bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering the Role of Syntactic "Heaviness" in Old English Split Coordination
Authors: Lorido Rodrigo 
Published: December 2009

Reconsidering the Role of Syntactic "Heaviness" in Old English Split Coordination
The splitting of coordinate structures in Old English has traditionally been attributed to structural size or "heaviness", assuming that long, complex coordinate constructions required increased parsing and processing effort. In addition to this, most texts on Old English syntax take for granted that the split elements always appear in clause-final position. The conclusions in this paper - drawn from the analysis of a large corpus of Old English texts - imply a radical revision of these assumptions. They suggest that the role of syntactic heaviness should be reconsidered, and its importance minimised in favour of other considerations of a pragmatic and discoursive nature. The analysis of the position of the split elements confirms that they appear in non-final position much more often than has been assumed, producing syntactic discontinuity.
"Of Medicineз Sedatyueз": Some Notes on Adjective Position and Oral Register in Middle English Medical Texts
Authors: Moskowich Isabel 
Published: December 2009

"Of Medicineз Sedatyueз": Some Notes on Adjective Position and Oral Register in Middle English Medical Texts
The position of adjectives in the English Noun Phrase is regarded as something quite fixed and pertaining to the level of syntax rather than to any other. In previous studies (Moskowich 2002; Moskowich - Crespo 2002; Lareo - Moskowich 2009), it has been shown, however, that there seem to be some other extra-syntactic variables at stake determining word-order patterns.
This paper aims at analysing the word-order patterns of adjectives in the emerging scientific writing in the Middle Ages, particularly in medical texts written in English. To this end, several texts contained in MEMT (Middle English Medical Texts) will be analysed. As a first approach, samples belonging to the three different traditions included in the Corpus will be considered. This examination of samples from a surgical text, a specialised one and a remedy book will also help obtain some conclusions regarding the evolution in the use of the so called French-type adjectives in the language.
[Un]Succesful "Metabolization" of the Northern Irish War: The Post-Troubles Trauma in Glenn Patterson's Writing
Authors: Bartnik Ryszard 
Published: December 2009

[Un]Succesful "Metabolization" of the Northern Irish War: The Post-Troubles Trauma in Glenn Patterson's Writing
Northern Irish literature of the last decade illustrates an arduous effort of the Ulster men to break down the walls of political and cultural partition. Yet, even though the Northern Irish community tends to present itself in terms of a variety of images, the ultimate impression is that the recent novelistic and critical productions resonate with past antagonisms and the post-Troubles trauma. It is so since the North, as many a scholar indicates, is as if fated to continually recompose its past. This paper then, set against the background of the civil war experiences, discusses Glenn Patterson's excavation of individual and collective memories which prove that the dead are constantly materializing in today's Northern Irish reality. Hence, Glenn Patterson's accumulation of voices by means of which the author ponders over the politics of memory and imparts knowledge of the characters who, on a long journey out of the darkness into the space of light, find some vestiges of the old conflicts still echoing and rather difficult to hush up.
Minimally Invasive Treatment of Distal Tibial Fractures with Locking and Non-Locking Plates
Authors: Ozkaya Ufuk , Parmaksizoglu Atilla S. , Gul Murat , Sokucu Sami , Kabukcuoglu Yavuz 
Published: December 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performances of stainless steel nonlocking plates and titanium locking plates in minimally invasive medial plating of extra-articular metaphyseal fractures of the distal tibia. Materials and Methods: Between 2004 and 2006, 43 patients who sustained closed fractures of the distal tibia metaphysis were managed with either a stainless steel nonlocking plate (Group 1, n = 21) or a titanium locking plate (Group 2, n = 22). Clinical and radiographic data were retrospectively reviewed. Function was assessed with use of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot instrument. The average followup period was 25 months. Results: The average AOFAS foot and ankle scores in Group 1 and Group 2 at final followup were 85 and 81, respectively. Fracture reduction was anatomical or nearly anatomical without angular displacement in all cases except one patient in Group 2. ( p > 0.05) The average time to full, unprotected weightbearing in Group 1 and Group 2 were 15 weeks and 18 weeks, respectively ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Minimally invasive medial plating with titanium locking plates resulted in prolonged secondary healing both in comminuted and simple fracture patterns compared to conventional stainless steel nonlocking plates. We believe that in biological fixation of distal tibial fractures, similarly good results may be obtained with both materials as the locking technology had a greater effect on stability. Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Comparative Study
A thermal gel depot for local delivery of paclitaxel to treat experimental brain tumors in rats
Authors: Tyler Betty , Fowers Kirk D. , Li Khan W. , Recinos Violette Renard , Caplan Justin M. , Hdeib Alia , Grossman Rachel , Basaldella Luca , Bekelis Kimon , Pradilla Gustavo , Legnani Federico , Brem Henry 
Published: December 2009

Object
Paclitaxel, a cellular proliferation inhibitor/radiation sensitizer, while effective against gliomas in vitro, has poor CNS penetration and dose-limiting toxicities when administered systemically. OncoGel (paclitaxel in Re-Gel) provides controlled local paclitaxel release when placed into the CNS. The authors evaluated the safety and efficacy of OncoGel in rats with intracranial 9L gliosarcoma.

Methods
Safety studies included intracranial delivery of increasing volumes of ReGel and OncoGel containing 1.5 (OncoGel 1.5) or 6.3 (OncoGel 6.3) mg/ml paclitaxel. An in vivo radiolabeled biodistribution study was performed in 18 Fischer-344 rats to determine intracerebral distribution. Efficacy studies compared overall survival for controls, ReGel only, radiation therapy only, OncoGel 6.3, or OncoGel 6.3 in combination with radiation therapy. ReGel and OncoGel 6.3 were delivered either simultaneously with tumor implantation (Day 0) or 5 days later (Day 5). Radiation therapy was given on Day 5.

Results
Control and ReGel animals died of tumor within 17 days. Survival significantly increased in the Onco-Gel 6.3 group on Day 0 (median 31 days; p = 0.0001), in the OncoGel 6.3 group on Day 5 (median 17 days; p = 0.02), and in the radiation therapy–only group (median 26 days; p = 0.0001) compared with controls. Animals receiving both OncoGel and radiation therapy had the longest median survival: 83 days in the group with radiation therapy combined with OncoGel 6.3 on Day 0, and 32 days in the group combined with OncoGel 6.3 on Day 5 (p = 0.0001 vs controls). After 120 days, 37.5% of the animals in the OncoGel Day 0 group, 37.5% of animals in the OncoGel 6.3 Day 0 in combination with radiation therapy group, and 12.5% of the animals in the OncoGel 6.3 on Day 5 in combination with radiation therapy group were alive. In the biodistribution study, measurable radioactivity was observed throughout the ipsilateral hemisphere up to 3 weeks after the OncoGel injection, with the most radioactivity detected 3 hours after injection. The highest dose of radioactivity observed in the contralateral hemisphere was at the Day 3 time point.

Conclusions
OncoGel containing 6.3 mg/ml of paclitaxel is safe for intracranial injection in rats and effective when administered on Day 0. When combined with radiation therapy, the combination was more effective than either therapy alone and should be studied clinically for the treatment of malignant glioma.
Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system after ventriculoperitoneal shunt
Authors: Satow Takeshi , Yamada Shigeki , Yagi Miyuki , Saiki Masaaki 
Published: December 2009

The authors report a case of superficial siderosis of the CNS that developed after ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement for normal-pressure hydrocephalus.
A 65-year-old woman had undergone VP shunt insertion for normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Her gait disturbance, memory disturbance, and urinary incontinence all improved after the procedure. Two years later, however, her gait became ataxic and her appetite became poor. Brain MR imaging revealed a rim of hypointensity on T2-weighted sequences, enveloping the surface of the cortical fissure, cerebellum, and brainstem. Superficial siderosis of the CNS was diagnosed. Steroid administration improved her symptoms.
The authors know of only one case of superficial siderosis developing after VP shunt surgery in the English-language literature. Superficial siderosis should be acknowledged as a possible complication of VP shunt.
A case-comparison study of the subdural evacuating port system in treating chronic subdural hematomas
Authors: Rughani Anand I. , Lin Chih , Dumont Travis M. , Penar Paul L. , Horgan Michael A. , Tranmer Bruce I. 
Published: December 2009

Object
The Subdural Evacuating Port System (SEPS) was recently introduced as a novel method of treating chronic subdural hematomas (SDHs). This system is a variation of the existing twist-drill craniostomy methods for treating chronic SDH. Compared with craniotomy or bur hole treatment of chronic SDH, this system offers the possibility of treatment at bedside without general anesthesia. In comparison with existing twist-drill methods, the system theoretically offers the advantage of a hermetically closed system that can evacuate a hematoma without an intracranial catheter.

Methods
The authors performed a case-control study of all chronic SDHs treated at a single institution over a 5-year period and compared the efficacy and safety of the SEPS to bur hole evacuation. Patients were matched for age, injury mechanism, medical comorbidities, use of anticoagulation, and radiographic appearance of the SDH. The primary outcome of interest was the recurrence rate in each group, which was evaluated by radiographic evidence as well as the number of patients requiring a second procedure. Secondary outcomes examined were mortality, infection, acute hematoma formation, seizure, length of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit stay, and discharge location.

Results
The authors found that there were no appreciable differences in symptoms on presentation, existing comorbidities, home medications, or laboratory values between the treatment groups. The average Hounsfield units of preoperative CT scanning was similar in both groups. Radiographic recurrence was statistically similar between the SEPS group (25.9%) and the bur hole group (18.5%; p = 0.37). Although there was a trend toward higher reoperation rates in the SEPS group, the need for a subsequent procedure was also statistically similar between the SEPS group (25.9%) and the bur hole group (14.8%; p = 0.25). The mortality rate was not significantly different between the SEPS group (9.5%) and the bur hole group (4.8%; p = 0.50). The SEPS procedure provided a mean reduction in SDH thickness of 27.3% compared with 37.9% with bur hole (p = 0.05) when comparing the preoperative CT scan with the first postoperative CT scan. The percentage of reduction in SDH thickness when comparing the preoperative CT scan with the most recent postoperative CT scan was 40.5% in the SEPS group and 45.4% in the bur hole group (p = 0.31).

Conclusions
The SEPS offers an alternative type of twist-drill craniostomy for the treatment of chronic SDH with a trend toward higher recurrence in our experience. The efficacy and safety of SEPS is similar to that of other twist-drill methods reported in the literature. In the authors' experience, the efficacy of this treatment as measured by radiographic worsening or the need for a subsequent procedure is statistically similar to that of bur hole treatment. There was no difference in mortality or other adverse outcomes associated with SEPS.
The effect of a PP2A inhibitor on the nuclear receptor corepressor pathway in glioma
Authors: Lu Jie , Zhuang Zhengping , Song Debbie K. , Mehta Gautam U. , Ikejiri Barbara , Mushlin Harry , Park Deric M. , Lonser Russell R. 
Published: December 2009

Object
Nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR) forms a complex that maintains neural stem cells in an undifferentiated state through transcriptional repression. Recently, it has been shown that N-CoR is overexpressed in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumor stem cells and has a putative role in maintaining these cells in an undifferentiated immortal state. To determine the effects of disruption of N-CoR complex function by serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition on GBM tumor cell differentiation and proliferation, the authors developed and investigated a competitive small molecule inhibitor (LB1) of PP2A in GBM.

Methods
The authors investigated the effects of LB1 on GBM proliferation and molecular differentiation pathways using in vitro and in vivo studies.

Results
The LB1 inhibited PP2A, leading to increased levels of phosphorylated Akt kinase and decreased NCoR expression, as well as dose-dependent antiproliferative activity in cultured U87 and U251 malignant glioma cells (dose range 1–10 μM). Systemic LB1 treatment (1.5 mg/kg/day for 21 days) had significant tumor antiproliferative effects in mice harboring U87 glioma xenografts (73% mean reduction in tumor volume compared with controls; p < 0.001). Moreover, a reduction in PP2A expression and activity after LB1 treatment in vivo correlated with increased Akt phosphorylation, reduced nuclear N-CoR expression and N-CoR cytoplasmic translocation, and increased accumulation of acetylated core histones, which coincided with the appearance of glial fibrillary acidic protein–expressing tumor cells.

Conclusions
These findings indicate that PP2A inhibition effectively disrupts N-CoR complex function/expression and leads to cytoplasmic translocation of N-CoR with subsequent tumor cell differentiation and/or death. Therapeutic paradigms that target N-CoR function in the cancer stem cell component of malignant gliomas may have treatment utility.
Oxygen‐Generating Gel Systems Induced by Visible Light
Authors: Okeyoshi Kosuke , Yoshida Ryo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractToward complete artificial photosynthesis systems to generate hydrogen and oxygen using visible light and water, oxygen‐generating gel systems are designed and fabricated using the electrostatic interactions of ionic functional groups and steric effects of a polymer network. By using a graft polymer chain with Ru(bpy)32+ units as sensitizers to closely arrange RuO2 nanoparticles as catalyst, the functional groups transmit multiple electrons cooperatively to generate oxygen. In this paper, a novel strategy is shown to design a hierarchical network structure using colloidal nanoparticles and macromonomers. Such a soft material to oxidize water inside a hydrogel is useful as a solar‐energy converting system.
Controllable Shifts in Threshold Voltage of Top‐Gate Polymer Field‐Effect Transistors for Applications in Organic Nano Floating Gate Memory
Authors: Baeg Kang‐Jun , Noh Yong‐Young , Sirringhaus Henning , Kim Dong‐Yu 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOrganic field‐effect transistor (FET) memory is an emerging technology with the potential to realize light‐weight, low‐cost, flexible charge storage media. Here, solution‐processed poly[9,9‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl]‐co‐(bithiophene)] (F8T2) nano floating gate memory (NFGM) with a top‐gate/bottom‐contact device configuration is reported. A reversible shift in the threshold voltage (VTh) and reliable memory characteristics was achieved by the incorporation of thin Au nanoparticles (NPs) as charge storage sites for negative charges (electrons) at the interface between polystyrene and cross‐linked poly(4‐vinylphenol). The F8T2 NFGM showed relatively high field‐effect mobility (µFET) (0.02 cm2 V−1 s−1) for an amorphous semiconducting polymer with a large memory window (ca. 30 V), a high on/off ratio (more than 104) during writing and erasing with an operation voltage of 80 V of gate bias in a relatively short timescale (less than 1 s), and a retention time of a few hours. This top‐gated polymer NFGM could be used as an organic transistor memory element for organic flash memory.
Nano‐Iron Oxide as a Recyclable Catalyst for Intramolecular CN Cross‐Coupling Reactions under Ligand‐Free Conditions: One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydroquinoline Derivatives
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Jin , Jiang Ran , Wu Bing , Su Xiao‐Ming , Xu Xiao‐Ping , Ji Shun‐Jun 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe ligand‐free nanoparticle ferroferric oxide catalytic system has been developed to promote the intramolecular CN cross‐coupling reaction. With this protocol, various 1,4‐dihydroquinoline derivatives were synthesized from o‐halobenzaldehydes and β‐enaminones in moderate to good yields.
A Microfluidic Approach to the Rapid Screening of Palladium‐Catalysed Aminocarbonylation Reactions
Authors: Miller Philip W. , Jennings Lucy E. , deMello Andrew J. , Gee Antony D. , Long Nicholas J. , Vilar Ramon 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe evaluation and selection of the most appropriate catalyst for a chemical transformation is an important process in many areas of synthetic chemistry. Conventional catalyst screening involving batch reactor systems can be both time‐consuming and expensive, resulting in a large number of individual chemical reactions. Continuous flow microfluidic reactors are increasingly viewed as a powerful alternative format for reacting and processing larger numbers of small‐scale reactions in a rapid, more controlled and safer fashion. In this study we demonstrate the use of a planar glass microfluidic reactor for performing the three‐component palladium‐catalysed aminocarbonylation reaction of iodobenzene, benzylamine and carbon monoxide to form N‐benzylbenzamide, and screen a series of palladium catalysts over a range of temperatures. N‐Benzylbenzamide product yields for this reaction were found to be highly dependent on the nature of the catalyst and reaction temperature. The majority of catalysts gave good to high yields under typical flow conditions at high temperatures (150 °C), however the palladium(II) chloride‐Xantphos complex [PdCl2(Xantphos)] proved to be far superior as a catalyst at lower temperatures (75–120 °C). The utilised method was found to be an efficent and reliable way for screening a large number of palladium‐catalysed carbonylation reactions and may prove useful in screening other gas/liquid phase reactions.
Cupric Halide‐Mediated Intramolecular Halocyclization of N‐Electron‐Withdrawing Group‐Substituted 2‐Alkynylanilines for the Synthesis of 3‐Haloindoles
Authors: Shen Zengming , Lu Xiyan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA convenient and efficient method for the synthesis of 3‐haloindoles has been developed. Both 3‐chloro‐ and 3‐bromoindole derivatives can be obtained in high yields by the reaction of N‐electron‐withdrawing group‐substituted 2‐alkynylanilines with cupric halide in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) within a short period of time. Investigation of the reaction mechanism reveals that two equivalents of cupric halide are necessary.
The Rhodium‐Catalyzed Carbene Cyclization Cycloaddition Cascade Reaction of Vinylsulfonates
Authors: Shi Bairu , Merten Sandra , Wong David K. Y. , Chu John C. K. , Liu Lok Lok , Lam Sze Kui , Jäger Anne , Wong Wing‐Tak , Chiu Pauline , Metz Peter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractVinylsulfonates have proved to be excellent dipolarophiles for carbonyl ylides derived from diazoketones in rhodium‐catalyzed intramolecular cycloadditions. Polyfunctional substrates, such as 8 and (+)‐15, were readily available from hydroxy esters, e.g. 1 and the cyclopenta‐1,3‐dione 10, respectively, and the resulting polycyclic sultones were formed under mild reaction conditions in high yields with very good diastereoselectivities. A ruthenium‐catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation was found to desymmetrize the meso‐cyclopenta‐1,3‐dione 12 efficiently.
Bismuth Triflate‐Catalyzed Addition of Allylsilanes to N‐Alkoxycarbonylamino Sulfones: Convenient Access to 3‐Cbz‐Protected Cyclohexenylamines
Authors: Ollevier Thierry , Li Zhiya 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBismuth triflate was found to be an efficient catalyst in the Sakurai reaction of allyltrimethylsilanes with N‐alkoxycarbonylamino sulfones. The reaction proceeded smoothly with a low catalyst loading of Bi(OTf)3⋅4 H2O (2–5 mol%) to afford the corresponding protected homoallylic amines in very good yields (up to 96%). A sequential allylation reaction followed by ring‐closing metathesis delivers 6–8 membered 3‐Cbz‐protected cycloalkenylamines.
A Highly Selective, Polymer‐Supported Organocatalyst for Michael Additions with Enzyme‐Like Behavior
Authors: Alza Esther , Pericàs Miquel A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA polymer‐supported α,α‐diarylprolinol silyl ether displays catalytic activity and enantioselectivity comparable to the best homogeneous catalysts in the Michael addition of aldehydes to nitroolefins. Above all, the combination of polymer backbone, triazole linker, and catalytic unit confers to it an unprecedented substrate selectivity in favor of linear, short‐chain aldehydes.
Radiation model of a TiO2‐coated, quartz wool, packed‐bed photocatalytic reactor
Authors: Imoberdorf G. E. , Vella G. , Sclafani A. , Rizzuti L. , Alfano O. M. , Cassano A. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe radiation field of a packed‐bed photocatalytic reactor filled with quartz wool coated with titanium dioxide was modeled using the Monte Carlo technique and the following information: the radiation flux emitted by the lamps, the diameter size distribution of the quartz fiber cloth, the mass of quartz fibers and of TiO2 that was immobilized on the fiber surface as well as the refractive index, and the spectral absorption coefficient of the materials of the system. Modeling predictions were validated with radiometer measurements of the transmitted radiation through the reactor, the root mean square error being <9.7%. Finally, by means of a parametric study, the validated model was used to analyze the effect of the design variables, such as the radii of the quartz fibers, thickness of the TiO2 coatings, and amount of TiO2‐coated quartz wool, on the distribution and nonuniformity of the radiative energy distribution inside the reactor. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010