bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of environmental androgens: A novel method based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of spiggin, the stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) glue protein
Authors: Katsiadaki Ioanna , Scott Alexander P. , Hurst Mark R. , Matthiessen Peter , Mayer Ian 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe report the development and validation of a novel in vivo biomarker test for waterborne androgens. During breeding, male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) manufacture a glue protein, spiggin, in their kidneys that they use to build their nests. Spiggin production is under the control of androgens. Until now, however, it has only been possible to quantify its production by measurement of the height of kidney epithelial cells. In the present study, we report the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for spiggin and demonstrate its application to the measurement of spiggin in the kidneys of female sticklebacks that have been exposed to androgens in water. Results from the ELISA procedure revealed a strong correlation with measurement of kidney epithelial cell height (r2 = 0.93). However, the ELISA was much quicker and had a considerably higher response range (100,000-fold vs fourfold). Clear, graded responses in spiggin production were obtained by exposing intact females to increasing concentrations of 17α-methyltestosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone over three-week test periods. The lowest effective concentrations for these two steroids were 100 ng/L and 3 μg/L, respectively. Female sticklebacks that were exposed to pulp mill effluent also produced spiggin in their kidneys. Possession of an androgen-regulated protein by the female stickleback makes it a unique bioassay organism for detecting androgenic contamination in the aquatic environment.
Development of photosynthetic biofilms affected by dissolved and sorbed copper in a eutrophic river
Authors: Barranguet Christiane , Plans Marc , Van Der Grinten Esther , Sinke Jan J. , Admiraal Wim 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPhotosynthetic biofilms are capable of immobilizing important concentrations of metals, therefore reducing bioavailability to organisms. But also metal pollution is believed to produce changes in the microalgal species composition of biofilms. We investigated the changes undergone by natural photosynthetic biofilms from the River Meuse, The Netherlands, under chronic copper (Cu) exposure. The suspended particles in the river water had only a minor effect on reduction of sorption and toxicity of Cu to algae. Biofilms accumulated Cu proportionally to the added concentration, also at the highest concentration used (9 μM Cu). The physiognomy of the biofilms was affected through the growth of the chain-forming diatom Melosira varians, changing from long filaments to short tufts, although species composition was not affected by the Cu exposure. The Cu decreased phosphate uptake and algal biomass measured as chl a, which degraded exponentially in time. Photosynthetic activity was always less sensitive than algal biomass; the photon yield decreased linearly in time. The protective and insulating role of the biofilm, supported by ongoing autotrophic activity, was indicated as essential in resisting metal toxicity. We discuss the hypothesis that the toxic effects of Cu progress almost independently of the species composition, counteracting ongoing growth, and conclude that autotrophic biofilms act as vertical heterogeneous units. Effective feedback mechanisms and density dependence explain several discrepancies observed earlier.
Metabonomic assessment of toxicity of 4-fluoroaniline, 3,5-difluoroaniline and 2-fluoro-4-methylaniline to the earthworm Eisenia veneta (rosa): Identification of new endogenous biomarkers
Authors: Bundy Jacob G. , Lenz Eva M. , Bailey Nigel J. , Gavaghan Claire L. , Svendsen Claus , Spurgeon David , Hankard Peter K. , Osborn Daniel , Weeks Jason M. , Trauger Sunia A. , Speir Paul , Sanders Ian , Lindon John C , Nicholson Jeremy K. , Tang Huiru 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
High-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be used to produce a biochemical fingerprint of low-molecular-weight metabolites from complex biological mixtures such as tissue extracts and biofluids. Changes in such fingerprint profiles can be used to characterize the effects of toxic insult in in vivo systems. The technique is nonselective and requires little sample preparation or derivatization. In the present study, earthworms (Eisenia veneta) were exposed to three different model xenobiotics by a standard filter paper contact test, and toxicant-induced biochemical changes were then investigated by characterizing the changes in endogenous metabolites visible in 600-MHz 1H NMR spectra of tissue extracts. The NMR spectral intensities were converted to discrete numerical values and tabulated in order to provide data matrices suitable for multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis showed that changes had occurred in the biochemical profiles relative to the undosed controls. The 2-fluoro-4-methylaniline—treated worms showed a decrease in a resonance from a compound identified as 2-hexyl-5-ethyl-3-furansulfonate using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)—Fourier transform mass spectrometry (IonSpec, Lake Forest, CA, USA) and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. An increase in inosine monophosphate was also observed. The 4-fluoroaniline—treated worms showed a decrease in maltose concentrations, and 3,5-difluoroaniline exerted the same effect as 2-fluoro-4-methylaniline but to a lesser extent. These changes could potentially be used as novel biomarkers of xenobiotic toxicity and could be used to determine the mechanism of action of other toxic chemicals.
Effects analysis of time-varying or repeated exposures in aquatic ecological risk assessment of agrochemicals
Authors: Reinert Kevin H. , Giddings Jeffrey M. , Judd Laura 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Exposure to agrochemicals in the aquatic environment often occurs as time-varying or repeated pulses. Time-varying exposures may occur due to runoff events and spray drift associated with precipitation and application events. Hydrologic dilution, dispersion, and degradation also produce pulsed exposures. Standard laboratory toxicity tests using constant exposure concentrations typically do not investigate the toxicity of time-varying or repeated exposures. Detoxification, elimination, and recovery may occur within organisms or populations during the periods between exposures. The difficulty of estimating effects of realistic time-varying exposures from measurements made under constant exposure conditions is often an important source of uncertainty in ecological risk assessment of pesticides. This article discusses the criteria and tools for deciding whether time-varying exposures are relevant in a particular risk assessment, approaches for laboratory toxicity testing with time-varying exposure, modeling approaches for addressing effects of time-varying exposure, deterministic and probabilistic ecological risk characterization of time-varying exposures and toxicity, and uncertainty analysis.
Photoredoction of the chloropropionic acid of careentrazone-ethyl in sodium sulfide crane flat meadow solutions
Authors: Ngim Kenley K. , Crosby Donald G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the conversion of carfentrazone-chloropropionic acid to carfentrazone-propionic acid in sunlit rice paddies is attributed to photoreduction. Model solutions (Na2S with quinoids) irradiated by laboratory ultraviolet light dechlorinated carfentrazone-chloropropionic acid (l.6–28.4% yield of carfentrazone-propionic acid), though Na2S alone was also reactive. Minor conversion (0–2.5%) occurred in the dark, along with dehydrochlorination to carfentrazone-cinnamic acid. Carfentrazone-propionic acid formed proportionally to the Na2S concentration (0–50.7% at 1.3–91 mM), whereas acidic pH inhibited reactivity. Photoreduction with Na2S was verified with 2-chloropropionic acid conversion to propionic acid (53.5%) and by minor 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid dechlorination. Dissolved Na2S was the primary photoreductant, whereas reduced quinones degraded carfentrazone-chloropropionic acid by an alternate reaction. A survey of ambient rice field conditions indicates that carfentrazone-chloropropionic acid photoreduction is not directly attributed to H2S/HS− in this environment, though reduced quinones may be involved to an unknown extent.
Vapor phase transport of unexploded ordnance compounds through soils
Authors: Ravikrishna Raghunathan , Yost Sally L. , Price Cynthia B. , Valsaraj Kalliat T. , Brannon James M. , Miyares Paul H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Unexploded ordnance(UXO) is a source of concern at several U.S. Department of Defense(DOD) sites. Localization of munitions and fate and transport of the explosive compounds from these munitions are a major issue of concern. A set of laboratory experiments were conducted in specially designed flux chambers to measure the evaporative flux of three explosive compounds (2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,6-dinitrotoluene, and 1,3-dinitrobenzene) from three different soils. The effect of different soil moisture contents, the relative humidity of air contacting the soil surface, and soil temperature on the chemical fluxes were evaluated. A diffusion model was used to describe the chemical transport mechanism in the soil pore air. The soil-air partition constant was treated as a fit parameter in the model because of the uncertainty in the a priori estimation. The model predicts the qualitative trends of the experimental fluxes satisfactorily. Under extremely dry conditions, the flux decreased more rapidly than that predicted by the model. The fluxes from soils at 24°C were higher than those at 14°C, indicating a larger volatilization driving force at the higher temperature.
Prediction of uptake dynamics of persistent organic pollutants by bacteria and phytoplankton
Authors: Del Vento Sabino , Dachs Jordi 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Phytoplankton and bacteria play an important role on the biogeochemical cycles of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, experimental data and quantitative knowledge of the kinetics of uptake and depuration of most POPs by bacteria and phytoplankton are scarce. In the present paper, a procedure to predict the sorption kinetics to bacteria and phytoplankton is developed. The prediction method is the combination of a mechanistic model for sorption and quantitative structure—activity relationships relating bioconcentration factors and membrane permeability to the chemical physical-chemical properties. The model consists of two compartments where the first compartment is the cellular surface and the second compartment is the cell biomass or matrix. Equations for estimating uptake and depuration rate constants into the matrix and adsorption and desorption rate constants onto the surface are obtained. These expressions depend on the physical-chemical properties of the chemical, the environmental temperature, the microorganism size, and species-specific quality of organic matter. While microorganism shape has a secondary influence on uptake dynamics, microorganism size and chemical hydrophobicity arise as the key factors controlling the kinetics of POP incorporation into bacteria and plankton. Uptake, depuration, adsorption, and desorption rate constants are reported for POPs such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and POPs of emerging concern, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Finally, implications of uptake and depuration dynamics on the biogeochemical cycling of POPs are discussed.
Predicting chemical contaminants in freshwater sediments through the use of historical biochemical endpoints in resident fish species
Authors: Schlenk Daniel , Sapozhnikova Yelena , Baquirian Jean Paul , Mason Andrew 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Previous studies in Bayou Bartholomew, Arkansas, USA, indicated significant relationships between the individual health of fish sampled from 13 sites and specific biochemical responses. Evaluation of several biochemical endpoints in 1994 indicated the bioavailable occurrence of either polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners or metals. To evaluate this possibility, in December 2000, sediments were collected at four sites on Bayou Bartholomew, where fish, collected in July 1994, had previously demonstrated the highest hepatic cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and heme oxygenase (HO) expression. Samples were analyzed for 89 PCB congeners, 18 organochlorine pesticides, and 25 metals. Total PCB concentrations ranged from 6.5 to 704 ng/g dry weight. Although several PCB congeners were observed, 81, 87, 99, 114, and 153 represented up to 33, 22, 29, 92, and 55% of the sum of PCBs from the four sites, respectively. Total organochlorine pesticide concentrations ranged from undetectable to 53.2 ng/g dry weight. Lindane, heptachlor, dachtal, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyl ethane (DDE), and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD) isomers were detected in most samples. Detected organophosphate pesticides included malathion, chlorpyrifos, and dimethoate. Both p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDD were the most predominant of the pesticides measured (0.5–14.1 and 0.7–58.5 ng/g dry wt). All metal concentrations analyzed were below sediment quality guideline values. Metals exceeding national average concentrations were cobalt (2 of 4 [2/4] sites), copper (1/4), molybdenum (4/4), antimony (3/4), selenium (4/4), tin (4/4), and zinc (1/4). These results were consistent with PCBs being causative agents for the biochemical and adverse individual responses observed in fish sampled from this waterway.
Integrative assessment of benthic macroinvertebrate community impairment from metal-contaminated waters in tributaries of the upper Powell River, Virginia, USA
Authors: Schmidt Travis S. , Soucek David J. , Cherry Donald S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBenthic macroinvertebrate communities of the North Fork Powell River (NFP), southwest Virginia, USA, appear to be impacted by aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) from acid mine drainage (AMD) beyond the zone of pH depression. As part of a watershed restoration project, we used integrative techniques, including water column, sediment, and in situ toxicity tests; sediment and water column chemistry; and habitat assessments, to detect AMD impacts. An analysis of variance, least significant difference post hoc test, and Spearman correlations were used to test the sensitivity of these integrative techniques to detect various (acidic or neutralized) levels of AMD input and to determine the mode of impairment (metal-contaminated sediments or water) to the benthic macroinvertebrate community. Benthic macroinvertebrate indices were the most sensitive endpoint to AMD inputs and were significantly correlated (p ≤ 0.05) with water column metal concentrations in in situ and water column toxicity tests. Sediment chemistry and toxicity did not detect AMD impacts and were not significantly correlated with benthic macroinvertebrate indices. These results suggest that the primary mode of impairment to the benthic macroinvertebrate communities beyond the zone of pH depression were waterborne Al and Fe.
Oil effect in freshly spiked marine sediment on Vibrio fischeri, Corophium volutator, and Echinocardium cordatum
Authors: Brils Jos M. , Huwer Sherri L. , Kater Belinda J. , Schout Peter G. , Harmsen Joop , Delvigne Gerard A. L. , Scholten Martin C. Th. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide data to be used in The Netherlands for development of ecotoxicologically based quality criteria for oil-contaminated sediments and dredged material. In addition, the relation of toxicity to specific oil boiling-point fraction ranges was explored. Natural marine sediment, with a moisture, organic carbon, and silt content of approximately 80, 1.8, and 33% of the dry weight, respectively, was artificially spiked using a spiking method developed in this project. Aliquots of one part of the sediment were spiked to several concentrations of Gulf distillate marine grade A (DMA) gasoil (containing 64% C10–19) and aliquots of the other part to several concentrations of Gulf high viscosity grade 46 (HV46) hydraulic oil (containing 99.2% C19–40). Thus, for each individual oil type, a concentration series was created. Vibrio fischeri (endpoint: bioluminescence inhibition), Corophium volutator (endpoint:mortality), and Echinocardium cordatum (endpoint:mortality) were exposed to these spiked sediments for 10 min, 10 d and 14 d, respectively. Based on the test results, the effective concentration on 50% of the test animals was statistically estimated. For DMA gasoil and HV46 hydraulic oil, respectively, the effective concentrations were 43.7 and 2,682 mg/kg dry weight for V. fischeri, 100 and 9,138 mg/kg dry weight for C. volutator, 190, and 1064 mg/kg dry weight for E. cordatum. This study shows that the toxicity is strongly correlated with the lower boiling-point fractions and especially to those within the C10–C19 range.
Modeling explicitly and mechanistically median lethal concentration as a function of time for risk assessment
Authors: Bonnomet Vincent , Duboudin Cédric , Magaud Hélène , Thybaud Eric , Vindimian Eric , Beauzamy Bernard 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA mechanistic model that explains how toxic effects depend on the duration of exposure has been developed. Derived from the dynamic energy budget (DEB)tox model, it expresses the hazard rate as a function of the toxic concentration in the organism. Using linear approximations in accordance with the general simplifications made in DEBtox, the concentration that induces x% of lethality (LCx) and in particular the lethal concentration 50% (LC50) are expressed explicitly as functions of time. Only three parameters are required: an asymptotic effect concentration, a time constant, and an effect velocity. More sophisticated (but still analytic) models are possible, describing more complex toxicity patterns such as an increase of sensitivity with time or, conversely, an adaptation. These models can be fitted to the common and widespread LC50 endpoints available from the literature for various aquatic species and chemicals. The interpretation of the values assigned to the parameters will help explain the toxicity processes and standardize toxicity values from different sources for comparisons.
Polychlorinated biphenyls associated with fine particles (PM2.5) in the urban environment of chile: Concentration levels, and sampling volatilization losses
Authors: Mandalakis Manolis , Stephanou Euripides G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in fine particles (PM2.5, particles smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter) collected in two urban areas of Chile, Santiago and Temuco, during August and October 1998. A diffusion denuder sampling system was used for the collection of 19 samples. The concentrations of total PCBs (47 congeners) ranged from 672 to 1,790 pg/m3 in the city of Temuco and from 1,159 to 2,750 pg/m3 in Santiago. These concentrations are moderately higher than those observed in other urban areas around the world. High amounts of PCBs may volatilize from fine particles during aerosols sampling using conventional high-volume samplers. Average volatilization losses, determined by the diffusion denuder system, varied between 54 and 97%, showing a strong dependence on partial pressure of individual PCB congeners and air temperature. Overall, our results suggest that measurements of PCBs in the particulate phase of the atmosphere, by using conventional high-volume samplers, might be significantly underestimated because of volatilization losses. The underestimation of PCB and other toxic semivolatile organic compound (SOC) levels associated with fine particles in the urban environment may have consequences to the estimation of health risk posed by inhalation.
Reconstructing source polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns from semipermeable membrane devices in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada: Comparison to commercial mixtures
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Ikonomou Michael G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were placed in the Fraser River near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, between August 6 and September 30, 1996. This location is near a large urban and industrial region (population 2,000,000) and is expected to be representative of other large, modern cities. After exposure to the ambient water column, SPMD samples were analyzed for a suite of 36 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners plus all homologue groups from mono- through hexabrominated. Observed congener patterns differed significantly from that of the commercial penta- and octa-BDE mixtures. A reconstruction approach was developed based on an aquatic transport model and utilizing published octanol-water partition coefficients, calculated SPMD uptake rates, and predicted water concentrations by using the EcoFate multimedia mass balance aquatic simulation model for the 13 major PBDE congeners. In combination, composite technical mixtures were created by combining commercial penta-BDE mixtures (Bromkal 70-5DE and Great Lakes Chemicals DE-71) with commercial octa-BDE mixtures (Bromkal 79-8DE and Great Lakes Chemicals DE-79) in their relative 2000 North American production volumes. The reconstructed SPMD patterns more closely approximated the composite technical mixtures and suggest that PBDEs in such an industrial region arise primarily from penta- and octa-BDE source mixtures.
Interaction modification among decomposers impairs ecosystem processes in lead-polluted soil
Authors: Salminen Janne , Korkama Tiina , Stroömmer Rauni 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Environmental pollution by toxicants is generally believed to lead both to direct toxic effects and indirect effects via altered species interactions in a stressed community. We examined how contamination of a coniferous forest soil floor by lead (from an abandoned shooting range area) may alter trophic interactions and decomposition processes. We constructed laboratory microcosms containing microbial-based food webs with various trophic structures: microbes alone; microbes with microbivorous- detritivorous enchytraeid worms (Cognettia sphagnetorum, a potential keystone species of boreal forest soil); and microbes, worms, and predatory mites (Lysigamasus spp.) together. The direct toxic effect of lead and the effectiveness of the predators in preying upon the worms were studied in separate experiments. Polluted humic soil (acid-extractable lead concentration was 2,720 ± 349 mg/kg of dry soil [mean 6 standard error]) was toxic to enchytraeids, and predators effectively reduced worm populations. Positive density-dependent effects of worms on microbes and a trophic cascade from predatory mites to microbes, observed in the unpolluted humus, were not observed in the polluted humus, indicating pollution-induced interaction modification among organisms. Concomitantly, lead pollution altered the process of nutrient mineralization in the humic soil. However, causality and relative importance of direct toxicity and indirect effects of lead on the dynamics of the decomposer food web could not be pointed out. Examination of our results indicates that traditional food web models are incapable of predicting mechanisms that alter dynamics of pollutionstressed belowground food webs.