bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disease Resistance and Thriftiness of Calves given Human Lymphoblastoid Interferon
Authors: Amadori M. , Archetti I. L. , Berneri C. , Salvalai M. , Cordioli P. , Lodetti E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA field trial was set up to evaluate the effect of human lymphoblastoid interferon (IFN) as a biological response modifier (BRM) in cattle. Two different doses (100 and 1000 International Units/kg body weight) of partially purified interferon from Namalwa cells were administered to suckling calves, after animals were introduced into a large veal fattening and finishing unit. The clinical conditions of the calves and some parameters of specific and non‐specific immunity, along with the individual weights, were evaluated over a 4‐month period. The higher IFN dose correlated with a favourable clinical response of calves to a respiratory syndrome; this was further substantiated by a dramatic improvement of the growth rate with respect to control calves. To a lesser extent, this also occurred in calves given the lower IFN dose. These results suggest better disease resistance in IFN‐treated calves, possible associated with dose‐dependent regulation of basic homeostatic functions.
Outbreaks of Clinical Cerebrospinal Elaphostrongylosis in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finnmark, Norway, and their Relation to Climatic Conditions
Authors: Handeland K. , Slettbakk T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryOutbreaks of clinical cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (CSE) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finnmark county, northern Norway, were summarized for the period 1960–1993 and compared to meteorological data.Disease outbreaks occurred during autumn and winter of seven different years. They were highly associated with high temperatures and moderately associated with heavy rainfall during the preceding summers. Mean summer temperatures for years with and without subsequent disease outbreaks were 1.5 °C above and 0.4 °C below the overall mean for the observation period. Summer temperatures above mean seem to be required to induce the mass development of infective Elaphostrongylus rangiferi larvae in the intermediate gastropod hosts that subsequently leads to severe infection and clinical CSE in reindeer in Finnmark. After hot summers, the nematode may cause epidemics with heavy losses, especially among calves.
Studies on the Production of an Exfoliative Toxin by Staphylococcus intermedius
Authors: Hesselbarth J. , Flachsbarth M. F. , Amtsberg G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIsolates of Staphylococcus (S.) intermedius from the pustules of 54 dogs with superficial pyoderma were screened for their ability to produce an extracellular substance called exfoliative toxin. This toxin should be comparable to toxins produced by strains of S. aureus and S. hyicus isolated from certain skin diseases in humans and pigs respectively. However, neither with the bioassay using suckling mice, nor in vitro using specimens of canine skin, could an exfoliative toxin be demonstrated in concentrated culture supernatants of S. intermedius broth cultures. The typical splitting of the epidermis at the level of the stratum granulosum could be induced in the skin of suckling mice both in vivo and in vitro with CCS of toxigenic S. aureus reference strains.
A Comparison of Restrictive Endonuclease Sites of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 Isolates in Chile
Authors: Celedón M. O. , Ojeda J. M. , Malmus C. , Santibáñez M. , Berrios P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe Frutillar 82, F nasal 90, F vaginal 90, Puente Alto 77, VMLB 79, and Bio Bio 92 isolates of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV‐1) from Chile were analysed by Eco RI, Bam HI and Hind III restriction enzymes (RE). The Los Angeles (LA) strain was used as reference.The results indicated that the fingerprints of F nasal 90 and F vaginal 90 were identical to the three RE used, but they were different from the other isolates. Major differences were found for Puente Alto 77 and VMLB 79 isolates with Eco RI, and for Puente Alto 77 with Hind III compared with the other Chilean isolates. It is concluded that Chilean BHV‐1 isolates obtained from diverse lesions and geographic locations are genomically different from each other and from the other strains described in the literature.
Impaired Tracheobronchial Clearance of Bacteria in Calves Infected withMycoplasma dispar
Authors: Almeida R. A. , Rosenbusch R. F. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryInfection of tracheal organ cultures withMycoplasma disparresults in degeneration of respiratory epithelial cells with loss of ciliary activity. To assess the effect of these changes on the clearance of bacteria from the respiratory tract, the tracheobronchial clearance of a suspension ofSerratia marcescenswas determined in calves before and after infection withM. dispar.Tracheobronchial samples were obtained at various times after deposition of the marker bacteria. Clearance ofS. marcescenswas significant by 3 h after inoculation and only few colonies were detected 4 h after challenge. By contrast, in the same animals 5 days after intratracheal exposure toM. dispar, clearance ofS. marcescensdid not decrease significantly 4 h after inoculation. Histopathological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of infected lungs revealed that, as a result of infection withM. dispar, areas of degeneration and destruction of the respiratory ciliated epithelium occur in intermediate and small airways. These lesions may be responsible for the altered clearance observed in these mycoplasma‐exposed calves.
The Role of Eicosanoids in the Chemotactic Response toPasteurella haemolyticaInfection
Authors: Clarke C. R. , Lauer A. K. , Barron S. J. , Wyckoff J. H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe chemotactic role of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis ofPasteurella haemolyticainfection was studied, using a tissue chamber infection model and pharmacological inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis. Tissue chambers were implanted subcutaneously in 12 calves allotted to three treatment groups of equal size. At 45 days after implantation, calves received saline, dexamethasone, or phenylbutazone treatments, and tissue chambers in all animals were then inoculated withP. haemolytica.Chamber fluid samples were collected before inoculation and at 2, 6, 18, 40, and 90 h after inoculation. Bacterial counts, total leukocyte counts, pH and albumin concentrations in chamber fluids were determined using standard bacteriological and clinical pathological methods. Concentrations of eicosanoids and activity of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) were measured by radioimmunoassay and a helper T cell bioassay, respectively. Concentrations of leukotriene B4(LTB4), thromboxane B2(TXB2), 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1α(PGF1α) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) increased markedly after inoculation. An inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on both LTB4production and neutrophil influx, together with the temporal relationship between these two events, suggested that LTB4served as a chemo‐attractant. Activity‐time profiles for IL‐1 in chamber fluids were similar to those of the eicosanoids. Phenylbutazone and dexamethasone reduced the severity of the inflammatory responses as measured by lower concentrations of albumin and higher pH in treated versus control chamber fluids. The results of this study suggest that eicosanoid inflammatory mediators play an important chemotactic role in the pathogenesis ofP. haemolyticainfection.
Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica Serovar 0:8 to Wild Rodents in Japan
Authors: Hayashidani H. , Kitahara E. , Ogawa M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThree species of wild rodents, Anderson's red‐backed voles (Eothenomys andersoni), large Japanese field mice (Apodemus speciosus) and small Japanese field mice (Apodemus argenteus), mainly living in mountainous areas in Japan, were challenged orally with Yersinia enterocolitica serovar 0:8 to determine infectivity and pathogenicity of this micro‐organism with respect to wild rodents. Y. enterocolitica 0:8 was shown to colonize the intestinal tract of these three types of wild rodents, and was occasionally fatal. The faecal excretion period of these mice was 10–14 days in E. andersoni and A. speciosus, and 35–49 days in A. argenteus. Wild rodents recovering from the infection showed resistance to a second challenge with the same infectious agent. These results suggest that these three species of wild rodents living in mountainous areas in Japan may play an important role in the ecology of Y. enterocolitica 0:8.
Prevalence of Antibodies to Different Leptospira interrogans Serovars in Pigs on Large Farms
Authors: Perea A. , Garcia R. , Maldonado A. , Tarradas M. C. , Luque I. , Astorga R. , Arenas A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA seroepidemiological survey was carried out in the province of Badajoz (south‐western Spain) in order to determine the presence and spread of Leptospira interrogans. The 521 sera tested were drawn from breeding sows on 28 large farms (15 with fewer than 60 and 13 with over 60 breeders). Immunological testing was performed using the Martin‐Pettit micro‐agglutination technique. Pigs with titres equal to or greater than 1:100 were considered positive. Haemolysed and/or contaminated test sera were reprocessed following filter‐paper treatment.A total of 10.56 % of pigs tested proved positive, 39.28 % of farms being affected. The following L. interrogans serovars were detected: pomona (6.53 %), castellonis (1.15 %), sejroe (1.15 %), grippotyphosa (0.96 %), australis (0.38 %), hebdomadis (0.19 %) and icterohaemorrhagiae (0.19 %).
Comparison of the Salmonella‐Tek ELISA to Culture Methods for Detection of Salmonella enteritidis in Litter and Cloacal Swabs of Poultry
Authors: Desmidt M. , Haesebrouck F. , Ducatelle R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using the Salmonella‐Tek ELISA test system, was compared with bacteriological isolation for detection of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in litter and cloacal swabs of poultry. Before ELISA, samples were enriched in tetrathionate broth for 18–24 h or in tetrathionate broth (18–24 h), followed by M‐broth/novobiocine (4–6 h). The bacteriological isolation procedure included incubation in buffered peptone water and inoculation on modified semisolid Rappaport—Vassiliadis. For detection of S. enteritidis in litter samples, ELISA was more sensitive than bacteriological examination. For cloacal swabs, both techniques were equally sensitive. The two enrichment procedures gave no significant differences in ELISA results. It was concluded that the Salmonella‐Tek ELISA test might be a promising test for detection of Salmonella infected poultry flocks, providing that further studies are performed to determine the cut‐off value for litter and cloacal swabs of commercial flocks.
Herd Risk Factors for Serological Evidence of Aujeszky's Disease Virus Infection of Breeding Sows in Northern Germany (1990–1991)
Authors: Leontides L. , Ewald C. , Willeberg P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe distribution of herd risk factors with respect to serological evidence of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) infection in breeding sows was studied using samples collected in the early phase of an area‐wide eradication programme in two districts of Northern Germany (Schleswig‐Flensburg and Nordfriesland). The odds of seropositivity in breeding females were 6.5‐times higher for herds that purchased replacement gilts compared with herds that introduced gilts from their own inventory. Herds in which confirmed clinical Aujeszky's disease (AD) had occurred during the 1980s had 4.2‐times higher odds of seropositive test results compared with herds without clinical outbreaks of AD. The log‐odds of a herd having seropositive females increased, in a curvilinear pattern, with increasing herd size. The slope of the log‐transformed herd‐size line suggested that wind‐borne transmission may have been an important route for among‐herd transmission of ADV. It was concluded that, in areas with endemically‐infected swine herds, the expected level of ADV infection will be highest in regions with large herds and previous clinical outbreaks of AD. This should be taken into account in the design of future area‐wide AD‐eradication campaigns.
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeSerotype‐2 Antibodies in Sow Colostrum in Finnish Pig‐health‐scheme Herds
Authors: Levonen K. , Veijalainen P. , Seppänen J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA direct ELISA with phenol‐extracted antigen forActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeserotype 2 was developed. The test was specific when tested with rabbit antisera prepared against differentA. pleuropneumoniaeserotypes. It had better‐than‐moderate repeatability and it made a clear distinction between positive and negative samples.A total of 5477 colostrum samples from breeding sows from herds participating in the Finnish Pig‐health Scheme were tested using the ELISA test. A total of 1307 positive samples were found in 129 out of 154 herds, thus indicating that most of the disease‐control herds in Finland are infected withA. pleuropneumoniaeserotype 2. These infections were almost entirely subclinical.
Tollwutantikörper‐Bildung bei Frettchen nach der Impfung mit vier verschiedenen Tollwut‐Impfstoffen
Authors: Mainka C. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe Development of Rabies Antibodies in Ferrets after Injection of Four Different Types of Rabies VaccinesExperiments aimed at proving the suitability of ferrets in the routine testing of rabies vaccines for human and animal use were carried out.A total of 40 ferrets received four vaccines, two for use in humans and two for use in animals. For the determination of rabies antibodies, blood was taken on days 28 and 56, respectively, after inoculation of the vaccines. All animals developed antibodies of more than [0.5 IE/ml] serum as determined by RFFIT. The antibody titre following injection of the vaccines for animals (A1 and A2) was 4.1 IE/ml on day 28 and 5.86 IE/ml on day 56. The antibody titre following injection of the vaccines for humans was 6.64 IE/ml on day 28 and 8.87 IE/ml on day 56.The suitability of ferrets for the potency assay of rabies vaccines is discussed.ZusammenfassungEs wurde die Eignung von Frettchen als Versuchstiere für die Prüfung von Human‐ und Veterinär‐Tollwutimpfstoffen getestet. Eine Menge an 40 Frettchen wurden mit vier Tollwutimpfstoffen (zwei humane und zwei veterinäre) geimpft und die spezielle Antikörperbildung nach 28 und 56 Tagen p.i. untersucht.Alle Tiere bildeten einen Titer über 1 IE/ml Serum im RFFIT gemessen. Der Anti‐körpergehalt bei den zwei Veterinär‐Impfstoffen (A1 und A2) lag nach 28 Tagen bei 4,1 IE/ml nach 56 Tagen bei 5,86 IE/ml. Die Human‐Impfstoffe (B1 und B2) zeigten nach 28 Tagen 6,64 IE/ml und nach 56 Tagen 8,87 IE/ml.Es wird die Eignung des Frettchens als Versuchstier für die Wirksamkeitsprüfung von Human‐ und Veterinär‐Tollwutimpfstoffen diskutiert.
Detection of Coxiella burnetii in Cow's Milk using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Authors: Willems H. , Thiele D. , Frölich‐Ritter R. , Krauss H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA PCR approach (transposon PCR) with primers based on repetitive transposon‐like sequences, which — depending on the isolate — were found at a minimum frequency of 19 on the C. burnetii genome, was established for the highly sensitive and specific detection of C. burnetii. This study describes the analytical detection of C. burnetii in milk, which requires a special preparation method prior to PCR. Because of the low level of C. burnetii particles in milk samples, template DNA was concentrated by a factor of 200, using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the precipitation reagent. Using this particular preparation method, even a single C. burnetii particle could be detected in 1 ml milk.
Investigations into the Efficacy of Doramectin on Reactivated Somatic Larvae ofAncylostoma caninumErcolani 1859 (Ancylostomatidae) in Pregnant Bitches
Authors: Schnieder T. , Heidemann R. , Epe C. , Stoye M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe aim of this investigation was to examine whether reactivated somaticAncylostoma caninumlarvae can be eliminated by the administration of doramectin to pregnant bitches. Four pregnant bitches experimentally infected with 20 000 third‐stage larvae ofA. caninumwere treated subcutaneously with 1 mg doramectin per kg body weight on day 55 of the pregnancy (5–8 days before parturition). Another four experimentally infected pregnant bitches served as controls. The single doramectin treatment completely prevented galactogenic infections in the puppies. Neither intestinal stages nor somatic larvae could be found. The administration of doramectin caused no local or generalized side‐effects in the bitches. All 16 puppies of the treated bitches were born healthy and remained so during the whole trial period. Beginning during the third week after birth, all 20 puppies of the untreated bitches developed a severe microcytic, hypochromic anaemia. They had to be killed between 17 and 35 days after birth. Post mortem, they revealed a total of 8649 intestinal stages ofA. caninum.
Biochemical Traits and Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofStreptococcus suisIsolated from Slaughtered Pigs
Authors: Prieto C. , García F. J. , Suárez P. , Imáz M. , Castro J. M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA total of 522Streptococcus suisisolates were recovered from the tonsils of slaughtered pigs by culturing on media containing different specific antisera. The serogroup reactions were determined by coagglutination. The most frequently isolated serotype was serotype 4 (representing 28.7 % of the isolates), followed by serotype 3 (24.9 %) and serotype 2 (22.6 %). Typable isolates were examined by growth in 6.5 % NaCl, amylase activity, acetoin production, susceptibility to optochin and production of acid from mannitol, melibiose, raffinose, salicin, sorbitol and trehalose. Finally, all isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against ampicillin, cephalotin, lincomycin, neomycin, penicillin, spiramycin and trimethoprim‐sulphamethoxazole using the disk‐diffusion technique.All isolates were amylase‐positive and acetoin‐negative, and failed to grow in 6.5 % NaCl broth. Nine isolates were optochin‐susceptible. Moreover, 10 isolates produced acid from mannitol, 21 produced acid from sorbitol, and 36 and 37 did not produce acid from salicin and trehalose, respectively. Six salicin‐ and trehalose‐negative isolates and two mannitol‐ and sorbitol‐fermenting isolates were found. Biochemical differences between serotypes were not observed.The most active drugs againstS. suiswere the beta‐lactam antibiotics, although only 83.3 %, 70 % and 78.5 % of isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, cephalotin and penicillin, respectively. Half of the isolates were resistant to trimethoprim‐sulphamethoxazole, and resistance to lincomycin, neomycin and spiramycin appeared to be very high.
Pathomorphological Studies in European Bison (Bison bonasus Linnaeus, 1758) with Seropositive Reaction to Coxiella burnetii
Authors: Szarek J. , Rotkiewicz T. , Anusz Z. , Khan M. Z. , Chishti M. A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryComprehensive serological and histopathological examinations of 47 free living European bison (Bison bonasus Linnaeus, 1758) were performed. Of these animals, 36 were serologically positive due to Coxiella burnetii, which confirmed the presence of Q fever epizootic foci in this population of wild animals in Poland.The presence of multiple foci of mononuclear cells typical for Q fever was a consistent finding in all tissues of the majority of C. burnetii seropositive animals under study. Pathomorphological changes observed in myocardium as the focal coagulation necrosis, and in kidneys, resembled the glomerular lesion observed in humans with Q fever, as well as in the experimental Q‐fever infections in laboratory animals. These changes were absent in bison showing a C. burnetii seronegative reaction.
Methods for Evaluation of the Adhesive and Phagocytic Capacities of Porcine Granulocytes
Authors: Jensen‐Waern Marianne , Johannisson Anders , Ederoth Marie , Trowald‐Wigh Gunilla 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe adhesive and phagocytic properties of porcine neutrophils were studied. Blood samples were collected from healthy crossbreed pigs, and granulocytes were obtained by density centrifugation. Adhesion to nylon wool was studied and expression of adhesion molecules was determined by flow cytometry.Three monoclonal antibodies showed reactivity with porcine cells and were thus subsequently used. Freezing and storage at −70 °C did not cause major alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules.The kinetics of phagocytosis of serum‐ and IgG‐opsonized yeast cells were studied with fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The influence of various concentrations of normal pooled and heat‐inactivated pooled porcine serum on the phagocytic process was elucidated. The phagocytic process was completed more rapidly using C3b‐ than IgG‐opsonized yeast cells. The neutrophils both attached to and ingested the serum‐opsonized yeast cells to a large extent. When IgG or heat‐inactivated serum were used, only minor attachment was observed.These methods for studies of neutrophil functions can be used both for the diagnosis of immunological disorders and for physiological studies of the neutrophil functions in the pig.
Effect of Formalin Fixation and Long‐term Storage on the Detectability of Bovine Viral‐diarrhoea‐virus (BVDV) RNA in Archival Brain Tissue using Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Gruber A. D. , Moennig V. , Hewicker‐Trautwein M. , Trautwein G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryDetection of DNA or RNA in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be hindered by degradation of nucleic acids during tissue collection, preparation and archivation.This study describes investigations on the effect of formalin fixation and prolonged storage of paraffin‐embedded tissues on bovine viral‐diarrhoea (BVD)‐virus RNA as a model system. Brain tissues from eight persistently BVDV‐infected calves containing high amounts of the virus were fixed in 5 % neutral‐buffered formalin or 10 % non‐buffered formalin for different fixation times, respectively, and paraffin embedded. Subsequent detection of an 803 bp fragment from single tissue sections using nested PCR after reverse transcription (nested RT‐PCR) demonstrated a loss of detectability of viral RNA after more than 10 days (10 % non‐buffered formalin) and 3 months (5 % neutral‐buffered formalin) of fixation. Additional studies with 280 initially BVDV‐positive brain tissues from 25 persistently BVDV‐infected calves after storage of up to 10 years revealed a loss of detectable RNA after more than 1 year of storage. For estimation of the higher sensitivity of nested RT‐PCR compared to single step RT‐PCR, serially diluted BVD virus suspensions were examined using both methods. Nested RT‐PCR was found to be about 100‐fold more sensitive than single‐step RT‐PCR, and is therefore recommended as the appropriate technique for archival studies.
A study of two mutant strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) unable to express thymidine kinase (TK) function
Authors: Ferrari M. , Gualandi G. L. , Boldini M. , Corradi A. , Losio M. N. , Bergonzini P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryTwo mutant strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) were selected from the virulent 86/27V virus treated with chemical drugs. The viruses, named 6A1 and 6C2, respectively, appeared to be unable to express thymidine kinase function, as demonstrated by the autoradiography test. They showed a reduced virulence for some susceptible animal species (chickens, mice, rabbits, calves, lambs and piglets) and virus was isolated sporadically. The mutant viruses appeared to be able to protect animals against infection with the virulent strain of PRV.At gross, as well as at histological examination, no lesions in apparatus, system and tissues were detected in pigs inoculated with 6A1 and 6C2 viruses. By contrast, rabbits treated with 6C2 mutant strain presented lymphomononucleated cuffs, microgliosis, and neuronophagia in some areas of the brain. This focal spreading, together with the absence of neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusions, suggest an infection induced by a modified strain of PRV.