bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Amphiphilic Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Having a Hydrophobic Fluorescent Dye Group and Its Formation of Fluorescent Nanoparticles in Water
Authors: Kuwahara Shin-ya , Yamamoto Kazuya , Kadokawa Jun-ichi 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
In this study, we synthesized an amphiphilic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) having controlled numbers of hydrophilic and fluorescent hydrophobic groups (seven and one, respectively) by the successive reactions of a starting compound, octa(3-aminopropyl)-POSS, with gluconolactone and with dansyl chloride under appropriate conditions. The product formed fluorescent nanoparticles with relatively well-defined morphology in water by self-aggregation, which was confirmed by SEM, DLS, and fluorescence measurements.
Homogeneous Ruthenium Precatalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction
Authors: Kawatsura Motoi , Kamesaki Kosuke , Yamamoto Mitsuaki , Hayase Shuichi , Itoh Toshiyuki 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Ru(cod)(2-methylallyl)2 was found to catalyze the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of aryl bromides and aryl iodides with arylboronic acids. The reaction was catalyzed by 10 mol % Ru(cod)(2-methylallyl)2 at 60 °C, and afforded the biaryls in moderate to good yields.
Reviews
Authors: Cunneen Chris , Worrall Anne , Wickes Rebecca , Duncanson Kirsty , Fishwick Elaine , McCulloch Jude , Maurashat Alana , Grewcock Michael 
Published: August 2010

Justice in Transition: Community Restorative Justice in Northern Ireland Anna Eriksson Uffculme: Willan Publishing, 2009 Torture, Truth and Justice: The Case of Timor-Leste Elizabeth Stanley, Abingdon: Routledge, 2009 Murdering Stepmothers: The Execution of Martha Rendell By Anna Haebich Perth: University of Western Australia Publishing, 2010 Crime and Everyday Life By Marcus Felson and Rachel Boba Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 2010 The Scene of Violence: Cinema Crime Affect Alison Young Abingdon: GlassHouse Routledge, 2010. Lines in the Sand: The Cronulla Riots, Multiculturalism and National Belonging Edited by Gregory Noble Sydney: Institute of Criminology Press, 2009 Border Crimes: Australia's War on Illicit Migrants By Michael Grewcock Sydney: Institute of Criminology Press, 2009 Handbook of Internet Crime Edited by Yvonne Jewkes and Majid Yar Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2010 Reviews Round-Up
Computer simulations suggest that acute correction of hyperglycaemia with an insulin bolus protocol might be useful in brain FDG PET
Authors: Santer R. , Brenner W. , Apostolova I. , Mester J. , Clausen M. , Silverman D. H. S. , Buchert R. 
Published: August 2010

Summary
Aim: FDG PET in hyperglycaemic subjects often suffers from limited statistical image quality, which may hamper visual and quantitative evaluation. In our study the following insulin bolus protocol is proposed for acute correction of hyperglycaemia (> 7.0 mmol/l) in brain FDG PET. (i) Intravenous bolus injection of short-acting insulin, one I.E. for each 0.6 mmol/l blood glucose above 7.0. (ii) If 20 min after insulin administration plasma glucose is ≤ 7.0 mmol/l, proceed to (iii). If insulin has not taken sufficient effect step back to (i). Compute insulin dose with the updated blood glucose level. (iii) Wait further 20 min before injection of FDG. (iv) Continuous supervision of the patient during the whole scanning procedure. Methods: The potential of this protocol for improvement of image quality in brain FDG PET in hyperglycaemic subjects was evaluated by computer simulations within the Sokoloff model. A plausibility check of the prediction of the computer simulations on the magnitude of the effect that might be achieved by correction of hyperglycaemia was performed by retrospective evaluation of the relation between blood glucose level and brain FDG uptake in 89 subjects in whom FDG PET had been performed for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Results: The computer simulations suggested that acute correction of hyperglycaemia according to the proposed bolus insulin protocol might increase the FDG uptake of the brain by up to 80%. The magnitude of this effect was confirmed by the patient data. Conclusion: The proposed management protocol for acute correction of hyper glycaemia with insulin has the potential to significantly improve the statistical quality of brain FDG PET images. This should be confirmed in a prospective study in patients.
Association of glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1, T1 and P1) gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in north Indian population
Authors: Bid HK , Konwar R , Saxena M , Chaudhari P , Agrawal CG , Banerjee M 
Published: August 2010

Background:
Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a reduction in antioxidant defense. The oxidative stress becomes evident as a result of accumulation of ROS in conditions of inflammation and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The genes involved in redox balance, which determines the susceptibility to T2DM remain unclear. In humans, the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family comprises several classes of GST isozymes, the polymorphic variants of GSTM1, T1 and P1 genes result in decreased or loss of enzyme activity.

Aims:
The present study evaluated the effect of genetic polymorphisms of the GST gene family on the risk of developing T2DM in the North Indian population.

Settings and Design:
GSTM1, T1 and P1 polymorphisms were genotyped in 100 T2DM patients and 200 healthy controls from North India to analyze their association with T2DM susceptibility.

Materials and Methods:
Analysis of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms was performed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and GSTP1 by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Statistical Analysis: Fisher's exact test and χ2 statistics using SPSS software (Version-15.0). Results: We observed significant association of GSTM1 null (P=0.004, OR= 2.042, 95%CI= 1.254-3.325) and GSTP1 (I/V) (P=0.001, OR= 0.397, 95%CI=0.225-0.701) with T2DM and no significant association with GSTT1 (P=0.493). The combined analysis of the three genotypes GSTM1 null, T1 present and P1 (I/I) demonstrated an increase in T2DM risk (P= 0.005, OR= 2.431 95% CI=1.315-4.496).

Conclusions:
This is the first study showing the association of a combined effect of GSTM1, T1 and P1 genotypes in a representative cohort of Indian patients with T2DM. Since significant association was seen in GSTM1 null and GSTP1 (I/V) and multiple association in GSTM1 null, T1 present and P1 (I/I), these polymorphisms can be screened in the population to determine the diabetic risk.
Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly patients
Authors: Harugeri A , Joseph J , Parthasarathi G , Ramesh M , Guido S 
Published: August 2010

Background:
Geriatrics is an emerging clinical specialty in India. Information about the appropriateness of prescription medication use among the elderly in India is limited. Aims: To determine the prevalence and predictors of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use, and assess the relationship between PIM use and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the hospitalized elderly.

Settings:
Medicine wards at two teaching hospitals.

Design:
Prospective observational study.

Materials and Methods:
Patients aged ≥ 60 years admitted to medicine wards between January 2008 and June 2009 were included and reviewed for PIM use according to the Beers Criteria 2003 (BC). Severity of PIM use was classified as per BC as 'high' or 'low'. ADRs observed in the study patients were also recorded. Statistical Analysis: Association between ADRs and PIM use was assessed using Chi Square test. Bivariate analysis and subsequently multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of PIM use.

Results:
PIM use was observed in 191 of 814 enrolled patients. At least one PIM at admission and during hospital stay was received by 2.4% (20) and 22.1% (180) patients respectively. High-severity PIM use showed a higher prevalence compared to low severity [26.8% (218) vs. 5.5% (45)]. Amongst the patients who received polypharmacy (≥ 5 concurrent medications), 1.4% (5/362) and 22.1% (163/736) patients received PIMs at admission and during hospital stay respectively. Use of aspirin/clopidogrel/diclofenac in the presence of blood clotting disorder or anticoagulant therapy (8.3%) was the most commonly encountered PIM use. Medications not listed in BC were associated with increased occurrence of ADRs compared to medications listed in BC (349 vs. 11) (χ2 =98.4, P<0.001). Increased number of concurrent medications' use (≥9) during the stay in medicine wards was identified as an influential predictor of PIM use [Odds ratio: 1.9, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.34-2.69, P<0.001) in the hospitalized elderly.

Conclusion:
PIM use was common (23.5%) among the elderly patients during their stay in medicine wards in two tertiary care hospitals. Measures targeted only at BC medications may do little to change the risk of ADRs in elderly.
Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Cancer Questions From Social Media
Authors: Chen David , Parsa Rod , Hope Andrew , Hannon Breffni , Mak Ernie , Eng Lawson , Liu Fei-Fei , Fallah-Rad Nazanin , Heesters Ann M. , Raman Srinivas 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceArtificial intelligence (AI) chatbots pose the opportunity to draft template responses to patient questions. However, the ability of chatbots to generate responses based on domain-specific knowledge of cancer remains to be tested.ObjectiveTo evaluate the competency of AI chatbots (GPT-3.5 [chatbot 1], GPT-4 [chatbot 2], and Claude AI [chatbot 3]) to generate high-quality, empathetic, and readable responses to patient questions about cancer.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis equivalence study compared the AI chatbot responses and responses by 6 verified oncologists to 200 patient questions about cancer from a public online forum. Data were collected on May 31, 2023.ExposuresRandom sample of 200 patient questions related to cancer from a public online forum (Reddit r/AskDocs) spanning from January 1, 2018, to May 31, 2023, was posed to 3 AI chatbots.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were pilot ratings of the quality, empathy, and readability on a Likert scale from 1 (very poor) to 5 (very good). Two teams of attending oncology specialists evaluated each response based on pilot measures of quality, empathy, and readability in triplicate. The secondary outcome was readability assessed using Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level.ResultsResponses to 200 questions generated by chatbot 3, the best-performing AI chatbot, were rated consistently higher in overall measures of quality (mean, 3.56 [95% CI, 3.48-3.63] vs 3.00 [95% CI, 2.91-3.09]; P &amp;lt; .001), empathy (mean, 3.62 [95% CI, 3.53-3.70] vs 2.43 [95% CI, 2.32-2.53]; P &amp;lt; .001), and readability (mean, 3.79 [95% CI, 3.72-3.87] vs 3.07 [95% CI, 3.00-3.15]; P &amp;lt; .001) compared with physician responses. The mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level of physician responses (mean, 10.11 [95% CI, 9.21-11.03]) was not significantly different from chatbot 3 responses (mean, 10.31 [95% CI, 9.89-10.72]; P &amp;gt; .99) but was lower than those from chatbot 1 (mean, 12.33 [95% CI, 11.84-12.83]; P &amp;lt; .001) and chatbot 2 (mean, 11.32 [95% CI, 11.05-11.79]; P = .01).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this study suggest that chatbots can generate quality, empathetic, and readable responses to patient questions comparable to physician responses sourced from an online forum. Further research is required to assess the scope, process integration, and patient and physician outcomes of chatbot-facilitated interactions.
Capillary Condensation Mediated Fluidic Straining for Enhanced Bacterial Inactivation
Authors: Zhao Yuanyuan , A Hubao , Cheung Yuk Ha , Lam Yintung , Tang Jiayue , Li Han , Yang Zhibing , Xin John Haozhong 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBiomaterials capable of continuously inactivating pathogens are essential for suppressing transmission of infectious diseases, such as epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and pulmonary tuberculosis. Here, capillary condensation of air moisture within nano‐confined spaces between superhydrophilic rigid nanorods is shown and target microbiology spontaneously stretch and inactivate aerosolized microorganisms. Specifically, the negative Gaussian curvature‐shaped water condensate causes fluidic straining, comprising surface tension and Laplace pressure, strong enough to deform and eliminate the selected bacteria. Plate counting quantifies the sharply reduced contact‐killing period for superhydrophilic and bare nanorods (6 vs 100 min for E. coli, 20 vs 120 min for S. aureus) under relative humidity of 70%. Theoretical calculations and experimental studies indicate increased mechanical straining and mechano‐bactericidal by improving air moisture content. To further illustrate utility, long‐term antibacterial medical masks are fabricated by integrating such nanorods onto commercial fabrics. Collectively, these findings highlight the immense potential of capillary condensation‐induced fluidic straining as an eco‐friendly, broad‐spectrum, and highly efficient antibacterial strategy.
Selective and Real‐Time Ion Monitoring with Integrated Floating‐Gate Organic Electrochemical Transistor Sensing Circuits
Authors: Frusconi Giulia , Kovács‐Vajna Zsolt M. , Torricelli Fabrizio 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIon‐selective transistor‐based sensors play a pivotal role in quantifying ion concentrations in aqueous media. Existing solutions rely on direct coupling between ion‐selective membrane and channel, requiring bulky electrolyte reservoirs or complex technological approaches and material interfaces. This work introduces a transformative paradigm with ion‐selective floating‐gate organic electrochemical transistors (ISFG‐OECTs) and their integration in sensing circuits. ISFG‐OECTs feature spatial separation between ion‐selective gating and ionic‐electronic current modulation. Leveraging volumetric capacitance and solid‐state ionic liquid, efficient ionic coupling with the channel is obtained. These distinctive features make them an ideal solution for streamlined materials integration, eliminating the need for liquid reservoirs. Theoretical foundations and design guidelines for efficient ISFG‐OECT implementation are elucidated. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of ISFG‐OECTs in both transistor‐sensors and current‐driven circuit configurations, revealing highly selective detection of K+ ions with a limit of detection as low as 11 × 10−6 m, even in the presence of interfering Na+ ions at concentrations two orders of magnitude higher. The proposed approach is simple, reliable, and scalable, offering opportunities for a broad range of fields, such as medical diagnostics, precision agriculture, and environmental monitoring.
High‐Linear‐Energy Layered Fiber Batteries Using Roll‐to‐Roll Lamination and Laser Cutting
Authors: Altmaier Rachel A. , Tiffany Jason E. , Simmonds Adam G. , McHale Courtney A. , Fernandes Diarny O. , Hamann Tanner R. , Hoover Denise E. , Elazar Mittelman Stav A. , Meseke Joseph R. , Sharp Jacalynn O. , Knowlton Nicholas A. , Gerasopoulos Konstantinos 
Published: May 2024

AbstractFiber batteries are essential for the realization of high‐performance wearable and textile electronics with the desirable features of conventional textiles, including breathability, stretchability, and washability. However, the development of fiber batteries is limited by scalability and performance since most reported fabrication techniques are not compatible with standard battery manufacturing. This work presents a novel method for the scalable fabrication of fiber batteries with a stacked design analogous to that of conventional pouch cells using layer lamination and laser machining. To accomplish this, several poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) separators are developed, enabling lamination between conventional battery electrodes using a heated rolling press. The laminated strips are subsequently laser cut to form fibers with widths as narrow as 650–700 µm. These prototypes are successfully cycled in pouch cells and capillary tubes, delivering very high linear energies up to 0.61 mWh cm−1. Custom equipment is designed to demonstrate scalable fiber battery fabrication processing in a roll‐to‐roll fashion. This work marks a paradigm shift in fiber battery research by demonstrating substantial benefits over all previous approaches including optimal active material utilization, low inactive material content, scalability, and compatibility with equipment already used widely in the battery industry.
Continuously Geometrical Tuning to Boost Circular Dichroism in 3D Chiral Metamaterials
Authors: Chen Qiang , Wu Yawei , She Yongzhi , Zhao Yilong , Yang Jinlong , Chen Lijuan , Liu Peiwu , Wu Min , Zeng Changgan , Qi Zeming , Hu Chuansheng , Liu Hengjie , Xiong Ying , Tian Yangchao , Chen Yang , Cai Hongbing , Pan Nan , Wang Xiaoping 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChiral metamaterials possess unique optical chiral responses, and the attainment of remarkable intrinsic chirality typically necessitates the disruption of their mirror symmetry to facilitate cross‐coupling between electric and magnetic dipoles. However, achieving such symmetry breaking in a flexible and controllable manner remains challenging due to the limited range of applications afforded by available methodologies. Here, a method is proposed for fabricating robust three‐dimensional (3D) chiral metamaterials by projecting arbitrary planar chiral metasurfaces onto on‐demand height‐tunable 3D silicon structures, thereby effectively modulating their optical chiral responses through continuously tuning the degree of cross‐coupling between dipoles. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate this approach's ability to precisely control circular dichroism (CD) from a non‐chiral state to various activated and enhanced chirality. Enhancing CD with high precision and continuous control manners can naturally provide an advanced opportunity and platform for the future design and actual applications of chiral optical systems.
Gastrointestinal Incomplete Degradation Exacerbates Neurotoxic Effects of PLA Microplastics via Oligomer Nanoplastics Formation
Authors: Liang Boxuan , Deng Yanhong , Zhong Yizhou , Chen Xiaoqing , Huang Yuji , Li Zhiming , Huang Xiyun , Yang Xiaohong , Du Jiaxin , Ye Rongyi , Xian Hongyi , Feng Yu , Bai Ruobing , Fan Bingchi , Yang Xingfen , Huang Zhenlie 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBiodegradable plastics, hailed for their environmental friendliness, may pose unforeseen risks as they undergo gastrointestinal degradation, forming oligomer nanoplastics. Despite this, the influence of gastrointestinal degradation on the potential human toxicity of biodegradable plastics remains poorly understood. To this end, the impact of the murine in vivo digestive system is investigated on the biotransformation, biodistribution, and toxicity of PLA polymer and PLA oligomer MPs. Through a 28‐day repeated oral gavage study in mice, it is revealed that PLA polymer and oligomer microplastics undergo incomplete and complete degradation, respectively, in the gastrointestinal tract. Incompletely degraded PLA polymer microplastics transform into oligomer nanoplastics, heightening bioavailability and toxicity, thereby exacerbating overall toxic effects. Conversely, complete degradation of PLA oligomer microplastics reduces bioavailability and mitigates toxicity, offering a potential avenue for toxicity reduction. Additionally, the study illuminates shared targets and toxicity mechanisms in Parkinson's disease‐like neurotoxicity induced by both PLA polymer and PLA oligomer microplastics. This involves the upregulation of MICU3 in midbrains, leading to neuronal mitochondrial calcium overload. Notably, neurotoxicity is mitigated by inhibiting mitochondrial calcium influx with MCU‐i4 or facilitating mitochondrial calcium efflux with DBcAMP in mice. These findings enhance the understanding of the toxicological implications of biodegradable microplastics on human health.
Enhancing Rate Capability, Capacity, and Durability of Co‐Doped Germanium Phosphide Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Wenwu , Wang Jeng‐Han , Yen Hung‐Yu , Liu Meilin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWhile germanium‐based anodes for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) have potential to offer high energy density, their commercialization is impeded by low ionic and electronic conductivity and poor tolerance to volume change during cycling. Here a new quaternary CuGeSiP3 anode is reported to simultaneously overcome these limitations. Synthesized via ball milling process, CuGeSiP3 displays high ionic and electronic conductivity and excellent flexibility to accommodate volume change, attributed to increased structural entropy and reversible formation of favorable intermediates of both electronic and Li ion conductors, as confirmed by experimental measurements and theoretical calculations. When used as an LIB anode, CuGeSiP3 demonstrates large reversible capacity, high Coulombic efficiency, robust cycling stability, and high‐rate capability because it undergoes a reversible lithiation process that involves intercalation and conversion reaction. When composited with layered graphite, the electrode demonstrates exceptional cycling stability (1 261 mA h g−1 after 600 cycles at 400 mA g−1 and 861 mA h g−1 after 1 450 cycles at 20 00 mA g−1) and ultrahigh rate capability (448 mA h g−1 at 20 000 mA g−1). Further, the quaternary, pentanary, and hexanary cation‐disordered phosphides are also synthesized, all having similar Li‐storage superiority, implying the multiple co‐doping strategy is applicable to other material systems.
An Amphiphilic Cell‐Penetrating Macrocycle for Efficient Cytosolic Delivery of Proteins, DNA, and CRISPR Cas9
Authors: Qutub Somayah S. , Bhat Imtiyaz Ahmad , Maatouk Batoul I. , Moosa Basem , Fakim Aliyah , Nawaz Kashif , Diaz‐Galicia Escarlet , Lin Weibin , Grünberg Raik , Arold Stefan T. , Khashab Niveen M. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe discovery of safe platforms that can circumvent the endocytic pathway is of great significance for biological therapeutics that are usually degraded during endocytosis. Here we show that a self‐assembled and dynamic macrocycle can passively diffuse through the cell membrane and deliver a broad range of biologics, including proteins, CRISPR Cas9, and ssDNA, directly to the cytosol while retaining their bioactivity. Cell‐penetrating macrocycle CPM can be easily prepared from the room temperature condensation of diketopyrrolopyrrole lactams with diamines. We attribute the high cellular permeability of CPM to its amphiphilic nature and chameleonic properties. It adopts conformations that partially bury polar groups and expose hydrophobic side chains, thus self‐assembling into micellar‐like structures. Its superior fluorescence makes CPM trackable inside cells where it follows the endomembrane system. CPM outperformed commercial reagents for biologics delivery and showed high RNA knockdown efficiency of CRISPR Cas9. We envisage that this macrocycle will be an ideal starting point to design and synthesize biomimetic macrocyclic tags that can readily facilitate the interaction and uptake of biomolecules and overcome endosomal digestion.