bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of three different extraction methods and HPLC determination of the anthraquinones aloe‐emodine, emodine, rheine, chrysophanol and physcione in the bark of Rhamnus alpinus L. (Rhamnaceae)
Authors: Genovese S. , Tammaro F. , Menghini L. , Carlucci G. , Epifano F. , Locatelli M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntroduction – Rhamnus alpinus L. (Rhamnaceae), a traditional plants in the flora of the Abruzzo region, is known to contain active anthraquinone secondary metabolites. However, the content of anthraquinones varies among R. alpinus samples depending on collection season and site. Thus, using simple, reliable and accurate analytical methods for the determination of anthraquinones in R. alpinus extracts allows comparative study of different methods of extraction.Objective – After a partial validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of five anthraquinones, aloe‐emodine, rheine, emodine, chrysophanol and physcione, in the bark of R. alpinus, we compared three different methods of extraction.Methodology – Anthraquinones were extracted from the bark of R. alpinus using different techniques (methanol maceration, ultrasonic and supercritical CO2 extraction). Separation and quantification of anthraquinones were accomplished using a reversed‐phase C18 column with the mobile phase of H2O–methanol (40 : 60, v/v, 1% formic acid) at a wavelength of 254  nm. The qualitative analyses were also achieved at wavelength of 435  nm.Results – All calibration curves were linear over the concentration range tested (10–200  mM) with the determination coefficients ≥0.991. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 5  mM for each analytes. All five anthraquinones were found in the samples tested at concentrations reported in experimental data.Conclusion – The described HPLC method and optimised extraction procedure are simple, accurate and selective for separation and quantification of anthraquinones in the bark of R. alpinus and allow evaluation of the best extraction procedure between the tested assays. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of refractive star‐shaped polysulfide by anionic polymerization of phenoxy propylene sulfide using an initiating system consisting of trifunctional thiol derived from five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate and amine
Authors: Hirata Mitsuhiro , Ochiai Bungo , Endo Takeshi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStar‐shaped poly(phenoxy propylene sulfide) [poly (PPS)] were synthesized by anionic polymerization using a trifunctional initiator (I1) derived from a trifunctional five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate and benzyl amine. Conditions for the anionic polymerization of PPS were optimized to obtain polymers with desired Mns and narrow Mw/Mns. The best catalyst and solvent were DBU and DMF, respectively. The star‐shaped structure of the resulting star poly(PPS) was supported by SEC analysis. The refractive indexes (nD) of the star poly (PPS) were relatively high (>1.64). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 525–531, 2010
Synthesis of magnetic, reactive, and thermoresponsive Fe3O4 nanoparticles via surface‐initiated RAFT copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and acrolein
Authors: Xiao Zhong‐Peng , Yang Kun‐Min , Liang Hui , Lu Jiang 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent was directly anchored onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a simple procedure using a ligand exchange reaction of S‐1‐dodecyl‐S′‐(α,α′‐dimethyl‐α″‐acetic acid)trithiocarbonate with oleic acid initially present on the surface of pristine Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The RAFT agent‐functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were then used for the surface‐initiated RAFT copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and acrolein to fabricate structurally well‐defined hybrid nanoparticles with reactive and thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrolein) shell and magnetic Fe3O4 core. Evidence of a well‐controlled surface‐initiated RAFT copolymerization was gained from a linear increase of number‐average molecular weight with overall monomer conversions and relatively narrow molecular weight distributions of the copolymers grown from the nanoparticles. The resulting novel magnetic, reactive, and thermoresponsive core‐shell nanoparticles exhibited temperature‐trigged magnetic separation behavior and high ability to immobilize model protein BSA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 542–550, 2010
Effect of dispersed phase composition on morphological and mechanical properties of PET/EVA/PP ternary blends
Authors: Abolhasani M. M. , Arefazar A. , Mozdianfard M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractImmiscible ternary blends of PET/EVA/PP (PET as the matrix and (PP/EVA) composition ratio = 1/1) were prepared by melt mixing. Scanning electron microscope results showed core‐shell type morphology for this ternary blend. Binary blends of PET/PP and PET/EVA were also prepared as control samples. Two grades of EVA with various viscosities, one higher and the other one lower than that of PP, were used to investigate the effect of components' viscosity on the droplet size of disperse phase. The effect of interfacial tension, elasticity, and viscosity on the disperse phase size of both binary and ternary blends was investigated. Variation of tensile modulus of both binary and ternary blends with dispersed phase content was also studied. Experimental results obtained for modulus of PET/EVA binary blends, showed no significant deviations from Takayanagi model, where considerable deviations were observed for PET/PP binary blends. Here, this model that has been originally proposed for binary blends was improved to become applicable for the prediction of the tensile modulus of ternary blends. The new modified model showed good agreement with the experimental data obtained in this study. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 251–259, 2010
Reproducibility of multiple breath washout indices in the unsedated preterm neonate
Authors: Sinhal Sanjay , Galati John , Baldwin David N. , Stocks Janet , Pillow J. Jane 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMultiple breath inert gas washout (MBW) is gaining popularity for measurements of resting lung volume and ventilation inhomogeneity. Test reproducibility is an important determinant of the clinical applicability of diagnostic tests. The between‐test reproducibility of variables derived from MBW tests in newborn infants is unknown. We aimed to determine the within‐test repeatability and short‐term between‐test reproducibility of MBW variables in unsedated preterm infants. We hypothesized that measurements obtained within a 3‐day interval in clinically stable preterm infants would be reproducible and suitable for use as an objective clinical outcome measurement. In this cross‐sectional observational study, clinically stable hospitalized preterm infants whose parents had given informed consent for MBW studies were tested twice within 72 hr during quiet, unsedated sleep. Functional residual capacity (FRC), lung clearance index (LCI), and the first and second to zeroeth moment ratios (M1:M0; M2:M0) were computed from MBW traces obtained using a mainstream ultrasonic flowmeter and 4% sulphur hexafluoride (MBWSF6). Within‐test repeatability and between‐test reproducibility were determined. Within‐test repeatability (expressed as a coefficient of variability (Cv)) for differences between two and four replicate measurements on the same test occasion, were 9.3% (FRC), 9.0% (LCI), 7.6% (M1:M0), and 15.6% (M2:M0), respectively. The within‐test Cv's were not statistically different to the between‐tests Cv's, which were 7.7% (FRC), 10.3% (LCI), 6.1% (M1:M0), and 13.0% (M2:M0), respectively. Among unsedated preterm infants, between‐test reproducibility over a 3‐day interval was similar to within‐test repeatability. The wide limits of agreement may limit the application of these measures to detect a clinically significant change in condition in small preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:62–70. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The bronchial circulation—worth a closer look: A review of the relationship between the bronchial vasculature and airway inflammation
Authors: McCullagh Angela , Rosenthal Mark , Wanner Adam , Hurtado Andres , Padley Simon , Bush Andrew 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUntil recently, the bronchial circulation has been relatively ignored in the research and clinical arenas, perhaps because of its small volume and seeming dispensability relative to the pulmonary circulation. Although the bronchial circulation only receives around 1% of the cardiac output in health, it serves functions that are critical to maintaining airway and lung function. The bronchial circulation also plays an important role in many lung and airway diseases; through its ability to increase in size, the bronchial circulation is able to provide lung parenchymal perfusion when the pulmonary circulation is compromised, and more recently the role of the bronchial circulation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory airway disease has been explored. Due to the anatomic variability and small volume of the bronchial circulation, much of the research to date has necessitated the use of animal models and invasive procedures. More recently, non‐invasive techniques for measuring bronchial blood flow in the mucosal microvascular network have been developed and offer a new avenue for the study of this circulation in humans. In conjunction with molecular research, measurement of airway blood flow (Qaw) may help elucidate the role of the bronchial circulation in inflammatory airway disease and become a useful tool for monitoring therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:1–13. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loop recreation for thread‐level speculation on multicore processors
Authors: Gao Lin , Xue Jingling , Ngai Tin‐Fook 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInter‐iteration dependences in loops can hinder loop‐level parallelism. For some loops, existing thread‐level speculation techniques fail to expose their inherent loop‐level parallelism, because some inter‐iteration dependences are too costly to synchronize, predict, pre‐compute and isolate. This paper presents a compiler technique called loop recreation to change the nature of some dependences (by turning some inter‐iteration dependences into intra‐iteration ones and vice versa) in a loop so that the inter‐iteration dependences in the transformed loop are less costly to enforce at runtime than those in the original loop. We present an algorithm for finding an optimal loop recreation transformation with respect to a simple misspeculation cost model and demonstrate the performance advantages of loop recreation over two recent techniques for multicore systems running nine representative irregular applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurolaw
Authors: Belcher Annabelle , Sinnott‐Armstrong Walter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLess than three decades ago, the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience joined forces to form cognitive neuroscience. More recently, neuroscience has combined with social psychology and with economics to produce social neuroscience and neuroeconomics. Each of these amalgamations has been revolutionary in its own way. Neurolaw extends this trend. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Value
Neuroscience > Cognition
Broadcasting and democracy in Mexico: From corporatist subordination to State capture
Authors: Guerrero Manuel Alejandro 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this article is twofold: on the one hand, it proposes a model to understand the relation between the media and politics in Mexico after the transition, which transformed from a relation dominated by a centralized political power into another dominated, this time, by strong broadcasting networks over a fragmented political landscape. On the other hand, additionally to what has been discussed in recent literature, it offers some evidence to consider that under conditions of fragmentation of power it is also possible to capture the State by strong and organized economic actors.
AN INVESTIGATION OF WOMEN'S ATTITUDES TOWARDS FERTILITY AND CHINA'S FAMILY PLANNING POLICY
Authors: CAO SHIXIONG , TIAN TAO , QI FAN , MA LI , WANG GUOSHENG 
Published: December 2009

SummaryReducing China's population has formerly been considered a good thing because of the perceived environmental and social risks of overpopulation, but it has recently become apparent that the resulting population decline may create problems that will become increasingly serious in the future. The results of a survey of 4600 women in nineteen Chinese provinces in 2005 indicated that young age, high income, high education level, urban location and good employment all decreased a woman's willingness to bear children. The risks created by declining fertility in these groups have been intensified by China's ‘one child’ family planning policy. However, as a result of current trends and China's policies, the country's population will continue to age, leading to social problems and difficulties for sustainable development both in China and around the world. Therefore, China's policy-makers must begin planning to adjust their policy by encouraging women to give birth to more than one child.
Polarization effect of a chirped Gaussian laser pulse on the electron bunch acceleration
Authors: SOHBATZADEH F. , AKU H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we investigated the output characteristics of the electron bunch accelerated by a chirped femtosecond laser pulse in vacuum using linear, elliptical and circular polarization states. To examine the features of the energy and angular spectra, emittances and position distribution of the electron bunch numerically, 105 electrons are used. It is found that the initial emittances of the electron bunch together with a proper choice of the polarization state of the laser pulse could lead to the efficient electron bunch acceleration.
Differences that make the difference: a study of functionalities in synchronous CMC
Authors: Kenning Marie-Madeleine 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper has a dual aim: to situate functionalities among the complex of factors that help shape online interactions and to explore the heterogeneity of audio conferencing and its implications. Following a critical discursive synthesis of the treatment of variables in the literature, attention focuses on the distinctive and diverse characteristics of synchronous audio environments. The existence of a synchronous-asynchronous dichotomy is questioned and the effects of a number of differences are highlighted. As a further illustration, the paper next undertakes a comparison ofLyceumandWimba Voice Direct. The main features of the two environments are introduced and a detailed analysis of their text and voice chat facilities is carried out. In the last section the benefits of text-based CMC are revisited through the lens of voice chat technology. It is concluded that the benefits of CMC appear to have been overstated and that no general claims can be made about voice CMC, but that collectively, well documented studies could provide a useful source of information on the level of contingency of particular findings.
Morbidity and mortality after surgery for congenital cardiac disease in the infant born with low weight
Authors: Ades Anne M. , Dominguez Troy E. , Nicolson Susan C. , Gaynor James W. , Spray Thomas L. , Wernovsky Gil , Tabbutt Sarah 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveLow weight at birth is a risk factor for increased mortality in infants undergoing surgery for congenitally malformed hearts. There has been a trend towards performing surgery in patients early, and for amenable lesions, in a single stage rather than following initial palliative procedures. Our goal was to report on the current incidences of morbidities and mortality in infants born with low weight and undergoing surgery for congenital cardiac disease.MethodsWe made a retrospective review of the data from patients meeting our criterions for entry from July, 2000, through July, 2004. The criterions for inclusion were weight at birth less than or equal to 2500 grams, and congenital cardiac malformations requiring surgery during the initial hospitalization. A criterion for exclusion was isolated persistent patency of the arterial duct. We assessed preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables.ResultsWe found a total of 105 patients meeting the criterions for inclusion. The median weight at birth was 2130 grams, and median gestational age was 36 weeks. The most common morbidity identified was infections of the blood stream. Infections, and chronic lung disease, were associated with increased length of stay. Survival overall was 76%. Patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, or a variant thereof, had the lowest survival, of 62%. The needs for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, post-operatively were the only factors identified as independent risk factors for mortality.ConclusionPatients undergoing surgery during infancy for congenital cardiac disease who are born with low weight have a higher mortality and morbidity than those born with normal weight.
Can we detect changes in high-latitude soil respiration over decadal time scales?
Authors: Bond-Lamberty Ben , Thomson Allison 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSoil respiration (RS), the soil surface CO~2~ flux, is the second-largest terrestrial carbon flux, but because of its high variability and the inaccessibility of the soil medium it remains one of the least well-constrained parts of the terrestrial carbon cycle. If the carbon stored in high-latitude ecosystems is being mobilized by climate changes (whether by increasing temperature, changing precipitation, altered disturbance regimes, etc.) we may be able to detect RS changes in the now forty-year record of RS chamber measurements. We searched the published literature and found 194 RS observations from 1964 to 2008 at high latitudes, and paired their known measurement locations with a global climate data set spanning the time period. Linear regression was used to examine the effects of various parameters on RS. The data showed a strong temporal trend, with RS measurements increasing ~4%/yr after the effects of mean annual temperature and moisture had been accounted for. Precipitation anomaly (the deviation of precipitation from the mean 1961-1990 value) was positively correlated with RS, while temperature anomaly was, surprisingly, negatively correlated with it. The small size of the data set limits its inferential power; nonetheless, our results suggest that high-latitude RS is changing due to climate and disturbance changes.
β-arrestin- but not G protein-mediated signaling by the “decoy” receptor CXCR7
Authors: Rajagopal Sudarshan , Kim Jihee , Ahn Seungkirl , Craig Stewart , Lam Christopher M. , Gerard Norma P. , Gerard Craig , Lefkowitz Robert J. 
Published: December 2009

Ubiquitously expressed seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs) classically signal through heterotrimeric G proteins and are commonly referred to as G protein-coupled receptors. It is now recognized that 7TMRs also signal through β-arrestins, which act as versatile adapters controlling receptor signaling, desensitization, and trafficking. Most endogenous receptors appear to signal in a balanced fashion using both β-arrestin and G protein-mediated pathways. Some 7TMRs are thought to be nonsignaling “decoys” because of their inability to activate typical G protein signaling pathways; it has been proposed that these receptors act to scavenge ligands or function as coreceptors. Here we demonstrate that ligand binding to the decoy receptor CXCR7 does not result in activation of signaling pathways typical of G proteins but does activate MAP kinases through β-arrestins in transiently transfected cells. Furthermore, we observe that vascular smooth muscle cells that endogenously express CXCR7 migrate to its ligand interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (ITAC), an effect that is significantly attenuated by treatment with either a CXCR7 antagonist or β-arrestin depletion by siRNA. This example of an endogenous “β-arrestin-biased” 7TMR that signals through β-arrestin in the absence of G protein activation demonstrates that some 7TMRs encoded in the genome have evolved to signal through β-arrestin exclusively and suggests that other receptors that are currently thought to be orphans or decoys may also signal through such nonclassical pathways.
FoldAmyloid: a method of prediction of amyloidogenic regions from protein sequence
Authors: Garbuzynskiy Sergiy O. , Lobanov Michail Yu. , Galzitskaya Oxana V. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Amyloidogenic regions in polypeptide chains are very important because such regions are responsible for amyloid formation and aggregation. It is useful to be able to predict positions of amyloidogenic regions in protein chains.
Results: Two characteristics (expected probability of hydrogen bonds formation and expected packing density of residues) have been introduced by us to detect amyloidogenic regions in a protein sequence. We demonstrate that regions with high expected probability of the formation of backbone–backbone hydrogen bonds as well as regions with high expected packing density are mostly responsible for the formation of amyloid fibrils. Our method (FoldAmyloid) has been tested on a dataset of 407 peptides (144 amyloidogenic and 263 non-amyloidogenic peptides) and has shown good performance in predicting a peptide status: amyloidogenic or non-amyloidogenic. The prediction based on the expected packing density classified correctly 75% of amyloidogenic peptides and 74% of non-amyloidogenic ones. Two variants (averaging by donors and by acceptors) of prediction based on the probability of formation of backbone–backbone hydrogen bonds gave a comparable efficiency. With a hybrid-scale constructed by merging the above three scales, our method is correct for 80% of amyloidogenic peptides and for 72% of non-amyloidogenic ones. Prediction of amyloidogenic regions in proteins where positions of amyloidogenic regions are known from experimental data has also been done. In the proteins, our method correctly finds 10 out of 11 amyloidogenic regions.
Availability: The FoldAmyloid server is available at http://antares.protres.ru/fold-amyloid/
Contact: ogalzit@vega.protres.ru
Impact of gender on benefits of exercise training on sympathetic nerve activity and muscle blood flow in heart failure
Authors: Antunes‐Correa Ligia M. , Melo Ruth C. , Nobre Thais S. , Ueno Linda M. , Franco Fabio G.M. , Braga Ana M.W. , Rondon Maria U.P.B. , Brum Patricia C. , Barretto Antonio C.P. , Middlekauff Holly R. , Negrao Carlos E. 
Published: December 2009

AimsWe compared the effects of exercise training on neurovascular control and functional capacity in men and women with chronic heart failure (HF).Methods and resultsForty consecutive HF outpatients from the Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil were divided into the following four groups matched by age: men exercise‐trained (n = 12), men untrained (n = 10), women exercise‐trained (n = 9), women untrained (n = 9). Maximal exercise capacity was determined from a maximal progressive exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was recorded directly using the technique of microneurography. There were no differences between groups in any baseline parameters. Exercise training produced a similar reduction in resting MSNA (P = 0.000002) and forearm vascular resistance (P = 0.0003), in men and women with HF. Peak VO2 was similarly increased in men and women with HF (P = 0.0003) and VE/VCO2 slope was significantly decreased in men and women with HF (P = 0.0007). There were no significant changes in left‐ventricular ejection fraction in men and women with HF.ConclusionThe benefits of exercise training on neurovascular control and functional capacity in patients with HF are independent of gender.