bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-steady columnar motions in rotating stratified Boussinesq fluids: exact Lagrangian and Eulerian description
Authors: Yakubovich Evsei I. , Shrira Victor I. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper aims to narrow the gap between the Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of rotating stratified fluids. To this end, without loss of generality the primitive Lagrangian equations with arbitrary oriented time-dependent rotation $\mbit{\Omega} (t)$ and arbitrary stable stratification have been simplified and made more amenable for analysis. The bulk of the work is concerned with developing in parallel exact Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of a particular interesting class of motions of rotating stratified incompressible Boussinesq fluids: the vertically uniform columnar motions. The Lagrangian description is confined to ideal fluids, while the Eulerian one includes viscosity and diffusivity. Assuming the rotation axis to be parallel to gravity, with the rotation rate being an arbitrary function of time, and the buoyancy frequency to be constant, it is found that for vertically uniform motions there is always an exact split into horizontal and vertical subsystems. Evolution of the horizontal velocities and displacements is governed by the classical equations of two-dimensional incompressible hydrodynamics, only slightly modified by accounting for the variable rotation rate. These equations are independent of stratification and vertical motions. The Coriolis term is potential and can be incorporated into pressure. The vertical motions represent a manifestation of packets of inertia–gravity waves with strictly horizontal wavevectors, and are exactly described by linear equations independently of the wave amplitudes. They do not depend on rotation, either constant or variable. The wavepackets do not interact with each other or with horizontal motions. For ideal fluids or those with Rayleigh friction there are explicit solutions describing these motions for arbitrary initial conditions. The Cauchy problem for the columnar motions in ideal fluids is found to be well posed. Thus there is a natural extension of well-studied two-dimensional incompressible hydrodynamics which retains the property of the absence of vortex stretching: all two-dimensional flows could be ‘dressed up’ by adding appropriate vertical motions of a rotating stratified fluid. All the columnar motions could be described in such a way. The examined columnar motions exist under arbitrary relations between the parameters of rotation and stratification and, in particular, without rotation. In the limit of strong rotation one recovers the results known in the literature, in particular, under additional assumptions of small amplitude and steadiness of motions the solutions describe the classical Taylor–Proudman columns.
Prematurity does not markedly affect intestinal sensitivity to endotoxins and feeding in pigs
Authors: Bering Stine B. , Bai Shiping , Zhang Keying , Sangild Per T. 
Published: December 2011

Preterm neonates show enhanced sensitivity to nutrient maldigestion and bacteria-mediated gut inflammatory disorders, such as necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). We hypothesised that preterm birth increases the sensitivity of intestinal nutrient absorption to endotoxins and that feeding after birth reduces this response. Hence, we investigated the postnatal development of nutrient digestive and absorptive capacity in the preterm and term pig intestine, and its responsiveness to endotoxins. Pigs were delivered by caesarean section at preterm (n 20) or term (n 17) gestation, and the small intestine was collected at birth or after 2 d of colostrum feeding, followed by ex vivo stimulation with lipopolysaccharide endotoxins and mixed gut contents collected from pigs with NEC. Brush border enzyme activities were reduced in newborn preterm v. term pigs (39–45 % reduction, P < 0·05), but normalised after 2 d of feeding. Ex vivo leucine and glucose uptake increased with prenatal age. Bacterial stimulation reduced the nutrient uptake similarly at birth and after 2 d in preterm and term pigs (23–41 % reduction, P < 0·05), whereas IL-6 and TNF-α expression was stimulated only at birth. Toll-like receptor-4 expression increased markedly at day 2 for preterm and term pigs (22–33-fold, P < 0·05) but with much lower expression levels in newborn preterm pigs (approximately 95 %, P < 0·01). In conclusion, digestive and absorptive functions mature in the prenatal period, but are similarly affected by postnatal feeding and bacterial exposure in both preterm and term pigs. Nutrient maldigestion may contribute to NEC development, while a prematurity-related hyper-responsiveness to endotoxins could be less important, at least in pigs.
31.—Development of Methods for Optimum Ship Routing
Authors: Livshits V. M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThroughout this paper optimum ship routing will mean the route, optimum from the viewpoint of a criterion, such as minimum crossing time ensuring the greatest possible safety, fuel saving, etc.The term ‘method of choice’ can be interpreted in two ways. On the one hand, it includes the amount of data (and the form of their representation) on the basis of which the choice is made. On the other hand, it implies the instruments used, whether it be intuition or strict mathematical calculations.The term 'method of choice' can be interpreted in two ways. On the one hand, it includes the amount of data (and the form of their representation) on the basis of which the choice is made. On the other hand, it implies the instruments used, whether it be intuition or strict mathematical calculations.
33.—A Review of the Branching of the Gulf Stream System
Authors: Mann C. R. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe surveys of temperature and salinity that have led to the concept that the Gulf Stream splits into branches are reviewed, beginning with the survey made by Helland-Hansen on board the Michael Sars in 1910. The system of currents, or branches, between the Newfoundland Banks and the Mid- Atlantic deduced by the different investigations from charts of temperature, or by dynamic computation, are not all compatible. There is good evidence that part of the Gulf Stream turns south-east after passing the Newfoundland Banks and part turns north to become the North Atlantic Current. Both these currents are boundaries between water masses in the upper layer of the ocean. The evidence for permanent currents other than these two is conflicting.
46.—Oceanography in Scottish Sea Lochs and Estuaries in the Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Milne P. H. 
Published: December 2011

The tradition of oceanographical research was established in Scotland, more especially in Edinburgh, in the mid-nineteenth century.The earliest observations to be made in coastal waters in Scotland are attributed to Robert Stevenson when in 1812 he carried out a survey of the Dee at Aberdeen (Stevenson 1872). He found that while there was an outward upper current of fresh water there was also an inward undercurrent of salt water, which gave rise to the tidal rise and fall in the river. This may be the first recorded example of salt-water density wedge penetration into estuarine waters.
The History of Tidal Predictions in the United Kingdom before the Twentieth Century.
Authors: Rossiter J. R. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe relationship between the scientist for whom the theory of tides has always offered a fertile field for academic research, and the practical man whose operational need for tide tables has seldom coincided with the desire to seek a full understanding of tidal phenomena, have played a fundamental role in the development of accurate tidal predictions.Until the last decade, without the sympathetic collaboration of the scientist, the intelligent mariner was rarely able to satisfy the more demanding of his own requirements for tidal forecasts; academic dilettantism was (and still is) of little use to him. In the United Kingdom, the earliest recorded efforts, those of John Wallingford, Abbott of St Albans in the thirteenth century, were only intermittently improved, as for example by John Flamstead during the seventeenth century, until the full potential of Isaac Newton's work on gravitational theory was utilised systematically by Sir Joshua Lubbock, Lord Kelvin and Sir George Darwin in the second half of the nineteenth century. The extension and refinement of the framework of applied theory so formed was then taken over by A. T. Doodson until the dawn of the digital computation revolution just over a decade ago.The nature, scope and quality of tidal predictions over the centuries have seen many changes in response to demands for improvement, which are as pressing today as at any time in the past. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of this trend has been the way in which the development of techniques for observing tidal variations—the raw material from which predictions are derived—has failed to keep pace with advances in theory, computational techniques and practical usage.
The Provision of Potable Water by Solar Distillation
Authors: Porteous Andrew 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe relevance of fresh water in shipwreck survival conditions is shown with reference to the physiological effects of drinking sea water. The principles, construction and performance of solar distillation plants are discussed. The reliability and fresh-water costs from this method of desalination are put in perspective with those of conventional distillation processes. It is shown that installations with capacities up to 38 m3 (10 000 UK gallons/day) can be viable with other more complicated desalination processes.
Deep-Sea Faunal Zonation of Benthos along Beaufort-Bermuda Transect in the North-western Atlantic
Authors: George Robert Y. , Menzies Robert J. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisIn this paper the subject of faunal zonation in the ocean floor from the intertidal, and over the continental shelf, slope and rise and to the abyssal plain is examined on the basis of faunal change at the generic and species level. The region investigated over a period of five years aboard R/V Eastward is a Beaufort-Bermuda transect, approximately 75 kilometres wide and 500 kilometres long and bounded between 32° and 36°N latitude and 64° and 79°W longitude. A new method, involving numerical indices reflecting changes in the composition of taxa, endemism and diversity between adjacent depth levels, was developed for defining faunal boundaries. Isotherms and isobaths utilised by earlier authors for characterising deep-sea boundary on a global scale do not coincide with natural faunal boundaries. This study analyses the vertical distribution of 128 species of isopod crustaceans and 28 species of large epibenthic invertebrates. The zonation patterns seem to correspond with correlations in environmental conditions such as currents, topography and sediments.We suggest four major vertical faunal provinces, characterised at the generic level, namely (1) the Intertidal Faunal Province; (2) the Shelf Faunal Province; (3) the Archibenthal Zone of Transition; and (4) the Abyssal Faunal Province and internal zones within these characterised at the species level. The main aspects of interest include the presence of a narrow ‘meso abyssal zone’ with a species maximum, the demonstration of the true transitional nature of the Archibenthal Zone in biotic and abiotic factors and the characteristic low-biomass Red Clay environment showing definite faunal isolation from the continental margin.
Quantitative Investigations in Marine Biology
Authors: Currie Ronald 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisEarly man's interest in marine organisms was no doubt essentially gastronomic. Ample testimony to his predilection for shellfish exists in prehistoric middens in many parts of the world. From the earliest days of history, however, we find evidence of a more philosophical interest. Aristotle (384–322 b.c.), for example, described more or less accurately about 150 species of fish and other marine organisms (Tizard et al. 1885) and his name is remembered in the ‘Aristotle's lantern', the common name for the masticatory apparatus of the sea urchin.
Observations on the Vertical Distribution of the Genus Acanthephyra (Crustacea: Decapoda) in the eastern North Atlantic, with particular reference to Species of the ‘purpurea’ Group.
Authors: Foxton P. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe vertical distribution of pelagic decapods has been investigated at six positions, each located approximately at 10° interval of latitude between 11°N and 60°N in the eastern North Atlantic. An account of the day and night depth distribution of four mesopelagic species, Acanthephyra purpurea, A. pelagica, A. sexspinosa and A. acanthitelsonis, and four bathypelagic species, A. prionota, A. curtirostris, A. acutifrons and A. stylorostratis, is presented. The four mesopelagic species have vertical distributions which vary latitudinally in association with geographical gradients in temperature, the mesopelagic zone from about the latitude of 28°N cooling both polewards and equatorwards. It is concluded that environmental temperature is a major factor in controlling the vertical ranges of these species although other physical variables, principally light, must also be involved.A faunal boundary exists in the region of 18°N, where the North Atlantic species A. purpurea and A.pelagica are replaced by the Central and South Atlantic species A. sexspinosa and A. acanthitelsonis. The nature of the physical boundary is not clear, but it is tentatively proposed that it represents a relatively broad area where the North Atlantic Central Water and South Atlantic Central Water meet.
Food, drink and travel
Authors: Mackay Francis 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisAll travellers have recourse to food and drink either while journeying or having arrived. Either way they represent problems of quality control to caterers as any deterioration in standards can have serious effects on travellers' physical and mental well-being, albeit in the short term. The rapid expansion of travel in the last few years, which is unlikely to diminish, has probably improved standards of hygiene and nutrition as a whole but not without some curious side effects. Despite all the years of study and effort put into food hygiene in many countries, most travellers to a foreign state can still expect an upset stomach within a few days of arrival. The main problem for caterer and customer alike is the provision of safe food so this paper deals with the problems encountered in ensuring that travellers have ready and universal access to wholesome meals. In many cases satisfactory sources of supply, methods of preparation and staff training have been evolved so the problem is not of establishing standards but of ensuring continuity and development, especially in times of economic recession or after the first flush of enthusiasm has evaporated. Also considered is the problem of matching strangers demands for ‘native’ food with what they will actually eat, plus the problem of producing safe food which retains some of the original flavours, aroma and effects.
Tropical diseases of importance to the traveller
Authors: Woodruff A. W. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe most important disease for the traveller to avoid and for physicians to suspect in travellers is malaria. All tropical Africa and most tropical areas in the East and Far East are now malarious. The infection has returned in recent years to India and several other parts of the East and Far East from which it had been almost eradicated. Travellers to those regions should, therefore, take appropriate malarial prophylactics and malaria should be the cause first suspected among those with fever who have recently visited malarious areas. The emergence of malarial strains resistant to chloroquine poses problems both for prophylaxis and treatment of the established disease.The recognition in 1969 of Lassa fever has introduced a new problem in managing those with fever who have been to West Africa within the preceding three weeks.Travellers to game parks in Africa have greatly increased in number within the last decade and are exposed to trypanosomiasis. Several cases resulting from such exposure are known. They cause special diagnostic problems.Hepatic amoebiasis may be unsuspected until a considerable amount of pus has collected and the risk of complications developed. Its clinical features need to be borne in mind.Helminthic infections are ubiquitous in the tropics. Schistosomiasis, ascariasis and strongyloidiasis are of special importance and practitioners in developed countries need to be familiar with their characteristics.Awareness of the possible presence of tropical infections is the keynote to success both in avoiding them and in managing them among those whose precautions have been deficient.
The organisation of hazard prevention to travellers
Authors: Turner Anthony C. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisMember airlines of the International Air Transport Association in general accept very seriously the responsibilities regarding health problems due to travel. They lay down standards in a practical manner which they try and maintain, the principle being to combine maximum safety regulations with minimum restrictive practices to fit in with a successful commercial operation. These standards cover the prevention of spread by not carrying contact passengers who are in a stage of incubation; the prevention of food- and water-borne disease which covers satisfactory food preparation and food handling and also satisfactory water supplies on the aircraft; the prevention of insect-borne disease by adequate aircraft spraying; the prevention of animal-borne disease and the avoidance of, and, if necessary, the adequate treatment of, any animal vermin on the aircraft, and the avoidance of zoonoses carried by animals transported as air freight. In addition to these standards, British Airways run an immunisation centre which provides various pamphlets and booklets which give medical advice. Finally, they make an announcement of the need to take an antimalarial when entering a malarious area.From the organisations other than the airlines the situation is mainly advisory —the World Health Organisation, the Department of Health and Social Security, the Health Educational Council; all issue booklets and pamphlets to a greater or lesser extent. The medical profession and the pharmacists regrettably tend, on the whole, to be ill-informed and uninterested. The media are often inaccurate and tend to put the stress on less important issues. The travel agents and the inclusive tour operators vary greatly in their attitudes. Some are responsible and some are irresponsible.All of these points are covered in the article and it is suggested that more post-graduate centres should encourage lectures on the subject of the prevention of imported disease and it should be included in the medical school curriculum along with the lectures on tropical diseases.
Prevention and precautions for the individual traveller overseas
Authors: Gray James A. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe intending traveller should plan a detailed itinerary well in advance of his departure from the United Kingdom if he is to take full advantage of the health precautions and advice that are available. The present mechanism of delivering health care advice is inefficient and many travellers remain ignorant of how they should protect themselves against illness acquired overseas. Passport offices, travel agents, shipping and airline authorities and health insurance firms are in a unique position to share the responsibility with the community health services and general practitioners of ensuring that intending travellers are appropriately briefed and visit their family doctor and dentist in plenty of time. Chemoprophylaxis against malaria and inoculation against many tropical diseases are available and sensible advice can be given about how to keep healthy abroad. Adults and children should also be immune to infections such as poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus and, if visiting the developing world, tuberculosis as well. Sensible clothing, equipment and adequate supplies of any regular medicaments must be taken. Some form of health insurance and, in addition for E.E.C. countries, a certificate of entitlement to free health care are wise additional precautions to take.
Some thoughts on stress, fatigue and frustration in travel
Authors: Aitken Cairns 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisDistress often reveals itself as physical symptoms. The relationship between disease and symptomatology is a complicated interaction where the influence of psychological and social factors in the aetiology of distress should always be considered.Travel can bring frustration whether it be in the air or on the ground. Disabled people are entitled to equality of opportunity but their opportunity for travel is often very restricted. The needs of psychotic patients and those in the rehabilitative phase of illness also need to be considered.Many factors contribute to fatigue and insomnia in travel. Some of these are discussed including psychological and social factors, state of mood, fear and circadian rhythms. It is suggested that the solution to some of the problems of hazards of travel will come more from knowledge already acquired than from highly technical consideration.
Individuals and populations: the effects of social behaviour on population dynamics in deer
Authors: Clutton-Brock T. H , Guinness F. E , Albon S. D 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisIn the red deer population of the Isle of Rhum, the effects of increasing population density on reproduction and survival vary with the individual's sex, age. reproductive status, home-range quality, group size and social rank. Males are generally more strongly influenced than females. Within both sexes, individuals that are at an initial competitive disadvantage are generally most strongly influenced by rising density.These differences are likeh to have far-reaching consequences. In particular, they may help to explain why dense deer populations commonly have female biased adult sex ratios: why calculations of maximum sustainable yield commonh overestimate the number of animals that can be culled; and why some populations that are not subiect to animal or human predation stabilize while others oscillate.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Salinity on the Bacterial Flora of the Tay Estuary
Authors: Herbert R. A. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisTwo features of the effects of salinity on the bacterial flora of the Tay estuary are considered. First the effect of salinity on the size and species composition of the resident microfiora at various sites within the estuary. The second part is concerned with data obtained from laboratory experiments designed to study the effects of subjecting marine and freshwater bacteria, isolated from the Tay, to salt stress.
New Developments in Ultrasonic Fish Tracking
Authors: Young A. H. , Tytler P. , Holliday F. G. T. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisA range of small, long-life ultrasonic fish tags is described and their use illustrated with an improved system of fixed hydrophone tracking stations. A boat-mounted hydrophone system giving bearing and range estimations for use in open-water fish tracking is described together with a portable handheld unit for simple location of tagged fish in rivers, etc. Typical results based on intensive use of these systems are given.