From little things big things grow: enhancement of an acoustic telemetry network to monitor broad-scale movements of marine species along Australia’s east coast
Authors: Barnett Adam , Jaine Fabrice R. A. , Bierwagen Stacy L. , Lubitz Nicolas , Abrantes Kátya , Heupel Michelle R. , Harcourt Rob , Huveneers Charlie , Dwyer Ross G. , Udyawer Vinay , Simpfendorfer Colin A. , Miller Ingo B. , Scott-Holland Tracey , Kilpatrick Carley S. , Williams Samuel M , Smith Daniel , Dudgeon Christine L. , Hoey Andrew S. , Fitzpatrick Richard , Osborne Felicity E. , Smoothey Amy F. , Butcher Paul A. , Sheaves Marcus , Fisher Eric E. , Svaikauskas Mark , Ellis Megan , Kanno Shiori , Cresswell Benjamin J. , Flint Nicole , Armstrong Asia O. , Townsend Kathy A. , Mitchell Jonathan D. , Campbell Matthew , Peddemors Victor M. , Gustafson Johan A. , Currey-Randall Leanne M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Background
Acoustic telemetry has become a fundamental tool to monitor the movement of aquatic species. Advances in technology, in particular the development of batteries with lives of > 10 years, have increased our ability to track the long-term movement patterns of many species. However, logistics and financial constraints often dictate the locations and deployment duration of acoustic receivers. Consequently, there is often a compromise between optimal array design and affordability. Such constraints can hinder the ability to track marine animals over large spatial and temporal scales. Continental-scale receiver networks have increased the ability to study large-scale movements, but significant gaps in coverage often remain.

Methods
Since 2007, the Integrated Marine Observing System’s Animal Tracking Facility (IMOS ATF) has maintained permanent receiver installations on the eastern Australian seaboard. In this study, we present the recent enhancement of the IMOS ATF acoustic tracking infrastructure in Queensland to collect data on large-scale movements of marine species in the northeast extent of the national array. Securing a relatively small initial investment for expanding receiver deployment and tagging activities in Queensland served as a catalyst, bringing together a diverse group of stakeholders (research institutes, universities, government departments, port corporations, industries, Indigenous ranger groups and tourism operators) to create an extensive collaborative network that could sustain the extended receiver coverage into the future. To fill gaps between existing installations and maximise the monitoring footprint, the new initiative has an atypical design, deploying many single receivers spread across 2,100 km of Queensland waters.

Results
The approach revealed previously unknown broad-scale movements for some species and highlights that clusters of receivers are not always required to enhance data collection. However, array designs using predominantly single receiver deployments are more vulnerable to data gaps when receivers are lost or fail, and therefore “redundancy” is a critical consideration when designing this type of array.

Conclusion
Initial results suggest that our array enhancement, if sustained over many years, will uncover a range of previously unknown movements that will assist in addressing ecological, fisheries, and conservation questions for multiple species.