bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection of Beauveria spp. isolates for control of the termite Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen, 1858)
Authors: Almeida J. E. M. , Alves S. B. , Pereira R. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHeterotermes tenuis is an important pest in sugarcane in Brazil, where alternative control methods are necessary due to cancellations of chemical pesticide registrations. Experiments were conducted to determine the pathogenicity, virulence and mass production yields of Beauveria spp. isolates as potential microbial control candidates for H. tenuis. Results demonstrated that the average virulence of the B. brongniartii isolates was comparable to that of B. bassiana isolates. Isolates obtained from soil were as effective as microbial control agents as those obtained directly from insect hosts. However, no B. brongniartii or soil isolate was among those best isolates selected, which included two of the three termite isolates tested. LT50 for 15 selected isolates varied between 2.91 and 4.91 days, and termite mortalities caused by these isolates were between 78.7 and 98.7% after 8 days. Significant differences were observed among these selected isolates. Conidial productions on artificial media (PDA and cooked rice) correlated well for the selected isolates. However, spore production on the termite cadavers did not correlate with production on these artificial media. The most productive isolate on cadavers (634) was 21% more productive than the second best isolate (447), and was also a good conidial producer on artificial media with 25% lower conidial yield than the best producer (756). The least productive isolate on cadavers or artificial medium (760) produced only 3% of production by isolate 756 on cooked rice and 45% of production on termite cadavers. Because high conidial production on cadavers is a desirable characteristic to facilitate transmission of the disease in the nest, isolate 634 was selected for further development as microbial agent for H. tenuis control.
Fatigue thresholds of holed components under in‐phase and out‐of‐phase torsional and axial loadings
Authors: Tanaka K. , Morita K. , Akiniwa Y. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe resistance‐curve (R‐curve) method was applied to the prediction of the fatigue thresholds of notched components under in‐phase and out‐of‐phase combinations of cyclic torsion and axial loadings. The prediction was compared with the experimental data obtained from thin‐walled tubular specimen of medium‐carbon steel with a hole. The stress was completely reversed and the mean stress was zero. The crack nucleated at the position of the maximum range of the circumferential stress on the periphery of a hole, and propagated almost straight for all cases examined. The experimental data of the thresholds for crack initiation and fracture agreed well with the predictions for in‐phase and for out‐of‐phase loadings with 45° phase difference. For out‐of‐phase loading with 90°, the threshold for fracture was close to the crack initiation limit, because of the reduction of crack closure due to crack face rubbing by mode II shear cycling.
Dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics in pediatric intensive care – a pooled analysis
Authors: POTTS AMANDA L. , ANDERSON BRIAN J. , WARMAN GUY R. , LERMAN JERROLD , DIAZ SUSAN M. , VILO SANNA 
Published: August 2009

SummaryBackground: Published dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetic studies in children are limited by participant numbers and restricted pathology. Pooling the available studies allows investigation of covariate effects.Methods: Data from four studies investigating dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics after i.v. administration (n = 95) were combined to undertake a population pharmacokinetic analysis of dexmedetomidine time–concentration profiles (730 observations) using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM). Estimates were standardized to a 70‐kg adult using allometric size models.Results: Children had a mean age of 3.8 (median 3 years, range 1 week–14 years) and weight of 16.0 kg (median 13.3 kg, range 3.1–58.9 kg). Population parameter estimates (between subject variability) for a two‐compartment model were clearance (CL) 42.1 (CV 30.9%) l·h−1·70 kg−1, central volume of distribution (V1) 56.3 (61.3%) l·70 kg−1, inter‐compartment clearance (Q) 78.3 (37.0%) l·h−1·70 kg−1and peripheral volume of distribution (V2) 69.0 (47.0%) l·70 kg−1. Clearance maturation with age was described using the Hill equation. Clearance increases from 18.2 l·h−1·70 kg−1at birth in a term neonate to reach 84.5% of the mature value by 1 year of age. Children given infusion after cardiac surgery had 27% reduced clearance compared to a population given bolus dose. Simulation of published infusion rates that provide adequate sedation for intensive care patients found a target therapeutic concentration of between 0.4 and 0.8 μg·l−1.Conclusions: The sedation target concentration is similar to that described for adults. Immature clearance in the first year of life and a higher clearance (when expressed as l·h−1·kg−1) in small children dictate infusion rates that change with age. Extrapolation of dose from children given infusion in intensive care after cardiac surgery may not be applicable to those sedated for noninvasive procedures out of intensive care.
A molecular assessment of the iron stress response in the two phylogenetic clades of Trichodesmium
Authors: Chappell P. Dreux , Webb Eric A. 
Published: August 2009

Summary Trichodesmium spp. play key roles in global carbon and nitrogen budgets and thus defining what controls their productivity is important for understanding climate change. While iron availability has been shown to be an important chemical factor for controlling both growth and nitrogen fixation rates in Trichodesmium, all culture experiments to date have focused solely on representatives from one clade of Trichodesmium. Genomic sequence analysis determined that the Trichodesmium erythraeum (IMS101) genome contains many of the archetypical genes involved in the prokaryotic iron stress response. Focusing on three of these genes, isiB, idiA and feoB, we found that all three showed an iron stress response in axenic T. erythraeum (IMS101), and their sequences were well conserved across four species in our Trichodesmium culture collection [consisting of two T. erythraeum strains (IMS101 and GBRTRLI101), two Trichodesmium tenue strains (Z‐1 and H9‐4), Trichodesmium thiebautii and Trichodesmium spiralis]. With clade‐specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) primers for one of these genes, isiB, we found that high isiB expression at low Fe levels corresponded to specific reductions in N2 fixation rates in both major phylogenetic clades of Trichodesmium (the T. erythraeum clade and T. tenue clade). With regard to the two clades, the most significant difference determined was temperature optima, while more subtle differences in growth, N2 fixation rate and gene expression responses to Fe stress were also observed. However the apparent conservation of the Fe stress response in the Trichodesmium genus suggests that it is an important adaptation for their niche in the oligotrophic ocean.
First record of the brachiopod Lingulella waptaensis with pedicle from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale
Authors: Pettersson Stolk Sandra , Holmer Lars Erik , Caron Jean‐Bernard 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPettersson Stolk, S., Holmer, L. E. and Caron, J ‐B. 2010. First record of the brachiopod Lingulella waptaensis with pedicle from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 150–162The organophosphatic shells of linguloid brachiopods are a common component of normal Cambrian–Ordovician shelly assemblages. Preservation of linguloid soft‐part anatomy, however, is extremely rare, and restricted to a few species in Lower Cambrian Konservat Lagerstätten. Such remarkable occurrences provide unique insights into the biology and ecology of early linguloids that are not available from the study of shells alone. Based on its shells, Lingulella waptaensis Walcott, was originally described in 1924 from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale but despite the widespread occurrence of soft‐part preservation associated with fossils from the same levels, no preserved soft parts have been reported. Lingulella waptaensis is restudied herein based on 396 specimens collected by Royal Ontario Museum field parties from the Greater Phyllopod Bed (Walcott Quarry Shale Member, British Columbia). The new specimens, including three with exceptional preservation of the pedicle, were collected in situ in discrete obrution beds. Census counts show that L. waptaensis is rare but recurrent in the Greater Phyllopod Bed, suggesting that this species might have been generalist. The wrinkled pedicle protruded posteriorly between the valves, was composed of a central coelomic space, and was slender and flexible enough to be tightly folded, suggesting a thin chitinous cuticle and underlying muscular layers. The nearly circular shell and the long, slender and highly flexible pedicle suggest that L. waptaensis lived epifaunally, probably attached to the substrate. Vertical cross‐sections of the shells show that L. waptaensis possessed a virgose secondary layer, which has previously only been known from Devonian to Recent members of the Family Lingulidae.
Particle capture in ciliary filter‐feeding gymnolaemate and phylactolaemate bryozoans – a comparative study
Authors: Riisgård Hans Ulrik , Okamura Beth , Funch Peter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRiisgård, H.U., Okamura, B. and Funch, P. 2009. Particle capture in ciliary filter‐feeding gymnolaemate and phylactolaemate bryozoans – a comparative study. —Acta Zoologica(Stockholm)91: 416–425.We studied particle capture using video‐microscopy in two gymnolaemates, the marine cheilostomeElectra pilosaand the freshwater ctenostomePaludicella articulata,and three phylactolaemates,Fredericella sultanawith a circular funnel‐shaped lophophore, andCristatella mucedoandLophophus crystallinus, both with a horseshoe‐shaped lophophore. The video‐microscope observations along with studies of lophophore morphology and ultrastructure indicated that phylactolaemate and gymnolaemate bryozoans with a diversity of lophophore shapes rely on the same basic structures and mechanisms for particle capture. Our study also demonstrates that essential features of the particle capture process resemble one another in bryozoans, brachiopods and phoronids.
Ethical issues in Computer‐Assisted Language Learning: Perceptions of teachers and learners
Authors: Wang Shudong , Heffernan Neil 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPedagogical theories and the applications of information technology for language learning have been widely researched in various dimensions. However, ethical issues, such as online privacy and security, and learners' personal data disclosure, are not receiving enough research attention. The perceptions and attitudes from those who participate in Computer‐Assisted Language Learning (CALL)—instructors and learners—towards these issues have been particularly neglected. This research investigated the following issues: privacy protection and learners' personal data disclosure, along with teachers' and students' ethics self‐assessments, and their perceptions and ideals of ethical issues in technology‐assisted language learning. The results of two surveys of teacher and learner perspectives on these issues are outlined, along with some possible solutions to these ethical problems for teachers who are teaching languages through CALL.
The Significance of Names
Authors: JESHION ROBIN 
Published: August 2009

Abstract:As a class of terms and mental representations, proper names and mental names possess an important function that outstrips their semantic and psycho‐semantic functions as common, rigid devices of direct reference and singular mental representations of their referents, respectively. They also function as abstract linguistic markers that signal and underscore their referents' individuality. I promote this thesis to explain why we give proper names to certain particulars, but not others; to account for the transfer of singular thought via communication with proper names; and, more generally, to support a cognitivist, not acquaintance or instrumentalist, theory of singular thought.
A Strictly Millian Approach to the Definition of the Proper Name
Authors: COATES RICHARD 
Published: August 2009

Abstract:A strictly Millian approach to proper names is defended, i.e. one in which expressions when used properly (‘onymically’) refer directly, i.e. without the semantic intermediaryship of the words that appear to comprise them. The approach may appear self‐evident for names which appear to have no component parts (in current English) but less so for others. Two modes of reference are distinguished for potentially ambiguous expressions such as The Long Island. A consequence of this distinction is to allow a speculative neurolinguistics of proper (‘onymic’) and semantic (‘non‐onymic’) reference. A further consequence is that translation of onymically referring expressions is impossible (since they have no semantic content), and some apparently self‐evident objections to this view are met by insisting on a distinction between a proper name as a referring expression and its etymology. The nature of the linguistic mechanism(s) by which an expression becomes proper (i.e. loses sense) shows that etymological opacity is a precondition for the survival of words in certain proper names, furnishing evidence for reference without sense. The process of becoming proper amounts to abrogation of sense for the purpose of reference, which is precisely the requirement for a systematic defence of Mill.
Meeting the Challenge in Clwyd: The Intensive Support Team
Authors: Toogood Sandy , Bell Andrew , Jaques Hilary , Lewis Sian , Sinclair Carolyn , Wright Lorraine 
Published: August 2009

The current pattern of services for people with severe or profound learning disabilities is radically different from that of just twenty years ago. For many people, ordinary housing now provides a real alternative to the long stay hospital, attempts to replace day centres with supported employment initiatives are gaining momentum and some progress is being made toward a more integrated system of education. Aided over recent years by funding improvements and policy guidance under the All Wales Strategy (Welsh Office, 1983) Clwyd is one County where considerable headway has been made. The transition, however, has not been easy — change brings its own challenges. One of the major challenges facing service providers in Clwyd has been the provision of good quality community services for people with learning disabilities who display very challenging behaviour.This paper describes one service initiative which has formed part of Clwyd's overall response to challenging behaviour — the Clwyd Intensive Support Team (IST). In this paper, we explain our working definition of challenging behaviour before going on to describe the development of the Team, how it has operated and what the pattern of referrals has been like over the first three years. In a second paper, we will report on how the Team used its time, maintenance of outcomes to date, consumer satisfaction and what the Team has cost. We will conclude by delineating what we believe to be the essential elements of a specialist challenging‐behaviour peripatetic support team.
Weight Status of a Group of Adults with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Wood Tina 
Published: August 2009

The weight status of a group of 35 adults with learning disabilities was studied. The group with varying degrees of learning disability, all lived in staffed health authority accommodation. Distribution of Body Mass Index (weight for height) was found to be polarised with greater numbers of both obese and underweight people than would be expected in the general British population. Weight status was clearly linked with level of dependency — the most dependent clients being the most underweight.Factors associated with low weight included assisted feeding, use of soft diets, food regurgitation and immobility. Obesity was linked with drug use — notably anti‐psychotics and sodium valproate.
‘Feeling Poorly’: Report of a Pilot Study Aimed to Increase the Ability of People with Learning Disabilities to Understand and Communicate About Physical Illness
Authors: Dodd Karen , Brunker Jo 
Published: August 2009

There is a current emphasis from Department of Health publications on the need for people to take responsibility for monitoring and improving their own health. This includes people with a learning disability (PLD). This paper presents the findings of a pilot study which investigated whether people with learning disabilities can understand and communicate more effectively symptoms of illness. Assessments for GPs, clients and carers were designed in order to ascertain the nature of consultations currently taking place, and the level of awareness that clients had of their body and being ill.From the assessment information gathered and reviews of the literature on primary health care access for PLD and children's experiences of pain, an appropriate teaching package was designed and a twice weekly group held for ten weeks. This aimed to teach body awareness and necessary skills for communicating with primary health care teams; and included the design, and implementation of a communication aid pack. Repeat assessments following the end of the group and after six months indicated that it is possible to teach people with learning disabilities to understand how their bodies function, to use pictures of pain to describe symptoms of illness and to understand more about the process of going to the doctors. This was facilitated by the use of communication aid resource which both doctors and clients evaluated as useful. For the information to be efficiently retained by the clients it is suggested that a greater degree of follow‐up work is undertaken on completion of the teaching group with participants, carers and GPs.
Befriending: A Note of Caution
Authors: Hughes Andrea , Waldenm Sarah 
Published: August 2009

‘Our relationships define who we are as individuals’ (Kennedy & Itkonen, 1993)It is recognised that the quality and closeness of personal relationships underlie a fulfilled life. However, services for people with learning disabilities often find this aspect of human life the most difficult to promote. Recently, befriending schemes have represented one initiative designed to fill the gap. This paper follows the progress of one pilot project and its outcomes for four participants with learning disabilities. It is concluded that caution should be exercised in any similar scheme, and that careful monitoring should ensure that new relationships are not being formed at the expense of prior, possibly less transient ones.
Low bone mass in patients with motor disability: prevalence and risk factors in 59 Finnish children
Authors: KILPINEN‐LOISA PÄIVI , PAASIO TAAVA , SOIVA MARTTI , RITANEN ULLA MAIJA , LAUTALA PENTTI , PALMU PETRI , PIHKO HELENA , MÄKITIE OUTI 
Published: August 2009

Aim Children with motor disabilities are at increased risk of compromised bone health. This study evaluated prevalence and risk factors of low bone mass and fractures in these children.Method This cross‐sectional cohort study evaluated bone health in 59 children (38 males, 21 females; median age 10y 11mo) with motor disability (Gross Motor Function Classification System levels II–V). Bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine was measured with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry; BMD values were corrected for bone size (bone mineral apparent density [BMAD]) and skeletal maturity, and compared with normative data. Spinal radiographs were obtained to assess vertebral morphology. Blood biochemistry included vitamin D concentration and other parameters of calcium homeostasis.Results Ten children (17%) had sustained in total 14 peripheral fractures; lower‐limb fractures predominated. Compression fractures were present in 25%. The median spinal BMAD z‐score was −1.0 (range −5.0 to 2.0); it was −0.6 in those without fractures and −1.7 in those with fractures (p=0.004). Vitamin D insufficiency was present in 59% of participants (serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D <50nmol/l) and hypercalciuria in 27%. Low BMAD z‐score and hypercalciuria were independent predictors for fractures.Interpretation Children with motor disability are at high risk of peripheral and vertebral fractures and low BMD. Evaluation of bone health and prevention of osteoporosis should be included in the follow‐up.
Learning from research on the information behaviour of healthcare professionals: a review of the literature 2004–2008 with a focus on emotion
Authors: Fourie Ina 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjective:  A review, focusing on emotion, was conducted of reported studies on the information behaviour of healthcare professionals (2004–2008). Findings were intended to offer guidelines on information services and information literacy training, to note gaps in research and to raise research interest.Method:  Databases were searched for literature published from January 2004 to December 2008 and indexed on eric, Library and Information Science Abstracts, medline, PsycINFO, Social Services Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition; Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts; Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection; Social Work Abstracts; SocINDEX with Full Text; SPORTDiscus; cinhal; and the ISI Web of Knowledge databases. Key journals were manually scanned and citations followed. Literature was included if reporting on issues concerning emotion.Results:  Emotion in information behaviour in healthcare contexts is scantily addressed. This review, however, offers some insight into the difficulty in identifying and expressing information needs; sense making and the need to fill knowledge gaps; uncertainty; personality and coping skills; motivation to seeking information; emotional experiences during information seeking; self‐confidence and attitude; emotional factors in the selection of information channels; and seeking information for psychological or emotional reasons.Conclusion:  Suggestions following findings, address information literacy programs, information services and research gaps.
Population density and geographical range size in the introduced and native passerine faunas of New Zealand
Authors: Blackburn T. M. , Gaston K. J. , Duncan R. P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe current avifauna of New Zealand comprises species with two distinct origins: those that evolved in New Zealand or colonized naturally from neighbouring landmasses, and those that were deliberately introduced to the islands by European settlers. Elsewhere, it has been shown that for species introduced to New Zealand from Britain there is a positive interspecific correlation between the geographical range sizes attained in both countries. Since positive relationships between abundance, measured either as population size or density, and geographical range size are a near ubiquitous feature of assemblages of closely related animal species, this suggests that species’ abundances may also be so correlated between the two countries. Here, data for 12 passerine bird species introduced to New Zealand from Britain are used to compare population densities and density–range size relationships in their native and alien ranges. In addition, the density–range size relationship for 12 passerine bird species that can be considered native to New Zealand is compared to that for the introduced species. The geographical range size and the mean and maximum densities of introduced species in New Zealand were significantly positively correlated with those values for the same species in Britain. However, in no case was the relationship between mean density and range size significant. While not statistically significant, density–range size relationships for introduced species are similar in New Zealand and Britain, but those for introduced and native species in New Zealand are quite different. Implications of these patterns are discussed.