bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Titanosilicate as an Adsorbent for Toxic Metal Ions
Authors: Syed Javad Ahmadi , Hamid Sepehrian , Syed Waqifhusain , Hossein Faghihian , Hadi Alighanbari 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHexagonal mesoporous titanosilicates (Ti‐MCM‐41) have been prepared using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the structure directing agent under the mild alkaline conditions. Powder X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen gas sorption, FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetry analysis of samples have confirmed that well ordered MCM‐41 type mesoporous materials were prepared. The potential of removing toxic metal ions from waste waters using mesoporous titanosilicates was evaluated. Separation of CoII‐UVI, CsI‐UVI and SmIII‐UVI has been developed on columns of this adsorbent.
Pt/ZrO2: An Efficient Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidation of Toluene in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Mohammad Sadiq , Mohammad Ilyas 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe heterogeneous oxidation of toluene in aqueous medium has been investigated. Artificially contaminated water with aromatic compound (toluene) was exposed to a simple platinized zirconia (1% Pt/ZrO2) catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. This selective oxidation of toluene to benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid provides a step for removing toluene from wastewater or converting it into less harmful substances. Different parameters, e.g. the reaction time, temperature, pressure, the amount of catalyst and agitation, etc influenced the toluene conversion and selectivity. Typical batch reactor kinetic data were obtained and fitted to the classical Langmuir‐Hinshelwood model, Mars‐van Krevelen model as well as to the Eley‐Rideal model of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. The Eley‐Rideal model was found to give a better fit. 1% Pt/ZrO2 was observed to be the most active for oxidation of toluene at 333 K in oxygenated atmosphere [p(O2) ca. 101 kPa] with a nominal stirring speed ≧900 r/min. It was found that catalytic oxidation may be an effective method for the removal of volatile organic compounds from aqueous solutions and comparable to other advanced oxidation processes.
Simulation and Evaluation of the Silicon‐Micromachined Columns for Gas Chromatography
Authors: Sun Jianhai , Cui Dafu , Cai Haoyuan , Chen Xing , Li Hui , Du Lidong 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the impact of airflow velocity and pressure in the two popular configuration gas chromatography (GC) column channels (the serpentine channel and the spiral channel) was simulated and evaluated using ANSYS dynamic analysis. The simulated result of airflow velocity and pressure distribution in the Gas chromatography (GC) channel shows that the impact in the spiral channel corner is smaller than that in the serpentine channel corner. So, the spiral channel columns were fabricated based on the MEMS technology and the stationary phase OV‐1 was coated using a dynamic procedure. The separation performance of the 3 m non‐polar GC column shows perfect separation efficiency for the non‐polar components, the microfabricated GC column yields 7100 theoretical plate, and the analysis time is less than 200 s.
A novel one‐step synthesis of Gd3+‐incorporated mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles for use as an efficient MRI contrast agent
Authors: Shao Yuan‐Zhi , Liu Li‐Zhi , Song Shu‐qin , Cao Ri‐hui , Liu Huan , Cui Chun‐yan , Li Xing , Bie Meng‐Jie , Li Li 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMolecular imaging has generated a demand for more sensitive contrast agents for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. We synthesized, by a novel one‐step method, Gd3+ incorporated mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles, Gd2O3@SiO2, for use as an efficient contrast agent. The prepared nanoparticles were also coated with poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA). The size, morphology, composition and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area of the nanoparticles were evaluated. The Gd2O3@SiO2 nanoparticles possess intragranular network morphology with a uniform size distribution and an average size of approximately 20–40 nm. The PLGA‐coated nanoparticles were spherical or near‐spherical in shape with a diameter of approximately 120 nm, a smooth surface, and neither aggregation nor adhesion tendencies. No free Gd ions were detected to dissociate from Gd2O3@SiO2 even up to the limit (<0.03 mg/l) of the ICP equipment (IRIS Advantage). Our theoretical computation based on density functional theory (using DMol3, Materials Studio) revealed that the Gd2O3 molecules are fully absorbed on the interface of mesoporous SiO2 with a stable state of lower energy. Both Gd2O3@SiO2 and PLGA‐coated Gd2O3@SiO2 samples have a larger T1 relaxivitiy than commercial gadolinium diethylene triaminepentaacetate (Gd‐DTPA). In vitro and in vivo MR images using the Gd2O3@SiO2 nanoparticles were observed with a 1.5 T clinical MR scanner and compared with the images using Gd‐DTPA. The Gd2O3@SiO2 nanoparticles display a better magnetic property than commercial Gd‐DTPA. In vivo MR imaging demonstrated that the nanoparticles were mainly distributed in the liver. Strong enhancement was also detected in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE‐2 xenografted tumors. The Gd2O3@SiO2 nanoparticles are not only potential candidates for highly efficient contrast agents for MR imaging, but also might be developed into potent targeted probes for in vivo molecular imaging of cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Update on mammography trends
Authors: Breen Nancy , Gentleman Jane F. , Schiller Jeannine S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Mammography screening allows for the early detection of breast cancer, which helps reduce mortality from breast cancer, especially in women aged 50 to 69 years. For this report, the authors updated a previous analysis of trends in mammography using newly available data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).METHODS:NHIS data from 2008 were used to update trends in rates of US women who had a mammogram within the 2 years before their interview, and 2 methods of calculating rates were compared. The authors focused particularly on the 2000, 2005, and 2008 mammography rates for women aged ≥40 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 64 years, and ≥65 years according to selected sociodemographic and healthcare access characteristics.RESULTS:For women aged 50 to 64 years and ≥65 years, the patterns were similar: Rates rose rapidly from 1987 to 2000, declined, or were stable and then declined, from 2000 to 2005, and increased from 2005 to 2008. Rates for women aged 40 to 49 years rose rapidly from 1987 to 1992 and were relatively stable through 2008. There were large increases in mammography rates among immigrants who had been in the United States for <10 years, non‐Hispanic Asian women, and women aged ≥65 years who were without ambulatory care insurance.CONCLUSIONS:Overall, mammography rates did not continue to decline between 2005 and 2008. Even so, in 2008, the percentage of women aged ≥40 years who had a recent mammogram fell below the Healthy People 2010 objective of 70%, which was met in 2000. However, women aged 50 to 64 years exceeded the Healthy People objective in 2000, 2005, and 2008; and some groups with very low mammography rates currently are catching up. These are important public health achievements. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Tropospheric Aqueous‐Phase Free‐Radical Chemistry: Radical Sources, Spectra, Reaction Kinetics and Prediction Tools
Authors: Herrmann Hartmut , Hoffmann Dirk , Schaefer Thomas , Bräuer Peter , Tilgner Andreas 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe most important radicals which need to be considered for the description of chemical conversion processes in tropospheric aqueous systems are the hydroxyl radical (OH), the nitrate radical (NO3) and sulphur‐containing radicals such as the sulphate radical (SO4−). For each of the three radicals their generation and their properties are discussed first in the corresponding sections. The main focus herein is to summarize newly published aqueous‐phase kinetic data on OH, NO3 and SO4− radical reactions relevant for the description of multiphase tropospheric chemistry. The data compilation builds up on earlier datasets published in the literature. Since the last review in 2003 (H. Herrmann, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4691–4716) more than hundred new rate constants are available from literature. In case of larger discrepancies between novel and already published rate constants the available kinetic data for these reactions are discussed and recommendations are provided when possible. As many OH kinetic data are obtained by means of the thiocyanate (SCN−) system in competition kinetic measurements of OH radical reactions this system is reviewed in a subchapter of this review. Available rate constants for the reaction sequence following the reaction of OH+SCN− are summarized. Newly published data since 2003 have been considered and averaged rate constants are calculated. Applying competition kinetics measurements usually the formation of the radical anion (SCN)2− is monitored directly by absorption measurements. Within this subchapter available absorption spectra of the (SCN)2− radical anion from the last five decades are presented. Based on these spectra an averaged (SCN)2− spectrum was calculated. In the last years different estimation methods for aqueous phase kinetic data of radical reactions have been developed and published. Such methods are often essential to estimate kinetic data which are not accessible from the literature. Approaches for rate constant prediction include empirical correlations as well as structure activity relationships (SAR) either with or without the usage of quantum chemical descriptors. Recently published estimation methods for OH, NO3 and SO4− radical reactions in aqueous solution are finally summarized, compared and discussed.
Kinetic and Mechanistic study of the Reactions of O(1D2) with HCN and CH3CN
Authors: Strekowski Rafal S. , Nicovich J. Michael , Wine Paul H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA laser flash photolysis–resonance fluorescence (LFP‐RF) technique is employed to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of O(1D2) with HCN [reaction (1)] and CH3CN [reaction (2)] as a function of temperature over the range 193–430 K. The experiments involve time‐resolved RF detection of O(3PJ) or H(2S1/2) following LFP of O3/X/He mixtures (X=HCN or CH3CN), some of which also contain N2, H2, and/or NO2. Measured rate coefficients for total removal of O(1D2) by HCN and CH3CN are well‐described by the following Arrhenius expressions (units are 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1): k1(T)=1.08exp(+105/T) and k2(T)=2.54exp(−24/T). Temperature‐dependent product yields of O(3PJ), k1a/k1 and k2a/k2 are well‐described by the following Arrhenius‐type expressions: k1a/k1=0.150exp(+200/T) and k2a/k2=0.0269 exp(+137/T). The H(2S1/2) yield from reaction (2) is found to be 0.16±0.03 independent of temperature (200–423 K). Large 298 K yields of H(2S1/2), 0.68±0.12 produced per O(1D2) destroyed by HCN, are observed for reaction (1). However, observed kinetics suggest that only about half of detected H(2S1/2) is generated as a primary product of the O(1D2)+HCN reaction, with the remainder generated via a fast secondary reaction. The implications of the reported kinetic and mechanistic results for understanding the atmospheric chemistry of HCN and CH3CN are discussed.
G Protein‐Coupled Receptors and the G Protein Family
Authors: Ulloa‐Aguirre Alfredo , Conn P. Michael 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Structure of G Protein‐Coupled ReceptorsGeneral FeaturesLigand‐Binding DomainG Protein‐Coupling DomainThe Heterotrimeric G‐Protein FamilyGeneral FeaturesG Protein‐Regulatory CycleStructural and Functional Relationships of Gα‐SubunitGβγ Structure and FunctionRegulatory MechanismsMechanisms that Regulate Receptor FunctionG Protein‐Mediated Regulatory Mechanisms
Regulation of G Protein–Coupled Receptors
Authors: Penn Raymond B. , Benovic Jeffrey L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Signaling Via G Protein–Coupled Receptor PathwaysG Protein–Coupled ReceptorsG ProteinsEffectorsMechanisms of G Protein–Coupled Receptor RegulationClassification of DesensitizationThe Beta‐Adrenergic Receptor and Rhodopsin Signaling Pathways: Model Systems of GPR Signaling and RegulationReceptor Phosphorylation And Uncoupling: Rapid DesensitizationReceptor SequestrationReceptor Down‐RegulationReceptor PolymorphismsSensitizationDesensitization of Other GPR PathwaysSummary
Calcium Signaling Systems
Authors: Stojilkovic Stanko S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Voltage‐Dependent Calcium‐Signaling SystemVoltage‐Gated Calcium ChannelsBasal Pacemaker ActivityAgonist‐Induced Modulation of Pacemaker ActivityCalcium Mobilization–Dependent Signaling SystemInositol (1,4,5)‐Triphosphate (IP3) and IP3Receptor (IP3R) ChannelscADP Ribose and RyR ChannelsCalcium PumpsIntracellular Calcium BuffersCalcium Entry Controlled by Calcium MobilizationCapacitative Calcium EntryVoltage‐Gated Calcium EntryTemporal and Spatial Organization of Calcium SignalsLocal and Global Calcium SpikesCell Specificity of Calcium SignalingReceptor Specificity of Calcium SignalingConcentration‐Dependent RegulationIntraorganelle Calcium SignalingAmplification and Synchronization of Calcium SignalsPurinergic Receptor ChannelsGap Junction ChannelsCellular Functions of Calcium SignalsCalcium‐Controlled EnzymesCalcium‐Controlled ChannelsCalcium Signaling and ExocytosisMitochondrial Functions and Calcium SignalsNuclear Functions and Calcium SignalsSummary
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Regulation of Gene Transcription
Authors: Montminy Marc , Ferreri Kevin 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:cAMP‐Response Element–Binding/Activating Transcription Factor ProteinsRegulation of Phosphorylation of cAMP‐Response Element–Binding/Activating Transcription Factor ProteinsMechanism and Modulation of cAMP‐Response Element–Binding/Activating Transcription Factor ActivityConstitutive Activity: Q‐Rich DomainsInducible Activity: Kinase‐Inducible DomainDimerization: Basic Leucine Zipper DomainNew Functions for cAMP‐Response Element–Binding/Activating Transcription Factor ProteinscAMP‐Response Element–Binding Protein/Activating Transcription Factor Factors and the Cell CyclecAMP‐Response Element–Binding Protein and MemoryConclusion
Role of Pulsatility in Hormonal Action
Authors: Murray‐Mcintosh Rosalind P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Rhythmicity, Cyclicity, and Organization of FunctionContext of Pulsatile EventsMathematical Models With the Properties of Biological RhythmsModeling of Endocrine Systems to Show Rhythmic BehaviorPulses as SignalsExperimental Studies in Endocrine PulsatilityHypothalamic StudiesPulses of Pituitary Hormones in Peripheral BloodPulsatility in Stimulation of End Organ ResponsesCellular StudiesAnalysis of Time Series of Hormone ConcentrationsWhat Is a Pulse?Considerations in Analyzing Biological PulsesMethods of Analyzing PulsesConclusion
Regulation of Glucose Transporters by Insulin and Exercise: Cellular Effects and Implications for Diabetes
Authors: Klip Amira , Marette Andre 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Properties of the Glucose Transporter FamiliesThe GLUT FamilyAcute Regulation of Glucose Transporters by Insulin‐Responsive TissuesThe Glucose Transporter Recruitment HypothesisInsulin‐Responsive Glucose TransportersTesting and Verification of the Recruitment HypothesisBiochemical Characteristics of The Glut‐4‐Containing OrganelleResident ProteinsProteins Involved in Vesicle Docking and FusionLow‐Molecular‐Weight G ProteinsInsulin Signals Involved in The Mobilization of Glucose TransportersTesting the Participation of a Signaling PathwayEffects of Prolonged Exposure to Insulin on the Glucose TransportersRegulation of Glucose Transporters by ExerciseEffects of Exercise In Vivo: Roles of Hypoxia, Blood Flow, and Muscle Fiber CompositionGlucose Transporters in Exercised MusclesSignaling Mechanism of Contraction‐Induced Glucose TransportGlucose Transporters in DiabetesGlucose Transporters in Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes MellitusGlucose Transporters in Obesity and Non‐Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes MellitusProposed Mechanisms Leading to Impaired GLUT‐4 Translocation in DiabetesGLUT‐4 Translocation Defect: Primary or Acquired?Effects of Antidiabetic Drugs on Glucose TransportersLessons from the Manipulation of Glucose‐Transporter Expression by Transgenic Mouse Approaches and Natural MutationsGLUT‐1 Overexpression in MuscleGLUT‐4 Overexpression in Tissues of Natural ExpressionSelective Overexpression of GLUT‐4 in MuscleGLUT‐4 Overexpression in FatGLUT‐4 AblationA Naturally Occurring Genetic Abnormality in GLUT‐1 ExpressionConcluding Remarks
Insulin and Protein Metabolism
Authors: Wolfe Robert R. , Volpi Elena 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Molecular Basis of Insulin Action on Protein MetabolismProtein SynthesisProtein BreakdownTransmembrane Amino Acid TransportPhysiological Effects of Insulin at the Whole‐Body LevelEffects of Insulin on Muscle TissuePhysiological Effects of Insulin on Other TissuesLiverGutHeartSkinEffect of Insulin on Transport in vivoInsulin ResistanceDiabetesCritical IllnessExerciseConclusion
Regulation of Muscle Glucose Uptake In Vivo
Authors: Mandarino Lawrence J. , Bonadonna Riccardo C. , Mcguinness Owen P. , Halseth Amy E. , Wasserman David H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Methodologies for Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Glucose UptakeTheories of Metabolic ControlKinetic Theory of Intact OrgansArteriovenous DifferencesMuscle BiopsiesPositron Emission TomographyNuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMultiple Tracer Dilution TechniqueMeasurement of Whole Body Glucose MetabolismMechanism of Insulin Action at Skeletal MuscleInsulin Signaling In VivoGlucose Transport and Phosphorylation in Skeletal MuscleGlycogen Synthesis, Glycolysis, and Glucose Oxidation in Skeletal MuscleEffect of Insulin on Blood FlowTransport of Insulin Across the Endothelial Barrier Time‐Limiting Steps in Insulin ActionModulation of Insulin‐Stimulated Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake by Nonesterified Fatty Acid AvailabilityExercise and Muscle Glucose UptakeMechanism of the Exercise‐Induced Increase in Muscle Glucose UptakeModulation of Glucose Uptake by the Working Muscle by the Internal MilieuMuscle Glucose Uptake in the Postexercise StateConclusion
Insulin‐like Growth Factor‐1 and the Endocrine Pancreas
Authors: Maggs David G. , Sherwin Robert S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Insulin‐like Growth Factor‐1 and Pancreatic Islet Growth, Development, and RegenerationInsulin‐like Growth Factor‐1 and Regulation of Pancreatic Islet FunctionInsulin‐like Growth Factor Binding Proteins and The Pancreatic IsletSummary
The Aging Pancreas: Effects of Aging on Insulin Secretion and Action
Authors: Evans William J. , Farrell Peter A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Age and Body CompositionAssociation of Age to Fasting Glucose and InsulinInsulin Action (Animal Studies)Maturation and Glucose TransportGLUT‐4 and Phosphatidylinositol 3‐KinaseInsulin Action (Human Studies)Abdominal Obesity and Free Fatty AcidsBlood FlowPhysical ActivityEffects of DietInsulin SecretionPancreatic MorphologyInsulin Secretion and Free Fatty AcidsRelationship with Circulating Glucose and AgeGlucose Clamp StudiesInsulin ClearanceInsulin Secretion at The Organ, Islet and Single‐Cell LevelInsulin Secretion In SituInsulin Secretion from Isolated Islets of LangerhansInsulin Secretion from Single Beta CellsInsulin GenesSingle Cell SecretionGlucagonPancreatic PolypeptideAmylinSomatostatinConclusion
Type I Diabetes Mellitus (Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)
Authors: Rizza Robert A. , Jensen Michael D. , Nair K. Sreekumaran 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Pathogenesis of Type I DiabetesEffect of Type I Diabetes on Carbohydrate MetabolismInsulin Secretion and ActionPostabsorptive and Postprandial Carbohydrate MetabolismEffects of Type I Diabetes and Its Treatment on Fatty Acid MetabolismAdipose TissuePostabsorptive FFA MetabolismPostprandial FFA AvailabilityEffects of Exercise on Adipose Tissue LipolysisRegulation of Lipolysis During HypoglycemiaEffects Of Type I Diabetes on Protein MetabolismRegulation of Body Protein Mass, Amino Acid Levels and Nitrogen BalanceEffect of Insulin on Protein Balance and Interaction of Insulin with Other Hormones and SubstratesEffects of Insulin on Whole‐Body Protein DynamicsEffect of Insulin on Amino Acid TransaminationEffect of Insulin on Regional Protein DynamicsEffect of Insulin on the Synthesis Rates of Specific ProteinsImpact of Type I Diabetes on Protein Metabolism
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Cusi Kenneth , Defronzo Ralph A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Insulin Secretion in T2DMFasting Insulin ConcentrationGlucose‐Stimulated Insulin SecretionOther Abnormalities in Insulin Secretion in T2DMMechanisms of Impaired Insulin SecretionGlucose ToxicityLipotoxicityOther Mechanisms of Impaired Insulin Secretion in T2DMImpaired Insulin Secretion: Primary Genetic Defect Responsible for Type 2 DiabetesProspective StudiesStudies in First‐Degree RelativesStudies in TwinsSubjects with History of Gestational Diabetes MellitusHypersecretion of Insulin as the Cause of Type 2 Diabetes: A New HypothesisSummary: Insulin Secretion in T2DMInsulin Sensitivity in Type 2 DiabetesSite of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 DiabetesFasting Hyperglycemia: Role of Pancreas, Muscle and LiverPostprandial Hyperglycemia: Lessons from the Oral Glucose Tolerance TestDynamic Interaction Between Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes MellitusCellular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 DiabetesOverview of Insulin ActionInsulin Receptor/Insulin Receptor Signal Transduction DefectsGlucose TransportGlucose PhosphorylationGlycogen SynthesisGlycolysis/Glucose OxidationMetabolic, Hemodynamic, Endocrine, and Cytokine Abnormalities in Type 2 Diabetes MellitusGlucose ToxicityLipid Oxidation and Insulin ResistanceSkeletal Muscle Capillary Density, Fiber Type and Endothelial TransportBlood FlowAmylin and Calcitonin Gene‐Related PeptideTumor Necrosis Factor‐AlphaAcquired Determinants of Insulin ResistanceSummary of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes MellitusGenetic DefectsPathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Summary and SynthesisPrimary Defect in Insulin SensitivityPrimary Defect in Insulin Secretion?Combined Defects in Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin SecretionConclusion
Insulin Resistance, Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia, and Coronary Heart Disease: Syndrome X Revisited
Authors: Reaven Gerald M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:TerminologyInsulin Resistance Versus Compensatory HyperinsulinemiaNature Versus Nurture in The Development of Syndrome XEthnicityObesity: Overall and RegionalHabitual Physical ActivitySmokingAlcoholGlucose IntoleranceDyslipidemiaRelationship between Insulin Resistance, Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia, Increased Hepatic VLDL‐TG Secretion and HypertriglyceridemiaAbnormalities Associated with HypertriglyceridemiaHemostatic SystemSyndrome X and High Blood PressureUric AcidMicroalbuminuria is not The “Cause” of Syndrome X!Conclusion: Syndrome X and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)Glucose IntoleranceHypertriglyceridemiaHypertension