bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and surface property of core‐shell particles containing fluorinated polymer in shell
Authors: Qin Zonggen , Tu Weiping 
Published: December 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to modify the surface property of polyacrylate latex films using only small amounts of fluorinated acrylate and to optimise the results of such a modification.Design/methodology/approachThe core‐shell particles with polyacrylate rich in core and containing fluorinated polymer rich in shell are prepared by a two‐stage semi‐continuous emulsion polymerisation under kinetically controlled conditions. The surface properties of the latex films produced from the core‐shell particles are investigated by optical goniometer measurement as well as contact angle method.FindingsThe latex films produced from the core‐shell particles exhibited surface energy of around 10 mN/m. The angle resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectrum measurements showed an increased average fluorine concentration in a surface layer thickness of a few nanometres, when compared to the fluorine concentration in the bulk.Research limitations/implicationsMethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate and N‐methylol acrylamide monomers are used as co‐monomer to form the shell with fluoroalkyl methacrylate. By preparing core‐shell emulsion with a fluoropolymer in the shell phase, the surface property of polyacrylate latex films is efficiently modified by using only small amounts of fluorinated acrylate monomer.Practical implicationsThe method developed provided a simple and practical solution to improving the surface property of polyacrylate latex films.Originality/valueThe method for enhancing surface property of polyacrylate latex films is novel and can find numerous applications in surface coating.
The smarter supply chain of the future
Authors: Butner Karen 
Published: December 2009

PurposeThe aims of this paper is to show how supply chains can become a lot smarter to deal effectively with risk and meet business objectives.Design/methodology/approachFor this Global Chief Supply Chain Officer Study, IBM group leaders interviewed 400 senior executives from North America, Western Europe, and the Asia Pacific region who are responsible for their organizations' supply‐chain strategies and operations.FindingsFindings in five key areas summarize the state of supply‐chain management today: cost containment; visibility, risk; customer intimacy; and globalization.Practical implicationsIBM sees a different kind of supply chain emerging – a smarter supply chain with three core characteristics: Instrumented – supply‐chain data previously created by people will increasingly be generated by sensors, RFID tags, meters, actuators, GPSs, and other devices and systems; Interconnected – smarter supply chains would take advantage of unprecedented levels of interaction that will facilitate collaboration on a massive scale; and Intelligent – to assist executives in evaluating trade‐offs, intelligent systems will assess myriad constraints and alternatives, allowing decision makers to simulate various courses of action.Originality/valueSmarter supply chains would have the analytic capability to evaluate myriad alternatives in terms of supply, manufacturing, and distribution – and the flexibility to reconfigure flows as conditions change. Executives could then plan for contingencies and execute them.
The sharing imperative
Authors: Chakravarthy Bala 
Published: December 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to explain how undue emphasis on unit accountability can foster parochial behaviors and silo thinking that drive out inter‐unit cooperation. It also aims to warn that growth strategies depend on cross business sharing.Design/methodology/approachThe author, Royal Dutch Shell Chair Professor of Sustainable Business Growth at IMD, details four steps senior executives can take to fight the growing insularity among a firm's businesses and promote better sharing among them.FindingsThe four steps are: reinforce the company's shared purpose and values; nurture boundary spanners; provide score cards that are balanced between horizontal contributions and vertical contributions; and support the informal organization by encouraging interactions, such as social events.Practical implicationsBy nurturing the informal organization, managers encourage a culture of sharing. Sharing between two business units is helped if at least one of them has a boundary spanner who can act as the bridge.Originality/valueParadoxically, the very features of a competence that make it distinctive and hard for competitors to procure or copy are also the ones that are more tacit and difficult to share internally as well.
Novel chemoembolization using calcium‐phosphate ceramic microsphere incorporating TNP‐470, an anti‐angiogenic agent
Authors: Emoto Makoto , Naganuma Yasuko , Choijamts Batsuren , Ohno Toshiki , Yoshihisa Hajime , Kanomata Nobuhiko , Kawarabayashi Tatsuhiko , Aizawa Mamoru 
Published: December 2009

The purpose of the present study was to develop a new method of chemoembolization to improve the therapeutic effectiveness and safety profile of cancer treatment. A chemoembolization approach was designed for human solid tumors using resorbable calcium‐phosphate ceramic microspheres loaded with an agent anti‐angiogenic to tumor vasculature in vivo. The human uterine sarcoma cell line FU‐MMT‐3 was used in this study because this tumor is aggressive and also exhibits a poor response to radiotherapy or any chemotherapy currently used. The calcium‐phosphate ceramic microspheres loaded with TNP‐470, an anti‐angiogenic agent, were injected into FU‐MMT‐3 xenografts in nude mice three times per week for 8 weeks. The treatment using TNP‐470‐loaded microspheres suppressed tumor growth, compared to treatment with TNP‐470 alone, microspheres alone, and the control. The mean tumor weight after treatment using TNP‐470‐loaded microspheres was significantly lower than that after treatment with microspheres alone. These ceramic microspheres were remarkably embolized in tumor microvessels as well as in the feeding arteries and a significant reduction of intratumoral vascularity was also demonstrated following treatment with TNP‐470‐loaded microspheres. Severe loss of body weight was not observed in any mice treated with the TNP‐470‐loaded microspheres, compared to treatment with TNP‐470 alone. These results suggest that targeting tumor vasculature in human uterine sarcoma using calcium‐phosphate microspheres might be more effective and safer than the treatment that employs anti‐angiogenic agent alone. This new chemoembolization method incorporating an anti‐angiogenic agent may contribute to the effective treatment of locally advanced or recurrent solid tumors.(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 984–990)
Transport and Distribution ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium in Loamy and Sandy Soil Monoliths with Applied Liquid Manure
Authors: Bech Tina B. , Johnsen Kaare , Dalsgaard Anders , Laegdsmand Mette , Jacobsen Ole Hørbye , Jacobsen Carsten S. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTA leaching experiment, where liquid manure spiked withSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium (Tet+) DSM554 was applied to soil surfaces, was conducted on intact soil monoliths (60 cm in diameter and 100 cm long). A total of 6.5 × 1010CFU was applied to each column. We found thatSalmonellaserovar Typhimurium could be transported to a 1-m depth in loamy soil at concentrations reaching 1.3 × 105CFU/ml of leachate. The test strain was found in concentrations ranging from 300 to 1.35cells/ml in loamy soil throughout the 27 days of the experiment, while concentrations below 20 cells/ml were sporadically detected in the leachates from sandy monoliths. Real-time PCR targetinginvADNA showed a clear correspondence between the total and culturable numbers of cells in the leachate, indicating that most cells leached were viable. On day 28, distribution ofSalmonellaserovar Typhimurium at five depths in the four monoliths was determined. The highest recovery rate, ranging from 1.5% to 3.8% of the total applied inoculum, was found in the top 0.2 m.
Direct-Imaging-Based Quantification of
Bacillus cereus
ATCC 14579 Population Heterogeneity at a Low Incubation Temperature
Authors: den Besten Heidy M. W. , Garcia Diego , Moezelaar Roy , Zwietering Marcel H. , Abee Tjakko 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Bacillus cereus
ATCC 14579 was cultured in microcolonies on Anopore strips near its minimum growth temperature to directly image and quantify its population heterogeneity at an abusive refrigeration temperature. Eleven percent of the microcolonies failed to grow during low-temperature incubation, and this cold-induced population heterogeneity could be partly attributed to the loss of membrane integrity of individual cells.
High Heterogeneity within Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
ST398 Isolates, Defined by Cfr9I Macrorestriction-Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Profiles and
spa
and SCC
mec
Types
Authors: Argudín M. A. , Fetsch A. , Tenhagen B.-A. , Hammerl J. A. , Hertwig S. , Kowall J. , Rodicio M. R. , Käsbohrer A. , Helmuth R. , Schroeter A. , Mendoza M. C. , Bräunig J. , Appel B. , Guerra B. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

During recent years, the animal-associated methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
clone ST398 has extensively been studied. The DNA of these isolates turned out to be refractory to SmaI restriction, and consequently, SmaI is unsuitable for subtyping this clone by standard pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Very recently, ST398 DNA was shown to be digested by Cfr9I, a neoschizomer of SmaI. In the present study, we employed Cfr9I PFGE on 100 German and 5 Dutch ST398 isolates and compared their PFGE profiles, protein A gene variable repeat regions (
spa
types), and types of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
). The isolates (from healthy carrier pigs, clinical samples from pigs, dust from farms, milk, and meat) were assigned to 35 profiles, which were correlated to the SCC
mec
type. A dendrogram with the Cfr9I patterns assigned all profiles to two clusters. Cluster A grouped nearly all isolates with SCC
mec
type V, and cluster B comprised all SCC
mec
type IVa and V* (a type V variant first identified as III) carriers plus one isolate with SCC
mec
type V. Both clusters also grouped methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
isolates. The association of the majority of isolates with SCC
mec
type V in one large cluster indicated the presence of a successful subclone within the clonal complex CC398 from pigs, which has diversified. In general, the combination of Cfr9I PFGE with
spa
and SCC
mec
typing demonstrated the heterogeneity of the series analyzed and can be further used for outbreak investigations and traceability studies of the MRSA ST398 emerging clone.
Composition of the Landfill Microbial Community as Determined by Application of Domain- and Group-Specific 16S and 18S rRNA-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes
Authors: McDonald James E. , Allison Heather E. , McCarthy Alan J. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT
The microbial community composition of colonized cotton and leachate samples from a landfill was quantified using small subunit (SSU) rRNA probes (quantitative rRNA hybridization). Relative quantification of bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea revealed variations in the landfill microbial community between samples from different areas of the landfill site and indicated the presence of potentially novel archaea. Anaerobic fungi were quantified in rumen fluid samples but were not sufficiently abundant for direct detection in the landfill samples.
Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis
sp. nov., an Anaerobic, Extremely Thermophilic, Cellulolytic Bacterium Isolated from Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Hamilton-Brehm Scott D. , Mosher Jennifer J. , Vishnivetskaya Tatiana , Podar Mircea , Carroll Sue , Allman Steve , Phelps Tommy J. , Keller Martin , Elkins James G. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

A novel, obligately anaerobic, extremely thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium, designated OB47
T
, was isolated from Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park, WY. The isolate was a nonmotile, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive rod approximately 2 μm long by 0.2 μm wide and grew at temperatures between 55 and 85°C, with the optimum at 78°C. The pH range for growth was 6.0 to 8.0, with values of near 7.0 being optimal. Growth on cellobiose produced the fastest specific growth rate at 0.75 h
−1
. The organism also displayed fermentative growth on glucose, maltose, arabinose, fructose, starch, lactose, mannose, sucrose, galactose, xylose, arabinogalactan, Avicel, xylan, filter paper, processed cardboard, pectin, dilute acid-pretreated switchgrass, and
Populus
. OB47
T
was unable to grow on mannitol, fucose, lignin, Gelrite, acetate, glycerol, ribose, sorbitol, carboxymethylcellulose, and casein. Yeast extract stimulated growth, and thiosulfate, sulfate, nitrate, and sulfur were not reduced. Fermentation end products were mainly acetate, H
2
, and CO
2
, although lactate and ethanol were produced in 5-liter batch fermentations. The G+C content of the DNA was 35 mol%, and sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene placed OB47
T
within the genus
Caldicellulosiruptor
. Based on its phylogenetic and phenotypic properties, the isolate is proposed to be designated
Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis
sp. nov. and OB47 is the type strain (ATCC BAA-2073).
Critical Evaluation of the Volumetric “Bottle Effect” on Microbial Batch Growth
Authors: Hammes Frederik , Vital Marius , Egli Thomas 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT
We have analyzed the impact of surface-to-volume ratio on final bacterial concentrations after batch growth. We examined six bottle sizes (20 to 1,000 ml) using three independent enumeration methods to quantify growth. We found no evidence of a so-called volumetric bottle effect, thus contradicting numerous previous reports.
Indirect Effects of Temperature on Stink Bug Fitness, via Maintenance of Gut-Associated Symbionts
Authors: Prado Simone S. , Hung Kim Y. , Daugherty Matthew P. , Almeida Rodrigo P. P. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Impacts of climate change on organisms are already apparent, with effects ranging from the individual to ecosystem scales. For organisms engaged in mutualisms, climate may affect population performance directly or indirectly through mediated effects on their mutualists. We tested this hypothesis for two stink bugs,
Acrosternum hilare
and
Murgantia histrionica
, and their gut-associated symbionts. We reared these species at two constant temperatures, 25 and 30°C, and monitored population demographic parameters and the presence of gut-associated symbionts with diagnostic PCR primer sets. Both stink bugs lost their respective gut symbionts within two generations at 30°C. In addition, the insect survivorship and reproductive rates of both
A. hilare
and
M. histrionica
at 30°C were lower than at 25°C. Other demographic parameters also indicated a decrease in overall insect fitness at the high temperature. Collectively our data showed that the decrease in host fitness was coupled with, and potentially mediated by, symbiont loss at 30°C. This work illustrates the need to better understand the biology of animal-symbiont associations and the consequences of local climate for the dynamics of these interactions.
Metabolic Impact of Increased NADH Availability in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hou Jin , Scalcinati Gionata , Oldiges Marco , Vemuri Goutham N. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Engineering the level of metabolic cofactors to manipulate metabolic flux is emerging as an attractive strategy for bioprocess applications. We present the metabolic consequences of increasing NADH in the cytosol and the mitochondria of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. In a strain that was disabled in formate metabolism, we either overexpressed the native NAD
+
-dependent formate dehydrogenase in the cytosol or directed it into the mitochondria by fusing it with the mitochondrial signal sequence encoded by the
CYB2
gene. Upon exposure to formate, the mutant strains readily consumed formate and induced fermentative metabolism even under conditions of glucose derepression. Cytosolic overexpression of formate dehydrogenase resulted in the production of glycerol, while when this enzyme was directed into the mitochondria, we observed glycerol and ethanol production. Clearly, these results point toward different patterns of compartmental regulation of redox homeostasis. When pulsed with formate,
S. cerevisiae
cells growing in a steady state on glucose immediately consumed formate. However, formate consumption ceased after 20 min. Our analysis revealed that metabolites at key branch points of metabolic pathways were affected the most by the genetic perturbations and that the intracellular concentrations of sugar phosphates were specifically affected by time. In conclusion, the results have implications for the design of metabolic networks in yeast for industrial applications.
Effect of Daily Temperature Fluctuation during the Cool Season on the Infectivity ofCryptosporidium parvum
Authors: Li Xunde , Atwill Edward R. , Dunbar Lissa A. , Tate Kenneth W. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThe present work calculated the rate of inactivation ofCryptosporidium parvumoocysts attributable to daily oscillations of low ambient temperatures. The relationship between air temperature and the internal temperature of bovine feces on commercial operations was measured, and three representative 24-h thermal regimens in the ∼15°C, ∼25°C, and ∼35°C ranges were chosen and emulated using a thermocycler.C. parvumoocysts suspended in deionized water were exposed to the temperature cycles, and their infectivity in mice was tested. Oral inoculation of 103treated oocysts per neonatal BALB/c mouse (∼14 times the 50% infective dose) resulted in time- and temperature-dependent reductions in the proportion of infected mice. Oocysts were completely noninfectious after 14 24-h cycles with the 30°C regimen and after 70 24-h cycles with the 20°C regimen. In contrast, oocysts remained infectious after 90 24-h cycles with the 10°C regimens. The estimated numbers of days needed for a 1-log10reduction inC. parvumoocyst infectivity were 4.9, 28.7, and 71.5 days for the 30, 20, and 10°C thermal regimens, respectively. The loss of infectivity of oocysts induced by these thermal regimens was due in part to partial or completein vitroexcystation.
Physical Characteristics of Spores of Food-Associated Isolates of the
Bacillus cereus
Group
Authors: Ankolekar Chandrakant , Labbé Ronald G. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

All 47 food-borne isolates of
Bacillus cereus sensu stricto
, as well as 10 of 12 food-borne, enterotoxigenic isolates of
Bacillus thuringiensis
, possessed appendages. Spores were moderately to highly hydrophobic, and each had a net negative charge. These characteristics indicate that spores of food-associated
B. thuringiensis
and not only
B. cereus sensu stricto
have high potential to adhere to inert surfaces.
Studying the Dynamics of Flagella in Multicellular Communities of
Escherichia coli
by Using Biarsenical Dyes
Authors: Copeland Matthew F. , Flickinger Shane T. , Tuson Hannah H. , Weibel Douglas B. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

This paper describes a new approach for labeling intact flagella using the biarsenical dyes FlAsH and ReAsH and imaging their spatial and temporal dynamics on live
Escherichia coli
cells in swarming communities of bacteria by using epifluorescence microscopy. Using this approach, we observed that (i) bundles of flagella on swarmer cells remain cohesive during frequent collisions with neighboring cells, (ii) flagella on nonmotile swarmer cells at the leading edge of the colony protrude in the direction of the uncolonized agar surface and are actively rotated in a thin layer of fluid that extends outward from the colony, and (iii) flagella form transient interactions with the flagella of other swarmer cells that are in close proximity. This approach opens a window for observing the dynamics of cells in communities that are relevant to ecology, industry, and biomedicine.
Comparison of PCR Binary Typing (P-BIT), a New Approach to Epidemiological Subtyping of
Campylobacter jejuni
, with Serotyping, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, and Multilocus Sequence Typing Methods
Authors: Cornelius Angela J. , Gilpin Brent , Carter Philip , Nicol Carolyn , On Stephen L. W. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

To overcome some of the deficiencies with current molecular typing schema for
Campylobacter
spp., we developed a prototype PCR binary typing (P-BIT) approach. We investigated the distribution of 68 gene targets in 58
Campylobacter jejuni
strains, one
Campylobacter lari
strain, and two
Campylobacter coli
strains for this purpose. Gene targets were selected on the basis of distribution in multiple genomes or plasmids, and known or putative status as an epidemicity factor. Strains were examined with Penner serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE; using SmaI and KpnI enzymes), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approaches for comparison. P-BIT provided 100% typeability for strains and gave a diversity index of 98.5%, compared with 97.0% for SmaI PFGE, 99.4% for KpnI PFGE, 96.1% for MLST, and 92.8% for serotyping. Numerical analysis of the P-BIT data clearly distinguished strains of the three
Campylobacter
species examined and correlated somewhat with MLST clonal complex assignations and with previous classifications of “high” and “low” risk. We identified 18 gene targets that conferred the same level of discrimination as the 68 initially examined. We conclude that P-BIT is a useful approach for subtyping, offering advantages of speed, cost, and potential for strain risk ranking unavailable from current molecular typing schema for
Campylobacter
spp.
Transfer of a Phage T4 Gene into
Enterobacteriaceae
, Determined at the Single-Cell Level
Authors: Kenzaka Takehiko , Nasu Masao , Tani Katsuji 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

The transfer range of phage genes was investigated at the single-cell level by using an
in situ
DNA amplification technique. After absorption of phages, a phage T4 gene was maintained in the genomes of non-plaque-forming bacteria at frequencies of 10
−2
gene copies per cell. The gene transfer decreased the mutation frequencies in nonhost recipients.
Inhibitory Effects of Low-Energy Pulsed Ultrasonic Stimulation on Cell Surface Protein Antigen C through Heat Shock Proteins GroEL and DnaK inStreptococcus mutans
Authors: Ishibashi Kazuya , Shimada Koichi , Kawato Takayuki , Kaji Shigejyu , Maeno Masao , Sato Shuichi , Ito Koichi 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThis study concerns the use of low-energy pulsed ultrasound as nondestructive photodynamic antimicrobial therapy for controlling dental plaque. We examined the antibacterial and bactericidal effects of low-energy pulsed ultrasound on mutans streptococci and its inhibitory effects on bacterial cell adhesion ofStreptococcus mutans. The results indicated weak antibacterial and bactericidal effects. However, ultrasonic stimulation for less than 20 min markedly decreased bacterial cell adhesion. To analyze the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect, we examined cell surface protein antigen C (PAc) and glucosyltransferase I (GTF-I) expression inS. mutans. The levels of PAc gene and protein expression were markedly decreased by ultrasonic stimulation for 20 min. However, no change in GTF-I expression was observed. The expression of stress response heat shock proteins GroEL and DnaK was also examined. GroEL and DnaK levels were significantly decreased by ultrasonic stimulation, and the expression of the PAc protein was also diminished upon the addition of GroEL or DnaK inhibitors without ultrasonic stimulation. These observations suggest that the expression of the PAc protein inS. mutansmay be dependent on heat shock proteins. Thus, low-energy pulsed ultrasound decreases bacterial adhesion by the inhibitory effect on the PAc protein and heat shock protein expression and may be useful as photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy in controlling dental plaque.