bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weather Factors Affecting Corrosion of Metals
Authors: Sereda PJ 
Published: March 2009

Various weather factors are assessed in relation to corrosion of metals. Published data are discussed and new results presented to show that time-of-wetness is a very important factor and that reasonable values may be obtained from analysis of meteorological records. These are applicable for predicting long-range corrosion effects. For short-term corrosion, data must be collected for the particular exposure conditions. Results are presented to show the effect of orientation on time-of wetness, and recommendations are made for increasing this type of study.
A summary of data on pollution by SO2 in major cities of Canada is presented and the distribution in Metro Toronto given. It indicates that pollution by SO2 has been decreasing in many areas of the world. The effects on corrosion of chlorides, corrosion products, and temperature are also discussed.
Corrosion Aggressivity of Model Regions of Czechoslovakia
Authors: Knotková-Čermáková D , Bošek B , Vlčková J 
Published: March 2009

A comprehensive research program was started in Czechoslovakia five years ago for a systematic investigation of the corrosion aggressivity of selected industrial regions. The corrosion tests were performed on 19 corrosion stations in the North-Bohemian model region. Principal technical metals were tested.
The characteristics of climate and air pollution and also the combined index of the corrosion aggressivity were suggested and numerically expressed.
The hyperbolic function has most closely approximated the law of the time-dependent course of the corrosion process of metals. The regression analysis was performed with the use of various forms of the climate characteristics, and the most favorable function was expressed.
The cybernetic model of the atmospheric corrosion process was suggested.
Corrosion of Copper Alloys in Hydrospace
Authors: Reinhart FM 
Published: March 2009

A total of 1050 specimens of 46 different copper alloys were exposed in the Pacific Ocean at two depths, 760 and 1830 m, for periods of time varying from 123 to 1064 days in order to determine the effects of deep-ocean environments on their corrosion resistance.
Most of the copper-base alloys corroded uniformly and their corrosion rates were low, 25 μm per year or less after one year at a depth of 760 m and after two years at a depth of 1830 m. A few of the alloys containing zinc, aluminum or silicon were attacked by parting corrosion. They were not susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. Only the mechanical properties of the alloys attacked by parting corrosion were adversely affected.
The aggressiveness of the seawater and of the bottom sediments on the copper alloys was about the same, except for the copper-nickel alloys, where the bottom sediments were less aggressive.
Galvanic Corrosion of Ferritic Stainless Steels in Seawater
Authors: Baboian R , Haynes GS 
Published: March 2009

Galvanic behavior of stainless steels in seawater is difficult to predict because of their susceptibility to localized corrosion. This susceptibility can be either enhanced or eliminated depending on the particular galvanic couple.
This paper deals with seawater corrosion of several ferritic stainless steels in galvanic couples. Methods of predicting their behavior are described based on electrochemical polarization measurements, various laboratory tests, and actual immersion in seawater.
Results of electrochemical and laboratory tests are compared with those obtained in seawater. The validity of each of the test procedures is discussed with regard to alloy development and designing materials systems.
Relationship of Accelerated Test Methods for Exfoliation Resistance in 7XXX Series Aluminum Alloys with Exposure to a Seacoast Atmosphere
Authors: Lifka BW , Sprowls DO 
Published: March 2009

Accelerated corrosion tests are necessary and an invaluable aid to research and quality control engineers, provided that the test has adequate discriminatory ability and the test results relate to serviceability of the metal. An inherent problem associated with accelerated exfoliation tests is the definition of different degrees of susceptibility and the interpretation of borderline performances. The concern in the present instance is that truly insignificant exfoliation tendencies may be magnified out of proportion by the very rapid exfoliation tests now being used in materials specifications for exfoliation resistant 7XXX-T7 alloy products.
Correlation of accelerated tests with service environments or the equivalent is necessary, and it is highly desirable that the range of performances observed in the accelerated test be related to a similar range of performances under service conditions. This paper contains the results of relatively long exposures of test panels to the salt atmosphere at a location about 100 yd from a stony beach at Point Judith, Rhode Island, where the corrosive conditions are representative of other very corrosive environments. These extended exposures are of particular interest because they furnish a basis of evaluating indications of borderline susceptibility to exfoliation revealed in the accelerated corrosion tests.
Four- to eight-year exposures to this aggressive seacoast atmosphere have demonstrated the excellent resistance to exfoliation of 7075-T73 and T76 and 7178-T76 products, whereas exfoliation susceptible T6 temper materials displayed considerable exfoliation after short exposures, sometimes after only three to six months. Both the EXCO immersion test (ASTM G 34-72) and the salt spray test (modified ASTM acetic acid salt intermittent spray) developed the same basic type of corrosion that occurred in the seacoast atmosphere. It was shown, however, that the accelerated tests, especially the spray test, tend to magnify slight indications of susceptibility to exfoliation that are of doubtful practical consequence. Suggestions are made for determining more realistic visual acceptance criteria in 7XXX-T7X materials specifications.
Dynamic Response and Fatigue Characteristics of Asphaltic Mixtures
Authors: Saraf CL , Majidzadeh K 
Published: March 2009

This investigation deals with the influence of several mix variables in respect to asphaltic concrete on its fatigue response.
The investigation was based on a simple model representation comprising a beam supported on elastic foundation subjected to sinusoidal repeated loading, thus providing a two-dimensional simulation of actual pavement conditions under traffic loads. The dimensions of the beam were designed such that plan strain conditions prevailed during fatigue loading.
Fracture mechanics concepts using linear elastic theory were employed to analyze test data, including stress and deformation near the crack tip. It was also hypothesized that the parameter, A, in the rate-of-crack-growth equation, dc/dN = A K4 would adequately reflect the changes induced in the fatigue response of the mix by the selected mix variables.
The effect of mixture variables such as the amount of binder, density, aging, and viscosity on the parameter A is investigated.
An Analysis of Charpy Impact Testing as Applied to Cemented Carbide
Authors: Lueth RC 
Published: March 2009

In an effort to better understand the nature and the limitations of impact testing, the Charpy impact test was studied in detail via instrumentation of both the tester and the specimen. It was found that the energy associated with the impact testing of cemented carbide consists mainly of elastic bending energy and absorption of energy by the testing machine. The vibrational and plastic components are insignificant. The toss energy and energy necessary to create new surfaces can be fairly well calculated from other considerations. The tests have shown no rate effects in cemented carbides, and the state of stress in the beam is uniaxial tension. Thus the test does not describe the material's propensity for cleavage or brittle failure, but rather describes mainly the modulus and strength of cemented carbides (which are routinely and more easily measured in other ways), and the stiffness of the testing machine—all of which have very little bearing on the toughness of the cemented carbide. The components which describe this are the energy of plastic work and the energy necessary to create two new surfaces, and these consist of only a few percent of the total measured energy. The amount of energy which the machine absorbs will vary with the modulus and strength of the material being tested. In the case of a hard low-strength grade like Carboloy Grade 320, the anvil sees very little load before failure and thus the energy partitioning will be significantly different than that for a stronger grade.
The Charpy test conducted with the conditions in this study has little value in ascertaining the toughness of cemented carbide; in fact, results from it may be misleading. When cemented carbide is evaluated for toughness by impact testing of any kind, careful attention must be given to the aforementioned factors because they are encountered to a large extent in most, if not all, types of impact tests. Charpy impact-type tests on cemented carbide are essentially fast transverse-rupture strength tests on a “soft” test machine.
A Model for Rain Erosion of Homogeneous Materials
Authors: Springer GS , Baxil CB 
Published: March 2009

In this report the behavior of homogeneous materials subjected to repeated impingements of liquid droplets was investigated. Based on fatigue theorems, a model was presented for describing both the incubation period ni (that is, the time elapsed before the mass loss of the material becomes appreciable), and the mass loss past the incubation period m. The parameters were established which govern the length of the incubation period and the subsequent mass loss rate, and simple algebraic expressions were developed relating ni and m to the properties of the impinging droplets and the material. The limits of applicability of the model was also established.
The results obtained were compared to available experimental data. Reasonable agreement was found between the present results and the data, indicating that the model developed can be used to estimate the incubation period and the mass loss of the material.
Wear Characteristics of Modified Plasma-Deposited Aluminum Bronze
Authors: Tucker RC 
Published: March 2009

Plasma-deposited aluminum bronze coatings (Cu-10 Al) have been shown to be superior to wrought aluminum bronze (AMS 4640) when mated against steel with a hydraulic oil lubricant. In this study a series of compositional changes of the plasma-deposited aluminum bronze resulted in another order-of-magnitude reduction in wear rate. This was achieved without an increase in the hardness of the material so the embeddability and conformability of the materials were not degraded. The coefficients of friction of the plasma-deposited materials were much lower than their wrought counterpart, but there was little further change in the coefficients as a function of compositional changes in the plasma-deposited materials.
The coating parameters and compositional studies were based on unidirectional wear tests with the Dow Corning Alpha Wear Test Machine LFW-1 using hydraulic fluid Mil H5606A at loads from 30 to 450 lb at constant speed. The wear scars and debris were examined using scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analyses, and these observations correlated with the microstructures of the deposits. Differences between the various plasma deposits were correlated with microstructural and compositional variations.
Evaluating the Stability of Geologic Structures Using Acoustic Emission
Authors: Hardy HR 
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the application of acoustic emission to the study of geologic structures. Evaluation of the overall mechanical stability of large-scale geologic structures such as underground and open-pit mines, highway and waterway cuts, petroleum reservoirs, and underground gas storage reservoirs is extremely complex. Acoustic emission appears to be one of the most suitable techniques available for such purposes.
A brief review of the associated literature is presented along with a description of a mobile monitoring facility developed by the writer for field use. Two current field projects, associated with underground gas storage and longwall coal mining, presently underway by the writer are described.
Industrial Application of Acoustic Emission Analysis Technology
Authors: Parry DL 
Published: March 2009

Acoustic emission analysis technology as a nondestructive testing tool is being applied in industry to a wide variety of structures. Its acceptance, however, has been more rapid in industries where it is applied to metallic pressure containment structures. These applications include pipelines, piping systems, storage vessels, pressure vessels, and even complex pressure containments such as the primary coolant systems of large nuclear power plants.
The application techniques used and a description of typical results obtained during field applications provides additional insight into a new powerful testing tool that is rapidly gaining acceptance throughout the industry.
Establishing Structural Integrity Using Acoustic Emission
Authors: Morais CF , Green AT 
Published: March 2009

Acoustic emission techniques have advanced from laboratory use to applications such as establishing the quality of pressure containment and many other structures. The authors discuss the statistical relationship between acoustic emission data and the structural integrity of a series of production pressure vessels. In this application, acoustic emission data obtained from the first 25 percent of a required hydroproof test determined the bursting strength of the vessel. Additional information contained in the data is shown to establish the mode of structural degradation.
At least seven ways of utilizing acoustic emission data to establish the quality of pressure vessels are presented. Use of acoustic emission techniques to detect and locate a growing defect in a structure, while under a relatively severe environmental condition, is presented.
Various methods of data processing are described and the relations to parameters which may indicate the degree of quality of the structure are shown. Data from materials such as glass-reinforced plastics, concrete, glass, and metallics are presented. References to less well known efforts show the universal nature of the technology.
Metrication in the United Kingdom Construction Industry
Authors: Clarke AB 
Published: March 2009

In May 1965 The United Kingdom Government announced its decision, following representations by industry, that it was desirable that British industry on a broadening front should adopt metric units. A metric program for the construction industry was published in February 1967. This industry thus became one of the first major British industries to commit itself to metrication.
From the beginning the main organizations connected with construction saw the need for maximum interchange of information on individual plans and specialist programs. Arrangements were made to monitor the changes, identify existing and potential difficulties, and coordinate the various timetables. Government departments and local authorities with building programs adopted a policy of supporting the industry in its determination to go metric by specifying and designing in metric themselves. Central and local government requirements for their building projects constituted the greatest single motive force for the change during the early part of the program. Trade associations representing the manufacturers of the industry's supplies announced early programs designed to make metric sized supplies generally availabe during the period of 1970 to 1972.
The change is now well on the way to completion but it is likely that part of the industry will continue to do some work in imperial units for some years. The structure of the industry and the nature of the work it carries out go far to account for this; for example, some maintenance work is likely to continue in imperial even when all new work is in metric.
Metric Packaging
Authors: Li M 
Published: March 2009

In recent years, Great Britain, Australia, and Canada have adopted the metric system as their measurement standard. Although the U. S. government has considered going metric since James Monroe's administration, legislative efforts to convert the nation to the metric system over a ten-year period have so far been unsuccessful. Prospects for Federal legislation are now uncertain.
Metric conversion will have a significant impact upon the packaging and its allied industries. There is no doubt that metrication represents a monumental task to the suppliers and users of packaging materials, but they almost all agree that, despite those recognized problems and high cost of conversion, adoption of the metric system as the U. S. measurement standard is inevitable.
Composite Matrix Fatigue Crazing—Detection and Measurement
Authors: Schwabe JE 
Published: March 2009

Crazing has recently become of interest in composite materials having organic matrices, and the development of crazes has been suggested as a failure criterion in the fatigue testing of susceptible composites.
This paper reports the results of an experiment to find a practical means of detecting and monitoring the development of crazing during fatigue testing of fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composite materials. A specimen of such material was strain-gaged with one 2-in.-long (0.051 m) foil gage, and with thirty 2/100-in.-long (0.508 mm) gages. The apparent strain of each gage was monitored during displacement control tension-tension fatigue testing.
The experimental results demonstrated that the maximum difference between apparent strains as measured by the small strain gages provided a sensitive means of detecting crazing. It was concluded that thirty small strain gages with appropriate instrumentation could provide a practical means of automatically detecting crazing during such fatigue tests of composite materials.
Use of Highly Active Pozzolans for Reducing Expansion in Concretes Containing Reactive Aggregates
Authors: Mehta PK , Polivka M 
Published: March 2009

Since it takes only a small amount of reactive aggregate to cause deterioration of concrete due to the alkali-silicate reaction, vast deposits of aggregates throughout the world are in danger of being rejected as undesirable for use in concrete unless acceptable corrective measures are found. Although addition of commonly available pozzolans can effectively reduce the expansion associated with the alkali-silicate reaction, the quantity of pozzolan needed for this purpose is generally large enough to influence adversely the water demand and thereby the concrete quality.
In this study the use of a highly active pozzolan, namely, rice hull ash, is compared with a normal pozzolan for reducing the alkali-silicate expansion. Whereas 25 percent of the latter by weight of the cementing material was required to reduce the expansion in the ASTM Test for Effectiveness of Mineral Admixtures in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (C 441-69) mortar by 90 percent, only 10 percent of the former was sufficient to obtain the same degree of effectiveness in reducing the expansion. Laboratory tests on concrete mixes containing the corresponding proportions of the pozzolans showed that, when compared with the control concrete, the mix containing the rice hull ash did not show strength loss at three and seven days whereas the mix containing the normal pozzolan showed severe strength loss at early ages.
Characteristics and Utilization of Coarse Aggregates Associated with D-Cracking
Authors: Stark D 
Published: March 2009

Primary considerations in the selection of materials for coarse aggregate are those pertaining to freeze-thaw durability and the development of D-cracking in highway and airfield pavements. Two aspects of the problem are of particular importance: moisture movements and critical saturation of the aggregate, and the response of the aggregate to cyclic freezing and thawing in concrete.
Laboratory studies of coarse aggregates have indicated that nondurable materials are generally of sedimentary origin and may reach critical saturation when the concrete is in direct contact with either free water or capillary-held water. Absorption-adsorption and mercury intrusion studies have revealed differences in the pore structure of durable and nondurable materials, while laboratory tests of aggregates in concrete differentiate performance during freezing and thawing in line with field service records.
The most feasible method of utilizing potentially nondurable coarse aggregates is to reduce maximum particle sizes. The needed reduction can be determined from laboratory freeze-thaw tests and is found to vary with source. Gravel sources have the option of crushing oversize material for using naturally finer material to improve durability, while crushed stone sources may use alternatively selective quarrying to produce higher quality aggregates. Proper evaluation of aggregate materials is contingent on establishing laboratory procedures directed expressly to the problem of D-cracking.
Reef Shell-Beach Sand Concrete
Authors: Popovics S 
Published: March 2009

Several years ago the Alabama State Highway Department decided to investigate the applicability of reef shell as aggregate for concrete. Considerable difficulties were encountered in the investigation in attempting to produce a shell concrete with acceptable technical properties. The main problem was the inadequate workability of the shell concretes. Finally, a combination of crushed reef shell and beach sand was found that appeared to provide adequate concrete for selected structural purposes.
These results indicate that concrete of suitable strengths for certain purposes can be produced from reef shell and beach sand aggregates even though these aggregates do not meet the usual requirements concerning grading, particle shape, and abrasion loss. Concrete with a compressive strength of 2500 psi, flexural strength of 550 psi, and adequate workability can be obtained by combining 40 percent (by weight) of sand, 60 percent (by weight) crushed reef shell, 6 bags/yd3 (564 lb/yd3 = 335 kg/m3) cement, and suitable amounts of fly ash and air entraining agents.
The reef shell and beach sand are available in areas where there is a scarcity of suitable aggregates for concrete. The use of reef shell and beach sand in these areas would be less costly than “imported” aggregates to produce concrete for uses where high strength and high abrasive resistance is not required. These uses could include retaining walls, structure foundations, subpavements, and construction involving massive concrete.