bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roasted Peanut Flavor Intensity Variations Among U.S. Genotypes1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Giesbrecht Francis G. , Isleib Thomas G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Roasted flavor should be a critical factor in the acceptance of a peanut cultivar edible use. A 5-yr study was made on variation in roasted peanut flavor intensity of U.S. peanut cultivars and advanced breeding lines. Sixty-one genotypes were evaluated with sufficient location and replication observations (4) to have a 40% chance of detecting a true difference of 0.5 sensory units in flavor score with P = 0.05. Cultivars Florunner, NC 7, and Pronto were used as comparison standards for the roasted peanut attribute in the runner, Virginia, and Spanish market types, respectively. The adjusted mean difference between control and test germplasm was largest within the Virginia type, with an adjusted mean difference of +0.7 units for roasted peanut attribute intensity. Runner types were next with a difference of +0.3 units and Spanish types were not different. Broad-sense heritability for the roasted peanut attribute among germplasm sources was 9.3%, which compares favorably with previously published values of 10.6 and 24.3%. Heritability of the sweet sensory attribute was determined to be 25.9%, compared to previously published values of 14.3 and 37.0%. This suggests a potential for improving the roasted peanut and sweet attribute levels through using proper breeding strategies.
A Note on High Moisture Content Foreign Material Effects on Aflatoxin in Peanuts During Storage
Authors: Dowell Floyd , Smith John 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Samples containing four types of high moisture content foreign material were placed in warehouses to determine how this material may contribute to aflatoxin formation in peanuts during storage. The high moisture material included gherkins, maypops, briarballs, and citrons. Results showed aflatoxin levels exceeding 700 ppb in some shelled peanut samples. Frequency tests showed 9% of all grade samples from farmers stock lots contained high moisture foreign material. When averaged across an entire warehouse, the high moisture foreign material could raise the average aflatoxin level in storage by 30 ppb.
Lipid, Protein, and Ash Contents, and Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositions of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds from Ecuador
Authors: Grosso Nelson R. , Guzmán Carlos A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Oil and protein percentages, ash, iodine value, fatty acid and sterol compositions were studied in 28 Arachis hypogaea L. cultivars originating from Ecuador. Results showed lower protein percentages in the varieties hypogaea (27.3%) and hirsuta (25.9%) than in the varieties fastigiata (29.4%), peruviana (29.4%), and aequatoriana (31.3%). The principal fatty acids were linoleic and oleic. The variety hypogaea exhibited higher concentrations of oleic acid (45.1%). The sterol composition showed higher concentration of β-sitosterol following by campesterol, stigmasterol, and Δ5-avenasterol.
Progress in Breeding Sclerotinia Blight-Resistant Runner-Type Peanut1
Authors: Goldman J. J. , Smith O. D. , Simpson C. E. , Melouk H. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field screening tests were conducted in 1991, 1992, and 1993 to identify Sclerotinia blight-resistant runner-type peanuts. Selections were made from three populations, “backcross to runner,” “backcross to Tamspan 90,” and “single cross.” Runner parents were chosen for agronomic qualities and resistance to other pathogens. Resistant (Spanish) parents used were cultivar Tamspan 90 and TxAG-5 germplasm. Families within populations were planted as single row 3 × 0.9-m plots. Repeated plant-by-plant inspections (PBPI) were made for assessment of sequence of infection and subsequent calculation of an area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Most families in the backcross to Tamspan 90 population consistently had a disease reaction close to or lower than Tamspan 90 but also retained undesirable plant forms (i.e., upright). By 1993, the F2:5 backcross to runner population had the highest percentage of runner-type families (88%) and a mean disease reaction close to Tamspan 90. Whole plot evaluation of Sclerotinia blight severity was compared with PBPI for effectiveness on a segregating population containing a total of 298 F4:7 single cross and F2:5 backcross entries. The whole plot system used a scale of 0 = no visible plot infection to 5 ≥80% infection in the plot. Correlation between area under disease progress curve values of both methods was high (&gt;.85). Remnant seed of selections screened for resistance in the greenhouse were planted in the field and evaluated for resistance. Chi-square test for independence indicated a significant (α = .012) relationship between greenhouse and field performance. Field screening and limited greenhouse screening appears to be an effective way to develop resistant runner-type peanut lines.
Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Altom J. V. , Westerman R. B. , Murray D. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted from 1991 to 1993 to evaluate eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L., control and peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., response to herbicide treatments. Fomesafen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoro-methyl)phenoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide} applied at cracking was the only preemergence-applied herbicide which provided season-long control (&gt;84%). Herbicides applied postemergence were more effective when the eclipta was less than 5 cm in height. The most consistent early postemergence treatments were bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazm-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], and bentazon + acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} + 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichloro-phenoxy)butanoic acid]. Various other early postemergence followed by late postemergence sequential treatments also were equally effective. Minor peanut injury was observed at the early season rating from several herbicides; however, all injury had disappeared by the late season rating. Eclipta control did not consistently improve peanut pod yield.
Conservational Tillage and Cultivar Influence on Peanut Production1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Porter D. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The influence of conservational tillage and cultivar on pod yield, crop value, and market grade factors was evaluated as a means to increase the production efficiency of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Two conservational tillage systems, in-row and band tillage, and one conventional tillage system were compared over a 4-yr period using the cultivars Florigiant, NC 6, and VA 81B. For all three cultivars, pod yields averaged 15% less and crop values averaged 21% less under the conservational tillage systems as compared to the conventional tillage system. The cultivar NC 6 performed slightly better than Florigiant and VA 81B. The percentage of extra large kernels for NC 6 was significantly higher than for the other two cultivars. There were no significant differences in the percentage of sound mature kernels and total meat content between the three cultivars. Tillage systems did not have a consistent effect on grade factors over the 4-yr period.
Peanut Response to Prohexadione Calcium, a New Plant Growth Regulator
Authors: Mitchem Wayne E. , York Alan C. , Batts Roger B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Experiments in 1992, 1993, and 1994 evaluated prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) as a growth regulator for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Two experiments in 1992 compared prohexadione calcium applied at 140 to 560 g ae/ha at the early pegging stage (PG) or at the row closure stage (RC). Greater suppression of main stem (MS) and cotyledonary lateral branch (CLB) length and greater row visibility at harvest were noted when prohexadione calcium was applied at RC. Prohexadione calcium applied at RC decreased MS and CLB length at harvest 16 to 27% and 14 to 29%, respectively, and greatly improved row visibility. Prohexadione calcium applied at PG generally reduced yield and the percentage of extra large kernels (ELK), fancy pods (FP), and total sound mature kernels (TSMK) but had no effect on crop maturity. Prohexadione calcium applied at RC generally had no effect on yield or the proportion of TSMK but increased the percentage of ELK, decreased the percentage of FP, and enhanced crop maturity. Two experiments in 1993 compared prohexadione calcium at rates of 47 to 280 g/ha applied at RC or at RC and again 3 wk later (RC3). Prohexadione calcium at 140 and 280 g/ha applied at RC suppressed MS and CLB length at harvest 11 to 18% and improved row visibility. Single and sequential applications were equally effective. Prohexadione calcium had no effect on yield, maturity, or the percentage of ELK, FP, and TSMK in 1993. One experiment in 1994 compared prohexadione calcium at rates of 186 to 280 g/ha applied at RC and RC3 or at RC and RC3 and 6 wk after RC (RC6). Results were similar with all treatments. MS and CLB length at harvest was reduced 29 to 34% and 28 to 32%, respectively, and row visibility was greatly improved. Prohexadione calcium increased yield 8% and increased the percentage of ELK but had no effect on the percentage of FP and TSMK. Daminozide [butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide)] at 950 to 1430 g ae/ha was included in all experiments as a comparison. Row visibility and suppression of MS and CLB length at harvest in prohexadione calcium-treated peanut were at least as great as in daminozide-treated peanut. Results indicate prohexadione calcium could be an effective-replacement for daminozide.
Response of Peanut to PGR-IV™ Growth Regulator1
Authors: York Alan C. , Batts Roger B. , Culpepper A. Stanley 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments in North Carolina in 1994 and 1995 determined virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) response to PGR-IV, a commercial hormonal growth regulator consisting of 30 mg/L of gibberellic acid, 27 mg/L of indolebutyric acid, and a proprietary fermentation broth. Treatments included PGR-IV applied once at 438 mL/ha 21, 45, 60, or 75 DAE (days after peanut emergence) or twice at 219 mL/ha at 21 and 45 DAE or 45 and 60 DAE. PGR-IV had no effect on peanut main stem or cotyledonary lateral branch length, yield, maturity, percentage of fancy pods, extra large kernels, or total sound mature kernels, or net returns.
Screening the Peanut Core Collection for Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
Authors: Anderson W. F. , Holbrook C. C. , Culbreath A. K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is among the greatest yield-reducing viruses affecting peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The best known method of control of TSWV is through the use of resistant cultivars. Unfortunately, only a few peanut genotypes with moderate levels of resistance are known. The objectives of this study were to identify additional sources of resistance to TSWV and to determine whether plant descriptor information is associated with reaction to TSWV in the field. Peanut plant introductions from a core collection were evaluated for resistance to TSWV in field trials from 1991 to 1993. Great variability was found among PIs for reaction to natural TSWV epidemics at Attapulgus, GA. Accessions which exhibited potential resistance in 1991 or 1992 were reevaluated in subsequent years. Disease pressure was high in 1993 and 27 accessions exhibited significantly greater resistance than Florunner, and one (PI 262049) had lower disease incidence than Southern Runner. Only minor relationships existed between TSWV incidence and plant descriptor traits (growth habit and maturity) using the stepwise multiple regression procedure. Peanut accessions with resistance to TSWV were found among all maturity levels and growth habits. These accessions provide additional parents and may provide additional genes for resistance that may be useful in developing resistant cultivars.
Interference of Amino Acids in Pulsed Amperometric Detection of Peanut Sugars1
Authors: Singleton J. A. , Grimm D. T. , Sanders T. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
High performance anion exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometry were used to separate and quantify peanut sugars extracted with methanol: chloroform:water (60:25:15, V/V/V), a highly polar solvent which solubilizes other seed components including amino acids. Free sugars were separated on an anion exchange column using a sodium hydroxide gradient and detected with a pulsed amperometric detector equipped with a gold electrode. Free amino acids in the seed extract interfered with sugar analysis by causing peak shifting and co-elution of some amino acids with sugars. Free arginine co-eluted with inositol resulting in a peak area which was 42% of the actual total area for both compounds. Proline co-eluted with fructose. Serine eluted on the leading edge of sucrose. Peak areas of these interfering amino acids were either “additive” or “subtractive” to sugar peaks. Altering the gradient elution or using cation syringe filters to remove contaminant amino acids permitted the accurate identification and quantification of peanut seed sugars. Results from this study suggest applications that can be applied in other biological systems containing free amino acids and sugars.
Imazethapyr Systems for Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Richburg John S. , Wilcut John W. , Vencill William K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field studies conducted in 1992 at Tifton and Midville, GA and in 1993 at Attapulgus, GA evaluated imazethapyr systems for weed control, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) injury, and yield. The standard of imazethapyr + paraquat early postemergence (EPOST) followed by paraquat + 2,4-DB + bentazon postemergence (POST) controlled at least 87% of bristly starbur, prickly sida, smallflower morningglory, and yellow nutsedge and the peanut crop yielded 3310 kg/ha. This standard controlled Florida beggarweed (46 and 83% control) and sicklepod (74 and 88% control) in 1992 and 1993; respectively. Imazethapyr PPI at 36 and 72 g/ha controlled bristly starbur 78 and 100%, respectively, and controlled prickly sida and smallflower morningglory at least 90%. Imazethapyr PPI at 36 and 72 g/ha controlled yellow nutsedge 83 and 80%, respectively. Imazethapyr did not control sicklepod or Florida beggarweed. Control of these two species and high peanut yields required a POST application of a paraquat mixture.
Effects of Band Width and Timing of Chlorpyrifos Granule Applications on Stem Rot Incidence and Wireworm Damage to Irrigated Peanut
Authors: Brown S. L. , Brenneman T. B. , Layton R. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if band width and timing affected the insecticidal and fungitoxic activity of chlorpyrifos granules applied to irrigated peanut. At two locations and in 3 yr, chlorpyrifos granules were applied to flowering-stage or pegging-stage peanuts of the cultivar Florunner through a drop-tube or in 23-cm or 46-cm-wide bands centered over the row. At midseason, all chlorpyrifos treatments, except the widest band width applied at pegging significantly reduced the incidence of stem rot, but no differences were found at harvest. Wireworm populations were highly variable among tests but, when numbers were sufficient for evaluation, all chlorpyrifos treatments reduced wireworm populations and numbers of damaged pods. Application method and timing had little effect on the efficacy of chlorpyrifos as an insecticide. Even though all chlorpyrifos treatments reduced-wireworm damage to peanut pods and at least delayed the onset of stem rot, only the drop-tube application at flowering resulted in increased yield at one location. Orthogonal contrasts of flowering-stage applications versus pegging-stage applications indicated that the flowering-stage applications resulted in higher yields and values per hectare.
Handling Farmer Stock Peanuts at Warehouses with Potato Equipment1
Authors: Blankenship P. D. , Lamb M. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
An alternative system for handling farmer stock peanuts in and out of warehouse storage was evaluated and compared to conventional handling systems. The potato handling system provided significantly less mechanical damage and improved peanut value than conventional handling methods. Loose shelled kernels and sound splits were decreased by 1.83 and 4.00%. respectively, by more gentle handling of the peanuts (P≤0.05). Thus, the potential for aflatoxin contamination during storage was reduced. Economic analysis revealed that investment costs of the potato and conventional handling systems were similar. The analysis revealed that the net value of peanuts from a 3629-t capacity warehouse could be increased by $23,758/yr by investing in potato handling equipment instead of conventional handling equipment when constructing a new warehouse. However, it is probably not economically feasible to convert the handling equipment of an existing conventional warehouse to the potato handling system.
Quantifying Pod Detachment Rate of Florunner Peanut1
Authors: Batchelor W. D. , Boote K. J. , Jones J. W. , Drew D. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Pod detachment is a problem that affects optimum date to peanut harvest. Thus, it is important to understand and quantify causes for pod detachment. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that detachment is initiated in a cohort of peanut pods when the supply of carbon is reduced or terminated. It was assumed that the supply of carbon to an individual pod is related to pod growth rate; therefore, termination of carbon translocation to a pod was characterized by termination of pod growth. Carbohydrate limitations were imposed on Florunner peanut by leaf spot disease, artificial shade, and water stress. A cohort of pods was manually tagged in each treatment and growth characteristics were measured throughout the season. Cumulative pod detachment was measured for tagged pods and plants in each treatment. Initiation of detachment in tagged pods for a control and manual shade treatment corresponded to the date that tagged pod growth ended. However, detachment was initiated before tagged pod growth ended in water stress and disease treatments. A, second hypothesis tested was that once detachment is initiated in a cohort, the detachment rate is related to time after carbohydrate is terminated and is independent of the reason for the carbohydrate limitation. We found that once detachment was initiated in a tagged cohort, cumulative detachment over time was similar in each treatment. An exponential equation was used to relate cumulative percentage pod detachment vs. thermal time after initiation of pod detachment in a cohort of pods.
Flumioxazin for Weed Control in Texas Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Grichar W. James , Colburn A. Edwin 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in 1991 and 1993 to evaluate flumioxazin alone and in various herbicide programs for weed control in peanut. Flumioxazin alone provided inconsistent control of annual grasses, while the addition of pendimethalin or trifluralin improved control considerably. Pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) and ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.] control was &gt; 75% when flumioxazin was used alone. Flumioxazin caused early season peanut stunting with some recovery within 4 to 6 wk. Postemergence applications of imazethapyr or lactofen increased peanut stunting.
Soil-Borne Pests of Peanut in Growers' Fields with Different Cropping Histories in Alabama1
Authors: Bowen K. L. , Hagan A. K. , Weeks J. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Pest levels and yields of peanut were monitored in growers' fields in 1991 through 1993. Yields ranged from 2085 to 6440 kg/ha and averaged 3947 kg/ha over the 3 yr. Incidence of southern stem rot (SSR) (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii) averaged 7.6 foci (up to 30 cm in length) per 30.5 m row and ranged from 0 to 31.0 foci. Peanut yield tended to be inversely related to incidence of SSR and directly related to the number of years between peanut crops. Incidence of SSR was inversely related to number of years between peanut crops and was consistently greater in fields cropped to peanut every other year compared to other fields with less intensive peanut production. Yields obtained from irrigated fields averaged 11.4% greater than those without irrigation. Leaf spot control programs used by growers provided consistent levels of control. Peanut seed invasion by aflatoxigenic fungi and plant damage by larvae of the lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopalus lignosellus) generally were low. Seed invasion by Aspergillus flavus-type fungi was positively correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with damage due to lesser cornstalk borer in 1993. Juvenile populations of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) were positively correlated (P &lt; 0.001) with incidence of SSR in 1992.
An Automated Cleaning, Pod Sizing, Shelling, and Kernel Sizing System for Grading Farmers Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Dowell F. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In response to peanut industry requests to improve the farmers stock grading system, an automated grading system was developed that reduced the variability in measuring most grade factors up to 50%. The automated system reduced sampling error by grading a larger sample while maintaining approximately the same sample processing speed. The system reduced inspector error by simplifying the grading process and eliminating opportunities for mistakes to occur. The system reduced equipment error by replacing outdated equipment with more efficient and effective equipment. Implementing the system could result in a return of about $10,350 annually per buying point and save the entire U.S. peanut industry up to $6 million each year. In addition, reducing errors in measuring grade factors should improve the quality of peanuts reaching consumers.
High Efficiency Peanut Regeneration Using a Nonimbibed Immature Leaflet Culture Method
Authors: Utomo S. D. , Weissinger A. K. , Isleib T. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Efficient plant regeneration is an essential part of gene transfer systems using recombinant DNA technology. Efficiency of regeneration from immature leaflets of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was compared among several explant treatments in an effort to maximize recovery of plants from culture. In one experiment, explants were derived from leaflets of cv. NC 7 from dry mature seeds or from mature seeds which had been imbibed for 1 or 4 d. To avoid confounding treatment effects with variation among individual seeds, both nonimbibed and imbibed leaflets originated from a single seed. For each seed, four nonimbibed leaflets from a single leaf were excised, sterilized, rinsed, and plated on MS-based medium amended with 4 mg L-1 benzylaminopurine and 2 mg L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid. The embryonic axis with the other leaf (four remaining leaflets) and one cotyledon attached was then imbibed in water for 1 or 4 d. After 4 wk in culture, 53% of nonimbibed leaflets, 37% of leaflets imbibed for 1 d, and 6% of leaflets imbibed for 4 d produced shoots. Subsequently, regeneration efficiency was compared among immature leaflet cultures from nonimbibed seeds of four cultivars representing three botanical varieties from two subspecies. Shoot frequency after 4 wk in culture averaged 9% for Peruvian introduction A2 (NC Ac 17090) representing subsp. fastigiata var. peruviana versus 53% for cv. NC 7 and Bolivian introduction B2 (PI 274191), both representing subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea. At 6 wk after plating, these frequencies increased to 28 and 61%, respectively. The response of Argentine introduction C2 (PI 262000) representing subsp. fastigiata var. vulgaris was intermediate to vars. hypogaea and fastigiata. Shoot proliferation in var. hypogaea was significantly greater than in the other varieties, whereas it was significantly lower in var. peruviana. Regenerated plants developed normal flowers and pods in the greenhouse. The study indicated that A. hypogaea can be cultured efficiently from nonimbibed leaflets.