bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule and Prognosis in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Smedbakken Linda , Jensen Jesper K. , Hallén Jonas , Atar Dan , Januzzi James L. , Halvorsen Bente , Aukrust Pål , Ueland Thor 
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—
Biomarkers predicting mortality and functional outcome in stroke may be clinically helpful in identification of patients likely to benefit from intervention. Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is upregulated during neuroinflammation; we investigated whether ALCAM concentrations are associated with long-term mortality after ischemic stroke.

Methods—
In 244 patients with acute ischemic stroke (age 69±13 years), samples of ALCAM were obtained serially from presentation to Day 5 and after 6 months. Patients with overt ischemic heart disease and atrial fibrillation were excluded. The patients were followed for 47 months with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality as end points.

Results—

At follow-up, 72 patients (29%) had died, 43 due to cardiovascular causes. Patients with ALCAM in the fourth quartile (>46.8 ng/mL) at admission had a significantly poorer survival rate on univariate analysis (
P
<0.001); other time points did not add further but provided similar prognostic information. In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for age, stroke severity, C-reactive protein levels, troponin T levels, and heart and/or renal failure, ALCAM levels above the fourth quartile remained an independent predictor of long-term mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.76;
P
=0.021) and cardiovascular mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.06 to 6.07;
P
=0.028).

Conclusions—
ALCAM levels measured at admission of acute ischemic stroke are associated with long-term mortality.
Efficacy of Intravenous Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Authors: Chen Celia S. , Lee Andrew W. , Campbell Bruce , Lee Tien , Paine Mark , Fraser Clare , Grigg John , Markus Romesh 
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—
Central retinal artery occlusion is caused by a platelet-fibrin thrombus or embolic occlusion and is a stroke of the eye. Observational studies suggest that thrombolytics may restore ocular perfusion and visual function. We hypothesized that intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) administered within 24 hours of symptom onset might restore ocular perfusion and visual function.

Methods—
A placebo-controlled, randomized trial of intravenous tPA versus intravenous saline was performed in patients with clinically defined central retinal artery occlusion within 24 hours of symptom onset. tPA was administered at a total dose of 0.9 mg/kg, with 10% given as a 1-minute bolus and the remainder over 1 hour. An improvement of visual acuity of 3 lines or more was considered significant.

Results—
Twenty-five percent (2 of 8) of the tPA group experienced the primary outcome at 1 week after tPA versus none of the placebo group. One patient had an intracranial hemorrhage. The visual acuity improvement of these 2 patients was not sustained at 6 months. In both patients, tPA was administered within 6 hours of symptom onset.

Conclusions—
Although essentially a negative study, it does add to the evidence base of reperfusion in central retinal artery occlusion by showing that the time window for intervention is likely to be <6 hours. Reocclusion is a potential problem and may require adjuvant anticoagulation. Future studies should concentrate on determining the efficacy of thrombolytics in the <6-hour time window.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.anzctr.org.au
. Unique identifier: 83102.
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Authors: Cumming Toby B. , Bernhardt Julie , Linden Thomas 
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—
Cognitive function is often ignored in stroke research trials. The brief Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) may be sensitive to stroke-related cognitive deficits.

Methods—
We evaluated the feasibility of administering the MoCA at 3 months in a large stroke trial (A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial [AVERT]).

Results—
Data (blinded to intervention group) are presented for 294 patients with mean age of 70.6 years (SD, 12.8); 220 (75%) completed the MoCA, 54 (18%) had missing data, and 20 (7%) had died. Of those surviving to 3 months, the MoCA was completed by 87% with mild stroke, 79% with moderate stroke, and 67% with severe stroke on admission. Mean MoCA score was 21.1 (SD 7.5) out of 30; only 78 of 220 (35%) patients attained the “normal” cutoff (≥26).

Conclusions—
The MoCA is a feasible global cognitive screening tool in stroke trials.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=1266
. Unique identifier: ACTRN12606000185561.
Long-Term Wind Speed Trends over Australia
Authors: Troccoli Alberto , Muller Karl , Coppin Peter , Davy Robert , Russell Chris , Hirsch Annette L. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Accurate estimates of long-term linear trends of wind speed provide a useful indicator for circulation changes in the atmosphere and are invaluable for the planning and financing of sectors such as wind energy. Here a large number of wind observations over Australia and reanalysis products are analyzed to compute such trends. After a thorough quality control of the observations, it is found that the wind speed trends for 1975–2006 and 1989–2006 over Australia are sensitive to the height of the station: they are largely negative for the 2-m data but are predominantly positive for the 10-m data. The mean relative trend at 2 m is −0.10 ± 0.03% yr−1 (−0.36 ± 0.04% yr−1) for the 1975–2006 (1989–2006) period, whereas at 10 m it is 0.90 ± 0.03% yr−1 (0.69 ± 0.04% yr−1) for the 1975–2006 (1989–2006) period. Also, at 10 m light winds tend to increase more rapidly than the mean winds, whereas strong winds increase less rapidly than the mean winds; at 2 m the trends in both light and strong winds vary in line with the mean winds. It was found that a qualitative link could be established between the observed features in the linear trends and some atmospheric circulation indicators (mean sea level pressure, wind speed at 850 hPa, and geopotential at 850 hPa), particularly for the 10-m observations. Further, the magnitude of the trend is also sensitive to the period selected, being closer to zero when a very long period, 1948–2006, is considered. As a consequence, changes in the atmospheric circulation on climatic time scales appear unlikely.
Hadley Cell Dynamics in a Virtually Dry Snowball Earth Atmosphere
Authors: Voigt Aiko , Held Isaac M. , Marotzke Jochem 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Hadley cell of a virtually dry snowball Earth atmosphere under equinox insolation is studied in a comprehensive atmospheric general circulation model. In contrast to the Hadley cell of modern Earth, momentum transport by dry convection, which is modeled as vertical diffusion of momentum, is important in the upper branch of the snowball Earth Hadley cell. In the zonal momentum balance, mean meridional advection of mean absolute vorticity is not only balanced by eddies but also by vertical diffusion of zonal momentum. Vertical diffusion also contributes to the meridional momentum balance by decelerating the Hadley cell through downgradient mixing of meridional momentum between its upper and lower branches. When vertical diffusion of momentum is suppressed in the upper branch, the Hadley cell strengthens by a factor of about 2. This is in line with the effect of vertical diffusion in the meridional momentum balance but in contrast with its effect in the zonal momentum balance. Neither axisymmetric Hadley cell theories based on angular momentum conservation nor eddy-permitting Hadley cell theories that neglect vertical diffusion of momentum are applicable to the snowball Earth Hadley cell. Because the snowball Earth Hadley cell is a particular realization of a dry Hadley cell, these results show that an appropriate description of dry Hadley cells should take into account vertical transport of momentum by dry convection.
A Time-Scale Decomposition Approach to Statistically Downscale Summer Rainfall over North China
Authors: Guo Yan , Li Jianping , Li Yun 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
A time-scale decomposition (TSD) approach to statistically downscale summer rainfall over North China is described. It makes use of two distinct downscaling models respectively corresponding to the interannual and interdecadal rainfall variability. The two models were developed based on objective downscaling scheme that 1) identifies potential predictors based on correlation analysis between rainfall and considered climatic variables over the global scale and 2) selects the “optimal” predictors from the identified potential predictors via cross-validation-based stepwise regression. The downscaling model for the interannual rainfall variability is linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the 850-hPa meridional wind over East China, while the one for the interdecadal rainfall variability is related to the sea level pressure over the southwest Indian Ocean. Taking the downscaled interannual and interdecadal components together the downscaled total rainfall was obtained. The results show that the TSD approach achieved a good skill to predict the observed rainfall with the correlation coefficient of 0.82 in the independent validation period. The authors further apply the model to obtain downscaled rainfall projections from three climate models under present climate and the A1B emission scenario in future. The resulting downscaled values provide a closer representation of the observation than the raw climate model simulations in the present climate; for the near future, climate models simulated a slight decrease in rainfall, while the downscaled values tend to be slightly higher than the present state.
A Numerical Sensitivity Study of the Influence of Siberian Snow on the Northern Annular Mode
Authors: Peings Y. , Saint-Martin D. , Douville H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe climate version of the general circulation model Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE-Climat) is used to explore the relationship between the autumn Siberian snow and the subsequent winter northern annular mode by imposing snow anomalies over Siberia. As the model presents some biases in the representation of the polar vortex, a nudging methodology is used to obtain a more realistic but still interactive extratropical stratosphere in the model. Free and nudged sensitivity experiments are compared to discuss the dependence of the results on the northern stratosphere climatology. For each experiment, a positive snow mass anomaly imposed from October to March over Siberia leads to significant impacts on the winter atmospheric circulation in the extratropics. In line with previous studies, the model response resembles the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation. The well-documented stratospheric pathway between snow and the Arctic Oscillation operates in the nudged experiment, while a more zonal propagation of the signal is found in the free experiment. Thus, the study provides two main findings: it supports the influence of Siberian snow on the winter extratropical circulation and highlights the importance of the northern stratosphere representation in the models to capture this teleconnection. These findings could have important implications for seasonal forecasting, as most of the operational models present biases similar to those of the ARPEGE-Climat model.
Projected Changes to Streamflow Characteristics over Western Canada as Simulated by the Canadian RCM
Authors: Poitras V. , Sushama L. , Seglenieks F. , Khaliq M. N. , Soulis E. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIntensification of the global hydrological cycle and increase in precipitation for some regions around the world, including the northern mid- to high latitudes, is expected in a changing climate. Changes in the amount of seasonal precipitation and the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events directly affect the magnitude of seasonal streamflows and the timing and severity of floods and droughts. In this study, the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) projected changes to streamflow characteristics (i.e., hydrologic regime, mean annual streamflows, and the timing, frequency, and magnitude of extreme flows—low and high) over selected basins in western Canada and assessment of errors associated with these characteristics in the current climate are presented. An ensemble of five current (1961–90) and five future (2041–70) simulations, corresponding to the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 scenario, are used in the assessment of projected changes; the ensemble of simulations allows better quantification of uncertainty in projected changes. Results of the study suggest an increase in the magnitude of winter streamflows and an earlier snowmelt peak for the northern basins. In addition, study of selected return levels of extreme flows suggest important changes to the timing, frequency, and magnitude of both low and high flows, with significant increases in 10-yr 15-day winter and fall low flows and 1-day high flows, for all the high-latitude west Canadian basins. The level of confidence in projected changes to mean annual streamflows is relatively higher compared to that for extreme flows for most of the basins studied.
On the Nature and Variability of the East Greenland Spill Jet: A Case Study in Summer 2003*
Authors: Magaldi M. G. , Haine T. W. N. , Pickart R. S. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Results from a high-resolution (~2 km) numerical simulation of the Irminger Basin during summer 2003 are presented. The focus is on the East Greenland Spill Jet, a recently discovered component of the circulation in the basin. The simulation compares well with observations of surface fields, the Denmark Strait overflow (DSO), and the hydrographic structure of typical sections in the basin. The model reveals new aspects of the circulation on scales of O(0.1–10) days and O(1–100) km.
The model Spill Jet results from the cascade of dense waters over the East Greenland shelf. Spilling can occur in various locations southwest of the strait, and it is present throughout the simulation but exhibits large variations on periods of O(0.1–10) days. The Spill Jet sometimes cannot be distinguished in the velocity field from surface eddies or from the DSO. The vorticity structure of the jet confirms its unstable nature with peak relative and tilting vorticity terms reaching twice the planetary vorticity term.
The average model Spill Jet transport is 4.9 ±1.7 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) equatorward, about 2½ times larger than has been previously reported from a single ship transect in August 2001. Kinematic analysis of the model results suggests two different types of spilling events. In the first case (type I), a local perturbation results in dense waters descending over the shelf break into the Irminger Basin. In the second case (type II), surface cyclones associated with DSO deep domes initiate the spilling process. During summer 2003, more than half of the largest Spill Jet transport values are of type II.
Sea Surface Temperature Response to Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Dare Richard A. , McBride John L. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The response of sea surface temperature (SST) to tropical cyclones is studied using gridded SST data and global cyclone tracks from the period 1981–2008. A compositing approach is used whereby temperature time series before and after cyclone occurrence at individual cyclone track positions are averaged together.
Results reveal a variability of several days in the time of maximum cooling with respect to cyclone passage, with the most common occurrence 1 day after cyclone passage. When compositing is carried out relative to the day of maximum cooling, the global average response to cyclone passage is a local minimum SST anomaly of −0.9°C. The recovery of the ocean to cyclone passage is generally quite rapid with 44% of the data points recovering to climatological SST within 5 days, and 88% of the data points recovering within 30 days. Although differences exist between the mean results from the separate tropical cyclone basins, they are in broad agreement with the global mean results. Storm intensity and translation speed affect both the size of the SST response and the recovery time.
Cyclones occurring in the first half of the cyclone season disrupt the seasonal warming trend, which is not resumed until 20–30 days after cyclone passage. Conversely, cyclone occurrences in the later half of the season bring about a 0.5°C temperature drop from which the ocean does not recover due to the seasonal cooling cycle.
Final Report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Safety Assessment of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer, and Methyl Methacrylate/Glycol Dimethacrylate Crosspolymer
Authors: Becker Lillian C. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan 
Published: July 2011

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and related cosmetic ingredients methyl methacrylate crosspolymer and methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer are polymers that function as film formers and viscosity-increasing agents in cosmetics. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determination of safety of PMMA use in several medical devices, which included human and animal safety data, was used as the basis of safety of PMMA and related polymers in cosmetics by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The PMMA used in cosmetics is substantially the same as in medical devices. The Panel concluded that these ingredients are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentrations as described in this safety assessment.
A study of the anatomy and repair strengths of porcine flexor and extensor tendons: are they appropriate experimental models?
Authors: Mao W. F. , Wu Y. F. , Zhou Y. L. , Tang J. B. 
Published: July 2011

Although both porcine flexor and extensor tendons have been used in tendon repair research, no studies have specifically studied the anatomical differences and repair strengths in both types of tendons. We used 12 pig trotters to observe the anatomy of these tendons and compared the 2 mm gap and ultimate strengths of flexor and extensor tendons. There were four annular (A1, A2, A3, and A4) pulleys and one oblique pulley, which form a fibro-osseous tunnel for the flexor tendons, but the anatomy of the porcine extensor tendons was markedly different from the human flexor or extensor tendons. The diameter of flexor tendons was significantly greater than that of the extensors. The 2 mm gap and ultimate strengths of the flexor tendon with either two-strand or four-strand repairs were significantly greater than those of the extensor tendon. We conclude that the porcine flexor tendon systems are similar to those in the human, but the extensor tendons are not similar to either the flexor or extensor tendons in humans. Flexor and extensor tendons have different repair strengths which should be taken into account when interpreting findings from investigations using these tendons.
Loss of AML1/Runx1 accelerates the development of MLL-ENL leukemia through down-regulation of p19ARF
Authors: Nishimoto Nahoko , Arai Shunya , Ichikawa Motoshi , Nakagawa Masahiro , Goyama Susumu , Kumano Keiki , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Kamikubo Yasuhiko , Imai Yoichi , Kurokawa Mineo 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Dysfunction of AML1/Runx1, a transcription factor, plays a crucial role in the development of many types of leukemia. Additional events are often required for AML1 dysfunction to induce full-blown leukemia; however, a mechanistic basis of their cooperation is still elusive. Here, we investigated the effect of AML1 deficiency on the development of MLL-ENL leukemia in mice. Aml1 excised bone marrow cells lead to MLL-ENL leukemia with shorter duration than Aml1 intact cells in vivo. Although the number of MLL-ENL leukemia-initiating cells is not affected by loss of AML1, the proliferation of leukemic cells is enhanced in Aml1-excised MLL-ENL leukemic mice. We found that the enhanced proliferation is the result of repression of p19ARF that is directly regulated by AML1 in MLL-ENL leukemic cells. We also found that down-regulation of p19ARF induces the accelerated onset of MLL-ENL leukemia, suggesting that p19ARF is a major target of AML1 in MLL-ENL leukemia. These results provide a new insight into a role for AML1 in the progression of leukemia.
β2-glycoprotein I, the major target in antiphospholipid syndrome, is a special human complement regulator
Authors: Gropp Katharina , Weber Nadia , Reuter Michael , Micklisch Sven , Kopka Isabell , Hallström Teresia , Skerka Christine 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe human plasma protein β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) is the major target of autoantibodies associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. However, the biologic function of this abundant protein is still unclear. Here we identify β2-GPI as a complement regulator. β2-GPI circulates in the plasma in an inactive circular form. On surface binding, such as to apoptotic cells, β2-GPI changes conformation to an elongated form that acquires C3/C3b binding activities. β2-GPI apparently changes conformation of C3, so that the regulator factor H attaches and induces subsequent degradation by the protease factor I. β2-GPI also mediates further cleavage of C3/C3b compared with factor H alone. Our data provide important insights into innate immune regulation by plasma protein β2-GPI, which may be exploited in the prevention and therapy of autoimmune disease antiphospholipid syndrome.
Acceptable HLA-mismatching in unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for patients with acquired severe aplastic anemia
Authors: Yagasaki Hiroshi , Kojima Seiji , Yabe Hiromasa , Kato Koji , Kigasawa Hisato , Sakamaki Hisashi , Tsuchida Masahiro , Kato Shunichi , Kawase Takakazu , Morishima Yasuo , Kodera Yoshihisa ,   for The Japan Marrow Donor Program
Published: July 2011

Abstract
We retrospectively analyzed the effect of HLA mismatching (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1) with molecular typing on transplantation outcome for 301 patients with acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA) who received an unrelated BM transplant through the Japan Marrow Donor Program. Additional effect of HLA-DPB1 mismatching was analyzed for 10 of 10 or 9 of 10 HLA allele-matched pairs (n = 169). Of the 301 recipient/donor pairs, 101 (33.6%) were completely matched at 10 of 10 alleles, 69 (23%) were mismatched at 1 allele, and 131 (43.5%) were mismatched at ≥ 2 alleles. Subjects were classified into 5 subgroups: complete match group (group I); single-allele mismatch group (groups II and III); multiple alleles restricted to HLA-C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 mismatch group (group IV); and others (group V). Multivariate analysis indicated that only HLA disparity of group V was a significant risk factor for poor survival and grade II-IV acute GVHD. HLA-DPB1 mismatching was not associated with any clinical outcome. We recommend the use of an HLA 10 of 10 allele-matched unrelated donor. However, if such a donor is not available, any single-allele or multiple-allele (HLA-C, -DRB1, -DQB1) mismatched donor is acceptable as an unrelated donor for patients with severe aplastic anemia.