bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commentaires sur le rapport du Comité mixte spécial sur la réforme du Sénat
Authors: Tremblay Arthur 
Published: July 2012

In this article the author comments on the feasibility and urgency of adopting propositions from the seventh and the last chapters of the report from the Special Committee on Senate Reform. These chapters deal with the selection of senators, their mandates, the powers of a nominated senate and the internal organization of the Senate. He has choosen these reforms because they could be achieved relatively easily and quickly by the power of the Senate itself, that of the Parliament, the initiative of the Prime Minister or the senator and their political groups.
Tremblay suggests that these reforms would not radically change either the essential order of things or serve to restore the image of the Senate. However, he cites the committee's non-renewable nine year mandate, the change in the number of senatorial seats and fair regional representation as in-depth reform measures which could only take place after certain constitutional modifications.
The author concludes by saying that due to the present constitutional climate and the history of shelved reform reports, a modest and realistic approach to senate reform should be adopted. The reforms proposed in chapter seven of the Committee's report would be best undertaken by the Senate itself.
Quelques propositions
Authors: Beaudoin Gérald-A. 
Published: July 2012

The rules of procedure in the House, the powers of the Speaker, the vote of non-confidence, the proportionnai representation vote as well as the future of parliamentary government, are some of the questions the author deals with when expounding upon the reform of the House of Commons.
More powers should be given to the Speaker, and there should be a system where sessions and votes are held on a more regular basis, even if the principle of responsible government is maintained. The proportionnai representation vote is not for the immediate future and the author wonders whether a presidential system as in France would be appropriate for Canada.
Enfin une loi-cadre des sociétés d'État au fédéral
Authors: Garant Patrice 
Published: July 2012

Bill C-24 relating to control of federal Crown corporations or State enterprises is among the best legacies of the Trudeau Administration. Federal State enterprises constitute an important economic empire that have caused some concern to many people over the last ten years. The Auditor General, the Commons Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee, the Lambert Commission on financial management and accountability, the Economic Council and other groups or individuals have made studies and proposals for reform. Three bills were introduced: C-29 by the Clark Government in 1979, C-123 in 1982 and C-153 in 1983 by the Trudeau Government ; all of them prior to bill 24 which has been a major innovation in the field of public law as it has introduced into the Financial Administration Act sixty sections dealing with the legal status of that which is so rightfully called the « Sociétés d'État » and with the ever so important question of controls exercised over them by Parliament and Government (Cabinet, Treasury Board, responsible minister and Finance Minister).
Bill C-24 regulates over 400 institutions of the public economic sector, directly or indirectly. It is a major step towards the clarification of a branch of public law that has not yet reached a degree of sufficient maturity, coherence and fitness as to the objectives and needs of a political system that remains liberal and of an economy that is really a mixed economy.
Une étude des tenants et aboutissants des articles 271 et 272 de la Loi sur la protection du consommateur
Authors: Dumais Claude-René 
Published: July 2012

The new Consumer's Protection Act came wholly into force on April 30, 1981 under the title of Chapter P 41.1 of the Q.R.S., replacing and clarifying the former Consumer's Protection Act enacted in 1974 as Chapter 74.
The new Act goes so far as to change some century-old rules of the Civil Code, including the law of proof, all in favour of a better deal for the consumer. In almost every case of abuse or violation of any section of the Act, the consumer must simply prove that the merchant violated one or more of its sections in order that penalties of sections 271 and 272 apply.
The types of applicable penalties depend on the offence : Did the businessman simply overlook what the Act considers a mere formality ? Then the contract is voidable where a defence of lack of interest lies. Did the businessman contravene what the Act considers a fundamental right of the consumer? The consumer has a choice of remedies : — execution of the obligation by a third party ; — reduction of costs ; — annulment or resolution of the contract, the whole with a possible demand of damages, real and exemplary. The article explains the differences between form and substance as accepted by statute or case law, and the solutions applied. The correlation with other parts of the Civil Code, untouched by the Consumer Protection Act, is also studied, both in matters of proof, intent, and possible unjust enrichment of the consumer.
Quelques réflexions à propos du document de la C.R.D. traitant de l'homicide
Authors: Manganas Antoine 
Published: July 2012

The present study is a critical approach to the Canada Law Reform Commission document concerning homicide. This study deals with two particular aspects of the law of homicide.
In the first chapter we suggest the creation of a special category of homicide, the « homicide passionnel », for the following reasons : first of all the substantive defences, like intoxication, self-defence, diminished responsibility and provocation are too narrow. Especially with provocation, the application of the objective test is detrimental to the more vulnerable population which lacks educational and financial resources. Secondly, we cannot compare the robber who kills by using his weapon with the person who kills in a state of excitement, jealousy or anger. Besides, many foreign laws have recognized this category of « hot-blood » homicide. So, we think that is time for Canada to abolish the defence of provocation (s. 215 Cr. C.) and create this specific offence.
In the second chapter, we suggest criminalization of homicide by negligence. Actually, we can see the difficulty judges have in convicting someone for criminal negligence when the death of a person is due to trafic « accident ». Many foreign criminal codes have created this offence. We find it fair to impose the duty of the reasonable person on those who take certain risks by using motor vehicles or other machines for their benefit or spare time.
La nature, le rôle et l'influence de la doctrine universitaire en droit administratif québécois
Authors: Macdonald Roderick A. 
Published: July 2012

In view of the increasingly divergent tendencies in legal scholarship, many authors are reconsidering whether « la doctrine » can really serve as a formal source of law. Since university professors are primarly responsible for producing this scholarly commentary, at least in the field of administrative law, it is worth asking two related questions : first, does university scholarship in law have a specific purpose or logic ? and second, does the nature of administrative law require that this scholarship have a particular direction ?
In this essay, both questions are answered in the affirmative : University legal scholarship has a synthetic function not shared by ordinary legal writing, and given the case law foundations of the administrative law, this scholarship must also reveal the underlying conceptual structure of the subject.
Ways for Insuring the Protection of Minorities
Authors: Tarnopolsky Walter S. 
Published: July 2012

La première question qui se pose est celle de définir ce que sont les droits des minorités. L'auteur l'aborde en examinant la reconnaissance qu'ont reçue ces droits dans le passé, à travers les traités internationaux, les constitutions d'autres pays ainsi que l'expérience canadienne. Il s'attarde sur la distinction à faire entre « droits individuels » et « droits de minorités ». L'essence de cette distinction se situe surtout dans le fait que la protection des groupes minoritaires exige une action positive du gouvernement tandis que celle des droits individuels ne nécessite aucune intervention.
Le Conseil de l'Europe et les droits des minorités
Authors: Leuprecht Peter 
Published: July 2012

This survey deals with the problem of linguistic diversity in Europe. In what way does the Council of Europe react to what is commonly called there the « new minorities » composed of immigrants and refugees ?
The Director for Human Rights at the Council of Europe first covers guarantees provided to members of minorities under the European Convention on Human Rights (article 14), then describes attempts made by the Council of Europe to protect minorities as such.
As for the new minorities, the Council is taking action to favour intercultural education. Its policy aims a both preserving European languages in their diversity and encouraging multilingualism which is of such nature as to facilitate communication and understanding between different peoples
À la recherche d'une protection efficace contre les inspections abusives de l'État : la Charte québécoise, la Charte canadienne et le Bill of Rights américain
Authors: Angers Lucie 
Published: July 2012

Many laws in Canada and Québec grant rights of entry to inspectors responsible for looking after the proper operation of structures implemented by the State. From heavily regulated industrials to permit holders and simple citizens, everyone can expect someday to be paid a visit by an inspector. The question arises, however, as to whether the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Québec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms may be resorted to so as to exercise control over possible abuses resulting from such inspections.
These Charters provide security for the person against the State in these areas whether through the right to be protected from unreasonable search and seizure, the right to a private life or to the inviolability of the home. However, the means by which such rights shall be adequately protected are somewhat uncertain. Should this be done by the granting of an administrative warrant issued ex parte as in the United States ? Or by granting the same kind of warrant in the presence of both parties ? The granting of administrative subpoenas also may be a solution to be considered. But for both legal and administrative reasons, it seems that the best control to exercise over these entries would come from drafting well-defined powers of inspection into the law granting them, which would provide an adequate protection of human rights and freedoms.
La géopolitique des droits humains
Authors: Seurin Jean-Louis 
Published: July 2012

The universality of the ideology of Human Rights is presently enjoying increased interest inspite of the limited results and disappointing concrete realizations achieved in this area.
At the time of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the universality of the doctrine of Human Rights was only an illusion and the problems raised by the application of subsequent international accords have made evident the political conflicts which are at play behind the human rights debate.
Presently, one may accurately speak of a "geopolitic of human rights". Starting from the precept that the best way to resolve opposing points of view is to begin with reality, the author examines the relative situation of Human Rights in three groups which are each relatively homogeneous : the Atlantic zone regrouping the pluralist constitutional democracies; the totalitarian countries including the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc countries and the communist countries of Asia and, finally, the zone of non-aligned countries of the "third world".
L'expérience africaine
Authors: Sy Seydou Madani 
Published: July 2012

Due to the pressures of economic and social development, certains underdeveloped countries choose to interpret in their own way the texts of the United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights and give only secondary importance to human rights when they are not perceived as an outright hindrance to development.
The consideration given to the subject of Human Rights by the Organization of African Unity in 1979 resulted in the adoption of an African Charter (Banjul) on Human and People's Rights in 1981 which constitutes a decisive step in the evolution of the attitude of African countries in regard to the problem of Human Rights.
The author examines the characteristics of this Charter and the efforts of Senegal to incorporate the Charter's principles into its internal law. The author uses the example of Senegal to demonstrate that the imperatives of development are compatible with the respect of Human Rights.
L'article 107 de la Loi sur la faillite et les droits des différents créanciers
Authors: Cordeau Michel 
Published: July 2012

Section 107 of the Bankruptcy Act of Canada establishes an order of collocation of creditors in a bankruptcy which comes in conflict with the order of collocation set out in many provincial statutes, and in particular, with that set out in the Quebec Civil Code for privileges. This has resulted in numerous court debates between creditors and trustees of the bankruptcy as between different categories of creditors who have seen their rank either lowered or elevated by the application of section 107.
In the first part of this article, the author examines the categories of creditors concerned by this inversion, being mainly : the landlords, the Crown and Workmen's Compensation Boards. The second part of this article focuses on conflicts between secured creditors under provincial law and preferred creditors under the Bankruptcy Act.
The author emphasises the differences that evolved between Quebec case law and the case law of other provinces particularily as to the scope of application of section 107 when there is a conflict between a secured lender and a lien claimant affected by section 107, on property of the bankrupt in which the trustee in bankruptcy has little or no interest.
La consultation publique et la question éthique dans les pratiques d'aménagement urbain paysagé. Éléments théoriques et introduction à l'analyse de cas
Authors: Perraton Charles , Cinq-Mars Irène 
Published: July 2012

With ever-growing concern for democracy, space developers and designers have enlisted public consultation onto their roster of communicational strategies. This strategy coincides with the appearance in our societies of a marked trend towards recognizing individual rights. Among the incidences of consultation may be found that of giving meaning to spaces. Thus these tactics and other practices respond to these strategic efforts that are out of phase with users. What kind of relation with people do these new participatory procedures instate which are based on communicational exchanges of a consultative kind ? In questioning users' "power", it is not so much the political, but rather the ethical question that retains our interest here. Specifically, our objective is to produce creteria enabling the appraisal of the "quality" of programming and designing and that of spatial projects. Our viewpoint is extrapolated results from our research in Les pratiques d'espaces libres urbains à Montréal (FCAR EQ-3013).
La sécurité des produits de consommation et le libre-échange
Authors: L’Heureux Nicole 
Published: July 2012

The Free Trade Agreement between Canada and United States mainly seeks to encourage the exchange of manufactured goods. Consumer protection requirements are not, however, taken into consideration. Nonetheless, judicial, bureaucratic and legislative actions adopted in both countries for the security of goods such as mandatory information, product bans, mandatory product standarization requirements, mandatory design, and performance standards, judicial awards of compensation in product liability suits etc. may affect the concurential position of exporters and influence the substance of domestic consumer protection laws.
It is the author's objective to measure the impact that different domestic regulations may have on the security of products within the framework of the Free Trade Agreement. In the first part of this paper, the author explores American legislation on the security of products and compares it with Canadian legislation. In the second part, the author considers the liability of manufacturers and evaluates the impact of the statutory regulation on their liability for dangerous products in each country.
Liberté d'expression et diffamation de collectivités : quand le droit à l'égalité s'exprime
Authors: Buron Denis 
Published: July 2012

Class defamation, for reasons of race, ethnic origin, religion or sex, is in the middle of a confrontation between many rights and liberties : On the one hand, freedom of expression, often considered the most fundamental of them all ; On the other, equality rights, freedom of opinion and the right to security of the person. This conflict may be viewed as a test for freedom of expression, hoping that truth will finally prevail, as well as a challenge for other liberties to be recognized.
A choice has to be made : Should we protect expression, or should we protect collectivities from some expression ? The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, it is submitted, has already indicated the right direction : Sections 27 and 28, multiculturalism and sex equality, do in fact exclude class defamation from the protected freedom of expression.
That which is currently the law of class defamation, as a consequence, will remain. But this might be an unfortunate blessing, since class defamation is virtually non-existent in Canadian law.
La mesure des principaux changements proposés en matière contractuelle
Authors: Tancelin Maurice 
Published: July 2012

Ce commentaire du projet de réforme du Livre des obligations du nouveau Code civil du Québec s'attache à quelques problèmes choisis: contrat de consommation, exploitation et transfert électronique des fonds (T.E.F.).
L'entrée de la protection du consommateur au Code est un geste politique d'importance, dont les modalités appellent cependant des réserves au niveau théorique. Ce n'est qu'un premier pas. Il reste encore beaucoup à faire pour consolider ce qui constitue une bonne décision, qui est en somme une réinsertion au Code civil, avec des compléments, d'une loi de 1947 instituant la vente à tempérament.
On peut faire la même remarque au sujet de l'article réintroduisant la lésion au Code civil du Québec après l'effarante suppression en 1866 de ce moyen efficace de lutter contre l'usure. Lésion et exploitation ne sont pas deux notions qui se recouvrent exactement et le projet de réforme devrait en contenir une distinction plus nette.
Enfin on ne peut pas dire de bien du projet d'article-fantôme sur le T. E. F. qui ne constitue rien de moins qu'un chèque en blanc aux banques pour organiser seules l'appareil financier. En cela le projet ne fait que s'aligner sur une loi fédérale très contestable qui a mis sur pied en 1980 un système national de paiement contestable en regard de la compétence provinciale sur « la propriété et les droits civils ».
Les dommages-intérêts: une réforme inachevée
Authors: Gardner Daniel 
Published: July 2012

L'étude des dispositions de l'Avant-projet concernant l'évaluation des dommages a été orientée à partir de deux axes différents. D'une part, l'Avant-projet contient-il des règles de droit positif dont l'abandon aurait été souhaitable ? La double règle d'évaluation en matière contractuelle (débiteur de bonne foi versus débiteur de mauvaise foi), de même que la consécration des dommages-intérêts exemplaires sont examinés sous cet angle. D'autre part, l'Avant-projet va-t-il assez loin dans ses propositions de réforme ? Les dispositions touchant l'évaluation du préjudice corporel sont ici en cause. Le mode de versement de l'indemnité ainsi que la fixation législative du taux d'actualisation constituent les meilleurs exemples où, de l'avis de l'auteur, des précisions et améliorations pourraient être apportées.
L'exécution, la transmission, l'extinction, les modalités et le cautionnement : commentaires
Authors: Poudrier-LeBel Louise 
Published: July 2012

La partie de l'Avant-projet commentée ici comporte une véritable réforme du droit. Les rédacteurs y élaborent une théorie des obligations et donnent un nouveau visage au cautionnement. Ils apportent des changements majeurs aux modes d'évaluation des dommages-intérêts et privilégient l'exécution en nature. Ils modernisent les modes de paiement ainsi que le mécanisme des offres réelles et de la consignation.
Quant aux modalités des obligations, l'Avant-projet codifie les obligations conjointes et facultatives. Il propose aussi des modifications substantielles au régime juridique de la solidarité mais ne modifie guère celui des obligations à terme et conditionnelles.
Dans le cas du cautionnement, diverses dispositions confèrent à ce contrat un aspect plus moderne. La principale réforme consiste dans l'accroissement des droits de la caution. L'auteure s'interroge toutefois sur l'opportunité de compléter la réforme en assimilant la caution à un débiteur solidaire.
Le contrat d'oeuvre: un chef-d'oeuvre?
Authors: Rousseau-Houle Thérèse 
Published: July 2012

Le législateur propose d'englober sous le titre de contrat d'oeuvre, les contrats de louage, d'ouvrage et de service. Il substitue aux 15 articles du Code civil, 44 dispositions nouvelles. Ces dispositions s'inspirent des principes directeurs qui sous-tendent la révision du droit des obligations et apportent des solutions à beaucoup de problèmes que soulève le droit actuel en matière de contrat d'entreprise. L'abandon de la solidarité de plein droit entre les participants à un ouvrage de construction, la soumission des constructeurs-vendeurs au régime légal de la garantie quinquennale et le droit d'action directe contre le client reconnu aux sous-traitants constituent des améliorations très importantes.
Certaines dispositions du projet méritent d'être davantage étudiées et d'autres paraissent inutiles dans un Code civil. Le projet comporte les éléments essentiels qui permettent d'espérer un projet définitif très acceptable.