bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Similar changes of hypothalamic feeding‐regulating peptides mRNAs and plasma leptin levels in PTHrP‐, LIF‐secreting tumors‐induced cachectic rats and adjuvant arthritic rats
Authors: Suzuki Hitoshi , Hashimoto Hirofumi , Kawasaki Makoto , Watanabe Miho , Otsubo Hiroki , Ishikura Toru , Fujihara Hiroaki , Ohnishi Hideo , Onuma Etsuro , Yamada‐Okabe Hisafumi , Takuwa Yoh , Ogata Etsuro , Nakamura Toshitaka , Ueta Yoichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractParathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) is a causative factor of humoral hypercalcemia in malignancy. However, it is difficult to explain the mechanism of anorexia/cachexia with PTHrP secretion in detail. Previously, we demonstrated that the expressions of orexigenic peptides increased and anorexigenic peptides decreased under cachectic conditions in rats carrying tumors secreting PTHrP. In this study, we investigated whether such changes in the expression of hypothalamic feeding‐regulating peptides can be solely attributed to PTHrP or are a general response under cachectic conditions. Cachectic syndromes were induced in rats by: (i) inoculation of human lung cancer LC‐6 cells that secreted PTHrP, (ii) inoculation of human melanoma SEKI cells that secrete not PTHrP but LIF1, (iii) injection of heat‐killed Mycobacterium leading to arthritis (AA) and (iv) oral administration of a high dose of 1α,25(OH)2D3 that resulted in hypercalcemia. The LC‐6‐bearing rats and AA rats were treated with or without anti‐PTHrP antibody and indomethacin, respectively, and the expression of the hypothalamic feeding‐regulating peptide mRNAs were examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The orexigenic peptide mRNAs, such as neuropeptide Y and agouti‐related protein, were significantly increased, and that of anorexigenic peptide mRNAs, such as proopiomelanocortin, cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript and corticotropin‐releasing hormone were significantly decreased when they developed cachectic syndromes and AA. A high dose of 1α,25(OH)2D3 caused hypercalcemia and body weight loss but did not affect the expression of hypothalamic feeding‐regulating peptide mRNAs. The expressions of the hypothalamic feeding‐regulating peptides change commonly in different chronic cachectic models without relating to serum calcium levels.
Estimating the returns to schooling: a likelihood approach based on normal mixtures
Authors: Dagsvik John K. , HÆgeland TorbjØrn , Raknerud Arvid 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper we develop likelihood‐based methods for statistical inference in a joint system of equations for the choice of length of schooling and earnings. The model for schooling choice is assumed to be an ordered probit model, whereas the earnings equation contains variables that are flexible transformations of schooling and experience, with corresponding coefficients that are allowed to be heterogeneous across individuals. Under the assumption that the distribution of the random terms of the model can be expressed as a finite mixture of multinormal distributions, we show that the joint probability distribution for schooling and earnings can be expressed on closed form. In an application of our method on Norwegian data, we find that the mixed Gaussian model offers a substantial improvement in fit to the (heavy‐tailed) empirical distribution of log‐earnings compared to a multinormal benchmark model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of sample selection models with spatial dependence
Authors: Flores‐Lagunes Alfonso , Schnier Kurt Erik 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWe consider the estimation of a sample selection model that exhibits spatial autoregressive errors (SAE). Our methodology is motivated by a two‐step strategy where in the first step we estimate a spatial probit model and in the second step (outcome equation) we include an estimated inverse Mills ratio (IMR) as a regressor to control for selection bias. Since the appropriate IMR under SAE depends on a parameter from the second step, both steps are jointly estimated employing the generalized method of moments. We explore the finite sample properties of the estimator using simulations and provide an empirical illustration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone strength measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and the risk of nonvertebral fractures: The osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study
Authors: Sheu Yahtyng , Zmuda Joseph M , Boudreau Robert M , Petit Moira A , Ensrud Kristine E , Bauer Douglas C , Gordon Christopher L , Orwoll Eric S , Cauley Jane A ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Many fractures occur in individuals without osteoporosis defined by areal bone mineral density (aBMD). Inclusion of other aspects of skeletal strength may be useful in identifying at-risk subjects. We used surrogate measures of bone strength at the radius and tibia measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) to evaluate their relationships with nonvertebral fracture risk. Femoral neck (FN) aBMD, measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), also was included. The study population consisted of 1143 white men aged 69+ years with pQCT measures at the radius and tibia from the Minneapolis and Pittsburgh centers of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Principal-components analysis and Cox proportional-hazards modeling were used to identify 21 of 58 pQCT variables with a major contribution to nonvertebral incident fractures. After a mean 2.9 years of follow-up, 39 fractures occurred. Men without incident fractures had significantly greater bone mineral content, cross-sectional area, and indices of bone strength than those with fractures by pQCT. Every SD decrease in the 18 of 21 pQCT parameters was significantly associated with increased fracture risk (hazard ration ranged from 1.4 to 2.2) independent of age, study site, body mass index (BMI), and FN aBMD. Using area under the receiver operation characteristics curve (AUC), the combination of FN aBMD and three radius strength parameters individually increased fracture prediction over FN aBMD alone (AUC increased from 0.73 to 0.80). Peripheral bone strength measures are associated with fracture risk and may improve our ability to identify older men at high risk of fracture. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
From acetylene complexes to vinylidene structures: The GeC2H2 system
Authors: Hao Qiang , Simmonett Andrew C. , Yamaguchi Yukio , Fang De‐Cai , Schaefer Henry F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe expansion of germanium chemistry in recent years has been rapid. In anticipation of new experiments, a systematic theoretical investigation of the eight low lying electronic singlet GeC2H2 stationary points is carried out. This research used ab initio self‐consistent‐field (SCF), coupled cluster (CC) with single and double excitations (CCSD), and CCSD with perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] levels of theory and a variety of correlation–consistent polarized valence cc‐pVXZ and cc‐pVXZ‐DK (Douglas‐Kroll) (where X = D, T, and Q) basis sets. At all levels of theory used in this study, the global minimum of the GeC2H2 potential energy surface (PES) is confirmed to be 1‐germacyclopropenylidene (Ge‐1S). Among the eight singlet stationary points, seven structures are found to be local minima and one structure (Ge‐6S) to be a second‐order saddle point. For the seven singlet minima, the energy ordering and energy differences (in kcal mol−1, with the zero‐point vibrational energy corrected values in parentheses) at the cc‐pVQZ‐DK (Douglas‐Kroll) CCSD(T) level of theory are predicted to be 1‐germacyclopropenylidene (Ge‐1S) [0.0 (0.0)] < vinylidenegermylene (Ge‐3S) [13.9 (13.5)] < ethynylgermylene (Ge‐2S) [17.9 (14.8)] < Ge‐7S [37.4 (33.9)] < syn‐3‐germapropenediylidene (Ge‐8S) [41.2 (37.9)] < germavinylidenecarbene (Ge‐5S) [66.6 (61.6)] < nonplanar germacyclopropyne (Ge‐4S) [67.8 (63.3)]. These seven isomers are all well below the dissociation limit to Ge (3P) + C2H2(
$\widetilde{\rm X}$
1Σ). This system seems particularly well poised for matrix isolation infrared (IR) experiments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Effect of the biomass in the modelling and simulation of the biofiltration of hydrogen sulphide: simulation and experimental validation
Authors: Silva Javier , Morales Marjorie , Cáceres Manuel , Martín Ricardo San , Gentina Juan Carlos , Aroca Germán 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Several models have been developed to simulate the decay of pollutants concentration along the biofilter and to predict its performance. Despite the evidence, it is common that most models ignore the effect of variable biomass along the biofilter. An equation that represents the variable amount of active biomass along the column was included in the modelling of a biotrickling filter; it was obtained by measuring the active biomass at different heights. Validation of the model was carried out using experimental data obtained at different H2S loads.RESULTS: The simulation considering the expression for variable active biomass along the column shows better correlation with experimental results. With the diffusion coefficient that shows the best fit with the experimental results; 1.35 × 10−9 m2 s−1, the value of the Thiele module is 2 × 10−3, indicating that biooxidation of H2S is controlled by mass transfer.CONCLUSIONS: A better correlation between experimental results and model prediction is obtained when the expression for variable active biomass along the column is considered in the modelling. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Selective photocatalytic degradation of azodyes in NiO/Ag3VO4 suspension
Authors: Hu Xuexiang , Hu Chun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: This work deals with the development of an active heterogeneous catalyst for selective organic synthesis under both visible light and UV irradiation to utilize efficiently solar light. Very few studies have been reported on the selective photooxidation performance of multimetal oxide materials under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation of azodyes was investigated systematically in aqueous NiO/Ag3VO4 dispersion under visible light irradiation.RESULTS: The catalyst NiO/Ag3VO4 showed high activity and selectivity for the photodegradation of the nonbiodegradable azodyes acid red B, reactive brilliant red X‐3B, and acid orange 7. From total organic carbon (TOC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analyses, the tested azodyes were selectively oxidized into aromatic and aliphatic acids without any decrease of TOC. The high photooxidation selectivity also applied to UV light irradiation. Electron spin resonance and radical scavenger studies suggest that the anionic superoxide radical O2−• was the predominant active species in the photocatalytic reaction.CONCLUSION: The selectivity of NiO/Ag3VO4 for the oxidation of azodyes was not affected by the energy of light (UV and visible light). This approach allows effective controlled oxidation but avoids undesirable mineralization into CO2 and H2O. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
The extrusion and properties of ‘Saran’ monofilaments
Authors: Jack J. , Horsley R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe manufacturing details of the production of ‘Saran’ (vinylidene chloride copolymer) monofilaments are given. The changes in molecular structure occurring during each stage of the production are analysed, and the effect of these on the properties of the final monofilament are discussed with a view to obtaining the conditions for producing monofilaments with optimum properties.
Determination of tin‐iron alloy coating in electro‐tinplate
Authors: Thwaites C. J. , Hoare W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn electrolytic tinplate the tin‐iron alloy layer, formed during the flow‐brightening operation, may range in thickness from approximately 1·5 to 8 μin. Refined methods of determination are thus necessary. Four procedures have been studied and compared. Gravimetric methods, involving determination of the free‐tin (unalloyed) and alloy layers either separately, or simultaneously as the total coating, appear to be sufficiently accurate and trustworthy provided that a large enough sample‐area is available. A ‘coulometer’ method, involving measurement of the quantity of electricity required to dissolve the coating anodically in dilute hydrochloric acid, was found to be most suitable for rapid routine determinations on relatively small specimens for which gravimetric or volumetric methods would be inappropriate.It has been confirmed, by chemical and X‐ray examinations, that the tin‐iron alloy layer in flow‐brightened electrolytic tinplate is the intermetallic compound FeSn2.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. II. The preparation of ethyltin compounds from a tin‐magnesium alloy
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Luijten J. G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new method is described for the preparation of ethyltin compounds, namely the interaction of a tin‐magnesium alloy of the composition Mg2Sn with ethyl bromide and chloride. This reaction yields tetraethyltin and/or various ethyltin bromides and chlorides. The type of solvent has an important influence on the course of the reaction.
Improvement of the corrosion resistance of tinplate by a chemical treatment
Authors: Britton S. C. , Angles R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe corrosion of tin by hot sodium hydroxide solutions is accelerated by small additions of sodium chromate but is retarded by larger additions. Tinplate immersed in solutions containing sufficient remains bright and acquires an improved resistance to some other forms of corrosion; the pores in the tin coating rust less readily in the atmosphere and the tin surface becomes much more resistant to staining by sulphur‐containing materials and to oxidation on heating in air.The best procedure and methods of test have been sought in order to provide a process for treatment of tinplate. Trials of canning soup in cans made from treated tinplate and in treated cans have shown the treatment to have practical value.A reliable procedure is to immerse tinplate in a solution containing 10 g. of sodium hydroxide, 3 g. of sodium chromate and a small quantity of a wetting agent in 1 litre, for a minimum of 3 seconds at 90–95°. A test of the correct working of the solution is to immerse treated samples in a hot solution containing 10 g. of potassium sulphide (liver of sulphur) and 10 g. of sodium hydroxide in 1 litre at 90–95° for 30 seconds.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. I. Ternary systems of water‐sucrose‐inorganic salts
Authors: Kelly F. H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTernary diagrams at 30° for systems water‐sucrose and KCl, NaCl, MgSO4, CaCl2, CdI2 or CuSO4 are presented. Interest centred on the invariant point (I.P.) enabled the conclusion to be reached that in these systems the composition at the I.P. is influenced more by the solubility of the second solute than by any other factor. High solubility of second solute favours low ‘purity’ at the I.P. with respect to sucrose, and vice versa.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. V. General Conclusions
Authors: Kelly F. H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnalysis of results reported in Parts I—IV of this series has led to the following conclusions: (a) the less the second solute influences the solubility of sucrose in water, the lower the proportion of sucrose in solution at the invariant point (I.P.); (b) the greater the influence of sucrose on the solubility of the second solute in water, the greater the proportion of that solute in solution at the I.P.; and (c) the primary factor limiting the crystallization of sucrose from a solution with a second solute is the solubility of the second solute.
Biological treatment of cyanides, with and without sewage
Authors: Pettet A. E. J. , Mills E. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn experiments in which potassium cyanide or complex metal cyanides were added to sewage being treated in laboratory‐scale percolating filters, it was shown that, after causing a slight initial depression in oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, a concentration in any of the cyanides used of up to an equivalent of 4 p.p.m. of HCN had no further detectable effect on purification of the sewage, and that 99–100% of the cyanide was destroyed in the filters.In filters acclimatized to cyanide, more than 99% of the cyanide was destroyed in solutions in sewage or in water containing at least 100 p.p.m. of HCN as potassium cyanide or the complexes of zinc or cadmium, and more than 75% was destroyed in similar solutions of the complexes of copper or nickel. The action appears to be biological, and may offer an alternative to chemical treatment for removal of cyanide from industrial waste waters.
Analysis of the unsaturated hydrocarbons in fuel gases by infra‐red spectroscopy. I. Analysis of a town's gas
Authors: Towler J. H. , Holland B. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCarbonization gases and carburetted water gas contain from 2 to 7% of unsaturated hydrocarbons; these comprise a large number of compounds, but further information as to their precise nature and amounts is lacking. A method is described by which the unsaturated hydrocarbons are isolated from a gas in two stages; condensable compounds are first removed by refrigeration at —80°; unsaturated hydrocarbons remaining in the gas are then separated as bromine‐addition compounds. The two groups of compounds thus obtained are distilled into fractions and the fractions analysed quantitatively by infra‐red spectroscopy. It is shown that synthetic mixtures, similar in composition to the fractions obtained from a gas, may be analysed satisfactorily. The method has been applied to the analysis of a town's gas, from which the unsaturated hydrocarbons have been resolved into 37 individual compounds. From this, the composition of the crude benzole that would be obtained from the town's gas is given.
Inorganic chromatography on cellulose. XVI. The preparation of highly purified triuranium octaoxide from pitchblende
Authors: Arden T. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUranium oxide (U3O8, triuranium octaoxide) of high purity is obtained from pitchblende by converting the uranium into uranyl nitrate, which is extracted by ether containing 3% (w/v) of nitric acid. The ethereal extract is passed through a column of activated cellulose, which retains the impurities present, giving a solution containing pure uranyl nitrate. The recovery of uranium is quantitative (over 99–9%), and the product is of sufficiently high purity to be used as an analytical and spectrographic standard.
Production of lanthanon and thorium compounds from monazite. III. Preparation of pure thorium nitrate
Authors: Pilkington E. S. , Wylie A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA precipitation process is described for converting crude thorium oxalate or crude thorium phosphate into substantially pure thorium nitrate.The process is based on the use of a sulphuric acid‐oxalic acid mixture to ‘leach’ the bulk of the phosphate from a thorium oxalate complex. A phosphate concentrate can be treated similarly, but is first treated with oxalic acid to convert it into an oxalate complex. Residual phosphate and sulphate are removed from the acid‐treated products by precipitation of thorium oxalate under specified conditions. Residual lanthanons, together with any remaining impurities, are separated from thorium by precipitation of a granular form of thorium ‘peroxynitrate’. Variables in the process have been studied and material flow sheets, based on laboratory investigations, are presented. If mechanical losses are ignored the yield of thorium from monazite exceeds 90%.Application of the process to any type of thorium oxalate or phosphate concentrate is discussed, and details are given of the analytical determination in various thorium compounds of small quantities of phosphorus, cerium and mixed lanthanons.
The protective properties of various phosphate coatings on steel
Authors: Andrew J. F. , Clarke S. G. , Longhurst E. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCoatings of iron, manganese and zinc phosphates formed on steel by representative industrial immersion processes are compared, with special reference to their value in the prevention of rasting. The results are examined in the light of the thickness, composition and wear resistance of the coatings. Protective properties are relatively well developed in manganese phosphate coatings, but, since phosphating in practice normally constitutes only a part of a protective system involving organic coatings, iron and zinc phosphates can give adequate results in appropriate systems. A recent spot‐test of Russian origin, although at present not sufficiently well developed for inspection purposes, is likely to provide a useful additional tool for examining coatings. Variations in the coatings, in particular those that occur in the working range of a plain manganese phosphate process, have been examined and one untoward effect was identified, that due to adventitious copper contamination of the bath.
Hydraulic gradients on bubble‐cap plates
Authors: Bijawat H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn equation is derived for hydraulic gradients on bubble‐cap plates on the basis of repeated acceleration and deceleration of liquid, and a gradient coefficient is postulated. Gradient coefficients have been computed from experimental data and correlated with water and air rates. The results are compared with the gradient‐factor correlation of Davies7.
Odour and molecular vibration. I. Quantum and thermodynamic considerations
Authors: Wright R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe physical basis of odour is uncertain because the odours of compounds have never been satisfactorily correlated with their other characteristic properties. The suggestion that a particular odour is a result of a particular molecular pattern is qualitatively reasonable and can be tested experimentally. It is shown on quantum grounds that the vibrations in question must correspond to absorption in the far infra‐red, so that the most suitable avenue of attack on the problem is through the Raman effect.
The determination of rye flour in urea‐formaldehyde syrups
Authors: Haslam J. , Jeffs A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method has been developed for the determination of rye flour (up to 8%) in urea‐formaldehyde syrups. The method is based on hydrolysis of the syrup with hydrochloric acid solution and subsequent determination of the glucose in the hydrolysis products with flavianic acid in the presence of formaldehyde; the colour produced is measured in a Spekker absorptiometer. By using appropriate calibration curves, the test may be extended to the determination of other flours and starches, e.g. wheat flour and potato flour, which may be employed as thickening agents in urea‐formaldehyde syrup.
The solubility of oxygen in pure water and sea‐water
Authors: Truesdale G. A. , Downing A. L. , Lowden G. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solubility of oxygen in pure and in saline water between 2°and 40°has been determined by using a modification of the Winkler titration technique. The values found have, in some cases, been lower than those generally accepted by as much as 4%. On applying these new solubilities to the determination of rates of solution in well mixed water, satisfactory agreement with the Adeney & Becker law of aeration is obtained.