bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bulk cloud microphysical properties as seen from numerical simulation and remote sensing products: case study of a hailstorm event over the La Plata Basin
Authors: Vara-Vela Angel Liduvino , Machado Crespo Natália , Vendrasco Éder Paulo , Rojas Benavente Noelia , Morais Marcos Vinicius Bueno de , Martins Jorge Alberto , Phillips Vaughan Trevor James , Gonçalves Fabio Luiz Teixeira , Silva Dias Maria Assunção Faus da 
Published: May 2024

Hailstorms develop over the La Plata Basin, in south-eastern South America, more often during later winter and early austral spring, between September and October. These systems have significant socioeconomic impacts over the region. Thus, a better understanding of how atmospheric drivers modulate the formation of hailstorms is important to improve the forecast of such phenomena. In this study, we selected a hailstorm event observed over the eastern La Plata Basin during 14–15 July 2016 to evaluate the performance of the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (BRAMS) model. The ability of the model in simulating cloud microphysical properties was evaluated by comparing simulations driven by different global forcings against in situ and remote sensing observations. The model results showed good skill in capturing the basic characteristics of the thunderstorm, particularly in terms of the spatial distribution of hydrometeors. The simulated spatial distribution of hail covers locations where hail fall was reported. The BRAMS simulations suggest that, despite relatively low values of the convective available potential energy (CAPE) (700–1000 J kg−1), environments with strong 0–8-km bulk shear (60–70 kt, ~30.9–36.0 m s–1) can promote the formation of ice clouds and hail fall over the eastern La Plata Basin. To be more conclusive, however, further research is needed to understand how different combinations of CAPE and shear affect hail formation over the region.
Creating and validating a corpus-based English academic word list for physics
Authors: Vuković-Stamatović Milica 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this study a Physics Research Articles Word List (PRAWL) is built, which includes the most extensively used
English vocabulary in the genre of physics research articles outside the most frequent general-purpose vocabulary. PRAWL can be of
great use in English for Physics teaching and learning. This discipline-specific academic word list was produced from a corpus of
1.25 million running words, consisting of 200 physics research articles. PRAWL contains 929 words and has a 17.48% coverage in the
corpus it was derived from. Together with 2,000 high-frequency general-purpose words, as well as words bearing no or minimal
learning load, PRAWL reaches a coverage close to 95% in this corpus. We validate PRAWL in three independent corpora and also
discuss the pedagogical implications and recommendations regarding its use. The list is intended for students of physics who do
not have a command of English which is sufficiently adequate for reading research articles in it without outside support.
Generation of out-of-plane ferroelectric behavior in a one-atom-thick monolayer
Authors: Richardson Nicholas G , O’Hara Andrew , Pantelides Sokrates T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Ferroelectricity with out-of-plane polarization has so far been found in several two-dimensional (2D) materials, including monolayers comprising three to five planes of atoms, e.g. α-In2Se3 and MoTe2. Here, we explore the generation of out-of-plane polarization within a one-atom-thick monolayer material, namely hexagonal boron nitride. We performed density-functional-theory calculations to explore inducing ferroelectric-like distortions through incorporation of isovalent substitutional impurities that are larger than the host atoms. This disparity in bond lengths causes a buckling of the h-BN, either up or down, which amounts to a dipole with two equivalent energies and opposing orientations. We tested several impurities to explore the magnitude of the induced dipole and the switching energy barrier for dipole inversion. The effects of strain, dipole–dipole interactions, and vertical heterostructures with graphene are further explored. Our results suggest a highly-tunable system with ground state antiferroelectricity and metastable ferroelectricity. We expect that this work will help foster new ways to include functionality in layered 2D-material-based applications.
An improved crop calendar model for winter wheat incorporating vernalization and winter survival to project changes in phenology
Authors: Murakami Keach , Iizumi Toshichika , Shimoda Seiji 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Crop phenology and associated crop calendars are necessary for designing breeding goals and for developing effective management practices. Winter wheat is a representative biennial, the cultivation schedule of which is constrained by winter climate conditions, particularly the processes of vernalization and winter survival. Here, we present improvements to a rule-based crop calendar model by incorporating these factors so that it can be used to accurately estimate the phenological events of winter wheat from daily meteorological data. We tested the improved model in Hokkaido, the northernmost Japanese island, which is characterized by seasonal snow cover and a wet summer. The results confirmed that implementing these factors contributed to accurate estimates of peak occurrence dates of winter wheat phenological events. Furthermore, we applied the improved model to simulate wheat phenology under 2 K and 4 K warmer scenarios. The results showed a delayed sowing period up to approximately one month and slight advancements in both flowering and harvesting, leading to a shorter growth period. While this shortened period may be largely compensated by a decrease in the snow-covered period, the shifts in the vegetative and reproductive phases may modify sink-source balance of wheat. We also assessed the risks of pollination failure and preharvest sprouting, both of which are associated with the timing of precipitation, based on the number of rainy days around flowering, and the incidence of precipitation over two consecutive days around the time of harvesting. Our simulations suggested increased risk of pollination failure and reduced risk of preharvest sprouting, leading to an increase in the probability of crop failure. These findings underscore the importance of implementing adaptation measures to mitigate precipitation-related risk under future climates. Further, the findings provide valuable insights for winter wheat breeders and agronomists, thereby facilitating crop production adaptation.
Local Lipschitz Continuity in the Initial Value and Strong Completeness for Nonlinear Stochastic Differential Equations
Authors: Cox Sonja , Hutzenthaler Martin , Jentzen Arnulf 
Published: May 2024

Recently, Hairer et al. (2015) showed that there exist stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with infinitely often differentiable and globally bounded coefficient functions whose solutions fail to be locally Lipschitz continuous in the strong

L
p

L^p

-sense with respect to the initial value for every

p
∈
(
0
,
∞
]

p\in (0,\infty ]

. In this article we provide conditions on the coefficient functions of the SDE and on

p
∈
(
0
,
∞
]

p \in (0,\infty ]

that are sufficient for local Lipschitz continuity in the strong

L
p

L^p

-sense with respect to the initial value and we establish explicit estimates for the local Lipschitz continuity constants. In particular, we prove local Lipschitz continuity in the initial value for several nonlinear stochastic ordinary and stochastic partial differential equations in the literature such as the stochastic van der Pol oscillator, Brownian dynamics, the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross processes and the Cahn-Hilliard-Cook equation. As an application of our estimates, we obtain strong completeness for several nonlinear SDEs.
Nonradial solutions of a Neumann Hénon equation on a ball
Authors: Cowan Craig 
Published: May 2024

In this work we examine the existence of positive classical solutions of

{

−
Δ
u
+
u
=

|

x

|

α

u

p
−
1

a
m
p
;
in

B
1

,

u
>
0

a
m
p
;
in

B
1

,

∂
ν

u
=
0

a
m
p
;
on
∂

B
1

,

\begin{equation*} \begin {cases} -\Delta u +u = |x|^\alpha u^{p-1} & \text { in } B_1, \\ u>0 & \text { in } B_1, \\ \partial _\nu u= 0 & \text { on } \partial B_1, \end{cases} \end{equation*}

where

p
>
1

p>1

,

α
>
0

\alpha >0

and

B
1

B_1

is the unit ball in

R

N

{\mathbb {R}}^N

where

N
≥
4

N \ge 4

and is even. Of particular interest is the existence of nonradial position classical solutions. We show that under suitable conditions on

p
,
α

p,\alpha

and

N
N

there are positive classical nonradial solutions. Our approach is to utilize a variational approach on suitable convex cones.
SharePro: an accurate and efficient genetic colocalization method accounting for multiple causal signals
Authors: Zhang Wenmin , Lu Tianyuan , Sladek Robert , Li Yue , Najafabadi Hamed , Dupuis Josée 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Colocalization analysis is commonly used to assess whether two or more traits share the same genetic signals identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and is important for prioritizing targets for functional follow-up of GWAS results. Existing colocalization methods can have suboptimal performance when there are multiple causal variants in one genomic locus.

Results
We propose SharePro to extend the COLOC framework for colocalization analysis. SharePro integrates linkage disequilibrium (LD) modeling and colocalization assessment by grouping correlated variants into effect groups. With an efficient variational inference algorithm, posterior colocalization probabilities can be accurately estimated. In simulation studies, SharePro demonstrated increased power with a well-controlled false positive rate at a low computational cost. Compared to existing methods, SharePro provided stronger and more consistent colocalization evidence for known lipid-lowering drug target proteins and their corresponding lipid traits. Through an additional challenging case of the colocalization analysis of the circulating abundance of R-spondin 3 GWAS and estimated bone mineral density GWAS, we demonstrated the utility of SharePro in identifying biologically plausible colocalized signals.

Availability and implementation
SharePro for colocalization analysis is written in Python and openly available at https://github.com/zhwm/SharePro_coloc.
In-situ forming ultra-mechanically sensitive materials for high-sensitivity stretchable fiber strain sensors
Authors: Yu Rouhui , Wang Changxian , Du Xiangheng , Bai Xiaowen , Tong Yongzhong , Chen Huifang , Sun Xuemei , Yang Jing , Matsuhisa Naoji , Peng Huisheng , Zhu Meifang , Pan Shaowu 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
Fiber electronics with flexible and weavable features can be easily integrated into textiles for wearable applications. However, due to small sizes and curved surfaces of fiber materials, it remains challenging to load robust active layers, thus hindering production of high-sensitivity fiber strain sensors. Herein, functional sensing materials are firmly anchored on the fiber surface in-situ through a hydrolytic condensation process. The anchoring sensing layer with robust interfacial adhesion is ultra-mechanically sensitive, which significantly improves the sensitivity of strain sensors due to the easy generation of microcracks during stretching. The resulting stretchable fiber sensors simultaneously possess an ultra-low strain detection limit of 0.05%, a high stretchability of 100%, and a high gauge factor of 433.6, giving 254-folds enhancement in sensitivity. Additionally, these fiber sensors are soft and lightweight, enabling them to be attached onto skin or woven into clothes for recording physiological signals, e.g. pulse wave velocity has been effectively obtained by them. As a demonstration, a fiber sensor-based wearable smart healthcare system is designed to monitor and transmit health status for timely intervention. This work presents an effective strategy for developing high-performance fiber strain sensors as well as other stretchable electronic devices.
A low-swelling hydrogel as a multirole sealant for efficient dural defect sealing and prevention of postoperative adhesion
Authors: Cheng Xueliang , Zhang Zhen , Ren Hui , Zou Zheng , Zhang Yu , Qu Yang , Chen Xuesi , Zhao Jianwu , He Chaoliang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Dural defects and subsequent complications, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, are common in both spine surgery and neurosurgery, and existing clinical treatments are still unsatisfactory. In this study, a tissue-adhesive and low-swelling hydrogel sealant comprising gelatin and o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)-terminated 4-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (4aPEG-OPA) is developed via the OPA/amine condensation reaction. The hydrogel shows an adhesive strength of 79.9 ± 12.0 kPa on porcine casing and a burst pressure of 208.0 ± 38.0 cmH2O. The hydrogel exhibits a low swelling ratio at physiological conditions, avoiding nerve compression in the limited spinal and intracranial spaces. In rat and rabbit models of lumbar and cerebral dural defects, the 4aPEG-OPA/gelatin hydrogel achieves excellent performance in dural defect sealing and preventing CSF leakage. Moreover, local inflammation, epidural fibrosis and postoperative adhesion in the defect areas are markedly reduced. Thus, these findings establish the strong potential of the hydrogel sealant for the effective watertight closure of dural defects.
Pathologic outcome of incidentally detected tracer-avid lesions in 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT for prostate cancer
Authors: Mar Darryl , Diwanji Devan , Lowery Blair , Zhang Li , Hope Thomas A , Behr Spencer C , Flavell Robert R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET is effective in identifying prostate cancer metastases. However, PSMA PET uptake has also been described in other lesions, including nonprostate malignancies and benign processes.

Purpose
To identify causes of unexpected radiopharmaceutical accumulation on PSMA PET.

Materials and Methods
A total of 2,054 study reports representing 1,873 unique patients who had undergone 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scans at a single large academic center from December 2015 to April 2022 were retrospectively reviewed for the mention of unexpected PSMA uptake not initially thought to represent metastatic prostate cancer. Scans with pathologic outcome were reviewed by 2 blinded readers for scan indication and lesion location and quantitative parameters.

Results
In 48 patients, the PSMA ligand–avid incidental lesions revealed 19 cases of second malignancies, 17 cases of prostate cancer, and 13 cases of benign lesions. The most common lesion locations were lung (14), thyroid (14), lymph nodes (8), and bowel (4). Benign lesions exhibited lower molecular imaging PSMA scores (median: 1; interquartile range [IQR]: 1.00-1.25; P = .017) than metastatic prostate lesions (median: 2; IQR: 1-3). Second malignancies were larger (median: 34 mm; IQR: 27-39 mm) than metastatic prostate cancer (median: 14 mm; IQR: 12-19 mm; P = .001) and benign lesions (median: 19 mm; IQR: 13.00-31.00 mm; P = .03). PSMA ligand–avid lesions in scans performed in the initial staging for prostate cancer were more commonly associated with a diagnosis of a secondary malignancy than with metastatic prostate cancer (0 vs 8 lesions, P = .008). Higher standardized uptake value maximum was observed for metastatic prostate cancer and second malignancy when compared with benign outcome.

Conclusion
Features that influence the probability of an incidental lesion representing a malignancy include lesion location, reason for the PSMA PET/CT study, and associated imaging features (size, standardized uptake value maximum, and molecular imaging PSMA score).
Incidental pulmonary embolism in abdominal CT: detection rate and characteristics with artificial intelligence
Authors: Wiklund Peder , Medson Koshiar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Abdominal CT is a mainstay in the evaluation of abdominal infections, trauma, oncology, and postoperative complications. Pulmonary embolism is a common complication, but there is a risk that these ancillary findings are overlooked. In addition, data on detection rate and characteristics of incidental pulmonary embolism (iPE) on abdominal CT are lacking.

Purpose
The current study compared the period before and after implementing an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm for iPE detection regarding detection rate and characteristics.

Material and Methods
A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on abdominal CTs between August 1, 2019, and January 31, 2021 (before AI implementation, 8026 studies) and August 1, 2021, and January 31, 2023 (after AI implementation, 8765 studies). iPE cases were identified through text search and manually confirmed. Study indication and urgency were recorded for iPE patients, and the most proximal iPE level was assessed. A total of 1000 cases after AI implementation were randomly selected and manually reviewed for AI accuracy analysis.

Results
A total of 5876 patients with a mean age of 63.6 ± 17.7 years were included before AI implementation, and 6310 patients with a mean age of 63.2 ± 18.3 years after AI implementation. The iPE detection rate was higher after AI implementation, 0.57% (50/8765 studies) vs 0.12% (10/8026), P &lt; .001. The most common study indications were abdominal pain (25%, 15/60 cases) and infection (30%, 18/60 cases). There were no differences in CT pulmonary angiography usage or the most proximal extent of the iPE between the periods before or after AI implementation, P &gt; .05. AI identified 46/50 of the reported iPE with 7 AI false-positive cases for a positive predictive value of 87% (95% confidence interval: 75-93%). In the manually reviewed randomly selected subset, iPE prevalence was 1.7% (15/874, 95% confidence interval: 1.0-2.8%) with AI having 40% sensitivity (95% CI, 16-68) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 99.5-100).

Conclusion
Implementing AI for iPE detection and triage increased the iPE detection rate in abdominal CT. The AI sensitivity was moderate, with very few AI false positives.
Helping Patients Die: Implementation of a Residency Curriculum in Medical Aid in Dying
Authors: Spielvogel Ryan , Schewe Savannah 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Problem
As more states legalize medical aid in dying (MAID), there is an ever-increasing need of physicians trained in this type of end-of-life care. However, resident curricula in MAID have not been previously reported or assessed. The authors describe a residency curriculum in MAID and evaluate the resident outcomes of this program.

Approach
Since 2018, the Sutter Family Medicine Residency Program in California has offered training in MAID to its residents. Residents attend lectures, evaluate patients for MAID, write prescriptions for aid-in-dying medications, and attend the planned deaths of their patients if desired. In February 2023, an anonymous branching survey was sent to graduates of the program from 2019 to 2022 to evaluate residency graduation year, receipt of MAID training, currently practicing MAID, how rewarding MAID is compared with other clinical responsibilities, how stressful MAID is compared with other clinical responsibilities, comfort discussing MAID with colleagues, comfort discussing end-of-life care generally, personal view of MAID as a practice, and works where MAID is permitted.

Outcomes
The authors surveyed 28 graduates and collected data from 21 former residents (response rate, 75%). Of these 21 former residents, 17 (81%) reported having opted to receive training in MAID during residency. Of the 12 residents who received training and were currently practicing in a location that allowed MAID, 7 (58%) were still practicing aid in dying, and of these 7 residents, 5 (71%) reported that their aid-in-dying work was more rewarding than their other clinical responsibilities.

Next Steps
Overall, there was high resident interest in this training and robust skill use after graduation. Additional studies will need to focus on patient outcomes, explore resident reasons for opting out of training, and investigate other effects of instituting a MAID curriculum.
Association of Sociodemographic Factors With Overtriage, Undertriage, and Value of Care After Major Surgery
Authors: Loftus Tyler J. , Ruppert Matthew M. , Shickel Benjamin , Ozrazgat-Baslanti Tezcan , Balch Jeremy A. , Abbott Kenneth L. , Hu Die , Javed Adnan , Madbak Firas , Guirgis Faheem , Skarupa David , Efron Philip A. , Tighe Patrick J. , Hogan William R. , Rashidi Parisa , Upchurch Gilbert R. , Bihorac Azra 
Published: May 2024

Objective:
To determine whether certain patients are vulnerable to errant triage decisions immediately after major surgery and whether there are unique sociodemographic phenotypes within overtriaged and undertriaged cohorts.

Background:
In a fair system, overtriage of low-acuity patients to intensive care units (ICUs) and undertriage of high-acuity patients to general wards would affect all sociodemographic subgroups equally.

Methods:
This multicenter, longitudinal cohort study of hospital admissions immediately after major surgery compared hospital mortality and value of care (risk-adjusted mortality/total costs) across 4 cohorts: overtriage (N = 660), risk-matched overtriage controls admitted to general wards (N = 3077), undertriage (N = 2335), and risk-matched undertriage controls admitted to ICUs (N = 4774). K-means clustering identified sociodemographic phenotypes within overtriage and undertriage cohorts.

Results:
Compared with controls, overtriaged admissions had a predominance of male patients (56.2% vs 43.1%, P < 0.001) and commercial insurance (6.4% vs 2.5%, P < 0.001); undertriaged admissions had a predominance of Black patients (28.4% vs 24.4%, P < 0.001) and greater socioeconomic deprivation. Overtriage was associated with increased total direct costs [$16.2K ($11.4K–$23.5K) vs $14.1K ($9.1K–$20.7K), P < 0.001] and low value of care; undertriage was associated with increased hospital mortality (1.5% vs 0.7%, P = 0.002) and hospice care (2.2% vs 0.6%, P < 0.001) and low value of care. Unique sociodemographic phenotypes within both overtriage and undertriage cohorts had similar outcomes and value of care, suggesting that triage decisions, rather than patient characteristics, drive outcomes and value of care.

Conclusions:
Postoperative triage decisions should ensure equality across sociodemographic groups by anchoring triage decisions to objective patient acuity assessments, circumventing cognitive shortcuts and mitigating bias.