bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Bacteriological Examinations of the Faeces in Four Cases of Typhoid Fever, made at frequent intervals for a period of one month
Authors: Lockhart Leonard P. 
Published: May 2009

1. The appearance and disappearance of typhoid bacilli in the faeces in these four cases bore no relation to changes in the diet nor to the physical state of the stools, but the later they appeared the shorter was the duration of their appearance.On the disappearance of typhoid bacilli from the stools the intestinal flora tended to become more simple.2. B. coli was the only organism invariably present at every examination.3. Streptococci were very much more abundant in the earlier stages of the disease, when milk formed the greater part of the diet, than in the later stages.4. In two cases where boils occurred on the body the causative organism had previously been isolated in large numbers from the faeces.5. With stools slightly alkaline to litmus the flora in these cases was relatively simple and fermentative in type. There is no apparent advantage, therefore, in giving a high carbohydrate diet except in cases of marked alkalinity and putrefaction.
The Significance of Haemic Plasma Cells in Various Infective Conditions.
Authors: Hickling R. A. 
Published: May 2009

The blood picture in rubella is characterised by the presence of numerous plasma and Türk cells and by the absence of toxic changes in the neutrophilic leucocytes.Plasma cells occur also in scarlatina and in measles but with less regularity and, as a rule, in smaller numbers, but these diseases are always associated with “toxic” changes in the neutrophilic cells.Such haematological features must be considered in relation with the clinical findings because plasma cells and toxic changes in the neutrophiles may occur in entirely different conditions, e.g. in association with the lympho cytosis following almost any acute infective malady.The haematological method would probably find its greatest application in those cases in which the characters of the rash are not sufficiently well developed to enable a diagnosis to be made in the usual way.Acknowledgments. My investigations were carried out at the Institute of Pathology of Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, and I am much indebted to the Director, Dr Piney, for assistance and advice, and to Dr Whittaker of the Metropolitan Asylums Board for access to clinical material. Moreover, financial assistance has been afforded by The Virol Research Scholarship which I hold.
A Note on Immunology and Malignant Disease.
Authors: Eastwood Arthur 
Published: May 2009

The “chronic irritation” theory still retains its interest, though it has not yet provided a thoroughly satisfactory explanation of the origin of that stimulus to growth which causes normal tissue to become malignant. If employed with caution, ideas borrowed from bacteriological work on “transmissible autolysis” may be contributory in the search for the explanation which is desired.It is important to maintain a careful distinction between the initiation and the continued propagation of the malignant variant.It seems hazardous to assume that one can apply as immediately valid for cancer those ideas about the natural and acquired resistance of the host which are current in bacteriological literature. On the other hand, it is not suggested that such ideas should be discarded but rather that they should be regarded as suggesting alternative possibilities, none of which can be definitely excluded.Analogies with immunological reactions to foreign protein (bacterial or animal) certainly suggest the possibility that the cure of cancer may be found in discovery of “the right antibody for the right antigen”; but it is not clear how far such analogies can be accepted as being entirely appropriate; still, owing to the likelihood that new kinds of antigens and antibodies will be discovered, continued search for these factors in cancer is of high importance.In the present article, which is a sequel to a former discussion on stimulants to bacterial variation, I have considered whether the idea of a stimulus to the production of non-viable variants may be regarded as of immunological interest in relation to the therapeutic problem of cancer.I have endeavoured to show that this idea is worth consideration, provided that its importance is not exaggerated and that it is correlated with better established data about the principles of immunity.
Appendix: To the Paper by M. Greenwood, E. M. Newbold, W. W. C. Topley and J. Wilson “On the Mechanisms by which Protection against Infectious Disease is acquired in ‘Natural’ Epidemics.” (Journ. of Hygiene, xxv. no. 3, Aug. 1926, pp. 336–353.)
Authors: Newbold E. M. 
Published: May 2009

An experiment recently described in this Journal (Greenwood, Newbold, Topley and Wilson, 1926) dealt with the after–life of mice that had been previously exposed to epidemic pasteurellosis, and led to the following deductions:“We think we have proved—(1) That the survivors of herd-exposure to epidemic pasteurellosis are more resistant to subsequent exposure than healthy animals not previously exposed to risk.(2) That this superiority is significantly correlated both with length of previous exposure independently of its severity, and with severity of previous exposure apart from its duration.We think it is probable that—(3) The severity of the prior exposure as measured by the average deathrate during the period of exposure, is less important than the length of exposure.(4) The advantage of exposure at first increases with its duration and then decreases, so that mice who have been exposed for a moderate time are more resistant to subsequent exposure than mice who have been exposed for a very short or a very long time.”The results of an independent experiment, similar in kind, with the difference that the after-life and previous exposure took place in a single cage, and covering 1867 mice, support(1), (3) and (4) of the above deductions, also (2) so far as it relates to length of previous exposure, but the severity of previous exposure apart from its duration shows a negative but insignificant association with improved expectation of after-life. These results are in agreement with the suggestion inspired by the experiment previously described. “That these facts are difficult to interpret in terms of pure selection and more easily reconciled with a process of active immunization during the primary exposure, but that the nature of this process will remain obscure until we have more experimental data at our disposal.”
Diet and Tuberculosis
Authors: Schütze Harry , Zilva S. S. 
Published: May 2009

Guinea-pigs living on a diet restricted in quantity but not deficient in vitamin C survived inoculation with T.B. but half as long as others which had received a similar diet in abundance.Sodium chaulmoograte did not inhibit the development of the omental tumour that appears in rats after intraperitoneal inoculation with tubercle bacilli.On the other hand, there was some evidence for assuming that a large excess of fat-soluble vitamins in the diet, as supplied by cod-liver oil, inhibits the formation in rats of these tuberculous tumours, but such evidence was by no means conclusive.Similar inhibition of omental infection was obtained on exposing rats to ultra-violet light.Ultra-violet irradiation or the inclusion oflargeamounts of cod-liver oil in the diet of the rats produced a slight but constant leucocytosis.No evidence was obtained that lack of fat soluble vitamins in their diet renders tubercle infected rats susceptible to tuberculin shock.
The Effects produced by the Inhalation of Haematite and Iron Dusts in Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Carleton H. M. 
Published: May 2009

THE production of a fibrosis due to inhalation of haematite in man has already been disucssed by Goadby (1925). The following experiments were made to see what effects were produced by exposing guinea-pigs to the dusts of (a) haematite (Fe2O3) and (b) levigated iron.Finacial assistance towards these experiments was very kindly rendered by the Mines Department, to the Inspectors of which I am also indebted for the haematite powder from Cumberland.
Milk-borne Sonne Dysentery
Authors: Fyfe G. Matthew 
Published: May 2009

1. There is recorded for the first time an outbreak of milk-borne bacillary dysentery which has been proved to be due toB. dysenteriaeSonne.2. In this milk-borne outbreak of Sonne dysentery there were over 150 cases and no deaths, the absence of mortality being in marked contrast to the high mortality rate which accompanies milk-borne outbreaks of Flexner dysentery.3. Several milk-borne outbreaks of enteritis simulating dysenteric infections have been recorded in which the evidence has pointed to a living bacillus of unrecognised type as the causal agent. It is obvious that in futureB. dysenteriaeSonne will require to be excluded from the group of the unrecognised viruses.
A Serological Study of Undulant Fever in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Ross G. R. 
Published: May 2009

1. Examination of nine type strains of Brucella, collected from various sources, by agglutination and the absorption of agglutinin test revealed distinct serological difference between Br. abortus and Br. melitensis. Differentiation could only be made by the agglutinin-absorption test, both organisms agglutinating equally with abortus or melitensis immune sera.2. By agglutination alone differentiation could be made between a group consisting of Br. melitensis and Br. abortus strains on the one hand and a group which included one strain labelled Br. melitensis, one labelled Br. abortus, and Br. paramelitensis.3. The agglutinin-absorption test showed that this Br. paramelitensis group comprised two strains of closely allied paramelitensis strains, and that the Br. abortus strain could be regarded as a Br. para-abortus strain.4. Serological investigation of eight strains of Brucella isolated from patients suffering from undulant fever in Southern Rhodesia showed that six were serologically identical with type Br. abortus and two identical with what is regarded as a Br. para-abortus strain.5. It is suggested that the melitensis-abortus group represent the “S” normal types, whereas the paramelitensis-para-abortus group represent the “R” mutant types of organisms.
Tuberculosis in Captive Wild Animals
Authors: Griffith A. Stanley 
Published: May 2009

The results of this investigation show that tuberculosis in captive wild mammals may be caused by any one of the three types of tubercle bacilli—human, bovine or avian.In the Primates, which under experimental conditions are susceptible in an equal degree to bovine and human tubercle bacilli, natural tuberculosis may result from infection with either type. The human tubercle bacillus is however found more frequently than the bovine bacillus. Taking the condition of the regionary lymphatic glands of the body as an indication of the probable portal of entry of the infecting bacilli, e.g. greater enlargement and more advanced caseation of the thoracic than of the abdominal lymphatic glands as denoting respiratory infection, it would appear that the monkey may become infected with bovine tubercle bacilli, as well as with human tubercle bacilli, not only through the alimentary tract but also by inhalation.Cultures of acid-fast bacilli were obtained from four caymans, one frog and one snake, which died in the Zoological Society's Gardens.The strains from the four caymans were identical and indistinguishable from Aronson's Mycobacterium marinum.The snake strain closely resembled the fish tubercle bacillus of Bataillon, Dubard and Terre.The frog strain could not be identified with any of the cold-blooded strains of tubercle bacilli mentioned above.
Bacteriological Studies of Milking Machines
Authors: Johns C. K. , Lochhead A. G. 
Published: May 2009

Under warm weather conditions, contamination from milking machine rubber parts can be effectively controlled by simple, practicable methods. Milk drawn by machines so treated is equal in sanitary quality to that produced by careful hand milking.The chloramine-brine treatment proved to be quite as effective as the hot water treatment in controlling bacterial contamination, while superior from the standpoint of economy and simplicity.
Typhoid Fever in Palestine
Authors: Kligler I. J. 
Published: May 2009

In the December issue of this Journal Peller (1928) presented a critical analysis of my paper (1927). His criticism is both general and specific. The general criticism requires no comment on my part. Polemics have no place in English scientific literature. Any contribution which contains an idea and stimulates thought and investigation is, in my opinion, of sufficient interest to warrant publication, provided the data presented are accurate.Some comment, however brief, is required because the specific remarks create an impression that not only are the deductions wrong, but that the data on which they are based are inaccurate.
The Influence of the Age of the Mother and Associated Factors on the Mortality Rates in Childbearing
Authors: McKinlay Peter L. 
Published: May 2009

In the present paper an attempt has been made to devise a method of determining mortality rates at ages from causes of death associated with childbearing. The sources of possible fallacy in this procedure have been discussed, and it is probable that the results found will represent fairly accurately the true course of mortality in this country.From all causes of death in childbearing, mortality follows this course: beginning with a high value in the age group 15–20, the rate drops to a minimum in the second quinquennium of reproductive life and thereafter gradually increases with age.The main components of the death rate exhibit a similar age distribution, but other less important causes of death show an uninterrupted increase with age from the commencement of the reproductive period.Eclampsia is much more common in young women, but this may be entirely due to the greater proportion of primiparae at these young ages. Estimated in terms of first births the death rate increases rapidly and steadily with age, subject to a small exception in the first quinquennium which may possibly be a consequence of unfavourable marital selection at that age.The high puerperal mortality of young mothers cannot wholly be accounted for by the excessive dangers of primiparity. Evidence has, however, been submitted that these young women are, on the average, a less healthy sample of the total female population at that age and that, apart from primiparity and adverse selection, the death rate from childbed causes probably follows the same law of mortality as of women in general from all other causes of death.There has been within recent years a decline of nearly 50 per cent, in the puerperal mortality in young mothers of 15–20 and a smaller decrease in the second quinquennium of reproductive life; but there is no evidence of any improvement at later ages. These phenomena have been brought into relation with the change which has taken place in the death rate from all other causes in married women at these ages. The youngest group of married women, relative to unmarried of the same age, were in the more recent period studied in a much more favourable position with regard to their mortality from causes other than those connected with childbearing than they had been formerly. No corresponding improvement has taken place in the relative mortalities from all other causes in older women within the childbearing ages.These results suggest that the general health of the mother is a factor of great importance in determining the height of the mortality rate in pregnancy.
Laboratory Notes on Plague in Kenya
Authors: De Smidt F. P. G. 
Published: May 2009

This paper presents a summary of the work on Plague carried out in the Bacteriological Section of the Kenya Medical Research Laboratory, during the period August, 1926, to December, 1928, in connection with the preparation of prophylactic plague vaccine. It is divisible under the following sections:A. Preparation of a vaccine of Haffkine type at Nairobi.B. Tests on rats of the immunising potency of the vaccine.C. Notes on the application of plague vaccine for human prophylaxis:I. Experience in Kenya.II. Discussion of the relative values of agar-grown and Haffkine's plague vaccines.D. Notes on bacteriology and serology of Bacillus pestis:I. Growth in fluid cultures under various conditions, etc.II. Agglutinating sera and absorption tests.
Syphilis and Malignant Disease: A Serological Study
Authors: Fry H. J. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. There is a lower percentage of positive Wassermanns in cases of malignant disease than in a similar population of non-malignant cases. If buccal cancers are excluded, the percentage is half that in non-malignant cases.2. Cancer of the tongue and buccal cavity, in which a high percentage of positive Wassermanns is found, is almost confined to males and is probably due less to syphilitic infection than to some factor such as smoking.3. There is a low percentage of syphilis in cancer of the digestive tract, except in cases of cancer of the stomach, and the incidence diminishes from mouth to anus.4. Syphilis does not appear to be a factor of importance in cancer of the glandular organs, nor, apart from the lip, in the production of cutaneous cancer.5. In general, from the above figures there is no evidence that syphilis plays any direct or very important part in the production of cancer.
A Note of the Influence of the Addition of Certain Supplements to the Diets of African Natives. III
Authors: Henderson John McAskill , Kelly Francis Charles 
Published: May 2009

In the two preceding communications we have discussed the calcium balances and weight increase of natives, both adult and growing, on certain institution diets, with and without additions.Various considerations pointed to a relative or absolute deficiency of calcium in the above diets. The experimental additions made, therefore, were (1) a mineral mixture reproducing closely the ash of cows' milk; (2) cod-liver oil; (3) cod-liver oil plus the mineral mixture; (4) olive oil plus KI; (5) milk.
Fatal Epidemic Enteritis due toB. dysenteriaeSonne
Authors: Hay Hilda R. 
Published: May 2009

1. An outbreak is described of fatal epidemic enteritis due toB. dysenteriaeSonne which occurred in the autumn, 1928, in the infant wards of a hospital in Glasgow.2. The clinical histories of two fatal cases are given.3. The bacteriological and immunological examination of two strains ofB. dysenteriaeSonne is described.4. The results are given of a series of animal inoculations undertaken to study the virulence ofB. dysenteriaeSonne and the nature of the lesions which it produces. To these are added the results of certain feeding experiments.
The Relationship between Morphology, Colonial Appearance, Agglutinability, and Virulence to Mice of Certain Variants of Bacterium aertrycke
Authors: Wilson G. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Analysis of a series of 135 strains of B. aertrycke indicates that at least four well-defined types may be recognised on the basis of morphology, colonial formation, virulence to mice, and to a less extent agglutination by salt, serum, and acids. These types comprise: (i) type A—the normal smooth virulent form; (ii) type B—a smooth form of low virulence; (iii) type C—a roughish, so-called ichthyotic, form of low virulence; (iv) type D—the really rough avirulent form. Between these well-defined types certain transitional forms may sometimes be recognised, the virulence of which is frequently of an order intermediate between that of the A type on the one hand, and the B, C, or D types on the other.2. Evidence is brought to show that if a virulent strain is sub-cultured daily, under conditions known to lead to a fall in virulence of the whole culture, a gradual replacement occurs of the virulent type A bacilli by the avirulent B, C or D types. So long as an adequate proportion, which is very small, of type A bacilli persists in the culture the virulence of the whole culture remains fairly high; but when all type A bacilli have been replaced by bacilli of the B, C or D types the virulence of the whole culture falls considerably.
An Investigation into the Agglutinating Power of Human Sera for Bacillus typhosus and Various Allied Organisms
Authors: Smith M. M. , Macvie M. H. , Newbold B. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Three hundred and two samples of sera from normal people, and 847 samples from cases suspected of enteric, or from contacts, have been examined for heat labile agglutinins against B. typhosus and allied organisms.2. Sera from the “not normals” show a higher percentage of agglutinins against nearly all the organisms tested than sera from the “normals.”3. In the contact group of the “not normals” the incidence of agglutinins is practically the same as in the “normal” group.4. Sera from inoculated persons show a higher percentage of agglutinins against those organisms included in the T.A.B. vaccine used during the late war, than the sera from non-inoculated persons.5. There is a higher percentage of agglutinins for B. typhosus, B. paratyphosus A and B. paratyphosus B among males than among females, especially in the age groups 20–30 and 30–40.6. The proportion of normal males whose sera agglutinate B. typhosus, B. paratyphosus A and B. paratyphosus B and the group suspension is significantly lower than corresponding proportion noted in an investigation recorded by Rosher and Fielden in 1922. The proportion of agglutinating sera for these strains among normal females is substantially the same in our findings as in theirs.7. The associations between ability to agglutinate different pairs of organisms are shown to be statistically significant in those cases which might arise from T.A.B. inoculation.8. For these reasons it seems likely that the present distribution among the adult male population of agglutinins for B. typhosus, B. paratyphosus A, B. paratyphosus B and for Salmonella strains allied to B. paratyphosus B when in the group phase, was largely determined, in the period 1925–6, by the results of T.A.B. inoculation carried out during the war. It is probable that this effect is slowly disappearing.9. Statistically significant associations were found between certain other pairs of organisms, which could not be explained as resulting from inoculation with T.A.B. vaccine, or as a result of any common antigenic stimulus. These associations were found mainly in the “not normal” group; and their meaning, at the moment, remains obscure. It may be noted that the number of sera agglutinating these particular pairs of suspensions was, in most cases, small.10. Our results, so far as they yield any information on this point, do not suggest that infection with any one of the organisms studied by us increases the probability of the patient's serum agglutinating some other bacterium, with which the infecting organism is not antigenically related.11. High titres were found chiefly in sera from the “suspected of enteric” group. The normal group usually gave low titres.
Observations on the Hygienic Condition of Public Swimming Baths
Authors: Grierson A. M. M. 
Published: May 2009

It is an undisputed fact that various diseases have been transmitted by the water of swimming baths, and although such cases have not been very frequently recorded it is nevertheless important that steps should be taken to prevent their occurrence. This can only be done by maintaining a standard of purity of the bath water similar to drinking water.It is evident that the water of swimming ponds cannot be kept pure by the fill and empty system, but should be subjected to a process of continuous filtration combined with aeration and chlorination.In order to maintain the standard of purity thus obtained it is necessary that a strict supervision should be made of the bathers, and those who have any infectious condition should not be permitted to use the pond.Regulations similar to those suggested by the American Public Health Association should be made and enforced.