bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on Cotton-stainers (Dysdercus) in the Sudan
Authors: Cowland J. W. , Ruttledge W. 
Published: July 2009

From the above it will be seen that in the writers' opinion, based it must be admitted on but a single year's observations, the three species of Dysdercus (D. fasciatus, D. nigrofasciatus and D. superstitiosus) occurring in the northern rain-cotton belt of the Sudan are essentially associates of the tebeldi and are not as yet other than accidental pests of cotton. By this is meant that there is no definite migration from the tebeldi to cotton, nor are wandering adults greatly attracted by cotton. The dispersal of a proportion of the adults composing a colony on a tebeldi is the natural effort on the part of the species to establish itself on other tebeldis. Emigrants from a colony that in the course of their wanderings chance on cotton may remain to breed. It is possible that when cotton has been grown in the district on a large scale for some years, the bugs, unless they are kept in check, may develop the habit of migrating definitely from the tebeldis to the cotton and, later in the season, from the cotton back to the tebeldis.The most promising line of attack appears to be that of destroying, so far as possible, the colonies on the tebeldis during the active breeding season.The writers' thanks are due in particular to Mr. G. F. March, Inspector of Agriculture, who in a variety of ways has rendered them the greatest assistance in their work.
On a Lycaenid Butterfly attacking Pineapples in Trinidad, B.W.I.
Authors: Harris W. Victor 
Published: July 2009

The pineapple is a plant indigenous to Central America and, it is believed, Trinidad also. In this part of the world its cultivation has developed on commercial lines only in Cuba and Porto Rico, and to a lesser extent in Jamaica, with small areas in other islands, particularly Martinique.There have been of late indications of an increased interest in the possibilities of fruit production on a large scale in Trinidad, the pineapple being among the favoured fruits. For this reason the pest dealt with below assumes a greater importance than it otherwise would, though the usual freedom of this plant from pests focuses attention on any new one found.In October 1926, young fruit on the plots of the St. Augustine Experiment Station of the local Department of Agriculture were found to be exuding gum and showing signs of insect attack. Though at the time there was few fruits, it being too early for the main crop, a high proportion of these was found to be damaged. It was reported that many fruits had been rendered unsaleable during the previous season by a similar attack.
A new species ofDicraeusLoew (Diptera: Chloropidae) attacking millet in West Africa, and its related species
Authors: Deeming J. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new species of the genusDicraeuswas observed in numbers ovipositing on the heads of rain-fed millet in Upper Volta. In Senegal, it was reared in field trials from heads that had been exposed for one week following onset of flowering, the highest infestation being in heads that flowered during the first two weeks in October. In Nigeria, larval feeding lesions and withering were observed in seeds from individual inflorescences containing pupae. The species is described asD. pennisetivorasp. n. from the adults of both sexes, puparium and third-instar larva. A further three African species that are closely related to it are described from adult material alone, and the characters of the adult terminalia of two further closely related but already described species are given. The six species are keyed. There being no previous description of the larva of any species of this genus, the larva is likened to those of other chloropid genera. The generic diagnosis is modified. It is suggested that within this genus the structure of female terminalia determines the structure of male terminalia, in which case subgenera based upon characters of male terminalia are purely artificial.
The vertical distribution of flying mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) near an area of irrigated rice-fields in the Gambia
Authors: Snow W. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe vertical distribution of flying mosquitoes beside an area of dry-season irrigated rice-fields was investigated at Bansang in the Gambia. Suction traps were set up at seven levels (0·1, 0·25, 0·5, 1·0, 2·1, 3·9 and 7·9 m) over a dry open field. Vertical distribution profiles were of two types. In the first, mosquito density decreased progressively with height and 80% or more of the total were taken below 1 m. Mosquitoes token included Anopheles gambiae Giles s. l., A. pharoensis Theo., Culex antennatus (Becker), C. ethiopicus Edw., C. neavei Theo. and Mansonia spp. Although the largest catches of A. rufipes (Gough) were taken in the lowest traps, this species Showed a tendency to a bimodal vertical distribution profile during. the early part of the night. In the second type, in which mosquitoes were frequent at all heights, C. poicilipes (Theo.) was the sole example. For the more common species at least, flight altitude declined with increasing wind speed. For a few categories of mosquitoes, flight levels decreased as the night progressed, but the presence of moonlight, or its absence, had no demonstrable effect.
The sheep headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera: Muscidae): biology of immature stages in the soil
Authors: Robinson J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSampling in Northumberland, England, and southern Scotland of pasture soils, the major larval habitat of Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.), showed larvel densities of between 0 and 30/m2; 15 different sites were examined, and all produced larvae. Larvae were found from September until June, larvael development continuing in the soil for about eight months. A study of the distribution within a single field that larvae were not confined to the wooded margins but occurred in significant numbers throughout the field. Higher numbers of larvae were present in the soil beneath cow pats than in the open field, but the proportion relative to the total population is small. Larvae prey was predominantly dipterous and coleopterous larvae. Pupation took place in the top 5 cm of pasture soil during May and lasted until late June. Emergence of adults took place from June until late July; males and females emerged over the same period
Description of the larva ofOryctes monoceros(Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) from the Seychelles
Authors: Bedford G. O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe third-stage larva ofOryctes monoceros(O1), a pest of coconut palms, collected in the Seychelles Islands is described and illustrated, and a key is provided to distinguish larvae of this species from those ofO. boas(F.) andO. gigasLap., all of which coexist in parts of Africa.
Observations on the biology ofLonchoptera luteaPanzer (Diptera: Lonch-opteridae) from cereal crops
Authors: Jones Margaret G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn studies in southern England in 1967–77, the numbers ofLonchoptera luteaPanz. in cereal crops, such as winter wheat, fluctuated from year to year, depending on an adequate supply of food, provided by decaying litter, for the larvae and on sufficient rainfall to keep the soil surface moist during May and June. Much sunshine was unsuitable for larval growth. The larvae fed mainly on fungal spores and were able to breed in wheat litter in the laboratory. In years when many crop plants were attacked by shoot borers such asDelia coarctata(Fall.) andOscinelta frit(L.),L. luteawas more numerous than when there were few. Although in most years more males than females appeared in emergence traps, more females than males were caught by sweeping and in light- and suction traps.
A new Spray for Scale-insects on Citrus in Egypt
Authors: Barritt N. W. 
Published: July 2009

Citrus trees in Egypt suffer very severely from the attacks of scale-insects, especially the black scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum, which, when unchecked in its ravages, renders the cultivation of this crop impossible.The usual method of control is by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, which is conducted on a large scale by officers of the Ministry of Agriculture.
New parasitic Hymenoptera and Notes on other Species
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. 
Published: July 2009

Eulimneria stellenboschensis, Cam.Limnerium stellenboschense, Cameron, Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc., xv, 1904, p. 200.♀♂. Black ; mandibles (except at apices), palpi, the four anterior coxae (except basally), trochanters and trochantins of the four anterior legs, the hind trochantins, tibial spurs of the four posterior legs, tegulae, costal veins at base, white or nearly so ; basal three-fourths of the hind tibiae (except for a darkish area above in basal fourth), very pale reddish testaceous, approaching white ; the bases of the four anterior coxae, the femora and the tibiae and tarsi of the four anterior legs, the hind tarsal joints basally, pale red tetaceous ; hind femora (except at apex above, which is blackish), 1st tergite above at extreme apex, 2nd tergite in apical fourth and to some extent laterally, 3rd tergite in the greater part (except discally at base), succeeding tergites at least at apex, red or red testaceous ; hind trochanters red, darkened above ; flagellum varying from white to red testaceous below, and from red testaceous to black above ; wings slightly infumated ; stigma and wing veins dark brown (except possibly towards the base of the wing), the stigma with a testaceous cloud basally.
A new Pest of Rice in South India
Authors: Krishna Ayyar P. N. 
Published: July 2009

In July, 1926, a severe outbreak of a Hemipterous pest was reported from the village of Kattuputhur, in the Trichinopoly District, which threatened the total destruction of the standing paddy crop, and the writer was deputed to visit the locality, investigate the pest and advise suitable control measures. The present paper has been prepared with the object of presenting the results of the investigation made and the remedial measures tried.The village of Kattuputhur is situated about three miles from Kattalai Railway Station and a mile and a half from the Cauvery River. The affected area is roughly about ten miles long with an average breadth of a mile and a half, and includes numerous villages around Kattuputhur. It is adjoined by a canal from the River Cauvery, giving a never-failing and plentiful supply of water, so that the crops of the area are no longer dependent on the monsoon. As the soil is fertile, intensive cultivation is carried on within this tract, paddy being the principal crop.
The Graphical Representation of Instar Records in a Regional Mosquito Survey
Authors: Marshall J. F. , Staley J. 
Published: July 2009

Since the opening of the British Mosquito Control Institute, in August 1925, the mosquito control of Hayling Island (initiated in August 1920) has been carried on as part of the research work of the Institute's laboratory.This work involves the routine examination of the different water-places of the Island throughout the year by an inspector who brings to the laboratory all specimens of mosquito larvae, etc., thus collected. These specimens are identified, recorded in the daily register and finally utilized in various ways ; the larvae remaining in the water-places being subsequently destroyed by appropriate means. The inspector's working year is therefore made up of “ collecting days ” and “ anti-larval days ” ; the time devoted to these two departments of the work being approximately the same.
New Curculionidae (Col.) from Cacao and Camphor
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K. 
Published: July 2009

Ischnotrachelus theobromae, sp. n.♀. Derm black, covered with dense pale green scaling, varying to dull coppery ; the head and legs normally coppery.Head with the frons convex, raised much above the level of the eyes, and with a very shallow transverse impression on the vertex ; the eyes much less prominent than usual, as in I. viridipennis, Fst. Rostrum longer than broad, parallel-sided, and set with short stout erect setae ; the dorsum without distinct carinae, its lateral margins not angulated but rounded off, with a fine median stria in the basal half and a low carina at the apex ; the scrobes strongly curved downwards in the basal half and there adjoining the lower margin of the eye. Antennae with the scape somewhat compressed, strongly dilated from the middle to the apex, and with its dorsal edge markedly sinuate ; the funicle short and thick, widening distally, joint 1 longer than 2+3, 2−7 all transverse. Prothorax slightly longer than broad, gently rounded laterally, widest beyond the middle, and without any apical constriction ; the apex a little narrower than the base and dorsally with a dense fringe of recumbent scale-like setae, the postocular vibrissae obsolete ; the dorsum comparatively smooth, the sculpture being hidden by the scaling, with a mere trace of an abbreviated median stria near the base ; the setae very short and recumbent behind, becoming slightly longer and suberect anteriorly. Scutellum minute or obsolete. Elytra rather narrow, oblong-ovate, with a shallow transverse impression at the base so that the margin is slightly raised ; the striae and punctures almost entirely obliterated by the dense scaling ; the intervals each with a row of small subrecumbent setae ; the scales (like those on the prothorax) irregularly rounded and each with a shallow central puncture. Legs with a sharp tooth on all the femora ; the anterior pairs of tibiae strongly denticulate, the hind pair with much smaller teeth.
Seven new Species of Braconidae
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. 
Published: July 2009

Apanteles pistrinariae, sp. n.♀. Black ; scape, mouthparts (or at least palpi), tegulae, costal veins, legs and abdomen entirely (except as follows), red testaceous ; hind tarsi, extreme apex of hind tibiae, extreme base of hind coxae, occasionally very slightly darkened ; 1st and 2nd tergites, and ovipositor sheaths, black ; 3rd tergite dark red, at least darker than ventrites and apical tergites ; flagellum brown ; stigma, metacarp, and most other veins, brown or light reddish brown.
Factors influencing the Interaction of insecticidal Mists and flying Insects
Authors: David W. A. L. 
Published: July 2009

An attempt has been made to assemble the important factors concerned with the atomisation of a kerosene spray and to consider the behaviour of the spray alone, and in its relation with an insect flying through it.The degree of atomisation attained by the spray gun is dependent upon nozzle design, the spraying pressure, the relative rate of liquid and air flow through the nozzle and such physical properties of the spray fluid as viscosity and surface tension.All atomisers produce droplets of a variety of sizes which leave the gun with a considerable velocity and are carried along by the air current. At this stage they are at their maximum size and possess their maximum velocity so that the chance of impacting with an insect is great. Later on when the droplets have lost much of their velocity and volume (if they contained a non-volatile insecticide they will have become much more concentrated), they are much less likely to impact. It can thus be seen that a non-toxic carrier can increase apparent toxicity of a spray mist by assisting in the production of the momentum necessary for impaction (David and Bracey, 1944). On the other hand a reduction in the size of the droplet decreases the rate of loss from the air space by precipitation. In connection with evaporation the enormous change in concentration which occurs should be borne in mind. Within a few minutes the smallest droplets will have entirely evaporated, leaving only the non-volatile solute and before this stage is reached the droplet will have become super-saturated. Finally this non-volatile solute will exist as minute nuclei which, when they result from a fairly typical insecticidal formula containing up to say 5 per cent. nonvolatile material, may be so small as to settle only very slowly.Regarding the response of the insect to the spray mist, it may be said that this depends upon the resistance of the insect and the dose of insecticide picked up. Since the spray mist takes some time to distribute evenly and since it is more easily picked up during or immediately after spraying and by insects in flight, it can be seen that the dose received by individual insects will vary a good deal unless the insects behave identically so that under these conditions there is little correlation between the comparative effect recorded on individuals and their relative innate resistance.To the above remarks arising out of the theoretical discussion which formed the first part of this paper must be added the following conclusions from the experimental work.
Tests on Clothing impregnated with DDT as an anti-louse Measure
Authors: Musgrave A. J. 
Published: July 2009

Simple tests have been done to appraise the value of garments impregnated with DDT as an anti-louse measure. It is very toxic to the body louse but its action is relatively slow. Woollen and cotton fabrics can be impregnated with it.No estimate can be given of the precise length of the insecticidal life of a garment because of variations in wear, etc. But garments have been found to have o·1 per cent. DDT remaining after five launders and three weeks' wear. The minimum safe degree of impregnation as an anti-louse measure appears to be o·1 per cent. By the use of simple biological tests reasonably accurate assessments of the chemical content of garments can be made.DDT is to some extent resistant to high temperatures. It is suggested that the chief cause of loss of insecticidal power is due to loss of nap. Impregnated garments transfer their insecticidal power to uriimpregnated garments kept in contact with them.Results show that subsequent mortality is complete or very high among lice which have crawled for three hours on fabrics impregnated with DDT at rates between o·1 and 1·75 per cent. Signs of poisoning may take six hours to be manifested in the louse.The results obtained with a sleeve test compared very closely with those obtained by the box method used chiefly in this work.The theory is put forward that DDT enters the body louse through its tactile sense organs.
The Mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda
Authors: Haddow A. J. 
Published: July 2009

1. The taxonomy and bionomics of the eight species and subspecies ofEretmapoditesfound in the Bwamba County, Uganda, are discussed.2. Experiments are described to show that the larvae of these species are predatory, sometimes very actively so.3. The females of all the Bwamba species bite man by day, sometimes in large numbers.4. The larva and pupa ofE. inornatus, Newst.; larva, pupa, and adult female ofE. penicillatus, Edw.; larva, pupa, and adults ofE. ferox, sp.n.; and larva and pupa ofE. leucopussubsp.productus, Edw., are described for the first time, special reference being paid to the range of individual variation. The taxonomy of the various previously described species is also treated briefly.5. Keys are provided for the identification of the known larvae, pupae, males, and females. These keys have been prepared in order to include the new material, and to delete certain unreliable characters previously regarded as of specific value.
A new Method of trapping Flies
Authors: Golding F. D. 
Published: July 2009

(1) An adhesive made from 3 or 4 parts (according to the temperature) of the coagulated latex of Carpodinus hirsuta and I part of either shea butter (from Butyrospermum parkii) or palm oil (from Elaeis guineënsis) was found to be very effective against both house-flies in kitchens and Stomoxys spp. in pig pens.(2) In kitchens, wires (diameter 4 mm.) were treated with the adhesive and suspended over the table on which food was prepared. The wires should be renewed every three or four days when flies are abundant and once a week when the infestation is light.(3) At Ibadan in 1943, house-flies were abundant from early March to late July; the maximum house-fly infestation of both kitchens and pig pens occurred during the second week of May. The upward trend in adult incidence first became evident in mid-February of both 1943 and 1944 and appeared to be correlated with a rise in temperature at that time.(4) Ten wires treated with adhesive were suspended under the eaves of each pig pen. Each pen consisted of a covered pen and an open yard divided by a half-wall; a screen made of oil palm fronds was erected above the half-wall with the object of making the innerpen sufficiently dark to deter flies from entering it. About half a million flies (about 27·5 per cent. Stomoxys spp.) were trapped in12 pens in a period of 112 weeks.(5) Stomoxys spp. (principally S. nigra, Macq.) were abundant between early June and mid-August in 1943 and between early June and late November in 1944. In 1943 there was a short dry season between 25th July and 12th September, whilst in 1944 there was no break in the rains. There is a marked correlation between rainfall and the incidence of S. nigra. Heavy rainfall soaks straw round the stock-yards, heaps of weeds, etc., which decompose and provide suitable media for larval development.
Laboratory Studies on the Bionomics of the Rat Fleas,Xenopsylla brasiliensis, Baker andX. cheopis, Roths
Authors: Edney E. B. 
Published: July 2009

1. The paper describes work carried out to find the causes of certain discrepancies in the results of longevity experiments on rat-fleas.2. The following factors were found to reduce significantly the survival period of unfed adult fleas:—Rearing larvae together rather than in separate tubes; Parent fleas over 11 days old; Using very fine rather than coarse sand as a matrix for larval food; Drying the blood for larval food by baking rather than in a vacuum over sulphuric acid at room temperature.3. The following factors were found to have no significant effect upon adult longevity:—Contamination of larval food by mice and their droppings;Presence or absence of adult flea faeces in larval food.4. The effect upon the weight of larvae and the duration of the larval period of some of the above-mentioned factors is described. The female larval period is shown to be shorter than that of the male under all conditions used.5. It is confirmed that there is no significant difference between the longevity of male and female adults which have fed once or not at all, and that females which have fed frequently before starvation live longer than males.6. Well developed, unfed, laboratory-bred adult fleas live longer than those which have fed once before starvation, and the latter live longer than those which have fed several times.7. There is some evidence that unfed wild-caught fleas live longer than wildcaught fleas which have fed, but this needs confirmation.8. All the available information regarding factors affecting adult longevity is summarised in a table.
A biological Test for assessing the acaricidal Properties of DDT and “Gammexane” Preparations
Authors: Laws S. G. 
Published: July 2009

When DDT and “Gammexane” were first used in Uganda for work on tick control, the absence of a rapid and simple chemical test made it necessary to evolve a biological method which would assess the killing power of the preparations in use. Such a method, if it is to be employed to assess the results of field work, should satisfy the following conditions;(a) ticks should receive an initial wetting with the preparation comparable to that received when cattle are dipped or sprayed, and(b) remain on a moist surface for a few hours, and then for a longer period in contact with the dried deposit, as in the case of the animal after it has been dipped or sprayed.