bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(lactic acid) membranes containing bacteriocins and EDTA for inhibition of the surface growth of gram‐negative bacteria
Authors: Liu LinShu , Jin Tony , Coffin David R. , Liu Cheng‐Kung , Hicks Kevin B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFilms containing antibacterial reagents, ethylenediamine‐tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) and Nisaplin®, were produced by coextrusion with poly(lactic acid) in the presence of a pharmaceutical grade glycerol triacetate. The incorporation of EDTA‐Nisaplin® particles resulted in a heterogeneous biphasic structure, as revealed by scanning electronic microscopy, confocal laser microscopy, and acoustic emission tests. The inclusion of glycerol triacetate reduced the Young's modulus and tensile strength, while enhancing the flexibility and the toughness of the resulting blends. The inclusion of the plasticizer also allowed the extrusion to occur at a temperature as low as 120°C to maintain the biological activity of Nisaplin®, which in combination with EDTA, plays a synergistic effect on suppression of the growth of the Gram‐negative bacteria, E. coli O157:H7. The films thus obtained show potential as packaging materials with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Structure, morphology, and properties of HNBR filled with N550, SiO2, ZDMA, and two of three kinds of fillers
Authors: Li Qi , Zhao Suhe , Pan Yan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe vulcanization properties, mechanical properties of hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) filled with carbon black (N550), zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA), SiO2 independently and two of three kinds of fillers together were investigated, respectively. The filler‐dispersion was characterized by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic mechanical properties. The results showed that HNBR composite filled with SiO2 or ZDMA displayed high tensile strength, elongation at break and compression set. The HNBR composite filled with N550 displayed low compression set, tensile strength and elongation at break. The dispersion of SiO2 in HNBR compound was better than that in HNBR vulcanizates because of SiO2 particles self‐aggregation in vulcanizing processing. ZDMA particles with micron rod‐like and silky shape in HNBR compounds changed into near‐spherical poly‐ZDMA particles with nano size in HNBR vulcanizates by in situ polymerization reaction. The N550 particles morphology exhibited no much change between HNBR compounds and vulcanizates. N550/ZDMA have the most effective reinforcement to HNBR and the appropriate amount of ZDMA is about 25% of total filler amount by weights. The theory prediction for Payne effect (dispersion of the filler) shown by the dynamic properties is identical with actual state observed by TEM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Erbium(III)‐doped polyurethaneureas: Novel broadband ultraviolet‐to‐visible converters
Authors: Cankaya Huseyin , Kilci Reyhane , Sennaroglu Alphan , Yilgor Emel , Yilgor Iskender 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNovel, polymeric UV‐to‐visible converters were prepared by doping elastomeric poly(ether‐urethaneurea) copolymers with 5–25% by weight of ErCl3 6H2O, corresponding to Er3+ concentrations of 2.19 to 10.86% by weight. When excited in the UV at 355 nm, the doped films generated a very broad, continuous visible luminescence between 400 and 750 nm. Preparation and spectroscopic characterization of the samples are discussed in detail. The color coordinates, color temperature, color rendering index of the samples, and the degree of overlap of their emission bands with the spectral response of the eye were determined. The color rendering index of samples is in the 57–70 range. The sample containing 2.19% by weight of Er3+ was found to give the color coordinates closest to the white‐source region and the highest color rendering index. The color temperatures of the samples were in the 5093–5540 K range. Overlap between the emission bands and the spectral response of the eye improved with increasing erbium concentration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Contrast ratio of colorant film: Theoretical consideration and effect of polymeric binder
Authors: Park Jong S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe made theoretical approaches concerning the optical property of a pigment‐containing system to understand the conditions under which an enhanced contrast can be achieved. Maintaining a uniform distribution of pigment particles in thin film well, as in millbase dispersion, is considered critical for a higher contrast. As a specific case, we estimated the effect of a polymeric binder on the contrast ratio. Chemical composition of the dispersion binder has a huge effect, and carboxylate in its long side chain plays a favorable role. Using this binder, we were able to obtain a smooth surface and uniformity, and an enhancement of contrast ratio in the colorant film. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of ultrafine zinc borate on the smoke suppression and toxicity reduction of a low‐density polyethylene/intumescent flame‐retardant system
Authors: Wu Zhiping , Hu Yunchu , Shu Wanyin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe production of smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) were investigated with cone calorimetry testing when low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), LDPE treated with an intumescent flame retardant (IFR), and LDPE treated with an IFR and ultrafine zinc borate (UZB) combusted under irradiation. The results of the testing showed that UZB could depress smoke production and reduce the amount of CO and CO2. The components of the pyrolytic gas and its contents were identified and measured with pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS) when LDPE, LDPE/IFR, and LDPE/IFR/UZB were pyrolyzed at 400°C for 20 s. The Py–GC–MS results implied that UZB had an important influence on the components and contents of the pyrolytic gas of LDPE/IFR. UZB mechanisms of smoke suppression and toxicity reduction with respect to LDPE/IFR are proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis of graft copolymers from a linear polyolefin through a combination of coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Hui , Zheng Yi , Pan Li , Li Yan‐Guo , Li Yue‐Sheng 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article reports on a facile route for the preparation of methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate graft copolymers via a combination of catalytic olefin copolymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The chemistry first involved a transforming process from ethylene/allylbenzene copolymers to a polyolefin multifunctional macroinitiator with pendant sulfonyl chloride groups. The key to the success of the graft copolymerization was ascribed to a fast exchange rate between the dormant species and active radical species by optimization of the various experimental parameters. Polyolefin‐g‐poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyolefin‐g‐poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymers with controlled architecture and various graft lengths were, thus, successfully prepared under dilute ATRP conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Widespread distribution of knockdown resistance mutations in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), populations in the United States
Authors: Zhu Fang , Wigginton John , Romero Alvaro , Moore Ali , Ferguson Kimberly , Palli Roshan , Potter Michael F. , Haynes Kenneth F. , Palli Subba R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe previously reported high deltamethrin resistance in bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, collected from multiple areas of the United States (Romero et al., 2007). Recently, two mutations, the Valine to Leucine mutation (V419L) and the Leucine to Isoleucine mutation (L925I) in voltage‐gated sodium channel α‐subunit gene, had been identified to be responsible for knockdown resistance (kdr) to deltamethrin in bed bugs collected from New York (Yoon et al., 2008). The current study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of these two kdr mutations in 110 bed bug populations collected in the United States. Out of the 17 bed bug populations that were assayed for deltamethrin susceptibility, two resistant populations collected in the Cincinnati area and three deltamethrin‐susceptible lab colonies showed neither of the two reported mutations (haplotype A). The remaining 12 populations contained L925I or both V419L and L925I mutations in voltage‐gated sodium channel α‐subunit gene (haplotypes B&C). In 93 populations that were not assayed for deltamethrin susceptibility, 12 contained neither of the two mutations (haplotype A) and 81 contained L925I or V419L or both mutations (haplotypes B‐D). Thus, 88% of the bed bug populations collected showed target‐site mutations. These data suggest that deltamethrin resistance conferred by target‐site insensitivity of sodium channel is widely spread in bed bug populations across the United States. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular characterization of two novel deltamethrin‐inducible P450 genes from Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae)
Authors: Jiang Hong‐Bo , Tang Pei‐An , Xu Yong‐Qiang , An Feng‐Ming , Wang Jin‐Jun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo novel P450 genes, CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 (GenBank accession number: EF421245 and EF421246), were cloned and characterized from psocid, Liposcelis bostrychophila. CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 contain open reading frames of 1,581 and 1,563 nucleotides that encode 527 and 521 amino acid residues, respectively. The putative proteins of CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 show predicted molecular weights of 60.76 and 59.83 kDa with a theoretical pI of 8.58 and 8.78, respectively. CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 share 74% identity with each other, and the deduced proteins are typical microsomal P450s sharing signature sequences with other insect CYP6 P450s. Both CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 share the closest identities with Hodotermopsis sjoestedti CYP6AM1 at 48% among the published sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed a closer relationship of CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 with CYP6 members of other insects than with those from other families. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR showed that both CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 are expressed at all developmental stages tested. Interestingly, CYP6CE2 transcripts decreased from the highest in 1st nymph to the lowest in adults, which seemed to suggest developmental regulation. However, neither CYP6CE1 nor CYP6CE2 were stage specific. The CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 transcripts in adults increased significantly after deltamethrin exposure. Recombinant protein expression studies are needed to determine the real functions of these proteins. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The structure and dynamics of cocitation clusters: A multiple‐perspective cocitation analysis
Authors: Chen Chaomei , Ibekwe‐SanJuan Fidelia , Hou Jianhua 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA multiple‐perspective cocitation analysis method is introduced for characterizing and interpreting the structure and dynamics of cocitation clusters. The method facilitates analytic and sense making tasks by integrating network visualization, spectral clustering, automatic cluster labeling, and text summarization. Cocitation networks are decomposed into cocitation clusters. The interpretation of these clusters is augmented by automatic cluster labeling and summarization. The method focuses on the interrelations between a cocitation cluster's members and their citers. The generic method is applied to a three‐part analysis of the field of information science as defined by 12 journals published between 1996 and 2008: (a) a comparative author cocitation analysis (ACA), (b) a progressive ACA of a time series of cocitation networks, and (c) a progressive document cocitation analysis (DCA). Results show that the multiple‐perspective method increases the interpretability and accountability of both ACA and DCA networks.
Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering
Authors: Funke Axel , Ziegler Felix 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHydrothermal carbonization can be defined as combined dehydration and decarboxy lation of a fuel to raise its carbon content with the aim of achieving a higher calorific value. It is realized by applying elevated temperatures (180–220°C) to biomass in a suspension with water under saturated pressure for several hours. With this conversion process, a lignite‐like, easy to handle fuel with well‐defined properties can be created from biomass residues, even with high moisture content. Thus it may contribute to a wider application of biomass for energetic purposes. Although hydrothermal carbonization has been known for nearly a century, it has received little attention in current biomass conversion research. This review summarizes knowledge about the chemical nature of this process from a process design point of view. Reaction mechanisms of hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, aromatization, and condensation polymerization are discussed and evaluated to describe important operational parameters qualitatively. The results are used to derive fundamental process design improvements. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Environmental performance of lignocellulosic bioethanol production from Alfalfa stems
Authors: González‐García Sara , Moreira M Teresa , Feijoo Gumersindo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA ‘well‐to‐wheel’ analysis was conducted for bioethanol obtained from alfalfa stems by means of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. This analysis was compared with two blends of conventional gasoline with bioethanol (E10 and E85), all used in a mid‐size car. A biochemical process including enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation was considered. The life cycles of the fuels include gasoline production, alfalfa agriculture, lignocellulosic bioethanol production, blend production, and finally the use of fuels. The production of the alfalfa plant has two products: high‐protein leaves for animal feed (the main driving force) and high‐fiber stems. In this study, we assumed two allocation procedures based on mass and protein content, the latter reflecting the greater value of the leaves.According to the results, the use of bioethanol‐based fuels leads to reduced global warming potential. A reduction in fossil fuel extraction of up to 72% could be achieved when pure bioethanol is used as transport fuel. On the contrary, bioethanol fuels are not the most suitable option when assessing acidification, eutrophication, and photochemical oxidant formation impact categories, mainly due to the higher impact from the upstream processes (specifically agricultural activities).LCA methodology helped to identify the key areas in the bioethanol production where researchers and technicians need to work to improve the environmental performance, paying special attention to enzyme production, onsite energy generation and distillation processes as well as agricultural activities. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Fast pyrolysis technology development
Authors: Venderbosch RH , Prins W 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWhile the intention of slow pyrolysis is to produce mainly charcoal, fast pyrolysis is meant to convert biomass to a maximum quantity of liquids (bio‐oil). Both processes have in common that the biomass feedstock is densified to reduce storage space and transport costs. A comfortable, more stable and cleaner intermediate energy carrier is obtained, which is much more uniform and well defined. In this review, the principles of fast pyrolysis are discussed, and the main technologies reviewed (demo scale: fluid bed, rotating cone and vacuum pyrolysis; pilot plant: ablative and twin screw pyrolysis). Possible product applications are discussed in relation to the bio‐oil properties. General mass and energy balance are provided as well, together with some remarks on the economics. Challenges for the coming years are (1) improvement of the reliability of pyrolysis reactors and processes; (2) the demonstration of the oil's utilization in boilers, engines and turbines; and (3) the development of technologies for the production of chemicals and biofuels from pyrolysis oils. One important conclusion in relation to biofuel production is that the type of oxygen functionalities (viz. as an alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, ether, or ester) in the oil should be controlled, rather then merely focusing on a reduction of just the oxygen content itself. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The international logistics of wood pellets for heating and power production in Europe: Costs, energy‐input and greenhouse gas balances of pellet consumption in Italy, Sweden and the Netherlands
Authors: Sikkema Richard , Junginger Martin , Pichler Wilfried , Hayes Sandra , Faaij André P.C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe European wood pellet market is booming: concerns about climate change and renewable energy targets are predominant drivers. The aim of this analysis is to compare typical wood pellet chains from the purchase of the feedstock from sawmills to the conversion into heat or electricity. Cost structures, primary energy inputs and avoided greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are reviewed. Three cases are defined: pellets for district heating (DH) in Sweden (replacing heavy fuel oil); bagged pellets for residential heating in Italy (natural gas); and Canadian pellets for electricity production in the Netherlands (coal). Supply may cost €110–€170 per tonne of delivered pellets, with the main cost factors being feedstock collection, drying and long‐distance ocean transportation (for Canadian pellets only). Largest avoided emissions are for power production (1937 kg CO2eq/tonne of pellets), followed by district heating (1483 kg). In relative terms, the GHG reduction varies from 81% for residential heating (with pre‐dried feedstock) to 97% for DH. Based on a wood‐pellet consumption of 8.2 million tonnes, the EU27 plus Norway and Switzerland avoided about 12.6 million tonnes of CO2 emissions in 2008. Concluding, wood pellets can achieve substantial GHG savings, especially when substituting coal for power production. However, wood pellets are relatively expensive, especially compared to coal. Only in the case of high oil prices, can the substitution of heating oil for DH be commercially viable. In most other cases, substitution is only possible with financial support from national governments, for example, feed‐in tariffs or carbon taxes. The commercial markets for CO2 emission rights may cover some costs, but their impact is still limited. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Laying the groundwork for growth: Cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions in cardiovascular development
Authors: Bowers Stephanie L. K. , Baudino Troy A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCardiac development is reliant upon the spatial and temporal regulation of both genetic and chemical signals. Central to the communication of these signals are direct interactions between cells and their surrounding environment. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an integral role in cell communication and tissue growth throughout development by providing both structural support and chemical signaling factors. The present review discusses elements of cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions involved in cardiogenesis, and how disruption of these interactions can result in numerous heart defects. Examining the relationships between cells and their immediate environment has implications for novel and existing therapeutic strategies to combating congenital disorders. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 90:1–7, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heparan sulfate in lung morphogenesis: The elephant in the room
Authors: Thompson Sophie M. , Jesudason Edwin C. , Turnbull Jeremy E. , Fernig David G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHeparan sulfate (HS) is a structurally complex polysaccharide located on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where it participates in numerous biological processes through interactions with a vast number of regulatory proteins such as growth factors and morphogens. HS is crucial for lung development; disruption of HS synthesis in flies and mice results in a major aberration of airway branching, and in mice, it results in neonatal death as a consequence of malformed lungs and respiratory distress. Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions governing lung morphogenesis are directed by various diffusible proteins, many of which bind to, and are regulated by HS, including fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog, and bone morphogenetic proteins. The majority of research into the molecular mechanisms underlying defective lung morphogenesis and pulmonary pathologies, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), has focused on abnormal protein expression. The potential contribution of HS to abnormalities of lung development has yet to be explored to any significant extent, which is somewhat surprising given the abnormal lung phenotype exhibited by mutant mice synthesizing abnormal HS. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of HS and HS‐binding proteins in lung morphogenesis and will present in vitro and in vivo evidence for the fundamental importance of HS in airway development. Finally, we will discuss the future possibility of HS‐based therapeutics for ameliorating insufficient lung growth associated with lung diseases such as CDH. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 90:32–44, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue‐dependent induction of apoptosis by matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin‐3 during amphibian metamorphosis
Authors: Mathew Smita , Fu Liezhen , Hasebe Takashi , Ishizuya‐Oka Atsuko , Shi Yun‐Bo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a superfamily of Zn2+‐dependent proteases that are capable of cleaving the proteinaceous component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a critical medium for cell–cell interactions and can also directly signal cells through cell surface ECM receptors, such as integrins. In addition, many growth factors and signaling molecules are stored in the ECM. Thus, ECM remodeling and/or degradation by MMPs are expected to affect cell fate and behavior during many developmental and pathological processes. Numerous studies have shown that the expression of MMP mRNAs and proteins associates tightly with diverse developmental and pathological processes, such as tumor metastasis and mammary gland involution. In vivo evidence to support the roles of MMPs in these processes has been much harder to get. Here, we will review some of our studies on MMP11, or stromelysin‐3, during the thyroid hormone‐dependent amphibian metamorphosis, a process that resembles the so‐called postembryonic development in mammals (from a few months before to several months after birth in humans when organ growth and maturation take place). Our investigations demonstrate that stromelysin‐3 controls apoptosis in different tissues via at least two distinct mechanisms. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 90:55–66, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.