bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The herring gull Larus argentatus as a likely transmitting agent of Salmonella montevideo to sheep and cattle
Authors: Coulson J. C. , Butterfield J. , Thomas C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThis paper presents evidence for the involvement of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) as vectors in the recent outbreaks of Salmonella montevideo in sheep and cattle in Scotland and suggests that the transfer can take place over considerable distances. The breeding area in Scotland of herring gulls which overwinter in N.E. England is remarkably similar to the geographical distribution of the outbreaks. This pattern, together with the feeding behaviour of herring gulls on farmland, the presence of S. montevideo in herring gulls just before their departure from the wintering area and the timing of the return just before the peak of outbreaks are all circumstantial evidence implicating this gull in the outbreaks. The rapid return of these gulls to their breeding areas means that S. montevideo can be transported long distances in one day and raises the possibility that the original source of S. montevideo could have been in N. E. England rather than in Scotland.
Incidence and properties ofStaphylococcus aureusassociated with turkeys during processing and further-processing operations
Authors: Adams B. W. , Mead G. C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe incidence ofStaphylococcus aureuson turkeys sampled at various stages of processing and further-processing was determined on four occasions at each of three different processing plants. For freshly-slaughtered birds, counts from neck skin varied from plant to plant over the range < 102to > 105/g but in all cases the corresponding counts obtained from carcasses sampled after chilling rarely exceeded 103/g and the same was true for samples of mechanically recovered meat (MRM), the final raw product examined.Despite the limited susceptibility of isolates from the different factories to typing by means of either standard human or poultry bacteriophages (55–94% untypable), evidence was obtained with the aid of biotyping for the presence of both human and animal-derived strains. However, some biotypes isolated from MRM were not detected at earlier stages of processing.At one processing plant, an ‘indigenous’ type ofS. aureuswas clearly demonstrated. It occurred in high numbers in the defeathering machines (up to 105/swab), was found on carcasses at all subsequent stages of processing over the survey period and was shown to survive routine cleaning and disinfection procedures. Isolates of this type produced unusually large amounts of extracellular ‘slime’ in artificial culture.Two of the three processing plants yielded isolates which were enterotoxigenic. Of 55 strains from Plant 1, 60% produced enterotoxin C and all were of the ‘indigenous’ type. In the case of Plant 2, only two type D-and one type F-producing strain were found.
Enteropathogen carriage by healthy individuals living in an area with poor sanitation
Authors: Figueroa G. , Troncoso M. , Araya M. , Espinoza J. , Brunser O. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYFaecal carriage of bacterial enteropathogens (enteropathogenicEscherichia coli(EPEC), shigellae and salmonellae) was studied in 265 individuals: 65 infants 3–6 months of age (50 bottle-fed and 15 breast-fed), 100 school-age children 8–10 years of age and 100 adults 21–50 years of age. All were apparently healthy, did not have gastrointestinal symptoms, had not received antibiotics in the proceding fortnight and were not malnourished. Enteropathogens were isolated from the faeces of 24 individuals (9–1%). Cultures were positive for enteropathogens in 20% of the infants (both breast- and bottle-fed), 8% of school-age children and 3% of the adults. EPEC was the most frequent isolate. Twelve different serotypes were detected. The highest recoveries wereE. coli026: K60 and 044·K74. Shigella was detected only in school-age children (2%) and salmonella only in adults (1%).Campylobacter jejuniandYersinia enterocoliticawere studied only in the school-age children: there was one isolate of each of them. Most enteropathogens isolated were susceptible to the majority of the antibiotics tested. Only fourE. colistrains, isolated from bottle-fed infants, could be considered multi-resistant. Two of the strains wereE. coli044: K74 and 020a020c: K61. The remainder wereE. coli0111: K58 and were capable of transferring some of their antibiotic resistance traits to a recipient strain.
The sub-specific differentiation ofEscherichia coliwith particular reference to ecological studies in young animals including man
Authors: Hinton M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIt is possible to differentiate isolates ofEscherichia coliusing a number of techniques including the determination of the serotype, biotype and phage type and the profiles for resistance to antibacterial agents and toxic chemicals, intracellular enzymes, outer membrane proteins and plasmids and the production of enterotoxin and colicines. These methods have been used principally for the study of pathogenicE. coliand plasmid-mediated drug resistance. However they can also be used successfully for ecological purposes and the application of several of these techniques for the study of the ecology ofE. coliin healthy young animals including man is described.
Differentiation ofMycobacterium cheloneifromM. fortuitumby ciprofloxacin susceptibility
Authors: Collins C. H. , Yates M. D. , Uttley Anne H. C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSeventy-five strains ofMycobacterium fortuitumwere inhibited by 3·0 mg/1 ciprofloxacin but 36 strains ofM. cheloneiwere resistant. The results correlated well with those obtained by the nitratase test. The ciprofloxin sensitivity test is a useful supplement to the tests used to identify these two species.
Intestinal carriage ofBacillus cereus: faecal isolation studies in three population groups
Authors: Turnbull P. C. B. , Kramer J. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe results of examinations of stools forBacillus cereusamong three unrelated groups of individuals are presented. The groups consisted of (1) healthy schoolchildren aged 6–11 years in a rural region of South Africa examined during each of the four seasons of the year; (2) 15 healthy volunteers comprising staff of a London microbiology laboratory and their families examined on each of 3 consecutive weeks; (3) 75 unrelated young children, 2 months to 5 years of age, in a second rural region of South Africa examined during a pilot study of 1 week's duration on the aetiology of rural gastroenteritis. The stools of the last group were submitted as being related to present or recent diarrhoea in the respective children.In group 1,B. cereusisolation rates ranged from 24·3% at the autumn visit to 43% at the summer visit with a significantly higher rate of isolation in the summer than at other seasons of the year(P <0·05).B. cereuswas isolated from 40% of group 2 volunteers on week 1, none on week 2 and 20% on week 3. The organism was detected in the 12 positive specimens at levels of approximately 102/g and constituted 2·5–30% of the total aerobic spore-forming bacillus population in the stools. In group 3,B. cereuswas recovered from 18·7% of the stool samples and was isolated consecutively with other pathogens (entcropathogenicEscherichia coliand rotavirus) on only five occasions. In groups 1 and 3, < 5% of the stools had ‘3+ ‘levels ofB. cereus(> 10 colonies per direct plate culture).B. cereuswas readily isolated from all of 10 food samples, representative of the typical diet of the group 1 individuals, and was present in substantial numbers (104to 5·5 × 106/g) in half of them.The isolation results, supported by serotyping, indicated that carriage ofB. cereusin stools is transient and its presence at any one time reflects solely its intake with foods.
Extended follow-up of patients suspected of having joint sepsis after total joint replacement
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Lowbury E. J. L. , Whyte W. , Blowers R. , Lowe D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYDuring an average follow-up time of about 2½ years after total hip or knee-joint replacement in 8052 patients, suspected joint infection was recorded in 85 patients whose joints had not been re-operated during that period. The hospital records of 72 of these patients were examined after a further period, averaging about 5 years. Thirty-five of these had suffered continuing major problems with the joint, 18 of which had been revised, and a further 9 joints needed such treatment. Infection was confirmed in 17 of the 35. These numbers are proportionately about three times greater than those observed among a set of matched controls followed-up for a similar period. The evidence from the extended follow-up suggests that the failure rate, unassociated with infection, reached about 5% by 7 years after operation and that late infections, manifested between about 2½ and 7 years after operation, were about as frequent as those confirmed during the first 2½ years.
The basic phage set for typing bovine staphylococci
Authors: Carroll P. J. , Francis P. G. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTwo hundred and sixty-nineStaphylococcus aureuscultures isolated from bovine milk were subjected to phagc typing using the International basic set of 16 phages at Routine Test Dilution. In the current study 73·6% of cultures were ‘typable’ compared with 84–89% in 1972 when the set was first recommended. The set remains capable of typing the majority of bovine staphylococci but shows a reduction in lysogenicity of most of its phages.
A comparison of the original Rappaport medium (R medium) and the Rappaport–Vassiliadis medium (RV medium) in the isolation of salmonellae from meat products
Authors: Vassiliadis P. , Kalapothaki V. , Mavrommati Ch. , Trichopoulos D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe Rappaport–Vassiliadis enrichment medium (RV medium)in 10 ml quantities (RV/43 °C, 10 ml) inoculated with 0·1 ml of pre-enrichment medium (P medium) was found more efficient in the isolation of salmonellae from 409 pre-enriched samples (mainly meat products), than the original Rappaport medium incubated at 43 °C (R/43 °C) and the RV medium in 5 ml quantities (RV/43 °C, 5 ml) inoculated with 0·01 ml of P medium (P< 0·001, in both instances). Therefore, the inoculum from pre-enriched foods should not be less than 0·l ml in 10 ml of RV medium.The RV/43°, 10 ml was also better (P< 0·01) in detecting samples containing salmonellas than the original Rappaport medium incubated at 37 °C (R/37 °C, 10 ml) and the modification R25 of R medium incubated at 37 °C. The R25 modification was used in 10 ml quantities (R25/37 °C, 10 ml) inoculated with 0·1 ml of P medium and in 5 ml quantities (R25/37°, 5 ml) inoculated with 0·01 ml of P medium. The last two R25 procedures were of the same efficiency in isolating salmonellas from meat products.
Interspecific co-transfer of antibiotic resistance plasmids in staphylococciin vivo
Authors: Naidoo Jay 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe co-transfer of plasmid-borne genes governing resistance to gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin and chloramphenicol has been demonstrated on human and mouse skin. Two different gentamicin resistance plasmids have been studied in detail; both appear to have the ability to mobilizein vivootherwise non-transferable resistance plasmids from coagulase-negative to coagulase-positive staphylococci. This emphasises the role of the skin in maintaining a pool of resistance genes available to pathogenic staphylococci.
Identification of multiple-resistance (R) and colicinogeny (Col) plasmids in an epidemicSalmonella agonaserotype in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Vicente Ana C. P. , de Almeida D. F. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYASalmonella agonastrain has caused a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis in a pediatric unit in Rio de Janeiro. It bears two plasmids, a small (6·5 MDa molecular weight) plasmid coding for type B colicin production and a larger one (36 MDa molecular weight) determining resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. The R-plasmid, but not the Col-plasmid, is self-transferable to aEscherichia colirecipient strain. Curing for the R-plasmid was achieved by treatment with 0·05 % SDS followed by incubation at 44°C. It has not been possible to cure theS. agonastrain for its Col-plasmid.
An outbreak of erythema infectiosum associated with human parvovirus infection
Authors: Anderson M. J. , Lewis E. , Kidd I. M. , Hall S. M. , Cohen B. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYErythema infectiosum (EI) or fifth disease is a mild, acute exanthematous disease, occurring mainly among children, for which a causative virus has long been sought. In May 1983 an outbreak of exanthematous illness was reported in a primary school in North London. Children attending the school were investigated by questionnaire and 162 (43·9%) reported an illness with the features of EI. In each of 36 cases investigated virologically the illness was associated with parvovirus infection. Moreoever, pre-existing antibody to parvovirus was correlated with protection from EI in 16 of 17 close family contacts of cases. We propose therefore that EI is the common manifestation of infection with the human parvovirus.
Efficiency of the use of pock size on the chorioallantoic membrane of fertile hen's eggs as a method of typing herpes simplex viruses
Authors: Herrod H. A. , McLean B. , Hambling M. H. , Halliburton I. W. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYOne hundred and eighteen herpes simplex virus isolates were typed in a diagnostic virology laboratory using their standard procedure by pock size on the chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of fertile hen's eggs. Forty-three were typed as type 1 and 75 as type 2. The isolates were then sent to a research laboratory in which they were typed blind, with or without subsequent passage in tissue culture, by neutralization with type-specific antisera. Discrepant results were found with only two isolates. The isolates were then typed by the more time-consuming but unambiguous method of restriction endonuclease analysis of their DNAs. Typing by this method confirmed the typing by neutralization and established that typing by pock size on CAMs was correct in about 98% of cases.
Epidemic influenza in Greater London
Authors: Spicer C. C. , Lawrence C. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe Kermack & McKendrick theory of epidemics has been applied to data on deaths from influenza and influenzal pneumonia in Greater London in the years 1950–78. As a whole the theory gives a good description of the data, and the estimated values of the parameters can be plausibly related to the natural history of the disease. However, the possibility exists that the agreement is merely empirical, and field studies would be required to confirm its validity.
Evidence for flavivirus(es) outside of the distribution area for Ixodes ricinus in Norway
Authors: Traavik Terje , Wiger Richard , Mehl Reider 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSmall rodent (vole) sera were collected from three different locations in Norway. One of these was within the distribution area for Ixodes ricinus, and a tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus strain had been isolated from ticks collected there (Traavik & Mehl, 1977). The two other locations were outside the I. ricinus area, one in southern Norway, the other at nearly 70° N. The sera were tested for TBE antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), hemolysis-in-gel (HIG) and complement fixation (CFT). All sera were also tested for HI antibodies to Uukuniemi (UUK) virus, and some positive TBE HI reactions were verified by separation of immunoglobulins and serum lipoproteins in NaBr gradients.Animals containing TBE virus antibodies reacting in all three serological tests and animals with UUK HI antibodies were detected only from the location within the I. ricinus area. From the two locations outside the I. ricinus area we found animals which had antibodies reacting with TBE virus in HI and HIG, but not in CFT. Antibodies to UUK were not detected. The results indicate that flavivirus(es) related to, but not identical with TBE viruses are transmitted by other vectors than I. ricinus in parts of Norway.
The virulence of clinical and environmental isolates ofCampylobacter jejuni
Authors: Newell D. G. , McBride H. , Saunders F. , Dehele Y. , Pearson A. D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe virulence ofCampylobacter jejuniandC. coliisolated from various water sources was compared with that of clinical strains byin vitroassays of adhesion, invasion and cytotoxicity to HeLa cells. Variation in degree of attachment was observed, but this did not appear to be related to strain source, However, water strains were less invasive and less cytotoxic to HeLa cells than clinical strains as shown by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy.These differences were particularly evident between clinical and water isolates of the same serotype and biotype implicated in an outbreak of campylobacter enteritis in a school. The enhanced virulence of the clinical isolates, possibly induced by passage, was confirmed by colonization tests on infant mice.
The assessment and application of a bacteriocin typing scheme forClostridium perfringens
Authors: Watson G. N. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA collection of 50 bacteriocins was assembled and used to type 802 isolates ofClostridium perfringensfrom food poisoning outbreaks and a variety of other sources. It was found that strains of the same serotype within an outbreak showed similar patterns of susceptibility to bacteriocins, and the use of a ‘one difference’ rule is proposed for interpretation of the typing patterns of epidemiologically related strains. Isolates of different serotype or of the same serotype isolated from different sources produced many variations in bacteriocin susceptibility patterns.Two computer programs were developed to assist in the interpretation of bacteriocin typing patterns. Their use showed that related and unrelated strains formed different clusters and enabled a range of the 20 most discriminatory bacteriocins to be selected.Isolates ofC. perfringensfrom a wide range of sources were screened for their ability to produce bacteriocins. A much greater proportion of the strains from food poisoning outbreaks was bacteriocinogenic than were isolates from human and animal infections, various foods and the environment. The relevance of these findings to the occurrence ofC. perfringensfood poisoning is discussed.
The risk of leptospirosirs in United Kingdom fish farm workers. Results from a 1981 serological survey
Authors: Gill O. N. , Coghlan J. D. , Calder I. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYLess than one per cent of serum samples taken from 257 fish farmers in 1981 had agglutinating antibodies to strains of Leptospira interrogans of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae at a titre of 30 or greater. Compared with the results from other serological surveys, this agglutinating antibody prevalence suggests that fish farming does not have a high occupational risk for leptospirosis. Between 1961 and 1981 the incidence in fish farmers was about 33 per 100000 person years at risk. During the same period the incidence in the general adult male population was 0·137 per 100000 person years at risk, so that fish farming had a moderately increased risk of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup infection (relative risk = 243). No one particular risk factor within fish farming could be reliably identified and therefore recommendations to reduce the risk can only be general.
Antigenic heterogeneity among influenza A(H3N2) field isolates during an outbreak in 1982/83, estimated by methods of numerical taxonomy
Authors: Beyer W. E. P. , Masurel N. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYFourteen influenza A(H3N2) field isolates, mainly obtained during the first weeks of the 1982/83 influenza epidemic in The Netherlands, and nine influenza A(H3N2) reference strains were examined by means of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests with 23 potyclonal ferret sera. The resulting HI patterns were subjected to various methods of numerical taxonomy using, among others, taxonomic distance and correlation between strains for resemblance coefficients. Marked differences between distance and correlation coefficients were found in strains which differed in avidity only. The field isolates could be divided into four groups in respect of their taxonomic resemblance to the reference strains. The same grouping was found for five of the field isolates by testing these against 200 human sera.
Mosquito-borne arboviruses in Norway: further isolations and detection of antibodies to California encephalitis viruses in human, sheep and wildlife sera
Authors: Traavik Terje , Mehl Reidar , Wiger Richard 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSeven virus strains antigenically related to the California encephalitis (CE) virus group were isolated from NorwegianAedesspp. mosquitoes collected in 1976. So far CE viruses have been isolated from five differentAedesspp. in Norway. Furthermore, two virus strains related to the Bunyamwera group were isolated fromAnopheles claviger.Antibodies to CE viruses were demonstrated in 22% of 1014 military recruits tested. Among 91 soldiers who were monitored by monthly blood samples during the mosquito season, seroconversions were detected in 11 individuals. Specific IgM antibodies were found in seven of them. Disease symptoms in connexion with the CE virus infections were not seen. The prevalence of CE antibodies in patients with CNS or respiratory infections was not higher than in control groups. Seroconversions were not seen in any of the groups.Screening of sheep sera from six different areas in northern Norway indicated significantly different degrees of CE virus activity. Passerine birds may be important CE virus hosts, while small rodents seem unimportant. Specific IgM antibodies were detected in the sera of one of three hares and one of two squirrels.Of the methods used, single radial haemolysis (SRH) and immuno-electroosmophoresis (IEOP) seemed to be well suited for serological screenings. However, an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) which was used may be an attractive alternative if high-quality anti-species conjugates are available. The haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test used gave a high number of false positive results.
Hospital infection caused by non-typableStaphylococcus aureus: application of reverse typing
Authors: Martín-Bourgon C. , Berrón S. , Casal J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYHospital infections caused by strains ofStaphylococcus aureusnon-typable (NT) by phages have occurred in three Spanish hospitals since 1981. Reverse typing allowed characterization of the strains in all three cases.