bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food shopping habits, physical activity and health-related indicators among adults aged ≥70 years
Authors: Thompson Janice L , Bentley Georgina , Davis Mark , Coulson Jo , Stathi Afroditi , Fox Kenneth R 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the food shopping habits of older adults in the UK and explore their potential associations with selected health-related indicators.DesignA cross-sectional study including objectively measured physical activity levels, BMI, physical function and self-reported health status and dietary intake.SettingBristol, UK.SubjectsA total of 240 older adults aged ≥70 years living independently.ResultsMean age was 78·1 (sd 5·7) years; 66·7 % were overweight or obese and 4 % were underweight. Most (80·0 %) carried out their own food shopping; 53·3 % shopped at least once weekly. Women were more likely to shop alone (P < 0·001) and men more likely to shop with their spouse (P < 0·001). Men were more likely than women to drive to food shopping (P < 0·001), with women more likely to take the bus or be driven (P < 0·001). Most reported ease in purchasing fruit and vegetables (72·9 %) and low-fat products (67·5 %); 19·2 % reported low fibre intakes and 16·2 % reported high fat intakes. Higher levels of physical function and physical activity and better general health were significantly correlated with the ease of purchasing fresh fruit, vegetables and low-fat products. Shopping more often was associated with higher fat intake (P = 0·03); higher levels of deprivation were associated with lower fibre intake (P = 0·019).ConclusionsThese findings suggest a pattern of food shopping carried out primarily by car at least once weekly at large supermarket chains, with most finding high-quality fruit, vegetables and low-fat products easily accessible. Higher levels of physical function and physical activity and better self-reported health are important in supporting food shopping and maintaining independence.
Determinants of branded prescription medicine prices in OECD countries
Authors: Kanavos Panos G. , Vandoros Sotiris 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper investigates the determinants of the prices of branded prescription medicines across different regulatory settings and health care systems, taking into account their launch date, patent status, market dynamics and the regulatory context in which they diffuse. By using volume-weighted price indices, this paper analyzes price levels for a basket of prescription medicines and their differences in 15 OECD countries, including the United States and key European countries, the impact of distribution margins and generic entry on public prices and to what extent innovation, by means of introducing newer classes of medicines, contributes to price formation across countries. In doing so, the paper seeks to understand the factors that contribute to the existing differences in prices across countries, whether at an ex-factory or a retail level. The evidence shows that retail prices for branded prescription medicines in the United States are higher than those in key European and other OECD countries, but not as high as widely thought. Large differences in prices are mainly observed at an ex-factory level, but these are not the prices that consumers and payers pay. Cross-country differences in retail prices are actually not as high as expected and, when controlling for exchange rates, these differences can be even smaller. Product age has a significant effect on prices in all settings after having controlled for other factors. Price convergence is observed across countries for newer prescription medicines compared with older medicines. There is no evidence that originator brand prices fall after generic entry in the United States, a phenomenon known as the ‘generics paradox’. Finally, distribution and taxes are important determinants of retail prices in several of the study countries. To the extent that remuneration of the distribution chain and taxation are directly and proportionately linked to product prices this is likely to persist over time.
Lack of association between ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and elite artistic gymnastic performance of Italian gymnasts
Authors: Massidda Myosotis , Vona Giuseppe , Calò Carla M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism is the most studied genetic marker in the field of human performance. There is a continuing debate in the literature regarding the possible association of ACE genotypes and elite athletic status. In fact, despite recent studies having identified no significant associations in athletes from mixed sporting disciplines, other researchers suggest that the insertion (I) variant may be associated with elite endurance performance, and the deletion (D) variant can be over‐represented among elite sprinters. The purpose of the present study was to determine, for the first time, the association between the ACE genotypes and sprint athlete status among elite Italian gymnasts. To test this hypothesis, we assessed 33 elite Italian gymnasts (17 males, 16 females) and a control group of 53 (31 males, 22 females) unrelated sedentary individuals. DNA was extracted from each participant using a buccal swab and the ACE I/D polymorphism was determined using PCR while different amplified fragments were detected by electrophoresis using agarose gel and ethidium bromide staining. The ACE genotypes and allele frequencies among gymnasts (DD, ID, II=0.39, 0.48, 0.12, respectively; D allele=0.64) were not significantly different from those of Italian sedentary controls (DD, ID, II=0.39, 0.45, 0.15, respectively; D allele=0.62). However, the frequencies of our control group were similar to those observed in a sample of Italian sedentary individuals, and different to those of the general Caucasian population reported by other authors. Furthermore, the frequencies of our control group did not differ from those reported in other association studies involving elite sprint athletes. Our results suggest a lack of association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and elite gymnastics performance in Italians.
Effect of 12 weeks of training on critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state in swimmers
Authors: Machado Marcus V. , Júnior Orival A. , Marques Alessandro C. , Colantonio Emilson , Cyrino Edilson S. , De Mello Marco Tulio 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of training on the critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state of elite swimmers. The tests to determine critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state were performed before and after 12 weeks of training. Critical velocity after 12 weeks of training was significantly higher than before training (1.45±0.10 m · s−1 vs. 1.41±0.11 m · s−1). In contrast, no significant differences in the velocity at maximal lactate steady state were observed before and after training (1.41±0.10 m · s−1 vs. 1.43±0.10 m · s−1). There was also a decrease in mean lactate concentration after 12 weeks of training. Before training, the velocity at maximal lactate steady state occurred at 100% of critical velocity, with a mean lactate concentration of 4.34 mmol · l−1. After training, the velocity at maximal lactate steady state occurred at 98% of critical velocity, with a reduced mean lactate concentration of 3.69 mmol · l−1. Based on these results, it would appear that 12 weeks of training was enough to promote an increase in critical velocity. Although no significant differences in the velocity at maximal lactate steady state were observed before and after training, the decrease in mean lactate concentration after training demonstrated greater efficiency of the aerobic system, leading to less wear during the tests.
Central regulation of physical fatigue via mirror visual feedback
Authors: Tsutsumi Ken , Tanaka Masaaki , Shigihara Yoshihito , Watanabe Yasuyoshi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCentral fatigue refers to a progressive decline in the ability to activate muscles voluntarily. Although fatigue‐related inhibitory input to the motor cortex from group III and IV afferents that carry sensory information is thought to contribute to the fatigue‐related changes in the motor cortex, other sites effectively driving the motor cortex during physical fatigue have not been identified. Contribution of a mirror visual feedback system to regulate physical fatigue was examined. The study group consisted of 12 healthy participants who performed 60 repetitive left handgrips at maximal voluntary contraction every 1 s as a fatigue‐inducing physical task session. Before and after the session, left and right handgrip forces were measured for fatigue evaluation. After the fatigue‐inducing task session, handgrip forces of the right and left hands were reduced. Although there was no difference in the reduced level of the handgrip force of the right hand between the sessions with and without a Ramachandran's mirror box, that of the left hand was attenuated by watching the mirror of the mirror box. A mirror visual feedback system is involved in the mechanisms regulating physical fatigue.
PPARA intron 1 A/C polymorphism and elite athlete status
Authors: Eynon Nir , Alves Alberto J. , Yamin Chen , Meckel Yoav 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of this study was to test for a possible association between the PPARA intron 1 A/C polymorphism (rs135539) and the attainment of elite athlete status. In total, 155 Israeli athletes (119 males, 36 females) and 240 healthy controls (170 males, 70 females) participated in the study. The group of athletes consisted of endurance athletes (n=74) and sprinters (n=81). Genotyping was performed using PCR‐RFLP on DNA from leucocytes. Results showed that genotype distribution and allele frequencies were similar (P=0.65 for genotypes and P=0.48 for allele frequency) for the endurance athletes (allele frequency A/C 0.7/0.3), sprinters (allele frequency A/C 0.66/0.34), and controls (allele frequency A/C 0.71/0.29). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the sub‐groups of elite endurance athletes (those who had represented Israel in world track‐and‐field championships or in the Olympic Games) and national‐level endurance athletes (P=0.44 for genotypes and P=0.96 for allele frequency), or between elite and national‐level sprinters (P=0.57 for genotypes and P=0.40 for allele frequency). In conclusion, we observed no differences in genotype distribution or allele frequencies across PPARA intron 1 A/C polymorphism between endurance athletes, sprinters, and controls. Further research is needed in other ethnic groups to verify these results.
Acute effects of endurance exercise on jumping and kicking performance in top‐class young soccer players
Authors: Juárez Daniel , López de Subijana Cristina , Mallo Javier , Navarro Enrique 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of endurance exercise on jumping and kicking performance in young soccer players. Twenty‐one top‐class young soccer players (16.1±0.2 years) performed a countermovement jump test and a maximal instep soccer kick test before and after running for 20 min on a treadmill at 80% of their individual maximum heart rate. Two force platforms were used to obtain the following parameters during the countermovement jump: jump height, maximum power, maximum power relative to body mass, maximum vertical ground reaction force, maximum vertical ground reaction force relative to body mass, and maximum vertical ground reaction force applied to each leg. Maximum vertical ground reaction force and maximum vertical ground reaction force relative to body mass applied to the support leg during the kicks were also calculated with a force platform. The kicking motion was recorded using a three‐dimensional motion‐capture system. Maximum velocity of the ball, maximum linear velocity of the toe, ankle, knee and hip, and linear velocity of the toe at ball contact during the kicks were calculated. Non‐significant differences were found in the parameters measured during the countermovement jump and the maximal instep soccer kick test before and after running, suggesting that the jumping and kicking performances of top‐class young soccer players were not significantly affected after 20 min treadmill running at 80% of their individual maximum heart rate.
Orpheus in Manhattan
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The musical landscape of New York City and the United States of America would look quite different had it not been for William Schuman. This book, the first objective and comprehensive biography of Schuman, portrays a man who had a profound influence upon the artistic and political institutions of his day and beyond. The book draws heavily upon Schuman's letters, writings, and manuscripts as well as unprecedented access to archival recordings and previously unknown correspondence. The winner of the first Pulitzer Prize in Music, Schuman composed music that is rhythmically febrile, harmonically pungent, melodically long-breathed, and timbrally brilliant, and the book offers an astute analysis of his work, including many unpublished music scores. Swayne also describes Schuman's role as president of the Juilliard School of Music and of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, tracing how he both expanded the boundaries of music education and championed the performing arts. Filled with new discoveries and revisions of the received historical narrative and published in Schuman's centenary year, Orpheus in Manhattan confirms Schuman as a major figure in America's musical life.
Four. A Flash in Tin Pan Alley
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter traces the end of Schuman's high school career, his ill-fated studies at New York University's School of Commerce, and his discovery of classical music at Carnegie Hall in 1930. From the late 1920s through the early 1930s, Schuman continued to explore the possibility of becoming a Tin Pan Alley composer, and he lived a rather seamy and colorful life as a young bachelor in pursuit of liquor and women. He tried to persuade Marks to continue to collaborate with him, and together they considered other large-scale musical projects. Frank Loesser was an occasional collaborator at this time, but the evidence indicates that the more important partnership was with Marks. This chapter refines the “creation myth” that Schuman crafted about these years and analyzes a few of the songs he wrote at this time.
Eleven. World War II and the Prize-Winning Composer
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
With the United States’ entry into World War II, Schuman tried to enlist in the Army Specialist Corps as a music specialist. Schuman failed the physical and was initially disappointed that he would not be able to serve the nation in uniform. His own career, though, was burgeoning. He had already received two Guggenheim Fellowships; he would soon receive the first-ever Town Hall/League of Composers Award, the first-ever New York Music Critics Circle Award, the first-ever Pulitzer Prize in Music, a grant from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and one of the first American commissions from the Koussevitzky Music Foundation. In addition to his own successes, Schuman's discovery of Robert Shaw and his Collegiate Chorus resulted in one of many collaborative relationships in which Schuman served as mentor to an up-and-coming musician.
Twelve. The Modern Meteor I Sing
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter continues to trace Schuman's meteoric rise. It begins by revisiting his close relationship with Copland and looks at Schuman's continued belief in musical propaganda. His relationship with Koussevitzky also reappears in this chapter. An aborted commission for a stage work resulted in one of Schuman's most enduring compositions: the song “Orpheus with His Lute.” The chapter concludes with Schuman's decision to leave Sarah Lawrence College to become the director of publications at G. Schirmer Publishers, a decision Schuman quickly rued. Fate would intervene and give Schuman another, more prestigious position from which to disseminate his ideas about music education and contemporary music.
Eighteen. Striking Out
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Schuman had contemplated writing an opera early in his career as a composer. This chapter explores some of the projects Schuman considered, especially a partnership in 1942 with poet Christopher LaFarge that was underwritten by the Carnegie Corporation and administered by the Metropolitan Opera; a television script by Frank Gilroy that became a Glenn Ford film; and an adaptation of Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy. The bulk of this chapter looks at Schuman's first opera, The Mighty Casey, and its journey from idea to completion to performance. This chapter also looks at the piano piece Voyage, which was co-opted by Martha Graham and turned into a dance score (Theatre for a Voyage). In the middle of the 1950s, Schuman left the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers to join Broadcast Music, Inc.; this decision precipitated the termination of his relationship with G. Schirmer as his principal publisher.
Twenty. With an Eye on the Marketplace
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Schuman's decision to leave Schirmer and to join Theodore Presser meant that his new publisher had very little of his music. Schuman set out to correct this situation by writing a number of shorter choral works that he thought would sell well. In fact, the major success of this period was a reworking of the William Billings Overture, a work that Schirmer had declined to publish. The new version, New England Triptych, quickly became Schuman's best-known composition. And while the more popular-oriented choral works he wrote at this time did not sell particularly well, the more serious Carols of Death was hailed as one of Schuman's best choral compositions. Schuman's other major film score (The Earth Is Born) is also examined in this chapter. This period in Schuman's life finds him trying to write works for the marketplace.
Twenty-Seven. The Death of the Dream
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter traces the events that led to the end of Schuman's tenure as president of Lincoln Center. His health played a part in his departure, as he suffered from a severe angina attack in the summer of 1968. There were also stresses at home, as his daughter, Andrea, got involved with left-wing organizations at Columbia, which led to her marriage to a young philosophy student there before she had turned twenty. The chapter looks closely at the final weeks of Schuman's tenure and how budgetary concerns led to the elimination of what Schuman felt were key components of the Lincoln Center idea. Schuman put the best face on his firing, calling it a “retirement” and trying to persuade Rockefeller and his colleagues to extend the period between the announcement and the departure. Rockefeller was unmovable, and by the end of 1968, Schuman was gone.
Twenty-Eight. The Administrator Reinvents Himself
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
For the first time in more than 30 years, Schuman had no institutional affiliation. At first, he filled his days with much-needed rest. Soon, however, he was eager to get involved in new projects. One involved the activities of National Educational Television, an organization that had employed Frankie and her skills; another was a start-up business (Videorecord Corporation of America) that was trying to develop video programs for the classroom. Schuman also contemplated writing his memoirs at this time, but he abandoned his efforts and was content to nurture the early lives of two of his institutional children: the Film Society of Lincoln Center and the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center. By this time, the new campus for Juilliard at Lincoln Center was ready for occupation, and his relationship with Juilliard president Peter Mennin—already somewhat chilly—took a turn for the worse, in part exacerbated by Schuman's own stubbornness. Schuman undertook trips to Puerto Rico and Japan at this time.
Criminal Law as Public Law
Authors: Thorburn Malcolm 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that criminal law scholars have tended to draw too close an analogy between the system of criminal law and that of private morality. In place of such a ‘legal moralist’ account, this chapter offers a ‘public law’ account of the criminal justice system, which conceives of the operations of the criminal justice system, insofar as they are legitimate, as concerned with the basic question of public law: when the use of state power is legitimate. Like the new legal moralism of Duff and Gardner, this account is an attempt to justify the workings of the criminal justice system by demonstrating that they are just what is required for us to be true to a set of roles and relationships that have intrinsic value. But the relevant roles and relationships for criminal justice are not those we understand from ordinary morality. Rather, they are the legally defined roles — such as private citizen, police officer, judge, etc. — that we take up within a larger constitutional order that, we could not abolish without abandoning necessary preconditions for our moral life.
Republicanism and the Foundations of Criminal Law
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter makes a case for the republican tradition in political philosophy as a theory that can provide a rational reconstruction of criminal law. It argues that republicanism offers a reconstruction of criminal law that is both rational and plausible. In particular, it shows that republicanism can help us to make sense of three important features of criminal law: first, the conviction that crime is a public wrong; second, the general pattern of development of criminal law historically; and third, the public nature of criminal law as a cooperative enterprise. To begin, however, it explains what republicanism is and why it is a proper place to look for a rational reconstruction of criminal law.
Responsibility for the Criminal Law
Authors: Ristroph Alice 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that criminal law theory has been too narrowly focused on the responsibility of the offender for his criminal acts, and seeks to show how other key players in the system — including legislatures, police, prosecutors, and courts — share responsibility for the system of criminal law and how it chooses to treat its subjects. The chapter is organized as follows. First, it identifies some of the distinctive inquiries and methods of a political theory of criminal law. It then turns to the concept of responsibility and offers a revisionist, or perhaps rehabilitated, account of criminal responsibility. On this account, the accused individual does not stand isolated as the responsible agent; instead, criminal responsibility is also a matter of the public and collective agency exercised throughout the processes of criminalization, prosecution, adjudication, and punishment. The concluding section connects the examination of responsibility for the criminal law to questions about responsibility for other forms of bureaucratic violence.