bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal dynamics of dry-season water-hole use by large African herbivores in two years of contrasting rainfall in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe
Authors: Valeix Marion 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:As the dry season progresses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, rain-fed surface water sources become depleted, forcing most animals to concentrate in the immediate vicinity of the few remaining permanent sources of drinking water. This study investigates the temporal dynamics of use of water-holes by nine African large-herbivore species in the dry season in the semi-arid savanna of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, and particularly how annual rainfall influences this temporal dynamics. Two contrasting years in terms of annual rainfall were compared: 2003 (a drought – 362.6 mm) and 2004 (average rainfall – 695.8 mm). In 2003, water-holes were used far more intensively and the level of aggregation of herbivores at water-holes was significantly higher. The temporal dynamics of water-hole use in the dry season differed between the two years: in 2003, the peak of water-hole use started much earlier and lasted 3 mo. Elephants and grazers showed the largest difference in use of water-holes between 2003 and 2004 supporting the suggestion that browsers are less water dependent. This study suggests that annual rainfall should be taken into account when predicting the peak of the dry season.
An aggregative response of the tropical Australian magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata) to seasonal floodplains
Authors: Traill Lochran W. , Brook Barry W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:We describe the spatial aggregation of the magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata) in relation to the dynamics of the ephemeral floodplains of northern Australia. Past broad-scale studies have linked geese to floodplains dominated by the sedge,Eleocharis dulcis, but the type of response has not been determined, nor the impact of predation on food plants. Moreover, departure thresholds are not known. We develop hypotheses on aggregation and departure and confront these with field data. Thus, from 2005–2007 we established two sites on the floodplains of Kakadu National Park (three 1-ha plots per site, six plots in total) and used for monthly, dry season bird counts. An airboat was used to collect data from each of the six plots, including sedge tubers and measures of water level and soil viscosity. Further, we built exclosures (three per site, six in total) to test the impact of herbivory onE. dulcis. Generalized linear models and information theory were used to test the strength of supporting evidence for alternate hypotheses. Geese showed a clear aggregative response toE. dulcistubers, were forced to depart following floodplain drying and had a marked impact onE. dulcistuber density. Despite this, there was no evidence of a negative-feedback mechanism between plant–herbivore populations, suggesting that the system is driven by extrinsic parameters (here rainfall).
Seasonal changes in species composition, resource use and reproductive patterns within a guild of nectar-feeding bats in a west Mexican dry forest
Authors: Sperr Ellen B. , Caballero-Martínez Luis Antonio , Medellin Rodrigo A. , Tschapka Marco 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:Seasonal changes in resource use and reproduction within a guild of nectar-feeding phyllostomid bats were studied between 2002 and 2004 in a west Mexican dry forest using mist-net captures and diet analysis over 82 nights during both dry and wet seasons. The local guild consisted of three resident species,Glossophaga soricina,Leptonycteris yerbabuenae,Musonycteris harrisoni, and ofAnoura geoffroyi, which was mostly captured during the wet season. The proportion ofL. yerbabuenaefemales more than doubled during the dry season. Diet was accessed by identifying the pollen collected from the bats' bodies and by analysis of faecal material. Bats used at least 28 different nectar plants over the year. In the dry season, 91.9% of all bats carried pollen while only 54.6% did so in the wet season. Bat individuals used the highest number of plant species during the dry season, mainly the cactusPachycereus pecten-aboriginum, various Bombacaceae and the CapparaceaeCleome spinosa. Niche overlap was higher in the dry season than in the wet season.Musonycteris harrisoniandLeptonycteris yerbabuenaeshowed the largest overlap and both relied heavily on cactus flowers, whereasG. soricinasupplemented its nectar diet with fruits. While reproductive females of most species were found only in the flower-rich dry season,G. soricinashowed a bimodal reproductive pattern.
Children with Specific Language Impairment in Finnish: the use of tense and agreement inflections
Authors: KUNNARI SARI , SAVINAINEN-MAKKONEN TUULA , LEONARD LAURENCE B. , MÄKINEN LEENA , TOLONEN ANNA-KAISA , LUOTONEN MIRJA , LEINONEN EEVA 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTChildren with specific language impairment (SLI) vary widely in their ability to use tense/agreement inflections depending on the type of language being acquired, a fact that current accounts of SLI have tried to explain. Finnish provides an important test case for these accounts because: (1) verbs in the first and second person permit null subjects whereas verbs in the third person do not; and (2) tense and agreement inflections are agglutinating and thus one type of inflection can appear without the other. Probes were used to compare the verb inflection use of Finnish-speaking children with SLI, and both age-matched and younger typically developing children. The children with SLI were less accurate, and the pattern of their errors did not match predictions based on current accounts of SLI. It appears that children with SLI have difficulty learning complex verb inflection paradigms apart from any problem specific to tense and agreement.
A geochemical record of late Holocene palaeoenvironmental changes at King George Island (maritime Antarctica)
Authors: Monien Patrick , Schnetger Bernhard , Brumsack Hans-Jürgen , Hass H. Christian , Kuhn Gerhard 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDuring RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIII/4 in 2006, a gravity core (PS 69/335-2) and a giant box core (PS 69/335-1) were retrieved from Maxwell Bay off King George Island (KGI). Comprehensive geochemical (bulk parameters, quantitative XRF, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) and radiometric dating analyses (14C, 210Pb) were performed on both cores. A comparison with geochemical data from local bedrock demonstrates a mostly detrital origin for the sediments, but also points to an overprint from changing bioproductivity in the overlying water column in addition to early diagenetic processes. Furthermore, ten tephra layers that were most probably derived from volcanic activity on Deception Island were identified. Variations in the vertical distribution of selected elements in Maxwell Bay sediments further indicate a shift in source rock provenance as a result of changing glacier extents during the past c. 1750 years that may be linked to the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period. Whereas no evidence for a significant increase in chemical weathering rates was found, 210Pb data revealed that mass accumulation rates in Maxwell Bay have almost tripled since the 1940s (0.66 g cm-2 yr-1 in ad 2006), which is probably linked to rapid glacier retreat in this region due to recent warming.
Polynoid polychaetes living in the gut of irregular sea urchins: a first case of inquilinism in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Schiaparelli Stefano , Alvaro Maria Chiara , Barnich Ruth 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMany different polychaete-echinoderm relationships have been described, from tropical to polar environments. Most of these associations have been generally defined as ‘commensal’, with polychaetes guests usually found on the oral surface of their hosts or, in a very few cases, even inside the host's body. Here we present an inquilinistic association involving two Antarctic species, the polychaeteGorekia crassicirris(Willey, 1902) (Polynoidae) and the irregular sea urchinAbatus nimrodi(Koheler, 1911) (Schizasteridae) found in the Ross Sea. This record is only the second worldwide for this kind of association, after that of the polychaeteBenthoscolex cubanuswhich lives in the gut of the spatangoidArcheopneustes hystrixin Caribbean waters.Gorekia crassicirrisseems to be a polyxenous species as it was also observed on another schizasterid,Brachysternaster chescheriLarrain, 1985 in the Weddell Sea. Considering thatA. nimrodiis absent from that area and that the two sea urchin species have a disjoint distribution, it is possible that a ‘host-switch’ phenomenon occurred at some stage. We review the available literature to compare the Antarctic pairing with the other known examples of similar associations.
The germination niches of grassland species targeted for restoration: effects of seed pre-treatments
Authors: Wagner Markus , Pywell Richard F. , Knopp Tatjana , Bullock James M. , Heard Matthew S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRestoration of semi-natural grassland communities involves a combination of (1) sward disturbance to create a temporal window for establishment, and (2) target species introduction, the latter usually by seed sowing. With great regularity, particular species establish only poorly. More reliable establishment could improve outcome of restoration projects and increase cost-effectiveness. We investigated the abiotic germination niche of ten poorly establishing calcareous grassland species by simultaneously exploring the effects of moisture and light availability and temperature fluctuation on percentage germination and speed of germination. We also investigated the effects of three different pre-treatments used to enhance seed germination – cold-stratification, osmotic priming and priming in combination with gibberellic acid (GA3) – and how these affected abiotic germination niches. Species varied markedly in width of abiotic germination niche, ranging fromCarex flaccawith very strict abiotic requirements, to several species reliably germinating across the whole range of abiotic conditions. Our results suggest pronounced differences between species in gap requirements for establishment. Germination was improved in most species by at least one pre-treatment. Evidence for positive effects of adding GA3to seed priming solutions was limited. In several species, pre-treated seeds germinated under a wider range of abiotic conditions than untreated seeds. Improved knowledge of species-specific germination niches and the effects of seed pre-treatments may help to improve species establishment by sowing, and to identify species for which sowing at a later stage of restoration or introduction as small plants may represent a more viable strategy.
Does the technique of interventional closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect reduce the incidence of heart block?
Authors: Bentham James R. , Gujral Arjun , Adwani Satish , Archer Nick , Wilson Neil 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the difficulties and differing techniques in the transcatheter placement of amplatz ventricular septal defect devices to close perimembranous ventricular septal defects and place these in the context of the expanding literature on ventricular septal defect catheter closure.BackgroundSurgery remains the established first-line therapy for closure of haemodynamically significant perimembranous ventricular septal defects. Transcatheter techniques appeared to promise a possible alternative, obviating the need for cardiac surgery. However, significant technical and anatomical constraints coupled with ongoing reports of a high incidence of heart block have prevented these hopes from being realised to any significant extent. It is likely that there are important methodological reasons for the high complication rates observed. The potential advantages of transcatheter perimembranous ventricular septal defect closure over surgery warrant further exploration of differing transcatheter techniques.MethodsBetween August, 2004 and November, 2009, 21 patients had a perimembranous ventricular septal defect closed with transcatheter techniques. Of these, 14 were closed with a muscular amplatz ventricular septal defect device. The median age and weight at device placement were 8 years, ranging from 2 to 19 years, and 18.6 kilograms, ranging from 10 to 21 kilograms, respectively.ResultsThere were 25 procedures performed on 23 patients using 21 amplatz ventricular septal defect devices. Median defect size on angiography was 7.8 millimetres, ranging from 4 to 14.3 millimetres, with a median device size of 8 millimetres, ranging from 4 to 18 millimetres, and a defect/device ratio of 1.1, with a range from 0.85 to 1.33. Median procedure time was 100 minutes, with a range from 38 to 235 minutes. Adverse events included device embolisation following haemolysis in one, and new aortic incompetence in another, but there were no cases of heart block. Median follow-up was 41.7 months, with a rangefrom 2 to 71 months.ConclusionsEvaluating transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect using amplatz ventricular septal defect devices remains important, if a technically feasible method with low and acceptable complication rates is to be identified. Incidence of heart block may be minimised by avoiding oversized devices, using muscular devices, and accepting defeat if an appropriately selected device pulls through. Given the current transcatheter technologies, the closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects should generally be performed in children when they weigh at least 10 kilograms.
Lead Pipe Scale Analysis Using Broad-Beam Argon Ion Milling to Elucidate Drinking Water Corrosion
Authors: Nadagouda Mallikarjuna N. , White Colin , Lytle Darren 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHerein, we characterized lead pipe scale removed from a drinking water distribution system using argon ion beam etching and a variety of solids analysis approaches. Specifically, pipe scale cross sections and solids were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, and acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses. The pipe scale consisted of at least five layers that contained Pb(II) and Pb(IV) minerals, and magnesium, aluminum, manganese, iron, and silicon solids. The outer layer was enriched with crystalline amorphous manganese and iron, giving it a dark orange to red color. The middle layers consisted of hydrocerussite and plattnerite, and the bottom layer consisted primarily of litharge. Over the litharge layer, hydrocerussite crystals were grown vertically away from the pipe wall, which included formations of plattnerite. Significant amounts of trace contaminant vanadium, likely in the form of vanadinite, and copper accumulated in the scale as well.
Electron-Beam-Induced Growth of TiO2 Nanostructures
Authors: Chee See Wee , Sivaramakrishnan Shankar , Sharma Renu , Zuo Jian-Min 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe report the evolution of titanium dioxide nanostructures when Au nanoparticles, supported on single crystal TiO2 substrates, were heated under ∼260 Pa of flowing O2 in an environmental transmission electron microscope. Nanostructures with different morphologies were first observed around 500°C. Our measurements show that temperature, oxygen pressure, and the electron beam control the nanostructure growth. We propose a reaction-controlled growth mechanism where mobile Ti atoms generated by the electron- beam-induced reduction of TiO2 are preferentially reoxidized at the Au-TiO2 interface.
Propagation management methods have altered the genetic variability of two traditional mango varieties in Myanmar, as revealed by SSR
Authors: Hirano R. , Ishii H. , Htun Oo Than , Gilani S. A. , Kikuchi A. , Watanabe K. N. 
Published: February 2011

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit crop with a long cultivation history in Myanmar. This study evaluated the genetic variation within two economically important traditional varieties, ‘Yin Kwe’ and ‘Sein Ta Lone’, and the relationship between genetic variation and propagation practices. Genetic variation was estimated by genotyping 94 individuals with 12 single sequence repeat markers. ‘Yin Kwe’ (n = 53) showed higher levels of observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.59) and average genetic distance among individuals (Da = 0.29) than did ‘Sein Ta Lone’ (n = 41; Ho = 0.45; Da = 0.09). The differences between the two varieties at the DNA level were significant (Fst = 0.44). The broader genetic background in ‘Yin Kwe’ compared with ‘Sein Ta Lone’ was also demonstrated by neighbour-joining and principal coordinates analyses. Differences in variety uses and propagation practices were determined by interviewing local specialists in Lower Myanmar (southern Myanmar). ‘Yin Kwe’ was often used as a rootstock for ‘Sein Ta Lone’. Clonal propagation by grafting was observed frequently for ‘Sein Ta Lone’ but never for ‘Yin Kwe’. The differences in genetic variation between these two varieties might have been caused by the propagation practices for each variety, which result from their respective uses.
What should be the standards for scholarly criticism?
Authors: SHIRLEY MARY M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:Should scholars, like columnists, exaggerate and aggregate opposing views into men of straw? I analyse an example of scholarly criticism that characterizes the treatment of development in institutional economics as a simplistic and extremist paradigm. I argue that scholarly standards demand a complete and honest portrayal of contrary opinions and that straw men should be banished from scholarly discourse.
Institutions really don't matter for development? A response to Chang
Authors: KEEFER PHILIP 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:Ha-Joon Chang, in his article ‘Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History’, argues that the institutions and development literature is theoretically and empirically flawed, trapped by a failure to account for the contextual factors that influence the institutions that drive development. These judgments emerge from a lack of appreciation of the methodological standards of that literature and, especially, from a description of the institutions and development literature that few contributors to it would recognize. At the same time, despite the emphasis he gives to contextual factors, his critique ignores the role of politicians and the progress made in the institutions literature in understanding their incentives to pursue development.
Development of a high resolution and high dispersion Thomson parabola
Authors: Jung D. , Hörlein R. , Kiefer D. , Letzring S. , Gautier D. C. , Schramm U. , Hübsch C. , Öhm R. , Albright B. J. , Fernandez J. C. , Habs D. , Hegelich B. M. 
Published: February 2011

Here, we report on the development of a novel high resolution and high dispersion Thomson parabola for simultaneously resolving protons and low-Z ions of more than 100 MeV/nucleon necessary to explore novel laser ion acceleration schemes. High electric and magnetic fields enable energy resolutions of ΔE/E &lt; 5% at 100 MeV/nucleon and impede premature merging of different ion species at low energies on the detector plane. First results from laser driven ion acceleration experiments performed at the Trident Laser Facility demonstrate high resolution and superior species and charge state separation of this novel Thomson parabola for ion energies of more than 30 MeV/nucleon.
Multiple emissions of benzil at room temperature and 77 K and their assignments from ab initio quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Bhattacharya Bhaswati , Jana Barnali , Bose Debosreeta , Chattopadhyay Nitin 
Published: February 2011

Multiple emissions have been observed from benzil under different conditions in solutions at room temperature as well as in low temperature glass matrices at 77 K. Low temperature emission has been monitored in rigid matrices frozen under different conditions of illumination. Steady state and time-resolved results together with the ab initio quantum chemical calculations provide, for the first time, the assignments of the different fluorescence bands to the different geometries and/or electronic states of the fluorophore molecule. It is revealed that the skew form of benzil emits from the first (S1) as well as the second excited singlet (S2) states depending on the excitation wavelength, while the relaxed transplanar conformer fluoresces only from the S1 state. The yet unexplored emission band peaking at around 360 nm has been assigned to originate from the S2 state. Ab initio calculations using the density functional theory at B3LYP/6-31G** level corroborate well with the experimental observations.
Real-time mapping of a hydrogen peroxide concentration profile across a polymicrobial bacterial biofilm using scanning electrochemical microscopy
Authors: Liu Xiuhui , Ramsey Matthew M. , Chen Xiaole , Koley Dipankar , Whiteley Marvin , Bard Allen J. 
Published: February 2011

Quantitative detection of hydrogen peroxide in solution above aStreptococcus gordonii(Sg) bacterial biofilm was studied in real time by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was determined to be 0.7 mM to 1.6 mM in the presence of 10 mM glucose over a period of 2 to 8 h. The hydrogen peroxide production measured was higher near the biofilm surface in comparison toSggrown planktonically. Differential hydrogen peroxide production was observed both by fluorometric as well as by SECM measurements. The interaction between two different species in a bacterial biofilm ofSgandAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans(Aa) in terms of hydrogen peroxide production was also studied by SECM. One-directional y-scan SECM measurements showed the unique spatial mapping of hydrogen peroxide concentration across a mixed species biofilm and revealed that hydrogen peroxide concentration varies greatly dependent upon local species composition.
Crystal structure of the synergistic antibiotic pair, lankamycin and lankacidin, in complex with the large ribosomal subunit
Authors: Belousoff Matthew J. , Shapira Tal , Bashan Anat , Zimmerman Ella , Rozenberg Haim , Arakawa Kenji , Kinashi Haruyasu , Yonath Ada 
Published: February 2011

The structures of the large ribosomal subunit of
Deinococcus radiodurans
(D50S) in complex with the antibiotic lankamycin (3.2 Å) and a double antibiotic complex of lankamycin and lankacidin C (3.45 Å) have been determined, in continuation of previous crystallographic studies on lankacidin-D50S complex. These two drugs have been previously reported to inhibit ribosomal function with mild synergistic effect. Lankamycin, a member of the macrolide family, binds in a similar manner to erythromycin. However, when in complex with lankacidin, lankamycin is located so that it can form interactions with lankacidin in the adjacent ribosomal binding site. When compared to the well-documented synergistic antibiotics, Streptogramins A and B, the pair of lankacidin and lankamycin bind in similar sites, the peptidyl transferase center and nascent peptide exit tunnel, respectively. Herein, we discuss the structural basis for antibiotic synergism and highlight the key factors involved in ribosomal inhibition.