bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relative effectiveness of commonly used disinfectants in inactivation of echovirus 11
Authors: Drulak Murray , Wallbank Alfred M. , Lebtag Ingrid 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEchovirus 11 in the presence of fetal calf serum was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 s. At the end of such exposure times, skim milk neutralized disinfectant activity and residual virus was assayed using the plaque technique. The six disinfectants studied were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene, and Sonacide. Although 0·25% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 95% (v/v) ethanol were equally virucidal and significantly more so than the other four disinfectants, causing 106reduction in 20 s, they may not be practical to use in many instances. Javex at a dilution of 1/50 (1200 parts/106chlorine) proved to be virucidal causing 103·5reduction of echovirus 11 in 30 s. Wescodyne (1/50) and undiluted Sonacide were relatively ineffective causing 10 reduction or less of echovirus 11 in 30 s. One Stroke Ves-Phene (1/50) was ineffective causing no significant inactivation in 30 s.
Microneutralization tests for serological typing and subtyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains
Authors: Rweyemamu M. M. , Booth J. C. , Head Morwen , Pay T. W. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA microneutralization test for serotyping of FMD viruses is described. It is based on earlier observations by Booth, Rweyemamu & Pay (1978) that dose-response relationships in quantal microneutralizations often deviated from linearity. The typing test described therefore utilizes undiluted virus preparations. In about 90% of samples a positive typing was obtained in contrast with about 50% for the complement fixation test. The test was also found to be susceptible to minimal quantities of heterotypic viral contamination.For strain differentiation the microneutralization test was carried out as a checkerboard test. When compared with the complement fixation test it was found to be more specific. The necessity to utilize virus-neutralization test systems for comparing (FMD) virus strains particularly for the purpose of vaccine selection is emphasized. The two dimensional microneutralization test has been applied to a study of comparing FMDV vaccine strains for Europe, South America, the Middle East and East Africa.
Differentiation ofMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoidesfrom certain closely related caprine mycoplasmas by mycoplasmaemia and cross-protection tests in mice
Authors: Hooker J. M. , Smith G. R. , Milligan R. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn recent years, mycoplasma taxonomists have found that numerous mycoplasma strains from goats are serologically indistinguishable fromMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoides, the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), by routinely used tests, e.g. the metabolism-and growth-inhibition tests. As a result, such organisms are now openly referred to asM. mycoidessubsp.mycoides.Seven of these so-calledM. mycoidessubsp.mycoidesstrains from goats were compared with two strains ofM. mycoidessubsp.mycoidesfrom CBPP, and with one strain ofM. mycoidessubsp.capri, by means of two in-vivo tests, namely, (1) a test of the ability of each strain, injected intraperitoneally into mice, to produce mycoplasmaemia, and (2) a cross-protection test in mice. Of the seven strains, only one (‘O goat’) was indistinguishable from genuineM. mycoidessubsp.mycoides; it also had small colonies resembling those of genuineM. mycoidessubsp.mycoides. The other six were easily distinguished from genuineM. mycoidessubsp.mycoides, and they produced large colonies. These six strains and others like them should no longer be given a name that fails to distinguish them from the causative agent of CBPP.Cross-protection tests showed that the seven goat strains referred to above differed fromM. mycoidessubsp.capri.
A survey of trimethoprim resistance in the enteric bacterial flora of farm animals
Authors: West B. , White G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFor 29 months the Veterinary Investigation Centres, covering the whole of Great Britain, forwarded trimethoprim-resistant gram negative enteric bacteria to the Wellcome Research Laboratories. These were examined for degree of resistance, presence and type of R factors. Trimethoprim resistance was found in 0·6 % of the total number of strains examined by the Veterinary Investigation Centres. Trimethoprim R factors were demonstrated in one quarter of the resistant strains, and R factors were found in two strains ofSalmonella typhimurium. It was concluded that while the incidence of trimethoprim resistance revealed by the survey gave no cause for alarm, the detection of resistant strains, and particularly R factors, indicated that the drug should continue to be used only for specific therapeutic purposes.
Investigation of cross-infection in isolation wards of different design
Authors: Mckendrick G. D. W. , Emond R. T. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA survey was conducted in seven hospitals to assess the risk of cross-infection with the highly infectious air-borne diseases, varicella-zoster and measles, in isolation wards of different design. Existing wards and isolation techniques were found to afford a high degree of protection, but there was considerable variation in the incidence of cross-infection related to ward structure, ward practice and the availability of trained staff. Recommendations are made for the design of new isolation wards and for safe practice.
The preparation of simulated water samples for the purpose of bacteriological quality control
Authors: Gray R. D. , Lowe G. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAs part of the bacteriological quality control programme of the Public Health Laboratory Service, we were asked to investigate the possibility of providing simulated water samples for distribution to the laboratories. For this purpose it was necessary to find some means whereby suspensions of coliform organisms and Escherichia coli could be kept relatively stable in number at room temperature for a period of 7–10 days. This, it was finally found, was best achieved by adding selected strains of the organisms to improved formate lactose glutamate medium (Gray, 1964) without the lactose but with added boric acid to a final concentration of 1·8%.The procedures adopted in the successful quality control programme are described.
Observations on environmental contamination in a microbiological laboratory
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. , Joynson D. H. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYContamination of a laboratory environment with pathogenic or non-pathogenic micro-organisms may be relevant to safety of technicians and quality of technical performance. Two widely separated incidents in 1968 and 1974 initiated a study of aspects of the laboratory environment. Water-baths, water of syneresis and portions of salmonella cultures spurting out of the sterilizing flame were examined. The water of water-baths was shown to be contaminated from the fluid cultures incubated in them. This raised questions of potential cross-contamination and reporting of false positives. Water of syneresis was sometimes contaminated with salmonellas. A few quantitative counts were made. The range of counts varied between 16 salmonellas per ml. and 13,000,000 salmonellas per ml. Five hundred portions of salmonella cultures and 571 portions of Shigella sonnei cultures which had spurted from the sterilizing flame were examined. All these samples failed to grow salmonellas or shigellas.Precautions necessary to avoid environmental contamination are briefly discussed.
Point and interval estimation in the combination of bioassay results
Authors: Armitage P. , Bennett B. M. , Finney D. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA procedure for combining evidence from different biological assays is shown to be equivalent both to generalized least-squares and to maximum-likelihood estimation. By appropriate nesting of hypotheses, the likelihood function can be used to test the agreement between the assays and to obtain probability limits for the combined estimate of potency. The properties of these limits are examined, with particular reference to the situation, unusual but not impossible in practice, in which the values of relative potency that they define consist of several disjoint segments instead of a single interval. The connexion with general theory of estimating linear functional relations is pointed out.
The response to oral poliovaccine in persons aged 16–18 years
Authors: Smith J. W. G. , Lee J. A. , Fletcher W. B. , Morris C. A. , Parker D. A. , Yetts Risha , Magrath D. I. , Perkins F. T. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSerum neutralizing antibodies to polioviruses were titrated in serum samples from 182 police cadets aged 16–18 years before and, in 168 of the cadets, 6 weeks after vaccination with a single dose of oral polio vaccine (OPV). Faecal excretion of poliovirus was also followed. Vaccination histories were obtained and confirmed whenever possible.Pre-vaccination antibody could not be detected against type 1 in 9·3% cadets, against type 2 in 2·7% and against type 3 in 7·7%. Absence of antibody to at least one virus type was found in 14·3 % of the cadets.In 93 cadets in whom vaccination histories could be confirmed 40 had received only inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) previously; of these 23% lacked antibody to at least one virus type, and they had less intestinal immunity to a challenge dose of OPV than those previously given OPV. Only two of the cadets known to have had OPV were non-immune – both had received a single dose following full courses of IPV. However, cadets who had received OPV had their last dose of vaccine more recently (average 4.6 years) than those who had received only IPV (all 12 years or more).The serum antibody response to a single booster dose of OPV, and the faecal excretion of each type of virus after vaccination, showed an inverse relation to the corresponding pre-vaccination antibody concentration. A single dose of OPV did not reliably boost the immunity of those who possessed adequate immunity, and a failure to respond was also observed in a proportion of the cadets with no detectable antibody, mostly in the case of type 3 antibody and particularly if antibody to types 1 or 2 virus was also absent. No evidence was obtained that intestinal immunity could be expected in the absence of detectable circulating antibody.The reasons for the absence of a serological response to OPV in some subjects are discussed and consideration is given to the practical significance of the findings. It is suggested that reinforcement of polio immunity at school-leaving is important, particularly at the present time when many of those aged 16–18 years will have been vaccinated only with IPV. A single does of OPV is not ideal for this purpose, not only because a small proportion of persons are liable to be left unprotected, but also because failure to produce a reliable boost in persons with adequate immunity at the time of vaccination gives rise to the possibility that they may become susceptible later in adult life.
The serotypes ofBordetella pertussisisolated in Great Britain between 1941 and 1968 and a comparison with the serotypes observed in other countries over this period
Authors: Bronne–Shanbury Caroline J. , Miller Delphine , Standfast A. F. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYClassification, by agglutinogens, of 634 isolates ofBordetella pertussiscollected from 1941 to 1968 in Great Britain demonstrated that a change from a predominantly 1,2,0,4 serotype (75% of those examined during 1941–4) to a predominantly 1,0,3,0 serotype (73% of those examined during 1966–8) occurred sometime after 1953. Furthermore, evidence from the examination of isolates collected between 1941 and 1953 suggests that the change may have been gradual. Isolates of serotype 1,2,3,4 made up 20–30% of the total of our cross-country selection for the periods 1941–4, 1946–9, 1950–3 and 1966–8, but over shorter periods in individual areas the percentage varied from negligible to as high as half of those isolated. Results from other countries show a similar drift towards a 1,0,3 serotype but more often from a 1,2,3 than from 1,2,0 serotype.The value, in epidemiological studies, of extended information obtained by monospecific typing sera to all six, rather than only two or three agglutinogens, and confirmation of the results by agglutinin production is demonstrated: for instance not all 1,0,3 isolates were identical.
Growth of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the upper respiratory tract of non-immunized, vaccinated, and recovered cattle after intranasal inoculation
Authors: McVicar J. W. , Sutmoller P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY‘Mention of a trademark or a proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.’Non-immunized, vaccinated, and recovered cattle were inoculated intranasally with various doses of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Samples of oesophageal-pharyngeal (OP) fluid were taken periodically for up to 7 days after inoculation and virus titres of these samples were plotted as pharyngeal virus growth curves.In non-immunized cattle, the length of the lag period and of the growth period were inversely proportional to the dose of virus given. Maximum titres were observed when clinical signs were first detected. Three of the 10 cattle studied had virus growth rates that were lower than rates of others given the same dose of virus, and clinical signs appeared later than expected in these three cattle.Cattle vaccinated with an inactivated virus oil-adjuvant vaccine had pharyngeal virus growth curves that were similar to those obtained from non-immunized cattle for 30 h. after inoculation. Titres of virus in OP fluid samples taken 2–7 days after inoculation were substantially lower in cattle with a high pre-exposure serum mouse protection index than titres from partly-immunized or non-immunized cattle.Nine of 14 recovered cattle had detectable but reduced virus growth after intranasal inoculation with homologous virus. Five recovered cattle inoculated with heterologous virus reacted similarly to non-immunized animals.
Effect of various milk feeds on numbers ofEscherichia coliandBifidobacteriumin the stools of new-born infants
Authors: Hewitt J. H. , Rigby Janet 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEscherichia coliwas found in a similar proportion of stool specimens from infants who were breast-fed and from others fed on three different artificial-milk preparations. WhenE. coliwas present its mean colony count in the stools of breast-fed infants was within the range of the mean counts for infants receiving the artificial-milk feeds.There was no consistent relation between high counts of bifidobacteria (Lacto-bacillus bifidus) and low counts ofE. coli.This suggests that measures aimed at implanting or stimulating the growth of bifidobacteria in the large intestine of artificially fed infants may not greatly influence theE. colipopulation therein.The results are discussed in relation to the protection of artificially fed infants fromE. colienteritis.
Urinary infection in children in general practice: a laboratory view
Authors: Maskell R. M. , Pead L. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYChildren with urinary infection present at first to their general practitioners; paediatricians to whom they may be referred must assess the validity of the bacteriological diagnosis made at that time. With this in mind an analysis has been made of the laboratory findings in 2204 mid-stream urine specimens from 1586 children between the ages of two and 12 years examined at the request of their general practitioners during the course of one year.The contamination rate was shown to be low; 8% of the specimens from boys and 19% of those from girls showed definite infection, and the ratio of infections in boys to girls was 1:4. There was a considerable difference in the infecting organisms in the sexes.Analysis of the reasons for sending the specimens revealed that a high percentage of children who complained of urinary symptoms did not have infection. Of the children complaining of enuresis only there was a significantly greater incidence of infection in girls than in boys.In the absence of any large studies of urinary infection in domiciliary practice, data from a laboratory which serves many practitioners can contribute to know ledge of the disease.
Decline of maternal antibodies to plague in Norway rats
Authors: Williams James E. , Eisenberg George H. G. , Cavanaugh Dan C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe decline of maternal antibodies to the fraction I antigen ofYersinia pestiswas investigated in newly weanedRattus norvegicusobtained from dams vaccinated with strain EV76(51f) ofY. pestis.IHA titre decreased by 50% each 7.3 days and CF titre declined 50% each 10.0 days in young rats. An analysis of available data indicated that maternal IHA and CF antibodies could persist to 3 months of age. Therefore, positive serologic reactions in youngR. norvegicus, detected in the course of serological surveys, could be the result either of active immunization after exposure to the plague bacillus or of transient passive immunization (i.e. maternal antibody).
Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen among staff in an Edinburgh hospital
Authors: Burrell C. J. , Tonkin R. W. , Proudfoot E. , Leadbetter G. , Cowan P. , Lockerbie L. , Gore S. , Lutz W. , Marmion B. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAntibody to hepatitis B surface antigen was detected by radioimmunoprecipitation in 74 (5·5%) of 1336 staff members in a large general hospital in Edinburgh, in 14 (2·9%) of 480 volunteer blood donors in the area, and in 12 (6·1%) of 197 pregnant women attending for the first time at the ante-natal clinic in the hospital. Rates of antibody prevalence rose with age in the sample of hospital staff and in that of the blood donors, particularly among males. On the other hand, in the ante-natal patients antibody prevalence declined with age.The rates in hospital staff were higher than those in blood donors of comparable age and sex, and high titres of antibody were more common in the staff group. However, no association was found between antibody prevalence and a history of clinical hepatitis, blood transfusion, or recognized contact with cases of hepatitis. Staff who had previously worked in an infectious disease hospital did not show increased antibody prevalence, indicating that simple isolation measures have been adequate to minimize exposure to hepatitis B.No particular prevalence of infection was seen in physicians and surgeons, in the nursing staff, or in workers in clinical diagnostic laboratories, hospital administration or other areas. One group clearly showing increased antibody prevalence was staff currently working, or who had worked, in the Haemodialysis Unit; this correlated with the outbreak of dialysis-associated hepatitis in 1969–70. However, no evidence suggested that significant dissemination of infection had occurred to other defined groups of hospital staff. Elevated rates were also observed in a small sample of kitchen and portering staff, and in obstetric medical and nursing staff; the latter observations indicate a need for further investigation to identify unsuspected exposure to hepatitis B virus.
The susceptibility of Tatera indica, Nesokia indica and Bandicota bengalensis to three anticoagulant rodenticides
Authors: Greaves J. H. , Rehman A. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThree South-Asian rodent pest species were tested for susceptibility to anticoagulant rodenticides. Wheat flour containing 0·025% warfarin, 0·0375% coumatetralyl or 0·005% difenacoum was fed to 260 Tatera indica, 140 Nesokia indica and 81 Bandicota bengalensis for 1–56 days. Tatera was about as susceptible to anticoagulants as Rattus rattus has been reported to be. Nesokia and Bandicota were extremely variable: though the majority were highly susceptible, the slopes of the dose-mortality curves were close to zero. The difenacoum diet appeared to be more toxic than the warfarin diet to all three species, but less toxic than the coumatetralyl diet to Tatera and Nesokia. All of the anticoagulants were eventually lethal to all of the animals tested.
Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk: I. Colonization of breast-fed infants by milk resistant organisms
Authors: Dolby Jean M. , Honour Pauline , Valman H. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYHuman milk has a bacteriostatic effect on Escherichia coli in vitro. The milks of 40 mothers were tested for this effect against E. coli isolated from their stools, from those of their own babies, and from those of babies not breast-fed. The milks had a direct bacteriostatic effect, not dependent on complement, on some but not all the strains of E. coli. Breast-fed babies receiving supplementary bottle feeds were colonized with milk-resistant strains, whereas bottle-fed babies and, surprisingly, babies completely breast-fed were colonized equally with milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains, as were the mothers. These results suggest that the bacteriostatic effect of human milk, demonstrable in vitro does sometimes operate in vivo.The antibacterial activity of human milk is not influenced by the O, H or K antigens of E. coli and is effective against other Gram-negative organisms, e.g. Salmonella, Klebsiella, Proteus.
Epidemiological analysis of factors influencing rate of progress inEchinococcus granulosuscontrol in New Zealand
Authors: Burridge M. J. , Schwabe C. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe factors influencing the rate of progress inEchinococcus granulosuscontrol in New Zealand were analysed by hydatid control area using stepwise multiple regression techniques. The results indicated that the rate of progress was related positively to initialE. granulosusprevalence in dogs and the efficiency with which local authorities implemented national control policy, and negatively to the Maori proportion in the local population and the number of dogs per owner. Problems in analysis of the New Zealand data are discussed and improved methods of monitoring progress in hydatid disease control programmes are described.
The persistence of poliovirus in activated sludge treatment
Authors: Balluz S. A. , Jones H. H. , Butler M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA model activated sludge treatment plant was used which was functionally very similar to a full scale plant. It was inoculated with poliovirus either continuously or with a single dose and the amounts of virus in the influent, mixed liquor and effluent were monitored regularly. The distribution of the virus in the liquid and solid phases of the mixed liquor was very unequal with about 85% of the virus associated with the suspended solids fraction. Only small amounts of virus were recovered from the effluent and after inoculation was stopped virus rapidly became indetectable. The efficiency of the plant with regard to removal of virus was closely related to its capacity to remove suspended solids and the adsorption of virus to solids and its inactivation is briefly discussed.
The prevalence and epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Ontario
Authors: Tizard Ian R. , Chauhan S. S. , Lai C. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe results of testing 7060 human serum specimens obtained in the Province of Ontario, Canada, were analysed for the presence of antibodies toToxoplasma gondii.Of these samples 38% were serologically positive at a titre of 1/16 or greater. The age-specific rates climbed from 2·7% in infants between 6 months and 1 year of age, to about 50% in individuals aged 25 years or over. Variations in prevalence were noted between different areas within the province and evidence is put forward to show that an inverse relation exists between urban size and toxoplasma prevalence. Seasonal and annual variations were not shown to be significant. On the basis of a very small sample of specimens, cat ownership did not appear to cause a significant increase in the risk of acquiring this infection.