bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL ON WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AMONG EUROPEAN CITIZENS
Authors: Jones Nikoleta , Malesios Chrisovaladis , Botetzagias Iosif 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
Social capital has been recognized as one of the most influential concepts in social and political sciences. It is assumed that it has significant influence on several issues such as health status, educational achievement and environmental attitudes. In the present article we attempt to investigate the influence of social capital on the tendency of European citizens to contribute money for the environment using data from EVS 1999/2000. Firstly, an estimation of individual social capital is calculated for European citizens with the use of Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Secondly, the relation between individual social capital and willingness to pay (WTP) is examined. Thirdly, further evidence is provided by introducing in the analysis the influence of other factors such as income, age, gender and educational level. In addition, the influence of contextual factors on WTP is explored. Through the results of the study it is observed that most European citizens are willing to pay for the environment and their decision is influenced significantly from elements of social capital. Furthermore, on a contextual level only some of the factors investigated explain the tendency to contribute money for the environment.
Where are All the Products? Are We Really Doing Social Marketing or are We Doing Social Sales?
Authors: Merritt Rowena , Christopoulos Alex , Thorpe Allison 
Published: May 2009

In their description of social marketing, Kotler and Zaltman (1971) postulate the difference between marketing and sales. Sales are defined as “finding customers for existing products and convincing them to buy these products,” whereas marketing is described as “discovering the wants of a target audience and then creating the goods and services to satisfy them” (p. 5). The marketing mix and consideration of all its Ps (product, price, place, promotion) is a fundamental contributor to the success of marketing. A successful commercial company would never look to promote a message unless it had a product or service, at the right price, in a convenient location. Despite this knowledge, social marketing projects often focus predominantly, and sometimes solely, on the final P — promotion. This article looks at a selection of the products and services offered in England, debates whether we are doing marketing or sales, and attempts to answer the question Bill Smith posed at the World Social Marketing Conference held in Brighton, England, in September 2008: “Where's the product?”
GO Men's Health Program
Authors: Burton Amanda , Atherton Matthew , Nygaard Anna 
Published: May 2009

In 2008, NHS Halton & St Helens in the United Kingdom launched a Men's Health program pilot focusing on encouraging men to take better care of their health and to make more use of available health services. Targeting men living in the most deprived wards in Halton, the Men's Health program offers a wide variety of activities just for men, all designed to support and enable equal and convenient access to lifestyle and general health services. The pilot program draws upon best practice by developing a social marketing approach that supports men to choose from a range of tailored activities designed to improve their health and well-being. The Men's Health program is part of the wider Health Improvement Team's program and has demonstrated a range of quantitative and qualitative successes in engaging men living in the most deprived wards. A key element to the design and development of the Men's Health program is the continuous dialogue and refining activities to ensure that men are encouraged to contribute in the shaping of such activities and wider delivery of the program.
A group bridge approach for variable selection
Authors: Huang Jian , Ma Shuange , Xie Huiliang , Zhang Cun-Hui 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn multiple regression problems when covariates can be naturally grouped, it is important to carry out feature selection at the group and within-group individual variable levels simultaneously. The existing methods, including the lasso and group lasso, are designed for either variable selection or group selection, but not for both. We propose a group bridge approach that is capable of simultaneous selection at both the group and within-group individual variable levels. The proposed approach is a penalized regularization method that uses a specially designed group bridge penalty. It has the oracle group selection property, in that it can correctly select important groups with probability converging to one. In contrast, the group lasso and group least angle regression methods in general do not possess such an oracle property in group selection. Simulation studies indicate that the group bridge has superior performance in group and individual variable selection relative to several existing methods.
Classifying fish schools and estimating their species proportions in fishery-acoustic surveys
Authors: Fablet Ronan , Lefort Riwal , Karoui Imen , Berger Laurent , Massé Jacques , Scalabrin Carla , Boucher Jean-Marc 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFablet, R., Lefort, R., Karoui, I., Berger, L., Massé, J., Scalabrin, C., and Boucher, J-M. 2009. Classifying fish schools and estimating their species proportions in fishery-acoustic surveys. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1136–1142. Automated or computer-assisted tools are needed for estimating the proportion of species and their biomass in echosounder surveys of marine ecosystems. Operational systems rely mainly on school morphologies or the frequency responses of scatterers to identify target species in echograms. This paper presents two complementary methods for classifying schools and estimating their species proportion in a multispecies, pelagic environment. One method relies on the training of probabilistic school classifiers; the other exploits echogram similarities to infer species proportions directly from the proportions known at trawled sites. The methods are demonstrated with empirical and simulated data. School classifications and species-proportion estimates are compared to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Influence of Amylose Content on Cookie and Sponge Cake Quality and Solvent Retention Capacities in Wheat Flour
Authors: Nishio Zenta , Oikawa Hanaki , Haneda Takanobu , Seki Masako , Ito Miwako , Tabiki Tadashi , Yamauchi Hiroaki , Miura Hideho 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTReduced amylose wheat (Triticum æstivum L.) produces better quality noodles and bread less prone to going stale, while little is known about the relationships between amylose content and the quality of soft wheat baking products such as sugar snap cookies (SSC) and Japanese sponge cakes (JSC). Near‐isogenic lines developed from wheat cultivar Norin 61, differing in their level of granule‐bound starch synthase (Wx protein) activity, were used to produce wheat grains and ultimately flours of different amylose contents. These were tested with regard to their effect on soft wheat baking quality and solvent retention capacities (SRC). Amylose content was strongly correlated to cookie diameter (r = 0.969, P < 0.001) and cake volume (r = 0.976, P < 0.001), indicating that the soft wheat baking quality associated with SSC diameter and JSC volume were improved by an incremental increases in amylose content. Among the four kinds of SRC tests (water, sodium carbonate, sucrose and lactic acid), the water SRC test showed the highest correlation with amylose content, SSC diameter, and JSC volume. When the regression analysis was conducted between the nonwaxy and partial waxy isogenic lines that are available in commercial markets, only water SRC was significantly correlated to amylose content (r = –0.982, P < 0.001) among of four SRC tests. This suggests that, unlike udon noodle quality, high‐amylose content is indispensable in improving soft wheat baking quality, a process requiring less water retention capacity.
Protease Treatment to Improve Ethanol Fermentation in Modified Dry Grind Corn Processes
Authors: Vidal Bernardo C. , Rausch Kent D. , Tumbleson M. E. , Singh Vijay 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTTo improve fractionation efficiency in modified dry grind corn processes, we evaluated the effectiveness of protease treatment in reducing residual starch in endosperm fiber. Three schemes of protease treatment were conducted in three processes: 1) enzymatic milling or E‐Mill, 2) dry fractionation with raw starch fermentation or dry RS, and 3) dry fractionation with conventional fermentation or dry conv. Kinetics of free amino nitrogen production were similar in both dry and wet fractionation (E‐Mill), indicating that proteolysis was effective in all three schemes. At the end of fermentation, endosperm fiber was recovered and its residual starch measured. Using protease treatment, residual starch in the endosperm fiber was reduced by 1.9% w/w (22% relative reduction) in dry conv and 1.7% w/w (8% relative reduction) in dry RS, while no reduction was observed in the E‐Mill process. Protease treatment increased ethanol production rates early in fermentation (≤24 hr) but final ethanol concentrations were unaffected in both dry RS and E‐Mill. In dry conv, the addition of protease resulted in a decline in final ethanol concentration by 0.3% v/v, as well as a higher variability in liquefaction product concentration (higher standard deviations in the glucose and maltose yields). Protease treatment can be used effectively to enhance modified dry grind processes.
Characterization of Water State in Masa with Different Additives
Authors: Lucius Ruth , Gao Yani , Vodovotz Yael 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTCarboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to tortillas to maintain a pliable texture during storage. A need exists to optimize or replace CMC in masa and tortilla manufacturing with cheaper yet adequate alternatives. Change in water distribution upon gum addition may be key to understanding stability of cooked masa. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the state and distribution of water in masa systems containing two types of CMC and guar gum. Masa was mixed with 10% (1% in viscosity measurements) of different gums (either one of two CMCs varying in viscosity or guar) then hydrated to 50% moisture content. Viscosity, water holding capacity (WHC), total moisture content (TGA) as well as “freezable” (FW) and “unfreezable” (UFW) water (DSC) of all samples were obtained and compared. Viscosity measurements indicated guar gum may provide a good substitution for high viscosity CMC. The two water measurements, WHC and UFW, differed as to the effect of viscosity on water entrapment. WHC represented the short‐term imbibing of gums, while UFW indicated how the hydrocolloids responded in masa given full hydration time. UFW in guar gum was lower than in medium viscosity CMC. These initial results indicate that guar gum may prove a good substitute for CMC in masa applications.
rac-4,8-Divinylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione
Authors: Orentas Edvinas , Wendt Ola F. , Wärnmark Kenneth , Butkus Eugenijus , Wallentin Carl-Johan 
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C13H16O2, is a chiral bicyclic structure composed of two fused cyclohexane rings possessing both boat and chair conformations. The molecules are packed in enantiopure columns which are pairwise linked forming an overall racemic solid; within the column pairs the packing is governed by weak dipole–dipole interactions stemming from stacked carbonyl functionalities (COcentroid–COcentroiddistance = 3.290 Å).
Limited humoral immunoglobulin E memory influences serum immunoglobulin E levels in blood
Authors: Achatz‐Straussberger G. , Zaborsky N. , Königsberger S. , Feichtner S. , Lenz S. , Peckl‐Schmid D. , Lamers M. , Achatz G. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe switch of B cells expressing membrane‐bound Igs, which serve as antigen receptors, to antibody‐secreting plasmablasts and finally to non‐dividing, long‐lived plasma cells (PCs) lacking an antigen receptor, marks the terminal differentiation of a B cell. Antibody‐secreting PCs represent the key cell type for the maintenance of a proactive humoral immunological memory. Although some populations of long‐lived PCs persist in the spleen, most of them return to their ‘place of birth’ and travel to the bone marrow or invade inflamed tissues, where they survive up to several months in survival niches as resident, immobile cells. Existing data strongly support the notion that isotype‐specific receptor signalling influences the migration behaviour of plasmablasts to the bone marrow. The recent observation in the murine sytem that the immigration of plasmablasts and the final differentiation to long‐lived PCs in the bone marrow is dependent on the expressed B‐cell isotype and the related expression of chemokine receptors leads to the conclusion that during a T‐helper type 2 (Th2)‐mediated immune response in wild type mice, IgE plasmablasts do not have the same chance to contribute to long‐lived PC memory as IgG1 plasmablasts. The overall limited humoral IgE memory additionally restricts the quantity of IgE Igs in the serum.
Functional and clinical consequences of Fc receptor polymorphic and copy number variants
Authors: Bournazos S , Woof J M , Hart S P , Dransfield I 
Published: May 2009

SummaryReceptors for immunoglobulins (Fc receptors) play a central role during an immune response, as they mediate the specific recognition of antigens of almost infinite diversity by leucocytes, thereby linking the humoral and cellular components of immunity. Indeed, engagement of Fc receptors by immunoglobulins initiates a range of immunoregulatory processes that might also play a role in disease pathogenesis. In the circulation, five main types of immunoglobulins (Ig) exist – namely IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM and IgD and receptors with the ability to recognize and bind to IgG (Fcγ receptor family), IgE (FcεRI and CD23), IgA (CD89; Fcα/µR) and IgM (Fcα/µR) have been identified and characterized. However, it is astonishing that nearly all the known human Fc receptors display extensive genetic variation with clear implications for their function, thus representing a substantial genetic risk factor for the pathogenesis of a range of chronic inflammatory disorders.
Predator‐specific inducible defenses in the rotifer Keratella tropica
Authors: GILBERT JOHN J. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. A Patagonian strain of Keratella tropica has very different induced morphological responses to two predators – the carnivorous rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli and the interference competitor Daphnia pulex. Asplanchna induces the most exuberant morph. Compared to the basic morph, it has a fourfold longer right posterolateral spine (up to c. 115 μm), greatly elongated anterolateral and anterosubmedian spines, and no left posterolateral spine. Transitional morphs have an incompletely developed right posterolateral spine and a reduced left posterolateral spine. Daphnia induces moderate development of both posterior spines but no elongation of any anterior spines. Induction of these morphs by Asplanchna and Daphnia is mediated by kairomones.2. The Asplanchna‐induced morph is much better defended against large (0.9 mm) Asplanchna than either the basic or Daphnia‐induced morph. The long right posterolateral spine usually prevents capture or ingestion. The Asplanchna‐ and Daphnia‐induced morphs are similarly susceptible to interference from large (3 mm) D. pulex.3. Life‐table experiments with cohorts of the basic and Asplanchna‐induced morphs at 5 × 103 and 2 × 104 cells of Cryptomoas erosa per millilitre indicate little or no cost of the induced defense. Lifetime fecundity (13–15 offspring per female) did not differ significantly between morphs. The mean intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm day−1) of the induced morph was very slightly but significantly lower than that of the basic morph at the lower food concentration (0.46 versus 0.48) but no different from it at the higher food concentration (0.53 versus 0.54). However, spine development may involve undetermined allocation costs and environmental costs relating to interactions with other organisms.4. It is not clear why K. tropica has separate induced responses to Asplanchna and Daphnia. Moderate spine development probably reduces damage or ingestion by small (<1.5 mm) daphniids, as in other species of Keratella, but further development may confer no protection against larger ones. Thus, the ratio of benefit to cost with daphniids (and other cladocerans) may be highest for intermediate spine development. In contrast, much greater spine development seems necessary for effective defense against Asplanchna. The more moderate response to Daphnia also may reflect less likely spatial and temporal overlap.
Virus‐like particles associated with brown muscle disease in Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, in Arcachon Bay (France)
Authors: Dang C , Gonzalez P , Mesmer‐Dudons N , Bonami J‐R , Caill‐Milly N , De Montaudouin X 
Published: May 2009

AbstractRecently, Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, populations have suffered mortalities in Arcachon Bay (SW France). Mortality was associated with extensive lesions of the posterior adductor muscle, which become progressively brown and calcified. Ultrastructural observations by transmission electron microscopy revealed tissue degradation with necrotized muscle fibres and granulocytomas. Unenveloped virus‐like particles (VLPs) were detected in muscle, granulocytic, epithelial and rectal cells. VLPs were abundant in the extracellular space, in the cytoplasm (free or enclosed in vesicles) and in the nucleoplasm of granulocytes. Nuclei and mitochondria of granulocytes displayed changes which suggested reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis induction. VLPs exhibited an icosahedral structure with a diameter of 25 to 35 nm. These observations suggest that the VLPs could belong to the family Picornaviridae or the Parvoviridae.
Relatedness and spatial proximity as determinants of host–parasite interactions in the brood parasitic Barrow's goldeneye (Bucephala islandica)
Authors: JAATINEN KIM , JAARI SONJA , O’HARA ROBERT B. , ÖST MARKUS , MERILÄ JUHA 
Published: May 2009

AbstractRecent studies, which have found evidence for kin‐biased egg donation, have sparked interest in re‐assessing the parasitic nature of conspecific brood parasitism (CBP). Since host–parasite kinship is essential for mutual benefits to arise from CBP, we explored the role of relatedness in determining the behaviour of conspecific nest parasites and their hosts in nesting female Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica), a duck in which CBP is common. The results revealed that the amount of parasitism increased with host–parasite relatedness, the effect of which was independent of geographical proximity of host and parasite nests. Proximity per se was also positively associated with the amount of parasitism. Furthermore, while hosts appeared to reduce their clutch size as a response to the presence of parasitic eggs, the magnitude of host clutch reduction also tended to increase with increasing relatedness to the parasite. Hence, our results indicate that both relatedness and spatial proximity are important determinants of CBP, and that host clutch reduction may be an adaptation to nest parasitism, modulated by host–parasite relatedness. Taken together, the results provide a demonstration that relatedness influences host and parasite behaviour in Barrow's goldeneyes, resulting in kin‐biased egg donation.
Commensal ecology, urban landscapes, and their influence on the genetic characteristics of city‐dwelling Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: GARDNER‐SANTANA L. C. , NORRIS D. E. , FORNADEL C. M. , HINSON E. R. , KLEIN S. L. , GLASS G. E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMovement of individuals promotes colonization of new areas, gene flow among local populations, and has implications for the spread of infectious agents and the control of pest species. Wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are common in highly urbanized areas but surprisingly little is known of their population structure. We sampled individuals from 11 locations within Baltimore, Maryland, to characterize the genetic structure and extent of gene flow between areas within the city. Clustering methods and a neighbour‐joining tree based on pairwise genetic distances supported an east–west division in the inner city, and a third cluster comprised of historically more recent sites. Most individuals (~95%) were assigned to their area of capture, indicating strong site fidelity. Moreover, the axial dispersal distance of rats (62 m) fell within typical alley length. Several rats were assigned to areas 2–11.5 km away, indicating some, albeit infrequent, long‐distance movement within the city. Although individual movement appears to be limited (30–150 m), locations up to 1.7 km are comprised of relatives. Moderate FST, differentiation between identified clusters, and high allelic diversity indicate that regular gene flow, either via recruitment or migration, has prevented isolation. Therefore, ecology of commensal rodents in urban areas and life‐history characteristics of Norway rats likely counteract many expected effects of isolation or founder events. An understanding of levels of connectivity of rat populations inhabiting urban areas provides information about the spatial scale at which populations of rats may spread disease, invade new areas, or be eradicated from an existing area without reinvasion.
Population sizes and dispersal pattern of tsetse flies: rolling on the river?
Authors: BOUYER J. , BALENGHIEN T. , RAVEL S. , VIAL L. , SIDIBÉ I. , THÉVENON S. , SOLANO P. , DE MEEÛS T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe West African trypanosomoses are mostly transmitted by riverine species of tsetse fly. In this study, we estimate the dispersal and population size of tsetse populations located along the Mouhoun river in Burkina Faso where tsetse habitats are experiencing increasing fragmentation caused by human encroachment. Dispersal estimated through direct (mark and recapture) and indirect (genetic isolation by distance) methods appeared consistent with one another. In these fragmented landscapes, tsetse flies displayed localized, small subpopulations with relatively short effective dispersal. We discuss how such information is crucial for designing optimal strategies for eliminating this threat. To estimate ecological parameters of wild animal populations, the genetic measures are both a cost‐ and time‐effective alternative to mark–release–recapture. They can be applied to other vector‐borne diseases of medical and/or economic importance.
The brain structural disposition to social interaction
Authors: Lebreton Maël , Barnes Anna , Miettunen Jouko , Peltonen Leena , Ridler Khanum , Veijola Juha , Tanskanen Päivikki , Suckling John , Jarvelin Marjo‐Riitta , Jones Peter B. , Isohanni Matti , Bullmore Edward T. , Murray Graham K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSocial reward dependence (RD) in humans is a stable pattern of attitudes and behaviour hypothesized to represent a favourable disposition towards social relationships and attachment as a personality dimension. It has been theorized that this long‐term disposition to openness is linked to the capacity to process primary reward. Using brain structure measures from magnetic resonance imaging, and a measure of RD from Cloninger’s temperament and character inventory, a self‐reported questionnaire, in 41 male subjects sampled from a general population birth cohort, we investigated the neuro‐anatomical basis of social RD. We found that higher social RD in men was significantly associated with increased gray matter density in the orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia and temporal lobes, regions that have been previously shown to be involved in processing of primary rewards. These findings provide evidence for a brain structural disposition to social interaction, and that sensitivity to social reward shares a common neural basis with systems for processing primary reward information.