bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on efficiency and mechanism of ultrasonic controlling membrane fouling in ceramic membrane bioreactors
Authors: Ren Wenyi , Zhang Shoubin , Liu Yutian , Ju Weipeng , Liu Guicai , Xie Kang 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn recent years, ceramic membranes have been increasingly used in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). However, membrane fouling was still the core issue restricting the large‐scale engineering application of ceramic MBRs. As a novel and alternative technology, ultrasonic could be used to control membrane fouling. This research focused on the efficiency and mechanism of ultrasonic controlling membrane fouling in ceramic MBRs. The results showed that ultrasonic reduced the sludge concentration in MBR, and the average particle size of sludge was always in a high range. The sludge activity of the system was stable at 6–9 (mg O2·(g MLSS·h)−1), indicating that ultrasonic did not destroy the activity of microorganisms in the system. The extracellular polymer substance (EPS) of the ultrasonic group was slightly higher than that of the control group, while the soluble microbial product (SMP) content was relatively stable. The ceramic membrane of the ultrasonic group has a partial retention effect on the organic components. The application of ultrasonic slowed down the decrease of the hydrophilicity of the ceramic membrane. The main pollutants on the membrane surface exist in the form of aromatic and heteroaromatic rings, alkynes, and so forth. Ultrasonic removes the amide substances from the membrane surface. Membrane fouling resistance is mainly due to membrane pore blockage, accounting for 75.53%.Practitioner Points
Enrich the research on the mechanism of ultrasonic technology in membrane fouling control.
The MBR can still operate normally with ultrasonic applied.
The time for the ceramic membrane to reach the fouling end point is 2.4 times that without ultrasonic.
The main cause of membrane fouling was pore blocking, accounting for 75.53%.
Carbon-Bonded Filter Materials and Filter Structures with Active and Reactive Functional Pores for Steel Melt Filtration
Authors: Bock-Seefeld Benjamin , Gehre Patrick , Aneziris Christos G. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThere exists an increasing pressure on the metal making and metal using industry to remove solid and liquid inclusions such as deoxidation products, sulfides, nitrides carbides etc. and thereby improve metal cleanliness. It is well known that size, type and distribution of non-metallic inclusions in metal exert considerable effects on the mechanical properties of the cast products. In terms of this contribution a new generation of metal qualities via melt filtration with superior mechanical properties for use in light weight structures and high demand construction materials are explored. The main target is an enormous reduction of non-metallic inclusions in the metal matrix by the use of intelligent filter materials as well as filter systems with a functionalized filter surface. Especially a new generation of combined refining filter systems will be illustrated. The metal melt comes first in contact with a reactive filter which generates gas bubbles in the melt as well as activates gas bubbles on the surface of the inclusions. As a result, a kind of flotation of the inclusions towards the slag on the surface of the melt takes place. Further the high reactivity as well as the gas bubbles contribute to the agglomeration of the fine inclusions to big clusters which flow due to buoyancy forces to the surface of the melt or are filtrated on the surface of active filters, which do not form gas bubbles but provide on their functionalized surfaces the same chemistry as the inclusions for a sufficient adhesion and as a result for a sufficient filtration of the inclusions. With this approach a purification higher than 95% can be achieved. Another topic is dealing with carbon-bonded filter materials based on environmentally friendly binder system based on lactose and tannin. Furthermore, functional calcium aluminate coatings in combination with carbon are studied with regard to their impact on the active/reactive filtration and flotation in steel melts, respectively. Another major focus is the investigation of water-soluble filter skeleton-templates, which are produced by 3D-hybrid-printing techniques and coated by flame spraying technology. Subsequently, the filter skeleton-templates are removed in water, avoiding sharp-edged cavities inside the filter.
Novel Ceramic Foam Filter Materials for the Filtration of Magnesium Alloy Melts
Authors: Schramm Alina , Aneziris Christos G. , Scharf Christiane 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCleanliness of magnesium alloy melts plays an important role in producing high-quality, lightweight products exemplary for the automotive or aircraft industry with high-quality standards. Therefore, the applicability of ceramic foam filters in the active and reactive filtration of magnesium alloys was explored as an option of metallurgical refining. Carbon-bonded alumina foams were selected in their uncoated as well as variously coated states. To evaluate the applicability of selected ceramic filter materials, various tests were applied, investigating filter properties, interface interactions, melt cleanliness and wetting behavior of the filter, such as sessile drop tests, immersion and filtration tests, and metallographic evaluation of AZ91. Immersion tests in AZ91 at 680 °C for up to 60 min showed the durability of coated and uncoated Al2O3-C and the formation of finely-structured MgO in-situ layers on any alumina- or spinel-containing surfaces in contact with molten AZ91. These layers, resulting from interface reactions with the melt, are regarded to have the potential to attract and bind oxidic inclusions from the metallic melt during filtration, as AZ91 samples showed reduced inclusion amounts after their contact with Al2O3-C filters. Another milestone was the synthesis of MgAlON as a filter coating, proven to be resistant towards the reactive magnesium alloy melt.
Increasing Cleanliness of Al-melts by Additon of Ceramic Fibers
Authors: Hoppach Daniel , Peuker Urs A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe application of ceramic foam filters (CFF) ensures the achievement of the required mechanical properties of cast refractory products. Thereby, the present solid non-metallic impurities precipitate on the surface of the CFF struts and junctions. The Collaborative Research Center 920 deals with the removal of these impurities to increase the metal melt cleanliness in a basic scientific research approach. The findings are of high importance for metal processing industry and an application transfer aims to contribute towards an innovative and competitive casting industry. Subsequent, one promising approach is presented.
Thermodynamic Assessment as a Tool for Modeling Interactions at the Interface Between Ceramic Filter and Melt
Authors: Ilatovskaia Mariia , Fabrichnaya Olga 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe chapter will focus on the thermodynamic database development relevant to modeling the interactions between filter materials, coatings, and inclusions in steel and Al-alloy. The CALPHAD approach is applied to develop thermodynamic databases, i.e. the available phase diagram data and experimental thermodynamic values are used to optimize the parameters describing the Gibbs energy of phases which can exist in the system. Thermodynamic description of multicomponent systems is the basis for more advance simulation of technological processes. In the chapter, the fundamentals and theory of thermodynamic modeling will be discussed in detail, and the most important results obtained will be presented. Examples of the thermodynamic calculations applied for solution of technological problems will be discussed.
Dealing with Fe in Secondary Al-Si Alloys Including Metal Melt Filtration
Authors: Becker Hanka , Leineweber Andreas 
Published: May 2024

AbstractFe is a detrimental impurity element in secondary, i. e. recycled, Al–Si cast alloys (Zhang et al. in Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev. 33:99, 2012;Raabe et al. in Prog. Mater. Sci. 128, 2022;). It leads to decrease of castability and promotes crack formation due to formation of primary, Fe-containing intermetallic particles, e.g. plate-shaped β-Al–Fe–Si, coarse αh-Al–Fe–Si or αc-Al–(Fe,Mn,Cr)–Si in presence of further transition metal elements e.g. Mn and Cr. Successfully, dealing with such secondary Al–Si cast alloys contributes to sustainability, circular economy and reduction of energy consumption (Raabe et al. in Prog. Mater. Sci. 128, 2022;Taylor in Mater. Sci. Forum 689:429, 2011;). In the present chapter, a systematic understanding is provided for dealing with Fe impurities in secondary Al–Si alloys by.

removal of Fe on the basis of melt conditioning and metal melt filtration and

modification of Fe-containing phases into harmless microstructural components.

In this context new insight is obtained into.

the crystal structures of some relevant intermetallic phases occurring in secondary Al–Si alloys,

thermodynamics and kinetics of phase formation during solidification and

the interaction of different filter materials with the transition metal containing Al–Si alloys.

The crystal structures of the β-Al–Fe–Si and δ-Al–Fe–Si phases and of their ordered variants were investigated. This allowed reliable distinction of occurring intermetallic phases, the αh-Al–Fe–Si, the αc-Al–(Fe,Mn,Cr)–Si, the β-Al–Fe–Si and the δ-Al–Fe–Si phase, especially by electron backscatter diffraction. While modification of the alloy composition by the Mn, Cr content and presence of other transition metal elements affect the thermodynamic properties of the phases, these elements also significantly affect the kinetics of phase formation during solidification at high cooling rates including the resulting phase morphology. The formation of primary, intermetallic phases during melt conditioning closely above the solidification temperature of the (Al)-solid solution can be utilized for the removal of Fe by separating the primary, Fe-containing, intermetallic particles from the Fe-depleted Al melt. Removal of such particles by application of filters to increase the Fe-removal efficiency extends the filters’ use beyond the removal of nonmetallic inclusions, contributing to production of high-quality, recycled Al–Si alloys. Evaluation of wettability, chemical reactions and microstructure in the interaction region between the filter material and Al–Si melts and the Fe-depleted melt reveals a beneficial effect of C-bonded Al2O3 filter material.
AI-Generated Future: What Awaits Tourism and Hospitality with AI-Based Deep Learning Technologies?
Authors: Collins Ayşe , Ali Seyid Amjad , Yılmaz Semih 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAI-based technologies are taking the world by storm – rapidly changing the course of many industries from arts to education, healthcare to entertainment, and even areas of life we are yet to discover [1–4]. The application of AI-based technologies is also emerging in travel and tourism industries [5, 6], but remains underexplored as a research area [7–9] when specific and feasible AI applications are considered. This study describes and appraises several emerging AI-based deep learning technologies that are un(der)utilized in tourism fields but promise high utility in the future. Furthermore, potential application areas of these technologies within the context of tourism are detailed. Possible research routes and methodologies to investigate the functionality of AI-based applications are also outlined.
Influencers and Tourism: Story of a Recent and Revolutionary Phenomenon: What Does Bibliometric Analysis Reveal
Authors: Benhaida Soufiane , Safaa Larbi , Perkumiené Dalia 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe field of tourism has recently undergone a revolutionary transformation, driven by the rapid expansion of digital platforms and the simultaneous rise of influencer culture. The convergence of these factors has led to a noticeable realignment in how tourists perceive travel destinations. Influencers now play a central role, leveraging genuine and superficial credibility and expertise in specific domains. This phenomenon has captured the attention of scholars, practitioners, and policymakers, catalyzing a wave of research aimed at delving into the multifaceted intersection of influencers and tourism. This article presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to examine the scholarly output related to influencers and tourism over the past decade. This methodology provides a comprehensive overview, unveiling an abundant and diverse work. The study identifies 196 articles published between 2005 and 2023, involving 504 authors across 123 journals. Cluster analyses highlight a dynamic and nuanced recomposition of subthemes, reflective of an evolving reality in the making.
Educational Disparities Before and After the Transition from Primary to Secondary School in Germany: BiKS-8-18 Results on Differences in Children’s School Outcomes and Decision-Making Processes
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Kleine Lydia , Luplow Nicole , Nester Markus , Schmitt Monja 
Published: May 2024

AbstractUsing data from BiKS-8-18 longitudinal cohort from Bavaria and Hesse, BiKS Project 5 focused on analyzing disparate educational trajectories and outcomes among students 8-18 years old. Applying Boudon’s (1974) theoretical distinction between primary and secondary effects of social origin, this chapter summarizes the results of the influence of social origin, social relations, and intra- and extrafamilial support on different dimensions of success at school, including competencies, grades, and school self-concept. The empirical findings demonstrate the centrality of intra-family and family-school relationships before and even after the transition to secondary school and the limited opportunities in Germany to correct earlier educational decisions in secondary school. The project also involved investigating the educational decision-making processes of parents (and older students) from different social backgrounds and teachers before and after the transition from primary to secondary school to shed light on Boudon’s secondary effects of social origin. In particular, the dynamic impacts of parental aspirations and the family’s social capital, educational costs, and probabilities of success on early tracking decisions were examined and proved to be relevant, albeit not for all social groups and situations.
Differential School Trajectories and Educational Decisions of Migrants in Germany—Descriptive Results and Theoretical Explanations
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Nester Markus 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
BiKS Project 7 investigates the mechanisms of disparities in educational success by migration background, especially among students from Turkey, before and after the transition from primary to secondary school in Germany. Using data from the BiKS-8-18 cohort, educational disparities between children with and without an immigrant background were empirically examined using the theoretical distinction between primary and secondary effects of social origin developed by Boudon. The results of the project show that the importance and mechanisms of primary and secondary effects on educational participation differ between students with and without immigrant background. On the one hand, the primary effect of social origin is much stronger for migrant children due to often insufficient German language skills, a lack of context-specific German cultural capital, and familial cultural capital that has lost at least some of its value due to migration. In contrast, the secondary effects of social origin are much weaker for migrant children: When children’s academic performance is controlled for, migrant children have a higher transition rate to upper secondary school, regardless of their social class of origin. Thus, migrant parents’ realization of more ambitious educational goals for their children (small secondary effect) is primarily hampered by their children’s poorer academic performance (strong primary effect).
Fostering Early Competence Development Through Home and Preschool Learning Environments—a Summary of Findings from the BiKS-3-18 Study
Authors: Lehrl Simone , Rossbach Hans-Günther , Weinert Sabine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Growing evidence reveals powerful associations between early learning environments and children’s later academic success. Besides the family, which has been shown to be a significant predictor of children’s development, the longer-term benefits of early institutional experiences in the preschool are also of interest, given the high participation rate across all social milieus, and the continuously expanding sector of early childhood education and care. In this paper, we therefore present findings from the study BiKS-3-18 on the short- and long-term effects of early learning environments at home and at preschool on children’s development.The results show that the quality of the home learning environment as well as the quality of the preschool have long term benefits for children’s socio-emotional, language, and mathematical development, although not uniformly for different developmental domains and learning environments. Thereby, the results point to the specificity of environmental impact, as different facets of the learning environments predict different domains of children’s development.
Transitions to Primary School: School Entry Decisions, Parents’ and Teachers’ Ideas About School Readiness, and Cooperation Between Preschools, Primary Schools, and Parents
Authors: Pohlmann-Rother Sanna , Wehner Franziska , Kaiser-Kratzmann Jens 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn the present project of the BiKS-3-18 ‘Educational Processes, Competence Development, and Formation of Educational Decisions in Preschool and School Age’ longitudinal study, quantitative and qualitative methods were used to study the transition from preschool settings to primary school. The focus was on the ideas about school readiness among parents, preschool teachers, and primary school teachers, on parents’ school entry decisions, and on cooperation between preschools and primary schools. The results show that parents, preschool teachers, and primary school teachers have similar ideas about school readiness, with some variance between the groups of respondents regarding the importance of the various criteria. Parents’ school entry decisions are based on criteria that vary in prominence depending on the time of school entry. Moreover, parents with a migration background tend to oppose delayed school entry. Furthermore, the results show that children enrolled early have lower skills than their classmates in the first year of school. Children enrolled late are consistently considered to have better skills than their classmates. Most parents are satisfied with their school entry decision. Cooperation between preschools and primary schools mainly takes place at a low level.
The influence of drying and storage conditions on the volatilome and cannabinoid content of Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences
Authors: Spadafora Natasha Damiana , Felletti Simona , Chenet Tatiana , Sirangelo Tiziana Maria , Cescon Mirco , Catani Martina , De Luca Chiara , Stevanin Claudia , Cavazzini Alberto , Pasti Luisa 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe increasing interest in hemp and cannabis poses new questions about the influence of drying and storage conditions on the overall aroma and cannabinoids profile of these products. Cannabis inflorescences are subjected to drying shortly after harvest and then to storage in different containers. These steps may cause a process of rapid deterioration with consequent changes in precious secondary metabolite content, negatively impacting on the product quality and potency. In this context, in this work, the investigation of the effects of freeze vs tray drying and three storage conditions on the preservation of cannabis compounds has been performed. A multi-trait approach, combining both solid-phase microextraction (SPME) two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SPME-GC × GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is presented for the first time. This approach has permitted to obtain the detailed characterisation of the whole cannabis matrix in terms of volatile compounds and cannabinoids. Moreover, multivariate statistical analyses were performed on the obtained data, helping to show that freeze drying conditions is useful to preserve cannabinoid content, preventing decarboxylation of acid cannabinoids, but leads to a loss of volatile compounds which are responsible for the cannabis aroma. Furthermore, among storage conditions, storage in glass bottle seems more beneficial for the retention of the initial VOC profile compared to open to air dry tray and closed high-density polyethylene box. However, the glass bottle storage condition causes formation of neutral cannabinoids at the expenses of the highly priced acid forms. This work will contribute to help define optimal storage conditions useful to produce highly valuable and high-quality products.
Graphical Abstract
The effect of the 13C abundance of soil microbial DNA on identifying labelled fractions after ultracentrifugation
Authors: Wang Juan , Yao Huaiying , Zhang Xian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
DNA-based stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) technology has been widely employed to trace microbes assimilating target substrates. However, the fractions with labelled universal genes are sometimes difficult to distinguish when detected by quantitative real-time PCR. In this experiment, three paddy soils (AQ, CZ, and NB) were amended with 0.1% glucose containing 13C at six levels, and DNA was then extracted after a 7-day incubation and subjected to isopycnic gradient centrifugation. The results showed that the amount of labelled DNA was notably related to the 13C-glucose percentage, while the separation spans of 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes between labelled and unlabelled treatments became notably clearer when the δ13C values of the total DNA were 90.9, 61.6, and 38.9‰ and 256.2, 104.5 and 126.1‰ in the AQ, CZ, and NB soils, respectively. Moreover, fractionated DNA was also labelled by determining the δ13C values while adding only 5 atom% 13C-glucose to the soil. The results suggest that the optimal labelling fractions were not always those fractions with the maximal gene abundance, and detecting the δ13C values of the total and fractionated DNA was beneficial in estimating the results of DNA-SIP.

Key points
• Appropriate 13C-DNA amount was needed for DNA-SIP.
• Detecting the 13C ratio of fractionated DNA directly was an assistant method for identifying the labelled fractions.
• Fractions with the maximal 18S or 16S rRNA gene abundance always were not labelled.