bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
G-string slippage turns white rice red
Authors: Lee David , Lupotto Elisabetta , Powell Wayne 
Published: May 2009

The mutations that convey the white pericarp phenotype to rice ( Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) are in a regulatory gene, Rc. We have identified a genetic difference between the cultivar ‘Perla’ and its natural red rice mutant ‘Perla Rosso’ in the Rc gene. The deletion of a G base restores the reading frame for the Rc gene, lost by the original 14 bp deletion that gave rise to white rice.
Physiologic and molecular bases of muscle hypertrophy and atrophy: impact of resistance exercise on human skeletal muscle (protein and exercise dose effects)This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Phillips Stuart M. 
Published: May 2009

Normally, skeletal muscle mass is unchanged, beyond periods of growth, but it begins to decline in the fourth or fifth decade of life. The mass of skeletal muscle is maintained by ingestion of protein-containing meals. With feeding, muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is stimulated and a small suppression of muscle protein breakdown (MPB) occurs, such that protein balance becomes positive (MPS > MPB). As the postprandial period subsides and a transition toward fasting occurs, the balance of muscle protein turnover becomes negative again (MPB > MPS). Thus, during maintenance of skeletal muscle mass, the long-term net result is that MPS is balanced by MPB. Acutely, however, it is of interest to determine what regulates feeding-induced increases in MPS, since it appears that, in a number of scenarios (for example aging, disuse, and wasting diseases), a suppression of MPS in response to feeding is a common finding. In fact, recent findings point to the fact that loss of skeletal muscle mass with disuse and aging is due not chronic changes in MPS or MPB, but to a blunted feeding-induced rise in MPS. Resistance exercise is a potent stimulator of MPS and appears to synergistically enhance the gains stimulated by feeding. As such, resistance exercise is an important countermeasure to disuse atrophy and to age-related declines in skeletal muscle mass. What is less well understood is how the intensity and volume of the resistance exercise stimulus is sufficient to result in rises in MPS. Recent advances in this area are discussed here, with a focus on human in vivo data.
In vivo imaging of GLUT4 translocationThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Lauritzen Hans P.M.M. 
Published: May 2009

In skeletal muscle, both insulin and muscle contractions mediate translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 to the plasma membrane proper, the sarcolemma, and the specialized membrane channel network, the transverse (t)-tubules. Despite the fact that skeletal muscle glucose uptake plays a major role in normal conditions, in insulin resistance, and type II diabetes, the details of GLUT4 translocation and the intracellular signalling involved have not been fully described. A main reason is that the majority of experiments have been carried out in muscle cultures in vitro. In vitro cultured muscle is not fully differentiated and, therefore, diverges from real muscle, in that it has lower expression of GLUT4, an underdeveloped or nonexistent t-tubule network, and a reduced or nonexistent response to insulin. Thus, experiments carried out in cultured muscle cell systems might give misleading results on how GLUT4 translocation and the signalling involved takes place. To address this problem, a confocal imaging technique has been developed that allows delineation of the spartial and spatial distribution of GFP-tagged GLUT4 (GLUT4-GFP) translocation in living muscle fibers in situ in anesthetized mice. The effects of stimuli with insulin or in situ muscle contractions in fully differentiated muscle fibers can now be studied before, during, and after applying stimuli. Initial analysis of insulin-stimulated GLUT4-GFP translocation showed a delay in maximal translocation between the sarcolemma and t-tubules. Corresponding to the delay, we found that fluorescent tagged insulin reaches the sarcolemma first and then, with a delay, diffuses into the t-tubule system, enabling interaction with local insulin receptors and, in turn, triggering local insulin signalling and local GLUT4 translocation. In parallel, we showed that the majority of GLUT4 depot vesicles do not move long distances but are depleted locally in the sarcolemma or t-tubule regions. Analysis of GLUT4 translocation in insulin-resistant muscle showed that, primarily, GLUT4 recruitment in the t-tubule region is affected. We have now analysed the kinetics of contraction-mediated GLUT4 translocation and reinternalization, as well as dilineated some of the key signalling points involved in these processes.
Effect of stimulation frequency on angiogenesis and gene expression in ischemic skeletal muscle of rabbit
Authors: Shen Mei , Gao Jing , Li Jianan , Su Juan 
Published: May 2009

To examine the comparative effects of different frequencies of electrical stimulation (ES) on angiogenesis and gene expression, New Zealand white rabbits with femoral artery ligation in one hindlimb and electrode implantation on the sciatic nerve of the same hindlimb were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control group, 1 Hz group, 10 Hz group, and 40 Hz group. The ES procedure involved 5 min stimulation, followed by 5 min rest, repeated 8 times daily for 4 consecutive weeks. The resting blood flow (RBF) was measured via the microspheres technique. Collateralization was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Angiogenic factors were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Both RBF and capillary density were significantly increased in the 10 Hz and 40 Hz groups, but were not changed in the 1 Hz group. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA was highest in the 40 Hz group. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) mRNA was significantly elevated only in the 40 Hz group. VEGF receptor fetal liver kinase 1 (Flk-1) mRNA was upregulated equally in the 10 Hz and 40 Hz groups, but fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) mRNA did not change in any group. Our results suggest that the optimal frequency of ES for angiogenesis is within the 10–40 Hz range.
Age-related Neural Changes during Memory Conjunction Errors
Authors: Giovanello Kelly S. , Kensinger Elizabeth A. , Wong Alana T. , Schacter Daniel L. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Human behavioral studies demonstrate that healthy aging is often accompanied by increases in memory distortions or errors. Here we used event-related fMRI to examine the neural basis of age-related memory distortions. We used the memory conjunction error paradigm, a laboratory procedure known to elicit high levels of memory errors. For older adults, right parahippocampal gyrus showed significantly greater activity during false than during accurate retrieval. We observed no regions in which activity was greater during false than during accurate retrieval for young adults. Young adults, however, showed significantly greater activity than old adults during accurate retrieval in right hippocampus. By contrast, older adults demonstrated greater activity than young adults during accurate retrieval in right inferior and middle prefrontal cortex. These data are consistent with the notion that age-related memory conjunction errors arise from dysfunction of hippocampal system mechanisms, rather than impairments in frontally mediated monitoring processes.
The Interrelations between Verbal Working Memory and Visual Selection of Emotional Faces
Authors: Grecucci Alessandro , Soto David , Rumiati Raffaella Ida , Humphreys Glyn W. , Rotshtein Pia 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Working memory (WM) and visual selection processes interact in a reciprocal fashion based on overlapping representations abstracted from the physical characteristics of stimuli. Here, we assessed the neural basis of this interaction using facial expressions that conveyed emotion information. Participants memorized an emotional word for a later recognition test and then searched for a face of a particular gender presented in a display with two faces that differed in gender and expression. The relation between the emotional word and the expressions of the target and distractor faces was varied. RTs for the memory test were faster when the target face matched the emotional word held in WM (on valid trials) relative to when the emotional word matched the expression of the distractor (on invalid trials). There was also enhanced activation on valid compared with invalid trials in the lateral orbital gyrus, superior frontal polar (BA 10), lateral occipital sulcus, and pulvinar. Re-presentation of the WM stimulus in the search display led to an earlier onset of activity in the superior and inferior frontal gyri and the anterior hippocampus irrespective of the search validity of the re-presented stimulus. The data indicate that the middle temporal and prefrontal cortices are sensitive to the reappearance of stimuli that are held in WM, whereas a fronto-thalamic occipital network is sensitive to the behavioral significance of the match between WM and targets for selection. We conclude that these networks are modulated by high-level matches between the contents of WM, behavioral goals, and current sensory input.
Corticosteroids Operate as a Switch between Memory Systems
Authors: Schwabe Lars , Schächinger Hartmut , de Kloet E. Ron , Oitzl Melly S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Stress and corticosteroid hormones are known to affect learning and memory processes. In this study, we examined whether stress and corticosteroids are capable of facilitating the switch between multiple memory systems in mice. For this purpose, we designed a task that allowed measurement of nucleus caudate-based stimulus–response and hippocampus-based spatial learning strategies. Naive mice used spatial strategies to locate an exit hole on a circular hole board at a fixed location flagged by a proximal stimulus. When the mice were either stressed or administered corticosterone before the task, 30–50% of the mice switched to a stimulus–response strategy. This switch between learning strategies was accompanied by a rescue of performance, whereas performance declined in the stressed mice that kept using the spatial strategy. Pretreatment with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist prevented the switch toward the stimulus–response strategy but led to deterioration of hippocampus-dependent performance. These findings (i) show that corticosteroids promote the transition from spatial to stimulus–response memory systems, (ii) provide evidence that the mineralocorticoid receptor underlies this corticosteroid-mediated switch, and (iii) suggest that a stress-induced switch from hippocampus-based to nucleus caudate-based memory systems can rescue performance.
Rainfall Estimation from Polarimetric S-Band Radar Measurements: Validation of a Neural Network Approach
Authors: Vulpiani Gianfranco , Giangrande Scott , Marzano Frank S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A procedure for the estimation of rainfall rate, capitalizing on a radar-based raindrop size distribution (RSD) parameter retrieval and neural network (NN) inversion techniques, is validated using an extensive and quality-controlled archive. The RSD retrieval algorithm utilizes polarimetric variables measured by the polarimetric prototype of the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) in Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN), through an ad hoc regularized neural network method. Evaluation of rainfall estimation from the NN-based method is accomplished using a large radar data and surface gauge observation dataset collected in central Oklahoma during the multiyear Joint Polarization Experiment (JPOLE) field campaign. Point estimates of hourly rainfall accumulations and instantaneous rainfall rates from NN-based and parametric polarimetric rainfall relations are compared with dense surface gauge observations. Rainfall accumulations from RSD retrieval-based methods are shown to be sensitive to the choice of a raindrop fall speed model. To minimize the impact of this choice, a new “direct” neural network approach is tested. Proposed NN-based approaches exhibit bias and root-mean-square error characteristics comparable with those obtained from parametric relations, specifically optimized for the JPOLE dataset, indicating an appealing generalization capability with respect to the climatological context. All tested polarimetric relations are shown to be sensitive to hail contamination as inferred from the results of automatic polarimetric echo classification and available storm reports.
The Dynamics of Eye Formation and Maintenance in Axisymmetric Diabatic Vortices
Authors: Wirth Volkmar , Dunkerton Timothy J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper investigates the occurrence, formation, and maintenance of eyes in idealized axisymmetric balanced vortices with diabatic forcing. Two key elements of the model setup are temperature relaxation toward a specified equilibrium temperature Te and Ekman pumping from a turbulent boundary layer. Furthermore, the flow is assumed to be almost inviscid in the interior. The model does not attempt any closure for moist convection. Previous work by the authors has shown that there is a continuous transition from monsoonlike vortices to hurricane-like vortices. This transition is governed by the ratio ℱ = αT /cD, where αT is the thermal relaxation rate and cD the surface drag coefficient.
An eye is defined in terms of the vertical wind with maximum upwelling occurring at some finite radius rather than at the origin. It is possible to obtain an eye even though Te maximizes at the origin, that is, even though Te does not directly predispose upwelling at some finite radius. The occurrence of an eye is controlled by ℱ, and the transition between vortices without any eye and vortices with a clearly defined eye is rather sudden. These results are robust with respect to the amplitude of the forcing or the specific shape of Te. The key role of ℱ is corroborated through a systematic nondimensionalization. In a steady-state hurricane-like vortex, mechanical forcing from Ekman pumping maximizes at some finite radius and is instrumental for the maintenance of an eyelike secondary circulation. On the other hand, eye formation during spinup is a purely inviscid process. The results imply that eye formation is a robust and general feature in vortices with strong diabatic forcing.
The Role of Upstream Midtropospheric Circulations in the Sierra Nevada Enabling Leeside (Spillover) Precipitation. Part I: A Synoptic-Scale Analysis of Spillover Precipitation and Flooding in a Leeside Basin
Authors: Underwood S. Jeffrey , Kaplan Michael L. , King K. C. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Pacific-originating storms that produce heavy leeside liquid precipitation in the Sierra Nevada are rare compared to those that generate windward slope rainfall. However, these leeside precipitation events have a profound effect on the flood hydrology of leeside basins in the Sierra Nevada. This study identified 12 storms that affected the Truckee River basin in northeastern Nevada. The storms produced both moderate and extreme flooding in this leeside basin. A synoptic-scale analysis of conditions leading to leeside storms was produced using a compositing procedure. Composites for multiple pressure levels and multiple parameters were produced for class 1 storms—those storms producing moderate flood flow in the Truckee River basin—and class 2 storms—those producing extreme flooding [&gt;10 000 cubic feet per second (cfs), or 283 m3 s−1] in this basin. The analysis confirms that the two flood populations are in fact generated by Pacific-originating storms with observably different synoptic-scale circulations. The class 2 storms are moister through a great depth in the troposphere (saturated to 750 hPa), and they occur coincident with warmer conditions in the lower and midtroposphere. Class 2 events exhibited more favorable upper-level jet streak structures in the eastern Pacific and over western North America. Both classes of leeside storms were shown to differ substantially from Pacific-originating storms that exclusively affect the windward slope of the Sierra and the coastal mountain ranges of California (California storms). The leeside storms were much warmer than California storms through much of the lower and midtroposphere, and the onshore flow was predominantly from the west-southwest in leeside storms compared to southerly flow in California storms. The findings suggest the existence of a midlevel atmospheric river delivering moisture to leeside basins of the Sierra Nevada.
Precipitation Nowcasting by a Spectral-Based Nonlinear Stochastic Model
Authors: Metta Sabino , von Hardenberg Jost , Ferraris Luca , Rebora Nicola , Provenzale Antonello 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A novel rainfall nowcasting method based on the combination of an empirical nonlinear transformation of measured precipitation fields and the stochastic evolution in spectral space of the transformed fields is introduced. The power spectrum and the amplitude distribution of precipitation are kept constant during the forecast, and a Langevin-type model is used to evolve the Fourier phases. The application of the method to a study case is illustrated, and it is shown that, with this procedure, a forecast skill can be obtained that is superior to those provided by Eulerian or Lagrangian persistence for a lead time of up to two hours.
RhoA and Rac1 GTPases play major and differential roles in stromal cell–derived factor-1–induced cell adhesion and chemotaxis in multiple myeloma
Authors: Azab Abdel Kareem , Azab Feda , Blotta Simona , Pitsillides Costas M. , Thompson Brian , Runnels Judith M. , Roccaro Aldo M. , Ngo Hai T. , Melhem Molly R. , Sacco Antonio , Jia Xiaoying , Anderson Kenneth C. , Lin Charles P. , Rollins Barrett J. , Ghobrial Irene M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The interaction of multiple myeloma (MM) cells with the bone marrow (BM) milieu plays a crucial role in MM pathogenesis. Stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF1) regulates homing of MM cells to the BM. In this study, we examined the role of RhoA and Rac1 GTPases in SDF1-induced adhesion and chemotaxis of MM. We found that both RhoA and Rac1 play key roles in SDF1-induced adhesion of MM cells to BM stromal cells, whereas RhoA was involved in chemotaxis and motility. Furthermore, both ROCK and Rac1 inhibitors reduced SDF1-induced polymerization of actin and activation of LIMK, SRC, FAK, and cofilin. Moreover, RhoA and Rac1 reduced homing of MM cells to BM niches. In conclusion, we characterized the role of RhoA and Rac1 GTPases in SDF1-induced adhesion, chemotaxis, and homing of MM cells to the BM, providing the framework for targeting RhoA and Rac1 GTPases as novel MM therapy.
The CHOLEGAS study: multicentric randomized, blinded, controlled trial of gastrectomy plus prophylactic cholecystectomy versus gastrectomy only, in adults submitted to Gastric cancer surgery with curative intent
Authors: Farsi Marco , Bernini Marco , Bencini Lapo , Miranda Egidio , Manetti Roberto , de Manzoni Giovanni , Verlato Giuseppe , Marrelli Daniele , Pedrazzani Corrado , Roviello Francesco , Marchet Alberto , Cristadoro Luigi , Gerard Leonardo , Moretti Renato ,   GIRCG (Gruppo Italiano di Ricerca sul Cancro Gastrico)
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
The incidence of gallstones and gallbladder sludge is known to be higher in patients after gastrectomy than in general population. This higher incidence is probably related to surgical dissection of the vagus nerve branches and the anatomical gastrointestinal reconstruction. Therefore, some surgeons perform routine concomitant cholecystectomy during standard surgery for gastric malignancies. However, not all the patients who are diagnosed to have cholelithiasis after gastric cancer surgery will develop symptoms or require additional surgical treatments and a standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy is feasible even in those patients who underwent previous gastric surgery. At the present, no randomized study has been published and the decision of gallbladder management is left to each surgeon preference.

Design
The study is a randomized controlled investigation. The study will be performed in the General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Oncology – Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi – Florence – Italy, a large teaching institution, with the participation of all surgeons who accept to be involved in, together with other Italian Surgical Centers, on behalf of the GIRCG (Italian Research Group for Gastric Cancer).
The patients will be randomized into two groups: in the first group the patient will be submitted to prophylactic cholecystectomy during standard surgery for curable gastric cancer (subtotal or total gastrectomy), while in the second group he/she will be submitted to standard gastric surgery only.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov ID. NCT00757640
Stability and Probable Structure of Protonated p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene-tetrakis(N,N-dimethylthioacetamide)
Authors: Makrlík E. , Dybal J. , Vanura P. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the extraction constant corresponding to the equilibrium H3O+(aq) + 1 · Na+(nb) ↔ 1 · H3O+ (nb) + Na+(aq) taking place in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system (1 = p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-tetrakis(N,N-dimethylthioacetamide); aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) was evaluated as log K
ex (H3O+,1 · Na+) = –0.4±0.1. Moreover, the stability constant of the 1 · H3O+ complex in water saturated nitrobenzene was calculated for a temperature of 25 °C as log β
nb (1 · H3O+) = 5.5±0.1. Finally, by using quantum mechanical DFT calculations, the most probable structure of the 1 · H3O+ complex species was derived. In this complex, the hydroxonium ion H3O+ is bound partly to thiocarbonyl sulphur atoms and partly to phenoxy oxygens of 1 by strong hydrogen bonds and other electrostatic interactions.
Moving Beyond “The Movement that Changed the World”: Bringing the History of the Cold War into Civil Rights Museums
Authors: Romano Renee 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A growing body of historical scholarship has demonstrated that the Cold War had a profound impact on the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The rise of newly independent nations in African and Asia, coupled with Americas quest to lead the “free world” against the Soviet Union, made American racism an international liability and created conditions that fostered civil rights reforms at home. Yet the Cold War's influence on the movement is largely absent at the nation's leading civil rights museums. This article surveys the ways in which four civil rights museums present the relationship between the movement and the Cold War, and suggests some reasons that museums have yet to internationalize their history of the movement. The Cold War interpretation shows how foreign policy concerns and elite whites' self-interest both helped generate and limit civil rights reforms. This interpretation, however, stands at odd with the celebratory narrative of the movement as a triumph of democratic ideals that these museums present.