bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Size of Diatoms II. Further Observations on Rhizosolenia styliformis (Brightwell)
Authors: Wimpenny R. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Diameter measurements of Rhizosolenia styliformis from the Antarctic, the subtropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and from the North Sea and neighbouring waters have made it appear necessary to set up two varieties, oceanica and semispina, in addition to the type of the species R. styliformis. The type as I describe it has been called var. longispina by Hustedt, but elsewhere it has often been figured as the var. oceanica of this paper. Var. semispina is synonymous with the form represented by Karsten as R. semispina Hensen. It differs from R. semispina as drawn by Hensen and its synonym R. hebetata forma semispina Gran, but is thought likely to be linked by intermediates. If this is so R. hebetata may have to be extended to include and suppress R. styliformis, as var. semispina is linked to the type by intermediates. Var. oceanica has no intermediate forms and, if R. hebetata is to be extended, this variety should be established as a separate species.2. Var. oceanica is absent from the southern North Sea and appears to be an indicator species related to oceanic inflow.3. Auxospore formation was observed for the type in the southern North Sea in 1935 and biometric observations suggest that a period of 3-4 years elapsed between the production of auxospore generations in that area. Outside the southern North Sea for the type, measurements give no indication of auxospore generations occurring at intervals exceeding a year. While auxospore formation has been seen in var. oceanica from the Shetlands area samples of June 1935 and July 1938, this phenomenon has not been observed for var. semispina.
On the Habits and Adaptations ofAloidis (Corbula) Gibba
Authors: Yonge C. M. 
Published: May 2009

1.Aloidis (Corbula) gibbais a eulamellibranch specialized for life in muddy gravel substrata to depths of up to about 80 fathoms.2. The shell is asymmetrical, the margin of the smaller, left valve being uncalcified and so fitting within the marginal region of the right valve. A possible manner in which this asymmetry is produced by the differential secretory activities of the two mantle edges is discussed.3. The marginal periostracum of the left valve has strengthening calcined regions posteriorly, probably to protect the siphons when extruded.4. The external ligament is reduced and the resilium condensed, possibly permitting some antero-posterior rocking of the shell valves when the adductors contract.5. The process of burrowing is described; on its completion the animal is anchored by a single byssus thread.6. The siphons are very short, the tentacles of the siphonal sheath lying on the surface of the substratum. The inhalant siphon is wide and relatively insensitive; it draws in much bottom material. The exhalant siphon is tubular and very sensitive. It is controlled by two paired bands of muscle.7. The great quantities of pseudo-faeces which accumulate are expelled by periodical contractions of the 'quick' portions of the adductor muscles, the asymmetry of the shell valves causing great reduction in the size of the inhalant chamber. The foot may also assist in clearing the chamber. 8. The large ctenidia create a very powerful current; they are adapted for dealing with large amounts of sediment by means of specialized terminal, guarding and cirrus-like cilia. Control of 'pumping' is primarily by means of the exhalant siphon.9. The stomach is large in correlation with the great amounts of inorganic material carried in with the food.
The Life History of Kellia Suborbicularis
Authors: Lebour Marie V. 
Published: May 2009

Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu) has long been known to be viviparous. Lovén (1848) mentions this fact and Jeffreys (1863, p. 227) quotes Mr Clark who “found in the ovary of one individual ova in an advanced state with fully formed testaceous fry.” It is probable, however, that these shelled larvae were in reality contained in the gill pouch where later workers have found them. Pelseneer (1935, p. 517) says that the eggs are incubated in the internal gill lamella, and this was also observed by myself.It is striking that although the shelled larva is extremely small when liberated (shell 0.064–0.08 mm. in length), the late planktonic larva is very large (shell 0.30–0.37 mm. in length) and one of the most conspicuous bivalve veligers in the plankton. This indicates a prolonged free-swimming life quite unlike that of the oyster, Ostraea edulis, whose shelled larvae are liberated only to lose the velum in a few days. These late larvae of Kellia have been kept in bowls and plunger jars in the Plymouth Laboratory until they metamorphosed and for months afterwards, growing into beautifully clear and transparent individuals which undoubtedly belonged to this species.Kellia suborbicularis is placed by Winckworth (1932) in the Erycinidae, but this family is closely related to the Leptonidae, Montacutidae and Galeommatidae, most or all of whose members are viviparous. Lovén (1848) described the young shelled stage of Montacuta ferruginosa and M. bidentata, the latter species now being referred by Winckworth toMysella. Both keep their young in the gill pouch until the shelled stage and Lovén's beautiful figures show that the early shelled stage in each of them is very like that of Kellia.
Evolution of Ciliary Feeding in the Prosobranchia, with an Account of Feeding in Capulus Ungaricus
Authors: Yonge C. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Ciliary currents concerned with rejection of sediment from the mantle cavity of pectinibranch Prosobranchia consist of A, currents carrying heavier particles to the inhalent opening; B, currents carrying medium particles across the floor of the mantle cavity; C, currents carrying fine particles over and between the gill filaments for later consolidation by the mucus from the hypobranchial gland. Material in currents B and C is rejected from the exhalent opening.2. The feeding currents in ciliary feeding Prosobranchia represent modifications of these rejection currents.3. In Vermetus novae-hollandiae currents B and C only are modified, material being passed to the mouth region, where it is mixed with mucus from the large pedal gland, by way of a food groove.4. In Crepidula fornicata and other Calyptraeidae all currents are modified for feeding and there is an endostyle for mucus secretion.
The Fate of the Larval Organs in the Metamorphosis of Ostrea Edulis
Authors: Cole H.A 
Published: May 2009

This is the first part of a study of the metamorphosis of the larva of the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) and deals with the fate of the larval velum, foot, adductor muscles and eyespots.The apical area of the larval velum forms the basis of the upper labial palps of the spat.The bulk of the velar tissue is broken up and cast off or eaten; the total dissolution of the velum being complete within 48 hr. of attachment.The larval foot after effecting attachment rapidly shrinks in size and disappears within 72 hr. of attachment. Partial loss of its tissues probably occurs.The statocysts persist in the spat.Following fixation the anterior adductor muscle rapidly degenerates.The so-called pigment spots of the larval oyster have the structure of eyes. During metamorphosis they degenerate rapidly in situ..
On Two Species of the Trematode Genus Didymozoon from the Mackerel
Authors: Baylis H. A. 
Published: May 2009

Taschenberg (1879) briefly described, under the name of Didymozoon scombri, a trematode which he recorded as occurring in pairs in cysts on the inside of the gill-covers of Scomber colias at Naples. Odhner (1907) found what he believed to be the same species not uncommonly in small specimens of S. scombrus off the west coast of Sweden, but was unable to find it in the larger fish taken in the early summer. He gives a minute description and excellent figures of the worm. Johnstone (1914) has also given a good, though diagrammatic, figure of its anatomy. Odhner describes the worm as occurring most commonly in paired cysts on the upper pharyngeal bones, but also in exceptional cases in cysts on the inside of the gill-covers and on the outside of the head, close behind the eye. About half the cysts examined by him contained two worms, the rest from three to seven. Johnstone describes the cysts as being most commonly situated ” “on the roof of the mouth beneath the pharyngo-branchials”, but also sometimes on the basi-branchials, on the external surfaces of other parts of the gill-bars, or on the internal surface of the operculum. One cyst contained as many as sixteen worms. According to Dollfus (1926), he and Monod found cysts containing one, two, three or more worms in the mucosa of the mouth, palate and gills of S. scombrus, and also single unencysted worms under the transparent skin behind the eye.Thus at least two authors record the same worm as occuring both inside the mouth and on th e outside of the head, behind the eye.
Edgar Johnson Allen (1866–1942)
Authors: G. P. B  
Published: May 2009

The late Dr E. J. Allen was the son of the Rev. Richard Allen, a Wesleyan minister and as such liable to change the sphere of his work every few years. For this reason E. J. Allen passed his childhood in Cornwall, went to school in Exeter, and lived during his late boyhood in the Worth Valley, going into Leeds to attend the Yorkshire College (now University of Leeds); his education was continued by the University of Berlin, an interval of teaching in Antigua, and University College, London, followed by a Royal Society research studentship at the Plymouth Laboratory. Excepting Antigua, every one of these epochs claimed in him its own loyalties: a few years ago he seriously considered going west to Cornwall to end his life where he first remembered it; he much admired Franz Eilhard Schulze, who taught him at Berlin, and W. F. R. Weldon, his Professor of Zoology at University College, yet kept a lively gratitude for what he had learned from Professor Miall at Leeds.To this very varying environment during the first third of his life we may attribute through the next half-century much of his universal power of sympathy and contact with all sorts and conditions of men. Unselfish by nature, he had the example of a singularly wide-minded father; then bred as a boy in Cornwall, Devon, and West Riding, as a man among London University students and Berlin University students, with the West Indian interlude— there was no class or nation who could not feel an understanding with Allen.
The Larvae of the Genus Porcellana (Crustacea Decapoda) and Related Forms
Authors: Lebour Marie V. 
Published: May 2009

Although the larva of Porcellana is one of the earliest known decapod larvae and at a later date the different stages of P. longicornis were well described by Sars (1889), there is yet much that is unknown. Few larvae have been actually hatched from the egg and in no case has the number of larval stages been definitely ascertained. In order to fill in some of the gaps in our knowledge a detailed study of the two common Plymouth species was begun (P. longicornis and P. platycheles). Unfortunately, war conditions made it difficult to obtain material and many specimens were lost as the result of air-raids; it was therefore not until the summer of 1942 that the work could be finished.It is now possible to distinguish between the two species in all stages. Both have been hatched from the egg, larvae from the plankton have moulted and the post-larvae have been obtained from the last larvae. A comparison with Gurney's (1938a) notes on the species from the Red Sea and his general comments on the larvae of the genus and its relatives (1942) is of much use. These, with the first larvae of Petrolisthes armatus hatched by myself at Bermuda and certain larvae described by other workers, have made it possible to make some progress in the elucidation of the relationships of the larvae.Porcellana longicornis and P. platycheles are both common at Plymouth; but whereas the latter is confined to coastal waters and lives between tidemarks and down to about 3 fathoms, the former has a much wider range and although occurring withP. platycheles between tidemarks extends to well beyond the Eddystone grounds.
Corella halli n.sp., a new ascidian from the English Channel
Authors: Kott Patricia 
Published: May 2009

In September 1950 Dr H. W. Parker of the British Museum (Natural History) kindly sent me a specimen of an ascidian collected by the yacht, Manihine, for identification. This has proved to belong to an unnamed species of the genus Corella, here described as C. halli. The unique type specimen was obtained from dredgings on a shingle bottom at 35 fathoms, 10 miles WSW. of the Casquets in the English Channel, 30 August 1950 (Manihine, Station no. 81).External features. The animal (Fig. IA) is enclosed in a transparent test, laterally flattened, circular, of 4 mm. diameter and fixed basally to pieces of sand; there is no stalk. The branchial aperture is terminal anteriorly; the atrial aperture is also anterior and dorsal to the branchial aperture. Both apertures are sessile.
An apparatus for the collection of plankton in the immediate vicinity of the sea-bottom
Authors: Bossanyi J. 
Published: May 2009

In connexion with a study of plankton-benthos interrelationships off the coast of Northumberland, an apparatus was designed for the collection of plankton in the immediate vicinity of the sea-bottom, a layer usually missed by ordinary plankton sampling gear. The present account is a brief description of this apparatus, together with some notes on its handling at sea and the work carried out with it on board the Dove Marine Laboratory's boat, the Pandalus II.I was fortunate in having the willing co-operation of numerous people who helped in various ways, and to whom I am very greatly indebted. These included my father, Mr E. Bossanyi; Mr T. E. F. Sanderson of Eastcote, Middlesex; Prof. A. C. Hardy, Oxford University; Dr C. E. Lucas, Fishery Laboratory, Aberdeen; Prof. A. D. Hobson, Director of the Dove Marine Laboratory; Dr H. O. Bull, Assistant Director; Messrs Ellis and Co., Engineering Works, Swalwell, County Durham; the Department of Mechanical Engineering of King's College, Newcastle upon Tyne; and the entire scientific, boat and technical staff as well as research students at the Dove Marine Laboratory. Without them, the design, construction and employment of the apparatus would not have been possible.
On the biology of Calanus finmarchicus. VII. Factors affecting egg production
Authors: Marshall S. M. , Orr A. P. 
Published: May 2009

Comparatively little is known about the factors affecting egg-laying in Calanus. Deductions from work in the field have been made by Nicholls (1933a, b) and Marshall, Nicholls & Orr (1934), and experimental work in the laboratory has been done by Raymont & Gross (1942).Emgg-LayingInCalanusThe anatomy of the reproductive system has been described in detail by Lowe (1935). In the female there is a pair of diverticula extending from the proximal end of the oviduct into the head region, and into this the developing eggs pass. Each diverticulum has a dorsal and a ventral channel, and the eggs pass from the dorsal into the ventral channel and then into the oviduct proper. The oviduct rises from the forward end of the ovary and crosses the body laterally and ventrally so that a short part of it can be clearly seen.
A note on Dallina septigera (Lovén), (Brachiopoda, Dallinidae)
Authors: Atkins D. 
Published: May 2009

The discovery of a homoeomorph, Fallax dalliniformis, of Dallina septigera (Lovén) dredged with that species (Atkins, 1960) and, it is believed, sometimes confused with it, certainly by Fischer & Oehlert (1891), has made a brief redescription desirable. During the present work more than a hundred D. septigera of shell length 5–31 mm have been obtained, and most of them examined internally.The original description in Latin—without figures—of Dallina septigera (= Terebratula septigera) was by Lovén in 1846 (p. 183). Unfortunately his description does not now clearly separate his species from Fallax dalliniformis, except perhaps his failure to mention the presence of dental plates, pedicle collar and spiculation. It is doubtful how much weight can be attached to this, for on the same page he failed to mention the presence of dental plates in Macandrevia cranium. He gave the length as 28 mm, width as 21.5 mm and depth as 17 mm.
The ligament of Cochlodesma praetenue (Pulteney)
Authors: Allen J. A. 
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper (Allen, 1958) the ligament of Cochlodesma praetenue (Pulteney) as shown to have unusual features, the significance of which was not appreciated at that time. Examination of its structure shows that a further description is necessary.Studies by Owen, Trueman & Yonge (1953), Owen (1958,1959), and Yonge (1953, 1957) have made clear the basic structure of the ligament of the adult bivalve. Primarily the ligament is composed of an inner layer covered by the anterior andposterior outer layers and the periostracum. The inner layer is secreted by the epithelium of the mantle isthmus, the outer layers are secreted by the outer surface of the outer mantle fold within the depths of the mantle embayments at either end of the mantle isthmus, and the periostracum is secreted by the inner surface of the outer mantle fold. This primary ligament may be secondarily extended anteriorly and/or posteriorly by fusion of the mantle margins and may involve extension by periostracum, or extension by fusion layer.
Direct observations on some Manx sublittoral algae
Authors: Kain Joanna M. 
Published: May 2009

The recent spread of the free-diving technique has made direct contact with the sublittoral environment relatively simple. The advantages of this to the ecologist need not be stressed.The rather more cumbersome and expensive standard diving method had had already been used by Gislén (1930), Kitching, Macan & Gilson (1934), Kitching (1937, 1941), Zalokar (1942), Bursa, Wojtusiak & Wojtusiak (1948) and Waern (1952). Drach (1948 a,b,1949, 1951) was the first to exploit free diving for ecological purposes and was followed by Forster (1954, 1955, 1958), Pérès & Piccard (1949), Ernst (1955), Laborel & Vacelet (1958), Knight-Jones & Clifford Jones (1956) and Aleem (1956).
Experiments on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
Authors: Hardy A. C. , Paton Lieut. W. Neil 
Published: May 2009

Experiments were made with apparatus, largely of glass, specially designed to study the vertical movements of plankton animals under as natural conditions as possible at various depths in the sea. The animals were introduced in darkness into the apparatus which was kept covered with a black clothuntil it was lowered below the surface so that from the time they were caught, in the opaque tow-net bucket, to the time they were returned to the sea in the apparatus, they were never subjected to above-surface illumination. The experiments were begun and ended at the required depth by the dispatch of messenger weights down the suspending wire from above. The copepodCalanus finmarchicus(Gunn.) was used, but a few experiments were also made with another copepod,Euchaeta norvegicaBoeck.The apparatus is described in detail; it takes two forms. No. 1 consists of two vertical parallel glass cylinders AB and αβ closed at the top by a glass plate and at the bottom by a metal one, and having trapdoors at the middle of each which divide them into upper and lower compartments, A and B in one, and α and β in the other. They were filled with sea water and the copepods were introduced injo only one compartment of each cylinder, in standard experiments into A on one side and j3 on the other. The apparatus was now lowered to the required depth and the trapdoors opened so that the copepods were free to move up or down the whole length of the cylinders. At the end of an experiment the trapdoors were closed again so that the percentage proportions that have moved up or down under different conditions could be estimated. In experiments other than standard, one side was left normal as a control and in the other the conditions were altered for the purpose of the experiment, e.g. darkened or the pH of the water increased or decreased. Apparatus No. 2 is a modification, a long tube of seven compartments each separated by a controlled trapdoor.
The Inorganic Constitution of Molluscan Blood and Muscle
Authors: Hayes F. R. , Pelluet D. 
Published: May 2009

Estimations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate have been made on the blood and muscle of marine molluscs and of the freshwater clam,Anodonta.On comparing marine blood with sea water it appears that the cephalopods show a regulatory power (i.e. difference between blood and sea water) with respect to all ions tested except sulphate. The gastropods have a regulatory power for calcium, magnesium and chloride; the pelecypods for calcium and magnesium.Calcium is always higher in blood than in sea water, while magnesium is lower. Chloride, where it differs, is lower.If muscle is considered as two phases, cells and intercellular blood space, then from whole muscle and blood analyses it is possible to calculate the spaces between the cells, which work out at 11 % for pelecypods and 18 % for the other two groups. Further calculation gives the constitution of the cells themselves, leading to the conclusion that, of the ions under consideration, only K is present in the Pelecypoda and Cephalopoda, while the Gastropoda may have some Ca and Mg as well as K.As expected the fresh-water clam contains little inorganic material. In relative proportions its blood is characterized by more calcium and less magnesium and chloride than that of marine forms. In muscle cells potassium dominates but other ions are present as well.This work was carried out at the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, in the summers of 1936 and 1937, and at the Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, in 1939. It is a pleasure to express our thanks to the Directors and Staffs of these establishments for accommodation,facilities and advice during the progress of the investigation.
A Cercaria of the Genus Haplocladus From Nucula Nucleus (L.)
Authors: Rees W. J. 
Published: May 2009

The cercaria described here was found on 21 April 1936, in twelve out of sixteen specimens of Nucula nucleus (L.) from Cawsand Bay, Plymouth Sound. The parasite was found by Dr Marie V. Lebour, who kindly gave me the infested molluscs for examination. I have thought it advisable to publish these notes, incomplete as they are, as it may not be possible for me to obtain further specimens of infested Nucula for some time to come.The trematode was found to parasitize the digestive gland and gonad. The cercariae develop in irregularly shaped parthenitae which each contain from, two to ten larvae in various stages of development. The parthenitae measure 0.9–2.0 mm. in length.The cercaria is very large and has a long, forked tail (Fig. 1). The measurements on the left of Table I were made with an ocular micrometer when the living cercariae were slightly flattened under the pressure of a cover-slip.The body is elongate in outline, with a slight constriction just behind the oral sucker, and reaches its greatest diameter opposite the ventral sucker. The pre-acetabular region of the body is highly muscular and capable of much. extension and contraction. Near the posterior border of the oral sucker there are two blunt processes, ventro-lateral in position. In section, the body is somewhat cylindrical, and consequently it is almost impossible to obtain true measurements from living cercariae because different individuals could not be subjected to the same pressure under a cover-glass. The measurements given on the right of Table I are of mature cercariae fixed in Bouin's fluid without pressure, and supplement those of living cercariae.