bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poor effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors in non‐erosive reflux disease: the truth in the end!
Authors: Scarpignato C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDespite acid secretion being normal in the majority of patients with gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD) or Barrett’s esophagus, acid inhibition represents the mainstay of treatment for both these conditions, with the aim of reducing the aggressive nature of the refluxate toward the esophageal mucosa. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) represent, therefore, the first choice medical treatment for GERD, in that they are able to provide an 80–85% healing rate for esophageal lesions, a 56–76% symptom relief and also reduce the incidence of complications, such as strictures as well as dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus. According to a widely quoted systematic review, compared to patients with erosive esophagitis, patients with non‐erosive reflux disease (i.e., NERD) display a reduced symptom relief with PPIs, with about 20% reduction of therapeutic gain. In this issue of NeuroGastroenterology & Motility, Weijenborg et al. address for the first time the PPI efficacy in subpopulations of patients with NERD. The study shows clearly that, when the diagnosis is accurately made by including a functional test, NERD patients respond to PPI therapy in a similar way to those with erosive disease. Although not as frequent as previously suggested, however, PPI‐refractory heartburn does exist. Some 20% (range: 15–27%) of correctly diagnosed and appropriately treated patients do not respond to PPI treatment at standard doses. Although the pathophysiology underlying PPI failure in GERD is complex and likely multifactorial, acid (be it the sole component of refluxate or not) still remains a major causative factor. A better and more predictable form of acid suppression should therefore be pursued.
Post‐deposition diffusion of 137Cs in lake sediment: Implications for radiocaesium dating
Authors: KLAMINDER J. , APPLEBY P. , CROOK P. , RENBERG I. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPeak activities of radiocaesium (137Cs) in lake sediments have frequently been used to infer the ages of sediments deposited in the 1960s (137Cs derived from nuclear bomb testing) or in 1986 (Chernobyl derived 137Cs). Records of the vertical distribution of 137Cs in sediments can thus be used to provide accurate dates for a critical period in which palaeoecological reconstructions often overlap contemporary monitoring data. However, knowledge regarding how the distribution of 137Cs in sediments is affected by post‐depositional processes is limited to interpretations based on the 137Cs distribution in sediments sampled at a single given date. This study assesses the extent to which the 137Cs record in annually laminated (varved) lake sediments is affected by post‐depositional diffusion, using 11 archived sediment cores sampled between 1986 and 2007. The sediment record reveals how Chernobyl 137Cs incorporated into the 1986 varve diffused downwards in the core at a decreasing rate over time, whereas the surface sediments continued to receive inputs of 137Cs mobilized from the catchment soils or lake margin. In spite of these processes, all cores post‐dating the Chernobyl accident had a clear and well‐resolved peak in the 1986 varve, justifying the use of this feature as a fixed chronostratigraphic feature. Because of the very high levels of Chernobyl fallout at this site, downwards migration of Chernobyl 137Cs has, however, completely masked the nuclear weapons 137Cs fallout peak that had been clearly preserved in the 1964 varve of a pre‐Chernobyl core sampled just three weeks before the Chernobyl accident. In consequence, the weapons fallout marker is likely to be of little use for determining 137Cs dates in areas strongly affected by high levels of Chernobyl fallout.
Evaluation of mental health first aid training in a diverse community setting
Authors: Morawska Alina , Fletcher Renee , Pope Susan , Heathwood Ellen , Anderson Emily , McAuliffe Christine 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTMental health first aid (MHFA) training has been disseminated in the community and has yielded positive outcomes in terms of increasing help‐seeking behaviour and mental health literacy. However, there has been limited research investigating the effectiveness of this programme in multicultural communities. Given the increasing levels of multiculturalism in many countries, as well as the large number of barriers presented to these groups when trying to seek help for mental illnesses, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of MHFA in these settings. A total of 458 participants, who were recruited from multicultural organizations, participated in a series of MHFA training courses. Participants completed questionnaires pre and post the training course, and 6‐month follow‐up interviews were conducted with a subsample of participants. Findings suggested that MHFA training increased participant recognition of mental illnesses, concordance with primary care physicians about treatments, confidence in providing first aid, actual help provided to others, and a reduction in stigmatizing attitudes. A 6‐month follow up also yielded positive long‐term effects of MHFA. The results have implications for further dissemination and the use of MHFA in diverse communities. In addition, the results highlight the need for mental health training in health‐care service providers.
The effect of compression stresses, stress level and stress order on fatigue crack growth of multiple site damage
Authors: KIM J.‐H. , CHAU‐DINH T. , ZI G. , KONG J.‐S. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTStructural components are generally subjected to a wide stress spectrum over their lifetime. Service loads are accentuated at the areas of stress concentration, mainly at the connection of components. When there is a critical level of multiple site damage at connections, cracks link up to form a large crack which abruptly reduces the residual strength of the damaged structural member. Therefore, it is important to estimate the fatigue life before the cracks link up due to critical multiple site damage. In this study, the extended finite element method was applied to predict lifetime under constant amplitude cyclic loadings of fatigue tests on several multiple site damage specimens made of Al 2024‐T3. Then the multiple crack growths under service stress spectra are calculated to investigate the effects of compressive stress, stress orders and the effect of sequence cyclic loadings on stress levels by using Forman and NASGROW equations.
Effect of verb argument structure on picture naming in children with and without specific language impairment (SLI)
Authors: Andreu Llorenç , Sanz‐Torrent Mònica , Legaz Lucia Buil , MacWhinney Brian 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground: This study investigated verb argument structure effects in children with specific language impairment (SLI).Aims: A picture‐naming paradigm was used to compare the response times and naming accuracy for nouns and verbs with differing argument structure between Spanish‐speaking children with and without language impairment.Methods & Procedures: Twenty‐four children with SLI (ages 5;3–8;2 [years;months]), 24 age‐matched controls (ages 5;3–8;2), 24 MLU‐w controls (ages 3;3–7;1 years), and 31 adults participated in a picture‐naming study.Outcomes & Results: The results show all groups produced more correct responses and were faster for nouns than all verbs together. As regards verb type accuracy, there were no differences between groups in naming one‐argument verbs. However, for both two‐ and three‐argument verbs, children with SLI were less accurate than adults and age‐matched controls, but similar to the MLU‐matched controls. For verb type latency, children with SLI were slower than both the age‐matched controls and adults for one‐ and two‐argument verbs, while no differences were found in three‐argument verbs. No differences were found between children with SLI and MLU‐matched controls for any verb type.Conclusions & Implications: It has been shown that the naming of verbs is delayed in Spanish children with SLI. It is suggested that children with SLI may have problems encoding semantic representations.
Impact of rocuronium vs succinylcholine neuromuscular blocking drug choice for laparoscopic pyloromyotomy: is there a difference in time to transport to recovery?
Authors: Ghazal Elizabeth , Amin Ami , Wu Aimee , Felema Biftu , Applegate Richard L 
Published: July 2012

SummaryObjectives/Aim:  This study evaluates the relationship between neuromuscular blocking drug administered and transport time following laparoscopic pyloromyotomy.Background:  Infants with pyloric stenosis have indication for rapid sequence induction. While succinylcholine has rapid onset and short duration, its use in children may be associated with rare serious adverse effects. Rocuronium is a widely accepted alternative, but its duration could contribute to delay at surgery end.Methods:  Infants undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy at Loma Linda University Medical Center Children’s Hospital from January 2006 to July 2011 were studied retrospectively. Only term infants receiving propofol induction, sevoflurane maintenance, no intraoperative opioid, and rocuronium, succinylcholine, or both were included. The primary outcome measure was time to transport after surgery stop as a measure of recovery from both anesthesia and relaxant. Data was analyzed for relationships between drug choice and time to transport.Results:  Data from 246 patients was analyzed. Patients were similar in all groups. Time to transport was not affected by doses of propofol or neuromuscular blocking drug, anesthesia to surgery end interval or surgery length. Time to transport (minutes median, interquartile range) was 13 (7–21) in patients receiving only succinylcholine compared to 18 (11–24) in those receiving only rocuronium (P = 0.03).Conclusions:  For laparoscopic pyloromyotomy in term infants using propofol, sevoflurane and no intraoperative opioid, succinylcholine may be the best neuromuscular blocking drug choice, provided no contraindication is present. However, based on the small difference in time to transport, rocuronium as administered herein may be a reasonable alternative preferred by some clinicians.
Facilitating and inhibiting effects of priming and selection criteria in a sequence of dichotic listening trials
Authors: SÆTREVIK BJØRN 
Published: July 2012

Sætrevik, B. (2012) Facilitating and inhibiting effects of priming and selection criteria in a sequence of dichotic listening trials. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, 309–315.Competing models of attention make different predictions of how priming from recent stimulus processing could interact with intended selection. The present experiment examined the interaction between exogenous attention and endogenous priming across trial sequences. A sound cue directed attention to left, right or both sides before a dichotic syllable pair was presented. Participants were asked to report one syllable from each trial. Results showed that responses were slower on trials where one of the presented syllables had also been presented on the previous trial. Within these trials, the repeated syllable was selected less frequently, and the responses doing so were slower. Examined according to response choice on the preceding trial, syllables that had been ignored on the preceding trial tended to be ignored on the current trial (negative priming), while syllables that had been selected on the preceding trial tended to be selected on the current trial (positive priming). Responses that followed these selection biases were faster than responses that did not. Response selection was also influenced by the attention direction cue for the current trial, but not by the cue presented on the preceding trial. The results support an attentional model where traces from the preceding processing are retained, and current selection is biased to minimize cognitive conflict between recent and current processing. Negative priming appears to be due to after‐effects of preceding processing, independently of the intentions behind that processing. The study accounts for positive and negative priming of dichotic listening sequences within an established, computationally viable biased competition framework.
An International Crime Decline: Lessons for Social Welfare Crime Policy?
Authors: Knepper Paul 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDuring the past two decades, crime rates have declined in Europe and North America. A number of explanations have been offered for why this has come about, but there has been much less discussion about what governments should do now. This article considers the policy implications of an international crime decline with a focus on the relationship between crime reduction and social welfare. The discussion here includes the possibility of a convergence across social welfare improvements, the danger of misreading the USA as a trend‐setter, the potential of the Scandinavian way in situational crime prevention, the chance of persistence in high‐crime politics and the dilemma of realizing social policy objectives from crime reduction initiatives.
Advise, Assist and Befriend: Can Probation Supervision Support Desistance?
Authors: Healy Deirdre 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAn important step on the journey towards desistance involves the reintegration of ex‐offenders into their communities. In order to desist fully, individuals must gain access to new social resources, overcome existing problems and ‘knife off’ their criminal pasts. They must also find ways to make amends for the harm they have caused. Yet, the reality is that many ex‐offenders continue to experience high levels of social marginalization and low levels of life success at least when measured using conventional indicators. Appropriate social policies can encourage desistance and improve the life chances of ex‐offenders, for example by increasing their social and human capital or addressing obstacles to change.The Irish Probation Service offers a useful site for exploring the nexus between social and criminal justice policies. Irish probation officers use a welfare‐oriented, casework approach and endeavour to assist probationers with personal and social problems. The new penology has yet to make substantial inroads in this jurisdiction and the signs that indicate a shift in this direction, such as a focus on risk management, punishment and cognitive behavioural work, are not entrenched.Drawing on the results of a prospective study of desistance among adult men on probation, this article examines the extent to which probation policy and practice support the desistance process. In particular, it explores participants' perceptions of the state response to their desistance attempt and whether this response enhanced or impeded their efforts to change. Finally, it proposes policy recommendations that would help to promote desistance.
The Relational Context of Desistance: Some Implications and Opportunities for Social Policy
Authors: Weaver Beth 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDesistance from offending is generally conceptualized as a process involving an interplay between ‘objective’, or external factors, and ‘subjective’, or internal factors, with different theoretical and empirical accounts of desistance prioritizing either the role of social contexts or agency in the process. Drawing on both the life stories of a naturally forming group of men, now in their 40s, who once offended together, but whose lives have since diverged and Pierpaolo Donati's relational theory of reflexivity, this study foregrounds a re‐conceptualization of the desistance process as inescapably relational. Emphasizing the importance of the relational context of desistance necessarily has implications for social and penal policy and practice responses, and this article thus proceeds to explore the extent to which extant policies variously facilitate or hinder processes of change and make relevant social supports. In so doing, this article considers how social and penal policy might become more orientated to generating, developing and sustaining the kinds of social capital and reflexive, relational networks relevant to desistance.
‘Regulating the Poor’: Observations on the ‘Structural Coupling’ of Welfare, Criminal Justice and the Voluntary Sector in a ‘Big Society’
Authors: Rodger John J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe article argues that the criminalizing tendency in contemporary social policy gets to the heart of how contemporary welfare systems work today. Analyses which point to criminalizing social policy (Rodger 2008), governing through crime (Simon 2007), cultures of control (Garland 2001) and the penalization of the poor (Wacquant 2009) all focus on what I will argue is actually the normal working of contemporary Western welfare systems. In the face of autonomous global economic processes, and largely uncontrollable macro‐economic systems which place governments in a subordinate relationship to global financial forces, governance of present‐day society is increasingly focused on the management of the behavioural dispositions of populations. In order to make these key themes and relationships visible, the article draws on Niklas Luhmann's functional structural systems theory and his concept of structural coupling to theorize the emerging policy relationships between the welfare system, the criminal justice system and civil society.
What Prospects Youth Justice? Children in Trouble in the Age of Austerity
Authors: Yates Joe 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article critically explores the challenges and opportunities presented by the current trajectory of the UK coalition government's youth justice policies and the implications for children living in marginalized communities. Drawing on the data generated from an ethnographic study, on youth and crime in a working class community (the Estate), the article critically appraises the prospects for youth justice in the age of austerity. The article argues that in terms of social policy in the field of criminal justice, in some respects, the austerity measures offer an opportunity to re‐examine costly and counter‐productive institutional practices and to reverse the broader criminalization of social policy which has taken hold over recent years (Muncie 1999). However, in terms of social justice, the austerity measures are translating into a radical retraction in the level of services provided to the poorest children and young people in the UK. These cuts are impacting across a range of social policy domains and will potentially place further strain on children and young people coming of age in socially excluded contexts. The article concludes by offering a critical appraisal of the extent to which the proposed payment by results model, which is being presented as the social policy model to replace elements of state sector provision, can meet the needs of children growing up and getting by in marginalized communities or whether it will further exacerbate their marginalization and exclusion.
Bleak Times for Children? The Anti‐social Behaviour Agenda and the Criminalization of Social Policy
Authors: Jamieson Janet 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe introduction, expansion and reform of anti‐social behaviour (ASB) powers over recent years in England and Wales have witnessed the extension and intensification of interventions designed to exert control over children's ‘troublesome’ behaviour, with those residing in marginalized and socially excluded contexts proving a particular target for the use of surveillant, correctional and ultimately punitive ASB measures. The ASB agenda resonates with the state's approach to social policy more broadly to define, legislate and sanction in relation to the duties and responsibilities it views as fundamental to the membership rights of a law‐abiding citizenship. Charting the continuities and shifts within youth justice policy generally and ASB policy specifically, this article will argue that developments in each reflect a consolidation and escalation of the criminalization of social policy within England and Wales. Focusing explicitly on the use and impacts of dispersal powers (to be rationalized as ‘direction powers’ under current coalition government proposals), it will be argued that criminalizing modes of state interventions such as dispersal/direction powers are likely to promote children's hostility and exclusion from a law abiding citizenship and to extend the criminalization net.
An Adaptive Method of Non‐stationary Variogram Modeling for DEM Error Surface Simulation
Authors: Chen Chuanfa , Li Yanyan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGeostatistical characterization of local DEM error is usually based on the assumption of a stationary variogram model which requires the mean and variance to be finite and constant in the area under investigation. However, in practice this assumption is appropriate only in a restricted spatial location, where the local experimental variograms vary slowly. Therefore, an adaptive method is developed in this article to model non‐stationary variograms, for which the estimator and the indicator for characterization of spatial variation are a Voronoi map and the standard deviation of mean values displayed in the Voronoi map, respectively. For the adaptive method, the global domain is divided into different meshes with various sizes according to the variability of local variograms. The adaptive method of non‐stationary variogram modeling is applied to simulating error surfaces of a LiDAR derived DEM located in Sichuan province, China. Results indicate that the locally adaptive variogram model is more accurate than the global one for capturing the characterization of spatial variation in DEM errors. The adaptive model can be considered as an alternative approach to modeling non‐stationary variograms for DEM error surface simulation.
Multi‐expression programming based model for prediction of formation enthalpies of nitro‐energetic materials
Authors: Bagheri Mehdi , Gandomi Amir Hossein , Bagheri Mehrdad , Shahbaznezhad Mohcen 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThere has been considerable interest in predicting the properties of nitro‐energetic materials to improve their performance. Not to mention insightful physical knowledge, computational‐aided molecular studies can expedite the synthesis of novel energetic materials through cost reduction labours and risky experimental tests. In this paper, quantitative structure–property relationship based on multi‐expression programming employed to correlate the formation enthalpies of frequently used nitro‐energetic materials with their molecular properties. The simple yet accurate obtained model is able to correlate the formation enthalpies of nitro‐energetic materials to their molecular structure with the accuracy comparable to experimental precision.