bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histologic Evaluation of Periodontal Implants in a Biologically “Closed” Model
Authors: Bye Fred L. , Krause Michael E. , Regezi Joseph A. , Caffesse Raul G. 
Published: March 2012

To study the biologic response, three commercial calcium phosphate implant materials (Calcitite®, Periograf®, Synthograft®) were implanted in cuspid root “windows” in four beagle dogs. No implant material was placed in the fourth cuspid window which served as a control. Following mucoperiosteal flap elevation, windows were chiseled in bone to the root surface which allowed implant particles to contact bone, fibrous connective tissue, cementum and dentin without exposure to the oral environment. Animals were sacrificed after 1,3,5 and 6 months.Histologically, all implant materials were well tolerated. At 1 month, implant particles were surrounded by fibrous tissue. Fibrous tissues filled the control defect. At 3 months, implant sites exhibited partial bony repair with connective tissue surrounding implant particles. A ring of osteoid surrounded Synthograft particles. Control defect repair was complete. At 5 and 6 months, implant sites exhibited advanced, though incomplete, bony repair. New bone encompassed the Synthograft particles. It was concluded: 1) Control sites healed most rapidly. 2) Calcitite and Periograft were well tolerated space occupiers. 3) Synthograft was a nidus for bone deposition.
Reliability of Attachment Level Measurements Using the Cementoenamel Junction and a Plastic Stent
Authors: Clark D. Christopher , Quee T. Chin , Bergeron M. J. , Chan E. C. S. , Lautar‐Lemay C. , de Gruchy K. 
Published: March 2012

Repeated measurements of attachment level appear to be important assessments in periodontal clinical trials, yet the lack of reliability for this assessment creates measurement error which in turn demands increased sample sizes or reduces the power of the test. A plastic occlusal stent has been developed as a fixed reference point to assess changes in probing depths over time and thus reflect differences in attachment levels. The advantages of this system over traditional methods have not been measured. The purpose of this study was to determine intra‐ and interexaminer reliability for probing depths from the stent and the CEJ.Paired measurements of attachment level using the stent produced correlation coefficients for inter‐ and intraexaminer readings of 0.84 and 0.76, respectively. For subgingival cementoenamel (CEJ) measurements, lower coefficients of 0.71 and 0.59 were found for inter‐ and intraexaminer paired readings, respectively. Thus, measurements using the stent appear to be more reliable than subgingival CEJ readings.
Trypsin‐Like Activity in Subgingival Plaque
Authors: Loesche W. J. , Syed S. A. , Stoll J. 
Published: March 2012

Taxonomic screening of subgingival plaque organisms with various enzyme assays have shown that Treponema denticela, Bacteroides gingivalis and an unspeciated Capnocytophaga species possess a trypsin‐like enzyme (TLE) that can be detected by the hydrolysis of N‐benzoyl‐DL‐arginine‐2‐naphthylamide (BANA). As these organisms can be considered to be periodontopathic, it was of interest to determine whether this BANA hydrolyzing enzyme could be detected directly in subgingival plaque samples. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from single sites of known pocket depth, and after dispersal by vortexing, aliquots were incubated overnight with BANA and were counted microscopically. The color reactions were developed with fast garnet, read by the eye and classified as positive (red to red‐orange), negative (yellow) and questionable. In the BANA‐positive plaques, the spirochetes averaged 43% of the microscopic count, whereas in the BANA negative plaques the spirochetes averaged 8% of the microscopic count. The average pocket depth of BANApositive plaques was 6.7 mm, whereas the average pocket depth of BANA‐negative plaques was 4.5 mm. When both of these parameters were combined, the presence of a positive BANA reaction was usually indicative of subgingival plaques containing >34% spirochetes removed from sites that had probing depths of 7 mm or more. Seventy‐one per cent of the plaques removed from untreated periodontal patients were BANA‐positive, while only 8% of the plaques removed from successfully treated patients seen at maintenance recall visits were BANA‐positive.These data indicate that the ability of subgingival plaque to hydrolyze BANA is a reliable marker for the presence of high proportions of spirochetes in the plaque sample and possibly could be used clinically to identify those sites and/or individuals who might require treatment to reduce this spirochetal overgrowth.
Salt and Peroxide Compared with Conventional Oral Hygiene: II. Microbial Results
Authors: Wolff Larry F. , Pihlstrom Bruce L. , Bakdash M. Bashar , Schaffer Erwin M. , Jensen James R. , Aeppli Dorothee M. , Bandt Carl L. 
Published: March 2012

This study was designed to investigate the effect of conventional oral hygiene (n = 116 subjects) versus a salt and peroxide oral hygiene regimen (n = 115 subjects) on subgingival microorganisms. Subgingival plaque for microscopic evaluation was obtained from eight index tooth sites in each of 231 adult subjects. Microbial forms were microscopically identified at baseline, 8, 16, and 24 months.For both oral hygiene groups, cocci were increased (P < 0.05) and motile rods were decreased (P < 0.05) at 8 months and returned to baseline by 16 months. Spirochetes were decreased (P < 0.05) and remained low through 24 months in both oral hygiene groups. The frequency of agreement between clinical (bleeding) and microbial (>15% spirochetes or motile rods or >20% spirochetes + motile rods) criteria for instrumentation was 59.8%. It was also found that fewer total instrumentations for test subjects were observed when microbiological criteria were used as compared with clinical criteria. The greater number of instrumentations based on clinical criteria was highly significant (P < 0.001). A significant change in microbial signs associated with periodontal disease may be obtained with either a conventional oral hygiene or a salt and peroxide oral hygiene home care regimen.
Clinical Evaluation of Porous and Nonporous Hydroxyapatite in the Treatment of Human Periodontal Bony Defects
Authors: Krejci Charlene B. , Bissada Nabil F. , Farah Constantin , Greenwell Henry 
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a synthetic nonporous hydroxyapatite graft material (OrthoMatrix® HA‐500), a porous replamineform hydroxyapatite graft material (Interpore® 200), and a debrided control with respect to defect fill. Twelve adult patients having periodontitis and three similar angular osseous defects as verified by radiographic analysis and clinical probe depths ≥5 mm were selected. Clinical parameters gathered prior to surgical intervention and at identified postoperative visits included plaque index, probing depth, and standardized radiographic examination. Customized acrylic stents were used as fixed reference guides for the insertion of endodontic silver points to the base of each defect during both initial and 6‐month reentry surgeries. A total of 36 defects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment modalities such that 12 defects received OrthoMatrix HA‐500, 12 received Interpore 200, and 12 served as debrided controls.Comparison of nonporous hydroxyapatite, porous replamineform hydroxyapatite, and debrided control treatment modalities revealed a statistically significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the mean per cent of defect resolved in only those sites treated with nonporous hydroxyapatite. Similar positive trends were seen in the sites treated with nonporous hydroxyapatite for mean reentry defect depth and mean defect fill although these were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). No other significant differences were noted.
Tissue Localization of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in Human Periodontitis
Authors: Christersson Lars A. , Wikesjö Ulf M.E. , Albini Boris , Zambon Joseph J. , Genco Robert J. 
Published: March 2012

Recent immunohistological studies have suggested that Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is present in the gingival tissues in juvenile periodontitis lesions. The present study examined tissue bound A. actinomycetemcomitans by bacterial culture and immunohistological demonstration of antigen in tissue. A total of 14 periodontitis lesions were examined. Eleven biopsies were obtained from gingiva adjacent to A. actinomycetemcomitans infected pockets, while the remaining three control biopsies were obtained from gingiva adjacent to pockets where subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans infection could not be detected. Each biopsy was hemisected, one half was used for immunofluorescence microscopic examination while the other half was processed for culture of A. actinomycetemcomitans. The latter section was surface‐disinfected, repeatedly washed and then minced to release bacteria from within the tissues. Aliquots from the serial washings and the minced tissue suspension were cultured on medium selective for A. actinomycetemcomitans.Surface disinfection and serial washings gradually decreased cultivable A. actinomycetemcomitans in the washing aliquots. Following tissue disruption, an increase in colony‐forming units of A. actinomycetemcomitans was seen from eight of the 11 test biopsies. This bacterium could not be detected in washings or minced tissue suspensions from the control biopsies obtained from lesions in which subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans was previously not detected. A positive correlation was seen between the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans antigens in the gingival biopsies and; (1) A. actinomycetemcomitans colony‐forming units released from the minced tissues (r = 0.90, p = 0.000), as well as; (2) the colony‐forming units from the periodontal pocket (r = 0.62, P = 0.017).The results indicate that viable A. actinomycetemcomitans is commonly present in the gingiva associated with periodontal pockets harboring this bacterium.
The Role of Adjunctive Rodogyl Therapy in the Treatment of Advanced Periodontal Disease
Authors: Quee Trevor Chin , Chan E.C.S. , Clark C. , Lautar‐Lemay C. , Bergeron M.‐J. , Bourgouin J. , Stamm J. 
Published: March 2012

Several studies have indicated that the combination of metronidazole and spiramycin is synergistic against anaerobic bacteria and may be effective against oral infections. The present study sought to determine the efficacy and safety of a commercial preparation of these two antibiotics (Rodogyl) when used adjunctively in the treatment of advanced periodontal disease. In a double‐blind parallel randomized trial, 56 patients (mean age = 44 years) with advanced periodontitis (50 of whom completed the study) were assigned to either the Rodogyl or placebo group. Both groups were thoroughly scaled and root planed for approximately 6 hours, with one group receiving Rodogyl for 2 weeks and the other a placebo. No other therapy was received during the study period.Two sites in each patient with probing depths of at least 7 mm were selected for study. Plaque level (PlI), gingival inflammation (GI), probing depth (PD), and attachment level (AL) were measured at baseline, 14 days, 1 month, and then at monthly intervals up to 6 months. Subgingival bacteria were monitored with dark‐field microscopy. The development of resistant bacteria, as well as side effects to the medications, was also monitored.The Rodogyl group exhibited a greater gain in AL (0.67 mm) from the 2‐month interval until the end of the study. Although this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), it was not necessarily of biologic significance. There was a significantly greater decline in the proportion of spirochetes in the Rodogyl group at the 14‐day interval, and this difference remained significant (P < 0.05) at all study intervals. No difference in the proportion of motile organisms was observed. At the 6‐month interval, there were no significant differences in resistant bacteria. Diarrhea was recorded in 8% of the subjects in the Rodogyl Group.The adjunctive use of Rodogyl in the therapy of advanced periodontitis resulted in a significant increase in attachment level as well as a significant decrease in the proportion of spirochetes, and both of these changes were sustained until the end of the study.
Periodontally Diseased Vs. Normal Roots as Evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Probe Analysis
Authors: Barton Nancy S. , Van Swol Ronald L. 
Published: March 2012

A scanning electron microscope and electron probe study was carried out to compare root structure from deep within periodontal pockets with roots exhibiting no periodontal disease. To eliminate the possibility of extraneous ion introduction or deletion, no attempt was made to subject the roots to fixation, embedding, or dehydration prior to sectioning and viewing in the electron microscope.Mineral content and concentration were determined with an electron probe on two specimens per tooth. On one specimen, only the external cementai surface was analyzed. On an adjacent cross section, readings were taken from the surface and at incremental depths into the root. A nonparametric statistical analysis compared diseased with nondiseased roots.The following conclusions can be drawn from the study: (1) Consistent and repeatable qualitative electron probe analyses can be performed on human teeth with minimal specimen preparation. This gives a more accurate assessment, since the integrity of the crystalline structure is not disrupted. (2) Minerals consistently found were P, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mg and Na. They were in similar concentrations throughout the area analyzed. (3) Mg and Cu showed higher values in the nondiseased teeth. (4) There were no differences in concentrations for Ca, P, Zn, and Na between roots exposed to a periodontal pocket and nondiseased roots.
The Effect of Supracrestal Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramic‐Microfibrillar Collagen Grafting on Postsurgical Soft Tissue Levels
Authors: Blumenthal Neil M. 
Published: March 2012

In this clinical study, a combined tricalcium phosphate ceramic (TCP) microfibrillar collagen supracrestal graft was used in conjunction with pocket elimination surgery as a soft tissue space filler to maintain marginal and interproximal tissue heights. Fifteen volunteer adult patients (8 male, 7 female) aged 37 to 48 years were selected. Standardized clinical probing measurements were used to evaluate soft tissue recession, clinical attachment, and probing pocket depths. Intraoral photographs and radiographs supplemented documentation. Twenty‐five paired test and control sites were evaluated. Following flap surgery and minor osteoplasty, test defects received supracrestal grafts of TCP microfibrillar collagen prior to flap closure. Intrabony defects were excluded. Treatment modalities were compared by analyzing changes in clinical probing measurements over four months using the students t test for paired samples at the 0.01 level of significance.Supracrestal grafting resulted in 16.74% less soft tissue recession than the control sites. In addition, there was a significant gain in clinical attachment levels compared with the controls. All implanted sites demonstrated an advantage in the use of supracrestal TCP‐collagen grafts compared with the controls. This treatment modality may have value in reducing esthetic deformities, food impaction areas, and root exposure that often occur following periodontal surgery.
The Relationship of Interradicular Width and Alveolar Bone Loss
Authors: Heins Paul J. , Thomas Ronald G. , Newton Janetta W. 
Published: March 2012

Contrasting data exist on the relationship between interproximal width and loss of marginal bone in a Periodontitis susceptible population. Reports of clinical observations suggest that the prognosis of teeth with minimal interradicular width should be downgraded in periodontal patients. Others indicate a higher prevalence of intrabony lesions in wider interproximal spaces. Radiographs of 114 adult patients with evidence of bone loss consistent with Periodontitis were examined. Measurements of interradicular width and the location of the bone margin from the cementoenamel junction were made at 811 interproximal sites using an optical digitizer at 3x magnification. The relationship between bone loss and interradicular width was investigated.The results indicate that as the interradicular width increases, the interproximal bone margin tends to be in a more apical location. No findings supported the contention that bone in a narrow interradicular space is at greater risk in patients who have had Periodontitis.
Distributions of Periodontal Attachment Levels
Authors: Cohen Mark E. , Ralls Stephen A. 
Published: March 2012

Distributions of periodontal attachment levels at probing sites within patients have traditionally been used in clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. Progression from mild to moderate to severe disease is generally associated with increasing magnitudes of attachment loss at greater percentages of sites.Recent analyses of distributions of periodontal attachment levels have suggested three general patterns of loss defined by: (1) loss at less than about one third of all sites, (2) more widespread disease with multiple peaks and (3) normally distributed loss with virtually all sites being affected. In attempting to simulate these three patterns using a model based on the burst theory of periodontal attachment loss, divergent assumptions about burst magnitude, frequency, and possible local immunity were required. These findings were used to support the hypothesis that distinctly different disease processes are associated with the different patterns of attachment level.In the present investigation an alternative model was developed which was theoretically consistent with the view that the three patterns reflect arbitrary stages in a continuous disease “aging” process. Simple assumptions concerning attachment loss probabilities and rates enabled the generation of attachment level distributions that matched all three patterns previously attributed to separate disease processes, depending only upon the duration of the process.
Clinical and Microbiologic Effects of Local Tetracycline Irrigation on Periodontitis
Authors: Silverstein Lee , Bissada Nabil , Manouchehr‐Pour M. , Greenwell Henry 
Published: March 2012

This investigation was conducted on seven individuals referred for treatment of moderate adult periodontitis. Twenty‐eight sites with an average probing depth of 5.6 ± 0.9 mm were evaluated. One tooth per jaw quadrant was randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments: (I) no treatment, i.e., control; (II) saline irrigation; (III) tetracycline irrigation and (IV) scaling and root planing (SC/RP).A plaque control program was instituted one week prior to the experimental period and reinforced throughout the eight‐week study. Irrigation was performed every 48 hours during the first two weeks of the experiment for Groups II and III, and the single treatment of SC/RP was carried out immediately following the baseline examination for Group IV. Clinical and microbiologic changes were monitored every two weeks using plaque and gingival indices, gingival fluid flow, probing depths, bleeding on probing and dark‐field microscopic examination of the subgingival microbial flora.The tetracycline and SC/RP treatment modalities resulted in statistically significant clinical and microbiological improvements when compared with the control. Tetracycline irrigation alone and SC/RP alone had a similar effect in changing the subgingival microflora from one associated with disease to one associated with health. Thus, these treatment modalities are effective methods of producing statistically significant alterations in the subgingival microflora. The property of substantivity may contribute to the sustained duration of the effect of locally delivered tetracycline.
A Longitudinal Study Comparing Scaling, Osseous Surgery and Modified Widman Procedures
Authors: Becker William , Becker Burton E. , Ochsenbein Clifford , Kerry Gloria , Caffesse Raul , Morrison Edith C. , Prichard John 
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare, longitudinally, the effectiveness of scaling and root planing, osseous surgery, and the modified Widman procedures. The study was carried out in a private practice setting. Sixteen adult patients with moderate to advanced adult Periodontitis were treated with initial scaling and oral hygiene procedures. Posthygiene data were used for comparison of changes in probing depth, clinical attachment levels and gingival recession. The initial examination data were used to compare changes in plaque and gingival indices. Frequency distributions were used to compare changes that occurred at individual sites. At one year, plaque and gingival indices were significantly reduced when compared with the initial examination. At one year, shallow pockets (1‐3 mm) were reduced when compared to posthygiene. Four‐ to six‐millimeter pockets were significantly reduced by the three procedures. Osseous surgery and modified Widman had significantly greater pocket reduction when compared with scaling. For pockets >7 mm, osseous surgery and the modified Widman had significantly greater reduction when compared with scaling. For pockets 1–3 mm at one year osseous surgery had significantly greater clinical attachment loss when compared with scaling. For 4–6 mm pockets at one year, the three procedures had slight gains in clinical attachment levels. The results were similar for pockets with >7 mm.Interproximal soft tissue craters were measured for six postoperative weeks. Initially, the modified Widman had a higher percentage of soft tissue craters when compared with osseous surgery. At six weeks, however, there were no significant differences when the surgical procedures were compared. Recession was measured at each examination. Recession for 1– 3 mm pockets at one year was greater for osseous surgery when compared with scaling and the modified Widman. Recession for 4–6 mm and >7 pockets was greater for the surgical procedures than scaling. The results from this study indicate that with three‐month maintenance recalls, both the modified Widman and osseous surgery are effective for pocket reduction, and each will produce a slight gain of clinical attachment over one year. Scaling was effective at maintaining attachment levels but was not as effective in reducing pocket depth.
The Use of Chlorhexidine in the Management of Gingivitis in Children
Authors: de la Rosa M. , Sturzenberger O. P. , Moore D. J. 
Published: March 2012

Two double‐blind studies were conducted in 191 children in Mexico. Following a dental prophylaxis, either a 0.12% Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse or a placebo was used under supervised conditions in comparable groups twice per day. The Chlorhexidine treatments resulted in a significant decrease of gingivitis when compared to the placebo rinse. Although superficial mucosal desquamations were seen in some Chlorhexidine users, they were transient and without discomfort. The increase of cosmetic side effects, e.g., dental stain and supragingival calculus, was without consequence to the gingival health of the subjects.The use of a Chlorhexidine rinse twice per day and as adjunct to regular oral hygiene procedures achieved a considerable benefit against gingivitis in children in two studies extending over ten and 12 weeks.