bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐pollination process in a partially self‐compatible distylous plant, Primula sieboldii (Primulaceae)
Authors: NISHIHIRO JUN , WASHITANI IZUMI 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPollen germination and pollen‐tube growth under natural conditions were observed in a population of a distylous species, Primula sieboldii, in which partial self‐compatibility has been demonstrated in some long‐styled genets. We observed post‐pollination processes microscopically in styles collected after self‐morph and inter‐morph hand pollination (with standardized pollen load on the stigmas) in four genets each from the following three ‘genet types’: self‐incompatible long‐styled (SI), partially self‐compatible long‐styled (SC) and self‐incompatible short‐styled morph genets. Irrespective of the genet type, pollen germination began within 24 h after pollination and tubes of pollen reached to the style base with 48–96 h after inter‐morph pollination. Although pollen tubes germinated after self‐pollination in the SC genets, the number of germinated pollen tubes was significantly lower than in the case of inter‐morph pollination. Few pollen tubes germinated after self‐pollination of the SI or short‐styled genets. In SC genets, the rate of pollen‐tube growth did not differ between self‐morph and inter‐morph pollination (∼1.9 mm/day). Therefore, differences in self‐compatibility between SC and SI genets in P. sieboldii are likely to be attributable to differential pollen germination rates rather than to differential pollen‐tube growth rates.
Frequency of hereditary thrombophilia, anticoagulant activity, and homocysteine levels in patients with hemolysis, elevated liver functions and low thrombocyte count (HELLP) syndrome
Authors: Dogan Ovgu Ozkan , Simsek Yavuz , Celen Sevki , Danisman Nuri 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAim:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations between thrombophilic mutations, anticoagulant activity and hemolysis, elevated liver functions and low thrombocyte count (HELLP) syndrome.Material and Methods:  Twenty‐five healthy pregnant women (control group) and 34 patients with HELLP syndrome (study group) were included in the study between April 2007 and January 2008. Homocysteine levels and activities of protein C, protein S and antithrombin III of the groups were compared. Frequency of factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin 20210A mutation and C677 T mutation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene were also compared.Results:  Frequencies of thrombophilic gene mutations of the two groups were not significantly different. Homocysteine levels were significantly higher in the study group. Protein C and protein S deficiencies of the two groups were similar. Antithrombin III deficiency was statistically higher in the patients with HELLP syndrome.Conclusion:  The frequency of antithrombin III deficiency and homocysteine levels were higher in the patients with HELLP syndrome; however, there was no positive relationship between hereditary thrombophilic mutations and the disease. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate our findings.
Methanogenic diversity and activity in hypersaline sediments of the centre of the Napoli mud volcano, Eastern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Lazar Cassandre Sara , Parkes R. John , Cragg Barry A. , L'Haridon Stéphane , Toffin Laurent 
Published: March 2011

SummarySubmarine mud volcanoes are a significant source of methane to the atmosphere. The Napoli mud volcano, situated in the brine‐impacted Olimpi Area of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, emits mainly biogenic methane particularly at the centre of the mud volcano. Temperature gradients support the suggestion that Napoli is a cold mud volcano with moderate fluid flow rates. Biogeochemical and molecular genetic analyses were carried out to assess the methanogenic activity rates, pathways and diversity in the hypersaline sediments of the centre of the Napoli mud volcano. Methylotrophic methanogenesis was the only significant methanogenic pathway in the shallow sediments (0–40 cm) but was also measured throughout the sediment core, confirming that methylotrophic methanogens could be well adapted to hypersaline environments. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the dominant pathway below 50 cm; however, low rates of acetoclastic methanogenesis were also present, even in sediment layers with the highest salinity, showing that these methanogens can thrive in this extreme environment. PCR‐DGGE and methyl coenzyme M reductase gene libraries detected sequences affiliated with anaerobic methanotrophs (mainly ANME‐1) as well as Methanococcoides methanogens. Results show that the hypersaline conditions in the centre of the Napoli mud volcano influence active biogenic methane fluxes and methanogenic/methylotrophic diversity.
Tobacco, nicotine and harm reduction
Authors: LE HOUEZEC JACQUES , MCNEILL ANN , BRITTON JOHN 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIssues. Tobacco smoking, sustained by nicotine dependence, is a chronic relapsing disorder, which in many cases results in lifelong cigarette use and consequent death of one out of two lifelong smokers from a disease caused by their smoking. Most toxicity due to cigarette smoking is related to the burning process. Approach. Models of harm reduction applied to tobacco suggest that use of non‐combustible, less toxic, nicotine‐containing products as a substitute for cigarette smoking would reduce the death toll arising from tobacco use. Available options include medicinal nicotine and smokeless tobacco products. Key Findings. The potential role of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products in a harm reduction strategy is currently severely restricted by strict regulations on dose, safety and potential addictiveness. As a result, NRT products are designed to provide much less nicotine, and deliver it to the brain more slowly, than cigarettes, which are widely accessible and poorly regulated. Smokeless tobacco (snus) has proved to be an acceptable reduced hazard alternative to smoking in Sweden, but supply of snus is illegal elsewhere in the European Union. Implications. To increase accessibility and reach more smokers, barriers to the use of NRT use need to be removed and more effective NRTs need urgently to be developed. Smokeless tobacco could also play an important role in harm reduction, but current European Union regulations and concerns over exploitation by tobacco companies currently preclude wider use. Conclusion. To improve public health there is an urgent need for an appropriate regulatory framework and regulatory authority at the European level, controlling both tobacco and nicotine products to ensure that the least harmful products are the most accessible.[Le Houezec J, McNeill A, Britton J. Tobacco, nicotine and harm reduction. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:119–123]
Buying cannabis in ‘coffee shops’
Authors: MONSHOUWER KARIN , VAN LAAR MARGRIET , VOLLEBERGH WILMA A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIssues. The key objective of Dutch cannabis policy is to prevent and limit the risks of cannabis consumption for users, their direct environment and society (‘harm reduction’). This paper will focus on the tolerated sale of cannabis in ‘coffee shops’. Approach. We give a brief overview of Dutch policy on coffee shops, its history and recent developments. Furthermore, we present epidemiological data that may be indicative of the effects of the coffee shop policy on cannabis and other drug use. Key Findings. Dutch coffee shop policy has become more restrictive in recent years and the number of coffee shops has decreased. Cannabis prevalence rates in the adult population are somewhat below the European average; the rate is relatively high among adolescents; and age of first use appears to be low. On a European level, the use of hard drugs in both the Dutch adult and adolescent population is average to low (except for ecstasy among adults). Implications and Conclusions. International comparisons do not suggest a strong, upward effect of the coffee shop system on levels of cannabis use, although prevalence rates among Dutch adolescents give rise to concern. Furthermore, the coffee shop system appears to be successful in separating the hard and soft drugs markets. Nevertheless, in recent years, issues concerning the involvement of organised crime and the public nuisance related to drug tourism have given rise to several restrictive measures on the local level and have sparked a political debate on the reform of Dutch drug policy.[Monshouwer K, van Laar M, Vollebergh WA. Buying cannabis in ‘coffee shops’. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:148–156]
Translation as Erasure: Thoughts on Modernity's Epistemic Violence
Authors: VÁZQUEZ ROLANDO 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis essay opens the question of translation so as to reflect upon the movement at the borders of modernity. In particular it focuses on the question of translation as erasure, that is, as a mechanism through which modernity expands and demarcates its proper place, its territory. This operation of translation renders invisible everything that does not fit in the “parameters of legibility” of modernity's epistemic territory. Modernity's epistemic territory designates both the realm where the discourses of modernity thrive and their very horizon of intelligibility. Translation brings to view the epistemic borders where a politics of visibility is at play between erasure and visibility, disdain and recognition. To recognize the political content of modernity's epistemic territory is to recognize that the question of global social inequality cannot be addressed simply as the consequence of an incomplete modernity. It is to acknowledge that knowledge has been part and parcel of the modern / colonial systems of oppression and destitution. The epistemic territorial practices are such that all that lies outside their realm is made invisible, is excluded from the real and is actively disdained, even unnamed. At the borders their is the movement of rejection but also the movement of incorporation; where translation appears as a process of selection, classification and appropriation that erases all that does not fit into the proper place of the already established epistemic territory. The final part of the essay looks for that which escapes from the movement of translation as incorporation and addresses the question of untranslatability. This question help us reveal elements that are outside the field of appropriation of modernity. Finally we speak of translation as struggle. Thinking in terms of epistemic translation is already to begin thinking with a vocabulary of transition, of the borders; not transition in terms of chronological change, but rather referring to a transit at the borders of modernity's epistemic territory. The epistemic hegemony of modernity rests in a politics of border keeping, a politics of epistemic translation.
Some Epistemic and Methodological Challenges within an Intercultural Experience
Authors: RESTREPO PAULA 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMy experience with the Intercultural Indigenous System of Learning and Studies (SIIDAE) in Chiapas gave rise to a dialogue on two different levels: intercultural and interdisciplinary. I understand dialogue here as a very complex model of translation that, at the same time, challenges the unilateral conception of translation. This article reports the decolonial challenges raised by SIIDAE during our dialogue and responds to these challenges by proposing an intercultural reflection on anthropological practice and on its geohistorical context, and by showing the need of an intercultural transformation of society and of anthropology itself.
Translating Race and Caste
Authors: SLATE NICO 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the late nineteenth century, Indian and African American social reformers began to compare struggles against racial oppression in the United States with movements against caste oppression in India. The majority of these reformers ignored what was lost in translating messy particularities of identity, status and hierarchy into the words “race” and “caste” and then again translating between these words. While exploring the limitations of such a double translation, this article argues that race/caste analogies were often utilized in opposition to white supremacy, caste oppression, and other forms of injustice.
Internal Embeddedness, Headquarters Involvement, and Innovation Importance in Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Ciabuschi Francesco , Dellestrand Henrik , Martín Oscar Martín 
Published: March 2011

abstractIn this paper we apply a business network perspective to investigate the effects of internal embeddedness and headquarters involvement on subsidiaries' innovation‐related competencies, and on the perceived importance of innovation in multinational enterprises. A model framed in the innovation context is developed and six hypotheses are tested on 85 innovation projects in 23 multinational enterprises using partial least squares based structural equation modelling. The results suggest that, contrary to predictions of the business network perspective, headquarters involvement in the innovation development process improves subsidiary competencies while internal embeddedness does not. Headquarters involvement, driven by subsidiary internal embeddedness, enhances the innovation impact on the subsidiary, which in turn influences innovation importance at corporate level. Thus, the business network perspective is challenged but at the same time expanded in terms of highlighting the role of, and interplay between, different internal corporate actors, particularly the role of headquarters, in developing competencies and creating competitive advantage.
PARETO HONOURING POVERTY REDUCTION
Authors: Mukherjee Diganta 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTPolicy reforms often pit the poor against the poor by triggering a fall in poverty for some but an increase in poverty for others. Aggregated national measures gloss over these fine patterns and pronounce ‘a reduction in poverty’– is such aggregation across poor individuals ethically permissible? Addressing this type of aggregation is a hard issue. This paper has made an attempt in that direction by outlining an axiomatically grounded aggregate measure of such gains or losses, duly giving more importance to the losses to a poor compared to the gains of another poor.
Red blood cell transfusion of preterm neonates with a Grade 1 intraventricular hemorrhage is associated with extension to a Grade 3 or 4 hemorrhage
Authors: Baer Vickie L. , Lambert Diane K. , Henry Erick , Snow Gregory L. , Christensen Robert D. 
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Some preterm infants with a Grade 1 intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are subsequently found to have a Grade 3 or 4 IVH, while in others the Grade 1 resolves without extending.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We identified all neonates in our health system in the past 6 years with a Grade 1 IVH and compared those where the hemorrhage extended versus resolved.RESULTS: Grade 1 IVH was identified in 417 neonates; 24 subsequently became a Grade 3, and 22 a Grade 4. These 46 were born earlier, 25 ± 2 weeks versus 30 ± 3 weeks (p = 0.000), with lower birth weight, 811 ± 284 g versus 1432 ± 603 g (p = 0.000); lower 5‐minute Apgar scores, 5 ± 2 versus 8 ± 2 (p = 0.000); and slightly lower cord pH, 7.24 ± 0.16 versus 7.28 ± 0.10 (p = 0.009). Older gestational age was the most significant contributor lowering the odds of IVH extension (odds ratio [OR], 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92‐0.98). Administering a red blood cell (RBC) transfusion up to and on the day the Grade 1 was detected was the most significant contributor increasing the odds (OR, 2.92; 95% CI, 2.19‐3.90) of extension. In both groups (resolving vs. extending) criteria for ordering transfusions were similar as was the proportion of transfusions given out of compliance with guidelines.CONCLUSIONS: An association exists between RBC transfusion and extension of a Grade 1 IVH into a Grade 3 or 4. However, the explanation is unclear and could involve either the reasons transfusion are ordered or the transfusions themselves. Additional studies are needed to discover why neonates are more likely to have IVH extension if transfused.
An international survey in postgraduate training in Oral Medicine
Authors: Rogers H , Sollecito TP , Felix DH , Yepes JF , Williams M , D’Ambrosio JA , Hodgson TA , Prescott‐Clements L , Wray D , Kerr AR 
Published: March 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17 (Suppl. 1), 95–98Objectives:  The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate postgraduate Oral Medicine training worldwide and to begin to identify minimum requirements and/or core content for an International Oral Medicine curriculum.Materials and Methods:  Countries where there was believed to be postgraduate training in Oral Medicine were identified by the working group. Standardized emails were sent inviting participants to complete an online survey regarding the scope of postgraduate training in Oral Medicine in their respective countries.Results:  We received 69 total responses from 37 countries. Of these, 22 countries self‐identified as having postgraduate Oral Medicine as a distinct field of study, and they served as the study group. While there is currently considerable variation among Oral Medicine postgraduate training parameters, there is considerable congruency in clinical content of the Oral Medicine syllabi. For example, all of the training programs responded that they did evaluate competence in diagnosis and management of oral mucosal disease.Conclusions:  This preliminary study provides the first evidence regarding international Oral Medicine postgraduate training, from which recommendations for an international core curriculum could be initiated. It is through such an initiative that a universal clinical core syllabus in postgraduate Oral Medicine training may be more feasible.
Effect of DNA polymorphisms related to fatty acid composition in adipose tissue of Holstein cattle
Authors: NARUKAMI Takahiro , SASAZAKI Shinji , OYAMA Kenji , NOGI Takuya , TANIGUCHI Masaaki , MANNEN Hideyuki 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTFatty acid composition of adipose tissue has been recognized as an important carcass trait because of its relationship with eating quality such as favorable beef flavor and tenderness. Therefore, we investigated the effects of genetic polymorphisms of liver X receptor, alpha (LXR), stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD), Fatty acid synthase (FASN), and Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) on fatty acid composition in intramuscular fat tissue of Holstein steers. The major allele frequencies were 0.705 in SCD, 0.518 in FABP4, 0.888 in FASN, and 0.984 in LXR. Genotyping of SCD showed significant effect on C14:0, C14:1, C18:0 and saturated fatty acid (P < 0.05). In addition, the result suggested that SCD genotype possibly had effect on composition of C18:1 and monounsaturated fatty acid. Genotype of FABP4 had significant effect on composition of C16:0. Effect of LXR genotypes could not be analyze because of extremely biased genotype frequencies. Our results suggest that genotypes of SCD and FABP4 may in part affect meat quality in Holstein.
The addition of calcium ion chelator, EGTA to thawing solution improves fertilizing ability in frozen–thawed boar sperm
Authors: OKAZAKI Tetsuji , YOSHIDA Shuji , TESHIMA Hisanori , SHIMADA Masayuki 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn our previous study, seminal plasma effectively suppressed the induction of sperm to capacitation‐like status and acrosome loss during the thawing process. However, because boar seminal plasma is contaminated with various kinds of bacteria and/or viruses, it is necessary to develop a thawing solution without animal‐derived materials. In this study, we focused on the increase of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in sperm after thawing and the negative effects of sperm qualities. After thawing, the fluorescent intensity of [Ca2+]i indicator, Fluo‐3/AM, and the level of phosphorylated tyrosine residue of protein were increased in the sperm. Next, we investigated whether the addition of Ca2+ chelators (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA)) improved post‐thawed sperm motility. When the frozen–thawed sperm were treated with 6 mmol/L EDTA + 6 mmol/L EGTA, sperm motility was significantly increased as compared with control (6 mmol/L EDTA alone) at all incubation periods (P < 0.05). The combinational treatment significantly suppressed the elevation of [Ca2+]i and the tyrosine phosphorylation, which improved the acrosomal status and fertilizing ability in vitro. Furthermore, when the thawing method was applied for artificial insemination, the fertilization rate was significantly higher than control (P < 0.05, 33% vs. 82%). Thus, we conclude that the addition of EDTA + EGTA to thawing solution is a beneficial tool for artificial insemination using frozen–thawed boar sperm.
Seed Dispersal Spectrum of Woody Species in South Ecuadorian Dry Forests: Environmental Correlates and the Effect of Considering Species Abundance
Authors: Jara‐Guerrero Andrea , De la Cruz Marcelino , Méndez Marcos 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis study examines the seed dispersal spectrum of the tropical dry forests of Southern Ecuador, in an effort to contribute to the knowledge of the complex dynamics of tropical dry forests. Seed dispersal spectrum was described for a total number of 160 species. Relationships of dispersal syndromes with plant growth form and climatic seasonality were explored. For a subset of 97 species, we determined whether dispersal spectrum changes when species abundance, in addition to species number, is taken into account. The same subset was used to relate dispersal syndromes with the environmental conditions. Zoochorous species dominated in the studied community. When considering the individual abundance of each species, however, anemochory was the prevalent dispersal syndrome. We found a significant difference in the frequency of dispersal syndromes among plant growth forms, with epizoochory only occurring in shrub species. The dispersal spectrum was dependent on climatic seasonality. The largest proportion of anemochorous species fructified during the dry season, while zoochorous diaspores dominated during the rainy season. A fourth‐corner analysis indicated that the seed dispersal spectrum of Southern Ecuador dry forests is controlled by environmental conditions such as annual precipitation, annual temperature range or topography. Our results suggest that spatio‐temporal changes in the environmental conditions may affect important ecological processes for dispersal. Thus, the predominance of one syndrome or another may depend on the spatial variation of environmental conditions.Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp.