bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and accumulation of 8‐OHdG in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Segawa Y , Oda Y , Yamamoto H , Uryu H , Shiratsuchi H , Hirakawa N , Tomita K , Yamamoto T , Oda S , Yamada T , Komune S , Tsuneyoshi M 
Published: August 2010

Aims:  Nitric oxide (NO), produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), has been suggested to cause oxidative stress, leading to 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) accumulation and subsequent transversion mutation of DNA. The aim was to evaluate iNOS expression and the status of oxidative stress in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Methods and results:  Seventy‐three cases of NPC were investigated to examine the immunohistochemical expression of iNOS, 8‐OHdG and latent membrane protein‐1 (LMP‐1) and Epstein–Barr virus‐encoded small RNA (EBER) expression using in situ hybridization. iNOS mRNA expression and p53 gene mutations were also assessed. Overexpression of iNOS, LMP‐1 and EBER was observed in 62 (84.9%), 28 (38.4%) and 53 (72.6%) cases respectively. p53 gene mutation was found in 10 of 73 (13.7%) cases. Immunohistochemical iNOS expression was associated with the 8‐OHdG labelling index, iNOS mRNA expression and p53 gene alteration (P < 0.0001, P = 0.016 and 0.0082 respectively).Conclusions:  Our present findings suggest that the expression of iNOS induces oxidative stress in NPC. Although the presence of p53 mutation was associated with iNOS overexpression, the type of acid–base change of p53 was transition, but not transversion, which suggests that the p53 gene is not the direct target of DNA damage by 8‐OHdG accumulation.
Continuing low uptake of periconceptional folate warrants increased food fortification
Authors: Sillender M. 
Published: August 2010

ObjectiveTo assess whether the Health Education Authority’s recent promotion of periconceptional folic acid has been successful in increasing uptake sufficient to prevent neural tube defects.DesignA retrospective questionnaire, completed by 162 patients in the early pregnancy clinic in Doncaster Royal Infirmary, an average‐sized UK district general hospital. The study ran in February and March 1999.Methods and main outcome measuresData were collected on: supplementation and dietary intake of folic acid, both preconceptionally and after confirmation of pregnancy; awareness of the benefits of folic acid; source of information on folic acid; the reasons for not taking folic acid (if this was so); planned or unplanned pregnancy; previous pregnancies; previous neural tube defect in a pregnancy; smoking habit; and age.ResultsEighty‐one per cent of women were aware of the benefits of folic acid, but only 27% took it preconceptionally. Sixty‐eight per cent took it after confirmation of pregnancy. A quarter of patients made an attempt to increase dietary folate. Unplanned pregnancy was a significant bar to uptake, with significant differences in awareness and consumption. Number of pregnancies had no effect. Older women were more likely to take postconceptional folate, but awareness and preconceptional use were the same as younger women.ConclusionDespite an extensive campaign commissioned by the Department of Health and run by the Health Education Authority, use of periconceptional folate will probably only prevent one‐sixth of affected pregnancies. The adverse effects of fortification discussed in the body of this paper are small. It is now time for increased fortification of all cereal‐grain products to be instituted in the UK in a similar manner to the United States.
Virtual experimentation on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics and its application to a temperate reservoir (Torrão, Portugal)
Authors: Oliva Teles Luis , Pereira Elisa , Saker Martin , Vasconcelos Vitor 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to use artificial neural networks to develop a regression model capable of simulating the complexity of events contributing to the development of cyanobacterial blooms in an important potable water supply located in northern Portugal (Torrão Reservoir). This model was produced with environmental variables collected from the reservoir over a 40‐month sampling period. For development of the model, 10 variables were selected from a total group of 18, all with an equal contribution in the final model. The correlations between the predicted and observed values were high (0.970, 0.912 and 0.908 in the training, verification and test sets, respectively). These variables could be grouped into three categories based on their influence on cyanobacterial abundance. In order of decreasing association, these classes were as follows: (i) oxygen stratification; (ii) conductivity, discharge, and minimum air temperature, water evaporation and solar radiation; and (iii) precipitation, phosphate, ammonia, and pH.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants potentiate methylphenidate (Ritalin)‐induced gene regulation in the adolescent striatum
Authors: Van Waes Vincent , Beverley Joel , Marinelli Michela , Steiner Heinz 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe psychostimulant methylphenidate (Ritalin) is used in conjunction with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of medical conditions such as attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder with anxiety/depression comorbidity and major depression. Co‐exposure also occurs in patients on SSRIs who use psychostimulant ‘cognitive enhancers’. Methylphenidate is a dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that produces altered gene expression in the forebrain; these effects partly mimic gene regulation by cocaine (dopamine/norepinephrine/serotonin reuptake inhibitor). We investigated whether the addition of SSRIs (fluoxetine or citalopram; 5 mg/kg) modified gene regulation by methylphenidate (2–5 mg/kg) in the striatum and cortex of adolescent rats. Our results show that SSRIs potentiate methylphenidate‐induced expression of the transcription factor geneszif268and c‐fosin the striatum, rendering these molecular changes more cocaine‐like. Present throughout most of the striatum, this potentiation was most robust in its sensorimotor parts. The methylphenidate + SSRI combination also enhanced behavioral stereotypies, consistent with dysfunction in sensorimotor striatal circuits. In so far as such gene regulation is implicated in psychostimulant addiction, our findings suggest that SSRIs may enhance the addiction potential of methylphenidate.
Accounting for Securitizations: A Comparison of SFAS 140 and IASB 39
Authors: Adhikari Ajay , Betancourt Luis 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the accounting for securitizations under US GAAP and international financial reporting standards (IFRS). Using a sample securitization of the Ford Motor Company, we demonstrate substantial differences depending on whether the securitization is recorded following US GAAP or IFRS. Our analysis suggests international convergence of accounting standards will be more challenging as the FASB and IASB begin tackling issues, such as asset securitization, that have important economic consequences and where the differences between US GAAP and IFRS are substantive.
Dynamics of Female Employment and Youth Unemployment in Italy
Authors: Accornero Aris , Carmignani Fabrizio , Pruna Maria Letizia 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: The authors, in this article, consider the possibility of how the peak in the birth rate during the 60s could have affected the present unemployment situation. First of all the hypothesis put forward by various sources that the baby boom is the principle cause of unemployment is examined, together with how plausible this explanation is.Then some data relevant to birth rates and the subsequent employment levels in various countries is presented, and finally, a more detailed analysis of the Italian situation is given, both with regard to the baby boom and the most recent employment statistics for the different Italian areas. The authors also take a close look at the female labour market and its development over the past years, and how these figures would appear to confute the baby boom as being the sole cause responsible for present day unemployment levels.
Immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the granulomatous rosacea compared with the non‐granulomatous rosacea
Authors: Jang YH , Sim JH , Kang HY , Kim YC , Lee E‐S 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground  There is a granulomatous variant which is recognized in the rosacea spectrum. However, the pathogenesis of granuloma formation in rosacea has not been clearly demonstrated. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are required for recruitment of inflammatory cells and for tissue remodelling, making way for the development of well‐organized granuloma.Objective  The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, TGF‐β type II receptor (TβRII), Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, MMP‐1, 2 and 9 in the granulomatous rosacea (GR) compared with the non‐granulomatous rosacea (NGR) and test the hypothesis that the changes of these profiles in GR would be related with chronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR)‐exposure.Methods  Facial skin samples were obtained from 20 patients with GR and NGR (control group). The sections were stained using haematoxylin and eosin, Verhoeff’s elastic stain, and antibodies to TGF‐β, TβRII, TNF‐α, MMP‐1, ‐2 and ‐9.Results  The amount of elastotic material was significantly increased in the dermis of GR lesions. Expression of TGF‐β was significantly decreased in the epidermis of GR lesions compared with NGR lesions. In addition, the expression of MMP‐9 was significantly increased in the dermis of GR lesions compared with NGR lesions, especially at the centre of the granuloma on a semi‐quantitative analysis. MMP‐2 expression was also increased in GR lesions, although the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant.Conclusions  The results of this study suggest that the increased expression of MMPs in the dermis may participate in granuloma formation of GR in association with UVR.
Our “Blue Rose”— a parent's experience of tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Bond John 
Published: August 2010

We have two children, Joanne and Carly. Joanne is a normal, healthy child who attends the local primary school and is making good progress. Carly is mentally handicapped and suffers from a genetically based illness called tuberous sclerosis. She attends a special school and receives additional care and training.I decided to write this narrative in a simple way, and as a down to earth account of family life with a mentally handicapped child. I would like professionals to read it, and maybe enhance their understanding of situations; parents, to show them that they are not on their own; and those not connected with mental handicap, as this section of health care needs all the positive publicity it can get …
ACQUIRING MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS: an IT/INSET project to help children with severe learning difficulties
Authors: Hughes John M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis is an account of the cooperation between a teacher training institute and a school for children with severe learning difficulties in a project designed to combine initial training with inservice training. It describes the efforts of class teacher, tutor, and students to evaluate and develop an educational programme to assist the children acquire mathematical concepts. Even though the children varied in their patterns and styles of learning, the team detected certain common learning characteristics which served as guidelines for planning objectives and learning experiences. These characteristics included a slower rate of learning, lack of spontaneous learning, difficulties in transfer of learning, deficiency in short‐term memory, poor spatial discrimination, difficulty in attending and poor language development.
The AWS from a parent's point of view:
Authors: Donovan Tina , Allen David 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe parents of 36 people with mental handicaps were interviewed concerning their views on more integrated services for their relatives. Most were in favour of such developments, but considerable opposition was expressed in a number of areas, especially in relation to day care and education. Parents of those with more severe handicaps tended to be least in favour of integration. Some implications for consumer involvement in the AWS are discussed.
Mental handicap in Nigeria: a study of attitudes in Bendel State
Authors: Okoh Grace 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe findings of a thirty month study into educational provision for children with severe mental handicaps in Bendel State, Nigeria, reveal that before suitable facilities are provided much work remains to be done to overcome the population's fear and ignorance of mental handicap and to demonstrate that people with mental handicaps can benefit from education and participate in community and family life.
QUALITY MATTERS 4. “Ideas into action”: the benefits of monitoring through a Quality Action Group
Authors: Howell Hilary , James Judy , Abbott Kerry 
Published: August 2010

As services for people with mental handicaps move away from institutional methods of care, parents and professionals are becoming concerned with how to monitor and improve community‐based services. “Quality assurance” has departed from the notion of outsiders checking up on a service and has shifted towards more self‐evaluation by “stakeholders”. Stakeholders can include service users, staff, parents, neighbours, and friends.This paper describes how the parents of four young people with mental handicaps and the staff who care for them have joined together to look at the service that is being provided and to plan ways of improving the quality of life.
Accommodative responses to anisoaccommodative targets
Authors: Koh L. H. , Charman W. N. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryYoung subjects (mean age 25.2±2.3 years) viewed with symmetric convergence two fusible targets situated at different distances (i.e. anisoaccommodative targets). The fused target was a Maltese cross which subtended 3° at the eye: the right and left arms of the cross were seen by both eyes and each of the other arms was seen by only one eye. The vergences of the anisoaccommodative targets differed by either 3.00 or 0.50 D. Accommodation of each eye was measured by a Canon R1 auto‐refractor. There was no evidence of systematic anisoaccommodation. When presented with anisoaccommodative targets, the accommodation of both eyes tended towards a level which was more appropriate to the farther target, i.e. that which required less accommodative effort. Implications of the findings for optometry are briefly discussed.
VITAMIN B12, THIAMINE, AND BIOTIN CONTENTS OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Carlucci A. F. , Bowes Peggy M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYAn extraction procedure was developed for determining vitamin B12, thiamine, and biotin contents of marine phytoplankton. Phytoplankters were collected either by centrifugation or by retention on a glass fiber filter, then heated at 100 C for I hr in 100 ml of vitamin‐free seawater acidified to pH 3.5 with HCl. The extract, after debris removal, was filter‐sterilized and analyzed, for vitamin B12, thiamine, and biotin with standard vitamin assay procedures.The vitamin contents of haeodactylum tricornutum, Skeletonema costatum, Stephanopyxis turris, and occolithus liuxleyi were determined during growth in batch cultures. P. tricornutum (non‐vitamin requirer) growing in aerated cultures contained 0.29–0.96 ng B12, 5–15 ng thiamine, and 0.45–1.70 ng biotin/mg C. Under similar conditions S. costatum (B12‐requirer) contained about 0.06 ng B12, 5–36 ng thiamine, and 0.16–2.10 ng biotin/mg C. The concentrations of vitamin were generally similar during some portion of the growth curve, eg, logarithmic growth.The vitamin B12, content of S. costatum growing under nonaerated conditions decreased when medium B12, was reduced. The biotin content did not change when medium B12was decreased.The thiamine content per unit weight of C. huxleyi (thiamine‐requirer) growing with either 10 or 120 ng/liter thiamine decreased under both medium concentrations, indicating no net synthesis of the vitamin.
A CARBON BUDGET FOR THE AUTOTROPHIC CILIATE MESODINIUM RUBRUM1
Authors: Smith Walker O. , Barber Richard T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTExtensive blooms of the autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum (Lohmann) occurred in the Peru coastal upwelling region at 15°S latitude in March through May 1977 and contributed significantly to the organic productivity of the region. From observations made during the JOINT‐II oceanographic expedition, a budget of the carbon flux of these unusual photosynthetic organisms can be constructed. The light dependent C fixation was determined with short (1 h) incubations because of the organisms' sensitivity to confinement and rapid nutrient exhaustion. Maximum photosynthesis occurred at 50% of incident light with a maximum rate of particulate C synthesis of 2187 mg C · m−3· h−1. The specific carbon uptake rates were also high with a maximum light saturated value of 16.8 mg C ·(mg chl a)−1· h−1. The rate of excretion of dissolved organic C at the productivity maximum ranged from 16.1 to 181.1 mg C · m−3· h−1. The range of percent excretion was 1.8–12.5% the total C fixed, similar to the range found in both motile and nonmotile phytoplankton assemblages. Respiration, determined by the decrease in particulate C in the dark, averaged 4.6% of the previously fixed photosynthetic C · h−1. M. rubrum actively took up amino acids and naturally occurring dissolved organic carbon. The C budget for this ciliate indicates that the daily contribution to the particulate food chain is large, although not as great as is indicated by short incubations. The contribution of M. rubrum to the productivity and elemental fluxes of upwelling and coastal ecosystems has been seriously underestimated.
THE BIOLOGY OFHARVEYELLA MIRABILIS(CRYPTONEMIALES, RHODOPHYCEAE). VI. TRANSLOCATION OF PHOTOASSIMILATED14C122
Authors: Goff Lynda J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPulse‐chase labelling experiments demonstrate that photoassimilated14C‐bicarbonate is translocated from the host red algaOdonthalia floccosa (Esper)Falkenberg to the parasiteHarveyella mirabilis(Reinsch) Schmitz & Reinke. The primary path of translocation is from host cortical cells (the site of photoassimilation) to the erumpent parasite pustule via the zone of interdigitation. The latter is a tissue region in which rhizoidal cells ofHarveyellagrow between, and establish secondary pit plugs with medullary cells ofOdonthalia.A secondary translocation pathway occurs from isolated host cells dispersed in the pustule ofHarveyellato adjacent parasite cells.
THE RELATIVE PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY OFASTERIONELLA FORMOSAHASS. (BACILLARIOPHYTA) IN NATURAL PLANKTON ASSEMBLAGES1
Authors: Ostrofsky Milton L. , Peairs Hervey J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe relative photosynthetic efficiencies of net vs. nanoplankton and diatom vs. non‐diatom plankton were estimated weekly in Woodcock Creek Reservoir, Pennsylvania, from April to November 1979, using carbon‐14 in conjunction with size fractionation and germanium as a diatom inhibitor. The nanoplankton contributed a proportionally greater share of the community carbon assimilation than their share of the community biomass would indicate. Diatoms, specificallyAsterionella formosaHass. were photosynthetically inefficient and contributed significantly less than expected. The mechanism of periodic diatom dominance in lakes remains unexplained.
THE DINOFLAGELLATE PELLICULAR WALL LAYER AND ITS OCCURRENCE IN THE DIVISION PYRRHOPHYTA1
Authors: Morrill Lenita C. , Loeblich Alfred R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTForty‐five species of dinoflagellates were surveyed for the presence of a pellicular layer in the amphiesma or cell covering. Such a layer was found in 15 of the 20 genera studied. Half the pellicles tested were resistant to acetolysis and may contain a sporopollenin‐like material similar to that of some dinoflagellate cyst walk. Most organisms which formed pellicles were capable of reinforcing this layer with cellulose. Pellicles ofHeterocapsa niei(Loeblich) Morrill & Loeblich andScrippsiella trochoidea(Stein) Loeblich were studied with the electron microscope. Evidence is presented indicating that dividing cells ofS. trochoideafrom new walls while still enclosed in the parental pellicular layer.
THE MECHANISM OF DAYLENGTH PERCEPTION IN THE RED ALGA ACROSYMPHYTON PURPURIFERUM1
Authors: Breeman Anneke M. , ten Hoopen Aart 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe red alga Acrosymphton purpuriferum (J. Ag.) Sjöst. (Dumontiaceae) is a short day plant in the formation of its tetrasporangia. Tetrasporogenesis was not inhibited by 1 h night‐breaks when given at any time during the long (16 h) dark period (tested at 2 h intervals). However, tetrasporogenesis was inhibited when short (8 h) main photoperiods were extended beyond the critical daylength with supplementary light periods (8 h) at an irradiance below photosynthetic compensation. The threshold irradiance below photosynthetic compensation. The threshold irradiance for inhibition of tetrasporogenesis was far lower when supplementary light periods preceded the main photoperiod than when they followed it (< 0.05 μmol.m−2. s−1 vs. 3 μmol.m−2.s−1. The threshold level also depended on the irradiance given during the main photoperiod and was higher after a main photoperiod in bright light than after one in dim light (threshold at 3 μmol.m−2.s−1 after a main photoperiod at ca. 65 μmol.m−2.s−1 vs. threshold at <0.5 μmol.m−2.s−1 after a main photoperiod at ca. 35 μmol.m−2.s−1. The spectral dependence of the response was investigated in day‐extensions (supplementary light period (8 h) after main photoperiod (8 h) at 48 μmol. m−2.s−1) with narrow band coloured light. Blue light (λ= 420 nm) was most effective, with 50% inhibition at a quantum‐dose of 2.3 mmol.m−2. However, yellow (λ= 563 nm) and red light (λ= 600 nm; λ= 670 nm) also caused some inhibition, with ca. 30% of the effectiveness of blue light. Only far‐red light (λ= 710 nm; λ= 730 nm) was relatively ineffective with no significant inhibition of tetrasporogenesis at quantum‐doses of up to 20 mmol. m−2.
OCCURRENCE OF THREENITZSCHIA(BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) TAXA WITHIN COLONIES OF TUBE‐FORMING DIATOMS1
Authors: Carr Jennifer M. , Hergenrader Gary L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn benthic samples from the unchannelized Missouri River, the diatoms Nitzschia dissipata (Kütz.) Grun., N. filiformis (W. Sm.) Schütt and N. pseudofonticola Hust. were observed within the mucilage tubes of four tube‐forming diatoms: Cymbella prostrata (Berk.) Cl., C. prostrata var. auerswaldii (Rabh.) Reim., Navicula tripunctata var. schizonemoides (V.H.) Patr., and Nitzschia filiformis. Microscopical observations of live and preserved specimens indicated that “invasion” by Nitzschia occurred primarily in older tubes. Data are presented on the environmental conditions in which the tube‐formers and their cohabitants have been found.