bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clostridium difficileIsolates Resistant to Fluoroquinolones in Italy: Emergence of PCR Ribotype 018
Authors: Spigaglia Patrizia , Barbanti Fabrizio , Dionisi Anna Maria , Mastrantonio Paola 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTRecent evidence strongly suggests an association between the use of fluoroquinolones andClostridium difficileinfection (CDI). Resistance to fluoroquinolones has been described not only in the hypervirulent strain 027, but also in other important PCR ribotypes circulating in hospital settings. In a European prospective study conducted in 2005, strains resistant to moxifloxacin represented 37.5% ofC. difficileclinical isolates. In this study, we investigated a sample of 147 toxigenicC. difficileisolates, collected in Italy from 1985 to 2008, for the presence of mutations ingyrgenes that conferred resistance to fluoroquinolones based on a LightCycler assay. Results were confirmed by the determination of MICs for moxifloxacin. Strains resistant to moxifloxacin were also investigated for resistance to three other fluoroquinolones and for a possible association between fluoroquinolone and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance.C. difficileisolates were typed by PCR ribotyping. In total, 50 clinical isolates showed substitutions ingyrgenes and were resistant to fluoroquinolones. Ninety-six percent of theC. difficileresistant isolates showed the substitution Thr82-to-Ile in GyrA, as already observed in the majority of resistant strains worldwide. A significant increase of resistance (P< 0.001) was observed in the period 2002 to 2008 (56% resistant) compared to the period 1985 to 2001 (10% resistant). Coresistance with erythromycin and/or clindamycin was found in 96% (48/50) of the isolates analyzed and, interestingly, 84% of resistant strains wereerm(B) negative. The majority of the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates belonged to PCR ribotype 126 or 018. PCR ribotype 126 was the most frequently found from 2002 to 2005, whereas PCR ribotype 018 was predominant in 2007 and 2008 and still represents the majority of strains typed in our laboratory. Overall, the results demonstrate an increasing number ofC. difficilestrains resistant to fluoroquinolones in Italy and changes in the prevalence and type ofC. difficileisolates resistant to fluoroquinolones circulating over time.
Impact of Viral Dose and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class IB Haplotype on Viral Outcome in Mauritian Cynomolgus Monkeys Vaccinated with Tat upon Challenge with Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV89.6P
Authors: Cafaro Aurelio , Bellino Stefania , Titti Fausto , Maggiorella Maria Teresa , Sernicola Leonardo , Wiseman Roger W. , Venzon David , Karl Julie A. , O'Connor David , Monini Paolo , Robert-Guroff Marjorie , Ensoli Barbara 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe effects of the challenge dose and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IB alleles were analyzed in 112 Mauritian cynomolgus monkeys vaccinated (n= 67) or not vaccinated (n= 45) with Tat and challenged with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) 89.6Pcy243.In the controls, the challenge dose (10 to 20 50% monkey infectious doses [MID50]) or MHC did not affect susceptibility to infection, peak viral load, or acute CD4 T-cell loss, whereas in the chronic phase of infection, the H1 haplotype correlated with a high viral load (P= 0.0280) and CD4 loss (P= 0.0343). Vaccination reduced the rate of infection acquisition at 10 MID50(P< 0.0001), and contained acute CD4 loss at 15 MID50(P= 0.0099). Haplotypes H2 and H6 were correlated with increased susceptibility (P= 0.0199) and resistance (P= 0.0087) to infection, respectively. Vaccination also contained CD4 depletion (P= 0.0391) during chronic infection, independently of the challenge dose or haplotype.
Cellular MicroRNAs Inhibit Replication of the H1N1 Influenza A Virus in Infected Cells
Authors: Song Liping , Liu He , Gao Shijuan , Jiang Wei , Huang Wenlin 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs of lengths ranging from 18 to 23 nucleotides (nt) that play critical roles in a wide variety of biological processes. There is a growing amount of evidence that miRNAs play critical roles in intricate host-pathogen interaction networks, but the involvement of miRNAs during influenza viral infection is unknown. To determine whether the cellular miRNAs play an important role in H1N1 influenza A viral infections, 3′ untranslated region (UTR) reporter analysis was used to identify putative miRNA targets in the influenza virus genome, and virus proliferation analysis was used to detect the effect of the screened miRNAs on the replication of H1N1 influenza A virus (A/WSN/33) in MDCK cells. The results showed that miRNA 323 (miR-323), miR-491, and miR-654 inhibit replication of the H1N1 influenza A virus through binding to the PB1 gene. Moreover mutational analysis of the predicted miRNA binding sites showed that the three miRNAs bind to the same conserved region of the PB1 gene. Intriguingly, despite the fact that the miRNAs and PB1 mRNA binding sequences are not a perfect match, the miRNAs downregulate PB1 expression through mRNA degradation instead of translation repression. This is the first demonstration that cellular miRNAs regulate influenza viral replication by degradation of the viral gene. Our findings support the notion that any miRNA has antiviral potential, independent of its cellular function, and that the cellular miRNAs play an important role in the host, defending against virus infection.
Importin α3 Interacts with HIV-1 Integrase and Contributes to HIV-1 Nuclear Import and Replication
Authors: Ao Zhujun , Danappa Jayappa Kallesh , Wang Binchen , Zheng Yingfeng , Kung Sam , Rassart Eric , Depping Reinhard , Kohler Matthias , Cohen Eric A. , Yao Xiaojian 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

HIV-1 employs the cellular nuclear import machinery to actively transport its preintegration complex (PIC) into the nucleus for integration of the viral DNA. Several viral karyophilic proteins and cellular import factors have been suggested to contribute to HIV-1 PIC nuclear import and replication. However, how HIV interacts with different cellular machineries to ensure efficient nuclear import of its preintegration complex in dividing and nondividing cells is still not fully understood. In this study, we have investigated different importin α (Impα) family members for their impacts on HIV-1 replication, and we demonstrate that short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated Impα3 knockdown (KD) significantly impaired HIV infection in HeLa cells, CD4
+
C8166 T cells, and primary macrophages. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that Impα3-KD resulted in significantly reduced levels of viral 2-long-terminal repeat (2-LTR) circles but had no effect on HIV reverse transcription. All of these data indicate an important role for Impα3 in HIV nuclear import. In an attempt to understand how Impα3 participates in HIV nuclear import and replication, we first demonstrated that the HIV-1 karyophilic protein integrase (IN) was able to interact with Impα3 both in a 293T cell expression system and in HIV-infected CD4
+
C8166 T cells. Deletion analysis suggested that a region (amino acids [aa] 250 to 270) in the C-terminal domain of IN is involved in this viral-cellular protein interaction. Overall, this study demonstrates for the first time that Impα3 is an HIV integrase-interacting cofactor that is required for efficient HIV-1 nuclear import and replication in both dividing and nondividing cells.
Pseudorabies Virus Tegument Protein Us2 Recruits the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Extracellular-Regulated Kinase (ERK) to Membranes through Interaction with the ERK Common Docking Domain
Authors: Kang Ming-Hsi , Banfield Bruce W. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
The pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us2 protein binds to the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and inhibits the activation of ERK nuclear targets by sequestering cytoplasmic ERK on cellular membranes. Utilizing a series of Us2 truncations, we determined that the minimal portion of Us2 required for interaction with ERK is contained within its amino-terminal 214 amino acids. The loss of the ability of Us2 to bind to ERK in coimmunoprecipitation experiments was accompanied by a failure of Us2 to form oligomers, raising the possibility that higher-order Us2 structures are required for ERK interaction. To map the Us2 interaction site on ERK, we introduced mutations into the region of ERK that interacts with the ERK kinase, MEK, or into the common docking (CD) domain that mediates interactions with many ERK substrates. ERK carrying mutations within the MEK binding region maintained the ability to bind Us2, whereas ERK carrying mutations within the CD domain did not. Furthermore, the ERK CD domain was required for the Us2-mediated recruitment of ERK to membranes. Taken together, these findings suggest that Us2 regulates ERK activity by spatially restricting ERK localization and also by interfering with select ERK-substrate interactions.
Potent Lentiviral Restriction by a Synthetic Feline TRIM5 Cyclophilin A Fusion
Authors: Dietrich Isabelle , Macintyre Angela , McMonagle Elizabeth , Price Amanda J. , James Leo C. , McEwan William A. , Hosie Margaret J. , Willett Brian J. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
A synthetic feline TRIM5-cyclophilin A fusion protein (feTRIMCyp) was generated and transduced into feline cells. feTRIMCyp was highly efficient at preventing infection with human (HIV) and feline (FIV) immunodeficiency virus pseudotypes, and feTRIMCyp-expressing cells resisted productive infection with either FIV-Fca or FIV-Pco. The restriction of FIV infection by feTRIMCyp was reversed by the cyclosporine (Cs) derivatives NIM811 and Debio-025 but less so by Cs itself. FeTRIMCyp and FIV infections of the cat offer a unique opportunity to evaluate TRIMCyp-based approaches to genetic therapy for HIV infection and the treatment of AIDS.
Anodic oxidation of mercury in the presence of thioether acids: Methane-1,1-bis-mercaptoacetic acid
Authors: Casassas E. , Esteban M. , Ariño C. 
Published: June 2010

The anodic oxidation of mercury in the presence of methane-1,1-bis-mercaptoacetic acid (MBMA) has been studied by DCr, DP, AC1, and AC2 polarography, cyclic voltammetry, and coulometry. The electrode process is controlled by the adsorption of the product formed according to: Hg + 2 H(2-n)Ln- → H(2-n)HgL2n- + (2-n) H+ + 2e with n = 0 at pH < pK1, n = 1 at pK1 < pH < pK2, and n = 2 at pH > pK2. No adsorption of MBMA is observed. The behaviour of MBMA at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) has been also studied. At MBMA concentrations above 1 10-6 mol l-1, the stripping voltammograms showed two well defined peaks, at c. -0.140 V and at c. -0.300 V. The anodic process occurring during the pre-electrolysis in CSV is described by the formation of a Hg(I) compound: 2 Hg + 2 H(2-n)Ln- → H(2-n)Hg2L2(2-2n)+ + 2e followed by its disproportionation: H(2-n)Hg2L2(2-2n)+ →c H(2-n)HgL2(2-2n)+ + Hg,where n has the above-mentioned values.
A Note on Problems with the Representation of 1 John 1:7 in Codex Alexandrinus
Authors: Ciampa Roy E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe reading of Codex Alexandrinus at 1 John 1:7 (where most MSS read λλλων) has not been clearly or accurately reported in modern critical editions. Some editions suggest there is some trace of ατο in the MS and/or that a corrector provided the reading λλλων. That portion of Alexandrinus is damaged and no trace remains of whatever word followed μετ/μετ (which is also not fully present) or of a corrector’s hand at this point in the MS. As the earliest scholars to address this subject indicated, there does not seem to be sufficient space available for the missing word to have been λλλων.
Gift of the Body in Islam: The Prophet Muhammad's Camel Sacrifice and Distribution of Hair and Nails at his Farewell Pilgrimage
Authors: Wheeler Brannon 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe following pages examine the relationship between the prophet Muhammad's sacrifice of the camels and the distribution of his hair at the conclusion of his farewell pilgrimage just before his death. A study of the accounts of the Prophet's camel sacrifice shows that it prefigures the annual rites of the Hajj using the biblical model of Abraham's sacrifice to align other pre-Islamic practices, including those associated with the cult at Mecca, with the origins of a specifically Islamic civilization. The prophet Muhammad's distribution of his hair, detached from his body at the time of his desacralization from the Hajj delineates the Meccan sanctuary as the place of origination from which was spread both the physical and textual corpus of the Prophet's life. Whether by design or not, the traditional Islamic descriptions of this episode from the life of the prophet Muhammad are not unlike narratives found in Buddhist, Iranian, Christian and other traditions in which the body of a primal being is dismembered to create a new social order. Through the gift of the sacrificial camels and parts of his own body, the prophet Muhammad is portrayed, in this episode, as making a figurative and literal offering of himself at the origins of Islamic civilization.
Torah and Taboo: Containing Jewish Relics and Jewish Identity at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Authors: Stier Oren Baruch 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIs museum space religious space? Do strategies of display, i.e., the ways certain objects such as human remains and ritual items are presented and/or experienced, make them into sacred objects? Who or what determines whether or not a particular object may be appropriately displayed in a museum context? In focusing on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and on a series of staged encounters there with spaces, objects, and other people, this article considers the possibility that the USHMM serves as a contemporary Jewish reliquary as well as the implications of such a notion, especially in relation to the performance of different types of Jewish identity at the museum. Using archival sources, it examines the debates over the treatment and display of selected artifacts and how those decisions impact the Museum's Jewish character.
Van Seters’ Saga of King David
Authors: Yoreh Tzemah 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe Saga of King David by John Van Seters is an engrossing yet scholarly book, written with an originality that has challenged the field of bible for more than forty years. Expanding and revising a series of articles and the less detailed analysis of his sweeping opus In Search of History, Van Seters puts the final nails in the coffin of the Solomonic dating of the books of Samuel and the Succession Narrative. He offers his own original hypothesis, namely that the Succession Narrative was composed in the late Persian period as a satirical response to the Deuteronomistic Historian’s account of David’s reign. He submits that the Sitz im Leben of the account is the mercenary dominated martial culture of the late fifth and early fourth century Near East. As is typical to much of Van Seters’ work, he mostly disregards language as a means of dating the Court History. In the absence of linguistic criteria in the bulk of the material under discussion which would indicate a Persian date of composition, many scholars will look in askance at Van Seters’ very late dating of I and II Samuel. This problem and others identified in this review should, however, should not deter scholarship from deeply engaging with Van Seters’ ideas.
Mixing Private and Public Treatment in the UK’s National Health Service: A Challenge to Core Constitutional Principles?
Authors: Syrett Keith 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe question of whether those patients who privately purchase treatments which are not available on the National Health Service should, as a consequence, lose entitlement to free care for their condition has proved highly controversial in the United Kingdom. This article considers the debate upon this issue. It focuses in particular upon the degree to which the solution adopted conflicts with the foundational principles of the National Health Service which have recently been enshrined in the NHS Constitution.
News and Views
Authors: Aasen Henriette Sinding , Soini Sirpa , Rynning Elisabeth , Arnardottir Oddný Mjöll , Hartlev Mette 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe five Nordic countries — Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden — share a considerable part of their cultural and historical heritage. They have collaborated closely in their development of legislation during most of the 20th century and are also all traditional welfare states, but nevertheless demonstrate a surprising degree of variety in the area of health law. The Nordic Network for Research in Biomedical Law was founded in 2006, with the aim to promote intra-disciplinary collaboration and stimulate comparative Nordic research in this field of law. Exchange of information on recent legal developments has been a recurrent point on the agenda at the Network meetings.
News and Views
Authors: Laurie Graeme 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe second conference of the European Association of Health Law took place in the Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh, Scotland on 15-16 October 2009. The event was generously sponsored by the British Academy and the AHRC/SCRIPT research centre based in the School of Law at the University of Edinburgh.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> The meeting was attended by 115 delegates from 26 countries and preceded by a public debate on assisted dying. This report gives an account of these events and the future direction of the work of the Association.
Sex Discrimination within Kuwaiti Laws. Part 2
Authors: Alessa Amani Saleh 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article focuses on several different issues of discrimination against women. While some such discriminatory issues are based on law, others are in fact based on just a matter of practice. Interestingly enough, some of the sex discrimination issues actually dispute the Shari‘a. One example can be found in education. The Shari‘a encourages education for both sexes while, historically, women have been denied education. The importance of mentioning the Shari‘a here is that, while Kuwait claims that it is an Islamic country and devoted to the Shari‘a, especially when it comes to women, this article proves that it is culture, not the Shari‘a, that represses women.
Prohibition of Interest and Economic Rationality
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Mazhar 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis research evaluates three reasons against the use of interest. One reason is that interest is a tool of exploitation. It contradicts facts because nowadays ultimate borrowers are businessmen and ultimate lenders are salaried individuals, the former being financially better off than the latter. The second reason is that interest-based external financing leads to unfair distribution of profits. Although this reasoning is not wrong, it is not very appealing in positive economics. Having noted that risk aversion is applauded in both conventional and Islamic economics, this author has propounded a third reason which states that the risk of an investment is least when financed exclusively by equity. This reasoning is easily understandable to conventional economists and is proved mathematically in this article. Therefore it provides a sound economic footing for prohibition of interest.
Fides et Ratio: An Early Enlightenment Defence of Non-confessional Religion by Poiret and his Circle
Authors: Krop Henri Adrien 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn 1707 an anonymous collection of treatises Fides et ratio was published in Amsterdam. The voluminous work of several authors contains a fierce critique of Locke's notion of faith and the moderate Enlightenment's conception of a reasonable Christianity. The sympathiser with mystic theology Pierre Poiret (1646–1719) wrote the general introduction. In the preface Poiret outlined a counter philosophy. However, the book deserves the interest of modern scholars because of the notions of religion and faith conceived by its authors. They are basically modern. Fides et ratio exemplifies the intense intellectual connections between Great Britain, the Netherlands and the German hinterland during the early modern period. The authors of the collection were part of an international non-denominational web. With some exceptions relations between the philosophes and the counter philosophers among the illuminati are neglected in modern research. In the final parts of this essay it will be argued that the ideas on faith and the ensuing separation of religion and the state created a common ground between Poiret and Christian Thomasius, the luminary of early German Enlightenment, who for some years had been directly influenced by the former's ideas.
Apocalyptic Lollards?: The Conservative Use of The Book of Daniel in the English Wycliffite Sermons
Authors: Hill II Bracy 
Published: June 2010

AbstractToo frequently the biblical hermeneutics of the Lollards have been oversimplified and described as “sola scriptura” or “literal” for the purpose of comparison. Limited attention has been given to the hermeneutic of Scripture particularly that of the Old Testament, present in the Wycliffite homiletic tradition as espoused in the Middle English Wycliffite festial. Building on the work of Kantik Ghosh and Curtis V. Bostick, this study asserts that the Middle English Wycliffite sermons' focus upon the Old Testament prophetic literature as a source of figures fulfilled in the New Testament, the reluctance of the politically conservative Wycliffite movement to embrace a radical apocalyptic vision, and the overriding concern of Lollard hermeneuts to acquire certitude resulted in the limited use of the book of Daniel in Wycliffite sermonic literature. When compared to contemporary sermon cycles and later uses of Daniel by more radical English groups, it becomes obvious that the Wycliffite sermons did not utilize a radical critique of empire or maintain a radical apocalyptic vision that might have found greater use for Daniel.
Two-year study of cervical cord volume and myelin water in primary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Laule C. , Vavasour IM , Zhao Y. , Traboulsee AL , Oger J. , Vavasour JD , Mackay AL , Li DKB 
Published: June 2010

Background: Spinal cord involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS) is common and an important element in disability. Previous studies demonstrated smaller cervical cord area at the C2 level in MS compared to controls, and a decrease in cord area over 12 months, most marked in primary progressive MS (PPMS). A subset of subjects participating in a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of glatiramer acetate in PPMS (PROMiSe trial) were followed for 2 years. Methods: 24 PPMS subjects, randomized to placebo ( n = 9) and glatiramer acetate ( n = 15), and 24 matched controls were studied. Cervical cord volume (CCV) at C2—3 was determined using a 3D inversion recovery (IR)-prepared spoiled-gradient echo sequence. Myelin water fraction (MWF) at C2—3 was obtained using a 32-echo IR-prepared relaxation sequence. Scans were repeated at baseline, years 1 and 2. Results: Baseline CCV was significantly smaller for PPMS than controls [median (interquartile range) 951 (829—1043) vs. 1072 (1040—1129) mm3, p = 0.0004] and MWF trended to be lower in PPMS cord [median (interquartile range) 0.225 (0.187—0.267) vs. 0.253 (0.235—0.266), p = 0.12]. Baseline CCV correlated with baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale, disease duration, brain white and grey matter volume. In PPMS, CCV was significantly decreased at year 1 (—0.83%, p = 0.04) and year 2 (—1.65%, p = 0.02). Baseline MWF correlated with baseline CCV and brain white and grey matter volume. MWF was significantly decreased from baseline for PPMS at year 2 (—10.5%, p = 0.01). Treatment effect was not detected on change in CCV nor MWF. Conclusions: Metrics at the level of the cord, including volume and MWF at C2—3, were lower in PPMS than controls and changed over 2 years only in PPMS.