bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV Screening and Awareness Survey for Pregnant Women in a Remote Area in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China
Authors: Sun Yuping , Hewan-Lowe Karlene , Wu Qiang , Yu Jiang , Guo Zhiqiu , Han Yali , Fan Yujiang , Qin Xianfang , Xu Ping , Bolatihan Janati , Hoshaerbai Mayinuer , Yuan Luping , Hong Heng 
Published: December 2011

Objective:
The number of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in China has increased in recent years. HIV screening for pregnant women was performed in a remote area in Xinjiang, as an effort to promote universal HIV screening in pregnant women and to help prevention of mother-to-child transmission.

Methods:
Pregnant women in Burqin and Jeminay Counties in Xinjiang were offered free voluntary HIV screening. Local mid-level medical workers were trained to use Determine® HIV-1/2 kit for HIV screening. All the tested pregnant women signed a consent form, received HIV education material, and participated in an HIV knowledge survey.

Results:
All the 890 pregnant women receiving HIV test had negative result. Among these women, 67.6% were Kazakh and 40.9% were farmers. Survey of HIV knowledge showed that these women's awareness about mother-to-child transmission was limited. The levels of HIV knowledge were related with ethnic background, age, education and profession of the pregnant women.

Conclusion:
The results suggested that HIV infection had not become a significant problem among the pregnant women in this remote area of Xinjiang, but continued efforts to improve the awareness of HIV, especially the knowledge about mother-to-child transmission of HIV, in pregnant women were needed.
Important geological properties of unconventional resource shales
Authors: Slatt Roger 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe revelation of vast global quantities of potentially productive gas and oil-prone shales has led to advancements in understanding important geological properties which impact reservoir performance. Based upon research on a variety of shales, several geological properties have been recognized as being common and important to hydrocarbon production. (1) transport/depositional processes include hemipelagic ‘rain’, hyperpycnal flows, turbidity current flows, tempestites, wave-reworking, and contour currents in both shallow and deep water settings. (2) Common shale minerals include clays, quartz, calcite, dolomite, apatite, and pyrite; organic constituents include spores (Tasmanites), plant remains, biogenic quartz and calcite, and arenaceous foraminifera. (3) Porosity and permeability are characteristically low with pore sizes ranging down to the nanoscale. Main pore types include intergranular (including pores within clay floccules), porous organic matter, porous fecal pellets, and microfractures. (4) Important geochemical characteristics include organic richness (>3%), maturity (>1.1%Ro for shale gas and 0.6–0.9% for shale oil) and type (I–IV), in addition to certain biomarkers which are indicators of bottom water oxicity during deposition. Remaining hydrocarbon potential [RHP = (S1 + S2)/TOC] also reflects temporal environmental changes. ‘Isotopic reversals’ can be used to detect best producing areas in shale-gas plays. (5) Lithofacies stacking patterns and sequence stratigraphy are the result of eustatic depositional history. A general sequence stratigraphic model is presented here that highlights this commonality. (6) Geomechanical properties are key to drilling, fracturing and production of hydrocarbons. Brittle-ductile couplets at several scales occur in shale sequences. (7) Geophysical properties, when calibrated to rock properties, provide a means of regionally to locally mapping the aforementioned properties. (8) Economic and societal considerations in the exploration and development of resource shales are garnering attention. Many potentially economic shale-gas and shale-oil plays are being identified globally. Risks and uncertainties associated with gas- and oil-rich shales include the lack of long-term production histories, environmental concerns related to hydraulic fracturing, uncertainty in calculating hydrocarbons-in-place, and fluctuations in supply, demand, and price.
Factors That Affect Decisions About Physical Activity and Exercise in Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Sander Antoinette P. , Wilson Jessica , Izzo Nicole , Mountford Stephanie A. , Hayes Karen W. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundExercise has many benefits for survivors of breast cancer, yet only half of this population regularly exercise. Fear has been identified as a barrier to exercise for people with neuromusculoskeletal conditions but has been minimally explored in women with breast cancer.ObjectivesThe purposes of this study were: (1) to investigate factors that affected decisions about physical activity and exercise in survivors of breast cancer and (2) to determine whether fear was a factor.DesignThis investigation was a grounded-theory qualitative study. Qualitative data were triangulated with data from 2 quantitative scales that measured participants' beliefs about exercise and their activity levels.MethodsThirty-four survivors of breast cancer in 8 focus groups participated in semistructured interviews that were recorded, transcribed, and coded. Concept maps created for each group were merged to develop themes. Beliefs about physical activity and exercise were assessed with the Decisional Balance Scale. The Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity was used to assess behaviors regarding physical activity and exercise before and after the breast cancer diagnosis.ResultsParticipants generally believed that exercise was beneficial (Decisional Balance Scale score: X̅=28.1 [of a maximum score of 44], SD=7.6, range=10–43). Participants decreased the amount of physical activity or exercise during treatment but increased the amount of exercise beyond prediagnosis levels after treatment (Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity score: median=6, range=2–7). Three prominent themes described participants' behaviors regarding physical activity or exercise: values and beliefs about exercise, facilitators and barriers that were both similar to those affecting the general population and cancer specific, and lack of or inaccurate information about safe exercise.ConclusionsSurvivors who were active were not afraid to exercise. However, concern about lymphedema and knowledge about safe and effective exercise programs influenced choices regarding physical activity and exercise.
Functional Recovery of a Patient With Anorexia Nervosa: Physical Therapist Management in the Acute Care Hospital Setting
Authors: Fisher Beth Anne , Schenkman Margaret 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground and PurposePeople with severe, long-standing anorexia nervosa (AN) often develop physical manifestations of medical starvation. Functional deficits are not well described, and little information is available to guide physical intervention. This case report describes the physical therapy clinical decision-making process and intervention provided to a patient with severe AN.Case DescriptionThe patient was a 48-year-old woman admitted to an acute care hospital with medical complications associated with AN and requiring medical stabilization. On admission, she was unable to complete basic functional activities (eg, bed mobility, transfers, ambulation). She was considered at risk for falls, with a score of 17 on the Performance-Oriented Motor Assessment (POMA) and a score of 19.27 seconds on the Timed “Up & Go” Test (TUG). Physical therapist examination and intervention focused on functional testing and training, strengthening, and postural stability training for return to independence.OutcomesIn 9 weeks, the patient returned to independence in basic activities of daily living, as measured by 3 items from the motor domain (bed mobility, transfers, and ambulation) of the Functional Independence Measure, with improvements from 1 (“total assistance”) to 6 (“modified independence”) on each item. Postural stability improved to “low risk” for falls (POMA score of 24). Her TUG score improved to 11.00 seconds. Walking speed improved from 0.35 to 0.81 m/s. Once she attained medical stability, she was discharged home with her parents with outpatient services.DiscussionPhysical therapist management of this severely deconditioned patient hospitalized with severe AN focused on the restoration of functional activities, with intervention intensity being guided by physiologic responses. Traditional aerobic and endurance training were de-emphasized to minimize kilocalorie expenditure and tendencies toward exercise compulsion in this patient population.
L'Europe malmenée
Authors: Barthalay Bernard 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Bernard Barthalay, dans une Union européenne aux prises avec une crise sans précédent et en proie à une idéologie de démission de la puissance publique et l’intergouvernementalisme laissez-fairiste, analyse les difficultés de la zone euro en un triple oubli, celui de la finalité (les États-Unis d’Europe), de la méthode (un objectif, des étapes, un calendrier) et du peuple (à qui l’Europe est devenue étrangère tandis qu’elle conditionne plus que jamais la vie quotidienne). Il en résulte, non seulement un risque majeur de récession, qui précipiterait la paupérisation relative de l’Europe dans le monde, mais aussi une crise de la démocratie, dans les institutions communes comme dans les États eux-mêmes, qui réduirait l’Europe à l’insignifiance. L’auteur propose une sortie de crise par le haut, avec un plan en trois étapes de fédération budgétaire et politique de la zone euro, mobilisant au service de l’emploi la capacité de financement d’un Trésor fédéral et ouvrant un nouveau chantier constitutionnel, mettant en œuvre les ressources des quatre démocraties : directe, représentative, sociale et participative.
PTP1B Deficiency Exacerbates Inflammation and Accelerates Leukocyte Trafficking In Vivo
Authors: Berdnikovs Sergejs , Pavlov Vladimir I. , Abdala-Valencia Hiam , McCary Christine A. , Klumpp David J. , Tremblay Michel L. , Cook-Mills Joan M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
It is reported that PTP1B limits cytokine signaling in vitro. However, PTP1B’s function during inflammation in vivo is not known. In this report, we determined whether PTP1B deficiency affects allergic inflammation in vivo. Briefly, lungs of OVA-challenged PTP1B−/− mice had elevated numbers of eosinophils and eosinophil progenitors at 6 h after one OVA challenge and at 24 h after a third OVA challenge as compared with OVA-challenged wild-type mice. There was also an increase in numbers of CD11b+SiglecF+CD34+IL-5Rα+ eosinophil progenitors in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and spleens of OVA-challenged PTP1B−/− mice. Intravital microscopy revealed that, in OVA-challenged PTP1B−/− mice, blood leukocytes rapidly bound to endothelium (5–30 min), whereas, in wild-type mice, blood leukocytes bound to endothelium at the expected 6–18 h. Consistent with early recruitment of leukocytes, lung eotaxin and Th2 cytokine levels were elevated early in the PTP1B−/− mice. Interestingly, spleen leukocytes from PTP1B−/− mice exhibited an increased chemotaxis, chemokinesis, and transendothelial migration in vitro. In summary, PTP1B functions as a critical negative regulator to limit allergic responses.
TLR and Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-like Receptor Signals Differentially Regulate Exogenous Antigen Presentation
Authors: Wagner Claudia S. , Cresswell Peter 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The effect of dendritic cell (DC) maturation on MHC class II-restricted Ag presentation is well studied, but less is known about the effects of DC maturation on MHC class I-restricted cross-presentation. We investigated the ability of mature DCs to present Ags from cells infected with HSV-1. Pretreatment with pure LPS increased cross-presentation in a manner dependent on both MyD88 and Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β, whereas a similar dose of a less pure LPS preparation inhibited cross-presentation. The difference could not be attributed to differences in uptake or phenotypic maturation. The likely contaminant responsible for shutting down cross-presentation is peptidoglycan (PGN). Addition of PGN to pure LPS abrogated its ability to enhance cross-presentation. Direct activation of DCs with PGN inhibited cross-presentation through nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor signaling. These results demonstrate that different maturation stimuli can have opposite impacts on the ability of DCs to cross-present viral Ags.
Regulatory T Cells Enhance Mast Cell Production of IL-6 via Surface-Bound TGF-β
Authors: Ganeshan Kirthana , Bryce Paul J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Mast cell degranulation is a hallmark of allergic reactions, but mast cells can also produce many cytokines that modulate immunity. Recently, CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to inhibit mast cell degranulation and anaphylaxis, but their influence on cytokine production remained unknown. In this study, we show that, rather than inhibit, Tregs actually enhance mast cell production of IL-6. We demonstrate that, whereas inhibition of degranulation was OX40/OX40 ligand dependent, enhancement of IL-6 was due to TGF-β. Interestingly, our data demonstrate that the Treg-derived TGF-β was surface-bound, because the interaction was contact dependent, and no TGF-β was detectable in the supernatant. Soluble TGF-β1 alone was sufficient to enhance mast cell IL-6 production, and these supernatants were sufficient to promote Th17 skewing, but those from Treg–mast cell cultures were not, supporting this being surface-bound TGF-β from the Tregs. Interestingly, the augmentation of IL-6 production occurred basally or in response to innate stimuli (LPS or peptidoglycan), adaptive stimuli (IgE cross-linking by specific Ag), and cytokine activation (IL-33). We demonstrate that TGF-β led to enhanced transcription and de novo synthesis of IL-6 upon activation without affecting IL-6 storage or mRNA stability. In vivo, the adoptive transfer of Tregs inhibited mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis in a model of food allergy but promoted intestinal IL-6 and IL-17 production. Consequently, our findings establish that Tregs can exert divergent influences upon mast cells, inhibiting degranulation via OX40/OX40 ligand interactions while promoting IL-6 via TGF-β.
B Cell-Derived IL-10 Does Not Regulate Spontaneous Systemic Autoimmunity in MRL.FaslprMice
Authors: Teichmann Lino L. , Kashgarian Michael , Weaver Casey T. , Roers Axel , Müller Werner , Shlomchik Mark J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractB cells contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic autoimmune disorders, like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), via multiple effector functions. However, B cells are also implicated in regulating SLE and other autoimmune syndromes via release of IL-10. B cells secreting IL-10 were termed “Bregs” and were proposed as a separate subset of cells, a concept that remains controversial. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory effects could determine the success of B cell-targeted therapies for autoimmune disorders; therefore, it is pivotal to understand the significance of B cell-secreted IL-10 in spontaneous autoimmunity. By lineage-specific deletion of Il10 from B cells, we demonstrated that B cell-derived IL-10 is ineffective in suppressing the spontaneous activation of self-reactive B and T cells during lupus. Correspondingly, severity of organ disease and survival rates in mice harboring Il10-deficient B cells are unaltered. Genetic marking of cells that transcribe Il10 illustrated that the pool of IL-10–competent cells is dominated by CD4 T cells and macrophages. IL-10–competent cells of the B lineage are rare in vivo and, among them, short-lived plasmablasts have the highest frequency, suggesting an activation-driven, rather than lineage-driven, phenotype. Putative Breg phenotypic subsets, such as CD1dhiCD5+ and CD21hiCD23hi B cells, are not enriched in Il10 transcription. These genetic studies demonstrated that, in a spontaneous model of murine lupus, IL-10–dependent B cell regulation does not restrain disease and, thus, the pathogenic effects of B cells are not detectably counterbalanced by their IL-10–dependent regulatory functions.
Complementarity and Preorganization
Authors: Wittenberg James B. , Isaacs Lyle 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

The
principle of complementarity
states that “to complex, hosts must have binding sites which can simultaneously contact and attract the binding sites of the guests without generating internal strains or strong nonbonded repulsions.” The
principle of preorganization
states that “the more highly hosts and guests are organized for binding and low solvation prior to their complexation, the more stable will be their complexes.” This chapter presents examples of classical and contemporary systems that exemplify different aspects of these two principles which are cornerstones of the discipline of supramolecular chemistry. The final sections of the chapter discuss situations (e.g., chemical sensing arrays and dynamic combinatorial chemistry) where adhering to the principle of preorganization may be detrimental to the function of the system.
Tellurium: Inorganic ChemistryBased in part on the article Tellurium: Inorganic Chemistry by William R. McWhinnie which appeared in theEncyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition.
Authors: Laitinen Risto S. , Oilunkaniemi Raija 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article describes the main trends in the progress of inorganic tellurium chemistry during recent decades. The emphasis is on the synthesis and characterization of novel nonmetallic tellurium compounds and on transition metal compounds with tellurium‐containing ligands. Many inorganic tellurium compounds find use as single‐source precursors for the generation of binary telluride thin films for electronic applications, or as reagents in organic synthetic chemistry. The advent and progress in modern instrumental methods of analysis has shown that the structural features of tellurium compounds often differ from those of sulfur and selenium compounds.
Manganese Functionalized Silicate Nanoparticles as a Fenton‐Type Catalyst for Water Purification by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP)
Authors: Tušar Nataša Novak , Maučec Darja , Rangus Mojca , Arčon Iztok , Mazaj Matjaž , Cotman Magda , Pintar Albin , Kaučič Venčeslav 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWet hydrogen peroxide catalytic oxidation (WHPCO) is one of the most important industrially applicable advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the decomposition of organic pollutants in water. It is demonstrated that manganese functionalized silicate nanoparticles with interparticle porosity act as a superior Fenton‐type nanocatalyst in WHPCO as they can decompose 80% of a test organic compound in 30 minutes at neutral pH and room temperature. By using X‐ray absorption spectroscopic techniques it is also shown that the superior activity of the nanocatalyst can be attributed uniquely to framework manganese, which decomposes H2O2 to reactive hydroxyls and, unlike manganese in Mn3O4 or Mn2O3 nanoparticles, does not promote the simultaneous decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The presented material thus introduces a new family of Fenton nanocatalysts, which are environmentally friendly, cost‐effective, and possess superior efficiency for the decomposition of H2O2 to reactive hydroxyls (AOP), which in turn readily decompose organic pollutants dissolved in water.
Worker populations at risk for work‐related injuries across the life course
Authors: Kachan Diana , Fleming Lora E. , LeBlanc William G. , Goodman Elizabeth , Arheart Kristopher L. , Caban‐Martinez Alberto J. , Clarke Tainya C. , Ocasio Manuel A. , Christ Sharon , Lee David J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundWorkplace injuries can have a substantial economic impact. Rates of workplace injuries differ across age groups, yet occupations/industry sectors at highest risk within age groups have not been identified. We examined workplace injury risk across industry sectors for three age groups using nationally representative U.S. data.MethodsData from 1997 to 2009 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were pooled for employed adults by age groups: (1) 18–25 (n = 22,261); (2) 26–54 (n = 121,559); and (3) 55+ (n = 24,851). Workplace injury risk comparisons were made using logistic regression, with the Services sector as the referent and adjustment for sample design, gender, education, race/ethnicity, age, and income‐to‐poverty ratio.ResultsOverall 3‐month injury prevalence was 0.88%. Highest risk sectors for workers aged 18–25 included: Agriculture/forestry/fisheries (odds ratio = 4.80; 95% confidence interval 2.23–10.32), Healthcare/social assistance (2.71; 1.50–4.91), Construction (2.66; 1.56–4.53), Manufacturing (2.66; 1.54–4.61); for workers 26–54: Construction (2.30; 1.76–3.0), Agriculture/forestry/fisheries (1.91; 1.16–3.15), and Manufacturing (1.58; 1.28–1.96); for workers 55+: Agriculture/forestry/fisheries (3.01; 1.16–7.81), Transportation/communication/other public utilities (2.55; 1.44–4.49), and Construction (2.25; 1.09–4.67).ConclusionsAgriculture/forestry/fisheries and Construction were among the sectors with highest workplace injury risk for workers across all age groups. Differences in highest risk industries were identified between the youngest and oldest industry groups. Our results indicate a need for age‐specific interventions in some industries, and a need for more comprehensive measures in others. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:361–366, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Results from a Ukrainian‐US collaborative study: Prevalence and predictors of respiratory symptoms among Ukrainian coal miners
Authors: Graber J.M. , Cohen R.A. , Basanets A. , Stayner L.T. , Kundiev Y. , Conroy L. , Mukhin V.V. , Lysenko O. , Zvinchuk A. , Hryhorczuk D.O. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundUnderground coal mining is an expanding industry in Ukraine, yet little is known about the burden of respiratory disease among Ukrainian miners.MethodsA Fogarty International Center‐supported collaboration between researchers at the University of Illinois and the Institute of Occupational Health in Kyiv, Ukraine formed to improve capacity for conducting and monitoring medical surveillance among Ukrainian coal miners. A cross‐sectional survey among a random sample of working and former miners was conducted; demographic, work, and health information were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Weighted prevalence rates were calculated and predictors of respiratory symptoms explored.ResultsImprovements in infrastructure, including spirometry and chest radiography testing, transformed medical surveillance among these miners. Results from the health study included that the prevalence of respiratory symptoms was higher among former compared to current miners (shortness of breath 35.6% vs. 5.1%; chronic bronchitis 18.1% vs. 13.9%, respectively). A statistically significant exposure–response relationship was observed between years mining and respiratory symptoms in former miners and between years mining at the coal face and respiratory symptoms among current miners. Evidence of downward bias from the healthy worker survivor effect was observed.ConclusionsThis successful international collaboration built a sustainable infrastructure for conducting workplace medical surveillance and research. The resulting study was the first in the western literature to report on respiratory symptoms in this population; likely underestimation of disease rates due to selection and measurement biases was demonstrated. Efforts should continue to build this collaboration and to characterize and reduce respiratory illness among Ukrainian coal miners. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:1099–1109, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.