bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les écarts de salaires entre les secteurs public et privé en Afrique francophone : analyse comparative
Authors: Lachaud Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2011

Las disparidades de salarios entre el sector público y el sector privado en Africa francófona : análisis comparativo,
por Jean-Pierre Lachaud.

En el marco de los programas de ajuste estructural implementados en Africa, la idea de que los salarios del sector público son demasiado elevados respecto de los del sector privado fundamenta en parte las políticas salariales dirigidas al sector público. En verdad, la existencia de un diferencial de salarios a nivel sectorial, que induce una segmentación del mercado de trabajo del sector moderno de las economías africanas ha sido pocas veces objeto de un examen detenido. Disponiendo de datos transversales homogéneos, recogidos a través de encuestas piloto sobre empleo realizadas recientemente a las familias en siete capitales de paises de Africa francófona, y de datos longitudinales inhérentes a un solo país, el autor se propone verificar esta hipótesis con la ayuda de una estimación de funciones de ganancias.
La principal conclusión de esta investigación es de mostrar que las distorsiones observadas en el mercado de trabajo moderno de un gran número de paises de Africa son menos importantes que lo que se crée habitualmente. En la mayoría de los paises considerados, las disparidades de salarios entre el sector público y el sector privado son principalmente imputables a las caracteristicas de los individuos. Este resultado sugiere que la continuación de las políticas que apuntan a una reducción de los salarios del sector público se justifica cada vez menos, social y economicamente.
Estimations de fonctions de gains sur données de panel : endogéneité du capital humain et effets de la sélection
Authors: Guillotin Yves , Sevestre Patrick 
Published: July 2011

Estimating Gains from Panel Data: Endogenous Human Capital and Selection Effects,
by Yves Guillotin and Patrick Sevestre.

The purpose of this article is to analyze two of the problems encountered when empirically testing gains functions using panel data. First of all, the biases resulting from the correlation between the initial human capital, experience and the unobserved individual characteristics (personal capacities, family-acquired skills, etc.) are contemplated. Secondly, cylinder sampling effects, such as those in the selection process for the individuals in the sample, are also studied. These two problems are illustrated by distinct gains function estimates, obtained using different methods, based on cylinder samples and non-cylinder samples taken from ENSEE's annual wage and salary return panel. The estimates show that appreciable biases can result from not taking the characteristics of the model and the data into account.
La nouvelle instrumentation de la politique agricole commune
Authors: Guyomard Hervé , Mahé Louis-Pascal 
Published: July 2011

La nueva instrumentación de la Política agrícola común,
por Hervé Guyomard, Louis-Pascal Mahé.

El objetivo de este artículo es el de examinar las consecuencias de la nueva instrumentación de la Pac -baja de precios de apoyo, pagos compensatorios y congelación de tierras- en la oferta del producto, la demanda derivada del factor variable, la intensificación y las retribuciones de la tierra y del capital. Mostramos que la intensificación debería disminuir debido a bajas sustantiales de los precios pero que la congelación puede anular una parte del movimiento hacia una intensificación menor. Mostramos también que los pagos compensatorios de la reforma no están desacoplados, en particular porque intervienen en la selección de las asignaciones de superficies. Por último, el alcance político del análisis permite proponer ciertos arreglos a la reforma de modo a integrar mejor los papeles tradicionales de la agricultura (producción e intercambios de bienes) y sus "nuevas" funciones (conservación de la natura).
Analyse micro-économique d'un marché des droits à produire en agriculture : application aux quotas laitiers en France
Authors: Delache Xavier , Goudounèche Catherine , Guyomard Hervé , Irz Xavier , Mahé Louis-Pascal 
Published: July 2011

Mikroökonomische Analyse eines Marktes der Erzeugungsrechte in der Landwirtschaft: eine Anwendung auf die Milchquoten in Frankreich,
von Xavier Delache, Catherine Goudounèche, Hervé Guyomard, Xavier Irz , Louis-Pascal Mahé.

In diesem Artikel wird anhand der Ergebnisse der Dualitätstheorie und des Begriffes des virtuellen oder dualen Preises in Verbindung mit einem rationierten Output das Verhalten des rationierten Produzenten gegenüber dem Erzeugnis in einem System analysiert, in dem die Quoten frei auf einem Markt gehandelt werden können. Wir schlagen einen mikroökonomischen Rahmen zur Analyse des Erzeugerverhaltens in einem System der handelbaren Quoten vor und definieren die Merkmale des Marktes (zum Mieten) der Quoten in einer Gleichgewichtssituation: Quotenpreis, gehandelte Mengen und Schwankungen der Einkommen aus der Milcherzeugung. Angewandt wird das Modell auf eine Stichprobe von französischen Milchbetrieben im Jahre 1991.
La compétitivité hors-prix dans les échanges de produits agricoles et agro-alimentaires français sur le marché communautaire
Authors: Chevassus-Lozza Emmanuelle , Gallezot Jacques 
Published: July 2011

Non-Price Competitiveness in French Trade in Agricultural and Food Products on the Community Market,
by Emmanuelle Chevassus-Lozza and Jacques Gallezot.

This study of the determinants for French exports of agricultural and food products within the Community market concludes that competitiveness cannot be limited solely to price concerns. Deterioration in the relative price ratio does not necessarily lead to a loss of market share. "Structural", "volume" or more generally "non-price" competitiveness comes into play in particular for food product quality and differentiation. Prices and non-prices would appear to be two complementary and non-interchangeable aspects of external competition wherein the non-price determinants are structural components influencing the price.
Une construction gallo-romaine rue Villeneuve et rue de la Portette à Orange (Vaucluse). Fouille de sauvetage 1984
Authors: Bellet Michel-Edouard , Borgard Philippe , Carru Dominique , Woehl Maryse 
Published: July 2011

Une intervention des services techniques de la Ville a permis la réalisation d'une fouille de sauvetage rue de la Portette et rue Villeneuve à Orange (Vaucluse).
Cette fouille a mis au jour trois salles aux pavements mosaïques du début du IIe siècle. La dépose de ces mosaïques a permis des sondages profonds qui ont montré l'existence d'une occupation remontant au début de l'époque augustéenne et qui se poursuit durant le Ier siècle. Fin 1er - début IIe siècle, la construction est remaniée. Enfin seule une trace très discrète du IIIe siècle a pu être reconnue avant l'occupation médiévale.
Ainsi se confirme pour cette zone l'existence d'un quartier de la ville romaine. On notera avec un intérêt particulier, comme ailleurs, la transformation de la fin du Ier - début du IIe siècle ainsi que la présence de céramique du Ier âge du Fer, indice possible, quoique ténu, de la ville antérieure à la cité coloniale, qu'aurait reconnu R. Amy.
Evolution des centres de production et pôles de peuplement dans la vallée de l'Hérault. Les exemples d'Embonne (Agde) et Peyre Plantade (Clermont-l'Hérault)
Authors: Bermond Iouri , Pomarèdes Hervé , Rascalou Pierre 
Published: July 2011

Researches begun these last years at the sites of Embonne and Peyre Plantade tired and delt in their own way with caracterizations of big rural settlements established in the Hérault valley. Yet, the misses of regional research and of traditional typologies and the shortage of epigraphic documents do not allow us to fact that the easily account for field realities allowing for that the origins of these two settlements and their eonomic orientations have specific local contexts (?).
The evolution of the shapes of these two settlements looks like broadly depending upon their particular activities so their statues and influency consequerently evolve during the time.
Novel peptide targeting integrin αvβ3‐rich tumor cells by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Wu Guoqiu , Wang Xiaodong , Deng Gang , Wu Linyuan , Ju Shenghong , Teng Gaojun , Yao Yuyu , Wang Xiyong , Liu Naifeng 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPurpose:To investigate the targeting activity of the peptide (named P1c) derived from connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) to αvβ3‐rich tumor cells.Materials and Methods:P1c was synthesized and conjugated with ultrasuperparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIOs) coated with meso‐2,3‐dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). The specific binding activity of P1c‐USPIOs to αvβ3 was verified by solid phase binding assay. The combination of P1c‐USPIOs with a human primary liver cancer cell (Bel 7402) with αvβ3‐positive expression and uptake of P1c‐USPIOs by cells was investigated by Prussian blue staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The targeting activity of the probe in vivo was also evaluated using a small‐animal tumor model by MRI.Results:The cell uptake of P1c‐USPIOs was observed in a dose‐dependent manner, whereas no significant particle uptake was found in the plain USPIOs group. The differences on T2*‐weighted imaging were also found by MRI and the signal intensity (SI) was statistically reduced after coculture of Bel 7402 cells with P1c‐USPIOs at a concentration of 20–80 μg/mL compared with plain USPIOs (P < 0.05). The in vivo study showed that the signal reduction was distributed mainly in the periphery and some central areas of the tumor. The tumor‐to‐muscle CNR (contrast‐to‐noise ratio) at 12 hours after the administration of the P1c‐USPIOs was statistically significantly different compared to those at 0 hour, 1 hour, or the plain USPIO group (P < 0.05).Conclusion:The peptide P1c might be a good candidate as a targeting carrier for drugs or tracers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New approach towards improved visualization of myocardial edema using T2‐weighted imaging: A cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) study
Authors: Cocker Myra S. , Shea Steven M. , Strohm Oliver , Green Jordin , Abdel‐Aty Hassan , Friedrich Matthias G. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPurpose:To compare T2‐weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging with AASPIR (asymmetric adiabatic spectral inversion recovery) and STIR (short T1 inversion recovery) for myocardial signal intensity, image quality, and fat suppression.Materials and Methods:Forty consecutive patients (47 ± 16 years old) referred by cardiologists for CMR‐based myocardial tissue characterization were scanned with both STIR and AASPIR T2‐weighted imaging approaches. Signal intensity of left ventricular myocardium was normalized to a region of interest generating a signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). In six patients with regional edema on STIR the contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) was assessed. Two independent observers used a scoring system to evaluate image quality and artifact suppression. Six healthy volunteers (three males, 32 ± 7 years) were recruited to compare fat suppression between AASPIR and STIR.Results:SNR of AASPIR was greater than STIR for basal (128 ± 44 vs. 83 ± 40, P < 0.001), mid‐ (144 ± 65 vs. 96 ± 39, P < 0.01), and apical (145 ± 59 vs. 105 ± 35, P < 0.05) myocardium. Improved image quality and greater suppression of artifacts was demonstrated with AASPIR. In patients with regional edema, CNR increased by 49% with AASPIR, while SNR of pericardial fat did not differ (44 ± 39 vs. 33 ± 30, P > 0.05).Conclusion:Our findings support the implementation of an AASPIR‐based approach for T2‐weighted imaging due to improved pericardial fat suppression, image quality, and artifact suppression with greater CNR and SNR. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum selenium concentration at diagnosis and outcome in patients with haematological malignancies
Authors: Stevens Jane , Waters Rachel , Sieniawska Christina , Kassam Shireen , Montoto Silvia , Fitzgibbon Jude , Rohatiner Ama , Lister Andrew , Joel Simon 
Published: July 2011

SummaryWe have previously reported presentation serum selenium level to be predictive of outcome in diffuse large B–cell lymphoma. This has now been studied in a further 430 patients, 163 with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), 156 with Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL), and 111 with Follicular Lymphoma (FL). Serum selenium was below the UK normal reference range in 45% of patients, and correlated with serum albumin (r = 0·24–0·46, P < 0·001–0·003) in all tumour types. Independent predictors of presentation selenium were; French‐American‐British subtype and albumin (P < 0·001 for both) in AML, haemoglobin (P = 0·002) and B‐symptoms (P = 0·01) in HL, and albumin (P < 0·001) in FL. In AML and HL, response to first line therapy was lower in patients with low serum selenium, but selenium was no longer predictive of response when other variables were entered into a multivariate model. Low selenium was also associated with a worse overall survival in FL [Hazard Ratio (HR) 2·3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·4, 4·0] and a trend to a worse overall survival in AML (HR 1·43, 95% CI 0·96, 2·13) by univariate Cox regression analysis, but not by multivariate analysis. In conclusion, low serum selenium is associated with a worse outcome in patients with haematological malignancies, but is not independently predictive, suggesting that it reflects other factors.
Immunocytochemistry in Europe: results of the European Federation of Cytology Societies (EFCS) inquiry
Authors: Schmitt F. , Cochand‐Priollet B. , Toetsch M. , Davidson B. , Bondi A. , Vielh P. 
Published: July 2011

F. Schmitt, B. Cochand‐Priollet, M. Toetsch, B. Davidson, A. Bondi and P. Vielh Immunocytochemistry in Europe: results of the European Federation of Cytology Societies (EFCS) inquiry Objective:  This report describes the results of the first chosen topic of the European Federation of Cytology Societies (EFCS) scientific committee, which concerns the application of immunocytochemistry (ICC) to cytological material. While ICC has become an important ancillary method, not only for diagnosis but also to assess prognostic and predictive factors on cytological material, there are many different methodologies used and the lack of standardization has been criticized. This inquiry aimed first to obtain an overview of the techniques used and second to suggest mechanisms for standardization and quality control.Methods:  We report the results of 28 replies from 13 countries to a web‐based inquiry into types of specimens, preparations and technical methods.Results:  Conventional smears were the preparations most commonly used, followed by cytospins, cell blocks and liquid‐based preparations, in that order. Avidin‐biotin complex, labelled streptavidin‐biotin or peroxidase anti‐peroxidase were used in 61% and enhanced‐polymer technology in 39%. Automated staining techniques were used by 64%. More than half used the same antibody dilutions as histopathology although only 20% used cell blocks.Conclusion:  Reduction of variability by using automation, appropriate controls and customized dilution of antibodies according to different samples could improve the quality of ICC and standardize the techniques, along with quality control and quality assurance measures.
A Tumor‐Related Lymphoid Progenitor Population Supports Hierarchical Tumor Organization in Canine B‐Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Ito D. , Endicott M.M. , Jubala C.M. , Helm K.M. , Burnett R.C. , Husbands B.D. , Borgatti A. , Henson M.S. , Burgess K.E. , Bell J.S. , Kisseberth W.C. , Valli V.E. , Cutter G.R. , Avery A.C. , Hahn K.A. , O'Brien T.D. , Modiano J.F. 
Published: July 2011

Background: Tumors have heterogeneous properties, which could be explained by the existence of hierarchically and biologically distinct tumor cells such as tumor‐initiating cells (TICs). This model is clinically important, as TICs are promising targets for cancer therapies. However, TICs in spontaneous B‐cell lymphoma have not been conclusively identified.Hypothesis/Objectives: Tumor cells with a progenitor phenotype exist in B‐cell lymphoma, reflecting a hierarchical organization.Animals: Twenty‐eight client‐owned dogs with previously untreated B‐cell lymphoma and 6 healthy dogs.Methods: This was a prospective study. Flow cytometry was used to identify lymphoid progenitor cells (LPCs) that coexpressed hematopoietic progenitor antigens CD34, CD117, and CD133, with lymphoid differentiation markers CD21 and/or CD22 in B‐cell lymphoma. The polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangements was used to analyze clonality and relatedness of tumor populations. A xenograft model with NOD/SCID/IL‐2Rγ−/− mice was adapted to expand and serially transplant primary canine B‐cell lymphoma.Results: LPCs were expanded in lymph nodes from 28 dogs with B‐cell lymphoma compared with 6 healthy dogs (P= .0022). LPCs contained a clonal antigen receptor gene rearrangement identical to that of the bulk of tumor cells. Canine B‐cell lymphoma xenografts in recipient mice that maintained LPCs in the tumors were recurrently observed.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results suggest the presence of a hierarchy of tumor cells in B‐cell lymphoma as has been demonstrated in other cancers. These findings have the potential to impact not only the understanding of lymphoma pathogenesis but also the development of lymphoma therapies by providing novel targets for therapy.
Effect of Top and Bottom Boundary Conditions on Symmetric Instability under Full-Component Coriolis Force
Authors: Itano Toshihisa , Kasahara Akira 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The linear stability of a zonal flow confined in a domain within horizontal top and bottom boundaries is examined under full consideration of the Coriolis force. The basic zonal flow is assumed to be in thermal wind balance with the density field and to be sheared in both vertical and horizontal directions under statically and inertially stable conditions. By imposing top and bottom boundary conditions in this framework, the number of wave modes increases to four, instead of two in an unbounded domain, as already reported in studies on internal gravity waves. The four modes are classified into two pairs of high- and low-frequency modes: the high modes are superinertial and the low modes are subinertial. The discriminant of symmetric instability is nevertheless determined by the sign of the potential vorticity of the basic zonal flow, as in the case of an unbounded domain. The solutions satisfying the top and bottom boundary conditions are interpreted as the superposition of incident and reflected waves, revealing that the neutral solutions consist of two neutral plane waves with oppositely directed vertical group velocities. This may explain why the properties of wave behavior, such as the instability criteria, remain the same in both the bounded and unbounded domains, although the manifestation of wave activity, such as the order of dispersion relation, is quite different in the two cases. Furthermore, the slope of the constant momentum surface, the slope of the isopycnic surface including the nontraditional effect of the Coriolis force, and the ratio between the frequencies of gravity and inertial waves form an essential set of parameters for symmetric motion. The combination of these dimensionless quantities determines the fundamental nature of symmetric motions, such as stability, regardless of boundary conditions with and without the horizontal component of the planetary vorticity.
Imposture and Rebellion: Consideration of the Personality of Prophet Muhammad by Ma'ruf ar-Rusafi
Authors: Filali-Ansary Abdou 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper is devoted to an analysis of ma‘ruf ar-Rusafi’s work The Personality of Mohammed or the Elucidation of the Holy Enigma. While ar-Rusafi is traditionally known as a poet who combines great evocative power with a superb mastery of language and strict adherence to classical form, this canonical image is seriously complicated by the iconoclastic character of this book, completed in 1933 but unpublished until 2002. It totally rejects the orthodox theory of prophecy as passive transmission, and insists on the historic development behind orthodoxy. Rusafi puts forward a way of conceiving the Prophet’s mission that he considers more faithful to the sources and in greater conformity with the elementary requirements of reason. he proposes a “disenraptured” or “demythologized” reading of the Prophet’s life and work. The author considers ar-Rusafi’s book as the most serious assault on orthodoxy that has been launched on it from within in modern times.
Bias detection and correction in RNA-Sequencing data
Authors: Zheng Wei , Chung Lisa M , Zhao Hongyu 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
High throughput sequencing technology provides us unprecedented opportunities to study transcriptome dynamics. Compared to microarray-based gene expression profiling, RNA-Seq has many advantages, such as high resolution, low background, and ability to identify novel transcripts. Moreover, for genes with multiple isoforms, expression of each isoform may be estimated from RNA-Seq data. Despite these advantages, recent work revealed that base level read counts from RNA-Seq data may not be randomly distributed and can be affected by local nucleotide composition. It was not clear though how the base level read count bias may affect gene level expression estimates.

Results
In this paper, by using five published RNA-Seq data sets from different biological sources and with different data preprocessing schemes, we showed that commonly used estimates of gene expression levels from RNA-Seq data, such as reads per kilobase of gene length per million reads (RPKM), are biased in terms of gene length, GC content and dinucleotide frequencies. We directly examined the biases at the gene-level, and proposed a simple generalized-additive-model based approach to correct different sources of biases simultaneously. Compared to previously proposed base level correction methods, our method reduces bias in gene-level expression estimates more effectively.

Conclusions
Our method identifies and corrects different sources of biases in gene-level expression measures from RNA-Seq data, and provides more accurate estimates of gene expression levels from RNA-Seq. This method should prove useful in meta-analysis of gene expression levels using different platforms or experimental protocols.
Gedanken über einige Steinmonumente der Sahara
Authors: Engljaehringer Gertrude , Kraml Roland , Milburn Mark 
Published: July 2011

Notre but est de décrire des structures de monuments protohistoriques dans des zones bien différentes et d'attirer l'attention du lecteur sur certaines caractéristiques importantes. Le manque actuel de datations ajouté aux lacunes dans nos connaissances du contenu est à attribuer, au moins en partie, à la rareté d'études spécialisées sur l'époque comprise entre le « néolithique saharien » et l'époque classique.
II nous semble bien que certains types dont il est question ici n'ont pas été publiés, tandis que d'autres ont été fouillés avant l'utilisation des moyens modernes de datation. La terminologie spécialisée n'existe qu'à peine, même en français. La tâche de la classification par type ainsi que l'étude de la distribution régionale restent encore à leurs débuts.