bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying the causes of sediment-associated contamination in the Illinois River (USA) using a whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation
Authors: Mehler W. Tyler , Maul Jonathan D. , You Jing , Lydy Michael J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) techniques were employed on the Illinois River Complex (IRC), USA to identify the sources of sediment toxicity that may have contributed to the decline in benthic invertebrate populations. The TIE focused on three classes of contaminants: ammonia, metals, and organics. Sediment toxicity was assessed using the amphipod Hyalella azteca, and the focus of the TIE was on assessing spatial and temporal patterns of contamination. Past studies suggested that ammonia was the major source of contamination in IRC sediments. However, the present study suggested that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the primary contributor to sediment toxicity. Phase I testing showed 46% of the site trials (12 of 26) exhibited increased H. azteca survival (p &lt; 0.05) with the addition of powdered coconut charcoal (organic amendment), whereas zeolite (ammonia amendment) and Resin Tech SIR 300 (cationic metals amendment) did not increase H. azteca survival. Phase II testing revealed PAH concentrations were high enough to cause the observed toxicity, confirming phase I results. Spatially, sediment toxicity as well as pore-water ammonia concentrations declined with distance downstream from suspected contaminant sources, indicating a potential dilution or remedial effect. Temporally, pore-water ammonia, metals, and PAH concentrations varied among sampling periods over an annual cycle for some sites near urbanized areas, while remaining temporally consistent at others. The results of the present study provide new information on the sources of toxicity within the IRC, and demonstrate the importance of evaluating spatial and temporal aspects in sediment TIEs. This is particularly important for evaluations in riverine systems in which hydrologic processes can result in large variation in sediment toxicity on temporal and spatial scales. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:158–167. © 2009 SETAC
Hierarchical cluster analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and furans in Michigan, USA, soils: Evaluation of industrial and background congener profiles
Authors: Towey Timothy P. , Chang Shu-Chi , Demond Avery , Wright Daniel , Barabás Noémi , Franzblau Alfred , Garabrant David H. , Gillespie Brenda W. , Lepkowski James , Luksemburg William , Adriaens Peter 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
As part of the University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study, soil samples were collected from 766 residential properties near the Tittabawassee River between Midland and Saginaw; near the Dow Chemical Facility in Midland; and, for comparison, in the other areas of Midland and Saginaw Counties and in Jackson and Calhoun Counties, all located in the state of Michigan, USA. A total of 2,081 soil samples were analyzed for 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). In order to better understand the distribution and sources of the PCDD/F congeners in the study area, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to statistically group samples with similar congener patterns. The analysis yielded a total of 13 clusters, including: 3 clusters among the soils impacted by contamination present in the Tittabawassee River sediments, a cluster comprised mainly of samples collected within the depositional area of the Dow incinerator complex, a small cluster of samples with elevated 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and several clusters exhibiting background patterns. The clusters related to the Tittabawassee River floodplain contamination all contained elevated PCDF levels and were differentiated from one another primarily by their relative concentrations of higher-chlorinated PCDDs, a difference likely related to both extent and timing of impacts from Tittabawassee sediments. The background clusters appear to be related to combustion processes and are differentiated, in part, by their relative fractions of TCDD. Thus, HCA was useful for identifying congener profile characteristics in both contaminated and background soil samples. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:64–72. © 2009 SETAC
Effects of dietary cadmium exposure on reproduction of saltwater cladoceran Moina monogolica Daday: Implications in water quality criteria
Authors: Wang Zaosheng , Yan Changzhou , Hyne Ross V. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The chronic toxicity of dietary cadmium to the saltwater cladoceran Moina monogolica Daday and its relative toxicity compared with aquatic exposure were investigated in the present study. The microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa, exposed to cadmium in growth inhibition tests, had a 96-h median effective concentration (EC50) of 81.2 µg Cd/L (95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 71.9–95.1). C. pyrenoidosa exposed for 96 h to sublethal dissolved cadmium concentrations in the range 4.10 ± 0.30 to 70.29 ± 0.31 µg/L resulted in algal cadmium burdens up to 73.86 × 10−16 g Cd/cell. Cellular cadmium burdens accumulated in a dose-dependent manner, whereas cell densities inversely declined from 670 × 104 to 38 × 104 cells/ml with exposure to the increasing aqueous cadmium concentrations. C. pyrenoidosa preexposed to cadmium and used as food in a chronic 21-d toxicity test with the cladoceran M. monogolica, containing no added dissolved cadmium, inhibited reproduction. Significant reductions of the net reproduction rate (R0) per brood were observed in all broods, and the decline in the number of neonates produced increased with each subsequent brood. The cadmium concentration (4.10 ± 0.30 µg/L) in the algal culture water that produced the lowest algal cadmium burden (2.85 ± 0.76 × 10−16 g Cd/cell) was shown to inhibit M. monogolica reproduction and was compared with the water quality criteria (WQC) of China. This comparison indicated that dietary exposure to cadmium may cause sublethal responses at concentrations below the current cadmium WQC of China for aquaculture. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:365–372. © 2009 SETAC
Effects of environmental regimens on the toxin profile of Alexandrium ostenfeldii
Authors: Otero Paz , Alfonso Amparo , Vieytes Mercedes R. , Cabado Ana G. , Vieites Juan M. , Botana Luis M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Environmental conditions are key factors in the development of marine toxic phytoplankton. Spirolides are marine toxins with a heptacyclic imine ring responsible for the toxicity in mice. Alexandrium ostenfeldii (A. ostenfeldii) is the main producer of these toxins, although this dinoflagellate often produces toxins belonging to the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) group. The present study shows the first evidence that external environmental factors can influence the toxin profile produced by the dinoflagellate A. ostenfeldii. The species investigated is indigenous to the North Atlantic coast, and their cells grew under several environmental parameters. Toxin production was measured by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the chromatograms reflect the presence of two spirolides in all cultures; one in the region m/z 692.5, corresponding to 13-desmethyl spirolide C (13-desMeC) and the other in the region m/z 678.5, which corresponds to 13,19-didesmethyl spirolide C (13,19-didesMeC). The physical parameters studied were salinity, culture media, and photoperiod. The highest amount of toxin per cell was obtained when dinoflagellates grew in F/2 and Walne medium, 28‰ salinity, and 24 h of light. However, the highest proportion of 13,19-didesMeC with respect to 13-desMeC was achieved in L1 medium, 33‰ salinity, and 14:10 h light:dark. On the contrary, the highest proportion of 13-desMeC in cells was obtained when A. ostenfeldii was cultured in F/2 medium, 28‰ salinity, and the same photoperiod. Therefore, from these data the optimum conditions to culture A. ostenfeldii and to obtain the highest amount of spirolide per cell are shown. In addition, these environmental conditions can be considered a tool to predict and avoid A. ostenfeldii blooms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:301–310. © 2009 SETAC
Evaluation of metal toxicity by a modified method based on the fungus Gerronema viridilucens bioluminescence in agar medium
Authors: Mendes Luiz Fernando , Stevani Cassius Vinicius 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Metal cation toxicity to basidiomycete fungi is poorly understood, despite its well-known importance in terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, there is no reported methodology for the routine evaluation of metal toxicity to basidiomycetes. In the present study, we describe the development of a procedure to assess the acute toxicity of metal cations (Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+,Mg2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+) to the bioluminescent basidiomycete fungus Gerronema viridilucens. The method is based on the decrease in the intensity of bioluminescence resulting from injuries sustained by the fungus mycelium exposed to either essential or nonessential metal toxicants. The assay described herein enables us to propose a metal toxicity series to Gerronema viridilucens based on data obtained from the bioluminescence intensity (median effective concentration [EC50] values) versus metal concentration: Cd2+ &gt; Cu2+ &gt; Mn2+ ≈ Ni2+ ≈ Co2+ &gt; Zn2+ &gt; Mg2+ &gt; Li+ &gt; K+ ≈ Na+ &gt; Ca2+, and to shed some light on the mechanism of toxic action of metal cations to basidiomycete fungi. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:320–326. © 2009 SETAC
C-fin: A cultured frog tadpole tail fin biopsy approach for detection of thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals
Authors: Hinther Ashley , Domanski Dominik , Vawda Saadia , Helbing Caren C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThere is a need for the development of a rapid method for identifying chemicals that disrupt thyroid hormone (TH) action while maintaining complex tissue structure and biological variation. Moreover, no assay to date allows a simultaneous screen of an individual's response to multiple chemicals. A cultured tail fin biopsy or C-fin assay was developed using Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. Multiple tail fin biopsies were taken per tadpole, cultured in serum-free medium, and then each biopsy was exposed to a different treatment condition. The effects of known disruptors of TH action were evaluated in the C-fin assay. Chemical exposure was performed ± 10 nM 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) of two TH-responsive transcripts, TH receptor β (TRβ) and the Rana larval keratin type I (RLKI), was performed. Within 48 h of exposure to Triac (1-100 nM), roscovitine (0.6–60 µM), or genistein (1–100 µM), perturbations in TH signaling were detected. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) (10-1,000 nM) showed no effect. Acetochlor (1–100 nM) elicited a modest effect on the TH-dependent induction of TRβ transcript. These data reveal that a direct tissue effect may not be critical for TBBPA and acetochlor to disrupt TH action previously observed in intact tadpoles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:380–388. © 2009 SETAC
Ranking sediment samples from three Spanish estuaries in relation to its toxicity for two benthic species: The microalga Cylindrotheca closterium and the copepod Tisbe battagliai
Authors: Araújo Cristiano V.M. , Diz Fernando R. , Tornero Victoria , Lubián Luís M. , Blasco Julián , Moreno-Garrido Ignacio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The present study assesses the sediment toxicity levels of three Spanish estuaries, as well as the suitability of two microorganisms, the benthic microalga Cylindrotheca closterium and the harpacticoid copepod Tisbe battagliai, as test organisms in whole-sediment toxicity assays. The sensitivity of both species to potentially polluted sediments was compared. Three sites at the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula were chosen: the Ría of Huelva, the Guadalquivir Estuary, and the Bay of Algeciras. Inhibition data were based on growth for C. closterium and fecundity for T. battagliai. No toxicity was recorded for the microalga in the Guadalquivir Estuary and the Bay of Algeciras. However, for T. battagliai, inhibition of fecundity was approximately 50% in those zones, indicating higher sensitivity. Samples from stations in the Ría of Huelva were the most toxic of all those assayed; inhibition values higher than 90% were obtained for both organisms. The highest values for total metal concentrations such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn) were found in the Ría of Huelva, which can be classified as severely impacted. The Guadalquivir Estuary and the Bay of Algeciras can be considered moderately impacted. In general, both methodologies are suitable for application in ecotoxicological studies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:393–400. © 2009 SETAC
Cry1Ab toxin production of MON 810 transgenic maize
Authors: Székács András , Lauber Éva , Juracsek Judit , Darvas Béla 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Levels of Cry1Ab toxin were detected in genetically modified maize of genetic event MON 810 against near isogenic maize as negative control by two commercial immunoassays. The immunoassays were characterized for their cross-reactivity (CR) between Cry1Ab protoxin and activated toxin, and were compared with each other for toxin detection in a reference plant sample. Cry1Ab toxin levels, corrected for active toxin content using the CR values obtained, were monitored in maize DK-440 BTY through the entire vegetation period. The toxin concentration was found to show a rapid rise in the leaves to 17.15 ± 1.66 µg/g by the end of the fifth week of cultivation, followed by a gradual decline to 9.61 ± 2.07 µg/g by the 16th week and a slight increase again to 13.51 ± 1.96 µg/g during the last 2 weeks due to partial desiccation. Similar but lesser fluctuation of toxin levels was seen in the roots between 5.32 ± 0.49 µg/g at the less differentiated V1 stage and 2.25 ± 0.30 µg/g during plant development. In contrast, Cry1Ab toxin levels appeared to be stably 1.36 ± 0.45, 4.98 ± 0.31, 0.47 ± 0.03, and 0.83 ± 0.15 µg/g in the stem, anther wall, pollen, and grain, respectively. Toxin concentrations produced at the VT-R4 phenological stages under actual cultivation conditions were compared with each other in three different years within an 8-year period. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:182–190. © 2009 SETAC
Copper toxicity thresholds in Chinese soils based on substrate-induced nitrification assay
Authors: Li Xiao-Fang , Sun Jin-Wei , Huang Yi-Zong , Ma Yi-Bing , Zhu Yong-Guan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCopper toxicity in 17 Chinese soils was screened using a substrate-induced nitrification assay to generate information for the development of a terrestrial biotic ligand model (tBLM). The leaching effect on the Cu toxicity thresholds was investigated. Both the total Cu-based median effective concentration (EC50) values (46.9–2726 mg/kg) and the solution Cu-based EC50 values (0.04–2.91 mg/L) in unleached soils varied substantially among the soils in the present study. For unleached soils, linear stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that total Ca and soil pH were the best predictors for total Cu-based EC50, while electrical conductivity (EC) and soil pH were the best predictors for solution Cu-based EC50. The variation in solution Cu-based EC50 was largely (R2 = 0.75) explained by Mg but not Ca and H+ concentration in soil solution at EC50, suggesting a protective effect of Mg2+ against Cu toxicity in the test soils. Leaching impacted Cu toxicity differently among the soils and apparently reduced the variations of both the total Cu-based and the solution Cu-based EC50. The predictability of the Cu EC50 by empirical models was decreased after leaching. The leaching effect on Cu toxicity, indicated by a leaching factor, was not predicted by any soil properties. There is a need to investigate quantitatively the mechanisms for the leaching effect on Cu toxicity in soils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:294–300. © 2009 SETAC
Anticholinesterase poisoning of birds: Field monitoring and diagnosis of acute poisoning
Authors: Hill Elwood F. , Fleming W. James 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides are cholinesterase (ChE) inhibiting chemicals that have been responsible for avian die-offs. Identification of chemicals implicated in these die-offs is difficult and sometimes conclusions are solely circumstantial. However, when marked depression (inhibition) of brain ChE activity accompanies organophosphorus or carbamate residues in body tissues or ingesta, cause-effect diagnosis is enhanced. To achieve this end, normal brain ChE activity is estimated for controls of the affected species and then die-off specimens are individually evaluated for evidence of ChE inhibition. This approach to evaluation of antiChE poisoning may also be used to monitor exposure of vertebrates to field application of organophosphorus or carbamate pesticides. Problems associated with this kind of evaluation, and the main topic of this report, include variability of brain ChE activity among species, postmortem influences of ambient conditions (storage or field) on ChE activity, and differential patterns of ChE activity when inhibited by organophosphorus or carbamate compounds. Other topics discussed are the ChE assay procedure, example case reports and interpretation, and research needed for improving the diagnostic utility of ChE activity in a field situation.
Which components of crude oil are toxic to young seabirds?
Authors: Miller D. S. , Hallett D. J. , Peakall D. B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Studies from this laboratory have focused on sublethal physiological effects of small amounts of ingested crude oil in young herring gulls (Larus argentatus). Clearly, the most striking effect of certain oils in gulls is the marked reduction in rates of weight gain found after administration of a single 0.2–1 ml oral dose. For example, dosing with one South Lousiana crude (obtained from the American Petroleum Institute in 1976; SLC-76) reduced weight gain by 40–80%; another SLC, obtained in 1978, had no effect. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrographic analyses of the oils indicated that SLC-1978 lacked certain aromatics. Weathering of SLC-76 over sea water for 36 h did not reduce its ability to inhibit weight gain in gulls. Both findings implicated higher weight aromatics as the active compounds. SLC-76 was split on an alumina column into aliphatic and aromatic fractions; only the aromatic fraction reduced gull rates of weight gain. Using a Prudhoe Bay crude (as toxic to gulls as SLC-76), the aromatic fraction was split into two subfractions on Sephadex LH-20. Analyses showed that one subfraction contained those aromatics with three or less rings and the other contained those with four or more rings. Only the second fraction (high molecular weight aromatics) reduced gull weight gain. These findings clearly show that oil composition is a major determinant of oral toxicity to young seabirds, and that the higher molecular weight aromatics are most effective in reducing gull weight gain.
Hydrolysis and oxidation processes in the environment
Authors: Mill Theodore 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Many kinds of chemical structures can undergo hydrolysis under conditions typically found in freshwater and marine systems with rates that are fast enough to make these reactions the dominant loss processes. Methods for estimating rate constants from structural activity relationships (SAR) and for measuring hydrolysis rate constants in the laboratory will be discussed as will limitations and complications in these procedures.
Oxidations of organic structures by HO radical in the atmosphere and by RO2 and singlet oxygen in water are complex processes ultimately driven by sunlight. In air oxidation is the single most important loss process; in water only a few classes of organic structures are readily oxidized. The principles governing these photooxidations, SAR for estimating rate constants and available laboratory methods for their measurement will be discussed.
Wildlife toxicity studies with oxamyl
Authors: Smith Ladd W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe acute oral LD50 of oxamyl in bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), mallards (Anas platyrhnchos) and Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) is 9.4, 2.6 and 4.3 mg/kg BW, respectively. The eight-day dietary LC50 in bobwhite and mallards is 54 and 369 ppm, respectively. When Japanese quail consumed up to 33 mg oxamyl/kg BW/day over a 30-day intermittent feeding period, no effects were evident. When bobwhite and rabbits were oversprayed with oxamyl under field conditions (three times at 3 pounds per acre), no clinical or gross pathological effects were produced.
Use of isolated perfused lung in determining pulmonary disposition and potential toxicological significance of inhaled environmental pollutants
Authors: Mehendale Harihara M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRecent interest in the investigation of the effect of environmental pollutants on the nonrespiratory and respiratory functions of the lung has stimulated the refinement and application of the technique of perfusing isolated intact lung preparations from suitable experimental animals in toxicological and biochemical studies. Available techniques include perfusion with whole blood or constituted perfusion media via pulmonary artery while maintaining ventilation with alternating negative or positive pressure. Viable, ventilating lung preparations can be maintained for 3 h. Such preparations have been employed for studies of uptake, metabolism and disposition of intratracheally or vascularly administered endogenous or exogenous chemicals. Recent development in unilateral or split-lung perfusion preparations will undoubtedly further enhance the application of these techniques in the study of the interactions of endogenous and exogenous substances in the lung tissue. Isolated, perfused split-lung preparations are particularly suited to investigate early toxic effects of inhaled pollutants in an attempt to gain insight into underlying mechanisms that lead to lung injury. Areas in which intact perfused lungs have been employed extensively with notable success include uptake, metabolism and disposition of toxic chemicals. These preparations have been used to study the effects of gases such as SO2, NO2, O3 and CO on lung metabolism. Perfused lung preparations have been particularly useful in demonstrating pulmonary activation of toxic chemicals and in the demonstration of specific effects on the lung after chronic administration of chemicals. Areas which have not been actively investigated include the uptake and disposition of gases or vapors, effects of toxic chemicals on respiratory and nonrespiratory functions of the lung and alteration in the hemodynamics of the pulmonary circulation in the presence of interacting chemical or physical agents. It should be technically feasible to adapt the perfused lung preparations for such investigations, and interest in this area will continue.