bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral sensitivity of the concave mirror eyes of scallops: potential influences of habitat, self-screening and longitudinal chromatic aberration
Authors: Speiser Daniel I. , Loew Ellis R. , Johnsen Sönke 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYScallop eyes contain two retinas, one proximal and one distal. Molecular evidence suggests that each retina expresses a different visual pigment. To test whether these retinas have different spectral sensitivities, we used microspectrophotometry to measure the absorption spectra of photoreceptors from the eyes of two different scallop species. Photoreceptors from the proximal and distal retinas of the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus had absorption peak wavelengths (λmax) of 488±1 nm (mean ± s.e.m.; N=20) and 513±3 nm (N=26), respectively. Photoreceptors from the corresponding retinas of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians had λmax values of 506±1 nm (N=21) and 535±3 nm (N=14). Assuming that the proximal and distal receptors had equal absorption coefficients (kD=0.0067 μm–1), we found that self-screening within the scallop eye caused the proximal and distal receptors in P. magellanicus to have peak absorption at 490 and 520 nm, respectively, and the corresponding receptors in A. irradians to have peak absorption at 504 and 549 nm. We conclude that environment may influence the λmax of scallop visual pigments: P. magellanicus, generally found in blue oceanic water, has visual pigments that are maximally sensitive to shorter wavelengths than those found in A. irradians, which lives in greener inshore water. Scallop distal retinas may be sensitive to longer wavelengths of light than scallop proximal retinas to correct for either self-screening by the retinas or longitudinal chromatic aberration of the lens.
Interactions between detoxification mechanisms and excretion in Malpighian tubules ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Chahine Sarah , O'Donnell Michael J. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYInsects have long been known to excrete toxins via the Malpighian (renal) tubules. In addition, exposure to natural or synthetic toxins is commonly associated with increases in the activity of detoxification enzymes such as the P450 monoxygenases (P450s) and the glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs). We examined the links between mechanisms for detoxification and excretion in adult Drosophila melanogaster using functional assays and measurements of changes in gene expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR in response to dietary exposure to compounds known to alter activity or gene expression of P450s and GSTs. Dietary exposure to phenol, which alters gene expression for multiple GSTs after seven to 10 generations, was also associated with an increase (more than twofold) in secretion of the organic anion methotrexate (MTX) by isolated tubules. Dietary exposure to the insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was associated with reduced expression of two P450 genes (Cyp4e2, Cyp4p1) and two GST genes (GstD1, GstD5) in the tubules, as well as increased expression of Cyp12d1 and GstE1. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of fluid secreted by isolated tubules indicated that dietary exposure to PBO resulted in increased levels of an MTX metabolite. In addition, exposure to PBO altered the expression of transporter genes in the tubules, including a Drosophila multidrug resistance-associated protein, and was associated with a 73% increase in MTX secretion by isolated tubules. The results suggest that exposure of Drosophila to toxins evokes a coordinated response by the Malpighian tubules, involving both alterations in detoxification pathways as well as enhanced transport.
Honey bee forager thoracic temperature inside the nest is tuned to broad-scale differences in recruitment motivation
Authors: Sadler Nik , Nieh James C. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY
Insects that regulate flight muscle temperatures serve as crucial pollinators in a broad range of ecosystems, in part because they forage over a wide span of temperatures. Honey bees are a classic example and maintain their thoracic muscles at temperatures (Tth) tuned to the caloric benefits of floral resources. Using infrared thermography, we tested the hypothesis that forager motivation to recruit nestmates for a food source is positively correlated with Tth. We trained bees to a sucrose feeder located 5–100 m from the nest. Recruiting foragers had a significantly higher average Tth (2.7°C higher) when returning from 2.5 mol l–1 sucrose (65% w/w) than when returning from 1.0 mol l–1 sucrose (31% w/w). Foragers exhibited significantly larger thermal fluctuations the longer they spent inside the nest between foraging trips. The difference between maximum and minimum temperatures during a nest visit (Trange) increased with total duration of the nest visit (0.7°C increase per additional min spent inside the nest). Bees that recruited nestmates (waggle or round danced) were significantly warmer, with a 1.4–1.5 times higher ΔTth (difference between Tth and nest ambient air temperature) than bees who tremble danced or simply walked on the nest floor without recruiting between foraging bouts. However, recruiter Tth was not correlated with finer-scale measures of motivation: the number of waggle dance circuits or waggle dance return phase duration. These results support the hypothesis that forager Tth within the nest is correlated to broad-scale differences in foraging motivation.
Aerodynamics of gliding flight in common swifts
Authors: Henningsson P. , Hedenström A. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY
Gliding flight performance and wake topology of a common swift (Apus apus L.) were examined in a wind tunnel at speeds between 7 and 11 m s–1. The tunnel was tilted to simulate descending flight at different sink speeds. The swift varied its wingspan, wing area and tail span over the speed range. Wingspan decreased linearly with speed, whereas tail span decreased in a nonlinear manner. For each airspeed, the minimum glide angle was found. The corresponding sink speeds showed a curvilinear relationship with airspeed, with a minimum sink speed at 8.1 m s–1 and a speed of best glide at 9.4 m s–1. Lift-to-drag ratio was calculated for each airspeed and tilt angle combinations and the maximum for each speed showed a curvilinear relationship with airspeed, with a maximum of 12.5 at an airspeed of 9.5 m s–1. Wake was sampled in the transverse plane using stereo digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The main structures of the wake were a pair of trailing wingtip vortices and a pair of trailing tail vortices. Circulation of these was measured and a model was constructed that showed good weight support. Parasite drag was estimated from the wake defect measured in the wake behind the body. Parasite drag coefficient ranged from 0.30 to 0.22 over the range of airspeeds. Induced drag was calculated and used to estimate profile drag coefficient, which was found to be in the same range as that previously measured on a Harris' hawk.
Changes in Self-Reported Attendance of British Adults for Dental Check-Ups between 1991 and 2000
Authors: Batchelor Paul A 
Published: January 2011

Objective To report the changes in self-reported dental check-up patterns of British adults in both the NHS and non-NHS sectors over the period 1991 to 2000. Method Longitudinal cross-sectional questionnaire. Results Between 1991 and 2000, the annual British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) indicated that there was a steady increase in the percentage of adults who reported having a dental check-up within the previous 12 months, from 53.6% to 62.3%. While the percentage reporting having had a dental check-up under NHS arrangements rose slightly from 44% to 46%, reported non-NHS check-ups rose from 6% to 14%. Variations in reported attendance patterns for check-ups were noted between the sexes and age groups. A higher percentage of females reported having had a dental check-up under NHS arrangements than males, while no differences were found in the non-NHS sector. Those aged between 46–55 years had the highest percentage of dental check-ups (72%) while the lowest was in those aged 66 years or older (43%). Conclusions The results of the BHPS indicate that there was an increase in the percentage of British adults attending for a dental check-up within any 12-month period for 1991 to 2000 and that there was considerable variation in attendance by both age and sex.
Folliculotropic T-Cell Lymphocytosis as a Distinct Form of Pilotropic T-Cell Dyscrasia
Authors: Magro Cynthia M. , Crowson A. Neil 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell dyscrasia represents a heterogeneous group of persistent clonal and usually epitheliotropic T-cell infiltrates with a seemingly low risk for progression to mycosis fungoides (MF). Mucin-poor folliculotropic T-cell lymphocytosis is the least well characterized with only a few anecdotal case reports.
Cases of folliculotropic lymphocytosis were retrieved via a natural language search from 2 dermatopathology databases. Comprehensive light microscopic, phenotypic, and molecular studies were conducted.
There were 12 females and 12 males, with mean age of 41 years. There were 2 main clinical presentations: facial erythematous infiltrative papules and/or nodules vs extremity and truncal solitary, large, scaly plaques. The mean duration of the lesions was 3 years. Progression to follicular MF was noted in 1 case. Migration of small lymphocytes into the superficial portions of the hair follicle unaccompanied by other inflammatory cells or mucin was observed; lymphocytes with a cerebriform appearance could be seen. The CD4/CD8 ratio was more than 5:1 with significant reductions in the expression of CD62L and CD7. Of 20 cases tested, 5 showed monoclonality.
Folliculotropic T-cell lymphocytosis is a form of pilotropic T-cell dyscrasia distinct from MF and alopecia mucinosa; the course seems indolent in most cases.
A Self-Administration of Medications Program to Identify and Address Potential Barriers to Adherence in Elderly Patients
Authors: Tran Tim , Elliott Rohan A , Taylor Simone E , Woodward Michael C 
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND: Inpatient self-administration of medications programs (SAMPs) improve the medication knowledge and adherence of elderly patients after their discharge from the hospital. They may also identify patients who will have difficulties managing their medications after discharge; however, no previous study has evaluated the value of a SAMP for detecting and addressing barriers to adherence. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of a SAMP for detecting and addressing barriers to adherence in functionally impaired elderly hospital inpatients, and to identify predictors of patient performance in a SAMP. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 2 subacute aged-care wards. Patients who were intending to independently manage their medications after discharge were recruited. Medications were dispensed and labeled with full directions, and the patients were educated about their medications. Each patient was required to request the medications from nursing staff when due, then select and administer them under supervision. Patient performance was documented. Barriers to adherence and interventions used to address these barriers were recorded. Analyses were performed to identify factors associated with failing the SAMP. RESULTS: Of 62 patients who were recruited, 43 (69.4%) passed the program without requiring interventions to address adherence barriers, 7 (11.3%) passed with an intervention implemented to enable them to remain independent with medication management after discharge, and 12 (19.4%) failed and required full assistance with medication management after discharge. Overall, barriers to medication adherence (eg, inability to open containers, inability to request medications without prompting) were identified for 30.6% of patients. Mini-Mental State Examination scores and patient age were independent predictors of whether a patient would fail the SAMP. CONCLUSIONS: An inpatient SAMP effectively detected barriers to medication adherence that otherwise may not have been detected and addressed prior to a patient's discharge from the hospital.
Phase Advancement and Nucleus-Specific Timing of Thalamocortical Activity during Slow Cortical Oscillation
Authors: Slézia Andrea , Hangya Balázs , Ulbert István , Acsády László 
Published: January 2011

The exact timing of cortical afferent activity is instrumental for the correct coding and retrieval of internal and external stimuli. Thalamocortical inputs represent the most significant subcortical pathway to the cortex, but the precise timing and temporal variability of thalamocortical activity is not known. To examine this question, we studied the phase of thalamic action potentials relative to cortical oscillations and established correlations among phase, the nuclear location of the thalamocortical neurons, and the frequency of cortical activity.The phase of thalamic action potentials depended on the exact frequency of the slow cortical oscillation both on long (minutes) and short (single wave) time scales. Faster waves were accompanied by phase advancement in both cases. Thalamocortical neurons located in different nuclei fired at significantly different phases of the slow waves but were active at a similar phase of spindle oscillations. Different thalamic nuclei displayed distinct burst patterns. Bursts with a higher number of action potentials displayed progressive phase advancement in a nucleus-specific manner. Thalamic neurons located along nuclear borders were characterized by mixed burst and phase properties.Our data demonstrate that the temporal relationship between cortical and thalamic activity is not fixed but displays dynamic changes during oscillatory activity. The timing depends on the precise location and exact activity of thalamocortical cells and the ongoing cortical network pattern. This variability of thalamic output and its coupling to cortical activity can enable thalamocortical neurons to actively participate in the coding and retrieval of cortical signals.
An integrated study of uranyl mineral dissolution processes: etch pit formation, effects of cations in solution, and secondary precipitation
Authors: Schindler M. , Hawthorne Frank C. , Mandaliev P. , Burns Peter C. , Maurice P. A. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Understanding the mechanism(s) of uranium-mineral dissolution is crucial for predictive modeling of U mobility in the subsurface. In order to understand how pH and type of cation in solution may affect dissolution, experiments were performed on mainly single crystals of curite, Pb2+
3(H2O)2[(UO2)4O4(OH)3]2, becquerelite, Ca(H2O)8[(UO2)6O4(OH)6], billietite, Ba(H2O)7[(UO2)6O4(OH)6], fourmarierite Pb2+
1−x(H2O)4[(UO2)4O3−2x(OH)4+2x] (x= 0.00–0.50), uranophane, Ca(H2O)5[(UO2)(SiO3OH)]2, zippeite, K3(H2O)3[(UO2)4(SO4)2O3(OH)], and Na-substituted metaschoepite, Na1−x[(UO2)4O2−x(OH)5+x] (H2O)n. Solutions included: deionized water; aqueous HCl solutions at pH 3.5 and 2; 0.5 mol L−1 Pb(II)-, Ba-, Sr-, Ca-, Mg-, HCl solutions at pH 2; 1.0 mol L−1 Na- and K-HCl solutions at pH 2; and a 0.1 mol L−1 Na2CO3 solution at pH 10.5. Uranyl mineral basal surface microtopography, micromorphology, and composition were examined prior to, and after dissolution experiments on micrometer scale specimens using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Evolution of etch pit depth at different pH values and experimental durations can be explained using a stepwave dissolution model. Effects of the cation in solution on etch pit symmetry and morphology can be explained using an adsorption model involving specific surface sites. Surface precipitation of the following phases was observed: (a) a highly-hydrated uranyl-hydroxy-hydrate in ultrapure water (on all minerals), (b) a Na-uranyl-hydroxy-hydrate in Na2CO3 solution of pH 10.5 (on uranyl-hydroxy-hydrate minerals), (c) a Na-uranyl-carbonate on zippeite, (d) Ba- and Pb-uranyl-hydroxy-hydrates in Ba-HCl and Pb-HCl solutions of pH 2 (on uranophane), (e) a (SiOx(OH)4−2x) phase in solutions of pH 2 (uranophane), and (f) sulfate-bearing phases in solutions of pH 2 and 3.5 (on zippeite).
Small scale production of high purity 193mPt by the 192Os(α,ߙ3n)-process
Authors: Uddin M.S. , Hermanne A. , Scholten B. , Spellerberg S. , Coenen Heinz H. , Qaim Syed M. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Some production aspects of the Auger electron emitter 193mPt (T
1/2=4.33 d) through the 192Os(α,ߙ3n)-process were investigated. Relatively thick targets of 99.65% enriched 192Os, prepared by pressing or electrolytic deposition, were irradiated with 40 MeV α-particles for 3 h at a nominal beam current of 1.6 μA. The radioplatinum formed was chemically separated with a yield of 90% and the expensive target material was recovered with a yield of 85%. The radioactivity of 193mPt was determined by high resolution X-ray spectrometry. The radionuclidic purity of 193mPt amounted to 99%, the level of 195mPt and 191Pt impurities being each 0.5%. The batch yield of 193mPt achieved was about 10 MBq with a specific activity of 1 GBq/μg Pt. Both the batch yield and the specific activity could be appreciably increased through improved targetry. A comparison of the cyclotron and reactor production routes of 193mPt shows that the (n,ߙγ) reaction leads to high production yields but the α-particle induced reaction results in a product of higher radionuclidic purity and four orders of magnitude higher specific activity of 193mPt.
Circulating proinflammatory peptides related to abdominal adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy prepubertal children
Authors: Galcheva Sonya V , Iotova Violeta M , Yotov Yoto T , Bernasconi Sergio , Street Maria E 
Published: January 2011

ObjectivesTo analyze the circulating levels of proinflammatory peptides in healthy prepubertal children in relation to abdominal obesity, measured by waist circumference (WC), and to investigate their interactions with cardiometabolic risk factors.Design and methodsA cross-sectional study of 137 healthy prepubertal children with a mean age of 8.0±0.1 years divided into three groups according to their WC as a measure of abdominal obesity: ‘normal-WC’ children (25th–75th percentile, n=48), ‘children at risk’ (75th–90th percentile, n=39), and ‘abdominally obese’ (≥90th percentile, n=50) children. Auxological measurements and blood pressure (BP) were taken. Fasting levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were measured. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed by homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR).ResultsAbdominally obese children had significantly higher BP, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) compared with their normal-WC counterparts (P<0.05). HsCRP concentrations increased proportionally with the degree of abdominal obesity (r=0.443, P<0.0001), whereas IL6 and TNF-α were not significantly associated with any of the adiposity variables. After controlling for adiposity, hsCRP was significantly correlated with systolic BP (r=0.257, P=0.004), TNF-α levels were related to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; r=−0.216, P=0.016) and TG (r=0.196, P=0.029), whereas the relationship between IL6 and HDL-C reduced its magnitude to an insignificant level (r=−0.173, P=0.055).ConclusionsHealthy prepubertal children with abdominal obesity have associated inflammatory and cardiometabolic alterations, interacting with each other.
Probabilistic Approaches to Setting Acceptable Biological Catch and Annual Catch Targets for Multiple Years: Reconciling Methodology with National Standards Guidelines
Authors: Shertzer Kyle W. , Prager Michael H. , Williams Erik H. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In U.S. federal fishery management, acceptable biological catch (ABC) is set below (or equal to) the overfishing limit to account for scientific uncertainty, and annual catch targets (ACTs) are set below (or equal to) the ABC to account for implementation uncertainty (i.e., imperfect management control). In previous papers, we discussed probabilistic approaches to setting target and limit reference points for fishery management. Here, we explain how those approaches can be adapted to provide ABCs and ACTs over multiple years and otherwise made consist with recent revisions to the National Standards Guidelines, a part of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations that describes implementation of the Magnuson-Stevens Reauthorization Act. Although described in terms of U.S. fishery management, our methods are sufficiently general for use by researchers in U.S. state agencies or elsewhere in the world. We demonstrate them via an example application to vermilion snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens in U.S. Atlantic waters.
State High-Risk Pools: An Update on the Minnesota Comprehensive Health Association
Authors: Blewett Lynn A. , Spencer Donna , Burke Courtney E. 
Published: January 2011

State health insurance high-risk pools are a key component of the US health care system's safety net, because they provide health insurance to the “uninsurable.” In 2007, 34 states had individual high-risk pools, which covered more than 200 000 people at a total cost of $1.8 billion. We examine the experience of the largest and oldest pool in the nation, the Minnesota Comprehensive Health Association, to document key issues facing state high-risk pools in enrollment and financing. We also considered the role and future of high-risk pools in light of national health care finance reform.
Water and Energy Footprints of the Cities of the Future
Authors: Novotny Vladimir 
Published: January 2011

The framework for sustainability of urban areas is tied to the patterns of urban metabolism in which resources (water, food, energy, materials and chemicals) are delivered to an urban area, metabolized and changed to outputs. Under the current linear concept water, energy and other inputs generate waste and pollution. Furthermore, lack of conservation and waste within the city leads to shortages and, in the near future, to exhaustion of resources. There is a need to change the current linear urban metabolism to one that would reuse and recycle and in which used water and solids would become a resource. This would be a paradigm change of building and retrofitting the cities.
The footprints are quantitative measures of sustainability and metabolism. Footprints covered in this article are water, energy/greenhouse emissions, and ecology. When the footprints are defined, development of sustainability criteria should follow. The footprints may be global, regional or local and can be hierarchically interconnected.