bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sonophoresis: recent advancements and future trends
Authors: Rao Rekha , Nanda Sanju 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Objectives
Use of ultrasound in therapeutics and drug delivery has gained importance in recent years, evident by the increase in patents filed and new commercial devices launched. The present review discusses new advancements in sonophoretic drug delivery in the last two decades, and highlights important challenges still to be met to make this technology of more use in the alleviation of diseases.

Key findings
Phonophoretic research often suffers from poor calibration in terms of the amount of ultrasound energy emitted, and therefore current research must focus on safety of exposure to ultrasound and miniaturization of devices in order to make this technology a commercial reality. More research is needed to identify the role of various parameters influencing sonophoresis so that the process can be optimized. Establishment of long-term safety issues, broadening the range of drugs that can be delivered through this system, and reduction in the cost of delivery are issues still to be addressed.

Summary
Sonophoresis (phonophoresis) has been shown to increase skin permeability to various low and high molecular weight drugs, including insulin and heparin. However, its therapeutic value is still being evaluated. Some obstacles in transdermal sonophoresis can be overcome by combination with other physical and chemical enhancement techniques. This review describes recent advancements in equipment and devices for phonophoresis, new formulations tried in sonophoresis, synergistic effects with techniques such as chemical enhancers, iontophoresis and electroporation, as well as the growing use of ultrasound in areas such as cancer therapy, cardiovascular disorders, temporary modification of the blood-brain barrier for delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents, hormone replacement therapy, sports medicine, gene therapy and nanotechnology. This review also lists patents pertaining to the formulations and techniques used in sonophoretic drug delivery.
An examination of the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Post‐partum Bonding Questionnaire in a clinical inpatient sample
Authors: Wittkowski Anja , Williams Jennifer , Wieck Angelika 
Published: May 2009

Objective. To examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Post‐partum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) in a sample of psychiatric inpatients.Methods. One hundred and thirty‐two women who were admitted to a Mother and Baby Unit for psychiatric inpatient treatment completed the PBQ and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐II). The factor structure of the PBQ was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) techniques.Results. The original four‐factor structure of the PBQ was not replicated by CFA and EFA in this sample. A three‐factor solution was identified as the most stable and clinically meaningful solution. Factors pertaining to impaired bonding, anxiety and irritability, and anxiety about child care responsibilities were identified in the CFA but were not entirely replicated in the EFA. The internal consistencies of the three subscales were also acceptable. PBQ scores were also significantly associated with depression scores.Conclusion. The findings suggest that the original four factors of the PBQ should be used with caution. Items pertaining to risk of abuse had to be omitted alongside one other item, resulting in a 22‐item solution. Further psychometric evaluation of this scale is recommended.
Abundance and Distribution of Precociously Mature Male Spring Chinook Salmon of Hatchery and Natural Origin in the Yakima River
Authors: Pearsons Todd N. , Johnson Christopher L. , James Brenda Ben , Temple Gabriel M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Precocious maturation of artificially propagated male Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha has the potential to alter abundance and distribution of males in freshwater and thereby influence ecological and genetic interactions with other fish in the natural environment. Between 1999 and 2007, the Cle Elum Supplementation and Research Facility has produced and released into the upper Yakima River basin of Washington an annual average of 124,573 males that mature precociously. We investigated the abundance and distribution of precociously mature male spring Chinook salmon of hatchery and natural (wild) origin during the spawning season (4–7 months after hatchery release) in the Yakima River. We counted the number of precocious males on the spawning grounds while snorkeling during the peak of spawning and electrofished to determine abundance and distribution of precocious males away from redds. We also collected Chinook salmon to determine percent precocity and size and age distributions. The number of precocious hatchery males on redds was less than 0.05% of the total number of fish released, and they were significantly less abundant on redds than precocious wild males. Between 1999 and 2007, the mean annual abundance of precocious age-1 hatchery males observed on the spawning grounds was 22 fish (range, 0–78). Precocious hatchery and wild males were both found throughout the spawning range during the spawning season, but significant differences in distribution between origins were detected. Precocious hatchery males were proportionately more abundant in the most downstream sampling reach and less abundant in a tributary with no hatchery facilities. In addition, most precocious hatchery males were found downstream of spawning areas during the spawning season. It appears that many precocious hatchery males migrate downstream from release and fail to migrate back to the spawning grounds, or they die within the Yakima River before spawning. Thus, precocious male Chinook salmon resulting from hatchery production in the Yakima River do not contribute favorably to harvest and may pose ecological risks to other taxa, but most of these fish have a low probability of contributing genes to future generations.
Clinical Utility of the 2-Minute Walk Test for Older Adults Living in Long-Term Care
Authors: Connelly D.M. , Thomas B.K. , Cliffe S.J. , Perry W.M. , Smith R.E. 
Published: May 2009

Purpose: This study's purposes were to examine the measurement properties of the 2-minute walk test (2MWT), to illustrate the use of reliability coefficients in clinical practice, and to estimate sample size for a subsequent validity study. Method: Sixteen residents of long-term care (LTC; mean age = 87 years) completed two 2MWTs with Rater A and two 2MWTs with Rater B on test days 1 and 2, approximately 1 week apart. On a third test day, subjects completed one trial of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), timed up-and-go (TUG) test, and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) with Rater A. On 2 other test days, approximately 1 week apart, Rater A administered the 2MWT to five older adults living in a retirement facility. Absolute and relative reliability and concurrent and known-groups validity coefficients were calculated. Results: No main effect for rater, trial, or occasion was found. Test–retest reliability estimates of 0.94 and 0.95 were obtained. The 2MWT demonstrated concurrent validity (r ≥ 0.84) with the BBS, TUG, and 6MWT. Comparison of distance walked by LTC and retirement residents showed a difference of 72.9 m (95% CI: 44.2, 101.6). The results suggest that 90% of truly stable older adults will display random fluctuations in 2MWT performance within a boundary of 15 m. Conclusion: The 2MWT had sound measurement properties in this sample of LTC residents. Based on our results, 24 subjects would be required for a subsequent hypothesis-testing validity study.
Computation of an extractive distillation column with affine arithmetic
Authors: Baharev Ali , Achterberg Tobias , Rév Endre 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe need of reliably solving systems of nonlinear equations often arises in the everyday practice of chemical engineering. In general, standard methods cannot provide theoretical guarantee for convergence to a solution, cannot reliably find multiple solutions, and cannot prove nonexistence of solutions. Interval methods provide tools to overcome these problems, thus achieving reliability. To the authors' best knowledge, computation of distillation columns with interval methods have not yet been considered in the literature. This article presents significant enhancements compared with a previously published interval method of the authors. The proposed branch‐and‐prune algorithm is guaranteed to converge, and is fairly general at the same time. If no solution exists then this information is provided by the method as a result. Power of the suggested method is demonstrated by solving, with guaranteed convergence, even the MESH equations of a 22 stage extractive distillation column with a ternary mixture. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
An age‐adapted approach for the use of D‐dimers in the exclusion of deep venous thrombosis
Authors: Haas Fred J.L.M. , Schutgens Roger E.G. , Biesma Douwe H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA normal D‐dimer (DD) concentration for the exclusion of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) has a low specificity in older patients and compression ultrasonography is often required. Three D‐dimer assays, STA Liatest, Tina‐quant, and Innovance, are evaluated in symptomatic outpatients suspected for DVT with emphasis on its performance in older patients by using different cut‐off levels. This study includes 466 outpatients suspected for having DVT. The diagnostic accuracy, measured as sensitivity and area under the curve of the receiver operation characteristic curve is good for all DD assays. The specificity of the DD assays combined with a low pretest probability varies from 42.6 to 51.5%. The specificity of the three DD assays in patients ≥60 years varies, however, between 24.6 and 40.9%. Several cut‐off values in different age‐subgroups are studied. For patients <60 years, the most accurate cut‐off value is 500 μg/L for all DD assays. For patients ≥60 years, a threshold of 750 μg/L has the best results with NPV of 100% for all assays and specificity of 48.5% (STA Liatest), 60.6% (Tina‐quant), and 49.2% (Innovance), respectively. For the three assays, the number needed to test (NNT) decreases in both subgroups of patients compared to the standard algorithm. A cut‐off level of 750 μg/L for patients ≥60 years improves the clinical performance of DD assays in combination with the PTP score without the loss of NPV. The NNT improves substantially with an age‐adapted algorithm. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Iron Complex with an Unsupported Fe–Fe Bond
Authors: Murillo Carlos A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFull metal bonding: The reduction of a six‐coordinate, mononuclear Werner‐type iron(II) complex (see scheme) resulted in the isolation of a compound with an extraordinarily rare, unsupported Fe–Fe bond having an experimental Fe–Fe distance of 2.6869(6) Å and a calculated bond order of 0.5.magnified image
New brown dwarf candidates in the Pleiades
Authors: Eisenbeiss T. , Moualla M. , Mugrauer M. , Schmidt T.O.B. , Raetz St. , Neuhäuser R. , Ginski Ch. , Hohle M.M. , Koeltzsch A. , Marka C. , Rammo W. , Reithe A. , Roell T. , Vaňko M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe have performed deep, wide‐field imaging on a ∼0.4 deg2 field in the Pleiades (Melotte 22). The selected field was not yet target of a deep search for low mass stars and brown dwarfs. Our limiting magnitudes are R ∼ 22 mag and I ∼ 20 mag, sufficient to detect brown dwarf candidates down to 40 MJ. We found 197 objects, whose location in the (I, R – I) color magnitude diagram is consistent with the age and the distance of the Pleiades. Using CTK R and I as well as JHK photometry from our data and the 2MASS survey we were able to identify 7 new brown dwarf candidates. We present our data reduction technique, which enables us to resample, calibrate, and co‐add many images by just two steps. We estimate the interstellar extinction and the spectral type from our optical and the NIR data using a two‐dimensional χ2 fitting (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recognition of acyl donors by lipase CAL‐B in the acylation of 6‐azauridine
Authors: Wang Zhao‐Yu , Zong Min‐Hua 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCAL‐B‐catalyzed synthesis of different 5′‐O‐monoester derivatives of 6‐azauridine via a one‐step highly regioselective enzymatic acylation route was successfully performed for the first time. The effects of some crucial factors on the enzymatic undec‐10‐enoylation of 6‐azauridine were examined. The optimal reaction medium, molar ratio of 6‐azauridine to vinyl undec‐10‐enoate and reaction temperature were found to be anhydrous acetone, 1:3 and 50°C, under which the reaction rate, the substrate conversion and the regioselectivity were 22.3 mM/h, 99.0% and 99.0%, respectively. In addition, the enzyme recognition of acyl donors was investigated. The results showed that the enzyme activity varied widely with different acyl donors owing to the specific structure of the lipase active site and the acyl donors. 5′‐O‐Monoesters of 6‐azauridine were achieved exclusively with all the acyl donors tested. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Canonical partial least squares—a unified PLS approach to classification and regression problems
Authors: Indahl Ulf G. , Liland Kristian Hovde , Næs Tormod 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe propose a new data compression method for estimating optimal latent variables in multi‐variate classification and regression problems where more than one response variable is available. The latent variables are found according to a common innovative principle combining PLS methodology and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The suggested method is able to extract predictive information for the latent variables more effectively than ordinary PLS approaches. Only simple modifications of existing PLS and PPLS algorithms are required to adopt the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrimination of multiple primary lung cancers from intrapulmonary metastasis based on the expression of four cancer‐related proteins
Authors: Ono Kenji , Sugio Kenji , Uramoto Hidetaka , Baba Tetsuro , Ichiki Yoshinobu , Takenoyama Mitsuhiro , Hanagiri Takeshi , Oyama Tsunehiro , Yasumoto Kosei 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Because distinguishing between multiple primary lung cancers and intrapulmonary metastasis is often difficult when the tumor histology is same, the feasibility of analyzing differential protein expression profiles to distinguish multiple primary lung cancers from intrapulmonary metastasis was evaluated.METHODS:This study enrolled 50 patients, with multiple primary lung cancers demonstrating the same histology, who underwent surgery between April 1994 and March 2006 and 20 patients who were diagnosed to have intrapulmonary metastasis during the same period. Thirty patients with lymph‐node metastasis were selected for comparison purposes. The sum value of the differences in the expression ratio of 4 proteins (p53, p16, p27, and c‐erbB2) was evaluated in immunohistochemically stained specimens among multiple primary lung cancers and intrapulmonary metastasis.RESULTS:None of the 30 patients with lymph‐node metastasis showed a sum value of the differences between primary tumor and lymph‐node metastasis in the 4 protein expression ratios >90. Therefore, when the difference between 2 tumors exceeded 90, the 2 tumors were considered to be different from each other, ie, multiple primary lung cancers. Forty‐one of 50 (82%) patients who were clinically diagnosed to have multiple primary lung cancers showed a sum value of the differences in their protein expression ratios >90, 4 of 20 (20%) patients who were clinically diagnosed to have intrapulmonary metastasis showed a sum value >90. Among the patients who were clinically diagnosed to have multiple primary lung cancers and intrapulmonary metastasis, the 5‐year survival of 70 patients who had a sum value of the differences in their 4 protein expression ratios, either >90 (newly classified multiple primary lung cancers) and ≤90 (newly classified intrapulmonary metastasis), were 81.1% and 40.2%, respectively (P = .002).CONCLUSIONS:The profile of protein expression in cancer‐related genes is, thus, considered to be a useful tool for distinguishing multiple primary lung cancers from intrapulmonary metastasis and for determining the appropriate biological staging of lung cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Relationships in Taraxacum section Arctica s.l. (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) and allies based on nrITS
Authors: Uhlemann I. , Ritz C. M. , Peñailillo P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractnrITS sequences of 19 Taraxacum ‐species as well as four outgroups of Asteraceae‐Cichorieae were analysed using Bayesian and parsimony analyses in order to establish their systematics. The Arctica s.l. clade together with T. bessarabicum is sister to all derived European and South American taxa. The division of Arctica s.l. into smaller units (sections: Antarctica, Arctica s. str., Australasica) is supported. Within the remaining taxa, Taraxacum farellonicum, a species from the Chilean Andes which is described as new, is supposed to be a hybrid of T. gilliesii and an introduced Ruderalia ‐species. Section Erythrosperma is well separated and supported. With the exception of T. patagonicum and T. bracteatum which are sister to the other representatives of the European taxa two groups are distinguished: first the Ruderalia/Hamata alliance (including T. tenebricans with some exceptional characters) of predominantly ruderal species and second an assemblage of the sections Celtica, Fontana, Macrodonta, Palustria and Taraxacum prefering a lesser ruderal habitate. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Voluntary exercise induces anxiety‐like behavior in adult C57BL/6J mice correlating with hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Fuss Johannes , Ben Abdallah Nada M.‐B. , Vogt Miriam A. , Touma Chadi , Pacifici Pier Giorgio , Palme Rupert , Witzemann Veit , Hellweg Rainer , Gass Peter 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSeveral studies investigated the effect of physical exercise on emotional behaviors in rodents; resulting findings however remain controversial. Despite the accepted notion that voluntary exercise alters behavior in the same manners as antidepressant drugs, several studies reported opposite or no effects at all. In an attempt to evaluate the effect of physical exercise on emotional behaviors and brain plasticity, we individually housed C57BL/6J male mice in cages equipped with a running wheel. Three weeks after continuous voluntary running we assessed their anxiety‐ and depression‐like behaviors. Tests included openfield, dark‐light‐box, elevated O‐maze, learned helplessness, and forced swim test. We measured corticosterone metabolite levels in feces collected over a 24‐h period and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in several brain regions. Furthermore, cell proliferation and adult hippocampal neurogenesis were assessed using Ki67 and Doublecortin. Voluntary wheel running induced increased anxiety in the openfield, elevated O‐maze, and dark‐light‐box and higher levels of excreted corticosterone metabolites. We did not observe any antidepressant effect of running despite a significant increase of hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF. These data are thus far the first to indicate that the effect of physical exercise in mice may be ambiguous. On one hand, the running‐induced increase of neurogenesis and BDNF seems to be irrelevant in tests for depression‐like behavior, at least in the present model where running activity exceeded previous reports. On the other hand, exercising mice display a more anxious phenotype and are exposed to higher levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone. Intriguingly, numbers of differentiating neurons correlate significantly with anxiety parameters in the openfield and dark‐light‐box. We therefore conclude that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a crucial player in the genesis of anxiety. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isothiocyanates, glutathione S‐transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk: A prospective study of men in Shanghai, China
Authors: Moy Kristin A. , Yuan Jian‐Min , Chung Fung‐Lung , Wang Xue‐Li , Van Den Berg David , Wang Renwei , Gao Yu‐Tang , Yu Mimi C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIsothiocyanates (ITC) in cruciferous vegetables may be chemopreventive against gastric cancer development. Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) may modify the chemopreventive effect of ITC. The relationship between urinary total ITC and risk of gastric cancer was prospectively examined. Between 1986 and 1989, 18,244 middle‐aged men in Shanghai, China were enrolled in a prospective study of diet and cancer and donated baseline urine and blood samples. Urinary ITC was quantified for 307 incident cases of gastric cancer that occurred during the first 16 years of follow‐up, and 911 matched control subjects. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression methods. Seropositivity for antibodies to Helicobacter pylori and homozygous deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 were determined. Compared to the first tertile, ORs (95% CIs) of gastric cancer for the second and third tertiles of urinary total ITC were 0.83 (0.61–1.15) and 0.66 (0.47–0.94) (ptrend = 0.02). A stronger protective effect of ITC against gastric cancer development was seen among men with homozygous deletion of GSTM1 (third tertile versus first tertile, OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.27–0.93) or GSTT1 (third tertile vs. first tertile, OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25–0.88), and particularly with deletions of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 (second and third tertiles vs. first tertile, OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.21–0.93). In this cohort of Chinese men at high risk for gastric cancer, isothiocyanates may protect against the development of gastric cancer. The protection may be stronger for individuals genetically deficient in enzymes that metabolize these chemopreventive compounds. © 2009 UICC
Decreased hephaestin expression and activity leads to decreased iron efflux from differentiated Caco2 cells
Authors: Chen Huijun , Attieh Zouhair K , Dang Thi , Huang Gang , van der Hee Regine M. , Vulpe Chris 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIron is transported across intestinal brush border cells into the circulation in at least two distinct steps. Iron can enter the enterocyte via the apical surface through several paths. However, iron egress from the basolateral side of enterocytes converges on a single export pathway requiring the iron transporter, ferroportin1, and hephaestin, a ferroxidase. Copper deficiency leads to reduced hephaestin protein expression and activity in mouse enterocytes and intestinal cell lines. We tested the effect of copper deficiency on differentiated Caco2 cells grown in transwells and found decreased hephaestin protein expression and activity as well as reduced ferroportin1 protein levels. Furthermore, the decrease in hephaestin levels correlates with a decrease of55Fe release from the basolateral side of Caco2 cells. Presence of ceruloplasmin, apo‐transferrin or holo‐transferrin did not significantly alter the results observed. Repletion of copper in Caco2 cells leads to reconstitution of hephaestin protein expression, activity, and transepithelial iron transport. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 803–808, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.