bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further comparisons of energy and protein sources for growing cattle
Authors: Smith T. , Siviter J. W. , Merry R. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySpring-barley straw or maize silage were the major components in mixed diets of compound and forage fed to yearling dairy heifers. With straw, rolled barley was fed either alone or with fishmeal, soya-bean meal, protected soya-bean meal, whey + urea or Ewoplua (a product made from whey and rich in lactosyl urea). With maize silage the rolled barley was fed either alone or with fishmeal, whey + urea or Ewoplus.When straw was included in the diet fishmeal and protected soya-bean meal increased live-weight gain, and all the supplements increased nitrogen retention. When maize silage was fed, only fishmeal increased live-weight gain although all the supplements increased digestibility. Concentrations of rumen NH3-N were increased by all the supplements, when fed with straw, and also by maize silage when fed without an N supplement or with fishmeal. Small changes were noted in total and molar proportions of VFA.Calculated ME intakes suggested a more efficient use of energy for growth from maize silage than from straw, except when the straw diet was supplemented with fishmeal.
Mutagenic activity of alachlor, butachlor and carbaryl to a N2-fixing cyanobacteriumNostoc muscorum
Authors: Vaishampayan A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAlachlor, butachlor and carbaryl were highly toxic to the N2-fixing cyanobacteriumNostoc muscorum, when grown on solid minimal (nitrogen-free) medium. At pesticides doses allowing about 20, 50 and 60% survival of the organism, various mutations were obtained inN. muscorum, reverse mutation fromhet+nif–andhet–nif+auxotrophy tohet+nif+prototrophy, forward mutation for resistance to 0·37 mM L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine, and auxotrophic mutation for the achievement of carbon-auxotrophy through 5 mM methylamine-resistance. The toxic and mutagenic effects of the three pesticides were similar to those of the well known mutagen MNNG.
Comparative behaviour of seedlings of sorghum and some tropical legumes in relation to leaf expansion and growth
Authors: Chopra R. K. , Koundal K. R. , Kansal Madhu 
Published: March 2009

SummaryGrowth rates were compared of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia), mung bean (Vigna radiata) and sorghum seedlings aged 2–5 weeks. The seedling growth rates were analysed in relation to leaf area development, net photosynthetic rate, nitrogen accumulation, nitrate reductase activity, and soluble protein content. Growth rates were highest in sorghum and lowest inC. cajan. Leaf area development was very fast in sorghum and very slow inC. cajan. Net photosynthetic rate of sorghum leaves was double that observed for the legume leaves. No significant difference was observed in nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen percentage or soluble protein content between sorghum and the legumes. In sorghum, early investment of assimilates into leaf development ensured a higher assimilation of carbon and nitrogen per plant. In the legumes, slow development of leaf area coupled with low photosynthetic rates probably resulted in slow growth of the seedlings. In the legume seedlings, vigour was related to the rates of leaf area expansion. Leaf area expansion rates were not related to the nitrogen status of the leaf in the species examined.
Investigations in the Triticinae II. The cytology and fertility of intergeneric and interspecific F1 hybrids and their derived amphidiploids
Authors: Bell G. D. H. , Sachs Leo 
Published: March 2009

1. Chromosome pairing has been studied in twenty-two different sterile F1 hybrids involving the genera Aegilops, Agropyron and Triticum, together with their colchicine derived amphidiploids having chromosome numbers of 2n = 42, 56 and 70. Cytological evidence has been correlated with male and female fertility, while chromosome pairing in the parents has been studied in relation to their amphidiploids.2. Some of the sterile F1 hybrids showed little or no pairing, while in others the pairing was appreciable. There was an association of the amount of pairing with the parental combinations used in the production of the hybrids in that the interspecific hybrids were characterized by a relatively high degree of pairing, particularly those with 28 chromosomes, while the intergeneric hybrids either lacked pairing or showed a low incidence.3. In the A1 amphidiploid generation, chromosome pairing was in all cases high, and in some cases almost complete. In all cases multivalent formation in the amphidiploid was lower than bivalent formation in its undoubted F1 hybrid. Different amphidiploids showed various degrees of differential affinity. Univalent formation occurred in some amphidiploids, while bivalent formation in some was increased by a loss of chromosomes.4. In all cases there was a reduction in chiasmata per nucleus and chiasmata per bivalent in the amphidiploid compared with its parent species. Reduction values were not directly associated with any increase in chromosome number of the amphidiploid, nor with the presence of multivalents.5. No confirmation could be obtained of the view that multivalent formation in amphidiploids is a more generally sensitive index of chromosome homology than bivalent formation in the undoubted F1 hybrid. The absence of multivalents in an amphidiploid does not disprove the existence of structural chromosome homologies between the two parents.
A simple climatic chamber for physiological work with poultry
Authors: Hutchinson J. C. D. 
Published: March 2009

1. The construction and performance are described of a simple climatic chamber for work on poultry in hot climates. In addition, brief reference is made to an improved ventilation system and to refrigeration equipment fitted to chambers of later design.2. Air temperature and humidity may be controlled over a fairly wide range above that of the external air. Radiant temperature is maintained close to air temperature. The air movement averages about 20 ft./min. in the working space.3. The apparatus is suitable for accurate tests of heat tolerance lasting for a few hours, or for longterm experiments.4. It is suggested that the provision of climatic chambers for use with farm animals in underdeveloped agricultural areas is not a formidable problem.
A Study of genotype-environment interaction in mice
Authors: Young Gilbert B. 
Published: March 2009

1. A report is given of an experiment to investigate the extent of genotype-environment interaction in the growth rate and reproductive phenomena of certain strains of mice when kept in two food and two temperature environments. Evidence of interaction was found in both characters.2. The results are considered to be of sufficient interest to justify further work along these lines.This might either take the form of extensive studies involving many strains and environments chosen more or less at random, or in more limited investigations where the genotypes and environments are especially chosen because of marked differences.
The nutritive value of roughages for sheep I. The relationship between the gross digestible energy and the chemical composition of hays
Authors: Walker D. M. , Hepburn W. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. The relationship existing between the gross digestible energy content and the chemical composition of 24 hays has been studied with nine Cheviot wether lambs over a period of 8 months.2. Each hay was fed to a group of three lambs for a 10-day preliminary and 10-day collection period. Faeces and urine were collected in metabolism crates.
Meiotic irregularities in hexaploid oats. III. Further observations on the frequency of univalents and other meiotic irregularities in spring × winter variety hybrids of Avena sativa
Authors: Joshi A. B. , Howard H. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The two spring oat varieties, Argentine and Victory, and the two winter varieties, Grey Winter and Black Winter, have 0.10, 0.07, 1.57 and 0.41% pollen mother cells with irregular meioses respectively.2. F1Victory x Argentine had 3.43% of irregular meioses, and F1. Grey Winter x Black Winter 1.58%.
The mineral content of air and rain and its importance to agriculture
Authors: Ingham G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Evidence, both direct and indirect, has been adduced to prove that the air is sufficient both qualitatively and quantitatively to supply all the nutritional requirements of plants, independently of the soil or soil bacteria.2. The fertility of an undisturbed soil lies chiefly in the surface inch or two and is due to adsorption of plant nutrients from the air by organic and inorganic colloids, such nutrients being carried down to the roots of the growing crop by rain.
Photoperiodicity in Suffolk sheep
Authors: Hart D. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. A gradually decreasing plane of light and increasing plane of darkness is not an essential factor for stimulating the onset of oestrus in sheep.2. Sheep being short-day breeding animals, a standard and regularly maintained rhythm of short-light and long-dark will stimulate the onset of oestrus.3. The terms short and long are used in the relative sense only, since their significance is solely a means of supplying the necessary contrast impulse to the pituitary gland.4. A ratio of 1 part of light to 2 parts or more of dark is sufficient to supply the contrast effect.5. Oestrous cycles induced by artificial light rhythms appear to be normal in all respects, con forming to the normal intervals between heat periods and associated with the ovulation of normal ova.6. The anoestrous period varies in depth, and sheep which have just entered it may be brought back into oestrus very much faster than animals which are in deep anoestrum.7. The milk yield of lactating ewes does not appear to be unduly depressed by the onset of oestrous periods induced by an artificial light-dark rhythm.
Analysis of the breeding records of a herd of pigs
Authors: Braude R. , Clarke P. M. , Mitchell K. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. A survey and. statistical analysis of the records of litters born in the N.I.R.D. herd of Large White pigs over a period of 16 years are presented.2. The mean length of gestation was 114 days for both gilts and sows.3. The mean numbers of pigs born alive and born dead per litter from gilts, 10·0 and 0·2 respectively, were both significantly smaller than the corresponding figures for sows, 11·8 and O·8. No seasonal differences were found.4. The mean total losses of pigs from birth to weaning at 8 weeks were 29·5% of pigs born alive. The losses in litters from gilts, 23·0%, were significantly smaller than in litters from sows, 31·0%. The losses during the winter months both for gilts, 32·5%, and for sows, 35·9%, were significantly higher than during the summer months, 19·4% and 26·7% for gilts and sows respectively.5. Over 50% of the total losses were due to crushing by the dam, 74·1% of the losses from this cause occurring during the first 48 hr. after birth.6. The mean number of pigs weaned per litter was 8·0. The difference between the number weaned per litter from gilts, 7·7, and per litter from number of pigs was weaned per litter from sows during the summer months, 8·7, than during the winter months, 7·4.7. There was no significant difference between the number of male and of female pigs weaned.8. The mean weight at weaning was 29·9 lb., male pigs, 30·3 lb., being significantly heavier than females, 29·51b. Pigs in litters from gilts, 27·81b., were significantly lighter at weaning than those from sows, 30·0 lb., and for both gilts and sows, pigs reared during the summer months, 29·7 and 31·8 lb. respectively, were significantly heavier than those reared during the winter months, 25·9 and 28·2 lb. respectively.
The free amino-acids present in fresh and in fermented marrow stem kale
Authors: Robertson Hamish , Barnett A. John G. 
Published: March 2009

1. An investigation has been made into the changes that take place in the free amino-acid pattern when kale-water slurries are allowed to ferment under conditions of (a) aeration, (b) anaerobiasis and (c) partial sterilization with sulphur dioxide.2. It has been found that, with aerated mixtures, the loss of free amino-acids is virtually complete within 2 weeks, while there is only a slight loss with the anaerobic mixtures. With mixtures containing sulphur dioxide no loss of amino-acids occur.3. The formation of α-amino butyric acid possibly from threonine has been noted.
Heritability of chick viability in a White Wyandotte flock
Authors: Hale R. W. 
Published: March 2009

A short account is given of 7 years' breeding for high and low brooder-house viability in a White Wyandotte flock, in which mortality, to 8 weeks of age in most years, varied from almost 50% in the early years to 10% in the last year (1947). When separate sections of the flock were established, the lowviability section showed consistently greater rearing losses than the high-viability section.Brooder house viability appeared to have a relatively low additive heritability, when estimated from such of the records as were suitable, the pooled estimate from differences amongst sires' progenies being only about 0·07. There was definite evidence that mortality was affected by the common maternal origin of full sibs, the heritability estimated from differences amongst full-sib progenies of dams mated to the same sire being significantly higher than that estimated from differences amongst the half-sib progenies of the sires.
Studies on the effect of nitrogen fertilizer, row spacing and use of antitranspirants on rapeseed (Brassica campestris) grown under dryland conditions
Authors: Patil B. B. , De Rajat 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn experiment is desoribed which was conducted for 2 years under dryland conditions of north-west India to evaluate the optimum rate of application of N fertilizer and plant population density for a rapeseed crop. Stomata closing (phenyl mercuric acetate), film forming(Mobileaf) and reflective type (kaolinite) antitranspirants were used to examine their effectson conservation of stored moisture for a possible increased water use efficiency under drylandconditions.The rapeseed crop responded to N fertilizer and it was profitable to use 53 kg N/ha xinder these conditions. In a drier year a wider row spacing of 60 cm (1·1 x 106 plants/ ha) was significantly better than narrower spacing of 30 cm (2·2 xlO5 plants/ha). Plants grown in wider row spacings utilized less water during the vegetative and flowering stages than those grown in closer spacings.The relative water content of leaves sprayed with antitranspirants was greater than in the control plants. The leaf temperature of the kaolinite-treated canopy was 1·5 °C lower than the ambient air temperature. Averaged over 2 years, the film-forming antitranspirant Mobileaf increased the seed yield by 26% while spraying with phenyl mercuric acetate at 50 and 75 days and kaolin application at 50 days increased the rapeseed yield by 11, 18 and 17% over the no antitranspirant treatment.
Dry-matter content, leaf water potential and digestibility of three grasses in the early stages of regrowth after defoliation with and without applied nitrogen
Authors: Wilman D. , Wright P. T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe regrowth of Aberystwyth S. 22 Italian ryegrass, S. 24 perennial ryegrass and S. 37 cocksfoot was studied in field swards with and without applied nitrogen during the 21 days following a cut or grazing, there being a total of five periods of study at different times of year and in different years.The dry-matter content of the harvested herbage deoreased by 4–8 percentage units on average from day 6 to day 18 of regrowth, supporting the evidence of earlier experiments with ryegrass and suggesting that a decrease at about this stage is typical. In the present experiments the same trend was evident after removal of surface moisture. Dry-matter content before removal of surface moisture was sometimes as low as 10%, which could adversely affect animal production. The water potential of fully expanded leaf blades was typically more negative on days 2 and 5 of regrowth than subsequently, so that the moderately high dry-matter content during the first week of regrowth seems to indicate some degree of moisture stress. Emerging leaves were less stressed than fully expanded ones during the very early stages of regrowth. Leaf water potential tended to be rather less negative in the cooksfoot than in the ryegrasses. The application of N reduced dry-matter content, but did not affect leaf water potential.The digestibility of the harvested herbage was little affected by the stage of regrowth. The cocksfoot was less digestible than the ryegrasses. The application of N generally increased digestibility, particularly in cocksfoot.
The proportions of cell content, nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and water-soluble carbohydrate in three grasses in the early stages of regrowth after defoliation with and without applied nitrogen
Authors: Wilman D. , Wright P. T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe regrowth of Aberystwyth S. 22 Italian ryegrass, S. 24 perennial ryegrass and S. 37 cocksfoot was studied in field swards with and without applied nitrogen during the 21 days following a cut or grazing, there being a total of five periods of study at different tunes of year and in different years.The proportion of cell content in the harvested herbage, as measured by neutral detergent, increased by nearly 9 percentage units from day 3 to day 18 of regrowth. The proportion of cell content as measured by acid pepsin also increased during regrowth, but to a lesser extent. The proportion of cell content in leaf blades of two age categories, as measured by neutral detergent, also increased during regrowth. The above increases in proportion of cell content were found in all three grasses. The increases were associated with increases in the proportion of crude protein in dry matter, which were only partially offset by reductions in the proportion of water-soluble carbohydrate. The broad pattern of change in N and nitrate-N content of Italian ryegrass herbage during regrowth in spring with different amounts of N applied, noted in earlier experiments, was confirmed and found to apply to perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot also. During a September-October period of study there was little sign of decline in nitrate-N content within the 21 days where N had been applied. Younger leaf blades had a rather lower nitrate-N content and a slightly higher total N content, on average, than, older blades. The application of N increased the proportion of crude protein more than it reduced the proportion of water-soluble carbohydrate and it increased the proportion of cell content. The increase in proportion of cell content was sufficient to explain the positive effect of N application on digestibility. The average proportion of total herbage N which was found in the cell wall fraction was about 12%.There appeared to be a relationship between chemical composition and dry-matter content. The chlorophyll content of leaf blades increased during regrowth and was increased by N application. The experimental results on balance, particularly those for proportion of cell content, suggest an improvement in nutritive value of grass during regrowth up to about 3 weeks in contrast to the well-recognized decline in nutritive value where regrowth proceeds beyond about 3 weeks.
Effects of previous legume and oat crops on grain yield and take-all in spring barley
Authors: Dyke G. V. , Slope D. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo experiments compared yields of spring barley following barley, oats, beans (Vicia faba), red clover (cut) and (one experiment only) oil-seed rape, and tested effects of trefoil (Medicago lupulina) undersown in the preliminary crops of barley and oats. N fertilizer was applied at two rates to preliminary crops, and four rates to the final crop in each experiment. Barley following barley suffered severely from take-all disease (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici); barley after other crops was little affected. Other recognized soil-borne diseases were unimportant. Barley yielded less after barley than after other crops except where excessive N fertilizer caused lodging. Clover and beans left N residues equivalent to about 88 and 44 kg fertilizer N/ha respectively; undersown trefoil left inconsistent N residues. Couchgrass (Agropyron repens) was more prevalent after barley than after other crops.
Fertility of heifers and suckled cows inseminated at predetermined intervals after treatment with prostaglandin F2α
Authors: Hafs H. D. , Manns J. G. , Wood P. D. P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYHeifers and suckled cows in 34 herds were included in a field trial using prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) to control ovulation. Oestrus was induced by two intramuscular injections of PGF2α 10–12 days apart in 592 animals. Of these, 264 were inseminated once at 80 h and 328 were inseminated twice, at 70 and 88 h, after the second injection of PGF2α. Pregnanoy was confirmed by palpation or by calving without further insemination. After adjustment for independent sources of variation in fertility, estimated true pregnancy rates were 59·6 ± 3·0% for cattle inseminated once, and 61·3 ± 2·7% for those inseminated twice at one oestrus, compared with 66·4 ± 3·2% for 220 animals allowed to cycle normally in the same herds (controls).In a sub-sample of 538 animals, semen usage was 15% higher for the treated group inseminated once and 107% higher for the group inseminated twice, than for the controls. The breeding season extended over about 80 days for the control groups, and about 30 days for the treated groups.No side effects attributable to prostaglandin were observed among the treated cattle.
A further study of the effect of sulphanilamide on the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the laying hen
Authors: Tyler C. 
Published: March 2009

An experiment has been performed on the effect of sulphanilamide on the calcium and phosphorus metabolism of laying hens.The results showed a decrease in calcium retention and thinner shelled eggs, when sulphanilamide was fed.When the drug was withdrawn the birds took some time to reach normal balance values again, but they immediately produced normally shelled eggs.The results of this experiment, along with a previous experiment, have been considered from other points of view in an attempt to find an explanation of some slightly divergent results. Relationships between calcium retained and calcium in shell and between calcium balance and phosphorus balance have been found and the values for changes in calcium bound to phosphorus and residual calcium in bone have been calculated. These considerations have helped to clear up the discrepancies, and it would appear that sulphanilamide effects may be influenced by season, and by calcium and phosphorus intake.