bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface mass balance and stable oxygen isotope ratios from shallow firn cores on Fimbulisen, East Antarctica
Authors: Schlosser E. , Anschütz H. , Isaksson E. , Martma T. , Divine D. , Nøst O.-A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe mass balance of Antarctica is one of the crucial factors for determining sea-level change in a warming climate. The marginal zones of the continent, namely the ice shelves, are most sensitive to climate change. During the 2009/10 austral summer an extensive glaciological field campaign was carried out on Fimbulisen, an ice shelf in East Antarctica, to investigate its recent surface mass balance. Shallow (10–18 m) firn cores were drilled and accumulation rates and stable-isotope ratios determined. For firn-core dating, two different methods were compared: (1) seasonal variations of stable oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O), and (2) dielectric profiling, including using the volcanic eruptions of Pinatubo, Philippines (1991), and El Chichόn, Mexico (1982), as time markers. The mean annual accumulation for the period 1992–2009 ranges from 298 to 349 mmw.e. a–1. The interannual variability at the drilling sites is >30%. Accumulation rates show a weak decreasing trend during the past 20–30 years, which is statistically significant only for one of the cores. Stable-isotope ratios were compared to the snowfall temperature of Neumayer station. Neither the temperatures nor the δ18O values show any trend for the investigated time period.
Radar characterization of the basal interface across the grounding zone of an ice-rise promontory in East Antarctica
Authors: Matsuoka Kenichi , Pattyn Frank , Callens Denis , Conway Howard 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRadar power returned from the basal interface along a 42 km long profile over an ice-rise promontory and the adjacent Roi Baudouin ice shelf, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, is analyzed to infer spatial variations in basal reflectivity and hence the basal environment. Extracting basal reflectivity from basal returned power requires an englacial attenuation model. We estimate attenuation in two ways: (1) using a temperature-dependent model with input from thermomechanical ice-flow models; and (2) using a radar method that linearly approximates the geometrically corrected returned power with ice thickness. The two methods give different results. We argue that attenuation calculated using a modeled temperature profile is more robust than the widely used radar method, especially in locations where depth-averaged attenuation varies spatially or where the patterns of basal reflectivity correlate with the patterns of the ice thickness.
Tropical forcing of Circumpolar Deep Water Inflow and outlet glacier thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica
Authors: Steig E.J. , Ding Q. , Battisti D.S. , Jenkins A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOutlet glaciers draining the Antarctic ice sheet into the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) have accelerated in recent decades, most likely as a result of increased melting of their ice-shelf termini by warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). An ocean model forced with climate reanalysis data shows that, beginning in the early 1990s, an increase in westerly wind stress near the continental shelf edge drove an increase in CDW inflow onto the shelf. The change in local wind stress occurred predominantly in fall and early winter, associated with anomalous high sea-level pressure (SLP) to the north of the ASE and an increase in sea surface temperature (SST) in the central tropical Pacific. The SLP change is associated with geopotential height anomalies in the middle and upper troposphere, characteristic of a stationary Rossby wave response to tropical SST forcing, rather than with changes in the zonally symmetric circulation. Tropical Pacific warming similar to that of the 1990s occurred in the 1940s, and thus is a candidate for initiating the current period of ASE glacier retreat.
Blocking a wave: frequency band gaps in ice shelves with periodic crevasses
Authors: Freed-Brown Julian , Amundson Jason M. , MacAyeal Douglas R. , Zhang Wendy W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe assess how the propagation of high-frequency elastic-flexural waves through an ice shelf is modified by the presence of spatially periodic crevasses. Analysis of the normal modes supported by the ice shelf with and without crevasses reveals that a periodic crevasse distribution qualitatively changes the mechanical response. The normal modes of an ice shelf free of crevasses are evenly distributed as a function of frequency. In contrast, the normal modes of a crevasse-ridden ice shelf are distributed unevenly. There are ‘band gaps’, frequency ranges over which no eigenmodes exist. A model ice shelf that is 50 km in lateral extent and 300 m thick with crevasses spaced 500 m apart has a band gap from 0.2 to 0.38 Hz. This is a frequency range relevant for ocean-wave/ice-shelf interactions. When the outermost edge of the crevassed ice shelf is oscillated at a frequency within the band gap, the ice shelf responds very differently from a crevasse-free ice shelf. The flexural motion of the crevassed ice shelf is confined to a small region near the outermost edge of the ice shelf and effectively ‘blocked’ from reaching the interior.
Resolution requirements for grounding-line modelling: sensitivity to basal drag and ice-shelf buttressing
Authors: Gladstone Rupert M. , Payne Antony J. , Cornford Stephen L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSimulations of grounding-line migration in ice-sheet models using a fixed grid have been shown to exhibit poor convergence at achievable resolutions. We present a series of ‘shelfy-stream’ flowline model experiments using an idealized set-up. We assess the performance of a range of grounding-line parameterizations (GLPs) over a large input space by varying bedrock gradient, rate factor, basal drag coefficient and net accumulation. The relative performance of GLPs is similar to Gladstone and others (2010a) except at low basal drag, in which case the grounding-line errors are very small for all GLPs. We find that grounding-line errors are far more sensitive to basal drag than to the other inputs or to choice of GLP. We then quantify grounding-line errors as a function of resolution while varying basal drag and channel width (using a parameterization to represent buttressing). Reducing either basal drag or channel width reduces the errors associated with the grounding line. Our results suggest that a structured fixed-grid shelfy-stream ice-sheet model would need to run at a horizontal resolution of ~1–2km to accurately simulate grounding-line positions of marine ice-sheet outlet glaciers such as Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica.
Impact of ice-shelf basal melting on inland ice-sheet thickness: a model study
Authors: Determann Jürgen , Thoma Malte , Grosfeld Klaus , Massmann Sylvia 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIce flow from the ice sheets to the ocean contains the maximum potential contributing to future eustatic sea-level rise. In Antarctica most mass fluxes occur via the extended ice-shelf regions covering more than half the Antarctic coastline. The most extended ice shelves are the Filchner–Ronne and Ross Ice Shelves, which contribute ~30% to the total mass loss caused by basal melting. Basal melt rates here show small to moderate average amplitudes of <0.5ma–1. By comparison, the smaller but most vulnerable ice shelves in the Amundsen and Bellinghausen Seas show much higher melt rates (up to 30 ma–1), but overall basal mass loss is comparably small due to the small size of the ice shelves. The pivotal question for both characteristic ice-shelf regions, however, is the impact of ocean melting, and, coevally, change in ice-shelf thickness, on the flow dynamics of the hinterland ice masses. In theory, ice-shelf back-pressure acts to stabilize the ice sheet, and thus the ice volume stored above sea level. We use the three-dimensional (3-D) thermomechanical ice-flow model RIMBAY to investigate the ice flow in a regularly shaped model domain, including ice-sheet, ice-shelf and open-ocean regions. By using melting scenarios for perturbation studies, we find a hysteresis-like behaviour. The experiments show that the system regains its initial state when perturbations are switched off. Average basal melt rates of up to 2 ma–1 as well as spatially variable melting calculated by our 3-D ocean model ROMBAX act as basal boundary conditions in time-dependent model studies. Changes in ice volume and grounding-line position are monitored after 1000 years of modelling and reveal mass losses of up to 40 Gt a–1.
Fractal grain distribution in snow avalanche deposits
Authors: De Biagi Valerio , Chiaia Bernardino , Frigo Barbara 
Published: March 2012

AbstractScale-invariant phenomena are common in nature and fractals represent a suitable mathematical tool to describe them. Snow avalanche flow is made up of a mixture of grains and aggregates (granules) which can be broken or sintered together. The granular properties and interactions are important in understanding how avalanches flow. In this paper a fractal model for describing the grain-size distribution in the deposit of a snow avalanche is formulated by introducing the concept of aggregation probability. Although the model is two-dimensional, an extension to the three-dimensional case is proposed in the conclusions. The cumulative size distribution law is extrapolated from the model, and a physical discussion on fractal parameters is conducted. Finally, an experimental application to a real avalanche event is considered to confirm the predictions of the model and to present an extension to multifractality.
Antiretroviral Nucleoside Analogues Suppress Antibody Synthesis in Human B-Lymphocytes
Authors: Setzer Bernhard , Walker Ulrich A 
Published: March 2012

Background Some antiretroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) impair mitochondrial polymerase-γ and T-cell proliferation, possibly by pyrimidine depletion. We aimed to analyse NRTI effects on the content of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and B-cells, and on their proliferation and antibody synthesis. Methods Peripheral blood B-lymphocytes from six healthy individuals were stimulated in vitro with interleukin-4 and Staphylococcus aureus superantigen in the presence or absence of NRTI in concentrations equivalent to, or fivefold exceeding, human peak plasma levels. We also tested the effects of uridine, a pyrimidine precursor, which has antagonized NRTI toxicities in other models. Results During 9 days of culture, B-lymphocyte proliferation and vitality were not affected by NRTI. Didanosine and stavudine, but not zidovudine, dose-dependently induced mtDNA depletion. All three NRTI significantly and dose-dependently impaired the synthesis of all immunoglobulin classes. The lymphocytotoxic effects of the thymidine analogues zidovudine and stavudine on B-lymphocytes were antagonized by the addition of uridine. Conclusions Didanosine, stavudine and zidovudine induce mitochondrial toxicity in human B-lymphocytes and impair the immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro, warranting further studies on their in vivo effects.
De la signature stylistique à la reconnaissance d'un style d'auteur
Authors: Vaudrey-Luigi Sandrine 
Published: March 2012

L’article étudie la reconnaissance d’un style. Si cette expression semble à priori se situer du côté d’une sorte d’intuition littéraire, en réalité, elle mobilise plusieurs catégories. Il s’agit en effet de voir comment la reconnaissance d’un style croise non seulement la notion de stylème, d’idiolecte, mais également d’appareil formel et de patron littéraire. Reconnaitre un style ne saurait donc se limiter à chercher ce qu’il y a d’expressif dans l’œuvre d’un écrivain, mais traduit au contraire une attitude qui vise à dépasser une frontière aussi éculée que stérilisante entre littérature et linguistique, et permet d’aborder non seulement le style d’un écrivain, mais aussi le style d’époque ou encore le style d’un genre. À partir de quelques exemples précis empruntés à la prose narrative du XIX e siècle et du XX e siècle, on peut considérer la stylistique contemporaine, conçue comme « analyse textuelle », non comme un ensemble d’outils au service des textes, mais comme un mode d’appréhension du texte littéraire.
« La langue de Baudelaire »
Authors: Laplantine Chloé 
Published: March 2012

L’article a pour objectif de distinguer la manière dont certains linguistes (Saussure, Sapir, Benveniste) approchent le texte littéraire, d’observer quel objet particulier ils en font, et aussi ce que le texte littéraire leur permet d’avancer dans leur recherche sur le langage en général. On y réfléchit particulièrement sur le travail de Benveniste, et sur sa recherche restée manuscrite sur Baudelaire, qui appelle à une « conversion du point de vue ». Dans un projet d’article intitulé « La langue de Baudelaire », écrit en 1967 pour la revue Langages , on trouve une importante archive manuscrite (370 feuillets) contenant tout le laboratoire du chercheur : des relevés de termes, de vers, de fréquence, de temps verbaux, et des tentatives d’écriture, débutantes ou plus abouties, d’une théorie générale du langage poétique . L’analyse de ces matériaux montre que la linguistique peut être autre chose qu’une boite à outils pour l’analyse des textes littéraires. Et que, pour certains linguistes, la réflexion sur les langues et le langage n’est pas séparable de la réflexion sur la littérature.
Quand littérature et langue s'intéressent au conte
Authors: Boré Catherine , Bouillon Christian 
Published: March 2012

Le genre littéraire du conte merveilleux est au point de départ de l’article, qui a pour but réfléchir aux approches mixtes possibles – littéraire et linguistique – du même objet. Quels problèmes rencontre-t-on sur le plan des méthodes (thématique, quantitative), des domaines (sémantique, stylistique, didactique), quand on aborde le concret des œuvres réunies en corpus générique ? Existe-t-il un continuum entre les diverses approches d’un même objet ou bien faut-il tracer des ruptures ? On propose quelques éléments de réponse en s’appuyant sur un corpus de contes du XVII e siècle (Perrault, Mme d’Aulnoy) pour éclairer le statut d’un sous-corpus de contes contemporains destinés à la jeunesse.
Linguistique, littérature, discours littéraire
Authors: Maingueneau Dominique 
Published: March 2012

Ce qui pose problème, quand on considère les relations actuelles entre linguistique et littérature, c’est précisément le couple « linguistique et littérature ». Un tel intitulé permet de rendre raison de la stylistique classique qui s’appuie fondamentalement sur l’analyse et l’interprétation de faits de langue, mais il pose problème quand on raisonne en termes d’analyse du discours littéraire. Dans cet article on rappelle quelles sont les conditions de possibilité d’une démarche d’analyse du discours, qui s’avère difficilement compatible avec les approches qui « appliquent » la linguistique à un univers qui lui serait étranger. Il apparait ainsi que l’enseignant qui veut recourir aux sciences du langage pour appréhender la littérature a à sa disposition deux appareils conceptuels et méthodologiques : l’un essentiellement destiné à l’analyse de textes, l’autre qui met en cause toute opposition simple entre texte et contexte.
Une communauté thérapeutique à la frontière entre deux cultures
Authors: Van der Straten Georges 
Published: March 2012

Résumé Dans cet article, l’auteur, directeur de communautés thérapeutiques en Belgique, raconte son parcours, depuis « Choisis », en 1978, à Trempoline. Du fait de l’inefficacité de certains choix méthodologiques, qui répondaient mal aux vrais besoins des résidents, les premiers mois d’existence de « Choisis » furent difficiles. Mais une remise en question décida l’équipe à tester la méthode CT selon le modèle américain. Passant de « Choisis » à Trempoline, l’auteur décrit ensuite les enseignements tirés de son expérience, avant de détailler quelle inspiration déterminante il trouva en Italie, avec le « Projet Homme ».
Ethanol Induces Oxidative Stress in Alveolar Macrophages via Upregulation of NADPH Oxidases
Authors: Yeligar Samantha M. , Harris Frank L. , Hart C. Michael , Brown Lou Ann S. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse is a comorbid variable of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Previous studies showed that, in the lung, chronic alcohol consumption increased oxidative stress and impaired alveolar macrophage (AM) function. NADPH oxidases (Noxes) are the main source of reactive oxygen species in AMs. Therefore, we hypothesized that chronic alcohol consumption increases AM oxidant stress through modulation of Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 expression. AMs were isolated from male C57BL/6J mice, aged 8–10 wk, which were treated with or without ethanol in drinking water (20% w/v, 12 wk). MH-S cells, a mouse AM cell line, were treated with or without ethanol (0.08%, 3 d) for in vitro studies. Selected cells were treated with apocynin (300 μM), a Nox1 and Nox2 complex formation inhibitor, or were transfected with Nox small interfering RNAs (20–35 nM), before ethanol exposure. Human AMs were isolated from alcoholic and control patients’ bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Nox mRNA levels (quantitative RT-PCR), protein levels (Western blot and immunostaining), oxidative stress (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate and Amplex Red analysis), and phagocytosis (Staphylococcus aureus internalization) were measured. Chronic alcohol increased Nox expression and oxidative stress in mouse AMs in vivo and in vitro. Experiments using apocynin and Nox small interfering RNAs demonstrated that ethanol-induced Nox4 expression, oxidative stress, and AM dysfunction were modulated through Nox1 and Nox2 upregulation. Further, Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 protein levels were augmented in human AMs from alcoholic patients compared with control subjects. Ethanol induces AM oxidative stress initially through upregulation of Nox1 and Nox2 with downstream Nox4 upregulation and subsequent impairment of AM function.
NLRC5 Deficiency Selectively Impairs MHC Class I- Dependent Lymphocyte Killing by Cytotoxic T Cells
Authors: Staehli Francesco , Ludigs Kristina , Heinz Leonhard X. , Seguín-Estévez Queralt , Ferrero Isabel , Braun Marion , Schroder Kate , Rebsamen Manuele , Tardivel Aubry , Mattmann Chantal , MacDonald H. Robson , Romero Pedro , Reith Walter , Guarda Greta , Tschopp Jürg 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular proteins involved in innate-driven inflammatory responses. The function of the family member NLR caspase recruitment domain containing protein 5 (NLRC5) remains a matter of debate, particularly with respect to NF-κB activation, type I IFN, and MHC I expression. To address the role of NLRC5, we generated Nlrc5-deficient mice (Nlrc5Δ/Δ). In this article we show that these animals exhibit slightly decreased CD8+ T cell percentages, a phenotype compatible with deregulated MHC I expression. Of interest, NLRC5 ablation only mildly affected MHC I expression on APCs and, accordingly, Nlrc5Δ/Δ macrophages efficiently primed CD8+ T cells. In contrast, NLRC5 deficiency dramatically impaired basal expression of MHC I in T, NKT, and NK lymphocytes. NLRC5 was sufficient to induce MHC I expression in a human lymphoid cell line, requiring both caspase recruitment and LRR domains. Moreover, endogenous NLRC5 localized to the nucleus and occupied the proximal promoter region of H-2 genes. Consistent with downregulated MHC I expression, the elimination of Nlrc5Δ/Δ lymphocytes by cytotoxic T cells was markedly reduced and, in addition, we observed low NLRC5 expression in several murine and human lymphoid-derived tumor cell lines. Hence, loss of NLRC5 expression represents an advantage for evading CD8+ T cell-mediated elimination by downmodulation of MHC I levels—a mechanism that may be exploited by transformed cells. Our data show that NLRC5 acts as a key transcriptional regulator of MHC I in lymphocytes and support an essential role for NLRs in directing not only innate but also adaptive immune responses.
Jane Addams's Progressive Democracy Hull-House and the Ethics of Reform
Authors: Culbertson Graham 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This article examines how conditions in turn-of-the-century Chicago seemed inimical to uniting progressive policies and democratic politics, and shows how Jane Addams was unusual for her era in her simultaneous commitment to progressivism and democracy. In Democracy and Social Ethics and Twenty Years at Hull-House, Addams argues that humanity's ethical values must evolve in response to the new urban conditions emerging in the twentieth century. This article identifies various philosophical conflicts with which Addams had to deal in her attempt to reconcile democracy and progressivism, and shows how her experiences at Hull-House structured her responses to those philosophical oppositions. The three oppositions that Addams dealt with are the distinction between private or individual reform and public reform, the ethical gulf between abstract ethics (i.e., “honesty”) and lived ethics (i.e., “neighborliness”), and the divergent interests of the wealthy and the poor.
“The Rules Come Later” The Priority of Practices in a Grassroots Democracy.Blessed Are the Organized
Authors: Ruprecht Louis A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBlessed Are the Organized has been read by many as a significant departure from Jeffrey Stout's previous work, both stylistically and substantively. In this essay, I attempt to draw out the connections between this new book and his three previous books, in order to demonstrate how he has always been interested in the priority of social practices in the construction of social norms. In this sense, a case study of contemporary broad-based organizing in the United States has implications not just for these kinds of modern democratic movements, but for more elusive premodern movements like the early Jesus movement.
Advertising
Authors: Anthony Cortese  
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Advertising is perhaps the most influential cultural and economic institution (Cortese 2008). Advertising has been credited with improving the quality of life for Americans, boosting the economy, and encouraging competition (Woods 1995). Yet it has also been blamed for subliminally urging people to purchase products and services that they do not need or even want, constructing false expectations, and adulterating language. The study of consumer behavior became recognized as a science in the late 1940s (Woods 1995). Since then, an impressive body of literature on target marketing, demographics, and social segmentation has emerged. Motivational research (i.e., the latent reasons why people buy particular brands of goods and services) developed in the 1950s, while greater indepth psychological research developed in the 1960s (Woods 1995). During the early years of consumer research, ethnic consumers were all but ignored. Instead, researchers were trying to tap into the “average American” – a label not applied to ethnic minority populations. Even while ethnic minority populations grew at a record pace, marketing researchers continued to overlook them. Now consumer research has indicated that blacks, for example, respond differently to advertising than whites (Hunter & Associates 1991).
Agro‐Exports
Authors: McMichael Philip 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAgro‐exporting began as a colonial enterprise, producing tropical commodities such as sugar, coffee, tea, cocoa, rice, peanuts, and palm oil for emerging European markets. Sidney Mintz has shown how sugar, formerly a luxury good of the aristocracy, became increasingly consequential as a sweetener and cheap caloric fuel for the metropolitan working classes, as colonial plantation systems intensified the exploitation of sugar slavery. Mimi Sheller quotes the Liverpool Maritime Museum: “Much of the social life of Western Europe in the eighteenth century depended on the products of slave labour. In homes and coffee‐houses, people met over coffee, chocolate, or tea, sweetened with Caribbean sugar,” concluding: “In consuming the Caribbean … Europe was itself transformed” (Sheller 2003: 81–82).