bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and evaluation of a four-dimensional interface for air traffic control
Authors: Bagassi S , De Crescenzio F , Persiani F 
Published: March 2010

The increasing complexity of the air traffic system is pushing towards the development of innovative and more automated tools conceived to manage it. In this scenario, an important role is played by HCI (human—computer interfaces) used by air traffic controllers and operators to visualize and interact with air traffic data. Currently, information about three-dimensional (3D) scenery is displayed with a two-dimensional representation. This paper presents the design, development, and evaluation of an innovative interface for air traffic control (ATC) based on a four-dimensional (4D) (3D space+time) visualization display. The proposed interface allows the operator to perceive all the information, including meteorological conditions, that is useful for TWR/APP (ToWeR/APProach) control in a unique 4D synthetic reconstruction of the airport area. Particular attention is dedicated to the fourth variable, time, which is a fundamental parameter in ATC. A simple and fast trajectory prediction algorithm has been implemented in order to provide the operator with an effective ‘user assistance’ tool in conflict detection activities. The interface has been evaluated by performing test simulations and surveys were used to collect results and useful advice for its future development.
On the Chemical Composition of Sepiolite and Palygorskite
Authors: Garciá-Romero E. , Suárez M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMany studies of the chemical composition of sepiolite and palygorskite have been carried out using analytical electron microscopy (AEM). According to the literature, a compositional gap exists between sepiolites and palygorskites, but the results presented here show that they may all be intermediate compositions between two extremes. The results of >1000 AEM analyses and structural formulae have been obtained for the samples studied (22 samples of sepiolite and 21 samples of palygorskite) and indicate that no compositional gap exists between sepiolite and palygorskite. Sepiolite occupies the most magnesic and trioctahedral extreme and palygorskite the most aluminic-magnesic and dioctahedral extreme. Sepiolite and palygorskite with intermediate compositions exist between the two pure extremes: (1) sepiolite with a small proportion of octahedral substitution; (2) palygorskite with a very wide range of substitution (the pure dioctahedral extreme is unusual); and (3) intermediate forms, Al-sepiolite and Mg-palygorskite with similar or the same chemical composition. The chemical compositions of the intermediate forms can be so similar that a certain degree of polymorphism exists between Al-sepiolite and Mg-palygorskite.
Stress-Induced Alteration of Sudoite: Structural and Chemical Modifications
Authors: Ruiz Cruz María Dolores , Rodríguez Ruiz María Dolores , Sanz de Galdeano Carlos 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the structural and chemical modifications of phyllosilicates that occur under natural conditions, using the progressive deformation of chlorite (sudoite) present in quartz-rich veins from the Internal Zone of the Rif range (Morocco) as the model system. Signs of chlorite deformation include kinks, chevron-like folds, and fractures. The samples also contain later, undeformed grains, which sealed the fractures or grew with (001) perpendicular to the compressive stress. Deformation-induced structural changes consist mainly of basal cleavages associated with ordered replacement of brucite sheets by hydrated layers, thus leading to irregular microdomains of mixed-layer chlorite-vermiculite and sudoite. Such structural modifications represent a mechanism for accommodating the compressive stress. Structural changes were accompanied by minor chemical ones, which lead from di,tri-chlorite (sudoite) to phases with a more trioctahedral character (mixed-layer chlorite-vermiculite). The hydration reaction occurred throughout a topotactic replacement of the pre-existing sudoite grains. Later, undeformed grains consist of mixed-layer chlorite-vermiculite intergrown with retrogressive kaolinite and minor Fe oxide, and are interpreted as having formed through a dissolution-precipitation process, during deformation. Retrogression of sudoite probably occurred during the latest stage of exhumation, in low-temperature conditions.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Kaolinite and its Formation Mechanism
Authors: Ryu Kyoung-Won , Jang Young-Nam , Chae Soo-Chun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn spite of many studies of kaolinite synthesis, questions remain as to the transformation of gel into kaolinite, the kinetics of the reaction, and the influence of solution chemistry. The purpose of the present study was to perform a hydrothermal synthesis in order to understand better the transformation from boehmite to kaolinite. Kaolinite was synthesized from amorphous SiO2 and Al(OH)3·xH2O at fixed temperature (250°C) and pressure (30 bar). The initial pH of the solution was 2. The reaction time for the synthesis was varied from 2 to 36 h. The physical properties of synthesized kaolinite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, field-emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS).The early stage of kaolinite synthesis followed activation of amorphous Al(OH)3·xH2O to initiate the reactions, i.e. ionization and subsequent crystallization of boehmite. The boehmite reacted continuously with Si4+ dissolved in solution and gradually transformed to disordered, lath-shaped boehmite. In XRD and IR patterns, the typical peaks of boehmite were weakened or disappeared following the reaction.Structural transformation from boehmite to kaolinite occurred when the Al/Si ratio of the aluminosilicate was 1.0. The kaolinite formed was in the form of curved flakes and its crystallinity increased with reaction time. In the final stage of reaction the morphology of kaolinite changed from flaky to polygonal. The hexagonal, platy kaolinite was therefore developed to allow the gradual variation of the chemical composition, crystal structure, and morphology.
Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Origin of Bentonite in Upper Cretaceous Pyroclastic Units of the Tirebolu Area, Giresun, Northeast Turkey
Authors: Arslan Mehmet , Abdiogğlu Emel , Kadir Selahattin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWidespread alteration in the Upper Cretaceous pyroclastic units of the Tirebolu (Giresun) area, NE Turkey, has resulted in significant occurrences of bentonite with economic potential. No detailed geological, mineralogical, or geochemical characterization of these occurrences has been carried out to date. The aim of this study was to describe the geological background, the mineralogical, chemical, and stable-isotope characteristics of the bentonite, and major aspects of their formation, e.g. type and source of low-temperature alteration, mass balance, chemical evolution of the smectites, and geochemistry of major and trace elements. The bentonite contains abundant smectite with occasional kaolinite and mordenite, volcanogenic feldspar, quartz, biotite, hornblende, glass shards, and pumice fragments, along with the diagenetic minerals, opal-CT, and, in some locations, calcite. X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay fractions exhibit characteristics of pure montmorillonite and beidellite-type smectite. Micromorphologically, the smectite exhibits a honeycomb texture, the kaolinite occurs in both vermiform and irregular platy forms, and the mordenite occurs in fibrous form. All of these minerals are edged with devitrified volcanic glass and resorbed feldspar. Chemically, the smectites are Ca-smectite. Geochemical data indicate that alteration of the pyroclastic units took place under suboxic and anoxic environmental conditions during bentonite formation. Field observations and mineralogical, geochemical, oxygen, and hydrogen isotopic data indicate that the alteration of feldspar and volcanic glass in the pyroclastics by mixed meteoric and sea water in a shallow marine environment under alkaline and acidic conditions, respectively, controlled by environmental Al, Ca, and Na concentrations, resulted in the formation of authigenic smectite, mordenite, and kaolinite. A large Ca content in the smectite originated from surrounding units, which resulted in high alkalinity; Mg originated from seawater.
Enrichment and Detection of Rare Alleles by Means of Snapback Primers and Rapid-Cycle PCR
Authors: Zhou Luming , Palais Robert A , Smith G Denice , Anderson Daniel , Rowe Leslie R , Wittwer Carl T 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Background: Selective amplification of minority alleles is often necessary to detect cancer mutations in clinical samples.
Methods: Minor-allele enrichment and detection were performed with snapback primers in the presence of a saturating DNA dye within a closed tube. A 5′ tail of nucleotides on 1 PCR primer hybridizes to the variable locus of its extension product to produce a hairpin that selectively enriches mismatched alleles. Genotyping performed after rapid-cycle PCR by melting of the secondary structure identifies different variants by the hairpin melting temperature (Tm). Needle aspirates of thyroid tissue (n = 47) and paraffin-embedded biopsy samples (n = 44) were analyzed for BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) variant p.V600E, and the results were compared with those for dual hybridization probe analysis. Needle aspirates of lung tumors (n = 8) were analyzed for EGFR [epidermal growth factor receptor (erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-b) oncogene homolog, avian)] exon 19 in-frame deletions.
Results: Use of 18-s cycles and momentary extension times of “0 s” with rapid-cycle PCR increased the selective amplification of mismatched alleles. A low Mg2+ concentration and a higher hairpin Tm relative to the extension temperature also improved the detection limit of mismatched alleles. The detection limit was 0.1% for BRAF p.V600E and 0.02% for EGFR exon 19 in-frame deletions. Snapback and dual hybridization probe methods for allele quantification of the thyroid samples correlated well (R2 = 0.93) with 2 more BRAF mutations (45 and 43, respectively, of 91 samples) detected after snapback enrichment. Different EGFR in-frame deletions in the lung samples produced different hairpin Tms.
Conclusions: Use of snapback primers for enrichment and detection of minority alleles is simple, is inexpensive to perform, and can be completed in a closed tube in &lt;25 min.
Some natural decision problems in automatic graphs
Authors: Kuske Dietrich , Lohrey Markus 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFor automatic and recursive graphs, we investigate the following problems:(A) existence of a Hamiltonian path and existence of an infinite path in a tree(B) existence of an Euler path, bounding the number of ends, and bounding the number of infinite branches in a tree(C) existence of an infinite clique and an infinite version of set coverThe complexity of these problems is determined for automatic graphs and. supplementing results from the literature, for recursive graphs. Our results show that these problems(A) are equally complex for automatic and for recursive graphs (-complete).(B) are moderately less complex for automatic than for recursive graphs (complete for different levels of the arithmetic hierarchy),(C) are much simpler for automatic than for recursive graphs (decidable and -complete, resp.).
Asleep at the Wheel: Pharmacy Practice Research Advocacy and Knowledge Translation by Canadian Pharmacy Organizations
Authors: Truong Kalena , Rosenthal Meagen , Tsuyuki Ross T. 
Published: March 2010

Background: The Blueprint for Pharmacy clearly articulates the need and imperative for pharmacy practice to move toward patient-centred care. Pharmacy professional organizations have a crucial role to play in this change, through leadership, communication and advocacy. This survey aimed to determine what knowledge translation (KT) activities were performed by Canadian pharmacy professional organizations in relation to a major pharmacy practice study. Methods: We sent a letter summarizing the findings and implications of the recently published hypertension trial, SCRIP- HTN, to the leaders of each pharmacy regulatory and advocacy body in Canada. Six months later, we followed up with these groups to inquire about KT activities that had been performed around the study findings. Results: Of the 22 organizations, 3 performed some type of KT activity. The major barrier to KT cited by the regulatory bodies was that it was not their job. The most common reason given by the advocacy bodies was that the study or its implications were not a priority. Other barriers included lack of time, lack of resources and political issues. Conclusion: KT and advocacy by our pharmacy professional organizations was practically nonexistent. This must change if we are to put into effect the vision of the Blueprint for Pharmacy for pharmacy practice change and optimal patient care.
Être entrepreneur de soi-même après la loi du 4 août 2008 : les impasses d'un modèle productif individuel
Authors: Levratto Nadine , Serverin Évelyne 
Published: March 2010

La loi de modernisation de l’économie du 4 août 2008 a voulu introduire un nouveau statut d’entrepreneur individuel, l’auto-entrepreneur, avec l’objectif déclaré de soutenir une politique économique conjuguant lutte contre le chômage, recherche de points de croissance et amélioration du pouvoir d’achat. Le propos de cet article est de mettre en discussion le modèle de l’auto-entrepreneur qui sous-tend ce texte, en adoptant un double point de vue : juridique sur le modèle du travail, économique sur le modèle de l’entreprise. La première section discute la proclamation d’indépendance de l’auto-entrepreneur, en mettant en évidence l’existence de multiples dépendances juridiques, dans le cadre du cumul d’activités d’une part, dans l’exercice même de l’activité productive d’autre part ; la seconde section s’attache aux tensions existant entre la structure de l’auto-entreprise et, d’une part les objectifs de croissance des entreprises, d’autre part les théories de l’entreprise et de l’entrepreneur.
L'« activité économique », un critère d'applicabilité du droit de la concurrence rebelle à la conceptualisation
Authors: Bernard Elsa 
Published: March 2010

Parce qu’elle poursuit une finalité précise – en l’occurrence délimiter le champ d’application du droit de la concurrence –, la notion fonctionnelle d’activité économique ne peut être que contingente. Sa conceptualisation étant illusoire, elle sert, en droit, de « prétexte juridiquement correct » pour identifier les activités soumises aux règles de la concurrence et celles qui leur échappent. Le recours au critère de l’activité économique peut s’expliquer par la nécessité de poser des limites juridiques à un domaine par essence économique : le marché. S’il est en effet souhaitable que le droit de la concurrence soit appliqué à divers types d’échanges sociaux, il est indispensable que d’autres échanges échappent, compte tenu de leur nature, aux règles du marché. Il s’agit alors de circonscrire l’applicabilité du droit de la concurrence à un ordre et d’en préserver les autres, afin que la logique du marché ne s’étende pas au-delà des limites souhaitées par le pouvoir politique. C’est donc la nécessité de soumettre certaines situations aux lois du marché ou, au contraire, de les en protéger qui conditionne, implicitement, la conception que les autorités de la concurrence et le juge retiennent de l’activité économique. Cette démarche finaliste explique que la notion reste rebelle à toute conceptualisation.
Propriété intellectuelle, concurrence et régulation – limites de protection et limites de contrôle
Authors: Ullrich Hanns 
Published: March 2010

Dans l’Union européenne, la politique de concurrence relative aux pratiques restrictives liées à l’exercice des droits de propriété intellectuelle a considérablement changé d’orientation. Alors que dans le domaine des pratiques contractuelles et concertées (Art. 81 Traité CE), les accords de licence, dits de « transfert de technologie » bénéficient d’une généreuse exemption par catégorie, et que les communautés de brevets sont évaluées de façon bienveillante, les pratiques unilatérales (Art. 82 Traité CE), notamment les refus de licence et même les stratégies de prise de brevets, sont considérées d’un œil vigilant. Il en résulte non seulement des contradictions, mais aussi un potentiel accru de conflits entre l’autonomie d’acquisition et d’exploitation des droits exclusifs et les règles de concurrence, lequel demande un réexamen des rapports entre le système de protection de la propriété intellectuelle, notamment le système de la protection par brevets, et le droit de la concurrence. Contrairement à l’idée reçue sur l’existence de rapports de complémentarité entre les finalités du système de la propriété intellectuelle et les règles de concurrence, l’auteur considère l’octroi et la protection de droits exclusifs comme constituant un sous-système de l’ordre concurrentiel, dont le but est de permettre et de promouvoir une concurrence inter-technologies, que le droit de la concurrence est censé protéger contre toute pratique anticoncurrentielle. En tant que tel, le but du droit contre les restrictions à la concurrence n’est ni de corriger le système de protection en général ou au cas par cas, ni d’en compenser les déficits éventuels. Plus exactement, une telle « régulation » de la protection ne peut être accomplie que par la bonne configuration et la judicieuse mise en œuvre du système de propriété, de ses limites et de ses « exceptions » internes. C’est à cette fin que l’auteur développe en matière de protection de la propriété intellectuelle l’idée d’une approche fonctionnaliste et contextuelle de l’interprétation de la portée et de la réalisation de la finalité de cette protection. Cette approche permettrait de mieux comprendre et de cerner avec plus de précision l’autonomie d’acquisition et d’exploitation des droits exclusifs. Cette thèse est illustrée par une nouvelle approche des conflits entre le droit des brevets et la normalisation technique dite « ouverte ».
Lck Mediates Th2 Differentiation through Effects on T-bet and GATA-3
Authors: Kemp Kyeorda L. , Levin Steven D. , Bryce Paul J. , Stein Paul L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Src family kinase Lck has been shown to be crucial in T cell signaling and development. However, its role in Th effector functions is not well understood. Lck has previously been shown to play a role in the cytokine expression of Th2 cells, but the mechanism by which Lck influences Th2 effector functions is unknown. Using a mouse model, we report that Lck is important in regulating the expression of IL-4 in Th2 skewed cells but is not as necessary for the expression of Th2 cytokines IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. Furthermore, in the absence of Lck, T-bet and GATA-3 expression is aberrant. Moreover, this atypical expression pattern of T-bet and GATA-3 correlates with increased histone 3 acetylation at the Ifng locus and production of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ. We find overexpression of GATA-3 restores IL-4 expression in lck−/− Th2 cells; this indicates that the decreased IL-4 expression is due in part to reduced amounts of GATA-3. Taken together, these data imply that Lck mediates Th2 differentiation through effects on T-bet and GATA-3.
Chemokine Receptor 4 Plays a Key Role in T Cell Recruitment into the Airways of Asthmatic Patients
Authors: Vijayanand Pandurangan , Durkin Kesta , Hartmann Guido , Morjaria Jaymin , Seumois Gregory , Staples Karl J. , Hall David , Bessant Christina , Bartholomew Michelle , Howarth Peter H. , Friedmann Peter S. , Djukanović Ratko 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
T lymphocytes of the Th2 type are central orchestrators of airway inflammation in asthma. The mechanisms that regulate their accumulation in the asthmatic airways remains poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that CCR4, preferentially expressed on T lymphocytes of the Th2 type, plays a critical role in this process. We enumerated by flow cytometry the CCR4-expressing T cells from blood, induced sputum, and biopsy samples of patients with asthma and control subjects. We showed a positive correlation between the numbers of peripheral blood CCR4+ T cells and asthma severity, provided evidence of preferential accumulation of CCR4+ T cells in asthmatic airways, and demonstrated that CCR4+ but not CCR4− cells from patients with asthma produce Th2 cytokines. Explanted airway mucosal biopsy specimens, acquired by bronchoscopy from subjects with asthma, were challenged with allergen and the explant supernatants assayed for T cell chemotactic activity. Allergen-induced ex vivo production of the CCR4 ligand, CCL17 was raised in explants from patients with asthma when compared with healthy controls. Using chemotaxis assays, we showed that the T cell chemotactic activity generated by bronchial explants can be blocked with a selective CCR4 antagonist or by depleting CCR4+ cells from responder cells. These results provide evidence that CCR4 might play a role in allergen-driven Th2 cell accumulation in asthmatic airways. Targeting this chemokine receptor in patients with asthma might reduce Th2 cell-driven airway inflammation; therefore, CCR4 antagonists could be an effective new therapy for asthma. This study also provides wider proof of concept for using tissue explants to study immunomodulatory drugs for asthma.
Disrupting the Intermolecular Self-Association of Itk Enhances T Cell Signaling
Authors: Min Lie , Wu Wenfang , Joseph Raji E. , Fulton D. Bruce , Berg Leslie , Andreotti Amy H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Tec family tyrosine kinase (Itk), is a key component of the TCR signaling pathway. Biochemical studies have shown that Itk activation requires recruitment of Itk to the membrane via its pleckstrin homology domain, phosphorylation of Itk by the Src kinase, Lck, and binding of Itk to the SLP-76/LAT adapter complex. However, the regulation of Itk enzymatic activity by Itk domain interactions is not yet well understood. In this study, we show that full-length Itk self-associates in an intermolecular fashion. Using this information, we have designed an Itk variant that exhibits reduced self-association but maintains normal binding to exogenous ligands via each of its regulatory domains. When expressed in insect cells, the Itk substrate phospholipase Cγ1 is phosphorylated more efficiently by the Itk variant than by wild-type Itk. Furthermore, expression of the Itk variant in primary murine T cells induced higher ERK activation and increased calcium flux following TCR stimulation compared with that of wild-type Itk. Our results indicate that the Tec kinase Itk is negatively regulated by intermolecular clustering and that disruption of this clustering leads to increased Itk kinase activity following TCR stimulation.