bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions and implications of violence from care home residents with dementia: a review and commentary
Authors: Scott Ann , Ryan Assumpta , James Ian , Mitchell Elizabeth A. 
Published: June 2010

scott a., ryan a., james i. & mitchell E.A. (2010) Perceptions and implications of violence from care home residents with dementia: a review and commentary. International Journal of Older People Nursing6, 110–122 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2010.00226.xAims and objectives.  This paper presents a critical review of the literature related to the violence staff in care homes experience from people with dementia. It attempts to identify the psychological consequences abuse has on care workers and the implications this has for practice.Background.  Abuse in the form of violence or aggression against healthcare professionals is not new. However, when this is from residents with dementia in care homes it is considered to be part of the job. Consequently it is largely underreported and ignored which masks its true extent.Conclusion.  The magnitude of violence in care homes crosses cultural boundaries. Fear of being blamed, job insecurity and resignation that abuse should be accepted as part of the job is unique to this care setting. The cumulative effect of psychological abuse leads to emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation which results in care workers emotionally and physically withdrawing from residents. Being subjected to abuse, feeling undervalued, unsupported and lacking essential skills may compromise a workforces’ ability to provide person‐centred care. A rising ageing population and prevalence of dementia will place demands on commissioners and providers to deliver high quality care. Consistent recording and reporting procedures, dementia specific training and infrastructures to support staff is therefore crucial.
Stability of Flavonoids in the Presence of Riboflavin‐photogenerated Reactive Oxygen Species: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study on Quercetin, Morin and Rutin
Authors: Montaña María P. , Massad Walter A. , Criado Susana , Biasutti Alicia , García Norman A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractKinetic and mechanistic aspects on the stability of the flavones (FL) quercetin (Que), morin (Mor) and rutin (Rut), in methanolic solution and in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by visible light‐promoted riboflavin (Rf, vitamin B2) photoirradiation were studied. The system was chosen as a model for the evaluation of the in vivo protective effect of biological targets by the flavones. The overall picture includes the vitamin as an endogenous natural photosensitizer. A systematic study on the effect of ROS on FL photostability shows that under work conditions Que is oxidized by singlet molecular oxygen (O2(1Δg)), superoxide radical anion (O2˙−) and hydrogen peroxide; Mor is degraded by O2(1Δg) and O2˙− whereas Rut only reacts with O2(1Δg). Que and Rut, with an extremely poor overall rate constant, are mainly physical quenchers of O2(1Δg). Mor, with O2(1Δg)‐interception ability slightly lower than the recognized synthetic antioxidant trolox (Tx), behaves as a typical sacrificial scavenger provided that ca 80% of the collisions with O2(1Δg) cause its own degradation, whereas this parameter reaches around 50% in the case of Tx.
The scale of illegal meat importation from Africa to Europe via Paris
Authors: Chaber Anne‐Lise , Allebone‐Webb Sophie , Lignereux Yves , Cunningham Andrew A. , Marcus Rowcliffe J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractConcerns have been raised about the illegal import of bushmeat from Africa into Europe, particularly regarding the health risks posed to people and livestock. The role of international trade in driving unsustainable hunting in source countries is unknown, but generally assumed to be limited. Here, we present the first systematic study of the scale and nature of this international trade. We estimate that around five tonnes of bushmeat per week is smuggled in personal baggage through Paris Roissy‐Charles de Gaulle airport. Bushmeat is not only imported for personal consumption but is part of a lucrative organized trade, with high prices indicating luxury status. A wide range of species is carried, many of which are CITES‐listed. Based on these findings, we suggest ways in which customs, airlines, and airport authorities could reduce imports, focussing on raising awareness of regulations, and improving surveillance and deterrence, particularly where CITES‐listed species are concerned.
BODY AND MASK IN ARISTOPHANIC PERFORMANCE
Authors: VARAKIS ANGELIKI 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In Greek comedy the masking of the head and dressing of the body was essential to effect a full transformation of the actor into a comic character. The body mask was as important as the head in its power to transform the actor into a different persona, suggesting that the comic characters' bodies were as significant as their heads in producing meaning and not a simple costume accessory.
In attempting to understand the function of the comic mask and body in ancient performance, this paper considers the similarities between the distorted bodies through a careful examination of a series of vase paintings and terracotta figurines. In doing so, it aims to show that the Aristophanic mask would not have been perceived by the audience as fixed to echo pre-determined meanings but changeable in accordance with the wider performance context. The spectators would thus have had the freedom to ‘recreate’ the characters anew, allowing their imagination to flourish in line with the participatory nature of the event and playful nature of the dramatic parts.
THE NATURE OF FIRE AND ITS COMPLICATIONS: THEOPHRASTUS' DE IGNE 1–10
Authors: VAN RAALTE MARLEIN 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This article offers a running commentary on De igne 1–10 (with text and translation). The way in which Theophrastus sets out to ascribe to the simple body of fire characteristics of terrestrial, burning fire, and only gradually dismisses his focus on fire (and its alter ego of heat) as a principle seems to indicate an early stage of his thought. On the other hand, a formal analysis of the text shows that the argument bears an unmistakably Theophrastean stamp. Finally it is argued that it cannot be inferred from De igne that Theophrastus adhered to the Aristotelian concept of aithêr, and that it is also very unlikely that he did so. The relevant passages from Theophrastus' botanical treatises and Metaphysics confirm this picture. Even the quite explicit testimonies from Philoponus and Julian seem to allow of an interpretation that does not involve Theophrastus having adopted this Aristotelian concept.
3D Simulation of Manufacturing Defects for Tolerance Analysis
Authors: Kamali Nejad M. , Vignat F. , Desrochers A. , Villeneuve F. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
When a new product is designed in an industrial context, it must be possible to produce this product with the desired level of quality and at an acceptable cost for the market. One of the important quality criteria is compliance with functional tolerances. To evaluate the impact of manufacturing defects on the quality of parts produced, designers simulate the influence of the error stack-up in different machining operations to check compliance with functional tolerances. This paper builds on the model of manufactured part and the Jacobian–Torsor model and presents a combined approach for analyzing machined part tolerance taking into account the geometrical defects occurring in a multistage machining process (positioning defects and machining defects). This combined approach aims to help designers when evaluating the different process plans by predicting the worst quality of finished parts. This study uses interval arithmetic because it offers the advantage of expressing uncertainties and deviations.
Genomewide Analysis of Divergence of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants in Closely Related Isolates of
Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Adams Mark D. , Chan E. Ricky , Molyneaux Neil D. , Bonomo Robert A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Multidrug resistance has emerged as a significant concern with infections caused by
Acinetobacter baumannii
. Ample evidence supports the involvement of mobile genetic elements in the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, but the extent of variability and the rate of genetic change associated with the acquisition of antibiotic resistance have not been studied in detail. Whole-genome sequence analysis of six closely related clinical isolates of
A. baumannii
, including four from the same hospital, revealed extensive divergence of the resistance genotype that correlated with observed differences in antimicrobial susceptibility. Resistance genes associated with insertion sequences, plasmids, and a chromosomal resistance gene island all showed variability. The highly dynamic resistance gene repertoire suggests rapid evolution of drug resistance.
Evaluation of the Genotypic Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Use versus a Phenotypic Assay and Correlation with the Virological Response to Maraviroc: the ANRS GenoTropism Study
Authors: Recordon-Pinson Patricia , Soulié Cathia , Flandre Philippe , Descamps Diane , Lazrek Mouna , Charpentier Charlotte , Montes Brigitte , Trabaud Mary-Anne , Cottalorda Jacqueline , Schneider Véronique , Morand-Joubert Laurence , Tamalet Catherine , Desbois Delphine , Macé Muriel , Ferré Virginie , Vabret Astrid , Ruffault Annick , Pallier Coralie , Raymond Stéphanie , Izopet Jacques , Reynes Jacques , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève , Masquelier Bernard 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
Genotypic algorithms for prediction of HIV-1 coreceptor usage need to be evaluated in a clinical setting. We aimed at studying (i) the correlation of genotypic prediction of coreceptor use in comparison with a phenotypic assay and (ii) the relationship between genotypic prediction of coreceptor use at baseline and the virological response (VR) to a therapy including maraviroc (MVC). Antiretroviral-experienced patients were included in the MVC Expanded Access Program if they had an R5 screening result with Trofile (Monogram Biosciences). V3 loop sequences were determined at screening, and coreceptor use was predicted using 13 genotypic algorithms or combinations of algorithms. Genotypic predictions were compared to Trofile; dual or mixed (D/M) variants were considered as X4 variants. Both genotypic and phenotypic results were obtained for 189 patients at screening, with 54 isolates scored as X4 or D/M and 135 scored as R5 with Trofile. The highest sensitivity (59.3%) for detection of X4 was obtained with the Geno2pheno algorithm, with a false-positive rate set up at 10% (Geno2pheno10). In the 112 patients receiving MVC, a plasma viral RNA load of <50 copies/ml was obtained in 68% of cases at month 6. In multivariate analysis, the prediction of the X4 genotype at baseline with the Geno2pheno10 algorithm including baseline viral load and CD4 nadir was independently associated with a worse VR at months 1 and 3. The baseline weighted genotypic sensitivity score was associated with VR at month 6. There were strong arguments in favor of using genotypic coreceptor use assays for determining which patients would respond to CCR5 antagonist.
Double Blinding with a New Placebo Needle: A Further Validation Study
Authors: Takakura Nobuari , Takayama Miho , Kawase Akiko , Kaptchuk Ted J , Yajima Hiroyoshi 
Published: June 2010

Background The masking properties of a new, non-penetrating, double-blind placebo acupuncture needle were demonstrated. Practitioners correctly identified some of the needles; if they were confident in this opinion, they would be unblinded. Objective To investigate the clues that led to correct identification, and the confidence in this decision. Methods Ten acupuncture practitioners, blindly and randomly, applied 10 each of three types of needle to the shoulder: blunt, non-penetrating needles that pressed the skin (‘skin-touch placebo needle’); new non-penetrating needles that penetrated soft material (stuffing) but did not reach the skin (‘non-touch control needle’); matching penetrating needles. Afterwards, practitioners were asked to judge the type of needle, their confidence in their decision and what clues led them to their judgements. Results Of the 30 judgements made by each practitioner, the mean number of correct, incorrect and unidentifiable answers were 10.4 (SD 3.7), 15.2 (SD 4.9) and 4.4 (SD 6.1), respectively. There was no significant difference in the confidence scores for 104 correct (mean, 54.0 (SD 20.2)%) and 152 incorrect (mean, 50.3 (SD 24.3)%) judgements. Twelve needles were identified with 100% confidence—three correct, and nine incorrect. For needles correctly identified, the proportions of non-touch (p = 0.14) and skin-touch (p = 0.17), needles were no greater than chance, but the proportion of penetrating needles correctly identified exceeded chance (p < 0.01). 53% of judgements were made from the “feeling of needle insertion”, but 57% of these were wrong. Conclusion Practitioners had a slight tendency to guess the penetrating needles correctly, but were uncertain about most of their judgments, posing only a very small risk to double blinding.
Acupuncture for Depression and Myalgia in Patients with Hepatitis: An Observational Study
Authors: Tufan Zeliha Kocak , Arslan Hüseyin , Yildiz Fatih , Bulut Cemal , Irmak Hasan , Kinikli Sami , Demiroz Ali Pekcan 
Published: June 2010

Background Depressive symptoms and myalgia are commonly seen in patients with chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. Objective To investigate the efficacy of acupuncture treatment on depressive symptoms and myalgia in patients with hepatitis. Methods Of 44 patients with hepatitis screened for depression and myalgia, 28 were enrolled and included in the study. The main outcome measure for depressive symptoms was Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). For pain/myalgia, patients rated their pain on a scale from 0 to 10. Patients with a score greater than the cut-off point in either score were allocated to acupuncture treatment. The Chinese method of acupuncture was used. Treatment continued for 6 weeks. Results At baseline, 17/44 patients (39%) had a BDI score ≥17 and 24 (55%) had a pain score ≥5. A total of 28 patients were allocated to acupuncture treatment, forming three groups: group 1, 13 patients with high BDI and high myalgia scores; group 2, 11 patients with low BDI score but high myalgia score; group 3, 4 patients with high BDI score but low myalgia score. Adherence to treatment was good; all patients completed the sessions and there were no drop-outs. Significant improvements in end-treatment BDI and in myalgia scores compared with baseline levels was found. Conclusion Acupuncture seems to be a promising treatment for patients with hepatitis. Further studies are warranted in large populations to establish the therapeutic role of acupuncture.
Hepatitis C virus infection is significantly associated with malignant lymphoma in Taiwan, particularly with nodal and splenic marginal zone lymphomas
Authors: Chuang Shih-Sung , Liao Yung-Liang , Chang Sheng-Tsung , Hsieh Yen-Chuan , Kuo Szu-Yin , Lu Chin-Li , Hwang Wei-Shiou , Lin I-Hung , Tsao Chao-Jung , Huang Wen-Tsung 
Published: June 2010

AimsHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic and lymphotropic RNA virus causally linked to lymphoma with a strong geographic variation. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of HCV and lymphoma in Taiwan, in which HCV is endemic.MethodsPatients diagnosed with lymphoma from January 2004 to December 2008 were investigated for serum anti-HCV, and the infection rate was compared with that in healthy controls. Various lymphoma types were investigated for HCV infection. Immunohistochemistry was performed for HCV non-structural (NS)3 protein, and genotyping was performed by reverse transcriptase PCR.ResultsThirty-eight (11.0%) of 346 patients with lymphoma were positive for anti-HCV, as compared with 15 (1.8%) of 824 healthy controls (p<0.001, χ2test) with an age-adjusted and sex-adjusted OR of 4.57 (95% CI 2.41 to 8.68). Only nodal (five of eight cases) and splenic (two of two cases) marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs) as a group were significantly associated with HCV, as compared with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas (1 of 15; p=0.002, Fisher's exact test). All 26 anti-HCV-positive cases stained for HCV-NS3 were negative. The most common genotypes were 1b (22%) and 2a (56%), with no statistical difference from 203 patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease.ConclusionsThe incidence of HCV infection among lymphoma patients in Taiwan was significantly higher than that for healthy controls. Furthermore, non-MALT (nodal and splenic) MZL was the only group significantly associated with HCV. A larger national study is warranted to re-confirm our findings and to elucidate if any particular HCV genotypes were related to the pathogenesis of lymphoma.
Targeting the affordability of cigarettes: a new benchmark for taxation policy in low-income and-middle-income countries
Authors: Blecher Evan 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesTo investigate the appropriateness of tax incidence (the percentage of the retail price occupied by taxes) benchmarking in low-income and-middle-income countries (LMICs) with rapidly growing economies and to explore the viability of an alternative tax policy rule based on the affordability of cigarettes.DesignThe paper outlines criticisms of tax incidence benchmarking, particularly in the context of LMICs. It then considers an affordability-based benchmark using relative income price (RIP) as a measure of affordability. The RIP measures the percentage of annual per capita GDP required to purchase 100 packs of cigarettes. Using South Africa as a case study of an LMIC, future consumption is simulated using both tax incidence benchmarks and affordability benchmarks.ResultsI show that a tax incidence benchmark is not an optimal policy tool in South Africa and that an affordability benchmark could be a more effective means of reducing tobacco consumption in the future.ConclusionsAlthough a tax incidence benchmark was successful in increasing prices and reducing tobacco consumption in South Africa in the past, this approach has drawbacks, particularly in the context of a rapidly growing LMIC economy. An affordability benchmark represents an appropriate alternative that would be more effective in reducing future cigarette consumption.
Divergence between strength indicators in packaging and cigarette engineering: a case study of Marlboro varieties in Australia and the USA
Authors: King Bill , Borland Ron , Abdul-Salaam Shadeed , Polzin Gregory , Ashley David , Watson Clifford , O'Connor Richard J 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesTo investigate how the tobacco industry is adapting to regulatory action in accordance with provisions of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control that targets misleading packaging and labelling. To relate the packaging and labelling of new cigarette varieties to their construction and performance.MethodsThe principal design features and tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yields of the Marlboro ‘brand family’ in Australia were measured and compared with those of the US equivalents.ResultsMarlboro Red and Blue/Medium, could not be differentiated in preliminary tests in Australia, but were different in the USA. However, yield testing showed Marlboro Blue/Medium did not have lower tar and nicotine yields in either country, indeed being higher in Australia.ConclusionsColour can be used to market cigarettes as ‘milder’, independently of ISO yields and ‘Light’/’Mild’ descriptors. Banning of ‘Light’ and ‘Mild’ brand descriptors may be inadequate to end belief in less harmful cigarettes so long as the tobacco industry remains free to engineer ‘mildness’ and to use colours, other descriptors and design features to characterise varieties it wants to market as ‘milder’.
Inferable object-oriented typed assembly language
Authors: Tate Ross , Chen Juan , Hawblitzel Chris 
Published: June 2010

A certifying compiler preserves type information through compilation to assembly language programs, producing typed assembly language (TAL) programs that can be verified for safety independently so that the compiler does not need to be trusted. There are two challenges for adopting certifying compilation in practice. First, requiring every compiler transformation and optimization to preserve types is a large burden on compilers, especially when adopting certifying compilation into existing optimizing non-certifying compilers. Second, type annotations significantly increase the size of assembly language programs.
This paper proposes an alternative to traditional certifying compilers. It presents iTalX, the first inferable TAL type system that supports existential types, arrays, interfaces, and stacks. We have proved our inference algorithm is complete, meaning if an assembly language program is typeable with iTalX then our algorithm will infer an iTalX typing for that program. Furthermore, our algorithm is guaranteed to terminate even if the assembly language program is untypeable. We demonstrate that it is practical to infer such an expressive TAL by showing a prototype implementation of type inference for code compiled by Bartok, an optimizing C# compiler. Our prototype implementation infers complete type annotations for 98% of functions in a suite of realistic C# benchmarks. The type-inference time is about 8% of the compilation time. We needed to change only 2.5% of the compiler code, mostly adding new code for defining types and for writing types to object files. Most transformations are untouched. Type-annotation size is only 17% of the size of pure code and data, reducing type annotations in our previous certifying compiler [4] by 60%. The compiler needs to preserve only essential type information such as method signatures, object-layout information, and types for static data and external labels. Even non-certifying compilers have most of this information available.
Traceable data types for self-adjusting computation
Authors: Acar Umut A. , Blelloch Guy , Ley-Wild Ruy , Tangwongsan Kanat , Turkoglu Duru 
Published: June 2010

Self-adjusting computation provides an evaluation model where computations can respond automatically to modifications to their data by using a mechanism for propagating modifications through the computation. Current approaches to self-adjusting computation guarantee correctness by recording dependencies in a trace at the granularity of individual memory operations. Tracing at the granularity of memory operations, however, has some limitations: it can be asymptotically inefficient (\eg, compared to optimal solutions) because it cannot take advantage of problem-specific structure, it requires keeping a large computation trace (often proportional to the runtime of the program on the current input), and it introduces moderately large constant factors in practice.
In this paper, we extend dependence-tracing to work at the granularity of the query and update operations of arbitrary (abstract) data types, instead of just reads and writes on memory cells. This can significantly reduce the number of dependencies that need to be kept in the trace and followed during an update. We define an interface for supporting a traceable version of a data type, which reports the earliest query that depends on (is changed by) revising operations back in time, and implement several such structures, including priority queues, queues, dictionaries, and counters. We develop a semantics for tracing, extend an existing self-adjusting language, ΔML, and its implementation to support traceable data types, and present an experimental evaluation by considering a number of benchmarks. Our experiments show dramatic improvements on space and time, sometimes by as much as two orders of magnitude.