bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐reported mental health of mothers with a school‐aged child with a disability in Victoria: A mixed method study
Authors: Bourke‐Taylor Helen , Howie Linsey , Law Mary , Pallant Julie F 
Published: April 2011

Aim:  This research investigated the mental health of mothers of school‐aged children with disabilities in Victoria, Australia.Methods:  A mixed method triangulation design model was used to investigate the mental health of mothers (n= 152) of school‐aged children with developmental disabilities. Self‐reported medical history and completion of the Short Form Health Survey Version 2 were used to collect data via mail‐out survey and follow‐up phone interview.Results:  Mothers reported subjective mental health two standard deviations below other Australians and higher rates of depression and anxiety that other Australian women and the adult population in general. Half of participants reported that their health affected their ability to provide the care that their child needed, and half experienced frequent interrupted sleep secondary to the care of their child with a disability. Significantly poorer mental health was reported by mothers with a pre‐school‐aged child as well as a child with a disability (P < 0.001), mothers with more than one child with a disability (P= 0.038), mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (P= 0.026), and mothers who recognised that their health affected care giving (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  The reported mental health of participants in this study indicates that further attention is needed to action health strategies to support mothers of children with disabilities. Health programs and policy that will identify mothers in need of assistance, as well as management strategies that will adequately support mental wellness in mothers is required in Australia.
Developmental progress in urban Aboriginal infants: A cohort study
Authors: McDonald Jenny L , Comino Elizabeth , Knight Jennifer , Webster Vana 
Published: April 2011

Aim:  To measure, describe and investigate potential predictors of early developmental progress in urban Aboriginal infants.Methods:  The Gudaga study is a longitudinal birth cohort study of urban Aboriginal infants. At 12 months 134 infants were assessed using the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS). The infants' developmental progress was compared with standardised norms.Results:  Total scores for the Aboriginal infants for the GMDS were significantly lower than the standards (mean difference (MD) =−4.7, P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval (CI): −6.37, −2.96). The difference was small and not clinically significant. Infant performance on the locomotor scale was equivalent to the standards; however, their performance was significantly lower on all other subscales. Reported problem alcohol use at home was the only factor found to be negatively correlated with developmental progress (MD =−7.8, P= 0.01; 95% CI: −13.9, −1.8). The presence of three or more risk factors was also found to be associated with lower developmental scores (MD =−5.4, P= 0.01; 95% CI: −9.6, −1.3).Conclusion:  This study shows that urban Aboriginal infants are mostly developing within the normal range at 12 months. The lower scores overall compared with standards indicate that differences in development appear early in Aboriginal children and this supports the case for early intervention. The association with exposure to problem drinking and the effect of cumulative family stress may be useful in designing screening tools and interventions.
Measurement properties of the 6‐min walk test in individuals with exercise‐induced pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Fowler R. M. , Jenkins S. C. , Maiorana A. J. , Gain K. R. , O'Driscoll G. , Gabbay E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground:  Exercise‐induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (EIPAH) is associated with reduced peak exercise cardiac output (CO) and aerobic capacity (peak ). We investigated the validity of the encouraged 6‐min walk test (6MWT) to identify exercise limitation and estimate aerobic capacity in subjects with EIPAH.Methods:  Seventeen subjects with EIPAH (56 ± 14 years, 15 women) and 20 healthy controls (57 ± 13 years, 19 women) underwent two encouraged 6MWTs and a symptom‐limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). To measure central haemodynamics, subjects with EIPAH performed the CPET with a pulmonary artery catheter in situ.Results:  Compared with controls, subjects with EIPAH had reduced peak (1.2 ± 0.4 vs 1.7 ± 0.5, L/min, P < 0.01), 6‐min walk distance (6MWD) (575 ± 86 vs 669 ± 76 m, P < 0.001) and 6‐min walk work (6MWW) (39 ± 11 vs 45 ± 7 km.kg, P < 0.01). In subjects with EIPAH, there was a moderate correlation between 6MWD and peak (r= 0.72, P < 0.01) and a strong correlation between 6MWW and peak (r= 0.86, P < 0.001). There were significant correlations between 6MWD and peak CO (r= 0.59, P < 0.05), and between peak and peak CO (r= 0.55, P < 0.05). Peak heart rate was similar in the CPET and 6MWT in subjects with EIPAH (133 ± 15 vs 133 ± 19 beats/min, P= 0.8).Conclusions:  The encouraged 6MWT identifies reduced exercise capacity and provides a valid estimate of aerobic capacity in EIPAH.
Pollen transport differs among bees and flies in a human‐modified landscape
Authors: Rader Romina , Edwards Will , Westcott David A. , Cunningham Saul A. , Howlett Bradley G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAim  Dispersal distances of insect pollinators are critical in defining their contribution to landscape‐wide pollen movement and ultimately gene flow in natural and agricultural systems. We ask whether bee and fly pollinator taxa differ in their dispersal distances and transport of viable pollen in a human‐modified system.Location  Canterbury and Otago region, South Island, New Zealand.Methods  We captured pollen‐carrying insects travelling outside of a model mass‐flowering agricultural crop, Brassica rapa, using insect flight intercept traps at five distances (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 m) from the pollen source. We examined pollen loads and pollen viability to determine whether pollen transport distance and viability differ among pollinator taxa.Results  A total of 5453 insects were collected of which 717 individuals from 26 insect taxa were positively identified as dispersing pollen up to 400 m from the source. These taxa consisted of four species from two bee families (Hymenoptera: Apidae and Halictidae), and eight species from four fly families (Diptera: Bibiondae, Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae and Tachinidae). Apidae generally carried higher pollen loads and more viable pollen than most fly taxa. Taxa in the fly families Stratiomyidae and Syrphidae, however, carried pollen to 400 m, which is further than both bee families.Main conclusions  A diverse array of wild and managed flower visitors can transport viable pollen from a pollen source to at least 400 m. Knowledge of the differences in transport distances among generalist pollinators in human‐modified environments is crucial to understand the potential extent to which (1) pollen transport can facilitate gene flow and (2) unwanted hybridization may occur between crops and related weeds.
The role of perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities in street‐crossing decisions of young and older pedestrians
Authors: Dommes Aurélie , Cavallo Viola 
Published: April 2011

Citation information: Dommes A & Cavallo V. The role of perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities in street‐crossing decisions of young and older pedestrians. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 292–301 doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2011.00835.xAbstractPurpose:  The present experiment investigated the role of perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities in street‐crossing behaviour with ageing. Previous research has shown that older pedestrians make many unsafe crossing decisions when cars are approaching at high speeds, and miss many crossing opportunities when car speeds are low. The older subjects seem to ignore information about the speed of the approaching cars and to preferentially use simplifying heuristics based on vehicle distance. The objective of the present study was to better understand the underlying age‐related changes that lead to these behaviours, with a specific focus on perceptual factors.Method:  Twenty young (age 20–30), 21 younger‐old (age 61–71), and 19 older‐old (age 72–83) participants took part in the experiment. All participants individually carried out a simulated street‐crossing task and took a battery of functional tests assessing perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities.Results:  In line with earlier findings, the seniors made a greater number of incorrect crossing decisions, with many risky decisions when the vehicle was approaching at a high speed and many missed opportunities at a low speed. Correlation and regression analyses pointed out several functional performance measures as predictors of the way the pedestrians took or did not take information about vehicle speed into account in their decisions. Processing speed and visual attention abilities were shown to play the most important role in explaining the variance in incorrect decisions: these abilities allowed participants to focus their attention on the relevant speed information and to make timely, correct decisions. Time‐to‐arrival estimates, which informed the pedestrians about the time available for crossing, were found to be the second most predictive factor. Walking speed, by way of which the pedestrians adapted their crossing pace to the perceived available time, also came into play. Inhibition abilities ended up as the last functional predictor; they allowed the pedestrians to ignore irrelevant information and inhibit automatic but unsuitable responses.Conclusions:  The present study provided a multidimensional explanation of increased gap‐selection difficulties with ageing, including a combination of perceptual, cognitive, as well as physical performance declines with increasing age. The findings have implications for improving older pedestrians’ safety in terms of speed limits, road design, and training.
The effect of the visual characteristics of obstacles on risk of tripping and gait parameters during locomotion
Authors: Rietdyk Shirley , Rhea Christopher K 
Published: April 2011

Citation information: Rietdyk S & Rhea CK. The effect of the visual characteristics of obstacles on risk of tripping and gait parameters during locomotion. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 302–310 doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2011.00837.xAbstractPurpose:  Injuries from falls are a serious health issue. Approaches to preventing falls should consider increasing relevant visual information of an obstacle. Obstacle parameters, such as position and height, may be specified by the visible structure of an obstacle. The present study examined the relationship between visible structure of an obstacle and locomotor behaviour. This relationship may be modified as a function of experience with navigating obstacles. Since workers at construction sites must navigate through cluttered environments with varied obstacles, these workers may have superior skills at avoiding obstacles. Therefore, the effect of work experience was also examined.Methods:  Nine construction workers and 10 age‐ and gender‐matched control subjects participated. Subjects stepped over obstacles in an 8 m walkway. Three different obstacles were examined, arranged according to a hierarchy ranging from most to least visible structure: a solid obstacle, a three‐edge outline obstacle and a top‐edge obstacle. The obstacles were 10, 20 or 30 cm high. In addition, visual information was decreased with goggles which obstructed the lower visual field, removing information of the obstacle and foot‐relative‐to‐obstacle in the two steps before the obstacle. All conditions were presented randomly.Results:  Higher risk of contact and higher lead and trail toe clearance variability were observed for the top‐edge obstacle. Higher risk of contact was observed when the lower visual field was obstructed and for the 30 cm obstacle. Work experience did not influence risk of contact. Construction workers had lower trail toe clearances and lower trail toe clearance variability for the 10 cm obstacle, but were not different from controls for the 30 cm obstacle.Conclusions:  Decreased visible structure of an obstacle resulted in increased gait variability and increased risk of contact. The changes are consistent with decreased accuracy of the sensory‐to‐motor transformation used to control the lead and trail limb during obstacle crossing when only the top‐edge was visible. There is some evidence that construction workers were better able to transform the visual information to motor actions, as reflected by decreased gait variability, but these findings were not supported by decreased risk of obstacle contact.
All‐cause mortality in people with cirrhosis compared with the general population: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Fleming Kate M. , Aithal Guruprasad P. , Card Tim R. , West Joe 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Background: Mortality due to cirrhosis has tripled over the last 30 years in the UK. However, we lack adequate, contemporary, population‐based estimates of the excess mortality patients who are at risk compared with the general population.
Aim: To determine the overall survival in patients with cirrhosis compared with the general population taking into account the effects of severity and aetiology of disease and comorbidity.
Methods: In a cohort study, we identified 4537 people with cirrhosis and a control cohort of 44 403 patients, matched by age, sex and general practice from the UK General Practice Research Database between June 1987 and April 2002.
Results: Patients with compensated cirrhosis had a nearly five‐fold [hazard ratio (HR) 4.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.4–5.0] increased risk of death, while those with decompensated cirrhosis had a near 10‐fold (HR 9.7, 95% CI 8.9–10.6) increased risk compared with the general population. Alcoholic cirrhosis conferred a worse prognosis than non‐alcohol‐related cirrhosis both in the first year following diagnosis and subsequently.
Conclusion: Having a diagnosis of cirrhosis confers a substantial increased mortality risk compared with the general population, even for those with compensated disease, with 5‐year survival between that seen for breast and colorectal cancer.
Nurse Practitioner Certification and Practice Settings: Implications for Education and Practice
Authors: Keough Vicki A. , Stevenson Autumn , Martinovich Zoran , Young Robert , Tanabe Paula 
Published: April 2011

Abstract Purpose: Nurse Practitioners (NPs) are certified within a population‐focused specialty area, practice in a variety of settings, and treat a wide range of patients. Little is known about what agreement exists between certification obtained and actual site of practice. The purpose of this study was to examine NP practice sites as compared with their certification and examine additional education they received after employment. Design: Adult (ANP), family (FNP), and acute care nurse practitioners (ACNPs) certified by the American Nurses Credentialing Center were surveyed regarding certification, demographic information, practice setting, routine responsibilities, and additional training they may have obtained. Methods: An expert panel defined categories of traditional practice settings consistent with NP credentialing examinations and scopes of practice. Equal numbers of randomly chosen ANPs, ACNPs, and FNPs (N = 2,000) were mailed surveys. Responses were coded and analyzed. Findings: The overall survey response was 69.8% (n= 1216). Of the FNP, ANP, and ACNP respondents, 5%, 7%, and 42%, respectively, reported practicing in a nontraditional practice setting. Of nurses practicing in a nontraditional setting, 74% (135 of 182) were ACNPs, with 90% practicing in a nontraditional, ambulatory care setting. Sixty‐five percent (13 of 20) of the FNPs practicing in a nontraditional setting were practicing in a high‐acuity emergency department, and 56% (15 of 27) of the ANPs practicing in a nontraditional setting were practicing in a high‐acuity intensive care unit. The top responses of additional education received were pharmacology, laboratory interpretation, and ordering diagnostic tests. Conclusions: While greater than 90% of ANPs and FNPs practice in settings consistent with their certification, a proportion of NPs practice in nontraditional settings and may benefit from additional education (formal, on‐the‐job, and continuing education) and mentoring.
Vegetation databases as a tool to analyse factors affecting the range expansion of the forest understory herb Ceratocapnos claviculata
Authors: Voss Nicole , Simmering Dietmar , Peppler‐Lisbach Cord , Durka Walter , Eckstein R. Lutz 
Published: April 2011

AbstractQuestion: The eu‐atlantic forest herb Ceratocapnos claviculata showed a recent increase in frequency within its native range and an eastward and northward range expansion in Central Europe. To gain deeper understanding of factors affecting the range expansion of the species, we analyzed vegetation relevés at three different scales and asked the following questions: As the species occurs in a wide range of vegetation types, is variation in community composition across the entire range related to climatic environmental zones and tree cover? Are there differences in species composition and habitat characteristics between the native range and the two invaded regions (S Sweden and NE Germany)? Did community composition and habitat characteristics within the native range (The Netherlands) change between ‘before 1970’ and ‘1990 to 2006’?Location: W, C and N Europe.Methods: We analysed vegetation‐plot data with C. claviculata from various databases and own surveys using partial CCA, partial DCA, Indicator Species Analysis, MANCOVA and multiple regression.Results: Using vegetation plots from the entire distribution range, climatic environmental zones explained 68.9% of the total canonical Eigenvalue. Differences in floristic composition and habitat characteristics between the two invaded regions were as large as between native and invaded range sites. However, relevés from the invaded range were generally characterized by anthropogenic disturbance. Accordingly, abundance of C. claviculata was positively linked to silvicultural intensity. New relevés from 1990 to 2006 were characterized by higher Ellenberg nutrient indicator values, lower species diversity, higher proportions of neophytic and hemerobic species and showed a lower cover of the study species than old relevés from before 1970.Conclusions: Across the range of C. claviculata, climatic environmental zones determine vegetation composition. Accordingly, the species is characterized by a broad macroclimatic amplitude. Vegetation composition and structure differ significantly between the two regions of the new range. Thus, the species has successfully established under various biotic and abiotic environmental conditions. Beyond potential positive effects of soil eutrophication and mild winters, anthropogenic impact may directly facilitate seed dispersal and provide sites and resource conditions suitable for germination and establishment of C. claviculata, whereas a decrease of forest management may constrain the species.
Review article: Intravenous lipid emulsion as antidote: A summary of published human experience
Authors: Cave Grant , Harvey Martyn , Graudins Andis 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) has been demonstrated to be effective in amelioration of cardiovascular and central nervous system sequelae of local‐anaesthetic and non‐local‐anaesthetic drug toxicity in animal models. Sequestration of lipophilic toxins to an expanded plasma lipid phase is credited as the predominant beneficial mechanism of action of ILE. Systematic review of published human experience is however lacking. We determined to report a comprehensive literature search of all human reports of ILE application in drug poisoning. Forty‐two cases of ILE use (19 local‐anaesthetic, 23 non‐local‐anaesthetic) were identified, with anecdotal reports of successful resuscitation from cardiovascular collapse and central nervous system depression associated with ILE administration in lipophilic toxin overdose. Although significant heterogeneity was observed in both agents of intoxication, and reported outcomes; case report data suggest a possible benefit of ILE in potentially life‐threatening cardio‐toxicity from bupivacaine, mepivacaine, ropivacaine, haloperidol, tricyclic antidepressants, lipophilic beta blockers and calcium channel blockers. Further controlled study and systematic evaluation of human cases is required to define the clinical role of ILE in acute poisonings.
Female Urinary Incontinence at Orgasm: A Possible Marker of a More Severe Form of Detrusor Overactivity. Can Ultrasound Measurement of Bladder Wall Thickness Explain It?
Authors: Serati Maurizio , Salvatore Stefano , Cattoni Elena , Siesto Gabriele , Soligo Marco , Braga Andrea , Sorice Paola , Cromi Antonella , Ghezzi Fabio , Cardozo Linda , Bolis Pierfrancesco 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Coital incontinence (CI) during orgasm is a form of urinary incontinence possibly because of detrusor overactivity (DO), as the underlying pathophysiological condition. Women with this symptom usually show a pharmacological lower cure rate than those with DO alone. The ultrasound measurement of the bladder wall thickness (BWT) allows an indirect evaluation of detrusor muscle thickness, giving a potential index of detrusor activity.

Aim
We wanted to understand if CI at orgasm could be a marker of severity of DO by comparing BWT in women with both DO and CI at orgasm vs. women with DO alone. In addition we aimed to confirm if CI during orgasm is related to antimuscarinics treatment failure.

Methods
This is a prospective cohort study performed in two tertiary urogynecological referral departments, recruiting consecutive patients seeking treatment for symptomatic DO.

Main Outcome Measures
All patients were thoroughly assessed including physical examination, urodynamic evaluation, and BWT measurement according to the International Continence Society/International Urogynecological Association and ICI recommendations. Solifenacine 5 mg once daily was then prescribed and follow-up was scheduled to evaluate treatment. Multiple logistic regression (MLR) was performed to identify risk factors for treatment failure.

Results
Between September 2007 and March 2010, 31 (22.6%) and 106 (77.4%) women with DO with and without CI at orgasm were enrolled. Women complaining of CI at orgasm had significantly higher BWT than the control group (5.8 ± 0.6 mm vs. 5.2 ± 1.2 mm [P =0.007]). In patients with CI at orgasm, the nonresponder rate to antimuscarinics was significantly higher than controls (P =0.01). After MLR, CI at orgasm was the only independent predictor decreasing antimuscarinics efficacy (odds ratio [OR] 3.16 [95% CI 1.22–8.18], P =0.02).

Conclusions
Women with DO and CI at orgasm showed a significantly higher BWT values and worse cure rates than women with DO alone. CI at orgasm could be a marker of a more severe form of DO.
Making sense of place through multiple memory systems1
Authors: Simandan Dragos 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe first part of the paper develops the argument that geographers should learn to decompose human memory into its constituent parts because then and then alone will we become attuned to the full range of ways in which we incorporate places into our beings. The second part of the paper articulates Stephen Hill's comments on episodic memory with my recent work on wisdom.