bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermionic field electron emission from graphite‐based nanomaterials
Authors: Lyashenko S. , Kleshch V. , Obraztsov A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThermionic and field electron emissions governed by Richardson–Dushman and Fowler–Nordheim equations, respectively, normally coexist under typical experimental conditions. However, some carbon‐based cathodes demonstrate deviations of temperature dependencies of the current–voltage characteristics from those predicted by these equations. The nature of deviations cannot be ascribed to insufficient variations of work function or surface topology, which result from temperature variations. In this work, the temperature dependencies of the electron emission characteristics were experimentally investigated for the nanographite film cathodes obtained by a chemical vapor deposition method. It was found that self‐consistent explanation of the experimental observations of the thermionic and field electron emissions from the nanocarbon cathodes may be given by taking into account the temperature dependence of free carrier density.
Theory and model analysis of spin relaxation time in graphene — Could it be used for spintronics?
Authors: Simon Ferenc , Murányi Ferenc , Dóra Balázs 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGraphene appears to be an excellent candidate for spintronics due to the low spin–orbit coupling in carbon, the two‐dimensional nature of the graphene sheet, and the high electron mobility. However, recent experiments by Tombros et al. [Nature 448, 571 (2007).] found a prohibitively short spin‐decoherence time in graphene. We present a comprehensive theory of spin decoherence in graphene including intrinsic, Bychkov–Rashba, and ripple related spin–orbit coupling. We find that the available experimental data can be explained by an intrinsic spin–orbit coupling which is orders of magnitude larger than predicted in first principles calculations. We show that comparably large values are present for structurally and electronically similar systems, MgB2 and Li intercalated graphite. The spin‐relaxation in graphene is neither due to the Elliott–Yafet nor due to the Dyakonov–Perel mechanism but a smooth crossover between the two regimes occurs near the Dirac point as a function of the chemical potential.
Factors Affecting Drug Quality Problems in Thailand
Authors: Ongoagchai Supawadee , Harun‐Or‐Rashid Md. , Sakamoto Junichi 
Published: September 2011

SummaryPoor drug quality is a global concern as it can cause treatment failure, adverse effects, increased morbidity, mortality and development of drug resistance. This study was aimed to identify factors affecting drug quality problems. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used through a logistic regression model to determine association between 4 M factors (man, machine, materials and methods) and drug quality problems (physical appearance changes, labeling problems, packaging problems and packing problems). We found that two factors, man and material, were mainly associated with drug quality problems. Among other man factors, ‘inspector checking the finished products’ was the leading cause for labeling problems. Likewise, aluminum foil was responsible for packaging problems among other material factors. We conclude that drug manufacturers should consider using detector and barcode systems to reduce human errors and use good quality packaging materials to reduce drug quality problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: clinical and molecular aspects
Authors: Tavazzi Eleonora , White Martyn K. , Khalili Kamel 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThe fatal CNS demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), is rare and appears to occur almost always as a consequence of immune dysfunction. Thus, it is associated with HIV/AIDS and also as a side effect of certain immunomodulatory monoclonal antibody therapies. In contrast to the rarity of PML, the etiological agent of the disease, the polyomavirus JC (JCV), is widespread in populations worldwide. In the 40 years since JCV was first isolated, much has been learned about the virus and the disease from laboratory and clinical observations. However, there are many aspects of the viral life cycle and of the pathogenesis of the disease that remain unclear, and our understanding is constantly evolving. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the clinical features of PML and molecular characteristics of JCV and of how they relate to each other. Clinical observations can inform molecular studies of the virus, and likewise, molecular findings concerning the life cycle of the virus can guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic online nonlinear robust detection and accommodation of incipient component faults for nonlinear dissipative distributed processes
Authors: Demetriou M.A. , Armaou A. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a new nonlinear detection observer for the detection of component faults and their subsequent accommodation for a class of nonlinear distributed processes. Specifically, the proposed results constitute a significant extension to previous precursory work that utilized a linear observer for both detection and diagnosis of component faults for the same class of nonlinear distributed processes. An added feature of the proposed nonlinear observer under consideration is not simply the inclusion of nonlinear dynamics terms in the detection and diagnostic observers but the inclusion of such additional information in the expression for the dynamic residual threshold. The resulting improved version of a dynamic threshold contributes to the robustness of the detection scheme and minimizes the fault detection time. Two different dynamic threshold approaches are employed within the same nonlinear detection observer leading to improved detection time. A combination of the two thresholds is also considered to arrive at a detection observer that reaps the beneficial attributes of each of the thresholds, thus resulting in significant reduction of the fault detection time. Finally, an adaptive diagnostic observer is proposed that is subsequently utilized in an automated control reconfiguration scheme that accommodates the component faults. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Target tracking of autonomous robotic vehicles using range‐only measurements: a switched logic‐based control strategy
Authors: Namaki‐Shoushtari Omid , Pedro Aguiar A. , Khaki‐Sedigh Ali 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThis paper considers the pursuing or target tracking problem where an autonomous robotic vehicle is required to move towards a maneuvering target using range‐only measurements. We propose a switched logic‐based control strategy to solve the pursuing problem that can be described as comprising a continuous cycle of two distinct phases: (1) the determination of the bearing, and (2) the steering control of the vehicle to follow the direction computed in the previous step while the range is decreasing. We provide guaranteed conditions under which the switched closed‐loop system achieves convergence of the relative distance error to a small neighborhood around zero. Simulation results are presented and discussed.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the Point‐Spread Function in Helium‐Ion Lithography
Authors: Winston Donald , Ferrera J. , Battistella L. , Vladár A. E. , Berggren K. K. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryWe present here a hybrid approach to modeling helium‐ion lithography that combines the power and ease‐of‐use of the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) software with the results of recent work simulating secondary electron (SE) yield in helium‐ion microscopy. This approach traces along SRIM‐produced helium‐ion trajectories, generating and simulating trajectories for SEs using a Monte Carlo method. We found, both through simulation and experiment, that the spatial distribution of energy deposition in a resist as a function of radial distance from beam incidence, i.e. the point spread function, is not simply a sum of Gauss functions. SCANNING 33: 121–128, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanical and micromorphological evaluation of chlorhexidine‐mediated dentin remineralization
Authors: Kim Duck‐Su , Kwon Jeong‐Mee , Park Sang‐Hyuk , Choi Sung Chul , Kim Sun‐Young 
Published: September 2011

AbstractChlorhexidine (CHX) has been reported to reduce self‐degradation of collagen fibrils by inhibiting host‐derived protease activity in demineralized dentin. Theoretically, if the collagen fibril scaffold of demineralized dentin maintains its original crosslinkage pattern on treatment with CHX and appropriate supplementation with necessary mineral sources, dentin remineralization may occur in demineralized lesions. In this study, we provide direct mechanical and micromorphological evidence for the ability of CHX to promote remineralization of demineralized dentin. Specifically, with respect to demineralized dentin blocks treated with different concentrations of CHX (0.02–2%) and stored in simulated body fluid, we have observed a significant increase in the elastic modulus of dentin treated with relatively high concentrations of CHX (0.2 and 2%) as storage time increased, whereas the elastic modulus of the non‐CHX treated control group decreased. We have also observed a dense mineral deposition along collagen fibrils in the dentin group treated with 0.2 and 2% CHX via field emission scanning electron microscopy. SCANNING 34: 151–158, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Energy efficiency of encryption schemes applied to wireless sensor networks
Authors: Zhang Xueying , Heys Howard M. , Li Cheng 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we focus on the energy efficiency of secure communication in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Our research considers link layer security of WSNs, investigating both the ciphers and the cryptographic implementation schemes, including aspects such as the cipher mode of operation and the establishment of initialization vectors (IVs). We evaluate the computational energy efficiency of different symmetric key ciphers considering both the algorithm characteristics and the effect of channel quality on cipher synchronization. Results show that the computational energy cost of block ciphers is less than that of stream ciphers when data are encrypted and transmitted through a noisy channel. We further investigate different factors affecting the communication energy cost of link layer cryptographic schemes, such as the size of payload, the mode of operation applied to a cipher, the distribution of the IV, and the quality of the communication channel. A comprehensive performance comparison of different cryptographic schemes is undertaken by developing an energy analysis model of secure data transmission at the link layer. This model is constructed considering various factors affecting both the computational cost and communication cost, and its appropriateness is verified by simulation results. In conclusion, we recommend using a block cipher instead of a stream cipher to encrypt data for WSN applications and using a cipher feedback scheme for the cipher operation, thereby achieving energy efficiency without compromising the security in WSNs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of molar mass distribution of tapioca starch using asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation
Authors: Juna Shazia , Huber Anton 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe apparent average molar masses (Mw,app) and apparent average radii of gyration (Rg,app) of native tapioca starch and fractions were determined using asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4) coupled with multi‐angle light scattering and RI detectors (AF4/MALS/RI). AM‐type (Fraction A) and AP‐type (Fraction B) were chemically separated from native tapioca starch. Native tapioca starch and Fractions (A and B) were dissolved in 1 M KSCN using a high pressure microwave vessel. The effect of varying cross flow rates at a fixed channel flow rate upon the Mw,app and Rg,app distributions of native tapioca starch and Fractions (A and B) were investigated. The average Mw,app values for native tapioca starch, Fraction (A) and Fraction (B) were 59 × 106, 2.1 × 106 and 19 × 106 g/mol, respectively, with average Rg,app values of 165, 73 and 87 nm, respectively. Hydrodynamic radii (Rh) values for native tapioca starch and fractions were determined directly from AF4 experimental parameters.
Bactericidal and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Myristica fragrans Houtt and Salvia microphylla H.B.K
Authors: Lima Rafaela K. , Cardoso Maria das Graças , Andrade Milene A. , Guimarães Paula L. , Batista Luís R. , Nelson David L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study chemically characterizes and evaluates the bactericidal and antioxidant activities of essential oils from Myristica fragrans and Salvia microphylla. The essential oils were obtained by steam distillation and were subsequently subjected to analysis by GC–MS and GC. The agar diffusion test was employed to evaluate the bactericidal activity, while the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β‐carotene/linoleic acid tests were used to determine the antioxidant activity. Terpin‐4‐ol (14.95%), sabinene (13.07%) and γ‐terpinene (11.22%) were found to be the major constituents in the essential oil of M. fragrans by gas chromatography, whereas (E)‐caryophyllene (15.35%), α‐eudesmol (14.06%), β‐eudesmol (8.74%) and γ‐eudesmol (7.64%) were encountered in the essential oil of S. microphylla. Both essential oils showed bactericidal activity, with the essential oil of S. microphylla being more efficient. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils from M. fragrans and S. microphylla were demonstrated by the β‐carotene/linoleic acid test, with IC50 976 and IC50 770 μg/mL, respectively.
Effects of Amino Acids and Peptide on Lipid Oxidation in Emulsion Systems
Authors: Park Eun Young , Nakamura Yasushi , Sato Kenji , Matsumura Yasuki 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe investigated the effects of amino acids and peptide on lipid oxidation in emulsion systems. For comparative purposes, we also tested the antioxidant activity of ferulic acid, a typical phenolic antioxidant. Histidine and cysteine retarded lipid oxidation (the amount of thiobarbituric acid [TBA]‐reactive substances reached approximately 13 and 18 μM after 7 days, respectively), whereas arginine, methionine, and tryptophan did not inhibit the progression of oxidation. Soy peptide also inhibited lipid oxidation. Ferulic acid was found to be the most effective suppressor of lipid oxidation (TBA‐reactive substances were suppressed to <3 μM over 7 days). The antioxidant activities of soy peptide and ferulic acid were related to the purity of the emulsifier used. The radical scavenging activities of soy peptide and ferulic acid were closely related to their inhibitory effects on lipid oxidation. However, this was not the case for amino acids. Decreases in the turbidity of emulsions were closely related to increases in TBA values.
Suspensions in a tilted trough: second normal stress difference
Authors: Couturier Étienne , Boyer François , Pouliquen Olivier , Guazzelli Élisabeth 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe measure the second normal-stress difference in suspensions of non-Brownian neutrally buoyant rigid spheres dispersed in a Newtonian fluid. We use a method inspired by Wineman & Pipkin (Acta Mechanica, vol. 2, 1966, pp. 104–115) and Tanner (Trans. Soc. Rheol., vol. 14, 1970, pp. 483–507), which relies on the examination of the shape of the suspension free surface in a tilted trough flow. The second normal-stress difference is found to be negative and linear in shear stress. The ratio of the second normal-stress difference to shear stress increases with increasing volume fraction. A clear behavioural change exhibiting a strong (approximately linear) growth in the magnitude of this ratio with volume fraction is seen above a volume fraction of 0.22. By comparing our results with previous data obtained for the same batch of spheres by Boyer, Pouliquen & Guazzeli (J. Fluid Mech., 2011, doi:10.1017/jfm.2011.272), the ratio of the first normal-stress difference to the shear stress is estimated and its magnitude is found to be very small.
Rethinking Tradition: From Ontological Reality to Assigned Temporal Meaning
Authors: Shoham Hizky 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe article seeks to revitalize the concept of tradition and re-claim its usefulness for contemporary sociological thought and research. Instead of ontological entity, tradition is defined here as an assigned temporal meaning, i.e., a symbolic activity in which various social groups attribute traditional qualities to certain sectors of life that are understood as binding together different times. The article analyzes two incompatible approaches with which tradition was hitherto conceptualized in sociology: (1) tradition as the anti-modern, and (2) tradition as synonymous with “culture.” The analysis introduces a few middle-ground options that support the theory of tradition as assigned meaning.
Combination of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 reduces post-myocardial infarction depression symptoms and restores intestinal permeability in a rat model
Authors: Arseneault-Bréard Jessica , Rondeau Isabelle , Gilbert Kim , Girard Stéphanie-Anne , Tompkins Thomas A. , Godbout Roger , Rousseau Guy 
Published: September 2011

Myocardial infarction (MI) in rats is accompanied by apoptosis in the limbic system and a behavioural syndrome similar to models of depression. We have already shown that probiotics can reduce post-MI apoptosis and designed the present study to determine if probiotics can also prevent post-MI depressive behaviour. We also tested the hypothesis that probiotics achieve their central effects through changes in the intestinal barrier. MI was induced in anaesthetised rats via 40-min transient occlusion of the left anterior coronary artery. Sham rats underwent the same surgical procedure without actual coronary occlusion. For 7 d before MI and between the seventh post-MI day and euthanasia, half the MI and sham rats were given one billion live bacterial cells of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 per d dissolved in water, while the remaining animals received only the vehicle (maltodextrin). Depressive behaviour was evaluated 2 weeks post-MI in social interaction, forced swimming and passive avoidance step-down tests. Intestinal permeability was evaluated by oral administration with fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran, 4 h before euthanasia. MI rats displayed less social interaction and impaired performance in the forced swimming and passive avoidance step-down tests compared to the sham controls (P < 0·05). Probiotics reversed the behavioural effects of MI (P < 0·05), but did not alter the behaviour of sham rats. Intestinal permeability was increased in MI rats and reversed by probiotics. In conclusion, L. helveticus R0052 and B. longum R0175 combination interferes with the development of post-MI depressive behaviour and restores intestinal barrier integrity in MI rats.
EVALUATION OF AN INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF CARE IN FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME IN THE PHILIPPINES
Authors: JAIN ANRUDH K. , RAMARAO SAUMYA , KIM JACQUELINE , COSTELLO MARILOU 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThis paper presents the results of a longitudinal intervention study carried out in the Davao del Norte province of the Philippines. The intervention, tested through a quasi-experimental design, consisted of training of family planning service providers in information exchange and training of their supervisors in facilitative supervision. The training intervention significantly improved providers' knowledge and quality of care received by clients. Moreover, good quality care received by clients at the time of initiating contraception use increased the likelihood of contraceptive continuation and decreased the likelihood of both having an unintended pregnancy and an unwanted birth. However, comparison of women in the experimental group with those in the control group did not show any significant effect of provider-level training intervention on these client-level outcomes. The reasons for this conundrum and the implications for quality of care are discussed.
Visions of freedom: Duke Ellington in the Soviet Union
Authors: Cohen Harvey G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Duke Ellington orchestra's 1971 visit to the Soviet Union (USSR) marked their most important and publicised State Department tour, following acclaimed 1960s State tours they made to the Middle East, Near East, Asia and Africa. The Soviet tour occurred during the efforts of President Richard Nixon to establish détente at the height of the Cold War between the United States, the Soviet Union and China. Ellington found not just acceptance in Communist and satellite countries, but rabid enthusiasm that belied official Soviet government disdain or censorship of American jazz. While he was magnanimous as usual to Soviet fans and engaged in no political grandstanding, Ellington wanted his performances and presence to embody the differences between what he viewed as the freedom and democracy of his home country, and the current situation in the Soviet Union. Ellington's multi-layered vision of freedom, and the various struggles that he, the band, and State Department officials encountered during the tour provided a sharp contrast to the domineering official Soviet presence. The tour exposed the limits of what the closed society of the Soviet government could shield from their own people. Ellington made a strong impact, the strongest that any American artist had yet made in the Soviet Union.
Pained expression: metaphors of sickness and signs of ‘authenticity’ in Kurt Cobain'sJournals
Authors: Wood Jessica L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article investigates the relationship between biography and authenticity within the aesthetics of grunge musician Kurt Cobain, using the 2002 Riverhead Press volume of his journals as a primary source. Focusing on Cobain's fascination with the human form and with bodily fluids, I argue that his idea of the ‘sick body’ functioned as a central metaphor that shaped his approach to various media (prose, lyrics, drawing and singing) such that there was a homology between these different forms. I draw on excerpts from theJournalsto show the meanings that he associated with the ‘sick body’, including the ways in which it indexed his own biography of physical pain and social marginalisation. Using the Nirvana song ‘Hairspray Queen’ as a case study, I then show the interactions between musical and linguistic signs of the sick body and how these interactions reveal Cobain's ideas on music's meaning. Ultimately, I argue that in song lyrics and performance, Cobain prized scatological imagery, eviscerating vocals and unintelligible lyrics as a means to signal the ‘authenticity’ of his art.
Expression of apoptotic genes in immature andin vitromatured equine oocytes and cumulus cells
Authors: Leon P.M.M. , Campos V.F. , Kaefer C. , Begnini K.R. , McBride A.J.A. , Dellagostin O.A. , Seixas F.K , Deschamps J.C. , Collares T. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe gene expression of Bax, Bcl-2, survivin and p53, followingin vitromaturation of equine oocytes, was compared in morphologically distinct oocytes and cumulus cells. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) were harvested and divided into two groups: G1 – morphologically healthy cells; and G2 – less viable cells or cells with some degree of atresia. Total RNA was isolated from both immature andin vitromatured COC and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify gene expression. Our results showed there was significantly higher expression of survivin (P< 0.05) and lower expression of p53 (P< 0.01) in oocytes compared with cumulus cells in G1. No significant difference in gene expression was observed followingin vitromaturation or in COC derived from G1 and G2. However, expression of theBaxgene was significantly higher in cumulus cells from G1 (P< 0.02).