bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastric rupture in horses: A review of 54 cases
Authors: TODHUNTER R. J. , ERB HOLLIS N. , ROTH LOIS 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe historical, clinical, laboratory, surgical and necropsy findings in 54 cases of gastric rupture in horses are described. Eleven per cent of the deaths of horses undergoing exploratory coeliotomy for colic during the period of the study were a result of gastric rupture. Comparison with all horses which had exploratory coeliotomies for colic over an eight year period did not show that horses with gastric rupture were different from these reference horses regarding age, breed or season. There were fewer stallions than expected in the gastric rupture group. Horses with histories of both acute and chronic (more than 36 h) colic were susceptible to gastric rupture. Primary and idiopathic causes of gastric dilation and rupture accounted for about one‐third of the horses. All but one of these cases resulting from secondary causes fell into three aetiologically‐related groups: obstructive, peritoneal and enteric, with approximately equal numbers of horses in each group. Most of the ruptures occurred along the greater curvature of the stomach. At least six horses ruptured their stomachs post‐operatively in the presence of an indwelling nasogastric tube. The presence or absence of gastric reflux following nasogastric intubation was not a reliable indicator, on its own, of gastric dilation. Horses that later died from gastric rupture had markedly elevated heart rate, hypochloraemia, peritoneal exudative effusion (particularly with evidence of sepsis), pre‐and/or postoperative gastric reflux and small or large intestinal disease. However, no distinctive feature of these horses was shown to place them at risk of gastric rupture.
Gastroduodenal ulceration in foals
Authors: BECHT J. L. , BYARS T. DOUGLAS 
Published: April 2010

SummaryGastroduodenal ulceration is becoming recognised as an important disease ***in ***foals during the first few months of life. Aetiopathogenesis is presumed to be similar to peptic disease in humans associated with back diffusion of hydrogen ions into the mucosa. Many factors have been incriminated as predisposing foals to ulceration but few have been proven. To date, use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents has been the only documented cause of gastroduodenal ulceration in foals. The clustering of affected foals on certain farms suggests an infectious aetiology but attempts to identify a causative organism have been unsuccessful. Four clinical syndromes defined for foals with gastroduodenal ulceration include: (1) silent ulcers, which occur most often in the non‐glandular stomach along the margo plicatus and are identified as incidental findings at necropsy; (2) active ulcers which are often manifested by abdominal pain, excessive salivation and bruxism; (3) perforating ulcers which usually result in a severe, diffuse peritonitis; and (4) pyloric or duodenal obstruction from a healing ulcer. General approaches to therapy of a foal with active ulceration consist of reduction of gastric acidity and enhancement of mucosal protection. Antacids and type 2 histamine receptor antagonists are used most often to neutralise or decrease acid secretion, respectively. Sucralfate, a locally active sulphated sucrose preparation, is commonly used as a cytoprotective agent. The efficacy and safety of many products used have not been evaluated adequately in foals. Perforating ulcers are usually associated with death or humane destruction of the foal because of fulminating peritonitis. Surgical intervention and bypass procedures are indicated in foals that develop pyloric or duodenal obstructions from healing ulcers.
Surgical management of intussusception in the horse
Authors: EDWARDS G. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDuring a 14 year period, 27 of 310 horses undergoing laparotomy because of abdominal pain were found to have an intussusception involving the small intestine (16 cases) or caecum (11 cases). The clinical signs, operative findings and techniques adopted to overcome the obstruction are described. An evaluation of possible predisposing factors provided further evidence of the important role of the tapewormAnoplocephala perfoliatain initiating intussusception involving the ileum and caecum.
Resection and anastomosis of small intestine: Current methods applicable to the horse
Authors: EDWARDS G. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIntraoperative techniques for assessing the viability of ischaemic bowel are discussed. Intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein appears useful but further investigation of the method is required. Methods of resection and anastomosis of small intestine are described and illustrated, including the use of automatic stapling instruments.
Observations on the long term effects of Brucella abortus infection in the horse, including effects during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: MACMILLAN A. P. , COCKREM D. S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFive mares and a stallion were studied from three to 30 months after experimental infection with Brucella abortus strain 544. The mares bred normally. No organisms were recovered from horses or from pregnant Friesian heifer contacts. Titres of serum antibody in the antiglobulin (Coombs) and complement fixation tests fell more slowly than those assessed by other tests. The serum of one foal yielded maternal antibody. An intradermal test was positive in infected adults only, and negative in all foals.
Elastase‐producing microorganisms in horse lungs: Their possible role in the pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary disease in the horse
Authors: GRÜNIG GABRIELE , VON FELLENBERG R. , MAIER R. , CORBOZ L. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySeventeen out of 21 horses had pulmonary microbial organisms which reached considerable numbers in seven cases. Elastase‐producing microorganisms from the environment (Streptomycesspecies and to a lesser extentBacillusspecies) constituted 22 per cent to 99 per cent (mean 79 per cent) of the total growth. There was a considerable number of microorganisms within vitro‐produced elastases which were not or only slightly affected by horse serum. There was no correlation between numbers of organisms and pulmonary histopathological findings thus the significance of these microorganisms in the pathogenesis of alveolar emphysema is unknown. The growth of a strain ofStreptomyces collinus/diastatochromogusisolated from the lungs was suppressed by fresh horse serum but not by decomplemented horse serum. Complement activation in response to this organism could contribute to airway inflammation through the production of mediators.
Pulmonary changes associated with flotation techniques in the treatment of skeletal injuries in the horse
Authors: McCLINTOCK S. A. , HUTCHINS D. R. , LAING E. A. , BROWNLOW M. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySix adult horses with normal blood gas values, normal thoracic radiographs and free from overt signs of respiratory disease were confined in flotation tanks for periods from one to seven weeks. With one exception, they all coughed, had a variable amount of nasal discharge and, at autopsy, showed cranio‐ventral alterations to their lungs which were characterised by patchy irregular areas of absorption atelectasis with or without an inflammatory reaction and an accompanying alveolar emphysema.
Glycogen depletion patterns in the muscle of Standardbred Trotters after exercise of varying intensities and durations
Authors: VALBERG STEPHANIE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe glycogen depletion patterns in the gluteus muscle of Standardbred horses were studied under different trotting intensities. After racing significant glycogen depletion was found in all Type I and IIA fibres and in a varying percentage of Type IIB fibres, depending on the individual horse. When horses performed exercise over a short distance (5 to 8 km) at three different speeds, glycogen depletion was difficult to detect for the faster speeds (10 and 8 m/sec) but notably involved a major proportion of Type I fibres at the slowest speed (6 m/sec). When exercise was prolonged over a greater distance a larger proportion of Type IIA fibres were depleted at faster speeds (8 m/sec) than at slower speeds over the same distance. However, when slow trotting was continued over even greater distances, a gradual increase in the percentage of glycogen‐depleted Type IIA fibres was noticed. Very significant glycogen depletion in all three fibre types was seen in all horses where a near maximal exercise tolerance test was performed 3 h after the longest and slowest exercise run. In a further study of glycogen depletion, during a near maximal exercise tolerance test on a graded treadmill with consecutively increasing velocity, depletion was seen in a proportion of all three fibre types with the highest proportion being Type I and the lowest Type IIB.
Effects of propranolol on cardiopulmonary function in the pony during submaximal exercise
Authors: SEXTON W. L. , ERICKSON H. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryCardiopulmonary responses of four ponies were monitored during standard exercise tests (SET), before and after β‐adrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol. The SET consisted of four 5 min increments of increasing speed from 1.0 to 2.8 m/sec on a treadmill at a 7° incline. Data were collected at rest, throughout the SET and recovery. Administration of propranolol to ponies at rest had no effect on cardiopulmonary function. During the SET, increases in heart rate, mean pulmonary artery flow velocity (an index of cardiac output) and right ventricular dP/dt (an index of myocardial contractility) were progressively attenuated as running speed increased. Body temperature and mean pulmonary artery and right ventricular pressures were significantly elevated over normal. Propranolol treatment had no effect on the responses of mean arterial pressure, haematocrit, haemoglobin, blood lactate and arterial blood gases and pH to the SET. These results suggest that in the pony there is no sympathetic activity to the heart at rest and that during exercise there is pulmonary vasodilation mediated by β‐adrenergic receptors.
Low dose flunixin meglumine: Effects on eicosanoid production and clinical signs induced by experimental endotoxaemia in horses
Authors: SEMRAD SUSAN D. , HARDEE G. E. , HARDEE MARILYN M. , MOORE J. N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe efficacy of low doses of flunixin meglumine in reducing eicosanoid generation and clinical signs in response to experimentally induced endotoxaemia was investigated. Thromboxane H2and 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1αwere measured in serum and plasma by radioimmunoassay. Plasma flunixin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters derived non‐compartmentally. In horses administered flunixin meglumine before endotoxin challenge, a significant suppression in plasma thromboxane B2and 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1αgeneration was observed. Elevations in blood lactate were significantly suppressed in horses pre‐treated with 0.25 mg/kg bodyweight flunixin meglumine. Reduction of the clinical signs of endotoxaemia by flunixin meglumine was dose dependent. Low doses of flunixin inhibited eicosanoid production without masking all of the physical manifestations of endotoxaemia necessary for accurate clinical evaluation of the horse's status.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of the equine endometrium during the oestrous cycle
Authors: WAELCHLI R. O. , WINDER N. CHRISTINE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEndometrial biopsies were obtained from four mares during consecutive oestrous cycles on the first day of oestrus, on the day when ovulation was detected, and four and eight days after ovulation. Cycle stages were confirmed by means of rectal palpation, ultrasonography and plasma progesterone determination. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the formalin fixed biopsy specimens was performed using a peroxidase anti‐peroxidase technique. Immunoglobulin (Ig)A‐, IgM‐, IgG(Fc)‐ and IgG(T)‐containing cells were detected in all biopsies; with IgA‐ and IgG(Fc)‐containing cells generally predominating. There was no cyclical trend of Ig‐containing cell numbers for any isotype. Free immunoglobulins of the four classes evaluated were frequently seen in luminal epithelium, glandular epithelium and secretions, and interstitium. This study of endometrial biopsies from a limited number of cycling mares suggests the presence in the equine endometrium of free and intracellular immunoglobulins of the classes A. M., G(Fc) and G(T) without any apparent cyclical trend.
Surgical treatment of fractures of the olecranon in the horse: A comparative review of 25 cases
Authors: DENNY H. R. , BARR A. R. S. , WATERMAN A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA series of 25 horses with olecranon fractures are reviewed. Twenty‐one cases were treated surgically by the application of a tension band plate to the caudal aspect of the ulna. Seventy six per cent of these regained full limb function. The results of treatment are compared with two other series of conservatively and surgically treated cases.
Observations on headshaking in the horse
Authors: LANE J. G. , MAIR T. S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe clinical records of 100 cases of headshaking in horses were reviewed. Possible causes of the abnormal behaviour were identified in 11 animals; these included ear mite infestation, otitis interna, cranial nerve dysfunction, cervical injury, ocular disease, guttural pouch mycosis, dental periapical osteitis and suspected vasomotor rhinitis. However, in only two of these could it be shown that correction of the abnormality led to elimination of the headshaking. The additional clinical signs exhibited by the other idiopathic cases of headshaking included evidence of nasal irritation, sneezing and snorting, nasal discharge, coughing and excessive lacrimation. Many of these horses also showed a marked seasonal pattern with respect to the onset of the disease and the recurrence of signs in subsequent years. The clinical presentation of idiopathic headshakers and the seasonal incidence of the signs closely resemble allergic rhinitis in man.
Pathogenesis of degenerative joint disease
Authors: CLYNE M. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryProteoglycan degradation is central to the development of degenerative joint disease. Proteoglycans may be degraded by lysosomal enzymes from chondrocytes, synoviocytes or leucocytes. Collagen and matrix degradation occurs either by direct damage or due to degrading enzymes released into synovial fluid. Once the pathological sequence has begun it continues in a cyclic manner unless arrested by the ability of chondrocytes to synthesise sufficient matrix components. Treatment should ideally be directed to this end.
Correlation between anion gap, blood L lactate concentration and survival in horses
Authors: GOSSETT K. A. , CLEGHORN BILDE , MARTIN G. S. , CHURCH GABIE E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryBlood L lactate concentration and anion gap were measured in 32 horses suspected of having metabolic acidosis. There was good linear correlation between these variables (r = 0,90791, P<0.0001) and both were good prognostic indicators. Anion gap was a good indicator of the presence but not the severity of L lactic acidosis and was a slightly better prognostic indicator. The ability to predict survival was not improved by the measurement of L lactate in addition to anion gap.
Antimicrobial selection and dosage in the treatment of equine bacterial infections
Authors: BAGGOT J. DESMOND , PRESCOTT J. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe success of antimicrobial therapy depends on administration of an agent to which the pathogenic microorganisms are susceptible at the concentrations attained at the site of infection. The route of administration, size of the dose and dosing interval must be appropriate for the drug preparation selected. With penicillins in particular, dosage can be tailored to the severity of the infection and quantitative susceptibility of the microorganism. This approach cannot be applied to aminoglycosides because their relatively narrow margin of safety limits the amount which can be administered. In severe infections it is important quickly to establish effective antimicrobial concentrations, which means that the choice of drug must be based on experience in treating the particular type of infection (empiric selection) and its dosage be adequate to produce a high peak concentration in the plasma. In treating septicaemic conditions of neonatal foals the deficit in serum immunoglobulins should be corrected, and it is advisable to administer antimicrobial agents or combinations that produce a bactericidal effect at dosages modified for immature physiological processes.
Treatment of radial fractures in adult horses: An analysis of 15 clinical cases
Authors: AUER J. A. , WATKINS J. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFifteen cases of radial fractures in adult horses weighing more than 300 kg are discussed. Four of the horses were destroyed on humane grounds immediately because of a poor prognosis and expense of internal fixation; and two horses at five days and five weeks, respectively after treatment by cast application was initiated. Internal fixation was used in nine horses but of these only two horses recovered completely and resumed their former activities. In eight cases, two plates were applied, one lateral or medial and the other cranial. The internal fixation techniques of all nine horses were scrutinised and suggestions made for the future treatment of radial fractures. These suggestions are (1) the use of ASIF 5.5 mm cortical bone screws using the total width or thickness of the bone in each case. (2) Application of the dynamic condylar screw with its plate in distal or proximal fractures to allow more support. (3) Incorporation of a cancellous bone graft to the fracture. (4) Possible table recovery to prevent breakdown of the fixation during recovery. It is important that bone plates are applied over the total length of the bone. The fact that only two out of 15 horses survived and recovered completely underlines the problems associated with treatment of radial fractures in the adult horse.
Serological study of leptospiral infections and endogenous uveitis among horses and ponies in the United Kingdom
Authors: MATTHEWS A. G. , PALMER M. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe prevalence of antibody titres to a range of 20 leptospira antigens in the serum of horses and ponies with no ophthalmic abnormalities and with ophthalmoscopic evidence of endogenous uveal inflammatory disease was determined using a microscopic agglutination technique. Titres against leptospira antigens were observed in 13 out of 138 (9.1 per cent) animals with no ophthalmic abnormalities, and in three out of 27 (11.1 per cent) animals with anterior uveitis. Serovar sejroe was common to all seropositive animals with anterior uveitis. The results show that leptospira infection is not a major factor in the aetiology of equine anterior uveitis in the UK, but suggests that the organism may be associated with some cases of recurrent anterior uveitis.
Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. III. Subgross findings in lungs subjected to latex perfusions of the bronchial and pulmonary arteries
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN M. W. , PASCOE J. R. , TYLER W. S. , MASON D. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryLatex was injected under pressure into bronchial and pulmonary arteries of the inflated lungs of Thoroughbreds and transverse sections taken to calculate the area of lesions resulting from exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Extensive areas of dense brown haemosiderin varying from 0 to 45 per cent of total lung volume were identified, predominantly in the dorsocaudal lungfields. Bronchial arterial proliferation appeared to have replaced the pulmonary supply in affected areas of the lung. Closely associated with the staining and bronchial arterialisation, there was widespread small airway disease. The most severely affected bronchioles contained thick gelatinous or mucous exudate or mucoid plugs and had grossly thickened walls. These lesions suggest that the source of haemorrhage in exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage is from alveolar capilliaries anomalously supplied by the bronchial arterial circulation through the development of pathological shunts. Small airway disease is suggested as being of major importance in the pathogenesis of the disease and may have led to the initial proliferation of the bronchial circulation.
Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. VI. Radiological/pathological correlations
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN M. W. , PASCOE J. R. , O'BRIEN T. R. , HORNOF W. J. , MASON D. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis study was initiated to determine if the extent and intensity of lung lesions associated with exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in horses could be predicted from thoracic radiographs. Sets of thoracic radiographs from 24 horses with varied histories of EIPH were subjectively coded for radiographic quality, and perceived extent and intensity of diffuse interstitial opacity by three radiologists who had no knowledge of the corresponding autopsy results. Codes assigned from radiographs for the chosen parameters were compared with coded estimates of lung surface staining assigned at post mortem and volume measurements of haemosiderin deposits and bronchial arterial neovascularisation recorded from lung slices in separate studies. The non‐parametric Spearman rank correlation test was used to test for statistical significance. All radiographically coded estimates of lesion severity were positively correlated with post mortem measurements of actual lesion involvement, but only the correlation between coded estimates of lesion opacity versus haemosiderin deposits and bronchial artery neovascularisation were statistically significant (P <0.05). Correlations between radiographic codes for lesion extent versus haemosiderin deposits and neovascularisation were just beyond the level of significance (P >0.05<0.1). These findings indicate that there are graded, radiographically discernible increases in interstitial opacity related to actual lesion severity. However, under the conditions of the study, accurate prediction of lung pathology in individual cases based on radiographic criteria was precluded by the wide variance of the coded values. The authors believe that with good radiographic technique and careful criteria selection, satisfactory prediction of lesion severity in EIPH cases could be achieved.