bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vasopressin and memory: improvement in normal short-term recall and reduction of alcohol-induced amnesia
Authors: Millar Keith , Jeffcoate William J. , Walders Cristine P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe vasopressin analogue 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) has been shown in healthy male volunteers to cause significant improvement in short-term memory and to reduce alcohol-induced amnesia. There was no significant effect upon semantic retrieval or simple reaction time. It was concluded that vasopressin benefited the initial processes of consolidation and learning, while the reduction of the amnesic effects of alcohol may support the contentions of other authors that the peptide improves memory in states of mild amnesia.
A study of genetic linkage in schizophrenia
Authors: Andrew B. , Watt D. C. , Gillespie C. , Chapel H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisFamilies with more than one member affected by schizophrenia were identified and their members were interviewed. Four standardized diagnostic definitions (PSE, DSM-III, ICD-9, Feighner) were applied to all subjects who were classified as schizophrenic or not schizophrenic according to each definition. Non-schizophrenic psychiatric disorders which have been shown to be familially associated with schizophrenia were also identified. Twenty blood markers were ascertained for all subjects and evidence of co-segregation with schizophrenia was sought. No selective segregation was found and therefore there was no evidence suggesting linkage or supporting a monogenic theory of transmission of susceptibility to schizophrenia.
The occurrence of organic disease of possible or probable aetiological significance in a population of 268 cases of first episode schizophrenia
Authors: Johnstone Eve C. , MacMillan J. Fiona , Crow Timothy J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a sample of 268 cases of first-episode schizophrenia, 15 patients were found to have organic disease which appeared relevant to the mental state. There were three cases of syphilis, two cases of sarcoidosis, three of alcohol excess and two of drug abuse. There was one case each of carcinoma of the lung, autoimmune multisystem disease, cerebral cysticercosis, thyroid disease and previous head injury. In this series, identified organic disease was associated with less than 6% of cases of schizophrenia.
Lymphocyte numbers in endogenous depression
Authors: Murphy Denis , Gardner Robert , Greden John F. , Carroll Bernard J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe blood counts of 80 patients with depression were examined (50 unipolar, 30 bipolar). Many had reduced numbers of circulating lymphocytes. This abnormality was more common in the unipolar group (52%) than in the bipolar group (27%). When those patients with an abnormal dexamethasone suppression test response in both groups were compared, the relative and absolute lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in unipolars. Although cortisol hypersecretion may reduce lymphocyte numbers it is not yet clear whether the findings can be satisfactorily explained in this way.
Affiliation patterns among cancer patients
Authors: Rofé Yacov , Lewin Isaac , Hoffman Michael 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAffiliation preferences of 150 cancer out-patients were assessed in the waiting-room and day-to-day life. Results indicated the vast majority avoided fellow patients, preferring to be alone or with healthy people. Similarly, patients tended to avoid the topic of illness in their social contacts. Moreover, those desiring to be with the healthy displayed the highest levels of negative emotion. Finally, avoidance of fellow patients was higher among males, the elderly, and the more highly educated. Overall, the findings were inconsistent with the thesis that those under stress seek out others in similar straits, as suggested by Schachter's emotional comparison theory or Will's downward comparison theory. Rather, they support Rofé's utility theory of stress and affiliation.
Anger and other psychological factors in coronary atherosclerosis
Authors: Tennant C. C. , Langeluddecke P. M. , Fulcher G. , Wilby J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis study of 519 coronary angiography patients failed to replicate our earlier findings in 90 angiography patients (Tennant & Langeluddecke, 1985) which showed that trait tension, trait anxiety and suppression of anger were correlates of atherosclerosis. In the present studya variety of psychological measures, including state and trait anxiety, tension, anger, locus of control and suppression of anger, depression and anxiety, showed no significant association with coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by coronary angiography.
Distraction in neurotic and endogenous depression: an investigation of negative thinking in major depressive disorder
Authors: Fennell Melanie J. V. , Teasdale John D. , Jones Simon , Damlé Anita 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe effects on depressive thinking and depressed mood of a brief, standardized distraction procedure were examined. In low endogenous patients (scoring 3 or less on the Newcastle Diagnosis Scale (NDS)), distraction significantly reduced the frequency of depressing thoughts. Consistent with Beck's cognitive model of depression, these patients were significantly less depressed after distraction than after a control procedure. In high endogenous patients (scoring 4 or more on the NDS), distraction produced less marked reductions in frequency of depressing thoughts, and no significant change in depressed mood. It is suggested that the relationship between negative thinking and depressed mood differs in the two patient groups.
Dimensions of neuroses seen in primary-care settings
Authors: Goldberg D. P. , Bridges K. , Duncan–Jones P. , Grayson D. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis study uses methods of latent trait analysis to examine the relationships between psychiatric symptoms that constitute the common psychiatric disorders encountered in primary-care settings. Two highly correlated symptom dimensions of anxiety and depression are shown to underlie these disorders. Neurovegetative sysmptoms of depression are shown to be on the same dimension as psychic symptoms of depression, but to represent a more severe manifestation of depression.
Assessment schedules for chronic psychiatric patients
Authors: Sturt E. , Wykes Til 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe Social Behaviour Schedule (SBS) was examined as a measure of disability in a series of 66 chronic psychiatric patients, who were also assessed using the Social Role Performance Schedule (SRP) and the ninth edition of the Present State Examination (PSE). All three schedules have been used in previous studies in their present form. SBS and SRP measures were correlated with each other and neither showed any relationship with subjectively described current PSE symptoms. SBS deficit was associated with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia and with problems in supervised occupational activity. Long-term hospital residents showed greater SBS deficit than chronic patients in active rehabilitation programmes, although impaired SRP was the major correlate with the type of supervision provided. SRP measures can be compared with population norms, unlike measures derived from the SBS, which cover more severe ranges of disability.
Epidemiological aspects of psychiatric disorder in a Dutch health area
Authors: Hodiamont Paul , Peer Nelly , Syben No 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA two-phase study of psychiatric prevalence has been carried out among the inhabitants (aged 18–64) of a Dutch health area (Nijmegen). In phase 1, a random sample of 3232 persons answered the GHQ–30 (response rate:75%). In phase 2,486 of the respondents were interviewed withthe full PSE within two weeks. The relationship of PSE-‘caseness’ (ID ≥ 5) and GHQ score was expressed in a logistic regression model, the parameters of which showed strong agreement with the Canberra results, for all socio-demographic variables examined, except for urbanization. means of the logistic model the point-prevalence of PSE cases was calculated at 7·3% (range5·5%-9·2%).Prevalence did not differ significantly in men and women. Higher case rates were found in age category of 55–59 years, among divorced and widowed persons, the lower educational and occupational levels, the unemployed, chronically ill and unable to work, and with city people. This study adds further evidence to a growing body of epidemiological data suggesting similar rates and patterns of psychiatric disorder in populations in industrialized countries.
The placebo: from specificity to the non-specific and back
Authors: Shepherd Michael 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA brief historical outline is provided of the concept of specificity in biology and medicine. The advent of scientifically based therapeutics, and especially clinical pharmacology, has directed increasing attention to the role of non-specific factors in the field of mental disorders. The actions and effects of placebos are discussed in relation to the specific/non-specific dichotomy with particular reference to both pharmacological and psychological modes of treatment.
Reduction of cortical volume in schizophrenia on magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Harvey I. , Ron M. A. , Boulay G. Du , Wicks D. , Lewis S. W. , Murray R. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe MRI scans of 48 schizophrenic patients, fulfilling RDC criteria, were compared to those of 34 healthy controls matched for age, ethnicity and parental social class. The volume of the frontal and anterior parietal lobes was significantly reduced in the schizophrenic group as a result of a selective decrease in cortical volume, with a corresponding increase in the volume of sulcal fluid. Reduction in the volume of the temporal grey matter was more marked on the right, but was not in excess of the loss of volume observed in other areas of the cortex. MRI abnormalities correlated poorly with clinical parameters, although both unemployment and poor pre-morbid adjustment predicted reduced cerebral volume and increased sulcal volume. These results question whether the medial temporal lobes are the only site of structural pathology in schizophrenia.
Anger suppression: its relationship to β-adrenergic receptor sensitivity and stress-induced changes in blood pressure
Authors: Mills Paul J. , Dimsdale Joel E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisWhile studies from diverse fields of research suggest a relationship between problems expressing anger and cardiovascular illness, few studies have provided a potential pathophysiological link of such a relationship. Forty-five males were classified according to one of three anger expression categories: those who did not suppress their anger (N= 13), those who partially suppressed their anger (N= 19), and those who definitely suppressed their anger (N= 13). For each, we determined lymphocyte β-adrenergic receptor function and blood pressure responsiveness to a standardized mathematics stressor. Those subjects who routinely suppressed their expression of anger had increased β-adrenergic receptor sensitivity (P= 0·01) (isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP production) and a greater systolic blood pressure response to the stressor (P= 0·001). Anger suppression was unrelated to the subject's age, weight, or socioeconomic status. These findings may be germane to prior clinical and epidemiologic observations relating anger expression and cardiovascular illness.
An epidemiological study of mental disorders in a 10-year cohort of young adults in Israel
Authors: Levav I. , Kohn R. , Dohrenwend B. P. , Shrout P. E. , Skodol A. E. , Schwartz S. , Link B. G. , Naveh G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis is an overview of a two-phase epidemiological study of mental disorders among young adults in a ten-year birth cohort (1949–58) conducted in Israel. A sample of 4914 Israel-born offspring of Jewish immigrants was obtained by full probability sampling procedures and screened for caseness using psychometric symptom scales from the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview (PERI). Those screened positive and almost a fifth of the negatives (N = 2741) were interviewed by psychiatrists using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Israel version (SADS-I), in order to determine prevalence rates of specific disorders as defined by the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The completion rates for each interview phase were 94·5% and 90·7% respectively. Six-month prevalence rates are presented by gender, ethnic origin, and education. Approximately one-fifth of the birth cohort met current RDC criteria for a disorder at the definite level, excluding the RDC category of ‘other psychiatric disorder’. Generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder were the most commonly found types. The striking findings centre on alcoholism and drug use disorder which were exceedingly rare, and the unusually similar rates of major depression for males and females. The results from this study are discussed in comparison with those obtained from other epidemiological studies.
Association between major depressive disorder and physical illness
Authors: Moldin S. O. , Scheftner W. A. , Rice J. P. , Nelson E. , Knesevich M. A. , Akiskal H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and self-reported histories of specific physical illnesses was investigated in 320 controls and 1968 first-degree relatives and 254 spouses of probands in the NIMH Collaborative Depression study. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version was used to assign Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) diagnoses and a structured self-report instrument was used to assess lifetime medical history. Lifetime MDD was diagnosed in 914 subjects, 402 of whom had been hospitalized or received somatic treatment (‘treated’ MDD). Strong associations were observed between MDD (either treated or untreated) and both frequent/severe headaches and migraine headaches. There was a marked gender effect such that the relative odds for a woman with treated MDD to report migraine were over 5:1. Other associations were found between MDD and skin infections, respiratory illness, ulcer, hypotension, and diabetes. This is the largest non-patient sample using standardized assessment of mental disorders by direct interview in which associations between specific physical illnesses and MDD have been demonstrated. Implications for clinical practice and neurobiological research in depression are discussed.
Expressed emotion and schizophrenia: the ontogeny of EE during an 18-month follow-up
Authors: Stirling J. , Tantam D. , Thomas P. , Newby D. , Montague L. , Ring N. , Rowe S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisKey relatives of 30 first or early admission psychotic patients (mainly with a diagnosis of schizophrenia) were interviewed (for a second time) 18 months after participating in an initial assessment of expressed emotion (EE). The patients were followed up throughout the interim period, during which time 17 experienced a psychotic relapse. Although there continued to be a negligible association between initial EE rating (established during the index admission) and relapse, a significant association between EE rating at 18 months and psychiatric status of the patient during the follow-up period emerged. Results are discussed in the context of recent interactional theories of the relationship between household EE and psychiatric morbidity.
Remote memory in a patient with amnesia due to hypoxia
Authors: Beatty William W. , Salmon David P. , Bernstein Nancy , Butters Nelson 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIt has been suggested that amnesic patients suffer a selective loss of episodic memory while semantic memory remains well preserved. To assess the validity of this idea we studied remote memory in an amnesic patient, (M.R.L.), using several different measures that differ in the extent which they engage episodic or semantic memory. On two different versions of the Albert et al. (1979) remote memory battery M.R.L. displayed severe retrograde amnesia (RA) extending backwards in time for about 15 years with excellent preservation of older memories. With standard recall instructions his overall performance on the Crovitz test of autobiographical memory was impaired and all of M.R.L.'s specific, temporally dated memories were given from the first half of life. When asked to reconstruct his past residential history in detail, M.R.L. provided specific and generally accurate information for residences occupied from his boyhood until 1970, but thereafter his memory became quite unreliable. On a test of knowledge of terms commonly employed the surveying profession, in which he worked for the past 20 years, M.R.L.'s performance was also impaired. The consistent pattern of RA displayed by this patient on all of the tests of remote memory indicates that both episodic and semantic memory are impaired in amnesia.
Anhedonia and emotional responses to affect evoking stimuli
Authors: Berenbaum Howard , Snowhite Rebecca , Oltmanns Thomas F. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe purpose of the present study was to determine whether individuals with unusually high scores on the Scale for Physical Anhedonia (Chapmanet al.1976) would differ from average scorers in their emotional responses to affect-evoking stimuli. Ten male and ten female anhedonics, well as ten male and ten female control subjects, were each shown brief filmclips that were expected to elicit emotional responses. The subjects' facial expressions were videotaped while they watched the filmclips, and they also completed adjective checklists describing how they felt while watching them. The anhedonics and nonanhedonics did not differ in their self-reports of emotional experience, nor did they differ in their facial expressions of emotion while viewing the filmclips. Compared to men, women reported experiencing more emotion, and their facial expressions also indicated greater responsiveness.
Musical inventiveness of five idiots-savants
Authors: Hermelin B. , O'Connor N. , Lee S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAccounts of musical ability in idiots-savants have up till now been confined to stressing the astounding musical memory which such persons may possess. The present study investigates compositional and improvisational skills in five idiots-savants. The findings are interpreted as indicating that a representational system of musical rules and structures is accessible to persons of low general intelligence, and that such a system may underlie reproductive as well as generative musical capacity.
Mood, pattern sensitivity and headache: a longitudinal study
Authors: Nulty Duncan D. , Wilkins Arnold J. , Williams J. Mark G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisFifteen persons who admitted to chronic worry were asked to complete morning and evening diaries in which they reported the occurrence of headaches, assessed their mood, and observed a visually stressful pattern, noting the illusions it induced. Results showed an association between both trait and state measures of mood and headache occurrence, and between trait and state measures of headache occurrence and illusion susceptibility. However, mood and illusion susceptibility did not appear themselves to be associated either as trait or state variables. The implications of these results for remediation of headaches are discussed.
A longitudinal study of the psychological morbidity in children due to a natural disaster
Authors: McFarlane Alexander C. , Policansky Sandra K. , Irwin Claire 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis longitudinal study examined the psychological impact of a bushfire disaster on a group of 808 children aged from 5 to 12. Contrary to prediction, the prevalence of behaviour and emotional problems 2 months after the fire was less than the prevalence in a carefully selected comparison group. Rather than decrease with time, the prevalence of psychological morbidity increased significantly, being as great 26 months after the disaster as at 8 months.
Kraepelin revisited: a reassessment and statistical analysis of dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity in 1908
Authors: Jablensky A. , Hugler H. , Von Cranach M. , Kalinov K. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA meta-analysis was carried out on 53 cases of dementia praecox (DP) and 134 cases of manic-depressive insanity (MDI) originally diagnosed by Kraepelin or his collaborators in Munich in 1908. The original case material was coded in terms of Present State Examination syndromes and analysed statistically for internal consistency and discrimination between the two diagnostic entities. Kraepelin's DP and MDI were found to define homogeneous groups of disorders which could be clearly distinguished from one another. A CATEGO re-classification of the cases revealed an 80·2% concordance rate between Kraepelin's diagnoses and ICD-9. Cluster analysis of the original data reproduced closely Kraepelin's dichotomous classification of the psychoses but suggested that DP was a narrower concept than schizophrenia today, while MDI was a composite group including both ‘typical’ manic-depressive illnesses and schizoaffective disorders.
Generating and testing a causal explanation of the gender difference in age at first onset of schizophrenia
Authors: Häfner H. , Riecher-Rössler A. , An Der Heiden W. , Maurer K. , Fätkenheuer B. , Löffler W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisMotivated by the lack of knowledge of the pathophysiological processes underlying the manifestation of symptoms in schizophrenia, we have worked out a systematic search strategy. Since epidemiological distribution patterns consistently deviating from expected values provide valuable indications of causal relationships, we chose the higher age of females at first admission for schizophrenia, first reported by Kraepelin and since then confirmed in over 50 studies, as the basis for our study. This unexplained epidemiological finding was replicated on Danish and Mannheim case-register data by systematically controlling for selection and diagnostic artefacts and by testing alternative explanations at the individual stage of the study. To check whether the difference in age at first admission was determined by a difference in age at onset, a representative sample of 267 first-admitted patients with non-affective functional psychosis was examined by using an interview for the retrospective assessment of the onset of schizophrenia (IRAOS) designed for this purpose. Any of the definitions of first-ever onset applied – first sign of mental disorder, first psychotic symptom, first acute episode – led to a significant age difference of 3·2 to 4·1 years between the sexes. The distribution of onsets across the life cycle showed a later increase and a second, lower peak between the ages of 45 and 54 years among females compared with males. The lifetime risk for schizophrenia was equal for males and females. After testing the plausibility of psychosocial versus biological explanations we hypothesized that due to the effect of oestrogens the vulnerability threshold for schizophrenia is elevated in females until the menopause. Animal experiments and post mortem analyses showed that chronic oestrogen applications significantly shortened dopamine-induced behaviour and reduced D2 receptor sensitivity in the brain. The applicability of this pathophysiological mechanism to human schizophrenia was tested on acutely schizophrenic females with normal menstrual cycles. A significant negative correlation was found between measures of symptomatology and plasma oestrogen levels. The manifestation of symptoms in schizophrenia appears to be influenced by a sufficiently sensitive D2 receptor system in the brain, blocked by neuroleptics and modulated by oestrogens.