bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydroecology of a New Zealand glacier‐fed river: linking longitudinal zonation of physical habitat and macroinvertebrate communities
Authors: Cadbury Sarah L. , Milner Alexander M. , Hannah David M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn comparison to European glacier‐fed catchments, the hydroecology of New Zealand glacier‐fed rivers has received limited attention, despite the Southern Alps markedly different maritime climate, a more precipitation dominated flow regime and an endemic species assemblage. This study linked longitudinal patterns of the physicochemical habitat and macroinvertebrate community along a New Zealand glacier‐fed river and compared and contrasted these with understanding of European alpine river systems. Habitat variables and benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled over two consecutive summer melt periods at three sites along the Rob Roy stream, a tributary of the Matukituki River, in Mt Aspiring National Park near Wanaka, South Island. Although habitat stability increased downstream from the glacier terminus (Site R1), disturbance remained a limiting factor of macroinvertebrate abundance and species richness at the lower sites (R2 and R3). An average water temperature increase of 2 °C over 3·3 km (from R1 to R3) was observed downstream with habitat heterogeneity and species richness highest at the downstream site (R3). The ephemeropterans Deleatidium cornutum and Nesameletus dominated at the upper two sites with the chironomids Eukiefferiella and Maoridiamesa, but became co‐dominant at R3 with Deleatidium angustum, where other plecopteran and trichopteran taxa were also observed. Distributions were predominantly limited by temperature, thought to be due to adaptation to disturbance observed in taxa of New Zealand alpine streams. However, the plecopteran Zelandobius, although tolerant of cool temperatures, appeared limited to areas and periods when channel stability was higher. Modification of the conceptual model of the longitudinal zonation of macroinvertebrate taxa (Milner et al., 2001a) is proposed to account for the different species assemblage of New Zealand glacier‐fed rivers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of operational parameters on anaerobic co‐digestion of dairy cattle manure and agricultural residues: A case study for the Kahramanmaraş region in Turkey
Authors: Alkaya Emrah , Erguder Tuba Hande , Demirer Göksel N. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on anaerobic co‐digestion/biomethanation of cattle manure and agricultural residues (clover, grass and wheat straw). For this purpose, 12 semi‐continuous reactors, fed with/without agricultural residues, were operated under varied temperature (10+, 20+ and 35±1°C) and HRT (20 and 30 days) conditions. During the experimental study, all reactors were fed once on a daily basis and operated with an organic loading rate of 3 g volatile solids (VS)/L×d. Daily biogas production, pH, biogas composition, volatile fatty acids, chemical oxygen demand and solids' (dry matter andVS) concentrations were analyzed. Results indicate that the effect of agricultural residue addition did not influence the rate and extent of biomethanation of cattle manure. An effect of temperature was clearly observed on reactor performance for both operational HRTs of 20 and 30 days. At 35±1°C, reactors produced 299–324 mL biogas/g VS added, whereas this value remained between 87–138 mL biogas/g VS for the reactors run at 20+ °C. The results were comparable to the studies performed on anaerobic digestion of cattle manure in terms of both methane production yield (39–182 mL CH4/g VS added) and dry matter reduction efficiencies (33–51%).
Life cycle assessment of the conversion of Zea mays and x Triticosecale into biogas and bioethanol
Authors: Schumacher Britt , Oechsner Hans , Senn Thomas , Jungbluth Thomas 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA life cycle assessment model with eight potential scenarios for the conversion of energy crops into biogas and bioethanol in Germany has been developed, in order to compare energetic output/input relationships and potential environmental effects of the different pathways. The model includes parameter from the literature as well as own data collected at laboratory and semi‐industrial scale trials. Corn silage and ripe triticale, both whole plants, were chosen as typical energy crops for the assessment. In addition, steam explosion as a pretreatment technique was examined. Biogas, as well as bioethanol combined with biogas, is potentially helpful to reduce the consumption of nonrenewable energy carriers and its greenhouse gas emission under the investigated scenarios and the scope set. A future task will be the development of differentiated and well‐adapted concepts on the basis of a decision on liquid or gaseous fuels versus stationary supply of thermal and electrical energy from biomass.
Numerical continuation of high Reynolds number external flows
Authors: Wales C. , Gaitonde A. L. , Jones D. P. , Avitabile D. , Champneys A. R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA numerical continuation method for the compressible Reynolds‐Averaged Navier–Stokes equation with the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is presented and applied to the flow around a 2D airfoil. Using continuation methods it is possible to study the steady flow states of a system as a parameter such as angle of attack is varied. This approach allows unstable solutions to be calculated, which are important for understanding the nonlinear dynamics of the system. Furthermore, this method can be used to find any multivalued solutions that exist at a single parameter value. The eigenvalues of the system are calculated using the Cayley transform to precondition the eigenvalue solver ARPACK. The eigenvalues are important as they show the stability of the solutions as well as accurately detect parameter values at which bifurcations take place. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quo vadis NATM as seen by the designer / Quo vadis NÖT aus Sicht des Planers
Authors: Ayaydin Nejad 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe first NATM designs 40 years ago included only one plan with the tender documents, the so‐called support measures plan with five to six rock quality classes and at the most 30 to 40 bill items and perhaps just 20 pages of technical conditions of contract. The tunnelling work on site was mostly implemented collaboratively, quickly and according to the requirements of the client. The main advantage of the NATM, its adaptability, could be exploited to the full. Meanwhile, the extent of the tender documents has increased by a factor of more than ten. Does the NATM have less economic risk and less conflict potential as a result of this? No! The only progress is that tunnelling has become safer. The reason for the exploding quantity of design and tender documents is not that the technical requirements and their solution have become more extensive but in the immense increase of legal influence and the resulting fixed idea that design and tender documents have to be produced without errors. The introduction of the standard ÖNORM B 2203‐1 and the ÖGG guideline for geotechnical design of underground works 10 years ago have provided the tools for designers to exploit the advantages of the NATM with the required comprehensibility and with more adaptability.Die ersten NÖT‐Planungen vor 40 Jahren haben für den Vortrieb einen einzigen Plan, den so genannten Stützmaßnahmenplan mit fünf bis sechs Gebirgsgüteklassen und maximal 30 bis 40 Positionen, und vielleicht 20 Seiten Technische Vertragsbedingungen beinhaltet. Der Vortrieb vor Ort wurde partnerschaftlich, rasch und meist im Sinne der Anforderungen des Auftraggebers abgewickelt. Der Hauptvorzug der NÖT, nämlich die die Anpassungsfähigkeit, konnte voll ausgenutzt werden. Inzwischen hat sich der Umfang der Ausschreibungsunterlagen auf das mehr als Zehnfache erweitert. Besitzt die NÖT deswegen ein kleineres wirtschaftliches Risiko und weniger Konfliktpotenzial? Nein! Der einzige Fortschritt ist, dass der Vortrieb inzwischen sicherer geworden ist. Der Grund für die Explosion der Planungs‐ und Ausschreibungsunterlagen liegt nicht darin, dass die technischen Anforderungen und deren Lösungen umfangreicher geworden sind, sondern in der immensen Verrechtlichung und der damit verbundenen Zwangsvorstellung, eine fehlerfreie Planung und Ausschreibung erstellen zu müssen. Mit der Einführung der ÖNORM B 2203‐1 und der ÖGG‐Richtlinie für geotechnische Planung von Untertagebauwerken sind seit zehn Jahren Werkzeuge in der Hand des Planers, um die Vorzüge der NÖT mit der notwendigen Nachvollziehbarkeit und mit größerer Anpassungsfähigkeit herauszuarbeiten.
The future of the NATM ‐ Die Zukunft der NÖT
Authors: Bauer Manfred 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe technical development of the new Austrian tunnelling method has made decisive progress in recent decades, although mostly unnoticed by the general public. There is little reason for worry regarding possible or necessary technical developments in the future. What is dangerous for the construction method is the increasing concentration of the people involved in the project on purely contractual discussions, while the necessary collaboration on technical development is ever less important, as is the role of the technicians and engineers. In order to counter this and ensure the future of this method of construction, the essential and unaltered basic principles of the NATM and the role of the engineers must retain their former importance. There are a few positive examples, which point to the development potential and the constraints, which will be necessary in the future.Die technische Entwicklung der Neuen Österreichischen Tunnelbaumethode hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten weitgehend unbemerkt von der Öffentlichkeit entscheidende Fortschritte gemacht. Es gibt wenig Anlass zur Sorge hinsichtlich der möglichen und notwendigen künftigen technischen Entwicklungen. Für die Baumethode gefährlich ist die zunehmende Konzentration der Projektbeteiligten auf rein vertragliche Diskussionen, die notwendige gemeinsame technische Abwicklung gerät ebenso wie die Rolle des Technikers immer mehr in den Hintergrund. Um dem entgegen zu wirken und die Zukunft dieser Baumethode abzusichern, müssen die wesentlichen, unverändert gültigen Grundsätze der NÖT und die Rolle des Technikers wieder gemeinsam in den Vordergrund gestellt werden. Es gibt positive Beispiele, die das Entwicklungspotenzial und die künftig notwendigen Randbedingungen aufzeigen.
Tolerances in tunnelling – small cause and great effect / Toleranzen im Tunnelbau – kleine Ursache mit großer Wirkung
Authors: Jodl Hans Georg , Ehgartner Jörg 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTolerance is defined as the permissible deviation from the specified dimensions, since dimensions cannot be produced exactly. This is particularly relevant in tunnelling, where refurbishment contracts requiring the breaking out of the inner lining of the tunnel and the construction of a new lining will be of increasing significance in the future. Adding the upper and the lower limiting deviations gives the dimensional tolerance (tolerance range), by which the tunnel cross‐section has to be over‐excavated in order to maintain the structure gauge. The Austrian standards ÖNORM B 2203‐1:2001, 2203‐2:2005 and 2110:2009 provide for the tolerances to be specified, but do not define the areas of responsibility. Details of dimensional tolerances (± values) for tunnelling are defined in the RVS 09.01.43 (9.34) “Construction of inner lining concrete”. Under the currently valid regulations, careful attention should be paid in design and tendering to clear provisions and the demarcation of the spheres of responsibility of client and contractor. When existing inner linings are broken out and tolerances are taken into account, attention also needs to be paid to the structural stability of the remaining inner lining.Als Toleranz wird die zulässige Abweichung von vorgeschrieben Maßen definiert, da sich Abmessungen nicht genau erzeugen lassen. Gerade im Tunnelbau werden in Zukunft vermehrt Sanierungen in Angriff genommen, bei denen zunächst die Tunnelinnenschale abzutragen und im Anschluss eine neue Innenschale einzubauen ist. Addiert man die obere und die untere Grenzabweichung, resultiert die Maßtoleranz (Toleranzbereich), um die der Tunnelquerschnitt größer ausgebrochen werden muss, um das Lichtraumprofil einzuhalten. Die ÖNORMEN B 2203‐1:2001, 2203‐2:2005 und 2110:2009 sehen vor, dass Maßtoleranzen anzugeben sind; die Verantwortungsbereiche werden jedoch nicht definiert. Angaben bezüglich der Maßtoleranzen (± Werte) für den Tunnelbau sind in der RVS 09.01.43 (9.34) “Konstruktive Ausführung Innenschalenbeton” definiert. Aufgrund der vorliegenden Regelungen ist in der Projektierungsphase und bei der Ausschreibung besonders darauf zu achten, Begrifflichkeiten sorgfältig zu verwenden, Maßabweichungen festzulegen und den Verantwortungsbereich zwischen Auftraggeber und Auftragnehmer abzugrenzen. Beim Abtrag von bestehenden Innenschalen und der Berücksichtigung der Toleranzen ist in der Planungsphase zusätzlich auf die Standsicherheit der verbleibenden, bestehenden Innenschale zu achten.
Bosruck Tunnel second bore: a challenge for sequential tunnelling in various geological formations / Zweite Röhre Bosrucktunnel: Zyklischer Vortrieb in unterschiedlichen geologischen Formationen
Authors: Pacher Franz , Cottogni Ingo , Stegbauer Thomas 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe construction of the second bore of the Bosruck Tunnel is very much influenced by the experience gained in the first bore, which affects the tunnel advance and also support. The west bore has a total length of 5,424 m and is being sequentially tunnelled from both portals at the same time. In addition to the main tunnel, there are eleven crosscuts to be excavated. The article reports on the start of work from the beginning of January 2010 until September 2010 and gives an overview of the schedule and work preparation for the forthcoming excavation and support works in the various rock formations.Der Bau der zweiten Röhre des Bosrucktunnels ist von den Erfahrungen der ersten Röhre sowohl beim Vortrieb und der Sicherung als auch beim daran nachfolgenden Innenausbau geprägt. Die Weströhre hat eine Gesamtlänge von 5.424 m und wird im zyklischen Vortrieb von beiden Portalen aus gleichzeitig vorgetrieben. Zusätzlich zum Haupttunnel sind noch elf Querschläge aufzufahren. Der Beitrag fasst die ersten Erfahrungen aus dem Vortrieb von Baubeginn Anfang Januar 2010 bis zum September 2010 zusammen und gibt und einen Ausblick über die Ablauf‐ und Arbeitsvorbereitung der noch anstehenden Ausbruch‐ und Sicherungsarbeiten in den unterschiedlichen Gebirgsformationen.
Biology of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in head and neck cancer: Beyond angiogenesis
Authors: Christopoulos Apostolos , Ahn Sun M , Klein Jonah D , Kim Seungwon 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAngiogenesis is a necessary process for tumor progression and is driven through molecular interactions between cancer cells and neighboring vascular endothelial cells. The primary mediators of angiogenesis are the vascular endothelial growth factors and their respective receptors on endothelial cells. There are several U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved anti‐angiogenic agents in clinical use. In head and neck cancer there are clinical trials assessing the efficacy of anti‐angiogenic agents in combination with chemoradiation therapy. Although the aforementioned growth factors and receptors have been traditionally viewed as anti‐angiogenic targets, there are concomitant efforts to understand the role these molecules play within the tumor cells. In this review, we first discuss the biology of angiogenic proteins and the targeting of angiogenic molecules for cancer treatment. We summarize the current clinical trials of anti‐angiogenic therapies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Finally, the additional role these molecules play in tumor progression independent of angiogenesis is discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Effect of glossectomy technique on histopathologic assessment in a rat model
Authors: Kakarala Kiran , Faquin William C. , Deschler Daniel G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to compare the tissue effects of 3 surgical methods of glossectomy with respect to histopathologic assessment by a pathologist.MethodsThe anterior tongue of 30 Sprague–Dawley rats was excised using either a steel scalpel, monopolar electrosurgery, or ultrasonic scalpel (3 groups of 10). Specimens were examined by a pathologist blinded to the surgical procedure, using a previously described grading system for margin artifact assessment.ResultsMinimal tissue disruption at the surgical margin was produced by the steel scalpel, in contrast to monopolar electrosurgery and ultrasonic scalpel, which both produced varying levels of tissue distortion. Margin fragmentation was significantly greater with monopolar electrosurgery when compared to an ultrasonic scalpel.ConclusionUltrasonic scalpel creates less tissue distortion at the surgical margin than monopolar electrosurgery. Further study is required to determine the clinical relevance of these findings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Induction of mutant p53‐dependent apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting stress protein mortalin
Authors: Lu Wen‐Jing , Lee Nikki P. , Kaul Sunil C. , Lan Feng , Poon Ronnie T.P. , Wadhwa Renu , Luk John M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractStress protein mortalin (mtHSP70) is highly expressed in cancer cells. It was shown to contribute to carcinogenesis by sequestrating the wild type p53, a key tumor suppressor protein, in the cytoplasm resulting in an abrogation of its transcriptional activation function. We have found that the level of mortalin expression has significant correlation with human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) malignancy and therefore investigated whether it interacts with and influences the activities of mutant p53, frequently associated with HCC development. We have detected mortalin–p53 interactions in liver tumor and five HCC cell lines that harbored mutant p53. The data was in contrast to the normal liver and immortalized normal hepatocytes that lacked mortalin–p53 interaction. Furthermore, we have found that the shRNA‐mediated mortalin silencing could induce mutant p53‐mediated tumor‐specific apoptosis in HCC. Such allotment of apoptotic function to mutant p53 by targeting mortalin–p53 interaction in cancer cells is a promising strategy for HCC therapy.
Charting the pathways to STEM for latina/o students: The role of community colleges
Authors: Malcom Lindsey E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWith the majority of Latinos attending community colleges, it is important to understand ways in which these institutions contribute to the production of Latina/o STEM degree holders. This chapter discusses implications from a study of institutional pathways traversed by Latina/o STEM baccalaureates.
Lessons from high‐achieving students of color in physics
Authors: Fries‐Britt Sharon L. , Younger Toyia K. , Hall Wendell D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis chapter is based on a multiyear study of 110 physics majors at colleges and universities across the United States. Its focus was on understanding their interactions with faculty and peers, experiences in their respective physics programs, and the extent to which they were motivated by race to succeed as scientists.
Investing in the future: The importance of faculty mentoring in the development of students of color in STEM
Authors: Griffin Kimberly A. , Pérez David , Holmes Annie P. E. , Mayo Claude E. P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe authors describe how mentors provide students the academic and social support they need to succeed in STEM. Recommendations are also included on fostering positive mentoring relationships to facilitate student persistence, address climate issues, and support faculty of color in STEM fields.
Body mass index and physical activity in relation to the incidence of hip fracture in postmenopausal women
Authors: Armstrong Miranda EG , Spencer Elizabeth A , Cairns Benjamin J , Banks Emily , Pirie Kirstin , Green Jane , Wright F Lucy , Reeves Gillian K , Beral Valerie ,   for the Million Women Study Collaborators
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Hip fracture risk is known to increase with physical inactivity and decrease with obesity, but there is little information on their combined effects. We report on the separate and combined effects of body mass index (BMI) and physical activity on hospital admissions for hip fracture among postmenopausal women in a large prospective UK study. Baseline information on body size, physical activity, and other relevant factors was collected in 1996–2001, and participants were followed for incident hip fractures by record linkage to National Health Service (NHS) hospital admission data. Cox regression was used to calculate adjusted relative risks of hip fracture. Among 925,345 postmenopausal women followed for an average of 6.2 years, 2582 were admitted to hospital with an incident hip fracture. Hip fracture risk increased with decreasing BMI: Compared with obese women (BMI of 30+ kg/m2), relative risks were 1.71 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47–1.97)] for BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2 and 2.55 (95% CI 2.22–2.94) for BMI of 20.0 to 24.9 kg/m2. The increase in fracture risk per unit decrease in BMI was significantly greater among lean women than among overweight women (p &lt; .001). For women in every category of BMI, physical inactivity was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture. There was no significant interaction between the relative effects of BMI and physical activity. For women who reported that they took any exercise versus no exercise, the adjusted relative risk of hip fracture was 0.68 (95% CI 0.62–0.75), with similar results for strenuous exercise. In this large cohort of postmenopausal women, BMI and physical activity had independent effects on hip fracture risk. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Areal and volumetric bone mineral density and geometry at two levels of protein intake during caloric restriction: A randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Sukumar Deeptha , Ambia-Sobhan Hasina , Zurfluh Robert , Schlussel Yvette , Stahl Theodore J , Gordon Chris L , Shapses Sue A 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Weight reduction induces bone loss by several factors, and the effect of higher protein (HP) intake during caloric restriction on bone mineral density (BMD) is not known. Previous study designs examining the longer-term effects of HP diets have not controlled for total calcium intake between groups and have not examined the relationship between bone and endocrine changes. In this randomized, controlled study, we examined how BMD (areal and volumetric), turnover markers, and hormones [insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and estradiol] respond to caloric restriction during a 1-year trial using two levels of protein intake. Forty-seven postmenopausal women (58.0 ± 4.4 years; body mass index of 32.1 ± 4.6 kg/m2) completed the 1-year weight-loss trial and were on a higher (HP, 24%, n = 26) or normal protein (NP, 18%, n = 21) and fat intake (28%) with controlled calcium intake of 1.2 g/d. After 1 year, subjects lost 7.0% ± 4.5% of body weight, and protein intake was 86 and 60 g/d in the HP and NP groups, respectively. HP compared with NP diet attenuated loss of BMD at the ultradistal radius, lumbar spine, and total hip and trabecular volumetric BMD and bone mineral content of the tibia. This is consistent with the higher final values of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 and lower bone-resorption marker (deoxypyridinoline) in the HP group than in the NP group (p &lt; .05). These data show that a higher dietary protein during weight reduction increases serum IGF-1 and attenuates total and trabecular bone loss at certain sites in postmenopausal women. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.