bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Puccinia thaliae Rust on Canna Lily in Louisiana
Authors: Kaur R. , Rush T. A. , Ferrin D. M. , Aime M. C. 
Published: December 2010

Canna lily is a monocot, herbaceous perennial ornamental plant in the Cannaceae that is native to tropical South America and cultivated throughout the southern United States. Canna lily is a popular garden and landscaping plant and a large horticultural industry depends on this plant. In September 2008 and again in November 2009, two species of Canna lily (Canna × generalis L.H. Bailey and C. indica L.) were found to be severely infected with rust disease in three garden locations in southern Louisiana (East Baton Rouge Parish, Lafayette Parish, and Orleans Parish). Diseased samples from both host species and all locations exhibited similar symptoms of numerous, yellowish brown, subepidermal, erumpent, and irregular-shaped uredinia on both leaf surfaces. Initially, sori were scattered, later covering the entire leaf with coalescing pustules. Urediniospores were subglobose to ovoid or pyriform, echinulate, and measured 25.74 to 37.18 (–38.61) × 17.16 to 27.17 (–28.6) μm, with thickened apical walls, 1.3 to 1.6 μm, and one to two equatorial germ pores. Telia and teliospores were not observed on any of the collected samples. Pathogen identity was confirmed as Puccinia thaliae Dietel by nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S) DNA sequencing with rust-specific primers (1). The sequence (deposited in GenBank as No. HQ434482), when blasted, was found to match sequence No. EU851154 of P. thaliae from C. indica with 98% identity (719 of 730 bp), the differences being attributed to a single insertion at bp 423 to 436 of sequence No. EU851154. The sequences of P. thaliae obtained from two different samples from Louisiana were identical and did not match any other sequence in GenBank. In North America P. thaliae is reported to cause rust on C. indica L. in Florida and C. × generalis in Texas, as well as on two members of the Marantaceae (Maranta arundinacea L. and Thalia geniculata L.) in Florida and M. arundinaceae in Mexico (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. thaliae in Louisiana on Canna lily. Voucher materials (C. × generalis = LSU00123378 and C. indica = LSU00123384) have been deposited in the Bernard Lowy Mycological Herbarium (LSUM). References: (1) M. C. Aime. Mycoscience 47:112, 2006. (2) D. F. Farr and A.Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved 12 February from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 2010.
The Arabidopsis U12-Type Spliceosomal Protein U11/U12-31K Is Involved in U12 Intron Splicing via RNA Chaperone Activity and Affects Plant Development
Authors: Kim Won Yong , Jung Hyun Ju , Kwak Kyung Jin , Kim Min Kyung , Oh Seung Han , Han Yeon Soo , Kang Hunseung 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
U12 introns are removed from precursor-mRNA by a U12 intron-specific spliceosome that contains U11 and U12 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Although several proteins unique to the U12-type spliceosome have been identified, the manner by which they affect U12-dependent intron splicing as well as plant growth and development remain largely unknown. Here, we assessed the role of U11/U12-31K, a U12-type spliceosomal protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. T-DNA–tagged homozygote lines for U11/U12-31K could not be obtained, and heterozygote mutants were defective for seed maturation, indicating that U11/U12-31K is essential for the normal development of Arabidopsis. Knockdown of U11/U12-31K by artificial microRNA caused a defect in proper U12 intron splicing, resulting in abnormal stem growth and development of Arabidopsis. This defect in proper splicing was not restricted to specific U12-type introns, but most U12 intron splicing was influenced by U11/U12-31K. The stunted inflorescence stem growth was recovered by exogenously applied gibberellic acid (GA), but not by cytokinin, auxin, or brassinosteroid. GA metabolism-related genes were highly downregulated in U11/U12-31K knockdown plants. Importantly, U11/U12-31K was determined to harbor RNA chaperone activity. We propose that U11/U12-31K is an RNA chapereone that is indispensible for proper U12 intron splicing and for normal growth and development of plants.
mll ortholog containing functional domains of human MLL is expressed throughout the zebrafish lifespan and in haematopoietic tissues
Authors: Robinson Blaine W. , Germano Giuseppe , Song Yuanquan , Abrams Joshua , Scott Marion , Guariento Ilaria , Tiso Natascia , Argenton Francesco , Basso Giuseppe , Rhodes Jennifer , Kanki John P. , Look A. Thomas , Balice‐Gordon Rita J. , Felix Carolyn A. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryInfant leukaemia is an embryonal disease in which the underlying MLL translocations initiate in utero. Zebrafish offer unique potential to understand how MLL impacts haematopoiesis from the earliest embryonic timepoints and how translocations cause leukaemia as an embryonal process. In this study, a zebrafish mll cDNA syntenic to human MLL spanning the 5′ to 3′ UTRs, was cloned from embryos, and mll expression was characterized over the zebrafish lifespan. The protein encoded by the 35‐exon ORF exhibited 46·4% overall identity to human MLL and 68–100% conservation in functional domains (AT‐hooks, SNL, CXXC, PHD, bromodomain, FYRN, taspase1 sites, FYRC, SET). Maternally supplied transcripts were detected at 0–2 hpf. Strong ubiquitous early zygotic expression progressed to a cephalo‐caudal gradient during later embryogenesis. mll was expressed in the intermediate cell mass (ICM) where primitive erythrocytes are produced and in the kidney where definitive haematopoiesis occurs in adults. mll exhibits high cross species conservation, is developmentally regulated in haematopoietic and other tissues and is expressed from the earliest embryonic timepoints throughout the zebrafish lifespan. Haematopoietic tissue expression validates using zebrafish for MLL haematopoiesis and leukaemia models.
Comparison of the in vitro effects of the anti‐CD20 antibodies rituximab and GA101 on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells
Authors: Patz Michaela , Isaeva Polina , Forcob Nche , Müller Bianka , Frenzel Lukas P. , Wendtner Clemens‐Martin , Klein Christian , Umana Pablo , Hallek Michael , Krause Günter 
Published: December 2010

SummaryThe effects of two CD20 antibodies, namely rituximab, the current standard for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in combination with chemotherapy, and GA101, a glyco‐engineered type II antibody were compared on CLL cells ex vivo. Antibody‐induced phosphatidylserine exposure was examined in isolated CLL cells. For a more comprehensive assessment of antibody‐mediated cell killing including Fc‐mediated mechanisms, B cell depletion from whole blood samples was monitored. Treatment with rituximab or GA101 reduced the average viability of isolated CLL cells by 6% or 11%, and the ratio of B to T cells in whole blood samples by 12% or 33%, respectively. Combination with GA101 enhanced the cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent chlorambucil on isolated CLL cells. CD20 surface expression on CLL cells correlated with GA101‐induced B cell depletion, but not with direct cell death induction. Treatment of whole blood samples from CLL patients with a CpG‐containing oligonucleotide increased CD20 expression on CLL cells and GA101‐dependent B cell depletion. Despite the variable responses of individual CLL samples, the CLL cell depletion from whole blood by GA101 was consistently much stronger than by rituximab, which argues for clinical investigation of GA101 in CLL patients.
Pollutants affect development in nestling starlings Sturnus vulgaris
Authors: Markman Shai , Müller Carsten T. , Pascoe David , Dawson Alistair , Buchanan Katherine L. 
Published: December 2010

Summary 1. Pollutants as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are of worldwide concern, due to their detrimental effects on the physiology and behaviour of wildlife. One major source of EDCs is sewage treatment works which serve as foraging grounds for many bird species. However, the risks of consuming EDCs to wild birds at these sites have been largely overlooked. 2. We have previously quantified contamination levels of invertebrates from within filter beds of sewage treatment works and the intake rates of these invertebrates by wild European starlings feeding at these sites. Our work to date has shown that environmentally‐relevant EDC exposure results in reduced immunocompetence, increased song behaviour and neural development in adult starlings. 3. In the present study, we hypothesized that nestling starlings exposed to similar EDC levels from contaminated prey, from parental feeding at sewage treatment works, would show altered growth and physiology. 4. Our findings show that EDC exposure results in reduced growth and immunocompetence in nestling birds. However, there was no effect on corticosterone or haematocrit levels. As growth rates and immunocompetence are likely to be related to survival rates, we suggest that these exposure levels are likely to adversely affect recruitment into the adult population. 5. Synthesis and applications. These results highlight the potential transfer of EDCs between semi‐aquatic or aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms up the food chain at sites of sewage treatment works, broadening the scope of potential routes of exposure. Our findings suggest that birds foraging in these sites are at risk of physiological manipulation from EDCs and reduced body condition as a result. We advocate further work to evaluate the potential for EDCs from sewage treatment works to bioaccumulate and modulate the condition of wild organisms feeding on contaminated prey. Our results suggest that changes in management practices of sewage treatment works are required. We support measures to reduce EDC levels in sewage treatment works and that these sites should be designed to exclude or deter wildlife from foraging on contaminated prey. The management implications of such policy – oriented steps will ensure the health of wildlife foraging at sewage treatment works.
Representation of people with intellectual disabilities in randomised controlled trials on antipsychotic treatment for behavioural problems
Authors: Scheifes A. , Stolker J. J. , Egberts A. C. G. , Nijman H. L. I. , Heerdink E. R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground  Behavioural problems are common in people with intellectual disability (ID) and are often treated with antipsychotics.Aim  To establish the frequency and characteristics of people with ID included in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on antipsychotic treatment for behavioural problems, and to investigate the quality of these RCTs.Methods  A literature search in EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane was performed and reviewed.Results  People with ID participated in 27 of the 100 included RCTs. The RCTs were of good quality but smaller compared with trials in patients with dementia or schizophrenia (average sample sizes = 55, 124 and 374). In 13/27 trials no clear definition of ID was given. Over 25 different outcome measures were used to assess behavioural problems.Conclusions  Studies in which people with ID are included are of a sufficient quality, but of a small size. The heterogeneity in the characteristics of the ID population included as well as in the applied assessment instruments makes performing meta‐analyses unfeasible.
Repression of ergosterol biosynthesis is essential for stress resistance and is mediated by the Hog1 MAP kinase and the Mot3 and Rox1 transcription factors
Authors: Montañés Fernando Martínez , Pascual‐Ahuir Amparo , Proft Markus 
Published: December 2010

SummaryHyperosmotic stress triggers a complex adaptive response that is dominantly regulated by the Hog1 MAP kinase in yeast. Here we characterize a novel physiological determinant of osmostress tolerance, which involves the Hog1‐dependent transcriptional downregulation of ergosterol biosynthesis genes (ERG). Yeast cells considerably lower their sterol content in response to high osmolarity. The transcriptional repressors Mot3 and Rox1 are essential for this response. Both factors together with Hog1 are required to rapidly and transiently shut down transcription of ERG2 and ERG11 upon osmoshock. Mot3 abundance and its binding to the ERG2 promoter is stimulated by osmostress in a Hog1‐dependent manner. As an additional layer of control, the expression of the main transcriptional activator of ERG gene expression, Ecm22, is negatively regulated by Hog1 and Mot3/Rox1 upon salt shock. Oxidative stress also triggers repression of ERG2, 11 transcription and a profound decrease in total sterol levels. However, this response was only partially dependent on Mot3/Rox1 and Hog1. Finally, we show that the upc2‐1 mutation confers stress insensitive hyperaccumulation of ergosterol, overexpression of ERG2, 11 and severe sensitivity to salt and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that transcriptional control of ergosterol biosynthesis is an important physiological target of stress signalling.
Functional dissection of the three‐domain SepJ protein joining the cells in cyanobacterial trichomes
Authors: Mariscal Vicente , Herrero Antonia , Nenninger Anja , Mullineaux Conrad W. , Flores Enrique 
Published: December 2010

SummaryHeterocyst‐forming cyanobacteria grow as filaments of cells (trichomes) in which, under nitrogen limitation, two interdependent cell types, the vegetative cells performing oxygenic photosynthesis and the nitrogen‐fixing heterocysts, exchange metabolites and regulatory compounds. SepJ is a protein conspicuously located at the cell poles in the intercellular septa of the filaments that has three well‐defined domains: an N‐terminal coiled‐coil domain, a central linker and a C‐terminal permease domain. Mutants of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 carrying SepJ proteins with specific deletions showed that, whereas the linker domain is dispensable, the coiled‐coil domain is required for polar localization of SepJ, filament integrity, normal intercellular transfer of small fluorescent tracers and diazotrophy. An Anabaena strain carrying the SepJ protein from the filamentous, non‐heterocyst‐forming cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum, which lacks the linker domain, made long filaments in the presence of combined nitrogen but fragmented extensively under nitrogen deprivation and did not grow diazotrophically. In contrast, a chimera made of the Trichodesmium coiled‐coil domain and the Anabaena permease allowed heterocyst differentiation and diazotrophic growth. Thus, SepJ provides filamentous cyanobacteria with a cell–cell anchoring function, but the permease domain has evolved in heterocyst formers to provide intercellular molecular exchange functions required for diazotrophy.
Neonatal transfusion review
Authors: Sloan Steven R. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryIn addition to the issues concerning blood transfusions in general, special considerations apply to transfusing neonates. Young infants’ plasma may contain maternal antibodies to ABO blood group antigens instead of the naturally occurring anti‐ABO antibodies normally present in older patients. This facilitates the transplant of hearts across ABO boundaries but complicates blood bank testing and selection of appropriate blood components for transfusion. Conversely, blood bank testing is simplified by the fact that neonates do not make antibodies to minor erythrocyte antigens. Cellular blood components may be irradiated to prevent transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease, a syndrome that can affect immunocompromised patients such as premature infants. However, irradiation accelerates the leakage of potassium out of stored red blood cells (RBCs), increasing the risk or transfusion‐induced arrhythmias from hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia. Two other risks of transfusing neonates RBCs include dilutional coagulopathy and potential toxicities from additives used to preserve the stored RBC units.
The ‘dark’ side of sedation: 12 years of office‐based pediatric deep sedation for electroretinography in the dark
Authors: Lalwani Kirk , Tompkins Brian D. , Burnes Kevin , Krahmer Melissa R. , Pennesi Mark E. , Weleber Richard G. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryObjectives:  Analyze pediatric ERG data for adverse events, interventions, and outcomes of propofol sedations performed in near‐complete darkness.Aim:  To demonstrate that deep sedation with propofol for ERG can be performed efficiently and safely in children in near‐total darkness.Background:  Full‐field electroretinography (ERG) is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of vision loss in children. The ERG measures the electrical activity of the retina. In children, ERG quality significantly improves with deep sedation by allowing easier eye electrode placement and decreasing motion artifacts. As this procedure must be performed in darkness, administering sedation imposes unique challenges.Methods and materials:  ERGs are performed outside of the operating room in our hospital’s electrophysiology suite. IVs are placed, and patients are allowed to adapt to complete darkness. An anesthesiologist then administers propofol sedation in the dark with the aid of a red‐filter light source and monitor light shields. Data were collected on 379 patients (411 ERGs) performed from 1996 to 2008. These records were reviewed and analyzed for demographic, medical, and anesthetic data.Results:  Propofol sedation resulted in an ERG completion rate of 99.5%. During sedation, 8.5% (35) of patients experienced minor respiratory complications such as airway obstruction that resulted in an oxygen saturation <90%. A total of 9.7% (40) of patients required minor airway interventions such as a chin lift.Conclusions:  We demonstrated that pediatric sedation is a safe, efficient, and a cost‐effective method for measuring ERGs in a challenging environment. The incidence of minor complications is low and appears similar to other studies of propofol sedation.
Blood transfusion risks and alternative strategies in pediatric patients
Authors: Lavoie Josée 
Published: December 2010

SummaryAlthough the safety of the blood supply has been greatly improved, there still remain both infectious and noninfectious risks to the patient. The incidence of noninfectious transfusion reactions is greater than that of infectious complications. Furthermore, the mortality associated with noninfectious risks is significantly higher. In fact, noninfectious risks account for 87–100% of fatal complications of transfusions. It is concerning to note that the majority of pediatric reports relate to human error such as overtransfusion and lack of knowledge of special requirements in the neonatal age group. The second most frequent category is acute transfusion reactions, majority of which are allergic in nature. It is estimated that the incidence of adverse outcome is 18:100 000 red blood cells issued for children aged less than 18 years and 37:100 000 for infants. The comparable adult incidence is 13:100 000. In order to decrease the risks associated with transfusion of blood products, various blood‐conservation strategies can be utilized. Modalities such as acute normovolemic hemodilution, hypervolemic hemodilution, deliberate hypotension, antifibrinolytics, intraoperative blood salvage, and autologous blood donation are discussed and the pediatric literature is reviewed. A discussion of transfusion triggers, and algorithms as well as current research into alternatives to blood transfusions concludes this review.
Labour Market Penalties of New Immigrants in New and Old Receiving West European Countries
Authors: Reyneri Emilio , Fullin Giovanna 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOver the past two decades, all European societies have experienced continued and increasing migrations, albeit with very different intensities and characteristics. Our focus is on new immigrants ‐‐ those who have come from abroad in the past 15 years ‐‐ in both old and new receiving West European countries. Comparative analyses on this issue are rather weak as the literature on immigrant integration in the labour market is well‐established in the old receiving countries, but is just beginning to be developed in the newer receiving ones. The article aims at introducing the articles collected in this special issue, which present the results of a research project that concerns six European countries ‐‐ Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark. Our focus is on inequalities between immigrants and natives with respect to the risk of unemployment and to the access to highly qualified occupations. After having highlighted similarities and differences across those countries, we tried to draw some general conclusions concerning the main factors that may have shaped new immigrants’ incorporation into West European labour markets. In particular, the role played by the nature of immigration and by the labour demand seems to be crucial.
New Immigrants ― Old Disadvantage Patterns? Labour Market Integration of Recent Immigrants into Germany
Authors: Kogan Irena 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the labour market integration of immigrants who have entered Germany since 1990, and compares their situation with that of their predecessors. The analyses based on the cumulative micro‐census data reveal that recent immigrants into Germany are on average better‐educated than their earlier counterparts, and some ethnic groups are even better‐ educated than the national average. Despite their high levels of formal education, these immigrants coming mostly from Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East face severe integration problems in the German labour market. Thus, after taking into account the value of human capital represented by these immigrants, their ethnic disadvantages appear to increase. This stands in sharp contrast with the disadvantages faced by “classic” immigrants who arrived in Germany during the 1960s and 1970s, for whom lack of human capital had been identified as the main obstacle to labour market integration.
The Recent Fast Upsurge of Immigrants in Spain and Their Employment Patterns and Occupational Attainment
Authors: Bernardi Fabrizio , Garrido Luis , Miyar Maria 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article provides an analysis of employment and occupational attainment of recent immigrants to Spain. We use data from the Spanish labour force surveys for the years between 2002 and 2007 and compare the probability of being active versus inactive and that of being employed versus unemployed among immigrants and native‐born Spaniards, using logistic regression models. The paper then moves on to investigate the quality of the occupation achieved by means of multinomial logistic regression models. We find evidence that immigrants are not at a disadvantage in comparison to native‐born Spaniards regarding the risk of unemployment. This is true even after controlling for differences in socio‐demographic characteristics between immigrants and Spaniards and, in particular, after accounting for the duration of time spent in the labour market. On the other hand, a strong and persistent disadvantage even after controlling for socio‐demographic characteristics is confirmed for immigrants as far as their access to skilled occupations is concerned. Furthermore, this disadvantage does not disappear as time spent in the host country increases. Our findings, thus, go against the assimilation hypothesis that predicts that immigrant’s occupational attainment should progressively converge to that of natives.