bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supplementation of Acacia dealbata versus Acacia mearnsii leaf-meal has potential to maintain growth performance of lambs grazing low-quality communal rangelands in South Africa
Authors: Mushunje L. H. , Marandure T. , Chikwanha O. C. , Bennett J. , Hawkins H. J. , Palmer A. R. , Wu L. , M.C Marufu , Mapiye C. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSupplementing livestock grazing communal rangelands with leaf-meals from Acacia trees, which are currently considered as problematic invasive alien plants globally, may be a sustainable way of exploiting their desirable nutritional and anthelmintic properties. The current study evaluated worm burdens and growth performance of lambs grazing low-quality communal rangelands supplemented with leaf-meals prepared from the invasive alien plant species; Acacia mearnsii or A. dealbata. Forty, three-month-old ewe lambs weighing an average of 18.9 ± 0.60 kg were randomly allocated to four supplementary diets: (1) rangeland hay only (control), (2) commercial protein supplement plus rangeland hay, (3) A. mearnsii leaf-meal plus rangeland hay and (4) A. dealbata leaf-meal plus rangeland hay. All the supplementary diets were formulated to meet the lambs’ minimum maintenance requirements for protein. All the lambs were grazed on communal rangelands daily from 0800 to 1400 after which they were penned to allow them access to their respective supplementary diets until 08:00 the following morning. The respective supplementary diets were offered at the rate of 400 g ewe− 1 day− 1 for 60 days. Lambs fed the commercial protein supplement had the highest dry matter intake followed by those fed the Acacia leaf-meals and the control diet, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Relative to the other supplementary diets, lambs fed the commercial protein supplement and A. dealbata leaf-meal had higher (P ≤ 0.05) final body weight and average daily gains. Dietary supplementation did not affect lamb faecal worm egg counts over the study period (P > 0.05). There was no association between supplementary diets and lamb FAMACHA© scores (P > 0.05). It was concluded that supplementation of Acacia dealbata versus Acacia mearnsii has the potential to emulate commercial protein in maintaining growth performance of lambs grazing communal rangelands in the dry season.
Artificial intelligence-based, semi-automated segmentation for the extraction of ultrasound-derived radiomics features in breast cancer: a prospective multicenter study
Authors: Bartolotta Tommaso Vincenzo , Militello Carmelo , Prinzi Francesco , Ferraro Fabiola , Rundo Leonardo , Zarcaro Calogero , Dimarco Mariangela , Orlando Alessia Angela Maria , Matranga Domenica , Vitabile Salvatore 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the feasibility of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based semi-automated segmentation for the extraction of ultrasound (US)-derived radiomics features in the characterization of focal breast lesions (FBLs).

Material and methods
Two expert radiologists classified according to US BI-RADS criteria 352 FBLs detected in 352 patients (237 at Center A and 115 at Center B). An AI-based semi-automated segmentation was used to build a machine learning (ML) model on the basis of B-mode US of 237 images (center A) and then validated on an external cohort of B-mode US images of 115 patients (Center B).

Results
A total of 202 of 352 (57.4%) FBLs were benign, and 150 of 352 (42.6%) were malignant. The AI-based semi-automated segmentation achieved a success rate of 95.7% for one reviewer and 96% for the other, without significant difference (p = 0.839). A total of 15 (4.3%) and 14 (4%) of 352 semi-automated segmentations were not accepted due to posterior acoustic shadowing at B-Mode US and 13 and 10 of them corresponded to malignant lesions, respectively. In the validation cohort, the characterization made by the expert radiologist yielded values of sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 0.933, 0.9, 0.857, 0.955, respectively. The ML model obtained values of sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 0.544, 0.6, 0.416, 0.628, respectively. The combined assessment of radiologists and ML model yielded values of sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 0.756, 0.928, 0.872, 0.855, respectively.

Conclusion
AI-based semi-automated segmentation is feasible, allowing an instantaneous and reproducible extraction of US-derived radiomics features of FBLs. The combination of radiomics and US BI-RADS classification led to a potential decrease of unnecessary biopsy but at the expense of a not negligible increase of potentially missed cancers.
Tracking earmarked funding to international organizations: Introducing the earmarked funding dataset
Authors: Reinsberg Bernhard , Heinzel Mirko , Siauwijaya Christian 
Published: May 2024

AbstractOver the past two decades, donor funding of international organizations (IOs) such as the United Nations, has shifted from core resources toward earmarked contributions. While core resources provide IOs with discretion how to achieve their mandates, earmarked contributions require IOs to focus their assistance on specific themes, sectors, countries, or projects, as determined by the donors. Our understanding of the drivers and effects of earmarked funding has been limited by the lack of systematic data. To address this gap, we introduce the Earmarked Funding Dataset. The dataset contains 342,812 earmarked aid activities from nearly 50 donors with over 340 IOs with a mandate in international development from 1990 to 2020. We first explore the data descriptively to cast light on the evolution of the multilateral development system. We then use the data to examine whether and how donors financially reward well-performing IOs. To that end, we combine our data with newly available performance data synthesized from Multilateral Organization Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN) evaluations of 32 IOs in 2009–2020. Using difference-in-difference estimations, we find a significantly positive relationship between outcome performance and earmarked contributions. In contrast, performance does not seem to affect core resources. These patterns suggest that donors reward well-performing multilaterals with more funding, albeit based on development outcomes which are not easily contractible. From a policy perspective, these findings suggest that performance-based approaches to aid allocation—as they are currently practiced—upload the financial risks of organizational reform processes to international organizations.
Microcracking in On-Chip Interconnect Stacks: FEM Simulation and Concept for Fatigue Test
Authors: Weitz Stefan , Clausner André , Zschech Ehrenfried 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe semiconductor industry is continuing the scaling down of both device and on-chip interconnect features, for performance and economic reasons. This trend has implications for the design of guard ring structures, i.e. metallic non-functional structures in the back-end-of-line (BEoL) stack designed to be efficient to stop microcracks. In this work, we present a sample design for an in situ experiment to study mechanical degradation and failure mechanisms of crack stop structures in the BEoL stack, to ensure the mechanical robustness of microchips for future technology nodes. Additional finite element method (FEM) simulations provide supplementary understanding of the crack kinetics. To examine the effects of mechanical loading on crack stop elements of the BEoL stack, a novel sample geometry for an in situ fatigue experiment using x-ray microscopy was developed. The x-ray microscope (ZEISS Xradia 800 Ultra) enables high-resolution imaging of the 3D-patterned sample structures and defects such as microcracks. The tailored sample geometry allows the application of a tensile load to a BEoL specimen by a lever mechanism. The feasibility of the sample design is shown by mode-I loading of a pure interconnect sample. Post-mortem analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming planar microcrack propagation from the notch through the dielectric layer with small deflections of the crack path near cone shaped copper vias. FEM simulations focusing on the stress-strain fields around a crack tip indicate the beginning of copper plasticity as major mechanism starting the redirection of cracks due to resulting material compression in front of the obstacle.
Comprehensive Threat Analysis in Additive Manufacturing Supply Chain: A Hybrid Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Assessment Framework
Authors: Kumar Mahender , Epiphaniou Gregory , Maple Carsten 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAdditive Manufacturing (AM) offers revolutionary design capabilities but introduces cybersecurity vulnerabilities due to its digital integration. While existing research focuses on cyber threats, a significant gap exists in addressing physical and cyber risks. The current research focuses on cyber threats, but more attention needs to be paid to addressing physical and cyber risks. This paper proposes a new risk assessment framework that considers both physical and cyber threats quantitatively and qualitatively and helps safeguard the AM supply chain. The framework identifies, analyses, and prioritises potential threats based on their characteristics. It also considers the trustworthiness of data and the frequency of reported threats to estimate the likelihood of each threat. The risks are then prioritised based on a combined impact-likelihood score. The framework has been validated on the standard benchmark MITRE CVEs dataset and has proven effective in identifying critical vulnerabilities. This approach empowers manufacturers to proactively deal with security concerns and navigate the complexities of the rapidly evolving AM landscape.
Analyses of industrial air pollution and long-term health risk using different dispersion models and WRF physics parameters
Authors: Bayraktar Omer Mert , Mutlu Atilla 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis study consists of three main sections. The first section delves into a performance analysis centered around modeling PM10, NOx, and CO emissions from a cement factory. It examines the effectiveness of various factors, including meteorological data, physics models, and air quality dispersion models, in producing accurate results for atmospheric simulations. The second section covers the dispersion direction and concentrations obtained by visualizing the dispersion maps. The third section covers an analysis of heavy metals emitted from the facility, taking into account potential risks in the region such as cancer, acute and chronic effects, and long-term respiratory risks. This study made use of meteorological models (WRF, AERMET, and CALMET), air quality dispersion models (AERMOD and CALPUFF), a health risk analysis model (HARP), and various sub-models (MMIF and CALWRF). Satellite meteorological data were obtained from NCEP and ERA, with the majority of meteorological data based on the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS)/Final Operational Global Analysis (FNL) from Global Tropospheric Analyses and Forecast Grids used for the WRF model. In the daily results, AERMOD showed the highest concentration values, but CALPUFF had greater concentrations throughout the annual period. The winter season had the highest concentrations of pollutants. Although there are differences among the physics models used in this research, the conclusions produced are consistent. Analysis of the data from the HARP model suggested that cancer risk levels exceeded the threshold of one person per million. However, the proportion of exceedance instances is rather small in comparison to the receptor points.
Deep energy efficiency renovation of Germany’s residential buildings: is this as economically viable as Germany’s policymakers and popular promoters often claim?
Authors: Galvin Ray 
Published: May 2024

AbstractGermany needs to steeply increase the rate of deep energy-efficiency renovation of its old buildings, to meet climate goals. The government has long maintained that deep renovation to a specified “minimum” energy efficiency standard is economically viable: that the costs are paid back, through energy savings, over the technical lifetime of the energy-efficiency measures. Many private and public organisations support and promulgate this view. It accords with a stream of academic literature which suggests that the under-adoption of energy efficiency measures is a paradox indicating market failures and economically irrational behaviour by property owners. This paper offers cost–benefit analyses of 44 case study scenarios to test whether deep renovation in Germany pays back in monetary terms. These include both specific buildings and Germany-wide averages of classes of buildings. It uses current construction, finance and energy costs, and takes account of inflation, discount rates and opportunity costs. None of the scenarios are economically viable in monetary terms, and the average payback after 25 years is around 22.5%. Sensitivity analyses suggest payback would only be achieved using improbable parameter values. Energy-efficiency renovation is necessary but promoting it needs to take account of these realities.
Leader-member exchange differentiation and followers’ psychological strain: exploring relations on the individual and on the team-level
Authors: Diebig Mathias , Gritzka Susan , Angerer Peter , Erschens Rebecca , Gast Michael , Gündel Harald , Hofmann Sophie , Junne Florian , Schröpel Carla , Klasmeier Kai Niclas 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDue to social comparison in the team, leader-member exchange (LMX) differentiation has been shown to play a crucial role for explaining follower outcomes. LMX differentiation may be beneficial for some followers, but also detrimental for others, when perceived as unfair. In order to understand the impact of LMX differentiation on work-related outcomes, LMX differentiation should be described by three properties (relative LMX position, LMX variability, and team-level LMX). The aim of the study is to focus on LMX differentiation and test relationships between different properties of LMX and followers’ psychological strain. In sum, 75 teams with 322 followers answered an online survey about their leaders’ LMX and their individual levels of psychological strain. Results of multilevel modeling showed that the relative LMX position was negatively related to psychological strain on the individual level. This relation was moderated by LMX variability and team-level LMX. However, we did not find significant relations between team-level LMX and team-level psychological strain. The present study extends previous research by looking at relations between LMX and psychological strain on an individual follower level as well as on the team level. Our results suggest that the relative position of LMX within a team seems to play a crucial role for individual follower psychological strain. Results imply that leaders should aim to improve LMX relationships within their team and to reduce differences between team members. Leadership trainings should impart knowledge and skills to improve LMX quality and include elements about LMX differentiation, its origins, as well as consequences.
Mothers’ parental burnout and adolescents’ social adaptation and security: the mediating role of parenting style
Authors: Song Tingting , Wang Wei , Chen Shen , Li Yongxin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractParents may develop burnout when they chronically lack the resources to handle parenting stressors. Although the relationship between parental burnout and child-related variables has been explored, its impact on adolescents’ development remains unknown. This study investigates the effect of mothers’ parental burnout on social adaptation and security in adolescents, and the mediating roles of mothers’ parenting styles. Questionnaires were distributed to adolescents and their mothers at three time points with an interval of six weeks. In the first survey, 916 mothers completed a parental burnout assessment. In the second, 1054 adolescents completed maternal rejection and maternal autonomy support scales, and a Harsh Parenting assessment. In the third, 1053 adolescents completed Children and Adolescent Social Adaptation and Security Questionnaires. In total, 411 paired data points were matched (mothers’ age: M = 42.1, SD = 4.65; adolescents’ age: M = 13.1, SD = 0.52). The results of bootstrapping indicated the following: (1) Mothers’ parental burnout negatively predicted adolescents’ social adaptation and security. (2) Mothers’ parenting styles of rejection, harsh parenting, and autonomy support mediated the relationship between parental burnout and social adaptation and security. These findings confirmed the importance of mothers’ influence on adolescents’ parenting activities. Therefore, the enrichment of parenting resources and a decrease in the use of negative parenting styles may promote the healthy psychological development of the children of mothers facing parental burnout.
Subjective Poverty, Family Support and Health-Related Well-Being of School-Aged Children in Single-Parent Households in Ghana: The Role of Health Literacy and Duration of Parental Separation
Authors: Amoah Padmore Adusei , Amankwaa Afua , Lau Maggie , Arat Gizem 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis study expands ongoing inquiry and debates on the influence of single-parent households on child health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the phenomenon is rapidly increasing. It examines how conventional (i.e., access to money for children—conceived as experience of poverty—, family support, and experience of social isolation) and contemporary (i.e., health literacy) factors shape the health-related well-being of children in single-parent homes in Ghana in the short-, medium- (five years or less) and long-term (6 years +). It also investigates the extent to which health literacy explains how other factors influence their health-related well-being. Data was gathered through a cross-sectional survey conducted in Kumasi in the Ashanti region of Ghana (n = 337). Based on binary logistic regression and structural equation modelling analysis, health literacy (Odds Ratio, OR, = 1.086, p < 0.05) and social isolation (OR, = 0.584, p < 0.05) were associated with the health-related well-being of children who had been separated from a parent for five years or less while family support (OR = 1.592, p < 0.05) was associated with the health-related well-being of children separated from a parent for more than five years. Health literacy explained the association of experience of poverty (β = -0.012, p < 0.05) and experience of social isolation (β = -0.010, p < 0.10) with their health-related well-being. However, these significant relationships did not differ according to the duration of separation. The results underscore the need to invest in policies and programmes that can reduce exposure to health risks and empower children in single-parent households to contribute to protecting their health-related well-being.
On Multiple $$L_p$$-Curvilinear-Brunn–Minkowski Inequalities
Authors: Roysdon Michael , Xing Sudan 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe construct the extension of the curvilinear summation for bounded Borel measurable sets to the $$L_p$$

L
p

space for multiple power parameter $$\bar{\alpha }=(\alpha _1, \ldots , \alpha _{n+1})$$

α

¯

=
(

α
1

,
…
,

α

n
+
1

)

when $$p>0$$

p
>
0

. Based on this $$L_{p,\bar{\alpha }}$$

L

p
,

α

¯

-curvilinear summation for sets and the concept of compression of sets, the $$L_{p,\bar{\alpha }}$$

L

p
,

α

¯

-curvilinear-Brunn–Minkowski inequality for bounded Borel measurable sets and its normalized version are established. Furthermore, by utilizing the hypo-graphs for functions, we enact a brand new proof of $$L_{p,\bar{\alpha }}$$

L

p
,

α

¯

Borell–Brascamp–Lieb inequality, as well as its normalized version, for functions containing the special case of the $$L_{p}$$

L
p

Borell–Brascamp–Lieb inequality through the $$L_{p,\bar{\alpha }}$$

L

p
,

α

¯

-curvilinear-Brunn–Minkowski inequality for sets. Moreover, we propose the multiple power $$L_{p,\bar{\alpha }}$$

L

p
,

α

¯

-supremal-convolution for two functions together with its properties. Last but not least, we introduce the definition of the surface area originated from the variation formula of measure in terms of the $$L_{p,\bar{\alpha }}$$

L

p
,

α

¯

-curvilinear summation for sets as well as $$L_{p,\bar{\alpha }}$$

L

p
,

α

¯

-supremal-convolution for functions together with their corresponding Minkowski type inequalities and isoperimetric inequalities for $$p\ge 1,$$

p
≥
1
,

etc.
The $$A_\infty $$ Condition, $$\varepsilon $$-Approximators, and Varopoulos Extensions in Uniform Domains
Authors: Bortz S. , Poggi B. , Tapiola O. , Tolsa X. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSuppose that $$\Omega \subset {\mathbb {R}}^{n+1}$$

Ω
⊂

R

n
+
1

, $$n\ge 1$$

n
≥
1

, is a uniform domain with n-Ahlfors regular boundary and L is a (not necessarily symmetric) divergence form elliptic, real, bounded operator in $$\Omega $$
Ω
. We show that the corresponding elliptic measure $$\omega _L$$

ω
L

is quantitatively absolutely continuous with respect to surface measure of $$\partial \Omega $$

∂
Ω

in the sense that $$\omega _L \in A_\infty (\sigma )$$

ω
L

∈

A
∞

(
σ
)

if and only if any bounded solution u to $$Lu = 0$$

L
u
=
0

in $$\Omega $$
Ω
is $$\varepsilon $$
ε
-approximable for any $$\varepsilon \in (0,1)$$

ε
∈
(
0
,
1
)

. By $$\varepsilon $$
ε
-approximability of u we mean that there exists a function $$\Phi = \Phi ^\varepsilon $$

Φ
=

Φ
ε

such that $$\Vert u-\Phi \Vert _{L^\infty (\Omega )} \le \varepsilon \Vert u\Vert _{L^\infty (\Omega )}$$

‖
u
-
Φ
‖

L
∞

(
Ω
)

≤
ε

‖
u
‖

L
∞

(
Ω
)

and the measure $${\widetilde{\mu }}_\Phi $$

μ
~

Φ

with $$d{\widetilde{\mu }} = |\nabla \Phi (Y)| \, dY$$

d

μ
~

=

|
∇
Φ

(
Y
)

|

d
Y

is a Carleson measure with $$L^\infty $$

L
∞

control over the Carleson norm. As a consequence of this approximability result, we show that boundary $${{\,\textrm{BMO}\,}}$$

BMO

functions with compact support can have Varopoulos-type extensions even in some sets with unrectifiable boundaries, that is, smooth extensions that converge non-tangentially back to the original data and that satisfy $$L^1$$

L
1

-type Carleson measure estimates with $${{\,\textrm{BMO}\,}}$$

BMO

control over the Carleson norm. Our result complements the recent work of Hofmann and the third named author who showed the existence of these types of extensions in the presence of a quantitative rectifiability hypothesis.