bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Larval dispersion inChrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoriaandCochliomyia macellaria(Dipt., Calliphoridae)
Authors: Godoy W. A. C. , Fowler H. G. , von Zuben C. J. , Ziti L. , Ribeiro O. B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHorizontal and vertical frequency distribution of larvae in three species of Calliphoridae were studied. Correlation between horizontal and vertical dispersion and larval size was also assessed. The experiment was monitored depositing vials with larvae at one end of a cardboard box covered with wood shavings.Chrysomya megacephalaandC. putoriareached 2.9 m from the starting portion of the box.Co. macellariareached only 2.0 m from the starting portion of the box. The majority of pupae of the three species were found at 4 and 5 cm depth from the surface of the box. Correlation coefficients between pupal size and horizontal and vertical migration were usually very low, and apparently no clear pattern emerges from this data set. This study revealed variation in the dispersion patterns although the twoChrysomyaspecies are more similar in their postfeeding larval behaviour compared toCo. macellaria.
Diet selection of three grasshopper species (Orth., Acrididae), in Spanish Pyrenees
Authors: Isern‐Vallverdú J. , Cuartas P. , Pedrocchi C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe faeces content of grasshoppers (Stenobothrus stigmaticus, Omocestus haemorrhoidalis and S. nigromaculatus) living free‐range in three vegetal communities was analysed by microhistological techniques.The grasshoppers' diet were compared with available vegetation and diet overlapping among three species was determined.Monocotyl plants constituted from 92%‐100% of diet. Festuca gr. rubra was the species most selected by all grasshoppers in all areas we studied. Moreover, diet varies depending on plant communities. A high degree of diet overlapping was found. Importance of grasshoppes' diet in pasture dynamics is discussed.
Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of the limonoid toosendanin and Melia toosendan extracts on the variegated cutworm, Peridromasaucia (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Chen W. , Isman M. B. , Chiu S.‐F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAntifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of toosendanin, a limonoid allelochemical from the bark of the trees Melia toosendan and M. azedarach, were determined for the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia, using different bioassays. Toosendanin significantly deterred feeding of 2nd and 4th instar larvae in diet choice and leaf disc choice bioassays, respectively. Refined bark extracts containing 60–75% toosendanin were less deterrent than the pure compound in both bioassays. However, the 60% extract significantly inhibited growth of neonate larvae in a dose‐dependent manner when incorporated into an artificial diet, with an EC50 (concentration reducing growth by 50% relative to controls) of 42.3 ppm at 7 days. Extracts containing 60% and 75% toosendanin were more inhibitory than equivalent amounts of pure toosendanin in this chronic growth bioassay, suggesting the presence of other minor constituents which must be significantly more inhibitory, though less deterrent to feeding, than toosendanin itself. Nutritional analyses of 4th instar larvae following both oral and topical administration of toosendanin or the 75% extract confirm that both materials possess a combination of antifeedant and growth inhibitory properties.
Study of underground Adoretus versutus Har. (Col., Scarabaeidae) populations in Vanuatu: detection of cohabitation with other white grubs
Authors: Beaudoin L. , Morin J. P. , Nguyen C. , Decazy B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn the absence of any natural enemies, Adoretus versutus has become the biggest threat to cocoa plantations in Vanuatu since its accidental introduction. Its biological cycle, from the egg stage to adult emergence, takes place in the top few centimetres of soil, preferably in pastures and near the host plants on which the adults feed. Various samples taken for a study of larva population dynamics revealed that five types of white grubs were likely to cohabit. Their existence and identification have to be taken into account before any attempt is made at biological control of A. versutus.
Residence times of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hym., Aphelinidae) on tomato leaflets
Authors: van Roermund H. J. W. , van Lenteren J. C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIndividual Encarsia formosa parasitoids were observed continuously on either clean, honeydew‐contaminated or whitefly‐infested tomato leaflets until the parasitoids flew away. The residence time on clean leaflets was about 20 min at 20, 25 and 30°C, and was the same on infested leaflets when no hosts were encountered. Encounters with unparasitized and parasitized whitefly larvae, and contact with honeydew prolonged the residence time of the parasitoid on the leaflet. Even when many parasitized black whitefly pupae (unsuitable hosts) were encountered and rejected, the parasitoid was still arrested on that leaflet. Encarsia formosa's walking pattern seemed to be random, and parasitoids showed no preference for searching on the upper or lower leaf side when no hosts were encountered. There is also no preference for the edge or for the middle of a leaf. Walking and flight activity of the parasitoids was hardly observed at 15 and 18°C. Many parasitoids became inactive during periods when the barometric pressure decreased but did not when it was stable or increasing.
Variation du potentiel biotique de l'auxiliaire parasite Encarsia formosa G. (Hym., Aphelinidae) en fonction du stockage au froid 2. Du point de vue de la fecondite journaliere et de la longevite
Authors: Ganteaume A. , Tabone E. , Poinsot‐Balaguer N. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Variation in biotic potentialities of Encarsia formosa after black pupae cold storage 2. Variation in daily fecundity and longevity. Once the rates of hatching after cold storage had been tested, it was necessary to consider biotic potentialities of Encarsia formosa born from black pupae stored at low temperature. In spite of good rates of hatching, black pupae stored for 15 and 20 days at 9°C exhibited a reduction in the insects' biotic potentialities (daily fecundity and longevity). The addition of sugar providing energy during the hatching of the parasite palliates the injurious effect of the cold but the length of storage is still limited. The study shows that, on the one hand, minor variations in biotic potentialities exist due to differences in, for example, photoperiod, but that on the other hand, the stress due to the cold storage removes this variation.RésuméAprès avoir testé le pourcentage d'éclosion d'Encarsia formosa en fonction des paramètres températures el durées de stockage an froid. l'examen des potentialités biotiques des auxiliaires issus de pupes noires stockées a basse température s'imposait. Malgré des taux d'émergence performanls. le stockage des pupes 15 et 20 jours à 9° C perturbe le potentiel biotique (fécondité journalière et longevité) de l'inseete. L'ajout de sucre (substance énergétique) dès l'éclosion des parasites pallie l'effet nocif du froid mais la durée de stockage reste limitée. Il ressort de plus de cette étude, d'une part qu'il existe une variation du potentiel biotique selon les lots de parasites utilises (la photopénode apparaissant comme le principal facteur de ce changement) et d'autre part que le stress dû an froid aplanit cette variation.
Development of a bioassay method for the selection of entomopathogenic fungi virulent to the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål)
Authors: Prior C. , Carey M. , Abraham Y. J. , Moore D. , Bateman R. P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAn inoculation technique was developed to assay isolates of entomopathogenic fungi, mainly Metarhizium spp., against the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Both sexes can be used and neither feeding nor maintenance of a high humidity is necessary. Assays were routinely conducted at 35% relative humidity and 30°C. The technique uses a dose of 2–5 μl conidial suspension formulated in vegetable oil, which is applied with a micropipette or an automatic applicator beneath the dorsal pronotal shield of an adult locust 7–10 days post‐fledging. The speed of kill is dose dependent; at a dose of 3.75 × 105 conidia/g body weight (7.5 × 105 conidia/insect) chosen as a standard, locusts began dying 4 days post application. Several vegetable oils were suitable as diluents for the conidial suspensions, but neem was toxic to the insects. After inoculation, locusts had to be maintained in individual boxes. If inoculated and uninoculated insects were placed in close proximity immediately after inoculation with an oil suspension of conidia, the uninoculated insects succumbed to infection 2–3 days later than the inoculated ones, indicating transfer of inoculum.
Bark beetle (Col., Scolytidae) communities and host and site factors on tree level in Norway spruce primeval natural forest
Authors: Jakuš R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBark beetle infestations on tree level in spruce primeval natural forest in the ‘Pol'ana nad Detvou’ natural reserve in Central Slovakia were classified into communities of Hylurgops palliatus/H. glabratus, Dryocoetes hectogaphus, Ips typographus, Xylechinus pilosus, Polygraphus polygraphus and Xyloterus lineatum/Ips typographus. Effects of host and site factors in separating the bark beetle communities were quantitatively evaluated. Cluster and discriminant analyses were used. The relative influence of each factor for community separation varied among communities. The most important factors were the state of the material, canopy closure and the stage of the primeval natural forest. Dimension, stage of decay, elevation, exposure, soil acidity, potential forest vegetation type and the year of succession had statistically significant effects.
Rearing of Pseudacteon spp. (Dipt., Phoridae), parasitoids of fire ants (Solenopsis spp.) (Hym., Formicidae)
Authors: Pesquero M. A. , Porter S. D. , Fowler H. G. , Campiolo S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAfter exposure of Solenopsis saevissima colonies maintained in plastic trays to phorid attack in the field, and subsequent transfer of colonies to covered plastic buckets, we confirmed that P. wasmanni and P. litoralis are indeed parasitoids of fire ant workers. The period from attack to emergence of phorid adults ranged from 35 to 46 days. Adult phorids were maintained live in glass vials with sugar water as a food source for 5 days. These results indicate that Pseudaceton can be reared for biological control release programs with minimal difficulty. Furthermore, parasitized workers could be easily transferred from South America to quarantine laboratories within the egg to adult emergence time period.
Host specificity of Larinus minutus Gyll. (Col., Curculionidae), an agent introduced for the biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed in North America
Authors: Jordan K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe host specificity of the European seed‐head weevil Larinus minutus was investigated between 1985 and 1989 as a potential biocontrol agent of Centaurea maculosa and C. diffusa in North America. The results of adult feeding, oviposition and larval development tests with 44, 47 and 72 plant species, respectively, in nine families demonstrate its limited host range with a preference for Centaurea species in the subgenera Acrolophus, Calcitrapa and Jacea. L. minutus accepted and developed normally in the North American biotypes of both, spotted and diffuse knapweed, and was therefore recommended for introduction into the USA and Canada. Since its approval in 1991, it has been established at some field release sites.
Production of Agrotis segetum granulosis virus in different larval instars of A. segetum (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Vargas‐Osuna E. , Carranza P. , Aldebis H. K. , Santiago‐Alvarez C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractVirus yields from Agrotis segetum larvae infected in the third, fourth and fifth instar with an A. segetum granulosis virus (AsGV) were determined in terms of numbers of inclusion bodies. The number of inclusion bodies produced per larva was found to be inversely related to the instar of inoculated larvae. A greater yield of virus was obtained from larvae that had moulted after ingestion of virus inoculum than from those which died without moulting. Female larvae produced more virus than male larvae. The viruses obtained from third and fourth instar larvae had the highest regression line slopes with significant differences with respect to original inoculum. In general, the viral products were more virulent than the original inoculum but the differences were significant for viruses produced in larvae that died in the inoculation instar. The virus obtained from fifth instar larvae showed a significantly higher virulence when it was produced in male rather than female larvae.
Activity of several IGRs against Nezara viridula (L) (Hem., Pentatomidae) eggs
Authors: Canela R. , Eizaguirre M. , Arquerons X. , Estrada J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractConcentrations of 10, 1, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 μg/ml of fenoxycarb, and 10, 5 and 1 μg/ml of other IGR products were applied topically to eggs of Nezara viridula.The effects of the treatment and concentration on egg hatching were studied comparatively for each product. Whereas at 10 μg/ml all compounds almost presented 100% of mortality, at lower concentrations most of them lost their activity. Fenoxycarb among all the IGR tested was the most active compound producing 81% mortality of 0.1 μg/ml concentration.
Parasitism of egg‐batches of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep., Thaumetopoeidae) in various regions of Bulgaria1
Authors: Tsankov G. , Schmidt G. H. , Mirchev P. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract: In forests of Pinus nigra Arn. 147 egg‐batches of T. pityocampa were collected at different locations in Bulgaria in September‐October 1991 and March and June 1992. Directly after collection all batches were put singly into test tubes with cotton stoppers and stored under laboratory conditions at 20–22°C. Oviposition always started from the base towards the top of the needle. The emergence of egg parasitoids were controlled almost daily and they were counted and identified. The eggs from which parasitoids emerged were marked for further studies. After removing the scales and opening the eggs, the impact of the parasitoid species was evaluated by their meconia and remains.Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet) was observed as the most abundant egg parasitoid, followed by Anastatus bifasciatus (Fonsc.) and Baryscapus servadeii (Dom.). The hyperparasitoid, Baryscapus transversalis Graham was recorded for the first time in Bulgaria and the polyphagous species Macroneura vesicularis (Retzius) was collected in Bulgaria for the first time from an egg‐batch of T. pityocampa. Trichogramma sp. was obtained in small amounts, too. Total mortality of host eggs varied from 34% to 48%; the mortality rate due to parasitism was 24.5% to 38.9%.The emergence dynamics of the egg parasitoids was studied under laboratory conditions, and the distribution of the egg parasitoids in the egg‐batches was recorded in detail. Additionally, the structure of the meconia of A. bifasciatus and M. vesicularis was described.
Prionotheca coronata Olivier (Pimeliinae, Tenebrionidae) recognized as a new species of venerated beetles in the funerary cult of pre‐dynastic and archaic Egypt
Authors: Levinson H. , Levinson A. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The dusky, roundish and thorny beetle carcasses (figs 2, 3a‐d, 4a‐f) originating from the pre‐dynastic tomb B17 (˜4000‐3300 BC) of Diospolis parva (upper Egypt, fig. 1) and the archaic tomb 120 (˜2900 BC) of Tarkhan (lower Egypt, fig. 1) were identified as Prionotheca coronata Olivier 1795 (Pimeliinae, Tenebrionidae). This coleopteran species (fig. 4g) was named Radiant‐sun beetle due to the sun‐like appearance of its body trunk as well as its mythical significance. It is most likely that the chthonic behaviour as well as the spinous and armoured appearance of the Radiant‐sun beetle (fig. 4g) renders this species to be aposematic as well as easily remembered by an observer.Despite having been buried for ˜ 5.5 or ˜4.9 millennia respectively, the ancient beetle carcasses, kept in clay jars, were found to be remarkably well preserved (fig. 2). The beetle carcasses had been hollowed out, their head capsule, prothorax, legs and two posterior abdominal sternites had been skilfully removed by human hand, leaving empty cases with an anterior and a posterior opening (fig. 4c, d, table 1d). The exoskeletal beetle cases were kept as funerary offerings or were worn as pendants to serve as protective amulets, which were supposed to avert evil spirits from the deceased in their imaginary Underworld (d u a t).The ancient Egyptians were attentive observers of nature and knew the peculiarities of numerous vertebrate and arthropod species occurring in the Nile valley. The chthonic behaviour of Prionotheea coronata as well as the mythical concept of ‘sexless self‐generation of certain sacred animals emerging from the earth’ (cf. A m d u a t: 11th hour) could have motivated the pre‐historic and early dynastic Egyptians to worship the Radiant‐sun beetle as a divine symbol. The same view was also utilized in the adoration of the chthonic Scarabaeus (= Ateuchus) sacer Linné 1758 (Scarabaeinae, Lamellicornia, fig. 5) during the late Old Kingdom (˜2345‐2181 BC) and first Intermediate Period (˜2181‐2040 BC). It follows that Prionotheca coronata can be regarded as an ideological precursor of the Sacred scarab beetle in the religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians concerning cosmogony and resurrection (cf. A m d u a t: 12th hour, Book of Gates: final scene and Book of the Earth).
Etude du comportement de l'eudémis de la vigne Lobesia botrana Den. et Schif. (Lep., Tortricidae) à l'intérieur et l'extérieur d'une ceinture de diffuseurs
Authors: Charmillot P. J. , Pasquier D. , Alipaz N. J. , Scalco A. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Study of the vine moth Lobesia botrana Den. and Schiff. (Lep., Tortricidae) behaviour inside and outside of a dispenser belt: In 1993, BASF ampulla dispensers containing pheromone of grape vine moth L. botrana, were hung exclusively along a 16 ha rectangle in a vineyard situated at Perroy in the Lake Geneva Region. Pheromone and bait traps were distributed inside and outside of the dispenser belt. Virgin females were tethered throughout the vineyard. Tagged males were released inside the dispenser belt.During first and second generation flight periods, male catches and tethered female matings inside the dispenser belt were reduced by more than 90% compared to the outside. About 5% of the tagged males released inside the dispenser belt were caught in pheromone traps: most of them outside of the belt, some more than 800 m from the release point. First generation damage was 29.3% outside and 24.5% inside. Compared to reduction of catches in traps or matings by tethered females, damage reduction inside the belt was low: on the average 16.5%. However, this trial shows that mating disruption techniques could eventually be conducted by distributing a high density of dispensers along the edge, and by adding a large spaced grid of dispensers inside vineyards.
Effects of gall formation by Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hym., Cynipidae) on the growth of chestnut trees
Authors: Kato K. , Hijii N. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEffects of gall formation by Dryocosmus kuriphilus on the growth of the Japanese chestnut tree (Castanea crenaia) were investigated from 1988 to 1989 using 15 wild trees. Mean leaf area on galled shoots currently expanded was about a half that on ungalled shoots. Galled shoots were lower than ungalled shoots both in biomass ratio of leaf/shoot and in mean number of winter buds per shoot. Bud expansion on galled shoots was less successful. Total biomass of current shoots diminished under heavy infestation with D. kuriphilus. Thus, D. kuriphilus not only retarded the development of photosynthetic organs but also reduced the biomass production of host trees in the next year. This may be a causal mechanism of biomass decline in gall‐infested trees.
Insect predation and seasonal seedfall of the Japanese beech, Fagus crenata Blume, in northern Japan
Authors: Igarashi Y. , Kamata N. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe relationship between seasonal changes in seedfall pattern of the Japanese beech, Fagus crenata, and insect damage to the trees is discussed. Twenty‐six lepidopteran species and one dipteran species were found during a 7‐year study. Insect damage was classified into two categories: feeding by seed insects and feeding by foliage insects. The latter was speculated to occur by chance. Twenty‐three lepidopteran species were identified as foliage feeders and, except for Venusia phasma, their densities were small. There were four seed insects: three Lepidoptera and one Diptera. Because Pseudopammene fagivora was the most abundant in all study plots, this seemed to be the most important insect species related to the seed survival of the Japanese beech. Insect damage was observed early in the season from the time of flowering until mid‐June, except that by two seed insects, P. fagivora and an unidentified lepidopteran of the family Gelechiidae. Most of the seeds infested by insects fell by the end of July. Seedfall throughout the season should be investigated in order to fully understand the interaction between seed production and insect infestation.
Forecasting of periodic fluctuations in annual abundance of the bean aphid: the role of density dependence and weather
Authors: Thacker J. I. , Thieme T. , Dixon A. F. G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLinear regression models have been constructed to describe variation in abundance of Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae and Acyrthosiphon pisum populations in Rostock, Germany. Egg densities, which have been used successfully in the past to predict A. fabae outbreaks, were not found to be a significant predictor of summer population size. Linear regression models that described existing data well were on the whole poor at predicting future patterns. Apparent delayed density dependence has been shown to be an artefact of the weather patterns that occurred between 1980 and 1992. It is hypothesized that much of the variation in A. fabae densities in the summer is due to variable rainfall and thus food quality for the aphid at budburst of spindle, the primary host. The importance of food quality in spring appears to be similar for M. persicae. It is not year clear what determines changes in the year‐to‐year abundance of A. pisum. The results are discussed with reference to the entire philosophical framework of multiple‐regression forecasting.
Suitability of pupae of the stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lep., Pyralidae) of various ages for parasitism by Pediobius furus (Gahan) (Hym., Eulophidae)
Authors: Duale A. H. , Nwilene F. E. , Okwakpam B. A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe influence of the age of host (Chilo partellus) pupae on parasitoid Pediobius furvus fecundity, developmental period, progeny production, and sex ratio is reported. The extent of parasitism was determined from the proportions of parasitoid emergence to host adults recorded. Host age was found to be an important factor in development of immature of P. furvus with greater emergence from younger hosts, and C. partellus pupae over 5‐day‐old being rejected by the gravid female parasitoid. The result showed that both acceptability and suitability of C. partellus pupae drop off after 2 days, and to zero after 4 days. However, the host ages that are accepted by the parasitoid appear to be fairly wide.