bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excess Weight Loss in First-Born Breastfed Newborns Relates to Maternal Intrapartum Fluid Balance
Authors: Chantry Caroline J. , Nommsen-Rivers Laurie A. , Peerson Janet M. , Cohen Roberta J. , Dewey Kathryn G. 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVES:
The objectives were to describe weight loss in a multiethnic population of first-born, predominantly breastfed, term infants and to identify potentially modifiable risk factors for excess weight loss (EWL).

METHODS:
Data on prenatal breastfeeding intentions, demographic characteristics, labor and delivery interventions and outcomes, breastfeeding behaviors, formula and pacifier use, onset of lactogenesis, and nipple type and pain were collected prospectively. Logistic regression analyses identified independent predictors of EWL (≥10% of birth weight) by using a preplanned theoretical model.

RESULTS:
EWL occurred for 18% of infants who received no or minimal (≤60 mL total since birth) formula (n = 229), including 19% of exclusively breastfed infants (n = 134) and 16% of infants who received minimal formula (n = 95). In bivariate analyses, EWL was associated (P &lt; .05) with higher maternal age, education, and income levels, hourly intrapartum fluid balance, postpartum edema, delayed lactogenesis (&gt;72 hours), fewer infant stools, and infant birth weight. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only 2 variables predicted EWL significantly, namely, intrapartum fluid balance (adjusted relative risk for EWL of 3.18 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35–13.29] and 2.80 [95% CI: 1.17–11.68] with net intrapartum fluid balance of &gt;200 and 100–200 mL/hour, respectively, compared with &lt;100 mL/hour) and delayed lactogenesis (adjusted relative risk: 3.35 [95% CI: 1.74–8.10]).

CONCLUSIONS:
EWL was more common in this population than reported previously and was independently related to intrapartum fluid balance. This suggests that intrapartum fluid administration can cause fetal volume expansion and greater fluid loss after birth, although other mechanisms are possible.
Geographic Maldistribution of Primary Care for Children
Authors: Shipman Scott A. , Lan Jia , Chang Chiang-hua , Goodman David C. 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVES:
This study examines growth in the primary care physician workforce for children and examines the geographic distribution of the workforce.

METHODS:
National data were used to calculate the local per-capita supply of clinically active general pediatricians and family physicians, measured at the level of primary care service areas.

RESULTS:
Between 1996 and 2006, the general pediatrician and family physician workforces expanded by 51% and 35%, respectively, whereas the child population increased by only 9%. The 2006 per-capita supply varied by &gt;600% across local primary care markets. Nearly 15 million children (20% of the US child population) lived in local markets with &lt;710 children per child physician (average of 141 child physicians per 100 000 children), whereas another 15 million lived in areas with &gt;4400 children per child physician (average of 22 child physicians per 100 000 children). In addition, almost 1 million children lived in areas with no local child physician. Nearly all 50 states had evidence of similar extremes of physician maldistribution.

CONCLUSIONS:
Undirected growth of the aggregate child physician workforce has resulted in profound maldistribution of physician resources. Accountability for public funding of physician training should include efforts to develop, to use, and to evaluate policies aimed at reducing disparities in geographic access to primary care physicians for children.
Adverse Events After the Use of Benznidazole in Infants and Children With Chagas Disease
Authors: Altcheh Jaime , Moscatelli Guillermo , Moroni Samanta , Garcia-Bournissen Facundo , Freilij Hector 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND:
Chagas disease is caused by infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. In adults, treatment with benznidazole is associated with a high incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). However, in infants and children, treatment with benznidazole seems associated with a lower incidence and decreased severity of ADRs, but these effects have not been clearly characterized.

OBJECTIVE:
We aimed to describe ADRs observed in infants and children treated with benznidazole.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
We conducted a prospective cohort study of infants and children in Argentina with Chagas disease treated with benznidazole.

RESULTS:
A total of 107 infants and children diagnosed with asymptomatic Chagas disease (mean age: 6.9 years) were enrolled in the study. Sixty-two events (in 44 children) were considered benznidazole related. Mean ADR duration was 8.2 days. ADRs were mild (80.6%), moderate (16%), or severe (3.2%). Most (77.3%) ADRs were in children older than 7 years. Skin was the organ with the highest incidence of ADRs (21%), followed by the central nervous system (9%) and the gastrointestinal tract (8.5%). Also, the ADR rate was lower in infants and toddlers compared with older children (18% vs 53%) (P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Treatment with benznidazole was well tolerated in children. Most ADRs were mild and did not require treatment suspension. A strong association was observed between ADR incidence and patient age, and most ADRs occurred in children older than 7 years. We believe that anxiety over potential severe ADRs in children with Chagas disease is not justified and should not be an obstacle to using benznidazole.
Development of the Belridge Field's Diatomite Reservoirs with Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Wells: From First Attempts to Current Ultra-Tight Spacing
Authors: Allan Malcolm E. , Gold David K. , Reese Dyke W. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The diatomite reservoirs in the Belridge giant oil field in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California provide an ideal location for following the growth in understanding and application of horizontal wells through time. Details are presented that cover geology, drilling, completion, and production from four projects totaling 230 of the field's 246 hydraulically stimulated horizontal wells drilled transverse, longitudinal, and oblique to the azimuth of the preferred natural fracture plane.
The diatomite reservoirs are layered biogenic silica deposited in the Miocene Monterey and Reef Ridge formations. They have continuous vertical oil columns ranging up to 1,300 ft (400 m) along the crest of the anticline. However, the permeability is 0.1 to 10 millidarcies which requires all producers to have multiple sand-propped hydraulic fractures to produce at economic rates. Tight spacing and accurate fracture placement are essential to recovering reserves in this massive reservoir. Normal field development is via closely-spaced vertical producers with vertical water injectors for pressure support. However, when pay zones thin-out on the flanks or become less vertically continuous, horizontal wells become the preferred method of development.
Each of the four projects targeted different areas of the field, and had wells drilled in different geomechanical stress regimes. The largest project has 188 horizontal wells completed with multiple longitudinal hydraulic fractures: after an initial pilot study of four wells, Phase 1 consisted of 75 ft (23 m) spacing between the horizontal sections of the wellbores; Phase 2 evaluated and developed 50 ft (15 m) spacing in a less prospective area; and Phase 3 consisted of infill drilling at 37.5 ft (11.5 m) spacing in the Phase 1 area while at the same time converting every fourth horizontal producer to a water injector.
The unconventional petrophysical properties of the diatomite and the variety of stress regimes allow an almost textbook-like look into knowledge capture plus the utilization of successes and learnings for subsequent projects. From first attempts in 1995 to the current ultra-tight spacing, the learnings from this case study are readily applicable to many other fields, especially to shale reservoirs in resource plays, where tight spacing of the hydraulic fractures and a manufacturing assembly-line approach to development may be needed to get hydrocarbons efficiently out of the matrix.
Customs Unions and Special Protection
Authors: Tabakis Chrysostomos 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of customs unions (CUs) on the ability of countries to multilaterally cooperate within an economic environment characterized by trade-flow volatility. We find that the initiation of CU talks results in an easing of multilateral trade tensions, especially with regard to the employment of special-protection instruments, such as anti-dumping duties or safeguards. However, once the CU agreements come into force, a retreat to a more protectionist trading environment becomes necessary so that multilateral cooperation does not break down. Interestingly, in comparison with the pre-CU world, the utilization of special-protection tools in the post-CU world is more severe for high import volumes, but is less frequent overall. Moreover, normal protection remains low, largely unchanged from the pre-CU era.
Investigation of the influence of low-concentration hydrogen on the surface potential of thin metallic films for sensor applications
Authors: Prażmowska Joanna , Szyszka Adam , Paszkiewicz Regina , Tłaczała Marek 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In this paper, a study of the influence of hydrogen (concentrations 6 ppm − 1%) on the work function of thin metallic films at moderately elevated temperatures is presented. The work function was measured indirectly by the observation of the surface potential of dedicated test structures using scanning surface potential microscope. Metallic layers with thicknesses of 10, 20, 30, and 50 nm were deposited on semiconductor substrates as well as on a thick gold layer. The investigations were focused on palladium thin films although a comparison to results obtained for platinum layers was also discussed.
Phylogenetic relationships among the taxa of the genus <i>Johrenia</i> DC. (Apiaceae) from Turkey based on molecular method
Authors: Dogan Bekir , Duran Ahmet , Bagci Yavuz , Dinc Muhittin , Martin Esra , Cetin Ozlem , Ozturk Meryem 
Published: December 2010

In the present study, ISSR markers were employed to determine the phylogenetic relationships among the taxa of Johrenia. The genera Angelica and Xanthogalum were selected as outgroups. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and Principal Coordinate Analyses were conducted to view the molecular relationships. Johrenia alpina, J. depauperatum and J. aurea are transferred to the genus Dichoropetalum. The infrageneric and intergeneric phylogenetic relationship among the Johrenia and Dichoropetalum genera are determined.Keywords: Johrenia; Dichoropetalum; Apiaceae; Taxonomy; ISSR; Turkey.DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v17i2.6693Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon.17(2): 113-120, 2010 (December)
Analysis of Drug Resistance during HIV RNA Viraemia in the Monet Trial of Darunavir/Ritonavir Monotherapy
Authors: Pulido Federico , Arribas José R , Hill Andrew , Van Delft Yvon , Moecklinghoff Christiane 
Published: December 2010

Background When patients have HIV RNA suppressed to <50 copies/ml on current treatment, switching to darunavir (DRV)/ritonavir (DRV/r) monotherapy could prevent the development of resistance to other drug classes. Methods In the MONET trial, 256 patients with HIV RNA<50 copies/ml on current highly active antiretroviral therapy (57% with protease inhibitors [PIs] and 43% with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) and no history of virological failure were randomized to DRV/r 800/100 mg once daily, either as monotherapy (mono-therapy arm) or with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs; triple therapy arm). All samples with HIV RNA≥50 copies/ml were genotyped, and a virtual phenotype was calculated (VircoType HIV-1 assays; Virco BVBA, Mechelen, Belgium). Results A total of 63 patients had ≥1 HIV RNA result ≥50 copies/ml, of whom 38 were successfully genotyped. Most HIV RNA increases were transient and in the range of 50–200 copies/ml. Overall, 36 of the 38 (95%) successfully genotyped patients showed no International AIDS Society–USA major PI mutations, DRV mutations or NRTI mutations. Two patients showed some evidence of PI resistance during transient HIV RNA elevations: one patient in the monotherapy arm had a single DRV mutation (L33F) when HIV RNA was 63 copies/ml (the virus was phenotypically sensitive to DRV [fold change 0.8]) and one PI pretreated patient taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine/DRV/r had re-emergence of preexisting NRTI (M184V) and PI (V82I and L90M) mutations after a short treatment interruption (this virus remained phenotypically sensitive to DRV/r). Both patients showed sustained HIV RNA suppression to week 48 remaining with the same treatment. Conclusions Emergence of drug resistance after changing a suppressive triple antiretroviral therapy to DRV/r with or without nucleoside analogues is uncommon.
A HANDHELD ELECTRONIC PATIENT RECORD USING A NEW UML COMPONENT-BASED ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Chang Chien Jia-Ren 
Published: December 2010

With the emergence of the electronic patient record, the scene of stacks of patient records, common in hospitals and clinics, will become eradicated. Computerized patient records can facilitate patients' queries and requests for diagnosis. Personal patient records entailing prior hospital or clinic visits can be readily retrieved through contemporary storage devices (such as integrated circuit card, radio-frequency identification, etc.) thereby enabling physicians to efficiently determine a patient's past medical history in order to accurately assess his/her medical condition. The gradual development of the electronic patient record with direct connection to the hospital will enable physicians to use a handheld electronic patient record platform for queries and study as well as to diagnose a patient's condition, even while making out-of-town visits. This not only can serve patients located at remote areas, but also lessen the difficulties experienced in out-of-town diagnosis and treatment. While focusing on the methods for designing a handheld electronic patient record, this thesis applies unified modeling language (UML) to describe the acquired functions of such a platform; in essence, it applies the characteristics of UML to provide the designer with clarified understanding for the architecture as well as the operational movements. Through this approach, a highly reliable product could be designed in the shortest period of time.
Brief History of the Early Development of Theoretical and Experimental Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Anderson John D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe sight of an airplane flying overhead typifies the laws of aerodynamics in action, and it is easy to forget that just two centuries ago, these laws were so mysterious or unknown or misunderstood as to preclude a flying machine from lifting off the ground, let alone successfully flying through the air. Ultimately, the present understanding of fluid dynamics in general and aerodynamics in particular is a product of intellectual thought and empirical observation that is steeped in several millennia of history. The purpose of this chapter is to give the readers of this encyclopedia some idea of how this intellectual thought evolved, what empirical observations were made, and the role played by some of the movers and shakers who helped to bring us to the current level of understanding of fluid dynamics and aerodynamics.
Potential Flows
Authors: Katz Joseph , Plotkin Allen 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In high‐Reynolds number attached flows, past a streamlined surface, the fluid outside a thin boundary layer can be considered as irrotational (friction free). Within this region a potential flow model can be established, where the velocity field is obtained by solving the incompressible continuity equation. The momentum equation is then reduced to the Bernoulli equation that determines the pressures, once the velocity field is known. In the following section, the fundamentals of this approach are presented with examples for determining the velocity field over simple shapes.
Flow Instabilities and Transition
Authors: Tumin Anatoli 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper introduces the flow instability concept and the problem of transition prediction. The discussion is aimed at the Tollmien–Schlichting type of instability in low‐speed two‐dimensional boundary layers. The discussion includes an outline of the linear stability theory, paths to turbulence in wall layers, and theeNmethod for transition prediction.
Flapping Wing Aerodynamics
Authors: Shyy Wei , Aono Hikaru , Liu Hao 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Birds, bats, and insects flap their wings to produce lift as well as thrust. The aerodynamics associated with flapping wings can be enhanced by large‐scale vortical flow structures by wing kinematics, wing shapes, and flexible wing structures. Consequently, with appropriate kinematics, frequency, and amplitude, flapping wings can generate substantially higher lift and perform well beyond stall angle of attack for fixed wings. In this chapter, we highlight the fluid physics associated with
low
Reynolds number flapping wings, including leading edge vortices, pitch‐up rotation, wake capture, clap‐and‐fling mechanisms, and tip vortices, as well as the impact of wing flexibility on flapping wing aerodynamics.
Ground Effect Aerodynamics
Authors: Cui Erjie , Zhang Xin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe ‘ground effect’ is the aerodynamic phenomenon whereby the flow field around a vehicle, either an aircraft or a car, is constrained and altered by the presence of the ground. For an aircraft operating in ground effect, it is the creation of an effective air cushion between the lower surface of the wing and the ground that modifies the physics of the flow resulting in positive lift enhancement. For a car utilizing ground effect, the dominant feature is a low‐pressure field between the vehicle and the ground caused by significant flow acceleration, similar to the ‘Venturi effect’, leading to downforce (negative lift) enhancement. Components such as wings and diffusers operate within this regime. The impact of ground effect is generally an increase in aerodynamic efficiency, that is, an increase in lift‐to‐drag ratio for aircraft or the equivalent downforce‐to‐drag ratio for cars. When a vehicle operates too close to the ground, the beneficial response diminishes. The ground effect can adversely affect the flight stability of an aircraft during take‐off and landing as well as under cruise conditions in close proximity to the ground.This chapter provides a brief summary concerning the history of ground effect vehicles. Various methods employed to study the phenomenon are introduced; these include empirical approximations, analytical methods, numerical simulations, and wind tunnel tests. Applications of ground effect to aircraft and vehicle design are also discussed. Advantages and risks are further examined with an emphasis on control and stability.
Introduction to Compressible Flows
Authors: Drikakis Dimitris 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief introduction to compressible flows, including fundamentals, physical regimes, and associated flow phenomena. It introduces the notion of shock and expansion waves as well as the fundamentals of subsonic, transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flow regimes. It further presents the governing equations and their simplified forms along with the associated flow and thermodynamic assumptions. The limits of applicability of the various forms of the governing equations are also discussed.Finally, the chapter briefly presents the equation of state for compressible flows in the form used in aeronautical applications.
High‐Temperature Effects in Hypersonic Flight
Authors: Candler Graham V. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe high temperatures encountered at hypersonic speeds trigger complex thermochemical effects in the surrounding medium and have a substantial impact on the vehicle. In addition to the excitation of internal energy modes, chemical reactions such as dissociation and ionization may also occur. The resultant species can then interact with the vehicle surface to produce diverse thermal effects. In this chapter, some of the main concepts are summarized. The notion of nonequilibrium is introduced and related to collisionality. The mechanisms by which chemical reactions occur, the rates at which they proceed, their effect on momentum and energy balance and the coupling between internal energy and chemistry are exposed by deriving the principal conservation equations. Methods of obtaining the equation of state, as well as various transport properties such as viscosity and thermal conductivity are presented. The chapter concludes with an illustrative example of a waverider vehicle traveling at Mach 8.
Spacecraft Thermal Management
Authors: Hurlbert Kathryn M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAll spacecraft must include a thermal control system (TCS) to maintain equipment and/or crew within tolerable temperature limits during the mission. This chapter provides an overview of spacecraft thermal control systems design and development, with descriptions of the passive and active subsystems and associated components. The necessary steps in the design process are also provided, including establishing mission and system requirements, characterizing the mission environments, developing the design concept and models, and planning a test program to ensure the system functions as expected.
Computational Magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Falle Sam A.E.G. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes computational methods for the equations of ideal compressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), which describe the motion of an electrically conducting fluid. These equations are applicable to: laboratory plasmas; the earth's magnetosphere; the sun and other astrophysical objects. The emphasis is on upwind shock capturing methods that can be used for flows containing strong shocks. Although these methods are very similar to those for compressible flow, the MHD equations have certain properties that need to be handled carefully, i.e., degeneracy of the wave system and the constraint that the magnetic field be divergence free.
Shear Stress Measurements
Authors: Chandrasekharan Vijay , Naughton Jonathan , Sheplak Mark 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWall shear stress or skin friction causes a significant amount of drag in an aerodynamic system. As a result, measurements are extremely important for efficient and effective aerodynamic design as well as fundamental understanding of the underlying flow physics. This measurement is also important for a wide variety of applications ranging from feedback flow control to drag reduction to wind tunnel design and characterization. It may also be a useful technique for non‐intrusive flow rate measurement. An instrument grade, time accurate sensor with sufficient spatial resolution is required for quantitative time resolved wall shear stress measurement. This chapter gives an overview of relevant measurement scales that depend on the nature of the flow, existing measurement techniques with their strengths and limitations, and a methodology to characterize shear stress sensors, ultimately leading to a fully characterized shear stress measurement tool.
Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Scarano Fulvio 
Published: December 2010

AbstractParticle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a laser‐based technique to measure the instantaneous velocity distribution within a planar domain. The present chapter introduces the working principle of PIV and discusses its relevance for aerodynamic testing of aerospace vehicles and propulsion systems. The main components of an experiment performed by PIV are the seeding particles, the illumination system, the digital image recording and the algorithms used to analyze the motion of recorded particle images. The chapter closes with a discussion on the accuracy and spatial resolution of PIV measurements and on the data reduction procedures typically applied to post‐process PIV data.