bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconciling software requirements and architectures within MDA
Authors: Donins Uldis , Osis Janis 
Published: March 2010

Reconciling software requirements and architectures within MDAIn the software development world little guidance and few methods are available for reconciling software requirements and architecture which satisfies those requirements. In fact none of these methods use formal basis for the reconciling process. The main goal of this paper is to define an approach by which it is possible to reconcile software requirements and architectures within model driven architecture. Model driven architecture considers system from three viewpoints. Each viewpoint has its own model by which the viewpoint is modelled. It is possible to use topological functioning model of system to reconcile software requirements and architectures and to make formal transformation from computation independent model into platform independent model. The use of topological functioning model provides possibility for traceability between software artefacts, e.g. between requirements and architecture elements. By using case study we have proven that it is possible to reconcile requirements and architectures by using topological functioning model. The software architecture in this case is modelled by using topological class diagrams. At the end of the case study we have shown how we can introduce more formalism into UML diagrams by transforming topology from topological functioning model to class diagrams.
Obtaining of elements of UML class diagram from initial information about problem domain
Authors: Pavlova Natalya , Nikiforova Oksana 
Published: March 2010

Obtaining of elements of UML class diagram from initial information about problem domain
The Model Driven Architecture (MDA) is frequently used approach to software development. Basic conception of MDA is splitting of software development by levels of abstraction, where every level is presented with separate model - Computation Independent, Platform Independent, Platform Specific Models and code. The construction of central component of Platform Independent Model - system static structure in form of Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagram is discussed in the paper. A set of approaches proposes the way for construction of UML class diagram. Different researchers try to find the possibility to obtain elements of class diagram in the formal way. This paper describes the method of obtaining of elements of class diagram from initial knowledge about the problem domain, which is described with interrelated business process and concept model. The proposed method defines main elements of class diagram, such as class name, class attribute, class operation, relationships among classes. Formal definition of these elements allows to avoid mistakes in the software analysis and design stage. It is very important to obtain correct model on this stage, as the design model is a base of future software.
Use of Business Models within Model Driven Architecture
Authors: Asnina Erika 
Published: March 2010

Use of Business Models within Model Driven Architecture
Model Driven Architecture is a framework dedicated for development of large and complex computer systems. It states and implements the principle of architectural separation of concerns. This means that a system can be modeled from three different but related to each other viewpoints. The viewpoint discussed in this paper is a Computation Independent one. MDA specification states that a model that shows a system from this viewpoint is a business model. Taking into account transformations foreseen by MDA, it should be useful for automation of software development processes. This paper discusses an essence of the Computation Independent Model (CIM) and the place of business models in the computation independent modeling. This paper considers four types of business models, namely, SBVR, BPMN, use cases and Topological Functioning Model (TFM). Business persons use SBVR to define business vocabularies and business rules of the existing and planned domains, BPMN to define business processes of both existing and planned domains, and use cases to define business requirements to the planned domain. The TFM is used to define functionality of both existing and planned domains. This paper discusses their capabilities to be used as complete CIMs with formally defined conformity between planned and existing domains.
Problems of test-driven aspect-oriented development
Authors: Sukhorukov Aleksandr 
Published: March 2010

Problems of test-driven aspect-oriented developmentTest-driven development and aspect-oriented programming are relatively new development techniques each having its own benefits. However, using aspect-oriented language like AspectJ in test-driven development leads to new types of problems that do not appear if these two approaches are applied separately. These problems arise mainly because aspect-oriented paradigm breaks encapsulation principle - behaviour of class is not implemented just in class itself like in traditional object-oriented programming but can be heavily affected by many external aspects. Traditional unit tests designed to test a single unit are not sufficient any more because behaviour being tested is distributed through several units at once, so test design becomes more complicated. In order to efficiently use these two techniques together such problems have to be identified and ways to workaround them have to be discovered. This paper focuses on those problems, describing the most notable ones. Problem descriptions are based on experience with AspectJ, but most of them are common to any aspect-oriented language with similar features. Some empirically discovered principles are provided that help softening negative impact of those problems.
Kutter Steganographical Method's Improvement and Concept of Universal Stegoconstructor
Authors: Yershov Andrew , Rusakov Pavel 
Published: March 2010

Kutter Steganographical Method's Improvement and Concept of Universal Stegoconstructor
Information interchange is one of the main processes in human everyday life. This process was simplified due to development of modern technologies, especially computer technologies. But the drawback of such transmission is data exposure. Steganography tries to find possible decisions of this problem. The main difference between steganography and cryptography: malicious person has no any data about information hiding in first case. That's mean he doesn't think about possible valuable information in message. This paper contains information about the conception of digital steganography's development as protection method of the confidential information. Classification of the basic scopes is given, and the problems facing to the given science are explained. Some aspects of steganography were examined in the context of the theory of signal transmission. The properties of possible universal stegomethod's constructor are determined on the basis of required transmission's reliability. The way, which increases the probability of a bit correct detecting in Kutter method till 70%, is offered as improvement of data embedding procedure. Disadvantages of the original steganographical Kutter method's were commented at the same time. Results of experiments are presented as numerous histograms.
Analysis of ASP.NET AJAX architecture
Authors: Lesovsky Andrey 
Published: March 2010

Analysis of ASP.NET AJAX architecture
Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML), or AJAX, is a group of interrelated web development techniques used for creating interactive web applications or rich Internet applications. Providing developer with opportunities to create rich and user friendly interface, AJAX makes it possible to improve Internet users experience without requiring them to install any additional software. ASP.NET AJAX, formerly code-named Atlas, is a set of extensions to ASP.NET developed by Microsoft for implementing Ajax functionality. ASP.NET AJAX provides developers with two development scenarios: client-centric development model and server-centric development model. It provides a developer with the opportunity to choose a model which is suitable for specific task and which will distribute load between client and server effectively and optimize network usage. This article discusses the architecture of AJAX and ASP.NET AJAX technologies. The covered themes are AJAX and ASP.NET AJAX architectures, client and server frameworks, client-centric and server-centric development models.
Quantification of PM<sub>10</sub> Concentration in Occupation Environment of Traffic Police Personnel in Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal
Authors: Bashyal Ashish , Majumder Ahmad Kamruzzaman , Khanal Sanjay Nath 
Published: March 2010

Air pollution, particularly particulate pollution has been emerged as the major air quality issues in urban centers of Nepal including Pokhara. Pokhara is one of the major cities in Nepal located at 28.24 N, 83.99 E, and also one of the most popular tourist destinations. This study has been conducted to assess the traffic police personnel exposure to PM10 (Particulate Matter of diameter 10 micron of less) in their occupational environment in Pokhara. This type study has been conducted for the first time in Pokhara.The monitoring was carried out for seven days in three shifts (morning: 7:30 am to 11:30 am, afternoon: 11:30 am to 3:30pm and evening shift: 3:30pm to 7:30pm) in three major HDTA's (High Density Traffic Areas) of Pokhara. On an average, the duration of sampling in each day was 8 hours in each of the sites. Subjective exposure to PM10 was monitored by personal monitoring technique. Personal air sampler (PCXR4) manufactured by M/s SKC, USA was used. Altogether 35 samples were collected and analyzed gravimetrically in the laboratory. The overall mean concentration (averaged for 8 hours) of PM10 was found to be 1559.107 μg/m3 in Mahendrapul, 1759.032 μg/m3 in B.P chowk and 1733.846 μg/m3 in Prithvi chowk. The overall mean concentration of PM10 was observed higher in morning shifts (2093.790 μg/m3) than evening (1704.005 μg/m3) and afternoon (1192.670 μg/m3) shifts. PM10 concentration was observed higher in Weekdays than Weekends. However, no significant difference in overall mean PM10 concentration was observed in different sampling sites and week days (weekdays and weekends) at 0.05 level significance. Significant difference in PM10 concentration was observed in different shifts only. It was concluded from the findings of the present study that traffic police personnel are exposed to very high level of PM10 (almost 10 to 15 folds higher than National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 for Nepal i.e. 120μg/m3) in all three HDTA's of Pokhara city. Key words: Nepal; Pokhara; personal air sampler; occupational environment; HDTA's DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v4i1.2886 Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.4, No.1, September 2008, pp 73-80
The distribution and category status of adjectives and adverbs
Authors: Payne John , Huddleston Rodney , K. Pullum Geoffrey 
Published: March 2010

It has long been argued that the environments in which adjectives and adverbs occur are mutually exclusive. This claim is based on a superficial observation that adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify other categories. In this paper, we argue that there are a substantial number of environments in English where complementarity, thus defined, does not hold. One interesting such environment is the function of modifier of nouns, and in one section of this paper we present a detailed analysis of a rarely observed construction in which adverbs, like adjectives, have this function.Complementarity between adjectives and adverbs is often used in support of a further claim, periodically espoused by a variety of linguists from Kuryłowicz (1936) to Baker (2003) , that adjectives and adverbs are effectively inflectional variants of a single major category. In the final sections of this paper, we argue not only that complementarity as defined does not hold, but that distribution per se is irrelevant to the issue of whether adverbs are inflectionally or derivationally related to adjectives. A review of the arguments points towards adverbs in English in fact standing on the derivational side of the boundary, and forming a distinct (though in some respects atypical) major category.
Bismuth and Bismuth Alloys
Authors: Chagnon Mark J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBismuth is a very brittle, silvery metal having a high metallic luster. It is next to lead in the periodic table of elements. Bismuth is considered nontoxic despite the fact that it has a heavy‐metal status.Bismuth is a minor metal in that it is usually mined as a by‐product and not for its own intrinsic value. It is usually a by‐product of copper or lead ores. However there are two mines that mine bismuth ore, one is in China and the other is the Tasna mine in Bolivia.The United States ceased production of bismuth in 1997. Bismuth is recovered by the Betterton‐Kroll process, Betts electrolytic process, and is recovered from tin concentrates. Bismuth has a wide variety of applications. It is used for metallurgical additives, in pharmaceuticals and in fusible alloys, solders, and ammunitions, Bismuth is used in over‐the‐counter stomach remedies and is thus considered safe. Bismuth alloys are discussed in detail.
Cheminformatics
Authors: Villar Hugo O. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article provides an introductory overview of some salient aspects of a field that is becoming mission critical to chemical research. As the volume of data generated by all chemistry projects continues to expand, management, analysis, visualization and dissemination of the data has to be automated. Cheminformatics deals with the complex issues that result from this data explosion and the applications that have been generated.
Phthalein Dyes
Authors: Sabnis Ram W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractColor change has fascinated individuals for a long time. Phthaleins dyes traditionally are used for color change, and they constitute the major class of pH indicators. This review presents systematic and up‐to‐date compiled data on commonly used phthalein dyes with references to the introduction, history, chemical structures, synthesis, color‐change mechanism, color and constitution, spectral data, applications, and health/safety factors.Phthalein dyes exhibit multiple applications, which are grouped into eight major categories such as electronics, security, coatings, industrial, agriculture, food, personal‐care products, and medical. The toxicity of phenolphthein is discussed with references to bacterial toxicity, carcinogenicity, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, chromosome aberrations, cytotoxicity, DNA damage, environmental toxicity, estrogen activity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, renal toxicity, and reproductive toxicity.
Stretchable, Large‐area Organic Electronics
Authors: Sekitani Tsuyoshi , Someya Takao 
Published: March 2010

AbstractStretchability will significantly expand the application scope of electronics, particularly large‐area electronics—displays, sensors, and actuators. If arbitrary surfaces and movable parts could be covered with stretchable electronics, which is impossible with conventional electronics, new classes of applications are expected to emerge. A large hurdle is manufacturing electrical wiring with high conductivity, high stretchability, and large‐area compatibility. This Review describes stretchable, large‐area electronics based on organic field‐effect transistors for applications to sensors and displays. First, novel net‐shaped organic transistors are employed to realize stretchable, large‐area sensor networks that detect distributions of pressure and temperature simultaneously. The whole system is functional even when it is stretched by 25%. In order to further improve stretchability, printable elastic conductors are developed by dispersing single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as dopants uniformly in rubbers. Further, we describe integration of printable elastic conductors with organic transistors to construct a rubber‐like stretchable active matrix for large‐area sensor and display applications. Finally, we will discuss the future prospects of stretchable, large‐area electronics with delineating a picture of the next‐generation human/machine interfaces from the aspect of materials science and electronic engineering.
Chiral Amine Synthesis – Recent Developments and Trends for Enamide Reduction, Reductive Amination, and Imine Reduction
Authors: Nugent Thomas C. , El‐Shazly Mohamed 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe review examines the chiral amine literature from 2000–2009 (May) concerning enantioselective and diastereoselective methods for N‐acylenamide and enamine reduction, reductive amination, and imine reduction. The reaction steps for each strategy, from ketone to primary chiral amine, are clearly defined, with best methods and yields for starting material preparation and final deprotection noted. Categories of chiral amines have been defined in Section 1 to allow the reader to quickly understand whether their specific target amine falls within a difficult to synthesize, or not, structural class. Amino acids are not considered in this work.
Synthesis and Reactions of Enantiopure Substituted Benzene cis‐Hexahydro‐1,2‐diols
Authors: Boyd D. R. , Sharma N. D. , Berberian M. V. , Dunne K. S. , Hardacre C. , Kaik M. , Kelly B. , Malone J. F. , McGregor S. T. , Stevenson P. J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEnantiopure cis‐dihydro‐1,2‐diol metabolites, obtained from toluene dioxygenase‐catalysed cis‐dihydroxylation of six monosubstituted benzene substrates, have been converted to their corresponding cis‐hexahydro‐1,2‐diol derivatives by catalytic hydrogenation via their cis‐tetrahydro‐1,2‐diol intermediates. Optimal reaction conditions for total catalytic hydrogenation of the cis‐dihydro‐1,2‐diols have been established using six heterogeneous catalysts. The relative and absolute configurations of the resulting benzene cis‐hexahydro‐1,2‐diol products have been unequivocally established by X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Methods have been developed to obtain enantiopure cis‐hexahydro‐1,2‐diol diastereoisomers, to desymmetrise a meso‐cis‐hexahydro‐1,2‐diol and to synthesise 2‐substituted cyclohexanols. The potential of these enantiopure cyclohexanols as chiral reagents was briefly evaluated through their application in the synthesis of two enantiomerically enriched phosphine oxides from the corresponding racemic phosphine precursors.
Selective Hydrogenation of Amides using Ruthenium/ Molybdenum Catalysts
Authors: Beamson Graham , Papworth Adam J , Philipps Charles , Smith Andrew M , Whyman Robin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRecyclable, heterogeneous bimetallic ruthenium/molybdenum catalysts, formed in situ from triruthenium dodecacarbonyl [Ru3(CO)12] and molybdenum hexacarbonyl [Mo(CO)6], are effective for the selective liquid phase hydrogenation of cyclohexylcarboxamide (CyCONH2) to cyclohexanemethylamine (CyCH2NH2), with no secondary or tertiary amine by‐product formation. Variation of Mo:Ru composition reveals both synergistic and poisoning effects, with the optimum combination of conversion and selectivity at ca. 0.5, and total inhibition of catalysis evident at ≥1. Good amide conversions are noted within the reaction condition regimes 20–100 bar hydrogen and 145–160 °C. The order of reactivity of these catalysts towards reduction of different amide functional groups is primary>tertiary≫secondary. In situ HP‐FT‐IR spectroscopy confirms that catalyst genesis occurs during an induction period associated with decomposition of the organometallic precursors. Ex situ characterisation, using XRD, XPS and EDX‐STEM, for active Mo:Ru compositions, has provided evidence for intimately mixed ca. 2.5–4 nm particles that contain metallic ruthenium, and molybdenum (in several oxidation states, including zero).
Technical note: PCR analysis of minimum target amount of ancient DNA
Authors: Woide Daniela , Zink Albert , Thalhammer Stefan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe study of ancient DNA plays an important role in archaeological and palaeontological research as well as in pathology and forensics. Here, we present a new tool for ancient DNA analysis, which overcomes contamination problems, DNA degradation, and the negative effects of PCR inhibitors while reducing the amount of starting target material in the picogram range. Ancient bone samples from four Egyptian mummies were examined by combining laser microdissection, conventional DNA extraction, and low‐volume PCR. Initially, several bone particles (osteons) in the micrometer range were extracted by laser microdissection. Subsequently, ancient DNA amplification was performed to verify our extraction method. Amelogenin and β‐actin gene specific fragments were amplified via low‐volume PCR in a total reaction volume of 1 μl. Results of microdissected mummy DNA samples were compared to mummy DNA, which was extracted using a standard DNA extraction method based on pulverization of bone material. Our results highlight the combination of laser microdissection and low‐volume PCR as a promising new technique in ancient DNA analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interfacial Behavior of Benzoic Acid and Phenylphosphonic Acid on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Surfaces
Authors: Ganbold Erdene‐Ochir , Lee Yunhee , Lee Kangtaek , Kwon Ohyun , Joo Sang‐Woo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe interfacial behavior of self‐assembled thin films of benzoic acid (BA) and phenylphosphonic acid (PPOA) anchored on TiO2 surfaces was studied by using temperature‐dependent diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. On the basis of the disappearance of the OH band from the infrared spectra at room temperature, BA and PPOA appear to adsorb onto TiO2 surfaces through carboxylate and phosphonate groups, respectively. Above 420 °C, DRIFT spectra indicated that both BA and PPOA desorb from TiO2 surfaces; however, dissimilar desorption behavior could be inferred for BA and PPOA from their temperature‐dependent spectral changes. The benzene ring modes of PPOA remained above 420 °C, whereas those of BA disappeared. Density functional theory calculations showed that the adsorption of BA and PPOA on TiO2 surfaces corresponded to bidentate bridging geometry on TiO2 surfaces, and the adsorption of PPOA is stronger than that of BA. The monodentate structures with energy differences of 4.9 and 9.1 kcal mol−1 from the most stable bidentate structures of BA and PPOA, respectively, from the DFT calculations appeared to be possible, particularly at the high temperatures above 420 °C, as indicated by the intensified OH bands. The geometry of PPOA was also estimated to be more upright standing than that of BA on TiO2 surfaces, which may lead a rather straight detachment from the TiO2 surfaces based on the presence of in‐plane ring modes in the DRIFT spectra at the higher temperature.