bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new paradigm in cell therapy for diabetes: Turning pancreatic α‐cells into β‐cells
Authors: Sangan Caroline B. , Tosh David 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCell therapy means treating diseases with the body's own cells. One of the cell types most in demand for therapeutic purposes is the pancreatic β‐cell. This is because diabetes is one of the major healthcare problems in the world. Diabetes can be treated by islet transplantation but the major limitation is the shortage of organ donors. To overcome the shortfall in donors, alternative sources of pancreatic β‐cells must be found. Potential sources include embryonic or adult stem cells or, from existing β‐cells. There is now a startling new addition to this list of therapies: the pancreatic α‐cell. Thorel and colleagues recently showed that under circumstances of extreme pancreatic β‐cell loss, α‐cells may serve to replenish the insulin‐producing compartment. This conversion of α‐cells to β‐cells represents an example of transdifferentiation. Understanding the molecular basis for transdifferentiation may help to enhance the generation of β‐cells for the treatment of diabetes.
Multivariate one‐sided multiple comparison procedure with a control based on the approximate likelihood ratio test
Authors: Imada Tsunehisa , Yamamoto Yoshiro 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this study, we discuss a multiple comparison procedure with a control for multivariate one‐sided test in each pairwise comparison. For pairwise comparisons, we use the approximate likelihood ratio test statistics derived by Tang et al. (An approximate likelihood ratio test for a normal mean vector with nonnegative components with application to clinical trials. Biometrika 1989, 76, 577–583). We derive a formula to determine the critical value for pairwise comparisons satisfying a specified significance level. Furthermore, we formulate the power of the test for our multiple comparison procedure. Finally, we give some numerical examples regarding the critical values and the power of the test.
Enzymatic production of β‐D‐glucose‐1‐phosphate from trehalose
Authors: Van der Borght Jef , Desmet Tom , Soetaert Wim 
Published: August 2010

Abstractβ‐D‐Glucose‐1‐phosphate (βGlc1P) is an efficient glucosyl donor for both enzymatic and chemical glycosylation reactions but is currently very costly and not available in large amounts. This article provides an efficient production method of βGlc1P from trehalose and phosphate using the thermostable trehalose phosphorylase from Thermoanaerobacter brockii. At the process temperature of 60°C, Escherichia coli expression host cells are lysed and cell treatment prior to the reaction is, therefore, not required. In this way, the theoretical maximum yield of 26% could be easily achieved. Two different purification strategies have been compared, anion exchange chromatography or carbohydrate removal by treatment with trehalase and yeast, followed by chemical phosphate precipitation. In a next step, βGlc1P was precipitated with ethanol but this did not induce crystallization, in contrast to what is observed with other glycosylphosphates. After conversion of the product to its cyclohexylammonium salt, however, crystals could be readily obtained. Although both purification methods were quantitative (>99% recovery), a large amount of product (50%) was lost during crystallization. Nevertheless, a production process for crystalline βGlc1P is now available from the cheap substrates trehalose and inorganic phosphate.
New anatomical classification of the axilla with implications for sentinel node biopsy
Authors: Clough K B , Nasr R , Nos C , Vieira M , Inguenault C , Poulet B 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
The exact anatomical location of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) in the axilla has not ascertained clinically, but could be useful both for teaching purposes and to reduce the morbidity of SLN biopsy. The aim of the study was to determine the position of the SLN in the axilla and to demonstrate that this location is not random.

Methods
A consecutive series of 242 patients with stage I breast cancer (T1/T2 N0) or ductal carcinoma in situ who underwent SLN localization by peritumoral injection were included in a prospective study to map the location of the SLN in the axilla. A new anatomical classification of the lower part of the axilla based on the intersection of two anatomical landmarks, the lateral thoracic vein (LTV) and the second intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN), is described. These two constant elements form the basis of four axillary zones (A, B, C and D).

Results
In 98·2 per cent of patients the axillary SLN was located medially, alongside the LTV, either below the second ICBN (zone A, 86·8 per cent) or above it (zone B, 11·5 per cent). In only four patients (1·8 per cent) was the SLN located laterally in the axilla.

Conclusion
Regardless of the site of the tumour in the breast, 98·2 per cent of SLNs were found in the medial part of the axilla, alongside the LTV. This information should help to avoid unnecessary lateral dissections.
Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheter tract recurrence in cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Takahashi Y , Nagino M , Nishio H , Ebata T , Igami T , Nimura Y 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the study was to clarify the incidence, risk factors and treatment of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) catheter tract recurrence in patients with resected cholangiocarcinoma.MethodsThe medical records of 445 patients with perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma who underwent resection following PTBD were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsPTBD catheter tract recurrence was detected in 23 patients (5·2 per cent). The mean(s.d.) interval between surgery and onset of the recurrence was 14·4(13·8) months. On multivariable analysis, duration of PTBD (60 days or more), multiple PTBD catheters and macroscopic papillary tumour type were identified as independent risk factors. In four patients with synchronous metastasis, the PTBD sinus tract was resected simultaneously, at the time of initial surgery. Of 19 patients with metachronous metastasis, 15 underwent surgical resection of the metastasis. Survival of the 23 patients with PTBD catheter tract recurrence was poorer than that of the 422 patients without recurrence (median 22·8 versus 27·3 months; P = 0·095). Even after surgical resection of PTBD catheter tract recurrence, survival was poor.ConclusionPTBD catheter tract recurrence is not unusual. The prognosis for these patients is generally poor, even after resection. To prevent this troublesome complication, endoscopic biliary drainage is first recommended when drainage is indicated.
Role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis
Authors: Ball E L , Walsh S R , Tang T Y , Gohil R , Clarke J M F 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
Temporal artery (TA) biopsy is the current standard for diagnosing temporal arteritis, but has limited sensitivity. Colour duplex ultrasonography is a newer, non-invasive method of diagnosing temporal arteritis.

Methods
A systematic review was performed of trials comparing TA biopsy with duplex ultrasonography. Duplex results (halo sign, stenosis or vessel occlusion) were compared with either TA biospy findings or the American College of Rheumatology research criteria for diagnosing temporal arteritis. Trials were identified from MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library trials register. The performance of duplex ultrasonography was assessed with weighted independent sensitivity and specificity values, and summary receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results
There were 17 eligible studies containing 998 patients. When the halo sign on duplex imaging was compared with TA biopsy, the sensitivity was 75 (95 per cent confidence interval 67 to 82) per cent and the specificity was 83 (78 to 88) per cent. There was no heterogeneity across the eligible studies.

Conclusion
Duplex ultrasonography was relatively accurate for diagnosing temporal arteritis. It should become the first-line investigation, with biopsy reserved for patients with a negative scan.
Where are they now? tracking the longitudinal evolution of environmental businesses from the 1990s
Authors: Holt Diane 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn 1991 Steven Bennett published one of the first major publications on the concept of ecopreneurship, business opportunities resulting from the emerging environmental agenda of the late 1980s and early 1990s (Ecopreneuring: the Complete Guide to Small Business Opportunities From the Environmental Revolution. Wiley: New York). Since then a body of literature has developed that explores the idea of the intersection of entrepreneurship with environmentally and socially responsible behaviour. Many of the business cases presented by Bennett represent early adopters of green products, services and emerging eco‐markets. Given the current emphasis on the transformation of business practices towards a more sustainable paradigm it is timely to review these 94 early ecopreneurial examples and consider their status two decades on from the original publication. This paper explores the definitions of environmental and social enterprise, and considers the longitudinal survival of these companies and the emerging trends in consolidation and failure of the sampled companies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The safety of children and the parent‐worker relationship in cases of child abuse and neglect
Authors: Howe David 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChild protection work is complex and demanding and presents both parents and workers with a number of emotional and relationship demands. Although it is recognised that a good working alliance between child protection workers and parents is associated with therapeutic success and service user satisfaction, some current developments, including the growth of an audit culture with its attendant emphasis on targets and performance, appear to undermine the worker's ability to establish good relationships and working alliances. To the extent that poor‐quality working relationships and increased emotional distance reduce the worker's capacity to be empathic, levels of stress for both parents and workers are likely to remain high. Heightened stress reduces the capacity of parents and workers to keep at‐risk children in mind and in focus. This reduces their safety. The paper revisits the value of containment as a way of processing and managing difficult feelings which, along with more recent therapeutic concepts such as mentalisation, encourages workers to keep the parents' feelings in mind as well as hold the child in mind for the parent as a psychological, meaningful and mentalising being. Helping parents think about their feelings and understand, indeed celebrate, their children as burgeoning, independent psychological entities increases understanding, reduces stress and plays a part in helping keep children safe. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child protection: a survey of psychiatrists' knowledge and attitudes
Authors: Lewington Emma R. , Skilling Gordon D. , Treliving Linda R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine psychiatrists' knowledge of the child protection process and their attitudes toward child protection training. An anonymous questionnaire survey was sent out to all psychiatric staff in a large psychiatric hospital.The response rate was 72 per cent. Fifty‐seven per cent of respondents had never attended child protection training and 16 per cent thought that it was of no relevance to their position. Significant differences in self‐rated knowledge were identified between those who had attended training and those who had not.Variations in the availability and quality of child protection training may result in psychiatrists not attaining the core knowledge required in order to work effectively as part of the child protection process. Hospital management should work towards prioritising and disseminating local child protection policies and procedures more effectively and consider routine child protection training as part of any new staff induction. The Royal College of Psychiatrists should consider inclusion of child protection in junior staff education programmes and as part of the MRCPsych examination curriculum. Likewise, consideration should be given to enhancing the status of child protection training in continuing professional development programmes for career‐grade psychiatric staff. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Divergent Heparin‐Induced Fibrillation Pathways of a Prion Amyloidogenic Determinant
Authors: Bazar Ehud , Jelinek Raz 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPolysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), particularly heparin, have been shown to directly affect fibrillation phenomena and the biological activities of amyloid proteins. We present a systematic analysis of the impact of heparin upon fibrillation of the amyloidogenic determinant of the prion protein PrP(106–126). Experimental data, including thioflavin T fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and circular dichroism, demonstrate that heparin induced dramatically diverging aggregation pathways of PrP(106–126). Specifically, enhanced β‐sheet formation of the prion fragment leading to fibril assemblies occurred in solutions containing low heparin/prion mole ratios, while mixtures containing a greater abundance of heparin showed almost complete inhibition of PrP(106–126) fibril formation. Based upon the experimental data we have proposed a unified model accounting for the interplay between the roles of heparin as a scaffold for nucleation and fibril growth on the one hand and as a disruptor of fibrillation through electrostatic affinity with the monomeric peptide units on the other. This study clarifies previous conflicting studies, and concludes that GAGs inhibit fibrillation and amyloid toxicity in some cases, and promote amyloidogenesis in others.
DFT‐Based Coverage‐Dependent Model of Pt‐Catalyzed NO Oxidation
Authors: Getman Rachel B. , Schneider William F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA coverage‐dependent, mean‐field microkinetic model of catalytic NO oxidation, NO+0.5 O2⇌NO2, at a Pt(111) surface has been developed, based on large supercell density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DFT is used to determine the overall energetics and activation energies of candidate reaction steps as a function of surface coverage. Surface coverage is found to have a significant but non‐uniform effect on the energetics, pathways, and activation energies of reaction steps involving formation or cleavage of ONO and OO bonds, and inclusion of this coverage dependence is essential for obtaining a qualitatively correct representation of the catalysis. Correlations are used to express all reaction parameters in terms of a single coverage variableθand steady‐state solutions to the resultant mean‐field models are obtained in the method of DeDonder relations. At conditions representative of NO oxidation catalysis, the surface coverage is predicted to be 0.25≤θ<0.4 ML and to be controlled by equilibrium between gas‐phase NO and NO2and chemisorbed O. O2dissociative adsorption (O2(g)→2O*) is rate limiting in the model. The DFT‐based mean‐field model captures many features of the experimentally observed catalysis, and its short‐comings point the way toward more robust models of coverage‐dependent kinetics.
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Ammoxidation: A Valuable Tool for One‐Step Synthesis of Nitriles
Authors: Martin Andreas , Kalevaru Venkata Narayana 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAmmoxidation is a partial oxidation with selective insertion of nitrogen into a methyl group (aldehyde or alcoholic groups are also able to react) that is in the α‐position to double bonds of olefinic, aromatic or heteroaromatic hydrocarbons to produce corresponding nitriles. The reaction is accelerated by heterogeneous catalysis and carried out in continuous process, in general. The heterogeneously catalyzed ammoxidation of various hydrocarbons to synthesize a wide range of industrially important nitriles has been the subject of great interest in recent times because nitriles are very useful basic chemicals (e.g. acrylonitrile) and organic intermediates (e.g. nicotinonitrile) used in the manufacture of numerous value‐added fine chemicals. The reaction proceeds with H abstraction from the methyl group, leading to an allylic or benzylic intermediate that reacts with catalyst lattice oxygen to form an oxygen‐containing intermediate through the Mars–van Krevelen mechanism. Nitrogen insertion seems to be due to adsorbed N species. Finally, nitrile formation occurs via an imine intermediate. Alkanes could be converted in a similar way, albeit with catalysts that possess a dehydrogenation function to give rise to the intermediate allylic species. Furthermore, ammoxidation is a very “green” reaction because oxygen or air is used as oxidant and water is generally the only byproduct. The ammoxidation reaction is used in the production of large‐scale chemicals, such as acrylonitrile, as well as that of intermediates, specialty chemicals, and fine chemicals in the agrochemical, health, and nutrition industries. The reaction is mostly carried out in the gas phase using supported transition metal oxides as catalysts. The most important advantage is that the ammoxidation is a simple, single‐step, eco‐friendly reaction. Nevertheless, one bottleneck is that only less‐functionalized reactants can be converted; that is, higher substituted molecules are often subject to side‐reactions. However, at present, ammoxidation is indeed a lucrative field of study, which has recently found much wider application in industry and hence will in years to come continue to offer exceptional commercial rewards for the production of industrially important nitriles.
“On‐Water,” Microwave‐Assisted, Pd‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Indoles from Imines and o‐Difunctionalized Arenes
Authors: Barluenga José , Jiménez‐Aquino Agustín , Aznar Fernando , Valdés Carlos 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRegioselectively substituted indoles are prepared by a Pd‐catalyzed CC/CN bond‐forming sequence from imines and o‐dihaloarenes or o‐haloarene sulfonates. The heterogeneous reaction as a suspension in water and under microwave heating offers important advantages in comparison with the conventional reaction in an organic solvent, among them, operational simplicity, the employment of KOH solutions instead of alkoxides, and a dramatic reduction of reaction times.
Formation of Surface Traps on Quantum Dots by Bidentate Chelation and Their Application in Low‐Potential Electrochemiluminescent Biosensing
Authors: Liu Xuan , Cheng Lingxiao , Lei Jianping , Liu Hui , Ju Huangxian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBidentate chelation, meso‐2,3‐dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), was used as a stabilizer for the synthesis of CdTe quantum dots (QDs). The bidentate chelate QDs, characterized with FT‐IR, PL, and UV/Vis spectroscopy; element analysis; and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope, exhibited surface traps due to the large surface/volume ratio of QD particle and the steric hindrance of the DMSA molecule. The unpassivated surface of the QDs produced a narrower band gap than the core and electrochemiluminescent (ECL) emission at relatively low cathodic potential. In air‐saturated pH 7.0 buffer, the QDs immobilized on electrode surface showed an intense ECL emission peak at −0.85 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). H2O2 produced from electrochemical reduction of dissolved oxygen was demonstrated to be the co‐reactant, which avoided the need of strong oxidant as the co‐reactant and produced a sensitive analytical method for peroxidase‐related analytes. Using hydroquinone/horseradish peroxidase/H2O2 as a model system, a new, reagentless, phenolic, ECL biosensor for hydroquinone was constructed, based on the quenching effect of ECL emission of QDs by consumption of co‐reactant H2O2. The biosensor showed a linear range of 0.2–10 μM with acceptable stability and reproducibility. This work opens new avenues in the search for new ECL emitters with excellent analytical performance and makes QDs a more attractive alternative in biosensing.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthetic Fluoride Phosphate of Mixed‐Valence Iron: Cs8Fe3+ 8Fe2+ 7F10(PO4)12.
Authors: FRENZEN G. , YAKUBOVICH O. V. , MEL'NIKOV O. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemical Control in the Silyl Triflate‐Mediated Claisen Rearrangement of Allylic Esters.
Authors: KOBAYASHI M. , MASUMOTO K. , NAKAI E. , NAKAI T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 1,5‐Diaryl‐1,5‐pentanediones and 1,5‐Diaryl‐3‐(thia) selena‐1,5‐pentanediones with PCl5.
Authors: DREVKO B. I. , ZHUKOV O. I. , KHARCHENKO V. G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Envirocat EPZG as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Thioacetalization of Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: KASTURE S. P. , BANDGAR B. P. , SARKAR A. , WADGAONKAR P. P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Pagodane → Dodecahedrane Concept ‐ Shorter Routes, Higher Yields.
Authors: BERTAU M. , LEONHARDT J. , WEILER A. , WEBER K. , PRINZBACH H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: (E)‐N‐Isopropyl‐5‐tosyl‐4‐pentenamide: A Vinyl Sulfone as Precursor of a New δ‐Acyldienyl Anion Equivalent.
Authors: CATURLA F. , NAJERA C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Preparative Method for Optically Active 2,2′‐ and 4,4′‐ Dihydroxybiphenyl Derivatives. A New Chiral Host Compound 4,4′‐ Dihydroxy‐2,2′,3,3′,6,6′‐hexamethylbiphenyl.
Authors: TANAKA K. , MORIYAMA A. , TODA F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.