bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overcoming impediments to community mental health in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Saraceno Benedetto , Ommeren Mark van , Batniji Rajaie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
As discussed in Chapter 6 by Wang and colleagues, the prevalence of mental disorders across the world — and across low- and middle-income countries (LAMIC) — is high. The median rate across the world of having at least one mental disorder in the last year is 10 % (WHO WMHS Consortium, 2004). The impact of these disorders on disability, other aspects of health, and development is substantial. Yet, the vast majority of people with a mental disorder are not in contact with services that offer mental health care (Wang et al., Chapter 6, this volume), Importantly, the association between severe mental disorder and human rights violations is strong (WHO, 2001). Even among people with severe mental disorders, few people receive adequate, humane care (WHO, 2001) and discrimination is pervasive (Thornicroft, 2006). It is clear that there is an urgent need to act.
The World Health Organization (WHO, 2003) developed a mental health policy and planning package to help countries to develop services that provide access to adequate care for people with mental disorder. This package was preceded and followed by evidence-informed and evidence-based advocacy through major publications — such as World Health Report 2001 on mental health (WHO, 2001), the World Mental Health Report (Desjarlais et al., 1995), Neurological, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders (Institute of Medicine, 2001), Disease Control Priorities related to Mental Neurological, Developmental and Substance Abuse Disorders (WHO and Disease Control Priorities Project, 2006), the 2007 Lancet Series on Global Mental Health, and the 2008 mental health Gap Action Plan (WHO, 2008 ). Although most research evidence on interventions comes from specialized care settings in high-income countries, fortunately there are good indications that much of this evidence generalizes to LAMIC (Patel, 2007).
A naïve observer would perhaps expect that with this amount of burden, human rights violations, high-level advocacy, technical guidance, and evidence for interventions, that mental health service development in LAMIC is flourishing. Indeed, it should be. Although it is true that some countries have made major strides, the reality however has been that mental health service development in most LAMIC has been a challenge. This chapter will address some key impediments in developing mental health services in LAMIC and will offer strategies to address these impediments.
The challenge of integrated care at the programme level
Authors: Torrey William C. , Brunette Mary F. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Adults with severe mental illnesses need integrated mental health and substance abuse treatment programming. The reasons are compelling: 1) approximately half of adults with severe mental illness also experience a co-occurring substance use disorder (Regier et al., 1990), 2) people with co -occurring disorders tend to have worse clinical outcomes, such as increased symptoms, more hospitalizations, and higher rates of infectious diseases, victimization, and homelessness (Dixon, 1999), and 3) separate or fragmented care is not effective (Ridgely et al., 1987). Despite growing awareness of the importance of these services, integrated programmes are still not widely available for people who need them (Epstein et al., 2004; Presidents’ New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003).
Integrated dual disorders treatment (IDDT) is an integrated multidisciplinary team approach to care for adults with co-occurring substance use disorders and severe mental illnesses. The treatment programme grew out of experience with clinical programmes that are effective for this population and has been implemented widely (Mueser et al., 2003). IDDT offers a coordinated package of psychopharmacology, psychosocial interventions, and substance abuse counselling so that those needing the service experience a consistent approach, philosophy, and treatment recommendations.
Essential programme elements include a comprehensive, long-term, stage-wise approach to treatment; assertive outreach; motivational interventions; and strategies and supports to help people learn to manage both illnesses and to achieve their functional goals (Drake et al., 2001).
This chapter reviews the research on implementing IDDT services and provides practical recommendations for organizational leaders who would like to implement and offer integrated programming for people with co-occurring disorders.
Summing up: community mental health in the future
Authors: Graham Thornicroft 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Several fundamental tenets inform our view of community mental health care. First is an understanding of a community’s needs for mental health services. Policy makers must appreciate epidemiological needs to implement services from a public health perspective. Second, mental health care must balance several opposing forces: population needs and local resources, hospital-based and community-based services, and human rights versus public safety concerns. Third, mental health services must align with basic human rights and health care values. Fourth, effective mental health care must incorporate evidence-based approaches. Fifth, putting intended services in place with high fidelity and cultural sensitivity must involve the complicated and poorly understood science of implementation. This step includes planning, organization, financing, workforce training, and quality assurance. Sixth, community mental health must address the community as well as mental health services. Addressing public attitudes, stigma, and community resources, as well as developing a consensus for good mental health care, are all critical. Finally, these systems of care must be flexible enough to evolve as our knowledge of needs, values, evidence-based practices, and implementation science changes over time. This final chapter addresses each of these tenets.
Sensitivity of Kansas Isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa to Boscalid
Authors: Gonzalez Brandon R. , Kennelly Megan M. 
Published: April 2012

Seventy-one isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa from 12 sites in Kansas were evaluated in vitro for sensitivity to boscalid using four-fold dilutions ranging from 0.00024 to 4.0 μg/ml to determine the effective concentration that inhibited growth by 50% (EC50). The range of EC50 values was from 0.09 to 3.90 μg/ml with a mean of 0.77 μg/ml, and the log values were distributed normally. A subset of 26 isolates was also tested for boscalid sensitivity on fungicide-treated plants in a greenhouse assay. Higher in vitro EC50 values for boscalid were not correlated with higher percent relative disease severity on boscalid-treated plants. These results provide a starting point for further monitoring of boscalid sensitivity. Accepted for publication 20 January 2012. Published 2 April 2012.
Histological Evidence that Microsclerotia Play a Significant Role in Disease Cycle of the Boxwood Blight Pathogen in Southeastern United States and Implications for Disease Mitigation
Authors: Weeda Sarah M. , Dart Norman L. 
Published: April 2012

Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum, the causal agent of box blight, has been shown to survive in soil for at least 5 years. The occurrence of microsclerotia in host tissue remains undocumented, making the mechanism for long term survival of this pathogen unclear. If the boxwood blight pathogen has indeed lost or never evolved the ability to produce microslerotia in tissues, one could infer that the pathogen is either less equipped for long term survival in soil than other Cylindrocladium species or the pathogen has evolved another mechanism to enable it to persist in soil. Based on these assumptions, we conducted a histological study to determine the potential role, if any, of microsclerotia in the lifecycle of C. pseudonaviculatum. Accepted for publication 17 February 2012. Published 3 April 2012.
Compatibility of Foliar Insecticides and Soybean Cyst Nematode Bioassays
Authors: Brady Chad R. , Li Jiarui , Todd Timothy C. , Oakley Thomas R. , Trick Harold N. 
Published: April 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar-applied insecticides on soybean cyst nematode reproduction in greenhouse bioassays. In two independent trials, a total of eight different insecticides were evaluated for their non-target effects on soybean cyst nematodes. Accepted for publication 20 January 2012. Published 9 April 2012.
The Acyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthetase from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Mediates Fatty Acid Import
Authors: von Berlepsch Simon , Kunz Hans-Henning , Brodesser Susanne , Fink Patrick , Marin Kay , Flügge Ulf-Ingo , Gierth Markus 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The transfer of fatty acids across biological membranes is a largely uncharacterized process, although it is essential at membranes of several higher plant organelles like chloroplasts, peroxisomes, or the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we analyzed loss-of-function mutants of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as a model system to circumvent redundancy problems encountered in eukaryotic organisms. Cells deficient in the only cytoplasmic Synechocystis acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase (SynAas) were highly resistant to externally provided α-linolenic acid, whereas wild-type cells bleached upon this treatment. Bleaching of wild-type cells was accompanied by a continuous increase of α-linolenic acid in total lipids, whereas no such accumulation could be observed in SynAas-deficient cells (Ɗsynaas). When SynAas was disrupted in the tocopherol-deficient, α-linolenic acid-hypersensitive Synechocystis mutant Ɗslr1736, double mutant cells displayed the same resistance phenotype as Ɗsynaas. Moreover, heterologous expression of SynAas in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutants lacking the major yeast fatty acid import protein Fat1p (Ɗfat1) led to the restoration of wild-type sensitivity against exogenous α-linolenic acid of the otherwise resistant Ɗfat1 mutant, indicating that SynAas is functionally equivalent to Fat1p. In addition, liposome assays provided direct evidence for the ability of purified SynAas protein to mediate α-[14C]linolenic acid retrieval from preloaded liposome membranes via the synthesis of [14C]linolenoyl-acyl carrier protein. Taken together, our data show that an acyl-activating enzyme like SynAas is necessary and sufficient to mediate the transfer of fatty acids across a biological membrane.
Targeting IL‐23 by employing a p40 peptide‐based vaccine ameliorates murine allergic skin and airway inflammation
Authors: Guan Q. , Ma Y. , Aboud L. , Weiss C. R. , Qing G. , Warrington R. J. , Peng Z. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackgroundStudies have found that the IL‐23/Th17 pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) and severe and steroid‐resistant asthma. Targeting IL‐23/Th17 pathway with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) has been successful in the reduction of skin and airway inflammation in animal models. However, the mAb has a short half‐life, requiring repeated administrations. For the long‐term suppression of IL‐23/Th17 pathway, we have previously developed an IL‐23p40 peptide‐based virus‐like particle vaccine, which induces long‐lasting autoantibodies to IL‐23.ObjectiveWe sought to evaluate the effects of this IL‐23p40 peptide‐based vaccine on the down‐regulation of allergic skin and airway inflammation in mice.MethodsMice were subcutaneously injected three times with the IL‐23p40 vaccine, or the vaccine carrier protein or saline as controls. Two weeks later, mice were epicutaneously sensitized with ovalbumin four times at a 2‐week interval. One week after the final sensitization, mice were nasally administrated with ovalbumin daily for 3 days. One day later, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF), sera, lung and skin tissues were obtained and analysed.ResultsMice immunized with the vaccine produced high levels of IgG antibodies to IL‐23, p40 and IL‐12 that in vitro inhibited IL‐23‐dependent IL‐17 production. The numbers of total cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils in BALF were significantly reduced in the vaccine group, compared with controls. The levels of IL‐13, IL‐5, IL‐23 and, IL‐17 in BALF and levels of serum ovalbumin‐specific IgE, IgG1, and total IgE were also significantly decreased. Histological analysis showed less inflammation of the lung and skin tissues in the vaccine group, compared with controls.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceAdministration of an IL‐23p40 peptide‐based vaccine down‐regulates allergic skin and airway inflammation, suggesting that this strategy may be a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of AD and asthma.
Use of juvenile salmon growth and temperature change indices to predict groundfish post age‐0 yr class strengths in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea
Authors: MARTINSON ELLEN C. , STOKES HOUSTON H. , SCARNECCHIA DENNIS L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractJuvenile marine growth (SW1) of salmon and a new temperature change (TC) index were evaluated as ecosystem indicators and predictors for the post age‐0 year class strength (YCS) of groundfish in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) and eastern Bering Sea (EBS). Our hypothesis was that SW1, as measured on the scales of adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.), is a proxy for ocean productivity on the continental shelf, a rearing area for young salmon and groundfish. Less negative TC index values are the result of a cool late summer followed by a warm spring, conditions favorable for groundfish YCS. In the GOA, SW1 was a positive predictor of age‐1 pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), but not age‐2 sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) YCS, indicating that the growth of the Karluk River sockeye salmon that enter Shelikof Strait is a proxy for ocean conditions experienced by age‐0 pollock. Contrary to our hypotheses, the TC index was a negative predictor of GOA pollock YCS; and the SW1 a negative predictor of EBS pollock and cod YCS since the 1980s. Recent fisheries oceanography survey results provide insight into possible mechanisms to support the inverse SW1 and YCS relationship. For the EBS, the TC index was a significant positive predictor for pollock and cod YCS, supporting the hypothesis that a cool late summer followed by a warm spring maximizes the over‐wintering survival of pollock and cod (Gadus macrocephalus), especially since the 1980s. The TC and SW1 index showed value for the assessment of pollock and cod, but not sablefish.
The multi‐faceted nature of HLA class I dimer molecules
Authors: Campbell Elaine C. , Antoniou Antony N. , Powis Simon J. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe canonical role of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecules in antigen presentation involves the recognition of a short peptide of intracellular origin, bound to the upper surface of the class I molecule, by CD8+ T lymphocytes. Assembly and loading of the MHCI is a highly regulated, chaperone‐mediated process and only when the fully folded MHCI molecule is correctly loaded with peptide is it released from the endoplasmic reticulum for trafficking to the cell surface. Current models of the interactions of MHCI molecules with their cognate receptors visualize them functioning as monomeric entities. However, in recent years, new data have revealed MHCI molecules with the ability to form disulphide‐linked dimeric structures, with several distinct dimer entities being elucidated. We describe here three types of MHCI dimers; HLA‐B27 dimers formed predominantly through the possession of an unpaired cysteine within the peptide‐binding groove; HLA‐G dimers, which form through a cysteine on its external surface; and a novel population we term redox‐induced dimers, which can form between cysteine residues in the cytoplasmic tail domains. The characteristics of these dimeric MHCI molecules and their role in both normal immune responses and in disease pathogenesis are reviewed in this article.
Cyclosporin A and tacrolimus reduce T‐cell polyfunctionality but not interferon‐γ responses directed at cytomegalovirus
Authors: Fuhrmann Stephan , Lachmann Raskit , Streitz Mathias , Hetzer Roland , Volk Hans‐Dieter , Lehmkuhl Hans , Kern Florian 
Published: April 2012

SummaryCytomegalovirus (CMV) ‐specific immunity is often estimated by the number of in vitro CMV antigen‐inducible interferon‐γ‐positive (IFN‐γ+) T cells. However, recent work indicates that simultaneous production of IFN‐γ, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) (referred to as ‘polyfunctionality’) is more relevant for anti‐viral protection. Here, we compared polyfunctionality of CMV‐specific T cells (pp65 and IE‐1 proteins) in 23 solid‐organ transplant patients and seven healthy controls by flow cytometry. The proportions of TNF‐α+/IFN‐γ+/IL‐2 cells among the activated cells were significantly reduced in transplant patients but not the frequencies of IFN‐γ+ CD8+ T cells. Immunosuppression reduces polyfunctionality, which reflects the increased infection risk in this patient group.
Ecological networks act as extensions of protected areas for arthropod biodiversity conservation
Authors: Pryke James S. , Samways Michael J. 
Published: April 2012

Summary1. Landscape‐scale ecological networks (ENs) are composed of linear corridors and are widely used to mitigate the adverse effects of intensive land use. One drawback with ENs used for conservation is that being small or linear they result in more edge relative to interior than would be the case naturally. Furthermore, there is little evidence to date that ENs do conserve indigenous biodiversity.2. Here, we use five arthropod taxa at many sites over two geographical areas within South Africa with different elevations and grassland types to test the conservation value of remnant grassland ENs in a plantation forestry context. In particular, the relative value of arthropod biodiversity in exotic plantation blocks, their edges and the interiors of ENs among the plantations were compared with those in neighbouring protected areas (PAs). We use the effects that the plantation blocks have on the adjacent PAs as a reference for comparing the ENs among the plantations. Arthropods were selected to represent biodiversity, as they are small, diverse, habitat sensitive, resource dependent, ecologically important and can be sampled in large numbers.3. In total, 10 422 individuals from 244 species were sampled. Importantly, there were no significant differences in species richness, abundance or assemblage composition between EN interior zones and PA interior zones in both geographical areas.4. Using earlier established edge zones of 32 m, we found that plantation blocks had the lowest species richness and abundance compared with either grassland edge zones (<32 m from the edge) or grassland interior zones (≥ 32 m from the edge).5. Synthesis and applications. Ecological networks are established to conserve biodiversity in areas of intensive land use. Provided that ecological networks are wide enough (i.e. >64 m) to overcome edge effects, they can support similar levels and quality of arthropod biodiversity as protected areas. Remnant grassland ecological networks in agroforestry can provide natural finger‐like extensions from neighbouring protected areas and therefore have conservation value.
The Association of Serum Neutrophil Markers and Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Alfakry Hatem , Sinisalo Juha , Paju Susanna , Nieminen Markku S. , Valtonen Ville , Tervahartiala Taina , Pussinen Pirkko J. , Sorsa Timo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAn association exists between chronic infection‐induced inflammation, such as periodontitis, and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We studied the association of serum neutrophil markers, myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1 concentrations and MMP‐8/TIMP‐1 ratio, with the risk of recurrent ACS. Radiographic periodontal status was recorded from 141 patients with acute non‐Q‐wave infarction or unstable angina pectoris, who participated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study with clarithromycin for 3 months. Serum samples were collected within arrival to the hospital, at 1 week, 3 months and 1 year. Recurrent ACS events were registered during the 1‐year follow‐up. In the whole population, high serum MPO concentrations at 1 week (fourth quartile versus quartiles 1–3) were associated with the risk of recurrent ACS with a relative risk (RR) of 2.52 (95% CI, 1.277–4.980; P = 0.008). In patients without periodontal disease, high MPO concentration at 1 week and 1 year predicted recurrent ACS with RRs of 3.54 (1.600–7.831; P = 0.002) and 2.87 (1.171–7.038; P = 0.021), respectively. In the placebo group, but not in the clarithromycin group, high serum MMP‐8/TIMP‐1 ratio at 1 week predicted recurrent ACS with an RR of 3.23 (1.295–8.063; P = 0.012). Our results suggest that high serum neutrophil markers reflect increased risk of recurrent ACS, especially in patients without periodontal disease and not receiving antimicrobial medication.
Phytochrome interacting factors 4 and 5 control seedling growth in changing light conditions by directly controlling auxin signaling
Authors: Hornitschek Patricia , Kohnen Markus V. , Lorrain Séverine , Rougemont Jacques , Ljung Karin , López‐Vidriero Irene , Franco‐Zorrilla José M. , Solano Roberto , Trevisan Martine , Pradervand Sylvain , Xenarios Ioannis , Fankhauser Christian 
Published: April 2012

SummaryPlant growth is strongly influenced by the presence of neighbors that compete for light resources. In response to vegetational shading shade‐intolerant plants such as Arabidopsis display a suite of developmental responses known as the shade‐avoidance syndrome (SAS). The phytochrome B (phyB) photoreceptor is the major light sensor to mediate this adaptive response. Control of the SAS occurs in part with phyB, which controls protein abundance of phytochrome‐interacting factors 4 and 5 (PIF4 and PIF5) directly. The shade‐avoidance response also requires rapid biosynthesis of auxin and its transport to promote elongation growth. The identification of genome‐wide PIF5‐binding sites during shade avoidance revealed that this bHLH transcription factor regulates the expression of a subset of previously identified SAS genes. Moreover our study suggests that PIF4 and PIF5 regulate elongation growth by controlling directly the expression of genes that code for auxin biosynthesis and auxin signaling components.
Infection intensity and infectivity of the tick‐borne pathogen Borrelia afzelii
Authors: RÅBERG L 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe ‘trade‐off’ hypothesis for virulence evolution assumes that between‐host transmission rate is a positive and saturating function of pathogen exploitation and virulence, but there are as yet few tests of this assumption, in particular for vector‐borne pathogens. Here, I show that the infectivity (probability of transmission) of the tick‐borne bacterium Borrelia afzelii from two of its natural rodent hosts (bank vole and yellow‐necked mouse) to its main tick vector increases asymptotically with increasing exploitation (measured as bacterial load in skin biopsies). Hence, this result provides support for one of the basic assumptions of the ‘trade‐off hypothesis’. Moreover, there was no difference in infectivity between bank voles and yellow‐necked mice despite bacterial loads being on average an order of magnitude higher in bank voles, most likely because ticks took larger blood meals from mice. This shows that interspecific variation in host resistance does not necessarily translate into a difference in infectivity.