bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of a Filarial Worm, Brugia patei, to a New Mosquito Host, Aedes togoi
Authors: Laurence B. R. , Pester F. R. N. 
Published: June 2009

1. The filarial worm Brugia patei was brought to London from East Africa in the larval stage developing in Mansonia mosquitoes. Subsequent transmission to domestic cats was possible in London through a laboratory colony of Mansonia uniformis and the worm was very infective to this species of mosquito. The worm was much less infective to Aedes togoi and Anopheles gambiae.2. Subsequent passage of the worm through Aedes togoi has increased its infectivity to this species of mosquito. The infection rate has risen from 43·6% in females of A. togoi fed on the cat original- ly infected by larvae from Mansonia mosquitoes, to 59·2% in females fed on a cat containing the first generation of worms to pass through A. togoi, to 79·1% in females fed on cats containing the second generation of worms to pass through A. togoi, to 86·7% in females fed on cats containing the third generation of worms to pass through A. togoi, to 89·8% in females fed on cats containing the fourth generation of worms to pass through A. togoi.3. The distributions of infective stage larvae in female mosquitoes were negative binomial distributions. These were related to the distributions of microfilarial intake immediately after infection which were also negative binomial. From one generation of worms passed through the new mosquito host to the next the mean and the k value of the negative binomial of the infective stage larvae approached the same parameters for the distribution of microfilarial intake. By the fourth generation of worms passed through A. togoi the distributions of microfilarial intake and infective stage larvae developing in A. togoi were similar, suggesting close adaptation to the new mosquito host. A similar relation between these distributions was found originally in Mansonia. There were however considerable differences in these distributions between the two species of mosquito.4. The experiment extended over a period of 6 years. The change in infectivity did not appear to be related to the microfilarial density, age of infection, or sex, in the mammalian host. Neither could it be related to the genetics of susceptibility in the mosquito, nor to mosquito culture techniques, nor to mosquito mortality.5. It is concluded that the observed change in infectivity is best explained by a change in adaptation of the worm to the new intermediate host by selection within the mosquito of those microfilariae adapted to it. No major change in infectivity to the original intermediate host, Mansonia, was found during the experiment.6. These findings are examined with reference to changes in adaptation to mosquito hosts in the history of Bancroftian filariasis.
Metastrongylus spp. infections of village pigs in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Copland J. W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA high incidence of lungworm infection occurs in young village pigs, 5 and 11 months old. The mean count was 215 and 315 adult lungwqrms for eleven 5 month and ten 11 month village pigs respectively. All infections were mixed infections comprising M. pudendodectis (69 %), M. apri (18 %) and M. salmi (13 %). No seasonal variation was observed in the rate of infection. A partial immunity to Iungworms is evident in the 11 month old pigs.
Acquired resistance to experimental Heterakis gallinarum infections in pheasants: Relative immunity conferred by exposure to heterakids of different ages
Authors: Chute Anne M. , Lund Everett E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRing-necked pheasants were exposed to artificially limited 10-day infections with heterakids either from 0-10 or 10–20 days old. The number and length of worms developing from a subsequent challenge dose were compared with those in nonimmunized control birds and with those in birds that had been exposed to a continuous immunizing infection for a total of 49 days: 28 days before challenge and 21 days during the challenge infection.
Autoradiographic studies on the uptake of [14C]-Glucose by Bithynia tentaculata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) and its larval digeneans
Authors: Reader Trevor A. J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAutoradiographs revealed that sporocysts of Cercaria helvetica XII and rediae of Sphaeridiotrema globulus, incubated in a medium containing [14C]-glucose, exhibited slight radioactivity in their body wall after only 30 seconds incubation. Activity in sporocysts and rcdiae gradually increased as the incubation period was extended until after 4 minutes, a heavy reaction was observed in the parasite body wall as well as in the germ balls and developing cercariae within the parasite brood chambers. The redial caecum appeared to incorporate the labelled compound much more intensely than did the redial body wall.When uninfected Bithynia tentaculata, as well as B. tentaculata infected with either S. globulus or C. helvetica XII, were maintained in pond water containing [14C]-glucose, activity could be detected in the gills of both infected and uninfected snails after 5 hours incubation. After 12 hours a much heavier labelling was apparent in the gills, together with moderate activity in the haemocoelic spaces, foot musculature, stomach wall, and gut contents. After 20 hours a more intense labelling was apparent in these regions of the snail body and, in addition, some activity could be detected in the digestive gjand tubules of the host and, in infected snails, in the bodies of developing parasites. After 30 hours incubation the labelled compound had become incorporated into most of the host tissues but was most intense in the digestive gland tubules. Heavy activity was also evident in the parasites at this stage although certain cystogenous gland cells of the cercariae of both parasite species did not incorporate the labelled compound.
A note on the occurrence of an immature parafilariid worm in the anterior chamber of eye of a buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Chauhan P. P. S. , Arora G. S. , Ahluwalia S. S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn immature parafilarial worm recovered from the anterior chamber of the eye of a buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is described. On the basis of characteristic cuticular ornamentation at the anterior extremity, an undivided short oesophagus and unequal spicules, the specimen has been identified tentatively as a male juvenile of Parafilaria bovicola. This is the first record for P. bovicola as an accidental infection of the eye of a buffalo.
Host-parasite relationship of Bulinus forskalii (Ehrenberg) and Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher 1934, from Cameroun
Authors: Frandsen Flemming 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe susceptibility of 13 different B. forskalii strains from Zaire, Cameroun, Gabon, Senegal, Rhodesia and Tanzania and B. reticulatus wrighti Aden has been tested to infection with Schistosoma intercalatum from Cameroun. The most common prepatent period was 23–28 days.B. forskalii from Zaire, Cameroun and Gabon were excellent intermediate hosts with infection rates varying from 59–0 to 97–4% and with very low death rates, 0-28-4%. The strains from Senegal and Rhodesia had infection rates from 500 to 58.4%. B. forskalii from Tanzania was refractory. 53.0% of the exposed B. reticulatus wrighti was infected. The total cercariae production per snail varied from 1000–11000. The duration of the infection varied from 8 to 174 days.
Changes in the Distribution and Chemical Composition of Hymenolepis diminnta, and the Intestinal Nutritional Gradients of Uninfected and Parasitized Rats following a Glucose Meal
Authors: Mettrick D. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. The protein nitrogen, carbohydrate and amino acid contents of the rat duodenum, jejunum, upper and lower ileum have been determined for up to 3 hr following the feeding of a glucose-containing test diet.2. The changes in distribution of Hymenolepis diminuta within the intestine and the changes in worm total nitrogen and carbohydrate have been followed over the same period following the same diet.3. The glucose and TCA-soluble carbohydrate contents of the uninfected gut were approximately double those of the parasitized animals.
An Investigation into the Method of Dispersal of Panagrellus silusiae, with Particular Reference to its Desiccation Resistance
Authors: Lees E. 
Published: June 2009

1. P.silusiae is shown to be unable to resist desiccation on a microscope slide for periods above half an hour, although larvae within the uterus of the mother can survive for somewhat longer periods.2. When “protected” by a colloidal gel, the worms are shown to resist desiccation for several months. Such “protected” worms are more resistant to temperature extremes than “non-protected” ones.8. P. silusiae is immobilized in glucose solutions above 1M strength, although it can resume mobility on dilution of the solution, even after fourteen days in 4 M glucose solution.4. P. silusiae is shown to be positively chemotactic towards oxygen, in addition the gravid females are negatively geotactic.5. Drosophila fimcbr is is shown to act as a dispersal agent for P. silusiae.
Experimental infection of Ancylostoma caninum in mice. II. Migration and distribution of larvae in tissues after oral infection
Authors: Bhopale M. K. , Johri G. N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMigration and distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the tissues of Swiss albino mice infected with 500,1000, 2000 and 4000 larvae was studied. Larval migration and distribution in the different tissues was earlier in mice infected with a dose of 4000 larvae and more larvae were expelled from the gastrointestinal tract of heavily infected (2000 dose) mice. With an infective dose of 1000 larvae, the percent larval yield was higher than in other two groups (500 dose and 2000 dose) showing poor expulsion. Larval migration in the lungs was high even on the 1st day in heavily infected groups. Migration of larvae into the muscles, particularly of the head, neck and thorax took place on the very first day and was proportional to dose level. Larval count was higher in the muscles of the head and neck until the 9th day, after which it was high in the thoracic and other regions.
Studies onOnchocerca cervicalisRailliet and Henry 1910: I.Onchocerca cervicalisin British Horses
Authors: Mellor Philip S. 
Published: June 2009

1. 903 horses were examined at 3 abattoirs in South East England. 10(22–7%) of the horses at the London Colney abattoir, 23(13–9%) of those at the Braintree abattoir, Essex, and 90(12–9%) of those at the Islington abattoir, London, were infected with O.cervicalis. All 105 horses examined in Southern Ireland were found to be negative.2. The adult worms of O.cervicaliswere found without exception, in the ligamentum nuchae of infected horses. The suspensory ligaments of the fetlock and flexor tendons were always negative.3. The microfilariae of O.cervicalisconcentrate along the abdominal mid-line of the host. In 5 complete horse hides, 95% of the microfilariae were found within 6 inches of the linea alba. The examination of 31 other horses infected with O.cervicalisconfirmed this pattern of microfilarial distribution.4. The microfilariae were concentrated along the ventral mid-line, of the host; presumably an adaption to accommodate the habits of the vector C.nubeculosus, which bites preferentially in this area.5. Seasonal variations in the number of microfilariae in horse skin, as reported by Japanese workers, was not observed. Evidence was found, however, to suggest that the microfilariae migrate into the deeper levels of the dermis during the Winter. Histological examination of infected horse skin showed that the microfilariae have a very uneven distribution in the dermis. They congregate together in isolated “clumps” or “nests” and are frequently found in close proximity to the sweat glands or hair follicles.
Studies onTernidens deminutusRailliet & Henry, 1909 (Nematoda) I. External morphology
Authors: Goldsmid J. M. , Lyons N. F. 
Published: June 2009

The present paper describes the size range ofTernidens deminutusfrom human and baboon hosts in Rhodesia and discusses the possible reasons for the differences noted.Using transmitted light and the scanning electron microscope, the external morphology ofT. deminutushas been re-studied and compared to investigations by other authors using transmitted light microscopy alone.The paper also illustrates the value of the scanning electron microscope in morphological studies in helminthology, especially when used in conjunction with the light microscope, to give an excellent three-dimensional picture of the species under investigation.It is intended to follow this work with further studies on the anatomy, histology, ultrastructure and histochemistry ofTernidens deminutus.
Interference by Unsusceptible Aquatic Animals with the Capacity of the Miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon to Infect Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) under Field-Simulated Conditions in St. Lucia, West Indies.
Authors: Upatham Edward Suchart 
Published: June 2009

1. Two snail species (Physa marmorata and Drepanotrema surinamensis), guppies (Poecilia reticulata), and tadpoles (Bufo marinus) prevented in various degrees the infection of susceptible B. glabrata by miracidia of S. mansoni.8. When the animal decoys were used in “pure” groups, the snails were more efficient in reducing the infection in B. glabrata than the guppies and the tadpoles.3. When the animal decoys were used in “mixed” groups, the combination of P. marmorata and D. surinamensis was the most efficient group in reducing the infection in B. glabrata.
Non-specific immunodepression byNematospiroides dubiusof concurrent responses to oxazolone and lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Alif Najah M. H. , Behnke Jerzy M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMice infected withNematospiroides dubiusshow non-specific immunodeprcssion (NSID) of immune responses to concurrently administered antigens. This project investigated the factors influencing the response of oxazolone (T-dcpcndcnt antigen) and LPS (T-indcpcndent antigen) in infected mice. Depressed responses to both antigens were observed in mice infected withN. dubius, although the pattern of immunodeprcssion was influenced by both the level and the relative timing of infection and antigen presentation. Consistent NSID was only achieved when the mice were given the higher levels of infection and there was some evidence that NSID was more severe when infection preceded the administration of antigen by 14 days.In general, although NSID was significant, the degree of immunodepression was not considerable. It was concluded that the underlying mechanism of NSID was likely to be different from that enabling the parasite to survive in the intestine of the chronically infected host, and that altered physiology and host's modulation of the immune responses in heavily infected animals may have given rise to a general weakening of the immune system. It was suggested that future work should investigate NSID and parasitespecific immunodeprcssion locally in the intestine where parasite survival is likely to be determined by events at the nnicosal surface.
Repeated patent infection of adult dogs with Toxocara camis
Authors: Maizels R. M. , Meghji M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThree adult male greyhounds have been repeatedly infected with Toxocara canis by oral administration of 100 to 200 infective ova. Each infection has become patent as shown by the presence of eggs in faeces. Anthelmintic treatment between 7 and 14 weeks after infection yielded an average of 25% of the inoculum as adult worms. These dogs have continued to be fully susceptible to infection despite repeated exposure to this parasite, and despite the presence of scrum antibody to both parasite surface and secreted antigens. These findings imply that adult dogs may not always be immune to toxocaral infection and may therefore contribute significantly to the problem of environmental contamination with T. canis ova.
The efficacy of some newer broad spectrum anthelmintics against third-stage larvae of Ancylostoma caninum in the mouse
Authors: Bhopale G. M. , Bhatnagar B. S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe efficacy of eight anthelmintics against Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the skeletal muscles of mice was evaluated. Levamisole (5 × 40 mg kg), thiabendazole (5 × 400mg kg), oxfendazole (5 × 100mg kg), albendazole (5× 1OOmg kg), flubendazole (5 × 200 mg kg), benacil (5 × 200 mg kg) and phenacizole (5 × 200mg kg) showed marked larvicidal activity (98 to 99%). Sch 18099 did not show larvicidal activity even at 5×400 mg kg.
Phenol oxidase activity of a monogenean, Paramazocraes thrissocles
Authors: Thangaraj T. , Vinayakam A. , Nellaiappan K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe phenol oxidase of a monogenean, Paramazocraes thrissocles, oxidizes phenolic amines more effectively than other phenols studied. Based on the substrate specificity, the probable substrate for eggshell formation has been suggested. The enzyme shows the pH optimum of 7–2. At 40°C it shows maximum activity. Proenzyme is activated by metal ions and detergents. Copper chelating compounds strongly inhibit the enzyme.
The effect of sublethal concentrations of the molluscicide niclosamide on the infectivity ofSchistosoma mansonicercariae
Authors: Ghandour A. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTExperiments were conducted to assess the effect of sublethal concentrations of niclosamide on the infectivity ofSchistosoma mansonicercariae. Exposure of cercariae to 0.02 mg/1 and 0.05 mg/1 of niclosamide, respectively, for only two hours increased their mortality during penetration of mammalian host skin. The observed increase in mortality in the skin resulted in a consequent reduction of adult worm recovery from the liver and mesenteric veins of animals infected with the treated cercariae.
Detection of circulating antigen in bancroftian filariasis by sandwich ELISA using filarial serum IgG
Authors: Reddy M. V. R. , Malhotra Ashok , Harinath B. C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe utility of the IgG fraction of human filarial serum immunoglobulin in detecting circulating antigen by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was studied. 27 of 33 sera from persons with microfilaracmia, 19 of 30 sera from clinical cases of filariasis, 4 of 30 sera from normal persons from a region endemic for filariasis showed the presence of circulating filarial antigen. All the 20 normal sera from the area where filariasis was not endemic gave negative reaction for filarial antigen. Those sera from persons with microfilaracmia that showed the presence of circulating antigen also showed an apparent positive correlation between the microfilarial density and the antigen titre.
Observations on the infectivity and fecundity of a Sudanese isolate of Schistosoma bovis in albino mice
Authors: Saad A. M. , Hussein M. F. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA Sudanese isolate of Schistosoma bovis from experimentally infected sheep was found to be highly pathogenic to albino mice. Eggs were first found in the livers 42 days after exposure. The distribution of eggs in the liver and small and large intestines changed little during the course of infection. Results arc compared with others using an Iranian isolate of S. bovis, which causes only a mild infection, and S. mattheci.
Studies on Spiruroid Parasites of Indian Birds. Part I. A new species of Gongylonema, G, thapari n.sp., from the grey jungle fowl, with notes on variation in G. congolense from different hosts.
Authors: Ali Mir Moazzam 
Published: June 2009

Gongylonema thapari n.sp. is described from Gallus sonneratii. Its relationship with the other avian species of the genus Gongylonema is discussed. G. thapari differs essentially from the other species of the genus in having imbricated caudal alae.G. congolense Fain, 1955 is reported for the first time from India. Structural variations within the species in 3 different avian hosts are noted.
Comparison of the Infectivity and Pathogenicity of six species of African Schistosomes and their Hybrids 1. Mice and Hamsters
Authors: Taylor M. G. , Andrews B. J. 
Published: June 2009

In a previous hybridisation study it was found that six African schistosome species could be distinguished by their egg morphology and snail infectivity, and that their hybrids were also distinct. The present paper describes complementary studies on the behaviour of the same parasites in rodents.Statistically significant differences were found between the behaviour of each pair of sibling species with regard to some of the following characters: percentage of worm recovery; rate of egg production; percentage distribution of eggs in the liver, small and large intestines. This is further evidence that these forms are distinct species.There were also significant differences between the hybrids and their “parental” species, and between the behaviour of the parasites in mice and hamsters. The distinct behaviour of the hybrids raises the possibility of genetically modifying these parasites in order to attenuate their pathogenicity with a view to using hybrids as heterologous immunising agents.
Comparison of the Infectivity and Pathogenicity of six species of African Schistosomes and their Hybrids 2. Baboons
Authors: Taylor M. G. , Nelson G. S. , Smith Mary , Andrews B. J. 
Published: June 2009

The behaviour of six species of African schistosomes and their hybrids has been compared qualitatively and quantitatively in baboons, with a view to finding a schistosome of high infectivity but low pathogenicity to the baboon for use in heterologous immunity experiments. This study, which includes the first comparative study of the pathogenicity of these six species in primates, is complementary to earlier studies in rodents in which these schistosomes and their hybrids were compared in terms of egg morphology, snail infectivity, and infectivity and pathogenicity. In rodents, statistically significant differences were detected in the behaviour of each pair of sibling species with regard to percentage worm recovery, rate of egg production and percentage distribution of the eggs in the tissues, and the hybrids also differed significantly from their “parental” species.Even greater differences were found in baboons. For example, although all the strains studied produced mature egg-laying adults in rodents, no worms, eggs, or histopathological changes resulted from exposure of baboons to S. rodhaini or S. bovis. With regard to prepatent period, S. mansoni was the shortest (5–6 weeks), S. haematobium the longest (12–14 weeks), while S. mattheei and S. intercalatum occupied intermediate positions (7–9 weeks). The hybrids all matured in 7–9 weeks except the S. bovis/S. mattheei hybrid (11–16 weeks). S. haematobium similarly had a much longer maturation time in rodents. Complete or partial “self-cure” occurred in 3 baboons but was not observed in rodents. The percentage worm recovery of S. mansoni was higher than for the S. mansoni/S. rodhaini hybrids while with the S. haematobium group of species, worm recovery was highest with S. mattheei followed by S. intercalatum and S. haematobium, the same order as in rodents. With the S. haematobium-group hybrids, worm recovery was generally high except with the S. bovis/S. haematobiuun hybrid.
Laboratory infections of Scheloribates spp. (oribatid mites) with Moniezia expansa and M. benedeni
Authors: Narsapur V. S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractScheloribates laevigatus (Koch, 1836) and Scliehribates fimbriatiis (Thor, 1930), predominant species of oribatids in soil of Bombay region, were experimentally exposed to infection by uniform suspensions of eggs of Moniezia expansa and M. benedeni. The percentages of mites infected and the average number of cysticercoids developing were observed in 12 sets of experiments. The mites were more readily infected with eggs of M. expansa than with those of M. benedeni. S. laevigatus were infected with M. expansa and Jess with M. benedeni than S.fimbriatus.