bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TXT Rx: using health information technology to safely discharge suicidal patients from the ED
Authors: Larkin G L , Beautrais A L , Meredith T , Tabakakis K 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundIncreasingly, postsuicide attempt patients are discharged after emergency department (ED) and mental health evaluation, only to recidivate in the weeks to months after discharge.Study objectivesTo evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and cost-effectiveness of using an automated SMS text messaging programme to engage patients with outpatient services versus repeated ED care.MethodsA mixed methods study of general ED patients at risk of suicidal ideation or attempt.DesignA retrospective cohort quasi-experimental design assessing rates of suicide attempt and ED attendance pre- and postintervention. Postintervention, semi-structured interviews with a selected subsample of patients assessed feasibility, acceptability and satisfaction with SMS text messaging. The intervention employed Ecological Momentary Assessment to monitor mood and tailor automated SMS message response.SettingGeneral ED (annual volume 77 000 visits).ParticipantsRandomly selected adult (>16 years) ED patients.ResultsOf 1112 patients screened, 5.6% (N=62) had silent suicidal ideation or planning, revealed only on ED screening. Compared to 12 months prior to the intervention, patients allocated to the TXT Rx programme were less likely to return to the ED for any reason (25% vs 8%). None of the patients receiving the intervention made a suicide attempt in the first 6 months after discharge. In follow-up semi-structured interviews, patients receiving the SMS Rx intervention reported high rates of feasibility (98%), acceptability (95%) and satisfaction with the programme (95%).ConclusionED patients with suicidal ideation or planning may be safely discharged with tailored, SMS text message follow-up.
Suicide terrorism: what, where, when and how in Pakistan
Authors: Bhatti J A , Mehmood A , Shahid M , Bhatti S A , Akhtar U , Razzak J A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionTerrorism in which violence is intentionally directed at civilian targets has indeed become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in some Eastern Mediterranean countries. The aim of this study was to assess the burden and factors associated with this problem in Pakistan.MethodInformation about suicide-terrorism related events, deaths and injuries was extracted from South-Asian Terrorism Portal for the period from 2002 to October 2009.ResultsOut of 198 events, civilians were involved in 194 events. Civilian accounted for 74.1 (N=2017) of those died and 93.8% (N=6129) of those injured. In nine districts mortalities were more than 1 death per 100 000 inhabitants per year. Yearly trend showed a shift of attack targets from foreigners and sectarian in 2002–2005 periods toward security forces or general public in 2006–2009 periods. Attacks carried out on public installations (mosque) or gatherings (political) resulted in significantly high (p≤0.02) number of deaths (22 vs 8) and injuries (59 vs 24) per event as compared to security installations.ConclusionCivilian mortalities were 10 times or higher in Pakistani districts than that reported due to such mechanism in USA during 1994–2002 period. Prevention might focus on political negotiation with armed groups and taking appropriate measures for protection of mosques and political gatherings.
What protects youngsters from violence victimisation?
Authors: Gofin R , Avitzour M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundViolence, in its varied presentation forms is common among youth. Risk factors have been identified in diverse populations for different types of violence. In this study we assessed victimisation for specific types of violence common among young people, and determined what the personal, familial and school protecting factors are.MethodsStudents (12–14 years old) in 35 randomly selected junior high schools were from the Jerusalem Hebrew (secular and religious) and Arab educational system (n=2610). They answered an anonymous questionnaire, addressing personal, family, and school characteristics, unintentional injuries and violence. Victimisation included experiencing at least one of the following: was bullied, mocked, boycotted, was stolen or was taken personal belongings by force.ResultsOnly 24.2% did not experience violence in the last term. In a multivariate analysis independent protective factors from victimisation were: type of school, being older, female (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.40 to 2.21), being participated in activities (OR 4.33, 95% CI 2.82 to 6.63), having two or more close friends (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.10), having good relations among students (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.04 to 7.15) and having a high family support (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.00). Hours of television viewing, participating in sports activities, membership in a youth movement or the reported family socioeconomic status were not significant protective factors.ConclusionsFew children are not victims of violence in school. Protective factors for violence are positive personal, family and school relations. Interventions addressing these positive factors may help to reduce violence in young people and their natural environment.
Possible causes of motorcycle (Okada) accidents in Karu, Nigeria
Authors: AEtukumana I , Onumbu L C , John I , Valenti M 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionCommercial motorcyclists popularly known as Okada in Nigeria are motorcyclists who carry passengers for hire. It is one of the major and most common means of informal transport in Nigeria. Its popularity and widespread acceptance has rapidly risen in recent years. Unfortunately, the rise has been accompanied by increased levels of high-risk behaviour and accidents; as a result they have come under heavy scrutiny culminating in legislations restricting and in some instances prohibiting their operations in some cities.ObjectivesTo identify possible causes of motorcycle accidents among motorcyclists, and suggest some preventive measures.Materials and methodsKaru was chosen for convenience of study. Karu is a nearby town to the federal capital Abuja, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire and interview were administered to 50 Okada riders. Okada riders were selected randomly at differently locations in Karu. Responses were analysed.ResultReckless driving accounted for 78% of the accidents while alcohol and drug intoxication 66% and 46%, respectively. Structural factors were faults in the motorcycles which were responsible for 44%. The poor state of the roads and absence of road traffic signs in 12% and 22% cases, respectively. Other attributing factor was unfavourable emotional state of the rider (22%).Discussion and conclusionReckless driving was identified as a major cause of road traffic accidents among Okada riders in Karu, Nigeria. Adequate education and improved road safety measures will likely help in reducing the number of road traffic accident.
Listen and learn: working with ethno-cultural communities to share injury prevention
Authors: Fuselli Pamela 
Published: March 2011

Safe Kids Canada launched the Ethno-Cultural Program targeted towards providing injury prevention resources for diverse communities in Canada.GoalsTo establish a national injury prevention programme that translates knowledge to diverse population in Canada.Identified communities have access to culturally appropriate injury prevention resources for the purpose of influencing behaviour to reduce the burden of injury.To establish collaborative relationships with appropriate key stakeholders, such as ethno-cultural agencies who serve diverse communities.The programme has successfully developed and distributed culturally relevant safety messages for parents and community partners for the purpose of raising awareness and reducing child injuries within ethnic communities in the Greater Toronto Area – Chinese, Portuguese and Punjabi – but can be utilised across Canada. This programme sought to go beyond simple translation from one language to another, by instead engaging the communities who would benefit from injury prevention outreach in the assessment and development of the final resources. Key learnings showed that this method was effective and welcomed by the communities because of their involvement and the collaborative approach we adopted. Extensive cultural media outlets picked up the information and resulted in two million media impressions, 45 000 resources distributed and 100 community leaders engaged who now have increased capacity to provide culturally appropriate resources. This presentation will share the focus group formats, important lessons learned and the resulting resources now available in communities.
Urban–rural differences in school injury patterns: findings from 34 cities in 2005–2007
Authors: Hong J , Cho J Pil 
Published: March 2011

To examine patterns of school injuries among kindergarten, primary, middle, high school and special school students by level of urbanisation in 34 cities.School injuries reported to School Safety Insurance Federation in Kyunggi province, South Korea from 2005 to 2007 were analysed. Urbanisation levels were categorised into three groups based on urbanisation rates produced by Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs. Injury patterns were examined taking into account sex, school level, injury mechanism, injury factor, injury time, body part injured, month and day injured and remuneration.During study period, a total of 18 787 students were injured at schools in 34 cities. Percentages of injuries in boys were higher in most urbanised areas than in least urbanised. We found a significant difference by school levels. In most urbanised areas, kindergarten students were more likely to sustain injuries and middle school students were least likely to be injured. Caught in something was more prevalent in most urbanised areas. Injuries by doors/windows/floors/walls and fires/hot water were more prevalent in most urbanised areas, but injuries by persons/animals/plants showed opposite results. In least urbanised areas, more injuries occurred on the way to or from school and during cleaning time and arms were injured most often. Urbanisation levels and injury percentages showed a positive correlation in March, July and August and an inverse correlation in January, April and June.Since patterns of school injuries vary by urbanisation levels, more differentiated intervention efforts, which consider regional characteristics are needed.
Violence and homicide in South Korea in 2005–2007
Authors: Hong J , Cho J Pil 
Published: March 2011

To describe rates and patterns of violence and homicides.Reported violence and homicide cases to police during 3-year period were analysed. After reading police narratives for all violence and homicides, we coded those using a predetermined set of variables. Circumstances preceding cases, reason, inflicting method, place, time, relationship between perpetrators and victims, as well as sex, age, job, and educational level of perpetrators and victims were assessed.During study period, 7410 violence and 55 homicide cases were reported. Women were more likely to be victims. Both perpetrators and victims were more likely to work in the service industry and perpetrators were more likely to be middle school graduates and victims were elementary school. Arguments/disputes were major reason and daily routine was major circumstance. In violence, body parts were most common method of inflicting, whereas sharp instruments in homicides. Relationship between perpetrators and victims was mostly strangers in violence, whereas in homicides, spouses/partners as well as strangers were the majority. Majority of violence occurred during night, but homicides occurred sporadically. Regarding urbanisation levels of onset areas, violence mostly occurred in urban areas, but homicides in rural. In violence, number of perpetrators and victims were more likely to be one person, whereas in homicides, number of perpetrators was more than one person.Arguments/disputes, daily routine, strangers or spouses/partners, service workers and 40s are significant factors relating to violence and homicides in South Korea. Therefore, people with these characteristics should be the targets for crime prevention.
Does regional difference modify the effects of risk behaviours, perceptions and environments on injury events?
Authors: Hong J , Cho J Pil 
Published: March 2011

To investigate whether the associations of risk behaviours, perceptions and environments with injury events differ by regions.Community surveys were conducted among a representative sample of 4214 adults (≥19) in Wonju and Hwasung cities in 2008. Risk behaviours and environments were assessed by asking about 43 questions about home and street. Risk perceptions were assessed by asking about the preventability of injuries and concerns about injuries. Injury events were defined as medically attended injuries experienced during a 12-month period. Logistic regression was used to identify factors for increased injury risk, adjusting for sex and age.Wonju citizens experienced more injuries than Hwasung citizens. In Wonju city, risk of an injury event was increased when inserting numerous plugs into a single electrical outlet, not removing water from bathroom floors after taking a shower, placing furniture which can be climbed on near windows, electric cords on floors in high traffic walking paths, smoke detector is installed. Unlikely Wonju, Hwasung city showed more injury events in the following; touching electric outlets or cords with wet hands, high doorsills in bathroom, inconvenient walking due to poor walkway or sidewalk conditions, inconvenient walking due to obstacles on passenger ways, and waiting for a long time to use crosswalks. There was only one similar item, inconvenient walking due to narrow pedestrian ways.Identification of specific risk behaviours, perceptions and environments, which may modify the risk of injury events, assists in the development of injury prevention measures. But these measures should take into account regional differences.
Developing guidelines for interventions to reduce risk of low-speed vehicle run-overs of young children
Authors: Armstrong K , Obst P , Davey J , Thunström H 
Published: March 2011

In Australia, research suggests that up one quarter of child pedestrian hospitalisations result from driveway run-over incidents, with the parent or family member of the child being most likely the driver of the vehicle at the time of the incident. As such, driveway run-over incidents are an important issue that need to be addressed through public health educative initiatives. A series of qualitative interviews were conducted in order to assess general behavioural and environmental changes that parents/carers had specifically undertaken in order to reduce the risk of injury to any child in their care. A second phase of the interviews was also conducted and focused on parent/carers perceptions and attitudes of the risk of a child in their care being involved in a driveway run-over incident.The interviews elicited three main themes which together built a robust model representing the main aspects parents take into consideration in making a judgement concerning the safety of their child. The first aspect concerned the safety of the domestic environment. The second aspect concerned the level of supervision a child received, whereas the third included the child's ability to understand and comply with rules, as well as maturity of risk perception and skills.The model developed from this research has direct applicability for the development and promotion of an effective intervention in order to reduce the risk of a driveway run-over incident occurring.
Comparison of mortality following hospitalisation for isolated head injury in the UK and Victoria, Australia
Authors: Gabbe B J , Lyons R A , Lecky F E , Bouamra O , Woodford M , Coats T J , Cameron P A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundHead injury remains a leading cause of death and disability worldwide but advances in trauma systems, pre-hospital care, and critical care have led to improvements in survival.AimsCompare isolated head injury mortality in England/Wales with Victoria, Australia.MethodsPopulation-based, isolated head injury admissions data were available for July 2005 to June 2006. To enable better risk-adjustment, severe isolated head injury (AIS severity >3) data were obtained for the same period from the trauma registries for England/Wales (TARN) and Victoria (VSTR).ResultsIn 2005–2006, there were 7155 isolated head injury admissions in England/Wales and 1217 in Victoria. The in-hospital mortality was 12% for England/Wales and 9% for Victoria. Adjusting for key confounders, the odds of death in England/Wales were higher (AOR 2.0, 95 CI 1.6 to 2.5). 699 severe isolated head injuries were captured by the VSTR, and 575 by TARN over the 12-month period. The in-hospital mortality was 23% for TARN and 17% for VSTR. After adjusting for key confounders, severely isolated head injury patients were more likely to die in England/Wales than Victoria (AOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3). 72% of TARN cases were managed at a neurosurgical centre compared to 87% of VSTR cases.ConclusionDeath following hospitalisation for an isolated head injury was higher for England/Wales when compared to Victoria, Australia. Differences in the rate of care at neurosurgical centres appeared to be a key explanatory factor.
A process evaluation of a comprehensive school based injury prevention programme
Authors: Chapman R , Buckley L , Sheehan M , Shochet I 
Published: March 2011

A process evaluation enables understanding of critical issues that can inform the improved, ongoing implementation of an intervention programme. This study describes the process evaluation of a comprehensive, multi-level injury prevention programme for adolescents. The programme targets change in injury associated with violence, transport and alcohol risks and incorporates two primary elements: an 8-week, teacher delivered attitude and behaviour change curriculum for Grade 8 students; and a professional development programme for teachers on school level methods of protection, focusing on strategies to increase students' connectedness to school.A comprehensive process evaluation methodology was used, including assessments of dose, adherence, quality of process and participant responsiveness with teachers and Grade 8 students at four Australian high schools. Programme dose, adherence and quality of curriculum delivery were assessed through independent observations. The observer also rated the degree to which teachers used connectedness strategies in class, following participation in professional development. Teachers' responsiveness to the professional development element was assessed through surveys immediately following the training, and through focus groups for in-depth information. Student focus groups also enabled insight into their responsiveness to the programme and their perceptions of teachers' use of connectedness strategies.The results of this research provide an understanding of the application of a process evaluation to a comprehensive injury prevention programme and enable insight into the means by which the programme may be better implemented to maximise effect and sustainability. The findings also provide insight into the potential value of school connectedness in adolescent injury prevention.
Pattern of the postelection violence injuries of patients attended at the accident and emergency department of the Kenyatta National Hospital and the tools of violence employed
Authors: Odhiambo W A , Gitau R W 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe results of the Kenyan Presidential elections held on 28th December, 2007 were disputed leading to a serious outbreak of violence in various parts of the country. Over 1000 people were reported dead, thousands suffered various types and degree of injuries while hundreds of thousands were displaced from their homes. Some of the injured were treated at the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH).Study ObjectiveTo show the pattern of the post election violence injuries suffered by the patients treated at the KNH and to determine the tools of violence used by the perpetrators.MethodologyThis was a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients records between 28th December, 2007 and 3rd February, 2008.ResultsThere were a total of 474 patients; 441(93%) males and 33(7%) females treated for election related violence at KNH, out of whom 190(40%) were admitted and 8(2%) died on arrival at the casualty. The youngest patients reported were a 1 year old girl who suffered from multiple cuts followed by a 3 year old who was a victim of gunshot in the head. Thirty seven percent were young adults below the age of 26 years and nine children were aged below 12 years. Fifty five (11.6%) patients suffered gunshot injuries, 7 patients had arrow injuries, 6 of cases burns and 2 cases of forced male circumcision were reported.
Long-term consequence of injury on self-rated health
Authors: Laursen B , Müller H 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundKnowledge on long-term consequences of injury on health is vital when injury prevention policies and emergency care are planned. However, few studies have described lasting health consequences associated with injury. This study analyses the relationship between injury and self-assessed health up to ten years postinjury.MethodsThe study makes use of health interview survey information linked with data from hospital registries. Using this database the health of a group of Danish injury patients involved in accidents during 1995–2005 was compared to a non-injured group up to 10 years postinjury. The association between self-assessed general health and self-reported depression and injury-related factors was estimated using logistic regression.ResultsThe ORs of poor self-assessed general health and self-reported depression were 1.83 (CI 1.53 to 2.19) and 1.33 (1.14 to 1.54), respectively, among injury patients compared to non-injured. Though decreasing with time, the effect of injury on general health was significant up to 10 years after the injury. The injury type was significantly related to health, with back, head and neck patients reporting poor general health in particular. No gender differences were found in the effect of injury on self-assessed health.ConclusionsInjuries have lasting consequences for physical and mental health up to 10 years after the injury event, in particular for people sustaining head, neck and back injuries. Sustaining an injury has the same effect on general health in men and women.