bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On rheology–morphology correlation of polypropylene/poly(trimethylene terephthalate) blend nanocomposites
Authors: Khonakdar H. A. , Saen P. , Nodehi A. , Jafari S. H. , Asadinezhad A. , Wagenknecht U. , Heinrich G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA correlation between rheology and morphology of polypropylene/poly(trimethylene terephthalate) blend nanocomposites was addressed. Organoclay particles were preferentially localized either at the interface or inside the polyester phase depending upon affinity the level and exerted compatibilizing role by making a finer morphology. The functional compatibilizer was found to be highly efficient in giving rise to an enhanced interfacial adhesion and uniform morphology. The compatibilizer also expanded the clay gallery space by increasing its interlayer distance. Rheological measurements showed that nanoclay and compatibilizer contribute to the complex viscosity of the system considerably. Also, an upturn was detected at low angular frequencies ascribed to a secondary structure formation. Similar behavior was also found when storage shear modulus was studied, where at low frequencies a terminal plateau of yield stress character appeared that was connected with some intermolecular networks. This was further supported via relaxation time spectra wherein additional peaks due to interface emerged at low frequencies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Electromagnetic wave shielding and microwave absorbing properties of hybrid epoxy resin/foliated graphite nanocomposites
Authors: Al‐Ghamdi A. A. , Al‐Hartomy Omar A. , Al‐Solamy Falleh , Al‐Ghamdi Attieh A. , El‐Tantawy Farid 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study is to prepare and characterize foliated graphite nanosheets (FGNs) reinforced composites based on epoxy resin for the electromagnetic wave shielding and microwave absorbing applications. The microstructure of as prepared FGNs and epoxy reinforced with different content of foliated graphite was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of FGNs on thermal stability of composites was examined by thermal gravimetric. It is found that the inclusion of FGNs into the epoxy resin matrix enhances the microstructure core of epoxy resin composites. Static electric properties such as electrical conductivity, carrier mobility, number of charge carriers, and thermoelectric power of composites were studied in details. Dielectric properties of epoxy/FGN composites were characterized as a function of composition and frequency in the range of 1–18 GHz. The electromagnetic wave shielding as a function of frequency of composites was examined and compared with theoretical values. The highest shielding effectiveness was obtained for high foliated graphite loading sample FG40 at frequency of 18 GHz it equals to 62 dB. Finally, the electromagnetic wave properties such as absorption loss and reflection loss as a function of frequency were investigated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Thermal, crystalline, and tribological properties of PEEK/PEI/PES plastics alloys
Authors: Chen Jianbing , Guo Qiang , Zhao Zhengping , Shao Xianli , Wang Xiaoming , Duan Chunlai 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPEEK/PEI/PES plastics alloys in weight ratios of 70/30/0, 70/25/5, 65/30/5, 60/30/10, 60/35/5, and the three kinds of single high performance engineering plastics 100/0/0, 0/100/0, 0/0/100 were prepared by twin‐screw extrusion molding. A single glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of each alloy in the former five kinds of the plastics alloys could be measured by DSC and always rose to higher one than that of the pure PEEK by about 20°C. The crystalline degrees of these alloys could also ascended to more than 35.81% higher than that of the pure PEEK, especially for the alloy of the ratio 60/30/10 reached the maximum crystalline degree 37.76%. Adding PEI or PEI and PES, the crystalline temperatures of the PEEK alloys were decreased. The wear resistances of the alloys under dry sliding condition were considerably improved compared with pure PEI or PES, and the specific wear rate of the pure PEI or PES were four to six times as large as that of the alloys. However, the specific wear rates of the alloys were six to eight times larger than that of the pure PEEK, and the friction coefficients of the alloys were higher than that of the pure PEEK for 0.2–0.3. The polymeric transferred film on the steel ring surface against the alloys could be found, but no film on that against pure PES or PEI was found. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Adsorption of anionic dyes on a reversibly swelling cationic superabsorbent polymer
Authors: Bharti Shukla Neelesh , Madras Giridhar 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA cationic monomer [2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride was polymerized using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as the crosslinker to obtain a cationic superabsorbent polymer (SAP). This SAP was characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, and the equilibrium swelling capacity was determined by swelling in water. The SAP was subjected to cyclic swelling/deswelling in water and NaCl solution. The conductivity of the swelling medium was monitored during the swelling/deswelling and was related to the swelling/deswelling characteristics of the SAP. The adsorption of five anionic dyes of different classes on the SAP was carried out and was found to follow the first‐order kinetics. The Langmuir adsorption isotherms were found to fit the equilibrium adsorption data. The dye adsorption capacity of the SAP synthesized in this study was higher than that obtained for other hydrogels reported in the literature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Novel nanocomposite of poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) crosslinked with Jeffamine‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as gel polymer electrolytes
Authors: Li Yang , Luo Dan , Yang Mujie 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were functionalized with α,ω‐diamino poly(propylene oxide) (Jeffamine) of different molecular weights and crosslinked with poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) [P(AN‐GMA)] to prepare a novel nanocomposite for applications in gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). The synthesized copolymer was characterized by 1H‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared, and thermal analysis. Scanning electron microscope observation revealed that the Jeffamine‐functionalized MWCNTs distributed uniformly in the nanocomposite membrane. The mechanical behaviors of the nanocomposite membranes were investigated. It was found that the crosslinked nanocomposite membranes of P(AN‐GMA) and Jeffamine‐functionalized MWCNTs exhibited much higher mechanical strength than the counterpart nanocomposite obtained by physical blending. Moreover, the weight content and molecular weights of Jeffamine had an effect on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. Differential scanning calorimeter measurements showed that the crosslinked nanocomposite membranes were amorphous. GPEs based on the nanocomposite were prepared and characterized by complex impedance measurements. The GPE based on the nanocomposite of P(AN‐GMA) crosslinked with 6 wt % of MWCNTs functionalized by Jeffamine D400 showed an ionic conductivity of about 3.39 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25°C, which is much higher than the counterpart nanocomposite of physically blended P(AN‐GMA) and MWCNTs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Tooth‐On‐Tooth Interlocking Occlusion Suggests Macrophagy in the Mesozoic Marine Crocodylomorph Dakosaurus
Authors: Young Mark T. , Brusatte Stephen L. , Beatty Brian L. , De Andrade Marco Brandalise , Desojo Julia B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMetriorhynchidae was a peculiar but long‐lived group of marine Mesozoic crocodylomorphs adapted to a pelagic lifestyle. Recent discoveries show that metriorhynchids evolved a wide range of craniodental morphotypes and inferred feeding strategies. One genus, Dakosaurus, is arguably the most aberrant marine crocodylomorph due to its large, robust, ziphodont teeth; very low tooth count; and brevirostrine/oreinirostral snout. We here report an additional unusual feature of Dakosaurus that is unique among marine crocodylomorphs: tightly fitting tooth‐to‐tooth occlusion, whose inference is supported by reception pits along the upper and lower tooth rows, indicative of vertically orientated crowns that were in close contact during occlusion, and three distinct types of dental wear. These include irregular spalled surfaces near the apex (probably caused by tooth‐food contact), semi‐circular wear near the base, and elongate surfaces extending along the mesial and distal margins of the teeth, obliterating the carinae (including the denticles). Scanning electron micrographs show that these latter surfaces are marked by parallel apicobasal striations, which in extant mammals reflect tooth–tooth contact. As such, we interpret the carinal wear facets in Dakosaurus as being formed by repeated tooth–tooth contact between the mesial and distal margins of the teeth of the upper and lower jaw. We posit that this increased the available shearing surface on their high crowns. Together, these wear patterns suggest that occlusion in Dakosaurus was specialized for cutting large and abrasive prey items into portions small enough to swallow, making it a prime example of an aquatic reptile with macrophagous feeding habits. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Impacts of the Nile Delta land‐use on the local climate
Authors: Giannakopoulou Evangelia‐Maria , Toumi Ralf 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis is a numerical study of the effects of the Nile Delta (ND) man‐made greening on local climate. We compared a control simulation, which employs the present‐day ND vegetation, with a desertification experiment. It was found that the low surface albedo of the agricultural ND increases net radiation, which in turn raises potential evapotranspiration (PET). This suggests that agricultural use increases the water demand by enhancing PET. Non‐local effects are also observed on a frontal system over the eastern Mediterranean Sea that shifted farther away from the coast. This shift is attributed to a stronger land breeze in the present‐day land‐cover. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The nature of small‐scale non‐turbulent variability in a mesoscale model
Authors: Güttler Ivan , Belušić Danijel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that numerical diffusion plays a crucial role in the ability of mesoscale models to reproduce features similar to sub‐meso motions found in observations, particularly in terms of spectral energy distribution. In this study, the impacts of surface heterogeneity and frequency of lateral boundary coupling are investigated as potential factors governing or modulating the occurrence of sub‐meso motions. The spectral energy distribution after the reduction of model diffusion is analysed in detail. It is suggested that a combination of physical and numerical mechanisms is responsible for the final spectral shape. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Observed 21st century temperatures further constrain likely rates of future warming
Authors: Stott Peter A. , Jones Gareth S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe carry out a detection and attribution analysis of observed near‐surface temperatures to 2010 and demonstrate that the signal of human influence on climate has strengthened over the first decade of the 21st century. As a result, we show that global warming is set to continue, with the second decade of the 21st century predicted to be very likely warmer than the first. Estimates of future warming rates consistent with observations of past climate change are now better constrained than they were a decade ago. The highest rates of warming previously consistent with past warming now appear to be unlikely. © 2012 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The transition to a bio‐economy: national perspectives
Authors: Kircher Manfred 
Published: May 2012

AbstractManfred Kircher, Chairman of Cluster Industrielle Biotechnologie e.VCLIB2021 considers the transition from a fossil‐fuel‐based economy to a global bio‐economy. In this, the first of a two‐part feature, he puts forward the case for facilitating connections between regions for a fully integrated global bio‐economy linked by ‘clusters of clusters’.
Identification of human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of a novel к‐opioid receptor agonist, nalfurafine hydrochloride
Authors: Ando Akihiro , Oshida Keiyu , Fukuyama Shinichi , Watanabe Ayano , Hashimoto Hisashi , Miyamoto Yohei 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTNalfurafine hydrochloride (TRK‐820) exhibits strong к‐opioid agonistic activity and is a new antipruritic agent for uremic pruritus. This study was performed to identify the human hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolic conversion of nalfurafine to the decyclopropylmethylated form, de‐CPM, using human liver microsomes and E. coli membrane fractions expressing human P450 isoforms. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography with a radioactivity detector and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. The metabolism of nalfurafine by human liver microsomes exhibited a biphasic kinetic profile. Experiments examining the metabolism by E. coli membrane fractions expressing human P450 isoforms indicated that CYP1A1, 2C8, 2C19 and 3A4 had the ability to produce de‐CPM. In experiments with human liver microsomes that examined the inhibition of nalfurafine metabolism by anti‐human P450 antibodies, anti‐CYP3A4 antibody predominantly, and anti‐CYP2C8 and 2C19 antibodies moderately, inhibited de‐CPM formation. From these results, CYP3A4 appeared to be the major isoform involved in the metabolic decyclopropylmethylation of nalfurafine, while CYP2C8 and 2C19 most likely play a minor role in the formation of de‐CPM. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The competence of young children to testify in legal proceedings
Authors: Myers John E. B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractYoung children testify as witnesses with increasing frequency. This article describes the law regarding children's competence to testify. The article focuses on: (1) the elements of testimonial competence, including perception, memory, understanding the difference between the truth and a lie, and understanding the duty to tell the truth in court; (2) the requirement of personal knowledge of relevant facts; and (3) the requirement that the child take a religious oath or a secular affirmation.
Competency, and other constructs, in right to die cases
Authors: Finkel Norman J. , Hurabiell Marie L. , Hughes Kevin C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSubjects had to make a “remove” or “do not remove” life‐sustaining measures decision in three right to die cases where the patients differed in competence; for half the subjects, a living will was present in all the cases, whereas, for the other half, it was not. Subjects also gave their determinative reasons for their decisions. Support for the right to die varied by case, but not by competency, or by the presence of a living will. The subjects' reasons were highly predictive of their decisions, and related to the way case‐specific facts were construed, revealing a number of disparities between the way courts and citizens construe whether the patient's condition is “terminal,” “irreversible,” and “painful,” or not. Beyond construing facts differently, the results also revealed a disparity between evolving case law and the community's “common sense justice” over a fundamental belief: whether dying is seen as private matter, outside the bounds of State intervention, or not.
Artificial legal standards in mental/emotional injury litigation
Authors: Perrin Gary , Sales Bruce D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe courts historically have viewed mental and emotional injuries with suspicion. In attempting to ensure the genuineness of those claims that are brought to trial, most courts require that plaintiffs meet standards that go beyond those that are imposed for claims of physical injury, even though the value and validity of these additional standards have not been empirically assessed. Although the development of legal standards in the absence of empirical data is troubling, of particular concern is the fact that some of the imposed standards are artificial in that they refer to factors not directly related to the injury claimed. This study explores the impact of these standards on the litigation of claims for emotional injuries. The paper discusses the effects that artificial standards had upon claims pursued at the trial court level. According to these data, artificial standards are not warranted.
Perceptions of liability for the negligent infliction of emotional distress to a bystander
Authors: Bowen Matthew , Nordby Eric C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis study examines factors that are part of the test for whether a plaintiff may recover damages due to the negligent infliction of emotional distress to a bystander. Subjects were 96 eligible jurors from two California counties. They were presented with a case vignette which carried one of the three elements for bystander recovery for emotional distress as outlined in the California case of Dillon v. Legg. Participants were more likely to believe a plaintiff had a right to sue for damages in cases in which (1) there is a close relationship between the bystander and a direct victim, and (2) the bystander is within the zone of physical danger. A plaintiff's sensory and contemporaneous perception of an accident did not significantly influence subjects' judgements.
The use of mental health professional consultants to police hostage negotiation teams
Authors: Butler William M. , Leitenberg Harold , Fuselier G. Dwayne 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThree hundred law enforcement agencies in the United States that employ a negotiator in hostage incidents responded to a survey regarding the use of mental health professionals as consultants to the negotiation team. Thirty‐nine percent of the agencies with a negotiator use a mental health professional consultant to the negotiation team. Police agencies that use a mental health professional as a consultant on negotiation techniques reported more hostage incidents ending by negotiated surrender and fewer hostage incidents ending by tactical team assault and arrest of the perpetrator. Also, police agencies that use a mental health professional as a consultant on the assessment of the perpetrator reported fewer hostage incidents resulting in the serious injury or death of a hostage. Although these results are only correlational, they raise the possibility that the use of mental health professionals as consultants to police hostage negotiation teams may decrease the risk of hostage injury and death.
Coercion and ‘voluntary’ admission: An examination of psychiatric patient views
Authors: Rogers Anne 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article examines coercion in voluntary psychiatric patients. Three main themes are highlighted using qualitative and quantitative data from a sample of 412 psychiatric patients surveyed in 1990 who had experienced at least one period of hospitalisation. The themes are: the extent to which the label of ‘voluntary’ was an indicator of the patients' experience of being in hospital of their own volition; aspects of admission which patients considered to be coercive; and the impact that coercion might have on patients' views about their problem, professionals and treatment. The findings suggest that a substantial number of nominally voluntary patients reported coercive aspects of their hospitalisation. The impact of feeling coerced was found to produce a more rejecting attitude towards psychiatric services. The findings are discussed in relation to British mental health legislation and care.I particularly want to thank David Pilgrim for his collaboration with the research which made this article possible and for his useful and supportive comments. I am also indebted to John Monahan for his helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
Patient, family, and staff perceptions of coercion in mental hospital admission: An exploratory study
Authors: Hoge Steven K. , Lidz Charles , Mulvey Edward , Roth Loren , Bennett Nancy , Siminoff Laura , Arnold Robert , Monahan John 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLittle is known about the coercive pressures brought to bear on psychiatric patients in the hospitalization process. Significant methodological hurdles stand in the way of this research. Most notably, reliable and valid methods of ascertaining and quantifying perceptions of coercion have not been developed. This report summarizes the findings of an exploratory study designed to gather data needed to refine the conceptualization and measurement of coercion. Multiple perspectives on admission incidents for forty‐three patients (26% of whom were involuntarily hospitalized) were obtained. Patients were administered research interviews and completed a self‐administered inventory shortly after the admission decision. The admitting clinician and a family member involved in the admission were administered parallel interviews. In addition, focus groups comprised of outpatients, former patients, family members, and clinical staff were conducted to uncover the terminology and description of coercion commonly used. The implications of these preliminary quantitative and qualitative findings for future research are discussed
Coercive uses of mandatory reporting in therapeutic relationships
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth , Levine Murray , Sharma Anupama , Ferretti Lousie , Steinberg Karen , Wallach Leah 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMandatory reporting legislation was enacted with little consideration of its consequences for ongoing therapeutic relationships. One consequence is the unanticipated and coercive uses of the law in mental health settings. Thirty therapists and 25 child protective service workers were interviewed about their experiences with mandatory reporting in therapy relationships. The interviews revealed unanticipated as well as coercive uses of mandatory reporting in therapeutic relationships, including prompting crisis in family systems to promote change, and using reporting or threats of it to enforce attendance and engagement in therapy. Therapists'd anger and view of reporting as a form of power or tool for social control also related to coercive uses of mandatory reporting. The special case of coercion in mandated cases resulting from mandatory reporting legislation is discussed as well.
One‐gun‐a‐month: Measuring public opinion concerning a gun control initiative
Authors: Kauder Neal B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractState lawmakers in Virginia recently approved a measure to limit to one the number of handguns a person can purchase within a thirty day period. In the months preceding the law's approval, a survey was conducted to measure the level of public support for the proposed initiative. The results of the survey were provided to lawmakers and other high level government officials in an effort to provide policymakers with objective data for gauging support (or non‐support) for the proposal. Past public opinion polls which have measured attitudes concerning gun control reveal differences in the levels of support with regard to such factors as individual gun ownership and region of residence. The following research reveals the sentiment of one State's citizenry toward a specific handgun control measure by focusing on how responses varied across selected sub‐groups within the sample.