bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The management of urogynaecological problems in pregnancy and the early postpartum period
Authors: Asali Fida , Mahfouz Ismaiel , Phillips Christian 
Published: July 2012

Key content

Lower urinary tract infection is associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity.
There is an association between pelvic organ prolapse and increasing parity and vaginal deliveries.
Lower urinary tract dysfunction and pelvic organ prolapse are common during pregnancy and the postpartum period, but often resolve.
Special consideration is needed regarding the management of lower urinary tract dysfunction and pelvic organ prolapse during pregnancy and the postpartum period, with an emphasis on conservative management.

Learning objectives

To know how to manage lower urinary tract infection in pregnancy.

To understand the epidemiology and management of lower urinary tract dysfunction in pregnancy.

To be aware of the epidemiology and management of pelvic organ prolapse in pregnancy.

Ethical issues

Should pregnant women be prescribed antimuscarinic drugs when adverse effects on the fetus have been shown in animal studies?

Should women who have not completed their families be offered surgery for pelvic organ prolapse?

Should elective caesarean section be offered to women who have had previous successful incontinence surgery?
Influence of Ethanol Amount During Washing on Deagglomeration of Co‐Precipitated Calcined Nanocrystalline 3YSZ Powders
Authors: Patil Sharanabasappa B. , Jena Ajay Kumar , Bhargava Parag 
Published: July 2012

Influence of ethanol treatment of co‐precipitated yttrium–zirconium hydroxide on deagglomeration of calcined nano 3
YSZ
powder was studied. Results indicated that the amount of ethanol used in washing the zirconium hydroxide precipitate had a significant impact on the calcined powder characteristics. Different ratios of ethanol to the water contained within the precipitate were used during washing and the calcined nano 3
YSZ
powders were characterized in terms of BET specific surface area, tap density, pressure‐displacement behavior during powder compaction, nanoindentation of green compacts, green and sintered body microstructures. The results indicated that a minimum ethanol amount of 2–3 times that of water in the precipitate was required to achieve superior deagglomeration of the calcined nano
YSZ
powders. The powders obtained by washing with optimum ethanol amount resulted in high green density and sintered density of compacts.
Radio‐Frequency Atmospheric‐Pressure Plasma Synthesis of Ultrafine ZrC Powders
Authors: Bai Liuyang , Zhang Haibao , Jin Huacheng , Yuan Fangli , Huang Shulan , Li Jinlin 
Published: July 2012

A radio‐frequency atmospheric‐pressure plasma process has been applied to the synthesis of ultrafine ZrC powders using ZrCl4 and CH4 as precursors. Both thermodynamic analysis and experiments were conducted and the as‐prepared samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and laser scattering. Results showed that ZrC powders with particle size <100 nm and surface area of 36.56 M2/g could be obtained. The addition of excess H2 contributed to the increase in conversion rate. The conversion rate was about 65% when the carrier gas ratio (H2/CH4) was set at 4.0 and added axially through the injection probe.
On the evolution of the snow line in protoplanetary discs
Authors: Martin Rebecca G. , Livio Mario 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We model the evolution of the snow line in a protoplanetary disc. If the magnetorotational instability (MRI) drives turbulence throughout the disc, there is a unique snow line outside of which the disc is icy. The snow line moves closer to the star as the infall accretion rate drops. Because the snow line moves inside the radius of the Earth's orbit, the formation of our water-devoid planet is difficult with this model. However, protoplanetary discs are not likely to be sufficiently ionized to be fully turbulent. A dead zone at the mid-plane slows the flow of material through the disc and a steady state cannot be achieved. We therefore model the evolution of the snow line also in a time-dependent disc with a dead zone. As the mass is accumulating, the outer parts of the dead zone become self-gravitating, heat the massive disc and thus the outer snow line does not come inside the radius of the Earth's orbit, contrary to the fully turbulent disc model. There is a second, inner icy region, within the dead zone, that moves inwards of the Earth's orbit after a time of about 106 yr. With this model there is sufficient time and mass in the disc for the Earth to form from water-devoid planetesimals at a radius of 1 au. Furthermore, the additional inner icy region predicted by this model may allow for the formation of giant planets close to their host star without the need for much migration.
Effects of intra‐articular sodium pentosan polysulfate and glucosamine on the cytology, total protein concentration and viscosity of synovial fluid in horses
Authors: Kwan C , Bell R , Koenig T , Bischofberger A , Horadagoda N , Perkins NR , Jeffcott LB , Dart AJ 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveEvaluate synovial fluid cytology, total protein concentration and viscosity after intra‐articular administration of combined pentosan polysulfate and glucosamine in horses.DesignTen adult Standardbred horses had each carpal joint (n = 20) randomly assigned to one of two treatments: control (5 mL saline) or treated (pentosan polysulfate and glucosamine). All horses received an intra‐articular injection every 7 days for 3 weeks and synovial fluid samples were collected on days 1 (baseline), 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16 and 21. Synovial fluid variables measured included total protein concentration, total nucleated cell count, red blood cell count, the neutrophil, lymphocyte, mononuclear cell and eosinophil percentages, and viscosity.ResultsFollowing injection, the total nucleated cell count increased in the synovial fluid samples from both groups. Values were significantly higher in treated joints on days 2, 3, 15 and 16. Red blood cell counts were low and no differences were seen between treated and control joints. Total protein concentrations and neutrophil percentages increased in both groups after injection, but decreased towards normal ranges within 7 days. Total protein concentration was significantly higher in treated joints on days 1, 3, 8, 9 and 15. Percentages of neutrophils were higher in treated joints on day 2, but significantly lower on days 8 and 15. Viscosity was significantly higher in treated joints on day 2 only.ConclusionsIntra‐articular administration of combined pentosan polysulfate and glucosamine causes a mild inflammatory synovitis that is not substantially different to that elicited by injection of a similar volume of saline and so we conclude that these drugs are safe to use in the horse.
Prevalence of koala retrovirus in geographically diverse populations in Australia
Authors: Simmons GS , Young PR , Hanger JJ , Jones K , Clarke D , McKee JJ , Meers J 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of koala retrovirus (KoRV) in selected koala populations and to estimate proviral copy number in a subset of koalas.MethodsBlood or tissue samples from 708 koalas in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia were tested for KoRV pol provirus gene using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR and real‐time PCR (qPCR).ResultsPrevalence of KoRV provirus‐positive koalas was 100% in four regions of Queensland and New South Wales, 72.2% in mainland Victoria, 26.6% on four Victorian islands and 14.8% on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Estimated proviral copy number per cell in four groups of koalas from Queensland and Victoria showed marked variation, ranging from a mean of 165 copies per cell in the Queensland group to 1.29 × 10−4 copies per cell in one group of Victorian koalas.ConclusionsThe higher prevalence of KoRV‐positive koalas in the north of Australia and high proviral loads in Queensland koalas may indicate KoRV entered and became endogenous in the north and is spreading southwards. It is also possible there are genetic differences between koalas in northern and southern Australia that affect susceptibility to KoRV infection or endogenisation, or that environmental factors affecting transmission in northern states are absent or uncommon in southern regions. Although further studies are required, the finding of proviral copy numbers orders of magnitude lower than what would be expected for the presence of a single copy in every cell for many Victorian animals suggests that KoRV is not endogenous in these animals and likely reflects ongoing exogenous infection.
Clinical evaluation of alfaxalone as an anaesthetic induction agent in dogs less than 12 weeks of age
Authors: O'Hagan BJ , Pasloske K , McKinnon C , Perkins NR , Whittem T 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of alfaxalone as an anaesthetic induction agent for dogs aged less than 12 weeks.Materials and methodsThe study group comprised 25 juvenile dogs aged less than 12 weeks that were presented for surgical desexing. Dogs were aged by dentition, examined and weighed prior to premedication with acepromazine, atropine and morphine. At 20–30 min after premedication, animals were anaesthetised with intravenous alfaxalone administered to effect, using a target maximum expected dose of 2 mg/kg. Dogs were intubated and anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen administered with a non‐rebreathing system. Subjective measures of anaesthetic quality and vital signs were recorded from enrolment to recovery. Descriptive and comparative statistics were used to analyse and present collected data.ResultsThe mean (± SD) dose of alfaxalone for induction was 1.7 (± 0.3) mg/kg body weight. Subjective measures of anaesthetic quality indicated acceptable induction, maintenance and recovery standards. Measured cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were well maintained.ConclusionAlfaxalone in 2‐hydroxypropyl‐beta‐cyclodextrin (Alfaxan®) is a suitable injectable anaesthetic induction agent for dogs aged less than 12 weeks requiring anaesthesia.
The Radical Cationic Repair Pathway of Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer: The Effect of Sugar‐Phosphate Backbone
Authors: Ebrahimi Ali , Habibi‐Khorassani Mostafa , Shahraki Asiyeh 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRadical cationic repair process ofcis–synthymine dimer has been investigated when (1) sugar‐phosphate backbones were substituted by hydrogen atoms, (2) phosphate group was substituted by two hydrogen atoms each on a sugar ring and (3) sugar‐phosphate backbone was taken into account. The effect of the interactions between N1 and N1′ lone pairs and the C6‐C6′ antibonding orbital are the most important evidences for the cleavage of the C6‐C6′ bond in the first step of radical cationic repair mechanism in the absence of the sugar‐phosphate backbone. The impact of the N1 and N1′ lone pairs on the C6‐C6′ bond cleavage decreases and the energy barrier of the cleavage of that bond significantly increases in the presence of the deoxynucleoside sugars and the sugar‐phosphate backbone.
Spatial variability in the flood vulnerability of urban areas in the headwater basins of Slovakia
Authors: Solín Ľ. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn the new paradigm of flood defence, the control of flooding by technical means is supported by an emphasis on the reduction of vulnerability to flooding by economic, social and environmental means. The aim of the present work was to assess the vulnerability of basic urban units (BUUs) located in the headwater basins of Slovakia. Vulnerability was expressed in terms of proxy variables. Using a combination of these variables, specific indices were established. These indices represented the potential for susceptibility to damage, resistance to flooding and resilience after flooding of the social and economic systems in these BUUs. The assessment of vulnerability was based on an application of the multi‐atribute decision‐making approach. The overall vulnerability of a BUU was calculated via a summation of the specific vulnerability indices. Using visualisation in GIS, the BUUs were grouped into three classes, of low, medium and high vulnerability. Second, evaluation of BUUs from the point of view of expected negative consequences of flooding was done.
Multilocus Sequence Types of Environmental Campylobacter jejuni Isolates and their Similarities to those of Human, Poultry and Bovine C. jejuni Isolates
Authors: de Haan C. P. A. , Lampén K. , Corander J. , Hänninen M.‐L. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryIn this study, we investigated the multilocus sequence type (MLST) diversity and population genetics of Campylobacter jejuni isolates collected from the natural waters (n = 57), wild birds (n = 37) and zoo animals (n = 19) in southern Finland, the Helsinki area and the Helsinki Zoo, respectively. On average, we found C. jejuni in 20%, 10.4% or 11.5% of the samples collected from natural waters, wild birds and zoo animals, respectively. High ST diversity was detected in all three sources and 41.2% of the STs were novel, but the multi‐host adapted ST‐45 was the most common ST detected. The MLST data, supplemented with C. jejuni isolates from domestically acquired human infections (n = 454), poultry (n = 208) and bovines (n = 120), were utilized in a population structure study. The results indicate four groups of strains with varying ecological associations, demonstrating presence of genetically distinct lineages within each of the studied sources. We discovered that the greatest ST overlap occurs between human isolates and isolates from natural waters and poultry, which suggests that the latter two are the most important sources of C. jejuni among domestically acquired infections in Finland.
Quivers of monoids with basic algebras
Authors: Margolis Stuart , Steinberg Benjamin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe compute the quiver of any finite monoid that has a basic algebra over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. More generally, we reduce the computation of the quiver over a splitting field of a class of monoids that we term rectangular monoids (in the semigroup theory literature the class is known asDO) to representation-theoretic computations for group algebras of maximal subgroups. Hence in good characteristic for the maximal subgroups, this gives an essentially complete computation. Since groups are examples of rectangular monoids, we cannot hope to do better than this. For the subclass of ℛ-trivial monoids, we also provide a semigroup-theoretic description of the projective indecomposable modules and compute the Cartan matrix.
Complexity for modules over the classical Lie superalgebra
Authors: Boe Brian D. , Kujawa Jonathan R. , Nakano Daniel K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractLet ${\Xmathfrak g}={\Xmathfrak g}_{\zerox }\oplus {\Xmathfrak g}_{\onex }$ be a classical Lie superalgebra and let ℱ be the category of finite-dimensional ${\Xmathfrak g}$-supermodules which are completely reducible over the reductive Lie algebra ${\Xmathfrak g}_{\zerox }$. In [B. D. Boe, J. R. Kujawa and D. K. Nakano, Complexity and module varieties for classical Lie superalgebras, Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN (2011), 696–724], we demonstrated that for any module M in ℱ the rate of growth of the minimal projective resolution (i.e. the complexity of M) is bounded by the dimension of ${\Xmathfrak g}_{\onex }$. In this paper we compute the complexity of the simple modules and the Kac modules for the Lie superalgebra $\Xmathfrak {gl}(m|n)$. In both cases we show that the complexity is related to the atypicality of the block containing the module.
Effect of jaw size in megavoltage CT on image quality and dose
Authors: Jung Jae Hong , Cho Kwang Hwan , Kim Yong Ho , Moon Seong Kwon , Min Chul Kee , Kim Woo Chul , Kim Eun Seog , Chang Ah Ram , Kim Tae Ho , Yoon Jai‐Woong , Suh Tae‐Suk , Huh Hyun Do 
Published: July 2012

Purpose:Recently, the jaw size for the TomoTherapy Hi‐Art II® (TomoTherapy Inc., Madison, WI) was reduced from 4 mm (J4) to 1 mm (J1) to improve the longitudinal (IEC‐Y) resolution in megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) images. This study evaluated the effect of jaw size on the image quality and dose, as well as the dose delivered to the lens of the eye, which is a highly radiosensitive tissue.Methods:MVCT image quality (image noise, uniformity, contrast linearity, high‐contrast resolution, and full width at half‐maximum) and multiple scan average dose (MSAD) were measured at different jaw sizes. A head phantom and photoluminescence glass dosimeters (PLDs) were used to measure the exposed lens dose (cGy). Different MVCT scan modes (pitch = 1, 2, and 3) and scan lengths (108 mm, 156 mm, and 204 mm) were applied in the MSAD and PLDs measurements.Results:The change in jaw size from J4 to J1 produced no change or only a slight improvement in image noise, uniformity, contrast linearity, and high‐contrast resolution. However, the full‐width at half‐maximum reduced from approximately 7.2 at J4 to 4.5 mm at J1, which represents an enhancement in the longitudinal resolution. The MSAD at the center point changed from approximately 0.69–2.32 cGy (peripheral: 0.83–2.49 cGy) at J4 to 0.85–2.81 cGy (peripheral: 1.05–2.86 cGy) at J1. The measured lens dose increased from 0.92–3.36 cGy at J4 to 1.06–3.91 cGy at J1.Conclusions:The change in jaw size improved longitudinal resolution. The MVCT imaging dose of approximately 3.86 cGy, 1.92 cGy, and 1.22 cGy was delivered at a pitch of 1, 2, and 3, respectively, per fraction in the head and neck treatment plans. Therefore, allowance for an approximately 15% increase in lens dose over that with J4 should be provided with J1.
External respiratory motion: Shape analysis and custom realistic respiratory trace generation
Authors: Quirk Sarah , Becker Nathan , Smith Wendy 
Published: July 2012

Purpose:The authors developed a realistic respiratory trace generating (RTG) tool for use with phantom and simulation studies.Methods:The authors analyzed the extent of abdominal wall motion from a real‐time position management system database comprised of 125 lung, liver, and abdominal patients to determine the shape and extent of motion. Using Akaike's information criterion (AIC), the authors compared different model types to find the optimal realistic model of respiratory motion.Results:The authors compared a family of sigmoid curves and determined a four parameter sigmoid fit was optimal for over 98% patient inhale and exhale traces. This fit was also better than sin 2(x) for 98% of patient exhale and 70% of patient inhale traces and better than sin (x) for 100% of both patient inhale and exhale traces. This analysis also shows that sin 2(x) is better than sin (x) for over 95% of patient inhale and exhale traces. With results from shape and extent of motion analysis, we developed a realistic respiratory trace generating (RTG) software tool. The software can be run in two modes: population and user defined. In population mode, the RTG draws entirely from the population data including inter‐ and intra fraction amplitude and period variability and baseline drift. In user‐defined mode, the user customizes the respiratory parameters by inputting the peak‐to‐peak amplitude, period, end exhale position, as well as controls variability in these parameters and baseline drift.Conclusions:This work provides a method of generating custom respiratory data that can be used for initial implementation and testing of new technologies.
Variation in Candida albicans
EFG1
Expression Enables Host-Dependent Changes in Colonizing Fungal Populations
Authors: Pierce Jessica V. , Kumamoto Carol A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT

To understand differences in host-
Candida albicans
interactions that occur during colonization of healthy or compromised hosts, production of phenotypic variants and colonization of healthy or immunodeficient mice by
C. albicans
were studied. We showed that activity of the transcription factor Efg1p exhibited cell-to-cell variability and identified Efg1p as a major regulator of colonization. In
C. albicans
populations colonizing the murine gastrointestinal tract, average expression of
EFG1
differed depending on the immune status of the host. We propose that cellular heterogeneity in Efg1p activity allows the
C. albicans
colonizing population to differ depending on the immune status of the host, because selective pressure from a healthy host alters the composition of the population. These data are the first demonstration that differences in host immune status are associated with differences in gene expression in colonizing
C. albicans
cells. Altered gene expression in organisms colonizing immunocompromised hosts may begin the transition of
C. albicans
from a commensal to a pathogen.

IMPORTANCE
In healthy people, the fungus
Candida albicans
colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and other sites without producing obvious pathology. In an immunocompromised patient, the organism can cause serious disease. The demonstration that the expression and activity of the
C. albicans
transcription factor Efg1p differs during colonization of healthy or immunocompromised mice shows that the organism adjusts its physiology when colonizing different hosts. Further, the effects of a healthy host on a heterogeneous
C. albicans
population containing cells with different levels of Efg1p activity show that selective pressure in the host can change the makeup of the population, allowing the population to respond to host immune status. The ability to sense host status may be key to the ability of
C. albicans
to colonize as a harmless commensal in some hosts but become a deadly pathogen in others.
A Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (McKrae) Mutant Lacking the Glycoprotein K Gene Is Unable To Infect via Neuronal Axons and Egress from Neuronal Cell Bodies
Authors: David Andrew T. , Saied Ahmad , Charles Anu , Subramanian Ramesh , Chouljenko Vladimir N. , Kousoulas Konstantin G. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
We have shown that the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) gK gene is essential for efficient replication and spread in the corneal epithelium and trigeminal ganglion neuroinvasion in mice (A. T. David, A. Baghian, T. P. Foster, V. N. Chouljenko, and K. G. Kousoulas, Curr. Eye Res. 33:455–467, 2008). To further investigate the role of gK in neuronal infection, we utilized a microfluidic chamber system separating neuronal cell bodies and axonal termini. HSV-1 (McKrae) engineered virus constitutively expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (GFP) was efficiently transmitted in both a retrograde and an anterograde manner. These results were corroborated by expression of virion structural proteins in either chamber, as well as detection of viral genomes and infectious viruses. In contrast, efficient infection of either chamber with a gK-null virus did not result in infection of the apposed chamber. These results show that gK is an important determinant in virion axonal infection. Moreover, the inability of the gK-null virus to be transmitted in an anterograde manner suggests that virions acquire cytoplasmic envelopes prior to entering axons.

IMPORTANCE
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) enters mucosal epithelial cells and neurons via fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes, mediated by viral glycoprotein B (gB) in cooperation with other viral glycoproteins. Retrograde transport of virions to neuronal cell bodies (somata) establishes lifelong latent infection in ganglionic neurons. We have previously reported that gK binds gB and is required for gB-mediated membrane fusion (Jambunatathan et al., J. Virol. 85:12910–12918, 2011; V. N. Chouljenko, A. V. Iyer, S. Chowdhury, J. Kim, and K. G. Kousoulas, J. Virol. 84:8596–8606, 2010). In the current study, we constructed a recombinant virus with the gK gene deleted in the highly virulent ocular HSV-1 strain McKrae. This recombinant virus failed to infect rat ganglionic neuronal axons alone or cocultured with Vero cells in microfluidic chambers. In addition, lack of gK expression prevented anterograde transmission of virions. These results suggest that gK is a critical determinant for neuronal infection and transmission.