bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mite association with the leaf domatia of coffee (Coffea arabica) in north Queensland, Australia
Authors: O'Dowd Dennis J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe primary coffee of commerce,Coffea arabica, has well-developed pit domatia in the primary vein axils on the undersurfaces of the leaves. In plantations near Mareeba and Daintree in far north Queensland, Australia, these morphogenetic structures are commonly occupied by mites. Mites used domatia on over 80% of all leaves examined, and 41% of all domatia had been occupied by mites (15–28% on young leaves and 54–59% on older leaves at Mareeba, and 58% overall at Daintree). At Mareeba, domatia use by mites did not differ among plants or shoots within plants but did vary significantly with leaf position within shoots, a reflection of leaf age. Domatia were important sites for mite reproduction and development; 93% of the eggs and all moulting mites on leaves were in domatia. Seven mite taxa were identified on leaves at Mareeba and nine were present at Daintree. With the exception ofFungitarsonemussp. andBrevipalpus obovatusDonnadieu at Mareeba, all were concentrated in leaf domatia. Almost all mites in domatia were from groups in which arboreal representatives are primarily predatory (e.g., Stigmaeidae, Phytoseiidae, and Bdellidae), fungivorous (e.g., Winterschmidtiidae, Oribatida and Acaridae), or both (Tydeidae and Tarsonemidae). The data suggest that domatia influence the distribution and abundance of predatory and fungivorous mites that have the potential to affect fungal pathogens and some arthropod pests on coffee leaves.
Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus Pallas)
Authors: Torr S.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Zimbabwe, living and stuffed warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus Pallas) were placed within an incomplete ring of electric nets and observations were made of the numbers of Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood attracted to the hogs, the alighting position and feeding responses of tsetse, and the grooming behaviour of the warthogs. Between 26 and 31% of tsetse landed on the head region of an adult live warthog compared to 8% for a juvenile and 4% for a stuffed warthog. The number of tsetse alighting adjacent to the eye of a stuffed warthog increased 20 times if dark patches were fixed there. The percentage of tsetse alighting on the head region of the adult warthog increased from 25% to 50% as the number of tsetse caught on the ring of nets increased from <100 to > 800. There was a concurrent increase in the rate of skin twitches and ear flicks by the warthog. For an adult warthog, 26% of tsetse leaving the vicinity had fed compared to only 1% for a juvenile. It is suggested that the concentration of tsetse on the head of adult warthogs is a visual response to the dark patch produced by the pre-orbital glands of a mature warthog and to density-dependent changes in the grooming responses of warthogs.
Species of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing lepidopterous cereal stem borers in Africa
Authors: Walker Annette K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe taxonomy of 10 species of Braconidae (Microgastrinae) which are parasitoids of cereal stem borers in Africa is revised.Dolichogenidea cameroonensis, D. fuscivora, D. oryzaeandD. polaszeki, are described as new,Apanteles proceraeRisbec is synonymized withDolichogenidea aethiopica(Cameron)comb. n., syn. n.A key is given and host associations are listed. A summary table of the species mentioned in the text together with their hosts is also provided.
Seasonal changes in secondary compounds in the phloem sap of cassava in relation to plant genotype and infestation byPhenacoccus manihoti(Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Calatayud P.A. , Tertuliano M. , Le Rü B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA previous study on the population dynamics of the cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus manihoti(Matile-Ferrero), on cassava has shown that populations increase during the dry season. The aim of the present studies was to determine whether these important changes in the pest population observed throughout the seasons in the field in the Congo, could be correlated with seasonal variations in the level of secondary compounds in the phloem, implicated in cassava plant resistance toP. manihoti. Our results showed that cassava was in drought stress conditions during the dry season (foliar area decreased). The combination of infestation and dry stress factors was clearly visible during the dry season. In fact, the decrease in leaf water potential together with infestation byP. manihotiwas clearly observed at the end of the rainy season and during the dry season. The levels of the secondary compounds, rutin (an unfavourable substance toP. manihoti) decreased in the less resistant genotype, and cyanide (a phagostimulant substance) increased in each genotype in the dry season. These results may partially explain the important population changes inP. manihotiduring the seasons.
Resistance of some rose cultivars to the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Gaum Wilma G. , Giliomee J.H. , Pringle K.L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSome rose cultivars such as City of Belfast are more resistant to the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) than others. Data from life tables and behavioural studies indicate that the reason for resistance may be physiological-chemical as well as the physical structure and colour of the flower. Some rose odours repelled F. occidentalis.
Field studies on the biology and economic importance of Psalydolytta spp. (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Meloinae) in Mali, West Africa
Authors: Grunshaw J.P. , Mariko S. , Troare I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn account is given detailing some aspects of the biology and economic importance of Psalydolytta pilipes Maklin in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) fields in north-west Mali. Descriptions of the triungulin larval stage, together with drawings of larval development from the first grub stage to the coarctate larval stage, are given for two Psalydolytta species, P. pilipes and P. vestita Dufour. First grub phase larvae were successfully reared through to coarctates from eggs obtained from field captured adult beetles, on egg-pods obtained from a selection of commonly occurring grasshopper species. Yield losses resulting from cage trial experiments showed that whole millet candles can be destroyed during one night's feeding at densities approaching 12 beetles per head.
Stimulation of plant growth and aphid populations by a formulation ingredient of ‘Cymbush’ (cypermethrin)
Authors: Hutt Helen J. , van Emden H.F. , Baker T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSimilar increases in the height and aerial fresh weight of cowpeas compared with control plants were obtained when plants were sprayed with either 50 ppm a.i. (active ingredient) of the pyrethroid insecticide ‘Cymbush’® containing cypermethrin, or, the equivalent dilution of a blank formulation without the a.i. With broad beans, similar growth stimulation was obtained with the blank at the same or half dose, but not at a quarter dose. Testing the four formulation components separately showed that only the non-ionic emulsifier caused stimulation. A comparison of the stimulation of plant growth by the blank and the non-ionic emulsifier showed that plant height, shoot fresh weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight and leaf area were each equally increased by both treatments. The non-ionic emulsifier thus accounted for the entire stimulation caused by blank solution. Populations of Aphis fabae Scopoli (Homoptera: Aphididae) were twice as high on broad bean plants sprayed with the non-ionic emulsifier as on the controls. ‘Cymbush’ (the complete formulation) sprayed at 25 ppm a.i. was shown to increase the intrinsic rate of natural increase of the aphid through a 22% increase in fecundity; aphid development time was not affected. The results do, however, suggest that residual effects of cypermethrin may have partly counteracted the stimulatory effects of the non-ionic emulsifier. Nevertheless, it is possible that outbreaks of aphids and mites following pyrethroid application, and often assumed without evidence to have been due to natural enemy mortality, may at least in part reflect the plant stimulation caused by the non-ionic emulsifier in the formulation.
Bionomics of the Manchurian catalpa shoot borer,Sinomphisa plagialis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Shandong, China
Authors: Cheng-Jin Qi , De-Wei Li , Bing-Xin Zhang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarvae of the Manchurian catalpa shoot borerSinomphisa plagialis(Wileman) mainly damaged young shoots of Manchurian catalpa (Catalpa bungei) and ovate catalpa (Catalpa ovata). The typical symptom was production of spindle galls on damaged parts of shoots or branches, usually confined to seedlings, vigorously growing shoots, twigs and branches, as well as young trees below 3 m in height. Feeding occurred from early April to late October. In the Jiaodong peninsula, where there were one to two generations in a year, whereas in the mountainous area of central and southern Shandong, there were always two generations. Larvae had five instars. The longevity of adults was 3–11 days; eggs of the summer generation 7–9 days, overwintering generation 4–6 days; larvae of the summer generation 42–48 days; pupae of the summer generation 13–16 days, of the overwintering generation 22–26 days. Most overwintered in the pith as fifth instar larvae.
Determination of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes from sting remnants of the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera:Apidae)
Authors: Sheppard W.S. , Arias M.C. , Shimanuki H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAfricanized honeybees are presently expanding their geographic range within the USA and are considered undesirable due to their substantial defensive behaviour. Africanized honeybees can be differentiated from honeybees of European ancestry using discriminant analysis of morphological characters, based on a minimum of ten intact specimens per colony. In this paper we report a PCR-based method suitable for the identification of African or European mtDNA from sting remnants, such as typically remain on victims following a stinging incident. We experimentally simulated collection and shipment conditions with dried and alcohol preservation of stings, and also report that the method was suitable for sting remnants stored with a victim sample for over one year in alcohol. The determination of mtDNA haplotypes from stinger remnants must be tempered by the constraints inherent in interpretation of mtDNA haplotype data. Such data do not provide any information regarding the genetic contribution of the paternal lineage. However, in geographic areas where baseline information regarding European haplotype frequencies is known, the detection of a different mtDNA haplotype in stingers from a victim, especially when associated with observations of extreme defensive behaviour, would certainly be suggestive of Africanization.
Distribution and abundance of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and its predator Teretriosoma nigrescens (Coleoptera: Histeridae) in Mexico
Authors: Tigar B.J. , Osborne P.E. , Key G.E. , Flores-S M.E. , Vazquez-A. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCatches of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and Teretriosoma nigrescens Lewis from 205 pheromone trapping stations in Mexico were compared and related to climate and habitat. Prostephanus truncatus numbers differed between regions and over time with significant interaction between the two. An overall peak in captures occurred between August and November but this was not apparent in Veracruz and Chiapas. Catches of T. nigrescens also differed but effects were less distinct. The peak in P. truncatus catch was related to monthly rainfall and, with a time lag, minimum temperature in the drier, upland regions, but poorly matched in Chiapas and Veracruz. Prostephanus truncatus abundance was predicted from climatic and habitat data during the periods March to 3 July, and 31 July to November. A regression equation derived from temperature, humidity and rainfall, explained 82% of the variance in the P. truncatus catch in the later period. Local habitat made only a small addition to this model. The best correlate of T. nigrescens numbers was the catch of P. truncatus, but it was less abundant relative to P. truncatus as P. truncatus became more numerous and where annual r.h. was above 70%. Predicted abundance of P. truncatus from the regression model is compared with predictions from laboratory studies of reproductive potential under different climatic regimes. While laboratory studies predict high survival in hot, humid areas, the trap data showed higher catches in cooler, more temperate regions. Possible reasons for these differences and implications for the spread of P. truncatus in Africa are discussed.
The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice—a review
Authors: Way M.J. , Heong K.L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBiodiversity relevant to pest management of tropical irrigated rice pests is discussed in terms of variation within rice plants, rice fields, groups of rice fields and rice associated ecosystems. It is concluded that, in the unique cropping conditions and stable water supply of tropical irrigated rice, the manipulation of a relatively few manageable components of diversity can confer stability such that pests are mostly kept at levels which do not justify the use of insecticides. Durable rice plant resistance, including moderate resistance, together with ability to compensate for damage by certain key pests, are regarded as fundamental to successful biological control by the natural enemy complex. Reliable natural enemy action is also considered to depend on all-year-round continuity of prey or hosts made possible by the relatively short fallow periods between staggered two to three rice crops per year and by proximity of certain non-rice habitats, notably the vegetation-covered bunds (levées) surrounding each field. In contrast, synchronous cropping could upset stability by destroying the continuity needed for natural enemy success. Such conclusions are supported by the experience of farmers who use little or no insecticide. Much evidence on destruction of natural enemies by certain insecticides supports the contention that insecticide use, especially early in the crop season, upsets natural enemy control of insects such as Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) and also creates heavy selection pressure for strains of pests that can overcome previously resistant rice cultivars. Such circumstances create outbreaks of secondary pests and impair biological control of some key primary pests such as stem borers. It is concluded that pest management of much tropical irrigated rice must be based on natural controls rarely supplemented by insecticides. The success of this approach depends in particular on further research on dynamics of natural enemy and pest communities in rice ecosystems, especially where climatic conditions and water supply are marginally stable. Much more needs to be known about the nature and utilization of rice plant compensation for damage, particularly by defoliators and stem borers. The justification for, and supplementary use of, insecticides needs to be radically reassessed. There is no evidence that a natural control-based approach, as recommended in this review, is incompat ible with farmer practicability or with future developments in rice production technology, except perhaps the possible mechanization-driven increase in field size which would decrease bund area. In contrast, the insecticide-based approach is not only harmful to natural controls but is costly and mostly demands impracticable decision making by farmers on need-based use.
Field investigation of an attracticide control technique using the sex pheromone of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Downham M.C.A. , McVeigh L.J. , Moawad G.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA series of trials examining the feasibility of an attracticide technique for control of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) are described. The technique combined the sex pheromone of S. littoralis with pyrethroid insecticide, λ-cyhalothrin, in 500 point-sources/ha at low rates of application of both components. It was envisaged that male moths would be attracted to contact the sources and subsequently suffer lethal or sub-lethal effects which would prevent mating. The pheromone was applied either as a sprayable microencapsulated (MC) formulation or in polyvinyl-chloride lures; emulsifiable concentrate and MC formulations of the insecticide were employed. Treatments were assessed by monitoring pheromone trap catches, mating of tethered females and, in one trial, numbers of eggmasses found in experimental areas. Mating levels and trap-catch in treatment plots were siginificantly reduced, compared to controls, for periods up to 5 and 24 nights after treatment, respectively. However despite a continuous period of mating suppression, achieved by repeated applications, no treatment-related reduction in egg-masses was observed. Two trials compared attracticide with mating-disruption treatments in which the insecticide was omitted. Similar levels of mating and trap-catch suppression were observed in the two treatments. It was concluded that the mating suppression observed in attracticide plots was due principally to disruption of chemical communication between the sexes, not to male mortality arising from contact with the insecticide sources. None of the attracticide treatments represented a viable control technique. Other practical and theoretical considerations arising from the results are discussed.
Predicting the severity of Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) outbreak seasons in Tanzania
Authors: Harvey A.W. , Mallya G.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOutbreaks of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker), in East Africa follow a seasonal pattern related to the movement of the inter-tropical convergence zone. The season typically begins in central Tanzania with primary outbreaks that coincide with the arrival of the rains. An analysis of 27 years' light trap records shows a high negative correlation between the total number of moths caught by light traps during the season over the whole country and the number of rain days during November in central Tanzania. Out of the 27 seasons, 22 could have been correctly predicted as ‘light’ or ‘severe’, using the November rainfall at one station, Dodoma, in time to give two months' warning before the peak of the season.
Life cycle of Liposcelis entomophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) and a culturing regime for liposcelids
Authors: Leong Edmund C.W. , Ho S.H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe life cycle of Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) was studied at 30 ± 1°C and 75 ± 3% r.h. The mean developmental period of the females was 22.3 days and that of the males was 18.4 days. This corresponded to the males undergoing three, and the females four, nymphal stages. A 28% developmental mortality was observed. The average number of offspring produced in the first fornight was 9.6 and the natural mortality of the females was noted only from the sixth week, increasing to 54.1% by the 12th week. An extraction and culturing regime to obtain populations of one- to three-week old adult females was developed. This procedure was also found to be ideal for L. bostrychophila Badonnel.
The biology of the ectoparasitoid wasp Eulophus pennicornis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on host larvae of the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Marris G.C. , Edwards J.P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThere is a need to identify potential biological control agents for use against noctuid pests in greenhouses. The gregarious ectoparasitoid Eulophus pennicornis (Nees) attacks a limited range of macrolepidopterous larvae, including those of some important horticultural pest species. Laboratory trials designed to investigate the biology of E. pennicornis on larvae of the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea Linnaeus, reveal that wasps preferentially parasitize penulitmate (fifth) or final (sixth) instar hosts. More than two-thirds of wasps lay viable eggs, and individual females oviposit on up to four hosts during their lifespan. Wasp fecundity is high, preadult development is rapid, and offspring show a markedly female-biased sex ratio. Parasitized fifth instar L.oleracea hosts do not grow as quickly as unparasitized larvae, and neither do they undergo normal ecdysis to the final larval stadium. Furthermore, the consumption of artificial diet by parasitized fifth instar hosts is greatly reduced in comparison to that of unparasitized larvae (overall feeding-reduction over a 12 day period was 64.7%). Our results suggest that E. pennicornis affects both the developmental and feeding physiology of host larvae, and that inoculative releases of this parasitoid could provide effective biological control for L. oleracea and other greenhouse pests.
The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for studies of genetic variation in populations of the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in southern England
Authors: Stevens Jamie , Wall Richard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymerase chain reaction to characterize individual Lucilia sericata Meigen from southern England was evaluated. Some simple techniques which allowed the preservation and extraction of DNA to be optimized without the complications of transporting liquid nitrogen were investigated. The RAPD results show that closely related L. sericata, including those from a single strike, can be readily distinguished from each other on the basis of their RAPD profiles resolved using electrophoretic analysis; profiles were defined with ten random primers. Analysis of these RAPD data using a similarity coefficient method and a recently developed randomization test to detect the non-random association of alleles at different loci, allowed the genetic homogeneity of L. sericata within southern Britain to be explored. This study shows that while a number of factors can complicate the use and interpretation of RAPD fragments as genetic markers, RAPD fingerprinting can be a valuable technique for studies of intraspecific genetic variation in L. sericata.
The Mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda. III.—The vertical Distribution of Mosquitoes in a Banana Plantation and the biting Cycle of Aëdes (Stegohyia) simpsoni, Theo.
Authors: Haddow A. J. 
Published: July 2009

1. The work here reported was carried out in Bwamba County, Uganda, a district where human yellow fever has recently occurred. It consisted of continuous 24–hour catches of biting mosquitoes in a banana plantation, made simultaneously at ground level, 6 ft., 12 ft. and 18 ft.2. Aédes (Stegomyia) simpsoni, Theo., the carrier of human yellow fever in Bwamba, was found to be active throughout the day at all these levels.3. The presence of sylvan mosquitoes in the banana plantation was noted. The nearest forest was ½ mile away.4. The biting cycle of the strictly diurnal A. simpsoni was studied, and it was found that this species was most active on warm cloudy days. The main factors decreasing its activity appeared to be cold, wind, and direct hot sunshine.