bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insula and Orbital Frontal Cortex Activity Underlying Emotion Interference Resolution in Working Memory
Authors: Levens Sara M. , Phelps Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPrevious research has shown that emotional information aids conflict resolution in working memory [WM; Levens, S. M., & Phelps, E. A. Emotion processing effects on interference resolution in working memory. Journal of Emotion, 8, 267–280, 2008]. Using a recency-probes WM paradigm, it was found that positive and negative emotional stimuli reduced the amount of interference created when information that was once relevant conflicted with currently relevant information. To explore the neural mechanisms behind these facilitation effects, an event-related fMRI version of the recency-probes task was conducted using neutral and arousing positive and negative words as stimuli. Results replicate previous findings showing that the left and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is involved in the interference resolution of neutral information and reveal that the IFG is involved in the interference resolution of emotional information as well. In addition, ROIs in the right and left anterior insula and in the right orbital frontal cortex (OFC) were identified that appear to underlie emotional interference resolution in WM. We conclude that the IFG underlies neutral and emotional interference resolution, and that additional regions of the anterior insula and OFC may contribute to the facilitation of interference resolution for emotional information. These findings clarify the role of the insula and OFC in affective and executive processing, specifically in WM conflict resolution.
Model Study of Waves Generated by Convection with Direct Validation via Satellite
Authors: Grimsdell Alison W. , Alexander M. Joan , May Peter T. , Hoffmann Lars 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Atmospheric gravity waves have a major effect on atmospheric circulation, structure, and stability on a global scale. Gravity waves can be generated by convection, but in many cases it is difficult to link convection directly to a specific wave event. In this research, the authors examine an event on 12 January 2003 when convective waves were clearly generated by a period of extremely intense rainfall in the region of Darwin, Australia, during the early morning. The waves were observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on board the Aqua satellite, and a dry version of a nonlinear, three-dimensional mesoscale cloud-resolving model is used to generate a comparable wave field. The model is forced by a spatially and temporally varying heating field obtained from a scanning radar located north of Darwin at Gunn Point. With typical cloud-resolving model studies it is generally not possible to compare the model results feature-for-feature with observations since although the model precipitation and small-scale heating may be similar to observations, they will occur at different locations and times. In this case the comparison is possible since the model is forced by the observed heating pattern. It is shown that the model output wave pattern corresponds well to the wave pattern observed by the AIRS instrument at the time of the AIRS overpass.
Thermodynamic Coupled Modes in the Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean: An Analytical Solution
Authors: Wang Faming 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The present study provides a consistent and unified solution for the two types of thermodynamical coupled modes in the atmosphere–ocean climate system: the tropical meridional mode and the subtropical dipole mode. The solution is derived analytically from a linear model that couples a simple atmosphere to a slab ocean via the wind–evaporation–SST (WES) feedback. For a mean zonal wind, the results show that the wind (hence latent heat flux) anomaly and the SST anomaly differ in phase such that the tropical mode propagates downwind and the subtropical modes propagate upwind, with both modes being damped by the SST-driven component of latent heat flux. Despite the existence of positive WES feedback, the large-scale subtropical modes are always stable, while the tropical mode can become unstable only when the air–sea coupling is strong and the mean wind is easterly. Furthermore, the mean meridional winds break the equatorial symmetry and enable the coupled modes to intensify in the Southern (Northern) Hemisphere for a southerly (northerly) component. For realistic parameter values, these thermodynamical coupled modes have periods and damping time scales in years; hence, they may play important roles in the tropical interannual-to-decadal climate variability.
Microphysical Scaling Relations in a Kinematic Model of Isolated Shallow Cumulus Clouds
Authors: Seifert Axel , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The rain formation in shallow cumulus clouds by condensational growth and collision–coalescence of liquid drops is revisited with the aim of understanding the controls on precipitation efficiency for idealized cloud drafts. For the purposes of this analysis, a one-dimensional kinematic cloud model is introduced, which permits the efficient exploration of many microphysical aspects of liquid shallow clouds with both spectral and two-moment bulk microphysical formulations. Based on the one-dimensional model and the insights gained from both microphysical approaches, scaling relations are derived that provide a link between microphysical and macroscopic cloud properties. By introducing the concept of a macroscopic autoconversion time scale, the rain formation can be traced back to quantities such as cloud depth, average vertical velocity, lapse rate, and cloud lifetime. The one-dimensional model also suggests that the precipitation efficiency can be expressed as a function of the ratio of the macroscopic autoconversion time scale and cloud lifetime and that it exhibits threshold-like behavior.
Forcing a Distributed Glacier Mass Balance Model with the Regional Climate Model REMO. Part II: Downscaling Strategy and Results for Two Swiss Glaciers
Authors: Paul Frank , Kotlarski Sven 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Distributed glacier mass balance models are efficient tools for the assessment of climate change impacts on glaciers at regional scales and at high spatial resolution (25–100 m). In general, these models are driven by time series of meteorological parameters that are obtained from a climate station near a glacier or from climate model output. Because most glaciers are located in rugged mountain topography with a high spatial and temporal variability of the meteorological conditions, the challenge is to distribute the point data from a climate station or the gridbox values from a regional climate model (RCM) in an appropriate way to the terrain. Here an approach is presented that uses normalized grids at the resolution of the mass balance model to capture the spatial variability, and time series from a climate station (Robiei) and an RCM Regional Model (REMO) to provide a temporal forcing for the mass balance model. The test site near Nufenen Pass (Swiss Alps) covers two glaciers with direct mass balance measurements that are used to demonstrate the approach. The meteorological parameters (temperature, global radiation, and precipitation) are obtained for the years 1997–99 (at daily steps) from the climate station Robiei (1898 m MSL) and one grid box of the RCM REMO. The results of the mass balance model agree closely with the measured values and the specific differences in mass balance between the two glaciers and the two balance years are well captured. Despite the disparities in the meteorological forcing from the climate station and REMO, there are only small differences in the modeled mass balances. This gives confidence that the developed approach of coupling the coarse-resolution (18 km) RCM with the high-resolution (25 m) mass balance model is suitable and can be applied to other regions as well as to RCM scenario runs.
Modes of Global Climate Variability during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (60–26 ka)
Authors: Pisias Nicklas G. , Clark Peter U. , Brook Edward J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Recent analysis of 38 globally distributed paleoclimatic records covering Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) 60–26 ka demonstrated that the two leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) explaining the data are the Greenland ice-core signal (“northern” signal) and the Antarctic ice-core signal (“southern” signal). Here singular spectral analysis (SSA) is used to show that millennial-scale variability of each of these two leading EOFs is characterized by two independent modes. The two modes of each EOF share similar relative distributions of variance, identical spectra, and, where each mode has spectral power, coherency spectra, which are significantly above the null hypothesis level at 95% confidence. The only difference between the modes of the northern and southern signals is that they are phase shifted. The phasing and long response time of the low-frequency mode, combined with its relationship to atmospheric CO2 and sea level, are consistent with coupled changes in the ocean, ice sheets, atmosphere, and carbon cycle, whereas the phasing and short response time of the high-frequency mode are consistent with an atmospheric transmission likely induced by changes in hemispheric sea ice distributions and attendant feedbacks.
Calculating Reynolds Stresses from ADCP Measurements in the Presence of Surface Gravity Waves Using the Cospectra-Fit Method
Authors: Kirincich Anthony R. , Lentz Steven J. , Gerbi Gregory P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Recently, the velocity observations of acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) have been successfully used to estimate turbulent Reynolds stresses in estuaries and tidal channels. However, the presence of surface gravity waves can significantly bias stress estimates, limiting application of the technique in the coastal ocean. This work describes a new approach to estimate Reynolds stresses from ADCP velocities obtained in the presence of waves. The method fits an established semiempirical model of boundary layer turbulence to the measured turbulent cospectra at frequencies below those of surface gravity waves to estimate the stress. Applied to ADCP observations made in weakly stratified waters and variable significant wave heights, estimated near-bottom and near-surface stresses using this method compared well with independent estimates of the boundary stresses in contrast to previous methods. Additionally, the vertical structure of tidal stress estimated using the new approach matched that inferred from a linear momentum balance at stress levels below the estimated stress uncertainties. Because the method makes an estimate of the horizontal turbulent length scales present as part of the model fit, these results can also enable a direct correction for the mean bias errors resulting from instrument tilt, if these scales are long relative to the beam separation.
Disentangling the Forcing Mechanisms of a Heavy Precipitation Event along the Alpine South Side Using Potential Vorticity Inversion
Authors: Schlemmer Linda , Martius Olivia , Sprenger Michael , Schwierz Cornelia , Twitchett Arwen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExtreme precipitation events along the Alpine south side (AS) are often forced by upper-level positive potential vorticity (PV) anomalies over western Europe. These so-called PV streamers go along with a dynamical forcing for upward motion, a reduction of the static stability in the troposphere (hence facilitating convection), and are associated with low-level winds that transport moisture toward the Alps.A case of heavy precipitation is examined using the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis data. Piecewise PV inversion (PPVI) and the limited-area Climate High Resolution Model (CHRM) are used to assess the influences of mesoscale parts of the streamer on the precipitation event. The impacts on the vertical stability are quantified by the convective available potential energy (CAPE) and an index of static stability. Very sensitive areas in terms of the stability are located beneath the southern tip of the streamer; smaller changes in the stability are observed in the Alpine region.The moisture transport toward the Alps is sensitive to the amplitude of the streamer, which influences the amount of water that can be transported along its eastern flank.The impacts of the topography on the flow are assessed by calculating an average inverse Froude number. Whether or not the air parcels are blocked by or lifted over the barrier (going along with suppressed and enhanced precipitation, respectively) depends on the vertical stability and the impinging wind velocity, two parameters that are inherently linked to the PV streamer and its substructure.
Socioeconomic Status Effects on Using the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT) to Identify the Gifted/Talented
Authors: Carman Carol A. , Taylor Debra K. 
Published: December 2009

The Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT) is said to be a culturally neutral measure of ability that assesses both majority and minority students equally. Although research has examined the effects of ethnicity and gender on NNAT performance, little published research has examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and NNAT performance. Correlations and multiple regression were used to examine the relationships between ethnicity, SES, and NNAT performance in a large kindergarten sample. The results suggest a significant relationship between ethnicity, SES, and NNAT performance. Even after adjusting for ethnic differences, children from low-SES families were half as likely as other children to be identified. Putting the Research to Use Does the NNAT really identify students with low-SES backgrounds at the same rate as students from average to high SES backgrounds? Although many believe using a nonverbal test levels the field for all students, the research we present does not support this belief. In this sample, students from average to high SES families were twice as likely to be identified than those from low-SES families. Since nonverbal tests are one of the most used methods of screening for G/T in our schools, if districts wish to continue to use the NNAT, it should not be as a solo measure of ability, but rather as part of a multiple measure process. In addition, districts using the NNAT should calculate the differential of any particular test administration on the basis of gender, ethnicity, SES or other variables to determine if any adjustments need to be made to ensure that elusive level playing field.
Diabetes in Sports
Authors: Shugart Christine , Jackson Jonathan , Fields Karl B. 
Published: December 2009

Context: Exercise is recommended for individuals with diabetes mellitus, and several facets of the disease must be considered when managing the diabetic athlete. The purpose of this article is to review diabetes care in the context of sports participation. Evidence Acquisition: Relevant studies were identified through a literature search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane database, as well as manual review of reference lists of identified sources. Results: Diabetics should be evaluated for complications of long-standing disease before beginning an exercise program, and exercise should be modified appropriately if complications are present. Athletes who use insulin or oral insulin secretogogues are at risk for exercise-induced immediate or delayed hypoglycemia. Diabetics are advised to engage in a combination of regular aerobic and resistance exercise. Insulin-dependent diabetics should supplement carbohydrate before and after exercise, as well as during exercise for events lasting longer than 1 hour. Adjustment of insulin dosing based on planned exercise intensity is another strategy to prevent hypoglycemia. Insulin-dependent athletes should monitor blood sugar closely before, during, and after exercise. Significant hyperglycemia before exercise should preclude exercise because the stress of exercise can paradoxically exacerbate hyperglycemia and lead to ketoacidosis. Athletes should be aware of hypoglycemia symptoms and have rapidly absorbable glucose available in case of hypoglycemia. Conclusion: Exercise is an important component of diabetes treatment, and most people with diabetes can safely participate in sports at recreational and elite levels with attention to appropriate precautions.
Cardiovascular Health, Part 2: Sports Participation in Athletes With Cardiovascular Conditions
Authors: Baman Timir S. , Gupta Sanjaya , Day Sharlene M. 
Published: December 2009

Context: An athlete’s health may be endangered if he or she continues to compete after diagnosis of certain cardiovascular conditions. The most worrisome risk is sudden cardiac death; the annual rate in US athletes is 1 in 50 000 to 200 000. Evidence Acquisition: Part 2 of this review highlights the current guidelines and controversies surrounding compatibility of participation with a variety of cardiac conditions in competitive and recreational athletics. Data sources were limited to peer-reviewed publications from 1984 to the April 2009. Results: The guidelines published by the American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology provide a framework for safe competitive and recreational sports participation in athletes with a broad spectrum of inherited and acquired cardiovascular disorders. These guidelines are necessarily conservative because it is not currently possible to individualize risk prediction. Few data are available in many areas, particularly in the noncompetitive arena or in older athletes. Conclusions: Published national guidelines are currently the foundation governing return-to-play decisions in athletes with cardiovascular conditions. Further studies are needed to refine risk stratification algorithms to allow athletes with cardiovascular conditions to reap the health benefits of regular exercise and sports participation without undue risk.
SMAD7 controls iron metabolism as a potent inhibitor of hepcidin expression
Authors: Mleczko-Sanecka Katarzyna , Casanovas Guillem , Ragab Anan , Breitkopf Katja , Müller Alexandra , Boutros Michael , Dooley Steven , Hentze Matthias W. , Muckenthaler Martina U. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHepcidin is the master regulatory hormone of systemic iron metabolism. Hepcidin deficiency causes common iron overload syndromes whereas its overexpression is responsible for microcytic anemias. Hepcidin transcription is activated by the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and the inflammatory JAK-STAT pathways, whereas comparatively little is known about how hepcidin expression is inhibited. By using high-throughput siRNA screening we identified SMAD7 as a potent hepcidin suppressor. SMAD7 is an inhibitory SMAD protein that mediates a negative feedback loop to both transforming growth factor-β and BMP signaling and that recently was shown to be coregulated with hepcidin via SMAD4 in response to altered iron availability in vivo. We show that SMAD7 is coregulated with hepcidin by BMPs in primary murine hepatocytes and that SMAD7 overexpression completely abolishes hepcidin activation by BMPs and transforming growth factor-β. We identify a distinct SMAD regulatory motif (GTCAAGAC) within the hepcidin promoter involved in SMAD7-dependent hepcidin suppression, demonstrating that SMAD7 does not simply antagonize the previously reported hemojuvelin/BMP-responsive elements. This work identifies a potent inhibitory factor for hepcidin expression and uncovers a negative feedback pathway for hepcidin regulation, providing insight into a mechanism how hepcidin expression may be limited to avoid iron deficiency.
The neutrophil alloantigen HNA-3a (5b) is located on choline transporter-like protein 2 and appears to be encoded by an R>Q154 amino acid substitution
Authors: Curtis Brian R. , Cox Nancy J. , Sullivan Mia J. , Konkashbaev Anuar , Bowens Krista , Hansen Kirk , Aster Richard H. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The molecular basis of the HNA-3a/b (5b/a) leukocyte antigen system has not yet been defined despite evidence that HNA-3a–specific antibodies are particularly prone to cause severe, often fatal, transfusion-related lung injury. We used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism scanning and sequencing of DNA from persons of different HNA-3a/b phenotypes to identify a single single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 7 of the CLT2 gene (SLC44A2) that predicts an amino acid substitution in the first extracellular loop of choline transporter-like protein 2, a member of the choline transporter-like protein family of membrane glycoproteins, and correlates perfectly with HNA-3a/b phenotypes (R154 encodes HNA-3a; Q154 encodes HNA-3b). Mass spectrometric analysis of proteins immunoprecipitated from leukocytes by anti–HNA-3a provided direct evidence that anti–HNA-3a recognizes choline transporter-like protein 2. These findings will enable large-scale genotyping for HNA-3a/b to identify blood donors at risk to have HNA-3a–specific antibodies and should facilitate development of practical methods to detect such antibodies and prevent transfusion-related lung injury.
Genetic determinants of hair and eye colours in the Scottish and Danish populations
Authors: Mengel-From Jonas , Wong Terence H , Morling Niels , Rees Jonathan L , Jackson Ian J 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
Eye and hair colour is highly variable in the European population, and is largely genetically determined. Both linkage and association studies have previously been used to identify candidate genes underlying this variation. Many of the genes found were previously known as underlying mutant mouse phenotypes or human genetic disease, but others, previously unsuspected as pigmentation genes, have also been discovered.

Results
We assayed the hair of a population of individuals of Scottish origin using tristimulus colorimetry, in order to produce a quantitative measure of hair colour. Cluster analysis of this data defined two groups, with overlapping borders, which corresponded to visually assessed dark versus red/light hair colour. The Danish population was assigned into categorical hair colour groups. Both cohorts were also assessed for eye colour. DNA from the Scottish group was genotyped at SNPs in 33 candidate genes, using 384 SNPs identified by HapMap as representatives of each gene. Associations found between SNPs and colorimetric hair data and eye colour categories were replicated in a cohort of the Danish population. The Danish population was also genotyped with SNPs in 4 previously described pigmentation genes. We found replicable associations of hair colour with the KITLG and OCA2 genes. MC1R variation correlated, as expected, with the red dimension of colorimetric hair colour in Scots. The Danish analysis excluded those with red hair, and no associations were found with MC1R in this group, emphasising that MC1R regulates the colour rather than the intensity of pigmentation. A previously unreported association with the HPS3 gene was seen in the Scottish population. However, although this replicated in the smaller cohort of the Danish population, no association was seen when the whole study population was analysed.

Conclusions
We have found novel associations with SNPs in known pigmentation genes and colorimetrically assessed hair colour in a Scottish and a Danish population.