bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious individualization or secularization? Testing hypotheses of religious change – the case of Eastern and Western Germany
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Pickel Gert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe individualization thesis advanced by sociologists of religion such as Grace Davie, Danièle Hervieu–Léger, Michael Krüggeler, Thomas Luckmann, Hubert Knoblauch, Wade Clark Roof, Wayne E. Baker, and others has become increasingly widespread especially in Europe within the sociology of religion. In contrast to the secularization theory it assumes that processes of modernization will not lead to a decline in the social significance of religion, but rather to a change in its social forms. According to the individualization theory, traditional and institutionalized forms of religiosity will be increasingly replaced by more subjective ones detached form church, individually chosen, and syncretistic in character. The article examines the empirical applicability of the individualization thesis on the basis of how religiosity and church affiliation have evolved in Germany over the past 50 years. It comes to the conclusion that the rise of individually determined non‐church religiosity cannot compensate for the losses of institutionalized religiosity, since non‐church religiosity remains rather marginal and is interwoven with traditional Christian religiosity. Religious individualization is only a component of the predominant secularization process.
Parental education, children's performance and the transition to higher secondary education: trends in primary and secondary effects over five Dutch school cohorts (1965–99)
Authors: Kloosterman Rianne , Ruiter Stijn , De Graaf Paul M. , Kraaykamp Gerbert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccording to Boudon, social background affects educational transitions as a result of differences in children's academic performance (primary effects) and differences in transition probabilities given children's level of academic performance (secondary effects). This study addresses historical changes in both primary and secondary effects on the educational transition from primary school to higher secondary education in the Netherlands. In addition, it considers changes over time in the relative importance of these effects. The study compares five cohorts of Dutch pupils, specifically those enrolling in secondary education in 1965, 1977, 1989, 1993 and 1999, and it employs counterfactual analyses. The main findings are that secondary effects have been stable and primary effects have fluctuated to some extent. As a result, the proportion of the total effect of social background accounted for by primary effects has increased somewhat, from 53 per cent to 58 per cent.
Crime, policing and social order: on the expressive nature of public confidence in policing
Authors: Jackson Jonathan , Bradford Ben 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPublic confidence in policing is receiving increasing attention from UK social scientists and policy‐makers. The criminal justice system relies on legitimacy and consent to an extent unlike other public services: public support is vital if the police and other criminal justice agencies are to function both effectively and in accordance with democratic norms. Yet we know little about the forms of social perception that stand prior to public confidence and police legitimacy. Drawing on data from the 2003/2004 British Crime Survey and the 2006/2007 London Metropolitan Police Safer Neighbourhoods Survey, this paper suggests that people think about their local police in ways less to do with the risk of victimization (instrumental concerns about personal safety) and more to do with judgments of social cohesion and moral consensus (expressive concerns about neighbourhood stability, cohesion and loss of collective authority). Across England and Wales the police may not primarily be seen as providers of a narrow sense of personal security, held responsible for crime and safety. Instead the police may stand as symbolic ‘moral guardians’ of social stability and order, held responsible for community values and informal social controls. We also present evidence that public confidence in the London Metropolitan Police Service expresses broader social anxieties about long‐term social change. We finish our paper with some thoughts on a sociological analysis of the cultural place of policing: confidence (and perhaps ultimately the legitimacy of the police) might just be wrapped up in broader public concerns about social order and moral consensus.
On the Use of Allelic Transmission Rates for Assessing Gene‐by‐Environment Interaction in Case‐Parent Trios
Authors: Shin Ji‐Hyung , McNeney Brad , Graham Jinko 
Published: July 2010

SummaryAllelic transmission rates from parents to cases are frequently stratified by an environmental risk factor E and compared, with heterogeneity interpreted as gene‐environment interaction or G×E. Though generally invalid, such analyses continue to appear. We revisit why heterogeneity is not equivalent to G×E in a range of settings not considered previously. The objective is a fuller understanding of the bias in transmission rates and what is driving it. Extending previously published findings, we derive parental mating‐type probabilities in cases and use them to obtain transmission rates, which we then compare to G×E. Through simulation, we investigate the practical implications of the bias for a transmission‐based test of G×E. We find that general population characteristics distort the picture of G×E obtained from transmission rates: the stratum‐specific mating‐type probabilities under G − E dependence and the allele frequency under independence. Furthermore, the transmission‐based test has inflated error rates relative to a likelihood‐based test. Our investigation provides further insight into how and why transmission‐based tests and descriptive summaries can mislead about G×E. For exploring G×E, we suggest graphical displays of the transmission rates within parental mating types, as they are robust to population stratification and the penetrance model.
Trypsin Activation, Partial Characterization, and Distribution of Kallikrein‐Like and Thrombin‐Like Proteases in the Neurointermediate Lobe of the Rat Pituitary
Authors: Powers C. Andrew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study examined whether the neurointermediate lobe (NIL) of the rat pituitary contains latent kallikrein‐ and thrombin‐like proteases activated by trypsin. Partial characterization of such proteases was attempted. Also examined were the distribution of proteo‐lytic activity within the NIL and levels in both male and female lobes. NIL homogenates were assayed for proteo‐lytic activity at pH 8.0 before and after incubation with trypsin (10 μg/ml). Trypsin caused a 10‐fold activation of kallikrein‐like activity and a 40‐fold activation of thrombin‐like activity in NIL homogenates. The kallikrein‐like activity was separated into two components using diethylaminoethyl‐Sephadex. The predominant kallikrein‐like protease was a potent kininogenase closely related or identical to glandular kallikrein and was almost exclusively localized to the intermediate lobe. The second kallikrein‐like protease (kallikrein A) was a weak kininogenase sensitive to inhibition by both soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin and was similarly concentrated in both the neural lobe and the intermediate lobe. The thrombin‐like protease was sensitive to inhibition by hirudin (a specific thrombin inhibitor), clotted fibrinogen, and was slightly more concentrated in the neural lobe than in the intermediate lobe. NILs from female rats contained ∼40% less kallikrein activity than NILs from male rats but did not differ in their content of thrombin‐like activity.
Methamphetamine alters vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 function and potassium‐stimulated dopamine release
Authors: Chu Pei‐Wen , Hadlock Gregory C. , Vieira‐Brock Paula , Stout Kristen , Hanson Glen R. , Fleckenstein Annette E. 
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 325–332.AbstractThis report demonstrates that a repeated ‘challenge’ high‐dose methamphetamine (METH) injection regimen rapidly decreases striatal K+‐stimulated dopamine (DA) release concurrent with decreases in both synaptosomal membrane‐associated (referred to herein as membrane‐associated) and previously reported decreases in non‐synaptosomal membrane‐associated (presumably cytoplasmic) vesicular DA uptake and content. Resembling previously reported effects involving cytoplasmic vesicles wherein uptake was decreased 48 h after treatment, the decrease in membrane‐associated uptake persisted 72 h. Cytoplasmic and membrane‐associated vesicular DA uptakes were decreased 7 days after the challenge regimen. A single METH injection also rapidly decreased K+‐stimulated DA release, membrane‐associated DA content, and membrane‐associated DA uptake; however, unlike after the challenge regimen, the decrease in uptake recovered by 24 h. Pre‐treatment with the D2receptor antagonist, eticlopride, did not attenuate the decrease in membrane‐associated uptake as assessed 1 h after either a single or challenge treatment. However, eticlopride attenuated the decrease in membrane‐associated uptake caused by the challenge regimen as assessed 24 h later. These data reveal complex effects of METH on vesicular function that vary according to the vesicle population under study, dosing regimen, and time after treatment. These may contribute to both the decrease in K+‐stimulated DA release and the persistent dopaminergic deficits caused by METH.
Focal adhesion kinase can play unique and opposing roles in regulating the morphology of differentiating oligodendrocytes
Authors: Lafrenaye Audrey D. , Fuss Babette 
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 269–282.AbstractDuring development cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage undergo significant changes in morphology when they differentiate from migratory oligodendrocyte progenitors, which are mostly bipolar, into post‐migratory pre‐myelinating oligodendrocytes, which extend complex and expanded process networks, and then finally into mature oligodendrocytes, which generate myelin sheaths required for efficient signal propagation within the nervous system. This extensive morphological remodeling occurs in the context of a complex extracellular environment and requires significant rearrangement of the cell’s cytoskeleton. The molecular mechanisms underlying this intricate integration of signals, however, remain poorly understood. A key regulator of extracellular matrix to cytoskeleton signaling is the non‐receptor tyrosine kinase FAK (focal adhesion kinase). Here, we report that FAK can regulate the morphology of differentiating post‐migratory pre‐myelinating oligodendrocytes in a unique and opposing fashion that is dependent on the nature of the extracellular matrix and mediated largely by FAK’s catalytic activity. More specifically, FAK was found to restrict process network expansion in the presence of fibronectin but to promote morphological maturation in the presence of laminin‐2. In addition, FAK’s restraining role predominated for postnatal day 3‐derived cells, while its maturation promoting role prevailed for postnatal day 5‐derived cells. Taken together, our findings reveal a complex role of FAK in regulating the morphology of post‐migratory pre‐myelinating oligodendrocytes.
THE EDGE SHARPNESS TECHNIQUE FOR ASSESSING PHOTOGRAPHIC QUALITY
Authors: Eden J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe edge sharpness technique is explained. An experiment is described in which the technique is used to make a comparative study of image quality on three different types of film exposed from the air in the same camera. At the same time it was found possible to determine the decay of the image due to the effects of camera instability. The relative speeds of the three films were also obtained.
DETERMINATION OF THE ACCURACY OF AERIAL STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Hallert B. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryUp to now the accuracy of a photogrammetric process has been determined for the procedure as a whole. Special tests have been arranged by the I.S.P. and the O.E.E.P.E. but also in these cases only the final accuracy seems to be tested.In this paper the test procedure is treated from the point of view of the fundamental operations. The principles for the distinction between systematic and accidental errors of the fundamental operations are demonstrated. The error propagation of the accidental errors to the final co‐ordinates is demonstrated in formulae for some cases which are of particular practical interest. In this way the accuracy determination of the photogrammetric procedure may be considerably facilitated. From simple y‐parallax measurements the probable accuracy of each individual model can be determined.The principles have been applied to the well known controlled tests which have been arranged by the International Society for Photogrammetry on the Swiss test area Oberriet.Finally, some results of especially performed determinations of standard errors of y‐parallax measurements in different aerial pictures are demonstrated.
POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS FOR ELIMINATION OF DISTORTION IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Hothmer J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper is an attempt to deal with all sources contributing towards elimination of distortion. Methods, consequences and obtainable results in the various plotting instruments are discussed. The effect of not completely eliminated distortion or other radial displacement on mapping or aerial triangulation is demonstrated. The various lenses, aerial survey cameras and plotting instruments are considered. Effects on distortion, such as camera calibration, different wavelengths, temperature, flatness of negative plane, etc. are treated. Finally, consequences for elimination of the distortion are indicated for various procedures and cases by means of graphs, lists and tables.
CAMERA PLATE‐REDUCTION BY MEANS OF STAR‐FIELD REFERENCE
Authors: Groves G. V. , Owen G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe theory is developed for determining the direction of a point‐object by photographing it on the same plate as a star field and using the stars as reference points. A minimum of three reference stars is necessary for determining the camera orientation and with more than three stars a least‐squares solution is possible.The method of analysis involves the solution of simultaneous equations for nine “plate constants”. Once the plate constants have been found, the direction of an object may readily be obtained from the coordinates of its image on the plate. The six elements of orientation of the camera may also readily be found from the plate constants. Part of the theory has been programmed for the Pegasus electronic computer. An appendix gives a convenient method of applying atmospheric refraction corrections to direction cosines.
SOME OF THE BENEFITS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY TO RAILWAY PROBLEMS
Authors: Montgomerie G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMuch has been said and written about the techniques of photogrammetry in the field of survey, and in particular great inroads have been made by air survey into the sphere of civil engineering. This paper primarily deals with the use of the photogrammetrist's work in departments of British Railways, especially in that of a Regional Chief Civil Engineer. It is not the intention of the author to deal with any of the intricate technicalities of the science of photogrammetry, and no attempt is made in this paper to engage in its technical area of operations.
SOME NOTES ON STEREOCOMPARATORS
Authors: Harley I. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA brief description is given of the history of the stereocomparator, followed by a comparison of the major features of five modern instruments: the Wild STK 1, Nistri TA 3 and TA 3/A, S.O.M., Zeiss PSK 1 and Hilger and Watts stereocomparators. Special attention is paid to the production model of the Hilger and Watts stereocomparator, which differs in several important respects from the prototype.
SOME ASPECTS OF ORTHOPHOTO TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Löscher W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAfter a brief review of the history of the orthophoto mapping process and its methods, the paper describes the automatic production of orthophotographs in the BS‐Stereomat. Technical details, especially of the electronics of the instrument, are given. The range of applications of an orthophoto is discussed, as well as the method's limitations.
A NEW FAST‐WORKING APPROACH TO ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Eden J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper describes the evolution of a new method of analytical control extension in which the measurements are made on single plates in a simple coordinate measuring machine (Monocomparator) but the points measured are not drilled out, or snap marked. The method involves the use of very high vie wring magnifications to which is attributed the near elimination of gross errors of a kind which can otherwise interfere with the smooth flow of computing. The work may proceed fast, and particularly fast in relation to machine time. A high accuracy is obtainable by this method as demonstrated by the final test.
FILM FLATNESS IN SURVEY CAMERAS
Authors: Clark J. M. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extent of lack of flatness of the film in air survey cameras was examined by the use of interferometry. Following an assessment of the merits of vacuum back and register glass flattening devices, a roller flattener was developed for use in conjunction with a register glass and with discrete vacuum application. Encouraging results have been obtained in the early stages of its use.
ASPECTS OF COMPARATIVE AIR PHOTO‐INTERPRETATION IN THE DYFI ESTUARY
Authors: Jones A. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn August 1966 aerial photography, using five film/filter combinations, was obtained of the Dyfi Estuary, on the coast of Cardigan Bay. The paper discusses some of the problems associated with a project involving several emulsions and in which photography of the inter tidal area must be achieved as near low water as possible. Preliminary results confirm that, in general, colour and false colour photographs improve both the speed and reliability of interpretation when compared to monochrome photographs.
AN EXPERIMENT IN ADJUSTMENTS, USING SUPER‐WIDE ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY TAKEN FOR TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING
Authors: Brazier H. H. , Read D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper describes an experiment using three different methods for the production of control for topographic mapping from super‐wide angle photography. The result showed that aerial triangulation by independent models observed on a Wild A9 would show economic advantages in cartographic effort required, control requirements, and accuracy attained in contouring. The experiment also indicated that great benefit in heighting accuracy is derived from the addition of tie strips flown at right angles to the main photographic cover at a suitable interval and that heights supplied by airborne profile recorder are not sufficiently accurate to be economically advantageous where close interval contours are a requirement.
HEIGHTS FROM PARALLAX BAR AND COMPUTER
Authors: Methley B. D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe results are given of a series of tests where a stereoscope, parallax bar, and digital computer were used to derive accurate heights of a large number of points in several models. After suitable modifications of the standard formula, the conclusion is reached that results approaching those obtained with plotting machines are possible, provided that the observer has sufficient experience of stereoscopic measurement.
POPULATION CENSUS WITH THE AID OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS: AN EXPERIMENT IN THE CITY OF LEEDS
Authors: Collins W. G. , El‐Beik A. H. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study shows how aerial photographs can be of value in a population census.The census and the enumeration district maps were used initially to obtain population data and the housing stock was derived from the aerial photographs. From these the population densities were determined of a number of sample enumeration districts containing a single type of house.Another set of enumeration districts was selected and the housing stock again derived from the aerial photographs. By considering the type and quantity of housing stock and the population density of each housing type, the population figures were estimated for each enumeration district.The values of these population estimates were then compared with the values recorded in the census. The overall population estimate had an error of only 2%, but the estimates for some of the individual enumeration districts showed greater errors. These errors are assessed and analysed and some suggestions are made to improve the methodology used in this study.
DIGITAL GROUND MODELS: AN ACCOUNT OF RECENT RESEARCH
Authors: Grist M. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe article discusses a general classification system applicable to digital ground models (D.G.M.) as used in highway design. Examples of the various categories are given, together with details of some advantages and disadvantages. The place of the D.G.M. in the highway design system is described in conjunction with traditional methods. The relationship between accuracy, density and economy of D.G.M. systems is examined. Finally an experiment is described which investigates the accuracy of various D.G.M. systems; it is being conducted by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory.
AERIAL TRIANGULATION IN THE U.S.A.
Authors: Tewinkel G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAll methods of aerial triangulation are applied in the United States, including independent models, strip adjustments, block adjustments, the bundles method and mixed systems. Seven private firms advertise that they perform analytical aerial triangulation exclusively and 24 others indicated that the practice is included as part of their mapping functions. The bundles system of the National Ocean Survey serves as a detailed example of one system; a new long term effort has begun to reduce the resultant error on the ground to ± 30 mm as an adjunct to geodetic control surveys.RésuméToutes les méthodes d'aérotriangulation analytique sont appliquées aux Etats‐Unis: modèles indépendents, compensation par bandes, compensation par blocs, par faisceaux, et méthodes mixtes. Sept entreprises privées se consacrent exclusivement aux travaux d'aérotriangulation analytique, et 24 autres l'emploient. On décrit à titre d'exemple, la méthode de compensation par faisceau du National Ocean Survey; on s'est récemment fixé comme but à long terme de réduire les erreurs de détermination au sol à± 30 mm de façon à assurer l'homogénéïté avec les levés géodésiques.ZusammenfassungIn den USA werden alle Verfahren der Aerotriangulation angewendet, wie die Methode der unabhängigen Modelle, Streifenausgleichungen, Blockausgleichungen, die Bündelmethode und kombinierte Systeme. Sieben Privatfirmen annoncieren, dass sie ausschliesslich analytische Aerotriangulationen ausführen und 24 andere, dass die Aerotriangulation Bestandteil der Kartenherstellung ist. Die beim National Ocean Survey praktizierte Bündelmethode dient als Beispiel für ein System. Auf Grund längerer Bemühungen konnte der Fehler im Gelände auf ± 30 mm reduziert werden, wodurch die Aerotriangulation zur geodätischen Punktbestimmung genutzt werden kann.