bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Candidate Reference Measurement Procedures for Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 by Using Isotope-Dilution Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Stepman Hedwig CM , Vanderroost An , Van Uytfanghe Katleen , Thienpont Linda M 
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND
25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] assays are characterized by poor between-assay comparability. This result emphasizes the need for reference measurement procedures (RMPs) to establish calibration traceability and assist in method validation. We aimed at developing candidate RMPs on the basis of isotope- dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) for separate quantification of serum 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3.

METHODS
Hexa-deuterated 25(OH)D3/D2 was added to serum. This mixture was extracted with n-hexane and fractionated on Sephadex LH-20 before 2-dimensional LC-MS/MS. In the first dimension, both procedures used a C4 column; however, in the second dimension, the 25(OH)D2 procedure used a C18 and the 25(OH)D3 procedure used a Zorbax SB-CN column. Calibration was traceable to the NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2972. Validation comprised assessment of interference and limit of quantification/detection. Imprecision and trueness were validated by analysis of the SRM 972 against specifications (CV &lt;5% and bias &lt;1.7%). The expanded uncertainty for quadruplicate measurements was estimated.

RESULTS
Testing of potentially interfering substances was negative. Interference by 3-epi-25(OH)D3 was resolved by sufficient chromatographic resolution. The limits of quantification/detection were 1.1 nmol/L and 0.09 pmol/L for 25(OH)D3 and 1.2 nmol/L and 0.05 pmol/L for 25(OH)D2. Mean total CVs and differences from the SRM 972 target (± 1-sided 95% CI) were 2.1% and 1.1% ± 1.5% [25(OH)D3] and 3% and 1.3% ± 0.6% [25(OH)D2], respectively. The respective expanded uncertainties were 3.4% and 3.9%.

CONCLUSIONS
From the validation data, we conclude that we achieved our objective of 2 state-of-the-art candidate RMPs for serum 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2.
Detection and Population Estimation for Small-Bodied Fishes in a Sand-Bed River
Authors: Widmer Ann M. , Burckhardt Laura L. , Kehmeier Jon W. , Gonzales Eric J. , Medley C. Nicolas , Valdez Richard A. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Multiple-pass removal by use of small-mesh seines within enclosed areas was performed to estimate numbers of nine small-bodied fish species at 17 sites in the Pecos River, New Mexico, during October 2007. Site-level population estimates were most precise for age-0 red shiners Cyprinella lutrensis (coefficient of variation [CV, calculated as SE/mean] = 0.02–0.06) and least precise for age-1 and older plains minnow Hybognathus placitus (CV = 0.03–0.42). Site estimates were expanded to derive species- and age-specific population estimates for 284 km of river, including the full range of the threatened Pecos bluntnose shiner Notropis simus pecosensis (101,131 fish; 95% confidence interval = 76,437–125,825; CV = 0.12). Population estimates and species detection from multiple-pass removal were compared with a closed, comprehensive, single-pass catch rate index obtained on the first pass of the removal estimate (comprehensive catch per effort [C-CPE]) and with an open, single-pass catch rate index (single-pass catch per effort [S-CPE]), where a set of representative mesohabitats was seined in proportion to their availability (mean = 12.6 hauls/site). Compared with removal estimates, C-CPE provided a reliable index of population size for the nine small-bodied species combined (r2 = 0.90, P = 0.010) but did not perform as reliably for adult Pecos bluntnose shiners (r2 = 0.51) or age-0 speckled chub Macrhybopsis aestivalis (r2 = 0.70). On average, C-CPE detected 89% of species at a site, missing predatory species most frequently. By contrast, S-CPE was a poor index of population size for all species (r2 = 0.16, P = 0.010) and detected an average of 52% of species at a site. The S-CPE failed to detect the Rio Grande shiner N. jemezanus at 28.5% of sites, the sand shiner N. stramineus at 41.2% of sites, the Pecos bluntnose shiner at 29.4% of sites, and the speckled chub at 23.5% of sites; all of these are small-boded native species. For applications that require reliable species detection and precise abundance estimates of small-bodied fishes, the multiple-pass removal method is recommended.
Population Viability of Arctic Grayling in the Gibbon River, Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Steed Amber C. , Zale Alexander V. , Koel Todd M. , Kalinowski Steven T. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The fluvial Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus is restricted to less than 5% of its native range in the contiguous United States and was relisted as a category 3 candidate species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 2010. Although fluvial Arctic grayling of the lower Gibbon River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, were considered to have been extirpated by 1935, anglers and biologists have continued to report catching low numbers of Arctic grayling in the river. Our goal was to determine whether a viable population of fluvial Arctic grayling persisted in the Gibbon River or whether the fish caught in the river were downstream emigrants from lacustrine populations in headwater lakes. We addressed this goal by determining relative abundances, sources, and evidence for successful spawning of Arctic grayling in the Gibbon River. During 2005 and 2006, Arctic grayling comprised between 0% and 3% of the salmonid catch in riverwide electrofishing (mean &lt; 1%; SE &lt; 1%) and snorkeling (mean = 1%; SE = 1%) surveys; Arctic grayling constituted 0–14% of the salmonid catch obtained by targeted angling (3 of 22 fish; mean = 4%; SE = 5%). Low values of the genetic differentiation index (FST = 0.0021 ± 0.002 [mean ± 95% confidence interval]) between headwater lake and river Arctic grayling indicated that fish from throughout the Gibbon River system probably belonged to the same population. Back-calculated lengths at most ages were similar among all fish, and successful spawning within the Gibbon River below the headwater lakes was not documented. Few Arctic grayling adults and no fry were detected in the Gibbon River, implying that a reproducing fluvial population does not exist there. These findings have implications for future Endangered Species Act considerations and management of fluvial Arctic grayling within and outside of Yellowstone National Park. Our comprehensive approach is broadly applicable to the management of sparsely detected aquatic species worldwide.
The first ascent of Mount Everest, 1953: the solution of the problem of the ‘last thousand feet’
Authors: Ward Michael 
Published: January 2011

Pugh's pioneering work at high altitude on Cho Oyu in 1952 dictated the framework for the first ascent of Everest in 1953. He demonstrated that a flow rate of 4 litres of oxygen per minute in the open circuit sets was necessary to provide a boost to performance sufficient to climb Everest from a high camp, at 8600 m, with a safe return to the South Col (8000 m) in one day. Sleeping oxygen mitigated high altitude deterioration, as did Pugh's insistence on a very high fluid intake to combat dehydration. Together with adequate protection from the cold, which was less severe than predicted, these strategies resulted in all climbers who went above 8000 m being in good physical and mental condition.
Analytical performance of a fast multi-element method for titanium and trace elements determination in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals by ICP-AES
Authors: Zachariadis George , Sahanidou Efrosini 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
A multi-element analytical method based on inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was developed for trace elements in pharmaceutical tablets and cosmetics. Titanium was also included in the analytes since it is widely used in pharmaceuticals. Critical ICP conditions, like RF incident power, argon gas flow rate and nebulizer sample uptake flow rate were optimized. The most sensitive spectral line of each analyte was selected as optimum for further study. Detection limits in the low µg g−1 range were obtained. Prior to chemical analysis, the samples were decomposed by acid digestion, using various mixtures of HCl, HNO3 and HF. Yttrium was used as a suitable internal standard in order to correct for possible matrix effects. The method was applied to the analysis of six different pharmaceutical products (anti-biotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive) in the form of tablets with film coating and also three cosmetic products like hair and face masks.
Cadmium and lead recovery from yeast biomass
Authors: Kordialik-Bogacka Edyta 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The feasibility of the application of various eluents for recovery of lead and cadmium from Saccharomyces biomass has been investigated. Desorbing agents such as HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, EDTA and NaOH at concentrations of 0.05–0.5 M were used. The possibility of re-using of S. pastorianus for cadmium removal was assessed. Among the desorbing agents EDTA and mineral acids were the most effective, as approximately 85% of lead and cadmium could be recovered. However, when HNO3 and EDTA were used as desorbing agents, a dramatic loss in the cadmium adsorption by the biomass in the next cycles was observed.
Dispositional Goal Orientation, Beliefs about the Causes of Success and Intrinsic Satisfaction in Young Elite Paddlers
Authors: Ruiz-Juan Francisco , Gómez-López Manuel , Pappous Athanasios , Cárceles Fernando , Allende Gabriel 
Published: January 2011

Dispositional Goal Orientation, Beliefs about the Causes of Success and Intrinsic Satisfaction in Young Elite Paddlers
The purpose of this study was to primarily examine the psychometric properties of the castillan version of three commonly used psychological scales in sport (Perception of Success Questionnaire, Beliefs About the Causes of Sport Success Questionnaire and the Sport Satisfaction Instrument); secondly, to verify the degree of intrinsic satisfaction in a sample of young Spanish paddlers. The participants of this study were 209 elite paddlers classed in the junior category (13-14 years old). Results show that the Castilian versions of the questionnaires demonstrate acceptable validity and reliability in a sample of young paddlers. Athletes report high scores on perception of success oriented task scale, which is positively related with enjoyment and the attribution that success in sport depends on effort. This study also confirmed gender differences in questionnaire responses.
Changes in the diet composition of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus on Skadar lake (Southern Montenegro)
Authors: Vizi Andrej , Vizi Ondrej 
Published: January 2011

Changes in the diet composition of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus on Skadar lake (Southern Montenegro)
Diet changes of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus, a piscivorous bird feeding primarily on fish up to 15 cm long, were studied on Skadar Lake. The breeding population on the lake was estimated at over 2,000 pairs in 2005 and 1,260 pairs in 2006, comprising about 5-8% of the regional population of SE Europe & Turkey. The first diet analysis, based on stomach contents of specimens hunted in the course of the breeding season, was carried out in the period 1973-1975 in order to identify the influence of the birds on commercial fishery. Further samples of regurgitated or accidentally dropped food items during the feeding of nestlings were collected and analyzed in the 2006 breeding season. Results from both periods are presented and changes in diet composition in the course of over 30 years are discussed. Between 1973-1975 and 2006, the Pygmy Cormorant's diet on Skadar Lake changed drastically. Only one fish species, Rudd Scardinius knezevici, was found to be common to both study periods. Pygmy Cormorant's diet in the period 1973-1975 consisted of 11 fish species (N = 224 specimens), belonging to five families. The most abundant fish species were Roach Rutilus ohridanus and Albanian Roach Pachychilon pictum. Diet analysis in 2006 revealed only six species (N = 98 specimens) from two families, and also showed that the introduced Goldfish Carassius auratus became a major food source for Pygmy Cormorant, constituting 84.7% of the total specimen number. Age class analysis of Goldfish items revealed that juvenile specimens (45-90 mm) comprised 89.0% of the total Goldfish compound. The study confirms that the Pygmy Cormorant is not a species-specific hunter and suggests it is not affected by the changes in composition of fish community in the littoral zone of the lake. Fish consumption by Pygmy Cormorants on Skadar Lake in 2006 was estimated at 45 t during the most intensive foraging period (June-August).
Compact Solar Combisystem for an Apartment Building
Authors: Bolonina Alona , Rochas Claudio , Kibure Inese , Rosa Marika , Blumberga Dagnija 
Published: January 2011

Compact Solar Combisystem for an Apartment Building
The Riga Technical University Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, in cooperation with three Latvian companies, is implementing the project "Compact solar and pellet module" financed by the European Union. Within the framework of this project a combisystem will be installed in the Grandeg Ltd modular pellet boiler house. The solar combisystem will provide domestic hot water and space heating load for an apartment building in Sigulda. Due to the limited amount of space in the modular boiler house, optimal decisions should be made on the technical parameters of the system, including the volume of the heat storage tank and the surface area of solar collectors. Every alternative has both advantages and disadvantages. Economic factors of various alternatives are analyzed.
The case for extended brief interventions
Authors: Heather Nick 
Published: January 2011

The case for extended brief interventions
Brief interventions directed against hazardous and harmful drinking have become popular in recent years, both among researchers and, to some extent, among general practitioners and other health professionals. There is a strong evidence-base, at least in primary health care, to justify this popularity. But there is often confusion about what exactly alcohol brief intervention consists of. In fact, the term ‘brief intervention’ does not describe a single, well-defined activity but rather a family of interventions that differ in a range of ways. Although they all share the characteristics of being briefer than most formal treatment programmes for alcohol problems and of being aimed at drinkers with less severe problems and levels of dependence than those typically attending specialized treatment services, brief interventions differ among themselves in duration over time, number of scheduled sessions, procedures and accompanying materials, styles of interaction, delivery personnel and settings, and the underlying theoretical approach on which they are based.
(Fe, Cr)6Nb6Ox phase of the filled Ti2Ni type with × ± 0.75 in the quaternary Cr–Fe–Nb–O system
Authors: Malfliet A. , Chassagne F. , Mithieux J.-D. , Blanpain B. , Wollants P. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The effect of O on the phase equilibria in Nb–Fe–Cr alloys, more specifically on the formation of a Ti2Ni type phase, has been studied. Nb–xFe–yCr alloys with × = 37.4 – 41.4 at.%, y = 7.6 – 8.6 at.% were subjected to long term annealing experiments at 950 8C after oxygenation. The phases were identified and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy. In the pure Nb-37Fe-8Cr and Nb-41Fe-9Cr alloys respectively a two phase equilibrium between (Nb) and l FeNb and a three phase equilibrium between (Nb), l FeNb and Fe2Nb are established. In the oxygenated alloys a Ti2Ni type phase with composition (Fe, Cr)6Nb6Ox appears mainly at the expense of the l FeNb phase. With respect to composition and crystallographic parameters the (Fe, Cr)6Nb6Ox phase has large similarities with the Fe2.4Nb3.6O and Fe6Nb6O phase. From wavelength dispersive spectroscopy measurements, it is concluded that × equals 0.75 when (Fe, Cr)6Nb6Ox is in equilibrium with (Nb), l FeNb and Fe2Nb. × is higher when this phase is in equilibrium with NbO. The structure of (Fe, Cr)6Nb6Ox is also analyzed with Rietveld refinement. This analysis reveals that Cr atoms partially replace Fe atoms only on the 16d site and not on the 32e site.
Critical investigation of high temperature gas nitriding of a PM tool steel
Authors: Weber Sebastian , Theisen Werner 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe nitrogen uptake of high-alloyed steels, especially tool steels, from gaseous atmospheres at elevated temperatures is a well known effect. Besides, for instance, the nitrogenbased case hardening, one application arises in the field of powder metallurgy. Here, introducing nitrogen containing atmospheres during sintering of high-alloyed powder metallurgically produced tool steels could lead to an optimization of the sintering process and an improvement of the materials properties. In this context, several works deal with the application of computational thermodynamics for considering the nitrogen uptake. The scope of this contribution is to investigate in detail the agreement of calculated and experimentally found nitrogen contents. Therefore, one typical gas-atomized powder of a ledeburitic cold work steel was sintered at a temperature of 1230°C, varying the nitrogen partial pressure during sintering between 0.02 MPa and 0.2 MPa. The measured nitrogen contents are compared with values obtained from equilibrium calculations. Additionally, the distribution of nitrogen in the microstructure is investigated by time-resolved optical emission spectrometry and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry measurements. The results exhibit good agreement between calculated and measured values for low partial pressures of less than 0.1 MPa and an increasing deviation for higher partial pressures. Furthermore, the transformation of vanadium-containing MC carbides to M(C, N) carbonitrides was verified.
The ability of cast composite technology to enhance ductility of wrought magnesium and alloys
Authors: Paramsothy Muralidharan , Nguyen Quy Bau , Tun Khin Sandar , Chan Jimmy , Kwok Richard , Kuma Joshua V. M. , Gupta Manoj 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
At ambient temperature, hexagonal close packed magnesium has limited ductility due to low availability of active slip systems. In this work, 3 methods of enhancing the ductility of wrought magnesium are discussed, namely: (1) addition of microparticles such as Ti, Mo and SiC (Method 1), (2) addition of various oxide nanoparticles as well as carbon nanotubes (Method 2) and (3) use of aluminium based core as continuous reinforcement (Method 3). In Method 1, the magnesium matrix is softened (Ti microparticle case), delocalized in deformation (Mo microparticle case) or in a reduced state of stress around the microparticle after heat treatment (SiC microparticle case). In Methods 2 and 3, the basal plane in magnesium is sometimes tilted from 0° to 45° (to the force axis), enabling basal slip to occur more easily in the composite. In the cases where the basal plane is oriented parallel to the force axis, non-basal slip at room temperature occurs more easily between the aligned basal planes. In Method 2, the nanoparticles present also provide sites where cleavage cracks are opened ahead of the advancing crack front. An attempt is made to correlate the ductility enhancement of wrought magnesium as a function of the way it is reinforced.
Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Cu-10Cr-0.4Zr filamentary in-situ composites
Authors: Deng Jianqi , Zhang Xiuqing , Shuzhen Shang , Zhao Zuxin , Ye Yifu 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Cu-10Cr-0.4Zr alloy and in-situ composites based on the alloy were prepared. Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the Cu-10Cr-0.4Zr filamentary insitu composites were investigated. It was found that with the increasing of drawing strains from 2.1 to 6.2, the thickness of Cr filaments decreased from about 5 100 nm to 300 nm, and the ultimate tensile strength increased from 510 MPa to 1089 MPa. With increasing drawing strain up to 4.2, the Cr filaments were constrained to fold or twist (even overlapped together) on cross-sections, this could be attributed to deformation compatibility between the Cu matrix and Cr filaments, as well as the deformation mechanisms of bcc-Cr. Meanwhile, with the increasing of drawing strains from 2.1 to 6.2, the ultimate tensile strength values calculated by a modified strengthening model were in good agreement with the experimental values.
Mauss et l'invention de la réciprocité
Authors: Hénaff Marcel 
Published: January 2011

Mauss ne se présente pas immédiatement comme un théoricien de la réciprocité, même pas dans l’ Essai sur le don , où l’absence surprenante de ce concept explique sans doute les difficultés de l’auteur à rendre compte de l’ obligation de donner. La contrainte sociale durkheimienne ne résout rien. C’est plutôt à un penseur comme Peirce qu’il faut faire appel ; sa théorie de la triade comme rapport insécable entre partenaires par la médiation d’une chose permet de comprendre l’échange comme un dispositif d’implication action-réaction (tel un jeu à deux partenaires selon des règles) ; c’est exactement ce que Lévi-Strauss entend par échange . C’est seulement après l’ Essai que Mauss problématise le concept de réciprocité ; il lui confère même un statut d’une grande richesse en le repérant dans les relations diachroniques entre générations selon ce qu’il appelle une « réciprocité alternative indirecte ».
Total Social Fact: Structuring, Partially Connecting, and Reassembling
Authors: Kasuga Naoki 
Published: January 2011

Le fait social total : structurant, partiellement communiquant et rassembleur L’idée du « fait social total » est le principal résultat de la tentative de Mauss pour développer une approche scientifique de la vie sociale dans l’ Essai sur le don . Ce texte explore la nature de cette méthode en comparant Mauss à certains de ses successeurs, en l’occurrence Claude Lévi-Strauss, Marilyn Strathern et Bruno Latour. Mauss n’est-il pas vivant pour autant qu’on puisse le considérer lui-même comme un fait social total ?
Le cadeau empoisonné : séduction et amours clandestines
Authors: Bourgeon Dominique 
Published: January 2011

Lors d’un précédent article, nous avons montré que l’évolution étymologique du mot cadeau renvoie aux concepts de sexualité, d’apparition, de naissance et de don de vie ; idées contenues par la notion hellénique de la grâce. Nous avons également rapproché le papier-cadeau du dévoilement de la mariée lors des rites nuptiaux de la Grèce antique. Sur cette base, nous pouvons réinterroger la notion de « cadeau empoisonné », notamment en substituant au mot poison celui de venin qui a, plus précocement, véhiculé l’idée d’une substance mortelle. Lequel renvoie directement à l’incarnation de l’amour qu’est Vénus (même racine indo-européenne) et aux notions de séduction et de corruption. En fait, le cadeau empoisonné suggère la flèche empoisonnée suscitant l’amour interdit. Il s’agit d’offrandes visant à transgresser l’ordre social, à rompre les alliances établies ou envisagées. Mais les cadeaux toxiques peuvent être envisagés, plus globalement, comme des vecteurs modifiant le comportement du donataire. Ils suppriment toute possibilité de refus et le don perd son essence première : celle d’obligation et de liberté mêlée.