bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of biotransformation enzymes to the development of renal injury and urothelial cancer caused by aristolochic acid: urgent questions, difficult answers
Authors: Stiborová Marie , Hudeček Jiří , Frei Eva , Schmeiser Heinz 
Published: November 2010

Contribution of biotransformation enzymes to the development of renal injury and urothelial cancer caused by aristolochic acid: urgent questions, difficult answersIngestion of aristolochic acid (AA) is associated with the development of aristolochic acid nephropathy, which is characterized by chronic renal failure, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and urothelial cancer. AA may also cause a similar type of kidney fibrosis with malignant transformation of the urothelium, the Balkan endemic nephropathy. Understanding which enzymes are involved in AA activation and/or detoxication is important in the assessment of a susceptibility to this carcinogen. The most important human enzymes activating AA by simple nitroreductionin vitroare hepatic and renal cytosolic NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 1A2 and renal microsomal NADPH:cytcohrome P450 reductase, besides cyclooxygenase, which is highly expressed in urothelial tissue. Despite extensive research, contribution of most of these enzymes to the development of these diseases is still unknown. Hepatic cytochromes P450 were found to detoxicate AA in mice, and thereby protect the kidney from injury. However, which of cytochromes P450 are the most important in this process both in animal models and in humans have not been entirely resolved as yet. In addition, the relative contribution of enzymes found to activate AA to species responsible for induction of urothelial cancer in humans remains still to be resolved.
Information Organization of a Tutorial and Students' Attitudes towards History Learning
Authors: Oren Avigail 
Published: November 2010

Some difficulties in historylearning which are related mostly to the Israeli syllabus create a negative attitudes of students toward this domain. It is agreed that computers contribute to students motivation, but we were interested to explore the role of information organization in this aspect. This article describes an evaluation of a tutorial supportinghistoryinstruction in which intermediateschool students and high school students had been involved. The tutorial wasorganizedin a specificmodebywhich information was separated visually from the assignments but shared the same learning environment, likewise information included various types organized also separately. Findingsindicated thatmost ofthe intermediate school students had found the computer as the main reason for enjoying the tutorial andfor acquiringknowledge. High-school students found that the information organization was the main reason for enjoying the tutorial and for acquiring knowledge. No difference was between the two groups as far as the importance of information in the process of learning. It was proved that the information in this mode of organization was an important factor in framing students positive attitudes towards learning history through computers.
Improving Access: A Proposal to Create a Database for the Probate Records at the Borthwick Institute
Authors: Webb C C , Hemingway V W 
Published: November 2010

The Borthwick Institute has the largest collection of probaterecords outside the PRO, consistingofaround 500,000 to 750,000probates. These include therecords ofthe Prerogative Court ofYork, the ExchequerCourt of York, and more than thirty peculiar jurisdictions. The geographical range is huge, while the temporal range is the largest anywhere; the Institute holds the earliest series of registered wills in England and Wales. It also houses some of the earliest and, later on, the best qualityprobate inventories. At present the finding aids are inadequate; there are finding aids of different sorts compiled at different times from the eighteenth century onwards, but such aids as exist are angled towards family historians. There is an urgent need to compile adequate finding aids covering all the probate material (includinginventories) in a way that makes the materials accessible for both family historians and academic researchers. A database was the obvious choice for doing this, andfor a variety ofreasons Paradox for Windows was chosen for a pilot project.
Detection of gyrA Mutation Among Clinical Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated in Egypt by MAMA-PCR
Authors: Said Mayar Maged , El-Mohamady Hanan , El-Beih Fawkia M. , Rockabrand David M. , Ismail Tharwat F. , Monteville Marshall R. , Ahmed Salwa F. , Klena John D. , Salama Mohamed S. 
Published: November 2010

Introduction: Campylobacter spp are the major cause of enteritis in humans and more than 90% of reported infections are caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are the antibiotics of choice for treatment. An increase in the frequency of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter has been reported globally due to a single base mutation (C-257 to T) in codon 86 of the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene altering the amino acid sequence from threonine at position 86 to isoleucine (Thr-86 to Ile). Methodology: Campylobacter spp (n = 118) were selected from a collection of Egyptian isolates spanning 1998 to 2005. The presence of C. jejuni gyrA gene was confirmed in each isolate by a PCR assay amplifying 368bp portion of the gyrA gene. C to T alteration was detected by the mismatch amplification mutation assay MAMA PCR. The MIC of nalidixic acid (NA) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was determined by E-test. Results: C. jejuni gyrA gene was detected in 100 of the Campylobacter spp studied; the other 18 isolates were found to be Campylobacter coli by lpxA PCR. The mutation was detected in 89 C. jejuni resistant isolates with MIC values (NA; 8 - >256μg/ml) and (CIP; 4 - >32μg/ml). The other 11 sensitive C. jejuni isolates with MIC values (NA; 0.38 - 3μg/ml) and (CIP; 0.03 - 0.125μg/ml) were not amplified by the MAMA primers. There was 100% congruence with MAMA PCR, MIC results and gyrA gene sequence analysis. Conclusions: In Egypt the main mechanism for resistance to fluoroquinolones is an alteration in the gyrA QRDR. MAMA PCR provides an economical and rapid means for screening fluoroquinolone resistance.
Evidence of Cellular Immune Response to Outer Membrane Protein ofSalmonella typhimuriumin Patients with Enthesitis-related Arthritis Subtype of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: SINGH YOGESH PREET , SINGH AMIT KUMAR , AGGARWAL AMITA , MISRA RAMNATH 
Published: November 2010

Objective.Enthesitis-related arthritis subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA-ERA) clinically resembles reactive arthritis (ReA). In patients with ReA the immune response is targeted at the outer membrane protein (OMP) ofSalmonella typhimurium. We studied the immune response in JIA-ERA toS. typhimuriumOMP.Methods.Synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from blood and SF of patients with JIA-ERA. Lymphocyte transformation test was done withS. typhimuriumOMP and crude bacterial lysates ofYersinia enterocolitica,Shigella flexneri, andS. typhimurium. IgG and IgA ELISA were performed in serum and SF usingS. typhimuriumOMP as antigen and compared with sera from healthy controls.Results.In PBMC samples (n = 25) an antigen-specific proliferative response was seen in 13 patients and a cross-reactive response in 6. Among these 19 patients, 12 showed response to OMP. In SFMC (n = 15) antigen-specific responses were seen in 3 patients and cross-reactive responses in 9. Among these 12 patients, 11 showed response to OMP. The IgG and IgA anti-OMP antibody concentrations in serum and SF were similar in patients and controls.Conclusion.In JIA-ERA, OMP is the major antigenic target recognized by both SFMC and PBMC. Response to OMP is independent of specific bacterial response, suggesting that OMP is the immunodominant antigen. In these patients, absence of significant humoral response suggests response to OMP is mainly T cell mediated.
Les attributions judiciaires du Conseil du roi
Authors: Barbiche Bernard 
Published: November 2010

Dans l’ancienne France, le Conseil du roi est, sous l’autorité du monarque, le centre du pouvoir dans toutes ses composantes, législative, exécutive et judiciaire. Mais son activité tout entière est d’essence judiciaire. Le Conseil était organisé en plusieurs formations : conseils restreints de gouvernement présidés par le roi, conseils en formation plénière présidés par le chancelier. Dans tous les cas, ses arrêts étaient réputés rendus par le roi. Le Conseil privé ou Conseil des parties était le garant du bon fonctionnement de la justice. Il prononçait entre autres des évocations, des cassations et des règlements de juges. La pratique de la cassation, relativement rare jusqu’à la fin du règne de Louis XIV, s’est considérablement développée sous Louis XV.
La procédure de cassation au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Godin Xavier 
Published: November 2010

La cassation est un moyen destiné à mettre en œuvre la nullité d’un arrêt rendu en dernière instance et qui viole la loi. Progressivement ouverte aux justiciables, la procédure est exercée par le Conseil d’État privé et suit le règlement du 28 juin 1738. Sont ici présentés l’introduction et la réception de l’instance ainsi que l’instruction et le jugement de l’affaire. Parce qu’est exigée une contravention « claire et littérale » à une loi, la probabilité de voir aboutir une telle demande en cassation se révèle assez rare.
Cassations et évocations dans les remontrances des parlements au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Chaline Olivier 
Published: November 2010

Si deux périodes (les années 1730 et la première moitié de la décennie 1750) concentrent la plupart des remontrances dénonçant les cassations et les évocations dans les parlements de Paris, Rouen et Rennes, il n’en demeure pas moins que ces questions n’occupent en définitive qu’une place limitée dans l’ensemble de la production de tels textes. Les enjeux des querelles ont changé, passant des limites du temporel et du spirituel à la défense des degrés de juridiction et à l’affirmation que chaque parlement est le maître incontesté de son ressort. Entre la justice déléguée aux magistrats et celle, retenue, du roi en son conseil, la tension reste intermittente.
Balzac revisité. Portrait social des familles au XIXe siècle d'après les « souvenirs » de la comtesse Marie de Raymond
Authors: Soula Laurence 
Published: November 2010

Les « souvenirs » manuscrits de la comtesse de Raymond, descendante de Montesquieu, nous dévoilent l’intimité et la destinée sociale des familles qui ont tenu à Agen la première place au XIX e siècle. Prenant pour base d’étude cette fresque typiquement balzacienne, l’article apporte un éclairage sur les structures et la fonction sociale des familles. L’on y découvre les mœurs provinciales d’une bourgeoisie gouvernée par l’idéal nobiliaire, où le « rang », déterminé par l’appartenance familiale, dirige les fréquentations et les alliances matrimoniales. Dans ce siècle caractérisé par le renouvellement des élites, il apparaît également comme un facteur prépondérant d’ascension sociale.
Compter les morts de Crimée : un tournant sur l'identité professionnelle des médecins de l'armée française (1865-1882)
Authors: Fredj Claire 
Published: November 2010

La médecine militaire française connaît, tout au long du XIX e siècle, une crise de recrutement dénoncée par le corps de santé de l’armée. L’assimilation aux grades de l’armée et l’autonomie par rapport à l’intendance sont particulièrement revendiquées. Si la première est à peu près acquise en 1860, c’est la loi du 16 mars 1882 qui accorde vingt ans plus tard la seconde aux médecins militaires. Dans l’intervalle, les arguments la réclamant s’appuient sur des exemples pris dans les conflits qui se succèdent au cours des années 1855-1870, illustrant les inconvénients de la subordination du service de santé à l’intendance en campagne. La guerre de Crimée est particulièrement mise en avant dans le discours visant à l’amélioration statutaire des médecins de l’armée, surtout à partir de 1865, lorsque la publication par le médecin principal Jean-Charles Chenu du Rapport au Conseil de santé des armées sur les résultats du service médico-chirurgical aux ambulances de Crimée et aux hôpitaux militaires français de Turquie pendant la campagne d’Orient en 1854-1855-1856 fait découvrir à un public relativement large que plus de 95000 soldats français sont morts au cours de ce conflit dont environ 75000 de maladies, des chiffres proportionnellement plus importants que dans l’armée anglaise. L’organisation des services de santé expliquerait ces mortalités différenciées. Le discours met également en avant le service de santé des troupes américaines au cours de la guerre de Sécession, reposant sur le même principe de liberté. À partir de 1865, l’efficacité des services de santé anglo-saxons et les lourdes pertes françaises sont donc largement reprises dans la presse, médicale ou non et deviennent des lieux communs du discours politique lorsque, au début de la Troisième République, se pose la question de la réorganisation du corps de santé.
MHC Class I and TCR Avidity Control the CD8 T Cell Response to IL-15/IL-15Rα Complex
Authors: Stoklasek Thomas A. , Colpitts Sara L. , Smilowitz Henry M. , Lefrançois Leo 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
IL-15 operates via a unique mechanism termed transpresentation. In this system, IL-15 produced by one cell type is bound to IL-15Rα expressed by the same cell and is presented to apposing cells expressing the IL-15Rβ/γC complex. We have shown that administering soluble IL-15Rα complexed with IL-15 can greatly enhance IL-15 activity. We now show that the naive CD8 T cell response to exogenous IL-15/IL-15Rα complex is MHC class I dependent. In the absence of β2 microglobulin, naive CD8 T cells scarcely proliferated in response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas memory cells proliferated, although to a lesser extent, compared with levels in control mice. The loss of β2m or FcRn slightly reduced the extended half-life of IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, whereas FcRn deficiency only partially reduced the naive CD8 T cell proliferative response to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. In addition, we demonstrated a link between TCR avidity and the ability of a T cell to respond to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. Thus, T cells expressing low-avidity TCR responded poorly to IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, which correlated with a poor homeostatic proliferative response to lymphopenia. The inclusion of cognate peptide along with complex resulted in enhanced proliferation, even when TCR avidity was low. IL-15/IL-15Rα complex treatment, along with peptide immunization, also enhanced activation and the migratory ability of responding T cells. These data suggest that IL-15/IL-15Rα complex has selective effects on Ag-activated CD8 T cells. Our findings have important implications for directing IL-15/IL-15Rα complex-based therapy to specific Ag targets and illustrate the possible adjuvant uses of IL-15/IL-15Rα complex.
Fc-Glycosylation Influences Fcγ Receptor Binding and Cell-Mediated Anti-HIV Activity of Monoclonal Antibody 2G12
Authors: Forthal Donald N. , Gach Johannes S. , Landucci Gary , Jez Jakub , Strasser Richard , Kunert Renate , Steinkellner Herta 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Interactions between the Fc segment of IgG and FcγRs on a variety of cells are likely to play an important role in the anti-HIV activity of Abs. Because the nature of the glycan structure on the Fc domain is a critical determinant of Fc–FcγR binding, proper Fc glycosylation may contribute to Ab-mediated protection. We have generated five different glycoforms of the broadly HIV-1–neutralizing mAb 2G12 in wild-type and glycoengineered plants and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Plant-derived 2G12 exhibited highly homogeneous glycosylation profiles with a single dominant N-glycan species. Using flow cytometry with FcγR-expressing cell lines, all 2G12 glycoforms demonstrated similar binding to FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIb. In contrast, two glycoforms derived from glycoengineered plants that lack plant-specific xylose and core α1,3-fucose, and instead carry human-like glycosylation with great uniformity, showed significantly enhanced binding to FcγRIIIa compared with Chinese hamster ovary or wild-type plant-derived 2G12. Using surface plasmon resonance, we show that binding of 2G12 to FcγRIIIa is markedly affected by core fucose, irrespective of its plant-specific α1,3 or mammalian-type α1,6 linkage. Consistent with this finding, 2G12 glycoforms lacking core fucose (and xylose) mediated higher antiviral activity against HIV-1 or simian immunodeficiency virus as measured by Ab-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration that specific alterations of Fc glycosylation can improve antiviral activity. Such alterations may result in better immunotherapeutic reagents. Moreover, biasing vaccine-induced immune responses toward optimal Fc glycosylation patterns could result in improved vaccine efficacy.
High Order Compact Schemes in Projection Methods for Incompressible Viscous Flows
Authors: Fournié Michel , Rigal Alain 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWithin the projection schemes for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations (namely “pressure-correction” method), we consider the simplest method (of order one in time) which takes into account the pressure in both steps of the splitting scheme. For this scheme, we construct, analyze and implement a new high order compact spatial approximation on nonstaggered grids. This approach yields a fourth order accuracy in space with an optimal treatment of the boundary conditions (without error on the velocity) which could be extended to more general splitting. We prove the unconditional stability of the associated Cauchy problem via von Neumann analysis. Then we carry out a normal mode analysis so as to obtain more precise results about the behavior of the numerical solutions. Finally we present detailed numerical tests for the Stokes and the Navier-Stokes equations (including the driven cavity benchmark) to illustrate the theoretical results.
Modeling the Effect of Heating Rate on Recrystallization Texture Evolution in AA3103
Authors: Schäfer Carmen , Mohles Volker , Gottstein Günter 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe advanced 3D cellular automata model CORe was utilized to model recrystallization texture development, i.e., under the impact of a change of the solute concentration and the size and volume fraction of precipitates. For consideration of the changes in microchemistry, the model was sequentially coupled to the precipitation model ClaNG. A decrease in the average stored dislocation density within the deformed grains owing to recovery was also taken into account. The model was applied to the prediction of recrystallization texture during annealing with various heating rates, which influence the constitution of the material. The simulation results were compared to texture measurements.
The Effect of Intermediate Annealing on Texture Banding in Aluminum Alloy 6016
Authors: Bennett Tricia A. , Sidor Jurij , Petrov Roumen H. , Kestens Leo A. I. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe roping phenomenon was investigated in two alloys of 6016 aluminum. In one case the material (GR) is more resistant to roping. In the other (BR), the material is less resistant to roping. Roping lines are therefore more pronounced in the BR material compared to the GR case. One significant difference between the processing of these materials is that the GR material underwent intermediate annealing (IA); the BR material did not. Through‐process characterization of the BR and GR materials by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed that the IA step transformed the texture of the GR material compared to the BR case, where the evolution was typical of Al alloys. It was found that the IA step set the stage for the ensuing differences in texture evolution, spatial distribution of {1 0 0} &lang;0 0 1〉 Cube grains and ultimately, the different roping behaviors exhibited by the BR and GR materials.
Influence of Crystallography on Shear‐Band Formation in FCC Metals
Authors: Jasieński Zdzistaw , Piątkowski Andrzej 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe localization of plastic deformation in the form of macroscopic shear bands (MSBs) is a typical phenomenon in FCC metals at large strains. To confirm the hypothesis of the crystallographic character of an MSB (the occurrence of shear inside an MSB along the {111} slip and twinning phases), the microstructure, local orientation and misorientation inside a single band are examined. A study of the texture and microstructure evolution after a change of deformation path in channel‐die‐compressed (1 1 2)[1 1 −1] planes single crystals of copper confirms the influence of the single‐crystal orientation of on MSB formation. The specific coplanar configuration of two active slip systems favors MSB development.
Spark Plasma Sintered Hydroxyapatite/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites With Preferred Crystal Orientation
Authors: Zhu Jiangtao , Tjong Sie Chin , Li Xiao‐Qiang 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHydroxyapatite (HA) and its nanocomposites reinforced with low loading levels of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are prepared by spark plasma sintering process. The structure, morphology, and hardness of sintered HA and MWNT/HA nanocomposites are characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and nanoindentation techniques. XRD results show that the orientation of crystallographic planes of sintered HA are highly related to the applied pressure direction. The perpendicular section of sintered MWNT/HA nanocomposites shows predominantly oriented HA a‐and b‐planes while the parallel section displays a dominant c‐plane orientation. The hardness of MWNT/HA nanocomposites improves considerably with increasing MWNT content.
Fuel Cells: Structure‐Morphology‐Property Relationships of Non‐Perfluorinated Proton‐Conducting Membranes (Adv. Mater. 42/2010)
Authors: Peckham Timothy J. , Holdcroft Steven 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA fundamental understanding of structure‐morphology‐property relationships of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) is crucial in order to improve the cost, performance, and durability of PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this context, there has been an explosion over the past five years in the volume of research carried out in the area of non‐perfluorinated, proton‐conducting polymer membranes, with a particular emphasis on exploiting phase behavior associated with block and graft copolymers. This progress report highlights a selection of interesting studies in the area that have appeared since 2005, which illustrate the effects of factors such as acid and water contents and morphology upon proton conduction. It concludes with an outlook on future directions.