bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Followup Study of Asymptomatic Carriers ofPneumocystis jiroveciDuring Immunosuppressive Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: MORI SHUNSUKE , CHO ISAMU , SUGIMOTO MINEHARU 
Published: June 2009

Objective.To examine the preventive effects of prophylaxis againstPneumocystis jiroveci-induced pneumonia (PCP) in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who are colonized by this organism.Methods.We performed molecular testing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) forP. jirovecion induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of 82 patients with RA. During primary prophylaxis, asymptomatic carriers of this organism were examined by high-resolution computed tomography and PCR every 2 weeks. RA patients who had developed PCP received PCR tests every week. Once negative results were obtained, PCR testing was scheduled at Months 1, 3, and 6, followed by reexaminations every 6 months.Results.We found 9 cases of asymptomatic carriage ofP. jiroveci.All the carriers had received low doses of methotrexate. Upon introduction of PCP prophylaxis, 5 cases tested negative for PCR within 1 month. Three carriers developed PCP before starting prophylaxis, but these tested negative for PCR after short periods (1–2 weeks) of PCP treatment. OnceP. jiroveciwas eradicated, all cases maintained negative PCR results during followup without prophylactic intervention, even after resuming immunosuppressive therapy. One patient refused PCP prophylaxis, but no PCP developed.Conclusion.RA patients with asymptomatic carriage ofP. jirovecibenefited from short-term prophylaxis against PCP. Positive PCR results appeared to be predictive of future development of PCP in RA patients. Identification ofP. jirovecicarriers will encourage prompt introduction of PCP prophylaxis when rheumatologists consider immunosuppressive therapy for RA.
Clinical and Genetic Features of Familial Mediterranean Fever in Japan
Authors: TSUCHIYA-SUZUKI AYAKO , YAZAKI MASAHIDE , NAKAMURA AKINORI , YAMAZAKI KAZUKO , AGEMATSU KAZUNAGA , MATSUDA MASAYUKI , IKEDA SHU-ICHI 
Published: June 2009

Objective.Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is thought to be a rare disorder in Japan, and the clinical features of Japanese patients with FMF remain unclear. Our aim was to elucidate the clinical characteristics of FMF in Japanese patients.Methods.We analyzed clinical and genetic data of 80 patients based on the results of a nationwide questionnaire survey and review of the literature.Results.From clinical findings of 80 Japanese patients, high-grade fever was observed in 98.8%, chest attacks (pleuritis symptoms) in 61.2%, abdominal attacks (peritonitis symptoms) in 55.0%, and arthritis in 27.5%. Twenty-four percent of patients experienced their first attacks before 10 years of age, 40% in their teens, and 36% after age 20 years. Colchicine was effective in many patients at a relatively low dose (< 1.0 mg/day). AA amyloidosis was seen in only 1 patient. Common MEFV mutation patterns were E148Q/M694I (25.0%), M694I alone (17.5%), and L110P/E148Q/M694I (17.5%), and no patient carried the M694V mutation, the most common mutation in Mediterranean patients with FMF.Conclusion.A larger than expected number of patients with FMF exist in Japan, and the clinical presentation of Japanese FMF patients seems to be relatively milder than those of Mediterranean FMF patients. AA amyloidosis rarely occurs in Japanese patients, probably due to difference in patterns of the MEFV genotype between Japanese and Mediterranean patients.
Al-Jazeera, phénomène ou leurre ?
Authors: Kajja Kamal 
Published: June 2009

Le lancement par l’émir du Qatar, à partir de novembre 1996, de la chaîne d’information en continu Al-Jazeera a été un vrai bouleversement dans l’espace médiatique arabe, caractérisé par la censure exercée par les régimes en place. Al-Jazeera constitue l’une des chaînes de télévision les plus controversées dans le monde arabe, voire ailleurs. Sa ligne éditoriale et la qualité de ses programmes, diffusés sur un ton de liberté, ont révolutionné la scène médiatique et le débat public dans le monde arabe, ce qui a irrité plusieurs gouvernements arabes voire même les États-Unis et l’Europe. Sa capacité à fédérer les masses arabes derrière elle et à régénérer un panarabisme trans -national a poussé les régimes arabes, plus particulièrement l’Arabie saoudite, mais également l’administration américaine et le gouvernement britannique à lancer leurs propres chaînes d’information destinées au monde arabe. Cette initiative rentre dans le cadre d’une stratégie visant à contrer l’influence considérable d’Al-Jazeera, qui est devenue la chaîne la plus regardée dans le monde arabe, plus particulièrement au lendemain des événements du 11 septembre 2001, et qui concurrence dorénavant les grandes chaînes internationales d’infor -mation telles que CNN et la BBC sur leur propre terrain.
Une approche triadique du marketing des destinations
Authors: Maunier Cécile 
Published: June 2009

Résumé Les recherches en tourisme s’intéressent davantage à des produits spécifiques qu’aux destinations. Le tourisme joue pourtant un rôle important dans la prospérité de nombreux pays et économies insulaires. Une étude des techniques utilisées dans le cadre du marketing des destinations s’avère alors intéressante compte tenu des diverses parties en présence et des différentes composantes du macro-produit « destination ». L’intégration de travaux relatifs au marketing touristique, au marketing territorial et au marketing politique est dans ce cadre préférable pour tenir compte de ces spécificités.
La gestion des talents : émergence d'un nouveau modèle de management ?
Authors: Mirallès Pierre 
Published: June 2009

Résumé La communication propose un concept du talent utilisable en gestion des ressources humaines et, sur cette base, construit un modèle de management qui s’oppose et dépasse le modèle de la compétence. Le talent est défini comme « excellence + différence » et vu comme une idiosyncrasie. Manager les talents implique de mettre en œuvre un ensemble cohérent de pratiques de gestion typiques, telles que le scouting (détection/sélection), le casting (composition d’équipe), le coaching (accompagnement/conditionnement) et le cocooning (protection/rétention). L’émergence dans les organisations du management des talents exprime l’immersion d’une partie de leurs activités dans le monde de l’hypercompétition.
Un modèle organisationnel en « confiance-coopération »
Authors: Pesqueux Yvon 
Published: June 2009

Résumé Le projet de ce texte est de dresser les contours d’un modèle relationnel de l’organisation à partir de la dualité « confiance – coopération », modèle organisationnel qui mettra l’accent sur l’importance des relations mutuelles, de coopération, d’association mais aussi de ses limites. La convocation de la notion est en effet effectuée le plus souvent dans la perspective idéologique d’un volontarisme managérial venant ignorer le conflit au nom de la confiance qui se doit alors d’être gérée.
La sécurité intérieure à l'épreuve de l'élargissement de l'Union européenne
Authors: de Lobkowicz Wenceslas 
Published: June 2009

Les enjeux de la sécurité intérieure étaient particulièrement élevés dans l’Europe relativement homogène d’avant les élargissements « à l’Est ». Ils ont été accrus lorsque, en deux fois, le nombre d’États membres est passé à vingt-sept. Pour surmonter les nombreuses difficultés, l’article montre comment il a fallu sortir de la logique d’affrontement de bloc contre bloc qui avait longtemps divisé l’Europe. Il s’est agi d’abord de définir les objectifs prioritaires en la matière. Ensuite, il a fallu donner aux nouveaux États membres les moyens de les atteindre, que ces moyens soient financiers ou juridiques.
Vraie Méthode et interprétation de l'Écriture chez Spinoza
Authors: Klajnman Adrien 
Published: June 2009

Dans le Traité de la réforme de l’entendement, le jeune Spinoza réconcilie sans les confondre les deux principales composantes de la vera Methodus et, dans une certaine mesure, unifie Méthode réflexive et Philosophie. Or, ces deux démarches apportent un éclairage sur la Méthode d’interprétation de l’Écriture conçue au chapitre VII du Traité théologico-politique. En effet, il existe une cohérence trop négligée dans les études spinozistes entre la vera Methodus et ce qu’est devenue la Philosophie ultérieure de Spinoza lorsqu’il formule les règles de l’interprétation de l’Écriture. Cette cohérence s’exprime sur deux plans. Primo, l’interprétation spinozienne des Lettres sacrées implique dans un autre registre l’histoire de l’entendement fondée par le jeune Spinoza sur la connaissance réflexive de l’idée vraie donnée et l’expérimentation. Secundo, l’impossibilité d’une « science vraie » de l’Écriture et l'emploi d'outils intellectuels innés placent le Traité théologico-politique et le Traité de la réforme de l’entendement dans un horizon commun : celui d’un usage spécifique de l’entendement et d’une alternative à la connaissance causale déployée dans l’Éthique.
Living Yeast Cells as a Controllable Biosynthesizer for Fluorescent Quantum Dots
Authors: Cui Ran , Liu Hui‐Hui , Xie Hai‐Yan , Zhang Zhi‐Ling , Yang Yi‐Ran , Pang Dai‐Wen , Xie Zhi‐Xiong , Chen Bei‐Bei , Hu Bin , Shen Ping 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThere are currently some problems in the field of chemical synthesis, such as environmental impact, energy loss, and safety, that need to be tackled urgently. An interdisciplinary approach, based on different backgrounds, may succeed in solving these problems. Organisms can be chosen as potential platforms for materials fabrication, since biosystems are natural and highly efficient. Here, an example of how to solve some of these chemical problems through biology, namely, through a novel biological strategy of coupling intracellular irrelated biochemical reactions for controllable synthesis of multicolor CdSe quantum dots (QDs) using living yeast cells as a biosynthesizer, is demonstrated. The unique fluorescence properties of CdSe QDs can be utilized to directly and visually judge the biosynthesis phase to fully demonstrate this strategy. By such a method, CdSe QDs, emitting at a variety of single fluorescence wavelengths, can be intracellularly, controllably synthesized at just 30°C instead of at 300°C with combustible, explosive, and toxic organic reagents. This green biosynthetic route is a novel strategy of coupling, with biochemical reactions taking place irrelatedly, both in time and space. It involves a remarkable decrease in reaction temperature, from around 300 °C to 30 °C and excellent color controllability of CdSe photoluminescence. It is well known that to control the size of nanocrystals is a mojor challenge in the biosynthesis of high‐quality nanomaterials. The present work demonstrates clearly that biological systems can be creatively utilized to realize controllable unnatural biosynthesis that normally does not exist, offering new insights for sustainable chemistry.
Molecular‐Level Dispersion of Graphene into Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Effective Reinforcement of their Nanocomposites
Authors: Liang Jiajie , Huang Yi , Zhang Long , Wang Yan , Ma Yanfeng , Guo Tianyin , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDespite great recent progress with carbon nanotubes and other nanoscale fillers, the development of strong, durable, and cost‐efficient multifunctional nanocomposite materials has yet to be achieved. The challenges are to achieve molecule‐level dispersion and maximum interfacial interaction between the nanofiller and the matrix at low loading. Here, the preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposites with graphene oxide (GO) using a simple water solution processing method is reported. Efficient load transfer is found between the nanofiller graphene and matrix PVA and the mechanical properties of the graphene‐based nanocomposite with molecule‐level dispersion are significantly improved. A 76% increase in tensile strength and a 62% improvement of Young's modulus are achieved by addition of only 0.7 wt% of GO. The experimentally determined Young's modulus is in excellent agreement with theoretical simulation.
Somatic mosaicism for Duchenne dystrophy: Evidence for genetic normalization mitigating muscle symptoms
Authors: Kesari Akanchha , Neel Robert , Wagoner Lynne , Harmon Brennan , Spurney Christopher , Hoffman Eric P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe describe a young adult male presenting with cardiac failure necessitating cardiac transplantation 7 months after presentation. Skeletal muscle biopsy showed mosaic immunostaining for dystrophin. DNA studies showed somatic mosaicism for a nonsense mutation in the dystrophin gene (Arg2905X). The frequency of normal versus mutant genes were determined in blood/DNA (50:50), muscle/DNA (80:20) and muscle/mRNA (90:10). These data are consistent with genetic normalization processes that may biochemically rescue skeletal muscle in male somatic mosaic patients mitigating muscle symptoms (gradual loss of dystrophin‐negative skeletal muscle tissue replaced by dystrophin‐positive stem cells). To our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of a clinically ascertained patient showing somatic mosaicism for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We hypothesize that many somatic mosaic males for DMD exist, yet they are not detected clinically due to genetic normalization. Somatic mosaicism for DMD should be considered in acute heart failure with dilated cardiomyopathy, as genetic normalization in heart is unlikely to occur. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life history and locomotion in Cebus capucinus and Alouatta palliata
Authors: Bezanson Michelle 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAs an individual matures from birth to adulthood, many factors may influence the positional repertoire. The biological and behavioral changes that accompany a growing individual are expected to influence foraging strategy, social status and interaction, diet, predator avoidance strategies, and ultimately positional behavior as a behavioral link between anatomy and the environment. In this work, positional behavior is considered as an important feature of life history in juvenile and adult white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) inhabiting the same tropical forest in Costa Rica. During growth and development ontogenetic changes in body size, limb proportions, and motor skills are likely to influence locomotion and posture through the arboreal canopy. I collected data on positional behavior, activity, branch size, branch angle, and crown location during a 12‐month period at Estación Biológica La Suerte in northeastern Costa Rica. Life history timing and differences in rates of growth did not predictably influence the development of adultlike positional behaviors in Cebus and Alouatta. Young Cebus resembled the adult pattern of positional behavior by 6 months of age while howlers exhibited significant differences in several positional behavior categories through 24 months of age. The positional repertoire of both species revealed similarities in the types of modes used during feed/forage and travel in juveniles and adults. Data presented here suggest that the environment exerts different pressures on growing Cebus and Alouatta that may relate to diet, energy expenditure, foraging skill, and/or social learning. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009 © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Migration to the Medieval Middle East with the Crusades
Authors: Mitchell Piers D. , Millard Andrew R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDuring the 12th and 13th centuries thousands of people moved from Europe to the Middle East to fight, undertake pilgrimage, or settle and make a new life. The aim of this research is to investigate two populations from the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem, by determining who was born in Europe and who came from the Middle East. Oxygen and strontium stable isotope analyses were conducted on the enamel of teeth from skeletal remains excavated from Crusader contexts. Twenty individuals from the coastal city of Caesarea (10 high status and 10 low status), and two local Near Eastern Christian farmers from the village of Parvum Gerinum (Tel Jezreel) were analyzed as a control sample. Results were compared with known geographic values for oxygen and strontium isotopes. The population of the city of Caesarea appears to have been dominated by European‐born individuals (probably 19/20, but at least 13/20), with few locals. This was surprising as a much higher proportion of locals were expected. Both controls from the farming village of Parvum Gerinum had spent their childhood in the area of the village, which matches our understanding of limited mobility among poor Medieval farmers. This is the first time that stable isotope analysis has been applied to the study of the migration of peoples between Medieval Europe and the Middle East at the time of the crusades. In view of these findings, we must now rethink past estimations of population social structure in Levantine coastal Medieval cities during the Crusader period. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial DNA variability among eight Tikúna villages: Evidence for an intratribal genetic heterogeneity pattern
Authors: Mendes‐Junior Celso Teixeira , Simões Aguinaldo Luiz 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo study the genetic structure of the Tikúna tribe, four major Native American mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) founder haplogroups were analyzed in 187 Amerindians from eight Tikúna villages located in the Brazilian Amazon. The central position of these villages in the continent makes them relevant for attempts to reconstruct population movements in South America. In this geographic region, there is particular concern regarding the genetic structure of the Tikúna tribe, formerly designated “enigmatic” due to its remarkable degree of intratribal homogeneity and the scarcity of private protein variants. In spite of its large population size and geographic distribution, the Tikúna tribe presents marked genetic and linguistic isolation. All individuals presented indigenous mtDNA haplogroups. An intratribal genetic heterogeneity pattern characterized by two highly homogeneous Tikúna groups that differ considerably from each other was observed. Such a finding was unexpected, since the Tikúna tribe is characterized by a social system that favors intratribal exogamy and patrilocality that would lead to a higher female migration rate and homogenization of the mtDNA gene pool. Demographic explosions and religious events, which significantly changed the sizes and compositions of many Tikúna villages, may be reflected in the genetic results presented here. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Earliest complete hominin fifth metatarsal—Implications for the evolution of the lateral column of the foot
Authors: Zipfel Bernhard , DeSilva Jeremy M. , Kidd Robert S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStW 114/115, from Sterkfontein, South Africa, is the earliest complete hominin fifth metatarsal. Comparisons of StW 114/115 to modern humans, extant apes, and partial hominin metatarsals AL 333‐13, AL 333‐78, SKX 33380, OH 8, and KNM‐ER 803f reveal a similar morphology in all six fossils consistent with habitual bipedality. Although StW 114/115 possesses some primitive characters, the proximal articular morphology and internal torsion of the head are very human‐like, suggesting a stable lateral column and the likely presence of lateral longitudinal and transverse tarsal arches. We conclude that, at least in the lateral component of the foot of the StW 114/115 individual, the biomechanical pattern is very similar to that of modern humans. This, however, may not have been the case in the medial column of the foot, as a mosaic pattern of hominin foot evolution and function has been suggested. The results of this study may support the hypothesis of an increased calcaneo‐cuboid stability having been an early evolutionary event in the history of terrestrial bipedalism. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Familial resemblance in digit ratio (2D:4D)
Authors: Voracek Martin , Dressler Stefan G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFamilial resemblance in the second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), a proxy for prenatal androgen action, was studied in 1,260 individuals from 235 Austrian families. In agreement with findings from twin studies of 2D:4D, heritability estimates based on parent–child and full‐sib dyad similarity indicated substantial genetic contributions to trait expression (57% for right hand, 48% for left hand 2D:4D). Because twin studies have found nonadditive genetic as well as shared environmental effects on 2D:4D to be negligible or nil, these family‐based estimates in all likelihood reflect the narrow‐sense (additive genetic) heritability of the trait. Directional (right‐minus‐left) asymmetry in 2D:4D was only weakly heritable (6%). The pattern of same‐sex and different‐sex parent–child and full‐sib correlations yielded no evidence for X‐linked inheritance. This is surprising, considering evidence for associations of male 2D:4D with sensitivity to testosterone (functional variants of the X‐linked androgen receptor gene). 2D:4D was particularly strongly heritable through male lines (father–son and brother–brother correlations), thus raising the possibility that Y‐linked genes (such as the sex‐determining region SRY) might influence 2D:4D expression. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Double Layer of Au(100)/Ionic Liquid Interface and Its Stability in Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Su Yu‐Zhuan , Fu Yong‐Chun , Yan Jia‐Wei , Chen Zhao‐Bin , Mao Bing‐Wei 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOberflächlich betrachtet: Die differenzielle Kapazität von Au(100) in der ionischen Flüssigkeit [BMI]BF4 (BMI=1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) als Funktion des elektrostatischen Potentials nimmt einen glockenförmigen Verlauf (siehe Bild). Die Adsorption von BMI+ geht von einem ungeordneten in einen geordneten Prozess über und hängt von der Struktur der Oberfläche ab. Die geordnete Adsorption zu einer micellartigen Struktur stabilisiert die darunter befindliche Au‐Oberfläche.magnified image
Probing the Inner Space of Resorcinarene Molecular Capsules with Nitroxide Guests
Authors: Mileo Elisabetta , Yi Song , Bhattacharya Papri , Kaifer Angel E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn Quarantäne: Nitroxid‐Spinsonden werden in Dichlormethanlösung in hexameren Resorcinaren‐Kapseln eingeschlossen (siehe Bild). Beim Einschluss von zwei kationischen und einer neutralen Sonde nimmt die Taumelgeschwindigkeit deutlich ab. Mit zunehmendem Molekülvolumen der Sonde spiegelt ihre Taumelgeschwindigkeit die Gesamttaumelgeschwindigkeit des supramolekularen Assoziats wider.magnified image
The Benzyne Aza‐Claisen Reaction
Authors: Cant Alastair A. , Bertrand Guillaume H. V. , Henderson Jaclyn L. , Roberts Lee , Greaney Michael F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEin Arin und ein tertiäres Allylamin liefern durch eine Aza‐Claisen‐Umlagerung o‐Allylanilinprodukte. Das Arin bietet sowohl die π‐Komponente für die Umlagerung als auch die Quaternisierung, die die Aktivierungsenergie der sigmatropen Verschiebung senkt. Die Reaktion wurde zur Synthese benzanellierter cyclischer Amine mit mittlerer Ringgröße genutzt (siehe Schema).magnified image
Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Isomerization of Primary Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Mantilli Luca , Gérard David , Torche Sonya , Besnard Céline , Mazet Clément 
Published: June 2009

AbstractUnter sehr milden Reaktionsbedingungen vermitteln Iridiumhydridkatalysatoren die Isomerisierung primärer Allylalkohole. Die besten Katalysatoren, darunter (R)‐1, liefern die gewünschten chiralen Aldehyde mit ausgezeichneten Enantioselektivitäten und in guten Ausbeuten. Auf der Grundlage von ersten Untersuchungen wurde ein mechanistisches Modell entwickelt.magnified image