bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NOTES ON THE PIERCING MOUTHPARTS OF THREE SPECIES OF MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) VIEWED WITH THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Hudson Anne 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe piercing mouthparts of three species of mosquitoes were examined with a stereoscan scanning electron microscope. The structures observed are discussed in relation to existing morphological studies. Two pairs of peg-like organs were seen at the tip of the labrum and sensory-like structures measuring approximately 1.2 μ were shown at the tip of the hypopharynx of all species. Differences were observed in the numbers of maxillary teeth of different species. The stylets of Wyeomyia smithii appear functional despite the belief that this species does not take a blood meal.
STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF VALVAL STRUCTURE WITHIN AND BETWEEN POPULATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN LIMENITIS (NYMPHALIDAE)
Authors: Platt Austin P. , Frearson Susanne D. , Graves Peter N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe valval shapes of 314 male Nearctic Limenitis (including 15 samples from nine localities and 20 laboratory-bred hybrids) were examined for anatomical differences. Seven phenotypically different forms are included as follows: L. arthemis, astyanax, the intergrade form proserpina, L. archippus, the rare hybrid form arthechippus, L. lorquini, and L. weidemeyerii. The claspers of each specimen were dissected, mounted on slides, and photographed. Counts and measurements were made of eight larval characters (including four apical features: the number of distal teeth, distal width, and dorsal and ventral angles, as well as four basal traits: valval length and base, and the length and basal width of the inner process), and right forewing length. The data were compared between and among samples by canonical analysis and by one-way analysis of variance tests. Forms of the arthemis–astyanax complex possess no obvious morphological differences in their valvae. The apical characters are constant throughout the group, although the basal valval traits and forewing length show variation in size which is inversely correlated with latitude. The similarity of valval structure in these forms is evidence that they are conspecific. Consistent differences in the apical shapes and valval characters of arthemis, archippus, lorquini, and weidemeyerii confirm that they represent valid species. The valvae of the hybrid form arthechippus are intermediate between the two parental types. The relationships of valval structure to hybridization and genetic isolation are discussed, and consideration is given to the probable evolutionary affinities of the common forms, and how they may have arisen.
AN OUTBREAK OF A SAWFLY, PAMPHILIUS PHYLLISAE (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE), ON NORTHERN RED OAK, WITH NOTES ON LARVAL MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Nichols J. O. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn outbreak of a sawfly, Pamphilius phyllisae Middlekauff, was discovered on northern red oak at Linn Run State Park, Pennsylvania, in 1964. The outbreak was unusual and probably unique because this previously unknown species suddenly attained populations of over 1 million ultimate instar larvae per acre. The reasons for the outbreak are not known but it arose near the end of a period of abnormally low precipitation and at a time when nearly complete encapsulation of parasites by the sawfly larvae was observed. The insect is confined to northern red oak, Quercus rubra L., and has a life cycle of 1, 2, or more years of which about 6 weeks are spent on the host tree. The life history, the history of the infestation, and the immature stages are described.
STUDIES ON PEAR PSYLLA IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Rasmy Aly H. , MacPhee A. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, had three generations in 1968 in Nova Scotia. Laboratory studies indicated that overwintering females require mating in the spring to produce fertile eggs. The adults started activity by the end of March, Psylla eggs and nymphs were preyed on by eight predacious species in the laboratory. These and the larvae of another six predacious species were associated with psylla in the field. A few psylla nymphs were parasitized by Trechnites insidiosus (Crawford). Psylla adults fly or are carried with the prevailing winds and a significant percentage occur above the tops of the trees.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XX. TRENDS AFTER ALTERING LEVELS OF PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES OR PREDATORS
Authors: Sanford K. H. , Herbert H. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUtilizing the knowledge of their direct effects, the materials ryania, carbaryl, and Animert V-101 applied to a uniformly distributed population of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), altered the populations in plots in an apple orchard. Trends after treatment in both host mite and predator populations were assessed. Supplementary applications of the acaricides Animert V-101 or dicofol directed against certain generations of P. ulmi controlled outbreaks and altered the faunal levels during the following season. Ryania was largely innocuous to most species of predators with the exception of Atractotomus mali (Meyer) and Diaphnocoris spp., carbaryl was detrimental to most predacious species, and Animert V-101, while selectively toxic to phytophagous mites, was innocuous to all predacious insects and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten.Phytophagous mite populations may be altered to almost prescribed levels with pesticides when the predator populations are known. This allows selective chemicals to be used to complement the predator effect and maintain red mites below the threshold of damage.
PROTHORACIC MUSCULATURE OF THE ADULT MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA
Authors: Mitchell B. K. , Seabrook W. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe musculature of the prothorax and the prothoracic coxa of the adult male Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) is described in detail and is compared with three other families of the Lepidoptera.
THE STABILIMENTUM OF THE ORB WEB SPIDER, ARGIOPE ARGENTATA: AN IMPROBABLE DEFENCE AGAINST PREDATORS
Authors: Robinson Michael H. , Robinson Barbara 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe stabilimentum of orb web spiders is a structure for which several functions, both mechanical and defensive, have been suggested. Argiope argentata (Fabricius) builds a stabilimentum in the form of a white diagonal cross. Analysis of over 2500 webs of this species shows that the perfect cross is seldom built and nearly two thirds of the webs contain no stabilimentum at all. Experiments with wild birds as predators show that they can use stabilimentum-like models in prey location. From these data, and a review of the defensive adaptations of orb web spiders, it is argued that the A. argentata stabilimentum is not an anti-predator device. The evidence for a mechanical function is reviewed and discussed. It is suggested that the stabilimentum provides the spider with a means of making a final adjustment to the mechanical state of the web when this is necessary.
THE BIOLOGY OF DIORYCTRIA AMATELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE)
Authors: Coulson Robert N. , Franklin Rudolph T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA model of the seasonal development of Dioryctria amatella (Hulst.) is presented. The proposed biological model considers the various habitats where D. amatella is reported to occur. Cronartium fusiforme Hedge, and Hunt cankers and second-year cones of various pine species are indicated to be the main routes necessary to the development of Dioryctria amatella.
SOME POPULATION FEATURES OF REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY IN NEODIPRION SWAINEI (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Lyons L. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEgg production in Neodiprion swainei may be severely reduced by food quality and quantity, tachinid parasitism, and prolonged diapause. Since these and other agents may affect the sawfly both lethally and sublethally and may operate differentially against males and females, population losses are not adequately expressed in terms of numbers of individuals. However, reduction of the potential number of eggs the population could produce provides an integrated measure of these effects. One example, from an experiment in which larvae were fed various quantities and types of foliage, demonstrates that loss of reproductive potential is several times as great as the loss of individuals and indicates that the latter seriously underestimates the importance of food in population events.Cocoon diameter and fecundity are closely related. In a Saguenay Valley population, fecundity, cocoon diameter, and deviations from the regression line were bimodally distributed, indicating a mixture of two types of individuals differing in egg production characteristics. Families within a single population differed from each other by as much as 14 eggs in the elevation of the regression line; this was more than the observed difference in elevation between populations. A single regression equation satisfactorily predicted fecundity in one Quebec and a Wisconsin population, but was unsuitable for two other Quebec populations, each of which required its own equation. Among insects of common size, mean egg length varied inversely with fecundity, but it is uncertain whether differences in egg size were responsible for variation in the fecundity-cocoon diameter relationship.
HOST PLANT SPECTRUM AND TEMPERATURE LIMITATIONS OF DIABROTICA BALTEATA
Authors: Saba F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRearing of Diabrotica balteata LeConte is possible throughout the year at temperatures between 10° and 30 °C. Adults feed on a very large variety of host plants. Good edibility combined with pronounced oviposition and egg viability are found in Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, and Cruciferae. However, cases of good edibility with no oviposition are also established in several families. Optimal adult longevity lies between 17° and 24 °C and oviposition indicates two high peaks within the female life span.Temperatures below 0 °C are detrimental to all stages and those between 0° and 4 °C mainly to larval and pupal stages. No diapause is found in any stage and this explains the limited distribution within warmer regions of the Americas. Precautions not to introduce this species into other continents should be taken.
NOTES ON LIFE-HISTORY, FECUNDITY, LONGEVITY, AND ATTACK PATTERN OF AGATHIS PUMILA (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER
Authors: Quednau F. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAgathis pumila (Ratzeburg) is a host-specific univoltine solitary internal braconid parasite attacking the first- and second-instar larvae of the larch case-bearer. Descriptions and illustrations of all developmental stages are given. The adults mated in the laboratory when 1-day-old females were exposed to 5-day-old males. The reproductive system of the female is discussed. The inherent fecundity is over 300 eggs and in tests at 75°F the average number of eggs laid per female was 139.8. Average longevity is 22.0 days. The average number of hosts destroyed with the ovipositor was 15.2 per female. The incubation period of the parasite’s egg was 7 days at 77°F. The attack pattern of A. pumila is described. In finding hosts the parasite was guided by chemotaxis and vibrotaxis. Longevity of honey-fed A. pumila females, without hosts, at constant temperatures ranging from 50° to 95°F was, on the average, highest at 60°F (45.6 days) and lowest at 95°F (10.6 days). Superparasitism occurs in the field and laboratory.
OBSERVATIONS ON HOST PLANT INDUCED BEHAVIOR OF SCALE INSECTS AND THEIR ENDOPARASITES
Authors: Flanders S. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDifferences in the behavior of scale insects induced by their host plants has been observed, principally, in uniparental, bisexual, univoltine species. Behavior in endoparasites of such species also may be thus modified. The phenomena involved, reproductivity, sexuality, voltinism and, with the parasites, host-regulation, are related to the environmentally induced immunity of the host plant to its indigenous scale insects.This immunity, when not a regional phenomenon, is necessarily sporadic. When operative, it may he as complete as generic-immunity. Periodic host plant non-susceptibility is considered to he a physiological response to meteorological and edaphic conditions, a response usually rendering the plant temporarily unsuitable for coccid development. The interpolation of immune periods in the life of a coccid’s normal host plant necessarily disrupts the continuity of the host-regulative action of the coccid’s parasites. Host plant pheno-immunity was first clearly manifested in regions where Lecanium corni Bouché, L. tiliae (Linnaeus), and Saissetia oleae (Bernard) free of their regulative parasites, reproduced in great abundance. In regions to which these coccids are indigenous the limitation of their outbreaks to artificial monocultures attested to the obscure nature of host plant pheno-immunity. The cessation of host plant immunity to coccids, the subsequent heavy reinfestation, and then the parasitic elimination of the outbreak attested to the host-regulative power of parasitization.
HERITABILITY OF DIAPAUSE INTENSITY IN HYPHANTRIA CUNEA AND CORRELATED FITNESS RESPONSES
Authors: Morris R. F. , Fulton W. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe heat requirements for diapause termination in pupae of Hyphantria cunea are subject to a high degree of generic control. Offspring–parent regression analysis based on a positively assortative mating pattern, which is the normal pattern in field populations of this species, provides a slope of 0.60. Positive skewness in the distribution of heat requirements can be reduced by conversion to logarithms. The inheritance of heat requirements is sex-linked, with the female being the heterogametic sex. Fitness characters that are significantly correlated with heat requirements affect larval and pupal survival rates and the weight of both male and female pupae. When the effects of these correlated survival rates are removed mathematically, the slope of the offspring–parent regression is increased to 0.80.Changes in the heat requirements of natural populations, in relation to the amount of heat available each year, influence their survival rates. The comparison of actual and calculated changes, based on models for heritability and selection pressures, will be the subject of a later paper in this series on H. cunea.
A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE WEB-SPINNING SAWFLY PAMPHILIUS OCHREIPES (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Harnden A. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdults of the web-spinning sawfly Pamphilius ochreipes (Cresson) have been collected widely in North America in the past. The immature stages and food plants were unknown until a recent study was made in southern Ontario where the larvae fed in leaf rolls on cultivated Viburnum opulus L., in June. The sawfly is univoltine and overwinters as a larva in the soil with adult emergence in late May and early June.
EFFECTS OF WATER AND HIGH HUMIDITY ON THE EUROPEAN RED MITE,PANONYCHUS ULMI(ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Putman Wm. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWater deposited on peach leaves as a constantly replenished film for 48 hr killed few European red mites,Panonychus ulmi(Koch), by drowning. Considerably more, especially of larvae, were lost by their coming loose from the water-covered leaf surface and floating off; the proportion thus lost did not differ greatly between 6- and 48-hr treatments. Relative humidity of 100% and to a lesser degree, 96–99%, inhibited activity and development.
BIOLOGY OF PACHYLOBIUS PICIVORUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT
Authors: Franklin Rudolph T. , Taylor John W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPachylobius picivorus (Germar) is one of the weevils which is assuming increased importance as a pest of natural and planted pine seedlings. Brood development requires from 100 to 128 days during the summer. Weevils are long lived, with oviposition occurring at a rate of approximately 0.7 eggs per day per female for the life of the insect. There are two population peaks during the year in the Georgia Piedmont. These peaks reflect the response of the weevils to temperature and to developmental cycles.
MAJOR FACTORS IN SURVIVAL OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF FENUSA PUSILLA IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Cheng H. H. , LeRoux E. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntensive studies on the population dynamics of the birch leaf miner, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier), were carried out in two stands of blue birch at the Morgan Arboretum, Macdonald College, Que., from 1964 to 1966. Life tables for nine and two generations, respectively, showed that mortality of the immature stages was lower on 3- to 5-year-old trees than on 9-year-old trees. The analysis of successive age-interval survivals in relation to generation survival revealed that predation during the late larval stages was the key factor in generation survival of the insect on the younger trees. Desiccation of the leaf during the early larval stages along with predation were key factors on the older trees.
PTEROTHORACIC MUSCULATURE OF THE ADULT MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Mitchell B. K. , Seabrook W. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe musculature of the pterothorax of the adult maleChoristoneura fumiferana(Clem.) is described in detail and the arrangement of muscles is shown to correspond closely to other lepidopterans. A comparison with the general plan of the alate segment is also attempted.
RECONSIDERATION OF THE METHOD TO MEASURE THE LARVAL INSTARS BY USE OF THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HEAD-CAPSULE WIDTHS OR LENGTHS
Authors: Kishi Yoichi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe number of molted head capsules of Pissodes nitidus is four, but the frequency distribution of the head-capsule widths and lengths of the weevil larvae do not always show four clear separations. It is necessary for more reliable determination about larval instars to count the molted head capsules in the larval gallery.
THE IMMATURE STAGES OF SCOLYTIDAE: THE GENUS CONOPHTHORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Thomas J. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn anatomical description of the larval and pupal stages of the genus Conophthorus Hopkins is given and illustrated. The description is based on larvae of nine species and pupae of eight, but the strong similarity in all anatomical details suggests that the description will probably cover the remaining species. The most recent addition to the genus, C. banksianae McPherson, is referred to particularly, and the need for a complete revision of the genus is suggested.
NEMATODE OCCURRENCE IN ONTARIO EARWIGS (NEMATODA: DERMAPTERA)
Authors: Wilson W. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEarwig (Forficula auricularia L.) populations infested by the nematode Mermis subnigrescens Cobb were collected from the Ayton area of Ontario, Canada, in 1968 and 1969. Parasitism levels in earwigs from this area ranged from 10.9 to 63% and appeared to be a factor in population control. It is suggested that M. subnigrescens could be used to effect population reduction of earwigs by release of infested earwigs or by distribution of nematode eggs.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY) IN EASTERN ONTARIO: III. MAJOR POPULATION PROCESSES
Authors: Harcourt D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn appraisal of population processes in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), on its principal host plant showed that the insect has no natural agents that act in a manner that prevent it from overshooting its food supply. It is little affected by weather conditions or predators, and its only parasite, the tachinid Doryphorophaga doryphorae (Riley), is inversely density dependent in its action. Once the beetle has exploited its food resource, the larvae starve and the adults emigrate in quest of other hosts.The analysis of age interval survivals showed that populations are both regulated and disturbed by the principal key factor, adult migration, which is density dependent but overcompensating. A predictive model based on density relationships explained 94% of the variance in population trend.
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Quednau F. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeven aphid species, Longistigma chantali from Fagus grandifolia, Diphyllaphis microtrema from Quercus rubra, Hoplochaitophorus heterotrichus from Quercus prinus, Calaphis leonardi from Betula populifolia, Calaphis neobetulella from Betula nigra, Monellia hispida from Carya glabra, and Iziphya mackaueri from Carex sp., are described as new. Neosymydobius quercihabitus Miller and Calaphis betulaecolens (Fitch) are redescribed.
THE SALIVARY SYRINGE OF THE LEAFHOPPER MACROSTELES FASCIFRONS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) AND THE OCCURRENCE OF MYCOPLASMA-LIKE ORGANISMS IN ITS DUCTS
Authors: Raine J. , Forbes A. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe morphology and fine structure of the salivary syringe and its associated ducts of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), are described and illustrated from sections studied in the light and electron microscopes. Mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) were found in both the afferent and efferent ducts of the salivary syringe in insects transmitting aster yellows and in insects not transmitting the disease. The occurrence of MLOs proximal to the valve in the afferent duct proves that they were from the salivary glands and were not regurgitated from the gut or drawn in from outside the insect.
SUN POSITION AS A POSSIBLE FACTOR IN THE DISORIENTATION OF HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA) (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Jay S. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRows of hives were arranged in squares with their entrances facing outwards (N, S, E, W) within the temperate zone (at 49°38′ N., 97°09′ W.) and within the tropical zone (at 18°00′, 76°45′ W.). Bees tended to move southward along east and west facing rows in the temperate zone during July and August but not in the tropical zone during the time when the path of the sun passed through the zenith at midday (2 August 1969). Bees, in rows facing north or south, showed a greater tendency to move westward in the tropical than in the temperate zone. It is suggested that sun position may influence this movement of bees.
ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING BY NEMERITIS CANESCENS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Arthur A. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemales of Nemeritis canescens (Grav.) were conditioned to associate the odour of geraniol with the presence of hosts. Females conditioned for 10 days retained the conditioned response for 6 days. Associative learning in N. canescens, an oligophagous parasite, is less strong than in Itoplectis conquisitor (Say), a polyphagous parasite. This finding may reveal a general difference between oligophagous and polyphagous parasites.
TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE OF PRONYMPHS AND PUPAE OF THE LARCH SAWFLY,PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII(HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Heron R. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effects of temperature on survival during postdiapause development of the pre-imaginal stages of the larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii(Hartig), were investigated in the laboratory using Manitoba material. Pronymph mortality increased progressively between 10° and 30 °C. Developmental arrest occurred in pronymphs exposed to 35 °C for periods up to 10 days prior to their transfer to 15 °C for completion of development. Pupae were more tolerant of high temperatures than were pronymphs.The results are discussed in relation to the possible physiological mechanism involved and the ecological implications for survival in the field.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF DIORYCTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) FROM INDIA
Authors: Mutuura Akira 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDioryctria assamensis boring in shoots of Pinus khasya (labeled P. insularis) in Shillong, Assam, and Dioryctria raoi boring in shoots of Pinus roxburghii and Pinus sp. in north India are described as new species.