bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Mass Index Before and After Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Associations with All-Cause, Breast Cancer, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Authors: Nichols Hazel B. , Trentham-Dietz Amy , Egan Kathleen M. , Titus-Ernstoff Linda , Holmes Michelle D. , Bersch Andrew J. , Holick Crystal N. , Hampton John M. , Stampfer Meir J. , Willett Walter C. , Newcomb Polly A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Background: Factors related to improving outcomes in breast cancer survivors are of increasing public health significance. We examined postdiagnosis weight change in relation to mortality risk in a cohort of breast cancer survivors.
Methods: We analyzed data from a cohort of 3,993 women with ages 20 to 79 years living in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, or Wisconsin with invasive nonmetastatic breast cancers diagnosed in 1988 to 1999 identified through state registries. Participants completed a structured telephone interview 1 to 2 years after diagnosis and returned a mailed follow-up questionnaire in 1998 to 2001 that addressed postdiagnosis weight and other factors. Vital status information was obtained from the National Death Index through December 2005. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models and adjusted for prediagnosis weight, age, stage, smoking, physical activity, and other important covariates.
Results: During an average 6.3 years of follow-up from the postdiagnosis questionnaire, we identified 421 total deaths, including 121 deaths from breast cancer and 95 deaths from cardiovascular disease. Increasing postdiagnosis weight gain and weight loss were each associated with greater all-cause mortality. Among women who gained weight after breast cancer diagnosis, each 5-kg gain was associated with a 12% increase in all-cause mortality (P = 0.004), a 13% increase in breast cancer–specific mortality (P = 0.01), and a 19% increase in cardiovascular disease mortality (P = 0.04). Associations with breast cancer mortality were not modified by prediagnosis menopausal status, cigarette smoking, or body mass index.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that efforts to minimize weight gain after a breast cancer diagnosis may improve survival. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(5):1403–9)
HER-2/neu Overexpression as a Predictor for the Transition from In situ to Invasive Breast Cancer
Authors: Roses Robert E. , Paulson E. Carter , Sharma Anupama , Schueller Jeanne E. , Nisenbaum Harvey , Weinstein Susan , Fox Kevin R. , Zhang Paul J. , Czerniecki Brian J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The clinical implications of HER-2/neu (HER2) expression in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions have yet to be clearly elucidated; this despite the more frequent expression of HER2 in high-grade DCIS lesions compared with invasive cancers. We hypothesized that HER2 overexpression in DCIS is associated with more rapid progression to invasive disease. Immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 was done on DCIS specimens. Univariate analysis and a multivariate logistic regression were done to determine whether estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or HER2 status, comedo necrosis, nuclear grade, lesion size, or patient age predicted the presence of associated invasive disease in patients with DCIS. Invasive foci were found in association with HER2 overexpressing DCIS at a higher frequency than with DCIS that did not overexpress HER2. Although high nuclear grade, large lesion size, and HER2 overexpression were all associated with the presence of invasive disease on univariate analysis, HER2 was the only significant predictor for the presence of invasive disease after multivariate adjustment (odds ratio, 6.4; P = 0.01). These data indicate that HER2 overexpression in DCIS lesions predicts the presence of invasive foci in patients with DCIS and suggest that targeting of HER2 in an early disease setting may forestall or prevent disease progression. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(5):1386–9)
TP53 R249S Mutations, Exposure to Aflatoxin, and Occurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Cohort of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Carriers from Qidong, China
Authors: Szymañska Katarzyna , Chen Jian-Guo , Cui Yan , Gong Yun Yun , Turner Paul Craig , Villar Stéphanie , Wild Christopher Paul , Parkin Donald Maxwell , Hainaut Pierre 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high mortality in East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, two regions where the main etiologic factors are chronic infections with hepatitis B virus and dietary exposure to aflatoxin. A single base substitution at the third nucleotide of codon 249 of TP53 (R249S) is common in HCC in these regions and has been associated with aflatoxin-DNA adducts. To determine whether R249S may be detected in plasma DNA before HCC diagnosis, we conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort of adult chronic hepatitis B virus carriers from Qidong County, People's Republic of China. Of the 234 plasma specimens that yielded adequate DNA, only 2 (0.9%) were positive for R249S by restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and both of them were controls. Of the 249 subjects tested for aflatoxin-albumin adducts, 168 (67%) were positive, with equal distribution between cases and controls. Aflatoxin-albumin adduct levels were low in the study, suggesting an overall low ongoing exposure to aflatoxin in this cohort. The R249S mutation was detected in 11 of 18 (61%) available tumor tissues. To assess whether low levels of mutant DNA were detectable in pre-diagnosis plasma, 14 plasma specimens from these patients were analyzed by short oligonucleotide mass analysis. Nine of them (64%) were found to be positive. Overall, these results suggest that HCC containing R249S can occur in the absence of significant recent exposure to aflatoxins. The use of short oligonucleotide mass analysis in the context of low ongoing aflatoxin exposure may allow the detection of R249S in plasma several months ahead of clinical diagnosis. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(5):1638–43)
Dietary Patterns, Food Groups, and Rectal Cancer Risk in Whites and African-Americans
Authors: Williams Christina Dawn , Satia Jessie A. , Adair Linda S. , Stevens June , Galanko Joseph , Keku Temitope O. , Sandler Robert S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground: Associations between individual foods and nutrients and colorectal cancer have been inconsistent, and few studies have examined associations between food, nutrients, dietary patterns, and rectal cancer. We examined the relationship between food groups and dietary patterns and risk for rectal cancer in non-Hispanic Whites and African-Americans.Methods: Data were from the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study—Phase II and included 1,520 Whites (720 cases, 800 controls) and 384 African-Americans (225 cases, 159 controls). Diet was assessed using the Diet History Questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.Results: Among Whites, nonwhole grains and white potatoes were associated with elevated risk for rectal cancer whereas fruit, vegetables, dairy, fish, and poultry were associated with reduced risk. In African-Americans, high consumption of other fruit and added sugar suggested elevated risk. We identified three major dietary patterns in Whites and African-Americans. The high fat/meat/potatoes pattern was observed in both race groups but was only positively associated with risk in Whites (odds ratio, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-3.15). The vegetable/fish/poultry and fruit/whole grain/dairy patterns in Whites had significant inverse associations with risk. In African-Americans, there was a positive dose-response for the fruit/vegetables pattern (Ptrend &lt; 0.0001) and an inverse linear trend for the legumes/dairy pattern (Ptrend &lt; 0.0001).Conclusion: Our findings indicate that associations of certain food groups and overall dietary patterns with rectal cancer risk differ between Whites and African-Americans, highlighting the importance of examining diet and cancer relationships in racially diverse populations. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(5):1552–61)
Suitability of Self-Collected Vaginal Samples for Cervical Cancer Screening in Periurban Villages in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Sowjanya A. Pavani , Paul Proma , Vedantham Haripriya , Ramakrishna Gayatri , Vidyadhari D. , Vijayaraghavan K. , Laksmi Shantha , Sudula Mrudula , Ronnett Brigitte M. , Das Manik , Shah Keerti V. , Gravitt Patti E. ,   on behalf of the Community Access to Cervical Health Study Group
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objectives: Our aim was to determine if (1) Hybrid Capture 2 and a PCR-based method were comparable for detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) clinician-collected and self-collected samples were equally efficient to detect HPV and cervical cancer precursor lesions, and (3) if participation rates improved with home-based versus clinic-based self collection.
Methods: Samples were selected from women participating in a cervical cancer screening study according to HPV, visual inspection with acetic acid, or Pap smear screening results. From 432 of 892 selected women, split sample aliquots were tested for HPV DNA using both the Hybrid Capture 2 assay and the Roche prototype line blot assay. Women from a subset of villages were recruited at two separate time points for clinic-based self-collection and home-based self-collection, and participation rates were compared.
Results: Pairwise agreement between self- and clinician-collected samples was high by both Hybrid Capture 2 (90.8% agreement, κ = 0.7) and PCR (92.6% agreement, κ = 0.8), with significantly increased high-risk HPV detection in clinician-collected specimens (McNemar's P &lt; 0.01). Ability to detect precursor lesions was highest by PCR testing of clinician-collected samples and lowest by Hybrid Capture 2 testing of self-collected samples (11 of 11 and 9 of 11 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 and cancer detected, respectively). Participation in home-based screening was significantly higher than clinic-based screening (71.5% and 53.8%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001) among women ages 30 to 45 years.
Conclusion: The combination of improved screening coverage and a high single test sensitivity afforded by HPV DNA testing of home-based self-collected swabs may have a greater programmatic effect on cervical cancer mortality reduction compared with programs requiring a pelvic exam. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(5):1373–8)
Reproducibility of Random Periareolar Fine Needle Aspiration in a Multi-Institutional Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ibarra-Drendall Catherine , Wilke Lee G. , Zalles Carola , Scott Victoria , Archer Laura E. , Lem Siya , Yee Lisa D. , Lester Joanne , Kulkarni Swati , Murekeyisoni Christine , Wood Marie , Wilson Karen , Garber Judy , Gentry Carleen , Stouder April , Broadwater Gloria , Baker Joseph C. , Vasilatos Shauna N. , Owens Elizabeth , Rabiner Sarah , Barron Abbey C. , Seewaldt Victoria L. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Background: Random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) is a research technique developed to assess short-term breast cancer risk in women at increased risk of breast cancer. Although there is increasing acceptance of RPFNA, neither the reproducibility nor the inter–institutional compatibility of RPFNA has been established. To address these key limitations, the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) Prevention Group tested the reproducibility of RPFNA in a multi-institutional cross-sectional study.
Methods: Sixty-three high-risk women from five CALGB institutions (Duke, Ohio State, Roswell Park, Dana Farber, and Vermont) underwent RPFNA from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008. Duplicate bilateral RPFNA was performed on each woman by a single investigator on a single day. Masood Cytology Index score was assessed by a single blinded cytopathologist.
Results: There was a high degree of statistical agreement in the Masood Cytology Index scores of duplicate RPFNA samples from the same breast, with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.8312 (P &lt; 0.0001). Importantly, although there was agreement in duplicate samples from the same breast, there was lack of agreement between duplicate samples from the opposite breast.
Conclusions: This multi-institutional study shows that RPFNA is a highly reproducible measure of breast cytology in a cooperative group cross-sectional trial. RPFNA did not show a high degree of agreement between breasts, suggesting that breast cancer risk and progression may occur at different rates in individual breasts from a single woman. These studies provide proof-of-principle for future RPFNA-based cooperative group prevention studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(5):1379–85)
Relationship between Epidemiologic Risk Factors and Hormone Receptor Expression in Ovarian Cancer: Results from the Nurses' Health Study
Authors: Hecht Jonathan L. , Kotsopoulos Joanne , Hankinson Susan E. , Tworoger Shelley S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHormone receptor expression in tumors may offer etiologic information for ovarian cancer, particularly in light of known associations with hormonal and reproductive risk factors. Tissue microarrays constructed from 157 paraffin-embedded blocks of epithelial ovarian tumors collected from participants in the Nurses' Health Study were stained for estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR). We examined receptor expression by invasion, grade, and histologic subtype. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was used to evaluate whether hormonal, reproductive, and anthropometric risk factors were differentially associated with the risk of developing receptor-positive or receptor-negative ovarian tumors compared with controls. PR-expressing tumors were less likely to be invasive (P = 0.05) and more likely to be of a lower grade (P &lt; 0.001) and stage (P = 0.007) compared with PR− tumors. ERα status was not associated with any pathologic features of the tumor (P &gt; 0.34). Increasing age, being postmenopausal, and postmenopausal hormone use were associated with an increased risk of developing ERα+, but not ERα- (Pheterogeneity = 0.001, 0.06, and 0.06, respectively) and PR−, but not PR+, tumors (Pheterogeneity = 0.08, 0.003, and 0.40, respectively), whereas height was only associated with the risk of developing PR− disease (Pheterogeneity = 0.08). There were no clear risk differentials with OC use, parity, body mass index, or physical activity. Reproductive and hormonal risk factors are associated with subgroups of ovarian cancer defined by histologic subtype or ERα and PR status. These finding support specific models of hormone mediated triggers of ovarian cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(5):1624–30)
Wnt-1 Protein as a Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatitis B–Related and Hepatitis C–Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Surgery
Authors: Lee Hao-Hsien , Uen Yih-Huei , Tian Yu-Feng , Sun Chi-Shu , Sheu Ming-Jen , Kuo Hsing-Tao , Koay Lok-Beng , Lin Ching-Yih , Tzeng Ching-Cherng , Cheng Chia-Ju , Tang Ling-Yu , Tsai Sun-Lung , Wang Andrew H-J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Background: Up-regulation of Wnt-1 protein has been reported in hepatitis B virus (HBV)–related and hepatitis C virus (HCV)–related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and cell lines. It is known to play a fundamental role in signaling cancer progression, whereas its prognostic role in HCC remains unexplored.
Methods: As a prognostic biomarker, this study analyzed Wnt-1 protein expression in 63 histology-verified HCC patients receiving curative resection. In each paired tumor and nontumor specimen, Wnt-1 levels were semiquantitatively measured by Western blotting and expressed by tumor/nontumor ratio. The data were further correlated with quantitative real-time PCR as well as with β-catenin and E-cadherin expression by immunohistochemistry. Cumulative tumor recurrence-free survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test.
Results: The results showed that 26 (group I) and 37 (group II) HCC patients had an expression ratio of Wnt-1 ≥1.5 and &lt;1.5, respectively. The amount of Wnt-1 estimated by tumor/nontumor ratio correlated with the results by quantitative real-time PCR. High tumor Wnt-1 expression correlated with enhanced nuclear β-catenin accumulation, diminished membranous E-cadherin expression, and increased tumor recurrence after curative tumor resection.
Conclusions: These results suggest that Wnt-1 may be used as a predisposing risk factor for HCC recurrence. The use of tumor Wnt-1 as prognostic biomarker may identify patients with HBV- and/or HCV-related HCC patients with a high risk of tumor recurrence who may then benefit from further intensive therapy after surgery. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(5):1562–9)
Emergence of Jets from Turbulence in the Shallow-Water Equations on an Equatorial Beta Plane
Authors: Farrell Brian F. , Ioannou Petros J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Coherent jets, such as the Jovian banded winds, are a prominent feature of rotating turbulence. Shallow-water turbulence models capture the essential mechanism of jet formation, which is systematic eddy momentum flux directed up the mean velocity gradient. Understanding how this systematic eddy flux convergence is maintained and how the mean zonal flow and the eddy field mutually adjust to produce the observed jet structure constitutes a fundamental theoretical problem. In this work a shallow-water equatorial beta-plane model implementation of stochastic structural stability theory (SSST) is used to study the mechanism of zonal jet formation. In SSST a stochastic model for the ensemble-mean turbulent eddy fluxes is coupled with an equation for the mean jet dynamics to produce a nonlinear model of the mutual adjustment between the field of turbulent eddies and the zonal jets. In weak turbulence, and for parameters appropriate to Jupiter, both prograde and retrograde equatorial jets are found to be stable solutions of the SSST system, but only the prograde equatorial jet remains stable in strong turbulence. In addition to the equatorial jet, multiple midlatitude zonal jets are also maintained in these stable SSST equilibria. These midlatitude jets have structure and spacing in agreement with observed zonal jets and exhibit the observed robust reversals in sign of both absolute and potential vorticity gradient.
Piecewise Potential Vorticity Inversion and Vortex Interaction
Authors: Egger Joseph 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Piecewise potential vorticity inversion (PPVI) aims at an interpretation of the interaction of potential vorticity (PV) anomalies q. The total flow domain D is divided into subdomains D1 and D2 with q1 and q2 as PV anomalies. PPVI estimates the height tendency in D that results if q is transported by the winds obtained by an inversion of a PV field with q = q1 in D1 and q = 0 in D2. Tests compare the actual height tendency to that obtained via PPVI. This method is applied to the interaction of vortices in quasigeostrophic shallow water, a problem generally accepted as a paradigm for PPVI. Indeed, results are excellent for vortex pairs. Combinations of more vortices, including vortex clusters akin to Rossby waves, are also exposed to tests. The utility of PPVI tendencies depends strongly on the arrangement of the vortices in that case. Very good agreement is found as well as cases with quite low skill. The reasons for this scatter are discussed and a dynamic interpretation of PPVI is proposed.
Probabilistic Forecast for Twenty-First-Century Climate Based on Uncertainties in Emissions (Without Policy) and Climate Parameters
Authors: Sokolov A. P. , Stone P. H. , Forest C. E. , Prinn R. , Sarofim M. C. , Webster M. , Paltsev S. , Schlosser C. A. , Kicklighter D. , Dutkiewicz S. , Reilly J. , Wang C. , Felzer B. , Melillo J. M. , Jacoby H. D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Integrated Global System Model is used to make probabilistic projections of climate change from 1861 to 2100. Since the model’s first projections were published in 2003, substantial improvements have been made to the model, and improved estimates of the probability distributions of uncertain input parameters have become available. The new projections are considerably warmer than the 2003 projections; for example, the median surface warming in 2091–2100 is 5.1°C compared to 2.4°C in the earlier study. Many changes contribute to the stronger warming; among the more important ones are taking into account the cooling in the second half of the twentieth century due to volcanic eruptions for input parameter estimation and a more sophisticated method for projecting gross domestic product (GDP) growth, which eliminated many low-emission scenarios.However, if recently published data, suggesting stronger twentieth-century ocean warming, are used to determine the input climate parameters, the median projected warming at the end of the twenty-first century is only 4.1°C. Nevertheless, all ensembles of the simulations discussed here produce a much smaller probability of warming less than 2.4°C than implied by the lower bound of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) projected likely range for the A1FI scenario, which has forcing very similar to the median projection in this study. The probability distribution for the surface warming produced by this analysis is more symmetric than the distribution assumed by the IPCC because of a different feedback between the climate and the carbon cycle, resulting from the inclusion in this model of the carbon–nitrogen interaction in the terrestrial ecosystem.
Evolution and Trend of the Outgoing Longwave Radiation Spectrum
Authors: Huang Yi , Ramaswamy V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe variability and change occurring in the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) spectrum are investigated by using simulations performed with a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled atmosphere–ocean–land general circulation model. First, the variability in unforced climate (natural variability) is simulated. Then, the change of OLR spectrum due to forced changes in climate is analyzed for a continuous 25-yr time series and for the difference between two time periods (1860s and 2000s). Spectrally resolved radiances have more pronounced and complex changes than broadband fluxes. In some spectral regions, the radiance change is dominated by just one controlling factor (e.g., the window region and CO2 band center radiances are controlled by surface and stratospheric temperatures, respectively) and well exceeds the natural variability. In some other spectral bands, the radiance change is influenced by multiple and often competing factors (e.g., the water vapor band radiance is influenced by both water vapor concentration and temperature) and, although still detectable against natural variability at certain frequencies, demands stringent requirements (drift less than 0.1 K decade−1 at spectral resolution no less than 1 cm−1) of observational platforms. The difference between clear-sky and all-sky radiances in the forced climate problem offers a measure of the change in the cloud radiative effect, but with a substantive dependence on the temperature lapse rate change. These results demonstrate that accurate and continuous observations of the OLR spectrum provide an advantageous means for monitoring the changes in the climate system and a stringent means for validating climate models.