bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silicon and carbon substrates induced arrangement changes in poly(styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene) block copolymer thin films
Authors: Zalakain Iñaki , Ramos Jose Angel , Fernandez Raquel , Etxeberria Haritz , Mondragon Iñaki 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPoly(styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene) (SIS) block copolymer ordering in thin films was studied using two selective substrates as carbon and silicon. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements were employed to examine the affinities between domains and surrounding interfaces. The surface morphology was examined by AFM using different amplitude ratios. Results showed polyisoprene (PI) domain layer formation in the outermost film layer. On the other hand, the layer close to substrate adopted different arrangements on silicon and carbon substrates. Topographical and phase images revealed that in both substrates with the thickest films, the interactions between substrate and block domains were not enough to induce surface ordering being the morphology independent of employed substrate. However, decreasing film thickness, SIS thin films displayed a variety of arrangements such as perforated lamellae and cylindrical morphologies. Depending on substrate, these morphologies were achieved in different film thicknesses. Finally, the thinnest film did not adjust to characteristic domain spacing commensurability and terraces formation was observed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Modified poly(ether–imide–amide)s with pendent benzazole structures: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Toiserkani Hojjat 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThree series of novel modified poly(ether–imide–amide)s (PEIAs) having pendent benzazole units were prepared from diimide–dicarboxylic acids, including 2‐[3,5‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy) phenyl]benzimidazole, 2‐[3,5‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy) phenyl]benzoxazole, and 2‐[3,5‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy) phenyl]benzothiazole, with various diamines by direct polycondensation in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone with triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents. These new diimide–dicarboxylic acids containing ether linkages and benzazole pendent groups were synthesized by the condensation reaction of 5‐(2‐benzimidazole)‐1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene, 5‐(2‐benzoxazole)‐1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene, or 5‐(2‐benzothiazole)‐1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene with trimellitic anhydride, respectively. All of the polymers were obtained in quantitative yields with inherent viscosities of 0.39–0.65 dL/g. For comparative purposes, the corresponding unsubstituted PEIAs were also prepared by the reaction of a diimide–dicarboxylic acid monomer lacking benzazole pendent groups, namely, 3,5‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy) phenyl, with the same diamines under similar conditions. The solubilities of the modified PEIAs in common organic solvents and their thermal stability were enhanced compared to those of the corresponding unmodified PEIAs. The glass‐transition temperature, 10% weight loss temperature, and char yields at 800°C were 19–31°C, 22–57°C and 4–8% higher, respectively, than those of the unmodified polymers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The incidence of knee arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis grows rapidly among baby boomers: A population‐based study in Finland
Authors: Leskinen Jarkko , Eskelinen Antti , Huhtala Heini , Paavolainen Pekka , Remes Ville 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a commonly used treatment for severe primary knee osteoarthritis (OA) that is refractory to conservative treatment. Despite the presumed increase in the use of this treatment modality in younger patients, there are few published data concerning this. The aim of our study was to examine the changes in the age‐ and sex‐standardized incidence of TKA and unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) in Finland during 1980–2006 and to identify factors that might affect the incidence during this period.MethodsWe obtained data on UKAs and TKAs from the Finnish Arthroplasty Registry and population data from Statistics Finland to analyze the incidence of UKAs and TKAs in Finland for the period 1980–2006. The effects of sex, age group, and hospital volume on the incidence of these procedures were also evaluated.ResultsThe annual cumulative incidence of UKAs and TKAs has increased rapidly from 1980 to 2006 among 30–59‐year‐old inhabitants of Finland. For UKAs, the incidence increased from 0.2 per 100,000 inhabitants to 10 per 100,000, and for TKAs, the incidence increased from 0.5 per 100,000 to 65 per 100,000. The incidence remained higher among women during the entire study period. Most of the increase occurred among patients ages 50–59 years. The incidence grew more rapidly in low‐volume and intermediate‐volume hospitals.ConclusionWe demonstrated a rapid increase in the incidence of arthroplasty among patients with primary knee OA in Finland, especially in those ages 50–59 years. There was no single explanatory factor behind this finding, although some of the growth might be due to the increased incidence noted in low‐ and intermediate‐volume hospitals.
Age‐dependent magnetosensitivity of heart muscle hydration
Authors: Narinyan Lilia , Ayrapetyan Gayane , Ayrapetyan Sinerik 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe reason for hyper magnetosensitivity of young animals compared to older ones remains unclear. It has been suggested that age‐induced tissue dehydration (decreased water content) could be a basis for the aging‐related decrease in the organism's magnetosensitivity. To test this hypothesis, the effect of a 0.2 T static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on heart muscle hydration in three age groups of rats (young, adult, and older) was studied, with and without ouabain poisoning. The SMF exposure resulted in heart muscle dehydration of young (21%) and adult (6.2%) rats but had no effect on older animals. In young animals without ouabin poisoning, SMF exposure caused dehydration of the heart muscle while in the ouabain‐poisoned animals it led to hydration (29.6%). These hydration effects were more pronounced in young animals than in adult and older animals. The increased hydration (5.7%) of heart muscles in older animals was evoked by providing distilled water for seven days, which elevated (by 12%) the SMF‐induced heart muscle hydration effect. These results suggest that the hyper magnetosensitivity of the young heart muscle and the lower sensitivity of older animals are due to initial high (83.5%) and low (75.3%) tissue hydration levels, respectively. Therefore, the age‐induced decrease in the magnetosensitivity of heart muscle is likely to be a result of Na+/K+ pump dysfunction. Bioelectromagnetics 33:452–458, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ exposure to non‐directional beacons for air traffic control
Authors: Joseph Wout , Goeminne Francis , Vermeeren Günter , Verloock Leen , Martens Luc 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn situ electromagnetic field exposure of workers and the general public due to non‐directional beacons (NDB) for air traffic control is assessed and characterized. For occupational exposure, the maximal measured electric field value is 881.6 V/m and the maximal magnetic field value is 9.1 A/m. The maximum electric fields exceed the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference levels at all seven NDB sites, and the magnetic fields at two of the seven NDB sites (occupational exposure). Recommendations and compliance distances for workers and the general public are provided. Bioelectromagnetics 33:274–277, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemodiversity of Nonacosan‐10‐ol and n‐Alkanes in the Needle Wax of Pinus heldreichii
Authors: Nikolić Biljana , Tešević Vele , Đordđević Iris , Todosijević Marina , Jadranin Milka , Bojović Srdjan , Marin Petar D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis is the first report of individual variability and population diversity of the contents of nonacosan‐10‐ol and n‐alkanes in the needle cuticular waxes of Bosnian pines originated from Montenegro, regarded as Pinus heldreichii var. leucodermis, and from Serbia, regarded as P. heldreichii var. pančići. The amount of nonacosan‐10‐ol varied individually from 27.4 to 73.2% (55.5% in average), but differences between the four investigated populations were not statistically confirmed. The size of the n‐alkanes ranged from C18 to C33. The most abundant n‐alkanes were C23, C27, and C25 (12.2, 11.2, and 10.8% in average, resp.). The carbon preference index (CPI) of the n‐alkanes ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 (1.6 in average), while the average chain length (ACL) ranged from 20.9 to 26.5 (24.4 in average). Long‐chain and mid‐chain n‐alkanes prevailed (49.6 and 37.9% in average, resp.). It was also found that the populations of P. heldreichii var. leucodermis had predominantly a narrower range of n‐alkanes (C18C31) than the trees of the variety pančići (C18C33). Differences between the varieties were also significant for most of the other characteristics of the n‐alkane pattern (e.g., most abundant n‐alkanes, CPI, ACL, and relative proportion of short‐, mid‐, and long‐chain n‐alkanes). The principle component and cluster analyses of eleven n‐alkanes confirmed the significant diversity of these two varieties.
Synthesis and StructureActivity Relationships of Antifungal Crassinervic Acid Analogs
Authors: Chakor Jyotsna N. , Musso Loana , Sardi Paola , Dallavalle Sabrina 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA series of analogs of the natural antifungal compound crassinervic acid, a constituent of Piper crassinervium, were synthesized to gain insight into the most relevant structural features affecting the activity of the parent molecule. Most compounds were prepared by aldol reaction of methyl 3‐acetyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate with a series of ketones, followed by reduction, hydrolysis, and oxidation. The antifungal activities of crassinervic acid and its analogs was assessed against Cladosporium cladosporioides by using the method of bioautography. The bioassay results allowed us to depict structureactivity relationships for this class of compounds.
Dual‐Function of Alcohols in Gold‐Mediated Selective Coupling of Amines and Alcohols
Authors: Xu Bingjun , Madix Robert J. , Friend Cynthia M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOxidative coupling of alcohols (methanol and ethanol) and dimethylamine on atomic‐oxygen‐activated Au(111) occurs entirely on the surface to form the corresponding amides when the alkoxy of the alcohol and the amide derived from the amine are co‐adsorbed. For effective oxygen‐assisted coupling the formation of the amide requires excess methanol. Mechanistic studies reveal that molecularly adsorbed methanol removes excess adsorbed atomic oxygen efficiently, precluding either secondary oxidation or oxidative dehydrogenation of dimethylamide to the imine. The adsorbed amide then can react with the aldehyde produced by β‐hydride elimination from the alkoxy to form the hemiaminal, the reactive intermediate leading to coupling. The selectivity for formamide production can be increased to nearly 100 % in excess methanol.
Regional and subcellular distribution of the receptor‐targeting protein PIST in the rat central nervous system
Authors: Chen Annie , Göβling Enno K. , Witkowski Leora , Bhindi Amar , Bauch Carola , Roussy Geneviève , Sarret Philippe , Kreienkamp Hans‐Jürgen , Stroh Thomas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA hippocampal neuron in primary culture stained with anti‐PIST (red) and anti‐neuroligin‐2 (green), a postsynaptic cell adhesion protein which is exclusively located at inhibitory synapses. The nucleus was stained with DAPI (blue). Note the typical distribution of neuroligin‐2 immunoreactivity reminiscent of inhibitory synapses at proximal dendrites and cell body, which is not matched by the PIST immunofluorescence signal. The latter is concentrated in the perikaryon in a juxtanuclear position and appears to be absent from postsynaptic sites. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Volume 520, Number 5, pages 889–913.
Genomics of mature and immature olfactory sensory neurons
Authors: Nickell Melissa D. , Breheny Patrick , Stromberg Arnold J. , McClintock Timothy S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe continuous replacement of neurons in the olfactory epithelium provides an advantageous model for investigating neuronal differentiation and maturation. By calculating the relative enrichment of every mRNA detected in samples of mature mouse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), immature OSNs, and the residual population of neighboring cell types, and then comparing these ratios against the known expression patterns of >300 genes, enrichment criteria that accurately predicted the OSN expression patterns of nearly all genes were determined. We identified 847 immature OSN‐specific and 691 mature OSN‐specific genes. The control of gene expression by chromatin modification and transcription factors, and neurite growth, protein transport, RNA processing, cholesterol biosynthesis, and apoptosis via death domain receptors, were overrepresented biological processes in immature OSNs. Ion transport (ion channels), presynaptic functions, and cilia‐specific processes were overrepresented in mature OSNs. Processes overrepresented among the genes expressed by all OSNs were protein and ion transport, ER overload response, protein catabolism, and the electron transport chain. To more accurately represent gradations in mRNA abundance and identify all genes expressed in each cell type, classification methods were used to produce probabilities of expression in each cell type for every gene. These probabilities, which identified 9,300 genes expressed in OSNs, were 96% accurate at identifying genes expressed in OSNs and 86% accurate at discriminating genes specific to mature and immature OSNs. This OSN gene database not only predicts the genes responsible for the major biological processes active in OSNs, but also identifies thousands of never before studied genes that support OSN phenotypes. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2608–2629, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cation–π Interactions between a Free‐Base Porphyrin and an Ionic Liquid: A Computational Study
Authors: Cao Zhen , Li Shu , Yan Tianying 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA cation–π stacking structure consisting of a free‐base porphyrin (FBP) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (BMIM+) cation is demonstrated by both ab initio theory and polarizable force field. The isolated FBP–BMIM+ complex forms a face‐to‐face alignment, and the polarizable force‐field‐optimized complex reproduces that by ab initio theory reasonably well. Molecular dynamics simulation finds that the stacking structure is slightly altered for the FBP dissolved in the bulk ionic liquid (IL) due to the complexity of the solution structure. In the bulk IL, the FBP is sandwiched between two BMIM+ cations stacking on both sides of the FBP ring plane with a slipped‐parallel alignment. Furthermore, the FBP–BMIM+ stacking structure is found to be more stable than the BMIM+–PF6− ion pair in the IL.
Study of the conditions of irradiating laser for removal of toner from used paper
Authors: Ihori Haruo , Inagawa Yuki , Ito Naohiro , Fujii Masaharu , Ninomiya Hideki 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThough it is said that the paperless age arrived with the spread of personal computers, the amount of office paper used shows no tendency to decrease. In general, used paper is recovered and recycled in order to preserve the environment. But labor and expense are required for the recovery of used paper and the recycled paper is lower in quality. If we could reuse used paper repeatedly without these disadvantages, for example, by using copying machines that could print again by removing the toner on used paper, it would be very convenient and ecological. We therefore studied the removal of toner from used paper by the laser ablation technique. As an optical source, an SHG‐YAG laser was chosen. The energy density of irradiation with an SHG‐YAG laser for the removal of toner from used paper was examined. At an energy density of approximately 12 mJ/mm2, which was the average value, the toner was removed sufficiently to allow reuse of the paper. The conditions of the laser irradiation, specifically the laser scanning speed and the number of irradiations, were studied. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(1): 8–14, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21214
New Structural Features in Tetranuclear Iron Carbonyl Thiocarbonyls: Exotriangular Iron Atoms and Six‐Electron‐Donating Thiocarbonyl Groups Bridging Four Iron Atoms
Authors: Zhang Zhong , Li Qian‐shu , King R. Bruce , Schaefer Henry F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDFT led to the discovery of two new structural motifs in tetranuclear iron carbonyl thiocarbonyls, Fe4(CS)4(CO)n (n = 12, 11, 10, 9), which are not found in their homoleptic analogues, Fe4(CO)n+4. Thus the lowest energy Fe4(CS)4(CO)12 structures have a central Fe3 triangle with an exotriangular iron atom joined to the Fe3 triangle through a four‐electron donor CS bridge. This contrasts with the structure of Os4(CO)16 and the predicted structure of Fe4(CO)16, which consist of an M4 rhombus and two‐electron donor carbonyl groups. An even more remarkable new structural motif for the Fe4(CS)4(CO)n derivatives is the irregular Fe4 “rhombus” (actually a trapezium) bridged by a six‐electron donor η2‐μ4‐CS group. This type of structure is found in the lowest energy structures of both Fe4(CS)4(CO)10 and Fe4(CS)4(CO)9 and makes Fe4(CS)4(CO)10 viable enough to be a promising synthetic objective. On the contrary, Fe4(CS)4(CO)11 is found to be thermochemically unfavorable both with respect to CO dissociation and disproportionation into Fe4(CS)4(CO)12 and Fe4(CS)4(CO)10.
The Question of cis versus trans Configuration in Octahedral Metal Diketonates: An In‐Depth Investigation on Diorganobis(4‐acyl‐5‐pyrazolonato)tin(IV) Complexes
Authors: Caruso Francesco , Chan Eric J. , Hanna John V. , Marchetti Fabio , Pettinari Claudio , Di Nicola Corrado , Pettinari Riccardo , Pizzabiocca Adriano , Rees Gregory J. , Quigley David , Rossi Miriam , Skelton Brian W. , Sobolev Alexandre N. , White Allan H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDiorganotin(IV) derivatives of 4‐acyl‐5‐pyrazolones Q2SnR2 [HQ = 3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐4‐R‐5‐pyrazolone: HQnPe, R = neopentylcarbonyl; HQiPr, R = isopropylcarbonyl; HQtBu, R = tert‐butylcarbonyl; HQCy, R = cyclohexylcarbonyl; HQCp, R = cyclopentylcarbonyl; HQEtCp, R = (ethylcyclopentyl)carbonyl] have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically (IR, far‐IR, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR) and structurally (X‐ray). Steric bulkiness in the acyl fragment of HQtBu induces partial dissociation in solution of (QtBu)2SnMe2, which exists as an equilibrium mixture of six‐ and five‐coordinate tin species. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure determinations of several representative complexes are presented. Whereas the dialkyltin(IV) complexes are always trans‐octahedral, a diphenyltin(IV) derivative exists in the solid state that has the two phenyl groups in a cis arrangement. DMol3 and CASTEP DFT studies of this unprecedented cis, and the corresponding trans configurations, show the former to be slightly more stable, in agreement with the diffraction study. Solid‐state 119Sn cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning NMR spectroscopic data show that the isotropic chemical shifts (δiso,mas) and chemical‐shift anisotropies/spans (Δδ/Ω) that characterize the diphenyl(IV) derivatives are markedly removed from values measured for the corresponding dimethyl and di‐n‐butyl derivatives, thereby adding further evidence for a stable cis configuration in the diphenyl(IV) systems. This is supported by GIPAW DFT calculation of the 119Sn isotropic shifts and chemical‐shift anisotropies/spans from fully relaxed structures by using the CASTEP code, which provides a direct link between the cis diphenyl(IV) arrangement and the reported differences in the 119Sn NMR spectroscopic parameters.
1,4‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions in Ionic Liquids: A Facile Synthesis of 9aH,15H‐[1]Benzopyrano[3′,2′: 3,4]pyrido[2,1‐a]isoquinolines (=9aH,15H‐Benzo[a][1]benzopyrano[2,3‐h]quinolizines)
Authors: Reddy Basi V. Subba , Yadav Nagendra Nath , Srivastava Nikhil , Yadav Jhillu S. , Sridhar Balasubramanian 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIonic liquids were found to be a suitable reaction medium for 1,4‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of an isoquinoline, an activated alkyne, and a 4‐oxo‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐3‐carboxaldehyde at room temperature to afford [1]benzopyrano‐pyrido‐isoquinoline (=9aH,15H‐benzo[a][1]benzopyrano[2,3‐h]quinolizine) derivatives selectively in good yields. The ionic liquid can be recovered and recycled in further runs without loss of activity.
Temporal patterns and controls on runoff magnitude and solution chemistry of urban catchments in the semiarid southwestern United States
Authors: Gallo Erika L. , Brooks Paul D. , Lohse Kathleen A. , McLain Jean E. T. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractUrban expansion and the scarcity of water supplies in arid and semiarid regions have increased the importance of urban runoff to localized water resources. However, urban catchment responses to precipitation are poorly understood in semiarid regions where intense rainfall often results in large runoff events during the short summer monsoon season. To evaluate how urban runoff quantity and quality respond to rainfall magnitude and timing, we collected stream stage data and runoff samples throughout the 2007 and 2008 summer monsoons from four ephemeral drainages in Tucson, Arizona. Antecedent rainfall explained 20% to 30% of discharge (mm) and runoff ratio in the least impervious (22%) catchment but was not statistically related to hydrologic responses at more impervious sites. Regression models indicated that rainfall depth, imperviousness and their combined effect control discharge and runoff ratios (p < 0.01, r2 = 0.91 and 0.75, respectively). In contrast, runoff quality did not vary with imperviousness or catchment size. Rainfall depth and duration, time since antecedent rainfall and event and cumulative discharge controlled runoff hydrochemistry and resulted in five specific solute response patterns: (i) strong event and seasonal solute mobilization (solute flush), (ii) event chemostasis and strong seasonal flush, (iii) event chemostasis and weak seasonal flush, (iv) event and seasonal chemostasis and (v) late seasonal flush. Our results indicate that hydrologic responses of semiarid catchments are controlled by rainfall partitioning at the event scale, whereas wetting magnitude, frequency and timing alter solute stores readily available for transport and control temporal runoff quality. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.