bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Igneous Rocks
Authors: Doe Bruce R. 
Published: October 2011

“Igneous Rocks was written for undergraduate geology majors who have had a year of college‐level chemistry and a course in mineralogy … and for beginning graduate students. Geologists working in industry, government, or academia should find this text useful as a guide to the technical literature up to 1981 and as an overview of topics with which they have not worked but which may have unanticipated pertinence to their own projects.” So starts the preface to this textbook.As one who works part time in research on igneous rocks, especially as they relate to mineral deposits, I have been looking for such a book with this avowed purpose in a field that has a choking richness of evolving terminology and a bewildering volume of interdisciplinary literature. In addition to the standard topics of igneous petrology, the book contains a chapter on the role of igneous activity in the genesis of mineral deposits, its value to geothermal energy, and the potential of igneous rocks as an environment for nuclear waste disposal. These topics are presented rather apologetically in the preface, but the author is to be applauded for including this chapter. The apology shows just how new these interests are to petrology. Recognition is finally coming that, for example, mineral deposits are not “sports of nature,” a view held even by many economic geologists as recently as the early 1960's; instead they are perfectly ordinary geochemical features formed by perfectly ordinary geologic processes. In fact, the mineral deposits and their attendant alteration zones probably have as much to tell us about igneous rocks as the igneous rocks have to tell us about mineral deposits.
Survey of foreign graduate students
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

In the 1983 American Institute of Physics (AIP) Graduate Student Survey, the issue of foreign versus national students in U.S. graduate programs was explored. In the past decade, the number of entering graduate students from foreign nations in American universities has risen from about 600 to about 1100, an increase from 23% in 1973 to 40% in 1983 of all entering physics graduate students in the United States. There are more than 10,000 graduate students in physics in the United StatesThe benefits, or lack thereof, of having foreign graduate students raises a number of philosophical points. Like all students, foreign students learn from academic programs; but at high competitive levels, they contribute as well. The essence of growth in any academic program is described by the creativity supplied by ever incoming students. In an academically competitive system the question of foreign students displacing U.S. students in graduate programs has no definition. On the other hand, what about the graduate job market after graduation? Some would point to the return of foreign graduates to their homeland as an example of U.S. education efforts not benefitting U.S. society, at least directly. Others worry about foreign graduates flooding the U.S. job market.
Computer proposals
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

To expand the research community's access to supercomputers, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has begun a program to match researchers who require the capabilities of a supercomputer with those facilities that have such computer resources available.Recent studies on computer needs in scientific and engineering research underscore the need for greater access to supercomputers (Eos, July 6, 1982, p. 562), especially those categorized as “Class VI” machines. Complex computer models for research on astronomy, the oceans, and the atmosphere often require such capabilities. In addition, similar needs are emerging in the earth sciences: A Union session at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco this week will focus on the research computing needs of the geosciences. A Class VI supercomputer has a memory capacity of at least 1 megaword, a speed of upwards of 100 MFLOPS (million floating point operations per second), and both scalar and vector registers in the CPU (central processing unit). Examples of Class VI machines are the CRAY‐1 and the CYBER 205. The high costs o f these machines, the most powerful ones available, preclude most research facilities from owning one.
AGU Legislative Guide available
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A guide to help AGU members communicate with legislators and government agency officials is available free of charge from AGU headquarters. The guide is based on the premise that input from the scientific community assists government to make decisions based on the latest factual information available.AGU's Guide to Legislative Information and Contacts was developed by AGU's Committee on Public Affairs and is based largely on a publication of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The guide briefly outlines the key steps in the legislative process and lists sources of information on legislation. The booklet also provides guidelines for corresponding with legislators a n d for providing scientific testimony to Congress. It also delineates some o f the constraints under which AGU must operate when undertaking legislative activities.
Ground‐based optical aeronomy
Authors: Broadfoot A. Lyle 
Published: October 2011

The direction of scientific research in ground‐based optical aeronomy in the 1980's was the subject of an August 1–4, 1983, workshop under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. Held at Utah State University with 60 scientists, the workshop reviewed the scientific problems and discussed the ground‐based optical facilities required to attain the scientific objectives over the next solar cycle. The need for a coordinated research program for future progress was identified.The first 2 days of the workshop provided a review of ongoing individual research projects and gave the attendees a good idea of the overall scope of the North American optical aeronomy research program. These reviews demonstrated that the research efforts could be separated into three main scientific topics: airglow and auroral physics, atmospheric dynamics, and space plasma physics. Each of these research areas uses, as a primary research tool, a different observational technique, such as spectrometers, interferometers, and monochromatic images.
Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants
Authors: Malet L. M. 
Published: October 2011

Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants, containing the proceedings of a colloquium held at Oberursel/Taunus, FRG, November 9–11, 1981, is divided into three main parts: dry deposition; wet deposition; and deposition on plants and vegetation.The 20 articles in the volume permit a fair survey of present‐day knowledge and will be a useful tool to all working on the topic. Pollution by deposition of either the dry or wet sort is very insidious; its importance only appears in the long range, when its effects are or are almost irreversible. That is why concern was so long in emerging from decision makers.
Actions at Hamburg
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

OfficersPresident: W. Krauss (FRG); Vice Presidents: J. J. O'Brien (USA), T. Teramoto (Japan); Secretary General: Eugene C. LaFond (USA); Deputy Secretary General: J. Gieskes (USA); Members: G. B. Kullenberg (Denmark), A. Morel (France), S. Krishnaswami (India), A. S. Sarkisyan (USSR).
Academic science and NASA
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The fiscal 1984 budget of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contains some pleasant surprises. The new budget reflects, in some areas, a welcome change from the recent emphasis toward earth‐orbiting of space missions of limited scientific content. (For the overall fiscal 1984 NASA budget, see Eos, October 4, 1983, p. 577.)The July 1983 NASA in‐house study‐group report titled “The Universities and NASA Space Sciences” emphasizes that the past decade's decreasing budgets have resulted in a severe lessening of university capabilities in space science. Smaller budgets have meant significantly fewer start‐ups of space missions with scientific emphasis. Meanwhile, data analysis from continuing and completed missions has not been well funded.
Remote sensing in hydrology
Authors: Johnson A. Ivan 
Published: October 2011

A 6‐day symposium on Hydrological Applications of Remote Sensing and Remote Data Transmission was held August 18–25 at the General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in Hamburg. Authors from 22 countries were represented by the program, which covered descriptions of instrumentation and applications of remote data transmission and applications of many different remote sensing techniques, with sessions on precipitation, snow and ice, surface water, water planning/management, and soil moisture/ground water/wet lands. The symposium was cosponsored by WMO, UNESCO, IAH, and ISPRS.The opening day covered existing and future satellite systems in order to identify the basic facilities which will be available in the next decade or two for hydrological purposes. It covered both the space and ground segments of the satellite systems.
Venus
Authors: Lanzerotti Louis J. 
Published: October 2011

It was a scant few decades ago that Venus was commonly thought to be a companion planet to the earth, probably capable of supporting life in a rainy, carboniferous, swampy environment. While numerous speculations of the possible existence of various life forms were rife, the obscuration of the planet's surface by its cloud layers prevented more “detailed” interpretations of Venus such as those Lowell and others were able to make for Mars, where surface markings were easily distinguishable by telescope.Venus is now known to have as diverse a set of characteristics and to be as unique in its own right as any of the nine known planets in the solar system. Although scientists search for underlying principles by which to describe and ultimately to understand nature, it is abundantly clear now that each of the solar system planets, including Venus, has a significant number of unique characteristics which distinguish one from the other. Some of these characteristics may be only incidental to planetary evolution, but we are not absolutely confident as yet which are central to fundamental understanding and which can be ignored (is the unique existence of life on earth central or only incidental to this planet's evolution?).
Dispersion in groundwater
Authors: Molz Fred L. 
Published: October 2011

On June 1, 1983, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Auburn University agreed on a joint project to study how pollutants spread in groundwater. This project is part of a large, ongoing, groundwater research program administered by EPA's Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory located in Ada, Oklahoma. At Auburn University the contract is administered by the Water Resources Institute.The research is entitled “Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Contaminant Dispersion in Groundwater.” Much of the planned work will center around the performance of a large field experiment at Auburn University's Mobile Field Test Facility. This facility was established over the past decade and now contains 40 water supply, injection, and observation wells. The Mobile site has been in operation since 1975 and the work performed there, related to thermal energy storage in aquifers, is well known.
Sedimentation‐related meetings
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The sedimentation committee would like to provide information on several meetings that took place in October 1983.The second annual meeting of the American Geomorphological Field Group was organized by S. Wells and T. Gardner and held in Chaco Canyon, N. Mex., October 7–10. Field excursions included visits to instrumented watersheds in badland areas, examination of the Quaternary history of Chaco Canyon, and investigation of fluvial problems associated with uranium mine tailings disposal and coal reclamation.
In Congress NOAA budget set
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

In late November, President Ronald Reagan signed into law the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) budget, which is part of the appropriations bill for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary, and related agencies; at the same time, he also signed into law an amendment attached to that bill that prohibits the sale of the weather satellites (Eos, May 17, 1983, p. 377, and March 22, 1983, p. 113). Commercialization of the land remote sensing satellite system is still being considered, however.As a result of the conference between the House of Representatives and the Senate appropriations committees, the appropriation for NOAA totals $1020.6 million, with a program level of $1073.1 million. The appropriation is the money that comes from the federal treasury; the program level represents all of the funds—including treasury funds, transfers, residuals, etc.—actually available for the program. Strictly in terms of dollars, the total fiscal 1984 NOAA appropriation is almost level with the fiscal 1983 appropriation of $1000.9 million. In fiscal 1984, NOAA's research core, called Operations, Research, and Facilities (ORF), receives an appropriation of $988.2 million, with a program level of $1014.8 million
December streamflow
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The high streamflows of recent months in the West eased somewhat during December, but streamflows increased in much of the eastern United States, setting many record or near record high flows in several states, according to the monthly check on national water resources conditions by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).USGS hydrologists said that record or near record high average streamflows for the month were set at 36 stations in 24 states from Georgia to Alaska. In contrast to the many historic high flows, reports of low streamflows were isolated and unusual, with most low flows occurring between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and in the Pacific Northwest (see map, courtesy USGS).
Coastal mining
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) declared by President Reagan in March 1983 has met with a mixed response from those who would benefit from a guaranteed, 200‐nautical‐mile (370‐km) protected underwater mining zone off the coasts of the United States and its possessions. On the one hand, the U.S. Department of the Interior is looking ahead and has been very successful in safeguarding important natural resources that will be needed in the coming decades. On the other hand, the mining industry is faced with a depressed metals and mining market.A report of the Exclusive Economic Zone Symposium held in November 1983 by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Mineral Management Service, and the Bureau of Mines described the mixed response as: “ … The Department of Interior … raring to go into promotion of deep‐seal mining but industrial consortia being very pessimistic about the program, at least for the next 30 or so years.” (Chemical & Engineering News, February 5, 1983).
John M. Wilcox 1925”1983
Authors: Roberts Walter Orr , Schatten Kenneth Howard 
Published: October 2011

John Marsh Wilcox, Director of the Stanford Solar Observatory, died while swimming in surf in the Sea of Cortez near Puerto Penasco, Mexico, on October 14, 1983. He was 58 years old.A solar physicist specializing in the study of magnetic fields at the solar surface and in the interplanetary medium, Wilcox authored or coauthored over 100 scientific publications. Over the past decade, working with various associates, Wilcox found that there is a yet unexplained connection between the sector boundaries of the interplanetary magnetic field and the areas of strong vorticity in the circulation of the earth's atmosphere at the lower boundary of the stratosphere. The effect, though small and of changeable magnitude, is of great theoretical interest.
IRAS: Taking inventory
Authors: Reichhardt Tony 
Published: October 2011

Even though its active life has ended, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) continues to make new discoveries as scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., pore over data from the orbiting satellite's year‐long survey of the infrared universe. IRAS ran out of the cryogenic fluid that kept its telescope and detectors cold enough for sensitive, infrared observations last November, thus ending the survey phase of the international project. Now begins the detailed study of IRAS data and the preparation of maps and catalogues of all infrared sources found by the satellite for distribution to the scientific community.Among the discoveries already credited to IRAS are a ring of solid particles, possibly an evolving solar system, around the bright star Vega; six previously unknown comets; three narrow rings of dust lying within the plane of the solar system that may be the remains of asteroid or comet collisions; a small body designated 1983 TB that appears to be the burned‐out cometary source of the annual Geminid meteor shower, and which passes closer to the sun at its perihelion than any planet or known asteroid; and many new and fascinating stellar and galactic sources.
Congress reconvenes
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Bills on geophysics‐related topics are among the items facing legislators as they reconvene this week for the second session of the 98th Congress. A status report on some of those bills appears in this issue in the new “Legislative Update” column, which will be published regularly in Eos to keep readers abreast of pending legislation relevant to geophysics.Pertinent issues for the coming session include education, trade, and some environmental laws. Education, which promises to be a campaign issue in this election year, most recently became a topic of national attention in late spring 1982 (Eos, June 15, 1982, p. 538). Since then, numerous bills have been introduced in Congress to allocate more funds to precollege science and mathematics education. One such bill is the Emergency Mathematics and Science Education Act(H.R. 1310).
Actions at Hamburg: International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Reproduced below is a resolution adopted by IAMAP during the 18th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in Hamburg, August 15–27, 1983. Other resolutions adopted by IAMAP at Hamburg were adopted by IUGG and reproduced in Eos, October 4, 1983.The resolutions passed at each quadrennial general assembly of IUGG and o f its member associations are an important barometer of current opinion in the geophysics community and can be a powerful tool in the development of the scientific programs to which they are addressed. The resolutions will help advance programs, however, only if they are used. Carried back home by the national committees which make up the IUGG, the resolutions can spread information worldwide on programs that promise to most effectively advance geophysical knowledge. IUGG and its member associations intend that member groups will present the resolutions before deliberative bodies and otherwise use them to make decision makers aware of international scientific thought.
Geophysics and overall science strong in FY 1985 budget
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A Mars mission, a new research thrust on the continental lithosphere, increased efforts in digital cartography, and construction of a Very Long Baseline Array radio telescope top the list of highlights for geophysics‐related research in the proposed fiscal 1985 federal budget that President Ronald Reagan sent to Congress earlier this month.Science in general fared well in this fourth Reagan budget. Research and development support would grow 14% to $53 billion ($51.8 billion would go to conduct of R&D, while $1.3 billion would be allocated to R&D facilities). With a projected inflation rate of about 4%, this increase would provide real growth of 10% over fiscal 1984 levels. The largest increase for R&D, 22%, would support defense modernization. Figure 1 compares nondefense federal R&D obligations since 1978 in constant 1983 dollars, while Table 1 compares conduct of R&D by major departments and agencies.
Gravity theory test planned
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has decided to proceed with one of the most sophisticated attempts yet to test Einstein's gravitational theory. The proposed Gravity Probe B instrumented spacecraft program has been included in the agency's Fiscal Year 1985 budget request, but only after considerable in‐depth evaluation, both scientific and financial. Budgeted at $1.8 million for study in fiscal year 1984, it has been proposed at $ 3–5 million in fiscal year 1985 under the Physics and Astronomy Research and Analysis section of NASA's budget.The idea of Gravity Probe B is to test the general theory of relativity by examining in fine detail changes of the precision parameters of an earth orbiting gyroscope (Science, 223, 30, 1984). The gyroscope will be a cryogenically cooled, highly sensitive instrument specifically designed for the measurements. The engineering concepts have been under development for decades, and although the effects being sought are subtle, the experiment is considered to be within the realm of feasibility.
Data harmonization and model performance
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Joint Committee on Urban Storm Drainage of the International Association for Hydraulic Research (IAHR) and International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control (IAWPRC) was formed in 1982. The current committee members are (no more than two from a country): B. C. Yen, Chairman (USA); P. Harremoes, Vice Chairman (Denmark); R. K. Price, Secretary (UK); P. J. Colyer (UK), M. Desbordes (France), W. C. Huber (USA), K. Krauth (FRG), A. Sjoberg (Sweden), and T. Sueishi (Japan).The IAHR/IAWPRC Joint Committee is forming a Task Group on Data Harmonization and Model Performance. One objective is to promote international urban drainage data harmonization for easy data and information exchange. Another objective is to publicize available models and data internationally. Comments and suggestions concerning the formation and charge of the Task Group are welcome and should be sent to: B. C. Yen, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Illinois, 208 N. Romine St., Urbana, IL 61801.
Orinoco and Amazon
Authors: Prestegaard Karen L. 
Published: October 2011

Although much of the research being done on these rivers is still in its early stages, the misprint in the 1983 AGU Fall Meeting abstracts issue of Eos (November 8, 1983, p. 697) appears to be correct: These rivers are topical as well as tropical. The series of papers by Meade, Nordin, Dunne, and Mertes provided some interesting observations (for example, the rivers exhibited complicated longitudinal variations in sediment storage).R. F. Stollard presented an excellent paper on mixing in large tropical rivers. The Orinoco and Amazon Rivers have fairly low sinuosities, and high width/depth ratios. These characteristics might be responsible for the observations made by Hilerio and Stallard that the tributary water chemistry is not mixed across the main channel for distances of several hundred kilometers.