bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First among equals: why some habitats should be considered more important than others during marine reserve planning
Authors: HARBORNE ALASTAIR R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYReserve selection algorithms (RSAs) are a powerful tool for marine conservation, but need biological realistic constraints. A common constraint is that the RSA aims to include the same percentage area of each habitat in the reserve network. The example of Caribbean reefs is used to argue that there is significant additional scope to set specific areal targets for each habitat type, as in many terrestrial case studies. Ten Caribbean habitats are weighted by data on their biodiversity, functional value to ecosystem processes and ecosystem services. These weightings vary depending on the criteria used, and are particularly distinct for ecosystem services. Furthermore, a percentage goal for a habitat can be achieved in multiple ways by including different combinations of habitat patches from across a seascape. RSAs may treat these combinations equally, but some habitat patches are more ‘valuable’ than others because, for example, high abundances of grazers make the benthic community resilient. Incorporating some of these considerations into RSAs is relatively easy, while others are more difficult. However, establishing how to integrate patterns of biodiversity, and ecological processes, functions, goods and services across seascapes into RSAs offers opportunities to improve the design of networks of reserves.
An Integral Involving the Product of a Bessel Function and an E-Function
Authors: Ragab Fouad M. 
Published: May 2009

The formulawhere αp+1 = 1/2(m + n), αp+2 = 1/2(m-n), R(m±n)>0 and x is real and positive, was given by MacRobert (Phil. Mag., Ser. 7, XXXI, p. 258). From it the formula (6) below will be deduced.
Note on the Strong Summability of Series
Authors: Hyslop J. M. 
Published: May 2009

Given the series ,the n-th Casáro sum of order k is defined by the relationwhere is the binomial coefficient . Let Then Σan is said to be summable (C; K) to the sum s if, as n → ∞, The series is said to be absolutely summable (C; k), or summable | is convergent. The series is said to be strongly summable (C; k) with index p, or summable [Ck, p], to the sum s ifIt is assumed that k and p are positive.
Cohomology Theory for Non-Normal Subgroups and Non-Normal Fields
Authors: Adamson Iain T. 
Published: May 2009

Let G be a finite group, H an arbitrary subgroup (i.e., not necessarily normal); we decompose G as a union of left cosets modulo H:choosing fixed coset representatives v. In this paper we construct a “coset space complex” and assign cohomology groups; Hr([G: H], A), to it for all coefficient modules A and all dimensions, -∞<r<∞. We show that ifis an exact sequence of coefficient modules such that H1U, A')= 0 for all subgroups U of H, then a cohomology group sequencemay be defined and is exact for -∞<r<∞. We also provide a link between the cohomology groups Hr([G: H], A) and the cohomology groups of G and H; namely, we prove that if Hv(U, A)= 0 for all subgroups U of H and for v = 1, 2, …, n–1, then the sequenceis exact, where the homomorphisms of the sequence are those induced by injection, inflation and restriction respectively.
On Tauberian theorems for Abel-Cesàro summability
Authors: Rajagopal C. T. 
Published: May 2009

For a series Σanwith partial sumsAn=a0+a1+ … +an(n ≥ 0), supposed to be real in this note, we define, in a generally accepted notation ([2], pp. 7, 9, 94–98), the following transforms:(C, α) sequence-transform,(H,k)sequence-transform (k = 0, 1, 2, …):(A:C, α)fnunction-transform,
Infinite Series of E-Functions
Authors: Macrobert T. M. 
Published: May 2009

In § 2 a number of infinite series of E-functions are summed by expressing the E-functions as Barnes integrals and interchanging the order of summation and integration.The Barnes integral employed iswhere | amp z | < π and the integral is taken up the η;-axis, with loops, if necessary, to ensure that the origin lies to the left of the contour and the points α1, α2,… αp to the right of the contour. Zero and negative integral values of the α's and p's are excluded, and the α's must not differ by integral values. When p < q + 1 the contour is bent to the left at each end.
Dual Trigonometrical Series
Authors: Tranter C. J. 
Published: May 2009

In a recent joint paper with J. C. Cooke [1], we have given a method of determining the coefficients an in the “dual” Fourier-Bessel serieswhere −1 ≤p≤, F(r) is specified and αn is a positive root of Jv(αnα) = 0. This method reduced the problem to the solution of an infinite set of algebraical equations and it was shown that, under certain circumstances, numerical values for the coefficients could be obtained fairly readily.
On Trace Bilinear Forms on Lie-Algebras
Authors: Zassenhaus Hans 
Published: May 2009

To what extent is the structure of a Lie-algebra L over a field F determined by the bilinear formon L that is derived from a matrix representationof L with finite degree d(Δ) by forming the trace of the matrix productsSuch a bilinear form is a function with two arguments in L, values in F and the properties:
Some Integrals Involving E-Functions
Authors: Saxena R. K. 
Published: May 2009

In this paper we evaluate some integrals involving U-functions by the methods of the Operational Calculus. The results obtained are quite general and many of them include, as particular cases, some known results.A function ψ (p) is operationally related with another function f(t), if they satisfy the integral equation2. Theorem. IfandAs usual, we shall denote (1) by the symbolic expressionprovided that the integral is convergent. HereR(α) > 0, R(p) > 0, n = 2,3,4, …, andmeans that in the expression following it, i is to bee replaced by – i and the two expressions are to be added.
A Basic Analogue of MacRobert's E-Function
Authors: Agarwal R. P. 
Published: May 2009

MacRobert [2] in 1937 defined the E-function aswhere the symbol denotes that to the expression following it, a similar expression with α and β interchanged is to be added. For (1) he also gave the integral representationwhere Re β > 0, | arg z | < π.
On Certain Dual Integral Equations
Authors: Copson E. T. 
Published: May 2009

In his book on Fourier Integrals, Titchmarsh [l] gave the solution of the dual integral equationsfor the case α > 0, by some difficult analysis involving the theory of Mellin transforms. Sneddon [2] has recently shown that, in the cases v = 0, α = ±½, the problem can be reduced to an Abel integral equation by making the substitutionorIt is the purpose of this note to show that the general case can be dealt with just as simply by puttingThe analysis is formal: no attempt is made to supply details of rigour.
On a Theorem of Hurwitz
Authors: Macbeath A. M. 
Published: May 2009

By a theorem of Hurwitz [3], an algebraic curve of genus g ≧ 2 cannot have more than 84(g − l) birational self-transformations, or, as we shall call them, automorphisms. The bound is attained for Klein's quarticof genus 3 [4]. In studying the problem whether there are any other curves for which the bound is attained, I was led to consider the universal covering space of the Riemann surface, which, as Siegel observed, relates Hurwitz's theorem to Siegel's own result [7] on the measure of the fundamental region of Fuchsian groups. Any curve with 84(g − 1) automorphisms must be uniformized by a normal subgroup of the triangle group (2, 3, 7), and, by a closer analysis of possible finite factor groups of (2, 3, 7), purely algebraic methods yield an infinite family of curves with the maximum number of automorphisms. This will be shown in a later paper.
The centre of a hereditary local ring
Authors: Northcott D. G. 
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this note is to establish the followingTheorem. The centre of a (left) hereditary local ring is either afield or a one-dimensional regular local ring.Before starting the proof, it is necessary to explain the terminology. A ring R with an identity element is called a left local ring if the elements of R which do not have left inverses form a left ideal I. In these circumstances (see [1, Proposition 2.1, p. 147]), I is necessarily a two-sided ideal and it consists precisely of all the elements of R which do not have right inverses. Furthermore, every element of R which is not in I possesses a two-sided inverse. Thus there is, in fact, no difference between a left local ring and a right local ring and therefore one speaks simply of a local ring. In addition, I contains every proper left ideal and every proper right ideal. We may therefore describe I simply as the maximal ideal of R.
On a cyclic sum
Authors: Diananda P. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. For any positive integralnand any positive realx1,…,xnwe writeclearly. It is known [1,2] thatforn≦ 6, and further [4, 5, 6] that (5) is false for evenn≧ 14 and for oddn≧ 53. Mordell [2] conjectured that (5) is false for alln≧ 7, but recently [3] stated that computations indicated that (5) is true forn= 7 and gave some calculations in support of (5) forn= 7.
The solution of a pair of dual integral equations
Authors: Lowengrub M. , Sneddon I. N. 
Published: May 2009

We define two functions F(p), G(p) in terms of a third function ψ(ζ) by the equationsA standard problem in the theory of dual integral equations is to determine the function ψ(ζ) such thatwhen the functions f(p), g(p) are prescribed.
On the solution of certain dual integral equations
Authors: Burlak J. 
Published: May 2009

1. In this note we consider the formal solution of the dual integral equationswhere f(x) and g(x) are given and χ(x) is to be found. The direct solution of these equations has been given by Noble [1] but we shall show that they may be solved more easily if they are first reduced to a form in which g(x) ≡ 0.
On Gordon's method of solving dual integral equations
Authors: Burlak J. 
Published: May 2009

1. Dual integral equations of the formwhere f(x) and g(x) are given and Ψ(x) is the unknown, have been increasingly studied in recent years; the first solutions were given for the case g(x) ≡ 0 by Titchmarsh [1] (for 0 < α < 2) and Busbridge [2] (for — 2 < α < 0). An interesting and much simpler method of solving the equations in the same case, g ≡ 0, was given by Gordon [3]. He also showed that the problem of solving the general equations (1) and (2) can be reduced to a problem in which g ≡ 0. He did not pursue this idea as far as finding and simplifying the solution of (1) and (2) but this has been done recently (see [4]) and Noble [5] used a similar idea in treating the case f ≡ 0.
Integrals involving products of Bessel functions
Authors: Saxena R. K. 
Published: May 2009

1. Introductory. In this paper certain infinite integrals involving products of four Bessel functions of different arguments are evaluated in terms of Appell's function F4 by the methods of the operational calculus. The results obtained are believed to be new.As usual, the conventional notation will be used to denote the classical Laplace integral relationIn the proofs of the formulae the following results will be required [1, pp. 281, 284], [3, pp. 78, 79].
Some inclusion theorems
Authors: Maddox I. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. A number of inclusion theorems have been given in connection with methods of summation which include the Riesz method (R, λ, κ). Lorentz [4, Theorem 10] gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a sequence to sequence regular matrix A = (an, v) to be such that A ⊃ (R, λ, 1)†. He imposes restrictions on the sequence { λn}, so that A does not include all Riesz methods of order 1. In Theorem 1 below, we generalize the Lorentz theorem by giving a condition without restriction on λn, If the matrix A is a series to sequence or series to function regular matrix, there do not appear to be any results concerning the general inclusionA ⊃ (R, λ, κ).However, when A is the Riemann method (ℜ, λ, μ), Russell [7], generalizing earlier results, has given sufficient conditions for (ℜ, λ, μ) ⊃ (R, λ, κ). Our Theorem 2 gives necessary and sufficient conditions for A ⊃ (R, λ, 1), where A satisfies the condition an, v → 1 (n →co, ν fixed). Thus Theorem 2 applies to any series to sequence regular matrix A. In Theorem 3 we give a further representation for matrices A which include (R, λ, 1), and finally make some remarks on the problem of characterizing matrices which include Riesz methods of any positive order κ.
On Lattice Complements
Authors: Bumcrot Robert 
Published: May 2009

Let (L, ≦) be a distributive lattice with first element 0 and last element 1. If a, b in L have complements, then these must be unique, and the De Morgan laws provide complements for a ∧ b and a ∨ b. We show that the converse statement holds under weaker conditions.Theorem 1. If(L, ≦) is a modular lattice with 0 and 1 and if a, b in L are such that a ≦b and a ≨ b have (not necessarily unique) complements, then a andb have complements.
Bisimple ω-Semigroups
Authors: Reilly N. R. 
Published: May 2009

The structure of a bisimple inverse semigroup with an identity has been related by Clifford [2] to that of its right unit subsemigroup. In this paper we give an explicit structure theorem for bisimple inverse semigroups in which the idempotents form a simple descending chaine0 > e1 > e2.…We call such a semigroup a bisimple co-semigroup. The structure of a semigroup of this kind is shown to be determined entirely by its group of units and an endomorphism of its group of units.
Generalisations of some Integrals Involving Bessel Functions and E-Functions
Authors: Ragab Fouad M. 
Published: May 2009

§ 1. Introductory. In § 3 a generalisation of the formula [MacRobert, Phil. Mag., Ser. 7, XXXI, p. 258]where αp+1 = ½m + ½n, αp+2 = ½m - ½n, R(m ± n) > 0, and x is real and positive, will be established. In the course of the proof Hardy's formula [Mess, of Maths., LVI, (1927), p. 190],where R(b)>0, will be required. This was originally proved by an application of Mellin's Inversion Formula. An alternative proof is given in § 2, and some related formulae are deduced.
Exceptional Integrals of a not completely Integrable Total Differential Equation
Authors: Piaggio H. T. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. There are exceptional integrals of the total differential equationin the case when it is not completely integrable, and so when the invariantis not identically zero, which do not seem to be mentioned by any standard authorities such as Cartan, Goursat, de la Vallée Poussin, and Schouten and Kulk. These are integrals of (1) which do not reduce I to zero. They arise only when the first partial derivates of P, Q, R are not all continuous. A simple example is z = 0 as an integral of
The Schur Derivative of a Polynomial
Authors: Carlitz L. 
Published: May 2009

For a given sequence {am} and p≠0, Schur (2) definedIn particular if p is a prime, a an integer and , then by Fermat's theoremis integral. Schur proved that if p † a, then all the derivativesare integral. Zorn (3) using p-adic methods proved Schur's results and also found the residue of Xm (mod pm), where and x = 1 (mod p). The writer (1) proved Zorn's congruences by elementary methods as well as certain additional results of a similar sort.
Delivery by Caesarean section, rather than vaginal delivery, promotes hepatic steatosis in piglets
Authors: Hyde Matthew J. , Griffin Julian L. , Herrera Emilio , Byrne Christopher D. , Clarke Lynne , Kemp Paul R. 
Published: May 2009

There has been a marked increase in the number of babies born by elective CS (Caesarean section). Following CS, the lack of normal stimuli that occur at birth alters the thermogeneic response, but any effects on hepatic metabolism have not been identified. In the present study, we compared the effect of delivery on hepatic metabolism in piglets, born either by CS or VD (vaginal delivery) and fed by TPN (total parenteral nutrition), by measuring lipid metabolism and enzyme activity coupled with metabolomic and genomic approaches. Hepatic lipid in the CS piglets at 7 days post-partum was in excess of 5 mg/g of liver consistent with hepatic steatosis, whereas in the VD piglets the amount of lipid was markedly lower (3 mg/g of liver) and below the threshold for a diagnosis of steatosis. Metabolomic analysis indicated that CS resulted in higher hepatic glycerol and lower glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity, suggesting that CS causes a decrease in hepatic gluconeogenesis from glycerol. CS also resulted in altered cholesterol handling and gene expression, despite the same dietary intake for 7 days post-partum. Furthermore, the CS piglets had a lower expression of interferon-responsive genes, but a higher expression of markers of immature hepatocytes. In conclusion, the results suggest that VD promotes normal liver maturation and hepatic metabolism, thereby reducing the accumulation of hepatic lipid.
Terrestrial-Passage Theory: Failing a Test
Authors: Reed Charles F , Krupinski Elizabeth A 
Published: May 2009

Terrestrial-passage theory proposes that the ‘moon’ and ‘sky’ illusions occur because observers learn to expect an elevation-dependent transformation of visual angle. The transformation accompanies daily movement through ordinary environments of fixed-altitude objects. Celestial objects display the same visual angle at all elevations, and hence are necessarily non-conforming with the ordinary transformation. On hypothesis, observers should target angular sizes to appear greater at elevation than at horizon. However, in a sample of forty-eight observers there was no significant difference between the perceived angular size of a constellation of stars at horizon and that predicted for a specific elevation. Occurrence of the illusion was not restricted to those observers who expected angular expansion. These findings fail to support the terrestrial-passage theory of the illusion.
Neurons and Simple Memory Circuits
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes some of the key fundamental concepts about the anatomy and physiology of neurons, including the molecular basis of the unusual electrical properties of neurons, different forms of electrical conduction, and the transmission of information between neurons. Neurons are composed of three main elements: dendrites that are specialized for receiving signals from other cells, the cell body, and the axon that is specialized for conduction of the neural impulse. There are specialized areas of these cellular components that mediate communication between cells, called synapses, each composed of a presynaptic element where neurotransmitters are stored and released, and a postsynaptic element where there are receptors that recognize the neurotransmitter and generate signals in the postsynaptic cell.
A Brain System for Emotional Memory
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews current understanding of the brain pathways that mediate emotional experience and expression. It then considers the notion that some aspects of emotional memories involve a dedicated circuit of the brain that operates in parallel with other memory systems. In particular, it has been proposed that there is a specific memory system that mediates the learning and expression of emotional responses to stimuli of learned significance even in the absence of conscious memory for the events of the learning experience. The chapter first considers the evidence for a specific system for the acquisition of learned fear, and then extends the review to consider whether the same brain system supports the acquisition and expression of a broad range of emotional associations.
Working with Memory
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by summarizing the anatomy of the prefrontal cortex. It then reviews the functional role of the prefrontal cortex, including a consideration of whether the prefrontal area is involved in memory per se, or other cognitive processes related to memory, and whether the expansive prefrontal area has specialized subdivisions between or within the hemispheres. It considers parcellation of functions and cooperation between the prefrontal cortex and other higher-order cortical areas. Finally, some of the main points made in earlier chapters are reviewed, with the aim of considering how the entire brain participates in ordinary learning and memory processing.
Individual Differences
Authors: Mittleman Guy 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter suggests that rats, like humans, display profound individual differences that have relevance for understanding a variety of normal and pathological conditions. Variability in the response to drugs, lesions, or various other experimental manipulations are frequently observed in animals, but they are often attributed to experimental error along with the natural range of variation occurring between individuals of the same species. It is shown that that much within-experiment variability consists of individual differences. Exploiting these individual differences has a potentially large payoff in terms of modeling the behavioral and physiological differences observed between humans as well as providing a means of exploring the factors that control the expression of such differences.
Olfaction
Authors: Slotnick Burton , Schellinck Heather , Brown Richard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the study of olfaction in rats. It argues that rats and other rodents live in an olfactory world and any attempt to understand rodent biology must take into account the importance of olfaction for social behavior, feeding, learning, and orientation in the environment. The role of odors in the control of rodent behavior has long been a primary topic in ethologically oriented studies of rat behavior, and the relatively simple tests used in these studies have served to demonstrate the influence and importance of odors. However, recent advances in odor control of learning and in the molecular biology of olfaction have required the use of more sophisticated test procedures and better control and understanding of the stimulus.
Posture
Authors: Pellis Sergio M. , Pellis Vivien C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractStudies with rats have been central to the understanding of postural support mechanisms. This chapter uses examples from this research to illustrate the importance of looking carefully at states of immobility, identifying the sensory controls guiding postural responses, and fractionating such responses into independent modules. For the latter, one type of postural support response, righting, is examined in detail to illustrate the need for using highly specific tests to evaluate these independent modules.
Aggressive, Defensive, and Submissive Behavior
Authors: Miczek Klaus A. , de Boer Sietse F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses aggressive behavior in rats. Aggressive behavior, although infrequent, is part of life in a colony, particularly during its formation, and these interactions within the group are referred to as dominance or within-group aggressive behavior. As in their feral counterparts, the most potent trigger for aggressive behavior in resident male laboratory rats is the intrusion by an unfamiliar adult male, and these interactions are called resident-intruder aggression. Aggressive behavior by a female resident is more likely in the initial postpartum period, at which time the dam attacks both male and female intruders (maternal aggression).