bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The opioid placebo analgesia is mediated exclusively through µ-opioid receptor in rat
Authors: Zhang Rui-Rui , Zhang Wen-Cai , Wang Jin-Yan , Guo Jian-You 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Placebo analgesia is one of the most robust and best-studied placebo effects. Recent researches suggest that placebo analgesia activated the µ-opioid receptor signalling in the human brain. However, whether other opioid receptors are involved in the placebo analgesia remains unclear. We have previously evoked placebo responses in mice (Guo et al.2010, 2011) and these mice may serve as a model for investigating placebo analgesia. In the present study, we tried to explore the site of action and types of opioid receptors involved in placebo response. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained with 10 mg/kg morphine for 4 d to establish the placebo analgesia model. This placebo analgesia can be blocked by injection of 5 mg/kg dose naloxone or by microinjection with naloxone (1, 3 or 10 µg/rat) into rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). Then, animals were tested after intra-rACC microinjection of d-Phe-Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP, a selective µ-opioid receptor antagonist) or naltrindole (NTI, a highly selective δ-opioid receptor antagonist) or nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI, a highly selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist). Our results showed that CTOP, but not NTI or nor-BNI, could reduce the pain threshold in placebo analgesia rats. It may be concluded that rACC is the key brain region involved in placebo analgesia and the opioid placebo analgesia is mediated exclusively through µ-opioid receptor in rat.
Reliability and validity of the 7‐day Physical Activity Recall interview in a Spanish population
Authors: Zuazagoitia Ana , Montoya Imanol , Grandes Gonzalo , Arietaleanizbeascoa Ma Soledad , Arce Veronica , Martinez Vicente , Sanchez Mairena , Sanchez Alvaro 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the reliability and convergent validity of the 7‐day Physical Activity Recall (7‐day PAR) interview in a sample of the Spanish population. Valid 7‐day PAR interviews were conducted and RT3 accelerometer measurements taken for 160 subjects from the primary care population aged 24–83, 75 men and 85 women. Two 7‐day PAR interviews were conducted, with a one‐week interval, with 147 of these participants. Test–retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. Convergent validity between the 7‐day PAR and the accelerometer data were examined using Spearman's correlation coefficients, and the kappa index of agreement was calculated. The 7‐day PAR reliability coefficients were 0.68 (95%CI: 0.58–0.76) for total energy expenditure, 0.65 (95%CI: 0.54–0.73) for the activity dose, and 0.61 (95%CI: 0.50–0.70) and 0.75 (95%CI: 0.67–0.81) for time spent on moderate and vigorous‐intensity activity, respectively. These coefficients ranged from 0.91 to 0.96 in participants who reported a typical week in both interviews. Convergent validity ranged from 0.25 for time spent on vigorous activity to 0.52 for the activity dose, and the kappa index was 0.43 (95%CI: 0.30–0.56). Reliability and convergent validity coefficients in the Spanish population were generally moderate and similar to those found in other studies.
Considering long‐term sustainability in the development of world class success
Authors: Güllich Arne , Emrich Eike 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe developmental practice patterns leading to the highest levels of success remain a subject of debate. The present study purposes to extend the body of empirical research by analysing athletic biographies from a large sample of German national squad athletes across all Olympic sports (n=1558; 57% male, 43% female). In a combined retrospective and longitudinal study utilising postal questionnaires, we evaluated the age at onset, volume, domain‐specificity, variability in training and competition and success attained at different ages. Developmental practice patterns leading to rapid adolescent success and long‐term senior success were inconsistent, and in some aspects contradictory. An early start‐age for training and competition, early specialisation, high‐intensity specific practice in the respective domain sport and little or no involvement in other sports (OS) favoured early adolescent success. Juvenile success, however, did not contribute to individual differences in success achieved at a senior age (−0.09<r s <0.03). Senior world class performers differed from national class athletes in a later age for onset of training and competition in their domain sport, later specialisation (14.4 vs. 12.1 years), more involvement in OS (training 66% vs. 51%; competitions 53% vs. 39%), but not in practice volume in their domain sport at any age. Findings were confirmed with longitudinal testing and were widely consistent across types of sports. These findings are interpreted relative to correspondence to deliberate practice and DMSP frameworks while drawing on the concept of long‐term sustainability.
Imposed-dynamo current drive
Authors: Jarboe T.R. , Victor B.S. , Nelson B.A. , Hansen C.J. , Akcay C. , Ennis D.A. , Hicks N.K. , Hossack A.C. , Marklin G.J. , Smith R.J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A mechanism for steady inductive helicity injection (SIHI) current drive has been discovered where the current driving fluctuations are not generated by the plasma but rather are imposed by the injectors. Sheared flow of the electron fluid distorts the imposed fluctuations to drive current. The model accurately predicts the time dependent toroidal current, the injector impedance scaling, and the profile produced in the HIT-SI experiment. These results show that a stable equilibrium can be efficiently sustained with imposed fluctuations and the current profile can, in principle, be controlled. Both are large steps for controlled fusion. Some of the effects of the fluctuations on the confinement of tokamak and spheromak reactors are assessed and the degradation may be tolerable. The mechanism is also of interest to plasma self-organization, fast reconnection and plasma physics in general.
Complex symmetric weighted shifts
Authors: Zhu Sen , Li Chun 
Published: July 2012

An operator

T
T

on a complex Hilbert space

H

\mathcal {H}

is said to be complex symmetric if there exists a conjugate-linear, isometric involution

C
:

H

⟶

H

C:\mathcal {H}\longrightarrow \mathcal {H}

so that

C
T
C
=

T
∗

CTC=T^*

. In this paper, it is completely determined when a scalar (unilateral or bilateral) weighted shift is complex symmetric. In particular, we give a canonical decomposition of weighted shifts with complex symmetry. Also we characterize those weighted shifts for which complex symmetry is invariant under generalized Aluthge transforms. As an application, we give a negative answer to a question of S. Garcia.
The Theoretical Community (Or, Is There a Theory in this Journal?)
Authors: Hass Andrew W. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The following essay explores the nature of theory within the interdisciplinary space we call literature and theology—or more generally religion and literature—and the role theory has played in that space’s collective practice. It argues that theory is natural to the ‘binding’ of religion with literature and of literature with religion, since both are caught in a dilemma of reading, including the ‘reading’ of the practices that mark each of their respective disciplines. The discussion then looks at the spectatorial nature of the ancient notion of theory as theoria, before it traces how theory, in moving from theoria to high Theory, has figured in the 25 volumes of Literature and Theology itself. This tracing covers a double assumption of theory and an appropriation of the ‘other’ as theory. The essay concludes by looking at the dynamic that continues to bind literature and theology, and indeed the readers of a journal such as this one, in a communality of theory, practice, and interpretation.
What Factors Affect Intrapartum Maternal Temperature? A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Frölich Michael A. , Esame Alice , Zhang Kui , Wu Jihua , Owen John 
Published: July 2012

Background
In recent years, several reports have indicated that maternal temperature elevations during labor may also be observed in the absence of an infection. Presumed noninfectious causes of maternal temperature elevations include epidural analgesia, endogenous heat production generated by the contracting uterus, and delivery in an overheated room. To investigate the potential causes of noninfectious maternal temperature changes during labor, we conducted a prospective cohort study in women scheduled for labor induction.

Methods
We recorded hourly oral temperatures from admission to delivery. We calculated whether temperature changed during labor in 81 women. We then determined if body mass index, and duration of labor, or time from rupture of amniotic sac to delivery, or oxytocin dose, would affect maternal temperature. To evaluate the possible role of epidural analgesia, we compared the temperature slope before and after starting epidural analgesia.

Results
We observed an overall significant linear trend of temperature over time with an estimated temperature slope of +0.017°C/h (P = 0.0093). Patients with a positive temperature trend had also a significantly longer time from rupture of membranes to delivery (P = 0.0077) and a higher body mass index (P = 0.0067). Epidural analgesia had no effect on the temperature trend.

Conclusions
In our cohort of patients, there was an overall significant linear trend of temperature over time after correcting for heterogeneity among patients. Temperature increase was associated with higher body mass index values and longer time from rupture of membranes to delivery. Epidural analgesia had no effect on maternal temperature.
Cervical Disk Replacement Combined With Cage Fusion for the Treatment of Multilevel Cervical Disk Herniation
Authors: Ren Xianjun , Chu Tongwei , Jiang Tao , Wang Weidong , Wang Jian , Li Changqing , Zhang Zhengfeng 
Published: July 2012

Study Design:
This is a prospective study of artificial disk replacement combined with cage fusion for the treatment of multilevel cervical disk herniation.

Objective:
To evaluate the clinical outcome of Bryan cervical disk replacement combined with adjacent segment cage fusion in the treatment of patients with multilevel cervical disk herniation. To observe neurological improvement and interpret the radiographic findings.

Summary of Background Data:
It is generally considered that 1-level cervical disk replacement had an excellent intermediate clinical outcome. There was no final conclusion about the disk replacement for the treatment of multilevel cervical disk disease. The negative factors include possible complication, high cost, and contraindication for disk replacement at one of the multisegments. Disk replacement combined with adjacent segment cage fusion may be an option for the treatment of multilevel cervical disk disease for certain patients.

Methods:
There were 26 patients with multilevel cervical disk herniation who underwent 1-level disk replacement and adjacent segment cage fusion. Of the patients, there were 17 male and 9 female, aged between 35 and 63 (mean age 47 y). The herniated disk was located at C3–C4, C4–C5 in 1 case, C4–C5, C5–C6 in 11cases, C5–C6, C6–C7 in 7 cases, C4–C5, C6–C7 in 3 cases, and C4–C5, C5–C6, C6–C7 in 4 cases. There were 12 cases with myelopathy and 14 patients with radiculopathy. The stabilization and the range of motion of implanted disk, the fusion of cage, and the displacement of cage were observed on dynamic radiograph postoperatively. The clinical symptoms and the neurological functions were evaluated based on the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scale score (17 points), neck disability index score, and Odom’s Criteria.

Results:
All patients underwent 1-level Bryan disk replacement and cage fusion on adjacent segment. The replacement segment and fusion segment were located next to each other among 23 patients. They were not next to each other in 3 cases. The follow-up was 24 to 47 months. Definite stabilization was achieved for all Bryan disks. The average range of motion at replaced level was 9.5 degrees postoperatively. Solid fusion was achieved in all cages. There was no subsidence or displacement of cage. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scale score (17 points) rose from 9.2 to 13.5 at final follow-up. The neck disability index was reduced from 40.8 to 28.5 at final follow-up. The clinical success (excellent/good/fair) based on Odom’s Criteria were 84.6%.

Conclusions:
Definite stabilization and satisfactory mobility were achieved after cervical disk replacement and cage fusion. This provides an effective option for the treatment of multilevel cervical disk herniation. The evaluation of high fusion rate of cage may need to accumulate more clinical cases.
Characterizing Regulatory and Functional Differentiation between Maize Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells by Transcriptomic Analysis
Authors: Chang Yao-Ming , Liu Wen-Yu , Shih Arthur Chun-Chieh , Shen Meng-Ni , Lu Chen-Hua , Lu Mei-Yeh Jade , Yang Hui-Wen , Wang Tzi-Yuan , Chen Sean C.-C. , Chen Stella Maris , Li Wen-Hsiung , Ku Maurice S.B. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
To study the regulatory and functional differentiation between the mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells of maize (Zea mays), we isolated large quantities of highly homogeneous M and BS cells from newly matured second leaves for transcriptome profiling by RNA sequencing. A total of 52,421 annotated genes with at least one read were found in the two transcriptomes. Defining a gene with more than one read per kilobase per million mapped reads as expressed, we identified 18,482 expressed genes; 14,972 were expressed in M cells, including 53 M-enriched transcription factor (TF) genes, whereas 17,269 were expressed in BS cells, including 214 BS-enriched TF genes. Interestingly, many TF gene families show a conspicuous BS preference in expression. Pathway analyses reveal differentiation between the two cell types in various functional categories, with the M cells playing more important roles in light reaction, protein synthesis and folding, tetrapyrrole synthesis, and RNA binding, while the BS cells specialize in transport, signaling, protein degradation and posttranslational modification, major carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen metabolism, cell division and organization, and development. Genes coding for several transporters involved in the shuttle of C4 metabolites and BS cell wall development have been identified, to our knowledge, for the first time. This comprehensive data set will be useful for studying M/BS differentiation in regulation and function.
Degradation of aromatic compounds through the β‐ketoadipate pathway is required for pathogenicity of the tomato wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
Authors: Michielse Caroline B. , Reijnen Linda , Olivain Chantal , Alabouvette Claude , Rep Martijn 
Published: July 2012

SummaryPlant roots react to pathogen attack by the activation of general and systemic resistance, including the lignification of cell walls and increased release of phenolic compounds in root exudate. Some fungi have the capacity to degrade lignin using ligninolytic extracellular peroxidases and laccases. Aromatic lignin breakdown products are further catabolized via the β‐ketoadipate pathway. In this study, we investigated the role of 3‐carboxy‐cis,cis‐muconate lactonizing enzyme (CMLE), an enzyme of the β‐ketoadipate pathway, in the pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici towards its host, tomato. As expected, the cmle deletion mutant cannot catabolize phenolic compounds known to be degraded via the β‐ketoadipate pathway. In addition, the mutant is impaired in root invasion and is nonpathogenic, even though it shows normal superficial root colonization. We hypothesize that the β‐ketoadipate pathway in plant‐pathogenic, soil‐borne fungi is necessary to degrade phenolic compounds in root exudate and/or inside roots in order to establish disease.
Complex karyotype predicts for inferior outcomes following reduced‐intensity conditioning allogeneic transplant for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Jaglowski Samantha M. , Ruppert Amy S. , Heerema Nyla A. , Bingman Anissa , Flynn Joseph M. , Grever Michael R. , Jones Jeffrey A. , Elder Patrick , Devine Steven M. , Byrd John C. , Andritsos Leslie A. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryComplex karyotype (CK) on metaphase cytogenetics discriminates poor outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients undergoing salvage treatment; we hypothesized that it might provide prognostic information for patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplant. Fifty‐one CLL patients were analysed following transplant; 18‐month overall survival (OS), event‐free survival (EFS) and cumulative incidence of progression estimates were 35%, 14% and 63%, respectively, in patients with CK (n = 19) versus 83%, 68% and 29% in patients without (n = 32) (P ≤ 0·0001, P ≤ 0·0001, and P = 0·02). In patients with high‐risk interphase cytogenetics, CK remained predictive of worse OS (P = 0·02) and EFS (P = 0·009). These findings support further evaluation of metaphase karyotype in transplant risk assessment.
Indirect interactions in seagrasses: fish herbivores increase predation risk to sea urchins by modifying plant traits
Authors: Pagès Jordi F. , Farina Simone , Gera Alessandro , Arthur Rohan , Romero Javier , Alcoverro Teresa 
Published: July 2012

Summary

The dominant paradigm of top‐down control of ecological communities through direct consumption pathways is giving way to a more nuanced understanding of trophic interactions with the recognition that subtler indirect effects can often play an important role in structuring communities. Direct and indirect trophic and non‐trophic processes could well be acting simultaneously within the same food web, and their overall effects may even interact with each other.

We studied indirect interactions in a relatively simple trophic system comprising a single producer, two herbivores and a guild of predators. In particular, we assessed whether (i) the principal herbivore fish, Sarpa salpa, is capable of modifying a seagrass trait, canopy height, by grazing and (ii) whether grazing‐induced habitat alteration can trigger an environment‐mediated modification of the interaction between herbivorous sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus and their predators.

We tested these hypotheses with field experiments including fish herbivore‐exclusion experiments (to examine the ability of S. salpa to modify seagrass habitats) and predation experiments using tethered sea urchins in a meadow with varying canopy heights (to test whether habitat modification can mediate urchin predation risk).

The effect of S. salpa herbivory was highly significant. Canopy height in herbivore‐excluded plots was more than 3·5 times higher than in uncaged control plots. In addition, adult sea urchin predation risk in the most highly grazed plots was 4–5 times higher than plots with higher canopy heights. In contrast, predation risk on juvenile urchins was not influenced by canopy height.

Our results show that predation pressure on a key herbivore can be modified both by the environmental context within which it finds itself and by the actions of another herbivore that modifies the plant traits that create this environmental context. These act as two discrete pathways that interact in potentially nonlinear ways, mediating top‐down control in these ecosystems. Herbivores, particularly when acting as ecosystem engineers, may have the potential to mediate and increase predation risk, as they substantially modify habitat structure, with consequences for refuge availability, among others. Assessing these indirect interactions is not just important to understand the functioning of the system itself but may have important management and conservation consequences.
Cardenolides in nectar may be more than a consequence of allocation to other plant parts: a phylogenetic study ofAsclepias
Authors: Manson Jessamyn S. , Rasmann Sergio , Halitschke Rayko , Thomson James D. , Agrawal Anurag A. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe primary function of secondary plant metabolites is thought to be defence against herbivores. The frequent occurrence of these same noxious compounds in floral nectar, which functions primarily to attract pollinators, has been seen as paradoxical.Although these compounds may have an adaptive purpose in nectar, they may also occur as a nonadaptive consequence of chemical defence in other plant parts. If nectar chemistry reflects physiological constraints or passive leakage from other tissues, we expect that the identity and relative concentration of nectar cardenolides to be correlated with those of other plant parts; in contrast, discordant distributions of compounds in nectar and other tissues may suggest adaptive roles in nectar.We compared the concentrations and identities of cardenolides in the nectar, leaves and flowers of 12 species from a monophyletic clade ofAsclepias. To measure putative toxicity of nectar cardenolides, we then examined the effects of a standard cardenolide (digoxin) on the behaviour of bumblebees, a common generalist pollinator ofAsclepias.We found that the average cardenolide concentrations in nectar, leaves and flowers of the 12Asclepiasspecies were positively correlated as predicted by nonadaptive hypotheses. However, significant differences in the identities and concentrations of individual cardenolides between nectar and leaves suggest that the production or allocation of cardenolides may be independently regulated at each plant part. In addition, cardenolide concentrations in leaves and nectar exhibited no phylogenetic signal.Surprisingly, bumblebees did not demonstrate an aversion to digoxin‐rich nectar, which may indicate that nectar cardenolides have little effect on pollination.Although the idea that discordant patterns of secondary metabolites across tissue types may signal adaptive functions is attractive, there is evidence to suggest constraint contributes to nectar secondary chemistry. Further work testing the ecological impacts of such patterns will be critical in determining the functional significance of nectar cardenolides.
On cladistics and human–ape relationships
Authors: Lehtonen Samuli , Tuomisto Hanna , Sääksjärvi Ilari E. , Ruokolainen Kalle 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe rebuttal of our correspondence (Lehtonen et al., Journal of Biogeography, 2011, 38, 805–808) by J. R. Grehan and J. H. Schwartz (Journal of Biogeography, 2011, 38, 2397–2404) reveals logical inconsistencies in their methodology. Here, we provide a clarification of these issues.