bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Antibodies in Developing Drugs That Target G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptor Dimers
Authors: Hipser Chris , Bushlin Ittai , Gupta Achla , Gomes Ivone , Devi Lakshmi A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractG‐protein‐coupled receptors are important molecular targets in drug discovery. These receptors play a pivotal role in physiological signaling pathways and are targeted by nearly 50% of currently available drugs. Mounting evidence suggests that G‐protein‐coupled receptors form dimers, and various studies have shown that dimerization is necessary for receptor maturation, signaling, and trafficking. However, the physiological implications of dimerization in vivo have not been well explored because detection of GPCR dimers in endogenous systems has been a challenging task. One exciting new approach to this challenge is the generation of antibodies against specific G‐protein‐coupled receptor dimers. Such antibodies could be used as tools for characterization of heteromer‐specific function; as reagents for their purification, tissue localization, and regulation in vivo; and as probes for mapping their functional domains. In addition, such antibodies could serve as alternative ligands for G‐protein‐coupled receptor heteromers. Thus, heteromer‐specific antibodies represent novel tools for the exploration and manipulation of G‐protein‐coupled receptor‐dimer pharmacology. Mt Sinai J Med 77:374–380, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Chemidex Cybrary – Rohstoffe für die chemische Industrie
Authors: Schunk Axel 
Published: July 2010

Abstract Cybrary ist ein datenbankbasiertes Informationssystem. Es enthält überwiegend Informationen zu Rohstoffen für die Chemische Industrie. Die Datenbank verweist auf Datenblätter sowie Bezugsmöglichkeiten und liefert auch Forschern wichtige Informationen zu Grundchemikalien.
NMR mobil: Wie altert Polyethylen?
Authors: Blümich Bernhard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie NMR‐Mouse für die zerstörungsfreie NMR‐Analytik läuft mit einem Spektrometer von der Größe eines Notebooks. Sie untersucht Rohre und Benzintanks aus Kunststoff, Autoreifen und Schläuche, Gemälde alter Meister, lebende Haut und Mumien. Auch Tomogramme und NMR‐Spektren von Flüssigkeiten lassen sich in Auflagetechnik messen.
Dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie: zufällig temperaturmoduliert
Authors: Neff Dirk 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEin zufällig sich veränderndes Temperaturprogramm splittet das kalorimetrische Messsignal in einen fühlbaren und einen latenten Wärmestromanteil. Damit lässt sich beispielsweise bei Epoxidharzen die Glasumwandlung von einer überlagerten Nachhärtungsreaktion durch eine einzige Messung trennen.
Hybridmaterialien in der analytischen Chemie
Authors: Descalzo Ana B. , Hoffmann Katrin , Rurack Kurt , Martinez‐Manez Ramon , Sancenon Felix 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImmer kompliziertere Wirtmoleküle sind keine Garanten für eine immer selektivere molekulare Erkennung. Für praktische Zwecke einfacher und erfolgversprechender ist es, anorganische Trägermaterialien, z. B. poröse Festkörper, mit Erkennungseinheiten zu funktionalisieren. Durch synergistische Effekte entstehen dabei Hybridmaterialien, die sich für die Entwicklung von Sensoren und Assays empfehlen.
Win‐win in Changchun
Authors: Karger Gerhard 
Published: July 2010

Abstract“Ausbau und Intensivierung” der gemeinsamen Projekte lautet das Motto der zweiten Phase in der Kooperation zwischen Bayer und der Chinese Academy of Sciences. Zur Zwischenbilanz, zur Präsentation von Highlights und zum Networking trafen vergangenes Jahr Bayer‐Forscher und Wissenschaftler aus Top‐Instituten Chinas in Changchun zu einem Symposium zusammen.
Partner für Perspektiven: Moderne Chemieparkbetreiber
Authors: Schäfer Klaus 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGegenüber ihren Bestandskunden und beim Werben um neue Investitionen stehen die deutschen Chemieparks im nationalen wie im internationalen Wettbewerb – und der wird zunehmend härter. Dabei bieten sie im Leistungsvergleich durchaus Vorteile.
Die intrinsische Viskosität: Für Polymere rollt die Kugel
Authors: Fuchshofer Emanuel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie Molmasse von Makromolekülen in Lösung lässt sich aus der Viskosität errechnen. So sind auch Wechselwirkungen des Polymers mit dem Lösungsmittel zu erkennen.
Two‐grid mixed finite‐element methods for nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Wu Li 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo‐grid mixed finite element schemes are developed for solving both steady state and unsteady state nonlinear Schrödinger equations. The schemes use discretizations based on a mixed finite‐element method. The two‐grid approach yields iterative procedures for solving the nonlinear discrete equations. The idea is to relegate all of the Newton‐like iterations to grids much coarser than the final one, with no loss in order of accuracy. Numerical tests are performed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 63‐73, 2012
The discrete (G′/G)‐expansion method applied to the differential‐difference Burgers equation and the relativistic Toda lattice system
Authors: Aslan İsmail 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe introduce the discrete (G′/G)‐expansion method for solving nonlinear differential–difference equations (NDDEs). As illustrative examples, we consider the differential–difference Burgers equation and the relativistic Toda lattice system. Discrete solitary, periodic, and rational solutions are obtained in a concise manner. The method is also applicable to other types of NDDEs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 28: 127‐137, 2012
Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy resin/poly(urethane‐imide)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites
Authors: Song Jiangxuan , Chen Guangxin , Wu Gang , Cai Chunhua , Liu Pinggui , Li Qifang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLinear isocyanate‐terminated poly(urethane‐imide) (PUI) with combination of the advantages of polyurethane and polyimide was directly synthesized by the reaction between polyurethane prepolymer and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). Then octaaminophenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OapPOSS) and PUI were incorporated into the epoxy resin (EP) to prepare a series of EP/PUI/POSS organic–inorganic nanocomposites for the purpose of simultaneously improving the heat resistance and toughness of the epoxy resin. Their thermal degradation behavior, dynamic mechanical properties, and morphology were studied with thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the thermal stability and mechanical modulus was greatly improved with the addition of PUI and POSS. Moreover, the EP/PUI/POSS nanocomposites had lower glass transition temperatures. The TEM results revealed that POSS molecules could self assemble into strip domain which could switch to uniform dispersion with increasing the content of POSS. All the results could be ascribed to synergistic effect of PUI and POSS on the epoxy resin matrix. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanically active scaffolds from radio‐opaque shape‐memory polymer‐based composites
Authors: Cui J. , Kratz K. , Heuchel M. , Hiebl B. , Lendlein A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe formation of functional tissue is strongly dependent on biochemical as well as physical signals. A common approach in tissue engineering is the application of passive scaffold systems with fixed morphology and stiffness. In this paper, we explored whether mechanically active scaffolds, exhibiting self‐sufficient shape changes under physiological conditions, can be prepared from radio‐opaque shape‐memory polymer composites (SMPCs). The influence of different thermomechanical treatments on the kinetics of the shape change was studied. Radio‐opaque SMPCs were obtained by incorporation of barium sulfate (BaSO4) microparticles (up to 40 wt%) into an amorphous polyether urethane (PEU) via co‐extrusion technique. The shape‐memory properties of the composites were investigated by cyclic, thermomechanical tensile tests consisting of a specific shape‐memory creation procedure (SMCP), in which the programming temperature (Tprog) was varied, followed by recovery under stress‐free condition, enabling the determination of the switching temperature (Tsw). An almost complete recovery with shape recovery rate (Rr) values ranging from 88% to 98% was realized within a small temperature interval of ΔTrec ≈ 30°C for all composites, while Tsw was found to be close to the applied Tprog. The feasibility of actively moving scaffolds was demonstrated using model scaffolds, where originally square‐shaped pores were temporarily fixed in an expanded circular shape at different Tprog. We found that the kinetics of the shape change obtained under physiological conditions could be adjusted by variation of Tprog between 1 and 6 hr. Such radio‐opaque scaffolds could serve as model scaffolds for investigating the active mechanical stimulation of cells in vitro or in vivo. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and properties of clay nano‐biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) plasticized with polyadipates
Authors: Martino Verónica P. , Jiménez Alfonso , Ruseckaite Roxana A. , Avérous Luc 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of nano‐biocomposites based on plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has been proposed as a way to improve the polymer ductility and to expand PLA applications window. Novative nano‐biocomposites were elaborated with PLA plasticized by polyadipates (15 wt%) with different molar masses (from 1500 to 2500 Da), with 2.1 wt% of an organo‐modified montmorillonite (O‐MMT). These materials showed enhanced ductility and barrier properties. The clay was swelled in liquid polyadipates prior to their blending with PLA to facilitate chains intercalation and nanofiller exfoliation during melt‐blending. In certain processing conditions, quite homogenous and exfoliated structures were obtained, as shown by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) results. Irrespective of the average molar mass of the polyadipate, the clay addition induced a reduction in around 25% in oxygen transmission rate (OTR) without an important detriment in tensile properties. Nano‐biocomposites prepared with higher molar masses polyadipates showed the highest thermal stability as well as the lowest OTR, resulting in very promising and novative materials for different applications such as soft packaging. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for simultaneously improving the flame retardancy and toughness of PLA
Authors: Song Yan‐Peng , Wang De‐Yi , Wang Xiu‐Li , Lin Ling , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to modify the brittleness and flame retardant properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a series of flame retardant toughened PLA composites were prepared using poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 (PEG6000) as a toughening and charring agent together with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an acid source and blowing agent. The fire and thermal behavior of PLA/PEG/APP composites was evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94, cone calorimeter, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the PLA/PEG/APP system had good charring ability and could improve the flame retardancy of PLA. When the content of APP in the composites was more than 5 wt%, all samples could reach UL‐94 V‐0 rating. The results of mechanical property tests demonstrated that the brittleness of PLA was also improved after blended with PEG6000. All the PLA/PEG/APP composites with an APP content of less than 10 wt% showed an obvious neck and fracture behavior, that is, the tensile behavior of PLA was changed from brittle to ductile. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covalent VEGF protein immobilization on resorbable polymeric surfaces
Authors: Edlund U. , Sauter T. , Albertsson A.‐C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor type protein (VEGF), a potent angiogenic effector molecule, was successfully covalently immobilized onto the surfaces of the resorbable polymers poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) through a three‐step strategy. The surfaces were first covalently grafted with poly(acrylic acid) using non‐destructive and solvent free vapor‐phase grafting. A diamine spacer was coupled to the carboxylic acid pendant groups on the graft chains using EDC/NHS chemistry and VEGF was finally covalently attached to the amine linkers. The chemistry and topography of the modified substrates were quantitatively and qualitatively verified with XPS, ATR‐FTIR, UV–VIS, SEM, and ELISA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of multicrystalline silicon solar cells by a low temperature anneal after emitter diffusion
Authors: Rinio Markus , Yodyunyong Arthit , Keipert‐Colberg Sinje , Mouafi Yves Patrick Botchak , Borchert Dietmar , Montesdeoca‐Santana Amada 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of an annealing step at about 500 °C after emitter diffusion of multicrystalline solar cells is investigated. Neighboring wafers from a silicon ingot were processed using different annealing durations and temperatures. The efficiency of the cells was measured and detailed light beam induced current measurements were performed. These show that mainly areas with high contents of precipitates near the crucible walls are affected by the anneal. An efficiency increase from 14.5 to 15.4% by a 2 h anneal at 500 °C was observed. The effect seems to be more likely external than internal gettering. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soiling and other optical losses in solar‐tracking PV plants in navarra
Authors: García Miguel , Marroyo Luis , Lorenzo Eduardo , Pérez Miguel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField data of soiling energy losses on PV plants are scarce. Furthermore, since dirt type and accumulation vary with the location characteristics (climate, surroundings, etc.), the available data on optical losses are, necessarily, site dependent. This paper presents field measurements of dirt energy losses (dust) and irradiance incidence angle losses along 2005 on a solar‐tracking PV plant located south of Navarre (Spain). The paper proposes a method to calculate these losses based on the difference between irradiance measured by calibrated cells on several trackers of the PV plant and irradiance calculated from measurements by two pyranometers (one of them incorporating a shadow ring) regularly cleaned. The equivalent optical energy losses of an installation incorporating fixed horizontal modules at the same location have been calculated as well. The effect of dirt on both types of installations will accordingly be compared. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of spectral evaluation of c‐Si modules
Authors: Simon Michael , Meyer Edson L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOutdoor spectral measurements in sub‐Sahara, South Africa in particular have not been documented probably due to lack of data or lack of proper methodologies for quantifying the spectral effects on photovoltaic performance parameters. Crystalline‐Si modules are widely used for system designs in most cases based on the data provided from indoor measurements or from maritime northern hemispheric conditions. As a result of this, PV systems fail to deliver their intended maximum power output. In this study, a methodology for quantifying outdoor spectral effects of c‐Si modules commonly found in the African continent is presented. The results of three crystalline‐Si modules indicate that these modules are affected as the spectrum shifts during seasons although these devices are perceived (without outdoor data) that their performance is not influenced by the seasonal changes in outdoor spectrum. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fill factor analysis of solar cells' current–voltage curves
Authors: Greulich Johannes , Glatthaar Markus , Rein Stefan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAfter completion of the solar cell manufacturing process the current–density versus voltage curves (J(U) curves) are measured to determine the solar cell's efficiency and the mechanisms limiting the efficiency. An accurate and robust analysis of the measured curves is essential. In this work it is shown that fitting the two‐diode model is inappropriate to quantify recombination in the space charge region and ohmic losses due to series resistance. Three fill factors, namely the fill factor of the illuminated J(U) curve, the pseudo fill factor of the sunsVoc curve and the ideal fill factor of the single diode model, are the base of a quick loss analysis that is evaluated in the present paper. It is shown that for an accurate analysis the distributed character of the series resistance and the network character of the solar cell cannot be neglected. An advanced current–voltage curve analysis including fill factors and fit is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four‐junction spectral beam‐splitting photovoltaic receiver with high optical efficiency
Authors: Mitchell Bernhard , Peharz Gerhard , Siefer Gerald , Peters Marius , Gandy Tobias , Goldschmidt Jan Christoph , Benick Jan , Glunz Stefan W. , Bett Andreas W. , Dimroth Frank 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA spectral beam‐splitting architecture is shown to provide an excellent basis for a four junction photovoltaic receiver with a virtually ideal band gap combination. Spectrally selective beam‐splitters are used to create a very efficient light trap in form of a 45° parallelepiped. The light trap distributes incident radiation onto the different solar cells with an optical efficiency of more then 90%. Highly efficient solar cells including III–V semiconductors and silicon were fabricated and mounted into the light trapping assembly. An integrated characterization of such a receiver including the measurement of quantum efficiency as well as indoor and outdoor I–V measurements is shown. Moreover, the optical loss mechanisms and the optical efficiency of the spectral beam‐splitting approach are discussed. The first experimental setup of the receiver demonstrated an outdoor efficiency of more than 34% under unconcentrated sunlight. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent effects of ionic liquids: investigation of ferrocenes as electrochemical probes
Authors: Bizzarri Claudia , Conte Valeria , Floris Barbara , Galloni Pierluca 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe redox potentials of ferrocene and decamethylferrocene were determined in a number of molecular and ionic solvents and used as a probe for polarity of room temperature ionic liquids (ILs). No macroscopic solvent property is simply related to redox potentials. Single empirical solvent parameters also are not able to describe the differences in potentials. Instead, Kamlet–Taft multiparameter relationship fits well ferrocenes redox potentials variation, with both molecular solvents and ILs, well describing specific solvent–solute interactions with the two probes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anionic polymerization of N,N‐dialkyl‐2‐methylenebut‐3‐enamide: Effect of alkyl substituents on polymerization behavior
Authors: Takenaka Katsuhiko , Shibata Natsuyo , Oshikiri Akihiko , Miya Masamitsu , Takeshita Hiroki , Shiomi Tomoo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnionic polymerizations of three 1,3‐butadiene derivatives containing different N,N‐dialkyl amide functions, N,N‐diisopropylamide (DiPA), piperidineamide (PiA), and cis‐2,6‐dimethylpiperidineamide (DMPA) were performed under various conditions, and their polymerization behavior was compared with that of N,N‐diethylamide analogue (DEA), which was previously reported. When polymerization of DiPA was performed at −78 °C with potassium counter ion, only trace amounts of oligomers were formed, whereas polymers with a narrow molecular weight distribution were obtained in moderate yield when DiPA was polymerized at 0 °C in the presence of LiCl. Decrease in molecular weight and broadening of molecular weight distribution were observed when polymerization was performed at a higher temperature of 20 °C, presumably because of the effect of ceiling temperature. In the case of DMPA, no polymer was formed at 0 °C and polymers with relatively broad molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 1.2) were obtained at 20 °C. The polymerization rate of PiA was much faster than that of the other monomers, and poly(PiA) was obtained in high yield even at −78 °C in 24 h. The microstructure of the resulting polymers were exclusively 1,4‐ for poly(DMPA), whereas 20–30% of the 1,2‐structure was contained in poly(DiPA) and poly(PiA). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3714–3721, 2010
Synthesis and luminescence of poly(phenylacetylene)s with pendant iridium complexes and carbazole groups
Authors: Vicente José , Gil‐Rubio Juan , Zhou Guijiang , Bolink Henk J. , Arias‐Pardilla Joaquín 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPoly(phenylacetylene)s containing pendant phosphorescent iridium complexes have been synthesized and their electrochemical, photo‐ and electroluminescent properties studied. The polymers have been synthesized by rhodium‐catalyzed copolymerization of 9‐(4‐ethynylphenyl)carbazole (CzPA) and phenylacetylenes (C∧N)2Ir(κ2‐O,O′‐MeC(O)CHC(O)C6H4CCH‐4) (C∧N = κ2‐N,C1‐2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)phenyl (IrppyPA) or κ2‐N,C1‐2‐(isoquinolin‐1‐yl)phenyl (IrpiqPA)). In addition, organic poly(phenylacetylene)s with pendant carbazole groups have been synthesized by rhodium‐catalyzed copolymerization of CzPA and 1‐ethynyl‐4‐pentylbenzene. Complex (C∧N)2Ir(κ2‐O,O′‐MeC(O)CHC(O)Ph) (IrpiqPh; C∧N = 2‐(isoquinolin‐1‐yl)phenyl‐κ2‐N,C1) was prepared and characterized. While the copolymers of the Irppy series were weakly phosphorescent, those of the Irpiq series displayed at room temperature intense emissions from the carbazole (fluorescence) and iridium (phosphorescence) emitters, being the latter dominant when the spectra were recorded using polymer films. Triple layer OLED devices employing copolymers of the Irpiq series or the model complex IrpiqPh yielded electroluminescence with an emission spectra originating from the iridium complex and maximum external quantum efficiencies of 0.46% and 2.99%, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3744–3757, 2010
Hydrolytic degradation of polyisobutylene and poly‐L‐lactide–based multiblock copolymers
Authors: Ojha Umaprasana , Kulkarni Pallavi , Cozzens David , Faust Rudolf 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe hydrolytic degradation of a series of poly‐L‐lactide (PLLA)‐polyisobutylene (PIB) multiblock copolymers was studied in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C. The multiblock copolymers were synthesized by chain extension of PLLA‐b‐PIB‐b‐PLLA triblock copolymers, which were obtained by ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide initiated by hydroxyallyl telechelic PIB. The degradation strongly depended on the PLLA segment length. At constant PIB segment length, the multiblock copolymer with the shortest PLLA segment length (DPn = 10), showed significant weight loss after 8 weeks, whereas weight loss for DPn = 36 was only observed after 24 weeks. The gel‐permeation chromatographic analysis showed a similar decrease in the number‐average molecular weight (Mn) with time further supporting the weight loss data. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed a decrease in ultimate stress and modulus with time. The crystallinity of multiblock copolymers changed significantly with degradation time as indicated from differential scanning calorimetric analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3767–3774, 2010