bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Superhydrophobic Surfaces Fabricated by Dual‐Scale Electron‐Beam‐Lithography with Well‐Ordered Secondary Nanostructures
Authors: Feng Jiansheng , Tuominen Mark T. , Rothstein Jonathan P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRecent studies on superhydrophobic surfaces have revealed the important roles of structural hierarchy in the overall properties of these surfaces. Here, a novel, versatile, and efficient technique is introduced for fabricating macroscopic hierarchical superhydrophobic surfaces with both well‐defined primary microstructures and well‐ordered secondary nanostructures using electron‐beam lithography. With this technique, the engineering capability of controlling the size, shape, and distribution of the secondary‐features is demonstrated, which allows a systematic and quantitative study of the individual effects of these parameters. Superhydrophobic surfaces produced by this new technique exhibit two distinctive wetting behaviors, high and low adhesion. The structural characteristics and structure‐property relations of each of those two regimes are discussed.
Evolution of Nanoporous Pt–Fe Alloy Nanowires by Dealloying and their Catalytic Property for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Shui Jiang‐lan , Chen Chen , Li James C. M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe short life and high cost of carbon‐supported Pt nanoparticle catalysts (Pt/C) are two main problems with proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Porous Pt alloy nanowires have more durability and catalytic activity than Pt/C. Dealloying is a facile way to make nanoporous Pt. However, the process of porosity formation is difficult to control. In this paper, electrospinning and chemical dealloying techniques are used to make long, thin and yet nanoporous Pt–Fe alloy nanowires. The evolution of nanoporosity is observed and studied. It is found that non‐uniform composition in the precursor PtFe5 alloy nanowires helps the formation of nanoporous structure. The overall wire diameter is about 10–20 nm and the ligament diameter only 2–3 nm. These porous long nanowires interweave to form a self‐supporting network with a high specific activity, 2.3 times that of conventional Pt/C catalysts, and also have better durability.
Is Poly(vinylcarbazole) a Good Host for Blue Phosphorescent Dopants in PLEDs? Dimer Formation and Their Effects on the Triplet Energy Level of Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) and Poly(N‐Ethyl‐2‐Vinylcarbazole)
Authors: Jankus Vygintas , Monkman Andrew P 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe detailed measurement and analysis of the delayed emission from poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and poly(N‐ethyl‐2‐vinyl‐carbazole) (P2VK) thin films is described. PVK has rapidly become a “polymer of choice” for hosting phosphorescent dopants in PLEDs, especially blue emitters. In this respect it is important to have a full understanding of the triplet properties of this host. It is concluded that in films, the electronic 0–0 peak energy of PVK phosphorescence is found at 2.88 eV (14 K). With an increase of temperature, >44 K, increasing emission from new long lived, lower energy species, previously ascribed to “trap states” in the literature, is observed. Increasing temperature enables thermally assisted triplet exciton hopping to these trap states. Critically it is shown that some of these triplet trap species are ground state triplet dimers in origin for both PVK (2.46 eV) and P2VK (2.1 eV), and not all of them are of excimer nature as previously thought. These species can quench the emission of blue heavy metal complexes doped in PVK and drastically effect performance over lifetime if the dimer formation increases over time and at elevated operating temperature. It is therefore concluded that PVK might not be such an ideal host material for blue phosphorescent emitters.
Artificial Cilia: Generation of Magnetic Actuators in Microfluidic Systems
Authors: Belardi Jacob , Schorr Nicolas , Prucker Oswald , Rühe Jürgen 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMagnetic artificial cilia are fabricated from photoreactive copolymer precursors filled with magnetic nanoparticles by a new photolithographic process. Two different crosslinkers and UV‐radiation of two different wavelengths are used to generate arrays of planar magnetically actuatable rubber flaps. The cilia are integrated into a microfluidic channel and operated in water using a rotating permanent magnet.
Female marmosets' behavioral and hormonal responses to unfamiliar intruders
Authors: Ross Corinna N. , French Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe endocrine control mechanisms for female mammalian aggression have been largely unstudied. Although it has been proposed that androgens may modulate female aggressive behavior in a similar manner to males, very little conclusive evidence exists. Previous work in male marmosets found that post‐encounter increases in testosterone (T) were dependent on the intensity of aggression displayed during the aggressive encounter. We exposed female marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii), a monogamous and biparental primate, to aggressive interactions with unfamiliar intruders. Individual female marmosets exhibited changes in T and estradiol (E2) that are associated with aggressiveness dependent on the intensity of aggression displayed as well as their role during the encounter. Resident females exhibited increased E2 immediately following an encounter in which they displayed high rates of aggression. If resident females received high rates of aggression from the intruder, the resident displayed increased T 24 hr following the encounter. Interestingly, if the female was an intruder in the encounter, the intensity of her aggression was associated with increased cortisol immediately following the trials, whereas received aggression was associated with increased T and E2 immediately following the trial. Female primates do exhibit situation‐dependent changes in gonadal steroids in association with aggression that may serve to prime them for future aggressive interactions. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1072–1081, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tosylhydrazone – neue Anwendungen klassischer Reagentien in palladiumkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen und metallfreien Umsetzungen
Authors: Barluenga José , Valdés Carlos 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTosylhydrazone sind wertvolle Zwischenverbindungen, die in der organischen Chemie seit fast 60 Jahren Anwendung finden. Die jüngste Entdeckung einer palladiumkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungsreaktion unter Beteiligung eines Tosylhydrazon‐Kupplungspartners weckte ein neues Interesse an diesen Reagentien. Die Reaktion ist nahezu universell für Hydrazone und kann zur Synthese polysubstituierter Alkene genutzt werden. Im Verlauf dieser Forschungen wurden außerdem neue metallfreie C‐C‐ und C‐O‐Kupplungen gefunden. Da Tosylhydrazone leicht aus Carbonylverbindungen zugänglich sind, bieten diese Umwandlungen neue Möglichkeiten für die Derivatisierung von Carbonylverbindungen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz behandelt diese neuartigen Reaktionen dieses klassischen Reagens.
Wasserspaltung mit Cobalt
Authors: Artero Vincent , Chavarot‐Kerlidou Murielle , Fontecave Marc 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDie Energieversorgung der Zukunft kann nur durch grundlegende Neuerungen auf dem Gebiet billiger, nachhaltiger und effizienter Systeme zur Gewinnung und Speicherung von Energie aus erneuerbaren Quellen oder aus Sonnenlicht gesichert werden. Die Erzeugung von Wasserstoff, einem Brennstoff mit bemerkenswerten Eigenschaften, durch die Wasserspaltung mithilfe von Sonnenlicht ist in diesem Zusammenhang ein vielversprechender Ansatz. Während die aktiven Zentren von wasserspaltenden Enzymen – wie Hydrogenasen und Photosystem II – Eisen‐, Nickel‐ und Manganionen enthalten, hat sich Cobalt in den vergangenen fünf Jahren als vielseitigstes unedles Metall bei der Entwicklung synthetischer Katalysatoren zur H2‐ und O2‐Erzeugung durch Reduktion bzw. Oxidation von Wasser bewährt. Solche Katalysatoren lassen sich mit Photosensibilisatoren zu Systemen für die photokatalytische Wasserstofferzeugung aus Wasser koppeln.
Tosylhydrazones: New Uses for Classic Reagents in Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling and Metal‐Free Reactions
Authors: Barluenga José , Valdés Carlos 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTosylhydrazones are useful synthetic intermediates that have been used in organic chemistry for almost 60 years. The recent discovery of a palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction involving a tosylhydrazone coupling partner has triggered renewed interest in these reagents. This reaction shows nearly universal generality with regard to the hydrazone and can be employed for the preparation of polysubstituted alkenes. In the course of this research, novel metal‐free CC and CO bond‐forming reactions have been discovered. Since tosylhydrazones are readily prepared from carbonyl compounds, these transformations offer new synthetic opportunities for the unconventional modification of carbonyl compounds. This Minireview discusses all of these new reactions of a classic reagent.
Volatiles from the Maillard reaction of L‐ascorbic acid with L‐glutamic acid/L‐aspartic acid at different reaction times and temperatures
Authors: Tan Zhi‐Wei , Yu Ai‐Nong 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe formation of pyrazines in the Maillard reaction of L‐ascorbic acid (ASA) with L‐glutamic acid (Glu)/L‐aspartic acid (Asp) is influenced by reaction temperature and reaction time. Our studies indicate that pyrazines are not formed in both model systems until the reaction temperature reaches 120 °C. The model systems involving ASA and Glu show increased formation of 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine and 2‐ethyl‐3‐methylpyrazine with increasing temperature and an increased formation of 2‐ethyl‐3‐methylpyrazine with reaction time. In model systems where ASA reacted with Asp, the formation of 3‐ethyl‐2,5‐dimethylpyrazine and 3,5‐diethyl‐2‐methyl‐pyrazine increased with increasing temperature and the formation of 3‐ethyl‐2,5‐dimethylpyrazine, 3,5‐diethyl‐2‐methylpyrazine, and 2‐ethyl‐6‐methylpyrazine increased with reaction time. These results provide information on potential mechanisms in the formation of pyrazine compounds and could provide guidelines in the thermal processing of foods containing ASA. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smoking, body weight, physical exercise, and risk of lower limb total joint replacement in a population‐based cohort of men
Authors: Mnatzaganian George , Ryan Philip , Norman Paul E. , Davidson David C. , Hiller Janet E. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the associations of smoking, body weight, and physical activity with risk of undergoing total joint replacement (TJR) in a population‐based cohort of men.MethodsA cohort study of 11,388 men that integrated clinical data with hospital morbidity data and mortality records was undertaken. The risk of undergoing TJR was modeled on baseline weight, height, comorbidity, socioeconomic status, years of smoking, and exercise in 3 separate age groups, using Cox proportional hazards regressions and competing risk regressions (CRRs).ResultsDose‐response relationships between weight and risk of TJR and between smoking and risk of TJR were observed. Being overweight independently increased the risk of TJR, while smoking lowered the risk. The decreased risk among smokers was demonstrated in both Cox and CRR models and became apparent after 23 years of exposure. Men who were in the highest quartile (≥48 years of smoking) were 42–51% less likely to undergo TJR than men who had never smoked. Tests for trend in the log hazard ratios (HRs) across both smoking and weight quantiles yielded significant P values. Vigorous exercise increased the hazard of TJR; however, the association reached statistical significance only in the 70–74‐year‐old age group (adjusted HR 1.64 [95% confidence interval 1.19–2.24]). Adjusting for Deyo‐Charlson Index or Elixhauser's comorbidity measures did not eliminate these associations.ConclusionOur findings indicate that being overweight and reporting vigorous physical activity increase the risk of TJR. This study is the first to demonstrate a strong inverse dose‐response relationship between duration of smoking and risk of TJR. More research is needed to better understand the role of smoking in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
Tetraphenylethylene‐based Glycoconjugate as a Fluorescence “Turn‐On” Sensor for Cholera Toxin
Authors: Hu Xin‐Ming , Chen Qi , Wang Jin‐Xiang , Cheng Qian‐Yi , Yan Chao‐Guo , Cao Jie , He Yu‐Jian , Han Bao‐Hang 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTetraphenylethylene (TPE)‐based glycoconjugates were easily synthesized by copper(I)‐catalyzed “click reactions” between propargyl‐attached TPE and azido‐functionalized sugars. The TPE compound bearing lactosyl moieties (Lac‐TPE) was found to be a fluorescence “turn‐on” sensor for cholera toxin by virtue of aggregation‐induced emission characteristics of the TPE motif owing to the specific interaction of lactose with the cholera toxin B subunit, whilst a cellobiose‐functionalized TPE derivative did not show any response to the toxin. Therefore, Lac‐TPE shows promising applications in the detection of cholera toxin, as well as in the investigation of carbohydrate–protein interaction.
Into the deep: New discoveries at the base of the green plant phylogeny
Authors: Leliaert Frederik , Verbruggen Heroen , Zechman Frederick W. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRecent data have provided evidence for an unrecognised ancient lineage of green plants that persists in marine deep‐water environments. The green plants are a major group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that have played a prominent role in the global ecosystem for millions of years. A schism early in their evolution gave rise to two major lineages, one of which diversified in the world's oceans and gave rise to a large diversity of marine and freshwater green algae (Chlorophyta) while the other gave rise to a diverse array of freshwater green algae and the land plants (Streptophyta). It is generally believed that the earliest‐diverging Chlorophyta were motile planktonic unicellular organisms, but the discovery of an ancient group of deep‐water seaweeds has challenged our understanding of the basal branches of the green plant phylogeny. In this review, we discuss current insights into the origin and diversification of the green plant lineage.
Empowering plant evo‐devo: Virus induced gene silencing validates new and emerging model systems
Authors: Di Stilio Verónica S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIt is increasingly recognized that current established model systems are not sufficient to understand the evolution of biodiversity. The main limitation in developing additional model systems is the difficulty or inability to perform functional studies of target genes. Evolutionary developmental (evo‐devo) biologists have adopted a transient transgenic technique, developed over the last decade for agricultural applications, which is allowing functional studies in the most disparate plant lineages. From monocots to dicots and from herbs to trees, virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) has opened up a world of opportunities in plant evo‐devo.
Determination of 5‐hydroxytryptamine in serum by electrochemiluminescence detection with the aid of capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Hu Yuefang , Xu Wei , Li Jianping , Li Lanjuan 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTA rapid, sensitive and simple electrochemiluminescence method for the determination of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) using capillary electrophoresis was proposed. The experimental parameters, including the detection potential, the concentration of Ru(bpy)32+, the concentration and pH of phosphate buffer for separation and detection, the injection voltage and time and the separation voltage on the determination of 5‐HT, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the linear concentration range for 5‐HT was 3.5 × 10‐9–5.1 × 10‐3 mol/L, with a detection limit of 5 × 10‐10 mol/L. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the ECL intensity and the migration times for six continuous injections of 1.0 µmol/L 5‐HT were 2.48% and 1.3%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to 5‐HT assay in samples of human serum in 5 min and the extraction recoveries with spiked serum samples were over 94.4%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineered Thermobifida fusca cutinase with increased activity on polyester substrates
Authors: Silva Carla , Da Shi , Silva Nádia , Matamá Teresa , Araújo Rita , Martins Madalena , Chen Sheng , Chen Jian , Wu Jing , Casal Margarida , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA bacterial cutinase from Thermobifida fusca, named Tfu_0883, was genetically modified by site‐directed mutagenesis to enhance its activity on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The new mutations tailored the catalytic site for PET, increasing the affinity of cutinase to this hydrophobic substrate and the ability to hydrolyze it. The mutation I218A was designed to create space and the double mutation Q132A/T101A was designed both to create space and to increase hydrophobicity. The activity of the double mutant on the soluble substrate p‐nitrophenyl butyrate increased two‐fold compared to wild‐type cutinase, while on PET both single and double mutants exhibited considerably higher hydrolysis efficiency. The replacement of specific amino acids at the active site was an effective approach for the improvement of the Tfu_0883 cutinase capacity to hydrolyze polyester surfaces. Thus, this study provides valuable insight on how the function and stability of enzymes can be improved by molecular engineering for their application in synthetic fiber biotransformation.
Porcine parvovirus removal using trimer and biased hexamer peptides
Authors: Heldt Caryn L. , Gurgel Patrick V. , Jaykus Lee‐Ann , Carbonell Ruben G. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAssuring the microbiological safety of biological therapeutics remains an important concern. Our group has recently reported small trimeric peptides that have the ability to bind and remove a model nonenveloped virus, porcine parvovirus (PPV), from complex solutions containing human blood plasma. In an effort to improve the removal efficiency of these small peptides, we created a biased library of hexamer peptides that contains two previously reported trimeric peptides designated WRW and KYY. This library was screened and several hexamer peptides were discovered that also removed PPV from solution, but there was no marked improvement in removal efficiency when compared to the trimeric peptides. Based on simulated docking experiments, it appeared that hexamer peptide binding is dictated more by secondary structure, whereas the binding of trimeric peptides is dominated by charge and hydrophobicity. This study demonstrates that trimeric and hexameric peptides may have different, matrix‐specific roles to play in virus removal applications. In general, the hexamer ligand may perform better for binding of specific viruses, whereas the trimer ligand may have more broadly reactive virus‐binding properties.
Scale‐down/scale‐up studies leading to improved commercial beer fermentation
Authors: Nienow Alvin W. , Nordkvist Mikkel , Boulton Christopher A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractScale‐up/scale‐down techniques are vital for successful and safe commercial‐scale bioprocess design and operation. An example is given in this review of recent studies related to beer production. Work at the bench scale shows that brewing yeast is not compromised by mechanical agitation up to 4.5 W/kg; and that compared with fermentations mixed by CO2 evolution, agitation ≥ 0.04 W/kg is able to reduce fermentation time by about 20%. Work at the commercial scale in cylindroconical fermenters shows that, without mechanical agitation, most of the yeast sediments into the cone for about 50% of the fermentation time, leading to poor temperature control. Stirrer mixing overcomes these problems and leads to a similar reduction in batch time as the bench‐scale tests and greatly reduces its variability, but is difficult to install in extant fermenters. The mixing characteristics of a new jet mixer, a rotary jet mixer, which overcomes these difficulties, are reported, based on pilot‐scale studies. This change enables the advantages of stirring to be achieved at the commercial scale without the problems. In addition, more of the fermentable sugars are converted into ethanol. This review shows the effectiveness of scale‐up/scale‐down studies for improving commercial operations. Suggestions for further studies are made: one concerning the impact of homogenization on the removal of vicinal diketones and the other on the location of bubble formation at the commercial scale.
Biosynthesis of Sesquiterpenes by the Fungus Fusarium verticillioides
Authors: Dickschat Jeroen S. , Brock Nelson L. , Citron Christian A. , Tudzynski Bettina 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe volatiles of the fungus Fusarium verticillioides were analysed by GC‐MS. Sesquiterpenes dominated, with trichodiene as the principle component. Several other sesquiterpenes were detected in low amounts that were unambiguously identified from their mass spectra and retention indices. The absolute configurations of (R)‐β‐bisabolene, (R)‐cuparene, (+)‐β‐barbatene, (−)‐α‐cedrene, (+)‐β‐cedrene, and (+)‐α‐funebrene originating from different key cationic intermediates, were determined by chiral GC‐MS and proved to be related to the trichodiene stereostructure. The unusual compound (E)‐iso‐γ‐bisabolene was also found corroborating a previously suggested mechanism for the cyclisation of the bisabolyl to the cuprenyl cation that is based on quantum mechanical calculations (Y. J. Hong, D. J. Tantillo, Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 4601–4604). These analyses resulted in a revised biosynthesis scheme to trichodiene and the side products of the responsible terpene cyclase, trichodiene synthase, an enzyme that is well characterised from Fusarium sporotrichioides. Feeding studies with several deuterated mevalonolactone isotopomers unravelled stereochemical aspects of the late cyclisations towards trichodiene.
Milestones to recovery: Preliminary validation of a framework to promote recovery and map progress through the medium secure inpatient pathway
Authors: Doyle Michael , Logan Caroline , Ludlow Andrea , Holloway Josanne 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTBackgroundForensic mental health care in the UK has undergone a rapid expansion since the late 1990s. In medium secure units (MSUs), there is growing emphasis on developing care pathways without much theoretical underpinning. We developed a concept of ‘Milestones to Recovery’ (MTR) to measure progress through the MSU pathway.AimsOur aim was to validate the MTR framework. Our hypotheses were that patients scoring higher on the MTR Scale would be more likely to be aggressive to others in the following 6 months and resident in the acute areas of the unit and that those scoring lower would be more likely to be discharged within 6 months of the assessment.MethodsAn MTR scale was developed to enable the investigation of the validity of the MTR framework and evaluated with staff evaluations of 80 resident patients using a prospective, longitudinal and naturalistic design.ResultsThe results suggest that the MTR framework is valid in discriminating between different stages on the MSU pathway. Therapeutic engagement was particularly important in terms of progress through the MSU, whereas current behaviour was important in predicting future aggression.ConclusionsFurther research is required to test the MTR framework across different levels of security, with larger samples and within different populations.Implications for practice

Provides a framework to map progress through the service.
Identifies key factors that influence recovery and rehabilitation.
Potential to promote dialogue between patients and staff, and enhance motivation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.