bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for early specialized processing of speech formant information in anterior and posterior human auditory cortex
Authors: Edmonds Barrie A. , James Rachel E. , Utev Alexander , Vestergaard Martin D. , Patterson Roy D. , Krumbholz Katrin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany speech sounds, such as vowels, exhibit a characteristic pattern of spectral peaks, referred to as formants, the frequency positions of which depend both on the phonological identity of the sound (e.g. vowel type) and on the vocal‐tract length of the speaker. This study investigates the processing of formant information relating to vowel type and vocal‐tract length in human auditory cortex by measuring electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to synthetic unvoiced vowels and spectrally matched noises. The results revealed specific sensitivity to vowel formant information in both anterior (planum polare) and posterior (planum temporale) regions of auditory cortex. The vowel‐specific responses in these two areas appeared to have different temporal dynamics; the anterior source produced a sustained response for as long as the incoming sound was a vowel, whereas the posterior source responded transiently when the sound changed from a noise to a vowel, or when there was a change in vowel type. Moreover, the posterior source appeared to be largely invariant to changes in vocal‐tract length. The current findings indicate that the initial extraction of vowel type from formant information is complete by the level of non‐primary auditory cortex, suggesting that speech‐specific processing may involve primary auditory cortex, or even subcortical structures. This challenges the view that specific sensitivity to speech emerges only beyond unimodal auditory cortex.
Effects of urethane anaesthesia on sensory processing in the rat barrel cortex revealed by combined optical imaging and electrophysiology
Authors: Devonshire Ian M. , Grandy Thomas H. , Dommett Eleanor J. , Greenfield Susan A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe spatiotemporal dynamics of neuronal assemblies evoked by sensory stimuli have not yet been fully characterised, especially the extent to which they are modulated by prevailing brain states. In order to examine this issue, we induced different levels of anaesthesia, distinguished by specific electroencephalographic indices, and compared somatosensory‐evoked potentials (SEPs) with voltage‐sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) responses in the rat barrel cortex evoked by whisker deflection. At deeper levels of anaesthesia, all responses were reduced in amplitude but, surprisingly, only VSDI responses exhibited prolonged activation resulting in a delayed return to baseline. Further analysis of the optical signal demonstrated that the reduction in response amplitude was constant across the area of activation, resulting in a global down‐scaling of the population response. The manner in which the optical signal relates to the various neuronal generators that produce the SEP signal is also discussed. These data provide information regarding the impact of anaesthetic agents on the brain, and show the value of combining spatial analyses from neuroimaging approaches with more traditional electrophysiological techniques.
Secreted factors as synaptic organizers
Authors: Johnson‐Venkatesh Erin M. , Umemori Hisashi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA critical step in synaptic development is the differentiation of presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments. This complex process is regulated by a variety of secreted factors that serve as synaptic organizers. Specifically, fibroblast growth factors, Wnts, neurotrophic factors and various other intercellular signaling molecules are proposed to regulate presynaptic and/or postsynaptic differentiation. Many of these factors appear to function at both the neuromuscular junction and in the central nervous system, although the specific function of the molecules differs between the two. Here we review secreted molecules that organize the synaptic compartments and discuss how these molecules shape synaptic development, focusing on mammalian in vivo systems. Their critical role in shaping a functional neural circuit is underscored by their possible link to a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders both in animal models and by mutations identified in human patients.
AMPA receptor trafficking and learning
Authors: Keifer J. , Zheng Z. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the last few years it has become clear that AMPA‐type glutamate neurotransmitter receptors are rapidly transported into and out of synapses to strengthen or weaken their function. The remarkable dynamics of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) synaptic localization provides a compelling mechanism for understanding the cellular basis of learning and memory, as well as disease states involving cognitive dysfunction. Here, we summarize the evidence for AMPAR trafficking as a mechanism underlying a variety of learned responses derived from both behavioral and cellular studies. Evidence is also reviewed supporting synaptic dysfunction related to impaired AMPAR trafficking as a mechanism underlying learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease. We conclude that emerging data support the concept of multistage AMPAR trafficking during learning and that a broad approach to include examination of all of the AMPAR subunits will provide a more complete view of the mechanisms underlying multiple forms of learning.
Calcium dynamics at developing synapses: mechanisms and functions
Authors: Michaelsen Kristin , Lohmann Christian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring brain maturation, neurons form specific connections with each other to establish functional neuronal circuits. The processes underlying the development of connectivity, such as the selection of synaptic partners and the fine‐tuning of neuronal networks, act with single‐synapse precision. Calcium is an intracellular secondary messenger that operates with remarkable spatio‐temporal specificity and regulates functional and structural adaptations at the level of individual synapses. Although the structure, molecular composition and function of an emerging synapse changes dramatically during its development, the single‐synapse specificity of calcium signaling is maintained at every step of synapse formation: when the first contacts between axons and dendrites form, during the onset of synaptic function and later, when spine synapses emerge. Here, we describe the mechanisms that help developing neurons to confine calcium signaling to individual synapses, and discuss how these local calcium dynamics facilitate the development of accurate neuronal connections at each step of synapse maturation.
Learning rules and persistence of dendritic spines
Authors: Kasai Haruo , Hayama Tatsuya , Ishikawa Motoko , Watanabe Satoshi , Yagishita Sho , Noguchi Jun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStructural plasticity of dendritic spines underlies learning, memory and cognition in the cerebral cortex. We here summarize fifteen rules of spine structural plasticity, or ‘spine learning rules.’ Together, they suggest how the spontaneous generation, selection and strengthening (SGSS) of spines represents the physical basis for learning and memory. This SGSS mechanism is consistent with Hebb’s learning rule but suggests new relations between synaptic plasticity and memory. We describe the cellular and molecular bases of the spine learning rules, such as the persistence of spine structures and the fundamental role of actin, which polymerizes to form a ‘memory gel’ required for the selection and strengthening of spine synapses. We also discuss the possible link between transcriptional and translational regulation of structural plasticity. The SGSS mechanism and spine learning rules elucidate the integral nature of synaptic plasticity in neuronal network operations within the actual brain tissue.
Fast AMPAR trafficking for a high‐frequency synaptic transmission
Authors: Choquet Daniel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAMPA‐type glutamate receptors (AMPARs), as well as most other transmembrane proteins, are not stable in the postsynaptic density as was previously thought, but undergo constant trafficking in and out of synapses by a combination of endo/exocytosis and lateral diffusion. The respective contributions of membrane recycling events and surface trafficking to setting AMPAR numbers at synapses have been the subject of intense debate. Although this discussion is not yet settled, it is safe to state that both categories of processes participate in receptor exchange at synapses at rest and during various forms of plasticity. More unexpectedly, AMPARs can diffuse at such high rates within the postsynaptic density itself that their surface trafficking could participate not only in setting receptor numbers at individual synapses but also in tuning synaptic transmission during short‐term plasticity. I here review recent results that characterize the activity‐dependent properties of AMPAR surface trafficking and their possible links to fast synaptic transmission.
Participation in God and the Nature of Christian Community: Robert Jenson and Eberhard Jüngel
Authors: KLINE PETER 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article explores the theme of the church's participation in God by way of two contemporary theologians' accounts of the matter: Robert Jenson and Eberhard Jüngel. Specifically, the question of how Jenson's and Jüngel's respective accounts of the church's participation in God determine their accounts of the church's presence in and to the world is explored. The theme of ‘mission’ is taken up along the way, and it is suggested that Jenson's construal of the church's place in God prevents a sustained account of the church's sending into the world. Jüngel's construal of the church's participation in God, it is argued, allows for an alternative depiction of the church's presence in and to the world that accounts for the fundamentally missionary nature of the Christian community.
A new potent natural antioxidant mixture provides global protection against oxidative skin cell damage
Authors: Jorge A. T. S. , Arroteia K. F. , Lago J. C. , de Sá‐Rocha V. M. , Gesztesi J. , Moreira P. L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisOxidative stress occurs when there is an over production of free radicals and cells are not able to neutralize them by their own antioxidant mechanisms. These excess of free radicals will attack cellular macromolecules leading to cell damage, function impairment or death. Because of that, antioxidant substances have been largely used in products to offer complementary protection. In this study a new mixture of three known antioxidants (cocoa, green tea and alpha‐tocopherol) was evaluated and its antioxidant protection was assessed focusing on its capacity to protect main cell macromolecules. Results have shown that it has a high antioxidant capacity by protecting lipids, DNA and proteins against oxidative damage. The antioxidant effect of the mixture on cells was also investigated and it was able to reduce oxidative stress generated by lipopolisacharide in human fibroblasts. Finally, as the mixture has proved to be highly antioxidant, its effect on cell senescence was evaluated, and it was demonstrated that fibroblasts in culture had delayed senescence when treated with these actives on a mixture. All results together provide important data about a new antioxidant mixture that uses a small amount of actives and is able to protect cell against oxidative damages in a global way.
High prevalence and risk factors of thromboembolism in stage IV melanoma
Authors: Sparsa A , Durox H , Doffoel‐Hantz V , Munyangango E‐M , Bédane C , Cendras J , Gantois C , Boulinguez S , Bonnetblanc J‐M 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground  Patients with cancer are at a high risk of thromboembolism (TE), which contributes to morbidity and mortality. Several case reports of thromboembolic events have been reported in patients with melanoma in the literature.Objective  The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in stage IV melanoma and determine risk factors, outcomes associated with the development of VTE and the number of haemorrhagic complications in patients under anti‐coagulant treatment.Patients and Methods  In this retrospective study, we included all consecutive patients with stage IV melanoma among 290 patients followed‐up in the department of Dermatology each year between January 2005 and 31 December 2007. The diagnosis of VTE was confirmed by venous ultrasound, pulmonary perfusion‐ventilation technetium scan and angiography. The primary outcome was to evaluate the number of TE diagnosed in stage IV melanoma patients. The secondary outcomes were to study the influence of TE on survival, its prevalence according to metastatic sites and to evaluate the number of haemorrhagic complications.Results  Twenty‐four VTE events were found [25.2% (CI: 16.5–34)]. Eighteen VTE were deep venous thrombosis in lower limbs associated with pulmonary embolism (PE) in 50% of cases. Twenty‐five percent were asymptomatic and were revealed in the pulmonary scan performed for follow‐up. Eight percent of VTE events revealed stage IV melanoma. Seventeen patients developed thrombosis at home after stopping heparin prophylaxis. Seven thrombotic events occurred during oral anti‐coagulant therapy.Conclusion  We found as high a prevalence of VTE in stage IV melanoma as in lung and gastrointestinal cancers. All patients suffered thrombotic events when they were treated with chemotherapy and at home when they stopped heparin prophylaxis. Therefore, heparin prophylaxis should be maintained at home.
Lipid peroxidation/antioxidant activity in patients with alopecia areata
Authors: Abdel Fattah NSA , Ebrahim AA , El Okda ES 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground  Aetiopathogenesis of alopecia areata (AA) is not fully understood and many factors have been assumed. Oxidant/antioxidant disequilibrium has been proposed with controversies between results.Objectives  The aim of this study was to determine lipid peroxidation/antioxidant activity in patients with AA and to determine its clinical significance.Methods  Fifty non‐obese patients with AA and 50 age‐, gender‐ and body mass index‐matched controls (25 patients with severe grade acne vulgaris representative of an oxidative stress condition and 25 healthy volunteers), were included. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), indicator of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), were spectrophotometrically measured in blood from all subjects and in scalp tissues from 10 patients with AA.Results  No significant differences in MDA levels and SOD activity existed between patients with AA and those with acne. However, significantly higher MDA levels and lower SOD activity were found in patients with AA compared with healthy controls. Within patients with AA, lipid peroxidation/antioxidant parameters showed significant differences with disease duration, pattern and extent of lesions. Significant positive correlations also existed between tissue and blood SOD activity and between tissue and blood MDA levels of the 10 studied patients with AA.Conclusions  Increased lipid peroxidation and defective SOD activity exist in patients with AA. Addition of drugs with antioxidative effects seems to be valuable in treatment.
Host‐selective toxins, Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB, as necrotrophic effectors in the Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis–wheat interaction
Authors: Ciuffetti Lynda M. , Manning Viola A. , Pandelova Iovanna , Betts Melania Figueroa , Martinez J. Patrick 
Published: July 2010

SummaryHost‐selective toxins (HSTs) are effectors produced by some necrotrophic pathogenic fungi that typically confer the ability to cause disease. Often, diseases caused by pathogens that produce HSTs follow an inverse gene‐for‐gene model where toxin production is required for the ability to cause disease and a single locus in the host is responsible for toxin sensitivity and disease susceptibility. Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis represents an ideal pathogen for studying the biological significance of such inverse gene‐for‐gene interactions, because it displays a complex race structure based on its production of multiple HSTs. Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB are two proteinaceous HSTs produced by P. tritici‐repentis that are structurally unrelated and appear to evoke different host responses, yet each toxin confers the ability to cause disease. This review will summarize the current knowledge of how these two dissimilar HSTs display distinct modes of action, yet each confers pathogenicity to P. tritici‐repentis.
A NOTE ON THE CLASP‐KNIFE PHENOMENON*
Authors: KEITH RONALD MAC 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYI conclude that there are two variants of the clasp‐knife phenomenon: (a) when already hypertonic muscles “give” sud‐dently on passive movement; and (b) when muscles, whether originally in hypertonus or not, develop an increase of hypertonus when the limb is passively moved and this “catch” or newly developed hypertonus “gives” on further passive movement.The give is sometimes fairly early in passive movement, when it is a reflex response to increased tension in the muscle, or it may be late in the passive movement when it is a response to lengthening of the muscle.
Obstetrical Features Related to Cerebral Palsy
Authors: M.M.S.A. G. Gordon Lennon, CH.M., F.R.C.O.G., 
Published: July 2010

So, the stout foetus, kicking and alive Leaps from the fundus for his final dive. Tired of the prison where his legs were curled He pants, like Rasselas, for a wider world. No more to him their wonted joys afford The fringed placenta and the knotted cord.Anoxia is the main cause of foetal and neonatal deaths, and infants who survive severe foetal anoxia are likely to be born defective or to develop defects in their early years. Foetal anoxia is largely a result of placental insufficiency, which cannot yet be accurately estimated in utero. The foetus is normally short of oxygen in the last weeks of pregnancy and becomes dangerously so if pregnancy continues into the 42nd or 43rd week. To reduce this danger, labour has been induced by rupture of the forewaters 5 days after the expected date of delivery in 2770 cases. The results seem promising.SUMMARYThe physiology and pathology of foetal anoxia are considered, and the part played by placental insufficiency, particularly in toxaemia and postmaturity, is reviewed in the light of present‐day knowledge.Further studies are needed on foetal oxygen depletion, for example secondary to analgesia, anaesthesia and cerebral birth trauma.An analysis of 2,770 inductions of labour by artificial rupture of the fore‐waters has been made, and attention is drawn to the prophylactic value of the procedure and its importance in foetal salvage.RESUMECaractères obstetricaux concernant 1'infirmité motrice cérébrale.Après avoir considéré la physiologie et l'anatomo‐pathologie de l'anoxie foetale, le r&#x006f;&#x030c;le jouè par l'insuffisance placentaire, en particulier dans la toxemie et la postmaturité, est passé en revue à la lumière des connaissances actuelles.De nouvelles recherches s'imposent et doivent porter sur la déplétion en oxygene du foetus, par exemple, consécutive à l'analgésie, l'anesthésie et au traumatisme obstétrical cérébral.2770 cas de travail provoqué par rupture artificielle des eaux ont été analysés. L'attention a été attirée sur la valeur prophylactique de ce procédé et de son importance sur la protection du foetus.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGGeburtshilfliche Beschaffenheiten der zerebralen Kinderlähmung.Nachdem die Physiologie und die anato‐mische Pathologie der fötalen Anöxamie betrachtet wurden, wird die Rolle der Mangelhaftigkeit des Plazentas, besonders bei Töxamie und Uberreifung, in Hinblick auf die jetzigen Kenntnisse, untersucht.Neue Forschungen sind dringlich nötig und müssen auf den Sauerstoffmangel der Frucht, zum beispiel während der Analgesie, der Anästhesie und des zerebralen Traumas der Geburt gerichtet sein.2770 Fälle von durch Eihautstich hervorge‐rufenen Entbindungen wurden untersucht. Es wurde auf den prophylaktischen Wert dieses Verfahrens und auf dessen Wichtig‐keit für die Beschützung der Frucht hinge‐weisen.
Piaget's Approach to Problems of Intellectual Development
Authors: SANDLER ANNE‐MARIE , SANDLER JOSEPH 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIn an attempt to demonstrate the way in which Jean Piaget looks at intelligence and its development, a comparison was made with the more usual psychometric approach. Two subtests of the Terman‐Merrill revision of the Stanford Binet intelligence test were taken as a basis for this comparison, and it was shown that Piaget's interests in this field are directed towards the development of the thought processes which lie behind apparently simple tasks. He is not primarily concerned with the allocation of abilities to various age levels, but rather with the development of the internalised structures and mechanisms which enable the child to understand and solve various intellectual problems.
The Metabolism of Indole‐Compounds in Phenylketonuria
Authors: HSIA DAVID YI‐YUNG , HUANG IRENE 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYConsiderable efforts have been directed towards the elucidation of the phenol compounds in the pathogenesis of phenylketonuria, but relatively little has been done towards denning the role of the indole compounds.Observations have been made regarding the levels of 5‐hydroxy tryptamine, 5‐hydroxy indoleacetic acid, and 5‐hydroxy tryptophane decarboxylase in phenylketonuria, and their possible role in causing mental deficiency in the developing infant is discussed.RÉSUMÉMétabolisme des composés de l'indole dans la phénylcétonurieOn a fait des efforts considérables pour élucider la question des composés du phénol dans la pathogénie de la phénylcétonurie mais on n'a relativement pas fait grand chose pour préciser le rôle des composés de l'indole.Nous trouvons ici des observations relatives aux taux de la 5‐hydroxy tryptamine, de l'acide 5‐hydroxy indoleacétique et de la 5‐hydroxy tryptophane décarboxylase dans la phénylcétonurie et une discussion de leur rôle éventuel dans les causes de déficience mentale chez les enfants en cours de croissance.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGStoffwechsel der Indoherbindungen bei PhenylketonuriaErhebliche Bemühungen sind auf die Aufklärung der Rolle der Phenolverbindungen in der Pathogenie der Phenylketonuria gelenkt worden aber es ist verhältnismässig wenig getan worden, urn die Rolle der Indolverbindungen zu erklären.Hier findet man Beobachtungen hinsichtlich des Gehalts an 5‐Hydroxytryptamin, 5‐hydroxyindol‐essigsäure und 5‐Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase bei Phenylketonuria und Erörterung über ihre eventuelle Rolle in den Ursachen des Schwaschsinns bei aufwachsenden Kindern.