bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An equation, suitable for computer use, based on the ARC feeding system to determine the energy requirements of growing and fattening cattle
Authors: Zulberti C. A. , Reid J. T. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYBased on the Agricultural Research Council's feeding system, equations were developed that allow the calculation of the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and weight gain by cattle, separately or combined. A general equation was developed for the straight-forward calculation of the total metabolizable energy requirements of growing and fattening cattle for any combination of body weight, rate of weight gain, age, level of muscular work, and metabolizable energy concentration of the diet. The estimates of energy requirement made by the use of this equation are in excellent agreement with those made by the Agricultural Research Council using an iterative method.In addition to avoiding the awkward iterative process, the equations proposed are readily adaptable to computer use.
A note on the prevention of nutritional muscular dystrophy by winter silage feeding of the cow or selenium implantation of the calf
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Jenkins K. J. , Wauthy J. M. , Proulx J. E. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThirty-four pregnant Shorthorn cows were fed during the winter either grass silage from first crop material or rapeseed silage, both low in selenium content (less than 33 nanogram/g DM). Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) determinations were performed before and after the calves went to the pasture. There was no evidence either clinically, biochemically (SGOT) or at post-mortem examination, of any nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) disorder in the 34 calves, despite very low plasma selenium levels (4 to 5 ng/ml plasma).An implantation technique using a slow-release selenium pellet also was evaluated as a means of controlling the disease. Fifteen calves from a total of 33 calves born to cows given a dystrophy-producing hay during the winter, were implanted a few days after birth with a pellet containing 15 mg of selenium. Four out of 18 calves in the control group showed clinical symptoms of NMD and two died with NMD lesions. SGOT levels in the implanted calves were normal during the experiment and none was affected by NMD. Plasma selenium levels in the implanted calves were significantly higher than in the deficient controls at each sampling period, but within normal ranges previously reported.
Utilization of casein, fish meal and soya bean proteins in dry diets for pigs between 7 and 28 days of age
Authors: Leibholz Jane 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTSeventy-two pigs between 7 and 28 days of age were given diets containing milk, fish or soya bean proteins in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, the weight gains of pigs given casein, isolated soya bean protein, fish meal and soya bean meal were 211,180,200 and 191 g/day, respectively, and the food conversion ratios were 0·84, 1·16, 0·93 and 1·10, respectively.In the second experiment, the protein sources were skim milk, casein, isolated soya bean protein, soya bean concentrate and soya bean meal; weight gains of the pigs on these respective diets were 205, 180, 154, 133 and 169 g/day, and the food conversion ratios were 0·81, 0·92, 0·97, 1·07 and 1·05.Apparent digestibilities of the soya bean and fish protein diets were less than those of milk protein diets. Apparent digestibilities of all diets increased between the collection periods at 9 to 14 days and 23 to 28 days of age.
A note on supplemental protein and monensin for steers wintered on dormant native range
Authors: Horn G. W. , Armbruster S. L. , Sims P. L. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTNinety-six Hereford steer calves that weighed 249(s.e.4·7)kg were allocated randomly to four treatments of 24 steers each in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. The steers grazed dormant native range forage that contained 41 to 60 g of crude protein per kg dry matter during the 120-day wintering trial and were given 0·91 kg of supplement per head per day. The supplements used contained 175 or 350 g crude protein per kg dry matter and 0 or 165 mg monensin per kg supplement; a factorial arrangement of treatments was used in allocating the supplements. Weight gains of steers given the high-protein supplements were greater than those on the low-protein supplements during periods 1(0 to 61 days) and 2 (62 to 120 days), and over the total trial (P < 0·01). Monensin increased weight gains during period 1 and the total trial (P < 0·01). The protein level × monensin interaction was not significant for either period or the total trial (P > 0·15). The results indicate that inclusion of monensin in protein supplements for growing cattle grazed on low-quality dormant native forage may allow some reduction in protein content of the supplement.
A comparison of the progeny of British Friesian dams and different sire breeds in 16- and 24-month beef production systems 2. Carcass characteristics, and rate and efficiency of meat gain
Authors: Kempster A. J. , Cook G. L. , Southgate J. R. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTCarcass characteristics of purebred British Friesian steers and crossbred steers by eight sire breeds out of British Friesian dams, in 16-month and 24-month beef production systems, were compared. Sire breeds included Charolais, Simmental and the main traditional British beef breeds. A total of 579 cattle were involved.The cattle were slaughtered at a fixed level of fatness and the carcasses evaluated using a standardized commercial cutting technique. Data were adjusted to equal carcass subcutaneous fat concentration.Sire breed differences were similar in both feeding systems. Charolais crosses killed-out best and Aberdeen- Angus and Devon crosses poorest; the range was 25 g/kg live weight.Significant differences were recorded between breeds in the proportion of saleable meat in the carcass (P<0·001): Charolais, Sussex and Aberdeen-Angus crosses had the highest values, on average being 15g/kg carcass weight better than purebred Friesians. Breed differences were detected in the proportion of total saleable meat occurring in the higher-priced joints, Simmental and Charolais crosses ranking highest, but the range across sire breeds was only 10 g/kg carcass weight. There were important differences between sire breeds in rate of meat weight gain that were related to mature size.Purebred Friesians were less efficient than either Charolais or Hereford crosses in converting food into meat in the 24-month system. Friesians also had the lowest efficiency and Hereford crosses the highest efficiency in the 16-month system, although the differences were not statistically significant.
The influence of social restriction during rearing on the sexual behaviour of the gilt
Authors: Hemsworth P. H. , Cronin G. M. , Hansen C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTFour groups of 10 gilts were reared from an early age under four social conditions. The mating rate (the number of successful copulations as a proportion of oestruses) at the pubertal oestrus of gilts reared in isolation from boars was significantly lower than that of gilts reared near mature boars (P> 0·01). In addition, gilts isolated from boars during rearing had a significantly longer interval from the first mounting attempt by the boar until the display of the standing response (P<0·05) and a significantly higher proportion of these gilts were restless during copulation and terminated the copulation in comparison with gilts reared near mature boars (P<0·01). All gilts were ovariectomized after puberty or at 35 weeks of age and, following a standard oestrogen treatment, they were induced into a series of behavioural oestruses. There were no significant differences between the treatments in the mating rate at these oestruses. It is concluded that the social environment during rearing will influence the mating rate of the gilt at the pubertal oestrus.
Effects of index selection at bacon weight on early growth rate and body composition in Large White pigs
Authors: Henderson Ruth , Whittemore C. T. , Ellis M. , Smith W. C. , Laird R. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTConsistent age differences at around 27 kg live weight have been found between control (C) and selection (S) line boars of the Large White breed in a coordinated breed improvement programme (89·8 v. 94·6 days, P<001). After 10 generations of index selection on feeding ad libitum, a sample of 20 boars from the programme, 10 C and 10 S, were slaughtered at 27·6 (s.e. 0·48) kg live weight for a more comprehensive examination of this finding. Physical dissection of the carcass and whole body chemical analysis were carried out. Differences between C and S boars were apparent even at this light weight: S boars were older than C (92·7 v. 83·5 days, P<0·01), contained less dissected fat (2·93 v. 3·58kg, P<005) and chemical lipid (315 v. 3·59kg, P<0·05), and had a higher lean proportion (0·477 v. 0·458, P<0·01). There was no significant difference between lines in weight of dissected lean or whole body protein. Index selection has clearly affected early growth and body composition, which questions current assumptions underlying pig testing methods.
A selective immunization procedure against 5α-androstenone in boars
Authors: Diane Williamson E. , Patterson R. L. S. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAn auto-immunization procedure selective for boar 5α-androstenone is described. Immunization of boars with a conjugate of androstenone and bovine serum albumin as a carrier protein significantly reduced the accumulation of androstenone in adipose tissue from a mean value of 0·77 (s.e. 0·19)mg/kg fat for untreated boars to 0·24 (s.e. 0·06) mg/kg fat for treated animals. No detrimental side-effects were observed in the immunized animals, and the advantages of male-type growth and carcass characteristics were preserved.
Genetic variation of rectal temperature in cows and its relationship to fertility
Authors: Turner H. G. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTRectal temperatures of breeding cows at the National Cattle Breeding Station, ‘Belmont’, Rockhampton were recorded in each of 2 years. The data analysed represented two Bos taurus (Hereford × Shorthorn) and four B. indicus × B. taurus half-bred lines, and 800 to 900 cows in each year. Rectal temperatures averaged 39·8°C, and were 0·5°C higher in British breed than in zebu-cross cows and 0·3°C higher in lactating than in dry British cows (no effect in zebu cross).Fertility, measured as success or failure in producing a calf at term, was affected by rectal temperature (P<0·0001 in both years). The relationship was curvilinear, the reduction in calving rate due to 01°C increment in temperature being 0009 at 39°C, 002 at 40°C and 0035 at 41°C. Response of fertility to a given change in rectal temperature was the same in different breeds. The average depression of fertility due to heat susceptibility was 015 to 0·25 in British-breed and approximately 010 in zebu-cross herds.Even in relatively heat-tolerant zebu crossbreds and in a relatively mild environment on the Tropic, both the mean rectal temperature and its genetic variability within a herd had quite large effects on reproduction. The heritability of rectal temperature was 0·25 (s.e. 012) and its genetic correlation with fertility was −0·76 (s.e. 0·35). There was a parallel effect of rectal temperatures of cows on the birth weights of their calves.
A note on crossbreeding for fat-lamb production in the hot tropics
Authors: Sehgal J. P. , Karim S. A. , Singh Manohar , Acharya R. M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTo compare the genetic group differences in live-weight gains, efficiency of food conversion (in terms of dry matter, total digestible nutrients, digestible crude protein, digestible energy and metabolizable energy) and physiological responses related to heat balance, a total of 24 male lambs (91 to 180 days old), four each of Malpura, Sonadi, and their crosses with Dorset and Suffolk breeds, were given a ration having a roughage to concentrate ratio of 250:750g/kg and metabolizable energy content of 100MJ/kg dry matter. Live-weight gain per day was higher and the food conversion ratio (the intakes of total digestible nutrients, digestible energy and metabolizable energy per kg gain) was lower in the crossbreds than in the native sheep. The crossbreds had higher respiratory rates (153 per min) than the natives (140 per min) but there was no significant difference in rectal temperature between purebreds and crossbreds. The crossbred lambs in the present experiment grew faster, consumed more food and utilized the food more efficiently than did the native lambs, despite the fact that they dissipated more energy as body heat. It was, therefore, concluded that the crossbreds performed better than the native breeds between 3 and 6 months of age, even though they were not permanently acclimatized to hot environmental conditions.
Problems involved in the utilization of alkali-treated fibrous roughages 1. The effects of level of roughage and protein in the diet and neutralization of residual alkali
Authors: Levy D. , Holzer Z. , Drori D. , Folman Y. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWheat straw treated with 35 g NaOH per kg was offered to male calves at three levels: 300 (A), 500 (B), and 700 (C) g/kg diet, in a metabolism trial and in a feeding trial. In the former the wheat straw was offered either neutralized with HC1 (N) or unneutralized (U), in six subtreatments (AN, BN, CN, AU, BU and CU) in a 3 × 2 factorial design to a total of 24 calves. Dry-matter intake per kg W0·73was 123, 108, 104, 122, 105 and 91 g/day, and the digestibility of the organic matter of the straw was 0·388, 0·616, 0·629, 0·385, 0·528 and 0·544 respectively. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein of the straw was negative. Nitrogen retention per kg W0·73was 0·91, 0·58, 0·52, 0·97, 0·57 and 0·50 g/day, respectively.In the feeding trial, unneutralized, NaOH-treated wheat straw was offered to a total of 84 calves for 100 days at the above three levels with two protein levels: standard, 120 g/kg (S) and high, 140 g/kg (H), in six subtreatments (AS, BS, CS, AH, BH and CH) in a 3 × 2 factorial design. The concentrates were pelleted. From day 101 to slaughter all the calves were offered one finishing diet.Level of protein had no effect on performance. Increasing the levels of straw in the first 100 days sharply reduced average daily gains; these were 1 074, 825 and 583 g, respectively. However, the respective average daily gains on the finishing diet were 1 131, 1 272 and 1 316 g, indicating a considerable amount of compensatory growth.
A note on intake and digestibility of a fibrous diet self fed to primiparous sows
Authors: Zoiopoulos P. E. , English P. R. , Topps J. H. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn an attempt to establish an ad libitum, labour saving feeding system 12 Large White primiparous sows were used to investigate the effects on food intake and digestibility of including oat husks in a conventional concentrate diet. The diet contained 500 g ground oat husks per kg diet and was compared with the undiluted concentrate given in restricted amounts during pregnancy (1·8 kg/day) and lactation (5·4 kg/day). The mean daily food intakes for the oat husk diet were 5·50 and 6·29 kg during pregnancy and lactation respectively. The apparent digestibility of the dry matter of the oat husk diet (0·58) was significantly lower than that of the concentrate (0·80), but values for apparent digestibility of nitrogen were similar (0·77 and 0·78, respectively).
The effects of including sodium bicarbonate in the diet of dairy cows in early lactation
Authors: Edwards Sandra A. , Poole D. A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTwo experiments examined the effects of including sodium bicarbonate in the diet of dairy cows in early lactation for two different feeding systems. In experiment 1, 28 Friesian cows were allocated to two groups according to parity, calving date and their milk yield in days 5 to 14. Cows were given either a standard home-mixed concentrate or a similar concentrate with sodium bicarbonate included at 25 kg/t. Concentrates were given to individual cows twice daily at a flat rate determined by their 5- to 14-day yield, and hay was group-fed to appetite. Milk yield in days 15 to 100 post-calving did not differ significantly between treatments, but cows given concentrate containing bicarbonate ate more hay and had a higher milk fat concentration (36·0 v. 32·5 g/kg, P < 0·01). In experiment 2, 80 cows were allocated to two treatments according to parity, calving date and previous lactation yield. There were two replicates of each treatment. All groups were given silage and concentrates as a complete diet for 8 weeks from calving, and 20 g sodium bicarbonate per kg total dry matter was included in the diet of half the animals. Cows given the diet containing bicarbonate had higher food intakes (14·9 v. 13·9 kg dry matter per head per day) and lower live-weight losses (13 v. 44 kg, P < 0·001). Milk yield and milk quality did not differ between treatments. Conception tended to be better in cows given the bicarbonate diet.
Selection for improved food conversion ratio on ad libitum group feeding in pigs
Authors: Webb A. J. , King J. W. B. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to show the effectiveness of selection for improved food conversion ratio on ad libitum group feeding. Selection (32 ♀♀ and 8 ♂♂) and unselected control (32 ♀♀ and 16 ♂♂ lines were maintained for seven generations at the rate of one per year. Progeny were fed ad libitum from 27 to 82 kg live weight: boars singly or in pairs, and gilts in litter groups. Selection was on pen average food conversion ratio (food/live-weight gain), recalculated as each pig reached 82 kg.In spite of selection differentials averaging 0·61 s.d. per generation, there was no response (selection minus control) in food conversion at Generation 6 (−0·03, s.e. 0·08). However, there were correlated increases in daily live-weight gain (56, s.e. 18 g), daily food intake (145, s.e. 59 g) and ultrasonic backfat (2·4, s.e. 0·4 mm). In Generation 7, 146 full-sib pairs (male castrate and gilt) were tested on ad libitum or scale (0·77 g/g ad libitum daily food intake) feeding. Line by feeding regime interactions were absent for all traits except killing-out proportion and belly thickness.The increased fatness of the selection line on ad libitum feeding was retained on the scale (2·2 v. 2·4, s.e. 10 mm), suggesting a primary difference in partition of nutrients rather than intake. The selection procedure adopted was not successful in improving food conversion, but no clear conclusions could be drawn from the experiment. Uncertainty remains as to the value of group food consumption measurements in selection programmes.
The effects of dietary selenium on growth and selected reproductive parameters in young boars
Authors: Henson M. C. , Kattesh H. G. , Hitchcock J. P. , Kincaid S. A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThirty-three crossbred boars, 47 to 58 days of age, were randomly allocated to receive maize-soya bean meal diets containing 0·05, 0·15 or 0·30 mg selenium per kg. Body weights, testicular widths, and blood samples from vena cava puncture were taken at regular intervals. Libido was subjectively scored upon exposure to ovariectomized-oestrogenized gilts. Seven animals from each group were slaughtered at 9 months of age and selected reproductive structures were retrieved. Analysis of the relationships among body weight, libido and plasma testosterone levels indicated that differences (P < 0·01) existed between treatments, as analyzed over time, but that the overall treatment effect was not significant. Testicular widths were also found to be different (P < 0·05) over time. Values for all four criteria as measured over time were greater for boars fed 0·05 mg selenium per kg than for those fed 0·15 which were in turn greater than those fed 0·30. Post-mortem examination showed no treatment differences (1) in testis weights; (2) spermatozoan concentrations within the capita, corporea or caudae segments of the epididymis and (3) spermatozoan morphology examined within the caudae epididymis. Also testis lengths, weights, circumferences and spermatozoan concentrations were not significantly different between treatments. These results suggest that boars fed selenium at 0·15 or 0·30 mg/kg may exhibit some signs of retarded sexual development for a short period preceding the onset of sexual maturity
Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg
Authors: Campbell R. G. , Taverner M. R. , Curic D. M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.