bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A case of Borrelia‐associated cutaneous pseudolymphoma in a horse
Authors: Sears Kelly P. , Divers Thomas J. , Neff Robert T. , Miller Jr William H. , McDonough Sean P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis case report describes a 10‐year‐old horse that developed multiple dermal papules over the right masseter area following removal of a tick from the same site 3 months earlier. Histological examination of a biopsy from a papule was suggestive of either a T‐cell‐rich B‐cell lymphoma or cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia, a form of pseudolymphoma sometimes associated with a tick bite. Positive serological testing and PCR of the biopsy sample for Borrelia in conjunction with immunohistochemical testing of the skin biopsy, the clinical history and response to treatment with doxycycline strongly supported the diagnosis of Borrelia‐associated cutaneous pseudolymphoma.
Gesture in the developing brain
Authors: Dick Anthony Steven , Goldin‐Meadow Susan , Solodkin Ana , Small Steven L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSpeakers convey meaning not only through words, but also through gestures. Although children are exposed to co‐speech gestures from birth, we do not know how the developing brain comes to connect meaning conveyed in gesture with speech. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to address this question and scanned 8‐ to 11‐year‐old children and adults listening to stories accompanied by hand movements, either meaningful co‐speech gestures or meaningless self‐adaptors. When listening to stories accompanied by both types of hand movement, both children and adults recruited inferior frontal, inferior parietal, and posterior temporal brain regions known to be involved in processing language not accompanied by hand movements. There were, however, age‐related differences in activity in posterior superior temporal sulcus (STSp), inferior frontal gyrus, pars triangularis (IFGTr), and posterior middle temporal gyrus (MTGp) regions previously implicated in processing gesture. Both children and adults showed sensitivity to the meaning of hand movements in IFGTr and MTGp, but in different ways. Finally, we found that hand movement meaning modulates interactions between STSp and other posterior temporal and inferior parietal regions for adults, but not for children. These results shed light on the developing neural substrate for understanding meaning contributed by co‐speech gesture.
Visually guided step descent in children with Williams syndrome
Authors: Cowie Dorothy , Braddick Oliver , Atkinson Janette 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIndividuals with Williams syndrome (WS) have impairments in visuospatial tasks and in manual visuomotor control, consistent with parietal and cerebellar abnormalities. Here we examined whether individuals with WS also have difficulties in visually controlling whole‐body movements. We investigated visual control of stepping down at a change of level in children with WS (5–16‐year‐olds), who descended a single step while their movement was kinematically recorded. On each trial step height was set unpredictably, so that visual information was necessary to perceive the step depth and position the legs appropriately before landing. Kinematic measures established that children with WS did not use visual information to slow the leg at an appropriate point during the step. This pattern contrasts with that observed in typically developing 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children, implying severe impairment in whole‐body visuomotor control in WS. For children with WS, performance was not significantly predicted by low‐level visual or balance problems, but improved significantly with verbal age. The results suggest some plasticity and development in WS whole‐body control. These data clearly show that visuospatial and visuomotor deficits in WS extend to the locomotor domain. Taken together with evidence for parietal and cerebellar abnormalities in WS, these results also provide new evidence for the role of these circuits in the visual control of whole‐body movement.
INTENTIONAL ACTION AND THE UNINTENTIONAL FALLACY
Authors: WASSERMAN RYAN 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMuch of the recent work in action theory can be organized around a set of objections facing the Simple View and other intention‐based accounts of intentional action. In this paper, I review three of the most popular objections to the Simple View and argue that all three objections commit a common fallacy. I then draw some more general conclusions about the relationship between intentional action and moral responsibility.
Investigation of mechanism of drug‐induced cardiac injury and torsades de pointes in cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Misner DL , Frantz C , Guo L , Gralinski MR , Senese PB , Ly J , Albassam M , Kolaja KL 
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Drug candidates must be thoroughly investigated for their potential cardiac side effects. During the course of routine toxicological assessment, the compound RO5657, a CCR5 antagonist, was discovered to have the rare liability of inducing torsades de pointes (polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia) in normal, healthy animals. Studies were conducted to determine the molecular mechanism of this arrhythmia.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Toxicological effects of repeat dosing were assessed in naïve monkeys. Cardiovascular effects were determined in conscious telemetry‐implanted monkeys (repeat dosing) and anaesthetized instrumented dogs (single doses). Mechanistic studies were performed in guinea‐pig isolated hearts and in cells recombinantly expressing human cardiac channels.KEY RESULTS In cynomolgus monkeys, RO5657 caused a low incidence of myocardial degeneration and a greater incidence of ECG abnormalities including prolonged QT/QTc intervals, QRS complex widening and supraventricular tachycardia. In telemetry‐implanted monkeys, RO5657 induced arrhythmias, including torsades de pointes and in one instance, degeneration to fatal ventricular fibrillation. RO5657 also depressed both heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP), with no histological evidence of myocardial degeneration. In the anaesthetized dog and guinea‐pig isolated heart studies, RO5657 induced similar cardiovascular effects. RO5657 also inhibited Kv11.1 and sodium channel currents.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The molecular mechanism of RO5657 is hypothesized to be due to inhibition of cardiac sodium and Kv11.1 potassium channels. These results indicate that RO5657 is arrhythymogenic due to decreased haemodynamic function (HR/BP), decreased conduction and inhibition of multiple cardiac channels, which precede and are probably the causative factors in the observed myocardial degeneration.
Layperson-Oriented vs. Clinical-Based Models for Prediction of Incidence of Ischemic Stroke: National FINRISK Study
Authors: Qiao Qing , Gao Weiguo , Laatikainen Tiina , Vartiainen Erkki 
Published: November 2011

Background A simplified model not requiring a clinic visit is important for cardiovascular prevention. We compared such a model, with one requiring clinical measurements for prediction of ischemic stroke. Methods Five population-based Finnish cohorts comprising 14 296 men and 16 065 women aged 25–64 years were randomly recruited from 1982, and followed up using the national registers until the end of the 2007. The final Cox model included age, prior history of diabetes and hypertension, happy marriage, capability to walk 500 m (self-estimate), regular exercise, vegetable/fruit intake, smoking, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure; the layperson-oriented model was developed by taking blood pressure away from the final model. Results Four hundred sixty-nine men and 371 women developed ischemic stroke events. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% confidence interval) for 10 years incidence of ischemic stroke was 0·817 (0·791–0·843) and 0·813 (0·787–0·839) for the model with and without systolic blood pressure in men and 0·815 (0·782–0·848) and 0·812 (0·779–0·844), respectively, in women ( P>0·10). The predicted 10-year events rate matched well with the observed one across deciles of the predicted risk in men (χ2 = 11·57, 9df, P = 0·239) and in women (χ2 = 11·18, P = 0·263). The overall net reclassification improvement after adding blood pressure was 8·8% ( P = 0·016) in men and 3·2% ( P = 0·234) in women. The predicted 10-year risk of the ischemic stroke based on global vascular event models that includes coronary heart diseases did not match well with the observed stroke risk. Conclusions The layperson model performed as well as the clinical-based one.
Methodological and Theoretical Issues in the Study of Chain Shifting
Authors: Gordon Matthew J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA chain shift is a series of two or more sound changes that are related through a kind of chain reaction. The nature of the relationship between elements in a chain shift is a matter of debate among linguists from various sub‐fields. Examining this relationship raises questions about the nature of linguistic change and indeed about how language works in general. This article explores how the process of chain shifting is investigated with a focus on studies of active language changes (i.e., changes in progress) including the Northern Cities Shift and the New Zealand Front Vowel Shift. Among the questions considered are (1) how the changes involved in a chain shift are related, and (2) how phonemic contrasts are preserved during the chain‐shift process.
Cancerous Cell Death from Sensitizer Free Photoactivation of Singlet Oxygen
Authors: Anquez François , El Yazidi‐Belkoura Ikram , Randoux Stéphane , Suret Pierre , Courtade Emmanuel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSinglet oxygen (1O2) is an electronic state of molecular oxygen which plays a major role in many chemical and biological photo‐oxidation processes. It has a high chemical reactivity which is commonly harnessed for therapeutic issues. Indeed, 1O2 is believed to be the major cytotoxic agent in photodynamic therapy. In this treatment of cancer, 1O2 is created, among other reactive species, by an indirect transfer of energy from light to molecular oxygen via excitation of a photosensitizer (PS). This PS is believed to be necessary to obtain an efficient 1O2 production. In this paper, we demonstrate that production of 1O2 is achieved in living cells from PS‐free 1270 nm laser excitation of molecular oxygen. The quantity of 1O2 produced in this way is sufficient to induce an oxidative stress leading to cell death. Other effects such as thermal stress are discriminated and we conclude that cell death is only due to 1O2 creation. This new simplified scheme of 1O2 activation can be seen as a breakthrough for phototherapies of malignant diseases and/or as a noninvasive possibility to generate reactive oxygen species in a tightly controlled manner.
Critical Perspectives on Crime and Social Harm: Toward a Criminology of Human Rights
Authors: Criger David W. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUsing Sutherland’s conceptualization of white‐collar crime as a significant point of departure, this article explores recent attempts to theorize crime and social harm from a critical criminological perspective. Arguing that the development of this approach is inextricably linked to theoretical and methodological concerns that strike at the very foundation of criminology as a discipline of study, I show how advances in state and corporate crime literature have advanced the field of criminology. Ultimately I argue that contemporary mainstream criminology, which tends to focus solely on the analysis of traditional ‘street’ crime, has failed to bring within its criminological purview those actions which have the greatest potential for causing significant human suffering.
Evolving Genomic Approaches to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Moving Beyond Genes
Authors: Kass Daniel J. , Kaminski Naftali 
Published: October 2011

Abstract A little more than 10 years ago, the completed sequencing of the human genome boldly promised to usher in an era of enhanced understanding and accelerated development of treatments for most human diseases. Ten years later, many of these therapeutic goals have not been reached, but genomic technologies have dramatically enhanced our understanding of how genes and gene networks contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we describe how genomic technologies have shaped our study of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a devastating, progressive scarring of the lung parenchyma, a disease without a known cause, or treatment. We frame the important genomic discoveries in IPF of the previous decade in the clinical context of establishing a diagnosis of IPF and predicting the prognosis. Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood will help identify potential biomarkers for assessing the clinical severity of IPF. We highlight the growth of epigenetic research in IPF, including the contribution of microRNAs to the pathogenesis of disease. We suggest that the full power of genomic discoveries in IPF will be realized when researchers apply these techniques prospectively in large collaborative studies across institutions, support the training of young investigators in genomics, and employ systems biology approaches to the interpretation of genomic data. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 372–379
Art History: Re‐Viewing Recent Studies
Authors: BONEHILL JOHN 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article reviews studies in the visual arts of the eighteenth century, with an emphasis on recent interest in display and reception. The exhibition ‘Art on the Line’, at the Courtauld Institute in 2001, is taken as the starting‐point for scholarship that has addressed the spaces and topographies of display, institutional, commercial and domestic, and the new publics constituted by and in these arenas. Of particular concern is how dominant narratives of eighteenth‐century art have been modified and reinforced by attendance to these issues as well as by studies focused on its relationship to commerce, trade, war and empire.
English Literature: Early Novelists, Historicisms and the World Wide Web
Authors: DOWNIE J. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn the last thirty years scholarly attention has moved from the study of poets, playwrights and essayists towards the study of novelists, particularly women novelists. Academics in English departments are also increasingly concerned with a range of ‘non‐literary’ texts, and there has been burgeoning interest in the book trade and the history of the book. The irruption of ‘theory’ into eighteenth‐century English studies resulted in a huge shift in methodological awareness, but this pales into insignificance beside the impact of computers in general and the World Wide Web in particular.
The Americas: Recent Scholarship and Trends
Authors: IMBARRATO SUSAN C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article surveys recent research and writings about the long eighteenth century on genres that include poetry, drama, fiction, autobiography, slave narrative, travel narrative and the novel on both traditional topics, such as religion and history, and on emerging fields of research, such as literature and medicine, and an interest in expanding boundaries to include Transatlantic, Caribbean and West Indies studies. Throughout, a combination of active curiosity, intense archival research and an interdisciplinary approach has given rise to exciting scholarship and engaging scholarly interaction.
Reciprocal Regulation of Cephalosporin Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Kristich Christopher J. , Little Jaime L. , Hall Cherisse L. , Hoff Jessica S. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Antibiotic-resistant enterococci are major causes of hospital-acquired infections and therefore represent a serious public health problem. One well-known risk factor for the acquisition of hospital-acquired enterococcal infections is prior therapy with broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotics. Enterococci can proliferate in patients undergoing cephalosporin therapy due to intrinsic cephalosporin resistance, a characteristic of the genus
Enterococcus
. However, the molecular basis for cephalosporin resistance in
E. faecalis
has yet to be adequately elucidated. Previously we determined that a putative Ser/Thr kinase, IreK (formerly PrkC), is required for intrinsic cephalosporin resistance in
E. faecalis
. Here we show that kinase activity is required for cephalosporin resistance and, further, that resistance in
E. faecalis
is reciprocally regulated by IreK and IreP, a PP2C-type protein phosphatase encoded immediately upstream of IreK. Mutants of two divergent lineages of
E. faecalis
lacking IreP exhibit remarkable hyperresistance to cephalosporins but not to antibiotics targeting other cellular processes. Further genetic analyses indicate that hyperresistance of the IreP mutant is mediated by the IreK kinase. Additionally, competition experiments reveal that hyperresistant Δ
ireP
mutants exhibit a substantial fitness defect in the absence of antibiotics, providing an evolutionary rationale for the use of a complex signaling system to control intrinsic cephalosporin resistance. These results support a model in which IreK and IreP act antagonistically via protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation as part of a signal transduction circuit to regulate cellular adaptation to cephalosporin-induced stress.

IMPORTANCE
As a major cause of hospital-acquired infections, antibiotic-resistant enterococci represent a serious public health problem. Enterococci are well-known to exhibit intrinsic resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotics, a trait that enables them to proliferate in patients undergoing cephalosporin therapy, thereby predisposing these patients to acquisition of an enterococcal infection. Thus, inhibition of enterococcal cephalosporin resistance could represent an effective new strategy to prevent the emergence of hospital-acquired enterococcal infections. At this time, however, the molecular basis for cephalosporin resistance in
E. faecalis
is poorly understood. Our results begin to unravel the details of a new phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction system that controls cephalosporin resistance in enterococci. Deeper understanding of the mechanism underlying cephalosporin resistance in
E. faecalis
may enable the development of new therapeutics designed to reduce the incidence of hospital-acquired enterococcal infections.
The National Falls and Bone Health Audit: implications for UK emergency care
Authors: Banerjee Jay , Benger Jonathan , Treml Jonathan , Martin Finbarr C , Grant Rob , Lowe Derek , Potter Jonathan , Husk Janet 
Published: November 2011

IntroductionThe National Clinical Audit of Falls and Bone Health, coordinated by the Royal College of Physicians, assesses progress in implementing integrated falls services across the UK against national standards and enables benchmarking between service providers. Nationally, falls are a leading contributor towards mortality and morbidity in older people and account for 700 000 visits to emergency departments and 4 million annual bed days in England alone.MethodsTwo rounds of national organisational audit in 2005 and 2008 and one national clinical audit in 2006 were carried out based on indicators developed by a multidisciplinary group.ResultsThese showed that management of falls and bone health in older people remains suboptimal in emergency departments and minor injury units and opportunities are being missed in carrying out evidence-based risk assessment and management.ConclusionsOlder people attending emergency departments in the UK following a fall are receiving a poor deal. There is an urgent need to ensure more effective assessment and management to prevent further falls and fractures.
Establishing a pilot bovine viral diarrhoea virus eradication scheme in Somerset
Authors: Booth R. E. , Brownlie J. 
Published: October 2011

Beginning in April 2006, 41 farms were recruited onto a pilot Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) eradication programme across the south of England with the majority of study herds concentrated in Somerset. Each herd was assessed and where relevant cleared of persistently infected (PI) animals. Seven farms dropped out before whole herd screening could be performed. Of the remaining 34 farms, 20 (59 per cent) were classified as infected although two of these were initially misclassified as BVDV‐free. Over the course of three years, 61 PIs were identified across 16 of the 20 infected farms. 72 per cent of PIs indentified on the first herd test were below two years of age. PI prevalence ranged from 0.2 to 3.1 per cent of infected herds and was highest in herds that did not vaccinate. By the end of 2009, 24/34 (71 per cent) of study farms were BVDV‐free while 10 (29 per cent) remained infected.
Field monitoring of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria by colony immunoblotting
Authors: Krishnen Ganisan , Kecskés Mihály L. , Rose Michael T. , Geelan-Small Peter , Amprayn Khanok-on , Pereg Lily , Kennedy Ivan R. 
Published: November 2011

Inoculant plant-growth-promoting bacteria are emerging as an important component of sustainable agriculture. There is a need to develop inexpensive methods for enumerating these organisms after their application in the field, to better understand their survival and impacts on yields. Immunoblotting is one potential method to measure viable cells, but the high cost of the conventionally used nylon membranes makes this method prohibitive. In this study, less expensive alternative materials such as filter papers, glossy photo papers, and transparencies for the purpose of colony immunoblotting were evaluated and the best substance was chosen for further studies. Whatman filter paper No. 541 combined with a 0.01 mol·L–1 H2SO4 rinsing step gave similar results to nylon membranes but <20% of the overall cost of the original colony immunoblotting assay. The application of the modified immunoblot method was tested on nonsterile clay soil samples that were spiked with high numbers (>107 CFU·g–1) of the plant-growth-promoting bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens , Azospirillum brasilense , or Rhizobium leguminosarum . The modified protocol allowed the identification and recovery of over 50% of the inoculated cells of all three strains, amidst a background of the native soil microflora. Subsequently, the survival of P. fluorescens was successfully monitored for several months after application to field-grown rice at Jerilderie, New South Wales, Australia, thus validating the procedure.
Immunomonitoring Results of a Phase II/III Study of Malignant Ascites Patients Treated with the Trifunctional Antibody Catumaxomab (Anti-EpCAM × Anti-CD3)
Authors: Jäger Michael , Schoberth Alexandra , Ruf Peter , Hess Juergen , Hennig Michael , Schmalfeldt Barbara , Wimberger Pauline , Ströhlein Michael , Theissen Bettina , Heiss Markus M. , Lindhofer Horst 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPatients with malignant ascites secondary to primary carcinomas benefit from intraperitoneal therapy with the trifunctional antibody catumaxomab (anti-EpCAM × anti-CD3). Here, we report the analysis of peritoneal fluid samples from 258 patients with malignant ascites randomized to catumaxomab or control groups to investigate the molecular effects of catumaxomab treatment. In the catumaxomab group, tumor cell numbers and peritoneal levels of VEGF decreased, whereas the activation status of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell populations increased more than two-fold after treatment. Notably, CD133+/EpCAM+ cancer stem cells vanished from the catumaxomab samples but not from the control samples. In vitro investigations indicated that catumaxomab eliminated tumor cells in a manner associated with release of proinflammatory Th1 cytokines. Together, our findings show that catumaxomab therapy activates peritoneal T cells and eliminates EpCAM+ tumor cells, establishing a molecular and cellular basis to understand in vivo efficacy within the immunosuppressed malignant ascites tissue microenvironment. Cancer Res; 72(1); 24–32. ©2011 AACR.