bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing and treating attentional difficulties: a nationwide survey
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: September 2010

Aims  To ascertain from paediatricians and child psychiatrists their views regarding the aetiology, assessment and diagnosis of attentional difficulties in children, and the prescribing of stimulant medication for such difficulties.Methods  Using a questionnaire devised by the authors, 465 paediatricians and 444 child psychiatrists were surveyed.Results  The overall response rate was 73%. Some 94% of child psychiatrists and 29% of paediatricians routinely dealt with attentional difficulties. Views on aetiology, classification and diagnosis were varied. More than 60% of both groups were prepared to prescribe stimulant medication without a formal diagnosis being made. Co‐morbid conduct disorder and the views of other professionals and of parents have an impact on practice.Conclusions  This survey demonstrates that there is a range of approaches to attentional difficulties by both paediatricians and child psychiatrists.
Association between parental depression and children's health care use
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: September 2010

.

Sills M.R.,
Shetterly S.,
Xu S.,
Magid D. &
Kempe A.
(
2007
)

,
119
,
e829
–
e836
.

DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006‐2399.
Objective  The objective of this study was to determine the association between parental depression and paediatric health care use patterns.Methods  We selected all children who were 0–17 years of age, enrolled in Kaiser Permanente of Colorado during the study period July 1997 to December 2002, and linked to at least 1 parent/subscriber who was enrolled for at least 6 months during that period. Unexposed children were selected from a pool of children whose parents did not have a depression diagnosis. Outcome measures were derived from the child's payment files and electronic medical charts and included 5 categories of use: well‐child‐care visits, sick visits to primary care departments, specialty clinic visits, emergency department visits, and inpatient visits. We compared the rate of use per enrolment month for these 5 categories between exposed and unexposed children within each of the 5 age strata.Results  Our study population had 24 391 exposed and 45 274 age‐matched, unexposed children. For the outcome of well‐child‐care visits, teenagers showed decreased rates of visits among exposed children. The rate of specialty department visits was higher in exposed children in the 4 oldest age groups. The rates of both emergency department visits and sick visits to primary care departments were higher for exposed children across all 5 age categories. The rate of inpatient visits was higher among exposed children in 2 of the 5 age groups.Conclusions  Overall, having at least 1 depressed parent is associated with greater rate of emergency department and sick visits across all age groups, greater use of inpatient and specialty services in some age groups, and a lower rate of well‐child‐care visits among 13‐ to 17‐year‐olds. This pattern of increased use of expensive resources and decreased use of preventive services represents one of the hidden costs of adult depression.
Effectiveness of universal school‐based programs to prevent violent and aggressive behaviour: a systematic review
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: September 2010

.

Hahn R.,
Fuqua‐Whitley D.,
Wethington H.,
Lowy J.,
Crosby A.,
Fullilove M.,
Johnson R.,
Liberman A.,
Moscicki E.,
Price L.,
Snyder S.,
Tuma F.,
Cory S.,
Stone G.,
Mukhopadhaya K.,
Chattopadhyay S. &
Dahlberg L.
(
2007
)

,
33
(
Suppl. 2)
,
S114
–
S129
.

DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.04.012.
Healing of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls: a descriptive study
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: September 2010

.

McCann J.,
Miyamoto S.,
Boyle C. &
Rogers K.
(
2007
)

,
119
,
e1094
–
e1106
.

DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006‐0964.
Objective  The objective of this study was to identify the healing process and outcome of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls.Methods  This multicentre, retrospective project used photographs to document the healing process and outcome of hymenal trauma that was sustained by 239 prepubertal and pubertal girls whose ages ranged from 4 months to 18 years.Results  The injuries that were sustained by the 113 prepubertal girls consisted of 21 accidental or noninflicted injuries, 73 secondary to abuse, and 19 ‘unknown cause’ injuries. All 126 pubertal adolescents were sexual assault victims. The hymenal injuries healed at various rates and except for the deeper lacerations left no evidence of the previous trauma. Abrasions and ‘mild’ submucosal haemorrhages disappeared within 3–4 days, whereas ‘marked’ haemorrhages persisted for 11–15 days. Only petechiae and blood blisters proved to be ‘markers’ for determining the approximate age of an injury. Petechiae resolved within 48 h in the prepubertal girls and 72 h in the adolescents. A blood blister was detected at 34 days in an adolescent. As lacerations healed, their observed depth became shallower and their configuration smoothed out. Of the girls who sustained ‘superficial’, ‘intermediate,’ or ‘deep’ lacerations, 15 of 18 prepubertal girls had smooth and continuous appearing hymenal rims, whereas 24 of 41 adolescents' hymens had a normal, ‘scalloped’ appearance and 30 of 34 had no disruption of continuity on healing. The final ‘width’ of a hymenal rim was dependent on the initial depth of the laceration. No scar tissue formation was observed in either group of girls.Conclusions  The hymenal injuries healed rapidly and except for the more extensive lacerations left no evidence of a previous injury. There were no significant differences in the healing process and the outcome of the hymenal injuries in the 2 groups of girls.
The effects of television advertisements for junk food versus nutritious food on children's food attitudes and preferences
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: September 2010

.

Dixon H.G.,
Scully M.L.,
Wakefield M.A.,
White V.M. &
Crawford D.A.
(
2007
)

,
65
,
1311
–
1323
.

DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.011.
An evaluation of UK secondary data sources for the study of childhood obesity, physical activity and diet
Authors: Pearce A. , Jenkins R. , Kirk C. , Law C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  This study assesses the potential of secondary datasets for measuring recent and future trends in childhood obesity, physical activity and diet in the UK, at national, regional and sub‐regional levels, and in relation to inequalities.Methods  Relevant datasets were identified using online searches; they were excluded if they had low sample sizes, were assembled prior to 1990 or on only one occasion, were not potentially accessible, or were limited to a specific population. Remaining datasets were assessed according to content, sampling frame and size, timing and ability to be used to assess inequalities and regional trends.Results  A total of 96 datasets were identified, but only 11 had the potential to be used to assess trends. Eight of these contained data on physical activity, 8 on diet and 3 on obesity. The period over which trends might be assessed varied from 2 years to over 10, with over half of the datasets expected to continue data collection into the future. Most had the potential to be used to assess inequalities and also regional and sub‐regional level trends, albeit with relatively small sample sizes. There were some limitations to the datasets, such as non‐objective measures of diet and physical activity and, in some, low response rates, which would require further consideration when utilizing individual datasets.Conclusions  Awareness of the potential of secondary datasets for monitoring trends in childhood obesity should be raised, alongside the financial and intellectual capacity to enhance and exploit them.
Qualitative analysis of Coroners’ data into the unnatural deaths of children and adolescents
Authors: Valle V. , Gosney H. , Sinclair J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIntroduction  Unintentional injury and suicide are leading causes of death for adolescents, and reducing these is an important health priority. Coroners’ records provide a valuable source of information on the events leading up to the death of an individual, and analysis of these records may help our understanding of the causal pathway, and elucidate potential areas for intervention.Method  All cases of unnatural death (poisoning, violence, unintentional injury) in young people aged 8–18 between 1996 and 2002 were identified from the death registers of one region in the UK. Data from Coroners’ inquests were analysed to determine cause of death and involvement of professional agencies. A thematic analysis of the transcripts of statements presented at inquests aimed to identify areas of concern in the time immediately prior to death.Results  A total of 77 cases were identified of whom 16 (20.8%) died from alcohol/drug misuse, 20 (26%) by suicide or probable suicide and 41 (53.2%) by other injuries and poisoning. Thematic analysis highlighted: bullying, teenage sexualization and pregnancy, alcohol and substance misuse, reconstituted family difficulties and out of control behaviour as being significant factors on the causal pathway.Conclusion  This study based on comprehensive data from one region highlights some of the difficulties faced by young people as they negotiate how to deal with complex emotions and relationships. It also demonstrates how some parents and carers are uncertain about how to address their concerns. Finally, it shows how mortality among young people could potentially be markedly reduced if availability of alcohol and illicit and prescribed substances were reduced.
Barriers to bicycle helmet use among Dutch paediatricians
Authors: Villamor E. , Hammer S. , Martinez‐Olaizola A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  In the Netherlands, bicycle helmet wearing rates are very low and perceived social barriers to helmet use are important. We aimed to determine why Dutch paediatricians do or do not wear helmets while bicycling and whether their personal behaviour is influencing their position about the promotion of helmet use.Methods  Attendants to the annual meeting of the Dutch Paediatric Society (7–9 November 2006) were surveyed about bicycle riding frequency, helmet use, reasons for not wearing a helmet, helmet use among their own children and personal position about the promotion and legislation of bicycle helmet use.Results  Of the 1110 paediatricians who are active in the Netherlands, 258 answered the survey. Ninety‐six per cent of the respondents ride a bicycle (68% more than once a week). Bicycle was used as a mean of transport (32%), as a recreation/sport (11%) or with both purposes (57%). When cycling for transportation, 94% never wear a helmet and 2% always wear it. When cycling for recreation, 70% never wear a helmet and 18% always wear it. The most common reasons given for not wearing a helmet were: ‘I never thought about that’ (43%), ‘Poor appearance’ (31%), ‘Nobody uses it in the Netherlands’ (27%) and ‘Uncomfortable’ (25%). A majority (91%) of the respondents agreed that bicycle helmets are effective in reducing the rate of head injury to bicyclists and that they should be advised to children (82%) and adolescents (54%).Conclusions  Our results indicate that among Dutch paediatricians, cycling rate is high and helmet wearing rate is very low and that they experience numerous personal barriers to bicycle helmet use. This might explain why bicycle helmet promotion campaigns are scarcely supported by Dutch paediatricians.
The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: a review of the literature
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: September 2010

Holt S.,
Buckley H. &
Whelan S.
(
2008
)

,
32
,
797
–
810
.
Objective  This article reviews the literature concerning the impact of exposure to domestic violence on the health and developmental well‐being of children and young people. Impact is explored across four separate yet interrelated domains (domestic violence exposure and child abuse, impact on parental capacity, impact on child and adolescent development and exposure to additional adversities), with potential outcomes and key messages concerning best practice responses to children's needs highlighted.Method  A comprehensive search of identified databases was conducted within an 11‐year framework (1995–2006). This yielded a vast literature that was selectively organized and analysed according to the four domains identified above.Results  This review finds that children and adolescents living with domestic violence are at increased risk of experiencing emotional, physical and sexual abuse, of developing emotional and behavioural problems and of increased exposure to the presence of other adversities in their lives. It also highlights a range of protective factors that can mitigate against this impact, in particular a strong relationship with and attachment to a caring adult, usually the mother.Conclusion  Children and young people may be significantly affected by living with domestic violence, and impact can endure even after measures have been taken to secure their safety. It also concludes that there is rarely a direct causal pathway leading to a particular outcome and that children are active in constructing their own social world. Implications for interventions suggest that timely, appropriate and individually tailored responses need to build on the resilient blocks in the child's life.Practice implications  This study illustrate the links between exposure to domestic violence, various forms of child abuse and other related adversities, concluding that such exposure may have a differential yet potentially deleterious impact for children and young people. From a resilient perspective this review also highlights range of protective factors that influence the extent of the impact of exposure and the subsequent outcomes for the child. This review advocates for a holistic and child‐centred approach to service delivery, derived from an informed assessment, designed to capture a picture of the individual child's experience and responsive to their individual needs.
TWENTY‐FOUR‐HOUR PROFILES OF GROWTH HORMONE, PROLACTIN AND CORTISOL IN THE CHRONIC VEGETATIVE STATE
Authors: VOGEL H.‐P. , KROLL M. , FRITSCHKA E. , QUABBE H.‐J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe 24‐h profiles of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and Cortisol were obtained from 11 patients in the chronic vegetative state in order to gain more insight into the neuroendocrine alterations caused by widespread suprahypo‐thalamic brain damage. Age and sex‐matched normal subjects served as a control group. Patients had fewer high‐amplitude GH peaks (>20 mU/1: 6 peaks/24 h vs 21 peaks/24‐h in controls) and a (non‐significant) tendency towards higher basal GH concentrations. PRL concentrations were higher in patients (296 ± 212 (SD) vs 120±28 mU/1). Cosinor analysis also showed that 24‐h rhythmicity was preserved, but acrophases were more dispersed. A nocturnal PRL acrophase occurred in only three of 11 patients but in 10 of 11 control subjects. The number of PRL peaks was the same in patients and controls. Cortisol concentrations were also higher in patients (298.3 ± 114.6 vs 193.6 ± 97.4 nmol/1) with a preserved circadian rhythm. The acrophases, however, were likewise more dispersed. There was no difference in the number of Cortisol peaks between patients and controls, but the mean peak duration was shorter in patients (75.4 ± 28.1 vs 109.5 ± 28.2 min). The stage of remission was negatively correlated with the 24‐h mean and the mean peak amplitude of PRL. No patient showed a normal organization of sleep stages. On visual analysis there was no apparent association between EEG patterns and hormonal parameters. These results suggest that the endocrine hypothalamus is essentially intact in the chronic vegetative state. The observed changes may be due to an altered input from extrahypothalamic brain structures.
The effect of recombinant IGF‐I on anterior pituitary function in healthy volunteers
Authors: Trainer P. J. , Holly J. , Medbak S. , Rees L. H. , Besser G. M. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryOBJECTIVE Insulin‐like growth factor‐I is the mediator of many of the actions of GH and is a potent metabolic regulator. Recombinant IGF‐I (rhIGF‐I) is of potential value in the treatment of syndromes associated with either GH or insulin resistance. This study was designed to assess the effects of subcutaneous (s.c.) rhIGF‐I on anterior pituitary function.DESIGN Double‐blind, placebo controlled, randomized cross‐over study. The interval between investigations was 2 weeks.SUBJECTS Twelve normal volunteers received on one occasion a single S.C. dose of 40 μg/kg rhIGF‐I and on the other, placebo.MEASUREMENTS Circulating levels were measured, over 24 hours, of GH, LH, FSH, PRL, TSH, cortisol, ACTH, glucose, IGF‐I, IGF‐II, Insulin, C‐peptide; IGF binding proteins by Western ligand blotting; total IGF bioactivity using FRTL‐5 thyroid cells; and glucose by the glucose oxidase method.RESULTS Recombinant IGF‐I Increased AUC for plasma IGF‐I, measured by radioimmunoassay (rhIGF‐I mean 7065 ± SEM 33 vs 3895 ± 204 μg/l, P < 0·0001) and IGF bioactivity (22·5 ± 3·4 vs 14·2 ± 1·8 U/ml, P < 0·001) but plasma IGF‐II fell (9308 ± 403 vs 11052 ± 451 μg/l, P < 0·0001). There was no biochemical or clinical evidence of hypoglycaemia and no difference in mean glucose levels. No difference existed in AUC for GH, LH, FSH, ACTH and cortisol between rhIGF‐I and placebo; additionally, pulse number and amplitude for GH and LH were unaffected. TSH fell following rhIGF‐I (33·0 ± 3·36 vs 42·5 ± 5·98 mU h/l, P= 0·01). Both mean plasma C‐peptlde (0·73 ± 0 06 vs 0·91 ± 0±05 nmol/l, P= 0·03), and insulin (10·81 ± 1·02 vs 15·36 ± 1·18 mU/l, P= 0·03) were lower following rhIGF‐I. There was no change In IGFBPs.CONCLUSION A single injection of 40 μg/kg of subcutaneous rhIGF‐I does not cause hypoglycaemia. IGF bioactivity was increased without inhibition of GH secretion. The only change observed in anterior pituitary function was a fall in plasma TSH.
Progressive escape from parathyroid suppression: a common phenomenon in primary hyperparathyroidism (A calcium clamp study)
Authors: Sørensen H. A. , Schwarz P. , Hyldstrup L. , Transbøl I. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryOBJECTIVE Induced aggravation of hypercalcaemia In vivo and in vitro causes partial suppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). Furthermore, one in‐vitro study also demonstrates progressive escape from such action. The aim of the present in‐vivo study was to examine whether escape from suppression is a common feature of PHP.DESIGN A rapid increment in blood ionized calcium (B‐Ca2+) to 0.25–0.30 mmol/l above individual baselines was achieved by intravenous calcium infusions. This induced or aggravated hypercalcaemia was kept constant for 2 hours (controls) or 4 hours (patients).PATIENTS AND CONTROLS The study of PHP comprised 19 patients (18 females and one male) aged 39–85 years (geometric mean 66). For comparison we included the results obtained in a control group of 24 healthy subjects (11 women and 13 men) aged 20–68 years (geometric mean 32).MEASUREMENTS The individual levels of B‐Ca2+ were controlled by frequent bedside measurements of B‐Ca2+. The changes in serum intact parathyroid hormone (S‐PTH(1–84)) were registered.RESULTS After 30 minutes of calcium infusion average concentrations of S‐PTH(1–84) had decreased from 7.9 (6.7–9.4) pmol/l in PHP and 2.5 (2.1–2.9) pmol/l in controls to their respective nadir values of 2.9 (2.1–4.1) pmol/l and 0.6 (0.5–0.8) pmol/l. While S‐PTH(1–84) remained suppressed at a stable level for 120 minutes in controls, in PHP it started to escape progressively after 30 minutes to a level of 4.2 (3.0–5.8) pmol/l (P < 0.001). Linear regression analysis of the individual S‐PTH(1–84) observations in PHP, from 30 to 240 minutes of study, revealed that five patients did not escape (group A) while the remainder 14 patients escaped progressively (group B). Within group B, seven patients escaped significantly after 120 minutes, 10 after 180 minutes and 14 after 240 minutes. Although comparable respecting B‐Ca2+ before and during calcium infusion, group A and B presented different S‐PTH(1–84) curves. Thus, at times zero, 30, 120 and 240 minutes their respective average concentrations of S‐PTH(1–84) measured 9 9 (9.1–10.9) vs 7.3 (5.9–9.0) (P < 0.02), 4.6 (3.7–5.7) vs 2.5 (1.6–3.9) (P < 0.01), 5.0 (3.9–6.5) vs 3.0 (1.9–4.8) (P < 0.05) and 5.2 (3.6–7.4) vs 3.9 (2.6–6.0) (NS) pmol/l.CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that two different mechanisms are involved in the parathyroid response to the calcium clamp, an initial and fast inhibition of PTH release, while the subsequent course depends on the balance between the intra‐glandular secretion rate of PTH and the intra‐glandular capacity for PTH degradation. The escape from parathyroid suppression during a sustained stable increment in B‐Ca2+ suggests that the basal secretion over‐rides degradation in a majority of the patients with PHP.
TSH suppression by octreotide in differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Maini Carlo L. , Sciuto Rosa , Tofani Anna 
Published: September 2010

SummaryOBJECTIVE This study evaluates the addition of octreotide and L‐thyroxine to shorten the period of exposure to unduly elevated TSH levels in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma undergoing total body scan with 131I.DESIGN Fourteen thyroidectomized patients were studied after total body scan and the restarting of different doses of thyroxine. After one year a second total body scan and a schedule of the same dose of thyroxine combined with octreotide were performed in each subject.PATIENTS Patients were divided into four groups according to the treatment: seven patients received initially 100 μg of L‐thyroxine (Group 1) and after 1 year 100 μg of L‐thyroxine plus 300 μg of octreotide/day (Group 3); the other seven received initially 150 μg of L‐thyroxine (Group 2) and then 150 μg of L‐thyroxine plus 300 μg of octreotide/day (Group 4).MEASUREMENTS Serum TSH, T3 and T4 were measured on the day of radioiodine administration (day 0) and after 14, 21, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days.RESULTS Mean basal TSH levels were elevated in all four groups ranging from 104 to 91 mU/l without significant differences. The patterns of TSH inhibition were however different in the four groups studied. TSH remained very elevated for a long time in Group 1 patients: at day 90 the TSH value was still 2.1±1.2 mU/l (mean ± SEM). Patients in Groups 2 and 3 showed a similar pattern: TSH was suppressed in 45 days. The most rapid TSH inhibition was observed in Group 4 patients with a mean decrease of 88% in 14 days and complete suppression in 30 days.CONCLUSIONS TSH suppression by L‐thyroxine is very slow and it can be significantly enhanced by combined octreotide administration. Combined therapy is safe and offers an alternative choice when high dosages of L‐thyroxine are inappropriate or in conditions of advanced illness.