bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Civilization,” Ottoman Intellectuals, and Western Ideas: Polarization Within the Bourgeoisie
Authors: Göçek Fatma Müge 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the effects of Western ideas on the Ottoman social structure and the new visions it produced. New concepts of civilized society produced new organizational groups that emphasized the efficiency and allegiance to the Ottoman state instead of loyalty to the sultan and his household. These concepts was disparately interpreted and created a gap between Ottoman social groups. As a consequence of their differential location in the Ottoman social structure, the most significant divide emerged along religious lines as the Muslims and minorities developed separate visions. The establishment of newspapers in the 19th century illustrates the pattern of the circulation of Western ideas in the Ottoman society that polarized the Ottoman bourgeoisie along religious lines into bureaucrats and merchants.
‘There Are No Slaves in France’
Authors: Peabody Sue 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book examines the paradoxical emergence of political antislavery and institutional racism in the century prior to the French Revolution. The author shows how the political culture of late Bourbon France created ample opportunities for contestation over the meaning of freedom. Based on various archival sources, this work will be of interest not only to historians of slavery and France, but to scholars interested in the emergence of modern culture in the Atlantic world.
Consuming Desire
Authors: Lowry Richard S. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The author states three major cultural transformations which best describe Mark Twain's writing: capital, culture, and education. These three cultural transformations are emphasized separately in the second, third, and fourth chapters, respectively. This chapter returns to the earlier stages of the writing career of Mark Twain as a national author with The Innocents Abroad in 1869 and Roughing It in 1872. These resolve the contradictions between the discourses of popular entertainment and high culture with a comic embrace of a commodity aesthetic. The author explores Mark Twain's suggestion of a person whose desire is very much structured by fantasies of commodity speculation and whose cultural authority is certified by the ability of that person to transform language into valuable money.
A “Rightly Constructed Boys Life”
Authors: Lowry Richard S. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The author suggests three major cultural transformations which best describe the writing of Mark Twain: capital, culture, and education. The second one is tackled in detail in this chapter. This is aided by a discussion on one of the novels of Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). This chapter shows how this novel brings into collision the commodity aesthetic with a narrative voice built in response to one of the earliest languages of the expert. A discourse on boyhood in emerging forms of middle-class manhood is also presented. Subchapters include a discussion on nostalgia and play, on how to rightly construct boys, and talking about Injun Joe. The “problem of Injun Joe” as a sign of Twain's own ambivalence is given light, as is his role as a domestic entertainer.
Picturing Jews: Iconography and Racial Science
Authors: Hart Mitchell 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of visual images of Jews in social scientific texts produced by Jewish and non-Jewish writers, and illuminates the continuities and discontinuities in approaches to the question of race and collective identity. It focuses on the way in which Zionists employed iconography and racial science as one means of providing what they viewed as scientific justification for Jewish nationalist efforts. Jewish social science was far from monolithic; it encompassed liberal integrationists as well as nationalists. However, Zionists did take a particularly intense interest in the science of race, and they appeared comfortable embracing it. The racial identification of Jewry, in their view, was a scientific confirmation of the assertion that Jews constituted a distinct Volk, or nation. The interpretative strategy analyzed in this chapter looked to iconography, among other things, to help establish an essential identity or sameness among Jews, despite temporal and geographic differences.
Introduction: What Is Magic?
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhat is magic? What does magic do? Why do people believe in magic in the face of experience? After living in the Indian city of Banaras and making several trips to tribal areas in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Orissa, the author of this chapter discovered a surprising fact: magic is rarely a simple matter of belief. Few magicians and clients in Banaras ever ask themselves why their magic works or what it means. Without belief, the supernatural aspect of magic becomes moot. Magic is based on a unique type of consciousness: the awareness of the interrelatedness of all things in the world by means of simple hut refined sense perception. This awareness can be called “magical consciousness” or, less ambiguously, the “magical experience.” In Banaras, mind reading depends on subtle forms of nonverbal communication that skilled or intuitive practitioners can read like an open book. The magician is the man or woman who creates the context in which minds enter a relationship, and this is often experienced as an “occult” event.
Miraculous Powers and False Advertising
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFor a variety of reasons, the topic of magic has become dominated by speculation about supernatural causality and miraculous achievements and, following closely on the heels of these, mischiefmakers and scroundrels. Some magicians in Banaras boast about miraculous acts they have performed or cures they have effected. The magician's need to advertise locally, matched sometimes by a desire to impress a foreign scholar, is understandable. Miraculous claims therefore accompany magical practice as a matter of course. Furthermore, magic goes hand in hand with the paranormal by its very nature. A magician is successful if he can either demonstrate or effectively advertise miraculous accomplishments. The simplest reason for associating magic with miracles is not truly intrinsic to either, but it is predictable. It is simple public relations based on sound business thinking. But like all overzealous advertising, it carries risks. When the focus of research shifts to the “magical consciousness”—to the experience of magical interrelatedness—then the question of miracles becomes irrelevant.
Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIslamic ideas about women and their role in society spark considerable debate both in the Western world and in the Islamic world itself. Despite the popular attention surrounding Middle Eastern attitudes toward women, there has been little systematic study of the statements regarding women in the Qur'an. This book fills the void with a study on the women of Islamic sacred history. By telling their stories in Qur'an and interpretation, the book introduces Islamic doctrine and its past and present socio-economic and political applications. It establishes the link between the female figure as cultural symbol, and Islamic self-perceptions from the beginning to the present time.
The Chapter of Zulaykha
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAmong the many female characters that Qur'anic sacred history depicts for the faithful, the image of Joseph's mistress, the wife of his Egyptian master, stands out by its intricacy. In the story, the themes of female desire and craftiness and combined with fidelity, love, honesty, and repentance. As a Qur'anic metaphor, this tale represents the best and the worst in woman's nature on the terrestrial plain. It may be the most penetrating in terms of female psychology of all the Qur'anic women's stories. In this story, the protagonist represents the unwavering power of female unselfish love and faithfulness, and is rewarded with bliss and joy with the beloved.
The Women in the Life of the Prophet Moses
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Qur'an cites the stories of women which are associated with Moses: mother, sister, foster mother, as well as wife. His foster mother was the faithful wife of the dictator Pharaoh; she was the one who saved Moses' life and raised him from infancy “under God's eye” in the house of God's enemy. Moses' wife was the daughter of an old flock herder in whose service he spent several years before being initiated to prophethood. The revelations on the events in Moses' life in which these women contributed a portion belongs to the middle and late Meccan periods. Only the verse on Pharaoh's wife whose faithfulness is revealed as “an example to the believers” is dated to the late Medinan period and there she is associated with the Virgin Mary.
Beginning
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses in the early life of Philippa Duke Schuyler. She was born during the Great Depression, on August 2, 1931, at her parent's home in Harlem. Her father, George Schuyler, was a black journalist for one of America's oldest black newspapers, making his absence a sad necessity to Philippa's early days. Her mother, Josephine Schuyler, however kept a detailed scrapbook of Philippa's development for George to see when he came home. Philippa's family lived in an apartment on the fourth floor of Park Lincoln, with Colonial Park near by and as a child, Philippa would spend many hours playing there. Philippa's birth was talked about in all the black newspapers. It was broadly known that she was the product of the first interracial celebrity marriage of the 20th century.
Black and Conservative
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Philippa's 11th birthday theme was wartime, she and her mother entertained black soldiers and their dates. Many blacks at that time supported the “Double V” campaign: Victory at Home, Victory Abroad. However, unlike her daughter and wife, George didn't support the campaign and advised his countrymen not to join the European war. Philippa's parents had always shielded her from evident racism, and to balance a world of racial prejudice her parents tried to encourage a feeling of personal security by giving her a close family life. When her school books told her that Africans were savage, uncultured, and wild, Philippa would think about the books in her father's library that described been slave revolts where a quarter of a million Negroes served in the Union Army. She also read that Abraham Lincoln himself had said that the war could not have been won without them.
No Women's Country
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
At a very early age until her death, Philippa was an affirmed feminist. After reading Pearl Buck's Of Men and Women, she became fascinated and at the same time upset by the subject as the book reflected her own goal of bridging together her marriage and career. Philippa's response to the world's omnipresent unequal treatment of women was almost visceral after she saw abysmal examples of women being neglected, abused, and exploited through her many travels. This situation made her want to write a book on the topic, but she later discarded the idea. The more Philippa travelled around, the more radical her feminism became. She discovered that violence against women, though often hidden, crossed geographic boundaries and socioeconomic barriers.
Rhapsody of Youth
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
February 23, 1959, Philippa arrived in Paris and stayed with her recently acquired European godmother, the countess Goguet. All through the African leg of Philippa's journey, Josephine had argued with her over the date of her return. Philippa also spent intimate evenings with Andre Gascht, which she hoped would bring them closer together. Sometime between her Brussels and Amsterdam engagements, Philippa received a telegram asking her to give a command performance for Queen Elisabeth of Belgium on March 12. Nine days after the performance for the Queen, Philippa returned home and felt much anxiety for she was feeling weak and exhausted much of the time.
Postlude
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
On Tuesday morning, May 9, Josephine and George received a cable from Philippa informing them that she would arrive on Friday and on that same day they received a letter from her. At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, the phone rang and Josephine answered it, startled with the news she heard from the other side of the line, informing her that Philippa had died in a helicopter crash. Josephine screamed and hung up the phone, while George was in the state of shock too, not moving from his chair. The CBS Evening Radio News treated her death as a national story since Philippa was the tenth American correspondent and only the second woman journalist to die in Vietnam. Her mother didn't handle her daughter's death well at all and committed suicide before the first anniversary of Philippa's death. George was left alone and wished to follow his wife and daughter soon, but his agony was prolonged and he lived for another eight years.
Logic, Meaning, and Conversation
Authors: Atlas Jay David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis look at the philosophy of language focuses on the interface between a theory of literal meaning and pragmatics — a philosophical examination of the relationship between meaning and language use and its contexts. Here, the author develops the contrast between verbal ambiguity and verbal generality, works out a detailed theory of conversational inference using the work of Paul Grice on Implicature as a starting point, and gives an account of their interface as an example of the relationship between Chomsky's Internalist Semantics and Language Performance. He then discusses consequences of his theory of the Interface for the distinction between metaphorical and literal language, for Grice's account of meaning, for the Analytic/Synthetic distinction, for Meaning Holism, and for Formal Semantics of Natural Language.
The Diffusion of Innovations in Social Networks
Authors: Young H. Peyton 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the effects of network topology on the diffusion of behaviors. A key empirical question is, what is the expected length of time for a network to “switch over” from the old behavior to the new? It uncovers conditions on network topology the decision process that, surprisingly, bound the expected waiting time for diffusion to occur from above, independently of the size of the network.
Making the Best of It
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
What should be the Christian's attitude toward society? When so much of our contemporary culture is at odds with Christian beliefs and mores, it may seem that serious Christians now have only two choices: transform society completely according to Christian values or retreat into the cloister of sectarian fellowship. This book explores the history of the Christian encounter with society, the biblical record, and various theological models of cultural engagement to offer a more balanced and fruitful alternative to these extremes. The book argues that, rather than trying to root up the weeds in the cultural field, or trying to shun them, Christians should practice persistence in gardening God's world and building toward the New Jerusalem. Examining the lives and works of C. S. Lewis, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer for example and direction, it suggests that our mission is to make the most of life in the world in cooperation with God's own mission of redeeming the world he loves. This model takes seriously the pattern of God's activity in the Bible, and in subsequent history, of working through earthly means—through individuals, communities, and institutions that are deeply flawed but nonetheless capable of accomplishing God's purposes. Christians must find a way to live in this world and at the same time do work that honors God and God's plan for us. The model that the book develops discourages the “all or nothing” attitudes that afflict so much of contemporary Christianity.
Structures of Agency
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This is a collection of published and unpublished chapters by distinguished philosopher Michael E. Bratman of Stanford University. They revolve around his influential theory, known as the “planning theory of intention and agency.” Bratman's primary concern is with what he calls “strong” forms of human agency—including forms of human agency that are the target of our talk about self-determination, self-government, and autonomy.
Introduction
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We are planning agents; our agency extends over time; and, sometimes at least, we govern our own actions. These chapters aim at understanding important interrelations between these basic features of our agency— interrelations between our planning agency, our temporally extended agency, and our self-governance. A conjecture that underlies these chapters is that we can better understand at least one basic case of self-governed agency by reflecting on the roles of relevant planning attitudes in the cross-temporal organization of our action and practical thinking. This conjecture ties together earlier work on the planning theory of intention and the present foray into debates about autonomy and self-governance. Taken together, these chapters are a preliminary effort to see whether this link between the planning theory and issues of autonomy and self-governance can yield philosophical insight. Topics range from autonomy and self-governance to agential authority, subjective normative authority, temporally extended agency, intentions and the planning theory, policies, self-governing policies, conative hierarchy, identification and hierarchy, valuing and value judgment, metaphysics, will, and stability of intention.
Valuing and the Will
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In “Free Agency,” Gary Watson argued that an account of free agency needs to distinguish what a person wants or desires—what a person is to some extent moved to do—from what a person values. Even when one values what one desires, the motivational strength of the desire may not correspond to the extent to which one values what the desire is for. This chapter describes a model of valuing as a higher-order policy of weights in practical reasoning. It makes a proposal that ties an important kind of reflective valuing to the will of an agent whose agency is temporally extended. Intentions, plans, and policies were initially introduced on top of prior structures of considered desires. The chapter proceeds by way of a project of Paul Grice's “creature construction”: such policies about weights are a further development of planning structures, planning structures introduced earlier in the “construction” to support cross-temporal and social organization. The chapter also discusses desires, considered desires, and deliberation as well as planning agents and hierarchy.
Introduction
Authors: Barnett Louise 
Published: October 2011

AbstractJonathan Swift's relations with women, and particular representations of women in his works, have obtained strong reactions and tempted assumption from his own generation to ours. Swift never married, and there is no proof that he ever had a sexual relationship. Sexual pleasure is not injected into his writing, much less valorized, and implied references to sex are negative. As a satirist, Swift is often instructive, but when he turns his focus to a couple's wedding night and discusses proper marital behavior, sex is concealed by excretion. At the same time that he criticized women as a sex and as a gender, Swift also collected a positive record of friendship with and admiration of individual women. The closest and most content of his relationships with women was with Esther Johnson, an intimate friendship that started from youth into middle age and ended only with her death.
Vanessa
Authors: Barnett Louise 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSwift's observation to Knightley Chetwode manifests both his caution and his fear, characteristics that famously inform his association with Vanessa. She, in contrast, is linked with the fervent importuning and misery of the 1720 letter cited at the start, a description that deforms the Swift–Vanessa correspondence and by extension their long involvement. Because of the emotional and secret nature of the relationship Swift carried on with Vanessa, his efforts to marginalize and erase her are understandable. That, unlike Stella, she avoided his control was due as much to the difference in socioeconomic condition between the two women as to their difference of temperament. Vanessa not only saved and numbered Swift's letters to her, she made copies of her own letters to him, all that has survived of her side of their correspondence. In the many occasions where no reply of Swift's exists to one of these drafts, we cannot be certain that she actually sent the letter, or conversely, that Swift's reply has not been lost.
Music as Discourse
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe question of whether music has meaning has been the subject of sustained debate ever since music became a subject of academic inquiry. Is music a language? Does it communicate specific ideas and emotions? What does music mean, and how does this meaning manifest itself? Working at the nexus of musicology, ethnomusicology, and music philosophy and aesthetics, the book presents a synthetic and innovative approach to musical meaning which argues deftly for the thinking of music as a discourse in itself—composed not only of sequences of gestures, phrases, or progressions, but rather also of the very philosophical and linguistic props that enable the analytical formulations made about music as an object of study. The book provides demonstrations of the pertinence of a semiological approach to understanding the fully-freighted language of Romantic music, stresses the importance of a generative approach to tonal understanding, and provides further insight into the analogy between music and language.