bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should licking behavior be considered in the bioavailability evaluation of transdermal products?
Authors: TOUTAIN P.‐L. , MODRIC S. , BOUSQUET‐MÉLOU A. , SALLOVITZ J. M. , LANUSSE C. 
Published: March 2012

Toutain, P.‐L., Modric, S., Bousquet‐Mélou, A., Sallovitz, J. M., Lanusse, C. Should licking behavior be considered in the bioavailability evaluation of transdermal products? J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.35 (Suppl. 1), 39–43.Antiparasitic drugs, and especially macrocyclic lactones (MLs), are often formulated as pour‐on products because of their ease of administration, convenience, and reduction of stress in treated animals. However, because of self‐ and allo‐grooming, much of a drug administered transdermally may be systemically absorbed via the oral route, creating highly variable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response in treated (and untreated) animals. Testing bioequivalence (BE) of pour‐on drugs in cattle under laboratory conditions (with restricted licking) ignores a major factor of drug disposition of these drugs and thus fails to predict therapeutic equivalence in the target population under clinical conditions of use. Therefore, the interanimal and intra‐animal variability associated with licking behavior should be considered as a biological fact, rather than a noise that needs to be reduced or eliminated. As a result, it is recommended that the BE testing for pour‐on products in cattle be conducted by evaluating both the mean and distribution of bioavailability parameters between the reference and test products when animals are not prevented from allo‐ and self‐licking.
Challenges obtaining a biowaiver for topical veterinary dosage forms
Authors: BAYNES R. , RIVIERE J. , FRANZ T. , MONTEIRO‐RIVIERE N. , LEHMAN P. , PEYROU M. , TOUTAIN P.‐L. 
Published: March 2012

Baynes, R., Riviere, J., Franz, T., Monteiro‐Riviere, N., Lehman, P., Peyrou, M., Toutain, P.‐L. Challenges obtaining a biowaiver for topical veterinary dosage forms.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.35(Suppl. 1), 103–114.Obtaining a biowaiver for topical drugs used in veterinary species faces many of the same challenges associated with human topicals. However, the skin of domestic animals varies anatomically and biochemically and experimental approaches to assess bioequivalence (BE) in veterinary species have challenges that are not often encountered with human skin. This is especially the situation with locally acting drugs. The focus of this paper is to address several of the challenges associated with (i) determining the BE of these locally acting drugs and (ii) critically examine the current technological advances that can act as a surrogate for clinical trials.
The photoprotective protein PsbS exerts control over CO2 assimilation rate in fluctuating light in rice
Authors: Hubbart Stella , Ajigboye Olubukola O. , Horton Peter , Murchie Erik H. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryA direct impact of chloroplastic protective energy dissipation (qE) on photosynthetic CO2 assimilation has not been shown directly in plants in the absence of photoinhibition. To test this empirically we transformed rice to possess higher (overexpressors, OE) and lower (RNA interference, RNAi) levels of expression of the regulatory psbS gene and analysed CO2 assimilation in transformants in a fluctuating measurement light regime. Western blots showed a several‐fold difference in levels of PsbS protein between RNAi and OE plants with the wild type (WT) being intermediate. At a growth light intensity of 600 μmol m−2 sec−1, the carboxylation capacity, electron transport capacity and dark adapted Fv/Fm (ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence) were inhibited in RNAi plants compared with WT and OE. The PsbS content had a significant impact on qE (measured here as non‐photochemical quenching, NPQ) but the strongest effect was observed transiently, immediately following the application of light. This capacity for qE was several‐fold lower in RNAi plants and significantly higher in OE plants during the first 10 min of illumination. At steady state the differences were reduced: notably at 500 μmol m−2 sec−1 all plants had the same NPQ values regardless of PsbS content. During a series of light–dark transitions the induction of CO2 assimilation was inhibited in OE plants, reducing integrated photosynthesis during the light period. We conclude that the accumulation of PsbS and the resultant qE exerts control over photosynthesis in fluctuating light, showing that optimization of photoprotective processes is necessary for maximum photosynthetic productivity even in the absence of photoinhibitory stress.
Selection strategies for dairy buffaloes: economic and genetic consequences
Authors: Seno L.O. , Fernández J. , Cardoso V.L. , García‐Cortes L.A. , Toro M. , Santos D.O. , Albuquerque L.G. , de Camargo G.M.F. , Tonhati H. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryBuffaloes are generally raised in Brazil without milk‐recording programs, and thus without genetic evaluations of any of their traits. This study evaluated the economic impacts of three different selection strategies on buffalo populations and the evolution of genetic trends, genetic variances and inbreeding coefficients resulting from each of them. The selection strategies used were as follows: (i) random selection; (ii) phenotypic selection; and (iii) progeny testing (PT). As the numbers of herds enrolled in milk‐recording programs increased, phenotypic selection and PT strategies increased both monetary benefits and genetic trends. The extra costs of implementing milk recording (MR) and PT procedures were exceeded by the income resulting from better buffalo performance. Progeny testing is known to result in beneficial genetic trends and the use of artificial insemination promoted better distributions of genetic material into herds that were not enrolled in milk‐recording programs. Phenotypic selection and PT increased mean milk production ‐ a key factor in profitability. Inbreeding levels remained stable with phenotypic selection, even as the numbers of MR herds increased. Increases in the numbers of sires that were evaluated reduced the mean inbreeding coefficient in PT. Increasing the number of herds enrolled in milk‐recording programs resulted in increased numbers of sires needed for PT, but this did not increase the inbreeding coefficient. In summary, phenotypic selection and PT strategies appear to be economically viable for buffalo husbandry in south‐eastern Brazil under current (2007–2008) economic conditions and should be encouraged.
Wire assisted transpancreatic septotomy, needle knife precut or both for difficult biliary access
Authors: Chan Calvin HY , Brennan Frank N , Zimmerman Matthew J , Ormonde Donald G , Raftopoulos Spiro Costa , Yusoff Ian F 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Pre‐cut techniques, the most commonly described being needle knife papillotomy (NK), have been used to facilitate biliary access in failed standard biliary cannulation (BC). Transpancreatic septotomy (TS) is a pre‐cut technique with limited outcome data. We aim to assess the outcomes of wire assisted transpancreatic septotomy (WTS) as the primary pre‐cut technique after initial failed attempted BC and to compare these with outcomes of primary NK.Methods:  We retrospectively reviewed all endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ERCPs) performed by endoscopists who performed WTS over a 3‐year period. We selected cases where WTS and/or NK were performed, and these cases were reviewed to assess for procedure related complications and BC success.Results:  During the study period 1336 ERCPs were performed. WTS was performed in 53 cases. In seven cases WTS and NK were performed sequentially (resulting in immediate cannulation in all these cases). Immediate BC was achieved on first attempt in 36 (68%) WTS cases and in a further 14 cases on a repeat attempt (cumulative BC rate 94%). During the same period 66 (5%) patients underwent primary NK. In these cases initial cannulation was achieved in 50 (76%) cases and cannulation on repeat attempt in six cases (cumulative success rate 85%). Complications occurred in three WTS patients (5.6%) and seven NK patients (10.6%). The differences were not statistically significant.Conclusions:  Wire assisted transpancreatic septotomy is a safe and effective alternative technique to traditional NK in patients who have failed standard BC techniques. It also allows other pre‐cut techniques such as NK to be used should initial WTS be unsuccessful.
Interobserver agreement in contrast harmonic endoscopic ultrasound
Authors: Fusaroli Pietro , Kypraios Dimitrios , Mancino Maria Grazia , Spada Alessia , Benini Maria Chiara , Bianchi Marco , Bocus Paolo , De Angelis Claudio , De Luca Leonardo , Fabbri Carlo , Grillo Antonino , Marzioni Marco , Reggio Dario , Togliani Thomas , Zanarini Stefano , Caletti Giancarlo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Contrast harmonic endoscopic ultrasound (CH‐EUS) was recently introduced to clinical practice; its reproducibility among endosonographers is unknown. Our aim was to assess the interobserver agreement (IA) in CH‐EUS.Methods:  Fifteen endosonographers (eight experienced and seven non‐experienced) from 11 Italian EUS centers evaluated 80 video‐cases (40 solid pancreatic lesions, 20 pancreatic cystic lesions and 20 submucosal lesions) of CH‐EUS, according to the degree of enhancement, the pattern of distribution and the washout of the contrast agent. IA within each group and between the two groups of observers was assessed with the Fleiss kappa statistic.Results:  Overall IA was moderate for the uptake and fair for the pattern of distribution and the washout. In solid pancreatic lesions, IA was moderate for the uptake and fair for the pattern and the washout. In cystic pancreatic lesions, IA was uniformly moderate for the assessment of uptake, slight for the pattern and fair for the washout. In submucosal tumors, IA was substantial for the uptake, slight for the pattern and fair for the washout. Non‐experienced endosonographers demonstrated, in most cases, comparable IA with the experienced ones.Conclusions:  Interobserver agreement among endosonographers for CH EUS was satisfactory. In particular, overall IA varied from slight to substantial, being fair in the majority of cases. Inherent structural features of the lesions, as well as technical differences between the variables assessed, could have accounted for the fluctuation of the results. Outcomes of IA were reproducible between experienced and non‐experienced endosonographers.
Distribution trends of gastric polyps: An endoscopy database analysis of 24 121 northern Chinese patients
Authors: Cao Hailong , Wang Bangmao , Zhang Zhihua , Zhang Hui , Qu Rui 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Traditionally the most common gastric polyps are hyperplastic polyps (HPs). However, in the last two decades, fundic gland polyps (FGPs) have greatly increased in Western countries. We aimed to re‐evaluate and compare the distribution of gastric polyps in a northern Chinese population in 2000 and 2010.Methods:  Consecutive patients with gastric polyps detected in 2000 and 2010 were analyzed and biopsies were re‐evaluated. Data including patients' age, sex, symptoms and the number, size, location, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection of polyps were recorded.Results:  A total of 6784 and 17 337 patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 2000 and 2010, 68 and 183 patients were diagnosed with gastric polyps, respectively. H. pylori infection decreased from 54.4% to 37.7% (P = 0.017). Overall, spectrum of gastric polyps changed (P < 0.001). HPs accounted for 28.3% and decreased from 48.5% to 20.8%, adenoma/carcinoma and inflammatory polyps also decreased. FGPs were present in 50.6% and increased from 8.8% to 66.1%. The location of polyps was also changed with an increase of polyps in gastric corpus. There was a high proportion of FGPs in females, while adenomas/adenocarcinomas were more common in males. The distribution pattern was similar in young and elderly patients.Conclusions:  Spectrum change of gastric polyps was observed over the past 10 years in the northern Chinese population most likely due to the higher proportion of FGPs. Further studies are required to investigate the reasons and confirm whether it will lead to a different management strategy in China.
Development and evaluation of a modified Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease to distinguish functional dyspepsia from non‐erosive reflux disease
Authors: Kusano Motoyasu , Hosaka Hiroko , Kawada Akiyo , Kuribayashi Shikou , Shimoyama Yasuyuki , Kawamura Osamu , Moki Fumitaka 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground and Aim:  The Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (FSSG) is the standard questionnaire used in Japan for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and assessment of the response to treatment. We modified the FSSG in order to assess dyspepsia symptoms, and evaluated the modified questionnaire.Methods:  We modified the FSSG by adding two questions on interdigestive and postprandial epigastric pain. We then assessed the modified FSSG with 100 new untreated symptomatic patients presenting to hospital and in 200 subjects undergoing health checks. Endoscopic assessment of the esophagogastric junction was performed according to the modified Los Angeles classification with addition of Grade N (normal appearance) and Grade M (minimal change). Endoscopic images were assessed by five experienced endoscopists blinded to the questionnaire results.Results:  The 100 new patients included 16 with erosive GERD (>Grade A), 12 with peptic ulcer, and two with gastric cancer. Among the 70 patients with no evidence of organic disease, the modified FSSG diagnosed functional dyspepsia (FD) in 41 and non‐erosive gastric disease (NERD) in 29. A significant difference was seen in the dyspepsia score between patients with FD and NERD. Subjects with endoscopic GERD undergoing health checks had significantly higher scores for all symptoms, reflux symptoms, and dyspeptic symptoms on the modified FSSG.Conclusion:  The modified FSSG can clearly distinguish FD from NERD, and is useful for the assessment of dyspeptic symptoms.
Perinatal outcome of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies managed from early gestation at a single center
Authors: Nakayama Soichiro , Ishii Keisuke , Kawaguchi Haruna , Hayashi Shusaku , Hidaka Nobuhiro , Murakoshi Takeshi , Mitsuda Nobuaki 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the perinatal outcome of monochorionic diamniotic (MD) twin gestations managed from early gestation onward at a single center.Material and Methods:  This was a retrospective single‐cohort study, spanning 6 years, of 219 MD twin pregnancies who received prenatal care before 14 weeks of gestation and delivered at our center. The subjects were all under the same perinatal management protocol. The incidence of fetal or neonatal death, major neurological complications at 28 days of age, twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), twin anemia‐polycythemia sequence, and discordant birth was evaluated. Laser surgery was offered for TTTS at less than 26 weeks; however, selective feticide was not performed.Results:  Pregnancy termination was selected in two cases. Miscarriage occurred in two (1%) of the cases and preterm delivery occurred in 91 (42%). In regard to perinatal outcome at 28 days of age, 195 (89%) women possessed two live infants and 205 (94%) possessed at least one live infant. The overall survival rate was 92% (403/438). The prevalence of TTTS was 17 cases (8%), seven of whom underwent laser surgery. Four cases of twin anemia‐polycythemia sequence were diagnosed postnatally (2%); discordant birth was diagnosed in 24 (12%). Major neonatal neurological abnormalities were noted in six cases (2%).Conclusions:  The incidence of perinatal complications in 219 sets of MD twins managed from early gestational age to the neonatal period in one perinatal center was demonstrated. The incidence of TTTS was 8%; the survival rate was 89% at 28 days of age.
Delayed presentation of intraperitoneal bladder rupture following domestic violence in pregnancy
Authors: Dorairaj Jayalakshmi , Sagili Haritha , Rani Reddi , Nanjundan Pramya , Rajendran Jisha , Ananthakrishnan Ramesh 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTrauma during pregnancy can present a unique challenge because of care for the mother and the fetus. About 6–7% of all pregnant patients are exposed to some sort of trauma, especially during the third trimester, with 0.3–0.4% requiring hospitalization. Although mostly accidental, injuries are sometimes caused by intentional violence. There is no published report on bladder rupture following trauma in pregnancy. We report a case of bladder injury following abdominal trauma in a pregnant woman.
Discrepancy between human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I screening test and confirmatory tests in non‐endemic areas
Authors: Hanaoka Masachi , Kubo Takahiko , Saitoh Akihiko 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim:  The purpose of this study was to examine the seroprevalence of human T‐lymphotropic virus (HTLV)‐I among pregnant women at our institution in Tokyo, Japan, which is a non‐endemic area, and to investigate the results of Western blotting among pregnant women who had obtained positive results from a screening test.Material and Methods:  The seroprevalence of HTLV‐I was retrospectively reviewed in 11 352 pregnant women who gave birth at the National Center for Child Health and Development in Tokyo, Japan, between 2002 and 2009. For the screening test, a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay was performed followed by a confirmatory Western blot test.Results:  The overall positive rate for the screening test was 0.33% (37/11 352). Western blot testing was performed in 36 of these 37 cases. Only nine patients (25%) were positive for HTLV‐I by Western blot testing, seven patients (19%) were indeterminate, and 20 patients (56%) were negative.Conclusions:  In this study (carried out in a non‐endemic area), the percentage of patients with a positive result from the screening test who were confirmed to be true carriers was significantly low, differing from endemic areas.
Hand‐assisted laparoscopic versus total laparoscopic right colectomy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ng L. W. C. , Tung L. M. , Cheung H. Y. S. , Wong J. C. H. , Chung C. C. , Li M. K. W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim  Laparoscopic colectomy for colorectal cancer is associated with definite short‐term benefits, and is increasingly practised worldwide. The limitations of a pure laparoscopic approach include a relative lack of tactile feedback and long procedural time. Hand‐assisted laparoscopic surgery was introduced in an attempt to facilitate operation by improving the tactile sensation. To date, there is no consensus as to which approach is better. Herein we conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing hand‐assisted laparoscopic colectomy (HALC) with total laparoscopic colectomy (TLC) in the management of right‐sided colonic cancer.Methods  Adult patients with carcinoma of the caecum and ascending colon were recruited and randomized to undergo either HALC or TLC. Measured outcomes included operative time, blood loss, conversion rate, postoperative morbidities, postoperative pain, length of hospital stay, disease recurrence and patient survival.Results  Sixty patients (HALC = 30, TLC = 30) were recruited. The two groups were comparable with regard to age, gender distribution, body mass index and final histopathological staging. No difference was observed between the groups in terms of operating time, conversion rate, operative blood loss, pain score and length of hospital stay. With a median follow‐up of 27 to 33 months, no difference was observed in terms of disease recurrence, and the 5‐year survival rates remained similar (83%vs 80%, P = 0.923).Conclusion  HALC is safe and feasible, but it does not show any significant benefits over TLC in terms of operating time and conversion rate. Routine use of the hand‐assisted laparoscopic technique in right hemicolectomy is therefore not recommended.
Biomarker models as surrogates for the disposition index in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
Authors: Watkins S. M. , Rowe M. W. , Kolberg J. A. , Wagenknecht L. E. , Bergman R. N. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAims  Insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response measure key components of Type 2 diabetes aetiology that contribute independently to risk in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. As insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response are not routinely measured in a clinical setting, we evaluated three fasting biomarker models, homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA‐%S), β‐cell function (HOMA‐%B) and a Diabetes Risk Score, as potential surrogates for risk associated with insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response and the interaction of these two measures, the disposition index.Methods  Models were calculated from baseline plasma biomarker concentrations for 664 participants who underwent a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. To assess relationships among biomarker models and test measures, we calculated improvement in risk estimation gained by combining each fasting measure with each frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test measure using logistic regression.Results  The strongest correlates of acute insulin response, insulin sensitivity and disposition index were HOMA‐%B (rs2 = 0.23), HOMA‐%S (rs2 = 0.48) and Diabetes Risk Score (rs2 = 0.34), respectively. Individual areas under the curves for prediction of diabetes were 0.549 (HOMA‐%B), 0.694 (HOMA‐%S), 0.700 (insulin sensitivity), 0.714 (acute insulin response), 0.756 (Diabetes Risk Score) and 0.817 (disposition index). Models combining acute insulin response with Diabetes Risk Score (area under the curve 0.798) or HOMA‐%S (area under the curve 0.805) nearly equalled disposition index, outperforming other individual measures (P < 0.05). Insulin sensitivity plus Diabetes Risk Score (area under the curve 0.760) was better than insulin sensitivity (P = 0.03), but not better than Diabetes Risk Score alone. HOMA‐%S plus insulin sensitivity (area under the curve 0.704) was not significantly better than either alone.Conclusions  The Diabetes Risk Score and HOMA‐%S were excellent surrogates for insulin sensitivity, capturing the predictive power of insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Risk Score captured some of the additional predictive power of acute insulin response, but the HOMA models did not. No fasting model was as predictive as disposition index, but the Diabetes Risk Score was the best surrogate.
The structure of savant calendrical knowledge
Authors: HEAVEY LISA , HERMELIN BEATE , CRANE LAURA , PRING LINDA 
Published: March 2012

Aim  We aimed to explore the organization of the calendar knowledge base underlying date calculation by assessing the ability of savant calendar calculators to free recall a series of date lists.Method  Four experiments are reported that assessed recall of structural and non‐structural features of the calendar in eight savant calendar calculators (seven males; one female; median age 34y 6mo; age range 27–47y), five of whom had a diagnosis on the autism spectrum. The inclusion criterion was a genuine calculation ability rather than an interest in dates.Results  Mean recall was facilitated for material organized according to the structural features of a calendar (leap years, dates falling on the same weekday, dates occurring at 28y intervals) but not for a non‐structural calendar feature (Easter Sunday).Interpretation  Distinctions are drawn between two sources of savant calendar‐related knowledge, structural and event related. It has been suggested that structural knowledge plays a key role in the acquisition and operation of savant date calculation skills.