bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MIXING TASTE ILLUSIONS: THE EFFECT OF MIRACULIN ON BINARY AND TRINARY MIXTURES
Authors: CAPITANIO ANTONELLA , LUCCI GIULIANA , TOMMASI LUCA 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTMiraculin, the extract of miracle fruit (Richadella dulcifica or Synsepalum dulcificum), is a taste‐modifying protein, its effect consisting in a temporary and almost complete replacement of sour taste with sweet taste. Despite psychophysical investigations were carried out in the past, very little is known about the effect of this molecule on taste interactions. We investigated the changes induced by miraculin on the gustatory sensations evoked by isolated tastants (citric acid, caffeine, NaCl and sucrose) and by binary and trinary mixtures that included a sour tastant (citric acid). We confirmed the effects of miraculin on citric acid, both as a single tastant and in mixtures. In mixtures including a salty tastant, the “illusory sweetness” induced by miraculin significantly reduced saltiness. Variable effects were shown on the perception of bitterness, although mostly in the direction of bitterness suppression. Finally, contrary to previous results, miraculin added sweetness in mixtures that included a sweet tastant.PRATICAL APPLICATIONSThe taste‐modifying protein miraculin has been known since long time due to its surprising property of transforming sourness into sweetness. Here, we put at test the properties of miraculin in mixtures, proving that its sweetness‐inducing effect has an impact also on saltiness and bitterness, provided that the mixture includes a sour tastant (citric acid). In all mixtures containing NaCl (sour‐salty, sour‐salty‐bitter and sour‐salty‐sweet), saltiness was significantly reduced, suggesting a suppressive interaction between miraculin‐induced sweetness and NaCl. Similarly, although less strongly, the bitterness (of caffeine) was suppressed in two mixtures out of three (sour‐bitter and sour‐bitter‐sweet).
POSSIBILITY FOR A STRAWBERRY JAM SENSORY STANDARD
Authors: KOPPEL K. , TIMBERG L. , SALUMETS A. , PAALME T. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTSensory and instrumental characteristics of 25 commercial strawberry jam samples manufactured in 11 countries were compared to determine whether the development of a sensory or origin standard for strawberry jams was practical. Appearance, texture and flavor attributes were evaluated by sensory analysis. Color, hardness, sugar and acid profile, pH, dry weight and Brix of the samples were measured using instrumental means. The sweet attribute was correlated with total sugars (0.88), glucose (0.68), sucrose content (0.71), Brix (0.89) and dry weight of the samples (0.91). Sensory properties indicated three clusters of jams: (1) sweet, red‐colored jams holding a high‐fruit content; (2) jams containing artificial aromas and a granular structure; and (3) brown‐colored jams that were somewhat bitter, sour and astringent. Those clusters were independent of country of origin, thus a Protected Designation of Origin standard does not seem appropriate. However, a sensory standard based on color, sweetness and natural strawberry identity appears possible.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSStrawberry flavoring and strawberry jams are used widely in various food products including pastries, dairy products and confectionery. Product developers, technologists and scientists in the food industry can benefit if a standard for the strawberry jam product category can be developed that are not dependent on country of origin.
TONGUE–PALATE INTERACTIONS DURING SWALLOWING
Authors: KIESER JULES , BOLTER CHRIS , RANIGA NITIN , WADDELL J. NEIL , SWAIN MICHAEL , FARLAND GUY 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTInvestigating the sequence and magnitude of tongue movements against the hard palate during swallowing is basic to understanding the process by which the bolus is moved from the front of the mouth to the pharynx. Here we outline the basic muscular anatomy of the tongue, and we report on specific pressure patterns generated at three positions along the midline: at the front, middle and back of the hard palate. We show that there are sharp amplitudinal changes from positive to negative pressures at all three locations. While these pressure patterns show large interindividual variations, they appear to be consistent within individuals, irrespective of bolus size or consistency. Tentatively, we are able to identify three basic patterns; Type I, squeezer – a mostly positive pressure cascade from the front to the back of mouth; Type II, slider – characterized by an effortless and extended swallow, and Type III, slapper – large positive and negative pressure fluctuations during each swallow. Finally, we found that the most variability in pressure fluctuations occurred in the front of the mouth, from which we conclude that the front of the tongue has a predominant organisational role, whereas the back of the tongue is mostly propulsional.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSWhile tongue pressure patterns during liquid swallowing vary greatly between persons, they appear to be highly specific within individuals. While some individuals have seemingly effortless swallows, others are more forceful and either squeeze their bolus or apply rapidly changing positive and negative forces to it. The results presented here also show that these patterns remain conserved irrespective of bolus consistency or volume, suggesting that novel foodstuffs might have to be individually designed with three swallowing types in mind. We also show maximum variation at the front of the tongue, emphasising an organisational rather than purely propulsional role for this area. This knowledge will be useful in designing and formulating new food products, particularly for those suffering from dysphagia, an inability to swallow normally.
TEXTURE PERCEIVED ON INULIN‐ENRICHED LOW‐FAT SEMISOLID DAIRY DESSERTS. RHEOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL BASIS
Authors: BAYARRI SARA , GONZÁLEZ‐TOMÁS LUIS , HERNANDO ISABEL , LLUCH Ma ANGELES , COSTELL ELVIRA 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present work is to study whether the perceived texture of low‐fat dairy desserts with inulin of different average chain lengths, can be explained by the rheological parameters and by structural characteristics. Creaminess, roughness and mouth coating of low‐fat samples with short‐chain or native inulin added, did not differ in the intensity of these attributes with respect to whole‐milk sample, although their visual consistency and thickness were perceived as significantly lower of that of whole‐milk sample. The addition of long‐chain inulin gives rise to a low‐fat product with the same thickness intensity as the full‐fat sample, though less creamy, rougher and with more mouth coating. Both flow and viscoelastic rheological indices values were related with differences in thickness observed among samples, but not with the variation in creaminess or roughness. The latter attributes could be explained by the presence of the inulin aggregates observed by microstructure analysis and detected by particle size distribution measurements.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAlthough mechanical and rheological properties are the predominant stimuli affecting texture perception in most foods, to match the rheological behavior of different samples does not guarantee matching the texture perceived. The aim of this work was to explain differences on the perceived texture of starch‐based dairy desserts with inulin of different average chain lengths added. The results have shown that although rheological data were able to explain the differences in thickness perceived, structural information is needed to understand differences in creaminess and roughness.
Regional Distribution and Prospects of Potash in China
Authors: Mianping ZHENG , Yongsheng ZHANG , Heran YUAN , Xifang LIU , Wenxi CHEN , Jinsuo LI 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:China was formed by amalgamation of several small continental blocks (cratons), micro, blocks and orogenic belts in different paleoclimatic settings. It may be correlated with other continental blocks but has its own specific characteristics; therefore the tectonic environments of China's marine and continental saline basins and salt, and potash, forming environment have some specific characteristics: multiple phases of salt formation, difference in salt, forming ages, migration and concentration of salt, forming processes and diversity of component materials, as well as small sizes of marine saline basins and great changes of saline basins in the late stage and occurrence of abundant liquid mineral resources. The nature of the tectonic basement exerted a key controlling effect on the formation of potash basins. The stable tectonic region was favorable for potash concentration in a quasi, stable region, and quasi, and the quasi‐stable region was favorable for salt concentration and potash formation in a local stable tectonic region. Most China's major ancient saline basins occur in “quasi, cratons (continental block)”; especially all the marine saline basins occur in continental blocks with the Precambrian basement. These regions are the key ones for potash search. Most relatively large, scale soluble salt deposits are developed in relatively stable continental nuclei. According to the characteristics of the tectonic domains where China's salt, forming basins are located, the North China, Yangtze and Tarim, Qaidam salt minerogenetic domains and the northern Qiangtang, western Yunnan salt minerogenetic belt may be distinguished. Their salt and potash prospects will be discussed separately.
New Primitive Fossil Earwig from Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China (Insecta: Dermaptera: Archidermaptera)
Authors: Jingxia ZHAO , Chungkun SHIH , Dong REN , Yunyun ZHAO 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:A new genus and species Palaeodermapteron dicranum gen. et sp. nov. of the subfamily Dermapterinae and family Dermapteridae is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia in China. This article documents the earliest record of fossil earwig, extending the earwig existence to the Middle Jurassic. Detailed description and illustration of the specimen along with a brief review of the subfamily Dermapterinae are given. Evolutional trend of earwig morphology and its associated living environment are also discussed.
Internal Structure of Cambrian Fossil Embryo Markuelia Revealed in the Light of Synchrotron Radiation X‐ray Tomographic Microscopy
Authors: Gong CHENG , Fan PENG , Baichuan DUAN , Xiping DONG 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:In the light of Synchrotron Radiation X‐ray Tomographic Microscopy (SRXTM), the internal structure of Markuelia hunanensis is revealed. In one example, vitrification and peeling show the annuli hidden under the chorion. Sectioning and 3‐D reconstruction display an intact digestive tract from the inverted introvert to the terminal anus. The inverted introvert forms a rugby cavum. The following digestive tract is rope‐like coiling, parallel to the body axis, about 650 μm in length, and uniform in diameter (∼80 μm). An exquisitely preserved pipe‐like structure is hidden in the middle of the rope‐like structure, diameter 20–40 μm, with a length of ∼120 μm. We interpret this pipe‐like structure as the possible epidermis of the gut and its surroundings as the possible residue of musculature, similar to that in Priapulans. The two symmetrical rod‐shape structures connecting the body wall and digestive tract are interpreted as the possible retractor muscles. After comparing the well preserved Left‐form and Right‐form Body of Markuelia, we suggest that they may represent a dimorphism. Counted directly, one sample of Markuelia hunanensis possesses 62 annulations and the other 68.
New Data on the Mineralogy of Chromite from the Nuggihalli Schist Belt, Western Dharwar Craton, Karnataka, India: Petrogenetic Implications
Authors: RAJU Perumala V.S. , BABU Elapavalooru V.S.S.K. , MERKLE Roland K.W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:The occurrence of rhythmic layering of chromite and host serpentinites in the deformed layered igneous complexes has been noticed in the Nuggihalli schist belt (NSB) in the western Dharwar craton, Karnataka, South India. For this study, the chromitite rock samples were collected from Jambur, Tagadur, Bhakatarhalli, Ranganbetta and Byrapur in the NSB. Petrography and ore microscopic studies on chromite show intense cataclasis and alteration to ferritchromite. The ferritchromite compositions are characterized by higher Cr number (Cr/[Cr+Al]) (0.68–0.98) and lower Mg number (Mg/[Mg+Fe]) (0.33–0.82) ratios in ferritchromite compared to that of parent chromite. The formation process for the ferritchromite is thought to be related to the exchange of Mg, Al, Cr, and Fe between the chromite, surrounding silicates (serpentines, chlorites), and fluid during serpentinization.
Geochemical Characteristics and Geological Significance of Early Permian Baya'ertuhushuo Gabbro in South Great Xing'an Range
Authors: Jianfeng LIU , Xiaoguo CHI , Zhi ZHAO , Xingzhou ZHANG , Zhihong MA , Tiefu WANG , Zhaochu HU 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:Field geological investigation and geochemical analysis are carried out on Baya'ertuhushuo Gabbro in South Great Xing'an Range. Field investigation reveals that the gabbro is a magmatic intrusion rather than a component of an ophiolite suite as previously thought. Zircon laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (LA‐ICP‐MS) U‐Pb dating indicates the gabbro was formed in 274–275 Ma, just as the widespread volcanic rocks of Dashizhai Formation (P1d), monzogranites and miarolitic alkali‐feldspar granites in the study area. The gabbro has SiO2 content between 47.23 wt% and 50.17 wt%, high MgO and FeOT contents of 6.95–11.29 wt% and 7.32–12.24 wt%, respectively, and it belongs to low‐K tholeiitic series in the SiO2‐K2O diagram. The Chondrite‐normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns and primitive mantle‐normalized spider diagrams of the gabbro are similar to those of Normal Mid‐Ocean Ridge Basalt (N‐MORB) except for the enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE), such as Rb, Ba and K. In trace element tectonic discriminative diagrams, the samples are mainly plotted in the N‐MORB field, and Zircon in situ Lu‐Hf isotopic analysis also indicates the gabbro originated from depleted mantle. Through synthetic studies of the geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis of Baya'ertuhushuo gabbro, volcanic rocks of Dashizhai Formation and granitoids in the area, it is suggested that the early Permian magmatism in the Xilinhot‐Xiwuqi area formed in the tectonic setting of asthenosphere upwelling, which was caused by breaking‐off of the subducted Paleo‐Asian Ocean slab.
Geochemistry of Ore‐bearing Lamprophyre from the Cu‐Ni Deposit in Dhi Samir, Yemen
Authors: Liyan ZUO , Rongfu PEI , Kaiye SHUAI , Fengqi YANG , Riwei ZHU , Liemeng ZHANG 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:Magmatic Cu‐Ni sulfide deposits are generally associated with mafic‐ultramafic rocks and it has not been reported that lamprophyre is one of the surrounding rocks of Cu‐Ni sulfide deposits. The Dhi Samir deposit in Yemen, however, is a rare example of Cu‐Ni deposits which are hosted in lamprophyre dikes. In this paper, comprehensive research is made on petrology, petrochemistry and isotope geochemistry for Cu‐Ni‐bearing rocks in the Dhi Samir area and the results show that dark rocks related to Cu‐Ni orebodies are sodium‐weak potassium and belong to calc‐alkaline series lamprophyre, especially camptonite, characterized by enriched alkali, iron and titanium. In these rocks large‐ion‐lithophile elements are obviously concentrated, while high field strength elements slightly depleted, showing clear negative anomalies of Ta and Nb, and weak deficiency of Ti. The ΣREE is very high (225.67–290.05 ppm) and the REE partition curves are flat and right‐inclined, featuring a LREE‐enriched pattern with low negative Eu anomalies. Study of magmatic source areas indicates that the rocks have low (87Sr/86Sr) and high εNd(t), and the magmas were probably derived from the enriched mantle I (EM‐I) end‐member. Based on the LA‐ICPMS on zircon U‐Pb isotope dating, the lamprophyre in the Dhi Samir mining area has an age of 602±2.6 Ma, indicating that the rock was formed in the late Proterozoic and in an intraplate setting due to magmatism of an extensional environment in the post‐Pan‐Africa orogeny.
A Kinematic Thermal Model for Descending Slabs with Velocity Boundary Layers: A Case Study for the Tonga Subducting Slab
Authors: Keliang ZHANG , Dongping WEI 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:For the purpose of investigating the influence of metastable olivine (MO) phase transformations on both deep seismicity and stagnation of slabs, we constructed a 2‐dimensional finite element thermal model for a 120 Ma‐old 50° dipping oceanic lithosphere descending at 10 cm/yr with velocity boundary layers, which would mitigate the interference of constant velocity field for the slab. The resulting temperatures show that most of intermediate and deep earthquakes occurring within the Tonga slab are occurring inside the 800°C and 1200°C isotherm, respectively. The elevation of olivine transformation near ∼410 km and respective persistence of metastable olivine and spinel within the transition zone and beneath 660 km would thus result in bimodal positive, zonal, negative density anomalies, respectively. These results together with the resulting pressure anomalies may reflect the stress pattern of the Tonga slab: (i) slab pull force exerts above a depth of ∼230 km; (ii) MO existence changes the buoyancy force within the transition zone and facilitates slab stagnation at a depth of 660 km; (iii) as the subducting materials accumulated over 660 km, deepest earthquakes occur due to MO transformation; (iv) a flattened ‘slab’ may penetrate into the lower mantle due to the density increment of Sp transformation.
Formation Mechanism of the Changxing Formation Gas Reservoir in the Yuanba Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Shengxiang LONG , Renchun HUANG , Hongtao LI , Yuchun YOU , Guoping LIU , Zhenrui BAI 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:In a very gentle platform‐margin paleogeographic environment, platform‐margin reef flat fades carbonate reservoir rocks were developed in the Changxing Formation of Yuanba field. Later weak structural evolution and diagenetic evolution caused the Changxing Formation to form lithologic traps, with good reservoirs such as dissolved bioclastic dolostone and dissolved pore dolostone. The Changxing Formation gas reservoir is a pseudo‐layered porous lithologic gas reservoir under pressure depletion drive, with high H2S and moderate CO2 contents. This paper predictes that the conducting system for the Changxing Formation gas reservoir is possibly composed of the pores and microfractures in the Changxing Formation reservoir, the top erosional surface of the Changxing Formation, as well as the micropores and microfractures in the underlying formations. The Changxing Formation reservoir has experienced 3 hydrocarbon charging stages. This paper suggests that diffusion is the major formation mechanism for this gas reservoir. In the Middle and Late Yanshanian, the Yuanba area entered the major gas charging stage. The gas migrated mainly through diffusion and with the assistance of seepage flow in small faults and microfractures from the source rocks and the other oil‐bearing strata to the Changxing Formation carbonate reservoir rocks, forming lithologic gas pools. In the Himalayan Epoch, the lithologic traps were uplifted as a whole without strong modification or overlapping, and were favorable for gas preservation.
Using the theory of planned behaviour to understand binge drinking: The importance of beliefs for developing interventions
Authors: French David P. , Cooke Richard 
Published: February 2011

Objectives.  To elicit students’ salient beliefs in relation to binge drinking, and to examine the extent to which individual salient beliefs predict theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs in relation to binge drink, and actual drinking behaviour assessed later that evening.Design.  Longitudinal, over a single evening.Methods.  192 students were recruited as they entered a campus bar at the beginning of the evening. They completed questionnaires with open‐ended questions eliciting beliefs concerning binge drinking, and ratings scales assessing standard TPB constructs in relation to binge drinking. At the end of the evening, 181 completed a second questionnaire and recorded the number of alcoholic drinks they had consumed.Results.  Beliefs were reliably coded (all kappas ≥0.79). Students with higher intentions to binge drink were more likely to believe that their friends approved of binge drinking, and that (lack of) money would make it difficult. Students who reported drinking more alcohol at the end of the evening were more likely to believe that getting drunk is an advantage/what they would like about binge drinking tonight, that their sports teams would approve, and that celebrating, drinking patterns, and environment would make it easy to binge drink.Conclusions.  The present study has identified the individually salient beliefs relating to drinking behaviour that the TPB states should be addressed by interventions to alter behaviour, and which that should be assessed as mediators in intervention research. As a whole, these findings highlight the importance of perceived peer norms in binge drinking in this population, and support the idea of interventions to challenge the perception of social pressure to binge drink.
Development of a physical 3D anthropomorphic breast phantom
Authors: Carton Ann‐Katherine , Bakic Predrag , Ullberg Christer , Derand Helen , Maidment Andrew D. A. 
Published: February 2011

Purpose:Develop a technique to fabricate a 3D anthropomorphic breast phantom with known ground truth for image quality assessment of 2D and 3D breast x‐ray imaging systems.Methods:The phantom design is based on an existing computer model that can generate breast voxel phantoms of varying composition, size, and shape. The physical phantom is produced in two steps. First, the portion of the voxel phantom consisting of the glandular tissue, skin, and Cooper's ligaments is separated into sections. These sections are then fabricated by high‐resolution rapid prototyping using a single material with 50% glandular equivalence. The remaining adipose compartments are then filled using an epoxy‐based resin (EBR) with 100% adipose equivalence. The phantom sections are stacked to form the physical anthropomorphic phantom.Results:The authors fabricated a prototype phantom corresponding to a 450 ml breast with 45% dense tissue, deformed to a 5 cm compressed thickness. Both the rapid prototype (RP) and EBR phantom materials are radiographically uniform. The coefficient of variation (CoV) of the relative attenuation between RP and EBR phantom samples was and the CoV of the signal intensity within RP and EBR phantom samples was on average. Digital mammography and reconstructed digital breast tomosynthesis images of the authors' phantom were reviewed by two radiologists; they reported that the images are similar in appearance to clinical images, noting there are still artifacts from air bubbles in the EBR.Conclusions:The authors have developed a technique to produce 3D anthropomorphic breast phantoms with known ground truth, yielding highly realistic x‐ray images. Such phantoms may serve both qualitative and quantitative performance assessments for 2D and 3D breast x‐ray imaging systems.