bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed Micellization of Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Primary Linear Alkylamines
Authors: Khan Iqrar Ahmad , Mohammad Riyaj , Alam Md Sayem , Kabir‐ud‐Din  
Published: July 2009

AbstractDue to the potential use of amines as co‐surfactants in microemulsions, the effect of adding alkylamines (C4–C8NH2) on the aggregation properties of cationic gemini surfactants [pentanediyl‐1, 5‐bis(dimethylcetylammonium bromide) and hexanediyl‐1, 6‐bis(dimethylcetylammonium bromide), referred to as 16‐5‐16 and 16‐6‐16 compounds] has been studied using tensiometry at 303 K. Data on critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surface properties C20 (the surfactant concentration required to reduce the surface tension by 20 mN/m), Гmax (maximum surface excess), Amin (minimum surface area per molecule) evaluated from the surface tension versus surfactant concentration plot, the interaction parameters βσ (for mixed monolayer formation at the aqueous solution/air interface), and βm (for mixed micelle formation in aqueous medium) are reported. A synergistic interaction was observed both in the micelle as well as at interface, as evident from interaction parameters. Theoretical models of Clint, Rubingh and Rosen were used to explain and compare the results. More synergistic interaction was observed in 16‐5‐16 as compared to 16‐6‐16. The CMC values of 16‐s‐16 (s = 5, 6) decreased with increasing amine concentrations and the extent of the effect followed the sequence: octylamine > heptylamine > hexylamine > pentylamine > butylamine.
Spontaneous ectopic pregnancy occurring in the remnant tube after ipsilateral salpingectomy: a report of 2 cases
Authors: Yano Tomone , Ishida Hiroaki , Kinoshita Toshihiko 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEctopic pregnancy occurring in the remnant tube after ipsilateral salpingectomy is assumed to be rare. We report 2 cases of spontaneous ectopic pregnancy occurring in the remnant tube that were treated surgically. Even in spontaneous pregnancy, attention should be paid to the remnant tube so as not to miss an ectopic pregnancy after previous salpingectomy.
Qualifikationsrahmen und ihre Bedeutung für die Gesundheitsberufe
Authors: Räbiger Jutta , Pehlke-Milde Jessica 
Published: July 2009

Einleitung
Ein Qualifikationsrahmen ist ein System zur einheitlichen Beschreibung und Klassifizierung von Kompetenzen. Der europäische Qualifikationsrahmen (EQR) liegt seit 2008 vor. Der deutsche (DQR) ist Anfang 2009 entwickelt worden, er soll u.a. auf seine Anwendbarkeit für die Gesundheitsberufe erprobt werden. Das übergeordnete Ziel eines Qualifikationsrahmens ist die Förderung von Transparenz und Mobilität im Bildungssystem und am Arbeitsmarkt – sowohl im nationalen als auch im internationalen Rahmen.
ON MAXIMAL ENERGY AND HOSOYA INDEX OF TREES WITHOUT PERFECT MATCHING
Authors: HUA HONGBO 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLet G be a simple undirected graph. The energy E(G) of G is the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of the adjacent matrix of G, and the Hosoya index Z(G) of G is the total number of matchings in G. A tree is called a nonconjugated tree if it contains no perfect matching. Recently, Ou [‘Maximal Hosoya index and extremal acyclic molecular graphs without perfect matching’, Appl. Math. Lett.19 (2006), 652–656] determined the unique element which is maximal with respect to Z(G) among the family of nonconjugated n-vertex trees in the case of even n. In this paper, we provide a counterexample to Ou’s results. Then we determine the unique maximal element with respect to E(G) as well as Z(G) among the family of nonconjugated n-vertex trees for the case when n is even. As corollaries, we determine the maximal element with respect to E(G) as well as Z(G) among the family of nonconjugated chemical trees on n vertices, when n is even.
A NEW CHARACTERIZATION OF WIMAN SURFACES
Authors: MELEKOĞLU ADNAN 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLet ℳ be a regular map of genus g>1 and X be the underlying Riemann surface. A reflection of ℳ fixes some simple closed curves on X, which we call mirrors. Each mirror passes through at least two of the geometric points (vertices, face-centers and edge-centers) of ℳ. In this paper we study the surfaces which contain mirrors passing through just two geometric points, and show that only Wiman surfaces have this property.
Vestiges of lost tectonic units in conglomerate pebbles? A test in Permian sequences of the Southalpine Orobic Alps
Authors: ZANONI DAVIDE , SPALLA M. IOLE , GOSSO GUIDO 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMicrostructural analysis andP–Testimates of metamorphic pebbles in Permian conglomerates of the Central Southern Alps, representing the erosion product of the collapsing Variscan chain, are the discriminating tools for determining the metamorphic sequences representing potential sources of the conglomerates. In the selected case, basement units are precisely outlined on the basis of qualityP–T–d–tpaths that allow reconstruction of their metamorphic evolutions (tectonometamorphic units); this facilitates individuation of the basement sources with much better confidence. The lower Permian volcaniclastic sequence of the Eastern Orobic Basin, which overlies the Variscan Val Vedello basement, comprises the Aga and Vedello conglomerates, which are the oldest deposits containing a considerable amount of up to metre-sized metamorphic pebbles. Microstructural and mineral chemical data on metamorphic pebbles of the Aga and Vedello conglomerates were used to infer quantitative pre-PermianP–Tevolutions, which are compared with those of the tectonometamorphic units constituting the surrounding Southalpine metamorphic basement. Two types ofP–Tevolution are recorded in the metamorphic pebbles of Aga and Vedello conglomerates: Type 1 is characterized by an amphibolite-facies imprint, followed by greenschist retrogression; Type 2 is characterized by three successive greenschist-facies re-equilibrations. The Type 1P–Tevolution of metamorphic pebbles matches with that of the adjacent tectonometamorphic unit of the Val Vedello basement. Type 2 is similar to those recorded in units B and C of the North East Orobic basement, and it differs from that of the adjacent Val Vedello basement. This suggests that the Aga and Vedello conglomerates were fed by two different basement sources: one consisting of the present day Val Vedello basement, and the other compatible with units B and C of the North East Orobic basement. According to theP/Tratios of theTmax–PTmaximprints, both basement sources recorded the Variscan collision but at a different crustal level. The age (c.278 Ma) of the Aga and Vedello conglomerates constrains the minimum exhumation age for their basement sources.
Dynamics of dense sheared granular flows. Part II. The relative velocity distributions
Authors: KUMARAN V. 
Published: July 2009

The distribution of relative velocities between colliding particles in shear flows of inelastic spheres is analysed in the volume fraction range 0.4–0.64. Particle interactions are considered to be due to instantaneous binary collisions, and the collision model has a normal coefficient of restitution en (negative of the ratio of the post- and pre-collisional relative velocities of the particles along the line joining the centres) and a tangential coefficient of restitution et (negative of the ratio of post- and pre-collisional velocities perpendicular to line joining the centres).The distribution of pre-collisional normal relative velocities (along the line joining the centres of the particles) is found to be an exponential distribution for particles with low normal coefficient of restitution in the range 0.6–0.7. This is in contrast to the Gaussian distribution for the normal relative velocity in an elastic fluid in the absence of shear. A composite distribution function, which consists of an exponential and a Gaussian component, is proposed to span the range of inelasticities considered here. In the case of rough particles, the relative velocity tangential to the surfaces at contact is also evaluated, and it is found to be close to a Gaussian distribution even for highly inelastic particles.Empirical relations are formulated for the relative velocity distribution. These are used to calculate the collisional contributions to the pressure, shear stress and the energy dissipation rate in a shear flow. The results of the calculation were found to be in quantitative agreement with simulation results, even for low coefficients of restitution for which the predictions obtained using the Enskog approximation are in error by an order of magnitude. The results are also applied to the flow down an inclined plane, to predict the angle of repose and the variation of the volume fraction with angle of inclination. These results are also found to be in quantitative agreement with previous simulations.
Win-win or unequal exchange? The case of the Sino-Congolese cooperation agreements
Authors: Marysse Stefaan , Geenen Sara 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe recent involvement of China in sub-Saharan Africa is challenging and changing the world geostrategic scene. In the article, we analyse the agreements between the Congolese government and a group of Chinese state-owned enterprises. A number of public infrastructure works will be financed with Chinese loans. To guarantee reimbursement, a Congolese/Chinese joint venture will be created to extract and sell copper, cobalt and gold. These are the biggest trade/investment agreements that China has so far signed in Africa. This article seeks to contribute to the discussion regarding the agreement's impact on internal development in Congo. Does it create a ‘win-win’ situation for all, or is it an unequal exchange? We outline the internal and international debates and analyse several noteworthy characteristics of the agreements. In conclusion, we present a balanced view on the likely impact on Congo's short-term and long-term development.
Sectarian Socialism: The Politics of Sri Lanka's Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP)
Authors: VENUGOPAL RAJESH 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper explores the politics of Sri Lanka's Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) in the post-1994 period, when it re-created itself as a mainstream parliamentary political party and came to play a critical role in the collapse of the 2001–2004 peace process. The fundamental analytical enigma of the JVP lies in explaining its hybrid Marxist/Sinhala nationalist persona, which enabled it to craft a highly effective campaign of opposition to the Ranil Wickremasinghe government's two-track agenda of peace with market reforms. This paper examines how the JVP's Marxism relates to its Sinhala nationalism, and how it fits within the Sri Lanka's Marxist tradition as a whole. It argues that the JVP's increasing emphasis on Sinhala nationalism post-1999 has occurred in the context of de-radicalisation and parliamentary habilitation, and discusses the relevance of its ideological orientation to the material basis of Sinhala nationalism and its relationship with the social democratic state.
Genetic diversity of schistosomes and snails: implications for control
Authors: ROLLINSON DAVID , WEBSTER JOANNE P. , WEBSTER BONNIE , NYAKAANA SILVESTER , JØRGENSEN ASLAK , STOTHARD J. RUSSELL 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYMolecular approaches are providing new insights into the genetic diversity of schistosomes and their intermediate snail hosts. For instance, molecular tools based on the polymerase chain reaction are being developed for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis and the detection of prepatent schistosome infections in snails at transmission sites. Robust phylogenies of the different species of Schistosoma, Bulinus and Biomphalaria have been determined and novel methods are available to identify the different and cryptic taxa involved. Microsatellite analyses and mitochondrial DNA sequencing methods have been developed and are contributing to a better understanding of the genetic structure of both schistosome and snail populations. New sampling procedures to capture DNA of eggs and larval stages of schistosomes in field situations are facilitating more detailed and ethically advantageous studies on parasite heterogeneity. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of schistosome and snail populations adds a further dimension to the monitoring and surveillance of disease, and the implementation of new molecular-based approaches will be of increasing importance in helping to assess the impact of schistosomiasis control strategies.
The effect of host movement on viral transmission dynamics in a vector-borne disease system
Authors: WATTS E. J. , PALMER S. C. F. , BOWMAN A. S. , IRVINE R. J. , SMITH A. , TRAVIS J. M. J. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYMany vector-borne pathogens whose primary vectors are generalists, such as Ixodid ticks, can infect a wide range of host species and are often zoonotic. Understanding their transmission dynamics is important for the development of disease management programmes. Models exist to describe the transmission dynamics of such diseases, but are necessarily simplistic and generally limited by knowledge of vector population dynamics. They are typically deterministic SIR-type models, which predict disease dynamics in a single, non-spatial, closed patch. Here we explore the limitations of such a model of louping-ill virus dynamics by challenging it with novel field data. The model was only partially successful in predicting Ixodes ricinus density and louping-ill virus prevalence at 6 Scottish sites. We extend the existing multi-host model by forming a two-patch model, incorporating the impact of roaming hosts. This demonstrates that host movement may account for some of the discrepancies between the original model and empirical data. We conclude that insights into the dynamics of multi-host vector-borne pathogens can be gained by using a simple two-patch model. Potential improvements to the model, incorporating aspects of spatial and temporal heterogeneity, are outlined.
Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in non-outbreak related cases of diarrhoea in human patients in Belgium
Authors: GEURDEN T. , LEVECKE B. , CACCIÓ S. M. , VISSER A. , DE GROOTE G. , CASAERT S. , VERCRUYSSE J. , CLAEREBOUT E. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYStool samples from Belgian patients suffering from abdominal pain and/or diarrhoea were examined for Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Cryptosporidium-positive samples were genotyped using the 70 kDa heat shock protein and the 60 kDa glycoprotein (GP60) genes: C. hominis was identified in 54·2% and C. parvum in 45·8% of the samples. Sequencing at the GP60 locus indicated that subgenotype IbA10G2 of C. hominis and subgenotype IIaA15G2R1 of C. parvum were the most prevalent, although several other subgenotypes were identified. For Giardia, sequencing at the β-giardin, triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) genes revealed assemblage B as the most prevalent (74·4%) in human patients. A high degree of heterogeneity was found, especially on the β-giardin gene, and to a lesser extent on the GDH gene. Furthermore, using a novel species-specific PCR based on the TPI gene, mixed infections with both assemblage A and B were detected in a large number (32·4%) of human patients, which might have important epidemiological implications.
Molecular characterizations of three distinctBabesia gibsonirhoptry-associated protein-1s (RAP-1s)
Authors: TERKAWI M. A. , AMORNTHEP A. , OOKA H. , ABOGE G. , JIA H. , GOO Y.-K. , NELSON B. , YAMAGISHI J. , NISHIKAWA Y. , IGARASHI I. , KAWAZU S.-I. , FUJISAKI K. , XUAN X. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThree cDNAs encoding rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1) homologues were found in theBabesia gibsoniEST database. Based on similarities to BgRAP-1a, which was identified previously by serological screening of a cDNA merozoite library, the two new genes were designatedBgRAP-1b(33·7%) andBgRAP-1c(57%). Mice antiserum raised against each recombinant protein reacted specifically withB. gibsoniparasites as determined by Western blotting, which showed native molecular sizes of the BgRAP-1a (51 kDa), BgRAP-1b (53 kDa) and BgRAP-1c (47 kDa) consistent with predictable molecular weights. Immunofluoresence using these antibodies revealed localization of all BgRAP-1s within the matrix of merozoites; however, BgRAP-1a appeared to diverge from the other two when it was found secreted into the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes. Apical localization of all 3 BgRAP-1s during the extracellular stage of the parasite combined with their ability to bind a canine erythrocyte membrane fraction was suggestive of a role for these proteins in erythrocyte attachment. Lastly, the ability of these recombinant proteins to be used as diagnostic reagents was tested by ELISA and the sensitivities of BgRAP-1a and BgRAP-1c were found increased through N-terminal truncation. Taken together, our data suggest divergent roles for the 3 BgRAP-1s in the merozoite stage ofB. gibsoni.
Population dynamics of genetically diversePlasmodium falciparumlineages: community-based prospective study in rural Amazonia
Authors: ORJUELA-SÁNCHEZ P. , DA SILVA-NUNES M. , DA SILVA N. S. , SCOPEL K. K. G. , GONÇALVES R. M. , MALAFRONTE R. S. , FERREIRA M. U. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYTemporal changes in the prevalence of antigenic variants inPlasmodium falciparumpopulations have been interpreted as evidence of immune-mediated frequency-dependent selection, but evolutively neutral processes may generate similar patterns of serotype replacement. Over 4 years, we investigated the population dynamics ofP. falciparumpolymorphisms at the community level by using 11 putatively neutral microsatellite markers.Plasmodium falciparumpopulations were less diverse than sympatricP. vivaxisolates, with less multiple-clone infections, lower number of alleles per locus and lower virtual heterozygosity, but both species showed significant multilocus linkage disequilibrium. Evolutively neutralP. falciparumpolymorphisms showed a high turnover rate, with few lineages persisting for several months in the population. Similar results had previously been obtained, in the same community, for sympatricP. vivaxisolates. In contrast, the prevalence of the 2 dimorphic types of a major antigen, MSP-2, remained remarkably stable throughout the study period. We suggest that the relatively fast turnover of parasite lineages represents the typical population dynamics of neutral polymorphisms in small populations, with clear implications for the detection of frequency-dependent selection of polymorphisms.
Dissimilar peptidase production by avirulent and virulent promastigotes ofLeishmania braziliensis: inference on the parasite proliferation and interaction with macrophages
Authors: LIMA A. K. C. , ELIAS C. G. R. , SOUZA J. E. O. , SANTOS A. L. S. , DUTRA P. M. L. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYIn the present paper, we have analysed the cellular and extracellular proteolytic activity profiles in 2 distinctLeishmania braziliensisstrains: a recently isolated (virulent) and a laboratory-adapted (avirulent) strain. Quantitative and qualitative differences on the peptidase expression were observed in both strains. For instance, low-molecular mass acidic cysteine peptidase activities were detected exclusively in the virulent strain. Similarly, metallopeptidase activities were mainly produced byL. braziliensisvirulent promastigotes. Interestingly, metallo- and cysteine peptidase activities were drastically reduced after severalin vitropassages of the virulent strain. Western blotting, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy analyses were performed to detect homologous of the major leishmania metallopeptidase (gp63) and cysteine peptidase (cpb) in virulent and avirulent strains ofL. braziliensis. Our results revealed that the virulent strain produced higher amounts of gp63 and cpb molecules, detected both in the surface and cytoplasm regions, than the avirulent counterpart. Metallo- (1,10-phenanthroline and EGTA) and cysteine peptidase (E-64) inhibitors arrested the growth ofL. braziliensisvirulent strain in a dose-dependent manner, as well as the association index with peritoneal murine macrophages. Conversely, these peptidase inhibitors did not affect either the proliferation or the cellular interaction of the avirulent strain. Corroborating these findings, the pre-treatment of the virulent strain with both anti-peptidase antibodies promoted a prominent reduction in the interaction with macrophages, while the association index of the avirulent strain to macrophage was only slightly diminished. Moreover, the spent culture medium from virulent strain significantly enhanced the association index between avirulent strain and macrophages, and this effect was reversed by 1,10-phenanthroline. Collectively, the results presented herein suggest that peptidases participate in several crucial processes ofL. braziliensis.
Isolation and characterization of a potentially virulent speciesEntamoeba nuttallifrom captive Japanese macaques
Authors: TACHIBANA H. , YANAGI T. , AKATSUKA A. , KOBAYASHI S. , KANBARA H. , TSUTSUMI V. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYWe have recently proposed revival of the nameEntamoeba nuttalliCastellani, 1908 for a virulent amoeba (P19-061405 strain) isolated from a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and located phylogenetically betweenE. histolyticaandE. dispar. In this study,E. nuttalliwas isolated from feces of captive Japanese macaques (M. fuscata) in an open-air corral in Japan. The sequence of the 18S rRNA gene in the isolates differed from the P19-061405 strain in 2 nucleotide positions, but was identical to the EHMfas1 strain isolated previously from a cynomolgus monkey (M. fascicularis). One of theE. nuttalliisolates from Japanese macaques, named the NASA6 strain, was axenized and cloned. In isoenzyme analysis, the mobilities of hexokinase and phosphate glucose isomerase in the NASA6 strain were identical to those in the P19-061405 and EHMfas1 strains, but the mobility of phosphoglucomutase was different. These results were supported by gene analyses of these enzymes. Inoculation of NASA6 strain trophozoites into the liver of hamsters led to formation of an amoebic liver abscess. The liver lesions were characterized by extensive necrosis associated with inflammatory reactions. These results demonstrate that the NASA6 strain is potentially virulent and thatE. nuttallishould be recognized as a common parasite in macaques.
A Gödelian ontological argument improved
Authors: PRUSS ALEXANDER R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGödel's ontological argument is a formal argument for a being defined in terms of the concept of a positive property. I shall defend several versions of Gödel's argument, using weaker premises than Anderson's (1990) version, and avoiding Oppy's (1996 and 2000) parody refutations.