bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FULL SCALE SHIP STRUCTURAL EXPERIMENTS AND THE EFFECT OF UNFAIR PLATING IN TENSION
Authors: EVANS T. HARVEY 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Basic heart of plate stress distribution across a ship cross section complies well with simple beam theory but with local deviations sometimes evident in such locations as fore and aft stiffener attachments to plating.
While both riveted and welded ships experience occasional structural difficulties, they have been more numerous and severe in welded ships. In welded vessels cracks appeared both to initiate and to propagate more readily.
Poor welding workmanship, poor design details, inadequate material or physical and metallurgical notches do not appear to satisfactorily provide the full explanation of welded ship failures.
Plating panels which are unfair in the unloaded condition of the ship are more prevalent in welded construction than in riveted. When loaded, the stresses sustained by such panels depart from the stress distribution predicted by the simple beam theory and cause a lack of uniformity of stress that may contribute to crack initiation and crack propagation.
EFFECT OF POROSITY ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF CAST AC4C-T6 ALLOY FOR LCD GLASS TRANSFER ROBOT
Authors: SHIM HEE-JIN , KIM JUNG-KYU 
Published: August 2010

Aluminium has good corrosion properties and a high strength to weight reduction which makes it favourable in many applications. The increased use of aluminium casting in the automotive industry does also imply that the need for design data for aluminium increases. Especially for castings, the influences of casting defects are always an issue. For this reason fatigue properties for as-cast sand and permanent mould specimens with different contents of porosity have been studied. The cast aluminium specimens of two different porosities were fatigue tested in cyclic axial test at R =-1. Prior to fatigue test specimens were examined by CT-scan and sorted into two quality groups depending on the porosity level. The aim of this work was to investigate the fatigue life for cast AC4C-T6 alloy with different amounts of inherent porosity. An additional aim was to predict the durability for cast components with defect constrained in a specified volume of components, by using a commercial program MSC. Fatigue.
ESTIMATION OF MIXING EFFICIENCY OF MODEL CONCRETE MIXED IN BI-AXIAL FORCED-MIXING TYPE MIXER BY THE FLUCTUATION OF PRESSURE MEASURED ON THE BLADE
Authors: YOSHIDA MOTOAKI , HASHIMOTO CHIKANORI , WATANABE TAKESHI , MIZUGUCHI HIROYUKI 
Published: August 2010

The concrete mixer possesses the basic performance "mixing efficiency", and is one of the most important construction machines on the step that manufactures concrete. The bi-axial forced-mixing type of the mixer is high and the mixing efficiency is the highest. The flow patterns of this type mixer are divided into two: the locally crossing flow and the globally circulating flow. The globally circulating flow uniformly mixes fine particle materials that differ greatly the grain size turned on and are various and cement active. The locally crossing flow contributes to "Knead" to improve the contact frequency of the cement particle and water. In the research, concrete was assumed to be a viscous model of one phase system for the model mixer of two types with different area of the locally crossing flow, the mixing efficiency curve of the model concrete of the high viscosity and the low viscosity was a process of becoming uniform with the axial rotation, and quantification was attempted. The second research tried the quantification of the crossing flow around the blade generated when two circulating flows crossed by the pressure fluctuation of the pressure sensor installed in the surface of the blade of the mixer was attempted, and the magnitude of the crossing Flow generated in the model mixer of two types and the correlation of the mixing efficiency curve were considered.
FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM ALLOY (A6061-T6) WITH ULTRASONIC NANO-CRYSTAL SURFACE MODIFICATION
Authors: LEE CHAN JOO , MURAKAMI RI-ICHI , SUH CHANG MIN 
Published: August 2010

The corrosion resistance of aluminum can be improved by adding alloy elements or using a surface heat treatment process. The machine quality can be confirmed by analyzing the surface roughness, the surface hardness and the residual stress. In this paper, the fatigue characteristics of A6061-T6 aluminum specimens were obtained and compared with those of the treated specimens with the UNSM (Ultrasonic Nano-Crystal Surface Modification) technology and the untreated ones by using a multi-spindle rotating bending fatigue testing machine. The fatigue crack initiation and fatigue lives of the treated specimens with the UNSM technology was delayed and extended by the UNSM effects that are the increase of surface hardness, and the reduction of the surface roughness.
Deformation bands in gravels: displacement gradients and heterogeneous strain
Authors: Exner Ulrike , Grasemann Bernhard 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:
We analyse deformation bands in middle Miocene deltaic gravels, which can be characterized as disaggregation bands formed by predominant grain rotation without cataclasis of the pebbles. The bands are restricted to single gravel beds, and only a few developed to faults with larger displacement by propagation into over- and underlying finer-grained layers. The deformation bands record a strain gradient from the undeformed host sediment to the core, perpendicular to the shear vector, evidenced by a sigmoidal deflection of markers. Additionally, a strain gradient parallel to the shear vector of the bands is documented by displacement–distance distributions. The resulting heterogeneous displacement in the surrounding host sediment causes a rotation of marker horizons (reverse drag). Between closely spaced deformation bands, the geometries can be explained by the soft-domino model, where fault block rotation is accompanied by ductile deformation adjacent to the faults. The maximum displacement/length ratio of the observed deformation bands lies in the range between 0.01 and 0.1, which seems to be favourable for the development of reverse drag, adjacent to faults as well as deformation bands.
Regional mapping of pre-metamorphic spilitization and associated chemical mobility in greenschist-facies metabasalts of the SW Scottish Highlands
Authors: Skelton Alasdair , Arghe Fredrik , Pitcairn Iain 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:

Both spilitic and non-spilitic metabasaltic sills are hosted by greenschist-facies metasediments in the SW Scottish Highlands. Spilitization is mainly characterized by enrichment in Na
2
O, elevated modal plagioclase and epidote segregations. Mapping of the spatial distribution of spilitic metabasalts reveals an ancient sub-sea-floor fluid cell centred on the extrusive Tayvallich Volcanics. Fluid circulation was most extensive at shallow levels where most sills were spilitized. We attribute this to pervasive flow of saline fluid, which was thermally driven by the cooling suite of lava flows and sills. Spilitization below this lithostratigraphic depth was restricted to only a few sills. Their spilitization is largely unrelated to specific properties of these sills (e.g. width, chemistry or host lithology). We conclude that fluid channelling was an intrinsic property of sub-sea-floor fluid flow either at deeper levels or earlier during fluid circulation. By profiling of the size distributions of relic phenocrysts in a partly spilitized sill, we conclude that spilitization proceeds with the symmetric propagation of a spilitization front from the sill margins towards the sill interior. Based on chemical profiling across the margin of an epidote segregation, we conclude that spilitization is associated with chemical transport on scales ranging from 0.1 to 10 m.
Regional sand injectite architecture as a record of pore-pressure evolution and sand redistribution in the shallow crust: insights from the Panoche Giant Injection Complex, California
Authors: Vigorito Mario , Hurst Andrew 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:
Observations on outcrop of a regionally developed sand injectite are used to infer and estimate the pore-pressure conditions in the shallow crust that caused the fluidization and injection of tens of cubic kilometres of sand. The estimated pore-fluid pressures at the base of the injection complex (at 1500 m burial depth, below a regionally developed shale-dominated seal) are from 22.26 to 25.08 MPa, which respectively correspond to 0.81 and 0.95 lithostatic pressure. A theoretical basis for prediction of sand injection is defined and applied to the prediction of pore pressure at the time of sand injection, the depth at which seal failure occurred, and the density and granular content of the fluidized flow. Lateral variations in the style and abundance of sandstone intrusions are described and these all fit into a remarkably uniform tripartite division of parent units, an intrusive complex and an extrusive complex. A sill zone (intrusions are dominated by sills) occurs in a restricted stratigraphic interval 200–270 m thick. Location of the base of the sill zone is directly related to the thickness of the overburden, and an isobaric surface at the time of sand injection, the lithostatic equilibrium surface, is defined at the base of the sill zone. When the sills formed an extended period of supra-lithostatic pressure occurred within the sill zone.
Modern seawater acidification: the response of foraminifera to high-CO
2
conditions in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Dias B.B. , Hart M.B. , Smart C.W. , Hall-Spencer J.M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:

The seas around the island of Ischia (Italy) have a lowered pH as a result of volcanic gas vents that emit carbon dioxide from the sea floor at ambient seawater temperatures. These areas of acidified seawater provide natural laboratories in which to study the long-term biological response to rising CO
2
levels. Benthic foraminifera (single-celled protists) are particularly interesting as they have short life histories, are environmentally sensitive and have an excellent fossil record. Here, we examine changes in foraminiferal assemblages along pH gradients at CO
2
vents on the coast of Ischia and show that the foraminiferal distribution, diversity and nature of the fauna change markedly in the living assemblages as pH decreases.
Evaluation of ProC Global assay in women with a history of venous thromboembolism on hormonal therapy
Authors: Aberbach Irit , Schliamser Liliana , Blumenfeld Zeev , Brenner Benjamin , Sarig Galit 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe risk of thrombosis in women increases significantly during treatment with hormonal therapy (HT). The aim of this study was to evaluate ProC Global assay in women with a history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) while using HT. Protein C activation time normalized ratio (PCAT-NR) levels were significantly lower in 32 women with a history ofVTE while using HT (0.72 ± 0.1) compared with 56 healthy controls without HT, matched by age at blood sampling (0.99 ± 0.2) and 40 healthy controls with HT, matched by age and HT at VTE event (0.94 ± 0.2) (P<0.001 for both). PCAT-NR lower than the cut-off level of 0.8 was found in 23/32 (72%) patients compared with 5/56 (9%) age-matched controls (OR=26, 95%CI: 7-106, P<0.001) and 9/40 (22.5%) of HT-matched controls (OR=9, 95%CI: 2.7-30, P<0.001). Any thrombophilic risk factor was found in 20/32 (62.5%) of patients compared with 12/56 (21.4%) of agematched controls (OR=6, 95%CI: 2.1-10, P<0.001) and 12/40 (30%) of HT-matched controls (OR=4, 95%CI: 1.3-11.8, P=0.006).Out of the variables that are risk factors of VTE as age, HT or thrombophilic risk factor, ProC Global assay was found in the multivariate analysis - logistic regression, as the parameter that was the most associated with patient group [Exp(B)=15.8, 95% CI: 4.2-59.0, P<0.001]. In conclusion, abnormal PCAT-NR is associated with VTE in women using HT. ProC Global assay may potentially serve asa diagnostic tool for evaluating the risk of VTE in women prior to administration of HT.
Wind Class Sampling of Satellite SAR Imagery for Offshore Wind Resource Mapping
Authors: Badger Merete , Badger Jake , Nielsen Morten , Hasager Charlotte Bay , Peña Alfredo 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
High-resolution wind fields retrieved from satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery are combined for mapping of wind resources offshore where site measurements are costly and sparse. A new sampling strategy for the SAR scenes is introduced, based on a method for statistical–dynamical downscaling of large-scale wind conditions using a set of wind classes that describe representative wind situations. One or more SAR scenes are then selected to represent each wind class and the classes are weighted according to their frequency of occurrence. The wind class methodology was originally developed for mesoscale modeling of wind resources. Its performance in connection with sampling of SAR scenes is tested against two sets of random SAR samples and meteorological observations at three sites in the North Sea during 2005–08. Predictions of the mean wind speed and the Weibull scale parameter are within 5% from the mast observations whereas the deviation on power density and the Weibull shape parameter is up to 7%. These results are promising and may be improved further through a better population of the wind classes. Advantages of the wind class sampling method over random sampling include, in principle, selection of the most representative SAR scenes such that wind resources can be predicted from a lower number of SAR samples. Furthermore, the wind class weightings can be adjusted to represent any time period.
Using Satellite-Derived Snow Cover Data to Implement a Snow Analysis in the Met Office Global NWP Model
Authors: Pullen Samantha , Jones Clive , Rooney Gabriel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSnow cover and amount are important components in the interaction between the land surface and atmosphere, but until recently there has been no observational snow information incorporated into the Met Office global numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. This paper presents a Northern Hemisphere (NH) snow analysis, based on satellite-derived observations of snow cover, that has recently been implemented in the operational global Unified Model (UM). The analysis uses daily snow maps from the NOAA National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) to modify the UM background snow amount. Assimilation experiments carried out during the NH snow accumulation and ablation periods show improvements in analyzed snow cover, both qualitatively and quantitatively, when compared with unmodified control runs. Although the effect on forecast accuracy of introducing the snow analysis is largely neutral, there is some evidence of small improvements in screen-level temperature and humidity forecasts. Retention of information introduced by the snow analysis is hard, and so the limited impact on forecast accuracy is not unexpected. Several methods of validation and verification are presented, and their results and implications are discussed. The NH snow analysis delivers a basic snow assimilation system that can be expanded and developed further in future iterations to improve the representation of snow cover and amount in global and regional forecasting models.
The Definition of GOES Infrared Lightning Initiation Interest Fields
Authors: Harris Ryan J. , Mecikalski John R. , MacKenzie Wayne M. , Durkee Philip A. , Nielsen Kurt E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Within cumulus cloud fields that develop in conditionally unstable air masses, only a fraction of the cumuli may eventually develop into deep convection. Identifying which of these convective clouds is most likely to generate lightning often starts with little more than a qualitative visual satellite analysis. The goal of this study is to identify the observed satellite infrared (IR) signatures associated with growing cumulus clouds prior to the first lightning strike, or lightning initiation (LI). This study quantifies the behavior of 10 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12) IR fields of interest in the 1 h in advance of LI. A total of 172 lightning-producing storms, which occurred during the 2009 convective season, are manually tracked and studied over four regions: northern Alabama, central Oklahoma, the Kennedy Space Center, and Washington, D.C. Four-dimensional and cloud-to-ground lightning array data provide a total cloud lightning picture (in-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, cloud-to-air, and cloud-to-ground) and thus precise LI points for each storm in both time and space. Statistical significance tests are conducted on observed trends for each of the 10 LI fields to determine the unique information each field provides in terms of behavior prior to LI. Eight out of 10 LI fields exhibited useful information at least 15 min in advance of LI, with 35 min being the average. Statistical tests on these eight fields are compared for separate large geographical areas. Median IR temperatures and 3.9-μm reflectance values are then determined for all 172 events as an outcome, which may be valuable when implementing a LI prediction algorithm into real-time satellite-based systems.
Downward Wave Coupling between the Stratosphere and Troposphere: The Importance of Meridional Wave Guiding and Comparison with Zonal-Mean Coupling
Authors: Shaw Tiffany A. , Perlwitz Judith , Harnik Nili 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The nature of downward wave coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere in both hemispheres is analyzed using the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) dataset. Downward wave coupling occurs when planetary waves reflected in the stratosphere impact the troposphere, and it is distinct from zonal-mean coupling, which results from wave dissipation and its subsequent impact on the zonal-mean flow. Cross-spectral correlation analysis and wave geometry diagnostics reveal that downward wave-1 coupling occurs in the presence of both a vertical reflecting surface in the mid-to-upper stratosphere and a high-latitude meridional waveguide in the lower stratosphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, downward wave coupling occurs from September to December, whereas in the Northern Hemisphere it occurs from January to March. A vertical reflecting surface is also present in the stratosphere during early winter in both hemispheres; however, it forms at the poleward edge of the meridional waveguide, which is not confined to high latitudes. The absence of a high-latitude waveguide allows meridional wave propagation into the subtropics and decreases the likelihood of downward wave coupling. The results highlight the importance of distinguishing between wave reflection in general, which requires a vertical reflecting surface, and downward wave coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere, which requires both a vertical reflecting surface and a high-latitude meridional waveguide.
The relative roles of downward wave and zonal-mean coupling in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres are subsequently compared. In the Southern Hemisphere, downward wave-1 coupling dominates, whereas in the Northern Hemisphere downward wave-1 coupling and zonal-mean coupling are found to be equally important from winter to early spring. The results suggest that an accurate representation of the seasonal cycle of the wave geometry is necessary for the proper representation of downward wave coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere.
Trifluoromethanesulfonate Anion-linked Supramolecular Frameworks of Cucurbit[5]uril and Cucurbit[7]uril
Authors: Zhang Jie , Ren Huifang , Liu Li 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Two crystals based on cucurbit[5]uril and cucurbit[7]uril, C30H30N20O10·2CF3SO3H·7.25H2O (1) and C42H42N28O14·CF3SO3H·8H2O (2) have been synthesized in trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. These two crystal structures demonstrated that the highly-ordered trifluoromethanesulfonate anions play essential roles in the formation of three-dimensional supramolecular frameworks with 1D elliptical channels or circular channels.
Preparation of Well-defined Nanometer-sized Layered Double Hydroxides by Novel pH Adjustment Method Using Ion-exchange Resin
Authors: Nitoh Konomi , Ayral Andre , Ogawa Makoto 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Well-defined finite particles of layered double hydroxides were successfully synthesized from aqueous solution of metal salts by the newly developed pH adjustment method, where hydroxide form ion-exchange resin was used to make acidic starting solution to basic for the hydroxide formation.
Optical Resolution of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Molecular Recognition with Chiral Diporphyrin Nanotweezers
Authors: Peng Xiaobin , Wang Feng , Bauri Ajoy Kumar , Rahman A F M Mustafizur , Komatsu Naoki 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have either chiral or achiral form, and synthesized chiral SWNTs include both left- and right-handed structures in equal amounts. Recently, a racemic mixture was found to be resolved through molecular recognition with gable-type chiral diporphyrins, namely, nanotweezers. This novel separation method for SWNTs allowed optical resolution of SWNTs for the first time. The chiral nanotweezers consist of two chiral porphyrins and rigid spacer in between. Therefore, they have potential to discriminate not only the handedness but also the diameters or alignments of the hexagons of SWNTs. We have prepared the following three types of chiral nanotweezers; m-phenylene-, 2,6-pyridylene-, and 3,6-carbazolylene-bridged diporphyrins. In the extraction of SWNTs, different selectivities have been observed among the nanotweezers. This can be attributed to the differences in their structures; namely, the dihedral angles and the distance of the two porphyrins. In this review, we would like to discuss the relationship between the structures of the nanotweezers and the results of the optical and (n,m) enrichments of the extracted SWNTs.
Preparation and Characteristics of Well-defined Polyethylene/Poly(ethylene glycol) Hybrid Materials of Different Molecular Architectures
Authors: Matoishi Kaori , Nakatsuka Shiro , Nakai Kazuoki , Isokawa Motoaki , Nagai Naoshi , Fujita Terunori 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
New well-defined polyethylene/poly(ethylene glycol) AB3-type hybrid materials have been developed, and the materials form nanosized particles in water (water dispersion, average particle size 18 nm) as a result of the self-assembly. This is the first example of nanosized particles comprised of polyolefin/polar polymer hybrid materials, which display unprecedented material properties.
Noncyclic Isobutenyl Compounds with Esters and Amides: Effect of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds Tuned by Tandem Claisen Rearrangement on the Two-dimensional Structures
Authors: Omori Kazuhiro , Kikkawa Yoshihiro , Kanesato Masatoshi , Hiratani Kazuhisa 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Two-dimensional structures of noncyclic isobutenyl compounds containing ester moieties were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Folded alignment of the molecule was transformed into open extended-structure after a simple thermal reaction of tandem Claisen rearrangement. The drastic change in the two-dimensional structures was caused by the intramolecular hydrogen bonds.