bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of the Photosynthetic Dinoflagellate Genus Azadinium in the Pacific Ocean: Morphology and Molecular Characterization of Azadinium cf. poporum
Authors: Potvin Éric , Jeong Hae Jin , Kang Nam Seon , Tillmann Urban , Krock Bernd 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA strain of a dinoflagellate belonging to the genus Azadinium was obtained by the incubation of sediments collected from Shiwha Bay, Korea. This report of the genus Azadinium is the first outside of northern Europe and furthermore from the Pacific Ocean. The diagnostic morphological features of the isolate very closely resemble the recently described species Azadinium poporum isolated from the North Sea. However, the shape of the 3′ apical plate and the occasional morphological variations unreported from A. poporum bring minor distinctions between strains from different locations. The DNA sequences of small subunit, ITS, and large subunit (LSU) rDNA differed by 0.2%, 2.6%, and 3.6%, respectively, from those of A. poporum, whereas the COI gene was identical to those found in all strains of Azadinium. Phylogenetic analyses of the ribosomal DNA regions generally positioned the Korean strain as a sister taxon of A. poporum. However, the Korean isolate tends to occupy a basal position within Azadinium species with ITS rDNA and LSU rDNA. Using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, no known azaspiracids were detected. The slight but discernible morphological differences, the distinct rDNA sequences, and the tendency of the Korean strain to diverge phylogenetically based on ITS rDNA and LSU rDNA from A. poporum do not enable us to clearly assign the isolate to A. poporum. However, these characteristics do not allow us to classify it as a distinct species, and it is therefore designated as Azadinium cf. poporum. The examination of more strains to find more diagnostic characteristics might enable the attribution of this material to a well‐defined taxonomic position.
Craniofacial development and physiological state after early oral breathing in rats
Authors: Padzys Guy S. , Tankosic Christiane , Trabalon Marie , Martrette Jean‐Marc 
Published: December 2011

Padzys GS, Tankosic C, Trabalon M, Martrette J‐M. Craniofacial development and physiological state after early oral breathing in rats.

Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120: 21–28. © 2011 Eur J Oral SciIn this study we determined whether craniofacial development in rats could be influenced by an early temporary (3 d) nasal obstruction associated with forced oral breathing. The rats were killed at specific time points after surgery. Plasma samples were taken for biochemical analyses, and cephalometric measurements were performed. Shortly after nasal obstruction, the vertical nasomaxillary complex and the longitudinal skull base proved to be smaller in both sexes of test rats compared with controls. This was maintained in male rats but not in female rats. In female rats, only the longitudinal skull base remained somewhat shorter as the animals grew older. Reversible nasal obstruction was further associated with reduced dimensions of the olfactory bulbs lasting into adulthood and an initial decrease in lung weight. One day after implementing nasal obstruction, basal corticosterone levels had increased (by over 1,000%) and stayed at a high level in female rats. In male rats, however, the corticosterone level seemed to return to normal by day 90. Oral breathing was also associated with a lower level of thyroid hormone, especially at the shorter term intervals in both sexes. We conclude that a 3‐d nasal obstruction period in young rats leads to long‐term hormonal changes and to craniofacial structural adaptation.
Predominant bacterial species in subgingival plaque in dogs
Authors: Dahlén G. , Charalampakis G. , Abrahamsson I. , Bengtsson L. , Falsen E. 
Published: December 2011

Dahlén G, Charalampakis G, Abrahamsson I, Bengtsson L, Falsen E. Predominant bacterial species in subgingival plaque in dogs. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 354–364. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/SBackground and Objective:  The dog has been used extensively for experimental and microbiological studies on periodontitis and peri‐implantitis without detailed knowledge about the predominant flora of the subgingival plaque. This study was designed to evaluate the predominant cultivable bacterial species in dogs and compare them phenotypically and genotypically with corresponding human species.Material and Methods:  Four subgingival samples were taken from two upper premolars in each of six Labrador retrievers. The samples from each dog were processed for anaerobic culture. From the samples of each dog, the five or six predominating bacteria based on colony morphology were selected and pure cultured. Each of the strains was characterized by Gram stain, anaerobic/aerobic growth and API‐ZYM test. Eighteen strains showing clear‐cut phenotypic differences were further classified based on DNA sequencing technology. Cross‐reactions of DNA probes from human and dog strains were also tested against a panel of both human and dog bacterial species.Results:  Thirty‐one strains in the dogs were isolated and characterized. They represented 21 different species, of which six belonged to the genus Porphyromonas. No species was found consistently in the predominant flora of all six dogs. Porphyromonas crevioricanis and Fusobacterium canifelinum were the two most prevalent species in predominant flora in dogs. DNA probes from human and dog species cross‐reacted to some extent with related strains from humans and dogs; however, distinct exceptions were found.Conclusion:  The predominant cultural subgingival flora in dogs shows great similarities with the subgingival bacteria from humans at the genus level, but distinct differences at the species level; however, a genetic relatedness could be disclosed for most strains investigated.
Astrovirus and digestive disorders in neonatal units
Authors: Chappé Céline , Minjolle Sophie , Dabadie Alain , Morel Laetitia , Colimon Ronald , Pladys Patrick 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim:  To describe clinical signs associated with Human Astrovirus (HAstV) in stools in neonatal units.Methods:  During 2005–2006, all stool virology performed for isolated digestive symptoms or suspicion of neonatal infection was tested for HAstV by an amplified enzyme‐linked immunoassay (IDEIA™ Astrovirus test, Dako Cytomation). Each newborn with a positive result (HAstV+ group) was retrospectively matched with the first following symptomatic newborn in the same care unit having a negative stool virology (HAstV− group). Clinical data were collected during two 3‐day periods (just after faecal samples collection and 1 week before) and compared within and between each group.Results:  Human astrovirus was detected in faeces of 68 newborns [gestational age: 31.4(28.8–34) weeks] at a post‐natal age of 23 (15–42) days without seasonal dominance. Human astrovirus+ and HAstV− groups were comparable. Bloody stool (54.4% versus 14.7%, p < 0.01) and stage II–III necrotizing enterocolitis (20.6% versus 4.4%, p < 0.05) were more frequently observed in HAstV+ than in HAstV− group; these associations were confirmed by logistic regression analysis.Conclusion:  This descriptive study argues for a possible association between HAstV and digestive symptoms in newborns specifically in preterm infants.
Cardiac evaluation in children with Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Marcus Karen A , van Alfen‐van der Velden Janiëlle AAEM , Otten Barto J , Weijers Gert , Yntema Helger G , de Korte Chris L , Kapusta Livia 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim:  To assess cardiac anatomy and myocardial systolic function in children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS).Methods:  Physical examination, electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings and transthoracic echocardiograms including two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) were performed and evaluated in the Radboud University Hospital Nijmegen, the Netherlands. In total, 19 children diagnosed with PWS and 38 age‐matched control subjects underwent cardiac evaluation.Results:  Abnormal ECG findings were detected in nine PWS patients. Echocardiography revealed mild structural cardiac abnormalities in two patients. Conventional echocardiographic findings did not indicate systolic left ventricular dysfunction, in contrast to 2DSTE examination. Global peak systolic strain (rate) measurements, in all three directions of contraction, were significantly lower in children with PWS (p < 0.001) compared with healthy age‐matched children. In two‐thirds of the patients, 2DSTE revealed abnormal systolic deformation (peak systolic strain as well as strain rate). T2P values in PWS patients were similar to control subject. Systolic myocardial function appears more affected in case of maternal uniparental disomy.Conclusion:  Cardiac evaluation, including 2DSTE, detects frequent alterations in myocardial systolic function in children diagnosed with PWS, whose conventional echocardiographic findings did not indicate ventricular systolic dysfunction. Because cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is substantial in PWS, especially adults, we emphasize the need for cardiac assessment in PWS.
Dynamical delays between starburst and AGN activity in galaxy nuclei
Authors: Hopkins Philip F. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Observations of active galactic nuclei (AGN) have suggested a possible delay between the peak of star formation (on some scale) and AGN activity. Inefficient fuelling (and/or feedback) from fast stellar winds has been invoked to explain this, but we argue this is unlikely in bright systems accreting primarily cold dense gas. We show that such a delay can arise even in bright quasars for purely dynamical reasons. If some large-scale process produces rapid inflow, smaller scales will quickly become gas dominated. As the gas density peaks, so does the star formation rate (SFR). However, gravitational torques which govern further inflow are relatively inefficient in gas-dominated systems; as more gas is turned into stars, the stars provide an efficient angular momentum sink allowing more rapid inflow. Moreover, the gas provided to the central regions in mergers or strong disc instabilities will typically be ∼100 times larger than that needed to fuel the black hole (BH); the system is effectively in the ‘infinite gas supply’ limit. BH growth can therefore continue for some time while the gas supply exhausts, until it has significantly depleted to the point where the BH is finally ‘starved’. Both of these effects act together with comparable magnitude, and mean that the peak of BH growth can lag the peak in the SFR measured at a given scale by a time-scale corresponding to the gas exhaustion time on that scale (∼10–100 local dynamical times). This predicts that the inferred delay will vary in a specific manner with the radius over which the SFR is measured. We discuss possible implications for the role of AGN feedback in suppressing star formation activity.
FLAVOR PROPERTIES OF PAN AND PITA BREADS MADE FROM RED AND WHITE HARD SPRING WHEATS
Authors: WATTS B. , RYLAND D. , MALCOLMSON L.J. , AMBALAMAATIL S. , ADAMS K.M. , LUKOW O.M. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTRed and white wheat comparisons have not always shown consistent flavor differences. The objective was to compare flavor properties of whole wheat pan and pita breads made from white and red Canadian hard spring wheats. Flavor attributes were defined by trained panelists who marked intensities using 15‐cm line scales. Pan bread made from BW275 and Kanata had significantly lower wheat and wheaty aftertaste intensity than AC Domain (red) and RL4863. Pita bread from Kanata had significantly higher sweet intensity than RL4858, Snowbird and AC Domain (red). Principal component analysis accounted for 74–75% of the variance in both bread types. Biplots showed that some of the white wheat breads tended to be sweeter with less wheaty and bitter with wheaty, bitter and sour aftertastes. Red wheat breads tended to be less sweet, more wheaty and bitter with wheaty, bitter and sour aftertastes. Higher wheaty flavor intensity was associated with visually darker breads.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe study revealed that there were distinct flavor differences in pan bread and pita bread made from red and white wheats. The sweeter and milder flavor observed for some white wheats could be a marketing advantage for these newly developed wheats. In pan and pita bread products targeted to consumers that dislike the often wheaty and bitter taste of whole wheat products made from red wheat, white wheat derived whole wheat products with their milder taste may be more acceptable.
OPTIMIZATION OF CHIPOTLE PEPPER SMOKING PROCESS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY*
Authors: GÓMEZ‐MORIEL CINTHIA B. , QUINTERO‐RAMOS ARMANDO , CAMACHO‐DÁVILA ALEJANDRO , RUIZ‐GUTIÉRREZ MARTHA G. , TALAMÁS‐ABBUD RICARDO , OLIVAS‐VARGAS RAMÓN , BARNARD JOHN 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTEffects of smoking time and temperature on optimal chipotle pepper production were evaluated and optimized using the response surface methodology. Batches of red jalapeño peppers were smoked under different temperatures (65.8, 70, 80, 90, 94.1C) and times (0.96, 2, 4.5, 7, 8 h). Afterward, samples were evaluated for moisture, rheological properties and total phenols. Samples were then dried from 80C to between 0.123 and 0.204 kg H2O/kg dry matter and evaluated for rheological properties, texture, rehydration, color and phenols. Phenol content, rehydration ratio, firmness of peppers, and rheological properties and color of puree were affected (P < 0.05) by both temperature and time. Best smoking conditions used temperatures of 74–79C, and times between 8.0 and 7.4 h resulting in viscosities of 5.1–6.5 Pa·s with phenol content of 110–120 mg/kg, rehydration ratios of 3.7–4.1, firmness of 1.27–1.49 N and acceptable color. Smoking time was significantly reduced and quality maintained.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSChipotle pepper is highly appreciated by consumers because of their aroma and flavor characteristics. Chipotle pepper is obtained by smoking red jalapeño in open ovens, where combustion gases from hardwoods are passed during long times to smoke and dehydrate them. This process has the disadvantage of producing environmental contamination and wide quality variability because of a poor process control. In this study, a correlation of smoking and drying was optimized in order to determine the effect of temperature and smoking time on the physical and chemical characteristics of the chipotle pepper. Additionally, polynomial models are presented for each variable evaluated in the smoking chipotle pepper operation and optimized for the desired quality of the chipotle pepper. This information can be useful to processors because they can achieve a ninefold reduction in the smoking time compared with the traditional smoking processes without affecting the chemical and physical characteristics of chipotle peppers.
Application of appropriate use criteria for stress myocardial perfusion imaging at two academic medical centers: Compliance and association with image findings
Authors: Soine Laurie A. , Cunningham Susanna L. , Motzer Sandra A. , Inoue Lurdes Y.T. , Caldwell James H. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract  Purpose: Explore the extent to which stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) studies for coronary heart disease detection met published appropriate use criteria (AUC), and the association between AUC classification and image findings.Data sources: Retrospective, descriptive review of stress studies performed at the University of Washington Medical Center (UWMC n= 1377) and the Veterans Health Administration of Puget Sound (VA n= 1445) in the 31 months following AUC publication.Conclusions: At UWMC and VA, 69% and 89% of MPI studies, respectively, were classified as appropriate, 16% and 3% as inappropriate, and 15% and 8% as uncertain. All differences were significant, p < .001. At UWMC, 11% of appropriate studies and 10% of inappropriate or uncertain studies were abnormal (demonstrating myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction), p= .93; these analyses were not performed on VA studies.Implications for practice: Most studies at both sites were classified as appropriate. At UWMC, the likelihood of a study classified as appropriate demonstrating an abnormality was not significantly different from a study classified as uncertain or inappropriate. AUC are imperfect tools but are increasingly created and referenced; as such, it is vital that practicing nurse practitioners are knowledgeable about their creation, application, and evaluation.
RNAi‐based functional genomics in Tribolium castaneum and possible application for controlling insect pests
Authors: NOH Mi Young , BEEMAN Richard W. , ARAKANE Yasuyuki 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRNA interference or RNAi has been observed in eukaryotes and plays a critical role not only in messenger RNA degradation but also in fine‐tuning of gene activation, transcription and translation. In insects, double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA)‐mediated gene silencing is a simple and powerful reverse genetics tool for analyzing gene functions in both model and non‐model organisms. The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is an excellent genetic model for pest insect species. Since the completion of the genome sequence of T. castaneum, numerous studies of gene function have been reported. Here we review recent RNAi‐based functional genomics research and systemic RNAi in T. castaneum, and we discuss potential applications of RNAi technology to pest insect control.
Lineages differentiation and population structure of the light‐vented bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis in China based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analysis
Authors: WU Yuchun , LI Hui , ZOU Fasheng , HSU Yucheng 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe light‐vented bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis is a small resident passerine that is found widely in central and south China, North Vietnam, and some East Asian islands, including Hainan, Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands. Its subspecies status has been under considerable debate. A total of 10 subspecies have been proposed, but only 4 are widely recognized, including 1 continental taxon, P. s. sinensis, and 3 insular subspecies: P. s. hainanus, P. s. formosae and P. s. orii. Two mitochondrial DNA genes and 9 microsatellite loci were used to investigate the genetic divergence of this species, to identify the evolutionary status of 2 insular subspecies (P. s. hainanus and P. s. formosae) and to uncover probable historical causes that shaped them. The results reveal that P. s. formosae has diverged significantly from the other 2 subspecies because of a substantial time of isolation for populations on Taiwan Island. There was no significant genetic differentiation between P. s. sinensis and P. s. hainanus. The notable morphological difference in P. s. hainanus might be attributed to a rapid, recent adaptation to the tropical environment of Hainan Island. The low genetic divergence between P. s. sinensis and P. s. hainanus might result from a recent divergence or gene flow between them. Two insular subspecies of light‐vented bulbul populations might have diverged recently from their continental relatives through a complex evolution history owing to island isolation, ecological isolation, and possibly even hybridization. Both P. s. hainanus and P. s. formosae should be considered important conservation units because of their morphological and genetic distinctiveness.
Guild composition and habitat use of voles in 2 forest landscapes in south‐eastern Norway
Authors: GORINI Lucrezia , LINNELL John D. C. , BOITANI Luigi , HAUPTMANN Ulrike , ODDEN Morten , WEGGE Per , NILSEN Erlend B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIt is widely believed that intensive forestry has influenced small mammal population dynamics, and thereby the entire mammalian community in Fennoscandian boreal forests. The nature of these impacts on the different species is subject to debate. We live‐trapped voles between 2006 and 2009 in 2 commercially harvested forests in south‐eastern Norway. We investigated the variation in vole abundance among habitat types (e.g. mature forest and clear‐cut) and the hypothesis that graminivorous species such as field voles (Microtus agrestis L.) benefit from clear‐cuts at the expense of forest dwellers (i.e. the bank vole, Myodes glareolus Schreb.), using fine‐scale descriptors of the ground vegetation. We could not find support for the hypothesis that field voles show a preference for clear‐cuts, and their overall abundance was low, while bank voles were the dominant species in all habitat types, including clear‐cuts in the peak and pre‐peak years. We found a positive association between bank vole abundance and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) availability rather than a specific habitat type. Low field vole density in clear‐cuts might be due to variation in local productivity and ground vegetation as well as to large variation in the species temporal dynamics. The latter is particularly associated with the widespread decline of field voles in Scandinavia. Logging has the potential to negatively affect bank vole population dynamics because of the negative effect on bilberry development.
Vole preference of bilberry along gradients of simulated moose density and site productivity
Authors: PEDERSEN Simen , ANDREASSEN Harry P. , PERSSON Inga‐Lill , JULKUNEN‐TIITTO Riitta , DANELL Kjell , SKARPE Christina 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBrowsing by large herbivores might either increase or decrease preference for the plant by other herbivores, depending on the plant response. Using a cafeteria test, we studied the preference by root voles (Microtus oeconomus [Pallas, 1776]) for bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) previously subjected to 4 levels of simulated moose (Alces alces [Linnaeus, 1758]) density. The different levels of moose density were simulated at population densities relevant for Fennoscandian conditions, in exclosures situated along a site productivity gradient. We expected: (i) voles to prefer bilberry from high productivity sites over low productivity sites; (ii) voles to prefer browsed bilberry, if plants allocate resources to compensatory growth or to avoid browsed bilberry if plants allocate resources to defense; (iii) these effects to increase with increasing simulated moose density; and (iv) the concentration of plant chemicals and the plant morphology to explain vole preference. Specifically, we predicted that voles would prefer: (i) plants with high nitrogen content; (ii) plants with low content of defensive substances; and (iii) tall plants with long shoots. Voles preferred bilberry from the high productivity sites compared to the low productivity sites. We also found an interaction between site productivity and simulated moose density, where voles preferred unbrowsed plants at low productivity sites and intermediate levels of browsing at high productivity sites. There was no effect of plant chemistry or morphology on vole preference. We conclude that moose browsing impacts the food preference of voles. With the current high densities of moose in Fennoscandia, this could potentially influence vole food selection and population dynamics over large geographical areas.