bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Internally Directed Behavior to Self-Reinforcement, Self-Esteem, and Expectancy Values for Exercise
Authors: Field Laura K. , Steinhardt Mary A. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. This study investigated two opposing orientations toward exercise and wellness behavior as related to selected personal characteristics. A “self-trusting” orientation focuses on process measures, and exercise and wellness behavior is internally directed. A “self-controlling” orientation focuses on outcome measures, and exercise and wellness behavior is externally directed. Design. Relationships among variables were assessed using Pearson correlation and step-wise multiple regression. Setting. One questionnaire was administered to all subjects under quiet classroom conditions. Subjects. Subjects were enrolled in university physical education activity classes (N = 154), a health promotion and fitness undergraduate class (N = 52), and a commercial aerobic dance program (N = 68). Measures. The questionnaire, containing 157 items, assessed exercise orientation, wellness orientation, general self-esteem, physical self-esteem, self-reinforcement, expectancy values for exercise, and level of physical activity. Results. Individuals who reported exercising to improve physical appearance and/or physical performance had higher control scores on the exercise scale; exercising for pleasure or social reasons served as suppressor variables. High control scores on wellness and exercise orientation were indicative of individuals less likely to positively self-reinforce their behavior. A high control score on the wellness scale was significantly related to lower general and physical self-esteem scores. Finally, higher physical self-esteem was significantly related to exercising for pleasure and athletic reasons; exercising to improve physical appearance served as a suppressor variable. Conclusions. These data strengthen the recommendation that health promotion professionals consider alternative approaches to promoting exercise and enhancing wellness. Programming strategies that foster internally directed exercise and wellness behaviors may be more centrally related to an individual's well-being than programs that support externally directed behavior.
Factors Influencing Acceptance of Mammography: Implications for Enhancing Worksite Cancer Control
Authors: Glanz Karen , Rimer Barbara K. , Lerman Caryn , Gorchov Patricia McGovern 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purposes of this article are to review what is known about participation in mammography programs and to propose several elements that warrant consideration in planning mammography screening programs in occupational settings. Breast cancer is the most common female cancer. Regular screening programs including mammography, clinical breast examination, and monthly breast self-examination can reduce breast cancer deaths by as much as 35%. However, mammography is underutilized. This review examines factors affecting acceptance of mammography and possible worksite-based strategies to increase its appropriate use. Search Methods. We identified the sources cited in this review through a combination of literature searches of computerized data bases, backward searches of reference lists, and contacts with active investigators. The article includes a selected subset of the most recent and relevant references. Summary of Important Findings. A variety of individual factors, environmental influences, health care system factors, and employer factors influence the acceptance of mammography. Workplace mammography programs can be especially important in reducing access barriers. Major Conclusions. Six program elements which are central to planning successful worksite mammography programs are discussed: location and facilities; health professional involvement; the range of services; education and referral; employer policies, and plans for follow-up and repeat screening.
Occupational Mental Health Promotion: A Prevention Agenda Based on Education and Treatment
Authors: Quick James Campbell ,   The American Psychological Association/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Promotion Panel, 1990 Work and Well-Being Conference
Published: December 2011

Purpose of the Review. Psychological disorders are one of the 10 leading work-related diseases and injuries in the United States according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. This article addresses occupational mental health and preventive stress management in the workplace. The individual and organizational costs are briefly considered with concern for reducing the burden of suffering associated with these problems. Search Method. As an American Psychological Association interdisciplinary panel, we searched the psychological, medical, public health, and organizational literature. We selected articles relevant to the problem of psychological disorders in the workplace and to enhancing occupational mental health and preventive stress management. Important Findings. The panel proposed a national agenda of education and treatment, combined with a program of evaluation research, for addressing these issues. Target populations are identified, and the need for collaboration among a variety of national constituencies is considered. Advancing occupational mental health and promoting skills in preventive stress management is considered in the context of comprehensive health promotion. Major Conclusions. The panel concluded that there is a pressing need to: 1) set a ‘gold’ standard concerning the current state of knowledge in the domains of occupational mental health and stress management; 2) identify Diagnostically Related Groups (DRGs) which are stress-related; 3) establish assessment standards for stress and mental health; 4) set guidelines for reasonable interventions; and 5) establish acceptable post-outcome criteria.
Personal Crisis: Growth or Pathology?
Authors: Fahlberg Larry L. , Wolfer John , Fahlberg Lauri A. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The aim of this article is to present an emerging theoretical framework for viewing certain types of personal crises as developmentally healthy rather than as psycho-pathological. These types of crises are referred to as “spiritual emergence” and “spiritual emergency.” Search Methods Used. Selected literature from psychology, psychiatry, and philosophy is used to describe the new paradigm, which views the development of human consciousness across the life span as going beyond the well-adjusted and productive adult ego. The intent is to introduce this paradigm and some of its implications for further critical consideration by health promotion professionals. It is not the authors' purpose to critically evaluate the relevant theoretical literature in this article. Summary of Important Findings. The new paradigm represents an expanded theory of human development that explicitly recognizes a spiritual dimension in personal growth and health. Within this paradigm, spiritual emergence and spiritual emergency are viewed as signs of transitional, personal growth rather than as symptoms of psychopathology. Accordingly, signs of growth need to be differentiated from symptoms of pathology. The first step in doing this is to contextualize human experience in a larger developmental framework. Major Conclusions. Health promotion professionals may benefit personally and professionally by being aware of the new developmental paradigm which differentiates spiritual growth from pathological symptoms. Further theoretical clarification and research will be needed before detailed recommendations for practice can be made.
Issues Related to Participation in Worksite Health Promotion: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Mavis Brian E. , Stachnik Thomas J. , Gibson Carl A. , Stöffelmayr Bertram E. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics associated with participation in worksite-based health promotion activities. Design. Follow-up interviews were used to identify demographic, attitudinal, and behavioral differences among three employee groups. Reasons employees chose not to participate in health promotion activities were also explored. Setting. All respondents were employed at a large midwestern university and were eligible to participate in free onsite health fairs and health promotion programs. Subjects. A stratified random sample of 89 nonparticipants, health fair participants, and behavior change program participants was interviewed. Measures. The interview was comprised of questions related to demographic information, personal health habits, physical activity, perceived health status, perceived self-efficacy, worksite norms, health promoting lifestyle factors, and knowledge about health promotion activities. Results. ANOVA and chi-squared comparisons revealed few group differences. Graduate students and employees with advanced degrees were most likely to take part in health fairs. Behavior change program participants were older, clerical-technical staff members, and women. Faculty members were least likely to participate. A lack of time was the most often cited reason for nonparticipation. Conclusions. The study was retrospective and the analyses limited due to low statistical power. The results suggest that different groups of employees are attracted to different types of health promotion activities.
Community Activation and Health Promotion: Identification of Key Organizations
Authors: von Korff Michael , Wickizer Thomas , Maeser Jennifer , O'Leary Penny , Pearson David , Beery William 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to identify the kinds of community organizations community leaders consider important for community health promotion efforts. Design. Key informants were identified by reputational sampling of organizations relevant to community health promotion. Key informants were asked to list organizations they considered important for community health promotion. Differences in identified organizations were compared across informants from seven urban, five suburban, seven rural, and three Native American communities, with significance evaluated by chi-square tests. Setting. This survey was conducted in 22 Western U.S. communities comprising the intervention and control communities of the Community Health Promotion Grants Program of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Subjects. Key informants (N = 184) from community organizations, identified using a reputational sampling technique beginning with the health department, were interviewed by telephone. Measures. Key informants listed organizations considered important for community health promotion in five areas: adolescent pregnancy, substance abuse, tobacco use, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Results. Informants frequently identified the health department (mentioned by 78% of informants overall), schools (72%), governmental agencies (55%), hospitals (47%), health clinics (42%), churches (33%), and newspapers (32%) as important. Organizations more prominent in urban and suburban areas than in rural and Native American areas included television stations, health-related private nonprofit organizations, substance abuse treatment centers, and colleges. Private physicians were frequently identified in rural areas (44% of informants). No more than one of the 25 informants in the Native American communities identified business organizations, private physicians, information/resource centers, senior citizen organizations, or community coalitions as important in their areas. Conclusions. Communities differ in the kinds of organizational resources available for community activation. These differences may need to be considered in planning community-based health promotion programs.
Risk-Rated Health Insurance Programs: A Review of Designs and Important Issues
Authors: Kaelin Mark A. , Barr Judith K. , Golaszewski Thomas , Warshaw Leon J. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose of the Review. The purpose of this review is to assist those who work in the field of health promotion when considering the implementation of an individually risk-rated health insurance plan. It does so by introducing the reader to the concept of individually risk-rating health insurance; uncritically reviewing selected risk-rated health insurance plans; and exploring several issues related to plan implementation, administration, and appropriateness. Search Methods Used. The review is based on the authors' awareness of the literature in the fields of preventive medicine, health promotion, and employee benefits. The six individually risk-rated health insurance programs that are reviewed were chosen because they demonstrate how aspects of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' Model have been implemented using various combinations of administrative procedures, verification strategies, and types of economic incentives or disincentives. This review is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the literature. Summary of Important Findings. Individually risk-rated health insurance programs have been established using a variety of administrative procedures, verification strategies, and types of economic incentives or disincentives. The frequency with which these programs are being established is increasing. As the number of risk-rated programs grows, it will be increasingly important to address the many issues that implementing such plans generate: How should lifestyle behaviors be verified? Will healthy lifestyles save money? Can employees fully control their risk factors? Is risk-rating socially responsible? Major Conclusions. As risk-rating becomes more widespread, there will be a continuing need to address the business, medical, ethical, and legal issues these programs create and to refine them accordingly. The health promotion community has both an opportunity and obligation to see to it that individually risk-rated health insurance programs are implemented in a socially acceptable manner and that the outcomes they generate are cost-beneficial.
A Comparison of Participants and Nonparticipants in a Worksite Cholesterol Screening
Authors: Hyman David J. , Paradis Gilles , Flora June A. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to determine if worksite cholesterol screening reaches only those who are already aware of their cholesterol and interested in lifestyle modification. Design. A voluntary worksite cholesterol screening was conducted followed by a survey of a random sample of nonparticipants. Setting. A large university worksite was the setting for this study. Subjects. Out of 9,137 university employees, 1,583 attended the voluntary screening, and a random sample of nonparticipants was obtained (n = 154), of which 87% (n = 138) responded. Measures. Subjects completed a questionnaire on health behaviors, perceived risk, self-efficacy for diet change, and attention to media messages. A capillary blood cholesterol level was also taken. Results. Nonparticipants were more likely to be male (64% versus 39%) and smokers (17% versus 9%), more likely to exercise, to have had a prior cholesterol measurement (64% versus 49%), and to “know” their cholesterol value (56% versus 26%). The two groups were otherwise similar. Over half (51%) of the participants were receiving their first cholesterol measurement. These subjects were younger, less educated, had less perceived risk, were less attentive to media messages, and more likely to be from a minority group than those individuals who had prior measurements. Discussion. These findings suggest that worksite cholesterol screening does not only reach those already aware of their cholesterols, but also can reach some persons not previously screened or concerned.
Three-Year Follow-up of Pawtucket Heart Health's Community-Based Weight Loss Programs
Authors: Del Prete Linda , English Catherine , Caldwell Marjorie , Banspach Stephen W. , Lefebvre Craig 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a community-based weight loss program. Design. A questionnaire was administered by telephone to subjects one to three years following participation in a weight loss program. Setting. The study took place in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The Pawtucket Heart Health Program is part of this setting. Subjects. A stratified sample of 400 subjects was randomly selected from 2,186 people who participated in weight loss programs between 1985 and 1987. A total of 285 subjects completed the questionnaire; 229 subjects provided sufficient information to be included in the study. Intervention. The subjects participated in community-based and worksite-based weight loss programs. Measures. Self-reported heights and weights before and after intervention and demographic data were collected. Desirable body weight and Garrow's health risk classifications were calculated. Results. Overall, there was a 3.2% reduction in body weight between time of entrance into weight loss programs and time of interview. Eighty percent of the participants lost weight in the program; mean weight loss was 11 pounds. At time of follow-up interview one to three years later, 65% of subjects weighed less than at entrance into the community programs; on average, subjects weighed six pounds less. Sixty-nine percent of the sample was above 20% desirable body weight at entrance and 26% of this group lost enough weight to lower their health risk category. Conclusions. Weight loss in this community-based program compares favorably with those reported by more intense and expensive clinic-bound programs. The community approach may be an alternative to more expensive clinic-based programs.
Factors Influencing the Adoption and Maintenance of Canadian, Facility-Based Worksite Health Promotion Programs
Authors: Wolfe Richard , Slack Trevor , Rose-Hearn Teresa 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine senior management's rationale for adopting and maintaining worksite health promotion programs and the congruence of this rationale with the program objectives of health professionals who manage the programs. Design. A multiple case study design was used. Setting. Nine major Canadian organizations which had adopted facility-based health promotion programs were the settings for this study. Data Collection. Semi-structured interviews (22 conducted) and two questionnaires (36 completed) were the methods used to collect data. Respondents. Senior managers involved in program adoption, senior managers responsible for program budgets, and senior health professionals responded to the interviews and questionnaires. Results. Impetus for health promotion program adoption in the organizations we studied had more to do with tangential issues such as an organization moving to a new facility or having access to unused space than with employee health or organizational performance considerations. The most common program adoption rationale was related to employee recruitment/retention. Program continuance was based on process issues such as participation rates and the quality of activity offerings rather than on health or organizational outcomes. While health professionals and senior management both considered human relations and morale more important than cost savings outcomes, health professionals considered cost savings outcomes more important than did senior management. Conclusions. It is important for health promotion professionals to develop program objectives which are shared by organizational management. Future program adoptions and maintenance will be influenced by closer analyses of the effect of these programs on organizational performance.
Cardiovascular Health among Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders: An Examination of Health Status and Intervention Approaches
Authors: Chen Moon S. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose of the Review. The purpose of this review is to examine the cardiovascular health status of Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders by primary risk factor and review current intervention approaches targeting this population. Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders in the United States have experienced triple digit percentage increases in population for every decade since 1970. Despite their rapidly increasing numbers, little is known about their cardiovascular health status. Search Methods Used. This article reviews the literature on the demographics, mortality, and prevalence of major cadiovascular risk factors among Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders. Selected intervention programs are also described. Summary of Important Findings. Data on cardiovascular disease mortality for Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders are relatively limited because few states collect ethnically specific mortality statistics. Data on cardiovascular risk factors, particularly smoking and hypertension, for certain Asian American/Pacific Islander groups portend excessive cardiovascular disease burdens. Major Conclusions. Data specific to ethnic groups comprising Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders need to be culled. Also, scientifically valid and linguistically appropriate interventions approved by ethnic community leaders are needed to address Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders.
The Impact of Incentives and Competitions on Participation and Quit Rates in Worksite Smoking Cessation Programs
Authors: Matson Dyann M. , Lee Jerry W. , Hopp Joyce W. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this review is to determine whether incentive-based programs conducted at worksites increase participation and long-term smoking cessation rates. Methods. Published studies of workplace smoking cessation programs involving incentives and competition were identified through all available years up to winter of 1992 in MEDLINE (1966–1992), Psychlit (1967–1992), Smoking and Health (1960–1992), and Combined Health Information (1973–1992) computer databases and article reference lists. Programs were considered incentive programs when they involved either cash or other prizes paid to the participant for quitting smoking. Incentive competition programs typically involve groups contesting for prizes by having the greatest smoking cessation rates. Thirty studies were found, out of which 15 quasi-experimental and experimental studies are reviewed. The 15 studies that did not have comparison groups were excluded from this report. Results. Only eight studies had a comparison group in which the effects of incentives and competition were separated from the effects of other interventions. Only one study separated the effects of competition from incentives. Five of these studies evaluated smoking rates after six months, and three after 12 months from the program start. Three of these studies showed that incentives increased participation rates, and five enhanced smoking reduction. No study showed, however, that incentives and/or competition enhanced smoking cessation past six months. Conclusions. It appears that incentives/competition may be useful for increasing participation and smoking reduction. Further research needs to be conducted to determine whether incentives and/or competition enhance long-term quit rates, and what are the most effective types of incentive procedures.