bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shear‐enhanced binding of intestinal colonization factor antigen I of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Tchesnokova Veronika , McVeigh Annette L. , Kidd Brian , Yakovenko Olga , Thomas Wendy E. , Sokurenko Evgeni V. , Savarino Stephen J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryIn the intestine, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli works against peristaltic forces, adhering to the epithelium via the colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbrial adhesin CfaE. The CfaE adhesin is similar in localization and tertiary (but not primary) structure to FimH, the type 1 fimbrial adhesin of uropathogenic E. coli, which shows shear‐dependent binding to epithelial receptors by an allosteric catch‐bond mechanism. Thus, we speculated that CfaE is also capable of shear‐enhanced binding. Indeed, bovine erythrocytes coursing over immobilized CFA/I fimbriae in flow chambers exhibited low accumulation levels and fast rolling at low shear, but an 80‐fold increase in accumulation and threefold decrease in rolling velocity at elevated shear. This effect was reversible and abolished by pre‐incubation of fimbriae with anti‐CfaE antibody. Erythrocytes bound to whole CfaE in the same shear‐enhanced manner, but to CfaE adhesin domain in a shear‐inhibitable fashion. Residue replacements designed to disrupt CfaE interdomain interaction decreased the shear dependency of adhesion and increased binding under static conditions to human intestinal epithelial cells. These findings indicate that close interaction between adhesive and anchoring pilin domains of CfaE keeps the former in a low‐affinity state that toggles into a high‐affinity state upon separation of two domains, all consistent with an allosteric catch‐bond mechanism of CfaE binding.
Overexpression of a single Leishmania major gene enhances parasite infectivity in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Reiling Linda , Chrobak Mareike , Schmetz Christel , Clos Joachim 
Published: March 2010

SummaryWe identified a Leishmania major‐specific gene that can partly compensate for the loss of virulence observed for L. major HSP100 null mutants. The gene, encoding a 46 kD protein of unknown function and lineage, also enhances the virulence of wild type L. major upon overexpression. Surprisingly, the approximately sixfold overexpression of this protein also extends the host range of L. major to normally resistant C57BL/6 mice, causing persisting lesions in this strain, even while eliciting a strong cellular immune response. This enhanced virulence in vivo is mirrored in vitro by increased parasite burden inside bone marrow‐derived macrophages. The localization of the protein in the macrophage cytoplasm suggests that it may modulate the macrophage effector mechanisms. In summary, our data show that even minor changes of gene expression in L. major may alter the outcome of an infection, regardless of the host's genetic predisposition.
The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA2LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school
Authors: Muraro A. , Clark A. , Beyer K. , Borrego L. M. , Borres M. , Lødrup Carlsen K. C. , Carrer P. , Mazon A. , Rancè F. , Valovirta E. , Wickman M. , Zanchetti M. 
Published: March 2010

To cite this article: Muraro A, Clark A, Beyer K, Borrego LM, Borres M, Lødrup Carlsen KC, Carrer P, Mazon A, Rancè F, Valovirta E, Wickman M, Zanchetti M. The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA2LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school. Allergy 2010; 65: 681–689.AbstractAllergy affects at least one‐quarter of European schoolchildren, it reduces quality of life and may impair school performance; there is a risk of severe reactions and, in rare cases, death. Allergy is a multi‐system disorder, and children often have several co‐existing diseases, i.e. allergic rhinitis, asthma, eczema and food allergy. Severe food allergy reactions may occur for the first time at school, and overall 20% of food allergy reactions occur in schools. Up to two‐thirds of schools have at least one child at risk of anaphylaxis but many are poorly prepared. A cooperative partnership between doctors, community and school nurses, school staff, parents and the child is necessary to ensure allergic children are protected. Schools and doctors should adopt a comprehensive approach to allergy training, ensuring that all staff can prevent, recognize and initiate treatment of allergic reactions.
Impact of obsessive‐compulsive disorder on the antimanic response to olanzapine therapy in youth with bipolar disorder
Authors: Joshi Gagan , Mick Eric , Wozniak Janet , Geller Daniel , Park Jennifer , Strauss Samara , Biederman Joseph 
Published: March 2010

Joshi G, Mick E, Wozniak J, Geller D, Park J, Strauss S, Biederman J. Impact of obsessive‐compulsive disorder on the antimanic response to olanzapine therapy in youth with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 196–204. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objective:  To compare antimanic response to olanzapine therapy in youth with bipolar disorder (BPD) based on the status of comorbidity with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD).Methods:  Secondary analysis of identically designed 8‐week open‐label trials of olanzapine therapy in youth with BPD. Severity of mania assessed with the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scales.Results:  Of the 52 BPD subjects (mean age 8.4 ± 3.1 years) enrolled in the olanzapine trials (mean dose 8.5 ± 4.3 mg/day), 39% (n = 20) met criteria for comorbid OCD. Antimanic response in BPD subjects was significantly worse in the presence of comorbid OCD (YMRS mean reduction:  −5.9 ± 13.1 versus  −13.7 ± 18.8, p = 0.04; ≥ 30% reduction: 25% versus 63%, p = 0.008; CGI‐Improvement score ≤ 2: 25% versus 68%, p = 0.003). There was no difference in the rate of dropouts (50% versus 29%, p = 0.2) or adverse effects in BPD subjects with or without comorbid OCD.Conclusions:  Less than expected antimanic response to olanzapine therapy in the presence of comorbidity with OCD suggests that OCD is an important functionally impairing psychiatric comorbidity that may impact the efficacy of antimanic agents in youth with BPD. This study is limited by its design of secondary analysis of data from trials of an uncontrolled nature. Further prospective controlled trials are warranted.
Liquid risperidone in the treatment of rages in psychiatrically hospitalized children with possible bipolar disorder
Authors: Carlson Gabrielle A , Potegal Michael , Margulies David , Basile Joann , Gutkovich Zinoviy 
Published: March 2010

Carlson GA, Potegal M, Margulies D, Basile J, Gutkovich Z. Liquid risperidone in the treatment of rages in psychiatrically hospitalized children with possible bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 205–212. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objective:  To examine the safety and efficacy of liquid risperidone to reduce duration of rages in children with severe mood dysregulation (SMD) or possible bipolar disorder (BP).Method:  The sample included 151 consecutive admissions of 5–12 year old children to a psychiatric inpatient unit. Diagnostic information and history of prior rage outbursts were obtained at admission. In hospital, a first rage was treated with seclusion. If a second rage occurred, the child was offered liquid risperidone to help him/her regain control. Durations of unmedicated and last medicated rage were compared. Rage frequency in children with SMD and several definitions of BP were compared.Results:  Although 82 of 151 admissions were prompted by rages, rages occurred during only 49 hospitalizations and occurred more than once in only 24. In 16 multiply medicated children, duration of rages dropped from a baseline of 44.4 ± 20.2 min to 25.6 ± 12.5 min at the child’s last dose. Neither SMD nor any definition of BP influenced rage response in this small sample. The average liquid risperidone dose was 0.02 mg/kg. All but two children also took atypical antipsychotics daily. In the evaluation of medicated rage episodes with standard rating scales, no extrapyramidal side effects, akathisia, or abnormal involuntary movements were observed, and the rate of sedation/sleepiness (7/67 = 10.4%) was similar and not significantly different from that observed during nonmedicated episodes (8/46 = 17.4%).Conclusions:  Liquid risperidone may be a safe and effective way to shorten the duration of rage episodes regardless of diagnosis. However, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn in the absence of a placebo control as children were also receiving other behavioral and psychopharmacologic treatments.
Parallel amino acid replacements in the rhodopsins of the rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) associated with shifts in habitat depth
Authors: SIVASUNDAR A. , PALUMBI S. R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAmong various groups of fishes, a shift in peak wavelength sensitivity has been correlated with changes in their photic environments. The genus Sebastes is a radiation of marine fish species that inhabit a wide range of depths from intertidal to over 600 m. We examined 32 species of Sebastes for evidence of adaptive amino acid substitution at the rhodopsin gene. Fourteen amino acid positions were variable among these species. Maximum likelihood analyses identify several of these to be targets of positive selection. None of these correspond to previously identified critical amino acid sites, yet they may in fact be functionally important. The occurrence of independent parallel changes at certain amino acid positions reinforces this idea. Reconstruction of habitat depths of ancestral nodes in the phylogeny suggests that shallow habitats have been colonized independently in different lineages. The evolution of rhodopsin appears to be associated with changes in depth, with accelerated evolution in lineages that have had large changes in depth.
Origins of cheating and loss of symbiosis in wildBradyrhizobium
Authors: SACHS J. L. , EHINGER M. O. , SIMMS E. L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRhizobial bacteria nodulate legume roots and fix nitrogen in exchange for photosynthates. These symbionts are infectiously acquired from the environment and in such cases selection models predict evolutionary spread of uncooperative mutants. Uncooperative rhizobia – including nonfixing and non‐nodulating strains – appear common in agriculture, yet their population biology and origins remain unknown in natural soils. Here, a phylogenetically broad sample of 62 wild‐collected rhizobial isolates was experimentally inoculated ontoLotus strigosusto assess their nodulation ability and effects on host growth. A cheater strain was discovered that proliferated in host tissue while offering no benefit; its fitness was superior to that of beneficial strains. Phylogenetic reconstruction ofBradyrhizobiumrDNA and transmissible symbiosis‐island loci suggest that the cheater evolved via symbiotic gene transfer. Many strains were also identified that failed to nodulateL. strigosus, and it appears that nodulation ability on this host has been recurrently lost in the symbiont population. This is the first study to reveal the adaptive nature of rhizobial cheating and to trace the evolutionary origins of uncooperative rhizobial mutants.
Statistical and Prosodic Cues for Song Segmentation Learning by Bengalese Finches (Lonchura striata var. domestica)
Authors: Takahasi Miki , Yamada Hiroko , Okanoya Kazuo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractJuvenile songbirds learn their songs from adults. Birds do not simply learn songs verbatim but they sometimes learn parts of songs from multiple tutors and recombine these into one song sequence. How they segment a particular part and select that as a chunk and how these chunks are recombined are interesting questions to ask, because such segmentation and chunking is also considered to be a basic mechanism in human language acquisition. The song of the Bengalese finch has a complex syntax with variable note‐to‐note transition probabilities and could thus be suitable for the study of segmentation and chunking in birdsong. Thirty‐two male Bengalese finch chicks were reared in a large aviary where 11 adult tutors and 10 adult females were breeding freely. In this environment most male chicks learned songs from several tutors. The song note‐chunks that juveniles copied had higher transition probabilities and shorter silent intervals than did the boundaries of the chunks, suggesting that Bengalese finches segment songs using both statistical and prosodic cues. Thus, the Bengalese finch could prove to be an excellent model in which to study neural and behavioral mechanism for sound segmentation.
Assessing Acoustic Signal Variability and the Potential for Sexual Selection and Social Recognition in Boreal Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris maculata)
Authors: Bee Mark A. , Cook Jenna M. , Love Elliot K. , O’Bryan Lisa R. , Pettitt Beth A. , Schrode Katrina , Vélez Alejandro 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn important and necessary step in the analysis of any communication system involves quantitative descriptions of how signals vary at multiple levels of organization (e.g., species, populations, individuals). Such descriptions provide a basis for generating testable predictions about the functions of signals and their specific physical properties in different behavioral contexts. Here, we report results from acoustical and statistical analyses of the advertisement calls of the boreal chorus frog, Pseudacris maculata. In addition to characterizing measures of central tendency and dispersion for our study population, we assess how calls encode potentially relevant information in the contexts of sexual selection and social recognition. Specifically, we describe the relationships between call properties and both body size and condition, and relate these findings to predictions about female mate choice and male‐male competition. We also make predictions about the shapes of female preference functions based on analyses of the patterns of within‐individual variation in call properties. Findings from multivariate analyses of advertisement calls are used to generate testable predictions about the potential for these signals to function in social recognition. We also discuss our results in relation to wildlife conservation and relevant studies of geographic variation.
Charting the future course of rural health and remote health in Australia: Why we need theory
Authors: Bourke Lisa , Humphreys John S. , Wakerman John , Taylor Judy 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective:  This paper argues that rural and remote health is in need of theoretical development. Design:  Based on the authors’ discussions, reflections and critical analyses of literature, this paper proposes key reasons why rural and remote health warrants the development of theoretical frameworks. Results:  The paper cites five reasons why theory is needed: (i) theory provides an approach for how a topic is studied; (ii) theory articulates key assumptions in knowledge development; (iii) theory systematises knowledge, enabling it to be transferable; (iv) theory provides predictability; and (v) theory enables comprehensive understanding. Conclusion:  This paper concludes with a call for theoretical development in both rural and remote health to expand its knowledge and be more relevant to improving health care for rural Australians.
Availability of antidotes for the treatment of acute poisoning in Queensland public hospitals
Authors: Nissen Lisa M. , Wong Kai Hang , Jones Anthea , Roberts Darren M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective:  To determine the sufficiency of stock levels of 13 antidotes in Queensland hospitals. Design:  A self‐report survey was sent to 128 Queensland hospitals with acute care facilities. The stock level of the following antidotes was determined: acetylcysteine, anti‐digoxin Fab antibodies (digibind), atropine, calcium gluconate, cyanokit, desferrioxamine, flumazenil, glucagon, intravenous ethanol, methylene blue, naloxone, pralidoxime and pyridoxine. Other factors sampled were bed capacity, rural, remote and metropolitan areas classification, use of formal stock reviews by pharmacists or nurses, existence of formal borrowing agreements with other facilities for non‐stocked antidotes, distance to the nearest referral hospital and time taken to transfer antidotes from another hospital. Participants:  Pharmacists or nurses responsible for maintaining antidote stocks in Queensland hospitals. Main outcome measures:  Proportions of hospitals with sufficient antidote stock to treat a 70‐kg adult for four or more hours using previously published guidelines. Results:  Survey response rate was 73.4%. No hospital had sufficient stock of all 13 antidotes. The proportion of hospitals with sufficient stocks varied from 0% (pyridoxine) to 68.1% (acetylcysteine). Larger hospitals had a higher frequency of sufficient antidote stocks. Only 16% of hospitals claimed to be able to acquire an antidote from another facility within 30 min. Conclusions:  Most Queensland hospitals stocked some important antidotes, but few had sufficient stock to treat a 70‐kg patient or acquire an antidote within the recommended time frame of 30 min. Specific antidote stocking guidelines might be required for Queensland hospitals. A formalised program for stock rotation with rural facilities should be explored.
Isolated congenital mitral valve regurgitation presenting in the first year of life
Authors: Ganeshalingham Anusha , Finucane Kirsten , Hornung Tim 
Published: March 2010

Aim:  Isolated congenital mitral regurgitation is rare and, when presenting in infancy, reflects severity of the malformation. The natural history is often fatal, and management during the first year of life remains a therapeutic challenge. These infants are poorly understood largely because of an absence of reporting in the medical literature and limited experience in each institution. We reviewed our own experience in order to add to the understanding of this condition.Methods:  A retrospective review was performed on seven infants with significant isolated congenital mitral regurgitation. An associated patent ductus arteriosus was present in two. Mean age at referral was 17.7 weeks (1 day to 47 weeks) and mean weight was 6.8 kg (3.7–12.5 kg).Results:  Two infants were managed conservatively, and one underwent surgical ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus. Following spontaneous and surgical duct closure, no further intervention was required in two infants. The remaining four infants underwent three valve repairs and three valve replacements. The in‐hospital mortality was 29%, occurring in those under 1 year of age undergoing emergency valve surgery. Two reoperations followed mitral valve repair in the first year of life. No significant complications or late deaths occurred.Conclusions:  Our experience suggests closure of a patent ductus arteriosus should be undertaken prior to mitral valve surgery. There may be a poorer prognosis in those under one year of age requiring emergency mitral valve surgery. Those who can be managed conservatively or undergo mitral valve surgery as an elective procedure tend to have a better outcome.
Results of laparoscopic bile duct exploration via choledochotomy
Authors: Kelly Michael D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground:  Laparoscopic bile duct exploration (LBDE) is well established although the results via choledochotomy are relatively poorly documented. This report evaluates the results achieved by a single surgeon operating in one institution on an unselected group of patients using modern instrumentation.Methods:  Over a 3‐year period, 56 consecutive patients underwent LBDE via choledochotomy utilizing flexible choledochoscopy.Results:  The median age was 61 years (range 20–90) and the mean body mass index was 29 (21–47). There were 15 patients (27%) who had emergency operations for jaundice with a mean preoperative bilirubin level of 108 umol/L (41–248). Fourteen patients (25%) had undergone failed preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Contact electrohydraulic lithotripsy was used in 8 patients (14%) and t‐tubes were inserted in 6 patients (11%) with the remainder having primary closure. There was major morbidity in 6 patients (11%) including conversion to open surgery in 1 and relaparoscopy in 3. Three patients had positive t‐tube cholangiograms giving a laparoscopic clearance rate of 93% (52 patients). The median postoperative length of stay was 2.5 days (1–15). The median follow‐up was 56.1 weeks (interquartile range 23.4–110.7) with no recurrent stones, strictures or late gallstone abscess.Conclusions:  LBDE via choledochotomy is safe and effective but there is a definite morbidity rate. It requires significant investment in equipment, and skill with flexible endoscopy and laparoscopic suturing.
Role of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia
Authors: Matsubara Keiichi , Matsubara Yuko , Hyodo Shinji , Katayama Tomihiro , Ito Masaharu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:  Preeclampsia is characterized by a disruption of general vascular dilatation, which is mainly mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and disturbed by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study investigated the roles of NO and ROS in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.Methods:  Serum samples were obtained prospectively. Serum levels of NO2/NO3 (NOx) and creatol (CTL), the oxidized metabolite of creatine, and flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) of brachial artery were measured in normal pregnant women and preeclamptic patients. To evaluate the effect of circulating factors that control vascular function NO synthase (NOS) and NAD(P)H oxidase mRNA expression was evaluated in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.Results:  Serum NOx concentration was decreased and CTL concentration was increased in preeclamptic patients relative to healthy controls during the first trimester of pregnancy. Further, preeclamptic patients exhibited disrupted FMD, which was regulated in part by NO. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated strong expression of nitrotyrosine in the vasculature of preeclamptic placentas. Treatment with sera derived from preeclamptic patients increased endothelial expression of inducible NOS (iNOS) mRNA, and this increase was inhibited by angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor type 2 (AT2) blocker. Endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase subunit gp91phox expression was increased by treatment with sera from preeclamptic patients and this increase was attenuated by Ang II receptor type 1 (AT1) blocker.Conclusion:  The present findings suggest that NO and ROS play important roles in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and that these roles involve Ang II.
Prenatal detection of full monosomy 21 in a fetus with increased nuchal translucency: Molecular cytogenetic analysis and review of the literature
Authors: Manolakos Emmanouil , Peitsidis Panagiotis , Eleftheriades Makarios , Dedoulis Evaggelos , Ziegler Monika , Orru Sandro , Liehr Thomas , Petersen Michael B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFull monosomy 21 is an extremely rare chromosomal disorder. A 38‐year‐old woman attended a first trimester scan. Ultrasound (U/S) imaging of the fetus at 12 weeks of gestation showed features of increased nuchal translucency measurement (12 mm). Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) was performed after genetic counseling. At 16 weeks of gestation the fetus showed U/S characteristics of severe intrauterine growth restriction, generalized edema and hydrothorax. Cytogenetic examination was performed using quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction analysis, standard Giesma banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. Non‐mosaic full monosomy 21 was detected and the parents opted to terminate the pregnancy. Microsatellite analysis demonstrated maternal origin of the single chromosome. This case represents one of the few cases of prenatally diagnosed full monosomy 21 confirmed only by CVS, in which the parental origin of the single chromosome was determined.