bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Characterization of a Nonmammalian IL-21: Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss IL-21 Upregulates the Expression of the Th Cell Signature Cytokines IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-22
Authors: Wang Tiehui , Diaz-Rosales Patricia , Costa Maria M. , Campbell Scott , Snow Michael , Collet Bertrand , Martin Samuel A. M. , Secombes Christopher J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In mammals, IL-21 is a common γ chain cytokine produced by activated CD4+ T cells and NKT cells that acts on multiple lineages of cells. Although IL-21 has also been discovered in birds, amphibians, and fish, to date, no functional studies have been reported for any nonmammalian IL-21 molecule. We have sequenced an IL-21 gene (tIL-21) in rainbow trout, which has a six-exon/five-intron structure, is expressed in immune tissues, and is induced by bacterial and viral infection and the T cell stimulant PHA. In contrast to mammals, calcium ionophore and PMA act synergistically to induce tIL-21. Recombinant tIL-21 (rtIL-21) induced a rapid and long-lasting (4–72 h) induction of expression of IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-22, signature cytokines for Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type responses, respectively, in head kidney leukocytes. However, rtIL-21 had little effects on the expression of other cytokines studied. rtIL-21 maintained the expression of CD8α, CD8β, and IgM at a late stage of stimulation when their expression was significantly decreased in controls and increased the expression of the Th cell markers CD4, T-bet, and GATA3. Intraperitoneal injection of rtIL-21 confirmed the in vitro bioactivity and increased the expression of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-21, IL-22, CD8, and IgM. Inhibition experiments revealed that the activation of JAK/STAT3, Akt1/2, and PI3K pathways were responsible for rtIL-21 action. This study helps to clarify the role of IL-21 in lower vertebrates for the first time, to our knowledge, and suggests IL-21 is a likely key regulator of T and B cell function in fish.
The Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 in Regulating IFN-β–Mediated IL-10 Production
Authors: Wang Huizhi , Brown Jonathan , Garcia Carlos A. , Tang Yunan , Benakanakere Manjunatha R. , Greenway Terrance , Alard Pascale , Kinane Denis F. , Martin Michael 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The ability of IFN-β to induce IL-10 production from innate immune cells is important for its anti-inflammatory properties and is believed to contribute to its therapeutic value in treating multiple sclerosis patients. In this study, we identified that IFN-β stimulates IL-10 production by activating the JAK1- and PI3K-signaling pathways. JAK1 activity was required for IFN-β to activate PI3K and Akt1 that resulted in repression of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-β activity. IFN-β–mediated suppression of GSK3-β promoted IL-10, because IL-10 production by IFN-β–stimulated dendritic cells (DC) expressing an active GSK3-β knockin was severely reduced, whereas pharmacological or genetic inhibition of GSK3-β augmented IL-10 production. IFN-β increased the phosphorylated levels of CREB and STAT3 but only CREB levels were affected by PI3K. Also, a knockdown in CREB, but not STAT3, affected the capacity of IFN-β to induce IL-10 from DC. IL-10 production by IFN-β–stimulated DC was shown to suppress IFN-γ and IL-17 production by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific CD4+ T cells, and this IL-10–dependent anti-inflammatory effect was enhanced by directly targeting GSK3 in DC. These findings highlight how IFN-β induces IL-10 production and the importance that IL-10 plays in its anti-inflammatory properties, as well as identify a therapeutic target that could be used to increase the IL-10–dependent anti-inflammatory properties of IFN-β.
CD23-Bound IgE Augments and Dominates Recall Responses through Human Naive B Cells
Authors: Griffith Qyana K. , Liang YanMei , Onguru Daniel O. , Mwinzi Pauline N. , Ganley-Leal Lisa M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Human peripheral blood BCRμ+ B cells express high levels of CD23 and circulate preloaded with IgE. The Ag specificity of CD23-bound IgE presumably differs from the BCR and likely reflects the Ag-specific mix of free serum IgE. CD23-bound IgE is thought to enhance B cell Ag presentation to T cells raising the question of how a B cell might respond when presented with a broad mix of Ags and CD23-bound IgE specificities. We recently reported that an increase in CD23+ B cells is associated with the development of resistance to schistosomiasis, highlighting the potential importance of CD23-bound IgE in mediating immunity. We sought to determine the relationship between BCR and CD23-bound IgE-mediated B cell activation in the context of schistosomiasis. We found that crude schistosome Ags downregulate basal B cell activation levels in individuals hyperexposed to infectious worms. Schistosome-specific IgE from resistant, occupationally exposed Kenyans recovered responses of B cells to schistosome Ag. Furthermore, cross-linking of CD23 overrode intracellular signals mediated via the BCR, illustrating its critical and dominating role in B cell activation. These results suggest that CD23-bound IgE augments and dominates recall responses through naive B cells.
Type I IFN Substitutes for T Cell Help during Viral Infections
Authors: Wiesel Melanie , Kratky Wolfgang , Oxenius Annette 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCertain virus infections depend on the presence of T cell help for the generation of primary CD8+ T cell responses. However, the mechanisms that render these particular viral infections T cell help dependent is largely unknown. In this study, we compared CD8+ T cell responses elicited by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, as prototype of a T cell help independent infection, with T cell help dependent CD8+ T cell responses induced by vaccinia virus infection. In this paper, we show that a key parameter decisive for T cell help independence is the ability of an infectious agent to stimulate early and robust production of type I IFN. Experimental provision of type I IFN during VV infection rendered the ensuing CD8+ T cell response completely T cell help independent. Our results support a model in which type I IFN has to be present during the first 3 d of Ag encounter and has to act directly on the responding CD8+ T cells to promote their survival and effector differentiation. We show that type I IFN signaling on responding CD8+ T cells induces profound upregulation of CD25 and increased IL-2 expression; however, neither this nor IL-15 accounts for the type I IFN effects on responding CD8+ T cells. Thus, type I IFN can effectively replace the requirement of T cell help by directly promoting CD8+ T cell survival and differentiation independent of the type I IFN-induced cytokines IL-2 and IL-15.
Ion Exchange
Authors: Velizarov Svetlozar , Crespo João G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIon exchange is a process in which cations (anions) in a liquid are exchanged for cations (anions) on a solid sorbent, maintaining electroneutrality in both phases. Ion‐exchange resins consist of synthetic organic polymeric materials generally categorized according to functionality as either strong or weak acids or bases. Some specialty resins contain other appending groups such as thiols or chelates. The composition and the porosity of the polymer matrix are also important to function. Manufacture, stabilities, and regeneration of resins are described. Particular resins effect chromatographic separation in addition to ion exchange. Many resins may be regenerated after use.The primary application of ion exchange is in softening and deionization of water. Other uses include waste treatment, food processing, catalysis, and purification procedures in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and plating industries. Ion‐exchange columns are often used in conjunction with such other purification materials as activated charcoal. Cation exchangers generally outsell anion exchangers.
Selenium and Selenium Compounds
Authors: Hoffmann J. E. , King M. G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSelenium, the 30th most abundant element, lies between sulfur and tellurium in Group 16(IVA) of the Periodic Table. There are no ores mined for selenium value. Rather, selenium is recovered throughout the world as a by‐product in the refining of sulfide‐bearing copper minerals. These processes are discussed.The chemical and physical properties of selenium are often similar to those of sulfur, but are sufficiently different to account for specialized applications. Both organic and inorganic compounds are known. Commercial elemental selenium along with the stable metallic selenides are considered relatively nontoxic. Selenium plays a role in living organisms and small doses are used in medicine and as a diet supplement. Selenium deficiency occurs is some parts of the world and diseases relating to this deficiency have been studied. Selenium's main use is as a decolorizing agent in glass and ceramics. Metallurgical applications involve its use as a minor alloying additive. Other uses include electrical and optical applications, in agriculture as an essential micronutrient, in organic chemistry, medicine and nutrition, pigments, rubber, and lubricants.
Why do humans have chins? Testing the mechanical significance of modern human symphyseal morphology with finite element analysis
Authors: Gröning Flora , Liu Jia , Fagan Michael J. , O'Higgins Paul 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe modern human mandibular symphysis differs from those of all other primates in being vertically orientated and possessing a chin, but the functional significance of this unique morphology is not well understood. Some hypotheses propose that it is an adaptation to specific loads occurring during masticatory function. This study uses finite element analysis to examine these symphyseal loads in a model of a modern human mandible. By modifying the symphyseal cross‐sectional form, the mechanical significance of the presence of the chin and symphyseal orientation is tested, and modern human and Neanderthal symphyseal cross‐sections are compared with regard to their ability to withstand different loads. The results show that changes in symphyseal form have profound effects on the strains. The presence of a chin leads to lower symphyseal strains overall, whereas a vertical orientation of the symphysis results in higher strains under wishboning, but not under vertical bending in the coronal plane and dorsoventral shear. Compared to Neanderthals, the modern human symphysis shows higher strains during dorsoventral shear and wishboning, but is as effective as the Neanderthal symphysis in resisting vertical bending in the coronal plane and the loads resulting from simulated incision and unilateral molar biting. In general, the results of this study corroborate prior hypotheses about the mechanical effects of the human chin and vertical symphyseal orientation and support the idea that the relative importance of wishboning and vertical bending in the coronal plane might have played a role in the evolution of modern human symphyseal morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nandrolone Decanoate and Physical Effort: Histological and Morphometrical Assessment in Adult Rat Uterus
Authors: de Almeida Chuffa Luiz Gustavo , de Souza Roberta Barreiros , Frei Fernando , de Fátima Paccola Mesquita Suzana , Camargo Isabel Cristina Cherici 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn the past decades, the therapeutic use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been overshadowed by illicit abuse of these drugs by athletes and non‐athletes. Since that AAS can affect the reproductive tract, resulting in reproduction and fertilization damages, the purpose of this study was to investigate the nandrolone decanoate (ND) effects, associated or not with physical effort, on the uterine histomorphometric parameters. Female Wistar rats, sedentary or not, were exposed to treatment with ND by intraperitoneal injection (5 mg/kg/day, once a week) during four consecutive weeks. Control animals, sedentary or not, received vehicle alone (propylene glycol) in the same manner. The physical activity was forced swimming (20 min/day). During the experiment, all animals were monitored by daily vaginal smears. After 30 days of treatment, the females were sacrificed and their uteri collected and examined under light microscopy techniques. The ND‐treated females showed estrus acyclicity and decreased thickness of both the epithelium and endometrial stroma. A reduction in the number and size of blood vessels was also found in ND‐treated rats submitted to physical effort when compared to ND sedentary rats. ND‐treated rats, regardless of exercise, exhibited stromal fibrosis and reduced gland ducts that displayed high mitotic activity. A remarkable widespread presence of leukocytes occurred in rats receiving ND and submitted to exercise. These results suggest that ND associated or not with physical effort causes histomorphometric changes to the rat uterus. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scope and Mechanism of Tandem Aza‐Michael Reaction/Enantioselective Protonation Using a Pd–μ‐Hydroxo Complex under Mild Conditions Buffered with Amine Salts
Authors: Hamashima Yoshitaka , Suzuki Shoko , Tamura Toshihiro , Somei Hidenori , Sodeoka Mikiko 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe tandem aza‐Michael reaction/enantioselective protonation of α‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds is described in detail. The key to success is the combined use of a Brønsted basic palladium–μ‐hydroxo complex and amine salts, which allows for the controlled generation of active catalyst and nucleophilic free amines. This catalytic system was applicable to various acceptors and aromatic amines, and the desired β‐amino acid derivatives with a chiral center at the α position were produced in good yield with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 98 % ee). For electron‐deficient amines, the introduction of free amine as an additive was effective in promoting the reaction. The results of mechanistic studies, including determination of the absolute configuration of the product, are discussed.
A self‐assembled monolayer‐based micropatterned array for controlling cell adhesion and protein adsorption
Authors: Kim Dong Jin , Lee Jong Min , Park Jin‐Goo , Chung Bong Geun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe developed a surface micropatterning technique to control the cell adhesion and protein adsorption. This micropatterned array system was fabricated by a photolithography technique and self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) deposition. It was hypothesized that the wettability and functional terminal group would regulate cell adhesion and protein adsorption. To demonstrate this hypothesis, glass‐based micropatterned arrays with various functional terminal groups, such as amine (NH2) group (3‐aminopropyl‐triethoxysilane, APT), methyl (CH3) group (trichlorovinylsilane, TVS), and fluorocarbon (CF3) group (trichloro(1H, 1H, 2H, 2H‐perfluorooctyl)silane, FOTS), were used. The contact angle was measured to determine the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of materials, demonstrating that TVS and FOTS were hydrophobic, whereas APTs were relatively hydrophilic. The cell adhesion was significantly affected by the wettability, showing that the cells were not adhered to hydrophobic surfaces, such as TVS and FOTS. Thus, the cells were selectively adhered to glass substrates within TVS‐ and FOTS‐based micropatterned arrays. However, the cells were randomly adhered to APTs‐based micropatterned arrays due to hydrophilic property of APTs. Furthermore, the protein adsorption of the SAM‐based micropatterned array was analyzed, showing that the protein was more absorbed to the TVS surface. The surface functional terminal group enabled the control of protein adsorption. Therefore, this SAM‐based micropatterned array system enabled the control of cell adhesion and protein adsorption and could be a potentially powerful tool for regulating the cell–cell interactions in a well‐defined microenvironment. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1194–1202. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding the intracellular effect of enhanced nutrient feeding toward high titer antibody production process
Authors: Yu Marcella , Hu Zhilan , Pacis Efren , Vijayasankaran Natarajan , Shen Amy , Li Feng 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOne of the major goals in cell culture process development for therapeutic antibody production is to develop methods to reach high titer in classical fed‐batch processes. This goal is often achieved through the optimizations of expression vector, cell line, media and cell culture process controls to increase cell specific productivity, viable cell density, and culture longevity. During process optimization for a selected production cell line, cell specific productivity (qP) can vary significantly with culture conditions. Therefore, identifying strategies to maintain maximal specific productivity throughout the entire fed‐batch culture and to eliminate cellular/process bottlenecks that prevent high levels of antibody production would be crucial for further advancements in this area. In this work, specific productivity was increased and maintained at high level throughout the course of the culture by the optimization of feed media and feeding strategy. Through the enhancement of nutrient feeding, final titer was increased by 2.5‐fold from the platform fed‐batch process and reached 7.5 g/L. In addition, further insight upon possible cellular bottlenecks in high yield antibody production was obtained by comparing the levels of heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) mRNA and the levels of intracellular antibody between the non‐optimized and optimized feeding processes. The mRNA levels of the two processes were measured and exhibited no significant difference suggesting that transcription is not the bottleneck. When intracellular antibody level was studied, the relatively constant level of HC, LC, and intact antibody between days 9 and 14 suggested that translation could be the rate‐limiting step under the non‐optimized nutrient feeding condition due to the dramatic drop of qP to roughly zero which correlated with the depletion of tyrosine as one of the key amino acids for protein synthesis. Finally, accumulation of unassembled HC but not intact antibody was observed at days 14–18 under the enhanced feeding condition, implying that folding and assembly may be the bottleneck toward the end of the culture. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1078–1088. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrated analysis of the global transcriptional response to α‐amylase over‐production by Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Vongsangnak Wanwipa , Hansen Kim , Nielsen Jens 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae is an important microbial cell factory for industrial production of many enzymes, such as α‐amylase. In order to optimize the industrial enzyme production process, there is a need to understand fundamental processes underlying enzyme production, here under how enzyme production links to metabolism through global regulation. Through a genome‐scale metabolic network for integrated analysis of transcriptome data and flux calculation, we identified key players (genes, enzymes, proteins, and metabolites) involved in the processes of enzyme synthesis and secretion, nucleotide metabolism, and amino acid metabolism that can be the potential targets for improving industrial enzyme production. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1130–1139. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social climate along the pathway of care in women's secure mental health service: Variation with level of security, patient motivation, therapeutic alliance and level of disturbance
Authors: Long C. G. , Anagnostakis K. , Fox E. , Silaule P. , Somers J. , West R. , Webster A. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTBackground Social climate has been measured in a variety of therapeutic settings, but there is little information about it in secure mental health services, or how it may vary along a gender specific care pathway.Aim To assess social climate in women's secure wards and its variation by level of security and ward type, therapeutic alliance, patient motivation, treatment engagement and disturbed behaviour.Method Three‐quarters (80, 76%) of staff and nearly all (65, 92%) of patients in the two medium‐security wards and two low‐security wards that comprised the unit completed the Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) and the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scale (CALPAS); patients also completed the Patient Motivation Inventory (PMI). Pre‐assessment levels of disturbed behaviour and treatment engagement were recorded.Results Social climate varied according to ward type and level of security. EssenCES ratings indicative of positive social climate were associated with lower levels of security; such ratings were also associated with lower behavioural disturbance and with higher levels of motivation, treatment engagement and therapeutic alliance.Conclusion This serial cross‐sectional survey indicated that use of the EssenCES alone might be a good practical measure of treatment progress/responsivity. A longitudinal study would be an important next step in establishing the extent to which it would be useful in this regard. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Starlike Aluminum–Carbon Aromatic Species
Authors: Wu Yan‐Bo , Jiang Jin‐Liang , Lu Hai‐Gang , Wang Zhi‐Xiang , Perez‐Peralta Nancy , Islas Rafael , Contreras Maryel , Merino Gabriel , Wu Judy I‐Chia , von Ragué Schleyer Paul 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIs it possible to achieve molecules with starlike structures by replacing the H atoms in (CH)nq aromatic hydrocarbons with aluminum atoms in bridging positions? Although D4h C4Al42− and D2 C6Al6 are not good prospects for experimental realization, a very extensive computational survey of fifty C5Al5− isomers identified the starlike D5h global minimum with five planar tetracoordinate carbon atoms to be a promising candidate for detection by photoelectron detachment spectroscopy. BOMD (Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics) simulations and high‐level theoretical computations verified this conclusion. The combination of favorable electronic and geometric structural features (including aromaticity and optimum C–Al–C bridge bonding) stabilizes the C5Al5− star preferentially.
Recent Developments in Methodology for the Direct Oxyamination of Olefins
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Callens Cedric K. A. , Flores Aida , Lacy Adam R. , Rathi Akshat H. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract1,2‐Amino alcohols are high‐value, versatile functional groups that are found in scores of biologically active molecules and other interesting synthetic targets such as ligands and auxiliaries. Given their prominent position within organic compounds of import, it is no surprise to note that many routes have been developed to access this motif and there are many different starting points from which a synthetic chemist might embark on a synthesis. However, one particular approach stands out from the others, and this is the direct conversion of an alkene to a vicinal amino alcohol derivative (oxyamination). Research in this field has been particularly active in recent years and many interesting new methodologies have been reported. The purpose of this review is to give the reader a tour of the methods that have emerged in the last few years so one can appreciate the myriad of different metals and reagents that can accomplish the oxyamination of alkenes. There are still many challenges to be overcome and, herein, we also outline the areas that are ripe for further development and which bode well for the future.