bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child health nurses’ roles and attitudes in reducing children’s tobacco smoke exposure
Authors: Carlsson Noomi , Johansson AnnaKarin , Hermansson Göran , Andersson‐Gäre Boel 
Published: July 2009

Aim.  To investigate and analyse the attitudes to tobacco prevention among child healthcare nurses, to study how tobacco preventive work is carried out at child healthcare centres today. To evaluate how the tobacco preventive work had changed in child health care since the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare’s national evaluation in 1997.Background.  Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke has adverse health effects. Interventions aiming at minimising environmental tobacco smoke have been developed and implemented at child healthcare centres in Sweden but the long‐term effects of the interventions have not been studied.Design.  Survey.Methods.  In 2004, a postal questionnaire was sent to all nurses (n = 196) working at 92 child healthcare centres in two counties in south‐eastern Sweden. The questionnaire was based on questions used by the National Board of Health and Welfare in their national evaluation in 1997 and individual semi‐structured interviews performed for this study.Results.  Almost all the nurses considered it very important to ask parents about their smoking habits (median 9·5, range 5·1–10·0). Collaboration with antenatal care had decreased since 1997. Nearly all the nurses mentioned difficulties in reaching fathers (70%), groups such as immigrant families (87%) and socially vulnerable families (94%) with the tobacco preventive programme. No nurses reported having special strategies to reach these groups.Conclusions.  Improvement of methods for tobacco prevention at child healthcare centres is called for, especially for vulnerable groups in society. However, the positive attitude among nurses found in this study forms a promising basis for successful interventions.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study shows that launching national programmes for tobacco prevention is not sufficient to achieve sustainable work. Nurses working in child healthcare centres have an overall positive attitude to tobacco prevention but need continuous education and training in communication skills especially to reach social vulnerable groups. Regular feedback from systematic follow‐ups might increase motivation for this work.
Rice endosperm iron biofortification by targeted and synergistic action of nicotianamine synthase and ferritin
Authors: Wirth Judith , Poletti Susanna , Aeschlimann Beat , Yakandawala Nandadeva , Drosse Benedikt , Osorio Sonia , Tohge Takayuki , Fernie Alisdair R. , Günther Detlef , Gruissem Wilhelm , Sautter Christof 
Published: July 2009

SummaryNearly one‐third of the world's population, mostly women and children, suffer from iron malnutrition and its consequences, such as anaemia or impaired mental development. Iron fortification of food is difficult because soluble iron is either unstable or unpalatable, and non‐soluble iron is not bioavailable. Genetic engineering of crop plants to increase iron content has therefore emerged as an alternative for iron biofortification. To date, strategies to increase iron content have relied on single genes, with limited success. Our work focuses on rice as a model plant, because it feeds one‐half of the world's population, including the majority of the iron‐malnourished population. Using the targeted expression of two transgenes, nicotianamine synthase and ferritin, we increased the iron content of rice endosperm by more than six‐fold. Analysis of transgenic rice lines confirmed that, in combination, they provide a synergistic effect on iron uptake and storage. Laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry showed that the iron in the endosperm of the transgenic rice lines accumulated in spots, most probably as a consequence of spatially restricted ferritin accumulation. Agronomic evaluation of the high‐iron rice lines did not reveal a yield penalty or significant changes in trait characters, except for a tendency to earlier flowering. Overall, we have demonstrated that rice can be engineered with a small number of genes to achieve iron biofortification at a dietary significant level.
ON THE SUPPOSED MORAL HARM OF SELECTING FOR DEAFNESS
Authors: FAHMY MELISSA SEYMOUR 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper demonstrates that accounting for the moral harm of selecting for deafness is not as simple or obvious as the widespread negative response from the hearing community would suggest. The central questions addressed by the paper are whether our moral disquiet with regard to selecting for deafness can be adequately defended, and if so, what this might entail. The paper considers several different strategies for accounting for the supposed moral harm of selecting for deafness and concludes that the deaf case cannot be treated in isolation. Accounting for the moral harm of selecting for deafness necessarily entails moral implications for other cases of procreation and procreative decision‐making, including unassisted coital reproduction. The lesson to be learned from the deaf case is that we need norms that govern not just the use of reproductive technology, but procreation and procreative decision‐making in all of its various forms.
Evolution of Capital Structure in East Asia—Corporate Inertia or Endeavours?
Authors: Driffield Nigel , Pal Sarmistha 
Published: July 2009

Summary
The paper examines the capital structure adjustment dynamics of listed non-financial corporations in seven east Asian countries before, during and after the crisis of 1997–1998. Our methodology allows for speeds of adjustment to vary, not only among firms, but also over time, distinguishing between cases of sudden and smooth adjustment. Whereas, compared with firms in the least affected countries, average leverages were much higher, generalized method-of-moments analysis of the Worldscope panel data suggests that average speeds of adjustment were lower in the worst affected countries. This holds also for the severely financially distressed firms in some worst affected countries, though the trend reversed in the post-crisis period. These findings have important implications for the regulatory environment as well as access to market finance.
CHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS BLENDS OF PHOSPHATES
Authors: KIM JIN‐SOO , SCHNEE RAINER , PARK JAE W. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT Chemical and functional properties of various blends of phosphate were examined and compared with the conventional phosphate (M‐CP: a mechanical blend [50:50] of sodium tripolyphosphate [STPP] and tetrasodium pyrophosphate [TSPP]). Regardless of solution temperature and brine concentration, the solubilities of various blends of phosphates, especially M‐1 (a mechanical blend [50:50] of tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and STPP), M‐LC (a long‐chained sodium hexametapolyphosphate [SHMP] treated with trisodium phosphate [TSP]) and M‐MC (a middle‐chained SHMP treated with TSP), except for C‐S (a chemical blend [50:50] of STPP and TSPP for faster/higher solubility) and C‐V (a chemical blend [50:50] of STPP and TSPP for higher viscosity), were higher than that of M‐CP. The scanning electronic microscopic image revealed that the structures of various blends of phosphate were quite different. Comparing with M‐CP, C‐V was superior in viscosity, water retention ability (WRA), emulsifying activity and cooking stability. M‐1 was superior in WRA compared to M‐CP. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConventional blending for phosphates is typically made through simple mechanical mixing. In our study, we featured chemically blended phosphates and found that some of them demonstrated superior functional properties. With this advantage, the use of chemically blended phosphate could reduce the usage level while achieving a similar or better performance.
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism is associated with left ventricular (LV) mass and predicts left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) progression in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients
Authors: Testa Alessandra , Mallamaci Francesca , Benedetto Francesco A , Pisano Anna , Tripepi Giovanni , Malatino Lorenzo , Thadhani Ravi , Zoccali Carmine 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a strong cardiovascular risk marker in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Vitamin D deficiency and/or disturbed vitamin D signaling has been implicated in LVH in experimental models. Because the BsmI vitamin D receptor VDR gene polymorphism may alter VDR function, we performed a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in a cohort of 182 dialysis patients to investigate (1) the relationship between BsmI VDR gene polymorphism and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) measured by echocardiography and (2) the predictive power of this polymorphism for progression in LVH over a 18 ± 2 months of follow-up. As a reference group, we used 175 healthy subjects matched to the study population as for age and sex. The distribution of BsmI genotypes did not significantly deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium either in patients or in the control group of healthy subjects. The frequency of the B allele of BsmI polymorphism (40.4%) in dialysis patients was similar to that of healthy control subjects (38.6%), and the number of B alleles was directly related to LVMI (r = 0.20, P = .007). This relationship remained robust (β = 0.19, P = .006) in multivariate analysis adjusting for traditional and nontraditional risk factors and antihypertensive and calcitriol treatment. In the longitudinal study, LVMI rose from 60.1 ± 17.9 to 64.2 ± 19.3 g/m2.7 (P &lt; .001), and again, the number of B alleles was associated with LVMI changes both in crude and in fully adjusted analyses. These cross-sectional and longitudinal observations coherently support the hypothesis that altered vitamin D signaling is implicated in LVH in ESRD patients. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
An update on damage to the pelvic floor in childbirth
Authors: Dolan Lucia 
Published: July 2009

Caesarean section may reduce the risk of postnatal pelvic floor dysfunction; long‐term benefits are less clear.
Non‐obstetric factors such as age, obesity and family history are independent factors that confer significant risk of pelvic floor dysfunction.
Further research, perhaps using pelvic floor imaging, may improve our understanding of the nature of the injuries.

Learning objectives:

To review the literature on obstetric risk factors for pelvic floor dysfunction.
To be able to counsel women on the place of caesarean section in protecting the pelvic floor.

Ethical issues:

Insufficient information is available for counselling on the impact of obstetric events on pelvic floor symptoms when women have completed their reproductive life.

Please cite this article as: Dolan L. An update on damage to the pelvic floor in childbirth. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:157–162.
Pore-Scale Simulation of WAG Floods in Mixed-Wet Micromodels
Authors: van Dijke M.I.J.. I.J. , Lorentzen M.. , Sohrabi M.. , Sorbie K.S.. S. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
In this paper, the simulation is described of Water-Alternating-Gas injection (WAG) flood cycles in 2D etched glass mixed-wet micromodels, using a 3D pore-scale network model for three-phase immiscible flow in porous media of arbitrary wettability. Although most network model input parameters can be explicitly derived from the experiments, the precise wettability parameters are not directly available. Therefore, a sensitivity study was conducted, using the network model in 2D mode, to obtain the wettability characteristics (i.e., the contact angle values and distribution) and the fraction of water-wet pores. Good qualitative and quantitative agreement was found between the experimental and simulated recoveries over the various WAG cycles, and the final residuals were well reproduced (as well as some observed "random recovery jumps"). The simulated displacement statistics showed many so-called multiple-displacement chains involving oil, up to approximately the third WAG cycle. The experimental and simulated fluid distributions were generally in good agreement in that: (a) different gas fingers were observed during various gasfloods, (b) oil movement was observed mainly during the first WAG cycles, and (c) during waterfloods, significant amounts of gas were displaced. Additionally, previously described simulations of water-wet and oil-wet experiments are compared with the present mixed-wet simulations. There are close similarities between the mixed-wet and oil-wet cases, which both maintain some continuity of oil through wetting films, but these cases are quite different from the water-wet case, which has continuity of water through wetting films in all pores. This paper further validates the pore-scale mechanisms incorporated in a network model capable of predicting three-phase relative permeabilities and capillary pressures for complicated processes, such as WAG.
Role of Booster Dose on Antibody Titer after Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccination
Authors: Ahad Md Abdul , Alim Md Abdul , Guho Abhijit , Islam Quazi Tarikul , Azad Khan Abul Kalam 
Published: July 2009

Hepatitis B virus infection is an important public health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccination for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection is in practice in different parts of the world since its availability in 1986. Government of Bangladesh has also included hepatitis B vaccine in EPI schedule since 2005. This study was carried out to assess the seroconversion status among hepatitis B vaccinated individuals. A total of 190 individuals including 150 vaccinated persons and 40 non-vaccinated apparently healthy individuals were included as study population. Sources of vaccinated persons were from both EPI and non-EPI schedule of vaccination. Age and sex matched non-vaccinated individuals served as controls for the study. All individuals constituting the study population were screened for HBsAg by Immunochromatographic strip test and only HBsAg-negative persons were included for estimation of their anti-HBs titer. Out of 150 vaccinated individuals, 133(88.67%) were found to have anti-HBs titer in the protective level (e"10 IU/L), while 17(11.33%) individuals had anti-HBs titer below the protective level (<10 IU/L). All non-vaccinated controls had anti- HBs titers below the protective level. Immune response developed among vaccinated individuals, 67.78%, 23.33% and 8.89% were good-responders, hypo-responders and non-responders respectively. Mean titer of anti-HBs was found significantly higher among recipients who received booster dose than those who received 3 doses schedule (863.39 IU/L vs. 262.40 IU/L), indicating high antibody titer develops after booster dose. Vaccinated group included 85 (56.67%) men and 65 (43.33%) women with protective level of anti-HBs titer found in 85.88% male and 92.31% female individuals. doi: 10.3329/jom.v10i2.2817 J MEDICINE 2009; 10 : 67-76
A 25 Years Old Male with Primary Duodenal Lymphoma
Authors: Kabir Ahmedul , Chowdhury Faizul Islam , Banik Jayanta , Mitu Umme Kulsum 
Published: July 2009

Primary duodenal lymphoma is very atypical, although the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the most prominent site of extra nodal lymphoma. Here we present a case of 25 years old male, presented with upper abdominal pain and vomiting and eventually diagnosed as a case of duodenal non Hodgkin's lymphoma. The particular interest in this report is the fact that, it is important to have a high index of suspicion to diagnose primary intestinal lymphoma as it has high mortality which requires early diagnosis and treatment. doi: 10.3329/jom.v10i2.2829 J MEDICINE 2009; 10 : 124-127
Renal Tuberculosis in a Middle Aged Woman Presenting with Asymptomatic Microscopic Haematuria and Erythema Nodosum
Authors: Chowdhury Abdul Wadud , Alam Muhammad Rafiqul , Saha Amitav , Jamil Mohammad Mahbub 
Published: July 2009

Erythema nodosum is a common association of tuberculosis (TB), especially in this part of the world. Urogenital TB, although less common than other form of tuberculosis, may be associated with erythema nodosum along with other urinary complaints. Here we present a case of an old lady who presented with erythema nodosum with painless haematuria (microscopic) which was later found to be of tuberculous aetiology. Urine analysis yielded no acid-fast bacilli but culture on special media showed growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Though erythema nodosum is usually associated with primary TB, our case revealed it can be found in cases where pulmonary focus is not the primary origin. The patient responded well to anti-tubercular drugs and is doing well on follow-up. Keywords: Erythema nodosum, Renal Tuberculosis, Urogenital Tuberculosis. doi: 10.3329/jom.v10i2.2831 J MEDICINE 2009; 10 : 132-134
Skulking around the dinosaur: Eliciting cues to children's deception via strategic disclosure of evidence
Authors: Clemens Franziska , Granhag Pär Anders , Strömwall Leif A. , Vrij Aldert , Landström Sara , Hjelmsäter Emma Roos af , Hartwig Maria 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResearch has shown that cues to deception are more salient as an effect of strategic use of evidence (SUE) during interviews. This study examined the feasibility of the SUE‐technique for eliciting cues to children's deception. Experiment 1 investigated verbal cues to deception as a function of early vs. late disclosure of evidence. Eighty‐four children (12–14 years) either guilty or innocent of a mock crime were interviewed. As predicted, deceptive statements were significantly more inconsistent with the evidence than truthful statements, and this was more pronounced as a function of late compared to early disclosure of evidence. In Experiment 2, adult observers (N = 168) made veracity assessments of the videotaped statements. Observers in the late disclosure condition achieved an accuracy rate higher than chance (63.1%), whereas accuracy rates in the early disclosure condition were at chance level (56%). Accuracy rates were significantly higher for truthful (70.2%), than deceptive statements (48.8%). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanogap Electrodes
Authors: Li Tao , Hu Wenping , Zhu Daoben 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNanogap electrodes (namely, a pair of electrodes with a nanometer gap) are fundamental building blocks for the fabrication of nanometer‐sized devices and circuits. They are also important tools for the examination of material properties at the nanometer scale, even at the molecular scale. In this review, the techniques for the fabrication of nanogap electrodes, the preparation of assembled devices based on the nanogap electrodes, and the potential application of these nanodevices for analysis of material properties are introduced. The history, the research status, and the prospects of nanogap electrodes are also discussed.
Oxygen selective ceramic hollow fiber membranes for partial oxidation of methane
Authors: Wang Haihui , Feldhoff Armin , Caro Jürgen , Schiestel Thomas , Werth Steffen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA BaCoxFeyZrzO3−δ (BCFZ) perovskite hollow fiber membrane was used to construct reactors for the partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas. The performance of the BCFZ fibers in the POM was studied (i) without any catalyst, (ii) with catalyst‐coated fibers, and (iii) with catalyst packed around the fibers. In addition to the performance in the POM, the stability of the BCFZ hollow fiber membranes was investigated for the different catalyst arrangements. Best stability of the BCFZ hollow fiber membrane reactor in the POM could be obtained if the reforming catalyst is placed behind the oxygen permeation zone. It was found that a direct contact of the catalyst and the fiber must be avoided which could be achieved by coating the fiber with a gold film. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of some novel silicon esters and their application as lubricant base stock solution
Authors: Saxena Kanak , Bisaria C. S. , Saxena A. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA series of functional organosilanes and their esters were synthesized by the hydrosilylation reaction of SiH group‐bearing organosilicon derivatives with maleic anhydride using Speier's catalyst and their esterification with long‐chain alcohols in the presence of stannous oxide. These products have been characterized using elemental analysis, FT‐IR, 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR. Viscosity, density, pour point, flash point and tribological properties of these compounds have also been evaluated. These esters have a pour point of <−60 °C, a flash point of ∼200 °C (closed‐cup) and excellent load carrying capacity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of ultrasound in coating nano‐precipitated CaCO3 with stearic acid
Authors: Kow K. W. , Abdullah E. C. , Aziz A. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNano‐Precipitated CaCO3 (NPCC) are coated with stearic acid to improve its dispersion in polymer as well as to reduce agglomeration. In this work, coating was done by wet method using ethanol. Ultrasonication was applied to NPCC to de‐agglomerate micron size NPCC into smaller size. Effects of amplitude, temperature and energy input of ultrasonication was investigated. The amplitude was varied from 60% to 100% whereas temperature was varied from 5°C to 45°C. The energy input was stressed up from 3.6 kJ to 180 kJ. Mean diameter of NPCC were observed by using Particle Size Analyzer and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). It was found that mean diameter of NPCC do not vary significantly with temperature. Mean diameter of NPCC, however, decreases exponentially with the energy input. Comparisons were done on NPCC coated with others methods such as dry ball milling and aqueous coating. TEM images show that coating NPCC with ultrasonication is more uniform than other methods. In addition, first derivative mass loss with temperature (DTG) reveals that NPCC coated with ultrasonication do not contain excessive free acid as exhibited by those coated in aqueous and dry ball milling. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die erweiterte klassische Erddrucktheorie, auch unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Erdschichten
Authors: Lohmiller Hermann 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn [1] wurde eine Methode für die gleichzeitige Berücksichtigung von innerem Reibungswinkel und Kohäsion bei der Ermittlung des aktiven Erddrucks gezeigt. Diese um die Kohäsion erweiterte klassische Erddrucktheorie (EKET) umfasst auch eine unebene Geländeoberfläche mit Linienlasten sowie unstetige Oberflächen‐ und tieferliegenden Fundamentlasten. In der hier vorgestellten Arbeit wird die Berechnung aus [1] auf mehrschichtiges Erdreich ausgedehnt. Außerdem werden in Abhängigkeit von der Tiefe z neben Eah(z) auch deren Verteilung, das heißt, die spezifischen aktiven Erddrücke eah(z) selbst für den allgemeinsten Fall berechnet und dargestellt, ebenfalls die zugehörigen Gleitlinien. Wegen der langwierigen Berechnung nach den komplexen Formeln wurde dazu vom Autor ein Programm mit dem Namen “Erddruck‐1” entwickelt. Damit werden die ausgewählten Beispiele in diesem Beitrag berechnet und zeichnerisch dargestellt.The extended classic theory of earth pressure, taking into consideration different earth layers.The paper [1] has included a description of a method of simultaneously taking into consideration the inner friction angle and cohesion, when active earth pressure is determined. The classic earth pressure theory, which has been extended to include cohesion (EKET), also takes into consideration an uneven ground surface, including line loads, and unsteady surface and deeper foundation loads. The article in hand extends the above publication to take account of multilayered soil. Furthermore, depending on the depth z, besides Eah(z) the specific active earth pressures eah(z) are calculated and distributed even for the most general case, including slide lines pertaining to them. A program has been worked out by the author named “Erddruck‐1” for this purpose because of lengthy calculations based on complex formulas, which is designed to calculate selected examples and print out drawings pertaining to them.