bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Applied Nitrogen and Clipping Treatments on Winter Survival of Perennial Cool‐Season Grasses1
Authors: Jung G. A. , Kocher R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study to determine the extent to which winter injury of cool‐season grasses was related to genetic variation in cold tolerance, nitrogen fertilization, or previous spring and summer clipping treatments was completed at Rock Springs, Pennsylvania. Visual estimates of the percentage of winter injury sustained during the winter of 1971–72 were made in mid‐May.The grasses received 0, 60, 120, or 240 kg N/ha in spring and summer of 1971 and spring 1972. Half the plots at each rate of N were clipped at vegetative growth stages in spring, and in early June, late July, and early October. The other half were clipped after head emergence in spring, and in late August and early October. Average winter injury ranged from less than 1% for reed canary‐grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) to 83% for two perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne. L.) cultivars. Kentucky blue‐grass (Poa pratensis L.) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) were injured slightly (2 to 8%) more than reed canarygrass, and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and redtop (Agrostis alba L.) sustained even more winter injury (12 to 18%). Average winter injury ranged from 14 to 57% for orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), 20 to 48% for tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and 33 to 83% for perennial ryegrass. Nitrogen fertilization decreased winter survival of orchardgrass, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass to a greater extent than it did other species. Kentucky bluegrass, smooth bromegrass, and reed canarygrass were not severely injured by either clipping regime. One or more cultivars of orchardgrass, timothy, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and redtop sustained winter injury when clipped at immature growth stages but were not injured when clipped at mature growth stages. Differential injury associated with the clipping regimes increased as rate of N increased.The large differences in winter injury among cultivars of orchardgrass, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass suggest that tolerances to environmental stresses ought to be more thoroughly tested if we are to use new cultivars most effectively.
Control of Midland Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.)1
Authors: Duell R. W. , Ilnicki R. D. , Furrer A. H. , Taylor B. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShallow fall and spring tillage and 2,2‐dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) were evaluated for 3 years in field experiments for the control of ‘Midland’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.). This high‐potential forage grass bears the stigma of common bermudagrass, a difficult widespread weed, and its use depends, in part, on developing practical control measures. Thorough fall rototilling to a depth of 8 cm exposed rhizomes to below‐freezing temperatures during winter months and resulted in a high degree of control in each of 3 years. Spring tillage was not effective. High rates of dalapon controlled Midland bermudagrass somewhat, but did not enhance control in fall‐tilled plots.
Two General Computer Programs for Drawing Graphs of Histograms, Data Points, and Linear and Quadratic Functions on Calcomp Drum Plotters1
Authors: Wallingford G. W. , Vanderlip R. L. , Meiners J. H. , Kemp K. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMechanical plotting machines can present data rapidly and inexpensively if the available computer programs are general enough to handle a wide variety of data. Two FORTRAN IV, level G, programs were written for use with CALCOMP drum pen‐plotters. One program plots functions of the form Y=AX2+BX+C, including the individual data points. The other program plots histograms, which the user designs by dividing the bottom axis into subdivisions and stating the number of bars with different thatch designs to appear in each subdivision. Both of these programs allow the user to create graphs of any rectangular size with extensive labeling. Numerous options and the generality of the programs permit most data, without alteration, to be plotted in a final, publishable form.
Comparison of Banded and Broadcast Fertilizer Applications in Relation to Compaction and Irrigation in Maize and Wheat
Authors: Chaudhary M. R. , Prihar S. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor maximum utilization of applied nutrients, the zone of nutrient concentration and root activity must synchronize. Since irrigation and compaction influence nutrient mobility and root configuration, their effect on growth and nutrient uptake were studied under different methods of fertilizer application in deep sandy loam and loamy sand soils. In studies with maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), fertilizer was banded or broadcast with and without irrigation and interrow compaction.Because seedling growth was faster when fertilizer was placed 20 cm below the seed, this treatment ultimately resulted in higher grain yield than when fertilizer was broadcast. In 1970, placement of fertilizer P was banded alone and increased corn yield by 40% while in 1971, placement of NPK increased maize yield by 170% over broadcast. The differences were greater with, than without, interrow compaction. Compared with broadcast, band placement of NPK increased the yield of irrigated wheat by 48% and 26% and that of unirrigated wheat by 288% and 150% with and without compaction, respectively. Treatment effects on nutrient uptake followed the same trends as those on grain yield. Fertilizer should not be broadcast where root growth in the surface layers is likely to be restricted due to surface drying or compaction.In compacted plots, heavy and infrequent irrigations appeared to be desirable because they resulted in significantly higher uptake of N. In the absence of compaction, nutrient uptake in the two irrigation practices was similar but grain yields were higher with frequent light irrigations than with infrequent heavy irrigations.
Susceptibility of Grain Sorghum to Water Deficit at Three Growth Stages1
Authors: Lewis R. B. , Hiler E. A. , Jordan W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSusceptibilities of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. cv. ‘Oro’) to a moderately severe soil water deficit were determined for each of three growth stages. The crop susceptibility is expressed as the fractional reduction in yield caused by a given soil‐water potential at a particular growth stage as compared with a well‐watered control. The soil‐water potential was allowed to drop to −12 to −13 bars during one stage of growth only, while being maintained above −0.7 bar during the remainder of the growing season. This level of soil‐water deficit resulted in yield reductions of 17, 34, and 10% when the deficit occurred during the late vegetative to boot stage, the boot through bloom stage, and the milk through soft dough stage, respectively. These values are compared with values calculated from data reported in the literature and are discussed in terms of applicability in irrigation timing.
Tolerance of Five Cool‐Season Perennial Grasses to Selected Herbicides1
Authors: Canode C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelective herbicides were applied in September or in April preceding production of the first or second seed crop of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex. Link Schult.)], and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.).Seed yield of these species was not reduced by isopropyl carbanilate (propham) or isopropyl m‐chlorcarbanilate (chlorpropham) at 3.4 and 4.5 kg/ha applied in September. Seed yield was significantly reduced by 5.6 kg/ha of propham applied in September to orchardgrass and chlorpropham applied in September to red fescue. Seed yield was not reduced by 3,6‐dichloro‐o‐anisic acid (dicamba) at rates as high as 4.5 kg/ha applied to Kentucky bluegrass in September, but was reduced by lower rates applied in April. Other species were less tolerant than Kentucky bluegrass to dicamba, applied in both September and April. Seed yield of Kentucky bluegrass was reduced by 4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) at 0.6 kg/ha applied in September before production of the first seed crop, but this species tolerated as much as 2.2 kg/ha applied to older stands. Other species were less tolerant than Kentucky bluegrass to picloram as they were to dicamba. Application of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4‐D) up to 2.2 kg/ha in September did not significantly reduce seed yield of any of the species, but applications of 1.7 or 2.2 kg/ha in April reduced seed yield of smooth bromegrass and red fescue.Applications of propham, chlorpropham, or 2,4‐D did not reduce seed germination of any species. Application of picloram in September also did not reduce germination of grass seed, but application of 1.7 kg/ha or more in April reduced germination of smooth bromegrass seed in 1969 and red fescue seed in 1966 and 1969. Of all the herbicides, dicamba, particularly when applied in April, appeared to be the one most likely to reduce germination of seed of certain grass species.
Cation Concentrations and K to CA + MG Ratio of Nine Cool‐Season Grasses and Implications with Hypomagnesaemia1
Authors: Thill James L. , George J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReports of hypomagnesaemia, a Mg deficiency in ruminants, occur most frequently when livestock graze the spring growth of grass pastures. To minimize these animal losses it is important to know whether differences exist among forage grasses for potential risk of Mg deficiency in ruminant livestock. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine if several cool‐season forage grasses accumulate K, Ca, and Mg in the same proportions during the spring period of growth and 2) to observe the effect of temperature fluctuations on changes in K, Ca, and Mg concentrations of these grasses.Nine cool‐season forage grasses were harvested on a daily basis during mid‐ to late‐spring. Cation concentrations in the forage were determined, and the K to (Ca + Mg) cation ratios were calculated.This study provides for the classification of reed canarygrass, (Phalaris arundinaceae L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall oatgrass [Arrhenatherum elatius L. (Mert. and Koch)], and Canada wildrye (Elymus canadensis L.) as forage grasses with K to (Ca + Mg) cation ratios exceeding 2.2, and thus may be classified as those more likely to cause grass tetany in ruminants. On the other hand, smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum L. (Gaerta)], tall wheatgrass [Agropyron elongatum Host. (Beauv.)], and meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.) generally have K to (Ca + Mg) cation ratios of less than 2.2 and appear to be less likely to cause grass tetany in ruminants.For all grasses except meadow foxtail, a sudden increase in mean daily air temperature above 14 C was associated with a corresponding rise in cation ratio, with values reaching a peak approximately 5 days later. This suggests that the risk of hypomagnesaemia in grazing ruminants increases during these periods of temperature fluctuation. However, those grasses that initially had K to (Ca + Mg) cation ratios exceeding 2.2, presumably would continue to offer a greater risk compared to grasses initially found to have ratios less than 2.2.Potassium concentration was the primary factor responsible for grass species having either a high or low cation ratio throughout the spring season, whereas fluctuations in Ca and Mg concentrations were responsible for the short‐term variation in ratios as influenced by temperature. With the exception of Canada wildrye and meadow foxtail, forage grasses having higher cation ratios also contained higher absolute concentration of Mg.
Subsoil pH Effects on Growth and Yield of Cotton1
Authors: Doss B. D. , Lund Z. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShallow root systems sometimes occur as a result of excessive acidity in the subsoil. So field studies were conducted to determine the effects of subsoil pH on growth and yield of unirrigated and irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown on a Rhodic Paleudult and to determine if normal yields could be obtained with a shallow root system when adequate water was supplied in the surface soil by frequent irrigations. The pH ranged from 4.4 to 6.2 in the 15 to 30‐cm soil depth. Subsoil pH of about 5.0 appeared to be the critical point for affecting root growth and yield on unirrigated cotton. Root growth was deep and yields were normal above 5.0, whereas rooting depth and seed cotton yield were progressively reduced with decreasing pH below 5.0. The reduced seed cotton yields, resulting from shallow root systems on acid subsoils, were overcome by frequent irrigation of the surface soil. Rooting depth and pattern were not affected by the irrigation.
Boron Application for Corn Grown on Selected Southeastern Soils1
Authors: Touchton J. T. , Boswell F. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome southeastern states recommend Boron application or Corn (Zea mays L.) while others with similar soils, do not. Certain soils are capable of providing an adequate supply of B for plant growth; others are not and require additional B. This study was initiated to determine the effects of B application to corn grown on two Coastal Plain and one Piedmont soil. The objectives were to investigate B accumulation and distribution in the soil and plant tissue and the effect of B on yield, percentage of crude protein, and elemental concentrations in the plant and mature seed.Field experiments were conducted to compare the effects of broadcast and foliar spray applications of B to corn at rates from 0 to 3.36 kg/ha. Hot‐water‐soluble (HWS) soil B and plant tissue B concentrations increased with increasing rate of B applications. Foliar spray application resulted in greater increases of B in tissue than the broadcast application. Boron accumulation in the marginal section of corn leaves was greater than accumulation in the midrib section. With the exception of corn receiving broadcast application of B at one of the Coastal Plain sites, B in the ear leaf tissue was significantly correlated with both HWS soil B and applied B.There were no visual B deficiency symptoms but visual toxicities resulted from the two highest B rates for both application methods. The concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Sr, Ba, and Na were not affected by B applications. Yield and percentage crude protein in the grain were not affected by method or rate of applied B indicating that supplemental B is not required for corn grown on these soils.
Temperature, Time, and NH4Cl Concentration in Vigor Testing of Sorghum Seed1
Authors: Yayock J. Y. , Jan H. , Vanderlip R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOften standard germination tests of sorghum seed over‐estimate field establishment capability. Current information in the literature points to the NH4Cl test as one of the most promising for correlating germination and field emergence for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. But the potentiality of the test has not been conclusive, so we attempted to improve on the normally reported test procedure by changing temperature, time, and NH4Cl concentration. Laboratory and field studies were conducted in 1971, 1972, and 1973. Significant correlations generally were obtained between laboratory seed germination, including standard tests, and field emergence. For high correlations, NH4Cl concentrations need to be no more than 4% and soaking time no longer than 1 or 2 hours at 40 or 50 C, respectively, and germinating temperatures should be between 20 and 30 C. In one instance, correlation of field establishment with standard germination tests were higher than correlation with other germination tests, probably because of seed age. None of the modifications of the NH4Cl test greatly improved correlation with field establishment.
Changes of Multispectral Soils Patterns with Increasing Crop Canopy1
Authors: Kristof S. J. , Baumgardner M. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractComputer‐aided data processing techniques were used to analyze multispectral data in order to map surface soil patterns and to follow the changes in multispectral radiation from a field of maize (Zea mays L.) during a period from seeding to maturity.Panchromatic aerial photography was obtained before planting. Multispectral scanner missions were flown both before planting and on several dates after planting to obtain reflectance measurements in 13 wavelengths bands.Reflectance measurements in the orange portion of the visible spectrum were used for grouping May and June data into seven different soil classes according to their spectral response. The reflective infrared spectral band was used in analyzing August data to separate maize into different spectral categories. Three selected bands of data were used to arrive at the resulting classifications.The computer‐produced soil patterns had a striking similarity to the soil patterns of the aerial photograph. These patterns became less distinct as the canopy increased but remained visible. Changes in reflective infrared reflectance also indicated areas where the maize had deteriorated, due possibly to corn leaf blight infection.
Mounted Weighing System for Forage Plot Harvester
Authors: Baluch S. J. , Buker R. J. , Carter C. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA one‐man operated forage harvester was constructed by attaching a weighing basket from a hydraulic load cell to the self‐propelled Farmers Forage Research Plot Harvester. This new design allows the researcher to harvest a wide range of plot lengths and several different forage species with one machine. The weighing system was designed to reduce labor cost and harvesting errors accompanying alternative methods. The one‐man harvester was tested in the 1973 growing season on approximately 12,000 experimental plots and it demonstrated adequate precision, speed, and durability. We feel the initial cost and maintenance of this machine is completely justified and that it is a significant contribution to our forage program.
Root Size Variability Among Several Cultivars and Breeding Lines of Maryland Tobacco1
Authors: Aycock M. K. , McKee C. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLodging of Maryland tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) during the harvesting season may result in lower yields. ‘Maryland 609,’ a cultivar released in 1965, appears more susceptible to lodging than other cultivars. A previous root study with Maryland tobacco has been conducted in the field using the cultivars ‘Catterton’ and ‘Wilson’. These cultivars differed in root growth over a 10‐week period. Studies of this type, however, require considerable time and labor, and the number of plants one can study is often small. Therefore, a greenhouse study was conducted for 2 years with the following objectives: (a) to determine if a simple, but reliable, method could be utilized in the greenhouse for measuring size of tobacco roots, and (b) to determine the amount of variability present among the various Maryland tobacco cultivars for size of roots.Three cultivars (Wilson, Catterton, and Maryland 609) were used in the study during the first year. The number of entries was expanded to six cultivars (Wilson, Catterton, Maryland 609, ‘Maryland 59,’ ‘Maryland 64,’ and ‘Maryland 10’) and three breeding lines (‘M871,’ ‘M872,’ and ‘M881’) during the second year. All entries were grown in clay pots 20.3 cm in diam filled with Galestown loamy sand (Psammentic Hapludult; sandy, siliceous, mesic). Plants were sampled approximately 20, 35, and 50 days after transplanting. Green weight, volume displacement, and dry weight data were obtained on roots and tops.From these results, green weight measurements appeared to be the most simple and reliable for determining size of roots. Wilson had the largest root system of all entries for both years. Maryland 609 had the smallest root system of the three entries during the first year, and was among the group with the smallest roots during the second year. Breeding line M872 had the second largest root system as the plants reached maturity. The amount of variability for root size found among the cultivars and breeding lines suggests that some progress could be made through selecting for increased root size under greenhouse conditions. This increased root size should aid in reducing lodging as the plant reaches maturity.
Growth and Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution in Grain Sorghum. II. Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn Uptake and Distribution1
Authors: Jacques G. L. , Vanderlip R. L. , Ellis Roscoe 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecognized, micronutrient‐deficiency symptoms in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] emphasize the need for micronutrient research in the crop. To conduct fertility trials and interpret plant tissue nutrient analyses, it is essential to understand nutrient uptake and distribution patterns. We investigated Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn behavior in grain sorghum throughout its growth cycle. Two grain sorghum hybrids (‘RS 610’ and ‘RS 702’) were planted at the Kansas State University Agronomy Farm, Manhattan, in 1970 and 1971. Weekly samples of plant parts were analyzed for Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn.Nutrient concentrations in blade, sheath, culm, and head tissues generally decreased until maximum weight was reached and then stabilized or decreased only slightly and gradually as grain developed. Manganese in blade tissue, an exception, increased throughout the two hybrids' growth.Whole plant nutrient concentrations decreased through most of plant growth. Zinc and Cu concentrations did not decrease so much during grain development as during vegetative growth.Head tissue usually was lowest in nutrient concentration of all plant parts. Nutrient contents varied in other parts, but culm tissue was generally highest early in the sorghum's growth.Hybrid RS 702 generally had a larger proportion of its nutrients in the vegetative portion than did RS 610. Differences occurred among plant parts in nutrient distribution, and uptake was not always proportional to dry matter accumulation.Copper and Zn were translocated from vegetative plant parts to the head as grain developed, but Mn was not.Nutrient uptake generally had reached 50% or more of total uptake in the plants when they completed vegetative growth. Nutrient uptake preceded dry matter accumulation. Differences between years and hybrids in total nutrient uptake occurred, but uptake curves were similar with definite, generalized patterns.