bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of methods for measurement of injury severity
Authors: Harrison J E , Henley G 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe ICD-based Injury Severity Score (ICISS) provides a criterion for selecting severe injuries, useful when reporting trends in injury incidence because less affected by extraneous factors than total hospitalised cases. We assessed the relative performance of some variants of ICISS.MethodRecords from the Australian National Hospital Morbidity Database were included if Principal Diagnosis was S00-T89 (ICD10AM), the episode ended in the 2 years to 30 June 2007 and the mode of separation was not transfer to another acute-care hospital or statistical discharge.The ICISS variants studied were: multiplicative; worst injury; treating comorbidity as a covariate (instead of and as well as age); hybrid (precoordinating multiple injury codes within each body region); and omitting same-day cases.Survival proportions specific to each injury diagnosis code (Osler's ‘SRR’) were used to calculate ICISS, the method differing between variants. Performance of each variant in predicting survival was assessed by logistic regression modelling.FindingsMultiplicative and worst injury approaches had similar discrimination and calibration (H-L statistic). Replacing age with comorbidity improved discrimination in multiplicative and worst injury models but calibration deteriorated. Including both comorbidity and age improved discrimination (multiplicative and worst injury); calibration did not change in the former, and deteriorated slightly in the latter. The hybrid approaches did not improve the models. Excluding same-day cases had little effect.ConclusionIn this setting (all hospitalised injuries; ICD10AM coding) the best overall performance was for the multiplicative approach with both age and comorbidity as covariates.
Road traffic crashes in Kandy, Sri Lanka: the effect of a policy change the on the spot insurance scheme
Authors: Dharmaratne S D , Gamage O , Gaspe G M N S , Weeratunge N C , Kumarapeli V 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionIn Sri Lanka, a road traffic crash (RTC) has to be reported to the police within 3 days of the incident and a police report is essential to claim insurance. In 2005, payment of the claim at the time of the crash (on the spot) was introduced. We analysed all RTCs reported to the Kandy police for the period 1999 to 2008 to describe trends in RTCs and the effect of this policy change in the RTC information system.MethodologyTraffic police data was used. The number of crashes, deaths and injuries for each year were included in this analysis. If a road user was killed in the crash it was categorised a fatal crash and if at least one road user was injured, the crash was an injury producing crash.ResultsA total of 9679 RTCs were reported during the period of study, of which 136 were fatal crashes and 2654 were injury producing crashes. They killed 151 and injured 3310 road users, respectively. Although, there was a 24.9% reduction of total RTCs from 1999 to 2008, there was a 160% increase in fatal crashes and 15.1% increase in injury producing crashes during the same period. Crashes producing damage only has reduced by 50.9%.Discussion and conclusionsThe analysis shows that RTCs is reducing in Kandy, but the actual situation is different. Inclusion of insurance data into the road traffic crash information system is essential in the analysis of RTCs in Kandy, Sri Lanka in the future.
Alcohol and injury in Atlantic Canada: creating a culture of safer consumption
Authors: Heatley J 
Published: March 2011

Alcohol places individuals at increased risk of intentional and unintentional injuries, including suicide, violence, motor vehicle collisions and falls. The culture of alcohol consumption in Atlantic Canada contributes to the burden of alcohol-related injuries in the region.MethodsAn environmental scan was conducted which involved a literature review and key informant interviews. The literature review included academic and grey literature (1998-present). Key informant interviews were conducted with 18 individuals throughout Atlantic Canada. The data was coded using the qualitative software package NVivo (version 7).ResultsAtlantic Canadians have rates of hazardous drinking higher than the Canadian average. Results indicated that Atlantic Canadian culture accepts and expects alcohol consumption and is highly tolerant of over-consumption and intoxication. Alcohol consumption increases risk of injury, injury severity and number of body regions injured. The results demonstrated that injuries sustained while under the influence of alcohol are in many cases viewed as humorous or as badges of honour. The culture of alcohol and injury in Atlantic Canada was seen to be a product of heritage and industry, marketing strategies by alcohol companies and policies regarding alcohol pricing, sales, and outlet density.ConclusionThe results have demonstrated a need for a comprehensive approach to de-normalising hazardous use of alcohol in Atlantic Canada. Recommendations were developed to address policy, create a supportive cultural environment and to create individual awareness and understanding of the issue.
UK burden of injuries study
Authors: Lyons R A , Kendrick D , Towner E L , Christie N , Phillips C J , Coupland C , Hayes M , Macey S , Brophy S , Carter B , Groom L , Mulvaney C , Sleney J , Smith S , Stewart J , Evans P A , Pallister I , Coffey F 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesThe UKBOI study was designed to quantify important components of the population burden of injury in the UK.MethodsA mixed methods study, incorporating a multi-centred prospective cohort of injured individuals; extrapolation of patient reported outcomes to population metrics using routine data from emergency departments (ED), hospital discharge registers and mortality data; calculation of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) using Global Burden of Diseases methodology and estimated indirect costs; and the calculation of direct medical costs.ResultsThe study recruited 1517 injured individuals. Estimated numbers (and rates per 100 000) for UK population extrapolations were 750 999 (1240) for hospital admissions, 7 982 947 (13 339) for emergency department attendances and 22,185 (36.8) for injury related deaths, in the financial year 2005/6. An estimated 1 771 486 DALYs were lost from injuries occurring in that year, with 82% due to Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) and 18% from Years of Life Lost (YLLs). Some 20% of DALYs lost were due to YLDs occurring within 12 months post injury and 62% due to lifelong injuries. Direct medical costs were estimated at 482 million for ED visits and 2.15 billion for inpatient stays, with indirect costs of up to 35.5 billion. The qualitative study with 90 participants revealed many additional negative consequences for individuals, family and society.ImplicationsThe high population burden and costs associated with injuries in the UK demonstrates the need for sustained policies and interventions in support of prevention.
Developing child road safety indicators for communities
Authors: Endy-Findling L , Levi S , Gitelman V 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundIn Israel similar to the European region road traffic injuries are the leading cause of injury-related death and disability in children age 1–17. Children are vulnerable road users in the community travelling to school, parks and other neighbourhood destinations. Limited cognitive, behavioural and physical abilities make children more susceptible to injuries where infrastructure and interventions are not designed to promote road safety.ObjectiveDevelop Child Road Safety Indicators for Local Communities and a general assessment method to diagnose and promote child road safety issues in local communities.MethodsOver 100 quantitative and qualitative indicators were developed in a 2 year-long series of working meetings with an interdisciplinary team of researchers, policy makers, engineers and child safety experts. A study was conducted in four municipalities. Indicators were measured for each municipality based on child injury data, behavioural observations, KAP surveys, management analysis, infrastructure and walkability assessments and surveys of children's trips. Analysis was conducted to create a composite indicator of child road safety in a city.ResultsThe indicators provide detailed assessment of child road safety issues in each municipality and allow for comparison across communities. Findings also point to variations between individual municipalities and national data, for example, the national survey of child safety restraints indicates 88% use while municipality survey results ranged 36–92% use. A set of essential child road safety indicators was compiled. Future assessment in a larger sample of municipalities will allow for further development of indicators and adjustments to the assessment method.
Addition of a minimal data set to paediatric emergency department data a tool to enhance child safety
Authors: Endy-Findling L , Ivancovsky M , Mike-Doron R , Bilia M , Brantz I , Dalal I , Silbinger O 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundEach year, approximately 180 000 children are admitted to Paediatric Emergency Departments (PED) throughout Israel due to injuries. The hospital registry system (ATD) records the reason for admission, injury results and demographic data. A study conducted at Wolfson Medical Center to collect a Minimal Data Set (MDS) as recommended by the WHO includes injury type, injury location, injury cause and activity during injury.MethodsData Sources for children age 0–17 admitted to PED: ATD for 2008 and unique MDS registry for August–December, 2008. Data from ATD and MDS were analysed and compared to determine unique information collected via MDS, examine child injury data and characterise patterns of PED visits.ResultsATD data includes injuries of 6,375 children admitted as a result of injury. The MDS data covers 84% of admissions in August–December. MDS provides additional information and refines data collected in the ATD. ATD data defined the external cause of injury in 70% of the injuries as a single category ‘falls, blunt trauma and cuts’, while MDS data distinguishes these cases as falls- 40%, blunt trauma- 24% and cuts- 5%. ATD analysis indicated 152 road traffic accident (RTA) injuries, while MDS analysis point to 409 RTA cases of which 46% were bicycle related. MDS data also indicates that half of the injuries occurred at home. The study examines feasibility for a sustainable MDS data collection in PED departments and is also used in a partnership between the hospital and a local municipality to identify and repair child injury hazards.
Using accreditation reports to measure performance: from expectations to reality
Authors: Lavoie A , Moore L , Murat V , Bamvita J M , Lapointe J , Bourgeois G 
Published: March 2011

The American College of Surgeons has published criteria for trauma centre accreditation since the 1970s. Following their initial designation as trauma centres in 1993-95, 59 hospitals in the province of Quebec, Canada, were evaluated in situ by an external panel of experts in two waves: 1995–2000 and 2000–2005.ObjectiveEvaluate whether accreditation assessment reports can be used to measure the structural performance of trauma centres.MethodsBoth a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of the accreditation reports were performed. A standardised evaluation grid involving three major themes (commitment, program and procedures) and measuring 84 elements was applied. In total, 115 evaluations (three were missing), were retrospectively analysed.ResultsThe reports reflect the hospitals' performance but also convey political strategies, primarily aiming to stimulate the best performers and to avoid discouraging poor performers. After initial designation, the first wave produced higher performance scores than the second wave, with means of 46.3 (+-7.25) and 48.6 (+-12.9) respectively. This reflects the harsher judgment on repeating offenders during the second wave. No correlation was observed between scores from the two waves (Spearman's rho 0.03, p=0.822).ConclusionTrauma centre evaluation through expert panel site visits is an international norm. It is however expensive and time consuming. In this system, such evaluations do assess a trauma centre's structure performance but also convey political preoccupations. Improvement lies in a more systematic reporting of site visits by the experts.
Risk perception by the patient and the primary care health professional and traffic injuries. Baseline results from the LESIONAT cohort study
Authors: Prieto-Alhambra D , Martin C , Muoz J , Martinez D , Lopez C , Serra M , Soldevila N , Briones E 
Published: March 2011

AimTo assess the relationship between risk perception and reported traffic collisions (TC) and traffic injuries (TI) the year before.MethodsDesign: Cohorts.SettingPrimary Care (PC). Urban area. Barcelona (Spain).Population1938 subjects possessing driving license, who attended a participating practice from March to November/2009.MeasurementsOutcome: TC, TI the year before.Main exposuresPerception of risk for TCs (self-perception (SPR) and as assessed by a health professional (HPPR)), scored 0–10.CovariatesAge, gender, seatbelt use, adherence to speed limits, long-term conditions (LTC) and drugs which increase risk for TC (LTD), psychoactive substance (PS).Data collectionInterview with a health professional during the recruitment visit. Checked with medical records.StatisticsWilcoxon-test to assess differences in risk perception between categories. Logistic regression to assess relationship between risk perception scores, covariates and TC, TI.ResultsPatients that take LTD scored SPR lower (mean difference (MD) -0.561(−0.938 to −0.183);p=0.019); those with LTC, and PS users dont score higher (p=0.09, p=0.35 respectively). Health professionals score higher those with LTC (MD 0.879(0.634 to 1.123); p<0.001), LTD (MD 0.967 (0.722 to 1.212); p<0.001) and PS users (MD 0.857 (0.497 to 1.216); p<0.001). HPPR is independently associated with TCs (p=0.026), and TIs (p=0.025). SPR is not related with TCs, nor it is with TIs (both p>0.5).DiscussionPC patients are not aware of the increased risk associated with their LTD, nor with the LTC they are prescribed; PS users arent either. By contrast, HPPRs know about the excess of risk associated with these. Their advice could be an effective intervention.
Safety strategies and the balanced score card technique
Authors: Furst P G 
Published: March 2011

What you measure is what you get. For better or worse, measurement drives organisational behaviour to a large degree. For the most part the predominant measurement system utilised by management, in business, to assess success has been financial. In the mid-1980s structural changes in the economy and other business practices, started management looking for other means of information gathering and assessment to more successfully run their organisations.Meanwhile other disciplines devised metrics with which to measure and affect business processes; the quality movement, reengineering, process management, to name a few. Also in the last 10–15 years change management and strategy implementation rose in prominence. The Balanced Scorecard provides a highly effective system with which to meet these challenges. This technique aligns organisational strategy and provides an in process, upstream measurement and improvement mechanism.Production quality and safety can greatly benefit from predictive metrics, especially safety whose metrics are reactive and out of alignment with business goals. In this session we will identify some of these roadblocks and explore methods with which safety performance can be effectively aligned with business strategy, made to drive desired behaviours, structurally remove organisational drives of loss and reduce the cost of risk.
Emergency Department presentations for injuries related to cribs
Authors: McFaull S , Skinner R , Herbert M 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionSafe design and use of cribs is fundamental to infant safety. Because international coding (ICD) does not specify crib-related injuries, few surveillance systems provide data to study these injuries.MethodsThe Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) collects information on injuries treated in the emergency departments of 11 paediatric and 3 general hospitals. Its database was used to study crib-related injuries to children under 5 years of age, 1990–2007.Results3201 cases were identified. The proportion of crib cases among all CHIRPP injuries remained relatively constant over time. The median age was 16 months (IQR, 1023 months). The male to female ratio was 1.2:1. Falls out of cribs accounted for 75% of injuries followed by body part entrapment (7.2%), accessing hazardous objects (2.3%) and crib malfunction (<1%). Head/face/neck injuries occurred in 56% of cases and among these half were closed head injuries. A novel scale was developed to classify the severity of these injuries; the majority (82.5%) were minor, 5.2% moderate and 1.4% serious/fatal. In this study 4.5% of infants were admitted to hospital and there was one death (suffocation related to bedding materials).DiscussionAlthough Canada introduced product standards for cribs before 1990 (updates pending), crib-related injuries continue to occur. Injuries could be reduced through review/enforcement of standards, and, vigilance by parents regarding: correct installation and maintenance of approved cribs, minimising bedding and removing extra objects, removing hazards around the crib, and, discontinuing use when a child can climb out.
Risk of road traffic injuries in Barcelona: baseline results from the LESIONAT Cohort study
Authors: Martin C , Prieto-Alhambra D , Vilella E , Bel J , Martorell E , Birules M , Casas R , Valiente S , Val J L Del , Briones E 
Published: March 2011

AimTo assess the relationship between medical risk factors, and traffic collisions (TC) traffic injuries (TI) the year before recruitment.MethodsDesign: prospective cohorts.Setting26 primary care practices (PC). Urban area. Barcelona (Spain).Population1938 subjects possessing driving license, who attended one of the participating practices from March to November/2009.Measurements-outcomeTC, TI the year before.Main exposuresRisk-associated long-term conditions (LTC), medications, alcohol, psychoactive substance (PS)CovariatesAge, gender, driver's characteristics, social class.Data collectionStructured survey (checked with medical records) during the recruitment visit.StatisticsMann-Whitney-U to assess differences in TC and TI occurrence between categories. Logistic regression to assess relationship between TC, TI and drivers characteristics.ResultsMean age 44 years (SD 18.7). 57.3% males. TC incidence the year before 12.6%; TI 6.1%. 51.1% had a history of LTC, and 45.2% were taking medicines. 2.7% were risk alcohol consumers, and 14% PS users. TC risk was higher among those less than 50 years (OR 2.17 (1.27 to 3.7)) and those with high-risk alcohol consumption (OR 4.14 (1.7 to 10.0)). TI occurrence was higher among those less than 50 years (OR 4.8 (1.8 to 12.4)) and in lower social classes (OR 9.9 (2.0 to 23.4)).ConclusionsAccording to our data, preventive interventions on alcohol intake, in lower social classes and among young people, are necessary.
Epidemiology of childhood unintentional injury in metropolitan city Dhaka
Authors: ul Baset M D Kamran , Rahman A K M Fazlur , Rahman A , Mashreky S M R , Shafinaz S 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThere is a growing consensus in the international health community that injury is a leading cause of death and disability throughout the world. The recent epidemiological transition showed growing proportion of child deaths due to injuries from 9% of all deaths in 1983 to 53% in 2000 in Bangladesh.ObjectiveFind out the magnitude and risk factors of childhood unintentional injury in a metropolitan city Dhaka.MethodologyA cross sectional study conducted to determine the current childhood unintentional injury situation in Dhaka.ResultThe survey conducted in 38901 households comprising of 160 064 populations. A total number of deaths were 715 in last 1 year. Out of them injury death is 43. Injury mortality among 1–17 years children 25 per 100 000/year. In children of 10–14 years age, the rate of injury mortality was higher than others. The rate is higher among the males than the females. Among children, drowning accounted for 50% of all injury deaths. Fall and burn were the 10.3% and 7.7% cause of injury death respectively. 16 908 persons were identified who were suffering from illness among them, 2188 persons were ill due to injury. About 13% children suffered illness due to injury. The major cause of illness due to injury was fall (432.6 per 10 00 00 population). There are widespread injury risks and hazards like poisonous substance, sharp cutting instrument, fire, water reservoir etc with in the residence premises.ConclusionInjury prevention efforts should focus in urban area for safety of the children.
Alcohol related injury risk behaviors and associated factors among adolescents in Korea
Authors: Park N 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionInjury is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among adolescent and alcohol is considered as major risk factor of injury. The alcohol related risk taking behaviour in adolescents are strong positive relations with exposure on injury, violence and crime etc. The objective of this study is to identify the associated factors of injury related risk taking behaviours due to alcohol among middle and high school students in Korea.MethodsThe data for analysis is from the Korean youth risk behaviour which is school-based national surveys. The sampling was implemented by multi-stage stratification. One class in each grade was selected as sample class in sample school. All students in sample class were surveyed. The descriptive analysis and multivariate Logistic regression were used to examine the associations between influencing factors of injury risk behaviour due to alcohol.ResultsThe students who had experience of thinking on suicide, early exposure on alcohol and tobacco, feeling on stress, low socioeconomic status on parents, grade, low school performance and gender are higher on risky behaviours (p<0.05). And Also students who binge drinkers were more than to involve to other injury risk behaviours such as riding with a driver who had been drinking, being a victim of violence etc.Discussion and conclusionThe more effective and tailored interventions which is considered these associated factors need to develop in school settings and should strengthen to educate for injury prevention program including alcohol prevention from early stage in life.