bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary neoplasms of the urinary system and male genital organs
Authors: Morichetti Doriana , Mazzucchelli Roberta , Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , Cheng Liang , Scarpelli Marina , Kirkali Ziya , Montorsi Francesco , Montironi Rodolfo 
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND AND AIMSIn this review we discuss those secondary tumours involving the urinary system and male genital organs that can pose differential diagnostic difficulties with primary lesions, and highlight morphological and ancillary features that could be helpful in reaching a proper assignment of primary origin.materials AND METHODSBased on MEDLINE database searches all reports of secondary tumours involving the urinary system (kidney and bladder) and male genital organs (prostate, testis and penis) were examined.RESULTS and discussionInvolvement by a secondary tumour occurs either as a metastasis or by direct extension. Among non‐genitourinary primary sites, colorectal, pulmonary, skin (melanoma) and breast are the most common contributors. Secondary spread from a genitourinary site primary tumour to another genitourinary organ occurs most frequently between the prostate and urinary bladder, given the intimate topographic proximity of the two. The prognosis is very poor, as the secondary tumour usually occurs in patients with carcinoma in the late stages. Few secondary tumours have distinctive histological and immunohistochemical features, making it difficult to make the appropriate diagnosis. Hence, knowledge of the history and clinical setting are particularly important in these cases.CONCLUSIONThe urinary system and male genital organs are not common sites for secondary tumours. They often go either undiagnosed or misdiagnosed in the clinical follow‐up of patients with cancer. Accurate diagnosis is essential because of differing therapeutic approaches compared with a primary neoplasm.
Androgen receptor expression is associated with prostate cancer‐specific survival in castrate patients with metastatic disease
Authors: Donovan Michael J. , Osman Iman , Khan Faisal M. , Vengrenyuk Yevgen , Capodieci Paola , Koscuiszka Michael , Anand Aseem , Cordon‐Cardo Carlos , Costa Jose , Scher Howard I. 
Published: July 2009

Study Type – Aetiology (case series)  Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo investigate whether baseline (before treatment) clinical variables and tumour specimen characteristics (including the androgen receptor, AR) from patients with castrate‐resistant metastatic prostate cancer can be used to predict the time to prostate cancer‐specific mortality and overall survival, as AR levels in prostate cancer have been associated with disease progression, including prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) recurrence and systemic metastasis.PATIENTS AND METHODSHaematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides/blocks and outcome data from a 104 castrate patients with metastatic disease (43 prostatectomy and 61 prostate needle biopsy samples), were independently reviewed; H&E morphometry and quantitative immunofluorescence were used to assess the samples. Sections were analysed with a multiplex quantitative immunofluorescence (IF) assay for cytokeratin‐18 (epithelial cells), 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (nuclei), p63/high molecular weight keratin (basal cells), AR and α‐methyl CoA‐racemase. Images were acquired with spectral imaging software and processed for quantification with IF algorithms.RESULTSThe median follow‐up was 12 years from diagnosis; 49 men (47%) baseline PSA levels of ≥ 20 ng/mL, 55 (53%) had a Gleason sum of 8, 63 (60%) died from the disease and 40% were alive (censored). In all, 66 patients had evaluable IF features, and the association with outcome was evaluated by univariate Cox modelling and support‐vector regression. PSA was the only clinical variable associated with outcome (concordance index, CoI, 0.41; P < 0.05, log‐rank test). The amount of AR present within tumour nuclei (regardless of tissue provenance and primary treatment) significantly correlated with a greater risk of a shorter time to prostate cancer‐specific mortality (CoI 0.36; P < 0.05 log‐rank test). There were no H&E features that correlated with mortality.CONCLUSIONBy univariate analysis, increased nuclear AR expression in either the diagnostic biopsy and/or radical prostatectomy specimen, from patients with advanced disease, was associated with a reduced time to prostate cancer‐specific mortality.
IMMORTALITY WITHOUT BOREDOM
Authors: Bortolotti Lisa , Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper we address Bernard Williams' argument for the undesirability of immortality. Williams argues that unavoidable and pervasive boredom would characterise the immortal life of an individual with unchanging categorical desires. We resist this conclusion on the basis of the distinction between habitual and situational boredom and a psychologically realistic account of significant factors in the formation of boredom. We conclude that Williams has offered no persuasive argument for the necessity of boredom in the immortal life.1
WHAT IS PHYSICALISM?
Authors: Göcke Benedikt Paul 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough ‘most contemporary analytic philosophers [endorse] a physicalist picture of the world’ (A. Newen; V. Hoffmann; M. Esfeld, ‘Preface to Mental Causation, Externalism and Self‐Knowledge’, Erkenntnis, 67 (2007), p. 147), it is unclear what exactly the physicalist thesis states. The response that physicalism is the thesis that everything is physical does not solve the problem but is a precise statement of the problem because ‘the claim is hopelessly vague’ (G. Hellman; F. Thompson, ‘Physicalism: Ontology, Determination, and Reduction’, Journal of Philosophy, 72 (1975), p. 552). I argue that physicalism in fact should be the thesis that every existing particular essentially exemplifies properties the exemplification of which does not conceptually entail the existence of conscious beings. Physicalism thus is a purely philosophical thesis with no intrinsic relation to physics.1
WHAT IS NATURAL ABOUT FOOT'S ETHICAL NATURALISM?
Authors: Hacker‐Wright John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPhilippa Foot's Natural Goodness is in the midst of a cool reception. It appears that this is due to the fact that Foot's naturalism draws on a picture of the biological world at odds with the view embraced by most scientists and philosophers. Foot's readers commonly assume that the account of the biological world that she must want to adhere to, and that she nevertheless mistakenly departs from, is the account offered by contemporary neo‐Darwinian biological sciences. But as is evident in her notion of function, Foot does not employ an evolutionary view of the biological world. I will attempt to show, first, that it is for good reason that Foot is not operating with an evolutionary view of function; her views do not aim to unseat evolutionary views of function, but instead simply have quite different theoretical goals. Second, I aim to underline the importance to Foot's naturalism of the fact that we are practically reasoning creatures. The profundity of Foot's ethical naturalism rests in how she approaches our nature as practically reasoning creatures. In this aspect of Foot's thought, there is a significant Kantian strain that is surprising to find in someone who calls herself an ethical naturalist.1
POLITICAL OBLIGATION AND THE PARTICULARITY PROBLEM
Authors: Markie P. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNatural duty theorists of political obligation try to base a moral duty to obey the law on some natural duty, such as the duty to promote justice. Their critics say they confront an insurmountable obstacle in the particularity problem: Since natural duties do not bind us to some persons and institutions more strongly than to others, they cannot support a duty to one particular state or society. I solve the particularity problem, by developing a version of the political obligation thesis, giving a natural duty argument for it and showing that the particularity problem does not arise for the argument. I reply to some likely objections to my view.
Exchange Rate Volatility and Output Volatility: A Theoretical Approach*
Authors: Grydaki Maria , Fountas Stilianos 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper makes an attempt to determine the factors influencing exchange rate and exchange rate uncertainty, as well as output and output variability. In the context of a small open economy under flexible exchange rates regime it is found that the level both of exchange rate and output is affected by monetary and inflationary shocks, as well as shocks in government spending, output, and trade balance. Further, the uncertainty of exchange rate and output is associated positively with the uncertainty of all shocks while the contemporaneous occurrence of selected shocks imposes either a positive or negative impact on exchange rate and output volatility. Finally, it is shown that the effect of the determinants either of exchange rate volatility or output volatility is very sensitive to the parameter values.
Fiscal Convergence, Business Cycle Volatility, and Growth
Authors: Furceri Davide 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effects of fiscal convergence on business cycle volatility and growth. Using a panel of 11 EMU and 21 OECD countries and 40 years of data, we find that countries with similar government budget positions tend to have smoother business cycles. That is, fiscal convergence (in the form of persistently similar ratios of government surplus/deficit to GDP) is systematically associated with smoother business cycles. We also find evidence that reduced business cycle volatility through higher fiscal convergence stimulates growth. Our empirical results are economically and statistically significant, and robust.
A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO CANARIAN ROCK ART: OPENING UP NEW THOUGHTS
Authors: FARRUJIA DE LA ROSA A. JOSÉ 
Published: July 2009

SummaryResearch into the history of Canarian rock art presents major problems, both theoretical and methodological. This paper analyses the evolution of research into Canarian rock art from a historical and diachronic perspective. It also addresses the connection established between the Canary Islands, North Africa and the Atlantic area, focusing on the theoretical models developed to explain these relationships. The analysis therefore covers a period of seven centuries (fourteenth–twentieth centuries).
THE DOUET ALIGNMENT ON THE ISLAND OF HOEDIC (MORBIHAN, FRANCE): NEW INSIGHTS INTO STANDING STONE ALIGNMENTS IN BRITTANY
Authors: LARGE JEAN‐MARC , MENS EMMANUEL 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThe island of Hoedic in southern Brittany has numerous archaeological remains of later prehistoric date. It became famous through the discovery in the 1930s of a Mesolithic cemetery, but the island also has abundant archaeological evidence from the earliest Neolithic period onwards. These include several megalithic monuments, the most significant being alignments of standing stones. One of these alignments has recently been excavated, and investigation of another is in progress. The discoveries resulting from this work provide new insights into the origin of the phenomenon, its chronological and cultural context and the techniques that were used to create these structures. Above all, it offers a new approach to considering the meaning of these alignments.
RADIOCARBON‐DATED DESTRUCTION LAYERS: A SKELETON FOR IRON AGE CHRONOLOGY IN THE LEVANT
Authors: FINKELSTEIN ISRAEL , PIASETZKY ELI 
Published: July 2009

SummaryWe present a full‐sequence radiocarbon‐based chronological system for the Iron Age in the Levant, anchored on the dating of ten destruction layers for the years 1130–730 BC. We establish the sequence using two methods – the ‘uncalibrated weighted average’ and the Bayesian modelling. Utilizing four dating tools in combination – radiocarbon measurements, field stratigraphy, pottery typology and ancient Near Eastern historical records – facilitates solutions to chronological problems that are far beyond the resolving power of 14C dating alone. The results shed light on disputed issues related to biblical and ancient Near Eastern history, such as the expansion of the early Israelite polity from the highlands to the lowlands; the nature of the Shoshenq I campaign to Canaan; and the evolution of the conflict between northern Israel and Aram Damascus.
POST‐COLLAPSE: THE RE‐EMERGENCE OF POLITY IN IRON AGE BOĞAZKÖY, CENTRAL ANATOLIA
Authors: KEALHOFER L. , GRAVE P. , GENZ H. , MARSH B. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryHow communities reorganize after collapse is drawing increasing attention across a wide spectrum of disciplines. Iron Age Boğazköy provides an archaeological case study of urban and political regeneration after the widespread collapse of eastern Mediterranean Late Bronze Age empires in the early twelfth century BC. Recent work at Boğazköy has significantly expanded our understanding of long‐term occupation in north central Anatolia. This work counters previous suggestions that Boğazköy was abandoned after the collapse of the Hittite Empire during the Early Iron Age. In this paper, we focus on the Iron Age occupations at the site to show how growth in the scale and complexity of ceramic production and trade during this period provides another line of evidence for economic and political re‐emergence. Based on the increasing diversity of non‐local ceramics and ceramic emulations during the Iron Age, we suggest that only in the Late Iron Age, 500–700 years after Hittite collapse, did Boğazköy re‐emerge as a significant polity in central Anatolia.
Changes in serum cytokine levels during plasmapheresis in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Yeh J.‐H. , Wang S.‐H. , Chien P.‐J. , Shih C.‐M. , Chiu H.‐C. 
Published: July 2009

Background:  The effect of plasmapheresis on cytokine levels in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) has not been well established.Methods:  Cytokine levels were measured in 19 patients with MG before and after treatment with one course of double‐filtration plasmapheresis (DFP). The control group comprised 6 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy volunteers.Results:  At baseline, patients with MG had higher levels of IL‐10 than normal controls. The levels of IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, and tumor necrosis factor‐α were almost undetectable in MG patients. After a single session of DFP treatment, IL‐10 levels were significantly increased. After three sessions, IL‐10 levels were still higher than those at baseline. Elevated IL‐10 level was significantly associated with use of immunosuppressant drugs, thymectomy, and good response to DFP treatment.Conclusions:  Interleukin‐10 might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of MG.
Spatial genetic structuring in a vagile species, the European wood mouse
Authors: Booth W. , Montgomery W. I. , Prodöhl P. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe examined the genetic structure of natural populations of the European wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus at the microgeographic (<3 km) and macrogeographic (>30 km) scales. Ecological and behavioural studies indicate that this species exhibits considerable dispersal relative to its home‐range size. Thus, there is potential for high gene flow over larger geographic areas. As levels of population genetic structure are related to gene flow, we hypothesized that population genetic structuring at the microgeographic level should be negligible, increasing only with geographic distance. To test this, four sites were sampled within a microgeographic scale with two additional samples at the macrogeographic level. Individuals (n=415) were screened and analysed for seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. Contrary to our hypothesis, significant levels of population structuring were detected at both scales. Comparing genetic differentiation with geographic distance suggests increasing genetic isolation with distance. However, this distance effect was non‐significant being confounded by surprisingly high levels of differentiation among microgeographic samples. We attribute this pattern of genetic differentiation to the effect of habitat fragmentation, splitting large populations into components with small effective population sizes resulting in enhanced genetic drift. Our results indicate that it is incorrect to assume genetic homogeneity among populations even where there is no evidence of physical barriers and dispersal can occur freely. In the case of A. sylvaticus, it is not clear whether dispersal does not occur across habitat barriers or behavioural dispersal occurs without consequent gene flow.
Quality of life instruments for children and adolescents with neurodisabilities: how to choose the appropriate instrument
Authors: WATERS ELIZABETH , DAVIS ELISE , RONEN GABRIEL M , ROSENBAUM PETER , LIVINGSTON MICHAEL , SAIGAL SAROJ 
Published: July 2009

Aim There are many misconceptions about what constitutes ‘quality of life’ (QoL). It is often difficult for researchers and clinicians to determine which instruments will be most appropriate to their purpose. The aim of the current paper is to describe QoL instruments for children and adolescents with neurodisabilities against criteria that we think are important when choosing or developing a QoL instrument.Method QoL instruments for children and adolescents with neurodisabilities were reviewed and described based on their purpose, conceptual focus, origin of domains and items, opportunity for self report, clarity (lack of ambiguity), potential threat to self‐esteem, cognitive or emotional burden, number of items and time to complete, and psychometric properties.Results Several generic and condition‐specific instruments were identified for administration to children and adolescents with neurodisabilities – cerebral palsy, epilepsy and spina bifida, and hydrocephalus. Many have parent‐proxy and self‐report versions and adequate reliability and validity. However, they were often developed with minimal involvement from families, focus on functioning rather than well‐being, and have items that may produce emotional upset.Interpretation As well as ensuring that a QoL instrument has sound psychometric properties, researchers and clinicians should understand how an instrument’s theoretical focus will have influenced domains, items, and scoring.
Specific vulnerability of mouse spinal cord motoneurons to membrane depolarization
Authors: Gou‐Fabregas Myriam , Garcera Ana , Mincheva Stefka , Perez‐Garcia M. Jose , Comella Joan X. , Soler Rosa M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIntracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration determines neuronal dependence on neurotrophic factors (NTFs) and susceptibility to cell death. Ca2+ overload induces neuronal death and the consequences are thought to be a probable cause of motoneuron (MN) degeneration in neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we show that membrane depolarization with elevated extracellular potassium (K+) was toxic to cultured embryonic mouse spinal cord MNs even in the presence of NTFs. Membrane depolarization induced an intracellular Ca2+ increase. Depolarization‐induced toxicity and increased intracellular Ca2+ were blocked by treatment with antagonists to some of the voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), indicating that Ca2+ influx through these channels contributed to the toxic effect of depolarization. Ca2+ activates the calpains, cysteine proteases that degrade a variety of substrates, causing cell death. We investigated the functional involvement of calpain using a calpain inhibitor and calpain gene silencing. Pre‐treatment of MNs with calpeptin (a cell‐permeable calpain inhibitor) rescued MNs survival; calpain RNA interference had the same protective effect, indicating that endogenous calpain contributes to the cell death caused by membrane depolarization. These findings suggest that MNs are especially vulnerable to extracellular K+ concentration, which induces cell death by causing both intracellular Ca2+ increase and calpain activation.
A new formulation of garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer based on accumulation and statistical analysis of a large experimental data set
Authors: NAKAMURA D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPublished experimental data including garnet and clinopyroxene as run products were used to develop a new formulation of the garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer based on 333 garnet–clinopyroxene pairs. Only experiments with graphite capsules were selected because of difficulty in estimating the Fe3+ content of clinopyroxene. For the calibration, a published subregular‐solution model was adopted to express the non‐ideality of garnet. The magnitude of the Fe–Mg excess interaction parameter for clinopyroxene (WFeMgCpx), and differences in enthalpy and entropy of the Fe–Mg exchange reaction were regressed from the accumulated experimental data set. As a result, a markedly negative value was obtained for the Fe–Mg excess interaction parameter of clinopyroxene (WFeMgCpx = − 3843 J mol−1). The pressure correction is simply treated as linear, and the difference in volume of the Fe–Mg exchange reaction was calculated from a published thermodynamic data set and fixed to be −120.72 (J kbar−1 mol−1). The regressed and obtained thermometer formulation is as follows:
image

where T = temperature, P = pressure (kbar), A = 0.5 Xgrs (Xprp − Xalm − Xsps), B = 0.5 Xgrs (Xprp − Xalm + Xsps), C = 0.5 (Xgrs + Xsps) (Xprp − Xalm), Xprp = Mg/(Fe2+ + Mn + Mg + Ca)Grt, Xalm = Fe/(Fe2+ + Mn + Mg + Ca)Grt, Xsps = Mn/(Fe2+ + Mn + Mg + Ca)Grt, Xgrs = Ca/(Fe2+ + Mn + Mg + Ca)Grt, XMgCpx = Mg/(Al + Fetotal + Mg)Cpx, XFeCpx = Fe2+/(Al + Fetotal + Mg)Cpx, KD = (Fe2+/Mg)Grt/(Fe2+/Mg)Cpx, Grt = garnet, Cpx = clinopyroxene. A test of this new formulation to the accumulated data gave results that are concordant with the experimental temperatures over the whole range of the experimental temperatures (800–1820 °C), with a standard deviation (1 sigma) of 74 °C. Previous formulations of the thermometer are inconsistent with the accumulated data set; they underestimate temperatures by about 100 °C at >1300 °C and overestimate by 100–200 °C at <1300 °C. In addition, they tend to overestimate temperatures for high‐Ca garnet (Xgrs ≈ 0.30–0.50). This new formulation has been tested against previous formulations of the thermometer by application to natural eclogites. This gave temperatures some 20–100 °C lower than previous formulations.
Application of the titanium‐in‐quartz thermometer to pelitic migmatites from the Adirondack Highlands, New York
Authors: STORM L. C. , SPEAR F. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe ‘TitaniQ’ (Ti‐in‐quartz) solubility thermometer was applied to migmatitic metapelites from the southern and western Adirondack Highlands, New York, to examine the effect of granulite facies metamorphism on the distribution of Ti in quartz. Both cathodoluminescence imaging and quantitative traverses revealed that individual grains of Adirondack quartz are highly zoned with respect to Ti, and that core‐to‐rim decreases of Ti are common. Large ranges in calculated temperature were observed within each sample. One sample, not considered to be saturated with respect to TiO2, gave maximum temperatures more than 100 °C lower than previously estimated peak temperatures. Rutile‐saturated southern and western Adirondack samples yielded peak estimates of ≥803 ± 11 °C and ∼860–870 °C, respectively, which are similar to previous estimates from major phase thermometry. Minimum Ti‐in‐quartz matrix temperatures from rutile‐saturated samples are 630 °C, which is interpreted as the closure temperature for Ti diffusion in quartz in these samples. This study demonstrates that Ti‐in‐quartz thermometry can yield details of rock evolution if the textural setting and reaction history of the quartz is clear, and can yield near‐peak metamorphic temperatures in some cases, if care is taken to test for post‐peak diffusional resetting.