bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, self‐assembly, fluorescence, and thermosensitive properties of star‐shaped amphiphilic copolymers with porphyrin core
Authors: Ren Tianbin , Wang An , Yuan Weizhong , Li Lan , Feng Yue 
Published: March 2011

AbstractStar‐shaped amphiphilic poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) with porphyrin core (SPPCL‐b‐POEGMA) was synthesized by combination of ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Star‐shaped PCL with porphyrin core (SPPCL) was prepared by bulk polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (CL) with tetrahydroxyethyl‐terminated porphyrin initiator and tin 2‐ethylexanote (Sn(Oct)2) catalyst. SPPCL was converted into SPPCLBr macroinitiator with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide. Star‐shaped SPPCL‐b‐POEGMA was obtained via ATRP of oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA). SPPCL‐b‐POEGMA can easily self‐assemble into micelles in aqueous solution via dialysis method. The formation of micellar aggregates were confirmed by critical micelle formation concentration, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The micelles also exhibit property of temperature‐induced drug release and the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was 60.6 °C. Furthermore, SPPCL‐b‐POEGMA micelles can reversibly swell and shrink in response to external temperature. In addition, SPPCL‐b‐POEGMA can present obvious fluorescence. Finally, the controlled drug release of copolymer micelles can be achieved by the change of temperatures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
A snapshot of the expression signature of androgen receptor splicing variants and their distinctive transcriptional activities
Authors: Hu Rong , Isaacs William B. , Luo Jun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe diversity and complexity of the human androgen receptor (AR) splicing variants are well appreciated but not fully understood. The goal of this study is to generate a comprehensive expression signature of AR variants in castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and to address the relative importance of the individual variants in conferring the castration‐resistant phenotype.METHODSA modified RNA amplification method, termed selective linear amplification of sense RNA, was developed to amplify all AR transcripts containing AR exon 3 in CRPC specimens, which were profiled using tiling expression microarrays. Coding sequences for the AR variants were cloned into expression vectors and assessed for their transcriptional activities. Quantitative RT‐PCR was used to determine their in vivo expression patterns in an expanded set of clinical specimens.RESULTSIn addition to expression peaks in AR intron 3, a novel AR exon, termed exon 9, was discovered. Exon 9 was spliced into multiple novel AR variants. Different AR splicing variants were functionally distinctive, with some demonstrating constitutive activity while others were conditionally active. Conditionally active AR‐Vs may activate AR signaling depending on the cellular context. Importantly, AR variant functions did not appear to depend on the full‐length AR.CONCLUSIONSThis study provided the first unbiased snapshot of the AR variant signature consisting of multiple AR variants with distinctive functional properties, directly in CRPC specimens. Study findings suggest that the aggregate function of multiple AR variants may confer a castration‐resistant phenotype independent of the full‐length AR. Prostate 71:1656–1667, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aluminum nitride grown on lens shaped patterned sapphire by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Bryant Benjamin N. , Kamber Derrick S. , Wu Feng , Nakamura Shuji , Speck James S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThick c‐plane aluminum nitride (AlN) films were grown directly onto lens shaped patterned c‐plane sapphire substrates by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The sapphire patterning consisted of convex hemispherical lenses in a hexagonal pattern. These films were fully coalesced, planar, colorless, specular and up to 20 μm thick. Full widths at half maximum of X‐ray rocking curves for the on‐axis (0002) and off‐axis (20$ \bar 2 $1) AlN reflections for fully coalesced films reached 914 and 1502 arcsec respectively. Plan view transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the threading dislocation density which was ∼8 x 108 cm‐2. An interrupted growth series was also performed to evaluate the growth evolution of the AlN. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the initial growth and coalescence of the films. The AlN was determined to grow in hexagonal pillars initiated on the lenses, eventually coalescing together. These AlN films offer a promising substrate for AlGaN based UV optoelectronics thanks to both its transparency in the UV region and patterning effects. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of bulk GaN crystals by Na flux method
Authors: Mori Y. , Kitaoka Y. , Imade M. , Miyoshi N. , Yoshimura M. , Sasaki T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHigh‐quality and low cost bulk crystals are needed in the field of group III nitride semiconductors in order to develop optical and electrical devices. There are two approaches for the growth of bulk GaN crystal by the Na flux method. One is to grow thick GaN crystal on a seed GaN crystal grown by vapour phase method. The other one is to grow GaN crystal on the seed GaN crystal obtained by spontaneous nucleation. The both methods show advantages and disadvantages, respectively. We also present the effects of the flux composition on the growth habit and the growth rate for fabrication of boule‐shape bulk GaN crystals. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microstructural analysis of thick AlGaN epilayers using Mg‐doped AlN underlying layer
Authors: Nonaka K. , Asai T. , Ban K. , Yamamoto J. , Iwaya M. , Takeuchi T. , Kamiyama S. , Akasaki I. , Amano H. , Wu Z. H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper reports the microstructural analysis of 20‐μm‐thick Al0.5Ga0.5N with improved crystalline quality owing to the use of a Mg‐doped AlN underlying layer. The threading dislocation density in 20‐μm‐thick Al0.5Ga0.5N on Mg‐doped AlN was 8.6×108cm‐2, which is about one‐fifth lower than that of Al0.5Ga0.5N on an undoped AlN underlying layer. The microstructural analysis was carried out to clarify dislocation behaviours in the Al0.5Ga0.5N layer on the Mg‐doped AlN underlying layer. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of AlN single crystal particles by a chemical vapor method using aluminum chloride
Authors: Mori Tatsuhiro , Kobayashi Takayoshi , Kawanishi Yasumasa , Kominami Hiroko , Nakanishi Yoichiro , Hara Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of single crystal AlN particles has been carried out by the chemical vapor method using AlCl3 and NH3 as sources at 1450 °C. The x‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurement reveals that the samples are AlN in the wurtzite structure. The XRD line width had its minimum around partial pressure of NH3 (P (NH3)) of 0.25 atm, indicating the highest crystal quality among the samples synthesized in this study. The powders prepared at P (NH3) between 0.13 and 0.38 atm consisted mostly of particles with sizes ranging between approximately 100 and 500 nm. The particles in these samples had specific shapes with a sixfold symmetry reflecting the wurtzite crystal structure of AlN. The observation of particle morphology has also suggested that the particles composed of two crystal grains are included in the samples. The mechanism of particle formation was discussed based on the dependence of particle morphology on P (NH3). Comparison with the synthesis using vaporized Al as an Al source leads us to conclude that the use of AlCl3 is essential to the efficient formation of single crystal particles. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In situ measurement of adsorbed nitrogen atoms for PA‐MBE growth of group III nitrides on Si
Authors: Ohachi Tadashi , Yamabe Nobuhiko , Yamamoto Yuka , Wada Motoi , Ariyada Osamu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn atom probe of two parallel electrodes is proposed to monitor adsorbed (ADS) nitrogen atoms in situ during growth of β‐Si3N4 using indirect exposure of effusing active nitrogen beam from the radio frequency induction coupled plasma cell. The β‐Si3N4 film is a component of a double buffer layer (DBL) AlN(0001)/β‐Si3N4/Si(111) to grow high quality the group III nitrides and their alloys on Si. Atom current between the parallel electrodes corresponds to flux of the ADS nitrogen atoms on the inside surface at the atom potential, VA. The ADS atom current received influence of wall and shutter of the cell, because adsorption of nitrogen atom depended wall condition such as temperature and the concentration of adatoms on the wall (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improving GaN‐on‐silicon properties for GaN device epitaxy
Authors: Dadgar A. , Hempel T. , Bläsing J. , Schulz O. , Fritze S. , Christen J. , Krost A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractGaN growth on silicon has recently found its way into products as transistor devices for high frequencies and high‐voltage applications as well as for light emitting diodes (LEDs). Here, we present the importance of high quality GaN layers for growing LED structures and high‐voltage transistors on silicon. The major difference is that LED growth on silicon substrates suffers from edge type dislocations during silicon doping while FETs suffer from a lowered breakdown field. We will show that the latter is most likely originating in screw type dislocations. By optimizing GaN material quality the breakdown field strength can be doubled from less than 0.7x106 V/cm up to ∼ 1.5x106 V/cm. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of InN mole fraction fluctuation in InGaN films grown by RF‐MBE
Authors: Kimura Takuya , Fukumoto Eita , Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Wang Ke , Kaneko Masamitsu , Araki Tsutomu , Yoon Euijoon , Nanishi Yasushi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe use cathodoluminescence (CL) mapping and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) to investigate fluctuations of the InN mole fraction in InGaN films grown by radio‐frequency plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Both techniques reveal that InGaN films on GaN templates with scratches exhibit clear composition fluctuations. CL spectra of InGaN obtained in scanning mode have two peaks. Monochromatic CL maps at these two peaks reveal a clear contrast between flat regions and scratches. The shorter‐wavelength CL peak is from scratched regions and the longer‐wavelength peak is from flat regions. These results reveal that less In is incorporated in scratched regions than in flat regions. KFM measurements reveal that scratched and flat regions have different surface potentials. Experiments on a series of InGaN films with InN mole fractions that span the entire composition range confirm that the surface potential of InGaN depends on the In content. This demonstrates that KFM is useful for studying microscale fluctuations in the InN mole fraction in InGaN. A possible mechanism for this fluctuation is discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonlinear shallow‐water equations on the Yin‐Yang grid
Authors: Qaddouri Abdessamad 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe system of nonlinear shallow‐water equations (SWEs) is a hyperbolic system serving as a primary test problem for numerical methods used in modelling global atmospheric flows. In this article, the SWEs on a rotating sphere are solved on the Yin‐Yang grid by using a domain decomposition method (DDM). This overset grid is singularity free and has a quasi‐uniform grid spacing. It is composed of two identical latitude/longitude orthogonal grid panels that are combined to cover the sphere with partial overlap on their boundaries. On each of the two subgrids, the local solver is based on an implicit and semi‐Lagrangian discretization on a horizontally staggered Arakawa C mesh. The resulting positive definite Helmholtz problem is solved using a Schwarz‐type DDM known as the optimized Schwarz method, which gives better performance than the classical Schwarz method by using specific Robin or higher‐order transmission conditions. Finally, the standard shallow‐water test set is performed in order to show that the DDM solution for SWEs on the Yin‐Yang grid system can reproduce the global solution accurately on the sphere. This work represents a first step in the development of a three‐dimensional forecasting model on the Yin‐Yang grid. © 2011 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Design of a contact probe with high positioning accuracy for plasmonic lithography
Authors: Jang Jinhee , Kim Yongwoo , Kim Seok , Jung Howon , Hahn Jae Won 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPlasmonic lithography with a contact probe records nano‐meter scale features and has high‐throughput owing to its capability to scan in contact mode. The probe is commonly based on a micrometer‐scale cantilever, which leads to the tip‐positioning problem due to force‐deflection that induces lateral tip displacement. We propose a geometrically modified probe to achieve high positioning accuracy. Contrary to a conventional cantilever‐tip probe, we designed a “circular probe” with arc‐shaped arms that hold the tip in the center. The mechanism is based on the “fixed‐fixed beam” concept in material mechanics. To confirm its positioning accuracy, we used a finite element method (FEM) to calculate the tip displacement for a circular probe and compared the results with those using a conventional cantilever‐tip probe. The probe was designed considering a silicon‐based micro‐fabrication process. The designed probe has a square outline boundary with a length of 50 µm, four arms, and a pyramidal tip with a height of 5 µm. The ratio of the lateral tip displacement to the vertical deflection was evaluated to indicate the accuracy of the probe. The probe has higher positioning accuracy by a factor of 103 and 10 in its approach mode and scan mode, respectively, compared with a cantilever‐tip probe. We expect that the probe is suitable for the applications that require high positioning accuracy, such as nanolithography in contact mode and applications based on multiple‐probe arrays. SCANNING 33: 99–105, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Züchtungstechnologie von CZ‐Si‐Kristallen
Authors: Altekrüger Burkhard , Fisahn Gert 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDie Idee der Einführung einer neuen Wafer Generation mit größerem Durchmesser wird in der Halbleiter und Mikroelektronik‐Industrie hauptsächlich aus der Sicht der Betreiber der großen Fertigungslinien diskutiert und vorangetrieben, die hieraus einen Produktivitäts‐Gewinn und Kostenvorteil in der Chipfertigung erwarten. Die prozesstechnischen Anforderungen bei der Züchtung von großen Si‐Kristallen mit Durchmessern von 300mm und 450mm bedeuten erhebliche Anforderungen und Herausforderungen an die dafür geeignete Anlagen‐Technologie. Diese neuen Anforderungen sind mit einem einfachen „Upgrade”︁ der bisherigen Anlagentechnik nicht zu erfüllen. Daher ist die Neuentwicklung einer Anlagen‐Generation für 300mm und 450mm Si‐ Kristalle erforderlich, die sich durch ihre Grundkonzeption wie ihres statischen Aufbaus sowie des Anlagen und Komponenten‐Handlings von ihren Vorgängergenerationen unterscheidet. Erfahrungen bei der Anlagenentwicklung für 450mm Wafer liegen bei der PVA TePla bereits vor.
Safety Measures During Cholecystectomy: Results of a Nationwide Survey
Authors: Buddingh K. T. , Hofker H. S. , ten Cate Hoedemaker H. O. , van Dam G. M. , Ploeg R. J. , Nieuwenhuijs V. B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to identify safety measures practiced by Dutch surgeons during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.MethodAn electronic questionnaire was sent to all members of the Dutch Society of Surgery with a registered e‐mail address.ResultsThe response rate was 40.4% and 453 responses were analyzed. The distribution of the respondents with regard to type of hospital was similar to that in the general population of Dutch surgeons. The critical view of safety (CVS) technique is used by 97.6% of the surgeons. It is documented by 92.6%, mostly in the operation report (80.0%), but often augmented by photography (42.7%) or video (30.2%). If the CVS is not obtained, 50.9% of surgeons convert to the open approach, 39.1% continue laparoscopically, and 10.0% perform additional imaging studies. Of Dutch surgeons, 53.2% never perform intraoperative cholangiography (IOC), 41.3% perform it incidentally, and only 2.6% perform it routinely. A total of 105 bile duct injuries (BDIs) were reported in 14,387 cholecystectomies (0.73%). The self‐reported major BDI rate (involving the common bile duct) was 0.13%, but these figures need to be confirmed in other studies.ConclusionThe CVS approach in laparoscopic cholecystectomy is embraced by virtually all Dutch surgeons. The course of action when CVS is not obtained varies. IOC seems to be an endangered skill as over half the Dutch surgeons never perform it and the rest perform it only incidentally.
Absent Bodies: The AIDS Memorial Quilt as Social Melancholia
Authors: GAMBARDELLA STEVEN JAMES 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFar from being apolitical, self-indulgent or ineffective, as was suggested by some in the activist community, the NAMES Project Quilt became a symbol of the decimation of AIDS and a beacon for those in the AIDS-affected community, and challenged and transformed public attitudes towards people with AIDS. The NAMES Project Quilt risked sanitizing and homogenizing the particularities of the deceased, but I shall argue that the spectacle of the quilt changed public opinion through its mechanisms of publicity and meaning-making. Building on Michael Warner's notion of the ‘Mass Subject’, the quilt, I will suggest, transformed the mainstream, effectively forcing the formerly abject AIDS-affected community into public consciousness through the mechanisms of mass media.
How Shall the Nations Repent? The Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt, October 1945
Authors: Conway John S. 
Published: March 2011

The Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt, issued by the leaders of the German Evangelical (i.e. Protestant) churches in October 1945, was a unique document in the recent history of the Christian Churches. This public acknowledgement of responsibility and guilt for their inadequate response to the criminal actions of the nation's political leaders was, and remains, unprecedented. The solemn proclamation included the by-now well-known sentences:With great pain do we say: through us endless sufferings have been brought to many peoples and nations. What we have often borne witness to before our congregations, we now declare in the name of the whole church. We have for many years struggled in the name of Jesus Christ against the spirit which found its terrible expression in the National Socialist regime of tyranny, but we accuse ourselves for not witnessing more courageously, for not praying more faithfully, for not believing more joyously and for not loving more ardently.
Presbyterianism and Social Class in Mid-Nineteenth Century Glasgow: a Study of Nine Churches
Authors: Hillis Peter 
Published: March 2011

Writing in Past and Present in 1964 Henry Pelling commented:The influence of the churches on the working class in nineteenth century Britain is a subject which has long aroused sporadic interest among political and social historians, but which has apparently lent itself more readily to hasty generalisation than to detailed investigation for its own sake.
Young Gladstone and Italy
Authors: Chadwick Owen 
Published: March 2011

Gladstone's Diary records all the books which he read and persons with whom he talked.If a man read a book, it cannot be asserted with certainty that he was influenced by the book. Knowledge passed into the mind if it was interesting enough not to be forgotten. But it is a larger step to attempt an analysis of the development of a mind when the evidence consists largely in lists of books read. On the books which Gladstone read, he seldom commented in the Diary. When rarely he added a comment, it is always important.
The Ideological Alliance of Political Economy and Christian Theology, 1798–1833
Authors: Waterman A. M. C. 
Published: March 2011

It has been maintained by E. R. Norman that:…the social attitudes of the Church have derived from the surrounding intellectual and political culture, and not, as Christians themselves always seem to assume, from theological learning. The theologians have always managed to reinterpret their sources in ways which have somehow made their version of Christianity correspond almost exactly to the values of their class and generation. Thus theological scholarship justified the structural social obligations of the eighteenth century world; thus it provided a Christian basis for Political Economy… [my italics]
Early Identifications of Authorship of the Johannine Writings
Authors: Gunther J. J. 
Published: March 2011

T. W. Manson posed the following problem:…quotations are absent in those places where we should most confidently look lor them it the Fourth Gospel was composed in Ephesus about A.D, 100 by John the Apostle. No theory about the Gospel that fails to give an explanation of the phenomenon presented by the writings of Ignatius, Polycarp and Justin has much chance of survival.No information about the Fourth Gospel or its author appears in the Pastoral Epistles.
Fathers, Heretics and Epicureans
Authors: Jungkuntz Richard 
Published: March 2011

A commonplace which arises early and persists long in patristic literature is that doctrinal aberrations are generally traceable to the influence of Greek philosophical schools. But particularly in Epicureanism do the Fathers find a useful club with which to beat an astonishing variety of heretics.It will be convenient to mention at the outset the way in which Origen ascribes to Epicurean influence the unorthodox views of his pagan opponent, Celsus. The opinions of Celsus in which Origen claims to detect latent Epicureanism concern a variety of topics.
A Nursery of Elizabethan Nonconformity, 1567–72
Authors: Owen H. Gareth 
Published: March 2011

‘About that time [1567–8] there were many congregations of the Anabaptists in London, who called themselves Puritans or Unspotted Lambs of the Lord. They kept their church in the Minories without Aldgate’.This paper is an attempt to develop the clue handed down to us by John Stow to the location of an early—if not the earliest—thoroughgoing nonconformist congregation within the Elizabethan Church. Considering the length of time it has been in print, it is a clue strangely neglected by historians both of nonconformity and of London during this period.
The Coronation Oath and the Church of England
Authors: Berry C. L. 
Published: March 2011

The first part of the Oath ‘ministered’ by the archbishop of Canterbury at the coronation of king George V in 1910, as at previous coronations, was the question:‘Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the People of this United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Dominions belonging thereto, according to the Statutes in Parliament agreed upon, and the respective Laws and Customs of the same ?’
The Registrum Premonstratense: a lost MS. rediscovered
Authors: Colvin H. M. 
Published: March 2011

The principal source for the history of the Order of Prémontré in England is the three volumes of Collectanea Anglo-Premonstratensia edited by cardinal Gasquet and published by the Royal Historical Society in 1904–06 (Camden 3rd Series, vols. vi, x, xii). The documents which make up this collection were derived from two sources:1. The register of Richard Redman, abbot of Shap, and visitor of the order in England during the second half of the fifteenth century. (Bodleian Library, Ashmole MS. 1519).2. Transcripts of a Registrum Premonstratense made by the antiquary Francis Peck early in the eighteenth century, and now in the British Museum (Additional MSS. 4934–5).