bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How emergence and death assumptions affect count‐based estimates of butterfly abundance and lifespan
Authors: Calabrese Justin M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTransect count data form the basis of many butterfly and other insect monitoring programs worldwide. A clear understanding of the limitations of such datasets, including the potential for biases in the statistical methods used to analyze them, is therefore crucial. The classical Zonneveld model (CZ) can extract estimates of a suite of demographic parameters from transect count datasets, and has also been used in theoretical analyses of protandry and reproductive asynchrony. The CZ relies on strong assumptions about the emergence and death processes underlying observed transect count datasets. Though reasonable as a starting place, a growing body of empirical evidence suggests these assumptions will, in many cases, not hold. Here, I explore how violations of these assumptions bias CZ‐based estimates of two key population parameters: total population size and mean individual lifespan. To do this, I generalize the Zonneveld model by relaxing the symmetrical emergence distribution and constant death rate assumptions such that the generalized models contain the CZ as a special case. Using the generalized models as data generating processes, I then show that the CZ is able to closely mimic the shape of the abundance time course produced by either variant of the generalized model under a wide range of conditions, but produces highly biased estimates of population size and mean lifespan in doing so. My analysis therefore demonstrates both that the CZ is not robust to violations of its emergence and death assumptions, and that a good observed fit to transect count data does not mean these assumptions are satisfied.
Cloning, expression, and characterization of an alkaline thermostable GH11 xylanase from Thermobifida halotolerans YIM 90462T
Authors: Zhang Feng , Chen Jiu-Jiu , Ren Wan-Zeng , Lin Lian-Bing , Zhou Yu , Zhi Xiao-Yang , Tang Shu-Kun , Li Wen-Jun 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A xylanase gene (thxyn11A) from the Thermobifida halotolerans strain YIM 90462T was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The open reading frame (ORF) of thxyn11A has 1,008 bp encoding a mature xylanase with a high degree of similarity (80 %) to the xylanase from Nocardiopsis dassonvillei subsp. dassonvillei DSM 43111. This enzyme (Thxyn11A) also possesses a glycosyl hydrolases family 11 (GH11) domain and a high isoelectric point (pI = 9.1). However, Thxyn11A varies from most GH11 xylanases, due to its large molecular mass (34 kDa). Recombinant Thxyn11A demonstrated a strong pH and temperature tolerance with a maximum activity at pH 9.0 and 70 °C. Xylotriose, the end-product of xylan hydrolysis by Thxyn11A, serves as a catalyst for hemicellulose pretreatment in industrial applications and can also function as a food source or supplement for enterobacteria. Due to its attractive biochemical properties, Thxyn11A may have potential value in many commercial applications.
Magical thinking in narratives of adolescent cutters
Authors: Gregory Robert J. , Mustata Georgian T. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTAdolescents sometimes cut themselves to relieve distress; however, the mechanism is unknown. Previous studies have linked self‐injury to deficits in processing emotions symbolically through language. To investigate expressive language of adolescent cutters, the authors analyzed 100 narratives posted on the Internet. Most narratives (n = 66) displayed idiosyncratic use of language indicating poor differentiation between the real and the symbolic, such as blood substituting for negative emotions, which can then be released from the self; or emotional pain magically transforming into physical pain, which can then be managed. This kind of magical thinking correlated with cutting to relieve distress, to see blood, and to feel pain, but negatively correlated with complex representation of people, understanding social causality, and self‐esteem. The results suggest that magical thinking represents a pre‐symbolic mental state that processes and organizes distressing emotions through body schema. Magical thinking thus provides a plausible mechanism for why cutting works.
Hölder continuity for a drift-diffusion equation with pressure
Authors: Silvestre Luis , Vicol Vlad 
Published: March 2012

We address the persistence of Hölder continuity for weak solutions of the linear drift-diffusion equation with nonlocal pressure

u_{t} + b \cdot \mathrm{∇}u− \bigtriangleup u = \mathrm{∇}p,\:\mathrm{∇} \cdot u = 0

on

[0,\infty) \times \mathbb{R}^{n}

, with

n \geq 2

. The drift velocity

b

is assumed to be at the critical regularity level, with respect to the natural scaling of the equations. The proof draws on Campanatoʼs characterization of Hölder spaces, and uses a maximum-principle-type argument by which we control the growth in time of certain local averages of

u

. We provide an estimate that does not depend on any local smallness condition on the vector field

b

, but only on scale invariant quantities.

Résumé
Nous abordons la question de la persistance de la continuité Hölder pour les solutions faibles de lʼéquation linéaire de dérive-diffusion avec une pression non-locale

u_{t} + b \cdot \mathrm{∇}u− \bigtriangleup u = \mathrm{∇}p,\:\mathrm{∇} \cdot u = 0

sur

[0,\infty) \times \mathbb{R}^{n}

, avec

n \geq 2

. On suppose que la vitesse de dérive

b

est au niveau critique de régularité par rapport au changement dʼéchelle de lʼéquation. La démonstration sʼappuie sur la définition des espaces Hölder de Campanato, et elle utilise un argument de principe du maximum par lequel nous contrôlons la croissance en temps de certaines moyennes locales de

u

. Nous fournissons une estimation qui ne dépend dʼaucune condition de petitesse locale sur le champ de vecteur

b

, mais seulement sur des quantités invariantes par changement dʼéchelle.
EXTENSION OF AUTOMORPHISMS OF SUBGROUPS
Authors: BASTOS G. G. , JESPERS E. , JURIAANS S. O. , E SILVA A. DE A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractLet G be a group such that, for any subgroup H of G, every automorphism of H can be extended to an automorphism of G. Such a group G is said to be of injective type. The finite abelian groups of injective type are precisely the quasi-injective groups. We prove that a finite non-abelian group G of injective type has even order. If, furthermore, G is also quasi-injective, then we prove that G = K × B, with B a quasi-injective abelian group of odd order and either K = Q8 (the quaternion group of order 8) or K = Dih(A), a dihedral group on a quasi-injective abelian group A of odd order coprime with the order of B. We give a description of the supersoluble finite groups of injective type whose Sylow 2-subgroup are abelian showing that these groups are, in general, not quasi-injective. In particular, the characterisation of such groups is reduced to that of finite 2-groups that are of injective type. We give several restrictions on the latter. We also show that the alternating group A5 is of injective type but that the binary icosahedral group SL(2, 5) is not.
CONSISTENCY CONDITIONS FOR DIMER MODELS
Authors: BOCKLANDT RAF 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDimer models are a combinatorial tool to describe certain algebras that appear as noncommutative crepant resolutions of toric Gorenstein singularities. Unfortunately, not every dimer model gives rise to a noncommutative crepant resolution. Several notions of consistency have been introduced to deal with this problem. In this paper, we study the major different notions in detail and show that for dimer models on a torus, they are all equivalent.
Genotypic analysis of the foliose lichen Parmotrema tinctorum using microsatellite markers: association of mycobiont and photobiont, and their reproductive modes
Authors: MANSOURNIA Mohammad Reza , WU Bingyun , MATSUSHITA Norihisa , HOGETSU Taizo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTo investigate the association between, and the reproductive modes of, mycobiont and photobiont in the lichen Parmotrema tinctorum, microsatellite markers (SSR markers) were developed for both bionts and genotypic analysis was performed for thalli in a Pinus thunbergii forest. In a within-thallus analysis, tissue pieces were sampled from many portions within each of five thalli. Within-thallus variation for both mycobiont and photobiont differed among the thalli investigated, suggesting that a single thallus can be derived from either a single mycobiont origin with or without occasional changes in the photobiont, or fusion of several independent thalli. In the within-tree analysis, thalli with the same genotypes were found on individual trees, suggesting the presence of short-distance isidium dispersal. In the within-stand analysis, genotypically similar photobionts tended to be associated with the same mycobiont genotype, suggesting the participation of local dispersal via isidia. The overall index of association (IA) for the mycobiont in the stand probably indicates the dominance of sexual reproduction, in contrast to that of the photobiont, where dominance of asexual reproduction is suggested. IA's of mycobiont and photobiont were also calculated for thalli collected from larger areas, where there is a signature for sexual reproduction for photobiont.
Fear for Manufacturing? China and the Future of Industry in Brazil and Latin America
Authors: Jenkins Rhys , Barbosa Alexandre de Freitas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThere has been considerable concern in Latin America over the implications of increased competition from China for local industry. These concerns include the possibility of “deindustrialization,” the increased “primarization” of the region's exports and the difficulties of upgrading manufactured exports into higher technology products. This article examines the impact of Chinese competition both in the domestic market and in export markets on Brazilian industry. It documents the increased penetration of Chinese manufactures in the Brazilian market and the way in which Brazilian exports have lost market share to China in the US, European Union and four Latin American countries. Brazil, because of its more developed and locally integrated industrial sector, is not typical of other Latin American countries and the article also discusses the relevance of the Brazilian experience for the region as a whole.
Harnessing the Dragon: Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurs in Mexico and Cuba
Authors: Hearn Adrian H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractChinese communities resident in Mexico and Cuba face a common problem: their dealings with business partners in China are perceived as a threat to national interests. In Mexico this concern emanates from manufacturers unable to compete with Chinese imports, and is evident in antagonistic news media and acts of hostility against Chinese businesses. In Cuba it stems from the state's stewardship over economic sovereignty, and is evident in efforts to assimilate Havana's Chinatown and its entrenched informal sector into a centralized scheme of commercial regulation. Interviews with policy makers, local officials and Chinese entrepreneurs indicate that the “rationalization” of Chinese ethnic allegiances for the greater public good is a critical step towards alleviating tensions. I conclude that both countries can leverage benefits from overseas Chinese communities, but to do so they must support their entrepreneurial activities, harness their networks to promote targeted imports and exports, and develop more culturally sensitive regulations.
National Heritage and Economic Policies in Free and Sovereign Poland after 1918
Authors: DADAK CASIMIR 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPoland, whenever free and sovereign, has since 1918 implemented economic policies that emphasise free markets. This approach has failed to produce a rapid rate of economic growth, so the country is still substantially underdeveloped. Although significant government investment in 1936–9 resulted in strong economic growth and a higher standard of living, today's Poland continues to pursue neo-liberal economic policies. This paper links these policies to the nation's heritage, which stresses limited government. Such beliefs ruled the actions of the nation's ruling class before partitions in the eighteenth century and during the inter-war period, and continue to dominate economic policy now.
‘Farmers on notice’: the threat faced by Weimar Berlin's garden colonies in the face of the city'sNeues Bauenhousing programme
Authors: HOBBS MARK 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT:TheNeues Bauenprogramme of urban development in Weimar Germany is best known amongst English-speaking historians for its modern housing estates, including those built by Bruno Taut in Berlin. Less well known are the negative impacts of this programme, particularly the displacement of thousands of garden colonies from the outskirts of towns and cities, which were cleared to make way for new developments. This article focuses on the historical development of the garden colonies in Berlin, and the threat they faced from urban expansion during the Weimar era.
Decision-making under duress: the treatment of churches in the City of London during and after World War II
Authors: LARKHAM PETER J. , NASR JOE L. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT:The process of making decisions about cities during the bombing of World War II, in its immediate aftermath and in the early post-war years remains a phenomenon that is only partly understood. The bombing left many church buildings damaged or destroyed across the UK. The Church of England's churches within the City of London, subject to a complex progression of deliberations, debates and decisions involving several committees and commissions set up by the bishop of London and others, are used to review the process and product of decision-making in the crisis of war. Church authorities are shown to have responded to the immediate problem of what to do with these sites in order most effectively to provide for the needs of the church as an organization, while simultaneously considering other factors including morale, culture and heritage. The beginnings of processes of consulting multiple experts, if not stakeholders, can be seen in this example of an institution making decisions under the pressures of a major crisis.
Nodularin, a cyanobacterial toxin, is synthesized in planta by symbiotic Nostoc sp.
Authors: Gehringer Michelle M , Adler Lewis , Roberts Alexandra A , Moffitt Michelle C , Mihali Troco K , Mills Toby J T , Fieker Claus , Neilan Brett A 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Nostoc, is a commonly occurring cyanobacterium often found in symbiotic associations. We investigated the potential of cycad cyanobacterial endosymbionts to synthesize microcystin/nodularin. Endosymbiont DNA was screened for the aminotransferase domain of the toxin biosynthesis gene clusters. Five endosymbionts carrying the gene were screened for bioactivity. Extracts of two isolates inhibited protein phosphatase 2A and were further analyzed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)/MS. Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia riedlei 65.1’ and Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia serpentina 73.1’ both contained nodularin. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) HESI-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of nodularin at 9.55±2.4 ng μg−1 chlorophyll a in Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia riedlei 65.1’ and 12.5±8.4 ng μg−1 Chl a in Nostoc sp. ‘Macrozamia serpentina 73.1’ extracts. Further scans indicated the presence of the rare isoform [L-Har2] nodularin, which contains l-homoarginine instead of l-arginine. Nodularin was also present at 1.34±0.74 ng ml−1 (approximately 3 pmol per g plant ww) in the methanol root extracts of M. riedlei MZ65, while the presence of [L-Har2] nodularin in the roots of M. serpentina MZ73 was suggested by HPLC HESI-MS/MS analysis. The ndaA-B and ndaF genomic regions were sequenced to confirm the presence of the hybrid polyketide/non-ribosomal gene cluster. A seven amino-acid insertion into the NdaA-C1 domain of N. spumigena NSOR10 protein was observed in all endosymbiont-derived sequences, suggesting the transfer of the nda cluster from N. spumigena to terrestrial Nostoc species. This study demonstrates the synthesis of nodularin and [L-Har2] nodularin in a non-Nodularia species and the production of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin by a symbiont in planta.
Solution structure of the natively assembled yeast ribosomal stalk determined by small-angle X-ray scattering
Authors: Grela Przemysław , Gajda Michal J. , Armache Jean-Paul , Beckmann Roland , Krokowski Dawid , Svergun Dmitri I. , Grankowski Nikodem , Tchórzewski Marek 
Published: March 2012

The ribosomal stalk of the 60S subunit has been shown to play a crucial role in all steps of protein synthesis, but its structure and exact molecular function remain an unanswered question. In the present study, we show the low-resolution models of the solution structure of the yeast ribosomal stalk, composed of five proteins, P0–(P1–P2)2. The model of the pentameric stalk complex determined by small-angle X-ray scattering reveals an elongated shape with a maximum length of 13 nm. The model displays three distinct lobes, which may correspond to the individual P1–P2 heterodimers anchored to the C-terminal domain of the P0 protein.
Epitaxial graphene
Authors: de Heer Walt A , Berger Claire 
Published: March 2012

Graphene is widely regarded as an important new electronic material with interesting two-dimensional electron gas properties. Not only that, but graphene is widely considered to be an important new material for large-scale integrated electronic devices that may eventually even succeed silicon. In fact, there are countless publications that demonstrate the amazing applications potential of graphene.
In order to realize graphene electronics, a platform is required that is compatible with large-scale electronics processing methods. It was clear from the outset that graphene grown epitaxially on silicon carbide substrates was exceptionally well suited as a platform for graphene-based electronics, not only because the graphene sheets are grown directly on electronics-grade silicon carbide (an important semiconductor in its own right), but also because these sheets are oriented with respect to the semiconductor. Moreover, the extremely high temperatures involved in production assure essentially defect-free and contamination-free materials with well-defined interfaces.
Epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide is not a unique material, but actually a class of materials. It is a complex structure consisting of a reconstructed silicon carbide surface, which, for planar hexagonal silicon carbide, is either the silicon- or the carbon-terminated face, an interfacial carbon rich layer, followed by one or more graphene layers. Consequently, the structure of graphene films on silicon carbide turns out to be a rich surface-science puzzle that has been intensively studied and systematically unravelled with a wide variety of surface science probes. Moreover, the graphene films produced on the carbon-terminated face turn out to be rotationally stacked, resulting in unique and important structural and electronic properties.
Finally, in contrast to essentially all other graphene production methods, epitaxial graphene can be grown on structured silicon carbide surfaces to produce graphene nanostructured without patterning the graphene itself. This method produces graphene nanostructures with atomically smooth edges that ultimately determine the transport properties of these structures.
The coherent collection of papers in this special issue of Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics provides a snapshot of the current state of the art, presented by leading experts, highlighting various aspects of the science and technology of epitaxial graphene. This collection systematically addresses the production of epitaxial graphene on the two polar faces of silicon carbide, as well as the structural and electronic properties of the graphene films. Special attention is paid to the rapidly emerging field of chemically modified graphene, which promises to introduce a bandgap into the electronic structure of graphene, which is critical for many electronic applications. Also presented are methods to incorporate properties of the silicon carbide itself, as well as advanced methods to produce high-quality graphene and graphene nanostructures using structured growth methods.
Implanted bottom gate for epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide
Authors: Waldmann D , Jobst J , Fromm F , Speck F , Seyller T , Krieger M , Weber H B 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
We present a technique to tune the charge density of epitaxial graphene via an electrostatic gate that is buried in the silicon carbide substrate. The result is a device in which graphene remains accessible for further manipulation or investigation. Via nitrogen or phosphor implantation into a silicon carbide wafer and subsequent graphene growth, devices can routinely be fabricated using standard semiconductor technology. We have optimized samples for room temperature as well as for cryogenic temperature operation. Depending on implantation dose and temperature we operate in two gating regimes. In the first, the gating mechanism is similar to a MOSFET, the second is based on a tuned space charge region of the silicon carbide semiconductor. We present a detailed model that describes the two gating regimes and the transition in between.
Growth and electronic transport properties of epitaxial graphene on SiC
Authors: Hibino H , Tanabe S , Mizuno S , Kageshima H 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
With the aim of developing a single-crystal graphene substrate indispensable to graphene's practical applications, we are investigating the structural and physical properties of graphene epitaxially grown on SiC by thermal decomposition. We grow monolayer and bilayer graphene uniformly on a micrometre scale on the Si face of SiC in an Ar environment and in ultra-high vacuum, respectively. Epitaxial bilayer graphene, even if uniform in thickness, contains two types of domains with different stacking orders. We compare the transport properties of monolayer and bilayer graphene using top-gate Hall bar devices. Quantum Hall effects are observed in monolayer graphene and a band gap is electrically detected in bilayer graphene. The monolayer and bilayer graphene show quite different transport properties, reflecting their electronic structures.
Message from the Editor
Authors: Paul Thomas  
Published: March 2012

Whilst travelling to Vienna to hand over the Editorship of Nuclear Fusion to Ron Stambaugh, I jotted down a few ideas to put in a farewell message. Somewhat unsurprisingly, I find them almost identical to the remarks that Chris Schueller made in handing over to me five years ago. Both of us served in this role for five years, which seems like a good timescale to replace presidents and editors alike; just to allow a fresh approach. In addition, since I have been directly involved in ITER, I have found it increasingly difficult, due to time pressure, to give the journal the attention that it deserves. Therefore, I am very pleased that Ron Stambaugh has agreed to take over as Editor. Not only does he bring the experience as a leading figure in the US fusion programme but, in addition, he has all the contacts, worldwide, from his leadership of the ITPA. I am completely assured that the journal is in a highly competent pair of hands.
Such a farewell should not lack my heartfelt thanks to all of those who have made being Editor of Nuclear Fusion so enjoyable and stimulating; readership, authors, referees, the Editorial Board and the NF Office alike. I wish Ron all the best for his tenure and have offered such help and support as I am able to give.