bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efforts to Overcome Sex Selection in Reproduction in Asia
Authors: Macer Darryl 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThere is significant abuse of medical diagnostic technology in some Asian countries to select male fetuses and embryos over female fetuses, which leads to an imbalanced sex ration at birth. The paper discusses the ethics of sex selection, and reviews policies that have been used. Legal measures to prevent this in China and India are described, as well as the reasons that those efforts have not solved the problem. There are also growing uses of technology for sex selection in Nepal and Vietnam. The Republic of Korea has used policies and education to reverse preference for boys, and there is discussion of the reasons behind this. New partners and policies are required to overcome this serious abuse of biotechnology that is responsible for close to one hundred million missing girls in the world population.
Penrose’s law: reality or fiction? Mental health system and the size of prison population – international overview
Authors: Kalapos Miklós Péter 
Published: July 2009

A múlt század harmincas éveiben az európai összehasonlító statisztikai adatok alapján kidolgozott Penrose-törvény szerint inverz összefüggés van a pszichiátriai ágyak száma és a börtönben lévő populáció létszáma között. A dolgozat nemzetközi adatok alapján vizsgálja a börtön, az elmekórház, az elmebetegség és a bűnelkövetés összefüggéseit, különös figyelmet szentelve a deinstitucionalizáció jelenségének, illetve epidemiológiai adatok segítségével bemutatja az elme- és addikciós betegségek, valamint a mentális zavarok börtönön belüli gyakoriságát. A pszichiátriai ágyak száma és a börtönpopuláció létszáma között Magyarország esetében is megfigyelhető a Penrose által leírt inverz összefüggés. A jelenség mélyebb összefüggéseinek elemzése során a deinstitucionalizációt elindító jelenségeket górcső alá véve gazdasági, társadalmi, filozófiai és terápiás összefüggések kerülnek a vizsgálat homlokterébe. Az adatok alapján feltételezhető, hogy a két rendszerbe bekerülők között nagy az átfedés, nagyrészt ugyanazon populáció tagjaival találkozhatunk mind a börtönökben, mind az elmeosztályokon. A dolgozat szerzője arra a következtetésre jut, hogy a deinstitucionalizáció valójában transzinstitucionalizációhoz vezet, aminek oka egyrészt az, hogy korlátozott a rendelkezésre álló közösségi ellátókapacitás, illetve másrészt, hogy a közösségi ellátás maga nem tud mit kezdeni a súlyos, krónikus elmebetegségekben, illetve a komorbid állapotokban is szenvedőkkel. Továbbá a jelen finanszírozás mértéke, valamint a prevenciós és terápiás módszerek nem alkalmasak arra, hogy a pácienseket megóvják a forgóajtó hatásaitól.
Effects of Hydrogen Plasma Treatment on Hysteresis Phenomenon and Electrical Properties for Solid Phase Crystallized Silicon Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Choi Sung-Hwan , Park Sang-Geun , Kim Chang-Yeon , Han Min-Koo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe have investigated the effects of hydrogen plasma treatment on the hysteresis phenomenon and electrical properties of solid phase crystallized silicon thin film transistors (SPC-Si TFTs) employing alternating magnetic field crystallization (AMFC). We employed H2 plasma treatment on the SPC-Si active layer before SiO2 gate insulator deposition. By increasng the power and time duration of H2 plasma treatment, it was observed that hysteresis phenomenon of SPC-Si TFT was suppressed and electrical properties such as threshold voltage, field effect mobility was improved considerably. This is due to role of hydrogen atom by passivating the defects and grain boundary trap states in SPC-Si film. However, relatively high power and long hydrogen plasma treatment (100W, 5 minutes) could degrade the electrical characteristics of the device. SPC-Si TFT for 100W power of PECVD and 3 minutes with the H2 plasma treatment exhibit the significant improvement of electrical characterics (VTH = - 3.85V, μFE = 21.16cm2/Vs), and a smaller hysteresis phenomenon (∆VTH = -0.30V) which is suitable for high quality AMOLED Display.
Gas Phase Conditions for Obtaining Device Quality Amorphous Silicon at Low Temperature and High Deposition Rate
Authors: Rath Jatindra Kumar , de Jong Minne , Verkerk Arjan , Brinza Monica , Schropp Ruud E.I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to find a parameter space for deposition of amorphous silicon films at low substrate temperature by VHF PECVD process for application in solar cell fabrication on cheap plastics. Our studies show that at lower substrate temperature, keeping the pressure constant, the ion energy flux reaching the growth surface decreases, which we partly attribute to increasing gas phase collisions arising from an increase in gas density. The role of hydrogen is two fold: (1) higher hydrogen dilution increases the ion energy and restores it to its required value at low temperatures; (2) a normal to dusty plasma transition occurs at lower hydrogen to silane flow ratio and this transition regime shifts to higher dilution ratios for lower substrate temperatures. Thus the role of high hydrogen dilution at low temperature is to avoid the dusty regime. Thus the role of high hydrogen dilution at low temperature is to avoid the dusty regime. The ion energy flux at low substrate temperature can also be restored to the value obtained at high substrate temperature, without increasing hydrogen dilution, by simply lowering the chamber pressure or increasing the delivered plasma power, though the IEDFs in these cases differ substantially from the IEDF at high temperature conditions. We propose that a low pressure or high power in combination with a modest hydrogen dilution (high enough to avoid dusty regime) will deliver silicon films at low temperature without sacrificing deposition rate.
Work Function Effects of Nano Structured ZnO Thin Film on the Acetone Gas Sensitivity
Authors: Jee Seung Hyun , Kakati Nitul , Kim Soo Ho , Kim Dong-Joo , Yoon Young Soo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe deposited various nano structured ZnO thin films with plasma treatment on an alumina substrate and fabricate ZnO sensors for acetone detection. The ZnO sensors with various nano structures and the plasma treatment were deposited by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method with RuO2 micro heater and Ru electrode. In order to control a work function intentionally, the various deposition conditions and the plasma treatment were used. Sensitivities of the ZnO sensor were measured in acetone vapor and air at 250 degree C. In conclusion, we suggested that the sensitivity of ZnO sensors for acetone strongly depends on the work function of the as-deposited or plasma treated nano structured ZnO thin films.
Formation of Cr-rich Nano-clusters and Columns in (Zn,Cr)Te Grown by MBE
Authors: Nishio Yôtarõ , Ishikawa Kôichirô , Kuroda Shinji , Mitome Masanori , Bando Yoshio 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe correlation between the Cr aggregation and magnetic properties are investigated for the series of Zn1-xCrxTe films grown by MBE with a systematic variation of growth conditions. Structural and chemical analyses using TEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) reveal that the crystallinity and the Cr distribution change significantly with the substrate temperature during the MBE growth. For a relatively low average Cr content x ≅ 0.05, it is found that the crystal quality is improved with the increase of the substrate temperature. For a higher average Cr content x ≅ 0.2, the shape of Cr-rich regions is transformed from isolated clusters into one-dimensional nanocolumns with the increase of the substrate temperature. The direction of the nanocolumn formation changes depending on the crystallographic orientation of the grown films. In the magnetization measurements, anisotropic magnetic properties are observed in the films in which Cr-rich nanocolumns are formed in the vertical direction, depending on the relation between the direction of the nanocolumns and the applied magnetic fields.
Influence of Scaffold Composition on Gene Expression and Cellular Organization in Tissue-engineered Middle Phalanx Models of Human Digits
Authors: Landis William , Wada Yoshitaka , Enjo Mitsuhiro , Jacquet Robin , Lowder Elizabeth M. , Isogai Noritaka 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo augment or replace defective, diseased, or impaired human digits, the design and development of tissue-engineered phalanges are important and include a middle phalanx model. This construct consists in part of two square-shaped biodegradable polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds (1 x 1 x 0.2 cm in length, width and thickness, respectively) seeded with cartilage cells (chondrocytes) obtained from young calves. One such seeded scaffold is sutured to each end of a rectangular-shaped scaffold (˜2 x 0.7 x 0.5 cm in length, width and thickness) serving as the midshaft of the model. To examine the biological regenerative capacity of these biomimetic composites, midshafts were left uncovered or wrapped with periosteum, a tissue from calves giving rise to cartilage and bone. Midshafts were composed of poly(L-lactide-ε-caprolactone) [P(LA-CL)] or one of two ceramics, hydroxyapatite (HA) or β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), admixed with P(LA-CL). When engineered middle phalanx models were implanted and grown for up to 20 weeks under dorsal skin flaps of athymic (nude) mice, resulting constructs varied in their midshaft bone and end plate cartilage composition and structure. Harvested from mice at 20 weeks, all constructs (n = 3 for each type) without periosteum developed viable end plate cartilage as determined by Safranin-O staining for chondrocyte-secreted proteoglycans but cells were not organized as in normal growth plate cartilage of human digits. Midshafts remained devoid of cells and mineral. Implanted for the same time 20 week period, constructs of P(LA-CL) (n = 3), HA-P(LA-CL) (n = 3), or β-TCP-P(LA-CL) (n = 3) and enclosed by periosteum each developed viable end plate cartilage whose chondrocytes were organized into columns resembling normal growth plate cartilage of digits. Midshafts mineralized through the normal process of endochondral ossification. While these features were common to all periosteum-wrapped composites, specific differences occurred between them, apparently depending on midshaft copolymer composition. In particular after 10 or 20 weeks of implantation, gene expression of end plate chondrocytes varied in their levels of type II collagen, aggrecan (proteoglycan), or bone sialoprotein, all markers for development of normal cartilage extracellular matrix and mineralization. These results indicate that the composition of midshaft scaffolds comprising middle phalanx models of human digits affects the composition and structure of both midshaft bone and end plate cartilage of constructs. Continuing studies are defining more completely the relationships between structure and composition of bone and cartilage tissues developed and properties of their underlying copolymer scaffolds in these biomineralized models.
Hybrid Polymer/Ultrathin Porous Nanocrystalline Silicon Membranes System for Flow-through Chemical Vapor and Gas Detection
Authors: Kavalenka Maryna , Fang David , Striemer Christopher C , McGrath James L , Fauchet Philippe M 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHere we discuss a novel capacitive-type chemical sensor structure that uses recently discovered porous nanocrystalline silicon (pnc-Si) membranes [1] covered with metal as the capacitor plates while a polymer layer sandwiched between them serves as the sensing layer for solvent vapor detection. Pnc-Si is new ultrathin (15 nm) membrane material with pore sizes ranging from 5 to 50 nm and porosities from < 0.1 to 15 % that is fabricated using standard silicon semiconductor processing techniques. We present a study of pnc-Si membranes as a platform for such a sensor. The degree of swelling and the reversibility of the polymer/pnc-Si membrane system immersed in analyte-containing vapors are observed using optical and electrical techniques.
Hydrogenation of Phenol in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Palladium Supported on Al‐MCM‐41: A Facile Route for One‐Pot Cyclohexanone Formation
Authors: Chatterjee M. , Kawanami H. , Sato M. , Chatterjee A. , Yokoyama T. , Suzuki T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe hydrogenation of phenol has been carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) under very mild reaction conditions at the temperature of 50 °C over palladium supported Al‐MCM‐41 (metal loading ∼1%). This palladium catalyst is shown to be highly active and promotes the selective formation of cyclohexanone (∼98%), an industrially important compound, in a “one‐pot” way. The effects of different variables like carbon dioxide and hydrogen pressure, reaction time and also silica/alumina ratio of the MCM‐41 support along with palladium dispersion are presented and discussed. The pressure effect of carbon dioxide is significantly prominent in terms of conversion and cyclohexanone selectivity. Moreover, the silica/alumina ratio was also found to be an important parameter to enhance the effectiveness of the catalyst as it exhibits a remarkable increase in phenol conversion from 20.6% to 98.4% as the support changes from only silica MCM‐41 to Al‐MCM‐41. A plausible mechanism for the hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone over the palladium catalyst has been proposed. The proposition is validated by transition state calculations using density functional theory (DFT), which reveal that cyclohexanone is a favorable product and stabilized by <19 kcal mol−1 over cyclohexanol in scCO2 medium. Under similar reaction conditions, phenol hydrogenation was also carried out with rhodium, supported on Al‐MCM‐41. In contrast to the palladium catalyst, a mixture of cyclohexanone (57.8%) and cyclohexanol (42.2%) was formed. Detailed characterization by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of metal nanoparticles (palladium and rhodium) between 10–20 nm. Both the catalysts exhibit strikingly different product distributions in solventless conditions compared to scCO2. This method can also be successfully applied to the other hydroxylated aromatic compounds.
A Highly Efficient Synthesis of a Naphthalenoid Histamine‐3 Antagonist
Authors: Ku Yi‐Yin , Grieme Tim , Pu Yu‐Ming , Bhatia Ashok V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA highly efficient synthesis of the potent and selective histamine‐3 receptor antagonist 1A was accomplished in four chemical steps and a salt formation step in 36% overall yield from 6‐bromo‐2‐naphthalenol 9. The key features are a regioselective Suzuki coupling protocol for selective vinylation of 12 with potassium vinyltrifluoroborate in high yield (92%) with excellent regioselectivity (90:2) and a base‐catalyzed hydroamination reaction of 11 in an anti‐Markovnikov fashion under mild reaction conditions. An optimized copper‐catalyzed cross coupling reaction is used to incorporate the pyridazinone 4.
NETmix®, a new type of static mixer: Modeling, simulation, macromixing, and micromixing characterization
Authors: Laranjeira Paulo E. , Martins António A. , Lopes José Carlos B. , Dias Madalena M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNETmix® is a new technology for static mixing based on a network of chambers connected by channels. The NETmix® model is the basis of a flow simulator coupled with chemical reaction used to characterize macro and micromixing in structured porous media. The chambers are modeled as perfectly mixing zones and the channels as plug flow perfect segregation zones. A segregation parameter is introduced as the ratio between the channels volume and the whole network volume. Different kinetics and reactants injection schemes can be implemented. Results show that the number of rows in the flow direction and the segregation parameter control both macro and micromixing, but the degree of micromixing is also controlled by the reactants injection scheme. The NETmix® model enables the systematic study of micromixing and macromixing for different network structures and reaction schemes, enabling the design of network structures to ensure the desired yield and selectivity. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Age and energy intake interact to modify cell stress pathways and stroke outcome
Authors: Arumugam Thiruma V. , Phillips Terry M. , Cheng Aiwu , Morrell Christopher H. , Mattson Mark P. , Wan Ruiqian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveAge and excessive energy intake/obesity are risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, but it is not known if and how these factors affect the extent of brain damage and outcome in ischemic stroke. We therefore determined the interactions of age and energy intake on the outcome of ischemic brain injury, and elucidated the underlying mechanisms.MethodsWe utilized a novel microchip‐based immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis technology to measure a panel of neurotrophic factors, cytokines, and cellular stress resistance proteins in brain tissue samples from young, middle‐aged, and old mice that had been maintained on control or energy‐restricted diets prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion.ResultsMortality from focal ischemic stroke was increased with advancing age and reduced by an intermittent fasting (IF) diet. Brain damage and functional impairment were reduced by IF in young and middle‐aged mice, but not in old mice. The basal and poststroke levels of neurotrophic factors (brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor), protein chaperones (heat shock protein 70 and glucose regulated protein 78), and the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase‐1 were decreased, whereas levels of inflammatory cytokines were increased in the cerebral cortex and striatum of old mice compared with younger mice. IF coordinately increased levels of protective proteins and decreased inflammatory cytokines in young, but not in old mice.InterpretationReduction in dietary energy intake differentially modulates neurotrophic and inflammatory pathways to protect neurons against ischemic injury, and these beneficial effects of IF are compromised during aging, resulting in increased brain damage and poorer functional outcome. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:41–52
FT–NIR as a determination method for reinforcement of polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Laske Stephan , Kracalik Milan , Feuchter Michael , Pinter Gerald , Maier Günther , Märzinger Wolfgang , Haberkorn Michael , Langecker Günter Rüdiger 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLayered silicates as nanoscale fillers have a great potential in improving polymer material properties. Depending on the composite structure (agglomerated, intercalated, or exfoliated) a significantly higher level of reinforcement of the virgin polymer can be achieved with a very small amount of filler. The morphology of the composites is usually characterized by XRD and microscopic methods (e.g., transmission electron microscopy). But the level of reinforcement of nanocomposites is not always proportional to morphology (delamination level of the silicate layers). A new approach for characterizing the material reinforcement level as a consequence of melt quality is to correlate the results of extensional rheometry (level of melt strength) with those of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The advantage of the NIR technique is the suitability for in‐line implementation by using quartz based optics and optical fibers for the signal transfer from the measuring probe to the NIR spectrometer. The presented results show a direct correlation between the reinforcement level determined by rheotens measurements and the data analyzed from off‐line NIR measurements. The results of the chemometric analysis of the NIR data shows that this in‐line capable optical method provides quantitative information on the quality of the nanocomposite. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Morphology, biodegradability, mechanical, and thermal properties of nanocomposite films based on PLA and plasticized PLA
Authors: Ozkoc Guralp , Kemaloglu Sebnem 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this study, melt intercalation method is applied to prepare poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐plasticized PLA nanocomposite films including 0, 3, and 5% organoclay (Cloisite 30B) using a laboratory scale compounder, which is connected to a microcast film device. To evaluate the nanomorphology and the dispersion state of the clays, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are conducted. Tensile tests are performed to characterize the mechanical behavior of the films. Biodegradation rate is determined by degradation tests in composting medium. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is applied to observe the thermal behavior of the films. XRD and TEM show that the exfoliation predominantly occurrs in plasticized PLA nanocomposites, whereas unexfoliated agglomerates together with exfoliated clays are observed in the nonplasticized PLA. Tensile tests indicate that the addition of 3% clay to the neat‐PLA does not affect the strength; however, it enhances the modulus of the nanocomposites in comparison to neat‐PLA. Incorporation of 3% clay to the plasticized PLA improves the modulus with respect to PLA/PEG; on the other hand, the strain at break value is lowered ∼ 40%. The increase in the rate of biodegradation in composting medium is found as in the order of PLA > PLA/PEG > 3% Clay/PLA/PEG > 5% Clay/PLA/PEG > 3% Clay/PLA. DSC analysis shows that the addition of 3% clay to the neat PLA results in an increase in Tg. The addition of 20% PEG as a plasticizer to the neat‐PLA decreases Tg about 30°C, however incorporation of clays increases Tg by 4°C for the plasticized PLA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Residual monomer in superabsorbent polymers: Effects of the initiating system
Authors: Kabiri K. , Zohuriaan‐Mehr M. J. , Bouhendi H. , Jamshidi A. , Ahmad‐Khanbeigi F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMinimized residual monomer is an essential requirement particularly in hygienic, pharmaceutical, and food packaging polymer products such as superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). The present article is the first non‐patent report on the study of a highly effective polymerization variable (e.g. initiator) on the residual monomer of SAPs based on partially neutralized acrylic acid. Two persulfate systems, i.e. ammonium persulfate (APS)/sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) and APS/tetramethyl ethylenediamine (TMEDA), were examined to initiate the free‐radical polymerization at room temperature. It was shown that chromatographically measured residual monomer and swelling capacity was strongly dependent on the type and concentration of the initiator. A kinetic model was also derived to describe the experimental results. Dissociation rate of initiation system was recognized to be a key factor to obtain a SAP with low residual monomer. It was found that, in aqueous solution polymerization, the effect of a slowly dissociating system such as APS/TMEDA on decreasing the residual monomer was much higher than that of a rapidly dissociating system like APS/SMBS. Under selected conditions, residual monomer could be reduced up to 5327 ± 138 and 1715 ± 44 ppm for APS/SMBS and APS/TMEDA initiating systems, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009