bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Translesion DNA Polymerases, Endonucleases and RpoS on Mutation Rates inSalmonella typhimurium
Authors: Koskiniemi Sanna , Hughes Diarmaid , Andersson Dan I 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt has been suggested that bacteria have evolved mechanisms to increase their mutation rate in response to various stresses and that the translesion DNA polymerase Pol IV under control of the LexA regulon and the alternative sigma factor RpoS are involved in regulating this mutagenesis. Here we examined in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 the rates for four different types of mutations (rifampicin, nalidixic acid, and chlorate resistance and Lac+ reversion) during various growth conditions and with different levels of four translesion DNA polymerases (Pol II, Pol IV, Pol V, and SamAB) and RpoS. Constitutive derepression of the LexA regulon by a lexA(def) mutation had no effect on Lac+ reversion rates but increased the other three mutation rates up to 11-fold, and the contribution of the translesion DNA polymerases to this mutagenesis varied with the type of mutation examined. The increase in mutation rates in the lexA(def) mutant required the presence of the LexA-controlled UvrB protein and endonucleases UvrC and Cho. With regard to the potential involvement of RpoS in mutagenesis, neither an increase in RpoS levels conferred by artificial overexpression from a plasmid nor long-term stationary phase incubation or slow growth caused an increase in any of the four mutation rates measured, alone or in combination with overexpression of the translesion DNA polymerases. In conclusion, mutation rates are remarkably robust and no combination of growth conditions, induction of translesion DNA polymerases by inactivation of LexA, or increased RpoS expression could confer an increase in mutation rates higher than the moderate increase caused by derepression of the LexA regulon alone.
The Conserved miR-51 microRNA Family Is Redundantly Required for Embryonic Development and Pharynx Attachment in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Shaw W Robert , Armisen Javier , Lehrbach Nicolas J , Miska Eric A 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22-nucleotide small RNAs that act as endogenous regulators of gene expression by base-pairing with target mRNAs. Here we analyze the function of the six members of the Caenorhabditis elegans miR-51 family of miRNAs (miR-51, miR-52, miR-53, miR-54, miR-55, miR-56). miR-51 family miRNAs are broadly expressed from mid-embryogenesis onward. The miR-51 family is redundantly required for embryonic development. mir-51 family mutants display a highly penetrant pharynx unattached (Pun) phenotype, where the pharyngeal muscle, the food pump of C. elegans, is not attached to the mouth. Unusually, the Pun phenotype in mir-51 family mutants is not due to a failure to attach, but instead a failure to maintain attachment during late embryogenesis. Expression of the miR-51 family in the mouth is sufficient to maintain attachment. The Fat cadherin ortholog CDH-3 is expressed in the mouth and is a direct target of the miR-51 family miRNAs. Genetic analysis reveals that miR-51 family miRNAs might act in part through CDH-3 to regulate pharynx attachment. This study is the first to assign a function to the miR-51/miR-100 miRNA family in any organism.
An mre11 Mutation That Promotes Telomere Recombination and an Efficient Bypass of Senescence
Authors: Joseph Immanual S , Kumari Alpana , Bhattacharyya Mrinal K , Gao Honghai , Li Bibo , Lustig Arthur J 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Preventing the formation of dysfunctional telomeres is essential for genomic stability. In most organisms, the ribo-nucleoprotein reverse transcriptase telomerase is responsible for telomere GT-strand elongation. However, in telomerase-negative cells, low-frequency recombination mechanisms can avert lethality by elongating critically short telomeres. This study focuses on the involvement of the budding yeast Mre11 in telomere recombination and homeostasis. We have identified a novel allele of MRE11, mre11-A470T, that, in telomerase-positive cells, confers a semidominant decrease in telomere size and a recessive defect in telomere healing. In addition, mutant cells lack normal telomere size homeostasis. Telomerase-negative mre11-A470T cells display a Rad51-dependent bypass of replicative senescence via induction of a highly efficient type I-related recombination pathway termed type IA. The type IA pathway involves an amplification of subtelomeric Y′ elements, coupled with elongated and more heterogeneous telomere tracts relative to the short telomere size of type I survivors. The data have led us to propose the involvement of break-induced replication in telomere expansion. The differing phenotypes elicited by the mre11-A470T mutants in telomerase-positive and telomerase-negative cells have also led us to speculate that the telomere end structure may be modified differentially in mre11-A470T cells, directing the telomere into specific pathways.
Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of the Pediatrician
Authors: Thackeray Jonathan D , Hibbard Roberta , Dowd M. Denise ,   The Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, and the Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention
Published: April 2010

This Clinical Report was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-062509.
The American Academy of Pediatrics and its members recognize the importance of improving the physician's ability to recognize intimate partner violence (IPV) and understand its effects on child health and development and its role in the continuum of family violence. Pediatricians are in a unique position to identify abused caregivers in pediatric settings and to evaluate and treat children raised in homes in which IPV may occur. Children exposed to IPV are at increased risk of being abused and neglected and are more likely to develop adverse health, behavioral, psychological, and social disorders later in life. Identifying IPV, therefore, may be one of the most effective means of preventing child abuse and identifying caregivers and children who may be in need of treatment and/or therapy. Pediatricians should be aware of the profound effects of exposure to IPV on children.
Estrogen Receptor Expression and Docetaxel Efficacy in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Four Randomized Trials
Authors: Andre Fabrice , Broglio Kristine , Pusztai Lajos , Berrada Narjiss , Mackey John R. , Nabholtz Jean Marc , Chan Stephen , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background.
Differences in the efficacy of various chemotherapies in patients with estrogen receptor (ER)+ metastatic breast cancer are not well understood. In the present study, we assessed the efficacy of docetaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer according to ER expression.

Methods.
The efficacy of docetaxel in terms of the response rate and progression-free survival (PFS) time was analyzed according to ER expression in four randomized trials comparing a docetaxel-based regimen with a nontaxane regimen that included a total of 1,631 patients. The odds ratio for tumor response was estimated with logistic regression and a hazard ratio (HR) for PFS was estimated with Cox proportional hazards models.

Findings.
ER expression was assessable in 1,037 patients included in these trials (64%). ER was expressed in 601 tumors (58%). Docetaxel was associated with a similarly higher response rate in both patients with ER+ (odds ratio, 2.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72–4.87) and patients with ER− (odds ratio, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.44–4.51) disease. The lower hazard for disease progression with docetaxel was also similar in ER+ (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67–1.00) and ER− (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.70–1.07) cancers. The effect of docetaxel was not different in ER+ and ER− disease, in terms of both the response rate and PFS time (interaction test, p = .77 and p = .93).

Interpretation.
Docetaxel produces a higher response rate and lower risk for disease progression to a statistically similar extent in both patients with ER+ and patients with ER− metastatic breast cancer.
HLA DPA1, DPB1 Alleles and Haplotypes Contribute to the Risk Associated With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Varney Michael D. , Valdes Ana Maria , Carlson Joyce A. , Noble Janelle A. , Tait Brian D. , Bonella Persia , Lavant Eva , Fear Anna Lisa , Louey Anthony , Moonsamy Priscilla , Mychaleckyj Josyf C. , Erlich Henry ,   for the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVETo determine the relative risk associated with DPA1 and DPB1 alleles and haplotypes in type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThe frequency of DPA1 and DPB1 alleles and haplotypes in type 1 diabetic patients was compared to the family based control frequency in 1,771 families directly and conditional on HLA (B)-DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 linkage disequilibrium. A relative predispositional analysis (RPA) was performed in the presence or absence of the primary HLA DR-DQ associations and the contribution of DP haplotype to individual DR-DQ haplotype risks examined.RESULTSEight DPA1 and thirty-eight DPB1 alleles forming seventy-four DPA1-DPB1 haplotypes were observed; nineteen DPB1 alleles were associated with multiple DPA1 alleles. Following both analyses, type 1 diabetes susceptibility was significantly associated with DPB1*0301 (DPA1*0103-DPB1*0301) and protection with DPB1*0402 (DPA1*0103-DPB1*0402) and DPA1*0103-DPB1*0101 but not DPA1*0201-DPB1*0101. In addition, DPB1*0202 (DPA1*0103-DPB1*0202) and DPB1*0201 (DPA1*0103-DPB1*0201) were significantly associated with susceptibility in the presence of the high risk and protective DR-DQ haplotypes. Three associations (DPB1*0301, *0402, and *0202) remained statistically significant when only the extended HLA-A1-B8-DR3 haplotype was considered, suggesting that DPB1 alone may delineate the risk associated with this otherwise conserved haplotype.CONCLUSIONSHLA DP allelic and haplotypic diversity contributes significantly to the risk for type 1 diabetes; DPB1*0301 (DPA1*0103-DPB1*0301) is associated with susceptibility and DPB1*0402 (DPA1*0103-DPB1*0402) and DPA1*0103-DPB1*0101 with protection. Additional evidence is presented for the susceptibility association of DPB1*0202 (DPA1*0103-DPB1*0202) and for a contributory role of individual amino acids and DPA1 or a gene in linkage disequilibrium in DR3-DPB1*0101 positive haplotypes.
Cumulative Risk, Age at Onset, and Sex-Specific Differences for Developing End-Stage Renal Disease in Young Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Möllsten Anna , Svensson Maria , Waernbaum Ingeborg , Berhan Yonas , Schön Staffan , Nyström Lennarth , Arnqvist Hans J. , Dahlquist Gisela ,   for the Swedish Childhood Diabetes Study Group, the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden, and the Swedish Renal Registry
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to estimate the current cumulative risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to diabetic nephropathy in a large, nationwide, population-based prospective type 1 diabetes cohort and specifically study the effects of sex and age at onset.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In Sweden, all incident cases of type 1 diabetes aged 0–14 years and 15–34 years are recorded in validated research registers since 1977 and 1983, respectively. These registers were linked to the Swedish Renal Registry, which, since 1991, collects data on patients who receive active uremia treatment. Patients with ≥13 years duration of type 1 diabetes were included (n = 11,681).

RESULTS
During a median time of follow-up of 20 years, 127 patients had developed ESRD due to diabetic nephropathy. The cumulative incidence at 30 years of type 1 diabetes duration was low, with a male predominance (4.1% [95% CI 3.1–5.3] vs. 2.5% [1.7–3.5]). In both male and female subjects, onset of type 1 diabetes before 10 years of age was associated with the lowest risk of developing ESRD. The highest risk of ESRD was found in male subjects diagnosed at age 20–34 years (hazard ratio 3.0 [95% CI 1.5–5.7]). In female subjects with onset at age 20–34 years, the risk was similar to patients' diagnosed before age 10 years.

CONCLUSIONS
The cumulative incidence of ESRD is exceptionally low in young type 1 diabetic patients in Sweden. There is a striking difference in risk for male compared with female patients. The different patterns of risk by age at onset and sex suggest a role for puberty and sex hormones.
Two New Copepods of the Genus Acartia (Copepoda, Calanoida, Acartiidae) from the Coastal Sea of the South-Western Crimea (Black Sea)
Authors: Pavlova E. , Shmeleva A. 
Published: April 2010

Two New Copepods of the GenusAcartia(Copepoda, Calanoida, Acartiidae) from the Coastal Sea of the South-Western Crimea (Black Sea)Acartia molliculaPavlova et Shmeleva, sp. n. andA. eremeeviPavlova et Shmeleva, sp. n. are described and figured. The copepods were found in zooplankton samples collected by the Juday net from 0-10 m depth in the coastal sea water of Martyn Bay, Sevastopol. Though the new species,A. molliculaandA. eremeevi, are similar toA. clausi("small" form),A. margalefiAlcaraz and anotherAcartiafrom Black Sea they have smaller body size, different structure and armature of the fifth legs, and correlation between length/width of prosome and urosome,; besides,A. molliculahave the rostrum.
The thickest and the most complete loess sequence in the Carpathian basin: the borehole Udvari-2A
Authors: Koloszar Laszlo 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The key geological borehole Udvari-2A is located in Hungary at the Tolna Hegyhat Hills, in the central part of the Carpathian basin. Its detailed interpretation yielded valuable information on the stratigraphy and the post-Pannonian continental sedimentation regime of this territory. Stratigraphic data provided by the borehole facilitated the drawing up of a more precise picture on the post-Pannonian paleoenvironment and history of the evolution of the area. The borehole cut a thick series of the post-Pannonian Tengelic formation and the overlying, presumably complete sequence of the continental loess sediments of this region. The magnetostratigraphic correlation indicates that the 97 m thick loess sequence in the borehole Udvari-2A is the thickest and most complete so far recorded in Hungary and the deposition of loess started approximately at 1.1 Ma. In this sequence each of the four separable sedimentary periods of the loess are represented by distinct sediments. A theoretical stratigraphic column is also outlined to describe the Paks Loess Formation using data from the SE Transdanubia, defining and characterizing its lithological units. Since the formation is widely known, it was possible to correlate the most complete loess sequence in the Carpathian basin with the Marine Isotope Stages, and this opens up new opportunities for global correlation.
Relative and Absolute Reliability of Physical Function Measures in People with End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Overend Tom , Anderson Cathy , Sawant Anuradha , Perryman Barbara , Locking-Cusolito Heather 
Published: April 2010

Purpose: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a condition affecting multiple physiological systems, leading to a decline in physical function. Effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in people with ESRD has been assessed using various functional and activity outcome measures. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative and absolute reliability of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), timed sit-to-stand in 30 seconds (TSS30), and maximal and adjusted activity scores (MAS-HAP, AAS-HAP) of the Human Activity Profile (HAP) in people with ESRD.Method: A convenience sample of 25 participants (67.2±14.2 years) was recruited from an outpatient dialysis unit. Relative reliability was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), and absolute test–retest reliability with the standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change at the 95% confidence interval (MDC95) statistics, respectively. The test–retest interval was 1 week.Results: Relative reliability (ICC2,1) was 0.93 for both the 6MWT and the TSS30, 0.92 for the AAS-HAP, and 0.76 for the MAS-HAP. Absolute reliability (SEM and MDC95) values for the 6MWT, AAS-HAP, and TSS30 were 28 m and 77 m, 4.1 and 11.4, and 0.9 and 2.6 repetitions, respectively.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the 6MWT, TSS30, and AAS-HAP are reliable physical function and activity outcome measures in people with ESRD. However, the magnitude of the absolute reliability statistics suggests significant within-participant variability on repeat testing in this population.
The ablation zone in northeast Greenland: ice types, albedos and impurities
Authors: Bøggild Carl Egede , Brandt Richard E. , Brown Kendrick J. , Warren Stephen G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIce types, albedos and impurity content are characterized for the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet in Kronprinz Christians Land (80° N, 24° W). Along this ice margin the width of the ablation zone is only about 8 km. The emergence and melting of old ice in the ablation zone creates a surface layer of dust that was originally deposited with snowfall high on the ice sheet. This debris cover is augmented by locally derived wind-blown sediment. Subsequently, the surface dust particles often aggregate together to form centimetre-scale clumps that melt into the ice, creating cryoconite holes. The debris in the cryoconite holes becomes hidden from sunlight, raising the area-averaged albedo relative to surfaces with uniform debris cover. Spectral and broadband albedos were obtained for snow, ice hummocks, debris-covered ice, cryoconite-studded ice and barren tundra surfaces. Broadband ice albedos varied from 0.2 (for ice with heavy loading of uniform debris) to 0.6 (for ice hummocks with cryoconite holes). The cryoconite material itself has albedo 0.1 when wet. Areal distribution of the major surface types was estimated visually from a transect video as a function of distance from the ice edge (330 m a.s.l.). Ablation rates were measured along a transect from the ice margin to the slush zone 8 km from the margin (550 m a.s.l.), traversing both Pleistocene and Holocene ice. Ablation rates in early August averaged 2 cm d−1. Impurity concentrations were typically 4.3 mg L−1 in the subsurface ice. Surface concentrations were about 16 g m−2 on surfaces with low impurity loading, and heavily loaded surfaces had concentrations as high as 1.4 kg m−2. The mineralogical composition of the cryoconite material is comparable with that of the surrounding soils and with dust on a snowdrift in front of the ice margin, implying that much of the material is derived from local sources. A fine mode (clay) is present in the oldest ice but not in the nearby soil, suggesting that its origin is from wind deposition during Pleistocene glaciation.
Climate sensitivity of a high-precipitation glacier in New Zealand
Authors: Anderson Brian , Mackintosh Andrew , Stumm Dorothea , George Laurel , Kerr Tim , Winter-Billington Alexandra , Fitzsimons Sean 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe sensitivity of glaciers to climatic change is key information in assessing the response and sea-level implications of projected future warming. New Zealand glaciers are important globally as an example of how maritime glaciers will contribute to sea-level rise. A spatially distributed energy-balance model is applied to Brewster Glacier, New Zealand, in order to calculate glacier mass balance, run-off and sensitivity to climate change. The model successfully simulates four annual mass-balance cycles. Close to half (52%) of the energy available for melt on the glacier is supplied by turbulent heat fluxes, with radiation less important, except during the winter. Model sensitivity to temperature change is one of the largest reported on Earth, at −2.0 m w.e. a−1 °C−1. In contrast, a 50% change in precipitation is required to offset the mass-balance change resulting from a 1 °C temperature change. Meltwater runoff sensitivity is also very high, increasing 60% with a 1°C warming. The extreme sensitivity of mass balance to temperature change suggests that significant ice loss will occur with even moderate climate warming.
Induction of Chronic Kidney Failure in a Long-Term Peritoneal Exposure Model in the Rat: Effects on Functional and Structural Peritoneal Alterations
Authors: Vrtovsnik François , Coester Annemieke M. , Lopes–Barreto Deirisa , de Waart Dirk R. , Van der Wal Allard C. , Struijk Dirk G. , Krediet Raymond T. , Zweers Machteld M. 
Published: April 2010

Background A long-term peritoneal exposure model has been developed in Wistar rats. Chronic daily exposure to 3.86% glucose based, lactate buffered, conventional dialysis solutions is possible for up to 20 weeks and induces morphological abnormalities similar to those in long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The possible effects of kidney failure in this model are unknown. The aim was to analyze the effects of chronic kidney failure on peritoneal function and morphology, alone and in combination with PD exposure, in a well-established, long term, peritoneal exposure model in the rat. Methods 40 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four experimental groups: no nephrectomy, no peritoneal exposure (sham; n = 8); nephrectomy, no peritoneal exposure (Nx; n = 12); no nephrectomy, with peritoneal exposure (PD; n = 8); and nephrectomy, with peritoneal exposure (NxPD; n = 12). The nephrectomy consisted of a one-step 70% nephrectomy. The peritoneal exposure groups were infused once daily for 16 weeks with a 3.86% glucose-based dialysis solution. Development of chronic kidney disease was monitored during the experiment. Peritoneal function and morphological assessment of the peritoneal membrane were performed at the end of the experiment. Results During follow-up the nephrectomized groups developed uremia with remarkable renal tubular dilatation and glomerular sclerosis in the renal morphology. Functionally, uremia (Nx) and PD exposure (PD) alone showed faster small solute transport and a decreased ultrafiltration capacity, which were most pronounced in the combination group (NxPD). The presence of uremia resulted in histological alterations but the most severe fibrous depositions and highest vessel counts were present in the PD exposure groups (PD and NxPD). Significant relationships were found between the number of vessels and functional parameters of the peritoneal vascular surface area. Conclusion It is possible to induce chronic kidney failure in our existing long-term peritoneal infusion model in the rat. The degree of impairment of kidney function after 16 weeks is comparable to chronic kidney disease stage IV. Uremia per se induces both functional and morphological alterations of the peritoneal membrane. An additive effect of these alterations is present with the addition of chronic kidney failure to the model. The latter makes the present long-term model important in better understanding the pathophysiology of the peritoneal membrane in PD.