bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Globalism Ascendant, Regionalism Stagnant: Japan’s Response to the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Solís Mireya 
Published: June 2011

AbstractJapan’s response to the global financial crisis has emphasized global initiatives and downplayed the regional agenda, in sharp contrast with its approach to the Asian financial crisis. This rebalancing in Japan’s economic diplomacy reflects the greater political space that it has enjoyed at the global level since its long-held views on the benefits of flexible International Monetary Fund (IMF) lending practices and controls on volatile capital flows became mainstream. Meanwhile, at the regional level Japan faces stiff competition from China in shaping the regional integration agenda and unchartered territory in coleading a multilateral Chiang Mai Initiative. Despite its enhanced profile, Japan’s new globalism is uneven: it has made a very significant financial contribution to expand the IMF’s resources and to restore trade financing; but Japan has not played a major role in the debate surrounding the most pressing issues of a future financial architecture, such as tackling global imbalances and promoting foreign exchange-rate cooperation. Japan’s muted voice, despite its large financial commitments, reflects its difficult adaptation to the G20 summitry process, as well as political volatility at home, which prevents it from developing measures to deal with the global downturn.
The Changing Cryosphere: Pan-Arctic Snow Trends (1979–2009)
Authors: Liston Glen E. , Hiemstra Christopher A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Arctic snow presence, absence, properties, and water amount are key components of Earth’s changing climate system that incur far-reaching physical and biological ramifications. Recent dataset and modeling developments permit relatively high-resolution (10-km horizontal grid; 3-h time step) pan-Arctic snow estimates for 1979–2009. Using MicroMet and SnowModel in conjunction with land cover, topography, and 30 years of the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) atmospheric reanalysis data, a distributed snow-related dataset was created including air temperature, snow precipitation, snow-season timing and length, maximum snow water equivalent (SWE) depth, average snow density, snow sublimation, and rain-on-snow events. Regional variability is a dominant feature of the modeled snow-property trends. Both positive and negative regional trends are distributed throughout the pan-Arctic domain, featuring, for example, spatially distinct areas of increasing and decreasing SWE or snow season length. In spite of strong regional variability, the data clearly show a general snow decrease throughout the Arctic: maximum winter SWE has decreased, snow-cover onset is later, the snow-free date in spring is earlier, and snow-cover duration has decreased. The domain-averaged air temperature trend when snow was on the ground was 0.17°C decade−1 with minimum and maximum regional trends of −0.55° and 0.78°C decade−1, respectively. The trends for total number of snow days in a year averaged −2.49 days decade−1 with minimum and maximum regional trends of −17.21 and 7.19 days decade−1, respectively. The average trend for peak SWE in a snow season was −0.17 cm decade−1 with minimum and maximum regional trends of −2.50 and 5.70 cm decade−1, respectively.
Small-Scale Spectrum of a Scalar Field in Water: The Batchelor and Kraichnan Models
Authors: Sanchez Xavier , Roget Elena , Planella Jesus , Forcat Francesc 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe theoretical models of Batchelor and Kraichnan, which account for the smallest scales of a scalar field passively advected by a turbulent fluid (Prandtl &gt; 1), have been validated using shear and temperature profiles measured with a microstructure profiler in a lake. The value of the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy ɛ has been computed by fitting the shear spectra to the Panchev and Kesich theoretical model and the one-dimensional spectra of the temperature gradient, once ɛ is known, to the Batchelor and Kraichnan models and from it determining the value of the turbulent parameter q. The goodness of the fit between the spectra corresponding to these models and the measured data shows a very clear dependence on the degree of isotropy, which is estimated by the Cox number. The Kraichnan model adjusts better to the measured data than the Batchelor model, and the values of the turbulent parameter that better fit the experimental data are qB = 4.4 ± 0.8 and qK = 7.9 ± 2.5 for Batchelor and Kraichnan, respectively, when Cox ≥ 50. Once the turbulent parameter is fixed, a comparison of the value of ɛ determined from fitting the thermal gradient spectra to the value obtained after fitting the shear spectra shows that the Kraichnan model gives a very good estimate of the dissipation, which the Batchelor model underestimates.
Improved Coastal Precipitation Forecasts with Direct Assimilation of GOES-11/12 Imager Radiances
Authors: Zou Xiaolei , Qin Zhengkun , Weng Fuzhong 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imager provides observations that are of high spatial and temporal resolution and can be applied for effectively monitoring and nowcasting severe weather events. In this study, improved quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) for three coastal storms over the northern Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast is demonstrated by assimilating GOES-11 and GOES-12 imager radiances into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Both the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) analysis system and the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) are utilized to ingest GOES IR clear-sky data. Assimilation of GOES imager radiances during a 6–12-h time window prior to convective initiation and/or development could significantly improve the precipitation forecasts near the coast of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The 3-h accumulative precipitation threat scores are increased by about 20% after 6 h of model forecasts and more than 50% after 18–24 h of model forecasts. A detailed diagnosis of analysis fields and model forecast fields is carried out for one of the three convective precipitation events included in this study. It is shown that the assimilation of GOES data in regions of no or little clouds improved the model description of an upstream midlatitude trough and a subtropical high located in the south of the convection. The GOES observations located in the western part of land region covered by GOES within the latitude zone of 18°–37°N near 100°W contributed to a better forecast of the position of the eastward-propagating trough, while GOES observations over the Gulf of Mexico increased the amount of water vapor advection from the south into the convective region by the wind associated with the subtropical high. In the past, GOES imager radiances were not directly used in the GSI system. This study highlights the importance of satellite imagery information observed in the preconvective environment for improved cloud and precipitation forecasts. The developed data assimilation technique will prepare the NWP user community for accelerated use of advanced satellite data from the GOES-R series.
Using magnetic resonance phase-contrast velocity mapping for diagnosing pelvic congestion syndrome
Authors: Meneses L Q , Uribe S , Tejos C , Andía M E , Fava M , Irarrazaval P 
Published: June 2011

Objective To evaluate phase-contrast velocity mapping (PCVM) as a diagnostic tool for pelvic congestion syndrome and comparing this approach with direct venography. Method We prospectively include nine women with clinical suspicion of pelvic congestion syndrome during a six-month period. All patients underwent a magnetic resonance phase-contrast scan before a direct venography. We considered a case of pelvic congestion syndrome when the PCVM showed a retrograde or slow (less than 5 cm/second) flow in any gonadal vein. This criterion was compared with the standard diagnostic criterion observed from a direct venography. Results Using direct venography we found 14 abnormal veins and all of them were correctly identified by the PCVM. The other four veins were found to be normal by the direct venography. However, two of them (the same patient) were abnormal in the PCVM, even though this patient had the classical symptoms of pelvic congestion syndrome. Conclusion PCVM is a useful tool for diagnosing pelvic contrast syndrome and can avoid invasive procedures such as direct venography.
Reusing O&G-Depleted Reservoirs for CO2 Storage: Pros and Cons
Authors: Loizzo M.. , Lecampion B.. , Bérard T.. , Harichandran A.. , Jammes L.. 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Two main types of reservoirs are considered for geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2): deep saline formations and depleted oil and gas (O&G) reservoirs. The former offers very large potential capacity and a more-even distribution at the expense of high uncertainty because of the very poor characterization of their properties to date, including their sealing capacity. The latter offers smaller overall capacity, but with a reduced risk because of better reservoir knowledge. Gas reservoirs have also provided a proven seal to pressurized gas.
However, reusing depleted O&G reservoirs presents challenges that must be considered in the evaluation of performance factors and the associated risks.
Depletion can cause pore collapse in the reservoir, with an associated loss of capacity and injectivity and can weaken caprock and bounding faults or even well completions, leading to possible containment losses because of mechanical failure. O&G reservoirs are also intersected by many wells, and it is likely that stricter regulatory requirements on well integrity and the quality of zonal isolation will force operators to recomplete or work over wells that will be exposed to CO2, with an obvious impact on cost.
Low reservoir pressure may also mean that injection of CO2 in a dense phase would result in reservoir fracturing and very strong thermal effects that may lead to injectivity problems. In the reservoir, chemical and physical differences in behavior between CO2 and methane may adversely affect geological containment and injectivity.
Analyzing the benefits and challenges with respect to all performance factors (capacity, injectivity, containment) shows that depleted O&G reservoirs and deep saline reservoirs both offer potentially attractive targets for geological storage of CO2, mostly for complementary reasons. Uncertainty on capacity and injectivity is clearly lower for depleted reservoirs, giving them a potential net economic advantage, whereas uncertainty on well containment favors saline formations, which are intersected by fewer wells. Injectivity in depleted reservoirs may be much more difficult to ensure than for saline formations or O&G reservoirs where pressure has been maintained. Saline formations have a lower, mostly unproven, safety margin between injection and fracturing pressure, resulting in a potential advantage for depleted reservoirs where repressurization will lead to a final pressure lower than or equal to the original value. Each reservoir type has a different risk profile, different advantages, and a rightful place in a portfolio of injection sites.
Geomechanical-Data Acquisition, Monitoring, and Applications in SAGD
Authors: Gu Fagang , Chan Mark Y.S. , Fryk Robert 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has proved to be a commercially viable method to extract bitumen from oil-sands reservoirs in western Canada. To understand the influence of steam injection on reservoir and surrounding rocks and potential impacts of surface deformation on the environment, various types of instrumentation and 4D-seismic surveys have been applied in SAGD projects. The effect of geomechanics on SAGD has been well documented. Collecting essential geomechanical data, properly interpreting them, and incorporating them into numerical models are necessary to ensure meaningful history matching and understanding of reservoir performances.
This paper outlines geomechanical-data acquisition and field-monitoring methods from a reservoir-engineering perspective, and the applications of geomechanics in SAGD analyses. Minimal-data-acquisition programs are suggested to collect the necessary geomechanical data for different analysis purposes in SAGD projects. Primary instrumentation is briefly overviewed, and recommendations for instrumentation selection are provided. Using generic Canadian-oil-sands reservoir and rock properties, the subsurface and surface changes and deformations are simulated, including permeability changes, reservoir movements, and strains and surface uplifts. Simulations are completed with a widely applied thermal simulator, and its limitations are also discussed. The method to couple the results of geostatistics modelling, reservoir simulation, and geomechanics in SAGD simulation and to link them with a 4D-seismic survey in history matching is provided.
Anticoagulants
Authors: Eerenberg E. S. , Kampuisen P. W. , Levi M. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryAnticoagulants are effective in the prevention and treatment of a variety of arterial and venous thrombotic disorders but are associated with an increased risk of serious bleeding complications. Based on well documented studies of patients using vitamin K antagonists the incidence of major bleeding is 0.5%/year and the incidence of intracranial bleeding is 0.2%/year, however, in real life practice this incidence may be even higher. Risk factors for bleeding are the intensity of anticoagulation, the management strategy to keep the anticoagulant effect in the desired range, and patient characteristics. Recently, a new generation of anticoagulants have been developed and is currently evaluated in clinical trials. Initial results show a similar or superior efficacy over conventional anticoagulant agents with a good safety profile. In case of serious bleeding complications in a patient who uses vitamin K antagonists, this anticoagulant treatment can be quickly reversed by administration of vitamin K or coagulation factor concentrates. For the newer anticoagulants, quick reversal strategies are more cumbersome, although some interventions, including prothrombin complex concentrates, show promising results in initial experimental studies.
Lessons from Nature for the Construction of Ceramic Cellular Materials for Superior Energy Absorption
Authors: Presser Volker , Schultheiß Stefanie , Kohler Christian , Berthold Christoph , Nickel Klaus G. , Vohrer Achim , Finckh Hermann , Stegmaier Thomas 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSea urchin spines combine extreme lightweight construction with impact resistance and improved mechanical strength although being made of presumably brittle calcium carbonate (calcite). Lance and pencil sea urchins (Phyllacanthus imperialis and Heterocentrotus mammillatus) are of particular interest as they exhibit large and mechanical very stable spines and the constructional concepts of these spines was translated into graded porous alumina ceramics derived from starch‐blended slip casting. A high level of porosity (>30 vol%) is identified as the important element for graceful failure in polycrystalline alumina and graded porosity, i.e., layers of higher and lower density, can significantly improve the impact resistance of the material giving raise to what we refer to as cascading graceful failure: a mechanical response of porous materials with curved layers of graded porosity that maintains a high level of compressive strength even after the linear elastic threshold is surpassed and local structural collapse occurs.
Lateral Phase Separation Gradients in Spin‐Coated Thin Films of High‐Performance Polymer:Fullerene Photovoltaic Blends
Authors: Hou Lintao , Wang Ergang , Bergqvist Jonas , Andersson B. Viktor , Wang Zhongqiang , Müller Christian , Campoy‐Quiles Mariano , Andersson Mats R. , Zhang Fengling , Inganäs Olle 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this study, it is demonstrated that a finer nanostructure produced under a rapid rate of solvent removal significantly improves charge separation in a high‐performance polymer:fullerene bulk‐heterojunction blend. During spin‐coating, variations in solvent evaporation rate give rise to lateral phase separation gradients with the degree of coarseness decreasing away from the center of rotation. As a result, across spin‐coated thin films the photocurrent at the first interference maximum varies as much as 25%, which is much larger than any optical effect. This is investigated by combining information on the surface morphology of the active layer imaged by atomic force microscopy, the 3D nanostructure imaged by electron tomography, film formation during the spin coating process imaged by optical interference and photocurrent generation distribution in devices imaged by a scanning light pulse technique. The observation that the nanostructure of organic photovoltaic blends can strongly vary across spin‐coated thin films will aid the design of solvent mixtures suitable for high molecular‐weight polymers and of coating techniques amenable to large area processing.
Micropatterned ECM substrates reveal complementary contribution of low and high affinity ligands to neurite outgrowth
Authors: Féréol S. , Fodil R. , Barnat M. , Georget V. , Milbreta U. , Nothias F. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractGrowth and guidance of developing or regenerating axons require sensing of environmental cues (EC) by the growth cone. To explore the role of a spatially defined distribution of ligands on guidance, extension, and branching, we used a microcontact‐printing technique allowing to deposit ligands as discrete spots of a size smaller than a cell body. Micropatterned substrates (MS) were created with varying distance between spots and two different ligands (laminin (LN) and fibronectin (FN)). Dissociated dorsal root ganglion neurons were seeded on either monocomponent MS made from LN or FN alone, or multicomponent MS made from alternating lines of LN and FN spots. On monocomponent MS the high‐affinity ligand LN not only stimulated neurite extension, but also provided guidance and branching control, associated with marked cytoskeleton remodeling. The latter was assessed by evaluating the increase in rigidity of the distal neurite segment by Atomic Force Microscopy. In contrast, FN alone acts as a low‐affinity ligand which dramatically limits neurite outgrowth. Surprisingly, observation of growth cone dynamics on multicomponent MS revealed that FN constitute a transient support for neurite progression, facilitating exploration of other EC present within a certain distance. Such a mutual contribution of high and low affinity ligands to neurite outgrowth is consistent with a recent theory of force regulation of dynamic adhesion sites showing cell's sensitivity to EC properties would actually depend on the rate of change of the reacting force, the latter controlling the otherwise instantaneous chemical binding process. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of BDNF and NT‐3 during the ontogeny and regeneration of the lacertidian (Gallotia galloti) visual system
Authors: Santos E. , Romero‐Alemán M.M. , Monzón‐Mayor M. , Lang D.M. , Rodger J. , Yanes C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRetinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons regrow spontaneously after optic nerve (ON) transection in G. galloti. Because brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is considered the major neurotrophin participating in vertebrate visual system development and promotes RGC survival, we investigated its distribution using dual‐labeling immunohistochemistry for neuronal and glial markers. We examined the developing and regenerating lizard visual system at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postlesion to comparatively evaluate BDNF expression patterns. BDNF was detected from midembryonic stages (E35) in both retinal plexiform layers, and in radial glial processes in the tectum. Moreover, RGC axon staining was detected at late prenatal stages (E39), showing a transient punctate staining which progressed in a temporo‐spatial pattern that was similar to myelination. Strong expression in RGC axons was maintained in adults. However, transient downregulation of BDNF staining occurred on the experimental side one month after ON transection followed by a gradual recovery with extensive punctate/swelling distribution and persistent upregulation at 12 months. Conversely, quantitative PCR analysis for 1 and 12 months regenerate lizards showed downregulation of the ratio of BDNF mRNA expression at 12 months and nonsignificant changes of NT‐3 transcripts. In summary, we demonstrate that BDNF and NT‐3 are abundantly expressed during lizard visual system ontogeny and regeneration suggesting their participation inthe development, maintenance and plasticity of the system. © 2011Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Develop Neurobiol 71: 836–853, 2011
Field‐amplified online sample stacking capillary electrophoresis UV detection for plasma malondialdehyde measurement
Authors: Zinellu Angelo , Sotgia Salvatore , Deiana Luca , Carru Ciriaco 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMalondialdehyde (MDA) determination is the most widely used method for monitoring lipid peroxidation. Here, we describe an easy field‐amplified sample injection (FASI) CE method with UV detection for the detection of free plasma MDA. MDA was detected within 8 min by using 200 mmol/L Tris phosphate pH 5.0 as running buffer. Plasma samples treated with ACN for protein elimination were directly injected on capillary without complex cleanup and/or sample derivatization procedures. Using electrokinetic injection, the detection limit in real sample was 3 nmol/L, thus improving of about 100‐fold the LOD of the previous described methods based on CE. Precision tests indicate a good repeatability of our method both for migration times (CV=1.11%) and for areas (CV=2.05%). Moreover, a good reproducibility of intra‐ and inter‐assay tests was obtained (CV=2.55% and CV=5.14%, respectively). Suitability of the method was tested by measuring MDA levels in 44 healthy volunteers.
Understanding specific effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on brain structure in young adults
Authors: Chen Xiangchuan , Coles Claire D. , Lynch Mary E. , Hu Xiaoping 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPrenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is associated with various adverse effects on human brain and behavior. Recently, neuroimaging studies have begun to identify PAE effects on specific brain structures. Investigation of such specific PAE effects is important for understanding the teratogenic mechanism of PAE on human brain, which is critical for differentiating PAE from other disorders. In this structural MRI study with young adults, PAE effects on the volumes of automatically segmented cortical and subcortical regions of interest (ROIs) were evaluated both through a group difference approach and a parametric approach. In the group difference approach (comparing among two PAE and a control groups), a disproportionate PAE effect was found in several occipital and temporal regions. This result is inconsistent with previous studies with child samples. Moreover, a gender difference in PAE effect was shown in some cortical ROIs. These findings suggest that sampling and gender may be important factors for interpreting specific PAE effects on human brain. With the parametric approach, it was demonstrated that the higher the PAE level, the smaller the entire brain, the lower the IQ. Several cortical and subcortical ROIs also exhibited a negative correlation between the PAE level and ROI volume. Furthermore, our data showed that the PAE effect on the brain could not be interpreted by the PAE effect on general physical growth until the young adult age. This study provides valuable insight into specific effects of PAE on human brain and suggests important implications for future studies in this field. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.