bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hot electron transport and heating in dense plasma core by hollow guiding
Authors: Zhou C.T. , Wu S.Z. , Cai H.B. , Chen M. , Cao L.H. , Wang X.G. , Chew L.Y. , He X.T. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA new scheme for cone-hollow-assisted fast ignition in inertial fusion is investigated. A hollow is attached to the tip of a conventional gold cone. The transport and heating of the high-current electrons propagating from the cone tip to the compressed fuel core along the hollow is investigated by two-dimensional hybrid simulation. Different hollow geometry sizes are examinized. It is shown that with proper hollow guiding, hot electrons can be collimated between the inner-walls of the hollow by the large interface magnetic fields appearing on the inner surface. When the beam electrons further propagate into the dense region, they are scattered into the gold hollow through collisions with the fuel electrons and ions. The resulting magnetic potential around the hollow then bends beam electrons along the gold hollow to reach the dense core.
Prevalence of and risk factors for MRSA carriage in companion animals: a survey of dogs, cats and horses
Authors: LOEFFLER A. , PFEIFFER D. U. , LINDSAY J. A. , MAGALHÃES R. J. SOARES , LLOYD D. H. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYWe investigated the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in a convenience sample of purposely selected populations of dogs, cats and horses in the Greater London area. Swabs from carriage sites were pooled, enriched and processed by standard bacteriological methods. The presence of nuc and mecA was confirmed for MRSA. Risk factors were investigated among veterinary treatment group animals using exact logistic regression analysis. Twenty-six (1·53%) MRSA carriers were identified in the 1692 animals (15/704 dogs, 8/540 cats, 3/152 horses). Animals presenting for veterinary treatment more frequently carried MRSA than healthy animals (OR 7·27, 95% CI 2·18–24·31, P<0·001). Concurrent carriage of non-MRSA coagulase-positive staphylococci was associated with MRSA carriage (OR 0·088, 95% CI 0·016–0·31, P<0·001); none of the other 13 putative risk factors was significant. MRSA carriage was rare in the selected companion animal populations. The absence of typical risk factors indicates that companion animals act as contaminated vectors rather than as true reservoirs.
Bacterial Capnine Blocks Transcription of Human Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Marshall Trevor 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe US CDC believes that 65% of all infections in developed countries may be caused by pathogens in biofilms. Electron Microscopy has shown that these bacterial communities can evade phagocytosis, and persist in the cytoplasm of monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils. Three decades ago, Wirostko et al. found such intraphagocytic communities in Crohn’s disease, Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sarcoidosis. However, the mechanism(s) by which such persistent bacteria could evade the immune system have remained elusive. Recently, 16S RNA from species of gliding bacteria never thought to be able to survive in vivo, have been found in surgically removed biofilms. This study set out to identify whether the genomes of these gliding bacteria might yield insight into mechanisms by which such persistent pathogens could evade phagocytosis.
Proposing a life cycle land use impact calculation methodology
Authors: Achten Wouter , Mathijs Erik , Muys Bart 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) community is yet to come to a consensus on a methodology to incorporate land use in LCA, still struggling with what exactly should be assessed and which indicators should be used. To solve this problem we start from concepts and models describing how ecosystems function and sustain, in order to understand how land use affects them. Earlier our research group presented a methodology based on the ecosystem exergy concept. This concept as based on the hypothesis that ecosystems develop towards more effective degradation of exergy fluxes passing through the system and is derived from two axioms: the principles of (i) maximum exergy storage and the (ii) maximum exergy dissipation. This concept aiming at the area of protection natural environment is different from conventional exergy analysis in LCA focusing on natural resources. To prevent confusion, the ecosystem exergy concept is further referred to as the MAximum Storage and Dissipation concept (MASD concept). In this paper we present how this concept identifies end-point impacts, mid-point impacts and mid-point indicators. The identified end-point impacts to assess are Ecosystem Structural Quality (ESQ) and Ecosystem Functional Quality (EFQ). In order to quantify these end-point impacts a dynamic multi-indicator set is proposed for quantifying the mid-point impacts on soil fertility, biodiversity and biomass production (quantifying the ESQ) and soil structure, vegetation structure and on-site water balance (quantifying the EFQ). Further we present an impact calculation method suitable for different environmental assessment tools and demonstrate the incorporation of the methodology in LCA.Suggested citation:Achten WMJ, Mathijs E, Muys B 2009. Proposing a life cycle land use impact calculation methodology. in: Nemecek T & Gaillard G (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector - Towards a sustainable management of the Food chain. November 12-14, 2008, Zurich, Switzerland. Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ISBN 978-3-905733-10-5, 22-33.
A simple clustering of the BioModels database using semanticSBML
Authors: Krause Falko , Liebermeister Wolfram 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe BioModels database contains biochemical network models in SBML format, in which the biochemical meaning of elements is specified by MIRIAM-compliant RDF annotations. We used these annotations to define a similarity measure for models, scoring the overlap of the biochemical systems described. Based on this score, we used two-way clustering to detect groups of similar models and groups of co-occuring model elements. To recognize and compare biochemical elements, we used routines from the software semanticSBML. A Python script extracts all MIRIAM annotations (regardless of their qualifiers) using the semanticSBML annotation classes. The result is a matrix in which the rows represent the models (e.g. BioModel 001), while the columns represent specific annotations (e.g. urn:miriam:reactome:REACT_15422). A matrix element is set to 1 if an identifier occurs in a model and to 0 otherwise. This matrix was used as an input for a hierarchical clustering algorithm (implemented in Matlab) and the clustered matrix was visualized. Model clustering allows to detect models describing similar biochemical processes (e.g. glycolysis) and their specific common elements. This may help to find candidate models for completing a given initial model, which could then be merged using semanticSBML.
Open Biomedical Ontologies Applied to Prostate Cancer
Authors: Overton James , Romagnoli Cesare , Chhem Rethy 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper surveys preliminary results from the Interdisciplinary Prostate Ontology Project (IPOP), in which ontologies from the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) library have been used to annotate clinical reports about prostate cancer. First we discuss why we rejected several controlled vocabularies, including SNOMED, DICOM, and RadLex, preferring instead to use the OBO library. We then briefly describe the database-backed website we have created around the relevant OBO ontologies, and provide excerpts of reports from radiology, surgery, and pathology which we have hyperlinked to the ontology terms. This method allows us to discover which relevant terms exist in the OBO library, and which do not. The final section of this paper discusses these gaps in the OBO library and considers methods of filling them.
Is Centaurus A Special? A Neutral-Hydrogen Perspective
Authors: Struve Christian , Morganti Raffaella , Oosterloo Tom A. , Emonts Bjorn H. C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDue to its proximity, the neutral hydrogen belonging to Cen A can be observed at high resolution with good sensitivity. This allows us to study the morphology and kinematics in detail, in order to understand the evolution of this radio-loud source (e.g. merger history, AGN activity). At the same time, it is important to compare results to other sources of the same class (i.e. early-type galaxies in general and radio galaxies in particular) to see how Cen A fits into the global picture of early-type/radio galaxy evolution. The amount of Hi, the morphology of a warped disk with Hi clouds surrounding the disk and the regular kinematics of the inner part of the Hi disk are not unusual for early-type galaxies. The growing evidence that mergers are not necessarily responsible for AGN activity fits with the observational result that the recent merger event in Cen A is not directly connected to the current phase of activity. Based on these results, we conclude that Cen A has typical neutral hydrogen properties for an early-type and radio galaxy and it can therefore — from the perspective of Hi — be seen as a typical example of its class.
Centaurus A at Hard X-Rays and Soft Gamma-Rays
Authors: Steinle H. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCen A, at a distance of less than 4 Mpc, is the nearest radio-loud AGN. Its emission is detected from radio to very-high energy gamma-rays. Despite the fact that Cen A is one of the best studied extragalactic objects the origin of its hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray emission (100 keV <E< 50 MeV) is still uncertain. Observations with high spatial resolution in the adjacent soft X-ray and hard gamma-ray regimes suggest that several distinct components such as a Seyfert-like nucleus, relativistic jets, and even luminous X-ray binaries within Cen A may contribute to the total emission in the MeV regime that has been detected with low spatial resolution. As the Spectral Energy Distribution of Cen A has its second maximum around 1 MeV, this energy range plays an important role in modeling the emission of (this) AGN. As there will be no satellite mission in the near future that will cover this energies with higher spatial resolution and better sensitivity, an overview of all existing hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray measurements of Cen A is presented here defining the present knowledge on Cen A in the MeV energy range.
The Many Faces of the Gas in Centaurus A (NGC 5128)
Authors: Morganti Raffaella 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCentaurus A (NGC 5128) is ideal for investigating the characteristics and role of gas in an earlytype galaxy in the presence of a radio-loud active nucleus. The different phases of the gas—hot (X-ray), warm (ionized), and cold (H i and molecular)—are all detected in this object and can be studied at very high spatial resolution, due to its proximity. This richness makes Centaurus A truly unique. Spatially, these gas structures span from the pc to the tens of kpc scale. Thus, they allow us to trace very different phenomena, from the formation and evolution of the host galaxy, to the interplay between nuclear activity and interstellar medium and the feeding mechanism of the central black hole. A lot of work has been done to study and understand the characteristics of the gas in this complex object, and the present paper summarizes what has been achieved so far.
Expression and Functional Analyses ofEXO70Genes in Arabidopsis Implicate Their Roles in Regulating Cell Type-Specific Exocytosis
Authors: Li Shipeng , van Os Gwen M.A. , Ren Shichao , Yu Dali , Ketelaar Tijs , Emons Anne Mie C. , Liu Chun-Ming 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDuring exocytosis, Golgi-derived vesicles are tethered to the target plasma membrane by a conserved octameric complex called the exocyst. In contrast to a single gene in yeast and most animals, plants have greatly increased number of EXO70 genes in their genomes, with functions very much unknown. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions were performed on all 23 EXO70 genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to examine their expression at the organ level. Cell-level expression analyses were performed using transgenic plants carrying β-glucuronidase reporter constructs, showing that EXO70 genes are primarily expressed in potential exocytosis-active cells such as tip-growing and elongating cells, developing xylem elements, and guard cells, whereas no expression was observed in cells of mature organs such as well-developed leaves, stems, sepals, and petals. Six EXO70 genes are expressed in distinct but partially overlapping stages during microspore development and pollen germination. A mutation in one of these genes, EXO70C1 (At5g13150), led to retarded pollen tube growth and compromised male transmission. This study implies that multiplications of EXO70 genes may allow plants to acquire cell type- and/or cargo-specific regulatory machinery for exocytosis.
Metabolic Engineering of Seeds Can Achieve Levels of ω-7 Fatty Acids Comparable with the Highest Levels Found in Natural Plant Sources
Authors: Nguyen Huu Tam , Mishra Girish , Whittle Edward , Pidkowich Mark S. , Bevan Scott A. , Merlo Ann Owens , Walsh Terence A. , Shanklin John 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Plant oils containing ω-7 fatty acids (FAs; palmitoleic 16:1Ɗ9 and cis-vaccenic 18:1Ɗ11) have potential as sustainable feedstocks for producing industrially important octene via metathesis chemistry. Engineering plants to produce seeds that accumulate high levels of any unusual FA has been an elusive goal. We achieved high levels of ω-7 FA accumulation by systematic metabolic engineering of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A plastidial 16:0-ACP desaturase has been engineered to convert 16:0 to 16:1Ɗ9 with specificity &gt;100-fold than that of naturally occurring paralogs, such as that from cat's claw vine (Doxantha unguis-cati). Expressing this engineered enzyme (Com25) in seeds increased ω-7 FA accumulation from &lt;2% to 14%. Reducing competition for 16:0-ACP by down-regulating the β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II 16:0 elongase further increased accumulation of ω-7 FA to 56%. The level of 16:0 exiting the plastid without desaturation also increased to 21%. Coexpression of a pair of fungal 16:0 desaturases in the cytosol reduced the 16:0 level to 11% and increased ω-7 FA to as much as 71%, equivalent to levels found in Doxantha seeds.
The concepts of potential natural vegetation (PNV) and other abstractions (trying to pick up fish with wet hands)
Authors: Carrión José S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis note follows from an earlier Commentary published in Journal of Biogeography (Carrión & Fernández, 2009, 36, 2202–2203), which provided palaeoecological data, and two replies in the form of Correspondence (Loidi et al., 2010, 37, 2209–2211; Farris et al., 2010, 37, 2211–2213). The latter papers attempt to invalidate the palaeoecological database as a source of comparison with the maps of potential vegetation. Here, some of the different interpretations of the term ‘potential natural vegetation’ (PNV), as used by the floristic phytosociological school, are discussed. It is suggested that there is a conceptual impasse that will not have a solution until a terminological consensus is reached. This terminology will open new methodological avenues that will facilitate the entry of new information derived from historical biogeography, palaeoecology, ecology, phylogeography, and niche and community modelling. One of the main sources of conflict arises from the link made between habitats and floristically‐determined associations, a confusion that has crucial repercussions in biological conservation, including in respect of the EU Habitats Directive.
Heterogeneous Stock Mice are Susceptible to Encephalomyelitis and Antibody‐initiated Arthritis but not to Collagen‐ and G6PI‐induced Arthritis
Authors: Klaczkowska D. , Raposo B. , Nandakumar K. S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe strategy of using heterogeneous stock (HS) mice has proven to be successful in fine mapping of quantitative trait loci in complex diseases. However, whether these mice can be used for arthritis, encephalomyelitis and autoimmune phenotypes has not been addressed. Here, we screened the Northport HS mice for arthritis phenotypes using three different models: collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), using rat, bovine or chicken collagen type II (CII); recombinant human glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase (G6PI)‐induced arthritis; and collagen antibody–induced arthritis (CAIA). Irrespective of the origin of collagen, we found HS mice to be fairly resistant to CIA and G6PI‐induced arthritis, despite the development of antibodies against the respective antigens. On the other hand, HS mice were found to be susceptible for CAIA. Similarly, these mice developed encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced either with mouse or rat spinal cord homogenate (SCH), or with recombinant rat myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, with elevated antibody levels against CNS proteins. Accordingly, we conclude that the use of HS mice for fine mapping and positional cloning of gene(s) involved in CAIA and EAE is possible, but not for collagen‐ and G6PI‐induced arthritis.
High‐resolution sequence stratigraphy of the Maastrichtian‐Ypresian succession along the eastern scarp face of Kharga Oasis, southern Western Desert, Egypt
Authors: EL‐AZABI MOUNIR H. , FAROUK SHERIF 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA thick Maastrichtian‐Ypresian succession, dominated by marine siliciclastic and carbonate deposits of the regionally recognized Nile Valley and Garra El‐Arbain facies associations, is exposed along the eastern escarpment face of Kharga Oasis, located in the Western Desert of Egypt. The main objectives of the present study are: (i) to establish a detailed biostratigraphic framework; (ii) to interpret the depositional environments; and (iii) to propose a sequence stratigraphic framework in order to constrain the palaeogeographic evolution of the Kharga sub‐basin during the Maastrichtian‐Ypresian time interval. The biostratigraphic analysis suggests the occurrence of 10 planktonic zones; two in the Early Maastrichtian (CF8b and CF7), four in the Palaeocene (P2, P3, P4c and P5) and four in the Early Eocene (E1, E2, E3 and E4). Recorded zonal boundaries and biostratigraphic zones generally match with those proposed elsewhere in the region. The stratigraphic succession comprises seven third‐order depositional sequences which are bounded by unconformities and their correlative conformities which can be correlated within and outside Egypt. These depositional sequences are interpreted as the result of eustatic sea‐level changes coupled with local tectonic activities. Each sequence contains a lower retrogradational parasequence set bounded above by a marine‐flooding surface and an upper progradational parasequence set bounded above by a sequence boundary. Parasequences within parasequence sets are stacked in landward‐stepping and seaward‐stepping patterns indicative of transgressive and highstand systems tracts, respectively. Lowstand systems tracts were not developed in the studied sections, presumably due to the low‐relief ramp setting. The irregular palaeotopography of the Dakhla Basin, which was caused by north‐east to south‐west trending submerged palaeo‐highs and lows, together with the eustatic sea‐level fluctuations, controlled the development and location of the two facies associations in the Kharga Oasis, the Nile Valley (open marine) and Garra El‐Arbain (marginal marine).
Cenozoic temperate and sub‐tropical carbonate sedimentation on an oceanic volcano – Chatham Islands, New Zealand
Authors: JAMES NOEL P. , JONES BRIAN , NELSON CAMPBELL S. , CAMPBELL HAMISH J. , TITJEN JEREMY 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Chatham Islands, at the eastern end of the Chatham Rise in the South‐west Pacific, are the emergent part of a Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic stratovolcano complex that is variably covered with limestones and fossiliferous tuffs. Most of these deposits accumulated in relatively shallow, high‐energy, tide‐influenced palaeoenvironments with deposition punctuated by periods of deeper‐water pelagic accumulation. Carbonate components in these neritic deposits are biogenic and dominated by molluscs and bryozoans – a heterozoan assemblage. The widespread Middle to Late Eocene Matanginui Limestone contains local photozoan elements such as large benthonic foraminifera (especially Asterocyclina) and calcareous green algae, reflecting the general Palaeogene sub‐tropical oceanographic setting. More localized Late Eocene to Oligocene deposits (Te One Limestone) as well as Pliocene carbonates (Onoua Limestone) are, however, wholly heterozoan and confirm a generally cooler‐water oceanographic setting, similar to today. Early sea floor diagenesis is interpreted to have removed most aragonite components (infaunal bivalves and epifaunal gastropods). Lack of aragonite resulted in the absence of intergranular calcite cementation during subaerial exposure, such that most carbonates are friable or unlithified. Cementation is, however, present at nodular hardground–firmground caps to metre‐scale cycles. Such cements are microcrystalline or micrometre‐thick isopachous circumgranular rinds with insufficient definitive attributes to pinpoint their environment of formation. The overall palaeoenvironment of deposition is interpreted as mesotrophic, resulting in part from upwelling about the Chatham volcanic massif and in part from nutrient element delivery from the adjacent volcanic terrane and coeval volcanism. Biotic diversity in tuffs is two to three times that in limestones, supporting the notion of especially high nutrient availability during periods of volcanism. These mid‐latitude deposits are strikingly different from their low‐latitude, tropical, photozoan counterparts in the volcanic island–coral reef ecosystem. Ground water seepage and fluvial runoff attenuate coral growth and promote microbial carbonate precipitation in these warm‐water settings. In contrast, nutrients from the same sources feed the system in the Chatham Islands cool‐water setting, promoting active heterozoan carbonate sedimentation.