bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification of a commercial SEM with a computer controlled cathode stabilized power supply
Authors: Postek Michael T. , Keery William J. , Vladar Andras E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractModification of the high‐voltage circuitry of the thermionic electron gun of a commercial scanning electron microscope (SEM) to a fully computer‐controlled, cathode‐stabilized system is described. The modification permits automatic filament saturation and monitoring. Using this system, variations and drifts in the emission current over time can be adjusted and compensated automatically with a feedback loop in the computer‐controlled system. This change also enables the accurate determination and setting of the primary electron beam energy. Therefore, the accelerating voltage is known for comparison to Monte Carlo computer modeling of the electron beam specimen interaction.
Failure analysis of encapsulated electronic devices by means of scanning ultrasonic microscopy technique
Authors: De Liso G. , Muschitiello M. , Stucchi M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe ultrasonic (also improperly known as “acoustic”) microscopy technique can be successfully applied to the nondestructive detection of package defects and damages in a wide range of electronic components. This paper presents three examples of application of this technique to the failure analysis of electronic devices that completely differ in package type, size, and application. The same analyses were also attempted by the x‐ray technique; a comparison of results of these two techniques is reported, and the advantages of the ultrasonic microscopy regarding applicability, sensitivity, and resolution are highlighted.
The use of scanning electron microscopy to quantify the burden of particles released from clean‐room wiping materials
Authors: Bhattacharjee Himansu R. , Paley Steven J. , Pavlik Thomas J. , Atterbury Osmond 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA procedure is described for the detection and direct enumeration of the number of particles that can potentially be released from wiping materials. The technique involves the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to count the particles from a wiper, first by releasing them in deionized water and then filtering the entirety of the liquid through a submicron membrane filter. To obtain an accurate count, the filtration must produce a normal distribution of particles on the filter, and hence the details of the filtering technique must be performed in a very precise manner. The counting of the particles on the filter is accomplished by scanning a statistically representative number of fields and averaging the number of particles per field. The results can then be checked for statistical precision and accuracy. Our criterion for successful measurement was ± 10% accuracy at a 95% confidence level. We believe that the SEM method described in this article is sensitive enough to quantify very low levels of total particle burden without succumbing to the variability and limitations encountered with other enumeration techniques. Typically, this technique enables the accurate counting of particles of all shapes from below 0.1 μm to hundreds of micrometers. In addition, the SEM technique allows for morphologic identification of particles as well as chemical identification if an energy‐dispersive x‐ray system (EDS) is employed.
Cathodoluminescence from intermixed quantum‐well structures: Evidence of remote luminescence
Authors: Norman C. E. , Ghisoni M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCathodoluminescence (CL) in the scanning electron microscope is used to investigate the lateral extent of the transition region between areas of a GaAs/AlGaAs multi‐quantum well annealed with and without intentional introduction of group III vacancies from an SiO2 surface layer. The results show that in structures in which the band gap varies from area to area by, for example, tens of meV over distances of a few μm, carrier drift prior to radiative recombination is an important factor. This phenomenon, which we designate “luminescence after drift” has important implications, not only in CL studies of device structures and materials systems in which lateral band gap variations exist, but also in determining the lower‐limit size and separation of optoelectronic devices fabricated by techniques such as vacancy‐enhanced intermixing.
Determination of local deep‐levels homogeneity using SEM
Authors: Bruk A. S. , Govorkov A. V. , Milvidskij M. G. , Polyakov A. Y. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA method to study microhomogeneity of deep centres in high resistivity and low resistivity semiconductors is described herein. It uses measurements of current decay induced in Schottky diodes and p‐n junctions by a probing electron beam of an SEM and is closely related to a method of photoelectron relaxation spectroscopy. The advantages of this method are demonstrated for an example of dislocation‐related inhomogeneity in semi‐insulating GaAs.
Scanning‐DLTS, EBIC, and CL Investigations of Diamond Indentations in GaAs p+n Junctions
Authors: Breitenstein O. , Egger U. , Heydenreich J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDiamond indentations have been carried out on Zn‐diffused GaAs p+n junctions on (100) oriented material. Electron‐beam induced current (EBIC) investigations revealed the well‐known dislocation slip bands in 〈110〉 directions. Scanning deep level transient spectroscopy (SDLTS) imaging proved a deformation‐induced point‐defect level at Ey + 0.5 eV, which is preferentially concentrated in the dislocation‐free regions between the slip bands rather than within the slip bands. Monochromatic cathodolumines‐cence (CL) imaging at 10K using different wavelengths revealed only the dislocation‐induced recombination activity but not any point‐defect luminescence corresponding to the 0.5 eV level found by SDLTS.
Ruthenium‐catalyzed cyclizations of enynes via a ruthenacyclopentene intermediate: Development of three novel cyclizations controlled by a substituent on alkyne of enyne
Authors: Saito Nozomi , Tanaka Daisuke , Mori Miwako , Sato Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThree novel ruthenium‐catalyzed cyclizations of enynes were developed. In each cyclization, a ruthenacyclopentene derived from enyne and Cp*RuCl(cod) is a common intermediate. When an enyne having an alkyl, an ester, or a formyl group on an alkyne was reacted with Cp*RuCl(cod) under ethylene gas, ethylene was inserted into the ruthenium‐sp2 carbon bond of ruthenacyclopentene to afford ruthenacycloheptene, and β‐hydrogen elimination followed by reductive elimination occurred to give a cyclic compound having a 1,3‐diene moiety. When an acyl group was placed on the alkyne, the carbonyl oxygen coordinated to the ruthenium metal of ruthenacyclopentene to produce a ruthenium carbene complex, which reacted with ethylene to give a cyclic compound having a cyclopropane ring on the substituent. On the other hand, when the substituent on the alkyne was pent‐4‐enyl, insertion of an alkene part into ruthenacyclopentene followed by reductive elimination gave a tricyclic compound by a ruthenium‐catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cyclization of diene and an alkyne. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100003
Three Copper(II) Complexes of a “Tritopic” Hydrazone Ligand: Synthesis and Structural Characterization
Authors: Qin Suni , Nie Chuanli , Weng Zhehui , Chen Zilu , Liang Fupei 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThree copper(II) complexes with the ligand bis[(2‐pyridyl)methylene]pyridine‐2,6‐dicarbohydrazone (H2L), {[Cu3(L)(ClO4)3(C2H5OH)2(H2O)]·(ClO4)·(H2O)}n (1), {[Cu3(L)(SO4)2(H2O)3]·4H2O}n(2), and [Cu6(L)2(CH3COO)6(OH)2]·2H2O (3), were synthesized and structurally characterized. In each compound, the L2– ligand coordinates to three copper ions to produce a trinuclear copper subunit. The trinuclear copper subunits in compound 1 are connected by the bridging of ClO4– groups to build a 1D triple‐chain structure, and those in compound 2 are linked into 1D chain structure by the bridging of SO42– groups. Compound 3 presents a hexanuclear copper cluster formed by two trinuclear copper units linked by two μ3‐OH bridges.
Steryl Glucoside and Acyl Steryl Glucoside Analysis of Arabidopsis Seeds by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Schrick Kathrin , Shiva Sunitha , Arpin James C. , Delimont Nicole , Isaac Giorgis , Tamura Pamela , Welti Ruth 
Published: August 2011

AbstractEstablishment of sensitive methods for the detection of cellular sterols and their derivatives is a critical step in developing comprehensive lipidomics technology. We demonstrate that electrospray ionization tandem (triple quadrupole) mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) is an efficient method for monitoring steryl glucosides (SG) and acyl steryl glucosides (ASG). Comparison of analysis of SG and ASG by ESI‐MS/MS with analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID) shows that the two methods yield similar molar compositions. These data demonstrate that ESI‐MS/MS response per molar amount of sterol conjugate is similar among various molecular species of SG and ASG. Application of ESI‐MS/MS to seed samples from wild‐type Arabidopsis and a mutant deficient in two UDP‐glucose:sterol glucosyltransferases, UGT80A2 and UGT80B1, revealed new details on the composition of sitosteryl, campesteryl and stigmasteryl glucosides and ASG. SG were decreased by 86% in the ugt80A2,B1 double mutant, compared to the wild‐type, while ASG were reduced 96%. The results indicate that these glucosyltransferases account for much of the accumulation of the sterol conjugates in wild‐type Arabidopsis seeds.
Pineal cysts in children
Authors: Lacroix-Boudhrioua V. , Linglart A. , Ancel P. Y. , Falip C. , Bougnères P. F. , Adamsbaum C. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Objective
To describe the prevalence and characteristics of pineal cysts found on MRI in children.

Methods
This is a retrospective monocentric study of all brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations performed under the same technical conditions for checking the idiopathic nature of short stature (ISS group, n = 116) and for the investigation of central precocious puberty (CPP) over a 3-year period (n = 56). Dimensions, wall and septal thickness, number of locules, signal intensity, and the presence of a solid component were analysed. Ten of 19 cysts were re-evaluated (follow-up interval 4–28 months). The prevalence of the pineal cysts was compared between the two groups using χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests, and a significance threshold of p < 0.05.

Results
The prevalence of cysts was comparable in the two groups, CPP (10.7%) and ISS (11.2%). Cyst characteristics were similar in the two groups and 74% had thin septations. None of the cysts changed on follow-up. None of the children with pineal cysts exhibited neurological signs.

Conclusion
Benign pineal cysts are a common finding in young children. High-resolution MRI demonstrates that these cysts are often septated. This pattern is a normal variant and does not require follow-up MR imaging or IV contrast media.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in Crohn’s disease: technique, image interpretation and clinical applications
Authors: Ripollés Tomás , Martínez-Pérez María J. , Blanc Esther , Delgado Fructuoso , Vizuete José , Paredes José M. , Vilar José 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Background
Recent meta-analysis has demonstrated no significant differences in diagnostic accuracy among different imaging techniques (US, MRI and CT) in the evaluation of Crohn’s disease (CD). High-resolution bowel ultrasound has emerged as an alternative imaging technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with CD, being as accurate as CT and MR for detecting intramural and extramural extension of the disease. B-Mode US can evaluate the localization and length of the affected intestinal segments and allow identification of transmural complications, stenosis and intestinal obstruction. Doppler techniques are tools that visualize and quantify bowel vascularization. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a new technique that involves IV administration of an ultrasound contrast agent with real-time examination, providing an accurate depiction of the bowel wall microvascularization and the perienteric tissues. The introduction of imaging quantification techniques enables an objective quantitative measurement of the enhancement.

Method and results
The article reviews the technique, sonographic findings, advantages and limitations, and clinical applications of contrast-enhanced US in the evaluation of Cohn’s disease. Current CEUS applications in CD are: CD activity assessment, evaluation of inflammatory masses, distinguishing phlegmons from abscesses, characterization of stenosis by differentiating fibrosis from inflammation, monitoring the efficacy of drug treatments and improving the detection of disease recurrence.

Conclusion
CEUS is an emerging technique that is part of the entire sonographic evaluation, with a role in the diagnosis and follow-up of CD, thus improving therapy planning and monitoring of the efficacy of treatment.
Exponential global attractors for semigroups in metric spaces with applications to differential equations
Authors: CARVALHO ALEXANDRE N. , CHOLEWA JAN W. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this article semigroups in a general metric space V, which have pointwise exponentially attracting local unstable manifolds of compact invariant sets, are considered. We show that under a suitable set of assumptions these semigroups possess strong exponential dissipative properties. In particular, there exists a compact global attractor which exponentially attracts each bounded subset of V. Applications of abstract results to ordinary and partial differential equations are given.
A Head-to-Head Comparison of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor and Aerosol Room Decontamination Systems
Authors: Holmdahl T. , Lanbeck P. , Wullt M. , Walder M. H. 
Published: August 2011

Objective.New technologies have emerged in recent years for the disinfection of hospital rooms and equipment that may not be disinfected adequately using conventional methods. There are several hydrogen peroxide–based area decontamination technologies on the market, but no head-to-head studies have been performed.Design.We conducted a head-to-head in vitro comparison of a hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) system (Bioquell) and an aerosolized hydrogen peroxide (aHP) system (Sterinis).Setting.The tests were conducted in a purpose-built 136-m3 test room.Methods.One HPV generator and 2 aHP machines were used, following recommendations of the manufacturers. Three repeated tests were performed for each system. The microbiological efficacy of the 2 systems was tested using 6-log Tyvek-pouched Geobacillus stearo-thermophilus biological indicators (BIs). The indicators were placed at 20 locations in the first test and 14 locations in the subsequent 2 tests for each system.Results.All BIs were inactivated for the 3 HPV tests, compared with only 10% in the first aHP test and 79% in the other 2 aHP tests. The peak hydrogen peroxide concentration was 338 ppm for HPV and 160 ppm for aHP. The total cycle time (including aeration) was 3 and 3.5 hours for the 3 HPV tests and the 3 aHP tests, respectively. Monitoring around the perimeter of the enclosure with a handheld sensor during tests of both systems did not identify leakage.Conclusion.One HPV generator was more effective than 2 aHP machines for the inactivation of G. stearothermophilus BIs, and cycle times were faster for the HPV system.
Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Patients in an Ambulatory Hemodialysis Center
Authors: Patel Gopi , Jenkins Stephen G. , Mediavilla José R. , Kreiswirth Barry N. , Radbill Brian , Salgado Cassandra D. , Calfee David P. 
Published: August 2011

Objective.To describe the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage and transmission in an ambulatory hemodialysis population.Design.Prospective cohort study.Setting.Outpatient hemodialysis facility affiliated with a large academic medical center.Participants.Of the 170 facility patients, 103 (61%) participated in the study.Methods.Swab specimens of the nares, axillae, and vascular access site were collected from participants weekly for 3 weeks and then monthly for 5 months. Demographic and clinical data were collected monthly for 12 months. Molecular analysis of MRSA isolates was performed.Results.The baseline MRSA carriage prevalence was 12%. Factors associated with MRSA carriage included a history of MRSA; failed renal transplantation; hospital admission within 6 months; and receipt of a first-generation cephalosporin, cefepime, or vancomycin. Six subjects acquired MRSA after enrollment (incidence, 1.2 per 100 patient-months at-risk; overall prevalence, 18%). Molecular analysis suggested that transmission occurred within the facility. The incidence of MRSA infection among carriers was 1.76 per 100 patient-months. Community-associated strains (ie, USA300) were isolated from 28% of carriers and at least 25% of infections.Conclusions.The prevalence of MRSA carriage and the incidence of infection among carriers were high among ambulatory hemodialysis patients, and community-associated MRSA was responsible for a large portion of the MRSA burden. A relatively high rate of MRSA acquisition was observed, with indirect evidence of intrafacility transmission. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings and to identify effective and feasible methods to prevent MRSA transmission and infection among hemodialysis patients.
Metannogen: annotation of biological reaction networks
Authors: Gille Christoph , Hübner Katrin , Hoppe Andreas , Holzhütter Hermann−Georg 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Semantic annotations of the biochemical entities constituting a biological reaction network are indispensable to create biologically meaningful networks. They further heighten efficient exchange, reuse and merging of existing models which concern present-day systems biology research more often. Two types of tools for the reconstruction of biological networks currently exist: (i) several sophisticated programs support graphical network editing and visualization. (ii) Data management systems permit reconstruction and curation of huge networks in a team of scientists including data integration, annotation and cross-referencing. We seeked ways to combine the advantages of both approaches.
Results: Metannogen, which was previously developed for network reconstruction, has been considerably improved. From now on, Metannogen provides sbml import and annotation of networks created elsewhere. This permits users of other network reconstruction platforms or modeling software to annotate their networks using Metannogen's advanced information management. We implemented word-autocompletion, multipattern highlighting, spell check, brace-expansion and publication management, and improved annotation, cross-referencing and team work requirements. Unspecific enzymes and transporters acting on a spectrum of different substrates are efficiently handled. The network can be exported in sbml format where the annotations are embedded in line with the miriam standard. For more comfort, Metannogen may be tightly coupled with the network editor such that Metannogen becomes an additional view for the focused reaction in the network editor. Finally, Metannogen provides local single user, shared password protected multiuser or public access to the annotation data.
Availability: Metannogen is available free of charge at: http://www.bioinformatics.org/strap/metannogen/ or http://3d-alignment.eu/metannogen/.
Contact: christoph.gille@charite.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A biclustering algorithm for extracting bit-patterns from binary datasets
Authors: Rodriguez-Baena Domingo S. , Perez-Pulido Antonio J. , Aguilar−Ruiz Jesus S. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Binary datasets represent a compact and simple way to store data about the relationships between a group of objects and their possible properties. In the last few years, different biclustering algorithms have been specially developed to be applied to binary datasets. Several approaches based on matrix factorization, suffix trees or divide-and-conquer techniques have been proposed to extract useful biclusters from binary data, and these approaches provide information about the distribution of patterns and intrinsic correlations.
Results: A novel approach to extracting biclusters from binary datasets, BiBit, is introduced here. The results obtained from different experiments with synthetic data reveal the excellent performance and the robustness of BiBit to density and size of input data. Also, BiBit is applied to a central nervous system embryonic tumor gene expression dataset to test the quality of the results. A novel gene expression preprocessing methodology, based on expression level layers, and the selective search performed by BiBit, based on a very fast bit-pattern processing technique, provide very satisfactory results in quality and computational cost. The power of biclustering in finding genes involved simultaneously in different cancer processes is also shown. Finally, a comparison with Bimax, one of the most cited binary biclustering algorithms, shows that BiBit is faster while providing essentially the same results.
Availability: The source and binary codes, the datasets used in the experiments and the results can be found at: http://www.upo.es/eps/bigs/BiBit.html
Contact: dsrodbae@upo.es
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Construction and first applications of a global cost of fishing database
Authors: Lam Vicky W. Y. , Sumaila Ussif Rashid , Dyck Andrew , Pauly Daniel , Watson Reg 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Lam, V. W. Y., Sumaila, U. R., Dyck, A., Pauly, D., and Watson, R. 2011. Construction and first applications of a global cost of fishing database. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1996–2004. The development of a new global database of fishing cost is described, and an overview of fishing cost patterns at national, regional, and global scales is provided. This fishing cost database provides economic information required for assessing the economics of fisheries at various scales. It covers variable and fixed costs of maritime countries, representing ∼98% of global landings in 2005. Linked to country and gear-type combinations, cost estimates can be mapped to a database of spatially allocated fisheries catches for future analysis in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The global average variable cost per tonne of catch in 2005 is estimated to range between US$639 and $1217, and the total cost per tonne from $763 to $1477, with mean values of $928 and $1120, respectively. The total global variable fishing cost is estimated to be in the range US$50–96 billion per year, with a mean of $73 billion per annum in 2005 dollar equivalents.