bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of mast cells in periapical cysts, dentigerous cysts, and keratocystic odontogenic tumors
Authors: de Noronha Santos Netto Juliana , Pires Fábio Ramôa , da Fonseca Eliene Carvalho , Silva Licínio Esmeraldo , de Queiroz Chaves Lourenço Simone 
Published: January 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 630–636Background:  Several cell types are associated with the development of cystic and tumoral odontogenic lesions. Among inflammatory cells, mast cells can be associated with their pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze mast cells in periapical cysts, dentigerous cysts, and keratocystic odontogenic tumors.Methods:  Tissue sections were submitted to toluidine blue staining and immunohistochemistry with antibody anti‐tryptase (clone G3). Mast cells were quantitated using Image‐Pro Plus software to obtain the mean number of mast cells in three regions: epithelial, superficial portion of the fibrous wall and deep portion of the fibrous wall from 20 periapical cysts, 20 dentigerous cysts (six non‐inflamed and 14 inflamed) and 20 keratocystic odontogenic tumors (four non‐inflamed and 16 inflamed).Results:  The mean number of mast cells detected per lesion by immunohistochemistry (4.1) was higher than by histochemistry (1.5) (P < 0.0001). Inflamed dentigerous cysts and keratocystic odontogenic tumors showed a higher mean number of mast cells than non‐inflamed lesions in all regions. The deep region from all cysts showed the highest mean number of degranulated mast cells, except for non‐inflamed keratocystic odontogenic tumors analyzed by immunohistochemistry.Conclusions:  Immunohistochemical staining detected higher number of mast cells than histochemistry. The higher number of mast cells observed in inflamed lesions could indicate the participation of these cells in the inflammatory response in odontogenic lesions. The prevalence of degranulated mast cells in the deep region suggests intense activity of these cells, possibly related to growth of cystic lesions.
Cooling in Intracerebral Hemorrhage (CINCH) Trial: Protocol of a Randomized German–Austrian Clinical Trial
Authors: Kollmar Rainer , Juettler Eric , Huttner Hagen B. , Dörfler Arnd , Staykov Dimitre , Kallmuenzer Bernd , Schmutzhard Erich , Schwab Stefan , Broessner Gregor ,   for the CINCH investigators
Published: January 2012

Background Intracerebral hemorrhage accounts for up to 15% of all strokes and is frequently associated with poor functional outcome and high mortality. So far, there is no clear evidence for a specific therapy, apart from general stroke unit or neurointensive care and management of secondary complications. Promising experimental and pilot clinical data support the use of therapeutic hypothermia after intracerebral hemorrhage. Aims The study aims to determine if therapeutic hypothermia improves survival rates and reduces cerebral lesion volume after large intracerebral hemorrhage compared with conventional treatment. Material and methods The Cooling in IntraCerebral Hemorrhage trial is a prospective, multicenter, interventional, randomized, parallel, two-arm (1 : 1) phase II trial with blinded end-point adjudication. Enrolment: 50 patients (age: 18 to 65 years) with large (25 to 64 ml on cranial computertomography), primary intracerebral hemorrhage of the basal ganglia or thalamus within 6 to 18 h after symptom onset are randomly allocated to therapeutic hypothermia for eight-days or conventional temperature management. In the therapeutic hypothermia group, a target temperature of 35·0°C is achieved by endovascular catheters and followed by slow controlled rewarming. Data analysis is based on the intent-to-treat population. The primary outcome measure of the study is the development in total lesion volume on cranial computertomography (intracerebral hemorrhage plus perihemorrhagic edema on day 8 ± 0·5 and day 11 ± 0·5 after intracerebral hemorrhage) and the mortality after 30 days. Secondary end-points are the in-hospital mortality, mortality, and functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale and Barthel-Index) after 90 and 180 days. Safety measures include any adverse events associated with therapeutic hypothermia. Discussion In the face of a lack of evidence-based therapies for patients with large intracerebral hemorrhage, new promising approaches are desperately needed, but need evaluation in randomized controlled trials. Conclusion The results of Cooling in IntraCerebral Hemorrhage trial are believed to directly influence future therapy of large intracerebral hemorrhage.
Fatigue after Stroke: A Systematic Review of Associations with Impaired Physical Fitness
Authors: Duncan Fiona , Kutlubaev Mansur A. , Dennis Martin S. , Greig Carolyn , Mead Gillian E. 
Published: January 2012

Background Fatigue is a common and distressing post stroke symptom. One important hypothesis is that fatigue after stroke may be triggered by physical deconditioning, which sets up a vicious, self-perpetuating cycle of fatigue, avoidance of physical activity, further deconditioning, and more fatigue. If an association between physical activity and fatigue after stroke could be established, this would provide a rationale for developing a physical activity-based treatment. Aims Systematically review all observational studies, which have measured both fatigue poststroke and one or more measures of physical fitness and/or physical activity at the same time-point and reported the association between fatigue and fitness variables. Method Publications were identified by systematically searching databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Sportdiscus using keywords ‘fatigue’, ‘stroke’, ‘fitness’, or ‘activity’ and their associated terms or synonyms. Publications that provided data on associations between fatigue in stroke patients and levels of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and/or muscle strength and mass were included. Results Twenty-nine potential studies were retrieved after scrutinizing the titles and abstracts, of which only three fulfilled our inclusion criteria. No association between fatigue and any measures of physical activity or fitness were found. One study did find, through structural equation modeling techniques that fatigue indirectly influences exercise through self-efficacy expectations. Conclusions There is very limited evidence regarding associations between exercise, fitness, and fatigue after stroke. It still remains highly plausible that exercise can have a positive influence on fatigue. Future research should be longitudinal in design.
Risks and Benefits of Thrombolysis in the Elderly
Authors: Asdaghi Negar , Butcher Kenneth S. , Hill Michael D. 
Published: January 2012

Background and purpose Stroke incidence continues to rise exponentially with age even as temporal trends in some population risk factors increase and others decline. In general, older patients with stroke have worse outcomes compared to their younger counterparts. Stroke severity, concurrent medical problems, prestroke disability, and less-aggressive acute and chronic management are a few contributing factors to account for this poor prognosis. Acute thrombolysis therapy is the only proven treatment in acute ischemic stroke. However, elderly patients have mostly been excluded from acute revascularization studies, due predominantly to their overall poor prognosis and the fear of hemorrhagic complications from these treatments. Despite this, there is no evidence to suggest that the risk benefit ratio of thrombolysis treatment is substantially different in the elderly than in younger ischemic stroke patients. Summary of review In this review, we briefly examine the stroke risk factor profile and outcome in the elderly and review the current evidence regarding intravenous and intra-arterial revascularization treatments. Conclusion We feel that carefully selected patients who meet eligibility criteria for thrombolysis should not be denied this therapy on the basis of age alone.
Urine specific gravity values in clinically healthy young pet ferrets (Mustela furo)
Authors: Eshar D. , Wyre N. R. , Brown D. C. 
Published: January 2012

Objectives: To determine urine specific gravity values in clinically healthy pet ferrets and explore possible associations with sex, sampling techniques, hydration status and urine analytes.Methods: Sixty‐nine entire ferrets of both sexes, under one year of age, were included in this study. Physical examination, complete blood count, blood biochemistry, urine microscopy, urine dipstick and urine specific gravity were performed on all ferrets. Urine specific gravity was determined using a handheld urine refractometer. Statistical analysis was performed to determine urine specific gravity value intervals and to test for associations with sex, sample collection method, packed cell volume, plasma total protein concentrations and urine analytes.Results: Urine specific gravity differed by sex in ferrets as females exhibited a lower urine specific gravity (P<0·001). There was no significant correlation between urine specific gravity, sampling method, packed cell volume/total protein and urine dipstick analytes. Mean urine specific gravity reported in this study was 1·051 for entire males (sd ±9; range 1·034 to 1·070) and 1·042 for entire females (sd ±8; range 1·026 to 1·060).Clinical Significance: Results of this study may allow clinicians to have a more accurate evaluation of the ability of those animals to concentrate urine by comparing their urine specific gravity results to those obtained from this cohort of clinically healthy animals.
Application of Ostrom’s Principles for Sustainable Governance of Common‐Pool Resources to Near‐Earth Orbit
Authors: Johnson‐Freese Joan , Weeden Brian 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNear‐Earth orbit is a key global resource, hosting assets critical to governments, militaries and commercial entities and providing services for global communications, remote sensing, national and international security, and accurate positioning and timing. It is also an increasingly crowded, congested and contested environment, at risk from both intentional and unintentional activities and events, and threats natural and human‐made. Ensuring the long‐term sustainability of the space environment is an increasingly recognized need by all users of space. This article considers the viability of principles regarding sustainable common‐pool resources (CPRs) established by Elinor Ostrom for space governance. In this initial consideration, we focus specifically on the issues of boundaries, collective choice arrangements and monitoring. Within those contexts, Ostrom’s principles appear most useful for identifying gaps in the current space governance system and mechanisms. Further, while Ostrom provides multiple success stories for her model, they typically include common‐pool regimes functioning at a local level, with success stories on a larger scale elusive. Near‐Earth orbit is perhaps the largest‐scale CPR to consider. Consequently, not only is additional work needed to relate Ostrom’s model specifically to space, but to determine the limits of applicability of Ostrom’s model and other models that should be considered.Policy Implications
The global commons of outer space, particularly the region where satellites orbit around the Earth, faces a collective action problem of how to ensure the long‐term sustainability of space activities.
The current governance mechanisms for outer space activities were largely developed during the cold war, and are not sufficient to deal with the collective action problems stemming from the growing number of space actors and users.
Space actors exist with varying levels of capabilities, which complicates defining resource appropriator rights and responsibilities.
Common agreement is needed among space actors on the bounds of the space domain to allow resource appropriators to set the governance limitations, who has the right to make use of it and what governance regime applies.
Existing institutions for debating, creating and modifying space governance regimes fall short of the requirement that most actors affected by the rules can participate in their creation.
Space situational awareness will play a crucial role in monitoring the status of the space commons, adherence to rules and norms, and creating transparency and confidence among space actors.
The Political Economy of Ecology: Prospects for Transforming the World Economy at Rio Plus 20
Authors: Haas Peter M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article assesses the prospects for advancing to a green economy at Rio Plus 20 through the perspective of international political economy writings on economic transformations and regime governance. In order to achieve robust investment in revolutionary new technologies a clear international political project is required that provides a common purpose, clear regulatory and legal rules, and formal organisational efforts for resource mobilisation, compensation of losers, and enforcement. It concludes with an appraisal of efforts underway to create the political foundation for a green economy, suggesting the creation of a new international organization for green technology innovation, and assigning the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to environmental science assessment.
Global Commons Revisited
Authors: Vogler John 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGlobal commons are areas and resources defined as being beyond sovereign jurisdiction. They are socially constructed and this article identifies four: the high seas and deep seabed, Antarctica, outer space and the global atmosphere although attempts to designate new areas as commons are also noted. The construction of global commons, it is argued, has been determined by shifts in human knowledge, capability and perceptions of scarcity. The commons problem, as defined by Hardin and other analysts arises from the ecological consequences of open access, but also from the renewed concerns of strategists about the military use of common spaces. In the international system a primary response has been to extend sovereignty and the degree to which the global commons have been enclosed is assessed. An alternative model is provided by the negotiation of common heritage status, but since the experiment with the deep sea bed this has not found favour in the Arctic, Antarctic and elsewhere. In terms of the continuing management of the commons the international community has resorted to an array of regulatory regimes of varying coverage and effectiveness
Introduction ‐ The Governance of the Global Commons: Much Unfinished Business?
Authors: Dodds Klaus 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe planting of a Russian flag at the bottom of the central Arctic Ocean in the summer of 2007 drew attention, in dramatic fashion, to a subterranean space beyond national jurisdiction. While the region was a permanent feature in Cold War strategic planning, the flag planting incident was rapidly framed as indicative of a different kind of struggle –‘a scramble for territory and resources’. Notwithstanding the media led hyperbole, one question to emerge was an apparently straightforward one – did any one state or group of states possess sovereign rights in the central Arctic Ocean? More generally, how do issues of access, control, property rights and resource use continue to affect the governance of the global commons? This special section explores those questions.
Controlling the receptor for advanced glycation end‐products to conquer diabetic vascular complications
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuhiko , Yamamoto Hiroshi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDiabetic vascular complications, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke and microangiopathy, lead to high rates of morbidity and mortality in patients with long‐term diabetes. Extensive intracellular and extracellular formation of advanced glycation end‐products (AGE) is considered a causative factor in vascular injuries in diabetes. Receptor‐dependent mechanisms are involved in AGE‐induced cellular dysfunction and tissue damage. The receptor for AGE (RAGE), originally an AGE‐binding receptor, is now recognized as a member of pattern‐recognition receptors and a pro‐inflammatory molecular device that mediates danger signals to the body. Previous animal studies have shown RAGE dependent of diabetic vascular injuries. Prophylactic and therapeutic strategies focusing on RAGE and its ligand axis will be of great importance in conquering diabetic vascular complications. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2011.00191.x, 2012)
Sexual dysfunction in men with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Isidro Maria Luisa 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Sexual dysfunction (SD) is common in type 2 diabetic men, but few subjects are diagnosed and treated. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. It is expected that the number of subjects suffering from SD increases in the near future. Most studies of SD in diabetic men have focused on erectile dysfunction. There is a dearth of studies in the area of the other forms of SD. SD has consequences on the psychological well-being and reproductive function. They can be the first symptom of comorbidities or a treatment side effect. Erectile dysfunction is increasingly being recognised as an early marker of organic incipient systemic disease. Evaluation for any SD includes a complete medical history, detailed sexual history, physical examination, psychosocial assessment and, sometimes, complementary studies. Initial treatment of any SD should eliminate any modifiable factor that may lead to or aggravate the dysfunction. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are the preferred therapy for most men with organic erectile dysfunction who do not have a specific contraindication to their use. Pharmacological treatment of premature ejaculation includes on-demand or daily dosing of certain selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or clomipramine and on-demand topical local anaesthetics. Delayed ejaculation and anejaculation due to vascular or neuropathic damage are usually irreversible. The issue of infertility in patients with anejaculation or retrograde ejaculation seeking to have children should be addressed. No study specifically conducted in diabetic men on the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder, apart from that occurring in the context of hypogonadism, has been published.
Medical error disclosure: the gap between attitude and practice
Authors: Ghalandarpoorattar Seyedeh Mojgan , Kaviani Ahmad , Asghari Fariba 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Background
This study aims to evaluate the attending surgeons' and residents' attitudes towards error disclosure and factors that can potentially affect these tendencies in major academic hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).

Methods and material
In a cross-sectional study, self-administered questionnaires were delivered to all attending surgeons and second to fourth year surgical residents of TUMS during October and November 2009. The questionnaire contained two clinical scenarios and questions regarding physicians' attitudes towards disclosing medical error and their actual practice in the case of their last error. Of the 63 distributed questionnaires, 53 (84.1%) were completed and returned.

Results
Participants were less likely to disclose minor (39.6%; 21/53) than major (49.1%; 29/53) medical errors. Participants believed that their most important concerns for not disclosing errors were fear of a malpractice lawsuit (71.7%, n=38), losing patients' trust (62.3%, n=33), and emotional reactions of the patients and their relatives (56.6%, n=30). Although most physicians indicated they would disclose errors in minor and major scenarios, only 16.7% (n=8) had disclosed their last medical errors to their patients, two of which had resulted in patients taking legal action.

Conclusion
There was an obvious gap between surgeons' intentions and actual practices concerning disclosure of medical error. Education in medical error management to professionally support error disclosure might help reduce the gap.
Diagnosis and management of patent foramen ovale
Authors: Buchholz Stefan , Shakil Ayesha , Figtree Gemma A , Hansen Peter S , Bhindi Ravinay 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The foramen ovale is a slit-like anatomical structure located in the interatrial wall of the fetal heart that enables right-to-left shunting during fetal development. Although this hole generally closes completely shortly after birth due to shifting pressures in the atrial chambers, it remains open, or ‘patent’, in about 25% of cases representing a potential substrate for right-to-left shunting during adult life. A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is usually haemodynamically insignificant, even when large, but is the most common cause of right-to-left shunt. Large-diameter PFOs may act as a pathway for passage of thrombus, air, fat, vegetation or vasoactive substances from the venous to the arterial circulation, potentially causing paradoxical emboli and stroke, inappropriate decompression sickness in divers, platypnoea-orthodeoxia syndrome and aural migraine. Over the past two decades, the association between PFO and the occurrence of migraine and cryptogenic stroke, particularly in younger adults, has been subject to considerable controversy and debate. Currently, semi-invasive contrast-transoesophageal echocardiography is accepted as the gold standard to detect right-to-left shunt across a PFO, but other imaging modalities utilising contrast such as second-harmonic transthoracic echocardiogram, transcranial Doppler sonography, CT and cardiac MRI have been shown to have similar sensitivity and specificity in detecting a PFO when compared with transoesophageal echocardiography. In this review the authors discuss embryological origins, diagnostic measures and evidence-based treatment options for the prevention of PFO-related paradoxical embolism, with emphasis on cryptogenic stroke and migraine.
C*-SIMPLE GROUPS: AMALGAMATED FREE PRODUCTS, HNN EXTENSIONS, AND FUNDAMENTAL GROUPS OF 3-MANIFOLDS
Authors: DE LA HARPE PIERRE , PRÉAUX JEAN-PHILIPPE 
Published: January 2012

We establish sufficient conditions for the C*-simplicity of two classes of groups. The first class is that of groups acting on trees, such as amalgamated free products, HNN-extensions, and their nontrivial subnormal subgroups; for example normal subgroups of Baumslag–Solitar groups. The second class is that of fundamental groups of compact 3-manifolds, related to the first class by their Kneser–Milnor and JSJ decompositions.Much of our analysis deals with conditions on an action of a group Γ on a tree T which imply the following three properties: abundance of hyperbolic elements, better called strong hyperbolicity, minimality, both on the tree T and on its boundary ∂T, and faithfulness in a strong sense. An important step in this analysis is to identify automorphisms of T which are slender, namely such that their fixed-point sets in ∂T are nowhere dense for the shadow topology.
BMK1 Kinase Suppresses Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition through the Akt/GSK3β Signaling Pathway
Authors: Chen Runqiang , Yang Qingkai , Lee Jiing-Dwan 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in the development of cancer metastasis. The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases extracellular signal–regulated kinase, c-jun-NH2-kinase, and p38 have been implicated in promoting EMT, but a role for the MAP kinase BMK1 has not been studied. Here, we report that BMK1 signaling suppresses EMT. BMK1 elevation augmented E-cadherin–mediated cell–cell adhesion, downregulated mesenchymal markers, and decreased cell motility. Conversely, BMK1 silencing attenuated E-cadherin–mediated cell–cell adhesion, upregulated mesenchymal markers, and stimulated cell motility. BMK1 depletion dramatically increased the accumulation of endogenous Snail in the nuclear compartment. Snail accumulation was mediated by Akt/GSK3β signaling, which was activated by a modulation in the expression of the mTOR inhibitor DEPTOR. In support of these observations, BMK1 depletion promoted metastasis in vivo. Together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism of EMT control via mTOR/Akt inhibition that suppresses cancer metastasis. Cancer Res; 72(6); 1579–87. ©2012 AACR.