bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘City of sand’: Stately Re‐Imagination of Marina Beach in Chennai
Authors: ARABINDOO PUSHPA 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe launch of economic neoliberalization in India in the 1990s unfolded a new urban habitat in Indian metropolitan cities with public spaces becoming an important part of a parvenu visual display. A vigorous state‐led bourgeois imaginary based on an aestheticized model of order and cleanliness ensued, but its realization is often ‘cracked and refracted’, illustrating the problematic conceptualization of public spaces in postcolonial India. This article examines the imagination of the Marina beach in Chennai, from its creation in the colonial era to the different cycles of re‐imagination pursued in the postcolonial years. In doing so, it highlights a fundamental difference between the Western and indigenous understandings of open spaces, which is characterized by conflict at two levels — first of all, between the public and the common, and secondly, between the public and the crowd. This persists to date, as a result of which state‐produced plans for the Marina have come across weakly and attempts to implement grand visions on the beach have frequently been thwarted. Reduced to a narrower set of fragmented pursuits, the state (and those who subscribe to its bourgeois imaginary), instead of looking for a reconciliation between the two conceptualizations of open spaces, increasingly employs class stereotypes to legitimize one (the public) and discredit the other (the common/crowd).Résumé Dans les années 1990 en Inde, le début de la néolibéralisation économique a révélé un nouvel habitat urbain dans les villes métropolitaines, les espaces publics revêtant peu à peu un aspect important dans l'exposition des nouveaux parvenus. Il en a résulté un fort imaginaire ‘bourgeois’ porté par l'État et fondé sur un modèle esthétique d'ordre et de propreté qui, une fois concrétisé, apparaît souvent ‘fendillé et déformé’, illustrant les problèmes de conceptualisation des espaces publics dans l'Inde postcoloniale. Cet article s'intéresse à Marina Beach (Chennai) et à la manière dont le site a été imaginé depuis sa création à l'époque coloniale, jusqu'aux différents cycles de ré‐imagination dans les années postcoloniales. Ce faisant, il met en évidence une différence fondamentale entre les notions occidentale et nationale d'espace ouvert. Celle‐ci se traduit par un conflit à deux niveaux qui persiste encore à ce jour: d'une part, entre le public et la communauté; d'autre part, entre le public et la masse. De ce fait, les plans que l'État a élaborés pour la Marina ont manqué de vigueur et les tentatives d'aménagements grandioses sur la plage ont souvent été contrecarrées. Réduit à une panoplie rétrécie d'actions fragmentées, l'État (et les adeptes de son imaginaire bourgeois) n'a pas cherchéà concilier les deux conceptualisations de l'espace ouvert, accentuant progressivement sa préférence pour des stéréotypes de classe afin de légitimer l'un (le public) et de discréditer l'autre (la communauté ou la masse).
CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR AND COMMUNITY SERVICES: 1. Introduction and overview
Authors: Emerson Eric , Toogood Alexander , Mansell Jim , Barrett Sheila , Bell Caroline , Cummings Richard , McCool Christine 
Published: August 2010

As the policy of community care is translated into reality a number of challenges are beginning to appear on the horizon, including the identification of client groups whose members are proving difficult to serve. People with severe mental handicaps who exhibit severe problem behaviours are one such group (DHSS, 1984; King's Fund, 1987).This paper introduces a series of articles to be published in Mental Handicap that will explore the provision of community based services for this client group. The series will focus on issues arising from the work of the South East Thames Regional Health Authority's Special Development Team.
The objectives model of curriculum development: a creaking bandwagon?
Authors: Billinge Roger 
Published: August 2010

This article is written (like that of Carpenter, 1984) from my personal experience, in two schools for children with severe learning difficulties, of coordinating a Staff Curriculum Development Group using the Skills Analysis Model (SAM) (Gardner, Murphy, and Crawford, 1983). The aim here, however, is to illustrate reservations about the use of a SAM or “son of SAM” approach in such schools and to indicate possible alternative emphases.The point of view is expressed that SAM, and other behavioural objectives models, can lead to an unrealistic imbalance with an emphasis on what is being taught rather than what is being learned: approaches which ultimately degrade the learner, the teacher, and the learning process.
“Leisure‐Links”
Authors: Browne Charlotte , Singh Rosemary 
Published: August 2010

This article describes research undertaken to assess the need for a community leisure service in Tower Hamlets, part of London's East End.The results replicate the findings of other researchers; that many people with mental handicaps, though “living” in the community, remain isolated from the “community” in its widest sense. People in this study spent the majority of their free time engaged in housebound, solitary, passive, and family oriented activities. Pursuits which did involve “going out” tended to be for groups, such as attending clubs or sports activities.It was found that 84 per cent of respondents, that is, potential consumers, felt they would like to take part in leisure activities that they were not pursuing at the time of the study.The development of Tower Hamlets “Leisure‐Links” scheme is described, highlighting features of the scheme which distinguish it from other similar initiatives. Applications for funding are outlined.
Economic evaluation of respite care for children with mental handicaps: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS
Authors: Gerard Karen 
Published: August 2010

This paper describes the first attempt at economic evaluation of respite services supporting children with mental handicaps and their principal carers. The cost‐effectiveness method was applied as far as possible. However, the study was seriously inhibited by design and outcome problems which reflect the stage of development in this area. The main contribution, therefore, is not the value of costs and benefits obtained but the highlighting of research gaps that for the present constrain this type of evaluation.Since one of the current themes of British government policy concerning health and social service provision is to ensure value for money, then the contribution this study makes to the research agenda is essential for developing community care policy. Future research should consider the development of reliable, robust, and validated instruments with which to measure the impact of respite care on the lives of both client groups (children and carers), a statistically meaningful way to combine the two client group outcomes, and research designs which ensure alternative methods of service delivery can be considered as suitable comparisons.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COLOUR OF TURDINE EGGS
Authors: Lack David 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. In the Turdinae, colour of eggs is valueless as a guide to classification, since not infrequently a species has eggs that are unlike those of its congeners and like those of a species in a different genus.2. Instead, certain colours of eggs tend to be associated with certain types of nesting site; species nesting in deep holes tend to have immaculate white eggs; those in shallower holes and niches speckled white, immaculate blue or speckled blue eggs; those on the ground, amid herbage or on ledges obscured brown, grey or olive eggs; those in forks in bushes or trees blotched eggs, often with shadow‐marks, on a whitish or blue ground; those building domed nests immaculate or speckled, white or blue, eggs.3. The immaculate white eggs of hole‐nesters perhaps result merely from the absence of selection by predators, but more probably are adapted to increase the visibility of the eggs to the parents in a dim light. Obscured brownish or olive eggs are adapted for concealment on the ground or amid herbage. Between these two extremes is a series of species nesting in shallower holes, niches and recesses, in which the eggs are progressively more spotted the more open the nest, suggesting an adaptive gradient, determined primarily by the need for concealing coloration and perhaps also by the need for some degree of visibility to the parents. There is an alternative series in which the eggs are a deeper blue in shallower holes, possibly those in which the nest is screened overhead; immaculate blue eggs also occur in dense low bushes. The blotchings and shadow‐marks on eggs in nests in forks of trees are thought to be cryptic, but why some should have a whitish and others a blue ground colour is not understood.4. There is no reason to think that the eggs of small passerine birds are warningly coloured.
NEST‐SITE SELECTION, PAIR FORMATION AND TERRITORY IN THE HOUSE‐SPARROW PASSER DOMESTICUS
Authors: Summers‐Smith D. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIt is shown that once House‐sparrows have bred they normally remain faithful to their mates and nest‐sites for life. Exceptions to this faithfulness to nest‐site may occur in areas where suitable sites are plentiful, when the pair may hold two sites and use these indiscriminately for breeding. Such sites are normally only a few yards apart. Pair formation most frequently occurs by replacement when one bird of an established pair dies. This takes place from February till the end of the breeding season and again in the autumn. First‐year males that do not become paired in this way take up nest‐sites from February onwards, and may then attract young females to pair with them. Bigamy appears to be uncommon. The House‐sparrow is a colonial nester and territorial behaviour is limited to defence of the nest‐site. The factors of importance in these aspects of the life of the House‐sparrow are: sexual dimorphism, sedentary behaviour and the use of fixed sites for nesting. Colonial nesting is considered to have arisen from the bird's feeding habits and sedentary behaviour; it is maintained by the method of pair formation.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE WHITE‐WHISKERED SOFT‐WING MALACOPTILA PANAMENSIS
Authors: Skutch Alexander F. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn the rain‐forests of El General, Costa Rica, White‐whiskered Soft‐wings nest from March to July in a short, descending tunnel in slightly sloping ground. The nest chamber is lined with dead leaves on bottom and sides, and a low collar of sticks and petioles surrounds the round aperture in the leaf‐strewn ground.The two (rarely three) white eggs are incubated by both sexes, the male sitting continuously from the early afternoon until the following dawn, the female taking one long session of five hours or more in the forenoon. Usually each parent quits the burrow before its partner comes in sight, leaving the eggs uncovered for half an hour or more.The nestlings, blind and completely naked at hatching, remain in the burrow until 20 days old, when they resemble the adults. During their first few days, the male alone broods, staying in the burrow almost constantly, while the female brings all the food, which from the first is delivered at the burrow's mouth. The blind nestlings move up the tunnel to take their meals, certainly from the age of three days onward, and probably on the day of hatching. The male starts to bring food when the young are about six days old and no longer brooded by day, but at all times he brings far less than the female. For the whole period in the nest, feedings averaged less than once per hour for two nestlings.After nocturnal brooding ceases, the nestlings at nightfall raise up the leaves from the floor to form a screen in front of themselves. They never expose themselves at the burrow's mouth and are habitually silent. Although the parents were not seen to remove droppings, the burrow remains remarkably clean.In El General, a single brood appears to be raised each year.
RE‐DISCOVERIES OF THE NEW ZEALAND SUBFOSSIL BIRDS NAMED BY H. O. FORBES
Authors: Dawson Elliot W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. H. O. Forbes briefly described from 1890 to 1893 a number of new species of subfossil birds from the New Zealand Quaternary. The original material on which they were based, long thought to have been destroyed, has been re‐discovered.2. A preliminary note is offered on the significance of this re‐discovery in relation to descriptions of subfossil birds from co‐eval deposits in New Zealand by subsequent workers.3. Full details of these and other aspects of Forbes's work will be presented later, and all the proposed changes in nomenclature will be justified.4. Information regarding H. O. Forbes and the whereabouts of his manuscript journals is sought from anyone who may have known Forbes or his biography.
The decline of raptors in West Africa: long‐term assessment and the role of protected areas
Authors: THIOLLAY JEAN‐MARC 
Published: August 2010

Comparative large‐scale roadside counts (8353 km), through Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, conducted in 1969–73, were repeated 30–35 years later with the same observer and methodology and at the same season. The transect was divided into three geographical zones and between protected and unprotected areas. All diurnal raptors were recorded (22 801 individuals), as well as large game birds. Large vultures suffered a dramatic decline (98%) outside protected areas. The Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus population also collapsed in some regions, but survived in central Burkina Faso. Conversely, their abundance index did not decrease significantly in national parks. Four eagle species decreased by 86–93% and seven were not even recorded in the later study outside protected areas; by contrast, in national parks, only three species had declined marginally. Smaller Accipitridae (kites, goshawks, buzzards) also exhibited significant declines outside but not within national parks where woodland species reached their highest densities. The Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus, mostly European migrants, declined sharply everywhere. African falcons decreased only outside protected areas. Among Palearctic migrants, Montagu's Circus pygargus and Pallid Harriers C. macrourus decreased significantly, Short‐toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus less markedly, and Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus and Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus not at all. Similar trends had previously been documented in Cameroon. They are associated with human population growth and development, global habitat degradation and ecosystem impoverishment (woodcutting, agricultural intensification, overgrazing, desertification). Heavy use of pesticides, control of locust outbreaks and overhunting have suppressed major food sources. Vultures may suffer from a shortage of carcasses, poisoning for predator control or persecution for trade of meat and body parts. Protected areas play a prominent role in the maintenance of vulture and eagle populations, even though they currently cover less than 2% of the Sudan zone and are virtually absent in the Sahel.
Incomes, Incentives and the Growth of Means‐Testing in Hungary
Authors: Redmond Gerry 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to examine the reform of family benefits and the growth of means‐testing in Hungary. From 1996, many family benefits were means‐tested for the first time. A new microsimulation model for Hungary, running on recent survey microdata, is used to simulate the impact of the 1996 reforms on government expenditures, the distribution of incomes, the targeting of benefits and effective marginal tax rates. These reforms are found to be largely benign and even progressive, but they also appear to be paving the way for the further extension of means‐testing. The model is used to investigate such an extension by simulating the impact of a UK‐style system of means‐tested family benefits in Hungary. This system achieves some expenditure savings and better targeting of benefits, but also greatly increases effective marginal tax rates on low‐income households with children. The paper argues that resulting poverty traps may increase child poverty in Hungary in the longer term and cautions against the overextension of means‐testing.
Poor Kids: trends in Child Poverty in Britain, 1968–96
Authors: Gregg Paul , Harkness Susan , Machin Stephen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAccording to Family Expenditure Survey (FES) data, child poverty (with a poverty line defined at half mean equivalised household income) has risen markedly in Britain in the last 30 years. By 1995–96, around one in three ‐ or 4.3 million ‐ children were living in poor households. This compares with child poverty rates of one in ten, corresponding to 1.4 million children, in 1968.The employment position of the household is seen to be important, with over half of poor children in 1995–96 living in households with no adults in work. If an absolute, rather than a relative, poverty line is utilised, child poverty remains stagnant since the late 1970s, following a period of rapid decline from 1968, despite considerable rises in average living standards. This reveals that the income position of households with children has been falling relative to that of childless households over time. Finally, looking at expenditure patterns and comparing their trends with income‐based poverty measures tends to reinforce these findings.
The Readability of Australia's Taxation Laws and Supplementary Materials: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Smith David , Richardson Grant 
Published: August 2010

‘Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.’Albert Einstein
AbstractAustralian taxation law has been criticised for many years for its difficulty to read and understand. The Tax Law Improvement Project (TLIP) was established in December 1993 to rewrite in plain language Australia's income tax legislation. The primary purpose of this study is to test empirically the effectiveness of attempts at simplifying the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 as amended. The study utilises empirical measures in analysing the level of readability of Australia's taxation laws. In doing so, it builds on earlier research, which applied similar methods in examining the New Zealand taxation simplification process. It was found that the sections of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 sampled were slightly more readable than corresponding sections of Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 as amended, which is consistent with Wallschutzky's (1995) findings. Nevertheless, the results fall well short of acceptable bench‐marks, suggesting that the goal of simplification has not been achieved.
The Internationalisation of UK R&D
Authors: Bloom Nicholas , Griffith Rachel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPolicies to promote research and development (R&D) are high on the government's agenda. R&D and innovation are seen as key drivers of economic growth and important for raising UK productivity. This paper considers recent trends in UK R&D performance. We show that UK R&D is more internationalised than that of other G5 countries and is becoming increasingly so at a faster rate. A rising share of UK R&D is funded from abroad and UK firms are undertaking more of their R&D overseas. Using an international panel of countries, we show that R&D in one country responds to a change in the price in another ‘competitor’ country. This suggests that UK innovation policies could play an important role in determining whether increasingly footloose R&D locates in the UK or moves overseas.
From Micro to Macro: Public Polices and Aggregate Economic Performance
Authors: Besley Timothy 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the link between policy and economic growth. It stresses that while growth, as measured and discussed, is a macroeconomic phenomenon, the best available evidence of policy effectiveness is typically from studies using micro data. It also reiterates the message that divergence between private and social returns is a key part of the evidence needed to discuss what kinds of policy intervention are desirable.
Does an employer training levy work? The incidence of and returns to adult vocational training in France and Britain
Authors: Greenhalgh Christine 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe examine two different policy regimes towards continuing vocational training for the adult workforce: policy in France has been interventionist, using an employer training levy since the 1970s, whereas British policy has relied largely on individual initiatives for training investment by employers and workers.We begin with a review of the theory of vocational training, indicating why market failure and underprovision are the likely outcome and signalling types of corrective policy that might be adopted. We set up hypotheses about the likely impact of policy in France relative to Britain to provide a framework for evaluation. We present a detailed comparison of the two systems in observed training incidence and the returns to training captured by workers and employers, drawing on a wide range of econometric studies. We conclude with an assessment of the employer training levy in France and suggest ways it could be modified if adopted in Britain.
Trends in British public investment
Authors: Clark Tom , Elsby Mike , Love Sarah 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBritish public investment has declined sharply both as a share of GDP and as a share of government spending since the 1970s. Only part of this decline is explained by privatisation, which transferred some public investment to the private sector. More important was the very large and permanent reduction in public house‐building between the mid‐1970s and the early 1980s. Between the late 1980s and the early 1990s, the rate of public investment recovered somewhat, but after that time it declined again, reaching a record low in 1999. The most recent decline in public investment has affected a range of central government programmes, and it has not been significantly offset by investment under the Private Finance Initiative. The government now plans to increase investment spending, although levels look set to remain low by historical standards for some time to come.
The economic costs and benefits of UK defence exports
Authors: Chalmers Malcolm , Davies Neil V. , Hartley Keith , Wilkison Chris 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study examines the economic costs and benefits to the UK of a 50 per cent cut in UK defence exports from the average level of 1998 and 1999. The net impact on the government budget is estimated to be an ongoing loss of between around £40 million and £100 million a year: around 0.2–0.4 per cent of the total UK defence budget. In addition, there is estimated to be a one‐off net adjustment cost, spread over five years, of between £0.9 billion and £1.4 billion. A further more speculative adjustment cost (estimated at around £1.1 billion) could result if the loss of income associated with the ‘terms‐of‐trade£ effect were also included. In terms of the wider debate about defence exports, the results of this study suggest first that the economic effects of the reduction in defence exports are relatively small and largely one‐off, and secondly that the balance of arguments about UK defence exports should be determined mainly by non‐economic factors.