bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The etiology of variation in language skills changes with development: a longitudinal twin study of language from 2 to 12 years
Authors: Hayiou‐Thomas Marianna E. , Dale Philip S. , Plomin Robert 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe present study is the first long‐term longitudinal examination of the etiology of individual differences in language from early childhood through to adolescence. We applied a multivariate latent factor genetic model to longitudinal data from the Twins Early Development Study in order to (a) compare the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on language skills in early childhood (2, 3 and 4 years), middle childhood (7, 9 and 10 years), and early adolescence (12 years); and (b) determine to what extent the same genetic and environmental factors underlie variation in language skills at these three stages of language development. We found that while shared environmental influences appear to be dominant (latent factor c2 = .74) in early language, with a smaller though significant role for genetic factors (latent factor a2 = .24), the pattern is reversed by middle childhood such that genetic influences are substantially more important (latent factor a2 = .57–.63 at 7, 9 and 10 years and .47–.57 at 12 years) and shared environmental influences less so (latent factor c2 = .31–.37 at 7, 9 and 10 years and .31–.32 at 12 years). The increase in the heritability of language skills between early and middle childhood appears to be due to new genetic factors that come into play at that transition. In contrast, genetic factors remain stable from middle childhood through to early adolescence, and account for the phenotypic continuity in language skills across these two stages.
What Is Realistic Political Philosophy?
Authors: Runciman David 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn the study of politics, Cambridge is sometimes associated with a school of political philosophical “realism.” This article discusses what realism in political philosophy might mean, by examining first what might count as “unrealistic” political philosophy (looking at Sidgwick and Rawls), and then some recent attempts to identify a more realistic philosophical approach to politics. It argues that realistic political philosophy tends to emerge as a thin account of politics that falls between the stools of either more philosophical (i.e., more idealistic) or less philosophical (i.e., more historical) accounts. It illustrates this in relation to Sidgwick and also Hobbes, who is often held up as the quintessential realist in the history of political philosophy.
Photodynamic therapy for skin field cancerization: an international consensus. International Society for Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology
Authors: Braathen L.R. , Morton C.A. , Basset‐Seguin N. , Bissonnette R. , Gerritsen M.J.P. , Gilaberte Y. , Calzavara‐Pinton P. , Sidoroff A. , Wulf H.C. , Szeimies R.‐M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractField cancerization is a term that describes the presence of genetic abnormalities in a tissue chronically exposed to a carcinogen. These abnormalities are responsible for the presence of multilocular clinical and sub‐clinical cancerous lesions that explains the increased risks of multiple cancers in this area. With respect to the skin, this term is used to define the presence of multiple non‐melanoma skin cancer, its precursors, actinic keratoses and dysplastic keratinocytes in sun exposed areas. The multiplicity of the lesions and the extent of the area influence the treatment decision. Providing at least equivalent efficacy and tolerability, field directed therapies are therefore often more worthwhile than lesion targeted approaches. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with its selective sensitization and destruction of diseased tissue is one ideal form of therapy for this indication. In the following paper the use of PDT for the treatment of field cancerized skin is reviewed and recommendations are given for its use.
The emerging importance of the SPX domain‐containing proteins in phosphate homeostasis
Authors: Secco David , Wang Chuang , Arpat Bulak A. , Wang Zhiye , Poirier Yves , Tyerman Stephen D. , Wu Ping , Shou Huixia , Whelan James 
Published: January 2012

SummaryPlant growth and development are strongly influenced by the availability of nutrients in the soil solution. Among them, phosphorus (P) is one of the most essential and most limiting macro‐elements for plants. In the environment, plants are often confronted with P starvation as a result of extremely low concentrations of soluble inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the soil. To cope with these conditions, plants have developed a wide spectrum of mechanisms aimed at increasing P use efficiency. At the molecular level, recent studies have shown that several proteins carrying the SPX domain are essential for maintaining Pi homeostasis in plants. The SPX domain is found in numerous eukaryotic proteins, including several proteins from the yeast PHO regulon, involved in maintaining Pi homeostasis. In plants, proteins harboring the SPX domain are classified into four families based on the presence of additional domains in their structure, namely the SPX, SPX‐EXS, SPX‐MFS and SPX‐RING families. In this review, we highlight the recent findings regarding the key roles of the proteins containing the SPX domain in phosphate signaling, as well as providing further research directions in order to improve our knowledge on P nutrition in plants, thus enabling the generation of plants with better P use efficiency.
A Configurational Approach to the Relationship between High‐Performance Work Practices and Frontline Health Care Worker Outcomes
Authors: Chuang Emmeline , Dill Janette , Morgan Jennifer Craft , Konrad Thomas R. 
Published: January 2012

ObjectiveTo identify high‐performance work practices (HPWP) associated with high frontline health care worker (FLW) job satisfaction and perceived quality of care.MethodsCross‐sectional survey data from 661 FLWs in 13 large health care employers were collected between 2007 and 2008 and analyzed using both regression and fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis.Principal FindingsSupervisor support and team‐based work practices were identified as necessary for high job satisfaction and high quality of care but not sufficient to achieve these outcomes unless implemented in tandem with other HPWP. Several configurations of HPWP were associated with either high job satisfaction or high quality of care. However, only one configuration of HPWP was sufficient for both: the combination of supervisor support, performance‐based incentives, team‐based work, and flexible work. These findings were consistent even after controlling for FLW demographics and employer type. Additional research is needed to clarify whether HPWP have differential effects on quality of care in direct care versus administrative workers.ConclusionsHigh‐performance work practices that integrate FLWs in health care teams and provide FLWs with opportunities for participative decision making can positively influence job satisfaction and perceived quality of care, but only when implemented as bundles of complementary policies and practices.
Type II focal cortical dysplasia: Electroclinical phenotype and surgical outcome related to imaging
Authors: Chassoux Francine , Landré Elisabeth , Mellerio Charles , Turak Baris , Mann Michael W. , Daumas‐Duport Catherine , Chiron Catherine , Devaux Bertrand 
Published: January 2012

SummaryPurpose: Type II focal cortical dysplasia (TTFCD), a highly epileptogenic lesion with severe epilepsy curable by surgery, is missed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in about one third of cases. Little is known about the electroclinical presentation in these MRI‐negative patients and a poor surgical outcome is frequently reported. We compared the clinical and neurophysiologic features in MRI‐negative and MRI‐positive cases in order to better identify candidates for surgery.Methods: Among 62 consecutive TTFCD patients (38 male, 24 female; 7–52 years old; 22 children) operated for intractable epilepsy, 25 (40%) presented negative MRI findings. We compared the history of epilepsy; the type, frequency, and distribution of seizures; neurologic examination cognitive and psychiatric impairment; interictal‐ictal electroencephalography (EEG) and stereo‐EEG (SEEG) data, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) data, neuropathologic findings; and surgical outcome in the MRI‐negative and the MRI‐positive groups.Key Findings: Severe partial epilepsy beginning in childhood, high seizure frequency including status epilepticus, stereotyped seizures suggestive of precise brain localization, extratemporal location and functional area involvement were characteristic and similarly found in both groups. On EEG, pseudorhythmic activity was found in about 40% of patients in each group. SEEG recordings demonstrated the typical pattern characterizing TTFCD in both groups. FDG‐PET had a localization value in 84% of the MRI‐negative cases and helped to delineate the dysplastic cortex in 65% of the MRI‐positive cases. The combination of imaging and neurophysiologic data allowed us to perform safe and restricted resections, limited to a single gyrus in more than half of all cases. In addition, we were able to avoid invasive monitoring in most MRI‐positive cases and even in some selected MRI‐negative cases. The proportion of patients with a favorable surgical outcome was comparable in both groups (88% in MRI‐negative and 94% in MRI‐positive cases). The main difference between the groups was a significantly higher frequency of sleep‐related epilepsy in the MRI‐negative group (p = 0.028). This phenotypic characteristic provides a new argument for TTFCD in MRI‐negative extratemporal epilepsy.Significance: These results lead us to consider that children or adult patients in whom electroclinical data suggest TTFCD, are highly suitable for surgery, especially for cryptogenic sleep‐related epilepsy.
The spectrum of anticonvulsant efficacy of retigabine (ezogabine) in animal models: Implications for clinical use
Authors: Large Charles H. , Sokal David M. , Nehlig Astrid , Gunthorpe Martin J. , Sankar Raman , Crean Christopher S. , VanLandingham Kevan E. , White H. Steve 
Published: January 2012

SummaryRetigabine [RTG (international nonproprietary name); ezogabine (EZG; U.S. adopted name)] is a first‐in‐class antiepileptic drug (AED) that reduces neuronal excitability by enhancing the activity of KCNQ (Kv7) potassium (K+) channels. RTG/EZG has recently been approved by the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial‐onset seizures. In this review we discuss the activity that RTG/EZG has demonstrated across a broad spectrum of in vitro/in vivo animal models of seizures, including generalized tonic–clonic, primary generalized (absence), and partial seizures, in addition to the compound’s ability to resist and block the occurrence of seizures induced by a range of stimuli across different regions of the brain. The potency of RTG/EZG in models refractory to several conventional AEDs and the work done to assess antiepileptogenesis and neuroprotection are discussed. Studies that have evaluated the central nervous system side effects of RTG/EZG in animals are reviewed in order to compare these effects with adverse events observed in patients with epilepsy. Based on its demonstrated effect in a number of animal epilepsy models, the synergistic and additive activity of RTG/EZG with other AEDs supports its potential use in therapeutic combinations for different seizure types. The distinct mechanism of action of RTG/EZG from those of currently available AEDs, along with its broad preclinical activity, underscores the key role of KCNQ (Kv7) K+ channels in neuronal excitability, and further supports the potential efficacy of this unique molecule in the treatment of epilepsy.
Revision of the Family Duboscquellidae with Description of Euduboscquella crenulata n. gen., n. sp. (Dinoflagellata, Syndinea), an Intracellular Parasite of the Ciliate Favella panamensis Kofoid & Campbell,
Authors: Coats D. Wayne , Bachvaroff Tsvetan R. , Delwiche Charles F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRecent recognition that tintinnids are infected by dinophycean as well as syndinean parasites prompts taxonomic revision of dinoflagellate species that parasitize these ciliates. Long overlooked features of the type species Duboscquella tintinnicola are used to emend the genus and family Duboscquellidae, resulting in both taxa being moved from the Syndinea to the Dinophyceae. Syndinean species previously classified as Duboscquella are relocated to Euduboscquella n. gen., with Euduboscquella crenulata n. sp. as the type. As an endoparasitic species, E. crenulata shares with its congeners processes associated with intracellular development and sporogenesis, but differs from closely related species in nuclear and cortical morphology of the trophont, including a distinctively grooved shield (= episome) that imparts a crenulated appearance in optical section. In addition, E. crenulata produces three morphologically distinct spore types, two of which undergo syngamy to form a uninucleate zygote. The zygote undergoes successive division to produce four daughter cells of unequal size, but that resemble the nonmating spore type.
Systematic Evaluation of Vascular Access by Color‐Doppler Ultrasound Decreased the Incidence of Emergent Vascular Access Intervention Therapy and X‐Ray Exposure Time: A Single‐Center Observational Study
Authors: Matsui Satoshi , Nakai Kentaro , Taniguchi Tomohiko , Nagai Takahiro , Yokomatsu Takafumi , Kono Yutaka , Mizoguchi Tetsu , Miki Shinji , Yoshida Akira , Nagao Kazuhiro , Tsuji Hiroko , Ono Shinji 
Published: January 2012

AbstractArteriovenous fistula has superior patency over other accesses, but vascular access intervention therapy (VAIVT) for stenosis or thrombosis still remain major reasons for hospital admission of dialysis patients. The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of systematic evaluation of vascular access by color‐Doppler ultrasound (CDUS). This study was a single‐center observational design study. We planned screening CDUS to evaluate all vascular accesses once per year, and additionally, follow‐up CDUS of post‐interventional patients 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after their recent VAIVT. This systematic evaluation was started from September 2009. The observational period between September 2008 and August 2009 was defined as period A. The observational period between September 2009 and August 2010 was defined as period B. We compared the incidence of emergent VAIVT and X‐ray exposure time during the period A to B. 131 patients with AV fistula were assigned. 13 patients were excluded due to death, hospital transfer or re‐operation of their accesses. During period A, 57 VAIVTs were carried out, and 37 cases (65%) were emergent. During period B, 42 VAIVTs were carried out, and 11 cases (25%) were emergent. The incidence of emergent intervention therapy was lower during period B than period A (P < 0.001). The amount of X‐ray exposure time per patient was decreased in patients who received VAIVT during both periods (P < 0.03). Systematic evaluation of vascular access by CDUS decreased the incidence of emergent VAIVT and X‐ray exposure time.
Severe acute mountain sickness, brain natriuretic peptide and NT‐proBNP in humans
Authors: Woods D. R. , Begley J. , Stacey M. , Smith C. , Boos C. J. , Hooper T. , Hawkins A. , Hodkinson P. , Green N. , Mellor A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAimTo examine the response of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT‐proBNP to high altitude (HA) both at rest and following exercise.MethodsWe measured NT‐proBNP and BNP and Lake Louise (LL) acute mountain sickness (AMS) scores in 20 subjects at rest in Kathmandu (Kat; 1300 m), following exercise and at rest at 4270 and 5150 m.ResultsBNP and NT‐proBNP (pg ml−1, mean ± SEM) rose significantly from Kat (9.2 ± 2 and 36.9 ± 6.6, respectively) to arrival at 4270 m after exercise (16.6 ± 4 and 152 ± 56.1, P = 0.008 and P < 0.001, respectively) and remained elevated the next morning at rest (28.9 ± 9 and 207.4 ± 65.1, P = 0.004 and P < 0.001 respectively). At 5150, immediately following ascent/descent to 5643 m, BNP and NT‐proBNP were 32.3 ± 8.8 and 301.1 ± 96.3 (P = 0.003 and P < 0.001 vs. Kat, respectively) and at rest the following morning were 33.3 ± 9.7 and 258.9 ± 89.5 (P = 0.008 and P = 0.001 vs. Kat respectively). NT‐proBNP and BNP correlated strongly at 5150 m (ρ 0.905, P < 0.001 and ρ 0.914, P < 0.001 for resting and post‐exercise samples respectively). At 5150 m, BNP levels were significantly higher among the four subjects with severe (LL score > 6) AMS (58.4 ± 18.7) compared with those without (BNP 22.7 ± 8.6, P = 0.048). There were significant correlations between change in body water from baseline to 5150 m with both BNP and NT‐proBNP (ρ 0.77, P = 0.001, ρ 0.745, P = 0.002 respectively).ConclusionIn conclusion, these data suggest that BNP and NT‐proBNP increase with ascent to HA both after exercise and at rest. We also report the novel finding that BNP is significantly greater in those with severe AMS at 5150 m.
Informal and Cooperative Recycling as a Poverty Eradication Strategy
Authors: Gutberlet Jutta 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSelective garbage collection and separation involves many of the urban poor. For them solid waste means resources and recycling becomes a survival strategy. In Brazil, almost a million recyclers perform the service of collecting, separating and commercializing recyclable material. Their work is considered mostly informal and is subject to health risks, accidents and exploitation. Some recyclers are organized in cooperatives, associations or social enterprises. These collective forms of organization provide important spaces for social inclusion and human development, by promoting meaningful work, increasing the workers’ self‐esteem and improving their living and working conditions. Resource recovery and recycling also generate net carbon credits, which need to be redirected towards this sector. The recent introduction of waste to energy technology is perceived as a threat to the recyclers’ livelihoods. Incineration does not generate income, produces environmental contamination and competes with other forms of waste management. Action oriented, participatory research with recycling groups in Brazil supports the argument that organized recycling generates social, economic and environmental benefits and radically addresses poverty reduction. Remunerating the recyclers for their service and considering the environmental gains of their work (Clean Development Mechanism) tackles the Millennium Development Goal of poverty alleviation. Finally, participatory waste management has an important role to play in promoting necessary drastic changes towards a closed looped economies and more sustainable communities on a global scale.
The heart of the matter: cardiometabolic care in youth with psychosis
Authors: Curtis Jackie , Newall Hannah D. , Samaras Katherine 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim: Weight gain, obesity and metabolic disturbances in youth with psychosis are significant contributors to the health burden of people with psychosis, with a two‐ to threefold increase in rates compared with the general population and a 20% reduction in life expectancy. Several studies have now described cardiometabolic benefits of a range of interventions, including a structured diet and exercise programmes and metformin for patients receiving antipsychotic medications. Despite the development of Australian consensus guidelines and screening algorithms to detect such metabolic abnormalities, there is a lack of guidelines for clinicians to determine appropriate, timely, targeted prevention and intervention to manage these complications in the youth population.Methods: The Bondi Early Psychosis Programme targets young people (aged 15–25 years) experiencing their first episode of psychosis. This service has developed a model of metabolic screening and a treatment algorithm to provide clinicians with recommendations for targeted interventions.Results: Positive Cardiometabolic Health: an early intervention framework for patients on psychotropic medication describes a method for early detection, prevention and intervention strategies targeting antipsychotic‐induced metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk factors.Conclusion: Although further research is required, there is sufficient evidence to support early intervention and prevention strategies to improve physical health outcomes in young people with first‐episode psychosis.
Bacterial persistence increases as environmental fitness decreases
Authors: Hong Seok Hoon , Wang Xiaoxue , O'Connor Hazel F. , Benedik Michael J. , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: January 2012

SummarySince persister cells cause chronic infections and since Escherichia coli toxin MqsR increases persisters, we used protein engineering to increase the toxicity of MqsR to gain insights into persister cell formation. Through two amino acid replacements that increased the stability of MqsR, toxicity and persistence were increased. A whole‐transcriptome study revealed that the MqsR variant increased persistence by repressing genes for acid resistance, multidrug resistance and osmotic resistance. Corroborating these microarray results, deletion of rpoS, as well as the genes that the master stress response regulator RpoS controls, increased persister formation dramatically to the extent that nearly the whole population became persistent. Furthermore, wild‐type cells stressed by prior treatment to acid or hydrogen peroxide increased persistence 12 000‐fold. Whole‐transcriptome analyses of persister cells generated by two different methods (wild‐type cells pretreated with hydrogen peroxide and the rpoS deletion) corroborated the importance of suppressing RpoS in persister cell formation. Therefore, the more toxic MqsR increases persistence by decreasing the ability of the cell to respond to antibiotic stress through its RpoS‐based regulation of acid resistance, multidrug resistance and osmotic resistance systems.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent serum assay specific for the 7S domain of Collagen Type IV (P4NP 7S): A marker related to the extracellular matrix remodeling during liver fibrogenesis
Authors: Leeming Diana J. , Nielsen Mette J. , Dai Yueqin , Veidal Sanne S. , Vassiliadis Efstathios , Zhang Chen , He Yi , Vainer Ben , Zheng Qinlong , Karsdal Morten A. 
Published: January 2012

Aim:  The present study describes the ability of a newly developed N‐terminal pro‐peptides of type IV collagen 7S domain (P4NP 7S) competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for describing liver fibrosis. The assay applies a monoclonal antibody specific for a PIVNP 7S epitope 100% homologous in the human, rat, and mouse species.Methods:  Monoclonal antibodies were raised against selected P4NP 7S specific sequences. Antibodies were screened and a competitive ELISA assay was developed using a selected antibody. The assay was evaluated in relation to technical performance, and in two preclinical liver fibrosis models; the bile duct ligation model (BDL) and the carbon tetrachloride model (CCL4) both performed in rats.Results:  A technically robust P4NP 7S ELISA assay using a monoclonal antibody was produced. In the BDL and CCL4 liver fibrosis models it was observed that the P4NP 7S levels were significantly elevated in rat with liver fibrosis as seen by histology (CCL4: 283% elevated in the highest quartile of total hepatic collagen compared with controls, P = 0.001; BDL: 183% elevated at week 4 compared with sham, P < 0.001) and correlated to the amount of hepatic type IV collagen expression in BDL rats (r = 0.49, P < 0.05) in contrast to sham (r = −0.12). P4NP 7S also correlated to total collagen in CCL4 treated livers (P < 0.001, r = 0.67), however, not in controls (r = 0.04).Conclusions:  This newly developed serum assay specific for P4NP 7S was highly related to liver fibrosis and correlated to extent of hepatic fibrosis. This assay may improve fibrosis quantification.