bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality, but not cost, of diet is associated with 5-year incidence of CVD: the ATTICA study
Authors: Vlismas Konstantinos , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B , Pitsavos Christos , Chrysohoou Christina , Skoumas Yannis , Sitara Marietta , Yfantopoulos John , Stavrinos Vassilios , Stefanadis Christodoulos 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present work was to calculate the current cost of the Mediterranean diet in Greece and to evaluate the role of diet cost in the development of cardiovascular events after a 5-year follow-up.DesignCross-sectional. Cost of diet was measured in €/week based on common Greek dietary choices, while baseline dietary habits were assessed through a semi-quantitative FFQ (Greek-EPIC). The Mediterranean Diet Score (MedDietScore) was applied to assess overall adherence to this pattern using scores of eleven food variables and alcohol, according to the principles of the Mediterranean diet.SettingFive-year follow-up of the ATTICA study, a nutrition and health survey of a representative, free-living sample of the Greek population resident in the province of Attica, where Athens is a major metropolis.SubjectsFrom 2001 to 2002, 1514 men and 1528 women (aged >18 years) without known CVD were enrolled. In 2006, the 5-year follow-up was performed.ResultsThe weekly cost of participants’ diets varied from 5·35 to 83·57 €/week in men (mean 25·45 (sd 6·80) €/week) and from 10·89 to 55·49 €/week in women (mean 25·63 (sd 6·30) €/week). Diet cost was correlated marginally to MedDietScore (r = 0·060, P = 0·05) as well as being associated with history of hypercholesterolaemia (mean (sd), yes v. no: 24·90 (5·73) v. 25·82 (6·95) €/week, P = 0·027), physical activity (mean (sd), yes v. no: 26·42 (6·90) v. 24·82 (6·20) €/week, P < 0·001) and current smoking (mean (sd), yes v. no: 24·99 (6·40) v. 25·98 (6·70) €/week, P = 0·017). No significant association was found between diet cost and 5-year incidence of CVD (hazard ratio = 1·021, 95 % CI 0·965, 1·081). However, adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet was inversely associated with the development of CVD (relative risk per 1-unit increase in MedDietScore = 0·92, 95 % CI 0·89, 0·94) after adjustment for various potential confounders including diet cost.ConclusionsQuality but not cost of the diet is associated with the development of CVD.
L(n)-HYPONORMALITY: A MISSING BRIDGE BETWEEN SUBNORMALITY AND PARANORMALITY
Authors: JUNG IL BONG , PARK SUN HYUN , STOCHEL JAN 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA new notion of L(n)-hyponormality is introduced in order to provide a bridge between subnormality and paranormality, two concepts which have received considerable attention from operator theorists since the 1950s. Criteria for L(n)-hyponormality are given. Relationships to other notions of hyponormality are discussed in the context of weighted shift and composition operators.
Identification and transcriptional analysis of trans-DCE-producing reductive dehalogenases in Dehalococcoides species
Authors: Chow Wai Ling , Cheng Dan , Wang Shanquan , He Jianzhong 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
During microbial reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE), trans-1, 2-dichloroethene (trans-DCE) has been observed to be produced predominantly by certain mixed and pure cultures. However, the reductive dehalogenase (RDase) genes involved in trans-DCE generation remain elusive. In this study, identification and transcriptional analysis of RDases were conducted on trans-DCE-producing Dehalococcoides sp. strain MB. Two pairs of degenerate primers targeting the conserved regions of RDases in known Dehalococcoides species were applied to amplify the putative RDase genes of strain MB. Cloning and restriction analysis revealed the presence of seven unique RDase gene fragments (dceA1 to dceA7) that possess sequence identity to known RDase genes. Gene expression analysis of the PCE-grown culture MB exhibited 10-fold regulation of the RDase gene dceA6 (designated mbrA gene), suggesting that it is involved in the production of trans-DCE. This is in agreement with the molecular size of the most abundant protein that is resolved on the denaturing protein gel. Complete sequence of the mbrA gene was obtained by chromosome walking, and the upstream of it is a regulator of transcription, indicating that the expression of this functional gene is tightly controlled in the microbe. The mbrA gene was subsequently found to be present in other trans-DCE-producing cultures containing Dehalococcoides sp. The new mbrA gene identified in this study may serve as an important biomarker for evaluating, predicting and elucidating the biological production of trans-DCE in the chloroethene-contaminated sites.
Mesoscale eddies: hotspots of prokaryotic activity and differential community structure in the ocean
Authors: Baltar Federico , Arístegui Javier , Gasol Josep M , Lekunberri Itziar , Herndl Gerhard J 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
To investigate the effects of mesoscale eddies on prokaryotic assemblage structure and activity, we sampled two cyclonic eddies (CEs) and two anticyclonic eddies (AEs) in the permanent eddy-field downstream the Canary Islands. The eddy stations were compared with two far-field (FF) stations located also in the Canary Current, but outside the influence of the eddy field. The distribution of prokaryotic abundance (PA), bulk prokaryotic heterotrophic activity (PHA), various indicators of single-cell activity (such as nucleic acid content, proportion of live cells, and fraction of cells actively incorporating leucine), as well as bacterial and archaeal community structure were determined from the surface to 2000 m depth. In the upper epipelagic layer (0–200 m), the effect of eddies on the prokaryotic community was more apparent, as indicated by the higher PA, PHA, fraction of living cells, and percentage of active cells incorporating leucine within eddies than at FF stations. Prokaryotic community composition differed also between eddy and FF stations in the epipelagic layer. In the mesopelagic layer (200–1000 m), there were also significant differences in PA and PHA between eddy and FF stations, although in general, there were no clear differences in community composition or single-cell activity. The effects on prokaryotic activity and community structure were stronger in AE than CE, decreasing with depth in both types of eddies. Overall, both types of eddies show distinct community compositions (as compared with FF in the epipelagic), and represent oceanic ‘hotspots’ of prokaryotic activity (in the epi- and mesopelagic realms).
Preschool Speech, Language Skills, and Reading at 7, 9, and 10 Years: Etiology of the Relationship
Authors: Hayiou-Thomas Marianna E. , Harlaar Nicole , Dale Philip S. , Plomin Robert 
Published: April 2010

Purpose
To examine the etiology of the relationship between preschool speech and language, and later reading skills.

Method
One thousand six hundred seventy-two children from the Twins Early Development Study (B. R. Oliver & R. Plomin, 2007) were given a comprehensive speech and language assessment at 4½ years. Reading was assessed at 7, 9, and 10 years. Twin analyses were applied to the data to assess the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the longitudinal relationships between speech and reading, and language and reading.

Results
Phenotypically, there is a moderate and stable relationship between 4½-year speech and language scores and reading at 7, 9, and 10 years. Etiologically, at the individual-differences level, both genetic and shared environmental factors contribute to the links between language skills and reading. By contrast, genetic factors account for most of the relationship between early speech and later reading. At the extremes, there appears to be an even stronger role for genetic factors in accounting for the prediction from early speech and language impairments to later reading outcome.

Conclusion
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the relationship between early language skills and reading, whereas genetic factors play a dominant role in the relationship between early speech and reading.
Production of Tense Morphology by Afrikaans-Speaking Children With and Without Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Southwood Frenette , van Hout Roeland 
Published: April 2010

Purpose
To establish whether the predictions of the extended optional infinitive (EOI) hypothesis (Rice, Wexler, & Cleave, 1995) hold for the language of Afrikaans-speaking children with specific language impairment (SLI) and whether tense marking is a possible clinical marker of SLI in Afrikaans.

Method
Production of tense morphology was examined in 3 groups of Afrikaans-speaking children—15 with SLI who were 6 years old, 15 typically developing (TD) 4-year-olds matched on mean length of utterance, and 15 TD 6-year-olds—using both elicited and spontaneously produced verb forms.

Results

On the sentence completion task, children with SLI fared on par with 4-year-olds and worse than age-matched peers. However, in terms of spontaneous production of morphemes pertaining to tense, children with SLI fared worse than both TD groups. Furthermore, children with SLI mostly made the same types of errors as 4-year-olds, although some errors were unique to the SLI group. Most errors entailed omissions, of modal and temporal auxiliaries as well as of copula
be
.

Conclusion
The errors offer support for the EOI hypothesis. Tense marking has the potential to be a clinical marker of SLI in Afrikaans, but further research with larger groups of Afrikaans-speaking children, including children of other ages, is needed to confirm this.
Randomized Comparison of Augmented and Nonaugmented Language Interventions for Toddlers With Developmental Delays and Their Parents
Authors: Romski MaryAnn , Sevcik Rose A. , Adamson Lauren B. , Cheslock Melissa , Smith Ashlyn , Barker R. Michael , Bakeman Roger 
Published: April 2010

Purpose
This study compared the language performance of young children with developmental delays who were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 parent-coached language interventions. Differences in performance on augmented and spoken word size and use, vocabulary size, and communication interaction skills were examined.

Method
Sixty-eight toddlers with fewer than 10 spoken words were randomly assigned to augmented communication input (AC-I), augmented communication output (AC-O), or spoken communication (SC) interventions; 62 children completed the intervention. This trial assessed the children’s symbolic language performance using communication measures from the language transcripts of the 18th and 24th intervention sessions and coding of target vocabulary use.

Results
All children in the AC-O and AC-I intervention groups used augmented and spoken words for the target vocabulary items, whereas children in the SC intervention produced a very small number of spoken words. Vocabulary size was substantially larger for AC-O and AC-I than for SC groups.

Conclusions
This study found that augmented language interventions that include parent coaching have a positive communication effect on young children with developmental delays who begin with fewer than 10 spoken words. Clinical implications suggest that augmented communication does not hinder, and actually aids, speech production abilities in young children with developmental delays.
A Treatment Sequence for Phonological Alexia/Agraphia
Authors: Beeson Pélagie M. , Rising Kindle , Kim Esther S. , Rapcsak Steven Z. 
Published: April 2010

Purpose
Damage to left perisylvian cortex often results in impaired phonological processing abilities with written language profiles consistent with phonological alexia and phonological agraphia. The purpose of this article was to examine a behavioral treatment sequence for such individuals intended to strengthen phonological processing and links between phonology and orthography, as well as train a means to maximize use of residual orthographic and phonological knowledge for spelling.

Method
Two women with persistent impairments of written language and phonological processing following damage to left perisylvian cortical regions participated in this study. Both exhibited characteristic features of phonological alexia and agraphia in that reading and spelling performance for real words was better preserved than nonwords (lexicality effect). A 2-stage treatment protocol was administered to strengthen sublexical skills (phonological treatment) and to train interactive use of lexical and sublexical information to maximize spelling performance (interactive treatment).

Results
Both participants improved phonological processing abilities and reading/spelling via the sublexical route. They also improved spelling of real words and were able to detect and correct most residual errors using an electronic spelling aid.

Conclusions
Behavioral treatment served to strengthen phonological skills supporting reading and spelling, and provided a functional compensatory strategy to overcome residual weaknesses.
Jews in the Pre-Constitutional Years: The Shiraz Incident of 1905
Authors: Tsadik Daniel 
Published: April 2010

During the Constitutional years (1906–11) the legal status of the Jews and some other religious minorities improved, even if only to a limited extent. Can one assume that this change in the legal status of the Jews reflected changes in the public's actual treatment toward the Jews in reality during the days leading up to the Constitutional Revolution in 1906? To an extent, the answer is in the affirmative. The present article argues, however, that the real life situation of the Jews in the years leading up to the Constitutional Revolution was still often one of abuse and occasional persecution. To prove this contention, section I of the article presents some such cases. Section II establishes some of the reasons for the attacks on the Jews—not only religious, but also economic and socio-political ones, as well as briefly suggesting certain recurring paradigms surrounding it. Section III looks at one case study from November 1905 in the city of Shiraz. Finally, this preliminary research ends with some concluding remarks.Be-karestan-e Sane‘ kas cheh danad,kherad dar kar-e U hayran bemanad.1
Essential norms of composition operators between Bloch type spaces
Authors: Zhao Ruhan 
Published: April 2010

For

α
>
0

\alpha >0

, the

α
\alpha

-Bloch space is the space of all analytic functions

f
f

on the unit disk

D
D

satisfying
\[

‖
f

‖

B

α

=

sup

z
∈
D

|

f
′

(
z
)

|

(
1
−

|

z

|

2

)

α

>
∞
.

\|f\|_{B^{\alpha }}=\sup _{z\in D}|f’(z)|(1-|z|^2)^{\alpha }>\infty .

\]
Let

φ
\varphi

be an analytic self-map of

D
D

. We show that for

0
>
α
,
β
>
∞

0>\alpha ,\beta >\infty

, the essential norm of the composition operator

C

φ

C_{\varphi }

mapping from

B

α

B^{\alpha }

to

B

β

B^{\beta }

can be given by the following formula:
\[

‖

C

φ

‖
e

=

(

e

2
α

)

α

lim sup

n
→
∞

n

α
−
1

‖

φ
n

‖

B

β

.

\|C_{\varphi }\|_e=\left (\frac {e}{2\alpha }\right )^{\alpha }\limsup _{n\to \infty } n^{\alpha -1}\|\varphi ^n\|_{B^{\beta }}.

\]
New thoughts on the vector-valued Mihlin–Hörmander multiplier theorem
Authors: Hytönen Tuomas 
Published: April 2010

Let

X
X

be a UMD space with type

t
t

and cotype

q
q

, and let

T
m

T_m

be a Fourier multiplier operator with a scalar-valued symbol

m
m

. If

|

∂

α

m
(
ξ
)

|

≲

|

ξ

|

−

|

α

|

|\partial ^{\alpha }m(\xi )|\lesssim |{\xi }|^{-|\alpha |}

for all

|

α

|

≤
⌊

n

/

max
(
t
,

q
′

)
⌋

+
1

|\alpha |\leq \lfloor {n/\max (t,q’)\rfloor }+1

, then

T
m

T_m

is bounded on

L
p

(

R

n

;
X
)

L^p(\mathbb {R}^n;X)

for all

p
∈
(
1
,
∞
)

p\in (1,\infty )

. For scalar-valued multipliers, this improves the theorem of Girardi and Weis (J. Funct. Anal., 2003), who required similar assumptions for derivatives up to the order

⌊

n

/

r

⌋
+
1

\lfloor {n/r}\rfloor +1

, where

r
≤
min
(
t
,

q
′

)

r\leq \min (t,q’)

is a Fourier-type of

X
X

. However, the present method does not apply to operator-valued multipliers, which are also covered by the Girardi–Weis theorem.
Streamlining the construction of large-scale dynamic models using generic kinetic equations
Authors: Adiamah Delali A. , Handl Julia , Schwartz Jean-Marc 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Studying biological systems, not just at an individual component level but at a system-wide level, gives us great potential to understand fundamental functions and essential biological properties. Despite considerable advances in the topological analysis of metabolic networks, inadequate knowledge of the enzyme kinetic rate laws and their associated parameter values still hampers large-scale kinetic modelling. Furthermore, the integration of gene expression and protein levels into kinetic models is not straightforward.
Results: The focus of our research is on streamlining the construction of large-scale kinetic models. A novel software tool was developed, which enables the generation of generic rate equations for all reactions in a model. It encompasses an algorithm for estimating the concentration of proteins for a reaction to reach a particular steady state when kinetic parameters are unknown, and two robust methods for parameter estimation. It also allows for the seamless integration of gene expression or protein levels into a reaction and can generate equations for both transcription and translation. We applied this methodology to model the yeast glycolysis pathway; our results show that the behaviour of the system can be accurately described using generic kinetic equations.
Availability and implementation: The software tool, together with its source code in Java, is available from our project web site at http://www.bioinf.manchester.ac.uk/schwartz/grape
Contact: jean-marc.schwartz@manchester.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Combining sensitivity and uncertainty analysis to evaluate the impact of management measures with ISIS–Fish: marine protected areas for the Bay of Biscay anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) fishery
Authors: Lehuta Sigrid , Mahévas Stéphanie , Petitgas Pierre , Pelletier Dominique 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLehuta, S., Mahévas, S., Petitgas, P., and Pelletier, D. 2010. Combining sensitivity and uncertainty analysis to evaluate the impact of management measures with ISIS–Fish: marine protected areas for the Bay of Biscay anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1063–1075. Spatio-seasonal explicit simulation models can predict the impact of spatial management measures on marine fish populations and fishing activities. As fisheries are complex systems, fisheries simulation models are often complex, with many uncertain parameters. Here, the methodology is provided to deliver fishery diagnostics within an uncertainty context using a complex simulation tool. A sensitivity analysis of the model is performed on model outputs using partial least-squares to identify the most sensitive parameters. The impact of several management measures is then simulated using a statistical simulation design taking into account the uncertainty of the selected sensitive parameters. This approach was applied to the Bay of Biscay anchovy stock using the ISIS-Fish (Integration of Spatial Information for Simulation of Fisheries) model to assess the impact of imposing marine protected areas (MPAs) conditionally on parameter uncertainty. The diagnostic appeared to be highly sensitive to the mortality of larvae and juveniles, growth, and reproduction. The uncertainty of the values of these parameters did not permit any of the simulated MPA designs to be proposed. However, according to anchovy catch and biomass, the simulations allowed the low impact of closure duration to be shown and underscored the utility of protecting such key processes as spawning.
Isolation of Drosophila Egg Chambers for Imaging: Figure 1
Authors: Parton Richard M. , Vallés Ana Maria , Dobbie Ian M. , Davis Ilan 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTIONThe fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an important model for basic research into the molecular mechanisms underlying cell function and development, as well as a major biomedical research tool. A significant advantage of Drosophila is the ability to apply live cell imaging to a variety of living tissues that can be dissected and imaged in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro. Drosophila egg chambers, for example, have proven to be a useful model system for studying border cell migration, Golgi unit transport, the rapid movement of mRNA and protein particles, and the role of microtubules in meiosis and oocyte differentiation. A crucial first step before imaging is preparation of the experimental material to ensure physiological relevance and to achieve the best conditions for image quality. Early- to mid-stage egg chambers cannot be mounted in an aqueous-based medium, because this causes a change in microtubule organization and follicle cell morphology. Such egg chambers survive better in Halocarbon oil, which allows free diffusion of oxygen, has low viscosity, and thus prevents dehydration and hypoxia. With a refractive index similar to glycerol, Halocarbon oil also has good optical properties for imaging. It also provides a good environment for injection and is particularly useful for long-term imaging of embryos. However, unlike with aqueous solutions, changes in the medium are not possible. This protocol describes the isolation of Drosophila egg chambers.
Drosophila Macrophage Preparation and Screening
Authors: Parton Richard M. , Vallés Ana Maria , Dobbie Ian M. , Davis Ilan 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTIONDrosophila plasmatocytes, also known as macrophages, are part of the Drosophila innate immune system and also have roles during development. In late-stage embryos, it is possible to image macrophage migration in situ during development and when they converge at sites of wounding. This protocol describes the isolation of macrophages from third instar Drosophila larvae. The macrophages can be cultured for several hours, and fluorescently labeled macrophages can be screened using a fluorescence-imaging system.
Introduction of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) into Hippocampal Neurons through Viral Infection
Authors: Malinow Roberto , Hayashi Yasunori , Maletic-Savatic Mirjana , Zaman Shahid H. , Poncer Jean-Christophe , Shi Song-Hai , Esteban José A. , Osten Pavel , Seidenman Ken 
Published: April 2010

INTRODUCTIONExpression of green fluorescent protein (GFP), its more fluorescent mutant forms (e.g., EGFP [enhanced GFP]), or their fusion protein derivatives, affords a number of informative possibilities in cellular neuroscience. EGFP is a soluble protein and appears to be homogeneously distributed within the cytosol of neurons when expressed. Thus, it reveals the structure of the neuron, including the cell body, and axonal and dendritic arbors. It is also sufficiently bright to reveal detailed structures such as axonal boutons and dendritic spines. When expressed as a fusion protein, EGFP can provide information about the distribution characteristics of the proteins within neurons. Furthermore, during single-cell electrophysiological studies, such expression can direct the investigator to record from a cell carrying a foreign gene. In this protocol, we describe the use of the Sindbis pseudovirus expression system to deliver GFP to neurons. Sindbis is a member of the alphaviruses, which are plus-stranded RNA viruses. This protocol uses the DH(26S) strain, which preferentially infects neurons over glia (50:1). Two infection methods are given: one for dissociated hippocampal cultured neurons and one for organotypic hippocampal slices.