bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Treatment of Fistula in Ano
Authors: Blumetti J. , Abcarian A. , Quinteros F. , Chaudhry V. , Prasad L. , Abcarian H. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundFistula‐in‐ano is a common medical problem affecting thousands of patients annually. In the past, the options for treatment of fistula‐in‐ano were limited to fistulotomy and/or seton placement. Current treatment options also include muscle‐sparing techniques such as a dermal island flap, endorectal advancement flap, fibrin sealent injection, anal fistula plug, and most recently ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (procedure). This study seeks to evaluate types and time trends for treatment of fistula‐in‐ano.MethodsA retrospective review from 1975 to 2009 was performed. Data were collected and sorted into 5‐year increments for type and time trends of treatment. Fistulotomy and partial fistulotomy were grouped as cutting procedures. Seton placement, fibrin sealant, dermal flap, endorectal flap, and fistula plug were grouped as noncutting procedures. Statistical analysis was performed for each time period to determine trends.ResultsWith institutional review board approval, the records of 2,267 fistula operations available for analysis were included. Most of the patients were men (74 vs. 26%). Cutting procedures comprised 66.6% (n = 1510) of all procedures. Noncutting procedures were utilized in 33.4% (n = 757), including Seton placement alone 370 (16.3%), fibrin sealant 168 (7.4%), dermal or endorectal flap 147 (6.5%), and fistula plug 72 (3.2%). The distribution of operations grouped in 5‐year intervals is as follows: 1975–1979, 78 cutting and one noncutting; 1980–1984, 170 cutting and 10 noncutting; 1985–1989, 54 cutting and five noncutting; 1990–1994, 37 cutting and six noncutting; 1995–1999, 367 cutting and 167 noncutting; 2000–2004, 514 cutting and 283 noncutting; 2005–2009, 290 cutting and 285 noncutting. The percentage of cutting and noncutting procedures significantly differed over time, with cutting procedures decreasing and noncutting procedures increasing proportionally (χ2 linear‐by‐linear association, p < 0.05).ConclusionsFistula‐in‐ano remains a common complex disease process. Its treatment has evolved to include a variety of noncutting techniques in addition to traditional fistulotomy. With the advent of more sphincter‐sparing techniques, the number of patients undergoing fistulotomy should continue to decrease over time. Surgeons should become familiar with various surgical techniques so the treatment can be tailored to the patient.
Ectopic Hormone‐Secreting Pheochromocytoma: A Francophone Observational Study
Authors: Kirkby‐Bott James , Brunaud Laurent , Mathonet Muriel , Hamoir Etienne , Kraimps Jean‐Louis , Trésallet Christophe , Amar Laurence , Rault Alexandre , Henry Jean‐Francois , Carnaille Bruno 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundEctopic hormone‐secreting pheochromocytomas are rare; only case reports exist in the literature. This condition has been linked with increased malignancy, familial syndromes, and ACTH secretion. We wanted to test these hypotheses and shed light on the nature of ectopic hormone‐secreting pheochromocytomas.MethodsThis is a multicenter (francophone) observational study. Inclusion was based upon abnormal preoperative hormone tests in patients with pheochromocytoma that normalized after removal of the tumor. Where possible, immunohistochemistry was performed to confirm that ectopic secretion came from the tumor.ResultsSixteen cases were found: nine female and seven male patients. Median age was 50.5 (range 31–89) years. Most presented with hypertension, diabetes, or cushingoid features. Ten patients had specific symptoms from the ectopic hormone secretion. Two had a familial syndrome. Of eight patients with excess cortisol secretion, three died as a result of the tumor resection: two had pheochromocytomas >15 cm and their associated cortisol hypersecretion complicated their postoperative course. The other died from a torn subhepatic vein. The 13 survivors did not develop any evidence of malignancy during follow‐up (median 50 months). Symptoms from the ectopic secretion resolved after removal of the tumor. Immunohistochemistry was performed and was positive in eight tumors: five ACTH, three calcitonins, and one VIP.ConclusionsMost pheochromocytomas with ectopic secretion are neither malignant nor familial. Most ectopic hormone‐secreting pheochromocytoma cause hypercortisolemia. Patients with a pheochromocytoma should be worked up for ectopic hormones, because removal of the pheochromocytoma resolves those symptoms. Associated cortisol secretion needs careful attention.
Modeling and optimization of poly(3hydroxybutyrate-co-3hydroxyvalerate) production from cane molasses by Azohydromonas lata MTCC 2311 in a stirred-tank reactor: effect of agitation and aeration regimes
Authors: Zafar Mohd , Kumar Shashi , Kumar Surendra , Dhiman Amit K 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The effects of agitation and aeration rates on copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] production by Azohydromonas lata MTCC 2311 using cane molasses supplemented with propionic acid in a bioreactor were investigated. The experiments were conducted in a three-level factorial design by varying the impeller (150–500 rev min−1) and aeration (0.5–1.5 vvm) rates. Further, the data were fitted to mathematical models [quadratic polynomial equation and artificial neural network (ANN)] and process variables were optimized by genetic algorithm-coupled models. ANN and hybrid ANN-GA were found superior for modeling and optimization of process variables, respectively. The maximum copolymer concentration of 7.45 g l−1 with 21.50 mol% of 3HV was predicted at process variables: agitation speed, 287 rev min−1; and aeration rate, 0.85 vvm, which upon validation gave 7.20 g l−1 of P(3HB-co-3HV) with 21 mol% of 3HV with the prediction error (%) of 3.38 and 2.32, respectively. Agitation speed established a relative high importance of 72.19% than of aeration rate (27.80%) for copolymer accumulation. The volumetric gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient (k L a) was strongly affected by agitation and aeration rates. The highest P(3HB-co-3HV) productivity of 0.163 g l−1 h−1 was achieved at 0.17 s−1 of k L a value. During the early phase of copolymer production process, 3HB monomers were accumulated, which were shifted to 3HV units (9–21%) during the cultivation period of 24–42 h. The enhancement of 7.5 and 34% were reported for P(3HB-co-3HV) production and 3HV content, respectively, by hybrid ANN-GA paradigm, which revealed the significant utilization of cane molasses for improved copolymer production.
The Haraa Gol terrane in the western Hentiyn Mountains (northern Mongolia): geochemistry, geochronology, and geodynamics
Authors: Gordienko I.V. , Medvedev A.Ya. , Gornova M.A. , Tomurtogoo O. , Goneger T.A. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
According to geological, petrological, geochemical, and geochronological studies, the Haraa Gol terrane in the western Hentiyn Mts. is dominated by two rock assemblages of different ages, associated with the initiation and development of the island arcs and marginal spreading seas of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. The Late Cambrian, Early Ordovician, and Middle Ordovician were marked by the effusion of basalt and basaltic andesite and the formation of gabbro and gabbro-dolerite in back-arc spreading basins. In the Late Silurian–Devonian, after a short pause, tectonomagmatic processes were activated, with the formation of differentiated island-arc volcanics, gabbro, and granitoids. Their absolute 40Ar–39Ar age is given in the paper. The model age of the TNd(DM) protolith of the Haraa Gol igneous rocks corresponds to the composition of the Mesoproterozoic juvenile crust.
‘To mend the scheme of Providence’: Benjamin Franklin's electrical heterodoxy
Authors: BAXFIELD C.R.C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractI suggest in this article that Benjamin Franklin's electrical experiments were naturalistic and reactive towards providential theories of natural harmony and electricity provided by the English experimentalists Stephen Hales, William Watson and Benjamin Wilson. Conceptualizing nature as a divine balance, Franklin rejected English arguments for God's conservation of nature's harmony, suggesting instead that nature had within itself the ability to re-equilibrate when rendered unbalanced. Whilst Franklin's work reveals an experimentally defined fissure between providential and naturalistic views of matter and motion in the mid-eighteenth century, his subsequent reflections on the use of natural philosophy sheds light on the divergent trajectory of utility implicit in these differing views. Hales and Watson in particular believed that insight into nature's providential manifestations gave the natural philosopher a medically restorative role, aligning the power of nature with God's benevolent purpose to heal the infirm. For Franklin, humanity behaved like nature, moving only when necessary. Natural philosophy existed to help these needs, making new worlds that had no dependence on God.
Replication, re-placing and naval science in comparative context,c.1868–1904
Authors: LEGGETT DON 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe test tank broadly embodied the late nineteenth-century endeavour to ‘use science’ in industry, but the meaning given to the tank differed depending on the experienced communities that made it part of their experimental and engineering practices. This paper explores the local politics surrounding three tanks: William Froude's test tank located on his private estate in Torquay (1870), the Denny tank in Dumbarton (1884) and the University of Michigan test tank (1903). The similarities and peculiarities of test tank use and interpretation identified in this paper reveal the complexities of naval science and contribute to the shaping of an alternative model of replication. This model places the emphasis on actors at sites of replication that renegotiated the meaning of the original Froude tank, and re-placed the local values and conditions which made it a functional instrument of scientific investigation.All the European [test tank] stations are modelled on the station at Haslar; [yet] each station had its own individuality which I will try to throw into relief, avoiding tedious repetitions or comparisons.1
Convergence of Brownian motion with a scaled Dirac delta potential
Authors: Conrad Florian , Grothaus Martin , Lierl Janna , Wittich Olaf 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe method of deriving scaling limits using Dirichlet-form techniques has already been successfully applied to a number of infinite-dimensional problems. However, extracting the key tools from these papers is a rather difficult task for non-experts. This paper meets the need for a simple presentation of the method by applying it to a basic example, namely the convergence of Brownian motions with potentials given by n multiplied by the Dirac delta at 0 to Brownian motion with absorption at 0.
A result of multiplicity of solutions for a class of quasilinear equations
Authors: Alves Claudianor O. , Figueiredo Giovany M. , Severo Uberlandio B. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe establish the multiplicity of positive weak solutions for the quasilinear Dirichlet problem−Lpu+ |u|p−2u=h(u)in Ωλ,u= 0 on ∂Ωλ, where Ωλ= λΩ, Ω is a bounded domain in ℝN, λ is a positive parameter,Lpu≐ Δpu+ Δp(u2)uand the nonlinear termh(u) has subcritical growth. We use minimax methods together with the Lyusternik–Schnirelmann category theory to get multiplicity of positive solutions.
A quantitative version of James's Compactness Theorem
Authors: Cascales Bernardo , Kalenda Ondřej F. K. , Spurný Jiří 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe introduce two measures of weak non-compactness JaE and Ja that quantify, via distances, the idea of boundary that lies behind James's Compactness Theorem. These measures tell us, for a bounded subset C of a Banach space E and for given x* ∈ E*, how far from E or C one needs to go to find x** ∈ $\overline{C}^{w^*}$ ⊂ E** with x**(x*) = sup x*(C). A quantitative version of James's Compactness Theorem is proved using JaE and Ja, and in particular it yields the following result. Let C be a closed convex bounded subset of a Banach space E and r > 0. If there is an element$x_0^{**}$in$\overline{C}^{w^*}$whose distance to C is greater than r, then there is x* ∈ E* such that each x** ∈$\overline{C}^{w^*}$at which sup x*(C) is attained has distance to E greater than ½r. We indeed establish that JaE and Ja are equivalent to other measures of weak non-compactness studied in the literature. We also collect particular cases and examples showing when the inequalities between the different measures of weak non-compactness can be equalities and when the inequalities are sharp.
Schizophrenia patients with a history of childhood trauma have a pro-inflammatory phenotype
Authors: Dennison U. , McKernan D. , Cryan J. , Dinan T. 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundIncreasing evidence indicates that childhood trauma is a risk factor for schizophrenia and patients with this syndrome have a pro-inflammatory phenotype. We tested the hypothesis that the pro-inflammatory phenotype in schizophrenia is associated with childhood trauma and that patients without a history of such trauma have a similar immune profile to healthy controls.MethodWe recruited 40 schizophrenia patients and 40 controls, all of whom completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques, we measured peripheral levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These immune parameters were compared in schizophrenia with childhood trauma, schizophrenia without childhood trauma and healthy controls.ResultsPatients with childhood trauma had higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α than patients without trauma and healthy controls, and TNF-α levels correlated with the extent of the trauma. Patients with no trauma had similar immune profiles to controls.ConclusionsChildhood trauma drives changes, possibly epigenetic, that generate a pro-inflammatory phenotype.
‘Alte Musik’ or ‘Early Music’?
Authors: TARUSKIN RICHARD 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAn attempt to distinguish between ‘alte Musik’, as German musicians used to conceive it, and ‘early music’, as is now the common phrase in English, provides a new – and perhaps better – lens through which to view the old historical schisms of twentieth-century music. The recourse that musical innovators have always had to ancient precedents, as inspiration and as validation, has many variations, and these variations are reliable reflectors of aesthetic attitudes.
The gut anaerobe Faecalibacterium prausnitzii uses an extracellular electron shuttle to grow at oxic–anoxic interphases
Authors: Khan M Tanweer , Duncan Sylvia H , Stams Alfons J M , van Dijl Jan Maarten , Flint Harry J , Harmsen Hermie J M 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the most abundant bacteria in the human gut ecosystem and it is an important supplier of butyrate to the colonic epithelium. Low numbers of faecalibacteria have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Despite being extremely oxygen sensitive, F. prausnitzii is found adherent to the gut mucosa where oxygen diffuses from epithelial cells. This paradox is now explained on the basis of gas tube experiments, flavin-dependent reduction of 5,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate and microbial fuel cell experiments. The results show that F. prausnitzii employs an extracellular electron shuttle of flavins and thiols to transfer electrons to oxygen. Both compounds are present in the healthy human gut. Our observations may have important implications for the treatment of patients with Crohn's disease, for example, with flavin- or antioxidant rich diets, and they provide a novel key insight in host–microbe interactions at the gut barrier.
Concentration-dependent free radical scavenging and ferric reducing ability of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash: Protective effect of vetiver root extract during oxidative stress
Authors: Luqman Suaib , Kumar Ritesh , Kaushik Shubhangi , Srivastava Suchita , Darokar Mahendra , Khanuja Suman 
Published: February 2012

AbstractVetiveria zizanioides, popularly known as ‘KHUS’ grass, has been known to India since ancient times. It is the major source of well-known oil of vetiver, which is used in medicine and in perfumery. A concentration-dependent ferric reducing, free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of two genotypes, namely KS 1 and gulabi of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash) root, were evaluated by using in vitro assays: the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reducing power (RP) assay. A positive co-relation was observed between FRAP, DPPH and TPC of cv KS 1, whereas TAC and RP showed a negative co-relation. A significant protective effect of cv KS 1 (100 [mu]g/mL) extract was also observed in erythrocytes reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration after subjecting erythrocytes to oxidative stress by incubating them with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Our observations suggest that cv KS 1 has better antioxidant activity compared to cv gulabi of vetiver and may, in part, explain the use of spent/waste part of vetiver root as an economically viable source of natural antioxidant against complications arising from oxidative stress.
Suppression of TNF-α induced NFκB activity by gallic acid and its semi-synthetic alkyl-gallates: Possible role in cancer chemoprevention
Authors: Bolzani Vanderlan , Soares Christiane , Pezzuto John , Luqman Suaib , Morais Mauro , Kondratyuk Tamara , Petronio Maicon , Regasini Luis , Silva Dulce 
Published: February 2012

AbstractNFκB, a transcription factor, regulates the expression of a number of genes involved in carcinogenesis. Thus, agents that can suppress NFκB activation have the potential to suppress carcinogenesis. In the present investigation, gallic acid was isolated from Alchornea glandulosa (Euphorbiaceae) and eight semi-synthetic alkyl gallates were prepared from the reaction of the corresponding alcohols with gallic acid at 80oC for 48 h in good yields (70-97%). All the compounds were evaluated against TNF-α-induced NFκB activation with stable transfected 293/NFκB-Luc human embryonic kidney cells. Treatment of cells with gallic acid and the gallate esters (20 µg/ml) significantly reduced TNF-α induced NFκB activation. With IC50 values in a range of 10 to 50 µM, gallic acid esters mediated inhibitory activity greater than that of gallic acid (IC50 76 µM). In addition to the inhibition of NFκB activation, gallic acid mediated a modest cytotoxic effect, but none of the gallate esters affected cell viability at the tested concentrations. Based on these encouraging intracellular responses, we suggest suppression of NFκB activation by gallate esters could play a chemopreventive role in carcinogenesis, and further investigations are warranted.
Machen Studien gesund? – So hilft Forschung den Patienten
Authors: Supp G. 
Published: February 2012

Zusammenfassung
TESTS IN DER PRAXIS: Einleuchtende Theorien und Erkenntnisse „aus dem Labor“
müssen sich bewähren. Kurzsichtige Konsequenzen, die manche Kliniker bisweilen aus der
aktuellen Studienlage ziehen, helfen im therapeutischen Alltag nicht weiter. Andere fragen
sich: Kann ich die Erkenntnisse aus klinischen Studien auf mein klinisches Umfeld
übertragen? Wie gehe ich mit widersprüchlichen Erscheinungen um? Als der Autor vor Jahren
einem Patienten von einer wissenschaftlichen Konferenz und den interessanten
Forschungsergebnissen berichtete, fragte der Patient ihn frei heraus: „Machen mich Deine
Studien gesund?“ Seine Antwort damals: „Die Chancen darauf steigen auf jeden Fall.“
Eigentlich hält er es aber mit Lukas Podolski: „Wichtig is’ auf’m Platz!“
Profi-Tipp
Authors: Erhard M. 
Published: February 2012

Zusammenfassung
MYOFASZIALES TAPING: Faszien sind nicht nur passive Hüllen, sondern auch aktive
Kraftüberträger. Werden sie kontrakt, können sie zu Schmerzen und Funktionseinschränkungen
führen. Myofasziales Taping kann die Faszienspannung regulieren und die Beschwerden des
Patienten schnell und deutlich verbessern. Durch mehrere Anlagen auch langfristig.
Androgen deprivation causes truncation of the C‐terminal region of androgen receptor in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells
Authors: Harada Naoki , Inoue Kaoru , Yamaji Ryoichi , Nakano Yoshihisa , Inui Hiroshi 
Published: February 2012

The androgen receptor (AR) acts as a ligand‐dependent transcription factor, whereas mutant AR lacking the C‐terminal ligand‐binding domain functions in a ligand‐independent manner. In the present study we report that the C‐terminal truncated AR, which we named AR‐NH1 (the N‐terminal fragment of AR cleaved in the neighborhood of helix 1 of the ligand‐binding domain), is produced in LNCaP prostatic carcinoma cells. The AR‐NH1 of ~90 kDa was observed in an androgen‐independent LNCaP subline and was further accumulated by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. MG132 treatment caused the accumulation of AR‐NH1 even in parent LNCaP cells. AR‐NH1 was produced in the absence of ligand or in the presence of the AR antagonist bicalutamide, whereas AR agonists suppressed its production. AR‐NH1 was detected with different AR antibodies recognizing amino acid residues 1–20 and 300–316 and was also generated from exogenous AR. Both siRNA‐mediated AR knockdown and treatment with a serine protease inhibitor (4‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐benzenesulfonyl fluoride) reduced AR‐NH1 levels. According to the predicted cleavage site (between amino acid residues 660–685) and its nuclear localization, it is assumed that AR‐NH1 functions as a constitutively active transcription factor. These data suggest that AR‐NH1 is produced under hormone therapy and contributes to the development of castration‐resistant prostate cancer due to its ligand‐independent transcriptional activity. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 1022–1027)
Aggressive natural killer cell leukemia: Therapeutic potential of l‐asparaginase and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Ishida Fumihiro , Ko Young Hyeh , Kim Won Seog , Suzumiya Junji , Isobe Yasushi , Oshimi Kazuo , Nakamura Shigeo , Suzuki Ritsuro 
Published: February 2012

We conducted a retrospective Japan–Korea multicenter study to better elucidate the clinicopathologic features and therapeutic modalities for aggressive natural killer cell leukemia (ANKL). A total of 34 patients were analyzed. The median age of the patients was 40 years. Among the patients in the study, four had a history of Epstein–Barr virus‐related disorders. Three types of ANKL cells were categorized according to their morphological features. Leukemic cells were below 20% in both peripheral blood and bone marrow of 11 patients. The clinical characteristics and prognoses of these 11 patients did not differ significantly from those of the others. As an initial therapy, l‐asparaginase chemotherapy resulted in a better response. A total of six patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and two received autologous HSCT, with all in non‐complete remission (CR). After HSCT, four with allogeneic and one with autologous HSCT reached CR. Median survival of all patients was 51 days. Median survival for the patients with and without HSCT were 266 and 36 days, respectively. A total of two patients with allogeneic HSCT were alive and in CR. All patients without HSCT died of ANKL. The use of l‐asparaginase was indicated as a factor for longer survival (HR 0.33, 95% confidence interval; 0.13–0.83, P = 0.02). Early diagnosis of ANKL, l‐asparaginase‐based chemotherapy and allogeneic HSCT might lead to improved patient outcomes. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 1079–1083)