bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature of the Indian Polity
Authors: Upton Robert E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The chapter focuses on Tilak’s communitarian vision, consistent from the aftermath of the Hindu-Muslim Bombay riots of 1893 and still present in his response to the Khilafat agitation at the end of his life, in which the polity was a site of competing, enumerated, primordial religious communities: his concern for the consolidation of the Hindus of western India within this framework prompted his promotion of the festival in honour of the elephant-headed deity Ganesh in Maharashtra in the mid-1890s—and ultimately occasioned his reflections on the unifying characteristics of the Hindu religion which would underpin the Indian Supreme Court understanding of Hinduism in the post-independence period. The chapter will also consider the problematic nature of Tilak’s attempts, hemmed in by his Maharashtrian Hindu antecedents and imaginative resources, to fashion all-Indian nationalist symbols, focusing on his celebration of the seventeenth-century warrior-king Shivaji as far afield as Bengal in the early 1900s. Lastly, it will consider Tilak’s conception of the ultimate origin of legitimate political authority in representative government, influenced by English radical and liberal thought in the language of political ‘birthright’, as well as precolonial Maharashtrian political history, and resting on his Vedantic understanding of the self.
Introduction
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Judged by turnover the foreign exchange market is the largest in the world. Though considered a recent development dating from the 1970s, the foreign exchange market has a long history. Even under the Gold Standard, which operated before the First World War, an active foreign exchange market existed. That market then grew in importance between the two world wars, fuelled by currency instability. After the Second World War there was an attempt to introduce fixed exchange rates managed by central banks. That attempt marginalized the foreign exchange market but collapsed in the 1970s, to be replaced by a flourishing foreign exchange market. At the heart of that market was the City of London, despite being eclipsed by New York, as a global financial centre and the replacement of the UK£ by the US$ as an international currency.
Conclusion
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Two conclusions emerge. The first is that the City of London has been the centre of the global foreign exchange market for, at least, the last 150 years. New York had the opportunity to replace London in the decades after the Second World War but failed to take it. That left London well-placed to revive its role after 1970. The second conclusion is that the foreign exchange market was always there to provide a solution to the world’s quest for currency stability. The problem was that it went either unrecognized (before 1914), dismissed (1919–39), or marginalized (1950–70). It was only after 1970 that it emerged from the shadows, but even then it failed to be given the credit it deserved.
The Art and Business of Songwriting
Authors: Batiste Larry D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In The Art and Business of Songwriting, veteran songwriter, producer, arranger, vocalist, music director, and educator Larry D. Batiste shares years of experience in this valuable resource guide for both beginners and professionals who are interested in learning how to improve their songwriting skills. This book offers an opportunity for the reader to learn and apply the craft of professional songwriting including song structure, lyric and melody writing, and integration of essential elements found in hit songs. This book incorporates exercises that will help songwriters find ideas for song titles, concepts, stories, and effective word choices that will appeal to their audience. The book also discusses critical business aspects of songwriting, such as copyrighting, publishing, royalties, networking, and digital media income. In addition to the fundamentals of songwriting and business the reader will learn how to build a songwriting career, song placement techniques, building an online community, releasing music independently, the business of digital music, building a fanbase, and strategic planning. The book includes interviews from iconic songwriters and producers such as Peter Asher, Lamont Dozier, and Narada Michael Walden, among others; plus, independent recording artists, including multiple Grammy Award winner Fantastic Negrito and Meklit Hadero. Possessing knowledge in both artistic and business aspects of songwriting is essential for a successful career in the music industry. The information in this book applies to every genre of popular music and is written in a manner that encourages, motivates, and unlocks idiosyncrasies for music professionals as well as music enthusiasts.
Astronomy’s climate emissions: Global travel to scientific meetings in 2019
Authors: Gokus Andrea , Jahnke Knud , Woods Paul M , Moss Vanessa A , Ossenkopf-Okada Volker , Sacchi Elena , Stevens Adam R H , Burtscher Leonard , Kayhan Cenk , Dalgleish Hannah , Grinberg Victoria , Rector Travis A , Rybizki Jan , White Jacob 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Travel to academic conferences—where international flights are the norm—is responsible for a sizeable fraction of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with academic work. In order to provide a benchmark for comparison with other fields, as well as for future reduction strategies and assessments, we estimate the CO2-equivalent emissions for conference travel in the field of astronomy for the prepandemic year 2019. The GHG emission of the international astronomical community’s 362 conferences and schools in 2019 amounted to 42,500 tCO2e, assuming a radiative-forcing index factor of 1.95 for air travel. This equates to an average of 1.0 ± 0.6 tCO2e per participant per meeting. The total travel distance adds up to roughly 1.5 Astronomical Units, that is, 1.5 times the distance between the Earth and the Sun. We present scenarios for the reduction of this value, for instance with virtual conferencing or hub models, while still prioritizing the benefits conferences bring to the scientific community.
Continuous tracking using deep learning-based decoding for noninvasive brain–computer interface
Authors: Forenzo Dylan , Zhu Hao , Shanahan Jenn , Lim Jaehyun , He Bin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) using electroencephalography provide a noninvasive method for users to interact with external devices without the need for muscle activation. While noninvasive BCIs have the potential to improve the quality of lives of healthy and motor-impaired individuals, they currently have limited applications due to inconsistent performance and low degrees of freedom. In this study, we use deep learning (DL)-based decoders for online continuous pursuit (CP), a complex BCI task requiring the user to track an object in 2D space. We developed a labeling system to use CP data for supervised learning, trained DL-based decoders based on two architectures, including a newly proposed adaptation of the PointNet architecture, and evaluated the performance over several online sessions. We rigorously evaluated the DL-based decoders in a total of 28 human participants, and found that the DL-based models improved throughout the sessions as more training data became available and significantly outperformed a traditional BCI decoder by the last session. We also performed additional experiments to test an implementation of transfer learning by pretraining models on data from other subjects, and midsession training to reduce intersession variability. The results from these experiments showed that pretraining did not significantly improve performance, but updating the models’ midsession may have some benefit. Overall, these findings support the use of DL-based decoders for improving BCI performance in complex tasks like CP, which can expand the potential applications of BCI devices and help to improve the quality of lives of healthy and motor-impaired individuals.
Trends, safety, and efficacy of wearable male sexual devices
Authors: Loeb Charles A , Hammad Muhammad A M , Barham David W , Miller Jake , Young Kirsten , Horwitz Rainey , Amini Eliad , Nguyen Mai Xuan , Nag Nitish , Jenkins Lawrence C , Pearlman Amy M , Yafi Faysal A 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The prevalence of male sexual dysfunction (MSD) increases with age, with &gt;50% of men aged &gt;40 years reporting erectile dysfunction (ED). In recent years, wearable male sex devices (WMSDs) have been increasingly utilized by patients and recommended by sexual medicine clinicians.

Objectives
This study seeks to investigate the safety and efficacy of products currently marketed for the treatment of MSD.

Methods
Available products for WMSDs were reviewed by analyzing product websites, forums, advertisements, and clinical recommendations. Qualitative comparisons were based on patient reviews, cost, and specific features. Investigatory evidence and Food and Drug Administration status were also reviewed. Additionally, Google Trends was used to determine the popularity of devices over time.

Results
Eight WMSDs for the treatment of MSD and enhancement of sexual pleasure were reviewed. Constriction bands, such as the Maintain Ring Loop, Eddie by Giddy, and Xialla, have shown significant benefits in clinical trials and were the most popular devices among patients. Smart devices can provide real-time feedback on erectile quality and/or sexual performance. Similar to the RigiScan, the Adam sensor provides feedback on erectile quality while monitoring changes in penile tumescence during sleep with additional analysis available through a mobile application. Neuromodulation devices such as the Morari Patch and vPatch/in2 Patch use electrical stimulation to delay ejaculation and improve sexual function. The FirmTech Performance Ring uses sensors to track the vital signs of erectile fitness with clinical trials ongoing.

Conclusions
Overall, this review describes the available investigatory evidence for a range of WMSDs and highlights the potential benefits and limitations of these devices in treating MSD and enhancing sexual pleasure. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of these devices and to determine which ones may be the most suitable for individual patients.
Trusts and trust law in Thailand
Authors: Seela Andreas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Trusts in Thailand trace back to the late 19th century, influenced by the Bowring Treaty of 1855. Initially under English common law, the Thai Civil and Commercial Code of 1935 restricted the establishment of trusts. However, regulations evolved, with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) proposing legislation in 2007 to facilitate trust transactions, particularly REITs and Infrastructure Trusts. Governed by Section 1686 of the Civil and Commercial Code and SEC regulations, REITs and Infrastructure Trusts cater to real estate and infrastructure investments. Despite past constraints, Thailand’s trust landscape now emphasizes regulatory frameworks for transparency, investor protection, and market competitiveness, potentially opening to private investors.
Forum: The Past, Present, and Futures of Modern British History
Authors: Linstrum Erik , Clarke Peter , Bingham Adrian , Black Lawrence , Langhamer Claire , Delap Lucy , Meyer Jessica , Ortolano Guy , Pedersen Susan , Bailkin Jordanna , Subramanian Divya 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
For the first issue of the renamed journal, Modern British History co-editor Erik Linstrum convened a group of scholars to reflect on the past, present, and possible futures of the field. The resulting contributions make no claim to provide a comprehensive or representative survey. Rather, they offer a variety of perspectives on where modern British history has been and where it might be going. Several contributions, written by former editors of Twentieth Century British History, drawn on the history of the journal as a way of thinking about the direction of the field and its subfields. Others consider the place of modern Britain in the wider discipline of history, grappling with questions of temporality and embodiment; the institutional and material contexts of scholarship; the role of national histories in a transnational world; and the response of historical writing to epidemiological, humanitarian, and ecological crisis. The sequence of contributions mirrors the evolution of the journal since its founding in 1990, beginning with political history and gradually encompassing a much broader range of subjects and methodologies as well as an expanded geographical ambit. Here are archive stories, pleas for new subjects, roadmaps for new approaches to old subjects, and attempts to identify master narratives. Taken together, these contributions demonstrate that modern British history has many houses—which is both a sign of intellectual vitality and a challenge for anyone wishing to generalize about the ‘state of the field’. If British modernity remains an abundant resource for ‘thinking with’, its contours and frontiers are tantalizingly up for grabs.
The Promise and Perils of Artificial Intelligence in Health Professions Education Practice and Scholarship
Authors: Patino Gustavo A. , Amiel Jonathan M. , Brown Megan , Lypson Monica L. , Chan Teresa M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) methods, especially machine learning and natural language processing, are increasingly affecting health professions education (HPE), including the medical school application and selection processes, assessment, and scholarship production. The rise of large language models over the past 18 months, such as ChatGPT, has raised questions about how best to incorporate these methods into HPE. The lack of training in AI among most HPE faculty and scholars poses an important challenge in facilitating such discussions. In this commentary, the authors provide a primer on the AI methods most often used in the practice and scholarship of HPE, discuss the most pressing challenges and opportunities these tools afford, and underscore that these methods should be understood as part of the larger set of statistical tools available.
Despite their ability to process huge amounts of data and their high performance completing some tasks, AI methods are only as good as the data on which they are trained. Of particular importance is that these models can perpetuate the biases that are present in those training datasets, and they can be applied in a biased manner by human users. A minimum set of expectations for the application of AI methods in HPE practice and scholarship is discussed in this commentary, including the interpretability of the models developed and the transparency needed into the use and characteristics of such methods.
The rise of AI methods is affecting multiple aspects of HPE including raising questions about how best to incorporate these models into HPE practice and scholarship. In this commentary, we provide a primer on the AI methods most often used in HPE and discuss the most pressing challenges and opportunities these tools afford.
Promotion in Place: A Model for Competency-Based, Time-Variable Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Goldhamer Mary Ellen J. , Pusic Martin V. , Nadel Eric S. , Co John Patrick T. , Weinstein Debra F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Problem
Competency-based medical education is increasingly regarded as a preferred framework for physician training, but implementation is limited. U.S. residency programs remain largely time based, with variable assessments and limited opportunities for individualization. Gaps in graduates’ readiness for unsupervised care have been noted across specialties. Logistical barriers and regulatory requirements constrain movement toward competency-based, time-variable (CBTV) graduate medical education (GME), despite its theoretical benefits.

Approach
The authors describe a vision for CBTV-GME and an implementation model that can be applied across specialties. Termed “Promotion in Place” (PIP), the model relies on enhanced assessment, clear criteria for advancement, and flexibility to adjust individuals’ responsibilities and time in training based on demonstrated competence. PIP allows a resident’s graduation to be advanced or delayed accordingly. Residents deemed competent for early graduation can transition to attending physician status within their training institution and benefit from a period of “sheltered independence” until the standard graduation date. Residents who need extended time to achieve competency have graduation delayed to incorporate additional targeted education.

Outcomes
A proposal to pilot the PIP model of CBTV-GME received funding through the American Medical Association’s “Reimagining Residency” initiative in 2019. Ten of 46 residency programs in a multihospital system expressed interest and pursued initial planning. Seven programs withdrew for reasons including program director transitions, uncertainty about resident reactions, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Three programs petitioned their specialty boards for exemptions from time-based training. One program was granted the needed exemption and launched a PIP pilot, now in year 4, demonstrating the feasibility of implementing this model. Implementation tools and templates are described.

Next Steps
Larger-scale implementation with longer-term assessment is needed to evaluate the impact and generalizability of this CBTV-GME model.
Psoas Muscle Health is Correlated With Time to Achieve MCID in Patients With Predominant Axial Back Pain Following Decompression Surgery
Authors: Singh Nishtha , Zhao Eric R. , Johnson Mitchell A. , Singh Sumedha , Asada Tomoyuki , Shahi Pratyush , Maayan Omri , Araghi Kasra , Pajak Anthony , Subramanian Tejas , Simon Chad Z. , Korsun Maximilian K. , Tuma Olivia C. , Sheha Evan D. , Dowdell James E. , Qureshi Sheeraz A. , Iyer Sravisht 
Published: April 2024

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
To determine the impact of psoas muscle health [cross-sectional area (CSA)] on achieving minimal clinically important differences (MCID) in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) following laminectomy for patients with predominant back pain (PBP) and leg pain (PLP).

Summary of Background Data.
Psoas muscle health is linked to postoperative outcomes in decompression patients, with MRI-based grading of psoas CSA correlating with these outcomes. However, evidence on its impact on symptomatic recovery, measured by PROMs, is lacking.

Methods.
One hundred six patients with PBP (VAS back > VAS leg) and 139 patients with PLP (VAS leg > VAS back) who underwent laminectomy from 2017 to 2021 were included. Axial T2 MRI images were analyzed for psoas CSA using a validated method. Based on the lowest-quartile normalized total psoas area (NTPA) thresholds, patients were divided into “good” and “poor” muscle health groups. The correlation analyses were performed between the psoas CSA and changes in PROMs. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was conducted to determine the probability of achieving MCID as a function of time.

Results.
Of 106 patients with PBP, 83 (78.3%) had good muscle health, and 23 (21.6%) had poor muscle health. Of 139 patients with PLP, 54 (38.8%) had good muscle health, and 85 (61.1%) had poor muscle health. In the PBP group, older age was associated with poor muscle health (69.70±9.26 vs. 59.92±15.01, P=0.0002). For both cohorts, there were no differences in the rate of MCID achievement for any PROMs between the good and poor muscle health groups. In the PBP group, Kaplan–Meier analysis showed patients with good psoas health achieved MCID-VAS back and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) in median times of 14 and 42 days (P=0.045 and 0.015), respectively.

Conclusion.
Good psoas muscle health is linked to faster attainment of MCID, especially in patients with PBP compared with PLP after decompression surgery.

Level of Evidence.
III.
Transition to Medicare Does Not Contribute to Rise in Outpatient Visits for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer, Actinic Keratosis, or Actinic Cheilitis in the US Population
Authors: Taylor Kathryn M. E. , Woodie Brad , Neltner Scott A. , Fleischer Alan B. 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND
Outpatient visits for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and actinic keratoses (AK) have risen steadily in the United States, notably among Medicare beneficiaries. Individuals may delay seeking care for minimally symptomatic conditions until they qualify for Medicare coverage, indicating potential delay of nonurgent screening interventions for uninsured or underinsured patients younger than 65 years.

OBJECTIVE
This study investigates whether an atypical increase in outpatient visits for NMSC, AK, or actinic cheilitis (AC) occurs at the age of Medicare transition by utilizing the National Ambulatory Care Survey from 1993 to 2019.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The National Ambulatory Care Survey data were analyzed for patients aged within 5 years of 65 years. Diagnoses were identified using International Classification of Diseases codes. Linear regression and outlier detection were used to identify a relationship between Medicare eligibility and outpatient visits for NMSC and AK/AC.

RESULTS
Predicted visits for AK/AC and NMSC increased with age. However, there was no evidence of a disproportionate increase in outpatient visits for NMSC and AK/AC at the age of Medicare eligibility.

CONCLUSION
Outside evidence indicates health care utilization increases after Medicare transition. This study's data do not support a corresponding rise in outpatient visits for NMSC and AK/AC at the age of Medicare eligibility.
“What Did You Say, ChatGPT?” The Use of AI in Black Women's HIV Self-Education: An Inductive Qualitative Data Analysis
Authors: Chandler Rasheeta D. , Warner Sheena , Aidoo-Frimpong Gloria , Wells Jessica 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The emergence of widely accessible artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots such as ChatGPT presents unique opportunities and challenges in public health self-education. This study examined simulations with ChatGPT for its use in public education of sexual health of Black women, specifically in HIV prevention and/or HIV PrEP use. The research questions guiding the study are as follows: (a) does the information ChatGPT offers about HIV prevention and HIV PrEP differ based on stated race? and (b) how could this relatively new platform inform public health education of Black women educating themselves about sexual health behaviors, diagnoses, and treatments? In addressing these questions, this study also uncovered notable differences in ChatGPT's tone when responding to users based on race. This study described valuable insights that can inform health care professionals, educators, and policymakers, ultimately advancing the cause of sexual health equity for Black women and underscoring the paradigm-shifting potential of AI in the field of public health education.