bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Density prediction of multicomponent aqueous solutions from binary data
Authors: Teng Tjoon‐Tow , Lenzi Fabio 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn isopycnotic (equal density) relation has been developed for non‐interacting solutes in multicomponent aqueous solutions. The relation can be used to estimate ternary densities from binary data. Predicted and observed values for 26 systems at 25°C are compared, usoing Young's rule, the isopycnotic, and other methods. Young's rule and the isopycnotic methods give relatively better predictions (<0.2% error) even when applied to concentrated solutions.
Erco award 1975: Basic research in particle technology and some novel applications
Authors: Capes C. E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractParticle technology is concerned with the problems of dealing with matter in a finely‐divided state. Its importance cannot be over emphasized today in view of its relevance, for example, to waste treatment, environmental problems and the efficient recovery and beneficiation of ores and fossil fuels.This paper discusses the author's involvement in particle technology research relating to fluid‐particle systems and size enlargement processes. The innovative solution of practical problems through development of a background of knowledge from continuing basic studies is emphasized. Specific examples are cited in the areas of separation by particulate gas fluidization, dence phase conveying, upgrading of waste particulate material, balling circuit design and operation, and the beneficiation of coal fines with tailings recovery.
Developments in hydrotransport
Authors: Shook C. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDevelopments in the movement of solids by liquids in pipelines are summarized with particular emphasis upon more recent work. In the case of Capsule transport there have been notable advances in understanding of the flow process and in data correlation. Thus it is now possible to predict energy consumptions, in some circumstances at least. For slurry transport the basic problem of predicting minimum operating velocities and energy consumptions still requires recourse to experiment or practical experience. Some theoretical progress has been made and there have been many interesting studies of other problems associated with operating slurry pipelines.
Liquid solidification in combined hydrodynamic and thermal entrance region of a circular tube
Authors: Hwang G. J. , Sheu Ja‐Pung 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe paper presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of liquid solidification in the combined hydrodynamic and thermal entrance region of a circular tube with a uniform wall temperature. The theoretical solution assumes that axial variations in liquid‐solid interface are gradual and considers that effects of radial velocity component are significant in the entrance region. The theoretical analysis yields profiles of liquid‐solid interface, pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient for the cases of Pr = 7 and 10.Experimental work using water as a working medium was carried out to verify the theoretical result by employing two double‐pipe heat exchangers with a small inner tube diameter to prevent free convection effects. A series of experimental data was obtained to calculate the mean heat transfer rate. Comparison between the experimental data and the theoretical results is made. Reasonable agreement is observed.
Alumina trihydrate crystallization. Part 1. Secondary nucleation and growth rate kinetics
Authors: Halfon A. , Kaliaguine S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe kinetics of crystallization of alumina trihydroxide (hydrargillite) from caustic aluminate solutions of industrial composition (second stage BAYER process) were studied in a laboratory batch isothermal crystallizer. The yield and crystal size distribution of precipitate with time were obtained by varying the initial seed concentration.In this paper, the mass balance was used to determine nucleation and growth rate kinetics. First, from among the laws available in the literature, those which applied to alumina trihydrate crystallization were defined (model A). Kinetic constants of this model were calculated from experimental results. Then, a model based on a secondary nucleation mechanism was proposed (model B) that fits experimental data, and explains the induction periods found in the decomposition of aluminate solutions, even when seeds are present.
A new technique for the measurement of ternary molecular diffusion coefficients in liquid systems
Authors: Alimadadian A. , Colver C. Phillip 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA double Savart plate birefringent interferometer was used to study the diffusional behavior of the ternary system. Acetone (1) – Benzene (2) – Methanol (3). The ternary diffusion coefficients were measured at 9 composition points covering the entire ternary diagram. The binaries forming the borders of the ternary diagram were also studied. The ternary diffusion coefficients at one composition point of the ternary system Actone (1) – Benzene (2) – Carbon tetrachloride (3) were measured and compared with previously reported data of Cullinan and Toor(18), obtained by diaphragm cell method. Validity of the birefringent interferometric measurements when applied to the ternary liquid systems was confirmed through this comparison.
Criterion for initial contraction or expansion of three‐phase fluidized beds
Authors: Epstein Norman 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSome beds contract and others expand when gas bubbles are introduced into the bottom of a liquid‐fluidized bed. A quantitative criterion for predicting which of these two events will occur in any particular case, derived in an earlier paper, is tested against experimental data from the literature and shown to predict all the observed trends with various process variables correctly.
Wet air oxidation of soluble components in waste water
Authors: Pruden B. B. , Le H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWet Air Oxidation (WAO) can be used to remove combustible materials from wastewater. This process takes place in the liquid phase at 200 to 300°C and up to 2500 psi (17.3 MPa) with air present.In this work, the WAO of phenol, which is soluble and volatile, and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) which is soluble and non‐volatile were studied. The process was carried out on a continuous basis in an unmixed 1 liter, bubbling reactor with conditions up to 250°C and 2200 psi (15.3 MPa) and liquid residence times from 15 minutes to two hours.A model which describes the effect of pressure, temperature and liquid residence time on the reaction was developed and used to compare the results for phenol and NTA oxidations.
Measurement of vapor‐liquid equilibria using a semi‐continuous total pressure static equilibrium still
Authors: Ronc M. , Ratcliff G. R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe total pressure static equilibrium still designed by Gibbs and Van Ness has been modified to increase its accuracy. It was tested by comparing calculated vapor compositions and excess Gibbs free energies with literature data for mixtures of ethanol and n‐heptane at 30°C. Experimental data are presented for 1‐pentanol/n‐hexane mixtures at 30° and 50°C, for 1‐pentanol/n‐pentane mixtures at 30°C, and for 1‐butanol/n‐pentane mixtures at 30°C.
Vapor pressures of high‐boilings complex hydrocarbons
Authors: Smith George , Winnick Jack , Abrams D. S. , Prausnitz J. M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSince vapor pressures of very high‐boiling hydrocarbons are of increasing interest in energy‐related processes, a new correlation has been established for estimating these vapor pressures over a wide range of temperature. The new SWAP correlation, based on Prigogine's theory for polysegmented molecules, is particularly useful for hydrocarbons (and petroleum cuts or coal tars) which deviate from normal‐paraffin structure: branching, saturated and unsaturated rings. Extensive comparison with experimental data shows that whereas for normal paraffins SWAP gives results comparable to those obtained by previously‐published correlations, SWAP gives significantly better results for large aromatic, naphthenic and branched hydrocarbons. To use SWAP, the only input data required are T10 (boiling point at 10 mm Hg) and approximate characterization of molecular structure.
Gas absorption with consecutive chemical reaction: Absorption of carbon dioxide into aqueous amine solutions
Authors: Sada Eizo , Kumazawa Hidehiro , Butt M. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExperiments were carried out over a wide range of contact time for the absorption of carbon dioxide into aqueous amine solutions. It was suggested from the experimental results with a laminar liquid‐jet, a wetted wall column and a quiescent liquid absorber that the present absorption processes should be analyzed by a gas absorption with the consecutive reaction of the form of A + 2B →kI R and A + R →kII Products. The values of rate constants for the second‐order first reaction step (k1) for the diethanolamine and triethanolamine were estimated as 1340 and 16.8 1/mol‐sec, respectively. The value of rate constant for the second reaction step was found to be constant irrespective of the liquid reactant.
Benedict‐webb‐rubin parameters for ethanol
Authors: Gomez‐Nieto Mateo , Thodos George 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExperimental PVT measurements available in the literature for ethanol have been utilized to establish the BWR parameters for this substance using a nonlinear regression analysis involving 300 experimental points for reduced densities up to ρR = 1.80. The resulting parameters reproduce pressures for these 300 points, with an average deviation of 2.60% and predict the vapor pressure behavior between the normal boiling point and the critical point with an average deviation of 0.91%. This treatment is applied for the first time to the PVT behavior of an alcohol and indicates that the BWR equation of state could well be extended in application to include other oxygenated organic compounds receiving considerable interest in the currently changing energy emphasis.
Mass transfer between solid spheres and oscillating fluids — A critical review
Authors: Taweel A. M. Al , Landau J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRelative oscillatory motion between solid particles and a fluid increases the rate of interphase mass transfer due to the establishment of secondary flows (acoustic streaming). A critical survey of published data shows that mass transfer is well correlated by a theoretically founded dimensionless relation of the form

where K, a, b and d depend on the Schmidt number. The equation successfully correlates experimental data for both gases and liquids over a range of frequencies F < 1 Hz to F ⋍ 106 Hz, provided the amplitude to diameter ratio A/D is below 0.75. At higher values of this parameter, NSh is better predicted by a quasi‐steady model which no longer depends on A/D.Based on a paper presented at the 26th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, Montreal, Quebec, November 2–5, 1975.
Absorption of ammonia in a batch bubble column
Authors: Baird M. H. I. , Kim S. D. , Elley D. , Webster A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe batch neutralization of dilute hydrochloric acid by ammonia in a 10.16 cm i.d. bubble column has been examined. Experimental results agree with a diffusion‐type mixing model when 5.08 cm disc baffles are present, but agreement is only approximate with 7.62 cm diameter baffles. Axial dispersion coefficients have been determined and compared with published data. A simple batchwise procedure for evaluating bubble columns is suggested.
Absorption with first order chemical reaction into a liquid film in laminar flow
Authors: Stepanek J. B. , Achwal S. K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAbsorption with first order chemical reaction into a liquid film in laminar flow was analysed for the cases of zero and finite resistance in the gas phase. The result was obtained in terms of a sum of a hyperbolic function and an infinite series of hypergeometric functions. The one or two parameters entering the solution contain the rate constant and the mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase, respectively. Ten eigenvalues and integration constants were calculated for several values of the reaction rate parameter for the simpler case of no resistance in the gas phase. The analysis of the results showed that the length of the entrance region can vary substantially depending on the reaction rate constant.
Segregation effects on consecutive competing reaction in a CSTR
Authors: Truong Khac Trong , Methot J.‐Clavde 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe steady state behaviour of a continuous stirred tank reactor at a constant temperature of 30°C was studied using the saponification of ethylene glycol diacetate by sodium hydroxyde. The reactor studied was respectively fed by premixed and unmixed reactants. Experimental values of the level of segregation lay within the range of 0.15 to 0.5. The level of segregation has been correlated with the physicochemical dimensionless group k1CAo/β and we may conclude that the reactor would be in a state of maximum mixedness when the magnitude of this group is smaller than 10−4.
Two and three phase equilibrium calculations for systems containing water
Authors: Peng Ding‐Yu , Robinson Donald B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA recently proposed two‐constant equation of state is used to predict the phase behaviour of systems exhibiting a water‐rich liquid phase, a hydrocarbon‐rich liquid phase and a vapor phase. The algorithm proposed is efficient and thermodynamically rigorous and it converges significantly faster than earlier models. Representative calculations are shown for the methane‐n butane water system, the n butane‐1 butane‐water system, and a synthetic six‐component hydrocarbon mixture containing waer.
Characterisation of inelastic power‐law fluids using falling sphere data
Authors: Uhlherr P. H. T. , Le T. N. , Tiu C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwo simple methods are presented for the characterization of inelastic power law fluids from falling sphere data. The methods involve the application of shear rate or shear stress correction factors which have been derived theoretically using Slattery's solution for creeping flow about spheres. Flow curves obtained using these methods are in excellent agreement with those measured on a Weissenberg rheogoniometer for 0.83 ≤ n ≤ 1.0.The experimentally determined drag coefficients are found to be in good agreement with the predictions of Slattery's creeping flow first approximation solution.The wall correction factors of Faxen and Francis appear to be valid for inelastic non‐Newtonian fluids up to a diameter ratio of at least 0.08.
The role of mass transfer in trickle‐bed reactors
Authors: Goto S. , Watabe S. , Matsvbara M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSteady state characteristics of a trickle‐bed reactor in which the gas solute governs the reaction with linear kinetics are analyzed. The efficiency of the reactor is defined as the ratio of the actual production rate to the intrinsic reaction rate and the dependence of the efficiency on Damkohler number and Peclet number is investigated. Three sets of published experimental data are used to evaluate the efficiency. Also, the criterion for negligible axial dispersion is studied in comparison with Mears' criterion.
Segregation effects on consecutive competing reaction in a CSTR
Authors: Truong Khac Trong , Methot J.‐Claude 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe steady state behaviour of a continuous stirred tank reactor at a constant temperature of 30°C was studied using the saponification of ethylene glycol diacetate by sodium hydroxyde. The reactor studied was respectively fed by premixed and unmixed reactants. Experimental values of the level of segregation lay within the range of 0.15 to 0.5. The level of segregation has been correlated with the physicochemical dimensionless group k1C/β and we may conclude that the reactor would be in a state of maximum mixedness when the magnitude of this group is smaller than 10−4.
The thermodynamics of the hydrogenation of oxides of carbon
Authors: Anderson Robert B. , Lee Chung‐Boon , Machiels Joseph C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe thermodynamics of the hydrogenation of CO and CO2 is summarized. Equilibrium compositions for a number of reactions proceeding simultaneously to yield a number of hydrocarbons and oxygenated organic molecules are reported. If methane is included in these calculations, methane is the predominant product; therefore, for the production of other molecules selective catalysts are required.For producing methane the hydrogenation of CO2 rather than CO may be advantageous, because the reaction is less exothermic. Thermodynamic calculations and results of tests on Raney nickel in a small tubular reactor show that high yields of methane can be obtained in the hydrogenation of both CO and CO2 at temperatures as high as 450°C.
pH Control of a continuous precipitator
Authors: Attarian C. , Baker C. G. J. , Svrcek W. Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe size distribution of precipitates formed in a double decomposition reaction has been found previously to be highly sensitive to pH. Consequently, automatic control of pH is necessary to maintain a constant product size distribution. In the present study, steady‐state, dynamic, and pH control tests were performed on a continuous precipitator in which calcium carbonate was produced. Agreement between the experimental dynamic response and that predicted by a model based on equilibrium and stoichiometry was poor. However, satisfactory feedback control of the pH was achieved using proportional plus integral action. Simultaneous measurements of the precipitate size distribution using a Coulter Counter demonstrated that this resulted in good conrol of the mean paricle size.
A mathematical model for pyrolysis of a solid particle: Effects of the lewis number
Authors: Fan L. T. , Fan Liang‐Shih , Miyanami Kei , Chen T. Y. , Walawender W. P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA transient analysis of a fluid‐solid pyrolysis system in which a solid is pytolyzed to form a fluid product and a solid product is presented. The analysis, based on utilization of the so‐called volume reaction model, takes into account the simultaneous heat and mass transfer phenomena in the particle being pyrolyzed. Variations of physical parameters with respect to temperature and/or solid concentration are not neglected. Effects of the Lewis number on the solid conversion, the fluid and solid concentration distributions, and the temperature profile in the particle are examined. The results are graphically presented and interpreted.
A variable eigenvalue approach to the solution of phase‐change problems
Authors: Ozisik M. N. , Guçeri S. I. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA zeroth order variable eigenvalue approach is used to solve the melting (or solidification) problem for a slab initially at a uniform temperature different from the melting temperature and two boundaries maintained at specified temperatures. The accuracy of the method is investigated by applying this approach to obtain a closed form solution for the melting of a semi‐infinite medium for which analytical solution is available and comparing both results.
Salt effect in distillation: A literature review II
Authors: Furter William F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA salt dissolved in a mixed solvent is capable, through preferential association or other structure‐related effects in the liquid phase, of altering the composition of the equilibrium vapor phase. Hence salt effect on vapor‐liquid equilibrium relationships provides a potential technique of extractive distillation for difficult separations. The literature pertaining to salt effect in vapor‐liquid equilibrium and in extractive distillation over the period 1966‐present is reviewed, and also the remainder of work up to 1966 not covered in the Part I review.
Single collector analysis of collection mechanisms in water filtration
Authors: Rajagopalan R. , Tien Chi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA complete trajectory analysis of particle collection on single spheres, which includes all the known collection mechanisms and forces, is presented here for later experimental verification. The results show that the surface interactions between the collector and the particles have negligible influence on collection rate except to determine whether the surface conditions are favorable or unfavorable for collection. It is also evident that the hydrodynamic retardation of the particle in the neighborhood of the collector can reduce deposition significantly (by 50% or more), but such effects may be negligible in view of the usually wide scatter of filtration data. This paper also provides examples of how the single collector analysis can be directly applied to modelling retention in packed beds. To make the work easily accessible to the readers, all the basic concepts necessary for future application of the trajectory analysis are presented clearly along with a table containing all the relevant forces and torques acting on the particle. An experimental analysis of the results reported here is presented in a subsequent publication.
Analysis of combined forced and free convection across a horizontal cylinder
Authors: Mucoglu A. , Chen T. S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new analysis is performed to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of laminar combined forced and free convection about a horizontal cylinder. The transformed conservation equations of the nonsimilar boundary layers are solved by a finite difference method. Numerical results for gases having a Prandtl number of 0.7 are presented for buoyancy parameters which cover the entire domain of the mixed convection, ranging from pure forced convection to pure free convection. It is found that both the local wall shear and the local heat transfer rate (1) increase with increasing buoyancy force for assisting flow, (2) decrease with increasing buoyancy force for opposing flow, and (3) depend very strongly on the variation of the local free stream velocity, particularly for small to moderate buoyancy forces. With regard to the heat transfer results, the buoyancy force effects on forced convection are found to be important for Gr/Re2≥ 1.93 and ≤ –1.60, respectively for assisting and opposing flows, whereas the inertia force effects on free convection become significant for Re2/Gr ≥ 0.012.
Effect of alkalinity on the scaling of simulated cooling tower water
Authors: Morse Robert W. , Knudsen James G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe scaling behavior of simulated cooling tower water on a heat transfer surface was investigated. The alkalinity was the main parameter investigated. The fouling vs. time curves were fitted to the equation

which was derived from a simple model of the fouling process.Correlation coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 0.987 were obtained in fitting the data to the model. No particular pattern was observed for delay times and they appeared not to have a significant influence on the asymptotic fouling resistance. The latter is a complex function of the alkalinity but generally increases with alkalinity for the conditions of the experiment. Scale strength appears to be a strong function of the non‐calcium carbonate components of the scale.
The removal of sodium, cadmium and chromium ions from dilute aqueous solutions using foam fractionation
Authors: Kubota Katsuyuki , Hayashi Shinya 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCationic metallic ions such as sodium, cadmium and chromium were flotated from aqueous solution by using foam separation or foam fractionation technique in a continuous flow system. Experimental results showed a considerable difference between mono‐ or divalent and trivalent metallic ions in their affinity to neutralize the negatively charged surface layer formed at the gas‐liquid interface. This was verified by use of the Gouy‐Chapman diffuse double‐layer theory, except for the case of high concentration of the co‐existing collector which formed miscellaneous metal‐collector complexes.