bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The electrification of fluids in turbulent flow
Authors: Luus R. , May Z. , Graydon W. F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSolvents of low electrical conductivity which contain polar solutes produce static charges when caused to flow through tubes of various materials. The resulting electrification has been found to be essentially independent of the solvent provided it is of low conductivity in the pure state. The magnitude and the sign of the charge produced are highly dependent on the chemical nature of the polar solute and of the containing tube.Currents resulting from the formation and relaxation of electrical charge were measured at various sites along the tubes. Local charge production was found to be greatest near such irregularities as constrictions in the tube. Tube constrictions resulted in sign reversal of local charge production. Large voltages of opposite sign could be produced on a single tube. Sparks could be drawn between two sections of the same tube a short distance apart.The recent theories dealing with the phenomenon of electrification have been discussed in the light of these findings.
Algebraic representation of binary excess themodynamic properties
Authors: Basmadjian D. , Lu Benjamin C.‐Y. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA new method is proposed for analytical representation of binary excess thermodynamic properties, ΔGE, which is applicable in principle to all known types of curves except those exhibiting a minimum on a ΔGE/x1x2 vs.x1 plot. It is particularly useful for representing data for polar‐non‐polar systems such as alcohol‐aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures.The proposed expression contains 5 constants and in a number of cases reduces to a simple 3‐constant equation. All constants can be evaluated by simple graphical methods.
Optimization of multistage separation processes by dynamic programming
Authors: Mitten L. G. , Nemhauser G. L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the optimization of multistage separation processes using the method of dynamic programming. In particular, optimal (economic) design and operating conditions are determined for binary, multistage mass transfer processes and for solid separation equipment. In the solid separation model, multicomponent feeds are considered. Examples are given in each case to illustrate the computational aspects of dynamic programming.
Heat transfer across a scraped surface
Authors: Bott T. R. , Romero J. J. B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractInvestigations using three experimental scraped surface falling film vertical heat exchanger tubes (6 in., 12 in. and 24 in. by 1 in. D.) have been made. Water and water‐glycerol mixtures have been heated in the tubes by passing them down the heated inside surface which was continuously scraped by rotating blades. Flowrates between 306 lb/hr.ft. and 1070 lb/hr.ft. were used, the rate of rotation was varied from 370 to 1600 rpm whilst the number of blades on the shaft was varied between 1 and 4.As a result of these experiments the following equation accurate within ± 20% is proposed for correlating the heat transfer coefficient in the range of the variables studied:Visual observations of the flow of the liquid down the tube indicate that the liquid is held as a continuous fillet in front of each blade. This fact is used in the Appendix* for the alternative suggestion for the characteristic dimension in the correlation.
Kinetics of the catalytic oxidation of benzene
Authors: Hayashi R. , Hudgins R. R. , Graydon W. F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe kinetics of the vapor‐phase oxidation of benzene over a sulphate‐promoted vanadium oxide catalyst were studied in a differential flow‐reactor. Rates of oxidation of benzene were measured at temperatures in the range 324° to 400°C., for benzene concentrations from 1 × 10−3 to 6 × 10−3 moles/l., by analysing the products: p‐benzoquinone and maleic anhydride. Reaction‐rate data were summarized by the following equation based upon a mechanism suggested by Hinshelwood:

Catalyst deactivation was observed during the oxidation of benzene. Benzene, naphthalene, and toluene oxidations over a common vanadium oxide catalyst were compared. Deactivation was observed with benzene and toluene, but not with naphthalene.The rate equation provides a useful empirical description of oxidation rates of individual compounds. However, the deactivation behavior of the systems and the rates observed indicate that the mechanism used in its derivation is not pertinent.
The thermal and hydraulic characteristics of power reactor fuel bundle designs
Authors: Lane A. D. , Leaist G. T. , Page R. D. , Klock R. J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe type of fuel bundle evolved for the various Canadian heavy water moderated power reactors is described. The data necessary for estimating the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of this type of fuel bundle are indicated. The calculations and experimentation undertaken in the general fields of fluid flow, heat transfer and coolant mixing are then described in some detail. The future use of this type of fuel bundle with coolants proposed for more advanced reactor types is also discussed.
The separation of H2 and D2 by moving‐bed adsorption: Corroboration of adsorber design equations
Authors: Basmadjian D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractExperimental concentration profiles obtained in the separation of H2 ‐ D2 mixtures, by selective adsorption on charcoal in a moving‐bed adsorber, were used to test the validity of semi‐rigorous adsorber design equations based on considerations of gas film diffusion (utilizing the linear driving force concept), solid phase diffusion (utilizing Fick's law) and axial dispersion.The adsorption equilibrium data and solid phase diffusivities used in the design equations were also measured directly in separate experiments, whereas the gas film and axial diffusion values were evaluated from published data(3,0)In general, good agreement was obtained between the experimental and theoretically predicted concentration profiles, except at the lowest flow rates investigated.
The absorption of oxygen by sodium sulphite on a sieve plate
Authors: Harris I. J. , Roper G. H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe oxidation of sodium sulphite on a single sieve plate has been studied. Absorption rate data for the uncatalysed reaction suggest that the reaction rate constant, ko, is substantially greater than that reported in the literature. For the reaction catalysed by cobalt sulphate, the rate constant at 68°F. is given by:

Evidence is presented of the dependence of the ratio of the mass transfer coefficients with and without reaction, ϕ, on the ratio CS/CA; when reactant concentrations and the reaction rate are such that diffusional effects in the liquid control the mass transfer rate.
On the hydraulic efficiency of aluminum pipe over a large range of reynolds' numbers
Authors: Brebner Arthur 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe growing use of aluminum pipelines and the ever‐increasing number of products being pumped through them has necessitated a knowledge of the hydraulic characteristics of aluminum pipe in both the new and used condition from the commencement of turbulent flow to high Reynolds' numbers in excess of 106.The results of the investigation reported here show that new aluminum pipe is sensibly hydraulic‐ally “smooth” over the range mentioned and even pipe which has experienced considerable service does not differ too greatly from this “smooth” characteristic.
The characterization of the component distribution in the fractionation of multicomponent mixtures
Authors: Butler R. M. , Pasternak I. S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA rapid graphical technique has been developed for characterizing the distribution of components in the distillation separation of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures. The characterization consists of specifying the minimum number of theoretical plates required to effect a given separation at a definite “cut‐point” temperature. These parameters may be ad directly from a plot of the measured distribution of components against their boiling points on a special form of graph paper.The new graphical technique has been employed evaluate a wide range of actual refinery separations including those from crude towers with multi‐sidestreams. In all cases a single straight line could used to represent the separations obtained.A number of calculations have also been carried but to show the distribution of components at minimum reflux. In these cases, sigmoid curves are obtained when the distributions are plotted on the special graph paper. The central portions of these curves, however, remain almost straight and represent the poorest separations between components. This fact has been used to develop a graphical correlation for quickly estimating the minimum reflux required to accomplish the specified separation.
Computation of chemical equilibrium compositions
Authors: Storey S. H. , Van ZEGGEREN F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA general method has been developed for the calculation of equilibrium compositions of chemical systems containing gases and solids. The method is a steepest descent search for the minimum of the free energy of the system. It makes no assumptions regarding reactions taking place between the various species in the system, nor is there a limit to the number of solid species that can be included in the search. The only information necessary is the free energy as a function of temperature of all species that can be present under the given conditions.The method is particularly useful for calculations on small sized computers, such as the Bendix G‐15‐D for which it has been programmed. It has been found to have several advantages over published methods(1, 3).The searching method described can also be used for a variety of other problems, e.g. computation of changes in equilibrium composition with temperature.
Mass transfer coefficients across ion‐exchange membranes
Authors: Tombalakian A. S. , Yeh C. Y. , Graydon W. F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA study of the interchange of hydrogen ion with various cations across polystyrene sulphonic acid ion‐exchange membranes has been made. The effects of membrane exchange capacity and crosslinking, solution concentration, temperature, counter ion valence and size on mass transfer rates were determined. The results indicated that ion and water transports across the membrane were dependent on the membrane water content, the ion concentration of the membrane, and the membrane ionic form. The mass transfer rates were relatively insensitive to change in external solution concentration.
Mass transfer from a flat surface to an impinging turbulent jet
Authors: Rao V. V. , Trass Olev 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMass transfer between an impinging turbulent jet of water and a flat surface has been studied. The surface was coated with trans‐cinnamic acid, and thickness decrease profiles were measured. Local Sherwood numbers in the wall‐jet region \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\frac{x}{d} &gt; 4.5) $\end{document} were found to be independent of the nozzle to plate distance, and were correlated by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ Sh = 1.3{Re} ^{0.84} \left({\frac{x}{d}} \right)^{ - 1.27} $\end{document} for nozzle Reynolds numbers of 25,000 to 125,000. Agreement with published heat transfer data was reasonable. Average Sherwood numbers in the impingement region were found to decrease rapidly beyond a transition zone of 6 1/2 diameters from the nozzle.
Minimisation of axial dispersion by use of secondary flow in helical tubes
Authors: Koutsky J. A. , Adler R. J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIt has been known for some time that many continuous chemical reactors give the greatest conversion when axial dispersion is minimized, i.e., when plug flow occurs. This paper considers the problem of attaining plug flow in continuous flow systems. The geometrical configuration of a tube wound into a helix is suggested us a convenient and efficient means of producing secondary currents which promote plug flow. On the basis of tracer distribution tests and pressure drop data it is conclusively shown that helical coils are far superior to straight tubes or packed beds in minimizing axial dispersion and approaching plug flow.
Isobaric vapor‐liquid equilibria. System: Benzene(1) — cyclohexane(2) — toluene(3)
Authors: Subbarao B. V. , Venkatarao C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractVapor‐liquid equilibrium data for the system Benzene (1)‐Cyclohexane(2)‐Toluene(3), were obtained at 760 mm. Hg. total pressure using a modified Colburn equilibrium still.The experimental activity coefficient data were correlated satisfactorily using three suffix Margules equations of Wohl with a ternary constant of C = + 0.6.
Chromium Removal through Biosorption and Bioaccumulation by Bacteria from Tannery Effluents Contaminated Soil
Authors: Alam Mohammad Zubair , Ahmad Shamim 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFour bacterial isolates (two resistant and two sensitive to chromium) were isolated from soil contaminated with tannery effluents at Jajmau (Kanpur), India, and were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Exiguobacterium sp., Pantoea sp., and Aeromonas sp. Biosorption of chromium by dried and living biomasses was determined in the resistant and sensitive isolates. The effect of pH, initial metal concentration, and contact time on biosorption was studied. At pH 2.5 the living biomass of chromium resistant isolate Exiguobacterium sp. ZM‐2 biosorbed maximum amount of Cr6+ (29.8 mg/g) whereas the dried biomass of this isolate biosorbed 20.1 mg/g at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L. In case of chromate sensitive isolates, much difference was not observed in biosorption capacities between their dried and living biomasses. The maximum biosorption of Cr3+ was observed at pH 4.5. However, biosorption was identical in resistant and sensitive isolates. The data on chromium biosorption were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. The biosorption data of Cr6+ and Cr3+ from aqueous solution were better fitted in Langmuir isotherm model compared to Freundlich isotherm model. Metal recovery through desorption was observed better with dried biomasses compared to the living biomasses for both types of chromium ions. Bioaccumulation of chromate was found higher in chromate resistant isolates compared to the chromate sensitive isolates. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the accumulation of chromium in cytoplasm in the resistant isolates.
OFFgel‐based multidimensional LC‐MS/MS approach to the cataloguing of the human platelet proteome for an interactomic profile
Authors: Krishnan Shibu , Gaspari Marco , Corte Anna Della , Bianchi Patrizia , Crescente Marilena , Cerletti Chiara , Torella Daniele , Indolfi Ciro , de Gaetano Giovanni , Donati Maria Benedetta , Rotilio Domenico , Cuda Giovanni 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe proteome of quiescent human platelets was analyzed by a shotgun proteomics approach consisting of enzymatic digestion, peptide separation based on isoelectric point by the use of OFFgel fractionation and, finally, RP nanoscale chromatography coupled to MS/MS detection (nano‐LC‐MS/MS). OFFgel fractionation in the first dimension was effective in providing an additional dimension of separation, orthogonal to RP nano‐LC, thus generating an off‐line multidimensional separation platform that proved to be robust and easy to set up. The analysis identified 1373 proteins with high confidence (false discovery rate<0.25%). The core set of 1373 human platelet proteins was investigated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software from which ten canonical pathways and eight networks have been validated, to suggest that platelets behave either as inflammatory or immune cells, and plasma membrane and cytoskeleton proteins play a fundamental role in their function. Moreover, toxicity pathway in agreement with network analysis, supports the concept that platelet life span is governed by an apoptotic mechanism.
Hydrological and hydrochemical processes observed during a large‐scale infiltration experiment at the Super‐Sauze mudslide (France)
Authors: Debieche T.‐H. , Bogaard T. A. , Marc V. , Emblanch C. , Krzeminska D. M. , Malet J.‐P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRainfall is one of the major triggering factors of landslides, and its pattern controls their temporal behaviour. Characterization of the groundwater processes and possible preferential infiltration of rainfall is necessary, challenging and very relevant for landslide hazard analysis. The objective of this paper is to identify the groundwater dynamics (matrix flow and preferential flow) within highly heterogeneous and fissured reworked black marl material, using a large‐scale infiltration test. The artificial rainfall experiment over a 100 m2 infiltration plot monitored with several hydrological, hydrochemical and geophysical equipments was carried out on the Super‐Sauze mudslide (South French Alps). High resolution groundwater and water quality measurements were collected. Artificial rainfall was applied over a period of 14 days. Conservative tracers (Br− and Cl−) were used successively during the infiltration period. The mean rainfall intensity was 8·5 mm h−1 with a mean tracer concentration of 100 mg l−1. The hydrodynamic and hydrochemical responses of the tracing experiments allowed us to get a new insight into: (1) the horizontal and vertical variability of the rain infiltration in unstable black marl hillslopes; (2) the effect of shallow fissuration on the groundwater recharge; (3) the role of piston flow on the rate of water level changes and the increase of pore water pressures and (4) the effect of material heterogeneity in the development of preferential water flows and local perched water tables. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of pregnant women with breast cancer
Authors: Guidroz Julie A. , Scott‐Conner Carol E.H. , Weigel Ronald J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPregnancy complicates the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Surgical treatment options of mastectomy or breast‐conservation can be used as for non‐pregnant patients. Sentinel lymph node biopsy can be safely used with lymphoscintigraphy. Chemotherapy is appropriate in the second and third trimesters, however, radiation therapy should be delayed until after delivery. Multidisciplinary care, including High‐Risk Obstetrics, remains the best approach to managing this complex patient population. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:337–340. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimizing conservative breast surgery
Authors: Margenthaler Julie A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe potential advantages of conservative breast surgery include the minor outpatient nature of the procedures, lower incidence of postoperative pain and complications, preservation of the breast and nipple areolar complex, and shorter delay to adjuvant therapy. In order to optimize the number of patients eligible for conservative breast surgery, one must utilize a multidisciplinary team approach. Imaging implications, use of neoadjuvant therapy for downsizing tumors, oncoplastic techniques, adjuvant radiation options, and pathological assessment are discussed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:306–312. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The positive sentinel node
Authors: Winchester David J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe management of the axilla has become a topic of debate with the introduction of sentinel node excision. Comparisons between sentinel node biopsy and axillary dissection have shifted from histologic staging to regional recurrence rates. Advances in adjuvant therapy have occurred during this time period and likely represent a contributing factor to explain equivalent or improved regional recurrence rates following excision of positive sentinel nodes alone as compared to axillary dissection in selected patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:326–329. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accelerated partial breast irradiation
Authors: Beitsch Peter D. , Shaitelman Simona F. , Vicini Frank A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWhole breast irradiation (WBI) is the standard after breast conservation surgery. However, WBI in selected patients has been questioned. Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) focuses treatment on the lumpectomy bed. Many modalities of delivering APBI have been developed: multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy, MammoSite balloon catheter, single insertion multicatheter devices, three‐dimensional conformal external‐beam radiation therapy and intraoperative techniques. Numerous studies of APBI have demonstrated excellent local control and cosmetic outcomes in early‐stage breast cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:362–368. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paradise for who? Segmenting visitors' satisfaction with cognitive image and predicting behavioural loyalty
Authors: Prayag Girish 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to assess the influence of socio‐demographic characteristics on destination image and loyalty, thereby offering a segmentation perspective of visitors to the island of Mauritius. A self‐administered survey of hotel guests was undertaken and resulted in a sample of 705 respondents. Using a k‐means clustering algorithm and discriminant analysis, three clusters of visitors were identified. Different image attributes predict visitors' revisit and recommendation intentions. These findings allow destination marketers to adapt the marketing mix elements to different segments while enabling a destination to emphasize the relevant attributes in promotion and positioning efforts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Dinuclear Half‐Titanocene‐Producing Styrene/Ethylene Copolymers Containing Syndiotactic Styrene/Styrene Sequences
Authors: Yoon Seung Woong , Kim Youngjo , Kim Seong Kyun , Kim Sang Youl , Do Youngkyu , Park Sungjin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of a novel titanium complex, {[C5(CH3)5]ClTi}2O2C2(CH3)4(µ‐O) (2), which has two titanium metal centers linked by heteroleptic bridges, oxo and pinacolato, is described. The compound shows good stability under air. The 2/modified methylalumoxane (MMAO) catalytic system produces ethylene/styrene interpolymers (ESIs) containing syndiotactic styrene/styrene sequences (syndiotactic polystyrene blocks) with a high styrene content. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a group‐4‐based catalytic system producing an ESI with syndiotactic polystyrene blocks. magnified image
Synthesis, Characterization and Photophysical Properties of DCM‐Based Light‐Harvesting Dendrimers
Authors: Vanjinathan Mahalingam , Lin Hong‐Cheu , Nasar A. Sultan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA series of highly soluble light‐harvesting dendrimers up to third generation were synthesized using a DCM‐based core and Frechet‐type benzyl ether dendrons containing pyrene end groups. All dendrimers and intermediates were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, MALDI‐TOF MS, UV‐Vis, and PL spectra and EA, GPC, and TGA techniques. The dendrimers emit strong red PL around 570 nm. The excitation of the terminal chromophores results in core emission alone, as the donor emission is seriously quenched due to FRET to the core. The dendrimers showed enhanced luminescence properties of the core, and its efficiency was dependent on the generation number of the dendrimers. The above results reveal that these dendrimers are suitable candidates for red emissive materials in OLEDs. magnified image