bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Microbiologic Follow‐Up Evaluations After Non‐Surgical Periodontal Treatment With Erbium:YAG Laser and Scaling and Root Planing
Authors: Lopes Beatriz Maria Valério , Theodoro Leticia Helena , Melo Rafaela Fernanda , Thompson Gloria Maria de Azevedo , Marcantonio Rosemary Adriana Chiérici 
Published: April 2010

Background: This study compared erbium‐doped: yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation (100 mJ/pulse; 10 Hz; 12.9 J/cm2) with or without conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) to SRP only for treatment of periodontal pockets.Methods: Nineteen patients with pockets from 5 to 9 mm were included. In a split‐mouth design, each site was allocated to a treatment group: 1) SRPL, SRP and laser; 2) L, laser; 3) SRP, SRP only; and 4) C, no treatment. Clinical parameters of probing depth (PD), gingival recession, and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and subgingival plaque samples were also measured 12 days postoperatively, in addition to the above mentioned months. Intergroup and intragroup statistical analyses were performed (P <0.05).Results: GI decreased for SRPL and increased for L, SRP, and C (P <0.05) 12 days postoperatively and decreased for SRPL and SRP (P <0.05) 3, 6, and 12 months after baseline; BOP and PD decreased for all treated groups (P <0.01) 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. CAL gain was significant for SRPL, L, and SRP (P <0.05) 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. SRPL and L presented a significant reduction in the percentage of sites with bacteria 6 and 12 months after treatment (P <0.05).Conclusion: Non‐surgical periodontal treatment with Er:YAG laser may be an alternative treatment for reduction and control of the proliferation of microorganisms in persistent periodontitis.
Carbon Taxes and Innovation without Commitment
Authors: Golombek Rolf , Greaker Mads , Hoel Michael 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Climate mitigation policy should be imposed over a long period, and spur innovation of new technologies in order to make stabilization of green house gas concentration economically feasible. The government may announce current and future policy packages that stimulate current R&D in climate-friendly technologies. However, once climate-friendly technologies have been developed, the government may have no incentive to implement the pre-announced future policies, that is, there may be a time inconsistency problem. We show that if the government can optimally subsidize R&D today, there is no time inconsistency problem. Thus, lack of commitment is not an argument for higher current R&D subsidies than the first-best subsidy. If the offered R&D subsidy is lower than the optimal subsidy, the current (sub-game perfect) carbon tax rate exceeds the first-best carbon tax rate.
Heavy metals in fluvial sediments of the Odra River flood plains - introductory research
Authors: Ibragimow Aleksandra , Głosińska Grażyna , Siepak Marcin , Walna Barbara 
Published: April 2010

Heavy metals in fluvial sediments of the Odra River flood plains - introductory research
The article presents the results of research on concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in fluvial sediment samples collected in the flood plains of the Odra River. The samples were collected from the presently flooded area and from the area which was formerly flooded. The extraction of sediment samples was conducted using aqua regia and four other extractants: 0.01M CaCl2, 0.1M HCl, 0.005M DTPA and 0.02M EDTA. The analysis of the results revealed different concentration values for particular sample collection sites situated along the course of the Odra River. The differentiation of metal concentrations in the investigated samples depending on the extractants was also observed. The concentrations of metals were determined using the technique of atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization (F-AAS).
Topoclimatic differentiation of the area of the Słowiński National Park, northern Poland
Authors: Kolendowicz Leszek , Bednorz Ewa 
Published: April 2010

Topoclimatic differentiation of the area of the Słowiński National Park, northern Poland
The primary objective of the study was to elaborate a synthetic topoclimatic map of the area of the Słowiński National Park (SNP). The spatial scopes of individual types of topoclimate were distinguished using the method proposed by Paszyński (1999). Pursuant to this method, the topoclimatic classification - and subsequently topoclimatic charting - is performed on the basis of an analysis of the exchange of energy between the atmosphere and its base. The research conducted allowed us to determine that the SNP contains 12 types of local climate, and also to designate the spatial scopes thereof.
Control of Golden Crownbeard (Verbesina encelioides) in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with Postemergence Herbicides1
Authors: Grichar W. J. , Sestak D. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments at five South Texas locations from 1992 to 1995 evaluated eight postemergence herbicides alone or in combination for golden crownbeard control and peanut yield. Imazapic provided inconsistent golden crownbeard control regardless of rate. Bentazon and 2,4-DB alone controlled ≥ 90% golden crownbeard while acifluorfen at 0.42 kg/ha and pyridate provided ≥ 80% control. Bromoxynil and imazethapyr alone or acifluorfen plus bentazon provided inconsistent golden crownbeard control.
Influence of Digging Date on Yield and Gross Return of Virginia-type Peanut Cultivars in North Carolina
Authors: Jordan D. L. , Spears J. F. , Sullivan G. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growers must balance complex interactions among cultivars, planting dates, environmental and physiological stresses during the growing season, and weather conditions at harvest when determining when to dig peanut. Ten field experiments were conducted in North Carolina from 1994 through 1996 to determine the influence of digging date on pod yield and gross return of virginia-type peanut. Beginning in mid- to late September, the cultivars NC 9, NC 10C, NCV-11, VA-C 92R, AgraTech (AT) VC-1, and NC 12C were dug on four dates approximately 7 d apart. Considerable variation in pod yield and gross return was noted among cultivars and experiments. Delaying digging increased pod yield and gross return in some but not all experiments. Greater variation in pod yield and gross return was observed for NC 10C than for AT VC-1 when compared across digging dates. Pod yield and gross return for NC9, NC V-11, VA-C 92R, and NC 12C were intermediate between NC 10C and AT VC-1. Of the cultivars evaluated, yield and gross return of AT VC-1 were the most stable over digging dates. These data suggest that growers should evaluate maturity of peanut in individual fields for each cultivar when determining when to dig. These data also suggest that factors other than maturity impact pod yield and gross return.
Validation of EXNUT for Scheduling Peanut Irrigation in North Carolina1
Authors: Davidson J. I. , Griffin W. J. , Lamb M. C. , Williams R. G. , Sullivan G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
During crop years 1989-1992 EXNUT concepts and a version of EXNUT modified for North Carolina conditions were evaluated. This version was revised and evaluated on 20-25 peanut fields during crop years 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 when average yields of 4360, 4890, 4640, 4530, and 4770 kg/ha, respectively, were obtained. These yields averaged 880 kg/ha higher than average yields produced on these irrigated fields prior to 1993 and 1660 kg/ha higher than the average county yields during 1993-1997. The farmers and county agents reported that irrigation scheduled by EXNUT provided an estimated 500 kg/ha increase in yields. Costs of running EXNUT were estimated at $5.14/ha. Using these estimates, net returns from using EXNUT instead of normal irrigation scheduling by the farmer was $272.76/ha. Average compliance of farmers with EXNUT water scheduling recommendations was 85 and 75% for wet years (1994 and 1996) and dry years (1993, 1995, and 1997), respectively. On the average, a 71% or higher compliance with EXNUT recommendations on fields with sandy- and medium-type soils resulted in yields greater than 4480 kg/ha, making irrigation of peanuts feasible in these fields at a world market price as low as $350 per metric ton. Every percentage point increase in compliance with EXNUT recommendations on these fields resulted in an increase in yield of 50 and 110 kg/ha during wet and dry years, respectively. Yields from fields with heavy type soils averaged only 3850 kg/ha because of excessive disease and harvest losses. On the average, peanuts can be produced on this heavy-type soil at world market prices of $410/metric ton if compliance with EXNUT recommendations is at least 80%. This 9-yr study is an example of how expert systems can be transferred through cooperation of researchers, extension specialists, and users.
Response of Virginia-Type Peanut to Norflurazon
Authors: Jordan D. L. , Culpepper A. S. , Batts R. B. , York A. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Four field experiments were conducted in North Carolina from 1994 to 1996 to determine the effect of norflurazon applied preemergence at 1.6 kg ai/ha to virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cvs. NC 7, NC 9, NC 10C, NC-V 11, VA-C 92R, and AT VC-1. Injury 3 wk after planting was 7% or less in three experiments. Greater injury was noted on VA-C 92R relative to other cultivars in one of these experiments. Injury ranged from 25 to 41% in the fourth experiment, with greater injury noted on NC 9, NC-V 11, and VA-C 92R than on NC 7, NC 10C, or AT VC-1. Norflurazon did not affect peanut maturity, the percentage of extra large kernels, total sound mature kernels, or fancy pods. Norflurazon reduced peanut yield 6% irrespective of cultivars in two of four experiments.
Reproductive Efficiency in Reciprocal Crosses of Arachis monticola with A. hypogaea Subspecies1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Stalker H. T. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Wild species of Arachis encompass a large number of species which can provide valuable genetic resources for improving A. hypogaea L., the domesticated peanut. Arachis monticola Krapov. and Rig. is the only species which is both cross compatible with A. hypogaea and at the same ploidy level. An evaluation of reproductive efficiency in crosses between A. hypogaea and A. monticola was conducted to better understand the potential for utilization of this germplasm. This study documents the reproductive efficiency of A. monticola in reciprocal crosses with A. hypogaea subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea cvs. Florunner and NC 6; A. hypogaea subsp. fastigiata var. vulgaris cv. Argentine; and A. hypogaea subsp. fastigiata var. fastigiata cv. New Mexico Valencia C by using selfs as controls. A significant maternal effect was observed among selfs and hybrids for timing of fertilization. Selfs of Florunner and New Mexico Valencia C initiated fertilization by 1 d after pollination, whereas syngamy did not occur in selfs of NC 6, Argentine or A. monticola until after day 1. Fertilization approached 100% in A. monticola and A. hypogaea genotypes except for New Mexico Valencia C, which only had 70% of the eggs fertilized. Embryo abortion was observed in both selfs and interspecific hybrids, with the highest rates in selfs after the pegs entered the soil; but in hybrids abortion also occurred as the peg elongated. Crosses were generally more successful when A. hypogaea was the female parent, and developing cultivars with A. monticola cytoplasm will be difficult. Sixty to more than 90% of growing ovules aborted in different interspecific crosses. Arachis monticola selfs and hybrids most closely followed the pattern of reproductive development of A. hypogaea cv. Argentine, which lends support to the theory that A. monticola is a weedy derivative of the cultivated peanut.
A Triple Deck, Parallel Belt Screen for Farmer Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Blankenship P. D. , Woodall M. P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Belt screens currently used in the peanut industry separate farmer stock peanut materials into two size categories based on diameter. Utilizing belt screens for obtaining more than two size categories requires two or more screens with different spacings between belts for each screen. A modification of the belt screen design was developed incorporating three screen decks into a single machine. The three decks provide the ability to separate small foreign materials, large vegetative foreign materials, and loose shelled kernels and small pods from farmer stock peanuts. The machine was equipped with fixed spacings appropriate for screening farmer stock peanuts (cv. Florunner) for performance testing. Round belts (1.27 cm dia.) for the three decks were spaced on sheaves to provide 0.64-, 1.03-, and 2.54-cm openings between belts. Screen capacity and separation performance were evaluated by varying material feed rates and belt speeds. Belt speeds evaluated were 105.2, 117.3, 130.0, 140.7, and 152.4 cm/sec and feed rates varying from 5170 to 27,210 kg/hr. An average of 91.55% of the sample weights was divided into the 10.3-mm &lt; diam. &lt; 25.4-mm separation. Compared to prescreening sample composition, the average LSK percentage was reduced by 6.39% and FM by 7.36% in the 10.3-mm &lt; diam. &lt; 25.4-mm separation. Within the ranges tested, derived equations indicated that feed rate and belt speed had limited effects on separations. The openings between the belts appeared to influence material separation more than feed rate and belt speed.
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivar Response to Leaf Spot Disease Development Under Four Disease Management Programs1
Authors: Grichar W. J. , Besler B. A. , Jaks A. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pod yield and response to early and late leaf spots [caused by Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Deighton, respectively] were evaluated on six runner-type cultivars under four leaf spot spray programs using tebuconazole at 0.23 kg ai/ha and chlorothalonil at 1.26 kg ai/ha. The four leaf spot spray programs included unsprayed, 14-d schedule, 21-d schedule, and 28-d schedule. With the 14- and 21-d schedule, chlorothalonil was applied at the first and last applications with a maximum of four tebuconazole applications for the middle sprays. On the 28-d schedule, tebuconazole was applied four times. Under conditions of heavy leaf spot disease pressure where no fungicide was applied, Southern Runner and Georgia Browne were slightly less susceptible (although not significantly) to early or late leaf spot than Florunner, GK-7, Georgia Runner, or Sunrunner. Less leaf spot was present in the 14-d schedule compared to 21- or 28-d schedules. Although there was no yield difference between the 14-, 21-, or 28-d schedules, the plots sprayed on a 14-d schedule yielded 43% more than the unsprayed. When averaged across all spray schedules, Georgia Browne yielded 15% more peanuts than Georgia Runner.
Long-Term Effects of Three Tillage Systems on Peanut Grade, Yield, and Stem Rot Development1
Authors: Grichar W. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field studies were conducted from 1987 to 1996 to evaluate the effects of long-term no-tillage, reduced-tillage, or full-tillage systems on peanut grade, yield, and stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) disease development. In 3 of 10 yr the full-tillage system outyielded the no-tillage system while the reduced tillage system resulted in yield increase over no-tillage systems in 2 yr. Reduced-tillage plots had a higher incidence of stem rot than full-or no-tillage in 4 of 10 yr. In 3 of 10 yr, peanut grade (% TSMK) was lower in no-tillage than full-tillage plots. The reduced tillage system has shown promise for use in Texas for peanut. However, no-tillage peanut systems have never produced yield and quality comparable to full-tillage systems.
Evaluation of Analytical Methods for Optimizing Peanut Roasting for Snack Foods
Authors: Smyth D. A. , Macku C. , Holloway O. E. , Deming D. M. , Slade L. , Levine H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Roasting Arachis hypogaea L. seeds for snack foods requires control of roasting temperature and time to optimize eating quality. Extra large virginia and jumbo runner peanut seeds were oil roasted at different thermal input levels to examine relationships between roast color and other analytical measurements related to roast quality. A laboratory roaster and commercial lots of peanut seeds were used to simulate the commercial process. The concentration of volatiles such as pyrazines increased in roasted seeds with increased thermal energy. Descriptive sensory analyses on these same roasted seed samples showed that optimal balance of important flavor characteristics such as roasted peanut, dark roast, and sweet had distinct roast temperature and time requirements. Excessive heat increased negative flavor components such as bitter. Conventional tests for roaster control such as roast color (CIELAB L*) or seed moisture content changed only slightly during the period when optimal roast quality was achieved. For a given seed lot, optimal roast required both appropriate roast color and tests of roasted peanut flavor. Roasted peanut products dependent on the enhanced stability of the high oleic acid trait required measurements of either oxidative stability, or the fatty acid profile, to ensure the desired product shelf life. Analytical methods such as those discussed here allow the commercial roaster to reach an optimal roast quality while using a diverse raw material supply.
Stem Rot of Peanut: Relationship Between in Vitro Fungicide Sensitivity and Field Efficacy of Fungicides
Authors: Franke M. D. , Brenneman T. B. , Stevenson K. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii exhibiting varying degrees of in vitro fungicide sensitivity were exposed to fungicides in field microplots in 1995 and 1996. Individual peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants in 0.9-m microplots were inoculated with isolates of S. rolfsii collected from peanut fields throughout Georgia. The 60 isolates used in the study represented the full range of sensitivity to the fungicides tebuconazole, flutolanil, and PCNB. After inoculation, microplots were treated with recommended rates of tebuconazole (0.227 kg ai/ha), flutolanil (0.337 kg ai/ha), PCNB (5.6 kg ai/ha), or were left untreated. Disease ratings were made at harvest, and pod yield from each plant was recorded. In both years, disease severity was significantly lower in treated microplots for all three fungicides. Isolates with lower in vitro fungicide sensitivity responded as well to labeled rates of all three fungicides as those with high in vitro sensitivity. In vitro sensitivity and percent control in treated microplots were not correlated for all three fungicides. Fungicide sensitivity and the level of infection in nontreated microplots also were not correlated for flutolanil and tebuconazole indicating that virulence was not affected by fungicide sensitivity. However, there was a negative correlation between in vitro sensitivity to PCNB and the level of infection in nontreated microplots in 1995, indicating that isolates with lower in vitro sensitivity were more virulent. However, this trend was not observed when the same isolates were evaluated in 1996. In 1995, plants in PCNB-treated microplots had a significantly higher yield than those in the nontreated microplots. In 1996, all fungicide treatments significantly enhanced yield. Because in vitro sensitivity and field efficacy were not correlated for all three fungicides, labeled rates should control stem rot in the field.
Effect of Sowing Spacing on Vegetative Growth, Dry Matter Production, and Peanut Pod Yield
Authors: Giayetto O. , Cerioni G. A. , Asnal W. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut growth and pod yield are influenced by sowing spacing and plant density. Production and distribution of dry matter on peanut cultivars sown in different spacings and densities and their relationships with pod and kernel yields were assessed. The factors evaluated were two cultivars (Florman INTA, virginia-type “runner” and Colorado Irradiado, valencia-type erect), three interrow spacings (IRS) (0.70, 0.50, and 0.30 m) and two interplant spacings (IS) (0.06 and 0.12 m). The 12 treatments were disposed in a factorial arrangement of 2×3×2 and a randomized block design with three replications. Weeds were controlled with Imazetapir (100 g ai/ha) and also hand weeded while leaf spot control was done with Fluzilasole (60 g ai/ha). Sowing spacings did not affect phenologic stage duration, but the differences observed were due to the cultivar. Vegetative growth was sensitive to spacings effect. At an individual plant level, dry matter and leaf area decreased significantly because of the greater intraspecific competition produced by the shortening of distances between rows (from 0.70 to 0.30 m) and between plants (from 0.12 to 0.06 m) and the corresponding density increase from 12 to 56 plants/m2. However, at a population level, most compact spacings produced more dry matter per surface and leaf area index. This also is related to the lesser time required for plants at these spacings to achieve a radiation interception higher than 90%. Dry matter distribution did not vary with sowing spacings. The number of branches per plant was reduced with the increase of density. The effect was greater in the late maturing cultivar. The most compact sowing spacings (0.30×0.06, 0.50×0.06 and 0.30×0.12 m) produced higher pod and kernel yield/ha than those less dense. This response is based upon the significant correlations between the dry matter and number of branches per surface area, and leaf area index and pod yield.
Visual Estimation of Aflatoxin Production in Peanut with Aspergillus Norsolorinic Acid Mutants1
Authors: López Y. , Keller N. P. , Sarr B. , Phillips T. D. , Cuero R. G. , Smith O. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut seed and pods are susceptible to contamination by aflatoxin (AF), a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus Links Fr. and A. parasiticus Speare. Efforts to evaluate peanut lines for resistance to AF contamination have been impeded by limitations to the methodologies available for AF detection. AF cannot be seen by visible light and its detection involves grinding seed tissue in organic solvents, separation of phases, and detection by ELISA, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography. These methodologies are time-consuming, expensive, labor-intensive, and are uninformative in defining the tissues of the peanut seed and pod that are most frequently contaminated with AF. Aspergillus AF mutants which accumulate norsolorinic acid (NOR), an orange-pigmented AF pathway intermediate, provide an easy and convenient mean to detect AF contamination. A visual rating scheme for NOR contamination of peanut seed was developed that correlated favorably to HPLC detection of both NOR and AF (r = 0.96 and 0.95, respectively). When screening the 38 plant progenies that comprise Tamspan 90 (a spanish cultivar), NOR was first seen in the intercotyledonary cavity and the interfacial surface of cotyledons and testae in seeds examined from infected pods. Immature pods were often heavily contaminated with NOR. Six of the 38 lines accumulated low levels of NOR in two laboratory tests. Additional studies are needed to determine if these results are predictive of aflatoxin contamination under field conditions.