bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water‐based ZrO2 pretreatment for AA2024 aluminum alloy
Authors: Andreatta F. , Paussa L. , Aldighieri P. , Lanzutti A. , Ondratschek D. , Fedrizzi L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDesign, development and scale‐up of environmentally friendly coatings are very important in order to replace chromate‐based coatings for aluminum alloys. Sol–gel materials are candidates for use in protective coating applications, as it is possible to form highly adherent and chemically inert oxide films on metal substrates. ZrO2 pretreatments were developed by means of sol–gel technology. An inorganic salt was employed as Zr precursor in an aqueous solution. The deposition was initially carried out on AA2024 by means of dip and spray technology at laboratory scale. Corrosion inhibitors were introduced to improve corrosion behavior of the films. At a later stage, coating deposition was carried out with a robot‐controlled air‐pressure gun in spraying cabins in order to evaluate industrial production of the pretreatments. Film morphology and composition were investigated by means of SEM‐EDXS and GDOES. The electrochemical behavior of the ZrO2 pretreatments was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization. The water‐based ZrO2 pretreatment investigated in this work is thin and well adherent on the substrate. Barrier properties are similar to those of chromate conversion coating. Results on samples produced with robot‐controlled air‐pressure gun indicate that ZrO2 pretreatments are suitable for industrial application. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of a fast scanning technique for corrosion inhibitor selection: influence of cross‐contamination on AA2024‐T3
Authors: Garcia S. J. , Muster T. H. , Hughes A. E. , White P. A. , Lau D. , Markley T. , Harvey T. , Sherman N. , Hardin S. , Corrigan P. , Glenn M. , Mardel J. , Terryn H. , de Wit J. H. W. , Mol J. M. C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAiming the assessment of novel, environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors that can substitute chromate‐based ones, this work describes and validates a method for the rapid screening of water‐soluble inhibitors. The technique involves a fixed potential being applied between identical electrodes while immersed in an inhibitive solution and with the absence of a reference electrode. The current flowing between the electrodes is measured and the combined electrochemical response of the anodic and cathodic reactions, with and without the inhibitor, is then characterized. The incorporation of nine pairs of different metallic wires into a single assembly enables the effect of inhibitors on different metals to be assessed rapidly. The methodology presented allows approximately 30 electrochemical experiments to be performed per hour. In order to prove the usefulness of the proposed rapid screening technique (multielectrode), results obtained with the multielectrode are validated by comparison to the results obtained with a single electrode using only AA2024‐T3. The accuracy, reproducibility and parameter dependence has been assessed with the variation of inhibitor type and solution pH. Low absolute errors are found when studying inhibitors with good performance, giving confidence that no good inhibitors would be missed by this rapid screening method. The effect of cross‐contamination has been assessed and found to be negligible for almost all the pH range. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrodeposition and the properties of composite Zn + Ni coatings
Authors: Panek Joanna , Bierska‐Piech Bożena , Ła̧giewka Eugeniusz , Budniok Antoni 
Published: March 2010

AbstractComposite Zn + Ni coatings were obtained by electrodeposition of Zn with Ni particles on a steel substrate from a zinc chloride based electrolyte in which metallic Ni powder was suspended by mechanical stirring. The deposition was carried out under galvanostatic conditions. The effect of the metal powder amount in the bath, as well as the deposition current density, on the content of incorporated Ni particles in the coatings was investigated. The deposits have been characterized by the presence of Ni particles embedded into the crystalline Zn matrix. The mechanism of metallic particles' embedding was explained on the base of Zn2+ ions adsorption process. The surface morphology of the obtained coatings was investigated by SEM method.The deposited composite coatings were subjected to the thermal treatment in order to carry out the reaction in the solid state between the zinc matrix and incorporated Ni particles and to reach the better homogeneity of the examined material.The corrosion resistance properties of Zn and Zn + Ni coatings in 5% NaCl solution were compared by examining the results acquired through Stern method and electrochemical scanning methods. The corrosion potential Ecorr, corrosion current density icorr and polarization resistance Rp have been determined, as a measure of corrosion resistance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AES of thin oxide layers on a duplex stainless steel surface
Authors: Mandrino Djordje , Donik Črtomir , Jenko Monika 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThin oxide layers were produced by exposing polished and ion‐sputtered duplex stainless steel surfaces to ambient conditions for 24 h. Another type of oxide layer was produced in a plasma passivation chamber. These layers were then studied using SEM and high‐resolution Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) profiling. The exposure under ambient conditions and the plasma passivation procedure produced broadly similar layers with thicknesses up to several nanometers. A stratified structure was observed for the Fe‐oxide/Cr‐oxide layers. The results were compared with those obtained in an x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study of the same system. Linear least‐squares fitting was used to resolve the partially overlapping O and Cr Auger peaks at 510 and 530 eV, thus improving the accuracy of the AES depth profile. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amine species on self‐assembled monolayers of ω‐aminothiolates on gold as identified by XPS and NEXAFS spectroscopy
Authors: Dietrich Paul M. , Graf Nora , Gross Thomas , Lippitz Andreas , Krakert Simone , Schüpbach Björn , Terfort Andreas , Unger Wolfgang E. S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFunctionalised surfaces are of interest in many fields, e.g. in biomedicine, materials science and molecular electronics. In this study a series of self‐assembled aliphatic and aromatic monolayers on gold substrates with terminal amino groups was investigated. Four different thiol molecules were used: aliphatic 11‐aminoundecane‐1‐thiol (AUDT), aromatic 4‐aminobenzenethiol (ABT) and aromatic ω‐amino thiols with an alkyl spacer as 4‐aminophenylbutane‐1‐thiol (APBT) and 3‐(4″‐amino‐1,1′:4′,1″‐terphenyl‐4‐yl)propane‐1‐thiol (ATPT). Evaluation of N 1s XPS data revealed that on the aromatic self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) amino groups exist preferentially as primary amines, whereas on the aliphatic SAM protonated and/or hydrogen‐bonded amines are the major species. This result is crosschecked by N K edge near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and can be rationalised by the different basicity of aliphatic and aromatic amines. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of HDTMA‐bentonite: Characterization studies and its adsorption behavior toward dibenzofuran
Authors: Erdem Bilge , Özcan A. Safa , Özcan Adnan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBentonite is one of the most commonly used raw materials in the water treatment processes because of its low cost, easily availability and high mechanical and chemical stability. In this study, natural bentonite was modified with a large organic surfactant, which is hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium (HDTMA) bromide. The modified bentonite was called organobentonite. The surface characterization of natural bentonite and HDTMA‐bentonite was examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. FTIR spectroscopy showed the existence of HDTMA functional groups on bentonite surface. XRD results revealed randomly lateral‐monolayer arrangements of the intercalated alkylammonium cation. The BET surface area significantly decreased after the modification due to the coverage of the pores of natural bentonite. Differences in the differential thermogravimetric (DTG) peaks for natural‐ and HDTMA‐bentonite were observed and interpreted. HDTMA‐bentonite was then tested as an adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds such as dibenzofuran (DBF) from aqueous solutions. The amount of adsorption for HDTMA‐bentonite was found to be around 20 times higher than that of natural bentonite in 10 mg dm−3 DBF solution at 20 °C. The adsorption kinetics of DBF onto HDTMA‐bentonite was also studied at 20, 30 and 40 °C and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The overall adsorption process was exothermic and physical in nature. The results indicate that HDTMA‐bentonite is an effective and a low‐cost adsorbent for the removal of heterocyclic aromatic compounds such as DBF. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface state density analyzing of Au/TiO2(rutile)/n–Si Schottky barrier diode
Authors: Altuntas H. , Bengi A. , Asar T. , Aydemir U. , Sarıkavak B. , Ozen Y. , Altındal Ş , Ozcelik S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to analyze interface states (Nss) in Au/TiO2(Rutile)/n–Si Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs). TiO2 was deposited on a n–Si substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering and annealed at 900 °C for 4 h in atmosphere to obtain rutile phase. The current voltage (I‐V) characteristics of SBDs were measured at room temperature. From the I‐V characteristics of the SBDs ideality factor (n) and zero‐bias barrier height values (ϕBo) 2.3 and 0.76 eV, respectively, were obtained. The Nss distribution profile (Nss) as a function of (Ec − Ess) was extracted from the forward‐bias I‐V measurements by taking account effective barrier height and (ϕe) and series resistance (Rs) for the Schottky diode. Nss values ranges from 4.3 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1 in (Ec − 0.33) eV and 8.0 × 1013 cm−2 eV−1 in (Ec − 0.33) eV. These values are better than in the literature values where TiO2 was deposited sol‐gel method. The Nss values taking into Rs were lower than without Rs. This shows that Rs should be taking account. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MaD‐WiSe: a distributed stream management system for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Amato Giuseppe , Chessa Stefano , Vairo Claudio 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWireless sensor networks (WSN) are composed of several sensors having limited memory, processing power, communication bandwidth, and energy, which cooperate in performing a given task. The use of the database paradigm has emerged in the last few years as a viable solution to manage data in such a context. In this paper we present the MaD‐WiSe system, a distributed query processing framework that moves the processing of the query into the network. MaD‐WiSe reconsiders various aspects related to database system design and it reinterprets them according to the WSN constraints and requirements. In particular it considers the aspects related to the definition of a query language to formalize the queries, a stream model to manage data acquired by the sensors, a query algebra to define the operators that actually perform the query, and energy efficiency and query optimization strategies for saving energy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Polytetrafluoroethylene Graft Bypass for Primary Infected Aneurysm of the Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta
Authors: Kwon Tae‐Won , Kim Hyang‐Kyoung , Moon Ki‐Myung , Cho Yong‐Pil , Park Sang‐Jun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundReinfection is a major issue of surgical treatment for patients with infected abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The present report describes outcomes after use of our procedure for treating patients with infected aneurysm of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The procedure involved an in situ polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft bypass and omental wrapping of the graft. The procedure was used regardless of the presence of Gram‐stain‐positive pus or tissue or the type of pathogen identified.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed nine consecutive patients with primary infected aneurysms of the infrarenal abdominal aorta treated from June 2001 to August 2006 at the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Diagnosis was based on preoperative abdominopelvic CT scans. Treatment involved removal of all infected tissue, including infected aorta tissue, in situ PTFE graft reconstruction, and wrapping of the graft with retrocolically transposed great omentum. Sensitive antibiotics were administered before and after the operation.ResultsIn all cases, aneurysms were the result of aortitis and aortic wall perforation, and presented as aortic pseudoaneurysms with rupture. The pathogens identified wereSalmonella non‐typhi(n= 4),Klebsiella pneumoniae(n= 2),Streptococcus pneumoniae(n= 1),Citrobacter freundii(n= 1), andBrucella abortus(n= 1). There was no infection‐related morbidity or mortality during a median follow‐up period of 49 months.ConclusionsSurgical treatment comprising complete removal of all infected tissue, in situ PTFE graft reconstruction, and omental wrapping of the graft was effective in treating infected AAA. Key adjunct procedures were a precise preoperative diagnosis using abdominopelvic CT scans, and pre‐ and postoperative sensitive antibiotic treatment.
Preoperative estimation of asialoglycoprotein receptor expression in the remnant liver from CT/99mTc‐GSA SPECT fusion images correlates well with postoperative liver function parameters
Authors: Iimuro Yuji , Kashiwagi Toru , Yamanaka Junichi , Hirano Tadamichi , Saito Shinichi , Sugimoto Takaaki , Watanabe Shinichiro , Kuroda Nobukazu , Okada Toshihiro , Asano Yasukane , Uyama Naoki , Fujimoto Jiro 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundAccurate preoperative estimation of remnant liver function is critically important for hepatic surgery, and the expression of asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) is associated with hepatic function.MethodsThirty‐two patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent surgical resection were studied. To estimate the expression of ASGPR in the remnant liver, simulated surgery was performed on fusion images that combined data from99mtechnetium‐galactosyl human serum albumin (99mTc‐GSA)/single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) scanning. The liver uptake ratio (LUR) of99mTc‐GSA and the functional liver volume (FLV) in the remnant liver were predicted and were compared with postoperative liver function parameters.ResultsThe LUR of99mTc‐GSA was strongly correlated with the extent of hepatic ASGPR expression (r = 0.944,p = 5.01 × 10−16), being confirmed to be a reliable parameter for the evaluation of liver function. The estimated remnant LUR, but not the estimated remnant FLV, was significantly correlated with postoperative liver function parameters, such as serum total bilirubin (r = −0.430,p < 0.05), prothrombin activity (r = 0.515,p < 0.01), and serum cholinesterase activity (r = 0.546,p < 0.01) at 1 week.ConclusionPreoperative estimation of the extent of ASGPR expression in the remnant liver on CT/GSA‐SPECT fusion images correlated well with postoperative liver function parameters, suggesting its usefulness for surgical decisions.
Understanding and Improving the Effectiveness of After‐School Practice
Authors: Granger Robert C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe question driving research on after‐school programs is shifting from “do programs make a difference,” to “why are some programs effective while others are not?” This article draws on the work in this volume and related studies to suggest that there is an emerging consensus on the importance of staff‐youth interactions as a determinant of program effectiveness. The commentary recommends that future research should continue to focus on understanding and improving program practices at the point‐of‐service. In doing so, two lines of inquiry seem promising. The first involves linking measures of changes in staff‐youth interactions to changes in developmental outcomes. The second is to examine how policies or other interventions intended to improve program effectiveness affect the practices of line staff.
The use of botulinum toxin A in children with cerebral palsy, with a focus on the lower limb
Authors: Molenaers Guy , Van Campenhout Anja , Fagard Katrien , De Cat Jos , Desloovere Kaat 
Published: March 2010

Purpose The purpose of this review is to clarify the role of botulinum toxin serotype A (BTX-A) in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy (CP), with a special focus on the lower limb. Background The treatment of spasticity is central in the clinical management of children with CP. BTX-A blocks the release of acetylcholine at the motor end plate, causing a temporary muscular denervation and, in an indirect way, a reduced spasticity. Children with increased tone develop secondary problems over time, such as muscle contractures and bony deformities, which impair their function and which need orthopaedic surgery. However in these younger children, delaying surgery is crucial because the results of early surgical interventions are less predictable and have a higher risk of failure and relapse. As BTX-A treatment reduces tone in a selective way, it allows a better motor control and muscle balance across joints, resulting in an improved range of motion and potential to strengthen antagonist muscles, when started at a young age. The effects are even more obvious when the correct BTX-A application is combined with other conservative therapies, such as physiotherapy, orthotic management and casts. There is now clear evidence that the consequences of persistent increased muscle tone can be limited by applying an integrated multi-level BTX-A treatment approach. Nevertheless, important challenges such as patient selection, defining appropriate individual goals, timing, dosing and dilution, accuracy of injection technique and how to measure outcomes will be questioned. Therefore, “reflection is more important than injection” remains an actual statement.
Characterization of tau fibrillization in vitro
Authors: Xu Shaohua , Brunden Kurt R. , Trojanowski John Q. , Lee Virginia M.‐Y. 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundThe assembly of tau proteins into paired helical filaments, the building blocks of neurofibrillary tangles, is linked to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. A greater understanding of this assembly process could identify targets for the discovery of drugs to treat Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. By using recombinant human tau, we have delineated events leading to the conversion of normal soluble tau into tau fibrils.MethodsAtomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methodologies were used to determine the structure of tau assemblies that formed when soluble tau was incubated with heparin for increasing lengths of time.ResultsTau initially oligomerizes into spherical nucleation units of 18‐ to 21‐nm diameter that appear to assemble linearly into nascent fibrils. Among the earliest tau fibrils are species that resemble a string of beads formed by linearly aligned spheres that with time seem to coalesce to form straight and twisted ribbon‐like filaments, as well as paired helical filaments similar to those found in human tauopathies. An analysis of fibril cross sections at later incubation times revealed three fundamental axial structural features.ConclusionsBy monitoring tau fibrillization, we showed that different tau filament morphologies coexist. Temporal changes in the predominant tau structural species suggest that tau fibrillization involves the generation of structural intermediates, resulting in the formation of tau fibrils with verisimilitude to their authentic human counterparts.
COMPOSITION OPERATORS BELONGING TO SCHATTEN CLASS 𝒮p
Authors: YUAN CHENG , ZHOU ZE-HUA 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe investigate the composition operators Cφ acting on the Bergman space of the unit disc D, where φ is a holomorphic self-map of D. Some new conditions for Cφ to belong to the Schatten class 𝒮p are obtained. We also construct a compact composition operator which does not belong to any Schatten class.
Richness, origin and structure of anEimeriacommunity in a population of Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) introduced into Italy
Authors: BERTOLINO S. , HOFMANNOVÁ L. , GIRARDELLO M. , MODRY D. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe composition and structure of a community ofEimeriawas investigated in a population of Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) introduced into Italy. EightEimeriaspecies were found, of which all but 1 had North American origins and were presumably introduced into Italy together with imported cottontails. The success of cottontails in spreading microparasites is probably related to their massive release for hunting purposes. Nearly all cottontails were infected with at least 1Eimeriaspecies, with bimonthly prevalence ranging from 0–6·3% (E. leporis) to 42·9–89·3% (E. environ). Bayesian model averaging and multivariate techniques were used to investigate the relationships between the occurrence of each parasite and the structure of the relative community. Among the host parameters, only sex was found to be associated with the prevalence ofE. honessi, while the rest of the parameters were only weakly correlated with prevalence and species richness. This indicates that individual phenotypic host characteristics are probably less important than environmental factors in determining levels of parasite prevalence and diversity. The community ofEimeriaspecies was probably structured by competition, with less species co-occurrence than expected under a null hypothesis. This was made evident by the low co-occurrence ofE. environandE. neoirresiduawithE. poudrei,E. honessi, andE. maior.
Eimeria tenellaglucose-6-phosphate isomerase: molecular characterization and assessment as a target for anti-coccidial control
Authors: LOO S.-S. , BLAKE D. P. , MOHD-ADNAN A. , MOHAMED R. , WAN K.-L. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYLimitations with current chemotherapeutic and vaccinal control of coccidiosis caused byEimeriaspecies continue to prompt development of novel controls, including the identification of new drug targets. Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6-PI) has been proposed as a valid drug target for many protozoa, although polymorphism revealed by electrophoretic enzyme mobility has raised doubts forEimeria. In this study we identified and sequenced theEimeria tenellaG6-PI orthologue (EtG6-PI) from the reference Houghton strain and confirmed its position within the prevailing taxonomic hierarchy, branching with the Apicomplexa and Plantae, distinct from the Animalia including the host,Gallus gallus. Comparison of the deduced 1647 bpEtG6-PIcoding sequence with the 9016 bp genomic locus revealed 15 exons, all of which obey the intron-AG-/exon/-GT-intron splicing rule. Comparison with the Weybridge and Wisconsin strains revealed the presence of 33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 14 insertion/deletion sites. Three SNPs were exonic and all yielded non-synonymous substitutions. Preliminary structural predictions suggest little association between the coding SNPs and key G6-PI catalytic residues or residues thought to be involved in the coordination of the G6-PI's substrate phosphate group. Thus, the significant polymorphism from its host orthologue and minimal intra-specific polymorphism suggest G6-PI remains a valid anti-coccidial drug target.