bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic detection and inpainting of specular reflections for colposcopic images
Authors: Meslouhi Othmane , Kardouchi Mustapha , Allali Hakim , Gadi Taoufiq , Benkaddour Yassir 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Specular reflections are not wanted in images because they can really reduce the performance of image processing techniques. This is particularly true for medical images and especially for colposcopic images. There are several methods in the literature allowing to extract specular reflections, but only a few methods can perform an automatic extraction. In this paper, we propose a new method to extract and to restore specularities automatically. This method is based on Dichromatic Reflection Model (DRM) and multi-resolution inpainting technique (MIT). The DRM approach will retrieve specularities while the MIT technique re-establish colors in bright zones using local information. The proposed method achieves good results and does not need any a priori knowledge. The efficiency of this method for colposcopic images has been demonstrated through a collaboration with the oncology center of Marrakech University Hospital.
Taxonomy of DoS attacks and their countermeasures
Authors: Ramanauskaite Simona , Cenys Antanas 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
DoS attacks can vary in type, depending on many different criteria, as well as their countermeasures. Detailed taxonomy can help distinguish all possible types and be used for better understanding of the situation. This study reviews existing DoS attack and DoS attack countermeasure classifications and offers new classification schemes. The proposed DoS attack taxonomy has a new attack characteristic, which describes how bug exploitation can be used for DoS attack execution, as well as new possible values for resource depletion attack and the ways of agent army formation. We also clarify methods for DoS effect achievement and position them in the DoS taxonomy hierarchy. While for DoS attack countermeasure taxonomy we combine ideas from existing taxonomies and compose a three criteria hierarchy with average detailing level. All criteria and categories are described, and seven DoS attack and seven DoS attack countermeasure taxonomies are analysed to obtain their characteristics. Some research is also done to show their application capabilities.
Dissolution rate enhancement of gliclazide by ordered mixing
Authors: Saharan Vikas , Choudhury Pratim 
Published: September 2011

Dissolution rate enhancement of gliclazide by ordered mixingThe poorly water soluble antidiabetic drug gliclazide was selected to study the effect of excipients on dissolution rate enhancement. Ordered mixtures of micronized gliclazide with lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol and sodium chloride were prepared by manual shaking of glass vials containing the drug and excipient(s). Different water soluble excipients, addition of surfactant and superdisintegrant, drug concentration and carrier particle size influenced the dissolution rate of the drug. Dissolution rate studies of the prepared ordered mixtures revealed an increase in drug dissolution with all water soluble excipients. The order of dissolution rate improvement for gliclazide was mannitol > lactose > maltitol > sorbitol > sodium chloride. Composite granules of the particle size range 355-710 μm were superior in increasing the drug dissolution rate from ordered mixtures. Reducing the carrier particle size decreased the dissolution rate of the drug as well as the increase in drug concentration. Kinetic modeling of drug release data fitted best the Hixson-Crowell model, which indicates that all the ordered mixture formulations followed the cube root law fairly well.
Development and evaluation of xanthan gum-facilitated ethyl cellulose microsponges for controlled percutaneous delivery of diclofenac sodium
Authors: Maiti Sabyasachi , Kaity Santanu , Ray Somasree , Sa Biswanath 
Published: September 2011

Development and evaluation of xanthan gum-facilitated ethyl cellulose microsponges for controlled percutaneous delivery of diclofenac sodium
In this study, xanthan gum-facilitated ethyl cellulose microsponges were prepared by the double emulsification technique and subsequently dispersed in a carbopol gel base for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium to the skin. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous, spherical nature of the microsponges. Increase in the drug/polymer ratio (0.4:1, 0.6:1, 0.8:1, m/m) increased their yield (79.1-88.5 %), drug entrapment efficiency (50.0-64.1 %), and mean particle diameter (181-255 μm). Compared to the microsponges with high drug/polymer ratio (0.8:1, m/m), the flux of entrapped drug through excised rat skin decreased by 19.9 % and 17.0 %, respectively, for the microsponges prepared at low and intermediate drug/polymer ratios. When an equivalent amount of pure drug (not entrapped into microsponges) was dispersed into the gel base and the flux was compared, the microsponges (drug/polymer ratio 0.8:1, m/m) were found to reduce the flux by 33.3 %. Whether the drug was dispersed either in un-entrapped or entrapped form into the gel base, the drug permeation through rat skin followed Higuchi's diffusion kinetic model. The microsponges prepared at the lowest drug/polymer ratio exhibited a comparatively slower drug permeation profile and were hence considered most suitable for controlled drug delivery application. FTIR spectroscopy and DSC analyses indicated the chemically stable, amorphous nature of the drug in these microsponges. The gel containing these optimized microsponges was comparable to that of a commercial gel formulation and did not show serious dermal reactions. Hence, the microsponge system obtained at the lowest drug/polymer ratio could be useful for controlled release of diclofenac sodium to the skin.
Tailoring of drug delivery of 5-fluorouracil to the colon via a mixed film coated unit system
Authors: Kumar Ruchita , Sinha Vivek 
Published: September 2011

Tailoring of drug delivery of 5-fluorouracil to the colon via a mixed film coated unit system
The study was carried out to establish the effectiveness of a mixed film composed of ethylcellulose/Eudragit S100 for colonic delivery of 5-flourouracil (5-FU). Tablets cores containing 5-FU were prepared by direct compression method by coating at different levels (2-9 %, m/m) with a non-aqueous solution containing ethylcellulose/Eudragit S100. Coated tablets were studied for the in vitro release of 5-FU and the samples were analyzed spectrophotometrically at 266 nm. Drug release from coated systems depended on the thickness of the mixed film and the composition of the core. Channel formation was initiated in the coat by dissolution of the Eudragit S100 fraction at higher pH in the colonic region. The release was found to be higher in tablets containing Avicel as filler owing to its wicking action compared to that from lactose containing cores. Furthermore, batches containing superdisintegrant (1 %, m/m Cross-PVP) along with Avicel in the core released approximately 81.1 % drug during the colonic transit time. Kinetic studies indicated that all the formulations followed first-order release kinetics. The developed delivery system will expectedly deliver the drug to the colon.
Comparison and testing of GOCE global gravity models in Central Europe
Authors: Janák Juraj , Pitoňák Martin 
Published: September 2011

Comparison and testing of GOCE global gravity models in Central EuropeThree different global gravity model solutions have been released by the European GOCE Gravity Consortium: a direct solution, a time-wise solution and a space-wise solution. To date, two releases of each solution have been issued. Each of these solutions has specific positives and weaknesses. This paper shows and analyzes the differences between each solution in Central Europe by means of comparison with respect to the EGM2008 and GOCO02S global gravity models. In order to make an independent comparison, the global GOCE models are tested by the SKTRF (Slovak Terrestrial Reference Frame) network in Slovakia.
Pratiques d'accompagnement des demandeurs d'emploi. L'apport de la sociologie du langage
Authors: Glady Marc 
Published: September 2011

Dans un contexte de développement de travaux sociologiques portant sur l’accompagnement des demandeurs d’emploi, ce texte examine les spécificités d’une construction de l’objet à partir de la sociologie du langage. En tant qu’elle incorpore une technologie de description des matériaux recueillis, celle-ci s’offre à alimenter le « récit » des sociologues sur la base d’une analyse des caractéristiques formelles des objets langagiers. L’article met en évidence quelques propriétés structurelles de ces objets, notamment?: l’ancrage de catégories socio-techniques inscri-tes dans une dialogie professionnelle permettant le déploiement du discours sur la pratique, la pluriaccentuation de ces catégories, l’élaboration de rapports de place autour de la distribution actantielle, les ruptures énonciatives dans la description de la pratique, l’organisation spatio-temporelle des mondes vécus, l’explicitation signifiante de l’implicite attaché à une négation... Ces propriétés autorisent des couplages interprétatifs relevant d’ontologies distinctes dont le texte donne des exemples. Ces couplages, qui dévoilent une pluralité d’existence des objets langagiers, questionnent en même temps la performativité plurielle de l’interprétation sociologique. La sociologie du langage est à la fois une sociologie des pratiques et une sociologie de la con-naissance.
The influence of urban form on spatial costs
Authors: Wenban-Smith Hugh B. 
Published: September 2011

Résumé Il est généralement supposé que les coûts du trajet quotidien domicile-travail (le commuting ) augmentent en fonction de la taille de l’agglomération. De même, on peut supposer que d’autres coûts, comme ceux de la distribution d’eau ou d’énergie, ou les coûts d’accès aux écoles et aux hôpitaux, auraient la même tendance. Cependant, le résultat de base pour le commuting trouve son origine dans un modèle dans lequel la densité de la population est uniforme jusqu’aux confins de la ville et où les navetteurs se déplacent radialement au centre. Il est plus vraisemblable que la densité diminue à mesure que l’on s’éloigne du centre, comme dans le modèle urbain monocentrique standard, et que des économies d’échelles apparaissent pour le commuting (par exemple dans l’utilisation des autobus et des métros) ainsi pour la distribution d’eau (avec, par exemple, le recours à des conduites plus larges). L’objectif de cet article et d’explorer les résultats de tels facteurs pour les coûts spatiaux, avec l’utilisation de données sur les coûts de distribution de l’eau dans 35 districts urbains dans la zone desservie par une des compagnies d’eau d’Angleterre et du Pays de Galles. Les élasticités de coût de distribution sont quantifiées pour deux scénarios de développement urbain opposés. Ces analyses confirment que, en cas de Suburbanisation (développement des banlieues) les coûts moyens augmentent avec l’importance de l’agglomération, mais que dans le cas de Densification , ces coûts diminuent en fonction de la taille de la ville. On considère également l’interaction avec les coûts de production de l’eau. Dans le cas de Densification , les économies d’échelles dans la production sont renforcées par les économies de densité dans la distribution. Par contre, dans la Suburbanisation , elles sont compensées par les dés-économies de distribution, c’est à dire les coûts spatiaux plus élevés. Une dernière partie met ces résultats en relation avec la littérature sur les coûts du commuting , l’agglomération urbaine et son extension (le sprawl ). Il en résulte que l’urbanisation à haute densité pourrait réduire les coûts moyens, et dans la distribution (ainsi que dans le commuting ), et dans la production. Ces deux facteurs favorisent donc l’agglomération. Il en découle que les modélisateurs de l’espace urbain devraient se méfier de l’hypothèse que les coûts du commuting (et d’autres coûts spatiaux) augmentent toujours avec l’importance de la ville. Classification JEL : R12, R32, D24, L95.
Les réponses du Kenya aux défis sécuritaires somaliens
Authors: Gobillard Julie 
Published: September 2011

Résumé Le Kenya doit faire face à la double menace que représente son voisin somalien : le terrorisme et la piraterie. À la relative fragilité de son économie, qui pourrait s’accroître si les voies maritimes tardent à se sécuriser s’ajoutent désormais les difficultés liées à l’affluence des réfugiés somaliens à la frontière et dans la capitale kenyane. Leur situation entraîne un bouleversement d’ordre social et économique et contribue à dégrader les rapports politiques entre les deux pays. Enfin, la recrudescence des attaques et menaces terroristes liées au groupe armée somalien Al-Shabab sur le sol kenyan accentue cette déstabilisation générale. Afin de relever ces défis avant tout sécuritaires, le Kenya a mis en place une nouvelle approche stratégique de la question somalienne, en redéfinissant le cadre de ses relations avec les partenaires internationaux, un choix dont la pertinence est discutée.
La politique scientifique à Dresde
Authors: Plassmeyer Peter 
Published: September 2011

En 1682, le savant saxon Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (1651-1708) devient le premier Allemand à être admis à l’Académie royale des sciences. D’abord connu comme mathématicien, Tschirnhaus se fait un nom par ses expériences sur les miroirs et lentilles ardentes de très grande taille ainsi que par la fabrication de lentilles de verre. Ses travaux aboutiront à l’invention de la recette de la porcelaine européenne. Ses miroirs et lentilles ardentes se feront une place dans les laboratoires et les cours de toute l’Europe. Le duc d’Orléans et Lavoisier s’en serviront. Tschirnhaus se crée un impressionnant réseau dans la communauté scientifique. Il correspond avec de nombreux savants à travers l’Europe, rencontre Spinoza à Amsterdam, Kircher à Rome, Boyle et Oldenburg à Londres. À Paris, il fréquente Huygens, Leibniz et Colbert, qui l’engage comme précepteur pour ses enfants. Sa vie met en lumière l’évolution des pratiques de la science à la fin du xviie siècle, leurs objectifs communs et leurs particularismes ainsi que les différentes façons d’organiser et d’institutionnaliser le savoir, comme en témoignent les Académies royales de Paris et de Londres. Tschirnhaus voulut mettre à profit son expérience accumulée en Angleterre et en France en créant une Académie des sciences en Allemagne, d’abord sur les terres de son père, près de Görlitz, puis à la cour de Dresde. Il espérait ainsi s’assurer un revenu suffisant pour pouvoir se consacrer à ses recherches en toute indépendance financière.
The SLP-76 Src Homology 2 Domain Is Required for T Cell Development and Activation
Authors: Burns Jeremy C. , Corbo Evann , Degen Janine , Gohil Mercy , Anterasian Christine , Schraven Burkart , Koretzky Gary A. , Kliche Stefanie , Jordan Martha S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe adapter protein Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) is critical for multiple aspects of T cell development and function. Through its protein-binding domains, SLP-76 serves as a platform for the assembly of multiple enzymes and adapter proteins that function together to activate second messengers required for TCR signal propagation. The N terminus of SLP-76, which contains three tyrosines that serve as docking sites for SH2 domain-containing proteins, and the central proline-rich region of SLP-76 have been well studied and are known to be important for both thymocyte selection and activation of peripheral T cells. Less is known about the function of the C-terminal SH2 domain of SLP-76. This region inducibly associates with ADAP and HPK1. Combining regulated deletion of endogenous SLP-76 with transgenic expression of a SLP-76 SH2 domain mutant, we demonstrate that the SLP-76 SH2 domain is required for peripheral T cell activation and positive selection of thymocytes, a function not previously attributed to this region. This domain is also important for T cell proliferation, IL-2 production, and phosphorylation of protein kinase D and IκB. ADAP-deficient T cells display similar, but in some cases less severe, defects despite phosphorylation of a negative regulatory site on SLP-76 by HPK1, a function that is lost in SLP-76 SH2 domain mutant T cells.
Sensitivity and Resistance to Regulation by IL-4 during Th17 Maturation
Authors: Cooney Laura A. , Towery Keara , Endres Judith , Fox David A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Th17 cells are highly pathogenic in a variety of immune-mediated diseases, and a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of cytokine-mediated suppression of Th17 cells has great therapeutic potential. In this article, we characterize the regulation of both in vitro- and in vivo-derived Th17 cells by IL-4. We demonstrate that IL-4 suppresses reactivation of committed Th17 cells, even in the presence of TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-23. Downregulation of IL-17 by IL-4 is dependent on STAT6 and mediated by inhibition of STAT3 binding at the Il17a promoter. Although Th1 cytokines were shown to induce IFN-γ expression by Th17 cells, IL-4 does not induce a Th2 phenotype in Th17 cells. Suppression by IL-4 is stable and long-lived when applied to immature Th17 cells, but cells that have undergone multiple rounds of stimulation, either in vivo during a Th17-mediated inflammatory disease, or in vitro, become resistant to suppression by IL-4 and lose the ability to signal through IL-4R. Thus, although IL-4 is a potent suppressor of the Th17 genetic program at early stages after differentiation, prolonged stimulation renders Th17 cells impervious to regulatory cytokines.
Role of IL-17A in Neutrophil Recruitment and Hepatic Injury after Warm Ischemia–Reperfusion Mice
Authors: Kono Hiroshi , Fujii Hideki , Ogiku Masahito , Hosomura Naohiro , Amemiya Hidetake , Tsuchiya Masato , Hara Michio 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that IL-17A regulates neutrophil-dependent organ injury. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of IL-17A in neutrophil recruitment after ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) and in subsequent liver injury. Two mouse models including wild-type and IL-17A knockout mice were evaluated for I/R injury. The medial largest lobe of the liver was clamped for 90 min. In another set of experiments, recombinant mouse (rm)IL-17A homodimer or rmIL-17A/F heterodimer were administered to knockout mice before I/R, and liver injury was investigated. Isolated Kupffer cells were incubated with rmIL-17A or rmIL-17F, and production of TNF-α was measured. Studies evaluating the extent of liver injury as measured by serum transaminase levels demonstrated similar levels in the acute phase (6 h) in these two models. In contrast, in the subacute phase (20 h) after I/R, both serum transaminase levels and percent of hepatic necrosis were significantly reduced in the knockout mice compared with the wild-type mice. This reduction in liver injury seen in the knockout mice was associated with suppression of chemokine and adhesion molecule expression and reduction in infiltration of neutrophils into the liver. Administration of rmIL-17A homodimer, but not IL-17A/F heterodimer, increased liver injury in the subacute phase of I/R in KO mice. TNF-α production by isolated Kupffer cells increased significantly in the cells incubated with rmIL-17A compared with rmIL-17F. These results indicate that IL-17A is a key regulator in initiating neutrophil-induced inflammatory responses and hepatic injury in the subacute phase after reperfusion.
Cutting Edge: Regulatory T Cells Do Not Mediate Suppression via Programmed Cell Death Pathways
Authors: Szymczak-Workman Andrea L. , Delgoffe Greg M. , Green Douglas R. , Vignali Dario A. A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in the immune system to regulate peripheral tolerance and prevent autoimmunity. However, the relative importance of different mechanisms of Treg function remains obscure. In this article, we reveal a limited role for programmed cell death pathways in mediating Treg suppression of conventional T cells. We show that Tregs are able to suppress the proliferation of conventional T cells that are resistant to apoptosis (Bim−/−, Bim−/−Puma−/−, Bcl-2 transgenic) or receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase-dependent necrosis (also referred to as regulated necrosis or necroptosis) (Ripk3−/−) in several in vitro and in vivo assays. These data suggest that programmed cell death pathways, such as apoptosis and receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase-dependent necrosis, are not required for Treg-mediated suppression.
Cutting Edge: IRF8 Regulates Bax Transcription In Vivo in Primary Myeloid Cells
Authors: Yang Jine , Hu Xiaolin , Zimmerman Mary , Torres Christina M. , Yang Dafeng , Smith Sylvia B. , Liu Kebin 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A prominent phenotype of IRF8 knockout (KO) mice is the uncontrolled expansion of immature myeloid cells. The molecular mechanism underlying this myeloproliferative syndrome is still elusive. In this study, we observed that Bax expression level is low in bone marrow preginitor cells and increases dramatically in primary myeloid cells in wt mice. In contrast, Bax expression level remained at a low level in primarymyeloid cells in IRF8 KO mice. However, in vitro IRF8 KO bone marrow-differentiated myeloid cells expressed Bax at a level as high as that in wild type myeloid cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IRF8 specifically binds to the Bax promoter region in primary myeloid cells. Functional analysis indicated that IRF8 deficiency results in increased resistance of the primary myeloid cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Our findings show that IRF8 directly regulates Bax transcription in vivo, but not in vitro during myeloid cell lineage differentiation.
Cutting Edge: CD40–CD40 Ligand Pathway Plays a Critical CD8-Intrinsic and -Extrinsic Role during Rescue of Exhausted CD8 T Cells
Authors: Bhadra Rajarshi , Gigley Jason P. , Khan Imtiaz A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
CD8 exhaustion mediated by an inhibitory programmed death-1–programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) pathway occurs in several chronic infections, including toxoplasmosis. Although blockade of the programmed death-1–PD-L1 pathway revives this response, the role of costimulatory receptors involved in this rescue has not been ascertained in any model of CD8 exhaustion. This report demonstrates that one such costimulatory pathway, CD40–CD40L, plays a critical role during rescue of exhausted CD8 T cells. Blockade of this pathway abrogates the ameliorative effects of anti–PD-L1 treatment on CD8 T cells. Additionally, we demonstrate in an infectious disease model that CD8-intrinsic CD40 signaling is important for optimal CD8 polyfunctionality, proliferation, T-bet upregulation, and IL-21 signaling, albeit in the context of CD8 rescue. The critical role of CD40 during the rescue of exhausted CD8 T cells may provide a rational basis for designing novel therapeutic vaccination approaches.
Ill convergence of minimum output energy infinite impulse response equalizer for digital vestigial sideband signals
Authors: Chung Wonzoo 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYMinimum output energy (MOE) algorithm is a widely used adaptive algorithm for blind adaptation of infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. In this paper, we show that the MOE algorithm is not suitable for blind adaptation of the complex‐valued IIR equalizer for digital vestigial sideband signals, whereas the constant modulus algorithm successfully achieves blind adaptation of the IIR equalizers when MOE fails. Because of the difficulty in analyzing IIR equalizers, the analysis is limited to a simple two‐tap channel case. For more general multitap channel cases, the performance of a complex constant modulus algorithm IIR is evaluated through simulation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.