bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disinfection observations on a major unfiltered water supply in Scotland
Authors: Robertson Stuart J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Loch Katrine water supply to Glasgow was unfiltered until a new treatment works was completed in 2007. Disinfection observations on the unfiltered supply are reported here for the decade 1995–2004. On one half of the supply, raw water contamination by gulls led to annual final water microbiological failure rates up to 2.7%, which fell below 0.4% after introducing revised gull control measures. Seasonality in gull contamination contributed to marked seasonality in observed final water microbiological failure rates. A 14‐min chlorine contact time at pH 5.8 realised all the effective disinfection; a longer second stage contact time at pH 8.6 provided no significant (P > 0.05) improvement. For a range of raw water Escherichia coli counts, a logistic regression model predicted probabilities of a final water E. coli failure that varied with quarterly period; this was consistent with seasonal factors, aside from raw water quality, contributing to probability of these failures.
Rapid ongoing decline of Baird's tapir in Cusuco National Park, Honduras
Authors: McCANN Niall P. , WHEELER Phil M. , COLES Tim , BRUFORD Michael W. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDuring the International Tapir Symposium 16–21 Oct 2011, the conservation of Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii) in Honduras received a boost with the signing of a memorandum of understanding between the Minister Director of the Honduran Institute of Conservation and Forestry (ICF) and the Tapir Specialist Group (TSG). Despite this agreement, accelerating levels of hunting and habitat loss continue to pose a threat to Baird's tapir in Honduras. An ongoing study in Cusuco National Park in northwestern Honduras has been monitoring changes in population dynamics of Baird's tapir since 2006 through the collection of occupancy data. The study has identified an increase in hunting pressure, coinciding with a drastic decline in the encounter rate with Baird's tapir spoor. Here, we examine the significance of a range of demographic variables on Baird's tapir occupancy in Cusuco National Park using the software PRESENCE, and simulate the effects of different management strategies on the future dynamics of the population using the stochastic simulation software VORTEX. The predictions of the theoretical population models are compared to observed changes in occupancy levels. We found that non‐intervention resulted in the local extinction of Baird's tapir within a very short time frame, but that various intervention models enabled the population to recover to near carrying capacity. Occupancy and extinction probability were shown to respond markedly to the increase in hunting pressure; and occupancy models supported the future population predictions generated by VORTEX. Our study suggests that immediate intervention is required to reduce hunting pressure to near historical levels to prevent the imminent local extinction of the species.
Predicting the distribution of the Asian tapir in Peninsular Malaysia using maximum entropy modeling
Authors: CLEMENTS Gopalasamy Reuben , RAYAN D. Mark , AZIZ Sheema Abdul , KAWANISHI Kae , TRAEHOLT Carl , MAGINTAN David , YAZI Muhammad Fadlli Abdul , TINGLEY Reid 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn 2008, the IUCN threat status of the Asian tapir (Tapirus indicus) was reclassified from ‘vulnerable’ to ‘endangered’. The latest distribution map from the IUCN Red List suggests that the tapirs’ native range is becoming increasingly fragmented in Peninsular Malaysia, but distribution data collected by local researchers suggest a more extensive geographical range. Here, we compile a database of 1261 tapir occurrence records within Peninsular Malaysia, and demonstrate that this species, indeed, has a much broader geographical range than the IUCN range map suggests. However, extreme spatial and temporal bias in these records limits their utility for conservation planning. Therefore, we used maximum entropy (MaxEnt) modeling to elucidate the potential extent of the Asian tapir's occurrence in Peninsular Malaysia while accounting for bias in existing distribution data. Our MaxEnt model predicted that the Asian tapir has a wider geographic range than our fine‐scale data and the IUCN range map both suggest. Approximately 37% of Peninsular Malaysia contains potentially suitable tapir habitats. Our results justify a revision to the Asian tapir's extent of occurrence in the IUCN Red List. Furthermore, our modeling demonstrated that selectively logged forests encompass 45% of potentially suitable tapir habitats, underscoring the importance of these habitats for the conservation of this species in Peninsular Malaysia.
The reporting of race and ethnicity information in the dental public health literature
Authors: Susarla Harlyn K. , Dentino Kelley M. , Kalenderian Elsbeth , Ramoni Rachel B. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectives: To document how race and ethnicity are identified, categorized, and utilized in contemporary dental public health literature.Methods: Two researchers independently performed a literature review of all articles in Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology and the Journal of Public Health Dentistry over a 5‐year period (2004‐2009). Articles pertaining to the study of US‐based populations with any mention of race or ethnicity were included. The following data were abstracted from each article: a) how each article broadly described race and/or ethnicity; b) the terms used to specifically define the races and/or ethnicities captured; c) the location of any mention of the concept of race and/or ethnicity; d) the stated purpose for including race and/or ethnicity concepts; e) the stated analytic use of race and/or ethnicity concepts; and f) the stated method used to assess race and/or ethnicity concepts.Results: Overall, race and/or ethnicity concepts were most commonly referred to within the text of the results section. Fifty percent of articles did not state their purpose for including race and/or ethnicity concepts within their studies, while 34.3 percent omitted stating their analytic use of these concepts. When assessing these concepts, 41.4 percent relied upon subject self‐report.Conclusion: These data showed that there was inconsistent documentation of how race and ethnicity was measured. While race and ethnicity are important measures for public health studies and are frequently reported in dental public health research, there is no clear system for classifying these measures.
Job satisfaction among dental therapists in South Africa
Authors: Singh Pratima K. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectives: This article forms part of a larger research project on the dental therapy profession in South Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the level of job satisfaction among dental therapists trained at one South African university.Methods: This study was conducted using the qualitative research approach, where purposive and convenience sampling was used to select interviewees. They were asked a single question: “Do you think that dental therapists in South Africa are satisfied within their present careers?” The narrative data was interpreted using thematic analysis, and the data was validated by using the markers of trustworthiness.Results: All stakeholders believed that dental therapists trained at this university were not satisfied in the private and public sectors. In the private sector, they expressed frustration with their limited scope of practice. In the public service, lack of posts, poorly functioning dental facilities, and inadequate remuneration caused high levels of dissatisfaction. Many dental therapists chose this profession as a stepping stone to dentistry.Conclusions: The roles and scope of practice of all members of the oral health team needs to be redefined within the context of the primary health care approach. Universities need to recruit students appropriately to fulfill their role within this team. Dental services in the public sector need to be upgraded to meet the oral health needs of the country.
Early Cenozoic Mega Thrusting in the Qiangtang Block of the Northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhenhan WU , Peisheng YE , BAROSH Patrick J. , Daogong HU , Lu LU , Yaoling ZHANG 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Recent mapping and seismic survey reveal that intensive compression during the Early Cenozoic in the Qiangtang block of the central Tibetan Plateau formed an extensive complex of thrust sheets that moved relatively southward along several generally north‐dipping great thrust systems. Those at the borders of the ∼450 km wide block show it overrides the Lhasa block to the south and is overridden by the Hohxil‐Bayanhar block to the north. The systems are mostly thin‐skinned imbricate thrusts with associated folding. The thrust sheets are chiefly floored by Jurassic limestone that apparently slid over Triassic sandstone and shale, which is locally included, and ramped upward and over Paleocene‐Eocene red‐beds. Some central thrusts scooped deeper and carried up Paleozoic metamorphic rock, Permian carbonate and granite to form a central uplift that divides the Qiangtang block into two parts. These systems and their associated structures are unconformably overlain by little deformed Late Eocene‐Oligocene volcanic rock or capped by Miocene lake beds. A thrust system in the northern part of the block, as well as one in the northern part of the adjacent Lhasa block, dip to the south and appear to be due to secondary adjustments within the thrust sheets.The relative southward displacement across this Early Cenozoic mega thrust system is in excess of 150 km in the Qiangtang block, and the average southward slip‐rate of the southern Qiangtang thrusts ranged from 5.6 mm to 7.4 mm/a during the Late Eocene‐Oligocene. This Early Cenozoic thrusting ended before the Early Miocene and was followed by Late Cenozoic crustal extension and strike‐slip faulting within the Qiangtang block. The revelation and understanding of these thrust systems are very important for the evaluation of the petroleum resources of the region.
Simulation for the Controlling Factors of Structural Deformation in the Southern Margin of the Junggar Basin
Authors: Fusheng YU , Xiaojian LI , Dinghua LI , Zicheng FENG , Xueliang LI 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:According to the differences of structural deformation characteristics, the southern margin of the Junggar basin can be divided into two segments from east to west. Arcuate thrust‐and‐fold belts that protrude to the north are developed in the eastern segment. There are three rows of en echelon thrust‐and‐fold belts in the western segment. Thrust and fold structures of basement‐involved styles are developed in the first row, and décollement fold structures are formed from the second row to the third row. In order to study the factors controlling the deformation of structures, sand‐box experiments have been devised to simulate the evolution of plane and profile deformation. The planar simulation results indicate that the orthogonal compression coming from Bogeda Mountain and the oblique compression with an angle of 75° between the stress and the boundary originating from North Tianshan were responsible for the deformation differences between the eastern part and the western part. The Miquan‐Ürümqi fault in the basement is the pre‐existing condition for generating fragments from east to west. The profile simulation results show that the main factors controlling the deformation in the eastern part are related to the décollement of Jurassic coal beds alone, while those controlling the deformation in the western segment are related to both the Jurassic coal beds and the Eogene clay beds. The total amount of shortening from the Yaomoshan anticline to the Gumudi anticline in the eastern part is ∼19.57 km as estimated from the simulation results, and the shortening rate is about 36.46%; that from the Qingshuihe anticline to the Anjihai anticline in the western part is ∼22.01 km as estimated by the simulation results, with a shortening rate of about 32.48%. These estimated values obtained from the model results are very close to the values calculated by means of the balanced cross section.
Crustal Structure across the Northwestern Margin of South China Sea: Evidence for Magma‐poor Rifting from a Wide‐angle Seismic Profile
Authors: Weiwei DING , SCHNABEL Michael , FRANKE Dieter , Aiguo RUAN , Zhenli WU 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:We present results from a 484 km wide‐angle seismic profile acquired in the northwest part of the South China Sea (SCS) during OBS2006 cruise. The line that runs along a previously acquired multi‐channel seismic line (SO49–18) crosses the continental slope of the northern margin, the Northwest Subbasin (NWSB) of the South China Sea, the Zhongsha Massif and partly the oceanic basin of the South China Sea. Seismic sections recorded on 13 ocean‐bottom seismometers were used to identify refracted phases from the crustal layer and also reflected phases from the crust‐mantle boundary (Moho). Inversion of the traveltimes using a simple start model reveals crustal images in the study area. The velocity model shows that crustal thickness below the continental slope is between 14 and 23 km. The continental part of the line is characterized by gentle landward mantle uplift and an abrupt oceanward one. The velocities in the lower crust do not exceed 6.9 km/s. With the new data we can exclude a high‐velocity lower crustal body (velocities above 7.0 km/s) at the location of the line. We conclude that this part of the South China Sea margin developed by a magma‐poor rifting. Both, the NWSB and the Southwest Sub‐basin (SWSB) reveal velocities typical for oceanic crust with crustal thickness between 5 and 7 km. The Zhongsha Massif in between is extremely stretched with only 6–10 km continental crust left. Crustal velocity is below 6.5 km/s; possibly indicating the absence of the lower crust. Multi‐channel seismic profile shows that the Yitongansha Uplift in the slope area and the Zhongsha Massif are only mildly deformed. We considered them as rigid continent blocks which acted as rift shoulders of the main rift subsequently resulting in the formation of the Northwest Sub‐basin. The extension was mainly accommodated by a ductile lower crustal flows, which might have been extremely attenuated and flow into the oceanic basin during the spreading stage. We compared the crustal structures along the northern margin and found an east‐west thicken trend of the crust below the continent slope. This might be contributed by the east‐west sea‐floor spreading along the continental margin.
Magma Origin and Evolution of Tengchong Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks from West Yunnan, China: Evidence from Whole Rock Geochemistry and Nd‐Sr‐Pb Isotopes
Authors: Dapeng LI , Zhaohua LUO , Jiaqi LIU , Yuelong CHEN , Ye JIN 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Tengchong Cenozoic volcanics that have record key information on the tectonic evolution and mantle features of the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau are of great importance because of its unique eruption history spanning the entire Quaternary period. Magma origin and evolution of Tengchong Cenozoic volcanic rocks were studied on the basis of Nd‐Sr‐Pb isotope and major and trace element data from different eruptions in the Ma'anshan area. Different samples within one eruption show relative identical lithologies, chemical and isotopic compositions. However, the geochemical features for the five eruptions are distinct from each other. These volcanic rocks show low Mg# values (<45), moderate to high fractionation of LREEs and HREEs, and enrichment of Pb and Ba and depletion of Nb. Tengchong Cenozoic volcanic rocks were derived from an enriched mantle based on Nd‐Sr‐Pb isotopic studies. And lines of evidence show that crustal contamination should be involved before the eruption of different periods of Tengchong Cenozoic volcanic rocks. Older subducted components may be responsible for adakite recycling at various stages of evolution, which results in the origin of the enriched mantle source magma accounting for the isotopic features of Tengchong Cenozoic volcanic rocks. Segregated primitive magma pulsating injected into magma chamber, fractional crystallized and contaminated with crust component. Finally, magmas with distinct chemical and isotopic compositions for each eruption formed. The extension of the northeast segment of the Yingjiang tectonic belt triggered the pulsating eruption of the Cenozoic volcanics in the Tengchong area.
Carbon Fluxes and Sinks: the Consumption of Atmospheric and Soil CO2 by Carbonate Rock Dissolution
Authors: Jianhua CAO , Daoxian YUAN , GROVES Chris , Fen HUANG , Hui YANG , Qian LU 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Carbonate rock outcrops cover 9%–16% of the continental area and are the principal source of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) transferred by rivers to the oceans, a consequence their dissolution. Current estimations suggest that the flux falls between 0.1–0.6 PgC/a. Taking the intermediate value (0.3 PgC/a), it is equal to 18% of current estimates of the terrestrial vegetation net carbon sink and 38% of the soil carbon sink. In China, the carbon flux from carbonate rock dissolution is estimated to be 0.016 PgC/a, which accounts for 21%, 87.5%–150% and 2.3 times of the forest, shrub and grassland net carbon sinks respectively, as well as 23%–40% of the soil carbon sink flux. Carbonate dissolution is sensitive to environmental and climatic changes, the rate being closely correlated with precipitation, temperature, also with soil and vegetation cover. HCO–3 in the water is affected by hydrophyte photosynthesis, resulting in part of the HCO–3 being converted into DOC and POC, which may enhance the potential of carbon sequestration by carbonate rock dissolution. The possible turnover time of this carbon is roughly equal to that of the sea water cycle (2000a). The uptake of atmospheric/soil CO2 by carbonate rock dissolution thus plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, being one of the most important sinks. A major research need is to better evaluate the net effect of this sink in comparison to an oceanic source from carbonate mineral precipitation.
Practice change in community pharmacy: using change-management principles when implementing a pharmacy asthma management service in NSW, Australia
Authors: Feletto Eleonora , Lui Grace Wan Ying , Armour Carol , Saini Bandana 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to investigate the application of a research-based change-management tool, the Pharmacy Change Readiness Wheel (PCRW), in practice, and the impact it had on the implementation of an asthma service (Pharmacy Asthma Management Service or PAMS).

Methods
All pharmacists implementing the PAMS in the state of New South Wales, Australia, were provided training using a custom-designed module explaining change readiness as it applied to the PAMS. This training and a self-administered PCRW checklist were completed before PAMS implementation. Following PAMS service delivery, semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with the pharmacists and any additional staff involved regarding their experiences of change management. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and content analysed.

Key findings
Thirty seven of the forty five pharmacies who delivered PAMS returned the PCRW checklist (82% response rate) and participants from 29 pharmacies were interviewed (29 pharmacists and six additional staff). Perception of readiness for change before service delivery was remarkably high. From the interviews conducted after service delivery it was evident that systematic management of the practice change using theoretical concepts had not really been undertaken and that many challenges were faced in the implementation of practice change (PAMS). The results of the content analysis from the interviews revealed that factors external or internal to the pharmacy or those related to the individual pharmacist could affect implementation of practice change.

Conclusion
Change is not as straightforward as it may appear and is a multi-step process over time. Pharmacists were unaware of this. A change-management framework should be applied to specific services with enough flexibility so that pharmacists can individualise them for their pharmacies.
Impacts of infancy rapid weight gain on 5‐year childhood overweight development vary by age and sex in China
Authors: Min J. , Li J. , Li Z. , Wang Y. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryObjectivesTo investigate the critical period for overweight development during early childhood by examining growth trajectory and related sex differences.MethodsUsing piecewise linear mixed models and logistic regression, we examined the effect of growth trajectory at different periods on overweight at age 4–5 by sex among 136 971 regularly followed children (mean: 12.2 times) during 2000–2005 in south China.ResultsThe high‐body mass index (BMI) group (>top tertile of BMI Z score at age of 4–5 years) had faster growth rates of BMI, BMI Z score, weight and height than the low‐BMI group in the first 3 months of life. Boys were more likely to be overweight [odds ratio (OR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.5–2.7] than girls; the male high‐BMI group had higher growth rates during the first 3 months than girls with high‐BMI, independently of environmental factors. Those fast grown (in the upper tertile of growth rates in BMI and BMI Z score) in periods 0–3 months had relatively higher OR of at risk of overweight at age of 4–5 years than those in other periods.ConclusionsOverweight risk develops during the first 3 months of life. Boys have an earlier peak in growth than girls, which may help explain why overweight is more prevalent in boys in China.