bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges towards MR imaging of the peripheral inflammatory response in the subacute and chronic stages of transient focal ischemia
Authors: Farr Tracy D. , Seehafer Jörg U. , Nelles Melanie , Hoehn Mathias 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIntravenous administration of iron oxide nanoparticles after experimental stroke has been shown to produce focal signal intensity changes in the ischemic boundary on MRI images. These changes have been attributed to the influx of iron‐laden blood‐borne macrophages, although it has been suggested that this effect might not always be completely specific to inflammatory cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate this phenomenon in a subacute time frame that is more relevant to the peripheral inflammatory response. Imaging experiments (T2‐, T2*‐ and T1‐weighted sequences) were acquired in Wistar rats 6 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals were intravenously infused with different doses of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles (300, 600 or 1000 µmol Fe/kg), or saline and gadolinium, and imaged again 24 h later. Tissue was immediately processed for immunohistochemistry with the macrophage marker ED‐1, in combination with Prussian blue for iron. Ischemic tissue exhibited a large increase in T2 values, and overall contrast enhancement was apparent in the brain and surrounding muscle. In contrast with previous reports, there were no regions of focal signal intensity changes in the ischemic territory in any of the images, although a region of interest analysis revealed a trend towards iron accumulation in the ischemic hemisphere, particularly in the cortex of T2* images. However, histological examination revealed that, despite extensive ED‐1‐positive macrophage accumulation in the entire ischemic territory, none of these cells were Prussian blue positive, except in the meninges of one animal that received a high dose of USPIO nanoparticles. These results imply that the observed trend is a result of the presence of contrast agent in the blood, or meninges, and not iron‐containing inflammatory cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the proteome and phosphoproteome expression in the bryozoan Bugula neritina larvae in response to the antifouling agent butenolide
Authors: Qian Pei‐Yuan , Wong Yue Him , Zhang Yu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLarval attachment and metamorphosis, commonly referred to as larval settlement, of marine sessile invertebrates can be triggered or blocked by chemical cues and affected by changes in overall protein expression pattern and phosphorylation dynamics. This study focuses on the effects of butenolide, an effective larval settlement inhibitor, on larval settlement at the proteome level in the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Liquid‐phase IEF sample prefractionation combined with 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF MS was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins. Substantial changes occurred both in protein abundance and in phosphorylation status during larval settlement and when settling larvae were challenged with butenolide. The proteins that responded to treatment were identified as structural proteins, molecular chaperones, mitochondrial peptidases and calcium‐binding proteins. Compared with our earlier results, both genistein and butenolide inhibited larval settlement of B. neritina primarily by changes in protein abundance and the phosphorylation status of proteins but have different protein targets in the same species. Clearly, to design potent antifouling compounds and to understand the mode of action of compounds, more studies on the effects of different compounds on proteome and phosphoproteome of different larval species are required.
JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway mediates Bojungbangdocktang enhanced hematopoiesis
Authors: Lim Jeonghan , Jeong Soo‐Jin , Koh Wonil , Han Ihn , Lee Hyo‐Jung , Kwon Tae‐Rin , Jung Ji Hoon , Kim Jung Hyo , Lee Hyo‐Jeong , Lee Eun‐Ok , Kim Sun‐Hyung , Lee Min‐Ho , Kim Sung‐Hoon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBojungbangdocktang (BJBDT) is a medicinal herbal cocktail that has been used for cancer prevention and treatment in traditional Korean medicine. In the current study, BJBDT was demonstrated to regulate hematopoiesis. BJBDT significantly increased the expression of hematopoietic cytokines interleukin (IL)‐3, stem cell factor (SCF), granulocyte‐macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), thrombopoietin (TPO) and erythropoietin (EPO) at the level of mRNA and secretion in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Additionally, BJBDT enhanced the phosphorylation of Janus activated kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and STAT binding to gamma interferon activated sites (GAS) in HSCs. Furthermore, BJBDT significantly enhanced the growth rate of granulocyte erythrocyte monocyte macrophage colony‐forming units (CFU‐GEMM) and erythroid burst forming units (BFU‐E) in vitro. Moreover, BJBDT increased the level of EPO at mRNA in kidney and plasma, and the numbers of erythroid‐specific antigen Ter‐119+ erythroid cells in mice with aplastic anemia induced by 20% benzene. Consistently, histochemical staining revealed BJBDT increased the bone marrow and stromal cells as well as decreased macrophages and adipocytes in bone marrow tissues of mice with aplastic anemia. Taken together, the results suggest that BJBDT can enhance hematopoiesis via hematopoietic cytokine‐mediated JAK2/STAT5 pathway as a potent hematopoietic candidate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comment on ‘Estimating average annual per cent change in trend analysis’ by Clegg LX, Hankey BF, Tiwari R, Feuer EJ, Edwards BK, Statistics in Medicine 2009; 28:3670–3682
Authors: Muggeo Vito M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe discuss some issues relevant to paper of Clegg and co‐authors published in Statistics in Medicine; 28, 3670‐3682. Emphasis is on computation of the variance of the sum of products of two estimates, slopes and breakpoints. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing Surface Plasmon Detection Using Ultrasmall Nanoslits and a Multispectral Integration Method
Authors: Lee Kuang‐Li , Wei Pei‐Kuen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA multispectral integration method to increase the detection limit of gold nanostructures is presented. This method considers all the resonances due to localized surface plasmons, Bloch wave surface plasmons, and Wood’s anomalies. By integrating the wavelength shifts together with intensity changes over these resonances, the detection resolution is increased to about six times larger than that of commonly used wavelength or intensity methods. Further studies with different nanostructures show the detection sensitivity is increased with the decrease of aperture size. The detection limit for 40‐nm nanoslits is improved by about seven times relative to that for 300‐nm nanoslits. For sub‐100‐nm apertures, the detection resolution for nanoslits is better than that for nanoholes due to its non‐cutoff transmission. The advantage of using the multispectral integration method in biosensing is verified by antigen–antibody interaction experiments.
Aesthetic principles and cognitive emotion appraisals: How much of the beauty lies in the eye of the beholder?
Authors: Kumar Minu , Garg Nitika 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough the aesthetic properties of a product have often been linked to consumers’ emotional responses, theory and empirical evidence are yet to fully explain how and why aesthetic properties of a product evoke an emotional response. Drawing on an eclectic literature, we propose hypotheses connecting aesthetic principles with the subconscious cognitive appraisals associated with emotions. Specifically, we empirically test the relationships between the aesthetic principle of harmony and cognitive appraisals (attentional activity and pleasantness), while exploring the moderating role of typicality. Our results suggest that harmony and typicality interact to affect appraisals of pleasantness and attentional activity. Specifically, consumers tend to prefer designs that balance the levels of attentional resources needed and pleasantness in visually evaluating the design. This work advances the growing literature in product design and aesthetics by providing an understanding of the mechanisms through which aesthetic principles might prompt emotional responses in consumers.
“The World the Horses Made”: A South African Case Study of Writing Animals into Social History
Authors: Swart Sandra 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThis paper explores new ways to write history that engages with the lives of animals. It offers a sample card of how social history can be enriched by focusing on history from an animal perspective – and equally, how the tools provided by social history reveals the historicity of animals. The case study is drawn from South African history and the focus is on horses. The paper firstly proposes that horses changed human history not only on the macro-level, but in the small, intimate arena of the bodily, following Febvre’s call for a sensory history. Secondly, this paper explores social history’s long-time concern with agency and with understanding socio-cultural experiences from the perspective of those who actually lived them – in this case, from an equine perspective. Thirdly, the paper asks how social history that takes animals seriously might be written and might offer a fresh dimension to our understanding, with examples from the most analysed event in southern African historiography, the South African War (1899–1902).
Role of a PA14 domain in determining substrate specificity of a glycoside hydrolase family 3 β-glucosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus
Authors: Yoshida Erina , Hidaka Masafumi , Fushinobu Shinya , Koyanagi Takashi , Minami Hiromichi , Tamaki Hisanori , Kitaoka Motomitsu , Katayama Takane , Kumagai Hidehiko 
Published: July 2010

β-Glucosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus (KmBglI) belongs to the GH3 (glycoside hydrolase family 3). The enzyme is particularly unusual in that a PA14 domain (pf07691), for which a carbohydrate-binding role has been claimed, is inserted into the catalytic core sequence. In the present study, we determined the enzymatic properties and crystal structure of KmBglI in complex with glucose at a 2.55 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution. A striking characteristic of KmBglI was that the enzyme activity is essentially limited to disaccharides, and when trisaccharides were used as the substrates the activity was drastically decreased. This chain-length specificity is in sharp contrast with the preferred action on oligosaccharides of barley β-D-glucan glucohydrolase (ExoI), which does not have a PA14 domain insertion. The structure of subsite (−1) of KmBglI is almost identical with that of Thermotoga neapolitana β-glucosidase and is also similar to that of ExoI, however, the structures of subsite (+1) significantly differ among them. In KmBglI, the loops extending from the PA14 domain cover the catalytic pocket to form subsite (+1), and hence simultaneously become a steric hindrance that could limit the chain length of the substrates to be accommodated. Mutational studies demonstrated the critical role of the loop regions in determining the substrate specificity. The active-site formation mediated by the PA14 domain of KmBglI invokes α-complementation of β-galactosidase exerted by its N-terminal domain, to which the PA14 domain shows structural resemblance. The present study is the first which reveals the structural basis of the interaction between the PA14 domain and a carbohydrate.
Diarrhoea during enteral nutrition is predicted by the poorly absorbed short‐chain carbohydrate (FODMAP) content of the formula
Authors: Halmos E. P. , Muir J. G. , Barrett J. S. , Deng M. , Shepherd S. J. , Gibson P. R. 
Published: July 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 925–933SummaryBackground  Although it is recognized that diarrhoea commonly complicates enteral nutrition, the causes remain unknown.Aim  To identify factors associated with diarrhoea in patients receiving enteral nutrition with specific attention to formula composition.Methods  Medical histories of in‐patients receiving enteral nutrition were identified by ICD‐10‐AM coding and randomly selected from the year 2003 to 2008. Clinical and demographic data were extracted. Formulas were classified according to osmolality, fibre and FODMAP (fermentable oligo‐, di‐ and mono‐saccharides and polyols) content.Results  Formula FODMAP levels ranged from 10.6 to 36.5 g/day. Of 160 patients receiving enteral nutrition, 61% had diarrhoea. Univariate analysis showed diarrhoea was associated with length of stay >21 days (OR 4.2), enteral nutrition duration >11 days (OR 4.0) and antibiotic use (OR 2.1). After adjusting for influencing variables through a logistic regression model, a greater than five‐fold reduction in risk of developing diarrhoea was seen in patients initiated on Isosource 1.5 (P = 0.029; estimated OR 0.18). The only characteristic unique to this formula was its FODMAP content, being 47–71% lower than any other formula.Conclusions  Length of stay and enteral nutrition duration independently predicted diarrhoea development, while being initiated on a lower FODMAP formula reduced the likelihood of diarrhoea. As retrospective evaluation does not support a cause–effect relationship, an interventional study investigating FODMAPs in enteral formula is indicated.
Influence of hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics of the human GLP‐1 analogue, liraglutide
Authors: Flint Anne , Nazzal Khalil , Jagielski Pawel , Hindsberger Charlotte , Zdravkovic Milan 
Published: July 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Liraglutide is a novel human GLP‐1 analogue approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Since there is a high prevalence of co‐morbid hepatic impairment in this population it is of clinical importance to establish whether the pharmacokinetics of liraglutide are affected by hepatic impairment. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study shows that hepatic impairment does not increase liraglutide exposure. Rather, total exposure tends to decrease with increasing degree of hepatic impairment.AIMSTo compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a single‐dose of liraglutide in subjects with hepatic impairment.METHODSThis parallel group, open label trial involved four groups of six subjects with healthy, mild, moderate and severe hepatic impairment, respectively. Each subject received 0.75 mg of liraglutide (s.c., thigh), and blood samples were taken over 72 h for PK assessment. Standard laboratory and safety data were collected. The primary endpoint was area under the plasma liraglutide concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(0,∞)).RESULTSExposure to liraglutide was not increased by hepatic impairment. On the contrary, mean AUC(0,∞) was highest for healthy subjects and lowest for subjects with severe hepatic impairment (severe/healthy: 0.56, with 90% CI 0.39, 0.81) and equivalence in this parameter across groups was not demonstrated. Cmax also tended to decrease with hepatic impairment (severe/healthy: 0.71, with 90% CI 0.52, 0.97), but tmax was similar across groups (11.3–13.2 h). There were no serious adverse events, hypoglycaemic episodes or clinically significant changes in laboratory parameters and liraglutide was considered well tolerated.CONCLUSIONSThis study indicated no safety concerns regarding use of liraglutide in patients with hepatic impairment. Exposure to liraglutide was not increased by impaired liver function; rather, the results suggest a decreased exposure with increasing degree of hepatic impairment. However, data are not conclusive to suggest a dose increase of liraglutide. Thus, the results indicate that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hepatic impairment can use standard treatment regimens of liraglutide. There is, however, currently limited clinical experience with liraglutide in patients with hepatic impairment.
Guild‐specific patterns of species richness and host specialization in plant–herbivore food webs from a tropical forest
Authors: Novotny Vojtech , Miller Scott E. , Baje Leontine , Balagawi Solomon , Basset Yves , Cizek Lukas , Craft Kathleen J. , Dem Francesca , Drew Richard A. I. , Hulcr Jiri , Leps Jan , Lewis Owen T. , Pokon Rapo , Stewart Alan J. A. , Allan Samuelson G. , Weiblen George D. 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. The extent to which plant–herbivore feeding interactions are specialized is key to understand the processes maintaining the diversity of both tropical forest plants and their insect herbivores. However, studies documenting the full complexity of tropical plant–herbivore food webs are lacking. 2. We describe a complex, species‐rich plant–herbivore food web for lowland rain forest in Papua New Guinea, resolving 6818 feeding links between 224 plant species and 1490 herbivore species drawn from 11 distinct feeding guilds. By standardizing sampling intensity and the phylogenetic diversity of focal plants, we are able to make the first rigorous and unbiased comparisons of specificity patterns across feeding guilds. 3. Specificity was highly variable among guilds, spanning almost the full range of theoretically possible values from extreme trophic generalization to monophagy. 4. We identify guilds of herbivores that are most likely to influence the composition of tropical forest vegetation through density‐dependent herbivory or apparent competition. 5. We calculate that 251 herbivore species (48 of them unique) are associated with each rain forest tree species in our study site so that the ∼200 tree species coexisting in the lowland rain forest community are involved in ∼50 000 trophic interactions with ∼9600 herbivore species of insects. This is the first estimate of total herbivore and interaction number in a rain forest plant–herbivore food web. 6. A comprehensive classification of insect herbivores into 24 guilds is proposed, providing a framework for comparative analyses across ecosystems and geographical regions.
The Duffy blood groups of Jarawas – the primitive and vanishing tribe of Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India
Authors: Das M. K. , Singh S. S. , Adak T. , Vasantha K. , Mohanty D. 
Published: July 2010

summary.  Andaman and Nicobar Islands, union territory of India were inhabited by 14 aboriginal tribes. Some of these tribal populations have already become extinct, and the numbers of the existing ones are also dwindling. This group of islands being highly endemic for malaria, it was considered worthwhile to study the hunter‐gatherer primitive tribe, Jarawas, for their Duffy blood group phenotype.Jarawas, the primitive tribe of Andaman Islands, inhabit the three jungle areas of South and one jungle area of Middle Andaman. Blood samples of 116 Jarawas were collected and tested for Duffy blood group and malarial parasite infectivity. The Duffy blood grouping was performed as per standard serological techniques, and peripheral smears were screened for malarial parasite and if present parasite density count was performed and the species identified.The results showed a total absence of both Fya and Fyb antigens in two areas (Kadamtala and R.K. Nallah) and low prevalence of Fya antigen in another two areas (Jirkatang and Tirur). There was absence of malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax infection though Plasmodium falciparum infection was present in 27·59% of cases.A very high frequency of Fy (a–b–) in the Jarawa tribe from all the four jungle areas of Andaman Islands along with total absence of P. vivax infections suggests the selective advantage offered to Fy (a–b–) individuals against P vivax infection.
Comparison and evaluation of a novel bioassay and high‐performance liquid chromatography for the clinical measurement of serum voriconazole concentrations
Authors: Steinmann Joerg , Huelsewede Joerg , Buer Jan , Rath Peter‐Michael 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe aim of this study was to develop and validate a novel bioassay for determining serum voriconazole (VRC) concentrations and to compare its routine clinical performance with that of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biological activity of VRC was measured by a plate diffusion assay using a VRC‐hypersusceptible Candida kefyr strain. The bioassay’s utility was tested by measuring steady‐state VRC concentrations in 100 serum probes from VRC‐treated patients. The HPLC system used solvent extraction with hexane : dichloromethane followed by reversed‐phase HPLC with ultraviolet detection. The intra‐day and inter‐day accuracy of the bioassay was <5%, while that of HPLC was <1%. The precision (mean coefficient of variation, 3.5%) was equal for both the methods. The limit of quantification was lower for HPLC (0.2 mg l−1) than for the bioassay (0.5 mg l−1). The result of linear regression analysis was HPLC = 1.0178 (bioassay) + 0.328; R2 = 0.88; n = 100. Results of the serum panel ranged from 0.5 to more than 8.0 mg l−1 for the bioassay and from 0.26 to 10.1 mg l−1 for HPLC. Especially in laboratories without access to HPLC, the bioassay may be a clinically useful tool for therapeutic drug monitoring.
The Effect of Exchange Rates on Firm Exports: The Role of Imported Intermediate Inputs
Authors: Greenaway David , Kneller Richard , Zhang Xufei 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the effect of exchange rate changes on the exports of UK manufacturing firms, but draw on the macro literature to consider the effects exchange rates have on imported intermediate inputs. Real exchange rate appreciations make the foreign export price of goods and services produced by domestic firms more expensive, but also make imported inputs cheaper. Our results provide support for this view; we find a significant negative effect from a measure of the export destination weighted real effective exchange rate and an offsetting effect from the imported intermediate input weighted exchange rate on export sales.
Rufinamide in refractory childhood epileptic encephalopathies other than Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
Authors: Coppola G. , Grosso S. , Franzoni E. , Veggiotti P. , Zamponi N. , Parisi P. , Spalice A. , Habetswallner F. , Fels A. , Verrotti A. , D’Aniello A. , Mangano S. , Balestri A. , Curatolo P. , Pascotto A. 
Published: July 2010

Background:  To report on the first multicenter Italian experience with rufinamide as adjunctive drug in children, adolescents and young adults with refractory childhood‐onset epileptic encephalopathies other than Lennox–Gastaut syndrome.Methods:  Thirty‐eight patients (19 males, 19 females), aged between 4 and 34 (mean 13.7 ± 8.3, median 12.5), all affected by different types of childhood‐onset refractory epileptic encephalopathies other than Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, were treated with rufinamide as adjunctive drug for a mean period of 11.4 months (range 3–26 months).Results:  Fifteen of 38 patients (39.5%) had a ≥50% seizure reduction in countable seizures. Complete seizure freedom was achieved in one of these patients (2.6%). Three patients (7.9%) had a 25–49% seizure reduction, whilst seizure frequency remained unchanged in 15 (39.5%) and increased in five patients (13.1%). Eleven patients (28.9%) reported adverse side effects. Vomiting was reported in five patients (13.1%); drowsiness, decreased appetite and irritability with migraine manifested in other four patients. They were transient and mild in all cases.Conclusion:  Rufinamide may be an effective and well‐tolerated adjunctive drug for the treatment of refractory childhood‐onset epileptic encephalopathies other than Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Rufinamide was most effective in patients with drop‐attacks and (bi)frontal spike–wave discharges.