bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approaches to Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Copper Nanomaterials
Authors: Cioffi Nicola , Ditaranto Nicoletta , Torsi Luisa , Sabbatini Luigia 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe number of studies published in recent years on the synthesis and characterization of copper nanomaterials is growing exponentially, as a literature search (period 1991–2007) returned more than 5000 papers and patents. Despite this great interest, only a few reviews have been issued on the synthesis and characterization of Cu(0) nanostructures, and all have dealt with specific approaches, limited periods or selected morphologies. Aimed at critically reviewing the highest number of studies on Cu NPs referenced until now, this chapter presents a selection of citations taken from more than 350 papers. All the main approaches to nanocopper are briefly described, following their historic evolution and the key aspects/findings of outstanding studies. The type of synthesis approach was chosen as guideline for the classification of the different studies, while characterization results were cited, in support of the description of specific nanomaterials and/or methods. It is intended that this chapter should be considered as a basic aid for the reader wishing to approach the ‘microcosm’ of the synthesis and characterization of nonoxidized, nonsupported copper nanomaterials, in a concise and schematic manner.
Spherical and Anisotropic Copper Nanomaterials in Medical Diagnosis
Authors: Chou Chi‐Chung , Chang Jen‐Lin , Zen Jyh‐Myng 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCopper nanomaterials (Cun) have emerged as promising new paradigms in nanopharmaceuticals and nanodiagnostics. This chapter first addresses the essential issues of Cunproduction, followed by the applications of Cunin medical sciences organized by the key biomarkers related to disease processes. Specifically, Cu‐containing materials in medical imaging, the use of Cunelectrodes for the detection of glucose, amino acids, uric acids and other organic acids that carry significant biomedical relevance to metabolic disorders, and the developing use of Cun‐complexes as drug carriers, antitumor therapeutic agents and antimicrobial devices, are extensively reviewed. The chapter provides an update to consolidate general theoretical knowledge of Cunproductions alongside their practical applications in relation to disease diagnosis. With this expanding spectrum of detectable biological elements, it is expected that Cunwill soon become more extensively and successfully used in medical diagnosis.
Approaches to the Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Silver Nanomaterials
Authors: Ledwith Deirdre M. , Aherne Damian , Kelly John M. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Recent advancements in solution‐based methods have enabled a wide range of remarkable morphologies and sizes of silver nanoparticles to be produced. In this chapter, some of the different approaches that have been taken to prepare Ag nanomaterials are discussed. Both, aqueous‐based and organic‐based procedures for the preparation of spherical particles are described. The controlled synthesis of shaped Ag nanoparticles is particularly highlighted, and theories regarding the growth of anisotropic silver particles are reviewed. The seed structure and growth‐directing abilities of different organic stabilizers are especially important.
Spherical and Anisotropic Silver Nanomaterials in Medical Therapy
Authors: Wong Kenneth K. Y. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe rapid rise of nanotechnology has enabled the development of a new niche in clinical medicine – nanomedicine. In this regard, there has been a complete change in direction in terms of the use of metals and metallic compounds in patients. This is because both, the physical and chemical properties of nanometals, have been shown to be vastly different to those of non‐nanoparticles. This also is indeed the case for silver, a metal which has been used in medicine for centuries. The renewed interest in the use of silver is due to the availability of silver nanoparticles. Hence, this chapter focuses on the current use of nanosilver in medical therapy, and discusses the possible mechanisms of action, and potential toxic adverse side effects, of silver nanoparticles.
Approaches to Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Gold Nanomaterials
Authors: Ha Tai Hwan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFor the systematic approach to fine‐ and on‐demand tuning of the morphologies of gold nanocrystals, the essential reaction constituents for growth have been extracted from a multitude of growth schemes. Four critical components such as gold precursors, reducing agents, reaction medium and passivating chemicals are found always to participate in the process. Guided by this survey, growth conditions may be categorized into five territories, based mainly on the major reducing agent employed, while the as‐grown nanocrystals are further divided into 10 crystals – namely three single crystals and seven twinned nanocrystals. In relation to the growth mechanisms, twinning formation in the seed structures, and the experimental parameters therein, are discussed as crucial determinants for the further evolution of observed crystal morphologies. Finally, contrast‐enhancing agents in bioimaging and photothermal therapeutics are briefly described as major applications in the life sciences.
Spherical and Anisotropic Gold Nanomaterials in Medical Therapy
Authors: Niidome Takuro , Shiotani Atsushi , Katayama Yoshiki , Niidome Yasuro 
Published: October 2010

AbstractGold nanoparticles demonstrate unique optical properties such as distinctive extinction bands in the visible to near‐infrared (NIR) light region. Recently, using these optical properties, many applications of gold nanoparticles in diagnosis and therapeutic technologies have been reported. For diagnosis, gold nanoparticles may act as contrast agents in optical bioimaging and computed tomography. For therapeutic systems, they serve as photosensitizers for photothermal therapy. In particular, gold nanorods with strong absorption in the NIR light region may serve as efficient photothermal devices because the NIR light is able to penetrate tissues more deeply than visible light. Drug release systems that respond to laser irradiation have also been established by combining them with thermoresponsive polymers. By using the unique optical characters of gold nanoparticles, intelligent medical technology for diagnosis and minimally invasive therapy will be developed in the future.
Approaches to Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Palladium Nanomaterials
Authors: Freemantle Ruel G. , Liu Minghong , Guo Wen , Obare Sherine O. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPalladium's role in the catalysis of various chemical reactions has resulted in a strong interest towards the development of straightforward synthetic methods for its preparation on the nanoscale. In this chapter we review some of the most significant advances that have been made in the synthesis of palladium particles with nanoscale dimensions. Approaches to control the morphology are described, with an emphasis on reactions that have produced uniform particles with well‐defined sizes and shapes in high yields. In addition, several characterization techniques that have been employed to elucidate the morphology of the particles are illustrated. Finally, we briefly outline the applications of palladium nanoparticles as they relate to the life sciences.
Approaches to the Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Platinum Nanomaterials
Authors: Peng Zhenmeng , Yang Shengchun , Yang Hong 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe basic principles and recent research findings on the synthetic approaches to shape control of platinum nanostructures are reviewed in this chapter. Various thermodynamic and kinetic parameters directly relevant to shape evolution and uniformity control during nucleation and growth are discussed. Attention is focused on those concepts related to the control of morphology, such as defect formation, and aimed at explaining those aspects that can go beyond the classical LaMer concepts which do not deal with the control of shapes. Sequential growth and defect formation, both of which relate to morphology, are given special attention. The chemical reagents used to achieve such control are reviewed to present a global view of the selection principles. Secondary growth, which may lead to anisotropic or higher‐ordered nanostructures, is presented as a new concept developed in recent years. The chapter further discusses the practical aspects of synthetic approaches to platinum nanostructures in both aqueous and nonhydrolytic systems. Detailed examples of synthetic and characterization approaches to zero‐, one‐, two‐ and three‐dimensional nanostructured platinum are also presented, and emerging topics on the shape control of platinum alloys and intermetallics are briefly discussed. The chapter concludes with some details of present knowledge of key recent developments on the shape control of platinum nanostructures.
Biological and Biomaterials‐Assisted Synthesis of Precious Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Parsons Jason G. , Peralta‐Videa Jose R. , Dokken Kenneth M. , Gardea‐Torresdey Jorge L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe biological synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles is becoming an important area of research and a new innovative method for the synthesis of such materials. Interest in biological means to synthesize nanoparticles has increased over the past few years because the method does not require toxic/hazardous chemicals, as do many traditional chemical reduction techniques. This chapter describes some of the many biological methods currently being used to synthesize precious metal nanoparticles, including the use of inactivated biomasses from different organisms, extracts from plants and fruits, fungal‐ and bacterial‐mediated nanoparticle synthesis, and living plant‐mediated synthesis. The chapter also briefly describes the analytical techniques used to characterize precious metal nanoparticles, including ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. Particular attention is paid to the bioreduction of gold and silver, as these are the most commonly used precious metals in the biological synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles.
Spherical and Anisotropic Gold Nanomaterials in Plasmonic Laser Phototherapy of Cancer
Authors: Ben‐Yakar Adela , Eversole Daniel , Ekici Ozgur 
Published: October 2010

AbstractGold nanoparticles have shown great potential asin vivo, optically active, biospecific probes with highly controllable and tunable optical properties for simultaneous molecular imaging and phototherapy. The strong plasmon resonance has led to the development of a variety of nanoparticle‐based cancer therapies termed plasmonic laser phototherapy (PLP). The use of molecular‐specific bioagents has demonstrated the potential for the selective treatment of cancer cells targeted with a variety of gold nanostructures. PLP has been demonstrated through either hyperthermal therapy or localized photodisruption of cellular membranes, with both cancer therapy modes being used across the visible and near‐infrared regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this chapter, we provide a review of current PLP methods. Included is a discussion of particle heating and scattering processes, with results organized in terms of laser pulse duration, which will affect the damage confinement during therapy.
Application of Metallic Nanoparticles in Textiles
Authors: Vigneshwaran Nadanathangam , Varadarajan Perianambi V. , Balasubramanya Rudrapatna H. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractToday, the use of nanotechnology is allowing textiles to become multifunctional. The emergence of a reality to create, alter and improve textiles at the molecular level, and to enhance their durability and performance beyond those of existing textile products, is already apparent due to applications of nanotechnology. Most often, nanomaterials are impregnated onto textile materials without significantly affecting their texture or comfort. At present, antibacterial and UV‐resistance are the major functional properties under examination for nanofinished textiles. An additional benefit to using metal nanoparticles is the presence of surface plasmons that impart different colors by varying their size and shape. Nanotechnology provides a means of adding value to the textile product, and may in future represent a valuable tool for generating extra revenue in the hard‐pressed textile industry.
The Biomimetic Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Deravi Leila F. , Swartz Joshua D. , Wright David W. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDepending on their coordinationin vivo, metal clusters operate as oxygen or electron transporters, structural determinants, or as signals for cellular communication. The basic chemistry behind these genetically controlled nanomaterials can be identified, once the coordinated metals have been isolated from their natural environment, and applied towards the synthesis of a wide range of materials. A bioinspired, or biomimetic, approach to materials synthesis would reduce the generation of excess waste from the high‐temperature reaction environments currently used, and enable further functionalization with specific control of nanoparticle morphology. In this chapter, we will focus exclusively on metal oxide clusters and crystals, presenting an overview of current techniques used for the biomimetic syntheses of nanomaterials.
One‐Dimensional Silica Structures and Their Applications to the Biological Sciences
Authors: Choi Daniel , McIlroy David , Nagler James , Aston Eric , Hrdlicka Patrick , Gustin Kurt , Hill Rod , Stenkamp Deborah , Branen Joshua 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionSynthesis of Silica Nanowires and NanospringsCatalyst Preparation and ApplicationMethods forVLSSynthesis of NanowiresFlow Reaction Formation of NanowiresLaser Ablation of NanowiresChemical Vapor Deposition and Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of NanowiresFunctionalization of Silica 1‐DSilica NanomaterialsToxicology Studies on 1‐DSilica NanomaterialsIntracellular Targeted DeliveryA Typical Cellular Targeting Strategy Using 1‐DNS‐Based NanostructuresIn VitroToxicity of 1‐DNanostructuresIn VivoToxicity of 1‐DNanostructuresBiological Applications of 1‐DSilica NanomaterialsBiodetection
Nanoscale Bioactive Silicate Glasses in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Brunner Tobias J. , Stark Wendelin J. , Boccaccini Aldo R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionFabrication of Nanoscale Bioactive Glass Particles and FibersLiquid‐Phase Synthesis Method (Sol–Gel Technique)Gas‐Phase Synthesis Method (Flame Spray Synthesis)Applications of Nanoscale Bioactive GlassesConventional Bioactive GlassesAdvantages of Nanometric Bioactive GlassesApplications in DentistryRemineralizationAntimicrobial EffectsApplications in Tissue EngineeringSummary and Future Perspective
Toxicity of Spherical and Anisotropic Nanosilica
Authors: Jin Yuhui , Lohstreter Samuel , Zhao Julia Xiaojun 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionSynthesis of Amorphous Silica NanoparticlesInvasion Pathways of Silica Nanomaterials into Living SystemsExposure via the Respiratory TractExposure via the Gastrointestinal TractSkin ContactA Brief SummaryMechanism of Nanomaterials‐Induced ToxicityPhotoactive Nanomaterials‐Induced ToxicityToxicity of Silica NanoparticlesIn VitroStudies of Silica Nanomaterials‐Induced ToxicityIn VivoStudies of Silica Nanomaterials‐Induced ToxicityMechanism of Silica Nanomaterials‐Induced ToxicityEffects of Silica Nanomaterial Properties on ToxicityEffect of Silica Nanomaterial SizeEffect of Silica Nanomaterial ShapeEffects of Silica Nanomaterial Surface PropertiesEffect of DopantsEffects of Dose and Interaction TimeToxicity of Silica Nanomaterials: A SummaryPerspectives on Silica NanomaterialsAcknowledgments
Zirconia Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Biomedical Application
Authors: Garnweitner Georg 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionSynthesis of Zirconia NanomaterialsHistorical OverviewSolvent‐Based Synthesis of Zirconia NanoparticlesHydrothermal Synthesis StrategiesPrecipitation TechniquesThePechini MethodCombustion Synthesis/Auto‐IgnitionSol–Gel MethodsNonaqueous/Nonhydrolytic Sol–Gel TechniqueGas‐Phase Synthesis of Zirconia NanoparticlesTop‐Down Methods to Zirconia NanoparticlesSynthesis of Zirconia Nanorods and NanowiresBiomedical Applications of Zirconia NanomaterialsNanostructured Zirconia‐Based BioceramicsJoint ReplacementsDental ImplantsNanostructured Zirconia in Bioactive Apatite‐Based CeramicsNanostructured Zirconia Coatings on Non‐Zirconia BioceramicsDoped Zirconia Nanostructures for BiolabelingOther Applications of Zirconia Nanomaterials in the Life SciencesSummary and Conclusions
Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Water Treatment
Authors: Fei Jinbo , Li Junbai 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn today's world, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly popular for water treatment. In this chapter, we will summarize recent advances in the development of typical metal oxide materials (TiO2, Fe3O4/Fe2O3, MnO2, CeO2, MgO and Al2O3) and the related processes for the treatment of various water resources which have been contaminated by organic solutes, inorganic anions, radionuclides, bacteria and viruses.
Approaches to Mesoscale Modeling of Nanoparticle–Cell Membrane Interactions
Authors: Ginzburg Valeriy V. , Balijepalli Sudhakar , Smith Kurt A. , Balazs Anna C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this chapter we review recent developments in the area of theory and modeling of nanoparticle–cell membrane interactions. Attention is focused mainly on hybrid self‐consistent mean‐field theory (SCMFT) and dissipative‐particle dynamic (DPD) studies of spherical nanoparticles near model lipid bilayers. The study results showed that spherical nanoparticles with characteristic size on the order of membrane thickness (Rp ∼ 1–10 nm) can induce dramatic changes in the membrane. These changes may range from simple attachment to the membrane surface to incorporation into the membrane, and/or the creation or stabilization of pores or channels in the membrane. In all cases, the changes in membrane morphology in the presence of a particle are driven by the desire of the system to reduce its overall free energy and transition into the lowest‐free‐energy state. Thus, some particles can ‘peel off’ enough lipids to create a hole in the membrane, while others can simply attach to the membrane surface, depending on their radius and type of surface chemistry. The simulations suggest a qualitative understanding of these phenomena, thus providing important tools to understand the mechanisms of nanoparticle cytotoxicity and/or nanoparticle activity as tumor imaging or drug delivery vehicles.
Porous Silicon Particles for Imaging and Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Serda Rita E. , Chiappini Ciro , Fine Daniel , Tasciotti Ennio , Ferrari Mauro 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPorous SiliconMicrofabricationCharacterizationGravimetrySpectroscopic EllipsometryX‐Ray DiffractionNitrogen AdsorptionSample Preparation for Electron Microscopy: SectioningSample PreparationNanovectors for the Delivery of TherapeuticsBiocompatibility and BiodegradationDrug Loading and Quantification of Drug LoadNanovectors for the Delivery of TherapeuticsTowards a Multi‐Stage Drug Delivery SystemCellular Uptake ofpSiParticlesTumor MicroenvironmentEffect of Microparticle Shape on MarginationEffect of Microparticle Size on Cellular UptakeEffect of Surface Modification onpSiParticle UptakeSerum Opsonization Inhibits Uptake of OxidizedpSiMicroparticlesCancer ImagingConclusions
Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles in Biomineralization and Biomaterials
Authors: Tang Ruikang , Cai Yurong 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionNano‐Calcium Phosphates in Hard TissuesBoneToothOther Biological OrganismsBiological Formation of Calcium PhosphatesCharacteristic Mechanical PropertiesStability of Nano‐Calcium PhosphatesDemineralization of BiomineralsDissolution of PureHAPNanosize Effects in BiomaterialsSynthesis of Nano‐Calcium PhosphatesSynthesis of Nano‐Calcium Phosphate ParticlesBiomimetic Construction usingHANanoparticlesNano‐HA–Collagen CompositesNano‐HACoatingNano‐Calcium Phosphate in Biomedical EngineeringBone RepairBone‐Related CellsEnamel RepairOther ApplicationsSummaryAcknowledgments
Gold Nanoshells in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Erickson Tim A. , Tunnell James W. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPhysical Properties of Gold NanoshellsOverview of General Optical PropertiesThe Physics of Gold NanoshellsThe Dielectric Function of GoldThe Quasi‐Static Approximation and Conditions for Surface Plasmon ResonanceMie TheoryNear‐Field EnhancementPhotoluminescencePhoto‐Thermal Material CharacteristicsSynthesis and BioconjugationSynthesisBioconjugation: Smarter NanoshellsBiodistribution, Toxicity Profile and TransportBiodistribution StudiesTransport MechanismsToxicityBiomedical ApplicationsIn VitroCancer Detection and ImagingIn VivoDetection and ImagingIntegrated Cancer Imaging and Therapy AgentsIn VitroStudiesIn VivoPhotothermal TherapyDrug DeliveryTissue WeldingBiosensorsAbsorbance‐Based BiosensingSERSBiosensingConcluding Remarks
Anisotropic Bimetallic/Oxide Nanomaterials for The Life Sciences
Authors: Graham Jessica B. , Pearce Megan E. , Salem Aliasger K. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAnisotropic bimetallic/oxide nanoparticles have shown significant potential in a variety of applications in the life sciences. Chemical and dimensional control can be achieved in the nanoparticles by incorporating multiple metallic segments. Functional biomolecules can be attached to the nanoparticles that correspond to the surface chemistry of the metallic segment. The high aspect ratio of the particles yields a large surface area for functionalization. These functionalized nanoparticles have applications that include imaging, protein and glucose sensing, gene regulation and delivery, and vaccinations.
AuPt Nanomaterials and Enzymatic Catalysts for Biofuel Cell Applications
Authors: Habrioux Aurélien , Servat Karine , Kokoh Boniface , Alonso‐Vante Nicolas 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionOxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)ORRMetal CatalystsORREnzymatic CatalystsTechniques Used for Enzyme ImmobilizationEnzymatic Reduction of Oxygen to WaterGlucose OxidationProcess on Metal ElectrodesSynthesis and Structural Properties of Gold–Platinum NanoparticlesElectrocatalytic Oxidation ofd‐(+)‐Glucose on Gold–Platinum CatalystsGlucose Oxidation via EnzymesGlucose Oxidation Catalyzed byGDHGlucose Oxidation Catalyzed byGOxApplication to Fuel Cell SystemsGlucose/Oxygen Biofuel CellsGlucose/Oxygen Biofuel Cells with AuPt Nanoparticles as Anode CatalystsSummary and OutlookAcknowledgments
Mixed‐Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
Authors: Hamal Dambar B. , Kalebaila Kennedy K. , Klabunde Kenneth J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

TiO
2
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for Environmental Remediation

Metal‐Doped TiO
2
Mixed‐Metal Oxides as
UV
‐Light‐Sensitive Photocatalysts

Metal‐Doped TiO
2
Mixed‐metal Oxides as Visible‐Light‐Sensitive Photocatalysts

Other Mixed‐metal Oxide Photocatalysts

Conclusions