bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race, Ethnicity, and Employment Outcomes 1, 5, and 10 Years After Spinal Cord Injury: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Arango‐Lasprilla Juan Carlos , Ketchum Jessica M. , Francis Kathryn , Lewis Allen , Premuda Paola , Wehman Paul , Kreutzer Jeffrey 
Published: October 2010

Objectives(1) To compare the odds of competitive employment versus not competitive employment among a group of white, African American, and Hispanic persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) at 1, 5, and 10 years after injury; (2) to examine the changes in the odds of competitive employment versus not competitive employment over time within each racial/ethnic group, and (3) to compare the changes in the odds of competitive employment versus not competitive employment over time between the racial/ethnic groups.DesignRetrospective study.SettingModel SCI systems.ParticipantsA total of 11,090 persons with SCI (7735 whites, 2381 African Americans, and 974 Hispanics), between ages 18 and 55 years, enrolled in the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center database.Main Outcome MeasureEmployment status dichotomized as competitively employed versus not competitively employed.ResultsThe odds of being competitively employed at 1, 5, and 10 years after injury were 1.58, 2.55, and 3.02, times greater for whites than African Americans and 1.71, 1.86, and 1.71, respectively, times greater for whites than Hispanics. At 10 years after injury, the odds of being competitively employed were 1.77 times greater for Hispanics than for African Americans. Persons of all races/ethnicities and with SCI showed significantly greater increases in the odds of being competitively employed versus not competitively employed over time (1‐5 years, 1‐10 years, 5‐10 years after injury); however, whites and Hispanics had greater increases in the odds of competitive employment over time compared with African Americans.ConclusionsRegardless of race, short‐ and long‐term employment outcomes were not favorable for persons with SCI; however, African Americans and Hispanics fared worse in employment outcomes compared with whites. Rehabilitation professionals should work to improve employment outcomes for all individuals with SCI, with special emphasis on addressing specific needs of African Americans and Hispanics.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Falling in the Postoperative Lower Limb Amputee While on the Surgical Ward
Authors: Yu Jaime C. , Lam Kenneth , Nettel‐Aguirre Alberto , Donald Maoliosa , Dukelow Sean 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence and risk factors of falling among amputees during the postoperative time on the surgical ward.DesignRetrospective cohort.SettingThree tertiary acute care hospitals.PatientsSubjects aged 18 years or older undergoing either a primary or revision amputation at the transtibial, knee disarticulation, or transfemoral levels. Subjects were excluded if they underwent bilateral amputations. A total of 466 charts were identified, and 370 subjects were included in the analysis.Main Outcome MeasurementsAll outcome measurements were devised before data collection. The primary outcome variable was the presence of at least one fall. Details regarding falls, including the date, time, and location of the first fall, were recorded. In addition, the total number of falls and any associated injuries were documented. Secondary outcome variables included type and number of medical comorbidities, cognitive deficits, and regular use of specific medications.ResultsSixty‐one of 370 subjects fell at least once, giving an incidence of 16.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 12.7%‐20.3%). No difference was noted between the fall and no fall groups for gender, mean age, number of regular medications, and number of medical comorbidities. The fall group demonstrated a significantly longer length of stay (difference of means 32.5 days, 95% CI 17.4‐47.5, P < .001). Injuries were sustained in 60.7% of those who fell. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified the major risk factors for falling as dysvascular etiology (odds ratio [OR] 2.418, 95% CI 1.043‐5.606), transtibial level (OR 2.127, 95% CI 1.050‐4.309), and right‐sided amputation (OR 1.933, 95% CI 1.073‐3.483).ConclusionsFalls and associated injuries occur commonly in the postoperative lower limb amputee on the surgical ward. Risk factors for falling include dysvascular etiology, transtibial level, and right‐sided amputation. Further studies are required to characterize the mechanisms of falling in this patient population and to develop appropriate fall‐prevention strategies.
Transcriptomics and Proteomics in the Study of H1N1 2009
Authors: Zhang Lijun , Zhang Xiaojun , Ma Qing , Ma Fang , Zhou Honghao 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Influenza A virus (H1N1) 2009, a new swine-origin influenza A virus, has been spread worldwidely and caused great public fear. High-throughput transcriptomics and proteomics methods are now being used to identify H1N1 and H1N1-host interaction. This article reviews recent transcriptomics and proteomics research in H1N1 diagnosis, treatment, and H1N1 virus-host interaction, to offer some help for further understanding the infection mechanism and controlling H1N1 transmission.
Proteomic Analysis of Bovine Nucleolus
Authors: Patel Amrutlal K. , Olson Doug , Tikoo Suresh K. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Nucleolus is the most prominent subnuclear structure, which performs a wide variety of functions in the eukaryotic cellular processes. In order to understand the structural and functional role of the nucleoli in bovine cells, we analyzed the proteomic composition of the bovine nucleoli. The nucleoli were isolated from Madin Darby bovine kidney cells and subjected to proteomic analysis by LC-MS/MS after fractionation by SDS-PAGE and strong cation exchange chromatography. Analysis of the data using the Mascot database search and the GPM database search identified 311 proteins in the bovine nucleoli, which contained 22 proteins previously not identified in the proteomic analysis of human nucleoli. Analysis of the identified proteins using the GoMiner software suggested that the bovine nucleoli contained proteins involved in ribosomal biogenesis, cell cycle control, transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation, transport, and structural organization.
Follow the Leader: Preference for Specific Amino Acids Directly Following the Initial Methionine in Proteins of Different Organisms
Authors: Shemesh Ronen , Novik Amit , Cohen Yossi 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
It is well established that the vast majority of proteins of all taxonomical groups and species are initiated by an AUG codon, translated into the amino acid methionine (Met). Many attempts were made to evaluate the importance of the sequences surrounding the initiation codon, mostly focusing on the RNA sequence. However, the role and importance of the amino acids following the initiating Met residue were rarely investigated, mostly in bacteria and fungi. Herein, we computationally examined the protein sequences of all major taxonomical groups represented in the Swiss-Prot database, and evaluated the preference of each group to specific amino acids at the positions directly following the initial Met. The results indicate that there is a species-specific preference for the second amino acid of the majority of protein sequences. Interestingly, the preference for a certain amino acid at the second position changes throughout evolution from lysine in prokaryotes, through serine in lower eukaryotes, to alanine in higher plants and animals.
Neural reuse implies distributed coding
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBoth distributed coding, with its implication of neural reuse, and more specialized function have been recognized since the beginning of brain science. A controversy over imageless thought threw introspection into disrepute as a scientific method, making more objective methods dominate. It is known in information science that one element, such as a bit in a computer, can participate in coding many independent states; in this commentary, an example is given.
Neural reuse and cognitive homology
Authors: Bergeron Vincent 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNeural reuse theories suggest that, in the course of evolution, a brain structure may acquire or lose a number of cognitive uses while maintaining its cognitive workings (or low-level operations) fixed. This, in turn, suggests that homologous structures may have very different cognitive uses, while sharing the same workings. And this, essentially, is homology thinking applied to brain function.
The Leabra architecture: Specialization without modularity
Authors: Petrov Alexander A. , Jilk David J. , O'Reilly Randall C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe posterior cortex, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex in the Leabra architecture are specialized in terms of various neural parameters, and thus are predilections for learning and processing, but domain-general in terms of cognitive functions such as face recognition. Also, these areas are not encapsulated and violate Fodorian criteria for modularity. Anderson's terminology obscures these important points, but we applaud his overall message.
How and over what timescales does neural reuse actually occur?
Authors: Donnarumma Francesco , Prevete Roberto , Trautteur Giuseppe 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe isolate some critical aspects of the reuse notion in Anderson's massive redeployment hypothesis (MRH). We notice that the actual rearranging of local neural circuits at a timescale comparable with the reactivity timescale of the organism is left open. We propose the concept of programmable neural network as a solution.
Multi-use and constraints from original use
Authors: Jungé Justin A. , Dennett Daniel C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAnderson's theory is plausible and largely consistent with the data. However, it remains underspecified on several fronts, and we highlight areas for potential improvement. Reuse is described as duplicating a functional component, preserving one function and tinkering to add another function. This is a promising model, but Anderson neglects other reasonable alternatives and we highlight several. Evidence cited in support of reuse fails to uniquely support it among a broader set of multi-use theories. We suggest that a more stringent criterion for direct support of reuse may be satisfied by focusing on previous adaptive functions (original use).
Let us redeploy attention to sensorimotor experience
Authors: Michaux Nicolas , Pesenti Mauro , Badets Arnaud , Di Luca Samuel , Andres Michael 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWith his massive redeployment hypothesis (MRH), Anderson claims that novel cognitive functions are likely to rely on pre-existing circuits already possessing suitable resources. Here, we put forward recent findings from studies in numerical cognition in order to show that the role of sensorimotor experience in the ontogenetical development of a new function has been largely underestimated in Anderson's proposal.
Reasoning asymmetries do not invalidate theory-theory
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Young Tess N. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this commentary we suggest that asymmetries in reasoning associated with moral judgment do not necessarily invalidate a theory-theory account of naïve psychological reasoning. The asymmetries may reflect a core knowledge assumption that human nature is prosocial, an assumption that heightens vigilance for antisocial dispositions, which in turn leads to differing assumptions about what is the presumed topic of conversation.
Morals, beliefs, and counterfactuals
Authors: Girotto Vittorio , Surian Luca , Siegal Michael 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe have found that moral considerations interact with belief ascription in determining intentionality judgment. We attribute this finding to a differential availability of plausible counterfactual alternatives that undo the negative side-effect of an action. We conclude that Knobe's thesis does not account for processes by which counterfactuals are generated and how these processes affect moral evaluations.
The cultural capital of the moralist and the scientist
Authors: Kang Min Ju , Glassman Michael 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this commentary we explore Knobe's ideas of moral judgments leading to moral intuitions in the context of the moral thought and moral action debate. We suggest that Knobe's primary moral judgment and the setting of a continuum with a default point is in essence a form of cultural capital, different from moral action, which is more akin to social capital.
Scientists and the folk have the same concepts
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIf Knobe is right that ordinary judgments are normatively suffused, how do scientists free themselves from these influences? I suggest that because science is distributed and externalized, its claims can be manipulated in ways that allow normative influences to be hived off. This allows scientists to deploy concepts which are not normatively suffused. I suggest that there are good reasons to identify these normatively neutral concepts with the folk concepts.
Expectations and morality: A dilemma
Authors: Mandelbaum Eric , Ripley David 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe propose Knobe's explanation of his cases encounters a dilemma: Either his explanation works and, counterintuitively, morality is not at the heart of these effects; or morality is at the heart of the effects and Knobe's explanation does not succeed. This dilemma is then used to temper the use of the Knobe paradigm for discovering moral norms.
Norms, causes, and alternative possibilities
Authors: Menzies Peter 
Published: October 2010

AbstractI agree with Knobe's claim in his “Person as Scientist, Person as Moralist” article that moral considerations are integral to the workings of people's competence in making causal judgments. However, I disagree with the particular explanation he gives of the way in which moral considerations influence causal judgments. I critically scrutinize his explanation and outline a better one.
Alternatives and defaults: Knobe's two explanations of how moral judgments influence intuitions about intentionality and causation
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: October 2010

AbstractKnobe cites both relevant alternatives and defaults on a continuum to explain how moral judgments influence intuitions about certain apparently non-moral notions. I ask (1) how these two accounts are related, (2) whether they exclude or supplement supposedly competing theories, and (3) how to get positive evidence that people consider relevant alternatives when applying such notions.
Fixing the default position in Knobe's competence model
Authors: Ulatowski Joseph , Johnson Justus 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlthough we agree with the spirit of Knobe's competence model, our aim in this commentary is to argue that the default position should be made more precise. Our quibble with Knobe's model is that we find it hard to ascribe a coherent view to some experimental subjects if the default position is not clearly defined.
Understanding the adult moralist requires first understanding the child scientist
Authors: Kushnir Tamar , Chernyak Nadia 
Published: October 2010

AbstractChildren learnfrompeople andaboutpeople simultaneously; that is, children consider evidentiary qualities of human actions which cross traditional domain boundaries. We propose that Knobe's moral asymmetries are a natural consequence of this learning process: the way “child scientists” gather evidence for causation, intention, and morality through early social experiences.
The person as moralist account and its alternatives
Authors: Knobe Joshua 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe commentators offer helpful suggestions at three levels: (1) explanations for the particular effects discussed in the target article; (2) implications of those effects for our understanding of the role of moral judgment in human cognition; and (3) more theoretical questions about the overall relationship between ordinary cognition and systematic science. The present response takes up these three issues in turn.
The spatial dimension in environmental and resource economics
Authors: XEPAPADEAS ANASTASIOS 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTMechanisms generating patterns in spatial domains have been extensively studied in biology, but also in economics in the context of new economic geography. The Turing mechanism or Turing diffusion-induced instability has been central to the understanding of forces which endogenously generate spatial patterns, but in a context where agents do not explicitly optimize an objective. The present paper reviews tools to study, in the spirit of Turing's analysis, a mechanism generating optimal diffusion-induced instability where optimizing agents generate optimal agglomerations. By extending the maximum principle to the optimal control of partial differential equations, it is shown how under certain conditions it will be optimal to design controls so that the price-quantity system implied by the costate–state functions of the optimal control of distributed parameter systems induces optimal spatial patterns. These methods might be useful in studying pattern formation both in problems of resource management and of economic development.
Advantages of Clustering in the Phase Classification of Hyperspectral Materials Images
Authors: Stork Christopher L. , Keenan Michael R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDespite the many demonstrated applications of factor analysis (FA) in analyzing hyperspectral materials images, FA does have inherent mathematical limitations, preventing it from solving certain materials characterization problems. A notable limitation of FA is its parsimony restriction, referring to the fact that in FA the number of components cannot exceed the chemical rank of a dataset. Clustering is a promising alternative to FA for the phase classification of hyperspectral materials images. In contrast with FA, the phases extracted by clustering do not have to be parsimonious. Clustering has an added advantage in its insensitivity to spectral collinearity that can result in phase mixing using FA. For representative energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy materials images, namely a solder bump dataset and a braze interface dataset, clustering generates phase classification results that are superior to those obtained using representative FA-based methods. For the solder bump dataset, clustering identifies a Cu-Sn intermetallic phase that cannot be isolated using FA alone due to the parsimony restriction. For the braze interface sample that has collinearity among the phase spectra, the clustering results do not exhibit the physically unrealistic phase mixing obtained by multivariate curve resolution, a commonly utilized FA algorithm.
Early Spreading and Propagation of Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells on Isotropic and Anisotropic Topographies of Silica Thin Films Produced via Microstamping
Authors: Pelaez-Vargas A. , Gallego-Perez D. , Ferrell N. , Fernandes M.H. , Hansford D. , Monteiro F.J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWhile there has been rapid development of microfabrication techniques to produce high-resolution surface modifications on a variety of materials in the last decade, there is still a strong need to produce novel alternatives to induce guided tissue regeneration on dental implants. High-resolution microscopy provides qualitative and quantitative techniques to study cellular guidance in the first stages of cell-material interactions. The purposes of this work were (1) to produce and characterize the surface topography of isotropic and anisotropic microfabricated silica thin films obtained by sol-gel processing, and (2) to compare the in vitro biological behavior of human bone marrow stem cells on these surfaces at early stages of adhesion and propagation. The results confirmed that a microstamping technique can be used to produce isotropic and anisotropic micropatterned silica coatings. Atomic force microscopy analysis was an adequate methodology to study in the same specimen the sintering derived contraction of the microfabricated coatings, using images obtained before and after thermal cycle. Hard micropatterned coatings induced a modulation in the early and late adhesion stages of cell-material and cell-cell interactions in a geometry-dependent manner (i.e., isotropic versus anisotropic), as it was clearly determined, using scanning electron and fluorescence microscopies.
Searching for the Oldest Ice
Authors: Severinghaus Jeff , Wolff Eric. W. , Brook Edward J. 
Published: October 2010

It is generally accepted that variations in the precession and eccentricity of Earth's orbit, and Earth's axial tilt, influence long‐term climate fluctuations; the combined variations are referred to as Milankovitch cycles. Precession varies with a mean period of about 23,000 years, axial tilt varies between about 22° and 25° on a 41,000‐year cycle, and the small orbital eccentricity variations have cycles of about 100,000 and 400,000 years.Despite the known regularity of the cycles, many aspects of their manifestation in the geological record are puzzling. For example, why did the Earth slide into a period of ice ages about 3 million years ago? Why, about a million years ago, did the pace of ice ages change from a regular 41,000‐year period (the tilt period) to an irregular 100,000‐year period whose association with Milankovitch cycles is still unclear (Figure 1)? Was a gradual decrease in atmospheric CO2 the culprit, or was it some other slow change in the climate system? Why did global ice volume have only weak 23,000‐year cycles related to Earth's orbital precession during the time period when the 41,000‐year pattern dominated, even though those 23,000‐year cycles appear prominently during the past million years? Did the north and south polar ice caps oscillate in opposite cycles during the precession period, canceling the precession response [Raymo et al., 2006]? Answering these questions is important because they underscore our incomplete understanding of the climate system.
Workshop Examines Ways to Channel a Flood of Hydrological Data ; Collaborative Energy and Water Cycle Information Services Workshop; Greenbelt, Maryland, 15–16 June 2010
Authors: Acker James , Teng William , Kempler Steven 
Published: October 2010

Blizzards, floods, droughts, and heat waves from January to July 2010 brought into sharp focus a primary expected manifestation of global climate change: significant alteration of Earth's hydrological cycle. Increased numbers of extreme events, and longer‐term and larger‐scale precipitation pattern shifts that will stress both natural ecosystems and human societal norms, are anticipated as consequences of this alteration.For 25 years, NASA has orbited satellite sensors providing data on Earth's interconnected energy and hydrologic systems; new missions for this purpose are scheduled to launch in coming years, including the Global Precipitation Measurement mission in 2013. These missions, and complementary studies, have produced large and steadily increasing volumes of data, either archived at NASA data centers or held by investigators, particularly those in the NASA Energy and Water Cycle Study (NEWS) program. This increasing volume has induced a data management dilemma: Investigators encounter an increasingly complex process to locate, access, and utilize such data, especially when seeking to combine heterogeneous data sets for innovative research.