bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation Of Capillary Character In Petroleum Reservoir Rock
Authors: Rose Walter , Bruce W.A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Improved apparatus, methods, and experimental techniques for determining thecapillary pressure-saturation relation are described in detail. In thisconnection a new multi-core procedure has been developed which simplifies theexperimental work in the study of relatively homogeneous reservoirs. The basictheory concerning the Leverett capillary pressure function has been extendedand has been given some practical application. Some discussion is presented toindicate the relationship of relative permeability to capillary pressure, andto provide a new description of capillary pressure phenomena by introducing theconcept of the psi function.

Introduction
For the purposes of this paper the capillary character of a porous mediumwill be defined to express the basic properties of the system, which produceobserved results of fluid behavior. These basic properties may be classified inthe following manner, according to their relationship to:The geometrical configuration of the interstitial spaces.This involves consideration of the packing of the particles, producing pointsof grain contact, and variations in pore size distribution. The packing itselfis often modified by the secondary processes of mineralization which introducesfactors of cementation, and of solution action which causes alteration of porestructure.The physical and chemical nature of the interstitial surfaces.This involves consideration of the presence of interstitial clay coatings, theexistence of non-uniform wetting surfaces; or, more generally, a considerationof the tendency towards variable interaction between the interstitial surfacesand the fluid phases saturating the interstitial spaces.The physical and chemical properties of the fluid phases in contact withthe interstitial surfaces.
This involves consideration of the factors of surface, interfacial and adhesiontensions; contact angles; viscosity; density difference between immisciblefluid phases; and other fluid properties.
Fine grained, granular, porous materials such as found in petroleum reservoirrock possess characteristics which are expressible bypermeability,porosity, andthe capillary pressure-saturation behavior of immisciblefluids in this medium.
These three measurable macroscopic properties dependupon the microscopic properties enumerated above in a manner which defines thecapillary character.
T.P. 2594
Behavior of Binary, Ternary, and Multicomponent Systems at States Similar to Those Encountered in Condensate Fields
Authors: Sage B.H. , Lacey W.N. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The growing background of experimental information concerning the volumetricand phase behavior of binary and ternary hydrocarbon systems is used as thebasis for a comparison of these systems with naturally occurring hydrocarbonmixtures under conditions representative of underground petroleum reservoirs.The qualitative and semiquantitative similarities and differences between thetwo types of systems are considered in reference to the possibilities andlimitations of using experimental data on binary and ternary systems forpredicting the volumetric and phase behavior of naturally occurring hydrocarbonmixtures of low molecular weight. The possible influence on such phase behaviorof water, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, and components of relatively highmolecular weight is discussed.

Introduction
During the past two decades much effort has been devoted to the study of thevolumetric and phase behavior of pure paraffin hydrocarbons and of binary andternary mixtures of these compounds. Many of these studies were carried outwith the direct objective of utilizing a knowledge of the detailedcharacteristics of binary and ternary mixtures of the lighter paraffinhydrocarbons for predicting the behavior of more complex mixtures. The abilityto make such predictions with accuracy would be of great value in petroleumproduction and refining. Although the behavior of the methane-propane systemserved at one time as a qualitative illustration of the probablecharacteristics of the more complex hydrocarbon mixtures found in nature, itfell fal short of requirements for quantitative predictions. The present paperendeavors to indicate the relation of the more recently accumulated informationconcerning the behavior of binary and ternary hydrocarbons to this problem. Indiscussing binary and ternary systems as examples pointing toward the behaviorof multicomponent systems no effort is made to present new methods ofpredicting the characteristics of natural hydrocarbon mixtures. Preliminaryproposals have been made elsewhere for the prediction of volumetric, phaseequilibrium, and thermodynamic data for multicomponent mixtures, utilizing as abasis the behavior of binary and ternary systems. Numerous other proposals havebeen made. That based upon the concept of a pseudo-critical state" hasmoved to be of value to the petroleum industry.
T.P. 2631
Introduction to Induction Logging and Application to Logging of Wells Drilled With Oil Base Mud
Authors: Doll H.G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A new logging method, called induction logging, is described; it measuresthe conductivity, or resistivity, of the strata traversed by a bore hole. Theapparatus, which is briefly described, comprises a coil system coupled with theground by induction, so that there is no need for direct contact with the mud, or with the formations. For that reason, the method is particularly useful inoil base mud, and it was first applied to that case.
A discussion concerning the respective contribution of each region of groundin the vicinity of the coil system is given. Through the concept of ageometrical factor, it is demonstrated that the total signal, which measuresthe apparent conductivity, is the summation of the partia1 products -geometrical factor by conductivity - for the different regions of the groundunder consideration. It is thus possible to establish, for each type of coilarangement, investigation characteristic as well as departure curves andcorrection charts for beds of various thicknesses. This should greatlyfacilitate the quantative interpretation of the field logs, even in cases wheresuch interpretation would have been difficult on electric logs taken withelectrodes.
It is also shown that focussing combinations of coils can be used, whichgive, directly on the recorded log, a value close to the true conductivity, even for fairly thin beds, thus eliminating in most cases the need forcorrections. These focussing systems also give a sharper definition of theboundaries between successive strata.
T.P. 2641
Bottom Hole Flow Surveys for Determination of Fluid and Gas Movements in Wells
Authors: Dale C.R. 
Published: April 2012

The need for instruments to measure the movement of fluids and gas in wellshas been recognized by engineers for many years. Information regarding flow inthe producing interval has a direct bearing on completion practices in newwells and also provides information on the production characteristics of thewell. Many hours of engineering time are spent in planning and completing wellsbut knowledge as to whether or not the original planning has produced thedesired results has not always been complete. Many questions such as thefollowing often arise: Why is it that two wells are completed under supposedlyidentical conditions, yet one well is a good one and the other is a poor one. Are the sands that look the best on the electric log contributing to theproduction? These and many other conditions in the producing well need to beunderstood in order to develop more efficient production practices and toimprove on methods of completing new wells. It is the purpose of this paper tobriefly describe one type of instrument, outline the methods of running theequipment and show the results of surveys made under various conditions. Withan understanding of the use of this type of survey its importance can beevaluated in relation to the problems encountered by the operator.
Description of Instrument
The instrument is a velocity recorder employing a clock-controlled 16mm filmfor recording the rpm of an extremely sensitive rotor which is rotated by theflow of fluids or gas in a well. The helical-vaned rotor and shaft, weighingone-half of one ounce are an integral unit exposed to the well fluids and arethe only moving parts not enclosed in the fluid-tight housing. No packing orfluid seal of these parts is necessary and the shaft is mounted top and bottomon special jeweled bearings. Fig. A is the lower part of the instrument showingrotor and shaft with the protecting housing sleeve removed. The rpm of therotor is recorded on the moving film by a combination electrical and opticalsystem. The record is a series of dashes on the film, each dash and spacerepresenting twenty (20) revolutions of the rotor.
T.P. 2644
A New Compressibility Correlation for Natural Gases and Its Application to Estimates of Gas-In-Place
Authors: Elfrink E.B. , Sandberg C.R. , Pollard T.A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper presents an evaluation of compressibility factor data and adiscussion of their application to the estimation of gas reserves.
A correlation is presented which provides compressibility factors for use inboth two-phase and single-phase hydrocarbon systems. Accuracies comparable tothose obtained previously for single-phase systems only can be expected. Asimple means of predicting the presence or absence of a liquid phase in acondensate system of known composition is illustrated.
The correlation is based on 1,030 compressibility determinations from 21hydrocarbon samples taken from eight oil fields. Of the data used, 75 per centwere from California, 15 per cent were from the Mid-Continent area, and 10 percent were from South America. The average numerical deviation of theexperimental data from this compressibility chart is 1.22 per cent.
Charts and tables are included and discussed which illustrate the errorsinvolved through the misuse or nonuse of compressibility factors in estimatesof gas-in-place.

Introduction
The compressibility factor is a coefficient which expresses the deviation ofa gas of given composition from the Perfect Gas Laws. A factor such as this isnecessary in any calculation involving volumes of gaseous mixtures, and findsextensive application in the estimation of natural gas and condensate reserves.It is used in the decline curve, the volumetric, and the material balancemethods of gas reserves estimation.
The behavior of gases at high pressures has been investigated extensively inrecent years and considerable data have been assembled on the compressibilitycharacteristics of a number of gases. Notable among the investigators of highpressure gas relationships are Kvalnes and Gaddy, Kay, Sage and Lacey, andBrown, Standing, and Katz. Other contributors are Smith and Watson, Roland andKaveler, and Stevens and Vance. The data on compressibility factors assembledby these investigators have been presented and correlated in numerous ways;particularly noteworthy is the method first presented by Kay which relatescompressibility factor ?Z? to pseudo-reduced temperature and pseudo-reducedpressure. Other investigators have used this empirical relationshipsuccessfully and numerous charts covering a large number of gases have beenconstructed on this basis.
It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate compressibility factor data and toillustrate the importance of their proper use in the estimation of gas-in-placefor both gas and condensate reservoirs.
T.P. 2642
A Calculation of the Effect of Production Rate Upon Ultimate Recovery by Solution Gas Drive
Authors: Miller Charles C. , Brownscombe E.R. , Kieschnick W.F. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The possibility has been mentioned that large pressure gradients in asolution gas driven field caused by high production rates might lead to areduction in the ultimate recovery obtainable compared to that which would beobtained by a very slow rate of production. In the present study the reservoirconditions accompanying a high rate of production and the correspondingultimate recovery were compared with those obtained if the reservoir wereproduced at some marginal rate throughout its entire life. The method ofcalculation involved the application of fluid flow - material balance analysisto a series of successive steady state conditions in the reservoir. In the casestudied very little difference in recovery was obtained at the abandonmentpressure. An analysis of the basic factors involved indicates that the sameresults would hold for considerable variation in properties of reservoirfluids, permeability of the formation or well spacing. Even if the reservoirhas a water drive it appears that no harm will be done by open flow productionif the rate is cut back before any appreciable free gas is produced. However, any condition which leads to disproportionate withdrawal rates and which causeslarge pressure differences over large areas might result in substantial loss inultimate recovery.

Introduction
When the pressure declines in a reservoir, gas is evolved from solutioncausing a shrinkage in the reservoir oil so that a stock tank barrel of oilwith its residual dissolved gas occupies a smaller volume than originally. Fora given reservoir oil saturation, therefore, stock tank oil content will behigher at the lower pressure. At the same time the evolved gas which remains inthe reservoir reduces the reservoir oil saturation, and this would be expectedperhaps to cause a reduction in stock tank oil content. However, around thewell the shrinkage occurs so rapidly that stock tank oil may actuallyaccumulate in this region in spite of the simultaneous reduction in reservoiroil saturation. If this accumulation should continue, spreading into a largerzone, the loss might be appreciable and because larger pressure gradientsaccompany higher rates the accumulation might possibly be large if wells areproduced at too high a rate. It is the purpose of this paper to determine theeffect of rate of flow on ultimate recovery by solution gas drive.
T.P. 2565
Correction of Gas Volumes for Compressibility and Temperature
Authors: Brokaw Albert D. 
Published: April 2012

The accompanying charts are presented to extend and improve a chartpublished under the title "A Chart to Provide Approximate Correction forTemperature and Deviation from Boyle's Law.'' The applicability of this earlierchart was limited by the fact that it was based on the work of Burke and Keyesand Kvalnes and Gaddy whose experiments were conducted with pure methane, theadjustments suggested for natural gases of higher specific gravity wereunsatisfactory except within limited ranges of temperatures and pressures, andprecise interpolation was difficult.
The extensive work of G. G. Brown, D. L. Katz and their associates on theheavier natural gases has provided better bases for the needed corrections, andthe present charts, which are based largely on their work, are intended tosimplify the computations involved.
The design of the charts has been changed by plotting temperatures as afunction of pressure and correction factor, on a semilogarithmic or"ratio" grid, which gives fairly even spacing of the graphs andsimplifies interpolation. Charts have been prepared for natural gas withspecific gravities of.60,.65,.70,.75 and.80.
T.P. 2698
Multiple Condensed Phases in the Decane-Tetralin-Bitumen System
Authors: Billheimer J.S. , Reamer H.H. , Sage B.H. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The influence of pressure, temperature, and relative quantity of decane on theseparation of plastic or solid phases rich in bitumen from thedecane-tetralin-bitumen system has been investigated in a restricted range ofcomposition. Measurements were made at atmospheric pressure and at 8000 psi fortemperatures of 70, 160, and 220'F. Behavior similar to that of then-pentane-tetralin-bitumen system was found except that the influence ofpressure upon the separation of bitumen was radically different in thedecanetetralin-bitumen system than that found in any of the earlierstudies.

Introduction
The separation of solid asphaltic or bituminous material from hydrocarbonliquids has been noted in petroleum operations and studied in the laboratory.Publications relating to the separation of bitumen from naturally occurringhydrocarbon mixtures were reviewed in a recent publication. Earlyinvestigations of these mixtures showed a relatively complex behavior, with thequantity of separated bitumen increasing with increased weight fraction of thelighter hydrocarbons until a state was reached at which the separation of asecond liquid phase (liquid II) began. Further increase in the weight fractionof the lighter component caused a decrease in the amount of solid bitumen.However, the total quantity of bitumen in liquid II and in the separated solidphase continued to increase in a regular fashion. This type of behavior wasalso found in the n-pentane-tetralin-bitumen system.
Because of this similarity in behavior of the simpler system and more complexnaturally occurring hydrocarbon mixtures, it became desirable to extend thestudy to aliphatic hydrocarbons of higher molecular weight. As a part of thisstudy an investigation of the decane-tetralin-bitumen system was carried out at70, 160, and 220'F. The details of the techniques employed in the preparationof a purified bitumen from the natural product have already been described. Anadequate quantity was prepared from a crude bitumen obtained from the SanJoaquin Valley by leaching, solution, and precipitation processes. The purifiedmaterial was similar in all measured respects to that employed in the earlierinvestigation of the n-pentane-tetralin-bitumen system.
T.P. 2731
An Electrical Computer for Solving Phase Equilibrium Problems
Authors: Muskat M. , McDowell J.M. 
Published: April 2012

Introduction
In both production and refining operations of the oil industry manyprocesses are controlled by the gas-liquid phase relationships of thehydrocarbon mixtures of interest. The quantitative behavior of fractionating ordistillation columns and stills depends on the changes in the equilibriumdistributions of the hydrocarbon components between the gas and liquid phasesas the pressure or temperature conditions may vary along the length of thecolumn or as the gross operating parameters and compositions are varied. In oilproducing operations the nature and amount of gas phase developed within anunderground reservoir as it is being depleted and its pressure declines alsoinvolve the basic equilibrium gas-liquid phase interactions. The influence ofsurface conditions of temperature and pressure and various separationprocedures on the nature and amount of stock tank oil and natural gas recoveredfrom a given well stream is likewise determined by the same basic phaseequilibrium characteristics of the hydrocarbon systems. Such equilibriumseparation of the gas and liquid phases in a well stream is of importance bothin establishing optimum separator conditions for obtaining maximum stock tankoil yields and in the general problem of crude stabilization.
The phenomena involved in these problems and their quantitative aspects can, of course, be established in each individual instance by appropriate laboratoryexperimentation. It has been found, however, that by associating with theindividual hydrocarbon components functional characteristics describing theirindividual gas-liquid phase equilibrium behavior, the phase properties of thecomposite mixtures can be predicted by mathematical computation.
T.P. 2733
Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon-Water Systems
Authors: Culberson O.L. , Horn Albert B. , McKetta J.J. 
Published: April 2012

The Solubility of Ethane in Water at Pressures to 1200 Pounds Per SquareInch

Abstract
Since water is present in natural gas and petroleum reservoirs, it is ofengineering value to have accurate experimental data regarding the behavior ofwater in hydro-carbon systems. Since experimental data of this nature are soscarce in literature, a program is under way at the University of Texas toobtain experimental data regarding the distribution of water in petroleum hydrocarbons.
This initial paper is subdivided into three parts:The apparatus and analytical procedure are discussed.The equipment has been checked by comparing the experimental data with dataof literature on the solubility of methane in water at 77'F and pressures to10,000 psia.Experimental data are presented at 100, 160, 220, 280, and 340'F on thesolubility of ethane in water at pressures to 1200 psia. As the temperature isincreased the solubility of ethane in water first exhibits a minimum and then amaximum solubility. The range of applicability of Henry's Law is discussed.

Introduction
Although considerable experimental data have been published onwater-hydrocarbon systems in the hydrate region, the information on thesesystems in the vapor-liquid and the vapor-liquid-liquid regions at elevatedpressures is extremely scarce. A survey of the literature on hydrocarbon-watersystems at elevated pressures was presented by McKetta and Katz showing thesystems and phases investigated. In addition to these existing published data, Poettman and Dean have reported the water content of propane in the three-phaseregion (only the propane-rich liquid and the vapor phases were studied) andMichels, et al. have reported the solubility of methane in water at pressuresto 6800 pounds per square inch at 77?F and at pressures to 1500 psia attemperatures to 300'F.
It has been shown, that the presence of water will materially affect thephase equilibrium of hydrocarbon systems. In order to make experimental studieson the quantitative effect of the presence of water in naturally-occurringhydrocarbon systems, it is desirable to have data available on binaryhydrocarbon-water systems.
T.P. 2778
Squeeze Cementing Operations
Authors: Howard George C. , Fast C.R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Laboratory and field testing of various squeeze cementing techniques andmaterials revealed that many improvements could be made in squeeze cementingoperations. The use of a slow-pumping squeeze cementing procedure permitted thecontrol of the quantity of cement displaced into a formation and aided inobtaining a high final squeeze pressure. Field testing indicated thedesirability of obtaining high final squeeze pressures, the need for improvedformation breakdown fluids, and the necessity of controlling the pressuredifferential during testing after a squeeze job.

Introduction
During the past few years, squeeze cementing operations have beeninvestigated, both from the theoretical as well as the practical point of view, in an effort to arrive at some solution to the many and varied problems thatarise with this type of operation. A review of well files indicated that inmany instances, wells were being squeeze cemented four and five times before asatisfactory pressure buildup was obtained. There seemed to be considerablevariation in opinion as to the proper method of squeeze cementing, as well asdisagreement as to the proper breakdown agent, the quantity of cement thatshould be used, type retainer and length of WOC time that was necessary.Consequently, it was deemed advisable to approach this problem theoretically, field testing each idea developed in hopes of eventually arriving at a squeezecementing procedure that would give reasonable assurance of a successful jobafter one squeeze cementing operation. This investigation was, therefore, divided into two broad headings:Preliminary studies, which include boththeoretical and laboratory studies, andField investigations to determinethe proper squeeze cementing methods.

Preliminary Studies

Overburden Pressure Studies
Squeeze cementing problems are so intimately related to the earth'soverburden pressure that solutions to them are very difficult, if notimpossible, without an understanding of the nature and magnitude of theoverburden pressures encountered at the depths of producing wells. It was thusfelt that the first approach to research on squeeze cementing should be madethrough a study of these pressures.
T.P. 2795