bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ecological risk assessment for the use of the biocide, dibromonitrilopropionamide (DBNPA), in industrial cooling systems
Authors: Klaine Stephen J. , Cobb George P. , Dickerson Richard L. , Dixon Kenneth R. , Kendall Ronald J. , Smith Ernest E. , Solomon Keith R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A tiered approach was employed to determine risks posed to aquatic organisms exposed to dibromonitrilopropionamide (DBNPA). Tier one assessments used conservative exposure and toxicity data and indicated that potential toxicity warranted a more rigorous risk assessment. Tier two used discharge and stream flow data to develop a probabilistic model of DBNPA concentrations reaching the stream. Predicted 90th percentile in-stream DBNPA concentrations were compared to all available toxicity data for aquatic organisms at several different trophic levels. The EC10 for one organism was similar to the calculated 90th percentile of DBNPA concentrations in streams. Using the complete EC10 data set and comparing the 10th percentile EC10 with the 90th percentile environmental concentration, DBNPA did not pose a measurable risk to the aquatic ecosystem.
The carcinogenic potential of dacthal and its metabolites
Authors: Klopman Gilles , Fercu Dan , Rosenkranz Herbert S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We evaluated the carcinogenic potential of Dacthal, an important herbicide, and its biodegradation product, tetrachloro-terephthalic acid, on the basis of their chemical and biological properties as well as by a variety of computational tools. We concluded that tetrachloroterephthalic acid does not present any substantial carcinogenic risk and that the observed rodent carcinogenicity of Dacthal is probably due to its impurities.
Temporal and vertical distribution of total ammonia nitrogen and un-ionized ammonia nitrogen in sediment pore water from the upper Mississippi River
Authors: Frazier Bradley E. , Naimo Teresa J. , Sandheinrich Mark B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We examined the temporal and vertical distribution of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and un-ionized ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in sediment pore water and compared the temporal patterns of TAN and NH3-N concentrations in overlying surface water with those in pore water. Pore water was obtained by core extraction and subsequent centrifugation. We measured TAN concentrations and calculated NH3-N concentrations from February through October 1993 at four sites in Pool 8, upper Mississippi River, at depths of 0 to 4, 4 to 8, and 8 to 12 cm below the sediment-water interface. Total ammonia nitrogen and NH3-N concentrations were significantly different among sampling dates (p = 0.0001) and sediment depths (p = 0.0001). Concentrations of TAN and NH3-N in surface water were significantly less than those in pore water from all sediment depths (p &lt; 0.05). Concentrations in pore water ranged from 0.07 to 4.0 mg TAN/L and less than 1 to 20 μg NH3-N/L in winter, and from 0.07 to 10.0 mg TAN/L and 1 to 175 μg NH3-N/L in summer; greatest concentrations were usually found in sediments 8 to 12 cm deep. Annual mean TAN concentrations were positively correlated with silt and volatile solids content and were negatively correlated with sand content. Because of the high variability of TAN and NH3-N concentrations in pore water, sediment toxicity studies should take into account the season and the depth at which sediments are obtained. The annual mean NH3-N concentration in pore water at one site (55 μg/L) exceeded the concentration (30 μg/L) demonstrated to inhibit growth of fingernail clams in laboratory studies. However, these concentrations apparently were not lethal, as evidenced by the presence of fingernail clams at this site.
Improved method for estimating water solubility from octanol/water partition coefficient
Authors: Meylan William M. , Howard Philip H. , Boethling Robert S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Water solubility is a critical property in risk assessments for chemicals, but measured values are often unavailable. The most practical approach to estimating solubility for diverse and complex structures involves regression against the logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow). However, currently used equations were developed from relatively small training sets (200–300 compounds). Our objective was to upgrade log Kov-based methods by examining a much larger and diverse training set and, if possible, to improve estimation accuracy further by incorporating a series of simple correction factors. We also evaluated the contributions of melting temperature (Tm) and molecular weight (MW). Measured values of water solubility, log Kow and Tm (solids only) were available for all compounds in the training set (n = 1,450). The best equation for this dataset included log Kow, Tm, MW, and 12 correction factors as independent variables, with r2 = 0.970, SD = 0.409, ME = 0.313. Statistics for an independent validation set of 817 compounds were consistent with these results: r2 = 0.902, SD = 0.615, ME = 0.480. We found that Tm contributed significantly to estimation accuracy for solids; addition of MW also increased accuracy; measured values of log Kow and Tm produced more accurate solubility estimates than did estimated values; and the new method outperformed other widely used general-purpose equations based on log Kow.
Formation of hydroxyl radical (·OH) in illuminated surface waters contaminated with acidic mine drainage
Authors: Allen John M. , Lucas Shawn , Allen Sandra K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Formation rates and steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl radical (·OH) in illuminated surface water samples collected in west-central Indiana that receive acidic mine drainage runoff are reported. Formation rates for ·OH in samples were measured by the addition of 1 × 10−3 M benzene prior to illumination in order to effectively scavenge all of the ·OH formed, thereby yielding phenol. The ·OH formation rates were calculated from the measured phenol formation rates. Steady-state concentrations of ·OH were measured by the addition of 5 × 10−7 M nitrobenzene to the samples prior to illumination. Estimated sunlight ·OH formation rates range from 16 μM h−1 to 265 μM h−1. Estimated sunlight steady-state ·OH concentrations range from 6.7 × 10−15 to 4.0 × 10−12 M. Both the formation rates and steady-state concentrations for ·OH are thus two to three orders of magnitude higher than values reported in the literature for other sunlit surface water samples. Due to the very high rates of formation and steady-state concentrations for ·OH in these samples, we conclude that aqueous-phase reactions involving ·OH represent a significant pathway by which organic pollutants in illuminated surface waters receiving acidic mine drainage runoff may be consumed.
Ceriofast™: An acute toxicity test based on Ceriodaphnia dubia feeding behavior
Authors: Bitton Gabriel , Rhodes Kimberly , Koopman Ben 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We have developed a rapid acute toxicity test (CerioFAST™) based on suppression of feeding activity of Ceriodaphnia dubia in the presence of toxicants. The bioassay consists of a 1-h exposure period to a given toxicant. Yeast cells, stained with a fluorescent dye, are added 20 min before the end of the exposure period. Response to a toxic sample is indicated by the absence of fluorescence in the gut of the daphnids. CerioFAST was compared to the standard 48-h C. dubia acute bioassay, using heavy metals and organic compounds. CerioFAST EC50s of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ag, Zn, and carbofuran were in the 0.01–0.1-mg/L range, whereas EC50s of hexachloroethane, pentachlorophenol, trichlorophenol, and lindane were in the 1–10-mg/L range. CerioFAST EC50s of the heavy metals and organics were well correlated with EC50s obtained with the 48-h C. dubia bioassay.
Effects of two cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides on freshwater mussels
Authors: Moulton Cynthia A. , Fleming W. James , Purnell Cyrilla E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata and the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea were exposed for 96 h at 21°C to aldicarb, a carbamate pesticide, and acephate, an organophosphate pesticide. Test pesticide concentrations ranged from 0 to 320 mg/L. We found no mortality under these conditions. Relative to controls, cholinesterase (ChE) activity in adductor muscle from E. complanata was significantly depressed at concentrations as low as 0.1 mg aldicarb/L and 1.3 mg acephate/L. Higher pesticide concentrations were required to inhibit ChE activity in whole bodies of C. fluminea than in adductor muscle of E. complanata. Raising the experimental temperatures from 21 to 30°C increased pesticide-induced mortality, with mussels dying at aldicarb or acephate concentrations of only 5 mg/L. Cholinesterase activities of adductor muscle depressed 94 to 96% relative to controls began to recover within 2 and 12 d, but they were not fully recovered for 12+ and 24+ d following aldicarb and acephate exposures. Both aldicarb and acephate at 5 mg/L reduced shell closure responsiveness of mussels, with more pronounced effects observed at 27°C than at 21°C. Our data support the usefulness of determining ChE activity in adductor muscle to identify the exposure of freshwater mussels to ChE-inhibiting pesticides.
Toxicity and bioconcentration potential of adsorbable organic halides from bleached laundering in municipal wastewater
Authors: Ong Say Kee , Degraeve G. M. , Silva-Wilkinson Robin A. , Mccabe Jim W. , Smith William L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the formation, biological treatability, toxicity, and bioconcentration potential of adsorbable organic halides (AOX) formed from the use of household bleach during laundering. Following treatment with a bench-scale activated sludge system, approximately 70% of the laundry AOX was removed from the wash water. Removal efficiency of AOX from typical domestic wastewater treated in the same manner was 54%. Chronic bioassays conducted with the treated bleached laundry wash water effluent resulted in no toxicity to fathead minnow or Ceriodaphnia dubia that could be attributed to laundry AOX, even at concentrations 40 times higher than the predicted environmental AOX concentration. Analysis of treated bleached laundry effluent for bioconcentratable organic compounds tentatively identified no bioconcentratable or lipophilic chlorinated hydrocarbons in the treated laundry wash water.
The use of chorioallantoic membranes as predictors of egg organochlorine burden
Authors: Pastor Dolors , Albaigés Joan , Ruiz Xavier , Jover Lluis 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe distribution of organochlorine pollutants between yolks, embryos, and chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) in pipping eggs of Audouin's gulls from the Ebro Delta was determined to assess the usefulness of CAMs as surrogates for predicting whole egg pollutant burdens. The reliability of predictions was checked using a concordance analysis based on four different parameters. The most abundant pollutants found were PCBs and DDTs, whereas levels of HCHs were much lower. Generally, the largest concentrations of contaminants were found in yolk sacs, followed by embryos and CAMs. The latter contained only 1.21% of the total concentration of organochlorines detected. Results show that CAMs could provide good predictions only for those pollutants being almost completely excreted to the CAM (e.g., hexachlorocyclohexanes, PCB52, and DDD). In the other organochlorines tested, the prediction obtained is too weak to recommend the use of CAMs for the estimation of their total burden in the eggs of Audouin's gull. This suggests that the reliability of CAMs as surrogates should be tested for each chemical and species, prior to their use in nonlethal monitoring programs.
The effects of water chemistry on the toxicity of copper to fathead minnows
Authors: Erickson Russell J. , Benoit Duane A. , Mattson Vincent R. , Leonard Edward N. , Nelson Henry P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effects of various water chemistry parameters on the toxicity of copper to larval fathead minnows were investigated. Increased pH, hardness, sodium, dissolved organic matter, and suspended solids each caused toxicity to decrease on the basis of total copper concentrations. In contrast, added potassium resulted in increased toxicity. Alkalinity had no observed effect on total copper LC50s, but its effects might have been masked by those of the cations added with it. In most cases, the effects of water chemistry were found to be similar for different endpoints (growth, survival at different durations), but there were differences in the relative magnitude of some effects across these endpoints. Over all experimental treatments, 96-h total copper LC50s varied 60-fold. Every water chemistry parameter also caused toxicity to vary significantly when expressed on the basis of cupric ion selective electrode measurements, sometimes more so than on the basis of total copper. Therefore, this study does not support attributing to cupric ion a singular importance in regulating toxicity to this test organism. A variety of copper species might be contributing to toxicity and it is evident that toxicity is also affected by water chemistry in ways not related to copper speciation.
Membrane burdens of chlorinated benzenes lower the main phase transition temperature in dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine vesicles: Implications for toxicity by narcotic chemicals
Authors: van Wezel Annemarie P. , Cornelissen Gerard , van Miltenburg J. Kees , Opperhuizen Antoon 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the membrane of an organism that dies due to exposure to narcotic chemicals, the main phase transition temperature (Ttr) of the phospholipids is decreased and the fluidity is increased. The decrease in Ttr depends on the molar concentration of narcotics in the membrane (membrane burden) and is irrespective of the physicochemical properties of the chemicals. If membrane–water partition coefficients, exposure concentrations, and the amount of lipid in the system are known, membrane burdens of narcotic chemicals can be calculated and compared to membrane burdens that yield toxicity. The partition coefficients of a series of chlorobenzenes between phospholipid vesicles and water (Kmw) were measured at different temperatures in a new experimental set-up. Kmw's were higher in the liquid-crystalline phase than in the gel phase. Partitioning into the gel phase was entropy driven, partitioning into the liquid-crystalline phase was driven by entropy and enthalpy. The fluidity change in phospholipid vesicles, after accumulation of chlorobenzenes, was measured from the change in Ttr. The membrane burdens of various chlorobenzenes needed for a lowering of Ttr were comparable (e.g., 20–60 mmol/kg for a decrease of 1.0°C). The membrane burden needed in vivo for lethality by narcotic chemicals such as chlorobenzenes was calculated to be 40–160 mmol/kg membrane. By combining the in vivo and in vitro data, it can be concluded that in organisms that die due to exposure to narcotic chemicals, the fluidity of the membrane is increased.
Gut content weight and clearance rate for three species of freshwater invertebrates
Authors: Brooke Larry T. , Ankley Gerald T. , Call Daniel J. , Cook Philip M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
There is concern for potential error in the accurate estimation of chemical bioaccumulation in benthic organisms due to chemicals associated with gut contents (sediments). In this study the benthic macroinvertebrates Hexagenia limbata, Chironomus tentans, and Lumbriculus variegatus were exposed to five sediments from the Lower Fox River/Green Bay area of Wisconsin to determine the percentage of their weight due to gut contents and the rate at which guts were emptied when the animals were held in clean water. Upon removal from the test sediments, inorganic gut contents in H. limbata, C. tentans, and L. variegatus represented approximately 9, 10, and 10% of their whole body dry weights, respectively. Depuration rates were relatively rapid, with mayflies, midges, and oligochaetes losing approximately 75, 90, and 100% of their gut contents during the first 12 h of depuration. This suggests that a 12–24-h holding period in clean water at the conclusion of sediment bioaccumulation tests with the three species should be sufficient to eliminate potential bias in tissue residue concentrations due to gut contents.
Environmental monitoring for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, dialkyltetralin sulfonates and their biodegradation intermediates
Authors: Trehy Michael L. , Gledhill William E. , Mieure James P. , Adamove John E. , Nielsen Allen M. , Perkins Herbert O. , Eckhoff William S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Concentrations of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), dialkyltetralin sulfonates (DATS), and their biodegradation intermediates are reported for the influents and effluents of 10 U.S. domestic wastewater treatment plants as well as upstream and downstream river waters and sediments. Three types of treatment facilities in 10 U.S. states were sampled and analyzed. Removals were calculated based on initial concentrations of LAS and DATS. A derivatization electron capture/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method was employed. Its increased sensitivity and selectivity permitted the determination of environmental levels of LAS, DATS, and their biodegradation intermediates at low micrograms per liter (ppb) concentrations. The removal from four activated sludge and five trickling filter wastewater treatment facilities averaged 99.5% and 82.9% for LAS and 99.1% and 97.3% for LAS intermediates, respectively, for the activated sludge and trickling filter facilities. In the same plants, percent removals for DATS averaged 95% and 63.2% and DATS intermediates 59.1% and 58.7%, respectively. The removals obtained by a rotating biological contactor were similar to those observed in the activated sludge wastewater treatment facilities.
The biodegradability and nontoxicity of carboxymethyl cellulose (DS 0.7) and intermediates
Authors: VanGinkel Cornelis G. , Gayton Sarah 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with a degree of substitution of 0.7 is a water-soluble polymer. In some cases, CMC ends up in wastewater treatment plants and, ultimately, in the environment. Carboxymethyl cellulose degrades completely at low rates in the environment as demonstrated in a prolonged closed bottle test and in a semicontinuous activated sludge test. The continuous-flow activated sludge (CAS) test simulates sewage treatment plants. In the CAS test the CMC added to raw sewage prior to entering the bioreactor was partly biodegraded by microorganisms. The effluent from the reactor containing intermediates was then used in standard aquatic toxicity tests. No toxicity was shown in the effluent, which indicates that the intermediates formed by biodegradation are not toxic. Carboxymethyl cellulose intermediates produced by a pure culture of a CMC-degrading bacterium were also shown not to be toxic, because no effects were observed at the highest concentrations tested: 0.5 g/L for Selenastrum capricornutum (algae), 1.0 g/L for Daphnia magna (water flea), and 1.0 g/L for Brachydanio rerio (zebra fish). In addition, the nontoxicity of CMC to these aquatic organisms was established with no-effect concentrations of &gt; 0.5 g/L.
Degradation of weathered diesel fuel by microorganisms from a contaminated aquifer in aerobic and anaerobic microcosms
Authors: Bregnard Thierry Pierre-Alain , Höhener Patrick , Häner Andreas , Zeyer Josef 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A diesel fuel-contaminated aquifer in Menziken, Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, was in situ bioremediated from 1989 to 1994 by adding O2, NO−3 PO3−4, and NH+4 through an infiltration well. After a remediation time of 3.5 years, aquifer material from the contaminated zone was excavated and found to contain &gt;106 hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms/g and 1.15 ± 0.15 mg/g weathered diesel fuel comprizing mainly isoprenoid alkanes and an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of unknown components. Samples of this material were incubated for up to 470 days in aerobic and anaerobic microcosms. The microbial activity was determined by measuring the production of inorganic carbon and the consumption of O2 and NO−3. The degradation of the weathered diesel fuel was quantified by infrared spectroscopy and by capillary gas chromatography. In aerobic microcosms, all isoprenoid alkanes and most of the UCM were biodegraded as long as a nitrogen source was present. The O2 consumption could be stimulated by adding KH2PO4 and by elevating the temperature to 22° C. In anaerobic microcosms with KNO3, NO−3 was consumed, inorganic carbon was produced, and the isoprenoid alkanes and the UCM were partially metabolized. In some selected microcosms, the NO−3 consumption rate was stimulated by adding external substrates such as toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, n-alkanes, or fatty acids. Mineralization of toluene, naphthalene, and hexadecane to CO2 under denitrifying conditions was confirmed by using [14C]-labelled substrates.
The effect of phorate on wetland macroinvertebrates
Authors: Dieter Charles D. , Flake Lester D. , Duffy Walter G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effects of phorate, an organophosphorus insecticide, on aquatic macroinvertebrates was studied in littoral mesocosms in South Dakota wetlands. In 1991 and 1992, four mesocosms were constructed in each of three wetlands. In each wetland, one mesocosm was a reference and phorate concentrations of 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 kg/ha were applied to treatment mesocosms. Phorate caused mortality to amphipods and chironomids throughout the study. Leeches and snails were resistant to phorate. Few living macroinvertebrates were present in mesocosms after phorate treatment and populations recovered only slightly after 1 month. Macroinvertebrate taxa that were sensitive to phorate included: Odonata, Hemiptera, Culicidae, Heliidae, Ephemeroptera, Acarina, Coleoptera, Stratio-myidae, and Hydracarina. Taxa that were tolerant to phorate included: Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Oligochaeta, and Ostracoda.
Rodent neurotoxicity bioassays for screening contaminated great lakes fish
Authors: Beattie M. Kate , Gerstenberger Shawn , Hoffman Richard , Dellinger John A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Standard laboratory rat neurotoxicity protocols were used to study the consequences resulting from the consumption of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), whitefish (Coregonus chupeaformis), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Superior (LS) and the consumption of carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Little Lake Butte des Morte (LLBM) near Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA. Two 90-d subchronic studies are described, including a 45-d exposure to fish diets using male Sprague-Dawley hooded rats, and a 90-d exposure to fish diets using female rats of the same species. Behavioral alterations were tested using a battery of behavioral tests. In addition, pharmacologic challenges using apomorphine and D-amphetamine were administered to the rats to reveal latent neurotoxic effects. Cumulative fish consumption data were recorded daily, weight gain recorded weekly, and behavioral data collected prior to exposure, and on days 7, 14, 55 ± 2, 85 ± 2. Motor activity data were collected on days 30 ± 2, 60 ± 2, and 90 ± 2 of the feeding protocols. Brain tissue from rodents fed these fish were subsequently analyzed for either mercury (Hg) or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Mercury concentrations were increased in the brains of the walleye-fed rats, and PCB concentrations ranged from 0.5 nl/L to 10 nl/L in the brains of rats fed carp from LLBM, a Lake Michigan tributary. Adult male rats fed LLBM carp for 45 d exhibited the greatest behavioral responses to the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine on the accelerating rotarod, although these differences were not significant. The 90-d exposure of LS walleye or Hg-spiked LS walleye resulted in behavioral alterations on tactile startle response and second footsplay. D-Amphetamine challenge caused changes in tactile startle response, second footsplay, and accelerating rotarod performance after consuming walleye diets. Rats fed LLBM carp had altered behavioral responses to apomorphine on the accelerating rotarod.