bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of maternally derived antibodies on the response of calves to vaccination against foot and mouth disease
Authors: Nicholls M. J. , Black L. , Rweyemamu M. M. , Genovese J. , Ferrari R. , Hammant C. A. , de Silva E. , Umehara O. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYStudies were carried out in South America to assess the effect of maternally derived antibody (MDA) on the responsiveness of calves to FMD vaccination. It was found that calves with MDA did not merely fail to respond to vaccination, but that their serum titres were depressed. This depression was proportional to the level of pre-existing MDA at the time of vaccination and following primary vaccination it persisted for a least 60 days. High MDA titres interfered with both primary and secondary responses. Animals with relatively low MDA titres were able to respond to vaccination, or at least to be sensitized so that on revaccination they showed a satisfactory response. The half-life of MDA was shown to be approximately 22 days, suggesting that under field conditions significant MDA titres are likely to persist for 4–5 months. A trial carried out in Brazil in which the primary course of two inoculations, 4 weeks apart, was initiated when the calves were 5–6 months of age, resulted in the reduction of FMD in the calf population from 11% to 0·9% over a 12-month period. The use of vaccination programmes of this type to lessen the incidence of FMD in young bovines is discussed.
Enhancement of experimental Mycoplasma pulmonis infection of the mouse genital tract by progesterone treatment
Authors: Furr Patricia M. , Taylor-Robinson D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYExperimental infection of the vagina of TO and CBA mice with Mycoplasma pulmonis was enchanced greatly by progesterone treatment. Almost all treated animals became infected, whereas only two-thirds of the untreated TO mice and less than half of the untreated CBA mice did so. Almost 1000-fold more organisms were recovered from treated than from untreated mice and the duration of infection was more than doubled. The enhanced infection in the hormone-treated animals was accompanied by a more severe vaginal polymorphonuclear leucocyte response which reached a maximum two weeks after inoculation of M. pulmonis. In the to mice the eventual decline in cellular response coincided with the gradual disappearance of the mycoplasmal infection. The implications of these findings for genital infections of other animal species are discussed.
R plasmids conferring multiple drug resistance from shigella isolated in Korea
Authors: Chun Doki , Cho Dong Taek , Seol Sung Yong , Suh Min Ho , Lee Yoo Chul 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe majority (85%) of shigella isolated in 1980 and 1981 in Korea wereShigella flexneri, the others wereSh. sonnei(14%) with only a small number ofSh. dysenteriae. Only 14 of the 459 strains of shigella isolated were susceptible to all 12 drugs tested, and 445 were resistant to three or more drugs. Strains multiply resistant to the six drugs, chloramphenicol (Cm), tetracycline (Tc), streptomycin (Sm), sulfisomidine (Su), ampicillin (Ap) and trimethoprim (Tp) were most frequently encountered, followed by those resistant to Cm, Tc, Sm, Su and Tp. The complete patterns of resistance to drugs except nalidixic acid and rifampin in approximately 73% of drug-resistant strains were co-transferred toEscherichia coliby conjugation, indicating that the resistance was R plasmid-mediated. Randomly selected R plasmids conferring various patterns of resistance markers were tested for the incompatibility groups, and almost all of them were classified intoIncFII. Two of three R plasmids conferring resistance to Cm, Tc, Sm and Su were classified intoIncB and one toIncFII. Two R types with resistance markers of Cm, Tc, Sm and Ap were not classified with our standard plasmids used.
Molecular epidemiology of human rotaviruses: Analysis of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Glasgow and the west of Scotland 1981/82 and 1982/83
Authors: Follett E. A. C. , Sanders R. C. , Beards G. M. , Hundley Fiona , Desselberger U. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections in Glasgow and the west of Scotland during 1981/82 and 1982/83 was investigated by electron microscopy, ELISA testing and RNA migration pattern analysis. In 1981/82, rotaviruses of both the ‘long’ and the ‘short’ electropherotype (in different variants) co-circulated from the onset throughout the winter peak of the outbreak. Approximately 80 % of the children were infected during the first year of life. No differences in incidence were found between sexes. In 1982/83 the isolated rotaviruses were almost exclusively of the ‘long’ electropherotype (in different variants) and 36% of the children were infected beyond the first year of life. Rotaviruses of the ‘long’ electropherotype serologically were of subgroup II and serotype 1 and those of the ‘short’ electropherotype of subgroup I and serotype 2.
Nursery-associated hepatitis A traced to a male nurse
Authors: Ebisawa I. , Kurosu Y. , Hatashita T. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA small epidemic of nursery-associated hepatitis A (HA), in which silently infected children played a cryptic role in transmitting the illness to adult contacts, was investigated. It was found that a male nurse had transmitted HA to four children before he fell ill. He was not heard from for about two months as he was a part-time worker and was admitted to a local hospital in another prefecture. Two of the four silently infected children transmitted HA to their parents who then revealed the presence of nursery-associated HA. The epidemic was terminated by injection of human gamma globulin to nursery children and to antibody-negative parents, nursery staff and other contacts except for two breakthrough cases.
Tuberculosis in East Sussex. I. Outbreaks of tuberculosis in cattle herds (1964–1984)
Authors: Wilesmith J. W. , Bode R. , Pritchard D. G. , Stuart F. A. , Sayers P. E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe history and epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds in East Sussex are described. Since 1960, following the compulsory eradication scheme for tuberculosis, the incidence of herd infection has been low. The epidemiological features of herd infection have been sporadic incidents, with only small numbers of cattle becoming infected in the majority of incidents. There was no evidence of endemic Mycobacterium bovis infection in the cattle population in East Sussex in recent years, but a low risk of infection for cattle on the South Downs, from badgers, was apparent.
Tuberculosis in East Sussex: II. Aspects of badger ecology and surveillance for tuberculosis in badger populations (1976–1984)
Authors: Wilesmith J. W. , Sayers P. E. , Bode R. , Pritchard D. G. , Stuart F. A. , Brewer J. I. , Hillman G. D. B. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYFollowing the disclosure of Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers in East Sussex in 1976, badgers have been examined from and around farms on which cattle have become infected, but with no other attributable source of infection. These farms are confined to the downland of the south-west of the county and M. bovis has been confirmed in badger populations utilising their land. The available evidence indicates that M. bovis infection in badgers is also confined to this area. A detailed study in one area on the South Downs suggested that M. bovis is endemic in the badger population and therefore presents a continued risk for cattle occupying the area.
Tuberculosis in East Sussex: IV. A systematic examination of wild mammals other than badgers for tuberculosis
Authors: Wilesmith J. W. , Sayers P. E. , Little T. W. A. , Brewer J. I. , Bode R. , Hillman G. D. B. , Pritchard D. G. , Stuart F. A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA detailed investigation of the possible role of wild mammals, other than badgers, in the maintenance of Mycobacterium bovis in an area on the South Downs of East Sussex was carried out over 3 years. Estimates of population sizes were made where possible and minimum sample sizes were selected to be 95 % certain of including at least one infected animal if the prevalence was at least 5 %. Samples of wild mammals were taken from populations which had the highest potential direct or indirect contact rate with known infected badgers. M. bovis was not isolated from any of the 15 species of wild mammals.It was concluded that badgers are able to maintain M. bovis in an area independently of other species, and that in the area studied other species were not a source of infection for the cattle herds.
The adsorption of endotoxin molecule in a microporous polyethylene hollow fibre membrane
Authors: Sawada Yosuke , Fujii Reiko , Igami Ikuo , Kawai Atsushi , Kamiki Teruo , Niwa Makoto 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe microporous polyethylene hollow fibre membrane is capable of adsorbing small-sized lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared by sonication dispersion, column chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and filtration through a filter membrane with a nominal pore size of 0·025 μg. Small-sized LPS had a one-thousandth of endotoxin activity as compared to intact LPS, when determined by the Synthetic Chromogenic Substrate method of LAL with a specific endotoxin activity of 73·7 ng/μg LPS. Fluorescent microscopy of fluorescein conjugated LPS on a microporous polyethylene hollow fibre showed that fiuorescein-LPS was adsorbed through the entire depth of the membrane texture. Accordingly the adsorption capacity of the filter for small-sized LPS was determined as 1·65 mg LPS/3·68 m2surface/116 mg fibre/module.
Chemical disinfection of human rotaviruses: efficacy of commercially-available products in suspension tests
Authors: Springthorpe V. Susan , Grenier Jodi L. , Lloyd-Evans Nellie , Sattar Syed A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSuspension tests were conducted on 69 commercial and 7 non-commercial disinfectant formulations to determine which classes of chemicals were most active against human rotavirus (HRV). Virus samples, in the presence of varying levels of organic matter, were exposed to the disinfectants for 1 min. The levels of remaining infectious virus were determined by plaque assay. Products were rated by their ability to reduce the levels of infectious virus by more than 3 log10in the presence or absence of tryptose phosphate broth (peptides and inorganic salts) or fecal matter.Of the commercially-available products tested, only 25% were rated as highly and 7% as moderately effective. The remaining 68% were either effective only in the absence of any additional organic matter (48%) or were completely ineffective (20%). The majority (64%) of the moderately and highly effective products were further examined for their ability to inactivate > 6 log10of infectious HRV in the presence of fecal matter or tryptose phosphate broth. With one exception, all these products were still effective. Products potentially suitable as topical antiseptics, hard surface disinfectants and instrument soaks were identified. The results emphasize the care that should be exercised in the selection of disinfectants for the control and prevention of rotaviral infections.
Yellow fever in Swansea, 1865
Authors: Meers P. D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA cargo of copper ore from Cuba was discharged at Swansea in mid-September 1865, during a spell of exceptionally hot weather. A small number of mosquitoes infected with the yellow fever virus, disembarking at the same time, established an epidemic of yellow fever in the town. In the next 25 days, at least 27 inhabitants were infected and 15 of them died. The quality of contemporary observation and recording has encouraged a re-examination of the events in the light of knowledge unavailable at the time. It cannot be assumed that the episode will not be repeated.
The development of genetic resistance to myxomatosis in wild rabbits in Britain
Authors: Ross J. , Sanders M. F. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe presence of genetic resistance to myxomatosis in a sample of wild rabbits from one area in England was reported in 1977. Rabbits from three other areas in Great Britain have been tested subsequently, and all cases showed similar resistance to a moderately virulent strain of myxoma virus. Rabbits from one area also showed a significant degree of resistance to a fully virulent strain of virus.It is concluded that genetic resistance to myxomatosis is widespread in wild rabbit populations in Britain. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to the co-evolution of the disease and its host.
A one-year study of trivalent influenza vaccines in primed and unprimed volunteers: immunogenicity, clinical reactions and protection
Authors: Masurel N. , Laufer J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThree hundred volunteers were divided into two age groups, 14–30 years and 31–60 years. Each participant was immunized intramuscularly with a subunit, whole virus or adsorbed whole virus vaccine, containing A/Bangkok/I/79 (H3N2), A/Brazil/ 11/78 (H1N1)and B/Singapore/222/79 influenza virus. Serum haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody response, protection, and reactogenicity were studied after one and two doses of the vaccines. Primary immunization induced much higher percentages of HI antibody titres ≥ 100 against all three vaccine viruses and much higher geometric mean titres (GMT) in volunteers with pre-immunization titres ≥ 18 as compared to those with pre-immunization titres < 18. Secondary immunization did not result in an increase of GMTs or antibody titres ≥ 100 in volunteers with pre-immunization titres < 18. On the whole, the response to the subunit vaccine was similar to that to the other two vaccines. To influenza B/Singapore/222/79 virus the response was lowest after administration of the whole virus vaccine in the age group 31–60 years. Over 50% of the HI titres ≥ 100 found after immunization in the different vaccine and age groups were still present after one year. Serologically established infections during the winter months following immunization amounted to 15% in the subunit vaccine group, 6% in the whole virus vaccine group, and 10% in the adsorbed whole virus vaccine group. Local and systemic reactions to all three vaccines were mild in nature. Local reactions after primary immunization were much less frequent following administration of the subunit vaccine as compared to the other two vaccines, especially in the younger age group. In comparison to primary immunization, after booster immunization the incidence of local reactions was higher for the subunit vaccine and lower for the adsorbed whole virus vaccine. In the age group 14–30 years the incidence of local reactions after primary as well as booster immunization was much greater in females than in males, especially when the adsorbed whole virus vaccine was used.
Antibody against viruses in maternal and cord sera: non-specific inhibitors are found to higher titre on the maternal side of the circulation
Authors: Griffiths P. D. , Girdhar D. , Fisher-Hoch S. , Race M. W. , Heath R. B. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryPregnancies were identified in which maternal IgG antibodies against rubella virus were not detectable by single radial haemolysis. Twenty paired maternal/cord sera were then tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) activity against rubella virus without kaolin pretreatment of the sera. In the absence of specific antibody, the HI activity observed could thus be ascribed to the effect of non-specific inhibitors. The HI activity in maternal sera was significantly (P < 0·001) higher than that in cord sera. The 20 pairs of sera were similarly tested against a bunyavirus, an alphavirus and a flavivirus, both with and without kaolin pretreatment. The results showed non-specific inhibitors were found to higher titre in maternal sera, with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0·001) for each of the three viruses.
Age and secular distributions of virus-proven influenza patients in successive epidemics 1961–1976 in Cirencester: Epidemiological significance discussed
Authors: Hope-Simpson R. E. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA general practice population of around 3900, under continuous clinical and laboratory surveillance, experienced 20 outbreaks of influenza between March 1960 and March 1976. Four epidemics were caused by subtype H2N2 type A viruses, seven by subtype H3N2 type A viruses and nine outbreaks by type B viruses. The age of every person proved virologically to have influenza is related to the age structure of the community and to the phase of the epidemic in which the virus-positive specimens were collected. Children 0–15 years old suffered a higher incidence rate than adults 16–90±. Pre-school children 0–4 suffered the highest rate of infection by viruses of both influenza A subtypes, whereas older schoolchildren 10–15 suffered the highest rate of type B infections. Despite these high incidence rates neither pre-school nor schoolchildren appear to have been the major disseminators of any of these influenza viruses in the community.Adults of all ages suffered a high rate of infection even into extreme old age, and the indiscriminate age distribution among adults was sustained in the successive epidemics. Such age-patterns are not those caused by a highly infectious immunizing virus surviving by means of direct transmissions from the sick, whose prompt development of the disease continues endless chains of transmissions. An alternative epidemic mechanism – whereby the virus does not spread from the sick but becomes latent in them, reactivating seasonally so that they later infect their companions – would produce age patterns similar to those recorded here for influenza patients. The suggested mechanism is illustrated by a simple conceptual model and the influenzal age patterns are discussed in relation to the recycling of influenza A subtypes.
Aeromonas hydrophilain livestock: incidence, biochemical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility
Authors: Gray S. J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryFaecal samples from 110 horses, 115 pigs, 111 sheep and 123 cows were examined for the presence ofAeromonas hydrophila, which was also sought in the available drinking water.The overall faecal rate was 11·8%, but significantly more bovine than other samples were found to be positive. There was significant association between the isolation ofA. hydrophilafrom all animal faeces and its presence in drinking water, but this was not found when individual animal groups were analysed separately. An enrichment technique increased the total number of isolates by 77·1 %. Strains of differing origins could not be differentiated by biotyping, although fermentation of sorbitol was associated with bovine isolates. There was a strong positive correlation between positive reactions for V–P, gluconate oxidase and haemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes, tests which had previously been shown to correlate with production of enterotoxin and cytotoxin. Biotypes giving positive reactions for these tests were most frequently isolated from cows, sheep and untreated water, and less frequently from pigs and horses. Most strains ofA. hydrophilawere resistant to amoxycillin, carbenicillin and cephradine, and sensitive to gentamicin, chloramphenicol and neomycin.
A survey of coxsackie A16 virus antibodies in human sera
Authors: Urquhart G. E. D. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA comparison of neutralizing and immunofluorescent (IF) IgG antibody tests in 18 sera from 10 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) showed a variety of responses but all sera taken more than one week after infection had both neutralizing and IF IgG antibodies.A survey of IF IgG antibody in 80 paediatric and 80 adult non-HFMD case sera gave antibody detection rates of 47·5% and 11·3% respectively. This difference could be attributed to a decline in IF IgG antibody with time after infection. Three point nine per cent of 2G sera from possible adult carditis cases had IF antibody suggesting that coxsackie A16 virus was not a common cause of adult carditis. Forty-eight point three per cent of 29 sera from cases of spontaneous abortion had detectable IF antibody, a rate similar to the paediatric sera and significantly greater than that in adult male (7·9%) and other adult female (13%) sera tested. This interesting observation requires further study.
Induction in rats of serum agglutinins to Eubacterium, Peptostreptococcus and Coprococcus species by the faecal flora from patients with Crohn's disease and healthy subjects
Authors: Hazenberg M. P. , van de Merwe J. P. , Custers-van Lieshout L. M. C. , Pennock-Schröder A. M. 
Published: October 2009

SummarySera from patients with Crohn's disease more often than those from other subjects contain agglutinins against anaerobic coccoid rods, identified as Peptostreptococcus productus, Eubacterium contortum (two strains) and Coprococcus comes. The presence of antigens of the four coccoid rods in faeces of patients with Crohn's disease and healthy subjects was investigated by inoculation of rats with faecal suspensions. Antigens of the coccoid rods were detected in faeces from both patients with Crohn's disease and healthy subjects.
Laboratory trials of five rodenticides for the control of Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse
Authors: Bradfield A. A. G. , Gill J. E. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe efficacy of five rodenticides for use in bait against the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) was investigated in the laboratory. The species proved to be resistant to warfarin (up to 0·5%) and difenacoum (0·005%), but brodifacoum (0·005%) gave complete mortality after three days' feeding. Calciferol (0·1%), though toxie, was significantly unpalatable. Zinc phosphide (5·0%) presented in a choice test for two days against unpoisoned feed gave 100% mortality, and appears to be the most suitable of these compounds for the control of M. auratus in the field.
Conversion by corynephages and its role in the natural history of diphtheria
Authors: Groman N. B. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe conversion of non-toxinogenicCorynebacterium diphtheriaeto toxinogeny has been reviewed. The biology of converting phage and the relationship of converting phages to nonconverting phages are summarized. The significance of these findings to the natural history and evolution of diphtheria is assessed.
Diphtheria in North America
Authors: Dixon J. M. S. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe incidence of diphtheria has declined in North America during the last fifty years until it is now an uncommon disease. This general pattern is similar to that seen in other developed countries with well-organized immunization programmes, but certain noteworthy characteristics have been observed in recent years: foci of infection lingered in two population groups of low socio-economic status, in both of which the skin has been an important reservoir. In central areas of certain cities, endemic diphtheria, chiefly cutaneous, has occurred amongst indigent adult males living in unhygienic conditions; and in the native Indian population of Northern Canada diphtheria infection has been endemic in infants and children, many of the infections being of the skin or ear and toxic disease being uncommon. During the last few years, diphtheria outbreaks have not been reported in urban areas and possibly endemicity is now restricted to northern native populations. The number of infections detected in these northern endemic areas is steadily decreasing.
Diphtheria in Europe
Authors: Kwantes W. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA letter of inquiry was sent to 21 countries in Europe to ascertain their experience of diphtheria during the last 20 years. An analysis of the 15 replies showed that all relied on childhood vaccination and that this had reduced the annual incidence of the disease to a very low level. There was mention of three epidemics during the last ten years, and three countries identified several cases of skin diphtheria, mostly in patients who had contracted infection abroad.