bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual Variations in the Relation between Urea Clearance and Creatinin Clearance
Authors: Bing Iens , Bjering Tage 
Published: August 2010

SummaryEarlier investigators (HAYMAN, HALSTED and SEYLER, BJERING, COPE) have shown that the relation between urea clearance and creatinin clearance is fairly constant in both healthy persons and renal patients and that it lies at about 0.50.Examples are given, whereafter it is shown that in some patients with »nephrosis» there are considerable individual variations from the normal value, so that sometimes the relation is found to be constant at about 0.25 and at other times about 0.75, the examinations being spread over periods up to more than three years. In all cases the individual patient also shows a distinctly wide margin between the figures, for which no explanation can be offered as a rule, for it can be seen to be due neither to variation in diuresis nor to dietetic changes. According to the present view of the excretion of the two substances, the variations must presumably be the result of the changes in the tubules, and whereas the creatinin clearance provides an indication of changes in the glomerular function, the urea clearance thus provides a measure of the sum of the changes in glomeruli and tubuli.The authors discuss the applicability of »standard clearance», and suggest that it should at any rate only be employed when the concentration index for urea is above 75.
Klinische Studien über den chronischen Gelenkrheumatismus
Authors: EDSTRÖM GUNNAR 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung.242 Fälle von Febris rheumatica c. arthritis chron. und 262 Fälle von Polyarthritis rheumat. chron. sind hinsichtlich ihrer prodromalen Krankheitsbilder untersucht worden.In diesem ersteren Material waren in der Zeit unmittelbar vor dem klinischen Ausbruch des akuten Polyarthritis‐Syndroms klinische Zeichen einer Tonsillitis oder Peritonsillitis bei 49% der Fälle (297mal von 602 sicher festgestellten Erkrankungen) und Zeichen eines anderen infektiösen Zustands in Naso‐Pharynx, Larynx und Ohrengegend in 19% (114mal von 602 Erkrankungen) vorhanden. In 28 ½% war kein prodromaler infektiöser Zustand mit bestimmtheit zu konstatieren.In der letzteren Hälfte des Materials, die Fälle von Polyarthritis rheumat. chron., waren die entsprechenden Hundertsätze 10%, 5% und 73%. Insgesamt in nur 50 Fällen, d. h. 19%, waren hier prodromale Infektionen der Mundhöhle, des Rachens oder der oberen Luftwege zu verzeichnen. Wie vieles ist hier auf das Spiel des Zufalls zurückzuführen? Gibt es überhaupt hier einen Zusammenhang von derselben oder analogen Bedeutung wie bei den Febrisrheumatica‐Fällen?Die Frage der Bedeutung der Fokalinfektion wird im Anschluss daran kurz gestreift.
Über die Natur des normalen gelben Harnfarbstoffs Urochrom und seine Beziehung zum Uroerythrin
Authors: WEISS M. 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung.

Der normale gelbe Harnfarbstoff Urochrom ist durch die alkalischen Valenzen des Harns mit gelber Farbe gelöstes Uroerythrin.
Beide Farbstoffe können durch colorimetrischen Vergleich mit den gleichen künstlichen Farbmischungen quantitativ bestimmt werden.
Die stärkste Urochrom‐Uroerythrinausscheidung wird bei totalem Gallenwegsverschluss im Beginne der Erkrankung beobachtet. Sie beträgt hier rund 350 mg p. d., während normalerweise nur etwa 70 mg durch den Harn ausgeschieden werden.
Die Menge von 350 mg dürfte auch die im normalen Stoffwechsel eines Erwachsenen gebildete Quantität sein, von der physiologisch der grösste Teil durch die Leber abgebaut wird.
Das Urochrom‐Uroerythrin gehört zu den Stauungszeichen des Harns. Je grösser die durch die verschiedensten Ursachen auslösbare Behinderung der Lebercirkulationen ist, umso mehr nähert sich der im Harn aufscheinende Wert dem bisher festgestellten Maximum von 350 mg.
Die Urochrom‐Uroerythrinausscheidung ist bei schweren Nierenschädigungen (Schrumpfniere), ebenso aber auch bei kachektischen Zuständen der verschiedensten Art und im Senium vermindert.
Es wird hypothetisch die Abstammung des Urochrom‐Uroerythrins aus einem in den Zellen bezw. Zellkernen enthaltenen Farbstoff erörtert und die bei den Eiterkörperchen sichtbar in Erscheinung tretende Gelbfärbung damit in Zusammenhang gebracht.
Sur un effet curieux de l'acide nicotique (hyperémie périarticulaire)
Authors: ASK‐UPMARK ERIK 
Published: August 2010

Résumé.L'auteur décrit le cas d'une femme de 31 ans, souffrant depuis 4 ans d'un état post‐encéphalitique et qui réagit à l'administration d'acide nicotique par une intense hyperémie cutanée, exclusivement localisé dans la peau des articulations des extrémités. Il effleure, dans la discussion du cas, la question d'un lien éventuel entre le tronc cérébral et les articulations.
Studien über die Regulation vom Citronensäuregehalt des Blutserums II
Authors: ALWALL NILS , NILSBY IVAR 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung.Verschiedene Forscher haben geltend machen wollen, 1) dass die Verbrennung der Citronensäure im wesentlichen in der Leber vor sich gehe; die Hypercitrikämie bei Leberschäden sei cine natürliche Folge der Hemmung dieser Leberfunktion; 2) dass die Nieren eine starke und die Leber eine nur geringe Fähigkeit besitze, Citronensäure zu eliminieren; eine sekundäre Nierenschädigung wird als mögliche Erklärung fär die Steigerung des Citronensäuregehalts im Blutserum (C/S) bei Leberkrankheiten angesehen. Die Versuche, auf die sich die letztere Ansicht gründet, sind an narkotisierten Tieren ausgeführt worden.Die vorliegende tierexperimentelle Untersuchung an Kaninchen will die Frage nach der Bedeutung der Nieren (und der Leber) für die Citronensäureverbrennung sowie die Einwirkung der Narkose auf den C/S unter wechselnden Versuchsbedingungen beleuchten. Die folgenden Ergebnisse erscheinen wichtig:

Einc sukzessive und starke Erhöhung des vorher normalen oder suhnormalen C/S vollzieht sich in den ersten Stunden nach a) Nephrektomie in mässig tiefer Urethannarkose (wie schon von einem andern Untersucher gezeigt worden ist) oder kurzem Ätherrausch sowie b) Zuziehen von einige Stunden vorher im Ätherrausch angelegten lockeren Ligaturen urn die Nierenstiele.
Eine solche Steigerung des C/S nach Nephrektomie blieb in den moisten oder mehreren Versuchen aus, a) wenn zwischen dem Ätherrausch und der Abschnürung der Nieren durch bei der Narkose angelegte Ligaturen 1–2 Tage verflossen waren, b) wenn die Nieren in sehr leichter Urethannarkose entfernt wurden.
Bei tiefer Urethannarkose kann der C/S ohne Nephrektomie steigen.
Bei Belastung durch subcutan oder intravenös zugeführte Citronensäure vor und nach der Abschnürung der Nieren unter den bei II a genannten Bedingungen fanden wir, dass die Herausnahme der Nieren nicht die Fähigkeit dieser Tiere vermindert, nach einer gewissen C/S‐Steigerung für kürzere Zei t die einverleibte Citronensäme zu eliminieren.

Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird erörtert. Beide obenerwähnten Forscher därften recht haben: nicht nur die Nieren, sondern auch die Leber (im nierenlosen Organismus dürfte die Citronensäure im wesentlichen inder Leber abgebaut werden) vermag in vivo Citronensäure in grossem Ausmass zu verbrennen. Die Schlussfolgerungen beider Forscher zur Erklärung der Hypercitrikämie bei Hepatitiden dürften nicht erschöpfend sein.Die Untersuchung ist mit geldlicher Unterstützung aseitens der »Stiftelsen Therese och Johan Anderssons minee» durchgeführt worden.
Apports cliniques de la pneumostratigraphie sus‐ et sous‐diaphragmatique1
Authors: GIRAUD G. 
Published: August 2010

RésuméLa pneumostratigraphie, nouvelle méthode radiographique, donne une image extérieure très exacte des organes normaux et pathologiques médiastinaux et abdominopelviens; elle en précise avec finesse le contour externe en utilisant le contraste aérique clair créé par l'infiltration des espaces celluleux exo‐séreux. Elle résulte de la conjonction de deux méthodes radiologiques déjà très fructueuses: stratigraphie et pneumomédiastin ou pneumorétropéritoine, et repousse très loin les limites de chacune d'elles.Chaque pneumostratigramme nous apporte un gain en puissance d'analyse stratigraphique par le renforcement des contrastes, et un gain en étendue par l'inscription, dans chaque plan séparé, des plus fins prolongements des images du pneumomédiastin, souvent broussailleuses sur les radiogrammes simples.L'association avec les contrastes gazeux endocavitaires (estomac, œsophage, côlon, péricarde, vessie) conduit à une pariétographie également très fructueuse.Les meilleures voies d'introduction du contraste aérique sont la voie précoccygienne, qui atteint directement la grande coulée commune périaortique, et la voie rétromanubriale, qui donne de très bons contrastes en avant du plan trachéo‐bronchique. La première seule a une portée générale. La seconde explore surtout la loge thymique.Les résultats obtenus par cette méthode la placent au premier rang des méthodes d'analyse morphologique et discriminative:des segments aortiques sus‐ et sous‐stricturaux dans la coarctation, des dimensions d'un canal artériel persistantdes adénopathies et tumeurs médiastinales para‐aortiques simulant l'anévrysme, des tumeurs thymiquesdes veines pulmonaires et cave inférieure qui sont inscrites sur toute leur longueurdes adénopathies et infiltrations pleuro‐médiastinales des tumeurs œsophagiennes et bronchiquesdes tumeurs surrénales et des images ganglionnaires gastriques et spléniques qui peuvent les simulerdes diamètres segmentaires des gros troncs aortiques et pulmonaires et des cavités cardiaquesdes tumeurs gastriques, de leur extension rétrogastrique et des kystes de la face inférieure du foiedu pancréas, parfaitement inscrit dans toutes ses partiesdes adénopathies aortico‐mésentériques hodgkiniennesdes néoformations de la vessie, de l'utérus, et de leur extension dans le ligament large.
THYROCALCITONIN
Authors: Sørensen O. Helmer , Hellesen Claus 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Thyrocalcitonin is a hypocalcaemic factor formed in the C cells, which are mainly concentrated in the thyroid gland. By inhibition of bone resorption, thyrocalcitonin lowers the calcium concentration in the blood.The authors have isolated thyrocalcitonin from thyroid tissue of pigs, and from 4 out of 8 human thyroids, removed surgically because of goitre. Two of these four goitres were diffuse and toxic and two were nodous and loxic.The technique of preparation of thyrocalcitonin is based on fractioning on columns of Sephadex G‐50 and G‐75, on a hydrochloric acid extract from thyroid tissue, after salt precipitation of the inactive, high‐molecular proteins, whereby the preparation is purified from 50 to 100 times.With respect to magnitude and duration the fall in the serum calcium concentration is proportional to the dose of thyrocalcitonin administered. Five hours after subcutaneous injection of from 1 to 2 units of thyrocalcitonin, the serum calcium concentrations are higher than the zero values. Most likely this indicates that the parathyroid glands surpass their compensating duty.The response to thyrocalcitonin in rabbits is different from that observed in rats, the reduction in the serum calcium concentration being much more prolonged in the rabbit. This is most likely caused by the fact that the parathyroid reserve of these animals is low.
URINARY EXCRETION OF FREE AND CONJUGATED HISTAMINE IN VARIOUS GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Authors: Sjaastad Ottar 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.In order to evaluate the specificity of the increased urinary excretion of conjugated histamine in myotonic dystrophy, patients with various gastrointestinal disorders have been studied. Occasionally the urinary excretion of conjugated histamine in urine was elevated in patients with idiopathic steatorrhoea, coeliac disease and gastritis/peptic ulcer. When determined, the histamine‐like activity in the stools was augmented in cases with increased urinary output of conjugated histamine.A significantly increased urinary excretion of conjugated histamine was found in cases of chronic pancreatitis. The increased faecal histamine‐like activity indicated an intestinal origin of the urinary conjugated fraction in this disorder.
Interference with Cardiac Pacemaker Function
Authors: OHM OLE—JØRGEN 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. A survey is given of the factors affecting cardiac pacemaker function. Whereas it was earlier considered that external interference was a frequent cause of pacemaker failure, more recent studies indicate that this is of minor importance.It would appear that failure of pacemaker function due to changes in the QRS‐complex, i. e. voltage change, intraventricular conduction defects and frequency changes, are more important. A lesser known cause of failure in demand function is the inhibition which arises from skeletal muscle potentials. This appears to be a major problem in some types of pacemaker.Manufacturing defects are unavoidable, and it can still be assumed that electronic component defects may develop in 1 of 1000 pulse generators. Cases with the problem of early run‐away pacemaker are still being reported and two such cases are discussed. In one of the patients the run‐away phenomenon was intermittent, and was accompanied by a variation in run‐away frequency. This possibility should thus always be taken into consideration in a pacemaker patient presenting with syncope. In a patient with a QRS‐inhibited pacemaker a double stimulation phenomenon has been observed.Various causes of pacemaker failure due to the condition of the electrode are reviewed.
ACCURACY AND USEFULNESS OF ECHOVENTRICULOGRAPHY IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: NIEMINEN M.S. , HEIKKILÄ J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYEchoventriculography is a noninvasive and three‐dimensional ultrasonic technique capable to assess in detail the regional performance of the left ventricle. Therefore the mechanical performance of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction is informatively assessed by the composite contributions made by in‐farcted and noninfarcted segments. Its reliability has been confirmed by direct cineangiographic and autopsy correlations. In clinical decision making such direct information is of great value both for diagnosis and therapeutic selection. In the coronary care unit echoventriculography provides most information obtained by the less feasible invasive cineangiographic examinations.
Direct and indirect effects of temperature on the population dynamics and ecosystem functioning of aquatic microbial ecosystems
Authors: Beveridge Oliver S. , Petchey Owen L. , Humphries Stuart 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. While much is known about the direct effect that temperature can have on aquatic communities, less is known about its indirect effect via the temperature dependence of viscosity and temperature‐dependent trophic interactions. 2. We manipulated the temperature (5–20 °C) and the viscosity (equivalent to 5–20 °C) of water in laboratory‐based bacteria–protist communities. Communities contained food chains with one, two or three trophic levels. Responses measured were population dynamics (consumer carrying capacity and growth rate, average species population density, and the coefficient of variation of population density through time) and ecosystem function (decomposition). 3. Temperature, viscosity and food chain length produced significant responses in population dynamics. Temperature‐dependent viscosity had a significant effect on the carrying capacity and growth rates of consumers, as well as the average density of the top predator. Overall, indirect effects of temperature via changes in viscosity were subtle in comparison to the indirect effect of temperature via trophic interactions. 4. Our results highlight the importance of direct and indirect effects of temperature, mediated through trophic interactions and physical changes in the environment, both for population dynamics and ecosystem processes. Future mechanistic modelling of effects of environmental change on species will benefit from distinguishing the different mechanisms of the overall effect of temperature.
Fear for the family has negative consequences: indirect effects of nest predators on chick growth in a farmland bird
Authors: Dunn Jenny C. , Hamer Keith C. , Benton Tim G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. The management of habitat structure can limit access to food and can also alter perceived predation risk. Minimising the risk of predation, by changing behaviour, may have negative impacts similar to predation itself across a wide range of species. Predation risk influences the behaviour of adults foraging for altricial young, so that they avoid disclosing the location of their offspring to predators. The consequences of these behavioural changes for offspring are unknown. 2. We investigate whether predator‐induced changes in provisioning rates can have impacts upon avian nestlings through reductions in growth and condition, and whether this is influenced by resource availability, using the declining yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella as a model species. 3. We show a sizeable negative impact of nest predator activity upon brood provisioning rate, indicating that parents can assess nest predation risk and adjust their behaviour accordingly. 4. Chick condition and growth were both negatively influenced by corvid nest predator abundance and positively influenced by food abundance in large broods, suggesting that parents raising large broods in unfavourable conditions were unable to compensate fully for the effect of corvid activity on provisioning rate. 5. In areas of low food availability, corvid abundance was associated with reduced chick growth and condition; in areas of higher food availability no association was found indicating that where food resources are abundant, parents can compensate for reductions in provisioning rate when corvids are active, with no long‐term implications for chicks. 6. Synthesis and applications. We propose a mechanism by which two distinct trends linked with the intensification of agriculture, namely increasing corvid abundance combined with a decreasing food supply, may have indirectly precipitated population declines in farmland passerines through delayed life‐history effects across generations. As the impacts of corvids are reduced where invertebrates are abundant, we suggest that management should concentrate on improving the quality of foraging habitat by creating mosaics of long and short vegetation, rather than on the control of corvids. This will allow adult birds to compensate for the indirect effects of high corvid abundance by increasing their provisioning effort when nest predation risk is low and thus buffer any long‐term consequences for nestlings.
The Attitudes to Disability Scale (ADS): development and psychometric properties
Authors: Power M. J. , Green A. M. ,   THE WHOQOL‐DIS Group
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground  This paper describes the development of an Attitudes to Disability Scale for use with adults with physical or intellectual disabilities (ID). The aim of the research was to design a scale that could be used to assess the personal attitudes of individuals with either physical or ID.Method  The measure was derived following standard WHOQOL methodology as part of an international trial. In the pilot phase of the study, 12 centres from around the world carried out focus groups with people with physical disabilities, people with ID, with their carers, and with relevant professionals in order to identify themes relevant for attitudes to disability. Items generated from the focus groups were then tested in a pilot study with 1400 respondents from 15 different centres worldwide, with items being tested and reduced using both classical and modern psychometric methods. A field trial study was then carried out with 3772 respondents, again with the use of both classical and modern psychometric methods.Results  The outcome of the second round of data collection and analysis is a 16‐item scale that can be used for assessment of attitudes to disability in physically or intellectually disabled people and in healthy respondents.Conclusions  The Attitudes to Disability Scale is a new psychometrically sound scale that can be used to assess attitudes in both physically and intellectually disabled groups. The scale is also available in both personal and general forms and in a number of different language versions.
Streptococcal adherence to uncoated and saliva‐coated restoratives
Authors: SATOU J. , FUKUNAGA A. , MORIKAWA A. , MATSUMAE I. , SATOU N. , SHINTANI H. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe adherence of Streptococcus sanguis and S. mutans to seven restoratives in the presence and absence of an artificial salivary pellicle has been investigated. The physicochemical surface characteristics of the bacteria and of the restoratives were also measured, together with the effect of salivary coating of restoratives. Zeta potential of uncoated restoratives showed a positive correlation with the number of adherent S. mutans cells and S. sanguis cells. S. sanguis showed a positive correlation with the hydrophobicity of uncoated restoratives. The surface hydrophobicity was decreased upon saliva coating, whereas the zeta potential was slightly increased. The contact angles or zeta potentials of saliva‐coated restoratives were positively correlated with those of uncoated restoratives. The number of adherent cells of both S. sanguis and S. mutans to saliva‐coated restoratives were decreased after the coating. Zeta potential of saliva‐coated restoratives showed a positive correlation with the numbers of adherent S. mutans cells, suggesting that non‐specific electrostatic interactions have an important role in the adherence of this species.
Parapulpal pins and their effects on the fracture resistance of pin‐retained cores
Authors: HALLER B. , GÖTZE W. , WEISS G. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe bending characteristics of various parapulpal pins, the retention of a parapulpal pin in different core buildup materials, and the fracture resistance of pin‐retained cores were investigated in an in‐vitro study. In amalgam and composite cores, the use of parapulpal pins produced an increase in fracture resistance. The highest fracture resistance values were observed in amalgam cores, and the lowest fracture strength was exhibited by cores of glass ionomer cements (GICs) containing metallic particles. The different parapulpal pins and their flexural rigidity had little effect on the fracture resistance of the pin‐retained cores. For extensive pin‐retained cores it appears advisable to use GICs with restraint and, particularly in the case of large‐scale bridge reconstructions, only after critical examination of the loading conditions.
Craniomandibular dysfunction: patient characteristics related to treatment outcome
Authors: DE LEEUW J.R.J. , ROS W.J.G. , STEENKS M.H. , LOBBEZOO‐SCHOLTE A.M. , BOSMAN F. , WINNUBST J.A.M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn a previous study it was concluded that only a few changes in symptoms related to craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD) could be attributed to therapy. It was suggested that psychosocial and socio‐demographic variables, as well as symptom characteristics, could be responsible for the unconvincing treatment outcome in patients treated with a splint. The present study was performed to investigate whether socio‐demographic characteristics, symptom characteristics and various psychosocial variables are associated with treatment outcome in patients with CMD treated with a splint. Treatment outcome was determined by using self‐reported follow‐up data. Results showed that patients with a negative treatment outcome were older, reported more and more severe symptoms and correlates of CMD, reported fewer stressors and more frequently considered health to be determined by external factors than patients who were treated successfully. The two groups could not be differentiated with regard to anxiety and depression. Results are interpreted with regard to the prediction of treatment outcome.