bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landschaftsverständnisse in der Landschaftsplanung. Eine semantische Analyse der Verwendung des Wortes „Landschaft“ in kommunalen Landschaftsplänen
Authors: Wojtkiewicz Wera , Heiland Stefan 
Published: January 2012

The meaning ascribed to the concept of “landscape” and the idea about how “landscape” is constituted, is a basis for setting up goals and measures concerning all natural assets in landscape plans, as e.g. soil, water or landscape scenery. Current research does not sufficiently address the question of how landscape plans refer to the concept of landscape and which ideal types of landscapes determine planning processes. This paper will shed light on the ideas about the use and shape of landscape, which are conveyed through local landscape plans. Therewith we are aiming to determine the role that landscape planning plays for the social construction of landscape. The research pursues a hermeneutic approach and is conducted by means of a qualitative content analysis of municipal landscape plans created between 1993 and 2010 in various regions of Germany.
The semantic analysis of the word landscape allows statements on ideas of how “landscape” should look like. This image equates to a narrow notion of landscape, implying that mainly areas characterized by traditional, peasant cultivation are interpreted as “landscape”. The identified notion of landscape is orientated on conservation rather than development. The current development of landscape and resulting imprint on an area is rarely being taken into account in a positive manner.
Prevalence of serum anti‐rubella virus antibodies among pregnant women in southern Italy
Authors: Calimeri Sebastiano , Capua Adele , La Fauci Vincenza , Squeri Raffaele , Grillo Orazio C. , Giudice Daniela Lo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of anti‐rubella virus antibodies and the level of knowledge about congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) among pregnant women living in southern Italy.MethodsA seroepidemiologic study was conducted between July 1, 2006, and December 31, 2007. Five‐hundred women resident in Messina were enrolled in the study; the participants were in the 4th to 39th week of pregnancy. Anti‐rubella virus antibodies were assayed using a microparticle enzyme immunoassay. Demographic details, vaccination history, and participants’ knowledge of the potential risks of rubella infection during pregnancy were assessed via questionnaire.ResultsOn the basis of the questionnaire results, 70.4% of women were classed as immune to rubella virus infection; however, the prevalence of IgG anti‐rubella virus antibodies measured in the participants’ serum was 85.8%. Although 55.2% of women had undergone pre‐pregnancy rubella screening, only 81 participants reported that they had been vaccinated before becoming pregnant. The participants’ general knowledge about CRS was poor, as was their understanding of the importance of undergoing screening.ConclusionThe number of women at risk of rubella infection fell short of the national target set for elimination of CRS. Increased involvement and collaboration by all healthcare workers are, therefore, required to disseminate the information necessary to prevent CRS.
Teaching professionalism in science courses: Anatomy to zoology
Authors: Macpherson Cheryl C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMedical professionalism is reflected in attitudes, behaviors, character, and standards of practice. It is embodied by physicians who fulfill their duties to patients and uphold societies' trust in medicine. Professionalism requires familiarity with the ethical codes and standards established by international, governmental, institutional, or professional organizations. It also requires becoming aware of and responsive to societal controversies. Scientific uncertainty may be used to teach aspects of professionalism in science courses. Uncertainty about the science behind, and the health impacts of, climate change is one example explored herein that may be used to teach both professionalism and science. Many medical curricula provide students with information about professionalism and create opportunities for students to reflect upon and strengthen their individually evolving levels of professionalism. Faculties in basic sciences are rarely called upon to teach professionalism or deepen medical students understanding of professional standards, competencies, and ethical codes. However they have the knowledge and experience to develop goals, learning objectives, and topics relevant to professionalism within their own disciplines and medical curricula. Their dedication to, and passion for, science will support basic science faculties in designing innovative and effective approaches to teaching professionalism. This paper explores topics and formats that scientists may find useful in teaching professional attitudes, skills, and competencies in their medical curriculum. It highlights goals and learning objectives associated with teaching medical professionalism in the basic sciences.
Physical aspects of medical science
Authors: Yoshioka Tohru 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPhysical aspects of medical science involve making physical models, physical approaches, and measurements by physical instruments. Among these, the physical approach is the most important for an exact elucidation of the physiological function of living materials. What is a physical approach? In the first step, the molecular mechanism of visual transduction will be demonstrated by considering the physical characteristics of diffusion of second messengers. In the next step, I will consider how frequency modulation–type impulse signaling is converted from amplitude modulation–type electric signaling. In the last section, I will discuss how impulse signaling (i.e., the train of action potentials) is processed by the neural network in the brain and eventually is recognized in the frontal cortex using near infrared spectroscopy. In order to obtain such a physical model of vision, many physical concepts are used, such as light reflex, energy transduction, diffusion of molecules, threshold, the Coulomb interaction, light absorption, and cluster analysis. Among them, the Coulomb interaction, light absorption, and diffusion of molecules are three essential keywords for the physical process.
Experimental study of the influence of anisotropy on the inertial scales of turbulence
Authors: Chang Kelken , Bewley Gregory P. , Bodenschatz Eberhard 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe ask whether the scaling exponents or the Kolmogorov constants depend on the anisotropy of the velocity fluctuations in a turbulent flow with no shear. According to our experiment, the answer is no for the Eulerian second-order transverse velocity structure function. The experiment consisted of 32 loudspeaker-driven jets pointed toward the centre of a spherical chamber. We generated anisotropy by controlling the strengths of the jets. We found that the form of the anisotropy of the velocity fluctuations was the same as that in the strength of the jets. We then varied the anisotropy, as measured by the ratio of axial to radial root-mean-square (r.m.s.) velocity fluctuations, between 0.6 and 2.3. The Reynolds number was approximately constant at around ${R}_{\lambda } = 481$. In a central volume with a radius of 50 mm, the turbulence was approximately homogeneous, axisymmetric, and had no shear and no mean flow. We observed that the scaling exponent of the structure function was $0. 70\pm 0. 03$, independent of the anisotropy and regardless of the direction in which we measured it. The Kolmogorov constant, ${C}_{2} $, was also independent of direction and anisotropy to within the experimental error of 4 %.
The kinetics of ice-lens growth in porous media
Authors: Style Robert W. , Peppin Stephen S. L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe analyse the growth rate of segregated ice (ice lenses) in freezing porous media. For typical colloidal materials such as soils we show that the commonly employed Clapeyron equation is not valid macroscopically at the interface between the ice lens and the surrounding porous medium owing to the viscous dynamics of flow in premelted films. The flow in these films gives rise to an ‘interfacial resistance’ to flow towards the growing ice which causes a significant drop in predicted ice-growth (heave) rates. This explains why many previous models predict ice-growth rates that are much larger than those seen in experiments. We derive an explicit formula for the ice-growth rate in a given porous medium, and show that this only depends on temperature and on the external pressures imposed on the freezing system. This growth-rate formula contains a material-specific function which can be calculated (with knowledge of the geometry and material of the porous medium), but which is also readily experimentally measurable. We apply the formula to plate-like particles, and show that the results can be matched with previous experimental data. Finally we show how the interfacial resistance explains the observation that the maximum heave rate in soils occurs in medium-grained particles such as silts, while heave rates are smaller for fine- and coarse-grained particles.
Dynamic interfacial tension effects in the rupture of liquid necks
Authors: de Saint Vincent M. Robert , Petit J. , Aytouna M. , Delville J. P. , Bonn D. , Kellay H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBy examining the rupture of fluid necks during droplet formation of surfactant-laden liquids, we observe deviations from expected behaviour for the pinch-off of such necks. We suggest that these deviations are due to the presence of a dynamic (time-varying) interfacial tension at the minimum neck location and extract this quantity from our measurements on a variety of systems. The presence of such dynamic interfacial tension effects should change the rupture process drastically. However, our measurements show that a simple ansatz, which incorporates the temporal change of the interfacial tension, allows us to understand the dynamics of thinning. This shows that this dynamics is largely independent of the exact details of what happens far from the breakup location, pointing to the local nature of the thinning dynamics.
Excavations at Frilford
Authors: Buxton L. H. Dudley 
Published: January 2012

Excavations were carried out on the site by Mr. Akerman in 1864 and 1865 and in the two following years and by Dr. Rolleston, then Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, at various times between 1864 and 1868. The results of the excavations were embodied in papers published by this Society. He appears principally to have assisted at quarrying operations which were then in progress, but also to have searched one or two other small areas. No map of his excavation is extant, and according to his assistant William Hine, who is still alive, no map appears to have been made. The areas probably excavated by him are marked with a cross on figure 1.Since that time a number of graves have fallen into the quarry, and scattered finds appear to have been made from time to time, some of which were examined by Professor Rolleston and after his death by Professor Moseley.In the spring of 1920 an undergraduate society, the Oxford University Archaeological Society, was anxious to do some excavating and asked me to find a site and direct the work. By kind permission of Mr. Aldworth, the owner of the property, we were able to start at Frilford in the middle of the Hilary Term, and spent week-ends there during Term, and four days at the ends of both the Hilary and Trinity Terms. The labour was provided chiefly by junior but also by senior members of the University, and honorary members of the Society, especially Sir Arthur Evans, Mr. Balfour, and Mr. Leeds materially assisted the excavations by advice and personal visits. Mr. Leeds has helped me very much in the preparation of this paper. I am indebted to Professor Arthur Thomson both for his keen interest in the work and also for putting the resources of the Anatomical Department at my disposal.
On the Site of the Battle of Ethandun
Authors: Rawlence E. A. 
Published: January 2012

Three places are now recognized as possible sites of the battle of Ethandun: Edington, on the Polden Hills in Somerset; Edington, near Westbury in Wiltshire; and Heddington, about six miles south-east of Chippenham, also in Wiltshire. The object of the present paper is to endeavour to disprove the possibility of Edington on the Polden Hills being the scene of the battle, and to show that an overwhelming mass of evidence favours Edington, near Westbury.The latest and most complete argument in favour of the Polden Hills as the site of the battle is to be found in Messrs. Whistler and Major's Early Wars of Wessex. After a careful examination of the evidence and of the topography of this site, I am of opinion that the plan of campaign suggested by these authors is most unlikely, if not altogether impracticable, from a military point of view.
The Dorian Invasion reviewed in the light of some New Evidence
Authors: Casson Stanley 
Published: January 2012

The Dorian invasion, as an episode in Greek history, exhibits few complexities. Ancient tradition is unanimous upon the fact that the invasion was at once a more or less definite event or series of events in time and a clear turning-point in historical development. Modern historians of ancient Greece have largely twisted the comparatively clear tradition of antiquity into a variety of theories, and the whole question in their hands remains a problem which from their point of view is still sub iudice.Archaeological research on the other hand, as is not infrequently the case, serves to amplify and explain the ancient traditions in a more satisfactory way. No very clear attempt has as yet been made by archaeologists to establish the facts of the Dorian invasion or to track down the historical Dorians. But the results of recent research in the Peloponnese on sites where tradition places the Dorians in fullest force points to a culture at these sites which, appearing about the eleventh century B.C, has all the characteristics of the culture of an invader, and differs radically and completely from what we know to have been mainland culture during the millennium preceding the eleventh century B.C.The purpose of this paper is to review the archaeological evidence concerning the Dorians in the light both of the literary tradition and of some new archaeological discoveries.
Excavations at Wookey Hole and other Mendip Caves, 1926–7
Authors: Balch H. E. 
Published: January 2012

In the winter of 1926–7 the owner of Wookey Hole, Capt. G. W. Hodgkinson, undertook the cleansing and opening up of this great cave, and its illumination by electricity. He gave me control of the work, which has been carried out with scrupulous care to ensure that nothing undesirable should be done.Incidentally, the considerable exploration which it was my privilege to carry out some years ago provided a useful startingpoint for the further development of the entrance gallery (the old cave-dwelling), and that portion still remains in the condition in which we then left it, apart from the erection of a rude supporting pillar of conglomerate, where a great hanging rock near the entrance threatened danger to visitors.
The Incised Ornament on the Celtic Mirror from Colchester, Essex
Authors: Fox Cyril , Hull M. R. 
Published: January 2012

The Colchester Celtic mirror has been known to students of the period since a photograph of it was published by Henry Laver in the Proceedings of our Society (x·x, 1905, p. 213) as one object in an important grave-group. Laver noted that the back of that portion of the mirror-plate which is preserved is ‘ornamented with a spiral pattern’, but this pattern is not to be seen in the reproduction. Another reference in the literature is that by R. A. Smith, Archaeologia, lxi, 338, who mentions ‘traces of engraved scrollwork’ and an ‘imbricated filling, not of the usual basket-pattern’. Mr. E. T. Leeds produced another group photograph of the find; Celtic Ornament, fig. 10 and p. 30.The writers of this article collaborated for the purpose of studying the ornament, and of reconstructing the complete design, if that should prove possible. The incised work was found to be very difficult to follow owing to a pustule-like corrosion all over the mirror fragment. Thus, as one of us remarked after the first attempt, ‘it is only here and there, either in a strong cross-light, or with the lens, that one can see and copy it’.Thereafter both of us worked on the mirror fragment, and gradually the pattern emerged; it is reproduced in fig. 1. This drawing is necessarily an imitative representation of the original; it records not only actual marks on the bronze, but also direct inductions, such as the continuation of a partly preserved curve or circle, a line drawn on one side to match a line preserved on the other, and the development of the ‘matting’ or hatching from intermittent appearances. We have thought it well to indicate corrosion, but the dense obscurity of the original due to this cause cannot be reproduced.Portions of the rim of the mirror survive. This is as usual a separate strip of metal bent in a C-shape round the edge of the plate. The handle of the mirror is an attractive variant of a familiar design which can be better appreciated in the drawing than in the photographs previously published.
A Gold Ring with Runes from Central Europe
Authors: Leeds E. T. 
Published: January 2012

The collection of continental European and Anglo-Saxon jewellery dating from the second half of the first millennium of our era in the Ashmolean Museum, though of no great size, has for many years been noted for its quality, including, as it does, the fine series of ornaments and rings collected by Sir John Evans and presented in 1908 by Sir Arthur Evans, together with such outstanding pieces as the Alfred Jewel and the Minster Lovel jewel. To these have more recently been added important gold rings, a further gift from Sir Arthur Evans, and the magnificent brooch from Sarre, Kent, purchased in 1934.In the early half of this year an unexpended balance of a grant from the bequest of Mr. George Flood France, allotted by the Visitors of the Museum for the purchase of objects of art, allowed the Department of Antiquities to contemplate the acquisition of yet another important jewel, and by the help of a supplementary grant which the Trustees of the National Art-Collections Fund generously promised to contribute if needed, there has now been added to the collection a gold ring of the finest quality, its interest enhanced by the presence of a runic inscription engraved on the inside of the hoop (pl. L).
Hand-Axes later than the Main Coombe-Rock of the Lower Thames Valley
Authors: Burchell J. P. T. 
Published: January 2012

Archaeologists in France have for many years recognized hand-axes of St. Acheul facies in association with flake-implements of Levallois type, which are contemporary with the mid-Pleistocene deposits of the Somme valley. Their place in the culture-sequence is after the cold period that produced the main Coombe-rock of South-East England, and the Little Eastern or Upper Chalky Boulder-clay of East Anglia. The Coombe-rock referred to overwhelmed the Levallois II factory-site at Baker's Hole, Northfleet, Kent.In England, however, it has taken much longer to trace these mid-Pleistocene hand-axes in contemporary beds. The first was found by the late F. G. Spurrell on the classic ‘floor’ at the base of the Crayford Brickearth, though it was not until quite recently that the correct age of the Crayford series was determined. This specimen is now in the British Museum (Natural History), but is not figured in the present note.
A Neolithic Site at Abingdon, Berks.
Authors: Leeds E. Thurlow 
Published: January 2012

At the end of April of last year the Rev. Charles Overy drew my attention to the presence of broken animal bones, flints, and sherds of pottery in a gravel-pit on the south side of the road from Abingdon to Radley, about a mile out of Abingdon (fig. 1).The pit lies on the very boundary of the parish of Abingdon in a field at about 200 ft. O.D., just over half a mile north of the Thames and some 30 ft. above the river. On its eastern and southern sides it is bounded by the wide trenches which in the days of the splendour of Abingdon Abbey formed part of the Abbey's fish-ponds ; on the north is the road, and on the east the ground drops to a little brook.
A Fourteenth-century Well at the Bank of England
Authors: Dunning G. C. 
Published: January 2012

It is well known that wooden vessels were in common use for domestic purposes in medieval times: dishes, bowls, etc., almost certainly made of this material are shown in use in the kitchen and at table in several documents, for instance, the Bayeux tapestry, the Luttrell Psalter, and Queen Mary's Psalter. It is seldom, however, that the actual wooden vessels are found in excavations on medieval sites: mention may be made of ‘two turned saucer-like bowls of beechwood, 8 in. in diameter, and about 1¼ in. deep’, found with other wooden objects and early medieval pottery in the filling of a deep shaft at Pevensey Castle.A remarkable find was made in 1929 during excavations on the site of the Bank of England beneath the NW. side of the old Power of Attorney, that is, about 100 ft. south of the Lothbury frontage and 140 ft. west of the Bartholomew Lane frontage. A well, 7 ft. 6 in. in diameter, built of chalk blocks, of which nine courses remained, to a height of 5 ft. 6 in., had been sunk through the lower deposits into the gravel. The well was filled with greenish black slime, from which were extracted pottery vessels, a number of wooden bowls, a few broken animal bones, and a hen's egg. All the pottery appears to be of about the same date in the fourteenth century, and is of value as a group of associated types and in giving a date to the wooden bowls.
Bhakti and the Gendered Self: A Courtesan and a Consort in Mid Nineteenth Century Punjab
Authors: MALHOTRA ANSHU 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBhakti is viewed as a movement that is subversive of orthodoxy, and inverts the societal norms prescribed by thedharmashastras. This paper looks at the Bhakti movement's long history and transformations into the nineteenth century in Punjab. If womanlydharmawithin the normative tradition is defined by sexual containment through marriage and wifehood, the accumulated Bhakti legends and hagiographies are examined to see the place of the prostitute in it, and the limits of its revolutionary potential are brought to the fore. By looking at the writings of the Muslim prostitute Piro who comes to live in the establishment of a ‘Sikh’ guru Gulab Das, in Chathianwala near Lahore during the period of Ranjit Singh, this paper attempts to read Piro's use of Bhakti legends and imagery to build support for her unusual step. The imbrication of the Gulabdasis in hybrid practices that borrowed elements fromadvaita, Bhakti and Sufi theologies is also delineated. The paper shows Piro's engagement with the radical potential of Bhakti, but also maps her move towards social conformity—the paradox that makes her look at herself simultaneously as a courtesan and as a consort.