bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Reduction In Centrifuge Capillary Pressure Experiments
Authors: Chen T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The centrifuge method is commonly used to determine the capillary pressure of a core. The data obtained from such an experiment is the average saturation of the core at different centrifugal speeds. It is necessary to back out the capillary pressure saturation relation based on our understanding of the equilibrium distribution of two fluids in porous media. The governing set of equations was first presented by Hassler and Brunner in 1945, and was accepted by the industry in general. With the use of ultra centrifugation in recent years, the possibility of water de-saturation at the exit end became a concern. While there was experimental evidence that de-saturatation can occur, some theoretical calculations indicated that this could only happen at much higher speed. The motivation to do the present study was to address this concern. While going over the original formulation it was noted that the radial dependence of capillary pressure was given by the authors without any discussion. According to their formulation, capillary pressure, which was the difference in pressure of two fluids, was taken to be defined even in a single fluid region. There was no reason given for taking this physically unrealistic definition. The pressure drop across the interface at the exit end was also taken to be zero, this was contrary to our expectation of interfacial behaviour in a capillary system.
A re-formulation of the problem indicated that the error due to a wrong definition of capillary pressure was usually small, but that due to neglecting pressure drop at the exit end, must be evaluated by a separate experiment. This re-formulation also allowed us to derive a simple formula to estimate the centrifugal speed at which de-saturation of water at the exit end might occur.

Introduction
The measurement of capillary pressure saturation relation of a core by the centrifuge was proposed by Hassler and Brunner(1). They formulated the governing set of equations for the equilibrium distribution of two fluids under constant centrifugal acceleration and presented two approximation methods to calculate capillary pressure saturation relation from measured data. Since then there have been a large number of attempts to improve on these approximate solutions. Only four of these works(1–4) will be discussed in this study. Interested readers are referred to Ruth and Chen's(5) review article. The underlying theory as derived by Hassler and Brunner was accepted by all these authors.
With the use of higher powered centrifuges some authors(6–10) started to be concerned with the possibility of de-saturation of water at the exit end. If this happened then the assumptions used by Hassler and Brunner might not be valid. In particular according to the original formulation the capillary pressure should be zero at the exit end, and it was interpreted(6–10) as equivalent to water saturation being 100% there. When Wunderlich(6) found that it could be less than 100 at high centrifuge speeds, he considered it as an indication that the boundary condition was being violated there.
Endoscopic evaluation of arytenoid function and epiglottic structure in Thoroughbred yearlings and association with racing performance at two to four years of age: 2,954 cases (1998–2001)
Authors: Garrett Katherine S. , Pierce Scott W. , Embertson Rolf M. , Stromberg Arnold J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine the association between results of endoscopic evaluation of arytenoid function (AF) and epiglottic structure (ES) in Thoroughbred yearlings and racing performance at 2 to 4 years of age.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—2,954 Thoroughbred yearlings.
Procedures—Records of yearlings that had endoscopic evaluation of the larynx between 1998 and 2001 were obtained, and results were graded by use of standardized scales. A modified Havemeyer scale (grade I, II.1, II.2, III, or IV) was used to evaluate AF; ES was graded on a scale of 0 to IV. Records were annotated if the epiglottis was subjectively short or narrow. Racing performance data were obtained from an online database.
Results—Horses with grade II.2 AF had significantly less earnings at 4 years of age, compared with earnings of horses with AF grades < II.2. Grade III AF was associated with fewer starts and less earnings at 3 and 4 years of age. No horses met the criteria for grade IV AF. Horses with ES grades > II had less earnings at 2 and 4 years of age, compared with earnings of horses with ES grades < II. A short epiglottis was associated with less earnings at 2 and 3 years of age.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis suggested that yearlings with grade III AF had a decrease in athletic potential. Yearlings with grade II.2 AF, an ES grade > II, or a short epiglottis typically had decreases in racing performance. These factors should be evaluated carefully when developing purchase recommendations.
Prevalence of Down's syndrome in a pregnant population in Finland
Authors: MARTTALA JAANA , YLINIEMI OUTI , GISSLER MIKA , NIEMINEN PENTTI , RYYNANEN MARKKU 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe characteristics of the Finnish parturient have changed in recent years. The mean age of mothers at first delivery is now 29.3 years and the number of women > 35 years of age has increased to 19%. This shift has led to an increase in the prevalence of Down's syndrome. Between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2006, there were 795 cases of Down's syndrome (27/10,000) in the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations. The distribution of Down's syndrome in terminated pregnancies and newborns was analyzed in 5‐year periods based on maternal age. The distribution of Down's syndrome cases in younger women (< 35 years) and in older women (≥35 years) at the time of delivery was compared. The majority of new Down's syndrome cases occurred in the group having older women (61.1%), even though 35 years is the arbitrary threshold.
Risks for peroperative excessive blood loss in cesarean delivery
Authors: KOLÅS TORIL , ØIAN PÅL , SKJELDESTAD FINN EGIL 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective. To analyze risk factors for peroperative excessive blood loss at cesarean delivery. Design. Case‐control study. Setting. Twenty‐four of 26 maternity units in Norway with at least 500 expected deliveries per year. Sample. A total of 2,778 women having singleton deliveries and participating in the Norwegian Breakthrough Project on Cesarean Section. Methods. Elective and emergency operations were analyzed separately with extensive blood loss defined as hemorrhage > 1000 ml with controls defined as bleeding < 500 ml. All analyzes were done in SPSS (version 16.0) with chi‐squared tests and logistic regression. Main outcome measures. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of extensive peroperative bleeding. Results. The prevalence of excessive blood loss differed between women undergoing elective (2.1%) and emergency cesarean deliveries (3.3%). Among maternal factors, chronic maternal diseases, pregnancy and delivery related conditions, placenta previa (aOR 19.7; 95% CI 5.4–72.2) and transverse lie (aOR 4.9; 95% CI 0.9–26.5) were the only risk factors for extensive blood loss in elective operations, whereas placenta previa (aOR 8.4; 95% CI 2.4–29.9), placental abruption (aOR 2.0; 95% CI 2.0–14.5), intervention at full cervical dilation (aOR 3.2; 95% CI 1.4–7.1) and high BMI (aOR 3.4; 95% CI 1.6–7.2) were risks in emergency operations. Conclusion. The different risk pattern for excessive bleeding in cesarean deliveries should be recognized when planning available obstetric competence for surgery.
Time‐related changes of cervical length as a predictor of labor onset within one week using transvaginal ultrasonography
Authors: MIURA HIROSHI , OGAWA MASAKI , HIRANO HIDETO , TANAKA TOSHINOBU 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective. To assess the value of transvaginal cervical length (CL) measurement and funneling of the internal cervical os to predict the onset of spontaneous labor within one week. Design. Observational prospective study. Population. A total of 234 women who delivered after spontaneous onset of labor. Methods. CL was measured and the presence of funneling of the internal cervical os was recorded by transvaginal ultrasound examination. Main outcome measures. CL changes from 37 to 40 weeks of gestation as a one‐point measurement, as well as the long‐term (16–21 weeks to term or 37–40 weeks) and short‐term (weekly from 37 to 40 weeks) differences in CL. Results. The one‐point measurement of CL, with an optimum cut‐off point of 25 mm [odds ratio (OR) 3.19; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.01–5.05] and a decreased long‐term CL (cervical shortening of 55% as an optimum cut‐off point (OR 3.75; 95% CI 1.76–8.00) may predict the onset of spontaneous labor within one week. The likelihood of spontaneous labor within one week is high when funneling of the internal cervical os is present (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.71–4.19). Conclusions. Transvaginal CL measurement and observation of funneling of the internal cervical os are useful predictors of the onset of spontaneous labor.
A Novel Class of Protease from <i>Choerospondias axillaris</i> (Lapsi) Leaves
Authors: Karki Sudeep , Shakya Rupendra , Agrawal Vishwanath P 
Published: March 2010

A novel protease from leaves of Choreospndias axillaris has been reported. C. axillaris, locally called Lapsi is dioceous, deciduous fruit - bearing large tree, having multiple daily uses. In an attempt to find method for determining sex of Lapsi at seedling stage , we stumbled upon a unique protease that has thwarted our effort to find sex - related protein. Thus protease is highly thermo - stable and acid resistant. Its preparation can be autoclaved without significant loss in activity. Its activity can be repeatedly precipitated by trichloroacetic acid. It possesses a Km value of 29 μM and Vmax 52.63 pmoles/min for bovine serum albumin as the substrate. It is catalytically so powerful that the level of soluble protein in leaf is below 20 μg per g dry weight. Lapsi leaf protease is an specific endopeptidase attacking peptide bonds that have phenylalanine, tyrosine, alanine and threonine / aspartic acid residues. DOI: 10.3126/ijls.v3i0.2301
Histological studies of in vitro regeneration induced in leaf explants of <i>Nymphoides cristatum</i> (Roxb) O.Kuntze – An aquatic medicinal plant
Authors: Niranjan Mallapa Hanumanthu , Sudarshana Mysore Shankar 
Published: March 2010

The objective of this work was to study the histological events related to the regeneration process of a medicinal plant, Nymphoides cristatum (Roxb). Leaf explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mgl-1 of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP). About 90% of explants gave rise to shoots after 15 days of incubation. The histological studies showed that the regeneration originated directly from parenchymatous cells and direct organogenesis after 20 days of culture could be observed. Buds and roots were found completely differentiated after 40 days of culture and number of shoots per explants was 30. Micorshoots were rooted in hormone - free medium and the plants obtained grew in artificial pond under green house conditions. Key words: Leaf, Histology, in vitro regeneration, Nymphoides cristatum. DOI: 10.3126/ijls.v3i0.2370
A Study on Biochemical Changes in the Fresh Water Fish, <i>Catla catla</i> (Hamilton) Exposed to the Heavy Metal Toxicant Cadmium Chloride
Authors: Sobha K , Poornima A , Harini P , Veeraiah K 
Published: March 2010

Cadmium (Cd), one of the twenty three heavy metal toxicants, is widely used in Ni-Cd batteries manufacture, metal and mining industry, dentistry etc. because of its non-corrosive nature. Cd is released in considerable amounts through industrial effluents into soil, surface and ground water systems. These excess amounts in addition to naturally occurring levels gradually build up to toxic levels causing damage to the biota of the aquatic ecosystem. It shows biomagnification and has greater half-life periods. Cd was found to interfere with many protein and carbohydrate metabolisms by inhibiting the enzymes involved in the processes. The present study evaluates toxicity of Cd and its impact on biochemical constituents like glucose, glycogen, total proteins, lipid and free aminoacids in the fresh water edible carp Catla catla as Cd bioaccumulation can affect humans through biomagnification. Short term tests of acute toxicity were performed over a period of 96 hours using cadmium chloride. The renewal technique was followed by exposing the fish to test solutions of different concentrations in the range of 1 mg/L to 8 mg/L. Preliminary experiments were conducted to choose concentrations that resulted in the mortality of the fish in the range of 10-90%. The toxicity experiments were then conducted using the chosen concentrations of CdCl2 on the fingerlings ( Wt. 6±1 grams ) in triplicate and the LC50 was determined using simple graphic ( % Mortality Vs. Log Concentration), probit graphic ( Probit value Vs. Log concentration) and unweighted regression analysis methods. The calculated average 96-hr LC50 is 4.533 mg/L and the equation for the dose-mortality regression line was found to be Y = 2.65X + 3.368. Levels of the five biochemical constituents viz., Glucose, Glycogen, Total proteins, Lipids and Free aminoacids were determined by standard biochemical procedures in the five tissues i.e., muscle, gill, liver, heart and kidney of unexposed (Control) healthy fish and the fish exposed to 96-hr LC50 (Lethal) and sub-lethal concentrations (1/10th of the lethal dose for 7 days of exposure) of cadmium chloride. Results showed significant fall in all the biochemical constituents in all the tissues except glucose prompting to suggest that the fish cultured in the aquatic systems closer to the industrial locations would not have the expected nutritive value. The elevated levels of glucose are apparently indicative of the organism's response to the toxicant stress. Also, such fish when consumed as food lead to the deposition of the heavy metal in the soft tissues of the human body leading to exposure health effects. Key words: Toxicity; Heavy metal; Cadmium chloride; Biomagnification; Catla catla DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v3i2.2890 Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.3, No.2, August 2007, pp 1-11
Risk Factor Profiles for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Black and Other Africans with Established Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: SOLOMON AHMED , CHRISTIAN BERENICE F. , NORTON GAVIN R. , WOODIWISS ANGELA J. , DESSEIN PATRICK H. 
Published: March 2010

Objective.Black Africans reportedly experience a distinctly low risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated whether this protection was present among Africans with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods.We determined disparities in CVD risk factor profiles (major conventional: hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and diabetes; other conventional: underweight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, alcohol consumption, tension, depression, and body height; nonconventional: rheumatoid factor status and markers of inflammation) and arterial stiffness (brachial pulse pressure) between 291 black and 335 other (229 white, 64 Asian, and 42 mixed ancestry) consecutive Africans with RA in multivariable regression models.Results.After adjusting for demographic characteristics and healthcare sector attendance, black Africans had more prevalent hypertension (OR 1.76, p = 0.01) and diabetes (OR 1.90, p = 0.07), smoked less frequently (OR 0.12, p < 0.0001), and had concurrent lower total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations that resulted in unaltered atherogenic indices (p = 0.2) than the other participants in the study. These findings translated into global scores for major conventional risk factor-mediated future CVD event rates that were not reduced in black patients. Proportions of individual metabolic syndrome components differed between black and other patients but their total numbers of metabolic risk factors (p = 0.4) and metabolic syndrome frequencies (OR 1.44, p = 0.1) were similar. Black ethnicity did not independently associate with rheumatoid factor status, markers of inflammation, and brachial pulse pressures.Conclusion.The overall conventional and nonconventional atherosclerotic CVD risk burdens and arterial stiffness were not reduced in black patients with RA. CVD risk should be assessed and managed independent of ethnic origin and epidemiological transition stage in RA.
Cell-Specific Gene Expression in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Lesions Reveals a Distinct Profile Compared with Epidermal Langerhans Cells
Authors: Allen Carl E. , Li Liunan , Peters Tricia L. , Leung Hon-chiu Eastwood , Yu Alexander , Man Tsz-Kwong , Gurusiddappa Sivashankarappa , Phillips Michelle T. , Hicks M. John , Gaikwad Amos , Merad Miriam , McClain Kenneth L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease characterized by heterogeneous lesions containing CD207+ Langerhans cells (LCs) and lymphocytes that can arise in almost any tissue and cause significant morbidity and mortality. After decades of research, the cause of LCH remains speculative. A prevailing model suggests that LCH arises from malignant transformation and metastasis of epidermal LCs. In this study, CD207+ cells and CD3+ T cells were isolated from LCH lesions to determine cell-specific gene expression. Compared with control epidermal CD207+ cells, the LCH CD207+ cells yielded 2113 differentially expressed genes (false discovery rate &lt; 0.01). Surprisingly, the expression of many genes previously associated with LCH, including cell-cycle regulators, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, were not significantly different from control LCs in our study. However, several novel genes whose products activate and recruit T cells to sites of inflammation, including SPP1 (osteopontin), were highly overexpressed in LCH CD207+ cells. Furthermore, several genes associated with immature myeloid dendritic cells were overexpressed in LCH CD207+ cells. Compared with the peripheral CD3+ cells from LCH patients, the LCH lesion CD3+ cells yielded only 162 differentially regulated genes (false discovery rate &lt; 0.01), and the expression profile of the LCH lesion CD3+ cells was consistent with an activated regulatory T cell phenotype with increased expression of FOXP3, CTLA4, and SPP1. Results from this study support a model of LCH pathogenesis in which lesions do not arise from epidermal LCs but from accumulation of bone marrow-derived immature myeloid dendritic cells that recruit activated lymphocytes.
ADAM17 Activity and Other Mechanisms of Soluble L-selectin Production during Death Receptor-Induced Leukocyte Apoptosis
Authors: Wang Yue , Zhang Adam C. , Ni Zhenya , Herrera Amy , Walcheck Bruce 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
L-selectin is an adhesion molecule expressed by neutrophils that broadly directs their infiltration in to sites of inflammation. It is also present at relatively high levels in the serum of normal individuals. It is well established that L-selectin is efficiently shed from the surface of neutrophils upon their activation, a process that regulates its density and binding activity. Neutrophil programmed cell death is critical for the resolution of inflammation, and L-selectin downregulation is induced during this process as well. The mechanisms underpinning this latter process are much less understood, and were investigated in this study. Using a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)-17 radiation chimeric mice, we demonstrate for the first time that during early events of death receptor-mediated neutrophil apoptosis, L-selectin downregulation occurs primarily by ADAM17-mediated shedding. This was observed as well upon using shRNA to knock down ADAM17 expression in Jurkat cells, a well-studied cell line in terms of the molecular processes involved in the induction of apoptosis. These findings directly reveal that ADAM17 activity occurs during programmed cell death. Hence, the cleavage of particular ADAM17 substrates may be an additional component of the anti-inflammatory program initiated by apoptotic neutrophils. Of interest was that during later stages of induced leukocyte apoptosis, soluble L-selectin production occurred independent of ADAM17, as well as membrane events, such as blebbing and microparticle production. This process may provide an explanation for the lack of diminished serum L-selectin levels in ADAM17-null mice, and suggests a mechanism for the homeostatic maintenance of soluble L-selectin levels in the blood of healthy individuals.
Uncoordinated 119 Preferentially Induces Th2 Differentiation and Promotes the Development of Asthma
Authors: Gorska Magdalena M. , Goplen Nicolas , Liang Qiaoling , Alam Rafeul 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Th2 bias is a hallmark of allergic diseases. In this study, we show that the Th1 versus Th2 balance and the development of allergic asthma are strongly affected by the signaling protein uncoordinated 119 (Unc119). The expression of this adaptor protein is significantly increased in Th2 cells. Unc119 activates the Src family and inhibits the Abl family of tyrosine kinases. The activated Src family kinase Lck stimulates the activity of Itk and the expression of the transcription factor JunB. As a result, Unc119 promotes IL-4 production. Through inhibition of Abl kinases, Unc119 dampens IFN-γ production. Using adoptive transfer of Unc119-knockdown CD4 T cells, we show a critical role for Unc119 in the development of eosinophilic inflammation of airways, mucus production, and bronchial hyperreactivity in a mouse model. Intriguingly, the expression of the Unc119 protein is enhanced in CD4 T cells from patients with asthma. We speculate that the heightened expression of Unc119 promotes Th2, inhibits Th1 differentiation, and contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma in humans.
NK Cells Influence Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses after Mucosal Immunization with Antigen and Mucosal Adjuvant
Authors: Hall Lindsay J. , Clare Simon , Dougan Gordon 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
NK cells were found to be recruited in a temporally controlled manner to the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and the cervical lymph nodes of mice after intranasal immunization with Ag85B-early secreted antigenic target 6kDa from Mycobacterium tuberculosis mixed with Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin as adjuvant. These NK cells were activated and secreted a diverse range of cytokines and other immunomodulators. Using Ab depletion targeting anti-asialo GM1, we found evidence for altered trafficking, impaired activation, and cytokine secretion of dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils in immunized NK cell-depleted mice compared with control animals. Analysis of Ag-specific immune responses revealed an attenuated Ab and cytokine response in immunized NK cell-depleted animals. Systemic administration of rIL-6 but not rIFN-γ significantly restored immune responses in mice depleted of NK cells. In conclusion, cytokine production, particularly IL-6, via NK cells and NK cell-activated immune populations plays an important role in the establishment of local innate immune responses and the consequent development of adaptive immunity after mucosal immunization.