bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics at Phase 0: Clarifying the Issues
Authors: Kimmelman Jonathan 
Published: September 2010

Many commentators have expressed concern that large investments in biomedical research over the past two decades have not been translated effectively into clinical applications. In its Critical Path Report, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) characterized the problem as a “technological disconnect between discovery and the product development process,” and documented that the number of investigational new drugs (INDs) submitted to the agency had declined “significantly” since 2000. Along a similar vein, another study found that only five of 101 basic science studies showing significant therapeutic promise were successfully translated into clinical applications.This perceived translational lag is stimulating a shift toward human testing of study interventions earlier in the drug development process. One indication of this trend is a recent guidance encouraging sponsors to pursue human “exploratory” studies before embarking on phase I trials.
Health IT and Solo Practice: A Love-Hate Relationship
Authors: Heyman Joseph 
Published: September 2010

On April 1, 2001, I joined the world of Health Information Technology. I started a solo gynecology practice with no income and only expenses. I hired a medical assistant to be my front desk person and my clinical helper. I rented a smaller space than most physicians could use for this purpose because my plan was to use technology to avoid both chart storage as well as the people needed to maintain a medical record library.I hired a hospital employee to put together my “network.” He helped me install my software and set up an automatic backup system. I purchased a single robust desktop computer and brought in an older computer from home for the front desk. I bought a scanner and an inexpensive laser printer. The hardware including a router for my “network” of two computers cost me about $6000. The software, a combined practice management system with an associated EMR requiring only single entry of patient demographics, cost me about $7000.
Prescription Data Mining and the Protection of Patients' Interests
Authors: Orentlicher David 
Published: September 2010

Pharmaceutical companies have long relied on direct marketing of their drugs to physicians through one-on-one meetings with sales representatives. This practice of “detailing” is substantial in its costs and its number of participants. Every year, pharmaceutical companies spend billions of dollars on millions of visits to physicians by tens of thousands of sales representatives.Critics have argued that drug detailing results in sub-optimal prescribing decisions by physicians, compromising patient health and driving up spending on medical care. In this view, physicians often are unduly influenced both by marketing presentations that do not accurately reflect evidence from the medical literature and by the gifts that sales representatives deliver in conjunction with their presentations.
Headspace Volatiles along with Other Instrumental and Sensory Analyses as Indices of Maturation of Horse Mackerel Miso
Authors: Giri Anupam , Okamoto Akira , Okazaki Emiko , Ohshima Toshiaki 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Development of aroma‐active compounds during fermentation in the preparation of fermented fish‐meat paste product (fish miso) from horse mackerel meat was quantitatively determined and characterized by olfactometric and organoleptic assessments. The critical ripening time was estimated by quantitative and/or qualitative analyses of volatile compounds, peptides, amino acids, product color, and total phenolics of the fish miso matrix throughout fermentation. The results confirmed that the application of koji for the fermentation of horse mackerel meat to produce fish miso significantly reduced the fishy off odor and promoted the development of highly acceptable fish miso with a nutty, cheesy, and fruity aroma. Ethyl acetate, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl decanoate, 2‐methylpropanal, 3‐methylbutanal, 2,3‐butanedione, dimethyl trisulfide, and 3‐(methylthio) propanal were identified as key odor‐active compounds in fish miso prepared from horse mackerel meat. Among the volatiles, 2‐methylpropanal, 3‐methylbutanal, and 2,3‐butanedione were identified to serve as potential indicators of the maturation of fish miso. Amino acid content could also be a potential indicator of maturation of protein‐rich, fermented products such as fish miso. In addition, surface color analysis of fish miso revealed a high correlation between sensory attributes and color components. Specifically, r and b values were considered potential indicators of maturation. Practical Application: Variability is a major drawback in fermented products such as fish miso and it requires establishing the optimum ripening time, defined as that providing the aroma attributes qualitatively and quantitatively mostly appreciated by consumers. We have carried out this work for comprehensive determination of the critical ripening time by applying several instrumental and sensory tools including quantitative and/or qualitative analysis of volatile compounds, peptides, amino acids, product color, and total phenolics of the fish miso matrix throughout the fermentation period. The outcome of the present study can be efficiently applied for detection of maturation in similar types of fermented product for large‐scale production.
Impacts of Glutathione Maillard Reaction Products on Sensory Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Beef Soup
Authors: Hong J.H. , Jung D.W. , Kim Y.S. , Lee S.M. , Kim K.O. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of beef soup with added glutathione Maillard reaction products (GMRPs) were investigated to examine the effects of the GMRPs on beef‐soup flavor compared to soups made with glutathione (GSH) and monosodium glutamate (MSG), a control (CON), or a control soup made with 150% beef content (CON150). The sensory characteristics of the beef soups were examined by descriptive analysis. The overall acceptabilities of the beef soups were rated by consumers. Principal component analysis was performed on descriptive data as explanatory variables with overall acceptability as a supplementary variable to observe the relationships between the descriptive data and consumer acceptability, as well as the relationships between the beef‐soup samples and their sensory attributes. The samples containing GMRPs had “beef flavor” that was stronger than the CON and MSG samples, and comparable to that of the GSH sample and CON150. The GMRP samples had stronger “green onion flavor,”“garlic flavor,” and “boiled egg white flavor” than the other samples. The beef soup containing MSG was preferred to CON, CON150, and GSH. The samples with GMRPs were least favored because of their pronounced metallic and astringent notes. The results of this study imply the feasibility of GMRPs as a flavor enhancer since the soups containing these compounds showed more complex flavor profiles than GSH. However, future studies are required to optimize the MR conditions that produce GMRPs without undesirable characteristics. Practical Application: This study examined the practicability of the Maillard reaction products between glutathione (GSH) and glucose (GP) or fructose (FP) as a flavor enhancer by investigating the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability evoked by them in a beef‐soup system. This study helps flavor and food industry to develop a new flavor enhancer by providing practical information, such as beef flavor‐enhancing effect of FP and GP compared to that by increasing beef content or adding GSH or MSG. In addition, it is expected that the outcome of this study, such as sensory attributes of and consumer responses to GSH Maillard reaction products, compliments previous studies that mostly focused on chemical analysis of Maillard reaction.
Bioactivities of Kernel Extracts of 18 Strains of Maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Lee Chen‐Hsien , Garcia Hugo S. , Parkin Kirk L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of maize kernels from 18 varieties/strains were prepared for the evaluation of inhibitory activities toward α‐glucosidase and scavenging activities toward nitric oxide (NO•) and superoxide (•O2−). All ethanolic extracts of maize strains tested inhibited yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) α‐glucosidase with the highest potency (49% to 54%) found for 2 purple and a yellow strains. However, inhibitory effects of maize extracts on rat intestinal α‐glucosidase were as a whole about 10% as effective as with the yeast enzyme. Maize extracts were capable of scavenging NO• at the level of 0.25 mg/mL to extents ranging from 24% to 50% and 26% to 57%, respectively, for aqueous and ethanolic extracts. All tested aqueous extracts were also capable of scavenging •O2−, with efficacies ranging from 8% to 38%, at the level of 1.5 mg/mL, whereas almost none of the ethanolic extracts scavenged •O2−, except for one purple strain (approximately 10% effective). The effectiveness in the enzyme inhibition and antioxidant assays did not correlate with total phenolic and/or anthocyanin levels, nor with the nature of pigmentation among the maize strains evaluated. Practical Application: A diversity of pigmented maize strains was evaluated for biological activities related to mitigating oxidative stress and slowing down glucose absorption from the diet. Certain strains tended to be more abundant in these biological activities and have potential to be used in dietary regimes that are designed to promote human health.
Tibial tuberosity advancement in 92 canine stifles: initial results, clinical outcome and owner evaluation
Authors: Dymond NL , Goldsmid SE , Simpson DJ 
Published: September 2010

Objective To investigate the clinical outcomes, complications and owners' evaluation of the tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) procedure in canine stifles.Methods A retrospective study of hospital records was performed to identify dogs diagnosed with partial or complete cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture that had undergone TTA repair. Information obtained included signalment, period of lameness, surgical report, evidence of meniscal injury, postoperative recovery and peri‐operative complications. Owners were asked to assess the long‐term outcome.Results In a total of 72 dogs (median age, 6 years; median body weight, 34.8 kg), TTA was performed in 92 stifles. Twenty breeds were represented, with Labrador Retrievers and Rottweilers the most common. The period of lameness ranged from 3 days to 24 months. The median pre‐operative lameness score was 3/4 and meniscal injury was present in 51 stifles. Minor complications occurred in 29% of cases. Major complications occurred in 6.5% of cases and consisted of meniscal injury and two tibial tuberosity fractures. All were successfully managed, with good limb function when subsequently assessed. In the owner evaluation, 96% reported moderate to great improvement postoperatively, with no lameness at rest and mild to no lameness after vigorous exercise.Conclusion Clinical outcome and owner evaluations in this case series indicate favourable results can be expected when CCL‐deficient stifles are treated with TTA.
Mixing Levels of Analysis in Organizational Research
Authors: Korukonda Appa Rao 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper presents an analytical and philosophical exposition of the arguments for consistency in level of analysis in organizational research. The role of fundamental epistemological and ontological positions in the formulation of Level of Analysis problems is examined. Some misapplications of the Level of Analysis argument are indicated and it is suggested that an undue concern with this issue could stifle creativity and inhibit theoretical development of the discipline.RésuméCe texte discute du souci de constance dans le choix du niveau d'analyse dans les études organisationnelles. On y examine l'influence de certaines perspectives épistémologiques et ontologiques sur le choix du niveau d'étude d'un phénomène. Quelques problèmes résultant du recours abusif à l'argument de la constance sont exposés. En brimant la créativité du chercheur, l'exagération en ce sens risque de nuire à l'évolution théorique du domaine des sciences de la gestion.
Self‐employment in the Canadian Sub‐Arctic: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Dana Leo Paul 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis exploratory study provides a theoretical and empirically informed analysis of self‐employment in a small sub‐Arctic town in Canada. An interdisciplinary literature review leads to the development of a theoretical typology of the self‐employed used to analyze empirical findings. Using ethnographic means to obtain information on how and why people in Churchill, Manitoba, become self‐employed, the author compares his findings with established schools of thought. Much literature relates self‐employment to opportunity; this implicitly assumes a uniform response to opportunity across cultures. In contrast, the results of this study suggest that identification of and Ior response to opportunity is linked to culture. The causal variable of self‐employment is not simply opportunity; cultural constraints affect the individual's response to opportunity, i.e., cultural perception of opportunity is a relevant causal variable. Implications are discussed, concluding with topics for future research.RésuméCette étude exploratoire présente une analyse de l'entre‐preneuriat dans une petite ville du Grand Nord canadien, celle‐ci avec ses racines dans un schéma théorique, ainsi que dans des données empiriques. Une revue interdisciplinaire de la littérature mène au développement d'une typologie du travailleur autonome, ceci étant utile pour l'analyse de données empiriques. Muni d'outils ethnographiques à la recherche de comment et pourquoi des individus à Churchill, au Manitoba, deviennnent travailleurs autonomes, l'auteur compare ses données avec la littérature existante. Plusieurs écrits tracent l'entre‐preneuriat à l'opportunité; ceux‐ci s'attendent à une réaction uniforme vis‐à‐vis de l'opportunité, peut importe la culture. Par contre, les résultats de la présente étude suggèrent que l'identification de et/ou la réaction face à l'opportunité, est reliée à la culture. Ce n'est pas l'opportunité qui détermine I entrepreneurial, mais plut&#x006f;&#x030c;t, puisque des contraintes culturelles influencent la réponse au stimulus, c'est la perception culturelle de l'opportunité qui en est responsable. Des implications sont discutées, concluant avec des suggestions pour de futures recherches.
Divergent effects of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha on apoptosis of human neutrophils
Authors: Van Den Berg J. M. , Weyer S. , Weening J. J. , Roos D. , Kuijpers T. W. 
Published: September 2010

Apoptosis of neutrophils is a key mechanism to control the intensity of the acute inflammatory response. Previously, the cytokine TNF‐α was reported by some investigators to have pro‐apoptotic and by others to have antiapoptotic effects on neutrophils. The aim of this study was to explain these contradictory results.We found that TNF‐α at low concentrations strongly decreased apoptosis of neutrophils. However, at higher concentrations, TNF‐α lost its protective effects, and also reversed the anti‐apoptotic effects of IFN‐γ and GM‐CSF. In fact, the combination of high concentrations of TNF‐α with either IFN‐γ or GM‐CSF caused even stronger apoptosis than that seen in the presence of TNF‐α alone. This ‘pro‐apoptotic’ effect of TNF‐α was blocked by anti‐CD11b and was absent in neutrophils from patients with Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD), which lack expression of β2 integrins, and in neutrophils from patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD), which cannot produce toxic oxygen metabolites. Under these circumstances, we found that TNF‐α retained its anti‐apoptotic effects, even at high concentrations.In conclusion, the protective effects against apoptosis of IFN‐γ, GM‐CSF and TNF‐α itself are overruled when the concentration of TNF‐α is high enough to produce a respiratory burst. This process of reactive oxygen radical formation depends on neutrophil adhesion via the β2 integrin CD11b/CD18 and on an intact NADPH oxidase enzyme. These dual, concentration‐dependent effects of TNF‐α provide an explanation for previous controversial reports and support a dominant role for TNF‐α in neutrophil apoptosis.
Strong Convergence Theorems of Viscosity Iterative Methods for a Countable Family of Strict Pseudo-contractions in Banach Spaces
Authors: Wangkeeree Rabian , Kamraksa Uthai 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFor a countable family "Equation missing" of strictly pseudo-contractions, a strong convergence of viscosity iteration is shown in order to find a common fixed point of "Equation missing" in either a p-uniformly convex Banach space which admits a weakly continuous duality mapping or a p-uniformly convex Banach space with uniformly Gâteaux differentiable norm. As applications, at the end of the paper we apply our results to the problem of finding a zero of accretive operators. The main result extends various results existing in the current literature.
Strong Convergence of a Generalized Iterative Method for Semigroups of Nonexpansive Mappings in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Piri Husain , Vaezi Hamid 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUsing "Equation missing"-strongly accretive and "Equation missing"-strictly pseudocontractive mapping, we introduce a general iterative method for finding a common fixed point of a semigroup of non-expansive mappings in a Hilbert space, with respect to a sequence of left regular means defined on an appropriate space of bounded real-valued functions of the semigroup. We prove the strong convergence of the proposed iterative algorithm to the unique solution of a variational inequality.
EVI-1 oncogene expression predicts survival in chronic-phase CML patients resistant to imatinib treated with second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Authors: Daghistani Mustafa , Marin David , Khorashad Jamshid Sorouri , Wang Lihui , May Philippa C. , Paliompeis Christos , Milojkovic Dragana , De Melo Valeria A. , Gerrard Gareth , Goldman John M. , Apperley Jane F. , Clark Richard E. , Foroni Letizia , Reid Alistair G. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Activation of the EVI-1 oncogene has been reported in acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blast crisis, and less commonly, in chronic-phase CML patients. We screened an unselected cohort of 75 chronic-phase CML patients who had failed imatinib for expression of EVI-1 and sought a correlation with subsequent outcome on the second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors dasatinib (n = 61) or nilotinib (n = 14). The 8 patients (10.7%) who expressed EVI-1 transcripts detectable by real-time polymerase chain reaction had significantly lower event-free survival, progression-free survival, and overall survival than patients with undetectable transcript. The predictive value of EVI-1 expression was validated in an independent cohort. In a multivariate analysis, EVI-1 expression status and the best cytogenetic response obtained on imatinib were the only independent predictors for overall survival, progression-free survival, and event-free survival. Our data suggest that screening for EVI-1 expression at the time of imatinib failure may predict for response to second-line TKI therapy and consequently aid clinical management.
Overview of the Mechanistic Work on the Concerted Metallation–Deprotonation Pathway
Authors: Lapointe David , Fagnou Keith 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The cleavage of aromatic C–H bonds promoted by a metal and an intramolecular base has been described over 50 years ago. Herein, discussion of selected mechanistic studies of this transformation will be presented. The basic ligand on the metal was proven to play a pivotal role in the C–H bond cleavage step and evidence of a single operative concerted metallation–deprotonation mechanism unifies the different mechanistic studies.
High-grafted Surface Modification of Silica Gel Particles with Urushiol
Authors: Xia Jianrong , Lin Jinhuo , Xu Yanlian 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A facile method for high-grafted surface modification of silica gel particles was developed in this paper. Silica gel was obtained by traditional avenue and then reacted with urushiol (Chinese lacquer). The obtained product was characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, TGA, SEM, and EDX. The results suggested that the reaction occurred between silica and urushiol and that the grafting ratio added up to 15.35 ± 0.05 wt %. The result of EDX demonstrated that the urushiol moieties were mainly on the surface of silica particles. Additionally, the as-prepared silica particles had good dispersion.
Combination of an Aptamer Probe to CD4 and Antibodies for Multicolored Cell Phenotyping
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhao Nianxi , Zeng Zihua , Chang Chung-Che , Zu Youli 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Aptamers have emerged as a new class of small molecule ligands. These short, single-stranded oligonucleotides can be produced through simple chemical synthesis, making them easier and less costly to produce than antibodies. We synthesized an RNA aptamer probe specific for human CD4 using a reported sequence and investigated the potential use of this probe in cell phenotyping. Studies in cultured cells demonstrated that the synthetic CD4 aptamer had a nearly identical cell-binding specificity as the standard CD4 antibody. Fluorescent microscopy confirmed that the aptamer and antibody generated the same CD4 staining pattern in cells without competing with one another. Multicolored flow cytometry analysis revealed that the CD4 aptamer could be combined with antibodies to phenotype cells from bone marrow, lymph nodes, and pleural fluid, suggesting that the aptamer probe has value for clinical use.
Accuracy of Platelet Counting by Automated Hematologic Analyzers in Acute Leukemia and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Authors: Kim Seon Young , Kim Ji-Eun , Kim Hyun Kyung , Han Kyou-Sup , Toh Cheng Hock 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPlatelet counting in patients with acute leukemia or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) may have a risk for erroneous counts owing to the presence of nonplatelet particles or platelet activation. We evaluated automated platelet counting methods using the Abbott Cell-Dyn Sapphire (Abbott Diagnostics, Santa Clara, CA), Sysmex XE-2100 (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan), ADVIA 2120 (Siemens Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY), and Beckman Coulter LH 750 (Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL) compared with the international reference method (IRM). Automated platelet counting methods were inaccurate compared with the IRM, without evidence of interfering nonplatelet particles. It is interesting that platelet activation markers were associated with DIC severity and erroneous platelet counting, suggesting that platelet activation is a potential source of inaccuracy. Furthermore, the artifactual in vitro platelet activation induced a high degree of intermethod variation in platelet counts. The inaccuracy of automated platelet counts increased the risk for misdiagnosis of DIC. More attention needs to be given to the accuracy of platelet counts, especially in clinical conditions with florid platelet activation.