bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COLD REGION MARINE TECHNOLOGY: CURRENT CONTRIBUTIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
Authors: Edwards Roderick Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the last few years the state‐of‐the‐art of cold region marine technology has advanced rapidly. This paper presents a definition of cold regions marine technology and delineates some of the important problems which fall within the scope of the definition. The motivation for the trend of increasing interest in this exciting field is discussed. Noteworthy current developments are elaborated upon, and future challenges in cold region marine technology are presented.
REMOTE SENSORS–NOT MANPOWER
Authors: JOHNSON DAVID P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the Vietnam war, a new technique for target detection and surveillance was developed. This technique is often referred to as “remote sensors” or “the electronic battlefield”.The purpose of this paper is to discuss in general terms the General Purpose Remote Sensor System (GPRSS) presently in use by Naval Forces to remotely detect enemy troop and vehicular movement. The complete system is comprised of the remote sensor, data link, and monitoring equipment. This paper describes the various types of detectors and how they are used. It also describes how the information is coded and transmitted to a remotely located monitoring site. Some of the equipments used to monitor the various sensors are also discussed.
Development of Environmental Data Buoys
Authors: WINCHESTER JAMES W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe NOAA Data Buoy Office (NDBO) is engaged in the development of highly reliable environmental data buoys, initially to meet the needs of the meterological community, but with growth potential to meet those of oceanographic and water quality data users.Current major program efforts are discussed which build upon the technology and experience to date. This covers the acquisition of an Environmental Prototype Buoy as part of NOAA's long‐term operational need in the marine and weather areas; the completion of development of a small Drifting Research Buoy in support of the scientific community; and the development and demonstration of buoy terminals for UHF/Satellite communications to replace the currently used HF communication system.
“BUILD and CHARTER” OF THE SEALIFT TANKERS
Authors: JACKSON L. L. , CLAPP DUDLEY J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe construction of nine 25,000 DWT clean product tankers to the technical requirements of the Military Sealift Command (MSC) for bareboat charter by MSC has focussed attention on this method of acquisition of the shipping services required for national defense purposes.This paper briefly describes the “build and charter” process as applied to the nine tankers, the tankers themselves, and the potential of the “build and charter” technique for acquisition of other shipping services.
SOLAR SEA POWER PLANTS—ELECTRIC POWER FROM THE OCEAN THERMAL DIFFERENCE
Authors: LAVI ABRAHIM , ZENER CLARENCE 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe industrial nations of the free world have been jolted by the reality that their civilization is heavily dependent upon fossil fuel available only outside their national boundaries. Not only has the price of oil and natural gas skyrocketed, but the supply is being sharply curtailed or manipulated as a tool of the national policies of the producing nations. It is recognized further that the earth's supply of these fuels is finite while the consumption has been growing exponentially.A possible substitute for fossil fuels is the sun energy that is absorbed by the oceans in large daily doses. This paper explains the technology of extracting this solar energy from the ocean waters. The scheme is not new, but the present economic realities make the concept not only practical but essential. Solar sea power, in the immediate future, can supply vast quantities of power to the industrial nations of the world at a cost competitive with fossil fuels.This work has been supported by the National Science Foundation, RANN Division, under Grant No. 39114.
DESIGN FOR CHANGE—THE IMPACT OF CHANGING THREATS AND MISSIONS ON SYSTEM DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Authors: SIMMONSM JAMES L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTOur highly formalized acquisition process has caused the ship design community to evolve to a 14‐year development cycle. In this cycle, the combat system is proved in the first seven years, prior to the last seven years of platform definition and construction. Unfortunately, inflation and the accelerating rates of change of both threat and technology, force the Navy to alter platform characteristics during these final years. These alterations cause a complex and costly integration problem in every new combatant. The development of modularity and and of standard interfaces offers the Naval architect the opportunity to redefine the distinction between the payload and the platform.Naval ship development is primarily an integration problem, and the development of a ship combat system is the integration of various technical developments. The wide disparity in obsolescence rates of platform and payload results in very costly re‐integrating of the ship and its weapon system whenever modifications are made. The accelerating rate of technological advance will worsen the problem. SEAMOD offers a philosophy of design that permits the uncoupling of platform and payload development, thus minimizing integration problems.
FIBER OPTICS TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS IN THE NAVY
Authors: WILLIAMS DON 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTFiber optics technology has become a promising candidate to replace metallic wire conductors in many Navy applications. The stimulus behind this is the technical achievements in the reduction of signal attenuation of fiber optics from over 1000 db/km to the recently achieved attenuation factor of under 4 db/km. The Naval Electronics Laboratory, San Diego, is pursuing a technology effort aimed at developing a general set of fiber optics components. These would be the cables in various loss factors; light sources in electro‐optic modules for bulkhead mounting to interface with several logic and linear circuit standards; and photo detector modules. The state‐of‐the‐art in the technology and design considerations of interest to naval engineers when dealing in fiber optics will be described along with the rationale and justification for using fiber optics in place of metallic wires.
PROCUREMENT OF STANDARD EQUIPMENT
Authors: DOLLHOFF TERRY L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a technique for acquisition of standard equipment components for use in overall system design. The technique was proven during acquisition of the Navy's standard tactical mini‐computer (AN/UYK‐20(V)), and involves the militarization of off‐the‐shelf commercial equipments. Both the technical and contractual approach are unique and may serve as a model for similar acquisitions.
MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL: PART II—SHIP DESIGN REQUIREMENTS; SYNOPSIS OF THE PROBLEM AND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
Authors: ABBOTT JACK W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTWith the advent of new pollution control laws both national and international, the designer of commercial vessels is faced with an ever increasing problem—how to meet these requirements at minimum cost to the customer. The ship designer must consider three sets of information to properly solve the problem. First, he must have a clear understanding of the various design standards and operating regulations. Next, he must understand the current state‐of‐the‐art and its potential to meet the various pollution prevention regulations. Finally, the designer must select the best combination of equipment and/or structural design to provide the least cost solution for meeting the anti‐pollution regulations.The following paper is the second in a three article series to furnish data. It provides an overview of the problem along with a discussion of alternative solutions available to the designer (and operator) of commercial ships. This information adds to the discussion of regulations presented in the February 1975 Journal by Captain William E. Lehr, USCG in Part I and forms the basis for establishing a design approach to be presented by Mr. Alex Constant, NAVSEC, in Part III.
Translating Mtbf into Dollars—A user's Perspective
Authors: WALCZAK M. W. , CALLISON F. D. , BAUR W. H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTReliability “trade‐offs” for a conceptual airborne tactical radar system are described in terms of MTBF versus Costs (materials, procurement, and life‐cycle), ambient temperature, and physical weight and size. This “trade‐off” methodology lends itself to computerized solution and was developed to allow definition of a system in a hardware sense. Characteristics for a baseline radar system were defined and various reliability enhancement techniques were applied in a manner that provides a basis for decision in the selection of a suitable design approach. Since the criteria for system selection will vary with mission requirements, this “trade‐off” methodology can be used to estimate the cost, weight, and size penalties associated with a specific reliability value and make possible comparison of the various design approaches using life‐cycle logistic support cost.
MARINE GAS TURBINE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Authors: WEINERT EUGENE P. , ROGUS BERNARD J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAlthough rig testing is widely used in advanced research, testing of complete marine gas turbine engines (under controlled environmental conditions) is the economical method for determining specific suitability and weak areas. The damaging effects of salt water introduced by working fluids combined with long periods of high power operation predominate in the marine field. Naval gas turbines also endure frequent starts and thermal cycling. Although the hot section (high temperature nozzles, turbine blades and combustors) is most vulnerable and justifiably the focus of testing attention, deterioration of moderate temperature parts (power turbine, compressor, casing, support structure) must be alertly evaluated. The test agenda is designed to explore the engine's ability to meet expected service commitments. Inspections – visual, dimensional, photographic, chemical and metallurgical – provide facts needed for engine evaluation and improvement. The importance of diagnostic testing is defined, discussed and illustrated.
NAVY SHIPBOARD ENERGY CONSERVATION R&D PROGRAM
Authors: SACK BRIAN P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the Navy Shipboard Energy Conservation R&D Program as it applies to the Fleet. The undependability of foreign petroleum supply and rising costs require the Navy to conserve petroleum fuels. However, this presently is being accomplished largely through an undesirable decrease in Fleet operations. The R&D effort required to provide near‐term alternatives to this curtailment of operations is addressed including control of hull fouling by cleaning afloat, long‐life anti‐fouling hull coatings, shipboard machinery optimization, and energy conservation through operator training. The objective, approach, and status of each area are discussed. The fuel penalty imposed by hull fouling represents the single greatest potential for fuel savings in the existing Fleet. In this area a diver‐operated polypropylene rotary brush cleaning method has been selected for this study, and ships have been selectively cleaned afloat and subsequently inspected in drydock. Organometallic polymer (OMP) resins have been synthesized and demonstrated to be completely anti‐fouling for a period of four years. Commercial formulation of the OMP resins into Military Specification (MILSPEC) paints is underway. Machinery systems optimization addresses energy conservation within the ship engineering plant using thermodynamic heat balance studies to calculate fuel penalties for inefficient machinery and procedures. The conservation through operator training task involves the construction of an energy pocket manual which addresses the personal and collective individual contribution to energy conservation within the shipboard environment.
A DESIGN CONCEPT TO PROVIDE AUXILIARY PROPULSION FOR SINGLE SCREW SHIPS
Authors: KENYON C. W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper outlines a concept to provide a means of auxiliary propulsion for single screw ships with special emphasis on the FF 1052 Class. It highlights some of the design problems encountered and the innovation required to overcome them.The advantages of having auxiliary propulsion available to single screw ships are discussed and include: 1) emergency propulsion to maintain headway until repairs can be made to the ship's main propulsion system, 2) emergency “take home” capability if repairs cannot be made at sea, and 3) maneuvering capability to assist the ship in mooring to a pier.Details of the development of the auxiliary propulsion unit design are given. All aspects of the impact of the installation on the ship are reviewed and selection criteria for the resulting design are provided.
PRE‐SEA TRIAL AUDIT— A USEFUL TOOL?
Authors: SNYDER ROBERT E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA Project Manager must be able to assess the status of his program to maintain control of it. Numerous methods have been used by the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). The latest is the concept of Pre‐Sea Trial Audit (PSTA). This paper describes the first application of this audit process to a major, new construction combatant ship, the USS Nimitz (CVN‐68), a nuclear aircraft carrier; outlines the major problems encountered in its implementation; and offers the Author's conclusions on the usefulness of the concept.
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY CRITERIA FOR NEW HULL MATERIALS
Authors: PALERMO PETER M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTApplication of new advanced structural hull materials and/or novel ship hull configurations can have serious disruptive effects on the building ways and in service if proper attention to details is not applied in the early stages of development and design. This brief paper addresses rudimentary considerations to ensure structural integrity of the finished product. Application of structural integrity in the areas of material selection, flaw growth, design requirements, fabrication and maintenance, and the supporting technology development work is briefly discussed.
THE NATIONAL DEFENSE RESERVE FLEET—AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
Authors: BRYAN ROBERT A. , SPARKS CHARLES J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the problems associated with establishing a pool of selected National Defense Reserve Fleet ships required to provide immediate Merchant Marine support to the Department of Defense during limited conflicts or military assistance operations.Ships from the National Defense Reserve Fleet have been called upon to respond to national shipping crises arising from actions concerning Korea and Southeast Asia. Each time the National Defense Reserve Fleet was called upon to supplement the Merchant Marine tonnage required to support a particular crisis, the Reserve Fleet ships were able to meet the need.Recent moves by U.S. Flag Operators toward intermodal ships have highlighted the value of Break—Bulk Ships in the National Defense Reserve Fleet. To meet specific emergency military requirements of the Department of Defense, the Maritime Administration working with the Navy is developing a program of Rapid Response Reactivation for Victory Ships from the National Defense Reserve Fleets. These self—sustaining ships are capable of carrying a wide variety of essential military cargoes required by current Department of Defense contingency plans.
MERCHANT SHIPS FOR WARTIME MOBILIZATION PROTOTYPE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FOR READINESS
Authors: LANDSBURG ALEXANDER C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the need for modem austere mobilization ship designs carried through prototype construction and operational stages. Such ships would need to be produced quickly during a wartime mobilization effort. Some historical background is presented along with an outline of general ship design requirements. A Maritime Administration conceptual study of three general cargo ship designs is used to illustrate the type of ships, features, and design choices involved. Producibility is the principal requirement with every effort made to decrease lead times and increase production rates. Working plans, needed to make significant reductions in production lead time, and the construction and operation of a prototype are considered necessary for wartime readiness. Alteration of certain design features could make the designs attractive for normal commercial construction and operation although a government sponsored ship building program similar to that for the MARINER design may be most desirable.
COMBAT SYSTEMS FOR THE ADVANCED NAVAL VEHICLES CONCEPTS EVALUATION
Authors: MEEKS THOMAS L. , GRAHAM CLARK , HU RICHARD C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Advanced Naval Vehicles Concepts Evaluation (ANVCE) Project is an on–going effort to examine the potential military worth, technical feasibility, and affordability of nine generic classes of “advanced” vehicles for the Navy of the 1980–2000 era. This paper discusses the lessons learned relative to selecting and integrating combat systems with high performance ships as a result of the ANVCE Project. The methodology utilized in selecting and integrating the combat suite in the ANVCE “point designs” along with a description of the selected combat suites are provided. The unique feature of high performance ships which will have an important impact on the design of combat systems is discussed. One of the principal conclusions of the paper is that greater understanding and communication are required among naval operators, high performance ship designers, and combat systems engineers.
HULL GIRDER STRUCTURAL DESIGN – THE CASE FOR NEW LOADING CONDITIONS FOR EXTREME WAVES
Authors: BUCKLEY WILLIAM H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTHall girder failures and major damage of commercial shipping, which have resulted from operating in storm wave conditions daring the past several years, have been examined to determine if design for conventional, statically balanced “hogging” and “sagging” conditions Is entirely adequate. A synopsis of the buildup of wind and wave conditions has been presented for five casualties in American waters so as to characterize the seaway conditions in which critical bending moments have been encountered. The characteristics of storm waves have been investigated initially by reviewing wave data obtained in the Gulf of Mexico during Hurricane CAMTLLE. These wave data, superimposed on MARINER Model Slamming Data, illustrate the likelihood of severe “slamming” loads occurring under extreme storm conditions. From these studies it is concluded that wave steepness is a critical parameter from a dynamic loading point of view, and that large waves of extreme steepness can exist in major storms. Based upon these findings, as well as observed storm damage to hull girders, It is recommended that two additional loading cases be considered which provide for 1) impulsive bottom or bow flare slamming loads acting in combination with ordinary wave loadings, and 2) impulsive weatherdeck loads in breaking waves acting in combination with ordinary wave loadings.
DESIGN BUDGETING—A NEW DIMENSION IN ACQUISITION STRATEGY
Authors: MAURELLI JOSEPH , SCOTT ROBERT J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTDesign Budgeting is a new Navy lead ship acquisition strategy which permits the continuation of selected ship system engineering development well into detail design and construction without impacting overall ship schedule. This is accomplished by deleting those portions of the contract drawings and specifications in which further development is desired. Design Budgets are substituted for this data in a format which permits bid preparation yet allows design change within the overall envelope of the budgets up to the point where total detail design must proceed in the budgeted areas. This paper describes the development of the Design Budget concept, its initial application to the DDG—47, and the advantages afforded to the Navy and shipbuilder by avoiding premature freezing of developmental systems and Inadequate Government—Furnished Information. The method of converging the Design Budgets into firm engineering data suitable for detail design is described with emphasis on the schedules for convergence, tracking of margins, and negotiating changes which exceed the budgets.
THE USE OF MAINTENANCE DATA TO IMPROVE FLEET MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Authors: REINES J. , MCCORMICK J.P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to explain and demonstrate the value of using historical Navy maintenance data in analyses for developing improved Fleet maintenance practices.The Navy produces great volumes of maintenance and maintenance—related data on its ships, ship systems, and equipments. Analyses of these data by persons familiar with the intricacies of the data and the systems involved can provide the information and insight needed to evaluate present practices and develop improved Fleet maintenance. This paper identifies specific data elements, together with their sources, that have proven to be most useful. Capabilities of the data are highlighted, and the general analysis approach is described.A number of case studies are presented to trace the use of various data elements from their source, through analysis, to the requirements for improved maintenance practices.
INVESTIGATION OF BABBITT METAL BONDING FOR SHIPBOARD APPLICATION
Authors: VASSILAROS MIKE G. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSeveral methods of casting babbitt metal to steel were evaluated for bond strength by use of tensile—type specimens. The methods investigated were the use of a tin bath, torch/tin stick, and electroplated nickel to insure proper babbitt—to—steel bond, as well as no tinning. Of the methods performed, only the tin—bath method consistently produced a bond stronger than the babbitt metal itself. The bond strengths developed in the other methods tested were erratic and always less than that obtained with the tin—bath method. The torch/tin stick method gave an adequate compromise between bond strength and convenient application. It was found that the oxide formed on the tinned surface which precludes good bonding could be effectively removed by the use of flux during babbitt casting.