bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 6.6‐kV transformerless cascade PWM STATCOM. Experimental verification by a three‐phase 200‐V, 10‐kVa laboratory system
Authors: Yoshii Tsurugi , Inoue Shigenori , Akagi Hirofumi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper deals with a 6.6‐kV transformerless STATCOM cascading multiple single‐phase H‐bridge PWM converters in each phase. The AC voltage of the STATCOM is almost sinusoidal, so that it requires no harmonic filter. Each converter is equipped with a capacitor and a voltage sensor on the DC side, which are electrically isolated from each other. The STATCOM has the capability of self‐starting and voltage‐balancing without any external power supply or equipment. Experiments using a three‐phase 200‐V, 10‐kVA laboratory system, along with computer simulations, are carried out to confirm the viability and effectiveness of the STATCOM. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(1): 55–64, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20822
An expression of system connection considering transmission delay
Authors: Natori Kenji , Nishi Hiroaki , Ohnishi Kouhei 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper presents an expression of system connection considering transmission delay. In a research field of decentralized system or information system, the expression method of the system connection is a very important issue. Therefore, several expression methods of system connection have been proposed so far. However, those expressions are mainly based on binary operations without consideration for the transmission delays on connection paths although the concept of time is very important for expression of system connection.In this paper, expression methods of system connection considering transmission delays on the paths are proposed. Those expressions are based on exponential‐type expression and can express both connections and transmission delays. Furthermore, the expression that can express connections, transmission delays, and past subsystems is also proposed. As one example of the application of proposed expressions, application for path selection of the design of network‐based control system is described. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(1): 45–54, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20839
Water treatment with pulsed discharges generated inside bubbles
Authors: Sato Keisuke , Yasuoka Koichi , Ishii Shozo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe parallel operation of pulsed discharges generated inside bubbles is successfully demonstrated by applying a fast rising voltage to a multielectrode system immersed in treated water. A 10 ppm solution of acetic acid, which cannot be decomposed by ozone, was used as a persistent material and the acetic acid decomposition efficiency was evaluated by measuring the total organic carbon (TOC) values of the solution. The electric conductivity of the solution affected decomposition efficiency because the solution resistance, which was inversely proportional to the conductivity, limited the magnitude of the discharge current flowing along the surface of the bubbles generated by the feeding of oxygen or argon gas. With a nine‐hole electrode system, the discharge power deposited in one discharge was lower, and the acetic acid decomposition efficiency was higher, than the values obtained with a single‐hole electrode system. Lower discharge power seemed to minimize the self‐quenching of OH radicals, and resulted in the efficient decomposition of acetic acid. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(1): 1–7, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20918
CD46‐induced human Treg enhance B‐cell responses
Authors: Fuchs Anja , Atkinson John P. , Fremeaux‐Bacchi Veronique , Kemper Claudia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRegulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg) are important modulators of the immune response. Different types of Treg have been identified based on whether they are thymically derived (natural Treg) or induced in the periphery (adaptive Treg). We recently reported on an adaptive Treg phenotype that can be induced by the concomitant stimulation of human CD4+ T cells through CD3 and the membrane complement regulator CD46. These complement (CD46)‐induced regulatory T cells (cTreg) potently inhibit bystander T‐cell proliferation through high‐level secretion of IL‐10. In addition, cTreg express granzyme B and exhibit cytotoxic effects toward activated effector T cells. Here, we analyzed the effect of cTreg on B‐cell functions in a co‐culture system. We found that cTreg enhance B‐cell Ab production. This B‐cell support is dependent on cell/cell contact as well as cTreg‐derived IL‐10. In addition, we show that T cells from a CD46‐deficient patient are not capable of promoting B‐cell responses, whereas CD46‐deficient B cells have no intrinsic defect in Ig production. This finding may relate to a subset of CD46‐deficient patients, who present with common variable immunodeficiency. Thus, the lack of cTreg function in optimizing B‐cell responses could explain why some CD46‐deficient patients develop common variable immunodeficiency.
Concise Synthesis of (±)‐Aurantioclavine through a Base‐Promoted Pictet–Spengler Reaction
Authors: Yamada Koji , Namerikawa Yuichi , Haruyama Tomohiro , Miwa Yoshihisa , Yanada Reiko , Ishikura Minoru 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA concise total synthesis of (±)‐aurantioclavine (1) was completed in three steps through the base‐promoted Pictet–Spengler reaction of Nb‐benzylserotonin with 3‐methylbut‐2‐enal. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Highly sensitive detection of ATPase activity in native gels
Authors: Suhai Tina , Heidrich Nicolas G. , Dencher Norbert A. , Seelert Holger 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNative electrophoresis is a powerful tool for the separation of intact protein complexes. By incubating such gels in a suitable reaction solution, specific enzyme activities can be screened comprehensively. The recent standard procedure for determination of ATP hydrolysis activity in blue or clear native gels is based on formation of a lead phosphate precipitate. The resulting white bands are challenging for detection and documentation of low activities. For the analysis of photosynthetic ATP synthases, the method has to be adapted to deregulate the inhibition of latent ATPase functions. Therefore, we introduced an incubation of gels in detergent solution, whereby taurodeoxycholate turned out to be the most efficient activator. In order to detect low ATPase activities, a short additional incubation step subsequent to the formation of lead phosphate is recommended. By adding ammonium sulfide, the white bands are converted into brownish‐black bands of lead sulfide. Our new procedure sustains the linear quantitation range of the original lead phosphate protocol and moreover expands the detection limit.
Phosphate‐affinity electrophoresis on a microchip for determination of protein kinase activity
Authors: Han Aishan , Hosokawa Kazuo , Maeda Mizuo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe describe microchip‐based phosphate‐affinity electrophoresis (μPAE) for separation of peptides aimed at determination of kinase activity. The μPAE exploits two recently published technologies: autonomous sample injection for PDMS microchips and a phosphate‐specific affinity ligand, Phos‐tag. We prepared a fluorescently labeled substrate peptide, specific to human c‐Src, and its phosphorylated form. We synthesized a Phos‐tag–poly(dimethylacrylamide) conjugate. The conjugate and the sample solutions were autonomously injected into a PDMS–glass hybrid microchip. The two solutions were contacted together in the microchannel. When the peptides were electrophoresed into the Phos‐tag–poly(dimethylacrylamide) region, the phosphorylated peptide was specifically trapped, and separated from the nonphosphorylated peptide in 10 s. The results were quantified by the areas of the fluorescence peaks. The calibration plot obtained with standard samples showed an excellent linearity and a LOD of 0.9% phosphorylated peptide among the total peptides. For c‐Src‐reacted samples, the results from the μPAE were in good agreement with those from matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The μPAE was also successful in the presence of inhibitors for c‐Src. The measured 50% inhibitory concentration values for staurosporine, PP2, and SU6656 were in good agreement with the literature values.
Fibronectin stimulates Escherichia coli phagocytosis by microglial cells
Authors: Ribes Sandra , Ebert Sandra , Regen Tommy , Czesnik Dirk , Scheffel Jörg , Zeug Andre , Bunkowski Stephanie , Eiffert Helmut , Hanisch Uwe‐Karsten , Hammerschmidt Sven , Nau Roland 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMicroglia express Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) that recognize invading pathogens as well as endogenous proteins such as fibronectin under nonphysiological conditions. Here, we demonstrated that fibronectin stimulates murine microglia in culture in a dose‐dependent manner: microglial cells secreted proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and increased phagocytosis of Escherichia coli DH5α and E. coli K1 strains. Low levels of fibronectin exerted a synergistic effect on the release of proinflammatory compounds by microglia co‐stimulated with agonists for TLR1/2 (Pam3CSK4) or TLR9 (CpG DNA), but not in combination with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Phagocytosis of bacterial strains was moderately enhanced when microglia was co‐stimulated with high concentrations of fibronectin and one pathogen‐derived TLR agonist. In conclusion, fibronectin increased proinflammatory and phagocytotic functions in microglia and partially synergized with microbial TLR agonists. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of NG2+ glial progenitors and microglia/macrophages from the injured spinal cord
Authors: Wu Junfang , Yoo Soonmoon , Wilcock Donna , Lytle Judith M. , Leung Philberta Y. , Colton Carol A. , Wrathall Jean R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSpinal cord contusion produces a central lesion surrounded by a peripheral rim of residual white matter. Despite stimulation of NG2+ progenitor cell proliferation, the lesion remains devoid of normal glia chronically after spinal cord injury (SCI). To investigate potential cell–cell interactions of the predominant cells in the lesion at 3 days after injury, we used magnetic activated cell sorting to purify NG2+ progenitors and OX42+ microglia/macrophages from contused rat spinal cord. Purified NG2+ cells from the injured cord grew into spherical masses when cultured in defined medium with FGF2 plus GGF2. The purified OX42+ cells did not form spheroids and significantly reduced sphere growth by NG2+ cells in co‐cultures. Conditioned medium from these OX42+ cells, unlike that from normal peritoneal macrophages or astrocytes also inhibited growth of NG2+ cells, suggesting inhibition by secreted factors. Expression analysis of freshly purified OX42+ cells for a panel of six genes for secreted factors showed expression of several that could contribute to inhibition of NG2+ cells. Further, the pattern of expression of four of these, TNFα, TSP1, TIMP1, MMP9, in sequential coronal tissue segments from a 2 cm length of cord centered on the injury epicenter correlated with the expression of Iba1, a marker gene for OX42+ cells, strongly suggesting a potential regional influence by activated microglia/macrophages on NG2+ cells in vivo after SCI. Thus, the nonreplacement of lost glial cells in the central lesion zone may involve, at least in part, inhibitory factors produced by microglia/macrophages that are concentrated within the lesion. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motivational interviewing with a depressed adolescent
Authors: Brody Amanda E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMotivational interviewing (MI) is a potentially useful tool for clinicians who are exploring ways to improve treatment outcomes with depressed clients. MI techniques may be particularly appropriate with depressed adolescents, for whom motivation to engage in therapy is often a problem and who often experience ambivalence about life choices. The present article presents a case description of MI with a depressed adolescent who was ambivalent about what life change to pursue. MI was used to help the client identify conflicts between her values, learn how they were contributing to her distress, and move toward resolving them. Advantages and limitations of these techniques are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65: 1–12, 2009.
Introduction to the special series on motivational interviewing and psychotherapy
Authors: Arkowitz Hal , Westra Henny A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractClinical and research applications of motivational interviewing (MI) have grown at a remarkable pace over the past 25 years. Most of this work has targeted the addictions and health‐related behaviors. The series of articles in this issue highlight a rapidly accelerating recent trend: the application of MI to other problems typically seen in clinical practice. This introductory article describes MI, its core principles, treatment methods, and the variety of ways in which it has been employed. The 6 case reports in this issue are then described. They illustrate how MI can be employed with generalized anxiety, adolescent depression, lifestyle changes, social anxiety disorder, suicidality, and intimate partner violence. The series of articles in this issue concludes with a commentary on the cases and a practice‐friendly review of outcome research on MI. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65: 1–7, 2009.
Progressive chorion morphology during egg development in Samia ricini (Donovan)
Authors: Renthlei Collin Z. , Raghuvarman Arumugam , Kharbuli Besterwell , Dey Sudip 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe egg of Samia ricini (Donovan), is oval or laterally flattened ellipsoid, freshly laid eggs are candid white while the chorion is colorless and semi‐transparent. The surface of the chorion is covered with network patterns of polygons and their shapes are common in the whole surface region. The boundaries between polygons made ridges had distinct acropyles at three‐cell junctions. The numbers of aeropyles are variable according to their structures both in the lateral flat and marginal regions. During the course of egg development, no significant structural changes were observed in either the polygonal structures or the overall morphology of the egg. However, the size of the aeropyles kept on changing as the egg matures. The aeropyle increases initially upto day‐9 of egg development and then decreases as it approach hatching. Lines of weaknesses were not observed at time of hatching or close to it. Hatching process of the newly emerge larvae are through gnawing. The larva eats their way out through the chorion membrane mostly from the anterior region. Egg buster or spine which aid in hatching are not present in the newly emerge larvae.This article was published online on 25 September 2009. An error was subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected 6 January 2010. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stretch‐induced inhibition of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in mineralizing osteoblasts
Authors: Jansen Justus H.W. , Eijken Marco , Jahr Holger , Chiba Hideki , Verhaar Jan A.N. , van Leeuwen Johannes P.T.M. , Weinans Harrie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWnt signaling is important for bone formation and osteoblastic differentiation. Recent findings indicate a stimulating role of Wnt signaling in bone mechanotransduction. However, negative effects of Wnt signaling on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization have been described as well. We conducted in vitro stretch experiments using human pre‐osteoblasts to study short‐ and long‐term effects of mechanical loading on Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. As the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is known to be involved in mechanotransduction in osteoblasts, we also evaluated its role in Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Stretch experiments up to 21 days (using stretch episodes of 15 min, alternated with 90 min rest) resulted in higher mineralization compared to static control cultures. We found that 15 min of stretch initially increased nuclear β‐catenin, but ultimately resulted in significant decrease at 12 and 40 h after stretch. Downregulation of Wnt‐responsive element activity 16 h after stretch, using a luciferase construct, further supported these findings. The presence of the ERK inhibitor U0126 did not alter the stretch‐induced decrease of β‐catenin levels. Our data indicate a biphasic effect of mechanical loading on β‐catenin in mineralizing human differentiating osteoblasts, which is independent of the ERK pathway. The osteogenic potential of our loading regime was confirmed by an increase in osteogenic differentiation markers such as alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition after 3 weeks of culture. We conjecture that the biphasic aspect of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling with a strong decrease up to 40 h after the stretch induction, is important for the anabolic effects of mechanical stretch on bone. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:390–396, 2010
Conditional deletion of BMP7 from the limb skeleton does not affect bone formation or fracture repair
Authors: Tsuji Kunikazu , Cox Karen , Gamer Laura , Graf Daniel , Economides Aris , Rosen Vicki 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWhile the osteoinductive activity of recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) is well established, evaluation of the role of endogenous BMP7 in bone formation and fracture healing has been hampered by perinatal lethality in BMP7 knockout mice. Here we employ conditional deletion of BMP7 from the embryonic limb prior to the onset of skeletogenesis to create limb bones lacking BMP7. We find that the absence of locally produced BMP7 has no effect on postnatal limb growth, articular cartilage formation, maintenance of bone mass, or fracture healing. Our data suggest that other BMPs present in adult bone are sufficient to compensate for the absence of BMP7. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:384–389, 2010
Tendon‐selective genes identified from rat and human musculoskeletal tissues
Authors: Jelinsky Scott A. , Archambault Joanne , Li Li , Seeherman Howard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMesenchymal stems cells have a demonstrated ability to differentiate into muscle, bone, and fat. Determining whether these same cells have the ability to differentiate into tendon‐like fibroblasts has been hampered by the lack of specific tendon cell marker genes. In order to identify molecular markers of mature tendon, expression profiling was used to identify genes expressed in adult rat and human tendon tissue compared to other musculoskeletal tissues. Using this technique, approximately 1,600 transcripts appeared to be selectively expressed in rat tendon tissue and approximately 300 transcripts appeared to be selectively expressed in human tendon tissue, with ∼20 genes selectively expressed in both human and rat tendon tissue. Of these common tendon‐selective genes, thrombospon‐din‐4 (THBS4) and tenomodulin (TNMD) were found to have the highest tendon‐selective expression compared to other tissues examined. Interestingly, expression of these tendon‐selective genes, which are present in primary tendon fibroblasts, is lost when these cells are placed in two‐dimensional culture systems. In conclusion, this study has defined a set of tendon‐selective genes present in both adult rat and human tendons. Identification of tendon‐selective genes provides potential molecular tools to facilitate a better understanding of tendon development and tendon repair. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:289–297, 2010
An internal locking plate to study intramembranous bone healing in a mouse femur fracture model
Authors: Histing Tina , Garcia Patric , Matthys Romano , Leidinger Markus , Holstein Joerg H. , Kristen Alexander , Pohlemann Tim , Menger Michael D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn most murine fracture models, the femur is stabilized by an intramedullary implant and heals predominantly through endochondral ossification. The aim of the present study was to establish a mouse model in which fractures heal intramembranously. Femur fractures of 16 SKH‐mice were stabilized by an internal locking plate. Femur fractures of another 16 animals were stabilized by an intramedullary screw. Bone repair was analyzed by radiographic, biomechanical, and histological methods. At 2 weeks, histological analysis showed a significantly smaller callus diameter and callus area after locking plate fixation. Cartilage formation within the callus could only be observed after screw fixation, but not after fracture stabilization with the locking plate. Radiological and biomechanical analysis after 2 and 5 weeks showed a significantly improved healing and a higher bending stiffness of fractures stabilized by the locking plate. Fractures stabilized by the locking plate healed exclusively by intramembranous ossification, which is most probably a result of the anatomical reduction and stable fixation. The fractures that healed by intramembranous ossification showed an increased stiffness compared to fractures that healed by endochondral ossification. This model may be used to study molecular mechanisms of intramembranous bone healing. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:397–402, 2010
TiO2 thin films for spintronics application: a Raman study
Authors: Rossella F. , Galinetto P. , Mozzati M. C. , Malavasi L. , Diaz Fernandez Y. , Drera G. , Sangaletti L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe present the results of a systematic study performed by micro‐Raman spectroscopy on pure anatase, pure rutile and mixed anatase–rutile TiO2 thin films, deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on quartz substrates, with different thicknesses. The crystal structures of the as‐deposited films were unambiguously determined and a good crystalline homogeneity was revealed by a systematic mapping of the samples. In the mixed‐phase films, the relative amount of the two phases was monitored by a simple analysis of the components of the multi‐Lorentzian fitting curves. For the single‐phase films, the influence of the thickness and the effect of different thermal treatments, carried out to obtain series of thin films differing only for oxygen content, are discussed. The analysis of the scattered light has provided indication about the presence of an interface layer between the substrate and the film, which can play a role in driving the interesting magnetic properties exhibited by our samples, which are of potential usefulness for spintronics application. The results obtained from other techniques are briefly reported and discussed in relation to our systematic Raman characterization. This study points out how Raman investigation can provide suggestions toward the understanding of the complex physical phenomena leading to room‐temperature ferromagnetism in TiO2 thin films. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.