bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strain and its correlates among carers of people with dementia in low‐income and middle‐income countries. A 10/66 Dementia Research Group population‐based survey
Authors: Prince Martin , Brodaty Henry , Uwakwe Richard , Acosta Daisy , Ferri Cleusa P , Guerra Mariella , Huang Yueqin , Jacob KS , Llibre Rodriguez Juan J. , Salas Aquiles , Sosa Ana Luisa , Williams Joseph D. , Jotheeswaran AT , Liu Zhaorui 
Published: March 2012

ObjectivesIn a multi‐site population‐based study in several middle‐income countries, we aimed to investigate relative contributions of care arrangements and characteristics of carers and care recipients to strain among carers of people with dementia. Based on previous research, hypotheses focused on carer sex, care inputs, behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) and socioeconomic status, together with potential buffering effects of informal support and employing paid carers.MethodsIn population‐based catchment area surveys in 11 sites in Latin America, India and China, we analysed data collected from people with dementia and care needs, and their carers. Carer strain was assessed with the Zarit Burden Interview.ResultsWith 673 care recipient/carer dyads interviewed (99% of those eligible), mean Zarit Burden Interview scores ranged between 17.1 and 27.9 by site. Women carers reported more strain than men. The most substantial correlates of carer strain were primary stressors BPSD, dementia severity, needs for care and time spent caring. Socioeconomic status was not associated with carer strain. Those cutting back on work experienced higher strain. There was tentative evidence for a protective effect of having additional informal or paid support.ConclusionsOur findings underline the global impact of caring for a person with dementia and support the need for scaling up carer support, education and training. That giving up work to care was prevalent and associated with substantial increased strain emphasizes the economic impact of caring on the household. Carer benefits, disability benefits for people with dementia and respite care should all be considered. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical illness-related bone loss is associated with osteoclastic and angiogenic abnormalities
Authors: Owen Helen C , Vanhees Ineke , Solie Lien , Roberts Scott J , Wauters Andy , Luyten Frank P , Van Cromphaut Sophie , Van den Berghe Greet 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Critically ill patients are at increased risk of fractures during rehabilitation, and can experience impaired healing of traumatic and surgical bone fractures. In addition, markers of bone resorption are markedly increased in critically ill patients, while markers of bone formation are decreased. In the current study, we have directly investigated the effect of critical illness on bone metabolism and repair. In a human in vitro model of critical illness, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis revealed an increase in circulating CD14+/CD11b+ osteoclast precursors in critically ill patient peripheral blood compared to healthy controls. In addition, the formation of osteoclasts was increased in patient peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures compared to healthy controls, both in the presence and absence of osteoclastogenic factors receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Culturing PBMCs with 10% critically ill patient serum further increased osteoclast formation and activity in patient PBMCs only, and neutralization studies revealed that immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody signaling through the immunoreceptor Fc receptor common γ chain III (FcRγIII) played an important role. When analyzing bone formation, no differences in osteogenic differentiation were observed using human periosteal-derived cells (hPDCs) treated with patient serum in vitro, but a decrease in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGF-R1) suggested impaired vascularization. This was confirmed using serum-treated hPDCs implanted onto calcium phosphate scaffolds in a murine in vivo model of bone formation, where decreased vascularization and increased osteoclast activity led to a decrease in bone formation in scaffolds with patient serum-treated hPDCs. Together, these findings may help to define novel therapeutic targets to prevent bone loss and optimize fracture healing in critically ill patients. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A single-dose study of denosumab in patients with various degrees of renal impairment
Authors: Block Geoffrey A , Bone Henry G , Fang Liang , Lee Edward , Padhi Desmond 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This 16-week study evaluated pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of denosumab in 55 subjects with renal function ranging from normal to dialysis-dependent kidney failure. Participants received a single 60-mg subcutaneous dose of denosumab. Kidney function groups were based on calculations using the Cockcroft-Gault equation and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance in place when the study was designed. Renal function did not have a significant effect on denosumab pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. These findings suggest denosumab dose adjustment based on glomerular filtration rate is not required. Rapid decreases in serum C-telopeptide in all groups were sustained throughout the study. The most common adverse events were hypocalcemia (15%), pain in extremity (15%), and nausea (11%). Most adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation was not initially required by the study protocol, but was added during the trial. No subject who received adequate calcium and vitamin D supplementation became hypocalcemic. Seven subjects had nadir serum calcium concentrations between 7.5 and &lt;8.0 mg/dL (1.9 and &lt;2.0 mmol/L), and 5 subjects (4 with advanced renal disease) had nadir serum calcium &lt;7.5 mg/dL (&lt;1.9 mmol/L). Two subjects (1 symptomatic, 1 asymptomatic) were hospitalized for intravenous calcium gluconate treatment. At the recommended dose, denosumab is a useful therapeutic option for patients with impaired renal function. Supplementation of calcium and vitamin D is strongly recommended when patients initiate denosumab therapy, particularly in patients with reduced renal function. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The interindividual variation in femoral neck width is associated with the acquisition of predictable sets of morphological and tissue-quality traits and differential bone loss patterns
Authors: Epelboym Yan , Gendron R Nicholas , Mayer Jillian , Fusco Joseph , Nasser Philip , Gross Gary , Ghillani Richard , Jepsen Karl J 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A better understanding of femoral neck structure and age-related bone loss will benefit research aimed at reducing fracture risk. We used the natural variation in robustness (bone width relative to length) to analyze how adaptive processes covary traits in association with robustness, and whether the variation in robustness affects age-related bone loss patterns. Femoral necks from 49 female cadavers (29–93 years of age) were evaluated for morphological and tissue-level traits using radiography, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, micro–computed tomography, and ash-content analysis. Femoral neck robustness was normally distributed and varied widely with a coefficient of variation of 14.9%. Age-adjusted partial regression analysis revealed significant negative correlations (p &lt; 0.05) between robustness and relative cortical area, cortical tissue-mineral density (Ct.TMD), and trabecular bone mineral density (Ma.BMD). Path analysis confirmed these results showing that a one standard deviation (SD) increase in robustness was associated with a 0.70 SD decrease in RCA, 0.47 SD decrease in Ct.TMD, and 0.43 SD decrease in Ma.BMD. Significantly different bone loss patterns were observed when comparing the most slender and most robust tertiles. Robust femora showed significant negative correlations with age for cortical area (R2 = 0.29, p &lt; 0.03), Ma.BMD (R2 = 0.34, p &lt; 0.01), and Ct.TMD (R2 = 0.4, p &lt; 0.003). However, slender femora did not show these age-related changes (R2 &lt; 0.09, p &gt; 0.2). The results indicated that slender femora were constructed with a different set of traits compared to robust femora, and that the natural variation in robustness was a determinant of age-related bone loss patterns. Clinical diagnoses and treatments may benefit from a better understanding of these robustness-specific structural and aging patterns. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The burden of illness of osteoporosis in Canadian men
Authors: Tarride Jean-Eric , Guo Na , Hopkins Robert , Leslie William D , Morin Suzanne , Adachi Jonathan D , Papaioannou Alexandra , Bessette Louis , Brown Jacques P , Goeree Ron 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
There is a dearth of information about the burden of osteoporosis in Canadian men. To fill this gap, we conducted a burden of illness study aimed at estimating the economic burden attributable to osteoporosis in Canadian men aged 50 years and older. Five national data sources were used to estimate health care resource utilization and costs (in 2010 Canadian dollars) associated with osteoporosis in men. Any information gap was supplemented by using data from provincial and community sources. Direct medical costs included costs associated with hospitalizations, same day surgeries, emergency room visits, rehabilitation, chronic care, long-term care, home care, physician visits, and prescribed medications. The value of lost productivity from patients and informal caregivers was also determined to provide a societal perspective. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of key assumptions on the results. In fiscal year 2007/2008, the total economic burden of treating and rehabilitating male osteoporotic fractures was estimated at $570 million per year, where direct medical costs accounted for 86%. Acute care utilization was responsible for 70% of all direct costs. About 51% of all hospitalizations were for hip fractures and hip fractures alone accounted for 54% of the acute care spending. If a proportion of Canadian men were assumed to live in long-term care facilities due to osteoporosis, the overall annual cost of osteoporosis would increase from $570 million to $910 million. Male osteoporosis has a substantial economic burden on the Canadian society. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Energy expenditure and bone formation share a common sensitivity to AP-1 transcription in the hypothalamus
Authors: Rowe Glenn C , Vialou Vincent , Sato Kazusa , Saito Hiroaki , Yin Min , Green Thomas A , Lotinun Sutada , Kveiborg Marie , Horne William C , Nestler Eric J , Baron Roland 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The regulation of bone and fat homeostasis and its relationship to energy expenditure has recently been the focus of increased attention because of its potential relevance to osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes. Although central effectors within the hypothalamus have been shown to contribute to the regulation of both energy balance and bone homeostasis, little is known of the underlying mechanisms, including the possible involvement of transcriptional factors within the hypothalamus. Transgenic mice overexpressing ΔFosB, a splice variant of the AP-1 transcription factor FosB with mixed agonist-antagonistic properties, have increased energy expenditure and bone mass. Because these mice express ΔFosB in bone, fat, and hypothalamus, we sought to determine 1) whether overexpression of ΔFosB within the hypothalamus was sufficient to regulate energy expenditure and whether it would also regulate bone mass, and 2) whether these effects were the result of antagonism to AP-1. Our results show that stereotactic injection of an adeno-associated virus vector to restrict overexpression of ΔFosB to the ventral hypothalamus of wild-type mice induced a profound increase in both energy expenditure and bone formation and bone mass. This effect was phenocopied, at an even stronger level, by overexpression of a dominant-negative DNJunD, a pure AP-1 antagonist. Taken together, these results suggest that downregulation of AP-1 activity in the hypothalamus profoundly increases energy expenditure and bone formation, leading to both a decrease in adipose mass and an increase in bone mass. These findings may have physiological implications because ΔFosB is expressed and regulated in the hypothalamus. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Enzyme replacement prevents enamel defects in hypophosphatasia mice
Authors: Yadav Manisha C , de Oliveira Rodrigo Cardoso , Foster Brian L , Fong Hanson , Cory Esther , Narisawa Sonoko , Sah Robert L , Somerman Martha , Whyte Michael P , Millán José Luis 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is the inborn error of metabolism characterized by deficiency of alkaline phosphatase activity, leading to rickets or osteomalacia and to dental defects. HPP occurs from loss-of-function mutations within the gene that encodes the tissue-nonspecific isozyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). TNAP knockout (Alpl−/−, aka Akp2−/−) mice closely phenocopy infantile HPP, including the rickets, vitamin B6-responsive seizures, improper dentin mineralization, and lack of acellular cementum. Here, we report that lack of TNAP in Alpl−/− mice also causes severe enamel defects, which are preventable by enzyme replacement with mineral-targeted TNAP (ENB-0040). Immunohistochemistry was used to map the spatiotemporal expression of TNAP in the tissues of the developing enamel organ of healthy mouse molars and incisors. We found strong, stage-specific expression of TNAP in ameloblasts. In the Alpl−/− mice, histological, µCT, and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed reduced mineralization and disrupted organization of the rods and inter-rod structures in enamel of both the molars and incisors. All of these abnormalities were prevented in mice receiving from birth daily subcutaneous injections of mineral-targeting, human TNAP at 8.2 mg/kg/day for up to 44 days. These data reveal an important role for TNAP in enamel mineralization and demonstrate the efficacy of mineral-targeted TNAP to prevent enamel defects in HPP. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Urine and Serum Cathepsin B Concentrations in the Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: Kotaska Karel , Dusek Pavel , Prusa Richard , Vesely Stepan , Babjuk Marek 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundIt has been shown that expression and activity of lysosomal proteolytic enzymes (i.e., cathepsin B) correlate with tumor progression in various neoplasms. We investigate possible correlation of cathepsin B concentrations with grading and invasivity of tumorous bladder tissue.MethodCathepsin B concentrations in serum and urine were measured in 40 patients (29 men, 11 women, mean age 68 years) with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder without metastases and in control group of 64 healthy subjects (28 men, 36 women, mean age 55 years) using commercially available enzymatic immunoassay. Concentration of cathepsin B in urine was adjusted on creatinine. Urinary creatinine in all samples was measured by enzymatic creatinase method. Patients were divided into groups according to the grading (low grading: 18 patients, high grading: 22 patients) and invasivity of the carcinoma (nonmuscle‐invasive tumors: 23 patients, invasive tumors: 17 patients).ResultConcentrations of cathepsin B in urine were significantly elevated in patients than in control group (Median = 3.87 μg/L vs. 1.35 μg/L, P = 0.0002). Similarly, the ratio of U‐cathepsin B/creatinine was significantly higher in patients (Median: 0.44 μg/mmol creatinine vs. 0.17 μg/mmol creatinine, P < 0.0001). U‐cathepsin B may prove to be useful biomarker (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.72 and 0.73 for the U‐cathepsin B/creatinine ratio, respectively). S‐cathepsin B significantly correlated with grading of carcinoma (P = 0.02) and U‐cathepsin B and U‐cathepsin B/creatinine are positively associated with invasive tumors (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.002).ConclusionCathepsin B concentrations correlate well with grading and invasivity of tumors and may have diagnostic value in investigation of bladder cell carcinoma. New index U‐cathepsin B/Creatinine ratio is more appropriate biomarker to monitor TCC, than U‐cathepsin B so far.
Albuminuria, Proteinuria, and Urinary Albumin to Protein Ratio in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Wu Men‐Tai , Lam King‐Kwan , Lee Wen‐Chin , Hsu Kao‐Tai , Wu Chien‐Hsing , Cheng Ben‐Chung , Ng Hwee‐Yeong , Chi Po‐Jui , Lee Yueh‐Ting , Lee Chien‐Te 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundBoth albuminuria and proteinuria are important disease markers of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Their relationship and the ratio between urinary albumin and protein in patients with CKD have not been investigated. Whether clinical features can affect these measurements is not clear.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study in 602 CKD patients. Demographic data, including age, gender, and co‐morbidity such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia, were reviewed and recorded. Their urinary albumin, total protein, and creatinine were determined and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR), total protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR), and albumin to total protein ratio (UAPR) were calculated. Their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated according to serum creatinine. The correlation between UACR and UPCR was thus analyzed. We also investigated factors associated with these urinary measurements.ResultsUACR and UPCR increased progressively as renal function deteriorated, while UAPR increased to a plateau in CKD stage 4. There was direct relationship between UACR and UPCR. UAPR rose exponentially with the increase of both UACR and UPCR when UACR <500 mg/g or UPCR <1,000 mg/g. Multivariate regression analysis revealed diabetes and hyperuricemia were associated with increased UACR and UPCR, while both urinary parameters were inversely related to male gender and eGFR. Diabetes and hyperuricemia were associated with increased UAPR and UAPR was negatively correlated with age and eGFR.ConclusionThere was a significant association between UACR and UPCR in patients with CKD. Characteristics of patients, renal function, and co‐morbidities all affected UACR, UPCR, and UAPR.
Imbalance of Circulating T‐Lymphocyte Subpopulation in COPD and its Relationship with CAT Performance
Authors: Chen Cheng , Shen Yu , Ni Chong‐Jun , Zhu Ye‐Han , Huang Jian‐An 
Published: March 2012

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with systemic effects, and T‐cell‐mediated immunity was involved in the COPD. COPD Assessment Test (CAT) could provide a valid, reliable, and standardized measure of COPD health status. The objective of this study was determination of lymphocyte subpopulation in patients with stable COPD (n = 52) and to ascertain if a relationship existed between T‐lymphocyte subpopulation and CAT performance. The stable COPD patients were assessed with CAT, and divided into four groups with score >30 (n = 8), 20< score ≤30 (n = 16), 10< score ≤20 (n = 20), and score ≤10 (n = 8). Spearman's rank correlation was used to determine the relationship between proportion of T lymphocyte and CAT score. We found an elevated proportion of CD8+ cells in COPD patients of the group with score >30 compared to other groups. Proportion of CD4+ cells was significantly lower in the groups with score >30 and 20< score ≤30 when compared to groups with 10< score ≤20 and score ≤10. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio was also significantly lower in the groups with score >30 and 20< score ≤30. Of note are the correlations of proportion of CD8+ cells and CD4+:CD8+ ratio with CAT performance when score >20. No correlations existed between proportion of CD4+, CD8+ cells, CD4+:CD8+ ratio, and CAT performance when score ≤20. Our results show that the determinants of T‐lymphocyte subpopulation in COPD patients were value to assess physical conditions. We considered CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes to be a representative and stable parameter in grading of health status in COPD patients.
Influence of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Homocysteine and Nitric Oxide Levels: As Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Fallah Soudabeh , Nouroozi Vajihe , Seifi Morteza , Samadikuchaksaraei Ali , Aghdashi Elaheh Mokhtarned 
Published: March 2012

PurposeElevation of homocysteine levels have been involved as a remarkable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) may result in abnormal reactions between the vessel wall and platelets and is thus involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. We aimed to assess the effect of a low dose oral contraceptive pills on homocysteine and NO levels which may influence the individual cardiovascular risk by regulation of endothelial function and development of atherosclerosis.MethodsThe study was conducted in 50 healthy women with normal menstrual cycles as control group and 50 healthy women receiving oral contraceptive pill for at least three menstrual cycles. Homocysteine concentration was assayed by an enzyme immunoassay method and a colorimetric assay was used for determination of NO levels.ResultsAfter 3 months of treatment, homocysteine levels were significantly increased (P = 0.027), and there was a significant and considerable decrease (P = 0.048) in NO concentration of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) consumers.ConclusionsOur data indicates that OCPs increase the homocysteine (HCY) and reduce the NO levels. These findings warrant a possible implication of OCP in change of risk of development of coronary heart disease.
Chemical compositions of the marine algae Gracilaria salicornia (Rhodophyta) and Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) as a potential food source
Authors: Tabarsa Mehdi , Rezaei Masoud , Ramezanpour Zohreh , Waaland Joseph Robert 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The nutritional compositions of two edible red (Gracilaria salicornia) and green (Ulva lactuca) seaweeds were determined to evaluate their possible uses as potential food ingredients.RESULTS: In general, these species contained limited amounts of lipids ranging between 0.99 and 2.00 g 100 g−1 dry weight) and considerably high amount of minerals, especially in G. salicornia (38.91 g 100 g−1 d.w.). The crude protein values varied between 9.58 and 10.69 g 100 g−1 d.w. Amounts for total amino acids were 889.78 ± 22.64 mg g−1 protein d.w. in G. salicornia and 543.3 ± 15.14 mg g−1 protein d.w. in U. lactuca. The most abundant fatty acids were C12:0, C16:0, C20:4 ω6 and C22:5 ω3, in addition to C18:1 in G. salicornia. Both seaweed species were balanced sources of ω3 and ω6 fatty acids with a ratio of ω6/ω3 that varied between 1.2 and 1.17. Between the seaweeds investigated, high levels of K (2414.02‐11 380.06 mg 100 g−1 d.w.) were observed and the amounts of Ca, Na and Fe were higher than those reported for land plants.CONCLUSIONS: Thus, G. salicornia and U. lactuca may be utilised as value‐added products for human nutrition purposes. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry