bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing & Constructing a Pilot of Artificial Intelligent Well
Authors: Behrouz Turaj , Hendi Sayyed S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Intelligent well technology was developed and commercialized in the 1990s as part of the global industry trend toward improving reservoir management. An intelligent well is a well that is equipped with sensors/ monitoring equipment and completion components that can be remotely adjusted to optimize production. This optimization of production typically involves flow control that takes place downhole via remote control from the surface, without physical intervention.
This paper aims to design and construct an artificial well with a close loop cycle that pressure, temperature and flow rate of the fluids can be monitored and controlled in real time. The height of the artificial well is about 6 meter and the maximum pressure and flow rate in this system is about 3000 psia & 2000 bopd. In this close loop system, pumps and pressure relief valves have been used for supplying pressure and flow rate can be controlled by variable throttle valve. For controlling the pressure and safety of the system, an auxiliary system, for flowing in emergency case, has been designed beside the main one. The outer and inner diameters of the tubes of the main flowing system were 3.5 and 4.25 inch respectively. Devices like electrical motor, pump, check valves and heat exchanger have been used. Once, remote operation has been chosen, the options for system architecture and communication are quite extensive.
In addition, a PVT software that named RNTTM has been developed during this project. This software can facilitate online access to data generated from the sensors, saving them and preparing the archives.
Finally, all the operations in this pilot like monitoring, interpretation and controlling for decision making in real time, that are key elements of the smart wells, can be accomplished in the control room that located far from the artificial well and it can be seen that the value loop of smart well has been closed in this small pilot.
Applications of a Multidomain, Integrated Tight Gas Field Development Process in North America and How To Adapt It to the Middle East
Authors: Aly Ahmed , Bukhamseen Raid , Ramsey Lee , Mesdour Rabah 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Applying a multidomain integrated field management process in two diverse environments (North America and North Africa) has resulted in significant improvements in production optimization and planning of projects as simple as single-well completions all the way to field geocellular and simulation models. The multidomain process integrates data and activities from domains throughout the operation, enabling systematic and rigorous analysis and optimization of completions and drilling project.
Case studies from North America and the Middle East show applications of this process in two widely different environments (mature and emerging). The case from North America illustrates using the process in a high-volume field development to optimize the process and reach a "SMART"-factory-like process. Integrating technology results in the highest production recoveries while maximizing the net present value from the asset.
The case from the Middle East shows how collecting a broad range of adequate data early in the life of the field can impact development strategies and potentially costly decisions. The process offsets the challenges of collecting these data in an emerging environment where the services and the technology have not yet matured to the North America levels.
Tight Oil Reservoir Development Feasibility Study Using Finite Difference Simulation and Streamlines
Authors: Al-Salem Khalid M. , Ali Mansour A. Mohammed , Lin Chung 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A scoping study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of producing a tight oil reservoir. The subject reservoir was not included in the original development due to the lower rock quality. The team used a simulation model to evaluate the potential of this tight reservoir.
A detailed 4-million cell model was constructed for the study. The Assisted History Match tool (AHM) was used to auto-generate and auto-submit multiple runs in the process of evaluating key reservoir parameters, which helped speed up the history match cycle tremendously. Moreover, the in-house finite difference simulator could generate fluxes, and therefore a streamline simulation model was built. The streamlines could be displayed using software. The data gained from streamline models were essential in assessing the communication between injectors and producers in this tight reservoir. Injectors' placements were optimized based on this data and the most efficient injection plan was developed.
Initial results showed a commercial oil production with a 20-year plateau from the tight reservoir. Economics remained a major factor as many wells were initially required to achieve this rate. Through the use of streamline images and a different combination of well types, an optimum development plan was attained. Overall, the study showed that this tight reservoir has enough potential to be considered for future development.
The subject tight reservoir is part of a developed field where all infrastructures are in place. Adding a good level of oil production for 20 years is significant and will be very valuable.
Priority Assessment of Investment in Development of Nanotechnology in Upstream Petroleum Industry
Authors: Pourafshary P. , Azimpour S. S. , Motamedi P. , Samet M. , Taheri S. A. , Bargozin H. , Hendi S. S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging technology with the potential to effect revolutionary changes in several aspects of the oil and gas industry. While the advantages of nanotechnology in several small-scale downstream sections of the industry is well established, policy makers in the upstream section often tend to adopt a more conservative approach towards the emerging technologies. This is chiefly rooted in the comparatively extensive investments needed to impose any fundamental technology changes in this section, and the high level of economical risk involved.
However, since the impacts of any widespread technological revolution will be inevitably felt in every large-scale industry, adopting an astute strategy in regard to the incoming tides is of utmost importance. Such a strategy must determine the areas most prepared to accept technological changes so that the emerging technology will be accepted in a premeditated manner, minimizing the associated risks.
Regarding these considerations, in the present study, an extensive literature survey was conducted, with the aim of discerning those sections of the upstream oil and gas industry, where nanotechnology is potentially advantageous in providing technically and economically viable alternatives for present materials and technologies. This survey led to creation of a Technology Tree, which demonstrates these fields with the associated organic connections among them.
In the next step, a priority assessment was carried out to determine those areas of upstream industry most suitable for investment. For this aim, comprehensive questionnaires were prepared and distributed among a number of experts in nanotechnology and energy policy making. The pool of experts were carefully handpicked, so that the selected individuals would have considerable experience and expertise in fields such as nanotechnology, upstream oil industry, technology management and policy making.
The gathered feedback was then analyzed according to the AHP model, using software specifically engineered by the authors to include all the necessary criteria. At the end, a select-few of fields were found to have the highest priority for investment. Among these were Chemical EOR, i.e. application of polymeric nanocomposites specifically hydrogel nanocomposites for enhanced and improved oil recovery and taking advantage of nanostructured materials in producing high-efficiency water-based drilling fluids.
Effect of Intensive Insulin Therapy Using a Closed-Loop Glycemic Control System in Hepatic Resection Patients
Authors: Okabayashi Takehiro , Nishimori Isao , Maeda Hiromichi , Yamashita Koichi , Yatabe Tomoaki , Hanazaki Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) reduces morbidity and mortality in patients in surgical intensive care units. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of IIT using a closed-loop system in hepatectomized patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients were randomly assigned to receive IIT using a closed-loop system: an artificial pancreas (AP group) or conventional insulin therapy using the sliding-scale method (SS group).

RESULTS
The incidence of surgical-site infection in the AP group was significantly lower than that in the SS group. The length of hospitalization required for patients in the AP group was significantly shorter than that in the SS group.

CONCLUSIONS
Total hospital costs for patients in the AP group were significantly lower than for patients in the SS group. IIT using a closed-loop system maintained near-normoglycemia and contributed to a reduction in the incidence of SSI and total hospital costs due to shortened hospitalization.
Improved Glycemic Control With Intraperitoneal Versus Subcutaneous Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Logtenberg Susan J. , Kleefstra Nanne , Houweling Sebastiaan T. , Groenier Klaas H. , Gans Reinold O. , van Ballegooie Evert , Bilo Henk J. 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
Continuous intraperitoneal insulin infusion (CIPII) with an implantable pump has been available for the past 25 years. CIPII, with its specific pharmacodynamic properties, may be a viable treatment alternative to improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes for whom other therapies have failed. There have been few studies in which CIPII was compared with subcutaneous insulin treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes with poor glycemic control.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In an open-label, prospective, crossover, randomized, 16-month study, the effects of CIPII and subcutaneous insulin were compared in 24 patients. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of hypoglycemia. Secondary outcome measures were A1C, and glucose profile, including time in euglycemia, as measured by continuous glucose monitoring.

RESULTS
The incidence of grade 1 hypoglycemic events was 4.0 ± 2.6 per week with subcutaneous insulin compared with 3.5 ± 2.3 per week during CIPII (P = 0.13). The absolute mean difference in A1C with CIPII compared with subcutaneous treatment was −0.76% (95% CI −1.41 to −0.11) (P = 0.03). Baseline time spent in euglycemia was 45.2 ± 12.6% and increased 10.9% (4.6–17.3) with CIPII compared with subcutaneous treatment (absolute value; P = 0.003). There were no differences in the occurrence rate for severe hypoglycemic events, daily insulin use, or BMI. No pump or catheter malfunction was observed during the study.

CONCLUSIONS
Although we did not observe a significant reduction in hypoglycemic events, improved glycemic control was achieved with the use of CIPII. We saw a 0.8% decrease in A1C and an 11% increase in the time spent in euglycemia.
The Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Well-Controlled Type 1 Diabetes
Authors:   Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
The potential benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the management of adults and children with well-controlled type 1 diabetes have not been examined.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 129 adults and children with intensively treated type 1 diabetes (age range 8–69 years) and A1C &lt;7.0% were randomly assigned to either continuous or standard glucose monitoring for 26 weeks. The main study outcomes were time with glucose level ≤70 mg/dl, A1C level, and severe hypoglycemic events.

RESULTS
At 26 weeks, biochemical hypoglycemia (≤70 mg/dl) was less frequent in the CGM group than in the control group (median 54 vs. 91 min/day), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.16). Median time with a glucose level ≤60 mg/dl was 18 versus 35 min/day, respectively (P = 0.05). Time out of range (≤70 or &gt;180 mg/dl) was significantly lower in the CGM group than in the control group (377 vs. 491 min/day, P = 0.003). There was a significant treatment group difference favoring the CGM group in mean A1C at 26 weeks adjusted for baseline (P &lt; 0.001). One or more severe hypoglycemic events occurred in 10 and 11% of the two groups, respectively (P = 1.0). Four outcome measures combining A1C and hypoglycemia data favored the CGM group in comparison with the control group (P &lt; 0.001, 0.007, 0.005, and 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS
Most outcomes, including those combining A1C and hypoglycemia, favored the CGM group. The weight of evidence suggests that CGM is beneficial for individuals with type 1 diabetes who have already achieved excellent control with A1C &lt;7.0%.
Bianchi type-I string cosmological model in the presence of a magnetic flux: exact and qualitative solutions
Authors: Saha Bijan , Rikhvitsky Victor , Visinescu Mihai 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A Bianchi type-I cosmological model in the presence of a magnetic flux along a cosmological string is investigated. The objective of this study is to generate solutions to the Einstein equations using a few tractable assumptions usually accepted in the literature. The analytical solutions are supplemented with numerical and qualitative analysis. In the frame of the present model the evolution of the Universe and other physical aspects are discussed.
Immunosuppression for neural xenografts: a comparison of cyclosporin and anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody
Authors: Honey Christopher R. , Shen Hao 
Published: May 2009

Object. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of short- and long-term immunosuppression induced by cyclosporin with those of immunosuppression induced by a monoclonal antibody against the rat interleukin-2 receptor (anti-CD25 mAb) in rats with xenografts.Methods. The authors compared the in vivo function and final histological characteristics of fetal mouse mesencephalon xenografts in hemiparkinsonian rats in which immunosuppression was induced by: 1) a short course (2 weeks) of cyclosporin; 2) a long course (8 weeks) of cyclosporin; or 3) a short course of treatment with anti-CD25 mAb. Adult Wistar rats were unilaterally lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine in their medial forebrain bundle, after which their rotational behavior in response to methamphetamine was quantified. Four groups of 20 rats with rotations numbering greater than six turns per minute received fetal mouse mesencephalon transplants to their dopamine-denervated striatum. Group 1 received no immunosuppression therapy; Group 2 received daily intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg cyclosporin for 2 weeks; Group 3 received daily intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg cyclosporin for 8 weeks; and Group 4 received daily intraperitoneal injections of 1 mg/kg anti-CD25 mAb for 2 weeks. The rats were tested for rotational behavior every 4 weeks and killed after 16 weeks. Surviving xenografts were assessed using immunohistochemical staining for a mouse neuronal marker (Thy-1.2). Sixteen weeks after transplant, there were significantly more surviving xenografts in Groups 3 (p < 0.001) and 4 (p < 0.001) compared with control Group 1 (Fisher's exact test) and significantly better functioning xenografts in Groups 3 (p < 0.01) and 4 (p < 0.05) compared with control Group 1 (contrasts of groups following analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction).Conclusions. A short course of anti-CD25 mAb—induced immunosuppression was as effective as a long course of cyclosporin-induced immunosuppression in this model.
Detailed magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the cisternal segment of the abducent nerve: Dorello's canal and neurovascular relationships and landmarks
Authors: Yousry Indra , Camelio Salvador , Wiesmann Martin , Schmid Urs D. , Moriggl Bernhard , Brückmann Hartmut , Yousry Tarek A. 
Published: May 2009

Object. The goal of this study was to identify reliably the cisternal segment of the abducent nerve by using the three-dimensional Fourier transform constructive interference in steady-state (3-D CISS) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sequence to define landmarks that assist in the identification of the abducent nerve on MR imaging and to describe the nerve's relationship to the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA).Methods. A total of 26 volunteers underwent 3-D CISS MR imaging, and 10 of these volunteers also underwent MR angiography in which a time-of-flight sequence was used to identify the facial colliculus, the abducent nerve and its apparent origin, Dorello's canal, and the AICA.The authors identified the abducent nerve with certainty in 96% of 3-D CISS sequences obtained in the axial and sagittal planes and in 94% obtained in the coronal plane. The nerve emerged from the pontomedullary sulcus in 94% of cases. The facial colliculus could always be identified, and Dorello's canal was identified in 94% of cases. In 76.6% of cases, the abducent nerve was seen to contact the AICA, which passed inferior to the nerve in 63.8% of cases and superior to it in 29.8%.Conclusions. The anatomical course of the abducent nerve and its relationship to the AICA and other blood vessels can be reliably identified using a 3-D CISS MR sequence with the facial colliculus and Dorello's canal serving as landmarks.
Three-dimensional computerized tomography angiography in patients with hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Murai Yasuo , Takagi Ryo , Ikeda Yukio , Yamamoto Yasuhiro , Teramoto Akira 
Published: May 2009

Object. The authors confirm the usefulness of extravasation detected on three-dimensional computerized tomography (3D-CT) angiography in the diagnosis of continued hemorrhage and establishment of its cause in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).Methods. Thirty-one patients with acute ICH in whom noncontrast and 3D-CT angiography had been performed within 12 hours of the onset of hemorrhage and in whom conventional cerebral angiographic studies were obtained during the chronic stage were prospectively studied. Noncontrast CT scanning was repeated within 24 hours of the onset of ICH to evaluate hematoma enlargement.Findings indicating extravasation on 3D-CT angiography, including any abnormal area of high density on helical CT scanning, were observed in five patients; three of these demonstrated hematoma enlargement on follow-up CT studies. Thus, specificity was 60% (three correct predictions among five positives) and sensitivity was 100% (19 correct predictions among 19 negatives). Evidence of extravasation on 3D-CT angiography indicates that there is persistent hemorrhage and correlates with enlargement of the hematoma.Regarding the cause of hemorrhage, five cerebral aneurysms were visualized in four patients, and two diagnoses of moyamoya disease and one of unilateral moyamoya phenomenon were made with the aid of 3D-CT angiography. Emergency surgery was performed without conventional angiography in one patient who had an aneurysm, and it was clipped successfully.Conclusions. Overall, 3D-CT angiography was found to be valuable in the diagnosis of the cause of hemorrhage and in the detection of persistent hemorrhage in patients with acute ICH.
Thalamic stimulation for choreiform movement disorders in children
Authors: Thompson Todd P. , Kondziolka Douglas , Albright A. Leland 
Published: May 2009

✓ Surgery for movement disorders is most commonly performed in patients with dyskinesia and tremor associated with Parkinson's disease or in those with essential tremor. The role of ablative surgery or deep brain stimulation in patients with choreiform movements is poorly defined.The authors placed thalamic stimulation systems in two children with disabling choreiform disorders due to intracerebral hemorrhage or cerebral palsy. Each patient displayed choreiform movements in the upper extremities both at rest and with intention, which interfered with daily activities and socialization. Both children obtained significant improvement in their choreiform movements, and their upper extremity function improved with no incidence of morbidity. Thalamic stimulation appears to be a promising and nonablative approach for children with choreiform movement disorders.
Hydrocephalus: comparison of clipping and embolization in aneuryson treatment
Authors: Sethi Huma , Moore Anne , Dervin James , Clifton Andrew , MacSweeney J. Emma 
Published: May 2009

Object. In this retrospective study conducted at Atkinson Morley's Hospital and Middlesbrough General Hospital, the authors analyzed 100 matched patients who had suffered subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) to determine whether the technical procedure by which aneurysms are treated affects the development of chronic hydrocephalus.Methods. Four hundred seventy-five patients presented with SAH between 1995 and 1998. Exclusion criteria included posterior circulation aneurysms, multiple aneurysms, electively clipped or embolized aneurysms, angiographically undetected SAH, patients who died within 1 month of neurosurgical intervention, and patients with the same aneurysm location but a different Fisher grade.The authors matched 50 patients who underwent embolization of their aneurysms with another 50 who had similar Fisher grades and aneurysm types and underwent clipping of their aneurysms. The maximum incidence of ruptured aneurysms occurred in patients who were between 41 and 60 years of age, with women preponderant in both study groups. In each group, 27 patients had anterior communicating artery aneurysm, 13 had posterior communicating artery aneurysm, seven had middle cerebral artery aneurysm, and three had internal carotid artery aneurysm. The lesions in three patients in each group were Fisher Grade I, in 23 patients they were Fisher Grade II, in 14 they were Fisher Grade III, and 10 patients had Fisher Grade IV SAH. Nine patients among those with clipped aneurysms and eight of the patients who underwent embolization had hydrocephalus for which they needed intervention. These interventions included lumbar puncture, ventricular drainage, and ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement; three patients in each group needed VP shunt placement.Conclusions. The technical procedure used to treat aneurysms, whether clipping or embolization, does not significantly affect the development of chronic hydrocephalus. However, a larger sample of patients is needed for accurate comparisons and stronger conclusions.