bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Principles governing the Efficiency of a Padding Mangle
Authors: Potter H. 
Published: July 2010

One‐day Symposium on Continuous Dyeing held by the Manchester Section at the Manchester College of Technology on 19th March 1954, Mr. J. Boulton in the chairA simple theoretical discussion shows how the take‐up of liquor in a fabric after passing through a squeeze mangle depends upon the distance of closest approach of the bowl surfaces. The mathematical relationship between this distance, the physical characteristics of the mangle, and the compressional characteristics of the fabric is worked out for an ideal case. How the final take‐up in any practical case might depend upon other important factors is also considered.
Fast Dyeings on Wool‐Cellulosic Unions
Authors: Lemin D. R. , Collins J. K. 
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Scottish Section held at the St, Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 9th December 1958, Mr. W. G. B. Grant in the chair; of the West Riding Section held at the Victoria Hotel, Bradford, on 26th February 1959, Mr. R. Heaton in the chuir; and of the Huddersjield Section held at Silvio's Café Hudders field, on 17th March 1959, Mr. H. Boothroyd in the chairIn recent years, increased interest in wool‐cellulose unions has, in some cases, called upon the dyer to produce the same standards of fastness as ran be obtained on the separate fibres. It has been found that, by rareful selection of dyes and dyeing methods, it is possible to apply reactive, onium, vat, and azoic dyes satisfactorily to wool—cellulose unions without causing significant fibre damage.
Shrinkproofing of Wool with Reducing Agents
Authors: Farnworth A. J. 
Published: July 2010

Wool can be shrinkproofed by treatment with ethanolic or aqueous solutions of ammonium thioglycollate or of mixtures of thioglycollic acid and organic bases. Preliminary extraction of the fabric with ethanol greatly increases the effectiveness of aqueous solutions of ammonium thioglycollate. Extracted fabric can also be shrinkproofed by treatment with aqueous solutions of sodium bisulphite, which are without effect on unextracted fabric. However, the shrink resistance, which withstands washing in hot water, is largely lost on washing in soap solution.Shrinkproofing with reducing agents can be achieved under conditions where reaction very probably occurs only with disulphide bonds. Re‐building of disulphide, or formation of new covalent, bonds after the shrinkproofing reaction does not destroy the unshrinkability. Treatment with aqueous solutions of reducing agents leads to unshrinkability without the reaction being confined to the surface of the fibre, and without affecting the difference between the with‐scale and anti‐scale coefficients of friction. The effect cannot be explained in terms of the conventional theories of shrinkproofing.
Photochemistry of Sodium Chlorite in Solution, with Reference to Chlorite Bleaching
Authors: Kujrai C. , Fujita I. 
Published: July 2010

At wavelengths less than 3700 Å, the absorption spectrum of an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite is that of the chlorite ion. This spectrum has two maxima, at 2600 and 2900 Å, and is strongly affected by exposure of the solution to ultraviolet radiation from the quartz mercury discharge lamp. The intensity of the maximum at 2600 Å decreases rapidly, whereas that at 2900 Å increases, and a new absorption maximum appears at 3600 Å, indicating that photochemical changes have occurred. Comparison of these spectra with those of chlorine dioxide and hypochlorite ion indicates that these two compounds are the primary photochemical decomposition products of chlorite ions. The amount of these products formed is strongly dependent on pH, chlorine dioxide being the chief product in an acid medium and hypochlorite ion in an alkaline one.Kinetic studies show that the same empirical rate equation (—d[ClO]/dt = kI0[ClO]0.5) holds in both acid and alkaline media. The rate constant, however, is greater in an acid medium. The quantum yield, which was determined actinometrically, is 0.9 at pH 6 and 0.6 at pH 9. Reaction mechanisms are proposed and the kinetic equations derived from them are found to agree well with the experimental results.
The treatment of the first seizure: The risks
Authors: Perucca Emilio 
Published: July 2010

Summary The risks associated with prescribing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in a person who had a single unprovoked seizure fall into three domains: (1) the risk that treatment will not be effective in preventing seizure relapse, and the consequences thereof; (2) the risks of a person's life being affected by the psychological, social, and legal aspects of receiving treatment for a seizure disorder; (3) the health risks associated with intake of antiepileptic medication. This article with focus on the latter, addressing in particular concerns related to adverse drug effects. Serious or life‐threatening adverse reactions are very uncommon in people started on AEDs, although some (e.g., teratogenic effects) can be a major concern in specific patient groups. Nonserious adverse reactions leading to withdrawal of treatment are relatively common, although in most cases these are reversible following removal of the offending agent. Adverse effects associated with prolonged treatment and not leading to drug withdrawal are an important concern, because such effects are often under‐recognized and may affect significantly quality of life. Additional risks relate to the occurrence of drug–drug interactions. In all cases, risks can be minimized by careful selection of the AED to be used (with particular consideration of individual characteristics which contraindicate a specific AED, or predispose to specific adverse effects), gradual dose titration, choice of an appropriate target dose and, most important of all, careful monitoring of clinical response.
Neuroimaging in the Clinical Diagnosis of Dementia: Observations from a Memory Disorders Clinic
Authors: Borghesani Paul R. , DeMers Shaune M. , Manchanda Vivek , Pruthi Sumit , Lewis David H. , Borson Soo 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine how often neuroimaging confirms, clarifies, or contradicts initial diagnoses of late‐life cognitive disorders.DESIGN: Retrospective case review.SETTING: Outpatient clinic specializing in memory disorders.PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ninety‐three consecutively referred cognitively impaired patients.MEASUREMENTS: Diagnoses using research criteria were developed for each patient at the first visit and ranged from cognitive impairment without dementia to dementias of single, complex, or indeterminate etiology. Structural (noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging) and perfusion (technetium‐99m ethyl cysteine dimer single photon emission computed tomography) images were categorized together as normal, suggestive of specific diseases, or abnormal/not diagnostic.RESULTS: When a single neurodegenerative disease was suspected clinically (n=94), imaging confirmed the diagnosis in 50, contradicted the diagnosis in 32, and was abnormal/not diagnostic in 12. When more than one neurodegenerative etiology was clinically suspected (n=21), imaging assigned a single diagnosis in 13 and only cerebrovascular disease in one and was abnormal/not diagnostic in seven. In dementia not otherwise specified (NOS) (n=33), imaging suggested a specific etiology in 23 and was abnormal/not diagnostic in 10. Abnormal/not diagnostic images were more common in cognitive disorder NOS (n=25, 68%) than in other clinical groups (22%, chi‐square=22.8 P<.001). Neuroimaging indicators of cerebrovascular disease were common (60% prevalence) but not predicted by the presence of vascular risk factors alone.CONCLUSION: Overall, neuroimaging confirmed, clarified, or contradicted the initial clinical diagnosis in more than 80% of patients, whereas fewer than 20% had abnormal/not diagnostic patterns. Imaging suggested a complex dementia etiology in 21% of cases clinically thought to be caused by a single process, whereas 46% of complex clinical differential diagnoses appeared to reflect a single causal pattern. Further work is needed to determine whether refinement of clinical diagnoses using specialized neuroimaging improves clinical decision‐making and patient outcomes.
The Distribution Pattern of a Series of Tricyclic and Bicyclic Thymoleptics Compared with their Lipophilic Properties and Binding to Plasma Proteins
Authors: Jørgensen A. , Hansen V. , Overø K. Fredricson 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Eight thymoleptic drugs were labelled with carbon‐14. Four of the drugs were of the tricyclic type (amitriptyline/nortriptyline and melitraced litracen), the others belonged to the bicyclic phthalane and thiophthalane structures. The drugs were given intravenously to male albino rats in doses of 5 mg/kg. At fixed times after injection the animals were killed by exsanguination. Blood was collected and examined together with different organs for contents of radioactivity. Chromatographic estimations were made on extracts of the brain. The relative lipophilic properties of the drugs were determined as well as the binding to plasma proteins. The concentration of radioactivity in the lungs was in all cases higher after a secondary than after the corresponding tertiary amitte. In the brain the initial concentrations were highest after the tertiary amines, but at later periods the concentrations were almost the same after a tertiary and the corresponding secondary amine. Among the tertiary and the secondary amines, respectively, the drugs of the tricyclic type showed the highest brain concentrations. The chromatographic estimations of brain extracts showed that after the administration of a tertiary amine, the parent drug accounted for almost all radioactivity, while after a secondary amine the N‐demethylation product was present in considerable amounts. The lipophility studies showed that the tertiary amines were in all caws much more lipophilic than their corresponding secondary amines. The data for the binding to plasma proteins did not show any general trend. It is concluded that the penetration of drugs into the brain is only partly explained by the lipophility of the drugs. The binding to plasma proteins does not seem to influence the distribution.Particular attention is drawn to the astonishing finding, that more N‐demethylated metabolites are found after secondary amines than after tertiary amines, though the latter are N‐demethylated at a higher rate.
Selenium Carrier Proteins in Mouse Plasma
Authors: Sandholm Markus 
Published: July 2010

The selenium carrier proteins in mouse plasma were studied using 75Se‐selenite and a crossed immunoelectrophoresis‐autoradiography.The selenite was not bound to plasma proteins in vitro unless erythrocytes were present. Intravenously administered selenite was attached to the same proteins as the selenite‐Se metabolized by the erythrocytes in vitro.
Autoradiographic Studies of 3H‐estramustine in the Rat Ventral Prostate
Authors: Appelgren L.‐E. , Forsgren B. , Gustafsson J.‐Å. , Pousette Å. , Högberg B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract The alkylating agent 3H‐estramustine was administered to castrated male rats and found to accumulate in the epithelium of the ventral prostate 5 and 20 min. following intravenous administration, as judged from autoradiography. Four hrs. after intravenous injection of this isotope, the radioactivity was recovered in the secretion of the prostatic lobuli. A preferential accumulation of radioactivity in prostatic secretion was also observed 2 hrs. after intramuscular administration of 3H‐estramustine to intact or castrated rats. In contrast, 3H‐oestradiol and 3H‐testosterone, which were also taken up by the ventral prostatic epithelium, were not recovered in prostatic secretion.The present results indicate that 3H‐estramustine is secreted from the prostatic cells into the lumina of the prostatic lobuli. It is speculated that a recently detected estramustine‐binding protein in rat ventral prostate may be involved in this process and that the present finding may be of relevance in the understanding of the mechanism of action of the chemotherapeutic agent Estracyt® (estramustine phosphate) used in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma.
Computer methods for the assessment of toxicity.
Authors: Wold S. , Hellberg S. , Dunn W. J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract The prediction of the biological activity of chemical compounds by means of mathematical models is discussed. Biological activity of chemicals, including their toxicity on man and other biological organisms and systems, involves too complex phenomena to presently be predictable by fundamental models such as ab initio quantum mechanical models or statistical mechanical models.Hence one takes recourse to semi‐empirical and empirical models which relate the variation in chemical structure of chemical compounds to the variation in their measured biological activity, e.g. toxicity in one or several test systems. These models are “calibrated” on series of similar compounds with “known” toxicity, the training set. Thereafter the models can — in fortunate cases — be used to predict the toxicity of compounds which are structurally similar to the training set compounds.The formulation and applicability of semi‐empirical and empirical models relating chemical structure to biological activity is discussed. Causes and remedies for commonly encountered fallacies are presented.
Aspects on pharmacokinetics of some diuretics
Authors: Beermann Björn 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:This review summarizes the present knowledge of some commonly used diuretics.Bendroflumethiazide and bumetanide are completely absorbed from the gut while the uptake of hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone and furosemide averages about 65%. The degree of uptake of amiloride and spironolactone is unknown but exceeds 50%.Plasma t 1/2 of bumetanide and furosemide are approximately 1 h. The clinically important phase of the plasma concentration of bendroflumethiazide has a t 1/2 of 3 h, although a slower phase with a t 1/2 of 9 h has been described. Hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride, often used in combination, both have a t 1/2 of about 10 h. Canrenone, an active metabolite of spironolactone, has a t 1/2 of 15–20 h. Chlorthalidone is eliminated very slowly with a t 1/2 of about two days. This is partly caused by an extensive binding to carbonic anhydrase in the erythrocytes.The protein binding of bendroflumethiazide, bumetanide, canrenone and furosemide is approximately 95%. The binding of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide is about 75 and 40% respectively.All mentioned diuretics except spironolactone are in part eliminated renally, mainly via tubular secretion. This is the major elimination route for amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide, while it constitutes one third to two thirds for bendroflumethiazide, bumetanide and furosemide. Spironolactone is exclusively eliminated as metabolites.
Nitrate tolerance in angina pectoris
Authors: Nordlander Rolf 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: A review of the current literature concerning development of nitrate tolerance in the treatment of angina pectoris suggests that:

development of nitrate tolerance is a clinical reality
development of tolerance do not seem to differ for nitroglycerin, isosorbidedinitrate or isosorbide‐5‐mononitrate
a high nitrate dose seems to be more likely to induce tolerance
a nitrate free interval during some part of the day or the night seems to restore vascular responsiveness
by optimal use of different nitrate formulations the problem with development of tolerance may be reduced
Lipodystrophy – a sign for metabolic syndrome in patients of the HIV‐HEART study
Authors: Potthoff Anja , Brockmeyer Norbert H. , Gelbrich Götz , Neuhaus Kathrin , Esser Stefan , Reinsch Nico , Hower Martin , Mostardt Sarah , Neumann Anja , Neumann Till ,   For the Competence Center Cardiac Insufficiency and the Competence Network HIV/AIDS
Published: July 2010

Summary Background: After the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, the life expectancy of HIV patients has increased to more than 30 years after initial diagnosis. Cardiovascular disease now is an important cause of death in HIV‐infected patients. Patients and Methods: In the multicenter, prospective HIV‐HEART study, 222 (38 %) patients suffered from lipodystrophy. Women were more often affected than men (41.5 % vs. 25.3 %). Patients with lipodystrophy were on average 5 years older and had been infected longer (10.4 vs. 6.6 years) then patients without lipodystrophy. Results: Lipodystrophy in HIV patients was a clinical sign of cardiovascular risk factors like hyperlipidemia (total cholesterol 19 mg/dl higher, HDL 2.8 mg/dl lower, triglycerides 53 mg/dl higher) and type 2 diabetes (11.3 % vs. 2.8 %). Patients with lipodystrophy were more likely to be co‐infected with hepatitis B (34.7 % vs. 28.8 %, p = 0.122) or C (13.1 % vs. 9.3 %, p = 0.16) than patients without lipodystrophy. The quality of life was reduced in patients with lipodystrophy. In 6 of 8 scales of the SF‐36 questionnaire, patients with lipodystrophy had lower scores. Conclusions: Lipodystrophy syndrome is an early warning system for a number of illnesses which reduce life expectancy. Dermatologists must help insure that HIV‐infected patients receive treatment for these disorders.
The primary care nurse practitioner and cancer survivorship care
Authors: Cooper Joanna M. , Loeb Susan J. , Smith Carol A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract Purpose: To examine the important role that primary care nurse practitioners (NPs) have in providing long‐term surveillance and health maintenance for breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer survivors throughout the continuum of cancer care. Data sources: MEDLINE, CINAHL, MD‐Consult, and Cochrane's databases were utilized with the inclusion of primary research and critical research reviews from January 1995 through March 2008. Select organizational websites were also cited. Conclusions: Cancer patients experience changes in the focus of their care when management shifts from the treatment of cancer to management of treatment side effects and outcomes, to survivorship care, and to secondary cancer treatment. NPs have a strong impact on cancer survivorship care by serving in various roles and settings throughout the cancer trajectory to improve patient outcomes. Implications for practice: Cancer survivorship care expands beyond specialty settings, into primary care. NPs have a key role in ensuring continuity of care for patients with cancer. Models of care that promote continuity and high quality of care for patients with cancer include the shared‐care and nurse‐managed health center models. The formal collaborative plan of care is essential in long‐term cancer survivorship care.
An innovative approach to standardizing heart failure care: The heart failure support team
Authors: Manning Stacey , Wendler M. Cecilia , Baur Karen 
Published: July 2010

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this project was to determine if a comprehensive program of heart failure support using a three‐step approach during acute care led by an advanced practice nurse (APN) improves outcomes. The goal was to implement Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) appropriate care recommendations for all patients with heart failure, reducing variation, and increasing quality of care. Data sources: Retrospective hospital chart reviews demonstrated patients were being admitted with one diagnosis, but ultimately discharged under the heart failure diagnosis‐related group (DRG). Because these patients had not been identified as heart failure patients during hospitalization, we discovered an opportunity to improve care through program development. Conclusions: Once this approach was implemented consistently and sustained, we achieved near‐perfect CMS scores. Composite quality scores for patients with heart failure improved from 82.12% to 100%. Electronic tracking of patients after referrals from multiple sources became the keystone of the program, facilitating early identification, teaching, and ongoing patient monitoring. Implications for practice: A comprehensive approach to heart failure support using a team is recommended. However, research is needed to determine if this approach improves quality of life, hospital readmission rates, or lengths of stay for this vulnerable population.
Does familiarity breed respect? Physician attitudes toward nurse practitioners in a medically underserved state
Authors: Street Debra , Cossman Jeralynn S. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract Purpose: An evolving primary care environment underscores the importance of physician and nurse practitioner (NP) interactions. We analyze how physician characteristics and close working relationships (presence of NPs in practice) influence physicians’ attitudes toward NPs. Data sources: Bivariate analyses of 2007–2008 Missisisppi Physician Workforce Study survey data (response rate 23.3%) identified Mississippi physician characteristics associated with having NPs in practices and discrete NP‐attitudinal items. Generalized physician attitudes toward NPs were modeled using multivariate regression. Conclusions: Generalists, physicians in public sector employment and physicians in larger practices are more likely to work in practices that also include NPs. Physicians working with NPs are somewhat younger than those who do not. Regression analysis indicates that male physicians had less‐positive attitudes toward NPs, while physicians who practice alongside NPs and who have been in practice longer have the most positive generalized attitudes toward NPs. Implications for practice: Physicians who work in the same practice with NPs have more positive attitudes toward them. However, regardless of work arrangements, MS physicians are reluctant for NPs to practice independently. Physicians with early collaborative training with NPs may have more positive attitudes, but even such exposure will not necessarily lead physicians to support NPs’ independent practice.
Transsexual primary care
Authors: Jenner Christopher O. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract Purpose: Transsexual presentations in primary care stress mainstream health care physical resources, institutional organization, and the cultural flexibility of providers and interdisciplinary staff. This article describes the ethical landscape, examines gender identity culture, and considers gender reassignment physiology. Nurse practitioners are challenged to advocate for this population. Data sources: Sources for the discussion derive from published institutional guidelines, institutional and civic policies, web‐based information in the public domain, and professional journal articles. Conclusions: Advocacy for cultural sensitivity, institutional policy change,and professional integrity will determine healthcare quality for this population. Advocacy for cultural awareness and institutional change has begun in larger institutions and metropolitan areas, but is necessary across primary care settings. Implications for practice: Caring for transsexuals requires knowledge of anatomical reassignments, hormonal therapy effects, and cultural sensitivities particular to the gender identity community. Healthcare screening and physical exam modifications for these presentations require forethought and appropriate adjustments.