bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caffeine Attenuates Exacerbated Central Fatigue during Moderate-Intensity Cycling Exercise in Women with Fibromyalgia
Authors: SCHAMNE JULIO CEZAR , DE SOUZA DOS SANTOS PAMELA , CAVALCANTE VICTOR HENRIQUE VIEIRA , GONÇALVES FELIPPI , BERTUZZI ROMULO , PEREIRA GLEBER , DOS SANTOS PAIVA EDUARDO , OKUNO NILO MASSARU , LIMA-SILVA ADRIANO EDUARDO 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To compare the development of fatigability during a moderate-intensity cycling exercise between women with fibromyalgia (FM) and control women (CON) after acute ingestion of caffeine and placebo.

Methods
Ten FM and 10 CON women performed a 30-min moderate-intensity cycling exercise 1 h after the ingestion of a capsule containing either caffeine or a placebo. Fatigability and its central and peripheral determinants were determined via changes from pre- to post-15 and post-30 min of exercise in maximal voluntary isometric contractions, voluntary activation (VA), and quadriceps potentiated twitch torque (Q
tw-pot), respectively. Heart rate, muscle oxygen saturation, perceptive responses, mood state, localized and widespread pain, and sleepiness were also monitored during and after exercise.

Results
There was a time versus group interaction for maximal voluntary isometric contraction and VA (P < 0.001) but not for Q
tw-pot (P = 0.363), indicating a greater rate of fatigability development, mainly caused by central mechanisms, in the FM than in the CON group. There was also a main effect of condition for VA (P = 0.011), indicating that caffeine attenuates central mechanisms of fatigability in both groups. Caffeine ingestion also increased muscle oxygenation, perceived vigor, and energy, and decreased leg muscle pain, sleepiness, and perceived fatigue in both groups. However, caffeine improved perceived pleasure/displeasure and exercise adherence likelihood only in the FM group.

Conclusions
Compared with CON, women with FM present a greater rate of fatigability during exercise, mainly of central origin. Caffeine seems to be a promising bioactive to counteract the central mechanisms of fatigability and improve the exercise experience among FM women.
The Effect of Unequal Crank Arm Lengths and Cycling-Specific Prostheses for Recreational Riders with a Transtibial Amputation
Authors: ALLEN STEPHEN P. , DIAZ GABRIELA B. , GRABOWSKI ALENA M. 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
Recreational cyclists with a transtibial amputation (TTA) exhibit kinematic and kinetic asymmetries between their biological and affected legs, which may worsen efficiency. Use of unequal crank arm lengths and/or a cycling-specific prosthesis (CSP) could reduce mechanical asymmetries and improve efficiency.

Purpose
We determined the effects of shorter affected side (AS) crank arm lengths and cycling with two different prostheses on joint and crank power, asymmetry, and net efficiency.

Methods
Twelve participants with a TTA rode at 1.5 W·kg−1 with equal (175 mm) and shorter AS crank arms (160, 165, 170 mm) using a daily-use prosthesis and CSP. We used statistical parametric mapping to determine differences in instantaneous joint and crank power between prostheses and linear mixed-effects models to compare average joint and crank power, asymmetry, and net efficiency.

Results
Shorter AS crank arm lengths reduced the magnitude of peak positive (P ≤ 0.001) and negative (P < 0.001) crank power on the AS. Use of a CSP increased the magnitude of peak positive knee power (P < 0.001) and decreased the magnitude of peak negative crank power (P < 0.001) on the AS compared with a daily-use prosthesis. Shorter AS crank arm lengths while using a CSP reduced average hip joint (P = 0.014) and hip transfer (P = 0.025) power asymmetry from 35% to 20% and 118% to 62%, respectively. However, we found no significant differences in AS average joint or crank power, knee joint or crank power asymmetry, or net efficiency.

Conclusions
Cycling at 1.5 W·kg−1 with unequal crank arm lengths and CSP improves hip joint power and hip transfer power asymmetry but does not alter crank asymmetry or net efficiency for recreational cyclists with a TTA.
Urinalysis in primary care doctor practice
Authors: Szewczyk Bartlomiej , Szewczyk Kamila , Pytel Paulina , Krzesłowska Wiktoria Julia , Hołownia Weronika , Wiśniewski Szymon 
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
A urinalysis is a simple diagnostic test which is used to detect wide range of disorders including urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes. Moreover, it can be an useful tool to monitor a medical condition. A urine analysis might be a part of routine medical exam in order to check patient’s health condition but it is not recommended as a preventive screening test in the population. We believe that this article will contribute to spreading important knowledge especially in primary care.
Aim of the study:
The aim of the article is to collect and summarize basic information on urinalysis. We collected elemental information about routine urine examination, which includes assessment of physical properties, chemical properties and sediment composition. This knowledge is useful in the daily practice of a primary care doctor.
Material and methods:
Literature available in the PubMed database, ScienceDirect and ClinicalKey was reviewed using the following keywords: “Urinalysis”; “Urine sediment”, “Urinary tract infection”
Conclusions:
The ability of proper urine analysis is crucial in clinical practice. Performing the test is technically simple and widely available. It is important to be aware of the limitations of urine analysis. Therefore if results of urinalysis is unusual, it is necessary to require more testing to find the source of the medical issue.
Knowledge brokering inside the policy making process: an analysis of evidence use inside a UK government department
Authors: Shaxson Louise , Hood Rick , Boaz Annette , Head Brian 
Published: May 2024

Background
Knowledge brokering plays an important role in the evidence-to-policy system, but little is known about whether and how it occurs within government departments.

Aims and objectives
Using empirical evidence from one UK government department, this article analyses how knowledge brokering takes place inside the policy making process and what shapes brokering activities.

Methods
Between 2019 and 2021, 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted with current and former senior officials at the UK’s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). We combined existing knowledge brokering frameworks to investigate the daily activities of a group of officials known internally as ‘evidence specialists’.

Findings
Defra’s evidence specialists routinely performed a range of activities to improve the uptake and use of evidence by their ‘policy maker’ colleagues. These conformed well to our knowledge brokering framework and included informing, relational, framing, institutional and some co-production activities. They could act as brokers because of the separation of roles of evidence specialists and policy makers; and their brokering work was shaped by organisational, structural and process factors.

Discussion and conclusion
Knowledge brokering can play a key role in improving evidence use inside government departments, though this may vary between jurisdictions because different administrations may vary the roles and functions of groups of civil servants. Understanding how different roles could contribute to a brokering approach to evidence use would help fill a gap in researchers’ understanding about the evidence-to-policy process and help government departments formalise and strengthen the ways they acquire and interpret evidence to inform policy decisions.
X-ray fluorescence detection system for trace elements in oil based on graphite curved crystal technology
Authors: Lu Chenyang , Li Qiang , Li Wenzhong , Wang Kun , Zhang Pei , Wu Min , Liu Zhaogui 
Published: May 2024

Curved crystal technology is a key technology in the field of X-ray fluorescence trace detection. To detect trace sulfur, chlorine, and silicon in oil, the key parameters of Johann-type graphite curved crystal design were calculated based on geometrical optics theory and mathematical modeling, and a curved crystal optical system was designed. Subsequently, the hardware, firmware, software, and mechanical structure were designed according to specific requirements. Following the development of the relevant equipment, laboratory tests were performed on standard petroleum samples. Experimental results show that technology based on bent crystals can significantly reduce the detection limit of the instrument, and the detection limit of sulfur, chlorine, and silicon can reach below 1 ppm. In accordance with the experimental results, possible interference factors were analyzed, and suitable solutions were proposed. The performance of the proposed system was thus directly verified, showcasing its applicability in detecting trace elements.
Status of zoonotic disease research in refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced people, globally: A scoping review of forty clinically important zoonotic pathogens
Authors: Oakley Regina , Hedrich Nadja , Walker Alexandra , Dinkita Habtamu Merha , Tschopp Rea , Abongomera Charles , Paris Daniel H. 
Published: May 2024

Background
At the end of 2022, there were over 108 million forcibly displaced people globally, including refugees, asylum seekers (AS) and internally displaced people (IDPs). Forced migration increases the risk of infectious disease transmission, and zoonotic pathogens account for 61% of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Zoonoses create a high burden of disease and have the potential to cause large-scale outbreaks. This scoping review aimed to assess the state of research on a range of clinically relevant zoonotic pathogens in displaced populations in order to identify the gaps in literature and guide future research.

Methodology / Principal findings
Literature was systematically searched to identify original research related to 40 selected zoonotic pathogens of interest in refugees, AS and IDPs. We included only peer-reviewed original research in English, with no publication date restrictions. Demographic data, migration pathways, health factors, associated outbreaks, predictive factors and preventative measures were extracted and synthesized. We identified 4,295 articles, of which 347 were included; dates of publications ranged from 1937 to 2022. Refugees were the most common population investigated (75%). Migration pathways of displaced populations increased over time towards a more complex web, involving migration in dual directions. The most frequent pathogen investigated was Schistosoma spp. (n = 99 articles). Disease outbreaks were reported in 46 publications (13.3%), with viruses being the most commonly reported pathogen type. Limited access to hygiene/sanitation, crowding and refugee status were the most commonly discussed predictors of infection. Vaccination/prophylaxis drug administration, surveillance/screening and improved hygiene/sanitation were the most commonly discussed preventative measures.

Conclusions / Significance
The current research on zoonoses in displaced populations displays gaps in the spectrum of pathogens studied, as well as in the (sub)populations investigated. Future studies should be more inclusive of One Health approaches to adequately investigate the impact of zoonotic pathogens and identify transmission pathways as a basis for designing interventions for displaced populations.
Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Brizuela Martín , Palermo María Carolina , Alconada Tomás , Sandoval María Macarena , Ramirez Wierzbicki Eugenia , Cantos Joaquín , Gagetti Paula , Ciapponi Agustín , Bardach Ariel , Ruvinsky Silvina 
Published: May 2024

Background
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, causing bacteremic pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and other invasive pneumococcal diseases. Evidence supports nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage as a reservoir for transmission and precursor of pneumococcal disease.

Objectives
To estimate the pneumococcal nasopharyngeal burden in all age groups in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) before, during, and after the introduction of pneumococcal vaccine conjugate (PVC).

Methods
Systematic literature review of international, regional, and country-published and unpublished data, together with reports including data from serotype distribution in nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults from LAC countries following Cochrane methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO database (ID: CRD42023392097).

Results
We included 54 studies with data on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage and serotypes from 31,803 patients. In children under five years old, carriage was found in 41% and in adults over 65, it was 26%. During the study period, children under five showed a colonization proportion of 34% with PCV10 serotypes and 45% with PCV13 serotypes. When we analyze the carriage prevalence of PCV serotypes in all age groups between 1995 and 2019, serotypes included in PCV10 and those included in PCV13, both showed a decreasing trend along analysis by lustrum.

Conclusion
The data presented in this study highlights the need to establish national surveillance programs to monitor pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage to monitor serotype prevalence and replacement before and after including new pneumococcal vaccines in the region. In addition, to analyze differences in the prevalence of serotypes between countries, emphasize the importance of approaches to local realities to reduce IPD effectively.
Mid-life social participation in people with intellectual disability: The 1958 British birth cohort study
Authors: Wang Zuyu , Sommerlad Andrew , Hassiotis Angela , Richards Marcus , Livingston Gill 
Published: May 2024

Background
Low social participation is a potentially modifiable risk factor for cognitive deterioration in the general population and related to lower quality of life (QoL). We aimed to find out whether social participation is linked to cognitive deterioration and QoL for people with borderline intellectual functioning and mild intellectual disability.

Method
We used data from the National Child Development Study, consisting of people born during one week in 1958, to compare midlife social participation in people with mild intellectual disability, borderline intellectual functioning, and without intellectual impairment. We defined social participation as 1. confiding/emotional support from the closest person and social network contact frequency at age 44, and 2. confiding relationships with anyone at age 50. We then assessed the extent to which social participation mediated the association between childhood intellectual functioning and cognition and QoL at age 50.

Results
14,094 participants completed cognitive tests at age 11. People with borderline intellectual functioning and mild intellectual disability had more social contact with relatives and confiding/emotional support from their closest person, but fewer social contacts with friends and confiding relationships with anyone than those without intellectual disability. Having a confiding relationship partially mediated the association at age 50 between IQ and cognition (6.4%) and QoL (27.4%) for people with borderline intellectual functioning.

Conclusion
We found adults with intellectual disability have positive family relationships but fewer other relationships. Even at the age of 50, confiding relationships may protect cognition for people with borderline intellectual functioning and are important for QoL.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on breast cancer screening in a large midwestern United States academic medical center
Authors: Johnson Kimberly J. , O’Connell Caitlin P. , Waken R. J. , Barnes Justin M. 
Published: May 2024

Background
Access to breast screening mammogram services decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our objectives were to estimate: 1) the COVID-19 affected period, 2) the proportion of pandemic-associated missed or delayed screening encounters, and 3) pandemic-associated patient attrition in screening encounters overall and by sociodemographic subgroup.

Methods
We included screening mammogram encounter EPIC data from 1-1-2019 to 12-31-2022 for females ≥40 years old. We used Bayesian State Space models to describe weekly screening mammogram counts, modeling an interruption that phased in and out between 3-1-2020 and 9-1-2020. We used the posterior predictive distribution to model differences between a predicted, uninterrupted process and the observed screening mammogram counts. We estimated associations between race/ethnicity and age group and return screening mammogram encounters during the pandemic among those with 2019 encounters using logistic regression.

Results
Our analysis modeling weekly screening mammogram counts included 231,385 encounters (n = 127,621 women). Model-estimated screening mammograms dropped by >98% between 03-15-2020 and 05-24-2020 followed by a return to pre-pandemic levels or higher with similar results by race/ethnicity and age group. Among 79,257 women, non-Hispanic (NH) Asians, NH Blacks, and Hispanics had significantly (p < .05) lower odds of screening encounter returns during 2020–2022 vs. NH Whites with odds ratios (ORs) from 0.70 to 0.91. Among 79,983 women, those 60–69 had significantly higher odds of any return screening encounter during 2020–2022 (OR = 1.28), while those ≥80 and 40–49 had significantly lower odds (ORs 0.77, 0.45) than those 50–59 years old. A sensitivity analysis suggested a possible pre-existing pattern.

Conclusions
These data suggest a short-term pandemic effect on screening mammograms of ~2 months with no evidence of disparities. However, we observed racial/ethnic disparities in screening mammogram returns during the pandemic that may be at least partially pre-existing. These results may inform future pandemic planning and continued efforts to eliminate mammogram screening disparities.
Teaching hydrogen bridges: it is not FON anymore!
Authors: Lamoureux Guy V. , Chaves-Carballo Katherine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Teaching hydrogen bridges (H-bridges) in introductory chemistry courses is either oversimplified or dogmatically taught; the heuristic that ‘only fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen (FON) form H-bridges’ is commonly used, for example. This rule limits choices, does not match reality, and does not clarify the difference between H-bridge donors (HBD) and H-bridge acceptors (HBA) nor intermolecular versus intramolecular cases. Hydrogen fluoride is a significant HBD but a poor HBA. Oxygen is not always an HBD or HBA. Ammonia is a significant HBA but a poor HBD. There are many examples of H-bridges that do not contain these three elements. All examples of H-bridges should be shown in a way to provide symbolic and molecular structures. Is it necessary to ‘explain’ H-bridges in introductory classes? We conclude not, but it might be necessary to increase the total amount of time to present the material so that students do not rely on superficial rules.
Insights into caudate amphibian skin secretions with a focus on the chemistry and bioactivity of derived peptides
Authors: Kröner Lorena , Lötters Stefan , Hopp Marie-T. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Amphibians are well-known for their ability to produce and secrete a mixture of bioactive substances in specialized skin glands for the purpose of antibiotic self-protection and defense against predators. Some of these secretions contain various small molecules, such as the highly toxic batrachotoxin, tetrodotoxin, and samandarine. For some time, the presence of peptides in amphibian skin secretions has attracted researchers, consisting of a diverse collection of – to the current state of knowledge – three to 104 amino acid long sequences. From these more than 2000 peptides many are known to exert antimicrobial effects. In addition, there are some reports on amphibian skin peptides that can promote wound healing, regulate immunoreactions, and may serve as antiparasitic and antioxidative substances. So far, the focus has mainly been on skin peptides from frogs and toads (Anura), eclipsing the research on skin peptides of the ca. 700 salamanders and newts (Caudata). Just recently, several novel observations dealing with caudate peptides and their structure-function relationships were reported. This review focuses on the chemistry and bioactivity of caudate amphibian skin peptides and their potential as novel agents for clinical applications.
Gender, number and person: a three-way interaction
Authors: Berg Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
According to the principle of informativity, more useful information is more likely to be coded than less useful information. This principle underlies Greenberg’s Universals 37 and 45, which state that a larger number of (sex-based) gender contrasts are on average found in singular than in non-singular forms. As an increase in group size lowers the probability of same sex groups, gender-specific personal pronouns are less useful in the non-singular than in the singular. Curiously enough, the principle of informativity also makes the opposite prediction: in the first person, non-singular forms are predicted to show a gender contrast more frequently than singular forms do. Moreover, exclusive forms are predicted to develop gender distinctions more often than inclusive forms. In this paper, these predictions are put to a typological test. A total of 51 languages from 17 different families and 24 different genera has been found in which the first person singular personal pronoun is gender-neutral while one or more of its non-singular counterparts inflect for gender. It is argued that Universals 37 and 45, as well as their counterclaim, are empirically adequate. This apparent paradox dissolves in a three-way interaction of gender, number and person in pronominal paradigms. In keeping with the principle of informativity, there is a bias in favour of gender marking in the third person singular but also a bias in favour of gender marking in the first person non-singular.
Choosing a COVID-19 vaccination site might be driven by anxiety and body vigilance
Authors: Simonović Maja , Stojanović Nikola M. , Novak Sonja , Radisavljević Mirjana , Žikić Olivera , Milenković Tatjana 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
The occurrence of COVID-19 led to the rapid development of several vaccines which were distributed around the world. Even though there had been a vast amount of information about both virus and vaccination, this process was potentially related to increased anxiety and thus affected the vaccination process.

Objective
The present study examined anxiety levels and body vigilance in subjects reporting for COVID-19 vaccination at different vaccination sites.

Methods
Instruments used included general socio-demographic questionnaires and specifically constructed ones such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), body vigilance scale (BVS), and coronavirus anxiety scale (CAS).

Results
A total of 227 subjects enrolled in the study reported mild GAD and CAS scores and relatively low scores on BVS. When the subjects were divided according to a vaccination site (under supervision and non-supervised), it turned out that subjects vaccinated under supervision were more anxious (higher GAD and CAS) and had their body vigilance increased.

Conclusion
In conclusion, there is a need for highlighting the importance of efficient planning and organization of vaccination process, since to a certain extent it is driven by both anxiety and body vigilance.