bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Epidemiological Contribution to the Knowledge of the Respiratory Diseases
Authors: van Loghem J. J. 
Published: May 2009

The results of an inquiry into colds and slight influenza—held by me with the obliging collaboration of 7000 informants in the Netherlands from September 1925 till June 1926—do not contradict the hypothesis propounded in the introduction, that various respiratory diseases depend upon a disturbance in the thermo-regulation, in consequence of which the body becomes receptive to commensal infection.In the first place a proportionally equal number of colds was reported at the same time from the various parts of the country during the period of observation, while the increase and the decrease of these colds ran parallel to the falling and rising of the temperature of the air. Further, when calculating the figures from large and from small families, it was proved that the members of small families have no lesser chance of infection than the members of large families.This joint result tells against the contagiousness of colds in the period of observation.The outbreak in September stood alone; the preceding period had not been marked by a low average temperature but by a series of cold nights. During the following month the occurrence of colds was accompanied by the mortality from old age and by the joint mortality from bronchitis and pneumonia.An increased mortality from pneumonia in March–April, linked up with a moderate lowering of the temperature of the air, was not accompanied by “old-age mortality” and only moderately by “colds” it went together however with an increased mortality from influenza. The influenza cases of the inquiry too had increased by that period of time. So the influenza showed itself as a parasitic infection, which takes its own epidemic course. Still the possibility remains of the virus, at times of reigning influenza, having also widely spread among the healthy. At any rate the idea that catching cold reduces resistance to influenza or pneumonia is supported by the data.The opinion obtained from the results of the inquiry, that most colds and pneumonia, as well as many cases in which old age has been given as the cause of death, are founded on a disturbance of the thermo-regulation, has drawn attention to physiological oscillations of the temperature of the body in relation to that of the temperature of the air. As the thermo-regulating system is not able to fix the temperature of the body completely, even under normal conditions, but allows a certain poikilothermia, it is clear that by a considerable drop in the temperature of the air these oscillations of the temperature of the body become so large that they may cause a disturbance.The prophylaxis of the diseases from catching cold will have to be directed towards the application of “passive” prophylactics (for preserving and supplying heat by imminent cooling), as well as of “active” prophylactics (raising the production of heat by the body).
The use of Preserved Bacterial Suspensions for the Agglutination Test: With especial reference to the Enteric Fevers and Typhus Fevers
Authors: Felix A. , Olitzki L. 
Published: May 2009

1. InB. typhosus, B. paratyphosus A and B, andB. enteritidisGärtner, low concentrations of phenol and formaldehyde produce a definite inhibition of the 0 agglutination, while the H agglutination is unaltered—a fact already established many years ago in the case ofB. proteus X19.2. Alcohol, even in high concentrations, has no such inhibitory effect.3. Therefore, suspensions preserved in the usual way with phenol or formalin are not adequate reagents for the qualitative serum analysis in enteric fevers or for the usual diagnosis test in typhus fever.4. Phenol and formalin suspensions are responsible for negative results of the Widal test in cases of enteric fevers which show only the 0 immune body in the serum; such cases form a considerable percentage of the total especially in typhoid fever.5. As a routine measure in the diagnosis of enteric fevers, it is suggested that two preserved suspensions of each organism be used:(1) an alcoholic suspension (like that of Bien and Sonntag in typhus fever) as a reagent for the 0 agglutinin, and(2) the usual phenol or formalin suspension as a reagent for the H agglutinin.6. The nature of the described phenomenon of inhibition is not, as yet, entirely clear.
Furunculosis in Trout and the Importance of Carriers in the Spread of the Disease
Authors: Horne J. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. No evidence was found of the presence of furunculosis in trout farms. Over 100 trout from four farms in S. England were examined with entirely negative results.2. Of eighteen live trout taken from the Kennet, three were carrying the B. salmonicida in their blood. All three were in poor condition but alive and active, and two of them were so-called “black fish”.3. Bacteriological analyses of Kennet water at eleven selected points were carried out in the month of August. They revealed no serious pollution nor any definite relationship between high bacterial content and the disease.4. Laboratory experiments to test pathogenicity of B. salmonicida appear to show:(a) That the bacillus is lethal to goldfish when injected into the muscle but not necessarily so when rubbed into a skin wound.(b) That in the case of gobies infection from water polluted with pure broth cultures of B. salmonicida is possible and may cause death in about fifteen days after the introduction of the culture.(c) That fish (gobies) which had survived the last experiment for a period of six weeks were capable of infecting healthy “contacts”, when kept with them in fresh running water.5. A few laboratory experiments on the behaviour of B. salmonicida in sewage appeared to indicate that the bacillus persists longer in tap and distilled water than in crude sewage and sewage effluent.6. Specimens of fish (salmon and trout) infected with furunculosis were also received during the summer from the Rivers Lledr (Wales), Lyon (Scotland) and a private hatchery on the Test at Whitchurch. The conditions in the two latter cases suggested that the outbreak was mainly due to carriers.7. Measures suggested in the case of infected streams are: avoidance of over-stocking, bacteriological scrutiny of source of fresh stocks, removal of sick and ill-conditioned fish, and sewage control.
Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever: Observations on the Spontaneous Seasonal Recurrence of Paratyphoid Epidemics among Guinea-pigs
Authors: Kligler I. J. 
Published: May 2009

A series of spontaneous epidemics of a paratyphoid infection among guinea-pigs is described. It is shown that an epidemic may result from the introduction of a fresh susceptible population into an infected area and vice versa. Such epidemics developed only when the new population was exposed during certain months. The bringing in of a fresh population at the end of November was not followed at the time by an epidemic outbreak; the epidemic did not occur until the following July.The observed seasonal occurrence was not due to a change in virulence. The strains isolated at the end of the 1926 epidemic did not differ in virulence from those cultivated at the height of the 1927 epidemic.The guinea-pig may remain a carrier for a long time whilst eliminating bacteria in the faecal discharges only intermittently and in small numbers. In general, even in the case of infected animals, the discharge of pathogenic bacteria is relatively small, except a few days before death.Attention is called to the parallelism between the seasonal prevalence of human typhoid epidemics in this country and the epidemics of paratyphoid observed in our guinea-pig stock.It is pointed out that a sound theory of the epidemiology of certain diseases must take into account the seasonal variation in host susceptibility.
A Further Study of an Unusual Bacillus recovered from Cases presenting Symptoms of Dysentery
Authors: Clayton F. H. A. , Warren S. H. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The unusual organism previously described (1929) has since been recovered from two additional sources, in each case children suffering from dysenteric symptoms.(2) It is suggested that this organism be named the “Newcastle dysentery bacillus.”(3) A more extensive study of its biochemical reactions, using Lemco broth (Dudgeon and Pulvertaft, 1927), as a basis for carbohydrates, has shown that these reactions are notably free from variation and that they exhibit decided divergences from those characteristic of certain bacilli often associated with, but not specifically related to, dysentery. They are more or less closely paralleled in the case of the Glässer-Voldagsen sub-group of the Salmonella, and particularly the Dammann strain of Voldagsen's bacillus, but nevertheless show quite definite differences.(4) Further examination of the serological peculiarities of the Newcastle bacillus has demonstrated that it is difficult to prepare from it a very active rabbit anti-serum, that its velocity of agglutination is low, and that the titre obtained with saline suspensions is higher than that obtained with broth cultures.(5) Complete absence of agglutination has been the result in tests with B. typhosus, many members of the Salmonella group, including all most frequently met with and also the Glässer-Voldagsen sub-group, and with a number of the bacilli often associated with, but not specifically related to, dysentery. On the other hand, with one strain of B. dysenteriae Sonne (3) there was a suggestion of agglutination and with at least four out of five races (V, W, X, Y and Z) of B. dysenteriae Flexner this was well-marked.(6) Saturation with a mixed suspension of these five races completely removes all trace of these secondary agglutinins without materially affecting the specific agglutinins for the Newcastle bacillus while, on the other hand, saturation with each of the four strains of the latter has, in each separate instance, practically eliminated the specific and completely removed the secondary agglutinins.Finally we desire to acknowledge the helpful criticism we have received from Prof. H. J. Hutchens throughout our study of this organism, the facilities placed at our disposal by Dr Harold Kerr, Medical Officer of Health for Newcastle, and the great assistance rendered by the Deputy Medical Officer of Health, Dr J. A. Charles.
The Influence of Certain Dietary Supplements on the Nutrition of the African Native. I
Authors: Kelly Francis Charles , Henderson John McAskill 
Published: May 2009

1. The addition to the Nairobi prison diet of either a mineral supplement (closely reproducing in composition the ash of cows' milk) or of a small dose of cod-liver oil, or a combination of these two, produced in adult African prisoners a distinct improvement in body weight.2. Similarly an addition of olive oil and iodine produced a like effect but less in degree. The significance of this will require further investigation.3. Evidence is adduced which suggests that one of the most important constituents of this soluble mineral mixture is calcium. Thus:(a) The prison diet would appear on the basis of previous work to be deficient in the absolute amount of calcium present, nor does it seem rich in vitamins A and D. (In this connection it seems apposite to mention that cases of “night blindness” have frequently been reported.)(b) The blood calcium of the 42 experimental subjects was initially at a low normal level.(c) In the groups receiving the mineral mixture and/or cod-liver oil (which is a recognised calcium absorption promoting agent) the level of the blood calcium was invariably raised.(d) As indicated above, the body weights in these groups increased. There appears to be, further, a certain amount of correlation between the increase in body weight and that of the blood calcium level.(e) Balance experiments show that given favourable conditions(i.e.the addition of the mineral mixture alone or along with cod-liver oil) calcium will be absorbed in amount considerably in excess of that absorbed from the basal diet alone.4. In the course of the work some evidence has emerged that certain other factors,e.g.intestinal parasites and minimum temperature, may respectively influence the blood calcium level and the body weight increase. Should these prove in future work to be real influences they would not vitiate our present conclusions.
A Comparative Biometric Study of Albino and Coloured Guinea-pigs from the point of view of their Suitability for Experimental Use
Authors: Dunkin G. W. , Hartley P. , Lewis-Faning E. , Russell W. T. 
Published: May 2009

1. The average number of guinea-pigs born in albino litters is 3·000 as against 3·097 in the case of the mixed group, but the difference between the mean values is not statistically significant. Hence, it will be seen that there is little or no relationship between the colour of guinea-pigs and the number of their progeny.2. It may be said that there is a relationship between fertility and the period of the year. There is a tendency for fewer litters to be born during the quarter, January to March, and likewise for the fertility to be lowest during this period, as the mean number of births per litter is 2·65 for albino guineapigs and 2·67 for the mixed class, both values being significantly below the mean for the whole period.3. The mean weight of the albino guinea-pigs at birth is 81·2 ± 0·36 grm., the corresponding value for the cream, cream and white class is 82·6 ± 0·43, but the difference is of no statistical importance. Hence we conclude that the weight of a guinea-pig at birth is not affected by its colour. Once again attention is centred on the January–March quarter as the most unfavourable period, since there is a tendency for guinea-pigs of either colour born in these months to be below the normal weight.4. When allowance was made for the effects of selection on our data, there was no material difference between the rates of growth for the two types of guinea-pigs and, furthermore, the period of the year at which littering occurred exercised no apparent influence.5. The rate of mortality during the first thirteen days of life amongst albino guinea-pigs is 5·58 per 1000 per day, and amongst cream, cream and white guinea-pigs 4·73 per 1000 per day, but the difference probably represents nothing fundamental because, when the mortality is studied according to the size of the litter, the rates are sometimes in the reverse direction.6. Finally, there is, in the present data, nothing to suggest that albino guinea-pigs are as regards fertility, growth and mortality, significantly different from cream, cream and white guinea-pigs.
Beriberi and other Food-deficiency Diseases in Newfoundland and Labrador
Authors: Aykroyd W. R. 
Published: May 2009

1. Beriberi occurring on a white-flour staple is similar to that occurring on a rice staple.2. Under the difficult climatic conditions of North Newfoundland and Labrador, families are obliged to buy food stores in November or December to last until the following May or June. When poverty prevents a sufficient variety of foodstuffs, and calories are the foremost consideration, white flour with few extras forms the main dietary, and beriberi tends to occur in April, May or June. It occurs in families who have grown few vegetables and shot little game.3. The disease attacks more men than women, and very rarely children between the ages of infancy and puberty. The age and sex incidences of beriberi are difficult of explanation and differ in different countries.4. Infantile beriberi probably occurs in Newfoundland and Labrador, but is largely unrecognised.5. The main cause of beriberi is vitamin B1deficiency, but the diets of patients suffering from beriberi are deficient in other respects.6. It is suggested that the infrequency of wet beriberi in Newfoundland may be due to the fact that wheat flour has a higher protein content than polished rice.7. Since poverty and deficiency disease are rigidly associated, prevention is an economic rather than a medical problem.8. Severe scurvy and rickets are not often met.9. Functional hemeralopia or night-blindness occurs mainly during the summer among men. It occurs on a diet deficient in vitamin A, and is rapidly curable by vitamin A containing foods, a fact well known to the Newfound landers. The disease may occur in men taking a deficient diet for less than one month. Other evidences of vitamin A deficiency are lacking.10. Tuberculosis, severe dental caries, functional stomach complaints and constipation are common. Gastric and duodenal ulcer, diabetes and obesity are rare.
The Examination of the Tissues and Some Observations on the Blood Platelets of Rabbits at Intervals of Five Minutes, and Later, after Intravenous Inoculations of Staphylococcus aureus and Indian Ink
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S. , Goadby H. K. 
Published: May 2009

1. The tissue reactions in rabbits from intravenous injections of live and dead Staphylococcus aureus and massive doses of indian ink and colloidal silver have been studied.2. Any particles injected into the circulation cause the accumulation of polymorphs in the lung capillaries.3. Inert colloidal particles such as indian ink are clumped in the capillaries of the lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys, and are phagocytosed by the endothelial cells.4. Staphylococci (S. aureus), live or dead, are nearly all held up in the lungs, where they are actively phagocytosed by the polymorphs within 5 minutes of an intravenous injection.5. Subsequently the cocci are distributed to the other organs, where phagocytosis continues mainly by polymorphs, but in the liver also by the Kupfer cells.6. Special attention is drawn to the localisation of the cocci in certain areas in the kidneys.7. Platelet counting on animals injected with various substances showed that there is an agglomeration of the particles with the platelets, which are consequently removed from the circulation.8. In the case of the inert particles the platelets are then restored to the circulation. With organisms (S. aureus) some of the platelets appear to be completely removed from the blood together with the bacteria.
Observations on Bacillus (Haemophilus) influenzae with Special Reference to Morphology and Colonial Characters
Authors: Smith Muriel M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Several strains of the influenza bacillus were grown under varying conditions for many months in order to ascertain whether morphology and colonial appearances could be permanently modified.2. It was found that a modification in morphology occurred in all the strains studied.3. Typical coccobacillary forms were changed to atypical long-curved forms.4. The reverse change from atypical was also observed but was not so frequent, nor, when it occurred, was it so constant.5. The change took place most readily after growth in a flask of Fildes' broth for several weeks or months at 37° C.6. There was found to be a definite association between morphology and colonial form. The typical strains produced smooth colonies, while the atypical gave rough colonies, or colonies very much smaller than those produced by the typical.7. When the change in morphology took place the change in colonial form occurred at the same time.8. The biochemical characters remained on the whole unchanged.9. One hundred and forty strains were examined for their fermentation reactions. The sugars most frequently fermented were dextrose, maltose and sucrose.10. The atypicals were more active fermenters than the typicals.11. 63·9 per cent. of the typicals, and 18 per cent. of the atypicals, gave a positive indol reaction.12. Although the ability to grow on X or V alone affords an important differential criterion within this group, great care is necessary in interpreting the results obtained, especially in the case of those strains which grow on V in the absence of X. Different yeast preparations may give very different results in this respect.13. All the strains tested were non-haemolytic.
Cross infection in diphtheria wards
Authors: Glass V. , Wright H. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. Evidence is adduced to indicate that cross infection occurred in 36·6% of a series of 246 patients in diphtheria wards.2. In patients who were in hospital longer than 2 months it occurred in 68%.3. Persistence of diphtheria bacilli in the upper respiratory tract was responsible for prolongation of hospitalization in 76% of cases in a series examined.4. In 80% of these cases this persistence was a result of cross infection.5. The administrative importance of cross infection is discussed.
Distribution of coliform organisms in milk and the accuracy of the presumptive coliform test
Authors: Barkworth H. , Irwin J. O. 
Published: May 2009

1. The presumptive coliform test was carried out by each of three workers, at each of four dilutions, on seventeen sets of five tubes for each of seven samples of 18-hour-old afternoon milk, held overnight in the ice chest.2. With the exception of three slightly anomalous results, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the chance of a tube remaining sterile is constant for all tubes inoculated from the same sample of milk at any one dilution.3. The assumption of a Poisson distribution of organisms in parallel tubes is accurate enough, with these data, to give a good idea of the order of magnitude of the number of bacteria per ml.4. There is, however, a tendency, more marked in our data in autumn than in spring, for the estimated count to rise at the higher dilutions. This may plausibly be attributed to the breaking up of clumps.
A study of English diets by the individual method: III. Pregnant women at different economic levels
Authors: McCance R. A. , Widdowson E. M. , Verdon-Roe C. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The diets of 120 pregnant women at different economic levels have been studied by the individual method.2. The intake of calories was found to be little affected by income, and this was true also of fat and carbohydrate. The intakes of protein, animal protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamin B1rose convincingly with income.3. These differences were due to the fact that a rise in spending power led to an increased consumption of milk, fruit, vegetables and meat, and to a decreased consumption of bread and total cereals. Details are given in Table V.4. Women taking the better diets were found on average to be taller and less anaemic than those taking the poorer diets. The differences were significant.5. A comparison of the diets of the well-to-do women with the requirements suggested by the League of Nations and other authorities suggests that the requirement for calories has been set too high. The intake of calcium was suboptimal throughout and the diets of the poorer women were deficient in many respects.
Anthrax in mink (Mustela vison)
Authors: Greener Averil W. 
Published: May 2009

An account is given of outbreaks of anthrax among mink, which occurred in Great Britain during 1936–8, and the possible danger to human beings from this source is discussed. Attention is called to the peculiar features of one of the outbreaks and to the probable mode of infection.Acknowledgements. My best thanks are due to Dr D. Jordan Lloyd for supplying information and references concerning the dressing of pelts, to the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Agriculture for details of outbreaks of anthrax during 1936–8, and to Dr F. C. Minett for his assistance in compiling this paper.
The specificity of antisera against crystalline serum albumin
Authors: Adair Muriel E. , Hamilton John 
Published: May 2009

Antisera prepared in the rabbit by injection of crystalline horse-serum albumin or crystalline human-serum albumin show a considerable diminution in specificity after more than one course of six to eight injections has been given.The ratio of precipitate nitrogen to antigen nitrogen at the optimal point is smaller in antisera obtained after one course of injections than in antisera derived from subsequent bleedings.In the case of antisera obtained from first bleedings, the ratio of precipitate nitrogen to antigen nitrogen determined at the optimal point with homologous antigen is of approximately the same value in both the antigen-antibody systems studied. The increase in the values of the ratios for antisera from subsequent bleedings is also the same for both systems.