bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed abortion in the bat pollinated Neotropical tree species,Caryocar brasiliense(Caryocaraceae)
Authors: Collevatti Rosane G. , Estolano Raquel , Garcia Silmara F. , Hay John D. 
Published: November 2009

In self-compatible plants, the reduction in brood size may be caused either by inbreeding depression, resource limitation, maternal regulation of offspring quality, or by sibling rivalry. We studied seed abortion in Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae), a Neotropical tree species, to verify whether seeds sired by self-pollination are aborted. Fruits were sampled from 23 mother trees to estimate seed set and proportion of aborted seeds. Ripened and aborted seeds from 18 mother trees were genotyped using 10 microsatellite loci together with mother trees and all nearby adults (83 adults) to determine the pollen donor by assignment test. From the 541 seeds, 190 were aborted and the mean number of aborted seeds per fruit was 0.627 (SD = 0.807). Proportion of aborted seeds was different among mother trees and among fruits within mother trees. All but three aborted seeds were sired by self-pollination and selfed seeds were aborted in fruits harbouring both selfed and outcrossed seeds. Aborted outcrossed seeds were sired by pollen donors closely related to mother trees. Our results strongly support that seed abortion in C. brasiliense may be the outcome of inbreeding depression and sibling rivalry when selfed and outcross pollinated ovules compete.
The Matrioshka Principle and How it was Overcome: Portuguese and Habsburg Imperial Attitudes in Sri Lanka and the Responses of the Rulers of Kotte (1506-1598)
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article deals with roughly the first hundred years of Portuguese expansion in Sri Lanka (1506-1600), the local “reactions” to it, and how the interaction was changed when the Portuguese Crown fell to the Habsburgs in 1580. It analyzes how Portuguese and Sri Lankan notions of kingship, authority and Empire were included in a dialog that indicates the existence of commonalities in the field of political culture. The imperial projects of Portugal and the Sri Lankan kingdom of Kotte, so it seems, had a potential for mutual accommodation, although some misunderstandings remained inevitable. The argument then moves to the transformations that occurred in the 1580's-90's, when a new policy of territorial conquest was put into practice by the Portuguese authorities. It is argued that this change of policy had to do with the Iberian Union of Crowns, although Spanish influence on Portuguese imperial policy in Asia was not linear. Crucially, another set of factors has to be sought in the Sri Lankan political landscape.
Costly Signaling and the Origin of Religion
Authors: Murray Michael , Moore Lyn 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCostly signaling theories of religion contend that religious belief and behaviors function as costly signals of cooperative intent. Such signals are evolvable because they allow likely cooperators to find one another, while excluding potential cheats or free riders that would be unwilling (or unable) to pay the price associated with sending the signal. As a result, under the right conditions, religious costly signaling can emerge as an evolutionary stable strategy. However, reliability certifying costly signaling can evolve and stabilize only when certain necessary conditions are satisfied. In this paper we argue that current versions of the theory do not adequately demonstrate that these conditions are met.
Counterintuitiveness in Folktales: Finding the Cognitive Optimum
Authors: Barrett Justin , Burdett Emily Reed , Porter Tenelle 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The present study sought to (1) determine whether Barrett's counterintuitiveness coding and quantifying scheme (CI-Scheme) could be applied to cultural materials with sufficient intercoder reliability, (2) provide evidence concerning just how counterintuitive is too counterintuitive for a concept to be a recurrent cultural idea, and (3) test whether counterintuitive intentional agent concepts are more common in folktales than other classes of counterintuitive concepts. Seventy-three folktales from around the world were sampled from larger collections. Using Barrett's CI-Scheme, two independent coders identified 116 counterintuitive objects and scored them for degree of counterintuitiveness with very high inter-rater concordance. Of folktales, 79% had one or two counterintuitive objects. Of the counterintuitive objects 93% had a counterintuitiveness score of only one. Of counterintuitive objects, 98% were agents. Results suggest the CI-Scheme may have utility for analyzing cultural materials, that the cognitive optimum for cultural transmission falls around one counterintuitive feature, and that counterintuitive agents are more common than other types of counterintuitive objects in folktales.
The Adaptationist-Byproduct Debate on the Evolution of Religion: Five Misunderstandings of the Adaptationist Program
Authors: Sosis Richard 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe primary debate among scholars who study the evolution of religion concerns whether religion is an adaptation or a byproduct. The dominant position in the field is that religious beliefs and behaviors are byproducts of cognitive processes and behaviors that evolved for other purposes. A smaller group of scholars maintain that religion is an adaptation for extending human cooperation and coordination. Here I survey five critiques of the adapationist position and offer responses to these critiques. Much of the debate can be resolved by clearly defining important but ambiguous terms in the debate, such as religion, adaptation, adaptive, and trait, as well as clarifying several misunderstandings of evolutionary processes. I argue that adaptationist analyses must focus on the functional effects of the religious system, the coalescence of independent parts that constitute the fabric of religion.
South African Children's Understanding of AIDS and Flu: Investigating Conceptual Understanding of Cause, Treatment and Prevention
Authors: Legare Cristine , Gelman Susan 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The present study examined children's understanding of illness in a peri-urban community in South Africa where AIDS is prevalent (n=138). Results suggest that children were surprisingly knowledgeable about AIDS at an early age, and may have even erroneously analogized from AIDS to the flu. Furthermore, all age groups attributed different causes for AIDS (transmitted by blood) and flu (casual contagion). However, although factual knowledge about AIDS was identified among all age groups, there was no evidence of understanding biological causal mechanisms. The data have implications both for developmental research on biological reasoning in diverse cultural contexts and for the design of health education programs.
Globalisation and Local Identities: The Rise of New Ethnic and Religious Movements in Post-Suharto Indonesia
Authors: Reuter Thomas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA worldwide resurgence of local ethnic or religious identities has led to numerous conflicts locally, and also globally, since the end of the Cold War. This trend is exemplified by Indonesia, where political liberalisation after 32 years of authoritarian rule have allowed local identities and political aspirations to be expressed more freely and in new ways. In this paper, I look at new social movements that are demanding regional autonomy, more local control of local resources and greater recognition for traditional institutions. Such movements shed light on the challenges faced by the multi-ethnic nation of Indonesia today and, more generally, on shifting local identities in developing nations in a globalising world. An example of regional cultural revival movements in Indonesia is the Ajeg Bali Movement. This movement stems from a growing sense of disenfranchisement and desire for self-empowerment among Hindu Balinese. Contributing factors are political liberalisation and decentralisation, the 'touristification' of local culture, increasing dependence on the global economy, the threat of terrorism after the Bali bomb, the influx of Muslim labour migrants and fears of an Islamisation of the Indonesian state.
Negotiating Charisma: The Social Dimension of Philippine Crucifixion Rituals
Authors: Bräunlein Peter 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Philippines are the only predominantly Christian nation in Southeast Asia. The tradition of the passion of Christ is supposed to be the centre of Philippine religiousness and the fascination with the suffering, battered and dead Christ can be regarded as a characteristic feature of Philippine lowland society. The most spectacular expressions of the so-called Philippine 'Calvary Catholicism' are flagellation and crucifixion. In 1996–1998, the author studied Philippine passion rituals in the village of Kapitangan. During the Holy Week, thousands of people mostly from Manila visit the church and observe the spectacle of ritual crucifixions on Good Friday in the churchyard. In Kapitangan, mostly women are nailed to the cross, which is, however, is not an act of volition. They act under directions 'from above', possessed by Sto. Niño or Jesus Nazareno. All of them are (faith-)healers. All of them are founders of a religious movement. In this article, the author uses Ernst Troeltsch's typology — church, sect, mysticism — as a tool to raise questions about ritual crucifixion as a focus of community and collective identity formation, both on the local and national level of society. Troeltsch's typology sheds light on the delicate relation between the Philippine 'official' church and practices of the so-called 'folk-Catholicism'. It illuminates motives and aims of the healers, who are called 'new mystics' by some scholars, and the sense of belonging of their followers. It also reveals discourses of consent and dissent among the spectators and general public, provoked by that literal re-enactment of Jesus' death.
The Revitalisation and Reflexive Transformation of the Manooraa Rongkruu Performance and Ritual in Southern Thailand: Articulations with Modernity
Authors: Horstmann Alexander 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this article, I consider the changing forms of a traditional art genre and ritual cycle, Manooraa Rongkruu, in which it is possible for the living to communicate with the dead. I did fieldwork on the dynamics of Theravada Buddhism, Islam and indigenous religion and multi-religious rituals in Southern Thailand from 2004–2007. Religious forms in Southern Thailand have been hybridised, fragmented, post-modernised and revitalised. The performance and art genre of the Manooraa enjoy high popularity in certain parts of Southern Thailand and is used to heal a number of modern ailments. The public performances in Takae, Patthalung and Ta Kura, Songkhla, attract hundreds of thousands of worshippers. I show that the revitalised and reflexive religious practices of people in Southern Thailand to engage and worship the great ancestor spirits represent a multi-vocal arena, in which social transformations and discursive shifts are negotiated. Illustrations of the new performances of the Manooraa Rongkruu are provided to illustrate a ritual in movement that negotiates traditional obligations and postmodern requirements.
Invisible Blood: Self-censorship and the Public in Uplander Ritual, Laos
Authors: Sprenger Guido 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn upland Southeast Asia, the internal reproduction of society by ritual is fuelled and changed through its relation to external ritual systems like Buddhism. Rmeet (Lamet), a non-Buddhist upland population in Laos, regularly alter their rituals when Buddhist lowlanders are present. In particular, the display of spilling the blood of sacrificial animals is suppressed. One recurring reason for this is the notion of 'shame' or 'fear of exposure'. Thus, the notion of 'shame' functions as a semantic operator that indicates the shifting of boundaries between inside and outside, Rmeet and lowland ritual systems. It also addresses how the border between these two ritual domains historically became defined by blood-spilling. The argument is based on a new approach to ritual change that considers rituals as information-processing systems.
Nikolaus von Autrecourt über das erste Prinzip und die Gewißheit von Sätzen
Authors: Krause Andrej 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNicholas of Autrecourt maintains in his second letter to Bernard of Arezzo that with the exception of the certitude of faith, there is no other certitude but the certitude of the law of non-contradiction, or the one that can be resolved to this law. The article examines this statement, which implies that natural theology is not possible. It comes to the conclusion that, in general, Nicholas in his letter seems to identify the relation "…can be resolved…" between two certain sentences with the relation "…follows from…". This identification leads to problems which are discussed. Further, Nicholas says that in every valid inference the consequent is identical with the antecedent or is part of it. This can be understood in two ways.
Male genes with nowhere to hide; sexual conflict in haplodiploids
Authors: Kraaijeveld Ken 
Published: November 2009

AbstractConflicts of interest between male and females over reproduction and gene expression are thought to be widespread among animals. However, most research on sexual conflict focuses on diploid, bisexual organisms. It is not obvious that the role of sexual conflict is the same in diploids as in organisms with different reprodutive systems. Here, I consider the potential for evolutionary change through sexual conflict in haplodiploids. As very little sexual conflict theory has been developed specifically for haplodiploids, I rely on the analogy between haplodiploid reproduction and X-chromosomal inheritance. The main conclusions are that the opportunity for between-locus sexual conflict should be the same for haplodiploids as for diploids, provided that the sexually antagonistic alleles involved are sex-limited from when they first appear. Empirical data testing this hypothesis are almost non-existent. The dynamics of within-locus sexual conflict are likely to differ strongly between haplodiploid and autosomal diploid genes depending on the dominance interactions between male and female alleles. In general, it is expected that this type of conflict will often be resolved in favour of females in haplodiploids. A number of factors, such as genomic imprinting and lack of recombination between male and female genomes may prevent this outcome.
Reduced egg laying caused by a male accessory gland product opens the possibility for sexual conflict in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
Authors: Koene Joris , Brouwer Annelies , Hoffer Jeroen 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Promiscuity, sperm storage and internal fertilization enhance sperm competition, which leads to sexual conflict whenever an advantageous trait for sperm donors is harmful to recipients. In separate-sex species, such conflicts can severely impact the evolution of reproductive characteristics, physiology and behaviours. For simultaneous hermaphrodites, the generality of this impact remains unclear and underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In the hermaphrodite Lymnaea stagnalis several previous studies showed that investment in eggs differs depending on semen receipt, but these were inconsistent about the direction of change. We investigated whether the change in egg laying is caused by a seminal fluid component. By intravaginally injecting animals, we here reveal that a component of the seminal fluid inhibits egg laying, thus providing the first direct evidence for involvement of such components in competition for fertilization in hermaphrodites. We discuss the broad implications that this finding has on a number of previous studies performed in the same species.
Sexual conflict in humans: evolutionary consequences of asymmetric parental investment and paternity uncertainty
Authors: Goetz Aaron , Shackelford Todd 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We argue that sexual conflict was a recurrent feature of human evolutionary history, just as it has been in every sexually reproducing species that does not practice life-long genetic monogamy. We suggest that the source of much of the conflict between men and women can be reduced to an asymmetry in reproductive biology. This asymmetry—fertilization and gestation occurring within women—produces (a) sex differences in minimum obligatory parental investment and (b) paternity uncertainty. We argue that these consequences of internal fertilization and gestation are responsible for many phenomena in humans, such as sexual coercion, commitment skepticism, sexual overperception, and a host of adaptations associated with sperm competition.
Force-induced cleavage of single VWFA1A2A3 tridomains by ADAMTS-13
Authors: Wu Tao , Lin Jiangguo , Cruz Miguel A. , Dong Jing-fei , Zhu Cheng 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease with a thrombospondin type 1 motifs 13 (ADAMTS-13) regulates hemostasis by cleaving the folded A2 domain of von Willebrand factor (VWF). The cleavage is regulated by forces as it occurs in flowing blood. We tested the hypothesis that force-induced A2 domain unfolding facilitates cleavage using atomic force microscopy to pull single VWF A1A2A3 tridomain polypeptides by platelet glycoprotein Ibα or antibodies to measure time, distance, and force. Structural destabilization of A1A2A3 was induced by 5- to 80-pN forces, manifesting as an abrupt molecular length increase distributed around 20 and 50 nm, probably because of uncoupling A1A2A3 (or partially unfolding A2) and fully unfolding A2, respectively. Time required to destabilize A1A2A3 first increased (catch), reaching a maximum of 0.2 seconds at 20pN, then decreased (slip) with increasing force, independent of ADAMTS-13. The time required to rupture A1A2A3 exhibited a similar catch-slip behavior when pulled by glycoprotein Ibα but only slip behavior when pulled by antibody, which was progressively shortened by increasing concentration of ADAMTS-13 after (but not before) structural destabilization, indicating that cleavage of A2 requires the force-induced A2 unfolding. Analysis with a model for single-substrate trimolecular enzymatic kinetics estimated a cleavage rate kcat of 2.9 (± 59) seconds and a Kd of 5.6 (± 3.4) nM for ADAMTS-13/A1A2A3 binding. These findings quantify the mechanical regulation of VWF cleavage by ADAMTS-13 at the level of single A1A2A3 tridomain.
The AC133+CD38−, but not the rhodamine-low, phenotype tracks LTC-IC and SRC function in human cord blood ex vivo expansion cultures
Authors: Ito Caryn Y. , Kirouac Daniel C. , Madlambayan Gerard J. , Yu Mei , Rogers Ian , Zandstra Peter W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Phenotypic markers associated with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were developed and validated using uncultured cells. Because phenotype and function can be dissociated during culture, better markers to prospectively track and isolate HSCs in ex vivo cultures could be instrumental in advancing HSC-based therapies. Using an expansion system previously shown to increase hematopoietic progenitors and SCID-repopulating cells (SRCs), we demonstrated that the rhodamine-low phenotype was lost, whereas AC133 expression was retained throughout culture. Furthermore, the AC133+CD38− subpopulation was significantly enriched in long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) and SRCs after culture. Preculture and postculture analysis of total nucleated cell and LTC-IC number, and limiting dilution analysis in NOD/SCID mice, showed a 43-fold expansion of the AC133+CD38− subpopulation that corresponded to a 7.3-fold and 4.4-fold expansion of LTC-ICs and SRCs in this subpopulation, respectively. Thus, AC133+CD38− is an improved marker that tracks and enriches for LTC-IC and SRC in ex vivo cultures.
Asymmetric introgression between sympatric molestus and pipiens forms of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Comporta region, Portugal
Authors: Gomes Bruno , Sousa Carla A , Novo Maria T , Freitas Ferdinando B , Alves Ricardo , Côrte-Real Ana R , Salgueiro Patrícia , Donnelly Martin J , Almeida António PG , Pinto João 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackgroundCulex pipiensL. is the most widespread mosquito vector in temperate regions. This species consists of two forms, denoted molestus and pipiens, that exhibit important behavioural and physiological differences. The evolutionary relationships and taxonomic status of these forms remain unclear. In northern European latitudes molestus and pipiens populations occupy different habitats (undergroundvs. aboveground), a separation that most likely promotes genetic isolation between forms. However, the same does not hold in southern Europe where both forms occur aboveground in sympatry. In these southern habitats, the extent of hybridisation and its impact on the extent of genetic divergence between forms under sympatric conditions has not been clarified. For this purpose, we have used phenotypic and genetic data to characteriseCx. pipienscollected aboveground in Portugal. Our aims were to determine levels of genetic differentiation and the degree of hybridisation between forms occurring in sympatry, and to relate these with both evolutionary and epidemiological tenets of this biological group.ResultsAutogeny and stenogamy was evaluated in the F1 progeny of 145 individualCx. pipiensfemales. Bayesian clustering analysis based on the genotypes of 13 microsatellites revealed two distinct genetic clusters that were highly correlated with the alternative traits that define pipiens and molestus. Admixture analysis yielded hybrid rate estimates of 8-10%. Higher proportions of admixture were observed in pipiens individuals suggesting that more molestus genes are being introgressed into the pipiens form than the opposite.ConclusionBoth physiological/behavioural and genetic data provide evidence for the sympatric occurrence of molestus and pipiens forms ofCx. pipiensin the study area. In spite of the significant genetic differentiation between forms, hybridisation occurs at considerable levels. The observed pattern of asymmetric introgression probably relates to the different mating strategies adopted by each form. Furthermore, the differential introgression of molestus genes into the pipiens form may induce a more opportunistic biting behaviour in the latter thus potentiating its capacity to act as a bridge-vector for the transmission of arboviral infections.