bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The journal Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering with Biomedical Applications becomes the International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering (IJNMBE) from 1st January 2010
Authors: Nithiarasu Perumal , Löhner Rainald 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCommunications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, founded by Roland W. Lewis in 1985, will change its title to the ‘International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering’ and has a revised Aims and Scope. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fourth‐order central Runge‐Kutta scheme for hyperbolic conservation laws
Authors: Dehghan Mehdi , Jazlanian Rooholah 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this work, a new formulation for a central scheme recently introduced by A. A. I. Peer et al. is performed. It is based on the staggered grids. For this work, first a time discritization is carried out, followed by the space discritization. Spatial accuracy is obtained using a piecewise cubic polynomial and fourth‐order numerical derivatives. Time accuracy is obtained applying a Runge‐Kutta(RK) scheme. The scheme proposed in this work has a simpler structure than the central scheme developed in (Peer et al., Appl Numer Math 58 (2008), 674–688). Several standard one‐dimensional test cases are used to verify high‐order accuracy, nonoscillatory behavior, and good resolution properties for smooth and discontinuous solutions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010
‘Most men drink… especially like when they play sports’ – alcohol advertising during sporting broadcasts and the potential impact on child audiences
Authors: Jones Sandra C. , Phillipson Lyn , Barrie Lance 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Alcohol advertising during sporting broadcasts, as well as the sponsorship of sporting events by the alcohol industry, is common practice in Australia, as in many other countries. The strength of the association between alcohol and sports prompts consideration of the potential for children who watch televised sport to be exposed to a considerable amount of alcohol advertising, and to learn to associate alcohol with sport and sporting success. This paper reviews the current alcohol advertising regulations in Australia, particularly in reference to the protection of children. It then details a pair of studies designed to examine the extent and nature of alcohol advertising during sporting telecasts, and the potential effects on young people. The first, a frequency and content analysis of advertising during two popular Australian sports final series, found that alcohol advertising (particularly during a sporting competition with alcohol company sponsors) is extensive and contains both features known to be appealing to children and messages which could be interpreted as associating alcohol consumption with social and sporting success. The second, a qualitative study with grade 5 and 6 primary school students, found that young people have a high awareness of the alcohol sponsors and alcohol brands advertised during these sporting telecasts, and associate these products with sport and with positive personal characteristics and outcomes.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioluminescent imaging: a critical tool in pre‐clinical oncology research
Authors: O'Neill Karen , Lyons Scott K , Gallagher William M , Curran Kathleen M , Byrne Annette T 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBioluminescent imaging (BLI) is a non‐invasive imaging modality widely used in the field of pre‐clinical oncology research. Imaging of small animal tumour models using BLI involves the generation of light by luciferase‐expressing cells in the animal following administration of substrate. This light may be imaged using an external detector. The technique allows a variety of tumour‐associated properties to be visualized dynamically in living models. The increasing use of BLI as a small‐animal imaging modality has led to advances in the development of xenogeneic, orthotopic, and genetically engineered animal models expressing luciferase genes. This review aims to provide insight into the principles of BLI and its applications in cancer research. Many studies to assess tumour growth and development, as well as efficacy of candidate therapeutics, have been performed using BLI. More recently, advances have also been made using bioluminescent imaging in studies of protein‐protein interactions, genetic screening, cell‐cycle regulators, and spontaneous cancer development. Such novel studies highlight the versatility and potential of bioluminescent imaging in future oncological research. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic significance of Dicer expression in ovarian cancer—link to global microRNA changes and oestrogen receptor expression
Authors: Faggad Areeg , Budczies Jan , Tchernitsa Oleg , Darb‐Esfahani Silvia , Sehouli Jalid , Müller Berit M , Wirtz Ralph , Chekerov Radoslav , Weichert Wilko , Sinn Bruno , Mucha Christin , Elwali Nasr E , Schäfer Reinhold , Dietel Manfred , Denkert Carsten 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMicroRNA (miRNA) deregulation is a hallmark of human cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying miRNA alteration and the specific role of proteins involved in miRNA processing remains to be elucidated. Dicer is a key enzyme in the miRNA processing pathway that is essential for the production of mature miRNAs from their precursors. We tested the hypothesis that Dicer has biological and clinical relevance in ovarian cancer, using a range of methods including in vitro manipulation of Dicer expression. We observed down‐regulation of Dicer in a subgroup of ovarian carcinomas, and found that decreased Dicer expression correlates significantly with reduced patient survival in serous cancers and advanced disease stages. Moreover, microarray and functional analysis suggest that reduced Dicer expression is connected with a global down‐regulation of the microRNAome and with gene expression changes, particularly reduced expression of oestrogen receptor (ER) mRNA and protein in tumour tissue and in cell culture. Our data suggest a common mechanism for miRNAs changes by alterations in the basic machinery controlling miRNA biogenesis, of which Dicer is a central enzyme. These alterations of miRNA processing are of prognostic value and may play a role in the molecular pathogenesis of ovarian carcinoma and, possibly, other tumours. Knowledge of these molecular pathways may help toward new targeted therapeutic approaches for ovarian cancer. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the molecular differences between ovarian endometrioid carcinoma and ovarian serous carcinoma
Authors: Madore Jason , Ren Fengge , Filali‐Mouhim Ali , Sanchez Lilia , Köbel Martin , Tonin Patricia N , Huntsman David , Provencher Diane M , Mes‐Masson Anne‐Marie 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe histopathological diagnosis of high‐grade endometrioid and serous carcinoma of the ovary is poorly reproducible under the current morphology based classification system, especially for anaplastic, high‐grade tumours. The transcription factor Wilms' tumour‐1 (WT1) is differentially expressed among the gynaecological epithelia from which epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are believed to originate. In EOCs, WT1 protein is observed in the majority of serous carcinomas and in up to 30% of endometrioid carcinomas. It is unclear whether the latter is a reflection of the actual incidence of WT1 protein expression in endometrioid carcinomas, or whether a significant number of high‐grade serous carcinomas have been misclassified as endometrioid carcinoma. Several genetic aberrations are reported to occur in EOCs. These include mutation of the TP53 gene, aberrant activation of β‐catenin signalling and loss of PTEN protein expression, among others. It is unclear whether these aberrations are histotype‐specific. The aim of this study was to better define the molecular characteristics of serous and endometrioid carcinomas in an attempt to address the problems with the current histopathological classification methods. Gene expression profiles were analysed to identify reproducible gene expression phenotypes for endometrioid and serous carcinomas. Tissue microarrays (TMA) were used to assess the incidence of TP53, β‐catenin and PTEN aberrations in order to correlate their occurrence with WT1 as an immunohistochemistry based biomarker of serous histotype. It was found that nuclear WT1 protein expression can identify misclassified high‐grade endometrioid carcinomas and these tumours should be reassigned to serous histotype. Although low‐grade endometrioid carcinomas rarely progress to high‐grade carcinomas, a combined WT1‐negative, TP53‐positive immunophenotype may identify an uncommon high‐grade subtype of ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. GEO database: array data accession number GSE6008. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deficiency of bone marrow β3‐integrin enhances non‐functional neovascularization
Authors: Watson Alan R , Pitchford Simon C , Reynolds Louise E , Direkze Natalie , Brittan Mairi , Alison Malcolm R , Rankin Sara , Wright Nicholas A , Hodivala‐Dilke Kairbaan M 
Published: October 2009

Abstractβ3‐Integrin is a cell surface adhesion and signalling molecule important in the regulation of tumour angiogenesis. Mice with a global deficiency in β3‐integrin show increased pathological angiogenesis, most likely due to increased vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression on β3‐null endothelial cells. Here we transplanted β3‐null bone marrow (BM) into wild‐type (WT) mice to dissect the role of BM β3‐integrin deficiency in pathological angiogenesis. Mice transplanted with β3‐null bone marrow show significantly enhanced angiogenesis in subcutaneous B16F0 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell models and in B16F0 melanoma lung metastasis when compared with tumours grown in mice transplanted with WT bone marrow. The effect of bone marrow β3‐integrin deficiency was also assessed in the RIPTAg mouse model of pancreatic tumour growth. Again, angiogenesis in mice lacking BM β3‐integrin was enhanced. However, tumour weight between the groups was not significantly altered, suggesting that the enhanced blood vessel density in the mice transplanted with β3‐null bone marrow was not functional. Indeed, we demonstrate that in mice transplanted with β3‐null bone marrow a significant proportion of tumour blood vessels are non‐functional when compared with tumour blood vessels in WT‐transplanted controls. Furthermore, β3‐null‐transplanted mice showed an increased angiogenic response to VEGF in vivo when compared with WT‐transplanted animals. BM β3‐integrin deficiency affects the mobilization of progenitor cells to the peripheral circulation. We show that VEGF‐induced mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells is enhanced in mice transplanted with β3‐null bone marrow when compared with WT‐transplanted controls, suggesting a possible mechanism underlying the increased blood vessel density seen in β3‐null‐transplanted mice. In conclusion, although BM β3‐integrin is not required for pathological angiogenesis, our studies demonstrate a role for BM β3‐integrin in VEGF‐induced mobilization of bone marrow‐derived cells to the peripheral circulation and for the functionality of those vessels in which BM‐derived cells become incorporated. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Klimawandel und Globale Erwärmung. Wegbereiter für die globale Ausbreitung tropischer Infektionskrankheiten?
Authors: Frimmel Silvius , Hemmer Christoph Josef , Löbermann Micha , Reisinger Emil C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDie Durchschnittstemperatur der Erdatmosphäre ist seit 1850 von 14,6 auf 15,3 °C, und der CO2‐Gehalt von 280 auf 360 ppm gestiegen. Für das 21. Jahrhundert wurde ein Temperaturanstieg von 1,8 bis 4,0 °C prognostiziert. Klimazonen mit gemäßigtem und kaltem Klima sind von den prognostizierten Veränderungen am stärksten betroffen. Dies betrifft am stärksten Zonen mit gemäßigtem und kaltem Klima. Gleichzeitig verstärken sich die weltweiten Klimaeffekte der “El Niñ‐o Southern Oscillation”. Die Klimaerwärmung begünstigt das Wachstum von tropischen Krankheitserregern (Malariaplasmodien, Leishmanien, Gelbfieber‐, Dengue‐ und Westnilviren, Vibrio cholerae), und von Vektoren (Mücken der Gattungen Anopheles, Phlebotomus, Aedes und Culex, sowie Schildzecken). Die globale Erwärmung kann sowohl zum Auftreten von bisher nicht in Deutschland heimischen Erkrankungen, wie z.B. West‐Nil‐Fieber, Dengue, oder Leishmaniasen, als auch zur verstärkten Ausbreitung von Borreliose und FSME beitragen. Die Ausbreitung von Malaria und Cholera ist stärker von sozioökonomischen Faktoren abhängig. Konsequente Diagnostik und Therapie aller eingeschleppten Malariafälle wird einen dauerhaften Re‐Import dieser Erkrankung verhindern. Eine verbesserte Surveillance und weitere Untersuchungen über die Zusammenhänge zwischen Klimaveränderungen und Infektionskrankheiten sind erforderlich.
Problem Arzneimittelfälschungen in Afrika und Südostasien. Gefälschte Antimalariamittel und mehr
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn Afrika und Südostasien ist der Prozentsatz gefälschter Arzneimittel sehr hoch. Dies gilt insbesondere für Antibiotika gegen Tropenkrankheiten. Große analytische Anstrengungen in internationalen Konsortien, in denen Analytiker, Polizei, INTERPOL und Behörden zusammenarbeiten, sind notwendig, um Fälschungen auf die Spur zu kommen und Fälschern das Handwerk zu legen.
Wege aus der Malaria‐Resistenz?
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObgleich es zum ersten Mal berechtigte Hoffnung auf einen Malaria‐Impfstoff gibt, ist es natürlich dennoch wichtig, potente Wirkstoffe gegen Malaria zu haben. Problem ist, dass es gegen immer mehr Antimalariamittel Resistenzen gibt, z.B. gegen die ganze Reihe der Substanzen, die sich von Chinin und Chloroquin ableiten.
Hierarchical structures of dendritic polymers
Authors: Ujihara Masaki , Imae Toyoko 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDendritic polymers' highly specific and three‐dimensional architectures set them apart from linear and slightly branched polymers. Their unique properties also allow them to form hierarchical organizations, which can be classified as planar or non‐planar. The preparation of a planar hierarchy consisting of dendritic polymers can be achieved by conventional techniques of adsorption or Langmuir monolayer and Langmuir–Blodgett accumulation, and the resultant hierarchy is well ordered. Non‐planar hierarchies are built on non‐planar scaffolds, for example by self‐assembly. In this mini‐review, the practical/potential applications of dendritic polymers such as for electrical or optical devices, sensing systems, or medical diagnosis are also reviewed in association with their structures. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Median‐modified Wiener filter provides efficient denoising, preserving spot edge and morphology in 2‐DE image processing
Authors: Cannistraci Carlo V. , Montevecchi Franco M. , Alessio Massimo 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDenoising is a fundamental early stage in 2‐DE image analysis strongly influencing spot detection or pixel‐based methods. A novel nonlinear adaptive spatial filter (median‐modified Wiener filter, MMWF), is here compared with five well‐established denoising techniques (Median, Wiener, Gaussian, and Polynomial‐Savitzky–Golay filters; wavelet denoising) to suggest, by means of fuzzy sets evaluation, the best denoising approach to use in practice. Although median filter and wavelet achieved the best performance in spike and Gaussian denoising respectively, they are unsuitable for contemporary removal of different types of noise, because their best setting is noise‐dependent.Vice versa, MMWF that arrived second in each single denoising category, was evaluated as the best filter for global denoising, being its best setting invariant of the type of noise. In addition, median filter eroded the edge of isolated spots and filled the space between close‐set spots, whereas MMWF because of a novel filter effect (drop‐off‐effect) does not suffer from erosion problem, preserves the morphology of close‐set spots, and avoids spot and spike fuzzyfication, an aberration encountered for Wiener filter. In our tests, MMWF was assessed as the best choice when the goal is to minimize spot edge aberrations while removing spike and Gaussian noise.
Dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole–alkylthiophene–benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole‐based highly stable and low band gap polymers for polymer light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Mishra Sarada P. , Palai Akshaya K. , Srivastava Ritu , Kamalasanan Modeeparampil N. , Patri Manoranjan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA series of new low band gap π‐conjugated polymers containing N‐alkyldithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole, benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole, and alkylthiophenes are reported. The polymerization condition was standardized and the use of CuO to obtain high‐molecular‐weight polymer was also realized. The molecular weight of the polymers was found to be in the range of 45,000–53,000. All the polymers were found to be soluble in most of the common organic solvents, such as chloroform, dichloromethane, THF, and chlorobenzene with excellent film forming properties. The λmax of the polymers was found to be in the range of 687–663 nm with band gap in the range of 1.35–1.43 eV. The oxidation potential of the polymers from cyclic voltammetry was determined to be 0.5–0.75 V. The HOMO levels of the above synthesized polymers were found to be between 5.24 and 5.54 eV. All the polymers exhibited a PL emission in between 755 and 773 nm. The polymers were found to be thermally stable above 277 °C with only a 5% weight loss. From the thermal stability values, it is expected that the current set of polymers are stable enough for the application in electronic devices. To realize the potential use of the polymers, EL devices were fabricated and found to show red emission with comparatively low threshold voltage. A brightness of 54 cd m−2 for the device with polymer PC could be reached. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6514–6525, 2009
Synthesis and hierarchical superstructures of side‐chain liquid crystal polyacetylenes containing galactopyranoside end‐groups
Authors: Ho Ming‐Shou , Hsu Chain‐Shu 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThree kinds of chiral saccharide‐containing liquid crystalline (LC) acetylenic monomers were prepared by click reaction between 2‐azidoethyl‐2,3,4,6‐tetraacetyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside and 1‐biphenylacetylene 4‐alkynyloxybenzoate. The obtained monomers were polymerized by WCl6‐Ph4Sn to form three side‐chain LC polyacetylenes containing 1‐[2‐(2,3,4,6‐tetraacetyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranos‐1‐yl)‐ethyl]‐1H‐[1,2,3]‐triazol‐4′‐biphenyl 4‐alkynyloxybenzoate side groups. All monomers and polymers show a chiral smectic A phase. Self‐assembled hiearchical superstructures of the chiral saccharide‐containing LCs and LCPs in solution state were studied by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. Because of the LC behavior, the LC molecules exhibit a high segregation strength for phase separation in dilute solution (THF/H2O = 1:9 v/v). The self‐assembled morphology of LC monomers was dependent upon the alkynyloxy chain length. Increasing the alkynyloxy chain length caused the self‐assembled morphology to change from a platelet‐like texture (LC‐6) to helical twists morphology (LC‐11 and LC‐12). Furthermore, the helical twist morphological structure can be aligned on the polyimide rubbed glass substrate to form two‐dimensional ordered helical patterns. In contrast to LC monomers, the LCP‐11 self‐assembled into much more complicate morphologies, including nanospheres and helical nanofibers. These nanofibers are evolved from the helical cables ornamented with entwining nanofibers upon natural evaporation of the solution in a mixture with a THF/methanol ratio of 3:7. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6596–6611, 2009
Use of β‐cyclodextrins to control the structure of water‐soluble copolymers with hydrophobic parts
Authors: Nielsen A. L. , Andersen M. B. O. , Bugge T. V. , Nielsen C. F. , Nielsen T. B. , Wimmer R. , Yu D. , Larsen K. L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this article, we present the synthesis and characterization of water‐soluble polymers with hydrophobic moieties. The polymers were synthesized in aqueous solutions utilizing β‐cyclodextrins as solubility enhancers to bring the hydrophobic monomers into solution. Polymers were made with different spacing between polymer backbone and phenyl moiety by using styrene, allylbenzene, and 4‐phenyl‐1‐butene as hydrophobic moieties, respectively. The effect of the presence of CDs during synthesis as well as this difference in spacing was investigated by rebinding free β‐CDs to the polymers. The interactions between polymers and CDs were studied by ITC and this revealed some differences between the polymers. Polymers made in the presence of CDs showed a markedly stronger binding to free CDs. The same was observed with polymers with a longer spacing between backbone and phenyl moiety. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6619–6629, 2009
Synthesis of an oligo(ethylene glycol)‐based third‐generation thermoresponsive dendronized polymer
Authors: Li Wen , Wu Dalin , Schlüter A. Dieter , Zhang Afang 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAn improved strategy to synthesize oligo(ethylene glycol)‐based secondary generation (G2) dendron is presented. The overall synthesis efficiency increased by 50% when comparing to the previous method, and the product purification by column chromatography becomes much easier. Based on this approach, the synthesis of the third‐generation (G3) dendrons and the corresponding methacrylate‐based G3 macromonomer becomes feasible. Because of the oil characteristics of this macromonomer, its polymerization was able to be conducted in bulk with AIBN as the initiator. The polymerization degree of the third‐generation dendronized polymer (PG3) was found to be around 16 based on GPC measurement. The thermally induced dehydration processes of this polymer were monitored by temperature‐varied proton NMR spectroscopy, and its thermoresponsive behaviors were investigated with turbidity measurements using UV–vis spectroscopy. Similar to the lower generation counterparts, this threefold branched dendronized polymer also shows characteristic fast and sharp phase transitions around its apparent lower critical solution temperature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6630–6640, 2009
Titanium (IV) chloride complexes with salen ligands supported on magnesium carrier: Synthesis and use in ethylene polymerization
Authors: Białek Marzena , Pietruszka Anna 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe magnesium support with the formula MgCl2(THF)0.32(Et2AlCl)0.36 was used for immobilization of salen complexes of titanium [Ti(salen)Cl2, Ti(salen(OMe)2)Cl2]. The effects of the catalyst composition (i.e. type of titanium complex and type of activator), polymerization temperature, polymerization time, and the effect of comonomer (1‐octene) on the activity of the obtained supported catalysts, on the polymer characteristics (molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, melting point), and on the polymer morphology were studied. The findings were compared to those obtained for corresponding unsupported systems. Catalysts immobilization results in considerable changes in catalysts activity and in properties of resultant polymers. The studied supported catalysts are highly active in ethylene polymerization, their activity increases with increasing temperature and lasts at least 2 hours. Their copolymerizing ability towards 1‐octene is rather low. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6693–6703, 2009