bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Digital Medium‐Format Camera for Metric Applications—Alpa 12 Metric
Authors: Rieke‐Zapp Dirk H. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract The Alpa 12 Metric, a medium‐format digital camera system, is presented along with an accuracy assessment in accordance with VDI/VDE 2634 (2002). The camera combines the advantages of a modular medium‐format camera system with high accuracy in object space. Camera calibration revealed a maximum length measurement error of 0·043 mm for a lens with mechanically fixed focusing distance and 0·063 mm for a lens where the focusing ring was taped during image acquisition. Only in the latter case did the maximum length measuring error improve, yielding 0·050 mm when calibrated with image‐variant parameters of interior orientation. A bias towards positive length measurement errors indicated that the set‐up for calibration could be improved and that even better accuracy in object space may be accomplished. The Alpa 12 camera system provides several unique features including lenses with fixed displacement of the principal point for terrestrial and other special applications, rigid tilt adaptors for Scheimpflug correction, shim kits for the fine adjustment of flange focal distance as well as the possibility of mounting a monochrome digital medium‐format back, sensitive to visible and near infrared light. The camera is well suited for terrestrial applications requiring high accuracy and/or large pixel counts.
Assessment of Erosion, Deposition and Rill Development On Irregular Soil Surfaces Using Close Range Digital Photogrammetry
Authors: Gessesse Gizaw D. , Fuchs Helmut , Mansberger Reinfried , Klik Andreas , Rieke‐Zapp Dirk H. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Understanding the spatial pattern of erosion in inter‐rill and rill areas can be useful in locating sources of sediment and in determining down‐slope sediment delivery. However, spatial information about erosion processes in the inter‐rill and rill areas under field conditions is often limited owing to the non‐availability of a detailed microtopography. This paper aims to present a method for the survey of microtopographic soil surface changes caused by erosion and to investigate the development of sediment transport and rill erosion in the inter‐rill and rill areas for a given rainfall event. The approach is based on the application of close range digital photogrammetry to produce differences of digital elevation models (DEMs), automatically measured and generated but with manual 3D point editing. Quality analysis of the DEM measurements has shown that erosion and deposition can be detected with a relative error of ±2·8 to ±5·3 mm. The minimum average sediment yield from plots with an area of 53 m

2

after the occurrence of 46 to 70 mm of erosive rainfall was estimated to be 1·24 to 3·5 kg m

−2

. The spatial pattern of erosion and deposition on inter‐rill and rill areas has proved the relative efficiency of rills to transport sediments from inter‐rill areas with a sediment delivery ratio greater than one. Thus at erosive rainfall events, the transport capacity of the rill flow was not a limiting condition. The rill network was controlled by abrupt change in surface microtopography where rough surfaces produced many smaller rills but fewer contributing rills than relatively smooth surfaces. Tillage‐induced surface roughness, the presence of stones and sparse vegetation, and the borders of individual plots were found to present challenges to the photogrammetric techniques, and to introduce errors which inhibit fully automatic DEM generation. The precision of the DEMs was constrained by the precision of ground control points (GCPs), camera lens distortion towards format edges and DEM extraction parameters. Despite this limitation, however, the application of digital photogrammetry enabled the measurement of high‐frequency microtopographic surfaces and characterisation of the spatial distribution of erosion and deposition and of rill erosion development during highly erosive rainfall events.
Pet therapy in elderly patients with mental illness
Authors: MORETTI Francesca , DE RONCHI Diana , BERNABEI Virginia , MARCHETTI Lucia , FERRARI Barbara , FORLANI Claudia , NEGRETTI Francesca , SACCHETTI Cleta , ATTI Anna Rita 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  To evaluate the effects of pet therapy on cognitive function, mood and perceived quality of life on elderly inpatients (mean age 84.7 years; 95.2% women) affected by dementia, depression and psychosis.Methods:  Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and 15‐items Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) were administered to 10 patients (pet group) and 11 controls (control group) together with a self‐perceived quality‐of‐life questionnaire, before and after a pet therapy intervention that lasted 6 weeks. MMSE and GDS mean scores were compared between and within groups by Student's t‐test.Results:  Both the pet group and control group improved on GDS and MMSE. Within the pet group, GDS symptoms decreased by 50% (from 5.9 to 2.7, P= 0.013), whereas mean MMSE score increased by 4.5 (P= 0.060). The between group comparison showed a positive effect of pet therapy intervention on GDS (P= 0.070). Most of the participants reported an improvement of their perceived quality of life.Conclusions:  Pet therapy is efficient in improving depressive symptoms and cognitive function in residents of long‐term care facilities with mental illness.
Double‐Dose, New‐Generation Proton Pump Inhibitors Do Not Improve Helicobacter pylori Eradication Rate
Authors: Choi Hyo Sun , Park Dong Il , Hwang Sang Jun , Park Jung Sik , Kim Hong Joo , Cho Yong Kyun , Sohn Chong Il , Jeon Woo Kyu , Kim Byung Ik 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Up to present, omeprazole plus two antibiotics are used for Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy . Few studies have compared double‐dose new‐generation, proton pump inhibitors (PPI) with omeprazole. Therefore, we conducted a randomized, prospective study to evaluate differences in H. pylori eradication rates by PPI type.Material and Methods:  Between January 2006 and December 2006, 576 consecutive patients with proven H. pylori infection were enrolled prospectively. Four different PPIs [omeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. (old generation), or pantoprazole 40 mg b.i.d., rabeprazole 20 mg b.i.d., or esomeprazole 40 mg b.i.d. (new generation)] were added to clarithromycin (500 mg b.i.d.) and amoxicillin (1 g b.i.d.) for 1 week.Results:  By intention‐to‐treat analysis, no difference was found between the eradication rates of these four PPIs: 64.9% (omeprazole, n = 148), 69.3% (pantoprazole, n = 140), 69.3% (rabeprazole, n = 140), and 72.9% (esomoprazole, n = 148). When eradication rates were analyzed according to whether patients had an ulcer or not on a per‐protocol basis, no difference was found between the eradication rates of the four PPIs. However, side‐effects were more common in the esomeprazole‐based triple therapy group than in the other groups (p < .05).Conclusions:  No convincing evidence was obtained that double‐dose new‐generation PPIs have better H. pylori eradication rates and tolerability than omeprazole.
Conventional, Regulatory, and Unconventional T Cells in the Immunologic Response to Helicobacter pylori
Authors: O’Keeffe Joan , Moran Anthony P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInfection by the gastroduodenal pathogen Helicobacter pylori elicits a complex immunologic response in the mucosa involving neutrophils, plasma cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes, of which T cells are the principal orchestrators of immunity. While so‐called classical T cells (e.g. T‐helper cells) that are activated by peptide fragments presented on antigen‐presenting cells have received much attention in H. pylori infection, there exists a diverse array of other T cell populations that are potentially important for the outcome of the ensuing immune response, some of which have not been extensively studied in H. pylori infection. Pathogen‐specific regulatory T cells that control and prevent the development of immunopathology associated with H. pylori infection have been investigated, but these cells can also benefit the bacterium in helping to prolong the chronicity of the infection by suppressing protective immune responses. An overlooked T cell population, the more recently described Th17 cells, may play a role in H. pylori‐induced inflammation, due to triggering responses that ultimately lead to the recruitment of polymorphs, including neutrophils. The so‐called innate or unconventional T cells, that include two conserved T cell subsets expressing invariant antigen‐specific receptors, the CD1d‐restricted natural killer T cells which are activated by glycolipids, and the mucosal‐associated invariant T cells which play a role in defense against orally acquired pathogens in the intestinal mucosa, have only begun to receive attention. A greater knowledge of the range of T cell responses induced by H. pylori is required for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of this bacterium and its ability to perpetuate chronic infection, and could reveal new strategies for therapeutic exploitation.
Effects of Aspirin on the Development of Helicobacter pylori‐Induced Gastric Inflammation and Heterotopic Proliferative Glands in Mongolian Gerbils
Authors: Li Guo Qing , Xia Harry H. X. , Chen Min Hu , Tsukamoto Tetsuya , Tatematsu Masae , Gu Qing , Qiao Liang , Cho C. H. , So Wallace H. L. , Yuen M. F. , Hu Pin Jin , Liang Ying Jie , Lin Han Liang , Chan Annie O. O. , Wong Benjamin C. Y. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Helicobacter pylori infection is a major cause of gastritis and gastric carcinoma. Aspirin has anti‐inflammatory and antineoplastic activity. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of aspirin on H. pylori‐induced gastritis and the development of heterotopic proliferative glands.Methods:  H. pylori strain SS1 was inoculated into the stomachs of Mongolian gerbils. Two weeks after inoculation, the animals were fed with the powder diets containing 0 p.p.m. (n = 10), 150 p.p.m. (n = 10), or 500 p.p.m. (n = 10) aspirin. Mongolian gerbils were killed after 36 weeks of infection. Uninfected Mongolian gerbils (n = 10) were used as controls. Histologic changes, epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels of gastric tissue were determined.Results:  H. pylori infection induced gastric inflammation. Administration of aspirin did not change H. pylori‐induced gastritis, but alleviated H. pylori‐induced hyperplasia and the development of heterotopic proliferative glands. Administration of aspirin accelerated H. pylori‐associated apoptosis but decreased H. pylori‐associated cell proliferation. In addition, the increased gastric PGE2 levels due to H. pylori infection were suppressed by treatment with aspirin, especially at the dose of 500 p.p.m.Conclusions:  Aspirin alleviates H. pylori‐induced hyperplasia and the development of heterotopic proliferative glands. Moreover, aspirin increases H. pylori‐induced apoptosis. We demonstrated the antineoplastic activities of aspirin in H. pylori‐related gastric carcinogenesis.
DIRECT PERCEPTION AND PICTORIAL PERCEPTION OF THE PRAIRIE
Authors: Ironside J.A. Sybesma 
Published: September 2010

Reply to “Images of the Prairie: Landscape Painting and Perception in the Western Interior of Canada,” an article by Ronald Rees in The Canadian Geographer, xx (1976), 259–78.Ronald Rees has suggested that insight into the history of pioneer settlements might be gained by studying the paintings of some artists who depicted the prairie. Pointing out that his essay is actually “a study of the perception of artists only,” he surveys briefly a number of prairie landscape painters active during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with the intention of demonstrating possible changes in the “perceptual environment” on the basis of depictions of the prairie made during the last two centuries.
GOVERNMENT AND THE CANADIAN URBAN SYSTEM: INCOME TAX, TRANSFER PAYMENTS, AND EMPLOYMENT
Authors: Simmons James W. 
Published: September 2010

The impact of government on the Canadian urban system is explored using Revenue Canada data from personal income tax returns. Variations in taxes and in certain forms of government expenditure among urban places are linked with city size, economic base, per capita income, and rate of growth. It is found that many locations are heavily dependent on the public sector and that, overall, government programmes redistribute income toward smaller and less prosperous places. The most significant effect, however, is the stabilization of local economies by means of a large and relatively constant public sector.L'impact du gouvernement sur le système urbain canadien est étudié en utilisant des données de Revenu Canada qui proviennent des déclarations d'imp&#x006f;&#x030c;t sur le revenu des particuliers. Les variations de taxes et de certains types de dépenses publiques parmi les régions urbaines sont associés avec les variables de taille urbaine, base économique, revenu per capita, et taux de croissance. Il est démontré que plusieurs régions sont fortement dépendantes du secteur public et que, globalement, les programmes gouvernementaux redistribuent le revenue vers les régions les plus petites et les moins prospères. Mais l'effet le plus significatif est celui de la stabilisation des économies locales par le biais d'un large et relativement constant secteur public.
SOME REGIONAL THEMES IN THE WRITINGS OF D.H. LAWRENCE
Authors: Simpson‐Housley Paul , Paul Alec H. 
Published: September 2010

The major works of D.H. Lawrence are analysed in a regional sense according to four major themes: the idyllic landscapes of rural England, the despoiled industrial landscapes, the harmonious Italian landscapes, and the awesome American landscapes. Lawrence's mode of perception, the result of his dualistic personal vision and of his cultural conditioning, is shown to be a crucial feature of his landscape description. Geographers should regard the powerful impact of his regional passages as an indication of the importance of feeling — or ‘blood consciousness’—in the understanding of regional differences.Les oeuvres majeures de D.H. Lawrence sont analysées sous une optique régionale selon quatre thèmes majeurs: les paysages idylliques de la campagne anglaise, la dévastation des paysages industriels, l'harmonie des paysages italiens ainsi que la grandeur impressionnante des paysages américains. Le mode de perception de Lawrence, le résultat de sa vision personnelle dualiste et son conditionnement culturel, semble ětre un aspect crucial de ses descriptions de paysages. Les géographes devraient considérer l'image de choc très forte des paysages régionaux de son oeuvre comme étant une indication de l'importance du sentiment de « conscience des liens du sang » en vue de la compréhension des diversités régionales.
CANADA AND ITS MAJOR REGIONS: BOUCHETTE, PARKIN, ROGERS, INNIS, HUTCHISON
Authors: WARKENTIN JOHN 
Published: September 2010

Through their analyses and interpretations of Canada's major regions, selected significant authors from the early‐19th to the mid‐20th century provide a deeper understanding of Canada. Each author reveals the geographical circumstances and life of the country for the period in which he writes. Joseph Bouchette in the 1830s grapples with devising regional divisions in British North America in a mercantilist era and when parts of the continent were only dimly known; George R. Parkin and J.D. Rogers in the 1890s and 1910s depict Canadian regions in the process of being transformed in the decades when the CPR finally made it possible for Canada to function effectively across an entire continent; Harold Innis in the 1920s links the origin of the CPR to its regional underpinnings, in the context of sectional power relationships; and Bruce Hutchison in the 1940s and 50s portrays the ‘personality’ of Canada's regions, and regional tensions through the lives and perceptions of inhabitants in the various sections. The thick slice of Canadian regional writing represented by these authors shows that regions change profoundly, but regional and cultural distinctiveness persists, and that sectional rivalries have deep roots.Une sélection d'écrivains connus ayant vécu entre la première moitié du 19ème siècle nous offre une compréhension plus approfondie du Canada grâce à leurs analyses et à leurs interprétations des plus importantes régions du Canada. Chaque auteur révèle les conditions géographiques et la vie du pays à l'époque à laquelle il écrit. Au cours des années 1830, Joseph Bouchette travaille à délimiter les divisions régionales de l'Amérique du Nord britannique à une époque mercantiliste, époque où certaines parties du contient étaient fort peu connues; au cours des années 1890 et 1910, George R. Parkin et J.D. Rogers décrivent les régions du Canada en train d'évoluer au cours des décennies où le CPR rend enfin possible l'ouverture du Canada d'un bout à l'autre du continent, assurant ainsi le fonctionnement efficace du pays; au cours des années 1920, Harold Innis rattache l'origine du CPR aux conditions préexistant dans les régions, dans le contexte d'une dynamique des pouvoirs opérante entre ces régions; au cours des années 1940 et 1950, Bruce Hutchinson fait le portrait de la ‘personnalité’ de chaque région du Canada ainsi que des tensions interrégionales à travers la vie et les perceptions de leurs habitants. L'importante somme des témoignages écrits sur les régions du Canada tels qu'offerts par ces auteurs démontre que les régions se transforment profondément, mais que les distinctions régionales et culturelles demeurent et que les rivalités entre régions ont de profondes racines.
DISPERSED CITY FORM IN CANADA: A KITCHENER CMA CASE EXAMPLE
Authors: BUNTING TRUDI E. , FILION PIERRE 
Published: September 2010

This case study illustrates that some Canadian cities are not as compact and centralized as conventional wisdom would have us believe. The spatial structure of Kitchener CMA is shown to be ‘dispersed’ based on empirical trends towards lower population densities, outward spreading of jobs, retailing and other activities, CBD decline, increased open space, a transportation system that is singularly dependent on auto use, and an overriding demand for residential settings deemed to be ‘private’ and ‘rural‐like’. The paper acknowledges factors unique to the case study locale that have precipitated dispersed city form. It argues that some other Canadian cities can be expected to share fundamental features of Kitchener's dispersed city form, most notably metropolitan areas that amalgamate two or more historically autonomous cities, but also smaller metropolitan areas and/or ones specialized in manufacturing industry. As regards Canadian cities in general, the paper also makes the point that most parts of all cities built since World War II are primarily dispersed in form. Conceptually, this paper explains dispersion as a change in balance between three sets of factors ‐ ‘space’, ‘proximity’, and ‘place’ ‐ that configure in the locational decision making that underlies urban development.Cette étude de cas révèle l'existence d'une plus grande dispersion urbaine au Canada qu'on ne le laisse généralement entendre. Plusieurs facteurs rendent compte du fort niveau de dispersion de la structure spatiale de la région métropolitaine de Kitchener: densité résidentielle en décroissance, mouvement de l'emploi ainsi que des activités commerciales et autres vers la périphèrie, quantité grandissante d'espaces verts, un système de transport orienté presqu'exlusivement vers l'automobile et une prédilection pour les secteurs résidenties qui offrent de grandes quantités d'espace privé ainsi qu'une proximité de la campagne. Cet article attritue la dispersion urbaine de Kitchener à certains facteurs qui sont propres à cette agglomération. Il soutient également la thèse selon laquelle d'autres régions métropolitaines canadiennes partagent les caractéristiques de Kitchener qui en font une agglomération dispersée. Ceci est le cas notamment des agglomérations qui résultent d'une fusion de plusieurs centres, de celles qui sont de petite et de moyenne taille et, enfin, de celles où le secteur manufacturer joue un grand rôle. L'article maintient aussi que dans toutes les agglomérations canadiennes, les secteurs construits depuis la guerre ont adopté une forme dispersée. Sur un plan conceptuel, cet article impute la dispersion urbaine à un changement dans l'importance respective de trois facteurs de localisation: l'espace métropolitain, la proximité sectorielle, et les particularités des sites urbains.
LA RÉGION ET L'INTÉGRATION EUROPÉENNE
Authors: THOUEZ JEAN‐PIERRE 
Published: September 2010

La construction progressive de l'Europe, notamment l'élargissement de 6 à 15 États membres a fait passer le nombre des régions de 80 à 193. Toutefois, l'entité régionale recouvre une réalité dont la diversité résulte de l'histoire politique, socio‐économique et géographique des États membres. Avec les politiques nationales de décentralisation dans les années 1970 et avec les mécanismes communautaires visant à renforcer l'intégration européenne, on assiste à des initiatives régionales et à des rapprochements entre régions. En effet, l'entrée en vigueur du Système Monétaire Européen, l'inscription de la rédaction des déséquilibres régionaux dans l'Acte Unique Européen, les réformes des Fonds structurels, la création du Comité des régions et d'un Fonds de cohésion par le Traité de Maastricht sont autant de jalons de la reconnaissance des compétences des régions. Reconnaissance d'autant plus importante qu'elle s'appuie sur deux principes fondamentaux: partenariat dans l'initiative des projets et gestion des Fonds structurels; subsidiarité, parce que les organes de l'Union Européenne n'interviennent pas lorsque les discussions peuvent être traitées plus efficacement le plus près possible des citoyens. Les relations Communauté‐États membres ‐ régions préfigurent peut‐être une transformation du système politique européen dont la dynamique pourrait avoir des conséquences sur la gestion territoriale européenne.The progressive construction of Europe, and more particularly its growth from 6 to 15 member states, has resulted in an increase from 80 to 193 in the number of European regions. Regional entities often regroup member states whose political, socio‐economic, and geographical histories are diverse. With the recognition of national policies promoting decentralization during the 70s and implementation of plans to encourage integration of member states, various regional initiatives and attempts to promote interregional relations have become more significant. Indeed, the arrival of the European monetary system, the enshrining of the reduction of regional disequilibrium in the Acte Unique Européen, the reform of structural funding, and the creation of the ‘Regions Committee’, as well as a cohesion fund in the Treaty of Maastricht, are just some of the measures undertaken which reflect the importance of regional entities. In fact, this recognition is all the more significant because it is based upon two fundamental principles: partnership in the initiation of projects and the administration of structural funds, and subsidiary jurisdiction insofar as European Union agencies do not intervene in areas where decisions can be made more efficiently by political and geographic entities that are closer to the citizens involved. The evolution of relations between the Community, the member states, and the regions may presage a transformation of the European political system in a way that could significantly affect the territorial administration of Europe.