bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Definition of Subsidy and State Aid
Authors: Rubini Luca 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis book presents a conceptual framework for analysing the definitions of State aid and subsidy in EC and WTO law. This is done through a comparative analysis, examining the coherence of the conceptual understanding of the crucial, but still elusive, issue of the definition of subsidy. The first, important finding is that the topic is not only technical but raises more fundamental questions about the objectives of subsidy control in a given legal system and, more radically, about the goals of that system itself. The analysis does not only concentrate on the state of the law but critically looks forward, offering suggestions for new interpretations and law reform. The book focuses on the substantive provisions of the EC and WTO relating to what are identified by the author as the core properties of a notion of subsidy, i.e., a form of public action, the grant of an economic advantage and the ensuing impact on the competitive process. The current regulation in EC and WTO law is analysed, compared, and assessed in depth, and tested against a baseline represented by a notion of subsidy inserted in a subsidy regulation pursuing certain objectives. Drawing on the results of the comparative exercise, the book argues that both systems can learn valuable lessons from each other to achieve a greater coherence and a more efficient regulatory system.
Introduction
Authors: Rubini Luca 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis introductory chapter is organized as follows. Section I introduces reader to the subject of this book then Section II turns to the desirability and feasibility of the adoption of a comparative (WTO-EC law) approach in its analysis. The importance of a ‘contextual’ examination is underlined and discussed using a case-study on the attitudes to legal interpretation prevailing in the two systems at issue. Section III singles out the main elements of the analysis by clarifying what the author considers as ‘definition’ of subsidy in this book. Section IV introduces a crucial relationship — that between ‘scope and justification’ – and its impact on the boundaries of the ‘definition’ of subsidy. This interaction, which is a recurring theme of the book, is set into the broader theoretical discourse by linking the issue of subsidies with the concepts of distributive justice and equality. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Foundations: The Purpose of Subsidy Control
Authors: Rubini Luca 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses two foundational questions which have an important impact on the more confined topic of the definition of subsidy. Why do we, and should we, control subsidies? If so, how do we devise an international system of control? Emphasis is placed on the first question, identifying two justifications for subsidy control, one trade-related (linked to market access), the other competition-related (linked to distortions of competition). The chapter also underlines the important role that subsidy plays in remedying market failures and pursuing other laudable public policy objectives. On the basis on these findings, it sketches the main features of the systems of subsidy control in the WTO and EC as they are, and as we suggest they should be.
The Forms of Governmental Action Covered by WTO Subsidy Rules
Authors: Rubini Luca 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses what forms of action actually constitute a subsidy or a State aid in the WTO and EC, and what forms of action should be considered as such. It begins with the examination of the state of the law in the WTO. The analysis focuses on the legal treatment of subsidies in both the GATT and the WTO. In so doing it concentrates on three techniques: the formulation of the definition, rules of imputability, and the origin of the resources.
Forms of Governmental Action: Internal and External Perspectives
Authors: Rubini Luca 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins by providing a conclusive critical assessment of the state of the law with respect to the forms of governmental action that constitute a subsidy or a State aid in the WTO and EC, and provides suggestions about whether the law, or its interpretation, should be changed. This critical assessment is carried out from a marked comparative standpoint. The analysis of the similarities and differences between the two disciplines, and the two legal systems as a whole, will help us to better evaluate the correctness of the solutions adopted in each legal system. The analysis is twofold, adopting two different viewpoints. On the one hand, it assesses the regulation of subsidies and State aids ‘in itself’ (which is called ‘internal perspective’), focusing in particular on the concerns about the expansiveness of the definition in terms of forms of governmental actions covered. On the other hand, taking an ‘external perspective’, the chapter briefly looks at the ‘other rules’ that in the two legal systems might apply to the same or similar forms of governmental action and address possible worries about system coherency.
Conclusions
Authors: Rubini Luca 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis book sought ‘to provide an analytical and conceptual framework’ of the legal definitions of WTO subsidy and EC State aid. It develops a subsidy language, made of issues and tests, concepts and categories. Most importantly, some general elements have emerged as essential characteristics, and useful tools of interpretation, of a more abstract concept of subsidy, transcending, but always connected to, the actual definitions posited in WTO and EC law. The first is a form of public action; the second the conferral of an economic advantage; and the third an impact on the competitive process. These constitute the subject of the analysis in the three main parts of the book (respectively Parts II, III and V). It is hoped that with this packaged conceptual toolbox the ‘interpreter and policy-maker’ may have a better understanding of the topic. This chapter outlines the main conclusions that the use of that conceptual framework has allowed us to reach.
5 The Lexical Encoding of Idioms
Authors: Everaert Martin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question how idioms are lexically represented, and the consequences that this has for a theory about the computational system. It argues that there is no straightforward way to use compositionality as a way to make a distinction between expressions that are idiomatic and expressions that are not idiomatic, and that only convention determines which phrases can be called an idiom.
9 On the Morphosyntax of (Anti) Causative Verbs
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe chapter investigates the variation at the level of morphology and at the level of productivity in the anti‐causative alternation on the basis of a non‐derivational approach to the alternation. It proposes to correlate the differences in productivity with the differences in the way languages morphologically mark the alternation. Two main groups of languages are identified. The behaviour of both groups will be shown to be related to properties of their (in)transitive syntax. The main claim of the chapter is that the morphology we see in the alternation should be taken seriously and is the device that helps us explain why anticausative and causative formation is freer in some languages than others. It is shown, first, that if a language lacks special morphological marking for de‐transitivization processes, this language will allow fewer roots to ender the anticausative alternation. Second, it is argued that certain languages are more productive than others in forming causatives, as they have a smaller root inventory, but have a number of functional morphemes to express causation/becoming.
14 Morphological Aspect and the Function and Distribution of Cognate Objects Across Languages
Authors: Horrocks Geoffrey , Stavrou Melita 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe identify different functions of cognate objects cross‐linguistically, and analyse cognate object constructions as ‘lexicalized’ light verb constructions. In Greek etc. these involve no shift of aspectual character vis‐à‐vis the simple verb. But COCs in English etc. provide terminative equivalents to non‐terminative unergatives (the relevant VPs denoting telic, rather then atelic, eventualities). Such shifts correlate with the absence of grammaticalized aspect.
Health and social services for drug users
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caulkins Jonathan , Edwards Griffith , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes services designed to change the behaviour of drug users, with the aim of benefiting them and those people around them. The goals of such services are diverse, and may include initiating or maintaining abstinence from drugs, reducing the amount or frequency of drug use, or changing behaviours other than drug use (e.g. criminal activity, needle sharing). The chapter focuses on the outcomes of various types of health and social services.
Criminalization and decriminalization of drug use or possession
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caulkins Jonathan , Edwards Griffith , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews policies designed to deter drug use, through criminal sanctions on the possession and use of psychoactive substances. It shows that enforcement can reduce demand via deterrence, incapacitation, and/or rehabilitation.
2 The Debate on Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality: Why Measurement Matters1
Authors: Ravallion Martin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMarkedly different claims have been heard within the development community about how much progress is being made against poverty and inequality in the current period of globalization. This chapter provides a nontechnical overview of the conceptual and methodological issues underlying these conflicting claims. It argues that the dramatically differing positions taken in this debate often stem from differences in the concepts and definitions used, and differences in data sources and measurement assumptions. These differences are often hidden from view in the debate, but they need to be considered carefully if one is to properly interpret the evidence. The best available evidence suggests that if the rate of progress against absolute poverty in the developing world in the 1990s is maintained, then the Millennium Development Goal of halving the 1990 aggregate poverty rate by 2015 will be achieved on time in the aggregate, though not in all regions. The chapter concludes with some observations on the implications for the more policy-oriented debates on globalization and pro-poor growth.
6 Use of Country Purchasing Power Parities for International Comparisons of Poverty Levels: Potential and Limitations
Authors: Aten Bettina , Heston Alan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter takes up two interrelated issues of monetary measures of poverty: what prices and what expenditure weights should be used when comparing the purchasing power parity of currencies. The first section evaluates methods of estimating poverty through the late 1990s. The second looks at the sensitivity of an international poverty PPP to alternative aggregation and weighting methods. Some of the conclusions are that a consumption-based PPP is preferable to any GDP-based PPP, as are percentage weights rather than actual weights for expenditure distributions. The latter should be adjusted using an iterative approach that combines own country average-income shares and low-income household expenditure shares, or at least representative shares of a low-income country. Lastly, references to these methods are made with respect to the differences in the poverty PPPs, and global poverty counts of the World Bank and of Deaton and Dupriez (2009).
7 Measuring Poverty in a Growing World (or Measuring Growth in a Poor World)1
Authors: Deaton Angus 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe extent to which growth reduces global poverty has been disputed for several decades. Although there are better data than ever before, controversies are not resolved. A major problem is that consumption measured from household surveys, which is used to measure poverty, grows less rapidly than consumption measured in national accounts, in the world as a whole and in large countries, particularly India, China, and the United States. As a consequence, measured poverty has fallen less rapidly than appears warranted by measured growth in poor countries. One plausible cause is that richer households are less likely to participate in surveys. But growth in the national accounts is also upward biased, and consumption in the national accounts contains large and rapidly growing items that are not consumed by the poor and not included in surveys. So it is possible for consumption of the poor to grow less rapidly than national consumption, without any increase in measured inequality. Current statistical procedures in poor countries understate the rate of global poverty reduction and overstate growth in the world.
8 Poverty or Income Distribution: Which Do We Want to Measure?1
Authors: Johnston Robert 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter compares concepts of poverty and deprivation used in the pioneering slum surveys in London in the late nineteenth century with income and consumption concepts today. These are found to be rather similar and better suited to measurement of the poor and very poor than income distribution measures. The close apparent relation between these concepts and the World Bank's international $1.25/day poverty line led to the adoption of the Bank's method for measuring progress in reducing poverty in the first Millennium Development Goal. Concepts and methods in national accounting and household surveys have proven reasonably satisfactory for this purpose but are still only partially implemented in developing regions, and have yielded limited insights on desirable and successful anti-poverty policies.
9 A Note on the Mis(Use) of National Accounts for Estimation of Household Final Consumption Expenditures for Poverty Measures
Authors: Havinga Ivo , Kamanou Gisèle , Viet Vu Quang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines, from a global perspective, why poverty counts at different points in time generate marked and growing discrepancies when estimated from national accounts aggregated statistics (NA) as opposed to household surveys data (HS). It argues that NA and HS are not only designed to serve different purposes, but are fundamentally different in terms of statistical concepts and methods. The illustration of the NA concepts of ‘disposable income by individual household’ and ‘actual household final consumption’ indicates that the use of NA for poverty measurement is inadequate both conceptually and empirically. The chapter reiterates the importance of developing internationally harmonized standards for HS, seeking to accomplish improved poverty estimation as well as direct measure of household consumption in NA.
10 Unequal Development in the 1990s: Growing Gaps in Human Capabilities1
Authors: Fukuda-Parr Sakiko , Stewart David 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter assesses poverty trends by using human development outcomes rather than by using income measures alone. It shows that the the 1990s was a decade of prosperity and progress for the world but also of development disaster for many of the world's poorest countries, where key indicators of human development not only failed to progress but began to register reversals based on both income and capability indicators. The chapter identifies the poorest performing countries and examines their characteristics. These characteristics suggest common constraints that they face, constraints which merit attention in the fight against global poverty.
Scipio the Matchmaker
Authors: Chaplin Jane D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores why Livy chose to shape Scipio Africanus' encounter with the Spanish maiden in Book 26 as a positive variant on the Lucretia narrative. Where the rape of Lucretia triggers the overthrow of the monarchy, Scipio's restrained behaviour towards the Spanish maiden leads to local alliances and military support. Comparison with Polybius illuminates Livy's emphasis on the connection between abstinence and diplomatic success. Further, the revisiting and amplification of the episode when Scipio rebukes Masinissa for trying to protect Sophoniba show the centrality of this theme to Livy's conception of Scipio. The chapter then uses the trials of the Scipios to consider the similarities and differences between Scipio and 1st-century warlords, and argues that Scipio's failure to capitalize on his extra-constitutional status distinguishes him from Marius, Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar, and explains his value for a reversal of Lucretia's story.
Allusion and Contrast in the Letters of Nicias (Thuc. 7.11–15) and Pompey (Sall.Hist.2.98M)
Authors: Meyer Elizabeth A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSimilarities and verbal allusions that link the letters of Nicias in Thucydides (7.11-15) and Pompey in Sallust (Hist. 2.98M) prompt a comparison of the two men and their situations; but the contrasts that emerge from this comparison also invite the reader to observe how different the men were, and then to read through these differences to note the similarities between Pompey and Nicias's rival Alcibiades, who turned against his own city. The subsequent comparison of the recipients of the letters and their responses — Athenian democrats and Roman senators — shows a contrast even more extreme, for the former were united, strong, and public-spirited; the latter fracturing, weak, and self-centred. The contrasts that finally emerge from both comparisons suggest a fundamental parallel intended by both authors: the impending death of language, descent into ferocious action, and doom of civil war for both polities.
Amores1.1–5
Authors: West David 
Published: May 2010

Abstract‘There's a certain ... if anyone here will wish to know ... madam. Her name is Mrs Thirsty’. Comic scripts need a comic to perform them. Read silently they are dead. For this opening to Amores 1.8 the epexegete has to imagine a brilliant performer carrying it off: his timing, gesture, pitch and pace of voice, play of features (leer? or frown?), pregnant pause while the listeners realize they are being mocked. Ovid was a brilliant performer. It was a great sorrow to him in exile that if he were to recite his poems, nobody would understand him (Tristia 3.14.39-40). Composing a poem which you can't read to anyone is the same thing as performing rhythmic gestures in the dark (Pont. 4.2.33). This chapter attempts to imagine Ovid's recitation of Amores 1.1-6 to track the flight of the performing flea of Latin poetry: risisse Cupido dicitur.
Fathers and Sons: The Manlii Torquati and Family Continuity in Catullus and Horace
Authors: Feeney Denis 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter investigates the historiographical traditions concerning the patrician family of the Manlii Torquati, and the use made of those traditions by the two Roman poets Catullus and Horace. The family of the Manlii Torquati are marked in Roman historiography for the template of a father killing his son, and the historians treat the family as a hard test case for the survival of aristocratic tradition: how can a family perpetuate a family tradition if the tradition says you have to kill your inheritor? The chapter demonstrates how three major poems — Catullus Poem 61, Horace Epistles 1.5, and Odes 4.7 — all capitalize on the family traditions as they address two members of this family; who are, it is argued, father and son. Both Catullus and Horace are interested in the precarious nature of family continuity in the Roman aristocracy.
Seven Passages of theAnnals(and One of Manilius)
Authors: Courtney Edward 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter offers corrections of Tacitus, Annals 11.14, 11.23, 12.5, 12.65, 14.61, 15.63, 15.65, and, incidentally, of Manilius 2.898; places in which the transmitted text appears to be corrupt.
The Great Escape: Tacitus on the Mutiny of the Usipi (Agricola28)
Authors: Ash Rhiannon 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers an extraordinary passage from Tacitus's Agricola, his excursus on the mutinous adventures of a disaffected auxiliary cohort of Usipi. While accidentally circumnavigating Britain, they are reduced to cannibalism and the survivors are captured and sold as slaves (Agricola 28). The episode forms a lively hiatus between Agricola's sixth season of campaigning (Agricola 25-7) and the climactic campaign of Mons Graupius (Agricola 29-38), but there is more at stake here than entertainment: Tacitus makes some telling points about imperial power and establishes some suggestive interconnections between this incident of cannibalism on the margins and the violent, self-destructive activities happening in Rome under the bloodthirsty Domitian. On the margins, these one-time auxiliaries are driven to cannibalism, but still retain some degree of integrity. Yet the Roman princeps at the centre seems to relish the taste of aristocratic blood (even if this serves as a prelude to his own assassination).
Voices of Resistance
Authors: Rutherford Richard 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter makes a sustained comparison between the speeches of Calgacus and Agricola in Tacitus's Agricola, and the longer sequence in the narrative of the Batavian revolt in Tacitus, Histories iv, involving orations by Julius Civilis, Petilius Cerealis, and others. Both works use rhetorical topoi current in the tradition of criticism of Roman imperialism; something is also said by way of defence of empire. These rhetorical arguments are deployed in complicated ways and as always, the speeches must be seen in relation to the narrative. The aim is not to reach facile conclusions about Tacitus's view of empire, but to examine the complexities of conflicting views in the texts, both in the speeches and in the authorial narrative.
Chapter 1 The Problem of Biological Invasions
Authors: Perrings Charles , Mooney Harold , Mark Williamson 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the impact of invasive species throughout human history, and the role of trade, transport, and travel in species introductions. It then considers the ecological and economic dimensions of the problem of invasive species, and policy and management options. The need to recognize the global dimension of the problem is discussed.
Chapter 2 Climate Change and Species' Distributions: An Alien Future?
Authors: Thomas Chris D. , Ohlemüller Ralf 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents analyses that suggest increasing levels of invasion will be observed with increasing climate change, and that invasions of species from far away will increase disproportionately. It suggests that climate change will require us to reconsider our attitudes to the distinction between native and non-native species, because many species are only expected to survive climate change by establishing in new regions, outside their historical ranges.