bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation hardness of the storage phosphor europium doped potassium chloride for radiation therapy dosimetry
Authors: Driewer Joseph P. , Chen Haijian , Osvet Andres , Low Daniel A. , Li H. Harold 
Published: July 2011

Purpose: An important property of a reusable dosimeter is its radiation hardness, that is, its ability to retain its dosimetric merits after irradiation. The radiation hardness of europium doped potassium chloride (KCl:Eu2+), a storage phosphor material recently proposed for radiation therapy dosimetry, is examined in this study.Methods: Pellet‐style KCl:Eu2+ dosimeters, 6 mm in diameter, and 1 mm thick, were fabricated in‐house for this study. The pellets were exposed by a 6 MV photon beam or in a high dose rate 137Cs irradiator. Macroscopic properties, such as radiation sensitivity, dose response linearity, and signal stability, were studied with a laboratory photostimulated luminescence (PSL) readout system. Since phosphor performance is related to the state of the storage centers and the activator, Eu2+, in the host lattice, spectroscopic and temporal measurements were carried out in order to explore radiation‐induced changes at the microscopic level.Results: KCl:Eu2+ dosimeters retained approximately 90% of their initial signal strength after a 5000 Gy dose history. Dose response was initially supralinear over the dose range of 100–700 cGy but became linear after 60 Gy. Linearity did not change significantly in the 0–5000 Gy dose history spanned in this study. Annealing high dose history chips resulted in a return of supralinearity and a recovery of sensitivity. There were no significant changes in the PSL stimulation spectra, PSL emission spectra, photoluminescence spectra, or luminescence lifetime, indicating that the PSL signal process remains intact after irradiation but at a reduced efficiency due to reparable radiation‐induced perturbations in the crystal lattice.Conclusions: Systematic studies of KCl:Eu2+ material are important for understanding how the material can be optimized for radiation therapy dosimetry purposes. The data presented here indicate that KCl:Eu2+ exhibits strong radiation hardness and lends support for further investigations of this novel material.
Current situation and future challenges of tobacco control policy in Thailand
Authors: Sangthong Rassamee , Wichaidit Wit , Ketchoo Chittawet 
Published: July 2011

In Thailand, the prevalence of smoking has steadily declined over the past 20 years, suggesting an effective tobacco control policy. However, the prevalence has recently stabilised and youth smoking now appears to be on the rise. Tobacco use is the third highest risk factor contributing to the burden of disease in the country. This is an issue of concern and led to the present review of tobacco control measures in Thailand.The present evidence-based review shows that Thailand's tobacco control measures are relatively strong and comply well with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in terms of taxation, advertisement through popular media, and warning labels on cigarettes and other tobacco product packages. However, challenges remain in dealing with highly prevalent roll-your-own cigarettes, strict prohibition of tobacco sale to underage youths, household smoking, illicit trade of tobacco products, viable tobacco crop diversification for domestic tobacco growers and liability. If these challenges are met, the prevalence of tobacco consumption could possibly be further reduced.
Detection of high serological prevalence and comparison of different tests forSalmonellain pigs in Northern Ireland
Authors: Belsué J. B. , Alujas A. M. , Porter R. 
Published: July 2011

Thirty‐one farrow‐to‐finish pig units with a Zoonoses National Control Programme (ZNCP) forSalmonellaabove the UK target of 10 per cent during the previous 12 months were selected for the study. Pooled faecal samples were collected from different groups of pigs. Furthermore, mice, rat and bird faeces and carcases were collected, if found on the unit. In total, 937 samples were collected on‐farm and analysed forSalmonella. The four carcases selected monthly per producer by the slaughterhouse for the British Pig Executive ZNCPSalmonellaProgramme were tested for antibodies to groups B and C with a mix‐ELISA test. The same four carcases were swabbed externally and internally, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were collected and colonic contents were swabbed. A wide variety ofSalmonellaserovars was isolated from the samples. Most of the isolates were detected in the rearing herd (on‐farm) and in the MLNs (slaughterhouse). There was no correlation between ELISA results from the meat juice and bacteriological isolations using Spearman correlation analyses. Furthermore, no significant association was found between positive results of ELISA and positive results from the bacteriological samples taken.
Assessment of stable isotopic signatures as a means to track the exchange of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) between host fish populations
Authors: Dean Susan , DiBacco Claudio , McKinley Robert Scott 
Published: July 2011

The viability of stable isotopic carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) signatures to track the exchange of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis , between hosts was tested. It was predicted that nonfeeding sea lice would experience lowered δ13C signatures and enriched δ15N signatures owing, at least in part, to moulting during development. It was also predicted that newly settled parasitic first generation sea lice (late stage copepodids) would retain isotopic signatures indistinguishable from their natal host fish population. During this laboratory study, δ13C signatures of nonfeeding sea lice developmental stages declined over time, while the δ13C signature of chalimus III sea lice was not significantly different from fin and gill signatures of their natal hosts, thus providing an isotopic link to their natal host fish population. In contrast, δ15N analysis did not show promise as a tracer in this study, as host fish populations did not display distinct δ15N signatures. These results suggest that δ13C signatures may be applied to identify sources of sea lice epizootics and potentially quantify the exchange of sea lice between cultured and wild salmon populations.
Fatty acid signatures of Lake Michigan prey fish and invertebrates: among-species differences and spatiotemporal variability
Authors: Czesny Sergiusz J. , Rinchard Jacques , Hanson S. Dale , Dettmers John M. , Dabrowski Konrad 
Published: July 2011

Lipid concentration and fatty acid composition of common prey species or taxonomic groups from four distinct regions of Lake Michigan were quantified (n = 894). We used a combination of parametric and nonparametric statistics to assess the differences in fatty acid signatures (FAS) among species and to evaluate intraspecies variation relative to interspecies variation in FAS. Discriminant function analysis performed on 13 species or taxa groups using the 18 most abundant fatty acids revealed clear separation among taxa, with overall classification success reaching 89%. Species were readily distinguished based on their overall fatty acid profile in spite of intraspecies variation (temporal, regional, and size-related). Among species sampled, pelagic and benthic clusters were formed based on the degree of fatty acid profile similarity. In alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) and round goby ( Neogobius melanostomus ), fatty acid compositions differed with fish size, sampling location, and temporal variation; however, the magnitude of these differences was small relative to differences between species. Our results demonstrate the utility of fatty acid signatures in studies of food webs in large freshwater ecosystems. This study is also a necessary first step toward development of mechanistic research that investigates the effects of variation in fatty acids within the prey base on top predators.
Estimating multifleet catchability coefficients and natural mortality from fishery catch and effort data: comparison of Bayesian state–space and observation error models
Authors: Zhou Shijie , Punt André E. , Deng Roy , Bishop Janet 
Published: July 2011

Catchability and natural mortality are key quantities in fisheries stock assessment. However, it is difficult to estimate these two parameters simultaneously using only fishery catch and effort data. A Bayesian state–space modified delay–difference model is outlined that can estimate time series of catchability by fleet as well as natural mortality. This model, and three variants thereof, is fitted to data for grooved tiger prawns ( Penaeus semisulcatus ) in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery during the period of the year when there is little recruitment. A model that allows for both observation and process error and estimates natural mortality is best, in terms of model selection criteria as well as fit diagnostics. The posterior median estimate for catchability for the primary target fleet ranges from 6.15 × 10−4to 1.09 × 10−4during 1980–2007, while the posterior median estimate for catchability for a fleet with P. semisulcatus as its byproduct is about 20% of that for the primary fleet. Fishing efficiency increased at approximately 2% annually during 1980–2007, while the weekly natural mortality is estimated to be 0.053 week–1.
The complete genome sequence ofClostridium botulinumF str. 230613, insertion sites, and recombination of BoNT gene clusters
Authors: Tian Ren-Mao , Li Tao , Hou Xiao-Jun , Wang Qin , Cai Kun , Liu Yue-Nan , Gao Xiang , Liu Hao , Xiao Le , Tu Wei , Shi Jing , Cao Wu-Chun , Wang Hui 
Published: July 2011

The genomic DNA of Clostridium botulinum F str. 230613 includes a chromosome (3 993 083 bp, 3502 coding sequences (CDs)) and a plasmid (17 531 bp, 25 CDs). The arrangement of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype F (BoNT/F) gene cluster, a 15-kb (or longer) fragment including the bont gene and other relevant genes, and its different insertion sites in C. botulinum A2 and C. botulinum F were formulated. Mobile elements and virulence factors were analysed. We also found a cell adhesion and pectin lyase domain–containing protein, which may function in attaching to the host and as a pectin lyase. The nine BoNT gene clusters of group I C. botulinum strains were located at three sites in the chromosome of C. botulinum F str. 230613. This study showed the inserting inclination of BoNT/A1 tend to have gene clusters inserted at site 3, BoNT/F at site 2, and BoNT/A2 at site 1. Additionally, we found the recombination event between the BoNT gene clusters of sites 2 and 3, a mechanism that contributed to the diversity of the BoNT gene cluster arrangement.
A Novel ALK Secondary Mutation and EGFR Signaling Cause Resistance to ALK Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Sasaki Takaaki , Koivunen Jussi , Ogino Atsuko , Yanagita Masahiko , Nikiforow Sarah , Zheng Wei , Lathan Christopher , Marcoux J. Paul , Du Jinyan , Okuda Katsuhiro , Capelletti Marzia , Shimamura Takeshi , Ercan Dalia , Stumpfova Magda , Xiao Yun , Weremowicz Stanislawa , Butaney Mohit , Heon Stephanie , Wilner Keith , Christensen James G. , Eck Michel J. , Wong Kwok-Kin , Lindeman Neal , Gray Nathanael S. , Rodig Scott J. , Jänne Pasi A. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including crizotinib, are effective treatments in preclinical models and in cancer patients with ALK-translocated cancers. However, their efficacy will ultimately be limited by the development of acquired drug resistance. Here we report two mechanisms of ALK TKI resistance identified from a crizotinib-treated non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient and in a cell line generated from the resistant tumor (DFCI076) as well as from studying a resistant version of the ALK TKI (TAE684)–sensitive H3122 cell line. The crizotinib-resistant DFCI076 cell line harbored a unique L1152R ALK secondary mutation and was also resistant to the structurally unrelated ALK TKI TAE684. Although the DFCI076 cell line was still partially dependent on ALK for survival, it also contained concurrent coactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. In contrast, the TAE684-resistant (TR3) H3122 cell line did not contain an ALK secondary mutation but instead harbored coactivation of EGFR signaling. Dual inhibition of both ALK and EGFR was the most effective therapeutic strategy for the DFCI076 and H3122 TR3 cell lines. We further identified a subset (3/50; 6%) of treatment naive NSCLC patients with ALK rearrangements that also had concurrent EGFR activating mutations. Our studies identify resistance mechanisms to ALK TKIs mediated by both ALK and by a bypass signaling pathway mediated by EGFR. These mechanisms can occur independently, or in the same cancer, suggesting that the combination of both ALK and EGFR inhibitors may represent an effective therapy for these subsets of NSCLC patients. Cancer Res; 71(18); 6051–60. ©2011 AACR.
MRI of Tumor-Associated Macrophages with Clinically Applicable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Daldrup-Link Heike E. , Golovko Daniel , Ruffell Brian , DeNardo David G. , Castaneda Rosalinda , Ansari Celina , Rao Jianghong , Tikhomirov Grigory A. , Wendland Michael F. , Corot Claire , Coussens Lisa M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPurpose: The presence of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in breast cancer correlates strongly with poor outcome. The purpose of this study was to develop a clinically applicable, noninvasive diagnostic assay for selective targeting and visualization of TAMs in breast cancer, based on magnetic resonanceI and clinically applicable iron oxide nanoparticles.Experimental Design: F4/80-negative mammary carcinoma cells and F4/80-positive TAMs were incubated with iron oxide nanoparticles and were compared with respect to magnetic resonance signal changes and iron uptake. MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice harboring mammary carcinomas underwent nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) up to 1 hour and 24 hours after injection. The tumor enhancement on MRIs was correlated with the presence and location of TAMs and nanoparticles by confocal microscopy.Results: In vitro studies revealed that iron oxide nanoparticles are preferentially phagocytosed by TAMs but not by malignant tumor cells. In vivo, all tumors showed an initial contrast agent perfusion on immediate postcontrast MRIs with gradual transendothelial leakage into the tumor interstitium. Twenty-four hours after injection, all tumors showed a persistent signal decline on MRIs. TAM depletion via αCSF1 monoclonal antibodies led to significant inhibition of tumor nanoparticle enhancement. Detection of iron using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine-enhanced Prussian Blue staining, combined with immunodetection of CD68, localized iron oxide nanoparticles to TAMs, showing that the signal effects on delayed MRIs were largely due to TAM-mediated uptake of contrast agent.Conclusion: These data indicate that tumor enhancement with clinically applicable iron oxide nanoparticles may serve as a new biomarker for long-term prognosis, related treatment decisions, and the evaluation of new immune-targeted therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 17(17); 5695–704. ©2011 AACR.
Exploring Breast Cancer Estrogen Disposition: The Basis for Endocrine Manipulation
Authors: Lønning Per E. , Haynes Ben P. , Straume Anne H. , Dunbier Anita , Helle Hildegunn , Knappskog Stian , Dowsett Mitch 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Although normal breast tissue and breast cancer estrogens are known to be elevated compared with plasma estrogen levels, the mechanism behind this phenomenon has been an issue of debate for 2 decades. If local estrogen aromatization were to be confirmed as the main estrogen source in breast cancer tissue, tissue-specific inhibition of estrogen production, avoiding systemic side effects, would become a potentially attractive option for breast cancer treatment and prevention. Based on recent results from our groups exploring tissue estrogens, together with estrogen-synthesizing and estrogen-regulated gene expression levels, we propose a new model to explain elevated breast tissue estrogen levels. Although local estrogen production may be important, the local contribution is overruled by rapid plasma-to-tissue equilibration, including active uptake of circulating estrogens or enhanced tissue binding. As for breast cancer tissue levels, elevated levels of estradiol may be explained to a large extent by estrogen receptor binding and local conversion of estrone into estradiol. This model indicates that effective suppression of benign and malignant tissue estrogens as a treatment for ER+ breast cancer requires systemic suppression and will not be markedly affected by local enzyme targeting. Clin Cancer Res; 17(15); 4948–58. ©2011 AACR.
Dual Kinase Inhibition of EGFR and HER2 Overcomes Resistance to Cetuximab in a Novel In Vivo Model of Acquired Cetuximab Resistance
Authors: Quesnelle Kelly M. , Grandis Jennifer R. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Acquired resistance to cetuximab, a chimeric epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–targeting monoclonal antibody, is a widespread problem in the treatment of solid tumors. The paucity of preclinical models has limited investigations to determine the mechanism of acquired therapeutic resistance, thereby limiting the development of effective treatments. The purpose of this study was to generate cetuximab-resistant tumors in vivo to characterize mechanisms of acquired resistance.
Experimental Design: We generated cetuximab-resistant clones from a cetuximab-sensitive bladder cancer cell line in vivo by exposing cetuximab-sensitive xenografts to increasing concentrations of cetuximab, followed by validation of the resistant phenotype in vivo and in vitro using invasion assays. A candidate-based approach was used to examine the role of HER2 on mediating cetuximab resistance both in vitro and in vivo.
Results: We generated a novel model of cetuximab resistance, and, for the first time in the context of EGFR-inhibitor resistance, we identified increased phosphorylation of a C-terminal fragment of HER2 (611-CTF) in cetuximab-resistant cells. Afatinib (BIBW-2992), an irreversible kinase inhibitor targeting EGFR and HER2, successfully inhibited growth of the cetuximab-resistant cells in vitro. When afatinib was combined with cetuximab in vivo, we observed an additive growth inhibitory effect in cetuximab-resistant xenografts.
Conclusions: These data suggest that the use of dual EGFR-HER2 kinase inhibitors can enhance responses to cetuximab, perhaps in part due to downregulation of 611-CTF. This study conducted in a novel in vivo model provides a mechanistic rationale for ongoing phase I clinical trials using this combination treatment modality. Clin Cancer Res; 17(18); 5935–44. ©2011 AACR.
Everolimus-Eluting Versus Sirolimus-Eluting Stents
Authors: de Waha Antoinette , Dibra Alban , Byrne Robert A. , Ndrepepa Gjin , Mehilli Julinda , Fusaro Massimiliano , Laugwitz Karl-Ludwig , Massberg Steffen , Schömig Albert , Kastrati Adnan 
Published: July 2011

Background—
The aim of the study was to compare the outcomes after placement of the everolimus-eluting stent (EES; Xience V) and the sirolimus-eluting stent (SES; Cypher) in patients with coronary artery disease. The second-generation EES is currently one of the most commonly used drug-eluting stents in clinical practice. Although it has clearly been shown superior to paclitaxel-eluting stents, its relative merits against SES have been less extensively assessed.

Methods and Results—

We identified 5 eligible randomized trials comparing EES with SES in 7370 patients. The primary end point was major adverse cardiac events. Secondary end points were cardiac death, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, and the composite of definite and probable stent thrombosis. Overall hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for EES versus SES for each of the end points. No heterogeneity across the trials was observed regarding the primary and secondary end points. The risk of major adverse cardiac events (HR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.77 to 1.08];
P
=0.28), cardiac death (HR, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.73 to 1.41];
P
=0.92), myocardial infarction (HR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.66 to 1.35];
P
=0.76), repeat revascularization (HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.68 to 1.07];
P
=0.16), and composite of definite and probable stent thrombosis (HR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.49 to 1.27],
P
=0.33) were not significantly different between EES and SES.

Conclusions—
This meta-analysis did not show significant differences between EES and SES in terms of clinical efficacy and safety. Future studies with longer follow-up are needed to better define the relative merits of these drug-eluting stents.
Ice Crystal Linear Growth Rates from −20° to −70°C: Confirmation from Wave Cloud Studies
Authors: Bailey Matthew , Hallett John 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
As a result of recent comprehensive laboratory and field studies, many details have been clarified concerning atmospheric ice crystal habits below −20°C as a function of temperature, ice supersaturation, air pressure, and growth history. A predominance of complex shapes has been revealed that is not reflected in most models, with symmetric shapes often incorrectly emphasized. From the laboratory study, linear (maximum dimension), projected area, and volume growth rates of complex and simple habits have been measured under simulated atmospheric conditions for temperatures from −20° to −70°C. Presently, only a few in situ cases of measured ice crystal growth rates are available for comparison with laboratory results. Observations from the Interaction of Aerosol and Cold Clouds (INTACC) field study of a well-characterized wave cloud at −24°C are compared with the laboratory results using a simple method of habit averaging to derive a range of expected growth rates. Laboratory results are also compared with recently reported wave cloud results from the Ice in Clouds Experiment–Layer Clouds (ICE-L) study between −20° and −32°C, in addition to a much colder wave cloud at −65°C. Considerable agreement is observed in these cases, confirming the reliability of the laboratory measurements. This is the first of two companion papers that compare laboratory growth rates and characteristics with in situ measurements, confirming that the laboratory results effectively provide a predictive capability for cloud particle and particle ensemble growth.
Accelerated Changes of Environmental Conditions on the Tibetan Plateau Caused by Climate Change
Authors: Zhong Lei , Su Zhongbo , Ma Yaoming , Salama Mhd. Suhyb , Sobrino José A. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Variations of land surface parameters over the Tibetan Plateau have great importance on local energy and water cycles, the Asian monsoon, and climate change studies. In this paper, the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Land (PAL) dataset is used to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and albedo, from 1982 to 2000. Simultaneously, meteorological parameters and land surface heat fluxes are acquired from the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) dataset and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS), respectively. Results show that from 1982 to 2000 both the LST and the surface air temperature increased on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The rate of increase of the LST was 0.26±0.16 K decade−1 and that of the surface air temperature was 0.29 ± 0.16 K decade−1, which exceeded the increase in the Northern Hemisphere (0.054 K decade−1). The plateau-wide annual mean precipitation increased at 2.54 mm decade−1, which indicates that the TP is becoming wetter. The 10-m wind speed decreased at about 0.05±0.03 m s−1 decade−1 from 1982 to 2000, which manifests a steady decline of the Asian monsoon wind. Due to the diminishing ground–air temperature gradient and subdued surface wind speed, the sensible heat flux showed a decline of 3.37 ± 2.19 W m−2 decade−1. The seasonal cycle of land surface parameters could clearly be linked to the patterns of the Asian monsoon. The spatial patterns of sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and their variance could also be recognized.