bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maturity Distribution in Commercially Sized Florunner Peanuts
Authors: Sanders T. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Quality, as measured by roast color, flavor and storability, is variable within and among peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lots of the same commercial size. Because maturity is significantly related to many quality characteristics, the variability in maturity distributions (percentage of various maturity classes) was examined within sized peanut lots from twenty random samples, an irrigation study, a harvest date study, and a soil temperature study. Pods from each source were separated into hull scrape maturity classes, dried, shelled, and screened to obtain seed size distributions. Using the weight of each maturity class in each commercial size, the percentage weight contribution of each maturity class in each commercial size category was calculated. Seed size distribution for maturity classes from different treatments in each study varied widely. The data indicated that each commercial size category contained peanuts from each maturity class. Treatments within the studies generally produced significant differences among percentages of individual maturity classes in each size. Large standard deviations and coefficients of variation in all studies indicated the wide variability potential in sized lots. The distributions of maturity within commercial sizes were sufficiently different to suggest that flavor, roast color, storability, and other quality estimators would be affected in final roast products from some of the lots.
Resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in Arachis spp. and the Implications on Development of Resistant Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Holbrook C. Corley , Noe James P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1) is a serious pathogen in commercial peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. There is no peanut cultivar with resistance to this nematode. The primary constraint in the development of resistant cultivars has been the absence of identified sources of resistance in A. hypogaea and related wild species. The objective of this study was to examine the wild Arachis spp. collection of the Coastal Plain Experiment Station for sources of resistance to M. arenaria. Thirty-six wild Arachis spp. genotypes were compared with the susceptible cv. Florunner for resistance to M. arenaria reproduction and galling response in two greenhouse tests. A. monticola Krap. et Rig., a member of the second-order gene pool, was the only wild species tested which did not have a gall index and egg-mass index significantly lower than that of A. hypogaea. There was no significant difference between A. monticola and A. hypogaea for the number of eggs per root system or per gram of fresh root weight. In addition, the host efficiency of A. monticola was 3.49, indicating a high level of susceptibility. All genotypes examined from the third-order gene pool species (A. cardenasii Krap. et Greg. nom. nud., A. duranensis Krap. et Greg. nom. nud., A. helodes Martius ex Krap. et Rig. and A. villosa Benth.) exhibited significantly less plant damage and nematode reproduction than A. hypogaea. Except for one A. villosa genotype, all entries from the third-order gene pool exhibited high levels of resistance to M. arenaria based on a host efficiency less than 1.00. All fourth-order gene pool accessions examined (A. burkartii Handro, A. glabrata Benth., and A. hagenbeckii Harms.) exhibited high levels of resistance to M. arenaria. These results indicate that resistance to M. arenaria is prevalent in both the third- and fourth-order gene pools of peanut. These results increase the probability of success in developing peanut cultivars with resistance to M. arenaria since species in the third-order gene pool are cross compatible with A. hypogaea. Based on genetic theory, these results also increase the probability of resistance to M. arenaria in the first-order gene pool. Therefore, further screening for resistance to M. arenaria in A. hypogaea is recommended.
The Effectiveness of Early Generation Testing as Applied to a Recurrent Selection Program in Peanut1
Authors: Halward T. M. , Wynne J. C. , Monteverde-Penso E. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The effectiveness of early generation testing for yield improvement in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was evaluated in an attempt to increase the efficiency of an on-going recurrent selection program by reducing the time required for evaluation and selection. The objectives of the study were to (1) determine if the number of years required per cycle of selection could be reduced; and (2) estimate the amount of genetic variability remaining in the population for yield and four agronomic traits after four cycles of recurrent selection. Sixty-eight random-mated crosses, among the 40 highest yielding lines from the cycle 3 population, were evaluated for yield and agronomic traits in 1985 (S0:1), 1986 (S0:2), and 1987 (S0:3). The results were compared to determine if early generation performance accurately predicts the performance of cross bulks in later generations. No significant correlations were found for yield of entries in the S0:3 and S0:2 or in the S0:3 and S0:1; however, there was a significant correlation between yield of entries in the S0:2 and S0:1 generations. No correlations were found between yield and any of the agronomic traits measured in the S0:3; however, significant correlations were found in the S0:2 between yield and most traits measured. Significant correlations were also found for entries in the S0:3 and S0:2 generations for each agronomic trait measured except number of seed per 20 pods. Early generation testings appears to be useful for selection of certain agronomic traits, but of limited value when selecting for yield. A decrease in genetic variation for yield in the population from the S0:1 to the S0:3 generation was observed; however, the number of crosses equal to or exceeding the yield of the check cultivar increased in later generations. All agronomic traits measured, except number of seed per 20 pods, showed significant genetic variation remaining in the population in both the S0:2 and S0:3 generations. The greater the genetic variation remaining in the population for a given trait, the more likely it is that further improvement of that trait will be realized with additional cycles of selection.
Cotyledon Cells and Seed Growth Relationships in CO2-enriched Peanut1
Authors: Sung F. J. M. , Chen J. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Seed size is a dynamic component of seed yield. Factors affecting seed size in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are not well defined. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment and timing of pod formation on cotyledon cell and seed growth in virginia-type peanut. The results indicated that the number of cotyledon cells was relatively constant across all the treatments. However, size of cotyledon cells and seed growth rate (SGR) increased in the pods developed in high CO2 conditions. Striking differences in both cell size and SGR also existed between early and late formed pods. Our data indicate that assimilate supplies strongly limit cotyledon cell size, and accordingly affect SGR and final seed size
A Two Step Process for the Regeneration of Arachis spp. by Shoot Tip Culture of Greenhouse-Grown Plants
Authors: Chen W. Q. , Johnson B. , Sherwood J. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Shoot-tips of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars Florunner and Pronto grown in the greenhouse, and the tips of A. villosulicarpa Hoehne from in vitro cultured plants were used for in vitro regeneration of peanut. The terminal and lateral buds excised from greenhouse grown plants were surface sterilized with 70% ethanol for 3 min followed by 0.525% sodium hypochlorite for 5 min. Shoot-tips (0.5–3 mm long) were isolated from the buds, transferred to a modified Murashige Skoog (MS) agar medium, and maintained at 26 C with a 16-h photoperiod. The modified MS medium contained MS mineral salts, B5 vitamins, and the hormones 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA). The best growth of meristems (0.5–1 mm) was induced with 5.0 μM NAA and 5.0 μM BA. Rooting was induced with 5.0 μM NAA. Both shoot growth and rooting occurred on medium that contained 5.0 μM NAA when large tips (1–3 mm) were cultured. Plantlets regenerated from the tips were successfully transferred to pots and grown to maturity.
Reaction of Peanut Cultivars to Pythium Pod Rot and Their Influence on Populations of Pythium spp. in Soil1
Authors: Lewis P. I. , Filonow A. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In four field experiments the peanut cultivars Florigiant and NC 7 were generally more susceptible (P = 0.05) than Pronto and Spanco to pod rot and sometimes more susceptible (P = 0.05) than Florunner, GK 7, Langley or Okrun. The pod rot susceptibility of Florunner, GK 7, Langley, Okrun, Pronto and Spanco was usually similar. No consistent cultivar differences (P = 0.05) among pod yields were observed. Pythium myriotylum was the dominant species isolated from infected hull pieces plated on a medium selective for pythiaceous fungi. No cultivar significantly reduced populations of Pythium spp. in the soils of their pegging zones. In 1987, populations of Pythium spp. in soils at Ft. Cobb and Madill, Oklahoma increased at 67 days after planting (DAP) but declined at 89 DAP. in 1988 a similar population trend occurred at Ft. Cobb at 89 DAP and at Enos, Oklahoma at 127 DAP. The increase and decline of Pythium spp. were probably not directly influenced by soil temperature or matric potential. The involvement of the peanut plant in the fluctuation of Pythium spp. in soil is a plausible explanation for this trend.
Acute Diarrheal Syndromic Surveillance
Authors: Kam H.J. , Choi S. , Cho J.P. , Min Y.G. , Park R.W. 
Published: April 2010

Summary
Objective: In an effort to identify and characterize the environmental factors that affect the number of patients with acute diarrheal (AD) syndrome, we developed and tested two regional surveillance models including holiday and weather information in addition to visitor records, at emergency medical facilities in the Seoul metropolitan area of Korea.
Methods: With 1,328,686 emergency department visitor records from the National Emergency Department Information system (NEDIS) and the holiday and weather information, two seasonal ARIMA models were constructed: (1) The simple model (only with total patient number), (2) the environmental factor-added model. The stationary R-squared was utilized as an in-sample model goodness-of-fit statistic for the constructed models, and the cumulative mean of the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) was used to measure post-sample forecast accuracy over the next 1 month.
Results: The (1,0,1)(0,1,1)7 ARIMA model resulted in an adequate model fit for the daily number of AD patient visits over 12 months for both cases. Among various features, the total number of patient visits was selected as a commonly influential independent variable. Additionally, for the environmental factor-added model, holidays and daily precipitation were selected as features that statistically significantly affected model fitting. Stationary R-squared values were changed in a range of 0.651-0.828 (simple), and 0.805-0.844 (environmental factor-added) with p<0.05. In terms of prediction, the MAPE values changed within 0.090-0.120 and 0.089-0.114, respectively.
Conclusion: The environmental factor-added model yielded better MAPE values. Holiday and weather information appear to be crucial for the construction of an accurate syndromic surveillance model for AD, in addition to the visitor and assessment records.
Citation: Kam HJ, Choi S, Cho JP, Min YG, Park RW. Acute diarrheal syndromic surveillance – effects of weather and holidays. Appl Clin Inf 2010; 1: 79–95 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2009-12-RA-0024
Using Spectral Libraries for Peptide Identification from Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) Data
Authors: Lam Henry , Aebersold Ruedi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSpectral library searching is an emerging approach in proteomic data analysis for the inference of peptide identifications from tandem mass spectra. It offers a promising alternative to sequence database searching, currently the dominant method for this purpose. In spectral searching, a spectral library is first meticulously compiled from a large collection of previously observed and identified peptide MS/MS spectra. The spectrum of the unknown peptide can then by identified by comparing it to all the candidates in the spectral library for the best match. This unit covers the basic principles of spectral searching, describes its advantages and limitations, and reviews the available software tools developed for spectral library searching and building, in terms of their algorithms and their surrounding informatics support. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 60:25.5.1‐25.5.9. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Safe Use of Radioisotopes
Authors: Meisenhelder Jill , Bursik Steve 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe pursuit of scientific knowledge has been considerably advanced by the use of biochemical molecules that incorporate radioisotopes at specific sites. The fate of these labeled molecules, and/or the radiolabeled products that result from biochemical reactions in which the parent molecule was involved, can be traced using a variety of instruments that detect radioactivity. This appendix begins with a discussion of the principles of radioactivity in order to provide the reader/user with knowledge on which to base a common sense approach to the safe use of isotopes. The characteristics of isotopes most commonly used in a molecular biology laboratory are then detailed, as well as the safety precautions and monitoring methods peculiar to each one. Detection and imaging methods used in experimental analysis are reviewed. Finally, an outline of an orderly response to a spill of radioactive material is presented. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 60:A.2B.1‐A.2B.18. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Socioeconomic status, education, and reproduction in modern women: An evolutionary perspective
Authors: Huber Susanne , Bookstein Fred L. , Fieder Martin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAlthough associations between status or resources and reproduction are positive in premodern societies and also in men in modern societies, in modern women the associations are typically negative. We investigated how the association between socioeconomic status and reproductive output varies with the source of status and resources, the woman's education, and her age at reproductive onset (proxied by age at marriage). By using a large sample of US women, we examined the association between a woman's reproductive output and her own and her husband's income and education. Education, income, and age at marriage are negatively associated with a woman's number of children and increase her chances of childlessness. Among the most highly educated two‐thirds of the sample of women, husband's income predicts the number of children. The association between a woman's number of children and her husband's income turns from positive to negative when her education and age at marriage is low (even though her mean offspring number rises at the same time). The association between a woman's own income and her number of children is negative, regardless of education. Rather than maximizing the offspring number, these modern women seem to adjust investment in children based on their family size and resource availability. Striving for resources seems to be part of a modern female reproductive strategy—but, owing to costs of resource acquisition, especially higher education, it may lead to lower birthrates: a possible evolutionary explanation of the demographic transition, and a complement to the human capital theory of net reproductive output. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:578–587, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: An R program for automating bone cross section reconstruction
Authors: Sylvester Adam D. , Garofalo Evan , Ruff Christopher 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMany recent studies have used long bone cross‐sectional geometric properties in various comparative analyses. Methods have been described for reconstructing diaphyseal cross sections from external molds and biplanar radiographs that produce accurate results (within 5% of true values on average). The manual image processing required, however, is both time and labor intensive. A new freely available program developed here for the computational freeware, R, automates much of the process. This study compares cross‐sectional properties calculated using the new R program to those from peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT) and the original manual method. We find that the R program works aswell as the original manual image processing for most cross sections eliminates the chance for entry errors at several steps and greatly speeds up data collection. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:665–669, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cultural consonance and body morphology: Estimates with longitudinal data from an Amazonian society
Authors: Reyes‐García Victoria , Gravlee Clarence C. , McDade Thomas W. , Huanca Tomás , Leonard William R. , Tanner Susan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractResearchers have hypothesized that the degree to which an individual's actual behavior approximates the culturally valued lifestyle encoded in the dominant cultural model has consequences for physical and mental health. We contribute to this line of research by analyzing data from a longitudinal study composed of five annual surveys (2002–2006 inclusive) from 791 adults in one society of foragers–farmers in the Bolivian Amazon, the Tsimane'. We estimate the association between a standard measure of individual achievement of the cultural model, cultural consonance, and three indicators of body morphology. Drawing on research suggesting that in societies in the early stages of economic development an increase in socioeconomic status is associated with an increase in mean body mass, we expect to find a positive association between cultural consonance and three anthropometric measures. We found the expected positive association between cultural consonance and anthropometric measures—especially for men—only when using ordinary least square (OLS) regression models, but not when using fixed‐effects regression models. The real magnitude of the association was low. The comparison of estimates from OLS and fixed‐effect regression models suggests that previous findings on the effects of cultural consonance on body morphology using cross‐sectional data should be read with caution because the association might be largely explained by fixed characteristics of individuals not accounted in OLS models. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:167–174, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Days to criterion as an indicator of toxicity associated with human Alzheimer amyloid‐β oligomers
Authors: Gandy Sam , Simon Adam J. , Steele John W. , Lublin Alex L. , Lah James J. , Walker Lary C. , Levey Allan I. , Krafft Grant A. , Levy Efrat , Checler Frédéric , Glabe Charles , Bilker Warren B. , Abel Ted , Schmeidler James , Ehrlich Michelle E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveRecent evidence suggests that high molecular weight soluble oligomeric Aβ (oAβ) assemblies (also known as Aβ‐derived diffusible ligands, or ADDLs) may represent a primary neurotoxic basis for cognitive failure in Alzheimer disease (AD). To date, most in vivo studies of oAβ/ADDLs have involved injection of assemblies purified from the cerebrospinal fluid of human subjects with AD or from the conditioned media of Aβ‐secreting cells into experimental animals. We sought to study the bioactivities of endogenously formed oAβ/ADDLs generated in situ from the physiological processing of human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenitin1 (PS1) transgenes.MethodsWe produced and histologically characterized single transgenic mice overexpressing APPE693Q or APPE693Q X PS1ΔE9 bigenic mice. APPE693Q mice were studied in the Morris water maze (MWM) task at 6 and 12 months of age. Following the second MWM evaluation, mice were sacrificed, and brains were assayed for Aβtotal, Aβ40, Aβ42, and oAβ/ADDLs by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were also histologically examined. Based on results from the oAβ/ADDL ELISA, we assigned individual APPE693Q mice to either an undetectable oAβ/ADDLs group or a readily detectable oAβ/ADDLs group. A days to criterion (DTC) analysis was used to determine delays in acquisition of the MWM task.ResultsBoth single transgenic and bigenic mice developed intraneuronal accumulation of APP/Aβ, although only APPE693Q X PS1Δ9 bigenic mice developed amyloid plaques. The APPE693Q mice did not develop amyloid plaques at any age studied, up to 30 months. APPE693Q mice were tested for spatial learning and memory, and only 12‐month‐old APPE693Q mice with readily detectable oAβ/ADDLs displayed a significant delay in acquisition of the MWM task when compared to nontransgenic littermates.InterpretationThese data suggest that cerebral oAβ/ADDL assemblies generated in brain in situ from human APP transgenes may be associated with cognitive impairment. We propose that a DTC analysis may be a sensitive method for assessing the cognitive impact in mice of endogenously generated oligomeric human Aβ assemblies. ANN NEUROL 2010
Atherosclerosis, dementia, and Alzheimer disease in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of aging cohort
Authors: Dolan Hillary , Crain Barbara , Troncoso Juan , Resnick Susan M. , Zonderman Alan B. , Obrien Richard J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveAlthough it is now accepted that asymptomatic cerebral infarcts are an important cause of dementia in the elderly, the relationship between atherosclerosis per se and dementia is controversial. Specifically, it is unclear whether atherosclerosis can cause the neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that define Alzheimer neuropathology and whether atherosclerosis, a potentially reversible risk factor, can influence cognition independent of brain infarcts.MethodsWe examined the relationship between systemic atherosclerosis, Alzheimer type pathology, and dementia in autopsies from 200 participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, a prospective study of the effect of aging on cognition, 175 of whom had complete body autopsies.ResultsUsing a quantitative analysis of atherosclerosis in the aorta, heart, and intracranial vessels, we found no relationship between the degree of atherosclerosis in any of these systems and the degree of Alzheimer type brain pathology. However, we found that the presence of intracranial but not coronary or aortic atherosclerosis significantly increased the odds of dementia, independent of cerebral infarction. Given the large number of individuals with intracranial atherosclerosis in this cohort (136/200), the population attributable risk of dementia related to intracranial atherosclerosis (independent of infarction) is substantial and potentially reversible.InterpretationAtherosclerosis of the intracranial arteries is an independent and important risk factor for dementia, suggesting potentially reversible pathways unrelated to Alzheimer pathology and stroke through which vascular changes may influence dementia risk.