bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved photodynamic inactivation of gram‐positive bacteria using hematoporphyrin encapsulated in liposomes and micelles
Authors: Tsai Tsuimin , Yang Yu‐Tsai , Wang Tse‐Hsien , Chien Hsiung‐Fei , Chen Chin‐Tin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAntimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising treatment modality for local infections. To increase the efficacy of photosensitizer, hematoporphyrin (Hp) was used as a model drug and encapsulated in liposomes and micelles. The bactericidal efficacy of the carrier‐entrapped Hp was assessed against gram‐positive bacteria.Study Design/Materials and MethodsHp was encapsulated in liposomes by a modified reversed‐phase evaporation and extrusion method. Micelle‐Hp was prepared by the reversed‐phase evaporation method. Spectroscopic analysis was used to characterize the properties of Hp in PBS, liposome or micelle. The PDI efficacy was examined by using gram‐positive pathogens including methicillin‐susceptible, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes.ResultsThe absorption and fluorescence emission spectra indicated that Hp encapsulated in liposomes and micelles is less likely to exist in aggregated form compared to that generally seen in an aqueous medium. Liposome‐ or micelle‐Hp can induce complete eradication of the bacteria above a critical Hp dose, which is significantly lower than the dose required when using the non‐encapsulated Hp. Furthermore, the PDI effect of the Hp encapsulated in micelles was superior to the Hp encapsulated in liposomes at lower Hp doses. Similar PDI results were also found in S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes.ConclusionsOur results indicate that photosensitizer entrapped in micelle exert similar or better PDI efficacy than that of liposome, which indicates this formulation may be useful for the treatment of local infections in the future. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:316–322, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superpulsed laser irradiation increases osteoblast activity via modulation of bone morphogenetic factors
Authors: Saracino Silvia , Mozzati Marco , Martinasso Germana , Pol Renato , Canuto Rosa A. , Muzio Giuliana 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveLaser therapy is a new approach applicable in different medical fields when bone loss occurs, including orthopedics and dentistry. It has also been used to induce soft‐tissue healing, for pain relief, bone, and nerve regeneration. With regard to bone synthesis, laser exposure has been shown to increase osteoblast activity and decrease osteoclast number, by inducing alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein expression. Studies have investigated the effects of continuous or pulsed laser irradiation, but no data are yet available on the properties of superpulsed laser irradiation. This study thus aimed to investigate the effect of superpulsed laser irradiation on osteogenic activity of human osteoblast‐like cells, paying particular attention to investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of this type of laser radiation.Study Design/Materials and MethodsHuman osteoblast‐like MG‐63 cells were exposed to 3, 7, or 10 superpulsed laser irradiation (pulse width 200 nanoseconds, minimum peak power 45 W, frequency 30 kHz, total energy 60 J, exposure time 5 minutes). The following parameters were evaluated: cell growth and viability (light microscopy, lactate dehydrogenase release), calcium deposits (Alizarin Red S staining), expression of bone morphogenetic factors (real‐time PCR).ResultsSuperpulsed laser irradiation decreases cell growth, induces expression of TGF‐β2, BMP‐4, and BMP‐7, type I collagen, ALP, and osteocalcin, and increases the size and the number of calcium deposits. The stimulatory effect is maximum on day 10, that is, after seven applications.ConclusionsReported results show that superpulsed laser irradiation, like the continuous and pulsed counterparts, possesses osteogenic properties, inducing the expression of molecules known to be important mediators of bone formation and, as a consequence, increasing calcium deposits in human MG‐63 cells. Moreover, the data suggest a new potential role for PPARγ as a regulator of osteoblast proliferation. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:298–304, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Corticosteroid iontophoresis to treat carpal tunnel syndrome: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Amirjani Nasim , Ashworth Nigel L. , Watt M. Joe , Gordon Tessa , Chan K. Ming 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEven though injection of corticosteroids into the carpal tunnel alleviates the symptoms of mild to moderately severe carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), it has not gained universal popularity due to its invasiveness. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of dexamethasone iontophoresis as a noninvasive method of treating CTS. We carried out a double‐blind randomized controlled trial comparing six sessions of iontophoresis with 0.4% dexamethasone sodium phosphate with distilled water in 17 patients. Outcome measures including nerve conduction studies, the Levine Self‐Assessment Questionnaire, and the Semmes–Weinstein Monofilaments were done monthly for 6 months after intervention. Most of the outcome measures did not show any significant change following treatment. Although there was subjective improvement of symptom severity scores in the treatment group as quantified by the Levine Self‐Assessment Questionnaire, similar improvement was also observed in the control group (P< 0.05). Although corticosteroid iontophoresis is feasible in clinical settings and is well‐tolerated by patients, iontophoresis of 0.4% dexamethasone was not effective in the treatment of mild to moderate CTS. Muscle Nerve 39: 627–633, 2009
Neurochemical changes in the rat prefrontal cortex following acute phencyclidine treatment: an in vivo localized 1H MRS study
Authors: Iltis Isabelle , Koski Dee M. , Eberly Lynn E. , Nelson Christopher D. , Deelchand Dinesh K. , Valette Julien , Ugurbil Kamil , Lim Kelvin O. , Henry Pierre‐Gilles 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAcute phencyclidine (PCP) administration mimics some aspects of schizophrenia in rats, such as behavioral alterations, increased dopaminergic activity and prefrontal cortex dysfunction. In this study, we used single‐voxel 1H‐MRS to investigate neurochemical changes in rat prefrontal cortex in vivo before and after an acute injection of PCP. A short‐echo time sequence (STEAM) was used to acquire spectra in a 32‐µL voxel positioned in the prefrontal cortex area of 12 rats anesthetized with isoflurane. Data were acquired for 30 min before and for 140 min after a bolus of PCP (10 mg/kg, n = 6) or saline (n = 6). Metabolites were quantified with the LCModel. Time courses for 14 metabolites were obtained with a temporal resolution of 10 min. The glutamine/glutamate ratio was significantly increased after PCP injection (p < 0.0001, pre‐ vs. post‐injection), while the total concentration of these two metabolites remained constant. Glucose was transiently increased (+70%) while lactate decreased after the injection (both p < 0.0001). Lactate, but not glucose and glutamine, returned to baseline levels after 140 min. These results show that an acute injection of PCP leads to changes in glutamate and glutamine concentrations, similar to what has been observed in schizophrenic patients, and after ketamine administration in humans. MRS studies of this pharmacological rat model may be useful for assessing the effects of potential anti‐psychotic drugs in vivo. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of depression during pregnancy
Authors: Osborne Sarah , O'Keane Veronica 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn Pregnancy is a series of reviews focusing on the management of women with psychiatric and neurological conditions during pregnancy. In this article, Dr Osborne and Dr O'Keane discuss the risks discuss the risk factors for the development of depression during pregnancy, its possible impact on the developing foetus and the current recommended management. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Use of atomoxetine in children and adolescents with ADHD
Authors: Banerjee Somnath 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAtomoxetine is a non‐stimulant drug licensed for use in the treatment of attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Dr Banerjee describes a study that was carried out over a two‐year period in the three ADHD clinics in East Kent Hospitals NHS Trust to evaluate the current practice on the use of atomoxetine in ADHD in children and adolescents. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
In prostate cancer C/EBPα promotes cell growth by the loss of interactions with CDK2, CDK4, and E2F and by activation of AKT
Authors: Yin Hong , Lowery Mary , Glass Jonathan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) is an important transcription factor for granulopoiesis and adipogenesis. While decreased expression and mutation of C/EBPα has been found in several types of tumors, the role of C/EBPα in prostate cancer has not been well characterized.METHODSWe quantitatively analyzed the immunochemical staining of prostate cancer tissue and examined the growth properties of prostate cancer cells stably expressing C/EBPα by measure growth curve, cell cycle, and anchorage independent colony formation, investigated the association of C/EBPα with E2Fs and CDKs by co‐immunoprecipitation and examined the expression of CDKs and activation of AKT by Western blot analysis.RESULTSThe ratio of C/EBPα expression between cancer cells close to the pseudolumen of glands and those nearer the basal cell layer was more than threefold greater than that seen in the normal prostate epithelium. Further, this ratio increased with increased Gleason score of the prostate cancer. Forced expression of C/EBPα in prostate cancer cell lines accelerated cell growth, stimulated cells into the S and G2 phases of cell cycle, and enhanced anchorage‐independent colony formation. Simultaneously, forced expression of C/EBPα increased expression of CDK2/CDK4 and nuclear PP2A, and activated AKT. In addition, C/EBPα was no longer found associated with E2F1/E2F4 and CDK2/CDK4. AKT and PPA2 inhibitors restored both the anti‐proliferation function of C/EBPα and the interaction between C/EBPα and E2F1/E2F4.CONCLUSIONIn prostate cancer cells C/EBPα cannot function as a tumor suppressor. Prostate 69: 1001–1016, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Entanglement swapping in presence of dephasing
Authors: Dajka J. , Łuczka J. , Hänggi P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEntanglement which originates from a pair of non‐interacting qubits by means of entanglement swapping is discussed when dephasing mechanisms are present. Then, the exact reduced dynamics can be evaluated for two pairs of independent qubits which each are coupled to their own bosonic environment. Each of two pairs of qubits is initially maximally entangled. The conditions for the entanglement survival at asymptotic long times in terms of environment spectral properties are elaborated. It is shown that these conditions hold true also for the inter–pair entanglement stemming. Entanglement swapping can effectively been controlled by a proper choice of initial state of the finite environment (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron pair current through the correlated quantum dot
Authors: Domański T. , Donabidowicz A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe study the charge current transmitted through the correlated quantum dot characterized by a finite magnitude of the Coulomb interaction |U |. At low temperatures the correlations can lead to a formation of the spin (for U > 0) or charge (for U < 0) Kondo states which qualitatively affect the transport properties. We explore the influence of charge Kondo effect on the electron pair tunneling introducing the auxiliary two‐channel model accounting for the fluctuations between the empty and doubly occupied states on QD (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Friedel oscillations in the presence of far from equilibrium heat transport
Authors: Gorczyca A. , Maśka M. M. , Mierzejewski M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe investigate an inhomogeneous one‐dimensional nanosystem coupled to macroscopic leads of different temperatures. In particular, we consider a system with an impurity with on‐site scattering potential located in the middle of the nanowire. Such an impurity produces oscillations of the density of carriers in its vicinity, the so‐called Friedel oscillations.In the equilibrium case these oscillations are symmetric with respect to the position of the impurity. Here, we demonstrate that strongly asymmetric Friedel oscillations occur if the system is far from the equilibrium. We discuss how this asymmetry depends on the model parameters and the difference of the temperatures of the leads (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inverse probability‐of‐censoring weights for the correction of time‐varying noncompliance in the effect of randomized highly active antiretroviral therapy on incident AIDS or death
Authors: Cain Lauren E. , Cole Stephen R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn 1996–1997, the AIDS Clinical Trial Group 320 study randomized 1156 HIV‐infected U.S. patients to combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) or highly active ART with equal probability. Ninety‐six patients incurred AIDS or died, 51 (4 per cent) dropped out, and 290 (=51 + 239, 25 per cent) dropped out or stopped their assigned therapy for reasons other than toxicity during a 52‐week follow‐up. Such noncompliance likely results in null‐biased estimates of intent‐to‐treat hazard ratios (HR) of AIDS or death comparing highly active ART with combination ART, which were 0.75 (95 per cent confidence limits [CL]: 0.43, 1.31), 0.30 (95 per cent CL: 0.15, 0.60), and 0.51 (95 per cent CL: 0.33, 0.77) for follow‐up within 15 weeks, beyond 15 weeks, and overall, respectively. Noncompliance correction using Robins and Finkelstein's (RF) inverse probability‐of‐censoring weights (where participants are censored at dropout or when first noncompliant) yielded estimated HR of 0.46 (95 per cent CL: 0.25, 0.85), 0.43 (95 per cent CL: 0.19, 0.96), and 0.45 (95 per cent CL: 0.27, 0.74) for follow‐up within 15 weeks, beyond 15 weeks, and overall, respectively. Weights were estimated conditional on measured age, sex, race, ethnicity, prior Zidovudine use, randomized arm, baseline and time‐varying CD4 cell count, and time‐varying HIV‐related symptoms. Noncompliance corrected results were 63 and 13 per cent farther from the null value of one than intent‐to‐treat results within 15 weeks and overall, respectively, and resolve the apparent non‐proportionality in intent‐to‐treat results. Inverse probability‐of‐censoring weighted methods could help to resolve discrepancies between compliant and noncompliant randomized evidence, as well as between randomized and observational evidence, in a variety of biomedical fields. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Horizontal alliances as an alternative to autonomous production: product expansion mode choice in the worldwide aircraft industry 1945–2000
Authors: Garrette Bernard , Castañer Xavier , Dussauge Pierre 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study investigates why firms choose to undertake product expansion through alliances with competitors rather than on their own. We highlight product heterogeneity as a determinant of this make or ally choice. We propose that firms turn to horizontal alliances in order to implement product expansion projects that require greater resources than those available to them. More precisely, we hypothesize that a firm is more likely to launch a new product through a horizontal alliance rather than autonomously when the resource requirements of the project are greater, the resources available to the firm are more limited, there is a mismatch between resource endowment and requirement, and the firm's collaborative competence allows it to better cope with the interorganizational concerns that collaboration with competitors raises. We find support for our arguments on a sample of 310 new aircraft developments launched between 1945 and 2000, either by a single prime contractor or as a horizontal alliance in which prime contractorship is shared with another industry incumbent. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of PTIP in Maintaining Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency
Authors: Kim Doyeob , Patel Sanjeevkumar R. , Xiao Hong , Dressler Gregory R. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Pax transactivation domain-interacting protein (PTIP) is a ubiquitously expressed, nuclear protein that is part of a histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex and is essential for embryonic development. Methylation of H3K4 is an epigenetic mark found on many critical developmental regulatory genes in embryonic stem (ES) cells and, together with H3K27 methylation, constitutes a bivalent epigenetic signature. To address the function of PTIP in ES cells, we generated ES cell lines from a floxed ptip allele and deleted PTIP function with Cre recombinase. The ptip−/− ES cell lines exhibited a high degree of spontaneous differentiation to trophectoderm and a loss of pluripotency. Reduced levels of Oct4 expression and H3K4 methylation were observed. Upon differentiation, ptip−/− embryoid bodies showed reduced levels of marker gene expression for all three primary germ layers. These results suggest that the maintenance of H3K4 methylation is essential and requires PTIP function during the in vitro propagation of pluripotent ES cells.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Trafficking Mesenchymal Stem Cell Engraftment and Differentiation in Tumor-Bearing Mice by Bioluminescence Imaging
Authors: Wang Hui , Cao Feng , De Abhijit , Cao Yuan , Contag Christopher , Gambhir Sanjiv S. , Wu Joseph C. , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The objective of the study was to track the distribution and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in tumor-bearing mice. The 4T1 murine breast cancer cells were labeled with renilla luciferase-monomeric red fluorescence protein (rLuc-mRFP) reporter gene. The MSCs labeled with firefly luciferase-enhanced green fluorescence protein (fLuc-eGFP) reporter gene (MSCs-R) were isolated from L2G85 transgenic mice that constitutively express fLuc-eGFP reporter gene. To study the tumor tropism of MSCs, we established both subcutaneous and lung metastasis models. In lung metastasis tumor mice, we injected MSCs-R intravenously either on the same day or 4 days after 4T1 tumor cell injection. In subcutaneous tumor mice, we injected MSCs-R intravenously 7 days after subcutaneous 4T1 tumor inoculation. The tumor growth was monitored by rLuc bioluminescence imaging (BLI). The fate of MSCs-R was monitored by fLuc BLI. The localization of MSCs-R in tumors was examined histologically. The osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs-R was investigated by alizarin red S and oil red O staining, respectively. The mechanism of the dissimilar differentiation potential of MSCs-R under different tumor microenvironments was investigated. We found that the 4T1 cells were successfully labeled with rLuc-mRFP. The MSCs-R isolated from L2G85 transgenic mice constitutively express fLuc-eGFP reporter gene. When injected intravenously, MSCs-R survived, proliferated, and differentiated in tumor sites but not elsewhere. The localization of GFP+ MSCs-R in tumor lesions was confirmed ex vivo. In conclusion, the MSCs-R can selectively localize, survive, and proliferate in both subcutaneous tumor and lung metastasis as evidenced by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging and ex vivo validation. The MSCs-R migrated to lung tumor differentiated into osteoblasts, whereas the MSCs-R targeting subcutaneous tumor differentiated into adipocytes.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Transplantation of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells in the Granuloprival Cerebellum of the Weaver Mutant Mouse
Authors: Chen K. Amy , Lanuto Derek , Zheng Tong , Steindler Dennis A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the potential of different stem and progenitor cells to replace at-risk neuronal populations in a variety of neurodegenerative disease models. This study presents data from a side-by-side approach of engrafting two different stem/progenitor cell populations within the postnatal cerebellum of the weaver neurological mutant mouse—cerebellar-derived multipotent astrocytic stem cells and embryonic stem cell–derived neural precursors—for comparative analysis. We show here that both donor populations survive, migrate, and appear to initiate differentiation into neurons within the granuloprival host environment. Neither of these disparate stem/progenitor cell populations adopted significant region-specific identities, despite earlier studies that suggested the potential of these cells to respond to in vivo cues when placed in a permissive/instructive milieu. However, data presented here suggest that molecular and cellular deficits present within weaver homozygous or heterozygous brains may promote a slightly more positive donor cell response toward acquisition of a neuronal phenotype. Hence, it is likely that a fine balance exists between a compromised host environment that is amenable to cell replacement and that of a degenerating cellular milieu where it is perhaps too deleterious to support extensive neuronal differentiation and functional cellular integration. These findings join a growing list of studies that show successful cell replacement depends largely on the interplay between the potentiality of the donor cells and the specific pathological conditions of the recipient environment, and that emergent therapies for neurological disorders involving the use of neural stem cells still require refinement.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyogenesis: A Novel Role for Calreticulin as a Regulator
Authors: Papp Sylvia , Dziak Ewa , Opas Michal 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A role for calreticulin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident, Ca2+-binding chaperone, has recently emerged in the context of cardiomyogenesis. We previously proposed calreticulin to be a novel cardiac fetal gene, because calreticulin knockout causes embryonic lethality in mice as a result of cardiac defects, it is transiently activated during heart development, and heart-targeted overexpression of constitutively active calcineurin in calreticulin-null mice rescues the lethal phenotype. Calreticulin affects Ca2+ homeostasis and expression of adhesion-related genes. Using cardiomyocytes derived from both calreticulin-null and wild-type embryonic stem (ES) cells, we show here that cardiomyogenesis from calreticulin-null ES cells is accelerated but deregulated, such that the myofibrils of calreticulin-null cardiomyocytes become disorganized and disintegrate with time in culture. We have previously shown that the disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in calreticulin-null cells may be explained, at least in part, by the downregulation of adhesion proteins, implying that calreticulin ablation causes adhesion-related defects. Here, upon examination of adhesion proteins, we found that vinculin is downregulated in calreticulin-null cardiomyocytes. We also found c-Src activity to be higher in calreticulin-null cardiomyocytes than in wild-type cardiomyocytes, and c-Src activity is affected by both calreticulin and [Ca2+]. Finally, we show that calreticulin and calsequestrin, the major Ca2+ storage proteins of the ER and sarcoplasmic reticulum, respectively, exhibit alternate distributions. This suggests that calreticulin may have a housekeeping role to play in mature cardiomyocytes as well as during cardiomyogenesis. We propose here that calreticulin, an ER Ca2+ storage protein, is a crucial regulator of cardiomyogenesis whose presence is required for controlled cardiomyocyte development from ES cells.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.