bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some aspects of the utilization of tropical forages. 2. Pangola and coastal Bermuda hays
Authors: Butterworth M. H. , Butterworth Juanita P. 
Published: March 2009

1. Three hays of Coastal Bermuda (Oynodon dactylon) grass and three hays of Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) from grasses cut at different stages of maturity were used for the determination of digestibility coefficients, voluntary intake, rate of passage through the gut, production of total and individual volatile fatty acids, total counts of bacteria determined microscopically and examination of bacterial types present using Gram-stained smears. The animals used were individually housed sheep.2. The hays of Coastal Bermuda were significantly superior to those of Pangola from the point of view of digestibility. Significant differences did not exist within grasses.3. The hays of Coastal Bermuda were superior to those of Pangola from the point of view of intake although this was not significant.4. No relation was evident between digestibility of the various hays and rate of passage through the digestive tract; it was concluded that intake was not limited by rate of passage through the gut.
Selection criteria in grass breeding. VI. Effects of defoliation on plants growing in small plots in field and controlled environment conditions
Authors: Lazenby Alec , Rogers H. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. This paper reports on two experiments, one conducted in the field, the other in a cold cabinet. These had three objectives: (i) to examine the effects, on yield and some components of yield in certain grass varieties, of various combinations of frequency and intensity of defoliation, (ii) to compare these effects in the two environments, and (iii) to assess the value of very small plots.2. Records were taken of the major environmental variables in the field; the chosen environment in the cabinet was quantified.3. In the field trial, the cutting treatments comprised all combinations of two frequencies (herbage cut when 8 in. and 4 in. in length) and two intensities (cut back to tiller lengths of 2 in. and 1 in.) plus a fifth treatment of cutting at a silage stage back to a tiller length of 1 in. The first four treatments were also used in the cold cabinet trial. S170 and North African tall fescue were common to both experiments; in addition, S22 Italian rye-graes was included in the field trial. In both trials, plots consisted of four rows of seven plants, square planted at 2 in. x 2 in.
Release of non-exchangeable potassium from some British soils cropped in the glasshouse
Authors: Arnold P. W. , Close B. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. Continuous cropping with perennial ryegrass in the glasshouse was used to measure the release of non-exchangeable potassium from twenty soils representative of a wide variety of soil series.2. Releases of non-exchangeable potassium ranged from almost none to > 2000 lb. K/acre.3. The main reason for the variations in the potassium-releasing powers of the soils was traced to differences in the amount and potassium content of the finer clay fractions. Small potassiumcontents in the fine clay and small contents of fine clay were associated with small releases of nonexchangeable potassium.4. Accumulated potash fertilizer residues or the presence of such minerals as glauconite can be responsible for the good potassium-releasing powers of some soils.5. Some of the limitations of glasshouse work for assessing the potash status of soils are discussed.6. Evidence was obtained for the existence in many soils of at least two categories of useful nonexchangeable potassium.
Studies on the gestation period and post-partum heat of Friesian cattle in Egypt
Authors: Dessouky F. I. , Rakha A. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The average length of gestation in Friesian cattle under Egyptian conditions was found to be 282·28 ± 10·7 days.2. Neither the sex of the newborn calf nor the season of the year affects the gestation period significantly.3. The average interval between calving and the first post-partum heat was found to be 85·52 ± 2·15 days.4. The sex of the newborn calf does not affect significantly the interval of heat after calving whereas the month and the season of the year of calving affect this interval significantly.
The early weaning of pigs VII. The effect of level and source of protein in the diet of pigs weaned at 10 lb. live weight on subsequent performance and carcass quality
Authors: Blair R. 
Published: March 2009

1. Dry-meal diets based on whitefish meal or soyabean oil meal, balanced in respect of minerals, and containing 28, 23 or 18% crude protein were given to pigs from 10 to 25 lb., and similar diets containing 18% crude protein were given from 25 to 40 lb. From 40 to 100 lb. and from 100 lb. to bacon weight all pigs were given the same diets with 16% crude protein and 14% crude protein, respectively.2. From 10 to 25 lb. live weight the results showed that:(a) With diets based on whitefish meal there was an improvement in growth rate of 11% (P < 0·05) and an improvement in feed conversion efficiency of 14% (P < 0·001) when the level of crude protein was increased from 18% to 23%. Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were not improved further by increasing the level of crude protein from 23 to 28%.(b) With diets based on soyabean oil meal, feed conversion efficiency and growth rate were not improved by increasing the protein in the diet from 18 to 23%, and performance was similar to that on the 18% protein diet based on whitefish meal. Pigs fed on the soyabean diet containing 28% protein were unthrifty and grew very slowly; some showed gastric ulceration.(c) Consumption of the diets containing 18% crude protein was 8% higher (P < 0·05) than consumption of the other diets.(d) Apparent digestibility of the dry matter of the diets, as measured by the chromic oxide marker method, rose as the pigs grew older, and apparent digestibility of the dry matter and crude protein of the diets based on soyabean oil meal was consistently lower than when whitefish meal was the main supplementary source of protein.
Study of long-term rotation effects in the Sudan Gezira
Authors: Roy D. K. Dutta , Kordofani A. Y. 
Published: March 2009

The exhausting effect of dura for a single year in a rotation was shown. Rotations including dura consistently yielded less than those including lubia or fallow. With 2 successive years of dura the reduction in yields of cotton was extremely large.Substantial increases in yields of cotton were obtained when the first fallow of the CFF rotation was replaced by lubia. The superiority of the rotation CLF appeared to be firmly established in the Gezira, where the soil was known to be deficient in nitrogen. By growing lubia, instead of leaving a fallow 2 years preceding cotton, an average annual increase of 0·65 k.p.f. of cotton was obtained. Itwas interesting to note that fertility of rotation CLF over CFF was still increasing.
The relative uptake of phosphorus by crops and natural fallow from different parts of their root zone
Authors: Nye P. H. , Foster W. N. M. 
Published: March 2009

A tracer method has been used to determine the relative amounts of phosphorus that a range of short-term crops and fallows derive from different parts of their root zone when growing on a phosphorus deficient latosol. The short-term crops made little use of sub-soil phosphorus: millet derived 16% from below 12 in. after 95 days growth; and maize derived 7% and pigeon pea 11% from below 10 in. after 80 days. Pigeon pea feeds much closer to its base than the cereals until the 50th day. Since millet absorbed little phosphorus from subsoil placed in a layer only 5–10 in. deep, it is concluded that the poor uptake of subsoil phosphorus is due to low availability, rather than a natural surface feeding habit.Pigeon pea in its second year extracted little more phosphorus from the subsoil than it did in the first. On the other hand, in a natural savanna both the perennial grasses and the associated dicots derived over 30% of their phosphorus from below the 10 in. layer. The amount corresponded with the proportion of dicotyledonous roots in the subsoil, but exceeded the corresponding proportion of grass roots. The greater proportion of subsoil phosphorus in the savanna may be due to lower availability of phosphorus in the topsoil, which in contrast to the other plots did not receive fertilizer.
The use of chromium oxide and lignin as indicators for the purpose of determining intake and digestibility of mixed rations by beef steers
Authors: Luitingh H. C. 
Published: March 2009

During the winter of 1956, an experiment was conducted, using seventy beef steers of three different age-groups to determine intake and digestibility, by means of the indicator method, of mixed rations differing in ration concentration.In the first part of the experiment, six pairs of steers of three age-groups receiving two types of rations were used. The pairs were selected on the basis of their rate of gain and constituted the fastest and slowest gaining steers of their respective age and ration groups. The object of the experiment was to ascertain whether any correlation could be found between the rate of gain of the steers and the degree to which the ration was digested.Two indicators were used, namely, the internal indicator lignin and Cr2O3, administered twice daily by means of gelatin capsules, containing 7·5 g. of the indicator.Using lignin as an indicator of digestibility, it was found that the calculated digestibility coefficient of both rations varied. A larger variation occurred, however, in the case of the ration with a concentrate to roughage ratio of 2:1 than in the case of the ration with a ratio of 1:3·6.
Experiments with nitrogen and potash on barley
Authors: Widdowson F. V. , Penny A. , Williams R. J. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. Four experiments in 1958 and five in 1959 compared responses to potassium (as combinedrilled muriate of potash) in the absence of nitrogen and in the presence of single and double doses of nitrogen (as broadcast sulphate of ammonia) on soils selected because they contained very little acid-soluble potassium.2. Responses to 0·5 cwt. K2O/acre were obtained at six centres (two significant), but the effects of a further 0·5 cwt. K2O/acre were more variable and gains and losses (each at four centres) were almost equally balanced.3. Gains from nitrogen were associated with previous cropping. N1 raised yields at seven centres (six significantly), but N2 raised yields further at only five centres (three significantly) and depressed yields significantly at three centres where barley followed a root crop or ley.4. Potash did little to improve the strength of straw and therefore standing capacity in a wet season (1958) and had little effect upon the size of the grain, whereas nitrogen increased lodging and reduced the average size of the grain.5. Increases in potassium uptake were associated with yield increases, whereas increases in nitrogen uptake were associated with both higher nitrogen percentage in grain and higher yields.
The influence of turning on the hatchability of hens' eggs II. The effect of turning frequency on the pattern of mortality, the incidence of malpositions, malformations and dead embryos with no somatic abnormality
Authors: Robertson I. S. 
Published: March 2009

Reasons were sought for the changes in hatchability associated with varying frequency rate observed in part I and by other workers. All deadin-shell from the hatches of part I were examined and classified into a number of categories. Their varying incidence in relation to the control hatches was taken to indicate the effect of the rates of turning investigated, viz. 0, once in 2 days, 2, 6, 12, 24 (control), 48, 96, 144, 192 and 480 turns per 24 hr. to the end of the 18th day of incubation.At the observed optimum rate of turning (96x) mortality was reduced throughout the incubation period with the greatest reduction occurring towards the end; the incidence of malpositions and malformations was reduced as was the case of embryos with no obvious cause of death.The observed decrease in mortality and hence increase in hatchability at the optimum rate of turning was attributed mainly to the probable improvement of the embryo's physiological environment.
The effects of supplemental detergents on the digestibility of poultry diets
Authors: Bolton W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effects of the addition of a non-ionic, anionic or cationic detergent to a diet containing 10% added fat on the digestibility of the protein, fat and carbohydrate have been studied.2. The non-ionic detergent aided the digestion of fat, but protein and carbohydrate digestibility were unaffected.3. An anionic detergent slightly, and a cationic detergent seriously, impaired the absorption of fat, and the cationic detergent also had an adverse effect on carbohydrate digestion. Neither affected protein digestion.
Some effects of nutrition on the growth and sexual development of ewe lambs
Authors: Allen D. M. , Lamming G. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. In the seasons of 1957 and 1958–59 a total of 130 ewe lambs were used to investigate the effects on growth and sexual development of high and moderate planes of nutrition during the rearing period.2. The nutritional treatments imposed had significant effects on rate of growth; puberty occurred at an earlier age in high-plane than in moderateplane lambs. Also, in 1958–59, four moderateplane lambs failed to exhibit oestrus during their first winter of life.3. Puberty occurred at a significantly lower live weight in moderate-plane than in high-plane lambs.4. In lambs slaughtered after first oestrus, ovulation rate was not significantly affected by nutritional level, nor was the number of ovarian follicles greater than 2 mm. in diameter. However, high-plane lambs tended to have more follicles less than 2 mm. in diameter than moderate-plane lambs.5. In 1958–59 the ovarian response to a subcutaneous injection of 800 i.u. of p.m.s. was investigated in half the lambs from each nutritional treatment. Injections of p.m.s. caused a marked increase in ovulation rate over the uninjected control level but there was no difference in response between nutritional treatments. Pregnant mare's serum did not alter the size distribution of ovarian follicles.
The effect of feeding on the concentration of glucose and insulin in the portal and atrial plasma in pigs
Authors: Anderson D. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYPigs weighing 25–40 kg were fed either once or twice per day and glucose and insulin concentration in portal and right atrial plasma measured during a 24-h cycle. Feeding resulted in an immediate increase in both portal and atrial glucose concentration. Portal glucose concentration tended to show cyclical changes with the peaks ascending and descending progressively. Under both feeding treatments glucose was absorbed from the gut for 18–20 h/day. Feeding of pure starch resulted in a rise in portal plasma glucose concentration within 10 min, but feeding of pure casein had no effect.Portal insulin concentration increased immediately on feeding as did atrial insulin concentration, and under both feeding treatments portal and atrial insulin concentration followed a pattern similar to the corresponding glucose concentration. Feeding of pure casein was without effect on the concentration of insulin in either portal or atrial plasma.
The effect of level of water intake on some aspects of digestion and nitrogen metabolism of the ‘desert sheep’ of the Sudan
Authors: Osman H. Elsayed , Fadlalla B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFive successive trials were conducted using eight adult rams (Sudan desert sheep) to study the effect of restriction of water intake on some aspects of digestion and nitrogen metabolism. The feeds used in this study were berseem hay (Medicago sativa), lubia hay (Dolichos lablab), maize hay (Zea mais), a concentrate mixture, and dry desert grasses (hummra) (a mixture ofDactyloctenium aegyptium, Schoenefeldia gracilis, Eragrostis pilosa, Aristida funiculataandAristidaspp.).Restriction of water did not affect the digestibility coefficients of organic matter, crude protein and crude fibre significantly. The digestibility coefficient of ether extract was significantly reduced whereas that of nitrogen-free extract was slightly higher when water was restricted.The concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids in the rumen and of urea in the blood were recorded before and 3 h after feeding. Increases in rumen ammonia and blood urea nitrogen concentration were reduced by water restriction except when hummra was fed.Restriction of water intake also slightly increased thein vitrorate of fermentation of rumen contents which is taken as a measure of microbial activity in the rumen, and the retention of nitrogen. These results are interpreted as indications of more efficient nitrogen utilization under conditions of water restriction.There were no significant effects of the treatments on changes in the concentration of volatile fatty acids.The significance of these findings in relation to the management of desert sheep in the arid parts of the Sudan is discussed with special reference to the effect of the level of dry-matter intake on nitrogen balance.
Glucose and fatty acid metabolism in cows producing milk of low fat content
Authors: Annison E. F. , Bickerstaffe R. , Linzell J. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of changing to a high starch: low roughage diet have been studied in two Friesian and two Jersey cows, surgically prepared for the simultaneous study of udder metabolism (arteriovenous difference x udder blood flow) and whole body turnover of milk precursors (isotope dilution).In the Friesian cows milk fat concentration was lower on the high starch diet but in the Jerseys fell only slightly in one animal. In both Friesians and in the one Jersey these changes were accompanied by an increase in total rumen VFA concentration. Rumen acetate concentration did not change but propionate doubled. Thus this confirms that the usually reported fall in ‘acetate:propionate ratio’ is due to a rise in propionate production rather than due to a fall in acetate production.There were significant falls in the blood concentrations of acetate and β-hydroxy-butyrate. The rate of extraction by the udder of acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate did not change but triglyceride extraction fell. Therefore since udder blood flow did not alter the uptake of all three fat precursors fell.The entry rate of glucose into the circulation and its contribution to total body CO2 increased. The entry rate and contribution to CO2 of acetate decreased but this was probably mainly due to a fall in endogenous acetate production by the body tissues. Plasma FFA concentration showed little change but the entry rate of palmitate fell on the high starch diet. There was also an increased proportion of unsaturated and trans fatty acids in the plasma and milk triglycerides.
The genetic control of erythrocyte reduced glutathione in Australian Merino sheep
Authors: Board P. G. , Roberts J. , Evans J. V. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe genetic control of the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the erythrocytes of pure bred Australian Merino sheep has been investigated. The data suggest that the erythrocyte GSH levels are in part controlled by a single pair of autosomal alleles, the gene for GSH-high (GSHH) being dominant.The data also suggest that the levels of erythrocyte GSH within the GSH-high and GSH-low types are the result of polygenic influences. Heritability estimates of 0·7 and 0·5 within the GSH-high type and 1·2 in the GSH-low type support this suggestion.
The response to various pollination treatments in inbred lines of horse and tick beans (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Toynbee-Clarke Gillian 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFourth and fifth generation inbred lines of horse and tick spring beans were used for pollination studies.Treatments included tripping; emasculation followed by self- or cross-pollination at both the bud and mature flower stage; self-pollen rubbed on to the stigma; and the flower truss left undisturbed. Treatment means showed that there was no significant difference between leaving the flower truss undisturbed and tripping, but all other treatments differed significantly (P = 0·01) from these two. There was no difference in number of seeds set per flower between self- or cross-pollination following emasculation.Tick inbred lines set more seeds per flower over all treatments than horse inbreds. Differences were seen between tick and horse inbreds when the flower truss was left undisturbed; some tick inbreds set seed, but no seed was set on the horse inbreds. An association between seed size and autofertility is suggested.Results from the horse inbreds were in agreement with previous pollination studies on inbred lines of winter beans. The implications of these studies to plant breeding are discussed.
Growth and yield of lowland tropical maize in Mexico
Authors: Goldsworthy P. R. , Palmer A. F. E. , Sperling D. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe growth and yield of three tropical varieties of maize were studied at two elevations in Mexico: Poza Rica (60m) and Tlaltizapan (940m). Grain yields were between 3·5 and 8·5 t/ha. The growing period was longer and the crop produced more dry weight and yield at Tlaltizapan than at Poza Rica. Crop growth rates (C) increased to a maximum of about 35 g/m2/day at both sites and then declined. Grain growth rates (maximum 35 g/m2/day) exceeded current C during most of the grain filling period. After silking when C exceeded grain growth, dry matter accumulated in the stem. Later as grain growth increased and exceeded C, some of the accumulated material was incorporated into the grain and stem weight decreased. The dry weight increase after flowering was similar at the two sites, but the grain yield at Tlaltiapan was larger because a larger proportion of the dry weight increase was incorporated into the grain than at Poza Rica. The results indicate that at both sites grain ‘sink’ capacity was limiting yield.
The response of key gluconeogenic enzymes in bovine liver to various dietary and hormonal regimes
Authors: Baird G. D. , Young Janice L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of starvation, glucocorticoid administration, and the feeding of an all-concentrate diet, on the 14CO2-fixing activities of pyruvate carboxylase (EC. 6.4.1.1), phosphopyruvate carboxylase (EC. 4.1.1.32) and propiony1-CoA carboxylase (EC. 6.4.1.3) were measured in liver from lactating cows. Starvation caused a 26% decrease in propiony1-CoA carboxylase activity, glucocorticoid administration a 35% decrease in phosphopyruvate carboxylase activity, and the all-concentrate diet 24 and 41% increases in the activities of phosphopyruvate carboxylase and propiony1-CoA carboxylase respectively.
Calcium absorption during lactation in sheep with demineralized skeletons
Authors: Sykes A. R. , Dingwall R. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYOf a group of 24 pregnant Scottish Blackface sheep 12 were killed at the outset and the remainder offered,ad libitum, a poor quality hay. At the end of pregnancy seven more were killed and the remainder offered, during lactation, 3 kg/head/day of a semipurified diet of 64% dry-matter (D.M.) digestibility, and containing 18% crude protein (CP), 1·17% Ca and 0·82% P in the D.M. Milk production was determined at weekly intervals and milk samples obtained at these times for estimation of Ca and P concentrations. These sheep were killed 42 dayspost-partum. The shorn empty bodies were analysed for fat, protein, Ca and P contents.The feeding of the poor quality hay caused losses of 76, 37, 15 and 15% of the body contents of fat, protein, Ca and P, respectively, during pregnancy. Despite maintaining a moderate milk yield (1·5 kg/day) the ewes were in positive Ca and P balance during early lactation and had restored the skeleton to its initial mineral content by 42 dayspost-partum. The rate of absorption of Ca was calculated to have been at least 115 mg/ kg body weight (BW) which is double other estimates in the literature for sheep at this stage of lactation.These differences are discussed in relation to mechanisms for adaptation of Ca metabolism which have been proposed for other species.