bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE SHELL GLAND OF SCYLIORHINUS CANICULUS
Authors: THREADGOLD L. T. 
Published: April 2011

The shell gland of Scyliorhinus caniculus has been investigated histochemically and chromatographically. On the basis of histochemical reactions the gland is divided into five distinct regions, Zones A to E. These zones secrete respectively a carbohydrate, a carbohydrate substance which is metachromatic, a polyphenol oxidase, a protein, a phenol, and perhaps a phenolic protein and a basic protein. With reference to the histochemical findings and incubation experiments various modes of sclerotin formation are discussed. On the basis of histochemical evidence it is concluded that sclerotin formation could be as deduced by Brunet and Kent (1956) from their work on the oötheca of Blatta and Periplaneta but this is not supported by the incubation experiments. The weight of evidence presented here therefore favours an auto quinone tanning system in the formation of the egg case of Scyliorhinus caniculus.
HISTOCHEMICAL ALDEHYDE BLOCKADE BY ANILINE IN GLACIAL ACETIC ACID
Authors: LILLIE R. D. , GLENNER G. G. 
Published: April 2011

More rapid and more complete blockade of tissue aldehydes produced by hydrochloric, periodic or peracetic acid may be achieved by use of molar solutions of aniline in glacial acetic acid than by use of molar aniline hydrochloride in water. A solution of 1% benzidine or o-dianisidine in glacial acetic acid is more effective than the above aniline solution against aldehydes produced by peracetic acid from lipids, but less effective against aldehydes produced by periodic acid from carbohydrates. Inclusion of 25 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid to 75 parts glacial acetic acid in the solvent impairs or inhibits the azomethine reaction of aniline with tissue aldehydes. A 20 to 30 minute exposure to a 10% volume dilution of aniline in glacial acetic acid should be adequate for testing the aldehyde nature of Schiff reactive loci in tissue, and in most instances failure of a 3 hour treatment to impair or prevent the following Schiff reaction can be taken to exclude aldehyde. The greater relative effect of o-dianisidine and benzidine in preventing the Schiff reaction of periodic or peracetic acid oxidized lipoids is of interest and merits further exploration. The colors produced by the o-dianisidine condensation with tissue aldehydes are disappointingly pale and this reaction would not appear to have any great histologic value.
AN IMPROVED HISTOCHEMICAL METHOD FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF POTASSIUM
Authors: CROUT J. RICHARD , JENNINGS ROBERT B. 
Published: April 2011

1) A technique is described for the histochemical demonstration of potassium using frozen-dried tissue and sodium cobaltinitrite precipitation. 2) Quantitative data show that the method precipitates tissue potassium completely. 3) Several observations are discussed which indicate that no potassium loss or shift occurs during the staining process.
A COMPARATIVR STUDY OF ENZYMATIC STAINING REACTIONS IN THE RAT KIDNEY WITH NECROBIOSIS INDUCED BY ISCHEMIA AND NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS (MERCUHYDRIN AND DL-SERINE)
Authors: WACHSTEIN M. , MEISEL E. 
Published: April 2011

Enzymatic staining reactions for the demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase, DPN diaphorase, esterase, glucuronidase, nonspecific alkaline and acid phosphatase, phosphatase at pH 7.2, glucose-6-phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase and adenosine triphosphatase were applied to rat kidneys in which necrobiosis was induced by either the ligation of renal vessels or the administration of the nephrotoxic substances dl-serine and Mercuhydrin. Frozen sections of fresh and formalin-fixed tissues were used throughout. The distribution patterns of these enzymes found in the normal rat kidney were consistent and in agreement with previous observations. The staining pattern of adenosine triphosphatase at pH 7.2 was distinetly different from that of 5-nucleotidase and nonspecific phosphatase. Following occlusion of the blood supply, necrobiotic changes developed relatively slowly. An observation apparently so far not recorded in the literature, is the occurrence of protruded proximal convoluted tubules in the lumen of Bowman's capsules. Nephrotoxic drugs lead to a rapidly developing coagulation necrosis in proximal convoluted tubules within a few hours. Without exception, diminution of enzymatic activity occurred later in ischemic as compared to toxic necrosis. Definite differences in the histochemically demonstrable enzymes were noticed in cells undergoing necrobiosis. Non-specific alkaline and acid phosphatase and phosphatase at pH 7.2, esterase and 5-nucleotidase remained at least partially active in cells made necrotic by all procedures. The oxidative enzymes succinic dehydrogenase and DPN diaphorase were more completely inactivated by toxic as compared to ischemic necrosis. The reverse was true for adenosine triphosphatase, glucuronidase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Of all enzymes tested, succinic dehydrogenase was the most sensitive indicator of nephrotoxic cell damage, since distinct inactivation occurred with both dl-serine and Mercuhydrin within 30 to 60 minutes.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLINESTERASE IN THE SUBMAXILLARY AND SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS OF THE RAT
Authors: SNELL R. S. , GARRETT J. R. 
Published: April 2011

1. The distribution of cholinesterase in the submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands has been studied histochemically in 24 mature rats. 2. A small amount of true cholinesterase was found in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the duct cells but was absent from the acinar cells. 3. True cholinesterase was present in the nerve trunks accompanying the intra and interlobular ducts of both glands but the concentration was less in the nerves supplying the sublingual gland. 4. True cholinesterase was also found to be present in the form of a fine network around the acini of both glands but was much less evident around the acini of the sublingual gland. 5. The significance of this cholinesterase network in relation to the mode of termination of the nerve fibres to the different secretory cells of the glands is discussed.
METAL REDUCTION REACTIONS OF The MELANINS: SILVER AND FERRIC FERRICYANIDE REDUCTION BY VARIOUS REAGENTS IN VITRO
Authors: LILLIE R. D. , HENSON JACQUELINE P. GRECO , BURTNER HELEN C. JACQUIER 
Published: April 2011

Test tube reactions of 163 reagents with silver solutions are recorded in tabular form. The silver solutions used were silver nitrate at pH 4 and at pH 6, ammoniacal silver nitrate, all at about 25°C., and Gomori's methenamine silver at 60°C. Ferric ferricyanide reduction is also included in the tables for comparison. Of the substances tested 30 quite promptly reacted with acid silver nitrate as well as the other reagents, 28 gave delayed reactions with acid, prompt with alkaline silver, 24 gave variable acid, and delayed alkaline silver reactions, 27 gave no reaction with acid silver and delayed reactions with alkaline, 16 reacted slowly with hot methenamine silver and not or scarcely at all with cold ammoniacal silver. The remaining 38 reactants did not blacken with silver solutions. Also tabulated are the pigment formation reactions of 13 polyphenols, indoles and sulfur amino acids with chromic acid, potassium bichromate, potassium chromate, periodic acid, sodium iodate and potassium chlorate.
TRICHOXANTHIN, THE YELLOW GRANULAR PIGMENT OF GUINEA PIG HAIR FOLLICLES AND HAIRS
Authors: LILLIE R. D. 
Published: April 2011

Trichoxanthin is a granular yellow pigment occurring in hair matrix and hair medulla of yellow and red guinea pig skin. It is insoluble in organic and dilute mineral acids, water and organic solvents, irregularly soluble in dilute alkali and promptly removed by methylation though not by acidified higher aliphatic alcohols. It reduces ferric ferricyanide and ammoniacal silver promptly, acid silver nitrate slowly. Indole reactions, azo-coupling reactions and Gibbs's phenol reaction are negative. It is strongly basophil at pH 1 and binds ferrous ions, in these characters resembling melanin. It is more promptly bleached by HNO3, CrO3, KMnO4 and CH3CO3H than is cutaneous melanin of the same species and its reduction reactions are more rapidly affected by oxidants. Reduction of acid silver nitrate is not appreciably accelerated by prior hydrosulfite reduction, in distinction from melanin. On the basis of the modifications of the metal reduction reactions by oxidants and reductants, the possibility of a p-quinhydrone structure is suggested.
DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHAMIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE MALE ALBINO RAT
Authors: MEYER J. , WEINMANN J. P. 
Published: April 2011

Phosphamidase activity was studied in organs and tissues of the rat, using the modification of Gomori's histochemical technique suggested by Meyer and Weinmann. Enzyme activity was allowed to go on for periods varying between 1 and 3.5 hrs. Earliest appearance, rate of increase, reproducibility and cellular distribution of staining were observed. Sites of high activity (visible precipitation in 1 to 1.5 hrs. of enzyme action) were found in epithelia and nerve tissue. High phosphamidase activity in epithelia occurred in the cells specialized for active transfer and other types of physico-chemical work, in exocrine and endocrine glands synthesizing nonprotein compounds and in tissues undergoing histodifferentiation in the adult animal. The sites of high enzyme activity in nerve tissue were found to be neuropil and nerve processes of the central nervous system and the cytoplasm of autonomic ganglion cells and nerve processes of the peripheral nervous system. Phosphamidase activity was found absent in 3.5 hr. periods of enzyme action from epitheial cells specialized for passive transfer, from unspecialized cells and from many glands synthesizing proteins, further from the cell bodies of the cells in the central nervous system and from muscle of all types. Comparison of distributions shows phosphamidase activity demonstrably distinct from acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterase for a number of organs. Comparison of the distributions shows the sites of high phosphamidase activity to be in those tissues which do not respond to insulin stimulation; conversely, the tissues in which transfer of simple sugars is mediated by insulin do not show phosphamidase activity. A role in energy metabolism complementing the action of insulin is tentatively suggested for phosphamidase.
RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC DEMONSTRATION OF NORADRENALINE AND ADRENALINE IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA WITH I131-LABELLED IODATE AND IODATE-FORMALIN
Authors: ERÄNKÖ OLAVI 
Published: April 2011

Adrenals of the hamster, the mouse and the rat were studied. Radioactive iodate solution was prepared by mixing carrier-free I131 with a saturated solution of potassium iodate. In adrenals immersed in this solution for 3-96 hours and subsequently fixed in 10 per cent formalin, a typical brown reaction was seen in some, presumably noradrenaline-containing, cells of the medulla. Radioautographs prepared of the same sections indicated that the distribution of the brown color and that of the radioactivity were identical. This suggests that the brown color produced by treatment with iodate is due to an iodine-containing compound. The cortex exhibited only a weak radioactivity and no color. Adrenals immersed in a mixture of 1 volume of commercial formalin and 9 volumes of the radioactive iodate solution for 12-96 hours showed a brown color in all medullary cells. The medulla was demonstrated by radioautographs to contain large quantities of iodine. However, the cortex was also strongly radioactive in spite of previous treatment with an alcohol-ether mixture. Some observations on the chromaffin reaction were also reported.
CYTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE BY THE USE OF A NEW p-NITROPHENYL SUBSTITUTED DITETRAZOLE
Authors: NACHLAS MARVIN M. , TSOU KWAN-CHUNG , DE SOUZA EUSTACE , CHENG CHAO-SHING , SELIGMAN ARNOLD M. 
Published: April 2011

1. A new p-nitrophenyl substituted ditetrazole, 2,2'-di-p-nitrophenyl-5,5'-diphenyl-3,3'-(3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-biphenylene) ditetrazolium chloride (Nitro-BT), is introduced, which possesses most of the properties of an ideal reagent for histochemical purposes. It permits the cytochemical visualization of the sites of enzymic activity in tissue sections from 2-8 µ thick, under aerobic conditions, after a relatively short incubation period. 2. A comparison was made of the various tetrazoles in common use with several new p-nitro substituted analogues of these agents. 3. A survey was presented of the enzyme distribution in the major tissues of the rat and dog. Evidence for the reliability of cytochemical localization is provided by illustrative material in selected tissues. 4. The new tetrazole can be employed for the diphosphopyridine nucleotide and triphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase systems as well as for the succinic dehydrogenase system by substituting Nitro-BT for blue tetrazolium (BT) in the incubation media.
PRESENCE OF CARBOHYDRATES WITH FREE 1,2-GLYCOL GROUPS IN SITES STAINED BY THE PERIODIC ACID-SCHIFF TECHNIQUE
Authors: LEBLOND C. P. , GLEGG R. E. , EIDINGER D. 
Published: April 2011

The mechanism of periodic acid (PA) -Schiff staining was investigated by analysis of materials isolated from connective tissue derivatives and secretory products which in sections stain to a variable extent with the PA-Schiff technique. The methods devised for the isolation of these two classes of materials involved extraction with alkali and saline respectively, followed by precipitation with ethanol. Chemical determinations reveal the presence of hexose, hexosamine, methylpentose, nitrogen, and perhaps sialic acid in these materials (Table 3). The hexose content parallels the intensity of PA-Schiff staining (Tables 1 and 2). The monosaccharide components detected by paper chromatography are galactose and fucose, mannose in most cases and occasionally glucose and rhamnose, but not uronic acid . The individual monosaccharide components of each material differ in a quantitative as well as qualitative manner which could be reduplicated on repeated extractions, a fact considered to be presumptive evidence of the homogeneity of the isolated substances. After treatment of the materials with periodic acid, all glucose and fucose residues and most galactose and mannose residues are eliminated; and, therefore, these monosaccharides must be present in such a form that their 1,2-glycol groups are free for oxidation with periodic acid. Since all PA-Schiff reactive materials under investigation contain bound galactose and fucose, as well as hexosamine and probably sialic acid, and are associated with protein, they make up a distinct class of substances, referred to as carbohydrate-protein complexes. It is proposed that, once glycogen has been removed from sections with amylase, the PA-Schiff technique is specific for the carbohydrate-protein complexes thus defined.
A CHEMICALLY SPECIFIC TECHNIQUE FOR THE INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF INORGANIC PHOSPHATE
Authors: TANDLER C. J. 
Published: April 2011

The chemical specificity of the lead acetate reaction (17) has been improved by the use of ammonium acetate and other variants in the cytochemical technique. It has been possible to establish that inorganic phosphate is a normal component of the nucleolus. Whether it is present only in the nucleoli, as suggested by the cytological specificity of the test, or whether it represents only a fraction of the total inorganic phosphate of the cell, remains to be proved.
PROBLEMS OF ENZYMATIC LOCALIZATION BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS APPLIED TO TISSUE SECTIONS
Authors: NACHLAS MARVIN M. , YOUNG ANITA C. , SELIGMAN ARNOLD M. 
Published: April 2011

1. During the preparation of the tissues for histochemical studies, attention must be directed toward the conservation of enzymatic activity and the maintenance of enzyme localization. No matter which technique is employed, the histological manipulation can result in either false positive or false negative enzyme localization. 2. The special characteristics of the chemical reactions used for the demonstration of enzymes in tissue sections have been listed, and an analysis of the desired properties of each constituent has been made. 3. When the tissue sections are introduced into the incubation medium new problems arise which are related to the properties of both the enzyme being studied and the chemical reagents being used. 4. Theoretical arguments have been presented to indicate that the discrete deposition of the dye within the cell does not necessarily represent a more accurate localization for all enzymes, than does the widespread dispersion of the dye throughout the cells. 5. Although we have some understanding of the ideal properties of the substrate, the split product, and the final pigments, there are many situations where these cannot be attained. Nevertheless, by the selection of the proper combination of suboptimal conditions, an accurate localization of many enzymes can be achieved.
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FETAL OVARY AND TESTIS OF THE HORSE
Authors: DAVIES J. , DEMPSEY E. W. , WISLOCKI G. B. 
Published: April 2011

A fetal horse ovary at the 6th month of gestation and a fetal ovary and testis at the 9th month have been studied histochemically with special reference to the cytoplasmic lipids of the interstitial cells. At least two lipid fractions appeared to be present, one which was soluble in acetone and was mainly responsible for the positive "plasmal" reaction, and another, insoluble in acetone, which was responsible for the sudanophilic, Ashbel-Seligman and periodic acid-Schiff positive material remaining after acetone extraction. The interstitial cell lipids in the older ovary and testis were also autofluorescent both before and after acetone extraction. No birefringent material was noted in any of the specimens. The tentative interpretation of the findings as indicative of possible sites of ketosteroid hormone synthesis or storage is discussed briefly and related to the problem of the hormonal interrelationships of mother and fetus in the horse.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY BY TETRAZOLIUM SALTS
Authors: GLENNER G. G. , BURTNER HELEN J. , BROWN G. W. 
Published: April 2011

1. By the use of tryptamine as substrate in the presence of tetrazolium salts in a solution buffered to pH 7.6 histochemical localization of monoamine oxidase activity is achieved during a 45 minute incubation of tissue sections at 37°C. 2. Inhibition experiments implicate the postulated acetaldehyde product of monoamine oxidase action on tryptamine and serotonin in the reduction of the tetrazoles. It was not determined whether this reduction is nonenzymatic or mediated through a flavoprotein enzyme system. 3. Localization of the formazan to autonomic ganglia and fibers, chief cells of the gastric fundus, mucosal epithelium of the duodenum and certain specific zones of the renal tubules by means of the tryptamine-tetrazolium technique was confirmed as indicating monoamine oxidase activity by identical localization using the hydrazone precipitation technique of Koelle and Valk.
HISTOCHEMICAL METHODS FOR CALCIUM
Authors: McGEE-RUSSELL S. M. 
Published: April 2011

An account is given of an investigation of histochemical methods for calcium using standard test tissues (McGee-Russell, 1957) known to contain calcium salts, as test objects upon which to assess the success, reproducibility, and mutual consistency of methods. The methods for the revelation of calcium in the literature fall into two groups: metal substitution techniques, and dye-lake reactions. Published methods have been tested and many have been found of little use for cytological investigations. A set of six metal substitution techniques, including a new copper dithioxamide method, has been established as giving useful results. The empirical basis of the staining reactions for calcium with dyestuffs has been investigated, and sensitive and specific techniques using anthraquinone derivatives are outlined. The significance of pH in dye-lake reactions is emphasized, and it is pointed out that previous results with anthraquinone dyestuffs have been achieved by an empirical adjustment of pH in the staining solution. The necessity of making a distinction between the formation of a dye-lake precipitate as a true histochemical positive, and staining effects which may occur upon tissue components in the neighborhood of calcium deposits, through the interaction of the dye, the dye-lake, the calcium salt, and the matrix, is stressed. An oxazin dyestuff, gallamine blue, recently introduced for the staining of calcium deposits, was found to be inconsistent in its results, and capable of giving misleading information. Its general use is not recommended. The possibility of studying calcium deposits by means of the presence of contaminating metals is considered. The reagent sodium rhodizonate was found to give very fine localization of known calcium deposits in a number of tissues.
THE LOCALIZATION OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE IN LIVER: IN SITU STAINING AND CELL FRACTIONATION STUDIES
Authors: NOVIKOFF ALEX B. , HAUSMAN DAVID H. , PODBER ESTELLE 
Published: April 2011

1. In the Padykula-Herman staining medium, only 20% of the adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase) activity of rat liver homogenate is manifested, because of inhibition by the high level of calcium. 2. In the Wachstein-Meisel staining medium, only 15% of the ATP-ase activity is manifested, because of the high lead to ATP ratio. 3. The distribution patterns of the residual activity among the isolated subcellular fractions show it to be ATP-ase rather than non-specific phosphatase. 4. Cold formol-calcium fixation (33½-23 hours) reduces the adenosine triphosphatase activity of pieces of liver by 85-90%. The reduction is somewhat less when suspensions (homogenates) are fixed. The loss in activity due to fixation is much greater for the mitochondrial than for the nuclear fraction. 5. We have found the unmodified Wachstein-Meisel technique to give more reliable and consistent staining than any other method tried. 6. Chemical data show the mitochondria to be the major site of ATP-ase activity in rat liver; staining results are not inconsistent with this finding. 7. Staining results show the ATP-ase activity of the nuclear fraction to reside in the bile canaliculi and mitochondria present in the fraction. 8. There is no evidence that the nuclei of rat liver possess adenosine triphosphatase; 5'-nucleotidase activity is indicated with the calcium staining procedure at alkaline pH, but not with the lead procedure at pH 7.2. 9. The possible significance of high ATP-ase activity in the bile canaliculi and portal vessels is considered briefly.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF AN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN THE OVA OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI
Authors: PEPLER W. J. 
Published: April 2011

1. An acetylcholinesterase has been demonstrated in the central nervous system of the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni by using acetylthiocholine and O-acetyl-5-bromoindoxyl as substrates in association with inhibitors. 2. No histochemical evidence of any nonspecific esterases, lipases or of pseudocholinesterases could be found.
METACHROMASIA INHIBITING COMPONENTS IN AMYLOID
Authors: LARSEN BØRGE 
Published: April 2011

I): The degree of inhibitory effect of serum proteins and a periodic acid Schiff-positive amyloid fraction on metachromasia resulting from a metachromatic amyloid fraction was studied and compared to the metachromatic potency of chondroitin sulfate exposed to the same type of inhibition. The metachromatic properties of chondroitin sulfate were close to those of the metachromatic amyloid fraction. II): In comparing the metachromasia obtained with toluidine blue and methyl violet, it was noted that on incubation with the periodic acid Schiff-positive amyloid fraction, amyloid metachromosia after methyl violet staining was inhibited less than after toluidine blue staining. III): It is emphasized that a competition between dye and proteins occurs in metachromatic staining reactions. IV): Inhibition of amyloid metachromasia in histological tissue sections could not be demonstrated with the techniques used.