bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract ED06-02: Breast cancer screening in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Yip Cheng-Har 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Breast cancer is the commonest cancer in the majority of low and middle income countries (LMIC's). Survival from breast cancer depends on two main factors – early detection and treatment. In LMICs, delayed presentation of breast cancer is a common occurrence. Barriers to early presentation are lack of access to optimal treatment, lack of financial resources, ignorance and psychosocial issues which include fatalism, fear of death, fear of mastectomy, and lack of autonomy on the part of the woman. Downsizing symptomatic disease as well as screening for asymptomatic disease can reduce mortality from breast cancer. Public education and awareness is a key first step as any early detection program is unlikely to succeed unless the public is aware of the potential benefits. The effectiveness and efficiency of screening modalities including screening mammography, clinical breast examination (CBE) and breast self-examination (BSE) are reviewed in the context of resource availability and population-based need. While mammographic screening is the gold standard for early detection of breast cancer, considerations regarding cost-effectiveness and quality assurance of such a program in LMICs is a concern. The identification of a target group for mammography screening in LMICs should be based on the burden of disease in the population, the potential to benefit from screening, and available resources. Although there may be exceptions, in the absence of such information, the preponderance of the evidence suggests that in most countries it would be reasonable to begin a breast cancer screening program by offering mammography every 2 years to women between the ages of 50 and 65. Although two observational studies on BSE provide evidence that this screening modality reduces breast cancer mortality, this has not been confirmed in two randomized trials. Currently, the evidence is not sufficiently conclusive to justify the recommendation for routine CBE in population-based screening programs, because CBE has not been shown to independently decrease breast cancer mortality, although there are current trials to evaluate this modality. It is also important that any screening program be accompanied by the development of resources required for diagnosis and treatment. The success of any early detection program can be measured by cancer stage at diagnosis, and eventually improvement in survival.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):ED06-02.
Frequency Selectivity Emerging from Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity
Authors: Gilson Matthieu , Bürck Moritz , Burkitt Anthony N. , van Hemmen J. Leo 
Published: June 2012

Periodic neuronal activity has been observed in various areas of the brain, from lower sensory to higher cortical levels. Specific frequency components contained in this periodic activity can be identified by a neuronal circuit that behaves as a bandpass filter with given preferred frequency, or best modulation frequency (BMF). For BMFs typically ranging from 10 to 200 Hz, a plausible and minimal configuration consists of a single neuron with adjusted excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections. The emergence, however, of such a neuronal circuitry is still unclear. In this letter, we demonstrate how spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) can give rise to frequency-dependent learning, thus leading to an input selectivity that enables frequency identification. We use an in-depth mathematical analysis of the learning dynamics in a population of plastic inhibitory connections. These provide inhomogeneous postsynaptic responses that depend on their dendritic location. We find that synaptic delays play a crucial role in organizing the weight specialization induced by STDP. Under suitable conditions on the synaptic delays and postsynaptic potentials (PSPs), the BMF of a neuron after learning can match the training frequency. In particular, proximal (distal) synapses with shorter (longer) dendritic delay and somatically measured PSP time constants respond better to higher (lower) frequencies. As a result, the neuron will respond maximally to any stimulating frequency (in a given range) with which it has been trained in an unsupervised manner. The model predicts that synapses responding to a given BMF form clusters on dendritic branches.
Short-Term versus Climatological Relationship between Precipitation and Tropospheric Humidity
Authors: Masunaga Hirohiko 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this study the observed relationship of precipitation with column relative humidity (CRH), a metric of tropospheric humidity, is examined in order to address a known discrepancy inherent to past studies. A composite analysis of satellite data is carried out to explore the short-term (i.e., from hourly to daily) atmospheric variability for comparison with the climatology, hypothesizing that a primary cause for the discrepancy arises from a difference in the time scale of interest. The analysis is broken down into four classes on the basis of the degree of convective organization, ranging from unorganized shallow cumuli to highly organized convective systems. The CRH–precipitation relationship is found to be extremely nonlinear for the short-term variability, while the nonlinearity weakens to some degree when different convective systems in diverse humidity environments are averaged together into climatology. The weak exponential rise in the climatological CRH–precipitation curve occurs because highly organized convective systems become more frequent and intense and thus receive increasing weight in the climatological mean as the environment moistens.
A Bayes Factor Model for Detecting Artificial Discontinuities via Pairwise Comparisons
Authors: Zhang Jun , Zheng Wei , Menne Matthew J. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
In this paper, the authors present a Bayes factor model for detecting undocumented artificial discontinuities in a network of temperature series. First, they generate multiple difference series for each station with the pairwise comparison approach. Next, they treat the detection problem as a Bayesian model selection problem and use Bayes factors to calculate the posterior probabilities of the discontinuities and estimate their locations in time and space. The model can be applied to large climate networks and realistic temperature series with missing data. The effectiveness of the model is illustrated with two realistic large-scale simulations and four sensitivity analyses. Results from applying the algorithm to observed monthly temperature data from the conterminous United States are also briefly discussed in the context of what is currently known about the nature of biases in the U.S. surface temperature record.
Comments on “Global and Regional Comparison of Daily 2-m and 1000-hPa Maximum and Minimum Temperatures in Three Global Reanalyses”
Authors: Brands S. , Gutiérrez J. M. , Cofiño A. S. , Herrera S. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Pitman and Perkins claimed that instantaneous 2-m air temperatures from different reanalysis products largely disagree over widespread regions of the globe and that, because of their much smaller differences, temperatures at 1000 hPa should be preferably used. This comment shows that this claim is based on erroneous results.
Triple Collocation of Summer Precipitation Retrievals from SEVIRI over Europe with Gridded Rain Gauge and Weather Radar Data
Authors: Roebeling R. A. , Wolters E. L. A. , Meirink J. F. , Leijnse H. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Quantitative information on the spatial and temporal error structures in large-scale (regional or global) precipitation datasets is essential for hydrologic and climatic studies. A powerful tool to quantify error structures in large-scale datasets is triple collocation. In this paper, triple collocation is used to determine the spatial and temporal error characteristics of three precipitation datasets over Europe—that is, the precipitation-properties visible/near infrared (PP-VNIR) retrievals from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) instrument on board Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), weather radar observations from the European integrated weather radar system, and gridded rain gauge observations from the datasets of the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) and the European Climate Assessment and Dataset (ECA&D) project. For these datasets the spatial and temporal error characteristics are evaluated and their performance is discussed. Finally, weather radar and PP-VNIR retrievals are used to evaluate the diurnal cycles of precipitation occurrence and intensity during daylight hours for different European climate regions. The results suggest that the triple collocation method provides realistic error estimates. The spatial and temporal error structures agree with the findings of earlier studies and reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the datasets, such as inhomogeneity of weather radar practices across Europe, the effect of sampling density in the gridded rain gauge dataset, and the sensitivity to retrieval assumptions in the PP-VNIR dataset. This study can help us in developing satisfactory strategies for combining various precipitation datasets—for example, for improved monitoring of diurnal variations or for detecting temporal trends in precipitation.
Evaluation of the High-Resolution CMORPH Satellite Rainfall Product Using Dense Rain Gauge Observations and Radar-Based Estimates
Authors: Habib Emad , Haile Alemseged Tamiru , Tian Yudong , Joyce Robert J. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This study focuses on the evaluation of the NOAA–NCEP Climate Prediction Center (CPC) morphing technique (CMORPH) satellite-based rainfall product at fine space–time resolutions (1 h and 8 km). The evaluation was conducted during a 28-month period from 2004 to 2006 using a high-quality experimental rain gauge network in southern Louisiana, United States. The dense arrangement of rain gauges allowed for multiple gauges to be located within a single CMORPH pixel and provided a relatively reliable approximation of pixel-average surface rainfall. The results suggest that the CMORPH product has high detection skills: the probability of successful detection is ~80% for surface rain rates &gt;2 mm h−1 and probability of false detection &lt;3%. However, significant and alarming missed-rain and false-rain volumes of 21% and 22%, respectively, were reported. The CMORPH product has a negligible bias when assessed for the entire study period. On an event scale it has significant biases that exceed 100%. The fine-resolution CMORPH estimates have high levels of random errors; however, these errors get reduced rapidly when the estimates are aggregated in time or space. To provide insight into future improvements, the study examines the effect of temporal availability of passive microwave rainfall estimates on the product accuracy. The study also investigates the implications of using a radar-based rainfall product as an evaluation surface reference dataset instead of gauge observations. The findings reported in this study guide future enhancements of rainfall products and increase their informed usage in a variety of research and operational applications.
A prognostic model to predict survival in 867 World Health Organization–defined essential thrombocythemia at diagnosis: a study by the International Working Group on Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment
Authors: Passamonti Francesco , Thiele Jürgen , Girodon Francois , Rumi Elisa , Carobbio Alessandra , Gisslinger Heinz , Kvasnicka Hans Michael , Ruggeri Marco , Randi Maria Luigia , Gangat Naseema , Vannucchi Alessandro Maria , Gianatti Andrea , Gisslinger Bettina , Müllauer Leonhard , Rodeghiero Francesco , d'Amore Emanuele S. G. , Bertozzi Irene , Hanson Curtis A. , Boveri Emanuela , Marino Filippo , Maffioli Margherita , Caramazza Domenica , Antonioli Elisabetta , Carrai Valentina , Buxhofer-Ausch Veronika , Pascutto Cristiana , Cazzola Mario , Barbui Tiziano , Tefferi Ayalew 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia (ET) has been updated in the last World Health Organization (WHO) classification. We developed a prognostic model to predict survival at diagnosis, named IPSET (International Prognostic Score for ET), studying patients with WHO-defined ET. Age 60 years or older, leukocyte count ≥ 11 × 109/L, and prior thrombosis significantly affected survival, by multivariable Cox regression. On the basis of the hazard ratio, we assigned 2 points to age and 1 each to leukocyte count and thrombosis. So, the IPSET model allocated 867 patients into 3 risk categories with significantly different survival: low (sum of points = 0; median survival not reached), intermediate (sum = 1-2; median survival 24.5 years), and high (sum = 3-4, median survival 13.8 years). The IPSET model was further validated in 2 independent cohorts including 132 WHO-defined ET and 234 Polycythemia Vera Study Group–defined ET patients. The IPSET model was able to predict the occurrence of thrombosis, and not to predict post-ET myelofibrosis. In conclusion, IPSET, based on age ≥ 60 years, leukocyte count ≥ 11 × 109/L, and history of thrombosis allows prognostic assessment of WHO-defined ET and the validation process makes IPSET applicable in all patients phenotypically appearing as ET.
Identification of novel mitosis regulators through data mining with human centromere/kinetochore proteins as group queries
Authors: Tipton Aaron R , Wang Kexi , Oladimeji Peter , Sufi Shermeen , Gu Zhidong , Liu Song-Tao 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
Proteins functioning in the same biological pathway tend to be transcriptionally co-regulated or form protein-protein interactions (PPI). Multiple spatially and temporally regulated events are coordinated during mitosis to achieve faithful chromosome segregation. The molecular players participating in mitosis regulation are still being unravelled experimentally or using in silico methods.

Results
An extensive literature review has led to a compilation of 196 human centromere/kinetochore proteins, all with experimental evidence supporting the subcellular localization. Sixty-four were designated as “core” centromere/kinetochore components based on peak expression and/or well-characterized functions during mitosis. By interrogating and integrating online resources, we have mined for genes/proteins that display transcriptional co-expression or PPI with the core centromere/kinetochore components. Top-ranked hubs in either co-expression or PPI network are not only enriched with known mitosis regulators, but also contain candidates whose mitotic functions are not yet established. Experimental validation found that KIAA1377 is a novel centrosomal protein that also associates with microtubules and midbody; while TRIP13 is a novel kinetochore protein and directly interacts with mitotic checkpoint silencing protein p31comet.

Conclusions
Transcriptional co-expression and PPI network analyses with known human centromere/kinetochore proteins as a query group help identify novel potential mitosis regulators.
Characterization of human gastric carcinoma-related methylation of 9 miR CpG islands and repression of their expressions in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Du Yantao , Liu Zhaojun , Gu Liankun , Zhou Jing , Zhu Bu-dong , Ji Jiafu , Deng Dajun 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
Many miR genes are located within or around CpG islands. It is unclear whether methylation of these CpG islands represses miR transcription regularly. The aims of this study are to characterize gastric carcinoma (GC)-related methylation of miR CpG islands and its relationship with miRNA expression.

Methods
Methylation status of 9 representative miR CpG islands in a panel of cell lines and human gastric samples (including 13 normal biopsies, 38 gastritis biopsies, 112 pairs of GCs and their surgical margin samples) was analyzed by bisulfite-DHPLC and sequencing. Mature miRNA levels were determined with quantitative RT-PCR. Relationships between miR methylation, transcription, GC development, and clinicopathological characteristics were statistically analyzed.

Results
Methylation frequency of 5 miR CpG islands (miR-9-1, miR-9-3, miR-137, miR-34b, and miR-210) gradually increased while the proportion of methylated miR-200b gradually decreased during gastric carcinogenesis (Ps < 0.01). More miR-9-1 methylation was detected in 62%-64% of the GC samples and 4% of the normal or gastritis samples (18/28 versus 2/48; Odds ratio, 41.4; P < 0.01). miR-210 methylation showed high correlation with H. pylori infection. miR-375, miR-203, and miR-193b methylation might be host adaptation to the development of GCs. Methylation of these miR CpG islands was consistently shown to significantly decrease the corresponding miRNA levels presented in human cell lines. The inverse relationship was also observed for miR-9-1, miR-9-3, miR-137, and miR-200b in gastric samples. Among 112 GC patients, miR-9-1 methylation was an independent favourable predictor of overall survival of GC patients in both univariate and multivariate analysis (P < 0.02).

Conclusions
In conclusion, alteration of methylation status of 6 of 9 tested miR CpG islands was characterized in gastric carcinogenesis. miR-210 methylation correlated with H. pylori infection. miR-9-1 methylation may be a GC-specific event. Methylation of miR CpG islands may significantly down-regulate their transcription regularly.
Expanded clinical and experimental use of SOX11 - using a monoclonal antibody
Authors: Nordström Lena , Andréasson Ulrika , Jerkeman Mats , Dictor Michael , Borrebaeck Carl , Ek Sara 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
The transcription factor SOX11 is of diagnostic and prognostic importance in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), respectively. Thus, there is an unmet clinical and experimental need for SOX11-targeting assays with low background, high specificity and robust performance in multiple applications, including immunohistochemistry (IHC-P) and flow cytometry, which until now has been lacking.

Methods
We have developed SOX11-C1, a monoclonal mouse antibody targeting SOX11, and successfully evaluated its performance in western blots (WB), IHC-P, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.

Results
We confirm the importance of SOX11 as a diagnostic antigen in MCL as 100% of tissue micro array (TMA) cases show bright nuclear staining, using the SOX11-C1 antibody in IHC-P. We also show that previous reports of weak SOX11 immunostaining in a fraction of hairy cell leukemias (HCL) are not confirmed using SOX11-C1, which is consistent with the lack of transcription. Thus, high sensitivity and improved specificity are demonstrated using the monoclonal SOX11-C1 antibody. Furthermore, we show for the first time that flow cytometry can be used to separate SOX11 positive and negative cell lines and primary tumors. Of note, SOX11-C1 shows no nonspecific binding to primary B or T cells in blood and thus, can be used for analysis of B and T cell lymphomas from complex clinical samples. Dilution experiments showed that low frequencies of malignant cells (~1%) are detectable above background using SOX11 as a discriminant antigen in flow cytometry.

Conclusions
The novel monoclonal SOX11-specific antibody offers high sensitivity and improved specificity in IHC-P based detection of MCL and its expanded use in flow cytometry analysis of blood and tissue samples may allow a convenient approach to early diagnosis and follow-up of MCL patients.
Shadow of diabetes over cardiovascular disease: comparative quantification of population-attributable all-cause and cardiovascular mortality
Authors: Bozorgmanesh Mohammadreza , Hadaegh Farzad , Sheikholeslami Farhad , Ghanbarian Arash , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Background
We contrasted impacts on all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality of diabetes vs. CVD.

Methods
Among participants the Tehran lipid and glucose study aged ≥ 30 years (n = 9752), we selected those who participated in the follow-up study until 20 March 2009 (n = 8795). Complete data on covariate were available for 8, 469 participants, contributing to a 67935 person-year follow up. In the analysis of outcomes (all-cause and CVD mortality), diabetes and CVD were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression model adjusting for established CVD risk factors. We used population attributable hazard fraction (PAHF) and rate advancement period (RAP) that expresses how much sooner a given mortality rate is reached among exposed than among unexposed individuals.

Results
Ten percent of the participants self-reported to have pervious CVD, and diabetes was ascertained in 17% of participants at baseline examination. During a median follow-up of 9 years 386 participants died of which 184 were due to CVD. All-cause and CVD mortality rate (95% CIs) were 5.5 (5.0-6.1) and 2.6 (2.3-3.0) per 1000 person-year, respectively. The PAHF of all-cause mortality for diabetes 9.2 (7.3-11.1) was greater than the one for CVD 3.5 (1.1-5.5). RAP estimates for all-cause mortality associated with diabetes ranged from 7.4 to 8.6 years whereas the RAP estimates for all-cause mortality associated with CVD ranged from 3.1 to 4.3 years. The PAHF of CVD mortality for diabetes 9.4 (6.8-12.0) was greater than the one for CVD 4.5 (1.8-7.0). RAP estimates for CVD mortality associated with diabetes ranged from 8.2 to 9.8 years whereas the RAP estimates for CVD mortality associated with CVD ranged from 4.7 to 6.7 years.

Conclusions
We demonstrated that diabetes, which was shown to be keeping pace with prevalent CVD in terms of conferring excess risk of incident CVD, is currently causing more deaths in the population than does CVD.