bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy of a simple ultrasound measurement to estimate central venous pressure in spontaneously breathing, critically ill patients
Authors: Keller A. Scott , Melamed Roman , Malinchoc Michael , John Reverly , Tierney David M. , Gajic Ognjen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Early goal‐directed therapy for severe sepsis or septic shock improves outcomes but requires placement of a central venous catheter to measure central venous pressure (CVP), which may delay timely resuscitation and cause catheter‐related complications. In addition, nonintensivists may not start early aggressive fluid resuscitation because of difficulty estimating CVP and concerns for inadvertent volume overload.OBJECTIVE:To determine if the CVP target of 8 to 12 mm Hg can be accurately assessed using noninvasive ultrasound to measure the internal jugular vein aspect ratio (height/width).DESIGN:Prospective observational study.SETTING:Two academic medical centers.PARTICIPANTS:Nineteen euvolemic volunteers and a convenience sample of 44 spontaneously breathing, critically ill patients.MEASUREMENTS:Ultrasound imaging of internal jugular vein aspect ratio; invasive CVP measurement in critically ill patients.RESULTS:For the volunteers, mean (standard deviation [SD]) aspect ratio of both the right and left internal jugular vein was 0.82 (0.07). Bland‐Altman analysis indicated moderate intraobserver and interobserver agreement. Aspect ratio was similar for right and left sides and between men and women. In the critically ill patients, ultrasound accurately estimated a CVP of 8 mm Hg; area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.84. For an invasively measured CVP of <8 mm Hg, the likelihood ratio for a positive ultrasound test (aspect ratio <0.83) was 3.5 and for a negative test (aspect ratio ≥0.83) was 0.30.CONCLUSIONS:In this exploratory study, noninvasive ultrasound imaging of internal jugular vein aspect ratio accurately estimated a CVP of 8 mm Hg in spontaneously breathing, critically ill patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:350–355. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Multi‐component analysis: blind extraction of pure components mass spectra using sparse component analysis
Authors: Kopriva Ivica , Jerić Ivanka 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe paper presents sparse component analysis (SCA)‐based blind decomposition of the mixtures of mass spectra into pure components, wherein the number of mixtures is less than number of pure components. Standard solutions of the related blind source separation (BSS) problem that are published in the open literature require the number of mixtures to be greater than or equal to the unknown number of pure components. Specifically, we have demonstrated experimentally the capability of the SCA to blindly extract five pure components mass spectra from two mixtures only. Two approaches to SCA are tested: the first one based on ℓ1 norm minimization implemented through linear programming and the second one implemented through multilayer hierarchical alternating least square nonnegative matrix factorization with sparseness constraints imposed on pure components spectra. In contrast to many existing blind decomposition methods no a priori information about the number of pure components is required. It is estimated from the mixtures using robust data clustering algorithm together with pure components concentration matrix. Proposed methodology can be implemented as a part of software packages used for the analysis of mass spectra and identification of chemical compounds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective J‐resolved HMBC, an efficient method for measuring heteronuclear long‐range coupling constants
Authors: Furihata Kazuo , Tashiro Mitsuru , Seto Haruo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAn efficient pulse sequence for measuring long‐range CH coupling constants (JCH) named selective J‐resolved HMBC has been developed by replacing a 1H 180° pulse with a selective 1H 180° pulse and the HMBC pulse scheme with the constant time (CT) HMBC employed in the J‐resolved HMBC pulse sequence that we reported previously. The novel pulse sequence providing only long‐range JCH cross peaks for easy and accurate analysis enables to overcome disadvantages of the previous HMBC‐based pulse sequences (J‐resolved HMBC‐1) along with maintaining high sensitivity. The efficiency of measuring long‐range JCH using the proposed pulse sequence has been demonstrated in applications to the complicated natural products, portmicin and monazomycin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
E.E. Just's “independent irritability” revisited: The activated egg as excitable soft matter
Authors: Newman Stuart A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractErnest Everett Just's experimental work on post‐fertilization events in invertebrate eggs led him to posit a dynamic and directive role for the zygotic “ectoplasm” (cortical cytoplasm), in subsequent development. His perspective was neglected during the years that followed his early death not only because of his well‐documented marginalization as an African‐American in U.S. science, but because his ideas were at odds with the growing gene‐centrism of developmental biology in the latter half of the 20th century. This essay reviews experimental work that shows that the egg cortex in many animal groups is a chemically and mechanically active medium that sustains both spatiotemporal calcium ion transients and periodic deformations in the time leading up to cleavage. These wave phenomena are seen to play regulatory roles in germ plasm localization and gene expression, and influence the reliability and success of developmental outcomes. Just resisted vitalistic explanations for the active processes he observed and inferred regarding the egg cortical cytoplasm, but recognized that the physics and chemistry of his time were inadequate to account for these phenomena and anticipated that expansions of these fields would be necessary to explain them. Here again he proved prescient. Late 20th century developments in the physics of “excitable media” and “soft matter” have provided the bases for models, some of which are described here, of chemical and mechanochemical wave propagation in the activated egg cortex. Lastly, the implications of these post‐fertilization phenomena for animal evolution, a problem also addressed by Just, are discussed. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 966–974, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of inherent anisotropy on mechanical behavior of granular materials based on DEM simulations
Authors: Mahmood Zafar , Iwashita Kazuyoshi 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe study the influence of inherent anisotropy, i.e. bedding angle on stress–strain behavior and shear band formation in quasi‐static granular media. Plane strain biaxial tests are carried out using two‐dimensional distinct element method (DEM). Oval/elliptical‐shaped particles are generated by overlapping the discrete circular elements. Particle assemblies with four different bedding angles are tested. Evolution of the microstructure inside and outside the shear band and effect of bedding angle on the microstructure are investigated. Influence of bedding angle on fabric and force anisotropy is studied. It is found that by using non‐circular particles, generation of large voids and excess particle rotations inside the shear band are reproduced in a quite similar manner to those of the natural granular soils, which are difficult to produce with standard DEM simulations using circular particles. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immersed particle method for fluid–structure interaction
Authors: Rabczuk Timon , Gracie Robert , Song Jeong‐Hoon , Belytschko Ted 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA method for treating fluid–structure interaction of fracturing structures under impulsive loads is described. The coupling method is simple and does not require any modifications when the structure fails and allows fluid to flow through openings between crack surfaces. Both the fluid and the structure are treated by meshfree methods. For the structure, a Kirchhoff–Love shell theory is adopted and the cracks are treated by introducing either discrete (cracking particle method) or continuous (partition of unity‐based method) discontinuities into the approximation. Coupling is realized by a master–slave scheme where the structure is slave to the fluid. The method is aimed at problems with high‐pressure and low‐velocity fluids, and is illustrated by the simulation of three problems involving fracturing cylindrical shells coupled with fluids. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variational approach to the analysis of steady‐state thermo‐elastic wear regimes
Authors: Páczelt Istvan , Mróz Zenon 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA transient wear process on frictional interface of two thermo‐elastic bodies in a relative steady sliding motion induces shape evolution of contact interface and tends to a steady state for which the wear process occurs at fixed contact stress and strain distribution. The temperature field generated by frictional and wear dissipation on the contact surface is assumed to reach a steady state. This state is assumed to correspond to minimum of the wear dissipation power and the temperature field corresponds to maximum of the heat entropy production. The stationarity conditions of the response functionals provide the contact pressure distribution and the corresponding temperature field. The present approach extends the authors previous analyses of optimal or steady‐state contact shapes by accounting for coupled wear and thermal distortion effects.The wear rule is assumed as a non‐linear relation of wear rate to shear stress and relative sliding velocity. The analysis of disk and drum brakes is presented with account for thermal distortion effect. It is shown that the contact shape in a steady thermo‐elastic state essentially differs from that specified for mechanical loading with neglect of thermal effects. The thermal instability regimes are not considered in the paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life‐style changes of a halophilic archaeon analyzed by quantitative proteomics
Authors: Tebbe Andreas , Schmidt Alexander , Konstantinidis Kosta , Falb Michaela , Bisle Birgit , Klein Christian , Aivaliotis Michalis , Kellermann Josef , Siedler Frank , Pfeiffer Friedhelm , Lottspeich Friedrich , Oesterhelt Dieter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractQuantitative proteomics based on isotopic labeling has become the method of choice to accurately determine changes in protein abundance in highly complex mixtures. Isotope‐coded protein labeling (ICPL), which is based on the nicotinoylation of proteins at lysine residues and free N‐termini was used as a simple, reliable and fast method for the comparative analysis of three different cellular states of the halophilic archaeon Halobacterium salinarum through pairwise comparison. The labeled proteins were subjected to SDS‐PAGE, in‐gel digested and the proteolytic peptides were separated by LC and analyzed by MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS. Automated quantitation was performed by comparing the MS peptide signals of 12C and 13C nicotinoylated isotopic peptide pairs. The transitions between (i) aerobic growth in complex versus synthetic medium and (ii) aerobic versus anaerobic/phototrophic growth, both in complex medium, provide a wide span in nutrient and energy supply for the cell and thus allowed optimal studies of proteome changes. In these two studies, 559 and 643 proteins, respectively, could be quantified allowing a detailed analysis of the adaptation of H. salinarum to changes of its living conditions. The subtle cellular response to a wide variation of nutrient and energy supply demonstrates a fine tuning of the cellular protein inventory.
N‐Methylbenzoazacrown ethers with the nitrogen atom conjugated with the benzene ring: the improved synthesis and the reasons for the high stability of complexes with metal and ammonium cations
Authors: Gromov Sergey P. , Dmitrieva Svetlana N. , Vedernikov Artem I. , Kurchavov Nikolay A. , Kuz'mina Lyudmila G. , Strelenko Yuri A. , Alfimov Michael V. , Howard Judith A. K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAn improved method for the synthesis of formyl derivatives of N‐methylbenzoazacrown ethers is proposed. They are prepared in up to 68% yields over fewer steps and with a much shorter time required for the last step. The stability constants of complexes formed by N‐methylbenzoazacrown ethers and their structural analogs with alkali metal, alkaline‐earth metal and ammonium cations were determined by 1H NMR titration in CD3CN. High stability of complexes of N‐methyl derivatives of benzoazacrown ethers is demonstrated, comparable with or even exceeding the stability of benzocrown‐ether complexes and markedly exceeding the stability of complexes of phenylazacrown ethers with the same macrocycle size. The structures of azacrown ethers and their complexes with Ba(ClO4)2 were studied by X‐ray diffraction. A high degree of pre‐organization of N‐methylbenzoazacrown ethers toward the formation of complexes with metal and ammonium cations was noted, which is due to the clear‐cut pyramidal geometry of the nitrogen atom and the orientation of the lone electron pairs (LEPs) of most heteroatoms towards the centre of the macroheterocycle. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How does the s(E + N) equation work? Comparisons with a modified Swain–Scott equation (E + sN) and revision of the N1 scale of solvent nucleophilicity
Authors: Bentley T. William 
Published: August 2009

AbstractModifications of the Swain–Scott equation (log k/k0) = sn) give an equation log k1 = (E + sN1′); k1 is the rate constant, E is an electrophilicity parameter, N1′ is a solvent nucleophilicity parameter and s is an electrophile‐specific sensitivity parameter. The equation is tested using over 300 published first‐order rate constants (k1) for decay of a range of benzhydrylium cations in various solvents, on which the published N1 scale of solvent nucleophilicity is based (S. Minegishi, S. Kobayashi and H. Mayr, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 5174–5181) using the alternative equation log k = s(E + N1), in which s is a nucleophile‐specific parameter. The modified (E + sN1′) equation provides a revised N1′ scale of solvent nucleophilicity, and a more precise fit, with less than half the number of adjustable parameters. It is found that the sensitivities of the benzhydrylium cations to changes in solvent nucleophilicity decrease slightly as reactivity increases, in contrast to s(E + N) equations, which show no trends in s values. It is proposed that more reliable N scales can be defined using (E + sN), because N is determined directly from definitions, and residual errors (e.g. experimental or due to solvation effects) can be incorporated into the slope and intercept. The complex reasons for the success of equations of the type log k = s(E + N) are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preface: Phys. Status Solidi C 6/8
Authors: Rabier Jacques , Le Bourhis Eric , Conference Chairmen  
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis proceedings issue of physica status solidi contains papers presented as oral and poster contributions at the International Conference on Extended Defects in Semiconductors (EDS 2008). This conference was held in France at the new campus of Poitiers University situated in the Futuroscope area on 14–19 September 2008 and was organized by PHYMAT laboratory (UMR 6630 of CNRS and University of Poitiers). The EDS conference series was inaugurated in Hünfeld (Germany) and was followed by conferences in Poland, France, Great Britain, Germany, and Russia. The EDS 2008 is the direct follower of the conferences of 2004 held in Chernogolovka (Russia) and 2006 in Halle (Germany).The aim of the conference was to provide a forum on the current state‐of‐the‐art of investigation and modelling of extended defects in semiconductors in order to achieve a deeper understanding of lattice imperfections, their interaction, and their role in the development of semiconductor technology. The following main topics were covered:– Relation between extended defects and nanostructures in semiconductors– Defect structure: defect imaging and modelling– Electronic structure of extended defects– Mechanical properties and dislocations: nucleation and dynamics– Interaction between defects– Structure of strained layers– Defects in thin films and interfaces, interface structures– Role of extended defects in devices, defects engineering– Narrow and wide band gap materials– Defects in solar cell materials and photovoltaic devices– Embedded semiconductor nanoparticles, quantum dot like “extended defects”– Implantation‐induced extended defectsAs a new approach, we emphasized semiconductor behaviour under severe environment (high temperature, complex and high stress field and irradiation). Indeed, both experimental and modelling approaches of extended defect nucleation and properties deserve challenging understanding under these harsh conditions, in which important applications are expected for semiconductors.We wish to thank the members of the EDS 2008 Scientific and Organizing Committees, the sponsors, as well as the referees and authors who made this conference and proceedings a success. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Copper source/drain electrode contact resistance effects in amorphous indium–gallium–zinc‐oxide thin film transistors
Authors: Kim Woong‐Sun , Moon Yeon‐Keon , Lee Sih , Kang Byung‐Woo , Kwon Tae‐Seok , Kim Kyung‐Taek , Park Jong‐Wan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper focuses on the viability of low‐resistivity electrode material (Cu) for source/drain electrodes in thin film transistors (TFTs). The effective resistances between Cu source/drain electrodes and amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors were examined. Intrinsic TFT parameters were extracted by the transmission line method (TLM) using a series of TFTs with different channel lengths measured at a low source/drain voltage. The TFTs fabricated with Cu source/drain electrodes showed good transfer characteristics with a field‐effect mobility of 9.64 cm2/Vs, and good output characteristics with steep rise in the low VDS region. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of in‐flight vibration of a twin‐engine turbo propeller aircraft
Authors: Dunno Kyle , Batt Gregory 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA data recorder was utilized to record in‐flight vibration of a twin engine turbo propeller (feeder) aircraft. The data recorded produced power spectral density (PSD) profiles which are currently used in laboratory settings to drive vibration tables in order to simulate a particular vehicle type. Overall Grms values were averaged and compared to previous research studies.The data collected from this research study could be utilized for packaging research when developing products and packages that will pass through a distribution cycle which includes transportation via a feeder aircraft. One example of this type of distribution cycle is the small parcel shipping environment. The PSD profiles which were analyzed from this research could simulate in‐flight aircraft vibration of the aircraft chassis in a laboratory environment. This will enable further research in the air transport environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian analysis for weighted mean‐squared error in dual response surface optimization
Authors: Jeong In‐Jun , Kim Kwang‐Jae , Lin Dennis K. J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDual response surface optimization considers the mean and the variation simultaneously. The minimization of mean‐squared error (MSE) is an effective approach in dual response surface optimization. Weighted MSE (WMSE) is formed by imposing the relative weights, (λ, 1−λ), on the squared bias and variance components of MSE. To date, a few methods have been proposed for determining λ. The resulting λ from these methods is either a single value or an interval. This paper aims at developing a systematic method to choose a λ value when an interval of λ is given. Specifically, this paper proposes a Bayesian approach to construct a probability distribution of λ. Once the distribution of λ is constructed, the expected value of λ can be used to form WMSE. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate charting techniques: a review and a line‐column approach
Authors: Butte Vijay Kumar , Tang Loon Ching 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe primary objective of multivariate statistical process control is to monitor the related process quality characteristics over time and identify the assignable causes affecting the process using multivariate control charts. When an out‐of‐control signal is obtained from the chart, it is imperative to be able to detect the component variables that have gone out‐of‐control. In this paper we propose a new charting procedure for T2, multivariate exponentially weighted moving average and multivariate cumulative sum control charts. The proposed charts will facilitate in identification of the source of out‐of‐control signal and are simple, economical and easier to implement. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of covalent immobilization on the surface of optical fibers by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry
Authors: Wang Yiming , Pang Xiaofeng , Zhang Yuyu , Wang Hongzhi 
Published: August 2009

AbstractChemical modifications on the surface of optical fibers have played an important role in the immobilization of biological recognition molecules. In this article, the specific goal was to characterize the covalent bond on the surface of optical fiber by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDS) and chemical analysis after silanization. Optical fibers pretreated with hydrofluoric acid and piranha solution were silanized in the 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane solution, then microscopic components of silanized optical fibers were determined to validate the silanization. Results showed that carbon atom was measured with EDS, and the ratio of silicon and oxygen atom was 1:3.6 on its surface by calculation. Fluorescence experiments on the short silanized optical fiber segments indicated that the intensity of fluorescence was relatively weak and reached equilibrium after 3 h. Both methods, EDS and fluorescence test, were effective to characterize the covalent bond of different silanes and biological recognition molecules on the optical fibers for biosensor applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XANES characteristics of tribofilms generated by dithiophosphate additive in water at different test temperatures and durations
Authors: Ma Haibing , Qiao Rui , Li Yilin , Chen Huan , Ren Tianhui 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWater‐based lubricants and metal‐working fluids are becoming more and more popular in modern manufacturing due to environmental concerns. Owing to the poor lubricating properties offered by pure water, additives are generally needed to improve the antiwear and extreme pressure properties. In the present work, the tribological behaviors of synthesized additives in water‐based lubricants are studied for different durations and temperatures by a four‐ball machine, and the worn surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. It was found that the tribological properties changed with the duration and temperature, and the tribofilms mainly consisted of an adsorbed layer and a tribochemical layer. The compositions of tribofilms also changed with duration and temperature, and the different compositions of tribofilms would result in different tribological properties accordingly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.