bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growing Up in Israel
Authors: Slone Michelle 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter summarizes a multifaceted program of research on youth in Israel and Palestine. It outlines a model for the study of the effects of political violence on children and presents a summary of data derived with the use of this paradigm, which includes contrasting effects for Israeli and Palestinian youth. This political life events model enables the examination of the differing severity of exposure for children divided along different demographic categories such as age, gender, residential location, and religious adherence. Further, the scale used allows for the study of the consequences to children's mental health from exposure to differing levels of severity and for the detection of those factors that enhance resilience in coping with exposure to political violence.
Measuring Adolescent Perceived Support Amidst War and Disaster
Authors: Layne Christopher M. , Warren Jared S. , Hilton Sterling , Lin Dahai , Pašalić Alma , Fulton John , Pašalić Hafiza , Katalinski Ranka , Pynoos Robert S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Directing attention to the Bosnian experience, this chapter focuses on the critical area of adolescent-perceived social support during war and disaster. It details the theoretically-justified development of a new multi-sector measure of social support and provides a series of tests to determine its reliability and validity. It concludes with a series of recommendations on how future research in this area should be directed, with the hope that with a more fundamental understanding of youth and political violence, and particularly the role of social support, interventions can be more clearly targeted to need.
Positive and Negative Psychosocial Functioning after Political Conflict
Authors: Barber Brian K. , Olsen Joseph A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter attempts to contribute to the growing literature on adolescents and political violence by providing a detailed assessment of the specific types of activism Palestinian adolescents engaged in during the first Intifada (in addition to the commonly explored degree of victimization). Analysis of data from several hundred Palestinian youth shows some evidence of impaired functioning associated with conflict exposure (particularly for females), but also evidence of enhanced functioning for both males and females associated with their degree of activism.
Tasting the World
Authors: Weine Stevan , Klebic Alma , Celik Adana , Bicic Mirela 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Bosnian youth who survived ethnic cleansing and war, and who are living as refugees in Chicago. It presents a collaborative effort between several Bosnian youth and an American psychiatrist and scholar to document and analyze these youths' experiences with political violence. Through a series of first-person accounts and interviews, youths underscore the important point that refugee trauma for adolescents encompasses not only exposure to war and other forms of political violence, but also the experiences of social and cultural marginalization associated with displacement, exile immigration, and urbanization. A trauma bundle perspective is described that can assist in understanding how to better support teen refugees' efforts to manage enormous changes in their lives.
Dissociations of visual functions by brain lesions in human patients
Authors: JACOB PIERRE , JEANNEROD MARC 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The task of the dorsal pathway is to determine the spatial layout of objects by processing their respective position in the visual field. According to the system of coordinates in which this processing is effected in the dorsal system, different outcomes are obtained. When an object's position is encoded in allocentric coordinates, its spatial position is determined relative to other objects. When it is encoded in egocentric coordinates, its spatial position is determined relative to the agent's effector and the object becomes a goal for action. Spatial localization and the visuomotor transformation are thus conceived of as two complementary functions of the dorsal pathway. This chapter examines neuropsychological evidence for similar dissociations in human visual capacities based on the examination of lesions in the human visual system. It considers the effects of lesions in the primary visual cortex, the ventral pathway, and in the dorsal pathway.
Visual perception
Authors: JACOB PIERRE , JEANNEROD MARC 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines both what can be perceived and how what can be perceived is perceived. First, it asks the question: how can visual perception provide knowledge at all? Since knowledge of the world acquired by perception depends on the identification and the recognition of objects, it examines problems raised by visual recognition. Second, it considers the question of how human vision interacts with the rest of human cognition: how is knowledge gained by visual perception integrated with knowledge gained by other means? Third, it examines the scope and limits of purely visual knowledge. Fourth, it asks the question: how intelligent are perceptual processes? Fifth, it asks whether all of one's visual experiences ought to be treated as beliefs or judgments. Finally, the chapter re-examines the puzzles of the phenomenology of human visual experience in the light of the problem of binding.
Did Primate Trichromacy Evolve for Frugivory or Folivory?
Authors: Sumner P , Mollon J. D 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the selective advantage of primate trichromacy. According to the frugivory hypothesis, the advantage lay in finding fruit amongst foliage. In contrast, the folivory hypothesis states that the advantage of trichromatic vision lay in the detection of reddish/brown colouration in the edible leaves of some tropical plants. This chapter considers evidence and arguments for the frugivory and folivory hypotheses. Spectroradiometric evidence is consistent with both the folivory and frugivory hypotheses, and tests of intraspecific differences in foraging success between dichromatic and trichromatic individuals are yet to be reported. Thus, there is at present no primary evidence that distinguishes between the two theories.
Spatial Contrast Sensitivity for Pulsed- and Steady-Pedestal Stimuli
Authors: Leonova Anna , Pokorny Joel , Smith Vivianne C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter evaluates spatial modulation sensitivity under conditions inferred to favour magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) pathways. Pulsed- and Steady-Pedestal Paradigms revealed characteristic differences in spatial frequency processing. Pulsed-Pedestal D6 spatial contrast sensitivity functions are mediated by the PC-pathway. Steady-Pedestal contrast sensitivity functions are mediated by the MC-pathway at low spatial frequencies, and by the PC-pathway above 4 cycles/deg. These data support the hypothesis of a major role for the PC-pathway in achromatic spatial vision.
Integration Times Reveal Mechanisms Responding to Isoluminant Chromatic Gratings: A Two-Centre Visual Evoked Potential Study
Authors: Robson A. G. , Kulikowski J. J. , Korostenskaja M. , Neveu M. M. , Hogg C. R. , Holder G. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) provide an objective technique for monitoring the integrity of visual pathways and have been used to monitor the activity of post-receptoral chromatic mechanisms. The temporal properties of visual processing may now be characterized in terms of VEP integration time, defined as the stimulus duration during which response components are summed to give the highest amplitude VEP. The onset of a luminance-modulated pattern of moderate spatial frequency elicits the largest VEP when the grating appearance is brief, i.e. about 40-60 ms, consistent with predominant activation of transient mechanisms. Likewise, the greatest amplitude chromatic VEPs are obtained with isoluminant coarse L/M gratings when the offset period exceeds the onset duration. This chapter compares L/M tritan integration times by obtaining VEP responses to the onset of two cycles per deg gratings of varying onset durations, in order to characterize the temporal response mechanisms contributing to the two chromatic processing streams.
The Influence of Rods on Colour Naming During Dark Adaptation
Authors: Nerger Janice L. , Volbrecht Vicki J. , Haase Kristin A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Various studies have demonstrated that the effects of rods on hue judgments depend on the size and intensity of the test stimulus. Studies have also shown increased rod influence with smaller stimuli than with larger stimuli. This chapter shows that the differences in hue perception between the fovea and 8° nasal retinal eccentricity may be minimized if either the size or intensity of the stimuli presented to the peripheral retina is increased.
Middle Wavelength Sensitive Photopigment Gene Expression is Absent in Deuteranomalous Colour Vision
Authors: Neitz Maureen , Bollinger Kathryn , Neitz Jay 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The deutan-type colour vision deficiencies, deuteranopia, and deuteranomaly are the most common types of colour blindness. A known cause of deutan colour vision defects is the loss of genes encoding the middle wavelength sensitive (M) photopigments. Deutan defects have also been found to be associated with a deleterious point mutation in the M photopigment genes. This chapter tests the hypothesis that M gene expression is absent in all commonly occurring deutan defects. It shows that the commonly occurring deutan defects in which individuals have normal appearing M genes, are caused by a failure to express M pigment. Moreover, it appears that the failure is likely to be complete.
Lantern Colour Vision Tests: One Light Or Two?
Authors: Hovis Jeffery K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that the number of lights displayed in a lantern test is an important design consideration when validating lantern tests against a field test. Generally, the increasing number of lights increases the failure rate. This difference in pass rates for the single and paired light display suggests that some of the variability reported in studies correlating lantern tests to field tests may be due to the difference in the number of lights presented in different displays. The increased failure rate may be due to a combination of simultaneous contrast effects and simultaneous comparison of the adjacent lights.
Colour Naming, Colour Categories, and Central Colour-Coding in a Case of X-Linked Incomplete Achromatopsia
Authors: Nolan J. B. , Crognale M. A. , Webster M. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines categorical colour perception and the nature of central processing of colour in a 33-year-old male with X-linked incomplete achromatopsia. Data from colour naming and categorization, colour contrast adaptation, and a battery of standard colour tests performed with and without a rod bleach, are presented. It is shown that despite colour deficiencies, the subject demonstrates consisted but shifted colour category and naming behaviour, while showing weak evidence for selectively tuned central chromatic mechanisms.
Visual Dysfunction Following Mercury Exposure By Breathing Mercury Vapour Or By Eating Mercury-Contaminated Food
Authors: Silveira Luiz Carlos L. , Damin Enira Terezinha B. , Pinheiro Maria Da ConceiÇÃO N. , Rodrigues Anderson R. , Moura Ana Laura A. , CÔRtes Maria Izabel T. , Mello Guilherme A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the visual performance of Amazonian gold miners and other workers suffering from mercury poisoning. Subjects exposed to mercury displayed a variable degree of spatial vision dysfunction. Both achromatic and chromatic vision were impaired. They had lower achromatic contrast sensitivity and this effect was more pronounced in the medium spatial frequency range. Mercury exposed subjects also had lower red-green and blue-green chromatic contrast sensitivity than control subjects in all tested spatial frequencies.
Computational Molecular Evolution
Authors: Yang Ziheng 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The field of molecular evolution has experienced explosive growth in recent years due to the rapid accumulation of genetic sequence data, continuous improvements to computer hardware and software, and the development of sophisticated analytical methods. The increasing availability of large genomic data sets requires powerful statistical methods to analyse and interpret them, generating both computational and conceptual challenges for the field. This book provides a comprehensive coverage of modern statistical and computational methods used in molecular evolutionary analysis, such as maximum likelihood and Bayesian statistics. It describes the models, methods and algorithms that are most useful for analysing the ever-increasing supply of molecular sequence data, with a view to furthering our understanding of the evolution of genes and genomes. The book emphasizes essential concepts rather than mathematical proofs. It includes detailed derivations and implementation details, as well as numerous illustrations, worked examples, and exercises.
Bayesian methods
Authors: YANG ZIHENG 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the theory and computation of Bayesian statistics and its applications to molecular evolution. It uses simple examples, such as distance estimation under the JC69 model, to introduce the general principles. It discusses the application of Bayesian inference to reconstruction of phylogenetic trees and to population genetics analysis under the coalescent. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.
Human genetic variation of medical significance
Authors: Kidd Kenneth K. , Kidd Judith R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews evidence on medically significant genetic variation in humans. Extensive amounts of normal genetic variation occur in humans, and every independently conceived individual is genetically unique. The distribution of genetic variation in populations is the product of a human evolutionary history that has included selection and random genetic drift influenced by migration, demography, and isolation. The major features of genetic variation in modern humans are the large amount of variation in Africa and the loss of variation in the expansion out of Africa. Against the background of allele frequency variation around the world, it is difficult to identify which loci have been subject to natural selection varying among geographic regions. That normal genetic variation can affect health in surprising and complex ways is illustrated by how metabolism and taste perception are related to alcoholism.
Perspectives on human health and disease from evolutionary and behavioral ecology
Authors: Strassmann Beverly I. , Mace Ruth 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Patients are phenotypes; thus all medical conditions are a product of genes and the environment. One genotype can produce many phenotypes depending on the environments encountered. Such phenotypic plasticity promotes reproductive success by creating a better fit between the genotype and the environment. Evolutionary insights into kin selection, life history, parental investment, and sexual selection help us to understand: the origins of child abuse and homicide in step-families; deadbeat dads; attachment disorders; failure to thrive; female infanticide; excess male mortality from accidents, suicide, and disease; risky behaviour; immunosuppression; reproductive cancer; marital violence; and genital cutting. Many of these problems reflect reproductive conflicts of interest between individuals. Other conflicts occur within individuals and involve life history trade-offs. Conflicts of interest within and between individuals constrain natural selection, and prevent an optimal world wherein adaptation is maximized at all levels simultaneously.
Evolution of parasites
Authors: Koella Jacob C. , Turner Paul 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
We need to be able to predict how virulence will evolve under various circumstances. The simplest model of the evolution of virulence, which assumes that virulence and transmission are linked and that evolution maximizes total transmission, is a useful tool to understand the potential consequences of control strategies. Deeper understanding will take into account details of the host-parasite interactions, including how virulence is governed by the interaction of the host's and the parasite's genes, and where virulence is context-dependent. The evolution of virulence may depend on a virulence-transmission trade-off, but that trade-off may in turn depend on the host's condition or age, and trade-offs between virulence and other traits of the parasite may be more important for some parasites. Co-evolution and non-equilibrium situations, such as the emergence of a new disease, complicate matters further. Genomics and experimental evolution will produce helpful insights into host-parasite interactions.
Evolution, developmental plasticity, and metabolic disease
Authors: Kuzawa Christopher W. , Gluckman Peter D. , Hanson Mark A. , Beedle Alan S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Early-life events influence late life health. An adverse early environment changes the developing organism's metabolism, physiology, and organ structure to increase risk of adult metabolic disorders, including the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Early environmental cues initiate functionally coherent adjustments that alter energy-partitioning and modify nutritional requirements. When maternal nutritional and endocrine cues predict future environmental conditions, developmental and metabolic responses to these cues could provide a mechanism for fine-tuning responses to local environmental conditions. However, individuals faced with scarcity early in life are now increasingly confronted with abundance later in life, and the resulting mismatch between the environment early and late in life is an important contributor to patterns of human morbidity and mortality.
Information about adverse drug reactions reported in children: a qualitative review of empirical studies
Authors: Aagaard Lise , Christensen Arne , Hansen Ebba Holme 
Published: April 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in children are common, and although some are serious, studies on this topic are scarce.• A review of studies published before 2000 showed that the overall incidence of ADRs in hospitalized children was 9.53% (95% CI 6.81, 12.26) and in outpatients 1.46% (95% CI 0.7, 3.03). WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Information about the occurrence and seriousness of reported ADRs, suspected medications, age and gender of children and type of reporter is only sparsely available in the literature.• Substantial amounts of information about ADRs occurring in children have been reported to national ADR databases and during chart review of hospitalized children in recent years.• The ADRs most commonly reported in children were of the types: (i) skin and subcutaneous disorders (range 15–65%); (ii) general disorders and administration site conditions (range 5–70%); (iii) gastrointestinal disorders (range 5–60%); and (iv) nervous system and psychiatric disorders (range 5–45%), mainly reported for the therapeutic groups: vaccines, antibiotics and psychotropic medicines.• The majority of reported ADRs concerned paediatric populations from North America and Europe.AIMTo review the literature on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in children with respect to occurrence, seriousness, type, therapeutic group, age and gender of the child and category of reporter.METHODSMedline and Embase databases were searched from origin and updated until February 2010. We included empirically based articles on ADRs in populations aged 0 to 17 years. Studies monitoring ADRs in patients with particular conditions or drug exposure were excluded. We extracted information about types and seriousness of ADRs, therapeutic groups, age and gender of the child and category of reporter. ADR occurrence was calculated as incidence rate and prevalence.RESULTSWe included 33 studies monitoring ADRs in general paediatric populations. The highest numbers of ADRs were reported in national ADR databases where data were collected over a longer period than in studies monitoring inpatients and outpatients. However, prevalence and incidence were much lower in the national databases. Types of reported ADRs, seriousness of ADRs and types of medicines differed substantially between studies due to differences in time periods and patient populations. Information about ADRs was mainly provided by health care professionals, although parents also contributed reports.CONCLUSIONSWe found a higher incidence rate of ADRs in hospitalized children and outpatients than in national databases. There seems to be considerable potential for increasing the knowledge of ADRs by advocating the submission of reports to the spontaneous reporting systems. Our study underscores that ADRs in children constitute a significant public health problem.
The optimal use of steroids in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: no easy answers
Authors: McNeer Jennifer L. , Nachman James B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryGlucocorticoids are an integral component of therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), but usage differs between cooperative group protocols. All groups use glucocorticoids during induction but vary on whether to use dexamethasone or prednisone. Issues to consider in the choice of induction steroid include impact on event‐free and overall survival, acute morbidity such as infection risk, diabetes, and behavioural disturbances and long‐term complications such as avascular necrosis. It is generally agreed that dexamethasone is the steroid of choice for groups using a delayed intensification phase, but dosing schedules (intermittent versus continuous) vary. There is no consensus on the potential benefit of steroid administration during maintenance therapy. This review will summarize the current available data on steroid use in paediatric ALL, highlighting outcomes as well as major toxicities.
MHC Class II epitope predictive algorithms
Authors: Nielsen Morten , Lund Ole , Buus Søren , Lundegaard Claus 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMajor histocompatibility complex class II (MHC‐II) molecules sample peptides from the extracellular space, allowing the immune system to detect the presence of foreign microbes from this compartment. To be able to predict the immune response to given pathogens, a number of methods have been developed to predict peptide–MHC binding. However, few methods other than the pioneering TEPITOPE/ProPred method have been developed for MHC‐II. Despite recent progress in method development, the predictive performance for MHC‐II remains significantly lower than what can be obtained for MHC‐I. One reason for this is that the MHC‐II molecule is open at both ends allowing binding of peptides extending out of the groove. The binding core of MHC‐II‐bound peptides is therefore not known a priori and the binding motif is hence not readily discernible. Recent progress has been obtained by including the flanking residues in the predictions. All attempts to make ab initio predictions based on protein structure have failed to reach predictive performances similar to those that can be obtained by data‐driven methods. Thousands of different MHC‐II alleles exist in humans. Recently developed pan‐specific methods have been able to make reasonably accurate predictions for alleles that were not included in the training data. These methods can be used to define supertypes (clusters) of MHC‐II alleles where alleles within each supertype have similar binding specificities. Furthermore, the pan‐specific methods have been used to make a graphical atlas such as the MHCMotifviewer, which allows for visual comparison of specificities of different alleles.