bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Night time fog detection using MODIS data over Northern India
Authors: Chaurasia Sasmita , Sathiyamoorthy V. , Paul Shukla Bipasha , Simon B. , Joshi P. C. , Pal P. K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn algorithm for night time fog detection using satellite data was used to study 2009 and 2010 fog episodes over the North Indian plains. The algorithm employs a bispectral thresholding technique involving brightness temperature difference (BTD) between two spectral channels: 3.9 and 10.75 µm, combining radiative transfer simulations and satellite data. The prolonged fog episode of January 2010 was analysed in detail using this algorithm in conjunction with the meteorological parameters and it was found that upper tropospheric long waves passed over this region during the fog episode. These waves affect the circulation close to the surface and appear to have played an important role in the formation and persistence of fog during 2010. The present thresholding method can be used to monitor night time fog over the Indian subcontinent on an operational basis using the forthcoming geostationary satellite INSAT‐3D. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Spectral analysis and preconditioning techniques for radial basis function collocation matrices
Authors: Cavoretto R. , De Rossi A. , Donatelli M. , Serra‐Capizzano S. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYMeshless collocation methods based on radial basis functions lead to structured linear systems, which, for equispaced grid points, have almost a multilevel Toeplitz structure. In particular, if we consider partial differential equations (PDEs) in two dimensions, then we find almost (up to a ‘low‐rank’ correction given by the boundary conditions) two‐level Toeplitz matrices, i.e. block Toeplitz with Toeplitz blocks structures, where both the number of blocks and the block‐size grow with the number of collocation points. In Bini et al. (Linear Algebra Appl. 2008; 428:508–519), upper bounds for the condition number of the Toeplitz matrices approximating a one‐dimensional model problem were proved. Here, we refine the one‐dimensional results, by explaining some numerics reported in the previous paper, and we show a preliminary analysis concerning conditioning, extremal spectral behavior, and global spectral results in the two‐dimensional case for the structured part. By exploiting the recent tools in the literature, a global distribution theorem in the sense of Weyl is proved also for the complete matrix‐sequence, where the low‐rank correction due to the boundary conditions is taken into consideration. The provided spectral analysis is then applied to design effective preconditioning techniques in order to overcome the ill‐conditioning of the matrices. A wide numerical experimentation, both in the one‐ and two‐dimensional cases, confirms our analysis and the robustness of the proposed preconditioners. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The success and future of gender‐specific fundraising propositions
Authors: Pidgeon Stephen , Lockier Pauline 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMen and women use language very differently in conversation. They also use different types of information, presented in different ways, to make decisions. And yet in a targeted appeal for support, which is essentially a proposition providing information and seeking a positive decision, no account is taken by charities of the gender of the recipient.This paper argues that all appeals will, in the matter of a few years, be written in gender‐specific style, and cites focus‐group research and a recent direct mail test (producing an 85 per cent uplift in response), as well as extensive literature on the use of language by the sexes, to support this argument.
Marketing and the church: Should god be sold or found?
Authors: Devlin James F. , Ennew Christine T. , Hull Alison K. , Sherman Ann 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecent years have seen an expansion of marketing in social causes and not‐for‐profit activities; there continues to he considerable debate about the extent to which this simply reflects a pragmatic application of established marketing techniques or whether it truly reflects efforts to be genuinely market orientated. Indeed some may argue that the nature of social cause marketing is such that it is difficult, if not impossible, to be customer‐driven. The marketing of the Church is one manifestation of social cause marketing where marketing programmes are calculated to influence the acceptability of social ideas. The paper seeks to examine whether the marketing techniques and approaches used in relation to the Church are really marketing or just a form of selling. It is argued that the core product of the Church, salvation, is not really subject to modification in response to customer needs and thus that questions may arise about the possibility of genuinely marketing the Church. However, where there is a willingness to develop and modify the expected and augmented products in response to the changing needs and expectations of a ‘marketplace’, arguably there is evidence of marketing, not just selling.
Small and medium‐sized charities need a strong brand too: Crisis' experience
Authors: Dixon Michelle 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper looks at the benefits and constraints for smaller charities of developing a strong brand image and identity. It focuses on Crisis' own example as a medium‐sized charity of defining, creating and building its brand over the past 18 months and seeks to summarise the lessons it learnt. The paper is based on a presentation given by the author at the Henry Stewart Conference Studies' conference ‘Creating a brand image and identity for charities’.
Charities marketing — more focus on the beneficiary
Authors: Pyne Anthony E. , Robertson Deenagh 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAcademic literature on the marketing of charities is almost always associated with fundraising or the publicising of socially worthwhile causes. Little attention has been paid to the marketing of charitable services to their intended beneficiaries, for traditionally demand always exceeded supply. However, today many charities rely increasingly on fees for services for a substantial part of their income, which the authors believe must lead to more emphasis being placed on reaching potential beneficiaries and their financial supporters.This paper explores the case of a charity that had insufficient demand for its services. It shows that a lack of understanding of buyer behaviour was a principal cause of the problem. The analysis also shows that the decision process is a complex one that resembles industrial rather than consumer models. The paper goes on to demonstrate that this complex purchase behaviour applies to a large group of charities and that an understanding of it will increase in importance as charities seek new sources of income.
Models of database marketing
Authors: Rodd John 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDatabase systems are intimately associated with fundraising effectiveness, but often leave much to be desired in the way they are implemented. This paper looks at the strengths, weaknesses and origins of three main database types: island, integrated and transitional. Observations support the view that database systems are created reactively in the face of strategies for fundraising. Where marketing strategy dictates a holistic approach to donor management, then systems will ten to the integrated or ‘contacts’ model. However, where there is no co‐ordinated view on donoi development and maximised lifetime value, then fragmented island‐type databases will be found.
They shouldn't let them out for us to see': Empathy and affect intensity as determinants of responses to representations of the facially disfigured in charity advertising
Authors: Bennett Roger 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTest subjects were exposed to made‐up advertisements for a hypothetical facial disfigurement charity. Certain groups saw an advertisement featuring a disfigured young person on his own; others a similar representation but with the addition of either a physically attractive or unattractive female announcer. Responses to a written appeal accompanying the visual imagery were measured and analysed according to test subjects' levels of emotionality and predisposition to experience empathy. The experiment was repeated using control groups who were given comparable advertisements that did not include any sight of a disfigured person — only an attractive or unattractive female announcer. It emerged that advertisements containing both a disfigured individual and a physically attractive announcer evoked the most favourable responses.
Moneyless exchange: Attitudes of participants in Australian community barter systems
Authors: Birch Dawn , Liesch Peter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCommunity‐based barter systems, known as LETS, appear to have become in‐stitutionalised, that is accepted as an alternative exchange system across Australia and in other Western countries. LETS are non‐profit enterprises, which allow members of a community to exchange goods and services without cash. A search of the literature reveals that very little empirical investigation has been conducted on these systems. Hence, the purpose of this study is to provide insight on the motivations for the establishment of these systems and to contribute to the literature on community‐based barter. This paper reports the findings of a survey of 371 members of Australian LETS. The findings indicate that LETS are most attractive to the unemployed and those with low household incomes. LETS have been established to empower and build cohesive communities; the benefits of membership are both economic and psycho‐social, and include a better quality of life, increased freedom and opportunities for using skills. The disadvantages of membership in LETS include limited trading opportunities and some trading problems. While pricing varies across transactions, most members report that they generally buy and sell within the system at the equivalent of the cash price. The success of LETS is based on the establishment and maintenance of good trading relationships and these systems are expected to continue irrespective of the economic climate.
Approach to the study of C‐glycosyl flavones acylated with aliphatic and aromatic acids from Spergularia rubra by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐photodiode array detection/electrospray ionization multi‐stage mass spectrometry
Authors: Ferreres Federico , Gil‐Izquierdo Angel , Vinholes Juliana , Grosso Clara , Valentão Patrícia , Andrade Paula B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe use of mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) as working tool for the study of the C‐glycosyl flavones acylated with aliphatic and aromatic acids has allowed the tentative characterization of these compounds in Spergularia rubra and the establishment of the position of the acylation on the sugar moiety of the C‐glycosylation by use of MS data. The combination of retention time (Rt), ultraviolet (UV) and MSn data of the compounds revealed their C‐glycosyl flavone nature, being luteolin, apigenin and chrysoeriol derivatives. Ten non‐acylated flavones were identified, from which six are described for the first time (one 7‐O‐glycosyl‐6,8‐diC‐glycosyl flavone, four 6,8‐diC‐glycosyl flavones and one 2”‐O‐glycosyl‐6‐C‐glycosyl flavone). Twenty‐six acylated derivatives were also found for the first time. These compounds are grouped in three classes, namely, C‐glycosyl flavones acylated with aliphatic acids, with aromatic acids or with a mixed acylation. The first group is characterized by the presence of one 6,8‐diC‐(acetyl)glycosyl flavone, four 6,8‐diC‐(malonyl)glycosyl flavones and two 7‐O‐glycosyl‐6,8‐diC‐(malonyl)glycosyl flavones, while in the second one twelve 6,8‐diC‐(acyl)glycosyl flavones and two 7‐O‐glycosyl‐6,8‐diC‐(acyl)glycosyl flavones are described. The last class contained five 6,8‐diC‐(malonyl,acyl)glycosyl flavones. No previous work has described the presence of C‐glycosyl flavones acylated with aliphatic acids in this genus. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel circuit for independent control of electron energy and emission current of a hot cathode electron source
Authors: Sikora Jaroslaw , Halas Stanislaw 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe implementation of a non‐linear combination of two reference voltages to control the anode voltage in the previously described biasing system of an electron source with a hot cathode allows elimination of the correlation between the emission current and the accelerating voltage. The presented system is highly suitable for applications in electron‐impact mass spectrometers, ionization gauges and other instruments (for example, electron microscopes). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry targeted profiling of arachidonic acid and eicosanoids in human colorectal cancer
Authors: Mal Mainak , Koh Poh Koon , Cheah Peh Yean , Chan Eric Chun Yong 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCumulative evidence shows that eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes and hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acids play an important role in associating inflammation with human colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study an ultra‐pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the targeted profiling of eight relevant eicosanoids and the major metabolic precursor, arachidonic acid (AA), in human colon. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments were performed in negative electrospray ionization mode. The metabolites were separated using a C18 column consisting of 1.7 µm ethylene‐bridged hybrid particles (100 × 2.1 mm i.d.) and gradient elution (50 to 95% of solvent B) with a mobile phase comprising water (0.1% formic acid) [solvent A] and acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) [solvent B] at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The analysis time for each sample was 5.5 min. Our UPLC/MS/MS method demonstrated satisfactory validation results in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, matrix effect, linearity, extraction efficiency, intra‐ and inter‐day precision, accuracy and autosampler stability. The method was applied for the clinical profiling of matched pairs of cancerous and normal colon mucosae obtained from eight colorectal cancer patients. Endogenous levels of AA and selected eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostacyclin (PGI2) [assayed as its stable hydrolytic product 6‐keto‐prostaglandin1α (6‐k PGF1α)] and 12‐hydroxy‐5Z,8Z,10E,14Z‐eicosatetraenoic acid (12‐HETE) were found to be significantly different (p <0.05; paired t‐test) between cancerous and normal mucosae. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personalized estimates of breast cancer risk in clinical practice and public health
Authors: Gail Mitchell H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper defines absolute risk and some of its properties, and presents applications in breast cancer counseling and prevention. For counseling, estimates of absolute risk give useful perspective and can be used in management decisions that require weighing risks and benefits, such as whether or not to take tamoxifen to prevent breast cancer. Absolute risk models are also useful in designing intervention trials to prevent breast cancer and in assessing the potential reductions in absolute risk of disease that might result from reducing exposures that are associated with breast cancer. In these applications, it is important that the risk model be well calibrated, namely that it accurately predicts the numbers of women who will develop breast cancer in various subsets of the population. Absolute risk models are also needed to implement a ‘high risk’ prevention strategy that identifies a high‐risk subset of the population and focuses intervention efforts on that subset. The limitations of the high‐risk strategy are discussed, including the need for risk models with high discriminatory accuracy, and the need for less toxic interventions that can reduce the threshold of risk above which the intervention provides a net benefit. I also discuss the potential use of risk models in allocating prevention resources under cost constraints. High discriminatory accuracy of the risk model, in addition to good calibration, is desirable in this application, and the risk assessment should not be expensive in comparison with the intervention. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing paired vs non‐paired statistical methods of analyses when making inferences about absolute risk reductions in propensity‐score matched samples
Authors: Austin Peter C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPropensity‐score matching allows one to reduce the effects of treatment‐selection bias or confounding when estimating the effects of treatments when using observational data. Some authors have suggested that methods of inference appropriate for independent samples can be used for assessing the statistical significance of treatment effects when using propensity‐score matching. Indeed, many authors in the applied medical literature use methods for independent samples when making inferences about treatment effects using propensity‐score matched samples. Dichotomous outcomes are common in healthcare research. In this study, we used Monte Carlo simulations to examine the effect on inferences about risk differences (or absolute risk reductions) when statistical methods for independent samples are used compared with when statistical methods for paired samples are used in propensity‐score matched samples. We found that compared with using methods for independent samples, the use of methods for paired samples resulted in: (i) empirical type I error rates that were closer to the advertised rate; (ii) empirical coverage rates of 95 per cent confidence intervals that were closer to the advertised rate; (iii) narrower 95 per cent confidence intervals; and (iv) estimated standard errors that more closely reflected the sampling variability of the estimated risk difference. Differences between the empirical and advertised performance of methods for independent samples were greater when the treatment‐selection process was stronger compared with when treatment‐selection process was weaker. We recommend using statistical methods for paired samples when using propensity‐score matched samples for making inferences on the effect of treatment on the reduction in the probability of an event occurring. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian semiparametric multivariate joint model for multiple longitudinal outcomes and a time‐to‐event
Authors: Rizopoulos Dimitris , Ghosh Pulak 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMotivated by a real data example on renal graft failure, we propose a new semiparametric multivariate joint model that relates multiple longitudinal outcomes to a time‐to‐event. To allow for greater flexibility, key components of the model are modelled nonparametrically. In particular, for the subject‐specific longitudinal evolutions we use a spline‐based approach, the baseline risk function is assumed piecewise constant, and the distribution of the latent terms is modelled using a Dirichlet Process prior formulation. Additionally, we discuss the choice of a suitable parameterization, from a practitioner's point of view, to relate the longitudinal process to the survival outcome. Specifically, we present three main families of parameterizations, discuss their features, and present tools to choose between them. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MgO Saturation in Secondary Metallurgical Lime‐aluminate and Lime‐silicate Slags
Authors: Brüggmann C. , Pötschke J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper provides an informative basis on MgO saturation in secondary metallurgical slags by conducting thermo‐chemical calculations in the ternary base system Al2O3‐CaO‐SiO2 at 1600 °C, 1650 °C and 1700 °C using FactSageTM6.0. The results for lime‐aluminate and lime‐silicate slag are displayed in a straightforward and illustrative manner. In addition, approximate equations describe the temperature dependencies: a temperature rise of 50 °C increases the MgO saturation limit by about 1 wt. %.
Two New Crystalline Organogermanate‐Based Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Compounds
Authors: Stock Norbert , Jargstorff Christian , Wriedt Steffanie 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe bifunctional metalloligand bis(carboxyethylgermanium)sesquioxide, (HOOCCH2CH2Ge)2O3, was employed in the systematic high‐throughput (HT) investigation of the system Zn2+/(HOOCCH2CH2Ge)2O3/H2O/C4H9OH. Two new metal‐organogermanates Zn[(OOCCH2CH2Ge)2O3] (1) and Zn2(O3GeCH2CH2COO) (2) were discovered that show two new structural motifs for this class of compounds. Whereas in compound 1 a formal intercalation in the structure of (HOOCCH2CH2Ge)2O3 is observed, 2 exhibits a new layered structure composed of CGeO3 and ZnO4 unit linked by μ3‐oxygen atoms. Both connectivity modes lead to dense three‐dimensional framework structures.
Newborn screening for galactosemia by a second‐tier multiplex enzyme assay using UPLC‐MS/MS in dried blood spots
Authors: Ko Dae‐Hyun , Jun Sun‐Hee , Park Kyoung Un , Song Sang Hoon , Kim Jin Q , Song Junghan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGalactosemia is one of the most important inherited metabolic disorders detected by newborn screening tests. Abnormal results during screening should be confirmed by enzyme activity assays. Recently, we developed a multiplex enzyme assay for galactosemia in erythrocytes using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS). In this study, we proposed a second‐tier multiplex enzyme assay for galactosemia that can be directly applied to dried blood spots (DBSs). Supernatants from two rehydrated‐punched 3.2‐mm DBSs were incubated with a reaction mixture containing [13C6]galactose, [13C2]galactose‐1‐phosphate, and UDP‐glucose as substrates for three galactose‐metabolizing enzymes. After a 4‐hour incubation, the end products from the combined reaction mixture, [13C6]galactose‐1‐phosphate, UDP‐[13C2]galactose, and UDP‐galactose, were simultaneously measured using UPLC‐MS/MS. Substrates, products, and internal standards from the mixture of the three enzyme reactions were clearly separated in the UPLC‐MS/MS system, with an injection cycle time of 10 min. Intra‐ and inter‐assay imprecisions of the UPLC‐MS/MS were 8.4‐14.8% and 13.2‐15.7% CV, respectively. Enzyme activities in DBSs from 37 normal individuals and 10 patients with enzyme deficiencies were analyzed. DBSs from galactosemia patients showed consistently lower enzyme activities as compared to those of normal individuals. In conclusion, multiplex enzyme assays using UPLC‐MS/MS can be successfully applied to DBS analysis. This method allows a fast and effective second‐tier test for newborns showing abnormal screening results.
Comparison of a Cationic Gemini Surfactant and the Corresponding Monomeric Surfactant for Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Mahdavian Mohammad , Tehrani‐Bagha Ali Reza , Holmberg Krister 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA cationic gemini surfactant, N,N′‐didodecyl‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐butanediammonium dibromide (12‐4‐12) and the corresponding monomeric surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide were compared with respect to corrosion inhibition efficiency in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution. Polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to evaluate corrosion inhibition. The 12‐4‐12 surfactant showed an extremely high corrosion inhibition efficiency at very low concentration. Surface tension measurements performed under the strongly acidic conditions revealed that the gemini surfactant is remarkably electrolyte tolerant, which is beneficial for adsorption at the steel surface.