bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuronal and glial differentiation during lizard (Gallotia galloti) visual system ontogeny
Authors: Romero‐Alemán M.M. , Monzón‐Mayor M. , Santos E. , Lang D.M. , Yanes C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe studied the histogenesis of the lizard visual system (E30 to adulthood) by using a selection of immunohistochemical markers that had proved relevant for other vertebrates. By E30, the Pax6+ pseudostratified retinal epithelium shows few newborn retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the centrodorsal region expressing neuron‐ and synaptic‐specific markers such as betaIII‐tubulin (Tuj1), synaptic vesicle protein‐2 (SV2), and vesicular glutamate transporter‐1 (VGLUT1). Concurrently, pioneer RGC axons run among the Pax2+ astroglia in the optic nerve and reach the superficial optic tectum. Between E30 and E35, the optic chiasm and optic tract remain acellular, but the latter contains radial processes with subpial endfeet expressing vimentin (Vim). From E35, neuron‐ and synaptic‐specific stainings spread in the retina and optic tectum, whereas retinal Pax6, and Tuj1/SV2 in RGC axons decrease. Müller glia and abundant optic nerve glia express a variety of glia‐specific markers until adulthood. Subpopulations of optic nerve glia are also VGLUT1+ and cluster differentiation‐44 (CD44)‐positive but cytokeratin‐negative, unlike the case in other regeneration‐competent species. Specifically, coexpression of CD44/Vim and glutamine synthetase (GS)/VGLUT1 reflects glial specialization, insofar as most CD44+ glia are GS−. In the adult optic tract and tectum, radial glia and free astroglia coexist. The latter show different immunocharacterization (Pax2−/CD44−/Vim−) compared with that in the optic nerve. We conclude that upregulation of Tuj1 and SV2 is required for axonal outgrowth and search for appropriate targets, whereas Pax2+ optic nerve astroglia and Vim+ radial glia may aid in early axonal guidance. Spontaneous axonal regrowth seems to succeed despite the heterogeneous mammalian‐like glial environment in the lizard optic nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2163–2184, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conformity of Aluminum Thin Films Deposited onto Micro‐Patterned Silicon Wafers by Pulsed Laser Deposition, Magnetron Sputtering, and CVD
Authors: Thomann Anne‐Lise , Vahlas Constantin , Aloui Lyacine , Samelor Diane , Caillard Amael , Shaharil Nurhul , Blanc Romuald , Millon Eric 
Published: December 2011

AbstractComplex materials, exhibiting a cocktail of properties, are currently needed for many applications. In this context, new requirements arise in terms of materials processing, such as the synthesis of sub‐micrometer objects, or the coating and functionalization of complex surfaces of powders, porous materials, or micro‐patterned devices. Depending on the requirements, the aim may be to duplicate the original design of the surface, or to modify it (filling of holes etc.). Physical vapor deposition (PVD) and CVD are promising techniques for the deposition of thin films on such substrates. In order to compare the ability of various deposition techniques to coat complex surfaces, a micro‐patterned silicon wafer has been developed. In the present work, aluminum thin films are deposited on this model substrate by two PVD techniques; pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and magnetron sputtering (MS), and by metal‐organic (MO)CVD. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is performed in order to determine the microstructure and study the thickness conformity.
Analytical model for connectivity of vehicular ad hoc networks in the presence of channel randomness
Authors: Babu A.V. , Muhammed Ajeer V.K. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYA vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a highly mobile wireless ad hoc network formed by vehicles equipped with communication facilities. Developing multihop communication in VANETs is a challenging problem because of rapidly changing network topology and frequent network disconnections. This paper investigates the network connectivity probability of one‐dimensional VANET in the presence of channel randomness. Network connectivity is one of the most important issues in VANETs, because the dissemination of time‐critical information requires, as a preliminary condition, the network to be fully connected. We present an analytical procedure for the computation of network connectivity probability, taking into account the underlying wireless channel. Three different fading models are considered for the connectivity analysis: Rayleigh, Rician, and Weibull. A distance‐dependent power law model is employed for the pathloss in a vehicle‐to‐vehicle channel. Furthermore, the speed of each vehicle on the highway is assumed to be a Gaussian distributed random variable. The analysis provides a general framework for investigating the dependence of various parameters such as vehicle arrival rate, vehicle density, vehicle speed, highway length, and various physical layer parameters such as transmit power, receive signal‐to‐noise ratio threshold, path loss exponent, and fading factors (Rician and Weibull) on VANET connectivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotically maximum likelihood detection for subcarrier mapping‐induced cyclostationary signatures in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Jiang Yonglei , Hu Honglin 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYIn cognitive radio networks based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, the subcarrier mapping‐induced cyclostationary signatures are utilized for robust network coordination. However, the effect of network coordination depends on the reliable detection of such cyclostationary signatures. Moreover, doubly selective fading increases the difficulty of reliable detection. In this paper, we first derive an exact covariance matrix to characterize the statistics of the cyclostationary signatures induced by subcarrier mapping. Using the exact covariance matrix rather than its estimation adopted in conventional algorithms, we propose an asymptotically maximum likelihood detection algorithm. The detection performance of the proposed asymptotically maximum likelihood detection algorithm is analyzed and evaluated both in flat fading and doubly selective fading channels. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional low‐complexity single‐cycle signature detection algorithm in terms of less observation period or smaller mapping set size. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperactive BMP signaling induced by ALK2R206H requires type II receptor function in a Drosophila model for classic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Authors: Le Viet Q. , Wharton Kristi A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOverexpression of human GATA4 in the Drosophila eyes through the GMR‐GAL4 driver. All flies show narrow eyes. The original photograph has been duplicated for esthetic purposes to create 6 panels. From Amodio et al., Developmental Dynamics 241:205‐213, 2012.
Hexaphosphine: A Multifaceted Ligand for Transition Metal Coordination
Authors: Smaliy Radomyr V. , Beaupérin Matthieu , Mielle Arnaud , Richard Philippe , Cattey Hélène , Kostyuk Aleksandr N. , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe report the synthesis and characterization of the first ferrocenyl polyphosphane incorporating six phosphorus donor atoms. In this unique ligand, the cyclopentadienyl rings of the ferrocenyl backbone adopt a staggered position, which leads to a piano‐stool arrangement for each of the two sets of three P atoms facing the same direction. As a consequence of its remarkable flexibility, this hexaphosphane displays versatile coordination behaviour towards metals, leading to unexpected structures of palladium and platinum bimetallic complexes. Analogous molybdenum and rhodium complexes are more classical.
Using toxicity testing to evaluate electrochemical reactor operations
Authors: Saylor Greg L. , Chen Linxi , Kupferle Margaret J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In the present study, the Microtox® test was used to track the toxicity of electrochemical effluents to the marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri as a function of reaction time. When electrochemistry was used to degrade aqueous phenol using different reactor configurations, two reaction pathways were identified, chlorine substitution and oxidation, depending on whether the electrolyte contained chloride. For a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode, electrochemistry using Na2SO4 electrolyte produced a significantly more toxic effluent than when using NaCl electrolyte with all other conditions remaining the same. This effect is attributed to the reaction pathway, specifically the production of benzoquinone. Benzoquinone was produced only during electrochemistry using Na2SO4 and is the most toxic potential intermediate, having nearly 800 times more toxicity than phenol. Although the use of NaCl produced a lower toxicity effluent than Na2SO4, caution should be observed because of the production of chlorinated phenols, which can be of special environmental concern. When comparing graphite rod and BDD plate anodes in terms of toxicity evolution when using Na2SO4, BDD was found to produce a lower toxicity effluent; this is a result of the increased oxidizing power of BDD, reducing the formation of benzoquinone. In this comparison, the type of anode material/electrode configuration did not seem to affect which intermediates were detected but did affect the quantity of and rate of production of intermediates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:494–500. © 2011 SETAC
Molluscicidal activity of crude water and hexane extracts of Hypericum species to snails (Radix peregra)
Authors: Teixeira Tânia , Rainha Nuno , Rosa José Silvino , Lima Elisabete , Baptista José 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In spite of intense research on both chemical constituency and biological activity of Hypericum species, potential applications of their active components for pest control have been less well investigated. In the present study, Hypericum androsaemum (tutsan), Hypericum foliosum (malfurada), and Hypericum undulatum (wavy St. John's wort) aqueous and hexane extracts were studied for their molluscicidal and ovicidal activities against Radix peregra. The molluscicidal activity of the aqueous extracts was low, except for H. androsaemum infusion (median lethal concentration [LC50]adults = 317.1 ppm; LC50juveniles = 415 ppm), and less important compared with the toxicity of all three hexane extracts tested: H. androsaemum (LC50adults = 30.47 ppm; LC50juveniles = 73.25 ppm), H. undulatum (LC50adults = 30.55 ppm; LC50juveniles = 60.54 ppm), and H. foliosum (LC50adults = 48.61 ppm; LC50juveniles = 38.81 ppm). An ovicidal effect was observed only with H. androsaemum infusion (1.85% of hatching at 500 ppm) and H. foliosum hexane extract (0.0% of hatching at 100 ppm). A preliminary phytochemical investigation of the lipophylic extracts from these Hypericum sp. revealed a different chemical profile and confirmed the presence of ursolic acid only in H. undulatum as the main compound. The present study indicates that products from hexane extracts of the Hypericum sp. analyzed may be used as potential molluscicides to control snails responsible for transmitting fasciolosis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:748–753. © 2011 SETAC
Malpractice claims following screening mammography in The Netherlands
Authors: van Breest Smallenburg Vivian , Setz‐Pels Wikke , Groenewoud Johanna H. , Voogd Adri C. , Jansen Frits H. , Louwman Marieke W.J. , Tielbeek Alexander V. , Duijm Lucien E.M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAlthough malpractice lawsuits are frequently related to a delayed breast cancer diagnosis in symptomatic patients, information on claims at European screening mammography programs is lacking. We determined the type and frequency of malpractice claims at a Dutch breast cancer screening region. We included all 85,274 women (351,009 screens) who underwent biennial screening mammography at a southern breast screening region in The Netherlands between 1997 and 2009. Two screening radiologists reviewed the screening mammograms of all screen detected cancers and interval cancers and determined whether the cancer had been missed at the previous screen or at the latest screen, respectively. We analyzed all correspondence between the screening organization, clinicians and screened women, and collected complaints and claims until September 2011. At review, 20.9% (308/1,475) of screen detected cancers and 24.3% (163/670) of interval cancers were considered to be missed at a previous screen. A total of 19 women (of which 2, 6 and 11 women had been screened between 1997 and 2001 (102,439 screens), 2001 and 2005 (114,740 screens) and 2005 and 2009 (133,830 screens), respectively) had contacted the screening organization for additional information about their screen detected cancer or interval cancer, but filed no claim. Three other women directly initiated an insurance claim for financial compensation of their interval cancer without previously having contacted the screening organization. We conclude that screening‐related claims were rarely encountered, although many screen detected cancers and interval cancers had been missed at a previous screen. A small but increasing proportion of women sought additional information about their breast cancer from the screening organization.
The contrasting age‐incidence patterns of bone tumours in teenagers and young adults: Implications for aetiology
Authors: Arora Ramandeep S. , Alston Robert D. , Eden Tim O.B. , Geraci Marco , Birch Jillian M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBone tumours comprise 0.2% of cancers overall but 5.7% in 15–24 year olds. To explore the relationship with adolescence we have analysed age‐incidence patterns of bone tumours in a large national dataset. Data on incident cases of bone tumours in 0–84 year olds in England, 1979–2003, were extracted from national cancer registration data. Incidence rates per million person‐years by 5‐year age‐group, sex, morphology and primary site were calculated and adjusted to the world standard population. Nine thousand one hundred forty‐six cases were identified giving an overall age‐standardized rate of 7.19 per million person‐years. The distribution by morphology was: osteosarcoma, 34.2%; chondrosarcoma, 27.2%; Ewing sarcoma, 19.3%; other, 19.4%. The distribution varied by age. Ewing sarcoma was most common in 0–9 year olds, osteosarcoma in 10–29 year olds and chondrosarcoma in 30–84 year olds. 29.2% of all tumours occurred in 0–24 year olds. Highest incidence of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma in females was in 10–14 year olds. In males, peak incidence occurred at 15–19 years and exceeded that in females. Chondrosarcoma incidence steadily increased with age. The proportions of Ewing sarcomas occurring in respective bones were consistent with those of the adult skeleton by weight. In osteosarcoma tumours of long bones of lower limb were markedly over‐represented in the adolescent peak, being six times more than at any other site. Variation in incidence patterns with age and site suggests pubertal bone growth to be a key factor in osteosarcoma while different biological pathways could be relevant for Ewing sarcoma.
Learning needs of physician assistants working in hospital medicine
Authors: Torok Haruka , Lackner Christina , Landis Regina , Wright Scott 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Hospital Medicine is growing rapidly, and the number of physician assistants (PAs) in this field is expected to grow. However, there is no available data related to the learning needs of PA hospitalists.OBJECTIVE:To conduct a needs assessment for PA hospitalists who may be embarking on a hospitalist career.DESIGN:Cross‐sectional survey based on the Core Competencies in Hospital Medicine.SETTING/PARTICIPANTS:A sample of hospitalist PAs working in the United States.MEASUREMENTS:Amount of experience with core diagnoses and procedures, preferences for additional training that would have prepared them to function as hospitalist PAs.RESULTS:Sixty‐nine PAs responded (response rate, 67%). Among the core clinical conditions, respondents had the most experience in managing diabetes and urinary tract infections and were least experienced with health care–associated pneumonias and sepsis syndrome. Over 90% rarely performed core competency procedures other than electrocardiogram and chest X‐ray interpretations. The top 3 content areas that PA hospitalists believed would have helped to better prepare them to care for inpatients were palliative care (percent of PAs who agreed or strongly agreed: 85%), nutrition for hospitalized patients (84%), and consultations (64%). Almost all (91%) indicated that they would have been interested in formal postgraduate hospital medicine training even if it meant having a lower stipend during the first year on the job.CONCLUSIONS:This is the first national data on self‐perceived learning needs of PA hospitalists. The results may prove helpful for both PAs entering hospitalist careers and for the physician groups looking to hire them. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Erratum: Mechanical tissue optical clearing technique increases imaging resolution and contrast through Ex vivo porcine skin
Authors: Izquierdo‐Román Alondra , Vogt William C. , Hyacinth Leeanna , Rylander Christopher G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesMechanical tissue optical clearing permits light delivery deeper into turbid tissue, which may improve current optical diagnostics and laser‐based therapeutic techniques. We investigated the effects of localized compression on brightfield imaging through ex vivo porcine skin by evaluating resolution and contrast of a target positioned beneath native, mechanically compressed, or chemically cleared specimens. We also evaluated the effects of indentation on dynamic tissue thickness and light transmission.Study Design/MethodsA 5 mm diameter, hemispherically tipped, manual load transducer was used to compress specimens using 2–44 N for 60 seconds. Chemically cleared specimens were immersed for 1 hour in glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide. A USAF 1951 resolution target was positioned beneath specimens and imaged using brightfield microscopy. Resolution and contrast of target features were analyzed. In separate experiments, a mechanical test instrument was used to compress and hold specimens at a final thickness while measuring applied load and light transmission.ResultsImage intensity profiles showed that while uncompressed skin did not allow resolution of any target, localized compression allowed maximum resolution (least line width) of 173 ± 21 µm. Mechanical clearing achieved up to four times higher maximum resolution and 2–3 times higher contrast sensitivity than chemical immersion. Resolving capability was highly correlated with compressive tissue strain. Light transmission increased during tissue compression, but also increased while holding final thickness constant.ConclusionLocalized compression is an effective technique for increasing resolution and contrast of target features through tissue and may improve light‐based diagnostics. Thickness reduction and other mechanisms appear to contribute to this effect. Lasers Surg. Med. 43: 814–823, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Erratum: Fiberoptic microneedles: Novel optical diffusers for interstitial delivery of therapeutic light
Authors: Kosoglu Mehmet A. , Hood Robert L. , Rossmeisl John H. , Grant David C. , Xu Yong , Robertson John L. , Rylander Marissa Nichole , Rylander Christopher G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPhotothermal therapies have limited efficacy and application due to the poor penetration depth of light inside tissue. In earlier work, we described the development of novel fiberoptic microneedles to provide a means to mechanically penetrate dermal tissue and deliver light directly into a localized target area. This paper presents an alternate fiberoptic microneedle design with the capability of delivering more diffuse, but therapeutically useful photothermal energy. Laser lipolysis is envisioned as a future clinical application for this design.Materials and MethodsA novel fiberoptic microneedle was developed using hydrofluoric acid etching of optical fiber to permit diffuse optical delivery. Microneedles etched for 10, 30, and 50 minutes, and an optical fiber control were compared with three techniques. First, red light delivery from the microneedles was evaluated by imaging the reflectance of the light from a white paper. Second, spatial temperature distribution of the paper in response to near‐IR light (1,064 nm, 1 W CW) was recorded using infrared thermography. Third, ex vivo adipose tissue response during 1,064 nm, (5 W CW) irradiation was recorded with bright field microscopy.ResultsAcid etching exposed a 3 mm length of the fiber core, allowing circumferential delivery of light along this length. Increasing etching time decreased microneedle diameter, resulting in increased uniformity of red and 1,064 nm light delivery along the microneedle axis. For equivalent total energy delivery, thinner microneedles reduced carbonization in the adipose tissue experiments.ConclusionsWe developed novel microscale optical diffusers that provided a more homogeneous light distribution from their surfaces, and compared performance to a flat‐cleaved fiber, a device currently utilized in clinical practice. These fiberoptic microneedles can potentially enhance clinical laser procedures by providing direct delivery of diffuse light to target chromophores, while minimizing undesirable photothermal damage in adjacent, non‐target tissue. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:914‐920, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Character formulas for restricted simple modules of the special superalgebras
Authors: Shu Bin , Yao Yu‐Feng 
Published: December 2011

AbstractLet k be an algebraically closed field of prime characteristic p > 2, and let S(n) be the special Lie superalgebra over k. The iso‐classes of simple restricted modules of these algebras are classified, and the character formulas of restricted simple modules are given.
Charged Poly(D,L‐lactide) Nanofibers: Towards Customized Surface Properties
Authors: Croisier Florence , Aqil Abdelhafid , Malherbe Cédric , Gilbert Bernard , Detrembleur Christophe , Jérôme Christine 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSurface‐charged nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning technique (ESP). For this purpose, a copolymer bearing carboxylic acid functions was added to a poly(D,L‐lactide) solution just before ESP process. In a basic medium, negative charges were therefore revealed on fiber surface. By deposition of positively charged particles or polyelectrolytes, surface properties of the fibers could be tailor‐made for a specific application. This versatile method can, for example, be applied to the preparation of new biomedical scaffolds.