bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the World Collection of Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. I. Reaction to Several Diseases and Associations with Morphological Characters in Israel1
Authors: Ashri A. 
Published: July 2010

The world collection of cultivated safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, containing about 2,000 lines, was studied for reaction to phyllody and to four foliage diseases. Of these lines, 547 were resistant to rust (Puccinia carthami), 17 to the Ramularia carthami leaf spot, 30 to the Cercospora carthami leaf spot, 919 to powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum), and 1,181 were free from phyllody.All the lines were evaluated also for 20 morphological and phenological traits, using standardized terminology suitable for computer handling. The data were analyzed for associations of the disease reactions with geographical origins, reactions to other diseases, and morphological traits. Associations of various morphological traits with resistance to the diseases were established. Regions where the resistant lines occur at higher frequencies were also identified. The geographical divergence in disease reaction and the different frequencies of lines resistant to the diseases may be a result of varying selection pressures.
Effects of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Restoring Factors on Yield and Morphology in Inbred and Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Grogan C. O. , Francis C. A. , Sarvella P. A. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryFertility restoring factors have been reported to influence plant morphology in a number of genotypes when in Texas sterile cytoplasm. Results from the present study indicate an influence only in specific genotypes when the restoring source in a normal cytoplasm is used as the male for normal and cytoplasmic male sterile females.Cytoplasmic male sterile and restored (in Texas sterile cytoplasm) lines and crosses differed in morphological traits, yield, and grain moisture from the normal counterpart. The counterparts differed least for average ear height and grain moisture. Yields of lines and hybrids in “T” cytoplasm were reduced by yellow leaf blight, Phyllosticta sp. A “multiplasm” approach for the production of hybrid seed by the male sterile‐restorer method is suggested for pests specific to a cytoplasm.
Influence of Single Recessive Endosperm Mutants on Yield and Dry Matter Distribution in Maize (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Grogan C. O. , Francis C. A. 
Published: July 2010

SummarySeed stocks of recessive endosperm mutants su1, fl2 and o2 were each crossed with several inbred lines of maize. F1 plants were self‐pollinated to produce ears segregating for normal and mutant kernels. Careful examination of ears from F2 plants allowed harvest of samples from homozygous normal, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant plants. The heterozygotes were superior in grain yield to either homozygote, and the homozygous normal yielded more than the mutant in su1 and o2 crosses. Husk dry weights were lowest in normal homozygotes of su1 and o2, and in homozygous recessive of fl1. Leaf and stem dry weights showed inconsistent patterns. Plants from normal kernels had a lower ear, husk, and leaf moisture than those of the homozygous recessive. The harvest index (ear wt./total plant wt.) was greater in homozygous normal and heterozygous plants of su1 and o2 maize. The heterozygotes studied appeared to have a more totally efficient system for the conversion of light into dry matter.
Chlorophyll Mutation From Recurrent X‐Irradiation of Flax Seed1
Authors: Beard Benjamin H. 
Published: July 2010

A 1,000‐seed lot from each of seven flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties were allowed to reach moisture equilibrium over NaC1O3 before treatment with 30 kR of high energy x‐rays. Controls were 500 non‐irradlated seeds of each variety. Seeds for subsequent cycles were obtained from random bolls, each taken from a different basal branch of the surviving M1 or control plants. One seed from each selected boll was used to maintain the 1,000‐ or 500‐seed lots for varietal irradiated and control populations, respectively. Seeds were irradiated each generation for four cycles.The chlorophyll mutation frequencies, based on basal branch progenies (primary or secondary stems) were 0.32 ✕ 10‐2, and 0.02 ✕ 10‐2 for irradiated and control populations, respectively. The chlorophyll mutation frequencies, using Frydenberg's seedling method were 4.8 ± 0.5 ✕ 10‐4, and 0.1 ± 0.06 ✕ 10‐4 for irradiated and control populations, respectively.The chlorophyll mutation spectrum consisted of six classes: light‐green 29%, yellow‐green 35%, yellow virescent 12%, yellow 14%, albino virescent 7% and albino 3%. The yellow and albino mutants usually died in the seedling stage.
Heritability Estimates for Grain Yield in Oats (Avena sp.)1
Authors: Pfahler P. L. 
Published: July 2010

Narrow sense heritability values were determined from actual selection response and in standard units using 94 populations grown in replicated trials in 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, and 1969 at Gainesville, Florida. Eighty‐nine of the populations were homogeneous and homozygous lines with diverse genetic backgrounds derived from crosses involving Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina C. Koch. Five were recommended varieties. Heritability values by selection response were determined using three levels (upper 10, upper 25 and upper 47 of the 94 populations) of selection and the mean of the 94 populations as a reference point for response. Over all levels of selection, the values ranged from _.55 to .76 for individual year comparisons. When individual years were compared to the 6‐year mean, the range was _.05 to .87. No consistent differences were found as a result of selection level although in a few cases selection of the upper 25 instead of the upper 10 resulted in higher values. Heritability values determined in standard units ranged from _.05 to .63 when individual years were compared and from .11 to .67 when individual years were compared to the 6‐year mean. In general, values between individual years and the 6‐year mean were equal to, or higher than, those between individual years.A hypothetical selection and testing procedure was designed in which the yields of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years were combined at random to determine the effect of the number of years tested on the heritability values relative to the 6‐year mean. No substantial or consistent changes in values were obtained as the number of years tested was increased.
Reproduction in Crested Wheatgrass Triploids1
Authors: Dewey Douglas R. 
Published: July 2010

Triploid Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. crossed most readily with diploid A. cristatum, 2n = 14, but some crossing also occurred with tetraploid A. desertorum, 2n = 28; hexaploid A. cristatum, 2n = 42; and an A. repens (L.) Gaertn. ✕ A. cristatum induced‐amphiploid hybrid, 2n = 56. Chromosome numbers of 183 progeny ranged from 2n = 14 to 38, with 80% of the progeny having 14, 15, or 16 chromosomes. At least 90% of the progeny of triploid A. cristatum came from reduced 7‐, 8‐, or 9‐chromosome eggs. Triploid A. cristatum is an excellent source of primary trisomics, which can be recognized by aberrant morphology and reduced fertility.Triploid A. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. crossed most frequently with tetraploid A. desertorum, but it also crossed occasionally with diploid and hexaploid A. cristatum. Chromosome numbers in 59 open‐pollination progeny ranged from 2n = 23 to 42. Triploid A. desertorum produced no functional eggs with less than nine chromosomes, and at least half of its functional eggs were unreduced. Chromosome numbers in 57 open‐pollination progeny of triploid A. cristatum ✕ A. desertorum ranged from 2n = 24 to 56. More than 75% of the functional eggs of this triploid hybrid were unreduced.The wide differences in proportion of functional unreduced eggs produced by the three types of triploids were probably due to differential abortion of reduced gametes rather than to basic differences in patterns of megasporogenesis. Each triploid is capable of serving as a genetic bridge between diploid and polyploid crested wheatgrasses; however, gene flow is mostly from diploid to polyploid.
Genotype‐environment Studies of Test Weight and Its Components in Soft Winter Wheat1
Authors: Ghaderi Ardeshir , Everson E. H. 
Published: July 2010

The genotype‐environmental interaction of test weight and its components in Eastern soft winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em ‘Thell,’ was studied at seven locations in 2 years. Significant effects of location and years for test weight indicate that breeders should include a sample of years and locations when selecting for this character.By removing the differential effects of density, an environmental characteristic, from test weight and dealing only with packing efficiency, a varietal characteristic, a definite gain in genetic variance was obtained.Although test weight and kernel weight under different environments were highly correlated, a covariance analysis demonstrated no genetic correlation between them. This suggests that there are no genes in common controlling test weight and kernel weight in the varieties studied.Utilizing a combined regression analysis to examine genotype stability of test weight, cultivars and advanced breeding lines that had a significant interaction with the nursery means over different environments were identified. These lines were relatively indifferent to environmental variation and always had good test‐weight performance. The analysis also identified genotypes with average sensitivity and lines with extreme or undesirable sensitivity.
Weight Gain of Cereal Leaf Beetle Larvae on Normal and Induced Leaf Pubescence1
Authors: Smith D. H. , Ninan Thamby , Rathke Eileen , Cress C. E. 
Published: July 2010

Seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germinated and grown in closed petri dishes consistently produced leaves with more pubescence than those grown under natural conditions. Weight gain and percent survival of freshly emerged cereal leaf beetle larvae were measured on seedling plants with increased amounts of pubescence and control plants with normal pubescence.Larval weight gain on plants of cultivars susceptible and resistant to the cereal leaf beetle with increased densities of pubescence were significantly lower than the weight gain of larvae grown on control plants. These results make it possible to examine the contribution of pubescence to resistance within a single genotype in a manner similar to those comparisons in which pairs of isogenic lines are used.
Estimates of Heterosis from a Diallel Cross of Inbred Lines of Castors, Ricinus communis L.1
Authors: Hooks J. A. , Williams J. H. , Gardner C. O. 
Published: July 2010

Seven lines of castors, Ricinus communis L., were combined in a diallel cross series to obtain information on the magnitude of genetic variance and heterosis expressed in the F1's. Significant line effects (general combining ability) and heterosis (specific combining ability) were both important for days to flowering, racemes per plant, volume weight, and oil content. Heterosis was the only significant effect for seed yield.Significant differences between reciprocal crosses were observed for days to flowering, nodes to first and second racemes, racemes per plant, volume weight, and oil percentage. In future studies involving crosses among these lines the occurrence of reciprocal differences should be assumed and studies should be designed to account for this source of variation.Seed yield and oil content were negatively correlated with days to flowering and with number of nodes to first and second racemes and positively correlated with number of racemes per plant and volume weight of seed. Yield and oil content were positively correlated. All but one of the phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients were .5 or greater in absolute value.
Reversal of Low Temperature Effects on a Tropical Plant by Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Karbassi P. , Garrard L. A. , West S. H. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryPangolagrass plants (Digitaria decumbens Stent.) exposed to 10C night temperature had increased starch contents and decreased amylolytic activities, dry weights, leaf areas, and shoot lengths as compared with control plants exposed to 30C night temperatures. Application of 10‐5 M gibberellic acid (GA3) reversed these effects of 10C night temperature. The direct addition of GA3 to the reaction mixture did not alter the in vitro amylolytic activity of crude leaf extracts of pangolagrass during their incubation either at 10C or 30C, which indicates that perhaps the effect of low temperature was on synthesis of amylolytic enzymes.
Effect of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Enrichment at Different Developmental Stages on Growth and Yield Components of Soybeans1
Authors: Hardman L. L. , Brun W. A. 
Published: July 2010

Vegetative and reproductive parameters were measured at maturity on field‐grown soybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr., var. Hark] given CO2 enrichment to 1,200 (±150) ppm for 5‐week periods corresponding to vegetative, flowering, and pod‐filling stages of development. CO2 enrichment during the vegetative stage had no effects on the measured parameters at maturity. CO2 enrichment during flowering caused increased node numbers, leaf and stem dry weights, and pod numbers. Seed size decreased and need yield was not affected.CO2 enrichment during pod filling had no effects on vegetative parameters, but caused a slight increase in pod number, and a marked increase in pod weight and seed yield at maturity. These results are discussed in terms of source‐sink relationships and the limitations imposed by the availability of photosynthate.
Temperature, Photoperiod, and Light Intensity Effects on Growth of Pisum sativum L.1
Authors: Dolan Desmond D. 
Published: July 2010

Controlled environment chambers were used to study the effect of three factors (temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity) on the growth (dry weight) of seven pea (Pisum sativum L.) introductions and three pea cultivars. The design of the experiment was a split plot with three large temperature chambers divided in the center with one photoperiod treatment on each side. Each photoperiod chamber was then divided by a horizontal partition into two light intensity chambers. The three temperatures, low, medium, and high, were 12 C, 17.5 C, and 25 C. The two photoperiods were 12 hours light and 18 hours light. The two light intensities were 21,500 and 43,000 lux.Growth was much greater at the medium temperature than at either the high or low. The relatively unfavorable effect of low temperature was partly offset by the most favorable light regime, namely long day combined with high light intensity. Of the four light regimes, the results from two were similar and from two others were very dissimilar. The best growth was with long day and high light intensity. The poorest growth was with short day and low light intensity. The two recombinations (short day plus high intensity and long day plus low intensity) were not different in growth response. The first order interactions involving temperature were all significant indicating that temperature response was modified by both day length and light intensity effects.
Use of the Modified Pelshenke Test for Early Generation Wheat Quality Screening1
Authors: Welsh J. R. , Normann R. M. 
Published: July 2010

The modified Pelshenke wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) meal fermentation time test was evaluated as an early generation predictor of bread flour properties. Experiments were conducted comparing Pelshenke values, protein values, and mixograph properties. Comparisons were made between all three tests on 233 lines in 3 years, and on 140 paired observations between Pelshenke values on F2 plants and protein and mixograph values on subsequent F3 plant rows. Protein values did not correlate with any other measurements.On the 233 lines on which all tests were conducted, the Pelshenke test was in complete agreement with mixograph measurements 75% of the time with respect to saving or discarding samples. Thirteen percent of the lines would have been saved by the Pelshenke test and discarded on mixograph, and 12% would have been discarded by the Pelshenke test and saved on the mixograph.In the 140 paired observations between F2 Pelshenke values and F3 mixograph values, accurate predictions occurred in 72% of the cases. Seventeen percent of the cases would have been saved by the Pelshenke test and later discarded by the mixograph, while 11% would have been discarded by the Pelshenke but saved by the mixograph.The Pelshenke test can be used with good reliability to screen for later performance on the mixograph.
Inheritance of Sterile Brachytic in an Infraspecific Cross of Arachis hypogaea L.1
Authors: Coffelt Terry A. , Hammons Ray O. 
Published: July 2010

Twenty F2 progenies from reciprocal infraspecific crosses between Arachis hypogaea L. cultivars ‘Argentine’ and ‘Early Runner’ were grown in field plantings. At 4 to 8 weeks 10,167 seedlings (x̄ = 508/F1 plant) were classified for brachytic vs. normal growth. Brachytic plants have a reduced leaf rachis, shorter petioles, and stem internodes and are male and female sterile. F2 data tested by chi‐square were found to fit a phenotypic ratio of 243 normal:13 brachytic. All 29 possible chisquares were nonsignificant (P<0.05). No differences occurred between reciprocal crosses.Results indicate that the two parental cultivars differ at four unlinked loci, involving two sets of factors with cotnplementary‐duplicate action, to condition the brachytic character. Gene symbols Bs1, Bs2, Bs3, and Bs4 are proposed. Two dominant alleles, one at each of any two loci, will result in normal plants. Plants homozygous recessive at any three loci or at all four loci are brachytic. Normal is completely dominant.The efficacy of this gene model in interpreting results from investigations by previous researchers is shown by the lower chi‐squares and higher P‐values when their data are tested to the 243:13 ratio vs. the 15:1 ratio previously postulated.
Greenhouse Evaluation of Verticillium, Fusarium, and Root Knot Nematode on Cotton1
Authors: Bugbee W. M. , Sappenfield W. P. 
Published: July 2010

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants 3 or 6 weeks old were inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum, f. sp. vasinfectum, Verticillium albo‐atrum, or Meloidogyne incognita acrita, individually and in all combinations, to determinean inoculation procedure that would permit an evaluation for multiple disease resistance. Four cotton varieties of known disease reaction were used for comparison. Differences in varietal response to F. oxysporum were best expressed in the younger plants, and varietal differences to V. albo‐atrum were best expressed in older plants. Although varietal differences in wilt response were less clear when both fungi were inoculated simultaneously, these differences were more evident in the younger plants.Most stunting occurred when plants growing in rootknot nematode‐infested soil were inoculated with either or both pathogens. Good differentiation of varietal resistance was not apparent. Only the most susceptible and most resistant varieties could be distinguished when infected with all 3 pathogens.
Distribution of 14C Photosynthates in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) During the Vegetative Stage of Growth1
Authors: St‐Pierre J. C. , Wright M. J. 
Published: July 2010

11CO2 was applied at two stages of growth to leaf blades at different positions on the main shoot or tillers of timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Before treatment some plants had been defoliated to maintain two intact top leaves or two intact basal leaves, while on the rest all or none of the extended leaf blades had been removed. Tillers were not defoliated. Plants were either autoradiographed or dissected and extracted with 85% ethanol to measure partitioning of the radioactivity.The tracer moved from the main shoots to all sinks at both stages of growth, even under severe defoliation. Tillers exported label consistently to roots and very inconsistently to main shoot or sister tillers. Top blades of the main shoot sent more assimilate to elongating leaves above them, while the basal blades sent more to tillers and roots. The presence of actively growing tillers favored more transport out of blades on mainshoots. Defoliation treatments had only a minor effect on distribution of the label.
Inheritance of Yield Components and Morpho‐physiological Traits in Barley, Hordeum vulgare L.1
Authors: Yap T. C. , Harvey B. L. 
Published: July 2010

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the possibilities of using morphological characters as selection criteria for yield improvement in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In order to obtain this information, the F1 of seven‐cultivar diallel cross was grown in the field in 1969 and 1970 to study the inheritance of grain yield, tillers per plant, kernel weight, kernels per head, flag leaf area, erectophile flag leaf area, peduncle area, head area, flag leaf area duration, culm diameter, and flag leaf angle,The results indicate that both agronomic and morpho‐physiological traits were controlled mainly by additive gene action. Dominance effects were also observed, but these were not stable in controlling grain yield, kernel weight, and flag leaf angle. The photosynthetic areas above the flag leaf node, culm diameter, and flag leaf area duration appear to be controlled by partially recessive gene action. With the exception of flag leaf angle, all the morpho‐physiological traits were significantly associated with grain yield over two years of observation. Since selection for morpho‐physiological traits is easy and the heritabilities for these traits were quite high, genetic gains for these traits are expected. Consequently, selection for morpho‐physiological traits appears to be a promising means of establishing a high yielding plant type.
Tetraploid and Triploid Interspecific Hybrids of Trifolium pratense L., T. diffusum Ehrh., and Some Related Species1
Authors: Schwer J. F. , Cleveland R. W. 
Published: July 2010

Tetraploid hybrids were produced from matings of 4x Tritolium pratense L. by 4x T. dilfusum Ehrh., but not from the reciprocal cross. F1 and F2 plants were moderately vigorous and fertile and had very similar morphology. Few examples of phenotypic segregation were found in the F2 families. Backcross plants (T. pratense ✕ F1) were sterile.Meiosis of 4x hybrids was characterized as follows: (i) hybrids had proportionately more bivalents at than did the autoploid parents; (ii) bivalents were usually the ring type; (iii) multivalents with from three to 18 Chromosomes occurred at MI; (iv) univalents were present at MI and laggard chromosomes at AI and AII; and (v) bridges with fragments were found at AIThe meiotic behavior of the tetraploid hybrids appeared to be consistent with that expected for newly constituted segmental allopolyploids. However, the breeding behavior of hybrids approached that of genomic allopolyploids. In explanation, the majority of functional gametes of the F1 may have come from cells with completely homogenetic chromosome pairing.A hypo‐triploid hybrid (2n = 21) was obtained from matings of 4x T. pratense by 2x T. diffusum. The plant was vigorous, and partially fertile. A phenotypically variable population was produced from the F1 by openpollination with 2x T. pratense. The F1 had the following meiotic behavior: (i) cells at MI averaged five bivalents and five univalents; (ii) low frequencies of multivalents occurred in units of 3 to 10 chromosomes; (iii) laggards were common at AI and AII; and (iv) single bridges with fragments occurred infrequently at AI and AII.Heterogenetic associations at MI were somewhat more frequent in the T. pratense ✕ T. diffusum hypo‐triploid than in the T. pratense ✕ T. pallidum triploid, previously reported. Thus, the chromosomes of T. pratense seemed to have more pairing affinities with those of T. diffusum than with those of T. palliclum.One morphologically abnormal, sterile hybrid was produced from 4x T. pratense mated with 2x T. hirtum All. Its somatic chromosome numbers were variable in roottip cells.Two phenotypically different hybrids were obtained from 4x T. pratense mated with 2x T. pallidum Waldst. & Kit. One plant was partially fertile; the other, sterile.