bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of the fattening period on the fatty acid composition of fat deposits and free amino acid and inosinic acid contents of the longissimus muscle in carcasses of Japanese Black steers
Authors: IWAMOTO Eiji , OKA Akio , IWAKI Fumiyuki 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe effects of the fattening period on carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition of fat deposits, and muscle free amino acid (FAA) and inosinic acid (IMP) contents were evaluated in Japanese Black steers. Ten castrated, 10‐month‐old calves derived from the same sire were divided into five to be slaughtered at the age of 30 months after a 20‐month fattening period (20‐month group) and five to be slaughtered at the age of 34 months after a 24‐month fattening period (24‐month group). Concerning the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat, the percentage of palmitoleic acid was higher (P < 0.05) in the 24‐ than in the 20‐month group, but no difference was noted in any other fatty acids. For intermuscular fat, no difference was observed in any fatty acids. The percentages of oleic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acid of intramuscular and perinephric fat were higher (P < 0.05) in the 24‐ than in the 20‐month group. Of the FAAs in the longissimus thoracis muscle, the threonine and tyrosine contents were lower (P < 0.05) in the 24‐ than in the 20‐month group. The IMP content was higher (P < 0.05) in the 24‐ than in the 20‐month group, suggesting an effect of prolongation of the fattening period.
Brewer's yeast efficiently degrades phytate phosphorus in a corn‐soybean meal diet during soaking treatment
Authors: CHU Gyo‐Moon , OHMORI Hideyuki , KAWASHIMA Tomoyuki , FUNABA Masayuki , MATSUI Tohru 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTMicrobes such as yeast and Aspergillus are known to produce phytase, and Aspergillus phytase has been used as a feed additive for improving phytate‐phosphorus bioavailability in monogastric animals. We measured phytase activity in some by‐products from fermented food and beverage productions by yeast and Aspergillus. The phytase activity was as high as 3577 and 2225 PU/kg DM in raw and dried brewer's yeasts, respectively. On the other hand, the phytase activity was approximately 400 PU/kg DM in white‐wine yeast and red‐wine yeast. The phytase activity was further low in natto (fermented soybean) residue, soy sauce cake, rice brewer's grain and the activity was not detected in dried corn‐barley distiller's grain with soluble and sweet‐potato distiller's residue. The stability of phytase against pepsin was much lower in the brewer's yeast than in an Aspergillus phytase preparation. On the other hand, the addition of raw brewer's yeast effectively degraded phytate phosphorus in a corn‐soybean meal diet during soaking. These results suggest that phytase in the examined by‐products is not suitable for the phytase source of conventional diets, but that the soaking treatment with a raw brewer's yeast is an alternative method for improving phytate‐phosphorus bioavailability in corn‐soybean meal diets for pigs.
Effect of flow parameters of rumen digesta on effective degradability and microbial yield in sheep
Authors: ICHINOHE Toshiyoshi , FUJIHARA Tsutomu 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of rumen digesta flow parameters on effective degradability (EDG) and microbial nitrogen (MBN) yield in sheep fed diets of identical provision of both metabolizable energy and rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN). Ruminal degradation parameters of early‐harvested perennial ryegrass hay (EH), late‐harvested perennial ryegrasses hay (LH) and winter sown barley straw (BS) were determined by a nylon bag technique. Subsequently, three experimental diets (EHD, LHD and BSD) were formulated using the tested forages, sucrose and urea as supplements. An in vivo feeding study was conducted using four rumen cannulated sheep in a partial Latin square design. Digestibility, rate constants of rumen particle breakdown and passage, ruminal fermentation parameters and MBN supply to the small intestine were determined. Animals thoroughly consumed the forages fed at a restricted level. Digestion coefficients were greater for EHD than for LHD and were lowest for BSD (P < 0.05). The rate constant of large particle breakdown was 4.3, 5.9 and 6.7 %/h, respectively, and small particle passage was 5.3, 4.7 and 6.3 %/h for EHD, LHD and BSD, respectively. The estimates differed (P < 0.05) between the diets. The overall passage rate constant of total rumen particles was estimated to be higher for BSD than that for EHD or LHD (P < 0.05). Ruminal fermentation parameters were unaffected by dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Intake levels of rumen degradable organic matter (RDOM) and RDN were estimated to be greater for LHD than that for EHD or BSD (P < 0.05). Although dietary arrangements were made to give identical microbial efficiency, the estimated value was higher for EHD than that for LHD or BSD (P < 0.05); and the MBN yield for BSD was estimated to be lower than that for EHD or LHD (P < 0.05). Rumen kinetic parameters of degradation and particle flow of forage affected EDG values and MBN yield from forage‐related RDN intake, although those had little effect on the efficiency of MBN yield from forage‐related RDOM intake.
Effects of Sri Lankan Black Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) on Pregnancy of Rats
Authors: Ratnasooriya Wanigasekera D. , Fernando Thimbiripalage S. P. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential effects of black tea brew of Camellia sinensis using Sri Lankan high grown dust grade no. 1 tea on pregnancy outcome of rats when exposed during early (days 1–7), mid (days 8–14) and late (days 15–21) pregnancy of rats. Different doses of black tea brew (mg/ml/day) was orally administered daily during this period to separate groups of rats (n = 6/group): 84 (equivalent to 1.5 cups), 167 (3 cups), 501 (9 cups), and 1336 (24 cups). The results showed that black tea brew did not significantly (P > 0.05) change the pregnancy outcome (in terms of quantal pregnancy, number of uterine implants, number of viable implants, implantation index, pre‐implantation loss, post‐implantation loss, gestation index, number of pups born, litter index, live birth index and viability index) and pre‐ (in terms of length of the implants/foetus, gestation length, cranial length, cranial diameter and tail length of pups) and postnatal (in terms of time taken to open eyes, eruption of incisors and appearance of fur) development. Furthermore, black tea brew did not induce gross morphological birth abnormalities. If the results are applicable to women, it is concluded that even heavy consumption of black tea brew during pregnancy may not be harmful for pregnancy outcome.
Comparing Penile Measurements in Normal and Erectile Dysfunction Subjects
Authors: Kamel Ihab , Gadalla Amr , Ghanem Hussein , Oraby Mohamed 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
With the increase in penile augmentation procedures it becomes important to assess what is the normal erect penile size in both potent men and men with erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim
The aim of this work is to define the average stretched penile size in normal men and ED patients.

Main Outcome Measures
Penile length and girth.

Methods
This study included 1,027 adult men presenting to a university hospital outpatient clinic. Two groups of patients were included in this research work. Group I comprises normal adult men (949) and Group II, ED patients (78). There were no differences of race, age, height, and weight. Penile length and girth were measured using a tape measure and rigid ruler in the fully stretched states in both groups. All penile measurements were performed by the same physician.

Results
In normal men (Group I) the mean of the fully stretched length was 12.9 ± 1.9 cm and the mean of the fully stretched girth was 8.9 ± 0.9 cm. In ED patients (Group II), the mean of the fully stretched length was 11.2 ± 1.5 cm and the mean of fully stretched girth was 8.8 ± 0.8 cm. Comparing the mean of fully stretched penile lengths in both groups revealed statistical significant difference (P &lt; 0.001) between them, whereas comparing the mean of fully stretched penile girths in both groups revealed statistical nonsignificant difference (P = 0.474) between them. There were significant positive correlations between fully stretched penile lengths and fully stretched penile girths in both groups.

Conclusion
The average of fully stretched penile length in normal potent men is 12.9 cm, whereas the patients with ED tend to have significantly shorter penises (11.2 ± 1.5 cm).
Pubic Hair and Sexuality: A Review
Authors: Ramsey Sara , Sweeney Clare , Fraser Michael , Oades Gren 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Hair is a distinguishing feature of mammals, though the persistence of visible head, axillary, and pubic hair remains anthropologically unclear. Humans throughout the ages have modified their head and body hair, but aesthetic removal of pubic hair has become the “the ultimate barometer of how fashionable you really are” in the 21st century. The aim of the article is to examine the trends in pubic hair removal and its impact on health and sexuality.

Methods
A literature search was performed, with a further search performed using an Internet-based search engine. For discussion, the results have been classified into the topics of “Development and anthropology,”“Cultural and artistic significance,”“Medical implications,”“Psychological and sexual significance and popular culture,”“Impact of body hair loss on sexuality” and “Style and terminology.”

Results
Pubic hair removal has been common since the ancient times. Pubic hair was rarely depicted in artistic representations of the nude until the late 19th century. It is postulated that the current trend of pubic hair removal may be related to the increased accessibility of Internet-based pornography. Anecdotally, pubic hair removal may carry benefits regarding increased sexual sensation and satisfaction though there is no quantative research in this field. There is a recognized morbidity to pubic hair removal, and also a lack of standardization of terms for styles adopted. We propose a definitive grading system for male and female body hair based on the widely used Tumor Node Metastasis staging system.

Conclusions
Pubic hair removal appears to be an important aspect of expressing one’s sexuality and participation in sexual activity. This practice has an interesting psychosexual basis which, to date, has not yet been fully explored in sexual medicine.
Lon Protease Is Essential for Paradoxical Survival of
Escherichia coli
Exposed to High Concentrations of Quinolone
Authors: Malik Muhammad , Capecci Joseph , Drlica Karl 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

A deficiency of the
Escherichia coli
Lon protease blocked paradoxical survival occurring at very high nalidixic acid concentrations. The absence of Lon also blocked a parallel increase in cell lysate viscosity likely to reflect DNA size. Thus, Lon may participate in repairing quinolone-mediated DNA lesions formed at high drug concentrations.
Emergence of Quinolone-Resistant
Bordetella pertussis
in Japan
Authors: Ohtsuka Masayuki , Kikuchi Ken , Shimizu Kenichiro , Takahashi Namiko , Ono Yuka , Sasaki Takashi , Hiramatsu Keiichi 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Six
Bordetella pertussis
strains isolated from children in Japan from 2004 to 2006 showed high-level resistance to nalidixic acid (NAL; MIC, >256 μg/ml) and decreased susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones. All of the NAL-resistant strains had the same D87G mutation in
gyrA
.
Novel Antiviral Agent DTriP-22 Targets RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Enterovirus 71
Authors: Chen Tzu-Chun , Chang Hwan-You , Lin Pei-Fen , Chern Jyh-Haur , Hsu John Tsu-An , Chang Chu-Yi , Shih Shin-Ru 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as an important virulent neurotropic enterovirus in young children. DTriP-22 (4{4-[(2-bromo-phenyl)-(3-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-1-pheny-1
H
-pyrazolo[3,4-
d
]pyrimidine) was found to be a novel and potent inhibitor of EV71. The molecular target of this compound was identified by analyzing DTriP-22-resistant viruses. A substitution of lysine for Arg163 in EV71 3D polymerase rendered the virus drug resistant. DTriP-22 exhibited the ability to inhibit viral replication by reducing viral RNA accumulation. The compound suppressed the accumulated levels of both positive- and negative-stranded viral RNA during virus infection. An in vitro polymerase assay indicated that DTriP-22 inhibited the poly(U) elongation activity, but not the VPg uridylylation activity, of EV71 polymerase. These findings demonstrate that the nonnucleoside analogue DTriP-22 acts as a novel inhibitor of EV71 polymerase. DTriP-22 also exhibited a broad spectrum of antiviral activity against other picornaviruses, which highlights its potential in the development of antiviral agents.
Heteroresistance to Fluconazole in
Cryptococcus neoformans
Is Intrinsic and Associated with Virulence
Authors: Sionov Edward , Chang Yun C. , Garraffo H. Martin , Kwon-Chung Kyung J. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

In 1999, heteroresistance to triazoles was reported in
Cryptococcus neoformans
strains isolated from an azole therapy failure case of cryptococcosis in an AIDS patient and in a diagnostic strain from a non-AIDS patient. In this study, we analyzed 130 strains of
C. neoformans
isolated from clinical and environmental sources before 1979, prior to the advent of triazoles, and 16 fluconazole (FLC)-resistant strains isolated from AIDS patients undergoing FLC maintenance therapy during 1990 to 2000. All strains isolated prior to 1979 manifested heteroresistance (subset of a population that grows in the presence of FLC) at concentrations between 4 and 64 μg/ml, and all 16 FLC-resistant AIDS isolates manifested heteroresistance at concentrations between 16 and 128 μg/ml. Upon exposure to stepwise increases in the concentration of FLC, subpopulations that could grow at higher concentrations emerged. Repeated transfer on drug-free media caused the highly resistant subpopulations to revert to the original level of heteroresistance. The reversion pattern fell into four categories based on the number of transfers required. The strains heteroresistant at ≥32 μg/ml were significantly more resistant to other xenobiotics and were also more virulent in mice than were those heteroresistant at ≤8 μg/ml. During FLC treatment of mice infected by strains with low levels of heteroresistance, subpopulations exhibiting higher levels of heteroresistance emerged after a certain period of time. The ABC transporter
AFR1
, known to efflux FLC, was unrelated to the heteroresistance mechanism. Our study showed that heteroresistance to azole is universal and suggests that heteroresistance contributes to relapse of cryptococcosis during azole maintenance therapy.
Activity of SQ641, a Capuramycin Analog, in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis
Authors: Nikonenko Boris V. , Reddy Venkata M. , Protopopova Marina , Bogatcheva Elena , Einck Leo , Nacy Carol A. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

New delivery vehicles and routes of delivery were developed for the capuramycin analogue SQ641. While this compound has remarkable in vitro potency against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, it has low solubility in water and poor intracellular activity. We demonstrate here that SQ641 dissolved in the water-soluble vitamin E analogue α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) or incorporated into TPGS-micelles has significant activity in a mouse model of tuberculosis.
Activity of Telavancin against
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains with Various Vancomycin Susceptibilities in an In Vitro Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model with Simulated Endocardial Vegetations
Authors: Leonard Steven N. , Vidaillac Céline , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

We investigated the activity of telavancin, a novel lipoglycopeptide, alone and combined with gentamicin or rifampin (rifampicin) against strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
with various vancomycin susceptibilities. Strains tested included methicillin (meticillin)-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) 494, methicillin-sensitive
S. aureus
(MSSA) 1199, heteroresistant glycopeptide-intermediate
S. aureus
(hGISA) 1629, which was confirmed by a population analysis profile, and glycopeptide-intermediate
S. aureus
(GISA) NJ 992. Regimens of 10 mg/kg telavancin daily and 1 g vancomycin every 12 h were investigated alone and combined with 5 mg/kg gentamicin daily or 300 mg rifampin every 8 h in an in vitro model with simulated endocardial vegetations over 96 h. Telavancin demonstrated significantly greater killing than did vancomycin (
P
< 0.01) for all isolates except MRSA 494 (
P
= 0.07). Telavancin absolute reductions, in log
10
CFU/g, at 96 h were 2.8 ± 0.5 for MRSA 494, 2.8 ± 0.3 for MSSA 1199, 4.2 ± 0.2 for hGISA 1629, and 4.1 ± 0.3 for GISA NJ 992. Combinations of telavancin with gentamicin significantly enhanced killing compared to telavancin alone against all isolates (
P
< 0.001) except MRSA 494 (
P
= 0.176). This enhancement was most evident against hGISA 1629, where killing to the level of detection (2 log
10
CFU/g) was achieved at 48 h (
P
< 0.001). The addition of rifampin to telavancin resulted in significant (
P
< 0.001) enhancement of killing against only MSSA 1199. No changes in telavancin susceptibilities were observed. These results suggest that telavancin may have therapeutic potential, especially against strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Combination therapy, particularly with gentamicin, may improve bacterial killing against certain strains.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Chimeric Anti-Shiga Toxin 1 and Anti-Shiga Toxin 2 Monoclonal Antibodies in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Bitzan Martin , Poole Ruth , Mehran Mariam , Sicard Eric , Brockus Catherine , Thuning-Roberson Claire , Rivière Marc 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). The rates of STEC infection and complications, including death, are highest among young children and elderly individuals. There are no causal therapies. Because Stx is the primary pathological agent leading to organ injury in patients with STEC disease, therapeutic antibodies are being developed to neutralize systemically absorbed toxin during the early phase of the infection. Two phase I, single-dose, open-label, nonrandomized studies were conducted to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of the chimeric monoclonal antibodies (antitoxins) against Stx 1 and 2 (cαStx1 and cαStx2, respectively). In the first study, 16 volunteers received 1 or 3 mg/kg of body weight of cαStx1 or cαStx2 as a single, short (1-h) intravenous infusion (
n
= 4 per group). In a second study, 10 volunteers received a 1-h infusion of cαStx1 and cαStx2 combined at 1 or 3 mg/kg (
n
= 5 per group). Treatment-emergent adverse events were mild, resolved spontaneously, and were generally unrelated to the antibody infusion. No serious adverse events were observed. Human antichimeric antibodies were detected in a single blood sample collected on day 57. Antibody clearance was slightly greater for cαStx1 (0.38 ± 0.16 ml/h/kg [mean ± standard deviation]) than for cαStx2 (0.20 ± 0.07 ml/h/kg) (
P
= 0.0013,
t
test). The low clearance is consistent with the long elimination half-lives of cαStx1 (190.4 ± 140.2 h) and cαStx2 (260.6 ± 112.4 h;
P
= 0.151). The small volume of distribution (0.08 ± 0.05 liter/kg, combined data) indicates that the antibodies are retained within the circulation. The conclusion is that cαStx1 and cαStx2, given as individual or combined short intravenous infusions, are well tolerated. These results form the basis for future safety and efficacy trials with patients with STEC infections to ameliorate or prevent HUS and other complications.
Role for Toll-Like Receptor 2 in the Immune Response toStreptococcus pneumoniaeInfection in Mouse Otitis Media
Authors: Han Fengchan , Yu Heping , Tian Cong , Li Shengli , Jacobs Michael R. , Benedict-Alderfer Cindy , Zheng Qing Y. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTStreptococcus pneumoniaeis the most common pathogen associated with otitis media. To examine the role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in host defense againstStreptococcus pneumoniaeinfection in the middle ear, wild-type (WT; C57BL/6) and TLR2-deficient (TLR2−/−) mice were inoculated withStreptococcus pneumoniae(1 × 106CFU) through the tympanic membrane. Nineteen of 37 TLR2−/−mice showed bacteremia and died within 3 days after the challenge, compared to only 4 of 32 WT mice that died. Of those that survived, more severe hearing loss in the TLR2−/−mice than in the WT mice was indicated by an elevation in auditory-evoked brain stem response thresholds at 3 or 7 days postinoculation. The histological pathology was characterized by effusion and tissue damage in the middle ear, and in the TLR2−/−mice, the outcome of infection became more severe at 7 days. At both 3 and 7 days postchallenge, the TLR2−/−mice had higher blood bacterial titers than the WT mice (P< 0.05), and typical bacteria were identified in the effusion from both ears of both mouse groups by acridine orange staining. Moreover, by 3 days postchallenge, the mRNA accumulation levels of NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1β, MIP1α, Muc5ac, and Muc5b were significantly lower in the ears of TLR2−/−mice than in WT mice. In summary, TLR2−/−mice may produce relatively low levels of proinflammatory cytokines following pneumococcal challenge, thus hindering the clearance of bacteria from the middle ear and leading to sepsis and a high mortality rate. This study provides evidence that TLR2 is important in the molecular pathogenesis and host response to otitis media.
Insulin U-500 in severe insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Crasto W , Jarvis J , Hackett E , Nayyar V , McNally P G , Davies M J , Lawrence I G 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSome patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are profoundly insulin resistant and require large insulin doses to achieve optimal glycaemic control. However, large volumes of subcutaneous conventional U-100 insulin can cause discomfort at the injection site, resulting in poor concordance with insulin therapy. One therapeutic option is the use of U-500 insulin, thus reducing the insulin volume by 80%. This review will address the practical issues associated with the use of U-500, clinical efficacy and safety aspects of this concentrated insulin, which has an important role in a subgroup of patients with T2DM.