bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of a low‐formaldehyde‐emission methylol urea/triethanolamine copolymer composite
Authors: Barminas J. T. , Osemeahon S. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA low‐formaldehyde‐emission methylol urea/triethanolamine composite was synthesized through in situ esterification of formaldehyde with triethanolamine and subsequent copolymerization of the synthesized polyester with methylol urea. The effects of the addition of triethanolamine to the polymerization process on some physical properties of the synthesized copolymer were evaluated. The copolymer was characterized with IR spectroscopy and macrophase‐separation techniques. At a given triethanolamine concentration, the composite exhibited macrophase‐separation behavior between that of pure methylol urea and pure polyester. IR spectra showed the presence of the polyester moiety in the composite. The values of the moisture uptake, formaldehyde emission, melting point, and elongation at break of the copolymer were within acceptable levels required in the coating industry. Therefore, the methylol urea/polyester copolymer resin could have potential as a binder in the coating industry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Compatible and crystallization properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) blends
Authors: Yeh Jen‐Taut , Tsou Chi‐Hui , Huang Chi‐Yuan , Chen Kan‐Nan , Wu Chin‐San , Chai Wan‐Lan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) properties of poly(lactic acid)/ poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) specimens suggest that only small amounts of poor PLA and/or PBAT crystals are present in their corresponding melt crystallized specimens. In fact, the percentage crystallinity, peak melting temperature and onset re‐crystallization temperature values of PLA/PBAT specimens reduce gradually as their PBAT contents increase. However, the glass transition temperatures of PLA molecules found by DSC and DMA analysis reduce to the minimum value as the PBAT contents of PLAxPBATy specimens reach 2.5 wt %. Further morphological and DMA analysis of PLA/PBAT specimens reveal that PBAT molecules are miscible with PLA molecules at PBAT contents equal to or less than 2.5 wt %, since no distinguished phase‐separated PBAT droplets and tan δ transitions were found on fracture surfaces and tan δ curves of PLA/PBAT specimens, respectively. In contrast to PLA, the PBAT specimen exhibits highly deformable properties. After blending proper amounts of PBAT in PLA, the inherent brittle deformation behavior of PLA was successfully improved. Possible reasons accounting for these interesting crystallization, compatible and tensile properties of PLA/PBAT specimens are proposed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and properties of polyhydroxybutyrate blended with different types of starch
Authors: Zhang Min , Thomas Noreen L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study examines the properties of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) when blended with two types of maize starch, Starch 1 (containing 70% amylose) and Starch 2 (containing 72% amylopectin). The PHB/starch blends were prepared by melt compounding at a ratio of 70/30 by weight and characterized in terms of their morphology, structure, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties. The results show that starch granules act as a filler in PHB/starch blends and also act as a nucleating agent causing a very significant reduction in the size of the PHB spherulites. There were found to be significant improvements in thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties, and these were greater for blends containing Starch 1 than those containing Starch 2. These improvements are attributed to enhanced hydrogen bonding between PHB and Starch 1 with high‐amylose content. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Improving the aging resistance of styrene‐butadiene‐styrene tri‐block copolymer and application in polymer‐modified asphalt
Authors: Li Yintao , Li Linfan , Zhang Yan , Zhao Sufang , Xie Leidong , Yao Side 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThermal oxidation process of styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (SBS) copolymer was studied by using a variety of analytical and spectroscopic methods including thermal analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. The experimental results indicate that the thermal oxidation process of SBS is a free radical self‐catalyzed reaction containing four steps (initiation, growth, transfer, and termination of the chain) with both crosslinking and scission and the latter is confirmed to be the main process. The antioxidants 1010 as scavenger of free radicals and 168 acting decomposition of hydroperoxides were used to improve the oxidation aging resistance of SBS copolymer. It has been found that synergic effect of 1010 and 168 may be the best in practice and 0.2 wt % 1010 + 0.4 wt % 168 can effectively prevent SBS from the thermal oxidation at certain temperature. Furthermore, the aging resistance of the SBS‐modified asphalt was improved by addition of complex antioxidants. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Light cured fluoride filled denture‐coating materials
Authors: Kodkeaw Panarat , Phankosol Piyawat , Jiratumnukul Nantana 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLight cured denture‐coating materials were prepared by formulating an acrylate monomer with a photoinitiator system (camphorquinone and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) using one of three base monomers [bisphenol A glycerolate diacrylate (Bis‐GDA), glycerol 1,3‐diglycerolate diacrylate (GDA), and diurethane dimethacrylate (DU‐DMA)] each with four diluents [triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and methacrylic acid (MAA)] at a fixed 1 : 1 molar ratio of base monomer to diluent. The twelve formulations were then evaluated for their surface hardness and water sorption as coating materials. The DU‐DMA/MAA, DU‐DMA/HEMA, Bis‐GDA/HEMA, and GDA/MAA based coatings provided a high level of both surface hardness and water sorption properties. When sodium fluoride (NaF) or calcium fluoride (CaF2) was incorporated into those formulations, the fluoride ion release rate from all four NaF containing coating materials was extremely high in the first week, decreasing sharply in the second week and then decreasing in the later 2 weeks. In contrast, the CaF2 containing coating materials showed a slower sustained rate of fluoride ion release over the 4‐week test period, with the DU‐DMA/HEMA based coating having a fluoride ion release pattern that meets the requirements for dental use. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Inhibitive effect of polyacrylamide grafted with fenugreek mucilage on corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 at 35°C
Authors: Srivastava Varsha , Banerjee Sitashree , Singh M. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe inhibitive effect of polyacrylamide grafted with fenugreek mucilage, a natural grade polysaccharide, on the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4 has been investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. An inhibition efficiency of 78% has been obtained at a concentration as low as 1 ppm and efficiency as high as 96% at 100 ppm. The polarization studies reveal that it acts as a predominantly cathodic inhibitor. The adsorption of this inhibitor on the mild steel surface obeys a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The deposited films on the electrode surface have been analyzed by using microscopic techniques. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Studies on dry‐jet‐wet spun polyurethane fibers. II. Effect of polyurethane shore hardness on spinnability and fiber properties
Authors: Raghunath Reddy G. V. , Deopura B. L. , Joshi Mangala 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article reports a study on the spinnability of three different ester type thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) with shore hardness 75A, 85A, 92A using the dry‐jet‐wet spinning method. The three grades have been analyzed by FTIR, GPC, and 1H‐NMR to establish the difference among them. FTIR indicated that all the three grades were chemically similar and GPC suggests that molecular weight increased with increase in shore hardness. Compositional analysis indicates that the hard segment content increases with increase in shore hardness. Shear viscosity of TPU dope solution increases with increase in shore hardness. Of the three different grades of TPUs studied, only the grades with shore hardness of 85A and 92A are spinnable under the experimental conditions. The fiber properties of three different grades have been compared. Fibers spun with the shore hardness of 85A have good elastomeric properties compared with the other two grades. Lab spun fibers have also been compared with the commercial spandex fibers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Microwave plasma‐initiated grafting of acrylic acid on Celgard 2500 membrane to prepare alkaline battery separators—Characteristics of process and product
Authors: Gancarz Irena , Bryjak Marek , Kunicki Jerzy , Ciszewski Aleksander 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA process of plasma‐initiated grafting of acrylic acid on commercial porous polypropylene membrane was studied. The influence of parameters of the plasma (power, gas pressure, time plasma‐sample distance, sample arrangement) and grafting (solvent composition, monomer concentration, time, inhibitor presence) on the degree of grafting, amount of homopolymer produced and surface electrical resistance was determined. A degree of grafting up to 18 mmol/g was obtained, which resulted in sample resistance as low as 30 mΩ cm2. The molecular weight of AAc homopolymer that can be assumed as equal to the MW of grafted chains, ranged from 25,000 to 50,000,000 da. SEM and water permeability measurements show that grafting causes filling of the pores, which, however, does not stop K+ ions from penetrating the membrane. The performance of nickel‐cadmium cells with acrylic acid grafted membranes as separator is also presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Biodegradable polyesterurethane networks for controlled release of aspirin
Authors: Zhang Shifeng , Feng Yakai , Zhang Li , Guo Jintang , Xu Yongshen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this article, poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)urethane (PULG) networks were prepared from hydroxyl telechelic star‐shaped oligo(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) coupled with 1,6‐diisocyanate‐2,2,4‐trimethylhexane and 1,6‐diisocyanate‐2,4,4‐trimethylhexane or isophorone diisocyanate. The release of model drug aspirin (ASP) from biodegradable polyesterurethane networks was studied in phosphate buffered saline pH = 7.0 at 37°C. PULG networks turned from transparent to opaque after ASP loading. PULG networks with lower crosslinking density always resulted in higher drug loaded content. The results of differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscope measurements demonstrated that ASP was uniformly distributed in the networks. The drug release courses of ASP from PULG networks in phosphate buffered saline pH = 7.0 at 37°C could be divided into three stages. Firstly, ASP release was at approximately uniform rate from PULG networks; Secondly, the release rate obviously increased due to the degradation of the PULG networks; Thirdly, the release rate decreased gradually because most of the ASP had diffused out of the PULG networks. The crosslinking density of polyesterurethane networks also affected both degradation of the polymer networks and drug release rate. The in vitro release test revealed that ASP accelerated the degradation process of PULG, which exhibited a typical erosion‐controlled release mechanism. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of platinum salt concentration on the electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile/platinum acetylacetonate solution
Authors: Lin Zhan , Woodroof Mariah D. , Ji Liwen , Liang Yinzheng , Krause Wendy , Zhang Xiangwu 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe preparation and characterization of electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/platinum(II) acetylacetonate composite nanofibers were investigated. The solution properties, such as viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity, of Pt‐acetylacetonate‐added PAN solutions in N,N‐dimethylformamide were measured, and their influences on the resulting fiber structure were also determined. At low Pt salt concentrations, the addition of Pt salt increased the fiber diameter but did not change the fiber diameter distribution. However, the fiber diameter decreased, and the fiber diameter distribution became broader when the Pt salt concentration went beyond a critical value. The structure of the electrospun fibers was determined by the formation of polymer–salt– solvent interactions, which changed the balance among the viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity of the solutions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Nonisothermal crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of poly(butylene succinate)/silica nanocomposites
Authors: Bian Junjia , Han Lijing , Wang Xuemei , Wen Xin , Han Changyu , Wang Shusheng , Dong Lisong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSilica nanoparticles and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) nanocomposites were prepared by a melt‐blending process. The influence of silica nanoparticles on the nonisothermal crystallization behavior, crystal structure, and mechanical properties of the PBS/silica nanocomposites was investigated. The crystallization peak temperature of the PBS/silica nanocomposites was higher than that of neat PBS at various cooling rates. The half‐time of crystallization decreased with increasing silica loading; this indicated the nucleating role of silica nanoparticles. The nonisothermal crystallization data were analyzed by the Ozawa, Avrami, and Mo methods. The validity of kinetics models on the nonisothermal crystallization process of the PBS/silica nanocomposites is discussed. The approach developed by Mo successfully described the nonisothermal crystallization process of the PBS and its nanocomposites. A study of the nucleation activity revealed that the silica nanoparticles had a good nucleation effect on PBS. The crystallization activation energy calculated by Kissinger's method increased with increasing silica content. The modulus and yield strength were enhanced with the addition of silica nanoparticles into the PBS matrix. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends as novel form‐stable phase‐change materials for thermal energy storage
Authors: Sarı Ahmet , Alkan Cemil , Karaipekli Ali , Uzun Orhan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this study, we focused on the preparation and characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends as novel form‐stable phase‐change materials (PCMs) for latent‐heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) applications. In the blends, PEG acted as a PCM when PMMA was operated as supporting material. We subjected the prepared blends at different mass fractions of PEG (50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% w/w) to leakage tests by heating the blends over the melting temperature of the PCM to determine the maximum encapsulation ratio without leakage. The prepared 70/30 w/w % PEG/PMMA blend as a form‐stable PCM was characterized with optical microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the form‐stable PCM were measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC analysis indicated that the form‐stable PEG/PMMA blend melted at 58.07°C and crystallized at 39.28°C and that it had latent heats of 121.24 and 108.36 J/g for melting and crystallization, respectively. These thermal properties give the PCMs potential LHTES purposes, such as for solar space heating and ventilating applications in buildings. Accelerated thermal cycling tests also showed that the form‐stable PEG/PMMA blend as PCMs had good thermal reliability and chemical stability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Annealing effect on poly(vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene) (70/30) copolymer thin films above the melting point
Authors: Li Weiping , Yu Lijia , Zhu Yuejin , Hua Dayin , Wang Jun , Luo Laihui , Zhang Jing 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTo further understand crystallization behaviors above the melting temperature (Tm), the morphologies and structure of ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF–TrFE); 70/30] copolymer films at different temperatures were studied by atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). We found that there was a structural change in the P(VDF–TrFE) copolymer film above Tm, which corresponded to the transition from tightly arrayed grains to fiberlike crystals. For the samples annealed above Tm, heat treatment reduced the density of gauche defects and caused a better arrangement of the crystalline phase. So those samples were in the ferroelectric phase without gauche defects, with one sharp diffraction peak reflected in the XRD curves. It was helpful to further make clear the thermal behaviors from the melts of the P(VDF–TrFE) copolymers and discuss their application under higher temperatures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Upper tag ontology for integrating social tagging data
Authors: Ding Ying , Jacob Elin K. , Fried Michael , Toma Ioan , Yan Erjia , Foo Schubert , Milojević Staša 
Published: December 2009

AbstractData integration and mediation have become central concerns of information technology over the past few decades. With the advent of the Web and the rapid increases in the amount of data and the number of Web documents and users, researchers have focused on enhancing the interoperability of data through the development of metadata schemes. Other researchers have looked to the wealth of metadata generated by bookmarking sites on the Social Web. While several existing ontologies have capitalized on the semantics of metadata created by tagging activities, the Upper Tag Ontology (UTO) emphasizes the structure of tagging activities to facilitate modeling of tagging data and the integration of data from different bookmarking sites as well as the alignment of tagging ontologies. UTO is described and its utility in modeling, harvesting, integrating, searching, and analyzing data is demonstrated with metadata harvested from three major social tagging systems (Delicious, Flickr, and YouTube).
The w‐index: A measure to assess scientific impact by focusing on widely cited papers
Authors: Wu Qiang 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBased on the principles of the h‐index, I propose a new measure, the w‐index, as a particularly simple and more useful way to assess the substantial impact of a researcher's work, especially regarding excellent papers. The w‐index can be defined as follows: If w of a researcher's papers have at least 10w citations each and the other papers have fewer than 10(w+1) citations, that researcher's w‐index is w. The results demonstrate that there are noticeable differences between the w‐index and the h‐index, because the w‐index plays close attention to the more widely cited papers. These discrepancies can be measured by comparing the ranks of 20 astrophysicists, a few famous physical scientists, and 16 Price medalists. Furthermore, I put forward the w(q)‐index to improve the discriminatory power of the w‐index and to rank scientists with the same w. The factor q is the least number of citations a researcher with w needed to reach w+1. In terms of both simplicity and accuracy, the w‐index or w(q)‐index can be widely used for evaluation of scientists, journals, conferences, scientific topics, research institutions, and so on.
Effects of 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3on transporters and enzymes of the rat intestine and kidneyin vivo
Authors: Chow Edwin C. Y. , Sun Huadong , Khan Ansar A. , Groothuis Geny M. M. , Pang K. Sandy 
Published: December 2009

Abstract1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25(OH)2D3), the natural ligand of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), was found to regulate bile acid related transporters and enzymes directly and indirectly in the rat intestine and liverin vivo. The kidney is another VDR‐rich target organ in which VDR regulation on xenobiotic transporters and enzymes is ill‐defined. Hence, changes in protein and mRNA expression of nuclear receptors, transporters and enzymes of the rat intestine and kidney in response to 1,25(OH)2D3treatment (0 to 2.56 nmol/kg/day intraperitoneally in corn oil for 4 days) were studied. In the intestine, protein and not mRNA levels of Mrp2, Mrp3, Mrp4 and PepT1 in the duodenum and proximal jejunum were induced, whereas Oat1 and Oat3 mRNA were decreased in the ileum after 1,25(OH)2D3treatment. In the kidney, VDR, Cyp24, Asbt and Mdr1a mRNA and protein expression increased significantly (2‐ to 20‐fold) in 1,25(OH)2D3‐treated rats, and a 28‐fold increase of Cyp3a9 mRNA but not of total Cy3a protein nor Cyp3a1 and Cyp3a2 mRNA was observed, implicating that VDR played a significant, renal‐specific role in Cyp3a9 induction. Additionally, renal mRNA levels of PepT1, Oat1, Oat3, Ostα, and Mrp4, and protein levels of PepT1 and Oat1 were decreased in a dose‐dependent manner, and the ∼50% concomitant reduction in FXR, SHP, HNF‐1α and HNF‐4α mRNA expression suggests the possibility of cross‐talk among the nuclear receptors. It is concluded that the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3changes are tissue‐specific, differing between the intestine and kidney which are VDR‐rich organs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adhesions and incisional hernias following laparoscopic versus open surgery for colorectal cancer in the CLASICC trial
Authors: Taylor G W , Jayne D G , Brown S R , Thorpe H , Brown J M , Dewberry S C , Parker M C , Guillou P J 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
This study investigated adhesive intestinal obstruction (AIO) and incisional hernia (IH) in patients undergoing laparoscopically assisted and open surgery for colorectal cancer.

Methods
In a case-note review of patients randomized to the Medical Research Council's Conventional versus Laparoscopic-Assisted Surgery In Colorectal Cancer (CLASICC) trial, primary and key secondary endpoints were AIO and IH admission rates respectively.

Results
Of 411 patients, 11 were admitted for AIO: four (3·1 per cent) of 131 patients in the open arm of the trial versus seven (2·5 per cent) of 280 in the laparoscopic arm (difference 0·6 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) − 2·9 to 4·0) per cent). Thirty-six patients developed IH: 12 (9·2 per cent) after open versus 24 (8·6 per cent) after laparoscopic surgery (difference 0·6 (95 per cent c.i. − 5·3 to 6·5) per cent). Results by actual procedure showed higher AIO and IH rates in the 24·5 per cent of patients who converted from laparoscopic to open surgery (AIO: 2·3, 2·0 and 6 per cent; IH: 8·6, 7·4 and 11 per cent—for open, laparoscopic and converted operations respectively).

Conclusion
Although this study has not confirmed that laparoscopic surgery reduces rates of AIO and IH after colorectal cancer surgery, trends suggest that a reduction in conversion to open surgery and elimination of port-site hernias may produce such an effect. Registration number for CLASICC trial: ISRCTN74883561 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).