bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity frameworks for outcome evaluation
Authors: Chen Huey T. , Donaldson Stewart I. , Mark Melvin M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the concept of validity as it applies to outcome evaluation. We address the historical adoption and contributions of the Campbellian typology to evaluation. We also discuss related criticisms and controversies and address future directions. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
New (and old) directions for validity concerning generalizability
Authors: Mark Melvin M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe author addresses the issue of generalizability as it arises in outcome evaluations. Methods for enhancing knowledge about generalizability in the Campbellian tradition are briefly reviewed. Recommendations are made for future practice and promising areas of future advancement regarding understanding generalizability in outcome evaluation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Investigating controls on the thermal sensitivity of Pennsylvania streams
Authors: Kelleher C. , Wagener T. , Gooseff M. , McGlynn B. , McGuire K. , Marshall L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractStream temperature, an important measure of ecosystem health, is expected to be altered by future changes in climate and land use, potentially leading to shifts in habitat distribution for aquatic organisms dependent on particular temperature regimes. To assess the sensitivity of stream temperature to change in a region where such a shift has the potential to occur, we examine the variability of and controls on the direct relationship between air and water temperature across the state of Pennsylvania. We characterized the relationship between air and stream temperature via linear and nonlinear regression for 57 sites across Pennsylvania at daily and weekly timescales. Model fit (r2) improved for 92% (daily) and 65% (weekly) of sites for nonlinear versus linear relationships. Fit for weekly versus daily regression analysis improved by 0·08 for linear and 0·06 for nonlinear regression relationships. To investigate the mechanisms controlling stream temperature sensitivity to environmental change, we define ‘thermal sensitivity’ as the sensitivity of stream temperature of a given site to change in air temperature, quantified as the slope of the regression line between air and stream temperature. Air temperature accounted for 60–95% of the daily variation in stream temperature for sites at or above a Strahler stream order (SO) of 3, with thermal sensitivities ranging from low (0·02) to high (0·93). The sensitivity of stream temperature to air temperature is primarily controlled by stream size (SO) and baseflow contribution. Together, SO and baseflow index explained 43% of the variance in thermal sensitivity across the state, and 59% within the Susquehanna River Basin. In small streams, baseflow contribution was the major determinant of thermal sensitivity, with increasing baseflow contributions resulting in decreasing sensitivity values. In large streams, thermal sensitivity increased with stream size, as a function of accumulated heat throughout the stream network. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional flood frequency analysis using Bayesian generalized least squares: a comparison between quantile and parameter regression techniques
Authors: Haddad Khaled , Rahman Ataur , Stedinger Jery R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRegression‐based regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA) methods are widely adopted in hydrology. This paper compares two regression‐based RFFA methods using a Bayesian generalized least squares (GLS) modelling framework; the two are quantile regression technique (QRT) and parameter regression technique (PRT). In this study, the QRT focuses on the development of prediction equations for a flood quantile in the range of 2 to 100 years average recurrence intervals (ARI), while the PRT develops prediction equations for the first three moments of the log Pearson Type 3 (LP3) distribution, which are the mean, standard deviation and skew of the logarithms of the annual maximum flows; these regional parameters are then used to fit the LP3 distribution to estimate the desired flood quantiles at a given site. It has been shown that using a method similar to stepwise regression and by employing a number of statistics such as the model error variance, average variance of prediction, Bayesian information criterion and Akaike information criterion, the best set of explanatory variables in the GLS regression can be identified. In this study, a range of statistics and diagnostic plots have been adopted to evaluate the regression models. The method has been applied to 53 catchments in Tasmania, Australia. It has been found that catchment area and design rainfall intensity are the most important explanatory variables in predicting flood quantiles using the QRT. For the PRT, a total of four explanatory variables were adopted for predicting the mean, standard deviation and skew. The developed regression models satisfy the underlying model assumptions quite well; of importance, no outlier sites are detected in the plots of the regression diagnostics of the adopted regression equations. Based on ‘one‐at‐a‐time cross validation’ and a number of evaluation statistics, it has been found that for Tasmania the QRT provides more accurate flood quantile estimates for the higher ARIs while the PRT provides relatively better estimates for the smaller ARIs. The RFFA techniques presented here can easily be adapted to other Australian states and countries to derive more accurate regional flood predictions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic analysis of the carotenoid concentration in egg yolks depending on the feeding and housing conditions of the laying hens
Authors: Hesterberg Karoline , Schanzer Sabine , Patzelt Alexa , Sterry Wolfram , Fluhr Joachim W. , Meinke Martina C. , Lademann Jürgen , Darvin Maxim E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractResonance Raman spectroscopic measurements are suited to analyze the concentration of carotenoid antioxidants in biological samples. Previously, it has been shown that the carotenoid concentration of nutritional egg yolks has a direct influence on the carotenoid content of human skin in vivo. In the present study, resonance Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the carotenoid concentration in the yolks of hen eggs, which were housed in battery cages or alternatively on free‐range grassland. The egg yolks of hens, which had access to grassland, contained approximately double the amount of carotenoid concentration than the egg yolks of hens housed in battery cages (p < 0.001). The kinetics of the carotenoid concentration in the egg yolks, depending on fodder, housing and weather conditions, were investigated. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of Beauveria bassiana MsW1 isolated from pine sawyers, Monochamus saltuarius
Authors: Shin Tae Young , Choi Jae Bang , Bae Sung Min , Koo Hyun Na , Roh Jong Yul , Je Yeon Ho , Jin Byung Rae , Woo Soo Dong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMonochamus saltuarius is a vector for pine wilt disease that causes enormous damage to native pine trees in Korea. To develop a biological control method for this pine wilt disease vector, an entomopathogenic fungus was isolated from the cadaver of an adult M. saltuarius supporting fungal conidiation. This fungus was named MsW1 and identified as Beauveria bassiana by microscopic examination, PCR amplification using B. bassiana ‐specific primers and genetic sequencing of the ITS and EF1‐α regions. Virulence tests against M. saltuarius were conducted with conidial suspensions (1 × 108 conidia/ml) of B. bassiana MsW1 in laboratory conditions. The median lethal times (LT50) of adults and larvae were 7.2 and 7 days, and 100% mortality was observed at 11 and 13 days after inoculation, respectively. This is the first characterization of B. bassiana from M. saltuarius. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The cytotoxic early protein 77 of mycobacteriophage L5 interacts with MSMEG_3532, an L‐serine dehydratase of Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Rybniker Jan , Krumbach Karin , van Gumpel Edeltraud , Plum Georg , Eggeling Lothar , Hartmann Pia 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMycobacteriophage L5 is a temperate phage infecting a broad range of mycobacterial species. Upon induction of lytic growth, L5 rapidly switches off host protein synthesis. We have recently identified the mycobacteriophage L5 early protein gp77 as a host shut‐off protein that acts growth inhibitory in the mycobacterial host when expressed through the corresponding phage promoter. Here we present data showing that this purified phage protein of unknown function specifically binds to protein MSMEG_3532 when incubated with cell lysates of Mycobacterium smegmatis. This interaction was confirmed by pull‐down assays using purified MSMEG_3532 as bait which co‐purified with gp77. The amino acid sequence of MSMEG_3532 is nearly identical to that of threonine dehydratases, serine dehydratases and an L‐threo‐3‐hydroxyaspartate dehydratase. An enzymatic assay identified this host protein as a pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate‐dependent L‐serine dehydratase (SdhA) which converts L‐serine to pyruvate. This is the first biochemical characterization of a SdhA derived from mycobacteria. Though the addition of purified gp77 to the established in vitro assay had no influence on SdhA activity at a saturating L‐serine concentration, the specific interaction of phage protein and dehydratase in vivo may well have a role in altering the amino acid pool or the products of amino acid metabolism in favour of phage maturation. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Surface colonization by Azospirillum brasilense SM in the indole‐3‐acetic acid dependent growth improvement of sorghum
Authors: Kochar Mandira , Srivastava Sheela 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe key to improving plant productivity is successful bacterial‐plant interaction in the rhizosphere that can be maintained in the environment. The results presented here confirm Azospirillum brasilense strain SM as a competent plant growth promoting bacterium over mid‐ and long‐term associations with sorghum. This study establishes that plant growth can be directly correlated with the associated bacterium's indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) production capability as IAA over‐expressing variants, SMp30 and SMΔi3‐6 fared better than the wild type strain. The auxin antagonist, p‐chlorophenoxy isobutyric acid confirmed the role of bacterial IAA in plant growth promotion and verified the presence of larger amount of IAA available to the seeds on inoculation with IAA over‐expressing mutants. Microscopic analysis identified the bacterial association at root tips, root‐shoot junction and elongation zone and their surface colonizing nature. Scanning electron microscopy identified larger number of root hairs and extensive exopolysaccharide covering in comparison to untreated ones. In addition, vibroid‐shaped Azospirilla attached by means of fibrillar material were dispersed along the elongation zone. The notable difference with IAA over‐expressing variants was enhanced number of root hairs. Thus, the variant strains may be more efficient surface colonizers of the sorghum root and used as superior bio‐inoculants for improving plant productivity. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Critical metrics of the eigenvalue gaps of Laplace‐Beltrami operators
Authors: Hou Songbo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLet M be a compact smooth manifold of dimension n ⩾ 2. We investigate critical metrics of the Laplacian eigenvalue gaps considered as functionals on the space of Riemannian metrics or a conformal class of metrics on M. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a metric to be critical for such a functional. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
The games people play: How the entertainment value of online ads helps or harms persuasion
Authors: Jung Jae Min , Min Kyeong Sam , Kellaris James J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis research examines consumer reactions to online ads varying in levels of entertainment value. Results show that more favorable brand attitudes and more positive purchase intentions are formed when consumers are exposed to an ad that generates a high (game ad), rather than a low (banner ad) level of entertainment value. However, such effects are qualified by consumers' shopping goals. When consumers have access to their goals to seek specific product information, affect transfer is impaired, such that the advantage of entertaining ads dissipates. This research also documents moderating roles of individual differences in need for cognitive closure and Internet usage versatility. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calculation of Detonation Properties of Gaseous Explosives Using Generalized Reduced Gradient Nonlinear Optimization
Authors: Ulas Abdullah , Cengiz Fatih 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this paper, a study on the development of a numerical modeling of the detonation of CHNO‐based gaseous explosives is presented. In accordance with the numerical model, a FORTRAN computer code named GasPX has been developed to compute both the detonation point and the detonation properties on the basis of Chapman–Jouguet (C‐J) theory. The determination of the detonation properties in GasPX is performed in chemical equilibrium and steady‐state conditions. GasPX has two improvements over other thermodynamic equilibrium codes, which predict steady‐state detonation properties of gaseous explosives. First, GasPX employs a nonlinear optimization code based on Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) algorithm to compute the equilibrium composition of the detonation products. This optimization code provides a higher level of robustness of the solutions and global optimum determination efficiency. Second, GasPX can calculate the solid carbon formation in the products for gaseous explosives with high carbon content. Detonation properties such as detonation pressure, detonation temperature, detonation energy, mole fractions of species at the detonation point, etc. have been calculated by GasPX for many gaseous explosives. The comparison between the results from this study and those of CEA code by NASA and the experimental studies in the literature are in good agreement.
GaN HEMT and MOS monolithic integration on silicon substrates
Authors: Chyurlia P. , Tang H. , Semond F. , Lester T. , Bardwell J. A. , Rolfe S. , Tarr N. G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA process for monolithically integrating MOS and AlGaN/GaN HFETs has been developed using a windowed epitaxy technique. AlGaN/GaN HFET devices display a forward current greater than 0.8 A/mm and a break‐down voltage larger than 200 V. Field‐plated devices have also been demonstrated. Enclosed MOS devices based on a 900 °C thermal oxide have been produced showing promising characteristics. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new approach to grow C‐doped GaN thick epitaxial layers
Authors: Gogova D. , Rudko G. Yu. , Siche D. , Albrecht M. , Irmscher K. , Rost H.‐J. , Fornari R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this study we employ a new method for growth of carbon‐doped wurtzite crystalline GaN (GaN:C) based on vapour phase transport of Ga by the pseudohalide hydrogen cyanide HCN. GaN:C layers with a thicknesses from 10 to 100 μm and up to 19 mm in size were grown from gallium melt and ammonia as feeding materials in a carbon‐containing equipment. The properties of the GaN:C layers were characterized by low‐temperature photoluminescence (LTPL), High‐Resolution X‐ray Diffraction (HRXRD), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and room‐temperature Hall effect and Raman spectroscopy measurements. HRXRD studies demonstrated good crystalline quality of the thick GaN layers (the Rocking curve FWHMs are 570 arcsec for the (0004) reflection and 561 arcsec for the (10‐14) reflection for 10 μm thick samples). The LTPL and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the good optical and structural quality of the material. The carbon concentration measured by SIMS was 6x1018 cm‐3, however, the room‐temperature Hall effect experiments showed n‐type conductivity. Carbon acceptor incorporation into GaN (from the transport agent) as well as the reason of its electrical overcompensation by unintentional impurities like oxygen and silicon is discussed. Ways of technological process improvement are proposed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diet composition of adult twaite shad (Alosa fallax) in the Aegean Sea (Izmir Bay, Turkey)
Authors: Ceyhan Tevfik , Akyol Okan , Sever T. Murat , Kara Ali 
Published: June 2011

Specimens of twaite shad,Alosa fallaxwere sampled from commercial purse seiners and trammel netters in Izmir Bay during November and December 2007. A total of 287 prey items from 14 taxa from 208 stomachs were recorded. The primary food of twaite shad was found to be fish, especially anchovyEngraulis encrasicolus, which was the most frequent (%F = 66.11) and abundant (%N = 63.64) prey item, and also had the highest percentage by weight (%W = 81.91). Decapoda, Isopoda, Ostracoda and Copepoda (Calanusspp.,Candocia armata, Temora styliferafrom Calanoida andCorycaeus spp.from Cyclopodia), were recorded occasionally with low values for all indices. The study showed that in the Aegean SeaAlosa fallaxis a predator of small pelagic fish,E. encrasicolus, A. boyeri, S. pilchardus, and some crustaceans. BenthopelagicP. acarneand demersalS. hepatuswere first recorded in diet of twaite shad.
A probabilistic method for the detection and genotyping of small indels from population-scale sequence data
Authors: Bansal Vikas , Libiger Ondrej 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Motivation: High-throughput sequencing technologies have made population-scale studies of human genetic variation possible. Accurate and comprehensive detection of DNA sequence variants is crucial for the success of these studies. Small insertions and deletions represent the second most frequent class of variation in the human genome after single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Although several alignment tools for the gapped alignment of sequence reads to a reference genome are available, computational methods for discriminating indels from sequencing errors and genotyping indels directly from sequence reads are needed.
Results: We describe a probabilistic method for the accurate detection and genotyping of short indels from population-scale sequence data. In this approach, aligned sequence reads from a population of individuals are used to automatically account for context-specific sequencing errors associated with indels. We applied this approach to population sequence datasets from the 1000 Genomes exon pilot project generated using the Roche 454 and Illumina sequencing platforms, and were able to detect a significantly greater number of indels than reported previously. Comparison to indels identified in the 1000 Genomes pilot project demonstrated the sensitivity of our method. The consistency in the number of indels and the fraction of indels whose length is a multiple of three across different human populations and two different sequencing platforms indicated that our method has a low false discovery rate. Finally, the method represents a general approach for the detection and genotyping of small-scale DNA sequence variants for population-scale sequencing projects.
Availability: A program implementing this method is available at http://polymorphism.scripps.edu/~vbansal/software/piCALL/
Contact: vbansal@scripps.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Accuracy of VMS data from Norwegian demersal stern trawlers for estimating trawled areas in the Barents Sea
Authors: Skaar K. L. , Jørgensen T. , Ulvestad B. K. H. , Engås A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Skaar, K. L., Jørgensen, T., Ulvestad, B. K. H., and Engås, A. 2011. Accuracy of VMS data from Norwegian demersal stern trawlers for estimating trawled areas in the Barents Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1615–1620. The accuracy of vessel monitoring system (VMS) data, used to determine fishing activity in the trawl fishery for gadoids in the Barents Sea, was studied by observer notes and Global Positioning System (GPS) data from two Norwegian vessels in October 2007. A speed rule of 2–5 knots correctly classified 75–80% of the fishing activity and 85–90% of the non-fishing activity. Linear interpolation between hourly VMS recordings underestimated trawl trajectories by 15%. The median haulwise difference between the VMS and the GPS trajectories was ∼500 m. The interpolated VMS data are appropriate for mapping the large-scale distribution of fishing effort and the area impacted, but to link fishing activities with small-scale mapping of benthos, more-frequent VMS-update times and more-refined interpolation techniques are required.
Etomidate: an ‘immunologically safe’ anaesthetic agent
Authors: WATKINS J. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryA review of the important aspects of immunity and its disturbance by drugs is given, together with a resume of the various immunological pathways involved in adverse anaesthetic reactions. Etomidate is unique amongst anaesthetic drugs in that it does not release plasma histamine. Between 1978 and 1982, five cases of possible reactions involving the use of etomidate were investigated. All involved only immediate widespread cutaneous flushing or urticaria, which was followed in two cases by extensive perioperative vomiting. The direct involvement of etomidate was uncertain. In 1982 two further cases were investigated which also involved hypotension. In both, suxamethonium and/or alcuronium had been used. The first case was repeated uneventfully when etomidate was used with pancuronium. The second case is as yet unresolved but the reaction was again probably caused by the muscle relaxants. The absence of severe reactions, and particularly cardiovascular effects, to etomidate leads the author to recommend its use in high risk patients, such as those with allergy or atopy and in those who have previously exhibited severe anaphylactoid responses.
Use of etomidate in an intensive care unit
Authors: EDBROOKE D. L. , NEWBY D. M. , MATHER S. J. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryA resumé of two studies and retrospective survey of 52 patients in an intensive care unit receiving infusions of etomidate has demonstrated that the technique can be used effectively and safely to provide sedation in patients requiring artificial ventilation and those breathing spontaneously. In both studies all measured respiratory and cardiovascular indices remained within normal limits. There was a low incidence of muscle movements in all groups and there was no nausea, vomiting, or allergic reactions. Additionally, the technique was readily accepted by the patients.
Experience with etomidate as part of a total intravenous anaesthetic technique
Authors: LEES N. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryEtomidate and fentanyl have been used in three different ways as part of a total intravenous anaesthetic technique. The results suggest that etomidate and fentanyl should be infused separately. The quality of induction of anaesthesia following a rapid infusion of etomidate was comparable with that following a bolus injection of thiopentone. None of the techniques had a significantly deleterious effect on the cardiovascular system and, where measured, on respiratory, renal or hepatic function.