bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photobiological Hydrogen Production from Synthesis Gas: Carbon Sources, KL a and Kinetics Evaluation
Authors: Najafpour G. , Younesi H. , Ismail K.S.K. , Mohamed A.R. , Kamaruddin A.H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPhoto‐evolution of hydrogen from synthesis gas using Rhodospirillum rubrum was studied in batch fermentation. Culture of R. rubrum was initially grown on malate, also with various initial concentrations of acetate and synthesis gas. The synthesis gas was a mixture of H2, CO and CO2. It was found that the doubling time of bacterium on 2.5 g/l of malate, and 2.5 g/l and 6 g/l of acetate were 8.4, 31.8, and 68.6 h, respectively. The growth of R. rubrum was not significant at high concentration of acetate. The cell density of microbe was 0.3 g/l on 2.5 g/l malate for incubation period of 5 days. The cell concentrations of 1.4 and 0.41 g/l were obtained in 2.5 and 6 g/l of acetate, respectively for duration of 5 days. Inhibition of substrate was clearly observed on cell yield and hydrogen production with high concentration of acetate. Maximum hydrogen production (1.8 mmol/l) was obtained when R. rubrum was grown on 2.5 g/l of acetate. Effect of agitation rate was carried out and it was found that more hydrogen production (1.8 mmol) was achieved at 250 rpm. Mass transfer and kinetic studies were performed on 2.5 g/l of acetate. Maximum specific growth rate (m̈m) and Monod constant (KH) were obtained at 9.8 h−1 and 0.14 atm, respectively. No substrate inhibition occurred at CO concentration of 0.56 atm.
Operational Stability of Lipase Enzyme: Effect of Temperature and Shear
Authors: Shamel M.M. , Hasan M. , Ramachandran K.B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe operational stability of the lipase enzyme from Candida rugosa (formerly known as Candida cylindracea) has been investigated. The activity was found to be dependent on shear rate, temperature and emulsifier concentration. The enzyme remained active (the activity was about 80% of the original) up to a shear rate of 122 s−1 for 2 hours at 40d̀C. Concentrated enzyme was more resistant to shear rate than the diluted enzyme. It was also found that the presence of emulsifier increased the enzyme inactivation. The enzyme lost almost all its activity in 45 minutes at an emulsifier concentration of 0.5%.
Direct Treatment of an Acidic and High‐Strength Nitrate‐Polluted Wastewater Containing Heavy Metals by Using a Bio‐electrochemical Reactor
Authors: Watanabe Tomohide , Jin Hong‐Wei , Cho Kyung‐Jin , Kuroda Masao 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe fundamental performance of a bio‐electrochemical reactor for treatment of metal pickling wastewater was investigated experimentally. A carbon anode and cathode were installed in the reactor. On the cathode, denitrifying microorganisms were immobilized. Continuous experiments were carried out by feeding a synthetic wastewater containing nitrate and binary heavy metal ions (copper and lead) at different loads and current densities. Acetate was added at 1.0 of C/N mass ratio which was less than the stoichiometric amount for the overall denitrification reaction. Experimental results indicated that the dissolved copper and lead removal, denitrification, and neutralization, could be achieved simultaneously in a single bio‐electrochemical reactor. Dissolved heavy metals were removed by electrochemical deposition on the cathode and by other phenomena such as the formation of insoluble suspensions and sorption on suspended bacterial sludge. Denitrification proceeded effectively with the utilization of both the added acetate and the hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis of water. The pH value increased close to neutral value due to the occurrence of denitrification, although the influent pH was less than 3. The removal efficiencies of heavy metals and nitrate increased with an increase in the current density. The denitrification rate decreased with increasing lead loading. The electric current was indispensable for sustaining stable treatment in the reactor.
Investigation of the Effect of Different Comminution Methods on the Quality of Chilli Powder
Authors: Zhou W. , Goh J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe quality degradation of chilli during comminution was investigated through modelling. Two different comminution methods were studied, namely grinding and high‐speed cutting. The colour of the chilli powders, the concentration of two major capsaicinoid compounds, and moisture loss in the powders were taken as the quality indicators. The kinetics of quality degradation was modelled. It was found that although the quality indicators of chilli powder produced by grinding were generally inferior to those by high‐speed cutting, the rate of quality degradation by the former was much lower than that by the later. The mechanism behind this finding is also discussed in this paper.
Two‐ and Three‐Phase Flow Through a 90 Degree Bend
Authors: Spedding P.L. , Benard E. , Mcnally G.M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractData are presented for two‐phase air/water pipeflow and three‐phase air/oil/water in a 0.026 m i.d. pipe and elbow bend (R/d = 0.654) for vertical to horizontal flow. The two‐phase results were shown to be dependant on the flow regimes present in the system. The elbow bend acted either to smooth the transition from vertical to horizontal flow when the liquid rate was below the bubble rise velocity in the inlet leg (when negative bend pressure losses were achieved), or to generate droplets and increase the bend pressure drop substantially at higher fluid rates.Three‐phase data also showed significant but not such dramatic differences, depending on the combined liquid rate being above or below the bubble rise velocity in the inlet leg. Again the variation of pressure drop for the system could be qualitatively explained by the observed flow regimes.For both two‐phase and three‐phase systems, the observed bend pressure drop could be correlated using a Lockhart‐Martinelli approach based on the single‐phase flow data for the bend.
Small‐scale Steam Reformation of Ethanol over Supported Metal Catalysts at Low Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Cussins M. J. , Williamson C. J. , Earl W. B. , Gardiner A. I. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEthanol was steam reformed over various supported metal catalysts at 300°C and pressures up to 3 bar gauge. The catalysts trialled included a commercial methanol synthesis catalyst (Cu/ZnO/Al,OJ, and also catalysts with nickel and/or copper impregnated on γ‐alumina extrudates. The effect of the ethanol concentration in the feed was assessed in terms of ethanol conversion and hydrogen yield for each catalyst. It was found that a copper/nickel/yalumina catalyst achieved the highest ethanol conversion (∼100%) and hydrogen yield (1.3 moles hydrogen per mole ethanol reacted) at 300°C and atmospheric pressure with excess water in the feed solution. While both the methanol synthesis catalyst and the Nickel/γAlumina B catalyst achieved high selectivity for hydrogen, their relative performances were hindered by thermal instability and coking respectively. Tests at 300°C and up to 3 bar gauge indicated that increasing the pressure decreased the hydrogen yield.
Energy Efficiency of an Integrated Process Based on Gasification for Hydrogen Production from Biomass
Authors: Weber G. , Fu Q. , Wu H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHydrogen production from CO2—neutral biomass is expected to play an important role in renewable hydrogen supply. This study investigates the overall energy eflciency of hydrogen production from biomass via an integrated process based biomass gasipcation. Key parameters and experimental data of the process were obtained from the literature, considering six cases of air‐blown biomass gaslfiers due to the availability of experimental data in the literature. The results show that such an integrated system can generally have an overall energy efficiency of 40‐6096, depending on biomass properties and process configurations. Significant efficiency improvement can be achieved i f the gasifier operates at a similar pressure to the reformer, which typically operates at elevated pressures. Analysis further suggests that the gasijkation with steam and other oxidiser (e.g. air) is the most energy efficient way for hydrogen production and such a strategy also delivers a high amount of hydrogen. Other strategies for efficiency improvements include increasing reaction conversion in the reformer, enhancing CO conversion in the shift reactor and improving process heat recovery. Limitations of this work and future necessary improvements are also discussed in this paper.
Silica Nafion Modified Composite Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Rodriguez J. I. Garnica , Dicks A. L. , Duke M. C. , Diniz Da Costa J. C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDirect Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) operate by electro‐oxidation of methanol and the transport of the protons by means of a polymer electrolyte membrane. Current systems employ Nafion (perjluorosulphonic acid) membranes as the transport media for the protons, which experience a high methanol crossover reducing the efficiency by the oxygen reduction reaction at the anode side of the fuel cell. This work investigated the microstructural modification of Nafion membranes with silica nanoparticles. It was shown that this mod4cation led to reduced methanol crossover, whilst methanol permeability was slightly reduced without compromising the conductivity at the normal DMFC operation temperature (75‐80°C). Methanol uptake was reduced by 55% with the incorporation of the silica nanoparticles into the Nafion matrix. In addition, pure methanol uptake appeared to be less effective than methanol mixtures. These results indicated the presence of water assisted methanol permeation as the hydrophilic sulphonic group and the hydrophobic polymeric backbone of Nafion were sensitive to methanol solvation.
Flow Mode Characterization in a One Metre Diameter Rotating Drum
Authors: Davies C. E. , Jones J. R. , Hussein K. , Fi?vez S. , Tallon S. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA newly developed instrument for characterising flow behaviour in a rotating drum senses particle motion with a load cell positioned under a pivoted framework that holds a 130 mm drum. Changes from the slumping regime to the rolling regime have been correlated with decreasing variance of the load signal for an increasing rotation rate. This paper extends earlier work to investigate the validity of applying results obtained in a small drum to large‐scale equipment. Load cell signals from equipment with a drum of I metre diameter, constructed with the same design basis as the 130 mm characterisation instrument, were digitally filtered to remove noise believed to be associated with vibration of the framework, and also frequencies demonstrated to arise from the drive train. As with the 130 mm equipment, decreasing avalanching activity was found to be associated with decreasing variance. Bed profiles obtained from digital video images were consistent with the observedflow regimes.
Mixing in a Fluid Jet Agitated Tank: Geometric Effects
Authors: Zughbi H. D. , Siddiqui S. W. , Fatehi A. I. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractExperimental and numerical investigations of mixing in fluid jet agitated tanks were carried out. Experiments were performed in a 23 litre tank. Numerical models to describe mixing in such a tank were developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). and the results validated against experimental data. The effects of alternative shapes of the tank bottom were investigated. An improvement in mixing time was observed when a hemispherical base was used instead of a flat base. The mixing time reduced by about 25% for a jet Reynolds number of 9000, and by about 15%for a jet Reynolds number of 40,000. Further reduction in mixing time was also observed when a conical base was used instead of a flat base. The 99% mixing time (t99) was also calculated and compared with the predicted 9.5% mixing time (t95), and with other predictions using published correlations.
Material Transformation and Recycling of Automotive Shredder Residues: An Industrial Case Study
Authors: Gomes V. G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEnvironmental pressures have pushed automotive shredder residues (ASR) into the hazardous waste category, and hence special disposal measures need to be investigated urgently for its sustainability. The possible impacts of ASR on the environment were assessed by using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP. US EPA 1311) and the Specific Contaminant Concentration (SCC, US‐EPA 3050). these were performed with the aid of an ICP‐AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma with Atomic Emission Spectroscopy) instrument. A suite of options were analyzed for wuste ryres and the ASR generated by companies in the Greater Sydney region. Four classes of recycling options were considered, namely primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary recycling, in order to determine the extent to which they can help improve the overall optimisation of materials and energyflows for the ASR.
Use of Municipal Solid Waste for Integrated Cement Production
Authors: Cheung W. H. , Choy K. K. H. , Hui D. C. W. , Porter J. F. , Mckay G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA Waste Reduction Framework Plan was initiated by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department in 1998 to set out a 10‐year programme and a set of targets for waste reduction. By combining cement production and power generation, waste incineration has improved its competitiveness. The co‐combustion of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a novel and highly integrated design combining cement and electricity productions (Co‐Co process). By carefully integrating these three processes, energy generated from MSW co‐combustion can be used eficiently for cement production and electricity generation. In this process, MSW is incinerated in a rotary kiln with additional fuel followed by the secondary combustion unit (SCU) and extra fuel is burnt in the SCU to raise the combustion temperature to 1200°C. Flue gas exiting porn the SCU will then enter a calcinations scrubber for acid gas removal. The flue gas then enters into a waste heat boiler for steam generation. A pilot plant is being designed and will be constructed to test this design.
Degradation of Low‐Density Polyethylene over Modified Zeolites
Authors: Tu P. , Pratt K. , Kosior E. , Malherbe F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe potential of catalytic processing as an effective method for polymer recycling was studied using various modfled zeolites catalysts in the degradation of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE). Particular attention was paid to catalytic activity, and selectivity and yield of liquid products. Two types of catalysts were evaluated: acid catalysts (HX and HY), and, pure NaX and its base‐modified derivatives (NaX impregnated with MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO). As a benchmark, thermal degradations were performed at 623 K, 673 K, 698 K, and 723 K, to identify optimum operating conditions for the catalytic reactions. Thermal degradation at 623 K showed no conversion during the first 7 hours run, while at other temperatures conversion was 100% and liquid yields at 673 K, 698 K, and 723 K were 21, 77 and 80wt% respectively. Catalytic cracking tests were performed at 673 K to improve liquid yield, and showed significant increases in the following catalyst order: HX (SOwtN) > HY (40wt%) > modified NaX (33wt%) NaX (30wt%) > thermal (21wt%).
Application of a Liquid Membrane to Recover Cadmium
Authors: Bansal B. , Mahajan R. , Hossain Md M. , Liaw M. S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRecoveiy of toxic metals from industrial wastewaters is an important environmental issue. The use of liquid membrane technology has gained momentum in recent years as it allows the reuse of water and toxic metals. In this study, a bulk liquid membrane consisting of D2EHPA (ionic extractant) in n‐hexane (solvent) was used to extract cadmium from an aqueous solution simulating industrial wastewater, and ammonium acetate solution was used to strip cadmium from the membrane phase. Initially, equilibrium and kinetics experiments were performed to identrfL favourable operating conditions as well as extraction and stripping rates. Then bulk liquid membrane experiments, with simultaneous extraction and stripping, were performed. More than 90% of the cadmium was recovered using the bulk liquid membrane in 120 minutes.
CFD Modeling of Biomass Combustion in Palm Oil Waste Boiler
Authors: Yan Hong‐ming , Lai Teck‐poh 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA computational fluid dynamics model (using CFX) has been developed to simulate the hydrodynamic behavior of the fluid and the combustion process in the boiler that is utilized in palm oil mills in Malaysia. The predicted gas temperature from the model is quite close to that measured in the boiler. The temperature of the inlet air has played an important role in the improvement of the boiler operation and in the control of the combustion process. The temperature profile in the combustion chamber is not uniform and a very high temperature zone has been found. The baffles inside the boiler have greatly enhanced the convection heat transfer. Further refinement of the model, to include the combustion kinetics for palm fiber fuel and modeling of the heat transfer inside the boiler, will provide more accurate predictions.
Study of Mineral Reactions of Oil Shale under Different Environmental Conditions using In‐situ Hot‐stage XRD Analyses
Authors: Subasinghe N. D. , Akoiekar D. B. , Bhargava S. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSeveral Australian oil shales were analysed using in‐situ high‐temperature XRD in four different environments (air, N2, CO2, and vacuum). The types of reactions that occur during heating of the oil shale depend on factors such as the heating environment and the heating rate, Dehydration and decomposition reactions are more prominent in a vacuum environment, compared to the possible other reactions. However, it was noted that oxidation reactions such as pyrite to pyrrhotite transformation, are not totally suppressed in vacuum and nitrogen, although the extent of the reactions is comparatively small. Under oxidation conditions, pyrite is converted to iron oxides, emitting SOI in the same temperature range as kerogen is converted to oil. Although carbon dioxide partially impedes the decomposition of carbonate minerals such as calcite, formation of CaSO4 is not significantly afected. Therefore, adsorption of environmentally problematic SO2 gas by CaO can still be achieved in CO2 environments.
Development of Deep Desulfurization Technology with Premelted Slag during RH‐KTB Refining
Authors: Zhan Dong‐Ping , Jiang Zhou‐Hua , Wang Wen‐Zhong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe thermophysical properties of premelted slag and synthetic slag were measured under laboratory conditions. The tests of liquid steel desulfurization using CaO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐MgO series premelted slag and a synthetic slag have been carried out with a MoSi2 electric resistance furnace. It was shown that the former had better desulfurization capacity than the latter. Thus, the premelted slag was chosen to be the desulfurizer for RH‐KTB refining. A plant trial at a 250 ton RH‐KTB unit used the premelted slag as desulfurizer and the average initial sulfur content in steel was 41.9 × 10−6. The results showed that the mean sulfur content in steel at the end of RH‐KTB refining had decreased to 30 × 10−6, the lowest sulfur content was 22 × 10−6, and the mean desulfurization efficiency was 28.1%.
Synthesis of Hydration‐resistant CaO Refractory by Addition of MgO
Authors: Chen Min , Wang Nan , Yu Jing‐Kun , Jin Ai‐Jun 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHydration‐resistant CaO refractory was synthesized by using lightweight CaCO3 powder as starting material with MgO addition. The addition of MgO not only promoted densification of the compact by inhibiting the grain growth of CaO, but also modified the microstructure of the clinker. Homogeneous microstructure, with well growing MgO grains occupying most of the boundary triple points of CaO grain, formed by the addition of 20 mol% MgO. The hydration resistance of the clinker was significantly improved due to the formation of CaO solid solution, promotion of densification, and modification of microstructure by the addition of MgO.
The Inverse Problem‐Based Interfacial Heat Transfer between the Billet and Mould, and the Crack Sensitiveness Area of Strand
Authors: Yin He‐Bi , Yao Man , Fang Da‐Cheng 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA coupled thermo‐mechanical model has been established including the finite difference method (FDM) simulating the mould heat transfer based on the inverse problem algorithm from measured temperatures, and the finite element method (FEM) predicting the strand stress. Calculation results show that the distribution of mould heat flux, which determines the shell thickness, corresponds to that of thermal resistance between the mould and shell. The safety index of billet quality illustrates that the surface cracks are likely to originate near the meniscus and propagate from beneath the surface at the lower part of mould. In this study, the thickness distributions of liquid and solid slag films are also calculated, showing that the heat transfer is determined mainly by the solid slag film in the upper mould.
Microencapsulation Based on Emulsification for Producing Pharmaceutical Products: A Literature Review
Authors: Huang Hua‐Jiang , Yuan Wei‐Kang , Chen Xiao Dong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, microencapsulation based on emulsification coupling with solvent evaporation, ionotropic gelation, coacervation technique, and spray drying are critically reviewed. The introduction of biocompatible polymers, especially polyelectrolytes, as wall‐forming materials are included. Membrane emulsification, surface modification, preparation of multilayer microcapsules, characterization methods, as well as modeling of drug release are summarized. This review suggests that membrane emulsification coupled with the ionotropic gelation/complex coacervation is the most promising method for microencapsulation under the mild conditions. Multilayer microcapsules using layer‐by‐layer complex coacervation, are efficient in obtaining the desired properties.
ChemInform Abstract: The Crystal Structures of CsAu3S2, RbAu3Se2, and CsAu3Se2 and Their Relationship to the CsCu3S2 Structure Type.
Authors: KLEPP K. O. , WEITHALER C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Relations in the MgMoO4‐Mg3V2O8 System and Crystal Structure of Mg2.54V1.08Mo0.92O8.
Authors: WANG X. , STERN C. L. , POEPPELMEIER K. R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction Kinetics of Plutonium with Oxygen, Water, and Humid Air: Moisture Enhancement of the Corrosion Rate.
Authors: HASCHKE J. M , ALLEN T. H. , STAKEBAKE J. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.