, whereas the zebrafish test was performed using a 48-h semi static exposure system followed by 48 h flow-through of clean water for the depuration phase. All three studies were conducted with two exposure concentrations (10 and 100 mg/L), and the concentrations of sucralose in water and biota were verified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The studies showed that uptake of sucralose was assumed to achieve a steady state within the first 48 h, and the bioconcentration factor at the assumed steady state (BCFSS) was calculated to be less than 1 for algae and between 1.6 to 2.2 for the daphnids. The fish BCFSS, assumed to occur between 24 to 48 hours, were calculated to be less than 1 for both concentrations tested. A first-order one-compartment (uptake phase) and a first-order two-compartment (elimination phase) model characterized the uptake and depuration kinetics in zebrafish (k1 = 0.027–0.038/h and k2 = 0.206–0.222/h, t95 = 13.5 to 14.6 h, t50 = 3.1 to 3.3 h, and BCFkinetic = 0.4 to 0.9). The current study shows that sucralose does not bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms from different tiers of the food web, and that the BCF's obtained were considerably lower than the criteria set to identify persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances (i.e., BCF ≥ 2,000). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:673–681. © 2011 SETAC
Evaluation of inflammatory effects of airborne endotoxin emitted from composting sources
Authors: Liu Jian , Pankhurst Louise J , Deacon Lewis J , Abate Wondwossen , Hayes Enda T , Drew Gill H , Longhurst Phil J , Pollard Simon , Longhurst James , Tyrrel Sean F , Jackson Simon K 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Because of the lack of effective methodology, the biological effects of environmental endotoxin have not been assessed. Here we have collected and measured airborne endotoxin at different locations around composting sites. Increased endotoxin concentrations were observed close to composting activities and also at nearby boundary areas. Analysis of proinflammatory effects of the environmental endotoxin on interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 release from human D562 pharyngeal epithelial and MM6 monocytic cell cultures showed an association between endotoxin level and cytokine induction. The cytokine-inducing effect of bioaerosol extracts was inhibited by polymyxin B, indicating that endotoxin was the cause of cytokine responses we found. The environmental endotoxin was also more active for stimulating cytokines in airway epithelial cells than commercially purified Escherichia coli endotoxin. Our results suggest that these in vitro inflammatory cell models may contribute to the assessment of health impacts of environmental endotoxin. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:602–606. © 2011 SETAC
Differential roles of metallothionein-like proteins in cadmium uptake and elimination by the scallop Chlamys nobilis
Authors: Liu Fengjie , Wang Wen-Xiong 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Metallothionein-like proteins (MTLPs) are important inducible ligands for Cd detoxification, but whether MTLPs are involved in Cd bioaccumulation remains unclear. The present study investigated the potential interrelationships between MTLP turnover and Cd biokinetics in the scallop Chlamys nobilis with or without dissolved Cd pre-exposure. After Cd pre-exposure, increased synthesis rate and standing stock concentration of MTLPs as well as increased dissolved Cd uptake rate, were found in C. nobilis. However, the level of newly sequestrated Cd by MTLPs in the pre-exposed scallops was similar to that of the controls, indicating that MTLPs had no effect on Cd uptake from the dissolved phase. Instead, Cd uptake rate was positively related to the Cd binding rate of cellular debris and organelles. In addition, no significant difference was observed in the Cd dietary assimilation efficiency of the scallops, showing that MTLPs played a minimal role in Cd uptake from the dietary phase. Conversely, the Cd efflux rate constant decreased by 68 to 75% in the pre-exposed scallops in comparison with that in the control. Correspondingly, progressive elevations of MTLP-bound Cd and standing stock MTLP concentration were observed in the pre-exposed individuals during the Cd elimination period. In the pre-exposed scallops, the faster de novo MTLP synthesis could remobilize and recycle more Cd from other intracellular pools, effectively reducing the Cd elimination rate. The present study thus showed the differential roles of MTLPs in Cd uptake and elimination in the bivalves. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:738–746. © 2011 SETAC
A postexposure feeding assay using the marine polychaeteNeanthes arenaceodentatasuitable for laboratory and in situ exposures
Authors: Rosen Gunther , Miller Kyle 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis study examined the suitability for the use of the polychaetous annelid Neanthes arenaceodentata in a short-term sublethal bioassay based on postexposure feeding rate. Quantification of feeding rate was determined by an approximately 1-h feeding period to Artemia franciscana nauplii after a 48-h aqueous exposure. Both lethality and feeding rate were assessed after exposure to Cu and phenanthrene, with the Cu results being compared with those available from similar studies that used the polychaete Hediste diversicolor. Laboratory assessment on the effect of manipulating two common variables in estuarine environments (temperature and salinity) on postexposure feeding to both clean and Cu-spiked seawater samples was also conducted. The 48- and 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50s) for Cu were 156 and 80 µg/L, respectively, whereas the 48-h median effective concentration (EC50) determined by feeding rate was 57 µg/L. The 48-h LC50 for phenanthrene was 2,224 µg/L, whereas the 48-h feeding rate EC50 was 345 µg/L (more sensitive by a factor of &gt;6). The sensitivity of the postexposure feeding rate endpoint to two representative chemicals that are frequently elevated in contaminated sediments, in addition to rapid exposure time, ecological relevance, and relatively simple approach, suggest that this assay with N. arenaceodentata has potential for use as a tool for sublethal effects assessment, with particular promise for in situ applications. The utility of this assay in actual marine and estuarine sediments is being assessed in situ at several North American sediment sites, and will be reported in future publications. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:730–737. © 2011 SETAC
Biomarker responses and disease susceptibility in juvenile rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykissfed a high molecular weight PAH mixture
Authors: Bravo C.F , Curtis L.R , Myers M.S , Meador J.P , Johnson L.L , Buzitis J , Collier T.K , Morrow J.D , Laetz C.A , Loge F.J , Arkoosh M.R 
Published: December 2010

AbstractJuvenile rainbow trout were fed a diet containing an environmentally relevant mixture of 10 high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at a dose of 0.66 or 7.82 µg PAH · g fish−1 · d−1. At 3, 7, 14, and 28 d, biomarkers of aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation (AHR), hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A)-associated staining increased 14- to 26-fold and 6- to 14-fold, respectively, in fish fed 7.82 µg PAH · g fish −1 · d−1. Cytochrome P4501A-associated staining increased 2- to 9-fold on days 3, 7, and 28 in fish fed 0.66 µg PAH · g fish−1 · d−1. Bile fluorescent aromatic compounds served as a biomarker of exposure and confirmed that PAH exposure was consistent over 50 d. DNA damage in blood cells, protein oxidation, and lipid peroxidation in the kidney were biomarkers of oxidative stress and all increased in fish fed 7.82 µg PAH · g fish−1 · d−1. Fish fed 0.66 µg PAH · g fish−1 · d−1 had elevated DNA damage in blood cells but increased protein oxidation or lipid peroxidation in the kidney were not observed. Challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida, at lethal concentration (LC) 20, decreased survival in fish previously fed either 0.66 µg PAH · g fish−1 · d−1 or 7.82 µg PAH · g fish−1 · d−1 relative to fish fed the control diet. In general, biomarkers of both AHR activation and oxidative stress peaked at 3 to 14 d then declined at 28 to 50 d of PAH exposure and an increase in susceptibility to disease was observed at 50 d. These results link PAH exposure to biomarker responses that may be useful as early indicators of population level responses, such as mortality resulting from an increase in disease susceptibility. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:704–714. © 2011 SETAC
Toxicity evaluation of single and mixed antifouling biocides using the Strongylocentrotus intermedius sea urchin embryo test
Authors: Wang Heng , Li Yan , Huang Honghui , Xu Xue , Wang Yonghua 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The present study evaluated the single and mixed toxicities of commonly used antifouling biocides (copper pyrithione, Sea nine 211, dichlofluanid, tolylfluanid, and Irgarol 1051) on the early embryogenesis of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Their toxicities were quantified in terms of the median effective concentration (EC50) reducing the embryogenesis success by 50%. For individual biocides to the embryos, the toxicity was in order of copper pyrithione &gt; Sea nine 211 &gt; tolylfluanid &gt; dichlofluanid &gt; Irgarol 1051. The toxicities of mixture (binary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary) of compounds, evaluated by toxic unit, additivity index, and mixture toxicity index, showed that the copper pyrithione–Sea nine 211 combination was the most toxic with the EC50 value of 7.87 nM in all mixtures. Synergistic enhancements of toxicity were observed for all mixtures except the combination of tolylfluanid–Sea nine 211, revealing antagonistic effect. Both the concentration addition and independent action concepts failed to accurately predict the mixture toxicities of the antifouling combinations; thus, a new log KOW-based model was developed to predict the combined toxicities of these antifouling chemicals, which were capable of predicting the mixture toxicities of antifouling biocides (R2 = 0.33). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:692–703. © 2011 SETAC