bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resins
Authors: Ateş Esin , Kızılcan Nilgün 
Published: June 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate in situ modification of cyclohexanone‐formaldehyde resins (CFR) by 4‐vinyl aniline (Van). The roles of the reaction temperature, the conductivity, thermal properties, and molecular weight of the product were investigated. CFR was in situ modified with VAn in the presence of sodium hydroxide. Ketonic resin‐bound 4‐vinyl aniline was synthesised with a one‐step method of in situ modification of ketonic resin. The roles of the reaction temperature and the conductivity of the product were investigated.Design/methodology/approachKetone, formalin (37% aqueous solution), vinyl aniline were mixed and then 20% aqueous NaOH solution was added to produce the resin. The solubility, molecular weight and thermal properties of the products were investigated.FindingsThe 4‐vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone‐formaldehyde resins were found to have conductivity values of 10−4 and 10−2 S/cm and may be considered as conductive ketonic resin. Soluble and processable conductive ketonic resins were developed.Research limitations/implicationsThe reaction mixture of CFR must be stirred continuously at low temperature. Subsequently, 37% formalin was added dropwise in equal portions while refluxing. Temperature should be controlled to prevent the thermal polymerisation of vinyl group and higher branching of amino groups. The amount of vinyl aniline used in reaction mixture is limited since the formed resin may become insoluble in common organic solvents.Practical implicationsThis study provides technical information for the synthesis of conducting resins. The modified resins contain vinyl groups. The chemical redox or radical system can be used to polymerise these vinyl groups and resins with much higher molecular weight may be produced. The resins may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating and corrosion inhibition to metal surfaces of a coating.Originality/valueVinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resins have been synthesised in the presence of a basice catalyst. These soluble and conductive resins may overcome difficulties in the applications of conducting polymers and open new application areas. Therefore, the vinyl aniline modified resin may find a number of new application areas, as well as existing conducting resin and polymer applications.
Performance of nanosilica in acrylic polyol 2K polyurethane coatings
Authors: Kabra A.P. , Mahanwar P. , Shertukde V. , Bambole V. 
Published: June 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to formulate two component polyurethane coatings based on acrylic polyol, to study the effects of variable nanosilica loadings in these coatings on different morphological, optical, mechanical, corrosion resistance and weather resistance properties and to study the intercalation of acrylic polyol molecules into nanosilica crystals by XRD technique.Design/methodology/approachTwo component polyurethane coatings were synthesised using acrylic polyol and isocyanate HDI. The nanosilica was incorporated in polyurethane formulation at the weight ratios of 1%, 3% and 5% based on total weight of polyol and isocyanate. The performance of nanocoatings was compared for variable loads of nanosilica for different properties such as morphological, optical, mechanical, corrosion resistance, weather resistance and were studied for intercalation of acrylic polyol into nanosilica crystals by XRD technique.FindingsImprovement in the properties of polyurethane coatings is achieved with the incorporation of nanosilica. The improvement is the result of inherently high properties of inorganic nanosilica. Tensile strength, scratch hardness, abrasion resistance, corrosion and weathering resistance show significant improvement in performance with the incorporation of nanosilica. Properties are found to deteriorate beyond a certain loading of nanosilica; hence it is important to optimise loading level. The optimal range for high performance was found to be in the range of 1% to 3%. The improvement was a result of synergistic behaviour and good interfacial interaction between polyurethane and nanosilica at optimal levels.Research limitations/implicationsThe method used for incorporation of nanosilica into polyurethane was direct incorporation method. The other method of incorporation, i.e. in situ addition and its effect on properties can also be studied.Practical implicationsWith the addition of optimal loading level of nanosilica to polyurethane coatings, properties can be enhanced up to the mark. The addition is relatively easy and cost effective.Originality/valueThe paper proves the significance of incorporation of nanosilica on original properties of polyurethane coatings and widens the area of applications of two component polyurethane coatings from acrylic polyol by strengthening them in their properties. The coatings can be applicable in high performance topcoats especially for automotive topcoats.
Optimal design of radiation paint cure ovens using a novel objective function
Authors: Mehdipour R. , Aghanajafi C. , Ashrafizadeh A. 
Published: June 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to model radiation ovens and to propose a method capable of designing this kind of oven for the paint curing application. Providing a uniform cure condition on the body, especially bodies of complicated geometries, needs accurately‐designed ovens. An algorithm with high speed and high convergence capability is the most serious requirement for designing ovens of this kind.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the state of the art in dynamic optimisation of radiation paint cure ovens is reviewed and a novel objective function, based on paint cure window, is proposed to be applied for designing radiation ovens. It has been shown that the proper definition of the objective function in such problems makes the mathematical model more robust and hence facilitates the convergence of the design iterations.FindingsThe computational results provide some information regarding the design space topology and show that the proposed objective function speeds up the convergence of the design procedure by an order of magnitude as compared to the currently used industrial‐standard objective function.Practical implicationsDetermination of curing condition is an important requirement for designing a new oven or changing the working condition of an existing oven. In this research, a practical method is proposed for improving design procedure of cure ovens to make the method both time and cost efficient. The method is specifically implemented on paint cure ovens.Originality/valueThe quality of cured paint is usually a prominent issue that directly takes influence from the curing condition of ovens. For the complex geometries of curing body in commonly designed ovens, some areas are not properly cured or may be burnt. This issue is a significant defect in coating industry. Designing ovens with the proposed method in this paper guaranties the provided curing condition by the oven and therefore the curing quality.
Successful school leadership in Sweden and the US
Authors: Merchant Betty , Ärlestig Helene , Garza Encarnacion , Johansson Olof , Murakami‐Ramalho Elizabeth , Törnsén Monika 
Published: June 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this cross‐cultural study of schools in Sweden and Texas is to examine the cultural contexts of schools in both settings, and the leadership role of principals in creating and sustaining inclusive schools for diverse populations.Design/methodology/approachThe data were drawn from two studies; the first involving school visits, classroom observations, and interviews conducted in researcher exchanges between both countries. The second source of data comes from the authors’ participation in a multi‐national longitudinal study, the International Successful School Principals’ Project (ISSPP). A common survey instrument, individual interviews, school visits and observations provide the data for this study.FindingsThe seven themes that emerged were manifested in ways that reflected the differing philosophies of each country: engagement and pride, high expectations, student autonomy, early student learning and development, teamwork, diversity and integration, and international focus on academic rankings. It is concluded that the creation of inclusive schools in a diverse context requires that principals maintain a focus on academic accountability while also working consciously to address social and civic issues.Research limitations/implicationsCurrent migration and immigration patterns create a need for research, like this study, that examines how the social philosophies of different countries might support or hinder the success of various efforts to develop leadership for inclusive schools with diverse populations.Originality/valueExamining the leadership of inclusive schools within two countries that differ substantially in their relative emphases on individualism and socialism provides valuable insights into how national philosophies are reflected in the ways school systems respond to diversity.
“Democratic” collaboration for school turnaround in Southern Arizona
Authors: Bennett Jeffrey V. 
Published: June 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the democratic nature of collaboration and related principal influences in one successful Southern Arizona elementary school in a changing demographic and border context in the US Southwest and where the principal did not share the same ethnic identity/cultural background.Design/methodology/approachThis case study, using Furman's ethic of community framework, draws upon a secondary analysis of existing qualitative data from one urban elementary school as part of a larger multi‐case study. Participants included the Principal, Assistant Principal, eight teachers, and six parents.FindingsFindings revealed limitations in democratic collaborative processes associated with school turnaround on account of principal pressure for compliance with personal agendas and packaged curricular reform expectations. Top‐down managerial practices sacrificed inclusion of stakeholders, community relationship building, and room for more authentic democratic grassroots innovation.Originality/valueFurman's ethic of community enabled deeper analysis of democratic processes at a level typically not articulated in other case studies associated with the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP).
The construction of a public face as a school principal
Authors: Møller Jorunn 
Published: June 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how successful school leaders in Norway frame their public identity and how their narratives may be understood in relation to different discourses on leadership.Design/methodology/approachThe approach draws upon a theoretical perspective which asserts that there is a profound connection between identity and practice, and between identity and the construction of a number of narratives (Wenger; Bourdieu and Wacquant). The author has combined analyses of public discourses on school leadership with findings based on the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP) to analyze the school principal's construction of a public face.FindingsThe study demonstrates how the public identity and face of a school principal is multiple, subjectively constructed and intersects with public discourses. Moreover, it highlights why principals need greater capability to lead their schools in a dynamic context by being the figure head and representing the organization (Mintzberg). The ISSPP study has constructed many accounts of principals’ thinking about successful leadership and achievement. The principals’ stories partly intersect with public narratives of heroic leadership, but by highlighting their work in teams, they primarily intersect with the notion of distributed leadership. A striking feature was the principals’ commitment to making a difference for the kids and their hard work within the system to balance all of the demands placed on their shoulders in order to ensure more equitable learning environments for all students.Research limitations/implicationsThe study indicates the importance of principals being reflexive about their own positions. There is a need to locate personal experience within wider relations of power. The creation of educational biographies may serve as an approach to helping principals understand how and why they learned in the past and what motivates them to pursue new educational opportunities.Originality/valueA focus on identities and their development can tap the complexity of school leadership in a tumultuous, high‐stakes environment of accountability.
Intrapersonal factors in New Zealand school leadership success
Authors: Notman Ross 
Published: June 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to share New Zealand findings from the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP) which relate to intrapersonal dimensions of leadership that promote principals’ sustained success over time.Design/methodology/approachMulti‐site case study methods were used to describe the ongoing success of ten educational leaders, using ISSPP qualitative protocols for data gathering and cross‐case inductive analysis.FindingsFindings identified the following influential intrapersonal factors that impacted positively on principals’ leadership behaviours over time: their physical, mental and intellectual well‐being; their levels of resiliency; and critical self‐reflection.Practical implicationsIn light of these research findings, it is argued that these intrapersonal factors of a successful principalship are optimised when supported by an external agent.Originality/valueFirst, there are few research studies that have investigated how school principals maintain their success over time; second, principals traditionally receive mentoring or coaching support in their professional work but less so in their personal development. This paper advances a case for an external agent to help critique a principal's personal paradigm in order to promote well‐being in the form of increased self‐awareness and an understanding of why they think and act as they do.
Localisation policy in Oman: a psychological contracting interpretation
Authors: Swailes Stephen , Al Said L.G. , Al Fahdi Saleh 
Published: June 2012

PurposeSuccessful localization policies are critical to the resolution of difficult social problems in the Gulf States relating to rising populations and youth unemployment. Successful localization is proving difficult, however, and this paper aims to look specifically at Omanization in an effort to contribute to a better understanding of a complex socio‐economic arena.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on 25 interviews with Ministerial officials and senior private sector managers with human resource management responsibilities in Oman. Interviews were open‐coded to allow factors specific to Oman to emerge from the data.FindingsKey findings are that the perceptions of the employability of locals remains a difficult supply side problem and employers' preferences for foreign labour remains a difficult demand side problem.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is strengthened by the involvement of senior managers yet it is difficult to separate stereotypes of local labour from stereotypes of foreign workers.Practical implicationsThe insights reported in the paper identify key areas for further development of localization policy.Originality/valueThe paper provides a new perspective on the difficulties of localization in the Gulf States.
Effect of governance models on enhancing water service delivery
Authors: Elina Herrala Maila , Jouni Olavi Haapasalo Harri 
Published: June 2012

PurposeThe ownership of waterworks is topical in many countries and especially developed countries seem to speak for public ownership instead of private ownership. This paper attempts to provide a new view of the debate between public and private ownership by presenting three public governance models and comparing them in the light of waterworks performance.Design/methodology/approachThe research is qualitative in nature and presents SWOT analyses of three different public governance models used in the Finnish water sector. Empirical evidence was collected mainly through interviewing Finnish waterworks managers.FindingsThe results indicate that there are clear differences between the autonomy and transparency of the most common public governance models. Reforming waterworks organised as municipal units into municipal‐owned enterprises and municipal‐owned companies is considered a good option compared to, for example, privatisation or outsourcing.Practical implicationsAccording to this study, restructuring appears to increase business orientation, improve accuracy in bookkeeping and, in some cases, increase transparency. The selection of the right governance model also provides opportunities for institutional investors.Originality/valueWhile previous research has concentrated on comparing public and private ownership, this paper presents and discusses three public governance models and what kind of opportunities they present to public service provision.
Enhanced solder wettability of oxidized‐copper with lead‐free solder via Ar‐H2 plasmas for flip‐chip bumping: the effects of H2 flow rates
Authors: Lin Y.S. , Lin W.J. , Chiu L.Y. 
Published: June 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of H2 flow rate on improving the solder wettability of oxidized‐copper with liquid lead‐free solder (96.5Sn‐3Ag‐0.5Cu) by Ar‐H2 plasmas. The aim was to improve the solder wettability of oxidized copper from 0 per cent wetting of copper oxidized in air at 260oC for 1 hour to 100 per cent wetting of oxidized‐copper modified by Ar‐H2 plasmas at certain H2 flow rates and to find correlations between the surface characteristics of copper and the solder wettability with liquid lead‐free solder.Design/methodology/approachTo reduce the copper oxides on the surfaces of oxidized‐copper for improving solder wettability with liquid lead‐free solder, this study attempted to apply Ar‐H2 plasmas to ablate the copper oxides from the surfaces of oxidized‐copper by the physical bombardment of the Ar plasmas and to reduce the surfaces of oxidized‐copper by the chemical reaction of H2 plasmas with the surfaces of oxidized‐copper.FindingsThe solder wettability of oxidized‐copper was found to be highly dependent on the surface characteristics of the copper. The values of polar surface free energy and dispersive surface free energy on the surfaces of oxidized‐copper modified by Ar‐H2 plasmas were close to those values of solid lead‐free solder, which resulted in improved solder wettability with liquid lead‐free solder. Auger spectra indicated that the Ar‐H2 plasma modification was used to remove the copper oxides from the surfaces of oxidized‐copper.Originality/valueThe surface characterization of copper surfaces is typically determined by expensive surface analysis tool such as Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). This paper reports the results of a study of a promising technique called the sessile drop test method, for examining the surface free energies such as total surface free energy, polar surface free energy and dispersive surface free energy on the surfaces of copper to clarify how the solder wettability of oxidized‐copper with liquid lead‐free solder was enhanced by Ar‐H2 plasmas.
The effect of micro via‐in pad designs on surface‐mount assembly defects: part I – tombstoning
Authors: Lee Yong‐Won , Kim Keun‐Soo , Suganuma Katsuaki 
Published: June 2012

PurposeTo propose a solution procedure to minimize/eliminate tombstoning defects in small chip components with different micro via‐in pad designs for high density module assembly.Design/methodology/approachFour different micro via‐in pad designs were compared (via‐hole diameter): ultra small via‐in pads (10 μm), small via‐in pads (20 μm) and large via‐in pads (60 μm), as well as designs with no via‐in pads and capped via‐in pads. Two process variables were also evaluated for the goal of achieving a high‐yield assembly solution in micro via‐in pad and lead‐free solder conditions. Potential factors such as the preheat conditions of the reflow profile and stencil aperture size, which might affect tombstoning in components with micro via‐in pads, were investigated.FindingsThe results indicated that the micro via‐in pad design significantly increased the tombstoning; thus, tombstoning did not occur in components with both no via‐in pads and capped via‐in pads. Capped via‐in pads exhibited the best results in preventing tombstoning and provided a wide process window for the selection of process parameters. The results showed that tombstoning was found to decrease with both increasing stencil opening ratio and use of reflow profile with long‐preheat condition.Originality/valueThe paper's findings provide certain process guidelines for high density module assemblies with via‐in pad design. The strategy is to prevent tombstoning by adopting capped via‐in pad design if possible when employing micro via‐in pad technology.
The effect of praseodymium (Pr) additions on shear strength and microstructure of SnAgCu joints during the ageing process
Authors: Gao Li‐li , Xue Song‐bai , Zhu Hong 
Published: June 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of praseodymium (Pr) additions (0, 0.05 and 0.5 wt%) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of SnAgCu solder joint during aging process. Moreover, the authors aim to indicate that the decreased soldification undercooling of Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder can suppress the formation of Ag3Sn plate to some extent.Design/methodology/approachThe shear strength evolution of SAC, SAC‐0.05Pr and SAC‐0.5Pr solder joint were studied under 150°C aging process with STR‐1000. The effect of Pr additions on the solidification behavior of SnAgCu solder was also studied by differential scanning calorimetry. To study the microstructure evolution, the cross‐sections of all specimens were observed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Meanwhile, the etchant, consisting of 20%HNO3+distilled water was used for deep etching to reveal the interfacial morphology.FindingsThe shear force reduction rate of SAC solder joint during aging was restrained by 0.05%Pr addition but promoted with 0.5% Pr addition. The growth of IMC layer of SnAgCu joint in the aging process was suppressed signiﬁcantly by different amounts of Pr additions. However, the beneficial effect of Pr addition due to the suppression of IMC layer growth was weakened by the micro‐cracks formed in PrSn3 compounds in SnAgCu‐0.5Pr joint. Pr additions (0.05, 0.5 wt%) decrease the solidification undercooling of SnAgCu solder, which will suppress the formation of Ag3Sn plate to some extent.Research limitations/implicationsFurther studies are necessary for confirmation of the practical application, especially of the manufacturing technology of solder paste containing Pr.Practical implicationsThe appropriate amount of Pr in Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder is about 0.05 wt%. It is found that SAC‐0.05Pr solder has an improvement in solder joint reliability in long aging processes. The results suggested the novel solder alloys can meet the requirements of high reliability application.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates that: Pr additions promote the solidification of SAC solder; shear force reduction rate of SAC solder joint was reduced by 0.05%Pr addition; the IMC layer growth rate of SnAgCu solder joint was suppressed by Pr additions; and micro‐cracks were found in PrSn3 phases after aging.