bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple Cystatin C Formula Compared to Sophisticated CKD‐EPI Formulas for Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Elderly
Authors: Bevc Sebastjan , Hojs Radovan , Ekart Robert , Gorenjak Maksimiljan , Puklavec Ludvik 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDespite the fact that the serum creatinine level is notoriously unreliable for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the elderly, the serum creatinine concentration and serum creatinine‐based formulas, such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation (MDRD) are the most commonly used markers to estimate GFR. Recently, serum cystatin C‐based formulas, the newer creatinine formula (the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula (CKD‐EPI creatinine formula), and an equation that uses both serum creatinine and cystatin C (CKD‐EPI creatinine and cystatin formula) were proposed as new GFR markers. The aim of our study was to compare the MDRD formula, CKD‐EPI creatinine formula, CKD‐EPI creatinine and cystatin formula, and simple cystatin C formula (100/serum cystatin C) against 51Cr‐EDTA clearance in the elderly. A total of 317 adult Caucasian patients aged >65 years were enrolled. In each patient, 51Cr‐EDTA clearance, serum creatinine, and serum cystatin C were determined, and the GFR was calculated using the MDRD formula, CKD‐EPI formulas, and simple cystatin C formula. Statistically significant correlations between 51Cr‐EDTA clearance and all formulas were found. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with a cut‐off of GFR 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, a higher diagnostic accuracy was achieved with the equation that uses both serum creatinine and cystatin C (CKD‐EPI creatinine and cystatin formula) than the MDRD formula (P < 0.013) or CKD‐EPI creatinine formula (P < 0.01), but it was not higher than that achieved for the simple cystatin C formula (P = 0.335). Bland and Altman analysis for the same cut‐off value showed that the creatinine formulas underestimated and the simple cystatin C formula overestimated measured GFR. All equations lacked precision. The accuracy within 30% of estimated 51Cr‐EDTA clearance values differ according to the stage of CKD. Analysis of the ability to correctly predict GFR below and above 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 showed a high prediction for all formulas. Our results indicate that the simple cystatin C formula, which requires just one variable (serum cystatin C concentration), is a reliable marker of GFR in the elderly and comparable to the creatinine formulas, including the CKD‐EPI formulas.
High Cut‐Off Membrane Hemodiafiltration in Myoglobinuric Acute Renal Failure: A Case Series
Authors: Premru Vladimir , Kovač Janko , Buturović‐Ponikvar Jadranka , Ponikvar Rafael 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAcute renal failure is a major complication of rhabdomyolysis. New membranes for hemodialysis have been developed with a high cut‐off pore size allowing efficient removal of myoglobin. We report on six patients treated by hemodiafiltration with a high cut‐off membrane (HCO‐HDF) for myoglobinuric acute renal failure. Rhabdomyolysis was caused by infection in two patients, by a statin in one patient and a non‐traumatic crush in another, and followed cardiovascular surgery in two others. Ten HCO‐HDF procedures were performed. A high cut‐off hemofilter was used, with citrate anticoagulation and postdilutional fluid substitution of 2–3 L/h, dialysate flow 500 mL/min, and blood flow within 250–300 mL/min. Albumin losses were replaced by infusion of human albumin solution, and the mean myoglobin reduction ratio was 77% (range, 62–89%). An excellent clearance of 81 mL/min (range 42–131 mL/min) was achieved. Nearly 5 g of myoglobin was removed into the dialysate collected in one of the procedures. A high rebound in serum myoglobin, on average to 244% of the post‐procedure myoglobin level, was observed. The four patients alive at the time remained anuric for a week. Slow myoglobin elimination with a mean half‐time of 39 h (range 19–59 h) was observed in that period. Highly efficient myoglobin removal by high cut‐off membrane hemodiafiltration was demonstrated in our patients. Rapid redistribution from the extracellular fluid and sustained myoglobin release were suggested by the high rebound observed. Elimination of myoglobin within the body was shown in our study to occur slowly during the period of anuria.
Expanding the understanding of how parenting influences the dietary intake and weight status of children: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: MARSHALL Sarah , GOLLEY Rebecca , HENDRIE Gilly 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim:  The present study explored whether existing tools measuring parenting could be combined to assess an expanded parenting definition, specifically to include co‐participation in food‐related activities and teaching children about nutrition. The relationships between parenting, child dietary intake and weight outcomes were explored.Methods:  The sample included 93 children aged 4–13 years and their parent/caregiver. Child outcomes were dietary intake and body mass index z‐score. Parent measures included demographics, nutrition knowledge and parenting practices. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify underlying dimensions of parenting. Hierarchical linear regression was used to investigate the independent effects of parenting on child outcomes (body mass index z‐score, fruit and vegetable, fibre, saturated and total fat) after adjustment for covariates.Results:  Five factors were extracted, accounting for 44% of the total variance (α= 0.77–0.87). The regression model for kilojoules explained 31% of the variance (P= 0.001), with a significant independent contribution from construct ‘guide and reward’ (β=−0.249, P= 0.027). For child body mass index z‐score, the model explained 25% of variance, and parenting constructs ‘guide and reward’ (β= 0.274, P= 0.015) and ‘concern about intake’ (β=−0.273, P= 0.008) made significant contributions.Conclusions:  The present study adds to our understanding of parenting influences on children's dietary intake and weight status. Results support the inclusion of parenting strategies in obesity prevention interventions. Future research should explore the range of ways parenting influences children's diet and risk of obesity, preferably longitudinally.
Trends in purchasing patterns of sugar‐sweetened water‐based beverages in a remote Aboriginal community store following the implementation of a community‐developed store nutrition policy
Authors: BUTLER Rosalind , TAPSELL Linda , LYONS‐WALL Philippa 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim:  Aboriginal people living in remote communities experience high levels of chronic illness partly as a result of diet‐related body mass index above 25 kg/m2. Remote stores are typically the only source of food and store nutrition policies are effective in enabling better health for community residents by changing product lines. The aim of the present study was to examine trends in purchasing patterns of sugar‐sweetened water‐based beverages in a remote Aboriginal community store following the implementation of a community‐developed store nutrition policy.Methods:  Documents outlining the objectives and strategies of the store policy were examined. Store sales data were quantified to determine changes in purchasing patterns, volume of beverages sold, sugar and energy purchased before and after the withdrawal of the three highest selling sugar‐sweetened water‐based beverages.Results:  The community‐developed policy was effective in implementing changes to product lines sold in the remote Aboriginal store. The withdrawal of the three top selling sugar‐sweetened water‐based beverages did not affect the total volume of all beverages sold but a shift in purchasing trends towards beverages with lower or zero sugar content resulted in a reduction in sugar and kilojoules consumed through water‐based beverages.Conclusion:  The approach of a community‐driven store nutrition policy described here was successful and could be applied to other products in store that provide excess kilojoules with minimal nutritional benefit. The policy and aspects of implementation could also be applied in other remote Aboriginal communities.
Population groups at risk of zinc deficiency in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: GIBSON Rosalind , HEATH Anne‐Louise 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim:  Although the adverse health consequences of zinc deficiency are becoming increasingly well known internationally, few studies have investigated zinc status in Australia and New Zealand. The aim of this review was to identify which population groups, if any, in Australia and New Zealand are likely to be at risk of zinc deficiency.Methods:  A literature review was conducted to identify papers on zinc status in Australasia using electronic databases (MEDLINE, BIOSIS Previews, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge, ProQuest and Cochrane Library). Government databases and reference lists from peer‐reviewed journal articles were also accessed.Results:  Thirty‐one Australasian studies that measured dietary zinc intake and/or serum zinc were identified. Many were based on a small number of self‐selected subjects, and did not use the recommended procedures for evaluating the prevalence of inadequate zinc intakes and low serum zinc concentrations. Existing data suggest that at‐risk groups in Australasia are toddlers, adolescents (especially those of Pacific and Aboriginal ethnicities), institutionalised elderly and possibly people with diabetes.Conclusions:  Data on the zinc status of selected population groups in Australasia are limited. Randomised controlled zinc supplementation trials that include the recommended indicators and other clinical outcomes are needed to confirm the existence of zinc‐related health outcomes among the at‐risk groups identified.
Use of Engineered Unique Cysteine Residues to Facilitate Oriented Coupling of Proteins Directly to a Gold Substrate
Authors: Magis Gerhard J. , Olsen John D. , Reynolds Nicholas P. , Leggett Graham J. , Hunter C. Neil , Aartsma Thijs J. , Frese Raoul N. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA prerequisite for any “lab on a chip” device that utilizes an electrical signal from the sensor protein is the ability to attach the protein in a specific orientation onto a conducting substrate. Here, we demonstrate the covalent attachment to a gold surface of light‐harvesting membrane proteins, from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, via cysteine (Cys) residues engineered on either the cytoplasmic or periplasmic face. This simple directed attachment is superior in its ability to retain light‐harvesting complex (LHC) function, when compared to a similar attachment procedure utilizing a self‐assembled monolayer on gold. LH 1 has previously been observed to have superior photostability over LH 2 (Magis et al. [2010] Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1798, 637–645); this characteristic is maintained even with the introduction of Cys residues.
A Screening Technique Useful for Testing the Effectiveness of Novel “Self‐Cleaning” Photocatalytic Surfaces
Authors: Finn Shane T. , Strnad Jessica A. , Barreto Patricia D. , Fox Megan E. , Torres Jorge , Sweeney James D. , Barreto José C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe describe a screening methodology that can be used to quickly determine the effectiveness of newly synthesized photocatalysts. We were particularly interested in measuring the destruction of organic molecules painted onto a photocatalytic surface by spraying, with destruction proceeding in ambient air (as a model for airborne toxin destruction). Our method can utilize photocatalysts that are synthesized as powders (such as doped and undoped titanium oxide) and which are then calcined onto a glass substrate disk at 600°C. Herein, we used UV illumination of Aeroxide P‐25 TiO2, but the method is general and can accommodate any region of the light spectrum.
Sol‐Gel Low‐temperature Synthesis of Stable Anatase‐type TiO2 Nanoparticles Under Different Conditions and its Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Behnajady Mohammad A. , Eskandarloo Hamed , Modirshahla Nasser , Shokri Mohammad 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this work, TiO2 nanoparticles in anatase phase was prepared by sol‐gel low temperature method from titanium tetra‐isopropoxide (TTIP) as titanium precursor in the presence of acetic acid (AcOH). The effects of synthesis parameters such as AcOH and water ratios, sol formation time, synthesis and calcination temperature on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles were evaluated. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, UV–Vis reflectance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller techniques. Photocatalytic activity of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles determined in the removal of C. I. Acid Red 27 (AR27) under UV light irradiation. Results indicate that with increasing AcOH/TTIP molar ratio from 1 to 10, sol formation time from 1 to 3 h and synthesis temperature from 0 to 25°C, increases crystallite size of synthesized nanoparticles. It was found that optimal conditions for low temperature preparation of anatase‐type TiO2 nanoparticles with high photocatalytic activity were as follows: TTIP:AcOH:water molar ratio 1:1:200, sol formation time 1 h, synthesis temperature 0°C and calcination temperature 450°C.
‘Our Diagnoses, Our Selves’: The Rise of the Technoscientific Illness Identity
Authors: Sulik Gayle A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBiomedicine situates the definitions, practices, and controls of the medical system within the field oftechnoscience, which relies on new knowledge, high technology, and biomedical health and risk surveillance. Since the middle of the 20th century technoscientific efforts to understand human phenomena at the microbiological level have secured the place of the biomedical model of disease and the technology used to understand and manage human bodies, selves, and socialities. Specifically, high technology has provoked a paradigm shift from controlling disease and finding cures (medicalization) to transforming bodies and managing risk through technoscientific means (biomedicalization). Though there has been a major shift in the role of the medical consumer since the 1970s and a general recognition of patients’ rights to meaningful information about their health and illness conditions, biomedicine holds significant authority over peoples’ lives to the degree that biomedicalization now involves the production of individual and collective identities that are constructed through technoscientific means. Thetechnoscientific identityhas even become a type ofillness identitythat involves applying biomedical information and characteristics to a person’s sense of self in the face of illness.
Juvenile Courts and Competency to Stand Trial
Authors: Harvey Angela 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article reviews the recent development of juvenile competency to stand trial (CST) policies across the United States in light of the inherent contradiction of this due process procedure in a separate juvenile court that is premised on the incompetence of youth. The article draws on existing CST legal doctrine and psycho‐legal research to demonstrate the need for sociolegal research to better understand who gains access to the CST process, CST decisions, and how CST may influence subsequent case processing decisions. Utilizing CST as an adopted formal policy from criminal court and an exploratory case study, I demonstrate the difficulties facing how court actors manage the role of youthfulness and culpability for CST decision‐making in contemporary juvenile courts. Overall, both quantitative and qualitative research is needed to examine whether court actors’ practice of CST serves to further deconstruct or reinforce the juvenile court’s rehabilitative ideal.
Trends in the Research and Practice of Health Communication Campaigns
Authors: Noar Seth M. , Head Katharine J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA compelling communication tool that can potentially impact health‐related outcomes and indicators across numerous health problems among a diversity of audiences is the health communication campaign. The purpose of the current article is to discuss trends in the research and practice of health communication campaigns. First, we discuss the issue of campaign effects and discuss a framework that encompasses key principles of effective campaigns. Next, we discuss four trends in health communication campaigns: (a) the increased application of marketing principles in campaigns; (b) the greater use of rigorous outcome evaluation designs in campaign research; (c) the increased use of cost effectiveness analysis in campaigns; and (d) the increased use of new media technologies in campaigns. Finally, we conclude the article with thoughts about the future of health communication campaign research and practice in relation to these trends.
MicroRNA provides insight into understanding esophageal cancer
Authors: Li Xiaobo , Wainscott Caitlin , Xi Yaguang 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEsophageal cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death worldwide with a distinct geographical distribution. Although the molecular genetics and evolution of this disease have been widely studied over past years, the molecular mechanism of esophageal carcinogenesis is still not well understood. MicroRNAs are now being implicated as playing an important role in the multi‐stage progression of tumorigenesis. A number of recent studies have reported that microRNAs shed new light on the pathology of esophageal cancer and herald the potential for exploring novel biomarkers for both diagnosis and treatment of this disease. In this review, we focus on the role of microRNAs in esophageal cancer, as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and their clinical potency as biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
Augmentation of linear facial anthropometrics through modern morphometrics: a facial convexity example
Authors: Wei R , Claes P , Walters M , Wholley C , Clement JG 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  The facial region has traditionally been quantified using linear anthropometrics. These are well established in dentistry, but require expertise to be used effectively. The aim of this study was to augment the utility of linear anthropometrics by applying them in conjunction with modern 3‐D morphometrics.Methods:  Facial images of 75 males and 94 females aged 18–25 years with self‐reported Caucasian ancestry were used. An anthropometric mask was applied to establish corresponding quasi‐landmarks on the images in the dataset. A statistical face‐space, encoding shape covariation, was established. The facial median plane was extracted facilitating both manual and automated indication of commonly used midline landmarks. From both indications, facial convexity angles were calculated and compared. The angles were related to the face‐space using a regression based pathway enabling the visualization of facial form associated with convexity variation.Results:  Good agreement between the manual and automated angles was found (Pearson correlation: 0.9478–0.9474, Dahlberg root mean squared error: 1.15°–1.24°). The population mean angle was 166.59°–166.29° (SD 5.09°–5.2°) for males–females. The angle‐pathway provided valuable feedback.Conclusions:  Linear facial anthropometrics can be extended when used in combination with a face‐space derived from 3‐D scans and the exploration of property pathways inferred in a statistically verifiable way.
Severe adverse reactions to dental local anaesthetics: prolonged mandibular and lingual nerve anaesthesia
Authors: Sambrook PJ , Goss AN 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  Prolonged anaesthesia may occur following dental local anaesthetic blocks. This paper reviews the possible mechanisms of injury. Direct injury to the nerve by the needle, although commonly thought to be the mechanism, is unlikely. It is much more likely that the injury is from neurotoxicity and/or interference with the vascularization of the nerve.Methods:  Estimation of the frequency of injury was complicated by the fact that although local anaesthetics are prescription‐only (S4) drugs, they are supplied without prescription by dental supply houses. Unlike all other S4 drugs, there is no statutory requirement to record supply. The pharmaceutical and supply houses relied on that and ‘commercial confidentiality’ to not supply information.Results:  An informed estimate of 1 in 27 415 was made but this figure has wide confidence limits. Management of cases of prolonged anaesthesia following local anaesthetic injection is discussed.Conclusions:  Patients who suffer this uncommon complication suffer considerable distress and feel injured, so care must be exhibited in their management. Specialist referral is recommended.
Prevention of enamel demineralization after tooth bleaching by bioactive glass incorporated into toothpaste
Authors: Gjorgievska E , Nicholson JW 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to determine the effects of bleaching on the structure of the enamel layer of teeth and the potential of the commercial bioactive glass NovaMin® in two different toothpastes to remineralize such regions of the enamel. Three aspects were considered: the extent and nature of the alterations in the enamel after application of the bleaching agents; the extent of remineralization after application of two commercial toothpastes containing bioactive glass; and whether or not there were differences between the toothpastes in terms of their effectiveness in promoting remineralization.Methods:  Bleaching agent based on 16% carbamide peroxide was applied to the enamel surface of freshly extracted human molars for 8 minutes, once a day for 7 days. After the bleaching cycles, the enamel surface was analysed by SEM and EDX.Results:  The results obtained in the study lead to the conclusion that application of 16% carbamide peroxide causes distinct morphological changes to the enamel surface which vary from mild to severe. Subsequent treatment with either of the toothpastes containing the bioactive glass NovaMin® resulted in the formation of a protective layer on the enamel surface, consisting of bioactive glass deposits, with only slight differences between the two brands. Application of these dentifrices also caused increases in the Ca and P content of the enamel layer, returning it to that of undamaged enamel.Conclusions:  Remineralizing toothpastes should be used after bleaching, in order to repair any damage to the mineral tissue caused by these procedures.