bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of intra‐articular tumour necrosis factor during acute inflammatory responses in equine arthritis
Authors: BILLINGHURST R. C. , FRETZ P. B. , GORDON J. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySynovial fluid (SF) was collected at 2, 12 and 26 h post racing from 5 Thoroughbred horses (6 joints) with degenerative joint disease. The effects of serial arthrocentesis on SF TNFα levels were controlled for by testing, in parallel, site‐ and time‐matched samples from clinically normal horses (i.e. without arthritis). A significant induction in TNFα bioactivity was detected in SF from arthritic joints (compared to the control joints) over the 26 h following racing. After subtraction of values for the arthrocentesis control SF, TNFα and protein levels and WBC and mononuclear cell numbers each peaked at 12 h in the SF from the degenerative joints, although there were no statistically significant correlations between any of these parameters. The presence in the SF of TNFα, as well as immunoreactive IL‐1β and IL‐6, was confirmed through use of specific anti‐human cytokine IgG antibodies in neutralisation and slot‐blot radioimmunoassays. TNFβ was not detected in the SF by slot‐blot radioimmunoassay. These results suggest that a significant increase in intra‐articular TNFα occurs during acute inflammatory arthritis in horses. The lack of correlation between infiltrating inflammatory cells and SF TNFα levels further suggests that the source of TNFα may be resident cells of the joint, as opposed to infiltrating cells found within the joint fluids. SF from clinically normal and arthritic joints of racing and hospitalised horses were also screened for bioactive TNFα. No statistically significant differences were found in the TNFα levels of the normal (29.46 ± 3.15 u/ml) vs. degenerative (21.64 ± 3.39 u/ml) joints, although significant elevations were noted in the arthritic joints for SF protein levels and WBC and RBC counts. However, when grouped by arthropathy, there were significant differences from normal in the SF TNFα levels in cases of synovitis and major intra‐articular fractures.
Transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon for treatment of tendinitis: long term results in 61 Standardbred racehorses (1985–1992)
Authors: HOGAN PATRICIA M. , BRAMLAGE L. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMedical records and lifetime race results were obtained for 61 Standardbred racehorses treated consecutively from 1985 to 1992 with transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (AL‐SDF) for tendinitis of one or both forelimbs. A clinical diagnosis of tendinitis was confirmed in all cases by ultrasonographic examination. After surgery, 50 (82%) horses raced and 42 (69%) completed 5 or more starts. Eight horses (13%) failed to start and/or complete 5 or more races due to a recurrence of tendinitis. Six (10%) horses did not start and/or complete 5 or more starts for reasons unrelated to tendinitis and 5 (8%) horses were lost to follow‐up. The median time between surgery and the first post operative start was 39 weeks. Fifty‐seven per cent of those horses to start after surgery completed 20 or more starts and 40% raced on 40 or more occasions. Of the 42 horses to complete 5 or more races, the median number of post operative starts was 37 at time of follow‐up. Thirty‐two of 50 (64%) horses to start after surgery established or lowered lifetime racemarks. Thirty‐six horses had raced prior to surgery. Thirty‐one of 36 (86%) horses returned to racing after treatment of SDF tendinitis with accessory desmotomy (AD) and 27 horses (75%) completed 5 or more starts. Median earnings per start decreased 25% after surgery. Twenty‐five horses had not raced prior to surgery. Nineteen (76%) horses in this group were age 2 years at time of injury. Nineteen of 25 (76%) horses started after surgery and 15 horses (60%) completed 5 or more starts.Horses that had not started prior to sustaining injury had significantly (P<0.05) less total earnings per horse and earnings per start after surgery than those horses that had previously raced. Horses that had started before surgery achieved significantly faster post operative lifetime racemarks than horses that had not raced before surgery. Horses that were age 2 years at time of injury did not differ statistically from horses older than 2 years in any post operative variable evaluated. There was no statistical difference in rate of recurrence of tendinitis between horses undergoing AD in one or both limbs for treatment of tendinitis occurring in one limb. This study suggests that transection of the AL‐SDF allows a high percentage of Standardbred horses with tendinitis to race and earn money without recurrence of tendinous injury. Horses that have not raced prior to tendinous injury may be expected to earn less money and achieve lower lifetime racemarks after surgery than horses that have raced prior to sustaining tendinous injury.
Ventilatory and timing parameters in normal horses at rest up to age one year
Authors: KOTERBA ANNE M. , WOZNIAK J. A. , KOSCH P. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe purpose of the study was to document the developmental changes in the ventilatory and timing parameters associated with quiet breathing at rest in awake, standing horses during the first yearpost partum. Tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency, airflow, mechanical timing intervals and minute ventilation (V̇E) were measured serially in foals age 24 h‐1 year. In the growing foal, V̇Eincreased due to a progressive rise in VT, in spite of a pronounced decrease in respiratory frequency. When normalised to body weight (bwt), V̇E7kg declined with maturation in a curvilinear fashion, from mean ± s.d. 848 ± 231 ml/min/kg in the 24 h‐old foal, to 155 ± 15 ml/kg/min in the 1‐year‐old foal. Tidal volume normalised to bwt remained relatively constant during the study period, with the exception that at age 3 weeks and from 2–6 months, VT/kg was significantly lower than the value recorded at age 1 week. The decrease in frequency resulted from prolongation of both inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TIE) time but there was a disproportionately larger increase in TEcompared to TI, which resulted in a significantly lower ratio of TI/TEin older foals. The allometric equation relating VTto bwt suggested that lung growth in the horse is dysanaptic, with increases in overall body size exceeding lung growth in the maturing foal during the first yearpost partum.
Rheumatoid factor, anti‐heat shock protein (65 kDa) antibodies and anti‐nuclear antibodies in equine joint diseases
Authors: CARTER S. D. , OSBORNE ANNE C. , MAY S. A. , BENNETT D. ,   Arthritis Research Group
Published: April 2010

SummaryTo consider the hypothesis that autoimmune mechanisms may contribute to the pathology of equine joint diseases, 3 autoimmune responses were assayed in sera and synovial fluids. IgM‐rheumatoid factor and antibodies to heat shock protein 65 kDa were determined by ELISA; anti‐nuclear antibodies were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence to whole cell nuclear components. All parameters showed only modest increases, if any and not in a pattern related to disease, although some statistically significant increases were detected.Group analysis showed significantly elevated synovial fluid IgM‐rheumatoid factor (IgM‐RF) in horses with OA (P<0.01), traumatised joints (P<0.01) and articular fractured bones (P<0.001). There was no significantly increased IgM‐RF in the sera of horses with joint disorders compared to control horses. Significantly raised anti‐heat shock protein molecular weight 65 kDa (HSP65) antibodies were only found in the synovial fluids of the horses with traumatised joints (P<0.001). No correlations were found between the synovial fluid and sera levels of IgM‐RF or anti‐HSP65 antibodies. Synovial fluid anti‐HSP65 antibody and IgM‐RF levels positively correlated in the OCD (P<0.001), fracture (P<0.01) and synovitis (P<0.05) groups. As antibodies to HSP65 correlated with IgG concentrations in synovial fluids, it is not possible to draw conclusions on HSP roles in joint disease pathogenesis. No serum anti‐nuclear antibodies (ANA) were detected by immunofluorescence using rat liver and a human epithelial cell line (HEp‐2) as substrates.Compared with autoimmune responses in human and canine arthropathies, the low levels of autoimmune reactivity detected in this study can only suggest a minor contributory role to joint disease pathology in the horse. These results have 2 important implications. Firstly, other pathogenetic mechanisms should be considered and secondly, autoimmune mechanisms cannot be used to monitor disease progress and therefore should not be targetted for treatment.
Effects of ketoprofen and phenylbutazone on chronic hoof pain and lameness in the horse
Authors: OWENS JANE G. , KAMERLING S. G. , STANTON S. R. , KEOWEN M. L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe analgesic effects of the nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, ketoprofen (2.2 and 3.63 mg/kg bwt) and phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg bwt) were compared in 7 horses with chronic laminitis. Hoof pain was quantified objectively by means of an electronic hoof tester and lameness was subjectively graded on a modified Obel scale. Ketoprofen at a dose of 3.63 mg/kg bwt (phenylbutazone equimolar dose) reduced hoof pain and lameness to a greater extent than the 2.2 mg/kg dose and phenylbutazone. These effects were still present at 24 h in 3 of the 4 pain tests, including lameness grade. These data suggest that ketoprofen at the dosage rate of 1.65 times the recommended therapeutic dose was more potent than phenylbutazone in alleviating chronic pain and lameness in horses.
Photic headshaking in the horse: 7 cases
Authors: MADIGAN J. E. , KORTZ G. , MURPHY C. , RODGER LYNN 
Published: April 2010

SummarySeven horses with headshaking are described. No physical abnormalities were detected in any of the cases. Six of these horses had onset of clinical signs in the spring. The role of light was assessed by application of a blindfold or dark grey lens to the eyes, covering the eyes with a face mask and observing the horse in total darkness outdoors. Cessation of headshaking was observed with blindfolding (5/5 horses), night darkness outdoors (4/4 horses) and use of grey lenses (2/3 horses). Outdoor behaviour suggested efforts to avoid light in 4/4 cases. The photic sneeze in man is suggested as a putative mechanism for equine headshaking. Five of 7 horses had improvement with cyproheptadine treatment (0.3 mg/kg bwt b.i.d.). Headshaking developed within 2 calendar weeks of the same date for 3 consecutive years in one horse. Neuropharmacological alterations associated with photoperiod mechanisms leading to optic trigeminal summation are suggested as possible reasons for spring onset of headshaking.
Localisation of 15‐hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) and steroidogenic enzymes in the equine placenta
Authors: HAN X. , ROSSDALE P. D. , OUSEY JENNIFER , HOLDSTOCK NICOLA , ALLEN W. R. , SILVER MARIAN , FOWDEN ABIGAIL L. , McGLADDERY A. J. , LABRIE F. , BELANGER A. , ENSOR C. M. , TAI H‐H. , CHALLIS J. R. G. 
Published: April 2010

Summary15‐hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) is the critical enzyme that determines metabolism of primary prostaglandins. Its expression is determined in part by steroid hormones, particularly progesterone, formed from Δ5 steroids through 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) activity. To assess whether the regulation of PGDH might occur in a paracrine, autocrine or intracrine fashion, we used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the localisation of key steroidogenic enzymes in the equine placenta and compared these patterns to the distribution of immunoreactive (IR‐) PGDH. Placental tissue was obtained from pony or Thoroughbred mares at about Days 150, 250–280 and >300 of pregnancy (term 320–360 days; n=5–8 each group). IR‐PGDH, 3β‐HSD, cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) and 17‐hydroxylase/lyase (P450c17) were localised using specific antibodies and the avidin‐biotin peroxidase technique and visualised using diaminobenzidine as substrate. IR‐P450scc was present in trophoblast cells, but not in maternal tissues of the microcotyledons or elsewhere in the endometrium. Specific staining for P450C17 was not detected in either maternal or fetal tissues at any stage of gestation studied. IR‐3β‐HSD was present in trophoblast cells, but not in maternal tissues of the microcotyledons. In contrast, at Days 150 and 280, IR‐PGDH was present in maternal epithelial and interstitial cells in the microcotyledons, but was not detected in trophoblast epithelium, chorioallantois or endometrial glands. After Day 300, IR‐PGDH was present in the maternal epithelium and interstitial cells of the placenta and it was also present in trophoblast cells in some specimens. We conclude that the equine placenta has the enzymes necessary to produce C21Δ4 steroids from C27Δ5 substrates in trophoblast cells by Day 150 of gestation. The localisation of these enzymes is compatible with paracrine regulation of PGDH by products of 3β‐HSD activity for most of pregnancy, although autocrine or intracrine regulation of placental PGDH may also be possible nearer to term.
Modulation of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) activity in the equine placenta by pregnenolone and progesterone metabolites
Authors: CHAVATTE PASCALE M. , ROSSDALE P. D. , TAIT A. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to measure 3β‐HSD activity in the equine placenta and to assess the effect of fetal and maternal blood plasma progestagens on 3β‐HSD activity in vitro. 3β‐HSD activity was measured in 8 late gestation (collected by caesarian section at 250 to 320 days) and 7 term (collected at birth) equine placentae using a tritium release assay with [3α‐3H] pregnenolone as substrate. Mean ± s.d. Kmapp and Vmax for term placentae were in general higher than for late gestation placentae (0.129 ± 0.217 μmol/l and 23.85 ± 9.1 nmol/mg/h respectively vs. 0.016 ± 0.048 μmol/l and 17.36 ± 20.9 nmol/mg/h) but there was no statistical difference between them. Inhibition studies were performed on 3 term placentae and 3 late gestation ones. Steroid concentrations used for inhibition studies were close to blood plasma concentrations (0.5 to 2 μmol/l). 3β‐hydroxy compounds (5α‐pregnane‐3β, 20β‐diol, 5α‐pregnane‐3β, 20α‐diol and 3β‐hydroxy‐5α‐pregnan‐20‐one) showed noncompetitive or mixed inhibition. Mean Kiapp ranged from 0.47 μmol/l to 1.55 μmol/l. Noncompetitive inhibition was found for 5‐pregnene‐3β,20β‐diol with a mean Kiapp of 0.7 μmol/l. Inhibition was competitive with 20α‐hydroxy‐5α‐pregnan‐3‐one with a mean Kiapp of 0.1 μmol/l. Progesterone was found to be a weak noncompetitive inhibitor of equine 3β‐HSD actitvity (mean Kiapp=1.2 umol/l) and no consistent inhibitory action was found with 5α‐pregnane‐3,20‐dione.These data demonstrate that a marked inhibition of 315‐HSD activity is caused by 5‐pregnenes and 5α‐pregnanes in the range of blood plasma concentrations in the pregnant mare. It is probable that a cumulative effect of these compounds could lead to a further decrease in the enzyme activity in the term placenta, which may be of significance in the onset of parturition.
Descriptive epidemiological study of equine laminitis
Authors: SLATER MARGARET R. , HOOD D. M. , CARTER G. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA descriptive and matched case‐control study of laminitis was conducted in 7 private practices and at the Texas Veterinary Medical Centre (TVMC) between May 1992 and July 1993. Out of 108 horses with laminitis, 19 acute (49%) and 20 chronic (51%) cases were seen in private practice and 16 acute (23%) and 53 chronic (77%) cases at the TVMC. Gastrointestinal disease was the most common problem in 19/35 horses (54%), occurring just prior to the onset of acute laminitis in all hospitals. Among all horses in the study, most commonly used drugs were phenylbutazone (68%), acepromazine (34%), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) (27%), antibiotics of various types (19%) and flunixin meglumine (19%). Acepromazine, DMSO and flunixin meglumine were used more commonly in acute cases of laminitis compared to chronic cases. In acutely affected horses, DMSO and flunixin meglumine were used significantly more often at the TVMC. In chronic cases, phenylbutazone and antibiotics were used more often in private practice. Shoeing and trimming were more commonly part of the treatment protocol for chronic cases. There were no significant associations between age, breed, sex or weight and the occurrence of acute laminitis. Horses with chronic laminitis were significantly older (P=0.04) and more females tended to be affected (P=0.08).
Small intestinal herniation through the epiploic foramen: 53 cases (1987–1993)
Authors: VACHON ANNE M. , FISCHER A. T. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe incidence of epiploic entrapment of the small intestine in horses undergoing celiotomy for colic was 5%. The condition was more prevalent in older (mean 9.81 years) gelding and Thoroughbred horses. Preoperative peritoneal protein level was a good prognostic indicator as it was significantly greater in the nonsurvivor (39.4 ± 5.10) group than in the survivor group (26.6 ± 14.0) (P<0.05). Abdominal ultrasonography allowed earlier diagnosis and surgical intervention in nonpainful cases with inconclusive rectal findings. Surgery was completed in 46 horses and 44 horses recovered from anaesthesia. Nine horses were either subjected to euthanasia in surgery (7 horses) or died in recovery (2 horses). Repeat laparotomies were pursued in 27% (12/44) of the horses. Seven horses (16%) showed post operative adynamic ileus which was the most common post operative complication. The incidence (6%) of adhesion formation was lower than previously reported. Other post operative complications included gastric ulceration, liver disease, diarrhoea and weight loss. Short and long term survival rates were 79% (35/44) and 70% (31/44) respectively. Improved rates were attributed to earlier referral and diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention. The aggressive use of repeat celiotomy and a more effective treatment of the endotoxic horse in the perioperative period contributed to survival.
Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 1: Examination techniques, diagnostic criteria and diagnoses
Authors: DIXON P. M. , RAILTON D. I. , McGORUM B. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThree‐hundred adult horses, referred from 1990 to 1993 inclusively, for pulmonary examination were assessed using standardised history taking and clinical, intrapleural pressure, arterial blood gases and pH, bronchoscopic and tracheal and broncho‐alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytological examinations. Two‐hundred and thirty‐five cases were referred with overt signs of pulmonary disease and the remaining 65 cases were referred for pulmonary examination because of reduced exercise (usually racing) performance or prolonged dyspnoea after racing.No pulmonary disease was detected in 30 cases. The 270 horses with pulmonary disease included 148 cases (54.8%) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 45 (16.7%) of infectious or post infectious pulmonary disease, 7 (2.6%) ofStreptococcus zooepidemicuspulmonary infection, 7 (2.6%) of lungworm infection, 16 (5.9%) of primary exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), 9 (3.3%) of chronic idiopathic hypoxaemia, 20 (7.4%) of miscellaneous identified pulmonary disorders and 18 (6.7%) of undifferentiated pulmonary disorders. Two cases of primary summer associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD) were observed, but 9.5% of COPD affected horses additionally suffered from SPAOPD.
Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 3: Ancillary diagnostic findings
Authors: DIXON P. M. , RAILTON D. I. , McGORUM B. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe majority of 270 adult horses with chronic pulmonary diseases had excessive volumes of respiratory secretions (RS) present in their trachea, elevated tracheal RS neutrophil ratios and lowered arterial oxygen partial pressures. Some control horses, had inexplicably elevated tracheal RS neutrophil ratios. Only the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affected group had significantly elevated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophil ratios. Maximal intrapleural pressure changes (max dPpl) were raised in 48% of COPD cases and rarely with other pulmonary disorders. Arterial pH or carbon doxide partial pressures values were seldom altered with any pulmonary diseases. Tracheal RS and BALF eosinophil ratios were raised with lungworm infection and idiopathic pulmonary eosinophilia.
Corneal stromal abscesses in the horse: a review of 24 cases
Authors: HENDRIX DIANE V. H. , BROOKS D. E. , SMITH PATRICIA J. , GELATT K. N. , MILLER T. R. , WHITTAKER C. , PELLICANE CHRISTINA , CHMIELEWSKI NOELLE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe medical records of 24 horses with corneal stromal abscesses were reviewed. Twenty of the horses initially presented with a corneal ulcer, corneal opacity, or evidence of ocular pain. All of the horses were treated with topical antibiotics prior to referral. Most had also been treated with topical atropine sulphate and systemic flunixin meglumine. Ophthalmic examinations revealed focal, yellow‐white corneal opacities, corneal vascularisation and evidence of iridocyclitis. Nine of the horses were treated primarily medically as the initial response to topical and systemic medication was rapid. Fifteen horses were treated both medically and surgically. Surgical treatment was undertaken when corneal rupture was imminent, the iridocyclitis was intractable or when there was minimal response to intensive medical therapy. The surgical procedure performed in most cases was a deep keratectomy with a conjunctival pedicle flap. Intraoperative specimens for cytology, culture, and/or histopathology contributed to the aetiological diagnosis in 5 of 8 cases in which preoperative cytology and cultures were nondiagnostic. All horses, excluding one that was enucleated at presentation for iris prolapse, had vision at discharge.
Near infrared spectroscopy of pedal haemodynamics and oxygenation in normal and laminitic horses
Authors: HINCKLEY K. A. , FEARN S. , HOWARD B. R. , HENDERSON I. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe present study applies near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to the haemodynamics of the pedal circulation in normal and laminitic horses. NIRS is a noninvasive technique which uses changes in light absorption at 4 wavelengths to provide information on the changes in cytochrome aa3 (cyt aa3) reduction‐oxidation (redox) status, and changes in the tissue concentration of oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb) and therefore total haemoglobin (tHb). Other studies have shown NIRS to be sensitive to changes in tissue oxygenation and perfusion in human cerebral and limb circulation. In this study, the NIRS sensor was applied to the dorsal surface of horses' hooves. Normal and laminitic animals (acute and chronic) were subjected to manoeuvres (cuff tourniquet; digital vessel occlusion at the palmar surface of the pastern; lifting of contralateral limb) predicted to change pedal haemodynamics. The procedures produced changes in pedal haemodynamics and oxygenation, which were similar to those observed in the ischaemic/reperfused human forearm. Laminitic differed from normal horses: return of HHb to baseline was slower and the change in cyt aa3 more rapid than normal in cases of chronic laminitis, taken to indicate reduced O2stores as a result of compromised basal perfusion. In acute laminitis, baseline values did not fluctuate following any of the manoeuvres, suggesting haemostasis in the diseased hoof. NIRS is a useful noninvasive method to assess pedal vascular function in normal and laminitic horses.