bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derivatization of carboxyl‐terminated polybutadiene for determining relative functionality distribution
Authors: Straessler Nicholas A. , Li Ping , Parry Shawn A. , Coleman David W. , Killpack Michael O. , Wright Michael E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA new and highly efficient method for determining relative carboxyl group distribution in carboxyl‐terminated polybutadiene has been developed using practical synthetic and analytical techniques. Using oxalyl chloride, samples of carboxyl‐terminated polybutadiene were rapidly transformed to acid chlorides that were then chemically derivatized with benzyl alcohol, 4‐nitrobenzyl alcohol, and 3,5‐dinitrobenzyl alcohol. This provided quick and quantitative conversion to the corresponding benzyl ester derivatives. Each new derivative was fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The benzyl ester modified polymers were investigated in detail to determine their relative carboxyl group concentrations. To do this, gel permeation chromatography combined with ultra violet/refractive index dual detection was employed. The 4‐nitrobenzyl ester, having the highest extinction factor at 270 nm provided the best UV data for analysis. The ultra violet/refractive index data of four separate polymer samples were plotted as a function of molecular weight. The data were compared with a theoretical plot (carboxyl group = two for all molecular weights) to illustrate the relative carboxyl concentration over the entire molecular weight range. Supplemental characterization of the 4‐nitrobenzyl modified polymer was carried out using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Nuclear JAK2: Form and Function in Cancer
Authors: Qian Cui‐Juan , Yao Jun , Si Jian‐Min 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe conventional view of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase which transmits information to the nucleus via the signal transducer and activator of transcriptions (STATs) without leaving the cytoplasm. However, accumulating data suggest that JAK2 may signal by exporting from cytoplasm to nucleus, where it guides the transcriptional machinery independent of STATs protein. Recent studies demonstrated that JAK2 is a crucial component of signaling pathways operating in the nucleus. Especially the latest landmark discovery confirmed that JAK2 goes into the nucleus and directly interacts with nucleoproteins, such as histone H3 at tyrosine 41 (H3Y41), nuclear factor 1‐C2 (NF1‐C2) and SWI/SNF‐related helicases/ATPases (RUSH)‐1α, indicating that JAK2 has a fresh nuclear function. Nuclear JAK2 is linked to a variety of cellular functions, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis and genetic instability. The balance between these functions is an essential factor in determining whether a cell remains benign or becomes malignant. The aim of this review is intended to summarize the state of our knowledge on nuclear localization of JAK2 and nuclear JAK2 pathways, and to highlight the emerging roles for nuclear JAK2 in carcinogenesis. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Third Branch of the Main Trunk of the Left Coronary Artery in Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus. Is the Nonhuman Primate Model Appropriate?
Authors: Nikolić Valentina , Blagojević Zoran , Stijak Lazar , Mališ Miloš , Parapid Gordana Teofilovski , Stanković Gordana , Spasojević Goran , Filipović Branislav 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the morphometry of branching patterns of the main trunk of the left coronary artery (MT of LCA) in nonhuman primates, and comment on the current nomenclature. The biometric study was performed using stereomicroscopic dissection of hearts of healthy and fertile nonhuman primates (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) of both sexes. Our results reveal that the MT of LCA terminates in a bifurcation into the anterior interventricular branch (AIB) and the circumflex branch (CB) (74.6%), trifurcation into the AIB, CB, and diagonal branch (DB) (23.6%), or occasionally quadrifurcation into the AIB, CB, and two DBs (1.8%). This is similar to the case in humans. Furthermore, two morphological aspects of the DB spatial distribution, in addition to its branching pattern, resemble the DB in humans. Myocardial bridges observed over the DB in the Cercopithecus aethiops heart further contribute to the similarity with humans. The resemblance of the DB and its branches to their human counterparts make them a suitable model for experimental study on coronary circulation. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demonstrating the Lymphatic System in Rats With Microinjection
Authors: Suami Hiroo , Chang David W. , Matsumoto Kumiko , Kimata Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe lymphatic system plays an important role in human health and disease. In addition to a role in the immune response, the lymphatics can serve as a pathway for cancer metastasis. Visualizing the lymphatic system has been a difficult part of anatomic dissection studies. Anatomists have attempted to map the lymphatic system using various methods and materials; vivisection of dogs, injection of mercury into the skin and lymphatic vessel in cadavers, and injection of dye indirectly into the skin of dead and living specimens. In this study, we introduce a method of using a mixture of acrylic blue dye and hydrogen peroxide to visualize the lymphatic system in rats. The lymphatic vessels were cannulated with micropipettes, and radio‐opaque orange lead oxide was selectively injected. The lymphatic system became visible from the dorsal side of the hand and foot, and distal region of the tail to their termination at the left and right subclavicular veins via lymph nodes. Cisterna chyli in the abdominal cavity and thoracic duct ran along with the aorta. The advantage of this technique is that lymph nodes as well as lymphatic channels could be recorded not only photographically but also radiographically. This microinjection technique is useful for demonstrating the lymphatic system in rats and may provide further information that will help in cancer metastasis research. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Bivariate Approach to the Variation of the Parietal Curvature in the Genus Homo
Authors: Bruner Emiliano , De La Cuétara José Manuel , Holloway Ralph 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe parietal bones approximately cover the extension of the underlying parietal lobes. Although the boundaries of these two anatomical elements do not coincide, during morphogenesis the growth of the parietal bones is largely induced by the pressure exerted by the parietal lobes. Modern humans display larger parietal chords and arcs compared with non‐modern human species. However, the variation of these variables have not been analyzed before according to the covariation with the general endocranial diameters. When the curvature of the parietal bones is regressed onto the main neurocranial distances, modern humans show larger relative values, suggesting not only an absolute enlargement but a definite allometric change. Taking into account the morphogenetic relationships with the parietal lobes, these results further support previous hypotheses suggesting a relative enlargement of these cortical areas in Homo sapiens, by using simple and reliable homologous neurocranial arcs. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histomorphological and Angiogenic Analyzes of Skin Epithelium After Low Laser Irradiation in Hairless Mice
Authors: Leão Juliane Caroline , Issa João Paulo Mardegan , Pitol Dimitrius Leonardo , Rizzi Ellen Camargo , Dias Fernando José , Siéssere Selma , Regalo Simone Cecílio Hallak , Iyomasa Mamie Mizusaki 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIt is not well‐understood how low‐laser therapy affects the skin of the applied area. This study analyzes skin of the masseteric region of mice from the HRS/J strain after three different application regimens (three, six or ten applications per regimen) of low intensity laser at 20 J/cm2 and 40 mW for 20 sec on alternate days. Three experimental groups according to the number of laser applications (three, six or ten) and three control groups (N = 5 animals for each group) were used. On the third day after the last irradiation, all animals were sacrificed and the skin was removed and processed to analyze the relative occupation of the test area by each epithelial layer and the aspects of neovascularization. Data were submitted to statistical analyzes. The irradiated groups compared to their respective controls at each period of time, showed no significant difference in relative occupation of the test area by the layers and epithelium areas for three and six applications, but for ten applications, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the basal and granulosum layers, and epithelium areas were found. From the comparisons of the three irradiated groups together, the group with six laser applications showed statistical difference (P < 0.05) in total epithelium and on the layers. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGFR‐2 immunoreactivities were similar for the control and irradiated groups. Results suggested a biostimulatory effect with low risks associated with superficial tissues, when the treatment aims the deeper layers after six applications. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the Effect of Osteon Diameter on the Potential Relationship of Osteocyte Lacuna Density and Osteon Wall Thickness
Authors: Skedros John G. , Clark Gunnar C. , Sorenson Scott M. , Taylor Kevin W. , Qiu Shijing 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAn important hypothesis is that the degree of infilling of secondary osteons (Haversian systems) is controlled by the inhibitory effect of osteocytes on osteoblasts, which might be mediated by sclerostin (a glycoprotein produced by osteocytes). Consequently, this inhibition could be proportional to cell number: relatively greater repression is exerted by progressively greater osteocyte density (increased osteocytes correlate with thinner osteon walls). This hypothesis has been examined, but only weakly supported, in sheep ulnae. We looked for this inverse relationship between osteon wall thickness (On.W.Th) and osteocyte lacuna density (Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar) in small and large osteons in human ribs, calcanei of sheep, deer, elk, and horses, and radii and third metacarpals of horses. Analyses involved: (1) all osteons, (2) smaller osteons, either ≤150 μm diameter or less than or equal to the mean diameter, and (3) larger osteons (>mean diameter). Significant, but weak, correlations between Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar and On.W.Th/On.Dm (On.Dm = osteon diameter) were found when considering all osteons in limb bones (r values −0.16 to −0.40, P < 0.01; resembling previous results in sheep ulnae: r = −0.39, P < 0.0001). In larger osteons, these relationships were either not significant (five/seven bone types) or very weak (two/seven bone types). In ribs, a negative relationship was only found in smaller osteons (r = −0.228, P < 0.01); this inverse relationship in smaller osteons did not occur in elk calcanei. These results do not provide clear or consistent support for the hypothesized inverse relationship. However, correlation analyses may fail to detect osteocyte‐based repression of infilling if the signal is spatially nonuniform (e.g., increased near the central canal). Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two Myristoylated Alanine‐Rich C‐Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) Paralogs are Required for Normal Development in Zebrafish
Authors: Ott Laura E. , Mcdowell Zachary T. , Turner Poem M. , Law J. Mchugh , Adler Kenneth B. , Yoder Jeffrey A. , Jones Samuel L. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMyristoylated alanine‐rich C‐kinase substrate (MARCKS) is an actin binding protein substrate of protein kinase C (PKC) and critical for mouse and Xenopus development. Herein two MARCKS paralogs, marcksa
and marcksb, are identified in zebrafish and the role of these genes in zebrafish development is evaluated. Morpholino‐based targeting of either MARCKS protein resulted in increased mortality and a range of gross phenotypic abnormalities. Phenotypic abnormalities were classified as mild, moderate or severe, which is characterized by a slight curve of a full‐length tail, a severe curve or twist of a full‐length tail and a truncated tail, respectively. All three phenotypes displayed abnormal neural architecture. Histopathology of Marcks targeted embryos revealed abnormalities in retinal layering, gill formation and skeletal muscle morphology. These results demonstrate that Marcksa and Marcksb are required for normal zebrafish development and suggest that zebrafish are a suitable model to further study MARCKS function. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effective Mechanical Advantage of A.L. 129‐1a for Knee Extension
Authors: Sylvester Adam D. , Mahfouz Mohamed R. , Kramer Patricia Ann 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe functional significance of shape differences between modern human and australopithecine distal femora remains unclear. Here, we examine the morphological component of the effective mechanical advantage (EMA) of the quadriceps muscle group in a sample of hominins that includes the fossil A.L. 129‐1a (Australopithecus afarensis) and modern humans. Quadriceps muscle moment arms were calculated from three‐dimensional computer models of specimens through a range of knee flexion. All hominins were compared using the same limb positions to allow us to examine, in isolation, the morphological component of the lengths of the pertinent moment arms. After taking into account the differences in bicondylar angle, the morphological component of the EMA was calculated as the ratio of the quadriceps muscle and ground reaction force moment arms. Our analyses reveal that A.L. 129‐1a would have possessed a morphological component of the quadriceps muscle EMA expected for a hominin of its body mass. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zur Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Spannbeton‐Fertigdecken bei biegeweicher Lagerung – Teil 1: Modellentwicklung
Authors: Roggendorf Thomas , Hegger Josef 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDie Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Spannbeton‐Fertigdecken wird bei einer Lagerung auf schlanken Trägern oder Unterzügen anstelle von starren Auflagern wie beispielsweise Wandscheiben deutlich herabgesetzt. Bisher existiert kein einheitliches Bemessungskonzept, das die verbleibende Tragfähigkeit zutreffend ermittelt. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung eines Bemessungsmodells zur Bestimmung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Spannbeton‐Fertigdecken bei biegeweicher Lagerung.Shear resistance of prestressed hollow core slabs on flexible supports – Part 1: Model derivationThe shear resistance of hollow core slabs is considerably reduced when the slabs are bedded on flexible supports like slender beams or girders instead of rigid walls. So far, there is no standardised design concept to determine the residual bearing capacity appropriately. This paper describes the derivation of a design model to determine the shear resistance of precast prestressed hollow core slabs on flexible supports.
Wirksamkeit örtlicher Bewehrungselemente zur Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Deckenplatten mit integrierten Leitungsführungen
Authors: Albrecht Christian , Schnell Jürgen 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIm Hochbau kommen immer öfter Stahlbetondecken mit integrierten Leitungsführungen zur Ausführung. Die Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetondecken fällt sowohl beim Einbau größerer Leitungsquerschnitte als auch bei Anhäufung kleiner Leitungen stark ab, so dass in manchen Fällen Querkraftbewehrung erforderlich wird. Bislang fehlen Bemessungsregeln, nach denen eine örtliche Bewehrung im Bereich der Leitungsführungen dimensioniert werden könnte, was oft zur Ablehnung solcher Systeme führt. Aus diesem Grund wurden einachsig gespannte Stahlbetondecken mit unterschiedlichen Arten der Leitungsführung hinsichtlich ihrer Querkrafttragfähigkeit untersucht. Die durchgeführten Bauteilversuche zeigen, wie wirkungsvoll die Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Deckenplatten mit integrierten Leitungsführungen durch lokale Querkraftbewehrungselemente gesteigert werden kann.Efficiency of local reinforcing elements for the shear force bearing capacity of floor slabs with integrated service ductsIn building construction, reinforced concrete floors with integrated ducts are increasingly executed. In case of the installation of larger duct cross sections as well as in case of the accumulation of small tubes, the shear force resistance of reinforced concrete floors drops down strongly. In such cases shear reinforcement is required. So far, there have been no design rules for the dimension of local reinforcement in the area of ducting. This often leads to a refusal of such systems. Due to these reasons, the shear force bearing capacity of one‐way reinforced concrete floor slabs with different types of ducting were analysed. The experiments demonstrate the increase in shear force bearing capacity of floor slabs with integrated service ducts by the use of local shear reinforcing elements.
Antibody production in Bacillus megaterium: Strategies and physiological implications of scaling from microtiter plates to industrial bioreactors
Authors: David Florian , Steinwand Miriam , Hust Michael , Bohle Kathrin , Ross Anton , Dübel Stefan , Franco‐Lara Ezequiel 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBacillus megaterium was used as an alternative high potential microbial production system for the production of antibody fragment D1.3 scFv. The aim of the study was to follow a holistic optimization approach from medium screening in small scale microtiter platforms, gaining deeper process understanding in the bioreactor scale and implementing advanced process strategies at larger scales (5–100 L). Screening and optimization procedures were supported by statistical design of experiments and a genetic algorithm approach. The process control relied on a soft‐sensor for biomass estimation to establish a μ‐oscillating time‐dependent fed‐batch strategy. Several cycles of growth phases and production phases, equal to starving phases, were performed in one production. Flow cytometry was used to monitor and characterize the dynamics of secretion and cell viability. Besides the biosynthesis of the product, secretion was optimized by an appropriate medium design considering different carbon sources, metal ions, (NH4)2SO4, and inductor concentrations. For bioprocess design, an adapted oscillating fed‐batch strategy was conceived and successfully implemented at an industrially relevant scale of 100 L. In comparison to common methods for controlling fed‐batch profiles, the developed process delivered increased overall productivities. Thereby measured process parameters such as growth stagnation or productivity fluctuations were directly linked to single cell or population behavior leading to a more detailed process understanding. Above all, the importance of single cell analysis as key scale‐free tool to characterize and optimize recombinant protein production is highlighted, since this can be applied to all development stages independently of the cultivation platform.
The Pseudopotential Approximation in Electronic Structure Theory
Authors: Schwerdtfeger Peter 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA short review is presented on one of the most successful theories for electronic structure calculations, the pseudopotential approximation, originally introduced by Hans G. A. Hellmann in 1934. Recent developments in relativistic quantum theory allow for the accurate adjustment of pseudopotential parameters to valence spectra, producing results for properties of atoms, molecules, and the solid‐state in excellent agreement with more accurate all‐electron results if a small‐core definition is used. Thus the relativistic pseudopotential approximation is now the most widely applied method for systems containing heavy elements.
A Nonpolar, Nonamphiphilic Molecule Can Accelerate Adsorption of Phospholipids and Lower Their Surface Tension at the Air/Water Interface
Authors: Nguyen Phuc Nghia , Trinh Dang Thuan Thao , Waton Gilles , Vandamme Thierry , Krafft Marie Pierre 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe adsorption dynamics of a series of phospholipids (PLs) at the interface between an aqueous solution or dispersion of the PL and a gas phase containing the nonpolar, nonamphiphilic linear perfluorocarbon perfluorohexane (PFH) was studied by bubble profile analysis tensiometry. The PLs investigated were dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine (DiC8‐PC), dilaurylphosphatidylcholine, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The gas phase consisted of air or air saturated with PFH. The perfluorocarbon gas was found to have an unexpected, strong effect on both the adsorption rate and the equilibrium interfacial tension (γeq) of the PLs. First, for all of the PLs, and at all concentrations investigated, the γeq values were significantly lower (by up to 10 mN m−1) when PFH was present in the gas phase. The efficacy of PFH in decreasing γeq depends on the ability of PLs to form micelles or vesicles in water. For vesicles, it also depends on the gel or fluid state of the membranes. Second, the adsorption rates of all the PLs at the interface (as assessed by the time required for the initial interfacial tension to be reduced by 30 %) are significantly accelerated (by up to fivefold) by the presence of PFH for the lower PL concentrations. Both the surface‐tension reducing effect and the adsorption rate increasing effect establish that PFH has a strong interaction with the PL monolayer and acts as a cosurfactant at the interface, despite the absence of any amphiphilic character. Fitting the adsorption profiles of DiC8‐PC at the PFH‐saturated air/aqueous solution interface with the modified Frumkin model indicated that the PFH molecule lay horizontally at the interface.
Transcriptional regulation of eater gene expression in Drosophila blood cells
Authors: Kroeger Paul T. , Tokusumi Tsuyoshi , Schulz Robert A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractEater is a transmembrane protein that mediates phagocytosis in Drosophila. eater was identified in a microarray analysis of genes downregulated in S2 cells, in which Serpent had been knocked down by RNAi. The gene was shown to be expressed predominantly in plasmatocytes after embryonic development. We have extensively analyzed the transcriptional enhancer controlling eater expression with the following findings: the enhancer reproduces the plasmatocyte expression pattern of the gene as verified by anti‐P1 antibody staining and a 526‐basepair DNA region is active in lymph gland and hemolymph plasmatocytes. This DNA contains several GATA elements that serve as putative‐binding sites for Serpent. Site‐directed mutagenesis of two of these GATA sites abolishes eater expression in both lymph gland and hemolymph plasmatocytes. This suggests that Serpent regulates eater expression by binding these GATA sites, which was confirmed by gel shift analysis. These analyses allowed us to use eater‐Gal4 to force plasmatocyte to lamellocyte differentiation. genesis 50:41–49, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.