bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microfluidic approaches for the fabrication of gradient crosslinked networks based on poly(ethylene glycol) and hyperbranched polymers for manipulation of cell interactions
Authors: Pedron S. , Peinado C. , Bosch P. , Benton J. A. , Anseth K. S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHigh‐throughput methods allow rapid examination of parameter space to characterize materials and develop new polymeric formulations for biomaterials applications. One limitation is the difficulty of preparing libraries and performing high‐throughput screening with conventional instrumentation and sample preparation. Here, we describe the fabrication of substrate materials with controlled gradients in composition by a rapid method of micromixing followed by a photopolymerization reaction. Specifically, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate was copolymerized with a hyperbranched multimethacrylate (P1000MA or H30MA) in a gradient manner. The extent of methacrylate conversion and the final network composition were determined by near‐infrared spectroscopy, and mechanical properties were measured by nanoindentation. A relationship was observed between the elastic modulus and network crosslinking density. Roughness and hydrophilicity were increased on surfaces with a higher concentration of P1000MA. These results likely relate to a phase segregation process of the hyperbranched macromer that occurs during the photopolymerization reaction. On the other hand, the decrease in the final conversion in H30MA polymerization reactions was attributed to the lower termination rate as a consequence of the softening of the network. Valvular interstitial cell attachment was evaluated on these gradient substrates as a demonstration of studying cell morphology as a function of the local substrate properties. Data revealed that the presence of P1000MA affects cell–material interaction with a higher number of adhered cells and more cell spreading on gradient regions with a higher content of the multifunctional crosslinker. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Trypanosomen im Fokus
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike 
Published: November 2010

AbstractZu den vernachlässigten tropischen Erkrankungen (neglected tropical diseases, NTD), die die höchste Todesrate aufweisen, gehören die durch die Protozoen Trypanosoma und Leishmania verursachte Chagas‐Krankheit (Trypanosoma cruzi), die Schlafkrankheit, auch humane afrikanische Trypanosoma genannt (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense und gambiense) und die viszerale Leishmaniose (Leishmania donavani). Sie kommen vor allem in den ärmsten, ländlichen Gegenden unseres Planeten vor, in Subsahara‐Afrika, Südasien und Lateinamerika.
From science to services: Developing a neuroscience‐based innovative clinical treatment model to manage severe and repetitive self‐harm in a 60‐year‐old woman with severe personality disorders
Authors: Sarkar Jaydip 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA model based upon neurobiology of threat management that promotes use of social engagement and affect regulation as a strategy to manage heightened threat perceptions and aggression to self and others is introduced. The effectiveness of the model is illustrated through the case report of a woman with severe and repetitive harm to self and others, where its use led to significant reduction in these behaviours. Finally the merits of using a biologically plausible, theoretically grounded and clinically relevant model over strategies driven by multiple and disparate factors (e.g. clinical diagnoses, subjective reports, social circumstances and ‘objective’ clinical rationales) that are not governed by a unified framework is highlighted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An EPR study on cytosine irradiated
Authors: Usta Ayhan , Cingilli Vural Hasibe , Usta Keziban , Aras Erdal , Ceylan Yusuf , Ozmen Ayhan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this study, paramagnetic centers over the cytosine were formed by photolysis then these centers were investigated using EPR method. EPR signals were not recorded from non‐irradiated the cytosine, but irradiated polycrystalline exhibited complex EPR spectra. For obtaining of cytosine polycrystalline, novel crystallization method was performed on powder cytosine. Effective crystallization conditions were achieved by adjustment of the concentration of the metal ions, chemical solutions, NaCl, KCl, glacial asetic acid, nitric oxide, percloric acid, glutamic acid, and pH of buffer. Cytosine (C4H5N2O) polycrystalline obtained were irradiated with 60Co – rays at room temperature for 24 and 72 h. At the sample irradiated for 72 h, the paramagnetic centers were determined between 120 and 450 K by X‐band EPR spectrometer. The spectra were found to be dependent slightly on temperature. Two cation radicals were determined in the structure and these were called Radicals I and II. The g and hyperfine constants were found to be aH2a = 61 G, aN2 = 9.39 G, aN1 = 7.15 G, and g1=2.0026 for the Radical I; aH3 = 10.57 G, aH1 = 3 G, aN3 = 6.72 G, aN1 = 5.36 G for, and g2=2.0034 the Radical II. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational Statistics in MATLAB®
Authors: Martinez Wendy L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this article, I provide an introduction to MATLAB and briefly explore how it can be used to implement methods in computational statistics. The article starts with an overview of the MATLAB computing environment. This is followed by a discussion of data constructs, syntax, and programming capabilities. I then introduce the reader to visualization techniques and provide some examples. I conclude with a description of relevant commercial MATLAB toolboxes and web addresses for some free toolboxes that would interest the reader. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 69–74 DOI: 10.1002/wics.138This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Computer Graphics
Data: Types and Structure > Categorical Data
Software for Computational Statistics > Software/Statistical Software
Emergency department diagnosis of critical aortic stenosis using bedside ultrasonography
Authors: Riley David C. , Glassman Grace , Hodges Kimberlee 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Introduction
An 88-year-old woman with a history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and a history of a large left upper lobe lung mass presented to the Emergency Department (ED) from a nursing home with rapidly progressive shortness of breath and chest pain over 1 day with a rapid decline in mental status. Bedside color Doppler ultrasound para-sternal long-axis examination of the heart revealed severe aortic stenosis. Bedside pulsed-wave and continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound in the apical 5-chamber view revealed critical aortic stenosis using the simplified continuity equation.

Conclusion
Bedside ED cardiac color Doppler, pulsed Doppler evaluation of the left ventricular outflow tract, and continuous-wave Doppler of the aortic valve were used to assist in the diagnosis of critical aortic stenosis.
Effects of high-whey-protein intake and resistance training on renal, bone and metabolic parameters in rats
Authors: Aparicio Virginia A. , Nebot Elena , Porres Jesús M. , Ortega Francisco B. , Heredia Jose M. , López-Jurado María , Ramírez Pilar Aranda 
Published: November 2010

Consumption of high-protein (HP) diets is postulated to exert a negative influence on bone and renal health. However, no conclusive evidence has been presented related to this issue or to the potential protective action of resistance training on HP-induced systemic effects. We examined the effects of HP diet consumption on food intake, body-weight gain, body composition, and renal, bone and metabolic parameters of rats performing resistance training. A total of ninety-six adult male Wistar rats were randomly distributed in twelve experimental groups (n8): normal-protein (10 %) or HP (45 %) diets, with or without resistance training, killed for experimental periods of 1, 2 or 3 months. Diets were based on a commercial whey protein hydrolysate. Consumption of HP diets and resistance training significantly affected food intake, body weight and body composition, as well as the plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TAG. The buffering action of resistance training on such diet-induced alterations was especially evident in the levels of plasma TAG. Consumption of HP diets led to a considerable increase in kidney weight, urinary volume and acidity, as well as in the urinary excretion of Ca, with a parallel reduction in the urinary excretion of citrate (P < 0·05). No apparent deleterious effect on bone mineral content was found. In conclusion, consumption of HP diets caused alterations in renal health status and some metabolic parameters, but did not seem to affect bone status. Resistance training had a protective action against alterations of renal health status and some metabolic parameters such as plasma TAG.
Salt Production and Commerce in Guerrero, Mexico.An ethnographic contribution to historical reconstruction
Authors: Good Catharine 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper provides data on the salt industry along Guerrero's Costa Chica and on itinerant salt trading conducted by highland Nahuatl villagers. The findings are compared with studies of salt production elsewhere in Mesoamerica, and the nature and quality of oral-historical sources are evaluated. Based primarily on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, the paper explores technical and social-organizational features of salt production and marketing useful for model building among archaeologists and ethnohistorians. In crossing disciplinary boundaries the paper raises methodological issues of concern to scholars who attempt to reconstruct historical or contemporary Mesoamerican cultural and economic patterns.
Two Oxidosqualene Cyclases Responsible for Biosynthesis of Tomato Fruit Cuticular Triterpenoids
Authors: Wang Zhonghua , Guhling Ortwin , Yao Ruonan , Li Fengling , Yeats Trevor H. , Rose Jocelyn K.C. , Jetter Reinhard 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The first committed step in triterpenoid biosynthesis is the cyclization of epoxysqualene into various triterpene alcohol isomers, a reaction catalyzed by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). The different OSCs have characteristic product specificities, which are mainly due to differences in the numbers of high-energy intermediates the enzymes can stabilize. The goal of this investigation was to clone and characterize OSCs from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a species known to accumulate δ-amyrin in its fruit cuticular wax, in order to gain insights into the enzymatic formation of this particular triterpenoid. We used a homology-based approach to isolate two tomato OSCs and tested their biochemical properties by heterologous expression in yeast as well as overexpression in tomato. One of the enzymes was found to be a product-specific β-amyrin synthase, while the other one was a multifunctional OSC synthesizing 48% δ-amyrin and six other products. The product spectra of both OSCs together account for both the range and the relative amounts of the triterpenoids found in the fruit cuticle. Both enzymes were expressed exclusively in the epidermis of the tomato fruit, indicating that their major function is to form the cuticular triterpenoids. The relative expression levels of both OSC genes, determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, were consistent with product profiles in fruit and leaves of the tomato cultivar MicroTom. However, the transcript ratios were only partially consistent with the differences in amounts of product triterpenoids between the tomato cultivars MicroTom, M82, and Ailsa Craig; thus, transcriptional control of the two OSCs alone cannot explain the fruit triterpenoid profiles of the cultivars.
In vitro contractility of stimulated and non‐stimulated human gallbladder muscle
Authors: Bird N. C. , WEGSTAPEL H. , CHESS‐WILLIAMS R. , JOHNSON A. G. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract In an attempt to define, more clearly, the nature of gallbladder contraction we obtained muscle strips from human gallbladder wall, removed at cholecystectomy. Samples were taken from various areas of the gallbladder to seek evidence of a dominant axis of contraction. The strips were stimulated with increasing concentrations of cholecystokinin‐8 (CCK‐8) and carbachol, and, to determine maximal contractile force, 0.25 M potassium chloride. No differences were seen between samples taken from the longitudinal, circular and oblique axes. In a second series of experiments, samples were taken from the body and neck regions of the gallbladder. In these, it was seen that the samples from the body contracted more forcefully than those of the neck tissue and that they were more sensitive to carbachol stimulation.The difference in response to CCK‐8 measured in the strips from the body and cystic duct/neck of the gallbladder cannot be explained by a difference in sensitivity to CCK‐8, but is mainly due to the difference in the amount of muscle tissue present. Strips from the body are more sensitive to muscarinic stimulation that those from the neck. Overall, there is a functional difference in sensitivity between the body and neck which would serve to facilitate bile flow into the common bile duct during gallbladder contraction.
Quantification of the oesophageal peristaltic reflex in man
Authors: Penagini R. , PICONE A. , BIANCHI P.A. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract The peristaltic reflex represents the basis of peristalsis and has two components, ascending contraction above and descending relaxation below the site of distension. Studies of the two components of the reflex in the human oesophagus performed by concurrent monitoring of oesophageal body and lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) motility are lacking.We investigated the peristaltic reflex in eight healthy volunteers (aged 19–25 years; five male, three female) by two series of eight graded (3–10 mL) balloon distensions performed 11 cm above the LOS, monitoring motor activity in the oesophageal body both above and below the balloon and in the LOS (sleeve sensor).During balloon distension both ascending contraction, as assessed by contractile activity above the balloon, and descending relaxation, as assessed by LOS relaxation, increased linearly with increasing inflation volumes (r = 0.6 and r = 0.8, respectively, both P < 0.0001). The threshold for descending relaxation was lower than that for ascending contraction. The contractile response of the body below the balloon was always lower than above the balloon and occurred with a higher (P < 0.05) frequency at 6 and 7 mL compared to 3, 4 and 10 mL. After balloon deflation an oesophageal contraction, usually accompanied by an LOS contraction, occurred with increasing frequency as the balloon volume increased.Our experimental model allows detailed assessment of the two components of the peristaltic reflex in the human oesophagus in vivo and should prove useful in future studies on the physiology and pathophysiology of this reflex.
Motor events underlying gastro‐oesophageal reflux in ambulant patients with reflux oesophagitis
Authors: PENAGINI R. , SCHOEMAN M. N. , DENT J. , TIPPETT M. D. , Holloway R. H. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Information on the mechanism of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in patients with reflux disease is limited largely to studies in resting recumbent subjects. Evidence exists that both posture and physical activity may influence reflux. The aim of this study was to investigate reflux mechanisms in ambulant patients with reflux oesophagitis.Concurrent ambulatory oesophageal manometry and pH monitoring were performed in 11 ambulant patients with erosive oesophagitis. Lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure was monitored with a perfused sleeve sensor. Recordings were made for 90 min before and 180 min after a meal. At set times patients sat in a chair or walked.LOS pressure was ≤2 mmHg at the time of reflux for 98% of reflux episodes. Transient LOS relaxation was the most common pattern overall and the predominant pattern in seven patients, whilst persistently absent basal LOS pressure was the most common pattern in four patients. The pattern of LOS pressure was not altered by the presence of hiatus hernia or by walking. Straining occurred at the onset of 31% of acid reflux episodes but often followed the development of an oesophageal common cavity. The occurrence of straining was not influenced by walking.In ambulant patients with reflux oesophagitis: (1) LOS pressure is almost always absent at the time of reflux, usually because of transient LOS relaxation, (2) persistently absent basal LOS pressure is an important mechanism of reflux in a few patients, (3) straining may help to induce acid reflux in a variable proportion of occasions and may in some instances be a response to gas reflux, and (4) walking does not influence the occurrence of reflux or its mechanisms.
New Insights into Mesenchymal Stromal Cell‐Mediated T‐Cell Suppression Through Galectins
Authors: Sioud M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn recent years, a large number of studies have contributed to our understanding of the immunosuppressive mechanisms used by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). These include the expression of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) and the production of soluble immunosuppressive factors, such as, interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, whether these factors represent the only triggers involved in immunosuppression is not clear. Indeed, adding IDO inhibitor or neutralizing antibodies against IL‐10 and TGF‐β to mixed lymphocyte reactions failed to prevent T‐cell suppression by MSC, suggesting that there is either redundancy in the mechanisms of immunosuppression or the involvement of other factors yet to be described. Galectins, a family of β‐galactoside binding proteins, now emerge as a main regulator of MSC immunosuppressive function. Galectin‐1 and galectin‐3 are constitutively expressed and secreted by human bone marrow MSC. Inhibition of galectin‐1 and galectin‐3 gene expression with small interfering RNAs abrogated the suppressive effect of MSC on allogeneic T cells. An increase in our understanding of MSC suppressor mechanisms will offer an insight into the use of these cells in human therapy such as the treatment of graft‐versus‐host disease, a severe complication after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Gene switching and odor induced activity shape expression of the OR37 family of olfactory receptor genes
Authors: Bader Andrea , Bautze Verena , Haid Désirée , Breer Heinz , Strotmann Jörg 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOlfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) which express distinct odorant receptor (OR) genes are spatially arranged within the mouse olfactory epithelium. Towards an understanding of the mechanisms which determine these patterns, representative OR genes which are typically expressed in the unique central patch of the epithelium were investigated. Inside the patch, numerous OSNs which initially selected a representative gene from this OR group finally expressed another gene from the group, indicating that OSNs inside the patch ‘switch’ between these genes. If an OSN successively chose genes from the same OR gene cluster, these originated from the same parental chromosome. A deletion of the olfactory cyclic nucleotide‐gated ion channel altered the distribution pattern of distinct OSN populations; they were no longer located exclusively inside the patch. Together, the results indicate that OSNs inside the patch initially sample several OR genes for expression; for their correct patterning in the OE, odor‐induced activity appears to play a critical role.
Calcium promotes exopolysaccharide phase variation and biofilm formation of the resulting phase variants in the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus
Authors: Garrison‐Schilling Katherine L. , Grau Brenda L. , McCarter Kevin S. , Olivier Brett J. , Comeaux Nicole E. , Pettis Gregg S. 
Published: November 2010

Summary Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram‐negative bacterium found in estuaries and coastal waters and is associated with human disease caused by ingestion of raw shellfish. Pathogenesis is directly related to the presence of capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Encapsulated virulent strains exhibit an opaque colony phenotype, while unencapsulated attenuated strains appear translucent. A third colony type, rugose, is caused by expression of rugose extracellular polysaccharide (rEPS) and forms robust biofilms. Vibrio vulnificus undergoes phase variation associated with altered levels of CPS and rEPS, and we show here that calcium (Ca2+) significantly increases the rate of CPS and rEPS phase variation in this species. Interestingly, multiple phenotypic responses to increased [Ca2+] were observed among strains, which suggests the existence of underlying cognate genetic or epigenetic differences. Certain translucent isolates contained deletions at the group I CPS operon, inferring increased [Ca2+] upregulates existing phase variation mechanisms. Expanding on a previous observation (Kierek and Watnick, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 14357–14362, 2003), increased [Ca2+] also enhanced biofilm formation for all phase variants. Our results show that Ca2+ promotes both polysaccharide phase variation and biofilm formation of the resulting phase variants, thereby likely serving a dual role in persistence of V. vulnificus in the environment.
Repair of an Incompetent Urethral Sphincter in a Mare
Authors: Schumacher Jim , Brink Palle 
Published: November 2010

Objective: To describe successful surgical treatment of urinary incontinence caused by a ruptured and/or transected urethral sphincter in a mare.Study Design: Clinical report.Animal: A 7‐year‐old, Swedish Warmblood mare with urinary incontinence.Methods: The urethral sphincter, which had been damaged during removal of a cystic urolith, was repaired by apposing the ends of the disrupted urethralis muscle and tunica muscularis.Results: The mare was no longer incontinent after repair of the defect by apposition of the ends of the urethralis muscle and tunica muscularis.Conclusions: Transection and/or rupture of the urethral sphincter of a mare may result in urinary incontinence.Clinical Relevance: Apposition of the ends of the ruptured or transected urethralis muscle and tunica muscularis can correct urinary incontinence caused by this defect.
Use of a Vessel Sealant Device for Splenectomy in Dogs
Authors: Rivier Pablo , Monnet Eric 
Published: November 2010

Objective: To (1) describe a technique for splenic vessel hemostasis and (2) report complications and outcome after use of bipolar sealant device during splenectomy in dogs.Study Design: Case series.Animals: Dogs (n=27) with naturally occurring splenic disease.Methods: Between January 2006 and March 2008, splenectomy was performed using a vessel sealant device in 27 dogs with naturally occurring splenic disease. Number of sutures needed for splenectomy and complications were recorded. Splenic artery diameter was measured using a caliper. Intraoperative hemostasis, device ease of use, postoperative hemorrhage, and short‐term survival were evaluated.Results: Splenectomy was performed successfully in 27 dogs with the vessel sealant device; none of the dogs required vessel ligation with suture. The splenic artery was dissected and adequately sealed in each dog. One dog was readmitted 4 days after surgery with hemoabdomen. Abdominal exploration revealed splenic pedicle hemorrhage and pancreatitis, the vessel sealant device was used to coagulate splenic pedicle bleeding. The dog was alive at suture removal.Conclusion: In dogs, a vessel sealant device may be used to achieve efficient and safe hemostasis of the splenic vascular pedicle without sutures.