bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ hybridization histochemistry of mRNAs for hormones and chromogranins in normal pituitary tissue and pituitary adenoma
Authors: Kilár Ferenc , Muhr Carin , Funa Keiko 
Published: June 2009

Abstract.
In situ hybridization histochemistry was employed to detect mRNAs of pituitary hormones and chromogranins in normal pituitary gland and pituitary adenomas. Oligonucleotide probes specific to the mRNAs for prolactin, growth hormone, proopiomelanocortin, the α- and •-subunits of the glycoprotein hormones and chromogranins A and B were used in the hybridization experiments. The oligonucleotides of 27 to 51 bases were labelled radioactively with dATP[α-35S] at the 3'-end using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Positive hybridization reactions were visualized by autoradiography in the normal pituitary gland with all of the probes. The clinically diagnosed pituitary adenomas (prolactinoma, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, FSH-secreting tumour) showed positive hybridization with the corresponding oligonucleotide probes. In some cases positive hybridization was also obtained with other probes, suggesting multihormone-producing character of the tumour cells. A microprolactinoma was found in a pituitary gland obtained from a patient without any known pituitary disorders. Examination of mRNAs for chromogranin A and B revealed that the normal pituitary gland contains a larger number of cells expressing chromogranin B and a lower number expressing chromogranin A and, moreover, the microprolactinoma lacked the expression of mRNA for chromogranin A but expressed that of chromogranin B.
Prolactin responses to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and thyrotropin releasing hormone in chronic renal failure
Authors: Arnaout Mohammed A. , Hamzeh Yousef S. , Ajlouni Kamel M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract.
Prolactin response to iv bolus injection of 1 μg/kg vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was determined in 8 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing chronic hemodialysis and in 8 normal controls, age- and sexmatched. Plasma prolactin in the patients showed a blunted response following vasoactive intestinal polypeptide injection, whereas the controls showed significantly higher mean peak prolactin value over the baseline value (p<0.002). The net rise (peak levels minus basal levels) in plasma prolactin and area under the curve after vasoactive active intestinal polypeptide injection in the controls were significantly greater than those in the patients (p<0.001). On a separate day, each individual underwent a TRH (500 μg) challenge with the prolactin response determined. The patients had significantly higher peak prolactin values over baseline levels (p<0.02) which, however, were not significantly different from those in the control group. In the patients, the peak net prolactin increments and area under the curve were significantly higher following TRH than following vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (p<0.05). The net prolactin increments to TRH challenge were significantly higher in the control group than in the patients (p<0.001). The results demonstrate the blunted prolactin response to the stimulatory effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and TRH in chronic renal failure. In chronic renal failure prolactin release after vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is more blunted than after TRH. These data suggest that the responsiveness of plasma prolactin to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is defective in these patients, though the mechanism(s) are yet to be defined.
The pattern of gonadotropin and estradiol secretion in exaggerated thelarche
Authors: Garibaldi Luigi R , Aceto Thomas , Weber Colleen 
Published: June 2009

Purpose:
To assess the dynamics of the pituitary-ovarian axis in exaggerated thelarche, defined as premature thelarche associated with signs of systemic estrogen effects (advanced bone age and/or growth acceleration) without progression to complete puberty. Subjects and methods: Seven girls (age <2.5 years) with exaggerated thelarche, 6 girls with inactive pituitary-ovarian axis (premature adrenarche) and 21 girls with activated axis (central precocious puberty) had serum FSH, LH and E2 measured serially before and 1 to 24 h after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) administration (leuprolide, 20 μg/kg sc), used as a test of combined pituitary-ovarian stimulation. Results: Although girls in the exaggerated thelarche and adrenarche group had similar [mean (SEM)] baseline FSH [3.2 (0.9) vs 1.4 (0.3) IU/I], LH [0.36(0.1) vs 0.27 (0.02) IU/I] and E2 [20 (1.2) vs 21 (2) pmol/l] concentrations, and similar peak post-GnRHa LH concentrations [5.5 (1.1) vs 2.4 (0.5) IU/I], girls with exaggerated thelarche achieved higher peak FSH [41(9) vs 14 (3) IU/I, p< 0.01] and E2 [243 (40) vs 37 (6) pmol/l, p<0.001] concentrations after GnRHa. In comparison to patients with exaggerated thelarche, girls with precocious puberty had higher (p<0.01-0.001) baseline LH [3.6 (0.8) IU/I], baseline E2 [69 (11) pmol/l], GnRHa-stimulated peak LH [68 (1 7) IU/I] and peak E2 [648 (58) pmol/l] concentrations, but similar FSH parameters. Conclusions: Girls with exaggerated thelarche exhibit substantial E2 secretory potential that can be demonstrated by GnRHa stimulation, is predominantly FSH-driven, and probably accounts for the manifestations of estrogen effect seen in these girls.
Regulation of phospholipid turnover by steroid hormones in endometrial carcinoma and breast cancer cells
Authors: Krasil'nikov Mikhail A , Shatskaya Valentina A , Kuzmina Zoiya V , Barinov Vladimir V , Letyagin Victor P , Bassalyk Laura S 
Published: June 2009

To study the early effects of steroid hormones on cells we investigated the influence of the sex steroids and tamoxifen on phospholipid turnover in endometrial carcinoma and breast cancer cells. Studies were performed on 19 human uterine adenocarcinomas and 29 breast cancer tumors. Progesterone in a final concentration of 10−7 mol/l caused a twofold decrease of 32P incorporation into phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and phosphoinositides) in 85% of the uterine adenocarcinomas where the progesterone receptor (PR) content was more than 100 nmol/kg and only in 30% of the tumors where the PR content was less than 100 nmol/kg. Treatment of the cells with 10−8 mol/l 1 7β-estradiol or 10−8 mol/l epidermal growth factor led to an increase in 32P incorporation into phospholipids. Analysis of the hormonal responsiveness of 29 human breast cancers showed that 17β-estradiol increased 32P incorporation into phospholipids in 47% of the tumors where the estradiol receptor (ER) content was more than 10 nmol/kg and in 21% of the receptor-negative tumors (ER < 10 nmol/kg) The results show that phospholipid turnover in uterine and breast cells can be regulated by sex steroids.
Treatment of the breast cancer cells with the antiestrogen tamoxifen (10−6 mol/l) led to an increase of 32P incorporation into phosphoinositides and a decrease of 32P incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. Addition of an activator of protein kinase C, i.e. 2 × 10−7mol/l 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, weakened the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on phosphatidylcholine turnover. These findings suggest that tamoxifen action can be mediated via an alteration of the growth signal transducing system.
Kinetic changes of melatonin release in rat pineal perifusions at different circadian stages. Effects of corticosteroids
Authors: Zhao Zi-Yan , Touitou Yvan 
Published: June 2009

The kinetic characteristics of melatonin release were documented in perifused pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed at six circadian stages (light/dark =12:12): three during the light phase, i.e. 3, 7 and 11 hours after light onset (HALO), and three during the dark phase, i.e. 15, 19 and 23 HALO. Whatever the circadian stage, the melatonin release decreased during the first 3–4 h and then remained fairly constant and roughly similar up to 8 h of perifusion. However, the kinetics of the release in the first 3 h differed in perifusions of pineal glands removed during the light (progressive decline during 3 h) as compared to perifusions of pineal glands removed during the dark (sharp decline during the first hour and then a progressive decline until reaching a constant level after 3 h).
As the effects of steroid administration on melatonin secretion are a matter of controversy, we also studied the direct effects and their circadian stage dependence, if any, of corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone and dexamethasone on melatonin secretion by pineal glands removed 7 HALO (about the middle of the light phase) and 19 HALO (about the middle of the dark phase). High concentrations of corticosterone (0.8 × 10−1 mol/l) and dexamethasone (0.4×10−3 mol/l) resulted in a significant (p<0.001) inhibitory effect on melatonin production (about a 50% and a 30% decrease, respectively) whatever the circadian stage, whereas lower concentrations (10−4–10−5 mol/l of both steroids did not affect melatonin production. In addition, neither pharmacological (1.06 × 10−5 mol/l) nor physiological (for the rat) concentrations (2.1 × 10−7 mol/l) of deoxycorticosterone had any significant effect on pineal melatonin production. These data clearly show the time dependence of the kinetics of melatonin release and an effect of adrenocortical steroids on pineal melatonin production that may be quite different according to the steroid and dosage.
Hormonal status and clinical relevance of hirsutism in elderly women
Authors: Pepersack Thierry , Rossi Camelia , Dupuis Françoise , Lefevre André , Vanhaeverbeek Michel , Dekoninck Willy 
Published: June 2009

Hirsutism is a common condition of elderly women, but its aethiopathogeny and its clinical implications remain unclear. We therefore studied circulating androgen concentrations in elderly women. In addition, this study aims to define a possible relationship between hirsutism and anthropometric determinations, bone mass and serum lipids. Androgen levels were determined at basal state, after adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) stimulation and after dexamethasone administration in 10 hirsute elderly women and compared to 10 age-matched non-hirsute women. Anthropometric determinations included measurements of skinfold thickness and body mass index. Spinal bone mass density was assessed using dual photon absorptiometry. Hirsute women presented significantly higher levels of testosterone than controls (1.49±0.38 vs 0.59±0.05 nmol/l, mean±sem; p<0.05) and dihydrotestosterone (0.54±0.07 vs 0.32±0.03; p<0.02). 1 7-hydroxyprogesterone levels after ACTH stimulation tended to be higher in hirsute women than in controls. No differences were observed between the two groups in serum oestrogen concentrations, plasma lipid pattern or bone mineral density. Hirsute women had a lower body mass index and lower calculated percentage body fat than the control group. We conclude that:
(i) hirsutism of elderly women is associated with increased androgen levels, probably from adrenal origin;
(ii) in some cases, enhanced response in 17-hydroxyprogesterone after ACTH stimulation suggests a partial adrenal 21-hydroxylase deficiency;
(iii) hirsute women present anthropometric characteristics compatible with the known anabolic effect of androgens on fat-free mass.
Activation of the erythropoietin receptor in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Rundqvist Helene , Rullman Eric , Sundberg Carl Johan , Fischer Helene , Eisleitner Katarina , Ståhlberg Marcus , Sundblad Patrik , Jansson Eva , Gustafsson Thomas 
Published: June 2009

Objective:Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) expression in non-hematological tissues has been shown to be activated by locally produced and/or systemically delivered EPO. Improved oxygen homeostasis, a well-established consequence of EPOR activation, is very important for human skeletal muscle performance. In the present study we investigate whether human skeletal muscle fibers and satellite cells express EPOR and if it is activated by exercise.Design and methodsTen healthy males performed 65 min of cycle exercise. Biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle and femoral arterio-venous differences in EPO concentrations were estimated.ResultsThe EPOR protein was localized in areas corresponding to the sarcolemma and capillaries. Laser dissection identified EPOR mRNA expression in muscle fibers. Also, EPOR mRNA and protein were both detected in human skeletal muscle satellite cells. In the initial part of the exercise bout there was a release of EPO from the exercising leg to the circulation, possibly corresponding to an increased bioavailability of EPO. After exercise, EPOR mRNA and EPOR-associated JAK2 phosphorylation were increased.ConclusionsInteraction with JAK2 is required for EPOR signaling and the increase found in phosphorylation is therefore closely linked to the activation of EPOR. The receptor activation by acute exercise suggests that signaling through EPOR is involved in exercise-induced skeletal muscle adaptation, thus extending the biological role of EPO into the skeletal muscle.
Role of the Pediatrician in Youth Violence Prevention
Authors:   Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention
Published: June 2009

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed April 2019.
Youth violence continues to be a serious threat to the health of children and adolescents in the United States. It is crucial that pediatricians clearly define their role and develop the appropriate skills to address this threat effectively. From a clinical perspective, pediatricians should become familiar with Connected Kids: Safe, Strong, Secure, the American Academy of Pediatrics' primary care violence prevention protocol. Using this material, practices can incorporate preventive education, screening for risk, and linkages to community-based counseling and treatment resources. As advocates, pediatricians may bring newly developed information regarding key risk factors such as exposure to firearms, teen dating violence, and bullying to the attention of local and national policy makers. This policy statement refines the developing role of pediatricians in youth violence prevention and emphasizes the importance of this issue in the strategic agenda of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Laboratory Methods for Breaking Dormancy in Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Seeds
Authors: Sosnoskie Lynn M. , Cardina John 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGarlic mustard seeds are dormant at maturity, and 90 to 105 d of cold-moist stratification at 4 C have been used to induce germination. We studied methods for breaking dormancy and inducing germination without cold stratification, for use in laboratory and greenhouse experiments with garlic mustard. Seeds were collected from large infestations, stored at room temperature, and subjected to chemical and mechanical scarification treatments. For chemical scarification, seeds were immersed in 3% (v/v) H2O2 for 12, 24, or 48 h with constant stirring, or immersed in concentrated (95 to 97%) H2SO4 for 1 or 5 min with stirring. For mechanical scarification, seeds were placed in a sandpaper-lined tumbler for 1 or 3 s. Scarified seeds, along with non-scarified seeds, were placed in petri dishes on germination blotters saturated with gibberellic acid (GA3, 10−3 M) or deionized water, and incubated for 35 d at either 20/10 C or 15/6 C (12 hr/12 hr). None of the non-scarified seeds germinated, regardless of germination solution or temperature. Seeds germinated only following scarification, and only when imbibed in GA3 solutions. Seeds immersed in H2SO4 for 5 min or mechanically scarified for 3 s had the highest level of germination in GA3. Cumulative percent germination after 35 d was greater for seeds stored 30 mo (44 to 83%), than for seeds stored 6 (2 to 60%) or 18 mo (35 to 79%), regardless of scarification treatment. The germination results, along with scanning electron micrographs of seed coats, suggest that the intact garlic mustard seed coat is permeable to water but not GA3; therefore, both scarification and GA3 are needed to break dormancy and induce germination without cold stratification.
A Human Security Framework for the Management of Invasive Nonindigenous Plants
Authors: Tanentzap Andrew J. , Bazely Dawn R. , Williams Peter A. , Hoogensen Gunhild 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFew individuals or governments have suggested that invasions by nonindigenous species are relevant to the broader issue of human security, despite a growing awareness of the ecological, economic, and societal impacts associated with invasive nonindigenous species (INIS). We propose that by framing management actions in a human and environmental security context, the threats (and benefits) posed by INIS to individuals and communities can be explicitly articulated and debated. This framework allows multiple stakeholders to bring their concerns to bear upon specific policy, and attempts to integrate broad environmental concerns within its parameters. We use the case of ecosystem-based management of invasive nonindigenous plants as an example of the utility of a human security framework. The dominant management approach to these species remains focused on the individual species, despite increasing calls for the implementation of ecosystem-based management strategies. Ecosystem-based management is supported by generalized and widely accepted mechanisms of plant community dynamics, such as succession, disturbance, and interspecific competition, but these scientific arguments do not consistently carry weight at the policy level and with the broader public. A human security framework may provide an approach for overcoming this resistance by placing the debate over management within the social and political context of the wider community. Overall, human security can allow applied ecologists to be better positioned to meet the challenges of communicating the need for science-based management.
Friction Factor in Coated Gas Pipelines and Well Tubing
Authors: Sletfjerding Elling 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
An experimental study of pressure drop in pipes at high Reynolds numbers was performed to determine the friction factor of coated gas pipes. The results enable more accurate predictions of long distance gas pipeline capacity, and demonstrate the drag reduction potential of internal coating in gas wells.
The friction factor of the coated pipe was 31 % lower than in the bare steel pipe at a Reynolds number of 1 × 107. Such a reduction in the friction factor means 21 % higher mass rate at the same pressure drop if internal coating is used in a horizontal pipeline.
Simulations of flow in vertical gas wells in the offshore Troll field showed that internal coating can reduce the pressure drop significantly in high rate gas wells. A reduction in the tubing pressure drop from 18.9 bar to 16.6 bar at a production rate of 2.2 × 106 Sm3/day was possible when internal coating was used. At higher rates the reduction in the pressure drop was even larger. As a result the need for compression for gas export may be reduced.
Upscaling of Transmissibility Applied to Corner Point Geometry
Authors: Urgelli Denise 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Comer Point Geometry (CPG) is a gridding technique that is used more and more in modern numerical flow simulation because it allows a good representation of reservoir geological features. This kind of grid is tailored to conform to reservoir boundaries, wells, heterogeneities of petrophysical properties, faults and flow patterns. A CPG grid can be built from a geological model generated with stochastic simulations for instance.
A crucial step in this process is the upscaling of grid block permeability. Present methods for upscaling fine scale permeability data for use in reservoir simulation produce effective permeabilities for each coarse grid block. Still, it is difficult to determine the transmissibility from the block permeability. Usually, the harmonic average of the block permeability is used for the transmissibility calculation, but it might cause a loss of precision.
In this paper, we propose a method to upscale internodal permeabilities on CPG mesh. This method, called "shifted method", was first developed for Cartesian grids but it was found to be so efficient that it has been adapted to CPG. The permeability upscaling technique is integrated in the discretized numerical scheme for flow simulation. The permeability is upscaled via the transmissibility term, in accordance with the fluid flow calculation in the numerical scheme.
A special difficulty associated to CPG is the problem encountered with five-point scheme, which yields erroneous results with distorted grids. More accurate numerical schemes are needed with the ability to handle cross derivative terms. A nine-point finite volume scheme is particularly studied here and the internodal permeability technique for this scheme is presented. The "shifted method" improves fluid flow calculation on CPG mesh.
Some numerical examples based on various flow patterns are presented. The "shifted method" is compared with some published permeability upscaling procedures. Comparing the results with fine grid simulations shows that the new method is more accurate and more efficient.
Analysis of Ballooning Effects During Drilling of High Pressure High Temperature Wells
Authors: Kårstad Eirik 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The operational margins in high pressure high temperature (HPHT) wells are often very small. Therefore, it may be critical to separate between ballooning effects and responses from having a kick, or having a mud loss.
We present a new analytical model for the density-pressure-temperature dependence for drilling fluids.1 By coupling this to a temperature model for the circulating fluid temperatures,2 we can study the temperature effects on return mud volume variations. In the application of the model we simulate a North Sea well to study the effect of transient temperature behavior.
Secondary and Tertiary Gas Injection Experiments in Heterogeneous Wettability Micromodels
Authors: Laroche C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGas injection processes occupy an important place among improved oil recovery methods. In such processes three phases (water, oil, gas) coexist within the porous matrix. It has been already proved that the wettability characteristics of the solid surface and the spreading characteristics of the fluid system hold the key roles when three phases flow simultaneously in a porous medium. The objective of the present work is to analyse the effect of the wettability heterogeneities on the sweep efficiency of a gas injection by looking at the microscopic displacement mechanisms in three-phase flow when heterogeneities are involved. To this end an experimental investigation is performed in transparent glass micromodels of heterogeneous wettability. Secondary and tertiary gas injection experiments are conducted for different heterogeneity patterns. Oil-wet patches in a water-wet matrix are obtained by selective silane grafting on the glass surface. Displacement sequences are video-recorded and fluid saturations are determined by image analysis.Both experiments at secondary and tertiary conditions show that the size and distribution of wettability heterogeneities strongly affect the microscopic and macroscopic behavior during gas injection processes.