bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perennial Irrigated Pastures. II. Average Daily Gain and Carcass Characteristics of Yearling Beef Steers on Irrigated Pasture Supplemented by Alfalfa Cubes1
Authors: Raguse C. A. , Hull J. L. , Henderson D. W. , Osman A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent high grain prices and other factors have led to a resurgence of interest in greater use of forages in beef production. An experiment was designed to test the effects of combinations of perennial irrigated pasture and alfalfa cubes on gains and carcass characteristics of yearling beef steers. The treatments consisted of irrigated pasture only, three combinations of irrigated pasture supplemented by increasing amounts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cubes, and a fifth treatment consisting of alfalfa cubes only. The pastures were 6‐year‐old stands of 55% orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), 25% strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.), 15% perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and 5% Ladino clover (T. repens L.), providing a seasonal average grass: legume ratio of 70:30. The soil was the Yolo series of a finesilty, mixed, nonacid, thermic, typic xerorthent entisol. Stocking rates were 7.7, 9.4, 11.6, and 15.5 animals per ha, respectively, for the above treatments during a 200‐day grating season. Average daily cube intake per animal for the five treatments ranged from zero through 1.7, 2.7, 4.3 and 9.9 kg, respectively.Average daily gain, daily energy gain, and body weight gain for the irrigated pasture‐only and all pasture‐cube combinations were significantly different from the cubesonly treatment, but not from each other. Measurements of botanical composition and plant heights indicated that the various stocking rates imposed moderate and similar grazing pressures throughout the season.The carcass characteristics of percent protein, fat, and water were statistically the same for all cube‐pasture combinations, as was energy/kg gain.Because of the absence of statistical significance (0.01 level) for differences in weight gain, energy gain, and carcass characteristics for the pasture‐cube treatments, it was concluded that they were equal in relation to beef production and market quality. These management combinations, over the range studied, are therefore biologically sound and their acceptance would depend on economic and/or other factors.
Palatability of Leaves of Tall Fescue and Reed Canarygrass and of Some of Their Alkaloids to Meadow Voles1
Authors: Kendall W. A. , Sherwood R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of these experiments was to evaluate use of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in a bioassay for estimating palatability of forages and some forage constituents to large animals. A small animal bioassay would enhance studies of factors affecting forage palatability and effects of palatability on animal intake. Meadow voles were provided a standard diet ad libitum and a choice of the standard diet or an experimental diet for three 30‐min periods each day. Intakes of the experimental rations were used as an index to palatability.Palatability of fresh leaves of 14 clones of reed canary‐grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) was negatively correlated with their total alkaloid level, in agreement with published responses of large animals. Mixtures of 0.5% gramine; 5‐MeO‐N, N‐dimethyltryptamine; N, N‐dimethyl‐tryptamine; 5‐methoxytryptamine‐HCI, or N‐monomethyl‐tryptamine with the starch made the rations unpalatable. This provided direct evidence for unpalatability of the tryptamine alkaloids of reed canarygrass.The meadow voles did not discriminate between ‘Kentucky 31,’ ‘Kenwell,’ and ‘Kenhy’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) when fed fresh leaves. Sheep grazed on the same material preferred Kenhy and rejected Kentucky 31. Palatability to meadow voles of fresh and dried leaves of Lolium ✕Festuca hybrid derivatives or Festuca cultivars was not related to perloline concentration. The bioassay was not suitable for detecting the unknown factor(s) affecting palatability of fescue to sheep.
Nitrogen Transformations in Soil as Affected by the Fungicides Benomyl, Dyrene, and Maneb1
Authors: Mazur A. R. , Hughes T. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe frequency and extent of fungicide use on putting green turfgrasses prompted investigations to determine the effect of three commonly used fungicides on N transformations in soil. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to study the effect of the following fungicides on nitrification and N mineralization in soil: benomyl [(methyl l‐(butylcarbamoyl)‐2‐benzimidazolecarbamate)], rene [(2,4‐dichloro‐6‐(0‐chloranilino)‐s‐triazine)], and rnaM‐7 neb (manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate). In laboratory studies, the three fungicides were added at rates of 0, 25, 75, and 150 ppm and the soil incubated at 21±1 C and moisture content of 30±1%. Analyses for NH+4‐N and (NO‐2 + NO‐3)‐N were conducted at various times during a 16‐week incubation period. Almost no effect was detected for benomyl, but a complete blockage occurred at the 150 ppm rate of maneb. Dyrene had an intermediate effect. Based on concentrations of (NH+,4 + NO‐2 + NO‐3)‐N in the untreated control as compared to treated soil, benomyl was stimulatory to N mineralization. Inhibitory effects were observed for both Dyrene and maneb after 4 weeks of incubation, but these effects had disappeared after 16 weeks.In the field, 14 weekly applications of benomyl, Dyrene, and maneb at 90, 90, and 135 g active ingredient/are were made to a ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Huds., golf green. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 2.5 cm (excluding thatch) and determinations of NH+4‐N and (NO‐2 + NO3‐)‐N concentrations were made at weekly intervals during a 5‐week incubation. There was no effect of any of the fungicides on nitrification but enhanced N mineralization occurred with application of all three of the fungicides.The differences in the effects of these fungicides on nitrification and N mineralization in laboratory as compared to field applications were considered to be the result of lower rates of application associated with more rapid rates of degradation under field conditions as contrasted with the high single rates of application under laboratory conditions.
Nodulation Responses from Nitrogen Applied to Soybean Half‐Root Systems1
Authors: Hinson Kuell 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInterrelationships between combined and symbiotic N in soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) are complex. To further clarify the potential role of combined N in field production, we tested the hypothesis that adding N to one‐half of a soybean root system would have no effect on nodule formation or nodule growth on untreated roots of the same plant. Roots of greenhouse plants were divided into two equal parts and transplanted into different pots of low‐N field soil when plants were 17 days old. Half of the root system received no nitrogen (—N), and the other (+N) received 0, 30, 60 or 120 ppm in Experiment I and 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 or 240 ppm N in Experiment II. Nitrogen reduced nodule number and weight in +N pots. In —N pots nodule numbers were nearly constant, but nodule weights differed significantly at the end of each experiment (44 and 57 days from planting, respectively). On half‐root systems whose companion roots received intermediate rates of N, nodule weights in —N pots were up to 50% more than those for controls (neither half received N) in each experiment. However, for the highest rate of N in each experiment, nodule weights in —N pots were equal to or significantly lower than those from control pots. In —N pots of the 240 ppm treatment in Experiment II, nodule weights were 40% less than for controls. This is interpreted as a nonlocalized inhibition of nodule development. Nitrogen increased root weight in +N pots in both experiments, but increased root weight in —N pots only in the longerduration Experiment II. Nitrogen also increased total plant weight, but N added to similar soil in a field experiment did not increase seed yield. In another field experiment, side‐dressing one vs. both sides of field‐plot rows with N did not influence seed yield and had no detectable effect on localizing nodule development. Thus, responses to N by greenhouse seedlings were not transferred to seed‐yield differences in field plots.
Reflectant Induced Modification of Soybean Canopy Radiation Balance. III. A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Celite and Kaolinite Reflectants1
Authors: Lemeur Raoul , Rosenberg Norman J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybeans (Glycine max L. ‘Amsoy’) were coated with Celite and kaolinite reflectants to increase reflection and reduce net radiation. Such treatment is intended to decrease evapotranspiration and improve water use efficiency. The study was undertaken to establish the specific reflection patterns at various wavelengths of reflectorized soybeans. The effectiveness of the materials and the influence of additional applications applied factorially during the growing season was also evaluated. Both reflectant materials are most effective in the waveband of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR: 400–700 nm). Reflection coefficients in this waveband were double that from a natural canopy. The effect on near infrared radiation (NIR: 750–1,550 nm) was small. The average increase in shortwave reflection (300–3,000 nm) ranged from 10 to 20%. Reduction of net radiation measured over the treated canopies ranged from 5 to 10%. Within the treated canopies net radiation was greater than in the untreated crop. Application of reflectants at the beginning of the growing season was more effective in increasing reflection and reducing net radiation than were applications at later stages of crop maturity. The effects of additional treatments as the crop developed were not cumulative. Therefore additional applications should be made only to maintain the quality of the coating. Celite is the more effective material, producing the same degree of reflection with half as much material as is required when kaolinite is used.
Estimating the Nutritive Value of Forages Containing Tannin and Phenols by Chemical and Bioassay Methods1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Cope W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnti‐quality substances in crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) and sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don] require that analytical methods show their presence and effect on nutritive value of these forages. This study compares a chemical and a bioassay (in vitro dry matter disappearance) method of estimating the nutritive value of six morphologically different crownvetch clones (separated into stems, petioles, leaflets and flowers) and three strains of sericea lespedeza (separated into stems and leaves).The chemical method uses detergents to fractionate the fibrous constituents of forages. Use of the content of fibrous fractions in a summative equation provides an estimate of true digestible dry matter (EDDM). The bioassay relies on rumen microflora to degrade the forage sample, resulting in an in vitro estimation of dry matter disappearance (IVDMD).When total phenol and tannin concentrations were high and fiber low (leaf tissue) agreement was lacking between the chemical and bioassay methods (crownvetch r = —0.22; lespedeza r = —0.38, harvest 1 and r = 0.04, harvest 2). The relationship between methods was significant (P ≤ 0.01) when total phenol and tannin concentrations were low and fiber (stems) of primary concern (crownvetch stems r = 0.93; lespedeza stems r = 0.59, harvest 1 and r = 0.77, harvest 2).The chemical method was insensitive to either total phenol or tannin concentrations, whereas, the bioassay appeared sensitive to both structural constituents and the anti‐quality substances. Methods used to estimate nutritive values of forages that reflect only some of the quality constituents are of specific applicability and their indiscriminate use may lead to erroneous conclusions.
Returned Clippings and N Fertilization on Bahiagrass Herbage Production and Nitrogen and Organic Matter Contents of Soil1
Authors: Beaty E. R. , Tan K. H. , McCreery R. A. , Edwards J. H. , Stanley R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlot clipping has been the time honored method of evaluating forage fertility investigations. Evidence is available suggesting that clipping data are not predictive of nutrient needs of grazed pasture. The following research was conducted with the objective to observe the effect of returning herbage to pasture at various rates of N fertilization on herbage production, N and organic matter contents of soils.A field experiment in a completely randomized split plot design, employing three replications, was conducted in 1966 and 1967 with Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum, Flugge) grown on a Eustis loamy sand at 4 N rates. None to 100% of the harvested and dried forage was returned to the plots. Increases in forage yield due to forage return ranged from non‐significant when no N was applied to considerable increases as indicated by the steeper regressions as N application increased. Over the 2 years, application of 84 kg/N/ha together with returning the forage produced as much forage as 168 kg/N/ha in combination with removing it.Returning the forage had minor influence on soil N and organic matter contents. Evidence obtained suggested that mineralization and availability of recycled nutrients to a sward is probably a long‐term affair when available N is low. N applications appeared to appreciably shorten the length of time required for returned forage to offer advantage to the sward. The evidence presented indicated that both high forage yields and maximum improvement of soil fertility in the Eustis soil could be achieved when 40 to 60% of the bahiagrass herbage were returned to the pasture accompanied by large application of N fertilizers.
Plant Growth Regulator Effects on Flowering of Poa pratensis L. under Field Conditions1
Authors: Buettner Mark R. , Ensign R. D. , Boe A. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe imminent ban on fall burning of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) residues has threatened the grass seed industry with subsequent reductions in yield. In order to assess the use of plant growth regulators as a potential alternative to burning, eight chemicals were applied at two developmental growth stages of unburned plots of Kentucky bluegrass. Information on panicle emergence, panicle number, and seed weight was recorded. Applications of growth regulators were made in autumn to ‘Merion,’ ‘Fylking,’ and ‘Nugget,’ and in spring to ‘Park’ and ‘Baron.’ All treatments were applied during the second seed crop year.Growth regulator applications affected flowering in Merion more than in the other cultivars. Terbacil, 3‐tertbutyl‐5‐chloro‐6‐methyluracil; chlormequat, (2‐chloroethyl)‐trimethylammonium chlorides; and ethephon, (2‐chloro‐ethyl)‐phosphoric acid, increased panicle numbers in Merion by 84, 73, and 70% above controls. Simazine, 2‐chloro‐4, 6‐bis‐(ethylamino)‐5‐triazine, increased panicle numbers in Fylking and Nugget by 71 to 56%. Seed weight in Merion was increased by 11% after gibberellin (Potassium gibberellate) application. Terbacil and bromacil (5‐bromo‐3‐sec‐butyl‐6‐methyluracil) applied to Park and Baron decreased panicle numbers. Gibberellin, ethephon, chlormequat, and simazine autumn applications delayed panicle emergence. Bromacil and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) spring applications to Baron delayed panicle emergence. Gibberellin, ethephon, and bromacil spring applications hastened panicle emergence in Park. Increased Kentucky bluegrass seed yields are possible with selective plant growth regulators, primarily due to increased panicle numbers and seed size.
Nondestructive Method for The Determination of Boll Surface Area in Cotton1
Authors: McMichael B. L. , Elmore C. D. , Cathey G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFruit (boll) transpiration rates in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) may be important in boll growth and movement of materials into developing bolls. Therefore to facilitate comparisons of transpiration rates of different age (and size) bolls, a nondestructive method for the estimation of cotton boll surface areas was evaluated using two commercial cultivars grown in the greenhouse. Boll length was linearly related to boll area for both ‘Stoneville 213’ and ‘Deltapine 16’ cottons by an equation of the form LOG10Y = a + b LOG10X, where a and b are regression coefficients, and Y and X are boll area and boll length, respectively. Since no significant differences were found between the individual equations for the two cultivars, a composite regression equation was computed which can be used for boll area estimations for both cultivars.
Relationships and Uses of Yield Components in Safflower Breeding1
Authors: Abel G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn understanding of the interrelationships of growth characters is needed to improve breeding of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. The objectives of the study were to evaluate five plant characters and four seed characters as units of selection and to determine the optimum combination of years, locations, and dates of planting for testing cultivar performance.Indirect yield components (plant height∕plot, canopy depth∕plant, canopy width∕plant, and head diam∕plant) were intercorrelated. They were also correlated to seed yield and to seeds∕head but with the exception of head diam∕plant they were not correlated to seed weight. The direct yield components (heads∕area, seeds∕head, and seed weight) were not intercorrelated but they were all correlated to seed yield.In several tests involving seven cultivars, variance components were usually significant for plant height, heads∕section, and seed weight and usually nonsignificant for canopy depth, head diameter, and seeds∕head.Cultivar × date of planting and cultivar × location interactions were generally nonsignificant. However heads∕section, seeds∕head, and seed weight showed significant interactions of cultivars with location and date of planting and made it evident that a single year's testing did not adequately evaluate these effects. Cultivar × year interactions were not significant when the data from only one location, Mesa, were analyzed. However when all three locations were considered, some significant interactions appeared.Expected variances of varietal means for heads∕section, seed yield∕section, and seed yield∕plot were calculated for all combinations of environments and also extrapolated to six replications. Expected variances were virtually identical for the second and third years and second and third planting dates. Satisfactory precision for these characters was obtained for the cultivars tested using the combination of 2 years, two locations, two dates of planting, and four replications.
Mitochondrial Efficiency of Individual Alfalfa Plants as Related to Forage Yield1
Authors: Schneiter A. A. , McDaniel R. G. , Dobrenz A. K. , Schonhorst M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mitochondrial efficiency (ADP:0 ratio) of 5‐day‐old alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings has been positively correlated to forage yields of similar lines grown in the field. The present technique used for selection of genotypes having high mitochondrial efficiency in alfalfa is limited because alfalfa is a very heterogenous crop and an evaluation of individual genotypes cannot be made using the large number of seedlings required for adequate sample. Objectives of this study were to 1. devise a technique for determination of ADP:0 ratio on an individual plant basis and 2. determine if a relationship existed between forage yields of individual genotypes and their mitochondrial efficiency.ADP:O ratios were obtained on an individual plant basis, by the extraction of mitochondria from etiolated stem + petiole tissue. A significant positive correlation was found between ADP:O ratios and field forage production of identical genotypes. No correlation was found between etiolated regrowth and ADP:O ratios of comparable genotypes.The technique for the selection of individual genotypes having high yield potential, by the use of mitochondrial efficiency evaluations, could serve as a valuable screening tool for plant breeders. This technique would allow both an increase in the magnitude of the population evaluated and a more efficient utilization of field research time and effort by the prior elimination of genotypes having low yield potential.
Response of Sugarcane to Filter Press Mud and N, P, and K Fertilizers. II. Effects on Plant Composition and Soil Chemical Properties1
Authors: Prasad M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of filter press mud (FPM) on the composition of macro‐ and micronutrients of sugarcane leaf has not been studied. Therefore eight field experiments, four plant cane and four ratoons, were conducted to study the effect of FPM and N, P, and K fertilizers and their interaction on leaf N, P, and K content of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). The effects of FPM and P‐fertilizer on leaf Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Mo, and Al content, as well as on extractable soil P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Al, and on pH were also studied. These experiments were conducted over 2 years on seven sites. A split plot design was used with FPM on main plots (rates were 0, 20, and 40 metric tons/ha or 0 and 34 metric tons/ha dry wt with two or four replications) and N, P, and K fertilizer rates on subplots (two or four replications). The rates of fertilizers were as follows: N = 0, 94, and 188 kg/ha or 47, 94, and 141 kg/ha; P = 0, 45, and 90 kg/ha or 0 and 45 kg/ha; K = 0 and 112 kg/ha.Filter press mud increased leaf N in one experiment while N‐fertilizer increased it in all experiments. In two experiments there were significant FPM ✕ N interactions. Filter press mud and P‐fertilizer increased leaf P in six and seven experiments, respectively. Significant interactions on leaf P were FPM ✕ P, FPM ✕ N, and FPM ✕ K. At the rates tested FPM‐P was a more efficient source of P than fertilizer‐P. Filter press mud increased the leaf K significantly in three experiments. Leaf Ca and Mg were increased as a result of FPM application in two experiments and one experiment, respectively. Extractable soil Ca and Mg values were similarly increased as a result of FPM application in all four experiments.Filter press mud reduced leaf Al in four experiments, leaf Zn and Fe in two experiments, and leaf Mn in one experiment. P‐fertilizer applied together with FPM did not further reduce Zn or Fe in the leaf. Extractable soil Zn was increased as a result of FPM application and ex‐changeable A1 was reduced. Filter press mud slightly increased soil pH. Leaf Cu, B, and Mo were not affected by FPM or P.These results showed that FPM was a more effective source of P than triple superphosphate at the rates tested, and that FPM could be used as a substitute for K fertilizers where a maintenance dressing is required. Filter press mud also supplied secondary nutrients but it has no consistent effect on micronutrient nutrition.
Woollyleaf Bursage Control with Monosodium Methanearsonate and Tillage1
Authors: Smith D. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWoolyleaf bursage (Franseria tomentosa Gray) infests approximately 70,000 ha of cropland in Great Plains states. Since susceptibility of this weed to MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) was observed, MSMA and DSMA (disodium methanearsonate) were investigated under several conditions for control of woollyleaf bursage. The most effective control occurred when MSMA was applied in mid to late May after all shoots had emerged in the spring. Experiments were conducted in playa lakebeds on Randall clay (Udic Pellusterts). Woollyleaf bursage was consistently more susceptible to MSMA than DSMA. Roots were killed to depths of 30 cm or more. Mold‐board plowing of infested areas delayed, rather than reduced, shoot emergence. In contrast, a disking operation allowed weed shoots to emerge earlier and more uniformly, which resulted in greater effectiveness of MSMA. Soil moisture and crop yields were increased when MSMA was applied to woollyleaf bursage before planting cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). One year after treatment with MSMA, woollyleaf bursage control was still evident and sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense Stapp (‘Piper’)] yields were increased in treated areas.