bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid synthesis of new block copolyurethanes derived from L‐leucine‐PEG in ionic liquids under microwave irradiation
Authors: Rafiemanzelat Fatemeh , Abdollahi Elahe 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis study concerns the synthesis of novel multi block polyurethane (PU) copolymers containing eco‐friendly segments, taking the advantage of ionic liquids (IL)s under microwave irradiation. For this, L‐leucine anhydride cyclodipeptide (LAC) was prepared and then a new class of poly(ether‐urethane‐urea)s (PEUUs) was synthesized with two types of ILs, including room temperature imidazolium (RTIL)s and molten ammonium type ILs. ILs were used as reaction media and PUs were prepared via two‐step polymerization method. Polymerization reaction was also conducted under conventional heating method in N‐methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) as reaction solvent. In the first step, 4,4′‐methylene‐bis(4‐phenylisocyanate) (MDI) was reacted with LAC to produce isocyanate‐terminated poly(imide‐urea) oligomers as hard segment. Chain extension of the resulting prepolymer with polyethyleneglycol (PEG) of molecular weights of 400 (PEG‐400) was the second step to furnish a series of new PEUUs. These multiblock copolymers are optically active, thermally stable and soluble in amide‐type solvents. PEUUs prepared in ILs under microwave irradiation showed more phase separation and crystallinity than PEUU prepared under conventional method. Some structural characterization and physical properties of these PEUUs, prepared under different methods, are reported and compared. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Acoustic emission source location in unidirectional carbon‐fiber‐reinforced plastic plates with virtually trained artificial neural networks
Authors: Caprino G. , Lopresto V. , Leone C. , Papa I. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAcoustic emission (AE) source location in a unidirectional carbon‐fiber‐reinforced plastic plate was attempted with artificial neural network (ANN) technology. The AE events were produced by a lead break, and the response wave was received by piezoelectric sensors. The time of arrival, determined through the conventional threshold‐crossing technique, was used to measure the dependence of the wave velocity on the fiber orientation. A simple empirical formula, relying on classical lamination and suggested by wave‐propagation theory, was able to accurately model the experimental trend. On the basis of the formula, virtual training and testing data sets were generated for the case of a plate monitored by three transducers and were adopted to select two potentially effective ANN architectures. For final validation, experimental tests were carried out, with the source positioned at predetermined points evenly distributed within the plate area. A very satisfactory correlation was found between the actual source locations and those predicted by the virtually trained ANNs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Air‐flow field of the melt‐blowing slot die via numerical simulation and multiobjective genetic algorithms
Authors: Sun Y. F. , Liu B. W. , Wang X. H. , Zeng Y. C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe air‐flow field in melt blowing plays a key role in fiber drawing and nonwoven web performance. A multiobjective optimization using genetic algorithms was proposed to obtain optimum air‐flow field with the lowest velocity decay and temperature decay of the air‐flow field of a melt‐blowing slot die. Four main geometry parameters, including slot width, head width, slot angle, and setback, were studied. The optimal results were achieved in the 50th generation with 20 individuals of each generation. The results also show that a smaller slot angle and larger slot width resulted in a lower air velocity decay and temperature decay. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Functional Morphology of the Tongue in the Domestic Goose (Anser Anser f. Domestica)
Authors: Jackowiak Hanna , Skieresz‐Szewczyk Kinga , Godynicki Szymon , Iwasaki Shin‐ichi , Meyer Wilfried 
Published: August 2011

AbstractUsing LM and SEM methods, the study describes microstructures in particular areas of the tongue of the goose. A thick multilayered keratinized epithelium forms the “lingual nail” and covers small and giant conical papillae, whereby the first functions as an exoskeleton of the tongue apex, and the latter are arranged along the lingual and well‐developed connective tissue cores, and together with the bill lamellae are involved in cutting. The row of conical papillae on the lingual prominence prevents regurgitation of transported food. In the area of the “lingual nail” and in the anterior part of the lingual prominence, Herbst corpuscles are accumulated, which allow to recognize food position. Filiform papillae, as widely distributed between the conical papillae of the body, are responsible for filtering. They can be explained as long keratinized processes of the epithelium and are devoid of connective tissue cores. During food transport, the flattened areas of the lingual body and the lingual prominence are protected by a parakeratinized epithelium, but the root is covered by a nonkeratinized epithelium. The presence of adipose tissue in the tongue probably reduces pressure during food passage, but also promotes mucus evacuation from the lingual glands, thus facilitating food transport. An entoglossal bone with a continuation as cartilage is the stable structural basis of the tongue system. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of color and role on retention of knowledge: A body‐painting study within undergraduate medicine
Authors: Finn Gabrielle M. , White Pamela M. , Abdelbagi Israa 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBody painting as a tool for teaching anatomy is becoming increasingly popular as it is fun and diffuses the formal academic context. Students claim bright color plays a significant role in retention of knowledge from painting sessions. Medical students (n = 117) were divided into two conditions: block color (CLR) and black outlines (BLK). Students completed a pre‐test before a body painting teaching session on abdominal referred pain. CLR students used bright block colors, and BLK students mapped outlines in black. Immediately afterward, students sat a mid‐test to compare the conditions. Students completed a post‐test to compare long‐term retention of knowledge four weeks later. There was no difference in knowledge between the two conditions immediately after the teaching (P = 0.653). There was no significant difference in long‐term retention of knowledge between those using black outlines and those using color (P = 0.278). The use of color had no impact on short‐term or long‐term retention of knowledge, despite previously collected qualitative data that color helped memorization. Despite there being no immediate difference in the amount of information retained, the students' enthusiasm for body painting and the use of bold colors warrant body painting's inclusion within the anatomy curriculum. Acceptability plays a significant role in the success of any teaching modality. Additionally, students who undertook the roles of painter or canvas retained similar amounts of information after six weeks (P = 0.505). Students' classification as verbalizer or visualizer did not impact on their test performance. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Cyanobacteria cultivation in industrial wastewaters and biodiesel production from their biomass: A review
Authors: Balasubramanian Lavanya , Subramanian Geetha , Nazeer Thayiba Thanveer , Simpson Hannah Shalini , Rahuman Shifina T. , Raju Preetha 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAs an alternative fuel biodiesel has become increasingly important due to diminishing petroleum reserves and adverse environmental consequences of exhaust gases from petroleum‐fueled engines. Recently, research interest has focused on the production of biofuel from microalgae. Cyanobacteria appeared to be suitable candidates for cultivation in wastes and wastewaters because they produce biomass in satisfactory quantity and can be harvested relatively easily due to their size and structure. In addition, their biomass composition can be manipulated by several environmental and operational factors to produce biomass with concrete characteristics. Herein, we review the culture of cyanobacteria in wastewaters and also the potential resources that can be transformed into biodiesel successfully for meeting the ever‐increasing demand for biodiesel production.
The coiled coil silk of bees, ants, and hornets
Authors: Sutherland Tara D. , Weisman Sarah , Walker Andrew A. , Mudie Stephen T. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this article, we review current knowledge about the silk produced by the larvae of bees, ants, and hornets [Apoidea and Vespoidea: Hymenoptera]. Different species use the silk either alone or in composites for a variety of purposes including mechanical reinforcement, thermal regulation, or humidification. The characteristic molecular structure of this silk is α‐helical proteins assembled into tetrameric coiled coils. Gene sequences from seven species are available, and each species possesses a copy of each of four related silk genes that encode proteins predicted to form coiled coils. The proteins are ordered at multiple length scales within the labial gland of the final larval instar before spinning. The insects control the morphology of the silk during spinning to produce either fibers or sheets. The silk proteins are small and non repetitive and have been produced artificially at high levels by fermentation in E. coli. The artificial silk proteins can be fabricated into materials with structural and mechanical properties similar to those of native silks. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 446–454, 2012.
Microbially supported synthesis of catalytically active bimetallic Pd‐Au nanoparticles
Authors: Hosseinkhani Baharak , Søbjerg Lina Sveidal , Rotaru Amelia‐Elena , Emtiazi Giti , Skrydstrup Troels , Meyer Rikke Louise 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBimetallic nanoparticles are considered the next generation of nanocatalysts with increased stability and catalytic activity. Bio‐supported synthesis of monometallic nanoparticles has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional chemical and physical protocols. In this study we synthesize bimetallic bio‐supported Pd‐Au nanoparticles for the first time using microorganisms as support material. The synthesis involved two steps: (1) Formation of monometallic bio‐supported Pd(0) and Au(0) nanoparticles on the surface of Cupriavidus necator cells, and (2) formation of bimetallic bio‐supported nanoparticles by reduction of either Au(III) or Pd(II) on to the nanoparticles prepared in step one. Bio‐supported monometallic Pd(0) or Au(0) nanoparticles were formed on the surface of C. necator by reduction of Pd(II) or Au(III) with formate. Addition of Au(III) or Pd(II) to the bio‐supported particles resulted in increased particle size. UV–Vis spectrophotometry and HR‐TEM analyses indicated that the previously monometallic nanoparticles had become fully or partially covered by Au(0) or Pd(0), respectively. Furthermore, Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) and Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analyses confirmed that the nanoparticles indeed were bimetallic. The bimetallic nanoparticles did not have a core‐shell structure, but were superior to monometallic particles at reducing p‐nitrophenol to p‐aminophenol. Hence, formation of microbially supported nanoparticles may be a cheap and environmentally friendly approach for production of bimetallic nanocatalysts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 45–52. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PLGA/hydrogel biopapers as a stackable substrate for printing HUVEC networks via BioLP™
Authors: Pirlo Russell Kirk , Wu Peter , Liu Jinny , Ringeisen Bradley 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTwo major challenges in tissue engineering are mimicking the native cell–cell arrangements of tissues and maintaining viability of three‐dimension (3D) tissues thicker than 300 µm. Cell printing and prevascularization of engineered tissues are promising approaches to meet these challenges. However, the printing technologies used in biofabrication must balance the competing parameters of resolution, speed, and volume, which limit the resolution of thicker 3D structures. We suggest that high‐resolution conformal printing techniques can be used to print 2D patterns of vascular cells onto biopaper substrates which can then be stacked to form a thicker tissue construct. Towards this end we created 1 cm × 1 cm × 300 µm biopapers to be used as the transferable, stackable substrate for cell printing. 3.6% w/v poly‐lactide‐co‐glycolide was dissolved in chloroform and poured into molds filled with NaCl crystals. The salt was removed with DI water and the scaffolds were dried and loaded with a Collagen Type I or Matrigel™. SEM of the biopapers showed extensive porosity and gel loading throughout. Biological laser printing (BioLP™) was used to deposit human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in a simple intersecting pattern to the surface of the biopapers. The cells differentiated and stretched to form networks preserving the printed pattern. In a separate experiment to demonstrate “stackability,” individual biopapers were randomly seeded with HUVECs and cultured for 1 day. The mechanically stable and viable biopapers were then stacked and cultured for 4 days. Three‐dimensional confocal microscopy showed cell infiltration and survival in the compound multilayer constructs. These results demonstrate the feasibility of stackable “biopapers” as a scaffold to build 3D vascularized tissues with a 2D cell‐printing technique. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 262–273. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multivariate model of ErbB network composition predicts ovarian cancer cell response to canertinib
Authors: Prasasya Rexxi D. , Vang Kang Z. , Kreeger Pamela K. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIdentifying the optimal treatment strategy for cancer is an important challenge, particularly for complex diseases like epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) that are prone to recurrence. In this study we developed a quantitative, multivariate model to predict the extent of ovarian cancer cell death following treatment with an ErbB inhibitor (canertinib, CI‐1033). A partial least squares regression model related the levels of ErbB receptors and ligands at the time of treatment to sensitivity to CI‐1033. In this way, the model mimics the clinical problem by incorporating only information that would be available at the time of drug treatment. The full model was able to fit the training set data and was predictive. Model analysis demonstrated the importance of including both ligand and receptor levels in this approach, consistent with reports of the role of ErbB autocrine loops in EOC. A reduced multi‐protein model was able to predict CI‐1033 sensitivity of six distinct EOC cell lines derived from the three subtypes of EOC, suggesting that quantitatively characterizing the ErbB network could be used to broadly predict EOC response to CI‐1033. Ultimately, this systems biology approach examining multiple proteins has the potential to uncover multivariate functions to identify subsets of tumors that are most likely to respond to a targeted therapy. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 213–224. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diffusion‐based process for carbon dioxide uptake and isoprene emission in gaseous/aqueous two‐phase photobioreactors by photosynthetic microorganisms
Authors: Bentley Fiona K. , Melis Anastasios 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPhotosynthesis for the generation of fuels and chemicals from cyanobacteria and microalgae offers the promise of a single host organism acting both as photocatalyst and processor, performing sunlight absorption and utilization, as well as CO2 assimilation and conversion into product. However, there is a need to develop methods for generating, sequestering, and trapping such bio‐products in an efficient and cost‐effective manner that is suitable for industrial scale‐up and exploitation. A sealed gaseous/aqueous two‐phase photobioreactor was designed and applied for the photosynthetic generation of volatile isoprene (C5H8) hydrocarbons, which operates on the principle of spontaneous diffusion of CO2 from the gaseous headspace into the microalgal or cyanobacterial‐containing aqueous phase, followed by photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and isoprene production by the transgenic microorganisms. Volatile isoprene hydrocarbons were emitted from the aqueous phase and were sequestered into the gaseous headspace. Periodic replacement (flushing) of the isoprene (C5H8) and oxygen (O2) content of the gaseous headspace with CO2 allowed for the simultaneous harvesting of the photoproducts and replenishment of the CO2 supply in the gaseous headspace. Reduction in practice of the gaseous/aqueous two‐phase photobioreactor is offered in this work with a fed‐batch and a semi‐continuous culturing system using Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 heterologously expressing the Pueraria montana (kudzu) isoprene synthase (IspS) gene. Constitutive isoprene production was observed over 192 h of experimentation, coupled with cyanobacterial biomass accumulation. The diffusion‐based process in gaseous/aqueous two‐phase photobioreactors has the potential to be applied to other high‐value photosynthetically derived volatile molecules, emanating from a variety of photosynthetic microorganisms. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 100–109. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LC‐MS/MS method for the quantification of myo‐ and chiro‐inositol as the urinary biomarkers of insulin resistance in human urine
Authors: Kim Byoung‐Hyoun , Park Jin‐Young , Jang Jae Bum , Moon Dong Cheul 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTA simple LC‐MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the quantification of endogenous myo‐ and chiro‐inositol in human urine. myo‐ and chiro‐Inositol were completely resolved from other carbohydrates and there were no interference peaks in human urine. The correlation coefficient (n = 3) was greater than 0.9991 over the range 0.05–25.0 µg/mL with the weighted (1/C2) least square method. Precision (%RSD) and accuracy (%RE) were 0–10.0% and 0–6.0% for the intra‐day assay (n = 5) and 0–14.3% and 0–10.0% for the inter‐day assay (n = 5). myo‐ and chiro‐Inositol have been shown to be stable in human urine stored at room temperature and for three freeze–thaw cycles. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model‐based analysis on the relationship of signal quality to real‐time extraction of information in bioprocesses
Authors: Wechselberger Patrick , Herwig Christoph 
Published: August 2011

AbstractQuality by design (QbD) is a current structured approach to design processes yielding a quality product. Knowledge and process understanding cannot be achieved without proper experimental data; hence requirements for measurement error and frequency of measurement of bioprocess variables have to be defined. In this contribution, a model‐based approach is used to investigate impact factors on calculated rates to predict the obtainable information from real‐time measurements (= signal quality). Measurement error, biological activity, and averaging window (= period of observation) were identified as biggest impact factors on signal quality. Moreover, signal quality has been set in context with a quantifiable measure using statistical error testing, which can be used as a benchmark for process analytics and exploitation of data. Results have been validated with data from an E. coli batch process. This approach is useful to get an idea which process dynamics can be observed with a given bioprocess setup and sampling strategy beforehand. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Improved E. coli erythromycin a production through the application of metabolic and bioprocess engineering
Authors: Zhang Haoran , Skalina Karin , Jiang Ming , Pfeifer Blaine A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this report, small‐scale culture and bioreactor experiments were used to compare and improve the heterologous production of the antibiotic erythromycin A across a series of engineered prototype Escherichia coli strains. The original strain, termed BAP1(pBPJW130, pBPJW144, pHZT1, pHZT2, pHZT4, pGro7), was designed to allow full erythromycin A biosynthesis from the exogenous addition of propionate. This strain was then compared against two alternatives hypothesized to increase final product titer. Strain TB3(pBPJW130, pBPJW144, pHZT1, pHZT2, pHZT4, pGro7) is a derivative of BAP1 designed to increase biosynthetic pathway carbon flow as a result of a ygfH deletion; whereas, strain TB3(pBPJW130, pBPJW144, pHZT1, pHZT2, pHZT4‐2, pGro7) provided an extra copy of a key deoxysugar glycosyltransferase gene. Production was compared across the three strains with TB3(pBPJW130, pBPJW144, pHZT1, pHZT2, pHZT4, pGro7) showing significant improvement in erythronolide B (EB), 3‐mycarosylerythronolide B (MEB), and erythromycin A titers. This strain was further tested in the context of batch bioreactor production experiments with time‐course titers leveling at 4 mg/L, representing an approximately sevenfold increase in final erythromycin A titer. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Timescale analysis of rule‐based biochemical reaction networks
Authors: Klinke David J. , Finley Stacey D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe flow of information within a cell is governed by a series of protein–protein interactions that can be described as a reaction network. Mathematical models of biochemical reaction networks can be constructed by repetitively applying specific rules that define how reactants interact and what new species are formed on reaction. To aid in understanding the underlying biochemistry, timescale analysis is one method developed to prune the size of the reaction network. In this work, we extend the methods associated with timescale analysis to reaction rules instead of the species contained within the network. To illustrate this approach, we applied timescale analysis to a simple receptor–ligand binding model and a rule‐based model of interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) signaling in naïve CD4+ T cells. The IL‐12 signaling pathway includes multiple protein–protein interactions that collectively transmit information; however, the level of mechanistic detail sufficient to capture the observed dynamics has not been justified based on the available data. The analysis correctly predicted that reactions associated with Janus Kinase 2 and Tyrosine Kinase 2 binding to their corresponding receptor exist at a pseudo‐equilibrium. By contrast, reactions associated with ligand binding and receptor turnover regulate cellular response to IL‐12. An empirical Bayesian approach was used to estimate the uncertainty in the timescales. This approach complements existing rank‐ and flux‐based methods that can be used to interrogate complex reaction networks. Ultimately, timescale analysis of rule‐based models is a computational tool that can be used to reveal the biochemical steps that regulate signaling dynamics. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012