bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Philosopher and the Mother Cow: Towards a Gendered Reading of Lucretius, De Rerum Natura
Authors: Sharrock Alison 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter highlights the way Lucretius's poem, De Rerum Natura, has become part of science's investigation of its own genealogy. It analyses the tropes of personification and abstraction and their gendering in scientific discourse and asks why Lucretius's scientific manifesto is framed by accounts of female mythical characters. De Rerum Natura is read positively in the present day precisely because of the contemporary high valuation of science and also the contemporary interrogation and deconstruction of scientific discourse. One element in Lucretius's representation of gender is that ‘female myth undermines male science’, that in the interstices of this scientific ‘male’ text there is evidence of alternative points of view that might reasonably be categorised as ‘feminine’. An underlying tension that has pervaded so much of Lucretian study is between ‘poetry’ and ‘philosophy’. It seems impossible for the philosopher to take up the subject-position of the mother cow (the representative of the poet = female side).
Putting the Women Back into the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women
Authors: Doherty Lillian 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Women's oral traditions have been largely effaced, or at least muted, in the canons of literate cultures and in the intellectual movements or disciplines they have identified as central, including history and literary criticism. Myth is important to feminism because it is one element of literate culture that has the potential to incorporate women's traditions and perspectives. This chapter examines possible traces of women's traditions in a fragmentary Greek work of the archaic age — the poem Catalogue of Women attributed to Hesiod — and considers how and why these traces have been effaced, both in the composition of the poem itself and in the practice of classical scholarship. It examines the disruption of patrilineal narratives within the poem, drawing attention to the way most commentators have stubbornly refused to acknowledge women as the subject matter of this text.
Defying History: The Legacy of Helen in Modern Greek Poetry
Authors: Spentzou Efi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The stories woven around Helen of Troy represent a microcosm of the troubled and inspired itinerary of classical myth in the cultural mosaic of modern Greece. This chapter looks at some of these stories, which speak of complex and far-reaching issues that lie at the heart of the political as well as the cultural life of modern Greece, and the legacy of Helen in modern Greek poetry. The stories covered in this chapter make their appearance at a time when the long-standing dialogue between the intelligentsia and the ghosts of the classical past is at a particularly transitional stage, experiencing a fluidity triggered by landmark changes in Greek society before, during, and in the immediate aftermath of, the Colonels' dictatorship (1967-1974). Additionally, Helen's stories are implicated in yet another ground-breaking development in Greek society, as feminine expression and feminist movements acquire an altogether new significance within the wider political discourses of the period.
Iphigeneia’s Wedding
Authors: Cook Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents a fictional account that gives expression to Iphigeneia's ambivalent reaction to her metamorphic body and her impending marriage to Achilles. Unlike most classical accounts of this myth that first depict Iphigeneia approaching her father at the scene of her sacrifice, the chapter begins the story in Mycaenae, where it is Iphigeneia's relationship with her mother Clytemnestra that predominates. Here, myth becomes a space ‘far from kingdoms, from caesars, from brawls, from the cravings of penis and sword’. In its potential for independence and creativity the autonomous space of myth becomes the contemporary ‘room of one's own’. When the call from her mother came, Iphigeneia felt something like guilt — a confusing, unclear emotion that was new to her. When she approached her mother, holding her head high as was her custom, she felt that she was imitating her usual stance.
Dancing thePyrrhichēin Athens
Authors: Ceccarelli Paola 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the pyrrhichē and provides a detailed investigation into the iconographic, textual, and epigraphic evidence for this dance. Particular attention is paid to the contexts in which it was performed, notably at the Panathenaia, the Tauropolia, and the Apatouria festivals, in the dances of tragedy, comedy and choral lyric, and in association with Dionysiac cult and funerary ritual. What seems to link these different contexts is the theme of the (re)integration of individuals into society. Although the military significance of the dance had largely disappeared by the 5th century, it retained a symbolic value, constituting a fundamental element in the Athenians' perception of themselves.
Transforming the Nightingale: Aspects of Athenian Musical Discourse in the Late Fifth Century
Authors: Barker Andrew 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter offers an interpretation of Aristophanes' Birds, focusing on the character of the Nightingale. It argues that the type of music she performs shows all the hall-marks of indiscriminate vulgarity associated with the New Music. Far from being a figure of beauty and charm, she represents the New Music, figured as a low-class female aulētris. It further argues that the part of the Nightingale might have been played by the regular aulete. By identifying this character with everything that is musically debased Aristophanes presents a satirical parody of the musical avant-garde.
The Politics of the New Music
Authors: Csapo Eric 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the New Musical ‘revolution’ by examining its historical context, its style, and its reception. It shows how the most radical innovations are to be found in the dithyramb, which came to typify the characteristics of New Music. Musicians themselves became increasingly professionalized, with pipers at the fore-front in developing techniques and styles which extended the range and versatility of instrumental performances. The consequent prioritization of sound over sense was another significant feature of New Music. But the critical responses it provoked have an important political dimension: for conservatives like Plato, one of our principal sources, New Music came to symbolise everything that was wrong with the radical democracy of late 5th-century Athens. But the timeless Dorian-inspired musical tradition to which it was allegedly opposed was itself a fiction embodying the values of the old fashioned political élite.
Damon of Oa: A Music Theorist Ostracized?
Authors: Wallace Robert W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the evidence for the career of Damon of Oa, music theorist and friend of Pericles, who was said to have been ostracised for his dangerous activities. It defends that tradition, arguing that music and politics were intimately connected in 5th-century Athens. The sources suggest that Damon developed what was later called the ethos theory of music which believed in the power of music to influence character and behaviour. Given the centrality of mousike in 5th-century Athenian society, it is entirely plausible that a theorist who emphasised music's potential to change or disturb the social order might be perceived as a threat.
Dirty Dancing: Xenophon’sSymposium
Authors: Wohl Victoria 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter centres on Xenophon's Symposium and the significance of dance within the dialogue. Beginning with a discussion of dancing, pleasure, and paideia in Plato's Laws, it suggests that Xenophon's text is concerned with the same philosophical issues surrounding mousike, mimesis, pleasure, and the good. The dialogue stages a competition between the pleasure of dance and the pleasure of philosophical discourse. But Socrates himself is figured as a dancer, an image which is explored within the context of two interconnected sympotic themes, paideia, and eros. The contest proves to be less straight-forward than might first appear, for the lascivious dance with which the dialogue ends threatens to undermine Socrates' earlier insistence on the superiority of ouranian pederastic eros.
The Muses and their Arts
Authors: Murray Penelope 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter investigates the meaning of the Muses in Greek culture. Their sphere is mousike in general, but the activities over which they preside change over time. Their connection with poetry remains constant, but a crucial development took place when Plato appropriated them for the new discipline of philosophy, a prose art-form. Rhetoric, on the other hand, a self-styled techne, dispensed with the Muses, despite the early association of these goddesses with eloquence in Hesiod's Theogony. The process of differentiating between Muses and ascribing specific functions and attributes to each of them began to take shape in the Alexandrian era when collectively they represented paideia. But their significance varies in accordance with the prevailing art forms of different periods. Hence, in the prose-dominated centuries of the Second Sophistic, the absence of a relationship between the Muses and rhetoric becomes problematic.
Dead or Alive? The Status of the Standard Language
Authors: VERSTEEGH KEES 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the value of written records as evidence of the historical linguistic circumstances. The focus is on the status of the standard language, that is, the language of prestige in the speech community. Specifically, two tendencies that have to do with the dichotomy ‘dead’/‘alive’ underlying many discussions about standard languages are considered. This dichotomy reflects the metalinguistic attitude of the speakers and corresponds with the subconscious tendency of many linguists to think of languages as existing entities, even when they reject the Schleicherian paradigm of language as an organism. The first tendency is to regard the standard language in the written texts as ‘alive’, which leads to an overestimation of its importance for a reconstruction of language change. The second tendency is to regard the standard language in the written record as ‘dead’, which leads to an underestimation of the role of the standard in the speech community.
From Contact to Mixture: Bilingual Inscriptions from Italy
Authors: LEIWO MARTTI 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Speakers of Greek and Latin were in contact for several hundred years. This chapter proposes a typology for distinct language contact features in the light of epigraphy, and discusses Latin-Greek contact in Italy through the language transmitted by Christian and Jewish speech communities from the third to the sixth century AD. Two distinct conceptions should be kept in mind: languages in contact and contact languages. When languages are in contact, the contact may create linguistic change and even structural similarity in the course of time. The chapter examines what kind of contact situations can be seen in the epigraphic evidence, for example, whether the features of linguistic mixture are caused by bilingual code-switching.
Bilingualism and Diglossia in Late Antique Syria and Mesopotamia
Authors: TAYLOR DAVID G. K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter investigates the nature and consequences of language contact, bilingualism, and diglossia in Syria and Mesopotamia during the late antique period, focusing particularly on evidence for Greek-Aramaic interaction. Evidence for this contact is drawn primarily from the Greek and Syriac inscriptions of north Syria, bilingual Palmyrene inscriptions, and early Syriac literature, because each of these raises a number of distinct questions and theoretical issues. In late antique Syria and Mesopotamia, the experience of Aramaic-Greek linguistic contact was almost universal, although there was considerable variation in the local circumstances. In north Syria, the local Aramaic dialects were widely spoken but rarely written down, whereas to the north (Edessa), to the east (Ilatra, Palmyra, and Babylon), and to the south (Nabataea, as well as the Palestinian Jewish and Christian communities) there were well-established literary dialects of Aramaic.
Aspects of Bilingualism in the History of the Greek Language
Authors: JANSE MARK 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter contrasts two historical Greek varieties from the perspective of language contact, one ancient and one modern. The two varieties are complete opposites in almost every respect. The ancient one is the Septuagint (LXX), the collection of Jewish writings mainly translated from the Hebrew (and in some cases Aramaic) Scriptures, which also includes some original Greek pieces. The modern variety is the Cappadocian Greek dialect which used to be spoken in central Asia Minor until the population exchange between Greece and Turkey following the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. Hebrew interference in the LXX is due to a translation technique, typical of religious translations, which is at once calqued and word-for-word to produce a mimetic text. As a result, interference is almost limited to lexical and syntactic extension.
Latin–Frankish Bilingualism in Sixth-Century Gaul:The Latin of Clovis
Authors: FLOBERT PIERRE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines linguistic relations between the Gallo-Romans and their Frankish conquerors in the 6th century by considering the Latin of Clovis. The bilingualism of the Franks became active as they began reading religious, and then literary, texts. To write was the distinguishing characteristic of the most highly cultured, who as a rule were clerics. This bilingualism is uneven and lacks reciprocity, with the Latin speakers remaining reticent. Yet although this phenomenon was by no means universal, even among the Franks, the existence of numerous loanwords proves that the two languages were in close contact for a prolonged period of time.
Decision-Making in Medieval Agriculture
Authors: Stone David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book uses manorial account rolls innovatively to reconstruct the economic mentalities of medieval farmers and, by so doing, argues that they have been unfairly stereotyped. It overturns the traditional view of medieval countrymen as economically backward and instead reveals that agricultural decision-making was as rational in the 14th and 15th centuries as in modern times. It investigates agricultural mentalities first in a detailed case study of the exceptionally well-documented demesne farm of Wisbech Barton, analysing the sale and consumption of produce, cereal-cropping strategies, crop rotations, the use of agrarian techniques, and livestock husbandry in four periods between 1313 and 1429. The last third of the book then tests the findings of this case study across medieval England as a whole. The book argues that human action shaped the course of the rural economy to a much greater extent than has hitherto been appreciated, and challenges the commonly held view that the medieval period was dominated by ecological and economic crises. In particular, it argues that rational decision-making rather than soil exhaustion or climatic change lay behind declining arable and pastoral yields at this time, and that the change in demesne management from direct cultivation to leasing during the later Middle Ages was partly the result of a managerial crisis. Although focused chiefly on well-documented farms of great landlords, the book also has crucial implications for our understanding of medieval peasant farming, not least the yield of their land, which may well have been significantly higher than is generally assumed.
The ‘Indian Summer’ for Demesne Farming
Authors: Stone David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The evidence from Wisbech Barton broadly supports the notion that the quarter century after the Black Death witnessed an ‘Indian summer’ for demesne farming, for the rural economy here was surprisingly buoyant. However, it also suggests that the implications of this metaphor can be misleading. Farm officials faced significant economic and environmental difficulties, not least a more grudging workforce and severe flooding. Moreover, reeves worked with great skill to overcome these and other problems, and implemented considerable change in order to ensure economic success. In order to achieve a high net income it was often necessary to reduce the costs of cultivation, whether through operational changes, such as substituting customary for hired labour or grazing livestock on marshland rather than demesne grassland, or by reducing inputs. Falling yields of corn, hay, and livestock were often again the result of a series of deliberate and rational decisions.
Standards of Demesne Farm Management in England
Authors: Stone David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines demesne management in medieval England generally and suggests that efficiency was dependent upon person, period, and place. It highlights the general competency of demesne management on other manors before the Black Death, and argues that management became more efficient around 1300 as economic conditions deteriorated and levels of taxation rose, and that remote commercial manors were the most efficient of all. The chapter goes on to examine standards of demesne management after the Black Death, arguing that the great estates generally experienced a managerial crisis as the difficulties of managing a large farm increased and as other opportunities for skilled reeves became plentiful and available. Not only did this hasten the decision to lease demesnes on such estates, but it implies that smaller estates and farms, which were individually managed by their landlords or tenant farmers, did not experience the same degree of economic difficulty.
The Use of Agricultural Techniques in Medieval England
Authors: Stone David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Wisbech accounts indicate that medieval farmers employed yield-raising techniques, such as legume cultivation, weeding, and the spreading of manure, only when it was in their interests to do so. It explores the broader ramifications of this point and argues that demesne evidence of declining yields in the early 14th century does not imply an ecological crisis, for inputs were often scaled down as prices dropped. Likewise, falling yields in the later Middle Ages were caused primarily by the deliberate reduction of such techniques; even extra manure was simply too expensive to spread. The chapter goes on to discuss geographical and social variations in the intensity of medieval agriculture; controversially, it argues that land productivity on peasant smallholdings may generally have exceeded that on demesne farms. It concludes that conscious choices and decisions played a major role in shaping economic trends and patterns in this and other ages.
Past and Future: The Case for a Threshold Notion of Harm
Authors: MEYER LUKAS H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Liberal cosmopolitans often take the view that currently living people, wherever they may live, and future people, whenever their lives take place, have, qua human beings, the same moral status. Cosmopolitans are inclined to deny the relevance of the special features of our relations to future people. Liberal cosmopolitans also commonly take the view that currently living people cannot be said to have claims to compensation because their predecessors were badly wronged in the past. Instead, they claim that the significance of history lies in the consequences of past events for the well-being of currently living and future people. This view is termed the forward-looking understanding of the significance of past wrongs. This chapter defends the cosmopolitan view on the status of future people by turning on the adoption of a subjunctive-threshold notion of harm. It discusses the rights of future persons, currently living people's claims to compensation due to injustices committed against their predecessors, problems for a threshold conception of harm, and Derek Parfit's no-difference view.
Recognition of Governments in International Law
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book studies the recognition of governments in international law. It is based on an analysis of the diplomatic practice of states as well as decisions by national and international courts. It explores the two central questions of the recognition of governments: what are the meanings of the term ‘recognition’ and its variants in international law such as de facto, de jure, and diplomatic recognition?; and what is the effect of such recognition on the legal status of foreign authorities, and in particular, of governments in exile? Along the lines of these questions the study is organized in a general introduction and two main parts which are followed by three appendices: replies received from various states in response to a questionnaire on the recognition of governments, short profiles of authorities in exile claiming to be ‘governments’, and a list of treaties concluded by authorities in exile recognized as governments. The book is comprehensive in its analysis of the issues, and covers material of historical interest, as well as recent developments in Angola, Kuwait, and Haiti.
Preliminary Considerations
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A government possesses the plenary and exclusive competence in international law to represent its state in the international sphere. This is the case for both in situ and governments in exile. This chapter examines the legal effects of recognition by looking at the different treatment accorded to authorities in exile recognized as a government and those not recognized as a government in the various areas of international intercourse not dependent on the exercise of effective control over territory. It argues that the legal status of a government does not prescribe a certain competence, privileges, and immunities which all authorities in exile must, to be governments, possess; rather it is a presumption that an authority in exile which is recognized as a government possesses that competence as well as those privileges and immunities unless otherwise provided for by the recognizing state.
Jurisdiction
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Jurisdiction refers to particular aspects of the general legal authority of states usually referred to as sovereignty. It denotes the legislative, judicial, and executive authority of states under international law over persons, property, and events. As jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of states, only authorities in exile recognized as representative of the state's sovereign authority, that is, as governments, may exercise the state's jurisdiction in the recognizing state. However, while full recognition of an authority in exile as a government is the basic precondition for the exercise of jurisdiction within the recognizing state, recognition does not establish that jurisdiction. This chapter examines the extent to which recognized governments in exile have been allowed to exercise jurisdiction in their host state, as well as their legislative jurisdiction, enforcement jurisdiction, and recognition and enforcement of legislation in exile by foreign courts.