bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Organic Carbon Change Monitored Over Large Areas
Authors: Brown David J. , Hunt E. Raymond , Izaurralde R. César , Paustian Keith H. , Rice Charles W. , Schumaker Bonny L. , West Tristram O. 
Published: December 2010

Soils account for the largest fraction of terrestrial carbon (C) and thus are critically important in determining global C cycle dynamics. In North America, conversion of native prairies to agriculture over the past 150 years released 30–50% of soil organic carbon (SOC) stores [Mann, 1986]. Improved agricultural practices could recover much of this SOC, storing it in biomass and soil and thereby sequestering billions of tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). These practices involve increasing C inputs to soil (e.g., through crop rotation, higher biomass crops, and perennial crops) and decreasing losses (e.g., through reduced tillage intensity) [Janzen et al., 1998; Lal et al., 2003; Smith et al., 2007].Managing agricultural soils to increase SOC storage is an immediately available, cost‐competitive option for mitigating CO2 emissions [Smith et al., 2007; Thomson et al., 2008], with a technical potential to offset as much as 800 teragrams of CO2 per year in the United States (∼13% of U.S. CO2 emissions) [Lal et al., 2003] and 5000 teragrams per year globally (∼17% of global CO2 emissions) [Smith et al., 2007]. Managing soils to sequester organic C also brings attendant benefits such as increased and sustainable crop productivity; improved quality of soil, water, and air; reduced energy inputs; and reduced vulnerability to climate change [Lal, 2004].
Previously Unknown Fault Shakes New Zealand's South Island
Authors: Quigley M. , Villamor P. , Furlong K. , Beavan J. , Van Dissen R. , Litchfield N. , Stahl T. , Duffy B. , Bilderback E. , Noble D. , Barrell D. , Jongens R. , Cox S. 
Published: December 2010

At 4:35 A.M. local time on 4 September (1635 UTC, 3 September), a previously unrecognized fault system ruptured in the Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island, producing a moment magnitude (Mw) 7.1 earthquake that caused widespread damage throughout the area. In stark contrast to the 2010 Mw 7.0 Haiti earthquake, no deaths occurred and only two injuries were reported despite the epicenter's location about 40 kilometers west of Christchurch (population ˜386,000). The Canterbury region now faces a rebuilding estimated to cost more than NZ$4 billion (US$2.95 billion).On the positive side, this earthquake has provided an opportunity to document the dynamics and effects of a major strike‐slip fault rupture in the absence of death or serious injury. The low‐relief and well‐maintained agricultural landscape of the Canterbury Plains helped scientists characterize very subtle earthquake‐related ground deformation at high resolution, helping to classify the earthquake's basic geological features [Quigley et al., 2010]. The prompt mobilization of collaborating scientific teams allowed for rapid data capture immediately after the earthquake, and new scientific programs directed at developing a greater understanding of this event are under way.
Is the Silver Screen the Key to Successful Public Outreach in Solar and Space Physics?
Authors: Baker Dan 
Published: December 2010

In this time of continuing fiscal stress and economic meltdown, it is especially difficult to obtain support for the disciplines of Earth and space science. For example, my field of solar and space physics desperately needs a way to attract new attention to its important work.History shows that even in the direst economic times, people still flock to motion pictures. Thus, new hope lies in us remaking classic films with a space physics twist. Here I present an illustrative set of such classic film remakes. Each film would be remade from a Space Physics and Aeronomy (SPA) point of view with leaders of SPA in starring roles.
Partitioning core and satellite taxa from within cystic fibrosis lung bacterial communities
Authors: van der Gast Christopher J , Walker Alan W , Stressmann Franziska A , Rogers Geraint B , Scott Paul , Daniels Thomas W , Carroll Mary P , Parkhill Julian , Bruce Kenneth D 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients suffer from chronic bacterial lung infections that lead to death in the majority of cases. The need to maintain lung function in these patients means that characterising these infections is vital. Increasingly, culture-independent analyses are expanding the number of bacterial species associated with CF respiratory samples; however, the potential significance of these species is not known. Here, we applied ecological statistical tools to such culture-independent data, in a novel manner, to partition taxa within the metacommunity into core and satellite species. Sputa and clinical data were obtained from 14 clinically stable adult CF patients. Fourteen rRNA gene libraries were constructed with 35 genera and 82 taxa, identified in 2139 bacterial clones. Shannon–Wiener and taxa-richness analyses confirmed no undersampling of bacterial diversity. By decomposing the distribution using the ratio of variance to the mean taxon abundance, we partitioned objectively the species abundance distribution into core and satellite species. The satellite group comprised 67 bacterial taxa from 33 genera and the core group, 15 taxa from 7 genera (including Pseudomonas (1 taxon), Streptococcus (2), Neisseria (2), Catonella (1), Porphyromonas (1), Prevotella (5) and Veillonella (3)], the last four being anaerobes). The core group was dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Other recognised CF pathogens were rare. Mantel and partial Mantel tests assessed which clinical factors influenced the composition observed. CF transmembrane conductance regulator genotype and antibiotic treatment correlated with all core taxa. Lung function correlated with richness. The clinical significance of these core and satellite species findings in the CF lung is discussed.
Integrated metatranscriptomic and metagenomic analyses of stratified microbial assemblages in the open ocean
Authors: Shi Yanmei , Tyson Gene W , Eppley John M , DeLong Edward F 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
As part of an ongoing survey of microbial community gene expression in the ocean, we sequenced and compared ∼38 Mbp of community transcriptomes and ∼157 Mbp of community genomes from four bacterioplankton samples, along a defined depth profile at Station ALOHA in North Pacific subtropical gyre (NPSG). Taxonomic analysis suggested that the samples were dominated by three taxa: Prochlorales, Consistiales and Cenarchaeales, which comprised 36–69% and 29–63% of the annotated sequences in the four DNA and four cDNA libraries, respectively. The relative abundance of these taxonomic groups was sometimes very different in the DNA and cDNA libraries, suggesting differential relative transcriptional activities per cell. For example, the 125 m sample genomic library was dominated by Pelagibacter (∼36% of sequence reads), which contributed fewer sequences to the community transcriptome (∼11%). Functional characterization of highly expressed genes suggested taxon-specific contributions to specific biogeochemical processes. Examples included Roseobacter relatives involved in aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy at 75 m, and an unexpected contribution of low abundance Crenarchaea to ammonia oxidation at 125 m. Read recruitment using reference microbial genomes indicated depth-specific partitioning of coexisting microbial populations, highlighted by a transcriptionally active high-light-like Prochlorococcus population in the bottom of the photic zone. Additionally, nutrient-uptake genes dominated Pelagibacter transcripts, with apparent enrichment for certain transporter types (for example, the C4-dicarboxylate transport system) over others (for example, phosphate transporters). In total, the data support the utility of coupled DNA and cDNA analyses for describing taxonomic and functional attributes of microbial communities in their natural habitats.
Macro-invertebrate species diversity as a potential universal measure of wetland ecosystem integrity in constructed wetlands in South East Melbourne
Authors: Awal Sadiqul , Svozil Daniel 
Published: December 2010

The use of macroinvertebrates in the assessment of wetland ecosystem integrity is an increasingly common tool used for management and conservation. The sensitivity of macroinvertebrates to ecological fluctuation makes them reliable and appealing indicators of ecosystem integrity. However, there is little or no published data available for assessment of wetland ecosystem integrity on the basis of macroinvertebrate species diversity in constructed wetlands of metropolitan Melbourne. The aim of the following study was to assess significant differences in macroinvertebrate diversity in three constructed wetlands in South East metropolitan Melbourne and consequently, suitability as a universal measure of wetland ecosystem integrity.
Three wetlands were chosen randomly, with the requirement that they were entirely man-made, from a list of constructed wetlands in South East metropolitan Melbourne. Between 481 and 629 organisms were found in each wetland comprising 16 different taxa. The one-way ANOVA for species richness (P &gt; 0.05, F = 0.19) and Shannon-Weiner diversity index (P &gt; 0.05, F = 2.54) indicate no significant differences between the wetlands in both of these measures. The data collected in the present study compared with published species richness and Shannon-Weiner diversity index data suggests macroinvertebrate species diversity can be used as a universal measure of wetland ecosystem integrity in constructed wetlands in South East metropolitan Melbourne. This is important where there is need for a rapid and streamlined tool for assessment of ecosystem integrity and consequently, the management and conservation of constructed wetlands.
A UK‐wide survey of follow‐up practices for patients with high‐grade glioma treated with radical intent
Authors: Catt Susan L. , Anderson John L. , Chalmers Anthony J. , Fallowfield Lesley J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRationale and objective  High‐grade glioma profoundly affects patients and their families. The best ongoing care for patients completing radical treatment is uncertain. To address this issue a UK‐wide audit surveying the follow‐up practices of multidisciplinary cancer teams was conducted.Method  An online survey package was used with a paper version available.Results  Of 102 clinicians approached 86 replied, a response rate of 84%. Three‐monthly outpatient department appointments led by an oncologist and a specialist nurse were the norm, but more controversially, some centres conduct joint clinics with the whole neurosurgical/oncology team present or available. Nurse‐led telephone follow‐up in place of hospital visits is uncommon. Regular scanning is conducted despite the clinical benefits being contentious. Access to a range of allied services providing supportive care is considered, but the actual levels of need and the efficiency with which they are delivered require further investigation.Conclusions  The picture of UK follow‐up practices revealed by this survey demonstrates that research is now needed to determine what preferences patients and families have for follow‐up and their satisfaction with these.
Cardiac autonomic balance in rats submitted to protein restriction after weaning
Authors: Martins Carlito DD , Chianca Deoclécio A , Fernandes Luciano G 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. In the present study, we evaluated the autonomic balance of the heart in protein/energy‐undernourished rats.2. Rats were divided into two groups according to the diet they received after weaning: (i) the control group (n = 16), given a 15% protein diet, and (ii) the malnourished group (n = 14), fed a 6% protein diet. Cardiovascular recordings were made and, through selective autonomic blockade, the tonic autonomic balance, cardiac autonomic index and the power spectrum of heart rate (HR) variability were determined.3. Muscarinic receptor blockade with methylatropine (5.0 mg/kg, i.v.) increased HR in the control group (371 ± 6 vs 427 ± 15 b.p.m. before and after drug administration, respectively), but not the malnourished group (438 ± 24 vs 472 ± 38 b.p.m. before and after drug administration, respectively). Inhibition of β1‐adrenoceptors with metoprolol (2.0 mg/kg, i.v.) reduced HR in malnourished rats (428 ± 24 vs 355 ± 16 b.p.m. before and after drug administration, respectively), but had no effect on the HR of the control group (363 ± 8 vs 362 ± 7 b.p.m. before and after drug administration, respectively). Double autonomic blockade by inhibiting both muscarinic cholinoceptors and β1‐adrenoceptors reduced HR in the malnourished group (428 ± 24 vs 342 ± 14 b.p.m.) but had no effect on HR in the control group (371 ± 6 vs 382 ± 6 b.p.m.).4. Sympathetic tone was augmented in malnourished compared with control rats (131 ± 17 vs 41 ± 11 b.p.m., respectively), whereas parasympathetic tone was reduced in malnourished compared with control rats (–4 ± 4 vs 22 ± 9 b.p.m., respectively).5. The ratio of oscillations in HR induced by sympathetic and parasympathetic activity was higher in malnourished compared with control rats (0.43 ± 0.03 vs 0.34 ± 0.02, respectively).6. The results of the present study indicate that protein malnutrition after weaning increases sympathetic activity and reduces vagal activity to the heart in rats. These data provide a new perspective on the pathophysiology of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases associated with protein malnutrition, especially with regard to autonomic modulation.
Mutation detection of COL4An gene based on mRNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes and prenatal diagnosis of Alport syndrome in China
Authors: ZHANG HONGWEN , DING JIE , WANG FANG , ZHAO DAN 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTAim:  Alport syndrome (AS) is a progressive renal disease characterized by haematuria and progressive renal failure. An accurate genetic diagnosis of AS is very important for genetic counselling and even prenatal diagnosis.Methods:  We detected mutation of COL4An by amplifying the entire coding sequence mRNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in five Chinese AS families who asked for genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis, then performed prenatal genetic diagnosis for four families. Mutation analysis of the foetus was made using DNA extracted from amniocytes. Foetus sex was determined by PCR amplification of SRY as well as karyotype analysis. Maternal cell contamination was excluded by linkage analysis.Results:  Four different COL4A5 gene variants and two COL4A3 gene variants were detected in the five families. Because there was a de novo mutation in family 2, prenatal diagnosis was performed for the other four families. Results showed a normal male foetus for family 1 and family 4, respectively. Results showed an affected male foetus for families 3 and 5, and the pregnancies were terminated.Conclusion:  An easier, faster and efficacious method for COL4An gene mutation screening based on mRNA analysis from peripheral blood lymphocytes was established. Prenatal genetic diagnosis was performed in four AS families in China.
Breakdown of distyly and pin‐monomorphism in Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq. (Rubiaceae)
Authors: CONSOLARO HÉLDER , SILVA SIMONE C. S. , OLIVEIRA PAULO E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRubiaceae contains the largest number of distylous species in the Angiosperms, but the evolution and control of distyly is poorly understood in this group. Atypical distylous populations and species have been described in this family and associated with disturbance, pollination failure and impaired reproductive success. Some of these atypical taxa belong to Psychotria, the largest genus in the family. In the present study, we investigate the pollination and breeding biology of Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq., a widely distributed species that has been described as typically distylous. Fieldwork was carried out mainly at the Panga Ecological Station, in Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. We carried out phenological observations, floral biology studies and hand pollination experiments within the Panga Ecological Station population. We complemented these data with herbarium and field surveys from elsewhere in Brazil. The studied population bloomed at the beginning of the rains (September–December). The main pollinators were Bombus and small Halictidae bees. The Panga Ecological Station population presented pin‐monomorphism with only two thrum individuals in more than 100 flowering individuals surveyed. Hand pollinations at the Panga Ecological Station showed self‐compatibility and intramorph compatibility. Typical distyly and isoplethy were found in other areas and both morphs appeared in herbarium material. However, pin‐monomorphism was also observed elsewhere in Brazil. Typical distyly, pin‐monomorphism and homostyly observed concurrently in Brazilian populations of P. carthagenensis indicate that alternative reproductive strategies, probably favoring selfing, appear to have developed independently in this species.
Importance of preoperative detection of vertebral artery anomalies in neck surgery
Authors: Vaiman Michael , Beckerman Inessa 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectives:  The objective of this study were to examine the course of the vertebral artery (VA) and define VA anomalies important for neck surgery using three‐dimensional computer tomography (3D CT).Study Design:  Thee design used was an observational study with retrospective 3D CT angiography analysis.Methods:  Four hundred VAs depicted on 200 3D CT angiographies were analysed to determine the relationship between the extraosseous portions of the VA to the neck organs, with special emphasis on the thyroid gland area, the artery of origin of the VA and the entrance/exit locations of its foraminal segment.Results:  Twenty‐three out of 400 VAs were anomalous (5.75%). These anomalies were found in 18 patients, unilaterally in 13 in bilaterally five. The level of entrance was abnormal in all cases; it was at C3 in 4.3% (n= 1), at C4 in 17.4% (n= 4), at C5 in 74% (n= 17) and at C7 in 4.3% (n= 1). The VA ran close to the thyroid gland in eight cases (34.8%) even touching the lower pole (17.4%; n= 4) or the upper pole (8.7%; n= 2) of the gland. The anomalous VA crossed the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein by a way of a median loop in eight cases (34.8%).Conclusion:  In planning neck or spinal surgery, the surgeon should bear in mind that VA anomalies are present in approximately 5.5–6.5% of cases. Preoperative 3D CT allows precise identification of anomalous VAs, thereby reducing the possible risk of intraoperative injury.
Strength of default mode resting‐state connectivity relates to white matter integrity in children
Authors: Gordon Evan M. , Lee Philip S. , Maisog Jose M. , Foss‐Feig Jennifer , Billington Michael E. , VanMeter John , Vaidya Chandan J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA default mode network of brain regions is known to demonstrate coordinated activity during the resting state. While the default mode network is well characterized in adults, few investigations have focused upon its development. We scanned 9–13‐year‐old children with diffusion tensor imaging and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We identified resting‐state networks using Independent Component Analysis and tested whether the functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) depends upon the maturation of the underlying cingulum white matter tract. To determine the generalizability of this relationship, we also tested whether functional connectivity depends on white matter maturity between bilateral lateral prefrontal cortex (lateral PFC) within the executive control network. We found a positive relationship between mPFC‐PCC connectivity and fractional anisotropy of the cingulum bundle; this positive relationship was moderated by the age of the subjects such that it was stronger in older children. By contrast, no such structure–function relationship emerged between right and left lateral PFC. However, functional and structural connectivity of this tract related positively with cognitive speed, fluency, and set‐switching neuropsychological measures.
HYSTERESIS AND THE REGIONAL NAIRUs IN ITALY
Authors: Lanzafame Matteo 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the determinants of regional unemployment disparities in Italy. Relying on panel unit root tests and data over the 1977–2003 years, we reject the hysteresis hypothesis and then proceed to estimate the non‐accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) for each of the 20 Italian regions. Our estimates of the regional NAIRUs turn out to be fairly precise and allow us to draw two interesting conclusions. First, the hypothesis of constant regional NAIRUs between 1977 and 2003 is supported by the data. Second, we find that there is a significant degree of heterogeneity among the regional NAIRUs.
Are Changes in Leg Power Responsible for Clinically Meaningful Improvements in Mobility in Older Adults?
Authors: Bean Jonathan F. , Kiely Dan K. , LaRose Sharon , Goldstein Richard , Frontera Walter R. , Leveille Suzanne G. 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVES: From among physiological attributes commonly targeted in rehabilitation, to identify those in which changes led to clinically meaningful differences (CMDs) in mobility outcomes.DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data collected for a randomized controlled trial of exercise using binary outcomes defined by recording a large CMD (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)=1 unit; gait speed (GS)=0.1 m/s). Iterative models were performed to evaluate possible confounding between physiological variables and relevant covariates.SETTING: Outpatient rehabilitation centers.PARTICIPANTS: Community‐dwelling mobility‐limited older adults (n=116) participating in a 16‐week randomized controlled trial of two modes of exercise.MEASUREMENTS: Physiological measures included leg power, leg strength, balance as measured according to the Performance‐Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), and rate pressure product at the maximal stage of an exercise tolerance test. Outcomes included GS and SPPB. Leg power and leg strength were measured using computerized pneumatic strength training equipment and recorded in Watts and Newtons, respectively.RESULTS: Participants were 68% female, had a mean age of 75.2, a mean of 5.5 chronic conditions, and a baseline mean SPPB score of 8.7. After controlling for age, site, group assignment, and baseline outcome values, leg power was the only attribute in which changes were significantly associated with a large CMD in SPPB (odds ratio (OR)=1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.09–2.02) and GS (OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.01–1.70).CONCLUSION: Improvements in leg power, independent of strength, appear to make an important contribution to clinically meaningful improvements in SPPB and GS.