bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Serological Diagnosis of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers
Authors: Smith J. 
Published: May 2009

The analysis of the serological results of blood specimens submitted during the course of the past 2 years for the Widal reaction has been made.The sera from cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever were examined in particular for their agglutinin content for the “H” and “O” antigens ofB. typhosusandB. paratyphosusB. The results obtained indicate that it is essential to use the “O” antigen ofB. typhosus, but no particular advantage has been derived, from the point of view of early diagnosis, from the use ofB. paratyphosusB “O” antigen.A comparison of the value of suitable living and killed antigens has been made. Either type of antigen appears to be equally effective, but for convenience and stability the suspensions issued by the Standards Laboratory, Oxford, have proved entirely satisfactory.Cases showing the serological difficulties which arise when a mixed specific and non-specific form ofB. paratyphosusB “H” antigen is used are described.The author is indebted to the Medical Eesearch Council for a personal grant, and to Miss N. A. Davidson for much technical assistance.
The Conditions of Temperature and Humidity of the Air between the Skin and Shirt of Man
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth 
Published: May 2009

Methods for measuring the temperature and humidity of the air beneath the shirt are described.Conditions of temperature and humidity under the shirt are described, for a resting person, with external temperatures varying between 0° C. and 41° C., under different atmospheric humidities. The air beneath the shirt varied between 23° C. and 37° C., and 23 and 70 per cent. relative humidity. The saturation deficiency of the air beneath the shirt varied very little—only between 13 and 18 mm.—in all the observations taken.I am indebted to Dr P. A. Buxton for many helpful suggestions and for reading the manuscript. Also to Prof. G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., for drawing my attention to literature on the earlier work.
The Problem of the Seasonal Prevalence of Plague
Authors: Otten L. 
Published: May 2009

1. The epidemic spread of plague in Java usually shows periodicity in that the increase commences in the third quarter, the driest period of the year, the apex being reached in the last months of the year. Afterwards, still in the middle of the wet monsoon, the decrease commences and reaches its lowest point in the second quarter.2. This seasonal course of plague—in the mountainous parts of Java at least—corresponds with a distinct fluctuation in the flea index during the same period.3. Whereas under the climatic conditions of the mountainous regions of Java the flea index usually follows the rise and fall of the saturation deficiency, it has been shown that in British India the influence of the saturation deficiency is in an exactly opposite direction.
An Investigation into the Effect of Certain Factors upon Child Health and Child Weight
Authors: McGonigle G. C. M. , McKinlay P. L. 
Published: May 2009

It does seem clear from the above series of results that of the factors examined in their relation to rickets, etc., the only one of substantial importance is differences in the manner of feeding. The absence of definite association with overcrowding is, certainly, surprising, in spite of the fact that we realise how crude is the measure of this factor which we have had to adopt. If, as we suggest, the personal factor is not a very serious one, the above findings afford at least prima facie evidence of the truth of the assertions made previously, and are certainly sufficient to warrant the prosecution of further field enquiries, on this line, but having greater regard to the obtaining of the necessary information in a form more suitable for detailed analysis.In this section the influence of five possible factors on the weight of the child has been considered. No one of these can be shown to be of outstanding importance in this respect; but the efficiency of the mother shows the highest and most consistent relationship. Health of mother and those variations of feeding which are considered here as indiscretions have no appreciable influence on infant weight, but the remaining two variables, overcrowding and position of the infant in the family, seem to influence the weight of the child. In the case of overcrowding, the effect is small and only becomes substantial towards the end of the first year. Position of the infant in family, likewise, is of little moment; first and latest-born infants initially seem to have lower than average weights, but towards the end of the first year of life the weights of first-born infants tend to be over average, while those of infants born into already large families still show evidence of inferiority.
The Utilisation of Citrates and the Fermentation of Cellobiose by Strains ofBacterium ColiIsolated from Human Faeces
Authors: Skinner C. E. , Brudnoy H. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. Of 585 strains of lactose-fermenting aerobes each isolated from faeces of a different person, 501 did not utilise citrate or ferment cellobiose; 20 were citrate negative and cellobiose positive; 27 were cellobiose negative and citrate positive; and 37 were positive to both tests.2. Almost 10 per cent, of the strains isolated were indol negative.3. One culture was methyl-red negative and Voges-Proskauer positive. Two were positive to both tests. The rest were methyl-red positive and Voges-Proskauer negative.4. It is concluded that the results are not favourable to the use of the citrate or the cellobiose test in routine water analysis.5. A discussion of the taxonomy of the lactose-fermenting aerobes is given. Only two species,Bacterium coli(Escherich) L. and N., andBacterium aerogenes(Escherich) Chester, are recognised.
Miscellaneous Studies on the Iodine and Goitre Problem in New Zealand
Authors: Hercus C. E. , Aitken H. A. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. Methods for the estimation of iodine in natural products are described.2. Common sea weeds on the Pacific coast of Otago have an iodine content of the same order as similar species on the Pacific coast of British Columbia.3. InCystophora retroflexa, which contains over 0·1 per cent, of iodine, 70–80 per cent, of the iodine appears to be in inorganic or loosely bound combination. Precipitation and colour tests indicate that di-iodotyrosine is also present.4. Observations are recorded of the iodine content of kelp-feeding and other fish.5. Administration of anaesthetics produces fluctuations in the concentration of blood iodine in rabbits, the effect persisting after removal of the thyroid gland. Experimentsin vitrosuggest that only in the case of inorganic iodine could a redistribution of iodine between tissues and serum be brought about by the direct action of anaesthetics.6. New Zealand cabbage possesses goitrigenous properties for rabbits but in a much smaller degree than American cabbage.7. The urinary excretion of Samoans is compared with that of inhabitants of Christchurch Mental Hospital.8. The incidence and course of development of goitre at Christchurch Mental Hospital is discussed.9. Values are given for the iodine content of Otago pigs' thyroids.
Further Experiences with Intravenous Antitoxin Treatment of Scarlet Fever
Authors: Banks H. Stanley 
Published: May 2009

1. Experience of 4½ years of intravenously administered scarlatinal antitoxin, in 1204 cases, confirms the tentative conclusions reached in 1928, viz. that the acute stage of the disease can generally be arrested in 12–24 hours, complications almost wholly prevented, and the period of morbidity reduced to a little over a fortnight.2. These effects were obtained in hospital wards where over 50 per cent, of the cases, generally about 75 per cent, and including all the worst, were so treated, and it is possible that the reduction of mass infection obtained in the wards by this means is an essential condition for obtaining such results. Under such conditions relapses and cross-infections were very rare.3. Some evidence was obtained that intravenous antitoxin administered in the acute stage of scarlet fever largely prevents the onset of septic complications, including the late septic type itself, scarlatina anginosa; and that it may be of striking benefit in the treatment of the septic type, even at a late stage.4. The importance of proved clinical potency and freedom from dangerous reactions of each individual batch of serum to be employed, is stressed.5. Indications and contra-indications are stated.6. Certain precautions and details of technique are recommended.
Selective Media for the Isolation, Cultivation and Differentiation ofBacillus coliandB. lactis aerogenes
Authors: Wilson W. James 
Published: May 2009

1. An agar medium is described which enables a direct estimation of the numbers of coliform bacilli in a water or milk sample to be made.2. An enrichment medium forB. lactis aerogenesis one containing in every 100 c.c. of peptone water 0·5 g. sodium citrate, 0·25 g. soluble starch and 1 c.c. of a 1 per cent, watery solution of neutral red.3. Enrichment media forB. coliare: (a) lactose peptone water containing in every 100 c.c., 1 g. sodium sulphite anhydrous and 2 c.c. of 1 per cent, rosolic acid in absolute alcohol; (b) lactose peptone water containing in every 100 c.c., 2 c.c. of a 40 per cent, solution of hexamine in water.4. Importance is attached to the capacity to ferment starch possessed byB. lactis aerogenes.5. The application of these media to the examination of water and milk is indicated.
The Statistics of Erysipelas in England and Wales
Authors: Russell W. T. 
Published: May 2009

1. The annual number of notified cases of erysipelas is approximately 17,000, and assuming complete notification of the disease the general case fatality is approximately 6 per cent.2. The death-rate, deaths in terms of the population, varies according to age, being highest at the beginning and end of life and at a minimum between the age of 5 and 10 years. The mortality of males is identical with that of females up to age 25, but is afterwards in excess.3. The disease has in recent years a well-marked seasonal incidence—a winter and spring excess with a summer defect. In this respect it resembles scarlet and puerperal fevers and, although its seasonal incidence has changed in the course of time, the alteration has not been nearly so pronounced as that for scarlet fever.4. The incidence is highly correlated with overcrowded conditions, the correlation coefficient being in some periods as high as + 0·83 in the divisions of London and + 0·70 in the sanitary districts of Glasgow.5. The morbidity from erysipelas is fairly well correlated in time with that from scarlet fever and erysipelas, but in London, in the urban and in the rural districts of England and Wales, the spacial correlation is very small. On the other hand, in Glasgow the spacial correlation between the incidence of erysipelas and that of scarlet fever is highly negative, −0·718 ±0·109, whereas between erysipelas and puerperal fever the association is positive, + 0·689±0·109 during the period 1903–8, but these values were much reduced when the partial coefficients were calculated.
The Ticks of Rodents and their Nests, and the Discovery that Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latr. is the Vector of Tropical Typhus in Kenya
Authors: Roberts J. Isgaer 
Published: May 2009

1. Earlier attempts to trace the vector of tropical typhus in Kenya failed. The only references to the subject in the available literature consist of mere suggestions that a mite would most likely prove to be the transmitter.2. An investigation made in an area whence most Nairobi cases of tropical typhus were reported, suggested that a tick (R. pulchellus) would be the most likely vector.3. Transmission experiments made in the belief that one of the unclassed fevers of man was conveyed by R. pulchellus have so far yielded negative results. There is, however, sufficient circumstantial evidence available pointing to this tick as vector of a form of mild typhus to man—this demands further investigation.4. At Mombasa and Nairobi, houses reported to be heavily infested with ticks, or houses investigated after the occurrence of the tropical typhus in them, have yielded only R. sanguineus.5. R. sanguineus (3 ♀), taken from a dog in a house where the last typhus case had occurred 8 months previously, gave a typical typhus syndrome when emulsified and inoculated into a male guinea-pig. R. sanguineus (1 ♀, 12 ⊙), taken in a house where a child had recently contracted typhus, also gave a positive result with guinea-pigs and the virus was further transmitted by passage through other guinea-pigs.6. The infestation of houses by R. sanguineus and the incidence of tropical typhus among human beings appear to be influenced by unfavourable weather conditions, causing the ticks to seek relatively dry and warm places for purposes of oviposition or metamorphosis, thus invading houses. In the absence of dogs, its usual hosts, the tick attacks man.
Bactericidal effects of the partial irradiation of a room with ultra-violet light
Authors: Lidwell O. M. 
Published: May 2009

The process of removal of bacteria from the air of a room of which part only is irradiated with ultra-violet light is discussed.Formulae are derived for the rate of disappearance of bacteria from the air in such circumstances and for The equilibrium levels reached when bacteria-carrying particles are being continuously introduced into the air at a constant rate. These formulae include terms for the effect of simultaneous ventilation and for the effect of sedimentation of the bacteria-carrying particles.The results of a short series of tests are compared with those calculated from these formulae and the two found to agree reasonably well on the assumption that the air within both the irradiated and nonirradiated zones is effectively mixed.Figures are given over a range of humidities for the sensitivity of salivary organisms to ultra-violet irradiation when suspended as small particles in the air.A chart is presented for the evaluation of the mean radiation intensity within a rectangular volume produced by a point source situated within or on the boundaries of the volume.
Schick reactions in recently confined women and their new-born infants
Authors: Vogelsang Th. M. , Kryvi B. O. 
Published: May 2009

The Schick test was carried out on 500 recently confined women and their new-born infants. The Schick reaction was positive in as many as 73 % of the mothers and in 60 % of their infants. The infants were positive reactors in 82% of all the cases in which their mothers were positive.The reaction of the new-born infants was, as a rule, weaker than that of the mothers. It often happened that when the mother's reaction was faintly positive, her infant's reaction was negative.When the mothers had been immunized with diphtheria toxoid, the overwhelming majority of both the mothers and their new-born infants were negative. Immunization of Schick-positive women with diphtheria toxoid during pregnancy is recommended as a preventive of diphtheria in infancy, as by this means the antitoxin level of the new-born infant can be raised.We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to Jörgen Lövset, M.D., chief physician, Hospital for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Bergen, Norway, for permission to use the material for this investigation.
Quantitative study of the sterilization of bacteria by mercuric compounds
Authors: de Loureiro J. A. , Lito Eugenio 
Published: May 2009

In the present work it is suggested that the sterilization of bacterial suspensions by mercurial antiseptics is a reflexion of a possible stoichiometrical relation between the mercuric compound and the thiol receptors in the bacterial cells.This has been verified experimentally by studying the times of survival of suspensions of B. typhosum mixed with multiples and submultiples of the quantity of antiseptic theoretically equivalent to the thiol content of the suspension, as estimated by iodometric titration.The considerable differences observed in the time of survival of suspensions mixed respectively with more and with less than the thiol equivalent of antiseptic, and the absence of any marked effect of dilution of the mixture, show that there is a quantitative relationship between the amounts of substrate and the quantity of antiseptic capable of sterilizing it.
Endemic pellagra in northern Portugal
Authors: Monteiro A. Moura , Coutinho Herculano , Janz G. J. , de Loureiro J. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. A clinical and biochemical study of a group of thirty patients from northern Portugal shows that they were suffering from a mild form of pellagra with no signs of severe malnutrition or of associated deficiencies except dental abrasion caries and pyorrhoea.2. The diet of these patients in most respects was chemically satisfactory. Apart from a very low consumption of animal protein the gross intake of calories, total protein minerals and vitamins, including nicotinic acid, was satisfactory.3. Since the syndrome was completely cured by nicotinic acid, it is suggested that the main characteristic of a diet on which pellagra is likely to develop is not a shortage of nicotinic acid, but a lack of high-grade protein.4. A maize diet, satisfactory so far as calories and total protein are concerned, may produce pellagra because maize proteins are short of certain essential amino-acids. Other cereal diets may also produce pellagra if the general level of nutrition is very low.5. The syndrome may be cured either by very large doses of nicotinic acid without change of diet or by moderate doses accompanied by abundant animal protein.
An experimental basis for estimating the virulence of tubercle bacilli
Authors: Stewart G. T. , Tamargo-Sanchez M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Mice infected intracerebrally with M. tuberculosis H 37 Rv in doses of 400,000–1,300,000 bacillary units gave a graduated series of responses whose regression provided an arbitrary 100% standard of mouse virulence for human tubercle bacilli.2. Under certain experimental conditions this standard remained stable and its confidence limits could be defined.3. The relative virulence of other strains of tubercle bacilli could be assessed quantitatively in relation to this standard, and expressed as a (percentage) virulence ratio.4. 100% virulence was defined as that of a strain showing a threshold of response of 600,000–1,300,000 bacillary units, lethal cerebral lesions at 8–20 days or necrotic pulmonary lesions at 20–30 days, and a mean 50% mortality time of less than 36 days.5. Qualitative and quantitative responses characteristic of intermediate and very low virulence were also defined.6. Higher proportions of virulent cells were obtained from 3 to 7 days than from older cultures in Tween-albumin liquid media, but inocula were more suitably standardized by obtaining cells from 11 to 12-day cultures.7. Passage in the mouse and guinea-pig failed to alter the virulence of H 37 Rv. A slight increase was effected by passage in the lung of the rabbit.8. The technique employed was a measure essentially of the ability of the organism to multiply in, and damage, resistant tissues.
A Survey by the sewage swab method of latent enteric infection in an urban area
Authors: Moore B , Perry Col. E. L. , Chard S. T. 
Published: May 2009

By a combination of a swab sampling method, modern cultural techniques and Vi-phage typing, a survey for enteric organisms has been made of the sewerage system of a town of about 10,000 inhabitants.The location of typhoid and paratyphoid B carriers by systematic swabbing of sewers in accordance with cultural findings has been proved feasible.Two paratyphoid B carriers and one typhoid carrier were discovered by this method. Evidence was obtained of the presence of at least six other foci of paratyphoid infection in the town.Paratyphoid bacilh were repeatedly isolated from a river flowing through the town. The possible role of river pollution in the maintenance of endemic enteric infection in the area is discussed.The methods used in this survey might be applied with advantage to the elucidation of unsolved enteric outbreaks, to the control of food-handling establishments and to epidemiological studies of other infections in which the causative organism gains access to sewage.We are indebted to Mr R. W. Pinney and Mr W. E. Coles, who did by far the greater part of the work of laying the sewage swabs and sending them to the laboratory; to Mr L. M. Blanchard, Surveyor, Sidmouth U.D.C., for his assistance with the preparation of maps of the area; to Dr A. Felix for his kindness in typing the enteric strains isolated; and to Mr R. N. Brown and Mr S. Barlow for much assistance in the development of cultural techniques.
Significance of tests for non-infectivity of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines
Authors: Henderson W. M. 
Published: May 2009

An appreciation of the chance of failing to detect small amounts of infectivity is the main consideration in the design of any test for non-infectivity. The absence of infectivity can never be proved, and many samples must be tested and found negative before there is reasonable assurance that a supposedly non-infective vaccine is safe to use.The highest percentage,p, of samples likely to be infective for various numbers of negative observations,n, has been calculated from the expression (1−p)n=Pfor different levels ofP, the chance of failure to detect a positive. For example, if 100 observations are made and found negative the percentage of infective samples would be unlikely (P= 0·05) to exceed 3·0 and highly unlikely (P= 0·01) to exceed 4·5. It is suggested that at least this number of observations be made.The particular problem of detecting foot-and-mouth disease virus by inoculation of a susceptible host is considered in relation to the theoretical requirements of a test of sound design.The multiple intradermal tongue inoculation of a number of cattle is the method that best meets these requirements. It is shown that this method is the most sensitive for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus, at least twenty observations can be provided by one animal, the presence of non-infective but antigenic material in the inoculum does not hinder the detection of a trace of active virus, and an estimate of the initial susceptibility of the tongue tissue of non-reactors can usually be obtained.Although a much larger volume can be tested by subcutaneous inoculation, disadvantages of this route are shown to be that with some strains very large amounts of virus are required for infection, only one observation is provided by each animal, the presence of non-infective but antigenic material in the inoculum may mask the presence of active virus, and non-reactors to an immunizing dose of vaccine cannot subsequently be tested for a measure of their initial susceptibility relevant to this route of inoculation.I am indebted to Dr J. O. Irwin, of the Statistical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, for advice on the use of the binomial distribution and for his helpful criticism of the manuscript; to Dr Ian A. Galloway, Director of this Institute for his interest and encouragement and to Mr W. J. Brownsea for technical assistance during the work described in this and the previous paper.