bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems with non‐adherence to antipsychotic medication in Samoan new Zealanders: A literature review
Authors: Ioasa‐Martin Itagia , Moore Laurie Jo 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper explores what is known about adherence to antipsychotic medications in general and the possible reasons for non‐adherence in Samoan New Zealanders. Samoan New Zealanders are either Samoan‐born immigrants or their descendents born in New Zealand. Clinicians recognize a high prevalence of non‐adherence among Samoan New Zealanders. The authors hypothesize that traditional Samoan beliefs play a prominent role in problems with adherence. To investigate this hypothesis, a review of the literature on adherence in Samoan New Zealanders was undertaken. Documents from the Ministry of Health support the hypothesis. To investigate this issue, the Ministry of Health initiated a qualitative research project to examine the nature of Samoan traditional beliefs. The results of this study are summarized. No research had previously been undertaken on adherence in Samoan New Zealanders. In general, there is a lack of research on all aspects of the mental health of Pacific peoples in New Zealand. Literature reviews of adherence research consistently show that interventions that improve adherence address the beliefs, behaviours, and relationships surrounding adherence. This finding supports the author's hypothesis that traditional beliefs play an important role in the problem of adherence. Further definitive study with Samoan New Zealanders is required.
Estimation of the endurance fatigue limit for structural steel in load increasing tests at low temperature
Authors: KUCHARCZYK P. , RIZOS A. , MÜNSTERMANN S. , BLECK W. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe endurance fatigue strength of structural steel S355 was investigated in fatigue tests according to the method of increasing stress amplitude. The so‐called ‘load increasing test’ is based on the direct correlation between the fatigue limit and the temperature changes caused by local plastic deformation ahead of the tip of a micro crack, which was initiated as a result of cyclic loading. In the present work the fatigue limit for testing temperatures 40°C and −20°C was estimated not only from the temperature measurements but also from the electrical potential measurements. Further, the obtained results were validated in standard fatigue tests with constant stress amplitude and a very good agreement was found.
Mechanism‐based life model for out‐of‐phase thermomechanical fatigue in single crystal Ni‐base superalloys
Authors: AMARO R. L. , ANTOLOVICH S. D. , NEU R. W. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper describes an enhanced physics‐inspired model to predict the life of the second‐generation single crystal superalloy PWA 1484 experiencing out‐of‐phase (OP) thermomechanical fatigue (TMF). Degradation due to either pure fatigue or a coupling between fatigue and environmental attack are the primary concerns under this loading. The life model incorporates the effects of material anisotropy by utilizing the inelastic shear strain on the slip system having the highest Schmid factor while accounting for the effects of temperature‐dependent slip spacing and stress‐assisted γ′ depletion. Both conventional TMF and special bithermal fatigue (BiF) experiments were conducted to isolate and therefore better understand the interactions between these degradation mechanisms. The influences of crystallographic orientation, applied mechanical strain range, cycle maximum temperature and high temperature hold times were assessed. The resulting physics‐inspired life estimation model for OP TMF and OP BiF predicts the number of cycles to crack initiation as a function of crystal orientation, applied strain amplitude and stresses, temperature, cycle time (including dwells), and surface roughness within a factor of 2.
A study of size effects and length scales in fracture and fatigue of metals by second gradient modelling*
Authors: STAMOULIS K. , GIANNAKOPOULOS A. E. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTAs the dimensions of structures are scaled down to the micro‐ and nano‐domains, the mechanical behaviour becomes size dependent and thus, we cannot expect the classical elasticity solutions to hold. In particular, recent experimental investigations of fatigue strength of metals show pronounced strengthening due to the influences of small geometrical dimensions. Based on second gradient elasticity framework as particularized on beams, closed form solutions to idealized problems of elastic cantilever bending, elastic three‐point bending and elasto‐plastic torsion have been found, showing considerable stiffening, toughening and hardening, respectively, compared to the classical theory predictions. In these models, the intrinsic material length scale was taken to be constant. Furthermore, we describe a gradient solid with a characteristic length which is not a fixed material parameter but depends on the amount of plastic effective strain amplitude, as obtained from cyclic strain hardening. A respective evolution law is suggested and discussed.
Consideration of concurrent transverse cracking and induced delamination propagation using a generalized micro‐meso approach and experimental validation
Authors: HOSSEINI‐TOUDESHKY H. , FARROKHABADI A. , MOHAMMADI B. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to investigate the applicability and more verification of recently developed new micro‐meso approach by the authors. Defining the damage evolution law in traditional classic mesomechanics approaches needs multifarious standard and non‐standard lay‐up tests. By combining the micromechanics and mesomechanics approaches, a relatively new micro‐meso model is proposed to overcome the major disadvantage of traditional meso‐scale modelling. In this study, standard tests are firstly performed to obtain the stress‐strain behaviour of various laminates and then the effects of transverse cracking and induced delamination on laminates responses are examined under uniaxial loading. Furthermore, the recently developed new micro‐meso approach is employed to predict the damage growth and stress‐strain response of examined composite specimens in the experimental study. The experimental results are used to verify this micro‐meso approach and discuss the differences. It is shown that the predicted stress‐strain behaviours using the developed method are in good agreement with the experimental results for various laminates with different lay‐up configurations.
Triphasic ratcheting strain prediction of materials over stress cycles
Authors: AHMADZADEH G. R. , VARVANI‐FARAHANI A. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis study intends to formulate ratcheting strain evolution in steel alloys of 42CrMo, 20CS, SA333 Gr. 6 C‐Mn and OFHC copper over uniaxial stress cycles. Stages of ratcheting deformation were related to stress cycles, lifespan, mechanical properties and amplitude and mean stress components by means of linear and nonlinear functions. Terms of mechanical properties in the ratcheting formulation enabled to characterize ratcheting response of various materials over life cycles. These terms were further employed to interpret the influence of softening/hardening response of materials on ratcheting deformation. Ratcheting data for 42CrMo, 20CS, SA333 steels and OFHC copper reported in the literature were employed to evaluate the proposed ratcheting formulation. The predicted ratcheting strain values based on the proposed equation were found in good agreements as compared with the experimental data.
Structure and mechanism of diet specialisation: testing models of individual variation in resource use with sea otters
Authors: Tim Tinker M. , Guimarães Paulo R. , Novak Mark , Marquitti Flavia Maria Darcie , Bodkin James L. , Staedler Michelle , Bentall Gena , Estes James A. 
Published: March 2012

Ecology Letters (2012) 15: 475–483AbstractStudies of consumer‐resource interactions suggest that individual diet specialisation is empirically widespread and theoretically important to the organisation and dynamics of populations and communities. We used weighted networks to analyze the resource use by sea otters, testing three alternative models for how individual diet specialisation may arise. As expected, individual specialisation was absent when otter density was low, but increased at high‐otter density. A high‐density emergence of nested resource‐use networks was consistent with the model assuming individuals share preference ranks. However, a density‐dependent emergence of a non‐nested modular network for ‘core’ resources was more consistent with the ‘competitive refuge’ model. Individuals from different diet modules showed predictable variation in rank‐order prey preferences and handling times of core resources, further supporting the competitive refuge model. Our findings support a hierarchical organisation of diet specialisation and suggest individual use of core and marginal resources may be driven by different selective pressures.
Use of a balloon catheter in management of the pelvic space following laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision
Authors: Bulut O. , Rasmussen H. B. , Jess P. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim  Management of the pelvic space following laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision remains controversial. We describe a simple technique for obliteration of the pelvic space after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision.Method  Pneumoperitoneum was re‐established after completion of the operative procedure and a Foley catheter Ch. 24 was inserted through the right lower port under direct vision. The balloon of the catheter, placed in the presacral space, was filled with 50 ml of sterile saline and connected to passive drainage. The catheter was removed 10 days postoperatively.Results  This technique was used in 15 patients with the median age of 74 years (range 63–86). Eleven patients were treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. The median length of hospital stay was 9 days (range 5–11). Two patients (13.3%) treated with chemoradiotherapy developed a superficial perineal wound infection and four patients (26.6%) had a deep pelvic abscess, which required surgical drainage. The median time of perineal wound healing was 3 months (range 2–8). The median follow‐up time was 36 months (range18–60). None of the patients developed perineal hernia or intestinal obstruction in the follow‐up period. One patient underwent small bowel resection due to stenosis caused by radiation enteritis. There was no local recurrence, but two patients developed distant metastases after 12 months.Conclusion  Our results suggest that filling the pelvic cavity with a balloon catheter for 10 days results in the creation of a thin, fibrotic peritoneal layer which keeps the small intestine out of the pelvis and prevents loops of intestine adhering in the pelvic cavity.
Causes of diminished renal function in the affected kidney after partial nephrectomy
Authors: Tatsugami Katsunori , Tanaka Shingo , Ohtsubo Satoshi , Inokuchi Junichi , Yokomizo Akira , Kuroiwa Kentaro , Song Yoo Hyun , Naito Seiji 
Published: March 2012

Study Type – Prognosis (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?When partial nephrectomy is performed, renal vessels are clamped to avoid bleeding during tumour resection. Renal cooling during renal vessel clamping has the advantage of avoiding renal damage. We consider that the open approach is a choice for avoiding renal damage in patients with a solitary kidney or a risk of chronic kidney disease, if renal cooling cannot be performed in laparoscopic surgery.The results obtained in the present study suggest that cold ischaemia has the advantage of the recovery of postoperative affected renal function. However, further evaluation for a long period after surgery is needed to evaluate the recovery of affected renal function.OBJECTIVE
To determine the cause of diminished renal function in the affected kidney after partial nephrectomy (PN) for renal tumour, we analyzed the relationship between operative data and postoperative recovery with respect to renal function.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
From May 2005 to December 2010, pre‐ and postoperative (1 week and 3 months after the procedure) renal function was evaluated by 99mTc‐ mercaptoacetyltriglycine clearance in 51 patients treated with open partial nephrectomy (OPN; n= 24) and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN; n= 27).
LPN was performed via retroperitoneal (RPLPN; n= 14) or transperitoneal (TPLPN; n= 13) routes.
Renal cooling was performed after renal hilar clamping in OPN and RPLPN, although not in TPLPN.
RESULTS
There were 10 patients (two in OPN, six in TPLPN, two in RPLPN) who had diminished renal function in the affected kidney from 1 week to 3 months after PN.
Warm ischaemia (versus cold ischaemia; P= 0.017) during renal hilar clamping resulted in diminished renal function.
Using multivariate analysis, renal cooling influenced postoperative diminished renal function (P= 0.008).
CONCLUSIONS
Successful preservation of renal function after PN depends on renal cooling during renal hilar clamping.
Cold ischaemia for avoiding renal damage is recommended if renal hilar clamping is necessary for tumour extraction.
The prevalence and natural history of urinary symptoms among recreational ketamine users
Authors: Winstock Adam R. , Mitcheson Luke , Gillatt David A. , Cottrell Angela M. 
Published: March 2012

Study Type – Symptom prevalence (prospective cohort)Level of Evidence 1bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Case series have described lower urinary tract symptoms associated with ketamine use including severe pain, frequency, haematuria and dysuria. Little is known regarding the frequency of symptoms, relationship of symptoms with dose and frequency of use and natural history of symptoms once the ketamine user has stopped.This study describes the prevalence of ketamine use in a population of recreational drug users in a dance music setting. It shows a dose–frequency relationship with ketamine use. It shows that urinary symptoms associated with recreational ketamine use may lead to a considerable demand on health resources in the primary‐, secondary‐ and emergency‐care settings. It shows that symptoms may improve once ketamine use is decreased.OBJECTIVE
To investigate the prevalence and natural history of urinary symptoms in a cohort of recreational ketamine users.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A purposeful sampling technique was used.
Between November 2009 and January 2010 participants were invited to undertake an on‐line questionnaire promoted by a national dance music magazine and website.
Data regarding demographics and illicit drug‐use were collected.
Among respondents reporting recent ketamine use, additional information detailing their ketamine use, experience of urinary symptoms and use of related healthcare services was obtained.
RESULTS
In all, 3806 surveys were completed, of which 1285 (33.8%) participants reported ketamine use within the last year.
Of the ketamine users, 17% were found to be dependent on the drug; 26.6% (340) of recent ketamine users reported experiencing urinary symptoms.
Urinary symptoms were significantly related to both dose of ketamine used and frequency of ketamine use.
Of 251 users reporting their experience of symptoms over time in relationship to their use of ketamine, 51% reported improvement in urinary symptoms upon cessation of use with only eight (3.8%) reporting deterioration after stopping use.
CONCLUSIONS
Urinary tract symptoms are reported in over a quarter of regular ketamine users.
A dose and frequency response relationship has been shown between ketamine use and urinary symptoms.
Both users and primary‐care providers need to be educated about urinary symptoms that may arise in ketamine users. A multi‐disciplinary approach promoting harm reduction, cessation and early referral is needed to manage individuals with ketamine‐associated urinary tract symptoms to avoid progression to severe and irreversible urological pathologies.
Costs of paediatric diabetes care in Germany: current situation and comparison with the year 2000
Authors: Bächle C. C. , Holl R. W. , Straßburger K. , Molz E. , Chernyak N. , Beyer P. , Schimmel U. , Rütschle H. , Seidel J. , Lepler R. , Holder M. , Rosenbauer J. , Icks A. ,   for the DPV Initiative and the German BMBF Competence Network Diabetes Mellitus
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1327–1334 (2012)AbstractAims  To estimate direct costs of paediatric Type 1 diabetes care and associated factors in Germany for the year 2007 and to compare results with the costs for the year 2000.Methods  Our study includes clinical data and charges for any diabetes‐related health care service of 14 185 continually treated subjects with paediatric diabetes aged < 20 years [52.5% male, mean age (SD) 12.1 (4.2) years], derived from a nationwide prospective patient documentation system (DPV). Health‐care utilization was valued in monetary terms by using inpatient and outpatient medical fees and retail prices (perspective of the statutory health insurance). Associations between average total diabetes‐related costs or various single cost categories per patient and age, sex, migration background, diabetes duration, and metabolic control were analysed by multiple regression procedures and by a two‐part model for hospitalization costs. Total direct costs in the whole paediatric diabetes population in Germany were estimated. Mean costs per patient as well as total costs in the German paediatric diabetes population in 2007 were compared to 2000 costs (inflated to the year 2007).Results  Mean direct diabetes‐associated costs per subject were €3524 (inter‐quartile range: 1831–4743). Main cost categories were hospitalization (32%), glucose self‐monitoring (29%), insulin pump therapy (18%), and insulin (15%). Based on the present estimation, the total costs of paediatric diabetes care in Germany exceeded €110 million in 2007. Compared with estimates of the year 2000, average costs per patient had increased by 20% and total costs for German paediatric diabetes care by 47%.Conclusions  Direct costs for paediatric Type 1 diabetes care increased between 2000 and 2007, probably partly because of new therapeutic strategies and an increase in diabetes prevalence.
Contemporary rates of severe hypoglycaemia in youth with Type 1 diabetes: variability by insulin regimen
Authors: Katz M. L. , Volkening L. K. , Anderson B. J. , Laffel L. M. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 926–932 (2012)AbstractAims  To determine incidence rates of severe hypoglycaemia and compare incidence rates by insulin regimen in a diverse sample of youth with Type 1 diabetes from two sites.Methods  In this observational study, 255 youth (51% female) aged 9–15 years receiving varied insulin regimens provided data prospectively for a median of 1.2 years. Reported episodes of severe hypoglycaemia, defined as episodes requiring help from another person for oral treatment or episodes resulting in seizure/coma, and current insulin regimens were collected systematically. Incidence rates were calculated and compared according to insulin regimen in bivariate and multivariate analyses.Results  At first encounter, participants had a median age of 12.2 years (range 9.0–15.0), median diabetes duration of 4.4 years (range 1.0–13.0) and mean HbA1c of 67 ± 12 mmol/mol (8.3 ± 1.1%). The incidence rate was 37.6/100 patient‐years for all severe hypoglycaemia and 9.6/100 patient‐years for seizure/coma. The incidence rate for severe hypoglycaemia was 31.8/100 patient‐years on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (pump therapy), 34.4/100 patient‐years on basal–bolus injections and 46.1/100 patient‐years on NPH (NPH vs. pump therapy: P = 0.04). The incidence rate for seizure/coma was 4.5/100 patient‐years on pump therapy, 11.1/100 patient‐years on basal–bolus injections and 14.4/100 patients‐years on NPH (NPH vs. pump therapy: P = 0.004). In the multivariate analysis, the rate of seizure/coma was significantly higher for those on NPH vs. pump therapy (rate ratio 2.9, P = 0.03).Conclusions  Rates of severe hypoglycaemia in youth with Type 1 diabetes remain high. Pump therapy was associated with lower rates of all severe hypoglycaemia and seizure/coma in comparison with NPH.
A lifestyle intervention to reduce Type 2 diabetes risk in Dutch primary care: 2.5‐year results of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Vermunt P. W. A. , Milder I. E. J. , Wielaard F. , de Vries J. H. M. , Baan C. A. , van Oers J. A. M. , Westert G. P. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, e223–e231 (2012)AbstractAims  To determine the effectiveness of a 2.5‐year lifestyle intervention for Type 2 diabetes prevention in Dutch general practice compared with usual care.Methods  A randomized controlled trial of 925 individuals at high risk for Type 2 diabetes (FINDRISC‐score ≥ 13) in 14 general practices in the Netherlands. Intervention consisted of lifestyle counselling from the nurse practitioner and the general practitioner. Usual care consisted of oral and written information at the start of the study. Study groups were compared over 2.5 years regarding changes in clinical and lifestyle measures.Results  Both groups showed modest changes in body weight, glucose concentrations, physical activity and dietary intake [weight: intervention group, −0.8 (5.1) kg, usual care group, −0.4 (4.7) kg, (P = 0.69); fasting plasma glucose: intervention group, −0.17 (0.4) mmol/l, usual care group, −0.10 (0.5) mmol/l, (P = 0.10)]. Differences between groups were significant only for total physical activity and fibre intake. In the intervention group, self‐efficacy was significantly higher in individuals successful at losing weight compared with unsuccessful individuals. No significant differences in participant weight loss were found between general practitioners and nurse practitioners with different levels of motivation or self‐efficacy.Conclusions  Diabetes risk factors could significantly be reduced by lifestyle counselling in Dutch primary care. However, intervention effects above the effects attributable to usual care were modest. Higher participant self‐efficacy seemed to facilitate weight loss. Lack of motivation or self‐efficacy of professionals did not negatively influence participant guidance.
Between Feminine Singular and Neuter Plural: Re‐Analysis Patterns
Authors: Rovai Francesco 
Published: March 2012

AbstractStarting from the investigation of some neuter o stems that attest either masculine or feminine doublets in Latin, this paper discusses the development of the thematic neuter and its status within the Latin gender system. Thematic neuters may be regarded as one of the latest innovations in the Indo‐European family, and most of them developed independently within the individual languages. Latin evidence shows in fact that some neuter o stems were created at a historical stage from ancient masculines of the same inflectional class. Particular attention is paid here to a set of nouns exhibiting fluctuations between a second‐declension neuter o stem and a first‐declension feminine ā stem. These gender variations throw light on a progressive change of gender, and a detailed chronological examination actually reveals that all these forms are originally feminine nouns re‐analysed as thematic neuters – an evolutionary pattern that is the opposite of what is currently assumed. This gender change can be related to the diachronic development of a number of morpho‐syntactic patterns, which may have favoured such a re‐analysis and which might have led to the genesis of these thematic neuters as a pure inner‐Latin phenomenon.