bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2 Neronian Exits: Writing Death into History
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how the earliest accounts of Seneca's death were shaped by the conventions of death writing in the Greco-Roman world, some of which were already in use in Plato's Phaedo and in the accounts of Cato the Younger's suicide. These conventions, when applied to Seneca's death, serve more than one function in the broader representational edifices constructed by the three historians, particularly Tacitus. The telling of Seneca's death plays a pivotal role in three main stories: the arc of Seneca's life and career in Julio-Claudian Rome; the self-consciously literary story of tension between annalistic writing and the Exitus virorum illustrium; and the catalogue of executions and suicides in books 15 and 16 of the Annals.
5 A Closing Scene in the Theaters of Ethics, Tragedy, and History
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter draws on different areas of Seneca's writings to analyze the senses in which his death was “theatrical.” Seneca himself developed two largely separate theatrical modes in his philosophical prose and his tragedies, and each of these modes offered contemporaries a different dramatic framework through which to perceive the author's death; both are illustrated here. The chapter concludes by showing how both modes were taken up in early literary portrayals of Julio-Claudian society and of Seneca's death, from first-century drama (the Hercules Oetaeus and Octavia) to the Annals of Tacitus.
8 Forced Suicide and the Bodily Paths to Libertas
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the interpretive background to Seneca's “forced suicide,” and its refigurations. Seneca's own philosophical approach to suicide—including his partial opposition to it—is most fully elaborated in Epistulae morales 70, which Tacitus repeatedly echoes. In subsequent retellings, the nature of Seneca's killing was repeatedly transformed by a shifting of agency among Nero, Seneca, and the minor players. There was also frequent recombination of the corporeal dynamics of blood, poison, and bath through which his death was accomplished. With these changes in “deathways,” the death's meaning also changed.
9 Passing into Memory: Seneca's Imago and Its Reproduction
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the question of Seneca's posthumous commemoration. It begins by looking at the imago vitae suae that Seneca is described as offering to his friends as a metaphorical legacy, unpacking what this phrase might have meant, and what it came to mean. Lipsius and Rubens were responsible for the most influential version of the dying Seneca's visual image, which was no less significant for being based on false prototypes. Seneca's “image” was also remolded in the literary styles of Petrarch, Montaigne, and Diderot, whose varying perceptions of Seneca were closely connected with their reimaginings of his death.
4 The Perfect Marriage
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapterr examines the ideal Jain marriage, that of the sati Maynasundari and King Sripal; this pair shares a companionate marriage centered around mutuality and the shared performance of Jain rituals. In order to have an ideal marriage, one must be a religious wife (dharmapatni) who also serves as a role model for her husband. Mayna performs a fast, which heals her husband's leprosy. After this Mayna and Sripal dedicate their lives to the performance of Jain worship. Their story provides a charter both for the quintessential fast for marital happiness—the popular Navpad Oli fast—and for worship of the siddhacakra, which reenacts the ideal moment in the ideal marriage when they are patrons of Jain worship and blesses the couple that performs it with an ideal marriage. Contemporary Jain women perform these rituals in hopes of simultaneously creating and displaying their own ideal marriages.
5 Jains and Satīmātā Discourse
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In chapter 5, the focus is on the narrative and rituals associated with the sati Rajul, who is rejected on her wedding day when her fiancé Nemi (the twenty‐second Jina) renounces. Rajul decides to follow her husband, Nemi into renunciation. Rajul's renunciation and Jain ordination of women are read through the lens of sati discourse, which illuminates parallels between these two ideals for women—nuns and satimatas—and challenges the received interpretation of Jain ordination being modeled on the wedding rites. Though Jains reject the rite of dying with one's husband, shifts particularly in the medieval literature in the portrayal of the Nemi and Rajul story and the veneration of Rajul trace the movement of this narrative from an uncomplicated Jain renunciation narrative to a narrative that shares many features with Hindu satimata stories. Likewise, Jain women venerate Rajul in veil songs and worship her in ways seemingly drawn from satimata worship.
6 Embodying Wifehood
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses the process by which young unmarried Jain women reconstitute themselves as wives through the embodiment of Jain satis—in particular Candanbala—and the adoption of the body practices of wifehood. At the same time, these Jain women also use fasting rituals to covertly explore the possibility of renunciation without stating any overt intention to renounce. Jain karma theory supports conceptualizing young women's ritual lives as a form of performativity in which they constitute their future bodies as wife or nun or, fleetingly, something in between. When comparing young women's embodiment of sati Candanbala in one fast with their reenactments of Rajul, it is clear that these young women strategically deploy these satis' incipient renunciation to embody their own experimentation and negotiation with wifehood and renunciation in ways that position themselves as agents controlling their own futures.
Conclusion The Pleasures of Jain Wifehood
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The volume concludes with a return to the discourse of wifehood as celebrated by Jain laywomen through iconic representations of domesticity and pleasure. The majority of Jain wives interviewed and observed in this study have expressed joy in wifehood. They participate in a variety of Jain rituals, which mark wifehood as a special and honored state within Jain discourse. Wifehood carries with it a set of particular pleasures of sensuality and intimacy, which are understood to be the just rewards of marriage and domesticity.
1 Fighting over Defamatory Language
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
After a brief history of the development of defamation law and an equally brief introduction to the linguistic aspects of defamation cases, this chapter takes Tiersma's (1978) advice that libel and slander cases would do well to focus on the illoctionary force of the language used by the alleged defamer in addition to the perlocutionary effect of the language on the entity allegedly defamed. This theme continues throughout the book. Also discussed are the language problems introduced by the landmark case of The New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), along with its complex definition of “actual malice” and the issues raised by attempts to define and use the speech act of “opinions.” The chapter then traces some of the current features of defamation cases back to the earlier age of dueling, which contained many of the features found in contemporary defamation cases, such as notification of demands, threats, expressing intentions, representation and negotiation by proxy, and the important role of apologies and retractions. Differences are also noted, especially between the older motivation of insults vs. the modern motivation of accusations. The need for proof and verification of the alleged offense has also changed over the years.
1 Empathy
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the notion/phenomenon of empathy. It clarifies what we nowadays mean when we talk about empathy, but it also explains how the recent literature of psychology bears on moral sentimentalism. In particular, it shows how that literature supports the conclusion that empathy plays a crucial role in developing and sustaining genuinely altruistic, caring motivation. This chapter also points out the ways in which the moral distinctions we commonsensically make generally correspond to normal differences in empathic responsiveness. This moves us in the direction of the central idea that empathy plays a role in our understanding, and in the semantics, of moral claims.
2 Moral Approval and Disapproval
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins the enterprise of trying to account for moral meaning in sentimentalist terms by focusing on the phenomena of approval and disapproval. Hume sought to clarify the meaning of moral utterances by reference to these phenomena, but I argue that he got their phenomenology wrong. Approval and disapproval aren't pleasure and pain caused at the thought of the tendency of certain actions and character traits to bring about, respectively, pleasure and pain. Rather, I argue, they involve a kind of empathy with empathy. Approval is warmth felt at the warmth expressed by someone in their actions, and disapproval involves a corresponding kind of chill at agential cold‐heartedness. This account of approval and disapproval doesn't base these in any way on moral judgments of right and wrong, so it is open to sentimentalism to anchor its account of the meaning of the latter on what it says about the empathic bases of approval and disapproval.
4 A New Kind of Reference‐Fixing
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter offers a specific account of the meaning of moral terms based on semi‐Kripkean theory that fixes the reference of right, wrong, and the like in relation to feelings of warmth and chill as caused by empathy with moral agents. This allows moral claims to be a priori, necessary, and objective — and works entirely in sentimentalist terms. But since empathy with agents helps to constitute moral approval and disapproval, the theory seems to allow claims about what we approve and disapprove to entail moral judgments, and this raises the issue whether sentimentalism wants to or has to allow the derivation of “ought's” from “is's.”
5 How To Derive “Ought” from “Is”
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter seeks to show that our semi‐Kripkean semantics and other forms of metaethical sentimentalism as well (e.g. subjectivism and ideal observer theory) do indeed imply that an “ought” can be deduced from an “is.” Since this is a result that most philosophers are likely to be initially skeptical about, an attempt is made, step by step, to demonstrate why this conclusion is more plausible than one might think. It turns out that emotive meaning can be understood in a way that doesn't interfere with the objectivity and truth of certain moral judgments, and it is also argued that the premises about approval or disapproval from which “ought” judgments are said to be derivable cannot be understood or affirmed without one's having the same moral motivations that those espousing “ought” judgments have. Such derivations are tame enough, therefore, to be acceptable, and moral sentimentalism doesn't founder on this implication of its understanding of morality.
9 Justice
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter goes on to discuss justice. It shows how an ethics of care based on our understanding of how empathy operates can deal plausibly with issues of basic rights and liberties and issues of economic distribution (both within society and internationally). Such sentimentalism founds its ideas about justice on a different basis from that which any form of rationalism would appeal to, but on such a differing and sentimentalist basis, it can in fact deal with the entire range of issues that any systematic approach to social/moral issues will want to discuss.
10 Empathy, Objectivity, and Rationality
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter broadens the discussion to take in philosophical questions that are not strictly ethical. In recent years, there has been a great deal of talk — some of it rather vague or ill argued — about the possibility of an inextricable link between reason and emotion, but we can make good sense of that idea if we focus on the role that empathy plays in our intellectual life (including science). This chapter argues that scientific and intellectual objectivity and rationality about any given subject or question require empathy with the points of view of those who disagree or might disagree with one. This leads to a relational conception of objectivity that sees feeling as (conceptually) essential to rational thought.
Privatization
Authors: SARKAR RUMU 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines privatization as a means of making developing economies more efficient and profitable. It reviews the implications for changing the role of the State, and the vacillation between nationalization and privatization. Specific case studies of Venezuela, Chile, and the Czech Republic are reviewed from the perspective of understanding the “lessons learned” to be gained from these examples. The chapter discusses strategic and tactical approaches to privatization to give the reader some perspective in the underlying transactions involved in the process of privatization. The host government's objectives in terms of privatizing state-owned enterprises and the underlying theories of development that support such strategies are explored. The need for speed, transparency, accountability, public access to privatization schemes, and political legitimacy are all factors that are carefully examined. Finally, the chapter explores the impact of privatization on capital market development and growth, integration in and access to capital markets, and the role of foreign investment in privatization taking place in the developing world.
The neurophysiology and functions of the orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) based on analysis of neuronal activity in nonhuman primates and on fMRI in humans. Findings demonstrate that the OFC represents primary (unlearned) reinforcers and implements rapid stimulus-reinforcer association and reversal learning. Neurons in the OFC show sensitivity to sensory stimuli (visual, taste, smell, somatosensory), conditional reward, and changes in reinforcement (error detection, extinction). The findings are used as a basis for understanding the neural basis of emotion. A network model of how the OFC may perform these functions is described, and is applied to explain how the region may accomplish reversal learning.
The role of human orbitofrontal cortex in reward prediction and behavioral choice: insights from neuroimaging
Authors: O'Doherty John P. , Dolan Raymond J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn order to survive, most animals including humans need to be able to learn and adapt flexibly their behavior so that optimal choices can be made in an uncertain environment. This chapter reviews functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies on the nature of the orbitofrontal cortices (OFC) contribution to adaptive and flexible behavior in humans. These studies indicate that the OFC encodes the reward and punishment value of stimuli, maintains flexible representations of predicted reward and punishment value (using both stimulus substitution and CS-specific coding mechanisms), encodes errors in reward prediction, and signals future behavioral choice. The OFC shows heterogeneous response profiles with distinct regions mediating each of these functions. The relationship of the OFC to other brains regions processing reward is also discussed.
Intracranial electrophysiology of the human orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Adolphs Ralph , Kawasaki Hiroto , Oya Hiroyuki , Howard Matthew A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes studies exploring the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex using invasive neurophysiological methods in humans. The neurosurgical implantation of depth electrodes is limited to clinical settings, but provides a unique opportunity to measure directly neural activity. After describing techniques for intracranial recording and analysis, the chapter focuses on activity recorded in relation to positive and negative emotional stimuli involving facial expressions and scenes. Studies relating activity to expectation of reward and punishment in tasks such as the Iowa Gambling Task are also described. These studies reveal a complex range of response properties in orbitofrontal neurons consistent with a role in emotion, decision making, and social processing. Of particular interest are responses that were observed to aversive visual stimuli, and also responses with remarkably short latencies, suggesting that neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex may participate in relatively rapid, automatic processing of threat-related stimuli.
Orbitofrontal cortex activation during functional neuroimaging studies of emotion induction in humans
Authors: Dougherty Darin D. , Shin Lisa M. , Rauch Scott L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews orbitofrontal activation during emotion induction in neuroimaging studies of humans. Against the backdrop of prevailing theories of emotion, as well as the general neuroanatomy of emotional processing, techniques for emotion induction are outlined, and the role of the orbitofrontal cortex is explored. These studies range from script induced emotions to exposure to emotional facial expressions. The chapter concludes that the orbitofrontal plays an important role in the production of affective states, as well as affective and autonomic regulation. These functions are mediated through interactions between orbitofrontal and other cortical, paralimbic, limbic, and sub-cortical structures.
The orbitofrontal cortex and anxiety disorders
Authors: Milad Mohammed R. , Rauch Scott L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews contemporary neurocircuitry models of anxiety disorders, with a focus on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In addition to human neuroimaging studies, findings from animal research are also considered, with emphasis on fear conditioning and extinction paradigms. The anatomical distinction between medial and lateral OFC is highlighted; medial OFC has been implicated in rewards and conditioned fear extinction recall, whereas reciprocally the lateral OFC has been implicated in evaluating punishers and mediating negative affects. As similarities and differences across the anxiety disorders are explored, the distinction is made between: 1) exaggerated ‘bottom-up’ amygdala responses; 2) failure of ‘top-down’ control by the medial OFC; and 3) excessive lateral OFC activity in concert with striatum. In this way, the clinical phenomena associated with the various anxiety disorders are linked to sub-territories of OFC, and understood in terms of their anatomical connections and the normal functions these neural circuits subserve.
Pseudopsychopathy: a perspective from cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Koenigs Michael , Tranel Daniel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn 1975, Blumer and Benson coined the term ‘pseudopsychopathy’ to describe the personalities of a subset of frontal lobe patients who lacked adult tact and restraint. In contrast to conventional, or developmental, psychopathy, in which psychopathic traits emerge in childhood and adolescence with no gross structural brain lesion, pseudopsychopathic behaviors arise following brain injury. This chapter reviews data linking pseudopsychopathy to damage to the orbitofrontal and neighboring ventral mesial cortex. The neuropsychological profile of pseudopsychopaths is described with reference to deficits in decision making, emotion, and autonomic functioning, despite relatively normal performance on traditional neuropsychological measures. The data are interpreted in light of clinical and laboratory explorations linking social and moral behavior with lower mesial and orbital cortices.
Frontotemporal dementia and the orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Lu Po H. , Khanlou Negar , Cummings Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPatients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) manifest severe behavioral and personality alterations associated with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) dysfunction. This chapter provides a review of the clinical features, neuropathology, neuroimaging, genetics, and neuropsychology of FTD as well as presenting two prototypical cases that provide a clinical picture of the disorder. Neuropathological and neuroimaging studies have identified the OFC as the brain region most prominently involved in the frontal-variant of FTD. The neuroanatomy, circuitry, and functions of the OFC are summarized, emphasizing its role in emotional and social cognition. Theories involving deficits in recognition of emotional expression, decision-making, and theory of mind have been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying the clinical expression of FTD, and the OFC is intimately involved in studies examining the neural basis underlying these deficits.
5 Powers and Possibilities: The Megarics (Theta 3)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the third chapter of Metaphysics Theta, where Aristotle discusses the view of ‘certain people; for instance the Megarics’. Aristotle says that these people espouse a view about ‘can’ statements that sounds bizarre on first hearing: something can do something only when it is engaged in doing it. Aristotle does not explain why they held their view. And one wonders why Aristotle bothers to respond to the view, given that he himself says that it is easy to see that intolerable consequences follow from it (1046b32-3). It is argued that Aristotle was interested the vagueness of ‘can’ statements: he wanted to use the Megarics as a foil in order to clarify and make more precise what it takes to have the power to do something. The Megarics failed to distinguish between the conditions under which a thing has a power and the conditions under which a power is exercised. A further important theme is thereby sounded: the relationship between powers and their exercise, which is intimately connected with the relationship between capacities and their energeiai.
6 Possibility and the Future (Theta 3 and 4)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter shows how in the latter part of Theta 3 and in Theta 4, Aristotle elaborates on the distinction between power and possibility, which played such a crucial role in his rebuttal of the Megarics. First, he focuses on possibility in its own right (Theta 3). Then he discusses the relationship between possibility and the future (Theta 4). This discussion explains and supports the assumption from his rebuttal of the Megarics that statements about the future are true (or false) only if they will necessarily turn out true (or false) at the relevant time.
10 Interlude: TheEnergeia‐KinēsisDistinction (Theta 6)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter comments briefly on a remarkable passage: 1048b18-35. The passage distinguishes two kinds of actions (praxeis): some are changes (kinēseis), others are energeia. It manages to have both of the following distinctions: it is one of the most discussed, and most often presupposed, passages in Aristotle, but it is also one of the greatest textual cruxes in the Aristotelian corpus. Ryle took the Passage to have anticipated his own views about the logic of verbs such as ‘see’. This has spurred extensive discussion. Yet some manuscripts of the Metaphysics omit the passage entirely. Even the manuscripts that do contain the passage have it in a very corrupt form.