bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nickel and copper removal study from aqueous solution using new cationic poly[acrylamide/N,N‐DAMB/N,N‐DAPB] super absorbent hydrogel
Authors: Patel Ankit M. , Patel Ranjan G. , Patel Manish P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA new cationic poly[acrylamide/N,N‐diallyl morpholinium bromide/N,N‐diallyl piperidinium bromide] super absorbent hydrogels (H1–H7) were prepared via microwave irradiated free radical cyclopolymerization using different composition. By the swelling study, hydrogel H1 is found to bear good swelling properties amongst all prepared hydrogels. The hydrogel H1 has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and TGA analysis. A batch system was applied to study the adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solutions by hydrogel H1. The effect of treatment time, pH of the medium, amount of adsorbent doses, and initial feed concentration of metal ion on adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) from their solution were also investigated. Adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) increases with the increase in treatment time, adsorbent doses, and initial feed concentration and decreases with the increase in pH of the medium. The desorption of metal ions were carried out using 1N HCl and 0.5N H2SO4. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Comparative studies of acetylcholinesterase purified from three field populations of Liposcelis entomophila (enderlein) (psocoptera: liposcelididae)
Authors: Xiao Li‐Sha , Dou Wei , Li Yin , Wang Jin‐Jun 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAcetylcholinesterace (AChE) is known to be the major target for organophophate and carbamate insecticides and biomolecular changes to AChE have been demonstrated to be an important mechanism for insecticide resistance in many insect species. In this study, AChE from three field populations of Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) was purified by affinity chromatography and subsequently characterized by its Michaelis‐Menten kinetics to determine if detectable changes to AChE have occurred. Bioassays revealed that the potential resistance threat of psocids in Sichuan Province (GH) was greater than either Hubei Province (WH) or Chongqing Municipality (BB). Compared to the other two populations, the WH population possessed the highest specific activity of purified AChE. Kinetic analyses indicated that the purified AChE from GH population expressed a significantly lower affinity to the substrate and a higher catalytic activity toward acetylthiocholine iodide (ATChI) (i.e., higher Km and Vmax values) than BB and WH populations. In vitro studies of AChE suggest that five inhibitors (aldicarb, eserine, BW284C51, omethoate, and propoxur) all possess strong inhibitory effects with eserine having the strongest inhibitory effect against purified AChE. According to bimolecular rate constants (ki), the purified AChE from GH population was least sensitive to all inhibitors except for omethoate. The differences in AChE among the three populations may be partially attributed to the differences in pesticide application and control practices for psocids among the three locations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval midgut protease complement and adaptation to feeding on artificial diet, Brassica species, and protease inhibitor
Authors: Erlandson Martin A. , Hegedus Dwayne D. , Baldwin Douglas , Noakes Amy , Toprak Umut 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe midgut protease profiles from 5th instar Mamestra configurata larvae fed various diets (standard artificial diet, low protein diet, low protein diet with soybean trypsin inhibitor [SBTI], or Brassica napus) were characterized by one‐dimensional enzymography in gelatin gels. The gut protease profile of larvae fed B. napus possessed protease activities of molecular masses of approximately 33 and 55 kDa, which were not present in the guts of larvae fed artificial diet. Similarly, larvae fed artificial diet had protease activities of molecular masses of approximately 21, 30, and 100 kDa that were absent in larvae fed B. napus. Protease profiles changed within 12 to 24 h after switching larvae from artificial diet to plant diet and vice versa. The gut protease profiles from larvae fed various other brassicaceous species and lines having different secondary metabolite profiles did not differ despite significant differences in larval growth rates on the different host plants. Genes encoding putative digestive proteolytic enzymes, including four carboxypeptidases, five aminopeptidases, and 48 serine proteases, were identified in cDNA libraries from 4th instar M. configurata midgut tissue. Many of the protease‐encoding genes were expressed at similar levels on all diets; however, three chymoptrypsin‐like genes (McSP23, McSP27, and McSP37) were expressed at much higher levels on standard artificial diet and diet containing SBTI as was the trypsin‐like gene McSP34. The expression of the trypsin‐like gene McSP50 was highest on B. napus. The adaptation of M. configurata digestive biochemistry to different diets is discussed in the context of the flexibility of polyphagous insects to changing diet sources. Published 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Putative‐farnesoic acid O‐methyltransferase (FAMeT) in medfly reproduction
Authors: Vannini Laura , Ciolfi Silvia , Dallai Romano , Frati Francesco , Hoffmann Klaus H. , Meyering‐Vos Martina 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA gene potentially involved in juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis was previously identified in Ceratitis capitata as the putative‐farnesoic acid O‐methyltransferase (FAMeT). Since JH is involved in insect reproduction, we silenced the putative‐FAMeT expression by RNA interference in Ceratitis capitata to evaluate its implication in egg production. FAMeT gene expression was knocked down in females and males after eclosion and in 1‐ and 2‐day‐old females. Treated specimens were left to mate with each other or with untreated partners to evaluate the extent of each sex influencing egg production. Gene silencing was investigated by Real‐Time PCR. Results unambiguously showed that FAMeT has a measurable role on the fertility of both medfly sexes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Imidazolidin‐2‐one prostaglandin analogues
Authors: Barraclough Paul , Jackson William P. , Harris John 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe 5‐desoxy analogue of BW245C, imidazolidin‐2‐one 3, has been synthesized by reduction of the N‐benzyl hydantoin derivative 6. Compound 3 was found to be approximately equipment with BW245C as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and this result indicates that the 5‐keto group of BW245C is not essential for platelet inhibitory activity.
Conformation of cis‐4‐Hydroxy‐praziquantel and its crystal and molecular structure
Authors: Karolak‐Wojciechowska Janina , Kwiatkowski Witold , Kiec‐Kononowicz Katarzyna , Blaschke Gottfried 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe crystal structure of racemic cis‐4‐OH‐PZQ ‐ the main metabolite of the anthelmintic drug Praziquantel ‐ has been determined by X‐ray analysis and refined to R = 0.064. In the unit cell there are two independent molecules, but with a similar conformation. The molecules of the same enantiomer (joined by H‐bonds) form in the crystal a column along a‐axis direction. Molecular mechanics calculations indicate that the conformation in the solid state does not correspond to the energy minimum and there are two lower energy conformations. Thus, in solutions these two conformers can most probably exist. Their concentration in solutions depends on the solvent polarity and the value of the dipole moment for the respective form of the molecule.
Synthesis of some basic 3‐(1‐acylaminobenzyl)‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐ones
Authors: Bojilova Anka , Ivanova Diana 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe reaction of 3‐(1‐propanoyloxybenzyl)‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one (2) with the nitriles of 4‐dimethylaminobenzoic, 4‐diethylaminobenzoic, nicotinic, isonicotinic, and 3‐dimethylaminopropionic acid in conc. H2SO4 yields the amides 3a‐e. 3a‐d were converted into hydrochlorides.
Untersuchungen an 1,4‐Naphthochinonen, 21. Mitt.: 2‐(3,5‐Di‐Tert‐Butyl‐4‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐1,4‐Naphthochinone Als 5‐Lipoxygenasehemmer
Authors: Wurm Gotthard 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAls potentielle 5‐Lipoxygenase‐Inhibitoren wird eine Reihe von 3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl‐1,4‐naphthochinonderivaten ‐ speziell 10 und 11 ‐ synthetisiert. Die Schlüsselverbindungen sind 3 und 9a‐b. die durch 1,4‐Addition von 2,6‐Di‐tert‐butylphenol (2) an 2‐Brom/Chlor‐ (1a‐b) und 2,3‐Dibrom/Dichlor‐1,4‐naphthochinon (8a‐b) gebildet werden. Das 3‐Methylderivat 5 entsteht durch radikalische Methylierung von 3. 9a‐b sind die Bausteine für die Synthese der erwarteten Lipoxygenase‐Hemmer 10 und 11. Während 10 im Verlauf eines Additions‐Elimination‐Prozesses in alkalischem Methanol bei Raumtemp. gebildet wird, entsteht 11 durch Hydrolyse von 10 in einer Eintopfreaktion durch Erhitzen von 9a‐b in alkalisch wäßrigem Methanol. 11 wird schlagartig durch CAN‐Oxidation in das Chinonmethid‐Analogon 12 überführt. 9a‐b sind außerdem geeignete Komponenten für die Reaktion mit Aminen, wobei Derivate wie 13 in mäßiger Ausbeute entstehen.
Synthesis of 5′‐N‐(α‐Amino‐β‐mercaptoacyl)amino‐5′‐deoxynucleosides as potential antiviral compounds
Authors: Herranz Rosario , Castro‐Pichel Julia , García‐López M. Teresa , Pérez Concepción , Balzarini Jan , De Clercq Erik 
Published: September 2010

Abstract5′‐N‐(α‐Amino‐β‐mercaptoacyl)amino‐5′‐deoxynucleosides have been synthesized by coupling of N‐formylthiazolidines derived from D‐ and L‐penicillamine, and D‐ and L‐cysteine to 5′‐amino‐5′‐deoxynucleosides using the DCC/HOSu method, followed by deprotection in N HCL in MeOH under argon. Although these compounds were designed as potential anti‐HIV‐1 agents, none of them showed anti‐HIV‐1 activity in MT‐4 cells or antiviral effect against some other viruses, at concentrations below the cytotoxicity threshold.
Zur Pharmakokinetik Von Lipidsenkern, 8. Mitt.: Eindeutige Charakterisierung Des Ciprofibrat‐o‐β‐D‐Giukuronids
Authors: Oelschläger Herbert , Kohl Christopher , Armstrong Daniel W. , Rothley Dietrich 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDer racemische Lipidsenker Ciprofibrat (1) wird nach oraler Einmalgabe überwiegend (> 90%) als Glukuronid renal und zu einem geringen Teil auch biliär ausgeschieden. Dieses aus dem Ham extrahierte Konjugat wird durch Methylieren der Carboxygruppe und Acetylieren der drei OH‐Gruppen der Glukuronsäurekomponente in das hydrophobe Methyl‐(2,3,4‐Tri‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyran)‐uronat übergeführt, das mil Hilfe der HPLC unter Einsatz der leicht herstellbaren Referenzsubstanz eindeutig identifiziert werden kann. Infolge der Chiralität von 1 resultieren das Glukuronid und sein hydrophobes Derivat vom Schmelzbereich 67‐78°C als Diastereomerengemisch. Das letztere konnte analytisch an einer Cyclobond I‐Säule in die beiden Diastereomeren getrennt werden.
Synthesen neuer überbrückter heterocyclen durch 1,3‐dipolare cycloadditionen
Authors: Neidlein Richard , Lu Yinrong , Kramer Walter 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSyntheses of New Bridged Heterocycles by 1,3‐Dipolar CycloadditionCycloaddition of bridged Quinonehydrazones 1, 4, 5 with mesoionic reagents are studied; the p‐nitrophenylhydrazone 1 reacts with 3‐phenylsydnone (2) under elimination of CO2 and dehydrogenation yielding the linearly annulated heterocyclic cycloadduct 3; as opposed to this reaction cycloaddition of phenylsydnone 2 with N‐methyl‐(4)‐ and N‐benzyl‐(5)‐hydrazone derivatives produces the methanobridged heterocycles 6 and 7, respectively.
Imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine derivatives of potential tuberculostatic activity, II: Synthesis and bioactivity of designed and some other 2‐cyanomethylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine derivatives
Authors: Bukowski Ludwik , Kaliszan Roman 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBased on the analysis of Quantitative Structure ‐ Activity Relationships (QSAR) three representatives of imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine derivatives of predicted high antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis were synthetized and tested bacteriologically. Excellent agreement of the predicted and experimentally observed bioactivity was noted. Additional new derivatives of 4‐methyl‐4H‐2‐cyanomethylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (7) and 2‐(α‐methylcyanomethyl)imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (22) were also synthesized and some of them were tested for tuberculostatic activity. The compounds synthesized according to a standard “trial and error” approach appeared generally inactive.
Synthese, Biotransformation und Pharmakodynamik eines neuen Theophyllinderivats
Authors: Oelschläger Herbert , Harsche Christian , Engel Jürgen 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSynthesis, Biotransformation, and Pharmacodynamics of a New Theophylline Derivative7‐[(RS)2‐((RS)‐1‐Methyl‐2‐phenyl‐ethylamino)propyl]‐theophylline (3) was not described until now. This fenetylline analogue is available by reaction of 7 with an excess of 2 at 150°C. If 2 reacts with 4, an E2‐elimination overwhelms SN‐nucleophilic displacement yielding compound 5. In vivo studies with male White‐Wistar rats, comparing biotransformation of 3 and 1, demonstrate, that the amount of 2 is decreased from 4.7% of (RS)‐2 to 1%, probably due to steric hindrance of the attacking monooxygenases by the methyl group at C‐11 of 3. Pharmacodynamic studies of 3, tested with mice, gave similar results to those obtained with 1.
An efficient and practical EPC synthesis of β‐amino acids from L‐asparagine
Authors: Gmeiner Peter 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of enantiomerically pure β‐arnino acids (1a‐c) via an O‐activated equivalent of β‐homoserine is discussed. The chiral synthon 2 was planned to be represented by (S)‐3‐N,N‐dibenzylamino‐4‐mesyloxybutanoic acid methyl ester (3) or by (S)‐3‐N,N‐dibenzylamino‐4‐mesyloxybutanenitrile (6). Both intermediates should be approached from L‐aspartic acid 4 or L‐asparagine 5 through selective reduction of the α‐carboxyl group. It turned out that only nitrile 6 was suitable for the envisioned β‐amino acid synthesis, since alcohol 14 ‐ the synthetic precursor of 3 ‐ was unstable towards intramolecular nucleophilic attack to accomplish the chiral building block 15. Reaction of mesylate 6 with different ‘Gilman cuprates’ afforded the 3‐N,N‐dibenzylamino nitrile derivatives 22a‐c, which could be readily deprotected to give the target compounds 1a‐c in 23‐36% overall yield from asparagine. In contrast Me2Cu(CN)Li2 as an example for higher order ‘Lipshutz cuprates’ did not afford the desired substitution product 22a. The optical integrity of the synthesis was established by coupling of the methyl ester 24 with chiral 1‐phenylethyl isocyanate followed by appropriate NMR studies of carbamate 25.
Synthesis and hypocholesterolemic activity of some N‐diphenylmethylpiperazine derivatives
Authors: Alivert Antonio , Canals Francesc , Bonet Juan‐Julio , Gómez‐Parra Vicente , Sánchez‐Alonso Félix 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe synthesis and preliminary assays as hypocholesterolemic agents of five N‐diphenylmethylpiperazines are described. The evaluations were carried out in hypercholesterolemic mice and two of these compounds were more effective than bezafibrate in the test employed. The di‐p‐chlorosubstituted compounds showed higher activity than their corresponding dechlorinated analogs.
Darstellung und Chemische Charakterisierung Des Calcium‐Agonisten Bay‐K‐8644 und Der Nebenprodukte Bei Der Hantzsch‐Synthese
Authors: Görlitzer Klaus , Schmidt Eckhardt 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDie möglichen Nebenprodukte bei der Hantzsch‐Synthese des Calcium‐Agonisten Bay‐K‐8644 (1), die symmetrischen 1,4‐Dihydropyridine (DHP) 2 und 3, die 1,2‐DHP 12, die Tetrahydropyrimidine (THPM) 16, das Hydrobenzamid 18 und das Amarin 19 werden dargestellt. Als neuer Verbindungstyp wird das Nitroalkyl‐Aldimin 13 isoliert. Durch Dehydrierung werden die zu erwartenden Metabolite, die Pyridine 9 und 14 und das Pyrimidin 17 gewonnen. Die Nitroverbindungen 1, 9c und 12a werden mit Zink zu den Aminopyridinen 10 und 15 reduziert. 1 reagiert in MeOH mit UV A‐Licht zu den 3‐Pyridinolen 11a und b; aus 3 wird unter gleichen Bedingungen das 5‐Nitro‐3‐pyridinol 11c erhalten. Elektrochemische Untersuchungen beweisen, daβ die 1,4‐DHP stabiler sind als die 1,2‐DHP. Halbstufenpotential‐Struktur‐Beziehungen bei anodischen Oxidationen von DHP und THPM sowie bei kathodischen Reduktionen von Nitroverbindungen werden analysiert.
Platelet aggregation inhibiting and anticoagulant effects of oligoamines, XVI: Cytostatic and cytotoxic side effects of oligoamines
Authors: Rehse Klaus , Noack Birgit , Maurer Rainer , Hilgard Peter 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSelected synthetic oligoamines were able to inhibit (IC50) the growth of leukemic L 1210 cells in concentrations between 4‐10 μmol/L. The essential structural features were at least two basic nitrogen functions in suitable distance, substituted with arylalkyl or alkyl groups. The favorable chain length is about eight carbon atoms. The cytostatic effect is complete after 30 min and cannot be washed out with buffer. Viability measurements showed that the leukemic cells were killed in a time dependent manner. As no influence on the cell nucleus could be observed this is most probably due to interaction with the cell membrane. When high local concentrations are applied in vivo, the oligoamines are toxic because of cytolytic properties. This toxicity can be overcome by administration of suitable prodrugs (LD50 > 1000 mg/kg).
Cyanamid als Seitenkettendienophil in der intramolekularen [4+2]‐Cycloaddition Mit 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazinen
Authors: Seitz Gunther , Yang Xiao‐Guang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWir erweitern die Anwendungsbreite der intramolekularen Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion von 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazinen durch Einbeziehung von Cyanamid als Seitenkettendienophil und beschreiben Synthesewege zu neuen, anellierten Heterobicyclen wie 1,4‐Oxazino‐, 1,4‐Thiazino‐ und Pyrazino[2,3‐c]‐1,2,4‐triazinen 12a‐d, 17a bzw. 22c,d.
Pyridyl‐Substituierte Tetralonderivate: Eine Neue Klasse Nichtsteroidaler Aromatase‐Inhibitoren
Authors: Bayer Herbert , Hartmann Rolf W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAusgehend von Flavon und Flavanon, zwei Naturstoffen mit schwacher Aromatase‐inhibitorischer Wirkung, wurden die Verbindungen 1‐7 synthetisiert und auf ihre Hemmaktivität gegenüber Aromatase und Desmolase unlersucht. Mit Ausnahme von Verbindung 2 zeigen alle Derivate eine stärkere Aromatase‐Hemmung als die Ausgangsverbindungen und erweisen sich auch als potentere Aromatase‐Inhibitoren als Aminoglutethimid (AG), der einzige im Handel befindliche Wirkstoff. Im Gegensatz zu AG zeigen die Verbindungen 1 und 3‐7 keine Hemmung der Desmolase, die bei AG zu unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen führt.
1,3,2‐Benzodioxathiine Aus Aromatischen Enaminonen
Authors: Lowe Werner , Braden Thomas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDie bisher unbekannten 1,3,2‐Benzodioxathiine 5, 6 werden aus den Enaminonen 1, 2 durch Reaktion mit Chlorsulfonsäure oder Oleum erhalten. Die Verbindungen 5, 6 lassen sich in die Oxime 7, 8, in die Oximester 11, 12, in die 2,4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazone 13, 14 und in die Alkohole 15, 16 überführen.
1,4‐Dicarbonyl‐, 1,4,7‐Tricarbonyl‐Verbindungen und Cyclopentenone aus Etacrynsäure
Authors: Görlitzer Klaus , Bömeke Michael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDie Michael‐Addition von Nitroalkanen an Etacrynsäure 1 liefert die γ‐Nitroketone 2, 3 und 10. Aus diesen werden durch KMnO4‐Oxidation in Gegenwart von MgSO4 die 1,4‐Dicarbonylverbindungen 6 und 9 sowie das 1,4,7‐Triketon 11 dargestellt. 2 reagiert mit KMnO4/Borax zur γ‐Ketocarbonsäure 5. 5 ist auch durch Addition von HCN an 1 umd saure Hydrolyse des gebildeten Nitrils 4 zugänglich. Bei der alkalischen Verseifung von 4 wird dagegen das Phenol 8 gebildet. 2 wird durch alkalisches H2O2 zur Benzoesäure 7 abgebaut Durch intramolekulare Aldol‐Kondensation von 9 und 11 werden die Cyclopentenone 12 und 13 erhalten. 12 und 13 weisen eine unterschiedliche Lage der cyclischen Doppelbindung auf.
LDA‐Katalysierte Diastereoselektive Michael‐Additionen Mit Glycinderivaten: Synthese von 4‐Substituierten 3‐Aryl‐2‐N(Diphenyl‐Methylen)‐glutaminsäureestern und Ihre Umwandlung in 4‐Substituierte 3‐Aryl‐2‐Ethoxycarbonyl‐5‐Oxo‐Pyrrolidine
Authors: Pachaly Peter , Kang Hye‐Sook , Wahl Dirk 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEs wird über die Synthese und Stereochemie von 4‐substituierten 3‐Aryl‐N(diphenylmethylen)glutaminsäureestem 3 durch LDA‐katalysierte Michael‐Addition von N(Diphenylmethylen)glycinester mit Benzylidenmalonsäureestern und 2‐Cyanzimisäureestem berichtet. Die nach Abspaltung der Schutzgruppe erhältlichen 4‐substituierten β‐Arylglutaminsäureester 4 lassen sich leicht zu 4‐substituierten 3‐Aryl‐2‐ethoxycarbonyl‐5‐oxo‐pyrrolidinen 5 cyclisieren.
Signalling mechanisms regulating axonal branching in vivo
Authors: Schmidt Hannes , Rathjen Fritz G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIdentification of the molecular mechanisms underlying axonal branching in vivo has begun in several neuronal systems, notably the projections formed by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons or retinal ganglion cells (RGC). cGMP signalling is essential for sensory axon bifurcation at the spinal cord, whereas brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ephrinA signalling establish position‐dependent branching of RGC axons. In the latter system, the degradation of specific signalling components, via the ubiquitin‐proteasome system, may provide an additional mechanism involved in axon branching of RGC. The process of arborisation is essential for neurons to innervate multiple targets and to build topographic maps. The various forms of branching found in different types of neurons are regulated by distinct signalling pathways activated by multiple extracellular cues in addition to axonal guidance factors. These signalling cascades, together with transcriptional programs, most likely interact and trigger the polymerisation or depolymerisation of the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton to regulate branching.
Upconversion: road to El Dorado of the fluorescence world
Authors: Ong Li Ching , Gnanasammandhan Muthu Kumara , Nagarajan Sounderya , Zhang Yong 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUpconversion nanoparticles (UCNs), in the recent times have attracted attention due to their unique properties, which makes them ideal fluorophores for use in biological applications. There have been various reports on their use for targeted cell imaging, drug and gene delivery and also for diffuse optical tomography. Here we give a brief introduction on what are UCNs and the mechanism of upconversion, followed by a discussion on the biological applications of UCNs and further on what the future holds for UCNs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.