bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The international lithosphere program
Authors: Flinn Edward A. 
Published: October 2011

The International Lithosphere Program is a new international interdisciplinary research program in the solid earth sciences that has been established by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) at the joint request of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). Its goal is a better understanding of the development of the earth, particularly those aspects upon which human society depends for its well‐being.The International Lithosphere Program (ILP) is a natural sequel to a series of international cooperative projects in the geosciences that began with the International Geophysical Year in 1957–58 and continued with the Upper Mantle Project in the 1960's and the International Geodynamics Project (IGP) in the 1970's. In 1977, IUGG and IUGS established an inter‐union task group to consider the possibility of a successor to the IGP for the 1980's. The task group, under cochairmen Carl Kisslinger (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado), foreign secretary of the American Geophysical Union, and J. Henning Illies (Geophysical Institute, University of Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany), invited suggestions and comments from the two unions and the national committees in the member countries. Their report, which was completed late in 1978, proposed a new project on the dynamics, origin, and evolution of the lithosphere. This proposal was approved by the IUGS Executive Committee in December 1979 and by the IUGS Council in June 1980. An inter‐union steering committee, established in 1979 under the joint chairmanship of Kisslinger and Illies, developed the organizational framework and constitution of the new program. These were approved by resolution of the ICSU Governing Board in September 1980, and the Inter‐Union Commission on the Lithosphere (ICL) was established to implement the program. National members of ICSU were urged to establish national committees and to develop internal programs for the new International Lithosphere Program.
[Comment on “Accurate clock for remote areas” by J. Bonanomi] For clock watchers
Authors: Perreault Paul D. 
Published: October 2011

Your news item in Eos (63(4), January 26, 1982, p. 129) refers to an accurate clock for remote areas that utilizes Omega signals to synchronize clocks to 0.01 s.A system utilizing GPS satellite signals is also currently available for synchronizing remote clocks to an accuracy of better than 100 ns! GPS is presently in its validation phase and can now provide worldwide time transfer capability. The very stable satellite atomic clocks are routinely monitored and correction parameters are broadcast as part of the GPS message.
Profile of an individual supporting member
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

During the past 2 years, the number of Individual Supporting Members in AGU has more than doubled. This increase in interest is primarily due to the AGU‐GIFT program and its efforts to seek the voluntary support of all members. Your response has been encouraging, and we believe the number can be doubled again in the next 18 months.Who is the typical Individual Supporting Member? The first step in the development of a “profile” was to find the age pattern. The eldest was born in 1892—Congratulations on your 90th year!—and the youngest in 1948. One would hardly expect to find a Gaussian distribution. In fact there was no evidence of a “peak,” but 50% were born between 1910 and 1930—with the median age being 62—just beginning to harvest the fruits of senior citizenship. For comparison, the median age for the total membership of AGU is 42.
Feds fund geophysical energy research
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Amid the current confusion surrounding the pending fate of the United States Department of Energy (President Reagan proposed a plan to ‘dismantle’ it), a rather large program, sometimes called ‘Physical Research in the Geosciences,’ survives in financially healthy condition. According to the recent report ‘Summary Outline of DOE Geoscience and Geoscience‐Related Research (DOE/ER‐0120, Feb. 1982), the amount of funding granted to university researchers for the current fiscal year is $16 million.In a procedure similar to other federal government unsolicited grant research proplate grams, funds are awarded to successful university applicants on the basis of research proposals. An interesting note is that apparently because of the uncertainties surrounding the futures of several federal programs, including the DOE, some researchers have assumed, incorrectly, that many sources of research funding may be discontinued. Meanwhile, program directors of the National Science Foundation have told Eos that their programs are experiencing a large increase in research proposals because investigators are apparently seeking other sources of funding. As the Office of Management Budget request for fiscal year 1983 stands at the present time, funding for geophysical energy research will be increased substantially under the Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
Joint AGU/ASLO Ocean Sciences '82 Meeting
Authors: Eppley Richard W. 
Published: October 2011

Many of the biological oceanographers within ASLO have long felt a need for greater interaction, via interdisciplinary meetings, with their counterparts in physical, chemical, and geological aspects of oceanography. Biological oceanography and marine biology, as disciplines, have many interfaces with other fields, especially limnology, evolution, terrestrial ecology, physiology and biochemistry, and fisheries, as well as those represented in AGU.Historically, the Limnological Society of America and Oceanographic Society of the Pacific fused in 1948 in part to bridge one of these principal interfaces. Most ASLO members belong to one or more additional societies, such as the Ecological Society of America, the American Society of Plant Physiology, the American Society of Zoologists, etc. In addition, many belong to regional groups and societies with interest centered on specific taxonomic groups of organisms, such as the Phycological Society of America.
[Comment on] Mollweide graticule shortcomings
Authors: McBryde F. Webster 
Published: October 2011

As a professional cartographer, with no intention of pursuing a controversy about world maps, I should like to suggest a caveat for those not versed in projections: namely, to indicate shortcomings in the Mollweide graticule.In the March 2, 1982, Eos Oceanography Report, p. 179, Arnold W. Mantyla has presented an interrupted adaptation of a Mollweide homalographic projection as being singularly suitable for plotting oceanographic data. It looks deceptively like a segmented map peeled directly from a terrestrial globe, hence almost without distortion. Even in his reduced example, however, it is readily apparent that the 20° quadrangles of parallels and meridians at the equator are considerably elongated north‐south (approximately 5.2 mm×4.3 mm, about a 20.9% excess N‐S), whereas they should be almost perfect squares, as on the globe, and on the sinusoidal, parabolic, and other preferred equal‐area projections. Even minor scale error is unacceptable near the equator, where there is no scale problem such as that seen near the poles. I cited Mollweide scale errors in 1949. (McBryde, F.W. and P.D. Thomas, Equal‐Area Projections for World Statistical Maps, Spec. Publ. 245, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Surv., Washington, D.C., 1949.)
UN adopts Law of Sea
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

After more than 8 years of diplomatic wrangling, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted on April 30 by a vote of 130 to 4. The United States, Israel, Turkey, and Venezuela voted against the treaty; 17 nations—including the Soviet Union, West Germany, and Britain—abstained.The treaty, which would give nations the exclusive rights to natural resources in the continental shelf up to approximately 650 km offshore, will be signed in December. The treaty becomes effective 1 year after at least 60 nations ratify it.
Interior order expands minerals management
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

In a surprise move on May 10, Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt ordered the consolidation of all leasing and resource management functions for the outer continental shelf (OCS) into the Minerals Management Service (MMS). Among those programs shifted to MMS are ‘all functions in direct support of the OCS program’ in the Geologic Division and in the Office of the Assistant Director for Resource Programs of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), including oil and gas resources, energy‐related hazards, and marine geology investigations. It is unclear whether research associated with the OCS leasing functions will be considered ‘direct support’ and what will happen to the research if it is so considered.Also to be shuttled to MMS are the oil‐spill trajectory functions of the Office of Earth Sciences Applications and all the functions of the Office of Policy Analysis relating to the OCS that had been transferred from the Department of Energy as a result of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act.
Registration law proposed
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A proposal has been submitted to a New Jersey state senator for a state law that would establish a noncompulsory registration program to identify qualified professional geologists and soil scientists. The proposal, which would create a registration law similar to those in other states, is supported by the membership of the Northeast Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) and by the New Jersey Association of Professional Soil Scientists (NJAPSS).The proposal, drawn up by the membership of the Northeast Section of AIPG (which includes the six New England states, New York, and New Jersey) in cooperation with NJAPSS and the New York‐Philadelphia section of the Association of Engineering Geology, has been submitted to Democratic State Senator Raymond J. Zane. The senator's staff has indicated that they will review the proposal and refine it for presentation to the entire state senate, according to Richard H. Young, vice president of AIPG's northeastern section.
Journals and books
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

During the 1980–1982 biennium the publications program was marked by an enhanced spirit of cooperation with other organizations. Several joint ventures that capitalized on the strengths of both parties were undertaken.The Geodynamics Series, which focuses on the interaction between geophysics and traditional geology, is published jointly with the Geological Society of America. This series was initiated to publish the final reports of the International Geodynamics Program and required close cooperation with the Inter‐Union Commission on Geodynamics.
Early life history: A computer analysis
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Theoretical computer calculations, based in part on measurements of ‘young’ stars obtained with an orbiting telescope, may require a reexamination of some of the basic ideas about the composition of the earth's early atmosphere and the origin of life. According to Joel S. Levine, atmospheric geophysicist at the Langley Research Center, ‘the overwhelming majority of chemical evolution experiments since the first in 1952 may have been conducted with the wrong atmospheric mixture.’Astronomical measurements indicate that considerably more ultraviolet (UV) radiation may have been emitted by the young sun in comparison to that emitted by the present sun. Therefore, high levels of such radiation from the young sun, potentially harmful to life, would have been striking the earth at the very time life was being formed.Recent photochemical calculations by Levine and others at Langley state that at the time complex organic molecules (the precursors of living systems) were first formed from atmospheric gases the earth's atmosphere was not composed primarily of methane, ammonia, and hydrogen, as was previously supposed; instead, it was composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor, all resulting from volcanic activity. The calculations indicate that both methane and ammonia were extremely short‐lived and that such an atmosphere was photochemically unstable if it existed at all.
Introduction to Groundwater Modeling: Finite Difference and Finite Element Methods
Authors: Remson Irwin 
Published: October 2011

This is the first textbook specifically designed for university courses in groundwater modeling. There are books devoted to the exposition of the mechanics of groundwater, to the mathematics of finite differences and finite elements, and to overviews of modeling technology. However, this book leads the student from elementary concepts through the mathematics and modeling procedures and to the solution of problems.The book is very readable and is aimed at the student whose preparation is limited to elementary calculus. More difficult and peripheral topics such as Anisotropy and Tensors, the Variational Method, Isoparametric Quadrilateral Elements, and Analogies are reserved for appendices.
Ariane fails
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

On September 10, 1982, a French Ariane rocket failed during launch from its maker's pads located in Kourou, Guiana, on the northern coast of South America. This was the second failure out of five attempted flights for the commercial rocket upon which the hopes and numerous payloads of ESA, the European Space Agency, are to ride. The European space community, including geophysical, commercial, and military interests, concludes that only three successes out of five attempts are not at all satisfactory (New Scientist, Sept. 16, 1982; Nature, Sept. 16, 1982).Ariane has been widely trumpeted as a strong competitor for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Delta and space shuttle launchers and as an instant, cheap solution to the problems of placing scientific and communications satellites into orbit. The costs of losing the fifth Ariane are high—on the order of $70 million, after insurance coverage. Doubts about using Ariane for future missions have been raised; when Ariane crashed into the Atlantic, it carried with it two satellites, the Marecs B, for marine communications, and the Sirio 2, an Italian telecommunications satellite. There are fears that EXOSAT, the European Space Agency's X ray astronomy observatory satellite may not make the planned flight launch window of November 1982.
The Encyclopedia of Mineralogy
Authors: Rapp George 
Published: October 2011

This volume is the tenth in the ambitious Encyclopedia of Earth Science series. In addition to the standard short encyclopedia‐style articles, it contains an alphabetical list of 3000 mineral species, groups, varieties, and mineraloids (which, following Fleischer, is called a glossary); this glossary presents basic physical and chemical properties for each entry.Editor Keith Frye has made a major effort, detailed in the preface, to assist the reader/user in avoiding many of the pitfalls in mineral nomenclature. For example, the book presents the names of valid mineral species in lower‐case italic type, the names of series or groups in boldface italic letters, while varieties (and synonyms) are set in roman typeface. The worthwhile preface also contains a list, with addresses and date of first publication, of the world's 178 most important journals where mineral data are published. Also included are lists of the important mineral reference books and textbooks on mineralogy. The articles include one on museums with a 32‐page table of museums with addresses, size of collection, and specialties.
Flooding in Midwest, East remains dry
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The record‐breaking flooding over much of the Mississippi River valley during the first week in December followed a month of generally above‐average streamflow conditions throughout much of the Midwest and the Great Plains, while streamflow in much of the Northeast and Middle Atlantic states was below average during November, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.USGS hydrologists reported that recordbreaking, 100‐year floods occurred on major streams in Arkansas, Illinois, and Missouri. Peak floodflow discharges at 17 of the gaging stations in the three‐state area were equal to or greater than a 100‐year flood. This means that, on the long‐term average, there is a less than 1% chance of a flood of this magnitude occurring in any given year.
Commercial LANDSAT?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Private industry should assume responsibility either for the United States' land satellite (LANDSAT) system or for both the land and the weather satellite systems, recommends the Land Remote Sensing Satellite Advisory Committee. The committee (Eos, June 29, 1982, p. 553), composed of representatives from academia, industry, and government, has a working group that is evaluating the potential for commercialization of remote sensing satellites.The recommendations call for industry ownership or operation of either or both of the remote sensing systems, but only up to and including the holding of raw, unprocessed data. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) currently operates LANDSAT but will be relinquishing its responsibility to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on January 31. NOAA already operates the U.S. civilian weather satellite service, which includes the NOAA‐5, NOAA‐6, and the Geostationary Operational Environmental (GOES) satellites (Eos, June 2, 1981, p. 522).
Toward a United States Arctic research policy
Authors: Roederer Juan G. 
Published: October 2011

Of all countries bordering on the Arctic, the United States is the only one without a national institute, laboratory, or any other organization devoted to the sustained planning and support of Arctic research. Up to now, the responsibility for planning, implementing, and funding Arctic research has been divided between several federal agencies, the state of Alaska, and private groups whose mandates or objectives are often unconnected.The result of this pluralistic approach to U.S. science in the Arctic is that basic research has been conducted in piecemeal fashion. Individual studies are proposed and supported separately, and their costly logistic requirements must be funded in competition with research carried out under less‐demanding environmental conditions in the rest of the country. Fundamental data‐gathering and interpretation of information has been the responsibility of public agencies whose missions are separate and whose budgets may not reflect the priorities of Arctic issues.
Wet December for nation's streams
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Much of the nation experienced a very wet December, with 60% of the key index gaging stations in parts of 23 states reporting flows within the highest 25% of record, and record high December flows were set on key index stations in at least 14 states, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.As a further indication of the wet December conditions, USGS hydrologists said that the combined flow of the nation's ‘Big Five’ rivers (Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Columbia, Ohio, and Missouri), which was boosted by runoff from rain‐swollen streams, ended the year on a wet note, averaging 1203 billion gallons a day (bgd) during December, almost twice the average for the month and the seventh straight month that flows have been above average.
Ocean data tapes
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Magnetic tape copies of the two data sets used to prepare the Southern Ocean Atlas (Eos, August 3, 1982, p. 595) are available from the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC).The atlas data set is a screened and edited set of hydrographic station data that includes 6,313 stations. The grid point data set was produced by interpolating the hydrographic data to the points of a circumpolar grid system between 30°S and 80°S with 47 standard levels in the vertical direction.
Mount Erebus activity
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

An international team of scientists reports that unusually high seismic activity joggled Mount Erebus last fall. However, the Antarctic volcano showed no external signs of an eruption.When scientists from the United States, Japan, and New Zealand returned to the world's southernmost active volcano last November for their annual field expedition, they found that seismic stations recorded 650 small tremors on October 8; prior to that, the number of quakes had averaged between 20 and 80 per day. The October 8 maximum was followed by 140 on October 9 and 120 on October 10. Philip R. Kyle, assistant professor of geochemistry at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in Socorro and leader of the team studying Mount Erebus, noted that some of the strongest earthquakes recorded during the team's 3 years of observations occurred on October 8; these registered less than 2 on the Richter scale.
Registering hydrologists
Authors: Bradley Michael D. , Buras Nathan , Davis Donald R. , Davis Stanley N. , Duckstein Lucien , Dworkin Judith M. , Ince Simon , Maddock Thomas , Neuman Shlomo P. , Simpson Eugene S. , Sorooshian Soroosh , Thompson Glenn M. 
Published: October 2011

A nationwide attempt is being made to promote an organization which calls itself ‘American Institute of Hydrology’ which will register hydrologists. The announcement which was circulated mentions that a provision is being made that those responding prior to June 30, 1983, will not be required to take an examination prior to registration.While the undersigned are not necessarily taking issue with the general concept of registration, we do object to what appears to be the almost total lack of involvement of the profession as a whole in the planning and execution of this process. To be valid, such action needs the considered advice and active involvement of representatives from the American Geophysical Union, American Society of Civil Engineers, Geological Society of America, American Water Resources Association, and all other organizations in which hydrologists make up a significant number of the membership.
NATO postdoctoral fellows
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Three of the 50 people receiving North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Postdoctoral Fellowships in Science will study geophysics or a geophysics‐related discipline. The fellowships, announced by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of State, are awarded to young scientists for full‐time postgraduate study abroad at institutions and laboratories in NATO countries or in countries that cooperate with NATO.Gordon N. Shudofsky, currently studying at Princeton University, plans to do geophysics research at the State University at Utrecht in The Netherlands. Hsueh‐tze Lee, currently at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, will study biological oceanography at the Station Zoologique, France (Villefranch‐surmer). Charles D. Whiteman, now at the Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, will study atmospheric sciences at the University of Innsbruck in Austria.
NASA budget in Congress
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

The House of Representatives has authorized $161.7 million more than President Ronald Reagan proposed for the fiscal 1984 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) budget. The House NASA authorization bill (H.R. 2065) passed by voice vote on April 26. Five days earlier, the Senate Commerce, Science, and Technology Committee marked up S. 1096, the Senate's NASA authorization bill, and recommended $171.6 million more than the Reagan proposal. The Senate is expected to vote on the bill in mid May, after which time a conference committee will iron out the differences between the House and Senate versions.President Reagan requested a total NASA budget of $7.1065 billion: $5.7085 billion for research and development, $150.5 million for construction of facilities, and $1.2475 billion for research and program management (Eos, February 15, 1983, p. 65).