bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards consistency in vegetation classification
Authors: De Cáceres Miquel , Wiser Susan K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractVegetation classification is a useful tool for basic and applied research as well as for environmental management. As classification of vegetation serves many different purposes, there is no single approach to defining vegetation types. Establishing formalized standard procedures is desirable, however, because the purposes and uses of vegetation classifications are similar in different countries and regions. With the aim of promoting methodological standardization in classification across countries and vegetation scientists, this manuscript is centered on two ideas: (1) the need to explicitly distinguish between the conceptual activities involved in the definition of vegetation types (membership determination, characterization, validation and naming); and (2) the need to perform assignments of new vegetation observations to previously defined vegetation types in accordance with how these types were originally defined, a concept that we refer to as consistency in assignment. We demonstrate that our conceptual framework provides a useful tool to better understand what classification methods do. In order to manage and use classifications in a better way, vegetation scientists should produce, store and report the rules that provide consistent assignments to vegetation types.
Effects of photoperiod on salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats
Authors: YAEGASHI Tomoyoshi , JIN Jin , SAWADA Tatsuru , SAITO Hayato , FÜLÖP Ferenc , NAGY György Miklos , HASHIZUME Tsutomu 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to clarify the relation between salsolinol (SAL)‐induced prolactin (PRL) release and photoperiod in goats. A single intravenous (i.v.) injection of SAL was given to adult female goats under short (8 h light, 16 h dark) or long (16 h light, 8 h dark) photoperiod conditions at two different ambient temperatures (20°C or 5°C), and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared to that of thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) or a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist, sulpiride. SAL, as well as TRH or sulpiride, stimulated the release of PRL promptly after each injection in both 8‐ and 16‐h daily photoperiods at 20°C (P < 0.05). The area under the response curve (AUC) of PRL for the 60‐min period after injections of saline (controls), SAL, TRH and sulpiride in the 16‐h daily photoperiod group was greater than each corresponding value in the 8‐h daily photoperiod group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the AUC of PRL among the values produced after the injection of SAL, TRH and sulpiride in 16‐h daily photoperiod group; however, the values produced after the injection of TRH were smallest among the three in the 8‐h daily photoperiod group (P < 0.05). The PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, TRH and sulpiride under a short and long photoperiod condition at 5°C resembled those at 20°C. These results show that a long photoperiod highly enhances the PRL‐releasing response to SAL as well as TRH or sulpiride in either medium or low ambient temperature in goats.
Palatal schwannoma in an elderly woman
Authors: Shetty Shishir Ram , Mishra Chandni , Shetty Pushparaj , Kaur Arshdeep , Babu Subhas 
Published: October 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00415.x

Palatal schwannoma in an elderly womanSchwannoma also known as neurilemmoma is a benign tumour derived from schwann cells and is relatively rare in occurrence. Only 1% of the schwannomas in the head and neck region occur at intra‐oral sites. Schwannomas usually occur during the third or fourth decades of life and the tongue is the most common intra‐oral site. A case of intra‐oral schwannoma in a 70‐year‐old female in the region of hard palate is described which is extremely rare.
Evaluation of larvicidal potential of certain insect pathogenic fungi extracts against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus
Authors: MAURYA Prejwltta , MOHAN Lalit , SHARMA Preeti , SRIVASTAVA C. N. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFungal metabolites are attracting attention as potential microbial insecticides, and they are anticipated to overcome the problems of pesticide resistance and environmental pollution that are associated with the indiscriminate use of conventional synthetic insecticides. The relative bioefficacies of selected fungal pathogens, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. parasiticus, Fusarium sporotrichoides and Penicillium verrucosum were observed against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. A. flavus demonstrated the greatest bioefficacy with 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values of 9.54 and 10.98 ppm against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, respectively, after 24‐h exposure. The bioefficacy of A. flavus increased in both species with an exposure time of 48 h, with LC50 values of 7.26 and 8.55 ppm, respectively.
Blood Pressure Outcomes in Patients Receiving Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers in Primary Care: A Comparative Effectiveness Analysis From Electronic Medical Record Data
Authors: Ram C. Venkata S. , Ramaswamy Krishnan , Qian Chunlin , Biskupiak Joe , Ryan Amy , Quah Ruth , Russo Patricia A. 
Published: October 2011

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:801–812. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The authors examined the comparative effectiveness of 4 angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients with hypertension using a large electronic medical record database. Analysis of covariance and logistic multivariate regression models were used to estimate the blood pressure (BP) outcomes of 73,012 patients during 13 months of treatment with olmesartan, losartan, valsartan, and irbesartan. Results were adjusted by baseline BP, starting dose, year, age, sex, race, body mass index, comorbid conditions, and concomitant medications of patients. All ARBs led to sustained reductions in BP, but with significant differences in the magnitude of BP reduction. Raw mean systolic BP/diastolic BP reductions with losartan, valsartan, irbesartan, and olmesartan were 9.3/4.9 mm Hg, 10.4/5.6 mm Hg, 10.1/5.3 mm Hg, and 12.4/6.8 mm Hg, respectively. Adjusting for all covariates, the overall BP reductions with olmesartan were 1.88/0.86 mm Hg, 1.21/0.52 mm Hg, and 0.89/0.51 mm Hg greater than for losartan, valsartan, and irbesartan, respectively, and mean differences were higher for monotherapy: 2.43/1.16mm Hg; 2.18/0.93 mm Hg; 1.44/0.91 mm Hg, respectively (all P values <.0001). Adjusted odds ratios of the JNC 7 goal attainment for losartan, valsartan, and irbesartan compared with olmesartan were 0.76, 0.86, and 0.91 (P<.05). Differences were also found in subpopulations: African Americans, diabetics, and obese/overweight patients but not all of these reached statistical significance. A broad choice of ARBs may be required to get patients to treatment goals.
Identification of molecular markers for DNA barcoding in the Aphidiinae (Hym. Braconidae)
Authors: DEROCLES STEPHANE A. P. , LE RALEC ANNE , PLANTEGENEST MANUEL , CHAUBET BERNARD , CRUAUD CORINNE , CRUAUD ASTRID , RASPLUS JEAN‐YVES 
Published: October 2011

AbstractReliable identification of Aphidiinae species (Braconidae) is a prerequisite for conducting studies on aphid–parasitoid interactions at the community level. However, morphological identification of Aphidiinae species remains problematic even for specialists and is almost impossible with larval stages. Here, we compared the efficiency of two molecular markers [mitochondrial cytochrome c oxydase I (COI) and nuclear long wavelength rhodopsin (LWRh)] that could be used to accurately identify about 50 species of Aphidiinae that commonly occur in aphid–parasitoid networks in northwestern Europe. We first identified species on a morphological basis and then assessed the consistency of genetic and morphological data. Probably because of mitochondrial introgression, Aphidius ervi and A. microlophii were indistinguishable on the basis of their COI sequences, whereas LWRh sequences discriminated these species. Conversely, because of its lower variability, LWRh failed to discriminate two pairs of species (Aphidius aquilus, Aphidius salicis, Lysiphlebus confusus and Lysiphlebus fabarum). Our study showed that no unique locus but a combination of two genes should be used to accurately identify members of Aphidiinae.
Resistance Analysis and Characterization of a Thiazole Analogue, BP008, as a Potent Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Inhibitor
Authors: Lin Hui-Mei , Wang Jing-Chyi , Hu Han-Shu , Wu Pei-Shan , Yang Chi-Chen , Wu Chung-Pu , Pu Szu-Yuan , Hsu Tsu-An , Jiaang Weir-Torn , Chao Yu-Sheng , Chern Jyh-Haur , Yeh Teng-Kuang , Yueh Andrew 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health problem, affecting approximately 3% of the world's population. The standard treatment for HCV infection is often poorly tolerated and ineffective. Therefore, the development of novel or more effective treatment strategies to treat chronic HCV infection is urgently needed. In this report, BP008, a potent small-molecule inhibitor of HCV replication, was developed from a class of compounds with thiazol core structures by means of utilizing a cell-based HCV replicon system. The compound reduced the reporter expression of the HCV1b replicon with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) and selective index value of 4.1 ± 0.7 nM and >12,195, respectively. Sequencing analyses of several individual clones derived from BP008-resistant RNAs purified from cells harboring HCV1b replicon revealed that amino acid substitutions mainly within the N-terminal region (domain I) of NS5A were associated with decreased inhibitor susceptibility. Q24L, P58S, and Y93H are the key substitutions for resistance selection; F149L and V153M play the compensatory role in the replication and drug resistance processes. Moreover, BP008 displayed synergistic effects with alpha interferon (IFN-α), NS3 protease inhibitor, and NS5B polymerase inhibitor, as well as good oral bioavailability in SD rats and favorable exposure in rat liver. In summary, our results pointed to an effective small-molecule inhibitor, BP008, that potentially targets HCV NS5A. BP008 can be considered a part of a more effective therapeutic strategy for HCV in the future.
Nosocomial Outbreak of VIM-1-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates of Multilocus Sequence Type 15: Molecular Basis, Clinical Risk Factors, and Outcome
Authors: Sánchez-Romero Isabel , Asensio Ángel , Oteo Jesús , Muñoz-Algarra María , Isidoro Beatriz , Vindel Ana , Álvarez-Avello José , Balandín-Moreno Bárbara , Cuevas Oscar , Fernández-Romero Sara , Azañedo Luisa , Sáez David , Campos José 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

We study the epidemiology, molecular basis, clinical risk factors, and outcome involved in the clonal dissemination of VIM-1-producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates in the hospital setting. All patients infected/colonized by carbapenem-nonsusceptible
K. pneumoniae
(CNSKP) in 2009 were included. Molecular epidemiology was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Antibiotic resistance genes were analyzed by PCR and sequencing. Plasmids were studied by PFGE with S1 nuclease digestion and for incompatibility group by a PCR-based replicon typing scheme. Risk factors associated with CNSKP colonization/infection were assessed by an observational case-control study. All 55 patients studied were infected (
n
= 28) or colonized (
n
= 27) by VIM-1-producing
K. pneumoniae
. All but one acquired isolates of a single clone (PFGE cluster 1 [C1], sequence type 15 [ST15]), while another clone (PFGE C2, ST340) was detected in four patients. C1 isolates also produced the new extended-spectrum β-lactamase SHV-134.
bla
VIM-1
was carried in a class 1 integron and an untypeable plasmid of ∼50 bp. The number of days that the patient received mechanical ventilation, the use of parenteral nutrition, previous treatment with linezolid, and treatment with extended-spectrum cephalosporins for more than 7 days were detected to be independent risk factors for CNSKP acquisition. The VIM-1-producing
K. pneumoniae
ST15 clone has a high capacity to spread among intensive care unit patients with severe underlying conditions. A high rate of associated mortality and great difficulty in controlling the spread of this clone, without permanent behavioral changes in the personnel, were observed.
A nationwide prospective cohort study on return to gainful occupation after stroke in Denmark 1996–2006
Authors: Hannerz Harald , Holbæk Pedersen Betina , Poulsen Otto M , Humle Frank , Andersen Lars L 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundReturn to work is an important outcome factor for working-age patients poststroke. Previous epidemiological studies on this topic have been small (on average 125 patients per study). Their estimated effects are therefore associated with a tremendous statistical uncertainty. The present study estimates the effect of various predictors on the odds of returning to work after stroke in the total population of 20–57-year-old previously employed hospital treated patients with stroke in Denmark 1996–2006 (N=19 985).Methods and resultsThe patients were followed through national registers; 62% were gainfully occupied 2 years after stroke. The odds of returning to work were higher among people with intracerebral infarction, OR 1.0 (the reference group), than they were among people with subarachnoid haemorrhage, OR 0.79 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.88), and intracerebral haemorrhage, OR 0.39 (0.35 to 0.43). The odds of returning to work were lower among workers in elementary occupations OR 1.0 (reference group) than they were among workers in occupations that require skills at a basic level, OR 1.50 (1.38 to 1.64), technicians and associate professionals, OR 2.33 (2.05 to 2.65) and professionals, OR 3.04 (2.70 to 3.43). Patients in municipalities with a brain-injury rehabilitation centre did not have a better prognosis than patients in other municipalities, OR 0.91 (0.78 to 1.06). Being a woman, OR 0.79 (0.74 to 0.84), self-employed, OR 0.87 (0.78 to 0.96), or ≥50 years, OR 0.61 (0.57 to 0.65), was associated with an adverse prognosis.ConclusionFurther research is needed to explain the gender inequality, which suggests either a potential to improve return-to-work rates among the females or a tendency among the males to return too early.
Hypoxia Induces Escape from Innate Immunity in Cancer Cells via Increased Expression of ADAM10: Role of Nitric Oxide
Authors: Barsoum Ivraym B. , Hamilton Thomas K. , Li Xin , Cotechini Tiziana , Miles Ellen A. , Siemens D. Robert , Graham Charles H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
One key to malignant progression is the acquired ability of tumor cells to escape immune-mediated lysis. Whereas tumor hypoxia is known to play a causal role in cancer metastasis and resistance to therapy, the link between hypoxia and immune escape in cancer remains poorly understood. Here, we show that hypoxia induces tumor cell resistance to lysis mediated by immune effectors and that this resistance to lysis occurs via a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)–dependent pathway linked to increased expression of the metalloproteinase ADAM10. This enzyme is required for the hypoxia-induced shedding of MHC class I chain–related molecule A (MICA), a ligand that triggers the cytolytic action of immune effectors, from the surface of tumor cells. Indeed, our findings show a mechanistic link between hypoxia-induced accumulation of the α-subunit of HIF-1 (HIF-1α), increased expression of ADAM10, and decreased surface MICA levels leading to tumor cell resistance to lysis mediated by innate immune effectors. Nitric oxide mimetic agents interfered with the hypoxia-induced accumulation of HIF-1α and with the hypoxia-induced upregulation of ADAM10 expression required for decreased surface MICA expression and resistance to lysis. Furthermore, treatment of tumor-bearing mice with nitroglycerin, a nitric oxide mimetic, attenuated tumor growth by a mechanism that relied upon innate immune effector cells. Together, these findings reveal a novel mechanism by which the hypoxic tumor microenvironment contributes to immune escape in cancer, lending support to potential immunotherapeutic strategies involving the use of nitric oxide mimetics. Cancer Res; 71(24); 7433–41. ©2011 AACR.
Temporal and Spatial Cooperation of Snail1 and Twist1 during Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Predicts for Human Breast Cancer Recurrence
Authors: Tran David D. , Corsa Callie Ann S. , Biswas Hirak , Aft Rebecca L. , Longmore Gregory D. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a normal developmental program that is considered to also play an important role in cancer metastasis. Ultimate inducers of EMT are transcriptional repressors that individually can induce experimental EMT, yet in many cells, particularly cancer cells, multiple inducers are expressed simultaneously. Why, and if, and how they interact to regulate EMT is unanswered. Using RNA interference technology to affect protein knockdown and avoid potential overexpression artifact coupled with transient TGFβ treatment to better mimic in vivo conditions we show, in both nontumorigenic and tumorigenic epithelial cancer cells, that Snail1 is uniquely required for EMT initiation, whereas Twist1 is required to maintain late EMT. Twist1, present in resting epithelial cells, is dispensable for EMT initiation. Mechanistically, in response to transient TGFβ treatment, transient Snail1 expression represses Twist1 transcription directly, which is subsequently upregulated, as Snail1 levels decrease, to sustain E-cadherin downregulation and growth arrest of EMT. Persistent Twist1 expression is associated with a p38 and extracellular signal–regulated kinase signal feedback loop that sustains growth-inhibitory signals characteristic of quiescent micrometastatic tumors. This Snail1–Twist1 temporal and spatial cooperation was also observed in vivo during human breast cancer progression to metastasis. Twist1 level, but not Snail1 level, and Twist1:Snail1 ratio in disseminated micrometastatic bone marrow tumor cells was found to correlate with survival and treatment resistance and is highly predictive of metastatic or recurrent disease. Mol Cancer Res; 9(12); 1644–57. ©2011 AACR.
Impact of Onsite or Dispatched Automated External Defibrillator Use on Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Berdowski Jocelyn , Blom Marieke T. , Bardai Abdennasser , Tan Hanno L. , Tijssen Jan G.P. , Koster Rudolph W. 
Published: October 2011

Background—
There have been few studies on the effectiveness of bystander automated external defibrillator (AED) use in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The objective of this study was to determine whether actual use of onsite or dispatched AED reduces the time to first shock compared with no AED use and thereby improves survival.

Methods and Results—
We performed a population-based cohort study of 2833 consecutive patients with a nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest before emergency medical system arrival between 2006 and 2009. The primary outcome, neurologically intact survival to discharge, was compared by use of multivariable logistic regression analysis. An onsite AED had been applied in 128 of the 2833 cases, a dispatched AED in 478, and no AED in 2227. Onsite AED use reduced the time to first shock from 11 to 4.1 minute. Neurologically intact survival was 49.6% for patients treated with an onsite AED compared with 14.3% without an AED (unadjusted odds ratio, 5.63; 95% confidence interval, 3.91–8.10). The odds ratio remained statistically significant after adjustment for confounding (odds ratio, 2.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.77–4.18). Dispatched AED use reduced the time from call to first shock to 8.5 minutes. Neurologically intact survival was 17.2% for patients treated with a dispatched AED (unadjusted odds ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.82–1.39). Every year, onsite AEDs saved 3.6 lives per 1 million inhabitants; dispatched AEDs saved 1.2 lives.

Conclusions—
The use of an onsite AED leads to a doubling of neurologically intact survival. In our system, the survival benefit of dispatched AED use was much smaller than that of onsite AED use.
Statins and Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Hackam Daniel G. , Woodward Mark , Newby L. Kristin , Bhatt Deepak L. , Shao Mingyuan , Smith Eric E. , Donner Allan , Mamdani Muhammad , Douketis James D. , Arima Hisatomi , Chalmers John , MacMahon Stephen , Tirschwell David L. , Psaty Bruce M. , Bushnell Cheryl D. , Aguilar Maria I. , Capampangan Dan J. , Werring David J. , De Rango Paola , Viswanathan Anand , Danchin Nicolas , Cheng Ching-Lan , Yang Yea-Huei Kao , Verdel B. Marianne , Lai Mei-Shu , Kennedy James , Uchiyama Shinichiro , Yamaguchi Takenori , Ikeda Yasuo , Mrkobrada Marko 
Published: October 2011

Background—
A recent large, randomized trial suggested that statins may increase the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Accordingly, we systematically reviewed the association of statins with intracerebral hemorrhage in randomized and observational data.

Methods and Results—

We screened 17 electronic bibliographic databases to identify eligible studies and consulted with experts in the field. We used DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models to compute summary risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Randomized trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies were analyzed separately. Only adjusted risk estimates were used for pooling observational data. We included published and unpublished data from 23 randomized trials and 19 observational studies. The complete data set comprised 248 391 patients and 14 784 intracerebral hemorrhages. Statins were not associated with an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in randomized trials (risk ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.86–1.41), cohort studies (risk ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.81–1.10), or case-control studies (risk ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.88). Substantial statistical heterogeneity was evident for the case-control studies (I
2
=66%,
P
=0.01), but not for the cohort studies (I
2
=0%,
P
=0.48) or randomized trials (I
2
=30%,
P
=0.09). Sensitivity analyses by study design features, patient characteristics, or magnitude of cholesterol lowering did not materially alter the results.

Conclusions—
We found no evidence that statins were associated with intracerebral hemorrhage; if such a risk is present, its absolute magnitude is likely to be small and outweighed by the other cardiovascular benefits of these drugs.
Genetic Diagnostic Information and the Duty of Confidentiality: Ethics and Law
Authors: Ngwena Charles , Chadwick Ruth 
Published: October 2011

The article explores in the context of the duty of confidentiality the ethical and legal dilemmas posed for the doctor holding a patient's genetic information where there are two competing interests — the interest in protecting the confidentiality of the patient and the interest in protecting a third party from harm. The discussion is confined to third parties that are either genetically related to the confider or share a reproductive interest with him/her. It is submitted that it is desirable in exceptional circumstances to give the doctor a discretion to disclose confidence to a third party on the grounds of preventing harm. However, the circumstances for so disclosing need to be carefully circumscribed. Further, it is submitted that there is little support for imposing a duty to disclose.