bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenomenology
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As the first step towards a positive model of cognition based on some of the traditional insights surveyed in Part I, this chapter offers a phenomenological account of how we arrive at the distinction between ‘subject’ and ‘object’ (6.1). According to this account, the first phenomenological datum is the presence of something (whatever that is) which manifests itself in two phenomenologically distinct ways: some aspects are experienced as ‘mine’, others are experienced as ‘other’ than me. At this point, we are still on the cis-side of idealism and realism, intended as further metaphysical claims regarding the nature of what manifests itself as aliud or ‘other’. A first result is that there are beings capable of awareness of the presence, not only of something but also of something other than themselves: call them ‘perceiving’ (as opposed to merely ‘sentient’) beings. Knowledge, it is then claimed (6.2), is the result of a natural relationship between an ‘I’ (a perceiving being, the subject) and a ‘not-I’ (the object). On this account, the conditions sine qua non of a cognitive relation are a subject capable of this type of awareness and an object. In other words, a cognitive relation requires an awareness (consciousness) directed toward an aliud (intentionality). In this framework, knowledge is the intentional presence of an object to a subject—a presence characterized by a sui generis unification between knower and known in the act of knowing. This account supports the view of individual knowledge as essentially and paradigmatically first-person that has already emerged in Part I (6.3).
Taxonomy of Belief and Doxastic Faith
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 13 explores two historical proposals (by Kant and Aquinas) which offer illuminating accounts of particularly significant members of the ‘doxastic family’, that is, the family of mental states that have an element of belief in combination with other (typically conative/appetitive/affective) factors (for example, trust, hope, love) which play an important role in determining assent. The first historical proposal (13.1) is Kant’s distinction between three main types of belief (pragmatic belief, theoretical belief, and moral belief), all subsumed under his broader category of ‘assenting’ (Fürwahrhalten). Kant’s fine-grained taxonomy has the merit of bringing to light the distinctive and irreplaceable contribution of belief (as distinguished from knowledge) to human cognition. The second proposal (13.2), Aquinas’s discussion of faith as a doxastic state, has the merit (among others) of offering a unified account of faith in both its secular and its religious expressions. On the one hand, a unified account shows that, as a general phenomenon of human life which involves cognitive and conative aspects, faith may constitute a valuable (and even indispensable) element in the full range of human flourishing (think of faith that justice will prevail, or of faith in your friend, in humanity, and so on). On the other hand, a unified account of faith provides grounds for rejecting epistemic double-standards when it comes to the specific case of religious faith.
Aspects of Tax Law
Authors: Kahlert Günter 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims to simplify the potential tax issues arising in relation to insolvency proceedings. It takes the legal situation in Germany as its starting point. By comparing Germany with other States, it will show, from a tax perspective, where the tension within a State’s dual responsibility (to protect the rights of the debtor and the rights of the creditors, on the one hand, and to enforce the taxes against the debtor, on the other hand) becomes apparent in insolvency proceedings and how this tension can be conceptually resolved.
The Notion of Press Freedom Now and Then
Authors: Katsirea Irini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The relationship between freedom of expression and press freedom is often hard to discern from international and national constitutional documents. The semantic distinction between the two rights might seem inconsequential at first sight, but has gained in importance as a result of the ambiguous position of citizen journalists. The rights these actors are entitled to depend on the adoption of an institutional or functional understanding of the ‘press’. They are contingent on the fair allocation of costs and benefits to these new media actors. This chapter examines, first, the protection of freedom of expression and of press freedom at international and national level. Special attention is paid to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, and to relevant developments in England, Germany, and the US. The aim of the analysis is to trace the ways in which the two rights are delineated. An equally salient distinction is that between press and broadcasting freedom. This chapter proceeds by examining the fault lines between press and broadcasting, and the ways in which they are increasingly superimposed by an overarching notion of ‘media freedom’. Finally, the question is raised whether press freedom, as both constitutional right and cultural assumption, is put to risk by intentional regulation or by regulatory creep.
Regulating Public Service Broadcasting’s Press-like Content
Authors: Katsirea Irini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Public service broadcasting (PSB) has faced searching questions about its raison d’être ever since its inception a century ago. In the UK, the stance of the press towards PSB has been ambivalent at best, hostile at worst. In Germany, a powerful press lobby has historically also been PSB’s most vociferous critic. In recent times, the amount of BBC funding, its governance, and increasingly the extent of its online remit have come under close scrutiny. This chapter will first discuss the EU parameters for the funding of PSB’s online services in comparison to the Council of Europe’s position. It will then consider the German PSB ex ante assessment and the exclusion of non-programme related press-like services from German PSBs’ public service mandate. The emphasis will be on the Tagesschau-App case, a protracted dispute about the legality of the popular news app offered by the German Association of Public Service Broadcasters (Abeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland), which was deemed anticompetitive by newspaper publishers. The last section will discuss attempts to limit the BBC’s online remit before considering the olive branch of peace the BBC proffered to the press by way of the Local Democracy Reporting Service. Ultimately, the question will be posed whether formalistic technical criteria for delineating PSB’s online remit from that of the press are conducive to creating a democratic media environment.
Integral Democracy
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the crucial years 1945–8 and examines how Catholics, in collaboration and in contrast with the other parties, became the dominant party of Italian politics. The focus is on Christian Democracy’s effort to face the social and economic emergence of the immediate post-war years and on its commitment toward the institutional and political re-construction of the country in the transition to democracy. In this process, many of the ideas developed during the war (as in the Camaldoli Code) were turned into realpolitik. The chapter also follows De Gasperi’s efforts to keep together the party and bring Italy back to the international system in the context of the incipient Cold War. While to some extent the Holy See looked with favor toward a Catholic political party, defending Italy from the threat of Communism, the chapter will discuss how there was at the same time continued tension between the outlook of the Vatican and the Christian Democratic party and its policies.
An International Law Phenomenon
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Introduction provides an overview of how fair and equitable benefit-sharing has emerged across different areas of international law in terms of history, conceptual distinctions, and normative areas of convergence. It introduces three lenses that will enrich the doctrinal analysis in this book. First, treaties and other international frameworks will be understood as ‘incompletely theorized agreements’, because the (re)elaboration of fair and equitable benefit-sharing approaches under various areas of international law is ongoing. Second, treaties and other international frameworks will be understood as integral components of global law; part of complex interactions with other levels and sources of law. Third, equity in international law will be connected with ongoing scholarly debate on environmental justice, aiming to connect current theoretical discussions about different concepts of justice and possible trade-offs among them to interpretations that support coherence in international law.
Conclusions
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the key findings of the book and the importance of the proposed mutually supportive interpretation of fair and equitable benefit-sharing with international human rights law. The chapter also brings together various reflections on the status of fair and equitable benefit-sharing in international law, considering limited and qualified treaty bases, the debated relevance of authoritative interpretations, as well as arguments already put forward in specialist literature. An argument about fair and equitable benefit-sharing as a general principle of international law will be developed and its implications for the exercise of States’ discretionary powers and for international organizations will be considered. This chapter concludes by identifying outstanding research questions in order to further clarify the content of the duty to cooperate in international law, not only among States, but also with human rights holders, civil society, and private companies.
Applying the Rule of Treaty Interpretation to the 1951 Convention
Authors: Dunlop Emma 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 analyses the general rule of treaty interpretation, before turning to the evidentiary weight that can be attributed to three sets of materials: (i) domestic and regional court decisions; (ii) the UNHCR Handbook, Guidelines, and other interpretative materials; and (iii) ExCom Conclusions. It notes that the key sources of international refugee law fit uncomfortably within the parameters of the general rule in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna Convention). A ‘grey zone’ exists in which instruments that do not constitute interpretative tools under the Vienna Convention rule are nonetheless relied on as ‘persuasive’ in its interpretation. The chapter then assesses whether a human rights approach to interpreting the 1951 Convention is justified. It argues that the 1951 Convention warrants a dynamic or evolutionary approach to interpretation that allows the development of human rights law more broadly to be considered in the interpretative process.
Which Atrocities? On Effectiveness
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the principle of effectiveness and, in particular, the claim that states should prioritize whatever course of action is expected to save the most lives—the ‘basic maximization principle’. It applies this principle to the case of multiple instances of mass atrocities. The chapter argues that, unlike some recent practice, states should focus on saving the most lives when considering which mass atrocities to prioritize. In presenting this argument, the chapter notes that it is not enough to simply aim to save some lives somewhere; instead, there is a duty to prioritize justly. It goes on to highlight the limitations of the basic maximization principle, claiming that there are other relevant considerations for prioritization, such as the deontological (although not absolute) importance of refraining from action that is likely to do harm.
Verse Takes Breath
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
More so than today, poetry in this period was a matter of the voice spoken and heard. This fact aids in the close reading of various types of verse, such as debate poems, conversation pieces, flytings, songs, and prayers. Audiences hearing early poetry read aloud or recited had less local mobility within the text than the present-day readers do when reading by eye, so early poetry often rewards an approach sensitive to accumulated effects. Understanding a context of reading aloudhelps us see the function of asides, speaker indicators, and restatements of topic in poetry. Religious drama and secular interludes are explored for their crafty uses of dialogue and sound.
Introduction
Authors: Cochrane Alasdair , Cojocaru Mara-Daria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we introduce the book in three steps. First, we explain the motivation behind the book. We sketch an account of the ‘political turn’ in animal ethics, which sees sentient animals not just as creatures with moral status, but as members of our political communities. Given that solidaristic relations between members are a feature of political communities, we ask whether solidarity can extend beyond humans. Second, we offer a conceptual survey of solidarity and how different conceptions might apply to animals. We draw on Sally Scholz’s tripartite account of solidarity, which differentiates between social, civic, and political solidarity. Finally, we summarize the chapters to follow, and how they have been organized around three overlapping themes: (I) political visions of multispecies solidaristic inclusion; (II) political practices in which solidarity with and on behalf of animals are enacted; (III) alternative sources of solidarity with and among animals.
Solidarity and Co-creation with Animals in the Nordic Welfare State
Authors: Harfeld Jes Lynning 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Human–animal studies in the humanities and social sciences has expanded tremendously throughout the last twenty years, including a recent ‘political turn’ in animal ethics. Following these developments, a great number of political concepts have been revisited with the aim of trying to answer the question of how to best and most meaningfully understand animals as members of our political communities. Questions here arise about citizenship, its limits, and what type of citizen rights animals could or should have in our political societies. To adequately include animals as true members of society they must be treated as co-creators of society, including but also exceeding voting and classic political representation. Co-creation as a political philosophy and practice rests on a type of solidarity, exemplified by the Nordic welfare state. Although the Nordic welfare state, in any of its current incarnations, is not species inclusive, it is the most promising framework for taking the concepts and practices of solidarity and co-creation beyond the species barrier.
Storying Solidarity for Effective Animal Rights Practice on the Ground
Authors: Lockwood Alex 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the concept of solidarity as it is practised by animal rights organizers by looking at a case study from the UK group Animal Rebellion (now Animal Rising) as they prepared their campaign and specific actions during the 2019 International Rebellion as organized by Extinction Rebellion. Specifically, this chapter looks at the ways in which solidarity is understood during real-world organizing strategies, and uses a theoretical approach grounded in the analysis of solidarity as a metaphor and its role in the linguistic and narrative strategy of the organizing practices. The chapter argues that this close attention to the understood meaning of the concept of solidarity as a metaphor, which can be understood differently by different individuals and groups, opens up the possibilities of new metaphors of solidarity that would be more supportive of effective animal rights organization and practice on the ground.
Solidarity and Animals in Catholic Social Teaching
Authors: Steck, SJ Christopher 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that solidarity, especially as the term is used in Catholic Social Teaching, is a virtue that is distinctively ‘sin-inflected’. Solidarity requires of the moral agent not only that they embrace a particular good but that they also comport themselves in a particular way to the evil threatening that good. This stance includes: (1) an attentiveness that gives an epistemic privilege to the cries of those suffering injustice, (2) a choice to name the injustice that causes this suffering and stand in union both with its victims and those working to overcome it, and (3) a commitment to labour, in one’s own personal life, against the underlying social practices and structures that lead to unjust suffering. The essay further argues that the same elements that make the virtue of solidarity necessary for adequately confronting injustice in human society also apply to our treatment of animals (e.g. a tendency to ignore or obscure their suffering and resist social change). Therefore, it is appropriate, in a Catholic framework, to describe the human relationship with animals as one of solidarity.
Mutual Trust and the Future of Fundamental Rights Protection in the EU’s Compound Legal Order
Authors: Eckes Christina 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Protecting fundamental rights within the EU’s compound legal order should be understood in the context of the power relations between EU institutions and Member States. On the one hand, respect for fundamental rights is the necessary basis for a legal order based on mutual trust. National courts accept and apply EU law only if it does not infringe national fundamental rights. EU constitutional principles of quasi-federal cooperation, such as mutual trust and sincere cooperation, only work if protection of rights is guaranteed. On the other hand, Member States do not want the EU to determine cultural and identity related questions under the banner of protecting EU fundamental rights, particularly outside of the scope of EU law. Fundamental rights requirements imposed by the EU have a harmonizing effect that is unwanted by Member States. This chapter highlights particular difficulties the EU faces in offering effective protection of fundamental rights. This becomes particularly apparent in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ), which is based on judicial cooperation. The CJEU has developed a new constitutional principle of mutual trust as the central rule of cooperation in the AFSJ. This chapter discusses the organization of rights protection within the EU against the conceptual considerations of universal human rights and relative fundamental rights. It engages with the meaning of ‘trust’ and identifies a problematic ripple effect of rights violation when cooperation is based on mutual trust. Cooperation within the AFSJ requires some supranational elements of common rules, standards, monitoring, and consequences of non-compliance.
Clement of Alexandria and the Judgement of Taste
Authors: Heath J. M. F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book gives an account of Clement of Alexandria’s Paedagogus as a programme in the formation of the judgement of taste, and puts this in critical dialogue with some modern approaches to the judgement of taste and aesthetics. Its questions are framed in light of Pierre Bourdieu’s Distinction, which was a landmark in 20th century scholarship on the theory of taste. However, I seek answers based on a study of Clement’s rhetoric and theology in the context of the Christian Second Sophistic, when Christians were experimenting with new ways of inhabiting the rhetorical and philosophical culture in the Greco-Roman world. The Paedagogus manifests Clement’s pedagogical method and rhetorical strategy at the early stages of Christian formation, when his audience are not yet ready for abstract philosophical argument. This was a time for forming their habits of judgement and preferences of ‘taste’, so as to ground preferences in daily life in deeper desires and aversions that are structured through relationship with God. This was an immensely important stage of formation: many people never got beyond this to the philosophical curriculum, and yet through engaging the ‘tastes’ of a wide audience, Christian leaders sought to spread the gospel, and indeed succeeded in doing so. Even for the intellectual elites, personal formation through preferences of taste was part of how they embodied their desire for God in this life, and the way they inhabited it through the sacramental and ascetic life of the church. Bourdieu’s sociological and anthropological approach proves fruitful for understanding aspects of Clement’s rhetorical method and purpose, but the study of Clement’s theological rhetoric in its cultural context points the way to a theological response to Bourdieu’s theory of taste.
Introduction
Authors: Heath J. M. F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Several scholars have highlighted the significance of the judgement of ‘taste’ in Christian formation (both ancient and modern), but this remains a relatively new area of study. Moral formation has been more extensively studied than aesthetic, and the interconnection between the two has been under-recognized. This book frames its questions in light of Bourdieu’s theory of taste, which he developed in Distinction, but the answers come from interpreting Clement of Alexandria’s work in the context of the Christian Second Sophistic. This contributes to understanding Clement both in his historical cultural context and in his significance for Christian tradition. ‘Taste’ is a slippery word, so this chapter disaggregates discursive contexts in which it is important in interdisciplinary dialogue. It compares the term ‘taste’ with Clement’s expression philokalos proairesis to indicate some initial lines of resonance and deviation between ancient and modern, and it responds to the potential criticism that ‘taste’ is an anachronistic category.
Desire
Authors: Heath J. M. F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Bourdieu has a very thin account of desire in his theory of taste. Christian theologians emphasize that Christian ‘taste’ is oriented to the love of God, but the way they parse that varies widely. To the extent we can tell from the extant sources, Clement was the first to make philanthrōpia as a divine attribute central to constructive Christian theology both in anti-pagan polemic and in theological debate with Christians from other sects. This chapter shows how Clement interprets divine philanthrōpia theologically in relation to doctrines of creation, redemption, and scriptural pedagogy, and how he makes these ‘tasty’ (i.e. viscerally attractive, pleasing) to his audience through the way they may be inhabited in embodied and ecclesial life.