bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐dimensional solute transport for periodic flow in isotropic porous media: an analytical solution
Authors: Yadav R. R. , Jaiswal Dilip Kumar , Gulrana  
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this article, a mathematical model is presented for the dispersion problem in finite porous media in which the flow is two‐dimensional, the seepage flow velocity is periodic, and dispersion parameter is proportional to the flow velocity. In addition to these, first‐order decay and zero‐order production parameters have also been considered directly proportional to the velocity. Retardation factor is taken into account in the present problem. First‐type boundary condition of periodic nature is considered at the extreme end of the boundary. Mixed‐type boundary condition is assumed at the origin of the domain. A classical mathematical substitution transforms the original advection–dispersion equation into diffusion equation in terms of other dependent and independent variables, with constant coefficients. Laplace transform technique is used to obtain the analytical solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Configuration of hydrological processes in a steep hillslope through causality analysis of soil moisture measurements
Authors: Kim Sanghyun 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe vertical and lateral profiles of temporal variations in soil moisture are important for understanding the hydrological process along hillside transects. In this study, relationships among measured soil moistures were explored to configure the hydrological contributions of different flowpaths. All the measured soil moistures included a common stochastic structure because rainfall, the hydrometeological driver, is the main factor that determines the soil moisture response feature, and the infiltration process through the topsoil at a shallow depth is also common in all measured soil moisture histories. Therefore, the relationships between the measured series are also affected by both rainfall and topsoil infiltration. The common stochastic structure of the soil moisture series was removed via a prewhitening procedure. A systematic analysis procedure is presented to delineate the exclusive causal relationships among multiple soil moisture measurements. A monitoring system based on multiplexed time domain reflectometry was used to obtain soil moisture time series along two transects on a steep hillslope during the rainy season. The application of the proposed method for monitoring points in two adjacent locations provided 8, 12, 14, and 13, 16, 22 causal relationships for vertical, lateral in parallel, and diagonal directions, respectively, along the two transects. The point‐based contributions of the internal flowpath can be evaluated as the correlation is normalized in the context of inflow and outflow. The hydrological processes in the soil layer, vertical flow, lateral flow, downslope recharge, and return flow were quantified, and the relative importance of each hydrological component was determined to improve our understanding of the hydrological processes along the two transects of the study area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulmonary diffusing capacity in healthy caucasian children
Authors: Kim Young‐Jee , Hall Graham L. , Christoph Kathy , Tabbey Rebeka , Yu Zhangsheng , Tepper Robert S. , Eigen Howard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPrevious studies of pulmonary diffusing capacity in children differed greatly in methodologies; numbers of subjects evaluated, and were performed prior to the latest ATS/ERS guidelines. The purpose of our study was to establish reference ranges for the diffusing capacity to carbon monoxide (DLCO) and alveolar volume (VA) in healthy Caucasian children using current international guidelines and contemporary equipment.Healthy children from the United States (N = 303) and from Australia (N = 176) performed acceptable measurements of single breath pulmonary diffusing capacity and alveolar volume according to current ATS/ERS guidelines. The natural log of DLCO and VA were associated with height, age and an age–sex interaction term, while DLCO/VA was related to height and the age–sex interaction term only. Adjustment of DLCO for hemoglobin (n = 303; USA data only) resulted is a small but significant decrease in DLCO of ∼1% but did not significantly alter the regression equations. In this dataset there was no influence of center for DLCO or DLCO/VA, while Australian children had a statistically smaller VA (mean difference 0.14 L after accounting for height, age and age–sex; P = 0.012).We report that diffusing capacity outcomes can be collated from multiple centers using similar equipment and collection protocols. Using collated data we have derived regression equations for pulmonary diffusing capacity outcomes in healthy Caucasian children aged 5–19 years. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:469–475. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A POS system based on the remote client‐server model in the small business environment
Authors: Kim Young‐Gyun , Lim Jaejoo 
Published: November 2011

PurposeIn traditional point‐of‐sale (POS) systems, an in‐house database server processes all sales transactions it receives from local client computers. Such systems incur high costs because of operational requirements, such as professional maintenance, the sophisticated server hardware required, and scalability requirements. For small retailers that want to use POS systems but have relatively limited financial resources, these expensive operational requirements are big obstacles. Considering these issues, the purpose of this paper is to suggest a POS system that is adequate for small businesses.Design/methodology/approachUsing a simulation method, the authors tested and compared the operational performance of POS systems in two different environments, i.e. the remote server‐client environment and the local server‐client environment.FindingsOne possible solution is for a group of small retailers to use a shared, remote database server, but such servers often have reliability and performance issues. To resolve these issues, the authors suggest a POS system that utilizes local data tables embedded in each client's computer. This system consists of a remote database server and a group of client POS computers with off‐line data‐handling capabilities. The results indicated that it is possible for small businesses to obtain significant benefits from an affordable POS system based on a remote client‐server model that utilizes a local data cache.Practical implicationsThe results of this study indicated that small businesses may obtain significant benefit from the affordable POS systems based on a remote client‐server model that utilizes a local data cache.Originality/valueThe literature lacks studies on small businesses' accessibility to POS systems. The study fills this literature gap and shows a technological solution to provide affordable POS systems to small businesses, which have not been paid much attention by POS vendors.
The need for education on phishing: a survey comparison of the UK and Qatar
Authors: Al‐Hamar Mariam , Dawson Ray , Al‐Hamar Jassim 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThis paper seeks to focus on identifying the need for education to enhance awareness of the e‐mail phishing threat as the most effective way to reduce the risk of e‐mail phishing in one of the fastest growing economies in the world, the State of Qatar.Design/methodology/approachA survey comprising a questionnaire and interviews was used to investigate the awareness of phishing among Qatari citizens, their susceptibility to phishing and their views on the best method of defence against this attack, and this was compared to other developed nations, the UK in particular.FindingsThe paper concludes that phishing is becoming common and very successful because of people's susceptibility to such attack, largely due to insufficient awareness of the threat. Comparing Qatar with the UK, there were significant differences between responses in each country in most questionnaire variables, especially those identifying the vulnerability to phishing which was found to be very high in Qatar.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper shows that there is a particular need for education on phishing in this fast developing country.Practical implicationsThere is a growing threat in the use of phishing by hackers and some businesses to obtain information on individual users on the internet through e‐mail or the web. In some cases this has led to identity thefts and related illogical operations online both within and across countries. This paper has compared level of awareness of phishing in two countries and has the potential to shed light on attitudes and present status of e‐mail phishing with a view to developing ways of dealing with it and improving cyber security and international operations.Originality/valueThe paper adopts an innovative approach to study e‐mail phishing and compares results from two diverse countries. New ideas are advanced from the findings which are useful for understanding some operations in cyber space.
The Socratic dialogue in asynchronous online discussions: is constructivism redundant?
Authors: Kingsley Paul 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to examine Socratic dialogue in asynchronous online discussions in relation to constructivism. The links between theory and practice in teaching are to be discussed whilst tracing the origins of Socratic dialogue and recent trends and use of seminar in research based institutions.Design/methodology/approachMany online degree courses employ asynchronous discussions where the teacher, acting as a moderator, is seen as the guide on the side rather than the sage on the stage. Such an approach, employing collaborative learning, is often described as constructivist. Practitioners may see the term constructivist as simply a convenient label to describe a range of effective teaching practices. Even when it is said that knowledge is constructed, this may be viewed as little more than a metaphor. There are however, behind these labels, epistemological theories such as radical constructivism and social constructivism which pose serious challenges to traditional views that perception is guided by contact with an independent reality and that science involves a search for objective truth. Many significant philosophical objections can be raised against these theories. The links between the theory and teaching practices of proven value are tenuous. There is an alternative explanation of the origins of teaching practices associated with asynchronous discussions.FindingsAsynchronous discussion makes it possible for all students to make an initial written contribution based on both research and industry experience, as well as an extensive participation in a written debate. The relative ease of assessing contributions to a written debate helps overcome the problem of the seminar where only one person may get credit for his or her contribution. Contributions can to a great extent be made when it is convenient for both moderator and students.Research limitations/implicationsThe present study has considered the case of one institution; it will be useful to examine it for many.Practical implicationsAsynchronous online discussion is one of the highest forms of Socratic dialogue.Originality/valueThis is a different approach to the traditional belief and new ideas for consideration are presented. The Socratic dialogue has been developed as both an oral and written tradition from the works of authors like Plato, through to the development of the medieval university with its disputations and oral examinations, the introduction of seminars in research based universities inspired by Humboldt, the development of scholarly journals, and on to the asynchronous online discussions in the era of the Web.
Moving to the patron's beat
Authors: Majors Rice , Mantz Stephen L. 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThis article aims to examine how next‐generation library catalogs and discovery platforms have the potential to transform the challenges inherent in finding music materials in library collections.Design/methodology/approachThe article discusses the characteristics of discovery platforms, the challenges of searching for music materials, and how discovery tools help users meet those challenges in new ways.FindingsDiscovery tools are particularly well suited to searching for music materials. They empower the user by providing effective tools such as facets and tags to manipulate the large, varied search results users encounter when searching for music materials.Originality/valueThe article views the features of discovery tools through the eyes of the end user searching for music materials.
Leadership in universities
Authors: Scott Peter 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider whether recent changes in higher education – notably a tripling of student fees and the withdrawal of most direct public funding for teaching – pose fundamental challenges for the pattern of governance, leadership and management in colleges in universities. It considers the impact not only of these visible, politically‐driven changes but also of less visible and longer‐terms shifts in curriculum, teaching delivery, learning cultures and research organisation.Design/methodology/approachHigher education has changed more than most other publicly funded services. Within the space of two generations it has moved from being a collection of institutions catering for an academically (and socially) selected elite, to become a mass system enrolling almost half of young adults – and an increasing proportion of adult students. Yet its governance and management have been marked by continuity. This paper considers the challenges that this greatly extended role for higher education poses for leadership – but in the context of stable arrangements for governance and management. Higher education leadership is also compared, and contrasted with, leadership in other parts of the public sector.FindingsAlthough higher education has been influenced by the New Public Management, it has changed less than other publicly funded services. Although Vice‐chancellors have taken on many of the trappings of executive leaders, most continue to be drawn from traditional academic backgrounds. Few professional managers have broken through into top leadership roles. Governance arrangements, in particular, have changed little – posing issues of strategic oversight and management accountability. Nevertheless, universities have demonstrated remarkable resilience and adaptability, experiencing few of the crises (financial and otherwise) common in other parts of the public sector. This apparent paradox may indicate how effective university leadership may be in the context of managing more open and distributed “knowledge” organisations.Originality/valueConventional wisdom, within central government and elsewhere, suggests that higher education may be experiencing a “deficit” in relation to modern leadership cultures. This paper challenges that assumption, suggesting that other parts of the public sector, especially, those employing a large number of expert and autonomous professionals, could learn from the experience of universities.
Cutaneous myoepithelioma arising within hidradenoma of the scalp
Authors: Jakate Kiran , Wong Kevin , Sirbovan Jane , Hanna Wedad 
Published: November 2011

A 62‐year‐old man presented with a 2‐year history of a 2‐cm cystic mass involving his occiput. There had been recent enlargement, and the clinical impression was that of a pilar cyst. Histopathological sections showed a partially dermal solid and cystic proliferation. The tumor contained areas of glandular differentiation with cuboidal to columnar cells lining luminal and cystic spaces. A concurrent spindle cell proliferation was seen interspersed between glands and also formed broad, cellular sheets of cells. The stroma was sclerotic and without chondroid or myxoid elements. Immunohistochemistry showed that the spindled cells expressed S100 protein, cytokeratin and smooth muscle myosin. The immunohistochemical profile and the relationship with ductal elements supported myoepithelial differentiation. The proliferation warranted the diagnosis of myoepithelioma arising from a hidradenoma, which to our knowledge has not been previously described. In addition to discussing this case, we provide a brief review of epithelial–myoepithelial neoplasms encountered in the skin.Jakate K, Wong K, Sirbovan J, Hanna W. Cutaneous myoepithelioma arising within hidradenoma of the scalp.
Pubertal androgenization and gonadal histology in two 46,XY adolescents with NR5A1 mutations and predominantly female phenotype at birth
Authors: Cools M , Hoebeke P , Wolffenbuttel K P , Stoop H , Hersmus R , Barbaro M , Wedell A , Brüggenwirth H , Looijenga L H J , Drop S L S 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveMost patients with NR5A1 (SF-1) mutations and poor virilization at birth are sex-assigned female and receive early gonadectomy. Although studies in pituitary-specific Sf-1 knockout mice suggest hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, little is known about endocrine function at puberty and on germ cell tumor risk in patients with SF-1 mutations. This study reports on the natural course during puberty and on gonadal histology in two adolescents with SF-1 mutations and predominantly female phenotype at birth.Design and methodsClinical and hormonal data and histopathological studies are reported in one male and one female adolescent with, respectively, a nonsense mutation (c.9T>A, p.Tyr3X) and a deletion of the first two coding exons (NCBI36/hg18 Chr9:g.(126306276-126307705)_(126303229-126302828)del) of NR5A1, both predicted to fully disrupt gene function.ResultsLH and testosterone concentrations were in the normal male range, virilization was disproportionate to the neonatal phenotype. In the girl, gonadectomy at 13 years revealed incomplete spermatogenesis and bilateral precursor lesions of testicular carcinoma in situ. In the boy, at the age of 12, numerous germ cells without signs of malignancy were present in bilateral testicular biopsy specimen.ConclusionsIn SF-1 mutations, the neonatal phenotype poorly predicts virilization at puberty. Even in poorly virilized cases at birth, male gender assignment may allow spontaneous puberty without signs of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and possibly fertility. Patients with SF-1 mutations are at increased risk for malignant germ cell tumors. In case of preserved gonads, early orchidopexy and germ cell tumor screening is warranted. The finding of premalignant and/or malignant changes should prompt gonadectomy or possibly irradiation.
Activation of NLRC4 by Flagellated Bacteria Triggers Caspase-1–Dependent and –Independent Responses To Restrict Legionella pneumophila Replication in Macrophages and In Vivo
Authors: Pereira Marcelo S. F. , Morgantetti Giuliano F. , Massis Liliana M. , Horta Catarina V. , Hori Juliana I. , Zamboni Dario S. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Although NLRC4/IPAF activation by flagellin has been extensively investigated, the downstream signaling pathways and the mechanisms responsible for infection clearance remain unclear. In this study, we used mice deficient for the inflammasome components in addition to wild-type (WT) Legionella pneumophila or bacteria deficient for flagellin (flaA) or motility (fliI) to assess the pathways responsible for NLRC4-dependent growth restriction in vivo and ex vivo. By comparing infections with WT L. pneumophila, fliI, and flaA, we found that flagellin and motility are important for the colonization of the protozoan host Acanthamoeba castellanii. However, in macrophages and mammalian lungs, flagellin expression abrogated bacterial replication. The flagellin-mediated growth restriction was dependent on NLRC4, and although it was recently demonstrated that NLRC4 is able to recognize bacteria independent of flagellin, we found that the NLRC4-dependent restriction of L. pneumophila multiplication was fully dependent on flagellin. By examining infected caspase-1−/− mice and macrophages with flaA, fliI, and WT L. pneumophila, we could detect greater replication of flaA, which suggests that caspase-1 only partially accounted for flagellin-dependent growth restriction. Conversely, WT L. pneumophila multiplied better in macrophages and mice deficient for NLRC4 compared with that in macrophages and mice deficient for caspase-1, supporting the existence of a novel caspase-1–independent response downstream of NLRC4. This response operated early after macrophage infection and accounted for the restriction of bacterial replication within bacteria-containing vacuoles. Collectively, our data indicate that flagellin is required for NLRC4-dependent responses to L. pneumophila and that NLRC4 triggers caspase-1–dependent and –independent responses for bacterial growth restriction in macrophages and in vivo.
The Fractalkine Receptor but Not CCR2 Is Present on Microglia from Embryonic Development throughout Adulthood
Authors: Mizutani Makiko , Pino Paula A. , Saederup Noah , Charo Israel F. , Ransohoff Richard M. , Cardona Astrid E. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Microglial cells are difficult to track during development because of the lack of specific reagents for myeloid subpopulations. To further understand how myeloid lineages differentiate during development to create microglial cells, we investigated CX3CR1 and CCR2 transcription unit activation in Cx3cr1+/GFPCCR2+/RFP knockin fluorescent protein reporter mice. The principal findings include: 1) CX3CR1+ cells localized to the aorta–gonad–mesonephros region, and visualized at embryonic day (E)9.0 in the yolk sac and neuroectoderm; 2) at E10.5, CX3CR1 single-positive microglial cells were visualized penetrating the neuroepithelium; and 3) CX3CR1 and CCR2 distinguished infiltrating macrophages from resident surveillant or activated microglia within tissue sections and by flow cytometric analyses. Our results support the contribution of the yolk sac as a source of microglial precursors. We provide a novel model to monitor chemokine receptor expression changes in microglia and myeloid cells early (E8.0–E10.5) in development and during inflammatory conditions, which have been challenging to visualize in mammalian tissues.
MIP-T3 Is a Negative Regulator of Innate Type I IFN Response
Authors: Ng Ming-Him James , Ho Ting-Hin , Kok Kin-Hang , Siu Kam-Leung , Li Jun , Jin Dong-Yan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) 3 is an important adaptor that transmits upstream activation signals to protein kinases that phosphorylate transcription factors to induce the production of type I IFNs, the important effectors in innate antiviral immune response. MIP-T3 interacts specifically with TRAF3, but its function in innate IFN response remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated a negative regulatory role of MIP-T3 in type I IFN production. Overexpression of MIP-T3 inhibited RIG-I-, MDA5-, VISA-, TBK1-, and IKKε-induced transcriptional activity mediated by IFN-stimulated response elements and IFN-β promoter. MIP-T3 interacted with TRAF3 and perturbed in a dose-dependent manner the formation of functional complexes of TRAF3 with VISA, TBK1, IKKε, and IFN regulatory factor 3. Consistent with this finding, retinoic acid-inducible gene I- and TBK1-induced phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor 3 was significantly diminished when MIP-T3 was overexpressed. Depletion of MIP-T3 facilitated Sendai virus-induced activation of IFN production and attenuated the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus. In addition, MIP-T3 was found to be dissociated from TRAF3 during the course of Sendai virus infection. Our findings suggest that MIP-T3 functions as a negative regulator of innate IFN response by preventing TRAF3 from forming protein complexes with critical downstream transducers and effectors.