bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Old Tools and New Movements in Latin America: Political Science as Gatekeeper or Intellectual Illuminator?
Authors: Motta Sara C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article argues that social democratic and orthodox Marxist conceptualizations of politics are unable to “engage in solidarity” with many new forms of Latin American popular politics. Such movements challenge the politics of representation, the market economy, and the state form by reinventing territorialized experiments in self-government, which politicize place, subjectivities, and social relations. Developing a critique of these frameworks of political analysis, this article argues that conceptual categories combining the insights of autonomist or open Marxism and poststructuralism and the critical reflections and theorizations by Latin America's newest social movements enable a deeper engagement with such movements. This critique challenges academics committed to progressive social change to reexamine long-held notions about the nature and agents of social transformation and the epistemological categories that orient our research. It argues that if we fail to do this, then we risk becoming gatekeepers of the status quo.
Democracy and Social Policy in Brazil: Advancing Basic Needs, Preserving Privileged Interests
Authors: Hunter Wendy , Sugiyama Natasha Borges 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHas democracy promoted poverty alleviation and equity-enhancing reforms in Brazil, a country of striking inequality and destitution? The effects of an open, competitive political system have not been straightforward. Factors that would seem to work toward this goal include the voting power of poor people, the progressive 1988 Constitution, the activism of social movements, and governance since 1995 by presidents affiliated with center-left and left parties. Yet these factors have been counterbalanced by the strong political influence and lobbying power of organized interests with a stake in preexisting arrangements of social protection and human capital formation. An analysis of four key federal sectors, social security, education, health care, and public assistance, illustrates the challenges for social sector reforms that go beyond raising basic living standards to enhancing socioeconomic inequality.
Patronage Politics and Contentious Collective Action: A Recursive Relationship
Authors: Auyero Javier , Lapegna Pablo , Poma Fernanda Page 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBased on ethnographic reanalysis and on current qualitative research on poor people's politics, this article argues that routine patronage politics and nonroutine collective action should be examined not as opposite and conflicting political phenomena but as dynamic processes that often establish recursive relationships. Through a series of case studies conducted in contemporary Argentina, this article examines four instances in which patronage and collective action intersect and interact: network breakdown, patron's certification, clandestine support, and reaction to threat. These four scenarios demonstrate that more than two opposing spheres of action or two different forms of sociability, patronage, and contentious politics can be mutually imbricated. Either when it malfunctions or when it thrives, clientelism may lie at the root of collective action.
Minimum Winning Electoral Coalitions Under Presidentialism: Reality or Fiction? The Case of Brazil
Authors: Machado Aline 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
This article studies the motivations of party leaders to form “minimum winning” electoral coalitions—alliances that cease to be winning if one member is subtracted. In Brazil, concurrent elections stimulate political actors' coordination, and electoral alliances are allowed. In 2002 and 2006, moreover, the Electoral Supreme Court obliged those parties with presidential candidates to replicate this electoral arrangement in the district. Under “verticalization,” parties with presidential candidates could not form alliances with rival parties in the concurrent legislative and gubernatorial elections. Verticalization arguably pushed party leaders to form minimum winning electoral coalitions. This new rule forced them to reconsider the contributions of each possible ally in the elections for president, federal deputy, and governor. Examining the elections from 1998 to 2006, this study finds that under verticalization, while parties did form more electoral coalitions with those partners they considered crucial to win, they did so at the expense of policy.
Executive Assaults and the Social Foundations of Democracy in Ecuador
Authors: Barndt William T. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Although Ecuadorian presidents tolerate most opposition voices most of the time, they routinely try to restrict the basic political liberties of particular critics. In doing so, they initiate executive assaults. Why do some of these executive assaults succeed while others fail? This article analyzes patterns of support for and opposition to publicly contested assaults in Ecuador between 1979 and 2004. Using a combination of statistical tests and a case study, it develops an argument based on the relative power of different types of organizations and associations to influence the outcomes of assault conflicts. The analysis demonstrates that executive assaults fail only when neither the state security forces nor the business sector supports them. In this situation, particular business organizations are able to force presidents to back down. The analysis provides new insights into the social foundations of democratic practice in Ecuador, and Latin America more broadly.
Prognostic significance of nucleolar organizer regions (NORS) in malignant melanoma
Authors: Ronan Salve G. , Farolan Miguel J. , McDonald Andrew , Manaligod Jose R. , Gupta Tapas K. Das 
Published: August 2010

Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are loops of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in the nucleolus and are associated with acidic proteins. They are seen in routinely processed paraffin sections by using a one‐step colloidal silver (Ag) staining method; they appear as black dots termed “AgNORs”. The quantitative assay of AgNORs has been used to differentiate benign from malignant neoplasms. Melanocytic lesions differ significantly in AgNOR counts between malignant melanoma and nevi. However, conflicting results have been reported as to AgNORs' prognostic value in melanoma. A recent study showed AgNOR counts to be a more accurate prognostic indicator than Breslow's thickness. In this study, we counted the AgNORs in 26 patients with primary cutaneous melanomas (CMM) between 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm thick. Of these, 14 are alive without disease (AN) at 5 years after diagnosis (group 1), and 12 are dead of disease (DD) in less than 5 years (group 2). The AgNORs were scored in 30 nuclei per tumor, and the means were calculated. For group 1, the mean number of AgNORs per nucleus was 6.88, ranging from 3.73 to 12.70. For group 2, the mean number was 6.97, ranging from 3.63 to 11.67. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant difference between the groups (p=0.33). In our study, AgNOR counts did not prove to be of prognostic value in malignant melanoma.Ronan SG, Farolan MJ, McDonald A, Manaligod JR, Das Gupta TK. Prognostic significance of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in malignant melanoma.
Sclerosing B‐cell lymphoma involving the skin
Authors: Cruz‐Ramon Julio C. , Blodgett Thomas P. , Puthuff Denise L. , Wilkin Jonathan K. , Pellegrini Arthur E. 
Published: August 2010

We report a case of sclerosing B‐cell lymphoma involving the skin. The patient is a 43‐year‐old man who came to our institution with a 4‐year history of multinodular masses in the back. A thoracic CT scan demonstrated subcutaneous masses with extension to the posterior parietal pleura and compression of several epidural spaces. An incisional biopsy was performed and demonstrated an infiltrative process in the lower dermis composed of interconnected thick sclerosing bands forming compartments around groups of large neoplastic cells. These neoplastic cells were shown to be B lymphocytes using immunohistochemical stains. A diagnosis of diffuse sclerosing B‐cell lymphoma, large cell type, was made. Our case is reported to alert dermatologists and dermatopathologists lo the occurrence of this neoplasm in the skin which could be confused with a deep inflammatory process or other neoplastic conditions.Cruz‐Ramon JG, Blodgett. TP, Puthuff DL, Wilkin JK, Pellegrini AE. Sclerosing B‐cell lymphoma involving the skin.
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome in children. Review on therapy with biological drugs and case report
Authors: Korppi M , van Gijn ME , Antila K 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome (HIDS) is a rare, autosomal recessively inherited autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations in the mevalonate kinase gene. HIDS usually starts in infancy with recurrent fever episodes lasting 3–7 days and recurring every 4–6 weeks, with only partial symptom decrease in adulthood. Fever is typically accompanied by abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea and cervical lymphadenopathy, and sometimes by skin and joint symptoms. Blood leukocytes and serum C‐reactive protein are elevated during the episode, and in addition, high levels of interleukine‐1 (IL‐1), IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and respective soluble receptors have been measured. Instead, serum immunoglobulin D (IgD) is usually normal until 3 years of age. Currently, there is no established treatment for HIDS. Thus far, four children have been successfully treated with etanercep, TNF‐alpha inhibitor, and three children with anakinra, IL‐1 receptor antagonist.Conclusion: This review summarizes currently available data on the use biological medicines for HIDS in children. A Finnish 1.5‐year‐old patient with disease onset at 6 months of age, treated successfully with anakinra, is presented.
Healing Patterns Revealed in Middle School Boys' Experiences of Being Bullied Using Roger's Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB)
Authors: Willis Danny G. , Griffith Catherine A. 
Published: August 2010

PROBLEM:  Although two of the primary risk factors for being bullied include “male” and “middle school” status, a gap in knowledge exists of middle school boys' personal accounts and meanings of being bullied and their healing.METHODS:  Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological approach using open‐ended semi‐structured individual interviews was used to collect and analyze evidence related to middle school boys' lived experiences of being bullied and healing. Roger's Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB) guided interpretation of the healing patterns.FINDINGS:  Three patterns of healing were identified in boys' experiences: meaning‐making, self‐transcendence, and nonviolently claiming personal power.CONCLUSIONS:  Evidence of healing patterns exists in middle school boys' experiences of being bullied, offering a foundation for further research and practice focused on healing. When working with middle school boys who have been bullied, nurses need to ask about their experiences and promote their healing.
Pediatric Psychotropic Medication Initiation and Adherence: A Literature Review Based on Social Exchange Theory
Authors: Hamrin Vanya , McCarthy Erin M. , Tyson Veda 
Published: August 2010

TOPIC:  Psychotropic medication initiation and adherence is an identified problem. This literature review explores factors that determine families' decisions to initiate, sustain, or discontinue use of psychotropic medication in children and adolescents. Social exchange theory is used as a framework to explore decisions to initiate and adhere to psychotropic medications.PURPOSE:  Contributing factors related to psychotropic medication initiation, adherence, and discontinuation are explored. Themes in the literature encompassing costs and benefits of psychotropic medication adherence include family experiences with adverse effects, previous psychotropic medication experience, medication psychoeducation, stigma, societal views about psychotropic medication, particular diagnosis, the effect of comorbid diagnosis on adherence, attitudes and beliefs about medication by both children and parents, and relationships with the provider. The impact of family demographics including parent gender, age of the child, ethnicity, and parent educational level on psychotropic medication adherence is evaluated.SOURCES:  International and U.S. studies from Medline, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature and PsychInfo evaluating medication initiation and adherence in the pediatric psychiatric population and social exchange theory was incorporated from relevant textbook resources.CONCLUSIONS:  Rewards experienced from medication treatment include improvement in symptoms, school performance and family relationships, and reduced level of parenting stress. Identified costs include impact of adverse side effects, social stigma, lack of response, fears of addiction, and changing the child's personality. Acceptance of the diagnosis influences adherence while medication education has varying effects. Families' attitudes, beliefs and perceptions about psychiatric illness and treatment play a large role in medication treatment decisions. A trusting provider relationship has a positive effect on adherence. Psychosocial treatment alternatives are preferred. With maturation, adolescents have more influence on decisions related to adherence.
Quantitative Analysis of Cytokinins in Plants by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Electronspray Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chen Weiqi , Gai Ying , Liu Shichang , Wang Renxiao , Jiang Xiangning 
Published: August 2010

Abstract The present paper introduces a highly sensitive and selective method for simultaneous quantification of 12 cytokinins (free form and their conjugates). The method includes a protocol of extraction with methanol/water/formic acid (15/4/1, v/v/v) to the micro‐scale samples, pre‐purification with solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges of the extracts, separation with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detection by an electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI‐Ion trap‐MS) system in a consecutive ion monitoring (CRM) mode at the three stage fragmentation of mass spectrometry (MS3). The lowest detection level of the cytokinins of the method reaches 0.1–2.0 pg with a very wide range of linear regression from 1–512 pg, at the coefficient factors of 0.98–0.99. The feasibility of this method has been proven in the application of the method to the analysis of the trace‐amount contents of cytokinins in the micro‐scale samples of various types of plant materials, such as aerial parts of rice and poplar leaves etc. 12 endogenous cytokinins had been identified and quantified in the plant tissues, with an acceptable relatively higher recovery rate from 40% to 70%.
The Emerging Migration State
Authors: Hollifield James F. 
Published: August 2010

Since 1945, immigration in the core industrial democracies has been increasing. The rise in immigration is a function of market forces (demand-pull and supply-push) and kinship networks, which reduce the transaction costs of moving from one society to another. These economic and sociological forces are the necessary conditions for migration to occur, but the sufficient conditions are legal and political. States must be willing to accept immigration and to grant rights to outsiders. How then do states regulate migration in the face of economic forces that push them toward greater openness, while security concerns and powerful political forces push them toward closure? States are trapped in a “liberal” paradox – in order to maintain a competitive advantage, governments must keep their economies and societies open to trade, investment, and migration. But unlike goods, capital, and services, the movement of people involves greater political risks. In both Europe and North America, rights are the key to regulating migration as states strive to fulfill three key functions: maintaining security; building trade and investment regimes; and regulating migration. The garrison state was linked with the trading state in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen the emergence of the migration state, where regulation of international migration is as important as providing for the security of the state and the economic well being of the citizenry.
NF‐κB is Not Directly Responsible for Photoresistance Induced by Fractionated Light Delivery in HT‐29 Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Kuliková Lucia , Mikeš Jaromír , Hýžďalová Martina , Palumbo Giuseppe , Fedoročko Peter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOur recent study follows up an earlier one which demonstrated hypericin‐mediated photocytotoxic effects on HT‐29 adenocarcinoma cells by light fractionation with a longer dark pause between two unequal light doses (Sackova, A. [2005] Photochem. Photobiol.81, 1411–1416). Here, we present closer study on events invoked by sublethal light dose (1 J cm−2) during the period of 6 h that is sufficient to invoke resistance to second lethal dose (11 J cm−2). First, we proved that the dark pause of 6 h, but not 1 h, resulted in better cell survival with suppressed phosphatidylserine externalization, decreased reactive oxygen species production and hypericin content as well as altered expression of HSP70, GRP94, clusterin, nuclear factor (NF)‐κB, IκB‐α or Mcl‐1. NF‐κB activity assay confirmed activation of this early‐response pathway. However, inhibition of IκB (IKK) kinase by parthenolide by stopping NF‐κB release from the complex with IκB did not prevent onset of resistance, but it invoked some resistance even in groups with shorter, 1 h dark pause. Therefore, we predict involvement of another signaling pathway, located upstream from NF‐κB, responsible for onset of resistance to photodynamic therapy with hypericin in colon adenocarcinoma cells HT‐29.
Bacterial Growth Response to Photoactive Quinones
Authors: Vaughan Pamela P. , Novotny Paul , Haubrich Nicole , McDonald Luther , Cochran Michael , Serdula Julia , Amin Raid W. , Jeffrey Wade H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractQuinones are known producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may be toxic in natural aquatic environments. In this study, the effects of parent quinones and their photodegradation products on bacterial growth were determined, and photochemical ROS formation rates were measured. Using 3H‐leucine incorporation to measure growth of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and natural seawater bacterioplankton, growth inhibition was observed when samples were exposed to dichlone, chloranil and sodium anthraquinone‐2‐sulfonate (AQ2S). For seawater, compared with other quinones tested, dichlone showed the greatest toxicity in the dark, and AQ2S toxicity was greatest during simultaneous exposure to sunlight. Photodegraded chloranil and dichlone showed decreased toxicity compared with nonirradiated samples. For P. aeruginosa, AQ2S and its photodegradation products showed the greatest toxicity during simultaneous exposure to sunlight. Chloranil photodegradation products showed reduced toxicity compared with the parent compound during simultaneous exposure to sunlight. Dichlone was the only compound to show any toxicity to P. aeruginosa in the dark, and its photodegradation products were more toxic than the parent compound. Based on the results of dark and light controlled experiments measuring bacterial growth and estimated ROS production rates, ROS alone does not account for relative differences in toxicity between these quinones.
Prioritizing Agricultural Lands for Conservation Buffer Placement Using Multiple Criteria1
Authors: Qiu Zeyuan 
Published: August 2010

Qiu, Zeyuan, 2010. Prioritizing Agricultural Lands for Conservation Buffer Placement Using Multiple Criteria. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00466.xAbstract:  Although conservation buffers are multifunctional, the current conservation buffer planning strategies tend to use a single criterion, most frequently a hydrological or soil condition indicator, to guide conservation buffer placement. This study presents a watershed planning approach that prioritizes agricultural lands for conservation buffers based on multiple selection criteria and applies the approach to Raritan Basin in central New Jersey. The multiple selection criteria include soil erodibility, hydrological sensitivity, wildlife habitat, and impervious surface rate. These criteria capture the conservation buffers’ benefits in reducing soil erosion, controlling runoff generation, enhancing wildlife habitat, and mitigating stormwater impacts, respectively. An expert panel was used to identify and define the section criteria, review the measured values of those criteria, and develop the classification scales that assign the class score to each criterion. The prioritization is based on the summation of the criteria class scores. About one‐third of agricultural lands are prioritized for conservation buffers in Raritan Basin. The total program cost of converting those prioritized agricultural lands to conservation buffers in Raritan Basin is estimated to be between $54.8 and 102.9 million depending on the composition of installed conservation buffer practices.
The Formation of the Qarhan Saline Lakes as Viewed in the Light of Neotectonic Movement
Authors: Yunchu Zhu , Zhengyan Li , Bihao Wu , Mili Wang 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Investigations on stratigraphy, geomorphology and neotectonic movement in the Eastern Kunlun Mountains show that there existed a series of ancient lakes, including some saline lakes, in the studied region about 30,000 years ago. They were distributed south of the middle Kunlun fault, from the middle‐upper reaches of the present Narin Gol River in the west to the Alag Lake‐Tosou Lake in the east. Of these the ancient Narin Gol Lake and Kunlun Lake were mainly recharged by the hot water related to valcanos, so the B, Li and K contents are relatively high.The neotectonic movement that commenced at 30,000 a B.P. caused the river system in the Eastern Kunlun Mountains to invade southwards; as a result the ancient lake water was captured to recharge the Qarhan area. Therefore, the hot springs related to recent volcanism and faulting on the southern bank of the upper reaches of the Narin Gol River became an important source of saline materials for the Qarhan Lake.
A Potential Candidate For the Middle‐Upper Cambrian Boundary Stratotype — An Introduction to the Paibi Section in Huayuan, Hunan
Authors: Xiping Dong 
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Middle‐Upper Cambrian boundary is one of the current stratigraphical problems which remain open in the geological world, since there have been no universally acknowledged delimiting standard and stratotype. Acting on the instruction of Profs. Lu Yanhao and An Taixiang the author studied in details the Paibi Section, which is well exposed as a continuous sequence at an easily accessible locality. The Middle‐Upper Cambrian boundary strata are composed of biocalcimicrosparite, indicating the sedimentary environment of an underwater upheaval on the gentle slope along the frontal margin of the Yangtze carbonate platform.For the upper Middle and lower Upper Cambrian agnostid trilobite zones and conodont zones are erected, and a more accurate correlation between the trilobite and conodont sequences is established. Based on these, the Middle‐Upper Cambrian boundary is drawn more reasonably and precisely than what was done before. In short, the section studied is superior to other known sections of Middle‐Upper Cambrian, and it will probably be an ideal candidate for the Middle‐Upper Cambrian boundary stratotype.