bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect, and Statistical Evaluation, of Soil Sterilization on Aniline and Diuron Adsorption Isotherms
Authors: Dao T. H. , Marx D. B. , Lavy T. L. , Dragun J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA laboratory study evaluated the effects of six treatments on the adsorptive capacity of three soils for a labile chemical, aniline hydrochloride (amino‐benzene‐HCl), and a relatively stable one, diuron (3‐3,4‐dichlorophenyl‐1,1‐dimethylurea). Detailed statistical procedures were outlined for presenting the reliability of the experimental results and were applied to compare the effects of air drying, oven drying, the addition of propylene oxide, autoclaving, cobalt‐60 irradiation, and moist preincubation on aniline‐HCl and diuron adsorptions on soil.Oven drying soil samples at 90°C for two 24‐h cycles resulted in increased aniline‐HCl adsorption but had no effect on diuron adsorption. Propylene oxide, inducing a soil pH change, decreased the adsorption of aniline‐HCl. It caused a general increase in diuron adsorption in the three soils due to the high amount of residue remaining in the treated soil. Although autoclaving and cobalt‐60 irradiation were effective methods of soil sterilization, both treatments decreased the adsorptive capacity of the soil samples. The above four treatments modified soil properties and altered the adsorption of organic chemicals on soil, when compared to the air‐dried and preincubated controls. Care must be exercised in the interpretation of adsorption data obtained using pretreated soil samples. Adsorption measurements should be taken preferably during a short period subsequent to soil‐solvent mixing, before enhanced microbial activity could take place in air‐dried soil samples.
Fluorite Precipitation in a Calcareous Soil Irrigated with High Fluoride Water
Authors: Tracy P. W. , Robbins C. W. , Lewis G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLysimeters filled with Freedom silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic, Xerollic Calciorthids) were irrigated with geothermal well water from south central Idaho. The water contained 7 mg F/L. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was grown in the lysimeters and the water was applied at a rate to give either a 0.30 or 0.15 leaching fraction. After irrigating the 1.0 m deep soil samples for 600 d, over 98% of the added F remained in the soil. Soil extract and lysimeter leachate analysis showed that fluorite precipitation was occurring in the upper profile, but only after another fluoride adsorption mechanism was saturated and the fluoride and calcium ion activities exceeded the CaF2 ion activity product. The F concentration in the upper profile extracts exceeded 20 mg F/L and with the additional high F water irrigation, the soluble F would be expected to leach deeper in the soil. Under field conditions the F would be expected to eventually move into the groundwater with continued irrigation with high F water.
Effect of Ionic Strength and Anions on Zinc Adsorption by Two Soils
Authors: Shuman L. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is important to assess the effects of ionic strength and type of anion when studying adsorption of metals on soils and soil components because the background salt may complex metals and compete for adsorption sites. Four experiments were carried out to determine the effect of ionic strength and anions on Zn adsorption by two soils and to determine the effects of these two factors on the pH‐adsorption relationships. Zinc adsorption using NO‐3 at ionic strengths of 0.005 and 0.01 mol L−1 was the same but the adsorption at 0.05 and 0.1 mol L−1 was lower than for the other ionic strengths. The SO2‐4 ion produced higher adsorption than NO‐3 or Cl‐ ions which yielded the same isotherm at pH 6. Increased ionic strength had similar effects at all pH levels studied. The three anions had no effect on the pH‐adsorption curves which were exactly the same within a soil type. Plotting the activity of the free Zn in the systems vs. adsorbed Zn gave much the same results as when concentration data were used. In general, ionic strength and anions had no influence on the shape of the isotherms, showing that the same relationships would be found regardless of ionic strength or anion. The absolute values of the adsorption maxima were different in some cases.
Urea and Manure Effects on Soil Nitrogen and Corn Dry Matter Yields
Authors: Xie Rongjing , MacKenzie A. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFresh (FC) and composted (CC) cow (Bos taurus) manures, liquid hog (Sus scrofa domesticus) manure (HM), and urea (U) were applied as N sources for silage corn (Zea mays L., hybrid W844) production on a Chicot (Hapludalfs) and a St. Benoit soil (Eutrochrepts) at rates of 0 to 240 N ha−1. Soil NO3‐N levels were significantly increased while soil NH4‐N levels were only temporary increased by N additions. Highest NO3‐N levels were noted 30 and 60 d (June and July) after N applications for the St. Benoit and the Chicot soils respectively. Hog manure resulted in more NO3‐N compared with FC and CC manures. One to 5 kg manure‐N was found to be equivalent to 1 kg of urea‐N in terms of increasing soil NO3‐N levels at the end of growing season. Differences between surface spreading or incorporating of manures on corn dry matter yields (DMY) and N uptake were not significant. Nitrogen uptake increased with increases in N application rates and was higher with HM than with CC or FC manures. Regression between DMY or N uptake and N application rates showed linear relationships with manure‐N and quadratic relationships with urea‐N. In 1984, 1 to 4 kg manure‐N resulted in similar corn DMY as 1 kg urea‐N. Cumulative effects of treatments on yields and on nutrient uptake observed in second and third years were greater on the St. Benoit soil than on the Chicot soil.
Clinoptilolite in South Texas Soils
Authors: Ming Douglas W. , Dixon Joe B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClinoptilolite, Cax(Na,K)6‐2x{Al6Si30O72}·24H2O, frequently has been recognized in Cenozoic volcanogenic sedimentary rocks; however, its occurrence in soils has received little attention. In the course of this study, clinoptilolite was identified in calcareous soils derived from volcanic‐rich sediments of the Catahoula Formation in south Texas. The mineralogical properties of clinoptilolite were characterized by x‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe analysis, and analysis of exchangeable cations. About 2 to 5% clinoptilolite by weight was found in the A and B horizons and concentrations progressively increased with depth to as high as 20% in the C horizons. No differences in the zeolite structural framework or Si/Al atomic ratio were detected throughout the soil profiles examined. Unlike Na‐ and K‐saturated clinoptilolites in sedimentary deposits, clinoptilolite in these calcareous soils was predominantly Ca‐saturated. Clinoptilolite was concentrated in the silt fractions as clusters of closely spaced laths that were 1 to 2 µm in thickness and 5 to 10 µm in length. Aggregates of the crystal plates and laths were as large as 50 to 60 µm in diam. Clinoptilolite in these soils appeared to have been inherited from zeolite‐rich, tuffaceous parent materials. The smooth, angular, euhedral nature of the clinoptilolite crystals indicated their relative stability. Exceptional, slightly pitted and fractured crystals were observed in the A and B horizons indicating minimal weathering.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Potassium Release from Sandy Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain Soils
Authors: Sadusky M. C. , Sparks D. L. , Noll M. R. , Hendricks G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKinetics of K release were investigated on a Kenansville loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Hapludults), a Rumford loamy sand (coarse‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludults), and a Sassafras fine sandy loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults) from the Delaware Coastal Plain. Previous field experiments had shown that corn (Zea mays L.) grown on these soils did not respond to K applications. The soils contained high levels of total K ranging from 22.5 to 46.5 cmol kg−1. Most of the total K was in the mineral form, particularly feldspars, and was contained in the sand fractions of the soils. Kinetics of K release from the whole soils and from the coarse, medium, and fine sand fractions were studied using a H‐saturated resin and 0.01 M oxalic acid. Potassium release from the whole soils, using the resin, ranged from 0.172 to 0.251 cmol kg−1 over a 30‐d period, and significantly more K was released with the resin than with oxalic acid. The K release that occurred from the sand fractions was attributed to the highly weathered nature of the K‐feldspars in these soils as observed by electron microbeam analyses. The mechanism of K release from the soil feldspars appears to be a surface‐controlled reaction.
Genesis of Adjacent Morphologically Distinct Soils in Northwest Florida
Authors: Washer N. E. , Collins M. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn northwest Florida plinthitic soils commonly form adjacent to well‐drained, nonplinthitic soils on the same landform. Differences in these soils are related primarily to natural drainage. The hypothesis that a lithological discontinuity occurred below the plinthic horizon in the plinthitic soils was proposed and tested: strata below the discontinuity impeded drainage through the soils, causing plinthite to form. Properties of three plinthitic soils and one nonplinthitic soil from the East Pittman Creek watershed were compared to test this hypothesis. Pedologically significant differences in morphology (e.g. consistence, color, and texture), clay‐free silt content, and fine sand content as a percentage of total sand content were observed between plinthic and 2C horizons and between the plinthitic and nonplinthitic soils. Three distinct strata were identified using the principle of random association. Anomalously high clay, iron, and phosphorus contents in the horizons above the 2C horizons and the laminar ironstone at the boundary between the Btv and 2C horizons indicated that the lower stratum impeded water movement. In conclusion, a pedologically significant lithological discontinuity does exist in the soils in East Pittman Creek watershed.
Design of Triple‐Wire Time Domain Reflectometry Probes in Practice and Theory
Authors: Heimovaara T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTime domain reflectometry (TDR) is accepted as a valuable tool for measuring soil water content and bulk soil electrical conductivity. The accuracy of TDR measurements depends on the quality and type of probes, as well as on the length of cable used. The objective of this study was to test the effects of different triple‐wire TDR probe dimensions and cable lengths on the measurements. Additional measurements were done in order to test the performance of small triple‐wire probes in soils with a wide range of water contents. Measurements in air and in water showed that the position of the first reflection from the connection between cable and probe is influenced by the dielectric medium. This problem was solved by using the zero of the cable tester as a time reference, and calibrating the TDR probes before measurements. The major effect of increasing cable lengths is that the rise time of the TDR voltage pulse increases, spreading each reflection across a larger time interval, which influences the accuracy of the wave form analysis and causes a possible underestimation of the apparent dielectric permittivity in dry soils. As a result, it is not possible to use short probes with long cable lengths. Smaller spacing of the wires results in steeper reflections from the end of the probe. Small triple‐wire probes are convenient in laboratory applications. Large triple‐wire probes are convenient for automated field applications in which long lengths of cable are required.
Diffusion Chamber for Nitrogen‐15 Determination of Coupled Nitrification‐Denitrification around Soil‐Manure Interfaces
Authors: Nielsen Tommy Harder , Revsbech Niels Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDenitrifying activity in soil is often associated with anoxic microsites rich in organic material, but previously described procedures for determining denitrification rates are not satisfactory when high rates of both nitrification and denitrification are associated with such hot spots. Coupled nitrification‐denitrification associated with hot spots of cattle manure was analyzed by use of a recently developed isotope pairing method in combination with a newly designed diffusion chamber. The diffusion chamber contained three separate phases: an anaerobic manure layer on top, an aerobic soil layer below that placed on top of a highly permeable aluminum oxide filter, and below the filter sterile water containing 15NO−3. The soil could be kept at a water potential below field capacity by suction of a hanging water column connected to the water phase. The isotopically labeled NO−3 entered the soil through the filter and diffused through the soil to the manure where it was denitrified. While diffusing through the soil, 15NO−3 was mixed with 14NO−3 formed by nitrification. The isotopic composition of the N2 formed by denitrification of the mixed NO−3 could then be used to determine the rate of denitrification based on 15NO−3 from the water as well as the rate of coupled nitrification‐denitrification within the soil. The rate of coupled nitrification‐denitrification increased exponentially during the first days after application of manure, indicating exponential growth of the nitrifiers with a doubling time of 1.7 d. The rate reached a maximum of 116 nmol N2 cm−2 h−1 after 10 d and subsequently decreased to 20 nmol N2 cm−2 h−1 after 3 wk. After 3 wk, about 40% of the NH+4 initially present had been removed through coupled nitrification‐denitrification.
Transport of Dissolved Organic Matter through a Sandy Forest Soil
Authors: Dosskey M. G. , Bertsch P. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe assessed the transport of dissolved organic matter (DOM) through a sandy, Ultisol forest soil on the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain, and contrasted the results with similar studies from other forest regions, to test the hypothesis that DOM transport is greater through sandy Ultisols than finer textured Ultisols and Spodosols. Within a small headwater catchment, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a measure of DOM, were measured in soil solution at three depths (10, 30, and 90 cm) in sand A and E horizons of soil profiles, and in sand along the valley bottom at 198‐ to 264‐cm depth in shallow groundwater. Water samples were collected after every rainfall event for 21 mo using zero‐tension lysimeters, suction samplers, and piezometers. Mean concentration of DOC in soil water decreased from 25.5 mg C L‐1 at 10‐cm depth to 13.7 mg C L‐1 at 30 cm, and to 1.8 mg C L‐1 at 76 to 99 cm, before contacting clayenriched horizons. All valley bottom stations consistently averaged between 0.3 and 2.1 mg C L‐1. We did not find significant seasonal patterns, nor a correlation between DOC concentration and magnitude of rainfall events. We estimate that the flux of DOC decreased more sharply with soil depth than concentration due to attenuation of water transport through the soil profile. Compared with literature data from other forest regions, our results do not support the hypothesis that there is greater DOM transport through sandy upland soils on the Coastal Plain. Our results suggest that this is due to strong DOM retention within deep sand E horizons of these soils. Thus, strong DOM retention in forest soils appears to occur across a broader range of soil types than those exhibiting podzolization or having high clay content.
Association Between Systemic Inflammation and Incident Diabetes in HIV-Infected Patients After Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Brown Todd T. , Tassiopoulos Katherine , Bosch Ronald J. , Shikuma Cecilia , McComsey Grace A. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether systemic inflammation after initiation of HIV-antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with the development of diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a nested case-control study, comparing 55 previously ART-naive individuals who developed diabetes 48 weeks after ART initiation (case subjects) with 55 individuals who did not develop diabetes during a comparable follow-up (control subjects), matched on baseline BMI and race/ethnicity. Stored plasma samples at treatment initiation (week 0) and 1 year later (week 48) were assayed for levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the soluble receptors of tumor necrosis factor-α (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2).

RESULTS
Case subjects were older than control subjects (median age 41 vs. 37 years, P = 0.001), but the groups were otherwise comparable. Median levels for all markers, except hs-CRP, decreased from week 0 to week 48. Subjects with higher levels of hs-CRP, sTNFR1, and sTNFR2 at 48 weeks had an increased odds of subsequent diabetes, after adjustment for baseline marker level, age, BMI at week 48, CD4 count at week 48 (&lt; vs. &gt;200 cells/mm3), and indinavir use (all Ptrend ≤ 0.05). After further adjustment for week 48 glucose, effects were attenuated and only sTNFR1 remained significant (odds ratio, highest quartile vs. lowest 23.2 [95% CI 1.28–423], P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
Inflammatory markers 48 weeks after ART initiation were associated with increased risk of diabetes. These findings suggest that systemic inflammation may contribute to diabetes pathogenesis among HIV-infected patients.
Effect of a 12-Month Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on Hepatic Steatosis in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lazo Mariana , Solga Steven F. , Horska Alena , Bonekamp Susanne , Diehl Anna Mae , Brancati Frederick L. , Wagenknecht Lynne E. , Pi-Sunyer F. Xavier , Kahn Steven E. , Clark Jeanne M. ,   for the Fatty Liver Subgroup of the Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE
Weight loss through lifestyle changes is recommended for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, its efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes is unproven.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) is a 16-center clinical trial with 5,145 overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes, who were randomly assigned to an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) to induce a minimum weight loss of 7% or a control group who received diabetes support and education (DSE). In the Fatty Liver Ancillary Study, 96 participants completed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify hepatic steatosis and tests to exclude other causes of liver disease at baseline and 12 months. We defined steatosis &gt;5.5% as NAFLD.

RESULTS
Participants were 49% women and 68% white. The mean age was 61 years, mean BMI was 35 kg/m2, mean steatosis was 8.0%, and mean aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were 20.5 and 24.2 units/l, respectively. After 12 months, participants assigned to ILI (n = 46) lost more weight (−8.5 vs. −0.05%; P &lt; 0.01) than those assigned to DSE and had a greater decline in steatosis (−50.8 vs. −22.8%; P = 0.04) and in A1C (−0.7 vs. −0.2%; P = 0.04). There were no significant 12-month changes in AST or ALT levels. At 12 months, 26% of DSE participants and 3% (1 of 31) of ILI participants without NAFLD at baseline developed NAFLD (P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
A 12-month intensive lifestyle intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes reduces steatosis and incident NAFLD.
Zoological collections in the early British Museum: the Zoological Society's Museum
Authors: WHEELER ALWYNE 
Published: July 2010

The most important zoological collection in London outside of the British Museum was that established by the Zoological Society of London. It was to have only a fleeting existence of 30 years from its foundation in 1825. Yet in that short space of time, its collections of vertebrate specimens came to rival those of the British Museum both in volume and in taxonomic value, and attracted visiting workers from Europe to study its specimens. To some extent its extraordinary success was due to the high calibre of its contributors during the expansionist and exploratory period of the British Empire, but the quality of its curatorial staff played an important role in its success. Well within the three decades of its lifespan inadequate funding leading to difficulties with accommodation and insufficient spending on the care of the specimens caused the collection to deteriorate. Within the administrative priorities of the Society the Museum took second place to the Menagerie and by 1854 the dispersal of the collection had commenced. Some of the material came to the British Museum but not all the important specimens. Many specimens including type material and historically important collections were dispersed to relatively obscure local collections in which their importance has been lost sight of, if it was ever recognized. This paper outlines the history of the Zoological Society's Museum, discusses the importance of its holdings and assesses the contribution that it made to the collections of the British Museum.
Simon Rood Pittard (1821–1861) Curator of the Australian Museum
Authors: LEEUWEN MICHAEL VAN 
Published: July 2010

Previous historians of the Australian Museum (Strahan, 1979; Whitley, 1959) have tended to regard Simon Rood Pittard's short term as Curator of the Australian Museum almost purely as a precursor to that of the most important Australian-based Curator of the nineteenth century, Gerard Krefft (1830– 1881). Without the disruption caused by Pittard's untimely death, Krefft would never have become Curator (with the responsibilities of Director), with such important consequences for the Museum. However, Pittard's work does bear scrutiny as part of the mid-century development of the Museum along more professional lines. In the short period that Pittard was active at the Museum he fulfilled many of the requirements placed upon him by the Trustees, including the propagation of the study of natural history via a series of very successful lectures; advising of the Museum's existence and activities with a series of exchange letters around the globe; and the design of a new wing of the Museum. Pittard's role in the beginnings of the evolutionary debate in the Colony is also of great interest. It will also be shown how Pittard's death led directly to the elevation of Gerard Krefft to the curatorship of the Museum.