bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PELAKSANAAN LAYANAN PENEMPATAN DAN PENYALURAN TERHADAP PEMILIHAN JURUSAN DI TINGKAT SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS (SMA)
Authors: Seplyana Desy 
Published: June 2024

Peserta didik akan menghadapi dunia kerja setelah mereka lulus dari sekolah, permasalahannya adalah diantara peserta didik tidak tahu orientasi karier yang baik yang sesuai dengan bakat dan minat mereka, dari alasan itulah layanan penempatan dan penyaluran diberikan kepada peserta didik dengan tujuan mereka memperoleh tempat yang sesuai untuk mengembangkan diri mereka secara maksimal.Layanan penempatan dan penyaluran adalah layanan bimbingan konseling yang memungkinkan peserta didik memperoleh penempatan yang tepat sesuai dengan potensi, bakat dan minat serta kondisi pribadinya. Pada tingkat SMA layanan penempatan dan penyaluran sangat penting dimana layanan tersebut dilakukan dengan prosedur yang baik dan akan menghantarkan peserta didik untuk penjurusan yang tepat, hal tersebut akan sangat berpengaruh pada pilihan karir yang akan dipilih kelak.Aplikasilayananpenampatan dan penyaluran antara lain penempatan yang tepat didalam kelas, kelompok belajar, jurusan/program studi, program latihan, magang dan kegiatan ekstrakurikuler.Pelaksanaanlayananpenempatan dan penyalurandisudahterlaksanaakantetapibelum optimal, seperti layanan penempatan dan penyaluran siswa dalam kelas, kelompokbelajar, ekstrakulikuler dan penjurusan. Faktorpendukunglayananiniadalahkerjasama yang apikantara guru BK, walikelas dan guru bidangmatapelajaran.
PENGEMBANGAN KETERAMPILAN SOSIAL DAN KERJASAMA SISWA MELALUI LAYANAN BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING : PENDEKATAN COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (STUDI KASUS DI SMPIT ANNIDA)
Authors: Seprianto Seprianto , Kardina Nina 
Published: June 2024

Social skills and cooperation abilities are essential aspects in an individual's life. These skills not only help someone interact effectively with others but also play a significant role in personal and professional success. The research focused on relevant parties, including educators who influence students' social skills and cooperation. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis employed qualitative descriptive methods to clarify phenomena in society.
The research findings indicate that the CBT counseling process plays a crucial role in developing students' social skills and cooperation at SMPIT Annida. The steps involved in this process include initial evaluation, establishing therapeutic relationships, identifying negative thoughts, changing thought patterns, social skills learning, practical application, monitoring and evaluating progress, reinforcement, collaboration with teachers and parents, as well as follow-up and future planning. CBT at SMPIT Annida yielded supportive results for enhancing students' social skills and cooperation, such as skill improvement, mindset transformation, increased self-confidence, social relationships, and positive impact on the school environment. This study emphasizes the importance of social skills and cooperation in students' lives and their implications for CBT approaches in educational settings.
Keterampilan sosial dan kemampuan kerjasama merupakan aspek penting dalam kehidupan individu. Keterampilan ini tidak hanya membantu seseorang dalam berinteraksi dengan orang lain secara efektif, tetapi juga berperan penting dalam kesuksesan pribadi dan profesional. jek penelitian adalah pihak-pihak terkait, termasuk pendidik yang berpengaruh terhadap keterampilan sosial dan kerjasama siswa. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif untuk memperjelas fenomena di masyarakat.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses konseling CBT berperan penting dalam pengembangan keterampilan sosial dan kerjasama siswa di SMPIT Annida. Langkah-langkahnya meliputi evaluasi awal, pembentukan hubungan terapeutik, identifikasi pikiran negatif, pengubahan pola pikir, pembelajaran keterampilan sosial, penerapan praktik, pemantauan dan evaluasi progres, penguatan, kolaborasi dengan guru dan orang tua, serta tindak lanjut dan perencanaan masa depan. CBT di SMPIT Annida memberikan hasil yang mendukung pengembangan keterampilan sosial dan kerjasama siswa, termasuk peningkatan keterampilan, perubahan pola pikir, rasa percaya diri, hubungan sosial, dan dampak positif pada lingkungan sekolah. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya keterampilan sosial dan kerjasama dalam kehidupan siswa dan implikasinya dalam pendekatan CBT di lingkungan pendidikan.
Environmental ethics support for eco city construction
Authors: Zhou Guowen , Li Shuangshuang 
Published: June 2024

<p>The modern city based on the principle of anthropocentrism has caused many urban environmental problems, resulting in the contradiction between man and nature gradually developing into a state of binary opposition, and promoting the urban ecosystem to be on the verge of danger. On the basis of deep reflection on modern urban environmental problems, eco city construction came into being and developed rapidly. Eco city is an urban development model to solve the current urban environmental crisis and realize the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and man, man and societyeco city has internal consistency with environmental ethics, which contains the environmental ethics of non anthropocentrism, sustainable development and environmental justice, environmental ethics guides the construction of ecological city and is an important support for the construction of ecological city. First of all, environmental ethical values such as environmental ethical values, environmental ethical codes of ethics and environmental ethical beliefs provide theoretical support for the construction of ecological citysecondly, environmental ethical practices such as ecological ethical culture, ecological moral education, low-carbon economic model and ecological ethical legal system provide practical support for the construction of ecological cities.</p>
Digital Platforms as Second-Order Lead Firms: Beyond the Industrial/Digital Divide in Regulating Value Chains
Authors: Hendrik Eller Klaas , Viljanen Mika , Sobel-Read Kevin B. , Salminen Jaakko 
Published: June 2024

Major parts of global trade in commodities and services are shifting to digital platforms. Yet, current regulatory debates surrounding global value chains (GVCs) and digital platforms are mostly siloed from each other. They share however the challenge of adjusting regulation to a novel mode of economic organization that breaks with our established cognitive frames in both law and economics. By consequence, we contend that both debates should be read in an interlinked manner – overcoming the industrial/digital divide. Digital platform operators should be understood as a ‘second-order lead firm’. To illustrate this, we assess the compatibility of the platform economy with the reigning model of GVC capitalism and its regulatory underpinnings. The imaginary of the platform as an intermediary separate from its users is pervasive in economic and legal thought. As a result, platforms are not explicitly targeted by GVC regulation focused on sustainability or security of supply. Neither do regulatory proposals focused on the interface between users and platforms, such as the EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA) and the Digital Services Act (DSA), address the radical effects of platforms on deeper tiers of production. To counter the legal arbitrage offered by digital platforms, we draw on recent GVC regulation and private law doctrine and contend that platform operators should conduct due diligence vis-à-vis the value chains intersecting on their platforms. Foundations exist to broaden conceptualizations of ‘lead firm’ and ‘value chain’ to cover ‘second-order lead firms’ and the value chains of their users, even if extra-territorial platforms pose a unique problem.
L’impossibilité d’exercer un droit. Pour une évolution du droit belge de la force majeure à la lumière des droits français et néerlandais
Authors: Van Zuylen Jean 
Published: June 2024

In Belgian and French law, force majeure traditionally refers to an obstacle, subsequent to the conclusion of the contract, which makes it impossible for the debtor to perform his obligation, without this non-performance being attributable to him. However, it is necessary to examine whether this ground can be invoked when the impossibility applies not to the debtor’s obligation but to the creditor’s right. The article thus analyses to what extent a creditor can rely on force majeure when he is prevented (for example, because of illness) from benefiting from the performance due to him. Based on a decision of the French Court of Cassation of 25 November 2020, which has been commented on extensively, the author first explains the position of legal scholars and case law – both Belgian and French – on the question of whether a creditor can invoke force majeure when he is unable to exercise a right, and points out that the solutions are inconsistent or, at the very least, marked by hesitation. The author then shows that certain situations in which the creditor cannot benefit from the promised performance can in fact be linked to the traditional definition of force majeure. Thus, the creditor who is prevented from exercising his right can be released from his obligation to pay, sometimes because another – non-monetary – obligation can be identified for him, and sometimes because of the application of the risk theory. Nevertheless, he points out that the classical approach – in terms of the impossibility of performance of an obligation – is hardly satisfactory for solving all cases of impossibility of exercising a right, and that it sometimes has artificial sides. Thirdly, the study of Dutch law, including the notions of schuldeisersverzuim (mora creditoris) and schuldeisersovermacht (‘creditor’s force majeure’), suggests that situations of impossibility to exercise a right should be approached more in terms of a ‘sphere of risks’. Finally, the author examines to what extent the lessons learned from the analysis of Dutch law can be transposed to Belgian law. He proposes certain evolutions of the theoretical framework of force majeure, which would make it possible to provide a more appropriate response to the hypotheses of impossibility to exercise a right.
AI as a Tool to Manage Contracts Consequences and Challenges in Applying Legal Tech to Contracts Management
Authors: Martinelli Silvia 
Published: June 2024

The article analyses the consequences and challenges of new technologies’ application to contracts. The change occurring in the application of AI and, broadly, automation systems to contracts affects the creation of the contract, the professionals involved, the market, regulations, and regulatory systems, as well as contract law. Two main consequences of this change. The first one is the application to the legal sector and to the contract of a larger phenomenon: the servitization or productification/mercification of professional performance. The second disruptive factor introduced by these technologies, less underlined, is the possibility to use data to manage, conclude and analyse contracts. Contracts are no longer represented by paper documents. The contract is moving from document to data, represented as a set of fluid information and it can be organized and managed by technology for the efficient (and peaceful) relationship of the parties. The paper describes this contract revolution analysing: (1) the effects on the legal products, legal market, and legal professionals; (2) the role of the legal tech company as a new intermediary; (3) compliance and regtech new possibilities; (4) applications to asymmetries and clauses evaluation.
Artificial Intelligence and Contractual Liability Limitations: A Natural Combination?
Authors: Herbosch Maarten , Claes Hannes 
Published: June 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are being used increasingly often in everyday contract performance. At the same time, this novel technology and its autonomy present some unique challenges for our traditional legal system. This is related to the fact that while these systems may usually provide excellent results, they are also prone to make manifest mistakes that no human being would make. In this contribution, we examine some of these challenges relating to the contractual liability for the use of AI systems. To this end, we distinguish between two potential ways AI systems may be implemented in a contract. First, the AI system may constitute (part of) the object of the contract itself. Second, an AI system may be used to perform an existing contractual obligation, that does not detail the use of such a system. Both of these types of AI system application lead to unique challenges relating to the contractual liability of the AI system provider or user. In this regard, it is essential to know the extent to which liability may be contractually limited or excluded. The two identified functions AI systems may perform regarding the contract also turn out to be essential in this regard. Put briefly, while liability limitations regarding occasional, abhorrent mistakes appear to be generally permissible when the AI system is the object of the contract itself, they appear to be unacceptable when the AI system is used to perform an existing contractual obligation that is determined without reference to the use of such a system.
ECJ Encroachment on Domestic Judicial Autonomy? - An evaluation of ECJ value-operationalizing case law in Juízes Portugueses and subsequent cases
Authors: Riedl Benedikt 
Published: June 2024

Since the 2018 Juízes Portugueses judgment, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has developed a line of case law based on Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) in conjunction with Article 19(1)(2) TEU. These two Articles list the values on which the EU is founded and describe the task and structure of European jurisdiction and the ECJ’s obligation to uphold the law within the framework of the Union Treaties. This new approach, identified as value-operationalizing, enables the ECJ to derive requirements for the independence of national judges from Article 2 TEU in conjunction with Article 19 TEU. The value of the rule of law in Article 2 TEU is thus ‘brought to life’ or ‘operationalized’ in the context of Article 19 TEU. Specific commitments under EU law for the national court organization, a core area of Member States’ competence, now arisen from the value clause of Article 2 TEU. It has been claimed that the ECJ has become the saviour of the rule of law in Member States such as Poland and Hungary. This article aims to investigate the following paradox lying within this case law: the ECJ is attempting to save national judicial independence, yet in doing so it is arguably exceeding its own mandate and acting ultra vires. Thus, paradoxically, the ECJ is encroaching on Member States’ judicial autonomy and undermining its own judicial authority. The article assesses why the wording, systematics and fundamental principles of EU law are violated, using doctrinal analysis and an evaluation of the ECJ’s value-operationalizing case law from the perspective of ultra vires theory. It concludes that establishing common values should be a joint effort. Therefore, the ECJ should not be a quasi-legislator; it should cooperate with national constitutional courts in a reverse preliminary ruling procedure.
Article: Recent Korean Case Law on a Back-to-Back Letter of Credit
Authors: Man Kim Sang 
Published: June 2024

divA letter of credit is one of the primary payment methods in international trades. A letter of credit by its nature is separate from the underlying contract under which it is issued, which promote the utility of letters of credit in international trades. A letter of credit can be categorized into different types, one of which is master letter of credit and back-to-back letter of credit. When an exporter (or a trader) uses a letter of credit issued in his favour as a means by which to request his bank (usually an advising bank) to issue a separate letter of credit on his behalf in favour of the local supplier (or a real exporter), the former letter of credit is referred to as a master letter of credit, while the latter letter of credit is referred to as a ‘back-to-back letter of credit’ because the bank issues a ‘back-to-back letter of credit’ on ‘the back of’ a master letter of credit. A back-to-back letter of credit is relatively rare, and is thus not much introduced to the traders. /divdivIn FIM Bank v. Woori Bank and Kwangju Bank (2017), the Supreme Court of Korea ruled on various issues (i.e., governing law, definition of negotiation, requirements of negotiating bank, independence principle and fraud exception, presenting bank and fraud exception, etc.), including the concept of a back-to back letter of credit, arising out of letters of credit transaction involving back-to-back letters of credit. This paper analyses the court’s findings on and deals primarily with various issues concerning a letter of credit transaction involving a back-to back letter of credit./div
Positioning African Maritime Services as Key Enablers of the Emerging Single African Market
Authors: Chaytor Beatrice , Ogo Ify 
Published: June 2024

Africa has enormous untapped potential in the maritime and logistics services sector. This provides the continent with the ability to take advantage of the opportunities presented by the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) to develop the sector through an ecosystem approach to facilitate intra-Africa trade and socio-economic development. With one-third of African countries being landlocked and a few island states, maritime transport is a key determinant of Africa’s trade competitiveness, enabling effective access to shipping services and port networks. Maritime trade in Africa is currently shaped by the continent’s concentration on commodities and limited diversification. To position the maritime sector as a key enabler of intra–African trade, AfCFTA States must offer maritime services commitments, and conclude comprehensive regulatory frameworks in maritime services that allow industry development. This will spur growth in economic activities, create jobs and increase trade in manufactures and agribusiness. It will also enable the continent to further industrialise and develop its promised regional value chains (RVCs). Delivering on this promise means Africa must also address challenges including port infrastructure and connectivity, sustainability issues, ship ownership and registration, access by landlocked states, and digitalization. National policy and regulatory alignment with sector commitments would complete the picture.
Mental Health, Psychosocial Risks, and the Right to Digital Disconnection from Work: The Role of Collective Bargaining with a Focus on Spanish Social Dialogue
Authors: Trujillo Pons Francisco , Fernández Diego Megino 
Published: June 2024

The right to digital disconnection from work refers to the right of employees not to receive or reply to work-related emails, calls or messages outside of normal working hours. Advances in technology and mobile devices enable employees in an increasing number of occupations to work anywhere, anytime. While this flexible approach to work has its benefits, it also carries the risk of eroding the barriers between work and private life. A further issue is the potential negative impact on the mental health of employees. For this reason, and due to the increase in connectivity and teleworking due to COVID-19, various political and social institutions, concerned about mental health in the digital world of work, are addressing the regulation of the right to disconnection. In particular, the proposal for a Directive by the European Parliament on the right to digital disconnection [2019/2181(INL)] is intended to encourage national legislators to safeguard the right of workers to digital disconnection. In connection with this proposal, even in those countries that have adopted a specific regulation on this matter, the social partners are called on to play a leading role to deal with the psychosocial risks arising from the permanent connection to work. In Spain, although this right is laid down in Organic Law 3/2018 (on the protection of personal data and digital rights), the protection granted to workers seems insufficient. For this reason, particular attention should be paid to initiatives such as the Fifth Agreement on Employment and Collective Bargaining (V AECB), that includes a specific chapter on the right to digital disconnection.
ASPECTOS INFERENCIAIS SOBRE A PRIMEIRA ONDA DA PANDEMIA DE COVID NO BRASIL: UMA ANÁLISE DE SOBREVIDA
Authors: Hoffmann-Santos Hugo Dias , Montanha Solange de Morais , Silva Ageo Mário Cândido da , Silvestre Grasiela Cristina Silva Botelho , Ferreira Alexsander Pippus , Sogiro Graziela Schroeder , Bezerra Gustavo Palaro Albano , Montanha Luana Honda 
Published: June 2024

Introdução: A COVID-19 é uma doença causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, apresenta sintomas relacionados à síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS), que apresentou um crescimento exponencial e disseminada para o mundo, sendo declarada como pandemia no ano de 2020. Objetivo: Estimar os fatores preditivos de sobrevida em indivíduos com COVID-19 no Brasil. Métodos: Uma coorte retrospectiva realizada com casos de COVID-19 do sistema de vigilância de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) do DATASUS entre os dias de 02 de março e 30 de junho de 2020. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo software Stata v. 13.0, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A amostra foi de 6.150 sendo o risco de óbito maior acima de 60 anos, com menor escolaridade, residente na zona rural, com doenças neurológicas ou hipertensão arterial concomitantes, com saturação de O2 menor que 95%, com uso de UTI, uso de suporte ventilatório e hospitalização com menos de 5 dias após início dos sintomas. Conclusão: Os dados deste estudo poderão contribuir para uma melhora dos serviços de saúde, abrangendo a vigilância em saúde, gestão/planejamento dos serviços dos pacientes portadores da COVID-19.
Modelling Past Tsunamis in European Waters
Authors: Periañez Raúl , Abril José María , Cortés Carmen 
Published: June 2024

A research model to simulate the propagation of tsunamis caused by diﬀerent mechanisms was developed in this paper. These mechanisms are submarine earthquakes, landslides and collapse of volcano calderas. The model is based upon the non-linear shallow-water hydrodynamic equations with horizontal viscosity and friction with the seabed. It also includes a ﬂooding/drying algorithm. This model was tested by applying it to several past tsunamis and comparisons of results with available data and/or other models. The objective of this paper is to present a summary on the application of the model to historical tsunamis occurred in European waters: Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Caspian Sea. Additionally, two application examples on how the research model can be used to confront diﬀerent candidate tsunami sources and to discard scenarios of catastrophic ﬂoodings initially attributed to tsunamis presented: the Santorini tsunami sequence and the ﬂooding of the Gulf of Tartessos in SW Spain.