bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polly wants a Doha deal: what does the trade community think?
Authors: MESSERLIN PATRICK , VAN DER MAREL ERIK 
Published: October 2011

After ten years of negotiations, the Doha ‘Round is on the verge of collapse. At this difficult juncture, it is interesting to get a sense of the mood and thinking of the trade community on three key questions1:1.How serious is the situation?2.What are the causes of the current stalemate?3.What are the best solution(s)Two recent fora give an opportunity to analyze the answers of 71 observers to these questions at a crucial time, namely the month preceding the collapse of expectations that Doha might be completed by the end of 2011 (from April 1 to May 2, 2011). The CUTS Trade Forum (2011) triggered by Jagdish Bhagwati's op.ed. ‘Polly Wants a Doha Deal’ offered an open discussion forum where the 57 self-selected respondents could make their remarks with no pre-established format. The VoxEU (2011) e-book ‘Why World Leaders Must Resist the False Promise of a Doha Delay’ gathered short chapters written by 14 authors chosen by the e-book editors and willing to contribute. The respondents (all of them with a long experience in trade matters) include academics (25), former and current negotiators (9), lawyers (4), journalists (3), business (3), national civil servants (2) and trade policy experts (25 in total, of whom six are working in international institutions and nine in think tanks). Participants came from all continents: Africa (1), Asia (6), Europe (23), North America (15), Latin America (6), with a few countries particularly well represented (11 from the USA, 4 from Canada, 3 from Australia). The 17 respondents based in Geneva represent a wide range of nationalities.
The village as Cold War site: experts, development, and the history of rural reconstruction
Authors: Sackley Nicole 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article examines ‘the village’ as a category of development knowledge used by policymakers and experts to remake the ‘Third World’ during the Cold War. The idea of the village as a universal category of underdevelopment, capable of being remade by expert-led social reform, structured efforts to win the ‘hearts and minds’ of people from Asia to Latin America and Africa. Rooted in a transnational interwar movement for rural reconstruction, village projects were transformed in the 1950s and 1960s by a scientization of development that narrowed the range of experts in the field and by Cold War politics that increasingly tied development to anti-communism and counterinsurgency. From India to Central America, strategic efforts to control rural populations won out over concerns for rural welfare.
Rheology, Microstructure, and Baking Characteristics of Frozen Dough Containing Rhizopus chinensis Lipase and Transglutaminase
Authors: Li Zhenni , Tang Xiaojuan , Huang Weining , Liu Jerry Gang , Tilley Michael , Yao Yuan 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe beneficial effects of a new recombinant lipase (Rhizopus chinensis lipase [RCL]) and transglutaminase (TG) were investigated on frozen dough systems and their breadmaking quality. Rheological properties and microstructure of doughs were measured using a dynamic rheometer, rheofermentometer F3, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Measurements of viscoelastic properties showed that both G′ and G″ of dough containing RCL and TG were greater than those of the control after 35 days of frozen storage. The SEM micrographs showed that dough containing RCL and TG had the most starch granules embedded in or attached to the gluten network, and the gluten seemed more powerful and resilient than for the control dough after 35 days of frozen storage. Results of the gas production and dough development tests indicated that RCL and TG improved the rheofermentative characteristics of frozen dough. RCL and TG could improve water‐holding capacity and significantly increase the glycerol content of the control dough. Image analyses showed that bread crumbs containing RCL and TG had a more open network and uniform crumb structure, which resulted in higher specific volume. This combination also yielded a product with higher sensory scores for test breads.
The use of near-infrared spectroscopy in understanding skeletal muscle physiology: recent developments
Authors: Ferrari Marco , Muthalib Makii , Quaresima Valentina 
Published: October 2011

This article provides a snapshot of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) at the end of 2010 summarizing the recent literature, offering the present status and perspectives of the NIRS instrumentation and methods, describing the main NIRS studies on skeletal muscle physiology, posing open questions and outlining future directions. So far, different NIRS techniques (e.g. continuous-wave (CW) and spatially, time- and frequency-resolved spectroscopy) have been used for measuring muscle oxygenation during exercise. In the last four years, approximately 160 muscle NIRS articles have been published on different physiological aspects (primarily muscle oxygenation and haemodynamics) of several upper- and lower-limb muscle groups investigated by using mainly two-channel CW and spatially resolved spectroscopy commercial instruments. Unfortunately, in only 15 of these studies were the advantages of using multi-channel instruments exploited. There are still several open questions in the application of NIRS in muscle studies: (i) whether NIRS can be used in subjects with a large fat layer; (ii) the contribution of myoglobin desaturation to the NIRS signal during exercise; (iii) the effect of scattering changes during exercise; and (iv) the effect of changes in skin perfusion, particularly during prolonged exercise. Recommendations for instrumentation advancements and future muscle NIRS studies are provided.
Air elimination capability in rapid infusion systems
Authors: Zoremba N. , Gruenewald C. , Zoremba M. , Rossaint R. , Schaelte G. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryPressure infusion devices are used in clinical practice to apply large volumes of fluid over a short period of time. Although air infusion is a major complication, they have limited capability to detect and remove air during pressure infusion. In this investigation, we tested the air elimination capabilities of the Fluido® (The Surgical Company), Level 1® (Level 1 Technologies Inc.) and Ranger® (Augustine Medical GmbH) pressure infusion devices. Measurements were undertaken with a crystalloid solution during an infusion flow of 100, 200, 400 and 800 ml.min−1. Four different volumes of air (25, 50, 100 and 200 ml) were injected as boluses in one experimental setting, or infused continuously over the time needed to perfuse 2 l saline in the other setting. The perfusion fluid was collected in an airtight infusion bag and the amount of air obtained in the bag was measured. The delivered air volume was negligible and would not cause any significant air embolism in all experiments. In our experimental setting, we found, during high flow, an increased amount of uneliminated air in all used devices compared with lower perfusion flows. All tested devices had a good air elimination capability. The use of ultrasonic air detection coupled with an automatic shutoff is a significant safety improvement and can reliably prevent accidental air embolism at rapid flows.You can respond to this article at http://www.anaesthesiacorrespondence.com
In vitro suppression of drug‐induced methaemoglobin formation by Intralipid® in whole human blood: observations relevant to the ‘lipid sink theory’*
Authors: Samuels T. L. , Willers J. W. , Uncles D. R. , Monteiro R. , Halloran C. , Dai H. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryTo provide further evidence for the lipid sink theory, we have developed an in vitro model to assess the effect of Intralipid® 20% on methaemoglobin formation by drugs of varying lipid solubility. Progressively increasing Intralipid concentrations from 4 to 24 mg.ml−1 suppressed methaemoglobin formation by the lipid soluble drug glyceryl trinitrate in a dose‐dependent manner (p < 0.001). Both dose and timing of administration of Intralipid to blood previously incubated with glyceryl trinitrate for 10 and 40 min resulted in significant suppression of methaemoglobin formation (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Mathematical modelling demonstrated that the entire process of methaemoglobin formation by glyceryl trinitrate was slowed down in the presence of Intralipid. Intralipid did not significantly suppress methaemoglobin formation induced by 2‐amino‐5‐hydroxytoluene (partially lipid soluble) or sodium nitrite (lipid insoluble; both p > 0.5). This work may assist determination of the suitability of drugs taken in overdose for which Intralipid might be deployed.
Child‐centric or family focused? A study of child welfare workers' perceptions of ethnic minority children in England and Norway
Authors: Kriẑ Katrin , Skivenes Marit 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses child welfare workers' perceptions of ethnic minority children in England and Norway based on in‐depth interviews with 52 child welfare workers in 2008. We employ a child‐centric theoretical framework to explore up to what extent workers focus on minority children in their perceptions. We found that about half of our study participants (n= 27) did so, and many more in Norway than England. They perceived many risks and problems for minority children related to their ethnicity, including children's biculturalism and language skills, parenting methods, unequal treatment and racism, lack of social inclusion, and problems in school. Norwegian workers displayed a broad needs perception and embraced a change‐orientated perspective and held parents accountable for their children's educational success and social inclusion. English workers had a narrower approach, focusing on protecting children. We discuss how the cross‐country differences may be related to different welfare state and child welfare paradigms.
Better together? Learning lessons for group decision‐making practice from a study of secure accommodation in Scotland
Authors: Roesch‐Marsh Autumn 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper draws on the findings of a research study that examined the factors that influence local decision‐making in cases where a child or young person is being considered by residential workers, social workers and senior managers for placement in a secure unit. After outlining the research problem and case study approach taken, the paper focuses on explicating the findings of the study that relate to the impact of group membership, goals, roles and norms on group performance in such cases. The paper illustrates how attending to these four areas, and the way in which power relations impact on them, may help those developing and managing groups to improve decision‐making practice.
Implementation of a joint protocol for the management of thyroid nodules with a cytological diagnosis of follicular lesion of undetermined significance: experience in one hospital
Authors: Chaves S. , Fernández‐Aceñero M. J. , Cazorla A. , Cedeño M. , Fortes J. , Gavín E. , Mullor R. 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) was introduced for fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in which there is insufficient evidence to classify the lesion as follicular neoplasm/suspicious of follicular neoplasm or suspicious for malignancy. The recommended management was repeat FNA and correlation with clinical and radiological data. In 2009 we started a joint clinicopathological protocol to improve management of FLUS, recommending follow‐up with repeat FNA at 6 months. The aim of this study was to report on the audit of results of this protocol.Methods:  We reviewed the medical records of the patients with FLUS at a single hospital. Between 2007 and 2010 we found 135 cases with this diagnosis (3.6%). We only had long enough follow‐up information for the 95 patients that were included in the present study.Results:  FLUS was diagnosed in 74 FNAs before protocol implementation (3.2%) and 61 FNAs after (4.2%), with follow‐up of 46 and 49 patients, respectively. Before 2009, 38/46 (82.6%) patients had surgical excisions, compared with 32/49 (65.3%): a significant reduction of 17% in the number requiring surgery (P = 0.05). We have also shown a reduction in the median time to surgery (11.9 versus 2.9 months). Despite the joint protocol, the FNA was only repeated in two patients. The histological diagnoses were similar in the two periods of time: 31.6% and 31.3% follicular adenomas; 13.1% and 3.1% (P = 0.2) papillary carcinoma (follicular variant).Conclusions:  Implementation of a joint protocol reduced the number of surgical operations in patients with FLUS but in most cases FNA was not repeated as recommended. Excision was justified in one‐third of operated patients. Less than 15% of lesions were malignant, which is in accordance with previous reports in the literature.
Interleukin‐23: as a drug target for autoimmune inflammatory diseases
Authors: Tang Chunlei , Chen Shu , Qian Hai , Huang Wenlong 
Published: October 2011

SummaryInterleukin‐23 (IL‐23) is a member of the IL‐12 family of cytokines with pro‐inflammatory properties. Its ability to potently enhance the expansion of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells indicates the responsibility for many of the inflammatory autoimmune responses. Emerging data demonstrate that IL‐23 is a key participant in central regulation of the cellular mechanisms involved in inflammation. Both IL‐23 and IL‐17 form a new axis through Th17 cells, which has evolved in response to human diseases associated with immunoactivation and immunopathogeny, including bacterial or viral infections and chronic inflammation. Targeting of IL‐23 or the IL‐23 receptor or IL‐23 axis is a potential therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. The current review focuses on the immunobiology of IL‐23 and summarizes the most recent findings on the role of IL‐23 in the pre‐clinical and ongoing clinical studies.
Do multiple concurrent infections in African children cause irreversible immunological damage?
Authors: Glennie Sarah J. , Nyirenda Moffat , Williams Neil A. , Heyderman Robert S. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryMuch of the developing world, particularly sub‐Saharan Africa, has high levels of morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. The greatest risk of invasive disease is in the young, the malnourished and HIV‐infected individuals. In many regions in Africa these vulnerable groups and the wider general population are under constant immune pressure from a range of environmental factors, under‐nutrition and multiple concurrent infections from birth through to adulthood. Intermittent microbial exposure during childhood is required for the generation of naturally acquired immunity capable of protection against a range of infectious diseases in adult life. However, in the context of a resource‐poor setting, the heavy burden of malarial, diarrhoeal and respiratory infections in childhood may subvert or suppress immune responses rather than protect, resulting in sub‐optimal immunity. This review will explore how poor maternal health, HIV exposure, socio‐economic and seasonal factors conspire to weaken childhood immune defences to disease and discuss the hypothesis that recurrent infections may drive immune dysregulation, leading to relative immune senescence and premature immunological aging.
Changes in young children’s OHRQoL after dental treatment under general anaesthesia
Authors: GAYNOR WANDA N. , THOMSON W. MURRAY 
Published: October 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 258–264Objective.  To use the Parental‐Caregivers Perceptions Questionnaire (P‐CPQ) and Family Impact Scale (FIS) to determine whether dental treatment of young Auckland children under general anaesthesia (GA) improved oral‐health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) for them and their families.Design.  A pretest/post‐test design, with a consecutive clinical sample of parents/caregivers of children (10 years or younger) treated under GA. More than half of the children were Māori or Pacific Islanders.Results.  Of the 157 children in the baseline sample, 144 (91.7%) were followed up. The overall P‐CPQ score showed a large decrease following treatment, along with an increase in the number scoring 0 (no impact). Similar relative changes were observed in the oral symptoms and emotional well‐being subscales, whereas the other two subscales showed moderate decreases. All post‐treatment FIS scores were lower than pre‐treatment ones; all showed moderate effect sizes. The greatest relative changes were seen in the parental/family activity and parental emotions subscales.Conclusions.  The dental treatment of young children under GA is associated with considerable improvement in their OHRQoL. The P‐CPQ and the FIS are valid and responsive to treatment‐associated changes in young children with early childhood caries (ECC).
Decision‐making processes used by nurses during intravenous drug preparation and administration
Authors: Dougherty Lisa , Sque Magi , Crouch Rob 
Published: October 2011

dougherty l., sque m. & crouch r. (2012) Decision‐making processes used by nurses during intravenous drug preparation and administration. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(6), 1302–1311.AbstractAim.  The aim of this study was to explore the decision‐making processes that nurses use during intravenous drug administration and how this influences risk taking and errors.Background.  Intravenous drug errors have been estimated to be a third of all drug errors. Previous drug error research has focused on observation of nurses and errors they make but has not attempted to understand the decision‐making processes used during the preparation and administration of intravenous drugs.Method.  A three‐phased ethnographic study was carried out in a specialist cancer hospital in 2007 using focus groups, observation and interviews. This article is concerned with the observation and interview phase. Observation took place on two wards, each over a week. Twenty nurses were observed preparing and administering intravenous drugs; then interviewed about their procedure. Data analysis was carried out using a five stage approach.Findings.  Major themes identified include: interruptions; identification and knowing the patient; routinized behaviour, prevention of errors. These represent the findings of the observation and interviews with the nurses. One key finding was the lack of checking of patient identity prior to IV drug administration, which appeared to be based on nurses feeling they knew the patient well enough, although this was in contrast to how they checked even familiar drugs. This article will focus on identification and knowing the patient.Conclusion. Implications for practice included: exploring new and effective methods of education based on behavioural theories; involving staff in updating policies and procedures; formal assessment of staff during intravenous preparation and administration.
Do educational interventions improve cancer patients’ quality of life and reduce pain intensity? Quantitative systematic review
Authors: Ling Cheuk‐chi , Lui Liza Y.Y. , So Winnie K.W. 
Published: October 2011

ling c.c., lui l.y.y. & so w.k.w. (2012) Do educational interventions improve cancer patients’ quality of life and reduce pain intensity? Quantitative systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(3), 511–520.AbstractAims.  This paper reports a quantitative systematic review of the effects of educational interventions on quality of life, pain intensity and pain interference in cancer patients.Background.  Cancer pain has a marked negative impact on quality of life, and this has become an important issue in discussions of treatment options. Patient education seems to be effective in pain management, but no review has been published with quality of life as an outcome measure.Data sources.  Relevant publications from 2000 to 2010 were identified in six databases (Medline, CIHAHL, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and DARE) and by means of hand‐searches. All randomized controlled trial studies of pain‐education programmes for cancer patients were considered, and a quantitative review of effectiveness carried out.Review methods.  Studies were critically appraised by three independent reviewers, and the Jadad score was used to assess the quality of those included.Results.  Four studies meeting the inclusion criteria were used, after methodological quality assessment. Pain intensity and pain interference were significantly reduced after education, but statistical change in quality of life was not found in any of the studies.Conclusions.  Pain and quality of life are complex matters, and quality of life might not be a sensitive indicator of the effectiveness of pain education. To improve quality of life and reduce the severity of pain in cancer patients, individualized care, recognition of variations in patient experience, and a multi‐disciplinary approach are required. Further research is recommended into patients’ preferences of any educational intervention, and into the quality of existing education programmes and the expertise of the healthcare professionals concerned.
Email interviewing: generating data with a vulnerable population
Authors: Cook Catherine 
Published: October 2011

cook c. (2012) Email interviewing: generating data with a vulnerable population. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(6), 1330–1339.AbstractAims.  This paper describes online recruitment and the email interviewing data collection method with women diagnosed with a viral sexually transmitted infection. The paper highlights the advantages of the method to researchers and participants when conducting research where face‐to‐face participation may difficult.Background.  Online recruitment and in‐depth email interviewing have been used by only a small number of nurses internationally. The method enables inclusion of people who might otherwise be excluded from research, for reasons such as geographical distance, incompatible time frames, clinicians’‘gate‐keeping’ and participants’ desire for anonymity for physical or emotional reasons.Methods.  In‐depth email interviews were conducted with 26 women in New Zealand, United States of America, Canada and England who had a diagnosis of either human papilloma virus or genital herpes simplex virus. Data were collected during 2007–2008 and analysed using a poststructuralist, feminist thematic analysis.Results.  Participant retention was high. Women emphasized satisfaction with the process. Asynchronous interviews allowed for additional reflexivity in the researcher’s responses and rich data generation.Conclusion.  This method has the potential to enable nurses to include vulnerable and relatively inaccessible participants in ‘sensitive’ research. In‐depth email interviews may generate rich data through a process participants deem to be of personal value.