bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE HERMIT CRAB EUPAGURUS BERNHARDUS (L.) AND THE SEA ANEMONE CALLIACTIS PARASITICA (COUCH)
Authors: ROSS D. M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Observations and experiments on the association between Calliactis parasitica and Eupagurus bernhardus have been carried out.
The attachment of the anemone to the shell is achieved by a remarkable manoeuvre involving the attachment of the tentacles and oral disc, the freeing of the pedal disc and its adhesion to the shell by a somersaulting movement, with the eventual release of the oral attachment and the assumption of the normal posture on the shell.
Active participation of E. bernhardus in detaching the anemone and transplanting it on the shell was not observed, in contrast to the active parts played by the crabs Pagurus striatus and P. arrosor in their associations with C. parasitica.
C. parasitica becomes attacvhed to empty shells no less quickly or frequently than to shells occupied by E. bernhardus.
The anemone readily settles on shells of living Buccinum undatum in the laboratory and does not desert these for shells occupied by crabs. It does not settle on shells cleaned by boiling in strong alkali.
The respective roles of anemone and crab in the associations between Calliactis and these three species of pagurid crabs are discussed from the stand‐points of comparative behaviour and with special reference to the capacities of the actinian neuromuscular system here displayed.
NOTES ON TOOTH REPLACEMENT IN THE NILE CROCODILE CROCODILUS NILOTICUS
Authors: POOLE D. F. G. 
Published: August 2010

The history and replacement of crocodile teeth are described. A new tooth erupts with only a short root which grows downwards into the socket as the pulp cavity in the crown begins to be occluded by the further deposition of dentine. After the root has become fully extended, it is gradually resorbed at its base to make room for an enlarging successional tooth which has been forming on the lingual side of the socket. The successional tooth eventually moves to a position within the partly resorbed functional root and directly under the functional crown. Progressive reduction of the functional root now occurs to accommodate the continuously enlarging successional tooth and, when resorption is largely complete, the functional tooth falls away, allowing the successional tooth, with a short, incomplete root, to take its place. As a result of this successional cycle it is found, within certain limits, that at any given time the form and condition of a functional tooth is related to the size and condition of its successor lying below.Consideration of various measurements made on a series of twenty‐four skulls of different sizes indicates that a regular and continuous replacement of teeth occurs throughout a large part of a crocodile's life. It is estimated that in a crocodile which is thirteen feet long, each tooth is likely to have been replaced forty‐five times.
THE FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS OF THE POLYCHAETES CLYMENELLA TO RQUATA AND CAESICIRRUS NEGLECTUS
Authors: PILGRIM MURIEL 
Published: August 2010

The reproductive systems and reproductive processes of the maldanids Clymenella torquata (Leidy) and Caesicirrus neglectus Arwidsson are described and compared. The sexes show no differences in external features, though investigations suggest that males are smaller than females of the same age. The sex ratio in Clymenella is 1:1 and both sexes become mature in their first year. The average ratio in Caesicirrus, calculated over four seasons, is 1 male: 4–2 females, and the worms do not mature earlier than their second year.The gonads lie round the blood vessels associated with tho nephridia, in the anterior region of the trunk. Immature gametes are shed into the coelom where they undergo the early stages of gametogenesis, and become primary gametocytes. The breeding season is restricted to one or two days, immediately following a spring tide, in mid‐May in Clymenella, and in late July in Caesicirrus. The nephridia act as gonoclucts. At this time, the primary oocytes are extruded into the tube, in which confined space they complete certain processes which render them fertilizable. These involve a marked reduction in diameter (of about one‐third), a change in shape from flat to spherical, and the extrusion of a substance, a process which seems t o be necessary before normal cleavage can occur. The sperm of Clymenella are formed in the coelom and are free when shed, but in Caesicirrus discs of primary spermatocytes are shed, and these complete maturation in the confines of the tube after about seven hours. Both eggs and sperm are extruded at the mouth of the tube just before, or during low tide.An attempt is made to relate the difficulties of effecting successful artificial fertilization in these and other polychaetes to the exudation of material From the oocyte while it is still in the tube.The occurrence of hermaphrodite Caesicirrus at Whitstable is described.
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM pH FOR THE ACTIVITY OF CAECAL CARBOHYDRASES OF THE AMPHIPOD ORCHESTIA GAMMARELLA
Authors: AGRAWAL V. P. 
Published: August 2010

The alimentary canal of Orchestia gammarella Pallas consists of the foregut, midgut and hindgut. It has been found that the ventral hepatopancreas, arising from the anterior part of the midgut, secretes the different digestive enzymes.For the determination of optimum pH for the activity of Merent carbohydrases, Somogyi's blood sugar method has been employed and it has been investigated that the optimum pH for the activity of caecal invertase, glycogenase, amylase and amygdalinase lies between 5.6 and 6.1.
Anti‐inflammatory synergy of MEN16132, a kinin B2 receptor antagonist, and dexamethasone in carrageenan‐induced knee joint arthritis in rats
Authors: Valenti C , Giuliani S , Cialdai C , Tramontana M , Maggi CA 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bradykinin, through its B2 receptor, is involved in inflammatory processes related to arthropathies. In carrageenan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced arthritis in rat, the anti‐inflammatory activity of MEN16132, a potent and selective kinin B2 receptor antagonist, was compared with that of steroidal and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The interaction between MEN16132 and dexamethasone was also investigated.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Drugs, alone or in combination, were injected into the knee joint 30 min before intra‐articular administration of carrageenan or LPS, in pentobarbital anaesthetized rats. Effects on incapacitation, oedema, neutrophil recruitment and kallikrein system activation, in the knee joint, were assessed.KEY RESULTS MEN16132 and dexamethasone (10–300 µg per knee) dose‐dependently reduced carrageenan‐induced joint pain, oedema and neutrophil infiltration, reaching a maximal inhibition of about 50%. Dexketoprofen exerted a similar analgesic activity, whereas it did not affect the other inflammatory responses. MEN16132 showed a partial inhibition of LPS‐induced joint pain, whereas dexamethasone produced a full analgesic effect. Combination of MEN16132 and dexamethasone showed a strong synergistic interaction in inhibiting both carrageenan and LPS‐induced knee joint inflammation. Dexamethasone did not prevent the contact activation of prekallikrein by carrageenan and the subsequent release of kallikreins and bradykinin in the synovium.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Steroids and kinin B2 receptor antagonists appear to relieve arthritic symptoms induced by carrageenan or LPS and act synergistically to inhibit joint inflammation. This could have interesting therapeutic implications, possibly opening the way for combination therapies in the control of inflammatory arthropathies.
Human atrial β1L‐adrenoceptor but not β3‐adrenoceptor activation increases force and Ca2+current at physiological temperature
Authors: Christ Torsten , Molenaar Peter , Klenowski Paul M , Ravens Ursula , Kaumann Alberto J 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEIt has been proposed that BRL37344, SR58611 and CGP12177 activate β3‐adrenoceptors in human atrium to increase contractility and L‐type Ca2+current (ICa‐L). β3‐adrenoceptor agonists are potentially beneficial for the treatment of a variety of diseases but concomitant cardiostimulation would be potentially harmful. It has also been proposed that (−)‐CGP12177 activates the low affinity binding site of the β1‐adrenoceptor in human atrium. We therefore used BRL37344, SR58611 and (−)‐CGP12177 with selective β‐adrenoceptor subtype antagonists to clarify cardiostimulant β‐adrenoceptor subtypes in human atrium.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHHuman right atrium was obtained from patients without heart failure undergoing coronary artery bypass or valve surgery. Cardiomyocytes were prepared to test BRL37344, SR58611 and CGP12177 effects onICa‐L. Contractile effects were determined on right atrial trabeculae.KEY RESULTSBRL37344 increased force which was antagonized by blockade of β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptors but not by blockade of β3‐adrenoceptors with β3‐adrenoceptor‐selective L‐748,337 (1 µM). The β3‐adrenoceptor agonist SR58611 (1 nM–10 µM) did not affect atrial force. BRL37344 and SR58611 did not increaseICa‐Lat 37°C, but did at 24°C which was prevented by L‐748,337. (−)‐CGP12177 increased force andICa‐Lat both 24°C and 37°C which was prevented by (−)‐bupranolol (1–10 µM), but not L‐748,337.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSWe conclude that the inotropic responses to BRL37344 are mediated through β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptors. The inotropic andICa‐Lresponses to (−)‐CGP12177 are mediated through the low affinity site β1L‐adrenoceptor of the β1‐adrenoceptor. β3‐adrenoceptor‐mediated increases inICa‐Lare restricted to low temperatures. Human atrial β3‐adrenoceptors do not change contractility andICa‐Lat physiological temperature.LINKED ARTICLEThis article is commented on by Michelet al., pp. 817–822 of this issue. To view this commentary visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.01005.x
Comparative aspects of the proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 in human and canine tumour diseases
Authors: von Euler H. , Eriksson S. 
Published: August 2010

As cell proliferation is one of the hallmarks of cancer, various types of proliferation markers are used as important tools in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment decision‐making and follow‐up in clinical oncology. The S phase‐specific protein thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) can be used in immunohistochemistry for RNA/protein expression in tissue specimens and for activity or protein/peptide levels in serum from patients.TK1 has been used mainly in haematologic malignancies in humans, but also found beneficial in canine malignancies. As the protein sequence homology is high between humans and dogs, findings in canine models will have a high comparative value in further human research as well. In the present review, we will focus on the recent results concerning TK1's S phase‐correlated expression, increased serum levels of TK1 in patients with malignancies and the relevance for veterinary and comparative oncology. Finally, the benefit of recently developed specific anti‐TK1 antibodies suitable for immunologic assay is discussed.
STUDIES ON SOLIDIFICATION AND CONTRACTION AND THEIR RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF HOT TEARS IN STEEL CASTINGS.*
Authors: BRIGG CHARLES W. , GEZELIUS ROY A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.The following studies, resulting from a compilation of data and expressions, consider the relation of solidification and contraction to the formation of hot tears. Casting solidification involving the principle of equal cooling throughout is undesirable. Such conditions should be replaced by the more natural method of directional solidification. Controlled directional solidification is successful only when certain principles of casting design are adopted. These principles stress the importance of feeding smaller sections through heavier ones and by studying mass effect by the use of inscribed circles. Metal contraction and hindered contraction resulting from mold resistance is responsible in the major part for the existence of hot‐tear cracks in steel castings. Other important factors are cavities and the physical properties of the steel. There are two types of hot‐tear cracks, (a) the internal hot tear that develops during the solidification of the casting, and (b) the external hot tear that develops after solidification is complete, but while the temperature is about 1300 degrees C. Intelligent application of certain principles in casting design is one of the most important of seven methods that may be adopted to obviate the danger of hot tears, or at least limit the hot tear formation.1. There are many conflicting opinions on all phases of casting procedure and various remedies for all the numerous problems arising in the industry. These remedies often have been applied by rule of thumb or as experience has dictated their use. It is surprising to note how little experimental data are available on the actual physical processes which occur during the solidification and contraction of steel castings.2. It is not possible to review as large a field as the entire casting process in one article and do justice to all of its phases. The authors have selected, therefore, only one of the important phases, that of solidification, contraction and the formation of hot tears, and have attempted to bring together the best of available data and to supplement them with the results of some experiments.3. In the industry today there are so many definitions for the several terms that in order to clarify the discussion it has been found necessary to define certain of these terms.
PROPELLER CAVITATION STUDIES.*
Authors: Kell C. O. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.Based upon the information that has been obtained from experiments conducted in the variable pressure tunnel at Washington during the past two years, the different forms of propeller cavitation are discussed. The characteristics of face cavitation and two forms of back cavitation are described. Methods of correction as far as are known are suggested.Tests to determine the effect of gas in solution in water on propeller cavitation are described, and the results are given.Finally, the calculated lift coefficients for typical propellers at the apparent inception of back cavitation are plotted against cavitation indices, in an effort to obtain a criterion by which back cavitation on propellers may be avoided in design work. These data are compared with a theoretical relation between the lift coefficient and cavitation index, which has been offered by Lerbs as a criterion.
WELDING ELECTRODES
Authors: Hiemke Hugo W. 
Published: August 2010

During the last decade the use of electric arc welding for fabrication of many forms of engineering structures has increased tremendously. This increased use of welding has been augmented by the development of covered welding electrodes which are capable of depositing weld metal as strong and ductile as the metals to be joined.The purpose of this article is to tabulate available information, and submit a certain amount of new test information. Also, the author classifies the various service requirements for welding electrodes.
Programmed cell death‐10 enhances proliferation and protects malignant T cells from apoptosis
Authors: LAUENBORG BRITT , KOPP KATHARINA , KREJSGAARD THORBJØRN , ERIKSEN KARSTEN W. , GEISLER CARSTEN , DABELSTEEN SALLY , GNIADECKI ROBERT , ZHANG QIAN , WASIK MARIUSZ A. , WOETMANN ANDERS , ODUM NIELS 
Published: August 2010

Lauenborg B, Kopp K, Krejsgaard T, Eriksen KW, Geisler C, Dabelsteen S, Gniadecki R, Zhang Q, Wasik MA, Woetmann A, Odum N. Programmed cell death‐10 enhances proliferation and protects malignant T cells from apoptosis. APMIS 2010; 118: 719–28.The programmed cell death‐10 (PDCD10; also known as cerebral cavernous malformation‐3 or CCM3) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein associated with cell apoptosis. Mutations in PDCD10 result in cerebral cavernous malformations, an important cause of cerebral hemorrhage. PDCD10 is associated with serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases and modulates the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathway suggesting a role in the regulation of cellular growth. Here we provide evidence of a constitutive expression of PDCD10 in malignant T cells and cell lines from peripheral blood of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (Sezary syndrome) patients. PDCD10 is associated with protein phosphatase‐2A, a regulator of mitogenesis and apoptosis in malignant T cells. Inhibition of oncogenic signal pathways [Jak3, Notch1, and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB)] partly inhibits the constitutive PDCD10 expression, whereas an activator of Jak3 and NF‐κB, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), enhances PDCD10 expression. Functional data show that PDCD10 depletion by small interfering RNA induces apoptosis and decreases proliferation of the sensitive cells. To our knowledge, these data provide the first functional link between PDCD10 and cancer.
Therapeutic concepts in mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Rodriguez Jose , Gutierrez Antonio , Obrador‐Hevia Antonia , Fernandez de Mattos Silvia , Cabanillas Fernando 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMantle cell lymphoma has been considered an incurable disease with current chemotherapy regimens. Recent intense chemoimmunotherapy induction regimens with or without consolidation with autologous stem cell transplantation procedures are showing a potential for cure in a sizable fraction of patients. Similarly, in the salvage setting, preliminary experience with non‐myeloablative allogeneic transplant may cure some patients even after multiple therapeutic failures. However, the recent knowledge of the three basic biologic derangements that are integrated in the disease may change the therapeutic approach of the disease in the near future. In fact, new drugs that target more specifically the major molecular alterations of the disease are being progressively incorporated into the therapeutic armamentarium of the disease. In the near future, more individualized approaches that will take into account not only risk factors present at diagnosis but also biomarkers representative of the molecular alterations present in the disease are foreseen. In this review, we are going to discuss the current therapeutic approaches and the main new drugs that target more specifically the major molecular pathways alterations of the disease.
Diagnosis of leptomeningeal disease in diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas of the central nervous system by flow cytometry and cytopathology
Authors: Schroers Roland , Baraniskin Alexander , Heute Christoph , Vorgerd Matthias , Brunn Anna , Kuhnhenn Jan , Kowoll Annika , Alekseyev Andriy , Schmiegel Wolff , Schlegel Uwe , Deckert Martina , Pels Hendrik 
Published: August 2010

AbstractReliable detection of leptomeningeal disease has the potential of facilitating the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma and is important for therapeutic considerations. Currently, the standard diagnostic procedure for the detection of lymphoma in the cerebrospinal fluid is cytopathology. To improve the limited specificity and sensitivity of cytopathology, flow cytometry has been suggested as an alternative. Here, we evaluated multi‐parameter flow cytometry in combination with conventional cytopathology in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 30 patients with primary CNS lymphoma and seven patients with secondary CNS lymphoma. Overall, in 11 of 37 (29.7%) patients with CNS lymphoma, lymphoma cells were detected in CSF by flow cytometry, while cytopathology was less sensitive displaying unequivocally malignant CSF cells in only seven of all 37 (18.9%) patients. Six (16.2%) patients showed cytopathological results suspicious of lymphoma; however, in only one of these patients, the diagnosis of CSF lymphoma cells could be confirmed by flow cytometry. In primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSL), seven of 30 (23.3%) patients were positive for CSF lymphoma cells in flow cytometry, in contrast to four (13.3%) patients with PCNSL with definitely positive cytopathology. In summary, our results suggest that multi‐parameter flow cytometry increases the sensitivity and specificity of leptomeningeal disease detection in CNS lymphomas. Both methods should be applied concurrently for complementary diagnostic assessment in patients with CNS lymphoma.
Subjective Characterization of Nerve Sparing Predicts Recovery of Erectile Function After Radical Prostatectomy: Defining the Utility of a Nerve Sparing Grading System
Authors: Moskovic Daniel J. , Alphs Hannah , Nelson Christian J. , Rabbani Farhang , Eastham James , Touijer Karim , Guillonneau Bertrand , Scardino Peter T. , Mulhall John P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Radical prostatectomy (RP) is a common technique for managing prostate cancer. Concern regarding functional outcomes in patients prompted the development of nerve sparing to improve recovery of erectile function.

Aim
To assess if a cumulative nerve damage grading system is a more precise predictor of recovery of erectile function as compared to the current “all-or-none” grading system.

Methods
Baseline demographic, medical history, and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-erectile function domain (EFD) scores were collected. At the time of RP, patients were assigned a nerve sparing score (NSS) by their surgeon for each neurovascular bundle (left and right) to assess the quality of intraoperative nerve sparing (1—complete preservation, 4—complete resection). Patients completed IIEF questionnaires at 24 months after RP.

Main Outcome Measures
Group comparisons and multiple regression analyses were used to test the association between the NSS and IIEF-EFD scores for patients with preoperative EFD scores ≥24.

Results
A total of 173 patients were included in this analysis. Mean age for patients was 59, and 62% of patients had at least one comorbidity. Baseline EFD scores were comparable between all NSS assignments. At 24 months, EFD scores were reduced by 7.2, 11.6, 13.9, and 15.4 points for patients with NSS grades of 2, 3, 4, and 5–8, respectively (P &lt; 0.01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated lower NSS predicted recovery of erectile function at 24 months (P = 0.001), as did age (P = 0.001) and baseline EFD score (P = 0.02).

Conclusions
Our data support the adoption of a subjectively assigned NSS to more precisely predict erectile function outcomes and suggest that even minor nerve trauma significantly impairs the recovery of erectile function after procedures classically regarded as having achieved bilateral nerve sparing. Further studies are needed to identify the optimal NSS system.
Land trust defense and enforcement of conserved areas
Authors: Rissman Adena R. , Butsic Van 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAchieving conservation goals in protected areas hinges on continual monitoring, enforcement, and legal defense. In an era of devolved governance, nonprofit land trusts have become increasingly important. Yet, their approaches to legal defense of conserved areas are relatively unknown. A national survey of 205 land trusts provides the first quantitative data on the types, costs, and outcomes of major legal challenges. Half of land trusts reported a legal challenge, and one‐quarter of those land trusts were hindered by financial barriers in pursuing a legal challenge. Interviews with land trust staff revealed the necessary conditions for pursuing legal defense including organizational capacity, community support, and persuasive property claims. Results indicate the importance of stewardship endowments and the need for greater land trust capacity and accountability. Donors, agency funders, and the public should support thoughtful, contextually appropriate, and powerful enforcement actions to ensure conservation objectives over the long term.