bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing Adverse Effects from UV Sunscreens by Zeolite Encapsulation: Comparison of Oxybenzone in Solution and in Zeolites
Authors: Chrétien Michelle N. , Heafey Eve , Scaiano Juan C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOxybenzone (OXB) is one of the most widely employed sunscreen ingredients, yet its allowed load is limited to a maximum of 6% reflecting the frequency with which adverse effects are reported. From a spectroscopic point of view, OXB has excellent absorption properties in both the UVB and UVA regions. We propose that zeolite encapsulation can lead to a sunscreen composite ingredient, that we describe as a supramolecular sunscreen, that will retain the excellent spectroscopic properties of OXB, while preventing contact between the skin and the active ingredient. OXB is very photostable, with the only photodegradative pathway observed being the monophotonic photoejection of electrons that leads to trace yields of phenoxyl radicals; this trace reaction is so minor that it cannot be detected from the recovery of unreacted OXB following UV exposure. Solution, as well as powder and in vitro studies of the supramolecular sunscreen, demonstrate that the protective properties of OXB are totally preserved when encapsulated in zeolite NaY.
Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the intensively cultivated agricultural landscape of Northern China – implications for biodiversity conservation
Authors: LIU YUNHUI , AXMACHER JAN C. , WANG CHANGLIU , LI LIANGTAO , YU ZHENRONG 
Published: November 2009

Abstract. 1. In the intensively cultivated major crop production areas of China, large knowledge gaps still prevail with regard to the current status of biodiversity in general, and especially in relation to agriculture management and planting patterns. Effective measures for species conservation are hence widely lacking.2. The diversity of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages was compared between intensively managed wheat/maize fields, cotton monocultures, lawns, orchards and semi‐natural woodland located in Quzhou county, a typical, intensively managed agricultural region in the North China Plain.3. Although significant differences were found in species composition between different habitats, diversity of ground beetles in non‐cropping sites was not significantly higher than in intensively managed wheat/maize double‐cropping fields, while cotton monocultures had a significant lower carabid diversity. A combination of intensively managed wheat/maize double‐cropping fields with orchards appears to preserve substantial proportions of ground beetle diversity.4. To conserve the full spectrum of beetle species currently observed in the agricultural landscape of the North China Plain, the creation of both diverse habitats and a diversity of cropping systems are important, which includes a strengthening of less intensive farming practices.
Movement characteristics of the Scarce Blue‐tailed Damselfly, Ischnura pumilio
Authors: ALLEN KATHERINE A. , THOMPSON DAVID J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.  1. The Scarce Blue‐tailed Damselfly, Ischnura pumilio, is threatened in the UK and exists in small, transient colonies. Consequently, little is known about its dispersal characteristics. This study investigates movement in two contrasting habitats with the aim of informing conservation management on a landscape scale.2. Mark‐release‐recapture studies were performed at an established colony in the New Forest and a smaller population in the Red River valley in southern England. A total of 2304 individuals was marked.3. Ischnura pumilio was found to be exceptionally sedentary. Mean gross lifetime movement was 56 m and 43% of individuals moved <50 m in their lifetime. Movements over 150 m were very rare. Maximum lifetime movement was 1165 m. As such, I. pumilio is the most sedentary odonate studied in the UK to date.4. Movement was inversely density dependent, which has important conservation implications if individuals attempt to emigrate from small populations because of low density. The presence of parasitic mites (Hydryphantes sp.) significantly increased movement distance.5. Ischnura pumilio had a low dispersal probability compared to other damselflies. As the smallest British odonate, this is in keeping with the relationship between size and dispersal found across taxa.6. Ischnura pumilio has been regarded as a ‘wandering opportunist’ due to its tendency to appear in locations far from known sites. However, this study suggests that long range movement rarely occurs from prime habitat that is maintained in an early successional stage. This has implications for the conservation of the species in the UK.
How overworked are pathologists? An assessment of cases for histopathology and cytopathology services
Authors: Yoon Hye Kyoung , Diwa Michele H , Lee Youn Soo , Kim Gwangil , Song Sang Yong , Lee Kyoung Bun , Kim Han Kyeom , Han Woon Sup , Seo Jeong‐Wook 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT Background and aim: The objective of this paper is to evaluate the workload of staff in anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories in Korea. Methods: A survey was conducted at 197 AP laboratories in South Korea, these were categorized as 37 free standing laboratories, 14 laboratories in non‐training hospitals (without residents), 79 in training hospitals (with residents), and 67 in university hospitals. The workloads of the staff were analyzed using the mean and standard deviation of the number of cases. Results: In total, there were 512 pathologists, 806 technicians and 205 cytopathology screeners. In a year, they processed a total of 3,150,261 histopathology cases and 4,115,420 cytopathology cases. The numbers of histopathology cases per pathologist or technician in one laboratory were 6,950 ± 6,748 and 4,074 ± 3,630, respectively. There were 109 laboratories that employed 205 cytoscreeners in addition to the 308 pathologists, where a cytoscreener read 14,780 ± 13,110 cases of cytopathology. However, in 88 laboratories, there were 132 pathologists who were not assisted by cytoscreeners, where a pathologist was reading 4,277 ± 3,033 cases of cytopathology. Conclusion: We propose a mean plus a standard deviation as a recommended guideline for staff workload at each laboratory setting to be used for a quality assurance program.
Impact of protein concentrate coproducts on net land requirement for European biofuel production
Authors: LYWOOD WARWICK , PINKNEY JOHN , COCKERILL SAM 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA methodology is proposed for calculating the net land area requirement for European biofuels, accounting for the substitution impact of animal feed protein coproducts such as dried distillers grains and solubles (DDGS) and rape meal. For example, when bioethanol is produced from cereal grain starch, grain protein is preserved in the DDGS coproduct. Each tonne of wheat DDGS has the potential to replace 0.59 tonnes of soy meal and 0.39 tonnes of cereals in EU animal feed, and the land area required for soy and cereal feed production offsets much of the land requirement for wheat bioethanol feedstock. While the land area needed for bioethanol from feed wheat in North West Europe is 0.40 ha t−1, the net requirement after accounting for coproducts is just 0.03ha t−1 of bioethanol produced, 6% of the gross land requirement. Calculated in this way, the net land area required to produce biofuel from EU cereal, rapeseed and sugar beet crops is much lower than the gross land requirement, and from cereal and sugar beet crops is less than the land requirement of biofuel from oil palm and sugar cane.
Survival and transfer ability of phylogenetically diverse bacterial endosymbionts in environmental Acanthamoeba isolates
Authors: Matsuo Junji , Kawaguchi Kouhei , Nakamura Shinji , Hayashi Yasuhiro , Yoshida Mitsutaka , Takahashi Kaori , Mizutani Yoshihiko , Yao Takashi , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2009

SummaryObligate intracellular bacteria are commonly found as endosymbionts of acanthamoebae; however, their survival in and ability to transfer to amoebae are currently uncharacterized. In this study, six bacterial endosymbionts, found in five environmental Acanthamoeba isolates (S13, R18, S23, S31, S40) from different locations of Sapporo city, Japan, were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that three bacterial endosymbionts (eS23, eS31, eS40a) belonged to α‐ and β‐Proteobacteria phyla and the remaining endosymbionts (eS13, eR18, eS40b) belonged to the order Chlamydiales. The Acanthamoeba isolate (S40) contained two phylogenetically different bacterial endosymbionts (eS40a, eS40b). Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis showed that all bacterial endosymbionts were diffusely localized within amoebae. Transmission electron microscopy also showed that the endosymbionts were rod‐shaped (eS23, eS31, eS40a) or sphere‐ or crescent‐shaped (eS13, eR18, eS40b). No successful culture of these bacteria was achieved using conventional culture methods, but the viability of endosymbionts was confirmed by live/dead staining and RT‐PCR methods. However, endosymbionts (except eR18) derived from original host cells lost the ability to be transferred to another Acanthamoebae strains [ATCC strain (C3), environmental strains (S14, R23, S24)]. Thus, our data demonstrate that phylogenetically diverse bacterial endosymbionts found in amoebae maintain a stable interaction with amoebae, but the transferability is limited.
Some Characterizations for a Family of Nonexpansive Mappings and Convergence of a Generated Sequence to Their Common Fixed Point
Authors: Kimura Yasunori , Nakajo Kazuhide 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMotivated by the method of Xu (2006) and Matsushita and Takahashi (2008), we characterize the set of all common fixed points of a family of nonexpansive mappings by the notion of Mosco convergence and prove strong convergence theorems for nonexpansive mappings and semigroups in a uniformly convex Banach space.
Fibroblast Hepatocyte Growth Factor Promotes Invasion of Human Mammary Ductal Carcinoma In situ
Authors: Jedeszko Christopher , Victor Bernadette C. , Podgorski Izabela , Sloane Bonnie F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Stromal-derived hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) acting through its specific proto-oncogene receptor c-Met has been suggested to play a paracrine role in the regulation of tumor cell migration and invasion. The transition from preinvasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast carcinoma is marked by infiltration of stromal fibroblasts and the loss of basement membrane. We hypothesized that HGF produced by the infiltrating fibroblasts may alter proteolytic pathways in DCIS cells, and, to study this hypothesis, established three-dimensional reconstituted basement membrane overlay cocultures with two human DCIS cell lines, MCF10.DCIS and SUM102. Both cell lines formed large dysplastic structures in three-dimensional cultures that resembled DCIS in vivo and occasionally developed invasive outgrowths. In coculture with HGF-secreting mammary fibroblasts, the percentage of DCIS structures with invasive outgrowths was increased. Activation of c-Met with conditioned medium from HGF-secreting fibroblasts or with recombinant HGF increased the percentage of DCIS structures with invasive outgrowths, their degradation of collagen IV, and their secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor. In agreement with the in vitro findings, coinjection with HGF-secreting fibroblasts increased invasiveness of MCF10.DCIS xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Our study shows that paracrine HGF/c-Met signaling between fibroblasts and preinvasive DCIS cells enhances the transition to invasive carcinomas and suggests that three-dimensional cocultures are appropriate models for testing therapeutics that target tumor microenvironment-enhanced invasiveness. [Cancer Res 2009;69(23):9148–55]
Radioimmunotherapy of Breast Cancer Metastases with α-Particle Emitter 225Ac: Comparing Efficacy with 213Bi and 90Y
Authors: Song Hong , Hobbs Robert F. , Vajravelu Ravy , Huso David L. , Esaias Caroline , Apostolidis Christos , Morgenstern Alfred , Sgouros George 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
α-Particles are suitable to treat cancer micrometastases because of their short range and very high linear energy transfer. α-Particle emitter 213Bi-based radioimmunotherapy has shown efficacy in a variety of metastatic animal cancer models, such as breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers. Its clinical implementation, however, is challenging due to the limited supply of 225Ac, high technical requirement to prepare radioimmunoconjugate with very short half-life (T1/2 = 45.6 min) on site, and prohibitive cost. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of the α-particle emitter 225Ac, parent of 213Bi, in a mouse model of breast cancer metastases. A single administration of 225Ac (400 nCi)–labeled anti-rat HER-2/neu monoclonal antibody (7.16.4) completely eradicated breast cancer lung micrometastases in ∼67% of HER-2/neu transgenic mice and led to long-term survival of these mice for up to 1 year. Treatment with 225Ac-7.16.4 is significantly more effective than 213Bi-7.16.4 (120 μCi; median survival, 61 days; P = 0.001) and 90Y-7.16.4 (120 μCi; median survival, 50 days; P &lt; 0.001) as well as untreated control (median survival, 41 days; P &lt; 0.0001). Dosimetric analysis showed that 225Ac-treated metastases received a total dose of 9.6 Gy, significantly higher than 2.0 Gy from 213Bi and 2.4 Gy from 90Y. Biodistribution studies revealed that 225Ac daughters, 221Fr and 213Bi, accumulated in kidneys and probably contributed to the long-term renal toxicity observed in surviving mice. These data suggest 225Ac-labeled anti–HER-2/neu monoclonal antibody could significantly prolong survival in HER-2/neu–positive metastatic breast cancer patients. [Cancer Res 2009;69(23):8941–8]
Perifosine Inhibits Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling through Facilitating Degradation of Major Components in the mTOR Axis and Induces Autophagy
Authors: Fu Lei , Kim Young-Ae , Wang Xuerong , Wu Xiaoyun , Yue Ping , Lonial Sagar , Khuri Fadlo R. , Sun Shi-Yong 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Perifosine is an alkylphospholipid exhibiting antitumor activity as shown in both preclinical studies and clinical trials. This activity is partly associated with its ability to inhibit Akt activity. It has been shown that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis plays a critical role in regulation of cell proliferation and survival primarily through functioning both downstream and upstream of Akt. The current study reveals a novel mechanism by which perifosine inhibits Akt and the mTOR axis. In addition to inhibition of Akt, perifosine inhibited the assembly of both mTOR/raptor and mTOR/rictor complexes. Strikingly, perifosine reduced the levels of Akt and other major components including mTOR, raptor, rictor, 70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase, and 4E-binding protein 1 in the mTOR axis by promoting their degradation through a GSK3/FBW7-dependent mechanism. These results thus suggest that perifosine inhibits the mTOR axis through a different mechanism from inhibition of mTOR signaling by classic mTOR inhibitors such as rapamycin. Moreover, perifosine substantially increased the levels of type II light chain 3, a hallmark of autophagy, in addition to increasing poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, suggesting that perifosine induces both apoptosis and autophagy. The combination of perifosine with a lysosomal inhibitor enhanced apoptosis and inhibited the growth of xenografts in nude mice, suggesting that perifosine-induced autophagy protects cells from undergoing apoptosis. Collectively, we conclude that perifosine inhibits mTOR signaling and induces autophagy, highlighting a novel mechanism accounting for the anticancer activity of perifosine and a potential strategy to enhance the anticancer efficacy of perifosine by preventing autophagy. [Cancer Res 2009;69(23):8967–76]
Randomized Trial and Pharmacokinetic Study of Pegfilgrastim versus Filgrastim after Dose-Intensive Chemotherapy in Young Adults and Children with Sarcomas
Authors: Fox Elizabeth , Widemann Brigitte C. , Hawkins Douglas S. , Jayaprakash Nalini , Dagher Ramzi , Aikin Alberta A. , Bernstein Donna , Long Lauren , Mackall Crystal , Helman Lee , Steinberg Seth M. , Balis Frank M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Purpose: To compare the effectiveness, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of a single dose of pegfilgrastim to daily filgrastim in children and young adults with sarcomas treated with dose-intensive combination chemotherapy.
Experimental Design: Patients were randomized to receive a single dose of 100 mcg/kg of pegfilgrastim s.c. or 5 mcg/kg/day of filgrastim s.c., daily until neutrophil recovery after two treatment cycles with vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (VDC) and two cycles of etoposide and ifosfamide (IE). The duration of severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count, ≤500/mcL) during cycles 1 to 4 and cycle duration for all cycles were compared. Pharmacokinetics of pegfilgrastim and filgrastim and CD34+ stem cell mobilization were studied on cycle 1. Growth factor–related toxicity, transfusions, and episodes of fever and neutropenia and infections were collected for cycles 1 to 4.
Results: Thirty-four patients (median age, 20 years; range 3.8-25.8) were enrolled, and 32 completed cycles 1 to 4. The median (range) duration of absolute neutrophil count of &lt;500/mcL was 5.5 (3-8) days for pegfilgrastim and 6 (0-9) days for filgrastim (P = 0.76) after VDC, and 1.5 (0-4) days for pegfilgrastim and 3.75 (0-6.5) days for filgrastim (P = 0.11) after IE. More episodes of febrile neutropenia and documented infections occurred on the filgrastim arm. Serum pegfilgrastim concentrations were highly variable. Pegfilgrastim apparent clearance (11 mL/h/kg) was similar to that reported in adults.
Conclusion: A single dose per cycle of pegfilgrastim was well tolerated and may be as effective as daily filgrastim based on the duration of severe neutropenia and number of episodes of febrile neutropenia and documented infections after dose-intensive treatment with VDC and IE. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7361–7)
Phonological Processes in Speech Addressed to Children
Authors: Shockey Linda , Bond Z.S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This experiment was designed to examine the degree of phonological reduction in speech directed at children by adults, as opposed to speech directed at other adults. 8 British mothers were recorded speaking to their 2- to 4-year-old children and to adults in a relaxed home environment. The recordings were analyzed with respect to number of applications of four commonly used phonological rules. It was found that speech to children shows significantly greater phonological reduction in most cases. It is hypothesized that this manifestation of informality may express an affectionate attitude towards the child, thus providing emotional support even if complicating the language-learning task for her or him.
Contrastive Phonology and the Acquisition of Phonetic Skills
Authors: Kohler K.J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Although the aims of contrastive phonology are clear, there are a number of problems connected with the model of description and with the ontological status of phonological accounts of contrastive similarities or differences. This paper illustrates these problems with the oppositions between the series of /p, t, k/ and /b, d, g/ in the contrastive phonology of French versus German. On the basis of a number of perceptual experiments and results from articulation training, a new contrastive description of these sound phenomena is presented, which arrives at a phonological evaluation through a phonetic analysis of performance, rather than predicting performance from the usual phonological categories.
Power-Sharing Revisited: Lessons Learned in the Balkans?
Authors: Keil Sören , Bieber Florian 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this article, the authors discuss the use of power-sharing instruments in the Western Balkans. While the comparison will focus on the use of power-sharing in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia, there will be occasional references to Kosovo, the third country in the region that displays elements of power-sharing. We argue that the region has been a laboratory of power-sharing instruments, with rather mixed results. While in all three cases, power-sharing was part of a larger strategy of peacebuilding, and was, therefore, successful in ending violent conflict and supporting peaceful conflict resolution, the introduction of power-sharing has also had some negative side effects. We will discuss, in particular, the consequences of complicated political systems, veto rights, as well as far-reaching ethno-territorial autonomy. Furthermore, the article will asses the risk of blockages arising from complex political arrangements and resulting international mediation. A particular focus of the article will be to distinguish between federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and alternative forms of autonomy (both territorial and non-territorial) in Macedonia and Kosovo. Rather than suggesting that power-sharing as such has failed in the region, we submit that the experience in the region suggests that: (a) there are no viable alternatives to power-sharing in the selected countries; (b) that different types of power-sharing need to be considered; and (c) that potential membership in the European Union continues to be the only incentive for the efficient implementation and application of power-sharing in the cases discussed.
Bridging the Generation Gap: Creation (Hi)Stories and the Visual Arts in Tamulté de las Sabanas, Mexico
Authors: Van Broekhoven Laura 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper results from research conducted between October 1994 and August 1995 on the oral tradition of the Yokoyinik'ob, the “true people” of Chontales in Tamulté de las Sabanas in the Mexican state of Tabasco. A little over sixty stories were recorded and transcribed in the research. Some of the stories that are considered to be “creation stories” or “creation histories” will be discussed in this paper. In Tamulté stories are not classified as “myth” but are called “historias” (hi)stories. Some stories, like creation narratives for example, do refer to primordial times: times before corn existed or times when the skies had not yet risen. Much in the same way, what is often referred to as the “supernatural” in Tamulté is actually not “super”-natural; it is very much part of the natural. The supernatural world is neither myth nor legend; it is a reality. During the course of the research a young group of artists illustrated the stories that were collected and painted images of their worldview. Through the use of visual arts, Tamulté's younger generation was enabled to re-connect with their grandparents' stories, thereby bridging a generational gap that is predominant in other communities.