bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Founding conditions and the survival of new firms
Authors: Geroski P. A. , Mata José , Portugal Pedro 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe analyze the effects of founding conditions on the survival of new firms. Based on arguments from several theoretical perspectives, namely economics, organizational ecology, and the resource‐based view of the firm, we develop hypotheses that relate the survival of firms to the conditions confronted by firms at each moment and to those prevailing at the time of founding. We develop an empirical model that allows the effects of founding conditions to be transitory and estimate how long such effects last. The results of estimating such a model indicate that founding effects are important determinants of exit rates. Moreover, in most cases, their effect on survival seems to persist with little attenuation for several years following the founding of the firm. Overall, our findings suggest that there is no absolute superiority of any of the aforementioned theoretical perspectives over the others, and there are important elements in all of them to explain the survival of firms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of CEO pay deviations on CEO withdrawal, firm size, and firm profits
Authors: Fong Eric A. , Misangyi Vilmos F. , Tosi Henry L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe build upon previous work on the effects of deviations in CEO pay from labor markets to assess how overcompensation or undercompensation affects subsequent voluntary CEO withdrawal, firm size, and firm profitability, taking into account the moderating effect of firm ownership structure. We find that CEO underpayment is related to changes in firm size and CEO withdrawal, and that the relationship between CEO underpayment and CEO withdrawal is stronger in owner‐controlled firms. We also show that when CEOs are overpaid, there is higher firm profitability; a relationship that is weaker among manager‐controlled firms. We then discuss the implications that these findings have for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perspectives and Challenges of Emerging Single‐Molecule DNA Sequencing Technologies
Authors: Xu Mingsheng , Fujita Daisuke , Hanagata Nobutaka 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe growing demand for analysis of the genomes of many species and cancers, for understanding the role of genetic variation among individuals in disease, and with the ultimate goal of deciphering individual human genomes has led to the development of non‐Sanger reaction‐based technologies towards rapid and inexpensive DNA sequencing. Recent advancements in new DNA sequencing technologies are changing the scientific horizon by dramatically accelerating biological and biomedical research and promising an era of personalized medicine for improved human health. Two single‐molecule sequencing technologies based on fluorescence detection are already in a working state. The newly launched and emerging single‐molecule DNA sequencing approaches are reviewed here. The current challenges of these technologies and potential methods of overcoming these challenges are critically discussed. Further research and development of single‐molecule sequencing will allow researchers to gather nearly error‐free genomic data in a timely and inexpensive manner.magnified image
Efficient and Stable Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on a High‐Molar‐Extinction‐Coefficient Sensitizer
Authors: Wang Mingkui , Moon Soo‐Jin , Xu Mingfei , Chittibabu Kethineni , Wang Peng , Cevey‐Ha Ngoc‐Le , Humphry‐Baker Robin , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe high‐molar‐extinction‐coefficient heteroleptic ruthenium dye, cis‐Ru (4,4′‐bis(5‐octylthieno[3,2‐b] thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (4,4′‐dicarboxyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (NCS)2, exhibits an AM 1.5 solar (100 mW cm−2)‐to‐electric power‐conversion efficiency of 4.6% in a solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cell (SSDSC) with 2,2′, 7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐MeOTAD) as the organic hole‐transporting material. These SSDSC devices exhibit good durability during accelerated tests under visible‐light soaking for 1000 h at 60 °C. This demonstration elucidates a class of photovoltaic devices with potential for stable and low‐cost power generation. The electron recombination dynamics and charge collection that take place at the dye‐sensitized heterojunction are studied by means of impedance and transient photovoltage decay techniques.
Multifunctional Silver‐Embedded Magnetic Nanoparticles as SERS Nanoprobes and Their Applications
Authors: Jun Bong‐Hyun , Noh Mi Suk , Kim Jaeyun , Kim Gunsung , Kang Homan , Kim Min‐Soo , Seo Young‐Tae , Baek Jongho , Kim Jong‐Ho , Park Juyoung , Kim Seongyong , Kim Yong‐Kweon , Hyeon Taeghwan , Cho Myung‐Haing , Jeong Dae Hong , Lee Yoon‐Sik 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this study, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)‐encoded magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared and utilized as a multifunctional tagging material for cancer‐cell targeting and separation. First, silver‐embedded magnetic NPs are prepared, composed of an 18‐nm magnetic core and a 16‐nm‐thick silica shell with silver NPs formed on the surface. After simple aromatic compounds are adsorbed on the silver‐embedded magnetic NPs, they are coated with silica to provide them with chemical and physical stability. The resulting silica‐encapsulated magnetic NPs (M‐SERS dots) produce strong SERS signals and have magnetic properties. In a model application as a tagging material, the M‐SERS dots are successfully utilized for targeting breast‐cancer cells (SKBR3) and floating leukemia cells (SP2/O). The targeted cancer cells can be easily separated from the untargeted cells using an external magnetic field. The separated targeted cancer cells exhibit a Raman signal originating from the M‐SERS dots. This system proves to be an efficient tool for separating targeted cells. Additionally, the magnetic‐field‐induced hot spots, which can provide a 1000‐times‐stronger SERS intensity due to aggregation of the NPs, are studied.
Challenges of Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Endogenous Neural Stem Cells, or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells?
Authors: Ronaghi Mohammad , Erceg Slaven , Moreno-Manzano Victoria , Stojkovic Miodrag 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes myelopathy, damage to white matter, and myelinated fiber tracts that carry sensation and motor signals to and from the brain. The gray matter damage causes segmental losses of interneurons and motoneurons and restricts therapeutic options. Recent advances in stem cell biology, neural injury, and repair, and the progress toward development of neuroprotective and regenerative interventions are the basis for increased optimism. This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms following SCI and compares human embryonic, adult neural, and the induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapeutic strategies for SCI.
NOTCH Pathway Blockade Depletes CD133-Positive Glioblastoma Cells and Inhibits Growth of Tumor Neurospheres and Xenografts
Authors: Fan Xing , Khaki Leila , Zhu Thant S. , Soules Mary E. , Talsma Caroline E. , Gul Naheed , Koh Cheryl , Zhang Jiangyang , Li Yue-Ming , Maciaczyk Jarek , Nikkhah Guido , DiMeco Francesco , Piccirillo Sara , Vescovi Angelo L. , Eberhart Charles G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be critical for the engraftment and long-term growth of many tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM). The cells are at least partially spared by traditional chemotherapies and radiation therapies, and finding new treatments that can target CSCs may be critical for improving patient survival. It has been shown that the NOTCH signaling pathway regulates normal stem cells in the brain, and that GBMs contain stem-like cells with higher NOTCH activity. We therefore used low-passage and established GBM-derived neurosphere cultures to examine the overall requirement for NOTCH activity, and also examined the effects on tumor cells expressing stem cell markers. NOTCH blockade by γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) reduced neurosphere growth and clonogenicity in vitro, whereas expression of an active form of NOTCH2 increased tumor growth. The putative CSC markers CD133, NESTIN, BMI1, and OLIG2 were reduced following NOTCH blockade. When equal numbers of viable cells pretreated with either vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide) or GSI were injected subcutaneously into nude mice, the former always formed tumors, whereas the latter did not. In vivo delivery of GSI by implantation of drug-impregnated polymer beads also effectively blocked tumor growth, and significantly prolonged survival, albeit in a relatively small cohort of animals. We found that NOTCH pathway inhibition appears to deplete stem-like cancer cells through reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis associated with decreased AKT and STAT3 phosphorylation. In summary, we demonstrate that NOTCH pathway blockade depletes stem-like cells in GBMs, suggesting that GSIs may be useful as chemotherapeutic reagents to target CSCs in malignant gliomas.
Characterization of skin inflammation induced by repeated exposure of toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde in mice
Authors: Saito Asaka , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Usuda Haruki , Shibata Tomonori , Higashi Sayaka , Yamashita Hirotaka , Inagaki Naoki , Nagai Hiroichi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered the main cause of sick building syndrome and they are likely to irritate the skin, eyes, and mucous membrane; however, the toxic threshold and the mechanisms of cutaneous reaction induced by long‐time VOC exposure have not been clarified. In the present study, we investigated the effect of repeated painting of VOCs onto mouse skin. Various concentrations of toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde (FA) were applied once a week for 5 weeks. While FA solution (2–10%) induced remarkable ear swelling and caused evident infiltration of inflammatory cells, high concentrations of toluene and xylene (50 or 100%) evoked mild ear swelling and marginal inflammatory cell invasion. In addition, FA exposure markedly increased the expression of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), and transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV‐1) mRNAs in the ears and IL‐4 and NT‐3 mRNAs in the cervical lymph nodes. Furthermore, capsazepine, a TRPV‐1 antagonist, significantly suppressed ear swelling caused by repeated painting of 5% FA. These findings demonstrate that FA has more potent irritancy against skin than toluene or xylene and suggest that the Th2 response, neurotrophins and TRPV‐1 play important roles in FA‐induced skin inflammation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
Single HCC between 2 and 5 cm: the grey zone
Authors: Kudo Masatoshi , Chung Hobyung 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLong term survival of single nodular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) measuring 2–5 cm in size treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was compared between 157 HCCs treated with RFA and 89 HCCs treated by operation. The 5 year survival rate was not significantly different between RFA and operation. In addition, the 17th nationwide survey of the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan clearly showed that 5 year survival rate in 858 HCCs measuring 2–5 cm in size treated with RFA was similar to that in 6,574 HCCs measuring 2–5 cm in size treated by operation. In conclusion, RFA achieves outcomes similar to those of operation for Child‐Pugh A patients with HCCs measuring 2–5 cm in size.
Plant Stanol Supplementation Decreases Serum Triacylglycerols in Subjects with Overt Hypertriglyceridemia
Authors: Theuwissen Elke , Plat Jogchum , van der Kallen Carla J. , van Greevenbroek Marleen M. , Mensink Ronald P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEvidence is accumulating that high serum concentrations of triacylglycerols (TAG) are, like LDL cholesterol, causally related to cardiovascular disease. A recent meta‐analysis has indicated that plant stanol ester (PSE) intake not only lowered LDL cholesterol, but also serum TAG concentrations, especially in subjects with high baseline TAG concentrations. We therefore evaluated the effects of PSE supplementation on lipid metabolism in a population with elevated fasting TAG concentrations. In a randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel study, 28 subjects with elevated TAG concentrations (>1.7 mmol/L) were studied. After a 1‐week run‐in period during which a control margarine was used, subjects consumed for 3 weeks either control or PSE‐enriched margarine (2.5 g/day of plant stanols). Serum plant stanol concentrations increased in all subjects receiving the PSE‐enriched margarines, demonstrating good compliance. PSE supplementation significantly decreased serum total (6.7%, P = 0.015) and LDL cholesterol (9.5%, P = 0.041). A significant interaction between baseline TAG concentrations and PSE intake was found; PSE intake lowered TAG concentrations, particularly in subjects with high baseline TAG concentrations (>2.3 mmol/L; P = 0.009). Additionally, a significant interaction between baseline total number of LDL particles (LDL‐P) and PSE intake was found (P = 0.020). PSE consumption lowered LDL‐P, primarily in subjects with elevated baseline values; this was mainly due to a non‐significant decrease in the number of atherogenic small LDL‐P. Circulating levels of hs‐CRP, glucose, and insulin were not changed after PSE intake. Taken together, PSE supplementation not only lowered LDL cholesterol, but also serum TAG concentrations, especially in subjects with overt hypertriglyceridemia.
1787 and 1867: The Federal Principle and Canadian Confederation Reconsidered
Authors: Vipond Robert C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article challenges the conventional interpretation of the intellectual origins of Canadian federalism. The article argues that the debate over Confederation can be interpreted as a debate over the meaning of sovereignty. It argues centrally that certain of the most prominent supporters of Confederation were more powerfully attracted to the conception of classical federalism and co-ordinate sovereignty than is usually assumed, thus creating a striking parallel to United States federalism that is not typically recognized. It concludes by showing how this understanding of classical federalism was used with great success in opposing the post-Confederation centralism of John A. Macdonald.
Recognizing the Variety Among Constitutional Conventions
Authors: Heard Andrew D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article argues that the traditional views of constitutional conventions have failed to illuminate the variety among this important group of constitutional rules. A fresh examination of conventional rules explains how they may vary in precision, acceptance and importance to basic constitutional principles and processes. A hierarchical ordering of five types of constitutional rules is proposed as a replacement for the simple dichotomy between usage and convention that is currently accepted. The implications of such an ordering, which reach beyond mere analytic classification, are then discussed.
Never Ask Who Should Rule: Karl Popper and Political Theory
Authors: Pickel Andreas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe philosophy of Karl Popper has rarely been examined with respect to its fruitfulness and relevance for political theory. While his contributions to the philosophy of science may appear to be of only marginal significance for the fundamental concerns of political theory, his own forays into the field, particularly in The Open Society and Its Enemies, have been polemical in tone and explicitly political in motivation. This article re-examines Popper's critique of the theory of sovereignty and his own approach to political theory by employing a largely neglected element of his critical approach, namely his problem-oriented method.
Emulation and Policy Adoptions in the Canadian Provinces
Authors: Lutz James M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPrevious research has analyzed the various characteristics associated with the adoption of policies by the Canadian provinces. Since a number of provinces have appeared as regional leaders in the adoption of these policies, there would seem to be an emulation effect among the provinces similar to that found for the adoption of policies by states in the United States. The provinces that demonstrated leadership varied to some extent, depending upon the types of policies in question.
Political Culture and the Problem of Double Standards: Mass and Elite Attitudes Toward Language Rights in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Fletcher Joseph F. , Russell Peter H. , Tetlock Philip E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLanguage rights represent claims of entitlement not only on behalf of individuals, but also on behalf of linguistic communities. As such, they raise deep questions of identity and affinity for Canadians. This study, the first report of the Charter Project, investigates mass and elite attitudes toward language rights in Canada. Beginning with the problem of double standards—whether anglophones and francophones want to affirm certain rights for their own group but not for the other—this study finds that attitudes toward language rights are shaped by an interplay between core values to which citizens subscribe and their concern for the status of the groups, both linguistic and partisan, with which they identify.
Adjudication, Policy-Making and the Supreme Court of Canada: Lessons From the Experience of the United States
Authors: Manfredi Christopher P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article explores the relevance of studies of judicial policy-making in the United States to the decision-making of the Supreme Court of Canada under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The article suggests that literature concerning the political legitimacy of judicial policy-making is minimally relevant, since a broad form of judicial review appears to be well established in Charter jurisprudence. The literature on institutional decision-making capacity has greater relevance, since the Canadian Court faces the same information-processing constraints as its American counterpart. The article concludes by suggesting that attempts to overcome problems of institutional capacity may produce additional questions of political legitimacy.
State, Capital and World Economy: Bukharin's Marxism and the “Dependency/Class” Controversy in Canadian Political Economy
Authors: Kellogg Paul 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn the late 1960s and early 1970s, “left-nationalist” dependency theories dominated Canadian political economy. However, Canada defied the predictions of dependency theory and developed all the class relations appropriate to advanced capitalist societies. The origins of Canadian industrial capitalism were not such that the country was locked into a staple-trap, notwithstanding the very real reliance of the economy on staple-export. In recent years, a number of political economists have offered an “orthodox” Marxist critique of dependency to account for these and other weaknesses in its overall framework. This article first summarizes the dependency arguments, then the arguments of its Marxist critics, and finally introduces a summary look at the ideas of Nikolai Bukharin, a little-examined but nonetheless important theorist whose insights on the relationship between the state as a capitalist and the growing internationalization of economic life are key to a Marxist re-theorization of Canadian political economy.
Economic Crisis and Post-Rentier Democratization in the Arab World: The Case of Jordan
Authors: Brynen Rex 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe article argues that in many Arab countries the political economy of regional petroleum wealth has served to inhibit democratization. In the particular case of Jordan, petrodollar foreign aid and workers' remittances long served as a critical aspect of political stability, supporting regime neo-patrimonialism and blunting pressures for greater participation. Equally, the decline of those revenues in the late 1980s spurred the eventual collapse of the foundations upon which the old economic and political order had been built. With this came the need to negotiate a new social contract, resulting in a far-reaching process of political liberalization and partial democratization after April 1989.
Reason and Realpolitik: Kant's “Critique of International Politics”
Authors: Williams Michael C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractImmanuel Kant remains a figure of enduring interest to students of international politics both for the content of his writings and for the place which those writings have come to occupy within contemporary debates in International Relations theory. But most of the secondary literature does not have a sufficient appreciation of Kant's wider philosophy and hence misunderstands or distorts his theory of international relations. Once this background is more fully appreciated, Kant's analysis becomes largely immune from many of the standard criticisms levelled against it. A reinterpretation of Kant's critique of international politics is important not only for the position which Kant has come to occupy in contemporary debates. It also raises anew fundamental questions about the theoretical and practical adequacy of the Realist theory of international relations which continues to dominate the discipline.
Cultures autochtones et libéralisme au Canada: les vertus médiatrices du communautarisme libéral de Charles Taylor
Authors: Karmis Dimitrios 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTheConstitution Act, 1982 recognized certain rights for aboriginal peoples. These rights were to be identified and defined subsequently. Ten years later, after several rounds of negotiations, the question of the recognition and definition of an aboriginal right to self-government remains unresolved. Many specialists claim that the problems faced during these negotiations result from the incompatibility between the main philosophical traditions guiding the actors. Through an analysis of the relationship between the cosmology underlying the aboriginal demands on the one hand and three of the main trends in contemporary Canadian liberal political philosophy on the other hand, this article tries to shed some light on the philosophical incompatibility thesis. While a strictly individualist liberalism rejects outright the notion ofcollective rightsand Will Kymlicka's revisionist liberal individualism limits considerably the scope of an aboriginal right to self-government, communitarian liberalism, like that of Charles Taylor, seems to provide a favourable framework for the integration of cultural co-existence with the First Nations, without repudiating its attachment tofundamentalindividual rights and freedoms.
Federalism as a Way of Life: Reflections on the Canadian Experiment
Authors: LaSelva Samuel V. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFederalism is commonly described, in Canada and elsewhere, as a political expedient, or a constitutional arrangement, or a sociological characteristic of some societies. Federalism can also be a moral experiment that seeks to realize a way of life. Canada is an instance of such an experiment. Moreover, the moral value that grounds the Canadian experiment is not freedom or diversity, but fraternity. Federalism as fraternity has its beginnings in Cartier's vision of Confederation, and provides a vision of federalism that can sustain Canadians in their times of trouble.