bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epigenetic modulation at birth – altered DNA‐methylation in white blood cells after Caesarean section
Authors: Schlinzig T , Johansson S , Gunnar A , Ekström TJ , Norman M 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim:  Delivery by C‐section (CS) has been associated with increased risk for allergy, diabetes and leukaemia. Whereas the underlying cause is unknown, epigenetic change of the genome has been suggested as a candidate molecular mechanism for perinatal contributions to later disease risk. We hypothesized that mode of delivery affects epigenetic activity in newborn infants.Methods:  A total of 37 newborn infants were included. Spontaneous vaginal delivery (VD) occurred in 21, and 16 infants were delivered by elective CS. Blood was sampled from the umbilical cord and 3–5 days after birth. DNA‐methylation was analyzed in leucocytes.Results:  Infants born by CS exhibited higher DNA‐methylation in leucocytes compared with that of those born by VD (p < 0.001). After VD, newborn infants exhibited stable levels of DNA‐methylation, as evidenced by comparing cord blood values with those 3–5 days after birth (p = 0.55). On postnatal days 3–5, DNA‐methylation had decreased in the CS group (p = 0.01) and was no longer significantly different from that of VD (p = 0.10).Conclusion:  DNA‐methylation is higher in infants delivered by CS than in infants vaginally born. Although currently unknown how gene expression is affected, or whether epigenetic differences related to mode of delivery are long‐lasting, our findings open a new area of clinical research with potentially important public health implications.
Influence of Hyperglycaemia on Chemical‐Induced Toxicity: Study with Cyclophosphamide in Rat
Authors: Saandeep Kalavatala , Vikram Ajit , Tripathi Durga Nand , Ramarao Poduri , Jena Gopabandhu 
Published: June 2009

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated level of glucose in the blood. Hyperglycaemia perturbs the critical balance between oxidative stress and anti‐oxidant defence mechanisms in the body and thereby alters the response of biological system towards various toxic chemicals. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely prescribed anticancer drug, well‐known genotoxic agent as well as used in the development of immunocompromised animal models. The present study investigated the modulating effect of diabetes on the cyclophosphamide‐induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The study was performed on male Sprague‐Dawley rats (200 ± 10 g). Cyclophosphamide (10 mg/kg) was administered five consecutive days in a week for 3 weeks to both control and diabetic rats. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were measured in the plasma, liver, kidney and lung tissues. DNA damaging potential of cyclophosphamide under diabetic condition was evaluated using comet and halo assay as an endpoint. To further ascertain the mode of cell death, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay and immunohistochemical evaluation of p53 was performed. Significant increase in DNA damage was revealed by the comet assay parameters, halo assay indicated the level of cytotoxicity and the oxidative stress was measured using the TBARS assay in the diabetic rats receiving cyclophosphamide treatment. The toxic effects were more prominent in diabetic animals as compared to non‐diabetic rats. Cyclophosphamide treatment and diabetic conditionper seled to increase in the p53 + and TUNEL + cells in the liver and kidney of rats. Under diabetic condition, further increase in the p53 + and TUNEL + cells was observed in response to cyclophosphamide. In the present study, we report that hyperglycaemic condition exaggerates the cyclophosphamide‐induced toxicity and the response was found to be tissue specific.
Discovery of a short orbital period in the Supergiant Fast X-ray Transient IGR J16479–4514
Authors: Jain Chetana , Paul Biswajit , Dutta Anjan 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
We report here the discovery of a 3.32 d orbital period in the Supergiant Fast X-ray Transient (SFXT) source IGR J16479–4514. Using the long-term light curve of this source obtained with Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) in the energy range of 15–50 keV, we have clearly detected an orbital modulation including a full eclipse of duration ∼0.6 d. In the hard X-ray band of the BAT instrument, the eclipse ingress and egress are rapid. We have also used the long-term light curve obtained with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) All Sky Monitor (ASM) in the energy range of 1.5–12 keV. Taken independently, the detection of orbital modulation in the RXTE–ASM light curve is not significant. However, considering a clear detection of orbital modulation in the BAT light curve, we have used the ASM light curve for a more precise determination of the orbital period. IGR J16479–4514 has the shortest orbital period among the three SFXTs with measured/known orbital period. We discuss the implication of a short orbital period with the various mechanisms proposed to explain the transient nature of this class of sources.
What does a universal initial mass function imply about star formation?
Authors: Goodwin Simon P. , Kouwenhoven M. B. N. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
We show that the same initial mass function (IMF) can result from very different modes of star formation from very similar underlying core and/or system mass functions. In particular, we show that the canonical IMF can be recovered from very similar system mass functions, but with very different mass ratio distributions within those systems. This is a consequence of the basically lognormal shapes of all of the distributions. We also show that the relationships between the shapes of the core, system and stellar mass functions may not be trivial. Therefore, different star formation in different regions could still result in the same IMF.
IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NONFAT FERMENTED MILK DRINK BY USING WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE
Authors: OZEN ASLI E. , KILIC MERAL 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT The use of whey protein concentrate (WPC) for the improvement of physical properties of nonfat fermented milk drink was investigated. Drinks were prepared from nonfat milk powder and WPC at different proportions. Rheological properties, serum separation and particle size of the drinks were measured. The effect of WPC on the physical properties of the drinks was evaluated by comparison with those of commonly used stabilizers, including propylene glycol alginate and locust bean gum. WPC addition caused an increase in the consistency coefficient and thixotropy and a decrease in the particle size of the samples. There was no serum separation in the sample with 2% WPC. Large unstable aggregates were observed in the sample with 3% WPC, which also exhibited the highest serum separation. WPC up to a level of 2% positively influenced the physical properties of nonfat fermented milk drink similar to stabilizers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFermented milk drinks are consumed especially for their beneficial health effects. Physical properties of fermented milk drinks influence their quality and consumer acceptability. Hydrocolloid stabilizers are used for the improvement of physical properties of fermented milk products. Whey protein concentrates (WPC) with high protein content can be used to substitute hydrocolloid stabilizers. In this study, the effect of the addition of WPC with 75% protein in place of a part of the nonfat milk powder on the physical properties of nonfat fermented milk drink with 6% dry matter was investigated. Use of an appropriate level of WPC was found to be important for obtaining a desirable effect on the physical properties of nonfat fermented milk drink. The effect of WPC was found to be comparable to those of commonly used hydrocolloid stabilizers. Use of WPC also enhances the nutritional value of the product as whey proteins have a high biological value.
VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE GELS WITH HONEY AND WHEAT FLOUR AT DIFFERENT pH
Authors: YAMUL DIEGO K. , LUPANO CECILIA E. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT Viscoelasticity of heat‐induced gels from whey protein concentrate, with different contents of honey and wheat flour, and prepared at pH 3.75, 4.2 and 7.0, was studied by using dynamic rheological assays. The elastic modulus of gels prepared at neutral pH was higher than the corresponding to acidic gels, probably due to the fact that sulphydryl‐disulfide interchange reactions are favored at neutral pH. Honey decreased the elastic modulus and increased the viscous modulus and the complex viscosity in all conditions assayed. Wheat flour increased the elastic modulus, and all samples exhibited a gel‐type behavior except at high honey content. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSHoney and wheat flour modifies the properties of whey protein concentrate gels. Both components have opposite effects: honey increases the viscous‐like behavior and wheat flour the solid‐like behavior of gels in all conditions assayed. The different characteristics of gels prepared at different pHs and with different amounts of honey and wheat flour could be used in different formulated foods, as desserts.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RHEOLOGY OF BUTTER, A SPREADABLE BLEND AND SPREADS
Authors: VITHANAGE CHANDRA R. , GRIMSON MALCOLM J. , SMITH BRONWEN G. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT The texture of lipid‐based food materials is an important topic for investigation. In this study, the rheological properties of five edible fats were determined. A puncture test was performed to investigate the rheological properties of the food materials at 5C and at 19C using a texture analyzer. The force‐displacement measurements were converted to stress–strain by assuming incompressibility of edible fat food materials in a linear viscoelastic region (LVR). Young's modulus of each edible fat was calculated using stress–stain curves in a LVR. Shear elastic moduli of edible fats in a LVR were obtained using a rheometer. Further to that the effect of temperature on storage modulus and loss modulus and creep test were obtained using a rheometer. The tests showed good correlation between Young's modulus and shear elastic modulus for each material. The mechanical properties correlated well with the structural properties of each of the materials. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe texture of butter, blends and spreads is determined by temperature, rheological properties, processing conditions and the composition of the material. Our research investigated the effect of temperature on the rheological properties of these foods. The results may be used to model the relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of the fat crystal network.
Stress‐induced somatization in spouses of deployed and nondeployed servicemen
Authors: Burton Tracy , Farley David , Rhea Anthony 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPurpose: To compare the level of perceived stress and somatization experienced by spouses of deployed versus nondeployed servicemen, and to determine the relationship between stress and somatization.Data sources: Using Lazarus and Folkman's theory of Stress and Coping, a descriptive correlational design was used with 130 participants; 68 spouses of nondeployed servicemen and 62 spouses of servicemen deployed to a combat zone. Participants completed a Perceived Stress Scale‐10 and Patient Heath Questionnaire‐15. An independent t‐test was used to determine the level of perceived stress and somatization in each sample. The Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between perceived stress score and level of somatization in the total sample.Conclusions: Spouses of deployed servicemen had significantly higher perceived stress scores than spouses of nondeployed service members (p <.001). Somatization scores were also significantly higher in spouses of deployed versus nondeployed servicemen (p <.001). A significant positive correlation was found between level of perceived stress and level of somatization (r = .878, p <.001).Implications for practice: Providers should be familiar with common somatic symptoms, treatments used for somatization and adjunct community resources available to patients with stress‐related somatization.
The mental health needs of refugee children: A review of literature and implications for nurse practitioners
Authors: Crowley Caitlin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPurpose: To review the current literature regarding the mental health needs of refugee children resettled in the United States and provide recommendations for clinicians working with refugee children and their families.Data sources: An extensive review of journal articles published from research conducted in first‐world countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands, and Canada.Conclusions: Review of the current literature suggests that while some refugee children will suffer poor mental health outcomes, such as post‐traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety, others may not. Several groups of researchers concluded that refugee children are actually a high functioning group. Many coping and protective factors as well as risk factors for poor outcomes have been identified by the research.Implications for practice: Because many refugee children will experience adverse psychosocial outcomes during the resettlement period, it is essential that the mental health screenings be performed during each primary care visit. Nurse practitioners have the unique opportunity to make a difference in the lives of refugee children because they play a pivotal role in the assessment, screening, and referral of children for mental health services.
Quality of life of adult patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Mann‐Jiles Valerie , Morris Diana Lynn 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine quality of life (QOL) in adult patients with sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin SC, or hemoglobin S beta thalassemia.Data sources: Data were collected from a convenience sample of 62 adult patients (18 years of age and older) with sickle cell disease (SCD) in an outpatient clinic devoted to the care of hematological and oncological disorders. Burckhardt and Anderson's 16‐item self‐report Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) and a demographic questionnaire were used for data collection.Conclusions: The average QOLS scores for healthy populations are 90. The overall mean QOL score in this study of 83.6 (SD = 13.2) was lower than those of the general population. In this study, scores ranged from 52 to 112. Approximately 35% (n = 22) of participants’ scores ranged from 52 to 75; approximately 35% (n = 22) of participants’ scores ranged from 75 to 85; and approximately 30% (n = 17) of participants’ scores ranged from 85 to 112. Other results were nonsignificant for all variables except the variable that assessed the extent to which participants consider themselves to be spiritual. Future research is needed to further the understanding of the impact of QOL in adults with SCD.Implications for practice: A better understanding of adult patients with SCD QOL may ultimately improve healthcare services for this population. The findings could lead to future research that can identify factors that most impact the QOL of people living with SCD.
Sensory processing disorder: Any of a nurse practitioner's business?
Authors: Byrne Mary W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPurpose: Children who exhibit the confusing symptom patterns associated with sensory processing deficits are often seen first by primary care providers, including family and pediatric nurse practitioners (NPs). The purpose of this article is to alert NPs to the state of the science for these disorders and to the roles NPs could play in filling the knowledge gaps in assessment, treatment, education, and research.Data sources: Literature searches using PubMed and MedLine databases and clinical practice observations.Conclusions: Sensory integration disorders have only begun to be defined during the past 35 years. They are not currently included in the DSM IV standard terminology, and are not yet substantively incorporated into most health disciplines’ curricula or practice, including those of the NP.Implications for practice: NPs are in a unique position to test hypothesized terminology for Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) by contributing precise clinical descriptions of children who match as well as deviate from the criteria for three proposed diagnostic groups: Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD), Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD), and Sensory‐Based Motor Disorder (SBMD). Beyond the SPD diagnostic debate, for children with sensory deficit patterns the NP role can incorporate participating in interdisciplinary treatment plans, refining differential diagnoses, providing frontline referral and support for affected children and their families, and making both secondary prevention and critical causal research possible through validation of consistently accepted diagnostic criteria.
Developing Nations and the Compulsory License: Maximizing Access to Essential Medicines While Minimizing Investment Side Effects
Authors: Bird Robert C. 
Published: June 2009

Tens of millions of adults and children die each year from illnesses that are treatable or preventable with existing medicines. Each year over 500 million people are infected with malaria, and the disease kills two million people annually. Hundreds of thousands more die annually from a myriad of lesser known diseases including diphtheria, measles, tetanus, and syphilis. Approximately 30 percent of the world’s population, over 1.7 billion people, has inadequate access or no access at all to essential medicines.Not surprisingly, the vast majority of these illnesses are contracted in poor countries. Four million lives could be saved annually through prompt diagnosis and treatment of illnesses in Africa and Southeast Asia alone, and access to pharmaceutical drugs could likely save millions more. Many of the health problems facing the developing world do not arise from lack of understanding of complex diseases. Rather, the problem arises from a striking lack of availability of life-saving medicines for the consumers that need these medicines the most.
Teaching Health Law
Authors: Todres Jonathan 
Published: June 2009

With the publication of the Carnegie Foundation’s 2007 report on legal education, law schools are focused again on curriculum reform. The Carnegie report highlighted a number of important issues, one of which is the need to improve the teaching of lawyering skills. This article takes up one subset of the skills package of lawyers – transactional law skills – and suggests that health law courses provide an excellent forum for exploring and teaching such skills.With their reliance on the case method, law schools historically have done little to introduce students to transactional thinking, practice, or skills. Yet today, transactional work is a significant component of most attorneys’ practices. A common misperception is that transactional law only means “doing deals” while at a large law firm.
Assessing Information on Public Health Law Best Practices for Obesity Prevention and Control
Authors: Jacobson Peter D. , Kim Susan C. , Tortolero Susan R. 
Published: June 2009

In 2008, Representative John Read of Mississippi recently co-sponsored state legislation that would ban restaurants from serving obese customers. He later admitted that the bill was a publicity stunt,meant to “shed a little light on the number one problem in Mississippi.” Although controversial, Read’s bill exemplifies both the current perception of obesity as a national public health problem and the general sentiment underlying the types of interventions that are being considered to address this issue. The proposed legislation also demonstrates how policymakers can use or, in this case misuse, information about obesity to generate significant discussion on an issue along with ill-conceived legal interventions.Information sharing and the methods used to share best practices are components of the fourth core element of public health legal preparedness.
Improving Laws and Legal Authorities for Obesity Prevention and Control
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Gostin Lawrence O. 
Published: June 2009

This paper is one of four interrelated action papers resulting from the 2008 National Summit on Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control. Summit participants engaged in discussions on the current state of the law with respect to obesity, nutrition and food policy, physical activity, and physical education. Participants also identified gaps in the law at all jurisdictional levels and relevant to numerous sectors and disciplines that have a stake in obesity prevention and control.The companion paper, “Assessment of Laws and Legal Authorities for Obesity Prevention and Control,”identified numerous laws and policies enacted to target the three domains of healthy lifestyles, healthy places, and healthy societies. That paper identified several gaps in the law that require attention and action. This paper addresses those gaps and presents applicable laws and legal authorities that public health professionals and lawyers can consider to implement to close the gaps.
Pluvial flooding: new approaches in flood warning, mapping and risk management
Authors: Falconer R.H. , Cobby D. , Smyth P. , Astle G. , Dent J. , Golding B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn response to Defra's First Government Response to the Making Space for Water consultation, the Feasibility study into expanding flood warning to cover other flood risks (reference RF5) has investigated the technical feasibility of providing warning services for sources of flooding other than from rivers and the sea. Following a review of all nonfluvial and noncoastal sources of flooding perceived as significant, it was concluded that it is currently technically feasible to consider providing some form of warning service for pluvial and three forms of groundwater flooding. Although a warning service for pluvial flooding is considered less advanced than that for groundwater, a trigger rainfall forecast and a method for identifying locations most susceptible to pluvial flooding has been proposed. This form of service could provide responding organisations with more warning of possible flooding than is currently available.