bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pioglitazone reduces serum ketone bodies in sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor‐treated non‐obese type 2 diabetes: A single‐centre, randomized, crossover trial
Authors: Yang Min , Yue Han , Xu Qinqin , Shao Shiying , Chen Yong 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAimTo examine the effects of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) pioglitazone on reducing ketone bodies in non‐obese patients with T2DM treated with the sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitor canagliflozin.MethodsCrossover trials with two periods, each treatment period lasting 4 weeks, with a 4‐week washout period, were conducted. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive pioglitazone combined with canagliflozin (PIOG + CANA group) versus canagliflozin monotherapy (CANA group). The primary outcome was change (Δ) in β‐hydroxybutyric acid (β‐HBA) before and after the CANA or PIOG + CANA treatments. The secondary outcomes were Δchanges in serum acetoacetate and acetone, the rate of conversion into urinary ketones, and Δchanges in factors related to SGLT2 inhibitor‐induced ketone body production including non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), glucagon, glucagon to insulin ratio, and noradrenaline (NA). Analyses were performed in accordance with the intention‐to‐treat principle.ResultsTwenty‐five patients with a mean age of 49 ± 7.97 years and a body mass index of 25.35 ± 2.22 kg/m2 were included. One patient discontinued the study during the washout period. Analyses revealed a significant increase in the levels of serum ketone bodies and an elevation in the rate of conversion into urinary ketones after both interventions. However, differernces in levels of ketone bodies (except for acetoacetate) in the PIOG + CANA group were significantly smaller than in the CANA group (219.84 ± 80.21 μmol/L vs. 317.69 ± 83.07 μmol/L, p < 0.001 in β‐HBA; 8.98 ± 4.17 μmol/L vs. 12.29 ± 5.27 μmol/L, p = 0.018 in acetone). NEFA, glucagon, glucagon to insulin ratio, and NA were also significantly increased after both CANA and PIOG + CANA treatments; while only NEFAs demonstrated a significant difference between the two groups. Correlation analyses revealed a significant association between the difference in Δchanges in serum NEFA levels with the differences in Δchanges in ketones of β‐HBA and acetoacetate.ConclusionSupplementation of pioglitazone could alleviate canagliflozin‐induced ketone bodies. This benefit may be closely associated with decreased substrate NEFAs rather than other factors including glucagon, fasting insulin and NA.
Individual activity levels and presence of conspecifics affect fish passage rates over an in‐flume barrier
Authors: Nyqvist Daniel , Tarena Fabio , Candiotto Alessandro , Comoglio Claudio 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDams and other in‐stream obstacles disrupt longitudinal connectivity and hinder fish from moving between habitats. Fishways and other fish passage solutions are used to pass fish over these artificial migration barriers. Fish passage functionality, however, varies greatly with fish passage design and environmental conditions and depends on fish species and characteristics. In particular, swimming performance and fish behaviour are considered key characteristics to predict fish passage performance. It is also well known, but not well quantified, that the presence of conspecifics affects fish passage behaviour. In this study, we quantified individual passage rates of PIT‐tagged gudgeons (Gobio gobio) over a scaled deep side notch weir in an hydraulic flume. We then quantified individual swimming capability (time to fatigue) and activity level (distance moved in an open field test) for the same individual fish and tested for potential effects on fish passage rate. To check for potential group effects, we then repeated the passage experiment for fish individually or in groups of five. More active fish displayed higher passage rates compared to less active fish, and fish passed the obstacle at higher rates in groups of five compared to alone. No effect of fish swimming capability on passage rates was detected. This result highlights the need to take both individual variation as well as the presence and behaviour of conspecifics into account in fish passage studies and evaluations. Doing so has the potential to improve the understanding of fish behaviour, and in the end, the design of fish passage solutions. Future studies should explore these results on free ranging fish and in relation to in‐situ fish passage solutions.
Multimodal convergence in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: Motor, sensory and theta‐frequency inputs influence activity of single neurons
Authors: Lu Xiaodong , Wickens Jeffery R. , Hyland Brian Ian 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the brainstem (PPTg) has extensive interconnections and neuronal‐behavioural correlates. It is implicated in movement control and sensorimotor integration. We investigated whether single neuron activity in freely moving rats is correlated with components of skilled forelimb movement, and whether individual neurons respond to both motor and sensory events. We found that individual PPTg neurons showed changes in firing rate at different times during the reach. This type of temporally specific modulation is like activity seen elsewhere in voluntary movement control circuits, such as the motor cortex, and suggests that PPTg neural activity is related to different specific events occurring during the reach. In particular, many neuronal modulations were time‐locked to the end of the extension phase of the reach, when fine distal movements related to food grasping occur, indicating strong engagement of PPTg in this phase of skilled individual forelimb movements. In addition, some neurons showed brief periods of apparent oscillatory firing in the theta range at specific phases of the reach‐to‐grasp movement. When movement‐related neurons were tested with tone stimuli, many also responded to this auditory input, allowing for sensorimotor integration at the cellular level. Together, these data extend the concept of the PPTg as an integrative structure in generation of complex movements, by showing that this function extends to the highly coordinated control of the forelimb during skilled reach to grasp movement, and that sensory and motor‐related information converges on single neurons, allowing for direct integration at the cellular level.
Tree diversity enhances predation by birds but not by arthropods across climate gradients
Authors: Vázquez‐González Carla , Castagneyrol Bastien , Muiruri Evalyne W. , Barbaro Luc , Abdala‐Roberts Luis , Barsoum Nadia , Fründ Jochen , Glynn Carolyn , Jactel Hervé , McShea William J. , Mereu Simone , Mooney Kailen A. , Morillas Lourdes , Nock Charles A. , Paquette Alain , Parker John D. , Parker William C. , Roales Javier , Scherer‐Lorenzen Michael , Schuldt Andreas , Verheyen Kris , Weih Martin , Yang Bo , Koricheva Julia 
Published: May 2024

AbstractTree diversity can promote both predator abundance and diversity. However, whether this translates into increased predation and top‐down control of herbivores across predator taxonomic groups and contrasting environmental conditions remains unresolved. We used a global network of tree diversity experiments (TreeDivNet) spread across three continents and three biomes to test the effects of tree species richness on predation across varying climatic conditions of temperature and precipitation. We recorded bird and arthropod predation attempts on plasticine caterpillars in monocultures and tree species mixtures. Both tree species richness and temperature increased predation by birds but not by arthropods. Furthermore, the effects of tree species richness on predation were consistent across the studied climatic gradient. Our findings provide evidence that tree diversity strengthens top‐down control of insect herbivores by birds, underscoring the need to implement conservation strategies that safeguard tree diversity to sustain ecosystem services provided by natural enemies in forests.
Preliminary study of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess bone marrow adiposity in the third metacarpus or metatarsus in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Hewitt‐Dedman Charlotte L. , Kershaw Lucy E. , Schwarz Tobias , Del‐Pozo Jorge , Duncan Juliet , Daniel Carola R. , Cillán‐García Eugenio , Pressanto Maria Chiara , Taylor Sarah E. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBackgroundMagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used to investigate metabolic changes within human bone. It may be possible to use MRS to investigate bone metabolism and fracture risk in the distal third metacarpal/tarsal bone (MC/MTIII) in racehorses.ObjectivesTo determine the feasibility of using MRS as a quantitative imaging technique in equine bone by using the 1H spectra for the MC/MTIII to calculate fat content (FC).Study designObservational cross‐sectional study.MethodsLimbs from Thoroughbred racehorses were collected from horses that died or were subjected to euthanasia on racecourses. Each limb underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 T followed by single‐voxel MRS at three regions of interest (ROI) within MC/MTIII (lateral condyle, medial condyle, proximal bone marrow [PBM]). Percentage FC was calculated at each ROI. Each limb underwent computed tomography (CT) and bone mineral density (BMD) was calculated for the same ROIs. All MR and CT images were graded for sclerosis. Histology slides were graded for sclerosis and proximal marrow space was calculated. Pearson or Spearman correlations were used to assess the relationship between BMD, FC and marrow space. Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to check for differences between sclerosis groups for BMD or FC.ResultsEighteen limbs from 10 horses were included. A negative correlation was identified for mean BMD and FC for the lateral condyle (correlation coefficient = −0.60, p = 0.01) and PBM (correlation coefficient = −0.5, p = 0.04). There was a significant difference between median BMD for different sclerosis grades in the condyles on both MRI and CT. A significant difference in FC was identified between sclerosis groups in the lateral condyle on MRI and CT.Main limitationsSmall sample size.Conclusions1H Proton MRS is feasible in the equine MC/MTIII. Further work is required to evaluate the use of this technique to predict fracture risk in racehorses.
Long‐term effects of a preventive intervention on multiple components of adolescents' emotional insecurity
Authors: Hoegler Dennis Sarah , Vetterly Savannah , Cummings E. Mark 
Published: May 2024

AbstractA gap in research on family interventions is the understanding of long‐term effects on hypothesized mechanisms of effect regarding children's processes of responding to family stressors. This study assessed the long‐term effects of an intervention designed to improve interparental and family conflict resolution on adolescents' emotional insecurity about interparental conflict. Emotional insecurity about interparental conflict has long been linked with adolescents' risk for adjustment problems. These findings have motivated the development of several family‐based preventive interventions, one of which is the focus of this study. A community sample of 225 adolescents and their parents participated in an RCT‐based study of an intervention designed to reduce adolescent's emotional insecurity about interparental conflict. The intervention's effect on patterns of change in adolescents', mothers', and fathers' reports of the three components of adolescents' emotional insecurity (emotional reactivity, behavioral dysregulation, and cognitive representations) from posttest through the 3‐year follow‐up were examined using multilevel modeling. Results suggested that the intervention predicted immediate (pre to posttest) and long‐term linear decreases in emotional reactivity, as well as long‐term quadratic change in behavioral dysregulation. These findings support the beneficial effects of a brief intervention on multiple components of emotional security. The results also underscore the importance of considering the potential of long‐term (including nonlinear) patterns of change that may occur as a function of family‐based interventions, as well as that the impact of family‐based interventions may vary as a function of reporter and component of emotional insecurity.
Tree contributions to climate change adaptation through reduced cattle heat stress and benefits to milk and beef production
Authors: Richards Daniel , Dewhurst Zachary , Giltrap Donna , Lavorel Sandra 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCattle heat stress causes billions of dollars' worth of losses to meat and milk production globally, and is projected to become more severe in the future due to climate change. Tree establishment in pastoral livestock systems holds potential to reduce cattle heat stress and thus provide nature‐based adaptation. We developed a general model for the impact of trees on cattle heat stress, which can project milk and meat production under future climate scenarios at varying spatial scales. The model incorporates the key microclimate mechanisms influenced by trees, including shade, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed. We conducted sensitivity analyses to demonstrate the relative influence of different mechanisms through which trees can impact cattle heat stress, and how tree impacts are influenced by climatic context globally. Trees hold the greatest potential to reduce cattle heat stress in higher latitudes and altitudes, with minor benefits in the lowland tropics. We projected the future contributions of current trees in mitigating climate change impacts on the dairy and beef herds of Aotearoa—New Zealand (A‐NZ) in 2070–2080. Trees were simulated to contribute to A‐NZ milk yields by over 491 million liters (lower CI = 112 million liters, upper CI = 850 million liters), and meat yields by over 8316 tonnes (lower CI = 2431 tonnes, upper CI = 13,668 tonnes) annually. The total economic contribution of existing trees in mitigating future cattle heat stress was valued at $US 244 million (lower CI = $US 58 million, upper CI = $US 419 million). Our findings demonstrate the importance of existing trees in pastoral landscapes and suggest that strategic tree establishment can be a valuable adaptation option for reducing cattle heat stress under climate change. Tree establishment in the next few years is critical to provide adaptation capacity and economic benefit in future decades.
Corrigendum to “Statistical Perspective on the Petrological Utility of Polyphase Groundmass Compositions Inferred via Defocused Beam Electron Probe Microanalysis” [Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research (2024)]
Authors: Coulthard Daniel A. , Iizuka Yoshiyuki , Zellmer Georg F. , Brahm Raimundo 
Published: May 2024

Due to the incorrect speciation of iron during thermometry modelling, Coulthard et al. (2024) produced an incorrect olivine‐liquid equilibrium diagram, which failed to identify multiple potential equilibrium olivine‐melt pairs. With the new pairs identified here, the temperatures inferred from olivine‐groundmass pairs move closer in temperature space to those inferred from olivine‐glass pairs. Additionally, it is recognised that the most significant difference between these thermometry data is due to differences in inferred melt water mass fraction. If a mean value of water is used for all thermometry, the mean temperatures calculated for olivine‐glass and olivine‐groundmass pairs converge to within 10 °C of one another. This indicates that groundmass compositions inferred via the defocused beam analysis of a polyphase groundmass may reproduce enough information to confidently perform olivine‐melt thermometry despite the glass and groundmass data representing significantly different compositions in multivariate space.
Development of a Plasminogen Population PK model supporting prophylactic replacement therapy for Plasminogen deficient patients within the WAPPS‐Hemo platform
Authors: Chelle Pierre , Hajducek Dagmar , Thibaudeau Karen , Hobson Nicholas , Iorio Alfonso , Shapiro Amy , Edginton Andrea 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIntroductionPlasminogen deficiency is an ultra rare disease whose patients may develop ligneous lesions if untreated. Prophylactic replacement therapy with plasma derived plasminogen, Ryplazim, is efficient in treating lesions and could benefit from pharmacokinetic (PK) tailoring.AimThe objectives of this study are to develop, evaluate and integrate into the WAPPS‐Hemo platform a Population PK model supporting prophylactic replacement therapy for Plasminogen deficient patients.MethodsPopulation PK modelling and evaluations followed the same protocol performed for factor VIII and IX concentrates. Limited sampling analysis used dosing and sampling scenarios in accordance with recommended treatment for Ryplazim.ResultsThe population PK model, derived from 16 participants included in previous clinical studies, was a 2‐compartment model whose variability was best described by fat‐free mass. Evaluations showed that the model described well the data and Bayesian forecasting in limited sampling environment led to acceptable precision for PK parameters relevant to plasminogen treatment.ConclusionThe model was integrated into the WAPPS‐Hemo webservice to help individualize prophylactic treatment in plasminogen deficient patients. Prospective PK data to be collected through the WAPPS‐Hemo database will be used to better understand plasminogen PK and improve patient care.
Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: A systematic review
Authors: Cohen Fred , Brooks Caroline V. , Sun Daniel , Buse Dawn C. , Reed Michael L. , Fanning Kristina M. , Lipton Richard B. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBackgroundThis study reviewed migraine prevalence and disability gathered through epidemiologic survey studies in the United States conducted over the past three decades. We summarized these studies and evaluated changing patterns of disease prevalence and disability.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of US studies addressing the prevalence, disability, and/or burden of migraine, including both episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM). A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) protocol was used in conjunction with the PubMed search engine. Eligible studies were published before February 2022, were conducted in the United States, included representative samples, and used a case definition of migraine based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD). The primary measure of disease burden was the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS). The MIDAS measures days lost due to migraine over 3 months in three domains and defines groups with moderate (Grade III) or severe disability (Grade IV) using cut‐scores.ResultsOf the 1609 identified records, 26 publications from 11 US population‐based studies met eligibility criteria. The prevalence of migraine in the population has remained relatively consistent for the past 30 years: ranging from 11.7% to 14.7% overall, 17.1% to 19.2% in women, and 5.6% to 7.2% in men in the studies reviewed. CM prevalence is 0.91% (1.3% among women and 0.5% of men) in adults and 0.8% in adolescents. The proportion of people with migraine and moderate‐to‐severe MIDAS disability (Grades III–IV), has trended upward across studies from 22.0% in 2005 to 39.0% in 2012, to 43.2% in 2016, and 42.4% in 2018. A consistently higher proportion of women were assigned MIDAS Grades III/IV relative to men.ConclusionThe prevalence of migraine in the United States has remained stable over the past three decades while migraine‐related disability has increased. The disability trend could reflect changes in reporting, study methodology, social and societal changes, or changes in exacerbating or remediating factors that make migraine more disabling, among other hypotheses. These issues merit further investigation.
Academic abuse: A conceptual framework of the dimensions of toxic culture in higher education and the impact on the meaning of work
Authors: Coates Tabitha K. L. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis article provides a conceptual framework of the dimensions of a toxic culture in higher education and the impact it has on the meaning of work. Seven dimensions of a toxic culture in higher education are presented as follows: toxic leadership; bullying and mobbing; colleagues as enablers; reinforced toxic social norms; purposeful, chaotic change; manipulation of systems, structures and processes; and weaponization of the work itself. The article then discusses how the harmful individual outcomes of working in a toxic culture change the meaning of work from meaningful to meaningless, and the corresponding organizational outcomes. These include high turnover; decreased performance and productivity; lack of effective problem solving; increased expenses for legal, healthcare, unemployment, recruitment and the inability to recruit new talent. Recommendations are provided for systemic culture change.
Joining of Cf/SiC composites using AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high‐entropy alloy filler by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Wang Rongpei , Wang Gang , Ran Songlin , Wang Wei , Yang Yunlong , Zhao Yu , Gui Kaixuan , He Rujie , Tan Caiwang 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high‐entropy alloy was introduced to join Cf/SiC composite by spark plasma sintering technique. The influence of holding times on microstructure, shear strength and fracture behavior of the joints was studied. When held for 7 min, the typical microstructure of the Cf/SiC‐AlCoCrFeNi2.1‐Cf/SiC joint was Cf/SiC composite → CrSi2 + FCC + Al8Cr5 + graphite → CrSi2 + FCC + Al8Cr5 → CrSi2 + FCC + Al8Cr5 + graphite → Cf/SiC composite. As the holding time extended, the Ni–Si and Fe–Si brittle phases in the joint gradually reduced, and the diffusion transition layer continued to thicken. The maximum joint strength was 23.9 MPa, which was obtained at 1450°C for 7 min. Analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, the fracture modes of the joints joined at different holding times were all brittle fracture.
Inclusive multisensory science and immunology books for blind, low‐vision and diverse‐needs audiences
Authors: Favilla Stuart , Tandori Erica , Marshall James 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis paper presents interdisciplinary research exploring the development of inclusive multisensory science books, communicating immunology data for blind, low‐vision and diverse‐needs audiences. The research adopted an inductive theory‐building approach, practice‐based art methods and music and design methods, leveraging the lived experience of a legally blind artist. The research also involved designers and scientists in a cocreation process, producing books that incorporate tactile artworks, Braille‐inspired protein models, image sonification and interaction. Two multisensory book titles, “The Heroes Within You: A Multisensory Exploration of Infection and Immunity” and “My Goodness: A Multisensory Exploration of Nutrition and Immunity”, were developed for the Monash Sensory Science 2023 Exhibition Day. The books offer an innovative way to make science and art more accessible and engaging, addressing the limitations of traditional museum methods. Feedback from audiences has been positive, emphasizing the fascination, sensory engagement and ease of understanding. This paper highlights the potential for an interdisciplinary and inclusive approach to science and art, demonstrating the value of multisensory books as tools for science communication. The findings highlight the positive reception of this novel approach and suggest its potential for broader applications, promoting inclusivity and accessibility.
Local or regional flaps in developing country: Experience from Eastern Bhutan
Authors: Dorji Kinzang 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSoft tissue reconstruction plays an integral part in orthopaedic surgery. For developing country like Bhutan, where no micro‐surgical or plastic surgeons are available, orthopaedic surgeons perform the local or regional flaps for the soft tissue defects. In this paper, we describe the use of different kinds of local and regional flaps and its outcome at Eastern Regional Referral Hospital, Bhutan.