bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solutions
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When Louis XIV assumed personal control of the French government in March 1661, the problems caused by aristocratic violence seemed superficially similar to those faced by his grandfather and father at the beginning of their reigns. The reassertion of royal authority that occurred in early modern France under Louis was aided and in many respects preceded by long-term social, political, and religious change. From the 1570s, French thinkers had been struggling for solutions to the major problems of their day; they taught that the moral failings that had led to instability could be corrected by closer attention to the interior self. This chapter discusses the concept of civility and the views of Norbert Elias and Thomas Hobbes regarding the civilising process and manners, Louis XIV's initiatives to eradicate duelling and feuding as well as disputes, and the privatisation and militarisation of violence.
The Constant Age
Authors: SHEPARD ALEXANDRA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Apart from gender, age was the most directly acknowledged difference to inform constructions of normative manhood. Manhood was a distinct phase in the life cycle as well as a qualitative set of attributes. This chapter explores the ways in which accounts of the ages of man placed ‘man's estate’ at the summit of the life course and defined manhood in relation to youth and old age. Parenting manuals, father–son advice, sermons, and tracts on ageing approached manhood as an ideal to which young men should aspire and from which old men would decay. It is argued that although manhood was thereby portrayed as the golden mean of existence, it was nonetheless a rare commodity. Theoretically limited to a mere 10 or 20 years of the life cycle, it was restricted to a minority of men at any one time.
Introduction
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l’E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book offers a major reassessment of comparative law theory aud practice, doing so from within the traditional core of the American discipline of comparative law. It represents in many respects a return to, or continuation of, classic debates about the similarities and differences between common law and civil law, mainly by disaggregating the issues of judicial transparency and accountability, democratic debate and deliberation, and judicial legitimacy in order to produce a detailed comparative analysis of the complex and often counter-intuitive relationships between them. This book looks at courts that are emblematic of civilian and common law judicial practice: the Cour de cassation of France, the Supreme Court of the United States, and the European Court of Justice.
Concluding Postscript
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l’E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book has proposed an organisational prism for the comparative understanding of the judicial systems of France, the United States, and the European Union, one that turns on the bifurcated or integrated structure of their respective argumentative practices and on their institutional or argumentative means of generating judicial legitimacy. Whereas the French Cour de cassation model is known for its radical bifurcation, the U.S. Supreme Court discourse is precisely (and in contrast) the publicly integrated or conglomerate form of its legitimating judicial argumentation, which is to say the way in which it integrates both its more formalising and its more policy-oriented discourses in one and the same publicly accessible space: the judicial opinion itself. This approach obviously places enormous power in — but also enormous strain on — the American judicial decision. The European Court of Justice model softens the radical French bifurcation by publishing and thus tempering its two discourses.
Henry A. Wallace, Agricultural Economist
Authors: Ezekiel Mordecai 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe contributions of the late Henry A. Wallace to agriculture, especially in the field of agricultural economics, are reviewed by one who worked with him during his years as Secretary of Agriculture. His early studies in agricultural prices, his pioneer use of statistical tools in price prediction, and his work on hybridizing corn are recalled. His work as Secretary included drafting competent agricultural economists for key posts in the Department, insisting on careful economic study as a prelude to decision making, establishing a Consumer's Council as a watchdog for consumer interests, and improving conditions for farmers through production control, soil conservation, government purchase and storage of surplus crops, rural resettlement, and rural electrification. As Vice‐President, he created the Board of Economic Warfare and directed its planning toward achieving the right kind of peace. As Secretary of Commerce, he supported the Full Employment Act. After his retirement from public life, he continued to work on increasing the productivity of poultry and farm plants. Throughout his life, his concern for the common man in the underdeveloped nations led him to support proposals which later were actualized in such organizations as the FAO and AID.
The Place of Ethical Theory in Business Ethics
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines the relevance of ethical theory in business ethics. It explains the nature of ethical theory, provides an account of the leading theories, and explores the ways in which these theories form a critical resource for the treatment of practical moral problems. It discusses how theory connects to practice and provides several concrete examples of how ethical theory helps address practical problems in business ethics. It specifically illustrates how ethical theory can be helpful in analyzing the problems of whistle-blowing and affirmative action.
Executive Compensation: Unjust or Just Right?
Authors: Boatright John R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article examines executive compensation in the context of business ethics. It argues that high levels of executive compensation can be justified in a free market capitalist system if certain conditions are met. The conditions include that the bargaining between a chief executive officer and shareholders do not involve fraud or a breach of fiduciary duty. This article explains that some form of capitalism is morally justified and consequently both the principles of compensation in a free market and the patterns of distribution of income and wealth produced by the market are just.
The Moral Problem in Insider Trading
Authors: Strudler Alan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article identifies the moral wrongness of insider trading. It examines the leading arguments for treating insider trading as morally wrong and suggests that these arguments are unpersuasive because they either rely on dubious empirical premises or assume normative premises that are equivalent to their conclusions. It concludes that it is the unconscientious dealings involved in insider trading that is the most persuasive moral basis for wrongfulness of insider trading.
Business in Politics: Lobbying and Corporate Campaign Contributions
Authors: Stark Andrew 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines the ethical issues in lobbying and corporate campaign contributions. It argues that corporate political activity in the form of lobbying must be carried out between the principle of freedom of expression and the principle of a government free from corruption. It analyzes the interplay between these two democratic principles and proposes eight guidelines that should govern eight of the most common types of corporate political activity.
Whistle‐Blowing, Moral Integrity, and Organizational Ethics
Authors: Brenkert George G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines the issue of whistle-blowing and discusses how employees should respond when something illegal, immoral, or contrary to company policies becomes known to them. It evaluates three prominent theories of when an employee would be justified in blowing the whistle. These are the Harm Theory, the Complicity Theory, and the Good Reasons Theory. This article identifies the strengths and weaknesses in each of these theories and proposes an integrity account of whistle-blowing. It also discusses organizational design issues that businesses should undertake to avoid the ethical issue of whistle-blowing.
The Mirage of Product Safety
Authors: Hasnas John 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines the issues of product safety and product liability. It suggests that the concept of safety is inherently a matter of subjective evaluation and the concept of an obligation to produce safe products is not well-formed. On this basis, it can be said that businesses do not have an ethical obligation to produce safe products. However, businesses do have an ethical obligation not to produce deceptively dangerous products, and this obligation derives from the general duty of honest dealing and not from a distinct duty of product safety.
Introduction: Philosophy of Education and Philosophy
Authors: Siegel Harvey 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory article explains the coverage of this book, which is about the philosophical aspects of education. It explains that the philosophy of education is the branch of philosophy that addresses philosophical questions concerning the nature, aims, and problems of education. The book examines the problems concerning the aims and guiding ideals of education. It also explores the problems concerning students' and parents' rights, the best way to understand and conduct moral education, and the character of purported educational ideals.
Educating for Authenticity
Authors: Cuypers Stefaan E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article explores the concept of educating for authenticity. It outlines the debate on free will to show how the main problems in the metaphysics of free will essentially connect with key issues in the philosophy of education. It examines Richard S. Peters' attempt to deal with the puzzle of naturalized self-creation in real time and Robert Noggle's contemporary attempt to resolve the paradox of self-creation. It offers a forward-looking account of educating for authenticity.
The Role of Religion in American Politics
Authors: Smidt Corwin E. , Kellstedt Lyman A. , Guth James L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the major perspectives that can explain the connection between American politics and religion. The first section contains a short discussion of how scholars have conceptualized religion and then focuses on the theories that were advanced to explain the relationship of religion to American politics. Attention is given to some basic problems with the conceptualization and measurement of the religious variables that are emphasized by each theoretical approach.
Religion and American Public Opinion
Authors: Guth James L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article focuses on the ways religious factors might influence public opinion on foreign policy issues. It reviews the latest political science perspectives on the shape of public opinion on foreign policy that have emphasized the coherence of competing public orientations toward American policy in the world. One section considers the existing work on religion and public opinion, and discovers—through incidental evidence— that religion has had considerable impact on those orientations.
Clergy and American Politics
Authors: Olson Laura R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article observes the central currents in the literature on politics and clergy. The first section centers on charting a short historical map of scholarship on clergy and politics. It then considers the question of whether clergy are paradigmatic of other politically relevant social elites. It considers how one may categorize the politically relevant activities that the clergy engages in, and discusses the ways the existing literature helps in understanding whether and why clergy become politically active.
Religion and Politics and the Media
Authors: Vinson C. Danielle 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article studies the present and existing research on religion and politics and the media. It first examines the key findings in the field and evaluates the existing research. It identifies two major tracks in the scholarship on religion and politics and the media. The first centers on how mainstream media cover the intersection of religion and politics. The second examines how religious leaders and groups have attempted to use both mainstream and alternative media for political purposes.
Parliament
Authors: Kelso Alexandra 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Parliamentary procedure is not only for anoraks: the fact that government itself seeks to adapt the rules of the parliamentary game more often than it seeks to flaunt them is indicative of their centrality to understanding what parliament is about and the nature of its relationship to the executive to which it plays host. The Westminster Model provides one of the most useful ways to contextualize the study of parliament. This model helps in the understanding on how power is legitimized. The fundamental role of parliament is as an institution of legitimation. One of the most significant parliamentary debates concerns the nature and meaning of Westminster's scrutiny of the executive. The idea of parliamentary sovereignty has always been coloured by the understanding of the practice of executive sovereignty, but the whole notion of sovereignty is being even more deeply questioned at the start of the twenty-first century.
Central State
Authors: James Oliver 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article explores the conflict between interpretivists and mainstream researchers about the purpose of research and the role of theory, method, and evidence in the context of the British central state. It locates this debate within the context of the vaunted transition from government to governance. Moreover, the recent ‘third wave’ governance-theoretic research is described and the six specific research agendas in this field are presented: power in policy-making networks, multi-level governance, core executive studies, prime ministerial power, central departments and the administrative/politics interface, and the central state beyond departments. Finally, it locates the study of the central state within a number of broader themes and issues. The ‘first-wave’ analysis of governance was initially developed without any reference to the interpretivist approach and still sets the broad framework for current research. The vibrant current ‘third-wave’ research on governance has contributed knowledge about important substantive topics.
Devolution in the UK
Authors: Jeffery Charlie 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article first presents the features of the union state tradition. It then investigates the central themes in devolution research on the four nations of the UK. In addition, a number of overarching, UK-wide problems which arise from the failure to conceive of devolution as an integrated set of reforms to the UK state are covered. It argues that this disconnected approach to the UK's territorial constitution, while consistent with the traditions of the union state, is inherently unstable now that the UK has several governments rather than one, each with competing mandates. It further sets out a number of scenarios which may emerge as the UK grapples with this new territorial politics. The scope for the UK centre to hold the ring is compromised by its failure to renew itself for the post-devolution era and by its continuing preoccupation with England.
Localism
Authors: Davies Jonathan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article evaluates the nature and significance of the localist turn, set in a theoretical and historical context. It explains two salient contradictions in New Labour's localism: its simultaneous appeals to market entrepreneurialism and conservative communitarianism and the fact that despite the rhetoric of localism, political centralism has increased. It first addresses the normative foundations of localism and centralism. It then explores how different conceptions of power have affected the study of localism. The emergence of contemporary localism is considered, before proceeding to examine the New Labour approach since 1997. The final section explains the Blair Paradox in terms of contradictions within neoliberalism. It is shown that if the coercive strategies of dissident movements are to be effective locally in the long term, they will have to assert themselves on the national and perhaps the international stages in an attempt to replace neoliberal capitalism.
European Devolution
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Devolution is a peculiarly British term and it was introduced in the nineteenth century to resolve a problem that is characteristically (but not uniquely) British. It is also a response to the spatial rescaling of economic and social systems; to shifting responsibilities of government and the need for new governing instruments; and to pressures for territorial autonomy. Since devolution is a general term covering a range of constitutional arrangements, it is difficult to break it down into specific models, yet two broad types can be discerned. The division of powers is described. Scotland possesses a high degree of legislative devolution with the full set of parliamentary, executive, and administrative institutions and a broad set of responsibilities as a general-purpose government. Its relationship with the United Kingdom is a quasi-federal one, like the Spanish autonomous communities. The devolution settlement in the United Kingdom is unstable.
Welfare Reform
Authors: Glennerster Howard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article addresses the broader sense of ‘welfare reform’. First, it briefly outlines political science writing about British social policy in the immediate post-war era in order to contrast it with the ‘new politics of welfare’ that some commentators see emerging internationally after the economic crises of the 1970s. It explores how far such a description fits the British case. Moreover, it presents a comparison of welfare reform, in its narrower sense, in the USA and the UK to show how different institutional traditions produce different responses to apparently similar social and economic changes. Changes in politics of welfare have taken place in the nature of state involvement as society has changed. Policy is significantly influenced by the historical legacy of institutions, as it can be seen in the comparison of American and British interpretations of ‘welfare reform’.
The Logical Empiricists
Authors: Stöltzner Michael 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCausation was a central theme for the movement of Logical Empiricism (LE); during its classical European phase — the 1920s and 1930s — and beyond. It would not become one of LE's alleged ‘dogmas’, unlike verificationism and the analytic–synthetic distinction. Rather, the topic of causation paradigmatically exhibits two important features of LE. First, the movement was intimately connected to the scientific developments of the day; its representatives tried to accommodate their analyses to those developments rather than insist on an unassailable philosophical outlook come what may. Second, their joint allegiance to scientific empiricism and modern logic, and the common agenda to replace traditional metaphysics by a scientific world conception, cannot conceal the fact that the members of LE stemmed from different intellectual backgrounds and pursued, the manifold cross-references notwithstanding, original trains of thought. Hence they reacted in different ways to the scientific revolutions that occurred during the heyday of LE, quantum theory foremost.
Causal Powers and Capacities
Authors: Mumford Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A dispositional ontology, admitting a category of power or capacity, is thought by some to offer a vital insight into the nature of causation. Proponents believe that other ontologies lack the metaphysical resources to capture this insight. At its most ambitious, a causal powers ontology purports to offer a solution to, or dissolution of, the problem of causation. The argument is that the traditional problem of causation is generated by a faulty Humean ontology in which the world is described as a sum of ‘loose and separate’ distinct existences. Once the main Humean premise is accepted, of there being no necessary connections between distinct existences, then the notion of causation becomes immediately problematic.
The Psychology of Causal Perception and Reasoning
Authors: Danks David 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCausal beliefs and reasoning are deeply embedded in many parts of our cognition. We are clearly ‘causal cognizers’, as we easily and automatically (try to) learn the causal structure of the world, use causal knowledge to make decisions and predictions, generate explanations using our beliefs about the causal structure of the world, and use causal knowledge in many other ways. Because causal cognition is so ubiquitous, psychological research into it is itself an enormous topic, and literally hundreds of people have devoted entire careers to the study of it. Causal cognition can be divided into two rough categories: causal learning and causal reasoning. The former encompasses the processes by which we learn about causal relations in the world at both the type and token levels; the latter refers to the ways in which we use those causal beliefs to make further inferences, decisions, predictions, and so on.
Causation, Action, and Free Will
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Many issues at the heart of the philosophy of action and of philosophical work on free will are framed partly in terms of causation. The leading approach to understanding both the nature of action and the explanation or production of actions emphasizes causation. What may be termed standard causalism is the conjunction of the following two theses: firstly, an event's being an action depends on how it was caused; and secondly, proper explanations of actions are causal explanations. Important questions debated in the literature on free will include: is an action's being deterministically caused incompatible with its being freely performed? Are actions free only if they are indeterministically caused? Does the indeterministic causation of an action preclude its being freely performed? Does free action require agent causation? This article concentrates on issues about action and free will that centrally involve causation.
Causal Theories of Knowledge and Perception
Authors: Neta Ram 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article first surveys those ‘causal theories of perception’ that attempt to explain what it is for someone to perceive an external thing. Then it surveys the other ‘causal theories of perception’ (or alternatively, ‘causal theories of knowledge’) that attempt to explain what it is for someone to know about external things by means of perception. Within each of these two topics, we can locate all the various causal theories on a two-dimensional map: along one dimension are the various things that have been taken to do the causing, and along the other dimension are the various things that have been taken to be thus caused.