bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test–retest reliability of an fMRI paradigm for studies of cardiovascular reactivity
Authors: Sheu Lei K. , Jennings J. Richard , Gianaros Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe examined the reliability of measures of fMRI, subjective, and cardiovascular reactions to standardized versions of a Stroop color‐word task and a multisource interference task. A sample of 14 men and 12 women (30–49 years old) completed the tasks on two occasions, separated by a median of 88 days. The reliability of fMRI BOLD signal changes in brain areas engaged by the tasks was moderate, and aggregating fMRI BOLD signal changes across the tasks improved test–retest reliability metrics. These metrics included voxel‐wise intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and overlap ratio statistics. Task‐aggregated ratings of subjective arousal, valence, and control, as well as cardiovascular reactions evoked by the tasks showed ICCs of 0.57 to 0.87 (ps < .001), indicating moderate‐to‐strong reliability. These findings support using these tasks as a battery for fMRI studies of cardiovascular reactivity.
Adoption of Diagnostic Technology and Variation in Caesarean Section Rates: A Test of the Practice Style Hypothesis in Norway
Authors: Grytten Jostein , Monkerud Lars , Sørensen Rune 
Published: May 2012

ObjectiveTo examine whether the introduction of advanced diagnostic technology in maternity care has led to less variation in type of delivery between hospitals in Norway.Data SourcesThe Medical Birth Registry of Norway provided detailed medical information for 1.7 million deliveries from 1967 to 2005. Information about diagnostic technology was collected directly from the maternity units.Study DesignThe data were analyzed using a two‐level binary logistic model with Caesarean section as the outcome measure. Level one contained variables that characterized the health status of the mother and child. Hospitals are level two. A heterogeneous variance structure was specified for the hospital level, where the error variance was allowed to vary according to the following types of diagnostic technology: two‐dimensional ultrasound, cardiotocography, ST waveform analysis, and fetal blood analyses.Principal FindingThere was a marked variation in Caesarean section rates between hospitals up to 1973. After this the variation diminished markedly. This was due to the introduction of ultrasound and cardiotocography.ConclusionDiagnostic technology reduced clinical uncertainty about the diagnosis of risk factors of the mother and child during delivery, and variation in type of delivery between hospitals was reduced accordingly. The results support the practice style hypothesis.
Cost Savings from Assertive Community Treatment Services in an Era of Declining Psychiatric Inpatient Use
Authors: Slade Eric P. , McCarthy John F. , Valenstein Marcia , Visnic Stephanie , Dixon Lisa B. 
Published: May 2012

ObjectiveTo assess, during a period of decreasing psychiatric inpatient utilization, cost savings from Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) programs for individuals with severe mental illnesses.Data SourceU.S. Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA) national administrative data for entrants into ACT programs.Study DesignAn observational study of the effects of ACT enrollment on mental health inpatient utilization and costs in the first 12 months following enrollment. ACT enrollees (N = 2010) were propensity score matched to ACT‐eligible non‐enrollees (N = 4020). An instrumental variables generalized linear regression approach was used to estimate enrollment effects.ResultsInstrumental variables estimates indicate that between FY2001 and FY2004, entry into ACT resulted in a net increase of $4529 in VA costs. Trends in inpatient use among ACT program entrants suggest this effect remained stable after FY2004. However, eligibility for ACT declined 37 percent, because fewer patients met an eligibility standard based on high prior psychiatric inpatient use.ConclusionsSavings from ACT programs depend on new enrollees' intensity of psychiatric inpatient utilization prior to entering the ACT program. Although a program eligibility standard based on prior psychiatric inpatient use helped to sustain the savings from VA ACT programs, over time, it also resulted in an unintended narrowing of program eligibility.
Risk of Severe Postpartum Hemorrhage in Low‐Risk Childbearing Women in New Zealand: Exploring the Effect of Place of Birth and Comparing Third Stage Management of Labor
Authors: Davis Deborah , Baddock Sally , Pairman Sally , Hunter Marion , Benn Cheryl , Anderson Jacqui , Dixon Lesley , Herbison Peter 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundPrimary postpartum hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity internationally. Research comparing physiological (expectant) and active management of the third stage of labor favors active management, although studies to date have focused on childbirth within hospital settings, and the skill levels of birth attendants in facilitating physiological third stage of labor have been questioned. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of place of birth on the risk of postpartum hemorrhage and the effect of mode of management of the third stage of labor on severe postpartum hemorrhage.MethodsData for 16,210 low‐risk women giving birth in 2006 and 2007 were extracted from the New Zealand College of Midwives research database. Modes of third stage management and volume of blood lost were compared with results adjusted for age, parity, ethnicity, smoking, length of labor, mode of birth, episiotomy, perineal trauma, and newborn birthweight greater than 4,000 g.ResultsIn total, 1.32 percent of this low‐risk cohort experienced an estimated blood loss greater than 1,000 mL. Place of birth was not found to be associated with risk of blood loss greater than 1,000 mL. More women experienced blood loss greater than 1,000 mL in the active management of labor group for all planned birth places. In this low‐risk cohort, those women receiving active management of third stage of labor had a twofold risk (RR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.39–3.22) of losing more than 1,000 mL blood compared with those expelling their placenta physiologically.ConclusionsPlanned place of birth does not influence the risk of blood loss greater than 1,000 mL. In this low‐risk group active management of labor was associated with a twofold increase in blood loss greater than 1,000 mL compared with physiological management. (BIRTH 39:2 June 2012)
Satisfaction with a Modified Form of In‐Hospital Birth Center Care Compared with Standard Maternity Care
Authors: Tingstig Charlotta , Gottvall Karin , Grunewald Charlotta , Waldenström Ulla 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundFor safety reasons an in‐hospital birth center was replaced by a modified form of birth center care with the same medical guidelines and equipment as in standard care. The aim of this study was to investigate women's and men's satisfaction with modified care compared with standard care.MethodsWomen in both groups gave birth from July 2007 to July 2008. The same medical low‐risk criteria during pregnancy applied to both groups. Of those invited to the study, 547 (82.7%) women in modified birth center care and 445 (66.7%) men returned a questionnaire posted 2 months after the birth, and 786 (71.6%) women and 639 (58.2%) men in standard care. Odds ratios (ORs) for being satisfied were calculated with 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs) and adjusted for possible confounders. We also explored the effects of different components of care on overall satisfaction.ResultsAdjusted ORs for being satisfied overall were approximately doubled in the modified birth center group compared with the standard care group: antenatal care—OR: 2.1 (95% CI: 1.6–2.7) in women and OR: 2.2 (95% CI: 1.5–2.8) in men; intrapartum care—OR: 2.2 (95% CI: 1.7–2.9) in women and OR: 1.7 (95% CI: 1.3–2.4) in men; and postpartum care—OR: 1.7 in women (95% CI: 1.4–2.2) and OR: 2.1 (95% CI: 1.6–2.8) in men. Important explanations of these differences included perception of the midwife as being more supportive, the presence of a calmer environment and atmosphere (intrapartum), and the option for fathers to stay overnight (postpartum).ConclusionIn‐hospital birth center with medical equipment on site increased overall satisfaction with all episodes of care compared with standard care. (BIRTH 39:2 June 2012)
Persistent Dose‐Dependent Changes in Brain Structure in Young Adults with Low‐to‐Moderate Alcohol Exposure In Utero
Authors: Eckstrand Kristen L. , Ding Zhaohua , Dodge Neil C. , Cowan Ronald L. , Jacobson Joseph L. , Jacobson Sandra W. , Avison Malcolm J. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundMany children with heavy exposure to alcohol in utero display characteristic alterations in brain size and structure. However, the long‐term effects of low‐to‐moderate alcohol exposure on these outcomes are unknown.MethodsUsing voxel‐based morphometry and region‐of‐interest analyses, we examined the influence of lower doses of alcohol on gray and white matter composition in a prospectively recruited, homogeneous, well‐characterized cohort of alcohol‐exposed (n = 11, age 19.5 ± 0.3 years) and control (n = 9, age 19.6 ± 0.5 years) young adults. A large proportion of the exposed individuals were born to mothers whose alcohol consumption during pregnancy was in the low‐to‐moderate range.ResultsThere were no differences in total brain volume or total gray or white matter volume between the exposed and control groups. However, gray matter volume was reduced in alcohol‐exposed individuals in several areas previously reported to be affected by high levels of exposure, including the left cingulate gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyri, right middle temporal gyrus, and right caudate nucleus. Notably, this gray matter loss was dose dependent, with higher exposure producing more substantial losses.ConclusionsThese results indicate that even at low doses, alcohol exposure during pregnancy impacts brain development and that these effects persist into young adulthood.
Ethanol Enhances Human Hyperpolarization‐Activated Cyclic Nucleotide‐Gated Currents
Authors: Chen Yongjun , Wu Pan , Fan Xinrong , Chen Hui , Yang Jing , Song Tao , Huang Congxin 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundThere is a clear association between excessive ethanol (
EtOH
) consumption and the risk of sudden cardiac death. The hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) current, I
f, is known to contribute to spontaneous pacemaker activity of sinoatrial (SA) node cells. However, the exact mechanisms of
EtOH
on arrhythmia induction are not well understood.MethodsThe preparations of SA node were excised from rabbit heart, transmembrane potentials were recorded by standard glass microelectrode technique, and a whole‐cell patch clamp technique was used to record I
f in enzymatically isolated rabbit SA node pacemaker cells. Human HCN2 (hHCN2) and HCN4 channels were heterologously expressed in
Xenopus oocytes and studied using 2‐electrode voltage clamp technique.ResultsSuperfusion of
EtOH
increased the spontaneous firing frequency of SA node cells in a reversible fashion. Treatment with ivabradine irreversibly depressed basal firing frequency and markedly attenuated the enhancement effect of
EtOH
on firing. The stimulatory effects of
EtOH
on I
f were concentration‐dependent in the range of 1 to 100 mM, with an average EC
50 value of 20.81 ± 6.71 mM and Hill coefficient of 1.19 ± 0.10. Furthermore,
EtOH
reversibly enhanced the HCN currents in a concentration‐dependent fashion with an EC
50 value of 18.41 ± 2.75 mM for the HCN2 channel and 21.98 ± 3.54 mM for the HCN4 channel, which was accompanied by the acceleration of activation and deactivation kinetics. In addition,
EtOH
, at both moderate and high doses, caused a shift in the voltage dependence of hHCN4 channel activation to more depolarizing potentials. However, superfusion of high, not moderate, concentration of
EtOH
caused a shift in the voltage dependence of hHCN2 channel activation to more hyperpolarizing potentials.ConclusionsThis study provides insight into the molecular interaction of
EtOH
and the hHCN channels, which may shed light on elucidating the potentially proarrhythmic mechanism of
EtOH
.
National Study of Antibiotic Use in Emergency Department Visits for Pneumonia, 1993 Through 2008
Authors: Neuman Mark I. , Ting Sarah A. , Meydani Ahou , Mansbach Jonathan M. , Camargo Carlos A. 
Published: May 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19: 562–568 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) and American Thoracic Society (ATS) developed guidelines for the management of community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP); however, there are sparse data on actual rates of antibiotic use in the emergency department (ED) setting.Methods:  Data were obtained from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) for ED visits during 1993 through 2008 for adults with a diagnosis of pneumonia.Results:  During the study period there were an estimated 23,252,000 pneumonia visits, representing 1.8% of all ED visits. The visit rate for pneumonia during this 16‐year period may have increased (p trend = 0.055). Overall, 66% of adult patients with a primary diagnosis of pneumonia had documentation of an antibiotic administered while in the ED. There was an increase in antibiotic administration for adults with pneumonia from 1993 through 2008 (49% to 80%; p trend < 0.001). Specifically, there was an increase in use of macrolides from 1993 to 2006 (20% to 30%, p trend < 0.001) and a marked increase in use of quinolones from 0% to 39% from 1993 through 2008 (p trend < 0.001). Penicillin and cephalosporin use remained stable. Use of an antibiotic consistent with 2007 IDSA/ATS guidelines increased from 22% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 16% to 27%) of cases in 1993–1994 to 68% (95% CI = 63% to 73%) of cases in 2007–2008 (p trend < 0.001).Conclusions:  ED visit rates for pneumonia increased slightly from 1993 through 2008. Although antibiotic administration in the ED has increased for adults with CAP, guideline‐concordant antibiotics may not be consistently administered.
Factors Associated With No or Delayed Linkage to Care in Newly Diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐1–Infected Patients Identified by Emergency Department–based Rapid HIV Screening Programs in Two Urban EDs
Authors: Rothman Richard E. , Kelen Gabor D. , Harvey Leah , Shahan Judy B. , Hairston Heather , Burah Avanthi , Moring‐Parris Daniel , Hsieh Yu‐Hsiang 
Published: May 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19: 497–503 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objective was to describe the proportions of successful linkage to care (LTC) and identify factors associated with LTC among newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive patients, from two urban emergency department (ED) rapid HIV screening programs.Methods:  This was a retrospective analysis of programmatic data from two established urban ED rapid HIV screening programs between November 2005 and October 2009. Trained HIV program assistants interviewed all patients tested to gather risk behavior data using a structured data collection instrument. Reactive results were confirmed by Western blot testing. Patients were provided with scheduled appointments at HIV specialty clinics at the institutions where they tested positive within 30 days of their ED visit. “Successful” LTC was defined as attendance at the HIV outpatient clinic within 30 days after HIV diagnosis, in accordance with the ED National HIV Testing Consortium metric. “Any” LTC was defined as attendance at the outpatient HIV clinic within 1 year of initial HIV diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine factors associated with any LTC or successful LTC.Results:  Of the 15,640 tests administered, 108 (0.7%) were newly identified HIV‐positive cases. Nearly half (47.2%) of the patients had been previously tested for HIV. Successful LTC occurred in 54% of cases; any LTC occurred in 83% of cases. In multivariate analysis, having public medical insurance and being self‐pay were negatively associated with successful LTC (odds ratio [OR] = 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12 to 0.96; OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.13 to 0.89, respectively); being female and having previously tested for HIV was negatively associated with any LTC (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.93; OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.77, respectively).Conclusions:  In spite of dedicated resources for arranging LTC in the ED HIV testing programs, nearly 50% of patients did not have successful LTC (i.e., LTC occurred at >30 days), although >80% of patients were LTC within 1 year of initial diagnosis. Further evaluation of the barriers associated with successful LTC for those with public insurance and self‐pay is warranted.
Predicting Emergency Department Volume Using Forecasting Methods to Create a “Surge Response” for Noncrisis Events
Authors: Chase Valerie J. , Cohn Amy E. M. , Peterson Timothy A. , Lavieri Mariel S. 
Published: May 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19: 569–576 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  This study investigated whether emergency department (ED) variables could be used in mathematical models to predict a future surge in ED volume based on recent levels of use of physician capacity. The models may be used to guide decisions related to on‐call staffing in non–crisis‐related surges of patient volume.Methods:  A retrospective analysis was conducted using information spanning July 2009 through June 2010 from a large urban teaching hospital with a Level I trauma center. A comparison of significance was used to assess the impact of multiple patient‐specific variables on the state of the ED. Physician capacity was modeled based on historical physician treatment capacity and productivity. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the probability that the available physician capacity would be sufficient to treat all patients forecasted to arrive in the next time period. The prediction horizons used were 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, and 12 hours. Five consecutive months of patient data from July 2010 through November 2010, similar to the data used to generate the models, was used to validate the models. Positive predictive values, Type I and Type II errors, and real‐time accuracy in predicting noncrisis surge events were used to evaluate the forecast accuracy of the models.Results:  The ratio of new patients requiring treatment over total physician capacity (termed the care utilization ratio [CUR]) was deemed a robust predictor of the state of the ED (with a CUR greater than 1 indicating that the physician capacity would not be sufficient to treat all patients forecasted to arrive). Prediction intervals of 30 minutes, 8 hours, and 12 hours performed best of all models analyzed, with deviances of 1.000, 0.951, and 0.864, respectively. A 95% significance was used to validate the models against the July 2010 through November 2010 data set. Positive predictive values ranged from 0.738 to 0.872, true positives ranged from 74% to 94%, and true negatives ranged from 70% to 90% depending on the threshold used to determine the state of the ED with the 30‐minute prediction model.Conclusions:  The CUR is a new and robust indicator of an ED system’s performance. The study was able to model the tradeoff of longer time to response versus shorter but more accurate predictions, by investigating different prediction intervals. Current practice would have been improved by using the proposed models and would have identified the surge in patient volume earlier on noncrisis days.
Influence of nanocoated calcium phosphate on two different types of implant surfaces in different bone environment: an animal study
Authors: Choi Jung‐Yoo , Jung Ui‐Won , Kim Chang‐Sung , Jung Sung‐Min , Lee In‐Seop , Choi Seong‐Ho 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the osseointegration of two different types of surfaces, smooth and roughened surface implants nanocoated with calcium phosphate (CAP) around different bone environment.Materials and methodsFive male mongrel dogs were used in this study. The premolars and molars were extracted on both sides of the mandible. Eight weeks after extraction, implants were submerged on both sides of the mandible. On the left, CAP nanocoated roughened surface (RCAP) implants were installed whereas, the CAP nanocoated smooth surface (SCAP) implants were installed on the right side. The control group had no defect, on the other hand, three‐wall intrabony defects were surgically created adjacent to the implant in the experimental group. The dogs were sacrificed after 12 weeks.ResultsHistological and histomorphometrical analysis were performed with the specimen. The SCAP and RCAP implants showed good osseointegration with no statistical significance in the control group. Histologically, the SCAP group showed little resolution of the defect compared with the RCAP group. In the experimental groups, there was a significant difference in defect fill between SCAP and RCAP.ConclusionWithin the limits of our study, it can be concluded that SCAP and RCAP implants show no difference in sufficient bone area whereas, CAP nanocoating on roughened implant surface may enhance osseointegration in deficient bone environment.
How sampling affects estimates of demographic parameters
Authors: Lesser Mark R. , Brewer Simon 
Published: May 2012

AbstractQuestionDemographic rates are often modelled using small data sets over short time frames. Here, we use fully sampled populations as a basis for testing how the intensity of two different sampling approaches (individual random‐tree andn‐tree distance plots) can affect estimates of growth parameters and the timing of population development. How do sampling method and intensity affect estimates of early stages of population growth?LocationNorth‐centralWyoming,USA.MethodsWe used a data set in which every individual in each of four discrete ponderosa pine populations was mapped and aged. We calculated cumulative population growth and fitted it to a logistic regression model. Based on this model, we estimated population growth rate, first colonization, timing of population growth initiation, maximum growth rate and growth saturation. We conducted simulations for two sampling methods. First, individual trees were chosen at random, with different percentages of the full population being chosen. Second, we simulatedn‐tree distance plot sampling, where we changed the number of plots that were laid in each population. For each method and at each intensity, 10 000 simulation runs were performed. The simulation results were fitted to a logistic regression model. We then looked at the difference between the full and partially sampled population results to examine how lowering sampling intensity affected the results.ResultsPopulation growth rate was not significantly affected by sampling intensity except at low levels of sampling. However, first colonization and timing of population initiation were affected by sampling intensity. For both parameters, the individual random‐tree method produced more accurate results than then‐distance method as sampling intensity decreased.ConclusionsAccurate estimation of population growth parameters is critical for both ecological understanding and resource management. Results are encouraging in that they indicate that moderate levels of sampling will reliably estimate population growth parameters. However, our results are specific to ponderosa pine and may not apply to other species with different life‐history characteristics. Our results also highlight the fact that population structure can play a major role in sampling accuracy and needs to be considered in choosing the appropriate method and intensity.