bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Rise of the International
Authors: Devetak Richard , Dunne Tim 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the purpose of the volume which is to investigate how the concept of ‘the international’ emerged in Western discourses. The motivation for the volume grows out of a convergence in the disciplines of history and international relations, with the former undergoing an ‘international turn’ and the latter taking a ‘historiographical turn’. The first section of the chapter briefly outlines the ways in which the international has been conceptualized in international relations. The second section describes the intellectual strategy employed, which is to treat the international as an object of historical rather than theoretical enquiry. The chapter identifies two elements in this strategy. First, by taking inspiration from the so-called ‘Cambridge method’, it seeks to historicize the international. Second, by recognizing the multiple geographical and institutional contexts in which the concept has emerged and been used—including the global context—it seeks to pluralize the international. The final section of the chapter outlines the structure of the book with brief descriptions of individual chapters.
Grotius on Duties in the International State of Nature
Authors: Glanville Luke 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Hugo Grotius’s contribution to the development of a notion of what we might term an international state of nature, and especially his insistence that the duties that actors owed each other in this international realm were very different from those that obtained within civil society. In the sixteenth century, theorists writing within a range of traditions had posited solemn and demanding duties to assist and rescue vulnerable subjects of other rulers from tyranny and persecution. In the early seventeenth century, Grotius explicitly subordinated such duties to the duty to seek the preservation and advantage of one’s own state. No state was bound to accept trouble or inconvenience for the sake of vulnerable outsiders. Positive duties to care for the needs and welfare of others were explicitly confined to the realm of civil society. An examination of Grotius’s argument helps us to appreciate the contingent roots of an understanding of international duties that remains widely accepted today.
Natural Law and the Rise of the International
Authors: Devetak Richard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of the way that natural law theory contributed to the rise of the international as a separate and distinct realm of political life. It argues that natural law’s early modern transformation—tracking from Alberico Gentili and Hugo Grotius through Thomas Hobbes and Samuel Pufendorf to Emer de Vattel—enabled a clearer distinction between domestic and international politics as two spheres of political life. The chapter begins by identifying two ‘acts of scission’ that initiated the transformation: the detheologization of natural law and the demarcation of a state of nature from the civil condition made possible by the conceptualization of the sovereign territorial state. Overlaid on these acts of scission were the language, interest, and office of the diplomat and statesman and the introduction of discourses of the balance of power, laws of war, diplomacy, and treaty-making into the space demarcated as the state of nature. In consequence, a conception of the international emerged in the constitution of the states-system as a sphere of life possessing its own rules, norms, and institutions and a distinctive form of political morality, namely reason of state.
From Counsellor to Theorist, or the Real History of Realism
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The language of ‘interest’ was used in seventeenth-century Europe to make the actions of states and empires calculable. In England, the key source was Henri duc de Rohan’s D’Linterest des Princes et des Estats de la Chrestiente, published in France in 1638, and in England in 1641 as A Treatise of the Interest of the Princes and States of Christendome. Studying its reception reveals the development of a counselling discourse that was fixated on preserving the balance of power and hence the individual and shared liberties of Europe’s polities. This interest analysis is presented as a more promising starting point for investigating the emergence of ‘realism’ than the usual candidates, Niccolò Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes.
Discovering Bentham’s International
Authors: Cello Lorenzo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter recovers Jeremy Bentham’s conception of ‘the international’ as it emerges from his published and unpublished manuscripts on the subject. It suggests that his fame as a utopian or idealist thinker should be reconsidered in light of the many ‘realist’ and pragmatic aspects that characterize his international thought. These become more apparent when we understand the complex nature of his utilitarian mode of reasoning: a form of ‘moral casuistry’ grounded in the principle of utility that made available a new mode of thinking about things international. The chapter is organized in three sections. The first shows that both Bentham and his arch-enemy, the Swiss diplomat and jurist Emer de Vattel, saw the legal equality between states and the mutual respect for each other’s sovereign power to form government as a precondition for any peaceful future. The second finds that Bentham’s most well-known work on international law—Principles of International Law—is, properly speaking, not his work. The third examines his late unsuccessful plan to write a ‘New Vattel’, an international legal code that could surpass and replace Vattel’s Law of Nations.
Empire, Nation, and the International in the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Atlantic
Authors: Ford Lisa , Benton Lauren 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the emergence of the international at the complex intersection of imperial, national, and treaty law in the nineteenth century. Highlighting the case of the Flor de Loanda, a slave ship caught near Rio harbour in 1838, the chapter reveals the improvised and fragmented interface of multiple legal regimes as the British Empire sought to assert its interests and police the Atlantic slave trade against Portugal and Brazil. The case shows not only that nothing like a coherent system of international law existed as actors used legal arguments from competing legal systems and jurisdictions, but also that an understanding of nineteenth-century international order cannot be derived purely from the doctrines of the law of nations. Rather, the Flor de Loanda case shows that, in order to understand international ordering in the early nineteenth century, we must pay careful attention to endemic jurisdictional disputes among empires and emerging nation-states.
The Bandung Imaginary
Authors: Seth Sanjay 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Every notion of the ‘international’, ‘global’, or ‘world’ has a certain social imaginary built into it, which determines or delimits the questions that can be posed of that object, what practical/political problems are seen to be most pressing, and what possibilities there might be for action and change. This chapter traces the transformation whereby an ‘imperial’ imaginary of the international was challenged and replaced by an alternative conception of the international—the Bandung imaginary. Central to this imaginary was its to challenge the global colour line in an effort to reorder the world. This chapter is about Bandung and its global imaginary, but also about its subsequent eclipse.
Climate and Capitalists
Authors: Sluga Glenda 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A new environmental history is focusing on global governance. This chapter studies the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972, seen through the roles of the British economist Barbara Ward and anthropologist Margaret Mead, exceptional actors in a unique set of scientific, political, and economic networks. It argues that by putting Mead and Ward back into this international history of the origins of global environmental governance, we gain a new historical perspective on how the international domain of politics has been imagined to include the environment, and who counted—women as much as men, economists, anthropologists, and business. Adding Mead and Ward allows us to see the importance of networks in all their problematic historical messiness and the changing ‘knowledge regimes’ of environmental thinking. In the early 1970s, those ‘regimes’ emerged in relation to a series of implicit questions: Was the environment in crisis? What place should the developing world have in the development of a global response? Was overpopulation more critical than pollution? What was the role of economic policy and science? Was the world simply interdependent, or more fundamentally ‘planetary’ in the interdependence of all living things? Was ‘no growth’ the solution? And who in the international scheme of things got to decide or imagine?
Obligation as Moral Necessitation and Nötigung
Authors: Klemme Heiner F. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The text examines the development of the concept of obligation between Leibniz and Kant, focusing on the perspectives of Baumgarten, Meier, and Wolff. It highlights Baumgarten’s amplification of Wolff’s psychological approach to motivation, where the notion of necessitation underscores the strength of causes driving action. In contrast, Kant’s emphasis on necessitation as dependence on the principle of autonomy and the validity of pure reason shapes his distinct perspective on obligation, diverging from the psychological realm and deriving our radical moral independence from inclination. Kant’s interest lies in the possibility of a good will, necessitating an a priori normative framework founded on pure reason. While Baumgarten’s focus remains on inducing free action, Kant’s concern is establishing the possibility of a categorical imperative within the dichotomy of pure reason and empirical concepts. This juxtaposition reveals Kant’s departure from Baumgarten’s psychological emphasis and the principle of sufficient reason.
Three Models of Natural Right
Authors: Tomassini Fiorella 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant locates the Rechtslehre in the realm of the “systematic knowledge of the doctrine of natural right (Ius naturae).” However, Kant in a profound shift there redefines the concept of ius naturae: the (moral) right of nature becomes the law of freedom, and the doctrine of natural right becomes “the metaphysical doctrine of right.” This chapter examines Kant’s critical analysis of two previous models of natural right, those belonging to Baumgarten and Achenwall. In contrast to Kant, these highlight the normative link between right principles and a natural end, as well as the role of God as the author of moral laws, both absent in Kant. While Kant’s concept of right adopts Achenwall by dissociating right from ethics and associating it with the power to coerce, he retains Baumgarten’s notion that a rational doctrine of right forms part of a broader systematic doctrine encompassing the whole system of duties.
The ‘Two Worlds Theory’ in the Philebus
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This paper asks whether Plato endorses the ‘Two Worlds Theory’ in the Philebus. The issue is complicated in part because that theory has been formulated in different, not obviously equivalent ways. Accordingly, the paper begins by distinguishing different versions of the view. It then explores the central passages in the Philebus, asking whether they endorse one or another version of the view. One issue discussed is how we should understand epistēmē in the dialogue: is it restricted to everlasting, unchanging things? Is all epistēmē knowledge, and, if so, how should we understand ‘knowledge’ here? Is all epistēmē true, or is some epistēmē false? Plato distinguishes different levels of epistēmē, but how many of them are there and how are they to be distinguished?
Aristotle on Knowledge and the Knowable
Authors: Moss Jessica 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Aristotle has a general concept of knowledge, which he labels gnōsis (in addition to his various concepts of specialized kinds of knowledge such as epistēmē). This paper illuminates Aristotle’s gnōsis by studying at his treatment of the gnōrimon (‘knowable’). Despite, Aristotle’s distinction between what is knowable by nature and what is knowable to us, and his application of ‘gnōrimon’ both to propositions and to objects, he has a unified notion of the gnōrimon, namely that with which we can be well acquainted. This strongly suggests that gnōsis is knowledge in the sense of good acquaintance. All knowledge, propositional or not, is a matter of being well acquainted with reality. Thus, on Aristotle’s view, all humans by nature desire to know not primarily because we want our beliefs to be certain or justified or the like, but because we want reality to be well known to us, like a well-known person.
Nicomachean Revision in the ‘Common Books’
Authors: Baker Samuel H. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
There is good reason to believe that Nicomachean Ethics 6. 2 is a Nicomachean revision of an originally Eudemian text. Aristotle seems to have inserted lines 1139a31–b11 by means of a marginal note, which the first editor then mistakenly added in the wrong place, and this paper proposes moving these lines so that they follow the word κοινωνεῖν at 1139a20. The suggested note appears to be Nicomachean for several reasons, but most importantly because it contains a desire-based account of the practical intellect as teleologically oriented to action. The NE articulates consequences of this account regarding practical philosophy’s methodology and teleological orientation to action. The EE does not articulate such consequences and instead seems to assume an object-based account of the practical intellect. Consequently, it would seem that, between the EE and the NE, Aristotle revised his conception of the practical intellect and consequently his conception of practical philosophy.
Something Stoic in Plato’s Sophist
Authors: Harven Vanessa De 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Stoics have often been compared with the earthborn Giants in the Battle of Gods and Giants in Plato’s Sophist, but with diverging opinions about the lessons they drew in reaction to Plato. At issue are questions about what in the Sophist the Stoics were reacting to, how the Stoics are like and unlike the Giants, the status of being for the Stoics, and the extent to which they were Platonizing with their incorporeals. With these open questions in mind, this paper re-examines the Sophist from the Stoic perspective, finding eight distinct challenges that are likely to have been salient to the Stoics, and offers a new account of the Stoics as responding to these challenges with an innovative ontology that prises apart something from being to make room for what is not, and a sophisticated one-world metaphysics that grounds everything there is in two fundamental bodies.
The Role of Foreign Companies (1895–1930)
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 covers the role of foreign firms in Japanese economic and social development. Foreign companies were barred from doing business outside the port cities until the 1890s. However, it became necessary to allow them to enter the market in exchange for access to the technologies that had ushered in the second industrial revolution. Chapter 5 examines Japan’s decision to join two major global institutions: the Gold Standard and Paris Convention on Intellectual Property as a means of attracting foreign companies. It also provides a general overview of the foreign companies that invested in Japan in 1895–1930 and sections on major industries of the second industrial revolution: oil/chemicals, electrical appliances, automobiles, and consumer goods. In each section, the discussion focuses on the partnerships between Japanese and foreign entrepreneurs and how the technology transfers occurred. While foreign firms were allowed to do business in Japan from the 1890s to the 1930s, their presence did not result in a convergence to a British or American model of capitalism. On the contrary, it only strengthened the position of zaibatsu in the Japanese economy. Zaibatsu were the most important local partners of foreign firms, and through them, foreign firms were able to found joint ventures and transfer technology, thus contributing to the establishment of zaibatsu capitalism during the interwar years. Despite the overwhelming advantages of foreign firms, they did not always succeed in dominating the domestic market as shown through the case study of Siemens’s entry into the Japanese X-ray device market.
Preserving the World’s Evolutionary Cauldrons
Authors: Wills Christopher 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The final chapter opens with some remarkable successes that we have achieved, both in ecosystem restoration and in increasing our understanding of the many challenges facing us. These successes have provided the scientific tools needed to solve even more intractable problems, such as the true role of microbial communities in ecosystems. We visit to the Amazon rainforest and explore the hundreds of years of experience that indigenous groups have acquired as they have learned to survive in fragile ecosystems. Then we thread our way through populations of gigantic cane toads in northern Australia, learning that ecosystems have immense ability to fight back against, and sometimes to co-opt, even the most destructive invading species. There are no easy technological fixes to these problems. Tiny ecological “lifeboats,” like the ill-fated Biosphere 2 in Arizona, can go wrong in an immense number of ways. In summary, we are a species with wonderful accomplishments, clearly worth saving. But we must also save our planet.
The Beggar’s Opera
Authors: Prizel Natalie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter centers on the figure of the disabled beggar (and the overlapping figure of the street-seller) whose significance and self-presentation became morally and economically prescribed and proscribed in the Victorian period, during which the government was intent on giving economic force to the distinction between the deserving and undeserving poor. The performances of everyday life—though often spectacular—are the primary means by which disabled beggars and street-sellers escape nascent social-scientific categorization under the Poor Law Amendments of 1834 and the implementation of workhouse labor. Performance as visual spectacle is both a necessary means by which these figures earn a living and the source of the near-obsessive concerns about imposture that haunt the period. This chapter treats a wide range of texts and illustrations from Charles Lamb to Henry Mayhew (and his collaborator, photographer Richard Beard), Thomas Carlyle, and others.
The Dead Man Come to Life
Authors: Prizel Natalie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on one Edward Albert, a Jamaican-British double-amputee crossing-sweeper who engages in multiple forms of remunerative labor: begging as well as selling an autobiographical chapbook that tells the story of his disablement and demands reparations for his suffering at the hands of an inhumane racialized economic system. Albert’s chapbook shows an assemblage of cultural artifacts and tropes—particularly those associated with slavery, the history of the Black Atlantic, and Caribbean performance traditions—to lend meaning to his body in ways that he hopes will be financially beneficial. His claims and his acts of self-fashioning reflect the complex version of aberrance that appears at the intersection of disability and racial difference. Albert’s multimedia assemblage of a saleable self thwarts a knowing eye while simultaneously providing a model of Black endurance in a world in which Black lives are imagined to be disposable.
Epilogue
Authors: Prizel Natalie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Epilogue turns to prominent modernist writers and thinkers—particularly figures such as Virginia Woolf, Lytton Strachey, Clive Bell, and Ford Madox Ford—to consider “What We Have Lost”—an ethical optics that might still prove useful. One such loss is Ruskin’s idea of a kind of ontological flatness in which all objects and people are worthy of attention and attentive looking, in and of themselves. Focusing on the modernist tendency toward precise aesthetic discrimination—a tendency now associated with sophisticated aesthetic judgment—the chapter suggests that such discrimination represents not only a fall from optical innocence but also a narrowing of aesthetic values that ultimately impedes expansive vision. The book concludes by drawing out the implications of viewing physical aberrance as an ethical, aesthetic, and relational orientation rather than a medical, legal, or social category, and argues that there is value in Victorian ideas of extranormativity that this book rediscovers.
The grammar(s) of reported discourse in medieval French literature
Authors: Marnette Sophie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter ties in narratological, stylistic, and linguistic insights from the author’s research and from the study of français oral représenté to offer a global approach to the macro- and micro-grammar(s) of speech and thought presentation (S&TP), highlighting their intra- and intertextual variation, i.e. the fact that different grammars can compete within the same text and across textual genres. The macro-grammar(s) of S&TP are explored in terms of the form and functions of reported discourses and of their framing (i.e. insertion) within the texts, while the micro-grammar(s) are investigated in terms of stable characteristics linked to the interactional quality of oral discourse and in terms of the spoken language’s aptitude for linguistic innovation. The examples used here are mostly taken from two digital editions of the Histoire ancienne jusqu’à César, an early thirteenth-century prose text, in a database recently developed by the ERC-funded project ‘The Values of French’.
Elision, the neglected link in French phonology
Authors: Green John N. , Hintze Marie-Anne 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Elision is the least well studied of the processes collectively known as linking phenomena in the phonology of modern French. Until the publication of Green and Hintze (2021), it had not attracted a single comprehensive account this century. The current chapter challenges the prevailing belief that elision is unitary and categorical, hence marginal for both theoretical phonology and sociolinguistics. Data presented from a historical corpus of late twentieth-century French show conclusively that vocalic elision is the largest contributor to rightward resyllabification, well ahead of liaison and classic enchaînement. Even so, it is not categorical in all sites, and is increasingly prone to erosion in tokens of que and its compounds. Although non-elision has obvious phonological consequences, its motivation lies in discourse structure and speaker interaction rather than in phonology.
Attitudes on Twitter towards French inclusive writing
Authors: Tristram Anna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter reports on a study which combines techniques from corpus linguistics and discourse analysis to explore attitudes to French inclusive writing (écriture inclusive) on the social media microblogging site, Twitter. The study takes a dual approach to exploring the expression of attitudes in the corpus, by investigating both the lexico-semantics of tweets and domain-specific expressive features such as retweets and favourites. The study adds to the growing body of research into attitudes towards specific language features (rather than varieties/dialects) and places this debate within the larger context of the feminization of the French language. The results reveal a large degree of overlap between attitudes towards inclusive writing at the official and individual levels, which is argued to be related to the underlying ideology of the standard which obtains in France.