bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations of discards in the Scottish mixed demersal trawl fishery
Authors: Fernandes Paul G. , Coull Kenny , Davis Craig , Clark Peter , Catarino Rui , Bailey Nick , Fryer Rob , Pout Alastair 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Fernandes, P. G., Coull, K., Davis, C., Clark, P., Catarino, R., Bailey, N., Fryer, R., and Pout, A. 2011. Observations of discards in the Scottish mixed demersal trawl fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1734–1742. The Marine Laboratory in Aberdeen (now part of Marine Scotland Science) has operated a scientific observer programme in the Scottish mixed demersal trawl fishery for more than 20 years. Discards of the main demersal species (cod, haddock, whiting, and saithe) have been sampled according to a stratified design based on gear, area, and month, with quota sampling used to select vessels. The aim of the programme is to estimate the quantity (at age) of the discarded component of the catch, to contribute to estimates of total catch for these species so that assessments of each stock can be made. Trends of discards from this observer programme from 1987 to 2009 are reported. Notable features include the sudden practice of discarding marketable cod in 2007. This was due to a number of factors including, paradoxically, improvements in compliance measures which meant that fish could no longer be landed illegally. Methods for raising the sampled discards to the level of the fleet are also explored and discussed in relation to changes in discarding patterns. These are particularly relevant at a time when, in northern Europe at least, there is a move towards standardizing methods for estimating total quantities of discards.
Phytoplasma Effector SAP54 Induces Indeterminate Leaf-Like Flower Development in Arabidopsis Plants
Authors: MacLean Allyson M. , Sugio Akiko , Makarova Olga V. , Findlay Kim C. , Grieve Victoria M. , Tóth Réka , Nicolaisen Mogens , Hogenhout Saskia A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted bacterial plant pathogens that cause considerable damage to a diverse range of agricultural crops globally. Symptoms induced in infected plants suggest that these phytopathogens may modulate developmental processes within the plant host. We report herein that Aster Yellows phytoplasma strain Witches’ Broom (AY-WB) readily infects the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotype Columbia, inducing symptoms that are characteristic of phytoplasma infection, such as the production of green leaf-like flowers (virescence and phyllody) and increased formation of stems and branches (witches’ broom). We found that the majority of genes encoding secreted AY-WB proteins (SAPs), which are candidate effector proteins, are expressed in Arabidopsis and the AY-WB insect vector Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Hemiptera; Cicadellidae). To identify which of these effector proteins induce symptoms of phyllody and virescence, we individually expressed the effector genes in Arabidopsis. From this screen, we have identified a novel AY-WB effector protein, SAP54, that alters floral development, resulting in the production of leaf-like flowers that are similar to those produced by plants infected with this phytoplasma. This study offers novel insight into the effector profile of an insect-transmitted plant pathogen and reports to our knowledge the first example of a microbial pathogen effector protein that targets flower development in a host.
Relationship between personality change and the onset and course of alcohol dependence in young adulthood
Authors: Hicks Brian M. , Durbin C. Emily , Blonigen Daniel M. , Iacono William G. , McGue Matt 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the reciprocal effects between the onset and course of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and normative changes in personality traits of behavioral disinhibition and negative emotionality during the transition between adolescence and young adulthood.Design  Longitudinal–epidemiological study assessing AUD and personality at ages 17 and 24 years.Setting  Participants were recruited from the community and took part in a day‐long, in‐person assessment.Participants  Male (n = 1161) and female (n = 1022) twins participating in the Minnesota Twin Family Study.Measurements  The effects of onset (adolescent versus young adult) and course (persistent versus desistent) of AUD on change in personality traits of behavioral disinhibition and negative emotionality from ages 17 to 24 years.Findings  Onset and course of AUD moderated personality change from ages 17 to 24 years. Adolescent onset AUD was associated with greater decreases in behavioral disinhibition. Those with an adolescent onset and persistent course failed to exhibit normative declines in negative emotionality. Desistence was associated with a ‘recovery’ towards psychological maturity in young adulthood, while persistence was associated with continued personality dysfunction. Personality traits at age 11 predicted onset and course of AUD, indicating personality differences were not due to active substance abuse.Conclusions  Personality differences present prior to initiation of alcohol use increase risk for alcohol use disorder, but the course of alcohol use disorder affects the rate of personality change during emerging adulthood. Examining the reciprocal effects of personality and alcohol use disorder within a developmental context is necessary to improve understanding for theory and intervention.
Examining the predictive validity of low‐risk gambling limits with longitudinal data
Authors: Currie Shawn R. , Hodgins David C. , Casey David M. , el‐Guebaly Nady , Smith Garry J. , Williams Robert J. , Schopflocher Don P. , Wood Robert T. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the impact of gambling above the low‐risk gambling limits developed by Currie et al. (2006) on future harm. To identify demographic, behavioural, clinical and environmental factors that predict the shift from low‐ to high‐risk gambling habits over time.Design  Longitudinal cohort study of gambling habits in community‐dwelling adults.Setting  Alberta, Canada.Participants  A total of 809 adult gamblers who completed the time 1 and time 2 assessments separated by a 14‐month interval.Measurements  Low‐risk gambling limits were defined as gambling no more than three times per month, spending no more than CAN$1000 per year on gambling and spending less than 1% of gross income on gambling. Gambling habits, harm from gambling and gambler characteristics were assessed by the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. Ancillary measures of substance abuse, gambling environment, major depression, impulsivity and personality traits assessed the influence of other risk factors on the escalation of gambling intensity.Findings  Gamblers classified as low risk at time 1 and shifted into high‐risk gambling by time 2 were two to three times more likely to experience harm compared to gamblers who remained low risk at both assessments. Factors associated with the shift from low‐ to high‐risk gambling behaviour from time 1 to time 2 included male gender, tobacco use, older age, having less education, having friends who gamble and playing electronic gaming machines.Conclusions  An increase in the intensity of gambling behaviour is associated with greater likelihood of future gambling related harm in adults.
Cannabis use and subclinical positive psychotic experiences in early adolescence: findings from a Dutch survey
Authors: van Gastel Willemijn A. , Wigman Johanna T. W. , Monshouwer Karin , Kahn René S. , van Os Jim , Boks Marco P. M. , Vollebergh Wilma A. M. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate the association between early cannabis use and subclinical psychotic experiences, distinguishing between five levels of use: never used, discontinued use (life‐time users who did not use in the preceding year), experimental use, regular use and heavy use.Design  Cross‐sectional observational study.Setting  Dutch Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children (HBSC) study, 2005 wave.Participants  A total of 4552 secondary school children aged 12–16 years.Measurements  Cannabis use, Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) positive scale, confounding factors: age, gender, family affluence, household composition, social support, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, ethnicity and urbanicity.Findings  The association between cannabis use and subclinical positive symptoms was confirmed, and remained significant after extensive adjustment for potential confounders. Associations were found for all user groups, with strongest associations for the discontinued use group (β = 0.061, P = 0.000) and for the heavy use group (β = 0.065, P = 0.000).Conclusions  There is an enduring association between cannabis use at an early age and subclinical positive psychotic experiences, even after abstaining from cannabis for at least 1 year.
Clofarabine with high dose cytarabine and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) priming for relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Becker Pamela S. , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Appelbaum Frederick R. , Petersdorf Stephen H. , Storer Barry , Pierce Sherry , Shan Jianqin , Hendrie Paul C. , Pagel John M. , Shustov Andrei R. , Stirewalt Derek L. , Faderl Stephan , Harrington Elizabeth , Estey Elihu H. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThis phase I/II study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose, toxicity, and efficacy of clofarabine in combination with high dose cytarabine and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) priming (GCLAC), in the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Dose escalation of clofarabine occurred without dose‐limiting toxicity, so most patients were treated at the maximum dose, 25 mg/m2 per day with cytarabine 2 g/m2 per day, each for 5 d, and G‐CSF 5 μg/kg, beginning the day before chemotherapy and continuing daily until neutrophil recovery. The complete remission (CR) rate among the 46 evaluable patients was 46% (95% confidence interval [CI] 31–61%) and the CR + CR but with a platelet count <100 × 109/l rate was 61% (95% CI 45–75%). Multivariate analysis showed that responses to GCLAC were independent of age, cytogenetic risk category, and number of prior salvage regimens. GCLAC is highly active in relapsed and refractory AML and warrants prospective comparison to other regimens, as well as study in untreated patients.
Individualized toxicity‐titrated 6‐mercaptopurine increments during high‐dose methotrexate consolidation treatment of lower risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (NOPHO) pilot study
Authors: Frandsen Thomas L. , Abrahamsson Jonas , Lausen Birgitte , Vettenranta Kim , Heyman Mats , Behrentz Michael , Castor Anders , Wehner Peder S. , Frost Britt‐marie , Andersen Elisabeth W. , Schmiegelow Kjeld 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThis study explored the feasibility and toxicity of individualized toxicity‐titrated 6‐mercaptopurine (6MP) dose increments during post‐remission treatment with High‐dose methotrexate (HDM) (5000 mg/m2, ×3) in 38 patients with Childhood (ALL). Patients were increased in steps of 25 mg 6MP/m2 per day if they did not develop myelotoxicity within 2 weeks after HDM. 6MP could be increased in 31 patients (81%). Toxicity was acceptable and did not differ significantly between groups. Patients receiving 75 mg/m2 per day had significantly shorter duration of treatment interruptions of 6MP than the remaining patients (P = 0·03). This study shows individualized toxicity‐titrated 6MP dosing during consolidation is feasible without increased risk of toxicity.
Outcomes of pregnant patients with Pap smears classified as atypical glandular cells
Authors: Slama J. , Freitag P. , Dundr P. , Duskova J. , Fischerova D. , Zikan M. , Pinkavova I. , Cibula D. 
Published: August 2011

J. Slama, P. Freitag, P. Dundr, J. Duskova, D. Fischerova, M. Zikan, I. Pinkavova and D. Cibula  Outcomes of pregnant patients with Pap smears classified as atypical glandular cellsObjectives:  The incidence of cervical cancers increases with age. Due to the trend of increasing age of first pregnancy, abnormal Pap smears including those classified as atypical glandular cells (AGC) are being found more often in early pregnancy. Once invasive cancer is excluded, conservative management of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) in pregnancy is considered safe; however, optimal management of AGC is not well established. The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcome of patients with AGC diagnosed from smears during pregnancy.Methods:  The study included 17 patients referred to us in early pregnancy with Pap smears reported as AGC: 11 not otherwise specified (AGC‐NOS), five favour neoplasia (AGC‐FN) and one adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). Thirty‐one with high‐grade SIL (HSIL) Pap smears confirmed on punch biopsy in early pregnancy comprised a control group. Human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity was found in seven patients with persistent AGC‐NOS (including all four who had CIN3 postpartum). All the women were initially examined by expert colposcopy and those with AGC‐FN or AIS smears also by transrectal ultrasound to exclude invasive endocervical cancer. Follow‐up controls were carried out every 8–12 weeks and, if there were no signs of progression, revaluation was scheduled 6–8 weeks after delivery.Results:  The mean age of the women was 31.4 years. Conization in one patient in the study group was performed in the 16th week of pregnancy due to colposcopic signs of microinvasive squamous cell cancer confirmed on histology. Progression to invasive cancer was not found in any of the other 16 patients in the study group or in the control group. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or AIS was confirmed postpartum by conization or punch biopsy in 47.1% (8/17) of patients in the study group and, in 77.4% (24/31) of patients in the control group.Conclusions:  Conservative management of women with AGC in pregnancy is safe where invasive cancer is excluded. As histological verification of glandular pre‐cancerous lesions by punch biopsy is not reliable and the postpartum regression rate cannot be determined precisely, conization should be performed in all cases with AGC‐FN or AIS. Triage of persistent AGC‐NOS with HPV testing is useful in distinguishing significant underlying lesions.
Evidence for hilltopping in bumblebees?
Authors: GOULSON DAVE , SANGSTER ELIZABETH L. , YOUNG JILL C. 
Published: August 2011

1. Male bumblebees are known to exhibit a range of mate‐location behaviours, including perching on prominent objects and darting at passing queens, patrolling of scent‐marked flight routes, and waiting outside nest entrances for virgin queens to emerge. Here we provide evidence for a fourth strategy, known as hilltopping. This behaviour is widely known from a range of invertebrates, but has not previously been described in bumblebees.2. We studied the distribution of bumblebees along transects ascending four hills in Scotland and demonstrate that, relative to workers, males of four bumblebee species or species groups (Bombus lapidarius, B. monticola, B. pascuorum, and B. lucorum/magnus/cryptarum/terrestris) tend to congregate at or near the tops of hills. This is, to our knowledge, the first evidence for hilltopping in bumblebees and the first record of any putative mate‐locating behaviour for male B. pascuorum, a very common species in Europe.3. We note that, in common with most previous studies of mate‐locating behaviour in bumblebees, attraction of virgin queens and mating were not observed.
Mycorrhiza modulates aboveground tri‐trophic interactions to the fitness benefit of its host plant
Authors: HOFFMANN DANIELA , VIERHEILIG HORST , PENEDER STEFAN , SCHAUSBERGER PETER 
Published: August 2011

1. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), the association of AM fungi and plant roots, may alter morphological and physiological attributes of aboveground plant parts and thereby influence plant‐associated organisms such as herbivores and their natural enemies, predators and parasitoids.2. The interactions between AM and the players of aboveground tri‐trophic systems have mainly been considered in isolation from each other. The effects of AM on aboveground herbivore–carnivore population dynamics and the consequences to plant fitness are unknown.3. We explored AM‐induced compensatory mechanisms for AM‐promoted proliferation of the herbivorous spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on whole bean plants, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Vegetative and reproductive plant growth, AM fungal colonisation levels, and mite densities were assessed on spider mite‐infested plants colonised or not by the AM fungus Glomus mosseae Nicol. & Gerd, and harbouring the natural enemy of the spider mites, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Anthias‐Henriot or not.4. AM symbiosis modulated the aboveground tri‐trophic system to the fitness benefit of the plant. AM‐increased plant productivity outweighed the fitness decrease due to AM‐promoted herbivory: at similar vegetative growth, mycorrhizal plants produced more seeds than non‐mycorrhizal plants.5. AM‐increased spider mite population levels were compensated for by enhanced population growth of the predators and increased plant tolerance to herbivory.6. AM‐enhanced predator performance looped back to the AM fungus and stabilised its root colonisation levels, providing the first experimental evidence of a mutually beneficial interaction between AM and an aboveground third trophic level natural enemy.
Fitness costs and benefits of shelter building and leaf trenching behaviour in a pyralid caterpillar
Authors: ABARCA MARIANA , BOEGE KARINA 
Published: August 2011

1. Shelter building and petiole trenching in the Lepidoptera is a behaviour that mediates ecological pressures including those exerted by both food plants and natural enemies.2. Fitness costs and benefits of trenching and shelter‐building behaviour related to predation and larval performance were investigated in a pyralid species that inhabits and feeds on leaf shelters.3. Assays comparing the performance of caterpillars feeding on trenched versus non‐trenched foliage and fresh versus dry leaves were conducted. Whereas pupal weight was positively affected by petiole trenching, larval development was delayed when caterpillars fed on dry leaves.4. A field experiment comparing predation on caterpillars inside and outside shelters demonstrated that predation was significantly higher for exposed caterpillars.5. No physiological costs associated with shelter building were found given that caterpillars performed equally regardless of the number of shelters they built.6. The effect sizes of top‐down and bottom‐up forces on pupal weight, development time, and predation risk indicated that the major effect of shelters is through the reduction of predation risk. The integration of experiments and natural history observations showed that fitness benefits provided by shelters change across ontogeny.
Characterization of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease unrelated to the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Yilmaz Yusuf , Senates Ebubekir , Ayyildiz Talat , Colak Yasar , Tuncer Ilyas , Ovunc Ayse Oya Kurdas , Dolar Enver , Kalayci Cem 
Published: August 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (4): 411–418AbstractBackground  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome (MS). However, not all patients with the MS will develop NAFLD and not all patients with NAFLD have the MS. We sought to investigate the differences between patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD with and without the MS.Methods  A total of 357 consecutive patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD were analysed. Of them, 216 patients had nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and 96 a fibrosis score ≥ 2. The MS was defined as ≥ 3 of the ATP III criteria.Results  A total of 214 patients with NAFLD met the criteria for the MS, while the remaining 143 did not. In NAFLD patients with the MS, homeostasis model of insulin resistance (P = 0·03; OR, 1·06; 95% CI, 1·023–1·25 per unit increase) and diabetes (P = 0·01; OR, 1·2; 95% CI, 1·1–2·4) were independent predictors of NASH. In NAFLD patients without the MS, the only variable independently associated with NASH was haemoglobin (P = 0·007; OR, 1·9; 95% CI, 1·4–3·6 per 50 g/L increase). Alanine aminotransferase (P = 0·03; OR, 1·04; 95% CI, 1·006–1·11 per 10 U/L increase) was an independent predictor of fibrosis ≥ 2 in NAFLD patients with the MS, while haemoglobin (P = 0·02; OR, 1·4; 95% CI, 1·2–1·9 per 50 g/L increase) was the only variable significantly associated with fibrosis ≥ 2 in NAFLD patients without the MS.Conclusions  Increased haemoglobin in NAFLD subjects without MS should be considered in the selection of cases for histological assessment.
Root canal treatment of a periradicular lesion caused by unintentional root damage after orthodontic miniscrew placement: a case report
Authors: Er K. , Bayram M. , Taşdemir T. 
Published: August 2011

Er K, Bayram M, Taşdemir T. Root canal treatment of a periradicular lesion caused by unintentional root damage after orthodontic miniscrew placement: a case report. International Endodontic Journal44, 1170–1175, 2011.AbstractAim  To present the successful endodontic management of a maxillary lateral incisor tooth with a periradicular lesion caused by unintentional root damage after orthodontic miniscrew placement.Summary  A 22‐year‐old female was diagnosed with a skeletal Class II, Division 2 malocclusion with Class II molar and canine relationships on both sides. The treatment plan included distalization of the maxillary first molars bilaterally followed by full fixed appliance therapy. For the maxillary molar distalization, an appliance in conjunction with a miniscrew anchorage system was designed. Two months later, the patient came to the clinic with complaints of pain in the maxillary right lateral incisor region. On intraoral examination, intraoral sinus tracts were detected in the maxillary right buccal sulcus and palate. A large radiolucent lesion with a well‐defined margin around the root of the maxillary right lateral incisor was seen. Root canal treatment was performed on the maxillary right lateral incisor tooth. The root canal was filled with gutta‐percha and AH Plus sealer, using a lateral compaction technique. The final restoration of the tooth was completed using composite, and the tooth was reviewed after 10 months. The tooth was asymptomatic and radiographically showed repair of the lesion. Healing was achieved without any need for further endodontic or surgical intervention.Key learning points
This case illustrates the need to take care with miniscrews when performing orthodontic treatment, especially when the miniscrews are in close proximity to root apices.
The periradicular lesion as a result of miniscrew damage was successfully treated with root canal treatment.