bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holocene transgression of the Rhine river mouth area, The Netherlands/Southern North Sea: palaeogeography and sequence stratigraphy
Authors: HIJMA MARC P. , COHEN KIM M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis study presents a detailed reconstruction of the palaeogeography of the Rhine valley (western Netherlands) during the Holocene transgression with systems tracts placed in a precise sea‐level context. This approach permits comparison of actual versus conceptual boundaries of the lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts. The inland position of the highstand Rhine river mouth on a wide, low‐gradient continental shelf meant that base‐level changes were the dominant control on sedimentation for a relatively short period of the last glacial cycle. Systems in such inland positions predominantly record changes in the balance between river discharge and sediment load, and preserve excellent records of climatic changes or other catchment‐induced forcing. It is shown here that the transgressive systems tract‐part of the coastal prism formed in three stages: (i) the millennium before 8·45 ka bp, when the area was dominated by fluvial environments with extensive wetlands; (ii) the millennium after 8·45 ka, characterized by strong erosion, increasing tidal amplitudes and bay‐head delta development; and (iii) the period between 7·5 and 6·3 ka bp when the Rhine avulsed multiple times and the maximum flooding surface formed. The diachroneity of the transgressive surface is strongly suppressed because of a pulse of accelerated sea‐level rise at 8·45 ka bp. That event not only had a strong effect on preservation, but has circum‐oceanic stratigraphical relevance as it divides the early and middle Holocene parts of coastal successions worldwide. The palaeogeographical reconstruction offers a unique full spatial–temporal view on the coastal and fluvial dynamics of a major river mouth under brief rapid forced transgression. This reconstruction is of relevance for Holocene and ancient transgressive systems worldwide, and for next‐century natural coasts that are predicted to experience a 1 m sea‐level rise.
Architecture and formation of transgressive–regressive cycles in marginal marine strata of the John Henry Member, Straight Cliffs Formation, Upper Cretaceous of Southern Utah, USA
Authors: ALLEN JESSICA L. , JOHNSON CARI L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMarginal marine deposits of the John Henry Member, Upper Cretaceous Straight Cliffs Formation, were deposited within a moderately high accommodation and high sediment supply setting that facilitated preservation of both transgressive and regressive marginal marine deposits. Complete transgressive–regressive cycles, comprising barrier island lagoonal transgressive deposits interfingered with regressive shoreface facies, are distinguished based on their internal facies architecture and bounding surfaces. Two main types of boundaries occur between the transgressive and regressive portions of each cycle: (i) surfaces that record the maximum regression and onset of transgression (bounding surface A); and (ii) surfaces that place deeper facies on top of shallower facies (bounding surface B). The base of a transgressive facies (bounding surface A) is defined by a process change from wave‐dominated to tide‐dominated facies, or a coaly/shelly interval indicating a shift from a regressive to a transgressive regime. The surface recording such a process change can be erosional or non‐erosive and conformable. A shift to deeper facies occurs at the base of regressive shoreface deposits along both flooding surfaces and wave ravinement surfaces (bounding surface B). These two main bounding surfaces and their subtypes generate three distinct transgressive–regressive cycle architectures: (i) tabular, shoaling‐upward marine parasequences that are bounded by flooding surfaces; (ii) transgressive and regressive unit wedges that thin basinward and landward, respectively; and (iii) tabular, transgressive lagoonal shales with intervening regressive coaly intervals. The preservation of transgressive facies under moderately high accommodation and sediment supply conditions greatly affects stratigraphic architecture of transgressive–regressive cycles. Acknowledging variation in transgressive–regressive cycles, and recognizing transgressive successions that correlate to flooding surfaces basinward, are both critical to achieving an accurate sequence stratigraphic interpretation of high‐frequency cycles.
Characterization of the Arabidopsis glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD) family reveals a role of the plastid‐localized AtGDPD1 in maintaining cellular phosphate homeostasis under phosphate starvation
Authors: Cheng Yuxiang , Zhou Wenbin , El sheery Nabil Ibrahim , Peters Carlotta , Li Maoyin , Wang Xuemin , Huang Jirong 
Published: February 2011

SummaryGlycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD), which hydrolyzes glycerophosphodiesters into sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphate (G‐3‐P) and the corresponding alcohols, plays an important role in various physiological processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, little is known about the physiological significance of GDPD in plants. Here, we characterized the Arabidopsis GDPD family that can be classified into canonical GDPD (AtGDPD1‐6) and GDPD‐like (AtGDPDL1‐7) subfamilies. In vitro analysis of enzymatic activities showed that AtGDPD1 and AtGDPDL1 hydrolyzed glycerolphosphoglycerol, glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine, but the maximum activity of AtGDPD1 was much higher than that of AtGDPDL1 under our assay conditions. Analyses of gene expression patterns revealed that all AtGDPD genes except for AtGDPD4 were transcriptionally active in flowers and siliques. In addition, the gene family displayed overlapping and yet distinguishable patterns of expression in roots, leaves and stems, indicating functional redundancy as well as specificity of GDPD genes. AtGDPDs but not AtGDPDLs are up‐regulated by inorganic phosphate (Pi) starvation. Loss‐of‐function of the plastid‐localized AtGDPD1 leads to a significant decrease in GDPD activity, G‐3‐P content, Pi content and seedling growth rate only under Pi starvation compared with the wild type (WT). However, membrane lipid compositions in the Pi‐deprived seedlings remain unaltered between the AtGDPD1 knockout mutant and WT. Thus, we suggest that the GDPD‐mediated lipid metabolic pathway may be involved in release of Pi from phospholipids during Pi starvation.
Millennium development goals and the water target: details, definitions and debate
Authors: Dar Osman A. , Khan Mishal S. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryOne of the primary targets of MDG 7, dealing with issues of environmental sustainability, is to halve by 2015 (from 1990 levels) the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. It is undoubtedly difficult to summarise a complex target such as access to water or safety of water source in a single quantifiable indicator. However, in our opinion, the indicators used to estimate how much of the population has ‘access’ to ‘safe’ drinking water leave out some important elements that should be taken into account when determining whether the goals have been met. In addition, the authors propose a modification to Bradley’s classification of water‐related illness to include a category for waterborne diseases of a non‐infectious aetiology.
Use of an HRP2‐based rapid diagnostic test to guide treatment of children admitted to hospital in a malaria‐endemic area of north‐east Tanzania
Authors: Mtove George , Nadjm Behzad , Amos Ben , Hendriksen Ilse C. E. , Muro Florida , Reyburn Hugh 
Published: February 2011

SummaryObjective  To compare the performance of the Paracheck™ rapid diagnostic test (RDT) with microscopy for diagnosing malaria in hospitalised children.Methods  Children aged between 2 months and 13 years with fever were enrolled in the study over 1 year. A standard clinical history and examination were recorded and blood drawn for culture, complete blood count, Paracheck™ RDT and double‐read blood slide.Results  Of 3639 children enrolled, 2195 (60.3%) were slide positive. The sensitivity and specificity of Paracheck were 97.5% (95% CI 96.9–98.0) and 65.3% (95% CI 63.8–66.9), respectively. There was an inverse relationship between age‐specific prevalence of parasitaemia and Paracheck specificity. In logistic regression model, false‐positive Paracheck results were significantly associated with pre‐admission use of antimalarial drug (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.16–1.78), absence of current fever (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.52–0.79) and non‐typhi Salmonella bacteraemia (OR 3.89. 95% CI 2.27–6.63). In spite of high sensitivity, 56/2195 (2.6%) of true infections were Paracheck negative and 8/56 (14.3%) were in patients with >50 000 parasites/μl.Conclusions  Paracheck had poor specificity in diagnosing malaria in severely ill children; this was likely to be due to HRP2 persistence following recent parasite clearance. The combination of positive Paracheck and negative blood slide results identified a group of children at high risk of non‐typhi Salmonella infection. While Paracheck was highly sensitive, some high‐density infections were missed. For children with severe febrile illness, at least two reliable negative parasitological test results should be available to justify withholding antimalarial treatment; the optimal choice of these has yet to be identified.
Target‐site resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in Apera spica‐venti populations is conferred by documented and previously unknown mutations
Authors: MASSA D , KRENZ B , GERHARDS R 
Published: February 2011

Massa D, Krenz B & Gerhards R (2011). Target‐site resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in Apera spica‐venti populations is conferred by documented and previously unknown mutations. Weed Research51, 294–303.SummaryIn this study, whole‐plant bioassays were performed on 72 Apera spica‐venti populations that have survived application of acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides in recent years. Molecular genetic analysis of the ALS gene revealed a Thr mutation at Pro197 within 67 populations. Sequencing of the whole ALS gene from wild‐type and resistant plants not carrying the above‐mentioned mutation revealed the presence of a Leu mutation at Trp574 within two populations and an Asn mutation at Pro197 within two populations. As the Pro197‐Asn amino acid substitution is reported for the first time in a field‐selected weed population, a Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (CAPS) marker was developed for its quick detection. In addition, one novel mutation was found within a population that coded for a His substitution at Arg377. Enzyme assays confirmed a significant reduction in inhibition of ALS activity compared with the wild type. This population showed resistance to sulfonylureas (SUs) and cross‐resistance to sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones (SCTs) and triazolopyrimidines (TPs) within the whole‐plant bioassays. ALS protein sequence alignments from weedy and cultural plants revealed that the Arg377 is highly conserved among known wild‐type enzymes. In agreement with existing literature concerning the structure and mechanisms of inhibition of plant ALS, this mutation is probably involved in target‐site resistance to ALS inhibitors. Our results suggest that further single‐nucleotide polymorphisms impairing proper herbicide performance might be selected within field populations in the near future, making the short‐ and long‐range evolution of target‐site resistance difficult to predict depending solely on herbicide use history.
Cryptosporidiosis: A rare and severe infection in a pediatric renal transplant recipient
Authors: Acikgoz Yonca , Ozkaya Ozan , Bek Kenan , Genc Gurkan , Sensoy Sema Gulnar , Hokelek Murat 
Published: February 2011

Acikgoz Y, Ozkaya O, Bek K, Genc G, Sensoy SG, Hokelek M. Cryptosporidiosis: A rare and severe infection in a pediatric renal transplant recipient.Abstract:  Cryptosporidium is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes gastroenteritis in human. In immunocompromised individuals, cryptosporidium causes far more serious disease. There is no effective specific therapy for cryptosporidiosis, and spontaneous recovery is the rule in healthy individuals. However, immunocompromised patients need effective and prolonged therapy. Here, we present our clinical experience in a six‐yr‐old boy who underwent living‐related donor renal transplantation and who was infected with Cryptosporidium spp. Our patient was successfully treated with antimicrobial agents consisting of spiramycin, nitazoxanide, and paromomycin. At the end of second week of therapy, his stool became negative for Cryptosporidium spp. antigen and spiramycin was discontinued. Nitazoxanide and paromomycin treatment was extended to four wk. With this case, we want to emphasize that cryptosporidiosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of severe or persistent diarrhea in solid organ transplant recipients where rigorous antimicrobial therapy is needed.
Trichoderma atroviride promotes growth and enhances systemic resistance to Diplodia pinea in radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings
Authors: Regliński T. , Rodenburg N. , Taylor J. T. , Northcott G. L. , Ah Chee A. , Spiers T. M. , Hill R. A. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryRoot drench application of Trichoderma atroviride isolates R32, R33, R40 and R84 promoted the growth of potted radiata pine seedlings. After 6 weeks, seedlings treated with R33 and R84 had thicker stems and greater stem and root biomass (p < 0.05) than untreated controls. Treatment with R32 increased seedling root biomass whilst R40 increased stem diameter. None of the isolates affected seedling height. One isolate, R33, induced systemic resistance to stem inoculation with Diplodia pinea and reduced dieback incidence by 20% compared with untreated controls. To our knowledge, this is the first report of systemic induced resistance by Trichoderma in a pine species. Furthermore, seedlings that were treated with R33 (root drench) plus foliar application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) expressed elevated peroxidase activity in their stems 2 weeks later, compared with seedlings treated only with MeJA. Because R33 itself did not affect peroxidase activity, this may be indicative of treatment synergy or defence potentiation by R33. Curiously, R33 + MeJA induced terpenoids but suppressed phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity suggesting possible trade‐offs between phenolic and terpenoid defence pathways in the treated seedlings.
Distribution and genetic diversity of the root‐rot pathogen Neonectria macrodidyma in a forest nursery
Authors: Menkis A. , Burokienė D. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe aim of this study was to assess genetic diversity and spatial distribution of 123 strains of the root‐rot pathogen Neonectria macrodidyma isolated from fine living roots of bare‐root nursery cultivated Pinus sylvestris. We found that ITS rDNA sequences were 100% identical for all strains. Arbitrary primed PCR fragment analysis showed the presence of two distinct N. macrodidyma types (Type 1 and Type 2), which included respectively 11 and 14 genotypes composed of 1–29 strains. Results of this study indicate that N. macrodidyma is commonly associated with fine living roots of pine seedlings, is largely disseminated by asexual means of local genotypes and has even distribution in the forest nursery soils. In living roots, N. macrodidyma is likely present as dormant propagules but under favourable conditions, it may develop rapidly and have a significant negative effect on plant health and productivity.
Power and sensitivity of some simple tests for detection of major genes in outbred populations
Authors: Uimari P. , Kennedy B. W. , Dekkers J. C. M. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThree simple statistical tests (Bartlett test, log‐anova test, and the mixture test, a model that fits a mixture of normal distributions to data) for detecting major genes in hierarchical data structures in outbred livestock populations were investigated. The power of the tests was evaluated when the major gene had 2–3 alleles and in the presence of a skewed distribution of polygenic phenotypes or a non‐genetic mixture of normal distributions. The most powerful test, but also the most sensitive to skewness, was the mixture test. The Bartlett test was more powerful than the log‐anova test, but was sensitive to skewness of the data and to an underlying non‐genetic mixture of distributions. All tests were able to detect a dominant major gene with a difference of 1.5 phenotypic standard deviations between homozygotes from a data set of 5000 records if the frequency of the dominant allele was less than 0.9. The most suitable robust simple test for major gene detection under a hierarchical data structure is the log‐anova test.ZusammenfassungMächtigkeit und Sensitivität einiger einfacher Tests auf das Vorliegen von Hauptgenen in tier‐züchterischen PopulationenEs wurden drei einfache statistische Tests auf das Vorliegen von Hautgenen in hierarchisch strukturierten tierzüchterischen Datensätzen untersucht: der Bartlett‐Test, der Log‐anova‐Test und der Mixture‐Test, welcher die Daten an eine Mischung von Normalverteilungen anpaßt. Die Mächtigkeit dieser Tests wurde unter einem Hauptgenmodell mit zwei oder drei Allelen untersucht, sowie unter der Annahme einer schiefen Verteilung der polygenen Phänotypen und einer nicht‐genetischen Mischung von Normalverteilungen. Der mächtigste Test war der Mixture‐Test, welcher allerdings auch auf eine Schiefe der Daten am sensitivsten reagierte. Der Bartlett‐Test war mächtiger als der Log‐anova‐Test, reagierte jedoch sehr sensitiv auf Schiefe und eine nicht‐genetische Mischung von Verteilungen. Alle Tests waren in der Lage, ein dominantes Hauptgen mit einem Unterschied von 1,5 phänotypischen Standardabweichungen zwischen den homozygoten Genotypen in einem Datensatz mit 5 000 Individuen zu entdecken, wenn die Frequenz des dominanten Allels kleiner als 0,9 war. Der geeignetste robuste Test auf das Vorliegen von Hautgenen in hierarchisch strukturierten tierzüchterischen Datensätzen ist der Log‐anova‐Test.
Relationship between inbreeding and sex‐hormone concentration in rats under stress. II. The influence of various inbreeding levels on steroid‐sex‐hormone concentrations in two types of stress
Authors: Kosowska B. , Zdrojewicz Z. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe effect of inbreeding, stress, and genetic line on serum levels of steroid sex hormones (progesterone, 17β‐oestradiol, testosterone) was studied in rats. The effects of different inbreeding level (0% inbred — control groups; 50% and 91% inbred — experimental groups) on steroid‐sex‐hormone serum concentration were studied in two lines and in their cross: 1. Wistar albino Ipf:RIZ outbred rats (B); 2. Wild Norway rats (D); and 3. The hybrids between rats of lines 1 and 2 (B × D). Both males and females were exposed to ether anaesthesia (subcontrol groups), and physical stress (subexperimental groups) involving 24 h starvation followed by 3 h swimming. A significant relationship was found between the inbreeding coefficient of an animal and all steroid‐sex‐hormone concentrations examined. Concentrations of all hormones decreased significantly with increasing homozygosity: 17β‐oestradiol in line B, progesterone in lines D and D × B, and testosterone in lines B and B × D decreased in a linear manner, while 17β‐oestradiol in lines D and B × D and testosterone in line D followed a quadratic function. The harmful effect of physical stress on 17β‐oestradiol and testosterone concentration was significant (p < 0.01) in all lines. Double interactions between the inbreeding level and stress in lines D and D × B were found to be significant (p < 0.01), and to affect 17β‐oestradiol and testosterone concentrations.ZusammenfassungII. Einfluß von Inzucht auf Steroidgeschlechtshormone unter zweierlei StreßDie Wirkung von Inzucht (0, 50, 91%), Streß und Genotyp auf Serumspiegel der Steroid‐geschlechtshormone Progesteron, 17β‐Östradiol und Testosteron wurde in drei Rattenherkünften: 1. Wistar Albino IpF: RIZ Auszucht (B); 2. Wilde Ratten (D); 3. Ihren Kreuzungen (B × D) untersucht. Männliche und weibliche Tiere verschiedener Inzuchtgrade wurden Äther Anästhesie (Subkontrolle) und physischem Streß (Subexperimentelle Gruppe) in Form von 3 Stunden Schwimmen nach 24 Stunden Futterentzug ausgesetzt. Zwischen Inzuchtgrad und Serumhormonspiegel zeigten sich signifikante Beziehungen. Hormon Konzentrationen nahmen mit steigender Inzucht signifikant ab: 17‐β‐Östradiol in B, Progesteron in D und D × B und Testosteron in B und B × D in linearer Weise, 17‐β‐Ostradiol in D und B × D und Testosteron in D folgten einer quadratischen Funktion. Physischer Streß war in allen Gruppen hinsichtlich 17‐β‐Östradiol und Testosteron schädlich. Doppelte Interaktion war zwischen Inzucht und Streß bei D und B × D signifikant und beeinflußte 17‐β‐Östradiol und Testosteron Konzentrationen.
ZOO‐FISH analysis in the horse, Equus caballus, detects regions homologous to human chromosomes 3 and 14
Authors: Rettenberger G. , Abdo G. , Stranzinger G. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryChromosomal homologies between human chromosomes 3 and 14 and the horse karyotype have been established, by using human chromosome‐specific DNA libraries in heterologous chromosome painting experiments called ZOO‐FISH. Biotin‐labelled DNA libraries from flow‐sorted human chromosomes 3 and 14 were used as probes for fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) on horse chromosomes. Human DNA library 3 hybridized to equine chromosomes 16 and 19, identifying and delineating two segments of homology. Human DNA library 14 hybridized to equine chromosomes 1 and 24 or 25.ZusammenfassungZOO‐FISH Analyse beim Pferd, Equus caballus, entdeckt den humanen Chromosomen 3 und 14 homologe RegionenHomologien chromosomaler Regionen zwischen den humanen Chromosomen 3 bzw. 14 und dem Karyotyp des Pferdes wurden mit heterologen ‘chromosome painting’ Experimenten, auch ZOO‐FISH genannt, dargestellt. Mit Biotin markierte DNA‐Genbibliotheken für die Chromosomen 3 und 14, die mit einem Durchflußzytometer hergestellt wurden, wurden als DNA‐Sonden auf Pferdechromosomen hybridisiert. Die humane DNA‐Bibliothek für das Chromosom 3 hybridisierte bei den Chromosomen 16 und 19 des Pferdes und identifizierte zwei homologe Segmente Zwischen Mensch und Pferd. Die humane DNA‐Bibliothek für das Chromosom 14 hybridiserte bei den Chromosomen 1 und 24 oder 25 und identifizierte zwei weitere homologue Segmente zwischen Mensch und Pferd.