bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current and Density Observations of Packets of Nonlinear Internal Waves on the Outer New Jersey Shelf
Authors: Teague W. J. , Wijesekera H. W. , Avera W. E. , Hallock Z. R. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Closely spaced observations of nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) were made on the outer continental shelf off New Jersey in June 2009. Nearly full water column measurements of current velocity were made with four acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) that were moored about 5 km apart on the bottom along a line approximately normal to the bathymetry between water depths of 67 and 92 m. Density profiles were obtained from two vertical strings of temperature and conductivity sensors that were deployed near each of the interior ADCP moorings. In addition, a towed ScanFish provided profiles and fixed-level records of temperature and salinity through several NLIW packets near the moorings. Several case studies were selected to describe the propagation of the NLIWs. One to three solitary waves of depression were observed in five selected packets. There were also occurrences of multiple-phase dispersive wave packets. The average propagation speed corrected for advection of the observed waves was 0.51 ± 0.09 m s−1. The waves were directed primarily shoreward (~northwestward) along the mooring line with average wavelengths and periods of about 300 m and 10 min, respectively. Wave amplitudes and energies decreased with decreasing water depth. The observed wave parameters can be locally described by a two-layer Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) model, except for the decreasing amplitudes, which may be due to shear-induced dissipation and/or bottom drag. The various complementary observations utilized in this study present a unique description of NLIWs.
The role of the renin—angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Shoja Mohammadali M , Agutter Paul S , Tubbs R Shane , Payner Troy D , Ghabili Kamyar , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A 
Published: January 2011

Introduction: Recent work has begun to elucidate the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms (IA) and has shown that many genes are involved in the risk for this condition. There has also been increasing research interest in the renin—angiotensin system (RAS) in the brain and its involvement in a range of cardiovascular and neurological disorders. The possibility that the RAS is implicated in the pathogenesis of IA merits further investigation. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the pathogenesis of IA and the pathophysiological significance of the brain RAS, and to identify directions for research into their association. Methods and results : A survey of the literature in these fields shows that although factors contributing to systemic hypertension predispose to IA, a large number of genes involved in endothelial cell adhesion, smooth muscle activity, extracellular matrix dynamics and the inflammatory and immune responses are also implicated. The brain RAS has a significant role in regulating blood pressure and in maintaining cerebrovascular autoregulation, but angiotensin II receptors are also involved in the maintenance of endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle function and in the inflammatory response in the brain. Conclusions: There is strong, albeit largely circumstantial, evidence in the literature for a relationship between the brain RAS and the formation of IA. Research on the association between polymorphisms in RAS-related genes and the incidence of unruptured and ruptured IA is indicated.
Global gene expression analysis of human erythroid progenitors
Authors: Merryweather-Clarke Alison T. , Atzberger Ann , Soneji Shamit , Gray Nicki , Clark Kevin , Waugh Craig , McGowan Simon J. , Taylor Stephen , Nandi Asoke K. , Wood William G. , Roberts David J. , Higgs Douglas R. , Buckle Veronica J. , Robson Kathryn J. H. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Understanding the pattern of gene expression during erythropoiesis is crucial for a synthesis of erythroid developmental biology. Here, we isolated 4 distinct populations at successive erythropoietin-dependent stages of erythropoiesis, including the terminal, pyknotic stage. The transcriptome was determined using Affymetrix arrays. First, we demonstrated the importance of using defined cell populations to identify lineage and temporally specific patterns of gene expression. Cells sorted by surface expression profile not only express significantly fewer genes than unsorted cells but also demonstrate significantly greater differences in the expression levels of particular genes between stages than unsorted cells. Second, using standard software, we identified more than 1000 transcripts not previously observed to be differentially expressed during erythroid maturation, 13 of which are highly significantly terminally regulated, including RFXAP and SMARCA4. Third, using matched filtering, we identified 12 transcripts not previously reported to be continuously up-regulated in maturing human primary erythroblasts. Finally, using transcription factor binding site analysis, we identified potential transcription factors that may regulate gene expression during terminal erythropoiesis. Our stringent lists of differentially regulated and continuously expressed transcripts containing many genes with undiscovered functions in erythroblasts are a resource for future functional studies of erythropoiesis. Our Human Erythroid Maturation database is available at https://cellline.molbiol.ox.ac.uk/eryth/index.html.
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: a report of 340 cases from the International Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma Project
Authors: Weisenburger Dennis D. , Savage Kerry J. , Harris Nancy Lee , Gascoyne Randy D. , Jaffe Elaine S. , MacLennan Kenneth A. , Rüdiger Thomas , Pileri Stefano , Nakamura Shigeo , Nathwani Bharat , Campo Elias , Berger Francoise , Coiffier Bertrand , Kim Won-Seog , Holte Harald , Federico Massimo , Au Wing Y. , Tobinai Kensei , Armitage James O. , Vose Julie M. ,   for the International Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma Project
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The International Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma Project is a collaborative effort to better understand peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). A total of 22 institutions submitted clinical and pathologic material on 1314 cases. One objective was to analyze the clinical and pathologic features of 340 cases of PTCL, not otherwise specified. The median age of the patients was 60 years, and the majority (69%) presented with advanced stage disease. Most patients (87%) presented with nodal disease, but extranodal disease was present in 62%. The 5-year overall survival was 32%, and the 5-year failure-free survival was only 20%. The majority of patients (80%) were treated with combination chemotherapy that included an anthracycline, but there was no survival advantage. The International Prognostic Index (IPI) was predictive of both overall survival and failure-free survival (P < .001). Multivariate analysis of clinical and pathologic prognostic factors, respectively, when controlling for the IPI, identified bulky disease (≥ 10 cm), thrombocytopenia (< 150 × 109/L), and a high number of transformed tumor cells (> 70%) as adverse predictors of survival, but only the latter was significant in final analysis. Thus, the IPI and a single pathologic feature could be used to stratify patients with PTCL-not otherwise specified for novel and risk-adapted therapies.
Three hydrophobic amino acids in Escherichia coli HscB make the greatest contribution to the stability of the HscB-IscU complex
Authors: Füzéry Anna K , Oh Jenny J , Ta Dennis T , Vickery Larry E , Markley John L 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundGeneral iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis proceeds through assembly of a transient cluster on IscU followed by its transfer to a recipient apo-protein. The efficiency of the second step is increased by the presence of HscA and HscB, but the reason behind this is poorly understood. To shed light on the function of HscB, we began a study on the nature of its interaction with IscU. Our work suggested that the binding site of IscU is in the C-terminal domain of HscB, and two different triple alanine substitutions ([L92A, M93A, F153A] and [E97A, E100A, E104A]) involving predicted binding site residues had detrimental effects on this interaction. However, the individual contribution of each substitution to the observed effect remains to be determined as well as the possible involvement of other residues in the proposed binding site.ResultsIn the work reported here, we used isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize the affinity of single alanine HscB mutants for IscU, and subsequently confirmed our results with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Alanine substitutions of L92, L96, and F153 severely impaired the ability of HscB to form a complex with IscU; substitutions of R87, R99, and E100 had more modest effects; and substitutions of T89, M93, E97, D103, E104, R152, K156, and S160 had only minor or no detectable effects.ConclusionsOur results show that the residues of HscB most important for strong interaction with IscU include three hydrophobic residues (L92, L96, and F153); in addition, we identified a number of other residues whose side chains contribute to a lesser extent to the interaction. Our results suggest that the triple alanine substitution at HscB positions 92, 96, and 153 will destabilize the HscB-IscU complex by ΔΔGb≅ 5.7 kcal/mol, equivalent to a ≅ 15000-fold reduction in the affinity of HscB for IscU. We propose that this triple mutant could provide a more definitive test of the functional importance of the HscB-IscU interaction in vivo than those used previously that yielded inconclusive results.
Induction of B-cell lymphoma by UVB Radiation in p53 Haploinsufficient Mice
Authors: Puebla-Osorio Nahum , Miyahara Yasuko , Coimbatore Sreevidya , Limón-Flores Alberto Y , Kazimi Nasser , Ullrich Stephen E , Zhu Chengming 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has increased over recent years. The exact etiology of lymphoma remains unknown. Ultraviolet light exposure has been associated with the development of internal lymphoid malignancies and some reports suggest that it may play a role in the development of lymphoma in humans. Here we describe the characterization and progression of lymphoma in p53 heterozygous mice exposed to UVB irradiation.MethodsUVB-irradiated p53+/-mice developed enlargement of the spleen. Isolated spleen cells were transplanted into Rag deficient hosts. The UV-induced tumor cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The tumor cells were tagged with GFP to study their metastatic potential. SKY and karyotypic analysis were carried out for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities. Functional assays included in vitro class switch recombination assay, immunoglobulin rearrangement assay, as well as cytokine profiling.ResultsUVB-exposed mice showed enlargement of the spleen and lymph nodes. Cells transplanted into Rag deficient mice developed aggressive tumors that infiltrated the lymph nodes, the spleen and the bone marrow. The tumor cells did not grow in immune competent syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice yet showed a modest growth in UV-irradiated B6 mice. Phenotypic analysis of these tumor cells revealed these cells are positive for B cell markers CD19+, CD5+, B220+, IgM+and negative for T cell, NK or dendritic cell markers. The UV-induced tumor cells underwent robust in vitro immunoglobulin class switch recombination in response to lipopolysaccharide. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a t(14;19) translocation and trisomy of chromosome 6. These tumor cells secret IL-10, which can promote tumor growth and cause systemic immunosuppression.ConclusionUV-irradiated p53+/-mice developed lymphoid tumors that corresponded to a mature B cell lymphoma. Our results suggest that an indirect mechanism is involved in the development of internal tumors after chronic exposure to UV light. The induction of B cell lymphoma in UV-irradiated p53 heterozygous mice may provide a useful model for lymphoma development in humans.
Cost-effectiveness of novel vaccines for tuberculosis control: a decision analysis study
Authors: Tseng Chia-Lin , Oxlade Olivia , Menzies Dick , Aspler Anne , Schwartzman Kevin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe development of a successful new tuberculosis (TB) vaccine would circumvent many limitations of current diagnostic and treatment practices. However, vaccine development is complex and costly. We aimed to assess the potential cost effectiveness of novel vaccines for TB control in a sub-Saharan African country - Zambia - relative to the existing strategy of directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS) and current level of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination coverage.MethodsWe conducted a decision analysis model-based simulation from the societal perspective, with a 3% discount rate and all costs expressed in 2007 US dollars. Health outcomes and costs were projected over a 30-year period, for persons born in Zambia (population 11,478,000 in 2005) in year 1. Initial development costs for single vaccination and prime-boost strategies were prorated to the Zambian share (0.398%) of global BCG vaccine coverage for newborns. Main outcome measures were TB-related morbidity, mortality, and costs over a range of potential scenarios for vaccine efficacy.ResultsRelative to the status quo strategy, a BCG replacement vaccine administered at birth, with 70% efficacy in preventing rapid progression to TB disease after initial infection, is estimated to avert 932 TB cases and 422 TB-related deaths (prevention of 199 cases/100,000 vaccinated, and 90 deaths/100,000 vaccinated). This would result in estimated net savings of $3.6 million over 30 years for 468,073 Zambians born in year 1 of the simulation. The addition of a booster at age 10 results in estimated savings of $5.6 million compared to the status quo, averting 1,863 TB cases and 1,011 TB-related deaths (prevention of 398 cases/100,000 vaccinated, and of 216 deaths/100,000 vaccinated). With vaccination at birth alone, net savings would be realized within 1 year, whereas the prime-boost strategy would require an additional 5 years to realize savings, reflecting a greater initial development cost.ConclusionsInvestment in an improved TB vaccine is predicted to result in considerable cost savings, as well as a reduction in TB morbidity and TB-related mortality, when added to existing control strategies. For a vaccine with waning efficacy, a prime-boost strategy is more cost-effective in the long term.
Galectin-1 is expressed in early-type neural progenitor cells and down-regulates neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus
Authors: Imaizumi Yoichi , Sakaguchi Masanori , Morishita Tsuyoshi , Ito Mamoru , Poirier Françoise , Sawamoto Kazunobu , Okano Hideyuki 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundIn the adult mammalian brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferate in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and generate new neurons throughout life. A multimodal protein, Galectin-1, is expressed in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and implicated in the proliferation of the NPCs in the DG. However, little is known about its detailed expression profile in the NPCs and functions in adult neurogenesis in the DG.ResultsOur immunohistochemical and morphological analysis showed that Galectin-1 was expressed in the type 1 and 2a cells, which are putative NSCs, in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the adult mouse DG. To study Galectin-1's function in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, we madegalectin-1knock-out mice on the C57BL6 background and characterized the effects on neurogenesis. In the SGZ of thegalectin-1knock-out mice, increased numbers of type 1 cells, DCX-positive immature progenitors, and NeuN-positive newborn neurons were observed. Using triple-labeling immunohistochemistry and morphological analyses, we found that the proliferation of the type-1 cells was increased in the SGZ of thegalectin-1knock-out mice, and we propose that this proliferation is the mechanism for the net increase in the adult neurogenesis in these knock-out mice DG.ConclusionsGalectin-1 is expressed in the neural stem cells and down-regulates neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.
The Simple Triage Scoring System (STSS) successfully predicts mortality and critical care resource utilization in H1N1 pandemic flu: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Adeniji Kayode A , Cusack Rebecca 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Triage protocols are only initiated when it is apparent that resource deficits will occur across a broad geographical area despite efforts to expand or acquire additional capacity. Prior to the pandemic the UK Department of Health (DOH) recommended the use of a staged triage plan incorporating Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) developed by the Ontario Ministry of Health to assist in the triage of critical care admissions and discharges during an influenza outbreak in the UK. There are data to suggest that had it been used in the recent H1N1 pandemic it may have led to inappropriate limitation of therapy if surge capacity had been overwhelmed.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the performance of the Simple Triage Scoring System (STSS) as an indicator of the utilization of hospital resources in adult patients with confirmed H1N1 admitted to a university teaching hospital. Our aim was to compare it against the staged initial SOFA score process with regards to mortality, need for intensive care admission and requirement for mechanical ventilation and assess its validity.

Results
Over an 8 month period, 62 patients with confirmed H1N1 were admitted. Forty (65%) had documented comorbidities and 27 (44%) had pneumonic changes on their admission CXR. Nineteen (31%) were admitted to the intensive care unit where 5 (26%) required mechanical ventilation (MV). There were 3 deaths. The STSS group categorization demonstrated a better discriminating accuracy in predicting critical care resource usage with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (95% confidence interval) for ICU admission of 0.88 (0.78-0.98) and need for MV of 0.91 (0.83-0.99). This compared to the staged SOFA score of 0.77 (0.65-0.89) and 0.87 (0.72-1.00) respectively. Low mortality rates limited analysis on survival predictions.

Conclusions
The STSS accurately risk stratified patients in this cohort according to their risk of death and predicted the likelihood of admission to critical care and the requirement for MV. Its single point in time, accuracy and easily collected component variables commend it as an alternative reproducible system to facilitate the triage and treatment of patients in any future influenza pandemic.
Bone Mineral Density and Testicular Failure: Evidence for a Role of Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylase in Human Testis
Authors: Foresta Carlo , Strapazzon Giacomo , De Toni Luca , Perilli Lisa , Di Mambro Antonella , Muciaccia Barbara , Sartori Leonardo , Selice Riccardo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWorking Hypothesis:Mutations in the CYP2R1 gene, highly expressed in the testis and encoding vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, result in a vitamin D deficiency and a defective calcium homeostasis leading to rickets.Objective:Our aim was to investigate CYP2R1 expression in pathological testis samples and relate this to vitamin D metabolism in testiculopathic patients.Design, Patients, Setting:Testis samples for in vitro study and 98 young men were transversally evaluated at Padova's Center for Male Gamete Cryopreservation.Methods:CYP2R1 mRNA expression and protein production were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. Hormonal and bone-marker levels, and bone densitometry by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, were determined in patients with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and severe hypospermatogenesis.Results:We found a lower gene and protein expression of CYP2R1 in samples with hypospermatogenesis and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome (P &lt; 0.05) and a colocalization with INSL-3, a Leydig cell marker, at immunofluorescence. In all testiculopathic patients 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly lower and PTH levels higher compared to controls (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, testiculopathic patients showed osteopenia and osteoporosis despite normal testosterone levels compared with controls both with increased bone-marker levels and altered dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the femoral neck and lumbar spine (for all parameters, P &lt; 0.05).Conclusions:Our data show an association between testiculopathy and alteration of the bone status, despite unvaried androgen and estrogen levels and no other evident cause of vitamin D reduction. Further studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm our results.
Effects of Insulin Sensitivity, Body Composition, and Fitness on Lipoprotein Particle Sizes and Concentrations Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Irving Brian A. , Nair K. Sreekumaran , Srinivasan Manivannan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractContext:Insulin resistance has been reported to be associated with development of atherogenic dyslipidemia. However, the confounding effects that obesity and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have on the relationship between insulin resistance and the development of atherogenic dyslipidemia remain to be adequately addressed.Objective:This study sought to examine the independent and combined effects of insulin sensitivity, body composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness on lipoprotein particle sizes and concentrations.Methods:Eight-four healthy, nondiabetic men (n = 43) and women (n = 41) were studied. The participants had a wide range of ages (18–30 and 65–80 yr), body composition (7.2–52.8% fat), and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 peak, 13.5–66.2 ml/kg·min). Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein particle profiles were assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively.Results:Low levels of insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness and higher levels of adiposity were associated with the accumulation of small, dense, low-density lipoprotein particles; small high-density lipoprotein particles; triglycerides; and very low-density lipoprotein particles. Multivariate forward-stepwise regression revealed that higher levels of adiposity, in particular truncal fat, were the strongest predictor of the lipoprotein particle size and concentration data, followed by insulin sensitivity.Conclusions:As expected, the accumulation of atherogenic lipoprotein particles (e.g. small, dense, low-density lipoprotein particles and small, high-density lipoprotein particles) was associated with low levels of insulin sensitivity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and higher levels of adiposity. However, multivariate forward-stepwise regression revealed that triglycerides, followed by truncal fat mass, were the strongest predictors of the lipoprotein particle size and concentration data.