bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wnt5a promotes differentiation of human dental papilla cells
Authors: Peng L. , Ren L. B. , Dong G. , Wang C. L. , Xu P. , Ye L. , Zhou X. D. 
Published: April 2010

Peng L, Ren LB, Dong G, Wang CL, Xu P, Ye L, Zhou XD. Wnt5a promotes differentiation of human dental papilla cells. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 404–412, 2010.AbstractAim  To investigate the role of Wnt5a in the process of differentiation of human dental papilla cells (HDPCs).Methodology  Recombinant adenovirus encoding full‐length Wnt5a cDNA was constructed to investigate the biological role of Wnt5a on the differentiation of HDPCs. The effect of Wnt5a on HDPCs differentiation was determined by ALP activity assay, ALP staining and mineral induction assay. Mineralization‐related gene expressions were assessed by RT‐PCR.Results  Immunostaining revealed Wnt5a expression in the odontoblast layer and dental papilla tissue. Over‐expression of Wnt5a by transfecting HDPCs with an Wnt5a‐carrying construct increased ALPase activity and the formation of mineralized nodules of HDPCs. RT‐PCR analysis showed that the expressions of mineralization‐related genes, such as bone sialoprotein, collagen type I, osteonectin, osteopontin (OCN), dentine matrix protein‐1 were up‐regulated by Wnt5a.Conclusions  Wnt5a promoted differentiation of HDPCs.
Dentinal tubule disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine gel, propolis, morinda citrifolia juice, 2% povidone iodine, and calcium hydroxide
Authors: Kandaswamy D. , Venkateshbabu N. , Gogulnath D. , Kindo A. J. 
Published: April 2010

Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N, Gogulnath D, Kindo AJ. Dentinal tubule disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine gel, propolis, morinda citrifolia juice, 2% povidone iodine, and calcium hydroxide. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 419–423, 2010.AbstractAim  To investigate the antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gel, propolis, Morinda citrifolia juice (MCJ), 2% povidone Iodine (POV‐I), and calcium hydroxide on Enterococcus faecalis‐infected root canal dentine at two different depths (200 μm and 400 μm) and three time intervals (day 1, 3 & 5).Methodology  One hundred and eighty extracted human teeth were infected for 21 days with E. faecalis. Samples were divided into six groups. Group I (Saline) (Negative control), Group II (Propolis), Group III (MCJ), Group IV (2% Povidone Iodine), Group V (2% Chlorhexidine Gel), Group VI (Calcium hydroxide). At the end of 1, 3, and 5 days, the remaining vital bacterial population was assessed. Dentine shavings were collected at two depths (200 μm and 400 μm), and total numbers of colony forming units were determined. The values were analysed statistically with one‐way analysis of variance followed by Tukey multiple comparison test. The paired t‐test was used to check for differences in growth at different time intervals within groups and for differences at the two depths (P < 0.01)Results  The number of colony‐forming units was statistically significant in all groups compared to the control group (Saline). Group V (chlorhexidine gluconate) (100%) produced better antimicrobial efficacy followed by 2% POV‐I (87%), propolis (71%), MCJ (69%), and calcium hydroxide (55%). There was no significant difference between propolis and MCJ and no significant difference between data at 200 μm and 400 μm.Conclusion  Propolis and MCJ were effective against E. faecalis in dentine of extracted teeth.
Endodontic treatment of a geminated maxillary second molar using an endoscope as magnification device
Authors: Weinstein T. , Rosano G. , Del Fabbro M. , Taschieri S. 
Published: April 2010

Weinstein T, Rosano G, Del Fabbro M, Taschieri S. Endodontic treatment of a geminated maxillary second molar using an endoscope as magnification device. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 443–450, 2010.AbstractAim  To describe endodontic treatment for a rare case of gemination.Summary  A case of complex endodontic treatment in a geminated tooth is presented. With the assistance of microinstruments and magnification devices, a geminated maxillary second molar was successfully treated. In such a case, ultrasonic tips and the use of an endoscope were essential to detect the peculiar anatomy of the tooth involved.Key learning points

Knowledge of anomalies concerning fused teeth is essential.
Using an endoscope as a magnification device is useful during the inspection of pulp chambers.
Ultrasonic tips are safe and useful to detect canal orifices.
Combined en bloc liver–double kidney transplantation in an infant with IVC thrombosis
Authors: McGuire Margaret M. , Jones Brian A. , Hull Melissa A. , Misra Meghna V. , Smithers Charles J. , Feins Neil R. , Jenkins Roger L. , Lillehei Craig W. , Harmon William E. , Jonas Maureen M. , Kim Heung B. 
Published: April 2010

McGuire MM, Jones BA, Hull MA, Misra MV, Smithers CJ, Feins NR, Jenkins RL, Lillehei CW, Harmon WE, Jonas MM, Kim HB. Combined en bloc liver–double kidney transplantation in an infant with IVC thrombosis. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: E142–E144. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  We report a case of a pediatric en bloc liver‐double kidney transplant in a patient with IVC thrombosis below the renal veins. The patient is an 11‐month‐old girl diagnosed with congenital nephrotic syndrome at two months of age. Multifocal liver masses were identified on routine ultrasound at eight months of age. Alpha fetoprotein level was 55 319. Biopsy confirmed hepatoblastoma. CT scan confirmed multiple lesions in both lobes, which would require liver transplantation for resection. She was also found to have thrombosis of her infrarenal IVC secondary to multiple central lines. She was listed for combined liver–kidney transplant and began chemotherapy. After four cycles of chemotherapy, she underwent bilateral nephrectomies followed by a combined en bloc liver‐double kidney transplant from a size matched donor. In order to provide adequate venous outflow from the kidneys in the absence of a recipient infrarenal IVC, the donor liver and kidneys were procured en bloc with a common arterial inflow via the infrarenal aorta and common outflow via the suprahepatic IVC. Kidney transplantation in the absence of adequate recipient venous drainage may require unusual vascular reconstruction techniques. This case demonstrates a novel approach in patients who may require combined liver–kidney transplantation.
Foxp3 regulates human natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T‐cell‐mediated suppression of xenogeneic response
Authors: Sun Lei , Yi Shounan , O’Connell Philip J. 
Published: April 2010

Sun L, Yi S, O’Connell PJ. Foxp3 regulates human natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T‐cell‐mediated suppression of xenogeneic response. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17: 121–130. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Backgrounds:  Cellular rejection of xenografts is predominantly mediated by CD4+ T cells. Foxp3 expressing human naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (nTregs) have been shown to suppress pathological and physiological immune responses, including the CD4+ T‐cell‐mediated anti‐pig xenogeneic response in vitro. Although Foxp3 is required for nTreg development and their function, the precise role of Foxp3 in regulating Treg suppressive function in xenoimmune response remains to be identified.Methods:  In vitro expanded human nTregs were transfected with fluorescein isothiocyanate ‐conjugated Foxp3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) by Lipofectamine 2000. Transfected nTregs were sorted by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, and then analyzed for Foxp3 gene and protein expression as well as their phenotypic characteristics. Human CD4+CD25− T cells were stimulated with xenogeneic pig peripheral blood mononuclear cell in the presence or absence of nTregs in a coculture or transwell system for evaluation of nTreg suppressive activity. The production of effector cytokines by xenoreactive CD4+CD25− T cells as well as suppressive cytokine by nTregs in their cocultures was examined by ELISA.Results:  The siRNA‐mediated Foxp3 knockdown resulted in impaired nTreg anergic state, downregulated expression of nTreg function associated molecules, and reduced production of suppressive cytokines by nTregs, which together leading to impaired nTreg‐mediated suppression of CD4+CD25− T‐cell proliferation and their effector cytokine production in response to xenogeneic stimulation.Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that Foxp3 expression is required for human nTregs to maintain their suppressive function in the xenoimmune response.
Insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in alpha 1,3‐galactosyltransferase knock‐out pigs compared to wild‐type pigs
Authors: Casu Anna , Echeverri Gabriel J. , Bottino Rita , Van Der Windt Dirk J. , He Jing , Ekser Burcin , Ball Suyapa , Ayares David , Cooper David K. C. 
Published: April 2010

Casu A, Echeverri GJ, Bottino R, van der Windt DJ, He J, Ekser B, Ball S, Ayares D, Cooper DKC. Insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in alpha 1,3‐galactosyltransferase knock‐out pigs compared to wild‐type pigs. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17: 131–139. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Background:  Xenotransplantation of porcine islets could be a valuable alternative to the shortage of human islets for transplantation. To overcome the immunological obstacle of antibody‐mediated rejection, pigs homozygous for α1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene knock‐out (GT‐KO) have been produced. The effect of this mutation on glucose metabolism is unknown.Methods:  Glucose, insulin, C‐peptide and glucagon levels were studied in eight adult pigs (four wild‐type [WT] and four GT‐KO) during intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), arginine stimulation test (AST), and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Morphological analysis of the pancreata was also performed. The in vitro insulin response to a high glucose concentration and theophylline were studied in a dynamic perfusion system with isolated islets.Results:  Basal and stimulated blood glucose levels were similar in WT and GT‐KO pigs. Basal insulin, C‐peptide and glucagon were higher in GT‐KO pigs. C‐peptide and insulin responses to arginine and glucose were also higher in GT‐KO animals. The reduction in blood glucose during ITT and IVGTT was similar in WT and GT‐KO pigs. The extent of staining for insulin and glucagon in the pancreata were similar. The basal insulin secretion of isolated islets was higher in GT‐KO pigs, while stimulation indexes for glucose and theophylline were similar to WT.Conclusions:  GT‐KO pigs demonstrated differences in glucose metabolism compared to WT pigs, the cause for which remains uncertain. It is unlikely that these differences would in any way affect the outcome of GT‐KO porcine islet xenotransplantation.
Viral gene transfer for xenotransplantation
Authors: Pfeifer A. 
Published: April 2010

In order to overcome the major immunological barriers to xenotransplantation, genetic strategies have to be developed that ensure long‐term engraftment of the organ. To this end, immune‐modulatory transgenes have to be efficiently expressed and/or the expression of xeno‐relevant porcine genes (xeno‐epitopes) has to be silenced.Viral vectors are powerful tools for modulating expression of foreign genes in organs and even the whole animal. Using lentiviral gene transfer in early embryos, gain‐of‐function models can be generated with high efficacies in pig (lentiviral transgenesis). Through combination of lentiviral transgenesis and RNA interference (RNAi) loss‐of‐function models for xenotransplantation can be generated. Our goal is to combine lentivector‐mediated RNAi directed against α‐galactosyltransferase (α‐GT) with immune‐modulatory approaches to finally generate multitransgenic pigs. Furthermore, sensitivity to human serum inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus produced by pig cells with reduced levels of α‐GT expression was analysed.
Cellular interaction of functional porcine endogenous retrovirus
Authors: Dörrschuck E. , Krämer M. , Tönjes R. R. 
Published: April 2010

Human cells might display mechanisms counteracting infections by porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) in the course of pig‐to‐human xenotransplantation. Mammals have developed a number of protective strategies against viruses, including an intracellular antiretroviral defense as part of the innate immunity. In addition to the conventional innate and acquired immune responses an array of dominant genes have evolved that are constitutively expressed which suppress or prevent retroviral infections. Several of these antiretroviral restriction mechanisms have been identified including members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) and APOBEC families. The TRIM5 class of inhibitors appears to target incoming retroviral capsids and the APOBEC class of cytidine deaminases hypermutates and destabilizes retroviral genomes.Our data show that human and porcine cytidine deaminases inhibit PERV replication significantly, thereby reducing the infectious risk raised by PERV in vitro. The exact mechanism of the TRIM5 mediated restriction has not been exactly determined so far. Data published by Wood et al. (2009) indicate that PERV are insensitive to restriction by divergent TRIM5 molecules including human and monkey TRIM5α?proteins. The role of pig TRIM5 has not been clarified. We have identified a single TRIM5 gene in the pig genome. The impact of porcine TRIM5 protein on PERV will be tested using the human TRIM5α as a negative control, expecting that PERV will be insensitive to porcine TRIM5.
Complement depletion with cobra venom factor delays acute cell‐mediated rejection in pig‐to‐mouse corneal xenotransplantation
Authors: Oh Joo Youn , Kim Mee Kum , Lee Hyun Ju , Ko Jung Hwa , Kim Youngji , Park Chan‐Sik , Kang Hee Jung , Park Chung‐Gyu , Kim Sang Joon , Lee Jin Hak , Wee Won Ryang 
Published: April 2010

Oh JY, Kim MK, Lee HJ, Ko JH, Kim Y, Park CS, Kang HJ, Park CG, Kim SJ, Lee JH, Wee WR. Complement depletion with cobra venom factor delays acute cell‐mediated rejection in pig‐to‐mouse corneal xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17: 140–146. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Background:  We have demonstrated earlier that porcine corneal xenografts underwent an acute cell‐mediated rejection in mice despite the absence of T cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of complement depletion by cobra venom factor (CVF) on the corneal xenograft rejection in a pig‐to‐mouse model.Methods:  Porcine corneas were orthotopically transplanted into C57BL/6 (B6) and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. For complement depletion, 25 μg of CVF (1 g/kg bodyweight) was injected intraperitoneally on the day before and 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after transplantation. Graft survival was clinically assessed by slit lamp biomicroscopy and the median survival time (MST) was calculated. The grafts were histologically evaluated serially after transplantation using antibodies against CD4, CD8, NK1.1, and F4/80.Results:  The CVF treatment significantly prolonged the porcine corneal xenograft survival in both B6 (MST 9.4 vs. 15.5 days; P = 0.0011) and SCID mice (MST 16.4 vs. 20.5 days; P = 0.0474). Histologically, whereas macrophages and CD4+ T cells were progressively infiltrated into porcine corneal grafts in CVF‐untreated B6 mice, the infiltration by both cells was markedly delayed and decreased in the xenografts in CVF‐treated B6 mice. Likewise, macrophage infiltration, which was prominent in rejected porcine xenografts in SCID mice, was also reduced in CVF‐treated SCID mice.Conclusions:  Our results suggest that complement depletion by CVF delayed, although did not prevent, an acute cell‐mediated rejection in a pig‐to‐mouse corneal xenotransplantation.
Prolonged survival of GalT‐KO swine skin on baboons
Authors: Weiner Joshua , Yamada Kazuhiko , Ishikawa Yoshinori , Moran Shannon , Etter Justin , Shimizu Akira , Neal Smith Rex , Sachs David H. 
Published: April 2010

Weiner J, Yamada K, Ishikawa Y, Moran S, Etter J, Shimizu A, Smith RN, Sachs DH. Prolonged survival of GalT‐KO swine skin on baboons. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17: 147–152. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Background:  Allogeneic skin is currently the best alternative to autologous skin as a temporary treatment for severe burns, but it has several drawbacks. As a potential alternative, we have evaluated GalT‐KO swine skin, which lacks expression of the Gal epitope, to investigate the effect of eliminating this epitope on survival of pig‐to‐baboon skin grafts.Methods:  Two adult baboons that had fully recovered from previous T cell depletion received simultaneous skin grafts from: (i) GalT‐KO swine, (ii) Gal‐positive swine, (iii) a third‐party baboon, and (iv) self (control skin). Recipients were treated with cyclosporin for 12 days and the survival, gross appearance, and histology of the grafts were compared.Results:  In both baboons, the GalT‐KO skin survived longer than either the Gal‐positive swine skin or the allogeneic skin. Early rejection of the Gal‐positive skin appeared to be mediated by cytotoxic preformed anti‐Gal IgM antibodies, while the rejection of GalT‐KO skin appeared to result from cellular mechanisms.Conclusions:  GalT‐KO skin may have potential clinical benefits as an alternative to allogeneic skin as a temporary treatment for severe skin injuries.
Inbreeding Depression and Inbreeding Avoidance in a Natural Population of Guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
Authors: Johnson Ashley M. , Chappell Grace , Price Anna C. , Helen Rodd F. , Olendorf Robert , Hughes Kimberly A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMaintenance of genetic variation in the face of strong natural selection is a long‐standing problem in evolutionary biology. One of the most extreme examples of within‐population variation is the polymorphic, genetically determined color pattern of male Trinidad guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Female mating preference for rare or novel patterns has been implicated as a factor in maintaining this variation. The origin of this preference is not understood, although inbreeding avoidance has been proposed as a mechanism. Inbreeding avoidance is advantageous when populations exhibit inbreeding depression and the opportunity for mating between relatives exists. To determine whether these conditions are met in a natural guppy population, we assessed mating and reproductive patterns using polymorphic molecular markers. Females produced more offspring with less‐related males than with more‐related ones. In addition, females were more likely to have mated with less‐related males, but this trend was only marginally significant. Male heterozygosity was positively correlated with mating success and with the number of offspring sired, consistent with strong inbreeding depression for adult male fitness. These results provide substantial insight into mating patterns of a wild guppy population: strong inbreeding depression occurs, and individuals tend to avoid mating with relatives.
Osama or the Georges: Shifting Threats and State Policy towards Civil Society in Uzbekistan
Authors: Stevens Daniel 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTIn examining the relationship between the War on Terror and restrictions on civil society, Uzbekistan is an important case, given its emergence as a key player in the operations in Afghanistan, its own terrorist threat, and its particularly stringent policy towards civil society. This article argues that while the ‘crackdown’ on civil society has followed a similar pattern to that of other countries where civil society is perceived as harbouring a threat, there has been a significant shift since the War on Terror began as to the perceived nature of the threat. At the time of 9/11, the government of Uzbekistan took Islamic terrorism to be the main threat; yet within the space of just over two years a new threat was perceived. Western support for civil society, a concession made to the US‐led coalition in return for support against Islamic terrorism, emerged as an even greater threat to the regime. It is this perceived threat that has primarily driven state policy towards civil society, raising important questions about how democracy promotion can be best taken forward in the post‐9/11 world.
Understanding the Southern African ‘Anomaly’: Poverty, Endemic Disease and HIV
Authors: Sawers Larry , Stillwaggon Eileen 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTThe epicentre of the global HIV epidemic is southern Africa. Previous explanations point to migration patterns and highly skewed income distribution, both thought to promote risky sexual behaviour. This study emphasizes the importance of common infectious and parasitic diseases that increase the likelihood of HIV transmission by increasing contagiousness and vulnerability to infection. Using multiple regression analysis on country‐level data, the authors find that socio‐economic variables explain statistically only one‐tenth of the difference in HIV prevalence between southern Africa and other low‐ and middle‐income countries. Measures of five cofactor infections together with the socio‐economic variables, however, explain statistically about two‐thirds of the southern Africa difference in HIV prevalence. They conclude that the relative affluence of countries in southern Africa and historical migration patterns have tended to mask the vulnerability of the majority of their populations who are poor and who have very high prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases. Those diseases replicate a cycle of poverty that produces biological vulnerability through coinfections. An important implication of this research is that integrating treatment of endemic diseases with other HIV‐prevention policies may be necessary to slow the spread of HIV.
Practical Monetary Policies*
Authors: Guender Alfred V. , Gillmore David R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis paper compares a monetary policy that targets average inflation with one that targets the change in the output gap. It shows that the stabilizing properties of monetary policy strategies are sensitive to both the existence of lags in the transmission mechanism and the design of target rules. A strategy focusing on the change in the output gap is likely to prove inferior to targeting the average rate of inflation in a model where monetary policy affects the real economy sooner than inflation. Even more favourable results for average inflation targeting emerge in a framework that also includes forward‐looking expectations. These results stand in marked contrast to those in standard models where policy lags are absent. To ensure sound choice of policy, central banks are advised to examine the stabilizing properties of monetary policies in a variety of models.
Negotiating dilemmas in the practices of street‐level welfare work
Authors: Hjörne Eva , Juhila Kirsi , van Nijnatten Carolus 
Published: April 2010

Hjörne E, Juhila K, van Nijnatten C. Negotiating dilemmas in the practices of street‐level welfare workInt J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 303–309 © 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare.The theme of this mini‐symposium is based on the core ideas of two influential books published about 30 years ago, namelyMichael Lipsky'sStreet‐Level Bureaucracy – Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services(1980) andJeffrey Prottas'sPeople‐Processing – The Street‐Level Bureaucrat in Public Service Bureaucracies(1979). In these books, three dilemmas were identified that have great importance for welfare workers' position as mediators between institutions and citizens: autonomy versus control, responsiveness versus standardisation, and demand versus supply. In this editorial, we discuss these dilemmas with regard to the present context of street‐level welfare work, which is strongly influenced by managerialist policies (also called new public management). It is emphasised that in the era of managerialism, the dilemmas should be approached as empirical matters: how they are present, talked into being and negotiated in naturally occurring practices of street‐level welfare work, and with what consequences.