bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surmounting City Silences: Knowledge Creation and the Design of Urban Democracy in the Everyday Economy
Authors: ETTLINGER NANCY 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis essay presents segregation as a fundamental, longstanding and widespread problem that impedes democratic urban life and is intelligible from a critical geographic perspective. Ignorance is spatially produced by segregation at multiple scales so as to legitimize and perpetuate silence about problems among marginalized groups. This spatialized understanding explains inequality, problematizes and difference prompts an agenda that forefronts the creation of new social knowledges. The focus here is on the everyday economy as a crucial but commonly overlooked context for developing such knowledges. I re‐present a theory of knowledge creation developed for the pursuit of commercial competitiveness and reconfigure it to mesh socio‐political and economic goals. A central challenge is to change prevailing discourses by cultivating new practices that entail meaningful interaction among people otherwise segregated. Efficiency becomes a means to social as well as economic ends, as respect and trust grow from collaborative experience among people who might otherwise not interact.Résumé Ce travail présente la ségrégation comme un problème fondamental, persistant et généralisé qui handicape la vie urbaine démocratique et qui peut être appréhendé d'un point de vue critique géographique. L'ignorance est le résultat, sur le plan spatial, d'une ségrégation à plusieurs échelons aux fins de justifier et de perpétuer le silence sur les problèmes qui existent dans les groupes marginalisés. Cette appréhension spatiale explique l'inégalité, tandis que la problématisation de la différence conduit à mettre en évidence la création de nouveaux savoirs sociaux. L'intérêt porte ici sur l'économie du quotidien, considérée comme un contexte essentiel, quoique très souvent négligé, pour le développement de ces savoirs. L'auteur revisite une théorie de la création du savoir élaborée dans le but d'accroître la compétitivité commerciale, et la reconfigure pour qu'elle concorde avec des objectifs sociopolitiques et économiques. L'un des principaux défis consiste à changer la rhétorique dominante en cultivant de nouvelles pratiques qui supposent une interaction porteuse de sens entre des gens par ailleurs ségrégués. L'efficience devient un moyen à des fins sociales et économiques, le respect et la confiance se nourrissant de la collaboration vécue entre des personnes qui, autrement, n'auraient peut‐être pas été en relation.
Modulation of stress proteins and apoptotic regulators in the anoxia tolerant turtle brain
Authors: Kesaraju Shailaja , Schmidt‐Kastner Rainald , Prentice Howard M. , Milton Sarah L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFreshwater turtles survive prolonged anoxia and reoxygenation without overt brain damage by well‐described physiological processes, but little work has been done to investigate the molecular changes associated with anoxic survival. We examined stress proteins and apoptotic regulators in the turtle during early (1 h) and long‐term anoxia (4, 24 h) and reoxygenation. Western blot analyses showed changes within the first hour of anoxia; multiple stress proteins (Hsp72, Grp94, Hsp60, Hsp27, and HO‐1) increased while apoptotic regulators (Bcl‐2 and Bax) decreased. Levels of the ER stress protein Grp78 were unchanged. Stress proteins remained elevated in long‐term anoxia while the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio was unaltered. No changes in cleaved caspase 3 levels were observed during anoxia while apoptosis inducing factor increased significantly. Furthermore, we found no evidence for the anoxic translocation of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria, nor movement of apoptosis inducing factor between the mitochondria and nucleus. Reoxygenation did not lead to further increases in stress proteins or apoptotic regulators except for HO‐1. The apparent protection against cell damage was corroborated with immunohistochemistry, which indicated no overt damage in the turtle brain subjected to anoxia and reoxygenation. The results suggest that molecular adaptations enhance pro‐survival mechanisms and suppress apoptotic pathways to confer anoxia tolerance in freshwater turtles.
Fasting Headache: A Review of the Literature and New Hypotheses
Authors: Torelli Paola , Evangelista Andrea , Bini Annamaria , Castellini Paola , Lambru Giorgio , Manzoni Gian Camillo 
Published: March 2009

Headache is a common disorder in the general population. It is often highly debilitating for the people affected and highly costly to society. Although we know much about primary headaches, little is known about secondary headaches which, however, are a frequent occurrence in the general population. A study conducted on Denmark's general population found a lifetime prevalence rate of 22% for headache forms attributed to disorder of homeostasis, including fasting headache.The purpose of this review was to analyze literature data on fasting headache, in order to evaluate its possible pathophysiological mechanisms and to suggest therapeutic strategies. We considered only English‐language articles published in scientific journals and searched for these articles on PubMed using “headache,”“fasting,”“Yom Kippur,”“Ramadan,”“hypoglycemia,” and “caffeine withdrawal” as key words, with no limitations to the year of publication. In most cases, fasting headache has the same clinical features as tension‐type headache and the probability of onset increases directly with the duration of fasting. Hypoglycemia and caffeine withdrawal have been especially implicated as causative factors, but much remains to be understood about this topic.
An Internet‐Based Migraine Headache Diary: Issues in Internet‐Based Research
Authors: Moloney Margaret F. , Aycock Dawn M. , Cotsonis George A. , Myerburg Stuart , Farino Christopher , Lentz Martha 
Published: March 2009

Objective.— The primary purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility and acceptability of using an Internet‐based headache diary to obtain acceptable completion rates of daily diaries.Background.— Migraine sufferers often perceive that headaches are unpredictable, but 70% have prodromal warning symptoms that may be identified via daily headache diaries. Although diaries are widely used for tracking headaches, Internet‐based diaries have not been used previously.Methods.— A conventional headache diary was formatted for the Internet to collect daily headache data over 4 months using a time‐series design. Women between 18 and 55 years who were not pregnant or postmenopausal, and whose headaches met migraine criteria, were recruited primarily via the Internet, completed online consent forms, and were screened via telephone. They completed health history questionnaires and daily diary pages containing scales and open‐ended questions, which were saved to a database. Diaries were reviewed and participants were contacted weekly. Completion dates were tracked electronically. Follow‐up interviews addressed perceptions about study experiences, and participants received feedback about headache patterns.Results.— The majority of participants were recruited from discussion boards and free classified web sites. Of the 101 participants enrolled, 24 withdrew prior to completing 4 months of diary entries. Participants (n = 77) had a mean age of 37.5 (±7.5) years and were primarily white (82%) and well‐educated (93%). They lived in 21 US states, and one in the UK. The majority (68%) completed at least 50% of their diary pages within 24 hours; 75% of all pages were completed within 2 days. At least 64 (83%) kept notes or printed pages when they lacked Internet access. In a follow‐up survey (n = 67), 87% would have been willing to continue the diary for another 2 months; 69% had not previously participated in any research. Participants also reported that the study helped them better understand their headache patterns, that the study was a major commitment but worthwhile, and that they felt they had helped others by participating.Conclusion.— The Internet‐based headache diary is a feasible, acceptable data collection tool that can access geographically diverse populations who have not previously participated in research studies. Use of an Internet‐based approach was found to be feasible for recruitment and retention of such diverse populations.
Rizatriptan 10‐mg ODT for Early Treatment of Migraine and Impact of Migraine Education on Treatment Response
Authors: Cady Roger K. , Martin Vincent T. , Géraud Gilles , Rodgers Anthony , Zhang Ying , Ho Andrew P. , Hustad Carolyn M. , Ho Tony W. , Connor Kathryn M. , Ramsey Karen E. 
Published: March 2009

Objective.— To examine the efficacy of rizatriptan 10‐mg orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) for treating migraines of mild intensity soon after onset, with or without patient‐specific migraine education.Background.— Studies have shown rizatriptan tablet efficacy in early migraine treatment.Methods.— In this randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, factorial design study, adults with a history of migraine were assigned to rizatriptan 10‐mg ODT ± patient education (personalized summary of early migraine signs and symptoms) or placebo ± patient education in a 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 ratio. Patients were instructed to treat 1 attack at the earliest time they knew that their headache was a migraine, while pain was mild. During the next 24 hours, patients assessed pain severity, associated symptoms, functional disability, use of rescue medication, and treatment satisfaction. The primary endpoint was pain freedom at 2 hours; a key secondary endpoint was 24‐hour sustained pain freedom.Results.— Of 207 patients randomized to treatment, 188 (91%) treated a study migraine. Significantly more patients taking rizatriptan reported pain freedom at 2 hours compared with placebo (66.3% vs 28.1%, P < .001). Similarly, significantly more patients taking rizatriptan reported 24‐hour sustained pain freedom (52.2% vs 17.7%, P < .001). A greater proportion of patients in the rizatriptan + education group reported pain freedom at 2 hours compared with those in the rizatriptan + no education group (71.7% vs 60.9%, P = .430). Few adverse events were reported.Conclusion.— Rizatriptan 10‐mg ODT, when taken early, while headache pain is mild, was superior to placebo at providing pain freedom at 2 hours and 24‐hour sustained pain freedom (NCT00516737).
Vitamin D and Bone Physiology: Demonstration of Vitamin D Deficiency in an Implant Osseointegration Rat Model
Authors: Kelly James , Lin Audrey , Wang Chiachien J. , Park Sil , Nishimura Ichiro 
Published: March 2009

Abstract Purpose: The patient population varies in nutritional deficiencies, which may confound the host response to biomaterials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a common deficiency of vitamin D on implant osseointegration in the rat model. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were maintained under the cessation of vitamin D intake and UV exposure. The serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3, 25 OHD3, Ca, and P were determined. Miniature cylindrical Ti6Al4V implants (2‐mm long, 1‐mm diameter) were fabricated with double acid‐etched (DAE) surface or modified DAE with discrete crystalline deposition (DCD) of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. DAE and DCD implants were placed in the femurs of vitamin D‐insufficient and control rats. After 14 days of healing, the femur‐implant samples were subjected to implant push‐in test and nondecalcified histology. The surfaces of recovered implant specimens after the push‐in test were further evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The decreased serum level of 25 OHD3 demonstrated the establishment of vitamin D insufficiency in this model. The implant push‐in test revealed that DAE and DCD implants in the vitamin D‐insufficient group (15.94 ± 8.20 N, n = 7; 15.63 ± 3.96 N, n = 7, respectively) were significantly lower than those of the control group (24.99 ± 7.92 N, n = 7, p < 0.05; 37.48 ± 17.58 N, n = 7, p < 0.01, respectively). The transcortical bone‐to‐implant contact ratio (BIC) was also significantly decreased in the vitamin D‐insufficient group. SEM analyses further suggested that the calcified tissues remaining next to the implant surface after push‐in test appeared unusually fragmented. Conclusions: The effect of vitamin D insufficiency significantly impairing the establishment of Ti6Al4V implant osseointegration in vivo was unexpectedly profound. The outcome of Ti‐based endosseous implants may be confounded by the increasing prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in our patient population.
Acute Pain and Availability of Analgesia in the Prehospital Emergency Setting in Italy: A Problem to be Solved
Authors: Marinangeli Franco , Narducci Cristiano , Ursini Maria Laura , Paladini Antonella , Pasqualucci Alberto , Gatti Antonio , Varrassi Giustino 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives:  The treatment of acute pain in the prehospital emergency setting remains a significant problem. We evaluated the incidence, site, and possible cause of acute pain in the prehospital period and also the current state of prehospital pain management by evaluating analgesic availability in emergency vehicles in Italy.Methods:  First aid volunteers documented the presence, intensity, and site of acute pain by questionnaire for over 3 months. Emergency service operations completed a questionnaire on analgesic availability in ambulances and helicopters.Results:  Pain symptoms were present in two‐thirds of the patients (n = 383) and ranked as moderate to unbearable in 41.75%. Results of the analgesic availability survey indicate that 10.6% of the ambulance services carry no pain killers (including non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] and/or paracetamol) and 11.5% are without an opioid. The emergency helicopter survey showed a significant difference in analgesic availability compared with ambulances, with 97.6% having at least one opioid agent available (weak or strong). A wide geographical variation in the availability of analgesic agents in ambulance and helicopter services was seen.Conclusions:  There is a high prevalence of pain among patients receiving prehospital emergency treatment in Italy and treatment for acute pain during emergency treatment of trauma patients is inadequate. All emergency vehicles, without distinction, should carry opioids and other analgesic drugs (NSAIDs and paracetamol) and there should be no geographic differences in the availability of pain medications.
The Use of Cerebral Oximetry as a Monitor of the Adequacy of Cerebral Perfusion in a Patient Undergoing Shoulder Surgery in the Beach Chair Position
Authors: Fischer Gregory W. , Torrillo Toni M. , Weiner Menachem M. , Rosenblatt Meg A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFour cases of ischemic injury have been reported in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery in the upright position. We describe the use of cerebral oximetry as a monitor of the adequacy of cerebral perfusion in a 63‐year‐old woman who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery in a beach chair under general anesthesia. During positioning, a decrease in blood pressure was accompanied by a decrease in cerebral oxygen saturation (SctO2) and was treated with phenylephrine. When spontaneous ventilation resumed, an increase in end‐tidal carbon dioxide was accompanied by an increase in SctO2. Cerebral oximetry may prove useful as a guide monitor and manage nonsupine patients.
Promoting Diversity in Emergency Medicine: Summary Recommendations from the 2008 Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) Academic Assembly Diversity Workgroup
Authors: Heron Sheryl L. , Lovell Elise O. , Wang Ernest , Bowman Steven H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough the U.S. population continues to become more diverse, ethnic and racial health care disparities persist. The benefits of a diverse medical workforce have been well described, but the percentage of emergency medicine (EM) residents from underrepresented groups (URGs) is small and has not significantly increased over the past 10 years. The Council of Emergency Medicine Resident Directors (CORD) requested that a panel of CORD members review the current state of ethnic and racial diversity in EM training programs. The objective of the discussion was to develop strategies to help EM residency programs examine and improve diversity in their respective institutions. Specific recommendations focus on URG applicant selection and recruitment strategies, cultural competence curriculum development, involvement of URG faculty, and the availability of institutional and national resources to improve and maintain diversity in EM training programs.
Emergency Medicine Career Choice: A Profile of Factors and Influences from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Graduation Questionnaires
Authors: Boyd Jeremy S. , Clyne Brian , Reinert Steven E. , Zink Brian J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives:  This study sought to account for trends in medical student specialty choice by examining the importance of lifestyle factors. Emergency medicine (EM) is among several medical specialties classified as having a “controllable lifestyle.” The primary objective of this study was to determine if medical students choosing careers in EM have a different profile of influences, values, and expectations from students choosing other specialties or specialty groups. Of secondary interest was how much lifestyle influenced students choosing EM compared to students choosing controllable lifestyle (CL) specialties.Methods:  Using data from the 2005 and 2006 Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) graduation questionnaire (GQ) supplemental surveys, we grouped responses according to desired specialty choice: EM (n = 963), CL (n = 3,681), primary care (PC; n = 3,191), or surgical specialty (SS; n = 1,694). The survey requires students to rate the influence of nine specific factors in determining their specialty choice: lifestyle, competitiveness, high level of educational debt, mentors and role models, options for fellowship training, salary expectations, length of residency training, family expectations, and medical school career planning activities. Using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and nonparametric statistics, we assessed responses among the four subgroups for differences in the importance attributed to these factors.Results:  A total of 13,440 students completed the two supplemental surveys of the GQ. Of these students, 9,529 identified a specialty choice that fell within one of the four comparison groups and were included in the analysis. Compared to other specialty groups, students choosing EM reported lifestyle and length of residency as strong influences, while attributing less influence to mentors and options for fellowship training.Conclusions:  Students choosing a career in EM have distinctly different priorities and influences than students entering PC and SS. The profile of students who choose EM is very similar to those choosing traditional CL specialties. A more thorough understanding of the values and priorities that shape medical student career selection may allow educators to provide better career counseling.
Occupational contact urticaria caused by cyclic acid anhydrides
Authors: Helaskoski Eva , Kuuliala Outi , Aalto‐Korte Kristiina 
Published: March 2009

Background:  Cyclic acid anhydrides often cause allergic respiratory diseases, but contact urticaria because of these anhydrides has been considered rare.Objective:  We describe 21 patients diagnosed with occupational contact urticaria at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health during the period 1990–2006.Method:  Prick test with human serum albumin (HSA)–acid anhydride conjugates, determination of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), and open application were used in the diagnosis.Results:  The majority of the patients worked in the manufacture of electrical machines and were exposed to an epoxy hardener containing methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride. The largest prick test reaction was often noted for the acid anhydride the patient had been exposed to. The specific IgE results were mostly in line with the prick test reactions. Phthalic anhydride IgE was determined in 20 patients and was found positive in 19 patients. In open application, a positive test result often required the use of the undiluted hardener.Conclusions:  Contact urticaria may be more common than previously believed. Prick tests with HSA–acid anhydride conjugates were a useful test method for detecting immediate sensitization to acid anhydrides. The determination of the specific IgE gave almost equal results. The open application test often had to be performed with the undiluted anhydride product to obtain a positive test result.
Expression of surface markers on the human monocytic leukaemia cell line, THP‐1, as indicators for the sensitizing potential of chemicals
Authors: An Susun , Kim Seoyoung , Huh Yong , Lee Tae Ryong , Kim Han‐Kon , Park Kui‐Lea , Eun Hee Chul 
Published: March 2009

Background:  Evaluation of skin sensitization potential is an important part of the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients and topical drugs. Recently, evaluation of changes in surface marker expression induced in dendritic cells (DC) or DC surrogate cell lines following exposure to chemicals represents one approach for in vitro test methods.Objective:  The study aimed to test the change of expression patterns of surface markers on THP‐1 cells by chemicals as a predictive in vitro method for contact sensitization.Methods:  We investigated the expression of CD54, CD86, CD83, CD80, and CD40 after a 1‐day exposure to sensitizers (1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene; 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene; benzocaine; 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one; hexyl cinnamic aldehyde; eugenol; nickel sulfate hexahydrate; potassium dichromate; cobalt sulfate; 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole; and ammonium tetrachloroplatinate) and non‐sensitizers (sodium lauryl sulfate, benzalkonium chloride, lactic acid, salicylic acid, isopropanol, and dimethyl sulphoxide). The test concentrations were 0.1×, 0.5×, and 1× of the 50% inhibitory concentration, and the relative fluorescence intensity was used as an expression indicator.Result and Conclusion:  By evaluating the expression patterns of CD54, CD86, and CD40, we could classify the chemicals as sensitizers or non‐sensitizers, but CD80 and CD83 showed non‐specific patterns of expression. These data suggest that the THP‐1 cells are good model for screening contact sensitizers and CD40 could be a useful marker complementary to CD54 and CD86.
Melatonin ameliorates methionine‐ and choline‐deficient diet‐induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats
Authors: Tahan Veysel , Atug Ozlen , Akin Hakan , Eren Fatih , Tahan Gulgun , Tarcin Ozlem , Uzun Hafize , Ozdogan Osman , Tarcin Orhan , Imeryuz Nese , Ozguner Fehmi , Celikel Cigdem , Avsar Erol , Tozun Nurdan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may progress to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Mainly, oxidative stress and excessive hepatocyte apoptosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of progressive NASH. Melatonin is not only a powerful antioxidant but also an anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic agent. We aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on methionine‐ and choline‐deficient diet (MCDD)‐induced NASH in rats. Thirty‐two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Two groups were fed with MCDD while the other two groups were fed a control diet, pair‐fed. One of the MCDD groups and one of the control diet groups were administered melatonin 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally, and the controls were given a vehicle. After 1 month the liver tissue oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory cytokines and hepatocyte apoptosis were studied by commercially available kits. For grading and staging histological lesions, Brunt et al.’s system was used. Melatonin decreased oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines and hepatocyte apoptosis. The drug ameliorated the grade of NASH. The present study suggests that melatonin functions as a potent antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and antiapoptotic agent in NASH and may be a therapeutic option.