bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel combination of orientation measurements and transmission microscopy for experimental determination of grain boundary miller indices in silicon and other semiconductors
Authors: FUNKE C. , BEHM T. , HELBIG R. , SCHMID E. , WÜRZNER S. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe determination of grain boundary planes in multicrystalline material has only been restricted to transmission electron microscope investigations (Jang et al., 1992; Elgat et al., 1985) or to metallograpical investigations of the grain boundary (Randle et al., 1993). The first method is expensive, and both are complex and time consuming in grain boundary preparation. This paper proposes the determination of grain boundary planes in semiconductor wafer by a combined application of Electron Back Scatter Diffraction and Infrared Transmission Microscopy. In particular, the new method is demonstrated with directional solidificated multicrystalline silicon.
Integration of molecular, ecological, morphological and endosymbiont data for species delimitation within thePnigalio soemiuscomplex (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: GEBIOLA M. , GÓMEZ‐ZURITA J. , MONTI M.M. , NAVONE P. , BERNARDO U. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIntegrative taxonomy is a recently developed approach that uses multiple lines of evidence such as molecular, morphological, ecological and geographical data to test species limits, and it stands as one of the most promising approaches to species delimitation in taxonomically difficult groups. ThePnigalio soemiuscomplex (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) represents an interesting taxonomical and ecological study case, as it is characterized by a lack of informative morphological characters, deep mitochondrial divergence, and is susceptible to infection by parthenogenesis‐inducingRickettsia. We tested the effectiveness of an integrative taxonomy approach in delimiting species within theP. soemiuscomplex. We analysed two molecular markers (COI and ITS2) using different methods, performed multivariate analysis on morphometric data and exploited ecological data such as host–plant system associations, geographical separation, and the prevalence, type and effects of endosymbiont infection. The challenge of resolving different levels of resolution in the data was met by setting up a formal procedure of data integration within and between conflicting independent lines of evidence. An iterative corroboration process of multiple sources of data eventually indicated the existence of several cryptic species that can be treated as stable taxonomic hypotheses. Furthermore, the integrative approach confirmed a trend towards host specificity within the presumed polyphagousP. soemiusand suggested thatRickettsiacould have played a major role in the reproductive isolation and genetic diversification of at least two species.
Speciation with gene flow and the genetics of habitat transitions
Authors: CRISTESCU MELANIA E. , CONSTANTIN ANNA , BOCK DAN G. , CÁCERES CARLA E. , CREASE TERESA J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWhether speciation can advance to completion in the face of initially high levels of gene flow is a very controversial topic in evolutionary biology. Extensive gene exchange is generally considered to homogenize populations and counteract divergence. Moreover, the role of introgressive hybridization in evolution remains largely unexplored in animals, particularly in freshwater zooplankton in which allopatric speciation is considered to be the norm. Our work investigates the genetic structure of two young ecological species: the pond species, Daphnia pulex and the lake species, Daphnia pulicaria. Phylogenetic and population genetics analyses were conducted on mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5) gene, the nuclear Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh) gene and 21 nuclear microsatellite markers in 416 individuals from habitats with various degrees of permanence. The strong and consistent phylogenetic discordance between nuclear and mitochondrial markers suggests a complex evolutionary history of multiple independent habitat transition events that involved hybridization and introgression between lake and pond Daphnia. On the other hand, the low level of contemporary gene flow between adjacent populations indicates the presence of effective habitat isolating barriers. The Daphnia system provides strong evidence for a divergence‐with‐gene flow speciation model that involves multiple habitat transition events.
Begomovirus–whitefly mutualism is achieved through repression of plant defences by a virus pathogenicity factor
Authors: ZHANG TONG , LUAN JUN‐BO , QI JIN‐FENG , HUANG CHANG‐JUN , LI MENG , ZHOU XUE‐PING , LIU SHU‐SHENG 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPlant‐mediated interactions between herbivorous arthropods and pathogens transmitted by herbivores are important determinants of the population dynamics of both types of organisms in the field. The role of plant defence in mediating these types of tripartite interactions have been recognized but rarely examined especially at the physiological and molecular levels. Our previous work shows that a worldwide invasive whitefly can establish mutualism with the begomovirus Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) via crop plants. Here, we show that TYLCCNV and betasatellite co‐infection suppresses jasmonic acid defences in the plant. Impairing or enhancing defences mediated by jasmonic acid in the plant enhances or depresses the performance of the whitefly. We further demonstrate that the pathogenicity factor βC1 encoded in the betasatellite is responsible for the initiation of suppression on plant defences and contributes to the realization of the virus–vector mutualism. By integrating ecological, mechanistic and molecular approaches, our study reveals a major mechanism of the plant‐mediated mutualism between a virus and its vector. As the test plant is an important economic crop, the results also have substantial implications for developing novel strategies for management of crop viruses and the insect vectors associated with them.
Genetic diversity in epichloid endophytes ofHordelymus europaeussuggests repeated host jumps and interspecific hybridizations
Authors: OBERHOFER MARTINA , LEUCHTMANN ADRIAN 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEpichloid fungal endophytes (EpichloëandNeotyphodiumspp.) are excellent model systems for studying speciation processes because of their variable life history traits that are linked to host grass fitness. Presumed jumps to new hosts and subsequent somatic hybridizations appear to be common among epichloid endophytes resulting in increased genetic variation upon which selection can act and speciation be initiated. In this study, we explored the endophyte diversity of a rare European native woodland grass species,Hordelymus europaeus, along a latitudinal transect covering the entire distribution range ofH. europaeus. From 28 populations in six countries, isolates were sampled and molecularly characterized. Based on the sequences oftubBandtefA, six distinct epichloid taxa (interspecific hybrid or cryptic haploid species) were found, of which four were novel and two have been previously reported from this host. Of the novel endophytes, two were presumed to be interspecific hybrids and two of nonhybrid origin. While previously known endophytes ofH. europaeusare seed‐born and strictly asexual, one of the novel nonhybrid endophytes found in the glacial refugium of the Apennine peninsula reproduced sexually in cultured plants. This is the first case of a seed‐borne, but sexually reproducing endophyte of this host. We discuss the origin, and possible ancestral species, of the six epichloid taxa using phylogenetic analyses. Repeated host jumps and somatic hybridizations characterize the diversity of the endophytes. To date, no other grass species is known to host a larger diversity of endophytes thanH. europaeus.
Claudin‐1, Claudin‐2 and Claudin‐11 Genes Differentially Associate with Distinct Types of Anti‐inflammatory Macrophages In vitro and with Parasite‐ and Tumour‐elicited Macrophages In vivo
Authors: Van den Bossche J. , Laoui D. , Morias Y. , Movahedi K. , Raes G. , De Baetselier P. , Van Ginderachter J. A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMacrophages altered by various Th2‐associated and anti‐inflammatory mediators – including IL‐4 and IL‐13 [inducing alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs)], IL‐10 and TGF‐β– were generically termed M2. However, markers that discriminate between AAMs and other M2 remain scarce. We previously described E‐cadherin as a marker for AAMs, permitting these macrophages to fuse upon IL‐4 stimulation. To identify novel potential contributors to macrophage fusion, we assessed the effect of IL‐4 on other adherens and tight junction–associated components. We observed an induction of claudin‐1 (Cldn1), Cldn2 and Cldn11 genes by IL‐4 in different mouse macrophage populations. Extending our findings to other stimuli revealed Cldn1 as a mainly TGF‐β‐induced gene and showed that Cldn11 is predominantly associated with IL‐4‐induced AAMs. Cldn2 is upregulated by diverse stimuli and is not associated with a specific macrophage activation state in vitro. Interestingly, different claudin genes preferentially associate with M2 from distinct diseases. While Cldn11 is predominantly expressed in AAMs from helminth‐infected mice, Cldn1 is the major macrophage claudin during chronic trypanosomiasis and Cldn2 dominates in tumour‐associated macrophages. Overall, we identified Cldn1, Cldn2 and Cldn11 as genes that discriminate between diverse types of M2.
TGD4 involved in endoplasmic reticulum‐to‐chloroplast lipid trafficking is a phosphatidic acid binding protein
Authors: Wang Zhen , Xu Changcheng , Benning Christoph 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe synthesis of galactoglycerolipids, which are prevalent in photosynthetic membranes, involves enzymes at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the chloroplast envelope membranes. Genetic analysis of trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TGD) proteins in Arabidopsis has demonstrated their role in polar lipid transfer from the ER to the chloroplast. The TGD1, 2, and 3 proteins resemble components of a bacterial‐type ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter, with TGD1 representing the permease, TGD2 the substrate binding protein, and TGD3 the ATPase. However, the function of the TGD4 protein in this process is less clear and its location in plant cells remains to be firmly determined. The predicted C‐terminal β‐barrel structure of TGD4 is weakly similar to proteins of the outer cell membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria. Here, we show that, like TGD2, the TGD4 protein when fused to DsRED specifically binds phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). As previously shown for tgd1 mutants, tgd4 mutants have elevated PtdOH content, probably in extraplastidic membranes. Using highly purified and specific antibodies to probe different cell fractions, we demonstrated that the TGD4 protein was present in the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts, where it appeared to be deeply buried within the membrane except for the N‐terminus, which was found to be exposed to the cytosol. It is proposed that TGD4 is either directly involved in the transfer of polar lipids, possibly PtdOH, from the ER to the outer chloroplast envelope membrane or in the transfer of PtdOH through the outer envelope membrane.
RNAi‐independent de novo DNA methylation revealed in Arabidopsis mutants of chromatin remodeling gene DDM1
Authors: Sasaki Taku , Kobayashi Akie , Saze Hidetoshi , Kakutani Tetsuji 
Published: January 2012

SummaryMethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me) and small RNAs are associated with constitutively silent chromatin in diverse eukaryotes including plants. In plants, silent transposons are also marked by cytosine methylation, especially at non‐CpG sites. Transposon‐specific non‐CpG methylation in plants is controlled by small RNAs and H3K9me. Although it is often assumed that small RNA directs H3K9me, interaction between small RNA and H3K9me has not been directly demonstrated in plants. We have previously shown that a mutation in the chromatin remodeling gene DDM1 (DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION 1) induces a global decrease but a local increase of cytosine methylation and accumulation of small RNA at a locus called BONSAI. Here we show that de novo BONSAI methylation does not depend on RNAi but does depend on H3K9me. In mutants of H3K9 methyltransferase gene KRYPTONITE or the H3K9me‐dependent DNA methyltransferase gene CHROMOMETHYALSE3, the ddm1‐induced de novo cytosine methylation was abolished for all three contexts (CpG, CpHpG and CpHpH). Furthermore, RNAi mutants showed strong developmental defects when combined with the ddm1 mutation. Our results revealed unexpected interactions of epigenetic modifications that may be conserved among diverse eukaryotes.
Footprints of natural and artificial selection for photoperiod pathway genes in Oryza
Authors: Huang Chao‐Li , Hung Cheng‐Yu , Chiang Yu‐Chung , Hwang Chi‐Chuan , Hsu Tsai‐Wen , Huang Chi‐Chun , Hung Kuo‐Hsiang , Tsai Kun‐Chan , Wang Kuo‐Hsiung , Osada Naoki , Schaal Barbara Anna , Chiang Tzen‐Yuh 
Published: January 2012

SummaryAsian rice, Oryza sativa, consists of two major subspecies, indica and japonica, which are physiologically differentiated and adapted to different latitudes. Genes for photoperiod sensitivity are likely targets of selection along latitude. We examined the footprints of natural and artificial selections for four major genes of the photoperiod pathway, namely PHYTOCHROME B (PhyB), HEADING DATE 1 (Hd1), HEADING DATE 3a (Hd3a), and EARLY HEADING DATE 1 (Ehd1), by investigation of the patterns of nucleotide polymorphisms in cultivated and wild rice. Geographical subdivision between tropical and subtropical O. rufipogon was found for all of the photoperiod genes in plants divided by the Tropic of Cancer (TOC). All of these genes, except for PhyB, were characterized by the existence of clades that split a long time ago and that corresponded to latitudinal subdivisions, and revealed a likely diversifying selection. Ssp. indica showed close affinity to tropical O. rufipogon for all genes, while ssp. japonica, which has a much wider range of distribution, displayed complex patterns of differentiation from O. rufipogon, which reflected various agricultural needs in relation to crop yield. In japonica, all genes, except Hd3a, were genetically differentiated at the TOC, while geographical subdivision occurred at 31°N in Hd3a, probably the result of varying photoperiods. Many other features of the photoperiod genes revealed domestication signatures, which included high linkage disequilibrium (LD) within genes, the occurrence of frequent and recurrent non‐functional Hd1 mutants in cultivated rice, crossovers between subtropical and tropical alleles of Hd1, and significant LD between Hd1 and Hd3a in japonica and indica.
Peptidyl‐prolylcis‐transisomerase ROF2 modulates intracellular pH homeostasis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Bissoli Gaetano , Niñoles Regina , Fresquet Sandra , Palombieri Samuela , Bueso Eduardo , Rubio Lourdes , García‐Sánchez María J. , Fernández José A. , Mulet José M. , Serrano Ramón 
Published: January 2012

SummaryIntracellular pH must be kept close to neutrality to be compatible with cellular functions, but the mechanisms of pH homeostasis and the responses to intracellular acidification are mostly unknown. In the plantArabidopsis thaliana, we found that intracellular acid stress generated by weak organic acids at normal external pH induces expression of several chaperone genes, includingROF2, which encodes a peptidyl‐prolylcis‐transisomerase of the FK506‐binding protein class. Loss of function ofROF2, and especially double mutation ofROF2and the closely related geneROF1, results in acid sensitivity. Over‐expression ofROF2confers tolerance to intracellular acidification by increasing proton extrusion from cells. The activation of the plasma membrane proton pump (H+‐ATPase) is indirect: over‐expression ofROF2activates K+uptake, causing depolarization of the plasma membrane, which activates the electrogenic H+pump. The depolarization ofROF2over‐expressing plants explains their tolerance to toxic cations such as lithium, norspermidine and hygromycin B, whose uptake is driven by the membrane potential. AsROF2induction and intracellular acidification are common consequences of many stresses, this mechanism of pH homeostasis may be of general importance for stress tolerance.
The ecological advantage of sexual reproduction in multicellular long‐lived organisms
Authors: SONG Y. , SCHEU S. , DROSSEL B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe present a model for the advantage of sexual reproduction in multicellular long‐lived species in a world of structured resources in short supply. The model combines features of the Tangled Bank and the Red Queen hypothesis of sexual reproduction and is of broad applicability. The model is ecologically explicit with the dynamics of resources and consumers being modelled by differential equations. The life history of consumers is shaped by body mass‐dependent rates as implemented in the metabolic theory of ecology. We find that over a broad range of parameters, sexual reproduction wins despite the two‐fold cost of producing males, due to the advantage of producing offspring that can exploit underutilized resources. The advantage is largest when maturation and production of offspring set in before the resources of the parents become depleted, but not too early, due to the cost of producing males. The model thus leads to the dominance of sexual reproduction in multicellular animals living in complex environments, with resource availability being the most important factor affecting survival and reproduction.
Low heritabilities, but genetic and maternal correlations between red squirrel behaviours
Authors: TAYLOR R. W. , BOON A. K. , DANTZER B. , RÉALE D. , HUMPHRIES M. M. , BOUTIN S. , GORRELL J. C. , COLTMAN D. W. , McADAM A. G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractConsistent individual differences in behaviour, and behavioural correlations within and across contexts, are referred to as animal personalities. These patterns of variation have been identified in many animal taxa and are likely to have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Despite their importance, genetic and environmental sources of variation in personalities have rarely been characterized in wild populations. We used a Bayesian animal model approach to estimate genetic parameters for aggression, activity and docility in North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). We found support for low heritabilities (0.08–0.12), and cohort effects (0.07–0.09), as well as low to moderate maternal effects (0.07–0.15) and permanent environmental effects (0.08–0.16). Finally, we found evidence of a substantial positive genetic correlation (0.68) and maternal effects correlation (0.58) between activity and aggression providing evidence of genetically based behavioural correlations in red squirrels. These results provide evidence for the presence of heritable variation in red squirrel behaviour, but also emphasize the role of other sources of variation, including maternal effects, in shaping patterns of variation and covariation in behavioural traits.
Interactive Effects of High Boron and NaCl Stresses on Subcellular Localization of Chloride and Boron in Wheat Leaves
Authors: Masood S. , Wimmer M. A. , Witzel K. , Zörb C. , Mühling K. H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSalinity and boron (B) toxicity often occur simultaneously and may have interactive effects on plant responses. This study aims at further investigating long‐term effects of salinity, B toxicity and their combination on wheat plants. Plants grown in hydroponics were treated with 2.5 μm H3BO3 (control), 75 mm NaCl, 200 μm H3BO3 or 75 mm NaCl + 200 μm H3BO3 and were analysed on a subcellular level 6 weeks after germination. Shoot fresh and dry weight (DW), water content, transpiration rate and osmolality were reduced, while Na+ and Cl− concentrations increased under salinity stress. However, Cl− was reduced in all compartments by an additional application of B toxicity. At adequate B supply, NaCl increased apoplastic and symplastic soluble B concentrations, whereas the total B content remained unchanged. At high B level, however, soluble and total B was reduced by additional salt stress. Despite this antagonistic effect of a combined salt and B toxicity stress on Cl− and B concentrations, an additive effect was observed regarding shoot fresh weight reduction. Our results confirm an alleviating effect of the combined stresses on toxic ion concentrations, which did not prevent additive growth reductions.
Microsporum Canis Infections in Hungary: Microsporum‐canis‐Infektionen in Ungarn
Authors: Török Ibolya , Simon Gy. , Pap Maria 
Published: January 2012

Summary: In Hungary, Microsporum canis infections spreading from animal to man were only sporadically diagnosed between 1961–1975. Since 1976, tinea capitis and corporis caused by Microsporum canis has been increasing from year to year especially in Budapest and its surroundings. The patients were mostly children. Infections of the scalp were rather resistant to treatment, and were controlled only by prolonged griseofulvin and local therapy.Zusammenfassung: In Ungarn wurden vom Tier auf den Menschen übertragbaren Microsporum canis Infektionen zwischen 1961–1975 nur selten diagnostiziert. Seit 1976 wurden Tinea capitis und corporis Infektionen durch Microsporum canis von Jahr zu Jahr ‐ besonders in Budapest und in der Umgebung ‐ immer häufiger festgestellt. Die Kranken sind überwiegend Kinder. Die Tinea capitis Fälle reagieren schwer zur Griseofulvintherapie. Die Kranken sind überwiegend Kinder. Die Tinea capitis Fänger mit Griseofulvin und auch lokal behandelt werden.
“In vitro” Antimycotic Activity of Fenticonazole (Rec 15/1476): Die antimykotische Wirkung von Fenticonazole (Rec 15/1476)
Authors: Costa A. L. 
Published: January 2012

Summary: The “in vitro” activity of Fenticonazole (Rec 15/1476) against a large variety of wild and collection fungi, in comparison with some trade drugs, was studied. The fungistatic and fungicidal activity of Fenticonazole was also studied against a certain number of yeasts variing the pH of the medium.The results of the “in vitro” tests have demonstrated good activity of Fenticonazole against dermatophytes and against fungi responsible for deep infections.The activity of Fenticonazole against yeasts is very good at acid pH while it decreases at alkaline pH.Zusammenfassung: Die “invitro” Wirksamkeit von Fenticonazole (Rec 15/1476) gegen ver‐schieden pathogene Pilze wurde untersucht. Das Spektrum der fungiziden Wirkung ist sehr breit: Dermatophyten, Hefen und dimorphe Pilze werden stark gehemmt.Fenticonazole zeigt “in vitro” die hwöchste Wirkung gegen hefen bei pH 4–5.
Bioavailability, Skin‐and Nailpenetration of Topically Applied Antimycotics*
Authors: Stüttgen G. , Bauer Elke 
Published: January 2012

Summary: The penetration and permeation of econazol, oxiconazol and dimethylmorpholinohydrochlorid in the human skin and nails have been performed using the measurement of radio labelled substances (C14≅ 250 μCi/ml) in vitro (penetration chamber) and in vivo.The penetration of the antimycotics inside the horny layer of the skin and the layers of the nail (10 μg/ml) ist sufficient enough to inhibit the growth of fungi by fungistatic mechanism.DMSO increases the penetration rate into the nail plate. Antimycotics solved in tinctures show a better penetration into the nails than the ointments which have advantages in penetrating the skin.The small fungicid effect and low dose in the deeper nails explains the long time topical treatment necessary at least for 6 months respectively the moulting process of the nail keratin.