bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomie et motivation lors de l'apprentissage avec un simulateur / Autonomy and motivation in learning on a simulator
Authors: El Bilani Rania , Montpied Pascale , Le Maréchal Jean-François 
Published: June 2010

Autonomy and motivation in learning on a simulator .
Autonomy and motivation are two key elements in learning. The former has been theoretically defined from a self-determination theory, and the latter has been considered to have a cognitive origin in relation with the need for closure. Autonomy and motivation have been addressed during a teaching sequence involving a simulation dealing with reaction energy and chemical bonds. Three pairs of students have been observed as they were performing one of the tasks of the teaching sequence that involves a simulator. This simulator works out quantitative and qualitative models, as well as microscopic and macroscopic representations, which has appeared as a good way of dealing with chemical reactions. The use of the simulator has seemed to be promising in fighting against students’misconceptions about a particulate model of matter, chemical bonds and chemical reactions. Students’ autonomy, defined along the lines of the autodétermination theory, and the motivation toward cognitive effort in the situation have been evaluated from their cognitive versus closure needs. By relating students’hypothesis and what they do with the simulation, the video recording of six students, analysed in the frame of our theoretical approach, has helped to conclude that, in the proposed situation, these students had interacted with the simulator in autonomy and developed a motivation aimed by a cognitive need.
Exploitation didactique de l'histoire des sciences dans une perspective de formation à l'enseignement des sciences / Didactic use of the history of science in the context of teaching of science
Authors: Madrane Mourad , Khaldi Mohamed , Talbi Mohammed 
Published: June 2010

L’article vise à présenter la conception, l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre d’un module de formation structuré à partir d’éléments d’histoire des sciences. Des faits historiques ont servi à dégager des implications didactiques misent à profit dans une optique de formation à l’enseignement des sciences.
Cet article rend compte également d’une appréciation sommaire des retombées de ce module de formation après la deuxième année de sa mise en œuvre.
Mise en place d'un nouveau programme à propos de l'évolution des systèmes chimiques : impact sur les connaissances professionnelles d'enseignants / Implementation of a new curriculum on the evolution of chemical systems in grade 12 : impact on teachers' professional knowledge
Authors: Autain Kermen Isabelle , Méheut Martine 
Published: June 2010

Evaluación del impacto de un nuevo programa sobre los conocimientos profesionales de docentes de Bachillerato francés opcion cientifica a propósito de la evolución de los sistemas químicos .
Este artículo estudia el impacto de la puesta en práctica de un nuevo programa de Química en clase de 2° de Bachillerato opción científica (grado 12) sobre los conocimientos profesionales de docentes. Determinamos, con ayuda de entrevistas semi-directivas con docentes en ejercicio, su conocimiento del contenido de enseñanza (la evolución de los sistemas químicos) de lo que está en juego en el programa (traducción de las intenciones didácticas de los autores del programa) y de las dificultades de los alumnos. La introducción de la evolución de los sistemas químicos y la del criterio de evolución son percibidas efectivamente como lo que está en juego en este programa al contrario de otros dos temas (transformación y reacción químicas, equilibrio químico y modelos). La presentación de respuestas de alumnos en las entrevistas puede actuar como revelador de las dificultades de los docentes. Al contrario, cuando se trata de contenidos que los docentes dominan, esta presentación contribuye al desarrollo de sus conocimientos profesionales, dándoles la ocasión de identificar errores de alumnos que no habrían descubierto antes.
Élaboration et expérimentation d'un modèle de frottement de glissement entre un solide et un support : diagramme de frottement de glissement
Authors: Aissaoui Abdelkrim , Benjelloun Nadia 
Published: June 2010

Partant de certains travaux de recherche qui ont mis en avant des difficultés conceptuelles chez les étudiants à propos du frottement de glissement, et tenant compte des modèles déjà existants, nous avons conçu un nouveau modèle : le diagramme de frottement de glissement (DFG) qui lie ce phénomène à la vitesse relative de glissement ou de glissement potentiel pour le cas d’adhérence, et qui tient compte de la rugosité surfacique.
Pour impliquer des élèves de terminale scientifique (17-18 ans), dans la construction de ce modèle nous avons mis en oeuvre une séquence d’enseignement. L’évaluation du modèle a été faite en situation de résolution de problèmes. Cette évaluation est basée sur une analyse comparative des conceptions avant et après les activités de modélisation. Les résultats de l’expérimentation du modèle permettent de conclure à une nette amélioration des conceptions des élèves à propos des frottements.
L’expression des stéréotypes de sexe dans les situations d’entrée des séquences d’investigation en physique‑chimie
Authors: Morge Ludovic , Toczek Marie-Christine 
Published: June 2010

Comprendre l’origine de la désaffection des filles pour les filières
scientifiques constitue un enjeu social important. La transmission sociale des stéréotypes de sexe est une hypothèse explicative de ce phénomène. Or, l’analyse de 17 mémoires professionnels de professeurs-débutants de physique-chimie en lycée et collège montre une surreprésentation des personnages masculins dans les situations d’entrée des séquences d’investigation. Les résultats montrent que la représentation masculine est de 70 %, lorsque tous les personnages sont pris en compte (N = 52). Elle atteint 80 % lorsque l’étude porte sur les personnages principaux (N = 40). Ces petits scenarii imaginés par les enseignant(e)s constituent une nouvelle voie d’expression des stéréotypes de sexe dans les classes de sciences. Ces résultats ont des retombées sur la formation des maîtres et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives de recherche.
Patent Portfolios Protecting 10 Top-Selling Prescription Drugs
Authors: Horrow Caroline , Gabriele Sarah M.E. , Tu S. Sean , Sarpatwari Ameet , Kesselheim Aaron S. 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceBrand-name drugs are sold at high prices in the US during market exclusivity periods protected by patents. Multiple overlapping patents protecting a drug are known as patent thickets and can effectively delay the emergence of price-lowering generic competition for many years.ObjectiveTo evaluate the composition of patent thickets of 10 top-selling prescription drugs in the US and compare the characteristics of drug patents filed during development with those filed on these products after US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval.Design and SettingThis cross-sectional study examined US patent thickets of the 10 prescription drugs with the highest US net sales revenue in 2021 using information on issued patents and patent applications as of June 30, 2022, obtained from a public database by the Initiative for Medicines, Access, and Knowledge. Data were analyzed from September 2022 to June 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrevalence of patents filed before and after FDA approval; types of claims present in issued patents (ie, chemical composition, method of use, process or synthesis, formulation, and delivery device); and patent thicket density (number of active patents at a given time).ResultsThe 10 top-selling prescription drugs in the US for 2021 included 4 small-molecule drugs and 6 biologics. These 10 drugs were linked to 1429 patents and patent applications: 742 (52%) issued patents, 218 (15%) pending applications, and 469 (33%) abandoned applications. Almost three-quarters of patent applications (1028 [72%]) were filed after FDA approval. The postapproval proportion was higher for biologics (80%) than for small-molecule drugs (58%). Postapproval filing of patent applications peaked in the first 5 years after FDA approval for small-molecule drugs and 12 years after FDA approval for biologics. Of 465 patents issued for applications filed after FDA approval, 189 (41%) had method of use claims, 127 (27%) had formulation claims, and 103 (22%) had process or synthesis claims, while 86 (19%) had chemical composition claims and 46 (10%) had device claims. Patent thicket density peaked 13 years after FDA approval, at which time these 10 drugs were protected by a median (IQR) of 42 (18-83) active patents, 66% of which were filed after FDA approval.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that among the 10 top-selling prescription drugs in the US in 2021, patents filed after FDA approval and containing claims covering aspects other than the active ingredient of the drug contributed to patent thickets. Scrutiny of patent applications and of patents filed after FDA approval is needed to facilitate timely generic or biosimilar competition.
Expanding Clinical Spectrum of Anti-GQ1b Antibody Syndrome
Authors: Lee Sun-Uk , Kim Hyo-Jung , Choi Jeong-Yoon , Choi Kwang-Dong , Kim Ji-Soo 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceThe discovery of the anti-GQ1b antibody has expanded the nosology of classic Miller Fisher syndrome to include Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome with ophthalmoplegia, and acute ophthalmoplegia without ataxia, which have been brought under the umbrella term anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome. It seems timely to define the phenotypes of anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome for the proper diagnosis of this syndrome with diverse clinical presentations. This review summarizes these syndromes and introduces recently identified subtypes.ObservationsAlthough ophthalmoplegia is a hallmark of anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome, recent studies have identified this antibody in patients with acute vestibular syndrome, optic neuropathy with disc swelling, and acute sensory ataxic neuropathy of atypical presentation. Ophthalmoplegia associated with anti-GQ1b antibody positivity is complete in more than half of the patients but may be monocular or comitant. The prognosis is mostly favorable; however, approximately 14% of patients experience relapse.Conclusions and RelevanceAnti-GQ1b antibody syndrome may present diverse neurological manifestations, including ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, areflexia, central or peripheral vestibulopathy, and optic neuropathy. Understanding the wide clinical spectrum may aid in the differentiation and management of immune-mediated neuropathies with multiple presentations.
Boosting Bidirectional Photoresponse with Wavelength Selectivity through Ambipolar Transport Modulation
Authors: Xue Di , Gong Weijie , Yan Chi , Zhang Yingying , Lu Jie , Yin Yao , Zhang Jidong , Wang Zi , Huang Lizhen , Chi Lifeng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractNegative photoconductive phototransistors, referring to transistors that exhibit a decrease in photocurrent under illumination, have the potential to revolutionize optoelectronic applications involving light, such as optoelectronic logic circuits and visual neural simulation. Currently, achieving negative photoconductivity (NPC) requires complex material design or interface structure construction. However, achieving precise control over NPC behaviors poses a significant challenge. Herein, a simple yet effective strategy is demonstrated for realizing controllable NPC responses in organic phototransistors through ambipolar transport modulation. Due to the controversy between the preferred exciton dissociation/charge separation direction and the gate electric field driven charge drift direction, the main semiconductor channel (n‐ or p‐channel) exhibits NPC behavior under illumination. The validity of this mechanism has been confirmed through intensive studies by varying the component and combination of the p‐n heterostructure. Moreover, devices utilizing ambipolar transport exhibit a wavelength‐selectivity NPC response due to the absorption characteristics of the combined semiconductor materials. Most encouragingly, by incorporating both negative and positve photoconductivity along with wavelength‐selective responses, high‐contrast image sensing, information encryption and decryption, as well as optoelectronic logic circuit design is successfully achieved. This work promotes the design and development of bidirectional optoelectronic devices and offers a new route for developing attractive multifunctional optoelectronic devices.
Polarization‐Enhanced Narrow‐Band GeS2 2‐D SWIR Spectral Phototransistor
Authors: Liu Xiang , Guo Qihua , Xu Hui , Xue Xu , Wang Hualai , Xv Baohui , Tao Zhi , Chang Jianhua , Hu Hai 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIntegrated computational spectrometers with gate‐tunable nano heterostructures and reconstruction algorithms are attractive for on‐chip gas‐sensing spectrometers and have enabled versatile spectrum detectors. However, they require the selective and optical filtering capabilities of wavelengths, restricting their efficient implementation in narrow‐band photodetection. In this study, a printable spectral phototransistor is developed with high dynamic detectivity (1012 Jones and 105 Hz at −3 db bandwidth) modulated by a GeS2 nanosheet heterostructure at short‐wave infrared (SWIR) regime. Using the transport mode switching of carriers in a heterostructure and the polarization‐sensitivity of the GeS2 two‐dimension (2‐D) nanosheet, this SWIR spectral phototransistor demonstrates an accurate narrow‐band selective (96.7% accuracy) spectrum detector and performed a deep‐learning analysis of an artificial neural network (ANN). Furthermore, this GeS2 2‐D based spectral phototransistor, characterized by its high in‐plane anisotropy and electrically reconfigurable properties, extends the applicability of narrow‐band photodetection with 15 nm Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) to the recognition of trace‐gases at the parts per billion (ppb) level.
Chemomechanics Engineering Promotes the Catalytic Activity of Spinel Oxides for Sulfur Redox Reaction
Authors: Wang Lei , Li Hongtai , Yan Tianran , Yuan Cheng , Liu Genlin , Zhao Gang , Zeng Pan , Zhang Liang 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCooperative catalysis is a promising approach to enhance the sluggish redox kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) for practical lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, the elusory synergistic effect among multiple active sites makes it challenging to accurately customize the electronic structure of catalysts. Herein, a strategy of precisely tailoring eg orbitals of spinel oxides through chemomechanics engineering is porposed to regulate LiPSs retention and catalysis. By manipulating the regulable cations in MnxCo3‐xO4, it is theoretically and experimentally revealed that the lattice strain induced by the Jahn–Teller active and high‐spin Mn3+ at octahedral (Oh) sites can increase the eg occupancy of low‐spin Co3+Oh, which effectively regulates the chemical affinity toward LiPSs and establishes an unblocked channel for intrinsic charge transfer. This leads to a volcano‐type correlation between the eg occupancy at Oh sites and sulfur redox activity. Benefitting from the cooperative catalysis of dual‐active sites, MnCo2O4 with an average eg occupancy of 0.45 affords the most appropriate adsorption strength and rapid redox kinetics toward LiPSs, leading to remarkable rate performance and capacity retention for the assembled Li–S batteries. This work demonstrates the promise of chemomechanics engineering for optimizing the eg occupancy to achieve efficient sulfur redox catalysts.
Modulating Adjuvant Release Kinetics From Scaffold Vaccines to Tune Adaptive Immune Responses
Authors: Sobral Miguel C. , Cabizzosu Laura , Kang Shawn J. , Feng Zhaoqianqi , Ijaz Hamza , Mooney David J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIncreasing the potency, quality, and durability of vaccines represents a major public health challenge. A critical parameter that shapes vaccine immunity is the spatiotemporal context in which immune cells interact with antigen and adjuvant. While various material‐based strategies demonstrate that extended antigen release enhances both cellular and humoral immunity, the effect of adjuvant kinetics on vaccine‐mediated immunity remains incompletely understood. Here, a previously characterized mesoporous silica rod (MPS) biomaterial vaccine is used to develop a facile, electrostatics‐driven approach to tune in vivo kinetics of the TLR9 agonist cytosine phosphoguanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG). It is demonstrated that rapid release of CpG from MPS vaccines, mediated by alterations in MPS chemistry that tune surface charge, generates potent cytotoxic T cell responses and robust, T helper type 1 (Th1)‐skewed IgG2a/c antibody titers. Immunophenotyping of lymphoid organs after MPS vaccination with slow or fast CpG release kinetics suggests that differential engagement of migratory dendritic cells and natural killer cells may contribute to the more potent responses observed with rapid adjuvant release. Taken together, these findings suggest that vaccine approaches that pair sustained release of antigen with rapid release of adjuvants with similar characteristics to CpG may drive particularly potent Th1 responses.
Anti‐Stress and Anti‐ROS Effects of MnOx‐Functionalized Thermosensitive Nanohydrogel Protect BMSCs for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Repair
Authors: Wang Xiaoxiong , Yu Liyang , Duan Jiazhi , Chang Mingzheng , Hao Min , Xiang Ziqian , Qiu Cheng , Sun Junyuan , Di Derun , Xia He , Li Dezheng , Yuan Suomao , Tian Yonghao , Qiu Jichuan , Liu Hong , Liu Xinyu , Sang Yuanhua , Wang Lianlei 
Published: May 2024

AbstractStem cell transplantation is proven to be a promising strategy for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) repair. However, replicative senescence of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), shear damage during direct injection, mechanical stress, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐rich microenvironment in degenerative intervertebral discs (IVDs) cause significant cellular damage and limit the therapeutic efficacy. Here, an injectable manganese oxide (MnOx)‐functionalized thermosensitive nanohydrogel is proposed for BMSC transplantation for IDD therapy. The MnOx‐functionalized thermosensitive nanohydrogel not only successfully protects BMSCs from shear force and mechanical stress before and after injection, but also repairs the harsh high‐ROS environment in degenerative IVDs, thus effectively increasing the viability of BMSCs and resident nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). The MnOx‐functionalized thermosensitive nanohydrogel provides mechanical protection for stem cells and helps to remove endogenous ROS, providing a promising stem cell delivery platform for the treatment of IDD.
Highly Effective Pyroelectric Catalysis for Simultaneous Tumor‐Targeted Dynamic Therapy and Gentle Photothermal Therapy by Oxygen‐Vacancy‐Rich CeO2–BaTiO3 Nanorods
Authors: Chen Ying , Wang Yushu , Shi Jingyi , Guo Chunmei , Qi Lina , Zhao Jianhang , Luo Sihan , Zhou Hui , Lu Xiaomei , Fan Quli 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPyroelectric nanostructures can effectively generate temperature‐mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the pyroelectric effect, providing promise for treating hypoxic tumors; and therefore, the synergistic application of photothermal therapy (PTT) and pyroelectric dynamic therapy (PEDT) presents an intriguing approach for cancer therapy. However, this method still faces challenges in improving pyroelectric catalysis and achieving precise tumor localization. In this study, a nano‐heterojunction based on CeO2–BaTiO3 nanorods (IR1061@PCBNR) is reported, which exhibits highly effective pyroelectric catalysis for simultaneous tumor‐targeted dynamic therapy and gentle photothermal therapy through the utilization of the rich oxygen vacancies. The oxygen vacancies create active sites that facilitate the migration of pyroelectrically‐induced charge carriers, improving charge separation and ROS generation. IR1061@PCBNR also demonstrates high tumor penetration; while, minimizing damage to normal cells. This precise nanomedicine strategy holds great potential for advancing dynamic cancer therapies by overcoming the limitations of conventional approaches.
Emerging 2D Ferroelectric Devices for In‐Sensor and In‐Memory Computing
Authors: Chen Chunsheng , Zhou Yaoqiang , Tong Lei , Pang Yue , Xu Jianbin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe quantity of sensor nodes within current computing systems is rapidly increasing in tandem with the sensing data. The presence of a bottleneck in data transmission between the sensors, computing, and memory units obstructs the system's efficiency and speed. To minimize the latency of data transmission between units, novel in‐memory and in‐sensor computing architectures are proposed as alternatives to the conventional von Neumann architecture, aiming for data‐intensive sensing and computing applications. The integration of 2D materials and 2D ferroelectric materials has been expected to build these novel sensing and computing architectures due to the dangling‐bond‐free surface, ultra‐fast polarization flipping, and ultra‐low power consumption of the 2D ferroelectrics. Here, the recent progress of 2D ferroelectric devices for in‐sensing and in‐memory neuromorphic computing is reviewed. Experimental and theoretical progresses on 2D ferroelectric devices, including passive ferroelectrics‐integrated 2D devices and active ferroelectrics‐integrated 2D devices, are reviewed followed by the integration of perception, memory, and computing application. Notably, 2D ferroelectric devices have been used to simulate synaptic weights, neuronal model functions, and neural networks for image processing. As an emerging device configuration, 2D ferroelectric devices have the potential to expand into the sensor‐memory and computing integration application field, leading to new possibilities for modern electronics.
Carbon Dots‐Inked Paper with Single/Two‐Photon Excited Dual‐Mode Thermochromic Afterglow for Advanced Dynamic Information Encryption
Authors: Liu Yupeng , Cheng Dengke , Wang Bingzhe , Yang Junxiang , Hao Yiming , Tan Jing , Li Qijun , Qu Songnan 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAchieving thermochromic afterglow (TCAG) in a single material for advanced information encryption remains a significant challenge. Herein, TCAG in carbon dots (CDs)‐inked paper (CDs@Paper) is achieved by tuning the temperature‐dependent dual‐mode afterglow of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The CDs are synthesized through thermal treatment of levofloxacin in melting boric acid with postpurification via dialysis. CDs@Paper exhibit both TCAG and excitation‐dependent afterglow color properties. The TCAG of CDs@Paper exhibits dynamic color changes from blue at high temperatures to yellow at low temperatures by adjusting the proportion of the temperature‐dependent TADF and phosphorescence. Notably, two‐photon afterglow in CDs‐based afterglow materials and time‐dependent two‐photon afterglow colors are achieved for the first time. Moreover, leveraging the opposite emission responses of phosphorescence and TADF to temperature, CDs@Paper demonstrate TCAG with temperature‐sensing capabilities across a wide temperature range. Furthermore, a CDs@Paper‐based 3D code containing color and temperature information is successfully developed for advanced dynamic information encryption.