bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Exemplar to Grammar: A Probabilistic Analogy‐Based Model of Language Learning
Authors: Bod Rens 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWhile rules and exemplars are usually viewed as opposites, this paper argues that they form end points of the same distribution. By representing both rules and exemplars as (partial) trees, we can take into account the fluid middle ground between the two extremes. This insight is the starting point for a new theory of language learning that is based on the following idea: If a language learner does not know which phrase‐structure trees should be assigned to initial sentences, s/he allows (implicitly) for all possible trees and lets linguistic experience decide which is the “best” tree for each sentence. The best tree is obtained by maximizing “structural analogy” between a sentence and previous sentences, which is formalized by the most probable shortest combination of subtrees from all trees of previous sentences. Corpus‐based experiments with this model on the Penn Treebank and the Childes database indicate that it can learn both exemplar‐based and rule‐based aspects of language, ranging from phrasal verbs to auxiliary fronting. By having learned the syntactic structures of sentences, we have also learned the grammar implicit in these structures, which can in turn be used to produce new sentences. We show that our model mimicks children’s language development from item‐based constructions to abstract constructions, and that the model can simulate some of the errors made by children in producing complex questions.
Sleep Deprivation and Sustained Attention Performance: Integrating Mathematical and Cognitive Modeling
Authors: Gunzelmann Glenn , Gross Joshua B. , Gluck Kevin A. , Dinges David F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA long history of research has revealed many neurophysiological changes and concomitant behavioral impacts of sleep deprivation, sleep restriction, and circadian rhythms. Little research, however, has been conducted in the area of computational cognitive modeling to understand the information processing mechanisms through which neurobehavioral factors operate to produce degradations in human performance. Our approach to understanding this relationship is to link predictions of overall cognitive functioning, or alertness, from existing biomathematical models to information processing parameters in a cognitive architecture, leveraging the strengths from each to develop a more comprehensive explanation. The integration of these methodologies is used to account for changes in human performance on a sustained attention task across 88 h of total sleep deprivation. The integrated model captures changes due to time awake and circadian rhythms, and it also provides an account for underlying changes in the cognitive processes that give rise to those effects. The results show the potential for developing mechanistic accounts of how fatigue impacts cognition, and they illustrate the increased explanatory power that is possible by combining theoretical insights from multiple methodologies.
Weighted Constraints in Generative Linguistics
Authors: Pater Joe 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHarmonic Grammar (HG) and Optimality Theory (OT) are closely related formal frameworks for the study of language. In both, the structure of a given language is determined by the relative strengths of a set of constraints. They differ in how these strengths are represented: as numerical weights (HG) or as ranks (OT). Weighted constraints have advantages for the construction of accounts of language learning and other cognitive processes, partly because they allow for the adaptation of connectionist and statistical models. HG has been little studied in generative linguistics, however, largely due to influential claims that weighted constraints make incorrect predictions about the typology of natural languages, predictions that are not shared by the more popular OT. This paper makes the case that HG is in fact a promising framework for typological research, and reviews and extends the existing arguments for weighted over ranked constraints.
Two Routes to Face Perception: Evidence From Psychophysics and Computational Modeling
Authors: Schwaninger Adrian , Lobmaier Janek S. , Wallraven Christian , Collishaw Stephan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to separately analyze the role of featural and configural face representations. Stimuli containing only featural information were created by cutting the faces into their parts and scrambling them. Stimuli only containing configural information were created by blurring the faces. Employing an old‐new recognition task, the aim of Experiments 1 and 2 was to investigate whether unfamiliar faces (Exp. 1) or familiar faces (Exp. 2) can be recognized if only featural or configural information is provided. Both scrambled and blurred faces could be recognized above chance level. A further aim of Experiments 1 and 2 was to investigate whether our method of creating configural and featural stimuli is valid. Pre‐activation of one form of representation did not facilitate recognition of the other, neither for unfamiliar faces (Exp. 1) nor for familiar faces (Exp. 2). This indicates a high internal validity of our method for creating configural and featural face stimuli. Experiment 3 examined whether features placed in their correct categorical relational position but with distorted metrical distances facilitated recognition of unfamiliar faces. These faces were recognized no better than the scrambled faces in Experiment 1, providing further evidence that facial features are stored independently of configural information. From these results we conclude that both featural and configural information are important to recognize a face and argue for a dual‐mode hypothesis of face processing. Using the psychophysical results as motivation, we propose a computational framework that implements featural and configural processing routes using an appearance‐based representation based on local features and their spatial relations. In three computational experiments (Experiments 4–6) using the same sets of stimuli, we show how this framework is able to model the psychophysical data.
Global Model Analysis of Cognitive Variability
Authors: Gilden David L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractResidual fluctuations produced in typical experimental methodologies are examined as correlated noises. The effective range of the correlations was assessed by determining whether the decay over look‐back time is better described as a power law or exponential. Both of these decay laws contain free parameters and it is argued that it is not possible to distinguish their models on the basis of simple measures of goodness‐of‐fit. Global analyses that evaluate models on the basis of how well they generalize are conducted. The models are examined in terms of three constructs that all bear on generalization: cross‐validity, flexibility, and representativeness. Quantitative assessment of a large ensemble of data suggests that the correlations decay over time as a power law. The conclusion is that human residual fluctuation is a correlated fractal.
Strudel: A Corpus‐Based Semantic Model Based on Properties and Types
Authors: Baroni Marco , Murphy Brian , Barbu Eduard , Poesio Massimo 
Published: February 2010

AbstractComputational models of meaning trained on naturally occurring text successfully model human performance on tasks involving simple similarity measures, but they characterize meaning in terms of undifferentiated bags of words or topical dimensions. This has led some to question their psychological plausibility (Murphy, 2002;Schunn, 1999). We present here a fully automatic method for extracting a structured and comprehensive set of concept descriptions directly from an English part‐of‐speech‐tagged corpus. Concepts are characterized by weighted properties, enriched with concept–property types that approximate classical relations such as hypernymy and function. Our model outperforms comparable algorithms in cognitive tasks pertaining not only to concept‐internal structures (discovering properties of concepts, grouping properties by property type) but also to inter‐concept relations (clustering into superordinates), suggesting the empirical validity of the property‐based approach.
On Leveraged Learning in Lexical Acquisition and Its Relationship to Acceleration
Authors: Mitchell Colleen , McMurray Bob 
Published: February 2010

AbstractChildren at about age 18 months experience acceleration in word learning. This vocabulary explosion is a robust phenomenon, although the exact shape and timing vary from child to child. One class of explanations, which we term collectively asleveraged learning, posits that knowledge of some words helps with the learning of others. In this framework, the child initially knows no words and so learning is slow. As more words are acquired, new words become easier and thus it is the acquisition of early words that fuels the explosion in learning. In this paper we examine the role of leveraged learning in the vocabulary spurt by proposing a simple model of leveraged learning. Our results show that leverage can change both the shape and timing of the acceleration, but that it cannot create acceleration if it did not exist in the corresponding model without leveraging. This model is then applied to the Zipfian distribution of word frequencies, which confirm that leveraging does not create acceleration, but that the relationship between frequency and the difficulty of learning a word may be complex.
High Regularities in Eye‐Movement Patterns Reveal the Dynamics of the Visual Working Memory Allocation Mechanism
Authors: Kong Xiaohui , Schunn Christian D. , Wallstrom Garrick L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWith only two to five slots of visual working memory (VWM), humans are able to quickly solve complex visual problems to near optimal solutions. To explain the paradox between tightly constrained VWM and impressively complex human visual problem‐solving ability, we propose several principles for dynamic VWM allocation. In particular, we propose that complex visual information is represented in a temporal manner using only a few slots of VWM that include global and local visual chunks. We built a model of human traveling salesman problem solving based on these principles of VWM allocation and tested the model with eye‐movement data. Exactly as the model predicted, human eye movements during traveling salesman problem solving have precise quantitative regularities with regard to both the general statistical pattern of attentional fixations and how they vary across individuals with different VWM capacities. Even though VWM capacity is very limited, eye movements dynamically allocate VWM resources to both local and global information, enabling attention to fine details without loss of the big picture.
Immunohistochemical analysis of RNA‐induced silencing complex‐related proteins AGO2 and TNRC6A in prostate and esophageal cancers
Authors: YOO NAM JIN , HUR SOO YOUNG , KIM MIN SUNG , LEE JI YOUL , LEE SUG HYUNG 
Published: February 2010

Yoo NJ, Hur SY, Kim MS, Lee JY, Lee SH. Immunohistochemical analysis of RNA‐induced silencing complex‐related proteins AGO2 and TNRC6A in prostate and esophageal cancers. APMIS 2010; 118: 271–6.Evidence exists that microRNA (miRNA), which regulates gene expression, is frequently deregulated in cancers. A mature miRNA directs a RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC) to its target messenger RNA, and causes inhibition of gene transcription. Ago proteins and TNRC proteins are main components of the RISC and participate in miRNA‐induced gene silencing. However, expression status of Ago and TNRC proteins has not yet been studied in human cancer tissues. In this study, we attempted to explore whether expressions of Ago2 and TNRC6A are altered in prostate carcinomas (PCA) and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC). We analyzed the expression of Ago2 and TNRC6A in 107 PCA and 58 ESCC tissues by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray (TMA) method. In the prostate, Ago2 was not expressed in normal glandular cells, while it was expressed in 50.0% of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and 57.0% of the PCA. TNRC6A was not expressed in normal prostate cells, while it was expressed in 55.0% of the PIN and 63.6% of the PCA in cytoplasm and nucleus. In the esophagus, neither Ago2 nor TNRC6A was expressed in normal squamous cells, while Ago2 and TNRC6A were expressed in 58.6% and 62.1% of the ESCC, respectively. However, neither the expression of Ago2 or TNRC6A was associated with pathologic characteristics of the cancers, including age, sex, Gleason score (PCA) and stage. The increased expressions of Ago2 and TNRC6A in both PCA and ESCC compared with their normal cells suggested that over‐expression of these proteins may be related to miRNA functions and might play a role in tumorigenesis of PCA and ESCC.
A Case Report of Spontaneous Concurrent Bilateral Rupture of the Quadriceps Tendons in a Patient With Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Matokovic Damir , Matijasevic Boris , Petrić Petar , Crnkovic Tomislav , Škorvaga Sanja 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn patients with chronic renal failure, many complications may develop that involve all organ systems, especially the locomotor system. Spontaneous concurrent bilateral rupture of the quadriceps tendons is a very rare complication in patients with chronic renal failure, usually occurring in patients under 50 years of age. Although there are numerous causes that lead to tendon weakness and rupture, most authors agree that secondary hyperparathyroidism plays a major role in the pathogenesis of tendon rupture. Soft tissue and perivascular calcifications, diminished local circulation, reduced tendon elasticity, impaired collagen metabolism, nerve lesions, repeated trauma, and articular swelling contribute to tendon weakness and rupture. A patient is presented in whom spontaneous concurrent bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture occurred at the age of 34, after seven years of hemodialysis therapy. Timely diagnosis and operative management with primary tendon suturing followed by physiotherapy produced a good anatomical and functional result.
ADJUSTING FLOW PROPERTIES OF MOLTEN MILK CHOCOLATE BY MEANS OF EMULSIFIERS AND FAT
Authors: GHORBEL DORRA , SAÏDI INSAF , SLEMA MOURAD BEN , GHARSALLAH MOUNA 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT Flow properties of milk chocolate were measured at different emulsifier (soy lecithin or polyglycerol polyricinoleate [PGPR]) and fat (cocoa butter) contents. Measurements were carried out using a rotary viscometer equipped with the coaxial cylinders geometry in the shear rate range 5–60/s at 40C. Flow curves at the increasing strain rates were modeled by the Casson–Steiner equation to determine the Casson yield stress (σca) and the Casson plastic viscosity (ηca). Independently of the fat content (between 31 and 34%, wet basis),σca and ηca decreased when increased amounts of lecithin were added to the molten milk chocolate and showed a minimum at a lecithin concentration of 0.4% for σca and 0.6% for ηca. PGPR seemed to decrease more significantly σca than soy lecithin. The rheological properties of the molten chocolate could be predicted by varying lecithin and fat contents on the basis of a central composite experimental design. The model used was statistically significant (R2 = 0.80 for σca and 0.89 for ηca).PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMonitoring the flow properties of molten milk chocolate allows the possibility for confectionery manufacturers to optimize their formulations and processes and to minimize cost. Emulsifiers such as soy lecithin and polyglycerol polyricinoleate give the manufacturers more control over the flow properties of the molten chocolate and flexibility in formulation. Cocoa butter is an expensive constituent of chocolate. Its role in modulating the rheological properties of chocolate may be accomplished by incorporating relatively small amounts of certain emulsifiers. It was the aim of this work to study the combined effect of emulsifier and fat (cocoa butter) contents on the rheological properties of molten milk chocolate to provide more understanding on the influence of each constituent on the rheological parameters.
PROCESS OPTIMIZATION FOR A NOVEL KEFIR CANDY WITH HIGH PROBIOTIC VIABILITY
Authors: CHEN K.N. , KUO C.Y. , SHIU J.S. , CHEN M.J. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT Kefir, a beverage produced by the action of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts and acetic acid bacteria on milk, has a long tradition of offering health benefits. The objective of this research was to optimize the best formula for producing the kefir candy with maximum viabilities of LAB and yeasts using the response surface modeling and the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method. In this study, milk was mixed with 5% kefir grains and incubated at 20C for 24 h. The samples were blended with lyoprotectants (galactose, skim milk powder [SMP] and sucrose), freeze‐dried and then mixed with sweeteners and compressed to form candies. The ratio of the lyoprotectants was determined using response surface modeling for constructing a response surface model and then using an SQP method to optimize the model. Optimization results indicated that kefir containing galactose, sucrose and SMP at 4.53, 7.0 and 5.03% (w/v), respectively, produced a chewable tablet with the highest viability of the microorganisms investigated. A relatively higher survival of microorganisms could be achieved by placing the kefir candy product in a glass bottle with deoxidant and desiccant at 4C. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA number of novel fermented dairy products have been developed and marketed under the concept of probiotic products, but few of these products were associated with confectionary goods. The kefir candy created in the present study with high viable cell counts (106–107 cfu/g) after extended storage (up to 2 months) provides a flavorful option to offer the health benefits of probiotics. This study not only provides an opportunity to resolve the difficulty of kefir commercialization due to its post‐acidity and gas production but also increases the variety of dairy products in the market.
Pulpal Injury: Pathology, Diagnosis And Periodontal Reactions
Authors: Pierce Angela 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDiagnosis of pulpal disease can be difficult due to the lack of diagnostic signs and symptoms available to the practitioner. An understanding of the possible underlying pathological processes, combined with an exact assessment of the pain history, and appropriate clinical tests, should aid the practitioner in determining the nature of pulpal inflammation, and differentiating it from dentine sensitivity and cracked teeth. The responses of the pulp to traumatic injury to the periodontal membrane (PDM) require special consideration, particularly with respect to the assessment of pulp vitality, and the determination of cases requiring pulp extirpation in order to avoid inflammatory root resorption. Although the pulp is relatively isolated from the rest of the dentoalveolar complex by a dentine/cementum barrier, it is important to remember that it can communicate with the PDM through apical and lateral foramina, and areas of damaged cementum. Hence, it is a priority to both preserve the integrity of the cemental layer in cases of traumatic injury and periodontal disease, and to prevent the inflammation and resorption associated with periapical lesions by accurate diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis and pulp necrosis, followed by appropriate endodontic debridement procedures.
Terribly Troublesome, Traumatised, Teeth
Authors: Feiglin Barry 
Published: February 2010

AbstractUnfortunately, we come across many traumatised teeth during our practising career. Some of these traumatic injuries are rather simple to treat whereas others provide us with a real challenge. It is absolutely essential that the diagnosis of the injury be known before any treatment is attempted. When it comes to trauma, however, defining the exact form of treatment can often be very difficult.In this paper I will discuss some of the cases that I have managed and leave it up to YOU to decide whether my treatment has been correct, incorrect or whether there is some other form of treatment that we have at our disposal that could have been attempted.
Hardness And Strength Of Endodontic Instruments Made From NiTi Alloy
Authors: Brockhurst Peter , Hsu Edward 
Published: February 2010

AbstractScant information could be found in the dental literature on the hardness or strength of the materials in nickel‐titanium (NiTi) root canal instruments. Hardness testing is a convenient method for examining these products and strength properties can be deduced from strength‐hardness data. The Vickers Hardness was determined for NiTi root canal files and reamers from five manufacturers for sizes 15, 25 and 40. Significant differences in hardness were found between manufacturers, with values ranging from 296 to 349. Some differences were found between the different sizes from each manufacturer, but these were generally not statistically significant. These values obtained for NiT instruments are lower than the softest stainless steel files previously examined (296–347 cf. 403–651), and below the hardness required for many cutting instruments (550–650). The values obtained suggest that NiTi instruments may not be as sharp as, and become blunt more easily than, stainless steel instruments. The strengths are expected to be in the lower range of those for stainless steel instruments.
Selective And Intelligent Use Of Antibiotics In Endodontics
Authors: Abbott Paul V. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAntibiotics have been used extensively for the management of odontogenic infections since their discovery early this century. Although they have been invaluable in the management of acute and severe infections, many members of the dental and medical professions have unfortunately used these drugs inappropriately for the management of dental pain when “local'' dental treatment would have sufficed. This, and the general over‐use of antibiotics in other situations such as for growth enhancement in animals for human consumption, is leading to the widespread development of strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics — hence, their effectiveness is being reduced at a rapid rate. The dental profession has a responsibility to patients and to the community as a whole to restrict the use of antibiotics to those situations that actually require them. This philosophy should also be extended to other professions who may be called upon to manage dental pain at times.
An In Vitro Comparative SEM Study Of Marginal Adaptation Of IRM, Light‐ And Chemically‐Cured Glass Ionomer, And Amalgam In Furcation Perforations
Authors: Rajablou Neda , Azimi Shahram 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTThe furcation regions of 30 human mandibular molars were perforated and sealed using four different materials: IRM, light‐ and chemically‐cured glass ionomer cement (GIC), and amalgam. The materials were compared for marginal gaps in coronal, mid, and apical regions after routine SEM processing. While light‐cured GIC showed the smallest gaps in the three regions, in mid and coronal regions chemically‐cured GIC, and in apical regions amalgam, showed the largest gaps. IRM cases showed the highest rate of fillings with a good “fit”, whereas the majority of amalgam cases and none of the chemically‐cured GIC cases were overfilled.