bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Au Nanoparticles on Archaeal S-Layer Ghosts as Templates
Authors: Selenska-Pobell Sonja , Reitz Thomas , Schönemann Rico , Herrmansdörfer Thomas , Merroun Mohamed , Geißler Andrea , Bartolomé Juan , Bartolomé Fernando , García Luis Miguel , Wilhelm Fabrice , Rogalev Andrei 
Published: June 2012

Cell-ghosts representing empty cells of the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, consisting only of their highly ordered and unusually stable outermost proteinaceous surface layer (S-layer), were used as templates for Au nanoparticles fabrication. The properties of these archaeal Au nanoparticles differ significantly from those produced earlier by us onto bacterial S-layer sheets. The archaeal Au nanoparticles, with a size of about 2.5 nm, consist exclusively of metallic Au(0), while those produced on the bacterial S-layer had a size of about 4 nm and represented a mixture of Au(0) and Au(III) in the ratio of 40 to 60 %. The most impressive feature of the archaeal Au nanoparticles is that they are strongly paramagnetic, in contrast to the bacterial ones and also to bulk gold. SQUID magnetometry and XMCD measurements demonstrated that the archaeal Au nanoparticles possess a rather large magnetic moment of about 0.1μB/atom. HR-TEM-EDX analysis revealed that the archaeal Au nanoparticles are linked to the sulfur atoms of the thiol groups of the amino acid cysteine, characteristic only for archaeal S-layers. This is the first study demonstrating the formation of such unusually strong magnetic Au nanoparticles on a non-modified archaeal S-layer.
The welfare of an unwanted guest in an urban environment: the case of the white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris)
Authors: Souza CSA , Teixeira CP , Young RJ 
Published: June 2012

AbstractOne major problem facing wildlife is urbanisation, and the increasing contact between human city dwellers and animals. In this study, we investigated the problems of urban opossums (Didelphis albiventris), through the analysis involving responses to call-outs (n = 500) made by the environmental police of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (2002 to 2007). Our objective was to characterise the problems faced by opossums and use this information to suggest how their welfare and urban management could be improved. Two types of call-outs were made: (i) solicitation whereby a person called them to report a problem; and (ii) the report of an injured animal. On average, one call-out was made every four days. There were no ‘time of year’ effects in relation to call-outs, or any effect of gender or age of the person making the call-out. Furthermore, we found no environmental (eg percentage of ‘green area’) or socio-economic variables (eg salary levels) associated with call-out frequency. The majority of call-outs resulted in the attempt to capture opossums, and usually only one animal was captured. Many of these animals were released into city forest fragments at a mean (± SEM) distance of 8,285 (± 727) m; (n = 312) from their point of capture. Injured animals were sent to veterinary clinics or to the Government's wildlife processing centre. From these data we were able to make recommendations regarding the welfare and management of urban opossums.
A survey of the attitudes of stakeholders in the zoo industry towards the husbandry requirements of captive Great Apes
Authors: Fernie AC , Tribe A , Murray PJ , Lisle A , Phillips CJC 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe attitudes of experts towards the husbandry of captive Great Apes was sought in order to gain a greater understanding of the potential importance of different features of the captive environment that may be critical in maintaining a high standard of welfare. Following initial consultation with the convener of the Primate Taxon Advisory Group of the Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria, 17 husbandry attributes, such as social structure of the group, enclosure size and staff qualifications, each with two to four levels (ie husbandry scenarios) of possible provision in an enclosure were identified and described. An online survey using Adaptive Conjoint Analysis was distributed internationally to relevant stakeholders: zoo management staff, keepers and education staff, research colony personnel, veterinarians, animal welfare organisation representatives and scientists. A total of 359 respondents completed the survey, and the average importance values for the attributes, and rank order of importance for each of their levels were calculated. Great Ape social structure, enclosure appearance, group size, avoidance provision and enclosure furnishings were considered the most important attributes of captive Great Ape husbandry, whereas feeding interval, staff qualifications, the inclusion of plants within the enclosure, enrichment rotation, and the amount of time an animal spent in an outdoor enclosure were considered of low importance. The order in which these issues were ranked was influenced by the Great Ape species, with physical attributes of the enclosure being rated as more important for orangutans(Pongo pygmaeus)and group social attributes more important for the other species. Stakeholder group had little influence on the ranking of issues. It is concluded that experts provided a consensus view on the importance of husbandry attributes of the different Great Ape species that can be used to evaluate their welfare.
Switchable Stereoselectivity: The Effects of Substituents on the D2‐Symmetric Biphenyl Backbone of Phosphoramidites in Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition Reactions with Triethylaluminium
Authors: Yu Han , Xie Fang , Ma Zhenni , Liu Yangang , Zhang Wanbin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA highly enantioselective copper‐catalyzed conjugate addition with triethylaluminium was developed using phosphoramidite ligands bearing a D2‐symmetric biphenyl backbone. For these ligands we demonstrated that the 3,3′,5,5′‐substituents on the biphenyl backbone can completely reverse the absolute configuration of the products.
Combination of double‐modified clay and polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride for the simultaneously improved thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene
Authors: Xu Yuanyuan , Guo Zhenghong , Fang Zhengping , Peng Mao , Shen Lie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDouble‐modified montmorillonite (MMT) was first prepared by covalent modification of MMT with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane and then intercalation modification by tributyl tetradecyl phosphonium ions. The obtained double‐modified MMT was melt compounded with polypropylene (PP) to obtain nanocomposites. The dispersion of the double‐modified MMT in PP was found to be greatly improved by the addition of PP‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MA) as a “compatibilizer,” whose anhydride groups can react with the amino groups on the surface of the double‐modified MMT platelets and thus improve the dispersion of MMT in PP. Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile test were used to characterize the structure of the double‐modified MMT, morphology, and the thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. The results show that PP‐g‐MA promotes the formation of exfoliated/intercalated morphology and obviously increases the thermal properties, tensile strength, and Young's modulus of the PP/double‐modified MMT nanocomposites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Numerical evaluation of lactoperoxidase inactivation during continuous pulsed electric field processing
Authors: Buckow Roman , Semrau Julius , Sui Qian , Wan Jason , Knoerzer Kai 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model describing the flow, electric field and temperature distribution of a laboratory‐scale pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment chamber with co‐field electrode configuration was developed. The predicted temperature increase was validated by means of integral temperature studies using thermocouples at the outlet of each flow cell for grape juice and salt solutions. Simulations of PEF treatments revealed intensity peaks of the electric field and laminar flow conditions in the treatment chamber causing local temperature hot spots near the chamber walls. Furthermore, thermal inactivation kinetics of lactoperoxidase (LPO) dissolved in simulated milk ultrafiltrate were determined with a glass capillary method at temperatures ranging from 65 to 80°C. Temperature dependence of first order inactivation rate constants was accurately described by the Arrhenius equation yielding an activation energy of 597.1 kJ mol−1. The thermal impact of different PEF processes on LPO activity was estimated by coupling the derived Arrhenius model with the CFD model and the predicted enzyme inactivation was compared to experimental measurements. Results indicated that LPO inactivation during combined PEF/thermal treatments was largely due to thermal effects, but 5–12% enzyme inactivation may be related to other electro‐chemical effects occurring during PEF treatments. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Thiogalactopyranosides are Resistant to Hydrolysis by α‐Galactosidases
Authors: Adlercreutz Dietlind , Yoshimura Yayoi , Mannerstedt Karin , Wakarchuk Warren W. , Bennett Eric P. , Dovichi Norman J. , Hindsgaul Ole , Palcic Monica M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFluorescently tagged glycosides containing terminal α(1→3) and α(1→4)‐linked thiogalactopyranosides have been prepared and tested for resistance to hydrolysis by α‐galactosidases. Eight fluorescent glycosides containing either galactose or 5‐thiogalactose as the terminal sugar were enzymatically synthesized using galactosyltransferases, with lactosyl glycosides as acceptors and UDP‐galactose or UDP‐5′‐thiogalactose, respectively, as donors. The glycosides were incubated with human α‐galactosidase A (CAZy family GH27, a retaining glycosidase), Bacteroides fragilis α‐1,3‐galactosidase (GH110, an inverting glycosidase), or homogenates of MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells or NG108‐15 rat glioma cells. Substrate hydrolysis was monitored by capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection. All compounds containing terminal O‐galactose were readily degraded. Their 5‐thiogalactose counterparts were resistant to hydrolysis by human α‐galactosidase A and the enzymes present in the cell extracts. B. fragilis α‐1,3‐galactosidase hydrolyzed both thio‐ and O‐galactoside substrates; however, the thiogalactosides were hydrolyzed at only 1–3 % of the rate of O‐galactosides. The hydrolytic resistance of 5‐thiogalactose was also confirmed by an in vivo study using cells in culture. The results suggest that 5‐thiogalactosides may be useful tools for the study of anabolic pathways in cell extracts or in single cells.
Syntheses and Fully Diastereospecific Photochromic Reactions of Thiophenophan‐1‐enes with Chiral Bridges
Authors: Jin‐nouchi Hirotsugu , Takeshita Michinori 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThiophenophan‐1‐enes with chiral polyether bridges were prepared and their diastereospecific photochromic reactions were studied. The coupling reaction of substituted dithienylethenes and various chiral synthons afforded thiophenophan‐1‐enes, namely, bridged dithienylethenes, as single enantiomers without optical resolution, thus indicating that these reactions occurred diastereoselectively. Upon UV irradiation, each optically active thiophenophan‐1‐ene isomerized to the corresponding enantiomer of the closed form and returned to the initial enantiomer of the open form upon visible irradiation. Because thiophenophan‐1‐enes never isomerized to other diastereomers even at a high temperature, they underwent diastereospecific photochromic reactions. Large changes were observed in the measurement of the optical rotations of the solutions of thiophenophan‐1‐enes at 588 nm according to their photochromic reactions. As there was no absorption at this wavelength for both isomers of each thiophenophan‐1‐enes, the nondestructive readout of the photochromic reaction could be carried out by using these chiral thiophenophan‐1‐enes.
Structure‐based finite strain modelling of the human left ventricle in diastole
Authors: Wang H. M. , Gao H. , Luo X. Y. , Berry C. , Griffith B. E. , Ogden R. W. , Wang T. J. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYFinite strain analyses of the left ventricle provide important information on heart function and have the potential to provide insights into the biomechanics of myocardial contractility in health and disease. Systolic dysfunction is the most common cause of heart failure; however, abnormalities of diastolic function also contribute to heart failure, and are associated with conditions including left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetes. The clinical significance of diastolic abnormalities is less well understood than systolic dysfunction, and specific treatments are presently lacking. To obtain qualitative and quantitative information on heart function in diastole, we develop a three‐dimensional computational model of the human left ventricle that is derived from noninvasive imaging data. This anatomically realistic model has a rule‐based fibre structure and a structure‐based constitutive model. We investigate the sensitivity of this comprehensive model to small changes in the constitutive parameters and to changes in the fibre distribution. We make extensive comparisons between this model and similar models that employ different constitutive models, and we demonstrate qualitative and quantitative differences in stress and strain distributions for the different constitutive models. We also provide an initial validation of our model through comparisons to experimental data on stress and strain distributions in the left ventricle. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated Modelling of ASDEX Upgrade Nitrogen Seeded Discharges
Authors: Zagörski R. , Neu R. , ASDEX Upgrade Team  
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this paper we present integrated numerical modelling for the first time applied to ASDEX Upgrade nitrogen seeded discharges with full tungsten wall using the COREDIV code. It has been found that the code is able to reproduce experimental data for majority of the considered shots. In particular, satisfactory agreement with global core parameters like Pdiv, Prad, Zeff, Wmhd, τE and ΓpuffN has been found. However, COREDIV shows significantly larger W concentrations (factor 3‐10) than in experiment and the reason for this discrepancy is not clear. Some plasma profiles are also reasonably simulated by the code. This includes profiles of plasma density, temperatures, Zeff and plasma radiations (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fluorescent target array killing assay: A multiplex cytotoxic T‐cell assay to measure detailed T‐cell antigen specificity and avidity in vivo
Authors: Quah Benjamin J. C. , Wijesundara Danushka K. , Ranasinghe Charani , Parish Christopher R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHere we describe a multiplex, fluorescence‐based, in vivo cytotoxic T‐cell assay using the three vital dyes carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester, cell trace violet, and cell proliferation dye efluor 670. When used to label cells in combination, these dyes can discriminate >200 different target cell populations in the one animal due to each target population having a unique fluorescence signature based on fluorescence intensity and the different emission wavelengths of the dyes. This allows the simultaneous measurement of the in vivo killing of target cells pulsed with numerous peptides at different concentrations and the inclusion of many replicates. This fluorescent target array killing assay can be used to measure the fine antigen specificity and avidity of polyclonal cytotoxic T‐cell responses in vivo, immunological parameters that were previously impossible to monitor. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Toward a reference method for leukocyte differential counts in blood: Comparison of three flow cytometric candidate methods
Authors: Roussel Mikael , Davis Bruce H. , Fest Thierry , Wood Brent L. ,   on behalf of the International Council for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH)
Published: June 2012

AbstractA Complete Blood Count performed by an automated hematology analyzer frequently requires a microscopic slide review. Recently, we and others have proposed combinations of monoclonal antibodies for an extended leukocyte differential by flow cytometry. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of these proposals. Ninety‐two samples were analyzed at 2 sites to compare the accuracy of three published methods. Reference methods used were i) cell counter for leukocyte count and ii) microscopic review as defined by CSLI H20‐A2 for cell subsets. Comparison of flow cytometers from 2 manufacturers (FC500 and CANTO/LSRII) was performed. Published protocols were adapted to three different models of flow cytometer and each provided similar results in leukocyte subset enumeration, although some discrepancies were noted for each protocol in comparison with the reference method. The conclusion is that each protocol carries advantages and disadvantages and there is no clear “winner”. This study supports the fact that flow cytometry is a candidate to become a reference method for the leukocyte differential. None of the tested protocols clearly demonstrated superiority and each had demonstrable deficiencies. Additional work to develop a consensual 8 to 10 color panel is concluded to be necessary for a satisfactory reference method. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Gram‐Scale Synthesis of Multipod Pd Nanocrystals by a Simple Solid–Liquid Phase Reaction and Their Remarkable Electrocatalytic Properties
Authors: Liu Suli , Han Min , Shi Yi , Zhang Chengzhi , Chen Yu , Bao Jianchun , Dai Zhihui 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we describe how multipod Pd nanocrystals (NCs) have been synthesized on the gram scale by means of a simple solid–liquid phase reaction route (i.e., thermal reduction of solid Pd(CH3COO)2 in the liquid mixture of dodecylamine, oleic acid, and 1‐octadecene under a temperature‐programmed mode). The nanostructure evolves from the initially generated larger polyhedral NCs into smaller ones and then into the final multipods. The dodecylamine acts as both a mild reductant and a promoter, which affects the reduction rate and decreases the size of the initially formed polyhedral PdNCs. The morphology of the final NCs, such as tri‐ and tetrapods, may be determined by the number of growing points on each polyhedral NC. According to the temperature‐ and time‐dependent experiments, a multistep growth mechanism including digestive ripening, oriented attachment, and fusion process is proposed. This simple solid–liquid phase reaction route can be extended to prepare other multipod metal nanostructures. The multipod PdNCs are found to have a high electrochemically active surface area and possess excellent electrocatalytic performance toward the oxidation of formic acid. Relative to that of polyhedral Pd and commercial Pd black catalysts, the multipod PdNCs exhibit much higher catalytic activity and long‐term stability, which may make them a good candidate catalyst for direct formic acid fuel cells. This developed synthetic strategy together with the provided fundamental understanding of heterogeneous nucleation and growth has great potential for contriving a rational route to the preparation of advanced nanomaterials with specific morphology for catalytic and other functional applications.
Driver drowsiness detection based on multisource information
Authors: Cheng Bo , Zhang Wei , Lin Yingzi , Feng Ruijia , Zhang Xibo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDriver drowsiness is one of the major causes of on‐road accidents. Abnormal eye behavior, steering wheel activity, and vehicle trajectory during different drowsiness stages were studied in detail to overcome the limitations of single‐sensor approaches. Some measures, such as percentage of eyelid closure, maximum close duration, and percentage of nonsteering were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods. Moreover, a two‐stage data fusion framework was developed for the modeling combination of information from different sources. Fisher's linear discriminant was implied as the feature‐level fusion method, and Dempster‐Shafer evidence theory was introduced in the decision‐level fusion process. The results suggest that the recognition system proposed here provided 90.7% accuracy. The reliability and accuracy of the fusion method were significantly higher than those of single sensors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risks of carbamate and organophosphate pesticide mixtures to salmon in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Moore Dwayne RJ , Teed R Scott 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest are being affected by a variety of environmental stressors including intense fishing pressure, parasites and disease, climatic variability and change, land development, hatchery production, hydropower operations, stormwater runoff, and exposure to toxic contaminants. In recent years, there has been much concern that mixtures of pesticides are causing toxic effects to Pacific salmon. In this study, we compared measured stream water concentrations from 2 monitoring studies conducted in the Pacific Northwest with concentration-response curves derived for inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) for mixtures of organophosphate (OPs) and carbamate (CBs) pesticides. In the first monitoring study, samples were collected from 2003 to 2007 in salmonid-bearing waters of 5 urban or agricultural watersheds in Washington State. This study was targeted to areas of high pesticide use and generally involved weekly sampling during the pesticide use season. The second monitoring study was the United States Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment that included samples taken from 2003 to 2010 in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. OPs and CBs were frequently detected in both studies. The available monitoring data collected since 2003, however, demonstrates that mixtures of OPs and CBs in surface waters rarely occur at levels capable of producing significant physiological and behavioral effects in Pacific salmon. The observed mixtures never reached concentrations capable of causing mortality. We conclude that mixtures of organophosphates and carbamates do not pose a significant direct risk to Pacific salmon. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 70–78. © 2012 SETAC
Non‐conformal geometry discretization scheme for hybrid volume and surface integral equation method
Authors: Hu Jun , Li Yin , Feng Xiang , Nie Zaiping 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn traditional integral equation method, conformal geometry discretization with adjacent edges or faces is very difficult to realize in case of complicated structures like composite conductor and dielectric. It will also lead to a very ill‐conditioned matrix because of over‐meshed elements. In this paper, a flexible, non‐conformal geometry discretization scheme based on hybrid volume and surface integral equation is developed for meshing three‐dimensional composite conductor and dielectric structures. For surface discretization of conductor, grid‐robust higher order vector‐basis functions are adopted. It keeps the flexibility of geometry modeling and reduces the number of the unknowns because of the property of point‐basis functions. For volume discretization of dielectric, non‐conformal volume‐basis functions are used. Further, the integral equation‐fast Fourier transformation algorithm is applied to expedite matrix–vector multiplication in iteration process. Some numerical results are given to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this method. Because of truly full non‐conformal discretization scheme, the present method has no difficulty of geometry discretization and has potential for structures with complicated geometry and materials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.