bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antihypertensive drugs and depression
Authors: Snaith R. P. , McCoubrie M. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISThe introduction of reserpine into western medical practice led to an outbreak of iatrogenic depression. It also stimulated research into the fundamental biochemical errors underlying depressive illness. In view of this historical incident it is surprising that other drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, especially those producing their therapeutic effects by a similar mechanism to reserpine, have not been more critically evaluated. This field of research calls for valid self-rating instruments in order to survey a large population. Using this method, it was found that there was no evidence of a relation between the administration of methyldopa or other drugs and depressive illness. These findings are an indication that adverse psychiatric effects of drugs for hypertension, and methyldopa in particular, may be less common than is sometimes supposed. It is concluded that the matter should be clarified by a careful prospective study.
Daily routines of pre-school children: effects of age, birth order, sex and social class, and developmental correlates
Authors: Lawson Annette , Ingleby J. D. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISChildren's daily activities and interactions were quantified from mothers' accounts of the preceding 24-hour period. These ‘diaries’ were obtained on three occasions from 54 families with two pre-school children. Effects of age, birth order, sex, and social class were found which support the findings of other studies: an inverted U-shaped relationship existed between the intensity of attention received and the child's intelligence and developmental quotients. A relatively high correlation between IQ and an affective measure of child care furnished further evidence that the differences in caretaking relevant to intellectual development are qualitative rather than quantitative ones.
A Comment On treatment analogues for phobic anxiety states
Authors: Olley Marjorie , McAllister Harry 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISMuch of the development of behavioural methods of treatment for phobic anxiety has relied on volunteer subjects participating in analogue studies investigating appropriate procedures. In this study a group of volunteer subjects with specific phobias is compared on psychometric tests with phobic patients and a normal control group. Results indicate significant differences between the volunteers and patients, in spite of the two groups sharing a common disabling symptom. The patients are distinguished by their high level of neuroticism, anxiety, and general psychiatric symptomology. Such differences raise difficulties of interpretation and indicate the need for caution in the extrapolation of analogue study results to the clinical situation.
Unit for Research on Addictive Drugs, University of Aberdeen
Authors: Kosterlitz H. W. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISThe Unit for Research on Addictive Drugs, University of Aberdeen, was established in October 1973 in order to facilitate the continuation and expansion of the research activities of the Department of Pharmacology in the field of narcotic analgesics when Professor H. W. Kosterlitz retired from the Chair of Pharmacology. The formation of the unit was made possible by the provision of sufficient laboratory and office space by the university, by the continuing support from the U.S. Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, and a new substantial grant from the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (Special Action Office of Drug Abuse Prevention), now provided by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Vocabulary deficit and abstraction impairment in hospitalized alcoholics
Authors: Draper Ronald J. , Manning Angela 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe use of a standard intelligence test for detecting cognitive impairment has been re-examined in a cohort of 506 hospitalized alcoholics. The value of Vocabulary scores as indicators of original intelligence was tested by formulating the hypothesis that Vocabulary scores would remain constant despite increasing degrees of alcohol-induced cerebral dysfunction. Subjects were assigned to non-dysfunctional, minimal, moderate and severe dysfunctional groups on the basis of psychometric testing and their Wechsler Vocabulary scores categorized as either ‘abstract’, ‘concrete’ or ‘wrong’. Significant linear deficits in Vocabulary score and loss of abstract ability correlated with increasing dysfunction, irrespective of age but with greater frequency in females.
How parent attitudes and emotional reactions affect their handicapped child's self-concept
Authors: Harvey David , Greenway Philip 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe parents of 24 physically handicapped children were grouped according to their responses to a Primary Mood Factors grid and comparisons were made with their children's responses to a self-concept scale. It was found that parents who were close together in their primary mood reactions had handicapped children who were more positive in self-esteem than those dyads who were divided in their primary mood reaction.
Self-assessment of health: an exploration of the effects of physical and psychological symptoms
Authors: Murray Joanna , Dunn Graham , Tarnopolsky Alex 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe clinician has no objective criteria of good health; he is likely to identify its presence only in the absence of disease and dysfunction. Yet the layman is able to give a global assessment of his own health as good, average or poor. The present paper explores the correlates of self-assessment of health in a large community sample and, by the use of two linear models, describes the effects of age, sex, reported symptoms, and long-standing illness on self-rated health status. It is suggested that global ratings are influenced by age and sex and by the experience of both physical and psychological symptoms, and that there are no interactive effects between symptoms and the demographic variables.
Limits of the ‘Mini-Mental State’ as a screening test for dementia and delirium among hospital patients
Authors: Anthony James C. , LeResche Linda , Niaz Unaiza , Von Korff Michael R. , Folstein Marshal F. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisWith a psychiatrist's standardized clinical diagnosis as the criterion, the ‘Mini-Mental State’ Examination (MMSE) was 87% sensitive and 82% specific in detecting dementia and delirium among hospital patients on a general medical ward. The false positive ratio was 39% and the false negative ratio was 5 %. All false positives had less than 9 years of education; many were 60 years of age or older. Performance on specific MMSE items was related to education or age. These findings confirm the MMSE's value as a screen instrument for dementia and delirium when later, more intensive diagnostic enquiry is possible; they reinforce earlier suggestions that the MMSE alone cannot yield a diagnosis for these conditions.
Prevalence rates for the neuroses: pitfalls in the evaluation of familiality
Authors: Carey Gregory , Gottesman Irving I. , Robins Eli 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA survey was made of studies reporting population prevalence rates for the different types of neurotic disorders in order to determine the utility of these rates for familial and genetic research. Rates varied considerably among studies both for all neuroses and for particular types of neuroses, even among studies using similar methods examining similar populations. The method of case ascertainment (personal interviewversusrecord searches) and the threshold for defining an individual as affected are important contributors to variation. The use of the published prevalence rates for quantifying familial and genetic effects on the neurotic disorders would be premature.
The structure of depression found in the general population
Authors: Cooke David J. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISPrincipal component analysis was applied to data relating to depressive experiences collected from a general population sample. The structure of depression found in the general population showed strong similarities to that found in the psychiatric population. There were, however, important differences. Four substantial syndromes of depression were identified: ‘anxiety depression’, ‘cognitive depression’, ‘vegetative depression’ and depression characterized by the classic endogenous triad of diurnal variations, early wakening, and weight loss. These syndromes were essentially independent for this sample. Examination of component score distributions suggested that people simultaneously experience differing degrees of each syndrome. It was concluded that depression was most parsimoniously classified in dimensional rather than categorical terms within this sample.
The treated prevalence of mental illness in the Republic of Ireland – the three county case register study
Authors: Walsh Dermot , O'Hare Aileen , Blake Bertram , Halpenny John V. , O'Brien Patrick F. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn-patient data show high rates for mental illness in the Republic of Ireland, particularly for schizophrenia. ‘One-day prevalence’ figures from the Three County psychiatric case register have been compared with similar data from the Camberwell register. The results confirm much higher contact rates in Ireland.
A schizophrenic subgroup: type A5
Authors: Kadobayashi Iwao , Haga Hiroshi , Fukui Yoshihisa , Kato Nobukatsu 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThis report concerns a group of schizophrenics whose visual evoked potential reduced in amplitude most markedly in A5 (averaged potential evoked by 1 Hz flashes which started 5 min after the addition test for 15 min). These patients in general had poor productive symptoms and progressed very slowly. Most of them were simple schizophrenics.
Failure of lithium treatment in established tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Mackay Angus V. P. , Sheppard Graham P. , Saha Bimal K. , Motley Brenda , Johnson Anthony L. , Marsden C. David 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISEleven patients with tardive dyskinesia were treated with lithium carbonate in a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. No significant effect of lithium on either tardive dyskinesia or blood prolactin concentrations was demonstrated, but 5 patients developed pseudo-Parkinsonian features.
‘A plastic power ministering to organisation’: interpretations of the mind–body relation in late nineteenth-century British psychiatry
Authors: Clark Michael J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisLate nineteenth-century medico-psychological approaches to the mind–body problem are discussed in relation to psychiatry's theoretical constitution as a distinct ‘mind–body’ science and practice, and to John Hughlings Jackson's ‘doctrine of concomitance’. Psychiatric ‘explanations’ of the mind–body relation are interpreted as expressions of psychiatry's independent professional interestsvis-à-visneurology and general medicine.
Adverse effects of anticholinergic medication on positive schizophrenic symptoms
Authors: Johnstone Eve C. , Crow Timothy J. , Ferrier I. Nicol , Frith Christopher D. , Owens David G. C. , Bourne Rachel C. , Gamble Stephen J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a series of 36 patients with acute schizophrenia flupenthixol dosage was blindly adjusted to give a fixed level of sedation. Patients were then randomly allocated to procyclidine or placebo. The patients receiving procyclidine experienced more positive schizophrenic symptoms and less severe extrapyramidal features by comparison with placebo patients. Blood levels of prolactin and flupenthixol estimated by radloimmunoassay were not significantly changed by the addition of procyclidine. Flupenthixol dosage and levels and prolactin levels were significantly related. There was no significant association between clinical and laboratory measures, with the exception that a curvilinear (inverted U) relationship was demonstrated between flupenthixol levels and antipsychotic and extrapyramidal effects. This relationship may be due to the fact that, in a study of this design, patients resistant to the effects of neuroleptic medication are likely to be given the highest doses. The findings support earlier claims that anticholinergic medication has adverse effects on schizophrenic symptoms.
Life events and psychiatric disorders Part 2: nature of causal link
Authors: Brown G. W. , Harris T. O. , Peto J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisMethods are first described for testing for and measuring the proportion involved in the causal link between life-events and psychiatric disorders; the paper then deals with the nature of the causal effect itself. A method is described (and developed mathematically in an appendix) which enables a choice to be made between a triggering effect in which events are seen as precipitating an illness that would probably have occurred before long for other reasons, and a formative effect in which life-events either substantially advance onset in time, or bring it about altogether. The method is used to demonstrate the presence of a formative effect in depressive and a triggering effect in schizophrenic disorders.
Social structure and the ecological distribution of mental illness, suicide, and delinquency
Authors: Bagley Christopher , Jacobson Solomon , Palmer Clare 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYData on serious psychiatric illness (900 cases), suicide (150 cases), indictable crime (1,300 cases), and child welfare problems (800 cases) in individuals living in Brighton have been collected. Rates of these behavioural pathologies have been calculated for 19 wards in the city, and correlated with data collected in the 1966 Census. Results show that the behavioural pathologies are strongly intercorrelated and are associated with in-migrant areas containing rooming houses of poor quality. These areas tend to be in the city centre. Rates of psychiatric illness, including diagnostic groups in different age and sex groups, have been calculated for 110 enumeration districts in the city, and these rates correlated with factor scores from the principal components analysis of 53 census variables. Complex patterning of the data has been demonstrated. The identification of small areas in the city with high rates of behavioural pathology in particular social settings is an important precursor of the establishment of special measures for prevention and treatment. An important area for future research is the establishment of causal patterns, and the investigation of the primary or secondary role of social conditions in the emergence of mental illness and other behavioural pathology.
Awareness of body dimensions in anorexia nervosa: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
Authors: Slade P. D. , Russell G. F. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPatients suffering from anorexia nervosa usually exhibit extreme concern over their physical size and weight. This tendency, noted by many observers, has been variously interpreted. However, few experimental studies of this phenomenon have been reported. In the present paper an objective technique for determining bodily perception is described, together with a series of studies involving investigation of bodily perception in anorexia nervosa. In the first study a group of anorexia nervosa patients was compared with a group of normal female controls, results showing that, unlike the controls, the patients exhibited marked overestimation of the width of their own body. Moreover, this tendency was found not to extend to perception of physical objects. The results of a second study showed that the overestimation of body width was less marked when the patients were required to gauge the size of a female model. In addition, they were found to be remarkably accurate in assessing physical height, both of themselves and of the model. A third study explored the effects of refeeding on the patients' tendency to see themselves as abnormally wide (and fat). The findings showed that this tendency decreased as patients put on weight. Moreover, the degree of overestimation of body width exhibited by patients was found to bear a relationship to their progress after discharge from hospital: when this persisted after weight gain, a subsequent relapse was more likely.
Unemployment and risk of minor psychiatric disorder in young people: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence
Authors: Banks M. H. , Jackson P. R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTwo age cohorts of young people were interviewed at times up to 2½ years after leaving school to investigate the association between unemployment and risk of minor psychiatric morbidity, as assessed by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), taking into account differences due to sex, ethnic group and educational qualifications. Cross-sectional data are presented on 2767 interviews. The psychometric properties of the GHQ justified the use of a total score. Although females had a higher risk of psychiatric morbidity, the strongest association was between unemployment and GHQ. The association between unemployment and GHQ scores was shown to be present after controlling for sex, ethnic group and educational qualification differences. Longitudinal analyses showed that the experience of unemployment was more likely to create increased symptoms, rather than the reverse.
Minor psychiatric morbidity and the threat of redundancy in a professional group
Authors: Jenkins Rachel , MacDonald Alastair , Murray Joanna , Strathdee Geraldine 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAfter the journalists of a national newspaper had been issued with redundancy notices, a prospective study was carried Out to examine the effect of the threat of their redundancy on minor psychiatric morbidity. Following the subsequent withdrawal of redundancy notices, there was considerable reduction in minor symptomatology, and the implications of this are discussed.
Psychotropic drug use in Northern Ireland 1966–80: prescribing trends, inter- and intra-regional comparisons and relationship to demographic and socioeconomic variables
Authors: King David J. , Griffiths Kathryn , Reilly Phillip M. , Merrett J. Desmond 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA study of psychotropic drug prescribing, derived from the computerized pricing data in Northern Ireland from 1966, showed that the use of these drugs reached a peak in 1975, when about 12·5% of the adult population were estimated to have been receiving them, and declined in the following 5 years. Benzodioazepines accounted for three-quarters of all psychotropic drugs prescribed in 1980. Benzodiazepine tranquillizer prescribing was consistently 20–30% higher than in the rest of the United Kindom, in contrast to hypnotic and antidepressant prescribing which has been consistently lower. The rate of increase in benzodiazepine tranquillizer prescribing was greater than in other European countries, but the level remains lower than in Iceland and Denmark. The influence of a number of demographic and socioeconomic variables was studied in an intra-regional analysis of the 1978 data for the 17 health districts in the province, using multivariate and multiple regression statistics. The prescribing of benzodiazepine hypnotics was almost entirely accounted for by the proportion of elderly (over 65 years) and women aged 45–59 years; neuroleptic prescribing was largely a function of factors associated with rural areas (overcrowding and unemployment) and the proportion of elderly; but neither tranquillizer, antidepressant, barbiturate hypnotic nor psychostimulant prescribing were satisfactorily explained by these variables.
The Disability Assessment Schedule: a brief screening device for use with the mentally retarded
Authors: Holmes Nan , Shah Amitta , Wing Lorna 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisVarious types of reliability measures were conducted on the Disability Assessment Schedule, a structured interview devised to elicit from parents or care staff details of impairments, skills and behaviour problems in mentally retarded children and adults. The results indicated high overall agreement when the schedule was repeated over time, and also when used by several trained interviewers to rate the same interview. Problems arising from the use of such interview schedules are discussed, and suggestions are made for improving the design and method of administration.
The development of a self-report questionnaire to identify social problems — a pilot study
Authors: Corney Roslyn H. , Clare Anthony W. , Fry John 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe construction of a short self-report questionnaire identifying social problems, difficulties and dissatisfactions is described. The questionnaire covers housing, occupation, finance, social and leisure activities, child—parent and marital relationships, relationships with relatives, friends, neighbours and workmates, and legal problems. Results of a preliminary testing in a general practice are provided and discussed, and plans for a more comprehensive assessment are outlined.
Changes on recovery in the concentrations of tryptophan and the biogenic amine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with affective illness
Authors: Ashcroft G. W. , Blackburn Ivy M. , Eccleston D. , Glen A. I. M. , Hartley W. , Kinloch Nancy E. , Lonergan Mary , Murray L. G. , Pullar I. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe concentration of the acid metabolites of dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) respectively, were estimated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from either unipolar or bipolar affective illness, both before and after recovery. Significantly low concentrations of HVA and 5-HIAA (P<0·01 and 0·05 respectively) were found in the unipolar depressed group and these did not return to normal on recovery. Depressed bipolar patients had levels within normal limits. In bipolar manic patients the HVA concentration fell on recovery to a level significantly lower (P<0·05) than controls. There was no difference in the levels of tryptophan in the CSF of any of the groups of patients nor was there any alteration on recovery. There was a high correlation between 5-HIAA and HVA in the same CSF. These findings are against the amine hypothesis which postulated in depression a lowered concentration of transmitter amine at synaptic junction.
Anxiety and the heart – a historical review
Authors: Skerritt Paul W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA review is presented of literature describing cardiovascular manifestations of anxiety until the end of the second World War. Clear observations of this important group of somatic anxiety symptoms have been made throughout history, although then, as now, the interpretation of these observations has varied according to the point of view and orientation of the writer. An understanding of the interrelationships between somatic and psychic symptoms of anxiety is particularly necessary now that certain specific symptomatic treatments are available.
Immunoglobulin allotypes Gm and Km in chronic schizophrenia: no apparent association
Authors: Propert David N. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe distribution of the immunoglobulin allotypic markers G1m(1), G1m(2), G1m(3), G3m(5) and Km(1) was determined in 168 hospitalized Caucasian chronic schizophrenic patients and compared with that in healthy controls. No association between Gm or Km phenotypes and chronic schizophrenia is apparent.
Neuroticism and well-being inventories: measuring traits or states?
Authors: Ormel J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisInventories designed to measure neuroticism are similar in form and content to inventories used to measure symptoms or subjective well-being. In addition, it is not clear to what extent traits as well as a person's present state explain the variance of such measures. Three inventories – the Neuroticism Scale from Wilde's Amsterdamse Biografische Vragenlijst, Bradburn's Affect Balance Scale and a Symptom Measure – were administered three times in order to study their reliability, stability and relation with psychosocial stress and life events. Major differences between inventories were not found. The results favoured the trait position.