bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective evaluation of macular and parapapillary morphology and their association with cognition in childhood and old age
Authors: LAUDE A , HENDERSON RD , GOW AJ , DHILLON B , STARR JM , DEARY IJ 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose We investigated the potential association between cognitive function and retinal morphology based on shared age‐related changes in a cohort of older people. Methods Participants (n=250) from the Scottish Mental Survey 1947 undertook the Moray House Test (MHT) of general cognitive ability (IQ) at age 11 and 70. All were born in 1936. Fundus photographs were assessed by an ophthalmologist masked to the results of these tests. Results Univariate analyses of variance were computed to compare the effects of retinal morphological features on cognitive test scores. Presence of retinal drusen was associated with lower age 70 IQ scores when compared to those without this abnormality. This difference approached statistical significance (F (1,166)=3.77, p=0.054, η2=0.22). Scores on the same cognitive test administered at age 11 were significantly lower in those with retinal drusen when compared to IQ scores from a group without this abnormality. This difference was statistically significant (F (1,158)=4.03, p=0.046, η2=0.025), though the effect size was small. But when age 11 IQ was included as a covariate in the earlier model, age 70 IQ scores were no longer significantly different by retinal drusen grouping (F (1,155)=1.47, p=0.228, η2=0.009). Similar analyses using parapapillary atrophy yielded null findings. Conclusion Initial analysis of the age 70 IQ data implied that macular drusen could serve as a potential bio‐marker of cognitive decline. But the added information from the age 11 IQ data raises the possibility of reverse causation: rather than late‐life retinal damage being a marker of cognitive decline, early‐life cognitive ability might account for this retinal change in late‐life.
Extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen‐like appearance (EMAP), a new clinical entity
Authors: HAMEL C , MEUNIER I , ARNDT C , BEN SALAH S , LOPEZ S , BAZALGETTE C , ZANLONGHI X , ARNAUD B , DEFOORT‐DELLHEMMES S , PUECH B 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To describe a previously unreported clinical entity of progressive extensive macular atrophy and pseudo‐drusen appearance in middle age patients. Methods The database of the outpatient clinic for genetic sensory diseases was screened for patients over 40 years with uncharacterized macular dystrophy. Patients with extensive macular atrophy and pseudodrusen‐like appearance were included. Clinical investigations included visual acuity, eye examination, color fundus imaging, OCT scan, autofluorescence, Farnsworth 15‐HUE color testing, Goldman perimetry and ISCEV full‐field ERG. Results Eighteen patients of 45 screened records matched the inclusion criteria. Bilateral polycyclic well‐delineated chorioretinal atrophy extending to the temporal vascular arcades, with a larger vertical axis and without sparing of the fovea featured the macular lesion. The pseudodrusen‐like appearance was widespread thoughout the posterior pole and the peripheral retina. In the extreme periphery, paving stone lesions were mostly located in the inferior quadrants. In contrast to age‐related macular degeneration, a rapid progression of the atrophy was observed with an early involvement of the foveal zone, thus leading to a severe visual loss. All the patients except two were legally blind at the end of the follow‐up. In all patients, the scotopic and photopic ERG responses were reduced. Conclusion The cause of Extensive Macular Atrophy with Pseudodrusen (EMAP) remains unknown. Extensive Macular Atrophy with pseudodrusen (EMAP) should be considered as a possible pattern of severe macular dystrophy occurring in the middle‐aged adult.
Prevalence of myopia in preschool Singapore Chinese children
Authors: SAW SM , DIRANI M , GAZZARD G , MITCHELL P , VARMA R , WONG TY 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To determine the prevalence of refractive error types in Singaporean Chinese children aged 6 to 72 months. Methods The Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive error in Singaporean Children (STARS) is a population‐based study conducted in southwest Singapore. Door‐to‐door recruited participants were selected using a disproportionate random sampling in 6 month increments. Eye examinations included LogMAR visual acuity, cycloplegic autorefraction, and IOL Master biometry. Overall and age‐specific prevalences of myopia (spherical equivalence [SE] < ‐0.50 diopters [D]), high myopia (SE < ‐6.00 D), hyperopia (SE >+3.00 D), astigmatism (cylinder >+1.50 D), and anisometropia (SE difference between each eye >2.00D) were calculated. Results 3009 children were examined (participation rate 72.3%). Right eye (OD) cycloplegia data were available for 1375 boys and 1264 girls. Mean OD SE was +0.69D (SD 1.15D). Overall myopia prevalence was 11.0% with no gender variance (p = 0.91). High myopia prevalence was 0.2%. Prevalences of hyperopia, astigmatism and anisometropia were 1.4%, 8.6%, and 0.6%, respectively. Myopia was present in 15.8%, 14.9%, 20.2%, 8.6%, 7.6%, and 6.4% of children aged 6‐11, 12‐23, 24‐35, 36‐47, 48‐59, and 60‐72 months, respectively. Astigmatism prevalence increased with age (p<0.001), but hyperopia and anisometropia did not, p= 0.55 and p= 0.37, respectively. Conclusion Prevalences of myopia and astigmatism in Singaporean Chinese preschoolers are high, and low for hyperopia. Age effects were observed for each refractive error category.
Validation and use of simulated corneal endothelium specular microscopy images
Authors: BUCHT C , SÖDERBERG PG , MANNEBERG G 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose The aim of the current study was to develop simulation software capable of producing life like images of the corneal endothelium (CE) captured by clinical specular microscopy (CSM). Exact morphological data would come with each image. Once evaluated for authenticity, simulated images would be used for evaluation of the precision of methods of morphometry of corneal endothelium density (CED). Methods Software for simulation of images of the CE captured by CSM was developed. Several unique images of the CE were created, spanning a range of CED. 12 images, evenly spread over a CED range of 1959‐3838cells/mm2 were selected. The images were uploaded to a PC with border tracing software for CE morphometry. The semi‐automated morphometry software was used to analyze the CED of the 12 images. The CED results given by the analysis and the CED given from the creation of the images were analyzed by linear regression. Results An expected correlation between CED given from the creation of the simulated images and the CED given from the semi‐automated analysis was found. Assuming CED given by the model were exact, the standard deviation of the residual variance of the analyzed CED was estimated as a 95% confidence interval to 15.8‐91.0cells/mm2, corresponding to a variation coefficient of 0.5‐3.1%. Average CED of the 12 samples was 2899cells/mm2. Conclusion A simulator capable of realistic CE structures is a useful tool. Not only can it be used to estimate the accuracy of current methods of CE morphometry – it can also be used for development of new methods of morphometry, due to the virtually unlimited access to unique realistic images that come with exact and pre‐defined morphological data.
Intraocular pressure measurements values in patients who have had uneventful deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty
Authors: DOMINIKA J , WYLEGALA E 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To effect of central corneal thickness (CCT) and graft site thickness ( GS) in patients who have had uneventful deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) using “ big bubble” technique, on intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, investigated using two different techniquesRetrospective cross sectional study from May 2008 to April 2009 on Ophthalmology Department of District Railway Hospital in Katowice, Poland. Methods Patients 40 after DALK, at least 12 months prior to testing. Control group: 30 patients. IOP was determined by Goldman applanation tonometer (GAT) and iCARE (IC) rebound tonometer. CCT and GS were assessed by Anterior Segment OCT (Visante OCT). Mean GAT and IC IOP were calculated for: DALK and control. Agreement between results from IC and GAT were assessed using the Bland‐Altman method. The deviations of IC readings from GAT, corrected for CCT were calculated using a linear regression model. Results In DALK mean CCT was 470.6 +/‐ 39 µm and in control 550.9 +/‐ 29 µm. Mean IOP +/‐ SD in DALK 16.5 +/‐11.1mmHg in control 16.7 +/‐ 4.2mmHg for IC. Mean IOP using GAT for studied group was 15.7 +/‐ 2.4mmHg and for control 13.2 +/‐ 2.6 mmHg. IC IOP was significant higher than GAT (P < .005). Difference between IOP and CCT and GS were not statistically significant (P = .53). Correlations between IOP and CCT were not significant in these cohorts (P > .09). Agreement between IC and GAT was assessed. Conclusion IOP measured by IC was consistently higher when compared with GAT, this difference was greatest with thicker CCT but not with thicker GS. Falsely underrated IOP in DALK was not demonstrated.
Technical standardisation to measure the ocular surface lipid layer with Meibometer 550
Authors: NEPP J , BENZ P , SCHAUERSBERGER J , NELL B 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Evaluation of measuring errors in usage of the meibometer550. Methods Measurements of lipid layer of the ocular surface tear film were done by Meibometer 550. For exact measurement we observed possible disruptions, the calibration, hygienically standards, different sampling, alteration after topical treatment.Before each measurement there must be a calibration by clean lipid ‐free stripes.We observed the adjustment with two clean stripes by double measurement of each other.Both results must be 0. Hygienically influence is presumed by incorrect handling if objects are touched. Stripes were pressed on objects and measured.Those objects were the table surface, the hand of the observer, the gloves and the disinfectant used.We observed different pressure sampling as pressure may extract more lipids from the lid with touch of the lid and no touch, with pressure and without For the influence of topical treatments we dropped several artificial tears directly on the stripes, watery artificial tears, gels, ointments and drops with lipid portions. Results After double calibration new stripes showed values of nearly 0, elder stripes 10‐18 u. Hygienically: in clean tables we measured <28u, even clean hand < 60 u, gloves < 5u. Disinfectant fluids decreased measured lipids from 500 to 100 u. There was a difference in sampling with pressure to samplings without pressure between 50 and 80%. Topical treatments changed different after use of watery drops: 0‐15u, lipid spray: change 370 u average, fatty ointments: change of 557u to 751 u. Conclusion It is important to notice the careful handling during measuring the lipid layer with MB 550 to obtain valid measuring data.
Commercial interest
Cell death in lens epithelial cells after stimulation of the sigma‐2 receptor
Authors: KARLSSON JO , JONHEDE S , PETERSEN A , ZETTERBERG M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose The aim was to investigate the mechanisms of cell death in lens epithelial cells after administration of siramesine, a sigma‐2 receptor agonist. Methods Human lens epithelial cells in culture were exposed to siramesine and examined for morphological changes using DIC or calcein as a cytoplasmic marker. Lysosomes were studied using acridine orange and MagicRed. Proteolytic activity of the proteasome, calpain, caspases and cathepsins in living cells or cell extracts were studied using different fluorogenic substrates. Results Siramesine at low concentrations increased the cytoplasmic proteolytic activity of the proteasome and the calpain system. Early effects was also observed with respect to lysosomal morphology, acidity and function. Activation of caspase‐3 and the appearance of nuclei with an apoptotic morphology were also found. Conclusion Siramesine at very low concentrations affects lens epithelial cells with perturbation of the major proteolytic systems, lysosomal morphology and results in caspase activation and cell death. Siramesine may be a promising substance for clinical studies concerning the treatment of PCO.
The crystalline lens higher fatty acids influence on the lens physical characteristics
Authors: KUDRYAVTSEVA Y , CHUPROV A 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To study influence lipids of a crystalline lens on its physical characteristics. Methods 114 patients at the age from 55 till 78 years, with a cataract of various degree of a maturity are selected. Researches of a lens nucleus in vitro included: definition of mechanical hardness on the original device for research of mechanical hardness of a crystalline lens, research of composition of the higher fatty acids on the gas‐liquid chromatograph. Results Influence of the higher fatty acids composition on mechanical hardness of a lens nucleus is revealed. Strong direct dependence between polyunsaturated fatty acids contents and hardness of a crystalline lens is found out. The correlation factor is equal 0.7 (? <0.05). Pentadecanic and stearic acids ‐ the saturated fat acids have average correlation with hardness of lens ‐ the correlation factor is accordingly equal ‐0.6 (? <0.05) and ‐0.6 (? <0.05), in spite of low contents in the lens. The palmitic acid contains in the cataract lens in concentration comparable to level polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, essential correlation with hardness has no ‐ the correlation factor is equal 0.21 (p >0.05). The oleic, linolic and linolenic acids are contained in the cataract lens in low concentration and have average (v and linolic acids) ‐ the correlation factor is accordingly equal ‐0.5 (? <0.05) and ‐0.57 (? <0.05) and weak correlation (linolenic acid) with hardness of a crystalline lens ‐ the correlation factor is equal ‐0.22 (p> 0.05). Conclusion The polyunsaturated higher fatty acids which are a basis of membranes of a crystalline lens have the maximal influence on mechanical characteristics of the lens.
Evaluation of quality of life, and priorities in people with glaucoma
Authors: ASPINALL P 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Quality of life appears to be of increasing importance as a criterion for clinical intervention. However its meaning can be complex and its assessment varied. In social science the term has broad definitions which include terms such as autonomy, wellbeing; self esteem; sense of control etc. On the other hand within ophthalmology a narrower operational definition is mainly used which is the degree to which someone’s vision impacts on a range of necessary and desirable daily tasks a person wishes to carry out. The purpose of the presentation is to compare alternative methods of quality of life assessment. Methods The assessment approaches taken in the study range from conventional questionnaire rating scales, (something NICE has questioned) and time trade off comparisons, to more recent methods of scaling generated by for example Rasch or Hierarchical Bayesian analysis. Results Data will be presented from two studies (one in Edinburgh and one in Aberdeen) on quality of life in people with glaucoma. One of the new recommended discrete choice methods (Choice based conjoint analysis with Hierarchical Bayesian estimates) will be used. The results will include quality of life outcomes and their stability; related visual factors; comparisons across methods and more general implications for quality of life assessment. Conclusion Different methods for the assessment of quality of life produce different results with relatively low correlations between them although conjoint analysis has revealed stable priorities across two independent studies. These discrepancies in quality of life assessment require further study and evaluation.
Measuring visual diasability in glaucoma
Authors: KOTECHA A 
Published: September 2009

AbstractQuantification of the visual disability experienced by the glaucoma patient is currently limited to the use of clinician‐based measures of disease status; that is, measurement of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, visual field sensitivity and intraocular pressure. However, whilst these tests provide information to the clinician regarding patient management requirements, they provide very little information about the patient’s ability to function on a day‐to‐day basis. There have been attempts to measure the glaucoma patient’s experience using vision‐specific ‘quality of life’ questionnaires. However, it is apparent that no two patients with the same disease status will report the same quality of life experience. The purpose of this talk is to present new work examining how glaucoma patients perform specific, day‐to‐day tasks in the presence of the disease, with a view to understanding what specific visual factors might explain the difficulties they encounter at different stages of the disease.
Fitness to drive in glaucoma patients‐ Preliminary study results
Authors: STEVENS AM , LELOUP E , ZEYEN T 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To develop a useful binocular 30° visual field criterion to predict safe driving behaviour in glaucoma patients by comparing perimetric data with an actual driving test on the road. Methods The sample will consist of 200 driving glaucoma patients, recruited in 2 university based glaucoma clinics (Ghent and Leuven, Belgium). Inclusion criteria are glaucomatous optic disc damage and/or glaucomatous field defects. Exclusion criteria are concomitant ocular disease, cataract > LOCS 2, systemic disease or medication affecting the visual field. Data collection will include demographic and medical data, driving habits, and Mini Mental Status. A complete ophthalmic examination wil be done including Goldmann, SAP and Esterman visual field testing. In addition, UFOV test, stereopsis and contrast sensitivity testing will be performed. All subjects will perform an on the road driving test with a driving expert of the Belgian Institute for Traffic Safety. Subjects can pass, fail, or pass the test with limitations. An attempt will be made to develop an algorithm of visual field abnormalities that predict as accurately as possible the outcome of the practical driving test. Results Preliminary results of the first 50 included patients will be presented.
Impact on visual function from light scattering and glistenings in intraocular lenses
Authors: MöNESTAM E , BEHNDIG A 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To investigate the impact on visual function from light scattering and glistenings in intraocular lenses (IOLs) in patients who had cataract surgery 10 years previously. Methods 103 patients, who had phacoemulsification with implantation of Acrysof® MA60BM IOLs 10 years previously, were evaluated with best corrected visual acuity (VA), and low contrast visual acuity (LCVA) 10% and 2.5 %. The light scattering from the IOLs was measured by Scheimpflug photography. The degree of glistenings was also quantified at the slit‐lamp. Eyes with coexisting pathology that could affect VA and LCVA were excluded. Results The patients were divided into various groups according to the degree of light scattering and grade of glistenings. In two subsets of patients paired data from the patients’ two eyes were analyzed. It was not possible to detect any significant impact on visual function, BCVA and LCVA 10% and 2.5% in eyes with a more pronounced light scattering or a higher grade of glistenings seen at the slit‐lamp. The correlation between IOL dioptric power and both the total light scattering of the IOL, and the subjective grading of the intensity of the glistenings at the slit‐lamp was statistically significant (r=0.25; p=0.012; rS=0.23; p=0.019, respectively). Conclusion Most patients in this case series operated 10 years previously had severe glistenings and a high level of light scattering from their intraocular lenses. No detectable impact on BCVA, LCVA 10% and 2.5% was found.
How to tell dystrophies of Bowman's layer (Reis‐Bücklers and Thiel‐Behnke) from one another
Authors: KIVELÄ T 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To discuss difficulties encountered in differentiating two classic dystrophies of the Bowman layer caused by mutations of the TGFBI gene: Thiel–Behnke corneal dystrophy (TBCD) and Reis–Bücklers corneal dystrophy (RBCD). Methods Critical review of published data by the IC3D group and personal experience of the author as an ophthalmic pathologist and clinician. Results It has traditionally been difficult to recognise and distinguish TBCD and RBCD, so much so that some early papers claimed to describe the ultrastructure of RBCD actually analysed tissue from patients with TBCD; the known entity of RBCD was described as an unusual variant of granular corneal dystrophy; and Waardenburg‐Jonkers dystrophy appeared for eyars in textbooks although their patients had TBCD. The main problem is that both dystrophies are fairly rare and clinicians seldom have personal prior experience or adequate literature knowledge of both when they encounter a patient; and the literature with its frequent errors in diagnoses has not been that helpful. Conclusion TBCD and RBCD may be differentiated by careful clinical and ophthalmic pathologic examination if the clinician and pathologist are experienced; genetic or electron microscopic examination is needed for unequivocal confirmation.
Coenzyme Q10 prevents human lens epithelial cells from light‐induced apoptotic cell‐death by reducing oxidative stress and stabilizing BAX/Bcl‐2 ratio
Authors: KERNT M , HIRNEISS C , NEUBAUER AS , ULBIG MW , KAMPIK A 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Cataract is one of the most prevalent eye disease and a major cause for legal blindness in the world. Beside others, cumulative light‐exposure and apoptotic cell death are significantly associated with cataract developement. In contrast, supplementation with antioxidants has been suggested to prevent premature cataractogenesis. This study investigates possible protective effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) regarding light‐induced stress and apoptotic cell death in human lens epithelial cells (LEC). Methods Human LEC were either pre‐incubated with CoQ10 or not and then exposed to white light. After 10 to 40 minutes of irradiation viability, induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis and cell death was determined. Expression of apoptotic BAX and anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 protein and their mRNA were determined by RT‐PCR and Western‐Blot analysis. Results Light exposure decreased LEC viability and Bcl‐2 expression and increased intracellular ROS, apoptotic cell death, and BAX expression in a time‐of‐irradiation‐dependent manner. Phototoxic cell death and apoptosis, as well as decrease of Bcl‐2 and increase in BAX expression was significantly reduced, when cells were pre‐incubated with CoQ10. Conclusion In this study CoQ10 significantly reduced light‐induced LEC‐damage and attenuated phototoxic effects on BAX and Bcl‐2 expression. Therefore, CoQ10 supplementation might also be useful in preventing LEC death and consecutive cataract formation in vivo.
23G versus 20G for macular hole surgery. Efficacy, safety and patient satisfaction
Authors: PAPPAS G 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To compare the 20gauge and 23gauge vitreoretinal surgical system and equipment in macular hole surgery. Methods We randomly assigned 38 patients in two different groups. Group 1. Used 20g surgical equipment and instrumentation. Group 2. Used 23g surgical equipment and instrumentation. All cases were operated by the same surgeon. The efficacy, the safety and the patient comfort were evaluated. Results No statistically significant difference found between the two groups regarding efficacy and complications. Group 2 was superior to group 1 regarding patient satisfaction (p<0.005). Conclusion 23g surgical equipment offers similar efficacy to the established 20g equipment for macular hole surgery. Though reduces the intraoperative time and patient overall satisfaction is greater.