bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autoantibodies to recombinant human CTL2 in autoimmune hearing loss
Authors: Kommareddi Pavan K. , Nair Thankam S. , Vallurupalli Mounica , Telian Steven A. , Alexander Arts H. , El‐Kashlan Hussam K. , Sataloff Robert T. , Carey Thomas E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Choline transporter‐like protein 2 (CTL2), a 68–72 kDa inner‐ear membrane glycoprotein, is a candidate target antigen in autoimmune hearing loss (AIHL). The objective of this study was to test recombinant human CTL2 as a potential target for the detection of human autoantibodies in patients with AIHL.Study Design:In vitro assay development.Methods:Human inner ear CTL2 mRNA was cloned into baculovirus and used to infect insect cells. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to determine optimal expression of recombinant human CTL2 (rHuCTL2) in insect cells. AIHL patient sera of known reactivity with guinea pig inner ear were tested for antibodies to purified rHuCTL2 on western blots. Sera from normal hearing donors were used as controls.Results:The rHuCTL2 protein migrated as three bands: a core protein of 62kDa and two N‐glycosylated bands at 66 and 70 kDa. Sera from 6/12 (50%) of AIHL patients with antibody to the 68–72 kDa inner‐ear protein or to supporting cells also have antibody to rHuCTL2. Four of the four patients with antibody to rHuCTL2 responded to corticosteroids, whereas 4/8 that lacked antibody to rHuCTL2 did not. Among normal human sera, 80% were negative; binding was barely detectable in 3/15 (20%).Conclusions:The rHuCTL2 protein can be produced efficiently and used as a substrate for testing human sera. Antibodies to rHuCTL2 were detected in 50% of inner‐ear–reactive AIHL sera. Additionally, circulating antibody to rHuCTL2 is with associated response to corticosteroids in some AIHL patients. Laryngoscope, 2009
Mathematical description of q‐space in spherical coordinates: Exact q‐ball imaging
Authors: Canales‐Rodríguez Erick Jorge , Melie‐García Lester , Iturria‐Medina Yasser 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNovel methodologies have been recently developed to characterize the microgeometry of neural tissues and porous structures via diffusion MRI data. In line with these previous works, this article provides a detailed mathematical description of q‐space in spherical coordinates that helps to highlight the differences and similarities between various related q‐space methodologies proposed to date such as q‐ball imaging (QBI), diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI), and diffusion orientation transform imaging (DOT). This formulation provides a direct relationship between the orientation distribution function (ODF) and the diffusion data without using any approximation. Under this relationship, the exact ODF can be computed by means of the Radon transform of the radial projection (in q‐space) of the diffusion MRI signal. This new methodology, termed exact q‐ball imaging (EQBI), was put into practice using an analytical ODF estimation in terms of spherical harmonics that allows obtaining model‐free and model‐based reconstructions. This work provides a new framework for combining information coming from diffusion data recorded on multiple spherical shells in q‐space (hybrid diffusion imaging encoding scheme), which is capable of mapping ODF to a high accuracy. This represents a step toward a more efficient development of diffusion MRI experiments for obtaining better ODF estimates. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T1 mapping using spoiled FLASH‐EPI hybrid sequences and varying flip angles
Authors: Preibisch C. , Deichmann R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this work a method for considerably improving the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in T1 maps based on the variable flip angle approach is proposed, employing spoiled fast low angle shot (FLASH) echo‐planar imaging (EPI) hybrid sequences with two echoes per excitation. In phantom measurements it could be verified that the SNR improvement in the underlying images translated into an SNR increase in the T1 maps exceeding theoretical predictions. Even a hybrid sequence with an 18% shorter measurement time than a standard FLASH readout with identical spatial coverage and resolution yielded an SNR gain of 23% in the resulting T1 maps. Hybrid sequences with either identical measurement time (9:05 min) or bandwidth (9:30 min) yielded gains of 60% and 67%, respectively. These results could be confirmed by measurements on four healthy volunteers. The image quality of T1 maps based on hybrid sequences was excellent and the SNR improvement was clearly visible. The measured SNR gains in T1 maps were between 20% (shortest sequence, white matter) and 66% (sequence with identical bandwidth, gray matter). The resulting T1 values were comparable, with a slight tendency toward higher values in the hybrid sequences. In summary, without prolonging experiment durations the method proposed yields SNR gains that are commonly achieved by acquiring two averages. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the development, expression, and treatment ofL‐dopa‐induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian rats
Authors: Eskow Karen L. , Dupre Kristin B. , Barnum Christopher J. , Dickinson Sando O. , Park John Y. , Bishop Christopher 
Published: March 2009

AbstractConvergent evidence indicates that in later stages of Parkinson's disease raphestriatal serotonin neurons compensate for the loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons by converting and releasing dopamine derived from exogenous administration of the pharmacotherapeutic L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl‐L‐alanine (L‐dopa). Because the serotonin system is not equipped with dopamine autoregulatory mechanisms, it has been postulated that raphe‐mediated striatal dopamine release may fluctuate dramatically. These fluctuations may portend the development of abnormal involuntary movements calledL‐dopa‐induced dyskinesia (LID). As such, it has been hypothesized that reducing the activity of raphestriatal neurons could dampen supraphysiological stimulation of striatal dopamine receptors thereby alleviating LID. To directly address this, the current study employed the rodent model of LID to investigate the contribution of the rostral raphe nuclei (RRN) in the development, expression and treatment of LID. In the first study, dual serotonin/dopamine selective lesions of the RRN and medial forebrain bundle, respectively, verified that the RRN are essential for the development of LID. In a direct investigation into the neuroanatomical specificity of these effects, microinfusions of ±8‐OH‐DPAT into the intact dorsal raphe nucleus dose‐dependently attenuated the expression of LID without affecting the antiparkinsonian efficacy ofL‐dopa. These current findings reveal the integral contribution of the RRN in the development and expression of LID and implicate a prominent role for dorsal raphe 5‐HT1AR in the efficacious properties of 5‐HT1AR agonists. Synapse 63:610–620, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extended daily access to cocaine results in distinct alterations in Homer 1b/c and NMDA receptor subunit expression within the medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Ben‐Shahar Osnat , Obara Ilona , Ary Alexis W. , Ma Natalie , Mangiardi Mario A. , Medina Robert L. , Szumlinski Karen K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHuman cocaine addicts show altered function within the basal ganglia and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and altered glutamate function within these areas is postulated to be critical for cocaine addiction. The present project utilized a highly valid animal model of cocaine addiction, to test whether excessive use of cocaine alters glutamate function within these brain areas. Rats were trained to lever‐press for i.v. saline vehicle or cocaine (0.25 mg/infusion) over seven 1‐h daily sessions, after which, saline controls and half of cocaine self‐administering animals (brief access condition) received 10 more 1‐h daily sessions, whereas the remaining cocaine animals received 10 additional 6‐h daily sessions (extended access condition). One, 14, or 60 days after the last self‐administration session, animals were sacrificed. Tissue samples from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (N.Acc) core and shell, and mPFC were analyzed by immunoblotting for expression of Homer1b/c, Homer2a/b, mGluR1, mGluR5, NR2a, and NR2b subunits of the NMDA receptor. Brief and extended access to cocaine failed to alter protein levels within the VTA, and produced transient and similar changes in N.Acc protein expression, which were more pronounced in the core subregion. In contrast, extended access to cocaine resulted in distinct and long lasting alterations of protein expression within the mPFC that included: increased levels of Homer1b/c at 1 day, NR2b at 14 days, and NR2a at 60 days, of withdrawal. These data support the notion that altered NMDA function within the mPFC may contribute, in part, to the transition to excessive uncontrolled consumption of cocaine. Synapse 63:598–609, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mating response cascade does not modulate changes in the steady‐state level of target mRNAs through control of mRNA stability
Authors: Kitchen Chad M. , Leung Sara W. , Corbett Anita H. , Murphy T. J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMany extracellular signals trigger changes in gene expression by altering the steady‐state level of target transcripts. This modulation of transcript levels is typically ascribed to changes in transcription of target genes; however, there are numerous examples of changes in mRNA processing and stability that contribute to the overall change in transcript levels following signalling pathway activation. The α‐factor‐stimulated mating pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeis a receptor‐operated MAP kinase cascade that results in increased levels of a large number of target mRNA transcripts when stimulated acutely. A previous study identified many of the transcripts modulated in response to α‐factor and argued, based on genetic studies, that the response occurred solely at the level of gene transcription (Robertset al., 2000). We directly examined whether enhanced mRNA stability contributes to the increase in the steady‐state level of α‐factor target transcripts by exploiting a temperature‐sensitive RNA Polymerase II mutant, a Ste12 transcription factor import mutant, and tet‐regulated synthetic mating factor minigene reporters. Examination of a panel of α‐factor‐responsive transcripts reveals no change in mRNA stability in response to α‐factor stimulation, providing direct evidence that this signal transduction pathway inS. cerevisiaedoes not function through modulating transcript stability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphorus Heterocycles from Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphide: Simple Synthesis and Structure of 3,5‐Diphenyl‐2,4‐diazaphospholide
Authors: Stein Daniel , Ott Timo , Grützmacher Hansjörg 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe mixed phosphide‐alkoxide aggregate [Na5(OtBu)4PH2]·dme is readily available by reacting first red phosphorus with sodium metal in dimethoxyethane (dme) in presence of 5 mol‐% naphthalene and then adding tert‐butanol. [Na5(OtBu)4PH2]·dme is a suitable reagent for the direct synthesis of heterocyclic phosphorus compounds like sodium isophosphindolin‐1,3‐dionide, [Na{P(CO)2C6H4}] and sodium 3,5‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐diazaphospholide, [Na{P(CPh)2N2}]. The latter was characterized by a X‐ray diffraction study as a one dimensional coordination polymer [Na(dme){P(CPh)2N2}]∞.
Synthesis and Application of Trimethylsilyl Dinitramide Me3SiN(NO2)2 as Dinitramide Transfer Reagent; Preparation of Covalent Organotellurium(IV) Dinitramides
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Scherr Matthias 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe preparation and properties of trimethylsilyl dinitramide Me3SiN(NO2)2 are reported. Its application as dinitramide transfer reagent furnished the first covalent organotellurium(IV) bis(dinitramides) R2Te[N(NO2)2]2, which were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Alternatively, R2Te[N(NO2)2]2 were synthesized from the corresponding organotellurium(IV) halides R2TeX2 with silver dinitramide.
Changes in gait pattern as assessed by the GAITRite™ walkway system in MPS II patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy
Authors: Wood M. , Cleary M. A. , Alderson L. , Vellodi A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPatients with MPS II often present with limitations to functional mobility. With the advent of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), robust assessment tools are important to assess response to treatment. The aim of this study was to see if the GAITRite™ system (electronic pressure sensitive walkway) could identify any changes to gait pattern following commencement of ERT. Six boys with MPS type II were assessed at baseline and at intervals post commencing ERT. Four individual characteristics of gait were studied – velocity, cadence, step length and base of support. Changes in parameters for each individual could be analysed and be compared with age matched controls. The data generated from the GAITRite™ indicated all six boys had changes to their gait pattern. The most notable changes were in velocity, step length and base of support. The GAITRite™ was found to identify changes in gait parameters in this group of patients. It is an accessible way of providing both quantitative and qualitative analysis of gait in the clinical environment, and could potentially be used to monitor response to treatment. Larger studies are needed to corroborate our findings, as well as to establish the GAITRite™ as a monitoring tool.
Dual effects of implicit bystanders: Inhibiting vs. facilitating helping behavior
Authors: Garcia Stephen M. , Weaver Kimberlee , Darley John M. , Spence Bryan T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEncouraging consumers to engage in helpful behavior is a perennial task of marketers in non‐profit and for‐profit organizations. Recent research suggests that merely imagining the presence of others can lead to less helping behavior on a subsequent unrelated task (Garcia, S.M., Weaver, K.D., Moskowitz, G.B., and Darley, J.M. (2002). Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 843–853.). The present analysis uncovers the boundary conditions of this effect. Across four studies, we establish that the degree to which a group situation fosters public scrutiny is an important moderator. When group primes are paired with public scrutiny, their inhibitive effect on helping behavior diminishes, and helping behavior on a subsequent task tends to increase. The present research thus adds complexity to previous findings by suggesting that implicit bystanders can both decrease and increase helping behavior.
Pediatric tonsil size: Objective vs subjective measurements correlated to overnight polysomnogram
Authors: Howard N. Scott , Brietzke Scott E. 
Published: March 2009

ObjectiveTo compare subjective and objective tonsil size measurements (weight, volume, intertonsillar distance) along with simple pharyngeal measurements in the prediction of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) severity.Study DesignProspective case series.Subjects and MethodsTonsil size (0–4+) and Mallampati/Friedman palate position were subjectively measured. During adenotonsillectomy, tonsil size was objectively measured along with simple pharyngeal dimensions. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated and forward and reverse stepwise multivariate regression modeling was used to assess the prediction of preoperative OSAHS severity as determined by polysomnogram (PSG). Evaluation of possible outlier influence was also performed.ResultsThirty‐four pediatric patients (median age, 4; range, 2–9) were included. Objective tonsil weight (Spearman's ρ = 0.6143, P = 0.0002), tonsil volume (ρ = 0.4960, P = 0.0039), and intertonsillar distance (ρ = −0.7559, P < 0.0001) were strongly correlated with subjective tonsil size but not with age, body mass index (BMI), or preoperative apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI). Regression modeling demonstrated that only measured tonsil weight (β = 1.43, P = 0.003), age (β = −3.21, P = 0.001), and hard palate length (β = 0.979, P = 0.003) were significant predictors of the preoperative AHI (R2 = 0.5358). Evaluation of possible outliers indicated tonsil weight was the most robust predictor of preoperative AHI.ConclusionSubjective tonsil size measurements correlate well with objective tonsil volume measurements. However, only objective tonsil measurements were significantly predictive of objective PSG‐measured OSAHS severity.
‘The modern idea is to bring the country into the city’: Australian Urban Reformers and the Ideal of Rurality, 1900–1918*
Authors: MURPHY KATE 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the early twentieth century, Australians strove to create a rural civilisation through state legislation to encourage rural closer settlement. The fantasy that Australia might one day support a rural population of perhaps hundreds of millions endured despite the overwhelmingly urbanised character of the nation and the harsh realities of its environment. This rural dream was present not merely in the discourse surrounding the rural settlement imperative, but also inflected the language and modes of urban reform, as planners sought to ‘ruralise’ the urban environment to reflect something distinctive about Australian life. Previous scholarship addressing the rural ideal in Australian history, as well as urban history, has failed to interrogate these links. This article illuminates the power and ideological reach of rurality in the Australian nation-building project and pushes the boundaries of ‘rural history’ by considering the ways in which reformers sought to extend a projected Australian ‘rural civilisation’ into the cities.
The Nature of Writing Difficulties in Students With Language/Learning Disabilities
Authors: Green Laura 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Students with language/learning disabilities very often struggle with writing and tend to find the process very frustrating. Their difficulties with transcription, sentence structure, cohesive ties, self-regulated learning, and genre knowledge all play a role in this challenging experience. An understanding of the nature of these difficulties can help us as speech-language pathologists better facilitate students' written language success, thereby helping them meet the writing demands of the classroom.
Psychosocial risk factors for depression during pregnancy
Authors: BUNEVICIUS ROBERTAS , KUSMINSKAS LAIMA , BUNEVICIUS ADOMAS , NADISAUSKIENE RUTA J. , JURENIENE KRISTINA , POP VICTOR J.M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective. To assess the prevalence of antenatal depressive disorder in different trimesters and to evaluate the relation of psychosocial risk factors to antenatal depressive disorder. Design. Cohort follow‐up. Setting. University Hospital, Kaunas, Lithuania. Sample. Two hundred and thirty pregnant women consecutively admitted. Methods. At 12–16 weeks, 22–26 weeks, and 32–36 weeks of pregnancy, participants were screened for depression using the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI‐SF). Women who gave at least one positive answer to the CIDI‐SF depression‐screening question were evaluated for depressive disorder using the non‐patient version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R (SCID‐NP). Psychosocial stressors and two Big Five Personality dimensions, neuroticism and extraversion, were also evaluated. Main outcome measures. Prevalence of depressive disorder. Results. The prevalence of the antenatal depressive disorder at 12–16 weeks’ gestation was 6.1%, at 22–26 weeks 3.5%, and at 32–36 weeks 4.4%. In the first trimester, a greater prevalence of current depressive disorder was independently associated with unplanned and unwanted pregnancy, high neuroticism, low education, and a previous history of depression; in the second trimester with unplanned and unwanted pregnancy and high neuroticism; in the third trimester with unplanned and unwanted pregnancy, high neuroticism, and the occurrence of psychosocial stressors during the last year. Conclusions. The highest prevalence of depressive disorders was found in the first trimester, the lowest in mid‐pregnancy. Several determinants (unwanted and unplanned pregnancy, high neuroticism) were independent predictors of antenatal depressive disorders throughout whole pregnancy, while other determinants (low education, previous history of depression, the occurrence of psychosocial stressors at the end of pregnancy) were trimester specific.
High density physics in reversed field pinches: comparison with tokamaks and stellarators
Authors: Puiatti M.E. , Scarin P. , Spizzo G. , Valisa M. , Agostini M. , Alfier A. , Canton A. , Carraro L. , Gazza E. , Lorenzini R. , Paccagnella R. , Predebon I. , Terranova D. , Bonfiglio D. , Cappello S. , Cavazzana R. , Dal Bello S. , Innocente P. , Marrelli L. , Piovan R. , Piovesan P. , Sattin F. , Zanca P. 
Published: March 2009

Reversed field pinches (RFPs) share with tokamaks and stellarators the experimental evidence of an upper limit for the maximum value of the electron density at which they can operate. Above a certain density level, well described by the Greenwald law for tokamaks and RFPs, a radiative collapse with strong plasma cooling is observed, predominantly due to processes occurring at the plasma boundary. In the RFX-mod RFP close to the density limit a radiating belt, poloidally symmetric and toroidally localized, develops in the region where the plasma is shrunk as an effect of the m = 0 tearing modes. The phenomenology recalls that of MARFES or plasma detachment, though, unlike tokamaks, the appearance of the radiating belt is associated with a soft landing of the plasma discharge.
The paper reports the experimental pattern of the RFX-mod plasmas close to the density limit, including density and radiation profiles, plasma flow and turbulence. Particles are toroidally conveyed towards the region of maximum shrinking of the plasma column where they accumulate. The interpretation is related to the topology of MHD m = 0 and m = 1 modes: the reconstruction of the magnetic topology shows that the highly radiating region corresponds to the presence of peripheral m = 0 magnetic islands well detached from the wall. The emerging indication is that in RFPs a reduction of the m = 0 activity could be a way to overcome the density limit.
The calibrated population resistance tool: standardized genotypic estimation of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance
Authors: Gifford Robert J. , Liu Tommy F. , Rhee Soo-Yon , Kiuchi Mark , Hue Stephane , Pillay Deenan , Shafer Robert W. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Summary: The calibrated population resistance (CPR) tool is a web-accessible program for performing standardized genotypic estimation of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance. The program is linked to the Stanford HIV drug resistance database and can additionally perform viral genotyping and algorithmic estimation of resistance to specific antiretroviral drugs.
Availability: http://cpr.stanford.edu/cpr/index.html
Contact: robjgiff@gmail.com