bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life history and life tables of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on English cucumbers
Authors: Gaum Wilma G. , Giliomee J. H. , Pringle K. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe life history of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) was studied at six different temperatures on English cucumbers, cv. Pepinex. Life tables constructed indicate that the highest population growth rate (rm) and net reproduction rate (R0) occur at 30°C and the lowest at 15°C, where the population remains nearly stable. Generation time (T) was the shortest at 30°C and increased as temperature decreased. At 30°C oviposition increased, females matured and reproduced earlier and the time specific fecundity (mx) was higher than at lower temperatures. Adult longevity was shortest at 30°C and longest at 15°C. The threshold value for development was determined as 9.4°C. Average duration of each developmental stage and the sex ratio at six different temperatures are given.
Impact of the mineral composition and water content of excised maize leaf sections on fitness of the African armyworm,Spodoptera exempta(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Janssen J. A. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects of intraplant variation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and wafer content within maize plants on fitness of the African armyworm,Spodoptera exempta(Walker), were studied in three experiments by using an excised leaf system. Maize plants were phosphorus deficient in one of the experiments. Various leaf categories were distinguished differing in age and position on the plants. Leaf sections on which caterpillars fed were daily refreshed. Changes in the four plant variables measured, due to the excision and subsequent placement of the leaf sections in the excised leaf system for one day, were small and mostly insignificant. Highly significant differences were found between the composition of the various leaf categories in all three experiments. In all experiments, the nitrogen concentrations ranged from 2.4 to 4.5%, phosphorus from 0.1 to 1.3%, and potassium from 1.4 to 4.8% dry weight, while water content varied from 83 to 90% fresh weight. Of all insect fitness parameters observed, only larval growth rate was consistently and significantly affected by leaf category. Fecundity was strongly correlated with pharate adult weight. Only phosphorus was significantly and positively correlated with larval fresh weight, especially in the experiment with phosphorus deficient plants. Multiple regression models revealed that in all experiments a significant proportion of variation in larval fresh weight between leaf categories could be explained by the four plant variables. However, only phosphorus was included in all models. When all leaf categories used in the three experiments were considered simultaneously, the importance of phosphorus for larval growth rate in these experiments was again evident. The variation in nitrogen, potassium and water appeared to be of little or no significance. The consequences of these findings for outbreak development ofS. exemptaare discussed.
Phoridae (Diptera) as pests of cultivated oyster mushrooms (Agaricales: Pleurotaceae) in India
Authors: Johal Kuldip , Disney R. H. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn India the cultivated oyster mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer is attacked by the larvae of two species of Phoridae, Megaselia pleurota Disney sp. n. and M. scalaris (Loew). The new species is described. Biological data and damage symptoms are reported for both species. Serious economic damage is also caused by a bacterium associated with M. scalaris. The identities of the two Megaselia species, previously reported attacking this fungus, are called into question.
Resistance of selected melon lines to the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae)–field and laboratory experiments
Authors: Mansour Fadel , Shain Z. , Karchi Z. , Gerson U. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe resistance of two melon lines (CHI-7 and BUS-7) selected for resistance to the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), and of the susceptible line (NY), was studied under field and laboratory conditions. Significant differences among lines were observed at different growth stages. Throughout the season, the resistant lines had reduced populations of mites, 35–100% lower on CHI-7 and 25–100% lower on BUS-7, compared with the susceptible line NY. Laboratory evaluation of antibiosis to the mite at different plant growth stages showed that on CHI-7 and BUS-7 mite fecundity was reduced by 29–60% and 43–83%, respectively.
Geographic variability and wing plasticity inSitona sulcifrons(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Pavlíček Tomáš 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGenetic variability in four polymorphic loci and variation in phenotypic plasticity in relation to the relative size of wings, were compared and contrasted among eight local populations ofSitonasulcifronsThunberg from the Czech and Slovak republics. The distances between localities from which samples were taken were between 49 and 492 kilometres. The results demonstrated that: 1. The variability between populations was 5.5% and the other 94.5% of the total variability was realized within populations. 2. Significant differences in allozyme frequencies among populations existed when distances were more than 100 km. A similar trend was also found in variability of relative wing size in males among populations when distances were more than 200 km. 3. Overall, a significant deficiency of heterozygotes in relation to Hardy-Weinberg predictions existed from all samples. The results support the idea that, at least inagricultural areas, gene flow inS. sulcifronsdoes not seem to be strong enough to stabilize one large interbreeding population in distances over 100 kilometres.
Classification of tsetse flies Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae) by gas chromatographic analysis of cuticular components
Authors: Carlson D.A. , Milstrey S.K. , Narang S.K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGas liquid chromatography (GC) was used to analyse the cuticular alkanes of 26 species and subspecies of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). Unique interspecific and intraspecific (males vs. females) chromatographic patterns were observed. Solvent extraction of dried museum specimens and fresh specimens were equally successful, and left specimens undamaged. GC peaks were used as characters with one of five character states per peak, to show phenetic relationships among species by sex using a UPGMA algorithm, using 23 peaks for males and 40 peaks for females. Comparisons among species of the morsitans group often agreed with recognized morsitans group classification using morphological techniques, with G. austeni Newstead being somewhat aberrant. Glossina tachinoides Westwood was less closely related to others in the palpalis group than previously described using morphology. Eleven members of the rarely studied fusca group were also classified by this methodology.
The reproductive maturity and mating status of Helicoverpa armigera, H. punctigera and Mythimna convecta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected in tower-mounted light traps in northern New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Coombs M. , Del Socorro A. P. , Fitt G. P. , Gregg P. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe reproductive condition and mating status of female Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), H. punctigera (Wallengren) and the mating status of the armywormMythimna convecta (Walker), trapped in tower-mounted light traps were studied over a four and a half year period, from November 1985 to December 1989. The traps were mounted on towers (40 and 50 m high) in two geographically distinct sites, one located at Point Lookout and the other at Mt Dowe both in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. At the Point Lookout site, 132 females of H. armigera and 366 of H. punctigera were examined and of those, 88.7% and 89.9% were unmated and immature, respectively. Most of the remaining females of both species were mature and mated. Of the matedH. armigerafemales, 78.6% carried only a single spermatophore, the remainder having either two or three spermatophores. Most of the matedH. punctigerafemales (97.1%) carried only a single spermatophore and the remainder had no more than two. Females ofM. convectawere predominantly (97.1%) unmated. At the Mt Dowe siteH. punctigeraadults were predominant and all 44 females of this species examined were unmated and non-gravid. Pre-reproductive flight byHelicoverpaspp. andM. convectais considered as an important component of the life-history strategies of these insects. Flexibility in the timing and spacing of reproductive effort is seen as enabling colonization of heterogeneous environments.
Antifeedant and insecticidal activity of compounds fromPseudowintera colorata(Winteraceae) on the webbing clothes moth,Tineola bisselliella(Lepidoptera: Tineidae) and the Australian carpet beetle,Anthrenocerus australis(Coleoptera: Dermestidae)
Authors: Gerard P.J. , Perry N.B. , Ruf L.D. , Foster L.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExtracts of the leaves of the New Zealand native treePseudowintera colorata(Raoul) showed insecticidal and antifeedant activity against the webbing clothes moth,Tineola bisselliella(Hummel), and antifeedant activity against the Australian carpet beetle,Anthrenocerus australis(Hope). Assay-directed fractionation showed that two sesquiterpene dialdehydes, polygodial and 9-deoxymuzigadial, were responsible for these activities. Both compounds had similar antifeedant and insecticidal activity at rates from 3 to 0.4 mg/g wool in bioassays.
The effects of odours and target colour on landing responses of Glossina morsitans morsitans and G. pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Green C.H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA laboratory bioassay was developed to allow blind testing of panels of odours for their effect on target-orientated behaviour of tsetse (Glossina spp.) in the laboratory. Landing responses of G. m. morsitans Westwood on black and blue targets were increased up to four-fold in the presence of carbon dioxide, but no significant effect of any other odours could be demonstrated. 2-methoxy phenol gave an apparent increase in landing behaviour in the laboratory, but this substance diminished rather than increased landing of G. pallidipes Austen and G. m. morsitans on targets in the field, as well as repelling tsetse from the target vicinity. Black, blue and red targets elicited strong landing behaviour in male G. m. morsitans in the laboratory, and white and yellow targets elicited little or none, whether carbon dioxide was present or not. In the field, high ultraviolet reflectivity increased landing behaviour of G. pallidipes, but only when there was a proportion of transmitted light through the target. Ultraviolet reflectivity always reduced overall attraction of tsetse to a single-coloured target. Two-coloured targets incorporating ultraviolet-reflecting white cloth obtained strong landing on the white panels, but caught fewer flies overall than all-black, or blue-and-black targets.
Soil nutrient availability in a primary outbreak area of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in relation to drought intensity and outbreak development in Kenya
Authors: Janssen J. A. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo explain differences between years in outbreak development of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exernpta (Walker), in eastern Africa, the availability to host-plants of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was studied in a primary outbreak area during the first month after the start of the short rainy season in relation to the drought intensity during the preceding year. The weather-soil-plant interactions observed during four successive years (1988–1991) indicated that nitrate levels, especially in soils not extremely poor in organic carbon and total nitrogen, can differ greatly between years in re sponse to differences in drought intensity and rainfall pattern. These resulted in large differences (i.e. up to 2.0% dry wt.) in organic nitrogen levels in leaves of host-plants of S. exempta. Phosphorus and potassium levels in soils and host-plants showed no consistent relationship with the weather pattern over the years and in general their differences between years were relatively small. The occurrence of S. exempta during the first two months after the start of the short rainy season was well associated with plant nitrogen levels in the primary outbreak area: outbreaks developed only in years with at some locations organic nitrogen concentrations of almost 5% in young grasses. If fitness of S. exempta is strongly dependent on the organic nitrogen content of its food within the range encountered in this study, weather conditions during the long dry season might indirectly explain the observed differences in subsequent outbreak development via their delayed effect on host-plant nitrogen levels.
Parthenium pollen induced feeding by Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) (Compositae)
Authors: Jayanth K.P. , Mohandas Sukhada , Asokan R. , Visalakshy P.N.Ganga 
Published: July 2009

AbstractZygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of Mexican origin, introduced for biological control trials against the weed Parthenium hysterophorus (Compositae), was found to feed on the tender leaves of the related plant sunflower (Helianthus annuus Linnaeus) at a few places in Kolar district in Karnataka State, India. The insects in these populations exhibited variability in feeding response to sunflower under laboratory and field conditions. The sesqueterpene lactone parthenin, specific to P. hysterophorus, was found to induce feeding by the adults of Z. bicolorata on treated sunflower leaves within six hours, as compared to 4–7 days on untreated leaves. Further investigations resulted in the novel finding that dusting of parthenium pollen, or smearing its extract which contains parthenin, on sunflower leaves also induced feeding responses in adults. Parthenium pollen was detected on sunflower leaves growing in close proximity to the weed stand, suggesting that this could be one of the factors influencing variability in the feeding behaviour of Z. bicolorata.
The detection of predation byAbax parallelepipedusandPterostichus madidus(Coleoptera: Carabidae) on Mollusca using a quantitative Elisa
Authors: Symondson W. O. C. , Liddell J. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe potential of carabid beetles as natural control agents of slugs was investigated using a quantitative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The crop contents of two species,Abax parallelepipedus(Piller & Mitterpacher) andPterostichus madidus(Fabricius) collected between May and December 1990, were analysed using an anti-mollusc haemolymph antiserum. The mass, immunological reaction and calculated mollusc content of each beetle crop was determined. Mollusc content was calculated as ‘fresh mollusc equivalent’, and the probable quantities of degraded material present are discussed in relation to predator and prey species. 89.5% ofA. parallelepipedusand 42% ofP. madiduswere found to contain mollusc proteins. Although approximately the same proportion of male and femaleA. parallelepipedustested positive, females contained greater quantities of mollusc remains. Approximately 39% of male and 45% of femaleP. madidustested positive, and overall female crops contained significantly more material. The calculated amount of mollusc remains found in females was also greater. Over time, the immunological reactivity ofA. parallelepipeduscrop samples varied significantly. However, when crop weight was taken into consideration, the calculated quantity of mollusc found in strongly reacting samples was not significantly different between months in either species. Neither the immunological response nor the quantity of mollusc remains varied over time inP. madidus, although significant differences were found in overall crop weights. A significant correlation was found between the proportion of mollusc in beetle crops and crop mass inA. parallelepipedus, but not inP. madidus. Correlations between soil temperatures and crop mass, immunological reactivity and mollusc content were not significant in either species. The improved methods of quantifying predation from ELISA data, employed in this study, were an important part of a larger on-going investigation of the role of predation in slug population dynamics within agricultural systems.
Aulacaspis (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on sugarcane and other Saccharum spp. (Gramineae)
Authors: Williams D.J. , Watson Gillian W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA brief review is given of species of Coccoidea found on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) in the island of New Guinea. A key and comments on all the species of Aulacaspis that have been recorded on sugarcane and other Saccharum spp. throughout the world is presented. The scale insect Aulacaspis neoguineensis Williams & Watson sp. n. is described from specimens on sugarcane intercepted at Washington, DC, USA from Papua New Guinea because it is a potential pest of sugarcane. It is compared with A. madiunensis (Zehntner), a closely-related species often injurious to sugarcane in southern Asia, Australia and Africa.
Control Measures in 1948–50 against Insects attacking Groundnuts stored at Kano, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Howe R. W. , Hayward L. A. W. , Cotterell G. S. 
Published: July 2009

The control methods used to protect new-crop groundnuts stored in Kano against insect attack are described.The main method used was the spraying of aqueous suspensions of DDT directly on to the sacking of piles stored in the open and on the walls of warehouses before the nuts were stacked. The solutions were applied with a slow-moving orchard power sprayer, and 50 per cent, wettable powder applied at the rate of 360 mg./sq. ft. was found satisfactory. The BHC wettable powder applied at about 12 mg./sq. ft. was cheaper and equally as good and has now been found safe. Treatment markedly reduced the Tribolium population but had little effect on Trogoderma. Sprays of oil solutions were little used and were not very satisfactory.
The Spraying of Bags of Cocoa Beans with a Macrodosage of DDT against Ephestia and Tribolium
Authors: Smith K. G. 
Published: July 2009

The surfaces of bags containing fumigated cocoa were sprayed with the macrodosage of 956 mg./sq. ft. DDT applied as a 5 per cent, suspension of wettable powder in water.After exposure to an infestation of Ephestia cautella and Tribolium castaneum, no appreciable effect was obtained in preventing an attack by E. cautella, though the larvae appeared to choose unusual pupation sites on the surface of the bags. T. castaneum were rapidly affected and prevented from entering into the sacks.
The Shinyanga Game Destruction Experiment
Authors: Potts W. H. , Jackson C. H. N. 
Published: July 2009

Game animals were shot in an isolated area of some 600 sq. miles over a period of about five years. The density of animals was originally in the neighbourhood of 10 to the sq. mile.This density is very low compared with densities recorded from national parks, and examination of the evidence available shows that the Tanganyikan bushland is understocked with game.As the result of the shooting in the present experiment, two species of tsetse fly, G. morsitans and G. swynnertoni, were exterminated, and a third, G. pallidipes, was either exterminated or very heavily reduced. Experimental cattle then remained healthy in the area for 11 months, after which they were removed.This result was achieved in spite of considerable invasion of the area by cattle, particularly intense at a late period when such an alternative source of food might have been expected to be particularly valuable to the tsetse.There was evidence that the fat, residual dry weight and size of the flies decreased, but there was no apparent effect on mean age or the proportion of females in the catches, nor apparently did the flies turn to avian blood.The cost was £50 per sq. mile; but this figure would be very much greater in normal practice, with areas not isolated from the rest of the fly belt.Game destruction is not recommended except in isolated areas of manageable size; discriminative clearing of the habitats, even at initially greater cost, is preferable as offering a more lasting solution.
Improvement of the Residual Toxicity of DDT Solutions by the addition of Coumarone Resin
Authors: Van Tiel N. 
Published: July 2009

An investigation was made into means of increasing the effectiveness of the usual DDT-containing residual sprays with a kerosene base.The common house-fly, Musca domestica, was used as biological material.It was found that there exists a distinct relationship between crystal size and residual toxicity. Finely crystalline residues from DDT solutions in volatile solvents, such as xylene, proved to be considerably more toxic than coarsely crystalline residues from DDT solutions in less volatile solvents, such as kerosene. Addition of small quantities of coumarone resin to a DDT solution in kerosene was found to reduce the size of the DDT crystals and to increase the toxicity considerably.
On the Distribution of Leucoptera Daricella (Meyr.) with the Description of a New Leaf-Miner from Coffee
Authors: Washbourn Roger 
Published: July 2009

1. An examination has been made of all specimens labelled Leucoptera daricella (Meyr.), standing in the collections of the British Museum and of the late E. Meyrick.2. Crobylophora staterias, Meyr., and Crobylophora onychotis, Meyr., two species previously regarded as synonymous with Leucoptera daricella, are thought to be good species. The specimens of the former, which were bred from Plumbago, have been received from India and Ceylon ; the latter is an Indian species.3. A new African species, Leucoptera caffeina, Washbn., is described, which causes damage to coffee trees.4. Records of Leucoptera daricella have been investigated, and, as a result, the writer is of the opinion that this species has not yet been recorded outside Australia, and that records from Africa, India and Burma, prove unsubstantiated.5. Lectotypes are cited of the species Leucoptera daricella (Meyr.), Crobylophora staterias, Meyr., Crobylophora onychotis, Meyr., and these are in the British Museum (Natural History), London.