bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Note on the Lignite Deposit of Lal-Lal, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Etheridge R. 
Published: October 2009

The observations recorded in the present note were made at the latter end of the year 1868, during a preliminary survey of the Mount Buninyong District, Victoria. Unfortunately, through the dissolution of the late Geological Survey by the Colonial Government, circumstances did not permit of my carrying them to a successful termination.

The village of Lal-Lal is situated about 3 miles to the south of Mount Buninyong, in the Buninyong District, Victoria. The surface aspect of the ground occupied by the lignite deposit is, in winter, that of a sandy marshy flat, in summer dry and parched, covered with coarse grass, and of no great extent. The country immediately to the north of Lal-Lal is composed of granitic rocks overlain by the lava-flows of Mounts Buninyong and Warrenheip, which extend some distance to the northward. On the south and west the deposit is bounded by the low Silurian hills of Williamson's Creek, and the Mount-Doran ranges. The Melbourne, Geelong, and Ballarat Railway crosses the western edge of the Lal-Lal flat; and near this a shaft was sunk by the “Lal-Lal Lignite Company,” which appears to have struck the bed about its thickest point, viz. 115 feet, as later mining operations have proved that it thins out all round this point. The supposition would therefore be that the position of the shaft represents nearly the centre of the bed of lignite. The following is a generalized section from above downwards:—

1.
Alternations of sand, clay, and gravel, about 73 feet.

2.
Fine fire-clay
On the Probable Existence of a considerable Fault in the Lias near Rugby, and of a new Outlier of the Oolite
Authors: Wilson J. M. 
Published: October 2009

I
t
may be useful in a future geological survey of Warwickshire if I call the attention of this Society to what seems to me the high probability of the existence of a considerable fault in the Lower Lias near Rugby, which has, I believe, hitherto escaped detection. It is accompanied by an outlier of the Oolite, which is not marked in the maps of the Geological Survey.

It will be scarcely worth while to give here the detailed tracing, field by field, of parts of this fault. I propose to print these details in the Report of the Rugby-School Natural-History Society, which will be published in a few weeks. It will be sufficient here to notice its probable existence and position, and to invite to it the attention of some competent geological surveyor.
In the village of Low Morton is a sandpit which is worked against the steep face of a hill to a depth of nearly 50 feet. A few yards from the face of the sand-cliff a well has been sunk 20 or more feet further; and out in the village, and in the bed of the valley, the sand extends to a greater but still unknown depth. No bottom has ever been reached. In a previous communication of mine to the Society will be seen the account of some borings I made for that purpose*. Above the sand-pit is a clay-pit; and there is evidence that the clay is bounded on the side towards the sand by
Notes on the Bingera Diamond-field, with Notes on the Mudgee Diamond-field
Authors: Liversidge Archibald 
Published: October 2009

T
he
first announcement of the occurrence of the diamond in Australia was made by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, F.G.S., in 1860. Specicimens were found, in 1852, at Calula Creek, and, in 1859, near Sutton's Bar, in the Macquarie river, at Burrendong, and at Pyramul Creek.

In 1867 diamonds were discovered by gold-diggers in the Mudgee district on the Cudgegong river, which flows into the Macquarie. In 1869 they were worked pretty extensively at this spot; and in 1870 Mr. Norman Taylor and Dr. Thomson described the Mudgee diamond-field in a paper read before the Royal Society of New South Wales. From this it appears that the diamond-bearing spots lie along the river in outliers of an old river-drift, at varying distances from the river and at an elevation of 40 feet or more above it. The outliers are capped by deposits of hard and compact, sometimes columnar basalt, regarded by Mr. Taylor as of older Pliocene age. These outliers, with their basaltic capping, may be traced for about seventeen miles up the river; in some of them the diamantiferous drift is still 70 feet in thickness.
The outliers which have been worked are enumerated by Messrs. Taylor and Thomson as follows:—Jordan's Hill, 40 acres; Two Mile Flat, 70 acres; Rocky Ridge, 40 acres; Horse-shoe Bend, 20 acres; and Hassall's Hill, 340 acres: in all, 510 acres. The drift has invariably been met with in these localities on tunnelling under or sinking through the basalt. In one patch a peculiar
On the Granitic, Granitoid, and Associated Metamorphic Rocks of the Lake-district. Parts I. & II.
Authors: Ward J. Clifton 
Published: October 2009

Preface
.

I
n
the following memoir I propose to consider all the points of
theoretic
importance connected with the granitic and granitoid rocks of the Lake-District and their associated metamorphic rocks, details and self-evident facts being described at full in the ‘Survey Memoir.’

Part I. will treat of the probable pressures under which the granitic and granitoid rocks were consolidated, these pressures being calculated from the evidence afforded by the liquid-cavities contained in the quartz.
Part II. will deal with the case of the Eskdale and Shap granites and the associated altered rocks, on lithological, microscopical, and chemical grounds, the evidence for or against these masses being derived by metamorphism from the surrounding rocks being brought forward.
In Part III. the Skiddaw granite and metamorphosed Skiddaw slates will be treated in a similar manner.
Part IV. will comprehend a like examination of various masses of syenitic granite, syenite, and quartz-felsite, with the rocks metamorphosed around them.
Lastly, Part V. will consist of a summary of results, and a statement of the theoretic points which these support.

P
art
I.—
On the Liquid-cavities in the Quartz-bearing Rocks of the Lake-district
.

Introduction
.

No one can read Mr. Sorby's masterly and elaborate paper on the Microscopical Structure of Crystals* without being struck with the amount of patient investigation it displays and the host of interesting questions it suggests. During the last few years that if has been my privilege to work in the field among the rocks of the Lake-district it has frequently been upon my
On the Association of Dwarf Crocodiles (
Nannosuchus
and
Theriosuchus pusillus
, e.g.) with the Diminutive Mammals of the Purbeck Shales
Authors: Owen Richard 
Published: October 2009

Agbeeably with an intimation at the close of the Monograph (No. VIII.) “On the Fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations,” which appeared in the volume of the Palæontographical Society issued in 1878 (p. 15), I communicated to the Geological Society of London a paper in which ideas suggested by the subjects of that Monograph on certain relations of Mesozoic and Neozoic Crocodilia to their prey were more fully detailed, and an instructive discussion was thereupon raised agreeably with the writer's design.
To his assumption that the mammalian prey of Neozoic Crocodiles were non-existent in Mesozoic times, an experienced palæontologist objected that such were in existence at those periods, and co-existed with the Teleosaurs and other amphicœlian Crocodiles.
It had not occurred to me that the mammalian prey of the Neozoic Crocodiles, which I had in view, and which were exemplified in my mind and meaning by the Tiger, the Buffalo, and similarly large unguiculate and ungulate species, could be represented or suggested by the extinct mammals from the Purbeck and Stonesfield strata, in the restoration of which, and the vindication of their claims to warm-blooded and mammiferous eminence, no small proportion of past palæontological work had been submitted by me in former days to the Geological Society.
Description of fragmentary Indications of a huge kind of Theriodont Reptile (
Titanosuchus ferox
, Ow.) from Beaufort West, Gough Tract, Cape of Good Hope
Authors: Owen  
Published: October 2009

In a series of fossil remains from the Gough and Karroo tracts in South Africa, transmitted by Thomas Bain, Esq., Inspector of Roads, Cape of Good Hope, to the British Museum (May 1878), boxes nos. 1 and 2 were invoiced as containing “Loose hones and fragments of hones of a large Saurian, found lying on the surface at Koodaskop, Gough.”
No bone was entire; all were broken portions more or less water-worn and much weathered. A more seemingly hopeless lot of fossils I never before took in hand.
Indistinct traces of broken teeth, here and there, were the sole guide to a nearer recognition of the parts containing them, and suggested a way of treatment by which a clearer insight of their nature might be obtained. Omitting some tentative procedures, I venture to submit the following results.
Glacial Periods
Authors: Campbell J. F. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The general result of sections III., IV., V. is that Indian glaciers are near about as large as they have been since the deposition of the crumpled Tertiary beds which are called “Nahuns” and “Shivaliks.” “The glacial period” is dated “Postpliocene.” The Indian ground traversed extends from Ceylon to Kangra, near lat. 32° N., and includes Lower Himalayan slopes between the river Ravee, lat. 32° N., and Darjeeling in lat. 27° 28' near long. 90° E.
The result of section V. is the same for the Caucasus, about 40° N., and for the Rocky Mountains, about lat. 36° to 37°. About lat. 45°–46° in Northern Italy glaciers certainly were a great deal larger in Postpliocene times. There is reason to believe that glaciers existed as far south as Calabria, near lat. 30°, in “Miocene” times ; that is, about the latitude of Simla and Hirdwar. The general conclusion is in section VI., and the result of the whole paper is in the first paragraph and in the last. The facts are in sections III. to VI.; and to them I beg to refer readers who wish to test my conclusions.
On a Section of Boulder-clay and Gravels near Ballygalley Head, and an Inquiry as to the proper Classification of the Irish Drift
Authors: Reade T. Mellard 
Published: October 2009

At a point in the road along the west coast of Ireland, between Lame and Cushendall and near Ballygalley Head, is a gravel-pit giving a section which may help to determine the classification of the Irish Drift.
The exposed face is, as nearly as I could judge, about 30 feet high, the pit being cut into a grass-covered slope lying against the hilly ground which mostly flanks the coast-road landward.
The following is a sketch which I took on the spot last autumn; and although I did not measure the thickness of the beds, it may be relied upon as giving their proportionate disposition.
The base of the excavation (A) is formed by a bed of current-bedded gravel containing shells and shell fragments. The actual base of the bed is not disclosed, so it is impossible to say how thick it is, or whether it rests on a Boulder-clay or on the natural rock.
It is capped by a perfectly straight and nearly level bed of sand, about 4 inches thick (B), on which rest irregularly disposed masses of clay and sand containing boulders, and above this a band of red clay, C, which is again overlain by a mass of unstratified Boulder-clay, D, the surface of which is covered by a bed of subaerial detritus, E, forming the subsoil of the grassy slope.
Coming fresh from Lancashire, where some geologists, followingProf. Hull's lead, divide the Drift into three parts (viz. Lower Boulder-clay, Middle Drift or Interglacial Gravels, and Upper
Further Observations on the Pre-Cambrian Rocks of Caernarvon
Authors: Hughes T. McKenny 
Published: October 2009

O
n
a former occasion (Quart. Journ. Geol Soc. vol. xxxiv. p. 137) I offered a sketch of the Pre-Cambrian rocks which form the long ridge stretching from Bangor to Caernarvon. The classification I adopted was in descending order:—

i.

The Volcanic series
, consisting of volcanic fragmentary ejectamenta, agglomerates, ash-beds, and slates, occurring near Bangor, and referred to as
Bangor beds
.

ii.

The Felsitic series
, consisting chiefly of quartz felsites, and probably also of volcanic origin, occurring near Llanddeiniolen and Dinorwig, and now referred to as the
Dinorwig beds
.

iii.

The Granitoid series
, occurring near Caernarvon, and referred to as the
Caernarvon beds
.

Endeavouring to correlate these groups with the divisions proposed by Dr. Hicks, I considered that the lowest group included less than the Dimetian, from which I proposed to cut off every thing above the brecciated bed below Bryngarn, on the left of the valley running down from St. David's to Porthclais. The upper group I divided into two. I do not know how far Dr. Hicks, in the modified classification recently offered to the British Association (Report, 1878, Trans. Sect. p. 536), adopts the above threefold classification. I considered that there was no unconformity visible between the groups, whether we accepted the brackets drawn by Dr. Hicks or those which I proposed.
Since this paper was first sent in much additional information has been brought forward by Professor Bonney, Dr. Hicks, and Mr. Houghton, in communications made to the
Tertiary Echinoidea of the Kohat-Potwar Basin
Authors: Davies Lewis Merson 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The author describes the results, to dte, of work on the Tertiary echinoids of the Kohat district and northern Punjab. He recalls facts published in previous papers, and deals with collections more recently made. He outlines the stratigraphy of the northern basin, and shows how its echinoids help to correlate its elements with the early Tertiary deposits of Baluchistan and Sind.
I. Introduction
A Number of Tertiary echinoids from the Kohat-Potwar basin have already been dealt with (Davies 1925, 1926A, 1927, 1937), but many more were collected during my last visit to India. An attempt is here made to summarize existing information on the subject.
By the expression “Kohat-Potwar basin” (cf. Davies 1940B, p. 489; 1940C, p. 209), is meant an area approximately covered by the Kohat district and the Potwar plateau. This region formed a fairly well-marked basin during late Cretaceous and early Tertiary times, when an arm of the Tethyan sea crossed the north-western corner of the Indian horst on its way to what is now southern Tibet (Davies 1940B). In the final phases of its marine history this basin showed increased individuality, owing to earth movements which severed its trans-Himalayan extension to the east and restricted its communications with Sind to the south.
II. Marine Tertiary Sequence in the Basin
It seems that land, in this region, stood higher to the south-east than to the north-west at the close of Mesozoic times, for Jurassic beds are often directly overlain by Upper Ranikot beds on the Salt
The Origin and Structure of the Lower Viséan Reef-Knolls of the Clitheroe District, Lancashire
Authors: Parkinson Donald 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The reef-knolls discussed in particular are Crow Hill, Worsaw, Gerna, Sykes and Twiston, all of which lie on the south-eastern limb of the Clitheroe anticline. It is shown that along the eastern side of Worsaw Hill the reef-limestone accumulated at high angles to the horizontal and at depths varying from sea-level down to 400 feet or more below, on a slope running perpendicular to the present strike of the surrounding beds. Shales and thin-bedded limestones were deposited between the reefs and contemporaneously with them on a sinking sea-floor. The larger knolls are considered to be the exposed parts of reefs which were originally ridge-like and ran parallel to the north-west and south-east fault lines and perpendicular to the later main orogenic axes. Some of the reefs may have been several miles in length, but their width rarely exceeded half a mile. Reef sedimentation was followed by uplift which resulted in erosion along the flanks of the reefs and a deepening of the depressions between them. The succeeding Worst on Shales were thus deposited on an uneven surface which resulted primarily from original irregularities of sedimentation but which was modified by subsequent earth-movement.
I. Introduction
In 1926, in describing the Lower Carboniferous succession of the Clitheroe-Pendle area, I adduced evidence supporting Tiddeman's theory (1900, and Kendall and Wroot 1924, p. 92) of the origin of the reef.knolls. It was argued that the stratigraphy could only be satisfactorily interpreted on the assumption that the limestone hills lying between the villages of
The Methods of Hilbert Spaces and Structure of the Fixed-Point Set of Lipschitzian Mapping
Authors: Górnicki Jarosław 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to prove, by asymptotic center techniques and the methods of Hilbert spaces, the following theorem. Let "Equation missing" be a Hilbert space, let "Equation missing" be a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of "Equation missing" and let "Equation missing" be a strongly ergodic matrix. If "Equation missing" is a lipschitzian mapping such that "Equation missing", then the set of fixed points "Equation missing" is a retract of "Equation missing". This result extends and improves the corresponding results of [7, Corollary 9] and [8, Corollary 1].
Hegel's Voice: Vibration and Violence
Authors: Hanly Peter 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis essay is a consideration of Hegel's account of the voice. Responding, in the first instance, to Derrida's discussion of what he terms Hegel's 'semiology,' the article attempts to map out complexities in Hegel's account of voice that tend to resist absorption into the trajectory that Derrida has outlined. Hegel's discussion of music in the Aesthetics will be the focus, and an attempt is made to link the emergence of the musical voice to the fundamental determinations of time and of sound in the Philosophy of Nature. Finally, the essay will connect Hegel's understanding of music with the primordial appearance of voice in the anthropology of the Philosophy of Spirit.
Efficient Adaptive Error Parameterizations for Square Root or Ensemble Kalman Filters: Application to the Control of Ocean Mesoscale Signals
Authors: Brankart Jean-Michel , Cosme Emmanuel , Testut Charles-Emmanuel , Brasseur Pierre , Verron Jacques 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In Kalman filter applications, an adaptive parameterization of the error statistics is often necessary to avoid filter divergence, and prevent error estimates from becoming grossly inconsistent with the real error. With the classic formulation of the Kalman filter observational update, optimal estimates of general adaptive parameters can only be obtained at a numerical cost that is several times larger than the cost of the state observational update. In this paper, it is shown that there exists a few types of important parameters for which optimal estimates can be computed at a negligible numerical cost, as soon as the computation is performed using a transformed algorithm that works in the reduced control space defined by the square root or ensemble representation of the forecast error covariance matrix. The set of parameters that can be efficiently controlled includes scaling factors for the forecast error covariance matrix, scaling factors for the observation error covariance matrix, or even a scaling factor for the observation error correlation length scale.
As an application, the resulting adaptive filter is used to estimate the time evolution of ocean mesoscale signals using observations of the ocean dynamic topography. To check the behavior of the adaptive mechanism, this is done in the context of idealized experiments, in which model error and observation error statistics are known. This ideal framework is particularly appropriate to explore the ill-conditioned situations (inadequate prior assumptions or uncontrollability of the parameters) in which adaptivity can be misleading. Overall, the experiments show that, if used correctly, the efficient optimal adaptive algorithm proposed in this paper introduces useful supplementary degrees of freedom in the estimation problem, and that the direct control of these statistical parameters by the observations increases the robustness of the error estimates and thus the optimality of the resulting Kalman filter.
Olanzapine in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cipriani Andrea , Rendell Jennifer , Geddes John R 
Published: October 2009

Olanzapine was licensed in the USA by the Food and Drug Administration in 2003 for the prevention of relapse in patients with bipolar disorder when the acute manic episode had responded to treatment with olanzapine. However, olanzapine is commonly used in clinical practice for preventing relapse in patients with bipolar disorder even when acute response has not been demonstrated. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the effectiveness and acceptability of olanzapine in preventing recurrent mood episodes in bipolar disorder. MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Controlled Trials Register and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled up to July 2008 were accessed. Only randomised controlled trials comparing olanzapine with placebo or other active drugs for long-term treatment were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data. Authors were contacted to provide additional data. Of the five trials included in this review, four were conducted by Eli Lilly, the manufacturer of olanzapine. Olanzapine was more effective than placebo at preventing manic relapse, but there was no difference between olanzapine (alone or in combination with lithium or valproate) and placebo (alone or in combination with lithium or valproate) in terms of relapse into any mood episode, as defined as primary outcome by authors in each of the primary studies. We conclude that olanzapine may prevent further manic episodes only in patients who have responded to olanzapine in an acute manic or mixed episode and who have not previously had a satisfactory response to lithium or valproate.
Financial Analysis of the ICT Industry
Authors: Mathur Somesh K. 
Published: October 2009

This article attempts to quantify the following things: 1. the technical efficiency of the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) sector in 52 countries in 2006–07 and in 45 countries in 2002–03 by using the DEA method. 2. Malmquist Index of Productivity Growth in the ICT sector in 45 countries between these two periods. 3. the proportions of the productivity growth attributable to efficiency and technical change. 4. the effect on total factor productivity (TFP) of catching-up, the export ratio, Broadband policy and technical readiness using a regression analysis. As a result, the paper finds that: 1. The ICT sectors in South Korea and Argentina were relatively efficient in 2002–03, while in 2006–07, the ICT sectors in Bahrain, Brazil and Sweden showed relative efficiency. 2. The productivity growth in the ICT sector in developing and newly industrialised countries is slightly lower than the growth in developed and transition countries, suggesting the catching-up of developing and newly industrialised countries. This catching-up effect is also confirmed in the regression analysis. 3. Technological readiness, which is a measure of the agility with which an economy adopts existing technologies, has a positive impact on TFP growth.