bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Infectivity of prM-Containing Partially Mature West Nile Virus Does Not Require the Activity of Cellular Furin-Like Proteases
Authors: Mukherjee Swati , Lin Tsai-Yu , Dowd Kimberly A. , Manhart Carolyn J. , Pierson Theodore C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
Cleavage of the flavivirus prM protein by a cellular furin-like protease is a hallmark of virion maturation. While this cleavage is a required step in the viral life cycle, it can be inefficient. Virions that retain uncleaved prM may be infectious. We investigated whether cleavage by furin of prM on partially mature West Nile virus (WNV) during virus entry contributes to infectivity. Using quantitative assays of WNV infection, we found that virions incorporating considerable amounts of uncleaved prM protein were insensitive to treatment of cells with a potent inhibitor of furin activity. Thus, partially mature WNV does not require furin-like proteases for infectivity.
Interplay between Innate Immunity and Negative-Strand RNA Viruses: towards a Rational Model
Authors: Gerlier Denis , Lyles Douglas S. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThe discovery of a new class of cytosolic receptors recognizing viral RNA, called the RIG-like receptors (RLRs), has revolutionized our understanding of the interplay between viruses and host cells. A tremendous amount of work has been accumulating to decipher the RNA moieties required for an RLR agonist, the signal transduction pathway leading to activation of the innate immunity orchestrated by type I interferon (IFN), the cellular and viral regulators of this pathway, and the viral inhibitors of the innate immune response. Previous reviews have focused on the RLR signaling pathway and on the negative regulation of the interferon response by viral proteins. The focus of this review is to put this knowledge in the context of the virus replication cycle within a cell. Likewise, there has been an expansion of knowledge about the role of innate immunity in the pathophysiology of viral infection. As a consequence, some discrepancies have arisen between the current models of cell-intrinsic innate immunity and current knowledge of virus biology. This holds particularly true for the nonsegmented negative-strand viruses (Mononegavirales), which paradoxically have been largely used to build presently available models. The aim of this review is to bridge the gap between the virology and innate immunity to favor the rational building of a relevant model(s) describing the interplay betweenMononegaviralesand the innate immune system.
Different Types of ENSO Influences on the Indian Summer Monsoon Variability
Authors: Wu Renguang , Chen Jilong , Chen Wen 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObservational analysis reveals three types of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences on the Indian summer monsoon (ISM): indirect influence of the preceding winter [December–February (DJF)] eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (DJF-only cases), direct influence of the concurrent summer [June–September (JJAS)] EEP SST anomalies (JJAS-only cases), and coherent influence of both the preceding winter and concurrent summer EEP SST anomalies (DJF&JJAS cases). The present study distinguishes the three types of ENSO influences and investigates the processes connecting ENSO to the ISM separately.In the DJF-only cases, the preceding winter EEP SST anomalies induce north Indian Ocean (NIO) SST anomalies through air–sea interaction processes in the tropical Indian Ocean. The SST anomalies over the western Indian Ocean alter the surface air humidity there. Both processes favor an anomalous ISM. In the JJAS-only cases, an anomalous ISM is directly induced by ENSO through large-scale circulation changes. The meridional thermal contrast may also contribute to an anomalous ISM. In the DJF&JJAS cases, the preceding winter EEP SST anomalies induce NIO SST anomalies and change the surface air humidity over the western Indian Ocean. Concurrent summer EEP SST anomalies induce large-scale vertical motion anomalies over South Asia. Together, they lead to an anomalous ISM. The anomalous meridional thermal contrast may contribute to an anomalous ISM in late summer.Impacts of the preceding winter EEP SST anomalies in the DJF and JJAS cases may contribute to the contemporaneous correlation between ISM and EEP SST. There are more DJF&JJAS cases before than after the late 1970s. This provides an alternative interpretation for the observed weakening in the ISM–ENSO relationship around the late 1970s.
Identification and Climatology of Southern Hemisphere Mobile Fronts in a Modern Reanalysis
Authors: Simmonds Ian , Keay Kevin , Tristram Bye John Arthur 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPresented here is an objective approach to identify, characterize, and track Southern Hemisphere mobile fronts in hemispheric analyses of relatively modest resolution, such as reanalyses. Among the principles in its design were that it should be based on broadscale synoptic considerations and be as simple and easily understood as possible. The resulting Eulerian scheme has been applied to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA)–Interim and a climatology of frontal characteristics, at both the 10-m and 850-hPa levels, derived for the period 1 January 1989–28 February 2009. The knowledge of the character of these features is central to understanding weather and climate over the hemisphere.In both summer and winter the latitude belt 40°–60°S hosts the highest frequency of frontal points, but there are significant zonal asymmetries within this band. The climatology reveals that the longest fronts are in the Indian Ocean where mean lengths exceed 2000 km. The mean frontal intensity over the hemisphere tends to be greater at 850 hPa than at 10 m, and greater in winter than in summer. The frontal intensity also shows its maximum in the Indian Ocean. In the mean, the meridional tilt of these fronts is northwest–southeast over much of the midlatitudes and subtropics, and increases with latitude toward the equator. The tilts are of overwhelmingly opposite sign in the coastal Antarctic and subantarctic regions.Broadly speaking, the number of fronts and their mean length and mean intensity exhibit maxima in winter in the midlatitudes (30°–50°S), but show a sizeable semiannual variation (maxima in fall and spring) during the year at higher latitudes.
Hypomorphic mutations in PRF1, MUNC13-4, and STXBP2 are associated with adult-onset familial HLH
Authors: Zhang Kejian , Jordan Michael B. , Marsh Rebecca A. , Johnson Judith A. , Kissell Diane , Meller Jarek , Villanueva Joyce , Risma Kimberly A. , Wei Qian , Klein Peter S. , Filipovich Alexandra H. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by defects in cell-mediated cytotoxicity that results in fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cytopenias. Familial HLH is well recognized in children but rarely diagnosed in adults. We conducted a retrospective review of genetic and immunologic test results in patients who developed HLH in adulthood. Included in our study were 1531 patients with a clinical diagnosis of HLH; 175 patients were 18 years or older. Missense and splice-site sequence variants in PRF1, MUNC13-4, and STXBP2 were found in 25 (14%) of the adult patients. The A91V-PRF1 genotype was found in 12 of these patients (48%). The preponderance of hypomorphic mutations in familial HLH–causing genes correlates with the later-onset clinical symptoms and the more indolent course in adult patients. We conclude that late-onset familial HLH occurs more commonly than was suspected previously.
Repression of GW/P body components and the RNAi microprocessor impacts primary ciliogenesis in human astrocytes
Authors: Moser Joanna J , Fritzler Marvin J , Rattner Jerome B 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
In most cells, the centriolar component of the centrosome can function as a basal body supporting the formation of a primary cilium, a non-motile sensory organelle that monitors information from the extracellular matrix and relays stimuli into the cell via associated signaling pathways. Defects in the formation and function of primary cilia underlie multiple human diseases and are hallmarks of malignancy. The RNA silencing pathway is involved in the post-transcriptional silencing of > 50% of mRNA that occurs within GW/P bodies. GW/P bodies are found throughout the cytoplasm and previously published live cell imaging data suggested that in a malignant cell type (U2OS), two GW/P bodies reside at the centrosome during interphase. This led us to investigate if a similar relationship exists in primary cells and if the inhibition of the miRNA pathway impairs primary cilium formation.

Results
Two GW/P bodies as marked by GW182 and hAgo2 colocalized to the basal body of primary human astrocytes as well as human synoviocytes during interphase and specifically with the distal end of the basal body in the pericentriolar region. Since it is technically challenging to examine the two centrosomal GW/P bodies in isolation, we investigated the potential relationship between the global population of GW/P bodies and primary ciliogenesis. Astrocytes were transfected with siRNA directed to GW182 and hAgo2 and unlike control astrocytes, a primary cilium was no longer associated with the centrosome as detected in indirect immunofluorescence assays. Ultrastructural analysis of siRNA transfected astrocytes revealed that knock down of GW182, hAgo2, Drosha and DGCR8 mRNA did not affect the appearance of the earliest stage of ciliogenesis but did prevent the formation and elongation of the ciliary axoneme.

Conclusions
This study confirms and extends a previously published report that GW/P bodies reside at the centrosome in U2OS cells and documents that GW/P bodies are resident at the centrosome in diverse non-malignant cells. Further, our study demonstrates that repression of key effector proteins in the post-transcriptional miRNA pathway impairs primary cilium formation.
A review of mixed malaria species infections in anopheline mosquitoes
Authors: Imwong Mallika , Nakeesathit Supatchara , Day Nicholas PJ , White Nicholas J 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
In patients with malaria mixed species infections are common and under reported. In PCR studies conducted in Asia mixed infection rates often exceed 20%. In South-East Asia, approximately one third of patients treated for falciparum malaria experience a subsequent Plasmodium vivax infection with a time interval suggesting relapse. It is uncertain whether the two infections are acquired simultaneously or separately. To determine whether mixed species infections in humans are derived from mainly from simultaneous or separate mosquito inoculations the literature on malaria species infection in wild captured anopheline mosquitoes was reviewed.

Methods
The biomedical literature was searched for studies of malaria infection and species identification in trapped wild mosquitoes and artificially infected mosquitoes. The study location and year, collection methods, mosquito species, number of specimens, parasite stage examined (oocysts or sporozoites), and the methods of parasite detection and speciation were tabulated. The entomological results in South East Asia were compared with mixed infection rates documented in patients in clinical studies.

Results
In total 63 studies were identified. Individual anopheline mosquitoes were examined for different malaria species in 28 of these. There were 14 studies from Africa; four with species evaluations in individual captured mosquitoes (SEICM). One study, from Ghana, identified a single mixed infection. No mixed infections were identified in Central and South America (seven studies, two SEICM). 42 studies were conducted in Asia and Oceania (11 from Thailand; 27 SEICM). The proportion of anophelines infected with Plasmodium falciparum parasites only was 0.51% (95% CI: 0.44 to 0.57%), for P. vivax only was 0.26% (95% CI: 0.21 to 0.30%), and for mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax infections was 0.036% (95% CI: 0.016 to 0.056%). The proportion of mixed infections in mosquitoes was significantly higher than expected by chance (P < 0.001), but was one fifth of that sufficient to explain the high rates of clinical mixed infections by simultaneous inoculation.

Conclusions
There are relatively few data on mixed infection rates in mosquitoes from Africa. Mixed species malaria infections may be acquired by simultaneous inoculation of sporozoites from multiply infected anopheline mosquitoes but this is relatively unusual. In South East Asia, where P. vivax infection follows P. falciparum malaria in one third of cases, the available entomological information suggests that the majority of these mixed species malaria infections are acquired from separate inoculations.
Gender reassignment: 5 years of referrals in Oxfordshire
Authors: Saunders Kate , Bass Christopher 
Published: September 2011

Aims and methodTo evaluate the characteristics of individuals seeking gender reassignment, the frequency of subsequent referrals to a specialist centre, and funding approval. Cases were identified from a local referrals database and data were extracted from case notes.ResultsFifty-four individuals attended for assessment; 70% were biological males and 30% were biological females. Mean age at referral was significantly different between the two groups. Over half were taking hormone supplementation and three had already had surgery. Further, 24% had a current and 30% a past mental illness. The majority of individuals were referred to a specialist centre for gender reassignment but only two had funding for surgery approved. Paedophilia was a rare but concerning finding.Clinical implicationsPsychiatric assessment plays an important role in confirming transsexualism and in identifying other relevant diagnoses.
Teaching medical students and recruitment to psychiatry: attitudes of psychiatric clinicians, academics and trainees
Authors: Korszun Ania , Dharmaindra Nishan , Koravangattu Valsraj , Bhui Kamaldeep 
Published: September 2011

Aims and methodAn online survey was used to examine the attitudes of clinical, academic and trainee psychiatrists on the delivery of undergraduate education and why students are not choosing psychiatry as a career. This paper explores whether attitudes to teaching psychiatry to medical students is a factor in poor recruitment to the specialty.ResultsOverall, 390 psychiatrists completed the survey. All groups were highly committed to psychiatry education, but there were significant differences in attitudes that may have an impact on the delivery of medical student teaching, which in turn may influence recruitment. Five major themes emerged from the survey, the most dominant being stigmatisation of psychiatric patients and professionals by the medical profession. These divergent attitudes to teaching and stigma may be contributing to low levels of recruitment into psychiatry.Clinical implicationsEducation of the next generation of psychiatrists is a high priority and active measures are needed to increase commitment and enthusiasm in undergraduate education.
Type 1 Hyperlipoproteinemia and Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis due to Lipoprotein Lipase Antibody in a Young Girl with Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Ashraf Ambika P. , Beukelman Timothy , Pruneta-Deloche Valerie , Kelly David R. , Garg Abhimanyu 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Context:
Type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia (T1HLP) in childhood is most often due to genetic deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or other related proteins.

Objective:
The aim was to report a case of marked hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent acute pancreatitis due to the presence of LPL autoantibody in a young girl who was subsequently diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome.

Subject and Methods:
A 9-yr-old African-American girl presented with acute pancreatitis and serum triglycerides of 4784 mg/dl. Strict restriction of dietary fat reduced serum triglycerides, but she continued to experience recurrent pancreatitis. Approximately 18 months thereafter, she developed transient pauciarticular arthritis with elevated serum antinuclear antibody (&gt;1:1280). Minor salivary gland biopsy revealed chronic sialadenitis with a dense periductal lymphocytic aggregate suggestive of Sjögren's syndrome. Genomic DNA was analyzed for LPL, GPIHBP1, APOA5, APOC2, and LMF1. Immunoblotting was performed to detect serum LPL autoantibody.

Results:
The patient had no disease-causing variants in LPL, GPIHBP1, APOA5, APOC2, or LMF1. Immunoblotting revealed serum LPL antibody. The patient responded to immunosuppressive therapy for Sjögren's syndrome with resolution of hypertriglyceridemia.

Conclusions:
Unexplained T1HLP in childhood could be secondary to LPL deficiency induced by autoantibodies. Therefore, diagnosis of autoimmune T1HLP should be entertained if clinical features are suggestive of an autoimmune process.
Optimale Kameraauswahl für maschinelles Sehen durch standardisierte Charakterisierung
Authors: Erz Michael , Jähne Bernd 
Published: September 2011

Zusammenfassung
Der neue EMVA-Standard 1288 vereinfacht einem Anwender die Auswahl einer geeigneten Kamera entscheidend. Neben den Inhomogenitätsparametern ist das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis die wichtigste Größe für die Sensorqualität. Sie hängt nur von der Quantenausbeute und dem Dunkelrauschen ab, wenn das Quantisierungsrauschen vernachlässigt werden kann. Es werden zwei einfache Messapparaturen vorgestellt, mit denen sich alle Kameraparameter nach EMVA1288 messen lassen. Schließlich wird aufgezeigt, wie der Standard auf nicht-lineare Sensoren und auf Time-of-Flight-Kamerasysteme erweitert werden kann.
Flächenbasierte Registrierung kombinierter Stereo- und Spektralserien
Authors: Gheta Ioana , Höfer Sebastian , Heizmann Michael , Beyerer Jürgen 
Published: September 2011

Zusammenfassung
Kamera-Arrays und kombinierte Bildserien werden verwendet, um zeitsparend heterogene Informationen über eine Szene zu erfassen. Als Beispiel beinhalten kombinierte Stereo- und Spektralserien sowohl räumliche als auch spektrale Information über eine Szene. Als Grundlage für eine Auswertung des Steroeffekts in solchen kombinierten Bildserien wird im vorliegenden Beitrag ein neuartiges flächenbasiertes Registrierungsverfahren dargestellt. Dabei werden die Bilder der Serie zunächst segmentiert und anschließend für die erhaltenen Regionen Merkmale extrahiert. Anhand dieser Merkmale, die im Wesentlichen Kanten in den Bildern beschreiben, werden Korrespondenzen zwischen Regionen bestimmt und daraus Tiefenkarten berechnet. Das Registrierungsproblem wird durch Energiefunktionale modelliert und mittels eines modifizierten Graph-Cuts-Verfahrens minimiert. Beispiele veranschaulichen die Vorgehensweise.
Bildbasierte dreidimensionale Verfolgung von Elektrophysiologie-Kathetern aus biplanaren Echtzeitröntgenbildsequenzen
Authors: Schenderlein Marcel , Rasche Volker , Dietmayer Klaus 
Published: September 2011

Zusammenfassung
Bei der Katheterablation zur Behandlung von Herzrhythmusstörungen werden zur Navigation im Herzen parallel zwei Röntgenbildsequenzen aus unterschiedlichen Positionen aufgenommen. Die Motivation für den vorgestellten Ansatz ist eine automatische dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion der in den Bildern sichtbaren Katheter mit dem Ziel der Unterstützung des Eingriffs. Dazu werden Raumkurven auf Basis aktiver Konturen verformt. Als Bildmerkmal dient ein Maß für die Linienhaftigkeit der Pixelumgebung. Außerdem wird die Kurvenspitze mittels Template-Matching mit der Katheterspitze in Deckung gebracht und die zeitliche Verschiebung zwischen den Bildsequenzen mit einer linearen Interpolation der Bildkräfte und Positionen behandelt. Der Gesamtalgorithmus ermöglicht damit die Katheterverfolgung mit einer Genauigkeit, die den klinischen Anforderungen entspricht.
Parallelisierte Approximation des Optischen Flusses in Bildfolgen künstlich sehender Fahrzeuge
Authors: Schweitzer Michael , Wünsche Hans Joachim 
Published: September 2011

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der effizienten Auswertung von Bildfolgen künstlich sehender Fahrzeuge. Eingebunden in den Regelkreis autonomer, teil-autonomer oder assistierender Fahrzeuge ist die Echtzeitfähigkeit der Auswertung ein wesentliches Kriterium für die Leistungsbewertung des Sichtsystems. Moderne parallele Rechenarchitekturen wie GPUs erlauben eine Verarbeitung von tausend und mehr gleichzeitigen Verarbeitungsfäden. Dazu müssen die Algorithmen aber in einfache, wiederkehrende Teilaufgaben mit lokalem Datenhorizont aufgespaltet werden. Wir erreichen dies durch eine lokale Interpretation von Bild-zu-Bild-Verschiebungen (Optischer Fluss) und zeigen Anwendungen für visuelle Odometrie, Bewegungsstereo und Objektsegmentierung.
Unique Counting Call of a Katydid,Scudderia pistillata(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae)
Authors: Villarreal S M , Gilbert C 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe katydid Scudderia pistillata Brunner, 1878 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae), is anecdotally called the “counting katydid” because the syllables produced from each wing closure of the male calling song are grouped into phrases, with each successive phrase in the first seven phrases of a calling bout typically possessing one more syllable than the previous phrase. Analysis of &gt;500 recorded male bouts showed that adding syllables to each phrase is stereotypic for the species. Although this aspect of the calls was stereotypical, other aspects of the calls exhibited variability, including the total numbers of syllables and phrases per bout, which were correlated with a male's nutritional condition, as indexed by residual weight. Potential behavioral functions of the counting sequence are discussed.
Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of adipokines in healthy cats
Authors: Mazaki-Tovi Michal , Abood Sarah K. , Schenck Patricia A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine associations between serum concentrations of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, and insulin in healthy cats.
Animals—56 healthy adult client-owned cats.
Procedures—Body condition score (BCS) was determined, and blood samples were collected after food was withheld for 12 hours. Serum was harvested for fatty acid analysis and measurement of serum concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol.
Results—1 cat was removed because of hyperglycemia. Significant interaction effects between BCS and serum concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were detected for the analyses of associations between EPA and serum concentrations of adiponectin, insulin, and triglyceride. Cats were categorized into nonobese (BCS, 4 to 6 [n = 34 cats]) and obese (BCS, 7 to 8 [21]) groups; serum concentrations of EPA were directly associated with concentrations of adiponectin and inversely associated with concentrations of insulin and triglyceride in obese cats and were directly associated with concentrations of leptin and inversely associated with concentrations of adiponectin in nonobese cats. Additionally, serum concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid were directly associated with concentrations of adiponectin in obese cats. No significant associations between serum concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid or α-linolenic acid were detected in the analyses for all cats. Female cats had higher serum concentrations of adiponectin and lower concentrations of glucose than did male cats. Increased age was associated with a small increase in serum concentrations of leptin.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—EPA may ameliorate the decrease in adiponectin and the increase in insulin and triglyceride concentrations in obese cats.