bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alteration in the status of glutathione transferase of the water snail, Bulinus globosus, during aestivation and recovery
Authors: Adewale Isaac Olusanjo , Ojopagogo Yetunde Adedolapo 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The varying status of glutathione transferases (GSTs) in water snail, Bulinus globosus, an intermediate host of disease-causing Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz 1852) has been investigated. The expression of GST isoenzymes in the water snail appears seasonal with about three isoenzymes appearing during raining season, when the organism is active, which may reduce to a single peak of one isoenzyme during aestivation, when the organism is inactive. GST isoenzyme is present in high concentration in all the tissues investigated namely: haemolymph, foot muscle and hepatopancreas with specific activities of 0.006 ± 0.002, 0.45 ± 0.021 and 1.33 ± 0.103 units/mg protein respectively for 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate. With this substrate, the specific activity of GST from the hepatopancreas appears higher than the specific activities that have been previously reported for GSTs from molluscs. Partial purification of the isoenzymes using Tris acrylic acid-based resins enabled us to observe that GST appears to be the major protein in the hepatopancreas of this organism. We also found indications for the presence of an endogenous GST inhibitor in the cytosol, whose function is yet unknown. All the traditional GST inhibitors such as cibacron blue, hematin, bromosulfophthalein and S-hexylglutathione were able to inhibit the isoenzymes effectively, with cibacron blue being the most potent. The isoenzymes however have narrow substrate specificity. We conclude that different isoenzymes of GST are expressed in the same class of molluscs, even when they belong to the same genus or species, and that the expression may depend on whether the snails are on aestivation or not.
Cytochrome b gene based phylogeny and genetic divergence of Tetraophasis of China
Authors: Wen Longying , Liu Naifa 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTetraophasis (Galliformes; Phasianidae) includes T. obscurus and T. szechenyii, which are endemic and distributed in the west and central parts of China. The phylogenetic status of Tetraophasis in the Phasianidae and the divergence of the two species are still controversial. We performed a phylogenetic study using DNA sequences of 828bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) genes of Tetraophasis and of selected species of several other genera of Phasianidae. The phylogenetic trees suggest that Tetraophasis species belong to Phasianinae, which is inconsistent with the traditional taxonomic view that these species belong to Perdicinae. Sequence difference between T. obscurus and T. szechenyii was 3.0-3.1% and the divergence time was 1.88-1.94 Myr based on molecular clock estimate. Compared with other genera, T. obscurus and T. szechenyii should be classified as two distinct species. Our data suggest that the divergence of Tetraophasis may have been induced by the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and by environmental changes.
Experimental evidence for the biological species status in Lake Tana's Labeobarbus flock (Cyprinidae)
Authors: de Graaf Martin , Nagelkerke Leo , Palstra Arjan , Sibbing Ferdinand 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Lake Tana (Ethiopia) harbours the only known remaining intact species flock of large (max. 100 cm standard length, SL) cyprinid fishes (15 Labeobarbus spp.). In 'common garden' experiments progeny of the riverine spawning benthivorous L. tsanensis, and of the piscivorous L. truttiformis and L. megastoma was raised under similar environmental conditions to test if interspecific morphological differentiation would occur. Interspecific morphological differences and divergence were clearly observed early in ontogeny (≤ 40 mm SL). This study is the first to demonstrate direct proof for the genetic basis of morphological differentiation among these labeobarbs, providing further support that Lake Tana's labeobarb species are true biological species.
Transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells for adult T-cell leukemia: a nationwide retrospective study
Authors: Hishizawa Masakatsu , Kanda Junya , Utsunomiya Atae , Taniguchi Shuichi , Eto Tetsuya , Moriuchi Yukiyoshi , Tanosaki Ryuji , Kawano Fumio , Miyazaki Yasushi , Masuda Masato , Nagafuji Koji , Hara Masamichi , Takanashi Minoko , Kai Shunro , Atsuta Yoshiko , Suzuki Ritsuro , Kawase Takakazu , Matsuo Keitaro , Nagamura-Inoue Tokiko , Kato Shunichi , Sakamaki Hisashi , Morishima Yasuo , Okamura Jun , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Uchiyama Takashi 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is increasingly used as a curative option for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an intractable mature T-cell neoplasm causally linked with human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). We compared outcomes of 386 patients with ATL who underwent allogeneic HSCT using different graft sources: 154 received human leukocyte antigen (HLA)–matched related marrow or peripheral blood; 43 received HLA-mismatched related marrow or peripheral blood; 99 received unrelated marrow; 90 received single unit unrelated cord blood. After a median follow-up of 41 months (range, 1.5-102), 3-year overall survival for entire cohort was 33% (95% confidence interval, 28%-38%). Multivariable analysis revealed 4 recipient factors significantly associated with lower survival rates: older age (> 50 years), male sex, status other than complete remission, and use of unrelated cord blood compared with use of HLA-matched related grafts. Treatment-related mortality rate was higher among patients given cord blood transplants; disease-associated mortality was higher among male recipients or those given transplants not in remission. Among patients who received related transplants, donor HTLV-I seropositivity adversely affected disease-associated mortality. In conclusion, allogeneic HSCT using currently available graft source is an effective treatment in selected patients with ATL, although greater effort is warranted to reduce treatment-related mortality.
Epigenetics, Behaviour, and Health
Authors: Szyf Moshe , Meaney Michael J 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe long-term effects of behaviour and environmental exposures, particularly during childhood, on health outcomes are well documented. Particularly thought provoking is the notion that exposures to different social environments have a long-lasting impact on human physical health. However, the mechanisms mediating the effects of the environment are still unclear. In the last decade, the main focus of attention was the genome, and interindividual genetic polymorphisms were sought after as the principal basis for susceptibility to disease. However, it is becoming clear that recent dramatic increases in the incidence of certain human pathologies, such as asthma and type 2 diabetes, cannot be explained just on the basis of a genetic drift. It is therefore extremely important to unravel the molecular links between the "environmental" exposure, which is believed to be behind this emerging incidence in certain human pathologies, and the disease's molecular mechanisms. Although it is clear that most human pathologies involve long-term changes in gene function, these might be caused by mechanisms other than changes in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence. The genome is programmed by the epigenome, which is composed of chromatin and a covalent modification of DNA by methylation. It is postulated here that "epigenetic" mechanisms mediate the effects of behavioural and environmental exposures early in life, as well as lifelong environmental exposures and the susceptibility to disease later in life. In contrast to genetic sequence differences, epigenetic aberrations are potentially reversible, raising the hope for interventions that will be able to reverse deleterious epigenetic programming.
Evaluation of exercise on individuals with dementia and their carers: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Cerga-Pashoja Arlinda , Lowery David , Bhattacharya Rahul , Griffin Mark , Iliffe Steve , Lee James , Leonard Claire , Ricketts Sue , Strother Lyn , Waters Fiona , Ritchie Craig W , Warner James 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
Almost all of the 820,000 people in the UK with dementia will experience Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD). However, research has traditionally focused on treating cognitive symptoms, thus neglecting core clinical symptoms that often have a more profound impact on living with dementia. Recent evidence (Kales et al, 2007; Ballard et al, 2009) indicates that the popular approach to managing BPSD - prescription of anti-psychotic medication - can increase mortality and the risk of stroke in people with dementia as well as impair quality of life and accelerate cognitive decline. Consequently, there is a need to evaluate the impact that non-pharmacological interventions have on BPSD; we believe physical exercise is a particularly promising approach.

Methods/Design
We will carry out a pragmatic, randomised, single-blind controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise (planned walking) on the behavioural and psychological symptoms of individuals with dementia. We aim to recruit 146 people with dementia and their carers to be randomized into two groups; one will be trained in a structured, tailored walking programme, while the other will continue with treatment as usual. The primary outcome (BPSD) will be assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) along with relevant secondary outcomes at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks.

Discussion
Designing this study has been challenging both ethically and methodologically. In particular to design an intervention that is simple, measurable, safe, non-invasive and enjoyable has been testing and has required a lot of thought. Throughout the design, we have attempted to balance methodological rigour with study feasibility. We will discuss the challenges that were faced and overcome in this paper.

Trial Registration
ISRCTN01423159
Staging of biliary atresia at diagnosis by molecular profiling of the liver
Authors: Moyer Katie , Kaimal Vivek , Pacheco Cristina , Mourya Reena , Xu Huan , Shivakumar Pranavkumar , Chakraborty Ranajit , Rao Marepalli , Magee John C , Bove Kevin , Aronow Bruce J , Jegga Anil G , Bezerra Jorge A 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Background
Young age at portoenterostomy has been linked to improved outcome in biliary atresia, but pre-existing biological factors may influence the rate of disease progression. In this study, we aimed to determine whether molecular profiling of the liver identifies stages of disease at diagnosis.

Methods
We examined liver biopsies from 47 infants with biliary atresia enrolled in a prospective observational study. Biopsies were scored for inflammation and fibrosis, used for gene expression profiles, and tested for association with indicators of disease severity, response to surgery, and survival at 2 years.

Results
Fourteen of 47 livers displayed predominant histological features of inflammation (N = 9) or fibrosis (N = 5), with the remainder showing similar levels of both simultaneously. By differential profiling of gene expression, the 14 livers had a unique molecular signature containing 150 gene probes. Applying prediction analysis models, the probes classified 29 of the remaining 33 livers into inflammation or fibrosis. Molecular classification into the two groups was validated by the findings of increased hepatic population of lymphocyte subsets or tissue accumulation of matrix substrates. The groups had no association with traditional markers of liver injury or function, response to surgery, or complications of cirrhosis. However, infants with an inflammation signature were younger, while those with a fibrosis signature had decreased transplant-free survival.

Conclusions
Molecular profiling at diagnosis of biliary atresia uncovers a signature of inflammation or fibrosis in most livers. This signature may relate to staging of disease at diagnosis and has implications to clinical outcomes.
Laser Control of Ion/Atom–Molecule Interaction: Application to (X + CH4, X = Li+ and Li) Reactions
Authors: Talaat Hassan , Sedik El-Wallid S , Kamal M Tag El-Din 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Laser atom/ion–molecule reaction interaction through dipole moments leads to potential energy surface crossings in ion molecule (Li+ + CH4) and barrier reshaping in atom–molecule reaction (Li + CH4). We will show here by using gauge representation (electric field gauge) that we can create laser-induced surface crossing in the region (4 au) where the dipole moment changes sign for the LiH + CH3+ Li+ + CH4 reaction and reshape the barrier height (increase/decrease the height) by changing the laser phase for Li + CH4 → LiH + CH3 where dipole moment changes sign in the transition state region.
A New Type of Red-emitting (La,Ca)OCl:Eu3+ Phosphors
Authors: Kim Sun Woog , Jyoko Kazuya , Masui Toshiyuki , Imanaka Nobuhito 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Red-emitting phosphors, (La1−xCax)OCl:y%Eu3+ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.17, 1 ≤ y ≤ 5), were synthesized in a single-phase form by a liquid-phase method and photoluminescence properties were characterized. The excitation peak intensity of the phosphor was increased with Ca2+ doping into the LaOCl lattice, corresponding to the successful enhancement of the emission intensity. The maximum emission intensity was obtained for (La1−xCax)OCl:y%Eu3+, where it was 63% of that of a commercial Y2O3:Eu3+ phosphor.
Stereochemical Structure Determination of Caffeine Complexes with Galloylated and Non-galloylated Catechins
Authors: Ishizu Takashi , Sato Takashi , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Hideji 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Stereochemical structures of a 1:1 complex of (−)-epicatechin (EC) and caffeine, and a 2:4 complex of (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECg) and caffeine were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis, and noncovalent interactions forming between EC, ECg and caffeine moieties were also elucidate.
Mixing of Molecular Crystals by Dry Cogrinding with Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Ichimura Kunihiro 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The dry bead milling of a mixture of anthracene crystals and a tiny amount tetracene in the presence of surface-modified silica nanoparticles led to the fluorescence quenching of anthracene due to the doping of tetracene, supporting the occurrence of crystal mixing under dry conditions.
Fabrication of 3-nm Platinum Wires Using a Tobacco Mosaic Virus Template
Authors: Kobayashi Mime , Onodera Katsuya , Watanabe Yuichiro , Yamashita Ichiro 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Fabrication of high aspect ratio 3-nm Pt wires was achieved by reducing K2PtCl4 with dimethylamine borane in the presence of a tube-shaped tobacco mosaic virus. The presence of a non-ionic detergent, Tween 20 in the reaction mixture prevents aggregation of the virus, and isolated Pt wires can be readily transferred onto silicon surfaces. Our results provide a new chemical approach to fabricate and locate 3-nm Pt wires on a substrate, which could not be achieved using conventional lithography.
Immobilization of ZnS–AgInS2 Solid Solution Nanoparticles on ZnO Rod Array Electrodes and Their Photoresponse with Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Sasamura Tetsuya , Okazaki Ken-ichi , Tsunoda Ryuta , Kudo Akihiko , Kuwabata Susumu , Torimoto Tsukasa 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
ZnS–AgInS2 solid solution (ZAIS) nanoparticles having elements of low toxicity were immobilized on thin ZnO rod array films, and the resulting film worked as an n-type semiconductor electrode for which the photoresponse varied depending on the composition of particles immobilized.
A Short and Efficient Total Synthesis of (±)-Ascofuranone
Authors: Haga Yasushi , Tonoi Takayuki , Anbiru Yoshihide , Takahashi Yuki , Tamura Sayuri , Yamamoto Masaichi , Ifuku Shinsuke , Morimoto Minoru , Saimoto Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Ascofuranone is a potent inhibitor of trypanosome alternative oxidase. A short and efficient total synthesis of (±)-ascofuranone was accomplished in only seven steps starting with geranyl acetate. The synthetic concept and methodology described in detail here provide a short and simple synthesis for ascofuranone and its derivatives.
Photocatalytic Degradation of 2-Propanol under Irradiation of Visible Light by Nanocrystalline Titanium(IV) Oxide Modified with Rhodium Ion Using Adsorption Method
Authors: Kitano Sho , Hashimoto Keiji , Kominami Hiroshi 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Using adsorption method, a small amount of rhodium ion (Rh3+) was loaded on nanocrystalline titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) with various physical properties prepared by HyCOM and subsequent calcinations at various temperatures. In photocatalytic degradation of 2-propanol under visible light irradiation, Rh3+-modified HyCOM-TiO2 samples exhibited higher levels of activity than did nitrogen-doped TiO2 sample and showed a volcano-like tendency with calcination temperature, suggesting that the balance of surface area and crystallinity of TiO2 is important in an Rh3+/TiO2 photocatalyst.
Excited Triplet State of a UV-B Absorber, Octyl Methoxycinnamate
Authors: Kikuchi Azusa , Yukimaru Shinsuke , Oguchi Nozomi , Miyazawa Kazuyuki , Yagi Mikio 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The lowest excited triplet (T1) state of the most widely used UV-B absorber, octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), has been studied through measurements of phosphorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra in rigid solutions at 77 K. The energy level and lifetime of the T1 state of OMC were determined. The observed T1 lifetime and zero-field splitting parameter suggest that OMC possesses mainly a 3ππ* character in the T1 state.
High‐Resolution Melting Analysis for the Discovery of Novel Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Rainbow and Cutthroat Trout for Species Identification
Authors: McGlauflin Molly T. , Smith Matt J. , Wang Jonathan T. , Young Sewall F. , Chen Neng , Lee Yong C. , Pascal Carita , Seeb Lisa W. , Stevens Junko , Seeb James E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe describe the use of high‐resolution melting (HRM), a recent enhancement to traditional DNA melting analyses for the characterization of polymerase chain reaction products, in the identification of 11 novel single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for distinguishing between rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and cutthroat trout O. clarkii. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms provide an important tool for species identification in studies of hybridization and introgression between these two species, but until now the time‐consuming and costly nature of DNA sequencing has limited identification of new markers. The ability of HRM to accurately discern nucleotide changes in a DNA sequence make it a cost‐ and time‐effective alternative to traditional sequencing for the detection of novel SNPs.
Observations on the Captive Biology of the Southern Stingray
Authors: Henningsen Alan D. , Leaf Robert T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractComplete life history information is essential for effective population management, but little is known about the demographic characteristics of the southern stingray Dasyatis americana. We describe life history characteristics of southern stingrays maintained in captivity from birth to 13 years. Size (disc width [DW]) at maturity ranged from 48 to 52 cm in males and from 75 to 80 cm in females; age at maturity was 3–4 years in males and 5–6 years in females. Individual growth was described using three models: the Gompertz function, von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF), and logistic function. Analyses of DW at age and weight at age indicated that females were significantly larger at birth and reached larger maximum sizes than males. Because of the ability of the VBGF to fit the observed growth and that of previously reported maximum sizes, we favor its use to describe individual growth dynamics for this species. Using this model, we estimated that for males (n = 20), the asymptotic DW (DW∞) was 67.4 cm, the von Bertalanffy growth coefficient (k) was 0.44 per year, and the predicted theoretical age at a DW of 0 cm (t0) was −0.93 years. The corresponding estimates for females (n = 15) were a DW∞ of 150.9 cm, a k‐value of 0.11 per year, and a t0 of −1.61 years. The oldest southern stingrays in the study were a 12‐year‐old male and a 13‐year‐old female, and estimates of longevity were 7.9 years for males and 31.5 years for females. The sex ratio of neonates (n = 453) did not differ significantly from 1:1. The life history characteristics derived from captive specimens indicate that southern stingrays are similar to other dasyatids in terms of growth and age at maturity.
Acclimation in Simulated Lake Water Increases Survival of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Challenged with Saline, Alkaline Water from Walker Lake, Nevada
Authors: Bigelow John P. , Rauw Wendy M. , Gomez‐Raya Luis 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe investigated the effect of acclimation and condition factor (K) on short‐term survival of subyearling Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi reared at Lahontan National Fish Hatchery, Gardnerville, Nevada, and challenged for 1 week with saline, alkaline water from Walker Lake, Nevada. The effect of acclimation and lake‐water challenge on plasma osmolality was also investigated. Fish were acclimated for 0, 8, or 17 d in simulated lake water with gradual and simultaneous increases in total dissolved solids and pH. Mean (±SE) survival rates (proportion) during three replicate, weeklong challenges in Walker Lake water for the 0‐, 8‐, and 17‐d acclimation groups were 0.153 ± 0.0409, 0.236 ± 0.0371, and 0.487 ± 0.1040, respectively. During all three challenge replicates, fish acclimated for 17 d experienced a lower hazard of death than unacclimated fish; fish in the 0‐ and 8‐d acclimation groups survived at similar rates. Higher K‐values were associated with a lower hazard of death during all three replicate challenges. Greater K was correlated with longer fork length (FL). For the 8‐d acclimation treatment group, the proportion of fish surviving the challenge was higher when K and FL were both greater than median values. In the 17‐d acclimation treatment, fish with either higher K‐values or longer FLs survived at higher rates than did smaller, thinner fish. Regardless of acclimation duration, postchallenge plasma osmolality was higher than the baseline level for fish that did not survive the challenge. Challenge survivors acclimated for 17 d exhibited lower plasma osmolalities than fish that did not survive, and plasma osmolalities in survivors were similar to baseline levels. Our results indicate short‐term survival rates for Lahontan cutthroat trout raised at the Lahontan National Fish Hatchery and stocked in Walker Lake may be improved by lengthy acclimation in simulated lake water and by stocking fish of higher K or longer length.