bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community Health Workers in Global Health: Scale and Scalability
Authors: Liu Anne , Sullivan Sarah , Khan Mohammed , Sachs Sonia , Singh Prabhjot 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCommunity health worker programs have emerged as one of the most effective strategies to address human resources for health shortages while improving access to and quality of primary healthcare. Many developing countries have succeeded in deploying community health worker programs in recognition of the potential of community health workers to identify, refer, and in many cases treat illnesses at the household level. However, challenges in program design and sustainability are expanded when such programs are expanded at scale, particularly with regard to systems management and integration with primary health facilities. Several nongovernmental organizations provide cases of innovation on management of community health worker programs that could support a sustainable system that is capable of being expanded without being stressed in its functionality nor effectiveness—therefore, providing for stronger scalability. This paper explores community health worker programs that have been deployed at national scale, as well as scalable innovations found in successful nongovernmental organization–run community health worker programs. In exploration of strategies to ensure sustainable community health worker programs at scale, we reconcile scaling constraints and scalable innovations by mapping strengths of nongovernmental organizations' community health worker programs to the challenges faced by programs currently deployed at national scale. Mt Sinai J Med 78:419–435, 2011 © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Strategic, Value‐Based Delivery in Global Health Care: Innovations at Harvard University and Brigham and Women's Hospital
Authors: Weintraub Rebecca L. , Talbot Julie , ole‐MoiYoi Kileken , Wachter Keri , Sullivan Erin , House Amy , Baron Jennifer , Beals Aaron , Beauvais Sophie , Rhatigan Joseph 
Published: May 2011

AbstractInvestments in global health have more than doubled over the past decade, generating a cadre of new institutions. To date, most of the funded research in global health has focused on discovery, and, more recently, on the development of new tools, which has tightened the implementation bottleneck. This article introduces the concept of global health delivery and the need to catalog and analyze current implementation efforts to bridge gaps in delivery. Global health delivery is complex and context‐dependent and requires an interdisciplinary effort, including the application of strategic principles. Furthermore, delivery is necessary to ensure that the investments in research, discovery, and development generate value for patients and populations. This article discusses the application of value‐based delivery to global health. It provides some examples of approaches to aggregating implicit knowledge to inform practice. With global health delivery, the aim is to transform global health scale‐up from a series of well‐intentioned but often disconnected efforts to a value‐based movement based upon 21st‐century technology, standards, and efficiency. Mt Sinai J Med 78:458–469, 2011 © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Obstetric Fistula in Low and Middle Income Countries
Authors: Capes Tracy , Ascher‐Walsh Charles , Abdoulaye Idrissa , Brodman Michael 
Published: May 2011

AbstractVesicovaginal fistula secondary to obstructed labor continues to be an all‐too‐common occurrence in underdeveloped nations throughout Africa and Asia. Vesicovaginal fistula remains largely an overlooked problem in developing nations as it affects the most marginalized members of society: young, poor, illiterate women who live in remote areas. The formation of obstetric fistula is a result of complex interactions of social, biologic, and economic influences. The key underlying causes of fistula are the combination of a lack of functional emergency obstetric care, poverty, illiteracy, and low status of women. In order to prevent fistula, some strategies include creation of governmental policy aimed toward reducing maternal mortality/morbidity and increasing availability of skilled obstetric care, as well as attempts to increase awareness about its prevention and treatment among policymakers, service providers, and communities. Whereas prevention will require the widespread development of infrastructure within these developing countries, treatment of fistula is an act which can be done “in the now.” Treatment and subsequent reintegration of fistula patients requires a team of specialists including surgeons, nurses, midwives, and social workers, which is largely unavailable in developing countries. However, there is increasing support for training of fistula surgeons through standardized programs as well as establishment of rehabilitation centers in many nations. The eradication of fistula is dependent upon building programs that target both prevention and treatment. Mt Sinai J Med 78:352–361, 2011 © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Volatiles emitted by Carya illinoinensis (Wang.) K. Koch as a prelude for semiochemical investigations to focus on Acrobasis nuxvorella Nuenzig (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Corella‐Madueño Maria A , Harris Marvin K , Fu‐Castillo Agustin A , Martínez‐Téllez Miguel A , Valenzuela‐Soto Elisa M , Gálvez‐Ruiz Juan C , Vargas‐Arispuro Irasema 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Plant volatiles have complex intra‐ and interspecific effects in the environment that include plant/herbivore interactions. Identifying the quantity and quality of volatiles produced by a plant is needed to aid the process of determining which chemicals are exerting what effects and then examining whether these effects can be manipulated to benefit society. The qualitative characterization of volatile compounds emitted by pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wang.) K. Koch, was begun in order to establish a database for investigating how these volatiles affect Acrobasis nuxvorella Nuenzig, a monophagous pest of pecan. Headspace solid‐phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of the volatile constituents of pecan during three phenological stages (dormant buds, intact new shoot growth and intact nutlets) of the Western Schley and Wichita cultivars.RESULTS: About 111 distinct compounds were identified from the two cultivars, accounting for ∼99% of the headspace volatiles. The chromatographic profiles of both varieties revealed variations in the volatile composition and proportion between cultivars, with a predominance of terpene hydrocarbons, of the sesquiterpenes class, as well as monoterpenes.CONCLUSION: The significantly higher responsiveness recorded for the larvae of A. nuxvorella to C. illinoinensis shoots indicates that the larvae may be activated by terpenes emanating from the new shoot growth. This is the first study that has examined volatiles of pecan in Mexico. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
First‐principles investigation of the electronic structures of edge dislocations in GaN
Authors: Mishra K. C. , Johnson K. H. , Schmidt P. C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractUsing a first‐principles band structure approach, we have investigated the electronic structures of edge dislocations associated with the $\left\langle {11\overline {2} 0} \right\rangle \{ 0001]$ slip system. This edge dislocation has been simulated using a 4 × 4 × 3 supercell from which a half‐plane perpendicular to the basal plane along the $\left\langle {1\overline {1} 00} \right\rangle $ direction was removed in every unit cell. The electronic structures were then calculated within the framework of density functional theory with a plane wave basis set using the projector augmented wave technique as implemented in the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP). The optimized structure yields slightly larger lattice parameters A/4 = 3.216 Å, C/3 = 5.234 Å compared to experiment and the GaN bond lengths, dGa‐N = 1.965 and 1.973 Å. A detailed analysis of the partial density of states (DOS) shows that the edge atoms along the ${\left[ {1\overline {1} 00} \right]}$ direction and the surface atoms on either side of the missing plane introduce new states in the band gap. The edge atoms introduce more localized states inside the gap, which could act as electron and hole traps. The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied states are N 2p like edge states and above these states at about 0.5 eV we find 4s like surface states of Ga. The band gap for the defect system vanishes due to states introduced by the dislocation. How the localized states introduced by the dislocation would affect the recombination of electron–hole pairs is discussed in detail.
Characterization of long‐term stability of hydrophilized PEG‐grafted PDMS within different media for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications
Authors: Demming Stefanie , Lesche Claudia , Schmolke Hannah , Klages Claus‐Peter , Büttgenbach Stephanus 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPoly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is broadly utilized for the development of disposable lab‐on‐a‐chip systems. For many microfluidic applications hydrophilic surface characteristics are indispensable. In this work, an easy, reliable and stable surface hydrophilization procedure based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐silanization is presented that overcomes the hydrophobic nature of PDMS. Furthermore, the long‐term stability of the grafting as well as the effect of different parameters (e.g., applied solvent) on the hydrophilicity according to the measured contact angles (CAs) are analyzed within different media. Finally, the successful hydrophilization of different PDMS microfluidic devices and the effect of its performance are demonstrated (e.g., in a micro‐emulsification component).magnified imageEffect of the surface properties of PDMS‐structured devices on the performance of drop emulsification with regard to the CA: (a) bare, hydrophobic and (b) PEG‐grafted, hydrophilic PDMS.
Application of carbazole‐containing polymer materials as recording media
Authors: Andries A. , Abaskin V. , Achimova E. , Meshalkin A. , Prisacar A. , Sergheev S. , Robu S. , Vlad L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe research of polymer materials with advanced performance for information recording is an active branch in material science and photonics. The series of carbazole‐containing compounds: poly‐epoxypropylcarbazole (PEPC), poly‐epithiopropylcarbazole (PETPC), and copolymers of PETPC:glycidyl butyrate (PETPC:GB) were synthesized and investigated. The presented characteristics of thin films structures based on polymers mentioned above show the possibility to use them for both holographic and e‐beam recording. The interesting feature has been found concerning the formation of hidden gratings which have been revealed only by etching.
Pressure and temperature tuning of red laser diodes towards yellow and green
Authors: Bohdan Roland , Yvonyak Yurij , Mrozowicz Milan , Trzeciakowski Witold 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTwo InGaP/AlGaInP red laser diodes are studied at pressures up to 16 kbar and at temperatures down to 80 K. Emission wavelengths below 570 nm have been obtained, with low thresholds and high efficiencies. Pressure dependence of threshold currents is very different for the two lasers indicating that electron leakage occurs predominantly to L minima in one laser and to X minima in another laser.
The diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Maritime Continent in a high‐resolution atmospheric model
Authors: Love Barnaby S. , Matthews Adrian J. , Lister Grenville M. S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractClimate models can exhibit systematic errors in their mean precipitation over the Maritime Continent of the Indonesian archipelago at the heart of the tropical warm pool. These can often be traced back to an erroneous simulation of the diurnal cycle, and can lead to errors in global climate, through planetary wave propagation. Here, we examine the simulation of the diurnal cycle over the Maritime Continent in a series of high‐resolution integrations of the UK Met Office atmospheric model, with horizontal resolutions of 40 and 12 km (where the convection is parametrised) and 4 km (where the convection is explicitly resolved), as part of the Cascade project. In these models, the vertical heating profile over the islands changes from a convective profile with a mid‐tropospheric maximum in the early afternoon to a more stratiform profile with upper‐tropospheric heating and mid‐tropospheric cooling later. The convective heating profile forces a first internal mode gravity wave that propagates rapidly offshore; the deep warm anomalies behind its downwelling wavefront suppress convection offshore during early afternoon. The stratiform heating profile forces a gravity wave with a higher‐order vertical mode that propagates slowly offshore later in the afternoon. This mode has a negative, destabilising temperature anomaly in the mid‐troposphere. Together with the convergence zone between the wave fronts of the two modes, favourable conditions are created for offshore convection. In the 4 km explicit convection model, the offshore convection responds strongly to this gravity wave forcing, in agreement with observations, supporting a gravity wave–convection paradigm for the diurnal cycle over the Maritime Continent. However, the convective response in the lower‐resolution models is much less coherent, leading to errors in the diurnal cycle and mean precipitation. Hence, to improve climate model simulations, sensitivity to gravity wave forcing should be a factor in future convective parametrisation schemes. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Nocturnal low‐level jet and ‘atmospheric streams’ over the rain shadow region of Indian Western Ghats
Authors: Prabha T. V. , Goswami B. N. , Murthy B. S. , Kulkarni J. R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSpatial and temporal characteristics of a nocturnal low‐level jet (LLJ) on the east side of the Western Ghat mountain range over India's west coast and processes leading to the formation of the jet are discussed. The boundary‐layer jet has a regional scale extent, as revealed by high‐resolution Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW) model simulations, and contributes to the formation of ‘atmospheric streams’ of water vapor over the selected land regions. Simulations indicate that the formation of LLJ is mainly attributed to the baroclinicity of the valley atmosphere due to the gently rolling terrain, which is assisted by the persistence of an unstable residual layer above the developing stable boundary layer in the valley and cooling over the slopes. Prior to the formation of LLJ, the boundary layer is dominated by deep roll circulations. The LLJ followed a gust front zone associated with a mountain wave. The low‐level flow below the jet is decoupled from the upper‐level flow as a result of strong vorticity below the jet and suppression of turbulence at the jet core. A conceptual model for the boundary layer interactions, dynamics of the mountain wave, LLJ, etc. are proposed for Western Ghat region. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Hydrogen bond and the resonance effect on the formamide–water complexes
Authors: Parreira Renato L. T. , Caramori Giovanni F. , Morgon Nelson H. , Galembeck Sérgio E. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe interaction of formamide and the two transition states of its amide group rotation with one, two, or three water molecules was studied in vacuum. Great differences between the electronic structure of formamide in its most stable form and the electronic structure of the transition states were noticed. Intermolecular interactions were intense, especially in the cases where the solvent interacted with the amide and the carbonyl groups simultaneously. In the transition states, the interaction between the lone pair of nitrogen and the water molecule becomes important. With the aid of the natural bond orbitals, natural resonance theory, and electron localization function (ELF) analyses an increase in the resonance of planar formamide with the addition of successive water molecules was observed. Such observation suggests that the hydrogen bonds in the formamide–water complexes may have some covalent character. These results are also supported by the quantitative ELF analyses. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Simultaneous egomotion estimation, segmentation, and moving object detection
Authors: Yang Shao‐Wen , Wang Chieh‐Chih 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRobust egomotion estimation is a key prerequisite for making a robot truly autonomous. In previous work, a multimodel extension of random sample consensus (RANSAC) was introduced to deal with environments with rapid changes by incorporating moving object information. A multiscale matching algorithm was also proposed to resolve the issue of imperfect segmentation. In this paper, we present a novel specialization of RANSAC that extends the previous work. A unified framework is introduced to achieve simultaneously egomotion estimation, multiscale segmentation, and moving object detection in the RANSAC paradigm. The motivation of this work is to provide a robust real‐time solution to the problem of egomotion estimation, segmentation, and moving object detection in highly dynamic environments. The idea is to augment the discriminative power of spatial and temporal appearances of objects by the spatiotemporal consistency. The objective is twofold. First, split mismerged segments and distinguish nonstationary objects from stationary objects by the spatial consistency. Second, merge oversegmented segments and differentiate moving objects from outlying objects by the temporal consistency. Moving objects of considerably different sizes, from pedestrians to trucks, can be properly segmented and correctly detected. We also show that the performance of egomotion estimation can be further improved by taking into account both stationary and moving object information. Our approach is extensively evaluated on challenging data sets and compared to the state of the art. The experiments also show that our approach serves as a general framework that works well with various planar range data. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implicit Floquet analysis of wind turbines using tangent matrices of a non‐linear aeroelastic code
Authors: Skjoldan P. F. , Hansen M. H. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe aeroelastic code BHawC for calculation of the dynamic response of a wind turbine uses a non‐linear finite element formulation. Most wind turbine stability tools for calculation of the aeroelastic modes are, however, based on separate linearized models. This paper presents an approach to modal analysis where the linear structural model is extracted directly from BHawC using the tangent system matrices when the turbine is in a steady state. A purely structural modal analysis of the periodic system for an isotropic rotor operating at a stationary steady state was performed by eigenvalue analysis after describing the rotor degrees of freedom in the inertial frame with the Coleman transformation. For general anisotropic systems, implicit Floquet analysis, which is less computationally intensive than classical Floquet analysis, was used to extract the least damped modes. Both methods were applied to a model of a three‐bladed 2.3 MW Siemens wind turbine model. Frequencies matched individually and with a modal identification on time simulations with the non‐linear model. The implicit Floquet analysis performed for an anisotropic system in a periodic steady state showed that the response of a single mode contains multiple harmonic components differing in frequency by the rotor speed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clustering mixed data
Authors: Hunt Lynette , Jorgensen Murray 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMixture model clustering proceeds by fitting a finite mixture of multivariate distributions to data, the fitted mixture density then being used to allocate the data to one of the components. Common model formulations assume that either all the attributes are continuous or all the attributes are categorical. In this paper, we consider options for model formulation in the more practical case of mixed data: multivariate data sets that contain both continuous and categorical attributes. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 352–361 DOI: 10.1002/widm.33This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Structure Discovery
Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Similarity measures for sequential data
Authors: Rieck Konrad 
Published: May 2011

AbstractExpressive comparison of strings is a prerequisite for analysis of sequential data in many areas of computer science. However, comparing strings and assessing their similarity is not a trivial task and there exists several contrasting approaches for defining similarity measures over sequential data. In this paper, we review three major classes of such similarity measures: edit distances, bag‐of‐word models, and string kernels. Each of these classes originates from a particular application domain and models similarity of strings differently. We present these classes and underlying comparisons in detail, highlight advantages, and differences as well as provide basic algorithms supporting practical applications. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2011 1 296–304 DOI: 10.1002/widm.36This article is categorized under:Algorithmic Development > Biological Data MiningAlgorithmic Development > Text MiningFundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Data ConceptsFundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Key Design Issues in Data Mining
Density of fishers and the efficacy of relative abundance indices and small‐scale occupancy estimation to detect a population decline on the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation, California
Authors: Matthews Sean M. , Mark Higley J. , Scott Yaeger J. , Fuller Todd K. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe used a mark–resight design to calculate density estimates of fisher (Martes pennanti), a candidate for listing under the United States Endangered Species Act, on the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation in northwestern California, USA in order to determine population status in 1998 and 2005. Our density estimation results and simultaneous population‐monitoring data provided a post hoc opportunity to evaluate the relative efficacy of 3 classical indexing techniques (catch‐per‐unit‐effort, frequency of detection at camera stations, and frequency of detection at track‐plate stations) and small‐scale occupancy estimation to accurately detect population change. We calculated densities (and 95% CI) of 52 (43–64) and 14 (13–16) fishers/100 km2 in 1998 and 2005, respectively. We detected a decline in the relative abundance of fishers between 1998 and 2005 using catch‐per‐unit‐effort indices (χ2 ≥ 10.18, P ≤ 0.007), but not in magnitude similar to our density estimates. We detected an increase (χ2 = 4.23, P = 0.040) and no difference (χ2 = 1.38, P = 0.240) in the relative abundance of fishers between surveys using frequency of detection indices at camera stations and at track‐plate stations, respectively. Occupancy estimates did not differ between 1998 and 2005. We speculate changes in prey habitat, increases in predation, disease, or some combination of these potential causes, were responsible for the population decline. Our results reinforce the importance of careful thought given to the study goals and potential limitations of any technique. For populations deemed valuable (e.g., at risk or sensitive), we suggest managers consider adopting more defensible, large‐scale occupancy estimation or mark–recapture methods to monitor changes in population sizes. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.