bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influences of simulated moisture stress conditions and osmotic substrates on germination and growth of cultivated and wild safflowers
Authors: Bassiri A. , Khosh-Khui M. , Rouhani I. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYComparisons were made between cultivated safflower varieties (Carthamus tinctoriusL.) and six wild ecotypes (C. oxyacanthaBieb.) for their tolerance to simulated drought conditions. Plant characteristics of the wild strains were noted and soil samples from their collection sites were analysed for the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract. Polyethylene glycol 6000, mannitol and sodium chloride were used as osmotic substrates to prepare aqueous solutions having 0, 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 15 and 18 atm. of osmotic potentials (OP). The influences of treatments were studied on seed germination, shoot length and fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots of seedlings.Increased OPs progressively delayed and reduced seed germination, shoot length and fresh and dry weights of seedlings. Shoots were, however, more adversely affected than roots. Wild ecotypes were apparently more sensitive to high OPs than the cultivated varieties.
Crop water requirements of cotton
Authors: Hutchinson Joseph , Manning H. L. , Farbrother H. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Attention is drawn to the enormous variations in yield experienced in commercial cotton growing under rain-fed conditions. Yields at Namulonge have ranged from 161 to 1163 lb./acre.2. In seeking an explanation of this enormous variation past and present fertilizer trials in Uganda have failed to show that much of this variation is due to nutrient status.3. From Manning's previous analysis of yields in relation to seasonal rainfall, over many district trials, it is evident that 20–25 in. of rainfall per season is optimum.4. The purpose of more recent studies has been to examine the effect of distribution of rainfall within the season. Clearly the pattern of crop water requirement, also within the season, must supersede a simple seasonal concept of crop water use.5. Experimental evidence, based on several seasons' data, led to the conclusion that evapotranspiration rates exceeding the commonly accepted figure of 0·8E must in fact occur in order to provide a satisfactory explanation of results recorded.6. The within-season pattern of water requirement of an annual arable crop is shown to be more dependent on its state of development than on the pattern of a physical model based on calculations of energy availability.
The effect of growth hormone on wool follicles
Authors: Labban F. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. Five pairs of Suffolk twin lambs were used and one of each pair was injected twice daily with 2 mg. of a growth hormone preparation for 2 weeks.2. Treatment was begun when they were between 3 and 4 weeks old, the total number of follicles in the Suffolk not being complete until 6 weeks old. Skin samples were taken at the beginning and end of the experiment.3. It was found that in 0·25 sq. cm. of skin the total number of primary follicles was reduced from the beginning to end of the experiment in both control and treated groups, probably because of the expansion of skin area during that time. While the total number of secondary, ‘news’ and ‘plug’ follicles was also reduced in the control group, they were increased in the treated group.4. Since the secondary to primary follicle ratio was 5·3:1 for the treated group as compared with 4·5:1 for the controls it is concluded that growth hormone increases the number of secondary follicles which develop during the early weeks of postnatal life.
The transfer of maternal dietary riboflavin to the embryo during development in the common fowl
Authors: Brown W. O. 
Published: March 2009

In this paper a detailed examination of the rate of transfer of riboflavin to the embryo during incubation is reported.Confirmatory evidence of the direct effect of egg content of riboflavin on subsequent growth of the chick is supported by liver analyses for riboflavin. Changes in the liver content after hatching show that after 10 days on a low riboflavin diet reserves of chicks reach a minimal level irrespective of original egg content.The data for the rate of transfer of riboflavin to the embryo show a direct relationship between the amount reaching the embryo and the initial content of the egg. Evidence is presented of a large rate of transfer at the most critical period of development, which is at 14–15 days as judged by embryonic mortality in riboflavin deficiency. In eggs containing low levels of the vitamin a relatively small amount of the vitamin reaches the embryo at this critical 15-day stage.The time required for hens on a low dietary level of riboflavin to reach maximal egg levels is shown to be of the order of three weeks.The utilization by the embryo of riboflavin injected into the egg is studied quantitatively. The injected vitamin is as fully utilized by the embryo as is riboflavin deposited at egg formation.Qualitative chromatographic separation of the flavines of fertile eggs during incubation shows a gradual increase in combined forms as development proceeds.
Death of the root cortex of winter wheat in field conditions; effects of break crops and possible implications for the take-all fungus and its biological control agent, Phialophora radicicola var. graminicola
Authors: Deacon J. W. , Henry Christine M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNuclear staining with acridine orange was used to study death of the root cortex of winter wheat grown after grass and non-graminaceous break crops in a field trial site in 1978. The top 5·4 cm of first seminal root axes had several anucleate cortical cell layers by late-February, and nearly five dead cell layers (of a maximum six) by mid-April. One of the next pair of roots to emerge (designated ‘2’) showed similar cortical death, but one of the subsequent pair (designated ‘4“)showed substantially less death at these times.Significantly more root cortex death was seen in first to third wheat crops after 1 or 2 years of grass than after swedes-potatoes, and in one replicate block compared with the other in the trial. But there was no significant difference in cortical death between first, second, third and 16th successive wheat crops.Root cortex death could not be attributed to infection by Gaeumannomyces graminis, Phialophora radicicola var. graminicola or the nematode Rotylenchus robustus. But its implications for root–infecting parasites are considered and, in particular, the enhanced cortical death in some crops compared with others may help to explain the reported differences in infection of wheat by P. radicicola var. graminicola, a biological control agent of take-all.
The effect on reproduction and morphometrics of females ofCulex pipiensL. of treatment of larvae with six insect growth regulators
Authors: Kelada N. L. , Gaaboub I. A. , Rawash I. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSix compounds which show juvenile-hormone-like (JH) activity (TH6040, JH-25, Altosid, Altozar, ZR-777 and ZR-619) were tested on larvae ofCulex pipiens. The reproduction potential of the females obtained during two successive generations was not affected greatly, but there was a decline in pupation rate with some compounds. There seemed to be a direct relationship between the size of females of this species and treatment with JH compounds tested in the present investigation, since treatment with concentrations to inhibit the emergence of 10% or 50% of adults caused significant changes in the width of head, wing dimensions or length of hind legs.
Live weight loss and its components in Romney ewes subjected to L-thyroxine therapy and a low plane of nutrition. Part I. Effects on live weight, carcass weight and carcass composition
Authors: Kirton A. H. , Barton R. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. An experiment involving fifty Romney ewes of known history is described. These ewes were randomized to ten treatment groups of five ewes so that group mean live weights were approximately equal. The average live weight of the ewes was 147 lb. at selection and 135.5 lb. at the beginning of the 28-day experimental period. Three levels of L-thyroxine implants, viz. 150, 210 and 270 mg. were used on six groups of ewes, three of which (LT: NP, MT: NP, HT: NP) were on a normal plane of nutrition and three (LT: LP, MT: LP, HT: LP) on a low plane of nutrition. One group of ewes (DT: LP) was daily injected with 5 mg. L-thyroxine; one group of ewes (CB) was slaughtered at the commencement of the 2 8-day experimental period; one group of ewes (C:NP) was maintained for 28 days on a normal plane of nutrition and did not receive thyroxine therapy, and another group of ewes (C:LP) was on a low plane of nutrition for 28 days and was not treated with thyroxine.2. Live-weight losses of up to 24.4 lb. for the low thyroxine (150 mg.) low-plane group of ewes (LT:LP) and 30.0 lb. for the three surviving ewes of the DT: LP group were recorded at the end of the 28-day experimental period. The daily injection of 5 mg. L-thyroxine treatment had to be modified because of two deaths.
A crossbreeding experiment with cattle, with special reference to the maternal effect in South Devon—Dexter crosses
Authors: Joubert D. M. , Hammond John 
Published: March 2009

An investigation was carried out to determine the extent of the maternal influence on size of calves at birth and during subsequent stages of growth, by making reciprocal matings between large South Devon and small Dexter cattle. As a preliminary to the experimental results, data concerning the respective parent breeds were analysed. From the first part of the study the following information was obtained:1. The mean weight at birth of purebred South Devon calves was 100·3 ± 1·47 lb. with a tendency, though not statistically significant, for male calves to be heavier. Calves born during the months April to July appeared to be heavier than those born at other times, but the age of the dam had no definite effect on the birth weight of offspring. It was found, however, that the sire may influence birth weight to a significant degree.2. The mean period of pregnancy for South Devon females, carrying purebred foetuses, was 287·0 ± 0·42 days, the tendency being for males to be carried longer, but the difference of 0·97 days was not statistically significant. A statistically significant difference indicated that winter calvers carry their foetuses longer as a rule, but though heifers have shorter gestation periods than cows, the difference of 1·6 days was not significant.
Comparative studies of meat. Part VI. Factors affecting the iodine number of fat from the fatty and muscular tissues of lambs
Authors: Callow E. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. Carcasses of nineteen fat lambs (from six ewes and thirteen wethers weighing from 29 to 841b., aged from 78 to 365 days, all from the Suffolk breed and all fed in pens with no grazing) have been dissected into six joints, namely neck, thorax, loin, pelvis, shoulder (including shank), and leg (including shin). The subcutaneous and intermuscular fatty tissues and the muscular tissues have been dissected from each joint and analysed for fat. The iodine number of each sample of fat has been determined.2. The average percentage of fat in the fatty tissues of the carcass ranged from 71·9 to 87·8 and the average iodine numbers from 43·6 to 56·1. With the muscular tissues these figures were from 4·8 to 11·1 and iodine numbers from 51·5 to 61·7.3. The extreme ranges found in the subcutaneous fatty tissue of the joints were from 63·0 to 91·6 for percentage of fat and from 43·7 to 59·3 for iodine number. For the intermuscular fatty tissue these ranges were from 52·0 to 88·4 for fat and from 41·7 to 58·5 for iodine number. The kidney fat extended this range up to 95·7 for fat and down to 36·4 for iodine number. With the muscular tissue of the joints the ranges were from 2·7 to 17·3 for fat and from 48·3 to 65·0 for iodine number. The rectus femoris muscle extended this range down to 1·8 for fat and up to 66·2 for iodine number.
The value of the rib joint in predicting carcass chemical composition in various breeds of cattle and buffalo
Authors: Moran J. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYLeft and right 9–10–11 rib joints from 104 Madura, Ongole, Bali, Grati (or Friesian cross) and buffalo bulls were dissected into bone, muscular and fatty tissues and then ground and chemically analysed for water, ash, ether extract and protein contents. The carcasses from 48 of these bulls were also ground and analysed for these same chemical components. Within-breed relationships between dissectible and chemical composition in the rib and between dissectible composition of the rib and chemical composition of the carcass were tested by regression analyses.There were no breed differences in the relationships between bone and ash or between muscle and protein in the rib, but at the same content of rib fatty tissue, buffaloes had less predicted rib ether extract than Bali, Ongole or Madura cattle. At the same ash content of the rib, Madura bulls had the most carcass ash. Rib-muscle content was considered to be a poor predictor of carcass protein. At the same fat content of the rib, breed differences in predicted carcass ether extract were large with Grati having higher levels than Bali and all four cattle breeds having higher levels than buffaloes. Use of rib-fat or rib-energy contents to predict carcass energy yielded relative breed differences similar to those when rib fat was used to predict carcass ether extract.Differences in the distribution of fat within the carcass, particularly in the subcutaneous fat depot, were considered to have a major bearing on differences in the within-breed relationships. Therefore, published part-whole prediction equations should be used with caution when comparing genotypes likely to differ in the distribution of tissue within the carcass.
Rice bran as a supplement to elephant grass for cattle and buffalo in Indonesia: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency
Authors: Moran J. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIndonesian Ongole and swamp buffalo bulls that had previously been given 0, 1·2, 2·4, 3·6 or 4·8 kg/head/day rice bran plus ad libitum elephant grass were slaughtered after 161 days feeding. Abdominal depot fat, full and empty reticulo-rumen and cold carcass weights were recorded. Various carcass variables were measured and the 9–10–11 rib joints were dissected into bone, muscle and fat. Carcass gross energy was calculated from rib-fat content using previously determined regression equations. Feed efficiency was expressed in terms of the ratios of live-weight gain or carcass-energy accretion to metabolizable energy available for growth.Increasing supplementation with rice bran resulted in larger abdominal fat depots, higher dressing percentages, increased carcass fatness (and hence carcass gross energy) and improved rib muscle to bone ratios. Carcass conformation was unaffected by dietary treatment. When feed efficiency was expressed per unit live-weight gain, there was a decrease with increasing rice-bran feeding. Feed efficiency, expressed per unit of carcass energy accretion, improved with rice-bran supplementation and was generally higher in buffalo than in Ongole bulls. Dietary and species differences in feed efficiency could be primarily explained by the differential energy cost of deposition of, and the availability of energy from, carcass protein and lipid.
The physiology of forage rye (Secale cereale)
Authors: Hay R. K. M. , Al-Ani M. K. Abbas 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYField and pot investigations of the vegetative and early reproductive growth of a winter wheat and a winter rye cultivar over three seasons (1978–9, 1980–2) have shown that higher and earlier forage yields of rye are due to a combination of factors, notably more rapid rates of germination, crop emergence, leaf appearance and leaf expansion coupled with higher leaf area ratios. There was no evidence, from studies of net assimilation rate, that the photosynthetic apparatus of rye plants is better adapted than wheat to the low temperature and light conditions of winter and early spring. However, the earlier initiation of rye stem extension was associated with significant increases in net assimilation rate, which compensated for reductions in the leaf area ratio. Practical aspects of these results are discussed briefly.
Effects of date of planting on plant emergence, leaf growth, and yield in contrasting potato varieties
Authors: Jones J. L. , Allen E. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFive experiments which studied the effects of a wide range of dates of planting on contrasting potato varieties in Pembrokeshire are reported. In three experiments (1976–7) four early varieties (Home Guard, Arran Comet, Irish Peace and Ulster Sceptre) were sprouted from the end of dormancy and compared at four dates of planting, which began as soon as soil conditions allowed (February in 1975 and 1976 and March in 1977). In these experiments all early-emerging treatments were damaged by frost and in 1975 and 1976 date of planting had little effect on leaf area index or yield. In 1977 planting in late April delayed and increased peak leaf area index but reduced yields throughout harvesting. In all experiments the emergence of varieties was affected by date of planting. The varieties with the longest sprouts emerged first only from the earliest plantings; at late plantings all varieties emerged together, which suggests that rate of post-planting sprout elongation decreased in this old seed as planting was delayed despite increasing soil temperatures. The implications for testing of early varieties are discussed.In two further experiments two early varieties (Home Guard in both years and Red Craigs Royal and Arran Comet in 1 year) were compared with three maincrop varieties (Désirée, Maris Piper, Stormont Enterprise) using seed which did not begin to sprout until January at dates of planting beginning in March. Sprout length was again poorly related to earliness of emergence. Delaying planting delayed and increased peak leaf area index in all varieties but only increased yields in the early varieties which had the smallest leaf areas. In maincrop varieties date of planting had little effect on final yields. In these years there were long periods without rain and in 1976 yields were limited by the amount of water available from the soil, for as each treatment exhausted this supply bulking ceased.
Nutritional value of triticale for different classes of White Leghorn chickens
Authors: Zombade S. S. , Chawla J. S. , Ichhponani J. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree varieties of triticale (TL-238, TL-257 and TL-319) bred by the Plant Breeding Department of Punjab Agricultural University were studied for nutrient composition and metabolizable energy (ME) content for egg-type chicks. A feeding trial was also conducted to study the suitability of triticale as a replacement for maize in conventional high- and low-cereal diets for different classes of egg-type chickens.The crude protein contents of TL-238, TL-257 and TL-319 were respectively 13·4,14·4 and 2·1%. Corresponding values for starch content were 51·5, 49·2 and 54·3%, respectively. ME in triticale varieties closely followed the trend of starch content. Accordingly TL-319 was higher in ME (13·58 MJ/kg D.M.) than TL-238 and TL-257 (12·91 and 12·49 MJ/kg D.M. respectively). There were no significant differences in body-weight gain or in food conversion of chicks fed diets containing different varieties of triticale. The substitution of triticale for maize in a conventional high-cereal diet improved growth and food conversion of starter chicks. In a low-cereal diet, however, triticale had an adverse effect on the growth rate and food conversion of starter chicks. At the end of 18 weeks of age, the differences in body-weight gain, food conversion and efficiency of protein utilization by chicks on all the treatments were not significantly different (P > 0·05). Results of the production phase showed that egg production, egg mass, food conversion and energetic efficiency were significantly (P < 0·05) improved by feeding triticale.
Cytogenetic relationships of certain artificial and natural species of Avena
Authors: Griffiths D. J. , Rowlands D. G. , Peregrine W. T. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The desirability of employing the genetic variation present in diploid and tetraploid wild species for the improvement of the cultivated hexaploid species stimulated an investigation into the synthesis of various amphiploid forms in Avena.2. Five amphiploids at the hexaploid level have been produced, but the present investigation is limited to the amphiploids developed from the cross A. barbata (2n = 28)×.A. strigosa subsp. hirtula (2n= 14), their hybrids with the natural hexaploid species and with other amphiploid types.3. These amphiploids, like their parents, possessed black paleae, with hairs and a fairly strong geniculate awn on both the lower and upper grains. The bases of both the lower and upper grains possessed the articulation surfaces characteristic of A. fatua. Their hybrids with A. fatua were similar in spikelet morphology, but the A. sterilis type of spikelet was dominant in both the amphiploid 6x × A. sterilis and amphiploid 6x × A. byzantina. Partial dominance of the cultivated type base over the shedding type was evident in crosses with A. sativa and A. nuda but the naked caryopsis and multiflorous spikelet were recessive in the latter cross. In crosses between the A. barbata/A. hirtula 6x amphiploid and the A. abyssinica/A. strigosa 6x amphiploid (Cc 4387) the hybrid exhibited a reversal of dominance relationships, with the cultivated base type of Cc4387 being completely recessive to the shedding base.
Developmental changes in the biochemical composition of muscle from ‘splayleg’ piglets with special reference to DNA synthesis
Authors: Farmer Linda J. , Mackie W. S. , Ritchie P. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDNA, RNA and protein concentrations, cathepsin D activity and tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA were measured in selected muscles from newborn to 7-day-old ‘splayleg’ piglets. The results indicated that the pattern of development differed considerably from that observed in muscle from normal piglets, and the range of results was greater both within and between affected animals. The most striking difference between muscle from normal and ‘splayleg’ piglets was in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, which was lower in the latter from 3 to 6 days of age, indicating that the number of cells undergoing mitosis may have been reduced. It is suggested that this could have a severe effect on future muscle growth especially if satellite cells are affected.
Effects of different protein and energy levels on the performance of growing and finishing turkeys in the tropics
Authors: Olomu J. M. , Offiong S. A. , Abed S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree experiments were conducted to assess the effects of different protein and energy levels on turkeys during the periods 12–16 weeks, 16–20 weeks and 20–24 weeks. Compared with 20 and 22% protein, 18% significantly depressed weight gain and feed efficiency during the 12–16 weeks period, while 14 and 16% protein, compared with 18%, significantly depressed weight gain and feed efficiency during the 16–20 weeks period but gave similar weight gain and feed efficiency as the 18% protein during the 20–24 weeks period.During all periods between 12 and 24 weeks, the two energy levels tested (11·72 and 12·56 MJ/kg) did not significantly affect weight gain and feed efficiency whereas feed consumption was significantly higher on the lower energy level.The present studies suggest that 20, 18 and 16% protein, all with metabolizable energy of 11·72 MJ/kg, may be recommended for turkeys aged 12–16 weeks, 16–20 weeks and 20–24 weeks respectively.