bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Online deposition of nano‐aerosol for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Gao Yuqian , Johnston Murray V. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn online nano‐aerosol sample deposition method for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is described in which matrix and analyte particles between 50 and 500 nm are aerodynamically focused onto a tight spot, ca. 200 µm in diameter, on the target plate under vacuum. MALDI analysis of the target is performed without additional sample preparation. The method is evaluated with insulin as the analyte and alpha‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) as the matrix. Two preparation modes are compared with conventional dried‐droplet deposition: mixture deposition where a single layer is deposited consisting of particles that contain both matrix and analyte, and layered deposition where an underlayer of matrix particles and an overlayer of analyte particles are deposited separately. Desalting is performed by adding ammonium sulfate to the solution used to generate the matrix aerosol. With mixture deposition, the optimum matrix‐to‐analyte mole ratio is about 500:1 compared with 5000:1 for the conventional dried‐droplet method. With layered deposition, the thicknesses of the matrix and analyte layers are more important determinants of the analyte signal intensity than the matrix‐to‐analyte mole ratio. Analyte signal intensities are independent of matrix layer thickness above 200 nm, and the optimum analyte signal is obtained with an analyte layer thickness of about 100 nm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid separation and identification of major constituents in Pseudolarix kaempferi by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray and quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ye Xia , Tang Minghai , Chen Lijuan , Peng Aihua , Ma Liang , Ye Haoyu 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA rapid and reliable method based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with photodiode‐array detection (PDA) and electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS) has been developed for separation and identification of major constituents in extracts of root bark of Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon (PKG). Identification of the constituents was carried out by interpretation of their retention times, UV absorption spectra, MS and MS/MS spectra, as well as the data provided by authentic standards and literatures. A total of 20 components were separated in only 8.0 min on a small particle size C18 column (1.7 µm). These components included nine diterpene acids, seven glycosides and four triterpenoids, among which pseudolaric acid C‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside and pseudolaric acid C2‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside were separated and identified for the first time in this study. Furthermore, the fragmentation patterns of the three types of compounds were elucidated for the first time. This established UPLC‐PDA/Q‐TOF‐MS/MS method is reliable and effective for the separation and identification of the 20 compounds and will be useful for quality control of the crude materials of Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon and their related preparations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry to detect and quantify polyamines in headspace gas and oral air
Authors: Ross Brian M. , Babay Slim , Ladouceur Chelsea 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPolyamines are a class of aliphatic compounds which include putrescine, cadaverine, spermine and spermidine. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes and have been implicated in a number of different pathophysiological mechanisms. Polyamines are volatile compounds having a distinctive odour normally perceived as being unpleasant. The measurement of their abundance has, however, been restricted to compounds present in the aqueous phase. Using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) we have shown that the polyamines react with the ions H3O+, NO+ and O to form distinctive product ions allowing their levels to be quantified in the vapour phase. The low volatility of spermine did not allow extensive analysis of this compound by SIFT‐MS while the adherent properties of cadaverine and putrescine required the use of PTFE transfer lines and couplers. Our data suggested the presence of cadaverine and putrescine in both oral air and the headspace of putrefying bovine muscle, while product ions corresponding to putrescine and spermidine were found in the headspace of human semen. SIFT‐MS therefore appears to be a practical means of measuring vapour‐phase polyamine levels, having applications in biology, medicine and dentistry, and food science. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolite identification in rat brain microdialysates by direct infusion nanoelectrospray ionization after desalting on a ZipTip and LTQ/Orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Erve John C. L. , Beyer Chad E. , Manzino Lawrence , Talaat Rasmy E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAnalyzing brain microdialysate samples by mass spectrometry is challenging due to the high salt content of the artificial cerebral spinal fluid (aCSF), low analyte concentrations and small sample volumes collected. A drug and its major metabolites can be examined in brain microdialysates by targeted approaches such as selected reaction monitoring (SRM) which provides selectivity and high sensitivity. However, this approach is not well suited for metabolite profiling in the brain which aims to determine biotransformation pathways. Identifying minor metabolites, or metabolites that arise from brain metabolism, remains a challenge and, for a drug in early discovery, identification of metabolites present in the brain can provide useful information for understanding the pharmacological activity and potential toxicological liabilities of the drug. A method is described here for rapid metabolite profiling in brain microdialysates that involves sample clean‐up using C18 ZipTips to remove salts followed by direct infusion nanoelectrospray with an LTQ/Orbitrap mass spectrometer using real‐time internal recalibration. Full scan mass spectra acquired at high resolving power (100 K atm/z400) were examined manually and with mass defect filtering. Metabolite identification was aided by sub‐parts‐per‐million mass accuracy and structural characterization was accomplished by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments in the Orbitrap or LTQ depending on the abundance of the metabolite. Using this approach, brain microdialysate samples from rats dosed with one of four CNS drugs (imipramine, reboxetine, citalopram or trazodone) were examined for metabolites. For each drug investigated, metabolites, some of which not previously reported in rat brain, were identified and characterized. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic evidence for a role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mph1 in recombinational DNA repair under replicative stress
Authors: Panico Evandro Rocco , Ede Christopher , Schildmann Michael , Schürer Kirsten Anke , Kramer Wilfried 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn yeast as in human, DNA helicases play critical roles in assisting replication fork progression. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae MPH1 gene, homologue of human FANCM, has been involved in homologous recombination and DNA repair. We describe a synthetic growth defect of an mph1 deletion if combined with an srs2 deletion that can result—depending on the genetic background—in synthetic lethality. The lethality is suppressed by mutations in homologous recombination (rad51, rad52, rad55, rad57) and in the DNA damage checkpoint (rad9, rad24, rad17). Importantly, rad54 and mph1, epistatic for damage sensitivity, are subadditive for spontaneous mutator phenotype. Therefore, Mph1 could be placed at the Rad51‐mediated strand invasion process, with a function distinct from Rad54. Moreover, siz1 mutation is viable with mph1 and additive for DNA damage sensitivity. mph1 srs2 double mutants, isolated in a background where they are viable, are synergistically sensitive to DNA damage. Moderate overexpression of SGS1 partially suppresses this sensitivity. Finally, we observe an epistatic relationship in terms of sensitivity to camptothecin of mms4 or mus81 to mph1. Overall, our results support a role of Mph1 in assisting replication progression. We propose two models for the resumption of DNA synthesis under replicative stress where Mph1 is placed at the sister chromatid interaction step. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An elementary and unified approach to program correctness
Authors: Bohórquez V Jaime A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

We present through the algorithmic language
DHL
(Dijkstra-Hehner language), a practical approach to a simple first order theory based on calculational logic, unifying Hoare and Dijkstra’s iterative style of programming with Hehner’s recursive
predicative programming
theory, getting the “best of the two worlds” and without having to recur in any way to higher-order approaches such as predicate transformers, Hoare logic, fixed-point or relational theory.
On the purpose of Event-B proof obligations
Authors: Hallerstede Stefan 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Event-B is a formal modelling method which is claimed to be suitable for diverse modelling domains, such as reactive systems and sequential program development. This claim hinges on the fact that any particular model has an appropriate semantics. In Event-B, this semantics is provided implicitly by proof obligations associated with a model. There is no fixed semantics though. In this article we argue that this approach is beneficial to modelling because we can use similar proof obligations across a variety of modelling domains. By way of two examples we show how similar proof obligations are linked to different semantics. A small set of proof obligations is thus suitable for a whole range of modelling problems in diverse modelling domains.
Synthesis, Characterization and Surface Activity of Hexadecyl o‐Xylene Sulfonate Isomers
Authors: Qu Guang‐miao , Ding Wei , Yu Tao , Cheng Jie‐cheng 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper deals with the synthesis of a series of hexadecyl o‐xylene sulfonate isomers (with the o‐xylene ring located at different positions along the n‐hexadecyl chain) by a Friedel–Crafts reaction, and the Grignard reaction followed by a hydrogenation. The structure was confirmed by 1H NMR. All analytical methods indicated high levels of purities of the isomers with the orthoxylene ring located at the first, third, fifth and seventh carbon atom on the n‐hexadecane chain. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension and maximum surface excess concentration at CMC and area per molecule at the interface were determined. As the o‐xylene sulfonate group is shifted toward the center of the hexadecyl chain, the branching degree is enhanced and the surfactant molecule tends to produce a much looser packing at the gas–liquid interface. Accordingly, at CMC, the adsorption density decreases, the CMC increases and the tension reduction is weakened.
Red Palm Olein: Characterization and Utilization in Formulating Novel Functional Biscuits
Authors: El‐Hadad Nesma , Abou‐Gharbia Hany Aly , Abd El‐Aal Mohammed Hamadi , Youssef Mohammed Mohamoud 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFunctional biscuits were formulated by replacing white shortening (WS) by red palm olein (RPOL) at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%. Sensory evaluation of fresh biscuits indicated that all RPOL levels were significantly as acceptable as or superior to the control. Consequently, two superior RPOL levels (40 and 60%) were chosen for further investigation along with the control. Biscuits made from 40% WS + 60% RPOL exhibited significantly the lowest values regarding water loss during baking, volume before baking, specific volume, specific lightness, water activity and shearing force. Triacylglycerol and fatty acid composition of formulated biscuits resembled their counterparts for RPOL. These biscuits contained 1.8 times more tocopherols and tocotrienols and 10.4–14.8 times more carotenes than the control. Meanwhile, packaged biscuits were able to be stored at room temperature in the light for not less than 6 months without any deterioration in their quality.
Compliance with self-regulation of television food and beverage advertising aimed at children in Spain
Authors: Romero-Fernández Mª Mar , Royo-Bordonada Miguel Ángel , Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the level of compliance with the PAOS Code (Publicidad, Actividad, Obesidad y Salud), which establishes standards for the self-regulation of food marketing aimed at minors, in television advertising by food and beverage companies that have agreed to abide by the Code.DesignThe study sample consisted of food and beverage advertisements targeting children during 80 h of programming by four Spanish television networks. The level of compliance with each standard of the PAOS Code was classified into three categories: ‘compliance’, ‘non-compliance’ and ‘uncertain compliance’. Overall, an advertisement was considered compliant with the PAOS Code if it met all the standards; non-compliant if it contravened one or more standards; and uncertain in all other cases.ResultsOf a total of 203 television advertisements from companies that agreed to the PAOS Code, the overall prevalence of non-compliance was 49·3 % (v. 50·8 % among those that did not agree to the code), with 20·7 % of advertisements considered of uncertain compliance. Non-compliance was more frequent on Saturdays, in longer advertisements, in advertisements containing promotions or dairy products, and for advertisements from companies of French or US origin.ConclusionsNon-compliance with the PAOS Code was very high and was similar for companies that did and did not agree to the Code, casting doubt on the Code’s effectiveness and oversight system. It seems the time has come to commit to statutory regulations that reduce the negative impact of advertising on children’s diets, as demanded by public health experts and consumer associations.
High-dose-rate brachytherapy with external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of cervix: dosimetric and radiobiologic analysis
Authors: Passi Kamlesh , Kehwar Than S. , Vashistha Rajesh , Singh Bikramjit , Jain Veena , Gupta Sureshchandra J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to find out equivalency between two high-dose-rate (HDR) fractionation schemes, relevance to the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements report-38 (ICRU-38) reference volume with respect to point A dose and other ICRU reference points in two-dimensional (2D) planning.Methods and Materials: Forty-nine patients having carcinoma of cervix of stages II–IIIB treated with external beam radiotherapy plus HDR brachytherapy (BT) were analysed. The external beam radiotherapy dose of 45 Gy/25 fractions delivered in 5 weeks followed by HDR BT delivered either in two fractions with 9.5 Gy per fraction (Group-1) or in three fractions with 7.5 Gy per fraction (Group-2) to point A. ICRU-38 recommendations were followed to determine reference volume with respect to Manchester dose point A, and biologically effective dose (BED) at different points.Results: BED10 at bladder and rectum reference points were 17.11 ± 12.36 Gy and 13.92 ± 5.71 Gy in Group-1, and 15.69 ± 11.43 Gy and 16.24 ± 5.45 Gy in Group-2, respectively; and BED3 were 33.03 ± 29.67 Gy and 25.01 ± 12.35Gy in Group-1, and 27.00 ± 26.85 Gy and 27.44 ± 11.00 Gy in Group-2, respectively. The HDR BT reference volumes were 233.47 ± 27.30 cm3 and 227.83 ± 32.35 cm3 and corresponding CBED10 at point A with proliferation correction were 76.59 ± 2.31 Gy, and 76.41 ± 2.15 Gy for Group-1 and Group-2, respectively. The CBED10 and CBED3 at point B were 46.38 ± 2.26 Gy and 82.23 ± 0.72 Gy, respectively, for Group-1; and 45.03 ± 2.11 Gy and 82.89 ± 0.44 Gy, respectively, for Group-2.Conclusion: No significant differences were found in the results of two HDR fractionation schemes. ICRU reference volume with respect to point A dose correlates with tumour control and is a good pre-treatment predictor in 2D planning. Neither ICRU bladder and rectum reference points nor trapezoid points showed correlation with complications. The trapezoid points did not also show any correlation with loco-regional control.
Reducing the skin dose from secondary electrons in kilovoltage radiotherapy: a pliable coating for custom lead cut-outs
Authors: Thomas D.W. , Clark J.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLead cut-outs used to shape fields in kilovoltage radiotherapy can increase the surface dose on the patient. The physical processes leading to increased surface doses are summarised, and an empirical investigation of the efficacy of various coatings in reducing the skin dose generated by secondary electrons released in the lead during irradiation is presented, based on measurements using a thin window parallel plate ionisation chamber in 135 kVp and 225 kVp beams from a Pantak DXT-300 kilovoltage therapy unit. A new flexible coating for lead cut-outs has been formulated and tested. This coating, which is a combination of Copydex and emulsion paint, has been shown to be effective in reducing the skin dose generated by secondary electrons released in the lead during irradiation. The coating is easy to clean, and its inherent elasticity prevents cracking of the coating in clinical use. Its only disadvantage is that rough handling, or contact with sharp objects, can peel the coating at the point of contact.
A nationwide survey of radiation oncologists' management practices of radiation-induced skin reaction (RISK)
Authors: Swamy Uma , Ashamalla Hani , Guirguis Adel 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPurpose:A questionnaire was developed to explore variations among radiation oncologists in managing early-stage breast cancer, specifically radiation-induced skin reaction (RISK).Materials and methods:A survey was designed to target a database of 962 radiation oncologists, self-identified as ‘interested in treatment of breast cancer’. This database was obtained from the American Society of Therapeutic Radiology & Oncology (ASTRO). Participants submitted the survey online or by mail. Overall response to the survey was 282 out of 962 (29.3%). Data were handled as rates.Results:Out of 282 respondents, 275 (97.5%) agreed on delivering 4500–5040 cGy. The most frequently employed dose was 5040/180 cGy. Three-dimensional-conformal (3DCRT) treatment was used by 55.4%, intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) by 24.5%, and conventional by 20.1%. Almost all (92.5%) agreed on using boost in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Image-guided boost placement (IGBP) was used by 87.3%. Boost dose included variations: 50.2, 7.3, and 18% used 1000, 1200, and 1400 cGy, respectively; the remaining used higher doses. In management of RISK, Aquaphor was the most popular agent (72.1%). Other agents were utilized either alone or in combination. Almost all (99%) agreed that large breast size increases RISK.Conclusion:This survey offers a glimpse of management practices in early-stage breast cancer amongst a cross-section of radiation oncologists in the United States. Although there appears to be an overall congruence on the doses and techniques of radiation delivery, the management of RISK is varied. Additional efforts are warranted to standardize practices in order to practice evidence based medicine in a cost-effective manner.
Evaluation on lung cancer patients’ adaptive planning of TomoTherapy utilising radiobiological measures and Planned Adaptive module
Authors: Su Fan-Chi , Shi Chengyu , Mavroidis Panayiotis , Rassiah-Szegedi Prema , Papanikolaou Niko 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAdaptive radiation therapy is a promising concept that allows individualised, dynamic treatment planning based on feedback of measurements. The TomoTherapy Planned Adaptive application, integrated to the helical TomoTherapy planning system, enables calculation of actual dose delivered to the patient for each treatment fraction according to the pretreatment megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) scan and image registration. As a result, new fractionation treatment plans are available if correction is necessary. In order to evaluate the real clinical effect, biological dose is preferred to physical dose. A biological parameter, biologically effective uniform dose ($\overline{\overline D}$), has the advantages of not only reporting delivered dose but also facilitating the analysis of dose–response relations, which link radiation dose to the clinical effect. Therefore, in this study, four lung patients’ adaptive plans were evaluated using the $\overline{\overline D}$ in addition to physical doses estimated from the TomoTherapy Planned Adaptive module. Higher complication-free tumour control probability (P+) (of about 8%) was observed in patients treated with larger dose-per-fraction by using the $\overline{\overline D}$ in addition to the physical dose. Moreover, a significant increase of 13.2% in the P+ for the adaptive TomoTherapy plan in one of the lung cancer patients was also observed, which indicates the clinical benefit of adaptive TomoTherapy.
Science Organizations Remind Senators of Consensus on Climate Change
Authors: Chell Kaitlin 
Published: November 2009

AGU and 17 other scientific organizations sent an open letter to the U.S. Senate on 21 October reminding senators of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change. The letter was sent 1 week before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works began a series of hearings on climate change legislation, the Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act (Senate bill 1733).The letter states, “Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver. These conclusions are based on multiple independent lines of evidence, and contrary assertions are inconsistent with an objective assessment of the vast body of peer‐reviewed science.”
Overcoming the Ontology Enrichment Bottleneck with Quick Term Templates
Authors: Peters Bjoern , Ruttenberg Alan , Greenbaum Jason , Courtot Melanie , Brinkman Ryan , Whetzel Patricia , Schober Daniel , Sansone Susanna Assunta , Scheuerman Richard , Rocca-Serra Philippe 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe developers of the Ontology of Biomedical Investigations (OBI) primarily use Protégé for editing. However, adding many classes with similar patterns of logical definition is time consuming, error prone, and requires the editor to have some expertise in OWL. Therefore, the process is poorly suited for a large number of domain experts who have limited experience Protégé and ontology development. We have developed a procedure to ease this task and allow such domain experts to add terms to the ontology in a way that both effectively includes complex logical definitions yet requires minimal manual intervention by OBI developers. The procedure is based on editing a Quick Term Template in a spreadsheet format which is subsequently converted into an OWL file. This procedure promises to be a robust and scalable approach for ontology enrichment.
Crop growth and yield.
Authors: Heuvelink E. , Dorais M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

The processes that determine tomato crop growth and yield are considered in detail, with emphasis on the influence of environmental factors such as light, CO2, temperature, humidity and salinity. The main topics are as follows: Biomass production (leaf area and light interception, leaf and crop photosynthesis); Crop and fruit growth; Biomass partitioning (source strength, transport path, sink strength, shoot:root ratio, and influence of growing conditions and cultural practices); Fruit dry matter content; and Crop growth models (describing the TOMSIM model for tomato growth, development and yield, and its use in 2 case studies on optimum fruit number/truss and mitigation of salinity effects on yield by improving LAI).