bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irrigation and infection: The immunoepidemiology of schistosomiasis in ancient Nubia
Authors: Hibbs Amber Campbell , Secor W. Evan , Van Gerven Dennis , Armelagos George 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSchistosomiasis has been deemed “the most important water‐based disease from a global public‐health perspective” in modern populations. To better understand the burden of schistosomiasis in ancient populations, we conducted immunologic examinations of desiccated tissue samples from two ancient Nubian populations, Wadi Halfa (N= 46) and Kulubnarti (N= 191). Saqia irrigated agriculture increases the available habitat for the aquatic vector snails and the risk of exposure. On the basis of evidence regarding the impact of saqia irrigation on schistosomiasis prevalence and transmission in modern populations, we predicted that the prevalence ofSchistosoma mansoniinfection would be higher in Wadi Halfa (saqia irrigation) than Kulubnarti (annual flooding). We also predicted that peak infection prevalence would occur at an earlier age within the Wadi Halfa population than the Kulubnarti population and that in both populations the prevalence of schistosomiasis would be higher in males than females due to differential water contact. The prevalence ofS. mansoniwas greater in the Wadi Halfa population (26.1%) than at Kulubnarti (9.4%) (P= 0.002). However, peak prevalence of infection did not occur in a younger age category within the Wadi Halfa population; prevalence of infection peaked at 66.7% in the mature adult age group (46+ years) in the Wadi Halfa population and at 16% in the later child age group (6–10 years) in the Kulubnarti population. There were no statistically significant differences in prevalence between males and females of either population. The impact of human alteration of the environment on the transmission of schistosomiasis is clearly shown in these populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novelty‐seeking DRD4 polymorphisms are associated with human migration distance out‐of‐Africa after controlling for neutral population gene structure
Authors: Matthews Luke J. , Butler Paul M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNumerous lines of evidence suggest that Homo sapiens evolved as a distinct species in Africa by 150,000 years before the present (BP) and began major migrations out‐of‐Africa ∼50,000 BP. By 20,000 BP, our species had effectively colonized the entire Old World, and by 12,000 BP H. sapiens had a global distribution. We propose that this rapid migration into new habitats selected for individuals with low reactivity to novel stressors. Certain dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) polymorphisms are associated with low neuronal reactivity and increased exploratory behavior, novelty seeking, and risk taking, collectively considered novelty‐seeking trait (NS). One previous report (Chen et al.: Evol Hum Behav 20 (1999) 309–324) demonstrated a correlation between migratory distance and the seven‐repeat (7R) VNTR DRD4 allele at exon 3 for human populations. This study, however, failed to account for neutral genetic processes (drift and admixture) that might create such a correlation in the absence of natural selection. Furthermore, additional loci surrounding DRD4 are now recognized to influence NS. Herein we account for neutral genetic structure by modeling the nonindependence of neutral allele frequencies between human populations. We retest the DRD4 exon 3 alleles, and also test two other loci near DRD4 that are associated with NS. We conclude there is an association between migratory distance and DRD4 exon 3 2R and 7R alleles that cannot be accounted for by neutral genetic processes alone. Am J Phys Anthropol 145:382–389, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using the life history model to set the stage(s) of growth and senescence in bioarchaeology and paleodemography
Authors: Roksandic Mirjana , Armstrong Stephanie D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPaleodemography, the study of demographic parameters of past human populations, relies on assumptions including biological uniformitarianism, stationary populations, and the ability to determine point age estimates from skeletal material. These assumptions have been widely criticized in the literature and various solutions have been proposed. The majority of these solutions rely on statistical modeling, and have not seen widespread application. Most bioarchaeologists recognize that our ability to assess chronological age is inherently limited, and have instead resorted to large, qualitative, age categories. However, there has been little attempt in the literature to systematize and define the stages of development and ageing used in bioarchaeology. We propose that stages should be based in the human life history pattern, and their skeletal markers should have easily defined and clear endpoints. In addition to a standard five‐stage developmental model based on the human life history pattern, current among human biologists, we suggest divisions within the adult stage that recognize the specific nature of skeletal samples. We therefore propose the following eight stages recognizable in human skeletal development and senescence: infancy, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, full adulthood, mature adulthood, and senile adulthood. Striving toward a better prediction of chronological ages will remain important and could eventually help us understand to what extent past societies differed in the timing of these life stages. Furthermore, paleodemographers should try to develop methods that rely on the type of age information accessible from the skeletal material, which uses life stages, rather than point age estimates. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constraints to the tropical low‐cloud trends in historical climate simulations
Authors: Watanabe Masahiro , Shiogama Hideo , Yokohata Tokuta , Ogura Tomoo , Yoshimori Masakazu , Emori Seita , Kimoto Masahide 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGiven the importance and difficulty in evaluating long‐term trends in the tropical low‐cloud amount (Cl), we examined mechanisms that determine the Cl trend in 20th century experiments using two different versions of the climate model called the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC). The Cl trend patterns are coherent with trends in vertical velocity (ω) and lower‐tropospheric stability (LTS). While the mean LTS trend varies and gives a stronger constraint to the Cl trends, the ω trend cannot do so due to mass conservation. Two of three reanalysis products support the positive LTS trend, but it is inconclusive because of the diversity in pattern and sign. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Male predominance in autism: neuroendocrine influences on arousal and social anxiety
Authors: Pfaff Donald W. , Rapin Isabelle , Goldman Sylvie 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe offer a neurobiologic theory based on animal work that helps account for the conspicuous male predominance in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In young male animals, testosterone (TST) binds to androgen receptors (AR) in brainstem neurons responsible for enhancing brain arousal. As a consequence, arousal‐related neurotransmitters bombard the amygdala hypersensitized by TST acting though AR. Arousal‐related inputs are known to prime amygdaloid mechanisms for fear and anxiety, with resultant social avoidance. We hypothesize that similar mechanisms contribute to autism's male predominance and to its defining impaired social skills. The theory rests on two key interacting factors: the molecular effects of TST in genetically vulnerable boys in combination with environmental stresses they experienced in utero, neonatally, or during the first years. We postulate that higher TST levels and, therefore, higher amounts of arousal‐related inputs to the amygdala sensitize these genetically vulnerable male infants to very early stresses. In sharp contrast to boys, girls not only do not have high levels of TST‐facilitated arousal‐causing inputs to the amygdala but they also enjoy the protection afforded by estrogenic hormones, oxytocin, and the oxytocin receptor. This theory suggests that novel technologies applied to the molecular endocrinology of TST's actions through AR will offer new avenues of enquiry into ASD. Since the high male preponderance in autism is important yet understudied, we offer our theory, which is based on detailed neurobehavioral research with animals, to stimulate basic and clinical research in animals and humans and hopefully help develop novel more effective medical treatments for autism. Autism Res 2011,4:163–176. © 2011 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel chemiluminescent flow‐injection analysis of transferrin by its reduction of the luminol—hydrogen peroxide reaction catalysed by meso‐tetra‐(3‐methoxyl‐4‐hydroxyl) phenyl manganese porphyrin
Authors: Wu Dan , Han Yanyan , Wei Qin , Zhao Yanfang , Mao Kexia , Cai Yanyan , Li Ru , Dai Yuxue 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTBased on the inhibition effect of transferrin (Tf) on the reaction of the luminol–hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) chemiluminescence (CL) system, catalysed by meso‐tetra‐(3‐methoxyl‐4‐hydroxyl) phenyl manganese porphyrin (MnP) as a mimetic enzyme of peroxides, a sensitive flow‐injection CL method has been developed for the determination of Tf in an alkaline medium. The CL reaction was carefully investigated by examining the variations of reaction conditions. Under optimum conditions, the linear range for the determination of transferrin was 0.04–20.0 μg/mL and the detection limit was 1.62 ng/mL. This proposed method was sensitive, convenient and simple, and has been successfully applied to the determination of transferrin in a serum sample. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A label‐free immunoassay using eggshell membrane as matrix and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) as light‐scattering enhancer
Authors: Tang Jieli , Han Lu , Yu Yanhui , Kang Jing , Zhang Yihua 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTA label‐free immunoassay system using eggshell membrane as a matrix was developed. A common spectrofluorometer was used to collect light‐scattering signals. The rabbit anti‐human IgG (Ab) was first immobilized on the eggshell membrane with glutaraldehyde. Then, based on the immunoreactions and electrostatic interaction, the target human IgG antigen (Ag) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) were captured on the eggshell membrane. It was found that the light‐scattering signal resulting from the PDDA immunotargeted on modified eggshell membrane was related to the concentration of target antigen. Under the optimal conditions, the light scattering intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of Ag in the range of 5.00–500 ng/mL (r = 0.995) with the limit of detection of 2.31 ng/mL [signal:noise ratio (S:N) = 3]. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of IgG in human serum, and the results were in agreement with those obtained by a general immunonephelometric method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of asperosaponin VI in dog plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pilot pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Shakya Shailendra , Zhu He , Ding Li , Du Xiao Lang , Qi Xie Min , Yang Xiao Lin , Yang Zhong Lin 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTA sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of asperosaponin VI in beagle dog plasma using glycyrrhizic acid as the internal standard (IS). Plasma samples were simply pretreated with methanol for deproteinization. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Hedera ODS‐2 column using mobile phase of methanol–10 mm ammonium acetate buffer solution containing 0.05% acetic acid (71:29, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.38 mL/min. Asperosaponin VI and the IS were eluted at 2.8 and 1.9 min, respectively, ionized in negative ion mode, and then detected by multiple reaction monitoring. The detection used the transitions of the deprotonated molecules at m/z 927.5 → 603.4 for asperosaponin VI and m/z 821.4 → 645.4 for glycyrrhizic acid (IS). The assay was linear over the concentration range of 0.15–700 ng/mL and was successfully applied to a pilot pharmacokinetic study in beagle dogs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the Axial Ligand on Substrate Sulfoxidation Mediated by Iron(IV)–Oxo Porphyrin Cation Radical Oxidants
Authors: Kumar Devesh , Sastry G. Narahari , de Visser Sam P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCytochromes P 450 catalyze a range of different oxygen‐transfer processes including aliphatic and aromatic hydroxylation, epoxidation, and sulfoxidation reactions. Herein, we have investigated substrate sulfoxidation mediated by models of P 450 enzymes as well as by biomimetic oxidants using density functional‐theory methods and we have rationalized the sulfoxidation reaction barriers and rate constants. We carried out two sets of calculations: first, we calculated the sulfoxidation by an iron(IV)–oxo porphyrin cation radical oxidant [FeIVO(Por+.)SH] that mimics the active site of cytochrome P 450 enzymes with a range of different substrates, and second, we studied one substrate (dimethyl sulfide) with a selection of different iron(IV)–oxo porphyrin cation radical oxidants [FeIVO(Por+.)L] with varying axial ligands L. The study presented herein shows that the barrier height for substrate sulfoxidation correlates linearly with the ionization potential of the substrate, thus reflecting the electron‐transfer processes in the rate‐determining step of the reaction. Furthermore, the axial ligand of the oxidant influences the pKa value of the iron(IV)–oxo group, and, as a consequence, the bond dissociation energy (BDEOH) value correlates with the barrier height for the reverse sulfoxidation reaction. These studies have generalized substrate‐sulfoxidation reactions and have shown how they fundamentally compare with substrate hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions.
Asymmetric Catalytic Oxidative Cleavage of Polycyclic Systems: The Synthesis of Atropisomeric Diazonanes and Diazecanes
Authors: Jones Alan M. , Liu Gu , Lorion Magali M. , Patterson Stephen , Lebl Tomas , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Westwood Nicholas J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOxidative cleavage of internal double bonds in polycyclic systems can give access to compounds containing medium‐ to large‐sized rings. In this example, the nine‐ and ten‐membered ring containing compounds that resulted from the mCPBA‐mediated (mCPBA=meta‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid) oxidative cleavage reaction were shown to exhibit atropisomerism. The reaction of the polycyclic system with catalytic amounts of ruthenium tetraoxide followed by diol cleavage achieved the same synthetic goal. Use of the Nishiyama–Beller ruthenium‐based catalysts enabled the synthesis of optically‐enriched samples, providing the first example of an atropselective oxidative cleavage reaction.
DNA Reactivity Profile of trans‐Platinum Planar Amine Derivatives
Authors: Musetti Caterina , Nazarov Alexey A. , Farrell Nicholas P. , Sissi Claudia 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNew trans‐platinum planar amines (TPAs) represent a family of platinum‐based drugs with cytotoxicity equivalent to that of cisplatin, but with negligible cross‐resistance. According to the substitution pattern around the metal center, distinct DNA adducts can be formed which yield various levels of cytotoxicity in cell lines. We compared the effects of leaving groups (Cl− versus formate or acetate) and amines (NH3 versus aromatic heterocyclic planar systems) on the efficiency, kinetics, and mode of DNA platination. We show that the substitution of just a single amino group on the transplatin nucleus is optimal, with major effects on the kinetics of metal complex conversion into the reactive aquo species. Additionally, by monitoring TPA reactivity toward variable DNA structures, a lack of preference for double‐stranded DNA in over single‐stranded or G‐quadruplex DNA was observed which is possibly related to steric effects of the planar amine groups. These properties can lead to a unique distribution of platination sites by TPA relative to the lead compound cisplatin, which may help to explain the unique cytotoxic profile of TPAs.
Origin of the Red Sites and Energy Transfer Rates in Single MEH‐PPV Chains at Low Temperature
Authors: Feist Florian A. , Zickler Martin F. , Basché Thomas 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSingle poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethyl‐hexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene] (MEH‐PPV) molecules dispersed in thin poly(methylmethacrylate) films have been investigated by fluorescence emission, excitation and time‐resolved spectroscopy at 1.2 K. For the molecular weight studied (∼200 kDa) a bimodal distribution of emission maxima is observed. Based on a comparison of the spectroscopic properties of blue and red sites and on polarisation‐resolved measurements, we argue in agreement with recent quantum‐chemical calculations that the red subpopulation most probably does not arise from interchromophoric excitation delocalisation but is to be attributed to longer chromophoric units originating from ordered regions of a polymer chain, where due to constraints on the chain conformation larger conjugation lengths can be realised. In excitation spectra within the red spectral region we can identify multiple chromophoric units, among them chromophores without correspondence in the emission spectrum—donors of the intramolecular energy transfer. Zero‐phonon lines of donor chromophores proved to be significantly broadened, indicating fast excited‐state population decay due to energy transfer. Thus, a distribution of energy transfer times within MEH‐PPV chains could be determined from donor zero‐phonon line widths, with an average value of 3.9 ps. Our study represents the first direct measurement of energy transfer times in conjugated polymers, parameters that are crucial for the performance of many technical applications based on this class of material.
A personalized mobile IPTV system with seamless video reconstruction algorithm in cloud networks
Authors: Lai Ying‐Xun , Lai Chin‐Feng , Hu Chia‐Cheng , Chao Han‐Chieh , Huang Yueh‐Min 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYMobile Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) delivers omnipresent multimedia video services through mobile devices, and a cloud system provides services for content integration. This study presents a personalized mobile IPTV system based on a cloud network. The system allows users to browse their favorite multimedia videos in the cloud networks through mobile devices. Without the trouble of repeated and complex searches of multimedia files, the system can automatically search for nearby multimedia data that users are browsing, and reconstruct dispersed video contents through a seamless video reconstruction algorithm (SVRA) for integration into video data for continuous play, thus, becoming a user‐friendly mobile IPTV system. The study focuses on the design and implementation of a SVRA, and validation of the accuracy of the theories and the algorithm through the proposed system are presented in this paper. This system was tested and validated with success. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of metal plating wastewater by electrocoagulation
Authors: Akbal Feryal , Camcı Selva 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this study, the performance of electrocoagulation process in the treatment of metal plating wastewater was investigated using different combinations of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) electrodes. The effect of applied current, metal concentration, and treatment time on the metal removal efficiency was investigated. The results show that electrocoagulation can effectively reduce metal ions to a very low level. The Fe‐Fe and Fe‐Al electrode combinations were more effective for the removal of Cu, Cr, and Ni from metal plating wastewater. Almost 100% removal of Cu, Cr, and Ni was achieved with initial Cu concentration of 335 mg/L, Cr concentration of 193 mg/L, Ni concentration of 526 mg/L after 60 min of electrocoagulation at current of 2.0 A with Fe‐Al electrode combination. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011.
Complications of alloderm and dermamatrix for parotidectomy reconstruction
Authors: Athavale Sanjay M. , Phillips Sharon , Mangus Brannon , Datta Jashodeep , Sinard Robert J. , Netterville James L. , Burkey Brian B. , Yarbrough Wendell G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundAlloDerm and DermaMatrix are 2 acellular dermal implants currently used by reconstructive surgeons at our institution for reconstruction of parotidectomy defects. We looked at the postoperative complication rates following subcutaneous implantation of these acellular dermal implants for parotid bed reconstruction.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted following approval by the Institutional Review Board at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. All parotid and reconstructive operations were performed between 2001 and 2009 by 1 of 4 surgeons in the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. Data were collected to determine operative variables and postoperative course. Operative variables assessed were tumor type, type of implant used, type of parotidectomy (total or subtotal), and duration of Jackson Pratt (JP) drain placement.ResultsOne hundred patients were analyzed. Sixty‐nine AlloDerm implants were associated with 5 complications (7%), whereas 31 DermaMatrix implants were associated with 8 complications (26%) (p = .0107). When comparing total parotidectomies, the complication rate was 1 of 20 for AlloDerm (5%) and 1 of 12 for DermaMatrix (8%) (p = .7061). When looking at subtotal parotidectomies, the incidence of complications was found to be 4 of 49 for AlloDerm (8%) and 7 of 19 for DermaMatrix (37%) (p = .004).ConclusionsOur study suggests that DermaMatrix was associated with increased postoperative complications compared to AlloDerm, especially in the subset of patients undergoing subtotal parotidectomy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Comparison of esophageal screen findings on videofluoroscopy with full esophagram results
Authors: Allen Jacqui E. , White Cheryl , Leonard Rebecca , Belafsky Peter C 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundVideofluoroscopic swallowing studies do not routinely obtain images of the esophagus. We incorporated a single esophageal screening swallow into our videofluoroscopic swallowing study protocol. The purpose of this study was to compare findings from “esophageal screening” with the results of full esophagram.MethodsPatients undergoing videofluoroscopic swallowing studies with an esophageal screen followed by full esophagram between January 1, 2009, and October 1, 2009, were retrospectively reviewed. Comparison of esophageal screening and esophagram results were undertaken, with esophagram used as the gold standard.ResultsSeventy‐four patients underwent esophageal screening and esophagram. Sensitivity of esophageal screening is 63% (CI 50%‐73%); specificity is 100% (CI 39%‐100%). Positive and negative predictive values of esophageal screening were 100% and 13%, respectively.ConclusionsEsophageal screening identified 44/70 (63%) patients with esophageal disease. Esophageal screening is a simple tool that may guide further esophageal investigation. The sensitivity of esophageal screening is limited (63%). If clinical suspicion is high, formal esophagram should be considered. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012