bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rinded iron‐oxide concretions: hallmarks of altered siderite masses of both early and late diagenetic origin
Authors: LOOPE DAVID B. , KETTLER RICHARD M. , WEBER KARRIE A. , HINRICHS NATHAN L. , BURGESS DEREK T. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIron‐bearing concretions are valuable records of oxidation states of subsurface waters, but the first concretions to form can be altered drastically during later diagenetic events. Distinctive concretions composed of heavy rinds of iron oxide that surround iron‐poor, mud‐rich cores are common along bases of fluvial cross‐bed sets of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation, Nebraska, USA. Concretion rinds thicken inward and cores contain 46 to 89% void space. Millimetre‐scale spherosiderites are abundant in palaeosols that developed in floodplain facies. Evolution of rinded concretions began when intraformational clasts were eroded from sideritic soils, transported, abraded and deposited in river channels. Alteration of siderite and formation of rinds occurred much later, perhaps in the Quaternary when sandstone pore waters became oxic. Dakota concretions are analogous to ‘rattlestones’ in Pleistocene fluvial channels of The Netherlands, and their rinded structure is analogous to that of iron‐rich concretions in the aeolian Navajo Sandstone of Utah. In all three deposits, rinded concretions formed when pre‐existing, siderite‐cemented concretions were oxidized within a sand matrix. Unlike fluvial examples, siderite in the Navajo Sandstone was autochthonous and of late diagenetic origin, having precipitated from carbon dioxide and methane‐enriched waters moving through folded and jointed strata. Iron‐rich rinds formed in all these strata because concretion interiors remained anaerobic, even as oxygen accumulated in the pore waters of their surrounding, permeable matrix. Iron oxide first precipitated at redox boundaries at concretion perimeters and formed an inward‐thickening rind. Acid generated by the oxidation reaction drove siderite dissolution to completion, creating the iron‐poor core. Iron‐oxide rinds are indicators of the former presence of siderite, a mineral that forms only under reducing conditions, during either early or late diagenesis. Siderite is vulnerable to complete oxidation upon exposure, so the distinctive rinded concretions are valuable clues that aid in deciphering diagenetic histories and for recognizing methanic floodplain palaeoenvironments and wet palaeoclimate.
Prevalence and subtypes of BK virus in pediatric renal transplant recipients in Russia
Authors: Momynaliev K. T. , Gorbatenko E. V. , Shevtsov A. B. , Gribanov O. G. , Babenko N. N. , Kaabak M. M. 
Published: February 2012

Momynaliev KT, Gorbatenko EV, Shevtsov AB, Gribanov OG, Babenko NN, Kaabak MM. Prevalence and subtypes of BK virus in pediatric renal transplant recipients in Russia.  Pediatr Transplantation 2012: 16: 151–159. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  BKV reactivation is associated with impaired graft function in kidney transplant patients. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of BKV infection in consecutive pediatric kidney transplant recipients at our center. Fifty‐eight pediatric kidney transplant recipients were studied. The mean age at screening was 9.4 ± 2.8 yr, and samples were obtained at a median of 2.4 ± 1.4 yr after transplantation. BKV‐DNA was analyzed in urine and plasma by quantitative PCR. Occurrences of BK‐DNAuria and BK‐DNAemia did not change in the first two yr after transplantation in children and amounted to 21–23% and 7–8%, respectively (p > 0.05). In the third year, the occurrences of BK‐DNAuria and BK‐DNAemia increased insignificantly to 27% and 9% in the pediatric patients. We also determined the subtypes and subgroups of BK virus isolated from Russian renal transplant recipients and found that BKV isolates were composed of subtypes Ib‐2 and IV/c2. The data we obtained indicate that although only 5% of BKVAN cases occurred between years two and five post‐transplantation, it seems necessary to regularly monitor pediatric patients for BKV infection through the third year after transplantation.
Does a reduction in dialysate sodium improve blood pressure control in haemodialysis patients?
Authors: SHAH ANOOP , DAVENPORT ANDREW 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTIntroduction:  There has been debate as to the value of lower sodium dialysates to control blood pressure in haemodialysis patients, as sodium is predominantly removed by ultrafiltration.Methods:  Re‐audit of clinical practice following reduction in dialysate sodium concentration.Results:  Overall dialysate sodium concentration decreased from 138.9 ± 1.7 to 137.8 ± 1.7 mmol/L (mean ± standard deviation), resulting in a reduction in pre‐ and post‐dialysis mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 4 mmHg (from 100.6 ± 15.6 to 97.1 ± 15.6, P < 0.01 and from 91.7 ± 15.6 to 87.1 ± 14.6, P < 0.001 respectively), yet fewer patients were prescribed antihypertensives (49.6 vs 60.6%), and less antihypertensive medications/patient (mean 0.86 vs 1.05), ultrafiltration requirements (2.8% vs 3.2% body weight, P < 0.001), and symptomatic intradialytic hypotension (0.19 vs 0.28 episodes per week, P < 0.001). A multivariable model showed that for a dialysate sodium of 136 mmol/L, younger patients had higher MAP than older patients (0.35 mmHg lower MAP/year older; but with a dialysate sodium of 140 mmol/L, there was minimal association of MAP with age (0.07 mmHg higher MAP/year older).Conclusion:  Change in clinical practice, amounting to a modest reduction in dialysate sodium was associated with a reduction not only in pre‐ and post‐dialysis blood pressures, but also ultrafiltration requirements and symptomatic intradialytic hypotension. However, this effect on blood pressure was most marked for older patients and women, within minimal effects for younger patients, and lesser effects for men, suggesting that dialysate sodium reduction alone may help improve blood pressure control, but requires additional factors such as dietary sodium restriction to be effective in younger male patients.
Japanese women's attitudes towards routine ultrasound screening during pregnancy
Authors: Murakami Kyoko , Tsujino Kumiko , Sase Masakatsu , Nakata Masahiko , Ito Misae , Kutsunugi Saeko 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBecause there are few published studies from Eastern countries concerning women's experiences of prenatal ultrasound scans, this study investigated this topic in 238 Japanese women in three different prenatal settings. A cross‐sectional questionnaire of 33 items was administered to 261 women at 14–37 weeks gestation with no known obstetrical risk, after their ultrasounds. The main reasons for the ultrasounds were evaluation of fetal growth (100%, n = 238); obstetrical conditions (n = 228, 96%); and fetal abnormalities (91%, n = 217). With increasing maternal age, participants worried more about obstetric problems or fetal abnormalities. Many were interested in fetal viability in early pregnancy, and obstetric problems or fetal abnormality in late pregnancy. While most (n = 234, 98%) looked forward to having scans, the majority (n = 235, 99%) wanted to know if their baby had an anomaly, and 72% (n = 171) worried about the detection of abnormalities. Only 50% (n = 118) had obtained information from their care provider. To assist with women's decision‐making, prenatal care providers should provide quality information and understand the factors that influence women's concerns.
Extinction reveals that primary sensory cortex predicts reinforcement outcome
Authors: Bieszczad Kasia M. , Weinberger Norman M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPrimary sensory cortices are traditionally regarded as stimulus analysers. However, studies of associative learning‐induced plasticity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) indicate involvement in learning, memory and other cognitive processes. For example, the area of representation of a tone becomes larger for stronger auditory memories and the magnitude of area gain is proportional to the degree that a tone becomes behaviorally important. Here, we used extinction to investigate whether ‘behavioral importance’ specifically reflects a sound’s ability to predict reinforcement (reward or punishment) vs. to predict any significant change in the meaning of a sound. If the former, then extinction should reverse area gains as the signal no longer predicts reinforcement. Rats (n = 11) were trained to bar‐press to a signal tone (5.0 kHz) for water‐rewards, to induce signal‐specific area gains in A1. After subsequent withdrawal of reward, A1 was mapped to determine representational areas. Signal‐specific area gains, estimated from a previously established brain–behavior quantitative function, were reversed, supporting the ‘reinforcement prediction’ hypothesis. Area loss was specific to the signal tone vs. test tones, further indicating that withdrawal of reinforcement, rather than unreinforced tone presentation per se, was responsible for area loss. Importantly, the amount of area loss was correlated with the amount of extinction (r = 0.82, P < 0.01). These findings show that primary sensory cortical representation can encode behavioral importance as a signal’s value to predict reinforcement, and that the number of cells tuned to a stimulus can dictate its ability to command behavior.
A global molecular phylogeny of 147 periwinkle species (Gastropoda, Littorininae)
Authors: Reid David G. , Dyal Patricia , Williams Suzanne T. 
Published: February 2012

Reid, D. G., Dyal, P. & Williams, S.T. (2012) A global molecular phylogeny of 147 periwinkle species (Gastropoda, Littorininae). —Zoologica Scripta, 41, 125–136.Complete species‐level molecular phylogenies have been published for several genera of Littorinidae (e.g. Echinolittorina, Littoraria). Here we add new sequence data from three genes (28S rRNA, 12S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase c subunit I) for single specimens of an additional 24 species, to make a data set of 147 (97%) of the 152 recognized species of the subfamily Littorininae. This three‐gene data set is analysed to produce a phylogenetic hypothesis for the subfamily, which includes the first complete species‐level phylogeny of the genus Peasiella and the first three‐gene phylogeny of all Littorina species. The non‐planktotrophic species of Littorina have previously been classified together (as subgenus Neritrema), implying a single origin of this developmental mode. Tests of this hypothesis with the new data are inconclusive, and resolution is not improved in a tree constructed from five genes (adding previously published sequences of 16S rRNA and cytochrome b). Using available fossils for calibration we generate a BEAST chronogram, which emphasizes that the radiation of Littorina is more recent than that of other littorinine genera. A database is provided, listing all known species of Littorininae, with their distributions, development, ecology and gene sequences, as a tool for future evolutionary studies of this model group.
Evolutionary history of tree squirrels (Rodentia, Sciurini) based on multilocus phylogeny reconstruction
Authors: Pečnerová Patrícia , Martínková Natália 
Published: February 2012

Pečnerová, P. & Martínková, N. (2012). Evolutionary history of tree squirrels (Rodentia, Sciurini) based on multilocus phylogeny reconstruction. —Zoologica Scripta, 41, 211–219.Tree squirrels of the tribe Sciurini represent a group with unresolved phylogenetic relationships in gene trees. We used partial sequences of mitochondrial genes for 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, cytochrome b and d‐loop, and nuclear irbp, c‐myc exon 2 and 3 and rag1 genes to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within the tribe, maximizing the number of analysed species. Bayesian inference analysis of the concatenated sequences revealed common trends that were similar to those retrieved with supertree reconstruction. We confirmed congruence between phylogeny and zoogeography. The first group that diverged from a common ancestor was genus Tamiasciurus, followed by Palaearctic Sciurus and Indomalayan Rheithrosciurus macrotis. Nearctic and Neotropical Sciurus species formed a monophyletic group that included Microsciurus and Syntheosciurus. Neotropical Sciurini were monophyletic with a putative exception of Syntheosciurus brochus that was included in a polychotomy with Nearctic Sciurus in supertree analyses. Our data indicate that Sciurini tree squirrels originated in the northern hemisphere and ancestors of contemporary taxa attained their current distribution through overland colonization from the nearest continent rather than through trans‐Pacific dispersal.
Reproduction and Change on the Global Scale: A Bourdieusian Perspective on Management Education
Authors: Vaara Eero , Faÿ Eric 
Published: February 2012

abstractDespite a proliferation of critical studies on management education, there is a paucity of knowledge of the ways in which problematic beliefs, values, and practices are reproduced in and through management education. By drawing on and extending Bourdieu's seminal work, this paper offers a new perspective on reproduction on the global scale. Our framework spans three inter‐related levels of analysis: the dominant beliefs, values, and practices (nomos and doxa) of management in global society; the structuration of the field of management education on a global scale; and the prevailing pedagogical practices in management education programmes. Our analysis adds to critical studies of management education by elucidating the overwhelming institutional forces of reproduction and thus explaining how difficult it is to effect change in the prevailing ideas, values, and practices. Unlike most critical analyses, we also explain how change might take place and what it would require. Thus, our analysis advances studies of reproduction in this era of globalization more generally. It also provides an example of how Bourdieusian ideas can be applied and expanded upon in novel ways in research on education in general and management education in particular.
Thai Adolescents' Normative Beliefs of the Popularity of Smoking Among Peers, Adults, the Successful and Elite, and Parents
Authors: Page Randy M. , Suwanteerangkul Jiraporn , Sloan Arielle , Kironde Jennifer , West Joshua 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions of Thailand adolescents regarding the prevalence of smoking, the popularity of smoking among successful/elite elements of society, and disapproval of smoking by friends and parents. These perceptions were analyzed in conjunction with actual smoking and smoking susceptibility rates among the subjects to determine whether beliefs and behaviors were associated with each other. This study was conducted among a school‐based sample of 2516 Chiang Mai, Thailand upper secondary and vocational students. Although perceived prevalence of smoking was not associated with smoking outcomes, perceived popularity of smoking among the successful and elite was associated with higher risk, and perceived disapproval by friends/parents was associated with lower risk. Youth smoking programs should consider assessing and taking these social normative factors into account when considering educational intervention strategies that aim to lower adolescent smoking rates.
Associations among Context‐specific Maternal Protective Behavior, Toddlers' Fearful Temperament, and Maternal Accuracy and Goals
Authors: Kiel Elizabeth J. , Buss Kristin A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMaternal protective responses to temperamentally fearful toddlers have previously been found to relate to increased risk for children's development of anxiety‐spectrum problems. Not all protective behavior is ‘overprotective’, and not all mothers respond to toddlers' fear with protection. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify conditions under which an association between fearful temperament and protective maternal behavior occurs. Participants included 117 toddlers and their mothers who were observed in a variety of laboratory tasks. Mothers predicted their toddlers' fear reactions in these tasks and reported the importance of parent‐centered goals for their children's shyness. Protective behavior displayed in low‐threat, but not high‐threat, contexts related to concurrently observed fearful temperament and to mother‐reported shy/inhibited behavior 1 year later. The relation between fearful temperament and protective behavior in low‐threat, but not high‐threat, contexts was strengthened by maternal accuracy in anticipating children's fear and maternal parent‐centered goals for children's shyness.
Bystanders' Reactions to Bullying: A Cross‐cultural Analysis of Personal Correlates Among Italian and Singaporean Students
Authors: Pozzoli Tiziana , Ang Rebecca P. , Gini Gianluca 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis study examined the role of attitudes against bullying and perceived peer pressure for intervention in explaining defending the victim and passive bystanding behavior in bullying. Participants were 1031 school‐age children from two culturally diverse settings, namely Italy and Singapore, which are similar on several dimensions (e.g., quality of life, child welfare) but dramatically differ on other aspects, such as individualism—collectivism orientation. Multilevel analyses showed that country and participants' gender moderated the relations between individual predictors and behavior during bullying episodes. In particular, although individual attitudes were a stronger predictor of Italian students'—especially girls'—behavior, perceived peer expectations were more strongly associated with behavior of Singaporean participants. This study contributes to the literature by being the first to provide data analyzing the association between defending and passive bystanding behavior and different correlates using a cross‐cultural approach.
Improved Probabilistic Prediction of Healthcare Performance Indicators using Bidirectional Smoothing Models
Authors: Jones Hayley E. , Spiegelhalter David J. 
Published: February 2012

SummarySmoothing of observed measures of healthcare provider performance is well known to lead to advantages in terms of predictive ability. However, with routinely collected longitudinal data there is the opportunity to smooth either between units, across time or both. Hierarchical generalized linear models with time as a covariate and hierarchical time series models each result in such two-way or ‘bidirectional’ smoothing. These models are increasingly being suggested in the literature, but their advantages relative to simpler alternatives have not been systematically investigated. With reference to two topical examples of performance data sets in the UK, we compare a range of models on the basis of their short-term predictive ability. Rather than focusing on point predictive accuracy alone, fully probabilistic comparisons are made, using proper scoring rules and tests for uniformity of predictive p-values. Hierarchical generalized linear models with time as a covariate were found to perform poorly for both data sets. In contrast, a hierarchical time series model with a latent AR(1) structure has attractive properties and was found to perform well. Of concern, however, is the large amount of time that is needed to fit this model using the WinBUGS software. We suggest that research into simpler and faster methods to fit models of a similar structure would be of much benefit.
Disproportionate body composition and perinatal outcome in large‐for‐gestational‐age infants to mothers with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Persson M , Pasupathy D , Hanson U , Norman M 
Published: February 2012

Please cite this paper as: Persson M, Pasupathy D, Hanson U, Norman M. Disproportionate body composition and perinatal outcome in large‐for‐gestational‐age infants to mothers with type 1 diabetes. BJOG 2012;119:565–572.Objective  To determine if disproportionate body composition is a risk factor for perinatal complications in large‐for‐gestational‐age infants born to mothers with type 1 diabetes.Design  Population‐based cohort study.Setting Data from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry from 1998 to 2007.Population  National cohort of 3517 infants born to mothers with type 1 diabetes. Only singletons with gestational age 32–43 weeks were included.Methods  Large for gestational age (LGA) was defined as birthweight > 90th centile and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) as birthweight between 10th and 90th centiles. Disproportionate (D) infants were defined as having a ponderal index [PI: calculated as birthweight in grams/(length in cm)³ > 90th centile] and proportionate (P) as PI ≤ 90th centile. LGA infants were classified as P‐LGA or D‐LGA. Odds ratios were calculated for D‐LGA and P‐LGA infants, with AGA infants as the reference category. Odds ratios were adjusted for mode of delivery, fetal distress and stratified by gestational age.Main outcome measures  The primary outcome was a composite of neonatal morbidities, i.e. any of the following diagnoses: Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes, birth trauma (Erb’s palsy or clavicle fracture), respiratory disorder, hyperbilirubinaemia or hypoglycaemia requiring treatment.Results  Composite morbidity was significantly more frequent in LGA as opposed to AGA infants, but there was no difference in risk between P‐LGA and D‐LGA infants.Conclusions  High birthweight, irrespective of body proportionality, is a risk factor for neonatal complications in offspring of women with type 1 diabetes.
Enhancing Braden pressure ulcer risk assessment in acutely ill adult veterans
Authors: Cowan Linda J. , Stechmiller Joyce K. , Rowe Meredeth , Kairalla John A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis study sought to determine if a parsimonious pressure ulcer (PU) predictive model could be identified specific to acute care to enhance the current PU risk assessment tool (Braden Scale) utilized within veteran facilities. Factors investigated include: diagnosis of gangrene, anemia, diabetes, malnutrition, osteomyelitis, pneumonia/pneumonitis, septicemia, candidiasis, bacterial skin infection, device/implant/graft complications, urinary tract infection, paralysis, senility, respiratory failure, acute renal failure, cerebrovascular accident, or congestive heart failure during hospitalization; patient's age, race, smoking status, history of previous PU, surgery, hours in surgery; length of hospitalization, and intensive care unit days. Retrospective chart review and logistic regression analyses were used to examine Braden scores and other risk factors in 213 acutely ill veterans in North Florida with (n = 100) and without (n = 113) incident PU from January–July 2008. Findings indicate four medical factors (malnutrition, pneumonia/pneumonitis, candidiasis, and surgery) have stronger predictive value (sensitivity 83%, specificity 72%, area under receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve 0.82) for predicting PUs in acutely ill veterans than Braden Scale total scores alone (sensitivity 65%, specificity 70%, area under ROC curve 0.70). In addition, accounting for four medical factors plus two Braden subscores (activity and friction) demonstrates better overall model performance (sensitivity 80%, specificity 76%, area under ROC curve 0.88).