bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strongyloidiasis of the colon
Authors: Rowlands P. C. , Speechly-Dick M. E. , Grech P. 
Published: July 2009

A 60-year-old Iraqi woman with chronic B-lymphocytic leukaemia was admitted with pyrexia, generalized abdominal pain, cough and sputum.
Two years previously she had been admitted to hospital with right upper quadrant pain. Investigations at that stage, including ultrasound and acetanilidoiminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan, had been negative. The pain had recurred intermittently since then.
One month before admission she had noticed a worsening of her pain and she was unable to sleep. At that time her white cell count had increased and she was commenced on a 2-week course of chemotherapy.
On examination she looked pale and unwell. Her temperature varied between 37.5°C and 40°C. There were petechiae on her back and upper arms and an erythematous rash on her trunk.
Macronodular hepatic tuberculosis in a child: computed tomographic appearances
Authors: Moskovic Eleanor 
Published: July 2009

Hepatic tuberculosis (TB) is usually miliary, associated with pulmonary miliary disease. Large tuberculous hepatic abscesses are not frequently seen, and are extremely rare in children, in whom the overall incidence of hepatic TB is lower than in adults. The largest reported series of hepatic TB to date described 200 cases in all, of which only one case, an adult, demonstrated macronodular caseating abscesses (Hersch, 1964). This form of TB is usually seen in extremely debilitated patients with poor immunological resistance, which often serves to complicate the clinical picture and make the diagnosis difficult. In the case described, computed tomography (CT) proved invaluable in making the diagnosis and on follow-up.
A 4-year-old black male child presented to the Red Cross Childrens' Hospital in June 1985 with a 2-month history of weight loss, fever, vague abdominal pain and malaise. On examination he was clearly emaciated, pale, with a distended abdomen, ascites, nodular hepatomegaly, and pyrexial with a temperature of 38.5°C.
The forgotten incident
Authors: Tran T. L. , McCarty M. 
Published: July 2009

A 47-year-old man was referred by his general practitioner to the medical outpatient clinic with a 4-week history of colicky abdominal pain in the epigastrium and peri-umbilical region, anorexia and weight loss. He also complained of flatulence and abdominal distension after meals. The only relevant past medical history was bilateral inguinal hernia repairs 12 months previously.
Abdominal examination in the outpatient clinic did not reveal any abnormality. His complaints were thought to be related to gall bladder or peptic ulcer disease. Initial investigations included an upper abdominal ultrasound which was normal.
The traceability of brachytherapy sources supplied by Amersham International
Authors: Rossiter M. J. 
Published: July 2009

The NPL has received several enquiries concerning the traceability route to national standards for brachytherapy sources. The purpose of this note is to describe briefly the current traceability links for brachytherapy sources and to outline measures that are planned to reinforce and formalize these linkages.
The first line of traceability for Amersham International's cobalt-60 sources is in terms of the quantity activity. Reference sources have been compared ionometrically with a base standard of cobalt-60 whose activity was measured by absolute counting at NPL.
Comparison of spin echo T
1-weighted and FLASH 90° gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of cerebral metastases
Authors: Cherryman Graham , Golfieri Rita 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A direct comparison of post-gadolinium FLASH® 90° magnetic resonance (MR) images against conventional post-gadolinium T 1-weighted spin echo MR images obtained in patients with suspected cerebral metastatic disease shows the FLASH sequence to be inferior. False negative FLASH 90° gadolinium-enhanced MR scans are thought to be a result of either magnetic susceptibility artefact or inferior contrast resolution. False positive FLASH 90° gadolinium-enhanced MR images are a result of either difficulty in interpreting the high signal seen in small vessels or, again, magnetic susceptibility effects. In addition, our study shows small abnormalities suggestive of cerebral metastases on the FLASH 90° gadolinium-enhanced sequences which were not seen on the spin echo T 1 -weighted gadolinium-enhanced sequences. We believe that spin echo T 1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced MR sequences demonstrated 131 out of 139 (94.2%) and FLASH 90° gadolinium-enhanced MR sequences detected 122 out of 139 (87.8%) possible metastases. From this, we conclude that spin echo T 1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced MR sequences is a better test than FLASH 90° gadolinium-enhanced MR in the diagnosis of brain metastases and that either sequence alone is limited as a screening test.
Film cassette for quality assurance of dental X-ray tubes
Authors: Baldock C. , Arnold M. T. 
Published: July 2009

The guidance notes for the protection of patients against ionizing radiations arising from medical and dental use specify that dental X-ray installations should be surveyed at least once every 3 years (HMSO, 1988). X-ray equipment in Community Dental Clinics, for whom we provide a radiological protection service, is not routinely serviced by the manufacturer. We felt it would be desirable to monitor the performance of the X-ray equipment at more frequent intervals as faults may go undetected leaving the equipment radiologically unsafe.
We have developed a film cassette (Fig. 1) to enable routine quality assurance checks of equipment to be made by dental staff without the use of an ion chamber. The film is sent to the Physics Department for processing and densitometric analysis.
The cassette is used to measure kilovoltage, half value layer (HVL), tube output and beam diameter at the patient end of the cone.
Ultrasonic detection of a retroperitoneal haematoma causing duodenal obstruction following ureterolithotomy
Authors: Ritchie D. A. , Frazer C. K. , Taylor A. D. , Newling D. W. 
Published: July 2009

Many authors have documented the clinical features and ultrasonic appearances of retroperitoneal haematomas which are usually a result of blunt epigastric trauma, bleeding diatheses or leaking aneurysms (McVerry et al, 1977; Foley & Teele, 1979; Shirkoda et al, 1983; Mittelstaedt, 1987). With adequate perioperative drainage, retroperitoneal haemorrhage is an uncommon complication of ureteric surgery (Straffon, 1986), although there may be an increased risk where the surgery is complicated. We present a case of duodenal obstruction resulting from a retroperitoneal haematoma following ureteric surgery diagnosed by ultrasound.
A 51-year-old man, with a history of several previous operations for bilateral recurrent urinary calculi, presented with a 2-month history of intermittent right renal colic and an intravenous urogram confirmed a calculus in the distal right ureter. Following unsuccessful attempted dormia basket removal, an open ureterolithotomy was performed to remove the impacted calculus. Although scarring and adhesions from previous surgery made the operation technically difficult, he made a satisfactory recovery and was discharged after 10 days.
Four days later he was re-admitted with a history of bile stained vomiting and upper abdominal distension. Abdominal examination revealed some epigastric swelling and satisfactory healing of his right lower abdominal wound. His serum amylase was normal. A barium meal confirmed an obstruction at the mid-portion of the second part of the duodenum, and appearances suggested an extramural lesion (Fig. 1). Delayed radiographs showed passage of barium distally indicating an incomplete obstruction.
Leiomyosarcoma following therapeutic irradiation for ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Stevens G. N. , Tattersall M. H. N. , Biro C. , Stalley P. 
Published: July 2009

The occurrence of soft tissue sarcomas following therapeutic irradiation for both benign and malignant conditions is a well recognized, though uncommon, event (Souba et al, 1986; Laskin et al, 1988; Robinson et al, 1988). The majority of these tumours have been classified as malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFH), with fibrosarcomas and a wide range of other histological subtypes occurring less frequently. Of particular note is the scarcity of reports of leiomyosarcomas that fulfil the criteria for a radiation-induced malignancy. Within the literature, we could find only four such cases, three of which followed the treatment of bilateral retinoblastoma (Lynch & Herr, 1981; Folberg et al, 1983; Font et al, 1983). In this report we present a case of leiomyosarcoma following irradiation for ankylosing spondylitis.
In 1987, a 61-year-old Caucasian male presented to a district hospital with a history of upper thoracic back pain that had been present for several years. The patient had been aware of a subcutaneous, non-tender lesion in the upper thoracic paravertebral region for the previous 3 years. A computed tomographic (CT) scan showed a 2–3 cm diameter mass on the right, adjacent to the second and third thoracic vertebral bodies. A biopsy indicated a soft tissue sarcoma but no treatment was offered as the tumour was considered unresectable. Over the subsequent year, the mass fluctuated in size. It then started to grow, with an increase in back and right shoulder pain.
Book reviews
Authors: Dixon D. W. 
Published: July 2009

This guide is similar in structure to the previous publication, IAEA Safety Series No. 43, the main difference being that the discussion of hazards by work environment is omitted. This enables the current guide to deal more effectively with the planning, implementation and interpretation of monitoring methods in mines and mills, which it does very well.
A particularly useful approach is the separate description, for each monitoring method, of the principles, equipment, procedures and limitations, with graphs and tables of calculation factors. Some of the material is the same as in the earlier guide, but much has been expanded and updated. Several more recent measurement methods are described, producing a comprehensive reference volume from which the characteristics of all the most common procedures can readily be evaluated. Descriptions are also included of some more specialized methods of measurement more suitable for research work.
Book reviews
Authors: Shields R. A. 
Published: July 2009

The development of clinical diagnostic applications of radionuclides has reached a stage at which the discipline of nuclear medicine could be said to be mature. Nevertheless, the pace of discovery and innovation can rapidly render established text-books out of date. The appearance of a new book covering the field is therefore most welcome, particularly as it emphasizes the practical aspects of the current range of techniques.
The first third of this book covers physical principles and the technology of nuclear medicine. Clear accounts are given of the principles of the gamma camera when used for both planar and tomographic imaging, and of the assessment of its performance. A separate chapter explains the use of data processing facilities.
The relative biological effectiveness of fractionated doses of fast neutrons (42 MeVd → Bc) for normal tissues in the pig
Authors: Hopewell J. W. , Barnes D. W. H. , Robbins M. E. C. , Corp M. , Sansom J. M. , Young C. M. A. , Wiernik G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The late effects of irradiation with single and fractionated doses of X rays (250 kV) and fast neutrons (42 MeVd→Bc), on the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues of the pig, have been evaluated from measurements of changes in relative field length. These were determined at intervals of 26–104 weeks after irradiation. For fractionated irradiation with X rays the average fractions exponent, N, obtained from a log–log plot of iso-effect dose (ED50) against fraction number was 0.41. This was independent of the period of assessment, with no significant indication of a time factor. However, the exponent N did vary with the level of effect and was in the range 0.33–0.51. It was greatest for a ≥10% reduction in relative field length. Assuming the validity of the linear quadratic model of cell survival, the α/βp ratio was 1.95 Gy. However, this model fitted the data less well for the least severe levels of damage, and for these the α/β ratios were not significantly different from zero. Irradiation with fast neutrons showed a small effect of fractionation for doses given in ≥ 6 fractions compared with a single dose. There was no significant increase in iso-effect dose when the dose was given in 30 fractions compared with 6 fractions. The relative biological effectiveness for late cutaneous and subcutaneous damage for the energy of fast neutrons used did not vary with the period of assessment, i.e. 26–52 weeks compared with 65–104 weeks, and was not significantly different from that previously obtained for ischaemic dermal necrosis, seen after higher doses, at 12–20 weeks after irradiation.
Additive filtering
Authors: Marugg Silvio , Streule Karl , Hedtler Wolfgang , Berchtold Cyril 
Published: July 2009

One of the major goals of diagnostic radiology is to produce a radiograph of high quality while maintaining radiation exposure to the patient at a low level. In addition, the public is more aware of and concerned about radiation exposure (Kohn et al, 1988). Therefore the use of aluminium or plexiglass filters for compensating and eliminating over-penetration in special regions such as shoulders, arch aortograms, chest radiographs and lateral decubitus films has been described (Crow et al, 1983; Feczko et al, 1983; Vyborny & MacMahon, 1984; Vezina, 1985). For an overall reduction of radiation exposure, yttrium, niobium and copper filters are in use. The shape and thickness of the different filters are highly variable. To achieve a correct positioning a sliding teflon mount was used by Crow et al (1983).
A filtering system with ferromagnetic plates at the tube-housing and magnets glued onto the filters has been developed and used by us. The system allows free positioning of filters of different sizes, the use of more than one filter at the same time and, with a second coupling plate, even the addition of two filters.
Spinal cord sarcoidosis with intramedullary cyst formation
Authors: Clifton A. G. , Stevens J. M. , Kapoor R. , Rudge P. 
Published: July 2009

We report a case of spinal cord sarcoidosis with surgically confirmed localized cyst formation and probably syringomyelia involving almost the entire spinal cord, an association which has not been documented previously. The magnetic resonance (MR) findings before and after gadolinium diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) are described. There has been only one previous report of the MR findings in histologically confirmed spinal cord sarcoidosis, and in this case Gd-DTPA was not given.
A 49-year-old man presented with a 3-week history of progressive urinary hesitancy and weakness of both legs. Three years previously he was diagnosed as having sarcoidosis on the basis of bilateral hilar adenopathy on plain chest radiography, and a positive Kveim test. Ten months before this admission he had developed granulomatous uveitis.
On initial examination there was moderate reduction of muscle power in all four limbs, whilst tone and co-ordination were normal. Reflexes were generally brisk, abdominal reflexes were absent, and there were bilateral extensor plantar responses. Vibration and joint position sensation were absent bilaterally in his feet, and there was a spinothalamic sensory level at C8 on the right and D6 on the left.
Contrast medium imbibition in osteoarthritic cartilage
Authors: Spring M. W. , Buckland-Wright J. C. 
Published: July 2009

Double contrast arthrography is routinely used in the examination of synovial joints as the articular cartilage and capsular surfaces are more clearly delineated than with a single contrast technique. Tears, pitting and thinning of articular and meniscal cartilages are readily identified (Stoker, 1980; Fujikawa, 1981). Stoker (1980) has described the way that osteoarthritic changes in articular cartilage are heralded by the absorption of the contrast agent. This observation forms the basis of a current investigation into the articular changes in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee using high definition microfocal radiography (Buckland-Wright, 1989; Buckland-Wright & Bradshaw, 1989). To understand the process of contrast medium imbibition into articular cartilage, the present in vitro study was undertaken to determine whether the rate and the volume of contrast medium diffusing into articular cartilage was related to the histological condition of the tissue.
Thirty-seven samples of visually intact articular cartilage were obtained from the tibial plateau of fresh post-mortem subjects, three women and two men with early osteoarthritis and a mean age of 67.2 ± 15.0 years. Only five subjects were obtained for this study as we were not examining inter-subject variation but variation between samples, which were taken from different areas of the central articular regions of the medial and lateral tibial surfaces. The cartilage samples were cut to 3 × 10 mm in area, supported on approximately 10 mm of subchondral bone.
Echo planar imaging of the human fetus in utero at 0.5 T
Authors: Mansfield P. , Stehling M. K. , Ordidge R. J. , Coxon R. , Chapman B. , Blamire A. , Gibbs P. , Johnson I. R. , Symonds E. M. , Worthington B. S. , Coupland R. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The snap-shot capability of the echo-planar imaging technique is used to freeze motion effectively in human fetal studies in utero. These first results obtained at 0.5 T demonstrate diagnostic quality images without the need for averaging. Although averaging improves the image signal to noise ratio, it is shown that significant image blurring is produced even when only eight separate images are averaged over a period of a few seconds. Results are presented showing anatomical detail of the internal organs of the fetus. Some pathology is also demonstrated. These results were obtained using the modulus blipped echo-planar single-pulse technique (MBEST). Running at 10 frames/second, the modulus version of the fast low-angle excitation echo-planar technique (FLEET) is used to produce ungated fetal cardiac movies.
Magnetic resonance imaging in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: measurement of T
1 relaxation time
Authors: Brooks Alan P. , Reznek Rodney H. , Webb Judith A. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging at 0.08 Tesla was performed in nine patients with proven idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. A total of 11 scans was performed. Three patients were scanned before diagnosis; one of these also had two follow-up scans. A further six patients were scanned a variable time after diagnosis and treatment. On each scan, a periaortic soft-tissue mass was readily identified, the distribution corresponding to that seen on computed tomography. There was no difference in the mean T 1relaxation time of the mass between patients scanned before diagnosis and those scanned after treatment. However, the patient followed with serial scans showed a progressive reduction in the T 1 value of the mass with time. Comparison with results obtained in patients with lymphoma suggests that the T 1 values in retroperitoneal fibrosis are lower than in lymphoma, particularly non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
The relative biological effectiveness of fractionated doses of fast neutrons (42 MeVd→Be) for normal tissues
Authors: Rezvani M. , Barnes D. W. H. , Hopewell J. W. , Robbins M. E. C. , Sansom J. M. , Adams P. J. V. , Hamlet R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The effect of single and fractionated doses of fast neutrons (42 MeVd→Bc) on the early and late radiation responses of the pig lung have been assessed by the measurement of changes in lung function using a 133Xe washout technique. The results obtained for irradiation schedules with fast neutrons have been compared with those after photon irradiation. There was no statistically significant difference between the values for the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for the early and late radiation response of the lung. The RBE of the neutron beam increased with decreasing size of dose/fraction with an upper limit value of 4.39 ± 0.94 for infinitely small X-ray doses per fraction.
Major contamination from an iodine-131 therapy patient
Authors: Madden F. J. F. , Aukett R. J. , Early M. Y. , Dunn M. J. , Rampton J. 
Published: July 2009

The events surrounding the iodine therapy of a patient with carcinoma of the thyroid have indicated that the normal pattern of uptake and excretion cannot be taken for granted.
The patient was given 7.4 GBq of I-131 by mouth at approximately 2.00 p.m. on Monday. The level of activity in the patient was assessed by measuring the dose rate at 1 m from the thyroid shortly after the administration and at 24-hour intervals until the following Friday. In normal circumstances, subject to the activity measured on the Friday having fallen to a satisfactory level, the patient would have been discharged at the weekend. Apart from this, the change in activity levels was not followed closely.
Real-time digital contrast enhancement and magnification in the assessment of scaphoid and other wrist injuries
Authors: Davies A. M. , Morris E. , Manns R. A. , Fowler J. , Wellings R. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A study on the value of a commercially available desk-top digital magnifier–contrast enhancer (DETECT System) was made in a series of 550 patients presenting with an acute wrist injury. Four radiologists, of varying experience, independently reviewed the radiographs on a conventional lightbox and later with the digitizer. In the scaphoid series (350 cases), the performance of the two more experienced radiologists was marginally better with the digitizer, whereas the less experienced radiologists performed slightly worse. Overall the digitizer improved the confidence of the radiologists in diagnosing correctly the presence of a scaphoid fracture but, for the less experienced radiologists, this was at the expense of identifying normality. In the wrist series (200 cases), the use of the digitizer resulted in a minor increase in the true positive and decrease in the false negative observations, but this was offset by a concomitant minor increase in the false positive and decrease in the true negative categories. Evaluation of the soft-tissue planes around the wrist joint showed a limited value in the identification of a scaphoid fracture with an overall positive predictive value of 0.26. Correlation of soft-tissue changes and the presence or absence of a scaphoid fracture was slightly worse with the digitizer. Possible causes for the apparently poorer performance of the digitizer are discussed, as well as the relative merits and potential value of the unit.
Book reviews
Authors: Hall Christine M. 
Published: July 2009

This small book, Catalog of Prenatally Diagnosed Conditions, by an eminent American clinical geneticist David D. Weaver, aims to encompass our current knowledge as gleaned from the literature of the methods of diagnosis of 448 disorders which have been detected during pregnancy; in this it succeeds.
The information is divided into three sections: the text, the references and the index. Each chapter in the text represents a disease category and the larger chapters, such as congenital malformations, are sub-divided. As might be expected, this particular chapter includes almost half of the total number of prenatally diagnosed conditions. Other chapters cover dermatologic and haematologic disorders, fetal infections and inborn errors of metabolism. A chapter on chromosomal abnormalities has been included but aims only to describe those in which non-cytogenetic findings have been described, for example the cystic hygromas so characteristic of Turner's syndrome. Each condition may be readily found within the relevant chapter by its alphabetical listing, usually using the most accepted nomenclature, although there are one or two exceptions, such as the Martin–Bell syndrome rather than the more commonly used fragile X syndrome.