bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient DNA from an Early Neolithic Iberian population supports a pioneer colonization by first farmers
Authors: GAMBA C. , FERNÁNDEZ E. , TIRADO M. , DEGUILLOUX M. F. , PEMONGE M. H. , UTRILLA P. , EDO M. , MOLIST M. , RASTEIRO R. , CHIKHI L. , ARROYO‐PARDO E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Neolithic transition has been widely debated particularly regarding the extent to which this revolution implied a demographic expansion from the Near East. We attempted to shed some light on this process in northeastern Iberia by combining ancient DNA (aDNA) data from Early Neolithic settlers and published DNA data from Middle Neolithic and modern samples from the same region. We successfully extracted and amplified mitochondrial DNA from 13 human specimens, found at three archaeological sites dated back to the Cardial culture in the Early Neolithic (Can Sadurní and Chaves) and to the Late Early Neolithic (Sant Pau del Camp). We found that haplogroups with a low frequency in modern populations—N* and X1—are found at higher frequencies in our Early Neolithic population (∼31%). Genetic differentiation between Early and Middle Neolithic populations was significant (FST∼0.13, P < 10−5), suggesting that genetic drift played an important role at this time. To improve our understanding of the Neolithic demographic processes, we used a Bayesian coalescence‐based simulation approach to identify the most likely of three demographic scenarios that might explain the genetic data. The three scenarios were chosen to reflect archaeological knowledge and previous genetic studies using similar inferential approaches. We found that models that ignore population structure, as previously used in aDNA studies, are unlikely to explain the data. Our results are compatible with a pioneer colonization of northeastern Iberia at the Early Neolithic characterized by the arrival of small genetically distinctive groups, showing cultural and genetic connections with the Near East.
Swimming against the current: genetic structure, host mobility and the drift paradox in trematode parasites
Authors: BLASCO‐COSTA I. , WATERS J. M. , POULIN R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLife‐cycle characteristics and habitat processes can potentially interact to determine gene flow and genetic structuring of parasitic species. In this comparative study, we analysed the genetic structure of two freshwater trematode species with different life histories using cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI) sequences and examined the effect of a unidirectional river current on their genetic diversity at 10 sites along the river. We found moderate genetic structure consistent with an isolation‐by‐distance pattern among subpopulations of Coitocaecum parvum but not in Stegodexamene anguillae. These contrasting parasite population structures were consistent with the relative dispersal abilities of their most mobile hosts (i.e. their definitive hosts). Genetic diversity decreased, as a likely consequence of unidirectional river flow, with increasing distance upstream in C. parvum, which utilizes a definitive host with only restricted mobility. The absence of such a pattern in S. anguillae suggests that unidirectional river flow affects parasite species differently depending on the dispersal abilities of their most mobile host. In conclusion, genetic structure, genetic diversity loss and drift are stronger in parasites whose most mobile hosts have low dispersal abilities and small home ranges. An additional prediction can be made for parasites under unidirectional drift: those parasites that stay longer in their benthic intermediate host or have more than one benthic intermediate hosts would have relatively high local recruitment and hence increased retention of upstream genetic diversity.
Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: group‐specific profiles and developmental aspects
Authors: Schwenck Christina , Mergenthaler Julia , Keller Katharina , Zech Julie , Salehi Sarah , Taurines Regina , Romanos Marcel , Schecklmann Martin , Schneider Wolfgang , Warnke Andreas , Freitag Christine M. 
Published: November 2011

Background:  A deficit in empathy is discussed to underlie difficulties in social interaction of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and conduct disorder (CD). To date, no study has compared children with ASD and different subtypes of CD to describe disorder‐specific empathy profiles in clinical samples. Furthermore, little is known about age influences on the development of empathic skills. The aim of the current study was to compare cognitive and emotional empathy in different age groups of children with ASD, CD with elevated or low callous‐unemotional‐traits (CU+ vs. CU−) and a matched control group (CG).Methods:  Fifty‐five boys with ASD, 36 boys with CD‐CU+, 34 boys with CD‐CU− and 67 controls were included. The study implemented three tasks on emotion recognition, perspective taking and emotional affection induced by another person’s situation. Multivariate Analysis of variance with the factors group and age (median split) including their interaction term was performed to describe disorder‐specific profiles.Results:  Empathy profiles showed differential impairment in children with ASD and CD‐CU+. Boys with ASD were impaired in cognitive empathy while participants with CD‐CU+ were impaired in emotional empathy. Children with CD‐CU− did not differ from the CG. However, boys with CD‐CU− were less emotionally reactive in response to film stimuli than children with ASD. Furthermore, we found strong age effects indicating an increase in cognitive and affective empathic skills beyond early infancy in all groups.Conclusions:  In this study, distinct empathic profiles in children with ASD and CD‐CU+ were found. Furthermore, the work demonstrates improvement of empathic skills throughout childhood and adolescence, which is comparable for individuals with psychiatric disorders and control children. These results yield implications for further research as well as for therapeutic interventions.
Activity‐dependent survival of developing neocortical neurons depends on PI3K signalling
Authors: Wagner‐Golbs Antje , Luhmann Heiko J. 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 495–501.AbstractSpontaneous electrical network activity plays a major role in the control of cell survival in the developing brain. Several intracellular pathways are implicated in transducing electrical activity into gene expression dependent and independent survival signals. These include activation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) and its downstream effector Akt, activation of Ras and subsequently MAPK/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and signalling via calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase (CaMK). In the present study, we analyzed the role of these pathways for the control of neuronal survival in different extracellular potassium concentrations ([K+]ex). Organotypic neocortical slice cultures prepared from newborn mice were kept in 5.3, 8.0 and 25.0 mM [K+]ex and treated with specific inhibitors of PI3K, MEK1, CaMKK and a broad spectrum CaMK inhibitor. After 6 h of incubation, slices were immunostained for activated caspase 3 (a‐caspase 3) and the number of apoptotic cells was quantified by computer based analysis. We found that in 5.3 and 8.0 mM [K+]ex only PI3K was important for neuronal survival. When [K+]ex was raised to 25.0 mM, a concentration above the depolarization block, we found no influence of PI3K on neuronal survival. Our data demonstrate that only the PI3K pathway, and not the MEK1, CaMKK or CaMKs pathway, plays a central role in the regulation of activity‐dependent neuronal survival in the developing cerebral cortex.
What is natural? The scale of cryptogenesis in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Haydar Deniz 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim  Cryptogenic species may include those taxa that were historically introduced and are now falsely viewed as native. Investigated here is the scale of cryptogenesis in the North Atlantic Ocean by examining disjunct distributions, defined as temperate species occurring only on both sides of the North Atlantic. Disjunct distributions can be explained by four scenarios: glacial relicts, taxonomic artefacts, natural trans‐oceanic dispersal and human‐mediated introduction.Location  North Atlantic Ocean.Methods  Model taxa included ascidians, bivalves and hydrozoans. Biogeographic status (native, introduced or cryptogenic) was assigned to all species exhibiting a disjunct distribution, based upon multiple criteria.Results  Of 1030 species, 60 have a strictly disjunct distribution. Of these disjunct species, for five species there is no reason to doubt their native status, and 55 species are cryptogenic or introduced. Groups with high relative dispersal capacities do not have disjunct distributions more often. Infaunal bivalves have the lowest relative number of disjunct species; none are cryptogenic or naturally disjunct. This supports the concept that glaciations are unlikely to cause disjunct distributions: there are no studies that provide conclusive evidence for the glacial relict model. Hydrozoa have the highest relative number of disjunct species, which, while historically explained by undocumented rafting, may more likely be the result of dispersal by ships, which travel relatively fast, are independent of currents and provide greater surface area.Main conclusions  This reanalysis of the historical biogeography of the North Atlantic marine biota reveals that far more species may have been introduced than previously recognized, potentially significantly altering our fundamental understanding of community evolution and ecology. Species that have been present for centuries and can be important ecological engineers who have shaped contemporary communities are possibly falsely viewed as native: they may in fact be the unrecognized introductions of historical times.
Drosophila sex combs as a model of evolutionary innovations
Authors: Kopp Artyom 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe diversity of animal and plant forms is shaped by nested evolutionary innovations. Understanding the genetic and molecular changes responsible for these innovations is therefore one of the key goals of evolutionary biology. From the genetic point of view, the origin of novel traits implies the origin of new regulatory pathways to control their development. To understand how these new pathways are assembled in the course of evolution, we need model systems that combine relatively recent innovations with a powerful set of genetic and molecular tools. One such model is provided by the Drosophila sex comb—a male‐specific morphological structure that evolved in a relatively small lineage related to the model species D. melanogaster. Our extensive knowledge of sex comb development in D. melanogaster provides the basis for investigating the genetic changes responsible for sex comb origin and diversification. At the same time, sex combs can change on microevolutionary timescales and differ spectacularly among closely related species, providing opportunities for direct genetic analysis and for integrating developmental and population‐genetic approaches. Sex comb evolution is associated with the origin of novel interactions between Hox and sex determination genes. Activity of the sex determination pathway was brought under the control of the Hox code to become segment‐specific, while Hox gene expression became sexually dimorphic. At the same time, both Hox and sex determination genes were integrated into the intrasegmental spatial patterning network, and acquired new joint downstream targets. Phylogenetic analysis shows that similar sex comb morphologies evolved independently in different lineages. Convergent evolution at the phenotypic level reflects convergent changes in the expression of Hox and sex determination genes, involving both independent gains and losses of regulatory interactions. However, the downstream cell‐differentiation programs have diverged between species, and in some lineages, similar adult morphologies are produced by different morphogenetic mechanisms. These features make the sex comb an excellent model for examining not only the genetic changes responsible for its evolution, but also the cellular processes that translate DNA sequence changes into morphological diversity. The origin and diversification of sex combs provides insights into the roles of modularity, cooption, and regulatory changes in evolutionary innovations, and can serve as a model for understanding the origin of the more drastic novelties that define higher order taxa.
A genetic basis for intraspecific differences in developmental timing?
Authors: Tills Oliver , Rundle Simon D. , Salinger Moritz , Haun Timm , Pfenninger Markus , Spicer John I. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYHeterochrony, altered developmental timing between ancestors and their descendents, has been proposed as a pervasive evolutionary feature and recent analytical approaches have confirmed its existence as an evolutionary pattern. Yet, the mechanistic basis for heterochrony remains unclear and, in particular, whether intraspecific variation in the timing of developmental events generates, or has the potential to generate, future between‐species differences. Here we make a key step in linking heterochrony at the inter‐ and intraspecific level by reporting an association between interindividual variation in both the absolute and relative timing (position within the sequence of developmental events) of key embryonic developmental events and genetic distance for the pond snail, Radix balthica. We report significant differences in the genetic distance of individuals exhibiting different levels of dissimilarity in their absolute and relative timing of developmental events such as spinning activity, eyespot formation, heart ontogeny, and hatching. This relationship between genetic and developmental dissimilarity is consistent with there being a genetic basis for variation in developmental timing and so suggests that intraspecific heterochrony could provide the raw material for natural selection to produce speciation.
Satb2, modularity, and the evolvability of the vertebrate jaw
Authors: Fish Jennifer L. , Villmoare Brian , Köbernick Katja , Compagnucci Claudia , Britanova Olga , Tarabykin Victor , Depew Michael J. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYModularity is a key mechanism bridging development and evolution and is fundamental to evolvability. Herein, we investigate modularity of the Vertebrate jaw with the aim of understanding mechanisms of its morphological evolution. Conservation of the basic structural bauplan of Vertebrate jaws led to a Hinge and Caps model, in which polarity in the patterning system of developing jaws predicts modularity. We have tested the hypothesis that the Satb2+ cell population delineates a developmental module within the mandibular jaw. Satb2 is expressed in the mesenchyme of the jaw primordia that gives rise to distal elements of both the upper and lower jaws. Loss of Satb2 specifically affects structural elements of the distal (incisor) domain, reflecting the integration of these elements as well as their independence from other mandibular domains. Reducing Satb2 dosage leads to an increase in variation in mandibular length, providing insight into the developmental potential to generate variation. Inter‐taxa comparisons reveal that the Satb2 domain is conserved within gnathostomes. We complement previous loss of function studies in mice with gene knock‐down experiments in Xenopus, providing evidence for functional conservation of Satb2 in regulating size. Finally, we present evidence that the relative size of the amniote mandibular Satb2+ domain varies in relation to epithelial Fgf8 expression, suggesting a mechanism for evolutionary change in this domain. Taken together, our data support the Hinge and Caps model and provide evidence that Satb2 regulates coordinated distal jaw modules that are subject to evolutionary modification by signals emanating from the Hinge.
Prevalence of antidepressant use and contacts with psychiatrists and psychologists in pregnant and postpartum women
Authors: Munk‐Olsen T. , Gasse C. , Laursen T. M. 
Published: November 2011

Munk‐Olsen T, Gasse C, Laursen TM. Prevalence of antidepressant use and contacts with psychiatrists and psychologists in pregnant and postpartum women.Objective:  We aimed to study prevalence of antidepressant drug use from 12 months prior childbirth to 12 months postpartum and to compare the prevalences with those in a group of women of similar age who did not give birth. We additionally studied prevalences of contacts with private practicing psychiatrists and psychologists during a similar time period.Method:  Our study population comprised of pregnant women, and their controls were drawn from a 25% sample of the entire Danish population. Information on redeemed prescriptions for antidepressants and referrals to psychiatrists and psychologists was extracted. The outcome measure was period prevalence calculated in 3‐month intervals from 12 months before childbirth to 12 months postpartum.Results:  In the 2‐year observation period around childbirth, 2733 (3.17%) women had one or more prescriptions for an antidepressant and 935 (1.18%) and 1399 (1.76%) were referred to consultations with a psychiatrist or psychologist, respectively. Women giving birth had a markedly lower use of antidepressants compared to controls, with the largest observed difference during third trimester of pregnancy (0.6% vs. 2.20%).Conclusion:  We found that the prevalence of redeemed prescriptions for antidepressants decreased during pregnancy and increased postpartum. Similar patterns were observed for contacts with private practicing psychiatrists and psychologists.
Trajectory classes of depressive symptoms in a community sample of older adults
Authors: Kuchibhatla M. N. , Fillenbaum G. G. , Hybels C. F. , Blazer D. G. 
Published: November 2011

Kuchibhatla MN, Fillenbaum GG, Hybels CF, Blazer DG. Trajectory classes of depressive symptoms in a community sample of older adults.Objective:  To identify trajectories of depressive symptoms in older community residents.Method:  Depressive symptomatology, based on a modified Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression scale, was obtained at years 0, 3, 6, and 10, in the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (n = 4162). Generalized growth mixture models identified the latent class trajectories present. Baseline demographic, health, and social characteristics distinguishing the classes were identified using multinomial logistic regression.Results:  Four latent class trajectories were identified. Class 1 – stable low depressive symptomatology (76.6% of the sample); class 2 – initially low depressive symptomatology, increasing to the subsyndromal level (10.0%); class 3 – stable high depressive symptomatology (5.4%); class 4 – high depressive symptomatology improving over 6 years before reverting somewhat (8.0%). Class 1 was younger, male gender, with better education, health, and social resources, in contrast to class 3. Class 2 had poorer cognitive functioning and higher death rate. Class 4 had better health and social resources.Conclusion:  Reduction in high depressive symptomatology is associated with more education, better health, fewer stressful events, and a larger social network. Increasing depressive symptomatology is accompanied by poorer physical and cognitive health, more stressful life events, and greater risk of death.
Chopin, Mazurkas and Markov
Authors: Collins Tom , Laney Robin , Willis Alistair , Garthwaite Paul H. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
How do people compose music? Can computers, with statistics, create a mazurka that cannot be distinguished from a Chopin original? Tom Collins, Robin Laney, Alistair Willis and Paul H. Garthwaite make music with Markov models.
Who knew? Awareness of being recommended for influenza vaccination among US adults
Authors: Maurer Jürgen , Harris Katherine M. , Parker Andrew M. 
Published: November 2011

Please cite this paper as: Maurer et al. (2012) Who knew? Awareness of being recommended for influenza vaccination among US adults. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(4), 284–290.Background  Starting with the 2010–2011 influenza season, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends annual influenza vaccination to all people aged 6 months and older unless contraindicated.Objectives  To measure perceived influenza vaccination recommendation status among US adults (n = 2122) and its association with socio‐demographic characteristics and recommendation status during the 2009–2010 pandemic influenza season.Methods  We analyze nationally representative data from longitudinal Internet surveys of US adults conducted in November–December 2009 and September–October 2010.Results  During the 2010–2011 vaccination season, 46·2 percent (95%‐CI: 43·3–49·1%) of US adults correctly reported to be covered by a government recommendation for influenza vaccination. Awareness of being covered by a government influenza vaccination recommendation was statistically significantly higher among non‐working adults and adults who had been recommended for seasonal vaccination or both seasonal and H1N1 vaccination during the 2009–2010 pandemic influenza vaccination season.Conclusion  Our results highlight that a majority of US adults do not know that they are recommended for annual influenza vaccination by the government. The fraction of adults who are unaware of their recommendation status is especially large among newly recommended healthy young adults. The universal vaccination recommendations will only be successful if they reach both patients and physicians and lead to changing vaccination practices. The universal nature of the new recommendation simplifies vaccination‐related outreach and compliance with government vaccination guidelines considerably, as it does not require any identification of specific recommendation groups based on complex personal or health risk factors.
Role of neuraminidase inhibitor chemoprophylaxis in controlling nosocomial influenza: an observational study
Authors: Higa Futoshi , Tateyama Masao , Tomishima Miyuki , Mukatake Sakiko , Yamashiro Tsuyoshi , Owan Tomoko , Haranaga Shusaku , Fujita Jiro 
Published: November 2011

Please cite this paper as: Higa et al. (2012) Role of neuraminidase inhibitor chemoprophylaxis in controlling nosocomial influenza: an observational study. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(4), 299–303.Background  An influenza outbreak might result in disruption of services at acute care setting hospitals.Objectives  In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the use of neuraminidase inhibitor chemoprophylaxis for prevention of nosocomial spread of influenza in a university hospital.Patients/Methods  During the 3‐year study period, 202 index cases of influenza [30 hospitalized patients and 172 healthcare workers (HCW)] and 762 individuals who had had close contact with the index cases (248 hospitalized patients and 514 HCW) were identified. Of these contacts, 416 received neuraminidase inhibitor chemoprophylaxis.Results  When both the index cases and the close contacts were hospitalized patients, the incidence of influenza was lower among the close contacts who received chemoprophylaxis than among those who did not (odds ratio, 0·07; confidence interval, 0·01–0·49; P = 0·012). In contrast, when the index cases were HCW, the incidence of influenza was not different between close contacts who did or did not receive chemoprophylaxis.Conclusions  This study suggests that chemoprophylaxis might be useful to prevent nosocomial spread of infection between hospitalized patients.