bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational algorithms for tracking dynamic fluid–structure interfaces in embedded boundary methods
Authors: Wang K. , Grétarsson J. , Main A. , Farhat C. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYA robust, accurate, and computationally efficient interface tracking algorithm is a key component of an embedded computational framework for the solution of fluid–structure interaction problems with complex and deformable geometries. To a large extent, the design of such an algorithm has focused on the case of a closed embedded interface and a Cartesian computational fluid dynamics grid. Here, two robust and efficient interface tracking computational algorithms capable of operating on structured as well as unstructured three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics grids are presented. The first one is based on a projection approach, whereas the second one is based on a collision approach. The first algorithm is faster. However, it is restricted to closed interfaces and resolved enclosed volumes. The second algorithm is therefore slower. However, it can handle open shell surfaces and underresolved enclosed volumes. Both computational algorithms exploit the bounding box hierarchy technique and its parallel distributed implementation to efficiently store and retrieve the elements of the discretized embedded interface. They are illustrated, and their respective performances are assessed and contrasted, with the solution of three‐dimensional, nonlinear, dynamic fluid–structure interaction problems pertaining to aeroelastic and underwater implosion applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smoking and Genetic Risk Variation Across Populations of European, Asian, and African American Ancestry—A Meta‐Analysis of Chromosome 15q25
Authors: Chen Li‐Shiun , Saccone Nancy L. , Culverhouse Robert C. , Bracci Paige M. , Chen Chien‐Hsiun , Dueker Nicole , Han Younghun , Huang Hongyan , Jin Guangfu , Kohno Takashi , Ma Jennie Z. , Przybeck Thomas R. , Sanders Alan R. , Smith Jennifer A. , Sung Yun Ju , Wenzlaff Angie S. , Wu Chen , Yoon Dankyu , Chen Ying‐Ting , Cheng Yu‐Ching , Cho Yoon Shin , David Sean P. , Duan Jubao , Eaton Charles B. , Furberg Helena , Goate Alison M. , Gu Dongfeng , Hansen Helen M. , Hartz Sarah , Hu Zhibin , Kim Young Jin , Kittner Steven J. , Levinson Douglas F. , Mosley Thomas H. , Payne Thomas J. , Rao D. C. , Rice John P. , Rice Treva K. , Schwantes‐An Tae‐Hwi , Shete Sanjay S. , Shi Jianxin , Spitz Margaret R. , Sun Yan V. , Tsai Fuu‐Jen , Wang Jen C. , Wrensch Margaret R. , Xian Hong , Gejman Pablo V. , He Jiang , Hunt Steven C. , Kardia Sharon L. , Li Ming D. , Lin Dongxin , Mitchell Braxton D. , Park Taesung , Schwartz Ann G. , Shen Hongbing , Wiencke John K. , Wu Jer‐Yuarn , Yokota Jun , Amos Christopher I. , Bierut Laura J. 
Published: April 2012

Recent meta‐analyses of European ancestry subjects show strong evidence for association between smoking quantity and multiple genetic variants on chromosome 15q25. This meta‐analysis extends the examination of association between distinct genes in the CHRNA5‐CHRNA3‐CHRNB4 region and smoking quantity to Asian and African American populations to confirm and refine specific reported associations. Association results for a dichotomized cigarettes smoked per day phenotype in 27 datasets (European ancestry (N = 14,786), Asian (N = 6,889), and African American (N = 10,912) for a total of 32,587 smokers) were meta‐analyzed by population and results were compared across all three populations. We demonstrate association between smoking quantity and markers in the chromosome 15q25 region across all three populations, and narrow the region of association. Of the variants tested, only rs16969968 is associated with smoking (P < 0.01) in each of these three populations (odds ratio [OR] = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.25–1.42, P = 1.1 × 10−17 in meta‐analysis across all population samples). Additional variants displayed a consistent signal in both European ancestry and Asian datasets, but not in African Americans. The observed consistent association of rs16969968 with heavy smoking across multiple populations, combined with its known biological significance, suggests rs16969968 is most likely a functional variant that alters risk for heavy smoking. We interpret additional association results that differ across populations as providing evidence for additional functional variants, but we are unable to further localize the source of this association. Using the cross‐population study paradigm provides valuable insights to narrow regions of interest and inform future biological experiments. Genet. Epidemiol. 36:340–351, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased systemic inflammatory interleukin‐1ß and interleukin‐6 during agitation as predictors of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Honma T. , Hatta K. , Hitomi Y. , Kambayashi Y. , Hibino Y. , Konoshita T. , Nakamura H. 
Published: April 2012

ObjectsIdentification of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is important for its early diagnosis and prevention and a key in advancing our understanding of its pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to determine whether systemic inflammatory interleukin‐1ß (IL‐1ß) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) as well as hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), and body mass index (BMI) are predictors of AD.MethodsWe performed a 10‐year follow‐up study on 133 elderly who were institutionalized in a nursing home. The associations of IL‐1ß and IL‐6 at both rest and agitation, as well as HT, DM, and BMI at baseline, were analyzed with the incidences of vascular dementia (VD) and AD during a 10‐year follow‐up period.ResultsThe Kaplan–Meier method with log‐rank test and Cox regression analyses for the total of 133 subjects showed significantly higher incidences of both VD and AD in subjects with DM or HT at baseline. Resting IL‐1ß or IL‐6 value, or agitation score, was not significantly associated with the subsequent development of VD or AD. The analyses of 40 subjects who had shown agitation at least once in the previous 3 months demonstrated that IL‐1ß and IL‐6 values at the agitation stage were significantly associated with AD, but not with VD.ConclusionOur results indicate that systemic inflammatory IL‐1ß and IL‐6 at the agitation stage are risk factors for the development of AD, but not VD. Inflammatory mechanisms for AD seem to be causal and specific to the development of AD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of decision‐related activity in hippocampus
Authors: Catanese Julien , Cerasti Erika , Zugaro Michaël , Viggiano Alessandro , Wiener Sidney I. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPlace‐selective activity in hippocampal neurons can be modulated by the trajectory that will be taken in the immediate future (“prospective coding”), information that could be useful in neural processes elaborating choices in route planning. To determine if and how hippocampal prospective neurons participate in decision making, we measured the time course of the evolution of prospective activity by recording place responses in rats performing a T‐maze alternation task. After five or seven alternation trials, the routine was unpredictably interrupted by a photodetector‐triggered visual cue as the rat crossed the middle of central arm, signaling it to suddenly change its intended choice. Comparison of the delays between light cue presentation and the onset of prospective activity for neurons with firing fields at various locations after the trigger point revealed a 420 ms processing delay. This surprisingly long delay indicates that prospective activity in the hippocampus appears much too late to generate planning or decision signals. This provides yet another example of a prominent brain activity that is unlikely to play a functional role in the cognitive function that it appears to represent (planning future trajectories). Nonetheless, the hippocampus may provide other contextual information to areas active at the earliest stages of selecting future paths, which would then return signals that help establish hippocampal prospective activity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Smoking at diagnosis and survival in cancer patients
Authors: Warren Graham W. , Kasza Karin A. , Reid Mary E. , Cummings K. Michael , Marshall James R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe effect of smoking on survival in cancer patients is limited by the lack of structured prospective assessments of smoking at diagnosis. To assess the effect of smoking at diagnosis on survival, structured smoking assessments were obtained in a cohort of 5,185 cancer patients within 30 days of a cancer diagnosis between 1982 and 1998. Hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios were generated to analyze the effects of smoking at diagnosis on overall mortality (OM) and disease‐specific mortality (DSM) in a patient cohort from 13 disease sites containing at least 100 patients in each disease site. With a minimum of 12 years of follow‐up, current smoking increased OM risk versus recent quit (HR 1.17), former (HR 1.29) and never smokers (HR 1.38) in the overall cohort. Current smoking increased DSM risk versus former (HR 1.23) and never smokers (HR 1.18). In disease sites with proportionately large (>20%) recent quit cohorts (lung and head/neck), current smoking increased OM and DSM risks as compared with recent quit. Current smoking increased mortality risks in lung, head/neck, prostate and leukemia in men and breast, ovary, uterus and melanoma in women. Current smoking was not associated with any survival benefit in any disease site. Data using prospective structured smoking assessments demonstrate that current smoking increased long‐term OM and DSM. Standardized smoking assessment at diagnosis is an important variable for evaluating outcomes in cancer patients.
Sample Size Influences the Variation of Invertebrate Diversity among Different Levels of a Stream Habitat Hierarchy
Authors: Schmera Dénes , Erős Tibor 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe quantified how sample size influences the variation of the diversity of caddisfly assemblages among different levels of a stream habitat hierarchy. Caddisflies were collected using a Surber sampler and these Surber units were used in a computer algorithm to generate samples in a variety of sample sizes. Our results show that the sample size has a primary role on how the variation of diversity among the levels of the habitat hierarchy is distributed. Thus, a practical implication of this study is that projects using different number of replicate samples cannot be directly compared. This finding calls the attention to the careful consideration of sampling issues in biodiversity assessment and monitoring (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Life History and Secondary Production of Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) Indicate Disturbance in Two Small Carpathian Streams
Authors: Bottová Kvetoslava , Derka Tomáš , Svitok Marek 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe life histories and the secondary production of 9 mayflies (Ephemeroptera) species were studied at two sites in a submountain stream (West Carpathians, Slovakia). The disturbed site has a deforested and converted to meadows and pastures catchment and the undisturbed one is a well‐preserved submountain stream with 60% of the catchment covered by spruce forests. Differences in the forest cover and in the thermal regime of both streams were reflected in the structural as well as the functional measures. At the undisturbed site, the total secondary production of mayfly community was more than two times higher (3568 mg DW m–2 y–1) than at the disturbed site (1446 mg DW m–2 y–1). Species could be divided according to their affinity to particular disturbance level. Ecdyonurus picteti, Rhithrogena carpatoalpina, Habrophlebia lauta and Habroleptoides confusa appeared to prefer undisturbed conditions. On the contrary, Ecdyonurus aurantiacus and Habrophlebia fusca occurred only at the disturbed site. The dominant species Baetis rhodani and Electrogena samalorum did not show any clear preference regarding the catchment disturbance. However, nymphs of Electrogena samalorum seem to be more successful at the disturbed site, where they reached bigger body sizes (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Living Apart Together: On the Biology of two Sympatric Leuctra Species (Plecoptera, Leuctridae) in an Apenninic Stream, Italy
Authors: López‐Rodríguez Manuel Jesús , Tierno de Figueroa José Manuel , Bo Tiziano , Mogni Alessandro , Fenoglio Stefano 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLeuctridae is the richest stonefly family on the European continent, with many species of Leuctra often coexisting in sympatry in the same lotic environment. In this work we studied the life cycle and feeding habits of two species, Leuctra fusca and L. hippopus, coexisting in a small Italian Apennine stream. The life cycles of the two species are non‐overlapping, i.e., periods of nymphal growth and adult emergence are separated. Nymphs of both species feed mainly on detritus, but quantities of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) and diatoms are also ingested. Larger nymphs of both species ingest more CPOM and fewer diatoms. This suggests a similar trophic behaviour through their development. For example, they act as collector‐gatherers in their earlier instars and as collector‐gatherers or as shredders in their later instars (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A novel nuclear FGF Receptor‐1 partnership with retinoid and Nur receptors during developmental gene programming of embryonic stem cells
Authors: Lee Yu‐Wei , Terranova Christopher , Birkaya Barbara , Narla Sridhar , Kehoe Daniel , Parikh Abhirath , Dong Shuo , Ratzka Andreas , Brinkmann Hella , Aletta John M. , Tzanakakis Emmanuel S. , Stachowiak Ewa K. , Claus Peter , Stachowiak Michal K. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractFGF Receptor‐1 (FGFR1), a membrane‐targeted protein, is also involved in independent direct nuclear signaling. We show that nuclear accumulation of FGFR1 is a common response to retinoic acid (RA) in pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESC) and neural progenitors and is both necessary and sufficient for neuronal‐like differentiation and accompanying neuritic outgrowth. Dominant negative nuclear FGFR1, which lacks the tyrosine kinase domain, prevents RA‐induced differentiation while full‐length nuclear FGFR1 elicits differentiation in the absence of RA. Immunoprecipitation and GST assays demonstrate that FGFR1 interacts with RXR, RAR and their Nur77 and Nurr1 partners. Conditions that promote these interactions decrease the mobility of nuclear FGFR1 and RXR in live cells. RXR and FGFR1 co‐associate with 5′‐Fluorouridine‐labeled transcription sites and with RA Responsive Elements (RARE). RA activation of neuronal (tyrosine hydroxylase) and neurogenic (fgf‐2 and fgfr1) genes is accompanied by increased FGFR1, Nur, and histone H3.3 binding to their regulatory sequences. Reporter‐gene assays show synergistic activations of RARE, NBRE, and NurRE by FGFR1, RAR/RXR, and Nurs. As shown for mESC differentiation, FGFR1 mediates gene activation by RA and augments transcription in the absence of RA. Cooperation of FGFR1 with RXR/RAR and Nurs at targeted genomic sequences offers a new mechanism in developmental gene regulation. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2920–2936, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temperature Preference During Forelimb Regeneration in the Red‐Spotted Newt Notophthalmus Viridescens
Authors: TATTERSALL GLENN J. , TYSON TEALA M. , LENCHYSHYN JESSIKA R. , CARLONE ROBERT L. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTRed‐spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) are model organisms for regenerative research. These animals can regenerate limbs, tails, jaws, spinal cords, as well as the lens of the eye. Newts are small ectotherms that are aquatic as adults; as ectotherms, they naturally conform to the temperature of their surroundings. Environmental temperatures, however, can increase or decrease the red‐spotted newt's metabolic processes, including their rate of tissue regeneration; whether an optimal temperature for this rate of regeneration exists is unknown. However, newts do exhibit behavioral preferences for certain temperatures, and these thermal preferences can change with season or with acclimation. Given this flexibility in behavioral thermoregulation, we hypothesized that the process of tissue regeneration could also affect thermal preference, given the metabolic costs or altered temperature sensitivities of tissue regrowth. It was predicted that regenerating newts would select an environmental temperature that maximized the rate of regeneration, however, this prediction was not fully supported. Thermal preference trials revealed that newts consistently selected temperatures between 24 and 25°C throughout regeneration. This temperature selection was warmer than that of uninjured conspecifics, but was lower than temperatures that would have further augmented the rate of regeneration. Interestingly, regenerating newts maintained a more stable temperature preference than sham newts, suggesting that accuracy in thermoregulation may be more important to regenerating individuals, than to noninjured individuals. J. Exp. Zool. 317:248–258, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experience‐dependent recruitment of Arc expression in multiple systems during rest
Authors: Gheidi Ali , Satvat Elham , Marrone Diano F. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe patterns of ensemble activity in the hippocampal formation during wakeful, attentive behavior are recapitulated during subsequent resting states. This replay of activity has also been found in several brain regions across many species, indicating a very general biological phenomenon. Concomitantly, transcription of immediate‐early genes (IEGs) such as Arc also reoccurs in the same hippocampal neurons, suggesting that IEGs contribute to “off‐line” consolidation. If continued IEG expression during rest reflects a correlate of ensemble replay, then the same generality should be observed in IEG transcription patterns. This hypothesis was tested by examining Arc in F344 rats engaging in spatial exploration alongside a rest episode. The probability that an individual neuron participates in “constitutive” Arc expression during rest is increased by recent experience in multiple cortical regions as well as across the septal and temporal poles of the hippocampus, consistent with memory trace reactivation. That is, neurons that were recently active during spatial exploration are preferentially recruited into further Arc expression during subsequent rest. The continued Arc expression, however, occurs in only a small fraction of the cells that were engaged in transcription during previous behavior. This fraction is greatest in CA3 and progressively decreases in CA1, superficial, and deep cortical layers and is consistent with the idea that consolidation occurs rapidly in the hippocampus (centering on the CA3 recurrent network) while changes are much more gradual in neocortical synaptic networks. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional interaction between mesenchymal stem cells and spiral ligament fibrocytes
Authors: Sun Guang‐wei , Fujii Masato , Matsunaga Tatsuo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSpiral ligament fibrocytes (SLFs) play an important role in normal hearing as well as in several types of sensorineural hearing loss attributable to inner ear homeostasis disorders. Our previous study showed that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the inner ear of rats with damaged SLFs significantly accelerates hearing recovery compared with rats without MSC transplantation. To elucidate this mechanism of SLF repair and to determine the contribution of transplanted MSCs in this model, we investigated the mutual effects on differentiation and proliferation between MSCs and SLFs in a coculture system. Factors secreted by SLFs had the ability to promote the transdifferentiation of MSCs into SLF‐like cells, and the factors secreted by MSCs had a stimulatory effect on the proliferation of SLFs. Cytokine antibody array analysis revealed the involvement of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) in SLF proliferation induced by MSCs. In addition, a TGF‐β inhibitor reduced SLF proliferation induced by MSC stimulation. Our results suggest that there are two mechanisms of hearing recovery following transplantation of MSCs into the inner ear: 1) MSCs transdifferentiate into SLF‐like cells that compensate for lost SLFs, and 2) transplanted MSCs stimulate the regeneration of host SLFs. Both mechanisms contribute to the functional recovery of the damaged SLF network. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postinjury treatment with rolipram increases hemorrhage after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Atkins C.M. , Kang Y. , Furones C. , Truettner J.S. , Alonso O.F. , Dietrich W.D. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe pathology caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) is exacerbated by the inflammatory response of the injured brain. Two proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to inflammation after TBI are tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). From previous studies using the parasagittal fluid‐percussion brain injury model, we reported that the anti‐inflammatory drug rolipram, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, reduced TNF‐α and IL‐1β levels and improved histopathological outcome when administered 30 min prior to injury. We now report that treatment with (±)‐rolipram given 30 min after injury significantly reduced TNF‐α levels in the cortex and hippocampus. However, postinjury administration of (±)‐rolipram significantly increased cortical contusion volume and increased atrophy of the cortex compared with vehicle‐treated animals at 10 days postinjury. Thus, despite the reduction in proinflammatory cytokine levels, histopathological outcome was worsened with post‐TBI (±)‐rolipram treatment. Further histological analysis of (±)‐rolipram‐treated TBI animals revealed significant hemorrhage in the contused brain. Given the well‐known role of (±)‐rolipram of increasing vasodilation, it is likely that (±)‐rolipram worsened outcome after fluid‐percussion brain injury by causing increased bleeding. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrating virtual simulations
Authors: Abair Paul H. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe author explores the theory of simulations; explains current trends in instructional theory, digital media, and change management; discusses the impact on instructional and simulation development design; provides an integrated simulation development and implementation model; and provides recommendations for practitioners who are ready to cross the threshold of integrating software‐based simulations into their learning environment. Current trends of pervasive computations, contextual fidelity, increasing demand for flexible constructive learning environments, and improved affordability suggest that digital simulations are likely to play a larger role in mainstream education and learning in the 21st century.
Equality and diversity in the health service: An evidence‐led culture change
Authors: Ali Shahnaz , Burns Christine , Grant Loren 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNine years after the first human rights legislation came into effect, many public sector organizations struggle to demonstrate meaningful and sustainable outcomes for protected groups. The workforce stubbornly fails to reflect the diversity of the communities it serves. Equality stakeholders report that services ignore the specific needs of their section of the communities, resulting in poor outcomes. To redress this, National Health Service (NHS) North West developed an evidence‐based strategy, supported by the introduction of tools and best practice methods. It applied cultural change management, defined the leadership competencies required, and introduced a consistent and objective framework for measuring outcomes across a range of 13 key areas. Three years into the strategy, outcomes include the national adoption of a leadership competency framework and outcome‐based performance measurement tool, as well as demonstrable improvements in the cultural competencies of NHS bodies in the region. Within 18 months, the number of primary care trusts able to evidence tangible “achieving” outcomes affecting at least three equality target groups has doubled.