bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Original Article: Assessing physicians’ in training attitudes and behaviors during the 2009 H1N1 influenza season: a cross‐sectional survey of medical students and residents in an urban academic setting
Authors: May Larissa , Katz Rebecca , Johnston Lindsay , Sanza Megan , Petinaux Bruno 
Published: July 2010

Please cite this paper as: May et al. (2010) Assessing physicians’ in training attitudes and behaviors during the 2010 H1N1 influenza season: a cross‐sectional survey of medical students and residents in an urban academic setting. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2010.00151.x.Background  Despite concern for hospital‐based transmission of influenza, little research has been carried out on perceptions and behaviors of physicians in training with regard to influenza‐like illness (ILI), especially in light of the recent H1N1 pandemic.Objectives  We aimed to evaluate self‐reported episodes of ILI among medical students and residents to determine the impact of ILI on school and clinical performance, absenteeism, and patterns of preventive measures used by this population both in and out of the healthcare setting.Methods  We anonymously surveyed medical students and residents at an urban institution between November 3 and December 11, 2009. Data were analyzed separately for medical students and residents for frequency of close‐ended responses. Open‐ended answers were analyzed thematically. Our Institutional Review Board exempted this study from review.Results  Forty‐five percent of medical students and 53% of resident respondents perceived the risk of acquiring H1N1 at school or work as high, and although 43% of medical students and 66% of resident respondents had received the influenza vaccination and most reported increasing non‐pharmaceutical preventive measures, 9% of medical students and 61% of residents with one or more episodes of ILI chose to continue to attend class or work when ill.Conclusions  Although students and residents report high risk of infection because of work‐ or school‐related activities, many involved in patient care activities do not comply with recommended infection control precautions. Educational campaigns should be developed and infection control guidelines should be included in routine medical student and resident curricular activities.
Photochemistry and Photocytotoxicity of Alkaloids from Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) 3: Effect on Human Lens and Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Authors: Chignell Colin F. , Sik Robert H. , Watson Mary A. , Wielgus Albert R. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe dried root or rhizome of Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) contains several alkaloids including berberine, hydrastine, palmatine and lesser amounts of canadine and hydrastinine. Preparations derived from Goldenseal have been used to treat skin and eye ailments. Berberine, the major alkaloid in Goldenseal root powder, has been used in eye drops to treat trachoma, a disease characterized by keratoconjunctivitis. Berberine and palmatine are also present in extracts from Berberis amurensis Ruprecht (Berberidaceae) which are used to treat ocular disorders. We have previously shown that Goldenseal alkaloids are phototoxic to keratinocytes (Chem Res Toxicol. 14, 1529, 2001; ibid 19, 739, 2006) and now report their effect on human lens and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Human lens epithelial cells (HLE‐B3) were severely damaged when incubated with berberine (25 μM) and exposed to UVA (5 J cm−2). Under the same conditions, palmatine was less phototoxic and hydrastine, canadine and hydrastinine were inactive. Moderate protection against berberine phototoxicity was afforded by the antioxidants ascorbate (2 mM) and N‐acetylcysteine (5 mM). When exposed to UVA (5 J cm−2) both berberine (10 μM) and palmatine (10 μM) caused mild DNA damage as determined by the alkaline comet assay which measures single strand breaks. Berberine and palmatine are the only Goldenseal alkaloids with appreciable absorption above 400 nm. Because light at wavelengths below 400 nm is cut off by the anterior portion of the adult human eye only berberine and palmatine were tested for phototoxicity to human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells. Although berberine did damage hRPE cells when irradiated with visible light (λ > 400 nm) approximately 10 times higher concentrations were required to produce the same amount of damage as seen in lens cells. Palmatine was not phototoxic to hRPE cells. Neither berberine nor palmatine photodamaged DNA in hRPE. Infusions of Goldenseal are estimated to contain ∼1 mM berberine, while in tinctures the alkaloid concentration may be more than 10 times higher. Our findings show that eyewashes and lotions derived from Goldenseal or containing berberine must be used with caution when the eyes are exposed to bright sunlight but that oral preparations are not likely to cause ocular phototoxicity.
Gender, Conversation Analysis, and the Anatomy of Membership Categorization Practices
Authors: Stokoe Elizabeth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes and illustrates recent developments in the study of identity using membership categorization and conversation analysis. It focuses particularly on identifying and unpacking some practices through which people construct gender‐based categorial phrases and formulations, and how these practices are put to use to accomplish social actions including accounting, complaining, or denying. Drawing on data from a variety of interactional sites, I show how speakers build different categorial practices from particular component features, within or across a sequence of turns, and how they work to formulate idiomatic‐style phrases that ‘package’ cultural knowledge (e.g., “that’s lads for you”, “I would never hit a woman”). When speakers produce such phrases, they invite recipients to display recognition of, or collaboratively develop, the construction of a cultures categories, as the basis for moving through courses of action.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor deficiency augments cardiac dysfunction in Type 1 diabetic murine cardiomyocytes
Authors: TONG Chao , MORRISON Alex , YAN Xiaoyan , ZHAO Peng , YEUNG Eddie D. , WANG Jingying , XIE Jianxin , LI Ji 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:  It has become evident that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is associated with the development of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to determine whether MIF plays a role in cardiac contractile dysfunction in T1DM mice.Methods:  Mechanical and intracellular Ca2+ properties were measured in cardiomyocytes isolated from wild‐type (WT) and MIF‐knockout (MIF‐KO) mice administrated or not streptozotocin (200 mg/kg, i.p.). Relative stress signaling was evaluated using western blot analysis.Results:  Peak shortening (PS) and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (±dL/dt) were reduced and the duration of relengthening (TR90) was prolonged in both WT and MIF‐KO cardiomyocytes treated with STZ (P < 0.01 vs control), which may be associated with reduced intracellular Ca2+ decay in both groups. However, STZ‐treated WT cardiomyocytes demonstrated significantly better contractile function and intracellular Ca2+ properties compared with STZ‐treated MIF‐KO cardiomyocytes (all P < 0.05). Interestingly, the physiological data clearly showed that blood glucose levels were significantly higher in STZ‐treated MIF‐KO mice than STZ‐treated WT mice (P < 0.01). Moreover, phosphorylation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its direct downstream target acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) was markedly lower in hearts from STZ‐treated MIF‐KO mice than STZ‐treated WT mice (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between untreated WT and MIF‐KO control groups.Conclusions:  There is a beneficial action of MIF in the management of cardiac dysfunction in T1DM. The cardioprotective effect of MIF may be associated with AMPK signaling.
Transforming growth factor‐β regulation of proteoglycan synthesis in vascular smooth muscle: Contribution to lipid binding and accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes
Authors: YANG Sundy N.Y. , BURCH Micah L. , TANNOCK Lisa R. , EVANKO Stephen , OSMAN Narin , LITTLE Peter J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAtherosclerosis is accelerated in the setting of diabetes, but the factors driving this phenomenon remain elusive. Hyperglycemia leads to elevated levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and TGF‐β has been implicated as a factor in atherosclerosis. Given the established association between hyperglycemia and elevated TGF‐β, it is plausible that elevated TGF‐β levels in diabetes play a pathogenic role in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis. TGF‐β is a potent regulator of extracellular matrix synthesis, including many actions on proteoglycan synthesis that lead to increased binding to low‐density lipoprotein and therefore potentially increased lipid retention in the vessel wall and accelerated atherosclerosis. TGF‐β signals through the canonical TGF‐β receptor I‐mediated phosphorylation of Smad transcription factors and TGF‐β signaling is also known to involve, positively and negatively, interactions with the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways. The focus of the present review is on the effects of TGF‐β on proteoglycan synthesis in vascular smooth muscle and particularly the signaling pathways through which TGF‐β exerts its effects, because those pathways may be therapeutic targets for the prevention of pathological modifications in the proteoglycan component of the vessel wall in the vascular diseases of diabetes.
SalmonellaInfection in Illegally Imported Spur‐Thighed Tortoises (Testudo graeca)
Authors: Percipalle M. , Giardina G. , Lipari L. , Piraino C. , Macrì D. , Ferrantelli V. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe prevalence ofSalmonellainfection was determined in a group of spur‐thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca) seized during two smuggling attempts and in a population of captive Hermann’s tortoises (Testudo hermanni) sheltered in a wildlife rescue centre.Salmonellaspp. was isolated in 81 of 220 (36.8%) and in 17 of 67 (25.4%) cloacal swabs collected from theT. graecaandT. hermannitortoises respectively. Overall, a total of 21 different Salmonella serotypes were found. Some of these serotypes are common to terrestrial chelonians while others have never been reported. All cultured serotypes were non‐typhoidal but nonetheless many of these have been previously reported as source of human outbreaks of reptile‐related salmonellosis. Eighty‐two per cent and 5.3% of the isolates were resistant to two and three anti‐microbial agents respectively. However, the isolates were highly susceptible to the anti‐microbials of choice for the treatment of salmonellosis such as cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Our findings confirm that tortoises can be considered a reservoir forSalmonellaand that care should be employed when handling and breeding these animals. Tight surveillance should be enforced to avoid illegal importation and prevent the trading of live tortoises, carriers of zoonotic pathogens.
Fair Trade Community Café
Authors: LIGHTSTONE KAREN 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis case concerns the real operations of a café in a small town in Nova Scotia, Canada. It is a second location of a theme restaurant, with the first location successfully operating for a number of years. The owner of the first location, and senior partner of the second café, is available for advice but does not participate in the day‐to‐day operations of the second location; there are two junior partners who run the business. The focus is on the financial statements generated by an external bookkeeping service. The income statement reports a significant loss, and some of the accounts on the balance sheet and income statement do not make sense for this type of business. Simple ratio and variance analysis provides information for students to determine where problems lie. The case presents a good opportunity for students who have a basic understanding of financial statements to read a set of real statements generated by a bookkeeping service. Not all transactions are logical for a small café, although the financial information is from a real café in operation. The case also contains industry information on the operations of small food and drinking businesses located in Nova Scotia.
Research ethics in dissertations: ethical issues and complexity of reasoning
Authors: Kjellström S , Ross S N , Fridlund B 
Published: July 2010

BackgroundConducting ethically sound research is a fundamental principle of scientific inquiry. Recent research has indicated that ethical concerns are insufficiently dealt with in dissertations.PurposeTo examine which research ethical topics were addressed and how these were presented in terms of complexity of reasoning in Swedish nurses' dissertations.MethodsAnalyses of ethical content and complexity of ethical reasoning were performed on 64 Swedish nurses' PhD dissertations dated 2007.ResultsA total of seven ethical topics were identified: ethical approval (94% of the dissertations), information and informed consent (86%), confidentiality (67%), ethical aspects of methods (61%), use of ethical principles and regulations (39%), rationale for the study (20%) and fair participant selection (14%). Four of those of topics were most frequently addressed: the majority of dissertations (72%) included 3–5 issues. While many ethical concerns, by their nature, involve systematic concepts or metasystematic principles, ethical reasoning scored predominantly at lesser levels of complexity: abstract (6% of the dissertations), formal (84%) and systematic (10%).ConclusionsResearch ethics are inadequately covered in most dissertations by nurses in Sweden. Important ethical concerns are missing, and the complexity of reasoning on ethical principles, motives and implications is insufficient. This is partly due to traditions and norms that discount ethical concerns but is probably also a reflection of the ability of PhD students and supervisors to handle complexity in general. It is suggested that the importance of ethical considerations should be emphasised in graduate and post-graduate studies and that individuals with capacity to deal with systematic and metasystematic concepts are recruited to senior research positions.
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)–PDGF receptor interaction activates bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stromal cells derived from chronic lymphocytic leukemia: implications for an angiogenic switch
Authors: Ding Wei , Knox Traci R. , Tschumper Renee C. , Wu Wenting , Schwager Susan M. , Boysen Justin C. , Jelinek Diane F. , Kay Neil E. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Malignant cells are capable of influencing the microenvironment in a manner that facilitates tumor cell survival. Bidirectional crosstalk between chronic lymphocytic leukemic (CLL) cells and marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) activates both cell types. In this study, we observed that the conditioned medium (CM) obtained from CLL cells was able to induce Akt activation in MSC. Subsequent studies investigated the mechanism of MSC activation mediated by CLL-CM. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) were selectively activated in MSCs by CLL-CM and found to be critical receptors for CLL-CM–driven MSC proliferation and MSC Akt activation. The known ligands of PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were detected in CLL-CM, but PDGF was the predominant ligand involved in the CM-mediated PDGFR activation. Both PDGF and VEGF were found to be elevated in the plasma of CLL patients with a positive association for high-risk factors and more advanced stage. Finally, we demonstrated that PDGF induced MSC VEGF production through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–dependent mechanism. These results show that PDGF-PDGFR signaling influences at least the MSC in the microenvironment of CLL and may play a role in the induction of an angiogenic switch known to be permissive for disease progression.
Patterns of nucleotides that flank substitutions in human orthologous genes
Authors: Ma Lei , Zhang Tingting , Huang Zhuoran , Jiang Xiaoqian , Tao Shiheng 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Sequence context is an important aspect of base mutagenesis, and three-base periodicity is an intrinsic property of coding sequences. However, how three-base periodicity is influenced in the vicinity of substitutions is still unclear. The effect of context on mutagenesis should be revealed in the usage of nucleotides that flank substitutions. Relative entropy (also known as Kullback-Leibler divergence) is useful for finding unusual patterns in biological sequences.

Results
Using relative entropy, we visualized the periodic patterns in the context of substitutions in human orthologous genes. Neighbouring patterns differed both among substitution categories and within a category that occurred at three codon positions. Transition tended to occur in periodic sequences relative to transversion. Periodic signals were stronger in a set of flanking sequences of substitutions that occurred at the third-codon positions than in those that occurred at the first- or second-codon positions. To determine how the three-base periodicity was affected near the substitution sites, we fitted a sine model to the values of the relative entropy. A sine of period equal to 3 is a good approximation for the three-base periodicity at sites not in close vicinity to some substitutions. These periods were interrupted near the substitution site and then reappeared away from substitutions. A comparative analysis between the native and codon-shuffled datasets suggested that the codon usage frequency was not the sole origin of the three-base periodicity, implying that the native order of codons also played an important role in this periodicity. Synonymous codon shuffling revealed that synonymous codon usage bias was one of the factors responsible for the observed three-base periodicity.

Conclusions
Our results offer an efficient way to illustrate unusual periodic patterns in the context of substitutions and provide further insight into the origin of three-base periodicity. This periodicity is a result of the native codon order in the reading frame. The length of the period equal to 3 is caused by the usage bias of nucleotides in synonymous codons. The periodic features in nucleotides surrounding substitutions aid in further understanding genetic variation and nucleotide mutagenesis.
Moxibustion for hypertension: a systematic review
Authors: Kim Jong-In , Choi Jun-Yong , Lee Hyangsook , Lee Myeong Soo , Ernst Edzard 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Moxibustion is a traditional East Asian medical therapy that uses the heat generated by burning herbal preparations containing Artemisia vulgaris to stimulate acupuncture points. The aim of this review was to evaluate previously published clinical evidence for the use of moxibustion as a treatment for hypertension.

Methods
We searched 15 databases without language restrictions from their respective dates of inception until March 2010. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing moxibustion to either antihypertensive drugs or no treatment. The risk of bias was assessed for each RCT.

Results
During the course of our search, we identified 519 relevant articles. A total of 4 RCTs met all the inclusion criteria, two of which failed to report favorable effects of moxibustion on blood pressure (BP) compared to the control (antihypertensive drug treatment alone). However, a third RCT showed significant effects of moxibustion as an adjunct treatment to antihypertensive drug therapy for lowering BP compared to antihypertensive drug therapy alone. The fourth RCT included in this review addressed the immediate BP-lowering effects of moxibustion compared to no treatment. None of the included RCTs reported the sequence generation, allocation concealment and evaluator blinding.

Conclusion
There is insufficient evidence to suggest that moxibustion is an effective treatment for hypertension. Rigorously designed trials are warranted to answer the many remaining questions.
Hsp90 in the continuum of breast ductal carcinogenesis: Evaluation in precursors, preinvasive and ductal carcinoma lesions
Authors: Zagouri Flora , Sergentanis Theodoros N , Nonni Afrodite , Papadimitriou Christos A , Michalopoulos Nikolaos V , Domeyer Philip , Theodoropoulos George , Lazaris Andreas , Patsouris Effstratios , Zogafos Eleni , Pazaiti Anastazia , Zografos George C 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Hsp90 (heat shock protein90) is a chaperone protein essential for preserving and regulating the function of various cellular proteins. Elevated Hsp90 expression seems to be a trait of breast cancer and may be an integral part of the coping mechanisms that cancer cells exhibit vis-à-vis stress. This manuscript tries to examine the immunohistochemical expression of Hsp90 all along the continuum of breast ductal lesions encompassing ductal hyperplasia without atypia (DHWithoutA), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).

Methods
Tissue specimens were taken from 30 patients with DHWithoutA, 31 patients with ADH, 51 with DCIS and 51 with IDC. Immunohistochemical assessment of Hsp90 was performed both in the lesion and the adjacent normal breast ducts and lobules; the latter serving as control. Concerning Hsp90 assessment the percentage of positive cells and the intensity were separately analyzed. Subsequently, the Allred score was calculated. Post hoc analysis on the correlations between Hsp90 Allred score and possible predictors (grade, nodal status, tumor size, ER Allred score, PR Allred score, c-erbB-2 status and triple negative status) was conducted in IDC.

Results
Hsp90 exhibited mainly cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. Hsp90 Allred score exhibited an increasing trend along the continuum of breast ductal lesions (Spearman's rho = 0.169, p = 0.031). Compared to the adjacent normal ducts and lobules, no statistically significant differences were noted in DHwithoutA, ADH and DCIS. Hsp90 expression (intensity, positive cells, Allred score) was higher in IDC, compared to the adjacent normal tissue. Higher Hsp90 expression was observed in grade 2/3 IDCs (borderline association) and tumors of larger size. At the univariable analysis, higher Hsp90 expression was associated with higher ER Allred score, PR Allred score and c-erbB-2 positivity in IDC. Triple-negative IDCs exhibited significantly lower Hsp90 expression. The multivariable logistic regression model revealed that between the three markers, solely ER Allred score and c-erbB-2 positivity were independently associated with higher Hsp90 expression in IDC.

Conclusion
The above point to significant variability in Hsp90 expression with significant implications upon the effectiveness and limitations of anti-Hsp90 drugs.