bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translational research in transcranial direct current stimulation
(tDCS): a systematic review of studies in animals
Authors: Brunoni Andre Russowsky , Fregni Felipe , Pagano Rosana Lima 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Recent therapeutic human studies testing transcranial direct current stimulation
(tDCS) have shown promising results, although many questions remain unanswered.
Translational research with experimental animals is an appropriate framework for
investigating its mechanisms of action that are still undetermined.
Nevertheless, animal and human studies are often discordant. Our aim was to
review tDCS animal studies, examining and comparing their main findings with
human studies. We performed a systematic review in Medline and other databases,
screening for animal studies in vivo that delivered tDCS.
Studies in vitro and using other neuromodulatory techniques
were excluded. We extracted data according to Animal Research: Reporting
In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines for reporting
in vivo animal research. Thus, we collected data on sample
characteristics (size, gender, weight and specimen) and methodology
(experimental procedures, experimental animals, housing and husbandry, as well
as analysis). We also collected data on methods for delivering tDCS (location,
size, current and current density of electrodes and electrode montage),
experimental effects (polarity-, intensity- and after-effects) and safety. Only
12 of 48 potentially eligible studies met our inclusion criteria and were
reviewed. Quality assessment reporting was only moderate and studies were
heterogeneous regarding tDCS montage methodology, position of active and
reference electrodes, and current density used. Nonetheless, almost all studies
demonstrated that tDCS had positive immediate and long-lasting effects.
Vis-à-vis human trials, animal studies applied
higher current densities (34.2 vs. 0.4 A/m2, respectively), preferred
extra-cephalic positions for reference electrodes (60% vs. 10%,
respectively) and used electrodes with different sizes more often. Potential
implications for translational tDCS research are discussed.
Modifications of bone material properties in postmenopausal osteoporotic women long-term treated with alendronate
Authors: Bala Yohann , Farlay Delphine , Chapurlat Roland D , Boivin Georges 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveGiven recent concern about long-term safety of bisphosphonate (BP) therapy, the effects of long-term alendronate (ALN) therapy on intrinsic bone properties were studied among postmenopausal osteoporotic (PMOP) women.Design and methodsTransiliac bone biopsies were obtained from 32 outpatient clinic PMOP women treated with oral ALN for 6.4±2.0 years. Variables reflecting bone mineralization were measured both at tissue level using quantitative microradiography and at crystal level by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. Bone microhardness was investigated by Vickers indentation tests. Results were compared with those from 22 age-matched untreated PMOP women.ResultsLong-term treatment with ALN was associated with a 84% (P<0.001) lower remodeling activity compared with untreated PMOP women, leading to an increased degree of mineralization in both cortical and trabecular bone (+9 and +6%, respectively, P<0.05). Despite a more mature and more mineralized bone matrix, after treatment, cortical and trabecular microhardness and crystallinity were lower than that measured in untreated patients. None of the variables reflecting material properties were significantly correlated to the duration of the treatment.ConclusionIncreased degree of mineralization associated with lower crystallinity and microhardness in ALN long-term-treated PMOP women suggests that ALN could alter the quality of bone matrix. The study also suggested that after 3 years of treatment, the changes in material properties are not dependent on the duration of the treatment. Further studies are requested to assess the short-term (<3 years) effects of BPs on bone intrinsic properties.
Characteristics of low-density hemp-lime building materials
Authors: Hirst Edward A. J. , Walker Peter , Paine Kevin A. , Yates Tim 
Published: August 2011

Hemp-lime is a sustainable low-carbon composite building material that combines renewably sourced hemp shiv (a co-product of hemp fibre crop production) with formulated lime-based binders. To date, its primary use has been to form solid external walls in timber-framed buildings. This paper reports on the testing of 54 hemp-lime cylinders to compare their strength and stiffness properties at three different densities and at different ages up to 180 days. Three different and widely used formulated lime binders were studied. Phenolphthalein staining was used to map development of the carbonation front across specimen cross-sections. The strength and stiffness properties of the hemp-lime are comparable with other rigid insulation materials such as woodfibre board. The strength of hemp-lime increases with mix density and age. However, the strength of hemp-lime is not directly related to the individual strength of the binder, but rather is a function of complex and dynamic interactions between the hemp and the binder matrix, as well as the density and the percentage of wet binder mix at fabrication.
The Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project--Assessing the World Bank's Failed Experiment to Direct Oil Revenues towards the Poor
Authors: Clausen Fabian , Attaran Amir 
Published: August 2011

The World Bank's engagement with projects involving extractive industries has not proven particularly successful. Especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, it has actually often made matters worse. Borrower countries' economies failed to grow, and corruption increased; the poor did not benefit from the revenues that were generated. This paper assesses the complex legal and institutional framework of the World Bank project that many hoped would change this bleak record: in the highly publicized and controversial Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project, the Bank catalyzed the largest private investment in the history of Sub-Saharan Africa. This model project featured new and untested contractual, statutory, institutional and fiscal mechanisms which were intended to make Chad's oil revenues transparent and compel the Government of Chad—one of the world's poorest—to expend its oil revenues on areas consistent with the project's agreed poverty reduction objective, such as education and health.
Despite these heroic measures, in 2008 the revenue allocation program collapsed, and the Bank's projects in Chad terminated prematurely. Not for the first time, the government of Chad had unilaterally altered the underlying laws to enable more security and military spending. Yet again, the poor had not profited from the oil revenues.
We analyse in this paper whether the Bank's failure in the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project was due to specific errors in the framework of contracts, laws and institutional structures the Bank deployed—errors which could, in theory, be taken as lessons for a future project making use of an improved revenue allocation system—or whether generally the Bank's entire concept of contractually imposing a revenue allocation system is flawed, such that any attempt to revive such a system on another occasion is misguided and futile.
Proton-proton correlations in dp and 16Op interactions
Authors: Glagolev Viktor , Martinská Gabriela , Mušinský Jan , Urbán Jozef , Olimov Khosim , Yuldashev Anvar 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Correlations between two protons emitted in dp and 16Op collisions at momenta 3.3 GeV/c and 52.6 GeV/c, respectively, are presented. The experimental data have been obtained using the one metre hydrogen bubble chamber exposed to nuclear beams from the synchrophasotron, JINR, Dubna. Data show a clear interference effect as expected for identical fermions. A Gaussian parametrization is used to determine the size of the proton emission source. The root mean square radius of the proton source calculated from the correlation function has been found to be equal to (2.10−0.35+0.43) fm and (2.67−0.38+0.54) fm for d and 16O respectively. It agrees with the known radii of these nuclei.
Co doped ZnO semiconductor materials: structural, morphological and magnetic properties
Authors: Popa Adriana , Toloman Dana , Raita Oana , Biris Alexandru , Borodi Gheorghe , Mustafa Thikra , Watanabe Fumiya , Biris Alexandru , Darabont Alexandru , Giurgiu Liviu 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Structural, morphological and magnetic properties of Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0.01 and 0.03) powdered materials are presented. XRD studies reveal a wurtzite-type structure, while the formation of a Co3O4 secondary phase was evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. A ferromagnetic behaviour with low Curie temperature was evidenced by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) investigation. We suggest that the origin of the ferromagnetism in Zn1−xCoxO powders is probably due to the presence of the mixed cation valence of Co ions via a double-exchange mechanism rather than the real doping effect.
Situations in traffic — how quickly they change
Authors: Krawczyk Małgorzata , Ruiz Cristina , Kułakowski Krzysztof 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Spatio-temporal correlations of traffic intensity are analyzed employing data collected for the motorway M-30 around Madrid during one week in January 2009. We found that the lifetime of these correlations is the shortest in the evening between 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. This lifetime represents a new indicator for the amount of attention that is demanded by drivers in given traffic conditions.
Polyamine-substituted epoxy-grafted silica for aqueous metal recovery
Authors: Hadioui Madjid , Mecherri Med , Šípoš Rastislav , Yvon Yan , Sharrock Patrick 
Published: August 2011

AbstractGlycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane (GPS) was used as a reactive silane to graft metal- complexing ligands onto silica gel in aqueous media under mild conditions. The synthesis entailed the reaction of GPS with silica gel, followed by grafting polyamine onto the epoxy functional group. GPS was added to silica gel in ethanol with 5 vol. % water and the mixture was air-dried for 24 h. Subsequently, excess amounts of polyamines: triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, and pentaethylenehexamine were individually added to the silanised silica, followed by solvent evaporation and ovendrying at 60°C. The ligand-grafted silica gel particles showed a rapid heavy metal uptake in batch or flow-through experiments with capacities reaching 0.1 mmol g−1 for copper, zinc, cadmium, or lead ions. Columns packed with the modified particles could be readily regenerated by acid-washing with only a small decrease in activity. The particles could be used for the colourimetric detection of heavy metal pollution or for pre-concentration for analytical purposes. Competition between Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ ions for the three synthesised silica showed that Cu2+ ions were adsorbed more strongly than the other metal ions. The general method developed can be applied to graft other molecules with terminal amino groups for other purposes.
Potassium sorbate release from poly(vinyl alcohol)-bacterial cellulose films
Authors: Jipa Iuliana , Stoica Anicuta , Stroescu Marta , Dobre Loredana-Mihaela , Dobre Tanase , Jinga Sorin , Tardei Christu 
Published: August 2011

AbstractActive packaging materials are the subject of research because their performance exceeds that of traditional packaging. From this class, antimicrobial materials extend the shelf-life of products and reduce the risk of contamination by pathogens. In this paper, new composite materials with antimicrobial properties are obtained by using polyvinyl alcohol and bacterial cellulose powder. Potassium (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoate was used as the antimicrobial agent. The films thus obtained were characterised using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Mass transfer phenomena concerning the release of potassium (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoate were investigated. The results indicated that the new biocomposite films could be used as antimicrobial packaging materials.
CFD simulation of the laminar flow in stirred tanks generated by double helical ribbons and double helical screw ribbons impellers
Authors: Driss Zied , Karray Sarhan , Kchaou Hedi , Abid Mohamed 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In this paper, the mixing performance of double helical ribbons and double helical screw ribbons impellers mounted on stirred tanks is numerical investigated. The computer simulations are conducted within a specific computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code, based on resolution of the Naviers-Stokes equations in the laminar flow with a finite volume discretization. The field velocity and the viscous dissipation rate are presented in different vessel planes. The global characteristics and the power consumption of these impellers are also studied. The numerical results showed that the velocity field is more active with the double helical screw ribbons impeller. In this case, the effectiveness of the viscous dissipation and the pumping flow has been obviously noted. Also, the pumping and the energy efficiency reach the highest values at the same Reynolds number. The good agreement between the numerical results and the experimental data quietly confirmed the analysed method.
Tolerance Induced by Apoptotic Antigen-Coupled Leukocytes Is Induced by PD-L1+ and IL-10–Producing Splenic Macrophages and Maintained by T Regulatory Cells
Authors: Getts Daniel R. , Turley Danielle M. , Smith Cassandra E. , Harp Christopher T. , McCarthy Derrick , Feeney Emma M. , Getts Meghann Teague , Martin Aaron J. , Luo Xunrong , Terry Rachael L. , King Nicholas J. C. , Miller Stephen D. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Ag-specific tolerance is a highly desired therapy for immune-mediated diseases. Intravenous infusion of protein/peptide Ags linked to syngeneic splenic leukocytes with ethylene carbodiimide (Ag-coupled splenocytes [Ag-SP]) has been demonstrated to be a highly efficient method for inducing peripheral, Ag-specific T cell tolerance for treatment of autoimmune disease. However, little is understood about the mechanisms underlying this therapy. In this study, we show that apoptotic Ag-SP accumulate in the splenic marginal zone, where their uptake by F4/80+ macrophages induces production of IL-10, which upregulates the expression of the immunomodulatory costimulatory molecule PD-L1 that is essential for Ag-SP tolerance induction. Ag-SP infusion also induces T regulatory cells that are dispensable for tolerance induction but required for long-term tolerance maintenance. Collectively, these results indicate that Ag-SP tolerance recapitulates how tolerance is normally maintained in the hematopoietic compartment and highlight the interplay between the innate and adaptive immune systems in the induction of Ag-SP tolerance. To our knowledge, we show for the first time that tolerance results from the synergistic effects of two distinct mechanisms, PD-L1–dependent T cell-intrinsic unresponsiveness and the activation of T regulatory cells. These findings are particularly relevant as this tolerance protocol is currently being tested in a Phase I/IIa clinical trial in new-onset relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Pulmonary Collectins Play Distinct Roles in Host Defense against Mycobacterium avium
Authors: Ariki Shigeru , Kojima Takashi , Gasa Shinsei , Saito Atsushi , Nishitani Chiaki , Takahashi Motoko , Shimizu Takeyuki , Kurimura Yuichiro , Sawada Norimasa , Fujii Nobuhiro , Kuroki Yoshio 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Pulmonary collectins, surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D), play important roles in the innate immunity of the lung. Mycobacterium avium is one of the well-known opportunistic pathogens that can replicate within macrophages. We examined the effects of pulmonary collectins in host defense against M. avium infection achieved via direct interaction between bacteria and collectins. Although both pulmonary collectins bound to M. avium in a Ca2+-dependent manner, these collectins revealed distinct ligand-binding specificity and biological activities. SP-A and SP-D bound to a methoxy group containing lipid and lipoarabinomannan, respectively. Binding of SP-D but not SP-A resulted in agglutination of M. avium. A chimeric protein with the carbohydrate recognition domain of SP-D, which chimera revealed a bouquet-like arrangement similar to SP-A, also agglutinated M. avium. The ligand specificity of the carbohydrate recognition domain of SP-D seems to be necessary for agglutination activity. The binding of SP-A strongly inhibited the growth of M. avium in culture media. Although pulmonary collectins did not increase membrane permeability of M. avium, they attenuated the metabolic rate of the bacteria. Observations under a scanning electron microscope revealed that SP-A almost completely covers bacterial surfaces, whereas SP-D binds to certain areas like scattered dots. These observations suggest that a distinct binding pattern of collectins correlates with the difference of their biological activities. Furthermore, the number of bacteria phagocytosed by macrophages was significantly increased in the presence of SP-D. These data indicate that pulmonary collectins play critical roles in host defense against M. avium.
Translation of HLA–HIV Associations to the Cellular Level: HIV Adapts To Inflate CD8 T Cell Responses against Nef and HLA-Adapted Variant Epitopes
Authors: Almeida Coral-Ann M. , Bronke Corine , Roberts Steven G. , McKinnon Elizabeth , Keane Niamh M. , Chopra Abha , Kadie Carl , Carlson Jonathan , Haas David W. , Riddler Sharon A. , Haubrich Richard , Heckerman David , Mallal Simon , John Mina 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Strong statistical associations between polymorphisms in HIV-1 population sequences and carriage of HLA class I alleles have been widely used to identify possible sites of CD8 T cell immune selection in vivo. However, there have been few attempts to prospectively and systematically test these genetic hypotheses arising from population-based studies at a cellular, functional level. We assayed CD8 T cell epitope-specific IFN-γ responses in 290 individuals from the same cohort, which gave rise to 874 HLA–HIV associations in genetic analyses, taking into account autologous viral sequences and individual HLA genotypes. We found immunological evidence for 58% of 374 associations tested as sites of primary immune selection and identified up to 50 novel HIV-1 epitopes using this reverse-genomics approach. Many HLA-adapted epitopes elicited equivalent or higher-magnitude IFN-γ responses than did the nonadapted epitopes, particularly in Nef. At a population level, inclusion of all of the immunoreactive variant CD8 T cell epitopes in Gag, Pol, Nef, and Env suggested that HIV adaptation leads to an inflation of Nef-directed immune responses relative to other proteins. We concluded that HLA–HIV associations mark viral epitopes subject to CD8 T cell selection. These results can be used to guide functional studies of specific epitopes and escape mutations, as well as to test, train, and evaluate analytical models of viral escape and fitness. The inflation of Nef and HLA-adapted variant responses may have negative effects on natural and vaccine immunity against HIV and, therefore, has implications for diversity coverage approaches in HIV vaccine design.
P2X7 Is a Scavenger Receptor for Apoptotic Cells in the Absence of Its Ligand, Extracellular ATP
Authors: Gu Ben J. , Saunders Bernadette M. , Petrou Steven , Wiley James S. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is essential during development and tissue remodeling. Our previous study has shown that the P2X7 receptor regulates phagocytosis of nonopsonized particles and bacteria. In this study, we demonstrate that P2X7 also mediates phagocytosis of apoptotic lymphocytes and neuronal cells by human monocyte-derived macrophages under serum-free conditions. ATP inhibited this process to a similar extent as observed with cytochalasin D. P2X7-transfected HEK-293 cells acquired the ability to phagocytose apoptotic lymphocytes. Injection of apoptotic thymocytes into the peritoneal cavity of wild-type mice resulted in their phagocytosis by macrophages, but injection of ATP prior to thymocytes markedly decreased this uptake. In contrast, ATP failed to inhibit phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes in vivo by P2X7-deficient peritoneal macrophages. The surface expression of P2X7 on phagocytes increased significantly during phagocytosis of either beads or apoptotic cells. A peptide screen library containing 24 biotin-conjugated peptides mimicking the extracellular domain of P2X7 was used to evaluate the binding profile to beads, bacteria, and apoptotic cells. One peptide showed binding to all particles and cell membrane lipids. Three other cysteine-containing peptides uniquely bound the surface of apoptotic cells but not viable cells, whereas substitution of alanine for cysteine abolished peptide binding. Several thiol-reactive compounds including N-acetyl-L-cysteine abolished phagocytosis of apoptotic SH-SY5Y cells by macrophages. These data suggest that the P2X7 receptor in its unactivated state acts like a scavenger receptor, and its extracellular disulphide bonds play an important role in direct recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells.
Thermodynamics and transport properties of citral
Authors: Wörz Nicolai , Claus Peter , Lang Sebastian , Hampe Manfred J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this work, transport and thermodynamic properties of mixtures of n‐hexane with the aldehydes citral, citronellal and dihydrocitronellal, important to the fine chemicals industry, were determined experimentally and compared to theoretical predictions. Liquid binary diffusion coefficients were measured using the Taylor dispersion technique at various temperatures. The Wilke‐Chang correlation gave precise approximations. The second part of this work is concerned with the gas‐liquid phase equilibrium of citral/n‐hexane. The mixture is slightly nonideal and may be sufficiently described by applying the modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) group contribution method. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2557–2562, 2012