bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socratic Teaching and Socratic Method
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C. , Smith Nicholas D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article offers a nuanced account of Socratic teaching and Socratic method. It discusses Socrates' reasons for disclaiming being a teacher and denying that anyone ever learned from him. It mentions some instances of Socrates' profession of ignorance and suggests that the teaching profession played a strategic role that has led some scholars to doubt Socrates' sincerity. It analyses three Platonic versions of Socratic philosophizing and identifies modern applications of the Socratic method of teaching.
The Persistence of Moral Skepticism and the Limits of Moral Education
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines moral skepticism and the possible attendant limits of moral education. It describes attempts at teaching moral commitment and presents materials from a recent account of moral standing to assemble an explanation for skepticism's tenacity. It discusses Robert Nozick's treatment of moral standing and suggests that neither theory nor education will in the end do what so many philosophers have assumed they could, that is, anchor ethical commitment against skeptical second thoughts.
Art and Education
Authors: Elgin Catherine Z. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the character of art and the centrality of art education to the curriculum. It argues against the claim that art is impervious to education. It explains that though inspiration is essential to art and inspiration cannot be taught, the assumption that art is entirely a product of inspiration is unfounded. In addition, sensory and emotional responses can be educated. It shows how a symbol-theoretic conception of art readily explains how art education is possible and why it is valuable.
Empirical Educational Research: Charting Philosophical Disagreements in an Undisciplined Field
Authors: Phillips D. C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article evaluates extant philosophical critiques of educational research and discusses the scientific status, current state, and future promise of such research. It provides a more nuanced overview than is often given of the research terrain and its intellectual and methodological disputes. It discusses the problem of selecting exemplary research, the scope of educational research, the politicization of research methodology and the role of philosophers of education on educational research.
Postmodernism and Education
Authors: Burbules Nicholas C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines the impact of postmodernism on the philosophy of education. It explains that one of the most important elements of postmodernity is a growing awareness of the radical diversity and potential incommensurability of the different cultural forms of life that sustain groups and individuals and discusses postmodernists' denial that postmodernism is inherently apathetic or hostile to social or political action. It addresses the promise of and problems facing postmodern approaches to the philosophy of education.
Religion and the American Founding
Authors: Noll Mark A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article aims to identify the place of religion in the politics of the American founding era. It shows that the interaction between religion and politics was constant throughout the entire period, but the nature of that interaction varied greatly, depending on contingent forces and events. The article starts by studying religion and the ideology of revolution, along with the relationship of politics and religion in war and confederation. The link between the Constitution and religion is also studied. Some open-ended questions are considered in the last section of the article. Early American religion and politics are also covered.
Politics as an Academic Vocation
Authors: Kenny Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines some of the assumptions about the development of politics as an academic discipline that shape contemporary thinking. It specifically argues that some deeply entrenched assumptions underpin commonly held ideas about the purpose and character of political studies as a modern, professionalized academic discipline. Additionally, it describes the three major intellectual props that have nourished a good deal of the hubris that contemporary practitioners feel towards the subject's earlier history — the ethos of professionalism, a critical stance towards the intellectual insularity and parochialism of the indigenous intellectual culture which is assumed to have held political science back, and the presumption that mature political analysis requires an epistemologically grounded distance from politics itself.
Rational Choice
Authors: Dowding Keith 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article explores the areas of British politics that rational choice could examine. Constitutional law, descriptive analyses, and the relative power of the prime minister once dominated core executive studies. Continuing reforms of core executive organization provide an ideal subject for study. Political economy models have been applied rather simply to the civil service using a selected and rather dated band of models. The British parliament offers less scope for strategic analysis than stronger less coherent legislatures. There are areas where rational choice has provided great insights, historically to key features of the British state, to local government and local–central relations, in voting studies, the core executive, and more recently new sets of ideas applied to cabinet studies and the relationship between parliament and the executive. Rational choice theory is not a dominant mode of analysis in Britain, but there is much that can be usefully studied through the rational choice lens.
The Oakeshottians
Authors: Kelly Paul 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article argues that political theorist Michael Oakeshott undoubtedly affected the British study of politics. It first presents a brief overview of Oakeshott's life and career, followed by an outline of the three main components of his philosophy of history and politics. It then turns from the abstraction and scepticism of his peculiar variant of philosophical idealism to his inaugural lecture at LSE on ‘Political Education’. The article also considers the areas of the study of politics in which the Oakeshottian impact has been the greatest. Moreover, the political ideas and ideology, the study of government and public administration, the study of nationalism, and more controversially his impact on new fields such as the political theory of multiculturalism are explored. The article finally gives an assessment of the Oakeshottian legacy.
The Novel
Authors: Crick Bernard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article limits itself to British and Irish novels in the last one hundred years. It also discusses contributions from Susan Sontag and Milan Kundera. It then suggests some themes and associated novels particularly supportive of political studies. William Golding's Lord of the Flies was his first novel, only rivalled by Orwell's Animal Farm as most young pupils' first immersion in political thought. Lord of the Flies may have had less effect on political opinions than Animal Farm but it is more profound philosophically. Relationships between English literature and political science can never be definitively theorized. Social relationships are always contingent and always changing, adjusting, and modifying in different ways.
The Party System
Authors: Mair Peter 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article explores the nature and dynamic of the British party system and how it shapes up when viewed from a comparative perspective. It specifically examines the enduring strength of the British party system, and at what it shows about the character of the party system. It then investigates how one might conceive of party systems more generally, and how they might best be understood. It then returns to the British case and determines the factors that have helped to ensure the resilience of the party system. Finally, it analyzes the problems that are now beginning to face both the main parties and the system and evaluates the scope for party system change. The British party system is one of the oldest, strongest, and most stable of the party systems in Europe. In reality, it has become both vulnerable and brittle, such that even a relatively small shock could lead to a substantial change.
Delegation
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article concentrates on functional delegation at the national level. It also focuses around two core arguments. The first argument is concerned with showing how dominant ideas about the British political system have had direct consequences for: the institutional focus of political studies; the theories and methods used; and the interpretive values held by scholars. The second argument is more interested on what is missing from the study of delegation within British politics. It starts by determining the three dominant traditions in the study of delegation and how these traditions affect the deployment of theories and methods. It explores the historical disparity between constitutional theory and constitutional practice. It then modifies the British state into its constituent elements in order to distinguish specific forms of delegation and the existence of gradations of autonomy. A plea for the politicization of delegation is finally shown.
Voting and Identity
Authors: Pattie Charles , Johnston Ron 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article traces that shift in academic understandings of British voting. Explanations of electoral alignment drew primarily on two different theoretical traditions: partisan identification and social cleavages. The origins of dealignment lie deep in the 1970s recession. Dealignment was a political earthquake waiting to happen. A striking generational shift in political attitudes had occurred among skilled manual workers. Political failure in the 1970s was one of the triggers of partisan dealignment. British electoral behaviour is now influenced much more by valence issues than by class and partisan identity. Identity and voting within the UK are both reported here. British voting studies have moved against the grain, leaving behind an interest in identity as other areas of politics embrace it. The cases of Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) and nationalist voting notwithstanding, the new accepted wisdom in the field is that identity is now much less important than evaluations of government performance.
England
Authors: Stapleton Julia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article explores the different interpretations of England's position within the wider unit of Britain from which all the other entanglements flowed. It then examines the deep well of patriotism that ‘England’ has engendered since at least the mid-nineteenth century, still firmly within the ‘civilizational perspective’. Additionally, the article reports the English shadow that was cast across understandings of Britain in the inter-war period, but also continuing contestation of England itself among popular writers on both the left and the right. Enoch Powell's conception of Englishness in the wake of mass immigration within well-established traditions of English Conservatism, liberalism, and patriotism is addressed. It elaborates the recent charges of shallowness, bigotry, and insularity levelled against the English people as the cracks in their imperialist and British façade have become increasingly apparent. As a result of devolution, there has been a considerable decline among the English of a primary British identity and a corresponding increase in primary English identities.
Class
Authors: Devine Fiona 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article deals with the evidence on widening class inequalities and addresses how that evidence may be used to evaluate Labour's ten years in power as it has sought to make Britain a more equal society. It first covers the main patterns and trends in class inequalities in Britain from the 1940s to the 1990s. The ongoing controversies around class and the growing consensus that social mobility is declining are explained. The article then elaborates Labour's social policies to enhance social mobility with specific reference to its education policies. Furthermore, it presents the challenges that remain and the difficulties that Labour confronts in tackling inequalities that have proved so resistant to change. The reproduction of class inequalities across generations is a complex affair and policy interventions have to be equally sophisticated in fashion. To date, policies to alleviate class inequalities have a mild effect.
Gender
Authors: Mackay Fiona 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article outlines the contested concepts of gender equality and debates within feminist scholarship. It then contrasts these complex understandings with the impoverished conceptions of gender and equality in public and political discourse and argues that there is a need for a common language of gender. In addition, the article describes a range of British and comparative literature to survey and contextualize political and institutional developments over three decades. There have been fundamental changes to gender relations in Britain since the 1970s, as evidenced by the transformation in the status and roles of women. The current trajectory in the UK is one of an evolution from gender mainstreaming to equality and diversity mainstreaming as the predominant approach to the management of equalities issues. The Equalities Review has argued that new, more applicable accounts of equality are needed, and a political and public consensus on equality.
Globalization
Authors: Hay Colin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article presents a critical review of the substantial and growing literature in British politics on globalization. It is concerned with three central issues: the extent to which the British state and economy can indeed be said to be exposed, and increasingly exposed, to the (competitive and other) pressures associated with globalization — i.e. the extent of the globalization of the British economy since the 1960s; the extent to which the reform trajectory of the British state and economy since the 1980s provides a model of the adaptation of an advanced liberal democratic welfare state to the competitive pressures of an ever more integrated global economy; and the extent to which that reform trajectory rests on a particular understanding of globalization and the nature of the British state and economy's exposure to globalization. British growth is not the product of competitiveness but has been achieved largely despite a lack of competitiveness.
International Economy
Authors: Burnham Peter , Kettell Steven 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article argues that while Richard Cooper's economic observations are broadly valid they are incomplete and need to be supplemented by a political analysis of how the notion of ‘growing economic interdependence’ has enabled state managers to use the idea of ‘international economic constraint’ to achieve domestic policy objectives. It specifically examines a number of key themes including the utility of the ‘politicization-depoliticization’ couplet; the changing character of state–economy relations; and the notion of the specificity of British capitalism. In many respects, the recent history of Britain's articulation with the international economy is one of a movement from relative ‘openness’ in the nineteenth century to relative ‘closedness’ in the period 1930–60 and thereafter regaining ‘openness’ as market forces were given a key role by state managers in determining international transactions.
Introduction
Authors: Beebee Helen , Hitchcock Christopher , Menzies Peter 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Philosophers have been interested in the nature of causation for as long as there has been philosophy. They have been interested in what we say about the world when we say that one thing caused another, and in whether there is anything in the world that answers to the causal claims we make about it. Despite the attention, there is still very little agreement on the most central question concerning causation: what is it? Is it a matter of the instantiation of regularities or laws, or counterfactual dependence, or manipulability, or transfer of energy, for example? One reason for the lack of a consensus view is the sheer difficulty of the task; anyone familiar with the causation debate as it has been conducted in recent years will be familiar with a vast range of theories and counterexamples, which collectively can lead one to suspect that no univocal analysis of the concept of causation is possible.
The Early Moderns
Authors: Clatterbaugh Kenneth 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe early moderns confronted an abundance of causes and types of causal explanations. From Aristotle through the Scholastics they had inherited the doctrine of the four causes, that is, depending upon context the material, formal, final, or efficient cause provides the proper explanation or answer to a ‘Why?’ question. From the Christianization of Aristotle's Unmoved Mover they had inherited the idea of God as creator of the universe. And to the creator role had been added the idea of providence whereby God in some sense ‘manages’ the world of mundane events. Aquinas had actually identified God as the efficient cause of all things.
Causal Relata
Authors: Ehring Douglas 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article argues that the intrinsicness of the causal relation undermines the main case for facts as the causal relata, which is based on causation by and of absences. Furthermore, it argues that since causes and effects are generally temporally and spatially related to each other, facts could not be causes and effects. It also argues that the transitivity of causation rules out at least one major candidate for causal relata, coarse-grained events. And, finally, it argues that since the best theory of causation employs the notion of qualitative or property persistence, the best candidate for causal relata must be based around tropes or particularized properties.
Causation and Ethics
Authors: Sartorio Carolina 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article examines potential applications of the concept of cause to some central ethical concepts, views, and problems. In particular, it discusses the role of causation in the family of views known as consequentialism, the distinction between killing and letting die, the doctrine of double effect, and the concept of moral responsibility. The article aims to examine the extent to which an appeal to the concept of cause contributes to elucidating moral notions or to increasing the plausibility of moral views. Something that makes this task interestingly complex is the fact that the notion of causation itself is controversial and difficult to pin down. As a result, in some cases the success of its use in moral theory hinges on how certain debates about causation are resolved.
Stability of fronts and transient behaviour in KPP systems
Authors: Ghazaryan Anna , Gordon Peter , Virodov Alexander 
Published: January 2010

We consider a system of two reaction diffusion equations with the Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov (KPP) type nonlinearity which describes propagation of pressure-driven flames. It is known that the system admits a family of travelling wave solutions parameterized by their velocity. In this paper, we show that these travelling fronts are stable under the assumption that perturbations belong to an appropriate weighted
L
2
space. We also discuss an interesting meta-stable pattern the system exhibits in certain cases.
Aurora A selective inhibitor MLN8237 suppresses the growth and survival of HTLV‐1‐infected T‐cells in vitro
Authors: Tomita Mariko , Mori Naoki 
Published: January 2010

Aurora A kinase plays an essential role in the proper assembly and function of the mitotic spindle. We have shown previously that Aurora A expression is increased aberrantly in human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1)‐infected T‐cell lines and primary adult T‐cell leukemia cells, and a pan‐Aurora kinase inhibitor, which inhibits both Aurora A and Aurora B kinases, reduces viability and induces apoptosis in these cells. However, the specific effects of Aurora A inhibition on HTLV‐1‐infected T‐cells are poorly understood. In this study, we addressed this question by comparing the effects of MLN8237, a selective inhibitor of Aurora A, on cell viability, cell cycle progression, and induction of apoptosis in HTLV‐1‐infected and ‐uninfected T‐cell lines. MLN8237 reduced the viability of HTLV‐1‐infected T‐cell lines within 24 h, but its effects on that of HTLV‐1‐uninfected T‐cell lines were moderate. MLN8237 induced early apoptosis of HTLV‐1‐infected T‐cell lines without induction of polyploidy. It induced p53 and p21 expression in HTLV‐1‐infected but not in ‐uninfected T‐cell lines, suggesting that MLN8237‐treated HTLV‐1‐infected T‐cell lines exit from mitosis and activate a p53‐dependent postmitotic G1 checkpoint, leading to G1 arrest followed by the induction of apoptosis. Our results suggest that specific inhibition of Aurora A kinase is a potentially useful therapeutic strategy in the treatment of adult T‐cell leukemia and that further in vivo exploration is warranted.(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 1204–1211)
Mimicking the haematopoietic niche microenvironment provides a novel strategy for expansion of haematopoietic and megakaryocyte‐progenitor cells from cord blood
Authors: Deutsch Varda , Hubel Einav , Kay Sigi , Ohayon Tal , Katz Ben‐Zion , Many Ariel , Zander Axel , Naparstek Elizabeth , Grisaru Dan 
Published: January 2010

SummarySevere neutropenia and protracted thrombocytopenia remain serious clinical problems following cord blood transplantation (CBT) due to the paucity of stem and progenitor cells in the grafts. Administration of ex‐vivo expanded megakaryocyte progenitor cells may facilitate platelet production. We propose a novel strategy to expand these rare cells ex‐vivo, from a small portion of the cord blood (CB) unit, using fibronectin (FN), a major component of hematopoietic niches, combined with cytokines, including thrombopoietin and the hematopoietic stress‐associated acetylcholinesterase readthrough peptide (ARP). Application of multiple gates and high definition flow cytometry enabled clear resolution of expanded hematopoietic stem/precursor cells (HSPC) and megakaryocyte progenitors (Mk‐p) and their early subsets while eliminating positively stained non‐relevant cells. FN increased viability, expansion of all CD34+ HSPC populations and Mk‐p. The combination of FN + thrombopoietin + ARP maintained and expanded very early myeloid and thrombopoietic precursors, increased the proliferation of megakaryocyte, granulocyte‐macrophage and multilineage colony‐forming progenitors and supported Mk maturation as measured by ploidy and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression by quantiative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. This approach, which involves expanding HSPC and Mk precursors from a small portion of the CB unit, without sacrificing the coveted stem cells, may lead to improved cell therapy modalities to facilitate earlier myelopoiesis and platelet production post‐CBT.