bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine fungi from two sandy Mediterranean beaches on the Egyptian north coast
Authors: Abdel-Aziz Faten A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractI surveyed marine fungi collected from the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. A total of 31 taxa, including 19 ascomycetes and 12 anamorphic fungi, were identified from 100 submerged driftwood samples collected randomly along two sandy beaches. The most frequent fungus wasCorollospora maritima. Other common fungi includeC. portsaidica,Leptosphaeria oraemaris,Cumulospora marinaandPericonia prolifica. Among the 31 taxa identified during this study, 21 are new records for the Mediterranean Sea, bringing the total number of Mediterranean marine fungi to 79. Seven new fungi were recorded during the course of this study, of which two new species ofCorollosporaand one anamorph have been described, and work is in progress to describe the remaining four. An unknown species ofDidymosphaeriais illustrated in this paper, but not formally described because there was insufficient material available for further study of the species.
A tropical assemblage of benthic macroalgae on rocky reefs in a temperate zone on the western Baja California peninsula, Mexico
Authors: de Lara Verónica Castañeda-Fernández , Reyes-Bonilla Héctor , Serviere–Zaragoza Elisa 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
We analyzed rocky reef benthic macroalgae on the western coast of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. To describe the assemblages, we sampled two reefs that are geographically proximate but influenced by different oceanographic conditions, leading to potential differences in factors that could affect the macroalgal assemblage. Using analyses of similarities, we found significant differences between sites and seasons. Additionally, composition changed seasonally, but was not related to depth. Using SIMPER analysis, the species that defined the assemblages at “Arvin”, Tortugas Bay were Macrocystis pyrifera, Sargassum muticum and Plocamium cartilagineum; in contrast, the key components at “Queen” were Padina caulescens, Polysiphonia johnstonii var. concinna and Dictyota coriacea, showing how oceanographic conditions can influence the biogeographic pattern of macroalgal assemblages along the northwestern coast of Mexico.
Cytotoxicity Study of High Temperature Wool (HT Wool) by Cell Magnetometric Evaluation
Authors: Kudo Yuichiro , Kotani Makoto , Aizawa Yoshiharu 
Published: April 2010

Cytotoxicity Study of High Temperature Wool (HT Wool) by Cell Magnetometric Evaluation: Yuichiro Kudo, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Kitasato University School of MedicineObjectivesWe performed a cytotoxicity study by cell magnetometry, measured lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity by enzyme assay, detected DNA ladder formation, and performed morphological examination by electron microscopy in order to evaluate the safety of high temperature wool (HT wool), an asbestos substitute, using long and short chrysotile fibers (CF) as positive controls and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as a negative control.MethodsAlveolar macrophages were isolated from male Fisher rats. Following the addition of iron oxide particles (Fe3O4) to macrophages, HT wool, long or short CF was added. Then, the remanence strength was measured for 20 min after magnetization by an external field. Percent LDH release was calculated after determining LDH activity. DNA was detected using an apoptosis detection kit. Morphological observation was performed by taking electron micrographs of macrophages in the groups treated with HT wool and long‐ and short‐CF.ResultsRapid relaxation, an indicator of decay of cytotoxicity, was observed by cell magnetometry immediately after magnetization was ended in the groups treated with HT wool and PBS, showing that HT wool causes no harmful effect on the cytoskeleton. The CF‐treated groups had higher LDH activity than the PBS‐ and HT wool‐treated groups. No fragmentation of DNA was observed in any group. In morphological observation, cytotoxicity in macrophages was lower in the HT wool‐treated groups than in the CF‐treated groups.ConclusionsThe results suggest that HT wool has no cytotoxicity, as evaluated by cell magnetometry, enzyme assay, DNA ladder detection and morphological examination.
Thermal Reconditioning Characteristics of a Respirator Cartridge for Organic Vapors Using Humid Air as the Desorption Gas
Authors: Hori Hajime , Ishidao Toru , Ishimatsu Sumiyo 
Published: April 2010

Thermal Reconditioning Characteristics of a Respirator Cartridge for Organic Vapors Using Humid Air as the Desorption Gas: Hajime Hori, et al. Department of Environmental Management, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental HealthObjectivesThermal reconditioning characteristics of organic vapors from a respirator cartridge were studied by introducing humid air into a cartridge that had adsorbed organic vapors in order to develop a thermal reconditioning method.MethodsFive different organic vapors (methanol, 2‐propanol, acetone, dichloromethane and methyl acetate), most of which have relatively weak adsorption affinity to charcoal, were used in this study. Adsorption was carried out at a temperature of 25°C. The relative humidity of the adsorption air with organic vapor was 50%. When the vapor concentration in the downstream of the respirator exceeded the breakthrough concentration, that is, the occupational exposure limits in Japan, the vapor supply was stopped. Then, desorption was started by introducing clean humid air from opposite side of the cartridge under a heated condition. When the desorbed vapor concentration fell below the limit of quantification, desorption process was ended and the next adsorption cycle was started after the temperature had returned to room temperature. This adsorption ‐ desorption cycle was repeated more than three times. The desorption temperature was 65°C and the relative humidity of desorption air was 20%, 50% or 70% at 25°C.ResultsWhen the relative humidity was 20%, the breakthrough times of regenerated cartridges were shorter than that of a new one, but no difference was observed in the breakthrough curves when the relative humidity was greater than 50%.ConclusionThe results suggest that the thermal reconditioning of respirator cartridges using humid air is possible for these vapors.
Positioning for Lumbar Puncture in Children Evaluated by Bedside Ultrasound
Authors: Abo Alyssa , Chen Lei , Johnston Patrick , Santucci Karen 
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND:
Lumbar punctures are commonly performed in the pediatric emergency department. There is no standard, recommended, optimal position for children who are undergoing the procedure.

OBJECTIVE:
To determine a position for lumbar punctures where the interspinous space is maximized, as measured by bedside ultrasound.

METHODS:
A prospective convenience sample of children under age 12 was performed. Using a portable ultrasound device, the L3-L4 or L4-L5 interspinous space was measured with the subject in 5 different positions. The primary outcome was the interspinous distance between 2 adjacent vertebrae. The interspinous space was measured with the subject sitting with and without hip flexion. In the lateral recumbent position, the interspinous space was measured with the hips in a neutral position as well as in flexion, both with and without neck flexion. Data were analyzed by comparing pairwise differences.

RESULTS:
There were 28 subjects enrolled (13 girls and 15 boys) at a median age of 5 years. The sitting-flexed position provided a significantly increased interspinous space (P &lt; .05). Flexion of the hips increased the interspinous space in both the sitting and lateral recumbent positions (P &lt; .05). Flexion of the neck, did not significantly change the interspinous space (P = .998).

CONCLUSIONS:
The interspinous space of the lumbar spine was maximally increased with children in the sitting position with flexed hips; therefore we recommend this position for lumbar punctures. In the lateral recumbent position, neck flexion does not increase the interspinous space and may increase morbidity; therefore, it is recommended to hold patients at the level of the shoulders as to avoid neck flexion.
Systematic Evidence Review of Newborn Screening and Treatment of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Authors: Lipstein Ellen A. , Vorono Sienna , Browning Marsha F. , Green Nancy S. , Kemper Alex R. , Knapp Alixandra A. , Prosser Lisa A. , Perrin James M. 
Published: April 2010

CONTEXT:
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of disorders that leads to early childhood death as a result of severe infections. Recent research has addressed potential newborn screening for SCID.

OBJECTIVE:
To conduct a systematic review of the evidence for newborn screening for SCID, including test characteristics, treatment efficacy, and cost-effectiveness.

METHODS:
We searched Medline and the OVID In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations databases. We excluded articles if they were reviews, editorials or other opinion pieces, or case series of fewer than 4 patients or if they contained only adult subjects or nonhuman data. The remaining articles were systematically evaluated, and data were abstracted by 2 independent reviewers using standardized tools. For topics that lacked published evidence, we interviewed experts in the field.

RESULTS:
The initial search resulted in 719 articles. Twenty-six met inclusion criteria. The results of several small studies suggested that screening for SCID is possible. Interviews revealed that 2 states have begun pilot screening programs. Evidence from large case series indicates that children receiving early stem-cell transplant for SCID have improved outcomes compared with children who were treated later. There is some inconclusive evidence regarding the need for donor-recipient matching and use of pretransplant chemotherapy. Few data on the cost-effectiveness of a SCID-screening program.

CONCLUSIONS:
Evidence indicates the benefits of early treatment of SCID and the possibility of population-based newborn screening. Better information on optimal treatment and the costs of treatment and screening would benefit policy makers deciding among competing health care priorities.
Inhalant Abuse: Monitoring Trends by Using Poison Control Data, 1993–2008
Authors: Marsolek Melinda R. , White Nicole C. , Litovitz Toby L. 
Published: April 2010

PURPOSE:To demonstrate the value of poison control data as an adjunct to national drug abuse surveys and a source of data to inform and focus prevention efforts.METHODS:National Poison Data System (NPDS) data are collected and compiled in real time by the 60 US poison centers as callers seek guidance for poison exposures. Demographic, geographic, product, outcome, and treatment-site data for the 35453 inhalant cases reported between 1993 and 2008 were analyzed.RESULTS:The prevalence of inhalant cases reported to US poison control centers decreased 33% from 1993 to 2008. Prevalence was highest among children aged 12 to 17 years and peaked in 14-year-olds. In contrast to national survey data showing nearly equal use of inhalants by both genders, 73.5% of NPDS inhalant cases occurred in boys, which suggests that boys may pursue riskier usage behaviors. Most cases (67.8%) were managed in health care facilities. More than 3400 different products were reported. Propellants, gasoline, and paint were the most frequent product categories. Propellants were the only product category that substantially increased over time. Butane, propane, and air fresheners had the highest fatality rates. Prevalence for all inhalants was highest in western mountain states and West Virginia, but geographic distribution varied according to product type. Gasoline was a proportionately greater problem for younger children; propellants were an issue for older children.CONCLUSIONS:NPDS should be used to monitor inhalant abuse because it provides unique, timely, and clinically useful information on medical outcomes experienced by users, includes detailed product information (brand and formulation), and can potentially be used to identify real-time demographic, geographic, and product trends. Focusing inhalant prevention efforts on the most hazardous products and most seriously affected users may improve and facilitate strategic prevention, enabling interventions such as targeted education, product reformulation, repackaging, relabeling, or prohibition of sales of especially hazardous inhalant products to youth.
Unnecessary Child Care Exclusions in a State That Endorses National Exclusion Guidelines
Authors: Hashikawa Andrew N. , Juhn Young J. , Nimmer Mark , Copeland Kristen , Shun-Hwa Li , Simpson Pippa , Stevens Martha W. , Brousseau David C. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE:No study has evaluated the association between state endorsement of American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Public Health Association (APHA) national guidelines and unnecessary exclusion decisions. We sought to determine the rate of unnecessary exclusion decisions by child care directors in a state that endorses AAP/APHA guidelines and to identify factors that are associated with higher unnecessary exclusion decisions.METHODS:A telephone survey was administered to directors in metropolitan Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Directors were randomly sampled from a list of 971 registered centers. Director, center, and neighborhood characteristics were obtained. Directors reported whether immediate exclusion was indicated for 5 vignettes that featured children with mild illness that do not require exclusion by AAP/APHA guidelines. Weighted data were summarized by using descriptive statistics. Regression analysis was used to identify factors that were associated with directors' exclusion decisions.RESULTS:A total of 305 directors completed the survey. Overall, directors would unnecessarily exclude 57% of children. More than 62% had never heard of the AAP/APHA guidelines. Regression analysis showed fewer exclusions among more experienced compared with less experienced directors, among larger centers compared with smaller centers, and among centers that were located in areas with a higher percentage of female heads of household. Centers with ≤10% children on state-assisted tuition excluded more.CONCLUSIONS:High rates of inappropriate exclusion persist despite state endorsement of AAP/APHA guidelines. Focused initial and ongoing training of directors regarding AAP/APHA guidelines may help to reduce high rates of unnecessary exclusions.
Unintentional Child Poisonings Through Ingestion of Conventional and Novel Tobacco Products
Authors: Connolly Gregory N. , Richter Patricia , Aleguas Alfred , Pechacek Terry F. , Stanfill Stephen B. , Alpert Hillel R. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE:
This study examines child poisonings resulting from ingestion of tobacco products throughout the nation and assesses the potential toxicity of novel smokeless tobacco products, which are of concern with their discreet form, candy-like appearance, and added flavorings that may be attractive to young children.

METHODS:
Data representing all single-substance, accidental poisonings resulting from ingestion of tobacco products by children &lt;6 years of age, reported to poison control centers, were examined. Age association with ingestion of smokeless tobacco versus other tobacco products was tested through logistic regression. Total nicotine content, pH, and un-ionized nicotine level were determined, and the latter was compared with values for moist snuff and cigarettes.

RESULTS:
A total of 13705 tobacco product ingestion cases were reported, &gt;70% of which involved infants &lt;1 year of age. Smokeless tobacco products were the second most common tobacco products ingested by children, after cigarettes, and represented an increasing proportion of tobacco ingestions with each year of age from 0 to 5 years (odds ratio: 1.94 [95% confidence interval: 1.86–2.03]). A novel, dissolvable, smokeless tobacco product with discreet form, candy-like appearance, and added flavorings was found to contain an average of 0.83 mg of nicotine per pellet, with an average pH of 7.9, which resulted in an average of 42% of the nicotine in the un-ionized form.

CONCLUSION:
In light of the novelty and potential harm of dissolvable nicotine products, public health authorities are advised to study these products to determine the appropriate regulatory approach.
Complementary Sampling Methods to Inform Ecosystem-Based Management of Nearshore Fisheries
Authors: Starr Richard M. , Carr Mark , Dan Malone  , Greenley Ashley , McMillan Selena 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Area-based fishery management and ecosystem-based management strategies are considered beneficial marine resource management tools, but they require finite information about the structure and function of ecosystems to evaluate populations and describe the effects of fishing on ecosystems. The required information is not likely to be obtained from sporadic, fishery-dependent data collected from data-poor fisheries, and funding constraints preclude extensive fishery-independent surveys. This situation has led to an interest in relating or combining information from a variety of disparate sampling methods. From 2003 to 2006, we investigated the relationships between estimates of catch per unit effort (CPUE) and the abundance of fishes generated from typical nearshore commercial fishing operations and estimates of density and abundance derived from scuba surveys in the same locations. The relationships between CPUE and the density estimates derived from different sampling methods were found to be statistically significant in the case of many of the common species sampled across sites in Carmel Bay, California. The compounding effects of within-sample variance and the error associated with the regression equations, however, would result in poor confidence in the values translated from one sampling method to another. Different sampling methods may provide reasonable estimates of population trends, but they are sufficiently different and variable as to preclude the use of a scaling factor to standardize population estimates among sampling methods. Also, the differences in species composition (i.e., relative CPUE or density among species) produced by each sampling method were significant and were also affected by habitat relief and sample depth. Nonetheless, our results suggest the value of a cost-benefit analysis that would allow managers to design optimal sampling strategies for characterizing CPUE relationships within a region of interest. A sampling program that benefits from the complementary strengths of fishing gear and scuba sampling will probably result in the most comprehensive description of nearshore fish assemblages.
End-To-End Models for the Analysis of Marine Ecosystems: Challenges, Issues, and Next Steps
Authors: Rose Kenneth A. , Allen J. Icarus , Artioli Yuri , Barange Manuel , Blackford Jerry , Carlotti François , Cropp Roger , Daewel Ute , Edwards Karen , Flynn Kevin , Hill Simeon L. , HilleRisLambers Reinier , Huse Geir , Mackinson Steven , Megrey Bernard , Moll Andreas , Rivkin Richard , Salihoglu Baris , Schrum Corinna , Shannon Lynne , Shin Yunne-Jai , Smith S. Lan , Smith Chris , Solidoro Cosimo , St. John Michael , Zhou Meng 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
There is growing interest in models of marine ecosystems that deal with the effects of climate change through the higher trophic levels. Such end-to-end models combine physicochemical oceanographic descriptors and organisms ranging from microbes to higher-trophic-level (HTL) organisms, including humans, in a single modeling framework. The demand for such approaches arises from the need for quantitative tools for ecosystem-based management, particularly models that can deal with bottom-up and top-down controls that operate simultaneously and vary in time and space and that are capable of handling the multiple impacts expected under climate change. End-to-end models are now feasible because of improvements in the component submodels and the availability of sufficient computing power. We discuss nine issues related to the development of end-to-end models. These issues relate to formulation of the zooplankton submodel, melding of multiple temporal and spatial scales, acclimation and adaptation, behavioral movement, software and technology, model coupling, skill assessment, and interdisciplinary challenges. We urge restraint in using end-to-end models in a true forecasting mode until we know more about their performance. End-to-end models will challenge the available data and our ability to analyze and interpret complicated models that generate complex behavior. End-to-end modeling is in its early developmental stages and thus presents an opportunity to establish an open-access, community-based approach supported by a suite of true interdisciplinary efforts.
Childbearing Intentions of HIV-Positive Women of Reproductive Age in Soweto, South Africa: The Influence of Expanding Access to HAART in an HIV Hyperendemic Setting
Authors: Kaida Angela , Laher Fatima , Strathdee Steffanie A. , Janssen Patricia A. , Money Deborah , Hogg Robert S. , Gray Glenda 
Published: April 2010

Objectives. We investigated whether the intention to have children varied according to HIV status and use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among women in Soweto, South Africa. Methods. We used survey data from 674 women aged 18 to 44 years recruited from the Perinatal HIV Research Unit in Soweto (May through December 2007); 217 were HIV-positive HAART users (median duration of use = 31 months; interquartile range = 28, 33), 215 were HIV-positive and HAART–naive, and 242 were HIV negative. Logistic regression models examined associations between HIV status, HAART use, and intention to have children. Results. Overall, 44% of women reported intent to have children, with significant variation by HIV status: 31% of HAART users, 29% of HAART-naive women, and 68% of HIV-negative women (P < .001). In adjusted models, HIV-positive women were nearly 60% less likely to report childbearing intentions compared with HIV-negative women (for HAART users, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.23, 0.69; for HAART-naive women, AOR = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.21, 0.60), with minimal differences according to use or duration of HAART. Conclusions. Integrated HIV, HAART, and reproductive health services must be provided to support the rights of all women to safely achieve their fertility goals.
US Pharmaceutical Innovation in an International Context
Authors: Keyhani Salomeh , Wang Steven , Hebert Paul , Carpenter Daniel , Anderson Gerard 
Published: April 2010

Objectives. We explored whether the United States, which does not regulate pharmaceutical prices, is responsible for the development of a disproportionate share of the new molecular entities (NMEs; a drug that does not contain an active moiety previously approved by the Food and Drug Administration) produced worldwide. Methods. We collected data on NMEs approved between 1992 and 2004 and assigned each NME to an inventor country. We examined the relation between the proportion of total NMEs developed in each country and the proportion of total prescription drug spending and gross domestic product (GDP) of each country represented. Results. The United States accounted for 42% of prescription drug spending and 40% of the total GDP among innovator countries and was responsible for the development of 43.7% of the NMEs. The United Kingdom, Switzerland, and a few other countries innovated proportionally more than their contribution to GDP or prescription drug spending, whereas Japan, South Korea, and a few other countries innovated less. Conclusions. Higher prescription drug spending in the United States does not disproportionately privilege domestic innovation, and many countries with drug price regulation were significant contributors to pharmaceutical innovation.