bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL IX LIBRO DEL DE ARCHITECTURA DI VITRUVIO NEI COMMENTARI DI DANIELE BARBARO (1556-1567)1
Authors: LOSITO MARIA 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Book IX of Vitruvius's DE ARCHITECTURA is devoted to the Gnomonica, which is the art of making solar clocks, or the second part of architecture, and to the basic construction of the Analemma, an orthographic projection of different circles of the sky - blue sphere.The present paper explains the changes to this Book between the 1556 edition and the 1567 editions of Daniele Barbaro's Commentationes.Indeed, while in 1556 Barbaro reconstructs the Vitruvian Analemma, that he had studied in the De horologiis describendis libellus, in 1567 he will more clearly define the Vitruvian Analemma by considering the Ptolemaic Analemma, after the 1562 study in Federico Commandino's Claudii Ptolemaei liber de Analemmate. Barbaro will also apply this Analemma in detail to the construction of the sun-dial, which was done neither by Vitruvius nor by Ptolemy, but in Commandino's Liber de Horologiorum descriptione.The relevance of the Analemma to the theory of planar projections of meridians is pointed out here. Indeed, even if the work of Barbaro seems traditional from the point of view of an astronomer, its implications for projective geometry are of great importance.
ISTITUZIONI E FONTI
Authors: MAZZOLINI RENATO G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Il testo riproduce un rapporto della Commissione di bibliografia della International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science presentato dal dott. F. W. P. Dougherty e relativo a progetti canadesi di ricerca in corso durante il 1987-1988. Esso concerne esclusivamente progetti aventi per oggetto edizioni critiche, traduzioni, edizioni di epistolari, bibliografie e cataloghi di manoscritti o di letteratura scientifica del passato, tutti di interesse per la storia della scienza, della tecnologia e della medicina.
GLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI E LA RIVOLUZIONE CHIMICA *
Authors: BERETTA MARCO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title Italian chemistry in the second half of eighteenth century was strongly characterized by ambivalence. On the one hand there were the experimental and technical contributions by Landriani, Fontana, Volta, Spallanzani, Giobert, and many others, who immediately contributed original results to the debate on gases which was going on between English and French chemists. On the other hand there was a lack of interest from the same scientists for the theoretical and methodological issues of the controversy between Lavoisier and Priestley. It was this lack of interest, due to their opposition to the abstract and philosophical aspects of chemistry, that cut off the italian chemists from the theoretical debate.
G. B. AMICI'S TELESCOPES FOR BRERA OBSERVATORY
Authors: TAGLIAFERRI G. , MANDRINO A. , TUCCI P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Da ricerche in archivi a Milano e a ?CTRLerr type="1" mess="Doute Cars isoles avec recollage" ?Modena risulta che G. B. Amici forn due telescopi all'Osservatorio astronomico di Brera, uno nella primavera e l'altro nell'autunno del 1811. Specialmente interessante questo secondo telescopio, per via delle sue grandi dimensioni: 17 piedi (parigini) di distanza focale e 11 pollici di apertura. Tuttavia proprio le dimensioni impedirono la piena utilizzazione delle sue capacit, essendo negati all'Osservatorio milanese i finanziamenti necessari per la sua collocazione e per una montatura stabile e versatile. Nel 1839 il telescopio fu modificato da Amici, che ne ridusse la lunghezza a 12 piedi, ma dovettero trascorrere ancora quattro anni prima che esso fosse collocato in una apposita torretta. Tuttavia l'equipaggiamento ausiliario rimase insoddisfacente, e il telescopio non fu mai adeguatamente sfruttato.
L'ORIGINE DELLE COLLEZIONI SCIENTIFICHE DEL MUSEO ASTRONOMICO E COPERNICANO IN ROMA ALLA FINE DEL XIX SECOLO
Authors: CALISI MARINELLA 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title In the years following 1820, when the town became part of the Kingdom of Italy, Rome was seeking to forge its new identity. The scientific culture of the town is a little known feature of this process, and yet it offers important insights into the economic planning and the cultural policy of those years. These features are also at the basis of today's roman scientific museums. In 1873, on the occasion of the celebration of the fourth centenary of Copernicus' birth, it was proposed to establish a Museo Astronomico e Copernicano. The original proposal for a museum devoted to collecting documents and memorabilia of Copernicus' italian period, soon became the project for a more ambitious Museum.
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: DRAKE STILLMAN 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Esistono negli Stati Uniti e in Canada cinque lettere autografe di Galileo sconosciute ad Antonio Favaro, insieme a copie contemporanee dei manoscritti galileiani del Compasso, della Cosmografia e delle Meccaniche, con varianti rispetto ai testi pubblicati nelle Opere. L'unico testo completo finora conosciuto della lettera di Galileo a Gallanzone Gallanzoni, del 16 luglio 1611, ed una copia con varianti della lettera del 1615 alla Granduchessa Cristina di Lorena sono attualmente a Toronto, dove si trova anche l'epistolario di Girolamo Magagnati, comprendente alcune lettere a Galileo. Il presente articolo comprende riproduzioni di due autografi e una bibliografia.
LA QUESTIONE DEL CONTAGIUM VIVUM E LA GENESI DEL CONCETTO DI AMBIENTE NELLA MEDICINA TRA XVII E XVIII SECOLO
Authors: POTEST PAOLA 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The aim of this article is to portray one of the possible paths through which the concept of environment originated. In the debate relating to the contagium vivum problem, as it is defined for example in the works of Fracastoro, the concept of sympathia and antipathia has been denied since '500, and the contagion has been interpreted in materialistic terms. Simultaneously, also in '500, Hippocratic style researches de Locis reflourished due to the efforts of many physicians who pointed out the physical aspects which led to the spreading of a disease. With the discovery of the Protozoa and of other minute inhabitants of water, microscopy in '600 underlined the possible animated origin of several diseases, thus refusing causes, as the influence of stars, etc. However medicine was the discipline in which the researches on the environment became a basis for the discovery and prevention of disease. Medical sciences turned towards a practical-empiristic methodology that also led to a new vision of the role of the physician in the community. Here, the importance of G. Lancisi's work De Noxiis Paludum Effluviis is emphasised as a signal of these new research trends. This work is noteworthy first of all because the mosquito is identified as the cause of malaria with the peculiar environmental conformation of the Paludi Pontine, and secondly because Lancisi testifies one of the first battles carried out by a scientist in defence of the environment.
L'ACQUA E LA SUA ANIMA: IL CONTRIBUTO DELLA SCIENZA CHIMICA ALLO SFRUTTAMENTO DELLE FONTI DI ACQUA MINERALE NELLA PRIMA METÀ DEL XIX SECOLO
Authors: TAIANI RODOLFO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>During the XVIIIth century hydrotherapy knew a renewed interest both in Italy and the rest of Europe. A deep scientific research followed which revealed the chemical composition of waters since long believed to be medicinal. Chemical science played an important role even though it failed to explain exhaustively the grounds of the mysterious therapeutic properties hidden in such waters.<?CTRLerr type="1" mess="PBlanc posé à Verifier !" ?> As a matter of fact it contributed to arrange more functional exploitation methods of water sources in the first half of the nineteenth century, to boost industrial production of artificial mineral waters and to find out all possible medical applications of the recently discovered mineral springs. This research deals with such different applications of chemical knowledge, pointing out examples of the situation in nineteenth-century Trentino.
GUIDOBALDO DAL MONTE AND THE ARCHIMEDEAN REVIVAL
Authors: MELI DOMENICO BERTOLONI 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Questo saggio esamina il ruolo di Guidobaldo dal Monte all'interno del rinascimento di studi matematici in Italia nella seconda meta del '500. Le sue posizioni vengono confrontate brevemente con quelle di Giovanni Battista Benedetti e soprattutto di Federico Commandino. Mentre Benedetti sviluppa un atteggiamento fortemente critico di Aristotele e della filosofia in generale, e Commandino mostra di concepire il rinascimento matematico come una profonda riforma del sapere e ristrutturazione della gerarchia tra le varie discipline, dal Monte si limita a promuovere matematica e soprattutto meccanica con scopi molto piu limitati; obiettivi filosofici e critica anti-aristotelica rimangono al di fuori della portata della sua azione. Queste osservazioni mostrano l'esistenza di una ampia gamma di posizioni nell'ambito del revival archimedeo in Italia e della stessa scuola matematica urbinate: nonostante alcuni innegabili punti di contatto, i progetti culturali rintracciabili nelle opere di Commandino e dal Monte sono profondamente diversi.
ISTITUZIONI E FONTI
Authors: FOLKERTS MENSO , SEGRE MICHAEL , KÜHNE ANDREAS 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>L'articolo illustra l'International Computer Catalog of Medieval Scientific Manuscripts. Tale catalogo è stato preparato presso l'Istituto di storia della scienza dell'Università di Monaco di Baviera. Si tratta di un database che raccoglie informazioni sui manoscritti medievali del periodo 500-1500 dedicati a argomenti matematici.
People's security — today's challenges of a new approach to policing: Working experience of the Community Security Initiative (CSI) project in Kyrgyzstan 2011
Authors: Mueller Markus , Ostlund Axel 
Published: April 2012

AbstractFor several years the OSCE has attempted to lobby and forge the political will to develop police reform in Kyrgyzstan. In June 2010 its police did not have the capacity to anticipate and prevent destabilisation and to maintain a neutral position in the management of the interethnic conflict. The fact that ethnic minorities are significantly underrepresented in the police contributed to this. As a result, the population's trust further deteriorated from an already existing critically low level. The then incumbent Transitional Government understood the need to support the police in restoring trust and confidence and hence requested the OSCE's assistance. A special project called the Community Security Initiative was created and a team of 28 international police advisors, supported by 21 local staff, deployed in January 2011 in twelve sensitive police stations including Osh. Using a new approach to communication/interaction these advisors try to change the perception of both the police and the population when addressing and resolving daily security problems in the communities. This requires a new and inventive approach putting peoples' security in the forefront. The main objective of CSI is to support the Kyrgyz Government in three main areas: improving relations between the police and the public, supporting and advising the MOI in respecting police ethics standards including human rights, and providing support and advice in the area of multiethnic policing.
The Dutch fight alone: The principle of self-determination
Authors: Lamberti Sara 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe article sheds light on the powerful political legacy of Foreign Minister Max van der Stoel. One of his most remarkable achievements was the wording of the principle of self-determination of people at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Principle VIII of the Declarations of Principles of the Helsinki Final Act acknowledged for all peoples in Europe the right to choose their internal regime or policies. The innovative wording successfully pursued by the Dutch delegation under Van der Stoel's guidance undermined the very basis of the Soviet empire and emboldened dissidents in Eastern Europe to fight for democracy and change.
OSCE electoral assistance and the role of election commissions
Authors: Bader Max 
Published: April 2012

AbstractElection commissions that serve the partisan interests of the authorities are key to the manipulation of election processes in OSCE participating states and beyond. Despite the importance of impartial election administration, OSCE/ODIHR, in its reviews of election laws or in its reports of election observation missions, has so far declined to put forward a comprehensive view on what constitutes best practices regarding the composition and functioning of election commissions. Drawing from a comparative study of the manipulation of rules for the composition and functioning of election commissions, this article develops insights, and formulates recommendations, that could inform a more assertive ODIHR approach to the issue of partisan election commissions..
Gene structure and expression of serotonin receptor HTR2Cin hypothalamic samples from infanticidal and control sows
Authors: Quilter Claire R , Bagga Meenashki , Moinie Ahmad , Junaid Fatima , Sargent Carole A 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
The serotonin pathways have been implicated in behavioural phenotypes in a number of species, including human, rat, mouse, dog and chicken. Components of the pathways, including the receptors, are major targets for drugs used to treat a variety of physiological and psychiatric conditions in humans. In our previous studies we have identified genetic loci potentially contributing to maternal infanticide in pigs, which includes a locus on the porcine X chromosome long arm. The serotonin receptor HTR2C maps to this region, and is therefore an attractive candidate for further study based on its function and its position in the genome.

Results
In this paper we describe the structure of the major transcripts produced from the porcine HTR2C locus using cDNA prepared from porcine hypothalamic and pooled total brain samples. We have confirmed conservation of sites altered by RNA editing in other mammalian species, and identified polymorphisms in the gene sequence. Finally, we have analysed expression and editing of HTR2C in hypothalamus samples from infanticidal and control animals.

Conclusions
The results confirm that although the expression of the long transcriptional variant of HTR2C is raised in infanticidal animals, the overall patterns of editing in the hypothalamus are similar between the two states.
Sequences associated with the cDNA and genomic structures of HTR2C reported in this paper are deposited in GenBank under accession numbers FR720593, FR720594 and FR744452.
The impact of pesticide suicide on the geographic distribution of suicide in Taiwan: a spatial analysis
Authors: Chang Shu-Sen , Lu Tsung-Hsueh , Sterne Jonathan AC , Eddleston Michael , Lin Jin-Jia , Gunnell David 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
Pesticide self-poisoning is the most commonly used suicide method worldwide, but few studies have investigated the national epidemiology of pesticide suicide in countries where it is a major public health problem. This study aims to investigate geographic variations in pesticide suicide and their impact on the spatial distribution of suicide in Taiwan.

Methods
Smoothed standardized mortality ratios for pesticide suicide (2002-2009) were mapped across Taiwan's 358 districts (median population aged 15 or above = 27 000), and their associations with the size of agricultural workforce were investigated using Bayesian hierarchical models.

Results
In 2002-2009 pesticide poisoning was the third most common suicide method in Taiwan, accounting for 13.6% (4913/36 110) of all suicides. Rates were higher in agricultural East and Central Taiwan and lower in major cities. Almost half (47%) of all pesticide suicides occurred in areas where only 13% of Taiwan's population lived. The geographic distribution of overall suicides was more similar to that of pesticide suicides than non-pesticide suicides. Rural-urban differences in suicide were mostly due to pesticide suicide. Areas where a higher proportion of people worked in agriculture showed higher pesticide suicide rates (adjusted rate ratio [ARR] per standard deviation increase in the proportion of agricultural workers = 1.58, 95% Credible Interval [CrI] 1.44-1.74) and overall suicide rates (ARR = 1.06, 95% CrI 1.03-1.10) but lower non-pesticide suicide rates (ARR = 0.91, 95% CrI 0.87-0.95).

Conclusion
Easy access to pesticides appears to influence the geographic distribution of suicide in Taiwan, highlighting the potential benefits of targeted prevention strategies such as restricting access to highly toxic pesticides.
Predictors of binge drinking in adolescents: ultimate and distal factors - a representative study
Authors: Donath Carolin , Gräßel Elmar , Baier Dirk , Pfeiffer Christian , Bleich Stefan , Hillemacher Thomas 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
As epidemiological surveys have shown, binge drinking is a constant and wide-spread problem behavior in adolescents. It is not rare to find that more than half of all adolescents engage in this behavior when assessing only the last 4 weeks of time independent of the urbanity of the region they live in. There have been several reviews on predictors of substance consumption in adolescents in general, but there has been less high quality research on predictors of binge drinking, and most studies have not been theoretically based. The current study aimed to analyze the ultimate and distal factors predicting substance consumption according to Petraitis' theory of triadic influence. We assessed the predictive value of these factors with respect to binge drinking in German adolescents, including the identification of influence direction.

Methods
In the years 2007/2008, a representative written survey of N = 44,610 students in the 9th grade of different school types in Germany was carried out (net sample). The return rate of questionnaires was 88% regarding all students whose teachers or school directors had agreed to participate in the study. In this survey, prevalence of binge drinking was investigated as well as potential predictors from the social/interpersonal, the attitudinal/environmental, and the intrapersonal fields (3 factors of Petraitis). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, these variables were included after testing for multicollinearity in order to assess their ability to predict binge drinking.

Results
Prevalence of binge drinking in the last 30 days was 52.3% for the surveyed adolescents with a higher prevalence for boys (56.9%) than for girls (47.5%). The two most influential factors found to protect against binge drinking with p < .001 were low economic status and importance of religion. The four most relevant risk factors for binge drinking (p < .001) were life-time prevalence of school absenteeism/truancy, academic failure, suicidal thoughts, and violence at school in the form of aggressive behavior of teachers. The model of Petraitis was partly confirmed for Binge Drinking in German adolescents and the direction of influence factors was clarified.

Conclusions
Whereas some of the risk and protective factors for binge drinking are not surprising since they are known for substance abuse in general, there are two points that could be targeted in interventions that do not focus on adolescents alone: (a) training teachers in positive, reassuring behavior and constructive criticism and (b) a focus on high risk adolescents either because they have a lack of coping strategies when in a negative mood or because of their low academic achievement in combination with absenteeism from school.
Development and evaluation of social cognitive measures related to adolescent dietary behaviors
Authors: Dewar Deborah L , Lubans David R , Plotnikoff Ronald C , Morgan Philip J 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to develop and evaluate the reliability and factorial validity, of social-cognitive measures related to adolescent healthy eating behaviors.MethodsA questionnaire was developed based on constructs from Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory and included the following scales:self-efficacy,intentions(proximal goals),situation(perceived environment),social support,behavioral strategies,outcome expectationsandexpectancies. The questionnaire was administered with a two week test-retest among secondary school students (n = 173, age = 13.72 ± 1.24). Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to examine model-fit for each scale using multiple indices including: chi-square index, comparative-fit index (CFI), goodness-of-fit index (GFI), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). Reliability properties were also examined (ICC and Cronbach’s alpha).ResultsThe reliability and factorial validity of each scale is supported: fit indices suggest each model to be an adequate-to-exact fit to the data; internal consistency was acceptable-to-good (α=0.65−0.79); rank order repeatability was strong (ICC = 0.81−0.89).Conclusions and implicationsResults support the reliability and factorial validity of social cognitive scales relating to healthy eating behaviors among adolescents. As such, the developed scales have utility for identifying potential social cognitive correlates of adolescent dietary behavior, mediators of dietary behavior change and validity testing of theoretical models based on Social Cognitive Theory.
Ca2+-regulatory proteins in cardiomyocytes from the right ventricle in children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Wu Yihe , Feng Wei , Zhang Hao , Li Shoujun , Wang De , Pan Xiangbin , Hu Shengshou 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
Hypoxia and hypertrophy are the most frequent pathophysiological consequence of congenital heart disease (CHD) which can induce the alteration of Ca2+-regulatory proteins and inhibit cardiac contractility. Few studies have been performed to examine Ca2+-regulatory proteins in human cardiomyocytes from the hypertrophic right ventricle with or without hypoxia.

Methods
Right ventricle tissues were collected from children with tetralogy of Fallot [n = 25, hypoxia and hypertrophy group (HH group)], pulmonary stenosis [n = 25, hypertrophy group (H group)], or small isolated ventricular septal defect [n = 25, control group (C group)] during open-heart surgery. Paraffin sections of tissues were stained with 3,3′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate to measure cardiomyocyte size. Expression levels of Ca2+-regulatory proteins [sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a), ryanodine receptor (RyR2), sodiumcalcium exchanger (NCX), sarcolipin (SLN) and phospholamban (PLN)] were analysed by means of real-time PCR, western blot, or immunofluorescence. Additionally, phosphorylation level of RyR and PLN and activity of protein phosphatase (PP1) were evaluated using western blot.

Results
Mild cardiomyocyte hypertrophy of the right ventricle in H and HH groups was confirmed by comparing cardiomyocyte size. A significant reduction of SERCA2a in mRNA (P<0.01) was observed in the HH group compared with the C group. The level of Ser16-phosphorylated PLN was down-regulated (P<0.01) and PP1 was increased (P<0.01) in the HH group compared to that in the C group.

Conclusions
The decreased SERCA2a mRNA may be a biomarker of the pathological process in the early stage of cyanotic CHD with the hypertrophic right ventricle. A combination of hypoxia and hypertrophy can induce the adverse effect of PLN-Ser16 dephosphorylation. Increased PP1 could result in the decreased PLN-Ser16 and inhibition of PP1 is a potential therapeutic target for heart dysfunction in pediatrics.