bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inherent Stability Limits of Intramolecular Boron Nitrogen Lewis Acid–Base Pairs
Authors: Winkelhaus Daniel , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Berger Raphael J. F. , Vishnevskiy Yuri V. , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe reaction of (C6F5)2BH (1) withN,N‐dimethylallylamine (2),N,N‐diethylallylamine (3) and 1‐allylpiperidine (4) afforded the five‐membered ring systems (C6F5)2B(CH2)3NR2(R=Me (5), Et (6)) and (C6F5)2B(CH2)3N(CH2)5(7) with an intramolecular dative BN bond. A different product was obtained from the reaction of (C6F5)2BH (1) withN,N‐diisopropylallylamine (8), which afforded the seven‐membered ring system (C6F5)2B(CH2)3N(iPr)CH(Me)CH2(9) under extrusion of dihydrogen. All compounds were characterised by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments. Density functional theory (DFT) studies were performed to rationalise the different reaction mechanism for the formation of products6and9. The bonding situation of compound9was analysed in terms of its electron density topology to describe the delocalised nature of a borane– enamine adduct.
Dynamic growth and deposition of hygroscopic aerosols in the nasal airway of a 5‐year‐old child
Authors: Kim Jong Won , Xi Jinxiang , Si Xiuhua A. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYHygroscopic growth within the human respiratory tract can be significant, which may notably alter the behavior and fate of the inhaled aerosols. The objective of this study is to evaluate the hygroscopic effects upon the transport and deposition of nasally inhaled fine‐regime aerosols in children. A physiologically realistic nasal–laryngeal airway model was developed based on magnetic resonance imaging of a 5‐year‐old boy. Temperature and relative humidity field were simulated using the low Reynolds number k − ε turbulence model and chemical specie transport model under a spectrum of four thermo‐humidity conditions. Particle growth and transport were simulated using a well validated Lagrangian tracking model coupled with a user‐defined hygroscopic growth module. The subsequent aerosol depositions for the four inhalation scenarios were evaluated on a multiscale basis such as total, subregional, and cellular‐level depositions. Results of this study show that a supersaturated humid environment is possible in the nasal turbinate region and can lead to significant condensation growth (d / d0 > 10) of nasally inhaled aerosols. Depositions in the nasal airway can also be greatly enhanced by condensation growth with appropriate inhalation temperature and humidity. For subsaturated and mild inhalation conditions, the hygroscopic effects were found to be nonsignificant for total depositions, while exerting a large impact upon localized depositions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epigenetics of neurobiology and behavior during development and adulthood
Authors: Roth Tania L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractGene–environment interactions have long been recognized for their important role in mediating the development and functions of the central nervous system (CNS). The study of DNA methylation and histone modifications, biochemical processes collectively referred to as epigenetic mechanisms, is helping to elucidate how gene–environmental interactions alter neurobiology and behavior over the course of the lifespan. In this review, landmark and recent studies that highlight the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the sustained effects of early‐life experiences on gene activity and behavioral outcome will be discussed. Likewise, studies that implicate epigenetics in CNS and behavioral plasticity in the adult animal will be discussed. As our current understanding of epigenetics in these capacities is still evolving, epigenetic research will continue to be of considerable interest for understanding the molecular mechanisms mediating neurobiology and behavior both within and outside of sensitive periods of development. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54: 590–597, 2012.
Curve detection using Delaunay triangulation based on perceptual grouping factors
Authors: Takagi Takamitsu , Saitoh Fumihiko 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this paper we propose a method of detecting perceptual continuous curves in a binary image including discontinuous curves and noise by means of perceptual grouping factors. First, by making a Delaunay diagram from a binary image, the adjacency relations are obtained. Second, the method selects a Delaunay edge as the starting line and connects a certain number of points. When the points have the maximum evaluation value based on perceptual grouping factors, they construct an appropriate partial curve. The evaluation value of an appropriate partial curve is added to the Delaunay edges selected by it. Finally, Delaunay edges that have high evaluation values are extracted. Experimental results show that the proposed method yields results similar to visually perceived curves and better than conventional methods. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(7): 19–28, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11388
Adaptive PSO for online identification of time‐varying systems
Authors: Nishida Takeshi , Sakamoto Tetsuzo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNovel adaptive PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithms called OPSO (online PSO) and ϵPSO are proposed. These algorithms are designed to prevent increasing of calculation cost in order to embed into online systems, and they have high adaptive performances to environmental changes. The efficiency of the proposed PSO algorithms are demonstrated by numerical simulation and the online identification of an actual dynamic system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(7): 10–18, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11391
Fascinating Diazirinone: A Violet Gas
Authors: Zeng Xiaoqing , Beckers Helmut , Willner Helge , Stanton John F. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDiazirinone (cyclic N2CO) recently identified in solid noble gas matrices and in the gas phase by infrared spectroscopy, has now been trapped at –196 °C as a neat brownish‐yellow solid, and characterized by low‐temperature IR and Raman spectroscopy. Evaporation of the solid yields violet gaseous N2CO, which is surprisingly stable in a clean quartz cell. Its decay at room temperature in the dark follows a second‐order rate law (k2 = 4.9 × 10–2 L mol–1 s–1) with a half‐life of 30 h at an initial pressure of 5 mbar. The visible absorption spectrum of the gas reveals a structured band with the 0–0 transition at 567 nm (17651 cm–1), and its assignment has been made with the aid of theoretical calculations. Cyclic diazirinone that is isolated in solid Ar at 16 K decomposes upon visible light irradiation to yield N2 and CO, but after being exposed to ArF excimer laser irradiation (193 nm) the N=N bond is cleaved and the open‐chain isomers NOCN, ONCN, and ONNC are formed.
An Efficient Class of P,N‐Type “PhMezole‐phos” Ligands: Applications in Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Coupling of Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Wong Shun Man , So Chau Ming , Chung Kin Ho , Lau Chak Po , Kwong Fuk Yee 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study describes an efficient class of hemilabile benzimidazolyl–phosphane ligands that can be easily accessed from commercially available and inexpensive starting materials. The application of this ligand array in the palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids is described. The palladium catalyst generated from this hemilabile phosphane is highly effective in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of unactivated aryl chlorides, and catalyst loadings as low as 1 ppm can be achieved.
Publications on dementia in Medline 1974–2009: a quantitative bibliometric study
Authors: Theander Sten S. , Gustafson Lars 
Published: June 2012

ObjectThe aim is to describe the development of the scientific literature on dementia.MethodsWe present a quantitative, bibliometric study of the literature on dementia, based on Medline, covering 36 years (1974–2009). Two samples of references to dementia papers were retrieved: The main sample based on the MeSH term Dementia holds more than 88 500 references. We have compared the annual additions of references on dementia with the addition to total Medline. Changes of ‘the Dementia to Medline ratio’ (%) give the best information on the development.ResultsPublications on dementia increased 5.6 times faster than Medline. Most of this relative acceleration took place during 1980–1997, when the references on dementia increased from 0.17 to 0.78%. During the recent 12 years, the publications on dementia have been keeping pace with Medline and have stabilized around 0.8%.ConclusionsWe have shown a large increase of the literature on dementia, relative both to the development of all medical research and to all psychiatric research. The bibliometric approach may be questioned as quantitative methods treat articles as being of equal value, what is not true. If, for example, during a certain period, the research output is ‘inflated’ by a great number of repetitive papers, the quantitative method will give an unfair picture of the development. Our relative method, however, will give relevant results as, at each point of time, the proportion of ‘valuable research’ ought to be about the same in the dementia group as in total Medline. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of aripiprazole in the treatment of adult Tourette patients up to 56 months
Authors: Neuner Irene , Nordt Carlos , Schneider Frank , Kawohl Wolfram 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveTourette Syndrome (TS) is characterized by motor and vocal tics. Its pharmacological treatment is often a challenge because of the so‐called tachyphylactic effects. Aripiprazole has been reported to be effective in small case series with short follow‐up periods.MethodsIn a retrospective analysis, we assessed the effect of off‐label treatments with aripiprazole in 20 adult patients (mean age 27.4) divided in a group of severely [67 Yale Global Tourette Severity Scale (YGTTS)‐total] and moderately (43.3 YGTTS‐total) affected patients. TS patients were treated with aripiprazole (mean 11.8 mg daily) and followed for up to 56 months.ResultsApplying a random coefficient model, we found a significant benefit resulting from treatment with aripiprazole. This effect was larger in the severely affected patient group in comparison with the moderately affected patient group. The effect was stable over a time period up to 56 months.ConclusionAripiprazole, a neuroleptic drug of the third generation with a partial D2‐agonism is effective in moderately and severely affected adult Tourette patients. We add to the current knowledge through our data extending the follow‐up interval up to a maximum of 56 months. All available clinical data strongly support the initiation of a double‐blind placebo or other neuroleptic substance controlled trial. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colic: What's maternal mental health got to do with it?
Authors: Twomey Jean E. , High Pamela , Lester Barry M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFamilies can benefit when pediatric and mental health professionals have a greater appreciation of psychological and relational issues that arise in the course of caring for an infant with colic. The Infant Behavior, Cry, and Sleep Clinic is a multidisciplinary, clinical intervention for parents who identify infant crying as adversely affecting infant, parental, and/or family functioning. Pairing pediatric and mental health expertise provides parents with strategies to manage infant colic within a context that recognizes parental mental health needs. Clinical case material illustrates varying responses and degrees of psychological distress in mothers whose infants have colic. Treatment approaches to colic that take into account maternal mental health needs may contribute to more optimal infant, maternal, and family outcomes.
Nanostructured selenium for preventing biofilm formation on polycarbonate medical devices
Authors: Wang Qi , Webster Thomas J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBiofilms are a common cause of persistent infections on medical devices as they are easy to form and hard to treat. The objective of this study was for the first time to coat selenium (a natural element in the body) nanoparticles on the surface of polycarbonate medical devices (such as those used for medical catheters) and to examine their effectiveness at preventing biofilm formation. The size and distribution of selenium coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The strength of the selenium coating on polycarbonate was assessed by tape‐adhesion tests followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that selenium nanoparticles had a diameter of 50–100 nm and were well distributed on the polycarbonate surface. In addition, more than 50% of the selenium coating survived the tape‐adhesion test as larger nanoparticles had less adhesion strength to the underlying polycarbonate substrate than smaller selenium nanoparticles. Most significantly, the results of this in vitro study showed that the selenium coatings on polycarbonate significantly inhibited Staphylococcus aureus growth to 8.9% and 27% when compared with an uncoated polycarbonate surface after 24 and 72 h, respectively. Importantly, this was accomplished without using antibiotics but rather with an element (selenium) that is natural to the human body. Thus, this study suggests that coating polymers (particularly, polycarbonate) with nanostructured selenium is a fast and effective way to reduce bacteria functions that lead to medical device infections. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A: 3205–3210, 2012.
Preparation and bioactive properties of novel bone‐repair bionanocomposites based on hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass nanoparticles
Authors: Valenzuela Francisco , Covarrubias Cristian , Martínez Constanza , Smith Patricio , Díaz‐Dosque Mario , Yazdani‐Pedram Mehrdad 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBionanocomposites based on ceramic nanoparticles and a biodegradable porous matrix represent a promising strategy for bone repair applications. The preparation and bioactive properties of bionanocomposites based on hydroxyapatite (nHA) and bioactive glass (nBG) nanoparticles were presented. nHA and nBG were synthesized with nanometric particle size using sol–gel/precipitation methods. Composite scaffolds were prepared by incorporating nHA and nBG into a porous alginate (ALG) matrix at different particle loads. The ability of the bionanocomposites to induce the crystallization of the apatite phase from simulated body fluid (SBF) was systematically evaluated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Both nHA/ALG and nBG/ALG composites were shown to notably accelerate the process of crystallization and growth of the apatite phase on the scaffold surfaces. For short immersion times in SBF, nBG (25%)‐based nanocomposites induced a higher degree of apatite crystallization than nHA (25%)‐based nanocomposites, probably due to the more reactive nature of the BG particles. Through a reinforcement effect, the nanoparticles also improve the mechanical properties and stability in SBF of the polymer scaffold matrix. In addition, in vitro biocompatibility tests demonstrated that osteoblast cells are viable and adhere well on the surface of the bionanocomposites. These results indicate that nHA‐ and nBG‐based bionanocomposites present potential properties for bone repair applications, particularly oriented to accelerate the bone mineralization process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 1672–1682, 2012.
Connexin 43 deficiency attenuates loss of trabecular bone and prevents suppression of cortical bone formation during unloading
Authors: Lloyd Shane A , Lewis Gregory S , Zhang Yue , Paul Emmanuel M , Donahue Henry J 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the most abundant gap junction protein in bone and has been demonstrated as an integral component of skeletal homeostasis. In the present study, we sought to further refine the role of Cx43 in the response to mechanical unloading by subjecting skeletally mature mice with a bone-specific deletion of Cx43 (cKO) to 3 weeks of mechanical unloading via hindlimb suspension (HLS). The HLS model was selected to recapitulate the effects of skeletal unloading due to prolonged bed rest, reduced activity associated with aging, and spaceflight microgravity. At baseline, the cortical bone of cKO mice displayed an osteopenic phenotype, with expanded cortices, decreased cortical thickness, decreased bone mineral density, and increased porosity. There was no baseline trabecular phenotype. After 3 weeks of HLS, wild-type (WT) mice experienced a substantial decline in trabecular bone volume fraction, connectivity density, trabecular thickness, and trabecular tissue mineral density. These deleterious effects were attenuated in cKO mice. Conversely, there was a similar and significant amount of cortical bone loss in both WT and cKO. Interestingly, mechanical testing revealed a greater loss of strength and rigidity for cKO during HLS. Analysis of double-label quantitative histomorphometry data demonstrated a substantial decrease in bone formation rate, mineralizing surface, and mineral apposition rate at both the periosteal and endocortical surfaces of the femur after unloading of WT mice. This suppression of bone formation was not observed in cKO mice, in which parameters were maintained at baseline levels. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that Cx43 deficiency desensitizes bone to the effects of mechanical unloading, and that this may be due to an inability of mechanosensing osteocytes to effectively communicate the unloading state to osteoblasts to suppress bone formation. Cx43 may represent a novel therapeutic target for investigation as a countermeasure for age-related and unloading-induced bone loss. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Former premenarcheal gymnasts exhibit site-specific skeletal benefits in adulthood after long-term retirement
Authors: Erlandson Marta C , Kontulainen Saija A , Chilibeck Phil D , Arnold Cathy M , Faulkner Robert A , Baxter-Jones Adam DG 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Young female gymnasts have greater bone strength compared to controls; although possibly due to selection into gymnastics, it is thought that their loading activity during growth increases their bone mass, influencing both bone geometry and architecture. If such bone mass and geometric adaptations are maintained, this may potentially decrease the risk of osteoporosis and risk of fracture later in life. However, there is limited evidence of the persisting benefit of gymnastic exercise during growth on adult bone geometric parameters. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether adult bone geometry, volumetric density, and estimated strength were greater in retired gymnasts compared to controls, 10 years after retirement from the sport. Bone geometric and densitometric parameters, measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) at the radius and tibia, were compared between 25 retired female gymnasts and 22 controls, age range 22 to 30 years, by multivariate analysis of covariance (covariates: age, height, and muscle cross-sectional area). Retired gymnasts had significantly greater adjusted total and trabecular area (16%), total and trabecular bone mineral content (BMC) (18% and 22%, respectively), and estimated strength (21%) at the distal radius (p &lt; 0.05) than controls. Adjusted total and cortical area and BMC, medullary area, and estimated strength were also significantly greater (13% to 46%) in retired gymnasts at the 30% and 65% radial shaft sites (p &lt; 0.05). At the distal tibia, retired gymnasts had 12% to 13% greater total and trabecular BMC and volumetric bone mineral density as well as 21% greater estimated strength; total and cortical BMC and estimated strength were also greater at the tibial shaft (8%, 11%, and 10%, respectively) (p &lt; 0.05). Former female gymnasts have significantly better geometric and densitometric properties, as well as estimated strength, at the radius and tibia 10 years after retirement from gymnastics compared to females who did not participate in gymnastics in childhood and adolescence. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
EVALUATING AS A MEANS TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT ENDS
Authors: Everitt Angela , Mare Ann Le 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThis article considers the distinction between, first, doing research and having research findings and, second, giving value to those findings, making evaluative judgements about the research. Although there is a great deal of analysis on how to do research, there is less attention to making explicit the range of values which inform evaluative judgements and match various individual and institutions interests in the research findings. We argue that processes of evaluation should be thought of as developmental and, if based on the values of the development initiative, become one of the ‘means’ through which development goals are established, contributing to shared outcomes that are the ‘ends’ of development. This article is a contribution to understanding the valuing of research findings by discussing ways to facilitate these processes and suggesting a number of practical steps that can contribute to making evaluation a ‘means’ to development ‘ends’. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dental MRI: Imaging of soft and solid components without ionizing radiation
Authors: Hövener Jan‐Bernd , Zwick Stefan , Leupold Jochen , Eisenbeiβ Anne‐Katrin , Scheifele Christian , Schellenberger Frank , Hennig Jürgen , Elverfeldt Dominik v. , Ludwig Ute 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate the ability of conventional and ultra‐short or zero echo time MRI for imaging of soft and solid dental components in and ex vivo.Materials and Methods:Turbo spin echo (TSE), ultra‐short echo time (UTE), and zero echo time (ZTE) MRI were performed on extracted (human and equine) teeth and in vivo using whole‐body and small‐bore MR systems at 3 T, 7T, and 9.4T, respectively.Results:At an isotropic resolution of (600 μm)3, strong signal of soft‐tissue, e.g., mucosa and nerves with excellent contrast was achieved using TSE at 3T in vivo. No signal, though, was obtained from solid components, e.g., teeth (due to short T2). In contrast, dentin, cementum as well as enamel of extracted teeth were readily depicted using UTE and ZTE at a resolution of ≈ (150 μm)3 at 7T and 9.4T. In particular, ZTE provided higher signal in enamel.Conclusion:As an alternative to X‐ray based methods like cone‐beam computed tomography (CT) or conventional CT, the presented results demonstrate the potential of ZTE and UTE MRI as a radiation‐free imaging modality, delivering contrast of soft and solid components at the same time. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:841–846. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.