bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faunal and Lithological Sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone Series (Avonian) of Burrington Combe, Somerset
Authors: Reynolds Sidney Hugh , Vaughan Arthur 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
magnificent section of Burrington Combe, first studied by Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, was described in considerable detail in 1905 by Mr. (now Dr.) T. F. Sibly. This author laid down, as accurately as was possible at the time of his publication, the broad zonal sequence of the faunas. The very large amount of research that, during the last six years, has been devoted to the Carboniferous Limestone Series, both in the British Isles and in Belgium, has demonstrated the importance of more detailed lithological investigations and the possibility of tracing the evolution and migration of the great Carboniferous gentes of Corals and Brachiopods.

The field-work has extended over several years, and we owe much to the willing assistance of many Bristol geologists, especially to Mr. W. H. Wickes and Mr. H. F. Barke.
The series of views illustrate the whole sequence, and are labelled with zonal and faunal indices; the precise points at which important rock-types occur are also marked upon them by means of numerals.

II. D
escription of the
I
mportant
R
ock-Types, arranged
Z
onally and
L
ithologically
. (S. H. R.)

[The traverse is from north to south, the zones being thus encountered in descending order.]
ViSÉAN.

L
ower
Dibunophyllum
Z
one
(D
1
).

Extent.—The top of Quarry 1 and the hillside on the north. Thickness.—A thickness of about 20 feet is exposed in the quarry, and perhaps 80 feet beyond it.
The D beds exposed consist entirely of fine-grained and crystalline grey limestone. The red coloration, which is as a rule
Foraminifera, Ostracoda, and Parasitic Fungi from the Kainozoic Limestones of Cyrenaica
Authors: Chapman Frederick 
Published: October 2009

T
he
following report is based on specimens collected by Prof. J. W. Gregory in Cyrenaica. The principal localities whence the samples came are Derna on the coast, a camp about 5 miles west of Derna, and Ain Sciahat, the site of the ancient city of Cyrene, which is about 2000 feet above sea-level. The specimens range in age from Middle or Lower Eocene to Pleistocene.

Previous Literature.
The only necessary reference to literature is the following extract from the late Prof. T. Rupert Jones's ‘Catalogue of Fossil Foraminifera in the British Museum’ (1882, p. 45):—

Nummulites perforata.
Marsa Susa, the ancient port of Cyrene. From strata younger than the Nummulitic bed of Crete referred to further on [p. 48]. Collected by Admiral Spratt.

Details of the Rock-Samples.
Derna.
The specimens from Derna include a consolidated beach-sand with some molluscan shells. This rock is mainly composed of small rolled shell-fragments, which have been cemented by carbonate of lime into a fairly coherent rock.
Horizon.—Pleistocene.
Two specimens collected from the Wadi Derna near the town are pink or cream-coloured nummulitic limestones, having the nummulites exquisitely preserved, and showing the structure in median sections in a most striking manner. Most of the chambers of these discoidal foraminifera are empty, and the septation is thus clearly shown up to the centre of the test. These nummulites vary from 1.5 to 4 millimetres in diameter. The surface is distinctly striate. The central chamber is a megasphere, and in full-sized individuals there are about five whorls
Geology of a Part of Costa Rica
Authors: Romanes James 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
At the suggestion of Mr. W. J. Le Lacheur, F.G.S., and Dr. J. E. Marr, F.R.S., and assisted by a grant from the Worts Fund, I undertook at the beginning of the year 1910 a journey to Costa Rica, with the view of studying the geology of parts of that country. Most of the time was spent on the Pacific slope, on which even less work of a detailed nature seems to have been done than on the Atlantic side. Towards the end of my visit I was able to devote a short time to certain parts of the Atlantic slope: unfortunately the box containing all the most important specimens from that area was lost in transit. The present paper, therefore, deals principally with the country lying to the west of San José, down to the Gulf of Nicoya.
In a region comparatively so little known geologically, and of which the maps are on a very small scale and not altogether reliable, detailed work in the three months which I had at my disposal was out of the question. Therefore, the account of my work which follows is not meant to represent any completed investigation, but simply a description of the formations and exposures met with, published in the hope that it may prove of use to future workers. I trust at some later date to be able to publish a more complete account of the palæontology of the fossiliferous deposits than appears in this paper, and to
The Keuper Marls Around Charnwood
Authors: Bosworth Thomas Owen 
Published: October 2009

Investigation on the Keuper Marls during the past seven years has been the subject of various papers by the author, read before the Leicester Literary & Philosophical Society, the British Association (1907), and finally before the Geological Society (1910).
As the complete work is being published in book form, only a brief abstract is given in these pages.
The area under consideration—about 300 square miles in extent—is situate on the eastern edge of the central plain of England, and the greater part of it is within from 150 to 350 feet of sea-level.
Rising sharply in this plain are the hills of Charnwood, formed of pre-Cambrian rocks, peeping up through the mantle of Keuper Marls, by which they were doubtless once completely covered.
The Marls are now found on the flanks of all these hills, and are seen in the quarries at Bardon Hill resting on the old rocks at 810 feet above O.D. and in joint-cracks up to within 32 feet of the summit (912 feet above O.D.), which is the highest point in Charnwood. As has been shown by Prof. W.W. Watts, denudation of the soft Marl cover is gradually revealing the pre-Triassic land-surface almost intact.
In this paper are described some of the details of the old rock-surface found beneath Keuper Marl in the quarries.
Generally, the quarries have been opened in the tops of the buried or almost buried hills; and as usually the extension of a quarry on each occasion is carried on in the
Two Species of Paradoxides from Neve's Castle (Shropshire)
Authors: Cobbold Edgar Sterling 
Published: October 2009

A
number
of trilobites, collected for H.M. Geological Survey by Mr. T. Rhodes in 1892 from Neve's Castle and Comley (Shropshire) have been submitted to me for study and identification by Prof. Charles Lapworth, under whose direction they were obtained.

Among these are two species of
Paradoxides
, from a dark flaggy limestone at Neve's Castle, that seem of special interest as representing forms well known elsewhere, but not hitherto noted from Shropshire.

The material available for description consists of a number of fragments of head-shields, several free cheeks and pleuræ, a few hypostomas and two pygidia. Almost every specimen has been subjected to a certain amount of distortion, and some have been crushed to a mosaic of small pieces, so that the natural convexity is lost. But the specimens are otherwise beautifully preserved; the tests, where unweathered, are intensely black, and show the delicate surface-characters excellently.
Paradoxides bohemicus Bœck, var. Salopiensis, nov. (Pl. IV,. figs. 6–17.)
J. de Barrande, ‘Syst. Silur. Bohême’ vol. i (1852) p. 367 & pl. x.

The fragments on which this variety is founded, taken together, indicate a close agreement with Barrande's description and figures, and with some Bohemian specimens which, through the kindness of the Keeper of the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), I have had the opportunity of studying. There are, however, the following divergences, which are constant:—

(1)
The eye-lobe is proportionately longer.

(2)
The posterior branch of the facial suture is concurrently shorter, and
On the Genus
Aulophyllum
Authors: Smith Stanley 
Published: October 2009

Aulophyllum
occurs in the higher horizons (the
Dibunophyllum
Zone) of the Lower Carboniferous of Great Britain, and is particularly abundant in Scotland and the North of England. Mr. J. A. Douglas has recorded ‘
Cyclophyllum
sp.’ from the Carboniferous Limestone (D) of County Clare (Ireland), and Dr. A. Vaughan ‘Cyclophylla’ from the equivalent horizon at Visé (Belgium); while Kunth reported its occurrence at Hausdorf, near Glatz, on the south-western border of Silesia. Mr. R. G. Carruthers has described a specimen from Novaya Zemlya, which proved its existence at as high a latitude as 70° 49′ N. Dr. G. H. Girty, on the other hand, believes that the genus has not been recorded from the United States.

The corals studied were partly collected by myself, but for a large portion of the material I am indebted to the generosity of Mr. John Bishop, Mr. R. G. Carruthers, Mr. John Dunn, Prof. E. J. Garwood, Dr. W. T. Gordon, Mr. Leonard Gill, Mr. Thomas Herdman, Dr. Wheelton Hind, Mr. W. B. R. King, Dr. F. L. Kitchin, Mr. A. F. Sandys, Dr. T. F. Sibly, Mr. C. T. Trechmann, Dr. Arthur Vaughan, Mr. F. H. Walker, Mr. Geoffrey Weyman, and Dr. Albert Wilmore.
The preparation of material, its examination, and the literary research have been carried out at the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge; and I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, F.R.S., for these privileges and for the kindly interest that he has shown in my work.
My
A Contribution to our Knowledge of Wealden Floras, with especial reference to a Collection of Plants from Sussex
Authors: Seward Albert Charles 
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory Remarks

I
n
November of last year (1911) Mr. Charles Dawson, F.S.A., F.G.S., submitted to me for examination a small collection of plants obtained by him, with the able assistance of Father Teilhard do Chardin and Father Felix Pelletier, from the Wealden Beds of Sussex, for the most part from the neighbourhood of Fairlight. Several of the specimens, although specifically identical with previously recorded types, are better preserved or larger than any hitherto found, and furnish new facts of importance. The collection includes also several new species. In accordance with Mr. Dawson's wish, the specimens have been handed to Dr. Smith Woodward as a gift to the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History). With the exception of the example of
Sagenopteris mantelli
shown in Pl. XI, fig. 3, which is from the Ashdown Sands, the fossils in the Dawson Collection were obtained from the Fairlight Clay.

In the descriptive section of this paper are included a few specimens from the Rufford Collection (collected at Ecclesbourne, near Hastings), acquired by the Museum subsequent to the publication of the Catalogue of Wealden Plants.
II. Description of the Specimens.
Equisetales.

Equisetites lyelli
(Mant.). (Pl. XI, figs. 1
a
& 1
b
.)

(Near Fairlight, Wadhurst Clay; Dawson Collection.)
1833. Mantell, ‘Geology of the South-East of England’ p. 245 & figs. 1–3.

The specimen represented in Pl. XI, fig. 1
a
, though smaller than some previously figured from the Wealden Beds of Sussex, exhibits certain features worthy of notice. The incomplete internode
VII. Notes on the Stratigraphy of the Marske Quarry
Authors: Lane George John 
Published: October 2009

A range of elevated ground starts from the sea-coast in the lofty cliffs of Huntcliff and Boulby, and, striking westwards, divides into two lines: the northern forming the outlying hills of Upleathan and Eston, the southern passing to the south of the great inlet in which the town of Guisborough lies, where it forms that part of the Cleveland Hills known as Guisborough Moor.
The Marske Quarry is situated on the northern face of the Upleatham Outlier, about a mile from the village of Marske-by-the-Sea. The quarry has not been worked for the last twenty years, and parts of it are inaccessible through fallen rubbish. Its altitude above sea-level is 500 feet.
The complete succession of the Lower Oolites in Yorkshire tabulated by Fox-Strangways is as follows, in descending order:—

Cornbrash.

Upper Estuarine Series.

Grey Limestone Series.

Middle Estuarine Series.

Millepore Bed.

Lower Estuarine Series, with Ellerbeck Bed.

The sequence of the beds in the Marske Quarry, from careful measurements taken of the best-exposed section, is as follows:—
Beneath this lowermost bed lies the Dogger. This latter deposit, so useful for demarcation between the Lias and the Oolite in North-East Yorkshire, is not exposed in the quarry, but crops out beneath the sandstone on the flanks of the Upleatham Outlier. The geological hoziron of the Marske Quarry may therefore be fixed as the Lower Oolite, and as belonging to the Lower Estuarine Series
On the Halesowen Sandstone Series of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, and the Petrified Wood found therein at the Witley Colliery, Halesowen (Worcestershire)
Authors: Kay Henry 
Published: October 2009

T
he
present paper deals with the higher beds of the Coal Measures, as developed in the South Staffordshire Coalfield. The generally accepted subdivision of the Upper Carboniferous rocks in this coalfield is:—

(4)
Keele Series = Lower Permian.

(3)
Halesowen Sandstone Series.

(2)
Red Coal-Measures Clays or Old-Hill Marls.

(1)
Productive Measures.

The object of the present communication is to described in greater detail than has yet been attempted the Halesowen Sandstone Series, and more especially its relationship to the Keele Series above, and the Red Coal-Measures Clays below. Special attention to the Halesowen rocks has been stimulated by the fine natural exposures elsewhere (as shown in the sequel), and by the further discovery of the remarkable petrified wood found at Whitley.
The paper is not an exhaustive account of the strata descibed, but merely an attempt to throw light upon a hitherto neglected subject.
I am indebted to Prof. Charles Lapworth for much encouragement in my work, and to Dr. Walcot Gibson for valuable suggestions. I am particularly indebted to Dr. E. A. Newell Arber for his scientific description of the petrified wood, and for the assistance that he has given in regard to the arrangement of the paper. I would also return my thanks to Mr. W. H. Foxall, the Hon. Secretary of the Birmingham Natural History & Philosophical Society, for photographs and for assistance in the field; and to Mr. Jew, the Manager of Witley
On a Group of Metamorphosed Sediments situated between Machakos and Lake Magadi in British East Africa
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: October 2009

In the latter half of 1911, I had the opportunity of examining a group of crystalline rocks situated immediately below the southern edge of the great lava-plateau of the Kapiti Plains, and embracing many varieties of reconstructed sediments, from quartz-schists to highly crystalline marbles. Scattered outcrops of similar rocks have been described by Mr. Maufe from other localities in the Protectorate. The rocks here described were found in approximately lat. 2° S. and long. 37° E., and, so far as I was able to follow them, form the ground drained by the headwaters of the Turoka River, a designation which I think might well be applied to the group, as the name is one of the few found on the usual maps-of the district, and is likely in the future to become more widely known as an important station on the Magadi Branch Railway. The section to which I desire to draw attention is found on the right bank of a stream immediately south of the old ‘safari’ route to the Lake, about a couple of miles above the site of Turoka Station.

In apparent ascending order, the following rocks are met with:—

(1)
At the base, a hornblende-schist, of which about 3 feet 5 inches is visible. A thin section of this rock shows large irregular plates of the common green hornblende, contained in a rather granular mosaic of water-clear plagioclase and quartz. The felspar is often untwinned, and commonly exhibits graduated zoning. In one part of the slide
Geological Sections through the Andes of Peru and Bolivia: I—From the Coast at Arica in the North of Chile to La Paz and the Bolivian ‘Yungas’
Authors: Douglas James Archibald 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
This paper deals with the geological structure of a part of the South American Andes, as illustrated by a horizontal section drawn from the port of Arica in the extreme north of Chile (formerly Peruvian territory), across the mountain-ranges or ‘Cordilleras,’ to the ‘Montaña,’ or forested region of the Amazon basin, known as the Bolivian Yungas. It is the partial result of two years' geological exploration in Peru, undertaken on behalf of Mr. W. E. Balston, F.G.S., who, being impressed during his travels by the geological features of the country, was good enough to send me out for the Oxford University Museum to study them in greater detail. I was accompanied for fifteen months by Mr. J. R. Thomas of Montana (U.S.A.), who, after his valuable help in the field, I much regret, has been unable to assist me further in the study and publication of our results.
At Mr. Balston's suggestion, we commenced work in the south of the district, following the route of the new Arica-La Paz railway, which at the time of our visit was in course of construction. Unfortunately, the line passes for the greater part of its length over igneous rocks and barren sediments, furnishing little in the way of palæontological evidence, and thus compares somewhat unfavourably with the more fossiliferous sections of our northern traverses. This southern section, however, has a particular interest on account of its historical associations, since it is practically coincident with a section first described in 1842 by
The Ordovician and Silurian Rocks of the Lough Nafooey Area (County Galway)
Authors: Gardiner Charles Irving , Reynolds Sidney Hugh 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The area with which this paper deals is a direct continuation of the Kilbride area (described by us in 1912), from which it is only separated by the Finny River. It forms a tract measuring about 4 miles in length, and about a mile and a half in width. It is bounded on the north by Lough Nafooey, on the north-east by the Finny River, and on the south-east by the inlet of Lough Mask known as Kilbride Bay. On the south and west the boundaries are not determined by any well-marked features.
Geographically the area forms a ridge, rising to its highest points in the hills known as Curraghrevagh (1615 feet) and Benbeg (1788 feet). There is a steep northward descent from this lofty ridge to Lough Nafooey, while the southern descent is more gradual. A second and lower ridge diverges from the main one to the south of Red Island (see map, Pl. XVII), and extends north-eastwards towards the Finny River. Between these two ridges is a valley occupied by two streams, which join and flow into the Finny River: we propose to call this Two-Stream Valley.
Little has been written about this area, the only detailed account being in the Memoir of the Geological Survey of Ireland to accompany Sheet 94, published in 1878; but references to it are to be found in the Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1896, p. 49.
The published map of the district shows a stretch of
Appendix II. On the Lower Miocene Vertebrates from British East Africa, collected by Dr. Felix Oswald
Authors: Andrews Charles William 
Published: October 2009

In this paper it is proposed to describe the vertebrate remains collected by Dr. Oswald from beds of Lower Miocene age in the neighbourhood of Karungu, near the eastern shore of the Victoria Nyanza. Some other specimens of late Pliocene or Pleistocene age will be described elsewhere.
The beds from which the Miocene vertebrates were collected appear to form part of the deposits of the delta of an old river, flowing into the lake at a time when its surface was considerably above its present level. These deposits are described in detail in Dr. Oswald's paper.

The mammalian fauna includes: Proboscidea, especially
Dinotherium hobleyi
, previously described from the same locality; Artiodactyls, represented mainly by Anthracotheres ; Perissodactyls, represented by a Rhinoceros ; a small Hyracoid of peculiar character; a Rodent; and a feline Carnivore. The Reptilia are represented by Chelonians, including a new species of
Cycloderma
, a gigantic species of
Testudo
(also new), and a species of
Podocnemis
; by Crocodiles of several types, including probably a species of
Pristichampsa
, a genus previously known only from the Eocene of France. Fishes are represented by a few vertebræ and teeth, including one of a species of
Protopterus
.

The general character of the fauna indicates that the age of the deposits is probably Lower Miocene (Burdigalien) and that it was contemporary with the faunas of the Sables de l'Orléanais and of Moghara, and probably also with the recently-discovered fauna of the Bugti Hills in British Baluchistan. In all these localities Anthracotheres of similar
Appendix III. On some Non-Marine Molluscan Remains from the Victoria Nyanza Region, associated with Miocene Vertebrates
Authors: Newton Richard Bullen 
Published: October 2009

Introduction.
The material on which this communication is based was obtained by Dr. Felix Oswald from a series of fluvio-lacustrine deposits occurring at Nira, Kachuku, and Kikongo, which are situated east of Karungu Bay, and therefore near the north-eastern corner of the Victoria Nyanza, the furthest-removed locality from the lake-margin being Kikongo, which is distant some 5 or 6 miles.

From geological observations made at these places, Dr. Oswald was able to construct a vertical section showing that the rock-succession was divisible into thirty-seven beds of variable thicknesses, which, when added together, amounted to a total thickness of about 160 feet. Speaking generally, the mollusca were found throughout the deposits, and often in association with a small species of
Dinotherium
, and Chelonian, Crocodilian, and other vertebrate remains. The most valuable of these fossils was the
Dinotherium
, because it unmistakably indicated that the deposits containing it might be referred to the Burdigalian stage of the Miocene Period. Stratigraphically, then, this was an important result; but it had been arrived at previously to the ‘Oswald’ expedition by Dr. C. W. Andrews, F.R.S., who reported on similar
Dinotherium
remains from the same area, which had been collected by the late Mr. D. B. Pigott, and were afterwards presented to the British Museum by Mr. C. W. Hobley, C.M.G., one of the Commissioners for British East Africa. From a fragmentary mandible with teeth
in situ
, Dr. Andrews was enabled to recognize a new species of this genus, figuring and describing it as
D. hobleyi
,