bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fast and effective approach for microstrip filter design using GA and TL-model
Authors: Singh Aditya , Ritika  , Jangid Ashok 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMicrowaves and RF technology and their components like filters, antennas, etc. are commonly used in wireless networking and communication systems, wireless security systems, radar systems, and environmental remote sensing. In this paper, a fast and effective procedure has been proposed for microstrip filter design using a genetic algorithm (GA) with a transmission line model (TL). GA is modified to be highly efficient and accurate by encoding the topology. For the fixed filter topology, the electrical parameters of the filter are encoded in a single chromosome. To make the proposed procedure fast and effective, a transmission line model has been employed to compute the fitness value in GA. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed procedure, a wideband second-order bandpass filter with a center frequency of 2.3 GHz is examined with a pair of short-circuited stubs and a pair of open-circuited stubs. The optimized design is validated using full-wave methods (MoM and EM simulator CST). The results show a low insertion loss of 0.1 dB and return loss better than 30 dB and a wide bandwidth of 46.95% with − 3 dB cutoff frequencies at 1.76 GHz and 2.84 GHz.
Mechanisms underlying the interactions and adaptability of nitrogen removal microorganisms in freshwater sediments
Authors: Zhang Dandan , Yu Huang , Yu Xiaoli , Yang Yuchun , Wang Cheng , Wu Kun , Niu Mingyang , He Jianguo , He Zhili , Yan Qingyun 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMicroorganisms in eutrophic water play a vital role in nitrogen (N) removal, which contributes significantly to the nutrient cycling and sustainability of eutrophic ecosystems. However, the mechanisms underlying the interactions and adaptation strategies of the N removal microorganisms in eutrophic ecosystems remain unclear. We thus analyzed field sediments collected from a eutrophic freshwater ecosystem, enriched the N removal microorganisms, examined their function and adaptability through amplicon, metagenome and metatranscriptome sequencing. We found that the N removal activities could be affected through potential competition and inhibition among microbial metabolic pathways. High-diversity microbial communities generally increased the abundance and expression of N removal functional genes. Further enrichment experiments showed that the enrichment of N removal microorganisms led to a development of simplified but more stable microbial communities, characterized by similar evolutionary patterns among N removal microorganisms, tighter interactions, and increased adaptability. Notably, the sustained provision of NH4+ and NO2− during the enrichment could potentially strengthen the interconnections among denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) processes. Moreover, the identification of shared metabolic traits among denitrification, anammox and DNRA implies important cooperative associations and adaptability of N removal microorganisms. Our findings highlight the microbial interactions affect the adaptive strategies of key microbial taxa involved in N removal.
Managing and Prioritizing Investments in Urban Waterways: Empirical Insights Into the Preferences of the Public and Experts
Authors: Cooper Bethany , Burton Michael , Crase Lin , Rigby Daniel 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe world is more urbanized now than ever before and maintaining some form of amenity from natural or modified ecosystems in the urban context is an increasingly significant challenge. This is not aided by the somewhat amorphous definition of amenity itself. This article introduces a framework for conceptualizing the amenity of urban waterways and provides empirical evidence about the relative weight of the different determinants of waterway amenity. We use best‐worst scaling to examine how households rate the relative importance of the amenity attributes along with data about how households rate their “connection” to waterways. Comparisons of preferences are made across four cities in Australia, all ranked in the top 10 most liveable cities in the World in 2021. The study also captures the relative importance of how “experts” in the field perceive these attributes. We find evidence that public preferences are not always aligned with those of experts and uncover significant heterogeneity within household respondents. To illustrate one way to cater for this heterogeneity in urban planning we report the results of a total unduplicated reach and frequency analysis as a means of identifying an efficacious portfolio of interventions. Accordingly, the study provides useful insights for waterway managers seeking to improve the allocation of resources and generate the most efficient amenity outcomes.
Intense Electric Currents and Energy Conversion Observed at Electron Scales in the Plasma Sheet During Propagation of High‐Speed Ion Bulk Flows
Authors: Grigorenko E. E. , Leonenko M. V. , Malykhin A. Y. , Zelenyi L. M. , Fu H. S. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe intense electron‐scale current structures (ECSs) with the current density J ≥ 30 nA/m2 are often observed in the Plasma Sheet (PS) during high‐speed bulk flows. Using MMS observations we have analyzed 41 earthward and 37 tailward flow intervals and found 452 and 754 ECSs distributed over the PS region, respectively. Almost all ECSs are generated by high‐speed electron beams. The duration of ECSs is ≤1 s, and many of them have a half‐thickness L ≤ a few ρe (ρe is the gyroradius of thermal electrons). In such thin ECSs electrons become demagnetized and experience the dynamics like that observed in the electron diffusion region. Strong nonideal electric fields (E’) associated with violation of frozen‐in condition for electrons are observed in the ECSs. This results in the intense energy conversion with J·E’ up to hundreds pW/m3. The major part of the dissipating energy is transferred to electron heating and acceleration. We suggest that the ECSs are manifestations of kinetic‐scale turbulence driven by the high‐speed ion bulk flows. The inductive electric fields generated by the growing magnetic fluctuations accelerate electron beams which, in turn, generate the ECSs. The ECSs thinning during their evolution, probably, stops for L ≤ a few ρe. Further thinning leads to development of kinetic instability causing the current disruption and strong electric field generation. The last accelerates new electron beams which generate new ECSs in other locations. Thus, the life cycles of the ECSs contribute to energy cascade in turbulent plasma at electron kinetic scales.
Ionospheric Channel Impulse Response Measurement System for NVIS Propagation Mode Over Java Island Based on Low‐Cost SDR Platform
Authors: Dear Varuliantor , Arifianto Mohammad Sigit , Abadi Prayitno , Purnomo Cahyo , Husin Asnawi , Kurniawan Adit , Iskandar I. S. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe development of a digital high‐frequency (HF) radio communication system requires an ionospheric channel model from the channel impulse response (CIR) measurement. Although the Watterson ionosphere channel model has been available and used for a long time, several CIR measurements have been conducted in all regions of the Earth in an attempt to validate or replace the Watterson channel model with a suitable model for their region. However, only a few CIR measurements were conducted in low‐latitude regions, especially over Indonesia. In this study, we develop the CIR measurement system for the near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) propagation mode over Java Island based on the software defined radio platform to meet low‐cost and simple operation requirements. The specification of the system is based on the International Telecommunication Union ionospheric channel characteristic document and increased in order to be able to capture higher values. Results from a 1‐week campaign measurement period show the ability of the system to measure the root mean square of time delay within the range of 0.2–1.3 ms and the Doppler shift within the range of 0.7–1.1 Hz in the quiet conditions of the ionosphere. Further measurements will be conducted to obtain a comprehensive ionosphere CIR that is useful for designing the NVIS‐HF digital communication in Indonesia, which is located beneath the crest region of an equatorial ionospheric anomaly.
Imbalances in Dissolved Elemental Export Fluxes Disclose “Hidden” Critical Zone Compartments
Authors: Uhlig D. , Sohrt J. , von Blanckenburg F. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn streams, short‐term element‐specific solute fluxes are often not balanced with long‐term chemical weathering fluxes determined in the residual solids from fractional element loss and denudation rate. The ratio of both estimates—the “Dissolved Export Efficiency” (DEE)—is frequently <1, indicating deficits in the stream dissolved load. To explore the cause of the stream deficits, we performed a daily water sampling campaign for one year in a forested headwater watershed in Southern Germany. We sampled surface runoff, above‐canopy and below‐canopy precipitation, subsurface flow from the organic soil layer, upper, and deep mineral soil, and groundwater. Regolith samples were obtained from a drill core and revealed the weathering front to lie between 7 and 15 m depth. We found a DEE < 1 for K, Si, Al, Fe. These elements are characterized by shallow slopes in C‐Q relationships, and the imbalances were found to originate in the deep saprolite. Their export pathway potentially includes “hidden” Critical Zone compartments or fluxes, presumably unsampled colloids that are exported preferentially during rare flushing events with stochastic temporal distribution. The DEE of nutritive elements like Ca, Mg, and P is also <1. These elements are characterized by steeper C‐Q slopes, and their imbalance can be explained by deep nutrient uptake followed by nutrient retainment in re‐growing forest biomass or export in plant debris. The collective evidence for these imbalances, including previous evidence from metal stable isotopes, suggests that the deep Critical Zone represents the location for chemical or biogenic retention and release of solutes.
Improved Representation of Vegetation Soil Moisture Coupling Enhances Soil Moisture Data Assimilation in Water‐Limited Regimes: A Case Study Over Texas
Authors: Hassani Farhad , Zhang Yu , Kumar Sujay V. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAssimilating remotely sensed surface soil moisture (SSM) into land surface models (LSM) is widely used to improve model representations of soil moisture (SM). However, the efficacy of SSM data assimilation (DA) has been found to be limited, particularly in resolving root‐zone soil moisture (RZSM). This study investigates how the representation of vegetation phenology, modulates the efficacy of SSM DA in enhancing the realism of RZSM simulations. To this end, two sets of climatological leaf area index (LAI) are implemented in Noah‐MP LSM over the state of Texas: (a) Noah‐MP default based on long‐term MODIS observations, (b) an alternative LAI adapted from AVHRR products. The former are found to exhibit conspicuous phase errors whereas the latter are more consistent with observed seasonal cycle. Two sets of DA experiments were performed accordingly, wherein SMAP L3 SSM is assimilated into Noah‐MP equipped with each LAI product from 2015 to 2019, Validation of the resulting products against in‐situ data reveals that (a) using the AVHRR‐based LAI, the Noah‐MP outperforms the baseline in reproducing the dynamics of RZSM, and the outperformance is particularly evident over the warm season and water‐stressed western Texas; (b) using the alternative LAI enhances the ability of DA to improve the accuracy of Noah‐MP RZSM, and to a lesser extent, SSM; and (c) gains in SM attained through improvement of LAI and application of DA is most pronounced over regions featuring tight vertical SM coupling. Additional model mechanistic limitations that need to be overcome to improve efficacy of DA are discussed.
Quantifying the Regulation Capacity of the Three Gorges Reservoir on Extreme Hydrological Events and Its Impact on Flow Regime in a Changing Climate
Authors: Cheng Han , Wang Taihua , Yang Dawen 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is one of the world's largest hydropower projects and plays an important role in water resources management in the Yangtze River. For the sake of disaster prevention and catchment management, it is crucial to understand the regulation capacity of the TGR on extreme hydrological events and its impact on flow regime in a changing climate. This study obtains historical inflows of the TGR from 1961 to 2019 and uses a distributed hydrological model to simulate the future inflows from 2021 to 2070. These data are adopted to drive a machine learning‐based TGR operation model to obtain the simulated outflow with TGR operation, which are then compared with the natural flow without TGR operation to assess the impact of TGR. The results indicate that the average flood peaks and total flooding days in the historical period could have been reduced by 29.2% and 53.4% with the operation of TGR. The relative declines in drought indicators including duration and intensity were generally less than 10%. Faced with more severe extreme hydrological events in the future, the TGR is still expected to alleviate floods and droughts, but cannot bring them down to historical levels. The impact of TGR operation on flow regime will also evolve in a changing climate, potentially altering the habitats of river ecosystems. This study proposes feasible methods for simulating the operation of large reservoirs and quantifying the impact on flow regime, and provides insights for integrated watershed management in the upper Yangtze River basin.
U‐Pb Geochronology of Paleosol Carbonate Cements by LA‐ICP‐MS: A Proof of Concept and Strategy for Dating the Terrestrial Record
Authors: Aguirre Palafox L. E. , Möller A. , McLean N. M. , Ludvigson G. A. , Colombi C. E. , Montañez I. P. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis study investigates the potential of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) U‐Pb dating for carbonate nodules in the Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. We establish a fully characterized paragenetic sequence to guide the analysis of three pedogenic carbonates and compare the U‐Pb ages with published geochronology from volcanic ashes within the sedimentary succession. Our findings demonstrate the importance of interpreting U‐Pb data within a well‐defined paragenetic framework for accurate age interpretation of pedogenic carbonates. We observe variations in U‐Pb isotopic signatures across different generations of carbonate precipitates and identify syn‐pedogenic and early burial calcite cements as most suitable for precise dating. Respectively, these two calcite cements are interpreted as microcodium and crack‐lining calcite cements formed early in the paragenetic sequence during pedogenesis to early burial of the paleosols as they transitioned from the unsaturated vadose to saturated phreatic zone below the water table. The U‐Pb ages obtained from the carbonate nodules agree with the radioisotopic ages of volcanic ashes, supporting the validity of our dating strategy. These results contribute to advancing U‐Pb carbonate geochronology and highlight its increased potential for dating sedimentary records in the terrestrial realm. Future research should focus on replicating similar work on different carbonate nodules within the Ischigualasto Fm and expanding the application of LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb dating to other carbonate‐bearing formations, especially in successions with limited absolute ages or where volcanic ashes are sparse or absent.
Capturing the Diversity of Mesoscale Trade Wind Cumuli Using Complementary Approaches From Self‐Supervised Deep Learning
Authors: Chatterjee Dwaipayan , Schnitt Sabrina , Bigalke Paula , Acquistapace Claudia , Crewell Susanne 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAt mesoscale, trade wind clouds organize with various spatial arrangements, shaping their effect on Earth's energy budget. Representing their fine‐scale dynamics even at 1 km scale climate simulations remains challenging. However, geostationary satellites (GS) offer high‐resolution cloud observation for gaining insights into trade wind cumuli from long‐term records. To capture the observed organizational variability, this work proposes an integrated framework using a continuous followed by discrete self‐supervised deep learning approach, which exploits cloud optical depth from GS measurements. We aim to simplify the entire mesoscale cloud spectrum by reducing the image complexity in the feature space and meaningfully partitioning it into seven classes whose connection to environmental conditions is illustrated with reanalysis data. Our framework facilitates comparing human‐labeled mesoscale classes with machine‐identified ones, addressing uncertainties in both methods. It advances previous methods by exploring transitions between regimes, a challenge for physical simulations, and illustrates a case study of sugar‐to‐flower transitions.
Seasonal Cycle Delay of the Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency in CMIP6 Simulations
Authors: Peng Yi , Guo Yi‐Peng 
Published: June 2024

AbstractObvious biases in simulating tropical cyclone (TC) genesis of the current climate models hamper our understanding of TC changes. In this study, we found a delay of the seasonal cycle of TC genesis frequency over the western North Pacific (WNP) in most Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 models. During the active TC season, the simulated south‐warming and north‐cooling surface temperature bias amplifies the meridional gradient and excites thermal winds. This weakens the western North Pacific Subtropical High and easterly monsoon trough, which further reduces TC genesis frequency over the western WNP in summer. But in autumn, positive TC genesis biases were only observed in coupled models over the eastern WNP. Both seasons contribute to the delayed seasonal cycle of TC frequency in models. Our findings highlight the importance of accurate simulation of surface temperature by climate models to TC simulations and aid in future model improvements.
Empowering Machine Learning Forecasting of Labquake Using Event‐Based Features and Clustering Characteristics
Authors: Karimpouli Sadegh , Kwiatek Grzegorz , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Martínez‐Garzón Patricia , Dresen Georg , Bohnhoff Marco 
Published: June 2024

AbstractFollowing recent advances of machine learning (ML), we present a novel approach to extract spatiotemporal seismo‐mechanical features from Acoustic Emission (AE) catalogs to empower ML‐based forecasting. The AE data were recorded during laboratory stick‐slip experiments on granite samples cut by rough faults. Based on the features computed for a past time window, a random forest (RF) classifier is used to forecast the occurrence of a large magnitude event (MAE > 3.5) in the next time window. Event‐based features allow us to associate informative time‐space characteristics to each feature and nearest‐neighbor clustering analysis enables us to separate background and clustered seismicity and train individual models. The results show that the separation of AEs enhances the forecasting accuracy from 73.2% for the entire catalog up to 82.1% and 89.0% if background and clustered events are used separately. The presented new approach may be upscaled for applications to forecast tectonic earthquakes.
Mechanical power made simple: validating a simplified calculation of mechanical power in preterm lungs
Authors: Pearson-Lemme Jack , Halibullah Ikhwan , Becher Tobias , Tingay Hamish D. , Douglas Ellen , Fatmous Monique , Kenna Kelly R. , Pereira-Fantini Prue M. , Tingay David G. , Sett Arun 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
The incidence of chronic lung disease is increasing, suggesting a need to explore novel ways to understand ventilator induced lung injury (VILI) in preterm infants. Mechanical power (MP) is a unifying measure of energy transferred to the respiratory system and a proposed determinant of VILI. The gold-standard method for calculating MP (geometric method) is not feasible in the clinical setting. This has prompted the derivation of simplified equations for calculating MP.

Objective
To validate the agreement between a simplified calculation of MP (MPSimple) and the true MP calculated using the geometric method (MPRef).

Methods
MPSimple and MPRef was calculated in mechanically ventilated preterm lambs (n = 71) and the agreement between both measures was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), linear regression, and Bland-Altman analysis.

Results
A strong linear relationship (adjusted R2 = 0.98), and excellent agreement (ICC = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98–0.99) between MPSimple and MPRef was demonstrated. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated a negligible positive bias (mean difference = 0.131 J/min·kg). The 95% limits of agreement were −0.06 to 0.32 J/min·kg.

Conclusions
In a controlled setting, there was excellent agreement between MPSimple and gold-standard calculations. MPSimple should be validated and explored in preterm neonates to assess the cause-effect relationship with VILI and neonatal outcomes.

Impact statement

Mechanical power (MP) unifies the individual components of ventilator induced lung injury (VILI) and provides an estimate of total energy transferred to the respiratory system during mechanical ventilation.

As gold-standard calculations of mechanical power at the bedside are not feasible, alternative simplified equations have been proposed.

In this study, MP calculated using a simplified equation had excellent agreement with true MP in mechanically ventilated preterm lambs.

These results lay foundations to explore the role of MP in neonatal VILI and determine its relationship with short and long term respiratory outcomes.
Effect of structural disorder induced by external irradiation with heavy ions on the alteration of a four oxide borosilicate glass
Authors: Gin Stéphane , Taron Mélanie , Arena Hélène , Delaye Jean-Marc 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe irradiation of glass by heavy ions induces structural damage, generally leading to a decrease in its chemical durability whose amplitude strongly depends on the glass chemical composition. Here, we investigate the effects of irradiation by 7 MeV Au ions (simulating the main ballistic effects induced by self-irradiation in nuclear glass) on the behavior of a 4-oxide borosilicate glass in both the initial and residual dissolution regimes. The comparison between irradiated and non-irradiated glasses provides insights into the predominant atomic mechanisms governing glass alteration processes. The most pronounced effect is observed on interdiffusion in acidic conditions, with the rate increased by more than an order of magnitude for the irradiated glass. We show that both the interdiffusion regime and the residual regime are controlled by the hydrolysis of the B—O—Si linkages, whereas under initial dissolution rate regime in basic conditions the rate-limiting step becomes the hydrolysis of Si—O—Si linkages. Overall, the observations suggest structural disorder due to external irradiation by Au ions primarily affects the kinetics of glass alteration without changing the fundamental nature of the limiting reactions.