bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patients’ experiences of an intervention to support tuberculosis treatment adherence in South Africa
Authors: Atkins Salla , Biles David , Lewin Simon , Ringsberg Karin , Thorson Anna 
Published: June 2010

Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) infects over 9 million people annually and, in high prevalence settings, is closely related to HIV/AIDS. Despite this, the two diseases are often treated using contrasting approaches: one focused on patient control, the other focused on empowerment. This article reports on patient experiences of a TB treatment programme in South Africa modelled on the empowerment-oriented antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme. Methods: Patients’ perceptions of the programme and its impacts on their lives were investigated through six focus groups with patients from intervention clinics; two focus groups with patients from a comparison clinic; and interviews with two patients who had failed to adhere to the intervention treatment. The data were analysed using content analysis. Results: The main themes that emerged were: the tension between agency and coercion in treatment taking; treatment as a lifestyle change; and the role of the lay treatment supporter as either constraining or facilitating empowerment. Patients reported having made lifestyle changes and discussed issues of treatment control and responsibility. However, it seemed that treatment supporters maintained a monitoring role regarding patients’ treatment, limiting patients’ opportunities to exercise control over their illness and their drug regimen. Conclusions: The study suggests that differences remain between the ART approach and the new TB treatment model. While the new programme seems to have succeeded in providing additional information, it is not clear that it substantially changed patient agency over their treatment taking in this setting.
Addressing HIV prevention and disease burden among Africans aged over 50 years
Authors: Rammohan Anu , Awofeso Niyi 
Published: June 2010

Summary Although sub-Saharan Africans aged 50 years or over constitute about 4.7% of the general population and 5.6% of the total adult population infected with HIV, they remain the forgotten cohort of the AIDS pandemic. Based on a literature review and data from the World Health Organization Demographic Health Surveys, the authors analyse the prevalence of HIV among African men aged 50–59 and provide a brief analysis of risk factors, as well as the influence of demographic, epidemiologic, pathophysiologic and sociocultural transitions on HIV prevention and disease burden among older Africans. Evidence-based HIV prevention and treatment interventions are urgently required in order to address the wellbeing of HIV-infected, older Africans.
Monitoring of Therapy in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Authors: Dauber Andrew , Kellogg Mark , Majzoub Joseph A 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a group of disorders caused by defects in the adrenal steroidogenic pathways. In its most common form, 21-hydroxylase deficiency, patients develop varying degrees of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency as well as androgen excess. Therapy is guided by monitoring clinical parameters as well as adrenal hormone and metabolite concentrations.

CONTENT
We review the evidence for clinical and biochemical parameters used in monitoring therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. We discuss the utility of 24-h urine collections for pregnanetriol and 17-ketosteroids as well as serum measurements of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone. In addition, we examine the added value of daily hormonal profiles obtained from salivary or blood-spot samples and discuss the limitations of the various assays.

SUMMARY
Clinical parameters such as growth velocity and bone age remain the gold standard for monitoring the adequacy of therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The use of 24-h urine collections for pregnanetriol and 17-ketosteroid may offer an integrated view of adrenal hormone production but target concentrations must be better defined. Random serum hormone measurements are of little value and fluctuate with time of day and timing relative to glucocorticoid administration. Assays of daily hormonal profiles from saliva or blood spots offer a more detailed assessment of therapeutic control, although salivary assays have variable quality.
Cooking with humor: In-group humor as social organization
Authors: Lynch Owen 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis manuscript provides an understanding of the complex process through which the social organization is (re)produced and transformed through its member's everyday humor. This study is based on a yearlong ethnography of a hotel kitchen that focuses on the in-group humor of chefs as they work. It reveals the chefs' humor as a communicative process that establishes the group's boundaries, the identity of the group members, and the processes through which the group makes sense of and performs its labor. Humor's role within this organizational group is demonstrated through situated episodes that not only (re)produce the status quo, but also provides a strategy for employees to subvert or challenge authoritative power and constraining organizing practices.
Resistance and relief: The wit and woes of early twentieth century folk and country music
Authors: Ellis Iain 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFolk and country music were rural-based music styles that developed during the pre-rock decades of the early twentieth century. Largely performed by working-class practitioners for working-class audiences, these genres captured the hardships of poor constituencies through markedly different means of humorous expression. Whereas folk employed an often strident satire in resisting perceived oppressors, country looked inwards, using self-deprecating and personalized humor as a shield and relief against outside forces. Narrative tall-tales and regional vernacular were ubiquitous features of folk and country humor, and both crafted struggling characters to serve as illustrative metaphors for broader class concerns. In surveying these music forms in their infancy—as well as their key players—we are connected to the roots of American humor, as well as subsequent developments in rock & roll rebellion.
Cellular Response of Titanium and Its Alloys as Implants
Authors: Bhola Rahul , Bhola Shaily M , Mishra Brajendra , Ayers Reed , Olson David L , Ohno Timothy 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe cellular response of osteocytes to commercially pure titanium (α) and its alloys (α + β and β) has been tested in a culture media, and the results have been supplemented by analyses from various techniques such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic (ICP-AES) analysis, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), metallography, and electrochemical measurements. These results have been correlated with respect to the presence of various alloying elements in these alloys to qualify them for human application. The newer β alloys have been examined for their potential use as implants. These results serve as a preliminary baseline to characterize the best alloy system for a comprehensive long-term investigation.
Effect of Dehiscences to the Bone Response of Implants With an Acid-Etched Surface: An Experimental Study in Miniature Pigs
Authors: Ruehe Baerbel , Heberer Susanne , Bayreuther Katja , Nelson Katja 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSpontaneous early exposure of submerged implants during the healing phase as a factor for early crestal bone loss around the implants is still being controversially discussed. The aim of this study was to examine the potential impact of dehiscences on the osseointegration process of acid-etched dental implants with a shortened healing period in the maxilla. Five animals received a total of 15 titanium implants 8 weeks postextraction. Eight of these implants were placed in the maxilla to osseointegrate within a shortened healing period of 3 months, whereas the remaining implants were inserted in the lower jaw and served as controls with a regular healing time. Polyfluorochrome sequential labeling with xylenol orange, calcein green, and alizarin complexone was performed 2, 5, and 8 weeks after implant placement. After 12 weeks of unloaded and submerged healing, the animals were killed and the implants removed en bloc. After the processing of the undecalcified PMMA-embedded samples, thin ground sections (40–60 µm) were made. The histomorphometric determination of the bone-to-implant contact (BIC) was calculated using light microscopy. The peri-implant bone apposition rate and the direction of bone growth were determined with the fluorescence microscope. For statistical evaluation, the Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, and Friedman test were chosen. During the healing period, nonartificial dehiscences were observed at 9 implants. The average BIC was 54.19% (14.51%–68.97%). There were significantly lower BIC rates detected for the cervical part of the implants compared with the middle part. An influence of dehiscences on the osseointegration could not be proven. There were no significant differences between the BIC values of the upper and lower jaw. During the observation period from the third to the eighth week after implantation, the average new bone formation rate was 2.32 µm/d (1.76–2.82 µm/d). During this period, the amount of new bone growth decreased insignificantly. Based on the sequence of the polyfluorochrome labeling, an implantopetal (53.03%) as well as an implantofugal bone growth (46.97%) have been observed. It could be assumed that the acid-etched implants offered a prerequisite to osseointegrate under a shortened healing period. The observed dehiscences seemed not to have compromised the rate of osseointegration.
On limit distribution of the Hurwitz zeta-function
Authors: Laurinčikas Antanas 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The distribution of the vector (|ζ(s, α)|; ζ(s, α)), where ζ(s, α) is the Hurwitz zeta-function with transcendental parameter α, is considered and a probabilistic limit theorem is obtained. Also, the dependence between |ζ(s, α)| and ζ(s, α) in terms of m-characteristic transforms is discussed.
New microsatellite loci for pomegranate, Punica granatum (Lythraceae)
Authors: Currò Sergio , Caruso Marco , Distefano Gaetano , Gentile Alessandra , La Malfa Stefano 
Published: June 2010

• Premise of the study: A new set of pomegranate microsatellites was selected and characterized to assess the level of genetic diversity among cultivars and wild genotypes.• Methods and Results: Nine Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers were obtained using the Microsatellite‐AFLP technique and were successfully amplified in 34 genotypes belonging to Italian, Spanish, and Turkish germplasm collections. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 5, and the total number of alleles was 22.• Conclusions: Because only a few codominant markers are available for this species, the newly identified SSRs will facilitate genetic diversity studies, fingerprinting, and mapping. In addition, the 9 loci successfully amplified in P. granatum var. nana. No cross transferability was observed for Cuphea micropetala and Lagerstroemia indica (Lythraceae).
Bien-être et dépendances
Authors: Pharo Patrick 
Published: June 2010

Résumé Ce texte confronte un point de vue « philosophique » et un point de vue « sociologique » sur la question de l’addiction. Le premier point de vue conduit à interroger le diagnostic de « maladie du cerveau », qui domine aujourd’hui dans les analyses neurobiologiques, et à montrer la banalité du comportement « addict », qui n’est qu’un emballement de la recherche très ordinaire de récompense et de bien-être. Le deuxième point de vue situe la « maladie addictive » dans le contexte de l’extrémisation moderne des plaisirs, de l’ouverture des marchés et des dispositions évolutionnaires des humains à rechercher une intensification des émotions positives et une minoration des émotions négatives. À partir de là, le texte s’interroge sur la cohérence des politiques publiques et propose quelques repères en vue d’une dépénalisation et d’une réglementation raisonnable des usages.
La ségrégation
Authors: Velez Lina 
Published: June 2010

Cet article se propose d’analyser la notion de ségrégation que Lacan introduit et déploie entre 1967 et 1970. Ce concept apparaît au croisement de trois problématiques : le lien social et la politique, l’institution analytique et la passe et finalement le discours de la science. La ségrégation est le principe même des discours qui structurent les liens humains. Il s’agit d’analyser d’une part le principe de ségrégation comme fait de structure et indissociable de l’humanité et d’autre part les phénomènes de ségrégation en tant que pratique dans le lien social contemporain.
Glutamine Uptake and Metabolism Are Coordinately Regulated by ERK/MAPK during T Lymphocyte Activation
Authors: Carr Erikka L. , Kelman Alina , Wu Glendon S. , Gopaul Ravindra , Senkevitch Emilee , Aghvanyan Anahit , Turay Achmed M. , Frauwirth Kenneth A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Activation of a naive T cell is a highly energetic event, which requires a substantial increase in nutrient metabolism. Upon stimulation, T cells increase in size, rapidly proliferate, and differentiate, all of which lead to a high demand for energetic and biosynthetic precursors. Although amino acids are the basic building blocks of protein biosynthesis and contribute to many other metabolic processes, the role of amino acid metabolism in T cell activation has not been well characterized. We have found that glutamine in particular is required for T cell function. Depletion of glutamine blocks proliferation and cytokine production, and this cannot be rescued by supplying biosynthetic precursors of glutamine. Correlating with the absolute requirement for glutamine, T cell activation induces a large increase in glutamine import, but not glutamate import, and this increase is CD28-dependent. Activation coordinately enhances expression of glutamine transporters and activities of enzymes required to allow the use of glutamine as a Krebs cycle substrate in T cells. The induction of glutamine uptake and metabolism requires ERK function, providing a link to TCR signaling. Together, these data indicate that regulation of glutamine use is an important component of T cell activation. Thus, a better understanding of glutamine sensing and use in T cells may reveal novel targets for immunomodulation.
IL-17RC Is Required for Immune Signaling via an Extended SEF/IL-17R Signaling Domain in the Cytoplasmic Tail
Authors: Ho Allen W. , Shen Fang , Conti Heather R. , Patel Nayan , Childs Erin E. , Peterson Alanna C. , Hernández-Santos Nydiaris , Kolls Jay K. , Kane Lawrence P. , Ouyang Wenjun , Gaffen Sarah L. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
IL-17 mediates essential inflammatory responses in host defense and autoimmunity. The IL-17A–IL-17F signaling complex is composed of IL-17RA and IL-17RC, both of which are necessary for signal transduction. To date, the specific contribution of IL-17RC to downstream signaling remains poorly understood. To define the regions within the IL-17RC cytoplasmic tail required for signal transduction, we assayed signaling by a panel of IL-17RC deletion mutants. These findings reveal that IL-17RC inducibly associates with a specific glycosylated IL-17RA isoform, in a manner independent of the IL-17RC cytoplasmic tail. Using expression of the IL-17 target genes IL-6 and 24p3/lipocalin-2 as a readout, functional reconstitution of signaling in IL-17RC−/− fibroblasts required the SEF/IL-17R signaling domain (SEFIR), a conserved motif common to IL-17R family members. Unexpectedly, the IL-17RC SEFIR alone was not sufficient to reconstitute IL-17–dependent signaling. Rather, an additional sequence downstream of the SEFIR was also necessary. We further found that IL-17RC interacts directly with the adaptor/E3 ubiquitin ligase Act1, and that the functional IL-17RC isoforms containing the extended SEFIR region interact specifically with a phosphorylated isoform of Act1. Finally, we show that IL-17RC is required for in vivo IL-17–dependent responses during oral mucosal infections caused by the human commensal fungus Candida albicans. These results indicate that IL-17RC is vital for IL-17–dependent signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Insight into the mechanisms by which IL-17RC signals helps shed light on IL-17–dependent inflammatory responses and may ultimately provide an avenue for therapeutic intervention in IL-17–mediated diseases.
The Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Disrupts Innate Immunity by Downregulating Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein
Authors: Wei Congwen , Ni Caifei , Song Ting , Liu Yu , Yang XiaoLi , Zheng Zirui , Jia Yongxia , Yuan Yuan , Guan Kai , Xu Yang , Cheng Xiaozhong , Zhang Yanhong , Yang Xiao , Wang Youliang , Wen Chaoyang , Wu Qing , Shi Wei , Zhong Hui 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that both hepatitis A virus and hepatitis C virus inhibit innate immunity by cleaving the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein, an essential component of the virus-activated signaling pathway that activates NF-κB and IFN regulatory factor-3 to induce the production of type I IFN. For human hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis B s-Ag, hepatitis B e-Ag, or HBV virions have been shown to suppress TLR-induced antiviral activity with reduced IFN-β production and subsequent induction of IFN-stimulated genes. However, HBV-mediated suppression of the RIG-I–MDA5 pathway is unknown. In this study, we found that HBV suppressed poly(deoxyadenylate-thymidylate)-activated IFN-β production in hepatocytes. Specifically, hepatitis B virus X (HBX) interacted with MAVS and promoted the degradation of MAVS through Lys136 ubiquitin in MAVS protein, thus preventing the induction of IFN-β. Further analysis of clinical samples revealed that MAVS protein was downregulated in hepatocellular carcinomas of HBV origin, which correlated with increased sensitivities of primary murine hepatocytes isolated from HBX knock-in transgenic mice upon vesicular stomatitis virus infections. By establishing a link between MAVS and HBX, this study suggests that HBV can target the RIG-I signaling by HBX-mediated MAVS downregulation, thereby attenuating the antiviral response of the innate immune system.
Genome-Wide Identification of Human FOXP3 Target Genes in Natural Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Sadlon Timothy J. , Wilkinson Bridget G. , Pederson Stephen , Brown Cheryl Y. , Bresatz Suzanne , Gargett Tessa , Melville Elizabeth L. , Peng Kaimen , D’Andrea Richard J. , Glonek Gary G. , Goodall Gregory J. , Zola Heddy , Shannon M. Frances , Barry Simon C. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The transcription factor FOXP3 is essential for the formation and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Tregs are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and tolerance. This is demonstrated by a lethal autoimmune defect in mice lacking Foxp3 and in immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome patients. However, little is known about the molecular basis of human FOXP3 function or the relationship between direct and indirect targets of FOXP3 in human Tregs. To investigate this, we have performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis for human FOXP3 target genes from cord blood Tregs using chromatin immunoprecipitation array profiling and expression profiling. We have identified 5579 human FOXP3 target genes and derived a core Treg gene signature conserved across species using mouse chromatin immunoprecipitation data sets. A total of 739 of the 5579 FOXP3 target genes were differentially regulated in Tregs compared with Th cells, thus allowing the identification of a number of pathways and biological functions overrepresented in Tregs. We have identified gene families including cell surface molecules and microRNAs that are differentially expressed in FOXP3+ Tregs. In particular, we have identified a novel role for peptidase inhibitor 16, which is expressed on the cell surface of &gt;80% of resting human CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs, suggesting that in conjunction with CD25 peptidase inhibitor 16 may be a surrogate surface marker for Tregs with potential clinical application.
Wnt5a Induces Endothelial Inflammation via β-Catenin–Independent Signaling
Authors: Kim Jihun , Kim Jungtae , Kim Dong Wook , Ha Yunhi , Ihm Min Hwan , Kim Hyeri , Song Kyuyoung , Lee Inchul 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Wnt signaling has been implicated in certain inflammatory diseases. However, the biological role in the inflammatory regulation remains to be characterized. We investigated the regulation by Wnt signaling in endothelial cells, which are active participants and regulators of inflammation. Wnt5a induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and enhances inflammatory cytokines rapidly, whereas Wnt3a shows limited effects, suggesting a role for β-catenin–independent Wnt signaling in the inflammatory endothelial activation. Pulse-like treatment of Wnt5a induces cyclooxygenase-2 more efficiently than continuous treatment. Wnt5a and TNF-α regulate subsets of cytokines overlapping, only partially, with each other. Calcium ionophore enhances endothelial inflammation similarly, whereas calcium chelators and protein kinase C inhibitor block Wnt5a-induced activation, suggesting a role for the Wnt/Ca2+/protein kinase C pathway in endothelial inflammatory regulation. Wnt5a activates RelA nuclear translocation and DNA binding. Activated blood vessels, histiocytes, and synoviocytes express Wnt5a in atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis but not in normal tissue, supporting the role of Wnt5a as an inflammatory mediator in vivo. Our data suggest that endothelial inflammation is regulated by a dual system consisting of β-catenin–independent Wnt signaling and TNF-α–mediated signaling.
Viral Infection of the Placenta Leads to Fetal Inflammation and Sensitization to Bacterial Products Predisposing to Preterm Labor
Authors: Cardenas Ingrid , Means Robert E. , Aldo Paulomi , Koga Kaori , Lang Sabine M. , Booth Carmen , Manzur Alejandro , Oyarzun Enrique , Romero Roberto , Mor Gil 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Pandemics pose a more significant threat to pregnant women than to the nonpregnant population and may have a detrimental effect on the well being of the fetus. We have developed an animal model to evaluate the consequences of a viral infection characterized by lack of fetal transmission. The experiments described in this work show that viral infection of the placenta can elicit a fetal inflammatory response that, in turn, can cause organ damage and potentially downstream developmental deficiencies. Furthermore, we demonstrate that viral infection of the placenta may sensitize the pregnant mother to bacterial products and promote preterm labor. It is critical to take into consideration the fact that during pregnancy it is not only the maternal immune system responding, but also the fetal/placental unit. Our results further support the immunological role of the placenta and the fetus affecting the global response of the mother to microbial infections. This is relevant for making decisions associated with treatment and prevention during pandemics.