bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Spatial and Temporal Development of Autoimmune Vitiligo in Tyrosinase-Specific TCR Transgenic Mice
Authors: Gregg Randal K. , Nichols Lisa , Chen Yiming , Lu Bao , Engelhard Victor H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractGeneralized vitiligo is thought to have an autoimmune etiology and has been correlated with the presence of CD8 T cells specific for melanocyte differentiation Ag. However, limited animal models for the disease have hampered its understanding. Thus, we generated TCR transgenic mice that recognize an epitope of the melanocyte protein, tyrosinase. These animals develop vitiligo with strikingly similar characteristics to the human disease. Vitiligo develops temporally and spatially, with juvenile lesions forming bilaterally in head and facial areas, and only arising later in the body of adult animals. Vitiligo is entirely dependent on CD8 T cells, whereas CD4 T cells exert a negative regulatory effect. Importantly, CD8 T cells can be pervasively present in the skin in the steady state without inducing vitiligo in most areas. This points to developmental differences in melanocyte susceptibility and/or immunological effector mechanisms over time, or in different body locations. Disease is strongly dependent on both IFN-γ and CXCR3, whereas dependence on CCR5 is more limited, and both CCR4 and perforin are dispensable. Genetic ablation of CXCR3 or IFN-γ also resulted in scarce CD8 T cell infiltration into the skin. Our results identify unexpected complexity in vitiligo development and point toward possible therapeutic interventions.
Importance of Neonatal FcR in Regulating the Serum Half-Life of Therapeutic Proteins Containing the Fc Domain of Human IgG1: A Comparative Study of the Affinity of Monoclonal Antibodies and Fc-Fusion Proteins to Human Neonatal FcR
Authors: Suzuki Takuo , Ishii-Watabe Akiko , Tada Minoru , Kobayashi Tetsu , Kanayasu-Toyoda Toshie , Kawanishi Toru , Yamaguchi Teruhide 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe neonatal FcR (FcRn) binds to the Fc domain of IgG at acidic pH in the endosome and protects IgG from degradation, thereby contributing to the long serum half-life of IgG. To date, more than 20 mAb products and 5 Fc-fusion protein products have received marketing authorization approval in the United States, the European Union, or Japan. Many of these therapeutic proteins have the Fc domain of human IgG1; however, the serum half-lives differ in each protein. To elucidate the role of FcRn in the pharmacokinetics of Fc domain-containing therapeutic proteins, we evaluated the affinity of the clinically used human, humanized, chimeric, or mouse mAbs and Fc-fusion proteins to recombinant human FcRn by surface plasmon resonance analysis. The affinities of these therapeutic proteins to FcRn were found to be closely correlated with the serum half-lives reported from clinical studies, suggesting the important role of FcRn in regulating their serum half-lives. The relatively short serum half-life of Fc-fusion proteins was thought to arise from the low affinity to FcRn. The existence of some mAbs having high affinity to FcRn and a short serum half-life, however, suggested the involvement of other critical factor(s) in determining the serum half-life of such Abs. We further investigated the reason for the relatively low affinity of Fc-fusion proteins to FcRn and suggested the possibility that the receptor domain of Fc-fusion protein influences the structural environment of the FcRn binding region but not of the FcγRI binding region of the Fc domain.
Children's memory for the times of events from the past years
Authors: Friedman William J. , Reese Elaine , Dai Xin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis study tested 8–12‐year‐olds' ability to localize in time parent‐reported events from four time intervals ranging from 6 months to 4 years ago. Memory for content was very accurate, and children's time estimates showed substantial agreement with the times provided by their parents. Accuracy of year judgments declined with retention interval, with the greatest change occurring between the 1–2‐year and 2–3‐year intervals. Season, month and time of day accuracy were much more stable over time. There were significant improvements with age in performance on measures of conventional time knowledge, and this performance was correlated with the accuracy of time estimates on the long time scales, controlling for age and general cognitive ability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Video‐game training and naïve reasoning about object motion
Authors: Masson Michael E. J. , Bub Daniel N. , Lalonde Christopher E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNaïve conceptions and associated misconceptions about object motion arise in part from limitations on perceptual experience. Certain commercial video games, such as Enigmo, provide interactive experience with realistic trajectories and practice at purposefully manipulating those trajectories. We tested the possibility that this experience could modify naïve intuitions about object motion, bringing them into closer alignment with Newtonian principles of mechanics. Fifty‐one middle‐school children were randomly assigned to play either Enigmo or a strategy game for six sessions. Only the Enigmo group improved their ability to generate realistic trajectories, but this improvement was limited to learning about the general parabolic shape of trajectories. After training, both groups received a 30‐minute tutorial on Newtonian principles which generated a much larger improvement in producing realistic trajectories than did game play. This improvement was of similar magnitude in both training groups, indicating that gaming experience provided no advantage in deriving benefits from direct instruction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing the covariance matrix of the innovation sequence with sensor/actuator fault detection applications
Authors: Hajiyev Chingiz 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOperative methods for testing the covariance matrix of the innovation sequence of the Kalman filter are proposed. The quadratic form of the random Wishart matrix is used in this process as a monitoring statistic, and the testing problem is reduced to the classical problem of minimization of a quadratic form on the unit sphere. As a result, two algorithms for testing the covariance matrix of the innovation sequence are proposed. In the first algorithm, the sum of all elements of the matrix is used as the scalar measure of the Wishart matrix that is being tested, while in the second algorithm, the largest eigenvalue of this matrix is used. In the simulations, the longitudinal and lateral dynamics of the F‐16 aircraft model are considered, and the detection procedure of sensor/actuator faults, which affect the covariance matrix of the innovation sequence, is examined. Some recommendations for the fastest detection of the fault are given. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smart Hydrogels Co‐switched by Hydrogen Bonds and π–π Stacking for Continuously Regulated Controlled‐Release System
Authors: Li Fang , Zhu Yingchun , You Bo , Zhao Donghui , Ruan Qichao , Zeng Yi , Ding Chuanxian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA series of hydrogels with continuously regulatable release behavior can be achieved by incorporating hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking co‐switches in polymers. A poly(nitrophenyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid) hydrogel (NPMAAHG) for control over drug release is fabricated by copolymerizing 4‐nitrophenyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker. The carboxylic acid groups and nitrylphenyl groups form hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions, respectively, which act as switches to control the release of guest molecules from the polymers. As revealed by the simulated gastrointestinal tract drug release experiments, the as‐synthesized NPMAAHG hydrogels can be regulated to release only 4.7% of drugs after 3 h in a simulated stomach and nearly 92.6% within 43 h in the whole digestive tract. The relation between the release kinetics and structures and the mechanism of the smart release control are analyzed in terms of diffusion exponent, swelling interface number, drug diffusion coefficient, and velocity of the swelling interface in detail. The results reveal that the release of guest molecules from the hydrogels can be continuously regulated for systemic administration by controlling the ratio of the hydrophilic hydrogen bonds and the hydrophobic π–π stacking switches.
Dual Stimuli‐Responsive Supramolecular Polypeptide‐Based Hydrogel and Reverse Micellar Hydrogel Mediated by Host–Guest Chemistry
Authors: Chen Yi , Pang Xiao‐Hui , Dong Chang‐Ming 
Published: January 2010

AbstractVersatile strategies are currently being discovered for the fabrication of synthetic polypeptide‐based hybrid hydrogels, which have potential applications in polymer therapeutics and regenerative medicine. Herein, a new concept—the reverse micellar hydrogel—is introduced, and a versatile strategy is provided for fabricating supramolecular polypeptide‐based normal micellar hydrogel and reverse micellar hydrogels from the same polypeptide‐based copolymer via the cooperation of host–guest chemistry and hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The supramolecular hydrogels are thoroughly characterized, and a mechanism for their self‐assembly is proposed. These hydrogels can respond to dual stimuli—temperature and pH—and their mechanical and controlled drug‐release properties can be tuned by the copolymer topology and the polypeptide composition. The reverse micellar hydrogel can load 10% of the anticancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and sustain DOX release for 45 days, indicating that it could be useful as an injectable drug delivery system.
Recent Progress in n‐Channel Organic Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Wen Yugeng , Liu Yunqi 
Published: January 2010

AbstractParticular attention has been focused on n‐channel organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) during the last few years, and the potentially cost‐effective circuitry‐based applications in flexible electronics, such as flexible radiofrequency identity tags, smart labels, and simple displays, will benefit from this fast development. This article reviews recent progress in performance and molecular design of n‐channel semiconductors in the past five years, and limitations and practicable solutions for n‐channel OTFTs are dealt with from the viewpoint of OTFT constitution and geometry, molecular design, and thin‐film growth conditions. Strategy methodology is especially highlighted with an aim to investigate basic issues in this field.
Charge Transport Physics of Conjugated Polymer Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Sirringhaus Henning , Bird Matt , Zhao Ni 
Published: January 2010

AbstractField‐effect transistors based on conjugated polymers are being developed for large‐area electronic applications on flexible substrates, but they also provide a very useful tool to probe the charge transport physics of these complex materials. In this review we discuss recent progress in polymer semiconductor materials, which have brought the performance and mobility of polymer devices to levels comparable to that of small‐molecule organic semiconductors. These new materials have also enabled deeper insight into the charge transport physics of high‐mobility polymer semiconductors gained from experiments with high charge carrier concentration and better molecular‐scale understanding of the electronic structure at the semiconductor/dielectric interface.
Advanced Materials for Energy Storage
Authors: Liu Chang , Li Feng , Ma Lai‐Peng , Cheng Hui‐Ming 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPopularization of portable electronics and electric vehicles worldwide stimulates the development of energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, toward higher power density and energy density, which significantly depends upon the advancement of new materials used in these devices. Moreover, energy storage materials play a key role in efficient, clean, and versatile use of energy, and are crucial for the exploitation of renewable energy. Therefore, energy storage materials cover a wide range of materials and have been receiving intensive attention from research and development to industrialization. In this Review, firstly a general introduction is given to several typical energy storage systems, including thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic, hydrogen, and electrochemical energy storage. Then the current status of high‐performance hydrogen storage materials for on‐board applications and electrochemical energy storage materials for lithium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors is introduced in detail. The strategies for developing these advanced energy storage materials, including nanostructuring, nano‐/microcombination, hybridization, pore‐structure control, configuration design, surface modification, and composition optimization, are discussed. Finally, the future trends and prospects in the development of advanced energy storage materials are highlighted.
Halogen‐free flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foams: Effect of alumina trihydrate and triphenylphosphate on the properties of polyurethane foams
Authors: Thirumal M. , Singha Nikhil K. , Khastgir Dipak , Manjunath B. S. , Naik Y. P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRigid polyurethane foam (PUF) filled with mixture of alumina trihydrate (ATH) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) as fire retardant additive was prepared with water as a blowing agent. In this study, the ATH content was varied from 10 to 100 parts per hundred polyol by weight (php), and TPP was used at a higher loading of ATH (75 and 100 php) in a ratio of 1 : 5 to enhance the processing during PUF preparation. The effects of ATH on properties such as density, compressive strength, morphological, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, flame‐retardant (FR) behavior, and smoke characteristics were studied. The density and compressive strength of the ATH‐filled PUF decreased initially and then increased with further increase in ATH content. There was no significant change in the thermal stability with increasing ATH loading. We determined the FR properties of these foam samples by measuring the limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density, rate of burning, and char yield. The addition of ATH with TPP to PUF significantly decreased the flame‐spread rate and increased LOI. The addition of TPP resulted in easy processing and also improved FR characteristics of the foam. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Asymmetric cellulose acetate dialysis membranes: Synthesis, characterization, and performance
Authors: Saljoughi Ehsan , Amirilargani Mohammad , Mohammadi Toraj 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCellulose acetate (CA) is highly comparable to other synthetic polymer materials and is effective in the hemodialysis process. In this work, asymmetric CA membranes were synthesized with the phase‐inversion method. CA with a molecular weight of 52,000, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a molecular weight of 400, and 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) were used as the polymer, additive, and solvent, respectively. The effects of the CA and PEG concentrations and coagulation bath temperature (CBT) on the morphology, pure water permeability (PWP), insulin/human serum albumin (HSA) transmission, and finally thermal and chemical stability of the prepared membranes were determined and investigated. In general, increasing the PEG concentration and CBT and reducing the CA concentration resulted in increased PWP and insulin/HSA transmission. Also, these variations facilitated the formation of macrovoids in the membrane sublayer. On the other hand, increasing the PEG and CA concentrations and reducing CBT resulted in increased thermal and chemical stability of the prepared membranes. Also, ratios of 15.5/10/74.5 and 17.5/10/72.5 (w/w) for the CA/PEG/NMP casting solutions and their immersion into coagulation baths with CBTs of 0 and 25°C, respectively, resulted in the preparation of membranes that had not only optimum sieving properties and higher PWP but also thermal and chemical stability better than that of conventional CA hemodialysis membranes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Molecular dynamics study of TiO2/poly(acrylic acid‐co‐methyl methacrylate) and Fe3O4/polystyrene composite latex particles prepared by heterocoagulation
Authors: Luo Ying‐Da , Chen Jui‐Hung , Huang Ching‐I , Chiu Wen‐Yen 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAll‐atom molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the morphology of polymer/inorganic composite particles prepared by heterocoagulation. The results were also compared to those of our previous study of the preparation of TiO2/poly(acrylic acid‐co‐methyl methacrylate) and Fe3O4/polystyrene composite particles. In the simulation system, polymer or inorganic particles were simulated by surface‐charge‐modified C60 or Na atoms. Through a combination of analysis of the radial distribution functions of charged atoms and snapshots of the equilibrated structure, three kinds of particle distributions were observed under different conditions. When the polymer and inorganic particles had opposite surface charges and their sizes were very different, the composite morphology showed a core–shell structure with small particles adsorbed onto the surfaces of large particles. Furthermore, when the polymer and inorganic particles had opposite surface charges but comparable sizes, the polymer and inorganic particles aggregated domain by domain. Finally, when the polymer and inorganic particles were endowed with the same surface charge, the distribution of these two types of particles was homogeneous, regardless of their size difference. The simulation results were in agreement with the experimental results. The electrostatic interaction and the size of the particles dominated the final morphology of the composite particles when the heterocoagulation method was used. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Properties of compatibilized polylactide blend films with gelatinized corn and tapioca starches
Authors: Phetwarotai Worasak , Potiyaraj Pranut , Aht‐Ong Duangdao 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBlend films containing two types of starch, various amounts of methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and polylactide were prepared. The effects of MDI level and starch type on the tensile, thermal, and morphological properties of these films were investigated. The MDI amount was varied from 0 to 10 wt % on the basis of gelatinized starch (GS) content, whereas two types of starch (corn and tapioca) were added as fillers. In this study, the blend films were hot‐mixed at 180°C by an internal batch mixer and then compression‐molded to form test specimens. The results show that the addition of MDI as a compatibilizer led to an increase in the tensile properties compared with the uncompatibilized films. Furthermore, the thermal properties indicated some improving interfacial adhesion between the two phases, as evidenced by the morphological results. These behaviors were observed in the blends with both gelatinized tapioca starch and gelatinized corn starch. The different types of starch had no effect on the glass‐transition and melting‐temperature shifts, including water absorption of the blend films. On the other hand, the mechanical properties of the blends with gelatinized corn starch were higher than those of the others. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Anisotropic in vitro vessel model using poly(vinyl alcohol) hydro gel and mesh material
Authors: Liu Lei , Kosukegawa Hiroyuki , Ohta Makoto , Hayase Toshiyuki 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn the present study, the authors fabricated straight multilayer hybrid tubular in vitro vessel models (inner diameter Din = 10 mm; thickness T = 4 mm) composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel (PVA‐H) and anisotropic mesh materials. The authors performed tensile, stress‐relaxation and cyclic‐tensile tests using axial and circumferential test pieces as well as pressure‐diameter (P‐D) tests using tubular test piece. In the tensile and stress‐relaxation tests, the anisotropic and nonlinear mechanical properties and hysteresis characteristic of the in vitro models were confirmed. The in vitro models also showed behavior qualitatively similar to that of native arteries in cycle‐tensile and P‐D tests. These results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of native vessels can be duplicated in an in vitro model by controlling the components of the mesh material, the orientation of elastic fibers in the mesh material, and the concentration and thickness of PVA‐H layers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Architecture of prototype copolymer brushes composed of alternating structure and intramolecular phase separation of side chains in solution
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Furuta Yuya , Nojima Shuichi , Uchida Satoshi 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was applied to the synthesis of prototype copolymer brushes composed polystyrene/poly(t‐butyl methacrylate) (PS/PBMA) alternating structure. Dilute solution properties of prototype copolymer brush were investigated by static and dynamic light scattering (SLS and DLS) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). As a result, such prototype copolymer brush composed of short aspect ratio formed a star‐like single molecule in THF. To discuss the intramolecular phase separation of PS/PBMA brushes in solution, we determined the radius of gyration (Rg) and cross‐sectional radius of gyration (Rg,c) of prototype copolymer brush by small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) using Guinier's plots in THF and styrene. We used styrene as solvent to cancel each other out with the electron density of PS side chains. Both Rg and Rg,c obtained in styrene decreased drastically compared with those obtained in THF. These results indicated strongly that PS and PBMA side chains of prototype brushes formed intramolecular phase separation even in good solvent. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Rheological behavior of polymer–clay nanocomposite hydrogels: Effect of nanoscale interactions
Authors: Abdurrahmanoglu Suzan , Okay Oguz 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis research highlights different viscoelastic responses of polymer–clay nanocomposite hydrogels depending on the type of the monomer used in their preparation. Polymerization reactions of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMA), N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), and acrylamide (AAm) in aqueous clay (Laponite) dispersions have been investigated by rheometry using oscillatory deformation tests. The gelation profile of AAm polymerization obeys typical gelation kinetics, while a reverse behavior was observed during the DMA or NIPA polymerizations. In the latter cases, after an abrupt increase in elastic and viscous moduli at the start of the reaction, they both decrease continuously during the whole course of the gelation process. Creep‐recovery tests performed on the final hydrogels indicate that the time‐dependent viscoelastic response of the gels derived from AAm is distinctly different from the other gels. The retardation time of AAm gel is about twice that of DMA or NIPA gels indicating higher mobility of the crosslink zones in the former gel. As a consequence, a larger amount of energy is dissipated during the deformation of nanocomposite hydrogels based on AAm. Different extent of interactions between the clay particles and the monomers explains the results of observations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010