bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling of deep-seated high-alumina parageneses on the basis of the stability fields of corundum- and spinel-normative assemblages of the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2
Authors: Surkov N.V. , Gartvich Yu.G. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
To elaborate physicochemical models for the origin of crystalline rocks, experimental studies of the field of high-alumina assemblages of the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 were carried out at 10–30 kbar and 1250–1535 °C. We have determined the phase relations between the melt (L) and An, Sp, Cpx, Cor, and Ga, the slope of the rays of the monovariant reactions An + Sp = Cpx + Cor + (Ga) and L = Cpx +Ga + Cor + Sp, the position of the nonvariant point (An, Sp, Cpx, Cor, Ga, L), and the compositions of phases participating in these reactions. Based on a topological analysis of the studied segment of the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2, we have substantiated that “eclogitization” must follow the reaction Opx + An + Sp = Cpx + Ga. A fundamental continuous series of eutectic monovariant equilibria was observed: L = Cpx + Opx + Fo + An, L = Cpx + Opx + An + Sp, L = Cpx (+ Ga) + An + Sp, and L = Cpx + Cor (+ Ga) + An. A change in the melt composition in this series of eutectic reactions depending on pressure must reflect the most likely magma genesis trend in nature. Comparision of the composition fields in which the above series of reactions is observed with the composition fields of the rocks of magmatic formations showed that this series is most similar to the alkali-earth series of rocks. The mineralogical compositions of cumulates and phenocrysts found in the effusive and dike varieties of these rocks correspond to unique sets of subsolidus phase associations and individual subsolidus phases crystallizing in this fundamental eutectic series.
Nano-structuring of solid surface by extreme ultraviolet Ar8+ laser
Authors: Kolacek K. , Straus J. , Schmidt J. , Frolov O. , Prukner V. , Shukurov A. , Holy V. , Sobota J. , Fort T. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis work demonstrates the patterning of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by ablation with Ar8+ ion laser (λ = 46.9 nm) pumped by pulse, high-current, capillary-discharge. For focusing a long-focal spherical mirror (R = 2100 mm) covered by 14 double-layer Sc-Si coating was used. The ablated focal spots demonstrate not only that the energy of our laser is sufficient for such experiments, but also that the design of focusing optics must be more sophisticated: severe aberrations were revealed — an irregular spot shape and strong astigmatism with astigmatic difference as large as 16 mm. In some cases, on the bottom of ablated spots a laser-induced periodic surface structure appeared. Finally, an illumination of the sample through quadratic hole 7.5 × 7.5 µm, standing in contact with PMMA substrate ablated from the surface a strongly developed two-dimensional diffraction pattern (period in the center about 125 nm).
Guzmán Mound: A Late Preclassic Salt works on south coast of Guatemala
Authors: Nance C. Roger 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSalvage excavation of a small mound on the south coast of Guatemala revealed evidence of Late Preclassic salt production. Most potsherds are of a crude, thin-walled utility ware believed to have been used in evaporating salt water over fires. Level-by-level attribute analysis suggests evolution of a more efficient vessel form for this purpose. A typological study of fine ware and radiocarbon dating firmly position the mound chronologically. Charcoal was abundant; daub and elongated hearths probably figured in the technology. Also, the absence of edible plant remains and the scarcity of obsidian blades and animal bone add to the picture of a specialized, salt-producing locality. The represented salt-making technology is partially reconstructed using comparative ethnographic, ethnohistorical, and archaeological sources from southern Mesoamerica.
The Children of Copan:Issues in paleopathology and paleodemography
Authors: Storey Rebecca 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe estimated 600 individuals in the Copan skeletal sample make it one of the largest and most important collections from Precolumbian Mesoamerica. The sample is analyzed using a bioarchaeological approach. An overview of the goals of the osteological study and its progress are presented. As an illustration of the results obtainable from osteological analysis, mortality patterns and the incidence of enamel defects in the deciduous dentition of the children of an elite compound, 9N-8, are discussed. Even at an early stage of analysis, children commonly have evidence of health stress that is relevant to understanding the collapse of the Classic Maya society at Copan.
XSB: Extending Prolog with Tabled Logic Programming
Authors: SWIFT TERRANCE , WARREN DAVID S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe paradigm of Tabled Logic Programming (TLP) is now supported by a number of Prolog systems, including XSB, YAP Prolog, B-Prolog, Mercury, ALS, and Ciao. The reasons for this are partly theoretical: tabling ensures termination and optimal known complexity for queries to a large class of programs. However, the overriding reasons are practical. TLP allows sophisticated programs to be written concisely and efficiently, especially when mechanisms such as tabled negation and call and answer subsumption are supported. As a result, TLP has now been used in a variety of applications from program analysis to querying over the semantic web. This paper provides a survey of TLP and its applications as implemented in the XSB Prolog, along with discussion of how XSB supports tabling with dynamically changing code, and in a multi-threaded environment.
Controls on the autochthonous production and respiration of organic matter in cryoconite holes on high Arctic glaciers
Authors: Telling Jon , Anesio Alexandre M. , Tranter Martyn , Stibal Marek , Hawkings Jon , Irvine‐Fynn Tristram , Hodson Andy , Butler Catriona , Yallop Marian , Wadham Jemma 
Published: December 2011

There is current debate about whether the balance of photosynthesis and respiration has any impact on the net accumulation of organic matter on glacier surfaces. This study assesses controls on rates of net ecosystem production (NEP), respiration, and photosynthesis in cryoconite holes during the main melt season (June–August 2009) on three valley glaciers in Svalbard. Cryoconite thickness and organic matter content explained 87% of the total variation in rates of respiration (in units of volume), and organic matter (but not sediment depth) was a significant (p< 0.05) control on photosynthesis (by volume). The average rates of respiration and gross photosynthesis within the cryoconite holes were overall closely balanced, ranging from net autotrophic to heterotrophic. Sediment depth explained over half the variation of NEP, with net autotrophic rates typical only in sediment <3 mm thick. The measured rates of NEP were not sufficient to account for the organic matter which has likely accumulated in the cryoconite on timescales of less than decades, suggesting three alternatives for the source of the organic matter. First, the glacier surface may have received windblown allochthonous organic material from surrounding environments. Second, cryoconite may consist of in‐washed autochthonous material from the glacier surface which has comparable organic carbon content. Third, much of the organic matter may have accumulated in the hole during a nascent period, when rates of NEP were much higher. The cycling of autochthonous labile carbon produced by phototrophs may sustain a significant proportion of the total in situ microbial activity within cryoconite holes.
The Effect of Intertalker Variations on Acoustic–Perceptual Mapping in Cantonese and Mandarin Tone Systems
Authors: Peng Gang , Zhang Caicai , Zheng Hong-Ying , Minett James W. , Wang William S.-Y. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose
This study investigates the impact of intertalker variations on the process of mapping acoustic variations on tone categories in two different tone languages.

Method
Pitch stimuli manipulated from four voice ranges were presented in isolation through a blocked-talker design. Listeners were instructed to identify the stimuli that they heard as lexical tones in their native language.

Results
Tone identification of Mandarin listeners exhibited relatively stable normalization regardless of the voice, whereas tone identification of Cantonese listeners was unstable and susceptible to the influence of intertalker variations. In the case of Cantonese listeners, intertalker variations had a larger effect on the perception of F0 height dimension than of F0 slope dimension.

Conclusion
The comparison between Cantonese and Mandarin listeners' performances reveals an interaction of intertalker variations and the types of tone contrasts in each language. For Cantonese tones, which depend heavily on F0 height distinctions, intertalker variations result in F0 overlapping and, consequently, ambiguities among them in isolated tone perception. For Mandarin tones, which are distinctive in terms of their F0 contours, the differences in F0 contours alone seem sufficient to elicit reliable tone identification. Intertalker variations therefore have relatively limited effect on Mandarin tone perception.
Increased Leaf Angle1, a Raf-Like MAPKKK That Interacts with a Nuclear Protein Family, Regulates Mechanical Tissue Formation in the Lamina Joint of Rice
Authors: Ning Jing , Zhang Baocai , Wang Nili , Zhou Yihua , Xiong Lizhong 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs), which function at the top level of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, are clustered into three groups. However, no Group C Raf-like MAPKKKs have yet been functionally identified. We report here the characterization of a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, increased leaf angle1 (ila1), resulting from a T-DNA insertion in a Group C MAPKKK gene. The increased leaf angle in ila1 is caused by abnormal vascular bundle formation and cell wall composition in the leaf lamina joint, as distinct from the mechanism observed in brassinosteroid-related mutants. Phosphorylation assays revealed that ILA1 is a functional kinase with Ser/Thr kinase activity. ILA1 is predominantly resident in the nucleus and expressed in the vascular bundles of leaf lamina joints. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified six closely related ILA1 interacting proteins (IIPs) of unknown function. Using representative IIPs, the interaction of ILA1 and IIPs was confirmed in vivo. IIPs were localized in the nucleus and showed transactivation activity. Furthermore, ILA1 could phosphorylate IIP4, indicating that IIPs may be the downstream substrates of ILA1. Microarray analyses of leaf lamina joints provided additional evidence for alterations in mechanical strength in ila1. ILA1 is thus a key factor regulating mechanical tissue formation at the leaf lamina joint.
Characteristics of alloreactive T cells measured before renal transplantation
Authors: van de Berg P J E J , Yong S L , Koch S D , Lardy N , van Donselaar-van der Pant K A M I , Florquin S , Bemelman F J , van Lier R A W , ten Berge I J M 
Published: December 2011

SummarySeveral assays to measure pre-existing allospecific T cell immunity in renal transplant candidates have been developed in the past years. In 46 patients, we used flow cytometry-based mixed lymphocyte culture to measure the precursor frequency and phenotype of alloreactive T cells before renal transplantation, using donor-specific or third-party cells for allostimulation. Allostimulation induced up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules, chemokine receptors relevant for migration of T cells into the graft and effector proteins. Recipients prone for acute rejection had a higher precursor frequency of alloreactive CD8+ T cells and a lower percentage of interleukin (IL)-7Rα expressing alloreactive CD8+ T cells than non-rejectors. These data point to quantitative and qualitative differences between T cells of patients who will experience acute cellular rejection episodes from those who will not.
Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: role of proton pump inhibitors and intestinal permeability
Authors: van Vlerken Lotte G. , Huisman Ellen J. , van Hoek Bart , Renooij Willem , de Rooij Felix W. M. , Siersema Peter D. , van Erpecum Karel J. 
Published: December 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (7): 760–767AbstractBackground  Cirrhotic patients are at considerable risk for bacterial infections, possibly through increased intestinal permeability and bacterial overgrowth. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may increase infection risk. We aimed to explore the potential association between PPI use and bacterial infection risk in cirrhotic patients and potential underlying mechanisms in complementary patient and animal models.Materials and methods  Bacterial overgrowth was determined in jejunum of 30 rats randomly allocated to 6‐week PPI treatment, gastrectomy or no treatment. In 84 consecutive cirrhotic patients, bacterial infection risk was prospectively assessed and related to PPI use. Intestinal permeability was determined by polyethylene glycol (PEG) test in nine healthy individuals and 12 cirrhotic patients.Results  Bacterial overgrowth was much more common in jejunum of rats treated with PPI or gastrectomy compared with nontreated rats. Twenty‐four patients (29%) developed a bacterial infection during a median follow‐up of 28 months. Although PPI users tended to experience infection more often than patients without PPI therapy, PPI use was not an independent predictor of bacterial infection (HR 1·2, 95% CI 0·5–3·0, P = 0·72), after correction for Child‐Pugh class (HR 3·6, 95% CI 1·5–8·7, P = 0·004) and age (HR 1·05, 95%CI 1·01–1·09, P = 0·02). In cirrhotic patients, 24‐h urinary recovery of PEGs 1500 and 3350 was significantly higher compared with healthy controls.Conclusions  Although in our animal model PPIs induced intestinal overgrowth, stage of liver disease rather than PPI use was the predominant factor determining infection risk in cirrhotic patients. Increased intestinal permeability may be a factor contributing to infection risk.
Expression pattern of a ‘Plus‐C’ class odorant binding protein in the antenna of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Schultze A. , Schymura D. , Forstner M. , Krieger J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Ag), olfaction plays a crucial role in various behaviours, most strikingly in the seeking of females after a blood meal. The first step of odorant recognition in antennal sensilla involves soluble odorant binding proteins (OBPs), which transfer odorous compounds to olfactory receptors (ORs) in the dendritic membrane of sensory neurons. A particular OBP subtype of the ‘Plus‐C’ class, called AgOBP48, is abundantly transcribed in female antennae and partially down‐regulated after a blood meal, suggesting a possible role in host detection. In the present study, we have identified the AgOBP48‐expressing cells, explored their antennal topography and determined their position relative to cells that express the ‘classic’ AgOBP1, the AgOR co‐receptor (AgOrco) and the receptor AgOR1. By means of two‐colour whole‐mount fluorescence in situ hybridization it was found that AgOBP48 was expressed in cells, which are closely associated with AgOrco‐expressing sensory neurons. Furthermore, AgOBP48 was not expressed in the same cells as AgOBP1, but subpopulations of AgOBP48‐ and of AgOBP1‐expressing cells were found closely associated and adjacent to sensory neurons expressing AgOR1. Together, the results indicate that cells that express either AgOBP48, AgOBP1 or AgOR1 are housed together in distinct olfactory sensilla and that an interplay of the proteins may contribute to the specific responsiveness of the sensillum to distinct odorants.
Novel and conventional assays in determining abundance of Streptococcus mutans in saliva
Authors: GAO XIAO‐LI , SENEVIRATNE CHAMINDA J. , LO EDWARD C.M. , CHU CHUN HUNG , SAMARANAYAKE LAKSHMAN P. 
Published: December 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 363–368
Background.  Effective caries control and management requires identification of susceptible children for timely intervention. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is an important biomarker of caries risk.Aim.  This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the validities of a novel immunoassay and a conventional culture‐based assay in detecting salivary S. mutans in a paediatric cohort.Methods.  190 children aged 3–4 years were recruited. The abundance of S. mutans in their saliva samples was analysed with three assay systems viz. a conventional culture‐based assay (Dentocult SM), a novel immunoassay system (Saliva‐Check MUTANS) based on monoclonal antibody technology and a Taqman real‐time PCR assay taken as a gold standard.Results.  The novel immunoassay accurately differentiated saliva samples with high (≥5 × 105 CFU/mL) and low (<5 × 105 CFU/mL) S. mutans levels. The sensitivity/specificity was 97.6%/90.6%. The conventional culture‐based assay reached a reasonably high sensitivity/specificity (92.8%/81.3%) in identifying children with moderate (≥104 CFU/mL) S. mutans level. Its sensitivity/ specificity in selecting children with high (≥105 CFU/mL) and very high (>106 CFU/mL) S. mutans levels were not sufficient (78.7%/79.8% and 25.8%/91.8%, respectively).Conclusion.  The monoclonal antibody‐based immunoassay accurately and rapidly determines S. mutans abundance in saliva and could be useful for chairside assessment of children’s caries risk.
The hospital environment for end of life care of older adults and their families: an integrative review
Authors: Brereton Louise , Gardiner Clare , Gott Merryn , Ingleton Christine , Barnes Sarah , Carroll Christopher 
Published: December 2011

brereton l., gardiner c., gott m., ingleton c., barnes s. & carroll c. (2011) The hospital environment for end of life care of older adults and their families: an integrative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(5), 981–993.AbstractAim.  This article is a report of an integrative review to identify key elements of the physical hospital environment for end of life care of older adults and their families as reported by patients, relatives, staff and policy makers.Background.  Globally ageing populations and increases in long‐term illness mean that more people will need palliative care in the future. Despite policy initiatives to increase end of life care in the community, many older adults prefer, and will require, end of life care in hospital. Providing an appropriate physical environment for older adults requiring end of life care is important given concerns about hospital environments for this group.Data sources.  Thirteen databases from 1966 to 2010 were searched including ASSIA, BNI, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Social Science Citation Index, the Science Citation Index, HMIC and the National Research Register. Reference and citation tracking was performed on included publications.Review methods.  An integrative review was conducted. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for inclusion and completed data extraction. Study quality is not reported as this poses methodological difficulties in integrative reviews. Data synthesis involved thematic analysis informed by the findings of included literature.Results.  Ten articles were included. Four themes were identified: privacy as needed; proximity (physically and emotionally) to loved ones, home and nature; satisfaction with the physical environment; and deficiencies in physical environment.Conclusion.  Little evidence exists about physical hospital environments for end of life care of older adults and their families. More research is required in this field.
What to know and how to get to know? A fieldwork study outlining the understanding of knowing the patient in facilities for short‐term stay
Authors: Bundgaard Karin , Nielsen Karl Brian , Delmar Charlotte , Sørensen Erik Elgaard 
Published: December 2011

bundgaard k., nielsen k.b., delmar c. & sørensen e.e. (2012) What to know and how to get to know? A fieldwork study outlining the understanding of knowing the patient in facilities for short‐term stay. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(10), 2280–2288.AbstractAim.  To report a descriptive study of nursing in facilities for short‐term stay aiming to outline what ‘knowing the patient’ means in an endoscopic outpatient clinic.Background.  ‘Knowing the patient’ is indispensable to the effort of tailoring nursing to the individual patient’s needs. Structural changes in the practice environments, however, reduce the amount of time a nurse spends getting to know the patient. Despite recent years’ focus on the subject, no uniform description of ‘knowing the patient’ in facilities for short‐term stay exists.Design.  A fieldwork study influenced by practical ethnographic principles was performed in a high‐technology endoscopic outpatient clinic during 2008 – 2010.Methods.  Data were collected using participant observation for 12 weeks and semi‐structured interviews with eight patients and four nurses.Findings.  Findings were summarized into two categories ‘What to know?’ and ‘How to get to know?’ The former concerned practical issues in relation to gastroscopy and was described in terms of the patient’s level of anxiety, wish for medication and previous experiences. The latter ‘How to get to know?’ concerned instruments employed in getting to know the patient and was described in terms of the use of communication and sensing.Conclusions.  ‘Knowing the patient’ in the endoscopic outpatient clinic was understood in a very practical sense. Conversation and the use of the eyes and physical touch enabled a situational awareness. It helped tailor nursing to the patient’s needs and allowed the nurse to treat every patient as a unique individual.
Prescription and transcription errors in multidose‐dispensed medications on discharge from hospital: an observational and interventional study
Authors: Alassaad Anna , Gillespie Ulrika , Bertilsson Maria , Melhus Håkan , Hammarlund‐Udenaes Margareta 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground  Medication errors frequently occur when patients are transferred between health care settings. The main objective of this study was to investigate the frequency, type and severity of prescribing and transcribing errors for drugs dispensed in multidose plastic packs when patients are discharged from the hospital. The secondary objective was to correct identified errors and suggest measures to promote safe prescribing.Methods  The drugs on the patients' multidose drug dispensing (MDD) order sheets and the medication administration records were reconciled prior to the MDD orders being sent to the pharmacy for dispensing. Discrepancies were recorded and the prescribing physician was notified and given the opportunity to change the order. Discrepancies categorized as unintentional and related to the discharge process were subject to further analysis.Results  Seventy‐two (25%) of the 290 reviewed MDD orders had at least one discharge error. In total, 120 discharge errors were identified, of which 49 (41%) were assessed as being of moderate and three (3%) of major severity. Orders with a higher number of medications and orders from the orthopaedic wards had a significantly higher error rate.Conclusion  The main purpose of the MDD system is to increase patient safety by reducing medication errors. However, this study shows that prescribing and transcribing errors frequently occur when patients are hospitalized. Because the population enrolled in the MDD system is an elderly, physically vulnerable group with a high number of prescribed drugs, preventive measures to ensure safe prescribing of MDD drugs are warranted.