bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE POTENTIAL OF BACTERIA FOR THE MICROBIAL CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS
Authors: Zelazny B. , Goettel M.S. , Keller B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBacteria have been implicated in disease epizootics observed in field populations and laboratory-reared locusts and grasshoppers. Two species [Serratia marcescens Bizio and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula] consistently infect locusts when ingested with food and can spread in laboratory populations. However, research on developing these organisms for microbial control of locusts and grasshoppers begun in the 1950s has not been continued. In recent years strains of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner have been studied for activity against locusts and grasshoppers. Results of additional trials by the authors are reported. Among 393 B. thuringiensis isolates and 93 preparations of other sporeforming bacteria fed to nymphs of Locusta migratoria (L.) and/or Schistocerca gregaria Forsk., none has shown any pathogenicity to the insects. The recent discovery of novel B. thuringiensis strains active against various diverse pests and the many properties of a sporeforming bacterium that satisfy the requirements for a microbial control agent, and the development of Serratia entomophila as a promising agent for control of grass grubs, provide incentive to continue the search for an orthopteran-active sporeforming bacterium and to re-investigate the potential of non-sporeforming bacterial pathogens as microbial control agents of grasshoppers and locusts.
MECHANISMS OF DEUTEROMYCETE FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Bidochka Michael J. , St. Leger Raymond J. , Roberts Donald W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSeveral species of entomopathogenic deuteromycetous fungi can produce epizootics in populations of grasshoppers and locusts. Consequently there is considerable interest in development of these fungi as biocontrol agents. To this end we need information about the genetic and molecular basis of deuteromycete pathogenesis in acridids to develop a rational plan for strain improvement. Herein we present an overview of the infection processes of deuteromycetous fungi in acridids. These fungi penetrate through the cuticle which is composed primarily of proteins. Hydrophobic interactions, appressoria formation, and mucus production by the fungus are involved in fungal adhesion to the acridid cuticle. Extracellular proteases produced by Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin solubilize cuticle proteins, which assists penetration and provides nutrients for further growth. Fungal infection through the locust gut is rare because indigenous gut microflora produce antifungal metabolites. Little is known of the events providing host specificity or those that lead to insect death once the cuticle is breached by the fungus; however, mechanical damage, nutrient deprivation, and toxic metabolites may be involved.
PERSISTENCE OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA IN SOIL FOLLOWING APPLICATION OF CONIDIA THROUGH CROP CANOPIES
Authors: Inglis G.D. , Duke G.M. , Kanagaratnam P. , Johnson D.L. , Goettel M.S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe influence of three formulations, water, oil, and a 5% oil emulsion, and two crops, alfalfa and crested wheatgrass, on the deposition and subsequent persistence of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin conidia in soil was investigated. The alfalfa canopy was considerably denser than that of wheatgrass. Leaf area indices for alfalfa ranged from 1.8 to greater than 2, those for wheatgrass ranged from 0.24 to 0.55. Initial populations of conidia averaged 1.2 × 103 to 2.6 × 104 colony-forming units (cfu) per gram of dry weight of soil under alfalfa, and 5.5 × 103 to 3.4 × 104 cfu per gram of soil under wheatgrass. There was no consistent influence of formulation or application method (high or ultra low volume) on penetration of conidia through the canopy of either crop. However, conidial populations under wheatgrass were larger than those under alfalfa in two of three trials. After 225–272 days (over winter), substantial populations (87 to 4.3 × 104 cfu/g) were recovered from soil. Although conidial densities decreased over time, reductions in population size over this period were generally less than one order of magnitude; neither crop nor formulation consistently influenced conidial persistence. In most instances, a rapid decrease in conidial populations was observed within approximately 20 days but thereafter, the rates of population decline abated. The initial decrease in conidial numbers did not appear to be related to precipitation. This study demonstrates that substantial numbers of B. bassiana conidia infiltrate crop canopies, are deposited on the soil surface, and subsequently persist in a clay–loam soil. The aerial application of B. bassiana conidia to vegetated roadsides may prove useful for the management of ovipositing grasshoppers and emerging nymphs.
DEVELOPMENT OF METARHIZIUM SPP. FOR THE CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS
Authors: Lomer C.J. , Prior C. , Kooyman C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFour research programmes are investigating the entomopathogenic fungal genera Metarhizium and Beauveria for locust and grasshopper control in Africa. In the LUBILOSA programme, surveys for pathogen isolates revealed a morphologically distinctive Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal attacking acridoids in West Africa, Madagascar, and elsewhere. Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin isolates with virulence to acridoids were also obtained, including several from non-orthopteran hosts. Natural epizootics of both genera are rare in acridoid populations, but do occur. A standardized screening method discriminated virulent from non-virulent isolates. The great majority of the most virulent isolates were from the acridoid group of M. flavoviride. A Niger isolate chosen for development from this group had low virulence to honey bees and parasitic Hymenoptera and was not infective to insects in several other orders. Field tests were carried out on formulations of oil mixtures, using ULV application rates of 1–2 L/ha and 2–5 × 1012 conidia per hectare. In preliminary tests, target insects were sprayed successfully in small field arenas and in large cages. Trials in 1993 on variegated grasshopper gave an approx. 90% reduction in field populations after 15 days. Trials on various acridids, predominantly Hieroglyphus daganensis Krauss, in dense grass in northern Benin showed slower mortality, although up to 70% population reduction was achieved. Trials using a vehicle-mounted ULV sprayer (the Ulva-Mast) in open grassland in Niger gave >90% mortality in samples of mixed acridids. In Mali, a Malian isolate of M. flavoviride was shown to be slightly more virulent than the standard Niger isolate; both isolates gave significant population reductions against nymphs of Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss and Kraussella amabile (Krauss) in 1-ha plots. Successful small-scale field trials have also been carried out using the standard M. flavoviride isolate in South Africa against brown locust and in Australia using an Australian isolate against wingless grasshopper. In Mauritania, a trial using the Niger isolate against desert locust nymph bands gave up to 90% mortality in caged samples by day 9 after spraying. The uncaged treated bands were completely destroyed by predators while untreated bands fledged. Oil-based ULV formulations of M. flavoviride are capable of causing high mortality in the field populations of all acridoids against which they have been field tested and show great promise for development as components of IPM strategies for these pests.
CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS, PARTICULARLY HIEROGLYPHUS DAGANENSIS, IN NORTHERN BENIN USING METARHIZIUM FLAVOVIRIDE
Authors: Lomer C.J. , Thomas M.B. , Douro-Kpindou O.-K. , Gbongboui C. , Godonou I. , Langewald J. , Shah P.A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTrials on the use of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Roszypal conidia in oil-based formulation for the control of grasshoppers, particularly Hieroglyphus daganensis Krauss, in Malanville, north Benin, are described. Preliminary work examined sprayer types, application rate, and time of application. In a trial on 4-ha plots with three replicates, M. flavoviride mycoinsecticide application to H. daganensis nymphs resulted in field population reductions of 70% after 14 days. In samples incubated in cages, mortality was higher in the samples taken 3 or 7 days after application than in the sample taken immediately after application, indicating the possibility of residual pick-up compared with direct spray impact in this environment. Significant mortality was still being observed in samples collected 37 days after application; to investigate this further, a method for bioassaying the spore load in the field was developed and used to monitor the spore load in the field. The possibility that the results indicate the occurrence of secondary infections resulting from horizontal transmission of M. flavoviride is discussed.
ATTEMPTS TO INCREASE THE PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF INFECTION OF GRASSHOPPERS WITH THE ENTOMOPATHOGEN NOSEMA LOCUSTAE CANNING (MICROSPORIDA: NOSEMATIDAE) BY REPEATED FIELD APPLICATION
Authors: Johnson Dan L. , Dolinski Michael G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractInitial promising results with the microsporidium Nosema locustae Canning as a means of controlling grasshoppers have been followed by some cases of limited field performance. However, at sublethal doses this entomopathogen can reduce grasshopper feeding, reproduction and development, suggesting that the damage caused to range, forages and crops might be reduced if the prevalence of infection in the field could be increased over previously achieved levels. In a field experiment, we treated plots totalling 780 ha with bran bait containing N. locustae at either 2.5 or 5.0 × 109 spores per ha in each of two consecutive years, and grasshopper populations and the prevalence and degree of infection were monitored every two weeks during the summers, for three years. Little or no background infection occurred in the untreated plots. Infections of grasshoppers with N. locustae in the treated plots during the first year of application, typically increased from less than 5% by the 4th week to 10–15% by the 8th week after application. The higher application rates resulted in only slightly higher percentages infected. Most of the infections were classified by microscopic examination as trace to moderate, although heavy infections were observed in the second year. Up to 35% of some Melanoplus species collected from the treated plots were found to contain N. locustae spores, but intensive monitoring indicated population reductions that were inconsistent among sites and generally less than 50%. Other species, notably Aeropedellus clavatus, Ageneotettix deorum, Bruneria brunnea and Camnula pellucida, failed to acquire significant infection by N. locustae. The presence of these apparently less susceptible species did not account for the poor overall performance of the treatments. Two annual applications of N. locustae did not greatly increase the rate or severity of infections in grasshopper populations, although at one of the three sites, trace infections were found in the treated plots six years later.Although Nosema may eventually have value as a component of an integrated grasshopper pest management system, the low virulence cannot be readily overcome by repeated applications.
Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe late-instar larvae of about 185 species of the North American Olethreutidae are described and most of them illustrated. Included in these are many pests, such as Grapholitha molesta, Carpocapsa pomonella, and Spilonota ocellana on fruit trees, Paralobesia viteana on grapes, Ancylis comptana fragariae on strawberries, Laspeyresia nigricana in pea pods, Laspeyresia caryana in hickory and pecan nuts, Taniva albolineana in spruce needles, and species of Rhyacionia and Petrova on pines. Keys to species groups and to individual species are provided. Of the diagnostic and specialized characters listed, the most useful include the setae, the spinneret, and the shape of the larva, especially of its head and anal shield. The main characters are given for the postulated ancestral larva and for the highly developed larva. Most of the species groups are arranged according to the suggested phylogenetic relationship of their larvae, emphasizing the necessity of a revision of the family. Larvae of some genera previously difficult to classify, such as Pseudogalleria and Hystricophora, indicate the relationship of those genera to other groups; conversely, lack of relationship is clearly shown in other instances, e.g., between Carpocapsa pomonella and Carpocapsa saltitans, and between the two species Epiblema culminana and E. suffusana and other members of the genus Epiblema.
Potential for range expansion of mountain pine beetle into the boreal forest of North America
Authors: Safranyik L. , Carroll A.L. , Régnière J. , Langor D.W. , Riel W.G. , Shore T.L. , Peter B. , Cooke B.J. , Nealis V.G. , Taylor S.W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe potential for mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), to expand its historical range in North America from west of the continental divide into the eastern boreal forest was assessed on the basis of analyses of the effects of climate and weather on brood development and survival, and key aspects of the interaction of mountain pine beetle with its hosts and associated organisms. Variation in climate suitability and high host susceptibility in the boreal forest create a finite risk of establishment and local persistence of low-level mountain pine beetle populations outside their historical range. Eventually, these populations could become widespread and cause epidemic infestations, creating an ecological pathway eastward through the boreal forest. Such infestations would reduce the commercial value of forests and impose an additional disturbance on native ecological systems.
Influence of plant-hardiness zone, shoot length, and crown class on the incidence of gouting by the balsam woolly adelgid on balsam fir
Authors: Guillet Bertrand , Morrison Andrew , Carleton Drew , Ostaff Don , Quiring Dan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe collected midcrown branches of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae), at six different sites located in five different plant-hardiness zones, along a north–south transect in New Brunswick, Canada, to evaluate the effect of plant-hardiness zone, crown class (overstory versus understory), and shoot length during the previous 10 years on the annual incidence of gouting by the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Site, crown class, and their interaction, along with the square of shoot length, explained 78% of the variation in gouting. Variations in gouting attributed to plant-hardiness zone were probably primarily due to variation in mean January temperature: at each site, the mean January temperature was positively and closely related to the mean level of gouting. The level of gouting was consistently higher on trees in the understory than on those in the overstory. Shoot length was parabolically related to the proportion of shoots with gout. The parabolic relationship between shoot size and the level of gouting is similar to that previously reported for galling adelgids, and suggests that gouting by A. piceae may be greatest on trees with an intermediate growth rate.
Controlling life stages of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in stored rye using microwave energy
Authors: Vadivambal R. , Jayas D. S. , White N. D. G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA pilot-scale industrial microwave unit operating at 2450 MHz was used to test whether microwave treatment can control Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) populations infesting stored rye, Secale cereale L. (Poaceae). Tests were performed in samples of rye (50 g) with 14%, 16%, or 18% moisture content. Samples containing T. castaneum eggs, larvae, pupae, or adults were exposed to 200, 300, 400, or 500 W for periods of 28 or 56 s, resulting in final surface temperatures ranging from 47.2 to 83.9 °C. Eggs were most vulnerable; adults were least vulnerable. Subsequent tests showed that microwaves reduced rye germination and flour yield. No effect of treatment on grain protein content, falling number, sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume, mixograph and farinograph dough development times, or baking properties was detected.
No support for fluctuating asymmetry as a biomarker of chemical residues in livestock dung
Authors: Floate Kevin D. , Coghlin Paul C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFluctuating asymmetries (FAs) are small random deviations between left- and right-side measurements of normally symmetrical traits in a given organism. Changes in FA have frequently been proposed as biomarkers for organisms exposed to stress during development and may have value for detecting low levels of chemical residues or other stressors in the environment. We tested this hypothesis in three replicated laboratory experiments and failed to find any effect of chemical residues (ivermectin) in cattle dung on levels of FAs (wing and leg traits) for the dung-breeding flyScathophaga stercorariaL. (Diptera: Scathophagidae). In trying to resolve this discrepancy with previous reports, we found that many studies failed to replicate measurements of FA traits within an experiment, which increases the likelihood of spurious positive results. Furthermore, experiments were rarely replicated either within or between studies, so the repeatability of positive results has usually gone untested. These issues have been raised by others, but are still not being adequately addressed. Discussions regarding the value of FAs as biomarkers will not advance until this is done.
Triterpenoid saponins synergize insecticidal pea peptides: effect on feeding and survival ofSitophilus oryzae(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Fields Paul G. , Woods Sheila , Taylor Wesley G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe triterpenoid saponins soyasaponin I, dehydrosoyasaponin I, echinocystic acid 3-glucoside, β-escin, glycyrrhizic acid, hederacoside C, and α-hederin were tested alone and in combination with insecticidal PA1b peptide mixtures isolated from peas for their effects on the feeding and survival of a stored-product insect, the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae(L.). There were two sources of peptides: a purified extract composed primarily of PA1b peptides and a partially purified extract (C8 extract) that contained mainly peptides and lesser amounts of soyasaponin I, dehydrosoyasaponin I, and other compounds. Dehydrosoyasaponin I, echinocystic acid 3-glucoside, α-hederin, and β-escin were active (causing reduced feeding and increased mortality) when used alone. Soyasaponin I, hederacoside C, and glycyrrhizic acid were inactive when used alone. Purified peptides and C8 extract were active when used alone. The mixtures of the inactive soyasaponin I and the active peptides were as active as peptides alone, even when peptides composed only 10% of the mixture. Similar trends were seen with the mixtures of β-escin and PA1b. In general, the mixtures of saponins and peptides were synergistic. Possible modes of synergistic action are discussed.
2-Phenylethanol: context-specific aggregation or sex-attractant pheromone of Boisea rubrolineata (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae)
Authors: Schwarz Joseph J. , Gries Gerhard 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWestern boxelder bugs, Boisea rubrolineata (Barber), form large aggregations on pistillate boxelder, Acer negundo L. (Aceraceae), host trees with maturing seeds, and cluster on warm, sunlit surfaces prior to overwintering. We have recently shown that B. rubrolineata is attracted to the host-tree semiochemicals phenylacetonitrile and 2-phenethyl acetate. We report results of chemical analyses and laboratory bioassays suggesting that aggregation and sexual communication in B. rubrolineata are mediated by 2-phenylethanol. This compound serves as an aggregation pheromone for females, males, and 5th-instar nymphs in midsummer, and in males it appears to serve as a sex-attractant pheromone in early spring. As an aggregation pheromone, 2-phenylethanol originates from the feces of seed-feeding females and males and (or) the ventral abdominal gland of males. As a sex-attractant pheromone, it originates from the ventral abdominal gland of males that emerge from overwintering diapause. Aggregations of B. rubrolineata in the fall and winter are mediated by other as yet unknown pheromones.
Effects of altering growth curve and age at photostimulation in female broiler breeders. 1. Reproductive development
Authors: Renema R. A. , Robinson F. E. , Goerzen P. R. 
Published: April 2011

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of differences in growth curve and age at photostimulation on carcass traits and ovarian morphology in broiler breeder hens at photostimulation and at sexual maturity. Pullets were grown on one of three growth curves STD (standard), LOW (150 g lighter than STD) and HIGH (150 g heavier than STD), and were photostimulated at either 19 wk of age (19WK) or 21 wk of age (21WK). Weekly blood samples were taken between photostimulation and sexual maturity for determination of estradiol-17β concentration. Twelve birds per interaction were processed at photostimulation for determination of carcass and reproductive morphology, followed by an additional 10 birds per interaction at sexual maturity. Unless otherwise stated, all significance was assessed at the P < 0.05 level. At photostimulation, the HIGH birds were larger and had more carcass lipid (7.44%) than the LOW birds (6.22%). By sexual maturity, carcass lipid as a percentage of BW was similar among the growth curve groups, as were the weights of most carcass parameters measured relative to BW. The large yellow follicle content of ovaries from LOW, STD, and HIGH birds were not different. Ovaries from HIGH birds had 48.2% of large yellow follicles arranged in multiple sets (large yellow follicles weighing within 1 g) compared to 29.5% in STD birds. Birds photostimulated earlier took longer to lay their first egg after photostimulation (19WK = 41.3 d, 21WK = 35.1 d), although this still occurred at a younger age (19WK = 174.3 d of age, 21W K = 182.1 d of age). The profile of plasma estradiol-17β concentration of the 19WK birds appeared to increase more slowly than for the 21WK pullets. As plasma estradiol-17β concentration will increase at a regular rate once it begins to increase, the flatter summary profile of 19WK pullets may be indicative of a less-uniform response to photostimulation. Based on the BW growth curves used in this trial and data collected at photostimulation and sexual maturity, there was no advantage of early photostimulation, and ovarian morphology may be negatively affected by moderate increases in rearing growth curve. Key words: Broiler breeder, sexual maturity, ovarian morphology, growth curve, body weight