bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward Cosmological Simulations of the Magnetized Intracluster Medium with Resolved Coulomb Collision Scale
Authors: Steinwandel Ulrich P. , Dolag Klaus , Böss Ludwig M. , Marin-Gilabert Tirso 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We present the first results of one extremely high-resolution, nonradiative magnetohydrodynamical cosmological zoom-in simulation of a massive cluster with a virial mass of M
vir = 2.0 × 1015 solar masses. We adopt a mass resolution of 4 × 105
M
⊙ with a maximum spatial resolution of around 250 pc in the central regions of the cluster. We follow the detailed amplification process in a resolved small-scale turbulent dynamo in the intracluster medium (ICM) with strong exponential growth until redshift 4, after which the field grows weakly in the adiabatic compression limit until redshift 2. The energy in the field is slightly reduced as the system approaches redshift zero in agreement with adiabatic decompression. The field structure is highly turbulent in the center and shows field reversals on a length scale of a few tens of kiloparsecs and an anticorrelation between the radial and angular field components in the central region that is ordered by small-scale turbulent dynamo action. The large-scale field on megaparsec scales is almost isotropic, indicating that the structure formation process in massive galaxy cluster formation suppresses any memory of both the initial field configuration and the amplified morphology via the turbulent dynamo. We demonstrate that extremely high-resolution simulations of the magnetized ICM are within reach that can simultaneously resolve the small-scale magnetic field structure, which is of major importance for the injection of and transport of cosmic rays in the ICM. This work is a major cornerstone for follow-up studies with an on-the-fly treatment of cosmic rays to model in detail electron-synchrotron and gamma-ray emissions.
Resolving Red Giant Winds with the Hubble Space Telescope*
Authors: Wood Brian E. , Harper Graham M. , Müller Hans-Reinhard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We describe recent spectroscopic observations of red giant stars made by the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) instrument on board the Hubble Space Telescope, which has provided spatially resolved observations of the warm chromospheric winds that predominate for early K to mid-M giants. The H i Lyα lines of a set of 11 red giants observed with the STIS/E140M echelle grating are first analyzed to ascertain wind H i column densities and total wind mass-loss rates. The M giants have estimated mass-loss rates of

M

̇

=
(
14
–
86
)
×

10

−
11

M
⊙ yr−1, while the K giants with detected wind absorption have weaker winds with

M

̇

=
(
1.5
–
2.8
)
×

10

−
11

M
⊙ yr−1. We use long-slit spectra of H i Lyα for two particular red giants, α Tau (K5 III) and γ Cru (M3.5 III), to study the spatial extent of the Lyα emission. From these data we estimate limits for the extent of detectable emission, which are r = 193 R
* for γ Cru and r = 44 R
* for α Tau. The cross-dispersion emission profiles in the STIS echelle spectra of the larger sample of red giants also show evidence for spatial resolution, not only for H i Lyα but for other lines with visible wind absorption, such as Fe ii, Mg ii, Mg i, O i, and C ii. We characterize the nature of these spatial signatures. The spatial extent is far more apparent for the M giants than for the K giants, consistent with the stronger winds found for the M giants from the Lyα analysis.
Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Studies: A Critical Review of the Most Influential Explanatory Accounts
Authors: Russell Nestar , Künstler Raphaël 
Published: May 2024

In 1960 Stanley Milgram wondered if ordinary people would, as many Germans did during the Holocaust, obey higher orders to harm innocent people. Soon after, he ran the New Baseline experiment: at the behest of a scientific authority, 65 percent of subjects inflicted what appeared to be potentially lethal shocks on another person with a mild heart condition. Although, to date, there is no widely accepted explanation that can account for this finding, three theories continue to attract a disproportionate amount of attention: the Incredulity Hypothesis, Agentic State, and Engaged Followership. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of how Milgram invented his basic procedure and then use the insights gained from his journey of discovery as a foundation from which to critically review these three explanatory accounts. Succeeding this critical review, a lesser well-known theory will be presented; one that is supported by Milgram’s original results.
Pourquoi les perpétrateurs de génocides obéissent-ils ?
Authors: Ludwig Pascal 
Published: May 2024

Les expériences de Milgram ont eu une influence considérable sur l’étude historique du comportement génocidaire, qui trouve son origine dans le livre révolutionnaire de Christopher Browning, Ordinary men. L’objectif de mon article est d’examiner et d’évaluer de manière critique la thèse suivante, qui est souvent considérée comme allant de soi : « Thèse de la pertinence : les résultats de la psychologie sociale, en particulier les résultats de Milgram sur le comportement d’obéissance, sont causalement pertinents pour expliquer les comportements des auteurs d’actes criminels. » La thèse de la pertinence présuppose que certaines études paradigmatiques en psychologie sociale ont une validité à la fois interne et externe. Dans le contexte de la crise de réplication qui a affecté de nombreux résultats récents en psychologie sociale, il semble crucial de discuter ce présupposé. Je soutiendrai que les données empiriques sont mitigées. S’il demeure probable que la thèse de la pertinence soit vraie, son importance a probablement été exagérée.
Power From the Ground Up: Respecifying Performative Power as First Overt Resistance in Milgram’s Lab
Authors: Hollander Matthew M. 
Published: May 2024

The interdisciplinary Stanley Milgram renaissance of the past two decades has fundamentally shifted debate about the most controversial social psychological experiments of the 20th century. A new angle, with implications for the philosophy of social psychology, is widespread interest in the conditions of possibility of his work. Social ontology (or historical ontology), of various styles, can bring into focus contingent features of “obedience to authority” and other classic experiments in North American social psychology. In this Milgram issue of Philosophia Scientiæ, my contribution is to show how an empirical focus on social interaction (EMCA: ethnomethodology and conversation analysis) can help illuminate—“from the ground up”—power in Milgram’s lab and resistance to continuing the experiment. First, I present power as a multidimensional feature of human sociality, highlighting its performative aspect. Milgram’s lab setting forced and constrained Teachers to exercise agency in starkly contrasting ways, either as exercising power over the Learner (complying with the Experimenter) or against the Experimenter (resisting him). Second, I propose that, like morality, performative power may be understood in terms of foreground and background (Gestalt figure and ground), with both sides of the phenomenon being empirically grounded and demonstrably oriented to in interactants’ concrete practices. Third, I respecify performative power as the detailed practice of Teachers resisting continuation of the experiment. Using a large collection of transcripts of Milgram’s archived audio-recordings, I analyze instances of Teachers’ first (earliest, lowest shock level) overt resistance, an aspect of Teacher resistance hitherto unstudied systematically. This section shows precisely how the resistance of both Disobedient- and Obedient-outcome Teachers first appeared: as a phenomenon of talk-in-interaction displaying sequential organization and various recurrent forms. Studying both outcome groups (rather than just one) demonstrates that resistance was common not only among Disobedient but also Obedient Teachers. Overall, the article shows the value of EMCA as a style of social ontology well suited to investigating power’s relationship to social psychological knowledge claims, and to reconstructing the presuppositions of classic North American social psychology.
A Rapid Point-of-care Fluorescence Imaging Device Helps Prevent Graft Rejection Post Modified Radical Mastectomy
Authors: Mirza Shahzad , Gupta Aayush 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria in wounds impede successful skin grafting. However, their detection relies on culture methods, which delay confirmation by several days. Real-time fluorescence imaging detects bacteria, allowing for rapid assessment and documentation. We herein report a post modified radical mastectomy, surgical site infection with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas spp. that underwent repeated antibiotic therapy and debridement and eventually grafting. In this case, a real-time fluorescence imaging device helped prevent graft rejection.
To Compare Short-term Surgical Outcome among Patients given Continuous Postoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis and those given no Postoperative Antibiotics after Urethroplasty for Hypospadias
Authors: Manchanda Vivek , Sengar Mamta , Kumar Parveen 
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
There is no well-accepted guideline or uniform practice for the usage of prophylactic antibiotics along with urethroplasty for hypospadias. As antibiotic resistance is growing, it is imperative to rationalize the usage of antibiotics when a patient is operated for hypospadias.

Aims and Objectives:
The study is aimed at finding if there is any difference in outcome if prophylactic antibiotics are given after urethroplasty for hypospadias.

Study Design:
Prospective randomized controlled study.
Material and Methods: Forty patients between 6 months and 12 years of age were included in the pilot study. All patients received a single preoperative antibiotic and surgery as per the discretion of the operating surgeon. The participants were randomly assigned to Group A or B, Group A not receiving any prophylactic antibiotic after surgery, and Group B receiving prophylactic antibiotics till indwelling urethral catheter was in situ as per the present antibiotic policy of the institute. The patients were followed up clinically at catheter removal, 1 week after surgery and 1 month after surgery. Urine was analyzed at the start of surgery and after catheter removal. Data were tabulated and analyzed using nonparametric Fischer's exact test with help of Epi Info™ v5.5.8.

Results:
Twenty-four patients were included in Group A and 16 in Group B. The clinical profile is presented in the detailed manuscript. Although pus cells could be demonstrated on urine examination in 82.5% of the study participants, only 10% grew organisms on culture media. No difference could be demonstrated among the two groups statistically. On following up with the patients for 1 month, the groups were comparable with respect to surgical site infections, and surgical complications such as urethrocutaneous fistula/dehiscence and thin stream.

Discussion:
There was a wide variability among practicing pediatric urologists in prescribing antibiotic prophylaxis for patients undergoing urethroplasty for hypospadias. In the Urologic Surgery Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Policy by the American Urology Association, no recommendation has been made with respect to urethroplasty. Our results are in concurrence with the available English literature which has not shown any benefit of prophylactic antibiotics after hypospadias repair.

Conclusions:
Antibiotics may not have a definite role in the prevention of surgical complications and it may be imperative to avoid unnecessary antibiotics to reduce antibiotic resistance.
Empathy Assessment among Medical Doctors Working at the University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Obimakinde Abimbola Margaret , Iyoke Uyiose Odebambe , Ibiyo Morohunmubo Jesusemenaga , Emmanuel Oluwatosin Ann , Odefemi Ogooluwatan Faithful , Abiodun Adejumoke Hephzibah 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Empathy is the competence of a physician to understand the patient's situation, perspective and feelings and to act on that understanding in a helpful therapeutic way. Empathy is the backbone of patient-physician communication in clinical care, it can be innate, learnt or acquired in the course of the medical career. This study, evaluated empathy and its correlates among medical doctors working in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study of 188 interns, resident and specialist doctors working at the University Hospital College, Ibadan in March-May 2018. Consecutive consenting doctors were given a self-administered questionnaire that collected information on sociodemography, work and empathy using the 20-items Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 23 and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results:
The majority of the respondents were male (60.1%), between 30 and 39 years (60.6%) old, married (60.6%) and Christians (91.5%). Many worked in the Internal Medicine Department (38.3%), were Senior-Resident doctors (41.0%) and of Yoruba (82.4%) ethnicity. Senior-Residents doctors ([120.2 ± 15.4]; P = 0.009) and Consultants ([117.8 ± 21.4]; P = 0.009) had highest empathy scores. Doctors who are raised in lower social status families, lacked ability in taking patient's perspective ([56.2 ± 12.2]; P = 0.046). Doctors in surgical-related specialities had lower empathy scores, those in medical-related specialities, especially Psychiatrists (127.1 ± 10.1) and Family Physicians (125.8 ± 7.9) had the highest scores (P = 0.034). Doctors who had never learnt about empathy had the lowest score in perspective-taking ([50.5 ± 30.4]; P = 0.041). Duration of practice and work-hours respectively correlated positively ([rs = 0.174]; P = 0.018) and negatively ([rs = −0.206]; P = 0.005) with empathy scores.

Conclusions:
Medical doctors possessed varying levels of empathy relative to their sociodemographic characteristics, the speciality of choice and level of expertise. Exposure to teachings on empathy and work-related challenges underscores empathic skills.
The Frequency of Persistent Symptoms after Acute COVID-19 among Iraqi Patients
Authors: Amen Shwan O. , Rasool Banan Q. , Yousif Salah H. , Shakir Sara S. , Shekho Bnar S. 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Post–coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms tend to persist in many survivors of COVID-19.

Objectives:
To find out the prevalence of persistent symptoms that continue to appear after the eradication of the COVID-19 infection among Iraqi survivors. We hypothesized that wearing a mask during the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to a lesser viral load in an individual who gets infected, thereby leading to milder symptoms and manifestations.

Materials and Methods:
Overall, 70 consecutive Iraqi patients diagnosed with COVID-19 during the period from early August to late September 2020 were enrolled in the study, and on a mean of 31 days after recovery, they were assessed for persistent symptoms after the acute COVID-19 infection.

Results:
The mean age ± SD was 40.5 ± 16.1 years old. On a mean of 31 days post-COVID-19 recovery, 91.4% of all the patients had at least one persistent symptom. The most common persistent symptoms recorded were fatigue (42.9%), dyspnea (32.8%), and chest pain (25.7%). There was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.002) among patients with hypertension, among whom 45.5% had persistent palpitation. Among patients with ischemic heart disease, 25% had constant chest pain, and 37.5% complained of palpitation post-recovery. Patients who had used masks before infection (85.4%) were managed at home, and they did not require hospitalization. Overall, 45.7% of those dyspneic during the infection period were still complaining of exertional dyspnea post-recovery (P = 0.041).

Conclusion:
A large proportion of the Iraqi patients with COVID-19 infection had persistent symptoms after recovery. The use of a mask before infection showed mild symptoms during the acute phase, and hospitalization or oxygen therapy was not indicated for them.
Usage of corticosteroids as therapeutic agents in diseases
Authors: Al-Mosawi Reyadh H , Alebadi Noor Alhuda Mohammed 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Corticosteroids are class of human-made or synthetic drugs used in almost every medical specialty. They lower inflammation in the body by reducing the production of certain chemicals. At higher doses, corticosteroids also reduce immune system activity. Corticosteroids are commonly prescribed for a variety of indications due to the wide range of effects on the human body. Although they exhibit many therapeutic uses, corticosteroids are, unfortunately, known for their many dose—and duration—dependent toxicities. The purpose of this review is to explore indications for corticosteroid use, mechanism of action, review the toxicity of corticosteroids, and adverse effects and their management.
Pulmonary Spirometry in Type 2 Diabetics in Baghdad Teaching Hospital
Authors: Abbood Muhanad Hadi , Hassan Jabbar Sirhan , Mehammed Aqeel Jassim 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Diabetes mellitus is a serious progressive condition associated with multisystemic involvement with a number of chronic complications due to macrovascular and microvascular damage. Pulmonary involvement is not studied extensively and is not explained by factors that influence lung function.

Objective:
The aim of this article is to study the effects of type 2 diabetes on lung function and delineate the association between lung function impairment and duration of the disease.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Ninety-one (91) type 2 diabetics with 56 control subjects were included in this study between March 2020 and June 2021. Both groups are matched by age, sex, height, and weight and are met with exclusion criteria. Spirometry was done on an electronic spirometer (videography U.K. 1982) for both groups with the following parameters: forced vital capacity (FVC), force expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Statistical methods compared the results.

Results:
Type 2 diabetic patients show a significant reduction in FVC, FEV1, and PEFR relative to their matched controls (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in the FEV1/FVC ratio between the groups, meaning a restrictive pattern in diabetic patients.

Conclusion:
This study showed that type 2 diabetics had impaired lung function as evidenced by reduced FVC, FEV1, and PEFR as part of chronic complications of diabetes and showed a progressive decline in parameter with increased duration of the disease.
Eustachian Tube Dysfunctions due to Mask Among Quarantined Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Singh Abhishek , Nandini Harsh , Phulsunga Rohit Kumar , Gupta Vikas , Naik Sulabha M , Goel Pawan Kumar 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) are the key factors to prevent COVID-19 disease among healthcare workers. The documented side effects of continuous use of mask or PPE are dermatitis, but its effects on eustachian tube seems to be neglected.

Objectives:
So, we conducted this study by keeping our main objective as to investigate the eustachian tube dysfunctions (ETDs) due to continuous use of mask among healthcare professionals (HCPs) in district Nuh, Haryana.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted among 217 eligible HCPs. The sample size was calculated as 97 considering unknown prevalence of ETDs among HCPs (50%), so all HCPs were included in the study. We developed a structured questionnaire in which responses were close-ended and it attempted to capture the responses of the study participants and an association between variables was considered significant if the P-value was <0.05.

Results:
Out of the 217 subjects, only 207 subjects provided their written consent after understanding the study objectives and 206 were included in the analysis as one subject has pre-existing ear disease. The daily hours of mask usage among 52.4% of participants was between 4 and 8 h; 2.6% of doctors experienced severe pain and pressure in the ear. The Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Patient Questionnaire-7 (ETDQ-7) score was significantly higher among females and mask usage of four or more hours (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The present study revealed that 42.3% of the participants had ETDs. The results will facilitate hospital-level administration to provide practical recommendations to medical workers such as head-supported mask instead of ear-supported masks and use of ear protectors.
Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotics used for Septic Patients in Karbala, Iraq
Authors: Hameed Rana Majeed , Alafloogee Jabbar F. M. , Ma'an Ghalib K. 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Sepsis is an issue of globular health care, characterized by complete inflammation of the body in response to microbial infection, which results in organ malfunction. This becomes a chronic patient complication. Therefore, sepsis may be a diverse and combined disease with varying etiology, severity, and treatment plan.

Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the existence of exposure and the resistance of microorganisms to the range of antibiotics in subjects of the local community.

Results:
Among 11 species of bacteria isolated from a variety of specimens, Escherichia coli (22.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (20.3%) were the most common organism found over the subjects had been collected. The most sensitive antibiotics for Gram-negative E. coli were colistin 97%, imipenem 89%, meropenem 88%, and amikacin 79%, while the highest resistant rate was benzylpenicillin 93%, and oxacillin 86%. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) prevalence was 90%, vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) 31%.

Conclusion:
Because of the high incidence of VRSA and MRSA, clinicians should become more vigilant in using vancomycin and another important antibiotic. Moreover, maintain this useful drug to be used for a prolonged time with good efficacy.
Clinical profile and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of Duane retraction syndrome
Authors: Suma Unnikrishnan , Ferzana Mohammed , Babitha Valiyaveetil , Jyothi Poothatta 
Published: May 2024

PURPOSE:
To describe the clinical profile and magnetic resonance imaging findings of the brain in Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) and determine whether there is an association between clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain characteristics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This was a cross-sectional study done at a tertiary care center in South India. We recruited and analyzed the clinical characteristics of 54 patients with DRS. MRI of the brain with fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) was performed in 41 cases, and the cisternal segment of the sixth nerve was studied. Statistical analysis was done to determine any association between the radiological and clinical features.

RESULTS:
Type 1 DRS was predominant, followed by Type 3 DRS and Type 2 DRS. 9.3% of cases were bilateral and 11.1% were familial. Orthotropia was most common, followed by esotropia and exotropia. The MRI brain showed the absence of the cisternal part of the sixth nerve on the affected side in 82% of Type 1 and 75% of Type 3 unilateral DRS. Both the abducens nerves were visualized in 19.5% of the patients with unilateral DRS. There was no statistically significant association between MRI brain findings and the clinical features.

CONCLUSIONS:
MRI brain with FIESTA shows absent or hypoplastic sixth nerve in most cases of Type 1 and Type 3 DRS. However, around 20% of DRS cases may show the presence of the cisternal part of the sixth nerve. Hence, clinicians must be cautious when ruling out DRS on the basis of MRI brain findings. Although aplasia of the sixth nerve is the most frequent MRI finding, it may not be the sole etiologic factor.