bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structured Decision-Making and Rapid Prototyping to Plan a Management Response to an Invasive Species
Authors: Blomquist Sean M. , Johnson Trisha D. , Smith David R. , Call Geoff P. , Miller Brant N. , Thurman W. Mark , McFadden Jamie E. , Parkin Mary J. , Boomer G. Scott 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
We developed components of a decision structure that could be used in an adaptive management framework for responding to invasion of hemlock woolly adelgid Adeleges tsugae on the Cumberland Plateau of northern Tennessee. Hemlock woolly adelgid, an invasive forest pest, was first detected in this area in 2007. We used a structured decision-making process to identify and refine the management problem, objectives, and alternative management actions, and to assess consequences and tradeoffs among selected management alternatives. We identified four fundamental objectives: 1) conserve the aquatic and terrestrial riparian conservation targets, 2) protect and preserve hemlock, 3) develop and maintain adequate budget, and 4) address public concerns. We designed two prototype responses using an iterative process. By rapidly prototyping a first solution, insights were gained and shortcomings were identified, and some of these shortcomings were incorporated and corrected in the second prototype. We found that objectives were best met when management focused on early treatment of lightly to moderately infested but relatively healthy hemlock stands with biological control agent predator beetles and insect-killing fungi. Also, depending on the cost constraint, early treatment should be coupled with silvicultural management of moderately to severely infested and declining hemlock stands to accelerate conversion to nonhemlock mature forest cover. The two most valuable contributions of the structured decision-making process were 1) clarification and expansion of our objectives, and 2) application of tools to assess tradeoffs and predict consequences of alternative actions. Predicting consequences allowed us to evaluate the influence of uncertainty on the decision. For example, we found that the expected number of mature forest stands over 30 y would be increased by 4% by resolving the uncertainty regarding predator beetle effectiveness. The adaptive management framework requires further development including identifying and evaluating uncertainty, formalizing other competing predictive models, designing a monitoring program to update the predictive models, developing a process for re-evaluating the predictive models and incorporating new management technologies, and generating support for planning and implementation.
Skin Inflammation Arising from Cutaneous Regulatory T Cell Deficiency Leads to Impaired Viral Immune Responses
Authors: Freyschmidt Eva-Jasmin , Mathias Clinton B. , Diaz Natalia , MacArthur Daniel H. , Laouar Amale , Manjunath Narasimhaswamy , Hofer Matthias D. , Wurbel Marc-Andre , Campbell James J. , Chatila Talal A. , Oettgen Hans C. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Individuals with atopic dermatitis immunized with the small pox vaccine, vaccinia virus (VV), are susceptible to eczema vaccinatum (EV), a potentially fatal disseminated infection. Dysfunction of Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)-positive regulatory T cells (Treg) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. To test whether Treg deficiency predisposes to EV, we percutaneously VV infected FoxP3-deficient (FoxP3KO) mice, which completely lack FoxP3+ Treg. These animals generated both fewer VV-specific CD8+ effector T cells and IFN-γ–producing CD8+ T cells than controls, had higher viral loads, and exhibited abnormal Th2-polarized responses to the virus. To focus on the consequences of Treg deficiency confined to the skin, we generated mixed CCR4KO FoxP3KO bone marrow (CCR4/FoxP3) chimeras in which skin, but not other tissues or central lymphoid organs, lack Treg. Like FoxP3KO mice, the chimeras had impaired VV-specific effector T cell responses and higher viral loads. Skin cytokine expression was significantly altered in infected chimeras compared with controls. Levels of the antiviral cytokines, type I and II IFNs and IL-12, were reduced, whereas expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-23, was increased. Importantly, infection of CCR4/FoxP3 chimeras by a noncutaneous route (i.p.) induced immune responses comparable to controls. Our findings implicate allergic skin inflammation resulting from local Treg deficiency in the pathogenesis of EV.
Smad2 and Smad3 Are Redundantly Essential for the TGF-β–Mediated Regulation of Regulatory T Plasticity and Th1 Development
Authors: Takimoto Tomohito , Wakabayashi Yu , Sekiya Takashi , Inoue Naoko , Morita Rimpei , Ichiyama Kenji , Takahashi Reiko , Asakawa Mayako , Muto Go , Mori Tomoaki , Hasegawa Eiichi , Shizuya Saika , Hara Toshiro , Nomura Masatoshi , Yoshimura Akihiko 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Although it has been well established that TGF-β plays a pivotal role in immune regulation, the roles of its downstream transcription factors, Smad2 and Smad3, have not been fully clarified. Specifically, the function of Smad2 in the immune system has not been investigated because of the embryonic lethality of Smad2-deficient mice. In this study, we generated T cell-specific Smad2 conditional knockout (KO) mice and unexpectedly found that Smad2 and Smad3 were redundantly essential for TGF-β–mediated induction of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells and suppression of IFN-γ production in CD4+ T cells. Consistent with these observations, Smad2/Smad3-double KO mice, but not single KO mice, developed fatal inflammatory diseases with higher IFN-γ production and reduced Foxp3 expression in CD4+ T cells at the periphery. Although it has been suggested that Foxp3 induction might underlie TGF-β–mediated immunosuppression, TGF-β still can suppress Th1 cell development in Foxp3-deficient T cells, suggesting that the Smad2/3 pathway inhibits Th1 cell development with Foxp3-independent mechanisms. We also found that Th17 cell development was reduced in Smad-deficient CD4+ T cells because of higher production of Th17-inhibotory cytokines from these T cells. However, TGF-β–mediated induction of RORγt, a master regulator of Th17 cell, was independent of both Smad2 and Smad3, suggesting that TGF-β regulates Th17 development through Smad2/3-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Estimation of temperature and humidity from MST radar observations
Authors: Mohan K. , Narayana Rao D. , Narayana Rao T. , Raghavan S. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Retrieval of vertical profiles of temperature and humidity parameters using a VHF radar is described in this paper. For this, Indian MST radar located at Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E) has been operated in a special mode. First, vertical velocities are collected continuously using the radar and are subjected to Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis to obtain Brunt-Väisälä oscillations. From the measured Brunt-Väisälä oscillations, temperature profile is obtained from the radar observations following Revathy et al. (1996). The various terms required for the retrieval of vertical profiles of humidity are the eddy dissipation rate, ε, the volume reflectivity, η, and the potential refractive index gradient, M. The eddy dissipation rate, ε, is calculated from the spectral width after removing the effects due to non-turbulence. The volume reflectivity, η, of the turbulence scattering is calculated using the signal-to-noise ratio as a function of height. The potential refractive index gradient, M, is evaluated using the measured Brunt-Väisälä oscillations, the eddy dissipation rate and the volume reflectivity, η. Vertical profiles of humidity are retrieved following Tsuda (1997) using the radar derived temperature as well as the balloon measured temperature and are compared with the humidity as measured by the radiosonde. The sign of the potential refractive index gradient, M, is taken from the simultaneous measurements of balloon soundings. The retrieved vertical profiles of temperature and humidity have been compared with the radiosonde data, which are released simultaneously with the radar observations at the radar site. A fairly good comparison is seen between the two measurements on some days and there are some discrepancies on some other days. The strengths and limitations in estimating the vertical profiles of temperature and humidity from the radar observations are discussed.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (pressure, density and temperature; enhancements and techniques)
&lt;i&gt;Letter to the Editor&lt;/i&gt; Intense oceanic lightning
Authors: Füllekrug M. , Price C. , Yair Y. , Williams E. R. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The electrodynamic properties of intense oceanic lightning discharges are compared to intense continental lightning discharges. Particularly intense negative lightning discharges with absolute charge moments > 2 kC · km occur more often over the oceans than over the continents during April 1998. Intense continental lightning discharges, with negative and positive polarity, and intense positive oceanic lightning discharges primarily occur associated with mesoscale convection in the late evening. The number of intense negative oceanic lightning discharges increases in the early morning hours, probably associated with the resurgence of oceanic mesoscale convection in coastal areas. The day-to-day variability of intense negative oceanic lightning discharges exhibits a five day periodicity, possibly related to planetary waves.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (lightning; ocean-atmosphere interactions) – Oceanography - general (marine meteorology)
Solar wind heating by an embedded quasi-isothermal pick-up ion fluid
Authors: Fahr H. J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. It is well known that the solar wind plasma consists of primary ions of solar coronal origin and secondary ions of interstellar origin. Interstellar H-atoms penetrate into the inner heliosphere and when ionized there are converted into secondary ions. These are implanted into the magnetized solar wind flow and are essentially enforced to co-move with this flow. By nonlinear interactions with wind-entrained Alfvén waves the latter are processed in the co-moving velocity space. This pick-up process, however, also causes actions back upon the original solar wind flow, leading to a deceleration, as well as a heating of the solar wind plasma. The resulting deceleration is not only due to the loading effect, but also due to the action of the pressure gradient. To calculate the latter, it is important to take into account the stochastic acceleration that suffers at their convection out of the inner heliosphere by the quasi-linear interactions with MHD turbulences. Only then can the presently reported VOYAGER observations of solar wind decelerations and heatings in the outer heliosphere be understood in terms of the current, most likely values of interstellar gas parameters. In a consistent view of the thermodynamics of the solar wind plasma, which is composed of secondary ions and solar wind protons, we also derive that the latter are globally heated at their motion to larger solar distances. The arising heat transfer is due to the action of suprathermal ions which drive MHD waves that are partially absorbed by solar wind protons and thereby establish their observed quasi-polytropy. We obtain a quantitative expression for the solar wind proton pressure as a function of solar distance. This expression clearly shows the change from an adiabatic to a quasi-polytropic behaviour with a decreasing polytropic index at increasing distances, as has been observed by the VOYAGERS. This also allows one to calculate the average percentage of the intitial energy fed into the thermal proton energy. In a first-order evaluation of this expression we can estimate that under stationary flow conditions about 10% of the initial injection energy is eventually transfered to solar wind protons, independent of the actual injection rate. Key words. Interplanetary physics (energetic particles; interstellar gas; solar wind plasma)
Evolution of geomagnetic &lt;i&gt;aa&lt;/i&gt; index near sunspot minimum
Authors: Kane R. P. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The smoothed values of the minima of sunspot number Rz and the geomagnetic index aa were compared for sunspot cycles 12–23. In one cycle, aa(min) occurred earlier than Rz(min), but remained at that low from a few months before Rz(min) to a few months after Rz(min). In two cycles, Rz(min) and aa(min) coincided within a month or two. In nine cycles, aa(min) occurred more than three months later than Rz(min). The aa(min) coincided with the minima of some solar radio emission indices originating in the solar corona. For sunspot cycles 21, 22, 23, the minimum of solar wind velocity V occurred 0–9 months later than the aa(min). The minimum of solar wind total magnetic field B occurred near Rz(min). The solar wind ion density N had maxima (instead of minima) near Rz(min), and again near Rz(max), indicating a ~5-year periodicity, instead of an 11-year periodicity. The maxima of aa, V and B occurred near Rz(max) and/or later in the declining phase of Rz. The aa index was very well correlated with the functions BV and BV 2.Key words. Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism (time variations, diurnal to secular – time variations, secular and long term) Interplanetary physics (interplanetary magnetic field)
A revised approach to the ƒ&lt;i&gt;o&lt;/i&gt;F2 long-term trends analysis
Authors: Mikhailov A. V. , Marin D. , Leschinskaya T. Yu. , Herraiz M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. A new approach to extract foF2 long-term trends, which are free to a great extent from solar and geomagnetic activity effects, has been proposed. These trends are insensitive to the phase (increasing/decreasing) of geomagnetic activity, with long-term variations being small and insignificant for such relatively short time periods. A small but significant residual foF2 trend, with the slope Kr = - 2.2 × 10-4 per year, was obtained over a 55-year period (the longest avail-able) of observations at Slough. Such small trends have no practical importance. On the other hand, negative (although insignificant) residual trends obtained at 10 ionosonde stations for shorter periods (31 years) may be considered as a manifestation of a very long-term geomagnetic activity increase which did take place during the 20th century. All of the revealed foF2 long-term variations (trends) are shown to have a natural origin related to long-term variations in solar and geomagnetic activity. There is no indication of any manmade foF2 trends. Key words. Ionosphere (ionosphere-atmosphere interactions, ionospheric disturbances)
Location of Pc 1–2 waves relative to the magnetopause
Authors: Denton R. E. , LaBelle J. , Zhu X. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Spacecraft-borne and ground-based magnetometers frequently detect magnetospheric micropulsations in the period range 0.2–10 s, termed Pc 1–2, and attributed to electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves driven by temperature anisotropy (T^ > T ||). Previous surveys of Pc 1 occurrence locations have been limited to L < 9. We present AMPTE/IRM observations of the distribution of Pc 1 waves out to the magnetopause, for a limited region of MLT = 10–14. The probability of wave occurrence Pwav is large (> 0.15) between L = 7–12, peaking at L = 8–10 (Pwav ~ 0.25). When the L-value is normalized to the magnetopause position Lmp, however, the highest probabilities of Pc 1 wave occurrence are close to the magnetopause, with Pwav ~0.25 for Lnorm = L/Lmp = 0.8–1.0. These results are consistent with increased convective growth rate at large L and with the greater effect of magnetosphere compression close to the magnetopause. On the other hand, we only directly observe magnetic field compression for at most about 25% of the wave events.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics; MHD waves and instabilities; plasma waves and instabilities)
Observations on Stratospheric-Mesospheric-Thermospheric temperatures using Indian MST radar and co-located LIDAR during Leonid Meteor Shower (LMS)
Authors: Selvamurugan R. , Devasia C. V. , Jain A. R. , Raghava Reddi C. , Rao P. B. , Sridharan R. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The temporal and height statistics of the occurrence of meteor trails during the Leonid meteor shower revealed the capability of the Indian MST radar to record large numbers of meteor trails. The distribution of radio meteor trails due to a Leonid meteor shower in space and time provided a unique opportunity to construct the height profiles of lower thermospheric temperatures and winds, with good time and height resolution. There was a four-fold increase in the meteor trails observed during the LMS compared to a typical non-shower day. The temperatures were found to be in excellent continuity with the temperature profiles below the radio meteor region derived from the co-located Nd-Yag LIDAR and the maximum height of the temperature profile was extended from the LIDAR to ~110 km. There are, how-ever, some significant differences between the observed profiles and the CIRA-86 model profiles. The first results on the meteor statistics and neutral temperature are presented and discussed below. Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (pres-sure, density, and temperature) History of geophysics (at-mospheric sciences) Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics)
SuperDARN E-region backscatter boundary in the dusk-midnight sector – tracer of equatorward boundary of the auroral oval
Authors: Jayachandran P. T. , Donovan E. F. , MacDougall J. W. , Moorcroft D. R. , St. Maurice J.-P. , Prikryl P. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. We compare the locations of the equatorward boundaries of SuperDARN E-region backscatter and Hb emissions, focusing on the dusk-midnight sector of the auroral oval where the proton aurora is statistically located equatorward of the discrete electron aurora. We show that, whenever both boundaries can be simultaneously identified, they are coincident. Our result complements earlier studies, which demonstrated the correspondence between the DMSP b2i boundary and both the equatorward boundary of the proton auroral oval (Donovan et al., 2002), and the equatorward boundary of SuperDARN E-region echoes (Jayachandran et al., 2002). Further, our result shows that, provided there is sufficient precipitating proton energy flux, the SuperDARN radars can be used to monitor the equatorward edge of the proton auroral oval.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; particle precipitation; ionospheric irregularities)
G condition in the F2 region peak electron density: a statistical study
Authors: Lobzin V. V. , Pavlov A. V. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. We present a study of statistical relationships between the G condition, F1-layer and NmF2 negative disturbance occurrence probabilities and geomagnetic and solar activity indices Kp and F10.7, season, and geomagnetic latitude, busing experimental data acquired by the Ionospheric Digital Database of the National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado from 1957 to 1990. It is shown that the dependence of the G condition occurrence probability, yG, on Kp is mainly determined by processes that control the behaviour of the F2 layer with Kp changes. We found that the relationship for log yG versus Kp is very close to the linear one. The G condition occurrence probability decreases from 0.55% to 0.17% as the value of F10.7 increases from low to middle values, reaches its minimum at the middle solar activity level of F10.7 = 144 – 170, increasing from the minimum value of 0.17% to 0.49% when the F10.7 index increases from the middle solar activity level to F10.7 = 248 – 274. Interhemispheric asymmetry is found for the G condition occurrence probability in the ionosphere, with a stronger enhancement seen in the magnetic latitude range close to the northern magnetic pole and a deep minimum of the G condition occurrence probability in the low magnetic latitude range from – 30° to 30°. The measured magnetic latitude variation of the F1-layer occurrence probability is also asymmetrical relative to the geomagnetic equator. Our results provide additional evidence the F1-layer is more likely to be formed in summer than in winter. The Northern Hemisphere peak F1-layer occurrence probability is found to exceed that in the Southern Hemisphere. The G condition occurrence probability has maximum values of 0.91 and 0.75% in summer, and minimum values of 0.01 and 0.05% in winter for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively.Key words. Ionosphere; ion chemistry and composition; ionosphere-atmosphere interactions; ionospheric disturbances
Observation of an unusual mid-stratospheric aerosol layer in the Arctic: possible sources and implications for polar vortex dynamics
Authors: Gerding M. , Baumgarten G. , Blum U. , Thayer J. P. , Fricke K.-H. , Neuber R. , Fiedler J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. By the beginning of winter 2000/2001, a mysterious stratospheric aerosol layer had been detected by four different Arctic lidar stations. The aerosol layer was observed first on 16 November 2000, at an altitude of about 38 km near Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland (67° N, 51° W) and on 19 November 2000, near Andenes, Norway (69° N, 16° E). Subsequently, in early December 2000, the aerosol layer was observed near Kiruna, Sweden (68° N, 21° E) and Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen (79° N, 12° E). No mid-latitude lidar station observed the presence of aerosols in this altitude region. The layer persisted throughout the winter 2000/2001, at least up to 12 February 2001. In November 2000, the backscatter ratio at a wavelength of 532 nm was up to 1.1, with a FWHM of about 2.5 km. By early February 2001, the layer had sedimented from an altitude of 38 km to about 26 km. Measurements at several wavelengths by the ALOMAR and Koldewey lidars indicate the particle size was between 30 and 50 nm. Depolarisation measurements reveal that the particles in the layer are aspherical, hence solid. In the mid-stratosphere, the ambient atmospheric temperature was too high to support in situ formation or existence of cloud particles consisting of ice or an acid-water solution. Furthermore, in the year 2000 there was no volcanic eruption, which could have injected aerosols into the upper stratosphere. Therefore, other origins of the aerosol, such as meteoroid debris, condensed rocket fuel, or aerosols produced under the influence of charged solar particles, will be discussed in the paper. Trajectory calculations illustrate the path of the aerosol cloud within the polar vortex and are used to link the observations at the different lidar sites. From the descent rate of the layer and particle sedimentation rates, the mean down-ward motion of air within the polar vortex was estimated to be about 124 m/d between 35 and 30 km, with higher values at the edge of the vortex.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (aerosols and particles; middle atmosphere composition and chemistry) – meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics)
About the direction of motion, polarity and multiplicity of lightning flashes hitting towers: a comparative analysis of data gathered in Brazil and Switzerland
Authors: Pinto O. , Guedes D. G. , Saba M. M. F. , Pinto I. R. C. A. , Lacerda M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. After 17 years of research at Morro do Cachimbo station (MC) in Brazil, 51 flashes with strokes higher than 2 kA were registered. The data are compared with similar data obtained from the Mount San Salvatore station (SS), Switzerland, in terms of the incidence of downward or upward flashes, polarity, and flash multiplicity. The comparison indicates that at MC the percentage of upward flashes and the multiplicity of negative downward flashes are higher than at SS, while the percentage of downward positive flashes is lower. Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (atmospheric electricity; lightning; instruments and techniques)