bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary methods and biomarkers of omega 3 fatty acids: a systematic review
Authors: Serra-Majem Lluis , Nissensohn Mariela , Øverby Nina C. , Fekete Katalin 
Published: May 2012

The aims of the present study were to review the validity of dietary methods used to measure the usual long chain (LC) omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake of a population and to assess the usefulness of different biomarkers ofn-3 PUFA in healthy humans. Two systematic literature searches were conducted until May 2011 to update previous systematic reviews. The first literature search aimed to find studies validating the methodology used for measuring the dietary intake ofn-3 PUFA. The second search aimed to find human intervention studies in whichn-3 PUFA status changed after 2 weeks ofn-3 PUFA supplementation. Sixteen studies were identified for inclusion in the first review. Correlation coefficients between fatty acids in subcutaneous fat or blood lipids and dietary intake ofn-3 PUFA from different questionnaires were similar. Subcutaneous fat has been reported as the best reference method for some authors, and these studies showed moderate correlation coefficients with no dietary intake method being superior to any other. As for the evaluation of biomarkers of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 : 5n-3) status in response to supplementation, the new search reaffirmed and reinforced the evidence supporting that plasma phospholipid DHA, erythrocyte DHA, and platelet DHA were all effective and robust biomarkers of DHA status. Our findings only confirmed earlier studies and did not provide evidence for reaching new conclusions.
Comparison of subjective olfaction ratings in patients with and without olfactory disorders
Authors: Haxel B R , Bertz-Duffy S , Fruth K , Letzel S , Mann W J , Muttray A 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjective:Olfactory dysfunction is common. The reliability of self-assessment tools for smell testing is still controversial. This study aimed to provide new data about the accuracy of olfactory self-assessment compared with a standardised smell test.Design:Prospective, controlled, cohort study of patients with olfactory disorders and healthy controls.Subjects:Ninety-six patients with a smell deficit and 71 controls were asked to rate their sense of smell on a visual analogue scale. Their olfactory abilities were also evaluated with the Sniffin' Sticks tests.Results:The whole cohort showed a significant correlation between visual analogue scale smell scores and Sniffin' Sticks total scores. This correlation was also significant in the patient group, but not in the control group. These results were independent of olfactory deficit aetiology and subject age.Conclusion:Self-assessment of olfaction is only a reliable indicator in smell-impaired patients, not in healthy controls. For an accurate assessment of olfaction, reliable, standardised tests are needed.
Migration of children from northwest Russia to northern Norway in the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s
Authors: Tevlina Victoria V. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe present article focuses on children from Russia, who immigrated to the northern part of Norway in the end of the 1990s and in the first decade of the 21st century. The Russian immigration to north Norway is particularly strong, and therefore it is an obvious choice to focus on this group if one wishes to study Russian immigration to Norway. By studying the immigrants in Sør-Varanger, will we discover some objective tendencies and peculiarities of adaption of Russian immigrants in Norway at large? Attention to children-immigrants’ life in school and outside school, their friendships, their contacts with their homeland and attitudes toward future work, allows us to understand their position, views and level of mutual understanding with those people who surround them in the new country. In the present article special attention is also paid to the parents, first and foremost the mothers, who brought the children to north Norway, and their opinions about the welfare of their children in the new country as well as their own well-being. In many ways these children and their mothers from northwest Russia make a shining example of a successful establishment of a new life style in a foreign country. One may ask, however, is it too successful?
Salixtaxonomy in Europe – problems, interpretations, observations
Authors: Rechinger K. H. 
Published: May 2012

I want to give a brief resumé of the reasons why the taxonomic study ofSalixis so notoriously difficult. As long ago as 1737, Linné inFlora Lapponicawrote: “Hunclocum sibi postulat Salicum familia, qui si ulla in Botanicis obscura, haec sane maxima”. The phrase “crux et scandalum botanicorum” has been quoted time and again.(1) All willows are dioecious, developing male and female flowers in different individuals.(2) Flowers in many species are precocious, the flowers appearing before the leaves.(3) There is a tendency for the current year's terminal and past year's lateral branches to differ in indumentum, leaf shape and leaf sequence.
The early fossil history of Salicaceae: a brief review
Authors: Collinson Margaret E. 
Published: May 2012

SynopsisCurrent evidence for early fossil Salicaceae is summarised. Most data come from Europe and North America where revisionary studies are in progress in several laboratories. The earliest records of the modern genera are from North America withPopulussectionAbasoin the Late Palaeocene andSalixsubgenusSalixin the early Eocene. This evidence is based mainly on leaves but the presence ofPopulusis confirmed by a leafy shoot with attached fruiting raceme. The two genera first occur later in Europe withPopulusin the uppermost Eocene andSalixin the Middle Oligocene. Members of both genera in both continents apparently occupied riparian habitats early in their history.
Cellularization of structures in stable homotopy categories
Authors: GUTIÉRREZ JAVIER J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe describe the formal framework for cellularization functors in triangulated categories and study the preservation of ring and module structures under these functors in stable homotopy categories in the sense of Hovey, Palmieri and Strickland, such as the homotopy category of spectra or the derived category of a commutative ring. We prove that cellularization functors preserve modules over connective rings but they do not preserve rings in general (even if the ring is connective or the cellularization functor is triangulated). As an application of these results, we describe the cellularizations of Eilenberg–Mac Lane spectra and compute all acyclizations in the sense of Bousfield of the integral Eilenberg–Mac Lane spectrum.
The estimated disease burden of norovirus in The Netherlands
Authors: VERHOEF L. , KOOPMANS M. , VAN PELT W. , DUIZER E. , HAAGSMA J. , WERBER D. , VAN ASTEN L. , HAVELAAR A. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYNoroviruses are an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. We incorporated new insights gained over the past decade in an updated estimate of the disease burden of (foodborne) norovirus illness in The Netherlands in 2009. The disease outcomes – non-consulting cases, visiting a general practitioner, hospitalization and mortality – and the foodborne proportion were derived from cohort studies, surveillance data and literature. Age-specific incidence estimates were applied to the population age distribution in The Netherlands in 2009. The general population incidence was 3800/100 000 (95% CI 2670–5460), including 0·4 fatal cases/100 000, resulting in 1622/100 000 (95% CI 966–2650) disability-adjusted life-years in a population of 16·5 million. The updated burden of norovirus is over twofold higher than previously estimated, due in particular to the new insights in case-fatality ratios. Results suggest that the burden of norovirus institutional outbreaks is relatively small compared to the burden of community-acquired norovirus infections.
Increased Situation Awareness in Major Incidents—Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technique: A Promising Tool
Authors: Jokela Jorma , Rådestad Monica , Gryth Dan , Nilsson Helené , Rüter Anders , Svensson Leif , Harkke Ville , Luoto Markku , Castrén Maaret 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntroduction: In mass-casualty situations, communications and information management to improve situational awareness is a major challenge for responders. In this study, the feasibility of a prototype system that utilizes commercially available, low-cost components, including Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and mobile phone technology, was tested in two simulated mass-casualty incidents.Methods: The feasibility and the direct benefits of the system were evaluated in two simulated mass-casualty situations: one in Finland involving a passenger ship accident resulting in multiple drowning/hypothermia patients, and another at a major airport in Sweden using an aircraft crash scenario. Both simulations involved multiple agencies and functioned as test settings for comparing the disaster management’s situational awareness with and without using the RFID-based system. Triage documentation was done using both an RFID-based system, which automatically sent the data to the Medical Command, and a traditional method using paper triage tags. The situational awareness was measured by comparing the availability of up-to date information at different points in the care chain using both systems.Results: Information regarding the numbers and status or triage classification of the casualties was available approximately one hour earlier using the RFID system compared to the data obtained using the traditional method.Conclusions: The tested prototype system was quick, stable, and easy to use, and proved to work seamlessly even in harsh field conditions. It surpassed the paper-based system in all respects except simplicity of use. It also improved the general view of the mass-casualty situations, and enhanced medical emergency readiness in a multi-organizational medical setting. The tested technology is feasible in a mass-casualty incident; further development and testing should take place.
Extensions of differential representations ofSL2and tori
Authors: Minchenko Andrey , Ovchinnikov Alexey 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLinear differential algebraic groups (LDAGs) measure differential algebraic dependencies among solutions of linear differential and difference equations with parameters, for which LDAGs are Galois groups. Differential representation theory is a key to developing algorithms computing these groups. In the rational representation theory of algebraic groups, one starts with${\mathbf{SL} }_{2} $and tori to develop the rest of the theory. In this paper, we give an explicit description of differential representations of tori and differential extensions of irreducible representation of${\mathbf{SL} }_{2} $. In these extensions, the two irreducible representations can be non-isomorphic. This is in contrast to differential representations of tori, which turn out to be direct sums of isotypic representations.
A SOLUTION TO THE SURPRISE EXAM PARADOX IN CONSTRUCTIVE MATHEMATICS
Authors: ARDESHIR MOHAMMAD , RAMEZANIAN RASOUL 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe represent the well-known surprise exam paradox in constructive and computable mathematics and offer solutions. One solution is based on Brouwer’s continuity principle in constructive mathematics, and the other involves type 2 Turing computability in classical mathematics. We also discuss the backward induction paradox for extensive form games in constructive logic.
Distillation of essential oil and simulation of electromagnetic power distribution in a microwave oven
Authors: Gunes Mahit , Alma Mehmet Hakki 
Published: May 2012

In the present study, the essential oil from the leaves of River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) was distilled by microwave applied in situ hydrodistillation (MWHD) and the properties obtained were compared with hydrodistillation (HD) techniques. The chemical composition of essential oil obtained by the microwave method was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (MS). The results showed that the essential oil from E. camaldulensis could successfully be distilled by using microwave irradiation power. Microwave power has been supplied from a cavity having a multimode microwave reactor 2455 MHz with a maximum power of 1000 W. Electromagnetic power distribution has been analyzed inside the cavity. The yield of essential oil increased with increasing microwave irradiation power. It was also found that the content of main compounds clearly varied according to methods applied. However, the yield of essential oil determined by MWHD was slightly lower than that of conventional HD method at conditions studied.
76.5 GHz millimeter-wave radar for foreign objects debris detection on airport runways
Authors: Mazouni Karim , Zeitler Armin , Lanteri Jérôme , Pichot Christian , Dauvignac Jean-Yves , Migliaccio Claire , Yonemoto Naruto , Kohmura Akiko , Futatsumori Shunichi 
Published: May 2012

The paper is a joint work between the LEAT (France) and the ENRI (Japan) in the framework of a Sakura project supported by the JSPS and the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The purpose is the study of a FOD (Foreign Object Debris) detection system on airport runways. An FM-CW mm-wave radar working between 76.25 and 76.75 GHz is used together with a high directivity printed reflectarray. In addition, a second measurement campaign has been conducted with a 73.8–79.8 GHz (6 GHz band) radar. Measurement results show detection capabilities of a −20 dBsm cylinder up to 35 m that is 10 m less than the FAA recommendations. Antenna improvements are discussed for reaching the requirements and system performance as well as the use of calibration objects.
Alternate bar response to sediment supply termination
Authors: Venditti J. G. , Nelson P. A. , Minear J. T. , Wooster J. , Dietrich W. E. 
Published: May 2012

Sediment supply is widely held to be one of the primary controls on bar topography in alluvial channels, yet quantitative linkages between sediment supply and bar topography are not well developed. We explore the conditions under which alternate bars form and how they respond to the elimination of sediment supply in two linked laboratory experiments. The first set of experiments was conducted in a 28 m long, 0.86 m wide flume channel using a unimodal sand‐gravel mix. The second set of experiments was conducted at field scale in a 55 m long, 2.74 m wide channel using a unimodal gravel mixture. In both experiments, alternate bars and patchy surface grain‐size distributions developed under steady flow and sediment supply conditions. The cessation of the sediment supply induced a reduction in the surface grain‐size heterogeneity and the bars were eliminated. In both flumes, mean boundary shear stress had declined, but were capable of moving sediments after the bars disappeared, albeit at relatively small rates compared to when the bars were present. In the smaller flume, the previously stationary bars migrated out of the flume and were not replaced with new bars. A nearly featureless bed formed with limited surface grain‐size heterogeneity, a slightly coarsened surface and a slightly reduced slope. In the larger flume, the formation of alternate bars was induced by an imposed upstream flow constriction and as such, the bars did not migrate. Termination of sediment supply led to progressive erosion of bed topography and loss of the bars, coarsening of the bed surface, loss of bed texture patchiness and significant slope reduction. The original alternate bar topography redeveloped when the sediment supply was restored once sufficient deposition had occurred to reconstruct the original channel slope. This shows that the bar loss was reversible by establishing the previous conditions and highlights the importance of sediment supply for bar formation. The role of sediment supply in bar formation and stability is not often recognized in stream restoration. Our results suggest that the loss of sediment supply can significantly affect alternate bar topography and that considerable volumes of sediment may be needed restore channel bars.
Haze particles over a coal‐burning region in the China Loess Plateau in winter: Three flight missions in December 2010
Authors: Li Weijun , Shi Zongbo , Zhang Daizhou , Zhang Xiaoye , Li Peiren , Feng Qiujuan , Yuan Qi , Wang Wenxing 
Published: May 2012

Heavy haze frequently occurs in winter over a coal‐burning region, the Taiyuan Basin, in the eastern China Loess Plateau, which is the upstream area of the North China Plain. We participated in three research flights to collect aerosol particles and to monitor SO2concentration in hazes from the ground (780 m asl) up to ∼4000 m during 17–18 December, 2010. Meteorological records reveal that the whole haze column (ground to 4000 m) was stable and could be further divided into three sub‐layers depending on the sampling altitude, which are characterized by two shifts of the lapse rate of virtual potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio: Layer‐1, surface to 1500 m; Layer‐2, 1500 ∼ 3000 m on 17 December, and 1500 ∼ 2500 m on 18 December; Layer‐3, above 3000 m on 17 December and above 2500 m on 18 December. SO2concentration was 16–116 ppb with an average of 58 ppb in the Layer‐1, 2–45 ppb with an average of 10 ppb in the Layer‐2, and 1–10 ppb with an average of 4 ppb in the Layer‐3. The accumulation of SO2in the Layer‐1 was due to the stable meteorological conditions and the strong anthropogenic emissions in addition to the possible valley topography. Analyses of the collected particles using a transmission electron microscope revealed the dominance of organic particles and fly ash in the Layer‐1 and Layer‐2 and sulfate particles in the Layer‐3. The organic aerosols frequently contained certain amounts of Si and Cl. Fly ash particles consisted of O and Si with minor Fe, Mn, Zn, Ti, Pb, As, Co, and Cr. These two types of aerosol particles are typically emitted from coal burning. These results indicate that the haze particles were characterized in principle by aerosols from primary emissions of coal burning, which are different from those over the North China Plain where secondary sulfate particles are the dominant component.
Diversity, abundance and expression of nitrite reductase (nirK)-like genes in marine thaumarchaea
Authors: Lund Marie B , Smith Jason M , Francis Christopher A 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are widespread and abundant in aquatic and terrestrial habitats and appear to have a significant impact on the global nitrogen cycle. Like the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOA encode a gene homologous to copper-containing nitrite reductases (nirK), which has been studied very little to date. In this study, the diversity, abundance and expression of thaumarchaeal nirK genes from coastal and marine environments were investigated using two mutually excluding primer pairs, which amplify the nirK variants designated as AnirKa and AnirKb. Only the AnirKa variant could be detected in sediment samples from San Francisco Bay and these sequences grouped with the nirK from Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus and Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum limnia. The two nirK variants had contrasting distributions in the water column in Monterey Bay and the California Current. AnirKa was more abundant in the epi- to mesopelagic Monterey Bay water column, whereas AnirKb was more abundant in the meso- to bathypelagic California Current water. The abundance and community composition of AnirKb, but not AnirKa, followed that of thaumarchaeal amoA, suggesting that either AnirKa is not exclusively associated with AOA or that commonly used amoA primers may be missing a significant fraction of AOA diversity in the epipelagic. Interestingly, thaumarchaeal nirK was expressed 10–100-fold more than amoA in Monterey Bay. Overall, this study provides valuable new insights into the distribution, diversity, abundance and expression of this alternative molecular marker for AOA in the ocean.
Nitrification of archaeal ammonia oxidizers in acid soils is supported by hydrolysis of urea
Authors: Lu Lu , Han Wenyan , Zhang Jinbo , Wu Yucheng , Wang Baozhan , Lin Xiangui , Zhu Jianguo , Cai Zucong , Jia Zhongjun 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The hydrolysis of urea as a source of ammonia has been proposed as a mechanism for the nitrification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in acidic soil. The growth of Nitrososphaera viennensis on urea suggests that the ureolysis of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) might occur in natural environments. In this study, 15N isotope tracing indicates that ammonia oxidation occurred upon the addition of urea at a concentration similar to the in situ ammonium content of tea orchard soil (pH 3.75) and forest soil (pH 5.4) and was inhibited by acetylene. Nitrification activity was significantly stimulated by urea fertilization and coupled well with abundance changes in archaeal amoA genes in acidic soils. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes at whole microbial community level demonstrates the active growth of AOA in urea-amended soils. Molecular fingerprinting further shows that changes in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprint patterns of archaeal amoA genes are paralleled by nitrification activity changes. However, bacterial amoA and 16S rRNA genes of AOB were not detected. The results strongly suggest that archaeal ammonia oxidation is supported by hydrolysis of urea and that AOA, from the marine Group 1.1a-associated lineage, dominate nitrification in two acidic soils tested.
Metabolic specialization and the assembly of microbial communities
Authors: Johnson David R , Goldschmidt Felix , Lilja Elin E , Ackermann Martin 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Metabolic specialization is a general biological principle that shapes the assembly of microbial communities. Individual cell types rarely metabolize a wide range of substrates within their environment. Instead, different cell types often specialize at metabolizing only subsets of the available substrates. What is the advantage of metabolizing subsets of the available substrates rather than all of them? In this perspective piece, we argue that biochemical conflicts between different metabolic processes can promote metabolic specialization and that a better understanding of these conflicts is therefore important for revealing the general principles and rules that govern the assembly of microbial communities. We first discuss three types of biochemical conflicts that could promote metabolic specialization. Next, we demonstrate how knowledge about the consequences of biochemical conflicts can be used to predict whether different metabolic processes are likely to be performed by the same cell type or by different cell types. We then discuss the major challenges in identifying and assessing biochemical conflicts between different metabolic processes and propose several approaches for their measurement. Finally, we argue that a deeper understanding of the biochemical causes of metabolic specialization could serve as a foundation for the field of synthetic ecology, where the objective would be to rationally engineer the assembly of a microbial community to perform a desired biotransformation.