bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of immobilization and subsequent lowand high‐intensity exercise on morphology of rat calf muscles
Authors: Kannus P. , Jozsa L. , Kvist M. , Järvinen T. , Järvinen M. 
Published: July 2010

After a cast immobilization of 3 weeks, the effects of 4‐week remobilization by free cage activity or treadmill running on the morphology of the rat soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were studied. The studied morphometric parameters were: percentage volume of intramuscular connective tissue, capillary density, muscle fiber size, number of fibers with a pathological structural alteration, and fiber type distribution.In both muscles, immobilization of 3 weeks produced a significant increase in the connective tissue volume and number of fibers with pathological alterations, with a similar decrease in the capillary number and fiber size. At the same time, the relative amount of type I fibers decreased and type IIA fibers increased. Free remobilization and especially intensified remobilization by treadmill running significantly restored these values towards controls.These findings indicate that in rat soleus and gastrocnemius muscles immobilization‐induced accumulation of intramuscular connective tissue, capillary loss, reduction in fiber size, accumulation of fibers with pathological structural alterations, and changes in fiber type distribution are to a great extent reversible phenomena, especially if remobilization is intensified by physical training. In clinical practice, this suggests that in patients with musculoskeletal injuries the postimmobilization rehabilitation should be early and effective.
Bone mineral assessments in the calcaneus after anterior cruciate ligament injury An investigation of 92 male patients before and two years after reconstruction or revision surgery
Authors: Kartus J. , Stener S. , Nilsén R. , Nilsson U. , Eriksson B. I. , Karlsson J. 
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to assess the Bone Mineral Areal mass (BMA) in the calcaneus of male patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury before and after reconstruction and to assess whether the BMA ratio or the BMA of the injured and uninjured side correlated with the level of activity, functional performance or the time period between the injury and the reconstruction.Ninety‐two male patients with unilateral ACL injury were included in the study. The BMA was analysed immediately prior to surgery: a median of 11 (2–192) months after the injury in 30 patients aged 26 (15–41) years scheduled for primary ACL reconstruction (Group A). Forty‐nine patients aged 29 (18–49) years had their BMA analysed a median of 24 (23–29) months after the primary ACL reconstruction (Group B). Thirteen patients aged 27 (21–39) years had their BMA analysed a median of 24 (20–45) months after ACL revision surgery (Group C). The median BMA ratio (injured side/uninjured side) was 96 (88–105)% in Group A, 96 (86–118)% in Group B and 95 (83–111)% in Group C. In all three groups, the median BMA value in the calcaneus was significantly lower on the injured side compared with the uninjured side (p=0.001, p=0.0003, p=0.01 in Groups A, B and C, respectively). The time period between the injury and the reconstruction neither correlated with the BMA ratio nor the BMA of the injured or the uninjured side in Group A. The level of activity as measured by the Tegner activity level and the functional performance as measured by the one‐leg‐hop quotient did not correlate with the BMA ratio in any of the groups. In the 49 patients with a primary ACL reconstruction (Group B), the post‐operative Tegner activity level correlated with the BMA, on both the injured and uninjured side (P=0.0003, P=0.0005, respectively), when the BMA was assessed two years after the index operation.Male patients with unilateral ACL injury had a significantly lower BMA in the calcaneus on the injured side compared with the uninjured side before primary reconstruction, two years after primary reconstruction and two years after revision surgery. The time period between the injury and the index operation did not correlate with the BMA. A high level of activity correlated with the BMA on both the injured and the uninjured side two years after primary reconstruction.
LES PLANS CONJOINTS AU QUÉBEC*
Authors: Montigaud J.C 
Published: July 2010

Cette bréve étude se propose ďanalyser ľun des outils de la politique agricole du Québec, à savoir les plans conjoints. Après avoir décrit les principals étapes institutionnelles qui ont conduit à l'élaboration de cet instrument, nous avons essayé de mesurer ses répercussions sur les prix, les quantités et le nombre de producteurs. Bien que les statistiques existantes soient sujettes à caution, il semble que les résultats ne correspondent pas aux espoirs attendus, notamment en matière de prix. Dans ces conditions, il nous a paru nécessaire de discuter 1'outil utilisé, de mettre en relief ses insuffisances et de proposer si possible quelques améliorations.MARKETING BOARDS IN QUEBEC ‐ “Agricultural product prices in constant dollars in the province of Quebec have been declining in 1967 compared to 1959.”“The beneficial influence of marketing boards on average price received for agricultural products has been far less beneficial than is commonly believed.”“Marketing Boards are restricted geographically within the confines of specific regions of provinces, and further restricted through a lack of competent administrators in sufficient numbers.”“Additionally, the existing antagonism in Quebec between cooperatives and marketing boards too often results in compromise solutions prejudicial to both groups”.In simple language, the author evaluates agricultural product marketing boards in Quebec. Within a few pages the author questions marketing boards as a tool for real price maintenance of agricultural products; reviews the inability of boards to ‘impose’ prices on consumers because they also represent consumers; discusses government policy intervention in marketing boards and analyses the limited power of boards‐essentially that of price negotiation with little economic power to act as monopolistic vendors.The author also makes suggestions for improving the operation of marketing boards. To be fully effective a board's power of negotiation must be accompanied by effective means of influencing costs of transportation and of purchased inputs, as well as efficiency of farm operation. The alternatives suggested are either that existing arrangements will persist or that an environment will be able to develop in which institutions can grow and work toward improving agriculture without the need for periodic crisis management by legislation.
Economic Guidelines for Land and Water Resource use in Agriculture*
Authors: Manning Travis W. 
Published: July 2010

This paper presents conceptual and some empirical information concerning natural resource use and demand for natural resources in Canada. The framework for land and water use establishes the predominance of a varying array of factors in decisions on land as compared with water use. In both cases, however, a need is seen for new efforts in studying recreational demands for natural resources and for further study and efforts devoted to preserving and improving the natural environment. LIGNES ÉCONOMIQUES DIRECTRICES SUR L'EMPLOI DES TERRES ET DE L'EAU EN AGRICULTURE–Ce mémoire présente des renseignements conceptuels et parfois empiriques sur l'utilisation et la demande des ressources naturelles au Canada. La structure pour l'emploi dés terres et de l'eau établit la prédominance d'une gamme variée de facteurs dans les décisions concernant l'utilisation des terres par rapport à l'emploi de l'eau. Dans les deux cas, toutefois, on prévoit un besoin de nouveaux efforts vers létude des demandes récréative en ressources naturelles et d'etudes et d'efforts plus approfondis consacrés à la préservation et l'amélioration de Vambiance naturelle.
ANOTHER LOOK AT ECONOMIES OF SIZE IN CATTLE FEEDING*
Authors: Johnson Ralph D. 
Published: July 2010

This article is an outgrowth of a study that failed to find any economies of size in total cost of feeding cattle. It examines a number of cattle feeding studies that reportedly found economies of size and explains why the author is not willing to accept their findings. This article is not concerned with the external economies of size that may or may not exist in cattle feedingCet article est le résultat ďune recherche qui n'a pas réussit à trouver de grands économics dans le prix total de ľengraissement de bétail. II examine un certain nombre ďétude sur ľengraissement de bétail que rapporterent (dit‐on) de grands economies el il explique aussi pourquoi ľauleur n'est pas prêt à accepter leurs conclusions. Cet article ne se concerne pas avec les economies de grandeur extérieur quipeuvent ou nepeuventpas exister dans ľengraissement du bétail.
CONSTITUTIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS IN AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL POLICY*
Authors: Richter Joseph J. 
Published: July 2010

When men are committed to technology they are also committed to continual change in institutions and customs [8, p. 72].Nowhere does the fervor for this arcadian age reach such a crescendo as it does with the odes that are dedicated to the whooping crane of the American economic scene, the ‘family farm’ [6, p. 171].
LAND VALUATION FOR TAX ASSESSMENT AND LAND USE PLANNING–THE SEARCH FOR AND USE OF APPROPRIATE MEASURES*
Authors: van Vuuren W. 
Published: July 2010

This article examines the conceptual problems of measuring agricultural land values for taxation purposes and for land use planning. It is shown that prevailing market prices are often deficient. One alternative method of measuring these values is by means of the soil productivity points currently used by the Ministry of Revenue in Ontario. It is shown that the foundations on which this method is based are weak, and that many problems arise in attributing a dollar value to these points. Finally, a shadow pricing technique is suggested. It has its weaknesses in land assessment for taxation, but it has great merit in evaluating land for land use planning.Cet article étudie les problémes possibles qui se présentent dans l'évaluation des terres agricoles pour les fins de l'im pôt et de la planification de leur utilisation. L' article indique que les prix courant ne reflètent pas la valeur réelle de ces terres. Le Ministère tin Revenu de l'Ontario propose line autre méthode de valorisation: cette d' évaleur le terrain selon sa produclivilé. L' article démontre que les raisons sur lesquelles cette methode est fondée sont faibles et que de nombreux problèmes surgissent lors de l'attribution d'une valuer monétaire à ces points d'évaltialion. Enfin, on suggère tine technique utilisant les “shadow prices', qui a des faiblesses quand il s'agit ďévaleur les terrains pour raison d'impot mais qui a de grands mérites pour leur évaluation en rue de la planification de leur utilisation.
The Use of an Innovation Possibility Frontier to Evaluate an Applied Animal Breeding Research Project
Authors: Klein K.K. , Kehrberg E.W. 
Published: July 2010

This study was designed to develop and illustrate a method for evaluating individual applied research projects in agriculture. Since the individual entrepreneur must apply research results before society can benefit, a framework for project evaluation must be developed on the basis of opportunities facing him. Such a framework would permit researchers and research administrators to make sound decisions in planning, conducting, and directing their research.A partially completed animal breeding research project was chosen to illustrate this evaluation technique. Average cost disadvantages for various crossbreeds under different input price scenarios were computed. The sensitivity of the evaluation results to tentative data was assessed.This methodology provided encouraging results and could be employed by research teams. A researcher's prior knowledge can be incorporated to determine research areas where a higher payoff could be expected. Equally, research projects can be monitored periodically to estimate their progress toward economic goals.L'objectif de cette étude était de développer et d'illuslrer une méthode pour l'évaluation de projets de recherche appliquée en agriculture.Puisque chaque entrepreneur doit appliquer des résultats de recherche avam que la société ne puisse en bénéficier, il est nécessaire de mettre au point pour l'évaluation de tels projets. un cadre d'analyse se référant aux conditions auxquelles il est confronté. Un tel cadre d'analyse permettrait aux chercheurs et aux administrateurs de recherche d'effectuer de meilleures décisions dans la planification, l'exécution el I'adminislration de leurs recherches.Un project d'élevage sur le point d'être complété a été retenu pour illustrer cette technique d'évaluation. On a calculé le coût moyen des penes pour divers croisements selon différentes hypothèses sur le prix des intrants. La sensibilité des résultats aux données préliminaires a étéévaluée.Cette méthode a donné des résultats encourageants et pourrait être utilisée par des équipes de recherche. Les connaissances dun chercheur peuvent être utilisées pour déterminer les domaines de recherche qui présentent le plus grand intérêt. De plus, on peut contrôler périodiquement les projets de recherche afin d'apprécier leur progression vers des objectifs économiques.
The Function of the CAES Workshop: Past Performance and Suggestions for the Future
Authors: Sinclair Sol 
Published: July 2010

During the quarter century that the CAES workshop has existed, it has provided agricultural economists with the opportunity to test views in open discussion and group thinking sessions. It has largely met its originally objectives, namely to provide an opportunity for intensive study of current problems, to initiate research in various areas, and to make the results of such specialized study available to a wider audience.The workshop has been most successful when it provided discussion of a current topic of interest to the agricultural industry or professionals, was held in a location conducive to study, was held separately from any other conference, provided a readable Proceedings, and allowed sufficient time for full discussion of the topic. Recent trends to shorter meetings and to papers that read like journal articles have somewhat diminished the workshop's effectiveness, however.L'atelier de S.C.E.R. depuis sa création, il y a 25 ans, donne aux économistes agricoles /'occasion de confronter lews opinions lors de débats ouverts et de séminaires de réflexion. II a atteint en grande partie ses objectifs initiaux, à savoir: permettre d'étudier intensément des problèmes actuels, instaurer la recherche dans des secteurs variés, faire parvenir à un plus vaste auditoire les résultats de telles études spéciatisées.L'atelier a été des plus réussis lorsqu'il a permis de disculerd'un sujet actuel qui touchait les professionnels ou I'industrie de l'agriculture, qu'il s'est tenu dans des locaux favorables a l'étude et indépendamment de toute autre conférence, qu'il a fourni des Proceedings lisibles, enfin qu'il a alloué suffisamment de temps pour discuter pleinement d'un sujet. Pourtant, les tendances récemes à tenir des réunions plus courtes el à avoir des communications qui abusenl de termes hautement spécialisés onl quelque peu émoussé l'efficacité de l'atelier.
Rural Farmer Productivity in the Tropics: The Nigerian Experience
Authors: Ngambeki D. S. , Ikpi A. E. 
Published: July 2010

The dilemma posed by the poverty and low agricultural productivity of rural farmers in tropical countries in spite of generous natural resource endowments has continuously baffled their agricultural policy makers. This paper contends that this perplexing situation has been due primarily to the omission of a crucial determinant —producer's health capital — in the usual agricultural development models applied to these countries. This contention is analyzed through a deterministic model designed to relate rural farmers' health and the quality and level of nutrition to physical work output, farm work efficiency and rural farming profitability. To account for the full effects of all nutritional variables without encountering problems of multicollinearity and model mis‐specification, principal component analysis is used to transform these variables into a single proxy which is linearly independent of the original variables but which adequately represents them and retains their effects in the analysis. The results are presented in four tables and show, among other things, that there is an asymmetric response inform profits with respect to being ill vis‐à‐vis being healthy because of the quality of nutrition, so that rural farmers lose farm profits much faster during sickness than they can make these profits during healthy days. La pauvreté el la faible productivité agricole des paysans dans les pays tropicaux, bien que ces derniers soient riches en ressources naturelles, sont des dilemmes qui n'ont cessé de déconcerter les responsables en politique agricole. Cette communication affirme que cette situation déconcertante est causée avant tout par le fait qu'on néglige un determinant crucial (le capital que represénte la santé des producteurs) dans les schemas de d'eveloppement agricole que l'on applique à ces mèmes pays.Cette thèse est analysée au moyen d'un modè le dèterministe qui met en relation la santè des paysans, la qualité et le niveau de leur alimentation avec leur rendement physique, la productivité et la rentabililé agricoles. Pour expliquer pleinemenl tous les effets des variables nutritionnelles sans se heurter aux probfemes de multicolinearité et d'erreurs de spécification dans le modele, on utilise l'analyse des composantes principalespour transformer ces variables en un seul substitut; ce dernier est lineairement indepéndant des variables originelles, mais les représente adéquatement et maintient leurs effets dans l'analyse. Les résultats apparaissent dans quatre tableaux et montrent, entre autres, une réponse asymétrique dans les profits agricoles suivant l'ét at de santé des paysans et la qualité de leur alimentation; un paysan malade perd ses profits agricoles plus vite qu'il les acquiert quand il est bien portant.
Improvements to Market Efficiency through the Operation of the Alberta Pork Producers' Marketing Board
Authors: Leavitt S. , Hawkins M. , Veeman M. 
Published: July 2010

This study evaluates the market performance of the Alberta Pork Producers' Marketing Boar J since it became the single selling agency for hogs in Alberta in 1969. Concepts of pricing and operational efficiency are applied, and comparisons made with Winnipeg, Toronto, and the average of seven U.S. markets. The effect of market information on operational and pricing efficiency is also assessed. Cost reductions in the hog marketing system are used to assess operational efficiency. Cost savings are documented and attributed to the Producers' Hog Indemnity Fund, the assembly yard system, the hog allocation system, the “cheque float mechanism.” and the hog settlement procedure. Pricing efficiency is evaluated using graphic. statistical and econometric methods. Results from these techniques are compared, among market areas, during various time periods representing policy changes by the board. The major conclusions from this study are that the board's selling and market information procedures have improved operational efficiency. However, a firm conclusion concerning pricing efficiency cannot be made because of mixed evidence. It is recommended that other commodity interests could benefit from becoming involved in co‐operative selling through a single selling agency. Cette étude a évalu'e le succés du marché de la régie albertaine de mise en marché du pore. Depuis 1969, e'est ia seule agence de venle des produits du pore en Alberta. Les auteurs considered ľefficacité de la détermination desprix et des operations et comparenl les marchés de Winnipeg, Toronto et une moyenne de sept marchés américains. ľinformation disponible sur le marché a étéévaluée aussi afin de déterminer son effet sur ľefficacité operalionnelle ainsi que ľefficacité du mécanisme des prix. Les conclusions principales de cette étude sont que les procédures de vente et ďapprovisionnemenl de ľinformation sur le marché ont amélioréľefficacité operalionnelle de la régie. Cependant, à cause ďévidence mixte, une conclusion definitive concernant ľefficacité due mécanisme des prix ne peut pas étre formulée. Les auteurs recommandent que les producteurs ďautres produits de base pourraient profiler ďune participation dans la vente co‐opérative par une agence unique de vente.
An Analysis of Dynamic Economic Relationships: An Application to the U.S. Hog Market
Authors: Bessler David A. 
Published: July 2010

Recent advances in multiple time‐series analysis are discussed and applied to data from the U.S. hog market. Vector‐autoregressive and moving‐average representations are derived and interpreted with respect to implied dynamic relationships among the variables.Desprogrès récents dans l'analyse des séries temporelles multiples sont présentes el utilisés pour l'analyse des données sur le marché porcin aux Etats‐ Unis. Deux representations, la premiere vectorielle el autoregressive et la seconde moyennes mobiles, sont dérivées et interpretées selon les relations dynamiques implicites des variables.
Economic Analysis of the Western Grain Stabilization Program
Authors: Spriggs John 
Published: July 2010

The author gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance provided by the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. However, the ideas expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool.SummaryOn the basis of the assumptions laid out in section 2.2, the current program is projected to pay out over the prospective five‐year simulation period an amount approximately equal to what it takes in. In determining the payouts, the introduction of the new trigger mechanism is expected to make a significant, but not overwhelming contribution. Over the prospective five‐year period, the current program is expected to be actuarially sound.The first proposed change to the current program is the adjustment of income and expenses for inflation. Such a change appears to generate much larger payouts than the current program, and to have a greater stabilization potential than the current program. However, such payouts could not be sustained by the fund as it presently operates, and it is expected that the fund would be rendered actuarially unsound. After five years, the probability of the fund being in a deficit is 93 percent. The point projection of this deficit is about $1 billion.The second proposed change is the reduction in the number of years for averaging, from five down to three. This change appears to generate a slightly larger total payout over the simulation period. In addition, it does not appear to impact significantly on the program's actuarial soundness. The one significant feature of this change is that it appears to diminish the program's stabilization potential.The third proposed change is the incorporation of debt interest as an expense in the determination of payouts. This change appears to generate a modestly higher total payout. Nonetheless, the fund is still expected to be actuarially sound at the end of the period, and the probability of a deficit is only 19 percent. The significant feature of this change is that the stabilization potential of the program would be enhanced.