bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONDITIONS FOR HOLDING AND PROPAGATING CRAWFISH BROOD STOCK (Procambarus clarkii)
Authors: Nelson Robert G. , Dendy J. S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCommercial producers of the red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) require a source of stock other than from the wild in order to supplement natural pond production, extend the growing season, and improve genetic characteristics. Thus, consideration is given to systems for holding and propagating brood stock. Physical and chemical conditions of importance for holding environments include size and shape of container, water depth, surface area, shelters, water hardness, and dissolved oxygen content. Biological influences of importance include density, cannibalism, predation, parasitism, and nutrition. Methods for spawning, hatching, and rearing of young are described.
ASSORBIC ACID: NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT AND ROLE IN WOUND REPAIR IN PENAEID SHRIMP
Authors: Lightner D. V. , Hunter B. , Magarelli P. C. , Colvin L. B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAscorbic acid (AsA) has been identified as a dietary requirement for cultured juvenile penaeid shrimp (Penaeus californiensis and Penaeus stylirostris). A dietary intake of 0.1% was sufficient to prevent nutrition‐related deaths among these shrimp. Without sufficient dietary AsA, a deficiency death, Black Death, occurred. This disease is characterized by melanized hemocytic lesions distributed throughout the collagenous tissues of the shrimp' body. The specific requirement for AsA was demonstrated by feeding a special AsA supplement which resulted in the cessation of Black Death among an AsA‐deficient population. Normal collagen metabolism and wound repair in two penaeid shrimp (Penaeus californiensis and Penaeus stylirostris) was shown to be dependent upon ascorbic acid (AsA) nutrition. A significantly greater number of mortalities occurred among wounded AsA‐deficient shrimp of both species due to poor wound repair than among wounded controls.
IMMUNIZATION OF FISHES IN WORLD MARICULTURE: A REVIEW
Authors: Harrell Lee W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe capability to mount an immune response against pathogens has been recognized in fish since rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were successfully vaccinated against the bacterial disease furunculosis in 1942. Most investigations into the development of fish vaccines since that time have focused on the bacterial pathogens of salmonids.The majority of research and development of practical vaccines for cultured fish has been realized in the past 10 years and presently the field of fish immunology is enjoying a rapid and productive growth. Interest in fish from a phylogenetic or comparative aspect led many competent individuals and institutions to explore the nature and mechanisms of the immune response in several species. Knowledge gained from these investigations has been the foundation for work on practical vaccine development.During the early 1970′ in the Pacific Northwest, commercial growers hand vaccinated marine cultured Pacific salmon against vibriosis. Hundreds of thousands of juvenile salmon were individually injected using automatic syringes and assembly line techniques. With the advent of large‐scale aquaculture operations, the necessity for an efficacious delivery system for large numbers of fish became evident. Recently, new methods and novel techniques such as immersion and spray vaccination have been developed by private, academic, and governmental agencies.A review is given of the evolution of vaccines and vaccine delivery systems in cultured finfish.
A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE LOBSTER (Homarus americanus) ALIMENTARY CANAL
Authors: Bayer Robert C. , Gallagher Margie Lee , Leavitt Dale F. , Rittenburg James H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAdult lobsters (Homarus americanus) were administered barium sulfate orally and examined by fluoroscopy and conventional X‐ray techniques. Barium sulfate was observed outlining the cardiac and pyloric stomach intestine and cecum. Barium sulfate, which has a particle size of one micron, was rarely observed within the midgut gland. This probably indicated that the pyloric stomach functions as a particle filter allowing small digesta particles and solubles to move into the tubules for absorption to occur. When barium was observed in the midgut gland it was probably the result of prolonged micropulverizing of the ingesta by the gastric mill to a size that is filterable by the stomach. The stomach was observed releasing ingesta into the small intestine in pulses. Peristaltic movement was observed in the small intestine. The small particle size of one micron which would not pass into the tubules supplies evidence that particle size may be an important factor in diets that are designed for efficient utilization.
FROM A HATCHERY…LIGHTLY
Authors: Henderson Stephen P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMuch attention has been given to recent advances in the art of bivalve molluscan mariculture arising from the contributions of private research groups, university programs, government agencies and commercial enterprises. The state‐of‐the‐art of bivalve culture is briefly explored here, areas of need are identified and these are then related to the capabilities and limitations of shellfish hatcheries. After differentiating the various types of hatcheries and describing their goals and capabilities, the author' company is used as a tool to illustrate and discuss the contributions which the industry can expect from commercial hatcheries and to identify those things which must be done by organizations other than hatcheries. In conclusion, the author perceives that real progress in the advancement of bivalve molluscan mariculture will occur only through the combined efforts of several groups and call for an enhanced coordination of effort.
BIVALVE MOLLUSCAN MARICULTURE: A Mytilus PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Lutz Richard A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTContinued growth in the demand for mussels (Mytilus edulis) in the United States will (in the near future) necessitate transforming conditions of supply based on wild harvest to conditions based on mariculture. Mussel cultivation presents an effective means of expanding the resource base, and the accelerated growth and superior quality of cultured mussels make this product an attractive addition to the industry. Experimental and pilot commercial mussel culture systems have been successful in various areas of the United States and continued expansion of mariculture operations offers the potential for a dependable commercial supply of high quality mussels. To enable production at a competitive cost, labor‐intensive processes, associated with various aspects of mussel mariculture, should be mechanized. Considerable research is required in order to obtain an adequate understanding of the manner in which biological and physical parameters will affect production efficiency of large‐scale commercial operations.
A NEW DRY DIET WITH ALTERNATIVE OIL SOURCES FOR PACIFIC SALMON
Authors: Hardy Ronald W. , Iwaoka Wayne T. , Brannon Ernest L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA dry diet utilizing two oil sources that are less expensive and easier to obtain than marine fish oils was developed and found acceptable to salmon.Chinook salmon fry (initial wt = 0.5 g) were fed the dry diet with either cod liver oil, linseed oil, or a linseed oil‐tallow mixture as the dietary oil source. A commercial moist pellet and a commercial dry pellet were also fed. Growth and feed conversions were monitored throughout the 12‐week experiment and the proximate composition of the fish were determined at the end of the experiment along with the fatty acid compositions of the diets and total body lipids of the fish.Fish fed the experimental dry diets were significantly larger than those on the moist pellets. The commercial dry pellet was discontinued after six weeks due to poor growth. Among groups of fish fed the dry diet, those given the formulation containing cod liver oil were slightly heavier than those receiving either the linseed oil or linseed oil plus tallow formulations. Feed conversion was similar among fish fed the experimental dry diets and lower than the feed conversion of fish given the moist pellets.Fish receiving the moist pellets had less carcass fat and more carcass protein than did fish on the experimental dry diets. The difference reflected the level of protein in the diets. The fatty acid composition of the total body lipids varied with the fatty acid composition of the diets.
THE EFFECT OF ANDROGENIC STEROIDS AS DIETARY ADDITIVES ON THE GROWTH OF CARP (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Matty A. J. , Lone Khalid P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTNaturally occurring androgenic steroids, testosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone and adrenosterone were incorporated into trout feed pellets and their effect on growth examined when each was fed to juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The steroids were administered for a period of 60 days at concentrations of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg of diet at a rate of 5% of body weight/day. After 60 days the drugs were withdrawn and fish returned to normal diet for another 30 days and growth monitored. Significant increases in body weight, total length and specific growth rate were recorded for all steroids. At the end of 60 days (drug feeding period) the fish receiving testosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone and adrenosterone were 84.2%, 92.7% and 115.9% respectively, heavier than the controls. At 90 days the experimental fish were 163.07%, 200.33% and 228.79% heavier than the controls for testosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone and adrenosterone respectively. Similar increases in total length were also recorded. These results illustrate the potential use for natural sex steroids in aquaculture.
EFFECT OF FREEZING METHODS ON THE QUALITY OF THE PRAWN, Macrobrachium rosenbergii1
Authors: Nip W. K. , Moy J. H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFresh water prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) has a shelf‐life of only 3–4 days. Its deterioration usually starts with softening of the abdominal tissues. Freezing studies were conducted to determine qualities of the prawn after one month of frozen storage. Freezing methods include liquid nitrogen dipping, still air at ‐13 to ‐19°C, and freezing in brine at ‐6 to ‐18°C. Total bacterial count, pH, trimethylaminenitrogen and salt content were measured on previously frozen, thawed samples. Texture profile and sensory evaluation were measured on thawed, then cooked samples.Loss of muscle elasticity and lowering of viable bacterial counts were found in all the frozen‐then‐thawed samples. No significant losses of sensory qualities on the cooked samples were observed, with samples frozen with liquid nitrogen scored closer to fresh samples. Overall qualities of previously frozen samples were judged acceptable.
THE RESPONSE OF ALL‐MALE TILAPIA HYBRIDS TO FOUR LEVELS OF PROTEIN IN ISOCALORIC DIETS
Authors: Newman Mark W. , Huezo Hugo E. , Hughes David G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTwenty 20–m3 concrete tanks with non‐flowing water were stocked with all‐male tilapia hybrids (male Tilapia hornorum X female T. nilotica) at a rate of 1.5 fish/m3. Four diets of equal gross caloric content (isocaloric) containing 20, 25, 30, and 35% protein of equal quality were tested to evaluate the growth response of tilapia to protein quantity. No significant difference in growth was produced by any diet. It was more economical to use 20% protein in the diets than higher levels.
FOAM FRACTIONATION APPLIED TO AQUACULTURAL SYSTEMS1
Authors: Wheaton F. W. , Lawson T. B. , Lomax K. M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFoam fractionation is discussed as a means of removing contaminants from seafood processing plant effluents and fish culture systems. Fractionator operating modes are discussed as are the parameters affecting operation and performance. Use of a foam fractionator for contaminant removal from blue crab processing plant effluent and from fish culture systems is reported and results are briefly discussed.
OZONE DISINFECTION OF FISH HATCHERY WATERS: PILOT PLANT RESULTS, PROTOTYPE DESIGN AND CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Oakes Dan , Cooley Paul , Edwards Louis L. , Hirsch Robert W. , Miller Victor G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFor over two years, ozone pilot plant studies have been conducted examining the efficacy of disinfecting makeup water entering the Dworshak National Fish Hatchery at Orofino, Idaho. The major pilot plant equipment consisted of a 1.12 kg/day Union Carbide Ozone Generator and contacting column.Plate counts for total bacteria were taken at various points in the pilot plant. Similar plate counts were taken from existing ultraviolet disinfection equipment. Also monitored were ozone residual levels entering and within the recycle system, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total organic nitrogen, suspended solids, turbidity and biochemical oxygen demand. Analysis of the plate counts shows ozone consistently provides more effective disinfection of the makeup water than the existing ultraviolet system. Nitrite levels after ozonation show a significant decrease, while nitrate levels increased. Ozone disinfection of recycle water was also satisfactorily demonstrated. Additionally, batch studies indicate ozone effectively destroyed algae.The pilot work established Dworshak ozone requirements to disinfect both makeup and recycle water. Experimental ozone demand, residual ozone removal rates, and ozone decay rates make it possible to design equipment and controls that will protect the fish from unsafe ozone concentrations. An ozone disinfection system preliminary design for a typical recycle fish hatchery is presented.
WINTER CULTURE OF Penaeus vannamei IN PONDS RECEIVING THERMAL EFFLUENT AT DIFFERENT RATES
Authors: Chamberlain G. W. , Hutchins D. L. , Lawrence A. L. , Parker J. C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPenaeus vannamei were cultured from 3 November 1978 to 10 April 1979 in eight 0.1‐ha ponds at the Texas A&M mariculture facility located at Central Power and Light Company's Barney M. Davis Power Station in Corpus Christi, Texas. Four treatments were established using 3 flow rates of thermal effluent (high, medium, and low) and 2 feeding rates (3 and 4%). Survival, growth, and distribution of shrimp within ponds were monitored using cast‐net sampling. The low‐flow ponds suffered 94% mortality during the first major cold front when temperatures dropped to 5.2°C. Survival increased strongly with each increase in flow rate to a maximum of 33.7–82.3% in high‐flow ponds. Low‐temperature mortality of P. vannamei appeared to begin below 8°C regardless of acclimation and to occur at temperatures as high as 12°C depending on acclimation. Growth rates among treatments ranged from ‐0.03 to 0.06 g/day with the highest rate found in the high‐flow ponds with 4% feeding rate. A regression of growth rates on mean temperatures for all ponds fed at the 3% rate indicated growth rates of 0.00 g/day at 15.9°C, 0.02 g/day at 20°C, and 0.05 g/day at 25.0°C. The 4% feeding rate treatment yielded greater survival, growth, food conversion efficiency, digestive gland index, and spermatophore production than the 3% feeding rate treatment. Cast‐net catches of shrimp artificially declined below 21°C, apparently due to increased burrowing activity. The distribution of P. vannamei within ponds indicated a preference for deeper waters during the day and a more even distribution at night.
EFFECT OF OZONE TREATMENT ON THE SURVIVAL OF PRAWN LARVAE (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) REARED IN A CLOSED‐RECIRCULATING WATER SYSTEM
Authors: Menasveta Piamsak 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOzone treatment in a closed‐recirculating water system significantly improved survival of freshwater prawn larvae. Post‐larval production in several rearing trials varied from 6–17.5 prawns per liter of water. This improvement over the mean of 4.1 larvae/liter achieved in the non‐ozonated controls might be due to the positive effects of ozone on the water quality. For instance, it can accelerate the conversion of nitrogenous wastes into the stable forms and it can serve as a prophylactic chemical with no retaining effect.
A MARICULTURE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT FOR AN ALTERNATIVE HARD CLAM FISHERY IN SOUTH CAROLINA: PRELIMINARY RESULTS1
Authors: Manzi John J. , Burrell Victor G. , Carson W. Z. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIntensive hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) culture for the production of large seed and/or market size quahogs is being investigated as an alternative or supplemental clam fishery for South Carolina. A combination of cage culture and aggregate cover (crushed gravel) is being used in subtidal, intertidal, and floating configurations. Young seed clams (ȳ size = 3.4 mm) are planted at four densities (500, 1,000, 2,500, 5,000 m‐2) in both production and experimental culture units at each of four locations along the South Carolina coast. Experimental units are divided into 0.1 m2 compartments to provide monthly replicate samples for each density. Coincidental water samples are taken monthly at each location for determinations of chlorophyll a, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen, orthophosphate, silicate, total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and dissolved organic carbon, as well as standard hydrographic parameters (temperature, salinity, turbidity). Results from preliminary bottom tray culture studies as well as ongoing cageaggregate culture are presented and discussed.
DESIGN AND OVERWINTERING OF A SOLAR HEATED RECIRCULATING MARINE POLYCULTURE SYSTEM
Authors: Ogle John 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe construction of a passively solar heated marine recirculating culture system and its operation through the winter of 1978–1979 is presented. A recirculating marine polyculture system was designed and constructed to maintain a minimum water temperature of 20°C (70°F) utilizing solar heat. The system consisted of a 4000‐liter insulated raceway covered with 9.3 m2 (100 ft2) of solar panels. Filtration was provided by a 0.74 m2 (8 ft2) submerged filter composed of 0.22 m3 (8 ft3) of clam shells and 0.03 m3 (1 ft3) of foam rubber. A marine alga was used to denitrify the water before recycling. Twenty‐six airlifts recirculated the raceway water at a velocity of 0.6 m/sec. Flow through the filter was 6 liters/min with a retention time of 2 hours and an overall system turnover of 2.2 per day. Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) and red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) were used as indicator organisms (due to their sensitivity to low temperatures). Mullet (Mugil cephalus) were stocked to reduce phytoplankton growth. Suspended solids were reduced by biodeposition of oysters in a settling tank. Additional filtration consisted of a protein skimmer used intermittently.
COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS FOR CRAWFISH IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Nolfi James R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper examines several alternative strategies for the development of supply and demand (market) for freshwater crawfish produced through aquaculture in the northeastern United States. The potential for four species (Orconectes virilis, O. immunis, Procambarus clarkii and Pacifastacus leniusculus) will be examined in each of the following aquaculture production systems: a) wildstock fishery, b) planting in ponds, c) ponds with supplemental feeding, d) extended season ponds, e) hatchery and grow‐out, and f) fully closed systems.Demand for crawfish is examined in three categories: scientific and instructional use, bait for angling, and human food. The food market demand, which will receive the greatest attention, is examined in terms of three potential directions: local specialty markets, mid distance (regional) metropolitan markets, and international markets. The paper summarizes the potential systems, given present and proposed future barriers and opportunities for the development of commercial culture systems.
PUMPING CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL AIRLIFT PUMPS
Authors: Castro Walter E. , Zielinski Paul B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBecause airlift pumps are used extensively in mariculture systems, reliable performance data are required for efficient system operation. This study was initiated when it was found that reliable performance data were not available in the literature for pumps of short length (under 3 m) and small diameter (2–8 cm). Data for so‐called high lift pumps are available but initial work showed that the extrapolation of this data to small airlift pumps gives unreliable results.The paper describes the experimental apparatus used to obtain flowrate data for the small airlift pump. These data are presented in tabular form for the benefit of the reader. Empirical equations using “best fit” correlations are also presented for convenience.The paper also presents data on the staging of an airlift pump. That is an airlift pump with a single air inlet but outlets at different vertical locations (stages) along the pump. One possible use for a staged pump is in an intensive culture system where the lower stage would provide flow circulation, while the upper stage would pump culture water from the tank for treatment. Results for a two‐stage pump are given and show that, in general, staging reduces pumping efficiency.The final topic deals with tuning the pump for maximum flowrate. It is well known that the optimum liquid flowrate occurs for a relatively small range of air flowrates. Driving the pump with air flowrates greater or less than this optimum flowrate will cause a significant decrease in performance. However, it is shown that the pulsatile nature of the outflow can be used to determine the optimum air flowrate. Experimental results confirm that the measured pulsing frequency correlates well with the maximum liquid flowrate.
THE EFFECT OF FEED DENSITY ON THE GROWTH OF JUVENILE Mercenaria campechiensis, THE SOUTHERN HARD CLAM1
Authors: Goldstein B. B. , Roels O. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA Tahitian strain of Isochrysis sp. was grown in outdoors continuous culture and fed to juvenile Mercenaria campechiensis at five different cell densities: 5times105, 1times105, 5times104, and 1times104 cells/ml; these correspond to inflow algal protein concentrations of 56.01, 11.34, 5.15, and 1.28 μg‐at particulate protein nitrogen (PPN) per liter, respectively. A control group received only 1 μ‐filtered seawater. An additional control consisted of an identical experimental setup receiving 5times104 cells/ml, without animals. Each treatment went to duplicate populations of 100 animals of 0.1 g each. Each population had a whole wet weight of 10.0 g. The total flow rate to each population was 120ml/ min.The filtered seawater, algal culture, and effluent from each shellfish population was sampled daily. All samples were analyzed for nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, urea, dissolved free amino acids, soluble protein, total dissolved nitrogen, and particulate protein.The control treatment of 1 μ‐filtered seawater gave no growth. The most concentrated treatment (56.01 μg‐at PPN/1) gave good growth. However, better growth was obtained at concentrations of 5.75 and 11.34 μg‐at PPN/1. At the flow rates and population weights used, 56.01 μg‐at PPN/1 is too concentrated, resulting in poorer growth. The lease dense treatment (1times104 cells/ml or 1.28 μg‐at PPN/1) resulted in the poorest growth (other than the control). Under the experimental conditions used, this cell density apparently represents a suboptimum ration size.The effect of feed density on the growth of juvenile M. campechiensis is discussed in terms of traditional models of growth as a function of ingested ration.
ECTOPARASITIC FAUNA OF GLASS EEL AND ELVER STAGES OF AMERICAN EEL (Anguilla rostrata)1
Authors: Crane John S. , Eversole Arnold G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGlass eels and elvers collected biweekly from freshwater portions of Cooper River, South Carolina, during spring migrations (15 February‐26 April 1978) were examined for external parasites. No parasites were found on glass eels. Four species of Protozoa and one species of Monogenea were found on elvers, 62% of which harbored at least one parasite species. Management implications and potential chemical treatment for wild glass eels and elvers used in culture are discussed.