bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multicultural social policy and community participation in health: new opportunities and challenges for indigenous people
Authors: Torri Maria Costanza 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYCommunity participation in local health has assumed a central role in the reforms of public healthcare, being increasingly associated with the issue of decentralization of the health system. The aim of this paper is to raise questions regarding the structural approaches to multicultural social policy in Chile and to analyze the results of its implementation. The article analyzes the case study of Makewe Hospital, one of the pioneering experiences of intercultural health initiative in Chile. The Makewe Hospital, which involves the indigenous community of the Mapuche, provides interesting insights to understand the dynamics of multicultural social policy and presents an example of a successful initiative that has succeeded in involving local communities in multicultural health policy. This case study discusses the effectiveness of grassroots participation in multicultural healthcare provision and presents the main strengths and challenges for the replicability of this experience in other settings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Root‐zone temperature and nitrogen affect the yield and secondary metabolite concentration of fall‐ and spring‐grown, high‐density leaf lettuce
Authors: Bumgarner Natalie R , Scheerens Joseph C , Mullen Robert W , Bennett Mark A , Ling Peter P , Kleinhenz Matthew D 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Understanding the effects of temperature and nitrogen levels on key variables, particularly under field conditions during cool seasons of temperate climates, is important. Here, we document the impact of root‐zone heating and nitrogen (N) fertility on the accumulation and composition of fall‐ and spring‐grown lettuce biomass. A novel, scalable field system was employed.RESULTS: Direct‐seeded plots containing a uniform, semi‐solid, and nearly stable rooting medium were established outdoors in 2009 and 2010; each contained one of eight combinations of root‐zone heating (−/+) and N fertility (0, 72, 144, and 576 mg day−1). Root‐zone heating increased but withholding N decreased biomass accumulation in both years. Low N supplies were also associated with greater anthocyanin and total antioxidant power but lower N and phosphorus levels. Tissue chlorophyll a and vitamin C levels tracked root‐zone temperature and N fertility more closely in 2009 and 2010, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Experimentally imposed root‐zone temperature and N levels influenced the amount and properties of fall‐ and spring‐grown lettuce tissue. Ambient conditions, however, dictated which of these factors exerted the greatest effect on the variables measured. Collectively, the results point to the potential for gains in system sustainability and productivity, including with respect to supplying human nutritional units. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Does neoadjuvant chemotherapy reveal disease precluding surgical treatment of initially resectable colorectal cancer liver metastases?
Authors: Reddy Srinevas K. , Tsung Allan , Marsh James Wallis , Geller David A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study is to determine whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy reveals occult disease precluding surgical extirpation of initially resectable colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM).MethodsDemographics, clinicopathologic tumor characteristics, treatments, and post‐operative outcomes of patients aged 18–80 years, with one to four initially resectable CRCLM, and without concurrent extra‐hepatic (EHMD) or previous metastatic disease were reviewed.ResultsTwo hundred and two patients evaluated from 2000 to 2010 met study criteria; 88 (43.6%) were given neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were younger (median 58 years vs. 65 years, P = 0.0096), had shorter disease free interval from resection of primary tumor to CRCLM diagnosis (median 0 months vs. 12 months, P < 0.0001), and had more CRCLM (median 1 [1–3] vs. 1 [1–2], P = 0.0096) compared to untreated counterparts. There were no differences in rates of concurrent EHMD noted intra‐operatively and not on pre‐operative imaging (4.5% vs. 3.5%, P = 0.7290), greater intra‐operatively observed CRCLM compared to pre‐operative imaging (25.3% vs. 17.5%, P = 0.2449), hepatic resection and/or ablation (97.7% vs. 100.0%, P = 0.9853), or 6‐month disease recurrence after surgical treatment (25.6% vs. 14.9%, P = 0.0882). Only two (2.3%) patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy had disease progression precluding surgical extirpation.ConclusionsNeoadjuvant chemotherapy for initially resectable CRCLM does not reveal occult disease precluding surgical treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:55–59. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The prognostic value of grade of regression and oncocytic change in rectal adenocarcinoma treated with neo‐adjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Roy Paromita , Serra Stefano , Kennedy Erin , Chetty Runjan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundPathological staging and regression grading may affect the clinical outcome in rectal carcinoma patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NACRT). Oncocytic change (OC) has also been described in the residual tumor. This study assesses the correlation of degree of pathological response and OC with clinical outcome.MethodsSeventy‐five cases of rectal adenocarcinoma undergoing NACRT followed by surgery were retrospectively analyzed for preoperative and post‐operative staging, degree of tumor response to NACRT using the Dworak Regression score (DR) and Tumor Regression Grading (TRG) systems, as well as the proportion of cells showing OC. These parameters were correlated with overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS).ResultsSignificant correlation was found between post‐operative T and N stage and OS (P = 0.005 and 0.002, respectively); and post‐operative and preoperative T stage with DFS (P = 0.002 and 0.02, respectively). Grouping patients by TRG scores (TRG1‐3 vs TRG4‐5) also proved to be a significant independent prognosticator for DFS (P < 0.001). The DR score groups and OC (<35% vs. >35%) were not statistically significant predictors of clinical outcome.ConclusionsPost‐NACRT T and N staging and the TRG system are important prognostic indicators. The presence and extent of OC needs to be better understood and further investigated. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:130–134. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Responsive Poly(acrylic acid) and Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Monoliths by High Internal Phase Emulsion (HIPE) Templating
Authors: Kovačič Sebastijan , Jeřabek Karel , Krajnc Peter 
Published: August 2011

AbstractHigh internal phase emulsions are used to prepare cross‐linked polystyrene/poly(acrylic acid) (PS/PAA) and polystyrene/poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PS/PNIPAM) monoliths with a polystyrene scaffold and acrylic domains inside the cavities of the scaffold. Acrylic acid or NIPAM are included in the aqueous phase of a high internal phase emulsion, while the oil phase includes styrene. Polymerisation of such high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) yields macroporous polymers (polyHIPEs) with a scaffold composed of cross‐linked polystyrene and domains of cross‐linked poly(acrylic acid) or cross‐linked poly(NIPAM) positioned inside the cavities of the polystyrene skeleton. Monolithic discs are shaped from PS/PAA and PS/PNIPAM polyHIPEs in order to study the dependence of flow resistance through the discs in relation to pH or temperature changes. The amount of acrylic component in the aqueous phase and the degree of cross‐linking prove to be the most influential on the pressure drops of columns with monolithic discs. The temperature influences the resistance properties in the case of PS/PNIPAM material. Inverse size exclusion chromatography experiments confirm the pH dependent structure of the polymeric monoliths. magnified image
Dual Aggregation Behavior of Porphyrin‐Cored Thiophene Dendrimers
Authors: Deng Suxiang , Advincula Rigoberto C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTwo porphyrin‐cored thiophene dendrimers T(3T)P and T(7T)P have been successfully synthesized and characterized by UV‐vis and fluorescence measurements. The self‐assembly of these two water‐insoluble free base porphyrins to form both intrinsic H‐ and J‐aggregates has been reported for the first time. This intrinsic behavior is in contrast to the use of surfactants, dyes, and metal ions to induce aggregation behavior on most porphyrin systems. This work emphasizes the importance of controlling the size, solvent, and extent of conjugation of polythiophene dendron groups in porphyrin systems. These materials may yet be applied to polythiophene or porphyrin blend system in energy conversion devices with the light‐harvesting properties of the polythiophene dendrons.magnified image
Horseradish Peroxidase as a Catalyst for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Sigg Severin J. , Seidi Farzad , Renggli Kasper , Silva Tilana B. , Kali Gergely , Bruns Nico 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe hemoprotein horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzes the polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide with an alkyl bromide initiator under conditions of activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) in the absence of any peroxide. This is a novel activity of HRP, which we propose to name ATRPase activity. Bromine‐terminated polymers with polydispersity indices (PDIs) as low as 1.44 are obtained. The polymerization follows first order kinetics, but the evolution of molecular weight and the PDI upon increasing conversion deviate from the results expected for an ATRP mechanism. Conversion, $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ and PDI depend on the pH and on the concentration of the reducing agent, sodium ascorbate. HRP is stable during the polymerization and does not unfold or form conjugates. magnified image
Entry in Emulsion Copolymerization: Can the Existing Models be Verified?
Authors: Daswani Pooja , van Herk Alex 
Published: August 2011

AbstractVarious models have been proposed in order to understand different physical and chemical events taking place during emulsion copolymerization. One of the important processes involved is the entry of radicals into particles, which is often described using the model of Maxwell and Morrison. For emulsion homopolymerization, experimental data partly support this model, while for emulsion copolymerization not many experimental data are available. Here, the different models that have been established over the past decades are reviewed with an emphasis on the propagational mechanisms involved during the entry of oligomeric radicals into latex particles in emulsion homopolymerization. An answer is given to the title question: “Can the existing models be verified?”. magnified image
Residence Time Distribution Study of a Living/Controlled Radical Miniemulsion Polymerization System in a Continuous Tubular Reactor
Authors: Enright Thomas E. , Cunningham Michael F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractResidence time distribution (RTD) studies were done to determine the flow characteristics in a continuous tubular reactor. Pulse tracer experiments were done at different flow rates and temperatures, and a comparison was made between a homogeneous aqueous salt mixture versus a heterogeneous miniemulsion mixture. The heterogeneous system was studied under two different conditions, one with a monomer‐in‐water droplet dispersion and one with fully formed polymer particles dispersed in water. There were differences observed between all of the systems tested and none of them matched an ideal plug flow condition. The reactor contains stagnant zones of varying volume and tracer spreading was observed in all cases. The dispersion model was found to model the system quite well in most cases.magnified image
Simplified quantification of labile proton concentration‐weighted chemical exchange rate (kws) with RF saturation time dependent ratiometric analysis (QUESTRA): Normalization of relaxation and RF irradiation spillover effects for improved quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI
Authors: Sun Phillip Zhe 
Published: August 2011

AbstractChemical exchange saturation transfer MRI is an emerging imaging technique capable of detecting dilute proteins/peptides and microenvironmental properties, with promising in vivo applications. However, chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI contrast is complex, varying not only with the labile proton concentration and exchange rate, but also with experimental conditions such as field strength and radiofrequency (RF) irradiation scheme. Furthermore, the optimal RF irradiation power depends on the exchange rate, which must be estimated in order to optimize the chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI experiments. Although methods including numerical fitting with modified Bloch‐McConnell equations, quantification of exchange rate with RF saturation time and power (QUEST and QUESP), have been proposed to address this relationship, they require multiple‐parameter non‐linear fitting and accurate relaxation measurement. Our work extended the QUEST algorithm with ratiometric analysis (QUESTRA) that normalizes the magnetization transfer ratio at labile and reference frequencies, which effectively eliminates the confounding relaxation and RF spillover effects. Specifically, the QUESTRA contrast approaches its steady state mono‐exponentially at a rate determined by the reverse exchange rate (kws), with little dependence on bulk water T1, T2, RF power and chemical shift. The proposed algorithm was confirmed numerically, and validated experimentally using a tissue‐like phantom of serially titrated pH compartments. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The thin‐layer method in a cross‐anisotropic 3D space
Authors: de Oliveira Barbosa João Manuel , Kausel Eduardo 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThis article presents a generalization of the thin‐layer method to three dimensions, a tool that allows assessing layered media subjected to loads eliciting nonsymmetrical wave fields. It is based on a formulation that fully couples the three components of motion, and allows finding effective solutions to either stationary or moving loads of arbitrary shape that act on (or within) horizontally layered media. In particular, it is an ideal tool for finding analytical solutions to the so‐called 2.5D problem, which entails loads with arbitrary distribution in one horizontal coordinate direction together with a harmonic (sinusoidal) variation in the other. Inasmuch as the Green's functions for the latter case are found explicitly in the spatial domain without recourse to numerical integration, it allows using such functions — most likely in the context of the boundary element method — as fundamental solutions for problems of soil–structure interaction where the structure is invariant in one horizontal direction, such as a railroad track resting on an embankment. The method entails solving at each frequency of interest two uncoupled eigenvalue problems for generalized SH and SVP waves (i.e. horizontally and vertically polarized shear and pressure waves), after which the fundamental solutions are obtained in closed‐form at any desired point in space. Inasmuch as the proposed technique dispenses with at least one of the two inverse Fourier transforms into the spatial domain, in due time the methodology presented is likely to become the preferred tool for a wide class of problems. The technique is first benchmarked against the known solution for a point load and then applied to a rectangular and triangular load distribution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyarc discrete element for efficiently simulating arbitrarily shaped 2D particles
Authors: Fu Pengcheng , Walton Otis R. , Harvey John T. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYA new two‐dimensional discrete element type, termed the ‘polyarc’ element is presented in this paper. Compared to other discrete element types, the new element is capable of representing any two‐dimensional convex particle shape with arbitrary angularity and elongation using a small number of shape parameters. Contact resolution between polyarc elements, which is the most computation‐extensive task in DEM simulation only involves simple closed‐form solutions. Two undesirable contact scenarios common for polygon elements can be avoided by the polyarc element, so the contact resolution algorithm for polyarc elements is simpler than that for polygon elements. The extra flexibility in particle shape representation induces little or no additional computational cost. The key algorithmic aspects of the new element, including the particle shape representation scheme, the quick neighbor search algorithm, the contact resolution algorithm, and the contact law are presented. The recommended contact law for the polyarc model was formulated on the basis of an evaluation of various contact law schemes for polygon type discrete elements. The capability and efficiency of the new element type were demonstrated through an investigation of strength anisotropy of a virtual sand consisting of a random mix of angular and smooth elongated particles subjected to biaxial compression tests. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundary element formulation for plane problems in couple stress elasticity
Authors: Hadjesfandiari A. R. , Dargush G. F. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYCouple‐stresses are introduced to account for the microstructure of a material within the framework of continuum mechanics. Linear isotropic versions of such materials possess a characteristic material length l that becomes increasingly important as problem dimensions shrink to that level (e.g., as the radius a of a critical hole reduces to a size comparable to l). Consequently, this size‐dependent elastic theory is essential to understand the behavior at micro‐ and nano‐scales and to bridge the atomistic and classical continuum theories. Here we develop an integral representation for two‐dimensional boundary value problems in the newly established fully determinate theory of isotropic couple stress elastic media. The resulting boundary‐only formulation involves displacements, rotations, force‐tractions and moment‐tractions as primary variables. Details on the corresponding numerical implementation within a boundary element method are then provided, with emphasis on kernel singularities and numerical quadrature. Afterwards the new formulation is applied to several computational examples to validate the approach and to explore the consequences of size‐dependent couple stress elasticity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale prediction of mechanical behavior of ferrite–pearlite steel with numerical material testing
Authors: Watanabe I. , Setoyama D. , Nagasako N. , Iwata N. , Nakanishi K. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYMultiscale mechanical behaviors of ferrite–pearlite steel were predicted using numerical material testing (NMT) based on the finite element method. The microstructure of ferrite–pearlite steel is regarded as a two‐component aggregate of ferrite crystal grains and pearlite colonies. In NMT, the macroscopic stress–strain curve and the deformation state of the microstructure were examined by means of a two‐scale finite element analysis method based on the framework of the mathematical homogenization theory. The microstructure of ferrite–pearlite steel was modeled with finite elements, and constitutive models for ferrite crystal grains and pearlite colonies were prepared to describe their anisotropic mechanical behavior at the microscale level. While the anisotropic linear elasticity and the single crystal plasticity based on representative characteristic length have been employed for the ferrite crystal grains, the constitutive model of a pearlite colony was newly developed in this study. For that reason, the constitutive behavior of the pearlite colony was investigated using NMT on a smaller scale than the scale of the ferrite–pearlite microstructure, with the microstructure of the pearlite colony modeled as a lamellar structure of ferrite and cementite phases with finite elements. On the basis of the numerical results, the anisotropic constitutive model of the pearlite colony was formulated based on the normal vector of the lamella. The components of the anisotropic elasticity were estimated with NMT based on the finite element method, where the elasticity of the cementite phase was numerically evaluated with a first‐principles calculation. Also, an anisotropic plastic constitutive model for the pearlite colony was formulated with two‐surface plasticity consisting of yield functions for the interlamellar shear mode and yielding of the overall lamellar structure. After addressing the microscopic modeling of ferrite–pearlite steel, NMT was performed with the finite element models of the ferrite–pearlite microstructure and with the microscopic constitutive models for each of the components. Finally, the results were compared with the corresponding experimental results on both the macroscopic response and the microscopic deformation state to ascertain the validity of the numerical modeling. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dental Health of Free Blacks in New York State during the Mid‐19th Century
Authors: Nystrom K. C. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe current research will examine the frequency of carious teeth, periapical abscesses and ante‐mortem tooth loss in the Newburgh Colored Burial Ground (1830–1870), a free black cemetery in Newburgh, New York. The Newburgh material is compared with skeletal samples from the New York African Burial Ground, New York State almshouses, a free black cemetery from Philadelphia and middle‐class/upper‐class European cemeteries. Although previous research suggests that dental health became worse throughout the 19th century, there is no consistent pattern between the 17th‐century and 18th‐century skeletal sample of enslaved blacks from New York City and 19th‐century free blacks from Newburgh and Philadelphia. The frequency of dental caries does increase through time but the other indicators change little (equal or fewer ante‐mortem tooth loss) or suggest an improvement in dental health (fewer periapical abscesses) through time. Relative to contemporaneous populations, the individuals from Newburgh appear much more similar in terms of dental health to upper‐class and middle‐class European groups than to the other marginalised groups considered in this research. The impact of the economic, political and social changes that accompanied the Industrial Revolution and their potential impact on dental health are considered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.