bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dependence of convection‐related parameters on surface and boundary‐layer conditions over complex terrain
Authors: Kalthoff N. , Kohler M. , Barthlott C. , Adler B. , Mobbs S.D. , Corsmeier U. , Träumner K. , Foken T. , Eigenmann R. , Krauss L. , Khodayar S. , Di Girolamo P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe field campaign ‘Convective and Orographically‐induced Precipitation Study’ (COPS) was performed in south‐western Germany and eastern France in summer 2007. Within the COPS context this study focused on the process chain of soil moisture, surface fluxes, conditions of the convective boundary layer (CBL), and convection‐related parameters.The results were different for valley and mountain sites. Only in the Rhine valley did the ratios of sensible and latent heat to the net radiation at the surface, H0/Q0 and E0/Q0 respectively, reveal a weak dependence on soil moisture. H0/Q0 was lower and E0/Q0 was higher at higher soil moisture. The correlation of the diurnal increase of the equivalent potential temperature, Θe, with the energy supplied by H0 and E0 was found to be lower for higher surface inhomogeneity. Furthermore, only a weak dependence of the CBL depth on the sensible surface heat flux was found for valley sites and was non‐existent for the mountain crest.The convective indices in the whole COPS domain were found to depend on Θe in the CBL. The absolute values of conditional and potential instability are not necessarily the decisive parameters for convection to occur, because highest instability was observed in the Rhine valley while convection was preferably initiated over the mountains. Convective inhibition (CIN) was positively correlated with the capping strength and negatively with the CBL height: the higher the CBL, the lower the upper threshold of CIN. The frequency of low CIN was higher in the Black Forest mountains than in the Rhine valley, which facilitates convection initiation over the mountain sites. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
CMV in critically ill patients: pathogen or bystander?
Authors: Limaye Ajit P. , Boeckh Michael 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDespite broad variability in study populations, methodologies for CMV detection, and analytic methods used, multiple studies have documented frequent CMV infection in non‐immunocompromised adults with critical illness due to a variety of causes. Higher rates of CMV infection in studies of seropositive patients suggest that reactivation of latent infection rather than primary infection is the main mechanism in this setting. Risk factors for CMV reactivation (other than seropositivity) have not been clearly defined and there does not appear to be a consistent association with severity of illness. Furthermore, CMV reactivation in this setting has been associated with important adverse clinical outcomes, including increased duration of mechanical ventilation, longer length of stay and all‐cause mortality. There are several biologically plausible mechanisms that could link CMV reactivation with adverse outcomes, including: direct lung injury (CMV pneumonia), amplification of inflammation systemically and within the lung, or predisposition to other nosocomial infections, but clinical data in the ICU setting are limited. Further observational studies are unlikely to significantly advance our understanding of the role of CMV in critically ill patients. Given the significant impact of critical illness, limited current therapeutic options, the availability of generally well‐tolerated antiviral options for CMV, and the clinical data supporting a possible pathogenic role for CMV, there is a strong rationale for a randomised controlled trial of CMV prevention as a novel means of improving the outcomes of critically ill patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role‐based authentication protocol
Authors: Yao Hongyan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe paper proposes a new role‐based authentication protocol, which is different from identity‐based authentication model. The protocol does not disclose any unique identifier that is bound to user's identity. By verifying user's role the protocol can convince service the user is valid and his role is acceptable. Protocol can achieve the goal of authentication and meet identity privacy requirement at the same time. Protocol analysis indicates the protocol is easy to cooperate with role‐based authorization and is safer than multi‐server authentication schema. Simulation proves the protocol satisfies both authentication and identity privacy requirements. Protocol is safe and easy to realize. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of a‐Si (N+)/c‐Si (P) hetero‐junction solar cell through AFORS‐HET simulation
Authors: Wang J. Q. , Meng F. Y. , Fang Z. D. , Ye Q. H. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a TCO/a‐Si(N+)/a‐Si(i)/c‐Si(P)/Al‐BSF(P+) structure hetero‐junction (HJ) cell model is developed. With AFORS‐HET V3.0, we investigate the influence of amorphous silicon (a‐Si) emitter and amorphous silicon (a‐Si)/crystalline silicon (c‐Si) interface defects on the HJ cell performance. Through modulating a‐Si(N+) emitter doping concentration and band offset at a‐Si/c‐Si interface, a maximum width value of 103 nm inversion layer is observed in the c‐Si(P) side. For 1 Ω.cm c‐Si (P) substrate, emitter doping of over 1 × 1020 cm−3 is necessary for achieving a high‐efficiency a‐Si/c‐Si HJ cell. Furthermore, defects at a‐Si(N+)/c‐Si(P) interface severely affect the open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current density (Jsc) of the cell. Meanwhile, simulation indicates that Voc is more sensitive to interface defect density (Dit) than Jsc. A thin a‐Si(i) layer between a‐Si(N+) and c‐Si(P) does induce great improvement in Voc of TCO/a‐Si(N+)/a‐Si(i)/c‐Si(P)/Al‐BSF(P+) cell. As a result, high cell efficiency of 22.27% is achieved for a‐Si(N+)/c‐Si(P) HJ Cell with optimized parameters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cognitive collaborative model to improve performance in engineering teams—A study of team outcomes and mental model sharing
Authors: DeFranco Joanna F. , Neill Colin J. , Clariana Roy B. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWorking collaboratively in teams is an essential element in systems engineering: Interdisciplinary teams are formed to tackle large‐scale, heterogeneous problems requiring skill and knowledge across a wide array of engineering and technical disciplines. While this is widely accepted as necessary, little attention is given to the problem of ensuring effective collaboration across the diverse team. Attention is given to the processes that will be followed, and tools are provided to aid communication; but the critical cognitive aspects that ensure that the team works effectively and efficiently towards a common objective are frequently absent. Instead, managers and team members assume that their disparate mental models have no impact on their collaborative efforts, or that any cognitive dissonance will evaporate naturally and organically. In reality, neither assumption is true, and if these issues are not directly addressed, a team will fall into cooperative rather than collaborative work, which is less effective and efficient. We introduce a framework, the Cognitive Collaborative Model, that explicitly promotes the cognitive collaborative processes necessary for effective engineering teams, and demonstrate its effectiveness in controlled system design and development experiments. Further, we investigate whether this improvement is due to convergence of the individual team member mental models into a shared, or team, mental model, often cited as the basis for high‐performing teams. Finally, we propose a novel multistage evaluation process for mental model convergence using concept maps and Pathfinder analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14
Generalised self consistent homogenisation as an inverse problem
Authors: Boso D.P. , Lefik M. , Schrefler B.A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractUsually in the framework of the self consistent scheme, the homogenised material behaviour is obtained with a symbolic approach. This paper presents a different, fully numerical procedure. We solve a coupled thermo‐mechanical problem for non‐linear composites with brittle long fibres and properties depending on temperature, by using our development of the generalized self‐consistent method. The considered homogenisation scheme is presented as an inverse problem and Artificial Neural Networks are used to solve it. The problem is formulated for n‐layered isotropic elastic‐brittle cylindrical inclusions surrounded by an elasto‐plastic matrix. The influence of possible yielding of the matrix and breakage of the fibres on the effective behaviour of the composite is considered. The method is finally applied to the real case of superconducting strands used for the coils of the future ITER experimental reactor.
Driving forces on interfaces in elastic‐plastic two phase materials
Authors: Mueller R. , Böttcher A. , Xu B.X. , Aurich J. , Gross D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe theory of configurational forces is applied to a standard dissipative medium and specialized to an elastic ideally plastic material. Besides the inhomogeneity and physical volume force contribution an extra volume term appears which accounts for the distribution of the plastic deformation. The numerical treatment within the method of finite elements is briefly presented. The focus is on the driving forces originating from the plastic deformation. The theory is applied to inhomogeneous problems of an elastically misfitting inclusion embedded in an elastic and an elastic ideally plastic material, respectively. In conjunction with an applied load the eigenstrain causes configurational forces at the interface of the inclusion. The interpretation of driving forces for a morphological change of a fixed inclusion volume is given. The examples are motivated by the so‐called rafting phenomenon in nickel‐based alloys for high temperature applications.
Brachial plexus sonoanatomy explained by multiplanar reformatting of digitized anatomy
Authors: Groen Gerbrand J. , Krediet Annelot C. , Moayeri Nizar , Bruhn Jörgen , van Geffen Geert J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground: The application of ultrasound (US) in peripheral nerve blocks has increased substantially during the last 15 years. However, this technique may have some drawbacks, one of which is the need of a high level of experience of the anaesthesiologist in performing US‐guided blocks, a.o. in interpreting the cross‐sections displayed in the ultrasound images. Sonoanatomical cross‐sections produced by digitized anatomy are easier to understand.Methods: From seven cadavers by cryomicrotomy a large series of consecutive high‐resolution photographs with an interval of 0.078 mm were obtained from various regions. By multiplanar reformatting perpendicular reconstructions were made using self‐developed software (E‐MAC). Thus, 3‐D tissue blocs were obtained with a voxel size of 78 μm that enabled the reconstruction of oblique cross‐sections, in which sizes, angles and surface areas could be measured. Finally, a movie‐like animation of consecutive cross‐sections including a variable magnification display was built in.Results: Reconstructions from the 3‐D tissue blocs illustrate important sonoanatomical issues of the brachial plexus (BP). Its proximal nerve roots show varying angulations, whereas the nerves, towards distal, exhibit a shift in internal architecture and changing topography relative to the subclavian and axillary artery. Blood vessels that may hinder needle insertion are highlighted.Conclusion: Multiplanar reformatting of digitized anatomy has made feasible the reconstructions of non‐standard anatomical planes. The various (oblique) cross‐sections explain the difference between hypo‐echogenic vs hyper‐echogenic structures of the BP‐nerves, the position of the needle tip in the various BP‐approaches, the topography of important blood vessels displayed in US images and illustrates why the US‐probe needs a continuous change in angulation.
The heterogeneity of antipsychotic response in the treatment of schizophrenia
Authors: Case M. , Stauffer V. L. , Ascher-Svanum H. , Conley R. , Kapur S. , Kane J. M. , Kollack-Walker S. , Jacob J. , Kinon B. J. 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundSchizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder in terms of patient response to antipsychotic treatment. Understanding the heterogeneity of treatment response may help to guide treatment decisions. This study was undertaken to capture inherent patterns of response to antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia, characterize the subgroups of patients with similar courses of response, and examine illness characteristics at baseline as possible predictors of response.MethodGrowth mixture modeling (GMM) was applied to data from a randomized, double-blind, 12-week study of 628 patients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder treated with risperidone or olanzapine.ResultsFour distinct response trajectories based on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score over 12 weeks were identified: Class 1 (420 patients, 80.6%) with moderate average baseline PANSS total score showing gradual symptom improvement; Class 2 (65 patients, 12.5%) showing rapid symptom improvement; Class 3 (24 patients, 4.6%) with high average baseline PANSS total score showing gradual symptom improvement; and Class 4 (12 patients, 2.3%) showing unsustained symptom improvement. Latent class membership of early responders (ER) and early non-responders (ENR) was determined based on 20% symptom improvement criteria at 2 weeks and ultimate responders (UR) and ultimate non-responders (UNR) based on 40% symptom improvement criteria at 12 weeks. Baseline factors with potential influence on latent class membership were identified.ConclusionsThis study identified four distinct treatment response patterns with predominant representation of responders or non-responders to treatment in these classes. This heterogeneity may represent discrete endophenotypes of response to treatment with different etiologic underpinnings.
Size matters: Early vocabulary as a predictor of language and literacy competence
Authors: LEE JOANNE 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper investigated the predictive ability of expressive vocabulary size and lexical composition at age 2 on later language and literacy skills from ages 3 through 11. Multivariate analysis of covariance was performed to compare 16 language and literacy outcomes between children with large expressive vocabulary size at 24 months (N= 1,073) and those with smaller expressive vocabulary size. Comparisons between large and small verb size groups as a measure of lexical composition were also conducted. Our findings indicate that, after controlling for gender, birth order, ethnicity and socioeconomic status, total vocabulary size at age 2 can significantly predict subsequent language and literacy achievement up to fifth grade. Moreover, vocabulary size is a better predictor of later language ability than lexical composition.
Translation ambiguity in and out of context
Authors: PRIOR ANAT , WINTNER SHULY , MACWHINNEY BRIAN , LAVIE ALON 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTWe compare translations of single words, made by bilingual speakers in a laboratory setting, with contextualized translation choices of the same items, made by professional translators and extracted from parallel language corpora. The translation choices in both cases show moderate convergence, demonstrating that decontextualized translation probabilities partially reflect bilinguals’ life experience regarding the conditional distributions of alternative translations. Lexical attributes of the target word differ in their ability to predict translation probability: form similarity is a stronger predictor in decontextualized translation choice, whereas word frequency and semantic salience are stronger predictors for context-embedded translation choice. These findings establish the utility of parallel language corpora as important tools in psycholinguistic investigations of bilingual language processing.
Using contexts to supervise a collaborative process
Authors: Gonzalez Avelino J. , Tsuruta Setsuo , Sakurai Yoshitaka , Nguyen Johann , Takada Kouhei , Uchida Ken 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article describes an investigation into the feasibility of using contextual reasoning to monitor and supervise the collaborative work of several knowledge workers working together on a project. Managing large and complex projects is a difficult task that requiressituational awarenessby the project manager to be able to be proactive when possible and to react correctly in the presence of events. In complex projects, effective oversight of the project personnel and the progress of the project are essential in ensuring that project objectives are met. This is especially true of projects that require contributions from various experts, whose interaction may be limited to a Web-based collaborative tool. Such oversight is typically the job of a project manager who is tasked with avoiding cost overruns, shipment delays, and ensuring product effectiveness. We utilizecontext-based reasoningandcontextual graphsas the tools of choice for implementing an agent that emulates the function of a competent project manager. We use rocket design and manufacture as the domain to evaluate our technique. We use a public domain rocket design software package developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as a guide to the domain. The article describes the investigation, its results, and the related works in a collaborative design project.
My Speech Problem, Your Listening Problem, and My Frustration: The Experience of Living With Childhood Speech Impairment
Authors: McCormack Jane , McLeod Sharynne , McAllister Lindy , Harrison Linda J. 
Published: October 2010

Purpose
The purpose of this article was to understand the experience of speech impairment (speech sound disorders) in everyday life as described by children with speech impairment and their communication partners.

Method
Interviews were undertaken with 13 preschool children with speech impairment (mild to severe) and 21 significant others (family members and teachers).

Results
A phenomenological analysis of the interview transcripts revealed 2 global themes regarding the experience of living with speech impairment for these children and their families. The first theme encompassed the problems experienced by participants, namely (a) the child’s inability to “speak properly,” (b) the communication partner’s failure to “listen properly,” and (c) frustration caused by the speaking and listening problems. The second theme described the solutions participants used to overcome the problems. Solutions included (a) strategies to improve the child’s speech accuracy (e.g., home practice, speech-language pathology) and (b) strategies to improve the listener’s understanding (e.g., using gestures, repetition). Both short- and long-term solutions were identified.

Conclusion
Successful communication is dependent on the skills of speakers and listeners. Intervention with children who experience speech impairment needs to reflect this reciprocity by supporting both the speaker and the listener and by addressing the frustration they experience.
Written Language Disorders: Speech-Language Pathologists' Training, Knowledge, and Confidence
Authors: Blood Gordon W. , Mamett Callie , Gordon Rebecca , Blood Ingrid M. 
Published: October 2010

Purpose
This study examined speech-language pathologists' (SLPs') perceptions of their (a) educational and clinical training in evaluating and treating written language disorders, (b) knowledge bases in this area, (c) sources of knowledge about written language disorders, (d) confidence levels, and (e) predictors of confidence in working with written language disorders.

Method
A 6-part survey was developed and was mailed to 1,000 school-based SLPs.

Results

SLPs (
n
= 599) practicing in 47 states responded to the survey. A majority (60.3%) reported working with a child with a written language disorder either weekly or daily. SLPs described their educational and clinical training as “limited” in the evaluation and treatment of children with written language disorders. The average SLP stated feeling “somewhat confident” to evaluate and treat written language disorders, and 63.8% reported that they received most of their knowledge through “on-the job” training. Confidence was related to four variables: on-the-job training, general knowledge about written language disorders, attendance at conventions, and understanding of collaborative efforts.

Conclusion
Our findings provide information about SLPs' training, knowledge, and confidence about written language beyond anecdotal reports and fill research gaps regarding SLPs' preservice and professional development needs. Predictors of confidence are discussed.
English Speech Acquisition in 3- to 5-Year-Old Children Learning Russian and English
Authors: Gildersleeve-Neumann Christina E. , Wright Kira L. 
Published: October 2010

Purpose
English speech acquisition in Russian–English (RE) bilingual children was investigated, exploring the effects of Russian phonetic and phonological properties on English single-word productions. Russian has more complex consonants and clusters and a smaller vowel inventory than English.

Method
One hundred thirty-seven single-word samples were phonetically transcribed from 14 RE and 28 English-only (E) children, ages 3;3 (years;months) to 5;7. Language and age differences were compared descriptively for phonetic inventories. Multivariate analyses compared phoneme accuracy and error rates between the two language groups.

Results
RE children produced Russian-influenced phones in English, including palatalized consonants and trills, and demonstrated significantly higher rates of trill substitution, final devoicing, and vowel errors than E children, suggesting Russian language effects on English. RE and E children did not differ in their overall production complexity, with similar final consonant deletion and cluster reduction error rates, similar phonetic inventories by age, and similar levels of phonetic complexity. Both older language groups were more accurate than the younger language groups.

Conclusions
We observed effects of Russian on English speech acquisition; however, there were similarities between the RE and E children that have not been reported in previous studies of speech acquisition in bilingual children. These findings underscore the importance of knowing the phonological properties of both languages of a bilingual child in assessment.
Relationship Between Verbal Working Memory and the SCAN–C in Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Lum Jarrad A. G. , Zarafa Michelle 
Published: October 2010

PurposeAn ongoing concern with the evaluation of auditory processing disorders is the extent that assessment instruments are influenced by higher order cognitive functions. This study examined the relationship between verbal working memory and performance on the Test for Auditory Processing Disorders in Children—Revised (SCAN–C; Keith, 2000b) in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and typically developing (TD) children.MethodSixteen children with SLI and 16 TD children ages 8½ to 11 years participated in the study. The children were presented with the SCAN–C and tests measuring verbal working memory.ResultsInitial comparisons revealed that the SLI group obtained significantly lower scores than the TD group on the SCAN–C. However, after controlling for verbal working memory, significant differences between the 2 groups were no longer observed. Correlational analyses revealed that the composite score from the SCAN–C was related to all tests assessing verbal working memory.ConclusionsPerformance on the SCAN–C may be related to working memory functioning. As a consequence, it is unclear whether difficulty on this task should be viewed as a problem with auditory processing or a problem with verbal working memory.