bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymeric Michler's ketone photoinitiator containing coinitiator amine
Authors: Wen Yanna , Jiang Xuesong , Yin Jie 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNovel polymeric photoinitiator based on Michler's ketone (MK) (PMKPR) was synthesized by introducing coinitiator amine and MK into the same polymeric chain as well as the low‐molecular weight model compounds. UV–vis spectra show that PMKPR has the characteristic UV–vis absorption of MK. The photobleaching behavior of PMKPR and the model compounds were studied, indicating that the photobleaching rate of PMKPR is much faster than that of model compounds. Two types of monomer with different functionality, 2,2‐bis[4‐(acryloxypolyethoxy)phenyl] propane (A‐BPE‐10) and trimethylopropane triacrylate (TMPTA), were chosen to be initiated by these photoinitiators. The result indicates that PMKPR is an efficient photoinitiator for polymerization of A‐BPE‐10 and TMPTA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Slip effects in tapered dies
Authors: Hatzikiriakos Savvas G. , Mitsoulis Evan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractApproximate analytical equations are derived for the calculation of pressure drop of power‐law fluids for viscous flow through tapered dies for a wide range of wall‐slip conditions. The predicted pressure drop values are compared with two‐dimensional (2D) finite element calculations to identify contraction angles for which the analytical equations can be used. It is found that the disagreement increases with increase of the contraction angle and with increase of wall slip. At a given flow rate, the pressure drop from the analytical equations is found to decrease continuously with contraction angle, which agrees with the 2D calculations only at small contraction angles. At larger contraction angles, the 2D calculations show that pressure drop increases with contraction angle as opposed to the no‐slip case where pressure drop saturates. The existence of a minimum pressure at a specific taper angle depends on the rheological parameters of the fluid and the degree of slip (slip‐law exponent), and has scientific importance for the die designer. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Enhanced mechanical properties of polyamide 6 fibers coated with a polyurethane thin film
Authors: John Baiju , Furukawa Mutsuhisa 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPolyamide 6 (PA6) fibers were coated with polycarbonate‐based thermoplastic polyurethanes (CPUs) by dip‐coating method and cured at 100°C for 24 h. There were abrupt increases in tensile strength and elongation at break of the CPU‐coated PA6 fibers. This was due to the increase of crystallinity from the structural changes inside the fiber induced with the CPU coating. An interfacial interaction region of 10 μm was formed at the interface of each PA6 fiber and the CPU‐thin film coating. Interface stiffening occurred when the PA6 fiber was under mechanical stress and the CPU coating delayed the formation of microcracks on the same under loaded stress. All these factors resulted in the increase of strength and elongation of CPU‐coated PA6 fibers. CPUs showed good adhesion to PA6 fibers. Blending has been the key to the performance enhancement of PA6 fibers, but the present method of thin film CPU coating improved their performance without changing the inherent morphological properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Novel poly(arylene ethynylene) derivatives containing main chain triphenylamine and pendent quinoxaline moieties: synthesis and elementary characterization
Authors: Shi Wei , Wang Lei , Umar Mavluda , Awut Tunsagul , Mi Hongyu , Tan Chong , Nurulla Ismayil 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Various poly(arylene ethynylene)s (PAEs) have been prepared and applied as molecular wires, in sensors, in nonlinear optics and as electroluminescent materials. But, to our knowledge, there has been no attention paid to the investigation of conjugated PAEs containing both triarylamine and quinoxaline groups. The influence imparted by the introduction of triarylamine and quinoxaline on the photophysical and electrochemical properties of PAEs is of interest.RESULTS: Two kinds of novel PAE derivatives, with electron‐donating triphenylamine groups in the backbone and electron‐accepting pendent quinoxaline moieties and bearing side chains of different lengths, were successfully synthesized with the Sonogashira coupling reaction. These polymers are soluble in common organic solvents and exhibit good film‐forming ability and thermal stability. UV‐visible investigations indicate that the ground states of these materials are unaffected by the polarity of their medium. An efficient intramolecular charge transfer effect is observed from an investigation of their photoluminescence properties in different solvents. Cyclic voltammetry study reveals that these polymers possess relatively high highest occupied molecular orbital levels due to the incorporation of triphenylamine segments into the polymer backbones.CONCLUSION: Primary characterization of these novel PAE derivatives shows that they might serve as potential active materials in optoelectronic devices. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
On‐plant survival and inheritance of resistance to Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis in a field‐derived strain of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis
Authors: Crespo André LB , Spencer Terence A , Alves Analiza P , Hellmich Richard L , Blankenship Erin E , Magalhães Leonardo C , Siegfried Blair D 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The high dose plus refuge is one of the major components of the resistance management plan mandated for transgenic corn expressing Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) that targets the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). This strategy was based on assumptions such as functional recessive inheritance, which has not been previously tested for O. nubilalis. The authors used a field‐derived resistant strain of O. nubilalis to define the nature of resistance to Cry1Ab toxin by examining the inheritance and on‐plant survival of susceptible and resistant insects and their F1 progeny.RESULTS: The resistant strain exhibited > 800‐fold resistance to Cry1Ab. Resistance was primarily autosomal and controlled by more than one locus or multiple alleles at one locus. The degree of dominance D calculated on the basis of LC50 values was − 0.45(h′ = 0.27), indicating that resistance was incompletely recessive. No survivors were found on vegetative‐stage Bt corn, although both resistant larvae and their F1 progeny were able to survive on reproductive corn 15 days after infestation.CONCLUSIONS: A field derived O. nubilalis strain exhibited high levels of resistance to Cry1Ab and survived on transgenic corn by feeding on tissues with low Cry1Ab expression. The Cry1Ab resistance was primarily autosomal, incompletely recessive and polygenic. Tissue and on‐plant survival data indicated that dominance varies depending on plant stage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Dopaminergic response to graded dopamine concentration elicited by four amphetamine doses
Authors: Ren Jiaqian , Xu Haibo , Choi Ji‐Kyung , Jenkins Bruce G. , Chen Y. Iris 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe studied the metabolic responses to different DA concentrations elicited by four doses of D‐amphetamine (AMPH, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg). We compared the degree of DA release (via microdialysis) with striatal cAMP activity and whole brain maps of cerebral blood volume (rCBV) changes (via pharmacological MRI, phMRI). Results: AMPH increased DA release in the caudate/putamen (CPu) and cAMP activity in the CPu, nucleus accumbens (NAc), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in a linear dose‐dependent manner (P< 0.0001). The cAMP data suggest that, postsynaptically, signal transduction induced by D1 receptor is stronger than that of D2 receptor at the higher doses (1–3 mg/kg). phMRI showed that, while higher doses of AMPH (3 mg/kg (n= 7) and 1 mg/kg (n= 6)) induced significant rCBV increases in the CPu and NAc, the degree of rCBV increase was much smaller with AMPH of 0.5 mg/kg (n= 6). In contrast, AMPH of 0.25 mg/kg (n= 8) induced significant rCBV decreases in the anteromedial CPu and NAc. The sign switch of rCBV in response to AMPH from low to high doses likely reflects the switching in the balance of D2/D3 stimulation vs. D1/D5 stimulation. In conclusion, degree of postsynaptic signal transduction is linearly correlated to the extracellular DA concentration. However, the presynaptic binding may dominate the overall DA innervation at the lower range of DA concentration. Synapse 63:764–772, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical and Enzymatic Interesterification of a Blend of Palm Stearin: Soybean Oil for Low trans‐Margarine Formulation
Authors: Costales‐Rodríguez Raquel , Gibon Véronique , Verhé Roland , De Greyt Wim 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA blend of palm stearin and soybean oil (70/30, wt%) was modified by chemical interesterification (CIE) and enzymatic interesterification (EIE), the latter batch‐wise (B‐EIE) and in continuous (C‐EIE). Better oil quality, mainly in terms of acidity, free tocopherol and partial acylglycerol content, was obtained after EIE. The clear melting point after any interesterification process was similar and about 9 °C lower as result of the modification in the TAG profile, which approaches the calculated random distribution. Interesterification changed the SFC profile significantly. For the fully refined interesterified blends, the SFC profile was similar and clearly different from the starting blend. Interesterification decreased the content of solids at temperatures >15 °C and increased the content of solids at temperatures <15 °C. This increase was less remarkable after C‐EIE, suggesting that full randomization was not achieved in the used conditions, probably caused by a too short residence time of the oil in the enzymatic bed. During B‐EIE, variations in SFC with time, principally at low temperatures, were still observed although the TAG composition was stable. At low temperatures, the reaction rate calculated from SFC was very low, confirming an important effect of the acyl migration on this parameter.
Brief report: Associations between emotional competence and adolescent risky behavior
Authors: Hessler Danielle M. , Katz Lynn Fainsilber 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe current study examines associations between emotional competence (i.e., awareness, regulation, comfort with expression) and adolescent risky behavior. Children from a longitudinal study participated at age 9 and 16 (N = 88). Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with children about their emotional experiences and coded for areas of emotional competence. Associations were examined for the emotions of sadness and anger concurrently during adolescence, and longitudinally from middle childhood to adolescence. Results suggested that children with poor emotional awareness and regulation had a higher likelihood of using hard drugs. Difficulty regulating emotions was associated with having more sexual partners, and both emotion regulation and expression difficulties were associated with greater behavioral adjustment problems. Results were consistent across the concurrent and longitudinal findings and pointed to anger as an important emotion. Findings suggest that children's emotional competence may serve as a useful point of intervention to decrease risky behavior in adolescence.
The links between prenatal stress and offspring development and psychopathology: disentangling environmental and inherited influences
Authors: Rice F. , Harold G. T. , Boivin J. , van den Bree M. , Hay D. F. , Thapar A. 
Published: May 2009

BackgroundExposure to prenatal stress is associated with later adverse health and adjustment outcomes. This is generally presumed to arise through early environmentally mediated programming effects on the foetus. However, associations could arise through factors that influence mothers' characteristics and behaviour during pregnancy which are inherited by offspring.MethodA ‘prenatal cross-fostering’ design where pregnant mothers are related or unrelated to their child as a result of in vitro fertilization (IVF) was used to disentangle maternally inherited and environmental influences. If links between prenatal stress and offspring outcome are environmental, association should be observed in unrelated as well as related mother–child pairs. Offspring birth weight and gestational age as well as mental health were the outcomes assessed.ResultsAssociations between prenatal stress and offspring birth weight, gestational age and antisocial behaviour were seen in both related and unrelated mother–offspring pairs, consistent with there being environmental links. The association between prenatal stress and offspring anxiety in related and unrelated groups appeared to be due to current maternal anxiety/depression rather than prenatal stress. In contrast, the link between prenatal stress and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was only present in related mother–offspring pairs and therefore was attributable to inherited factors.ConclusionsGenetically informative designs can be helpful in testing whether inherited factors contribute to the association between environmental risk factors and health outcomes. These results suggest that associations between prenatal stress and offspring outcomes could arise from inherited factors and post-natal environmental factors in addition to causal prenatal risk effects.
The influence over a period of 8 years of patterns of prescribing palizivumab for patients with and without congenitally malformed hearts, and in admissions to paediatric intensive care
Authors: Turner Alastair , Begg Colin , Smith Benjamin , Coutts Jonathan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the pattern of prescribing for palivizumab in the Glasgow area over the period 1999 through 2007, and to compare recent prescribing to the current recommendations by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation of the United Kingdom Department of Health. Our secondary objective was to describe admissions to paediatric intensive care in patients with respiratory syncytial virus receiving palivizumab.SettingTertiary children’s hospital out-patient immunisation clinic and paediatric intensive care unit.DesignProspective analysis of prescribing and admissions data for the period 1999 through 2007.Outcome measuresNumber of prescriptions and admissions to the paediatric intensive care unit.ResultsThe number of children receiving palivizumab annually initially rose more than 5-fold, from 17 in the season of 1999 and 2000 versus 115 in 2004 and 2005, although it has declined in the past 2 years, to 63 in 2006 and 2007, following publication of the recommendations of the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation established by the United Kingdom Department of Health. There has been no significant change in demographics of patients during this period. Prior to publication of these recommendations, 35 of 44 (80%) patients with congenitally malformed hearts who received palivizumab in the season of 2005 and 2006 deviated from the current recommendations, compared to 5 of 51 (10%) who received palivizumab for non-cardiac indications. No patients who received palivizumab required admission to the paediatric intensive care unit with proven respiratory syncytial virus infection over the 8 year period.ConclusionsThe number of children receiving palivizumab initially increased significantly, although it has now fallen following implementation of national recommendations. Much prescribing, particularly for children with congenitally malformed hearts, did not fulfil current recommendations. The absence of admissions to paediatric intensive care reflects the success of targeted immunisation in our population.
Paradiplomacy and Climate Change: American States as Actors in Global Climate Governance
Authors: Eatmon Thomas D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAmerican states have taken the lead in US climate policy over the past decade, implementing the goals of the Kyoto Protocol in the absence of ratification by the federal government. These developments serve as practical models for post-Kyoto climate policy and have theoretical implications for the treatment of atypical non-state actors in the study of global climate governance. The entrance of sub-national actors into foreign policy, or paradiplomacy, is examined in this study to highlight the international implications of climate policy adoption among the American states. A typology of American state actions is presented, and future options for bottom-up climate policy in the United States are considered.
Sequencing of DSM‐IV criteria of nicotine dependence
Authors: Kandel Denise B. , Hu Mei‐Chen , Yamaguchi Kazuo 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To determine whether there is a sequence in which adolescents experience symptoms of nicotine dependence (ND) as per the DSM‐IV.Design  A two‐stage design was implemented to select a multi‐ethnic target sample of adolescents from a school survey of 6th–10th graders from the Chicago Public Schools. The cohort was interviewed at home five times with structured computerized interviews at 6‐month intervals over a 2‐year period.Participants  Subsample of new tobacco users (n = 353) who had started to use tobacco within 12 months prior to wave 1 or between waves 1 and 5.Measurements and statistical methods  Monthly histories of DSM‐IV symptoms of ND were obtained. Log‐linear quasi‐independence models were estimated to identify the fit of different cumulative models of progression among the four most prevalent dependence criteria (tolerance, impaired control, withdrawal, unsuccessful attempts to quit), indexed by specific symptoms, by gender and race/ethnicity.Findings  Pathways varied slightly across groups. The proportions who could be classified in a progression pathway not by chance ranged from 50.7% to 68.8%. Overall, tolerance and impaired control appeared first and preceded withdrawal; impaired control preceded attempts to quit. For males, tolerance was experienced first, with withdrawal a minor path of entry; for females withdrawal was experienced last, tolerance and impaired control were experienced first. For African Americans, tolerance by itself was experienced first; for other groups an alternative path began with impaired control.Conclusions  The prevalence and sequence of criteria of ND fit our understanding of the neuropharmacology of ND. The order among symptoms early in the process of dependence may differ from the severity order of symptoms among those who persist in smoking.
Virtual glioblastoma: growth, migration and treatment in a three‐dimensional mathematical model
Authors: Eikenberry S. E. , Sankar T. , Preul M. C. , Kostelich E. J. , Thalhauser C. J. , Kuang Y. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Glioblastomas are aggressive primary brain cancers that are characterized by extensive infiltration into the brain and are highly resistant to treatment. Through mathematical modelling, we model the process of invasion and predict the relative importance of mechanisms contributing to malignant invasion. Clinically, we predict patterns of tumour recurrence following various modes of therapeutic intervention.Materials and methods:  Our mathematical model uses a realistic three‐dimensional brain geometry and considers migrating and proliferating cells as separate classes. Several mechanisms for infiltrative migration are considered. Methods are developed for simulating surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Results:  The model provides clinically realistic predictions of tumour growth and recurrence following therapeutic intervention. Specific results include (i) invasiveness is governed largely by the ability of glioblastoma cells to degrade and migrate through the extracellular matrix and the ability of single migrating cells to form colonies; (ii) tumours originating deeper in the brain generally grow more quickly than those of superficial origin; (iii) upon surgery, the margins and geometry of resection significantly determine the extent and pattern of postoperative recurrence; (iv) radiotherapy works synergistically with greater resection margins to reduce recurrence; (v) simulations in both two‐ and three‐dimensional geometries give qualitatively similar results; and (vi) in an actual clinical case comprising several surgical interventions, the model provides good qualitative agreement between the simulated and observed course of the disease.Conclusions:  The model provides a useful initial framework by which biological mechanisms of invasion and efficacy of potential treatment regimens may be assessed.
Isolation and characterization of stem cells from the human parathyroid gland
Authors: Shih Y‐R. V. , Kuo T. K. , Yang A‐H. , Lee O. K. , Lee C‐H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Somatic stem cells can be obtained from a variety of adult human tissues. However, it was not clear whether human parathyroid glands, which secrete parathyroid hormones and are essential in maintaining homeostasis levels of calcium ions in the circulation, contained stem cells. We aimed to investigate the possibility of isolating such parathyroid‐derived stem cells (PDSC).Materials and methods:  Surgically removed parathyroid glands were obtained with informed consent. Cell cytogenetics was used to observe chromosomal abnormalities. Surface phenotypes were characterized by flow cytometry. Telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay was performed to observe the telomerase activity. RT‐PCR and real‐time PCR was was used to detect gene expressions. Real‐time calcium uptake imaging was performed for extent of calcium uptake and transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorecent staining for smooth muscle actin.Results:  After enzymatic digestion and primary culture, plastic‐adherent, fibroblast‐like cells appeared in culture and a morphologically homogeneous population was derived from subsequent limiting dilution and clonal expansion. Karyotyping was normal and doubling time of clonal cell growth was estimated to be 70.7 ± 14.5 h (mean ± standard deviation). The surface phenotype of the cells was positive for CD73, CD166, CD29, CD49a, CD49b, CD49d, CD44, CD105, and MHC class I, and negative for CD34, CD133, CD117, CD114, CD31, CD62P, EGF‐R, ICAM‐3, CD26, CXCR4, CD106, CD90 and MHC class II, similar to mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Detectable levels of telomerase activity along with pluripotency Sall4 gene expression were observed from the isolated PDSCs. Expression of calcium‐sensing receptor gene along with alpha‐smooth muscle actin was induced and cellular uptake of extracellular calcium ions was observed. Furthermore, PDSCs possessed osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation potentials.Conclusions:  Our results reveal that PDSCs were similar phenotypically to MSCs and further studies are needed to formulate induction conditions to differentiate PDSCs into parathyroid hormone‐secreting chief cells.