bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF VARIOUS DRYING METHODS ON TEXTURE AND COLOR OF TOMATO HALVES
Authors: ASKARI GHOLAM REZA , EMAM‐DJOMEH ZAHRA , TAHMASBI MARYAM 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT Tomatoes were pretreated with osmotic solutions (NaCl and sucrose) at different concentrations and then dried using hot air (75C, 1.5 m/s), a vacuum (55C, 75 kPa) or hot‐air drying followed by microwave treatment (400 W, 10 s). The effects of pretreatment and drying method on the drying kinetics were examined. A puncture test and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the effects of these processes on texture and microstructure. Hunter values (L, a, b) were used to measure color. Measurements showed that two osmotic solutions, S3 (40% sucrose, 5% NaCl) and S4 (40% sucrose, 10% NaCl), performed better, reducing drying times and having a positive effect on microstructure, but an adverse effect on hardness. Apart from the type of process, dehydration reduced firmness and collapsed the structure of tomato halves. The subsequent microwave treatment then caused further damage, especially on the surface of the dried samples, but enhanced their color when combined with appropriate osmotic treatment.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study shows that the color and structural changes of tomato during drying can be reduced using appropriate procedure. This may find application in the production of dried tomato with better appearance and lower drying cost.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PISTACHIO GREEN HULL'S MARMALADE
Authors: MOHAMMADI MOGHADDAM T. , RAZAVI SEYED M.A. , MALEKZADEGAN F. , SHAKER ARDEKANI A. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT This research aimed to study the effect of different levels of pistachio green hull (40–60%) and pectin (0–0.4%) on the flow characteristics of pistachio green hull's marmalade. It was found that pistachio hull's marmalade behaved as a pseudo‐plastic fluid. Seven models were used to describe time‐independent behavior of samples. To evaluate the ability of this models, two statistical parameters namely; R2 and root mean square error were used and finally power‐law model was found to be the most appropriate to fit the flow curves of pistachio hull's marmalade. Overall, the results showed that increasing the percent of pistachio hull increased the consistency coefficient in the range of 1.9–121 Pa·sn and apparent viscosity in the range of 0.67–7.95 Pa·s, whereas it decreased the flow behavior index in the range of 0.82–0.28. The change of flow behavior index and consistency coefficient with pectin did not follow a descriptive trend.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSRheological properties of semisolid foods are important for quality control and process engineering calculations. Pistachio hull's marmalade is a semisolid gel made from puree of pistachio green hull, sugar, acid and pectin, which can be used in different formulations such as cake and cookies. Regarding the rheological data of marmalades in literature, comparisons in absolute terms do not provide useful information, possibly because of two reasons. Due to their complex mathematical geometries, some viscometers might not allow shear rate calculations and, hence, can only produce comparative rather than absolute flow behavior data. Another reason could be the differences in the production method or raw material used. Even very minor changes in composition or processing variables can dramatically influence the rheological properties. The knowledge obtained in this work will enable the pistachio processors to increase the efficiency of the design and quality control throughout the processing of this new product.
NUMERICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION ON THE SWALLOWING OF JELLY
Authors: MIZUNUMA H. , SONOMURA M. , SHIMOKASA K. , OGOSHI H. , NAKAMURA S. , TAYAMA N. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT Studies of the swallowing process are especially important for the development of care foods for dysphagia. However, the effectiveness of experiments on human subjects is somewhat limited due to instrument resolution, stress to the subjects and the risk of aspiration. These problems may be resolved if numerical simulation of swallowing can be used as an alternative investigative tool. On this basis, a numerical model is proposed to simulate the swallowing of a simple jelly bolus. The structure of the pharynx was modeled using a finite element method, and the swallowing movements were defined by pharynx posterior wall shift, laryngeal elevation and epiglottis retroflexion. The rheological characteristics of the jelly were investigated using an oscillatory rheometer and a compression test. A Maxwell three‐element model was applied to the rheological model of the jelly. The model constants were obtained from compression tests because the mode of deformation and the stress level of the compression tests were similar to those of the swallowed jelly. The frictional relationship between the organs and the jelly was estimated experimentally from some frictional measurements between the jelly and a wet sloping surface. The results of the simulations for the soft and hard jellies showed different patterns of swallowing that depended on their hardness, and the soft jelly produced faster swallowing because of its flexibility. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe object of this study is to develop a numerical simulation model of swallowing. Numerical modeling is suitable for the quantitative analysis of the swallowing process and may also be expected to enable a systematic study of care foods that are safe and offer some degree of comfort to patients suffering from swallowing disorders. The computer simulation can be used for evaluation without dangerous risks to the patient.
TEXTURAL CHANGES IN CHOCOLATE CHARACTERIZED BY INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY TECHNIQUES
Authors: ANDRAE‐NIGHTINGALE LIA M. , LEE SOO‐YEUN , ENGESETH NICKI J. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT Cocoa butter has a distinct texture due to unique interactions of polymorphic lipid structures. Part of chocolate's appeal is smooth mouthfeel; as fat or sugar bloom forms, textural change is perceived. Correlation of instrumental and sensory texture analysis has not been conducted in stored chocolate. The objective of this study was to analyze texture and color of dark and milk chocolate stored under conditions leading to fat and/or sugar bloom by instrumental and sensory measurements. Milk and dark chocolate was stored 5 weeks at various temperatures and relative humidity (RH), followed by instrumental and sensory texture analysis. All attributes, except springiness, were significantly affected by treatments. According to partial least squares linear regression, instrumental hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and gumminess modeled sensory hardness. The 30.0C incubator experienced temperature fluctuations, resulting in severe fat bloom. Temperature fluctuations during storage had more influence on texture perception than storage at high temperatures or high RH. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research serves as an initial study on textural aspects of chocolate quality upon storage that is the first report to correlate instrumental textural analysis of chocolate to sensory evaluation. Storage temperature and humidity of chocolate greatly impacts consumer texture perception, which is valuable information to small chocolate handlers and manufacturers who have noted to us that many of the larger companies may have this information – but it is not widely available. It also sets the stage for more detailed studies on texture and flavor of chocolate during storage. Although many storage studies on chocolate exist, those that intertwine studies of quality from both an instrumental and a sensory standpoint are lacking.
FLOW BEHAVIOR OF CLARIFIED ORANGE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: IBARZ RAQUEL , FALGUERA VICTOR , GARVÍN ALFONSO , GARZA SALVADOR , PAGÁN JORDI , IBARZ ALBERT 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT This paper presents a study of the rheological behavior of clarified and depectinated orange juices, with different soluble solid contents, at temperatures just above their freezing point. The rheological behavior of depectinated and clarified orange juice was determined for a wide range of soluble solid contents (10–65.8° Brix) and temperatures (−15 to 30C). The results indicated that the samples behave like a Newtonian fluid. The effect of temperature on the juice can be described with an Arrhenius‐type equation. It was found that the activation energy for viscous flow was in the range of 9.4 to 59 kJ/mol, depending on the concentration. The effect of the soluble solid content can be described by an exponential‐type equation. Finally, an equation in which dynamic viscosity depends on temperature and soluble solids content gives the following expression:η = 1 × 10‐15 exp(0.12C + 9021/T), where T in Kelvin, C in °Brix, and viscosity in mPa·s.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIt is necessary to know the relationship between viscosity with temperature and concentration, since knowledge of these parameters is of vital importance in the manipulation, calculation and design of all those unit operations during the process, mainly those based on heat and quantum transfer.
PREDICTING THE SENSORY TEXTURE OF CEREAL SNACK BARS USING INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: KIM E.H.‐J. , CORRIGAN V.K. , HEDDERLEY D.I. , MOTOI L. , WILSON A.J. , MORGENSTERN M.P. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT Twenty cereal snack bar samples (10 recipes × 2 oven sides) with a wide range of textural attribute intensities were evaluated by both a trained sensory panel and instrumental methods to determine which instrumental methods accurately predict sensory textural attributes of cereal snack bars in product development and quality control. Very few studies have been devoted to assessing the textural properties of cereal snack bars. We undertook a range of instrumental tests (three‐point bending test, cut (shear) test, puncture test, texture profile analysis [TPA] and modified TPA using a probe size smaller than the sample size) using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Moisture content and water activity of the bars were also measured. Relationships between sensory textural attributes, and instrumental and physical measurements of the bars, were determined by simple regression analysis. Several of the instrumental measurements showed a high degree of correlation (r ≥ 0.85, P < 0.001) with some of the sensory textural attributes. Correlations revealed that some of the instrumental measurements could be used to predict the sensory attributes of firmness, chewiness and crumbliness. The compression energy required for the second compression cycle of the modified TPA gave the best prediction of these attributes. Relationships between other sensory textural attributes (sample recovery, return time for springiness, moistness, mouthfeel, adhesiveness to teeth) and instrumental and physical measurements of the bars were less clear.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSTexture is one of the most important sensory characteristics that determine consumer preference for cereal snack bars and is usually assessed by sensory evaluation. However, sensory evaluation is time‐consuming and expensive, and therefore, reliable and practical instrumental methods are needed to accurately predict sensory texture attributes. This article demonstrates that some of the sensory texture attributes of cereal snack bars can be well predicted using instrumental methods, and suggests possible instrumental methods that can be used at least in the product development and quality control stages. This study also contributes to enhance the knowledge in the research area of sensory instrumental correlation.
Nurse practitioners' use of clinical preventive services
Authors: Berry Judith A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPurpose:To examine the use of clinical preventive services (CPSs) by nurse practitioners (NPs) in practice.Data sources:A total of 53 transcribed NP–patient encounters and 28 NP surveys.Conclusions:Based on content analysis of the transcribed interviews, only a small majority of NPs (60.4%) used at least one CPS per visit. From the post‐survey results, it appears that what NPs think they do varies greatly from what they actually do in clinical practice.Implications for practice:The knowledge gained about the use of recommended CPSs may help promote better clinical practice among NPs and foster improvement in graduate school preparation of NP students.
DNA Damage, Repair and Photoadaptation in a Xiphophorus Fish Hybrid
Authors: Mitchell David L. , Paniker Lakshmi , Douki Thierry 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExposure to sunlight is responsible for most cutaneous malignant melanomas in the human population. It is very likely that DNA damage is an initial event in melanomagenesis, however, the role played by this damage is an open question. To this end, we used a hemipigmented F1 hybrid of the fish genus Xiphophorus and HPLC tandem mass spectrometry to examine the effects of melanin on the induction and repair of the predominant UV‐induced photoproducts formed in skin cell DNA. We found that heavily pigmented skin cells had about half the damage of nonpigmented cells and the relative induction of the major photoproducts was independent of the degree of pigmentation. The efficiency of photoenzymatic repair was the same in nonpigmented and pigmented areas of the fish. We found no evidence of residual damage at 10 days after the last exposure. Most striking was that repeated exposure to multiple doses of UVB caused a very significant photoadaptive response. Rather than an accumulation of damage after five doses of UVB we saw a significant reduction in the amount of damage induced after the final dose compared with the initial dose. The relevance of these observations is discussed in the context of melanoma susceptibility and UVB thresholds.
MC1R Gene Polymorphism Affects Skin Color and Phenotypic Features Related to Sun Sensitivity in a Population of French Adult Women
Authors: Latreille Julie , Ezzedine Khaled , Elfakir Anissa , Ambroisine Laurence , Gardinier Sophie , Galan Pilar , Hercberg Serge , Gruber Florian , Rees Jonathan , Tschachler Erwin , Guinot Christiane 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe melanocortin‐1 receptor (MC1R) gene is known to play a major role in skin and hair pigmentation and to be highly polymorphic in Caucasians. This study was performed to investigate the relationships between MC1R gene polymorphisms and skin color in a large sample of French middle‐aged Caucasian women. The codons 60 to 265 and the codon 294 of the MC1R gene were sequenced in 488 women. The skin color was measured on the inner side of the forearm using a spectrophotometric instrument. Fifteen variants were identified: Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, Arg142His, Asp294His, Ile155Thr, Asp84Glu, Val60Leu, Val92Met, Arg163Gln, Ser83Pro, Thr95Met, Pro256Ser, Val265Ile, Ala166Ala and Gln233Gln. Women carrying Arg151Cys, Asp294His, Arg160Trp and Asp84Glu variants had a significantly higher reflectance in the red region, which indicates a lower level of functional melanin. This association was the most pronounced for women carrying Asp84Glu. In contrast, no significant difference was observed for other variants. Moreover, associations between MC1R polymorphisms and the risks of experiencing sunburn and of having freckles were found independently of skin color. Our findings support the hypothesis that MC1R polymorphisms do not necessarily alter the skin color but should sensitize the skin to UV‐induced DNA damage.
Mitigating Photosensitivity of Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Patients by an Agonistic Analog of α‐Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone†
Authors: Harms Juergen H. , Lautenschlager Stephan , Minder Christoph E. , Minder Elisabeth I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractErythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by dermal accumulation of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX. Following sunlight exposure, the resulting photosensitivity is manifested first as pain, later as erythema, edema and dermal lesions. Afamelanotide (Nle4‐d‐Phe7‐α‐MSH), a synthetic analog of α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone and agonist of the melanocortin‐1‐receptor, promotes melanin synthesis, increasing skin pigmentation. This study examines the efficacy of afamelanotide in preventing symptoms in patients with EPP. A sustained‐release subcutaneous implant of 20 mg afamelanotide was administered twice, with a 60‐day interval to five EPP patients. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed by a photoprovocation test using standardized white light irradiation, melanin density (MD) determination and daily recording of sunlight exposure and symptoms. From Day 30 to Day 120 tolerance to photoprovocation significantly increased compared with baseline (P = 0.007) and skin MD was significantly higher than that recorded at baseline (P = 0.004). Except for two low‐grade pain episodes, patients recorded no phototoxic events past Day 4 of treatment. Tolerance to natural sunlight was up to 24 times longer than prior to therapy. The findings demonstrate beneficial effects of afamelanotide in patients with EPP. Due to the limited number of patients enrolled and the design being an open‐label study, confirmation by a large‐scale trial is required.
Constitutive Expression of MC1R in HaCaT Keratinocytes Inhibits Basal and UVB‐induced TNF‐α Production
Authors: Garcin Geneviève , Le Gallic Lionel , Stoebner Pierre‐Emmanuel , Guezennec Anne , Guesnet Joelle , Lavabre‐Bertrand Thierry , Martinez Jean , Meunier Laurent 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) binds to melanocortin‐1 receptor (MC1R) on melanocytes to stimulate pigmentation and modulate various cutaneous inflammatory responses. MC1R expression is not restricted to melanocytic cells and may be induced in keratinocytes after UVB exposure. We hypothesized that MC1R signaling in keratinocytes, wherein basal conditions are barely expressed, may modulate mediators of inflammation, such as nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α). Therefore, we generated HaCaT cells that stably express human MC1R or the Arg151Cys (R151C) nonfunctional variant. We demonstrate that: (1) the constitutive activity of MC1R results in elevated intracellular cAMP level, reduced NF‐κB activity and decreased TNF‐α transcription; (2) binding of α‐MSH to MC1R and the subsequent increase in cAMP production do not inhibit TNFα‐mediated NF‐κB activation; (3) MC1R signaling is sufficient to strongly inhibit UVB‐induced TNF‐α expression and this inhibitory effect is further enhanced by α‐MSH stimulation. Our findings suggest that the constitutive activity of the G‐protein‐coupled MC1R in keratinocytes may contribute to the modulation of inflammatory events and immune response induced by UV light.
Early Results of Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate in Medical Control‐failed Patients
Authors: CHANG Shen Kuang , TSUI Ke Hung , LEE Sheng Hui , CHEN Chien Lun , LIN Yu Hsiang , CHANG Phei Lang 
Published: July 2009

Objectives: We present here our early results and learning curve for photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) performed by an experienced urologist and we provide an analysis of the morbidity and early functional outcomes.Methods: Forty‐four patients were selected, from May 2006 to January 2009, who had benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) accompanied by lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). After undergoing PVP for BPH at our hospital, the patients were followed up for approximately 2 years. PVP was performed by the same experienced urologist using potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate (KTP) laser. Baseline characteristics, preoperative and perioperative data, and postoperative complications were evaluated. Regular outpatient department follow‐up was conducted after patients were discharged from the hospital at 1, 4 and 12 weeks.Results: The mean age of the 44 patients was 71.6 years. The mean prostate volume was 47.52 mL. The mean PVP surgery time was 79.11 min. The mean urinary catheterization time was 23.41 h. Few complications arose after PVP, except that 47.7% of the patients developed pyuria after being discharged from hospital. The average hospital stay was 2.45 days. There were no significant differences in the efficiency of tissue vaporization among the patients.Conclusion: PVP for BPH has various advantages, including reducing postoperative complications. An experienced urologist can easily perform PVP. However, early results show no significant differences in the efficiency for the PVP technique.
Gastric Neoplasia in Horses
Authors: Taylor S.D. , Haldorson G.J. , Vaughan B. , Pusterla N. 
Published: July 2009

Background:Gastric neoplasia of horses is incompletely described.Objective:Provide history, clinical signs, and clinicopathological and pathological findings associated with gastric neoplasia in horses.Animals:Twenty‐four horses with gastric neoplasia.Methods:Retrospective study. History, clinical signs, and clinicopathological and pathologic findings in horses diagnosed histologically with gastric neoplasia were reviewed.Results:Horses ranged in age from 9 to 25 years (median 18 years at presentation). There was no apparent breed or sex predisposition. The most common presenting complaints were inappetance (17/24), weight loss (14/24), lethargy (7/24), hypersalivation (7/24), colic (5/24), and fever (5/24). The most consistent clinical signs were tachypnea (10/19), decreased borborygmi (8/19), and low body weight (7/17). Useful diagnostic tests included rectal examination, routine blood analysis, gastroscopy, abdominocentesis, and transabdominal ultrasound examination. Anemia was the most common hematologic abnormality encountered (7/19), and hypercalcemia of malignancy was seen in 4/16 horses. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common tumor identified (19/24), and was most often (14/19) found as a single ulcerated, necrotic mass in the nonglandular portion of the stomach. Other gastric neoplasms encountered were leiomyoma (n=2), mesothelioma (n=1), adenocarcinoma (n=1), and lymphoma (n=1). Metastatic neoplasia was found in 18/23 horses. The median time from onset of clinical signs to death was 4 weeks, and all horses died or were euthanized because of gastric neoplasia.Conclusions:Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common primary gastric neoplasia in horses. The survival time after diagnosis of gastric neoplasia in horses is short.
In Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Vertilmicin, a New Aminoglycoside Antibiotic
Authors: You Xue-Fu , Li Cong-Ran , Yang Xin-Yi , Yuan Min , Zhang Wei-Xin , Lou Ren-Hui , Wang Yue-Ming , Li Guo-Qing , Chen Hui-Zhen , Song Dan-Qing , Sun Cheng-Hang , Cen Shan , Yu Li-Yan , Zhao Li-Xun , Jiang Jian-Dong 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTVertilmicin is a novel aminoglycoside antibiotic with potent activity against gram-negative and -positive bacteria in vitro. In this study, we further evaluated the efficacy of vertilmicin in vivo in systemic and local infection animal models. We demonstrated that vertilmicin had relatively high and broad-spectrum activities against mouse systemic infections caused byEscherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Staphylococcus aureus, andEnterococcus faecalis. The 50% effective doses of subcutaneously administered vertilmicin were 0.63 to 0.82 mg/kg, 0.18 to 0.29 mg/kg, 0.25 to 0.99 mg/kg, and 4.35 to 7.11 mg/kg againstE. coli,K. pneumoniae,S. aureus, andE. faecalisinfections, respectively. The therapeutic efficacy of vertilmicin was generally similar to that of netimicin, better than that of gentamicin in all the isolates tested, and better than that of verdamicin againstE. coli9612 andE. faecalisHH22 infections. The therapeutic efficacy of vertilmicin was further confirmed in local infection models of rabbit skin burn infection and mouse ascending urinary tract infection.