bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and α agonist treatment in Type 2 diabetes prevents the beneficial pioglitazone effect on liver fat content
Authors: Balasubramanian R. , Gerrard J. , Dalla Man C. , Firbank M. J. , Lane A. , English P. T. , Cobelli C. , Taylor R. 
Published: November 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 150–156 (2010)AbstractAims  Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ and PPAR‐α agonists individually reduce intra‐organ triglyceride content and improve insulin sensitivity. However, the precise effects of combined PPAR‐γ and PPAR‐α therapy on intra‐organ triglyceride content and insulin sensitivity in subjects with Type 2 diabetes have not yet been determined.Methods  Diet‐controlled Type 2 subjects (n = 9) were studied before and after 16 weeks of combined PPAR‐γ [pioglitazone (PIO), 45 mg daily] and PPAR‐α [bezafibrate (BEZA), modified release 400 mg daily] agonist therapy. Glucose metabolism and endogenous glucose production were measured following a standard liquid test meal. Liver and muscle triglyceride levels were measured by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Results  Combined PIO and BEZA therapy reduced mean fasting (7.5 ± 0.5 vs. 6.5 ± 0.2 mmol/l, P = 0.04) and peak postprandial plasma glucose (15.3 ± 1.1 vs. 11.7 ± 0.6 mmol/l, P = 0.007). No significant change in hepatic or muscle triglyceride content was observed. Postprandial suppression of endogenous glucose production remained similar on both study days. Both subcutaneous and visceral fat content increased following therapy.Conclusions  Combined PIO and BEZA therapy in Type 2 diabetes does not decrease intrahepatic triglyceride content or postprandial endogenous glucose production. This study demonstrates an unexpected adverse interaction of PPAR‐α with PPAR‐γ agonist therapy.
Comparison of risk factors and work‐up in young and middle‐aged patients with TIA and ischaemic stroke
Authors: Telman G. , Sprecher E. , Namestnikov O. , Kouperberg E. 
Published: November 2009

Background:  The transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is accepted as a subtype of resolved ischaemic stroke. In that case, the risk factor profiles as well as the work‐up results of TIA and stroke patients should be similar in both groups. Given that such data are limited, we compared the risk factor profiles and work‐up results in young and middle‐aged patients with TIA and ischaemic stroke.Patients and methods:  Data on 167 TIA patients and 489 stroke patients aged ≤60 were compared for risk factor profiles, work‐up results, and pre‐ and post‐event treatment regimens.Results:  The only difference found between the groups in the distribution of vascular risk factors was a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes in the stroke group (P = 0.02). There were no differences found between the two groups in the distributions of carotid and aortic plaques, carotid stenoses and occlusion, homocysteine levels, or frequencies of patient foramen ovale by echocardiography. The levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as abnormal brain CT, were higher in the stroke group, both before and after adjustment. There was no difference found in any compared parameter of treatment between the TIA and the stroke patients.Conclusions:  The risk factor profiles and the work‐up results are similar between the TIA and the stroke patients. These findings highlight the etiologic homogeneity of both conditions; therefore, justify their uniform management. In addition, low yield of CT in TIA patients was found, questioning thus the routine use of CT in work‐up of TIA.
Nuclear protein kinases: still enigmatic components in plant cell signalling
Authors: Dahan Jennifer , Wendehenne David , Ranjeva Raoul , Pugin Alain , Bourque Stéphane 
Published: November 2009

SummaryPlants constantly face changing conditions in their environment. Unravelling the transduction mechanisms from signal perception at the plasma membrane level down to gene expression in the nucleus is a fascinating challenge. Protein phosphorylation, catalysed by protein kinases, is one of the major posttranslational modifications involved in the specificity, kinetic(s) and intensity of a signal transduction pathway. Although commonly assumed, the involvement of nuclear protein kinases in signal transduction is often poorly characterized. In particular, both their regulation and mode of action remain to be elucidated and may lead to the unveiling of new original mechanisms. For example, unlike animal cells, plant cells contain only a few strictly nucleus‐localized protein kinases, which calls into question the role of this cellular distribution between the cytosol and the nucleus in their activation and functions. The control of their nucleocytoplasmic trafficking appears to play a major role in their regulation, probably through promoting interactions with their substrates under specific cellular conditions. However, recent findings showing that the nucleus can generate complex networks of second messengers (e.g. Ca2+or diacyglycerol) suggest that nuclear protein kinases could play an active role in the decoding of such signals.

Contents

Summary
355

I.
Introduction
356

II.
Features of plant protein kinases
356

III.
Nuclear protein kinases
358

IV.
Nuclear PKs in the control of the cell cycle and mitosis
361

V.
Nuclear calcium‐dependent protein kinases
362

VI.
Nucleus‐localized MAPKs
362

VII.
Nuclear protein kinases: cytosolic translocation of  an activated form or activation in the nucleus?
363

VIII.
Concluding remarks
365

Acknowledgements
365

References
365
Predicting the impact of climate change on Australia’s most endangered snake, Hoplocephalus bungaroides
Authors: Penman Trent D. , Pike David A. , Webb Jonathan K. , Shine Richard 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim  To predict how the bioclimatic envelope of the broad‐headed snake (BHS) (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) may be redistributed under future climate warming scenarios.Location  South‐eastern New South Wales, Australia.Methods  We used 159 independent locations for the species and 35 climatic variables to model the bioclimatic envelope for the BHS using two modelling approaches – Bioclim and Maxent. Predictions were made under current climatic conditions and we also predicted the species distribution under low and high climate change scenarios for 2030 and 2070.Results  Broad‐headed snakes currently encompass their entire bioclimatic envelope. Both modelling approaches predict that suitable climate space for BHS will be lost to varying degrees under both climate warming scenarios, and under the worst case, only 14% of known snake populations may persist.Main conclusions  Areas of higher elevation within the current range will be most important for persistence of this species because they will remain relatively moist and cool even under climate change and will match the current climate envelope. Conservation efforts should focus on areas where suitable climate space may persist under climate warming scenarios. Long‐term monitoring programs should be established both in these areas and where populations are predicted to become extirpated, so that we can accurately determine changes in the distribution of this species throughout its range.
Home, Colonial and Foreign: Europe, Empire and the History of Migration in 20th‐century Britain
Authors: Webster Wendy 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis essay reviews the increasingly rich recent literature on 20th‐century transnational movements from empire and Europe to Britain and in the opposite directions, particularly on migration. It suggests that this work offers a way of thinking about British‐empire and British‐European relations – themes that have been comparatively neglected in 20th‐century social and cultural history, especially in the period of decolonisation. While much of the literature on migration treats empire and Europe separately, as well as immigration and emigration, the essay makes connections between them, looking at changing British perceptions of Europe and the world beyond Europe: of home, colonial and foreign. It argues that the second half of the century saw an increasing erosion of distinctions between ‘colonial’ and ‘foreign’ and a reorientation of British world views towards Europe that owed little to its membership of the EU.
Vertebral Artery Dissection in Turner's Syndrome: Diagnosis by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Muscat Paul , Lidov Mika , Nahar Tammana , Tuhrim Stanley , Weinberger Jesse 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAortic artery dissection is a rare but well‐recognized complication of Turner's syndrome. Isolated carotid or vertebral artery dissection has not previously been reported. The authors report the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in a 30‐year‐old woman with Turner's syndrome who developed a high cervical spinal cord infarction with a Brown‐Sequard syndrome owing to bilateral vertebral artery dissection. The diagnosis and management of the case is reviewed.
What Brazil learned from labour flexibilization in the 1990s
Authors: POCHMANN Marcio 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.The debt crisis of 1981–83 changed the course that Brazil's social and labour policy had followed from the 1930s to the 1970s. The social and labour protection systems built up over those five decades – in conjunction with urbanization, industrialization and the rise of wage employment – were gradually dismantled. The neo‐liberal policies adopted, however, failed to generate sufficient economic growth and brought worsening unemployment and job insecurity instead. Since the end of 2002, Brazil has been turning away from its “neo‐liberal society “project.
The evolution of depression and suicidality in first episode psychosis
Authors: Upthegrove R. , Birchwood M. , Ross K. , Brunett K. , McCollum R. , Jones L. 
Published: November 2009

Upthegrove R, Birchwood M, Ross K, Brunett K, McCollum R, Jones L. The evolution of depression and suicidality in first episode psychosis.Objective:  To have a clearer understanding of the ebb and flow of depression and suicidal thinking in the early phase of psychosis, whether these events are predictable and how they relate to the early course of psychotic symptoms.Method:  Ninety‐two patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) completed measures of depression, including prodromal depression, self‐harm and duration of untreated psychosis. Follow‐up took place over 12 months.Results:  Depression occurred in 80% of patients at one or more phases of FEP; a combination of depression and suicidal thinking was present in 63%. Depression in the prodromal phase was the most significant predictor of future depression and acts of self‐harm.Conclusion:  Depression early in the emergence of a psychosis is fundamental to the development of future depression and suicidal thinking. Efforts to predict and reduce depression and deliberate self‐harm in psychosis may need to target this early phase to reduce later risk.
Cutaneous neuroblastoma‐like schwannoma: a report of two cases, one with a plexiform pattern, and a review of the literature
Authors: Suchak Ravi , Luzar Bostjan , Bacchi Carlos E. , Maguire Brigid , Calonje Eduardo 
Published: November 2009

Cutaneous schwannomas in their classical form are readily identified histologically. A number of variants, including ancient, cellular, epithelioid, plexiform, microcystic and neuroblastoma‐like, may cause diagnostic difficulty and rarely be confused with malignancy. Neuroblastoma‐like schwannoma was first described by Goldblum et al. in 1994, and very few cases have since been reported. It is a benign sporadic neoplasm with no reported association with neurofibromatosis, and is characterized histologically by small round lesional cells surrounding collagenous cores forming rosette‐like structures. The differential diagnosis includes other lesions with the formation of rosettes including neuroblastoma, low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma and dendritic cell neurofibroma, as well as primitive neuroectodermal tumors and rare malignant transformation in a schwannoma. We describe two further cases of this rare entity and review the literature on the subject. Our first case additionally has a plexiform multinodular pattern, a feature described in only one previous report.Suchak R, Luzar B, Bacchi CE, Maguire B, Calonje E. Cutaneous neuroblastoma‐like schwannoma: a report of two cases, one with a plexiform pattern, and a review of the literature.
Effects of central administration of glucagon on feed intake and endocrine responses in sheep
Authors: KUROSE Yohei , KAMISOYAMA Hiroshi , HONDA Kazuhisa , AZUMA Yoshiyuki , SUGAHARA Kunio , HASEGAWA Shin , KOBAYASHI Shigeki 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to investigate effects of glucagon intracerebroventricularly administered on feed intake and endocrine changes in sheep. Four male sheep (48–55 kg BW) were used. The animals were acclimatized to be fed alfalfa hay cubes at 12.00 hour. Human glucagon (40 and 80 µg/0.5 mL) was injected into the lateral ventricle at 12.00 hour. Blood samples were taken every 10 min from 30 min before to 180 min after the glucagon injection. Soon after the injection, the animals were given alfalfa hay cubes, and the amounts of the feed eaten within 2 h were measured. Feed intakes were significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed by 80 µg of glucagon. Plasma glucose levels in control animals were gradually decreased after the feeding, whilst those in glucagon‐treated animals were temporarily elevated just after the feeding and then kept higher than control levels. Plasma insulin was abruptly elevated after the feeding and was maintained at higher levels than before the feeding in all treatments. Plasma NEFA concentrations were decreased after the feeding in all treatments. A tendency of increase in plasma cortisol levels occurred in glucagon‐injected animals. The present study provides the first evidence that glucagon directly acts on the brain, then inhibiting feeding behavior and inducing endocrine responses in ruminants.
Normoxic destabilization of ATF‐4 depends on proteasomal degradation
Authors: Wottawa M. , Köditz J. , Katschinski D. M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim:  Hypoxia‐inducible gene expression is an important physiological adaptive mechanism in response to a decreased oxygen supply. We have recently described an oxygen‐ and prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase (PHD)3‐dependent stabilization of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF‐4). The aim of the present study was to examine if the normoxic destabilization of ATF‐4 is regulated by oxygen‐dependent proteasomal degradation.Methods:  We determined poly‐ubiquitination of ATF‐4 in normoxia compared to hypoxia by immunoprecipitation and immunoblots. Furthermore, we analysed the expression of the ATF‐4 target gene GADD153 as a function of oxygen concentration.Results:  ATF‐4 protein levels were not detectable in normoxia. Normoxic degradation correlated with an oxygen‐dependent poly‐ubiquitination of ATF‐4, which was hindered by hypoxic incubation of the cells. As a result of hypoxia, GADD153 was expressed. The hypoxic GADD153 expression was attenuated or increased by transfecting the cells with ATF‐4 siRNA or PHD3 siRNA respectively.Conclusion:  Our results demonstrate the involvement of oxygen‐dependent proteasomal degradation of ATF‐4 in the hypoxia‐induced expression of GADD153. Taken together, hypoxia/PHD3‐regulated stabilization of ATF‐4 by hindering oxygen‐dependent degradation may play a critical role in linking cell fate decisions to oxygen availability.
Effects of Ultraviolet A‐1 Radiation on Calcineurin Activity and Cytokine Production in (Skin) Cell Cultures†
Authors: Smit Nico , Musson Ruben , Romijn Fred , Van Rossum Huub , Van Pelt Johannes 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCalcineurin (Cn) is the target of immunosuppressive drugs used for maintenance therapy of transplant patients. UV radiation is also known to be immunosuppressive and, like the Cn inhibitors, UV has been shown to positively influence various inflammatory skin diseases. Recently, Cn activity has been demonstrated in skin and skin cell cultures. In the present study we have investigated the effects of UV(A‐1) irradiation on Cn activity in skin. In total skin we found a significant reduction in Cn activity after exposure to 450 kJ m−2 of UVA‐1 (340–400 nm). In repeated experiments cultures of fibroblasts and keratinocytes also showed dose‐dependent and selective reduction in Cn activity after UVA‐1 irradiation. UVB irradiation caused a decrease in the Cn activity of one of two fibroblast cultures and was ineffective in keratinocytes. In Jurkat cells and PBMC UVA‐1 reduced Cn activity and also the production of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐2, γ‐interferon, IL‐4 and IL‐10 that are controlled by the Ca2+–Cn pathway. These results indicate that UV(A‐1) irradiation may lead to inactivation of Cn in the skin and thus suppress the skin immune system in a similar fashion to the Cn inhibitors.
Photodegradation of Methanol Under UV–Visible Irradiation by Titania Dispersed on Polyester Cloth
Authors: Bhattacharyya Kaustava , Tripathi Arvind K. , Gupta Narendra M. , Tyagi Avesh K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTitania supported on polyester fabric (TiO2–PY) with varying titania loadings (2–7 wt%) were prepared via the dip‐coating method at room temperature using an aqueous slurry of anatase titania. Structural and morphological characterizations by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the titanium dioxide crystallites deposited on the surface of the polyester fabric were in the micrometer range while their phase remained to be anatase. Photocatalytic activity of TiO2–PY fabric catalysts was evaluated for vapor‐phase oxidation of methanol in air as a test reaction in the presence of UV as well as solar radiation under ambient conditions. These catalysts were found to be quite active in both UV and solar irradiation with activity being higher in the former case. CO2 yield from photo‐oxidation of methanol depended on titania content and also on its dispersion over polyester fabric support.
Measuring evolutionary responses to global warming: cautionary lessons fromDrosophila
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐TRELLES FRANCISCO , RODRÍGUEZ MIGUEL ÁNGEL 
Published: November 2009

Abstract. 1. Understanding evolutionary responses to global climate warming can be dauntingly complex. But, primarily, it requires careful quantification of rates of temporal change of biomonitors.2. Long‐term biomonitoring programs capitalize on traits for which there already exist retrospective measurements. Those programs are thus faced with the decision as to the appropriate time to update historical records, especially in species whose gene frequencies cycle over the successive seasons. In these cases, the time during the year at which descendant populations are sampled needs to take into account effects of the lengthening growing season that can impose direct selection on specific genotypes and, concomitantly, indirect selection on photoperiodic response.3. Standardising new and past collections by calendar date can lead to an overestimation of the magnitude of long‐term responses to global warming; standardising by equivalent seasonal temperature conditions can lead to an underestimation of the magnitude of long‐term responses to global warming.4. The results of a recent monitoring study withDrosophilaindicate that caution should be exercised in how the updating of historical records is used to quantify evolutionary responses to global warming.
Hypoxia Regulates Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 Expression to Promote Breast Carcinoma Cell Survival and Invasion
Authors: Mardilovich Katerina , Shaw Leslie M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) belongs to the IRS family of adaptor proteins that function as signaling intermediates for growth factor, cytokine, and integrin receptors, many of which have been implicated in cancer. Although the IRS proteins share significant homology, distinct functions have been attributed to each family member in both normal and tumor cells. In cancer, IRS-2 is positively associated with aggressive tumor behavior. In the current study, we show that IRS-2 expression, but not IRS-1 expression, is positively regulated by hypoxia, which selects for tumor cells with increased metastatic potential. We identify IRS-2 as a novel hypoxia-responsive gene and establish that IRS-2 gene transcription increases in a hypoxia-inducible factor–dependent manner in hypoxic environments. IRS-2 is active to mediate insulin-like growth factor I–dependent signals in hypoxia, and enhanced activation of Akt in hypoxia is dependent on IRS-2 expression. Functionally, the elevated expression of IRS-2 facilitates breast carcinoma cell survival and invasion in hypoxia. Collectively, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which IRS-2 contributes to the aggressive behavior of hypoxic tumor cells. [Cancer Res 2009;69(23):8894–901]
Inhibition of the p38 Kinase Suppresses the Proliferation of Human ER-Negative Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Chen Lu , Mayer Julie Ann , Krisko Tibor I. , Speers Corey W. , Wang Tao , Hilsenbeck Susan G. , Brown Powel H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
p38 kinases are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family that transduce signals from various environmental stresses, growth factors, and steroid hormones. p38 is highly expressed in aggressive and invasive breast cancers. Increased levels of activated p38 are markers of poor prognosis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that blockade of p38 signaling would inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation. We studied breast cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation upon p38 blockade by using three independent approaches: dominant-negative (DN) constructs, small interfering RNA (siRNA), and small molecule inhibitors. p38α and p38δ are the most abundant isoforms expressed by all examined human breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines. Expression of a DN p38 inhibited both anchorage-dependent and -independent proliferation of MDA-MB-468 cells. Silencing of p38α, but not p38δ, using siRNA suppressed MDA-MB-468 cell proliferation. Pharmacologic inhibitors of p38 significantly inhibited the proliferation of p53 mutant and ER-negative breast cancer cells. Whereas p38 has previously been considered as a mediator of stress-induced apoptosis, we propose that p38 may have dual activities regulating survival and proliferation depending on the expression of p53. Our data suggest that p38 mediates the proliferation signal in breast cancer cells expressing mutant but not wild-type p53. Because most ER-negative breast tumors express mutant p53, our results provide the foundation for future development of p38 inhibitors to target p38 for the treatment of p53 mutant and ER-negative breast cancers. [Cancer Res 2009;69(23):8853–61]