bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Treatment Access in a Population‐based Cohort of HIV‐positive Men and Women Living in Argentina
Authors: Zala Carlos , Rustad Clare A , Chan Keith , Khan Nabeela I , Beltran Marcelo , Warley Eduardo , Ceriotto Mariana , Druyts Eric F , Hogg Robert S , Montaner Julio , Cahn Pedro ,   PUMA Study Group
Published: October 2009

ObjectiveTo report emerging data on the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Argentina by assessing patterns of HAART access and late vs early treatment initiation in a population‐based cohort of adults infected with HIV type‐1.DesignThe Prospective Study on the Use and Monitoring of Antiretroviral Therapy (PUMA) is a study of 883 HIV‐positive individuals enrolled in the Argentinean drug treatment program. Individuals were 16 years of age and older and were recruited from 10 clinics across Argentina.MethodsSociodemographic and clinical characteristics were examined using contingency tables (Pearson chi‐square test and Fisher exact test) for categoric variables and Wilcoxon rank‐sum test for continuous variables. To analyze time to initiation of HAART we used Kaplan‐Meier methods and Cox regression.ResultsPatients who initiated HAART were more likely to be older, have an AIDS‐defining illness, be an injection drug user (IDU), have a lower median CD4 cell count, have a higher median viral load, and be less likely to be men who have sex with men (MSM). In multivariate analysis, AIDS‐defining illness and plasma viral load were significantly associated with time to starting therapy. Patients who received late access were more likely to be diagnosed with AIDS and have higher median plasma viral loads than those receiving early access.ConclusionOur results indicate that despite free availability of treatment, monitoring, and care in Argentina, a significant proportion of men and women are accessing HAART late in the course of HIV disease. Further characterization of the HIV‐positive population will allow for a more comprehensive evaluation of the impact of HAART within the Argentinean drug treatment program.
Glomerular Filtration Rate and Parathyroid Hormone Secretion in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Tassone F. , Gianotti L. , Emmolo I. , Ghio M. , Borretta G. 
Published: October 2009

Context: The recent Third International Workshop on the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) set 60 ml/min as the precise level of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below which surgery is recommended because it is considered a threshold of concern in patients with PHPT.
Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between different stages of renal insufficiency and PTH levels in PHPT patients.
Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study.
Patients and Methods: We studied 294 consecutive PHPT patients. Biochemical evaluation included total and ionized serum calcium, phosphate, creatinine, immunoreactive intact PTH, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in the fasting state. GFR was assessed with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study formula.
Results: The mean GFR of the whole group of PHPT patients was 92.3 ± 31.6 ml/min · 1.73 m2. The patients were divided into four groups according to National Kidney Foundation Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines: group 1 with normal or increased GRF (&gt;90 ml/min · 1.73 m2; n = 153); group 2 with mild decreased GFR (60–89 ml/min · 1.73 m2; n = 90); group 3 with moderately decreased GFR (30–59 ml/min · 1.73 m2; n = 45); and group 4 with severely decreased GFR (&lt;30 ml/min · 1.73 m2; n = 6). PTH levels were comparable across groups 1–3, whereas group 4 showed significantly higher PTH levels (P &lt; 0.0001).
Conclusion: In our series of PHPT patients, only a severe impairment of GFR was characterized by a further PTH increase. These findings challenge the concept of a PTH elevation below the threshold of 60 ml/min of GFR.
In a large series of contemporary PHPT patients, only a severe impairment of glomerular filtration rate (i.e., &lt;30 ml/min/1.73 m2) is characterized by a further PTH elevation.
Mexico’s Superior Health Council and the American Public Health Association: The Transnational Archive of Porfirian Public Health, 1887–1910
Authors: Ross Paul 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, Mexico’s Superior Health Council devised a consistent and assertive international strategy around alignment with international scientific standards, the control of disease certification on Mexican soil by Mexican experts, transparent disease reporting, internationally demonstrated competence in campaigns against tropical disease, and participation in multilateral health agreements. The council came to command a central role in the regime of Porfirio Díaz (1877–1911), mainly because this international strategy enabled a successful defense of Mexican sovereignty. In the arena of public health, the council, led by Eduardo Licéaga, came close to realizing the Científicos’ dream of Mexican development “without U.S. investment.” This was largely because the council obtained independent access to European ideas and technologies prior to its engagement with the United States, which began in 1890 when the first Mexican delegation attended the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association (APHA). Through a persistent and creative diplomatic campaign, taking advantage of relationships cultivated through the APHA, Porfirio Díaz’s sanitary advisors persuaded many of their American counterparts that Mexican experts could be trusted partners in defending the health of the western hemisphere. The article describes the Atlantic world of Mexican medicine in the nineteenth century, the significance of public health within a context shaped by rising U.S. imperialism, the key role played by Licéaga, and Mexico’s participation in the APHA.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lev Benjamin 
Published: October 2009

In Book Reviews, we review an extensive and diverse range of books. They cover theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems. In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. However, we do not review software. To submit a book for review, please send it to me at the above address. Although we cannot review all books because of space limitations, we do list all books that we receive. We commission all book reviews and do not accept unsolicited reviews. To become a reviewer, please send me your name, address, and specific areas of expertise. We encourage readers to suggest books for review or to ask publishers to send copies of such books.The authors or editors of books we review in this issue are U. Narayan Bhat, Dilip Chhajed, Timothy J. Lowe, and Richard Schonberger.
Use of Duloxetine in Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Briggs Gerald G , Ambrose Peter J , llett Kenneth F , Hackett L Peter , Nageotte Michael P , Padilla Guadalupe 
Published: October 2009

Objective: To report a case of a woman who used duloxetine during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Case Summary: A 29-year-old woman was treated with duloxetine for depression during the second half of an uncomplicated gestation. She gave birth at term to a healthy female infant. A cord blood sample was obtained at birth. The mother continued the antidepressant while exclusively breast-feeding her infant. One month later, we collected blood and milk samples from the mother and a single blood sample from the infant. All samples were analyzed for the presence and concentrations of duloxetine. Discussion: Duloxetine crosses the placenta at term and is excreted into breast milk. No evidence of developmental or other type of toxicity was observed in the infant at birth or during the first 32 days after birth. The published literature detailing human pregnancy experience with this antidepressant is limited to 11 cases in which women became pregnant while taking duloxetine. In 10 cases, the drug was discontinued when pregnancy was diagnosed and no outcome data were reported. In the eleventh case, an infant exposed to duloxetine 90 mg/day developed neonatal behavioral syndrome. One study examined the excretion of duloxetine into breast milk, but the mothers discontinued nursing for the study. In the present case, no adverse effects from exposure to the drug in milk were noted in the exclusively breast-fed infant. The possibility of functional/neurobehavioral deficits appearing later in life cannot be excluded because long-term follow-up has not been conducted in infants exposed to duloxetine in utero or during nursing. Conclusions: No developmental toxicity or other signs of toxicity were observed in an infant exposed to duloxetine during the second half of gestation and during breast-feeding in the first 32 days after birth. However, the possibility of functional/neurobehavioral deficits appearing later in life cannot be excluded.
Tpl2 Kinase Is Upregulated in Adipose Tissue in Obesity and May Mediate Interleukin-1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Effects on Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinase Activation and Lipolysis
Authors: Jager Jennifer , Grémeaux Thierry , Gonzalez Teresa , Bonnafous Stéphanie , Debard Cyrille , Laville Martine , Vidal Hubert , Tran Albert , Gual Philippe , Le Marchand-Brustel Yannick , Cormont Mireille , Tanti Jean-François 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
Activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase-(ERK)-1/2 by cytokines in adipocytes is involved in the alterations of adipose tissue functions participating in insulin resistance. This study aims at identifying proteins regulating ERK1/2 activity, specifically in response to inflammatory cytokines, to provide new insights into mechanisms leading to abnormal adipose tissue function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Kinase activities were inhibited with pharmacological inhibitors or siRNA. Lipolysis was monitored through glycerol production. Gene expression in adipocytes and adipose tissue of obese mice and subjects was measured by real-time PCR.

RESULTS
IκB kinase-(IKK)-β inhibition prevented mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase (MEK)/ERK1/2 activation in response to interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α but not insulin in 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes, suggesting that IKKβ regulated a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) involved in ERK1/2 activation induced by inflammatory cytokines. We show that the MAP3K8 called Tpl2 was expressed in adipocytes and that IL-1β and TNF-α activated Tpl2 and regulated its expression through an IKKβ pathway. Pharmacological inhibition or silencing of Tpl2 prevented MEK/ERK1/2 activation by these cytokines but not by insulin, demonstrating its involvement in ERK1/2 activation specifically in response to inflammatory stimuli. Importantly, Tpl2 was implicated in cytokine-induced lipolysis and in insulin receptor substrate-1 serine phosphorylation. Tpl2 mRNA expression was upregulated in adipose tissue of obese mice and patients and correlated with TNF-α expression.

CONCLUSIONS
Tpl2 is selectively involved in inflammatory cytokine–induced ERK1/2 activation in adipocytes and is implicated in their deleterious effects on adipocyte functions. The deregulated expression of Tpl2 in adipose tissue suggests that Tpl2 may be a new actor in adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity.
Grp78 Heterozygosity Promotes Adaptive Unfolded Protein Response and Attenuates Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Ye Risheng , Jung Dae Young , Jun John Y. , Li Jianze , Luo Shengzhan , Ko Hwi Jin , Kim Jason K. , Lee Amy S. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78/BiP in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Male Grp78+/− mice and their wild-type littermates were subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) regimen. Pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes was examined by multiple approaches of metabolic phenotyping. Tissue-specific insulin sensitivity was analyzed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Molecular mechanism was explored via immunoblotting and tissue culture manipulation.

RESULTS
Grp78 heterozygosity increases energy expenditure and attenuates HFD-induced obesity. Grp78+/− mice are resistant to diet-induced hyperinsulinemia, liver steatosis, white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, and hyperglycemia. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed that Grp78 heterozygosity improves glucose metabolism independent of adiposity and following an HFD increases insulin sensitivity predominantly in WAT. As mechanistic explanations, Grp78 heterozygosity in WAT under HFD stress promotes adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR), attenuates translational block, and upregulates ER degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase–like protein (EDEM) and ER chaperones, thus improving ER quality control and folding capacity. Further, overexpression of the active form of ATF6 induces protective UPR and improves insulin signaling upon ER stress.

CONCLUSIONS
HFD-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes are improved in Grp78+/− mice. Adaptive UPR in WAT could contribute to this improvement, linking ER homeostasis to energy balance and glucose metabolism.
Adaptive Cerebral Neovascularization in a Model of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Li Weiguo , Prakash Roshini , Kelly-Cobbs Aisha I. , Ogbi Safia , Kozak Anna , El-Remessy Azza B. , Schreihofer Derek A. , Fagan Susan C. , Ergul Adviye 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
The effect of diabetes on neovascularization varies between different organ systems. While excessive angiogenesis complicates diabetic retinopathy, impaired neovascularization contributes to coronary and peripheral complications of diabetes. However, how diabetes influences cerebral neovascularization is not clear. Our aim was to determine diabetes-mediated changes in the cerebrovasculature and its impact on the short-term outcome of cerebral ischemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Angiogenesis (capillary density) and arteriogenesis (number of collaterals and intratree anostomoses) were determined as indexes of neovascularization in the brain of control and type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. The infarct volume, edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and short-term neurological outcome were assessed after permanent middle–cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

RESULTS
The number of collaterals between middle and anterior cerebral arteries, the anastomoses within middle–cerebral artery trees, the vessel density, and the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor were increased in diabetes. Cerebrovascular permeability, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 protein level, and total MMP activity were augmented while occludin was decreased in isolated cerebrovessels of the GK group. Following permanent MCAO, infarct size was smaller, edema was greater, and there was no macroscopic hemorrhagic transformation in GK rats.

CONCLUSIONS
The augmented neovascularization in the GK model includes both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. While adaptive arteriogenesis of the pial vessels and angiogenesis at the capillary level may contribute to smaller infarction, changes in the tight junction proteins may lead to the greater edema following cerebral ischemia in diabetes.
Relationship Between A1C and Glucose Levels in the General Dutch Population
Authors: van 't Riet Esther , Alssema Marjan , Rijkelijkhuizen Josina M. , Kostense Piet J. , Nijpels Giel , Dekker Jacqueline M. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship among A1C, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2-h postload plasma glucose in the Dutch general population and to evaluate the results of using A1C for screening and diagnosis of diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 2006–2007, 2,753 participants of the New Hoorn Study, aged 40–65 years, who were randomly selected from the population of Hoorn, the Netherlands, underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Glucose status (normal glucose metabolism [NGM], intermediate hyperglycemia, newly diagnosed diabetes, and known diabetes) was defined by the 2006 World Health Organization criteria. Spearman correlations were used to investigate the agreement between markers of hyperglycemia, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to evaluate the use of A1C to identify newly diagnosed diabetes.

RESULTS
In the total population, the correlations between fasting plasma glucose and A1C and between 2-h postload plasma glucose and A1C were 0.46 and 0.33, respectively. In patients with known diabetes, these correlations were 0.71 and 0.79. An A1C level of ≥5.8%, representing 12% of the population, had the highest combination of sensitivity (72%) and specificity (91%) for identifying newly diagnosed diabetes. This cutoff point would identify 72% of the patients with newly diagnosed diabetes and include 30% of the individuals with intermediate hyperglycemia.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with known diabetes, correlations between glucose and A1C are strong; however, moderate correlations were found in the general population. In addition, based on the diagnostic properties of A1C defined by ROC curve analysis, the advantage of A1C compared with OGTT for the diagnosis of diabetes is limited.
Validation of the Chinese Version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID-C) Scale
Authors: Huang Min-Feng , Courtney Mary , Edwards Helen , McDowell Jan 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
To examine the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID-C) scale.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The reliability and validity of the PAID-C were evaluated in a convenience sample of 205 outpatients with type 2 diabetes. Confirmatory factor analysis, Bland-Altman analysis, and Spearman's correlations facilitated the psychometric evaluation.

RESULTS
Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a one-factor structure of the PAID-C (χ2/df ratio = 1.894, goodness-of-fit index = 0.901, comparative fit index = 0.905, root mean square error of approximation = 0.066). The PAID-C was associated with A1C (rs = 0.15; P &lt; 0.05) and diabetes self-care behaviors in general diet (rs = −0.17; P &lt; 0.05) and exercise (rs = −0.17; P &lt; 0.05). The 4-week test-retest reliability demonstrated satisfactory stability (rs = 0.83; P &lt; 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
The PAID-C is a reliable and valid measure to determine diabetes-related emotional distress in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes.
Effects of Exenatide Alone and in Combination With Daclizumab on β-Cell Function in Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Rother Kristina I. , Spain Lisa M. , Wesley Robert A. , Digon Benigno J. , Baron Alain , Chen Kim , Nelson Patric , Dosch H.-Michael , Palmer Jerry P. , Brooks-Worrell Barbara , Ring Michael , Harlan David M. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
In patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes, we investigated whether improved β-cell function can be achieved by combining intensive insulin therapy with agents that may 1) promote β-cell growth and/or limit β-cell apoptosis and 2) weaken the anti–β-cell autoimmunity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
For this study, 20 individuals (mean age 39.5 ± 11.1 years) with long-standing type 1 diabetes (21.3 ± 10.7 years) were enrolled in this prospective open-label crossover trial. After achieving optimal blood glucose control, 16 subjects were randomized to exenatide with or without daclizumab. Endogenous insulin production was determined by repeatedly measuring serum C-peptide.

RESULTS
In 85% of individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes who were screened for participation in this trial, C-peptide levels ≥0.05 ng/ml (0.02 nmol/l) were found. Residual β-cells responded to physiological (mixed-meal) and pharmacological (arginine) stimuli. During exenatide treatment, patients lost 4.1 ± 2.9 kg body wt and insulin requirements declined significantly (total daily dose on exenatide 0.48 ± 0.11 vs. 0.55 ± 0.13 units · kg−1 · day−1 without exenatide; P = 0.0062). No signs of further activation of the underlying autoimmune disease were observed. Exenatide delayed gastric emptying, suppressed endogenous incretin levels, but did not increase C-peptide secretion.

CONCLUSIONS
In long-standing type 1 diabetes, which remains an active autoimmune disease even decades after its onset, surviving β-cells secrete insulin in a physiologically regulated manner. However, the combination of intensified insulin therapy, exenatide, and daclizumab did not induce improved function of these remaining β-cells.
A1C Is Associated With Intima-Media Thickness in Individuals With Normal Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Bobbert Thomas , Mai Knut , Fischer-Rosinský Antje , Pfeiffer Andreas F.H. , Spranger Joachim 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
One-hour glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was recently proposed as a valuable marker to identify individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and increased intima-media thickness (IMT). However, central markers of glycemic control were not considered. The aim of this study was to identify which marker of glycemic control is most informative with respect to the variation of IMT in individuals with NGT.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cardiovascular risk factors, glucose metabolism (OGTT), and IMT were determined in 1,219 nondiabetic individuals (851 women, 368 men; 558 with NGT).

RESULTS
One-hour glucose and A1C levels were significantly correlated to carotid IMT in individuals with NGT, whereas fasting and 2-h glucose levels were not informative. Only A1C was associated with IMT independent of other confounders, whereas 1-h glucose was not informative. Comparable results were found in the total cohort, including individuals with IFG and IGT.

CONCLUSIONS
A1C was the most informative glycemic marker with respect to IMT in individuals with NGT.
Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial of Cannabis-Based Medicinal Product (Sativex) in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Selvarajah Dinesh , Gandhi Rajiv , Emery Celia J. , Tesfaye Solomon 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy of Sativex, a cannabis-based medicinal extract, as adjuvant treatment in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this randomized controlled trial, 30 subjects with painful DPN received daily Sativex or placebo. The primary outcome measure was change in mean daily pain scores, and secondary outcome measures included quality-of-life assessments.

RESULTS
There was significant improvement in pain scores in both groups, but mean change between groups was not significant. There were no significant differences in secondary outcome measures. Patients with depression had significantly greater baseline pain scores that improved regardless of intervention.

CONCLUSIONS
This first-ever trial assessing the efficacy of cannabis has shown it to be no more efficacious than placebo in painful DPN. Depression was a major confounder and may have important implications for future trials on painful DPN.