bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Once Daily Levemir (SOLVE™): insights into the timing of insulin initiation in people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes in routine clinical practice
Authors: Khunti K. , Damci T. , Meneghini L. , Pan C. Y. , Yale J.‐F. ,   on behalf of the SOLVE Study Group
Published: March 2012

Aims: The aim of this analysis is to determine the timing of insulin initiation in routine clinical practice, especially in relation to glycaemic control and use of oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs).Methods: Study of Once Daily Levemir was a 24‐week international observational study involving 10 countries which evaluated the safety and effectiveness of initiating once‐daily insulin detemir in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) being treated with one or more OADs (clinical trial number NCT00825643 and NCT00740519).Results: A total of 17 374 participants were enrolled in the study: aged 62 ± 12 years, 53% male, T2DM duration 10 ± 7 years, body mass index 29.3 ± 5.4 kg/m2. Pre‐insulin HbA1c was 8.9 ± 1.6%. The proportion of patients with HbA1c ≥9.0% ranged from 64% (UK) to 23% (Poland). Pre‐insulin OAD treatment included metformin (81%), sulphonylureas (59%), glinides (16%), thiazolidinediones (TZD) (12%), α‐glucosidase inhibitors (12%) and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)‐IV inhibitors (7%). The mean starting dose of insulin detemir for the total cohort was 0.16 ± 0.09 U/kg. Differences in OAD use and insulin doses at initiation were evident among participating countries. The largest proportional changes in OAD prescribing at insulin initiation were seen with glinides (+15%), sulphonylureas (−19%), TZD (−31%) and DPP‐IV inhibitors (−28%).Conclusions: Despite well‐documented benefits of timely glycaemic control and consensus guidelines encouraging earlier use of insulin, considerable clinical inertia exists with respect to initiating appropriate insulin therapy in people with T2DM. Considerable regional differences exist in the timing of insulin initiation and in the use of OADs.
Eggs, ethics and exploitation? Investigating women’s experiences of an egg sharing scheme
Authors: Haimes Erica , Taylor Ken , Turkmendag Ilke 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThere is a growing global demand for human eggs for the treatment of sub‐fertile women and for stem cell‐related research. This demand provokes concerns for the women providing the eggs, including their possible exploitation, whether they should be paid, whether they can give properly informed consent and whether their eggs and bodies are becoming commodified. However, few of the debates have benefitted from insights from the women themselves. We address this gap in knowledge by reporting on a study investigating women’s views and experiences of a scheme in which they can volunteer, in their capacity as fertility patients, to ‘share’ their eggs with researchers and receive a reduction in in vitro fertilisation fees. We focus our discussion on the question of exploitation, a concept central to many sociological and ethical interests. In brief, our analysis suggests that while interviewees acknowledge the potential of this scheme to be exploitative, they argue that this is not the case, emphasising their ability to act autonomously in deciding to volunteer. Nonetheless, these freely made decisions do not necessarily take place under circumstances of their choosing. We discuss the implications of this for egg provision in general and for understandings of exploitation.
Are archetypes transmitted more by culture than biology? Questions arising from conceptualizations of the archetype
Authors: Roesler Christian 
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  The archetype is one of the most important, if not the central concept of analytical psychology. Nevertheless from the beginning the concept was controversial. This paper attempts to review the debate around the term archetype and tries to point out some of the main problems the concept has in the light of contemporary knowledge especially in genetics and neurosciences. It becomes clear that for its use in the practice of Jungian psychotherapy the element of universality in the concept of archetypes is crucial. However, it must be concluded that there is still no firm scientific foundation for the claim that complex symbolic patterns (as for example the myth of the hero) can be transmitted in a way that every human individual has access to them. The paper attempts to show possible ways in which this transmission may be more successfully conceptualized.I would like to have Jung have the last word here. We find a hint in Jung's work where he opens up to ideas much like the ones I have developed here, and this is where Jung says: culture is part of man's nature.
A Direct AFM Investigation of the Local Interaction Between a Single Particle and a Growing Ice Front Within Alumina Slurries
Authors: Lecomte‐Nana Gisèle , Coudert Valérie , Rossignol Fabrice , Lassalle Audrey 
Published: March 2012

AFM technique is used to investigate the local interaction between a growing ice front and a single particle, to further elucidate phenomena related to shaping by ice templating and freeze‐casting. For that purpose, cantilevers exhibiting spring constants of 0.58 and 0.12 N/m are functionalized (or not) with attached micrometer‐sized silica spheres with diameters of 600 nm and 10 μm. When using deionized water solutions, it appears that the lateral repulsion rate recorded on silica‐free cantilevers decreases from 67 to 389 μm/s (±1%) for pH values of 3 and 6, respectively. At pH 9, an optimum is reached (35 μm/s). The functionalization of cantilevers does not lead to significant changes. For colloidal alumina suspensions (32 vol% of solid content at natural pH of 8.7, mean size of 400 nm), the effect of deflocculation status is characterized. The more stabilized suspensions exhibit the lowest repulsion rates (from 100 to 230 μm/s), while the less stable suspensions lead to higher repulsion rates (≥500 μm/s). This behavior is consistent with the establishment of a preferential growing path through the loose (open) structure of flocculated particles. AFM appears as an analytical tool of interest to study local phenomena occurring during ice templating of colloidal suspensions.
Patch testing with own cosmetics—a prospective study of testing and reporting of adverse effects to the Swedish Medical Products Agency
Authors: Tammela Monica , Lindberg Magnus , Isaksson Marléne , Inerot Annica , Rudel Jana , Berne Berit 
Published: March 2012

Background. The Swedish Medical Products Agency (MPA) provides a voluntary reporting system for adverse reactions to cosmetics. However, the reporting is sparse, and the products involved are sometimes difficult to identify.Objectives. To investigate how often patients referred for patch testing were tested with the cosmetic products that they had been using themselves, and to improve the reporting to the MPA by the use of photographic documentation of product labels.Patients and methods. Consecutive patients at five dermatology departments who were patch tested with their own cosmetics were included. Reports including protocols of positive patch test results for the patients' own cosmetics and photographs/photocopies of product labels were sent to the MPA.Results. Three hundred and sixteen of 948 patients (33%) were tested with their own cosmetics, and 15% of these tested positive with one or more products. The number of reports was more than three times higher than in corresponding periods in earlier years. For 79% of the products, photographs/photocopies of the containers were submitted, and for 30%, batch numbers were submitted.Conclusions. For a substantial number of patients, their own cosmetics were suspected of causing adverse reactions and were therefore tested. During the study, the number of reports to the MPA tripled, and the relevant products were easier to identify.
Statement of the Financial Economists Roundtable: How to Manage and Help to Avoid Systemic Liquidity Risk
Authors: Eisenbeis Robert 
Published: March 2012

In the summer of 2010, when legislative and regulatory responses were being finalized to address financial institution and market liquidity problems, the Financial Economists Roundtable, a group of prominent financial economists over 50 years old, convened with the aim of developing principles that would address both market‐wide and institution‐specific liquidity problems exposed by the 2007–2008 financial crisis. As summarized in this statement, the eight principles that came out of this meeting should be used to assess the strengths and weakness of not only the Dodd‐Frank legislation that was passed, but also of the regulatory proposals to implement the law as they continue to emerge.Among the eight principles endorsed, the Roundtable urges regulators to seek to ensure that:
the failures of large complex institutions are independent events so as to minimize spillover effects;
the interdependence of capital and liquidity requirements is recognized;
such requirements are flexible and cost‐effective;
central banks continue to provide lender‐of‐last‐resort lending against sound collateral; and
the disclosure of institutions' risk exposures is timely and transparent.
The Roundtable also concluded that the crisis revealed critical weaknesses in the tri‐party repo market, and recommended consideration of reforms to the market that include moving such transactions to organized exchanges, and reducing dependence on the two private sector financial institutions that operate that market's infrastructure. Additional useful reforms would include limiting daylight overdrafts, imposing margin requirements on counterparties to limit systemic risk and prohibiting re‐hypothecation. Finally, the Roundtable believes that improved transparency of transactions and prices would enhance monitoring by responsible regulatory agencies.
Photostability and Skin Penetration of Different E‐Resveratrol‐Loaded Supramolecular Structures
Authors: Detoni Cassia Britto , Souto Gabriele Dadalt , da Silva Ana Luiza Maurer , Pohlmann Adriana Raffin , Guterres Silvia Stanisuaski 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIt is desirable and challenging to prevent E‐resveratrol (E‐RSV) from photoisomerizing to its Z‐configuration to preserve its biological and pharmacological activities. The aim of this research was to evaluate the photostability of E‐RSV‐loaded supramolecular structures and the skin penetration profile of chemically and physically stable nanoestructured formulations. Different supramolecular structures were developed to act as carriers for E‐RSV, that is, liposomes, polymeric lipid‐core nanocapsules and nanospheres and solid lipid nanoparticles. The degrees of photostability of these formulations were compared with that of an ethanolic solution of E‐RSV. The skin penetration profiles of the stable formulations were obtained using vertical diffusion cells (protected from light and under UVA radiation) with porcine skin as the membrane, followed by tape stripping and separation of the viable epidermis and dermis in a heated water bath. Photoisomerization was significantly delayed by the association of resveratrol with the nanocarriers independently of the supramolecular structure. Liposomes were the particles capable of maintaining E‐RSV concentration for the longest time. On the other hand, E‐RSV‐loaded liposomes reduced in size showing low physical stability under UVA radiation. In the dark, the skin penetration profiles were very similar, but under UVA radiation the E‐RSV‐loaded nanocarriers showed increasing amounts in the total epidermis.
Strong divergences in regional distributions in Romania: recent ecological constraints in dragonflies (Odonata) versus ancient biogeographical patterns in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopolocera)
Authors: RÁKOSY LÁSZLÓ , HEISER MARKUS , MANCI COSMIN‐OVIDIU , SCHMITT THOMAS 
Published: March 2012

Abstract.  1. While the biogeographical structuring of Europe as a whole is already relatively well understood, patterns at the more regional scale are still poorly explored. Especially the influence of differing ecological demands among species groups on regional distribution patterns is mostly unresolved. Therefore, we compare the distributions of strictly terrestrial butterflies with those of semi‐aquatic dragonflies.2. We analysed a regionalised distribution of the 196 butterfly and 68 dragonfly taxa of Romania with cluster analyses and principal component analyses, and worked out the different faunal regions and faunal elements for this country.3. We obtained a clear regional structuring for the butterflies (e.g. Transylvanian Basin, Carpathians, SE Romania, W/SW Romania), but only a vertical structuring in the dragonflies from the Danube lowlands to the elevations of the Carpathians.4. This structure implies a recent distribution trigger based on ecological and climatic constraints in dragonflies with water and energy availability being of high importance.5. The more ancient biogeographical pattern in butterflies reflects the different biogeographical elements of Europe and the connections of the Carpathian regions to the Balkan Peninsula and the Eastern European steppes, with energy being of considerably higher importance for butterfly occurrences than water availability.
Association of Adrenocorticotrophin and Cortisol Concentrations with Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Cytokine Gene Expression in Septic and Nonseptic Neonatal Foals
Authors: Gold J.R. , Cohen N.D. , Welsh T.H. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundThe hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) is influenced by the proinflammatory cytokinesIL‐6,IL‐1β, andTNF‐α in critically ill humans. Information about the association of cytokines with theHPAaxis in neonatal foals is lacking.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe objectives were to describe for hospitalized septic and nonseptic foals (1) temporal changes in blood concentrations ofACTH, and cortisol, and leukocyte cytokine gene expression, and (2) coassociation of theseHPAaxis hormones with blood leukocyte cytokine gene expression.AnimalsHospitalized septic foals (N = 15) and hospitalized nonseptic foals (N = 11).MethodsBlood samples, obtained from study foals at admission (T = 0), and 24 (T = 1), 48 (T = 2), 72 (T = 3), and 96 (T = 4) hours after admission, were processed to isolate RNA from leukocytes and to harvest plasma and serum for hormone assays. Plasma ACTH and serum cortisol concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. LeukocytemRNAexpression of IL‐1β IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and TNF‐α was determined using RT‐PCR.ResultsCortisol concentrations were greater (P < .05) in foals at admission than at other time points. The expressions of IL‐8 and IL‐10mRNAwere lower (P < .05) at each time point in septic than in nonseptic foals. Among septic foals, ACTH was positively associated (P = .0026) with IL‐6mRNAexpression.ConclusionsSepsis influences secretion of theHPAaxis hormones and expression of cytokines in foals. A positive association with theHPAaxis andIL‐6 expression was detected. The clinical importance of these findings requires additional study.
Apparent Loss of Vibrio vulnificus from North Carolina Oysters Coincides with a Drought-Induced Increase in Salinity
Authors: Froelich Brett A. , Williams Tiffany C. , Noble Rachel T. , Oliver James D. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Despite years of successful isolation of
Vibrio vulnificus
from estuarine waters, beginning in 2007, it was extremely difficult to culture
V. vulnificus
from either North Carolina estuarine water or oyster samples. After employing culture-based methods as well as PCR and quantitative PCR for the detection of
V. vulnificus
, always with negative results, we concluded that this pathogen had become nearly undetectable in the North Carolina estuarine ecosystem. We ensured that the techniques were sound by seeding North Carolina oysters with
V. vulnificus
and performing the same tests as those previously conducted on unadulterated oysters.
V. vulnificus
was readily detected in the seeded oysters using both classes of methods. Furthermore, oysters were obtained from the Gulf of Mexico, and
V. vulnificus
was easily isolated, confirming that the methodology was sound but that the oysters and waters of North Carolina were lacking the
V. vulnificus
population studied for decades. Strikingly, the apparent loss of detectable
V. vulnificus
coincided with the most severe drought in the history of North Carolina. The drought continued until the end of 2009, with an elevated water column salinity being observed throughout this period and with
V. vulnificus
being nearly nonexistent. When salinities returned to normal after the drought abated in 2010, we were again able to routinely isolate
V. vulnificus
from the water column, although we were still unable to culture it from oysters. We suggest that the oysters were colonized with a more salt-tolerant bacterium during the drought, which displaced
V. vulnificus
and may be preventing recolonization.
Secretory Pathway-Dependent Localization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rho GTPase-Activating Protein Rgd1p at Growth Sites
Authors: Lefèbvre Fabien , Prouzet-Mauléon Valérie , Hugues Michel , Crouzet Marc , Vieillemard Aurélie , McCusker Derek , Thoraval Didier , Doignon François 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Establishment and maintenance of cell polarity in eukaryotes depends upon the regulation of Rho GTPases. In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, the Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) Rgd1p stimulates the GTPase activities of Rho3p and Rho4p, which are involved in bud growth and cytokinesis, respectively. Consistent with the distribution of Rho3p and Rho4p, Rgd1p is found mostly in areas of polarized growth during cell cycle progression. Rgd1p was mislocalized in mutants specifically altered for Golgi apparatus-based phosphatidylinositol 4-P [PtdIns(4)P] synthesis and for PtdIns(4,5)P
2
production at the plasma membrane. Analysis of Rgd1p distribution in different membrane-trafficking mutants suggested that Rgd1p was delivered to growth sites via the secretory pathway. Rgd1p may associate with post-Golgi vesicles by binding to PtdIns(4)P and then be transported by secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane. In agreement, we show that Rgd1p coimmunoprecipitated and localized with markers specific to secretory vesicles and cofractionated with a plasma membrane marker. Moreover,
in vivo
imaging revealed that Rgd1p was transported in an anterograde manner from the mother cell to the daughter cell in a vectoral manner. Our data indicate that secretory vesicles are involved in the delivery of RhoGAP Rgd1p to the bud tip and bud neck.
Self-reported violations during medication administration in two paediatric hospitals
Authors: Alper Samuel J , Holden Richard J , Scanlon Matthew C , Patel Neal , Kaushal Rainu , Skibinski Kathleen , Brown Roger L , Karsh Ben-Tzion 
Published: March 2012

ContentViolations of safety protocols are paths to adverse outcomes that have been poorly addressed by existing safety efforts. This study reports on nurses' self-reported violations in the medication administration process.ObjectiveTo assess the extent of violations in the medication administration process among nurses.Design, setting and participantsParticipants were 199 nurses from two US urban, academic, tertiary care, free-standing paediatric hospitals who worked in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU), a haematology-oncology-transplant (HOT) unit or a medical-surgical (Med/Surg) unit. In a cross-sectional survey, nurses were asked about violations in routine or emergency situations in three steps of the medication administration process.Main outcome measureSelf-reported violations of three medication administration protocols were made using a seven-point 0–6 scale from ‘not at all’ to ‘a great deal’.ResultsAnalysis of variance identified that violation reports were highest for emergency situations, rather than for routine operations, highest by HOT unit nurses, followed by PICU nurses and then Med/Surg unit nurses, and highest during patient identification checking, followed by matching a medication to a medication administration record, and then documenting an administration. There was also a significant three-way interaction among violation situation, step in the process, and unit.ConclusionsProtocol violations occur throughout the medication administration process and their prevalence varies as a function of hospital unit, step in the process, and violation situation. Further research is required to determine whether these violations improve or worsen safety, and for those that worsen safety, how to redesign the system of administration to reduce the need to violate protocol to accomplish job tasks.
Transfusion-associated necrotising enterocolitis in neonates
Authors: Stritzke Amelie I , Smyth John , Synnes Anne , Lee Shoo K , Shah Prakesh S 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between blood transfusion in previous 2 days and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units in Canada.Patients and MethodsUsing the Canadian Neonatal Network database of admissions to neonatal intensive care units from 2003 to 2008, cases with NEC were matched with controls by gestational age (GA) at birth. Exposure to transfusion within 2 days of NEC (for cases) or 2 days before the median age of NEC diagnosis among cases of the same GA (for controls) was determined. After controlling for confounders, the differences in characteristics and neonatal outcomes of transfusion-associated NEC (TANEC) and NEC not associated with transfusion (non-TANEC) were compared.ResultsNEC cases (n=927) were matched with 2781 controls. Transfusion in previous 2 days was significantly higher in NEC cases than in controls (15.5 vs 7.7%; adjusted OR (AOR) 2. 44; 95% CI 1.87 to 3.18). TANEC cases versus non-TANEC cases had a lower mean GA (25.8 vs 29.3 weeks), a lower mean birthweight (885 vs 1373 grams), and a higher proportion of infants with SNAPII score >20 (52.1 vs 22.9%). After adjustment for confounders, no significant differences in mortality (AOR 1.28, 95% CI 0.82 to 2.01), severe retinopathy (AOR 1.15, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.87), or severe neurological injury (AOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.60) were identified.ConclusionsExposure to transfusion in previous 2 days was an independent risk factor for NEC. After controlling for confounders, no significant differences in mortality and morbidities were observed between infants who had transfusion-associated NEC and those with NEC not associated with transfusion.