bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of time‐varying contact stress and misalignments in wind turbine planetary sets
Authors: Crowther A. , Ramakrishnan V. , Zaidi N. A. , Halse Chris 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRecent data shows that 90% of large wind turbines include a gearbox, and industry forecasts expect this figure to remain relatively stable. With global annual volumes (2009) of around 18,600 units, the quality, cost and performance of gearboxes is of paramount importance to the wind sector. The industry has been focusing some attention on gearbox reliability, as demonstrated by a growth in the number of specific seminars and collaborative programs on this topic. One aspect that needs to be brought to an industry‐wide forum is the understanding of the complexity of bearing design in the gearbox and the careful attention that needs to be paid to ensure a reliable gearbox design. This paper seeks to address this issue by clear demonstration of design issues using a model of the gearbox from the National Renewable Energy Lab's Gearbox Reliability Collaborative. Detailed models are presented with focus on determining the quality of the function of the planetary gear stages. Key design drivers are discussed such as the quality of alignment at the gears and bearings and the loads and stresses seen on these components. Under a design load case with a significant rotor off‐axis moment the stresses in the planet gears and bearings are investigated. It is shown how the misalignment of the planet pins varies with the rotation of the planetary set and how subsequently time‐varying contact stresses and load distributions occur in the planet gears and bearings. These factors strongly influence the fatigue life of the gearbox components as well as the level of vibration. Design tools are then used to demonstrate how small variations in the clearances of the planet carrier bearings can have a big effect on the quality of the design. Numerical studies show where optimal clearance settings lie and how the misalignment of the planetary set can be improved. Furthermore, a demonstration is made of how redesign of the bearing arrangement and subsequent optimization of the planet tooth geometry further improves the misalignment and results in significantly reduced time‐varying contact stresses, better load distribution and reduced vibration. It is illustrated that small clearances, such as in the carrier bearings, can have a large effect on the performance of the design and a study shows how to identify and reduce time‐varying misalignment and contact stresses resulting in lower vibration, lower fatigue and a more reliable product. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytolytic peptide nanoparticles (‘NanoBees’) for cancer therapy
Authors: Pan Hua , Soman Neelesh R. , Schlesinger Paul H. , Lanza Gregory M. , Wickline Samuel A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCytolytic peptides are an attractive class of anticancer candidates because of their wide‐spectrum lytic properties. However, their therapeutic potential cannot be realized without a proper delivery vehicle, because of their off‐target toxicity, nonspecificity, and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. The physical properties of perfluorocarbon (PFC)‐core surfactant‐coated nanoparticles render them a highly promising delivery vehicle for targeted therapeutic applications of cytolytic peptides. This article provides an overview of the mechanism underlying the anticancer efficacy of cytolytic peptides, the limitations in clinic applications, and the advantages of PFC nanoparticles over traditional FDA‐approved nanocarriers such as liposomes. Recent reports of successful anticancer therapeutics delivered by PFC nanoparticles will be discussed, as well as new applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 318–327 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.126This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
From control law diagrams to Ada viaCircus
Authors: Cavalcanti Ana , Clayton Phil , O’Halloran Colin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractControl engineers make extensive use of diagrammatic notations; control law diagrams are used in industry every day. Techniques and tools for analysis of these diagrams or their models are plentiful, but verification of their implementations is a challenge that has been taken up by few. We are aware only of approaches that rely on automatic code generation, which is not enough assurance for certification, and often not adequate when tailored hardware components are used. Our work is based onCircus, a notation that combines Z, CSP, and a refinement calculus, and on industrial tools that produce partial Z and CSP models of discrete-time Simulink diagrams. We present a strategy to translate Simulink diagrams toCircus, and a strategy to prove that a parallel Ada implementation refines theCircusspecification; we rely on aCircussemantics for the program. By using a combined notation, we provide a specification that considers both functional and behavioural aspects of a large set of diagrams, and support verification of a large number of implementations. We can handle, for instance, arbitrarily large data types and dynamic scheduling.
Impact Challenges in Community Science‐with‐Practice: Lessons from PROSPER on Transformative Practitioner‐Scientist Partnerships and Prevention Infrastructure Development
Authors: Spoth Richard , Greenberg Mark 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAt present, evidence‐based programs (EBPs) to reduce youth violence are failing to translate into widespread community practice, despite their potential for impact on this pervasive public health problem. In this paper we address two types of challenges in the achievement of such impact, drawing upon lessons from the implementation of a partnership model called PROSPER. First, we address five key challenges in the achievement of community‐level impact through effective community planning and action: readiness and mobilization of community teams; maintaining EBP implementation quality; sustaining community teams and EBPs; demonstrating community‐level impact; and continuous, proactive technical assistance. Second, we consider grand challenges in the large‐scale translation of EBPs: (1) building, linking and expanding existing infrastructures to support effective EBP delivery systems, and (2) organizing networks of practitioner‐scientist partnerships—networks designed to integrate diffusion of EBPs with research that examines effective strategies to do so. The PROSPER partnership model is an evidence‐based delivery system for community‐based prevention and has evolved through two decades of NIH‐funded research, assisted by land grant universities’ Cooperative Extension Systems. Findings and lessons of relevance to each of the challenges are summarized. In this context, we outline how practitioner‐scientist partnerships can serve to transform EBP delivery systems, particularly in conjunction with supportive federal policy.
Mobilizing Communities and Building Capacity for Youth Violence Prevention: The National Academic Centers of Excellence for Youth Violence Prevention
Authors: Vivolo Alana M. , Matjasko Jennifer L. , Massetti Greta M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractViolence, including its occurrence among youth, results in considerable physical, emotional, social, and economic consequences in the US. Youth violence prevention work at the Division of Violence Prevention (DVP) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) emphasizes preventing youth violence‐related behaviors, injuries, and deaths by collaborating with academic and community partners and stakeholders. In 2000 and 2005, DVP funded the National Academic Centers of Excellence (ACE) for Youth Violence Prevention. Most ACE Centers focus on building community capacity and competence so that evidence‐based programs for youth violence prevention can be successfully implemented through effective and supportive research‐community partnerships. This commentary provides historical information about the ACE Program, including the development, goals, accomplishments of the Centers, and the utilization of a community‐based participatory research approach to prevent youth violence.
Life-course perspective for physical activity and sports participation
Authors: Hirvensalo Mirja , Lintunen Taru 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to discuss physical activity and sports participation in a life-course framework, long-term tracking, determinants, and correlates of physical activity from childhood to old age, and present possible causal links and pathways for the continuity of physical activity. It seems that intensive participation in general in physical activity and sports, as well as participation at school age, are important predictors of adulthood participation. Especially, inactivity rather than activity tends to track from youth to adulthood. Socioeconomic status, place of residence, and personal upward social mobility are related to participation. If physical activity is at a low level in early adulthood, it does not easily become a part of life later on, particularly among blue-collar workers, women, and people with initially poor perceived health. Furthermore, in old age, earlier physical activity seems to be the key determinant along with gender. Repeated social reinforcement in the form of support for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is important especially in transition periods and life events such as secondary schooling, change in employment, and change in family structure. In contrast, retirement presented itself as a good chance of starting new leisure time activities. A life-course approach provides understanding on long-ranging developmental trajectories. According to these results in particular, the polarization of exercise to the active and inactive portions of the population is accumulated over time, and gender and social background features require special attention.
Oral Glucosylceramide Reduces 2,4‐Dinitrofluorobenzene Induced Inflammatory Response in Mice by Reducing TNF‐Alpha Levels and Leukocyte Infiltration
Authors: Duan Jingjing , Sugawara Tatsuya , Sakai Shota , Aida Kazuhiko , Hirata Takashi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSphingolipids are constituents of cellular membranes and play important roles as second messengers mediating cell functions. As significant components in foods, sphingolipids have been proven to be critical for human health. Moreover, diverse metabolic intermediates of sphingolipids are known to play key roles both in proinflammatory and in anti‐inflammatory effects. However, the effect of dietary sphingolipids on inflammation is a complicated field that needs to be further assessed. Our study evaluated the effects of orally administered maize glucosylceramide (GluCer), one of the most conventional dietary sphingolipids, on inflammation using the 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐fluorobenzene‐treated BALB/c murine model. Oral administration of GluCer inhibited ear swelling and leukocyte infiltration to the inflammatory site, suggesting that dietary GluCer has anti‐inflammatory properties. ELISA analyses revealed that oral administration of GluCer for 6 days had not modified the Th1/Th2 balance, but significantly down‐regulated the activation of TNF‐α at the inflammatory site. Based on these results, the down‐regulation of TNF‐α by dietary GluCer may suppress vascular permeability and reduce the migration of inflammatory cells. Our findings increase understanding of the actions of dietary sphingolipids on the balance of the immune response.
Gemeindedolmetscherdienst Dresden – Mittler zwischen Kulturen und Sprachen
Authors: Wolf Hans-Joachim 
Published: January 2011

Einleitung
Wenn Migranten zum Elterngespräch gebeten werden oder medizinische Hilfe benötigen, sind Verständnisprobleme auf sprachlicher aber auch auf kulturellere Ebene oft vorprogrammiert. Der Gemeindedolmetscherdienst Dresden qualifiziert Muttersprachler, die dann als Sprach- und Kulturmittler helfen, zwischen dem Gesundheits-, Sozial- und Bildungswesen auf der einen und den Migranten auf der anderen Seite sprachliche sowie kulturelle Verständigung und effektive Hilfe zu ermöglichen.
Is the East Antarctic ice sheet stable?
Authors: Pingree Katherine , Lurie Max , Hughes Terence 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Greenland and East and West Antarctic ice sheets are assessed as being the source of ice that produced an Eemian sea level 6 m higher than present sea level. The most probable source is total collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet accompanied by partial collapse of the adjacent sector of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet in direct contact with the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. This conclusion is reached by applying a simple formula relating the “floating fraction” of ice along flowlines to ice height above the bed. Increasing the floating fraction lowered ice elevations enough to contribute up to 4.7 m to global sea level. Adding 3.3 m resulting from total collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet accounts for the higher Eemian sea level. Partial gravitational collapse that produced the present ice drainage system of Amery Ice Shelf contributes 2.3 m to global sea level. These results cast doubt on the presumed stability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, but destabilizing mechanisms remain largely unknown. Possibilities include glacial surges and marine instabilities at the respective head and foot of ice streams.
A general stiffness model for programmable matter and modular robotic structures
Authors: White Paul J. , Revzen Shai , Thorne Chris E. , Yim Mark 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThe fields of modular reconfigurable robotics and programmable matter study how to compose functionally useful systems from configurations of modules. In addition to the external shape of a module configuration, the internal arrangement of modules and bonds between them can greatly impact functionally relevant mechanical properties such as load bearing ability. A fast method to evaluate the mechanical property aids the search for an arrangement of modules achieving a desired mechanical property as the space of possible configurations grows combinatorially. We present a fast approximate method where the bonds between modules are represented with stiffness matrices that are general enough to represent a wide variety of systems and follows the natural modular decomposition of the system. The method includes nonlinear modeling such as anisotropic bonds and properties that vary as components flex. We show that the arrangement of two types of bonds within a programmable matter systems enables programming the apparent elasticity of the structure. We also present a method to experimentally determine the stiffness matrix for chain style reconfigurable robots. The efficacy of applying the method is demonstrated on the CKBot modular robot and two programmable matter systems: the Rubik's snake folding chain toy and a right angle tetrahedron chain called RATChET7mm. By allowing the design space to be rapidly explored we open the door to optimizing modular structures for desired mechanical properties such as enhanced load bearing and robustness.
Do they or don't they? A synthesis of microbial response to environmental change
Authors: Balser Teri 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods
Microbial communities have long been thought to possess infinite plasticity, yet evidence in recent years increasingly indicates compositional resistance to change.While this discovery may largely be due to the changing nature of soil biological research – with its move beyond single-season and single-factor experiments, it nevertheless highlights a critical area in current ecosystem studies and soil microbial ecology. Do they or don't they change? When? Under what circumstances? And does it matter?

Results/Conclusions
In this talk I review microbial community compositional shifts. First I address general microbial response to change – as individuals through their physiological stress responses and as communities through sorting and succession. I will highlight what we don’t know (e.g. microbial community ecology), as well as show data demonstrating what we do know about the surprising resistance of microbial communities to change some times, but not others. Second, I will explore the potential importance of temporal scale and acute versus chronic change in impacting microbial communities. Finally I will question whether ultimately it matters at all anyway.*The audio track for talks in this symposium may be obtained at the following web address:**https://sites.google.com/site/esa2010symposium13audiocontent/esa2010-symposium13-audio-content*
Microbial responses to changes in land use
Authors: Mueller Rebecca , Nüsslein Klaus , Rodrigues Jorge , Tiedje James , Pellizari Vivian , Feigl Brigitte , Bohannan Brendan 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods
Land use change is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide. This is especially true for land use change that results in the destruction of intact forest, or "deforestation”. Deforestation is causing a loss of biological diversity on an unprecedented scale, especially in the Tropics. It is unclear how the majority of the biodiversity on Earth – microbial biodiversity – is responding to these extraordinary rates of deforestation. I will provide an overview of our current understanding of microbial responses to deforestation. I will focus, as an example, on our current research regarding the effects of deforestation on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), bacteria and archaea within Amazon Rainforest soils. This study takes advantage of an established chronosequence of primary rainforest, pastures of various ages, and secondary rainforest to determine the effect of deforestation on the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of soil microorganisms, assayed using culture-independent methods.

Results/Conclusions
There is increasing evidence that deforestation significantly affects microbial diversity, and that “recovery” of microbial diversity in secondary forest soils is incomplete. For example, rarefaction curves suggest that the accumulation of AMF taxa is higher for Amazon primary forest soil relative to secondary forest soil. In addition, the community composition varies with land use; three AMF taxa were shared between primary and secondary forests, seven were found only in primary forest, and three were found exclusively in secondary forest soil. We also observed that the phylogenetic diversity of AMF is more reduced in secondary forest soils than expected given the regional pool of AMF taxa.*The audio track for talks in this symposium may be obtained at the following web address:**https://sites.google.com/site/esa2010symposium13audiocontent/esa2010-symposium13-audio-content*
Examining methanogens in northern peatlands: Potential role of ecological and latitudinal trends
Authors: Cadillo-Quiroz Hinsby 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods
Peatlands are a type of wetlands where accumulation of organic matter exceeds its decomposition. They are primarily distributed in northern latitudes and store more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem (~455 Pg). Methane (CH4) production is one of the most important microbially-driven processes relevant to the global influence of peatlands in carbon cycling and atmospheric change. Multiple factors have been found to affect CH4 production in peatlands. However, little is known about the Archaea performing this process. Geochemical, molecular, culturing and genomics techniques have allowed us to pursue questions about the diversity, abundance, distribution, and adaptations of methanoarchaea inhabiting peatlands.

Results/Conclusions
Novel methanoarchaeal groups dominated 16S rRNA gene surveys in bogs and fens from upstate NY. NY bogs were almost completely dominated by a novel group in the order Methanomicrobiales, named E2, while a minerotrophic fen was codominated by a sister group, named E1, plus members of the Methanosaetacea family. Further evidence from vertical profiles suggested the differential abundance of E1 versus E2 correlated with fen to bog transitions. These ecological patterns were further evaluated in a broader set of bogs and fens from North America and Europe. Two patterns of community composition were observed amongst sites: a bog to fen ecological pattern for sites in temperate latitudes, and a temperate to boreal/subartic latitudinal pattern.Our results suggest that methanoarchaeal composition can be influenced by local (fen versus bog) and regional (latitude) regimes. Recent culturing efforts have succeeded in isolating a representative of E2 and E1: Methanoregula boonei and Methanosphaerula palustris, respectively. The evaluation of the physiology and genomic composition of our novel methanogens are providing initial clues on their adaptations to the different gradients found amongst peatlands.These observations provide an initial understanding of methanoarchaeal communities, and propose that ecological and latitudinal patterns should be considered for better predicting the effects of global climate change on peatland methanogenesis.*The audio track for talks in this symposium may be obtained at the following web address:**https://sites.google.com/site/esa2010symposium13audiocontent/esa2010-symposium13-audio-content*