bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant Regeneration from Tissue Cultures of Maize1
Authors: Green C. E. , Phillips R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffective utilization of cell and tissue culture methods in Zea mays research requires cultures capable of plant regeneration. These differentiated plants would provide a direct link with conventional genetic and breeding procedures.Maize callus from embryo scutellar tissues was initiated and maintained on MS medium inorganic components, Straus medium vitamins and amino acids, 20 g sucrose and 8 g agar per liter, and 2 mg 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D)/liter. Callus has been maintained subculture every 21 to 28 days and has remained capable of differentiation for 9 months. Regeneration of complete plants was accomplished by subculture of callus to 0.25 mg 2,4‐D/liter for 30 days followed by transfer to 2,4‐D‐free culture medium. At 0.25 mg 2,4‐D/liter numerous curled and wrinkled leaves developed. Approximately 200 complete plants have been differentiated. after transfer to the 2,4‐D‐free medium. Root tip cells from five plants indicated that each had 20 chromosomes. After transplantation to soil, 10 to 15% of the plants survived and grew normally. The optimum embryo age for scutellar callus initiation was 18 days post‐pollination. Hormone combinations such as 1 mg 2,4‐D, 4 mg a‐naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 0.05 mg 6‐(γ,γ‐dimethyl allylamino)‐purine (2iP)/liter may increase the efficiency of scutellar callus initiation.
Variability in Metabolism of Individual Axes of Soybean Seeds and Its Relationship to Vigor1
Authors: Yaklich Robert W. , Abdul‐Baki Aref A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVigor was measured on individual seeds of soybean (Glycine max L. ‘Lee‐68’) by an isotopic method for determining total uptake, incorporation and leaching of 14C‐leucine fed to the individual axes. Results were similar with 32P, which reduced the time necessary for a determination because uptake of 32P by the axis was measured without extracting the tissue.The isotopic and conductivity methods for determining leachates were compared. More sugars and amino acids were leached from deteriorated than from vigorous seeds, whether the components were derived from an endogenous source, (e.g., stored food reserves) or from the incubation medium.
Relation of Flag Smut Incidence to Semidwarf Growth Habit in Wheat Isolines1
Authors: Allan R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncidence of flag smut [Urocystis agropyri (Preuss) Schroet.] was related to the presence of semidwarf genes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) derived from ‘Norin 10’/‘Brevor,’ 14 and ‘Suwon 92.’ For 2 years at two sites, tests were conducted on five isoline populations of four genetic backgrounds with varying degrees of flag smut susceptibility. Isolines with two semidwarf genes had higher incidences of smut than standard‐height phenotypes in 9 of 10 comparisons (P = 0.05). One‐gene semidwarf isolines were more heavily smutted than standard‐height lines in 7 of 10 comparisons (P = 0.05). The two‐gene, one‐gene semidwarf, and standard‐height phenotypes averaged 62.9, 56.3 and 47.6% smutted tillers, respectively, for all populations during the 2 years. The proportions of smuttedtillers of all populations for both years for two‐gene and one‐gene phenotypes vs. the standard‐height phenotypes were 1.32 to 1.00 and 1.18 to 1.00, respectively. The two‐gene semidwarf isolines were significantly more heavily smutted than their one‐gene semidwarf sibs in 6 of 10 comparisons (P = 0.05). On an overall basis, the proportion of smutted tillers of the two‐gene vs. one‐gene phenotype was 1.12 to 1.00. The relation between semidwarf genes and increased incidence of flag smut was indirect and should not preclude the development of two and one‐gene semidwarf cultivars with adequate resistance. Breeders should recognize that semidwarf types may be potentially more vulnerable to losses from flag smut than nonsemidwarf types.
Inheritance of Node, Branch, and Spikelet Number in Oat Panicles. Diallel Analysis of F1 and F21
Authors: Chae Young‐am , Forsberg R. A. 
Published: July 2010

The nature of gene action and inheritance controlling oat (Avetta sativa L.) panicle traits was determined from F1 and F2 generations of a diallel cross among seven parents. Traits measured were panicle length (PL), number of nodes/panicle (NNP), number of brances/node (NBN), number of branches/panicle (NBP), number of spikelets/node (NSN), and number of spikelets/panicle (NSP).Additive genetic variances were significantly different from zero in both 1972 and 1973 and in both F1's and F2's, and additive effects of genes were more stable than dominance effects. The degree and direction of dominance varied with traits, generations, and years, except for NSN and NSP which remained at partial dominance in both years and generations.Positive and negative alleles were equally distributed among parents for PL, NBN, NSN, and NSP, but not for NNP and NBP. Long PL and large NSN and NSP were controlled by recessive genes, while dominant genes controlled large NBN and NBP. The dominant and recessive genes controlling PL and NSP were in equal proportions in the parents, while an excess of dominant genes existed for NBN and NSN.At least one effective factor existed for PL; two for NNP, NBN, and NBP; and three for NSN and NSP. Relatively larger heritabilities were obtained for PL (42 to 80%), NSN (79 to 82%), and NSP (63 to 79%). NSP appears to be the most reliable selection criterion for yield improvement.
Influence of Temperature on the Growth of Erodium botrys and Trifolium subterraneum1
Authors: Guerrero F. P. , Williams W. A. 
Published: July 2010

Temperature effects on the vegetative growth of broadleaf filaree, Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol., and subterranean clover, Trijolium subterraneum L., were studied at three diurnal temperature regimes: low (5 to 15 C), medium (10 to 20 C), and high (15 to 25 C). The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of these species to temperatures that reflect the conditions of the annual grassland type during the seedling stage. Chambergrown plants were harvested periodically over a 5‐week period.Filaree was less sensitive to low temperatures and exhibited a temperature optimum between 10 to 20 C and 15 to 25 C, whereas sub clover showed a linear increase in relative growth rate with temperature up to 15 to 25 C.Although sub clover demonstrated a more efficient photosynthetic system, i.e., a greater net assimilation rate, filaree had a higher photosynthetic capacity as shown by a greater leaf area ratio. Filaree partitioned more assimilate into leaf tissue than sub clover which in turn produced more stem and root tissue than filaree. These results indicate that filaree is favored when late fall rains occur along with lower temperatures.
Effects of Fall Mowing on Winter Survival of Lovegrass Strains1
Authors: Voigt P. W. 
Published: July 2010

Evaluating winterhardiness of perennial forages is difficult because of the irregularity of severe winters adequate for testing relatively hardy materials. The objective of this experiment was to examine fall mowing as a tool to increase differential winter injury among lovegrass (Eragrostis sp.) strains. Seventeen lovegrasses were mowed in early October, late October, and mid‐November, during each of 4 years at Woodward, Okla. Control treatments, late winter mowed or unmowed, were included. After mild to moderately severe winters, fall mowing increased winter survival discrimination among lovegrass strains. After one severe winter, discrimination was decreased.Most correlations between survival of strains in the control treatment after a severe winter and survival after fall‐mowing treatments during milder winters were relatively high. After mild winters, strain survival was strongly correlated with limited late fall regrowth. After the severe winter, survival was closely associated with the presence of live, green leaves in late fall. Late fall regrowth and leaf color accounted for 84% of the variation in control survival after that winter. Survival after fall‐mowing stress, and the associated late fall regrowth and leaf color scores, appear to be important predictors of winter survival ability in Eragrostis.
Use of Crickets in a Bioassay of Forage Quality in Tall Fescue1
Authors: Asay K. H. , Minnick T. R. , Garner G. B. , Harmon B. W. 
Published: July 2010

Feeding trials were conducted to test the validity of using crickets (Acheta domesticus L.) to assay the quality of forages intended for ruminant feed. Diets of forage from diverse genotypes of tall rescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) produced significant differences in survival and growth rate of crickets. Certain tall rescue genotypes were consistently ranked high on the basis of cricket performance compared to others that caused almost complete mortality in all trials. Survival and growth rate were not related to in vitro digestibility; tensile strength of the leaves; and concentration in the forage of lignin, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, and ash.A feeding trial was conducted to study the relationship between cricket performance and toxicity of tall rescue to cattle. Anion, cation, and neutral fractions, were prepared from extracts of two genotypes representing opposite extremes on the basis of cricket performance in earlier trials. These and other extracts of interest were included in cricket diets. Results indicated the presence of an inhibitory substance in the cation fraction of the genotype found to cause a high rate of mortality. This entity is probably not associated with “fescue foot” toxicity in cattle, because the toxic principle responsible for that syndrome is most likely in the anion fraction. However, the effect of the cation fraction and other forage attributes associated with cricket survival and growth on the performance of ruminants, merits additional study.
Effects of a Single Height Gene (DW3 of Sorghum on Certain Agronomic Characters1
Authors: Campbell I. G. , Casady A. J. , Crook W. J. 
Published: July 2010

Results of a study, to determine more closely the degree of dominance of the Dwa gene of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and to investigate further the relationships between height and other agronomic traits, are reported. Isogenic lines of ‘Martin,’ ‘Plainsman,’‘Redlan,’ and ‘Tx403,’ homozygous for the dominant and recessive allele of Dws were compared with heterozygous lines produced from crosses of each short line to its tall counterpart.Data were collected and analyzed for culm height, grain yield, test weight, kernel weight, panicles/plant, peduncle length, and node number. Height genotype influenced total yield, test weight, panicles/plant, and kernel weight, as well as culm height. Cultivar ✕ height interactions were observed for height, test weight, and kernel weight. Height appeared to be partially dominant. The degree of dominance recorded for Martin, Plainsman, and Redlan was 0.70, 0.70, and 0.82, respectively. Yields of the heterozygous lines were not significantly different from those of the corresponding homozygous tall lines. In general, heterozygous lines had test weights and kernel weights equal to those of the tall homozygous fines and higher than those of the short parents. Heterozygous lines tended to have more panicles/plant than did either the tall or short lines.
Influence of Two Different Dwarfing Sources on Yield and Protein Percentage in Semidwarf Wheat1
Authors: Pepe John F. , Heiner Robert E. 
Published: July 2010

Two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) having different dwarfing genes were crossed and 51 semidwarf F5 progeny lines were evaluated for yield and grain protein percentage. ‘Era’ has the sd2 gene from Norin 10‐Brevor, Selection 14 and the other parent ‘Chris Mutant‐MN6616M,’ obtained from mutagen‐treated ‘Chris,’ has a single gene for height reduction. The two dwarfing genes are independently inherited. Each of the progeny lines was crossed to Era and F2 height segregation patterns were examined to establish which dwarfing gene was present; 30 lines had the sd2 gene and 21 had the Chris Mutant gene.A wide range of yields and protein contents were found in both groups of lines, suggesting random recombination between genes for height, grain yield, and protein percentage. Therefore, either dwarfing source could be used effectively in breeding programs to develop shortstatured cultivars with high yield and high protein percentage
Excision Effects on Leaf Water Potential of Five Herbaceous Species1
Authors: Baughn J. W. , Tanner C. B. 
Published: July 2010

Dewpoint hygrometers were used to compare the in situ water potential of a leaf with the potential of a tissue piece excised from the same leaf and measured either by a hygrometer or psychrometer. Excised tissue potential was found to average 1.0 to 3.0 bars lower (drier), depending on species and water potential range, than the in situ potential for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.). With oat (Avena sativa L.) the potential increased after the tissue was excised. Internal tissue changes following excision contributed significantly to the potential changes in oat and soybean. Internal changes could not be separated from tissue drying for the other three species. Loss of tissue water during sample preparation and confinement in sample holder was superimposed on the internal shifts; drying losses appeared greatest for the psychrometer, on the average.All our data were obtained on glasshouse‐grown plants, so there is no immediate extrapolation of our data to field‐grown plants, nor to other species. It is clear, however, that water potential methods requiring excised tissue are liable to incur significant errors from the excision, especially in the wet range where such errors can be relatively large.
Recovery of Hardened Barley from Winter Injuries1
Authors: Olien C. R. , Marchetti B. L. 
Published: July 2010

A distinct pattern of injury is caused by high intensity freezing. This type of stress results from rapid transfer of latent heat as the temperature slowly decreases (1 C/hour) in plant tissues at a high moisture content. Because the high moisture content is induced by flooding before freezing, effects of flooding and freezing were compared and distinguished. The roots and lower crown tissues of ‘Hudson’ barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are severely injured by high intensity freezing, while the leaves and upper crown tissues are relatively unaffected. Surgical removal of injured tissues at the start of recovery, before degeneration had occurred, significantly improved survival. Detoxification mechanisms might affect winterhardiness.Preliminary tests indicated that degenerating root tissues became generally toxic during the first few days of incubation at room temperature. New root formation from vegetative barley plants, seed germination of barley, and growth of Bacillus subtilis Cohn em. Prazm. were inhibited by association with degenerating root tissues. This general toxicity may affect winterhardiness by influencing recovery. Secondary degeneration of injured roots and crown tissues did reduce survival by affecting crown meristems. However the aseptic effect might aid in control of infection.
Recurrent Selection for Cold Tolerance in Maize1
Authors: Mock J. J. , Bakri A. A. 
Published: July 2010

We conducted experiments in 1973 and 1974 (planted each year as early as possible in the spring) to evaluate effectiveness of recurrent selection for cold tolerance in two Iowa maize (Zea mays L.) breeding populations, BSSS2(SCT) and BSSS13(SCT). Progress from selection for cold tolerance was measured by changes in percentage emergence, emergence index (based on emergence rate), and seedling dry weight. Changes in other agronomic traits were studied also.Relatively more progress for improved cold tolerance was realized from two cycles of recurrent selection in BSSS13(SCT) than from three cycles of recurrent selection in BSSS2(SCT). Percentage emergence and seedling dry weight of BSSS13(SCT) were improved 8.4%/cycle and 0.6 dg/cycle, respectively. These traits did not respond consistently to selection within BSSS2(SCT). Emergence index was not changed by selection in either population. Also, one cycle of selection based on data collected from growth‐chamber plantings of both populations did not choose significantly different genotypes from those chosen by selection based on data collected from field plantings.The C2 cycle of BSSS13(SCT) was characterized by more vigorous seedling and juvenile plant growth, an earlier flowering date, and a lower harvest moisture than the C0 cycle. The C3 cycle of BSSS2(SCT) showed an earlier flowering date, shorter mature plant height, and lower harvest moisture than the C0 cycle.Grain yields of advanced selection cycles of BSSS2(SCT) were lower than, and those of BSSS13(SCT) were equal to, that of the highest‐yielding hybrid check.
A Correct Logarithmic Transformation for Standardizing Multiplicative Trait Variables1
Authors: Driscoll M. F. , Abel G. H. 
Published: July 2010

The subject of this article is the logarithmic transformation, log(X/σ) − log(μ/σ), recently introduced and used by J. E. Grafius and R. L. Thomas to convert multiplicative trait variables into additive ones and to standardize the scales on which the variables were measured. It is shown that the transformation fails to achieve the second of these objectives.The transformation (log X − v)/т is introduced and is shown to meet both of the desired aims. Then the two transformations are compared using three trait variables from an experiment on safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. This comparison indicates that the use of the first transformation where the second is called for could lead to erroneous conclusions. The results of other work in progress verify this conclusion.
Sensitivity of Tef [Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter] to Removal of Floral Parts1
Authors: Berhe Tareke , Miller Dwane G. 
Published: July 2010

Various degrees of mechanical injury were applied to tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] florets and the floral‐sensitivity to mechanical manipulations assessed by the number of seeds set. Complete absence of seed set was recorded only when all three anthers of each floret were removed. Artificial application of pollen to completely emasculated florets did not improve seed set. Removal of lemma, palea, or glumes from basal florets resulted in 86, 87, and 90% seed set, respectively. Even in florets with the lemma, palea, and glumes all removed a 13% seed set was obtained. Emasculation of one, two, and all three anthers reduced seed set to 80, 36, and 0%, respectively.Sensitivity of the ovary was observed to be most closely associated with the removal of anthers. It is suggested that substances are produced in the anthers that regulate the later stages of ovary development and maturation.
Interspecific Hybridization in Trifolium L., Sect. Trifolium Zoh. I. Diploid Hybrids among T. alpestre L., T. rubens L., T. heldreichianum Hausskn., and T. noricum Wulf.
Authors: Quesenberry K. H. , Taylor N. L. 
Published: July 2010

Interspecific hybrids of Trifolium alpestre L. ✕ T. heldreichianum Hausskn. and reciprocal, T. alpestre ✕ T. rubens L. and T. rubens ✕ T. noricum Wulf. were produced by hand pollination in a greenhouse. Only the T. alpestre ✕ T. heldreichianum and T. alpestre ✕ T. rubens hybrids flowered. Hybridization barriers included apparent embryo abortion in the T. rubens ✕ T. alpestre and T. rubens ✕ T. heldreichianum cross, total F1 seedling inviability in the T. heldreichianum ✕ T. alpestre and T. rubens ✕ T. noricum cross and poor F2 seed germination and survival in the T. alpestre ✕ T. heldreichianum and T. alpestre ✕ T. rubens hybrids.Hybrids of T. alpestre ✕ T. heldreichianum and T. alpestre ✕ T. rubens had 16 somatic chromosomes and a mean of 7.95 and 7.77 bivalents per Pollen Mother Cell (PMC) respectively. No cells with multivalents were observed and frequency of laggards at anaphase I and micronuclei at the quartet stage was less than 0.20 per PMC. Pollen stainability of T. alpestre ✕ T. heldreichianum and T. alpestre ✕ T. rubens was 53 and 51%, respectively.Self compatibility was dominant to self incompatibility, and expressions of rhizomes and leaf mark were dominant to absences of rhizomes and leaf mark in the T. alpestre ✕ T. heldreichianum hybrid. Presence of rhizomes was also dominant in the T. alpestre ✕ T. rubens hybrid.Second‐generation hybrids were produced by selfing; intercrossing and backcrossing to their parents. No hybrids were produced by crossing either of the interspecific hybrids with red clover, T. pratense L.
Evaluation of Verticillium Wilt Tolerance in Upland Cotton Relative to Lint Yield Reduction1
Authors: Marani A. , Yaacobi Y. Z. 
Published: July 2010

Field experiments were conducted to compare methods of evaluating the tolerance of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to Verticillium dahliae Kleb. by visual symptoms. Good differentiation between susceptible and tolerant cultivars was obtained by observing foliar symptoms after the middle of the flowering period.Correlation studies indicated that foliar symptoms explained 31 to 45% of the variation in lint yield among cotton breeding lines and cultivars in a wilt‐infested field, vascular discoloration at the base of the stem explained 25 to 29%, and vascular discoloration at a height of 40 cm explained 6% or less of that variation. Similar results were obtained when the dependent variable was the difference between lint yield in the infested field and mean lint yield of the same lines grown in two wilt‐free locations. Effective screening for wilt tolerance in Israel appears possible by observing foliar symptoms during the second half of the flowering period, provided the field is relatively uniformly infested by the fungus and suitable temperatures prevail.
Condensed Tannins in Herbaceous Legumes1
Authors: Sarkar Subodh K. , Howarth Ronald E. , Goplen Bernard P. 
Published: July 2010

Thirteen herbaceous legumes were examined for the presence of condensed tannins (flavolans). Flavolans were not present in herbage from Astragalus cicer L., Melilotus officinalis L., Medicago sativa L., Trifolium pratense L., T. repens L., and Vicia cracca L. Flavolans were present in herbage from Coronilla varia L., Lotus corniculatus L., Lespedeza cuneata Don., Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop., T. arvense L., T. campestre Schreb., and T. dubium Sibth. The absence of tannins from A. cicer, which is reported to be a nonbloating legume, may be an exception to the generalization that tannins are responsible for the prevention of bloat in ruminants grazing nonbloating legume forage crops.Flavolans were extracted from the tannin‐bearing species with methanol‐water (1:1) and were partially characterized to determine whether differences in the composition of flavolans might explain variation in nutritive value of legume forages. Flavolans were characterized by: identification of free monomer flavanols; the number of flavolan bands on paper chromatograms; and identification of compounds produced by degradation of flavolans in acidic solution Flavolans of all species examined were proanthocyanidins, including both procyanidins and prodelphidins. A procyanidin was present in L. cuneata and C. varia, crops which are reported to have low nutritive values, but the same procyanidin was not present in O. viciaefolia and L. corniculatus, crops which have high nutritive values. This work demonstrates that herbaceous legumes vary in flavolan composition and suggests that such variation may be related to differences in nutritive value.