bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fathers and HIV: considerations for families
Authors: Sherr Lorraine 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundFathers are intricately bound up in all aspects of family life. This review examines fathers in the presence of HIV: from desire for a child, through conception issues, to a summary of the knowledge base on fathers within families affected by HIV.MethodsA mixed‐methods approach is used, given the scarcity of literature. A review is provided on paternal and male factors in relation to the desire for a child, HIV testing in pregnancy, fatherhood and conception, fatherhood and drug use, paternal support and disengagement, fatherhood and men who have sex with men (MSM), and paternal effects on child development in the presence of HIV. Literature‐based reviews and systematic review techniques are used to access available data Primary data are reported on the issue of parenting for men who have sex with men.ResultsMen with HIV desire fatherhood. This is established in studies from numerous countries, although fatherhood desires may be lower for HIV‐positive men than HIV‐negative men. Couples do not always agree, and in some studies, male desires for a child are greater than those of their female partners. Despite reduced fertility, support and services, many proceed to parenting, whether in seroconcordant or serodiscordant relationships. There is growing knowledge about fertility options to reduce transmission risk to uninfected partners and to offspring.Within the HIV field, there is limited research on fathering and fatherhood desires in a number of difficult‐to‐reach groups. There are, however, specific considerations for men who have sex with men and those affected by drug use. Conception in the presence of HIV needs to be managed and informed to reduce the risk of infection to partners and children. Further, paternal support plays a role in maternal management.ConclusionsStrategies to improve HIV testing of fathers are needed. Paternal death has a negative impact on child development and paternal survival is protective. It is important to understand fathers and fathering and to approach childbirth from a family perspective.
Data availability on men's involvement in families in sub‐Saharan Africa to inform family‐centred programmes for children affected by HIV and AIDS
Authors: Hosegood Victoria , Madhavan Sangeetha 
Published: June 2010

The Joint Learning Initiative on Children and AIDS recently recommended that programmes for children affected by HIV and AIDS in sub‐Saharan Africa direct more support to families. Interest has grown in including men in such family‐orientated interventions by researchers, policy makers, and community and non‐governmental organizations. However, there is a lack of good quality data on men's involvement with children in the diverse settings in sub‐Saharan Africa. In addition, limited research has examined their role in providing emotional, material support and protection for HIV‐ and AIDS‐affected children and families.In this paper, we describe the availability of data about men and families, in particular fathers, in ongoing sub‐Saharan African surveys and longitudinal population cohorts. We discuss the conceptual and measurement issues associated with data collection on men's involvement in these types of studies. We consider the opportunities for improving the collection of data about men and families in household surveys and population cohorts in order to inform the design and evaluation of family‐centred interventions for children affected by HIV and AIDS.
Survival trends in critically ill HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era
Authors: Coquet Isaline , Pavie Juliette , Palmer Pierre , Barbier François , Legriel Stéphane , Mayaux Julien , Molina Michel Jean , Schlemmer Benoît , Azoulay Elie 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Introduction
The widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced HIV-related life-threatening infectious complications. Our objective was to assess whether highly active ART was associated with improved survival in critically ill HIV-infected patients.

Methods
A retrospective study from 1996 to 2005 was performed in a medical intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital specialized in the management of immunocompromised patients. A total of 284 critically ill HIV-infected patients were included. Differences were sought across four time periods. Risk factors for death were identified by multivariable logistic regression.

Results
Among the 233 (82%) patients with known HIV infection before ICU admission, 64% were on highly active ART. Annual admissions increased over time, with no differences in reasons for admission: proportions of patients with newly diagnosed HIV, previous opportunistic infection, CD4 counts, viral load, or acute disease severity. ICU and 90-day mortality rates decreased steadily: 25% and 37.5% in 1996 to 1997, 17.1% and 17.1% in 1998 to 2000, 13.2% and 13.2% in 2001 to 2003, and 8.6% in 2004 to 2005. Five factors were independently associated with increased ICU mortality: delayed ICU admission (odds ratio (OR), 3.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.29 to 7.17), acute renal failure (OR, 4.21; 95% CI, 1.63 to 10.92), hepatic cirrhosis (OR, 3.78; 95% CI, 1.21 to 11.84), ICU admission for coma (OR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.16 to 6.46), and severe sepsis (OR, 3.67; 95% CI, 1.53 to 8.80). Admission to the ICU in the most recent period was independently associated with increased survival: admission from 2001 to 2003 (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.99), and between 2004 and 2005 (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.53).

Conclusions
ICU survival increased significantly in the highly active ART era, although disease severity remained unchanged. Co-morbidities and organ dysfunctions, but not HIV-related variables, were associated with death. Earlier ICU admission from the hospital ward might improve survival.
Spontaneous hypothermia on intensive care unit admission is a predictor of unfavorable neurological outcome in patients after resuscitation: an observational cohort study
Authors: den Hartog Alexander W , de Pont Anne-Cornélie JM , Robillard Laure BM , Binnekade Jan M , Schultz Marcus J , Horn Janneke 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Introduction
A large number of patients resuscitated for primary cardiac arrest arrive in the intensive care unit (ICU) with a body temperature < 35.0°C. The aim of this observational cohort study was to determine the association between ICU admission temperature and neurological outcome in this patient group.

Methods
Demographics and parameters influencing neurological outcome were retrieved from the charts of all patients resuscitated for primary cardiac arrest and treated with induced mild hypothermia in our ICU from January 2006 until January 2008. Patients were divided into two groups according to their body temperature on ICU admission: a hypothermia group (< 35.0°C) and a non-hypothermia group (≥35.0°C). Neurological outcome after six months was assessed by means of the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS), with GOS 1 to 3 defined as unfavorable and GOS 4 to 5 as favorable. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence of the different parameters on neurological outcome.

Results
The data of 105 consecutive patients resuscitated for primary cardiac arrest and treated with induced mild hypothermia were analyzed. Median ICU admission temperature was 35.1°C (interquartile range (IQR) 34.3 to 35.7). After six months, 61% of the patients had an unfavorable outcome (59% died and 2% were severely disabled), whereas 39% had a favorable outcome (moderate disability or good recovery). Among patients with spontaneous hypothermia on ICU admission, the percentage with unfavorable outcome was higher (69% versus 50%, P = 0.05). Logistic regression showed that age, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores and spontaneous hypothermia on ICU admission all had an increased odds ratio (OR) for an unfavorable outcome after six months. Spontaneous hypothermia had the strongest association with unfavorable outcome (OR 2.6, 95% CI (confidence interval) 1.1 to 5.9), which became even stronger after adjustment for age, presenting heart rhythm, APACHE II and SOFA scores (OR 3.8, CI 1.3 to 11.0).

Conclusions
In this observational cohort study, spontaneous hypothermia on ICU admission was the strongest predictor of an unfavorable neurological outcome in patients resuscitated for primary cardiac arrest.
Adaptor protein Lnk inhibits c-Fms-mediated macrophage function
Authors: Gueller Saskia , Goodridge Helen S , Niebuhr Birte , Xing Hongtao , Koren-Michowitz Maya , Serve Hubert , Underhill David M , Brandts Christian H , Koeffler H Phillip 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Lnk physically interacts with c-Fms and blunts its activity in-cluding proliferation of macrophage progenitor cells, M-CSF stimulated migration, and generaton of ROS.
The M-CSFR (c-Fms) participates in proliferation, differentiation, and survival of macrophages and is involved in the regulation of distinct macrophage functions. Interaction with the ligand M-CSF results in phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on c-Fms, thereby creating binding sites for molecules containing SH2 domains. Lnk is a SH2 domain adaptor protein that negatively regulates hematopoietic cytokine receptors. Here, we show that Lnk binds to c-Fms. Biological and functional effects of this interaction were examined in macrophages from Lnk-deficient (KO) and WT mice. Clonogenic assays demonstrated an elevated number of M-CFUs in the bone marrow of Lnk KO mice. Furthermore, the M-CSF-induced phosphorylation of Akt in Lnk KO macrophages was increased and prolonged, whereas phosphorylation of Erk was diminished. Zymosan-stimulated production of ROS was increased dramatically in a M-CSF-dependent manner in Lnk KO macrophages. Lastly, Lnk inhibited M-CSF-induced migration of macrophages. In summary, we show that Lnk binds to c-Fms and can blunt M-CSF stimulation. Modulation of levels of Lnk in macrophages may provide a unique therapeutic approach to increase innate host defenses.
Ant traffic rules
Authors: Fourcassié Vincent , Dussutour Audrey , Deneubourg Jean-Louis 
Published: June 2010

SummaryMany animals take part in flow-like collective movements. In most species, however, the flow is unidirectional. Ants are one of the rare group of organisms in which flow-like movements are predominantly bidirectional. This adds to the difficulty of the task of maintaining a smooth, efficient movement. Yet, ants seem to fare well at this task. Do they really? And if so, how do such simple organisms succeed in maintaining a smooth traffic flow, when even humans experience trouble with this task? How does traffic in ants compare with that in human pedestrians or vehicles? The experimental study of ant traffic is only a few years old but it has already provided interesting insights into traffic organization and regulation in animals, showing in particular that an ant colony as a whole can be considered as a typical self-organized adaptive system. In this review we will show that the study of ant traffic can not only uncover basic principles of behavioral ecology and evolution in social insects but also provide new insights into the study of traffic systems in general.
The Predictability of Urinary Pathogens Based on the Urinalysis Nitrite Test in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Christensen Russell L. , Creekmore Freddy M. , Strong Michael B. , Lugo Ralph A. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose Some urinary tract pathogens are capable of reducing nitrates to nitrites, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Serratia. A urinalysis (UA) is commonly performed in patients with symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in order to detect the presence of nitrites in the urine. The objectives of this study were: 1) to assess the predictive value of the nitrite test in distinguishing nitrate-reducing pathogens from non-reducing pathogens; 2) to determine whether the results of the nitrite test can predict the susceptibility of the urine pathogen to several common antibiotics. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional chart review identified inpatients who had a UA and a positive urine culture (UC). Patients were divided into nitrite-positive and -negative groups based on UA results. Urine pathogens were identified by culture and antibiotic susceptibilities and were compared within the groups. Results Eighty-six UAs were included. A nitrite-positive UA had a 90.6% positive predictive value in identifying a nitrite-producing pathogen. A nitrite-negative UA had a negative predictive value of 33.3% in identifying a non-nitrite producing pathogen. There was no difference in the antibiotic susceptibility for ampicillin, gatifloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole between the groups. Conclusions A nitrite-positive result indicates a high likelihood of the presence of a nitrite-producing organism. However, a negative nitrite test is a poor predictor of the absence of nitrite-producing pathogens. Therefore, patients with a positive nitrite test on UA can be treated empirically for a nitrite-producing organism until confirmatory laboratory studies can be completed. A nitrite-negative UA is not useful in ruling out a nitrate-reducing organism.
Posaconazole Oral Suspension
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri , Baker Danial E. 
Published: June 2010

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent to you in print and CD-ROM forms and are available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of your facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The January 2007 monograph topics are telbivudine, budesonide/formoterol inhalation aerosol, ciclesonide nasal spray, eculizumab, ceftobiprole medocaril. The DUE is telbivudine.
Danger of Giving Topical Thrombin Intravascularly: Drug Shortage Causes Error The Five Rights: a Destination without a Map
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L. 
Published: June 2010

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them in your inservice training programs. Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the USP Medication Errors Reporting Program (MERP), which is presented in cooperation with the Institute for Safe Medication Practices. If you have encountered medication errors and would like to report them, you may call USP toll-free, 24 hours a day, at 800-233-7767 (800-23-ERROR). Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below. Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported through the ISMP ( www.ismp.org ) or USP ( www.usp.org ) Web sites or communicated directly to ISMP by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Multifaceted Approach to Reduce Use of Meperidine in an Acute Care Setting
Authors: Pisupati Radhika 
Published: June 2010

Purpose A system-wide approach to reduce inappropriate use of meperidine in a 651-bed teaching hospital is described. Summary Baseline review indicated significant inappropriate usage of meperidine at our institution. Results of the review were presented to multidisciplinary committees in the institution. In addition to educational interventions, several strategies to effectively reduce meperidine usage were considered, including pharmacist follow-up of every order with the prescriber. However, to avoid delays in the treatment of pain and to prevent unnecessary exposure to a problem-prone agent, a guideline-based automatic conversion by the pharmacist was adopted. Conclusion A pharmacist-led multidisciplinary effort resulted in a significant reduction in meperidine use at our institution. A multifaceted approach that includes educational interventions as well as automatic therapeutic interchanges is an efficient way to optimize medication use.
Telbivudine
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri , Baker Danial E. 
Published: June 2010

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent to you in print and CD-ROM forms and are available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of your facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The April 2007 monograph topics are mesalamine, hydroxocobalamin for injection, mifamurtide, satraplatin, and vernakalant. The DUE is on mesalamine.
Gabapentin: Uremic Pruritus
Authors: Generali Joyce , Cada Dennis J. 
Published: June 2010

Off-Label Drug Uses This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label DrugFacts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label DrugFacts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific FDA-unapproved drug uses. This new guide to the literature will enable the health care professional/clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and to determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. The most relevant data are provided in tabular form, so the reader can easily identify the scope of information available. A summary of the data—including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations—precedes each table of published studies. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information prior to patient care decisions. Direct questions or comments regarding “Off-Label Drug Uses” to hospitalpharmacy@wolterskluwer.com .
Evaluation of Different Lansoprazole Formulations for Nasogastric or Orogastric Administration
Authors: Olabisi Adekemi , Chen Julie , Garala Maya 
Published: June 2010

Background Critically ill patients who require treatment with proton pump inhibitors are often unable to swallow solid dosage forms and have nasogastric (NG) or orogastric (OG) tube placement. Many of these patients will need medications in a liquid dosage form for easy administration. The aim of this study was to determine which extemporaneous preparation of lansoprazole is least likely to cause NG or OG tube blockage. Methods Lansoprazole capsules, oral disintegrating tablets, and packets were each dissolved in apple juice, cranberry juice, orange juice, ginger ale, water, and 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). The resulting suspension was individually passed through an 18-French NG tube and collected in a graduated cylinder. The tubes were then inspected for clots. The amount of drug retrieved from the cylinder was rated as none, partial, or complete. The physical consistency and pH changes of the suspension were assessed for stability at 0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Results Complete drug retrieval and no clots were observed when any of the lansoprazole dosage forms were mixed with 8.4% NaHCO3 or when the disintegrating tablet was mixed in any of the solutions. The pH of each admixture remained fairly constant over 15 minutes, but the packet-in-water combination showed a significant lowering in pH immediately after mixing. Conclusion The use of NaHCO3 to make suspension for any lansoprazole formulation is associated with the least likelihood of tube blockage or pH variations. Thus, it may be the preferred delivery vehicle for NG/OG administration of lansoprazole, unless the Solutab is available.
Mesalamine
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Baker Danial E. , Levien Terri 
Published: June 2010

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent to you in print and CD-ROM forms and are available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of your facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The May 2007 monograph topics are lapatinib, aliskiren, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, telavancin, and ambrisentan. The DUE is on aliskiren.