bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Calibration’ of our patch test reading technique is necessary
Authors: Svedman Cecilia , Isaksson Marlene , Björk Jonas , Mowitz Martin , Bruze Magnus 
Published: March 2012

Background. Patch testing has been used for more than 100 years as the best means to diagnose contact allergy. The increased use of the technique makes standardization of the methodology most important. Progress in the standardization of the patch test technique has been made through guidelines.Objectives. To investigate the intra‐individual and inter‐individual differences in reading of patch tests in order to validate the actual patch test reading when reading is performed according to the same guidelines, and to determine whether information on guidelines actually improves the outcome of the patch test readingsPatients/materials/methods. A patch test course for dermatologists was performed. Volunteers were patch tested with irritants and allergens in different concentrations. The patch test reader did not know what substances had been tested.Results. Irritant reactions/doubtful reactions and weak allergic reactions are difficult to differentiate (accordance for these reactions 21%, 19%, and 44%). Information and education have a beneficial effect on results, as shown by an improved kappa value.Conclusions. Standardization of patch test reading is important. Information on the classification system resulted in a significant improvement. Interpretation of guidelines should be continuously evaluated.
Survival and neurodevelopmental outcome of ELBW children at 5 years of age
Authors: Jonsdottir Gudrun Maria , Georgsdottir Ingibjorg , Haraldsson Asgeir , Hardardottir Hildur , Thorkelsson Thordur , Dagbjartsson Atli 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim:  To examine survival and outcome of extremely low‐birth‐weight (ELBW) children (birth weight < 1000 g) in two 5‐year periods, 10 years apart.Methods:  In a retrospective population‐based study, information on all ELBW children born in Iceland in 1991–1995 and in 2001–2005 was obtained from the National Birth Registry, hospital charts and medical records. The two periods were compared.Results:  In 1991–1995, 102 of 22.261 newborn children (0.5%) were extremely low birth weight compared with 70 of 20.923 newborns (0.33%) in 2001–2005 (p = 0.04). At 5 years of age, 52% (35/67) of live‐born children born in 1991–1995 were alive compared with 63% (31/49) of children born in 2001 – 2005 (p = 0.2). Six ELBW children (17%) born 1991–1995 were diagnosed with disabilities at 5 years of age, three with major neurodevelopmental disabilities compared with six (19%) born 2001–2005, thereof one with severe neurodevelopmental disabilities (p = 0.57).Conclusion:  The incidence of childhood disabilities in ELBW children in Iceland remains stable despite an increase in survival rate. The severity of neurodevelopmental disabilities has decreased.
A preliminary report of the cost‐effectiveness of tooth replacement strategies for partially dentate elders
Authors: McKenna Gerald , Allen P Finbarr , Woods Noel , O’Mahony Denis , DaMata Cristiane , Cronin Michael , Normand Charles 
Published: March 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00665.x

A preliminary report of the cost‐effectiveness of tooth replacement strategies for partially dentate elders
Objective:  To compare the cost‐effectiveness of conventional treatment using partial dentures with functionally orientated treatment to replace missing teeth for partially dentate elders using a randomised controlled clinical trial.Background:  In many countries, including the Republic of Ireland, the only publically funded treatment option offered to partially dentate older patients is a removable partial denture. However, evidence suggests that these removable prostheses are unpopular with patients and can potentially increase the risk of further dental disease and subsequent tooth loss.Materials and Methods:  Fourty‐four partially dentate patients aged 65 years and older were recruited. Patients were randomly assigned to the two treatment arms of the study. The conventional treatment group received removable partial dentures to replace all missing natural teeth. The functionally orientated group was restored to a Shortened Dental Arch (SDA) of 10 occluding contacts using resin‐bonded bridgework (RBB). The costs associated with each treatment were recorded. Effectiveness was measured in terms of the impact on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) using OHIP‐14.Results:  Both groups reported improvements in OHRQoL 1 month after completion of treatment. The conventional treatment group required 8.3 clinic visits as compared to 4.4 visits for the functionally orientated group. The mean total treatment time was 183 min 19 s for the conventional group vs. 124 min 8 s for the functionally orientated group. The average cost of treatment for the conventional group was 487.74 Euros compared to 356.20 Euros for the functional group.Conclusions:  Functionally orientated treatment was more cost‐effective than conventional treatment in terms of treatment effect and opportunity costs to the patients’ time.
Spatial pattern analysis of entomopathogenic and other free‐living nematodes at landscape scales
Authors: PARK Jung‐Joon 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSpatial patterns of entomopathogenic and other free‐living nematode populations were analyzed at the landscape scale. Free‐living bacterial feeder populations can be classified into trophic groups based on their functional and life history characteristics. Differences in life history traits were hypothesized to result in different spatial structures of populations. Spatial autocorrelations (Moran's I index) and exponential variogram models were calculated and estimated for each trophic group, including entomopathogenic nematodes, and comparisons were made among them. Spatial autocorrelation results showed that the spatial structure of entomopathogenic nematode populations is similar to that of relatively r‐selected free‐living bacterial feeders, which share several life history traits with entomopathogenic nematodes.
Experience of recovery from a first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Eisenstadt Paula , Monteiro Vera B. , Diniz Matheus J.A. , Chaves Ana C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim: To understand the subjective factors involved in the recovery process following a first‐episode psychosis.Method: Sixteen individuals from a First Episode Program in São Paulo, Brazil were evaluated by a semistructured interview designed to elicit an in‐depth narrative of participants' subjective experience of recovery after a first‐episode psychosis. Eligibility was established by using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis I Disorders. The interviews were recorded, the transcripts were coded and themes were grouped together to form conceptual categories.Results: The participants described the recovery course as a slow and gradual process. Improvement was perceived as based on a decrease or absence of psychotic symptoms, changes in social relationships, renewed autonomy and independence, and restoration of self‐reliance and trust in others.Conclusions: Recovering after a first‐episode psychosis can be considered a complex process correlated with treatment, social support, and individual experiences and characteristics. These are important areas to be addressed in first psychotic psychosis interventions, and gains can probably only be obtained in specialized first‐episode psychosis programmes.
Reflections of young people who have had a first episode of psychosis: what attracted them to use alcohol and illicit drugs?
Authors: Archie Suzanne , Boydell Katherine M. , Stasiulis Elaine , Volpe Tiziana , Gladstone Brenda M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim: To identify factors that contribute to the initiation of alcohol and street drug use from the perspective of people who were enrolled in early intervention programmes for a first episode of psychosis.Method: Eight focus groups were conducted involving an average of four to six participants per group, with each group consisting of young people who met provincial inclusion criteria for early intervention programmes. Thematic analysis was used to systematically code transcripts from the focus groups for concepts, patterns and themes related to early use of illicit substances.Results: Participants included 45 young people diagnosed with affective psychosis or non‐affective spectrum disorders. Seventy‐three per cent were male, with a median age of 23 years. In general, substance use was an important topic that emerged across all focus groups. Participants talked about three main factors attracting them to initiate use of substances, most predominantly cannabis: (i) using within a social context; (ii) using as a self‐medication strategy; and (iii) using to alter their perceptions.Conclusions: The need for social relationships, coping strategies and pleasurable experiences appear to be important reasons for initiating substance use. Additional research is needed to identify whether prodromal youth report the same factors that attract them to initiate use in order to develop more effective prevention strategies.
Proteomics: present and future in fish, shellfish and seafood
Authors: Zhou Xuxia , Ding Yuting , Wang Yanbo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe aim of proteomics is to simultaneously resolve all potential proteins expressed by a cell, tissue or organism in a specific physiological condition. It will allow scientists to build and test better hypotheses, with the ultimate goal to find better solutions to challenges in agricultural sciences, medicine and environmental management. Recent and very promising applications of proteomics have also been provided in the field of aquaculture, such as the search for antigenic proteins, the detection of differentially regulated proteins and the characterization of biologically active proteins primarily to investigate the physiology, development biology and impact of contaminants in aquatic organisms. Thus, a brief overview of present classical proteomics methodology (electrophoresis and mass spectrometry) is presented, and the proteome technique will be focused in the context of applications beneficial to the field of fish, shellfish and seafood/seafood product. In addition, the future potential application and challenge of proteomics in aquaculture will also be discussed.
Magnetic resonance features of primary central nervous system lymphoma in the immunocompetent patient: A pictorial essay
Authors: Yap Kelvin K , Sutherland Tom , Liew Elaine , Tartaglia Con J , Pang Mei , Trost Nick 
Published: March 2012

SummaryPrimary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an uncommon but important variant of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and represents up to 6% of all primary central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. Recognition of this entity by radiologist on MRI may avoid unnecessary neurosurgical resection and redirect to biopsy. The pretreatment MRI of patients with biopsy proven PCNSL from the last 5 years at our institution was reviewed. Selected examples were used to construct a pictorial essay to illustrate some of the typical and atypical MR features of PCNSL. MRI of other CNS conditions with imaging similarities to PCNSL was included to demonstrate possible mimics. The typical features of PCNSL lymphoma are intra‐axial homogenous single or multiple contrast enhancing lesions, with marked surrounding oedema and restricted diffusion, usually contacting a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surface. Necrosis, peripheral enhancement, haemorrhage or calcification are unusual and other diagnoses should be considered if any of these features are present. Potential mimics include high grade glioma, infarcts, metastatic disease, demyelination, abscess and secondary lymphoma. Careful assessment of the MR features and correlation with the clinical findings should enable the radiologists to raise the possibility of PCNSL and minimise the risk of unnecessary resection.
DNA barcoding in native plants of the Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family from Chios Island (Greece) and the adjacent Çeşme‐Karaburun Peninsula (Turkey)
Authors: THEODORIDIS SPYROS , STEFANAKI ANASTASIA , TEZCAN MELTEM , AKI CUNEYT , KOKKINI STELLA , VLACHONASIOS KONSTANTINOS E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe plant family Labiatae (Lamiaceae) is known for its fine medicinal and aromatic herbs like lavender, mint, oregano, sage and thyme and is a rich source of essential oils for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. Besides its great economic importance, the Labiatae family contributes significantly to the endemic flora of Greece and Turkey. Owing to its economic and biological significance and to the difficult identification based on morphological characters of several of its taxa, the Labiatae family is an ideal case for developing DNA barcodes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of DNA barcoding on a local scale in discriminating Labiatae species in Chios Island (Greece) and the adjacent Çeşme‐Karaburun Peninsula (Turkey). We chose three cpDNA regions (matK, rbcL, trnH‐psbA) that were proposed by previous studies and tested them either as single region or as multiregion barcodes based on the criteria determined by Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL). Our results show that matK and trnH‐psbA taken as useful in discriminating species of the Labiatae, for the species we examined, as any multiregion combination. matK and trnH‐psbA could serve as single‐region barcodes for Labiatae species contributing to the conservation and the trade control of valuable plant resources.
Comparison of the metabolic profiling of hepatitis B virus‐infected cirrhosis and alcoholic cirrhosis patients by using 1H NMR‐based metabonomics
Authors: Qi Suwen , Tu Zhiguang , Ouyang Xin , Wang Linxian , Peng Wujian , Cai Anji , Dai Yong 
Published: March 2012

Aim:  The aims of the present study were to depict the serum metabolic characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected cirrhosis and alcoholic cirrhosis patients, and to find the specific serum biomarkers associated with the diseases.Methods:  A pilot metabolic profiling study was conducted using three groups: HBV‐infected cirrhosis patients (n = 21), alcoholic cirrhosis patients (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20). 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)‐based metabonomics was used to obtain the serum metabolic profiles of the samples. The acquired data were processed by multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least‐squares‐discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA). The discriminatory metabolites between HBV‐infected cirrhosis and alcoholic cirrhosis were further validated by classical biochemical assays.Results:  The OPLS‐DA model was capable of distinguishing between HBV‐infected and alcoholic cirrhosis patients. Five metabolites, creatine, acetoacetate, isobutyrate, glutamine and glutamate, were identified as the most influential factors to compare HBV‐infected cirrhosis and alcoholic cirrhosis. The validation tests showed that the changes of the five metabolites were well coincident with the results of NMR.Conclusion:  NMR spectra combined with pattern recognition analysis techniques may provide a new way to explore the pathogenesis of HBV‐infected and alcoholic cirrhosis patients.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Differentiation of Neoplastic, Inflammatory, and Cerebrovascular Brain Disease in Dogs
Authors: Wolff C.A. , Holmes S.P. , Young B.D. , Chen A.V. , Kent M. , Platt S.R. , Savage M.Y. , Schatzberg S.J. , Fosgate G.T. , Levine J.M. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundThe reliability and validity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting neoplastic, inflammatory, and cerebrovascular brain lesions in dogs are unknown.ObjectivesTo estimate sensitivity, specificity, and inter‐rater agreement of MRI for classifying histologically confirmed neoplastic, inflammatory, and cerebrovascular brain disease in dogs.AnimalsOne hundred and twenty‐one client‐owned dogs diagnosed with brain disease (n = 77) or idiopathic epilepsy (n = 44).MethodsRetrospective, multi‐institutional case series; 3 investigators analyzed MR images for the presence of a brain lesion with and without knowledge of case clinical data. Investigators recorded most likely etiologic category (neoplastic, inflammatory, cerebrovascular) and most likely specific disease for all brain lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, and inter‐rater agreement were calculated to estimate diagnostic performance.ResultsMRI was 94.4% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI] = 88.7, 97.4) and 95.5% specific (95% CI = 89.9, 98.1) for detecting a brain lesion with similarly high performance for classifying neoplastic and inflammatory disease, but was only 38.9% sensitive for classifying cerebrovascular disease (95% CI = 16.1, 67.0). In general, high specificity but not sensitivity was retained for MR diagnosis of specific brain diseases. Inter‐rater agreement was very good for overall detection of structural brain lesions (κ = 0.895, 95% CI = 0.792, 0.998, P < .001) and neoplastic lesions, but was only fair for cerebrovascular lesions (κ = 0.299, 95% CI = 0, 0.761, P = .21).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMRI is sensitive and specific for identifying brain lesions and classifying disease as inflammatory or neoplastic in dogs. Cerebrovascular disease in general and specific inflammatory, neoplastic, and cerebrovascular brain diseases were frequently misclassified.
Spray drying from organic solvents to prepare nanoporous/nanoparticulate microparticles of protein: excipient composites designed for oral inhalation
Authors: NíÓgáin Orla , Tajber Lidia , Corrigan Owen I , Healy Anne Marie 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine if spray-drying could successfully produce microparticles containing the model protein trypsin in a form suitable for inhalation.

Methods
Trypsin was spray-dried with raffinose from a methanol : n-butyl acetate solvent system (MeOH : BA). The solvent system was then adjusted to include water, and trypsin was co-spray-dried with raffinose, trehalose or hydroxpropyl-β-cyclodextrin. The spray-dried products were characterised by SEM, XRD, DSC, TGA and FTIR. Protein biological activity and in-vitro deposition of trypsin : excipient nanoporous/nanoparticulate microparticles (NPMPs) was also assessed.

Key findings
The inclusion of water in a MeOH : BA solvent system allowed for the successful production of NPMPs of trypsin : excipient by spray-drying. Trypsin formulated as trypsin : excipient NPMPs retained biological activity on processing and showed no deterioration in activity or morphological characteristics when stored with desiccant at either 4 or 25°C. Hydroxpropyl-β-cyclodextrin showed advantages over the sugars in terms of producing powders with appropriate density and with greater physical stability under high-humidity conditions. Fine particle fractions of between 41 and 45% were determined for trypsin : excipient NPMPs.

Conclusions
NPMPs of trypsin : excipient systems can be produced by spray-drying by adjustment of the solvent system to allow for adequate solubility of trypsin.
What would Batman eat?: priming children to make healthier fast food choices
Authors: Wansink B. , Shimizu M. , Camps G. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryBackgroundFast food patronage is a frequent reality for many children and their parents. Although there are increasingly healthier alternatives for popular menu items (apple slices instead of French fries), they are infrequently selected.ObjectivesWe investigated whether either of two priming tactics – the priming of a role model's food choices or the priming of healthy foods – could influence children to make healthier fast food choices.MethodsIn the priming model condition, 22 children (ranging in age from 6 to 12 years) were presented with 12 photos of 6 admirable and 6 less admirable models and asked, ‘Would this person order apple fries or French fries?’ In the health prime condition, the same children were shown 12 photos of 6 healthy foods and 6 less healthy foods and asked to indicate if each food was healthy or unhealthy.ResultsWhen children were asked what various admirable people – such as Batman or Spiderman – would eat, 45% chose apple slices over French fries, which was higher than the health prime (P < 0.001) or the control condition (P < 0.001).ConclusionsAdvising a parent to ask their child ‘What would Batman (or another admired character or person) eat?’ might be an easy step to take in what could be a healthier fast food world.
Real‐time scintillation array dosimetry for radiotherapy: The advantages of photomultiplier detectors
Authors: Liu Paul Z. Y. , Suchowerska Natalka , Abolfathi Peter , McKenzie David R. 
Published: March 2012

Purpose:In this paper, a photomultiplier tube (PMT) array dosimetry system has been developed and tested for the real‐time readout of multiple scintillation signals from fiber optic dosimeters. It provides array dosimetry with the advantages in sensitivity provided by a PMT, but without the need for a separate PMT for each detector element.Methods:The PMT array system consisted of a multianode PMT, a multichannel data acquisition system, housing and optic fiber connections suitable for clinical use. The reproducibility, channel uniformity, channel crosstalk, acquisition speed, and sensitivity of the PMT array were quantified using a constant light source. Its performance was compared to other readout systems used in scintillation dosimetry. Anin vivo HDR brachytherapy treatment was used as an example of a clinical application of the dosimetry system to the measurement of dose at multiple sites in the rectum. The PMT array system was also tested in the pulsed beam of a linear accelerator to test its response speed and its application with two separate methods of Cerenkov background removal.Results:The PMT array dosimetry system was highly reproducible with a measurement uncertainty of 0.13% for a 10 s acquisition period. Optical crosstalk between neighboring channels was accounted for by omitting every second channel. A mathematical procedure was used to account for the crosstalk in next‐neighbor channels. The speed and sensitivity of the PMT array system were found be superior to CCD cameras, allowing for measurement of more rapid changes in dose rate. This was further demonstrated by measuring the dose delivered by individual photon pulses of a linear accelerator beam.Conclusions:The PMT array system has advantages over CCD camera‐based systems for the readout of scintillation light. It provided a more sensitive, more accurate, and faster response to meet the demands of future developments in treatment delivery.
Cytomegalovirus-Induced Effector T Cells Cause Endothelial Cell Damage
Authors: van de Berg Pablo J. E. J. , Yong Si-La , Remmerswaal Ester B. M. , van Lier René A. W. , ten Berge Ineke J. M. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTHuman cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been linked to inflammatory diseases that involve vascular endothelial cell damage, but definitive proof for a direct cytopathic effect of CMV in these diseases is lacking. CMV infection is associated with a strong increase in both CD4+and CD8+T cells with constitutive effector functions that can perpetuate systemic inflammation. We investigated whether CMV-induced immune responses could lead to endothelial damage in humans. We found that terminally differentiated effector CD4+and CD8+T cells, formed during primary CMV infection and maintained throughout latency, express high levels of CX3CR1 and CXCR3. The ligands of these receptors, fractalkine and IP-10, respectively, are expressed by activated endothelial cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with CMV antigen produced soluble factors that stimulated endothelial cells to produce both chemokines. Finally, effector cells migrated in a fractalkine- and IP-10-dependent fashion to activated endothelial cells and induced apoptosis in endothelial cells that were stimulated by supernatant from CMV-activated PBMC. Our findings offer an explanation for the accumulation of highly differentiated T cells near to the endothelium in CMV-infected individuals that may result in endothelial damage.