bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Automated Control System Manages Pressure and Return Flow While Drilling and Cementing Casing in Depleted Onshore Field
Authors: Montilva Julio , Fredericks Paul , Sehsah Ossama 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Development efforts by Shell in South Texas have focused on technology solutions to eliminate the often encountered troubles drilling through significantly depleted sands to get to over pressured reservoirs below. The limits imposed by those conflicting conditions create narrow windows in which the difference between equivalent circulating density (ECD) and static bottom hole pressure (BHP) can be the difference between lost circulation and influx.
Liner drilling with statically underbalance (SUB) mud is one solution Shell uses in low permeability reservoirs to eliminate lost circulation in part because it eliminates swab and surge effects and heavy trip margins. But by itself that solution doesn't work everywhere. In the McAllen and Pharr fields the amount by which the risk of losses can be reduced with liner drilling is limited because the sands can be more permeable and more likely to flow with SUB mud. For that reason Shell turned to automated managed pressure drilling (MPD) as a solution to drill more permeable reservoirs with SUB mud without influx.
For the past two years Shell has used those complementary solutions in the McAllen-Pharr fields to improve drilling efficiency and reduce costs with mud statically less than pore pressure and constant bottom hole pressure (BHP). Recently, Shell drilled the Bales #7 well in the McAllen Field Wide Unit using a new scaled-down automated MPD system. The lower 700 feet of the 6½ hole was drilled in with 3½ production tubing with 15.7 ppg static mud into a target sand with an expected pore pressure of 15.8 ppg. In that interval the ECD was 16.2 ppg and the fracture gradient was 16.5 ppg which was the narrowest window that Shell has drilled in the McAllen-Pharr area to date.
During casing drilling operations there was a steady flow of drill gas that varied between 1100 and 1400 units. Even with the drill gas the MPD system managed the BHP at a 16.2 ppg set point, +/− 0.18 ppg, without the use of an automated back pressure pump. That allowed Shell to avoid losses and the cost of a 5½ contingency liner drilling operation. In addition, and in the first of its kind application, Shell used the system to manage the BHP while cementing the drilled-in production tubing.
With its smaller footprint, more efficient automated control, and proven ability to manage constant BHP this new MPD system can provide onshore and offshore operators a solution to improve drilling and cementing operations in mature depleted fields.
Advanced Rig Technology: Future Technology subcommittee Report of Activities and Industry Survey
Authors: Springett Frank , Shelton Andy , Swain Jeffrey , Torkay Dustin , Goetz Christopher , Geehan Thomas , Womer Keith , Killalea Mike 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This paper is intended to report to the industry from the IADC Advanced Rig Technology Committee's Future Technology subcommittee a survey of the industry regarding industry needs for technological development and how they are valued. The paper will include survey results, as well as discuss ongoing committee work.
The group has produced three sets of deliverables to date. First, they have studied a wide range of technologies that have been introduced to the industry, some well-accepted and rapidly adopted, while others have never grown beyond niche technologies, at best. The paper will highlight learnings and assumptions when the group reviewed common factors that may or may not have contributed to their success.
Second, the team developed a future technology needs survey which was distributed to a wide range of individuals representing all segments of the business, including service firms and suppliers, drilling contractors, and operators, with a specific emphasis on the operating community. The results of that survey will be reported and the findings analyzed and discussed to help develop a landscape of perceived future technology needs.
The third deliverable comes from working with the SPE Drilling Systems Automation Technical Section (DSATS) to create a matrix of drilling operations versus drilling issues, such that the direction of automation and optimization can be more clearly defined.
This paper provides data and analysis along with conclusions which highlight methods and working groups in the industry. It shares some of the valuable results with recommendations for the future investments for the industry to consider in the future development of technology. It will highlight typical restricting practices as well as best in class technology introduction paths.
Real-Time Models for Drilling Process Automation: Equations and Applications
Authors: Florence Fred , Iversen Fionn 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
How good are your models? Can they be used to improve your drilling processes? These are questions often posed in relation to real-time model applications, including models integrated with drilling control. Do the models fulfill requirements with regards to accuracy and calculation speed? Can the data be applied by the models to both interpret the state of the process and provide reliable input for calculations? Can the rig equipment be used safely and securely to control the processes? This paper seeks to answer these questions and further elaborate on current activities and near-term challenges in drilling automation. While static models are generally accepted, the use of dynamic models is emerging. In real-time model applications, it has been found that rig equipment analysis is necessary to assess applicability or upgrading requirements.
Controlling machines for drilling operations using outputs from models has been successfully achieved. This paper provides examples of recent developments within drilling automation, drawing from applications of closed-loop control systems in the North Sea. Challenges regarding interpreting state-of-the-process are discussed, with respect to existing rig instrumentation, while examining the need for enhanced surface and downhole sensors. Mathematical models used with the drilling control system must communicate regularly with the drilling process to extract information from sensors and provide updated control commands for automation. How sensor data is applied through models to enable automation functionality is also illustrated.
Spermiogenesis and spermatozoon of the tapeworm Parabothriocephalus gracilis (Bothriocephalidea): Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies
Authors: Šípková Lenka , Levron Céline , Freeman Mark , Scholz Tomáš 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSpermiogenesis and spermatozoon ultrastructure of the tapeworm Parabothriocephalus gracilis were described using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Spermiogenesis is characterized by the formation of a zone of differentiation with two centrioles associated with striated rootlets, and an intercentriolar body between them. The two flagella undergo a rotation of 90° until they become parallel to the median cytoplasmic extension with which they fuse. Electron-dense material is present in the apical region of the zone of differentiation in the early stages of spermiogenesis. This electron-dense material is characteristic for the orders Bothriocephalidea and Diphyllobothriidea. The mature spermatozoon contains two axonemes of the 9 + ‘1’ trepaxonematan pattern, nucleus, parallel cortical microtubules and electron-dense granules of glycogen. The anterior extremity of the spermatozoon exhibits a single helical electron-dense crested body 130 nm thick. One of the most interesting features is the presence of a ring of cortical microtubules surrounding the axoneme. This character has been reported only for species of the order Bothriocephalidea and may be unique in this cestode group.
A new species of Demidospermus Suriano, 1983 (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) parasitic on Loricariichthys platymetopon Isbrücker et Nijssen (Loricariidae, Siluriformes) from the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil
Authors: Ferrari-Hoeinghaus Ana , Bellay Sybelle , Takemoto Ricardo , Pavanelli Gilberto 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDemidospermus paranaensis sp. nov. is described from the gills of Loricariichthys platymetopon Isbrücker et Nijssen (Loricariidae, Siluriformes) from the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. This new species differs from other members of Demidospermus in the following features: tegument with annulations throughout trunk and peduncle, eyes absent, longer male copulatory organ (MCO) with ovate base. Demidospermus paranaensis sp. nov. is similar to its congenerics by having tandem gonads, a counterclockwise-coiled MCO, non-articulated groove-like accessory piece serving as a MCO guide, sinistral vaginal aperture, and V-shaped haptoral bars.
Characterization of a transcriptionally active Tc1-like transposon in the microsporidian Nosema bombycis
Authors: Xu Jinshan , Luo Jie , Debrunner-Vossbrinck Bettina , Zhang Xiaoyan , Liu Hangdeng , Zhou Zeyang 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Tc1 transposable element has been found in a wide variety of organisms including vertebrates, insects and fungi but has not been previously reported in Microsporidia. In this study we characterize an intact DNA transposon (NbTc1) from the microsporidian Nosema bombycis. This transposable element encodes a 337 amino acid transposase sequence, which contains the D,D34E functional motif required for transposition. A Southern blot of N. bombycis DNA separated by pulsedesis shows that copies of the NbTc1 transposon are present on 10 of the 14 chromosomes of N. bombycis. Amino acid sequence variation among copies of the NbTc1 is low, suggesting a conserved function for this transposon within N. bombycis. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that NbTc1 is a new member of the Tc1 family lineage, quite distinct from all previously described Tc1 elements, including those from fungi, indicating that NbTc1 forms a unique clade of the Tc1 superfamily. However, the Tc1 transposon is too divergent to resolve the major phylogenetic relationships among these superfamilies. Reverse transcriptase PCR and Solexa sequencing suggest that NbTc1 possesses transcriptional activity. Considering the interest in Microsporidia as biological control agents, the NbTc1 transposon may be a useful vector for the efficient transfection of these important parasites into host species.
Colonic Diverticulosis as a Risk Factor for Peritonitis in Chinese Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Yip Terence , Tse Kai Chung , Lam Man Fai , Cheng Suk Wai , Lui Sing Leung , Tang Sydney , Ng Matthew , Chan Tak Mao , Lai Kar Neng , Lo Wai Kei 
Published: February 2010

Objectives The risk of development of enteric peritonitis in Chinese peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with colonic diverticulosis is not known. There have been no reports on whether colonic diverticulosis may affect peritonitis outcomes. The objectives of this study were to examine whether colonic diverticulosis is a risk factor for the development of enteric peritonitis and to study its influence on the outcome of enteric peritonitis. Patients and Methods All continuous ambulatory PD patients that had barium enema and colonoscopic examinations performed between January 1994 and January 2006 were included. They were divided into 2 groups: patients with diverticulosis and patients without diverticulosis. Their demographic and clinical characteristics, colonic examination findings, and peritonitis data were compared and analyzed. Results 104 Chinese patients received 110 colonoscopies and 51 barium enema examinations. 25 patients (24.0%) had colonic diverticulosis. Patients with diverticulosis were older (65.4 ± 14.7 vs 58.4 ± 14.0 years, p = 0.033). The most common site of involvement of diverticulosis was the ascending colon (56%). 128 episodes of enteric peritonitis were recorded in 49 patients. Compared with patients without enteric peritonitis, more patients in the enteric peritonitis group had diverticulosis (38.8% vs 10.9%, p = 0.001) and diverticulosis most often involved the ascending colon (20.4% vs 7.3%, p = 0.082). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of diverticulosis (hazard ratio 5.17, 95% confidence interval 1.86 – 14.40; p = 0.002) and diverticulosis involving the ascending colon (hazard ratio 6.89, 95% confidence interval 1.43 – 33.32, p = 0.016) were independent risk factors for the development of enteric peritonitis. Enteric peritonitis in patients with diverticulosis had a higher but nonsignificant treatment failure rate (26.9% vs 18.4%, p = 0.282). Conclusion In this selected cohort of PD patients with indications of colonic examinations, diverticulosis, especially involving the ascending colon, may be a risk factor for the development of enteric peritonitis. Colonic diverticulosis does not appear to affect the outcome of enteric peritonitis. Further studies are warranted to determine ways to prevent enteric peritonitis in PD patients with diverticulosis.
The Effects of a Dialysis Solution with a Combination of Glycerol/Amino Acids/Dextrose on the Peritoneal Membrane in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: de Graaff Marijke , Zegwaard Agnes H. , Zweers Machteld M. , Vlijm Anniek , de Waart Dirk R. , Vandemaele Fréderic , Struijk Dirk G. , Krediet Raymond T. 
Published: February 2010

Background Long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) with conventional glucose based, lactate-buffered PD fluids may lead to morphological and functional alterations of the peritoneal membrane. It was hypothesized that long-term exposure to a different buffer and a mixture of osmotic agents would cause less peritoneal abnormality. Objectives To investigate the effects of long-term exposure to a bicarbonate/lactate-buffered dialysis solution with a mixture of osmotic agents: glycerol 1.4%, amino acids 0.5%, and dextrose 1.1% (= 1% glucose) (GLAD) in a rat model with chronic kidney failure. Methods All rats underwent a peritoneal catheter implantation and a 70% nephrectomy. Thereafter, the rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: GLAD, 3.86% Dianeal (Baxter, Nivelles, Belgium), and buffer (Physioneal without glucose, Baxter). All rats were infused daily for 16 weeks with the appropriate PD fluid. Afterwards, a peritoneal permeability analysis (SPARa) was performed using 3.86% Physioneal in all groups. After the SPARa, the rats were sacrificed to obtain tissue samples for morphometric determinations. Omental tissue was stained with picro Sirius red for assessment of fibrosis and with CD31 for vessel density. Results GLAD and Dianeal showed faster small solute transport compared to the hypotonic buffer. No differences between the groups were present in ultrafiltration. Dianeal had the lowest value for free water transport and the highest protein clearances. Total triglyceride in plasma was not different between GLAD and the buffer. Vessel density after GLAD exposure (20 V/F) was very similar to the value found for the buffer solution (17 V/F); Dianeal caused a significantly higher value (35 V/F, p < 0.01). Also, the amount of fibrosis was higher in the Dianeal-exposed rats ( p < 0.01). Conclusion Both hypertonic dialysis solutions increased peritoneal solute transport. GLAD exposure was associated with the best preservation of peritoneal morphology. The results of GLAD were very similar to those of the bicarbonate/lactate-buffered solution without osmotic agents. Studies in humans are needed for further assessment of GLAD.
Use of the cefepime-clavulanate ESBL Etest for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in AmpC co-producing bacteria
Authors: Mohanty Srujana , Gaind Rajni , Ranjan Rajeev , Deb Monorama 
Published: February 2010

Background: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) may not always be detected in routine susceptibility tests. This study reports the performance of the cefepime-clavulanate ESBL Etest for the detection of ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae, including those producing AmpC enzyme. Methodology: Consecutive non-duplicate isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis isolated from bloodstream infections from January to June 2008 were tested for ESBL by both the standard CLSI double-disk diffusion method using ceftazidime and cefotaxime disks and Etests using ceftazidime/ceftazidime-clavulanate, cefotaxime/cefotaxime-clavulanate and cefepime/cefepime-clavulanate gradients. Isolates were also tested for the presence of transferable AmpC beta-lactamase by AmpC disk test and the efficacies of the different Etests in detecting ESBL production were compared. Results: A total of 113 bacterial isolates (61 K. pneumoniae, 50 E. coli, and 2 P. mirabilis) were recovered. Respectively, 42 (37.2%) and 55 (48.7%) isolates were positive for ESBL by the ceftazidime-clavulanate and cefotaxime-clavulanate combined disk tests. The cefepime/cefepime-clavulanate Etest strip detected the maximum number of isolates (70/113, 61.9 %) as ESBL-positive compared to the ceftazidime/ceftazidime-clavulanate and cefotaxime/cefotaxime-clavulanate strips, which detected 57 (50.4%) isolates each as ESBL-positive. All three ESBL Etest strips were equally effective in detecting ESBL in the isolates that were AmpC negative. In the 66 (58.4%) isolates that co-produced AmpC in addition to the ESBL enzymes, cefepime/cefepime-clavulanate Etest strip detected ESBL in an additional 13 (11.4%) isolates as compared to the other ESBL Etest strips. Conclusions: Cefepime-clavulanate ESBL Etest is a suitable substitute to test for ESBL production, especially in organisms producing AmpC beta-lactamases.
Cutting Edge: Priming of CD8 T Cell Immunity to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Requires Cognate TLR3 Expression InVivo
Authors: Davey Gayle M. , Wojtasiak Magdalena , Proietto Anna I. , Carbone Francis R. , Heath William R. , Bedoui Sammy 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Despite its potential for involvement in viral immunity, little evidence links TLR3 to adaptive antiviral responses. Here we show that TLR3 is required for the generation of CD8 T cell immunity to HSV-1. The magnitude of the gB-specific CD8 T cell response after flank infection by HSV-1 was significantly reduced in mice lacking TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β or TLR3, but not MyD88. Impaired CTL induction was evident in chimeric mice lacking TLR3 in bone marrow (BM)-derived cells. Among the dendritic cell subsets, TLR3 was expressed by CD8α+ dendritic cells, known to be involved in priming HSV-1–specific CD8 T cells. Use of mixed BM chimeras revealed that TLR3 and the MHC class I-restriction element must be expressed by the same BM-derived cell for effective priming. These data imply that a cognate linkage between TLR3 and MHC class I is required for efficient CTL priming to HSV-1.
Kinetics of Chemokine–Glycosaminoglycan Interactions Control Neutrophil Migration into the Airspaces of the Lungs
Authors: Tanino Yoshi , Coombe Deirdre R. , Gill Sean E. , Kett Warren C. , Kajikawa Osamu , Proudfoot Amanda E. I. , Wells Timothy N. C. , Parks William C. , Wight Thomas N. , Martin Thomas R. , Frevert Charles W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Chemokine–glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions are thought to result in the formation of tissue-bound chemokine gradients. We hypothesized that the binding of chemokines to GAGs would increase neutrophil migration toward CXC chemokines instilled into lungs of mice. To test this hypothesis we compared neutrophil migration toward recombinant human CXCL8 (rhCXCL8) and two mutant forms of CXCL8, which do not bind to heparin immobilized on a sensor chip. Unexpectedly, when instilled into the lungs of mice the CXCL8 mutants recruited more neutrophils than rhCXCL8. The CXCL8 mutants appeared in plasma at significantly higher concentrations and diffused more rapidly across an extracellular matrix in vitro. A comparison of the murine CXC chemokines, KC and MIP-2, revealed that KC was more effective in recruiting neutrophils into the lungs than MIP-2. KC appeared in plasma at significantly higher concentrations and diffused more rapidly across an extracellular matrix in vitro than MIP-2. In kinetic binding studies, KC, MIP-2, and rhCXCL8 bound heparin differently, with KC associating and dissociating more rapidly from immobilized heparin than the other chemokines. These data suggest that the kinetics of chemokine–GAG interactions contributes to chemokine function in tissues. In the lungs, it appears that chemokines, such as CXCL8 or MIP-2, which associate and disassociate slowly from GAGs, form gradients relatively slowly compared with chemokines that either bind GAGs poorly or interact with rapid kinetics. Thus, different types of chemokine gradients may form during an inflammatory response. This suggests a new model, whereby GAGs control the spatiotemporal formation of chemokine gradients and neutrophil migration in tissue.
Characterization of X‐Chromosome Inactivation Status in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Erwin Jennifer A. , Lee Jeannie T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis unit describes a method of performing fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of XIST and Cot‐1 RNA in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) to characterize the epigenetic status of X‐chromosome inactivation (XCI). hPSC laboratories commonly practice karyotypic analysis to monitor genetic stability; however, epigenetic stability is often overlooked. Several laboratories have recently shown that markers of XCI can be used as one effective screen to monitor the epigenetic status of hPSCs. Human embryonic stem cells (HESC) fall into three classes of XCI states: upregulating XIST upon differentiation, always expressing XIST in the undifferentiated and differentiated states, and never expressing XIST in the undifferentiated and differentiated states. Failure to express XIST represents an especially concerning state in hESC, as this state does not occur in healthy female cells but is often seen in malignancies. Herein, methods of carrying out XIST RNA and Cot‐1 RNA FISH are described. FISH analysis of XIST RNA, unlike general expression analysis such as RT‐PCR, allows for the classification of XCI on a single‐cell level, enabling a quantitative determination of the degree of epigenetic change across the population. The complementary Cot‐1 analysis measures the extent of repeat element expression throughout the nucleus and therefore enables determination, at a cytological level, of the extent to which the X chromosome is silent. Because the different steps of XCI are some of the first epigenetic changes to take place in differentiating hESC, analysis of the XCI state provides a first indication of an hESC culture's overall health. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 12:1B.6.1‐1B.6.11. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Paraganglioma Resection Requiring Left Atrial Reconstruction
Authors: Petersen John , Cooper Gary , Drew Peter , Silverstein Burt , Beave Thomas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractParagangliomas, also known as extra‐adrenal pheochromocytomas, arise from chromaffin cells within the autonomonic ganglia. Catecholamine secreting paragangliomas have been described in the mediastinum, but rarely invade the heart. This case describes the use of a novel bioabsorbable matrix that was used to replace a tumor invading the posterior left atrium. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Introduction to the supplement, “Cancer Therapy with Antibodies and Immunoconjugates”
Authors: Goldenberg David M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis supplement includes 16 representative articles presented at the 12th Conference on Cancer Therapy With Antibodies and Immunconjugates, Parsippany, New Jersey, October 16‐18, 2008, encompassing cancer treatment with unconjugated and isotope‐conjugated antibodies targeting selective cancer biomarkers. Cancer 2010;116(4 suppl):1011–2. © 2010 American Cancer Society.