bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reference standard for serum bile acids in pregnancy
Authors: Egan N , Bartels Ä , Khashan AS , Broadhurst DI , Joyce C , O’Mullane J , O’Donoghue K 
Published: January 2012

Please cite this paper as: Egan N, Bartels Ä, Khashan A, Broadhurst D, Joyce C, O’Mullane J, O’Donoghue K. Reference standard for serum bile acids in pregnancy. BJOG 2012;119:493–498.Objective  Obstetric cholestasis (OC) is a liver disorder characterised by pruritus and elevated serum bile acids (SBA) that affects one in 200 pregnant women. It is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes such as premature delivery and stillbirth. Mild OC is defined as SBA levels of 10–39 μmol/l, and severe OC is defined by levels >40 μmol/l. SBA levels in normal pregnancy have not been investigated. We aimed to establish reference values for SBA in healthy pregnant women across different trimesters of pregnancy.Design  Cross‐sectional analysis of SBA levels.Setting  A large tertiary referral university teaching maternity hospital.Population  Healthy pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy and a body mass index (BMI) < 40, excluding women with significant alcohol intake, history of liver disease, prior cholecystectomy and OC.Methods  Cross‐sectional analysis of SBA levels at 12, 20, 28 and 36 weeks of gestation, and on days 1–3 postpartum.Main outcome measures  SBA levels in μmol/l.Results  A total of 219 women attending for antenatal care were recruited, and SBA levels were assayed at 12, 20, 28 and 36 weeks of gestation, and up to 72 hours postpartum (n = 44–49 cases at each stage). The majority were white European women, with a median age of 30 years (range 17–46 years) and median BMI of 25 (range 18–38). Values of SBA ranged from 0.3 to 9.8 μmol/l in 216 women, with only three measurements outside this range. There were no significant changes throughout pregnancy.Conclusions  SBA values in uncomplicated pregnancies are consistent, regardless of gestation, and are not elevated in pregnancy. The current reference values for the diagnosis of OC appear to be appropriate.
Impending macrosomia: will induction of labour modify the risk of caesarean delivery?
Authors: Cheng YW , Sparks TN , Laros Jr RK , Nicholson JM , Caughey AB 
Published: January 2012

Please cite this paper as: Cheng Y, Sparks T, Laros R Jr, Nicholson J, Caughey A. Impending macrosomia: will induction of labour modify the risk of caesarean delivery? BJOG 2012;119:402–409.Objective  To compare the annual incidence rates of caesarean delivery between induction of labour and expectant management in the setting of macrosomia.Design  This is a retrospective cohort study.Setting  Deliveries in the USA in 2003.Population  Singleton births of macrosomic neonates to low‐risk nulliparous women at 39 weeks of gestation and beyond.Methods  Women who had induction of labour at 39 weeks of gestation with a neonatal birthweight of 4000 ± 125 g (3875–4125 g) were compared with women who delivered (either induced or spontaneous labour) at 40, 41 or 42 weeks (i.e. expectant management), assuming an intrauterine fetal weight gain of 200 g per additional week of gestation. Similar comparisons were made at 40 and 41 weeks of gestation. Chi‐square test and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used for statistical comparison.Main outcome measures  Method of delivery, 5‐minute Apgar scores, neonatal injury.Results  There were 132 112 women meeting the study criteria. In women whose labours were induced at 39 weeks and who delivered a neonate with a birthweight of 4000 ± 125 g, the frequency of caesarean was lower compared with women who delivered at a later gestational age (35.2% versus 40.9%; adjusted OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.17–1.33). This trend was maintained at both 40 weeks (36.1% versus 42.6%; adjusted OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.23–1.40) and 41 weeks (38.9% versus 41.8%; adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06–1.28) of gestation.Conclusions  In the setting of known birthweight, it appears that induction of labour may reduce the risk of caesarean delivery. Future research should concentrate on clinical and radiological methods to better estimate birthweight to facilitate improved clinical care. These findings deserve examination in a large, prospective, randomised trial.
Early hospital discharge of infants born to group B streptococci‐positive mothers: a decision analysis
Authors: Berger MB , Xu X , Williams JA , Van de Ven CJM , Mozurkewich EL 
Published: January 2012

Please cite this paper as: Berger M, Xu X, Williams J, Van de Ven C, Mozurkewich E. Early hospital discharge of infants born to group B streptococci‐positive mothers: a decision analysis. BJOG 2012;119:439–448.Objective  To compare the cost‐effectiveness of an additional 24‐hour inpatient observation for asymptomatic term neonates born to group B streptococcus (GBS) ‐colonised mothers with adequate intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) after an initial 24‐hour in‐hospital observation.Design  Cost‐effectiveness analysis from a societal perspective.Setting  United States.Population  Asymptomatic term neonates born to GBS‐colonised mothers with IAP after an initial 24‐hour in‐hospital observation.Methods  Monte Carlo simulation for a decision tree model incorporating the following chance events: development of GBS sepsis during the second 24 hours of life, development of GBS sepsis between 48 hours and 7 days of life, prompt versus delayed treatment for sepsis, neonatal mortality and long‐term health sequelae.Main outcome measures  Expected cost and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER).Results  Delayed, versus early, hospital discharge results in similar mean expected QALYs, but substantially higher expected cost. The mean difference in QALY is 0.00016 (95% CI 0.00005–0.00040), whereas the mean difference in cost is $1170.96 (95% CI $750.13–1584.32). The ICER is estimated to be $9,771,520.87 per QALY (95% CI $2,573,139.89–24,407,017.82). The proportion of early‐onset GBS that develops during the second 24 hours of life, the cost of 24 hours of inpatient observation, and the probability of long‐term sequelae following prompt versus delayed treatment play important roles in determining the cost‐effectiveness of delayed hospital discharge.Conclusion  Cost‐effectiveness analysis suggests that with adequate IAP, discharging asymptomatic term neonates to home after 24 hours is the preferred approach compared with 48 hours inpatient observation.
Glial cells in (patho)physiology
Authors: Parpura Vladimir , Heneka Michael T. , Montana Vedrana , Oliet Stéphane H. R. , Schousboe Arne , Haydon Philip G. , Stout Randy F. , Spray David C. , Reichenbach Andreas , Pannicke Thomas , Pekny Milos , Pekna Marcela , Zorec Robert , Verkhratsky Alexei 
Published: January 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 4–27.AbstractNeuroglial cells define brain homeostasis and mount defense against pathological insults. Astroglia regulate neurogenesis and development of brain circuits. In the adult brain, astrocytes enter into intimate dynamic relationship with neurons, especially at synaptic sites where they functionally form the tripartite synapse. At these sites, astrocytes regulate ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis, metabolically support neurons and monitor synaptic activity; one of the readouts of the latter manifests in astrocytic intracellular Ca2+ signals. This form of astrocytic excitability can lead to release of chemical transmitters via Ca2+‐dependent exocytosis. Once in the extracellular space, gliotransmitters can modulate synaptic plasticity and cause changes in behavior. Besides these physiological tasks, astrocytes are fundamental for progression and outcome of neurological diseases. In Alzheimer’s disease, for example, astrocytes may contribute to the etiology of this disorder. Highly lethal glial‐derived tumors use signaling trickery to coerce normal brain cells to assist tumor invasiveness. This review not only sheds new light on the brain operation in health and disease, but also points to many unknowns.
Kainate receptor‐mediated depression of glutamatergic transmission involving protein kinase A in the lateral amygdala
Authors: Negrete‐Díaz José Vicente , Duque‐Feria Paloma , Andrade‐Talavera Yuniesky , Carrión Miriam , Flores Gonzalo , Rodríguez‐Moreno Antonio 
Published: January 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 36–43.AbstractKainate receptors (KARs) have been described as modulators of synaptic transmission at different synapses. However, this role of KARs has not been well characterized in the amygdala. We have explored the effect of kainate receptor activation at the synapse established between fibers originating at medial geniculate nucleus and the principal cells in the lateral amygdala. We have observed an inhibition of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) amplitude after a brief application of KARs agonists KA and ATPA. Paired‐pulse recordings showed a clear pair pulse facilitation that was enhanced after KA or ATPA application. When postsynaptic cells were loaded with BAPTA, the depression of eEPSC amplitude observed after the perfusion of KAR agonists was not prevented. We have also observed that the inhibition of the eEPSCs by KARs agonists was prevented by protein kinase A but not by protein kinase C inhibitors. Taken together our results indicate that KARs present at this synapse are pre‐synaptic and their activation mediate the inhibition of glutamate release through a mechanism that involves the activation of protein kinase A.
Attenuation of neonatal ischemic brain damage using a 20‐HETE synthesis inhibitor
Authors: Yang Zeng‐Jin , Carter Erin L. , Kibler Kathleen K. , Kwansa Herman , Crafa Daina A. , Martin Lee J. , Roman Richard J. , Harder David R. , Koehler Raymond C. 
Published: January 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 168–179.Abstract20‐Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20‐HETE) is a cytochrome P450 metabolite of arachidonic acid that that contributes to infarct size following focal cerebral ischemia. However, little is known about the role of 20‐HETE in global cerebral ischemia or neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia (H‐I). The present study examined the effects of blockade of the synthesis of 20‐HETE with N‐hydroxy‐N′‐(4‐n‐butyl‐2‐methylphenyl) formamidine (HET0016) in neonatal piglets after H‐I to determine if it protects highly vulnerable striatal neurons. Administration of HET0016 after H‐I improved early neurological recovery and protected neurons in putamen after 4 days of recovery. HET0016 had no significant effect on cerebral blood flow. cytochrome P450 4A immunoreactivity was detected in putamen neurons, and direct infusion of 20‐HETE in the putamen increased phosphorylation of Na+,K+‐ATPase and NMDA receptor NR1 subunit selectively at protein kinase C‐sensitive sites but not at protein kinase A‐sensitive sites. HET0016 selectively inhibited the H‐I induced phosphorylation at these same sites at 3 h of recovery and improved Na+,K+‐ATPase activity. At 3 h, HET0016 also suppressed H‐I induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 activation and protein markers of nitrosative and oxidative stress. Thus, 20‐HETE can exert direct effects on key proteins involved in neuronal excitotoxicity in vivo and contributes to neurodegeneration after global cerebral ischemia in immature brain.
The T‐type voltage‐gated calcium channel as a molecular target of the novel cognitive enhancer ST101: enhancement of long‐term potentiation and CaMKII autophosphorylation in rat cortical slices
Authors: Moriguchi Shigeki , Shioda Norifumi , Yamamoto Yui , Tagashira Hideaki , Fukunaga Kohji 
Published: January 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 44–53.AbstractIn this study, we report that spiro[imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine‐3,2‐indan]‐2(3H)‐one (ST101; previously coded as ZSET1446) targets T‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels in mediating improved cognition in the CNS. We prepared rat somatosensory cortical and hippocampal slices, treated them with 0.01 to 100 nM ST101, and performed immunoblotting and electrophysiological analyses using various voltage‐gated calcium channel (VGCC) inhibitors. Treatment of rat cortical slices with a range of ST101 concentrations significantly increased calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) autophosphorylation following a bell‐shaped dose–response curve, with 0.1 nM ST101 representing the maximally effective concentration. protein kinase Cα autophosphorylation was also significantly increased by 0.1 nM ST101 treatment. ST101 treatment had a moderate effect on CaMKII autophosphorylation but no effect on hippocampal protein kinase Cα autophosphorylation in slice preparations. Consistent with increased cortical CaMKII autophosphorylation, AMPA‐type glutamate receptor subunit 1 (Ser‐831) phosphorylation as a CaMKII post‐synaptic substrate was significantly increased by treatment with 0.1–1 nM ST101, whereas phosphorylation of the pre‐synaptic substrate synapsin I (Ser‐603) remained unchanged. Notably, enhanced CaMKII autophosphorylation seen following 0.1 nM ST101 treatment was significantly inhibited by pre‐treatment with 1 μM mibefradil, a T‐type VGCC inhibitor, but not with N‐type (ω‐conotoxin), P/Q‐type (ω‐agatoxin) or L‐type (nifedipine) VGCC inhibitors. Similarly, 0.1 nM ST101 significantly potentiated long‐term potentiation in cortical but not hippocampal slices. Enhanced long‐term potentiation in cortical slices was totally inhibited by 1 μM mibefadil treatment. Finally, whole‐cell patch‐clamp analysis of Neuro2A cells over‐expressing recombinant human CaV3.1 (α1G) T‐channels and treated with 0.1 nM ST101 showed significant increases in T‐type VGCC currents. These results indicate that T‐type VGCCs are direct molecular targets for the novel cognitive enhancer ST101, a potential Alzheimer disease therapeutic.
Optimal Hedging Strategies and Interactions between Firms
Authors: Loss Frederic 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper studies corporate risk management in a context of financial constraints and imperfect competition in the product market. The paper shows that interactions between firms affect their hedging strategies. As a general rule, firms’ hedging demands decrease with the correlation between their internal funds and investment opportunities. Moreover, when a firm’s hedging demand is high in the case where investments are strategic substitutes, its hedging demand is low in the case where investments are strategic complements and vice versa.
Levels of Institutional Capacity and Actor Expectations about Industrial Symbiosis
Authors: Boons Frank , Spekkink Wouter 
Published: January 2012

SummaryOne assumption underlying the work on industrial symbiosis (IS) is that certain social conditions must be fulfilled in order for firms to develop symbiotic linkages. In this article we add depth to this insight by using institutional capacity as an underlying concept for these conditions, and we propose that such capacity influences IS by altering the opportunity set of actors. We then test the assumption on a dataset of 233 projects aiming to develop eco‐industrial parks. We find that the link between institutional capacity and the opportunities for symbiotic linkages perceived by actors is not always present and is more complicated than has been recognized thus far. We discuss potential alternative ways in which institutional capacity might influence IS and present ideas for future research to shed light on this important relationship.
Detailed Behavioral Analysis as a Window Into Cross‐Situational Word Learning
Authors: Suanda Sumarga H. , Namy Laura L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRecent research has demonstrated that word learners can determine word‐referent mappings by tracking co‐occurrences across multiple ambiguous naming events. The current study addresses the mechanisms underlying this capacity to learn words cross‐situationally. This replication and extension of Yu and Smith (2007) investigates the factors influencing both successful cross‐situational word learning and mis‐mappings. Item analysis and error patterns revealed that the co‐occurrence structure of the learning environment as well as the context of the testing environment jointly affected learning across observations. Learners also adopted an exclusion strategy, which contributed conjointly with statistical tracking to performance. Implications for our understanding of the processes underlying cross‐situational word learning are discussed.
Intracranial Angioplasty and Stent Placement After Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) Trial: Present State and Future Considerations⋆
Authors: Qureshi Adnan I , Al‐Senani Fahmi M. , Husain Shakir , Janjua Nazli A. , Lanzino Giuseppe , Lavados Pablo M. , Nguyen Thanh , Raymond Jean , Shah Qaisar A. , Suarez Jose I. , Suri M. Fareed K. , Tolun Reha 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVEThe results of prematurely terminated stenting and aggressive medical management for preventing recurrent stroke in intracranial stenosis (SAMMPRIS) due to excessively high rate of stroke and death in patients randomized to intracranial stent placement is expected to affect the practice of endovascular therapy for intracranial atherosclerotic disease. The purpose of this report is to review the components of the designs and methods SAMMPRIS trial and to describe the influence of those components on the interpretation of trial results.METHODSA critical review of the patient population included in SAMMPRIS is conducted with emphasis on “generalizability of results” and “bias due to cherry picking phenomenon.” The technical aspects of endovascular treatment protocol consisting of intracranial angioplasty and stent placement using the Gateway balloon and Wingspan self‐expanding nitinol stent and credentialing criteria of trial interventionalists are reviewed. The influence of each component is estimated based on previous literature including multicenter clinical trials reporting on intracranial angioplasty and stent placement.RESULTSThe inclusion criteria used in the trial ensured that patients with adverse clinical or angiographic characteristics were excluded. Self‐expanding stent as the sole stent, technique of prestent angioplasty, periprocedural antiplatelet treatment, and intraprocedural anticoagulation are unlikely to adversely influence the results of intracranial stent placement. A more permissive policy toward primary angioplasty as an acceptable treatment option may have reduced the overall periprocedural complication rates by providing a safer option in technically challenging lesions. The expected impact of a more rigorous credentialing process on periprocedural stroke and/or death rate following intracranial stent placement in SAMMPRIS such as the one used in carotid revascularization endarterectomy versus stenting trial remains unknown.CONCLUSIONThe need for developing new and effective treatments for patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis cannot be undermined. The data support modification but not discontinuation of our approach to intracranial angioplasty and/or stent placement for intracranial stenosis. There are potential patients in whom angioplasty and/or stent placement might be the best approach, and a new trial with appropriate modifications in patient selection and design may be warranted.
Aortic Interruption Presenting with Recurrent Ischemic Strokes in an Adult
Authors: Vural Atay , Arsava Ethem M. , Ozgen Burce , Oguz Kader K. , Efe Orhan , Demircin Metin , Topcuoglu Mehmet A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPresentation of an interrupted aortic arch (IAA) in adulthood is extremely rare. Nonhemorrhagic stroke has not been reported previously in any adult with IAA. We, herein, describe a formerly asymptomatic 52‐year‐old male presenting with recurrent vertebrobasilar circulation ischemic strokes resulting from accelerated atherosclerotic arteriopathy secondary to IAA associated upper body hypertension. Surgical correction of IAA led to treatment of hypertension and cessation of ischemic attacks together with regression of collateral arterial networks as shown by computer tomography angiography.
The Reputational Advantages of Demonstrating Trustworthiness: Using the Reputation Index with Law Students
Authors: Welsh Nancy A. 
Published: January 2012

Lawyers should care about their reputations. But exactly what sort of reputation should lawyers seek to establish and maintain in the largely nontransparent context of legal negotiation? And even if a lawyer has developed a reputation as a negotiator, how will he/she know what it is and how it came to be?I force my students to grapple with these questions by incorporating the issues of reputation and reputation development into my negotiation/mediation course. I introduced this innovation at the same time that I decided to increase my focus on developing students' skills in distributive (or value‐claiming) negotiation. Although legal negotiation certainly offers frequent opportunities for the creation of integrative joint and individual gains, the process will almost inevitably involve distribution. The pie, once baked, must be cut.As a result, I now base a portion of my students' final grade on the objective results they achieve in two negotiation simulations. Two dangers of this assessment choice are that it can encourage students to focus only on the numbers and, even worse, engage in “sharp practice”— an extreme form of hard bargaining that tests ethical boundaries — in order to achieve the best short‐term distributive outcomes. Of course, neither a quantitative focus nor sharp practice is synonymous with a distributive approach to negotiation. Nonetheless, to counterbalance the temptations posed by the focus on, and ranking of, objective results, I also base part of students' final grades on their scores on a “Reputation Index.” These scores are based on students' nominations of their peers, accompanied by explanatory comments.This article describes the Reputation Index and how I use it. It also explores the empirical support for the validity of the Reputation Index as a tool for simulating the development and assessment of lawyers' reputations in the “real world.” To that end, the article considers research regarding the bases for lawyers' perceptions of effectiveness in legal negotiation, the sometimes counterintuitive distinction between negotiation “approach” and negotiation “style,” and the relationships among perceptions of negotiation style, procedural justice, trustworthiness, and reputation.