bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alteration of calcium‐ and aluminium‐rich inclusions in the Murray (CM2) carbonaceous chondrite
Authors: Lee Martin R. , Greenwood Richard C. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract— Four different types of calcium‐ and aluminium‐rich inclusions (CAIs) have been identified in the CM2 chondrite Murray, three of which contain alteration products. Two types of altered CAIs, spinel inclusions and spinel‐pyroxene inclusions, contain primary spinel (± perovskite ± hibonite ± diopside) and secondary Fe‐rich serpentine phyllosilicates (± tochilinite ± calcite). Original melilite in these CAIs is inferred to have been altered during aqueous activity in the parent body and Fe‐rich serpentines, tochilinite and calcite were formed in its place.The other type of altered CAI is represented by one inclusion, here called MCA‐1. This CAI contains primary spinel, perovskite, fassaite and diopside with secondary calcite, paragonite, Mg‐Al‐Fe phyllosilicates and a Mg‐Al‐Fe sulphate. Importantly, MCA‐1 is similar in both primary and secondary mineralogy to a small number of altered CAIs described from other CM2 meteorites including Essebi, Murchison and a CM2 clast from Plainview. Features that these CAIs have in common include an unusually large size, a CV3‐like primary mineralogy and the presence of secondary aluminosilicates and calcite. The Al‐rich alteration products in MCA‐1 are also reminiscent of secondary minerals in refractory inclusions from CV3 meteorites, which have previously been interpreted to form by interaction of the inclusions with solar nebula gases. In common with the other types of altered CAIs in Murray, MCA‐1 is inferred to have experienced its main phase of alteration in a parent body environment. The Mg‐Al‐Fe phyllosilicates, calcite and the Mg‐Al‐Fe sulphate formed following aqueous alteration of an Al‐rich precursor, possibly Ca dialuminate. This episode of parent body alteration may have overprinted an earlier phase of alteration in a solar nebula environment from which only paragonite remains.
Noble gases in presolar diamonds I: Three distinct components and their implications for diamond origins
Authors: Huss Gary R. , Lewis Roy S. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract— High‐purity separates of presolar diamond were prepared from 14 primitive chondrites from 7 compositional groups. Their noble gases were measured using stepped pyrolysis. Three distinct noble gas components are present in diamonds, HL, P3, and P6, each of which is found to consist of five noble gases. P3, released between 200 °C and 900 °C, has a “planetary” elemental abundance pattern and roughly “normal” isotopic ratios. HL, consisting of isotopically anomalous Xe‐HL and Kr‐H, Ar with high 38Ar/36Ar, and most of the gas making up Ne‐A2 and He‐A, is released between 1100 °C and 1600 °C. HL has “planetary” elemental ratios, except that it has much more He and Ne than other known “planetary” components. HL gases are carried in the bulk diamonds, not in some trace phase. P6 has a slightly higher median release temperature than HL and is not cleanly separated from HL by stepped pyrolysis. Our data suggest that P6 has roughly “normal” isotopic compositions and “planetary” elemental ratios. Both P3 and P6 seem to be isotopically distinct from P1, the dominant “planetary” noble‐gas component in primitive chondrites. Release characteristics suggest that HL and P6 are sited in different carriers within the diamond fractions, while P3 may be sited near the surfaces of the diamonds.We find no evidence of separability of Xe‐H and Xe‐L or other isotopic variations in the HL component. However, because ∼1010 diamonds are required to measure a Xe composition, a lack of isotopic variability does not constrain diamonds to come from a single source. In fact, the high abundance of diamonds in primitive chondrites and the presence of at least three distinct noble‐gas components strongly suggest that diamonds originated in many sources. Relative abundances of noble‐gas components in diamonds correlate with degree of thermal processing (see companion paper), indicating that all meteorites sampled essentially the same mixture of diamonds. That mixture was probably inherited from the Sun's parent molecular cloud.
Silica‐rich orthopyroxenite in the Bovedy chondrite
Authors: Ruzicka Alex , Kring David A. , Hill Dolores H. , Boynton William V. , Clayton Robert N. , Mayeda Toshiko K. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract— A large (≥4.5 × 7 × 4 mm), igneous‐textured clast in the Bovedy (L3) chondrite is notable for its high bulk SiO2 content (57.5 wt%). The clast consists of normally zoned orthopyroxene (83.8 vol%), tridymite (6.2 %), an intergrowth of feldspar (5.8 %) and sodic glass (3.1 %), pigeonite (1.0 %), and small amounts of chromite (0.2 %), augite, and Fe, Ni‐metal; it is best described as a silica‐rich orthopyroxenite. The oxygen‐isotopic composition of the clast is similar, but not identical, to Bovedy and other ordinary chondrites. The clast has a superchondritic Si/Mg ratio, but has Mg/(Mg + Fe) and Fe/Mn ratios that are similar to ordinary chondrite silicate. The closest chemical analogues to the clast are radial‐pyroxene chondrules, diogenites, pyroxene‐silica objects in ordinary chondrites, and silicates in the IIE iron meteorite Weekeroo Station.The clast crystallized from a siliceous melt that cooled fast enough to prevent complete attainment of equilibrium but slow enough to allow nearly complete crystallization. The texture, form, size and composition of the clast suggest that it is an igneous differentiate from an asteroid or planetesimal that formed in the vicinity of ordinary chondrites. The melt probably cooled in the near‐surface region of the parent object. It appears that in the source region of the clast, metallic and silicate partial melt were largely‐to‐completely lost during a relatively low degree of melting, and that during a higher degree of melting, olivine and low‐Ca pyroxene separated from the remaining liquid, which ultimately solidified to form the clast. While these fractionation steps could not have all occurred at the same temperature, they could have been accomplished in a single melting episode, possibly as a result of heating by radionuclides or by electromagnetic induction. Fractionated magmas can also account for other Si‐rich objects in chondrites.
Investigating the implicit theories of rape‐prone men using an interpretative bias task
Authors: Blake Emily , Gannon Theresa A. 
Published: June 2012

Purpose. Ward (2000) has hypothesized that sexual offenders hold offence supportive implicit theories (ITs) or schemata that function to facilitate or maintain offending behaviour. The present research aimed to determine whether rape‐prone men hold the same offence supportive ITs as those that have been identified in rapists.Method. This study adopted both an explicit measure of ITs and also an implicit measure of ITs (an interpretative bias task). In the implicit task, participants viewed ambiguous stimuli (one‐sentence statements) that may be interpreted in either a rape‐supportive manner, or a non‐rape‐supportive manner. Participant's interpretation of the stimuli was assessed via a memory recognition task. We predicted that men higher on proclivity to rape – who presumably hold strong mental representations of rape‐supportive themes – would be more likely to interpret stimuli in a rape‐supportive manner relative to non‐rape‐supportive stimuli compared to men lower on rape proclivity.Results. Using multiple regression to determine the relative contributions of both explicit and implicit measures for predicting rape proclivity, we found that only the explicit, self‐report questionnaire and one of the ITs, ‘women are sex objects’ (as measured by the interpretative bias task), was significantly related to a person's rape proclivity score.Conclusions. This result indicates that rape‐prone men may not share the same beliefs as convicted rapists, which could be a key difference between men at risk of offending, and those who have been convicted of a sexual offence.
Role of Signal-to-Cutoff Ratios in Hepatitis C Virus Antibody Detection
Authors: Moretti Marco , Pieretti Barbara , Masucci Annamaria , Sisti Davide , Rocchi Marco , Delprete Ernesto 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTWe reviewed results from 12,800 samples tested for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody detection in our laboratory by screening (Ortho chemiluminescence immunoassay [CIA]) and supplemental tests (Chiron recombinant immunoblot assay [RIBA]). We found that a signal-to-cutoff (S/Co) ratio of 10.3 was, in our setting, the most efficient cutoff point to improve the diagnostic algorithm of HCV infection.
Recombinant Protective Antigen Anthrax Vaccine Improves Survival when Administered as a Postexposure Prophylaxis Countermeasure with Antibiotic in the New Zealand White Rabbit Model of Inhalation Anthrax
Authors: Leffel Elizabeth K. , Bourdage James S. , Williamson E. Diane , Duchars Matthew , Fuerst Thomas R. , Fusco Peter C. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTInhalation anthrax is a potentially lethal form of disease resulting from exposure to aerosolizedBacillus anthracisspores. Over the last decade, incidents spanning from the deliberate mailing ofB. anthracisspores to incidental exposures in users of illegal drugs have highlighted the importance of developing new medical countermeasures to protect people who have been exposed to “anthrax spores” and are at risk of developing disease. The New Zealand White rabbit (NZWR) is a well-characterized model that has a pathogenesis and clinical presentation similar to those seen in humans. This article reports how the NZWR model was adapted to evaluate postexposure prophylaxis using a recombinant protective antigen (rPA) vaccine in combination with an oral antibiotic, levofloxacin. NZWRs were exposed to multiples of the 50% lethal dose (LD50) ofB. anthracisspores and then vaccinated immediately (day 0) and again on day 7 postexposure. Levofloxacin was administered daily beginning at 6 to 12 h postexposure for 7 treatments. Rabbits were evaluated for clinical signs of disease, fever, bacteremia, immune response, and survival. A robust immune response (IgG anti-rPA and toxin-neutralizing antibodies) was observed in all vaccinated groups on days 10 to 12. Levofloxacin plus either 30 or 100 μg rPA vaccine resulted in a 100% survival rate (18 of 18 per group), and a vaccine dose as low as 10 μg rPA resulted in an 89% survival rate (16 of 18) when used in combination with levofloxacin. In NZWRs that received antibiotic alone, the survival rate was 56% (10 of 18). There was no adverse effect on the development of a specific IgG response to rPA in unchallenged NZWRs that received the combination treatment of vaccine plus antibiotic. This study demonstrated that an accelerated two-dose regimen of rPA vaccine coadministered on days 0 and 7 with 7 days of levofloxacin therapy results in a significantly greater survival rate than with antibiotic treatment alone. Combination of vaccine administration and antibiotic treatment may be an effective strategy for treating a population exposed to aerosolizedB. anthracisspores.
Differential Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-23 Production by Human Blood Monocytes and Dendritic Cells in Response to Commensal Enteric Bacteria
Authors: Manuzak Jennifer , Dillon Stephanie , Wilson Cara 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTHuman peripheral blood contains antigen-presenting cells (APC), including dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes, that may encounter microbes that have translocated from the intestine to the periphery in disease states like HIV-1 infection and inflammatory bowel disease. We investigated the response of DC and monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to a panel of representative commensal enteric bacteria, includingEscherichia coli,Enterococcussp., andBacteroides fragilis. All three bacteria induced significant upregulation of the maturation and activation markers CD40 and CD83 on myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). However, only mDC produced cytokines, including interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-12p40/70, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in response to bacterial stimulation. Cytokine profiles in whole PBMC differed depending on the stimulating bacterial species:B. fragilisinduced production of IL-23, IL-12p70, and IL-10, whereasE. coliandEnterococcusinduced an IL-10-predominant response. mDC and monocyte depletion experiments indicated that these cell types differentially produced IL-10 and IL-23 in response toE. coliandB. fragilis. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicrondid not induce levels of IL-23 similar to those ofB. fragilis, suggesting thatB. fragilismay have unique proinflammatory properties amongBacteroidesspecies. The addition of recombinant human IL-10 to PBMC cultures stimulated with commensal bacteria abrogated the IL-23 response, whereas blocking IL-10 significantly enhanced IL-23 production, suggesting that IL-10 controls the levels of IL-23 produced. These results indicate that blood mDC and monocytes respond differentially to innate stimulation with whole commensal bacteria and that IL-10 may play a role in controlling the proinflammatory response to translocated microbes.
Lethal Monkeypox Virus Infection of CAST/EiJ Mice Is Associated with a Deficient Gamma Interferon Response
Authors: Earl Patricia L. , Americo Jeffrey L. , Moss Bernard 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is endemic in Africa, where it causes disease in humans resembling smallpox. A recent importation of MPXV-infected animals into the United States raises the possibility of global spread. Rodents comprise the major reservoir of MPXV, and a variety of such animals, even those native to North America, are susceptible. In contrast, common inbred strains of mice, including BALB/c and C57BL/6, are greatly resistant to MPXV. However, several inbred strains of mice derived from wild mice, including CAST/EiJ, exhibit morbidity and mortality at relatively low inoculums of MPXV. Elucidating the basis for the susceptibility of CAST/EiJ mice could contribute to an understanding of MPXV pathogenicity and host defense mechanisms and enhance the value of this mouse strain as a model system for evaluation of therapeutics and vaccines. Here we compared virus dissemination and induced cytokine production in CAST/EiJ mice to those in the resistant BALB/c strain. Following intranasal infection, robust virus replication occurred in the lungs of both strains, although a relatively higher inoculum was required for BALB/c. However, while spread to other internal organs was rapid and efficient in CAST/EiJ mice, the virus was largely restricted to the lungs in BALB/c mice. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and CCL5 were induced in lungs of BALB/c mice concomitant with virus replication but not in CAST/EiJ mice. The importance of IFN-γ in protection against MPXV disease was demonstrated by the intranasal administration of the mouse cytokine to CAST/EiJ mice and the resulting protection against MPXV. Furthermore, C57BL/6 mice with inactivation of the IFN-γ gene or the IFN-γ receptor gene exhibited enhanced sensitivity to MPXV.
Impact of VP1-Specific Protein Sequence Motifs on Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Intracellular Trafficking and Nuclear Entry
Authors: Popa-Wagner Ruth , Porwal Manvi , Kann Michael , Reuss Matthias , Weimer Marc , Florin Luise , Kleinschmidt Jürgen A. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT

Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) has gained much interest as a gene delivery vector. A hallmark of AAV2-mediated gene transfer is an intracellular conformational change of the virus capsid, leading to the exposure of infection-relevant protein domains. These protein domains, which are located on the N-terminal portion of the structural proteins VP1 and VP2, include a catalytic phospholipase A
2
domain and three clusters of basic amino acids. We have identified additional protein sequence motifs located on the VP1/2 N terminus that also proved to be obligatory for virus infectivity. These motifs include signals that are known to be involved in protein interaction, endosomal sorting and signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. Among different AAV serotypes they are highly conserved and mutation of critical amino acids of the respective motifs led to a severe infection-deficient phenotype. In particular, mutation of a YXXQ-sequence motif significantly reduced accumulation of virus capsids around the nucleus in comparison to wild-type AAV2. Interestingly, intracellular trafficking of AAV2 was shown to be independent of PLA
2
activity. Moreover, mutation of three PDZ-binding motifs, which are located consecutively at the very tip of the VP1 N terminus, revealed a nuclear transport-defective phenotype, suggesting a role in nuclear uptake of the virus through an as-yet-unknown mechanism.
Ovine TRIM5α Can Restrict Visna/Maedi Virus
Authors: Jáuregui P. , Crespo H. , Glaria I. , Luján L. , Contreras A. , Rosati S. , de Andrés D. , Amorena B. , Towers G. J. , Reina R. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
The restrictive properties of tripartite motif-containing 5 alpha (TRIM5α) from small ruminant species have not been explored. Here, we identify highly similar TRIM5α sequences in sheep and goats. Cells transduced with ovine TRIM5α effectively restricted the lentivirus visna/maedi virus DNA synthesis. Proteasome inhibition in cells transduced with ovine TRIM5α restored restricted viral DNA synthesis, suggesting a conserved mechanism of restriction. Identification of TRIM5α active molecular species may open new prophylactic strategies against lentiviral infections.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Prevents AU-Rich-Element-Mediated mRNA Decay
Authors: Corcoran Jennifer A. , Khaperskyy Denys A. , Johnston Benjamin P. , King Christine A. , Cyr David P. , Olsthoorn Alisha V. , McCormick Craig 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT

During lytic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection, host gene expression is severely restricted by a process of global mRNA degradation known as host shutoff, which rededicates translational machinery to the expression of viral proteins. A subset of host mRNAs is spared from shutoff, and a number of these contain
cis
-acting AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3′ untranslated regions. AREs are found in labile mRNAs encoding cytokines, growth factors, and proto-oncogenes. Activation of the p38/MK2 signal transduction pathway reverses constitutive decay of ARE-mRNAs, resulting in increased protein production. The viral G-protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) is thought to play an important role in promoting the secretion of angiogenic molecules from KSHV-infected cells during lytic replication, but to date it has not been clear how vGPCR circumvents host shutoff. Here, we demonstrate that vGPCR activates the p38/MK2 pathway and stabilizes ARE-mRNAs, augmenting the levels of their protein products. Using MK2-deficient cells, we demonstrate that MK2 is essential for maximal vGPCR-mediated ARE-mRNA stabilization. ARE-mRNAs are normally delivered to cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules known as processing bodies (PBs) for translational silencing and decay. We demonstrate that PB formation is prevented during KSHV lytic replication or in response to vGPCR-mediated activation of RhoA subfamily GTPases. Together, these data show for the first time that vGPCR impacts gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, coordinating an attack on the host mRNA degradation machinery. By suppressing ARE-mRNA turnover, vGPCR may facilitate escape of certain target mRNAs from host shutoff and allow secretion of angiogenic factors from lytically infected cells.
Suboptimal Provirus Expression Explains Apparent Nonrandom Cell Coinfection with HIV-1
Authors: Brégnard Christelle , Pacini Gregory , Danos Olivier , Basmaciogullari Stéphane 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT

Despite the ability of primate lentiviruses to prevent infected cells from being reinfected, cell coinfection has occurred in the past and has shaped virus evolution by promoting the biogenesis of heterozygous virions and recombination during reverse transcription.
In vitro
experiments have shown that cell coinfection with HIV is more frequent than would be expected if coinfection were a random process. A possible explanation for this bias is the heterogeneity of target cells and the preferred infection of a subpopulation. To address this question, we compared the frequency of double-positive cells measured following coincubation with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and DsRed HIV reporter viruses with that of stochastic coinfection calculated as the product of the frequencies of GFP- and DsRed-positive cells upon incubation with either reporter virus. Coinfection was more frequent than would be expected on the grounds of stochastic infection, due to the underestimation of single-infection frequencies, which mathematically decreased the calculated frequency. Indeed, when cells were incubated with either reporter virus, a fraction of the cells were scored as uninfected yet harbored a silent provirus that was reactivated upon coinfection through cross talk between viral elements. When such cross talk was avoided, experimental and calculated coinfection frequencies matched, indicating random coinfection. The proportion of infected cells harboring a silent provirus was estimated from coinfection experiments and was shown to be cell type dependent but independent of the virus entry route.
Younger age of menopause in women with cerebral aneurysms
Authors: Ding Christine , Toll Valerie , Ouyang Bichun , Chen Michael 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundThe incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage in women surges following menopause. Estrogen fluctuations have been implicated in cerebral aneurysm formation, growth and rupture and are thought to explain the well-known gender disparity. The aim of this study was to examine the association between age at menopause, which can determine lifetime estrogen exposure, and the presence of cerebral aneurysms.MethodsA retrospective case-control study was conducted by interviewing postmenopausal women with intradural cerebral aneurysms about their basic medical and gynecologic histories. This information was compared with the same data points collected from 4682 women contacted through random digit phone dialing in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-sponsored Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study published in 2002.ResultsAmong 76 consecutive postmenopausal women with cerebral aneurysms who were treated by a single physician and interviewed, multivariate logistic regression showed that later menopause age (OR 0.79, CI 0.63 to 0.996, p=0.046) was significantly associated with a lower aneurysm incidence. Premature menopause (<40 years) was seen in 26% of cases and 19% of controls (p=0.15). Each categorical increase in menopause age (<40, 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, ≥55 years) decreased the likelihood by 21%. Despite a trend towards earlier mean age at menopause in the case group, the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionThere is a trend showing that an earlier age at menopause is associated with the presence of a cerebral aneurysm. This suggests that loss of estrogen earlier in a woman's life may contribute to the pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysm. These data may identify a risk factor for cerebral aneurysm pathogenesis and also a potential target for future therapies.