bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The roles of the laryngeal mask airway in emergency medicine
Authors: Taylor Simon , Berry Alison 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe laryngeal mask airway has a well established place in routine anaesthetic practice. Its potential role in emergency medicine is hampered by its failure to protect the airway from aspiration and to form a high pressure seal for controlled ventilation but supported by its ease of placement. This review discusses the uses of the laryngeal mask airway in the emergency situation.The laryngeal mask airway has a role as an alternative to the face mask in resuscitation. It has roles as an alternative airway when intubation has failed and as an aid to difficult intubation. In the prehospital setting, an additional specific indication for its use may be when access to a patient is limited making tracheal intubation impossible.Two recent modifications of the laryngeal mask airway are described. The intubating laryngeal mask airway is specifically designed for the difficult airway and the disposable laryngeal mask airway (Unique™) is undergoing trials in the UK for use by paramedical staff. The potential use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway in the emergency setting is discussed.
Slamdancing, crowd surfing and moshing: new mechanisms of injury in the 90s
Authors: Marneros Leo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNineteen cases of injuries sustained during a rock concert and which necessitated presentation to the Emergency Department at the Gold Coast Hospital are reviewed. Eleven of these injuries were sustained by ‘crowd surfing’. The mechanism of injury was usually related to a fall, including two patients who suffered injuries from ‘crowd surfers’ falling onto them.This study documents a new form of ‘dance’ and its consequences in terms of physical injury. Most injuries involved the extremities, but head and spinal injuries also occurred. Assaults formed the bulk of other presentations.The study brings attention to new mechanisms by which rock concert crowds can be injured, and may be useful in promoting advocacy and policy making for this increasing, yet preventable, problem.
The Indigenisation of Psychology: Birth of a New Science or Rekindling of an Old One?
Authors: Díaz‐Loving Rolando 
Published: August 2010

Les décennies récentes ont été témoins de crises récurrentes au sein même de la tradition de psychologie expérimental Euro‐Méso‐Nord Américaine et, l'extérieur, des critiques lui ont été addressées. Les problèmes relèvent, d'une part, du manque de sensibilityé aux cultures et écosystèmes et, d'autre part, de la généralisation sans discrimination des résultats à travers des cadres comportementaux. Basées sur la construction d'une nouvelle science qui intègre les modeles comportementaux et culturels, des réponses sont proposées à ce qui constitue les attributs humains universels et idéosyncra‐siques et les comportements sociaux. l'indigenisation de la psychologie en général et de l'ethnopsychologie mexicaine en particulier sont présentées comme exemples de solution à la stagnation du courant principal fondé de manière ethnocentrique.Recent decades have witnessed recurring crises within, and criticism from outside, the Euro‐Meso‐North‐American scientific psychological tradition. The problems are traceable to the lack of cultural and ecosystemic sensitivity on the one hand, and an attempt to indiscriminately generalise findings across behavioural settings, on the other. Based on the construction of a new science, which integrates the behavioural and cultural models, answers are offered to the question of what constitutes universal and idiosyncratic human attributes and social behaviours. The indigenisation of psychology in general and Mexican ethnopsychology in particular are offered as examples of solutions to the stagnation of the ethnocentrically based mainstream.
Isolation and characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the whitegirdled goby (Pterogobius zonoleucus) and cross‐species amplification in the serpentine goby (P. elapoides)
Authors: NOHARA K. , KOKITA T. , TOMINAGA O. , SEIKAI T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEleven polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed from a (CA)n‐enrichment library of the whitegirdled goby (Pterogobius zonoleucus). Polymorphism at these loci ranged from 2 to 12 alleles, and observed and expected heterozygosities from 0.05 to 0.90 and from 0.05 and 0.86, respectively. All loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, with no significant linkage disequilibrium between all locus pairs. Cross‐species amplification tests were successful in P. elapoides, and most loci were polymorphic. These microsatellite markers will be useful in further population genetic studies of both species.
Noradrenaline and angiotensin II modify vascular prostanoid release in fructose‐fed hypertensive rats
Authors: Puyó A. M. , Mayer M. A. , Giorgi S. , Gómez A. H. , Peredo H. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1 A fructose‐enriched diet induces hypertension, metabolic alterations and insulin resistance in rats, resembling human metabolic syndrome. Previously, we found that prostanoid production was altered in fructose‐fed rats. 2 This study analysed the effects of incubation with noradrenaline (NA) and angiotensin II (Ang II) on prostanoid release in mesenteric vascular beds from control and fructose‐fed rats. Animals which received fructose solution (10% w/v) for 22 weeks showed higher systolic blood pressure and triglyceridaemia. 3 In controls, NA increased 6‐keto‐prostaglandin (PG) F1α (prostacyclin metabolite) and thromboxane (TX) production. Ang II increased only TX release. In fructose‐fed animals, NA increased 6‐keto‐PG F1α and TX. PGF2α (vasoconstrictor) was also elevated. Ang II also increased PGF2α and PGE2 levels. 4 In conclusion, in fructose rats Ang II in vitro stimulates a vasoconstrictor prostanoid not stimulated in controls. This could be related to the observed in vivo blood pressure increase. In fructose‐fed animals, NA and Ang II also augment vasodilator prostanoids, suggesting a compensatory mechanism because of long‐term hypertension.
The Impact of Health Plan Delivery System Organization on Clinical Quality and Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Gillies Robin R. , Chenok Kate Eresian , Shortell Stephen M. , Pawlson Gregory , Wimbush Julian J. 
Published: August 2010

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which measures of health plan clinical performance and measures of patient perceptions of care are associated with health plan organizational characteristics, including the percentage of care provided based on a group or staff model delivery system, for‐profit (tax) status, and affiliation with a national managed care firm.Data Sources. Data describing health plans on region, age of health plan, for‐profit status, affiliation with a national managed care firm, percentage of Medicare business, total enrollment, ratio of primary care physicians to specialists, HMO penetration, and form of health care delivery system (e.g., IPA, network, mixed, staff, group) were obtained from InterStudy. Clinical performance measures for women's health screening rates, child and adolescent immunization rates, heart disease screening rates, diabetes screening rates, and smoking cessation were developed from HEDIS® data. Measures of patient perceptions of care are obtained from CAHPS® survey data submitted as Healthplan Employer Data and Information Set, Consumer Assessment of Health Plans 2.0 H.Study Design. Multivariate regression cross‐sectional analysis of 272 health plans was used to evaluate the relationship of health plan characteristics with measures of clinical performance and patient perceptions of care.Principal Findings. The form of delivery system, measured by percent of care delivered by staff and group model systems, is significantly related (p≤.05) with four of the five clinical performance indices but none of the three satisfaction performance indices. Other variables significantly associated with performance were being geographically located in the Northeast, having nonprofit status, and for patient satisfaction, not being part of a larger insurance company.Conclusions. These comparative results provide evidence suggesting that the type of delivery system used by health plans is related to many clinical performance measures but is not related to patient perceptions of care. These findings underscore the importance of the form of the delivery system and the need for further inquiry that examines the relationship between organizational form and performance.
The Everglades Ecosystem and the Politics of Nature
Authors: OGDEN LAURA 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn this article, I offer an institutional history of the ecosystem concept, tracing shifts in its meaning and application as it has become the key organizing principle for the Everglades restoration program in Florida. Two institutional forms are analyzed here: (1) quasi‐governmental organizations, a term I use to describe interagency science collaboratives and community stakeholder organizations, and (2) government bureaucracies, which are the administrative agencies tasked with Everglades restoration planning and implementation. In analyzing these knowledge trajectories, I both document the complex networks of relations that facilitate the ecosystem's emergence as an object of knowledge and examine the bureaucratic claims to authority that circumscribe the ecosystem's transformation into policy.
BOVINE PROTOTHECOSIS
Authors: Bodenhoff Jessie , Madsen P. Schmidt 
Published: August 2010

Prototheca zopfti was isolated repeatedly from milk samples from ten cows (of a herd of 192 dairy cows) with reduced milk yield and indurated mammary glands. The strain was moderately sensitive to streptomycin, polymyxin and gentamycin, but resistant or relatively resistant to other antibiotics and antimycotics commonly used in clinical practice.An attempt to treat the infection with Ethidium bromide, which was found effective in vitro, did not succeed. The number of Prototheca excreted decreased, but a complete cure was not obtained.In histological sections of the udder, Prototheca cells were demonstrated both intracellularly and interstitially.
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF HEAT‐STERILIZED, HEAT‐DISINFECTED AND CHEMICALLY‐DISINFECTED HAEMODIALYSIS MONITORS
Authors: KOLMOS HANS JØRN 
Published: August 2010

The bacterial contamination of one heat‐sterilized, three heat‐disinfected and four chemically‐disinfected monitor types was evaluated before and after dialysis. All monitor types were contaminated. In the heat‐treated monitors the level of contamination varied with the intensity of the heat treatment and the technical design. They were less contaminated than the chemically‐disinfected recirculating single‐pass monitors. The latter were contaminated to a marginal degree, irrespective of the quality of the water supply. Each monitor showed a characteristic microbial flora, indicating that recontamination occurred from the same persistent focus. Aquired antibiotic resistance characters were rare among the potential human pathogens isolated from the dialysate.The level of contamination during dialysis is determined by a complex of factors, including the mode of disinfection, the technical design of the dialysis equipment, the duration of the dialyses. and the flora of the dialysate.
WOMEN, POLITICS AND CONTEMPORARY CUBA: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Van Tassell G. Lane 
Published: August 2010

Some Summary CommentsClearly some caution should be exercised in presenting some of these data. As anyone familiar with official sources in Cuba recognizes, figures are almost always presented in the most favorable light possible. This can be expected from virtually any governmental source and is not limited to efforts made by the Cuban government. As anyone who has traveled in Cuba realizes, secondary confirmation of much of the official data is often hard to come by. This is not necessarily because other sources might be contradictory and therefore not available, but that they just do not exist. Personal interviews, subjective observations and other resource people do help. But raw statistical data remain open to further critical review. However, any tendency by the various Cuban sources to inflate the numbers to their official advantages will have the likelihood of being counterproductive. In the future, current figures will have to serve as the base from which judgments about subsequent progress towards the goal of political equality will be measured. All things considered, the various sources of raw data concerning the political status of Cuban women seem reliable.Several conceptual challenges confront those who seek to assess relationships between gender and politics in a particular national setting. Included among the key questions are: (1) At what levels are gender and political linkages significant? (2) Are data available sufficient to make meaningful distinctions? and (3) What systematic explanations can be attributed to a particular national setting?Students of women and politics have a great deal to learn from the Cuban example since the Revolution. Not only did several women figure significantly in the struggle against the Batista regime, the emergence of the Cuban Federation of Women early in the Castro era gave credibility to the claim that the quest for political equality between the sexes was of more than token importance. Gaining official recognition in the new Cuban constitution as a mass organization is further evidence of the organization's ability to consolidate and support political gains for Cuban women.Additional concrete verification of political influence by women in Cuba can be found in formal organizations of the Cuban political system. The data included in this research note suggest rates of participation for contemporary Cuban women consistently above double‐digit figures. This research note is offered as further food for thought in the important quest toward greater understanding and clarification of the “revolution within a revolution.”
THE NUCLEAR LEGACY OF THE SOVIET UNION
Authors: Michelsen Niall 
Published: August 2010

Russian and American efforts convinced the three non‐Russian states to forsake their nuclear inheritances. Belarus and Kazakhstan concluded that the costs of maintaining their inheritance exceed any security benefits which the weapons may provide. Ukraine has been obstinate but even it has apparently concluded that its nuclear inheritance is too expensive to maintain, not a sufficient deterrent, and an impediment to better relations with the West. Yet, Ukraine's record of backing away from its commitments suggests that the story may not be overLiberalism argues that Ukraine risks becoming an outlaw state by refusing to become a non‐nuclear state. Realism argues that Ukraine must provide for its own securiy and that the US would not break all ties with Ukraine. Ukraine's international orientation will depend upon how the US treats it and a nuclear Ukraine could be tied to the US.
Measuring blood cholesterol outside the pathology laboratory: issues of accuracy and reliability
Authors: Reid C.M. , Jennings G.L. , Leonard R.F. , Conyers R.A.J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Desk‐top analysers that are simple to use, portable and free from technical requirements are now widely used for blood cholesterol measurement outside the traditional pathology laboratory setting. Test accuracy and reliability are essential if these portable desk‐top analysers are to be of value in the assessment and management of elevated blood cholesterol.To determine their accuracy and reliability we compared the results obtained from four different desk‐top analysers with those from a teaching hospital's routine laboratory method. The desk‐top analysers assessed were the Ames Minilab, the Kodak DT60, the Boehringer Reflotron and the Abbott Vision.The precision of each desk‐top analyser was within acceptable limits, defined as a coefficient of variation less than 5 per cent. The results from the Vision, Reflotron and DT60 related closely to those from the routine laboratory method, with least squares linear regression slopes ranging from 0.92 to 1.06 and intra‐class correlation coefficients from 0.95 to 0.99.The Minilab showed least agreement with the routine laboratory method and caution should be taken in the interpretation of cholesterol estimations made with this device.
Sunglasses and clothing—an unhealthy correlation?
Authors: Threlfall Timothy J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Increasing awareness of health effects of solar ultraviolet radiation has focused attention on protection measures, including sunglasses. Sunglasses, or fashion glasses with tinted lenses, may be associated with some risks, and quality is not evident from casual inspection. This study investigates one possible ‘hazard’ of sunglasses—that they may induce behavioural changes which reduce the wearer's tendency to use adequate sun protection for the rest of the body.Findings consistent with such a proposition were shown in a photographic survey of 373 people in the summer of 1991 in Perth, Western Australia. This revealed maladaptive associations between the wearing of sunglasses and a high degree of leg or arm exposure as recorded by length of sleeves or trouser legs. This was significant for the arms and the legs in males (P < 0.05), but approached significance only for the arms in females (P < 0.10). There was no significant association between degrees of arm and leg exposure in either sex.The health implications of these maladaptive behaviours, and some advantages and disadvantages of the survey technique, are discussed. The results suggest that promotion of sun‐protective behaviour should encourage the use of both sunglasses and protective clothing, as subjects' behaviours with respect to these do not appear to be correlated in a rational manner. If public awareness of links between skin cancer and eye disease could be increased, promotion of sunglasses might lead to a reduction in the incidence of skin cancers in general, not just those in the periorbital area.
Setting targets: a three‐stage model for determining priorities for health promotion
Authors: Brown Wendy J. , Redman Selina 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:This paper describes a three‐stage model for setting targets for health promotion. The model was developed in 1992 in response to the need to identify priority areas for health promotion for women in the Hunter Region of New South Wales. The approach enabled epidemiological data and views from the community to be synthesised and integrated with those of experts from health and social services (key informants), using a nominal group process. The reliability of the method was investigated by replicating the process with two groups of key informants. There was considerable commonality in the targets generated by the two groups. The process resulted in the identification of seven targets that reflected the concerns of the community and local experts as well as the health priorities suggested by local epidemiological data. The model used could be adapted for determining priorities in a wide range of health and health care settings, where available resources restrict the range of services or activities which can be offered. (Aust J Public Health 1995; 19: 263–9)
The effects of partial decriminalisation on cannabis use in South Australia, 1985 to 1993
Authors: Donnelly Neil , Hall Wayne , Christie Paul 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:In 1987 the Cannabis Expiation Notice scheme decreased penalties for the personal use of cannabis in South Australia. Data from four National Campaign Against Drug Abuse (NCADA) household drug‐use surveys covering the period 1985 to 1993 were analysed to measure the effect of the decriminalisation on cannabis use. The main outcomes used were the self‐reported prevalence rates of having ever used cannabis and current weekly use. Logistic regression was used to control for the potentially confounding effects of age and sex. Other outcomes were rates of having ever been offered cannabis and willingness to use cannabis if offered it. Between 1985 and 1993 the adjusted prevalence rate of ever having used cannabis increased in South Australia from 26 per cent to 38 per cent There were also significant increases in Victoria and Tasmania, and to a lesser extent in New South Wales. The increase in South Australia was not significantly greater than the average increase (P = 0.1). Adjusted rates of weekly use increased between 1988 and 1991 in South Australia, but did not change through 1993. Although the effect was in the direction of a greater increase in Soudi Australia, this was not statistically significant when compared to increases in the rest of Australia (P = 0.07). The greatest increase in adjusted weekly use occurred in Tasmania between 1991 and 1993, from 2 per cent to 7 per cent. Although the NCADA survey data indicate that there were increases in cannabis use in South Australia in 1985–1993, they cannot be attributed to the effects of partial decriminalisation, because similar increases occurred in other states.
Beliefs and behaviour of general practitioners regarding promotion of physical activity
Authors: Bull Fiona C. L. , Schipper Elise C. C. , Jamrozik Konrad , Blanksby Brian A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:To assess current practice, perceived desirable practice and barriers related to the promotion of physical activity in general practice, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to all 1228 general practitioners in Perth. From these, 789 valid returns were received (71 per cent response). The mean age of the respondents was 45 years, 69 per cent were male, 52 per cent had postgraduate qualifications and 73 per cent were in full‐time practice. General practitioners most frequently asked patients about their current level of physical activity and discussed physical activity programs when seeing patients with symptoms of conditions that could benefit from exercise, rather than asking all patients, new patients or patients previously seen. Walking specifically for fitness was the activity most likely to be recommended. General practitioners felt more able to offer general advice than specific advice on physical activity. Lack of time was reported most frequently as a barrier to the promotion of physical activity (47 per cent), followed by insufficient educational materials (29 per cent), and preference of patients for drug treatment (27 per cent). There were significant differences between self‐reports of current practice and perceived desirable practice in the promotion of physical activity by general practitioners. Future strategies should aim to increase the frequency of advice to patients with specific health conditions.
Using ambulance service records to examine nonfatal heroin overdoses
Authors: Bammer Gabriele , Ostini Remo , Sengoz Ayse 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Overdoses are a preventable health hazard associated with heroin use. In the first study of its kind, we examined the records on nonfatal overdoses of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Ambulance Service from August 1990 to July 1993. There was a dramatic increase in the number of overdoses in the second half of 1992 and the first half of 1993, but the reasons for the increase are not clear. Most overdoses occurred in men aged under 30, indoors, and many cases were taken to hospital. Often there was no information on why the overdose occurred; when information was available, about half the cases were attributed to taking heroin in combination with other drugs. Suggestions for improving the quality of the data collected are made. These include more systematic recording by ambulance officers of the drug involved in the overdose and whether the drug was used alone or in combination with others, and linkage of ambulance service records with survey data and information from analysis of heroin purity.