bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exhumation of the Main Central Thrust from Lower Crustal Depths, Eastern Bhutan Himalaya
Authors: Daniel C. G. , Hollister L. S. , Parrish R. R. , Grujic D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractGeothermometry and mineral assemblages show an increase of temperature structurally upwards across the Main Central Thrust (MCT); however, peak metamorphic pressures are similar across the boundary, and correspond to depths of 35–45 km. Garnet‐bearing samples from the uppermost Lesser Himalayan sequence (LHS) yield metamorphic conditions of 650–675 °C and 9–13 kbar. Staurolite‐kyanite schists, about 30 m above the MCT, yield P‐T conditions near 650 °C, 8–10 kbar. Kyanite‐bearing migmatites from the Greater Himalayan sequence (GHS) yield pressures of 10–14 kbar at 750–800 °C. Top‐to‐the‐south shearing is synchronous with, and postdates peak metamorphic mineral growth.Metamorphic monazite from a deformed and metamorphosed Proterozoic gneiss within the upper LHS yield U/Pb ages of 20–18 Ma. Staurolite‐kyanite schists within the GHS, a few metres above the MCT, yield monazite ages of c. 22 ± 1 Ma. We interpret these ages to reflect that prograde metamorphism and deformation within the Main Central Thrust Zone (MCTZ) was underway by c. 23 Ma. U/Pb crystallization ages of monazite and xenotime in a deformed kyanite‐bearing leucogranite and kyanite‐garnet migmatites about 2 km above the MCT suggest crystallization of partial melts at 18–16 Ma. Higher in the hanging wall, south‐verging shear bands filled with leucogranite and pegmatite yield U/Pb crystallization ages for monazite and xenotime of 14–15 Ma, and a 1–2 km thick leucogranite sill is 13.4 ± 0.2 Ma. Thus, metamorphism, plutonism and deformation within the GHS continued until at least 13 Ma. P‐T conditions at this time are estimated to be 500–600 °C and near 5 kbar. From these data we infer that the exhumation of the MCT zone from 35 to 45 km to around 18 km, occurred from 18 to 16 to c. 13 Ma, yielding an average exhumation rate of 3–9 mm year−1. This process of exhumation may reflect the ductile extrusion (by channel flow) of the MCTZ from between the overlying Tibetan Plateau and the underthrusting Indian plate, coupled with rapid erosion.
Schlieren formation in diatexite migmatite: examples from the St Malo migmatite terrane, France
Authors: Milord I. , Sawyer E. W. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSchlieren are trains of platy or blocky minerals, typically the ferromagnesian minerals and accessory phases, that occur in granites and melt‐rich migmatites, such as diatexites. They have been considered as: (1) unmelted residue from xenoliths or the source region; (2) mineral accumulations formed during magma flow; (3) compositional layering; and (4) sites of melt loss. In order to help identify schlieren‐forming processes in the diatexites at St Malo, differences in the size, shape, orientation, distribution and composition of the biotite from schlieren and from their hosts have been investigated.Small biotite grains are much less abundant in the schlieren than in their hosts. Schlieren biotite grains are generally larger, have greater aspect ratios and have, except in hosts with low (< 10%) biotite contents, a much stronger shape preferred orientation than host biotite. The compositional ranges of host and schlieren biotite are similar, but schlieren biotite defines tighter, sharper peaks on composition‐frequency plots. Hosts show magmatic textures such as imbricated (tiled), unstrained plagioclase. Some schlieren show only magmatic textures (tiled biotite, no crystal‐plastic strain features), but many have textures indicating submagmatic and subsolidus deformation (e.g. kinked grains) and these schlieren show the most extensive evidence for recrystallization.Magmas at St Malo initially contained a significant fraction of residual biotite and plagioclase crystals; smaller biotite grains were separated from the larger plagioclase crystals during magma flow. Since plagioclase was also the major, early crystallizing phase, the plagioclase‐rich domains developed rapidly and reached the rigid percolation threshold first, forcing further magma flow to be concentrated into narrowing melt‐rich zones where the biotite had accumulated, hence increasing shear strain and the degree of shape preferred orientation in these domains. Schlieren formed in these domains as a result of grain contacts and tiling in the grain inertia‐regime. Final amalgamation of the biotite aggregates into schlieren involved volume loss as melt trapped between grains was expelled after the rigid percolation threshold was reached in the biotite‐rich layers.
Petrological evolution of a suite of spinel granulites from Vizianagram, Eastern Ghats Belt, India, and genesis of sapphirine‐bearing assemblages
Authors: Sarkar S. , Dasgupta S. , Fukuoka M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA suite of spinel–cordierite granulites from Viziangram, Eastern Ghats Belt, India preserve mineral assemblages and reaction textures indicative of peak metamorphic conditions of >1000 °C, >8<10 kbar, followed successively by near isobaric cooling (down to 750–800 °C), near isothermal decompression (to 4–5 kbar), and late hydration.P–Tconditions of each stage are evaluated through a combination of petrogenetic grid approach and thermobarometry. Sapphirine is developed in sillimanite‐bearing acid pegmatite veins that intruded the spinel–cordierite granulite close to peak metamorphic conditions, and also in the host rock in immediate contact with the pegmatite. Both sillimanite and sapphirine in the pegmatite are considered to be magmatic phases. Field observations and textural characteristics suggest that Al‐metasomatism of the spinel–cordierite granulite due to the intrusion of pegmatite was responsible for sapphirine formation in the spinel granulite.
Effect of three endodontic materials on the bond strength of two composite core materials to dentin
Authors: Al Wazzan Khalid A. 
Published: October 2010

Purpose This study investigated the effect of dentin treatment with iodine potassium iodide, calcium hydroxide or a biphenol‐A‐ diglycidylether epoxy resin sealer on the dentin bond strength of titanium‐reinforced Bis‐GMA and urethane dimethacrylate composite materials.Materials and Methods Dentin was exposed in four groups of extracted teeth (20 specimens each). Three groups were treated with one of the contaminants and the fourth group was left uncovered and served as the control group. All specimens were stored for 1 week at 37°C and 100% humidity. The dentin surfaces were cleaned with pumice slurry using a prophylaxis rubber cup, rinsed and dried. Then the dentin surfaces were treated using the conditioner and the primer of the GLUMA adhesive system followed by placement of composite core materials. After 20 minutes, debonding of the core materials was accomplished using a shear‐peel test. A two‐way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple range test was performed based upon core type and contaminant type (α= 0.05).Results Titanium‐reinforced Bis‐GMA composite showed significantly greater bond strength values than the urethane dimethacrylate composite material (p < 0.0001). The mean bond strength values in megapascals for the Bis‐GMA resin ranged from 8.47 ±1.52 for the calcium hydroxide group to 9.81 ±0.94 for the control group. Mean bond strengths for the urethane dimethacrylate resin ranged from 3.35 ±0.90 for calcium hydroxide to 3.99 ±0.88 for iodine potassium iodide groups. Within each core group, no difference in bond strengths were noted compared to the uncontaminated control.Conclusion Pretreatment of the dentin with iodine potassium iodide, calcium hydroxide, or epoxy resin followed by pumicing and using the GLUMA system conditioner and primer had no effect on the bond strength of the two resin composite core materials. However, the titanium reinforced Bis‐GMA composite exhibited significantly greater bond strength to dentin than the urethane dimethacrylate based composite.
Cast articulation accuracy using rigid cast stabilization
Authors: Gunderson Ronald Bruce , Siegel Sharon Crane 
Published: October 2010

Purpose This study evaluated the positional accuracy of casts articulated on a semi‐adjustable articulator, with and without rigid cast stabilization using either laboratory plaster or mounting plaster.Materials and Methods A reference articulation of melamine casts in maximum articulation was established and recorded in the horizontal and vertical dimensions using a verification device. The same casts were subsequently remounted 24 times using either laboratory plaster or mounting plaster. Half of the articulations from each group were stabilized using detachable mounting rods and sticky wax, and half were hand‐articulated without stabilization, for a total of 6 articulations in each of 4 test groups. The resulting spatial positions established on the articulator were compared to the initial reference position on the verification device grid. Means and standard deviations of the absolute values of the horizontal and vertical displacement for each group were determined separately and compared using a one‐way anaylsis of variance. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were identified using Tukey's honestly significant difference multiple comparison test.Results Mean vertical mandibular cast displacement ranged from 0.26 ±0.21mm for stabilized casts mounted with laboratory plaster to 1.58 ±0.32 mm for unstabilized casts mounted with mounting plaster. For each mounting material, significantly less vertical displacement (p < 0.001) was observed with the mandibular cast stabilized before mounting. The cast mounted with laboratory plaster exhibited horizontal displacement (0.87 ±0.29 mm) that was significantly greater than the remaining groups (p < 0.001), which did not differ from each other.Conclusions Rigid stabilization of the mandibular to maxillary cast during mounting with laboratory and mounting plaster improved articulation accuracy.
Retention strengths of five luting cements on prefabricated dowels after root canal obturation with a zinc oxide/eugenol sealer: 1. Dowel space preparation/cementation at one week after obturation
Authors: Hagge Mark S. , Wong Ralan D.M. , Lindemuth James S. 
Published: October 2010

Purpose This investigation examined the effect of 5 different cements on the retention strength of prefabricated endodontic dowels placed into root canals previously obturated with gutta percha and a zinc oxide/eugenol (ZOE) sealer.Materials and Methods Ninety‐six single‐rooted teeth were decoronated, filed, cleaned, sequentially shaped, and divided into 6 groups of 16 specimens each. Five of the groups were then obturated with gutta percha and a ZOE sealer. One group was not obturated and served as the control group. Dowel space preparation and dowel cementation for all groups were completed 1 week later. Ten‐mm deep dowel spaces were prepared using size 6 Gates Glidden drills. Size 5 Paraposts were then cemented with 5 different cements: Panavia 21 for group 1 (unobturated controls) and group 2; Ketac‐Cem glass ionomer for group 3; Fleck's zinc phosphate for group 4; Parapost (composite) Cement for group 5; and C&B Metabond 4‐META for group 6. After 48 hours, the dowels were removed using a universal testing machine in tensile mode at 1 mm min−1.Results The following results were found (all values in kg): group 1 (controls; Panavia 21) mean = 61.81, 95% CI =±8.65; group 2 (Panavia 21), mean=43.15, 95% CI =±7.81; group 3 (Ketac‐Cem), mean =34.45, 95% CI =±4.93; group 4 (zinc phosphate), mean = 25.07, 95% CI =±5.03; group 5 (Parapost Cement), mean = 24.99, 95% CI =±5.35. None of the group 6 (C&B Metabond) specimens developed measurable bond strengths, so this group was excluded from parametric statistical analyses. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant effect of group; pairwise multiple comparison procedures (Tukey test) showed that group 1 (controls) had significantly greater retention than all other groups (p <0.001); group 2 (Panavia 21) had significantly greater retention than groups 4 (zinc phosphate) and 5 (Parapost cement) (p <0.001). None of the other pairwise comparisons were statistically different.Conclusions Paraposts cemented with Panavia 21 in unobturated root canals exhibited significantly higher retention than Paraposts luted with Panavia 21 and 4 different cements into dowel spaces prepared 1 week after obturation with gutta percha/ZOE sealer (p <0.001). Among the obturated groups, Panavia 21 cement (group 2) demonstrated significantly greater retention of Paraposts than zinc phosphate (group 4) and Parapost composite (group 5) cements (p <0.001). Ketac‐Cem glass ionomer cement (group 3) had intermediate retention values that were not statistically different than those of groups 2, 4, and 5 (p >0.05). The 4‐META cement, C&B Metabond, failed to polymerize.
The Brain Is Both Neurocomputer and Quantum Computer
Authors: Hameroff Stuart R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn their article, Is the Brain a Quantum Computer,? criticize the Penrose–Hameroff “Orch OR” quantum computational model of consciousness, arguing instead for neurocomputation as an explanation for mental phenomena. Here I clarify and defend Orch OR, show how Orch OR and neurocomputation are compatible, and question whether neurocomputation alone can physiologically account for coherent gamma synchrony EEG, a candidate for the neural correlate of consciousness. Orch OR is based on quantum computation in microtubules within dendrites in cortex and other regions linked by dendritic–dendritic gap junctions (“dendritic webs”) acting as laterally connected input layers of the brain's neurocomputational architecture. Within dendritic webs, consciousness is proposed to occur as gamma EEG‐synchronized sequences of discrete quantum computational events acting in integration phases of neurocomputational “integrate‐and‐fire” cycles. Orch OR is a viable approach toward understanding how the brain produces consciousness.
Typicality, Graded Membership, and Vagueness
Authors: Hampton James A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses theoretical problems arising from the vagueness of language terms, and intuitions of the vagueness of the concepts to which they refer. It is argued that the central intuitions of prototype theory are sufficient to account for both typicality phenomena and psychological intuitions about degrees of membership in vaguely defined classes. The first section explains the importance of the relation between degrees of membership and typicality (or goodness of example) in conceptual categorization. The second and third section address arguments advanced by , and , that the two notions of degree of membership and typicality must relate to fundamentally different aspects of conceptual representations. A version of prototype theory—the Threshold Model—is proposed to counter these arguments and three possible solutions to the problems of logical selfcontradiction and tautology for vague categorizations are outlined. In the final section graded membership is related to the social construction of conceptual boundaries maintained through language use.
The Role of Prior Experience in Language Acquisition
Authors: Lany Jill , Gómez Rebecca L. , Gerken Lou Ann 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLearners exposed to an artificial language recognize its abstract structural regularities when instantiated in a novel vocabulary (e.g., ; ). We asked whether such sensitivity accelerates subsequent learning, and enables acquisition of more complex structure. In Experiment 1, pre‐exposure to a category‐induction language of the form aX bY sped subsequent learning when the language is instantiated in a different vocabulary. In Experiment 2, while naíve learners did not acquire an acX bcY language, in which aX and bY co‐occurrence regularities were separated by a c‐element, prior experience with an aX bY language provided some benefit. In Experiment 3 we replicated this finding with a 24‐hour delay between learning phases, and controlled for prior experience with the aX bY language's prosodic and phonological characteristics. These findings suggest that learners, and the structure they can acquire, change as a function of experience.
Semantic Boost on Episodic Associations: An Empirically‐Based Computational Model
Authors: Silberman Yaron , Bentin Shlomo , Miikkulainen Risto 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWords become associated following repeated co‐occurrence episodes. This process might be further determined by the semantic characteristics of the words. The present study focused on how semantic and episodic factors interact in incidental formation of word associations. First, we found that human participants associate semantically related words more easily than unrelated words; this advantage increased linearly with repeated co‐occurrence. Second, we developed a computational model, SEMANT, suggesting a possible mechanism for this semantic‐episodic interaction. In SEMANT, episodic associations are implemented through lateral connections between nodes in a pre‐existent self‐organized map of word semantics. These connections are strengthened at each instance of concomitant activation, proportionally with the amount of the overlapping activity waves of activated nodes. In computer simulations SEMANT replicated the dynamics of associative learning in humans and led to testable predictions concerning normal associative learning as well as impaired learning in a diffuse semantic system like that characteristic of schizophrenia.
SmashCommunity: a metagenomic annotation and analysis tool
Authors: Arumugam Manimozhiyan , Harrington Eoghan D. , Foerstner Konrad U. , Raes Jeroen , Bork Peer 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Summary: SmashCommunity is a stand-alone metagenomic annotation and analysis pipeline suitable for data from Sanger and 454 sequencing technologies. It supports state-of-the-art software for essential metagenomic tasks such as assembly and gene prediction. It provides tools to estimate the quantitative phylogenetic and functional compositions of metagenomes, to compare compositions of multiple metagenomes and to produce intuitive visual representations of such analyses.
Availability: SmashCommunity source code and documentation are available at http://www.bork.embl.de/software/smash
Contact: bork@embl.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MiRonTop: mining microRNAs targets across large scale gene expression studies
Authors: Le Brigand Kevin , Robbe-Sermesant Karine , Mari Bernard , Barbry Pascal 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Summary: Current challenges in microRNA (miRNA) research are to improve the identification of in vivo mRNA targets and clarify the complex interplay existing between a specific miRNA and multiple biological networks. MiRonTop is an online java web tool that integrates DNA microarrays or high-throughput sequencing data to identify the potential implication of miRNAs on a specific biological system. It allows a rapid characterization of the most pertinent mRNA targets according to several existing miRNA target prediction approaches. It also provides useful representations of the enrichment scores according to the position of the target site along the 3′-UTR, where the contribution of the sites located in the vicinity of the stop codon and of the polyA tail can be clearly highlighted. It provides different graphs of miRNA enrichment associated with up- or down-regulated transcripts and different summary tables about selections of mRNA targets and their functional annotations by Gene Ontology.
Availability: http://www.microarray.fr:8080/miRonTop/index
Contact: barbry@ipmc.cnrs.fr
Interactional and functional centrality in transcriptional co-expression networks
Authors: Prifti Edi , Zucker Jean-Daniel , Clément Karine , Henegar Corneliu 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Motivation: The noisy nature of transcriptomic data hinders the biological relevance of conventional network centrality measures, often used to select gene candidates in co-expression networks. Therefore, new tools and methods are required to improve the prediction of mechanistically important transcriptional targets.
Results: We propose an original network centrality measure, called annotation transcriptional centrality (ATC) computed by integrating gene expression profiles from microarray experiments with biological knowledge extracted from public genomic databases. ATC computation algorithm delimits representative functional domains in the co-expression network and then relies on this information to find key nodes that modulate propagation of functional influences within the network. We demonstrate ATC ability to predict important genes in several experimental models and provide improved biological relevance over conventional topological network centrality measures.
Availability: ATC computational routine is implemented in a publicly available tool named FunNet (www.funnet.info)
Contact: edi.prifti@crc.jussieu.fr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Clinical, neuroradiological and genetic findings in pontocerebellar hypoplasia
Authors: Namavar Yasmin , Barth Peter G. , Kasher Paul R. , van Ruissen Fred , Brockmann Knut , Bernert Günther , Writzl Karin , Ventura Karen , Cheng Edith Y. , Ferriero Donna M. , Basel-Vanagaite Lina , Eggens Veerle R. C. , Krägeloh-Mann Ingeborg , De Meirleir Linda , King Mary , Graham John M. , von Moers Arpad , Knoers Nine , Sztriha Laszlo , Korinthenberg Rudolf , Consortium PCH , Dobyns William B. , Baas Frank , Poll-The Bwee Tien 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia is a group of autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders with prenatal onset. The common characteristics are cerebellar hypoplasia with variable atrophy of the cerebellum and the ventral pons. Supratentorial involvement is reflected by variable neocortical atrophy, ventriculomegaly and microcephaly. Mutations in the transfer RNA splicing endonuclease subunit genes (TSEN54, TSEN2, TSEN34) were found to be associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia types 2 and 4. Mutations in the mitochondrial transfer RNA arginyl synthetase gene (RARS2) were associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 6. We studied a cohort of 169 patients from 141 families for mutations in these genes, of whom 106 patients tested positive for mutations in one of the TSEN genes or the RARS2 gene. In order to delineate the neuroradiological and clinical phenotype of patients with mutations in these genes, we compared this group with 63 patients suspected of pontocerebellar hypoplasia who were negative on mutation analysis. We found a strong correlation (P &lt; 0.0005) between TSEN54 mutations and a dragonfly-like cerebellar pattern on magnetic resonance imaging, in which the cerebellar hemispheres are flat and severely reduced in size and the vermis is relatively spared. Mutations in TSEN54 are clinically associated with dyskinesia and/or dystonia and variable degrees of spasticity, in some cases with pure generalized spasticity. Nonsense or splice site mutations in TSEN54 are associated with a more severe phenotype of more perinatal symptoms, ventilator dependency and early death. In addition, we present ten new mutations in TSEN54, TSEN2 and RARS2. Furthermore, we show that pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1 together with elevated cerebrospinal fluid lactate may be caused by RARS2 mutations.