bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supernumeration: Vagueness and Numbers
Authors: Simons Peter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThere is a notable discrepancy between philosophers and practitioners on approaches to vagueness. Philosophers almost all reject fuzzy logic and a majority accept some form of supervaluational theory. Practitioners analysing real data, on the other hand, use fuzzy logic, because computer algorithms exist for it despite its theoretical shortcomings. These two communities should not remain separate. This chapter argues that the solution is to put supervaluation and numbers together. After reviewing the principal and well-known defects of fuzzy logic, it shows how to use numerical values in conjunction with a supervaluational approach to vagueness. The two principal working ideas are degrees of candidature (of objects and predicates) and expected truth-value. The chapter presents an outline of the theory, which combines vagueness of predicates and vagueness of objects, and discusses its pros and cons, considering the obvious principal objections: that the theory is complex, that there is arbitrariness in the selection of numbers, and that penumbral connections must be accounted for. The chapter contends that all these objections can be answered.
Degree of Belief is Expected Truth Value
Authors: Smith Nicholas J. J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA number of authors have noted that vagueness engenders degrees of belief, but that these degrees of belief do not behave like subjective probabilities. So should we countenance two different kinds of degree of belief: the kind arising from vagueness, and the familiar kind arising from uncertainty, which obey the laws of probability? This chapter argues that we cannot coherently countenance two different kinds of degree of belief. Instead, it presents a framework in which there is a single notion of degree of belief, which in certain circumstances behaves like a subjective probability assignment and in other circumstances does not. The core idea is that one's degree of belief in a proposition is one's expectation of its degree of truth.
Iterating Definiteness
Authors: Dorr Cian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that higher-order vagueness is universal: no sentence whatsoever is definitely true, definitely definitely true, definitely definitely definitely true, and so on ad infinitum. The argument, of which there are several versions, turns on the existence of Sorites sequences of possible worlds connecting the actual world to possible worlds where a given sentence is used in such a way that its meaning is very different. The chapter attempts to be neutral between competing accounts of the nature of vagueness and definiteness.
Whole Life Satisfaction Concepts of Happiness
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe most popular concepts of happiness among psychologists are ones according to which happiness is “satisfaction with life as a whole”. There are hundreds of non‐equivalent forms of Whole Life Satisfactionism. However, every precise conception either requires actual satisfaction with life or requires hypothetical satisfaction with life. Arguments are presented to demonstrate that a person can be “happy” even though he is not actually making any judgment about the extent to which he is satisfied with his life. Other arguments show that a person can be “unhappy” even though it is not correct to say that if he were to think about his life, he would be dissatisfied with it. This shows that happiness cannot be identified with whole life satisfaction. Appendix A contains discussion of problems concerning interactions between temporal considerations and WLS theories of happiness. Appendix B discusses the idea that happiness can be defined as the score that a person achieves on a suitable happiness test.
The Problem of Inauthentic Happiness
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAmartya Sen mentioned the case of a “demeaned and demoralized housewife” who has been brainwashed into thinking that a constricted life such as hers is appropriate for a woman. Thus, she is satisfied with that life. A simple form of Whole Life Satisfactionism implies that this housewife (‘Bertha’) is happy. A typical form of eudaimonism then implies that Bertha is enjoying positive welfare. This may seem implausible. Wayne Sumner responded by claiming that for a person's happiness to contribute to her welfare, that happiness must be “authentic”. Chapter 9 contains discussion of a series of cases intended to show that the restriction to authentic satisfaction yields problematic evaluations in certain types of cases. The relevance of these cases for Attitudinal Hedonic Eudaimonism is then assessed. It is claimed that theory yields defensible (though possibly surprising) accounts of the welfare of people such as Bertha. Perhaps it's better to be non‐autonomously happy than not to be happy at all.
4 Soft Innovation in the Creative Industries: Books, Recorded Music, and Video Games
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter is the first of two taking a micro view encompassing three creative industries — publishing, music, and video games — to detail the pattern of invention/creation, embodiment and diffusion of soft innovations. At the micro level, industry-specific indicators relating to the numbers of new product variants introduced are used with certain advantages relating to the identification of the rate of significant innovation being claimed for a specific measure that tracks the share of the sales of bestsellers that were recently introduced onto the market. In the creative sector, the indicated rates of innovation are high, with very considerable numbers of new products or titles being launched and rates of market churn of the bestsellers in the studied markets being very fast. This reflects a pattern quite different to the usual suggestion that innovation occurs at a rate of about 2.5% per annum (a measure usually based upon indicators of labour productivity growth).
13 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis concluding chapter summarizes, draws implications, and gives indications of fruitful future research directions. Suggested further research encompasses: the dissemination of the idea that soft innovation is important, extensive and capable of economic analysis and merits considerably more attention than has been the case in the past; further data collection relating to soft innovation and its prevalence; and further theoretical analysis of soft innovation, especially the link between models of product differentiation and innovation.
3 Knowledge Flows and Catching‐Up Industrialization in the Nordic Countries: The Roles of Patent Systems
Authors: Bruland Kristine , Smith Keith 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the catch‐up experience of Nordic countries — Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland — which stretches back at least to the late eighteenth century, gathered force in the mid‐nineteenth century, and extended into the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The patent system began relatively early, which facilitated inward technology transfer in two ways: first, via foreign patenting in the Nordic region and, second, via patent systems (“imported patents”) that permitted Nordic citizens to appropriate foreign‐developed inventions. However, there were many methods of acquiring and developing intellectual property, including societies, foreign work experience, immigration, exhibitions, and industrial espionage, and many ways to protect it. The chapter thus emphasizes the broader dimensions of learning and the creation of knowledge assets, and therefore the need to set IPRs within a wide context of knowledge creation.
12 The Roles of IPR Regime on Thailand's Technological Catching Up
Authors: Intarakumnerd Patarapong , Charoenporn Peera 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the case of Thailand and argues that technological learning by firms has been slow and passive owing to three factors: the failure of the educational system to create a strong cadre of technically trained people, the inability of government to develop and enforce policies to enhance Thai firms to develop technological and innovative capabilities, and little pressure on multinationals to build and upgrade their technological and innovative capabilities locally. Thai intellectual property regime was, until the early 1990s, characterized by weak protection and yet it was not pro‐diffusion either. That is, it was not particularly favorable to catch‐up and the lack of preconditions did not help either, for instance, the absence of sufficient indigenous absorptive capacity of firms, the lack of mechanisms or coordinated policy for knowledge diffusion and utilization, and the environment in general not being favorable to innovation.
Adpositions and adpositional phrases in a syntactic perspective
Authors: Hagège Claude 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the specific features by which adpositions (Adps) distinguish themselves from other strategies used by languages to build syntactic relationships between units in the framework of sentences and clauses. It considers syntactic facts, some of which are the preferred, or even exclusive, domain, of Adps and Adp-phrases. The chapter successively examines Adp-phrases (i) as core and peripheral complements of verbal predicates; (ii) as complements of nominal heads; (iii) as serving the predicative function; and (iv) as scopes of certain operations, i.e., as heads with respect to certain dependent elements and as focus in sentences. Finally, it offers some examples of the syntactic diversity of Adp-phrases.
The Event Structure of Perception Verbs
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Perception verbs – such as look, see, taste, hear, feel, sound, listen, and observe – present unresolved problems for linguistic theories. This book examines the predictability of relations between their semantics and syntactic behaviour, the different kinds of polysemy they exhibit, and the role of evidentiality in verbs like seem and appear. After an opening chapter explaining the nature of the issues, there is a concise introduction to Word Grammar. Chapter 3 considers the implications of the approach for a general theory of event structure, and looks at how Word Grammar can be applied to causation, argument linking, and the modelling of polysemy. Chapter 4 explores the polysemy of see; chapter 5 looks at relations between verbs of active perception like listen, and verbs of involuntary perception such as hear; chapter 6 explores the semantics of non‐finite predicative complementation; and chapter 7 discusses verbs of appearance. Chapter 8 presents some conclusions.
Network Structure and the Polysemy of see
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter is a discussion of the polysemy of see, which is concerned with two main questions: how to model polysemy in a default inheritance based theory; and how fine‐grained an analysis of polysemy needs to be in order to understand the differences between examples such as we saw him cross the road and we saw that he was crossing the road. The analysis presents a subtle and detailed account of the polysemy of see, and argues for a model which relies on a theoretical innovation, the sublexeme. The sublexeme allows the model to keep information about a verb's sense and about its argument linking properties tightly bound together.
Non‐Finite Complementation
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the non‐finite complementation of hear‐class verbs in structures such as we saw her cross the road. These structures present a number of theoretical challenges which are addressed here in terms of the WG network. The differences between infinitival and participial non‐finite clauses, the interaction between the different senses of see and the infinitival clauses, and the ontological nature of the percept are all discussed; a solution to the ungrammaticality of *he was seen cross the road is also offered. There is also an account of the widely discussed properties of veridicality and exportability displayed by these structures.
Sound‐class Verbs
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the evidentiality to be analysed; and how should we understand the phenomenon of what has come to be known as copy raising? It is argued that the network structure surrounding these verbs' senses includes part of the semantic structure of their sound‐class counterparts, and this provides a basis for the understanding of evidentiality; an understanding of evidentiality and the semantics of as if clauses also underscores the treatment of copy raising.
Chapter 1 Introducing an emergent European Executive Order
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis introduction is organized as follows: The first part outlines the compound nature of an emergent European Executive Order. The second part suggests a theoretical departure for the volume and a brief literature review of recent research. Finally, the third part offers an outlook on the individual chapters of this volume. This chapter adds two new important steps to our understanding of compound executive orders: Firstly, by arguing that an emergent European Executive Order consists of a limited set of coexisting decision‐making dynamics: supranational, departmental, epistemic, and intergovernmental dynamics. Secondly, by suggesting causal mechanisms that may explain why certain dynamics gain prevalence in certain situations. This chapter suggests that an organizational theory approach may shed light both on how executive orders emerge and how institutions mould the behaviour of civil servants embedded in such an order.
Chapter 4 Supranationalism and the European Commission
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 4 goes one step further and explores actor‐level supranationalism in the Commission services. The transformative clout of the Commission is assessed by the extent to which seconded national experts (SNEs) adopt a supranational role perception. OLS regression analyses reveal that actor‐level supranationalism among SNEs reflect (a) processes of re‐socialization inside the Commission, (b) the organizational composition of the Commission, and (c) organizational in compatibilities between the Commission and domestic government institutions. This chapter does not report robust evidence of pre‐socialization of SNEs outside the Commission. In sum, Chapter 4 argues that the Commission is a ‘hothouse’ for supranationalism, and challenges a core claim of Hooghe (2005) that socialization of Commission officials mainly occur at the national level and not inside the Commission apparatus.
Chapter 6 Is the Commission all that different? Reflections on comparative international bureaucracies
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 6 poses the question: Is the Commission all that different compared to other international bureaucracies? This chapter unpacks the executive arms—the bureaucratic interior—of international organizations, and does so comparatively. By comparing the Commission with other international bureaucracies, the often‐claimed sui generis picture of the Commission is modified. The Commission is unique by its size, formal powers, political representation at top of the hierarchy, and by its profound impacts on domestic politics and policies. However, the Commission also shares important characteristics with other international bureaucracies—both with respect to organizational structures and actual decision‐making dynamics. This chapter argues that international bureaucracies are compound systems that blend departmental, epistemic, and supranational decision‐making dynamics. Even international bureaucracies embedded in intergovernmental organizations—like the WTO and OECD—seem to transcend intergovernmentalism in everyday decision‐making processes. The decision‐making dynamics within international bureaucracies seems to occur rather independently of the larger international organization in which they are embedded. This chapter advocates that international bureaucracies seem to share important decision‐making dynamics due to organizational characteristics of the international bureaucracies themselves.
Chapter 13 An emergent European Executive Order: less than a European ‘mega‐administration’
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 13 summarizes the empirical observations presented throughout this book and assesses the compound nature of an emergent European Executive Order. Secondly, this concluding chapter assesses the organizational dimension of this emergent Order. It is argued that the departmental decision‐making dynamic serves as a foundational dynamic vis‐à‐vis the other decision‐making dynamics. The departmental logic seems to be the basis and maybe even the precondition for two other dynamics to play out. This world of multiple dynamics may be seen as organized around concentric circles where the departmental dynamic serves as the foundational dynamic at the very centre of an emergent European Executive Order. Next, the concluding chapter suggests two models of administrative fusion: Type I fusion and Type II fusion. Whereas Type I fusion pictures European administrative systems as fused together into one European ‘mega‐administration’, Type II fusion advocates that administrative fusion is differentiated and considerably conditioned by existing administrative orders. This book supports the Type II fusion model by substantiating that an emergent European Executive Order represents a compound executive order.
Public and Private Rights to Natural Resources and Differences in their Protection?
Authors: Rønne Anita 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyses different entitlements to natural resources and the extent to which state ownership implies a different or less intensive regulation than where such ownership is not the case. It will focus on the prime regulatory instruments used to transfer rights of utilization, and seeks to identify the differences as to the protection of those rights, if any. The topic will be illustrated by different civil law examples. The analysis will be limited to three groups of natural resources: (i) oil and gas; (ii) sand, stone and gravel; and (iii) wind and waves.
The Rule of Capture: The Least Worst Property Rule for Oil and Gas
Authors: Daintith Terence 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyses the rule of capture as applied to oil and gas. The rule states that oil and gas become the property of the owner of the land on which they are recovered by lawful drilling or other operations, regardless of whether they might have migrated from their original position under the land of another. Capture remains today the property right principle on which the structure of United States oil and gas law and regulation has been erected. The chapter addresses the following questions: Why was such an inefficient rule adopted in the first place? Why, once adopted, did it remain in place in the United States, despite the major difficulties it was perceived to create, and when other countries were succeeding in creating more rational and efficient systems?
Natural Gas Development and Land Use: Conflict between Legal Rights and its Resolution
Authors: Mingyuan Wang 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Land is an important natural resource on which human beings depend for existence and development. Rights to land and rights to other natural resources such as mineral resources, water, forest, grassland, wild animals, and renewable resources make up a related and complicated system of rights. This chapter is based on the existing legislation of China on natural resources, taking the exploration, exploitation, and transportation of natural gas as an example. It analyses the conflicts between rights of land use and rights of natural resource development, and puts forward suggestions for improvement.
Got Title; Will Sell: Indigenous Rights to Land in Chile and Argentina
Authors: Barrera-Hernández Lila 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyses the issue of indigenous land rights in Chile and Argentina. Throughout South America, indigenous peoples are being pushed to extinction through government action (and inaction), which deprives them of their lands and seriously compromises their access to life-sustaining resources. To a considerable extent, the government's attitude towards indigenous land rights is a result of a desire to attract investment to the energy and energy-related sectors. Though investor companies may appear to benefit from these tactics in the short term, it is doubtful that they will be better off in the long run as sustainability is compromised.
Ownership Models for Water Services: Implications for Regulation
Authors: Hendry Sarah 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the provision of water services — drinking water and sanitation — the latter of which may or may not involve waterborne disposal through a sewerage system. It examines the different ownership models operating in England and Scotland, along with structures for their regulation and control. It also draws on examples from other jurisdictions, particularly South Africa and Australia. In both South Africa and Australia there is a mixture of public and private sector involvement; in both there is provision by local government, with consequences for ring-fenced funding, economic audit and business planning; in both there is already disaggregation of bulk and individual supply, and moves to commercialize or corporatize public supply. The chapter assesses the role of regulation and of governance, as well as structures of ownership, and draws conclusions as to the importance of ownership of this industry, compared to the role of effective regulation and good governance.
The Social Obligations of Ownership and the Regulation of Energy Utilities in the United Kingdom and the European Union
Authors: McHarg Aileen 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the influence of ideas about the social obligations of ownership in relation to the regulation of energy utilities in two overlapping jurisdictions: the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU). This example allows examination of both common law and civilian approaches to the social obligations of ownership, as well as the interaction between them. It also resonates with some of the concerns that have re-awakened interest in this issue amongst contemporary property law theorists. One is environmentalism, which has led some scholars to advocate models of property rights which promote sustainability. Another is the desire to counteract the potentially adverse social consequences of privatization and liberalization policies by using the law to promote public service values. Because they provide essential services and may cause enormous environmental damage (as well as for more technical reasons), energy utilities are subject to extensive statutory regulation at both UK and EU levels, which has focused more closely on social and environmental objectives in recent years. The chapter explores how more general notions of the social obligations of ownership may support, shape and/or supplement these explicit regulatory responses.