bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Air Flow Rate in the Production of Stops in Sindhi
Authors: Nihalani Paroo 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
It is felt that the air flow rate is largely determined by the nature of impedance caused to the pulmonic air stream by the opening state of the glottis. Thus it is assumed that the air flow rate is tied up with the phonation process. Sindhi uses voice, voicelessness, aspiration and breathy voice/murmur as four distinctive glottal positions to account for the linguistic oppositions. An attempt, therefore, has been made here to examine the air flow and provide a quantitative description of air flow rate vis-à-vis different phonation processes in the formation of stop consonants in Sindhi.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Fo Variations in Swedish Tonal Accents
Authors: Löfqvist Anders 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The influence of voiced and vo iceless consonants on the F<sub>o</sub> of the stressed vowel in words with different tonal accents is studied. Peak F<sub>o</sub> of the vowel is circa 15 Hz lower after voiced than after unvoiced consonants; the influence of the preceding consonant is, however, not confined to the beginning of the vowel but still present near its end. The interval from vowel onset to F<sub>o</sub> peak increases circa 25 msec when the preceding consonant is changed from voiceless to voiced. When F<sub>o</sub> curves for long and short vowels are compared the F<sub>o</sub> peak is found to remain constant relative to the nearest boundary of the vowel. The variations are discussed in relation to the mechanisms which cause them to occur and to their role in the speech communication process.
The Nature of Temporal Relationship between Adjacent Segments in Spoken Korean
Authors: Kim Kong-On 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In the first experiment, it was found that in Korean the duration of a consonant has a systematic relationship with the duration of the adjacent vowel. However, there is no indication that a syllable boundary affects the degree of influence on the durations of preceding or following vowels, which suggests that the syllable is not the unit of time programming in Korean. In the second experiment, it was argued that all the statistical results used to support the contention that individual segments are not the time programming units, are also compatible with the traditional view that segments are the units of time programming.
Die Verteilung der Phonemanzahl in den natürlichen Sprachen
Authors: Lehfeldt W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The paper contains a proposition of a method for classifying the natural languages according to the number of their segmental phonemes. In order to solve this problem the attempt is made to find the distribution of the random variable ‘number of segmental phonemes in the inventory’ for 600 languages. The hypothesis by Sigurd, according to which this distribution is a normal one, cannot be accepted. The author comes to the result that the distribution of the number of phonemes is a gamma distribution with the parameters p = 4 and b = 1.05. This result has to undergo further examination. After the form of the distribution has been established, a confidence interval is constructed which fixes the limits of the three intended classes. The author also discusses the possible linguistic-systematic value of the proposed classification.
Spezifische Dauer und spezifische Tonhöhe der Vokale
Authors: Neweklowsky Gerhard 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The hypothesis that intrinsic duration of vowels correlated with tongue height is dependent on the extent of the articulatory movements is refuted. If one chooses vowels in a consonantal environment which allow far-reaching co-articulation (vowels between bilabial consonants) the phenomenon of intrinsic duration still remains. The same is valid for whispered vowels. The phenomenon of intrinsic pitch is confirmed. The author establishes the hypothesis that intrinsic duration and intrinsic pitch of vowels are a matter of compensation conditioned by different resonance factors of the vocal tract when high and low vowels are produced.
Spektrale Intensitätsverteilung deutscher Phonemrealisationen
Authors: Klingholz F. , Meinhold G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In the description of the distribution of spectral intensity of open and closed vowels as well as of voiceless plosives and fricatives, the use of deviation of spectral structure f<sup>r</sup>om equidistribution yields clear distinctions between sounds concerned. A comparison of the open and closed vowels shows a closer approximation of the open vowels to equidistribution with regard to their spectral structure. The same approximation applies the fricatives as compared with the plosives. A clear distinction is found between the vowels and the voiceless consonants (factor 3 as mean value). A distinction of individual sounds does not seem to be possible for various reasons (e.g. dispersion, variations of intensity). Nevertheless, the use of deviation from equidistribution describes typical spectral variations, so that investigations of nasalization, harshness of voice, etc. can be made with it.
Cognate Recognition across Dialects
Authors: Neuburger Savitt Joan 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Synchronic cognates are subject to recognition failures across dialects, if processing through different determining features leads to phonemic misclassification. But phonemes common to all dialects can also cause recognition failures if they differ in function. These findings support a theoretical distinction between phone, phoneme, and morpho phone, the last being an essential unit for the cognate reconstruction necessary for error-free processing of unfamiliar dialects.
A Programme for Synthesizing Hebrew Speech
Authors: Laufer Asher 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper describes a ‘reading machine’. The source of the system is basically a phonemic transcription of Hebrew punched on cards. With the aid of a computer programme, a parallel-formant synthesizer automatically produces the synthetic speech. The computer programme includes a phoneme table which gives average acoustic values for each phoneme. It also includes allophone rules, transition rules and intonation rules. Various intelligibility tests were carried out, the final test including sentences and a story. This last test scored an average of 97 % of words correctly recognized by 33 participants.
Die Instabilität wortfinaler Alveolarpiosive im Deutschen: eine elektropalatographische Untersuchung
Authors: Kohler K. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Descriptive autority analyses of continuous texts in German have shown that word-final alveolar plosives are frequently assimilated to following labials and velars. On the basis of illustrative data this experimental investigation deals with the question of whether the alveolar movement is completely eliminated by articulatory control or whether coarticulation arises which involves the preservation of the articulatory gesture without a perceptual consequence. As regards the experimental procedure, a method of dynamic palatography is used and described here, also in respect of its limitations. Material from one subject is then discussed and the direction of future research in this area outlined with regard to new experiments and the necessary instrumental facilities. Finally, the special articulatory and physiological status of alveolar consonants in general is considered as well as ensuing consequences for sound change.
Perception of Coarticulated Lip Rounding
Authors: Benguerel André-Pierre , Adelman Sharon 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study investigates the perceivability of coarticulated lip rounding in French. Nine utterances containing the clusters /kstr/, /rstr/, and /rskr/ followed by one of the vowels /i/, /y/, or /u/ in all possible combinations, were truncated at 4 different points before the vowel. Test items in each of the 4 groups therefore contained different amounts of information regarding the nature of the following vowel, due to coarticulatory influences of the vowel on the preceding consonants. Subjects were asked to predict the identity of the missing vowel. Results show that when segments up to and including at least half of the final consonant of the cluster are present, subjects correctly identify the missing vowel well above chance level. Several individuals were able to identify the vowel even when presented with shorter versions of the utterances. No significant difference in performance was found between French and English subjects, nor between subjects with and without phonetic training. Perceivability of individual features of the missing vowel is discussed. It is concluded that coarticulatory effects due to lip rounding (as well as to horizontal place of articulation) provide perceivable information at a level significantly above chance, and that this information may be used by the perceptual mechanism as an aid in speech sound identification.
Acoustic Properties of the Nasal Tract
Authors: Lindqvist-Gauffïn J. , Sundberg J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Sweep frequency measurements of the transfer function of nasals and nasalized vowels have been found to show a more complex pole-zero pattern than can be predicted with a traditional model of the nasal tract which consists of two parallel tubes coupled to the oral cavities. In this paper, we put forward the hypothesis that the more complex transfer function can be explained with reference to the shunting effect of the sinus maxillares and the sinus frontales. The two maxillar sinuses are situated in the bone symmetrically on the right and left side of the nasal tract. The two frontal sinuses are situated above the nasal tract in the bone of the forehead. These cavities are acoustically coupled to the nasal tract via short channels in the bone. Direct sweep tone data on the transfer function of the nasal tract support this hypothesis.
Aspiration et activité glottale
Authors: Pétursson Magnús 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The results of an experimental research of the glottal activity during the production of Icelandic consonants and consonant clusters are reported. The method of research is the photoglottography. It is concluded from the data examined that aspiration in Icelandic can be described as a function of glottal opening at the moment of release. The last part of the study contains a discussion of the place of phonetics in linguistic analysis. It is asserted that an analysis of the linguistic form always must precede a phonetic analysis.
Measuring Larynx Movement in Standard Thai Using the Cricothyrometer
Authors: Gandour Jack , Maddieson Ian 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Vertical movement of the larynx during connected speech was investigated in Standard Thai – a language that has five phonologically contrastive tones. The effects of pitch, consonant phonation-type, vowel quality, tonal categories, and position in the utterance were determined. Utterance position was found to be the factor most clearly associated with variations in larynx movement. The occurrence of an overall rise-fall pattern of larynx movement distributed over-utterances of varying pitch patterns leads to the conclusion that larynx height is not a principal factor regulating pitch in connected speech. Implications for models of pitch production, distinctive features for tone, theories on the historical development of tone and the role of larynx movements in the production of consonants and vowels are discussed.
A Note on the Glottal Stop
Authors: Priestly Tom M.S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this paper, the frequently noted variation between glottal stops and laryngealization is explored. Possible factors involved in this variation are discussed. The analysis of spectrographic data from the Carinthian Slovene dialect of Sele Fara, where the glottal stop has distinctive function, suggests that speech tempo and perhaps also sentence rhythm may be involved.
Pitch Control and Pharynx Width in Twi: An Electromyographic Study
Authors: Painter Colin 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The author examined electromyographic tracings from four muscles – genioglossus (GG), anterior belly of the digastric (D) sternothyroid (ST) and thyrohyoid (TH) – for 210 Twi syllables selected so as to give information on seven parameters: tense/lax vowels, long/short vowels, close/open vowels, front/back vowels, high-tone/low-tone vowels, vowels preceded by a fricative/plosive consonant and vowels preceded by a voiced/voiceless consonant, and concluded, inter alia (1) that GG and D functioned as pitch control muscles but that it is not clear why raising of the larynx should accompany an increase in pitch; (2) that GG did not play the major role in tongue root fronting that was expected of it but that we may have to consider GG to consist of at least four functional muscles; (3) that GG and D offered little evidence to support a prosodic view of vowel harmony in Twi, and (4) that features may be ranked by the muscle activity associated with them and that ‘high-tone’, ‘fricative’ and ‘voiced’ dominated for GG, D and ST.
The Acoustic Variation of Mandarin Tones
Authors: Ho Aichen T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study investigated the acoustic correlates of the four Mandarin tones in isolated words and variations in these parameters in relation to sentence environment, syllable vowel, and preceding consonant. Results indicate that differences associated with sentence environment, syllable vowel and preceding consonant affect the realization of the tone, although the four tones maintain their characteristic basic differences. The influence of sentence environment on tones is greater than that of the syllable vowel, and the influence of syllable vowel is greater than that of the preceding consonant.
Oral Air Pressure and Airflow in German Stop Consonants
Authors: Haag Winfried K. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The interaction of peak oral air pressure and peak airflow rate in the production of medial voiceless stop consonants in German is investigated and the claim that the two parameters are linearly related is considered. It was found that the two parameters behave in a similar fashion with respect to the consumption of aerodynamic energy prior to the plosive and to the degree of expiratory activity, but in a reverse fashion with respect to an increase in the rate of speech. The degree of opening of the glottis is thought to be responsible for the reverse behaviour of the parameters in this case.
Intonation in Discourse Analysis
Authors: Pilch Herbert 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Argument: intonation is not additional, but essential to the composition of texts. Motivation: even pathological (written) texts can be made to sound normal when read with a good intonation; even well-formed (written) texts cannot be put across when read with a poor intonation; loss of intonation, in aphasia, is coupled with inability to handle texts, and inversely. Theory: intonation is analysed either as phonological pattern or as a constituent of texts. The lexical meaning of intonations (such as question, statement) is spurious; social tradition makes available certain (spoken) rhetorical topoi for use in standard situations; their use ensures textual meaning. It is not predictable in any given instance.
Emphasis in Telugu
Authors: Prabhakar Babu B.A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The phenomenon of emphasis is studied with regard to the phonetic variation of the vowel and consonant units of the word structure in Telugu, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in South India. The electro-aerometer and the mingograph are used to provide phonetic evidence. The study reveals that different means are used to emphasise words of different structures so that the phonological structure is not disturbed.
English Stops after /s/ at Medial Word-Boundary
Authors: McCasland George P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Subjects listened to a speech perception test. It consisted of a series of items obtained by tape splicing from one recorded English utterance it’s still. The subjects assigned one of four possible English utterance choices to each item. Combined durations of the /s/ friction and closure of the following stop account for their choice between it’s dill, it
still or it’s still. A delay in voice onset of the stop is primarily responsible for items consistently heard as it’s till. There is no difference in closure duration between the traditionally forlis and lenis stops following the /s/.
Photoelektrische Untersuchung zur Velumhöhe bei Vokalen: erste Anwendungen des Velographen
Authors: Kuenzel Hermann J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Some methodological aspects of the main physiological techniques for investigating the velopharyngeal closure mechanism are discussed. A new instrument for optical registration of velar movement is described. The possibilities and limits arising from its mode of operation are discussed. First results corroborate the relation between velar height and tongue height in vowels, which has been established by cineradiographic research. It is argued that the velograph records relative velar height in the speech continuum with reasonable accuracy. Two ways of calibrating the device are proposed so as to allow the measurement of absolute velar elevation (from rest position).
Quelques problèmes posés par l’introduction de la linguistique dans l’analyse des troubles d’articulation et de parole
Authors: Christe Robert , Lhote Elisabeth , Gassmann Monique , Grange Marie-Françoise 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The study of a case of dyslalia enables the authors to show the need for language phenomenons to be studied on at least three different levels; connections exist between these levels, but they are neither set nor univocal.
Intonation Variation in a Mandarin Sentence for Three Expressions: Interrogative, Exclamatory and Declarative
Authors: Ho Aichen T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study investigated two aspects of Mandarin Chinese: (1) the acoustic correlates of intonations of a sentence for three expressions, declarative, interrogative and exclamatory, and (2) the influence of intonation on the four tones in the sentence-final position. A corpus was prepared and 6 speakers recorded the corpus. Acoustical analysis was made for the 1,824 test items. Results show that the duration of syllable nuclei in a sentence varies according to word position rather than intonation except that in the sentence-final position. Both intonation and word position have influenced the fundamental frequency, tone range, and peak amplitude of syllable nuclei. The duration, fundamental frequency and peak amplitude of the four tones in sentence-final position are modified by intonation. However, the basic characteristic of the shape of the four tones remains very close to that of tones in isolated words.
Laryngeal Control for Voicing Distinction in Japanese Consonant Production
Authors: Hirose Hajime , Ushijima Tatsujiro 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the laryngeal adjustments for voiced versus voiceless distinction in Japanese consonant production by means of laryngeal electromyography (EMG) and fiberoptic observation. Multichannel EMG recordings were taken of a Japanese subject and the data were computer-processed to obtain the averaged activity patterns of the five intrinsic laryngeal muscles with special reference to the voicing distinction in consonant production in various phonetic environments. It was found that there were apparent reciprocal patterns in the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) and the interarytenoid (INT) in terms of significant negative correlation, and active control of PCA for voicelessness was demonstrated. The patterns of the thyroarytenoid and the lateral cricoarytenoid were different from that of INT even though these two muscles are usually classified as the members of the adductor group, and their activity levels were apparently influenced by the phonetic environment. A possible contribution of the cricothyroid (CT) to the voicing distinction was also pointed out but further investigations on acoustic parameters seem to be mandatory in more critical interpretation of CT activity in speech.
Contrastive Intonation of German and English
Authors: Esser J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
For the purpose of a contrastive analysis only distinctive formal elements and functions are to be considered. The latter are ‘lexical or syntactic disambiguation’, ‘syntactic characterization’ and ‘communicative differentiation’. In German, modal particles and intonation render expressive functions which are conveyed in English by intonation only. The differing punctuation systems of English and German have to be considered as a source of interference besides limited differences between the English and the German intonation systems.
English Word Stress in the Post-Nuclear Position
Authors: Huss Volker 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Stress oppositions between words like import ≠ import are audible in the nucleus of intonation contours where they are distinguished by fundamental frequency. In the post-nuclear position the opposition is neutralized; the two stresses are identical in terms of fundamental frequency, but measurably different in terms of intensity and duration. Listeners’ reactions are not random, though: those syllables which fit into a regular sequence of stressed and unstressed syllables are interpreted as stressed and unstressed, respectively. Speech production is also influenced by sentence rhythm: syllables which correspond to the general rhythmic pattern have greater duration and intensity. But listeners do not perceive these modifications.
Pharyngeal Constrictions
Authors: Gauffin Jan , Sundberg Johan 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
From a fiberscope, the tip of which was swung from left to right in the pharynx, cinefilm frames were obtained which showed the cross-sectional shape of pharyngeal constrictions in back vowels. This information was combined with the information offered by X-ray pictures of the same subject phonating the same vowels on a different occasion. The results agree to a reasonable extent with previously published data obtained by different techniques, and support previous hypotheses regarding distance-to-area conversion in the pharyngeal region of the vocal tract.
El rehilamiento: Descripción (The ‘Rehilamiento’: Description)
Authors: Barbón Rodríguez J.A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The work analyses the way in which the ‘rehilamiento’ presents itself. It presents itself as an acoustic stochastic field, superposed on an acoustic periodic field, as a consequence of two articulatory constrictions: the one at the oscillating vocal cords and the other at any place in the pharynx. The auditory perception of the ‘rehilamiento’ is simply one of voiced friction. The oscillograms presented confirm that in the language of Buenos Aires the realization of [ž] tends to conserve its voiced quality among men while losing it among women.
Perception of Prominence by Dutch Listeners
Authors: Gussenhoven C. , Blom J.G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In order to assess the degree and nature of the dependence of the perception of prominence on the ways in which prominence-lending features are employed in the native language of the listener, a language-neutral test was developed to measure the relative contributions of fundamental frequency, intensity and duration to the perception of prominence. In this report, the test is described and the results of an experiment with Dutch listeners discussed. These results can serve as a basis for comparison with results obtained from listeners with different language backgrounds.