bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Functional morphology of the Scolex and of the Genitalia in Echinobothrium brachysoma Pintner and E. affine Diesing from Raja clavata L.
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

1. Echinobothrium brachysoma Pintner and E. affine Diesing have been found in the spiral valve of Raja clavata L. off the coast of Britain.2. The spiral valve is lined by tubular crypts into which the scolices of the worms are thrust, the strobila, with one gravid proglottid, being free in the lumen.3. The functional morphology of the scolex of E. brachysoma has been described. That of E. affine appears to be similar.4. The scolex adheres, mainly, by the apical hooks which can be raised by inner and outer elevator muscles attached to their roots and closely associated with the rostellum.5. The rostellum can be protruded by the contraction of a dorsal and a ventral protractor muscle. Movements of the rostellum elongate the scolex in a dorsoventral direction, forcing the apical hooks against the crypt wall and supporting them.6. The peduncle hooks are not often embedded in the epithelium. Both series of hooks damage the epithelial lining of the crypt.7. The remaining musculature, excretory and nervous systems are described.8. The genitalia are essentially the same in both species. The number of testes varies from one proglottid to another in the same worm. In E. brachysoma the mid-ventral genital atrium is near the posterior end which affects the course of the vagina. The eggs in both species include two yolk cells which are similar to those of the Digenea and Pseudophyllidea.
Comparison of penetration and maturation of Schistosoma mansoni in four strains of mice
Authors: Stirewalt M. A. , Shepperson J. R. , Lincicome D. R. 
Published: June 2009

Penetration and maturation of Schistosoma mansoni were compared in four strains of mice under controlled conditions, with the C3H as the reference strain. Differences were observed in (1) average numbers of cercariae penetrating, (2) percentage of individual mice penetrated by at least 90% of the available cercariae, (3) worm burdens, (4) maturation of penetrants, and (5) consistency of mice with reference to these characteristics. Criteria 2, 4 and 5 have not been evaluated in this way before.Best average penetration (47%), greatest consistency, and highest percentage of samples with at least 90% of the cercariae penetrating were in mice of the C3H strain (85%). Of the other strains the Swiss albino strain most resembled strain C3H. Beige and hairless mice were comparatively resistant to penetration since only 60 and 30% respectively of these hosts had at least 90% of the cercariae penetrating. Hairless mice gave the best average worm recovery (23%) and parasite maturation (53%) and beige the poorest (15 and 34%). Mice of the Swiss and beige strains were highly variable in terms of parasite maturation.The establishment of reproducible differences in infections of hosts at the sub-specific level provides basic information for investigation of factors which influence penetration and maturation and which are thus involved in host specificity and innate resistance in closely related animals.The authors are grateful to Dr Margaret Deringer, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, for the hairless mice and to Mildred Walters, Naval Medical Research Institute, for assistance in the production of cercariae.
On species of the genusCapillariaZeder, 1800 (Nematoda) from British domestic fowl
Authors: Wakelin D. 
Published: June 2009

Four species of the genusCapillaria—C. anatis, C. bursata, C. caudinflataandC. obsignata—are described from the domestic fowl.C. bursataconstitutes a new species record for Britain. Taxonomic problems concerning these species in particular, and ofCapillariaspecies in general, are discussed in the light of experience gained from the present study.This work was carried out during the tenure of a British Egg Marketing Board research studentship and is part of a thesis accepted by the University of London for the Ph.D. degree. My thanks are due to the director of the Houghton Poultry Research Station for granting facilities for work and to the staff for their help and encouragement. Mr R. A. Avery kindly supplied me with material collected from the Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge.
A revision of the genusKhaliliaNeveu-Lemaire, 1924 (Nematoda: Strongyloidea)
Authors: Ogden Colin G. 
Published: June 2009

It is established that the generaAmiraLane, 1914, andAmiroidesStrand, 1929, are synonyms of the genusKhaliliaNeveu-Lemaire, 1924.The two valid species,K. sameeraandK. pileata, are redescribed.K. sameerais designated as the type-species of the genus.K. butaandK. rhinocerotisare considered to be synonyms ofK. sameera, whilstK. straeliniis considered to be aspecies dubia.I wish to express my thanks to Dr W. G. Inglis, British Museum (Natural History), for his advice and criticism, and to Mr S. Prudhoe, British Museum (Natural History), for reading this paper in manuscript.I would also like to thank Dr P. L. G. Benoit, Musée Royal de I'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium, for the loan of material used in this study, and to Dr R. P. Lee, University College Dublin, Ireland, for the donation of specimens ofK. sameera.
Investigations on osmotic regulation in the parasitic nematode,Aspiculuris tetrapteraSchulz
Authors: Anya A. O. 
Published: June 2009

In the mouse pinworm,Aspiculuris tetraptera, the basic features of the process of osmotic regulation is similar to the process in other nematodes such asParascaris equorum, Rhabditis terrestrisandHammerschmidtiella diesingi.The ability to osmoregulate is, however, utilized more effectively in a hypertonic than in a hypotonic solution.The body fluid is isotonic with 35 % sea water. The relative accuracy of this value is confirmed by direct measurements of the depression of freezing point of the body fluid. This is approximately 0.68–0.69 °C, which is approximately 0.12 % NaCl, which is higher than the value forAscaris(= 0.655 °C).My thanks are due to Dr D. L. Lee for helpful discussions on some aspects of this study.
The biology ofLeptocotyle minor, a skin parasite of the dogfish,Scyliorhinus canicula
Authors: Kearn G. C. 
Published: June 2009

Leptocotyle minoris a monogenean parasite specialized for living on the denticlecovered skin of the dogfishScyliorhinus canicula. Each adult parasite attaches itself to the outer surface of a single denticle. Small postlarvae are found on the inner surfaces of the denticles. The denticles have hard enamel on both inner and outer exposed surfaces. Haptoral hooks, such as are present in other monogenean oncomiracidia, would be unable to penetrate this hard surface and are absent in postlarval and adult parasites which attach themselves by cement. The oncomiracidium possesses six haptoral spicules which may be homologues of the marginal hooks of other monogeneans, but these spicules disappear early in postoncomiracidial development.Adult parasites feed on the host's epidermis which lies between the denticles. The position of small postlarvae on the inner surfaces of the denticles enables them to reach the epidermis for feeding purposes. Growth then permits young parasites to migrate away from the epidermis on to the outer surfaces of the denticles.Adult parasites move from one denticle to another in a leech-like manner, and copulation occurs between parasites which meet as a result of these movements.I am grateful to the Director and Staff of the Plymouth Laboratory for their hospitality and particularly to Mr J. E. Green for his interest and co-operation.
The structure and function of the adhesive organ in strigeid trematodes
Authors: Öhman Christina 
Published: June 2009

A short account of the biology and life-cycle of Diplostomum spathaceum is given.The morphology of the forebody is described in some detail. The lappets are well developed and function as organs of attachment as well as being reservoirs for the secretion from the forebody gland cells. The adhesive organ is variable in form and the muscles facilitating the movements are described in detail. Pressure changes in the excretory system are thought to assist in evaginating the adhesive organ.The histochemical tests gave the following results. The phosphatases present in the adhesive organ and the forebody gland cells are of the acid variety, the alkaline phosphatase is only present in the cuticle, traces of it occur in the lappets and forebody gland cells. No leucine aminopeptidase activity was observed. The esterase present is either a pseudocholinesterase or a non-specific B-esterase. The presence of RNA is confined to areas of enzyme formation.The in vitro studies confirmed the absence of alkaline phosphatase and the presence of acid phosphatase and esterase in the forebody. They also showed a secretion of acid phosphatase and esterase to the exterior of the parasite.Diplostomum spathaceum has very little effect on the host mucosa, but some lysis of the host tissues in contact with the forebody and especially the lappets, is observed. The response of the host to the parasite is likewise very small.The source of nutrients for D. spathaceum is believed to be the contents of the host alimentary tract, host mucus secretions and to a small extent disintegrated host tissues.I am very grateful to Dr D. A. Erasmus for advice and encouragement during this study and to Professor J. Brough for his interest and for provision of excellent working facilities. The work was conducted during the tenure of a Rotary Foundation Scholarship for International Understanding and a grant from Nylands Nation (Helsingfors, Finland).
Sex ratio, weight, length and numbers of Labiostrongylus longispicularis (Wood), the large stomach worm of the Red Kangaroo (Megaleia rufa(Desmarest)), in relation to age of the host and season
Authors: Mykytowycz R. , Dudzinski M. L. 
Published: June 2009

The study involved observations of only the macroscopically visible forms (immature and mature adults) of the parasite Labiostrongylus longispicularis (Wood) in the stomachs of Red Kangaroos, Megaleia rufa (Desmarest).The large size of the worm (females 30–60 mm long and males 25–40 mm) facilitated the study.The life-cycle of the species is not yet known but some information is given on the hatching of eggs, survival of larvae, and the results of experimental infections of rabbits.Reproducing adult worms were found in samples of kangaroos from two geographically widely separated areas only during the period March–August, namely autumn and winter in Australia. During this period immature macroscopically visible forms were absent or present only in very small numbers. The size of the immature adults increased gradually from August onwards.The proportion of female worms in the samples averaged 71% in those containing immature forms and 74% in samples containing only mature worms.The relationship between weight and length of worms at different stages of development was determined. Male and female worms differed both in size and rate of growth.The level of infection with immature and reproducing adult worms was correlated with the length of tibia of the host. Kangaroos approximately 18 months old with tibia approximately 400 mm long were infected on average with 3000 immature or 150 mature worms, while kangaroos with tibia 480 mm long carried on average twenty immature or three mature worms.The reduction in the mean level of infection with increasing age (tibia length) was found to be statistically greater for immature than for mature worms.Seasonal variations in the relation between the length and weight of the worms and the age of the host were demonstrated and a possible connexion with physiological changes within the parasite was suggested.The age of the host had the strongest negative effect upon the growth rate of the worms at the time when marked increase in the weight of worms, particularly females, took place.Thanks are due to Mr G. A. McIntyre of the Division of Mathematical Statistics, C.S.I.R.O., Dr J. D. Dunsmore and Mr B. V. Fennessy of the Division of Wildlife Research, Mr P. I. Sommerville of the Division of Animal Health, McMaster Laboratory, C.S.I.R.O., and Dr W. L. Nicholas of the Australian National University, Canberra, for reading and criticizing the manuscript. Messrs E. R. Hesterman and C. Kogon of the Division of Wildlife Research provided valuable technical assistance.
The klinokinetic behaviour of infective Trichonema larvae in light
Authors: Croll N. A. 
Published: June 2009

Trichonema larvae are affected by light of visible wavelengths and there is a klinokinetic response to light intensity, the smallest rates of turning occurring in light of about 300 ft-c, and the rate of turning increasing with increased intensity (900 ft-c). In dim light the vertical migration of larval nematodes would be greatest, which explains in part the large recoveries from grass at dawn and dusk.I thank Professor O. W. Richards, F.R.S., for permission to work at the Imperial College Field Station, and Professor B. G. Peters for help and advice. The work was financed by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Host relationships ofIxodes arvicolaeWarburton on the Scilly Isles
Authors: Rood J. P. , Burtt E. T. 
Published: June 2009

Ixodes arvicolaeWarburton was collected at 2-monthly intervals from January 1961 to August 1962 on a total of 226Apodemus sylvaticusand 264Crocidura suaveolens cassiteridumin the Scilly Isles. Twenty-one adult females (out of a total forty-two ticks) were found onApodemusand one adult female (out of a total 106 ticks) onCrocidura. No adult males were found. Ticks were collected from the hosts throughout the year, but inCrocidurathere was a suggestion of greater frequency for larvae during the summer.I. arvicolaewas also found onMus musculusin the Scilly Isles and onMicrotus agrestisin Cornwall.We wish to thank Professor D. R. Arthur of King's College, University of London, for identification of the ticks involved in this study, and Dr Alec Milne of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne for helpful criticism of the manuscript.
Nematodes from Australian waders
Authors: Mawson Patricia M. 
Published: June 2009

Records are given of helminth infection found by the dissection of 122 waders belonging to 19 species, some migratory and some resident in Australia. In the examination of the nematodes from these, and some other hosts, the following species were identified and described: Capillaria triloba (Linst.) (Lobibyx novae-hollandiae, Himantopus leucocephalus, Recurvirostra novaehollandiae); Capillaria recurvirostrae sp.nov. (R. novaehollandiae); Amidostomum chevreuxi Seurat (H. leucocephalus); Porrocaecum lobibycis (L. novaehollandiae); Contracaecum spiculigerum (Rud.) (H. leucocephalus); Schistorophus longicornis (Hemp. & Ehr.), and Sciadiocara umbellifera (Molin) (Calidris canutus); Schistorophus limosae sp.nov. and Viktorocara limosae sp.nov. (Limosa lapponica); Viktorocara sp. (Calidris canutus); Echinuria heterobrachiata Wehr (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Erolia ruficollis); Chevreuxia australis Johnston & Mawson (Charadrius melanops); Skrjabinoclava horrida (Rud.) (Charadrius rubricollis, C. alexandrinus); Streptocara crassicauda (Creplin) (Ch. alexandrinus); Stello-caronema charadrii sp.nov. (Ch. cucullata); S. glareolae sp.nov. (Glareola isabella); Tetrameres nouveli (Seurat) (Him. leucocephalus, Ch. alexandrinus, Recurvirostra novaehollandiae); T. cladorhynchi sp.nov. (C. leucocephalus); T. calidris sp.nov. (C. canutus); T. lobibycis sp.nov. (L. novaehollandiae); T. scolopacidis sp.nov. (Erolia acuminata, E. ruficollis, Tringa glareola); Pseudaproctella sp. (Lobibyx miles).I am particularly indebted to the Director, Dr Peter Crowcroft, and the staff of the South Australian Museum; without their help it would have been impossible to obtain many of the parasites. Some birds were presented by Mrs Joan Paton and some by Mr Max Waterman. Specimens from Limosa lapponica were lent by the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in Sydney, from Lobibyx novaehollandiae (from Queensland) by Dr John Pearson of the Department of Parasitology of the University of Queensland, and from Lobibyx miles from Dr M. J. Mackerras of the C.S.I.R.O., Division of Entomology, in Canberra. Mr Condon, Curator of Birds in the South Australian Museum, has helped with information on the habits and correct names of the birds, and my colleague, Dr S. J. Edmonds, with names of new species. I also wish to thank Dr W. G. Inglis of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) who was good enough to read the paper.The holotype and paratypes of Viktorocara limosae sp.nov. and Schistorophus limosae sp.nov. are in the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in Sydney. Other holotypes are in the South Australian Museum, and paratypes in the Helminthological Collection of the Zoology Department of the University of Adelaide.
The nutrition of sporocysts of the trematode Cercaria doricha Rothschild, 1935 in the molluscan host Turritella communis Risso
Authors: Negus Michael R. S. 
Published: June 2009

An investigation was carried out to discover how the sporocysts of Cercaria doricha obtain nutrients from their host Turritella and how castration of the snail is brought about.Histological studies of infected molluscan visceral humps showed no trace of toxic or mechanical damage by parasites. There appears to be an inverse relationship between the number of sporocysts and the amount of gonadial tissue.Biochemical analyses of molluscan tissues indicated that parasitized snails were not depleted of amino acids or purines. The concentration of plasma protein was higher in parasitized snails and the concentration of free amino nitrogen in head–foot muscle showed an increase of 7%. Histochemical investigations indicated that sporocysts do not remove glycogen from the molluscan connective tissue which surrounds them. The sporocysts appear to lack copious secretions of proteinase.The lack of conditions of starvation in parasitized specimens of Turritella, together with the great similarity of the free amino acid pools of sporocysts and molluscan gonad, suggests that the sporocysts obtain their food supply directly from the gonadial tubules. It is concluded that this is achieved by use of a placenta-like region of the sporocyst wall which is in contact with the gonadial tubule and which appears to be identical with the region of proliferation of the cercariae.This paper formed part of a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Reading. I wish to thank the Science Research Council and the University of Reading for financial awards, and Professor Alistair Graham for encouragement and guidance during the work.
The effect of splenectomy upon infection withEimeria tenella
Authors: Rose M. Elaine 
Published: June 2009

Splenectomy, either alone or in conjunction with hormonal bursectomy, did not appreciably affectE. tenellainfections as measured by oocyst output.Operated birds became resistant to re-infection as readily as the controls and it seems unlikely that the spleen in chickens plays an essential role in the host's defence against theEimeria.Thanks are due to my colleague, Mr P. L. Long, for his advice and interest throughout the work. Mrs J. Simpson gave valuable technical assistance.
Growth, longevity, and the frequency of feeding ofGlossina pallidipesAusten
Authors: Odhiambo Thomas R. 
Published: June 2009

Glossina pallidipesAusten have been successfully reared in the adult stage in the laboratory. The flies fed readily on the belly of guinea-pigs, and the latter did not seem to be worried by the attentions of the flies.Immediately after adult emergence the flies were kept individually in tubes at four different temperatures (20°, 22°, 24° and 28 °C), at a relative humidity of 40 ± 5%, and they were offered guinea-pigs daily. Fifty per cent of the flies reared at temperatures of 20° and 28 °C died during the first 5 days, 50% of those reared at 24 °C died during the first 10 days, and 50% of those reared at 22 °C lived for more than 50 days.Few flies reared at 20° or 28 °C fed at all, and those that did had only four or five meals in their life-time; most of the flies reared at 22° or 24 °C did feed, but those reared at 24° took only a few meals. Most of these meals were ‘full’ ones, but a considerable proportion of meals taken by flies reared at 20 °C were ‘partial’ ones. The interval between meals was usually 3 or 4 days; but the time taken between adult emergence and time of first meal was shorter, except for the flies reared at 20 °C.When tsetse flies are reared at 22 °C the first six blood-meals are smaller than subsequent ones. The size of the meals and the rate of body growth do not seem to be related to the gonadotrophic cycles. On the other hand, the terminal phase of growth in both sexes shows a steady increase in body weight.The factors that might influence feeding, growth, and the longevity of adult tsetse flies are discussed.Thanks are extended to Mr J. M. B. Harley of the East African Trypanosomiasis Research Organization for sending me tsetse pupae, to Miss Caroline Walter and Mr John Boro for technical assistance, and to the Rockefeller Foundation for a research grant.
Studies on ascaridoid nematodes in pythons: redefinition of Ophidascaris filaria and Polydelphis anoura
Authors: Sprent J. F. A. 
Published: June 2009

Host records, geographical distribution, and the taxonomy and synonymy, of the ascaridoid nematodes recorded as occurring in the python family, are presented. The evidence indicates that, besides Amplicaecum robertsi, which is so far reported only from Australian pythons, and possibly Hexametra quadricornis, there are two other distinct species which can be regarded as natural parasites of pythons, namely Ophidascaris filaria and Polydelphis anoura; these two species are described from specimens from Queensland pythons and compared with specimens from Africa and India. Perhaps it may eventually be established that further distinct species, or subspecies can be differentiated among the ascaridoid nematodes of pythons in different geographic areas, in addition to the above-named species. But it is suggested that the existing criteria for differentiation of other previously named species are not valid. Accordingly, it is proposed that the following specific names be reduced to synonymy within these two species respectively. Under O. filaria: rubicunda (male), infundibulicola, baylisi, and amucronata; ajgaris is a doubtful species. Under P. anoura: attenuata rubicunda (female), oculata, and bicornuta; mucronata is a doubtful species.Grateful acknowledgement is made of help, advice and co-operation on various aspects of this work which have been received from the following: Dr W. W. Becklund, Beltsville, Md.; Dr A. G. Chabaud, Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, Paris; Mr H. G. Cogger, The Australian Museum, Sydney; Dr G. Hartwich, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Zoologisches Museum, Der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Dr W. G. Inglis, British Museum (Natural History); London; Dr P. Tate, University of Cambridge.The invaluable technical assistance of Ann McKeown and Marian Hollis is also gratefully acknowledged.This work was financed by a grant from the Australian Research Grants Committee.