bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The incidence of natural diphtheria antitoxin in horses: its influence on the results of antigenic stimulus
Authors: Basu P. N. , Roy R. N. 
Published: May 2009

1. Out of 221 horses tested 34·8 % showed natural diphtheria antitoxin to the extent of 0·02 unit or more per c.c. of serum.2. Amongst the horses in which no natural circulating antitoxin was detected, a much larger number failed to respond to stimulus than amongst those having circulating antitoxin. But, amongst the animals that did show appreciable response to primary stimulus, there was not much difference in degree of response between the horses with and those without natural circulating antitoxin.
Effect of continuous aeration on bacterial oxidation of organic matter
Authors: Allen L. A. , Eden G. E. 
Published: May 2009

Growth of bacteria in an infusion of flax under quiescent conditions resulted in the formation of an acidic liquor with an appreciable content of volatile acids. When a similar infusion was aerated by a continuous current of air, the liquid tended to become alkaline and the content of volatile acids was much smaller and in some cases negligible. Aeration reduced the polluting strength of the liquor, as measured by oxygen absorbed from permanganate and by the biochemical oxygen demand, by much larger amounts than did growth under quiescent conditions.Experiments with infusion in which the natural flora was allowed to grow, and with sterile infusion inoculated with pure strains of different types of bacteria, showed that the general effect of aeration was to alter the metabolism of the bacteria in the direction of more complete oxidation of the substrate. Balance sheets for carbon showed that the organic carbon lost from the culture was accounted for by the CO2evolved. Thus carbohydrates, which under anaerobic conditions were fermented to organic acids, neutral volatile compounds, and gases, were oxidized, when the conditions were sufficiently aerobic; to CO2and water.The magnitude of the effects observed depended largely on the nature of the organisms present, and partly on the strength of the infusion in which they grew. With pure cultures ofBact. coli, Bact. aerogenesandBacillus subtilis,and with the natural mixed flora of the flax, aeration at moderate rates in bottles for 3–5 days reduced the value for oxygen absorbed from permanganate by 43–52 %, and the biochemical oxygen demand by 26–92 %, indifferent experiments. The organic carbon content of the infusion was reduced by 30–31 % byBact. aerogenes,byBacillus subtilisand by the mixed flora. With streptococci and with a strain ofAchromobacteriumthe effects observed were very small. Aeration at higher rates with diffused air in small open tanks reduced the organic carbon content of a flax infusion by 50 % in about 80 hr., and of a beetroot infusion by 50 % in about 60 hr. Sugar was destroyed during the aeration and disappeared rapidly from the flax infusion in the early stages.The work described in this paper was carried out in connexion with an investigation of retting of flax and disposal of waste waters, made, as an extramural research, for the Ministry of Supply as part of the programme of the Water Pollution Research Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. The paper is published by permission of the Chief Scientific Officer, Ministry of Supply, and of the Department.
Detection of Q fever antibodies in whey by the anti-globulin sensitization test and other techniques
Authors: Stoker M. G. P. , Marmion B. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. Samples of whey from individual cows and herds infected withR. burnetiand from uninfected cows and herds have been tested forR. burnetiantibodies.2. The haemolytic complement-fixation test, the conglutinating complement-absorption test, the direct agglutination test and the anti-globulin sensitization test were compared for sensitivity in detecting whey antibody.3. The direct agglutination test was generally more sensitive than either of the complement-fixation tests, particularly when it was enhanced by centrifugation of the sensitized rickettsiae. The anti-globulin sensitization test, however, gave the highest titres andit appeared to be specific.4. The practical application of these techniques and certain theoretical considerations are discussed.
The conglutination phenomenon. VIII. A. quantitative study of the components in six different complements essential for conglutination
Authors: Blomfield A. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. A quantitative study has been made of the activity of C′1, C′2 and C′4 in the complements of the horse, cat, pig, man, guinea-pig and rabbit.2. Evidence is presented which suggests that either there may be two types of C′4, the one haemolytic and the other conglutinating, or else that the manifestation of this complement component varies under conditions not yet understood.3. In certain complements it appears that the serum proteins functioning as C′1 with the bovine anti-sheep red cell antibody are distinct from those functioning as C′1 with an antibody of similar specificity from an immune rabbit serum.
Internal bacterial taints (‘bone taint’ or ‘souring’) of cured pork legs
Authors: Ingram M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The kinds of bacteria found inside hams and bacon gammons are listed and discussed.2. Taintinǵ of lightly-or un-injected hams is caused by a flora composed chiefly of various faecal Clostridia and/or faecal Streptococci, which are probably intrinsic to the animal's body. In bacon gammons which are heavily injected with brine, the characteristic flora consists of psychrophilic halophiles, mostly Micrococci, probably derived mainly from the brine; if injection is only partly effective, the intrinsic flora may develop also, faecal Streptococci being the type most likely to survive.3. Within sound hams, bacteria are virtually absent; in tainting, the numbers may become enormous even before curing is finished. Injected gammons, on the contrary, generally contain bacteria in moderate numbers, but they multiply relatively slowly.4. In hams, the taint is always confined within a group of muscles near the bone which are less acid, and initially less salty, than the outer muscles. In gammons, off-flavours caused by bacteria may occasionally develop in the outer layers as well.5. A ham properly cured without injection, and internally ‘ sterile’, can be made to keep almost indefinitely. The bacteria injected into gammons slowly cause internal off-flavours even in cool storage. For long storage, it would seem wise to sterilize brine used for injection, and the addition of acid might be beneficial.
Arthropod transmission of rabbit fibromatosis (Shope)
Authors: Dalmat Herbert T. 
Published: May 2009

The mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, A. triseriatus, Culex pipiens, C. quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus were all found to be efficient experimental vectors of Shope's virus-induced fibromas of cottontail rabbits, transmitting the virus during interrupted feedings as well as after long intervals from an infective meal. The reduviid bugs, Triatoma infestans, T. phyllosoma pallidipennis and Rhodnius prolixus, and the bedbug, Cimex lectularius, were also capable of transmitting fibroma by interrupted or delayed feeding.Evidence from various types of experiments indicated that arthropod transmission is mechanical, the virus being extremely stable in the insects. Some experiments did indicate the possibility of virus proliferation. Although mosquitoes did seem to serve as ‘flying pins’ when transmitting virus by interrupted feeding, they certainly were distinctive in that they maintained their ability to transmit for very long periods of time. To transmit fibromas, arthropods actually must draw virus up between the stylets of the mouthparts; mosquitoes were unable to transmit by feeding through skin moistened with a suspension of fibroma virus or by feeding subsequent to having their mouthparts painted with a virus suspension.While cottontail tumours at peak virus titres are always infective for suitable insects, the fibromas of adult domestic rabbits generally are not infective, even though the virus titre is equivalent. However, the tumours of suckling domestic rabbits do become infective for insects.
The influence of the age of the host on local virus multiplication and on the resistance to virus infections
Authors: Mclaren Anne , Sanders F. K. 
Published: May 2009

1. The susceptibility of mice of different ages to intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and oral administration of EMC virus, and to intracerebral and intramuscular injection of both the Texas and the Connecticut-5 strains of Coxsackie virus have been studied. In all cases susceptibility decreases with age. The development of resistance to a given virus may vary in rate and extent according to the route by which the virus is given.2. The multiplication of small amounts of EMC virus in muscle, and of the Texas and Connecticut-5 strains of Coxsackie virus in both muscle and brain, has been studied in mice of different ages. A very high degree of multiplication of all three viruses was observed in both muscle and brain of young mice, but no significant multiplication of the EMC virus in older muscle could be detected with these small inocula, nor of either of the Coxsackie strains in older muscle or brain.3. Multiplication of EMC virus in young mice was shown to take place within the muscle itself. Haemagglutination tests showed that less haemagglutinin, as well as less infective virus, was produced in the muscles of older mice following the injection of small amounts of virus.4. Multiplication of EMC and GDVII viruses could be demonstrated even in older mice if a sufficiently large amount of virus was inoculated initially.5. The rapid initial disappearance of infectivity from the site of inoculation was shown to be mainly due to dispersal of inoculated virus around the body.6. The simplest hypothesis which will accommodate the observed data on virus multiplication and on the development of resistance with age appears to be that the accessibility of the host cell to virus decreases with age. We found no evidence that the ability of the host cell to support virus multiplication declines with age.This work was done in the Department of Zoology, Oxford University. One of us was in receipt of a Medical Research Council training grant. The expenses of the research were met by a grant from the Nuffield Foundation, to whom we should like to express our gratitude.
Grading of coagulase-positive staphylococci in the control of hospital cross-infection
Authors: Thomas C. G. A. , Penikett E. J. K. 
Published: May 2009

The fermentation of mannitol by coagulase-positive staphylococci has been studied. It was found difficult to obtain reproducible results by methods which could be conveniently used in a routine department.A method of grading based on the fermentation of mannitol has been examined. Organisms of the supposedly most dangerous grade (Grade A) were isolated slightly more frequently from lesions than from carriers, but from all sources a high proportion of strains belonged to this grade.It was not possible to correlate the grades to which staphylococci were assigned with their production of diffusible antigens.In this hospital it seems that the proportion of strains assigned to Grade A has become very much higher than it was 15 years ago.We thank Prof. R. Knox, Mr J. B. Blaikley, Dr W. H. H. Merivale, and Dr R. H. Gorrill for the help and advice they have given us in the course of this investigation and numerous members of the nursing staff of Guy's Hospital for their co-operation in checking records and answering questions.
Further experiments on the adaptation of Mahoney, Type 1, poliomyelitis virus to suckling mice
Authors: Selzer Golda , Butchart M. 
Published: May 2009

The Mahoney, Type 1, poliomyelitis virus had been through six to-and-fro monkey kidney-tissue culture and suckling mouse passages. Early paralysis was produced in groups of mice inoculated directly from infected tissue-culture fluid, but mouse-to-mouse passage failed to produce paralysis except in an occasional mouse. At the 7th tissue-culture mouse passage, the virus harvested from paralysed mice was inoculated into 100 mice. One mouse developed paralysis within 24 hr. From this mouse a variant of Mahoney virus was isolated which has now been through seventy-five mouse-to-mouse passages and produces paralysis in 90–100% of mice within 3 days.The authors would like to express their deep appreciation of Prof. A. Kipps' constant interest and encouragement.
The health of laboratory mice A comparison of general health in two breeding units where different systems are employed
Authors: Tuffery A. A. 
Published: May 2009

Two units, within a mouse-breeding colony, with different breeding systems, have been compared from the point of view of general healthiness of the breeding stock. In one unit the monogamous-pair system, involving post-partum oestrus mating, was employed and in the other the harem system, with isolation of the pregnant females for each litter-down until after the post-partum oestrus. The two units were housed separately and had different staffs. The monogamous-pair unit was accommodated in four small rooms not directly connected; the harem unit in two larger connecting rooms. The methods of cageing, bedding, feeding, watering, care, culling and subsequent procedures were identical for both units and the same system of recording individual detailed information relating to health and breeding was followed for the two units. The size of the two populations studied was 1198 and 1024, respectively, the larger number belonging to the harem unit in which the mice were retained for a significantly longer period. These mice were moved more frequently and handled much more often.Apart from a small outbreak of Tyzzer's disease (in the harem-bred unit) and sporadic cases in both units spread over the whole period of the survey—some 3–4 years—the general health of the two units was good. There were no cases of salmonella infection, mousepox, pasteurellosis or other serious infections. Throughout the period both units maintained a high standard of productivity and there was no evidence that the mating of the monogamous pairs at the post-partum oestrus led to any weakness or ill health. As would be expected, however, the losses from death and culling were greater among the females in both units.The health record of the monogamous-pair bred unit was consistently higher than that of the harem-bred unit. There were more cases of Tyzzer's disease in the harem-bred mice and more evidence generally of ill health in this unit. Infertility was three times greater with the harem-bred mice as compared with those in the monogamous-pair unit.Details of the two systems are discussed and although the records maintained for the two may not be strictly comparable it is concluded that, under the conditions obtaining, the monogamous-pair breeding system yielded a healthier colony of mice than the harem breeding system.I should like to thank Dr J. S. Patterson and Mr R. Cook for placing many of their records at my disposal, Mr S. Peto and his staff for carrying out much of the tedious compilation of data, and Dr D. W. Henderson, F.R.S., for affording me facilities for this work. To these I am especially grateful for their interest, advice and assistance.
Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine combined with Bordetella parapertussis vaccine
Authors: Köhler-Kubelka Neda 
Published: May 2009

Investigations carried out to ascertain the ability of various strains of Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis to produce agglutinins have shown that the agglutinin response is considerably greater with B. parapertussis.Children inoculated with a combined vaccine in which the parapertussis element contained B. parapertussis in only one-twelfth of the concentration of B. pertussis in the pertussis element showed agglutinins in their sera in titres well above 1:300 for both organisms. There were no cross-reactions and the serological responses were specific throughout. The vaccine used was the standard diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) prophylactic to which had been added a vaccine prepared from recently isolated strains of B. parapertussis.Agglutinin titres of both whooping cough components with the combined vaccine were somewhat lower in mice than was the case when monovalent vaccines were used, but they were considered to be satisfactory.It is suggested that the agglutination production test in mice could be used for the assessment of protective power of B. parapertussis vaccines against infection.I wish to thank Dr Ikić, director of the Institute of Immunology, Zagreb, who enabled me to perform all these examinations, further to Dr B. Mravunac and Dr Z. Radanov for having carried out vaccination in children and for the clinical examination of post vaccination reactions.
The titration of toxoplasma-antibody
Authors: van Soestbergen A. A. 
Published: May 2009

In toxoplasma-antibody titrations with the dye-test the tolerances of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii are approximately normally distributed on the logarithm of the serum dilution. Log LD 50 (the logarithm of the titre), the variance of the tolerance distribution and the variances of the sample distributions were estimated by probit analysis of data obtained with titrations of a serum which contained the antibody. An empirical expression was derived relating the fraction of parasites attacked by the antibody to the time of incubation with the antibody. Approximately the same values for the titre and the variance of the distribution were obtained for every incubation period between 20 min. and 4 hr.The author is indebted to Mr J. C. A. Zaat and to Dr E. F. Drion of the Statistical Division of the Central Organization TNO for helpful discussions and assistance with the statistical calculations. The technical assistance of Miss A. K. Fast is gratefully acknowledged.
An improved smallpox vaccine
Authors: Amies C. R. 
Published: May 2009

Detailed instructions are given for the preparation of a purified and stabilized suspension of vaccinia elementary bodies. This is intended to take the place of crude glycerinated calf or sheep lymph vaccine. The technique consists of a series of procedures involving mechanical disintegration of the skin pulp, maintenance of dispersion by means of a non-ionic detergent, fractional centrifugation and bacterial disinfection. Stability of the purified virus is secured by suspending it in a dilute buffer containing peptone and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Experiments are described which illustrate the remarkable heat resistance of the virus in this suspending medium. The PVP-peptone also serves as an excellent menstruum for lyophilization. Production of this vaccine should be well within the competence of any properly equipped virus laboratory. Clinical trials are in progress.All the work involved in the performance of the tissue culture assays was carried out by my former assistant Mr Edmund Bischoff. It is a pleasure to acknowledge both his technical skill and his enthusiasm. Mr T. C. Campbell provided the crude calf pulp used in the preparation of some of the purified suspensions.
A note on two attenuated strains of myxoma virus isolated in Great Britain
Authors: Chapple Paul J. , Bowen E. T. W. 
Published: May 2009

Two strains of myxoma virus isolated from naturally infected wild rabbits have been described. They showed similar clinical symptoms, the most striking feature being the flat primary lesion. In fifteen rabbits the Brecon strain gave a mean survival time of 26·3 days with a range of 17–47 days, and one recovery. Of 5 rabbits inoculated with the Durham strain three became clinically infected and two remained healthy, the latter were found to be fully susceptible on reinoculation. The three infected rabbits all recovered.The field strains of virus were compared with known myxoma strains—Glenfield, Cornwall, A & H and KM 13. The first three are fully virulent, while KM 13 is attenuated and characteristic of the field strains now being isolated in Australia. The similarity between the clinical symptoms and mean survival time of KM 13 and the Brecon strain was noted.It is suggested that the two field strains described in this paper may be the first indication that the evolution of myxoma virus in this country is similar to the evolution of the virus in Australia.One of us (P.J.C.) is greatly indebted to the Director for allowing this work to be carried out at M.R.E. whilst laboratory accomodation was being prepared at Worplesdon. We are grateful for the help and encouragement of Dr J. C. N. Westwood of M.R.E. To Prof. F. Fenner who gave us the Australian strains of myxoma virus and to Mr J. H. Darbyshire of the Central Veterinary Laboratory who supplied the tissues from which the two attenuated strains were isolated, we extend our thanks.
Antigenic differences between strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus of type SAT 1
Authors: Hyslop N. St G. , Davie J. , Carter Sally P. 
Published: May 2009

Antigenic differences between the strains RV 11 and SA 13/61 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (type SAT 1) were studiedin vivoby cross-protection tests. Cattle inoculated with formolized antigen of either strain developed good immunity to experimental infection with the identical strain but little resistance to the other strain.In vitrothe results of complement fixation tests and of serum-virus neutralization tests in tissue culture were consistent with the observations madein vivo. The results of studies on the serological relationships between four strains of type SAT 1 are presented.The importance of strain differences in the epizootiology and control of the disease is discussed briefly.The authors wish to thank Dr I. A. Galloway and Dr J. B. Brooksby for their advice and criticism, and to acknowledge the valuable technical assistance of Mr K. Herniman, Mr R. L. G. King and Mr E. Scoates.
Variations in the clinical pattern of experimentally induced colds
Authors: Roden A.T. 
Published: May 2009

An analysis has been made of the records of 5290 attendances at the Common Cold Research Unit, Salisbury, during the years 1946 to 1957. Materials prepared from the nasal washings of persons suffering from colds were administered to 993 volunteers, of whom 386 (38·9 %) showed definite evidence of infection within a few days. The attack rate of these experimentally induced colds was lower during the months October to March than from April to September. The difference was statistically significant as regards male but not as regards female volunteers.Six strains of virus were propagated by passage from volunteer to volunteer, in one instance up to the eighth serial transfer from the original material, without apparent loss of pathogenic properties. Comparison of the clinical effects of these strains, and of a number of miscellaneous strains, revealed several differences which were minor in character but, statistically, highly significant. These comprised differences in attack rate, severity, incubation period, duration and relative frequency of symptoms, which could not be ascribed to seasonal or other influences.It was concluded that the observed variations in the clinical pattern of the experimentally induced colds were attributable to qualitative differences in the strains of virus used.I wish to thank Sir Christopher Andrewes, F.R.S., for his unfailing help and encouragement at every stage of this investigation and all my colleagues at the Common Cold Research Unit for much useful comment and discussion. I am indebted to the Statistics Department of the Ministry of Labour and National Service for processing the records and to Mr R. G. Carpenter for assistance with some of the statistical analyses.