bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralization of Nitrogen from Sewage Sludge and Sludge Compost
Authors: Epstein E. , Keane D. B. , Meisinger J. J. , Legg J. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn incubation study was conducted to determine N mineralization from sewage sludge and sludge compost. Digested and raw sludges and compost derived from these sludges were freeze‐dried and applied to a silt loam soil at 0, 454, 907, and 1,814 kg N/ha. The soil‐sludge mixtures were incubated at 35°C for various time intervals and periodically leached and analyzed for total N, NH4‐N, and NO3‐N. A separate study using K15NO3 was conducted to evaluate N transformations, such as immobilization and denitrification.The overall data indicate that sewage sludge and sludge compost differ markedly in their initial net mineralization patterns. Amendments high in available C (raw sludge) are biologically very active and significant quantities of NO3‐N can be lost by denitrification and immobilization soon after addition. The N in amendments that have been stabilized by removal of readily oxidizable C (digested sludge) gave net mineralization patterns similar to native soil organic N, although large amounts of N can be released from digested sludge. The N in amendments that have been stabilized by composting with woodchips is not easily mineralized. With time these initial differences among sources decrease and the mineralization rates become more alike, although the time needed to reach this point depends on the quantity of amendment added.
The Effect of High 2,4‐D Concentrations on Degradation and Carbon Dioxide Evolution in Soils
Authors: Ou Li‐Tse , Rothwell D. F. , Wheeler W. B. , Davidson J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the degradation of high concentrations of 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and CO2 evolution in three soils. Two forms of 2,4‐D, technical grade and formulated, were added to each soil at rates of 50, 500, 5,000 and 20,000 µg/g of soil (ppm). Degradation of the 2,4‐D was measured by 14CO2 evolution resulting from the oxidation of uniformly ringlabeled carbon. At an application rate of 500 ppm, all three soils degraded 2,4‐D. At 5,000 and 20,000 ppm, degradation occurred in the Webster silty clay loam and Terra Ceia organic soil, but not in the Cecil sandy loam during 80 days of incubation. The degradation rate was generally higher for the formulated 2,4‐D than the technical grade material. For the higher 2,4‐D concentrations, 5,000 or 20,000 ppm, when extensive degradation occurred, total CO2 evolution was also greatly stimulated, and the pattern of total CO2 evolution rate exhibited a two‐peak response. Carbon dioxide‐carbon (CO2‐C) from the first peak appeared to be mainly from the formulation materials or from the impurities and CO2‐C from the second peak was mainly from 2,4‐D‐C.
Land Application of Chemically Treated Sewage Sludge: II. Effects on Plant and Soil Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium and Soil pH
Authors: Soon Y. K. , Bates T. E. , Moyer J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnaerobically digested sewage sludge resulting from treatment of sewage with Ca(OH)2, Al2(SO4)3, or FeCl, for phosphorus precipitation were applied at rates supplying up to 1,600 kg N/ha each year to corn (Zea mays L.) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyess). Treatments with NH4NO3 supplying up to 400 kg N/ha were included.Soil PH was increased by Ca‐sludge and reduced slightly by Fe‐sludge application. Phosphorus and magnesium concentrations in corn grain and stover were unaffected by treatment. Phosphorus concentration in bromegrass, and NaHCO3‐soluble soil P, were increased by Ca‐sludge and, to a lesser extent, by Fe‐sludge additions. The Ca‐sludge treatments resulted in a lower K concentration in corn stover and seedlings than either Al‐ or Fe‐sludge treatments. Increasing sludge or NH4NO3 application reduced K concentration in bromegrass. Both sludge and NH4NO3 applications decreased ammonium acetate‐extractable soil K in the bromegrass experiment. Sludge application had no effect on Ca concentration in corn grain or stover from Conestoga loam and Caledon loamy sand, but increased it in corn seedlings and stover from Oneida clay loam. Calcium in bromegrass was increased by sludge treatment with the Ca‐sludge having the greatest effect. Magnesium in bromegrass was increased by sludge and by NH4NO3 applications. The Ca‐sludge decreased Mg extracted by ammonium acetate from the loam and clay loam soils but not from the loamy sand.
Some Aspects of Sediment Distribution and Macrophyte Cycling of Heavy Metals in a Contaminated Lake
Authors: McIntosh A. W. , Shephard B. K. , Mayes R. A. , Atchison G. J. , Nelson D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDistribution and forms of the metals cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in sediment and the possible significance of a die‐off of the aquatic macrophyte Potamogeton crispus in Cd cycling in a metal‐contaminated lake were studied. Metal levels in the upper 5 cm of lake sediment ranged from 2.54 ppm Cd and 115 ppm Zn in an uncontaminated area of the lake to 805 ppm Cd and 6,120 ppm Zn near the entrance of a metal‐bearing ditch to the lake. Evidence of metal contamination existed at a depth of 30 cm in sediments in contaminated areas of the system. Dominant forms present in the sediment were the carbonate for Cd and carbonate and organic for Zn. Analysis indicated Cd levels as high as 89.6 ppm in P. crispus in the lake with a maximum burden of 1.5 kg Cd held by the lake's P. crispus population. Release of the total amount could raise water concentrations by a maximum of 1 µg/liter.
Precipitation and Throughfall Chemistry in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: McColl J. G. , Bush D. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAt Berkeley, California, main ionic constituents of bulk precipitation during the wet season of 1974–1975 were SO42‐, Cl−, HCO3−, Na+, and Ca2+, and mean H+ concentration was 10.7 ± 1.5 µeq/liter (pH 5.0). Although SO42‐ comprised 50% of the anions in bulk precipitation, H+ concentration had the highest correlation with NO3−. Impacted air pollutants accumulated on tree leaves between major rainstorms. Atmospheric N and S were correlated with NO3− and SO42‐ in bulk precipitation and leafwash in a Eucalyptus globulus forest. Ionic composition of bulk precipitation resembled that of surface‐soil solution in an adjoining, recently clear‐cut area.
The Effect of Waste Water Reuse in Cold Regions on Land Treatment Systems
Authors: Iskandar I. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect on ground water quality and soils and vegetation of treatment and disposal of municipal/industrial waste water on land in cold regions was investigated using six outdoor test cells. Winter application of waste water was feasible even at very cold air temperatures (<0.0°C) at the New Hampshire test site. High NO3‐N concentrations were observed in all treatments (5–15 cm/week) in both soils in early summer. This was explained as leaching of NH4‐N stored over the winter months after its oxidation to NO3 in early spring. Over the 12‐mo period of study, removal of organic C, BOD, suspended solids, fecal coliform bacteria, and phosphorus by the two soil types used (a Windsor sandy loam and a Charlton silt loam) was essentially complete. These had very little or no effect on ground water quality. The principal mechanism for nitrogen removal was found to be plant uptake, which was seasonally dependent. Application of 15− cm of secondary effluent per week to a sandy loam soil was not feasible because of the presence of > 10 mg/liter NO3‐N in the leachate for > 9 mo/year. Application of salts for road deicing during winter resulted in relatively higher concentrations of salts and Cl in the ground for a short period of time. No efforts were made to apply waste water according to plant need. Preapplication treatment is not necessary for the renovation of waste water by the soil‐plant systems. Movement of applied heavy metals to a depth of 15–30 cm in the high treatment soil was thought to be a result of a drop in soil pH resulting from this treatment. In all other treatments, heavy metals were confined to the top 15 cm of the soil.
Sulfur Distribution and Cycling in a Deciduous Forest Watershed
Authors: Shriner D. S. , Henderson G. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSulfate sulfur concentrations and pH of precipitation and streamflow, and sulfur concentrations of biomass and soil components, were determined for a 97.5‐ha mixed deciduous forest (Walker Branch Watershed) in eastern Tennessee. Amounts of sulfur (S) added precipitation and lost by streamflow were compared to fluxes of S between biomass pools. Approximately 18.1 kg/ha per year entered the watershed from the atmosphere, while only 11.5 kg/ha per year were lost in streamflow. Analysis of biomass and soil concentrations of S indicate that, of the 6.6 kg/ha per year apparent accumulation of S for the watershed as a whole, 8.6 kg accrue to mineral soil while 4.3 kg are lost from organic soil horizons, and 2.3 kg accrue to annual increment of vegetation.Seasonal variations in S input and export from the watershed were closely tied to precipitation events. The weighted mean pH of the rainfall samples collected at five sampling sites on the watershed was pH 4.2. Sulfate accounts for 80% of major anions (millequivalent basis) contributed to the watershed. The behavior of S on Walker Branch Watershed appears to differ significantly from locations in the northeastern U.S., however the data suggest active expansion to the southeastern U.S. of the area impacted by atmospheric sulfate pollution commonly associated with the northeastern region of the U.S.
Crop Response and Quality of Soil Leachate as Affected by Land Application of Beef Cattle Waste
Authors: Haghiri F. , Miller R. H. , Logan T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA single application of beet cattle manure at rates of 0, 49, 158, and 316 dry metric tons/ha to field lysimeters containing three different soil types was made. Corn (Zea mays L.) yields for the frst and second years reached the maximum at the 158‐metric tons/ha manure rate, while in fourth year the highest yield was obtained at the 316‐metric tons/ha rate. With the exception of first cropping years, at the 49‐metric ton rate yields of dry matter produced were ≤ the control which received fertilizer annually. Corn yields for all years and from all manure treatments were significantly higher for the Wooster (Typic Fragiudalf) soil compared with Celina (Aquic Hapludalf) and Hoytville (Mollic Ochraqualf) soils. Nitrate‐N concentration in the leachate increased with increasing load of applied manure and decreased with time after application. More NO3‐N was leached from the manure‐amended Wooster soil than from the other two soils over a 4‐year period. The decomposition of manure was higher in the Celina and Wooster soils than in the Hoytville soil. The application of beef cattle manure to soils did not influence the incidence of soil‐borne plant pathogens. The results of this study indicate that annual application of beef cattle manure to soils at <50 dry metric tons/ha is far more desirable than single application of high loading rates for 2‐ to 3‐year periods from the standpoint of maximizing plant nutrient use and water quality.
Correlation of Extractable Metals and Metal Uptake of Snap Beans Grown on Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge
Authors: Latterell J. J. , Dowdy R. H. , Larson W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field study was conducted in which anaerobically digested sludge was applied to sandy Udorthentic Haploboroll soil as single applications (0, 112, 225, and 450 metric tons/ha) or as three annual sludge applications (accumulated total 0, 350, 700, and 1,400 metric tons/ha). In both cases sludge‐borne trace metals removed by several chemical extractants were correlated to trace metal uptake by snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaria L., Cv. Tendergreen) and soil organic matter. A highly significant linear correlation was found between: (i) DTPA‐, KNO3‐, Na4P2O7‐, and NH4C2H3O2‐extractable Zn and Zn concentrations in edible bean tissue, bean leaf tissue, and organic matter; (ii) DTPA‐, Na4P2O7‐, and NH4C2H3O2‐extractable Cu and Cd and their concentrations in edible bean tissue and organic matter; (iii) DTPA‐, Na4P2O7‐, and NH4C2H3O2‐extractable Ni and Pb and organic matter; and (iv) Na4P2O7‐extractable Cr and organic matter. Pyrophosphate extracted the highest percent of applied metal, except for Ni where the Na4P2O7 and DTPA extracted approximately equal quantities. Except for Cr, a highly significant correlation was observed between Na4P2O7 and DTPA or NH4C2H3O2‐extractable metal. A highly significant linear correlation was found for the 4‐year period between DTPA‐extractable Zn and Cu and their concentrations in edible bean tissue, bean leaf tissue, and organic matter. For the single application series the maximum percentage of applied Zn and Cu was extracted during the second year.
The Pesticide Content of Surface Water Draining from Agricultural Fields—A Review
Authors: Wauchope R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe literature on pesticide losses in runoff waters from agricultural fields is reviewed. For the majority of commercial pesticides, total losses are 0.5% or less of the amounts applied, unless severe rainfall conditions occur within 1–2 weeks after application. Exceptions are the organochlorine insecticides, which may lose about 1% regardless of weather pattern because of their long persistence; and soil surface‐applied, wettable‐powder formulations of herbicides, which may lose up to 5%, depending on weather and slope, because of the ease of washoff of the powder.Pesticides with solubilities of 10 ppm or higher are lost mainly in the water phase of runoff, and erosion control practices will have little effect on such losses. Organochlorine pesticides, paraquat, and arsenical pesticides, however, are important cases of pesticides which are strongly adsorbed by sediments, and erosion control can be important in controlling losses of these compounds.The behavior and fate of pesticides in streams receiving runoff is generally not known. Information on such factors as time and distance of impact of a given runoff event, ability of local ecosystems to recover from transient pesticide concentrations, and dissipation or concentration processes in aquatic ecosystems will have to be obtained before “edge‐of‐field” pesticide losses can be related to water quality in receiving waters.
Chemical and Biological Phenomena Observed with Sewage Sludges in Simulated Soil Trenches
Authors: Taylor J. M. , Epstein E. , Burge W. D. , Chaney R. L. , Menzies J. D. , Sikora L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical and biological observations were made on sewage sludge in a simulated trenching system in the greenhouse. Limed and unlimed raw and digested sludges were placed in simulated trenches in soil profile boxes in which corn (Zea mays L.) was sown. During the 160‐day growth period, roots penetrated entrenched digested sludge and root growth proliferated throughout the sludge. Root penetration into the raw sludges was severely restricted. Gas analysis showed that anaerobic conditions prevailed for extensive periods during the 160 days in raw sludge. Methane and CO2 levels reached 45 and 25%, respectively. The levels of CH4 and CO2 were < 3 and 21%, respectively, in the digested sludge boxes. Nitrate nitrogen, adjacent to and beneath the sludge, was generally higher with digested than with raw sludge. Zinc and copper did not move from the sludge into the surrounding soil. The increase of these metals in corn leaves was relatively low, reaching only 131 µ/g Zn and 5.9 µ/g Cu as compared with 79 µ/g Zn and 3.8 µ/g Cu in the controls. Although low levels of fecal coliforms survived in the sludge, none were found in the soil surrounding the sludge. Total coliform numbers in the sludge after 160 days were negatively correlated with NH3‐N concentrations, suggesting that NH3, generated on dissociation on NH4+, may be important in reduction of human pathogens.
Adsorption Kinetics of Bacteriophage ΦX‐174 on Soil
Authors: Burge W. D. , Enkiri N. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of bacteriophage ΦX‐174 by a soil followed classical square‐root‐of‐time kinetics, indicating that the rate of adsorption was controlled by diffusion. These results, however, are explained by the heterogeneity of the virus population relative to adsorption rate. The presence of at least two virus populations distinguishable by the rates at which they are adsorbed by the soil and desorption of the adsorbed virus upon dilution are demonstrated experimentally.
Stream Chemistry and Watershed Nutrient Economy Following Wildfire and Fertilization in Eastern Washington
Authors: Tiedemann A. R. , Helvey J. D. , Anderson T. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the first 3 years after a severe wildfire in 1970, maximum concentrations of nitrate‐N (NO3‐N) in stream water increased from prefire levels of <0.016 to 0.56 mg/liter on a burned, unfertilized watershed and to 0.54 and 1.47 mg/liter on two watersheds that were burned and fertilized. Maximum NO3‐N concentration in the stream from an unburned watershed was 0.066 mg/liter. Since NO3‐N levels in the stream from the burned‐only watershed were similar to burned‐fertilized watersheds, increased levels appear to be primarily a result of increased nitrification. Organic N concentrations in streamflow were nearly doubled during the second year after fire compared to prefire levels.Concentrations of total phosphorus (T‐P) in streams from one burned and two burned‐fertilized watersheds were 1.5 to 3 times greater than from an unburned watershed. Combined concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, and Na in streams prior to fire ranged from 12.0 to 14.9 mg/liter. Concentrations declined to 7.4–10.5 mg/liter in streams from burned and burned‐fertilized watersheds during the second year after fire (1972) because of dilution resulting from increased discharge and were still less in 1975 than prefire levels (8.4 to 12.7 mg/liter).Average inputs of N, P, and the four cations during the 5 years of study were 1.23, 0, and 3.56 kg/ha per year. Yearly N input from precipitation was sufficient to balance solution losses in three of the five postfire years. Cation losses in solution greatly exceeded precipitation inputs in all years.Relative to background conditions and levels observed in the control stream, the fire exerted protracted impacts on the chemistry of these streams. Results however, indicate that fire and fertilization exerted negligible effects on chemical water quality for municipal use.
Incineration of Pesticides Containing Phosphorus
Authors: Ahling Bengt , Wiberger Kerstin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFenitrothion and malathion are commonly used as pesticides in farming and gardening. Residues of these compounds can be found in wastes from these activities, such as sprayed material and packaging. This report describes experiments carried out to investigate the possibility of destroying these wastes by incineration. The investigations show that combustion of fenitrothion and malathion at low temperatures (<600°C) gives emissions of 1–2% of the amount of pesticide introduced. To insure safe destruction (emission <100 mg unburned/kg introduced), a temperature above 700°C and a transit time of 3–4 sec are needed. In the case of shorter transit times, the temperature should exceed 800°C.
A Review of the Environmental Impact of Ground Disposal of Oil Shale Wastes
Authors: Routson R. C. , Wildung R. E. , Bean R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe development of oil shale reserves in the western U.S. could contribute greatly to energy independence and several oil extraction processes are feasible. However, the industry remains in initial stages of development, due, in part, to environmental issues. This review considers waste disposal methods for the major types of extraction processes, the potential environmental impacts of waste disposal to the ground, mitigation of environmental effects, and further research needs.Principal waste products of oil shale extraction constitute up to 125% of the original volume, and disposal may, therefore, affect vast land areas. Principal wastes scheduled for ground disposal include the waters produced during retorting and subsequently separated from the shale oil and the spent shales remaining after extraction. Retort waters contain relatively high concentrations of complex, soluble organic components and the spent shales contain potentially leachable salts and organic pyrolytic products. In addition, spent shales have erosion potential when disposed on the surface and considerable effort is being directed to shale management, emphasizing erosion control and shale as a growth medium, and revegetation methods for establishing salt‐ and drought‐tolerant plant species.
The Distribution of 239,240Pu, 238Pu, and 137Cs in Various Particle Size Classes of Lake Michigan Sediments
Authors: Alberts James J. , Muller Robert N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution of 238Pu, 239,240Pu, and 137Cs was determined in sediment samples from Lake Michigan which had been separated into various particle size classes by an elutriation technique. Within the range of size classes studied the distribution of these isotopes are not a function of particle size, but rather have a constant concentration. In addition, calculations of ratios of 239,240Pu and 137Cs concentrations on particles to their concentration in the overlying water showed: (i) the ratios are similar for both plutonium and cesium (∼105); and (ii) ratios do not vary with particle size for either element.
Nitrate Movement in a Chilean Agricultural Area Irrigated with Untreated Sewage Water
Authors: Schalscha E. B. , Vergara I. , Schirado T. , Morales M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrate concentrations in soils and drainage and well waters were determined in a 15‐ha field representing about 4,000 ha of agricultural land irrigated exclusively with raw sewage water for > 25 years. Analyses of the percolating water below the root zone indicated that the leached NO3−‐N was about 350 kg/ha per year. The transit time for water to move through the unsaturated zone to the saturated zone at a depth of 2 to 2.2 m was < 1 year, and the leaching fraction was estimated as 0.63. Concentrations of NO3−‐N ranged from 20 to 35 mg/liter in the percolating water of the unsaturated zone, whereas two well waters contained 9 and 14 mg/liter.