bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Equalizer Production System and Smart-Well Applications in Full-Field Studies
Authors: Su Ho-Jeen , Dogru Ali H. 
Published: April 2009

Summary
Equalizer production systems and inflow control devices are used to mitigate water or gas-coning problems for mature fields. We have developed new modeling methods to simulate equalizer and interval control valve (ICV) performance in full-field multimillion-cell reservoir models under a parallel computational environment.
The authors present single-well performance predictions with and without an equalizer, and the results are significantly different in some cases. Full-field modeling with equalizers and ICV controls for several examples has been conducted. In such cases, many individual wells would have significantly improved performance. At full-field level, however, using equalizers or smart well applications without total field optimization would not improve performance much, for reasons discussed in this paper.
The frictional pressure loss across an equalizer can be considered as a skin, and we have developed an analytical well equation to include it. With this theoretical development, it is now possible to confirm or monitor equalizer performance in terms of pressure drop from pressure transient analysis.
A New Diagnostic Analysis Method for Waterflood Performance
Authors: Yang Zhengming 
Published: April 2009

Summary
Despite the widespread application of reservoir simulation to study waterflood reservoirs, petroleum engineers still need simple predictive tools to forecast production decline, estimate ultimate oil recovery, and diagnose the production performance from the historical field data.
On the basis of the Buckley-Leverett (BL) equation and the assumption of a semilog relationship between the oil/water relative permeability ratio and water saturation, a consistent analytical solution can be derived as fo(1−fo)=(EVB)1tD
where fo is the oil fractional flow, tD is the fraction of cumulative liquid production to related formation volume, B is the relative permeability ratio parameter, and EV is the volumetric sweep efficiency. Two equivalent linear plots can be developed: a loglog plot and a reciprocal-of-time plot. The log-log plot has a slope of −1 and intercept of EV/B. The reciprocal time plot has a slope of EV/B and an intercept value of 0. Both plots can be applied for the diagnostic analysis of waterflood reservoirs.
Model and field case studies show the benefits of this technique as a production-decline-analysis tool in forecasting the waterflood production decline and the ultimate oil recovery. This method also can be applied as a diagnostic tool to evaluate various aspects of waterflood performance. Examples include assessing waterflood maturity, calculating volumetric sweep efficiency, distinguishing the normal waterflood breakthrough from the premature water breakthrough through hydraulic fractures, and examining the consequences of operational changes. The appropriate use of this analytical method will help to optimize the field waterflood operation.
A Critical Review for Proper Use of Water/Oil/Gas Transfer Functions in Dual-Porosity Naturally Fractured Reservoirs: Part II
Authors: Al-kobaisi M. , Kazemi H. , Ramirez B. , Ozkan E. , Atan S. 
Published: April 2009

Summary
This paper continues the work presented in Ramirez et al. (2009). In Part I, we discussed the viability of the use of simple transfer functions to accurately account for fluid exchange as the result of capillary, gravity, and diffusion mass transfer for immiscible flow between fracture and matrix in dual-porosity numerical models. Here, we show additional information on several relevant topics, which include (1) flow of a low-concentration water-soluble surfactant in the fracture and the extent to which the surfactant is transported into the matrix; (2) an adjustment to the transfer function to account for the early slow mass transfer into the matrix before the invading fluid establishes full connectivity with the matrix; and (3) an analytical approximation to the differential equation of mass transfer from the fracture to the matrix and a method of solution to predict oil-drainage performance.
Numerical experiments were performed involving single-porosity, fine-grid simulation of immiscible oil recovery from a typical matrix block by water, gas, or surfactant-augmented water in an adjacent fracture. Results emphasize the viability of the transfer-function formulations and their accuracy in quantifying the interaction of capillary and gravity forces to produce oil depending on the wettability of the matrix. For miscible flow, the fracture/matrix mass transfer is less complicated because the in-terfacial tension (IFT) between solvent and oil is zero; nevertheless, the gravity contrast between solvent in the fracture and oil in the matrix creates convective mass transfer and drainage of the oil.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Prevalence and Management of Childhood Diarrhoea: Potential Health Gains to be Achieved
Authors: Forsberg Birger C. , Gwatkin Davidson , Tomson Göran , Allebeck Peter , Petzold Max G. 
Published: April 2009

Background:
Diarrhoea represents a major burden of childhood disease in countries with low and middle incomes.
The need for targeting poorer socioeconomic groups has been forwarded as a priority in diarrhoea control. The aim
of this study was to determine the role of socioeconomic inequalities in the control of childhood diarrhoea.

Methods:
Household data on prevalence and case management of diarrhoea in children aged 0–4 years from 93 Demographic
Health Surveys (DHS) in 55 countries in 1990–2005 were analysed by wealth quintiles. Socioeconomic disparities
and trends in inequalities were assessed.

Findings:
Households in the poorest socioeconomic group consistently showed higher morbidity attributable to diarrhoea
and less frequent use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) when compared with households in the richest socioeconomic
group. If the prevalence of diarrhoea in all households were the same as that in the best-performing wealth quintiles, the
prevalence of diarrhoea would be reduced by 22.8%. If all socioeconomic groups had adopted the ORT-use rates achieved
by the best-performing wealth quintiles, overall use of ORT would have increased by 21.5%. This corresponds to an increase
in treated episodes of diarrhoea of 481 million annually in the study population. Trend analysis did not show significant
changes in inequalities over time.

Interpretations:
To increase efficiency in the control of diarrhoeal diseases, preventive measures should be targeted to the
poor, rehydration products should be made more affordable and information on the importance of using ORT should be
disseminated more intensively to disadvantaged groups.
Intraoperative consultation and smear cytology in the diagnosis of brain tumours
Authors: Kini JR , Jeyraj V , Jayaprakash CS , Indira S , Naik CNR 
Published: April 2009

Background: Intraoperative smear cytology provides a rapid and reliable intraoperative diagnosis and guidance to the neurosurgeon during surgical resection and lesion targeting. It also helps the surgeon to monitor and modify the approach at surgery. Objectives: 1) To assess the utility of intraoperative smear cytology and correlate with the final histopathological diagnosis. 2) To describe the cytomorphological features of common brain tumours in smear preparation. Materials and methods: The material for this study was obtained from 100 consecutive biopsies of central nervous system neoplasms sent for intraoperative consultation. Smears were prepared from the biopsy samples sent in isotonic saline for immediate processing. The smears were stained by the rapid Haematoxylin and Eosin method. The cytomorphological features were noted and correlated with paraffin section findings. Results: Of the total 100 cases, 86 showed accuracy when compared with histopathological diagnosis. This was comparable with other studies. Of the remaining, two cases were frank errors, 12 cases showed partial correlation, with five cases showed incomplete typing of the cell type and seven, discrepancy in grading of tumours. The error percentage was 14%. Correlation with clinical details and radiological findings were helpful in improving the accuracy rate. Conclusions: Smear technique is a fairly accurate, relatively safe, rapid, simple, easily reproducible and cost effective tool to diagnose brain tumours. Smear cytology is of great value in intraoperative consultation of central nervous system pathology. Key words: Intraoperative consultation, smear cytology, central nervous system neoplasms doi: 10.3126/kumj.v6i4.1734 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2008), Vol. 6, No. 4, Issue 24, 453-457
Metallic vaginal ring pessary: A rare entity
Authors: Uprety UK , Regmi MC , Budhathoki B , Tiwari RR , Subedi S , Chhetri S 
Published: April 2009

Vaginal pessaries still have role in the management of uterovaginal prolapse especially in elderly women, unfit for surgery and as a temporary relief for women waiting for surgery. Forgotten vaginal pessaries may cause serious complications. We here by present a case with metallic vaginal ring pessary for 16 years without significant symptoms. Key words: Prolapse, Ring pessary, Metallic pessary doi: 10.3126/kumj.v6i4.1745 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2008), Vol. 6, No. 4, Issue 24, 508-510
Computational Methods for Protein Sequence Comparison and Search
Authors: Xu Dong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractProtein sequence comparison and search has become commonplace not only for bioinformatics researchers but also for experimentalists in many cases. Because of the exponential growth in sequence data, sequence comparison in particular has become an increasingly important tool. Relating a new gene sequence to other known sequences often reveals its function, structure, and evolution. Many sequence comparison and search tools are available through public Web servers, and biologists can use them easily with little knowledge of computers or bioinformatics. This unit provides some theoretical background and describes popular tools for dot plot, sequence search against a database, multiple sequence alignments, protein tree construction, and protein family and motif search. Step‐by‐step examples are provided to illustrate how to use some of the most well‐known tools. Finally, some general advice is given on combining different sequence analysis tools for biological inference.Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 56:2.1.1‐2.1.27. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Imaging Protein‐Protein Interactions by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Microscopy in Live Cells
Authors: Brzostowski Joseph A. , Meckel Tobias , Hong Jiang , Chen Alice , Jin Tian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis unit describes an acceptor‐sensitized emission FRET method using a confocal microscope for image acquisition. In contrast to acceptor photobleaching, which is an end‐point assay that destroys the acceptor fluorophore, the sensitized emission method is amenable for FRET measurements in live cells and can be used to measure changes in FRET efficiency over time. The purpose of this unit is to provide a basic starting point for understanding and performing the sensitized emission method with a simple teaching tool for live‐cell imaging. References that discuss the vagaries of acquiring and analyzing FRET between individually tagged molecules are provided. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 56:19.5.1‐19.5.12. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The CLIP‐CHIP Oligonucleotide Microarray: Dedicated Array for Analysis of All Protease, Nonproteolytic Homolog, and Inhibitor Gene Transcripts in Human and Mouse
Authors: Kappelhoff Reinhild , Overall Chris 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe CLIP‐CHIP oligonucleotide microarray allows the analysis of mRNA transcript levels in a tissue sample for all proteases, nonproteolytic homologs, and protease inhibitors of the human and mouse genome. In the protocol presented in this unit, total RNA is extracted from a tissue, and the resulting mRNA is reverse transcribed into cDNA and dsDNA and then amplified in an in vitro transcription reaction. The amplified antisense RNA is labeled with a fluorescent dye and hybridized to the CLIP‐CHIP, which contains unique oligonucleotides that are specifically designed for the protease, nonproteolytic homologs, protease inhibitors, and control samples. After hybridization, the fluorescence intensity of each spot is measured, thus identifying mRNA transcripts that are expressed and allowing basic quantification of expressed transcripts. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 56:21.19.1‐21.19.16. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Novel exon 1 mutations in MECP2 implicate isoform MeCP2_e1 in classical Rett syndrome
Authors: Saunders Carol J. , Minassian Berge E. , Chow Eva W.C. , Zhao Weiwei , Vincent John B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the X‐linked MECP2 gene. Recently, a new MeCP2 isoform was described, MeCP2_e1, which skips exon 2 and has an alternative N‐terminus, translated from exon 1, whereas MeCP2_e2 is translated from a start codon in exon 2. Since the incorporation of exon 1 into standard sequencing protocols for RTT, few exon 1 mutations have been described and are thus assumed to be only rare causes of RTT. Also, studies have suggested that the frameshift mutations identified in exon 1 affect both isoforms. Our aim in this study was to assess the frequency of mutations in exon 1, their relationship to phenotype, and the implications on the etiological role for the isoform MeCP2_e1 in RTT, versus the previously described isoform, MeCP2_e2. We sequenced MECP2 in 51 females with various clinical presentations, including developmental delay, autism, atypical and classical RTT, referred to our laboratories for testing. In patients with identified mutations, X‐chromosome inactivation was analyzed. We identified four patients with exon 1 mutations; three were novel (c.1A > T; c.1A > G; c.5C > T), two of which affected the start codon, one a missense change, and one patient had a previously reported splice site mutation, c.62 + 1delGT. The four patients fit criteria for classical RTT, and thus these findings add support to previous reports that exon 1 mutations may be associated with a severe phenotype. Also, these findings add significant weight to the mounting evidence suggesting that the MeCP2_e1 isoform is the etiologically relevant form of the protein. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FARP2, HDLBP and PASK are downregulated in a patient with autism and 2q37.3 deletion syndrome
Authors: Felder Bärbel , Radlwimmer Bernhard , Benner Axel , Mincheva Antoaneta , Tödt Grischa , Beyer Kim S. , Schuster Claudia , Bölte Sven , Schmötzer Gabriele , Klauck Sabine M. , Poustka Fritz , Lichter Peter , Poustka Annemarie 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe describe a patient with autism and brachymetaphalangy, meeting criteria for 2q37 deletion syndrome (also called Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy‐like syndrome or Brachydactyly‐Mental Retardation syndrome, OMIM 600430). Our molecular cytogenetic studies, including array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), define the extent of the de novo deletion to a 3.5 Mb region on 2q37.3. Although a number of reports of patients with 2q37 deletion syndrome have been published, it remains unclear if gene expression and/or translation are altered by the deletion, thus contributing to the observed phenotypes. To address this question, we selected several candidate genes for the neuropsychiatric and skeletal anomalies found in this patient (autism and brachymetaphalangy). The deleted region in 2q37.3 includes the FERM, RhoGEF and pleckstrin domain protein 2 (FARP2), glypican 1 (GPC1), vigilin (HDLBP), kinesin family member 1A (KIF1A) and proline–alanine‐rich STE20‐related kinase (PASK), all of which are involved in skeletal or neural differentiation processes. Expression analyses of these genes were performed using RNA from lymphoblastoid cell lines of the patient and his family members. Here we demonstrate that three of these genes, FARP2, HDLBP, and PASK, are considerably downregulated in the patient's cell line. We hypothesize that haploinsufficiency of these genes may have contributed to the patient's clinical phenotype. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lower motor neuron loss in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Vogt Johannes , Paul Friedemann , Aktas Orhan , Müller‐Wielsch Kathrin , Dörr Jan , Dörr Susanne , Bharathi B. Suman , Glumm Robert , Schmitz Christoph , Steinbusch Harry , Raine Cedric S. , Tsokos Michael , Nitsch Robert , Zipp Frauke 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveMultiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Evidence that axonal and neuronal pathology contributes to the disease is accumulating, however, the distribution of neuronal injury as well as the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully clarified. Here, we investigated the role of neuronal cell loss in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).MethodsWe performed electrophysiological investigations in MS patients, including assessment of compound muscle action potentials and motor unit numbers and quantified neuronal cell loss in human MS samples and different EAE models by high‐precision stereology.ResultsBoth electrophysiological and morphological analyses indicated a massive loss of lower motor neurons in MS patients. We regularly found dying spinal motor neurons surrounded by CD3+ (CD4+ as well as CD8+) T cells expressing tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL). We observed a similar degree of damage and immune attack in different variants of EAE; the lower motor neurons were preserved in adoptive transfer EAE induced with TRAIL‐deficient T lymphocytes.InterpretationOur study indicates that damage to lower motor neurons and TRAIL‐mediated inflammatory neurodegeneration in the spinal cord contribute to MS pathology. Ann Neurol 2009;66:310–332
Intracortical electroencephalography in acute brain injury
Authors: Waziri Allen , Claassen Jan , Stuart R. Morgan , Arif Hiba , Schmidt J. Michael , Mayer Stephan A. , Badjatia Neeraj , Kull Lewis L. , Connolly E. Sander , Emerson Ronald G. , Hirsch Lawrence J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveContinuous electroencephalography (EEG) is used in patients with neurological injury to detect electrographic seizures and clinically important changes in brain function. Scalp EEG has poor spatial resolution, is often contaminated by artifact, and frequently demonstrates activity that is suspicious for but not diagnostic of ictal activity. We hypothesized that bedside placement of an intracortical multicontact electrode would allow for improved monitoring of cortical potentials in critically ill neurological patients.MethodsSixteen individuals with brain injury, requiring invasive neuromonitoring, underwent implantation of an eight‐contact minidepth electrode.ResultsIntracortical EEG (ICE) was successfully performed and compared with scalp EEG in 14 of these 16 individuals. ICE provided considerable improvement in signal‐to‐noise ratio compared with surface EEG, demonstrating clinically important findings in 12 of 14 patients (86%) including electrographic seizures (n = 10) and acute changes related to secondary neurological injury (n = 2, 1 ischemia, 1 hemorrhage). In patients with electrographic seizures detected by ICE, scalp EEG demonstrated no concurrent ictal activity in six, nonictal‐appearing rhythmic delta in two, and intermittently correlated ictal activity in two. In two patients with secondary neurological complications, ICE demonstrated prominent attenuation 2 to 6 hours before changes in other neuromonitoring modalities and more than 8 hours before the onset of clinical deterioration.InterpretationICE can provide high‐fidelity intracranial EEG in an intensive care unit setting, can detect ictal discharges not readily apparent on scalp EEG, and can identify early changes in brain activity caused by secondary neurological complications. We predict that ICE will facilitate the development of EEG‐based alarm systems and lead to prevention of secondary neuronal injury. Ann Neurol 2009;66:366–377
Differential effects of high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over ipsilesional primary motor cortex in cortical and subcortical middle cerebral artery stroke
Authors: Ameli Mitra , Grefkes Christian , Kemper Friederike , Riegg Florian P. , Rehme Anne K. , Karbe Hans , Fink Gereon R. , Nowak Dennis A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveFacilitation of cortical excitability of the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1) may improve dexterity of the affected hand after stroke. The effects of 10Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over ipsilesional M1 on movement kinematics and neural activity were examined in patients with subcortical or cortical stroke.MethodsTwenty‐nine patients with impaired dexterity after stroke (16 subcortical middle cerebral artery [MCA] strokes, 13 MCA strokes involving subcortical tissue and primary or secondary cortical sensorimotor areas) received 1 session of 10Hz rTMS (5‐second stimulation, 25‐second break, 1,000 pulses, 80% of the resting motor threshold) applied over: 1) ipsilesional M1 and 2) vertex (control stimulation). For behavioral testing, 29 patients performed index finger and hand tapping movements with the affected and unaffected hand prior to and following each rTMS application. For functional magnetic resonance imaging, 18 patients performed index finger tapping movements with the affected and unaffected hand before and after each rTMS application.ResultsTen‐Hz rTMS over ipsilesional M1, but not over vertex, improved movement kinematics in 14 of 16 patients with subcortical stroke, but not in patients with additional cortical stroke. Ten‐Hz rTMS slightly deteriorated dexterity of the affected hand in 7 of 13 cortical stroke patients. At a neural level, rTMS over ipsilesional M1 reduced neural activity of the contralesional M1 in 11 patients with subcortical stroke, but caused a widespread bilateral recruitment of primary and secondary motor areas in 7 patients with cortical stroke. Activity in ipsilesional M1 at baseline correlated with improvement of index finger tapping frequency induced by rTMS.InterpretationThe beneficial effects of 10Hz rTMS over ipsilesional M1 on motor function of the affected hand depend on the extension of MCA stroke. Neural activity in ipsilesional M1 may serve as a surrogate marker for the effectiveness of facilitatory rTMS. Ann Neurol 2009;66:298–309