bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species richness, taxonomic diversity, and taxonomic distinctness of the deep-water demersal fish community on the Northeast Atlantic continental slope (ICES Subdivision VIa)
Authors: Campbell Neil , Neat Francis , Burns Finlay , Kunzlik Phil 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCampbell, N., Neat, F., Burns, F., and Kunzlik, P. 2011. Species richness, taxonomic diversity, and taxonomic distinctness of the deep-water demersal fish community on the Northeast Atlantic continental slope (ICES Subdivision VIa). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 365–376. The fish community on the Atlantic deep continental shelf and upper slope to the northwest of Scotland has been the subject of biological studies for more than a century, and subject to bottom-trawl fishing for around 25 years. In this work, we examine trends in biodiversity of the deep-water demersal fish community revealed by a decade of trawl surveys by Marine Scotland—Science. The composition and structure of the fish assemblage was described using species richness as well as the descriptors of community interrelatedness: taxonomic diversity (Δ) and taxonomic distinctness (Δ*). Results revealed no temporal trends in community composition. The most significant factor in determining richness and taxonomic diversity of the demersal fish fauna was depth, and to a lesser extent latitude. Diversity and distinctness decreased with increasing depth and showed a complex relationship with latitude, while richness peaked at depths around 1400 m. This study shows taxonomic measures of diversity and distinctness to be sensitive indicators of ecological conditions in the deep-water fish community, with respect to depth and latitude, and the fact that no temporal trends were detected suggests that the structure of the fish community at exploitable depths on the Scottish slope has remained stable over the period 1998–2008. These findings imply that care should be taken when planning spatial measures designed to safeguard deep-water fish biodiversity because the optimal area recommended for protection is strongly dependent on the choice of metric used.
CASE REPORT: The unrecognised difficult extubation: a call for vigilance
Authors: Antoine J. , Hussain Z. , El‐Sayed I. , Apfel C. C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryTracheal extubation remains a critical and often overlooked period of difficult airway management. A 66‐year‐old man, scheduled for C5–C7 anterior fusion, with an easy view of the vocal cords, presented with a sublaryngeal obstruction that required a reduced tracheal tube size. Despite correct tube placement, intra‐operative ventilation remained difficult. At the end of surgery a pulsatile tracheal compression was fibreopticially observed above the carina. After discussion with the attending otolaryngologist, neuromuscular blockade was antagonised and the patient was able to maintain normal minute volumes while spontaneously ventilating. With the otolaryngologist present, and with the patient conscious, the trachea was successfully extubated over an airway exchange catheter. A subsequent CT scan revealed an impingement of the trachea by the innominate artery and a mildly ectatic ascending and descending aorta that, in conjunction with tracheomalacia and neuromuscular blockade, could explain the observed signs and symptoms.
Great auricular nerve blockade using high resolution ultrasound: a volunteer study
Authors: Thallaj A. , Marhofer P. , Moriggl B. , Delvi B. M. , Kettner S. C. , Almajed M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThis prospective, observational volunteer study aimed to describe the appearance of the great auricular nerve using ultrasound and its blockade under ultrasound guidance. An in‐plane needle guidance technique was used for blockade of the great auricular nerve with 0.1 ml mepivacaine 1%. Sensory block was evaluated by pinprick testing in comparison with the contralateral area propriae. The great auricular nerve was successfully seen in all volunteers and the tail of the helix, antitragus, lobula and mandibular angle were blocked in all cases whereas the antihelix and concha were never blocked. Ultrasound imaging of the great auricular nerve can be reliably achieved and successful blockade with minimal volumes of local anaesthetic is another example of the benefits of ultrasound‐guided peripheral nerve blocks.
Evaluation of a QT nomogram for risk assessment after antidepressant overdose
Authors: Waring W. Stephen , Graham Ann , Gray Julie , Wilson Allen D. , Howell Catherine , Bateman D. Nicholas 
Published: June 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Overdose with citalopram is associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes, whereas this arrhythmia has not been reported after venlafaxine or mirtazapine overdose.• Uncertainty exists concerning the best means of identifying poisoned patients at greatest risk of arrhythmia, and a nomogram comparing QT and heart rate has recently been proposed based on published cases of torsades de pointes.• Few data are available concerning the performance of the nomogram in patients that present to hospital after antidepressant overdose. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • After antidepressant overdose patients had a broad range of heart rate and QT values, which were below the nomogram in 98% of cases (95% confidence interval 96, 99%).• Citalopram overdose was associated with a higher proportion of patients with QT values above the nomogram than venlafaxine and mirtazapine overdose, especially in those who had low heart rates.• The nomogram allowed discrimination between the different antidepressant agents and may have a role in predicting arrhythmia in clinical practice.AIMSA QT‐heart rate nomogram has recently been proposed as a means of identifying patients at risk of torsades de pointes after antidepressant overdose, based on published cases of drug‐induced torsades de pointes. The present study sought to examine the performance of the nomogram in patients who ingest an antidepressant overdose but do not develop arrhythmia.METHODSA retrospective case control study of patients presenting to hospital after overdose of citalopram, mirtazapine and venlafaxine was carried out. The primary outcome variable was QT higher than the nomogram, and was compared with occurrence of QTc (QT corrected by Bazett's formula) greater than ≥440 ms and QTc≥500 ms, with comparison between drugs. Data are expressed as proportions in each group with 95% confidence intervals.RESULTSThere were 858 electrocardiograms from 541 patients. QT was higher than the nomogram in 2.4% (1.4, 4.1%), whereas QTc was ≥440 ms in 23.1% (95% CI 19.8, 26.8%), and QTc was ≥500 ms in 1.1% (0.5, 2.5%). Citalopram overdose was more likely to be associated with QT higher than the nomogram compared with the other agents (difference 7.0%, 95% CI 2.9, 11.9%, P = 0.001) and more likely to be associated with QTc≥440 ms (difference = 11.0%, 95% CI 2.6, 19.0%, P = 0.013).CONCLUSIONSThe QT nomogram was associated with a lower false positive rate than widely accepted QTc criteria, and allowed detection of different effects of individual drugs. The nomogram offers potential advantages over QTc criteria and merits further investigation in a clinical setting.
Bleeding disorders in neonates
Authors: KENET G. , CHAN A. K. C. , SOUCIE J. M. , KULKARNI R. 
Published: June 2010

Summary. Bleeding disorders may present during the neonatal period, however, absent patient history along with unique physical signs, physiologically decreased levels of plasma proteins and laboratory variations of platelet function tests may render any diagnosis difficult to establish. Intra cranial haemorrhage (ICH) may be the clinical presenting symptom of a severe coagulation factor deficiency. Haemophilia in the newborn period poses unique challenges in diagnosis and management, Data presented from the UDC and similar surveillance systems world‐wide can be used to further clinical research and improve management strategies.Development haemostasis should be considered as well as laboratory variations of coagulation tests while evaluating and diagnosis neonates suspected of bleeding disorders. Therapy of bleeding episodes in the neonate relies upon proper replacement and repeated haemostatic evaluation of patients’ status, while dealing with underlying etiological causes. This manuscript discusses the unique aspects of clinical presentation, laboratory assessment, and treatment of various bleeding disorders in neonates.
Ultrastructure of culture forms of the eel trypanosome, Trypanosoma granulosum Laveran & Mesnil, 1902, exposed to polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors
Authors: Davies A. J. , Thorborn D. E. , Mastrl C. , Daszak P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPolyamines are important in the growth, division and differentiation of many cell types, including trypanosomes. The ultrastructure of culture forms of Trypanosoma granulosum was examined following growth in a modified semidefined medium (controls) and in the same medium with added polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors (DFMO, MGBG and Berenil). Untreated trypanosomes had ultrastructural features in common with other cultured flagellates. Those treated with DFMO were generally more rounded in contour. Cytoplasmic vacuoles and swollen mitochondrial membranes suggested osmotic imbalance, perhaps resulting from compromised membrane integrity. An anticlockwise arm dividing subtubule B of the peripheral doublets of the flagellum was noted in some trypanosomes treated with 20 mM DFMO. Vacuolation was also induced by MGBG and flagellar division occurred more frequently at 0.2 mM than in controls. With 1 mM MGBG, mitochondria were difficult to discern and kinetoplasts were disrupted. With 0.2 mM Berenil, vacuoles, swollen mitochondria, membranous whorls, additional microtubules underlying subpellicular tubules and disaggregated kinetoplasts were noted. With 1 mM Berenil, much of the cell structure was destroyed, although the pellicle, flagellum and paraxial rod remained intact. The present study illustrates the importance of hnctional polyamine synthetic pathways for the integrity of membranes, mitochondria, kinetoplasts and possibly microtubules in cultured T. granulosum.
Mendelian inheritance of rust resistance to Melampsora larici‐epitea in crosses between Salix sachalinensis and S. viminalis
Authors: Pei M. H. , Ruiz C. , Shield I. , Macalpine W. , Lindegaard K. , Bayon C. , Karp A. 
Published: June 2010

Two F1, two F2 and two backcross (BC) full‐sib families of Salix sachalinensis × S. viminalis were tested for resistance to two pathotypes of Melampsora larici‐epitea in leaf‐disc inoculation experiments. Two single‐pustule isolates, VM and ST, belonging to pathotypes LET1 and LET5, respectively, were used in the tests. Disease was scored based on the number of uredinia, uredinial diameter and inoculum densities. Both F1 families were completely resistant to both VM and ST. Resistance to VM segregated at a 9:6:1 ratio in the F2 families and at a 1:2:1 ratio in the BC families, suggesting that two independently segregating genes controlled rust resistance, with resistance dominant over susceptibility. This also indicates incomplete dominance of the resistance alleles over the susceptibility to VM. For ST, the equivalent ratios were 3:1 and 1:1, showing that a single dominant gene was responsible for rust resistance. The broad sense heritabilities were >0·91 for uredinial diameter and 0·1–0·33 for the number of uredinia. There were significant overall correlations between data from inoculations with VM and those from inoculations with ST in the number of uredinia, uredinial diameter and disease scores (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients = 0·31–0·75).
Infant feeding practices and physician diagnosed atopic dermatitis: a prospective cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Chuang Chao‐Hua , Hsieh Wu‐Shiun , Chen Yi‐Chun , Chang Pei‐Jen , Hurng Baai‐Shyun , Lin Shio‐Jean , Chen Pau‐Chung 
Published: June 2010

To cite this article: Chuang C‐H, Hsieh W‐S, Chen Y‐C, Chang P‐J, Hurng B‐S, Lin S‐J, Chen P‐C. Infant feeding practices and physician diagnosed atopic dermatitis: a prospective cohort study in Taiwan. Pediatric Allergy Immunology 2011: 22: 43–49.AbstractIt is common to recommend breastfeeding and a delayed introduction of solids to prevent atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the scientific evidence for this is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of breastfeeding and solids on AD, when taking account of reverse causality. This on‐going birth cohort study was designed to sample 24,200 representative post‐partum women and their babies from the Taiwan National Birth Registration database. Using two home interviews at 6 and 18 months after birth, with structured questionnaires about diet and physician’s diagnosis of AD by parental reports, a total of 20,172 pairs (83.4%) were reviewed completely. Considering reverse causality, we excluded 2399 children with AD in the first 6 months of life and 18,733 were finally recruited. All study participants provided informed consent as approved by the Ethics Review Board of the National Taiwan College of Public Health. After adjustment for potential confounders, the overall results showed that the increased duration of breastfeeding seemed to increase the risk of AD at 18 months in children. However, no significant effect was found for the delayed introduction of solids on the risk of AD. There is no evidence of a protective effect of prolonged breastfeeding and a delayed introduction of solids against AD among children at age 18 months, and may even be a risk factor of AD.
Boron Induced Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Defence Response and Changes in Artemisinin Content in Artemisia annua L.
Authors: Aftab T. , Khan M. M. A. , Idrees M. , Naeem M. , Ram M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBoron is an essential plant micronutrient and the range between deficient and toxic levels of boron is narrow for most of the plants. Like other elements, boron becomes toxic to growth at high concentrations. High boron concentrations in soil reduce crop productivity in many areas of the world. The effect of increasing levels of boron (0, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 mm) on oxidative stress, antioxidant defence response and changes in artemisinin content in Artemisia annua were investigated in the present study. Boron toxicity reduced the growth parameters viz. stem height, fresh weight and dry weight. Treatments induced oxidative stress resulting in lower net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 and total chlorophyll content. The increased activities of antioxidant enzymes like CAT, POX and SOD were also noted in response to increasing levels of boron stress. However, H2O2 and artemisinin content were found to be high up to 1.00 mm concentration of boron compared to control, and on applying higher doses, further reduced contents were obtained. Thus, the results suggest that a mild stress of boron can be utilized for enhanced artemisinin production.
Anterior perirectal fat tissue thickness is a strong predictor of recurrence after high‐intensity focused ultrasound for prostate cancer
Authors: Sumitomo Makoto , Asakuma Junichi , Yoshii Hidehiko , Sato Akinori , Horiguchi Akio , Ito Keiichi , Nagakura Kazuhiko , Asano Tomohiko 
Published: June 2010

Objective:  To evaluate if and why obesity affects the clinical outcome in patients undergoing high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment for prostate cancer (CaP).Methods:  115 patients who underwent HIFU treatment for localized CaP were categorized as obese, overweight or normal according to body mass index (BMI). The thickness of the anterior perirectal fat tissue (APFT) was measured by transrectal ultrasonography. Treatment was considered to have failed in the case of biochemical failure according to the Phoenix definition, positive follow‐up biopsy or initiation of salvage therapy. Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to identify possible predictors for disease free survival (DFS), and an experimental fat tissue model was made to evaluate the ablation effect at the target tissue.Results:  According to the classification by the Western Pacific Regional Office of WHO, 43 patients were of normal weight, 24 were overweight and 48 were obese. The BMI groups did not differ in Gleason score, prostate‐specific antigen level at diagnosis or clinical stage. There were, however, significant correlations between BMI and prostate‐specific antigen nadir (P < 0.001), and BMI and APFT thickness (P < 0.01). Multivariate analyses showed that BMI fails to be an independent predictor of DFS when APFT (P < 0.0001) is included as a variable.Conclusions:  Our results suggest that APFT thickness, for which obesity could be a useful surrogate, might represent the causative factor for poor clinical outcome after transrectal HIFU treatment for CaP.
Narcoleptic orexin receptor knockout mice express enhanced cholinergic properties in laterodorsal tegmental neurons
Authors: Kalogiannis M. , Grupke S. L. , Potter P. E. , Edwards J. G. , Chemelli R. M. , Kisanuki Y. Y. , Yanagisawa M. , Leonard C. S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPharmacological studies of narcoleptic canines indicate that exaggerated pontine cholinergic transmission promotes cataplexy. As disruption of orexin (hypocretin) signaling is a primary defect in narcolepsy with cataplexy, we investigated whether markers of cholinergic synaptic transmission might be altered in mice constitutively lacking orexin receptors (double receptor knockout; DKO). mRNA for Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and the high‐affinity choline transporter (CHT1) but not acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was significantly higher in samples from DKO than wild‐type (WT) mice. This was region‐specific; levels were elevated in samples from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) and the fifth motor nucleus (Mo5) but not in whole brainstem samples. Consistent with region‐specific changes, we were unable to detect significant differences in Western blots for ChAT and CHT1 in isolates from brainstem, thalamus and cortex or in ChAT enzymatic activity in the pons. However, using ChAT immunocytochemistry, we found that while the number of cholinergic neurons in the LDT and Mo5 were not different, the intensity of somatic ChAT immunostaining was significantly greater in the LDT, but not Mo5, from DKO than from WT mice. We also found that ChAT activity was significantly reduced in cortical samples from DKO compared with WT mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that the orexins can regulate neurotransmitter expression and that the constitutive absence of orexin signaling results in an up‐regulation of the machinery necessary for cholinergic neurotransmission in a mesopontine population of neurons that have been associated with both normal rapid eye movement sleep and cataplexy.
HPC‐1/syntaxin 1A gene knockout mice show abnormal behavior possibly related to a disruption in 5‐HTergic systems
Authors: Fujiwara Tomonori , Snada Masumi , Kofuji Takefumi , Yoshikawa Takeo , Akagawa Kimio 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHPC‐1/syntaxin 1A (STX1A) is thought to regulate the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles in neurons. In recent human genetic studies,STX1Ahas been implicated in neuropsychological disorders. To examine whetherSTX1Agene ablation is responsible for abnormal neuropsychological profiles observed in human psychiatric patients, we analysed the behavioral phenotype ofSTX1Aknockout mice. Abnormal behavior was observed in both homozygotes (STX1A−/−) and heterozygotes (STX1A+/−) in a social interaction test, a novel object exploring test and a latent inhibition (LI) test, but not in a pre‐pulse inhibition test. Interestingly, attenuation of LI, which is closely related to human schizotypic symptoms, was restored by administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, but not by the dopamine reuptake inhibitor, GBR12935, or the noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor, desipramine. We also observed that LI attenuation was restored by DOI (a 5‐HT2Areceptor agonist), but not by 8‐OH‐DPAT (a 5‐HT1Areceptor agonist), mCPP (a 5‐HT2Creceptor agonist), SKF 38393 (a D1receptor agonist), quinpirole (a D2/D3receptor agonist) or haloperidol (a D2/D3receptor antagonist). Thus, attenuation of LI is mainly caused by disruption of 5‐HT‐ergic systems via 5‐HT2Areceptors. In addition, 5‐HT release from hippocampal and hypothalamic slices was significantly reduced. Therefore, ablation ofSTX1Amay cause disruption of 5‐HT‐ergic transmission and induce abnormal behavior.
RapGAPs in brain: multipurpose players in neuronal Rap signalling
Authors: Spilker Christina , Kreutz Michael R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSmall Rap guanosine‐tri‐phosphate (GTP)ases are crucially involved in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, adhesion and movement. In line, it has been shown that Rap signalling is involved in various aspects of neuronal differentiation, like the establishment of neuronal polarity or axonal growth cone movement. Rap GTPases can be activated by a wide variety of external stimuli, and this is mediated by specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RapGEFs). Inactivation of RapGTP can be achieved with the aid of specific GTPase‐activating proteins (RapGAPs). In the brain, the most prominent RapGAPs are Rap1GAP and those of the spine‐associated RapGAP (SPAR) family. This latter family consists of three members (SPAR1–3), from which two of them, namely SPAR1 and 2, have been investigated in more detail. As such, the localization of RapGAPs is crucially important in regulating Rap signalling at various sites in the cell and, for both SPAR1 and 2, enrichment at synaptic sites has been demonstrated. In recent years particularly the role of SPAR1 in shaping dendritic spine morphology has attracted considerable interest. In this review we will summarize the described actions of different RapGAPs expressed in the brain, and we will focus in particular on the SPAR family members.
Keratosis pilaris rubra and keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei treated with pulsed dye laser: report of 10 cases
Authors: Alcántara González J , Boixeda P , Truchuelo Díez MT , Fleta Asín B 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  Keratosis pilaris rubra (KPR) and keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei (KPAF) are both keratinization disorders characterized by erythema and keratotic follicular papules usually located on cheeks, forehead, chin and eyebrows. Topical keratolytics, vitamin D3 analogues, antibiotics, topical and oral retinoids have been used with limited results. As this condition can be socially very limiting, the need for an effective treatment has led to the use of other technologies such as pulsed dye laser (PDL) or intense pulsed light.Objective  The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of PDL in patients with KPR or KPAF.Methods  Ten patients with KPR or KPAF were treated with two to seven sessions of PDL at 595‐nm wavelength. Laser therapy was performed using a spot size of 7 or 10 mm, a pulse duration of 0.5 or 1.5 ms and a fluence from 5 to 9 J/cm2. Two dermatologists evaluated treatment effectiveness by means of photographs of the patients before starting and after finishing the therapy.Results  Complete resolution of erythema was achieved in three patients; clearance of erythema was > 75% in the other seven patients. Transient purpura was present in all patients for about 2 weeks and one patient presented postinflammatory hyperpigmentation for 7 months.Conclusion  We consider that PDL is a good option for the treatment of KPR and KPAF. A marked reduction in erythema is achieved in all patients with a low incidence of side effects.