bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Essential role of Dkk3 for head formation by inhibiting Wnt/β‐catenin and Nodal/Vg1 signaling pathways in the basal chordate amphioxus
Authors: Onai Takayuki , Akira Takai  , Setiamarga Davin H. E. , Holland Linda Z. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYTo dissect the molecular mechanism of head specification in the basal chordate amphioxus, we investigated the function of Dkk3, a secreted protein in the Dickkopf family, which is expressed anteriorly in early embryos. Amphioxus Dkk3 has three domains characteristic of Dkk3 proteins—an N‐terminal serine rich domain and two C‐terminal cysteine‐rich domains (CRDs). In addition, amphioxus Dkk3 has a TGFβ‐receptor 2 domain, which is not present in Dkk3 proteins of other species. As vertebrate Dkk3 proteins have been reported to regulate either Nodal signaling or Wnt/β‐catenin signaling but not both in the same species, we tested the effects of Dkk3 on signaling by these two pathways in amphioxus embryos. Loss of function experiments with an anti‐sense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) against amphioxus Dkk3 resulted in larvae with truncated heads and concomitant loss of expression of anterior gene markers. The resemblance of the headless phenotype to that from upregulation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling with BIO, a GSK3β inhibitor, suggested that Dkk3 might inhibit Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. In addition, the Dkk3 MO rescued dorsal structures in amphioxus embryos treated with SB505124, an inhibitor of Nodal signaling, indicating that amphioxus Dkk3 can also inhibit Nodal signaling. In vitro assays in Xenopus animal caps showed that Nodal inhibition is largely due to domains other than the TGFβ domain. We conclude that amphioxus Dkk3 regulates head formation by modulating both Wnt/β‐catenin and Nodal signaling, and that these functions may have been partitioned among various vertebrate lineages during evolution of Dkk3 proteins.
Juvenile hormone mediates developmental integration between exaggerated traits and supportive traits in the horned flour beetleGnatocerus cornutus
Authors: Okada Yasukazu , Gotoh Hiroki , Miura Toru , Miyatake Takahisa , Okada Kensuke 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYSexually selected exaggerated traits are often coupled with modifications in other nontarget traits. In insects with weapons, enlargements of nontarget characters that functionally support the weapon often occur (i.e. supportive traits). The support of sexual traits requires developmental coordination among functionally related multiple traits—an explicit example of morphological integration. The genetic theory predicts that developmental integration among different body modules, for which development is regulated via different sets of genes, is likely to be coordinated by pleiotropic factors. However, the developmental backgrounds of morphological integrations are largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the juvenile hormone (JH), as a pleiotropic factor, mediates the integration between exaggerated and supportive traits in an armed beetleGnatocerus cornutus. During combat, males of this beetle use exaggerated mandibles to lift up their opponents with the supportive traits, that is, the head and prothoracic body parts. Application of methoprene, a JH analog (JHA), during the larval to prepupal period, induced the formation of large mandibles relative to the body sizes in males. Morphometric examination of nontarget traits elucidated an increase in the relative sizes of supportive traits, including the head and prothoracic body parts. In addition, reductions in the hind wing area and elytra length, which correspond to flight and reproductive abilities, were detected. Our findings are consistent with the genetic theory and support the idea that JH is a key pleiotropic factor that coordinates the developmental integration of exaggerated traits and supportive characters, as well as resource allocation trade‐offs.
Issues in epilepsy classification for population studies
Authors: Camfield Peter 
Published: July 2012

SummaryPopulation‐based studies about epilepsy have been informative about frequency, causes, and outcome of epilepsy. Because epilepsy is a heterogeneous disorder, studying populations of categories of patients is more likely to provide critical insights than is “lumping” all of epilepsy together. The 1981–1989 Classification scheme of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has been very useful for population‐based studies but has some significant shortcomings. Studying a long list of specific epilepsy syndromes is not likely to be useful for population‐based studies because the number of patients with each syndrome is so small and comparison with previous research would become very difficult. The author argues that with some significant modifications, the backbone structure of the 1989 Classification scheme could retain its usefulness for further research and clinical care.
Neuroimaging in the definition and organization of the epilepsies: We’re not there yet
Authors: Hauptman Jason S. , Salamon Noriko , Mathern Gary W. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryNeuroimaging significantly affects the diagnosis and treatment of patients with patients. Despite its importance, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been marginally incorporated into concepts used to define epilepsy etiologies by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Classification Commission. We propose that Structural etiology be defined as positive neuroimaging abnormalities likely causing the seizures. This would contrast with Genetic and Unknown etiologies, where imaging shows no overt structural abnormality that explains the seizures. It is further recommended that Structural and Metabolic be separated into individual categories, as the outcomes and therapies are different. It is advocated that Structural etiology be subdivided into subgroups based on MRI and surgical syndromes. With this approach, the ILAE should acknowledge that both MRI and electroencephalography (EEG) are necessary diagnostic tools in the classification of epilepsy syndromes and etiologies in the modern era. Promoting the use of neuroimaging into concepts that determine terminology will promote the notion that epilepsy classification should consider structural etiology of the seizures, along with the frequency of the most common epilepsy syndromes, and prognosis for spontaneous and treated remission and cure.
From classification to epilepsy ontology and informatics
Authors: Zhang Guo‐Qiang , Sahoo Satya S. , Lhatoo Samden D. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe 2010 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification and terminology commission report proposed a much needed departure from previous classifications to incorporate advances in molecular biology, neuroimaging, and genetics. It proposed an interim classification and defined two key requirements that need to be satisfied. The first is the ability to classify epilepsy in dimensions according to a variety of purposes including clinical research, patient care, and drug discovery. The second is the ability of the classification system to evolve with new discoveries. Multidimensionality and flexibility are crucial to the success of any future classification. In addition, a successful classification system must play a central role in the rapidly growing field of epilepsy informatics. An epilepsy ontology, based on classification, will allow information systems to facilitate data‐intensive studies and provide a proven route to meeting the two foregoing key requirements. Epilepsy ontology will be a structured terminology system that accommodates proposed and evolving ILAE classifications, the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH/NINDS) Common Data Elements, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) systems and explicitly specifies all known relationships between epilepsy concepts in a proper framework. This will aid evidence‐based epilepsy diagnosis, investigation, treatment and research for a diverse community of clinicians and researchers. Benefits range from systematization of electronic patient records to multimodal data repositories for research and training manuals for those involved in epilepsy care. Given the complexity, heterogeneity, and pace of research advances in the epilepsy domain, such an ontology must be collaboratively developed by key stakeholders in the epilepsy community and experts in knowledge engineering and computer science.
Memory in frontal lobe epilepsy: An fMRI study
Authors: Centeno Maria , Vollmar Christian , O'Muircheartaigh Jonathan , Stretton Jason , Bonelli Silvia B. , Symms Mark R. , Barker Gareth J. , Kumari Veena , Thompson Pamela J. , Duncan John S. , Richardson Mark P. , Koepp Matthias J. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Focal epilepsies are often associated with structural and functional changes that may extend beyond the area of seizure onset. In this study we investigated the functional anatomy of memory in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), focusing on the local and remote effects of FLE on the networks supporting memory encoding.Methods:  We studied 32 patients with drug‐resistant FLE and 18 controls using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) memory encoding paradigm.Key Findings:  During encoding of stimuli, patients with FLE recruited more widely distributed areas than healthy controls, in particular within the frontal lobe contralateral to the seizure onset. Normal memory performance was associated with increased recruitment of frontal areas, and conversely a poor performance was associated with an absence of this increased recruitment and decreased activation in mesial temporal lobe areas.Significance:  In patients with FLE, recruitment of wider areas, particularly in the contralateral frontal lobe, appears to be an effective compensatory mechanism to maintain memory function. Impaired hippocampal activation is relatively rare and, in turn, associated with poor recognition memory.
Why Does Growing up in an Intact Family during Childhood Lead to Higher Earnings during Adulthood in the United States?*
Authors: MOHANTY MADHU S. , ULLAH AMAN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWith a view to finding an explanation of the observed differences in adult annual earnings between workers raised in intact (INTACT) and non‐intact families in the US labor market, this study tests two hypotheses. First, workers growing up in intact families during childhood earn more during their adulthood because they acquire more years of schooling, which in turn affect their wages positively. Second, intact family background acts as an instrument for numerous factors that contribute to workers' happiness during adulthood. Since happier workers, with other characteristics held constant, are known to have higher earnings, workers raised in intact families during childhood by leading a relatively happier life during their adulthood earn more than their otherwise identical non‐intact counterparts. Both these hypotheses find strong support from the US data. The evidence of simultaneous relationships between wage and happiness and between happiness and schooling confirms that the true effect of INTACT on wage may be much larger than what is envisaged by a simple one‐step process. Regardless of whether this relationship is due to causation or correlation, the study simply demonstrates that the US evidence of higher earnings associated with workers raised in intact families may be attributed partly to their higher levels of schooling and happier lives. By demonstrating a significant positive relationship between the stability of parental family structure during childhood and earnings during adulthood, the current study highlights the importance of responsible parenthood as a means of improving the child's future economic performance.
Do Low‐Priced Stocks Drive Long‐Term Contrarian Performance on the London Stock Exchange?
Authors: Wu Yuliang , Li Youwei , Hamill Philip 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe investigate whether low‐priced stocks drive long‐term contrarian performance on the U.K. market. We find that contrarian performance at low, middle, and high price levels is positive. On the Fama‐French risk adjusted basis, we find both low‐priced and middle‐priced losers have significantly positive returns. When we adjust returns by market and liquidity risk, only middle‐priced losers maintain their positive returns. Our results reveal that low‐priced stocks are not fully responsible for contrarian performance. Our empirical evidence is generally consistent with the overreaction hypothesis and behavioral models of value investing.
Extreme Correlation of Stock and Bond Futures Markets: International Evidence
Authors: Chui Chin Man , Yang Jian 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis study explores time‐varying extreme correlation of stock–bond futures markets in three major developed countries. In the United States and the United Kingdom, there is evidence of positive extreme stock–bond correlation when both futures markets are extremely bullish or bearish. In Germany, stock–bond futures extreme correlation is negative, suggesting the most diversification potentials of bond futures when German stock index futures market plunges. Macroeconomic news, the business cycle, and the stock market uncertainty all significantly affect the median stock–bond futures correlation. However, only the stock market uncertainty still significantly affects the extreme stock–bond futures correlation when the stock market is extremely bearish.
High‐Speed Epitaxial Growth of β‐SiC Film on Si(111) Single Crystal by Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Zhang Song , Tu Rong , Goto Takashi 
Published: July 2012

(111)‐oriented β‐SiC film was prepared on Si(111) by laser chemical vapor deposition at a laser power of 100 W, a total pressure of 200 Pa, and a deposition temperature of 1203 K. The β‐SiC film grew epitaxially on the Si(111) substrate with in‐plane orientation relationship of SiC []//Si [] and SiC []//Si []. The deposition rate of the β‐SiC film was 40 μm/h, 10 times higher than that of conventional CVD.
Maintenance intravenous fluid prescribing practices among paediatric residents
Authors: Freeman MA , Ayus JC , Moritz ML 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAim:  To investigate the sodium composition of maintenance intravenous fluids (mIVF) used by paediatric residents throughout the United States in common clinical scenarios of arginine vasopressin (AVP) excess.Methods:  We distributed an online survey to paediatric residency programmes asking what type of mIVF (0.2%, 0.45%, 0.9% NaCl or lactated Ringer’s solution) they would administer in four common clinical scenarios of AVP excess (gastroenteritis, pneumonia, meningitis and postoperative) in both a 6‐month‐old (mo) and a 13‐year‐old (yo) child.Results:  We had 472 responses, representing 5% of the total paediatric residency population in the United States. Hypotonic mIVF were selected in 78% of children (88.2% of 6 mo and 68.5% of 13 yo). Isotonic mIVF were selected approximately twice as often for patients with meningitis as for those without (21.4% vs. 8.7% 6 mo and 42.8% vs. 27.7% 13 yo; p < 0.001).Conclusions:  The majority of US paediatric residents would prescribe hypotonic mIVF in disease states associated with AVP excess. However, a significant number of residents are using isotonic mIVF. Isotonic fluids are more likely to be prescribed in older children and children with meningitis.
Dasatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia: A limited Indian experience
Authors: SHARMA Atul , BAHL Ankur , RAINA Vinod , KUMAR Lalit , GUPTA Ritu 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAim:  To report our experience of the use of dasatinib in various phases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).Methods:  Ten patients in various phases of CML, not responding to imatinib and started on dasatinib, were included and analyzed. The baseline characteristics of the patients and their salient features including the duration and response to initial therapy as well as to dasatinib, were noted.Results:  Before starting dasatinib three patients were in chronic phase of CML while seven others were in the progressive phase (accelerated and blast phase) of CML. Half the patients developed transient grade 3 and 4 toxicities to dasatinib. Overall, the tolerability of the drug in all 10 patients was acceptable and none discontinued treatment. Three patients died due to progressive disease while the remaining seven are continuing the drug with the disease still under cytogenetic or hematological remission. Of the 10 patients, seven achieved complete hematological response and two of the accelerated phase/blast crisis patients achieved complete cytogenetic response. Overall, dasatinib was able to control disease for a median of 20.6 months.Conclusion:  Despite small sample size and insufficient information on mutational analysis, dasatinib is effective in CML in INdia. Cost limits the use of second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors in India. Our observation is not suitable for survival analysis but the difference made by dasatinib in progressive disease and its tolerability needs to be acknowledged.
Far and Away: Police Negotiators on Overseas Deployments
Authors: Nieboer‐Martini Heidi A. , Dolnik Adam , Giebels Ellen 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe growing presence of Western expats and travelers in fragile states and conflict zones has led to a rise in the deployment of police negotiators overseas to assist in the management of kidnap cases. However, despite the fact that the conflict setting and dynamics of overseas cases arguably differ from domestic deployments, police negotiators in many countries are not specifically selected nor trained to operate overseas. There is also a lack of research on the subject. Based on semi‐structured interviews with police negotiators from a number of different countries, this article seeks to fill this gap. We report our findings in relation to three main themes: the type of incidents overseas negotiators are involved in and the consequences for the negotiation process, the negotiator role and (team) context, and the multitude of parties involved. We conclude with identifying ways through which operational deployment and negotiator training can be improved to account for overseas deployment issues.
Differentiating Act from Ideology: Evidence from Messages For and Against Violent Extremism
Authors: Prentice Sheryl , Taylor Paul J. , Rayson Paul , Giebels Ellen 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAlthough researchers know a great deal about persuasive messages that encourage terrorism, they know far less about persuasive messages that denounce terrorism and little about how these two sides come together. We propose a conceptualization that distinguishes a message’s support for an act from its support for the ideology underlying an act. Our prediction is tested using corpus‐linguistic analysis of 250 counter‐extremist messages written by Muslims and U.K. officials and a comparison set of 250 Muslim extremist messages. Consistent with our prediction, Muslim extremist and Muslim counter‐messages show disagreement on terrorist actions but agreement in ideological aspects, while U.K. officials’ counter‐messages show disagreement with both Muslim extremists’ acts and ideology. Our findings suggest that counter‐messages should not be viewed as a homogenous group and that being against violent extremism does not necessarily equate to having positive perceptions of Western values.
Periodontitis associated with chronic kidney disease among Mexican Americans
Authors: Ioannidou Effie , Hall Yoshio , Swede Helen , Himmelfarb Jonathan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective: In comparison to non‐Hispanic whites, a number of health‐care disparities, including poor oral health, have been identified among Hispanics in general and Mexican Americans in particular. We hypothesized that Mexican Americans with chronic kidney disease (CKD) would have higher prevalence of chronic periodontitis compared with Mexican Americans with normal kidney function, and that the level of kidney function would be inversely related to the prevalence of periodontal disease.Methods: We examined this hypothesis using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988‐1994 (NHANES III) data set. We followed the American Academy of Periodontology/Center for Disease Control and Prevention case definition for periodontitis. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated using the CKD‐Epidemiology equation for Hispanic populations. The classification to CKD stages was based on the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative.Results: Periodontitis prevalence increased across the kidney function groups showing a statistically significant dose–response association (P < 0.001). Mexican Americans with reduced kidney function were twofold more likely to have periodontitis compared with Mexican Americans with normal kidney function after adjusting for potential confounders such as smoking, diabetes, and socioeconomic status. Multivariate adjusted odds ratio for periodontitis significantly increased with 1, 5, and 10 mL/minute estimated glomerular filtration rate reduction from the mean.Conclusion: This is the first report, to the best our knowledge, that showed an increase of periodontitis prevalence with decreased kidney function in this population.
Evaluation of partial‐mouth recording systems of gingival parameters in a Portuguese adult population
Authors: Relvas Marta , Diz Pedro , Velazco Corsina , Otero José Luis , Pacheco José Julio , Tomás Inmaculada 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective: To analyze the diagnostic reliability of various partial‐mouth recording systems (PMRS) for the simultaneous assessment of supragingival plaque, calculus, and gingival inflammation in a population of Portuguese adults.Methods: A single examiner determined the levels of plaque, calculus, and gingival inflammation in 108 subjects using quantitative and dichotomous indices. Half‐mouth and ≤10‐tooth PMRS were compared with full‐mouth examination (FME).Results: On comparison with FME, Q1 + Q3, Q1 + Q4, Q2 + Q3, Q2 + Q4 combinations and the Ramfjord teeth did not show statistically significant differences in the simultaneous assessment of plaque, calculus, and gingival inflammation using both quantitative and dichotomous indices. Comparison of the prevalence of subjects that presented discrepancy in the three clinical parameters between FME and PMRS, Q1 + Q3 combination was associated with lower percentages of discrepancy (range of discrepancies = 0.9‐6.4 percent) and a higher specificity (≥0.90) and sensitivity (≥0.89).Conclusions: The Q1 + Q3 combination could be particularly applicable in studies investigating relationships between the state of gingival health and environmental or patient‐related systemic factors, as well as in the development of oral health scales that include gingival parameters.