bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insulin Resistance in Obesity as the Underlying Cause for the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Gallagher Emily J. , LeRoith Derek , Karnieli Eddy 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe metabolic syndrome affects more than a third of the US population, predisposing to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The 2009 consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation, American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, International Atherosclerosis Society, International Association for the Study of Obesity, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute defines the metabolic syndrome as 3 of the following elements: abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hyperglycemia. Many factors contribute to this syndrome, including decreased physical activity, genetic predisposition, chronic inflammation, free fatty acids, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Insulin resistance appears to be the common link between these elements, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In normal circumstances, insulin stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis, and decreases adipose‐tissue lipolysis and hepatic production of very‐low‐density lipoproteins. Insulin signaling in the brain decreases appetite and prevents glucose production by the liver through neuronal signals from the hypothalamus. Insulin resistance, in contrast, leads to the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increased hepatic production of very‐low‐density lipoproteins and decreased high‐density lipoproteins. Increased production of free fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines, and adipokines and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to impaired insulin signaling, decreased skeletal muscle glucose uptake, increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, and β cell dysfunction, leading to hyperglycemia. In addition, insulin resistance leads to the development of hypertension by impairing vasodilation induced by nitric oxide. In this review, we discuss normal insulin signaling and the mechanisms by which insulin resistance contributes to the development of the metabolic syndrome. Mt Sinai J Med 77:511–523, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Focal nodular hyperplasia in pediatric patients with and without oncologic history
Authors: Gobbi Dalia , Dall'Igna Patrizia , Messina Chiara , Cesca Eleonora , Cecchetto Giovanni 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe diagnosis of FNH is warranted by the possibility of avoiding unnecessary hepatic resections. The 18 patients of our series, 6 of whom were long‐term survivors of malignant, non‐hepatic tumors, underwent either a biopsy or a complete excision to obtain the diagnosis. The imaging characteristics could not be considered pathognomonic. The lesion remained stable after the biopsy in 8 patients; no complications were observed in other 10 patients who underwent resection of the mass. The outcome of all our patients with or without previous oncological disease was benign. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:1420–1422. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrospun polyamide‐6 membranes containing titanium dioxide as photocatalyst
Authors: Lombardi Mariangela , Palmero Paola , Sangermano Marco , Varesano Alessio 
Published: October 2010

AbstractElectrospun polyamide‐6 membranes containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst were prepared and characterized. By tailoring the electrospinning parameters it was possible to obtain membranes having two different thicknesses, namely 5 and 20 µm, in which TiO2 particles were homogeneously dispersed. As a comparison, hybrid films made with polyamide‐6 matrix and TiO2 filler were successfully produced, with inorganic/organic ratios of 10 and 20 wt%. The photocatalytic activity of both hybrid systems was evaluated by following the degradation of methylene blue as a target molecule as a function of UV irradiation time. A smoother degradation was recorded for the electrospun membranes with respect to the hybrid films probably due to a less exposed surface because of the highly porous structure. Even if a longer photodegradation time was necessary, the degradation of the dye was successfully achieved. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Interaction of Allium sativum leaf agglutinin with midgut brush border membrane vesicles proteins and its stability in Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Upadhyay Santosh Kumar , Mishra Manisha , Singh Harpal , Ranjan Amol , Chandrashekar Krishnappa , Verma Praveen Chandra , Singh Pradhyumna Kumar , Tuli Rakesh 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAllium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) binds to several proteins in the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera and causes toxicity. Most of these were glycosylated. Six ASAL‐binding proteins were selected for identification. PMF and MS/MS data showed their similarity with midgut aminopeptidase APN2, polycalins and alkaline phosphatase of H. armigera, cadherin‐N protein (partial AGAP009726‐PA) of Acyrthosiphon pisum, cytochrome P450 (CYP315A1) of Manduca sexta and alkaline phosphatase of Heliothis virescens. Some of the ASAL‐binding midgut proteins were similar to the larval receptors responsible for the binding of δ‐endotoxin proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis. Galanthus nivalis agglutinin also interacted with most of the ASAL‐binding proteins. The ASAL showed resistance to midgut proteases and was detected in the larval hemolymph and excreta. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of ASAL in the body tissue also.
Analysis of earthworm Eisenia fetida proteomes during cadmium exposure: An ecotoxicoproteomics approach
Authors: Wang Xing , Chang Li , Sun Zhenjun , Zhang Yufeng , Yao Lan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIdentification of differential proteomic responses to cadmium (Cd) would provide a means for better understanding the survival mechanisms of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, living in a Cd‐polluted environment, and the stress responses can be assessed by ecotoxiptoromics approaches. Extracts of whole earthworm collected at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after Cd exposure were analyzed by 2‐DE and quantitative image analysis. In total, 143 proteins demonstrated significant regulation in at least at one time point, and 56 proteins were identified by MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS and database searching. Compared with control samples, 28 protein spots were up‐regulated and 28 were down‐regulated during at least one time point. The identified proteins, including chaperonine protein HSP60, caspase‐8, calcium ion‐binding protein, zinc ion‐binding protein, actin‐binding protein, proteolysis, fibrinolytic protease, glutamate dehydrogenase, gelsolin‐like protein, lombricine kinase, coelomic cytolytic factor 1, manganous superoxide dismutase, extracellular globin‐4, lysenin, intermediate filament protein, and tubulin, are involved in several processes, including transcription, translation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the cellular amino acid metabolic process, protein amino acid phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the glucose metabolic process. Thus, our study provides a functional profile of the Cd‐responsive proteins in earthworms.
In vivo processing of CXCL12α/SDF‐1α after intravenous and subcutaneous administration to mice
Authors: Antonsson Bruno , De Lys Patricia , Dechavanne Vincent , Chevalet Laurent , Boschert Ursula 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCXCL12α has been shown to be selectively processed at the N‐ and C‐termini in blood and plasma in vitro. In order to study the processing in vivo, several versions of CXCL12α were expressed and purified. The protein was administered either iv or sc to mice, and at different time points postadministration plasma was collected and analyzed. To detect modifications of the CXCL12α molecule in crude plasma a SELDI TOF‐MS‐based method was developed. Anti‐CXCL12 antibodies were immobilized on the SELDI chip and CXCL12α binding to the antibodies was detected by SELDI‐TOF‐MS. The protein was found to be processed both at the C‐ and N‐termini. The same processed CXCL12α forms as detected in vitro were found; however, in addition further processing was detected at the N‐terminus, where altogether seven amino acids were removed. At the C‐terminus the lysine was removed as has been seen in vitro, and no further processing was detected. The full‐length CXCL12α disappeared within minutes after administration, whereas the processed forms of the protein were detectable for up to 6–8 h postadministration. The same processed forms appeared after iv and sc administration, only the kinetics was different. When the shortest processed form detected in plasma, 7ΔN1ΔC‐CXCL12α, was administered directly, no further processed forms were detected. Interestingly, a version of CXCL12α containing a N‐terminal methionine was protected against N‐terminal processing in plasma in vitro; however, in vivo no protection was seen, the protein was processed in the same way as full‐length CXCL12α.
Characterization of Phleum pratense pollen extracts by 2‐D DIGE and allergen immunoreactivity
Authors: Schmidt Hendrik , Gelhaus Christoph , Nebendahl Melanie , Janssen Ottmar , Petersen Arnd 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe allergen content of standardized pollen material is crucial for an effective diagnosis and treatment. However, variations in IgE reactivities of allergic patients to different preparations of Phleum pratense pollen have been reported. In order to define and directly compare the allergen composition of pollen preparations provided by different suppliers, a comprehensive proteome analysis of three different timothy grass pollen extracts was performed. More than 140 proteins were annotated comprising the pollen proteome/allergome in a global 2‐D map. With regard to the individual pollen preparations, several major differences in the overall protein composition were detected that also affected known Phleum allergens and their isoforms. Importantly, these differences were also reflected at the level of antibody reactivities in 1‐D and 2‐D immunoblots. As a consequence, it is suggested that the observed differences should be taken into consideration aiming for a standardized diagnosis and therapy of grass pollen allergies as recommended by international medical agencies.
Altered prostate epithelial development and IGF‐1 signal in mice lacking the androgen receptor in stromal smooth muscle cells
Authors: Yu Shengqiang , Zhang Caixia , Lin Chiu‐Chun , Niu Yuanjie , Lai Kuo‐Pao , Chang Hong‐chiang , Yeh Shauh‐Der , Chang Chawnshang , Yeh Shuyuan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDAndrogens and the androgen receptor (AR) play critical roles in the prostate development via mesenchymal–epithelial interactions. Smooth muscle cells (SMC), differentiated from mesenchyme, are one of the basic components of the prostate stroma. However, the roles of smooth muscle AR in prostate development are still obscure.METHODSWe established the smooth muscle selective AR knockout (SM‐ARKO) mouse model using the Cre‐loxP system, and confirmed the ARKO efficiency at RNA, DNA and protein levels. Then, we observed the prostate morphology changes, and determined the epithelial proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. We also knocked down the AR in a prostate smooth muscle cell line (PS‐1) to confirm the in vivo findings and to probe the mechanism.RESULTSThe AR was selectively and efficiently knocked out in the anterior prostates of SM‐ARKO mouse. The SM‐ARKO prostates have defects with loss of infolding structures, and decrease of epithelial proliferation, but with little change of apoptosis and differentiation. The mechanism studies showed that IGF‐1 expression level decreased in the SM‐ARKO prostates and AR‐knockdown PS‐1 cells. The decreased IGF‐1 expression might contribute to the defective development of SM‐ARKO prostates.CONCLUSIONSThe AR in SMCs plays important roles in the prostate development via the regulation of IGF‐1 signal. Prostate 77:517–524, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AMACR polymorphisms, dietary intake of red meat and dairy and prostate cancer risk
Authors: Wright Jonathan L. , Neuhouser Marian L. , Lin Daniel W. , Kwon Erika M. , Feng Ziding , Ostrander Elaine A. , Stanford Janet L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlpha‐methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR) is an enzyme involved in fatty acids metabolism. One of AMACRs primary substrates, phytanic acid, is principally obtained from dietary red meat/dairy, which are associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk. AMACR is also a tumor tissue biomarker over‐expressed in PCa. In this study, we explored the potential relationship between AMACR polymorphisms, red meat/dairy intake, and PCa risk.METHODSCaucasian participants from two population‐based PCa case–control studies were included. AMACR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected to capture variation across the gene and regulatory regions. Red meat and dairy intake was determined from food frequency questionnaires. The odds ratio (OR) of PCa (overall and by disease aggressiveness) was estimated by logistic and polytomous regression. Potential interactions between genotypes and dietary exposures were evaluated.RESULTSData from 1,309 cases and 1,267 controls were analyzed. Carriers of the variant T allele (rs2287939) had an OR of 0.81 (95% CI 0.68–0.97) for less aggressive PCa, but no alteration in risk for more aggressive PCa. Red meat consumption was positively associated with PCa risk, and the association was stronger for more aggressive disease (lowest vs. highest tertile OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.10–2.20). No effect modification of AMACR polymorphisms by either dietary red meat or dairy intake on PCa risk was observed.CONCLUSIONSPCa risk varied by level of red meat intake and by one AMACR SNP, but there was no evidence for gene–environment interaction. These findings suggest that the effects of AMACR polymorphisms and red meat and dairy on PCa risk are independent. Prostate 77:498–506, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐mapping of prostate cancer aggressiveness loci on chromosome 7q22–35
Authors: Liu Xin , Cheng Iona , Plummer Sarah J. , Suarez Brian K. , Casey Graham , Catalona William J. , Witte John S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDDeciphering the genetic basis of prostate cancer aggressiveness could provide valuable information for the screening and treatment of this common but complex disease. We previously detected linkage between a broad region on chromosome 7q22–35 and Gleason score—a strong predictor of prostate cancer aggressiveness. To further clarify this finding and focus on the potentially causative gene, we undertook a fine‐mapping study across the 7q22–35 region.METHODSOur study population encompassed 698 siblings diagnosed with prostate cancer. 3,072 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the chromosome 7q22–35 region were genotyped using the Illumina GoldenGate assay. The impact of SNPs on Gleason scores were evaluated using affected sibling pair linkage and family‐based association tests.RESULTSWe confirmed the previous linkage signal and narrowed the 7q22–35 prostate cancer aggressiveness locus to a 370 kb region. Centered under the linkage peak is the gene KLRG2 (killer cell lectin‐like receptor subfamily G, member 2). Association tests indicated that the potentially functional non‐synonymous SNP rs17160911 in KLRG2 was significantly associated with Gleason score (P = 0.0007).CONCLUSIONSThese findings suggest that genetic variants in the gene KLRG2 may affect Gleason score at diagnosis and hence the aggressiveness of prostate cancer. Prostate 71:682–689, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of alternative rice planthopper control by the combined action of oil‐formulated Metarhizium anisopliae and low‐rate buprofezin
Authors: Jin Shao‐Feng , Feng Ming‐Guang , Ying Sheng‐Hua , Mu Wen‐Jing , Chen Jue‐Qi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: High resistance of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stål to common insecticides is a challenge for control of the pest. An alternative control strategy based on the combined application of fungal and chemical agents has been evaluated.RESULTS: Three gradient spore concentrations of oil‐formulated Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Ma456) were sprayed onto third‐instar nymphs in five bioassays comprising the low buprofezin rates of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 µg mL−1 respectively. Fungal LC50 after 1 week at 25 °C and 14:10 h light:dark photoperiod decreased from 386 conidia mm−2 in the buprofezin‐free bioassay to 40 at the highest chemical rate. Buprofezin (LC50: 1647, 486 and 233 µg mL−1 on days 2 to 4) had no significant effect on the fungal outgrowths of mycosis‐killed cadavers at the low application rates. The fungal infection was found to cause 81% reduction in reproductive potential of BPH adults. In two 40 day field trials, significant planthopper (mainly BPH) control (54–60%) was achieved by biweekly sprays of two fungal candidates (Ma456 and Ma576) at 1.5 × 1013 conidia ha−1 and elevated to 80–83% by incorporating 30.8 g buprofezin ha−1 into the fungal sprays.CONCLUSION: The combined application of the fungal and chemical agents is a promising alternative strategy for BPH control. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Fully room‐temperature‐fabricated TiN/TaOx/Pt nonvolatile memory devices
Authors: Choi Sun Young , Yang Min Kyu , Kim Sangsig , Lee Jeon‐Kook 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe reliable resistive switching properties of TiN/TaOx/Pt structures fabricated with a fully room‐temperature process are demonstrated in this letter. The devices exhibited a low operation voltage of 0.6 V as well as good endurance up to 105 cycles. No data loss was reported upon continuous readout for more than 104 s at 125 °C. Multilevel storage is feasible due to the dependence of the low resistance state (LRS) on the initial “SET” (switch from high to low RS) compliance current. The values of LRS showed no dependence on the size of the device, which correlated with the localized conductive filament mechanism. This nonvolatile multilevel memory effect and the fully room‐temperature fabrication process make the TiN/TaOx/Pt memory devices promising for future nonvolatile memory application. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A surgical robot with vision field control for single port endoscopic surgery
Authors: Kobayashi Yo , Tomono Yu , Sekiguchi Yuta , Watanabe Hiroki , Toyoda Kazutaka , Konishi Kozo , Tomikawa Morimasa , Ieiri Satoshi , Tanoue Kazuo , Hashizume Makoto , Fujie Masaktsu G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundRobotic end‐effectors for single port endoscopic surgery (SPS) require a manual change of vision field that slows surgery and increases the degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the manipulator.MethodsA new surgical prototype robot has dynamic vision field control and a master controller to manipulate the endoscopic view. It uses positioning (4 DOF) and sheath (2 DOF) manipulators for vision field control, and dual tool tissue manipulators (gripping, 5 DOF; cautery, 3 DOF).ResultsThe robot is feasiblein vitro. ‘Cut and vision field control’ (using tool manipulators) was suitable for precise cutting tasks in risky areas; ‘cut by vision field control’ (using the vision field control manipulator) was effective for rapid macro cutting of tissues. A resection was performed using a combination of both methods.ConclusionsThe novel robotic system is feasible, but further studies are needed to address its performancein vivo. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3′ processing in protists
Authors: Clayton Christine , Michaeli Shula 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMolecular biologists have traditionally focused on the very small corner of eukaryotic evolution that includes yeast and animals; even plants have been neglected. In this article, we describe the scant information that is available concerning RNA processing in the other four major eukaryotic groups, especially pathogenic protists. We focus mainly on polyadenylation and nuclear processing of stable RNAs. These processes have—where examined—been shown to be conserved, but there are many novel details. We also briefly mention other processing reactions such as splicing. WIREs RNA 2011 2 247–255 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.49This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms
RNA Processing > 3' End Processing
RNA Processing > rRNA Processing
Biomarkers for mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders
Authors: Suomalainen Anu 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMitochondrial respiratory chain deficiencies are a group of more than 100 disorders of adults and children, with highly variable phenotypes. Their diagnosis is a great challenge, in spite of the fact that knowledge on their molecular genetic background has increased considerably during the last 20 years. Muscle biopsy is the key diagnostic procedure, including histological and biochemical analysis of mitochondria. Less invasive, specific and sensitive diagnostic tools based on serum biomarkers are still lacking. Recent technological developments, especially in mass spectrometry, enable novel tools for identification of local and global molecular consequences of mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in patient samples. Furthermore, emerging disease models, especially genetically modified mice, offer unique materials to tackle pathophysiology with modern transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches. Identified molecular signals or metabolic fingerprints have the potential to be highly useful biomarkers for future diagnosis of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders.
Regiospecific Analyses of Triacylglycerols of Hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) and Greenshell™ Mussel (Perna canaliculus)
Authors: Miller Matthew R. , Perry Nigel B. , Burgess Elaine J. , Marshall Susan N. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe lipid profiles of the two most important New Zealand marine oil sources were investigated, with particular attention to the regioisomeric compositions of triacylglycerides (TAG), using 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Oils from hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) and Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) (GSM) were analyzed for their lipid content, lipid class and fatty acid profile. The regiospecific distribution of long chain (C ≥ 20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) between the sn‐1,3 and sn‐2 glycerol positions was calculated from 13C responses in the carbonyl region in the triacylglycerol fraction. Rendered hoki oil (RHO) produced from the viscera and filleting discards, had a similar lipid profile to that of hoki liver oil (HLO) confirming that the liver is the major source of oil in RHO. The regioisomeric distribution of fatty acids showed differences between the two oil sources. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had a regioisomeric distributional preference to the sn‐2 position in TAG from all the oils (59.2% HLO, 54.3% RHO and 63.4% GSM). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) had a more even distribution along the triacylglycerol backbone in hoki TAG (29.1% HLO, 33.6% RHO) while there was a slight sn‐2 positional preference in the GSM TAG (37.6%). This regioisomeric information is vital to distinguish LC‐PUFA‐rich marine oils from other marine sources for authentication purposes.