bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of freezing on immunology and incorporation of bone allograft
Authors: Reikerås Olav , Sigurdsen Ulf W. , Shegarfi Hamid 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWith an increasing clinical use of deep frozen allograft for bone reconstruction, it is important to understand the immunological and biological events of allograft incorporation. In this study, we have investigated the impact of deep freezing on immunology and biopotency for incorporation of bone allografts. Deep frozen bone grafts matched or mismatched for major histoscompatibilty complex (MHC) were implanted in an 8‐mm segmental defect in the tibia in rats. The construct was stabilized with intramedullary nailing. The immune response was evaluated by determination of serum antibody against the grafts MHC molecules at day 1 and after 2 and 4 months. Incorporation of the graft was compared with fresh syngeneic grafts and assessed with the use of conventional radiography, biomechanical testing and measurement of bone mineral content and density after 4 months. The analyses revealed no antibody responses in the rats that received grafts from donors differing at histocompatibility loci, and at 4 months the frozen grafts showed an overall reconstruction that was not significantly different from the fresh grafts. This study indicates that in the long run there are no significant consequences; either immunological or biomechanical, of the use of deep frozen allogenous bone as compared to fresh autogenous bone grafts in this animal model. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1215–1219, 2010
In vivo anabolic effect of strontium on trabecular bone was associated with increased osteoblastogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Peng Songlin , Liu Xiaowei Sherry , Wang Ting , Li Zhaoyang , Zhou Guangqian , Luk Keith D.K. , Guo Xiangdong Edward , Lu William W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn vitro studies have demonstrated that strontium (Sr) could increase osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). We investigated the in vivo effect of Sr on BMSCs. Thirty‐six female rats were randomly divided into the following groups: sham operated and treated with either vehicle (Sham + Veh) or Sr compound (Sham + Sr) and ovariectomized and treated with either vehicle (OVX + Veh) or Sr compound (OVX + Sr). Vehicle and Sr were orally administrated daily starting immediately after the surgery and continuing for 12 weeks. The anabolic effect of Sr on trabecular bone was determined at the structural and tissue level by microCT and histomorphometry, respectively. Colony formation assays demonstrated that BMSCs exhibited higher osteogenic colony but lower adipogenic colony in Sr‐treated versus Veh‐treated OVX rats. The mRNA level of osteogenic genes was higher, while the mRNA level of adipogenic genes was lower in BMSCs from Sr‐treated versus Veh‐treated Sham and OVX rats. The effect of Sr on rat BMSCs was reproducible in human BMSCs. Taken together, this study suggests that the anabolic effect of Sr on normal or osteoporotic bones is associated with increased osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1208–1214, 2010
Leaching of heavy metals and nutrients from calcareous sandy‐loam soil receiving municipal solid sewage sludge
Authors: Jalali Mohsen , Arfania Hamed 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLeaching column experiments were conducted to determine the degree of mobility of heavy metals (HMs) and nutrients after the addition of municipal solid sewage sludge (MSS) in a sandy‐loam soil. Treatments were (1) soil application of low metal content MSS, (2) soil application of metal‐enriched municipal solid sewage sludge (EMSS), and (3) control. The MSS application represented a dose of 200 Mg dry weight (dw) ha–1. Soil columns were incubated at room temperature for 15 d and were irrigated daily with distilled water to make a total of 557 mm. Leachates were collected and analyzed for HMs and nutrients. The Ni and Pb added to soil via MSS and EMSS were found to be leached through the 20 cm columns of calcareous sandy soil although Ni and Pb concentrations in the percolate were small relative to the total amounts of metals applied. Losses of K+ from the EMSS, MSS, and control were 92.5, 82.0, and 52.5 kg ha–1, respectively. Losses of Mg2+ were in the range from 104.4 (control treatment) to 295.2 kg ha–1 (EMSS), while the loss of Ca2+ was in the range from 265.0 (control treatment) to 568.2 kg ha–1 (EMSS). The results showed that the amounts of P leached from EMSS (3.02 kg ha–1) and MSS (2.97 kg–1 ha–1) were significantly larger than those from the control treatment (1.54 kg ha–1). The geochemical code Visual MINTEQ was used to calculate saturation indices. Leaching of P in different treatments was controlled by rate‐limited dissolution of hydroxyapatite, β‐tri‐Ca phosphate, and octa‐Ca phosphate. The results indicate that application of MSS to a sandy soil, at the loading rate used in this study, may pose a risk in terms of groundwater contamination with Ni, Pb, and the studied nutrients.
Changes in root length at the reproductive stage of maize plants grown in the field and quartz sand
Authors: Niu Junfang , Peng Yunfeng , Li Chunjian , Zhang Fusuo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe aims of this work were to investigate possible reasons for root mortality of maize plants at the reproductive stage and relationships between root mortality and internal sugar and external nitrogen (N) supply. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were grown in the field in fertile soil and in a greenhouse in quartz sand with sufficient or deficient N supply. Deficient N supply reduced plant growth and total N uptake by 38% and 52%, respectively. The lengths of the seminal roots and of the early initiated adventitious roots of the first two whorls declined after reaching their maximum values before silking, no matter whether the plants were grown in the field or in quartz sand in the greenhouse. The lengths of the adventitious roots from higher nodes of plants grown in quartz sand, irrespective of N supply, did not decrease at the reproductive stage despite of decreasing sugar concentrations. In contrast, under field conditions, the length of adventitious roots from higher nodes decreased during grain filling. Total activity of all roots of greenhouse‐grown plants as deduced from translocation of N and cytokinins in the xylem exudate reached peak values at the end of the growing period, whereas in field‐grown plants N translocation decreased and cytokinin translocation did not change toward the end of the growing period. The results indicate that the pattern of root growth and mortality of maize plants in the reproductive stage was not affected by external N supply. Differences between glasshouse‐ and field‐grown plants are possibly due to effects of soil biota, which have to be further studied.
Searching for better plasmonic materials
Authors: West P.R. , Ishii S. , Naik G.V. , Emani N.K. , Shalaev V.M. , Boltasseva A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPlasmonics is a research area merging the fields of optics and nanoelectronics by confining light with relatively large free‐space wavelength to the nanometer scale ‐ thereby enabling a family of novel devices. Current plasmonic devices at telecommunication and optical frequencies face significant challenges due to losses encountered in the constituent plasmonic materials. These large losses seriously limit the practicality of these metals for many novel applications. This paper provides an overview of alternative plasmonic materials along with motivation for each material choice and important aspects of fabrication. A comparative study of various materials including metals, metal alloys and heavily doped semiconductors is presented. The performance of each material is evaluated based on quality factors defined for each class of plasmonic devices. Most importantly, this paper outlines an approach for realizing optimal plasmonic material properties for specific frequencies and applications, thereby providing a reference for those searching for better plasmonic materials.
Short‐term oxidation and hot corrosion resistance of a gradient CrN/Cr1−xAlxN coating
Authors: Zhu M. , Li M. S. , Xu J. J. , Zhou Y. C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA CrN/Cr1−xAlxN coating comprised of an inner layer of CrN and an outer layer of Cr1−xAlxN with a gradient distribution of Al was deposited on two different alloys by a reactive sputtering method. Oxidation and hot‐corrosion tests of the gradient CrN/Cr1−xAlxN coating were performed at different temperatures. The phase compositions and morphologies of the as‐deposited coating and the corrosion products were investigated by using XRD and SEM/EDS. The results showed that the gradient CrN/Cr1−xAlxN coating exhibited good oxidation resistance at temperatures above 1000 °C owing to the formation of an α‐Al2O3‐rich oxide scale. The coating possessed good hot‐corrosion resistance in molten sulfate because the inner CrN layer could supply enough Cr to form a relatively protective Cr2O3 after the Al2O3‐enriched scale failed due to its dissolution in the molten sulfate.
Corrosion study of the X52 steel immersed in seawater with a corrosion inhibitor using a rotating cylinder electrode
Authors: Galvan‐Martinez R. , Orozco‐Cruz R. , Torres‐Sanchez R. , Martinez E. A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA corrosion study of API X52 steel was carried out in natural seawater with several concentrations of a corrosion inhibitor (10, 100 and 200 ppm) using a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) to control the hydrodynamic conditions at environment temperature, atmospheric pressure and 24 h of the exposition time. The rotation speed used was 1000 rpm (turbulent flow). The electrochemical techniques used in the corrosion studies were: linear polarisation resistance (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarisation curves (PCs). The superficial analysis was made using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show a good correlation between electrochemical techniques used. In addition, under turbulent flow, the test solution with 10 ppm had the smallest corrosion rate (CR). It is important to mention that the morphology of the corrosion in all experiments was localised corrosion.
Crude unit overhead corrosion — pH profile and corrosion rate of carbon steel under controlled condensation
Authors: Cypriano D. L. N. , Ponciano J. A. C. , Jambo H. C. M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFor this paper a laboratory simulation of the crude unit overhead corrosion was conducted. The main variable that impacts the corrosion rates for pipes, heat exchangers, and drums that compound the overhead system is pH. To control this pH many companies use different kinds of neutralizers, trying to keep in an optimum range, determined for each unit, according to their own characteristics. For this study an apparatus that simulate the evaporation and subsequent condensation of a solution with hydrochloric acid and other with neutralizer, with five carbon steel coupons analyzed by metal mass‐loss was used. To compare to field practices, three kinds of neutralizer solutions were used. It was possible to observe differences between the pH profiles along condensation, which certainly influences the corrosion rate from the first condensed solution until the last one. It can be compared with the process at the atmospheric tower, from the overhead pipe, passing by the condenser until the drum that accumulates sour water at the end. In this last one the pH is usually measured, but it cannot represent what we could observe with this laboratory apparatus, that the first solution condensed is the worst for corrosion, and that there is a direct relationship between them.
Optical Characterization of Co‐Nonsolvency Effects in Thin Responsive PNIPAAm‐Based Gel Layers Exposed to Ethanol/Water Mixtures
Authors: Anac Ilke , Aulasevich Alena , Junk Matthias J. N. , Jakubowicz Piotr , Roskamp Robert F. , Menges Bernhard , Jonas Ulrich , Knoll Wolfgang 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSurface‐attached, photo‐crosslinked gel films of a N‐isopropylacrylamide copolymer were investigated in ethanol/water mixtures using a combination of surface plasmon resonance/optical waveguide spectroscopy with reversed WKB analysis. The solvent quality of the pure good solvents drops in their mixture and this co‐nonsolvency effect shifts the transition temperature (Tc) in the µm‐thin gel films from 32.8 °C in pure water to 29.7 °C with only 0.25 vol.‐% ethanol. Between 20 and 70% ethanol and >10 °C (the practical temperature limit) the layers existed only in the collapsed state. A reentrant Tc of 40.2 °C was found at 70% ethanol while at higher ethanol volume fraction no Tc could be recorded.magnified image
Brush‐Like Amphoteric Poly[isobutylene‐alt‐(maleic acid)‐graft‐oligoethyleneamine)]/DNA Complexes for Efficient Gene Transfection
Authors: Khan Majad , Beniah Goliath , Wiradharma Nikken , Guo XinDong , Yang Yi Yan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSynthetic gene delivery vectors, especially cationic polymers have attracted enormous attention in recent decades because of their ease of manufacture, targettability, and scaling up. However, certain issues such as high cytotoxicity and low transfection efficiency problems have hampered the advance of nonviral gene delivery. In this study, we designed and synthesized brush‐like amphoteric poly[isobutylene‐alt‐(maleic acid)‐graft‐oligoethyleneamine] capable of mediating highly efficient gene transfection. The polymers are composed of multiple pendant oligoethyleneimine molecules with alternating carboxylic acid moiety grafted onto poly[isobutylene‐alt‐(maleic anhydride)]. The polymer formed from pentaethylenehexamine {i.e., poly[isobutylene‐alt‐(maleic acid)‐graft‐pentaethylenehexamine)]} was able to condense DNA efficiently into nanoparticles of size around 200 nm with positive zeta potential of about 28–30 mV despite its amphoteric nature. Luciferase expression level and percentage of GFP expressing cells induced by this polymer was higher than those mediated with polyethyleneimine (branched, $\overline M _{\rm w} $ 25 kDa) by at least one order of magnitude at their optimal N/P ratios on HEK293, HepG2, and 4T1 cells. In vitro cytotoxicity testing revealed that the polymer/DNA complexes were less cytotoxic than those of PEI, and the viability of the cells after being incubated with the polymer/DNA complexes at the optimal N/P ratios was higher than 85%. This polymer can be a promising gene delivery carrier for gene therapy.magnified image
Interconversion of Planar Networks and Vesicles Triggered by Temperature
Authors: Lee Eunji , Kim Jung‐Keun , Lee Myongsoo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDumbbell‐shaped amphiphiles based on an elongated rod segment can self‐assemble into planar networks with in‐plane hexagonally ordered pores in aqueous solution. On increasing temperature, the 2D networks change into hollow capsules passing through the closed sheets as an intermediate structure due to a LCST behavior of the oligoether dendritic exterior. The primary driving force for this interesting feature seems to originate from a consequence of the energy balance between hydrophobic interactions of anisotropic rod segments and alkyl chains, and repulsive interactions between dissimilar blocks. This dynamic structural variation triggered by external stimuli in a self‐assembling system can provide a useful strategy to create smart supramolecular materials and biomimetic systems.magnified image
Valuation of health states in the US study to establish disability weights: lessons from the literature
Authors: Rehm Jürgen , Frick Ulrich 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe metric of disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) has become the global standard of measuring burden of disease. DALYs are comprised of years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of healthy life lost due to living with disability. In order to calculate the second part of the DALY equation, disease specific disability weights have to be established, i.e. measures for the decline of health associated with these disease states, which vary between zero for perfect health and one for death. Although these disability weights are key for estimating DALYs, there have not been many comprehensive studies with empirical determinations of them. This article describes a systematic review on the state of the art with respect to empirically determining disability weights. Based on this review, a multi‐method approach is outlined, which has also been implemented in a US study to measure burden of disease. This approach involves the use of psychometric methodology as well as economic trade‐off methods for determining the value of health states. It is conceptualized as a disaggregated approach, where the disability weight of any health state can be calculated if the attributes of this health state are known. The US study received the collaboration of experts from more than 20 institutes of the National Institutes of Health and of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. First results will be available by the end of this year. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The validity of the German version of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS‐D): a clinician‐rating for the differential assessment of the severity of mental disorders
Authors: Andreas Sylke , Harfst Timo , Rabung Sven , Mestel Robert , Schauenburg Henning , Hausberg Maria , Kawski Stephan , Koch Uwe , Schulz Holger 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) is an internationally‐established clinician‐rating instrument for the differential assessment of the severity of patients with mental disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the validity of the German version of the HoNOS (HoNOS‐D). Evaluation of validity, including factor validity, convergent and discriminant validity and sensitivity to change, was conducted on a large, virtually representative, clinical sample of patients with mental disorders in inpatient psychotherapy (Study 1, N = 3169). Additional assessment of criterion‐based validity was completed using another clinical sample of patients with mental disorders (Study 2, N = 55). Although factor validity of the HoNOS‐D and its total score could not be confirmed as expected, the majority of single items of the HoNOS‐D proved to be valid in terms of convergent validity, criterion‐based validity and sensitivity to change. Hence, single items, rather than the total score of the HoNOS‐D, can be recommended for obtaining a picture of the impairment of patients with mental disorders in the clinical setting. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitroxide‐Mediated Bulk and Miniemulsion Polymerization in a Continuous Tubular Reactor: Synthesis of Homo‐, Di‐ and Triblock Copolymers
Authors: Enright Thomas E. , Cunningham Michael F. , Keoshkerian Barkev 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn previous work, a modified nitroxide‐mediated miniemulsion polymerization was demonstrated in a continuous tubular reactor to prepare a latex of polystyrene homopolymer dispersed in water. There, the initial reaction step (low conversion bulk polymerization to prepare the macroinitiator) was done in a batch reactor while the miniemulsion polymerization step was done in a continuous tubular reactor. The present paper describes an extension of that work in which all the reaction steps have been achieved in the continuous tubular reactor. Chain extension of the polystyrene latex to give polystyrene‐block‐poly(butyl acrylate) diblock and polystyrene‐block‐poly(butyl acrylate)‐block‐polystyrene triblock copolymers is also described.magnified image
Hyperbranched Polyethylenes and Functionalized Polymers by Chain Walking Polymerization with Pd‐Diimine Catalysis
Authors: Ye Zhibin , Li Shiyun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractChain walking polymerization (CWP) with Pd‐diimine catalysis represents a novel concept for the synthesis of hyperbranched polyethylenes (HBPEs) and functionalized polymers from ethylene stocks. This article summarizes recent developments in this research area. The properties of HBPEs have recently been studied and their application as lubricant viscosity additives, polymer processing aids, and polymers for the functionalization and solubilization of carbon nanotubes in organic solvents have been explored, with some outstanding features having been discovered. Using the CWP strategy, we have also synthesized a range of functionalized HBPEs covalently tethered with a variety of functional groups, including POSS nanoparticles, ATRP‐initiating sites, methacryloyl and acryloyl double bonds, and backbone‐incorporated functionalized ring units.magnified image
The transshipment fund mechanism: Coordinating the decentralized multilocation transshipment problem
Authors: Hanany Eran , Tzur Michal , Levran Alon 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe multilocation replenishment and transshipment problem is concerned with several retailers facing random demand for the same item at distinct markets, that may use transshipments to eliminate excess inventory/shortages after demand realization. When the system is decentralized so that each retailer operates to maximize their own profit, there are incentive problems that prevent coordination. These problems arise even with two retailers who may pay each other for transshipped units. We propose a new mechanism based on a transshipment fund, which is the first to coordinate the system, in a fully noncooperative setting, for all instances of two retailers as well as all instances of any number of retailers. Moreover, our mechanism strongly coordinates the system, i.e., achieves coordination as the unique equilibrium. The computation and information requirements of this mechanism are realistic and relatively modest. We also present necessary and sufficient conditions for coordination and prove they are always satisfied with our mechanism. Numerical examples illustrate some of the properties underlying this mechanism for two retailers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
Strategies to recruit and retain college smokers in cessation trials
Authors: Davidson M. Meghan , Cronk Nikole J. , Harris Kari Jo , Harrar Solomon , Catley Delwyn , Good Glenn E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTechniques to recruit and retain college fraternity and sorority members who reported past 30‐day smoking into a cessation trial are described. Recruitment efforts included relationship‐building, raffles, and screening survey administration during existing meetings. Surveys were administered to 76% (n = 3,276) of members in 30 chapters, 79% of eligible members agreed to participate, and 76% of those completed assessments and were enrolled in the trial (n = 452). The retention rate was 73%. Retention efforts included cash incentives, flexible scheduling, multiple reminders, chapter incentives, and use of chapter members as study personnel. Retention was not related to demographic, behavioral, or group characteristics. The strategies of partnership, convenience, and flexibility appear effective and may prove useful to investigators recruiting similar samples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 33:144–155, 2010
Streit mit dem Gravitationsphysiker Nummer Eins
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDas Schicksal meint es nicht immer gut mit Wissenschaftlern. Und wenn das Lebenswerk, an dem einer vier Jahrzehnte lang gearbeitet hat, erst nach dem Ableben erscheint, ist dies ganz besonders bitter. Doch hat sich der fleißige Forscher noch andere Verdienste erworben. So war er der erste Direktor des bedeutendsten englischen Observatoriums und Königlicher Astronom.
Sojamilch, der Superemulgator
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSämige Schokoladecremes sind immer ein gern gesehenes Element in einem Menü. Die klassische Küche vermengt die Schokolade mit Eigelb, das Lecithin als Emulgator beisteuert, und der sorgt für Cremigkeit. Auch Sojamilch liefert Lecithin in großer Menge, hat aber darüber hinaus noch reichlich Sojaproteine im Gepäck. Im Doppelpack bieten die Moleküle die besten Voraussetzungen für eine neue Klasse von cremigen Emulsionen.