bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Intake of Vegetables and Fruits and the Modification Effects of GSTM1 and NAT2 Genotypes on Bladder Cancer Risk
Authors: Lin Jie , Kamat Ashish , Gu Jian , Chen Meng , Dinney Colin P. , Forman Michele R. , Wu Xifeng 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We analyzed the association between intakes of vegetables and fruits as defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture pyramid food groups and bladder cancer risk using data collected in a large case-control study. The study included 884 histologically confirmed bladder cancer cases and 878 healthy controls matched to cases by age (±5 years), gender, and ethnicity. Significant inverse associations were observed for intakes of total vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, orange vegetables, dark green vegetables, and bladder cancer risk. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of total vegetable intake, the odds ratios for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of total vegetable intake were 0.84 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.64-1.10], 0.71 (95% CI, 0.54-0.95), and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.50-0.90), respectively (P for trend = 0.004). Compared with those in the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile of cruciferous vegetable intake had an odds ratio of 0.69 (95% CI, 0.52-0.92; P for trend = 0.001) and those in the highest quartile of orange vegetable intake had an odds ratio of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.52-0.91; P for trend = 0.006). Furthermore, the protective effect of cruciferous vegetables was more evident in subjects carrying GSTM1-null (odds ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.25-0.73 for the 4th quartile of intake) and NAT2-slow genotypes (odds ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33-0.97 for the 4th quartile of intake). No association was observed for intakes of total fruits or citrus fruits. Our data strongly support that high vegetable consumption, especially cruciferous vegetable intake, may protect against bladder cancer and that genetic variants of GSTM1 and NAT2 may modify the association. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2090–7)
Eligibility for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening in the United Kingdom: Effect of Strict Selection Criteria and Anonymous DNA Testing on Breast Cancer Incidence in the MARIBS Study
Authors: Evans D. Gareth R. , Lennard Fiona , Pointon Linda J. , Ramus Susan J. , Gayther Simon A. , Sodha Nayanta , Kwan-Lim Gek E. , Leach Martin O. , Warren Ruth , Thompson Deborah , Easton Douglas F. , Eeles Rosalind ,   on behalf of The UK study of MRI screening for breast cancer in women at high risk (MARIBS)
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Introduction: A UK multicenter study compared the performance of contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging with X-Ray Mammography in women at high-risk of breast cancer commencing in 1997. Selection criteria were used to identify women with at least 0.9% annual risk of breast cancer.
Methods: Women at high breast cancer risk, with a strong family history and/or high probability of a BRCA1/BRCA2/TP53 mutation, were recruited from 22 centers. Those not known as gene carriers were asked to give a blood sample, which was tested anonymously for mutations. Women ages 35 to 49 years were offered annual screening for 2 to 7 years. Study eligibility at entry was assessed retrospectively by detailed examination of pedigrees and overall eligibility accounting for computer risk assessment and mutation results.
Results: Seventy-eight of 837 (9%) women entered for screening were ineligible using the strict entry criteria. Thirty-nine cancers were detected in 1,869 women-years in study (incidence 21 per 1,000). Including 3,561 further years follow-up, 28 more breast cancers were identified (12 of 1,000). Incidence rates for 759 eligible women were 22 of 1,000 in study and 13 of 1,000 in total follow-up, compared with 9 of 1,000 and 4 of 1,000, respectively, in 78 ineligible women. Breast cancer rates were higher for BRCA2 than BRCA1 after testing anonymized samples in this selected population at 65 of 1,000 in study and 36 of 1,000 in total follow-up for BRCA2 compared with 44 of 1,000 and 27 of 1,000 for BRCA1.
Conclusions: Strict enforcement of study criteria would have minimally improved the power of the study, whereas testing for BRCA1/2 in advance would have substantially increased the detection rates. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2123–31)
Polymorphisms and Haplotypes in the Caspase-3, Caspase-7, and Caspase-8 Genes and Risk for Endometrial Cancer: A Population-Based, Case-Control Study in a Chinese Population
Authors: Xu Hong-Li , Xu Wang-Hong , Cai Qiuyin , Feng Min , Long Jirong , Zheng Wei , Xiang Yong-Bing , Shu Xiao-Ou 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-8 are important caspases in the apoptosis pathway and play an important role in the development and progression of cancer. We examined the association between genetic variants in the caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-8 genes and risk for endometrial cancer among Chinese women. Genotypes for 1,028 women with endometrial cancer and 1,003 healthy controls were determined with the Affymetrix MegAllele Targeted Genotyping System and Molecular Inversion Probe method. Of 35 selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms, four in the caspase-7 gene were in high linkage disequilibrium (rs11593766, rs3124740, rs11196445, and rs11196418) and associated with the risk for endometrial cancer. The AA genotype of rs11196418 [odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.14-0.94] and the G allele of rs11593766 were associated with reduced risk (odds ratio of 0.75 and 95% CI of 0.59-0.96 for carriers of one G allele; odds ratio of 0.70 and 95% CI of 0.24-2.03 for carriers of two G alleles). The AA genotype of rs11196445 (odds ratio, 1.74; 95% CI, 0.99-3.05), the CC genotype of rs3124740 (odds ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.06-1.75), and the GG genotype of rs10787498 in the caspase-7 gene (odds ratio, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.16-3.11) were associated with increased risk compared with homozygotes of the major alleles. The gene-disease association seemed to be more pronounced among premenopausal women, although tests for multiplicative interaction between genes and menopausal status failed to reach statistical significance. The GG genotype of rs2705901 in the caspase-3 gene was significantly associated with increased cancer risk compared with the CC genotype (odds ratio, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.03-4.95). No association was observed between polymorphisms of the caspase-8 gene and risk for endometrial cancer. These findings suggest that genetic variants in caspase-3 and caspase-7 may play a role in endometrial cancer susceptibility. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2114–22)
The Etiologic Role of HPV in Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Fine Tuned
Authors: van de Nieuwenhof Hedwig P. , van Kempen Léon C.L.T. , de Hullu Joanne A. , Bekkers Ruud L.M. , Bulten Johan , Melchers Willem J.G. , Massuger Leon F.A.G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Purpose: High-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) plays a role in the development of a subset of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas. Uncertainty exists about the true impact of HPV in this tumor type because conflicting reports have been published with diverging prevalence rates. This study was done to fine tune the role of high-risk HPV infection in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma development in relation to clinical prognosis.
Experimental Design: 130 vulvar squamous cell carcinomas of patients with known survival data were analyzed for histology of the adjacent lesion (differentiated or HPV-associated usual vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia), in relation to p16INK4A expression as marker of HPV activity, and presence and integration of high-risk HPV DNA.
Results: Usual vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia was present adjacent to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in 25 of 130 cases. Usual vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia–associated squamous cell carcinomas had high p16INK4A expression, and 24 of 25 squamous cell carcinomas contained integrated high-risk HPV DNA. Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia was found adjacent to 105 of 130 vulvar squamous cell carcinomas. High-risk HPV was detected in 11 (10.5%) differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia–associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma but correlated with high p16INK4A expression in only one case. Integration of viral DNA was never observed in differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia–associated squamous cell carcinomas, which suggests that a causal relationship of high-risk HPV in differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia–associated tumors is highly unlikely. The disease-specific survival of the differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia–associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma patients was significantly worse compared with patients with a usual vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia–associated tumor.
Conclusions: High-risk HPV is causally associated with the development of usual vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia associated squamous cell carcinomas, which comprise 19% of all vulvar squamous cell carcinomas, but not with differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia–associated vulvar squamous cell carcinomas. Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia–associated vulvar squamous cell carcinomas have a significantly worse prognosis. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2061–7)
A Longitudinal Study of the Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer
Authors: Kabat Geoffrey C. , Kim Mimi , Chlebowski Rowan T. , Khandekar Janu , Ko Marcia G. , McTiernan Anne , Neuhouser Marian L. , Parker Donna R. , Shikany James M. , Stefanick Marcia L. , Thomson Cynthia A. , Rohan Thomas E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The metabolic syndrome, characterized by abdominal obesity, high blood glucose levels, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Several studies have examined the association of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome with breast cancer; to date, however, no study has assessed the metabolic syndrome per se in relation to breast cancer risk. Furthermore, previous studies have relied only on baseline assessment of components of the syndrome. Therefore, we assessed the association of the metabolic syndrome with the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer among women in the 6% sample of subjects in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and the 1% sample of women in the observational study who had repeated measurements of the components of the syndrome during follow-up. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of breast cancer risk with the presence of the metabolic syndrome, as well as its components, at baseline and in time-dependent analyses. After exclusion of women with diabetes, among 4,888 women with baseline measurements, 165 incident cases of breast cancer were ascertained over a median of 8 years of follow-up. The presence of the metabolic syndrome at baseline was not associated with altered risk. Of the individual components measured at baseline, diastolic blood pressure showed a borderline positive association with breast cancer. In time-dependent covariate analyses, however, certain scenarios indicated a positive association between the metabolic syndrome and breast cancer, due primarily to positive associations with serum glucose, serum triglycerides, and diastolic blood pressure. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2046–53)
Association of Colorectal Cancer and Prostate Cancer and Impact of Radiation Therapy
Authors: Huo Dezheng , Hetzel Jeremy T. , Roy Hemant , Rubin David T. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
To quantify the risk of prostate cancer after colorectal cancer and the risk of colorectal cancer after prostate cancer and to examine the impact of radiation therapy on subsequent cancer risk, we conducted retrospective cohort studies using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program from 1973 to 2005. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated, adjusting for age, ethnicity, and calendar year. The subsequent risk of developing a prostate cancer was significantly elevated in patients diagnosed with colon cancer before age 50 years (SIR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.18-1.60). The risk of subsequent prostate cancer was decreased for men with rectal cancer who received radiation therapy (SIR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.52-0.63). Interestingly, this beneficial effect of radiation therapy was only observed in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era (1988+). In addition, the prostate cancer cases developed in the radiation therapy group tended to have higher-grade, later-stage tumors, higher PSA levels, and worse survival than those developed in the nonradiation therapy group. In the cohort of prostate cancer patients, the risk of colon cancer was elevated in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 50 years (SIR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.03-2.20). In conclusion, a diagnosis of colon or prostate cancer in men of younger ages may be an indication for screening of prostate or colon cancer, respectively. The decreased prostate cancer risk in men who received radiation therapy for rectal cancer may be related to the use of PSA for prostate cancer screening or the cure of occult prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):1979–85)
Stomach Carcinoma Incidence Patterns in the United States by Histologic Type and Anatomic Site
Authors: Wu Hongyu , Rusiecki Jennifer A. , Zhu Kangmin , Potter John , Devesa Susan S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Background: Using data from the U.S. National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, we analyzed stomach carcinoma incidence patterns by both histologic type and anatomic site.
Methods: We calculated age-adjusted (2000 U.S. standard) rates for 1978 to 2005, and for five time periods from 1978-1983 through 2001-2005 according to histologic type and anatomic site, separately and jointly. We also analyzed rates by race, gender, and age group.
Results: During 1978 to 2005, more than 54,000 stomach carcinoma cases were diagnosed among residents of the nine Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results areas. Total stomach carcinoma rates declined by 34% from the 1978-1983 to the 2001-2005 time periods. By histologic type, intestinal rates decreased consistently, whereas those for diffuse rates increased through 2000 and declined in recent years. By anatomic site, cardia rates increased during earlier years and then decreased, whereas rates for all other sites declined. When considered jointly by histologic type and anatomic site, intestinal carcinoma rates decreased for all sites except the cardia; diffuse rates increased through 2000 and decreased in recent years for all sites except the overlapping/nonspecified sites. Both diffuse and intestinal rates were lowest among whites, intermediate among blacks, and highest among the other, primarily Asian, races, with only modest gender differences for the diffuse type. In contrast, cardia carcinoma rates were highest among whites and were notably higher among males, especially whites among whom the male/female rate ratio was five to one.
Conclusions: Stomach carcinoma incidence patterns differ by histologic type, anatomic site, race, gender, and age, suggesting that etiologic heterogeneity should be pursued in future research. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):1945–52)
Increased Risk of Lymphoid Neoplasms in Patients with Philadelphia Chromosome–Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Authors: Vannucchi Alessandro M. , Masala Giovanna , Antonioli Elisabetta , Chiara Susini Maria , Guglielmelli Paola , Pieri Lisa , Maggi Laura , Caini Saverio , Palli Domenico , Bogani Costanza , Ponziani Vanessa , Pancrazzi Alessandro , Annunziato Francesco , Bosi Alberto 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Association of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) with lymphoproliferative neoplasm (LPN) has been occasionally reported. The aim of this study, which included 353 patients with polycythemia vera and 467 with essential thrombocythemia, was to assess whether the risk of developing LPN is increased in MPN patients. Expected numbers of LPN incident cases were calculated based on 5-year age group, gender, and calendar time–specific cancer incidence rates in the general population of the same area. Standardized incidence ratios were computed to estimate the relative risk of developing LPN. Analyses were carried out for the whole series and then separately for essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera, gender, and JAK2V617F genotype. With 4,421 person-years, we found 11 patients developing LPN, including four chronic lymphocytic leukemias, five non–Hodgkin's lymphomas, and two plasma cell disorders, after a median interval time of 68 months from MPN diagnosis. Cumulative risk to develop LPN at 5 and 10 years was 0.93% (95% confidence interval, 0.39-2.22) and 2.96% (95% confidence interval, 1.52-5.72), respectively. There was a 3.44-fold increased risk of LPN compared with the general population, ranging from 2.86 for plasma cell disorder to 12.42 for chronic lymphocytic leukemia; the risk was significantly increased in JAK2V617F mutated patients (5.46-fold) and in males (4.52-fold). The JAK2V617F mutation was found in lymphoid tumor cells in two of three cases evaluated, indicating that, in some patients, LPN originated in a JAK2V617F mutated common lymphoid-myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cell. We conclude that the risk of developing LPN is significantly increased in MPN patients compared with the general population. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2068–73)
Reform of the Administration of Justice System at the United Nations
Authors: Hwang Phyllis 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFor nearly six decades, the administration of justice system at the United Nations has been comprised primarily of the Joint Appeals Boards, the Joint Disciplinary Committees and the UN Administrative Tribunal. In July 2009, these bodies will be dismantled and replaced with an entirely new system. This article will first describe the basic features of the administration of justice system at the United Nations that existed prior to July 2009. It will then review the history of efforts to reform the system, leading up to the proposals of the Redesign Panel issued in August 2006. It will also look at similar initiatives implemented by other intergovernmental organizations to reform their own internal justice systems in recent years. Finally, the article will highlight the main elements of the new administration of justice system, as approved by the General Assembly in 2007-2008, and examine its implications for UN staff members in the future.
Changes of Variability in Response to Increasing Greenhouse Gases. Part II: Hydrology
Authors: Wetherald Richard T. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper examines hydrological variability and its changes in two different versions of a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model developed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory and forced with estimates of future increases of greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations. This paper is the second part, documenting potential changes in variability as greenhouse gases increase. The variance changes are examined using an ensemble of 8 transient integrations for an older model version and 10 transient integrations for a newer model. Monthly and annual data are used to compute the mean and variance changes. Emphasis is placed on computing and analyzing the variance changes for the middle of the twenty-first century and compared with those found in the respective control integrations.
The hydrologic cycle intensifies because of the increase of greenhouse gases. In general, precipitation variance increases in most places. This is the case virtually everywhere the mean precipitation rate increases and many places where the precipitation decreases. The precipitation rate variance decreases in the subtropics, where the mean precipitation rate also decreases. The increased precipitation rate and variance, in middle to higher latitudes during late fall, winter, and early spring leads to increased runoff and its variance during that period.
On the other hand, the variance changes of soil moisture are more complicated, because soil moisture has both a lower and upper bound that tends to reduce its fluctuations. This is particularly true in middle to higher latitudes during winter and spring, when the soil moisture is close to its saturation value at many locations. Therefore, changes in its variance are limited. Soil moisture variance change is positive during the summer, when the mean soil moisture decreases and is close to the middle of its allowable range. In middle to high northern latitudes, an increase in runoff and its variance during late winter and spring plus the decrease in soil moisture and its variance during summer lend support to the hypothesis stated in other publications that a warmer climate can cause an increasing frequency of both excessive discharge and drier events, depending on season and latitude.
Evaluating the Uncertainty Induced by the Virtual Salt Flux Assumption in Climate Simulations and Future Projections
Authors: Yin Jianjun , Stouffer Ronald J. , Spelman Michael J. , Griffies Stephen M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The unphysical virtual salt flux (VSF) formulation widely used in the ocean component of climate models has the potential to cause systematic and significant biases in modeling the climate system and projecting its future evolution. Here a freshwater flux (FWF) and a virtual salt flux version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1) are used to evaluate and quantify the uncertainties induced by the VSF formulation. Both unforced and forced runs with the two model versions are performed and compared in detail. It is found that the differences between the two versions are generally small or statistically insignificant in the unforced control runs and in the runs with a small external forcing. In response to a large external forcing, however, some biases in the VSF version become significant, especially the responses of regional salinity and global sea level. However, many fundamental aspects of the responses differ only quantitatively between the two versions. An unexpected result is the distinctly different ENSO responses. Under a strong external freshwater forcing, the great enhancement of the ENSO variability simulated by the FWF version does not occur in the VSF version and is caused by the overexpansion of the top model layer. In summary, the principle assumption behind using virtual salt flux is not seriously violated and the VSF model has the ability to simulate the current climate and project near-term climate evolution. For some special studies such as a large hosing experiment, however, both the VSF formulation and the use of the FWF in the geopotential coordinate ocean model could have some deficiencies and one should be cautious to avoid them.