bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A model for group-size-dependent behaviour decisions in insects using an oscillator network
Authors: Funato Tetsuro , Nara Masahito , Kurabayashi Daisuke , Ashikaga Masatoshi , Aonuma Hitoshi 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARY
Aggressive behaviour within pairs of male crickets leads to the establishment of a dominance hierarchy. Defeated males avoid their victorious adversaries for several hours before regaining aggressiveness. However, the defeated male does not regain aggressiveness if repeated fighting occurs. Loss of individual aggressiveness is limited by group size, which constrains the number of crickets fighting at any given time. Thus, group aggressive behaviour is modulated by an environmental factor, group size, which is ultimately determined by individual actions, i.e. fighting between two individuals. We developed a robot model to elucidate the mechanism of group-size-dependent behaviour alternation in crickets. The behaviour of individual robots was evaluated experimentally with mobile robots and the group behaviour of the robots was evaluated by computer simulation. We demonstrated that the group-size-dependent strategy in crickets could be generated by local interactions between robots, where the behaviour was governed by an oscillator and memory of the outcome of previous fights.
In vitro effect of calcium dobesilate on oxidative/inflammatory stress in human varicose veins
Authors: Alda O , Valero M S , Pereboom D , Serrano P , Azcona J M , Garay R P 
Published: June 2011

Aim To determine whether calcium dobesilate can act in chronic venous insufficiency by similar antioxidant, anti-inflammatory mechanisms as in diabetic retinopathy. Methods Calcium dobesilate was tested in vitro for its protective action against oxidative/inflammatory stress in human varicose veins. Varicose greater saphenous veins were obtained from 14 patients (11 men, 3 women) aged 53–65 years. Oxidative stress was induced exogenously in the vein segments, with the phenazine methosulphate (PMS)/NADH couple. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were used as markers of oxidative stress. Results Calcium dobesilate significantly prevented oxidative disturbances in the micromolar range. PMS/NADH-dependent TAS decrease was fully prevented with IC50 = 11.4 ± 2.3 µmol/L ( n = 6 veins), whereas MDA increase was fully prevented with IC50 = (102 ± −3) µmol/L ( n = 6 veins). Calcium dobesilate acted quali- and quantitatively like rutin, the reference compound. Comparison with pharmacokinetic data suggests that calcium dobesilate can act at therapeutic concentrations. Conclusion Calcium dobesilate protected human varicose veins against oxidative stress in vitro at levels that correspond to therapeutic concentrations. Further studies are required to investigate whether a similar action is found in varicose veins from patients orally treated with calcium dobesilate.
CEO Overconfidence and Innovation
Authors: Galasso Alberto , Simcoe Timothy S. 
Published: June 2011

Are the attitudes and beliefs of chief executive officers (CEOs) linked to their firms' innovative performance? This paper uses a measure of overconfidence, based on CEO stock-option exercise, to study the relationship between a CEO's “revealed beliefs” about future performance and standard measures of corporate innovation. We begin by developing a career concern model where CEOs innovate to provide evidence of their ability. The model predicts that overconfident CEOs, who underestimate the probability of failure, are more likely to pursue innovation, and that this effect is larger in more competitive industries. We test these predictions on a panel of large publicly traded firms for the years from 1980 to 1994. We find a robust positive association between overconfidence and citation-weighted patent counts in both cross-sectional and fixed-effect models. This effect is larger in more competitive industries. Our results suggest that overconfident CEOs are more likely to take their firms in a new technological direction. This paper was accepted by Kamalini Ramdas, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Bicruciate-stabilised total knee replacements produce more normal sagittal plane kinematics than posterior-stabilised designs
Authors: Ward T. R. , Burns A. W. , Gillespie M. J. , Scarvell J. M. , Smith P. N. 
Published: June 2011

Bicruciate-stabilised total knee replacement (TKR) aims to restore normal kinematics by replicating the function of both cruciate ligaments. We performed a prospective, randomised controlled trial in which bicruciate- and posterior-stabilised TKRs were implanted in 13 and 15 osteo-arthritic knees, respectively. The mean age of the bicruciate-stabilised group was 63.9 years (sd 10.00) and that of the posterior-stabilised group 63.2 years (sd 6.7). A control group comprised 14 normal subjects with a mean age of 67.9 years (sd 7.9). The patellar tendon angle (PTA) was measured one week pre-operatively and at seven weeks post-operatively during knee extension, flexion and step-up exercises. At near full extension during step-up, the bicruciate-stabilised TKR produced a higher mean PTA than the posterior-stabilised TKR, indicating that the bicruciate design at least partially restored the kinematic role of the anterior cruciate ligament. The bicruciate-stabilised TKR largely restored the pre-operative kinematics, whereas the posterior-stabilised TKR resulted in a consistently lower PTA at all activities. The PTA in the pre-operative knees was higher than in the control group during the step-up and at near full knee extension. Overall, both groups generated a more normal PTA than that seen in previous studies in high knee flexion. This suggested that both designs of TKR were more effective at replicating the kinematic role of the posterior cruciate ligament than those used in previous studies.
Role of transcription factors in neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia
Authors: Zhang Cuiling , Wu Huiwen , Zhu Xuejiang , Wang Yingwei , Guo Jun 
Published: June 2011

AbstractStudies have revealed that the adult mammalian brain has the capacity to regenerate some neurons after cerebral ischemia. And this perspective on neurogenesis adds to the conceptual framework for strategies for the repair of ischemia-induced brain injury, that is, if the effect of ischemia-induced neurogenesis is enhanced, then the recovery of brain function after stroke can be promoted. Neurogenesis is a multistep process that requires the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells, migration and that new cells differentiate, survive and integrate into existing neural networks. For that to occur, the same concerted action of various factors is needed, especially transcription factors which regulate the expression of many moleculars and interact with them to promote neurogenesis. This review article gives a brief overview of some transcription factors (NF-κB, Hes, STAT3, AP-1, CREB, HIF1, Pax6, Tcf/Lef, Gli, Sox2, Olig2, Dlx2, TLX, Bmi-1) in ischemia-induced neurogenesis.
Love and Vivisection: Wilkie Collins's Experiment in Heart and Science
Authors: Straley Jessica 
Published: June 2011

Jessica Straley, "Love and Vivisection: Wilkie Collins's Experiment in Heart and Science"(pp. 348–373)
This essay examines the paradox of Wilkie Collins's antivivisection sensation novel, Heart and Science (1883). in the plot of the cruel vivisector Dr. Benjulia and the helpless young woman who almost becomes his latest experiment, the novel draws from a familiar bounty of antivivisectionist propaganda, but, this essay argues, the novel also reveals Collins's thinking about his own literary genre and the unfavorable comparison many critics were making between vivisection and sensation fiction: medical experiments on live animals often electrified their subjects, and sensation novels likewise shocked their readers. More than simply a metaphor, this connection between scientific and literary practices pointed to a late-Victorian anxiety about physiological sensation and moral reasoning. The focus on the body, critics of both practices maintained, bypassed the authority of the soul and turned human agents into passive receptors incapable of the higher functions of rationality and ethics. In its preface, Heart and Science disavows any relation between its narration and the medical dissection it deplores, and much of the novel progresses without the sensation genre's characteristic shocks. But Collins's text also seeks to recover and to redeem physiology as the basis for human emotion and ethics and, in so doing, to redefine sensation fiction as an aid, rather than an inhibitor, to moral agency.
Echoes of the Guillotine: Berlioz and the French Fantastic
Authors: Ritchey Marianna 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The fantastic, theorized as an expression of the anxieties, fears, and political beliefs of the generation of young French writers born in the decades directly following the Revolution and Terror, has long been viewed primarily as a literary genre. Observed in light of this artistic movement, Berlioz's most famous work, Symphonie fantastique, emerges as a musical manifestation of fantastic techniques, and Berlioz himself as an important contributor to the Fantastic culture that swept nineteenth-century France. Using Tzvetan Todorov's narrative theory, I identify two techniques fantastic authors exploit that are most useful in understanding Symphonie Fantastique: an intentional ambiguity of form, and a privileging of ambiguous “thresholds” over teleological plot resolution. In pursuing a new explanation of the symphony's strange deviations from musical norms, I highlight the many different ways the symphony has been understood and analyzed by prominent musicologists over the past 180 years.
By now, musicologists have effectively demonstrated that Berlioz was not the “incompetent genius” (in Charles Rosen's wry formulation) he was long considered to be; however, the fact that there is still disagreement and debate over Symphonie Fantastique's deviations from normative form and content, as well as what those deviations might mean, demonstrates the highly fraught signifying structure of the music. Locating the symphony's use of fantastic tropes and techniques demonstrates that many of its strangest aspects—those “failures” that have been the subject of musicological debate since 1835—come into focus when we take its title seriously and regard the work as a symphony in the fantastic genre.
Imputation of Missing Genotypes From Sparse to High Density Using Long-Range Phasing
Authors: Daetwyler Hans D , Wiggans George R , Hayes Ben J , Woolliams John A , Goddard Mike E 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Related individuals share potentially long chromosome segments that trace to a common ancestor. We describe a phasing algorithm (ChromoPhase) that utilizes this characteristic of finite populations to phase large sections of a chromosome. In addition to phasing, our method imputes missing genotypes in individuals genotyped at lower marker density when more densely genotyped relatives are available. ChromoPhase uses a pedigree to collect an individual’s (the proband) surrogate parents and offspring and uses genotypic similarity to identify its genomic surrogates. The algorithm then cycles through the relatives and genomic surrogates one at a time to find shared chromosome segments. Once a segment has been identified, any missing information in the proband is filled in with information from the relative. We tested ChromoPhase in a simulated population consisting of 400 individuals at a marker density of 1500/M, which is approximately equivalent to a 50K bovine single nucleotide polymorphism chip. In simulated data, 99.9% loci were correctly phased and, when imputing from 100 to 1500 markers, more than 87% of missing genotypes were correctly imputed. Performance increased when the number of generations available in the pedigree increased, but was reduced when the sparse genotype contained fewer loci. However, in simulated data, ChromoPhase correctly imputed at least 12% more genotypes than fastPHASE, depending on sparse marker density. We also tested the algorithm in a real Holstein cattle data set to impute 50K genotypes in animals with a sparse 3K genotype. In these data 92% of genotypes were correctly imputed in animals with a genotyped sire. We evaluated the accuracy of genomic predictions with the dense, sparse, and imputed simulated data sets and show that the reduction in genomic evaluation accuracy is modest even with imperfectly imputed genotype data. Our results demonstrate that imputation of missing genotypes, and potentially full genome sequence, using long-range phasing is feasible.
Research Ethics: Principles, Practices, and Reporting
Authors: Jacobsen Kathryn H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEthical concerns are a common reason for the rejection of manuscripts submitted to biomedical research journals. Professional organizations and journals strongly encourage researchers to follow widely accepted research protocols and to report on what ethics‐related methods they employ in their research projects. At least three issues should be addressed by all reports on human subjects research: the review and approval of the protocol by an ethics committee, the acquisition of informed consent from all participants, and the disclosure of all potential conflicts of interest. Authors must also adhere to publication rules that forbid plagiarism, duplicate submission, and redundant publication.
Exploring Biomedical Workforce Development and Productivity: Gendered Reflections and Challenges
Authors: Schintler Laurie , McNeely Connie L. , Galiazzo Giacomo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe conduct an exploratory analysis of gender differences in collaboration and productivity in the United States in two biomedical and behavioral science fields: biology and psychology. While the particular trajectories look somewhat different for the two fields, the trend in both has been toward a growing presence of women with advanced degrees and as faculty in related programs. We explore whether or not the productivity of women relative to men is consistent with these trends, how patterns of collaboration differ by gender, and if either is mediated by field. To examine these issues, we develop a set of gendered metrics on collaboration and productivity based on Thomson Reuters Web of Science citations for 2008. In both biology and psychology, women tended to collaborate more than men, but still were found to be disadvantaged overall in productivity outcomes. In general, the analysis provided useful insights and directions for future research. Of particular note is the need to move beyond static analyses in order to capture the dynamic complexity of gender as an interactive and dynamic factor in processes affecting biomedical workforce development and productivity.
Anti‐Microbial Drug Resistance: A Human Disaster in the Making
Authors: Nicogossian Arnauld , Zimmerman Thomas , Kloiber Otmar , Septimus Edward J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAnti‐microbial drug resistance (AMR or AMDR) is a complex multi‐dimensional and systemic failure in health education, social behavior, health care legislation and/or policies and practices. AMDR is a life threatening infection extending beyond national boundaries. Collaboration among the health care, pharmaceutical, agricultural and consumer communities is a prerequisite to ward off this unraveling human made pandemic. Education of stakeholders, proper hygiene practices, infection prevention and responsible antibiotic “stewardship” are essential strategic elements of remedial and preventive programs.
Synthesis, antispasmodic and antidiarrheal activities of some 1-substituted imidazole derivatives
Authors: Lakshmanan Baskar , Mazumder Papiya , Sasmal Dinakar , Ganguly Swastika 
Published: June 2011

Synthesis, antispasmodic and antidiarrheal activities of some 1-substituted imidazole derivatives
A series of 1-substituted imidazoles 1a-d and 2a-d were synthesized and screened for antispasmodic and antidiarrheal activities. Antispasmodic activity was tested at various concentrations on isolated tissue preparations; concentration-response curves were plotted and compared with atropine. All compounds were found to inhibit contraction of the guinea pig ileum. Castor oil-induced diarrhea model in rats was used for evaluation of antidiarrheal activity. Parameters such as intestinal transit and volume of intestinal fluid were measured for antidiarrheal activity at 40 mg kg-1 dose and compared with the standard drug loperamide at 6 mg kg-1 dose. Defecation frequency in the test group was found to be significantly lower (p < 0.01) compared to the control group and comparable with that of the standard. The present study reveals that the compounds exert antidiarrheal activity through possible inhibition of intestinal movement and reduction of capillary permeability in the abdominal cavity.
Compatibility studies of nateglinide with excipients in immediate release tablets
Authors: Pani Nihar , Nath Lila , Acharya Sujata 
Published: June 2011

Compatibility studies of nateglinide with excipients in immediate release tabletsExperiments were done to assess the compatibility of nateglinide with selected excipients in the development of immediate release tablets of nateglinide by thermal and isothermal stress testing (IST) techniques. To evaluate the drug-excipient compatibility, different techniques such as differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) study, infra-red (IR) spectrophotometric study and isothermal stress testing were adopted. The results of DSC study showed that magnesium stearate exhibited some interaction with nateglinide. However, the results of IR, and IST studies showed that all the excipients used in the formula were compatible with nateglinide. Optimized formulations developed using the compatible excipients were found to be stable over 3 months of accelerated stability studies (40 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% RH). Overall, compatibility of excipients with nateglinide was successfully evaluated using a combination of thermal and IST methods and the formulations developed using the compatible excipients were found to be stable.
Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive glipizide films
Authors: Rajput Ganesh , Majmudar Falguni , Patel Jayvadan 
Published: June 2011

Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive glipizide filmsGlipizide is mainly absorbed in the proximal areas of the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of this study was formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive films to prolong the stay of drug in its absorption area. Glipizide was formulated in a mucoadhesive film that could be retained in the stomach for prolonged intervals. Polymeric films were designed with various compositions of hydroxypropyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400). Properties of the mucoadhesive film such as tensile strength, percentage elongation, swelling index, moisture content, pH and viscosity of polymeric dispersion, film thickness, content uniformity and mucoadhesion in a simulated gastric environment were characterized. In addition, percentage drug retained in stomach mucosa was estimated using a simulated dynamic stomach system as a function of time. Increase in hydroxypropyl cellulose concentration resulted in a higher tensile strength and elongation at break, while increase in concentration of PEG 400 was reflected in a decrease in tensile strength and increase of elongation at break. Glipizide/hydroxypropyl cellulose/PEG 400 (2.5:1:0.5) (GF5) was found to be the optimal composition for a novel mucoadhesive stomach formulation that showed good peelability, relatively high swelling index, moderate tensile strength, and stayed on rat stomach mucosa up to 8 h.In vivotesting of the mucoadhesive films with glipizide demonstrated a potential hypoglycemic effect.
Synthesis, antibacterial and potential anti-HIV activity of some novel imidazole analogs
Authors: Ganguly Swastika , Vithlani Vatsal , Kesharwani Anup , Kuhu Ritu , Baskar Lakshmanan , Mitramazumder Papiya , Sharon Ashok , Dev Abhimanyu 
Published: June 2011

Synthesis, antibacterial and potential anti-HIV activity of some novel imidazole analogs
A series of 1-(2-methyl-4-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-3-arylaminopropan-2-ones (2a-e), 2-methyl-5-nitro-1-{2-[arylmethoxy] ethyl}-1H-imidazoles (5a-d), and N-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(substituted imidazol-1-yl)alkanamides (8a-e) were synthesized with the aim to develop novel imidazole analogs with broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic properties. Title compounds were evaluated for their anti-HIV and antibacterial activities.
How Do Apolipoproteins ApoB and ApoA-I Perform in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Sypniewska Grazyna , Bergmann Katarzyna , Krintus Magdalena , Kozinski Marek , Kubica Jacek 
Published: June 2011

How Do Apolipoproteins ApoB and ApoA-I Perform in Patients with Acute Coronary SyndromesAcute coronary syndromes are the leading cause of hospitalization and death. Results from recent studies suggest that apolipoprotein measurement and apoB:apoA-I are superior to traditional lipids in the estimation of coronary risk. We compared apolipoprotein concentrations and apoB:apoA-I with traditional lipid measures and atherogenic indices in patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) within 6 hrs from the onset of chest pain. A study group consisted of 227 patients diagnosed with ACS (STEMI=60, NSTEMI=66 and UA=105). Clinically healthy volunteers (n=85) served as controls. Measurements of cardiac TnI, lipid profile, hsCRP, apolipoprotein A-I and apoB100 were performed and apoB:apoA-I, TC-HDL-C, LDL-C:HDL-C ratios were calculated. Patients had increased LDL-C (>3.0 mmol/L) and non-HDL-C (>3.4 mmol/L). Triglycerides were below the cut-off value, but patients had significantly higher TG concentrations and lower HDL-C compared to controls (p<0.001). Apo B and apoA-I concentration in patients remained within the accepted range. Atherogenic indices TC:HDL-C, LDL-C:HDL-C and apoB:apoA-I were significantly increased in patients. ApoB:apoA-I ratio in ACS males was within low risk whereas in females corresponded to medium risk. ApoB:apoA-I and LDL-C:HDL-C ratios were of good diagnostic utility for discrimination between patients and controls (AUC 0.71 and 0.79; respectively). ApoB:apoA-I and LDL-C:HDL-C were of very good diagnostic utility for discrimination between STEMI patients and controls (AUC 0.80 and 0.84). We could not show the superiority of apoB:apoA-I over LDL-C:HDL-C as the discrimination power of both was almost identical. Determination of apolipoproteins should not be recommended for routine clinical use, however, incorporating apoB and apoB:apoA-I into risk assessment could provide additional important information on cardiovascular risk.
The Importance of Content Knowledge for Successful Legal Language Acquisition
Authors: Husinec Snježana 
Published: June 2011

One of the most difficult tasks in the instruction of legal language is teaching highly specific legal terminology. Although some legal terms are widely used in ordinary language, there are some words and phrases which seem familiar, but have an unexpected meaning for a layperson. Additionally, there is a number of terms with specific legal meanings which presuppose some knowledge of legal content to be fully understood. On the other hand, since legal language is shaped by the legal system in which it is used, legal terms reflect particular legal systems and differences between them and are therefore inseparable from the law.
This paper examines what implications this interconnection between language and law has on the process of legal language instruction and acquisition. How important is the knowledge of legal content for successful acquisition of legal terminology? What is the best approach to teaching such content-dependant language and what amount of background information needs to be taught? To answer these questions, the author analyses the results of a survey conducted among the law students attending legal language courses at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb and combines it with theoretical research and her teaching experience.