bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La question de l'animal politique : une mise en dialogue entre Aristote et Épicure
Authors: Ranger Jean-Philippe 
Published: April 2009

Résumé.Dans ce texte, je mets en parallèle l'anthropologie politique d'Aristote et d'Épicure, pour repenser l'opposition moderne entre le communautarisme et la théorie du contrat social. J'établis un dialogue entre ces deux penseurs pour défendre la thèse selon laquelle pour Épicure, l'appartenance à une communauté politique est essentielle au bonheur. En premier lieu je montre que selon Aristote et Épicure, les êtres humains possèdent une capacité politique, car ils sont capables de partager une conception commune de la justice communiquée par le langage. En second lieu, en faisant ressortir le sens aristotélicien de ce qu'est quelque chose «par nature», je montre que l'être humain est aussi, sous l'horizon épicurien, par nature un animal politique.Abstract.In this text, I confront Aristotle and Epicurus' political anthropology to rethink the modern opposition between communitarian and social contract theories. Contrary to the secondary literature that opposes Aristotle and Epicurus according to the nature-convention controversy, I establish a dialogue between them to show that according to Epicurus, being part of a political community is essential to happiness. First, I show that according to Aristotle and Epicurus, human beings possess a political capacity in that they can share a conception of justice communicated through language. Second, by analysing the Aristotelian meaning of what something is “by nature”, I show that human beings are also, according to Epicurus, by nature political animals.
Bad Rap for a Neck Scarf?
Authors: Swedenburg Ted 
Published: April 2009

Do purple designer kufiyas spell the end of Palestine solidarity?Kufiyas, especially multicolored ones, started becoming fashionable U.S. urban hipster wear around 2005. They are so trendy, in fact, that W's Meggan Crum called the restyled kufiya featured in French designer Nicholas Ghesquière's fall 2007 Balenciaga fashion line, and worn by Brazilian supermodel Flavia de Oliveira, one of “Fall 2007's Top Ten Accessories.” Meanwhile, over the last couple of years, kufiyas of all colors have been spotted on such celebrities as Mary-Kate Olsen, Kirsten Dunst, Cameron Diaz, Colin Farrell, David Beckham, Justin Timberlake, and even John McCain's daughter Meghan. In spring 2007, Urban Outfitters marketed the kufiya, in several colors, as an “anti-war woven scarf” until protests prompted the cancellation of the line—but not the sale of the item. It is available in the winter 2008 catalog, described now as a “houndstooth scarf.”
Prevalence of sheep infected with classical scrapie in Great Britain, 1993–2007
Authors: GUBBINS S. , McINTYRE K. M. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYExtensive surveillance for classical scrapie has been carried out in Great Britain since 1993, the results of which can be used for monitoring the effect of control measures introduced since 2001. A back-calculation approach was used to estimate the prevalence of sheep infected with classical scrapie, which integrates data on reported clinical cases (1993–2007) and the results of fallen stock and abattoir surveys (2002–2007). The prevalence of classical scrapie in GB was fairly constant until 2003, although the estimates depended on assumptions made about the performance of diagnostic tests used in the surveys. If infected animals could be detected in the final quarter of the incubation period, the estimated prevalence was 0·6–0·7%, while if they could be detected in the final half of the incubation period, it was 0·3–0·4%. Between 2003 and 2007 the prevalence declined by around 40%, and the magnitude of the reduction was independent of assumptions made about the diagnostic tests.
The epidemiology of necrotizing fasciitis including factors associated with death and amputation
Authors: DWORKIN M. S. , WESTERCAMP M. D. , PARK L. , McINTYRE A. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYThe high morbidity and mortality of necrotizing fasciitis (NF) supports the need for epidemiological studies to characterize the disease and identify patient factors associated with adverse outcomes. A multi-site medical record review of patients diagnosed with NF was performed (n=80, mortality 15%). Variables collected were hypothesized to have association with adverse outcomes from NF, and multivariable analysis was used to detect any such association in this population. Select factors associated with mortality included evidence of underlying conditions (P=0·002), advanced age (P=0·04), young age (P=0·03), and evidence of sepsis (P=0·006). Select factors associated with amputation included diabetes mellitus (P=0·006), evidence of underlying conditions (P=0·03), and cutaneous gangrene noted on admission (P=0·006). These findings demonstrate the important association of NF and extremes of age with mortality and morbidity and support the value of early suspicion with prompt diagnosis and treatment in order to prevent adverse outcomes since the associated risk factors are not immediately modifiable.
Outbreak of wound botulism in injecting drug users
Authors: SCHROETER M. , ALPERS K. , VAN TREECK U. , FRANK C. , ROSENKOETTER N. , SCHAUMANN R. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYBetween October and December 2005, 16 cases of wound botulism were notified to the health authorities of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. All patients were injecting drug users (IDU) and the epidemiological investigations suggested contaminated injection drugs as the most probable source of infection.Clostridium botulinumwas cultivated from clinical samples of six patients and molecular typing revealed that the different isolates were clonally identical. Two samples of heroin, one of them provided by a patient, were examined butC. botulinumcould not be isolated. This outbreak demonstrates that IDU are at risk for acquiring wound botulism by injecting contaminated drugs. A greater awareness of this disease is needed by physicians and a close cooperation between public health authorities, street workers, operators of sheltered injecting facilities, and medical centres focusing on IDU is essential to prevent and manage outbreaks in IDU in a timely manner.
School closure may be effective in reducing transmission of respiratory viruses in the community
Authors: HEYMANN A. D. , HOCH I. , VALINSKY L. , KOKIA E. , STEINBERG D. M. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYProposed measures to contain pandemic influenza include school closure, although the effectiveness of this has not been investigated. We examined the effect of a nationwide elementary school strike in Israel in 2000 on the incidence of influenza-like illness. In this historical observational study of 1·7 million members of a preferred provider organization, we analysed diagnoses from primary-care visits during the winter months in 1998–2002. We calculated the weekly ratio of influenza-like diagnoses to non-respiratory diagnoses, and fitted regression models for school-aged children, children's household members, and all other individuals aged >12 years. For each population the steepest drop in the ratio of influenza-like diagnoses to non-respiratory diagnoses occurred in the strike year 2 weeks after the start of the strike. The changes in the weekly ratio of influenza-like diagnoses to non-respiratory diagnoses were statistically significant (P=0·0074) for school children for the strike year compared to other years. A smaller decrease was also seen for the adults with no school-aged children in 1999 (P=0·037). The Chanukah holiday had a negative impact on the ratio for school-aged children in 1998, 1999 and 2001 (P=0·008, 0·006 and 0·045, respectively) and was statistically significant for both adult groups in 1999 and for adults with no school-aged children in 2001. School closure should be considered part of the containment strategy in an influenza pandemic.
Skin adhesive versus subcuticular suture for perineal skin repair after episiotomy – a randomized controlled trial
Authors: MOTA RAQUEL , COSTA FERNANDA , AMARAL ALEXANDRA , OLIVEIRA FÁTIMA , SANTOS CRISTINA COSTA , AYRES‐DE‐CAMPOS DIOGO 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective. Surgical repair of perineal lesions after delivery is frequently associated with pain and discomfort, interfering with the normal activities of the puerperium. The aim of this study was to compare perineal skin repair after episiotomy with adhesive glue versus a subcuticular suture, regarding the incidence of pain and wound complications. Study design. Randomized clinical trial. Setting. Tertiary care university hospital. Material and methods. One hundred women having mediolateral episiotomy at vaginal delivery were enrolled. They were randomized to receive skin adhesive (n = 53) or subcuticular suture (n = 47) for closure of perineal skin. The main outcome measure was self‐evaluated pain in the 30 days following delivery. Secondary outcome measures were technical difficulties reported with the procedure, duration of surgical repair, wound complications observed at 42–68 hours post‐partum and re‐initiation of sexual activity by 30 days post‐partum. Results. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in incidence of technical difficulties and failed procedures, pain during the procedure, wound complications at hospital discharge, self‐evaluated measures of pain at 7 and 30 days or re‐initiation of sexual activity by 30 days post‐partum. The skin adhesive group had a significantly shorter mean duration of the procedure (four minutes less). Conclusion. Perineal skin closure using adhesive glue is faster than subcuticular suture, and associated with a similar incidence of complications and pain in the first 30 days.
Maternal deaths in Denmark 2002–2006
Authors: BØDKER BIRGIT , HVIDMAN LONE , WEBER TOM , MØLLER MARGRETHE , AARRE ANNETTE , NIELSEN KAREN MARIE , SØRENSEN JETTE LED 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective. To describe a method for identification, classification and assessment of maternal deaths in Denmark and to identify substandard care. Design. Register study and case audit based on data from the Registers of the Danish Medical Health Board, death certificates and hospital records. Setting. Denmark 2002–2006. Population. Women who died during a pregnancy or within 42 days after a pregnancy. Methods. Maternal deaths were identified by notification from maternity wards and data from the Danish National Board of Health. A national audit committee assessed hospital records of direct and indirect deaths. Main outcome measures. Maternal mortality ratio, causes of death and suboptimal care. Results. In the study period, 26 women died during pregnancy or within 42 days from direct or indirect causes, leading to a maternal mortality ratio of 8.0/100,000 live births. Causes of death were cardiac disease, thromboembolism, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, Streptococcus A infections, suicide, amniotic fluid embolism, cerebrovascular hemorrhage, asthma and diabetes. Conclusion. Our method proved valid and can be used for future research. Causes of death could be identified and learning points from the assessments could form the basis of focused education and guidelines. Future complementary ‘near miss’ studies and cooperation with other countries with comparable health systems are expected to improve the benefits of the enquiries, contributing to improved management of life‐threatening conditions in pregnancy and childbirth.
Cone-beam computed tomography: A new method for imaging of the temporal bone
Authors: Peltonen L. I. , Aarnisalo A. A. , Käser Y. , Kortesniemi M. K. , Robinson S. , Suomalainen A. , Jero J. 
Published: April 2009

Background: Clinical cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), used in diagnostics of dental and maxillofacial radiology for almost 10 years, allows three-dimensional (3D) imaging of a focused area, with reasonable radiation dose. Purpose: To clarify the applicability of CBCT in imaging of the temporal bone. Material and Methods: We imaged cadaver temporal bones, one non-operated and five postmortem operated, with CBCT to evaluate the accuracy of this method in showing clinically important landmarks and the positions of middle-ear implants. In addition, to clarify the imaging protocols for the best possible result, we conducted a contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) analysis by imaging a specially built phantom insert with different protocols. Results: For all the temporal bones, image quality was good and of diagnostic value, and the surgical landmarks as well as positions and details of the implants could be accurately observed. Based on measurements conducted with the phantom, the best possible clarity of the images with the machine used (3D Accuitomo; Morita Co., Kyoto, Japan) was achieved with a tube voltage of 80 kVp and a current of 4 mA. Conclusion: Cone-beam CT is a promising new method for otologic imaging, based on its accuracy and relatively low radiation exposure per investigation.
Three-dimensional double-echo steady-state (3D-DESS) magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: Contrast optimization by adjusting flip angle
Authors: Moriya S. , Miki Y. , Yokobayashi T. , Ishikawa M. 
Published: April 2009

Background: The three-dimensional double-echo steady-state (3D-DESS) sequence is being used to investigate sequence parameters for the assessment of knee cartilage by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). With the flip angle (FA) values that are commonly used, contrast between cartilage and synovial fluid may be too low to delineate minor lesions of the cartilage surface. Purpose: To investigate the value of FA maximizing contrast between cartilage and synovial fluid using the 3D-DESS sequence. Material and Methods: In 10 healthy volunteers (five men, five women; age range 23–48 years), 3D-DESS imaging was performed to capture median sagittal sections of the knee by adjusting FA from 10° to 90°. Cartilage–synovial fluid contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was measured to determine the value of FA maximizing CNR. Water-excitation pulse was used to suppress fat signals. MRI was performed at 1.0T using a circular polarization flex coil. Results: Cartilage–synovial fluid CNR was highest with 90° FA, yielding images with good contrast between cartilage and synovial fluid. Conclusion: Simply by increasing FA to 90° in 3D-DESS imaging, the contrast between cartilage and synovial fluid increased substantially. Subtle cartilage lesions may thus be detectable using 3D-DESS sequences.
Evaluation of genome-wide association study results through development of ontology fingerprints
Authors: Tsoi Lam C. , Boehnke Michael , Klein Richard L. , Zheng W. Jim 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMotivation: Genome-wide association (GWA) studies may identify multiple variants that are associated with a disease or trait. To narrow down candidates for further validation, quantitatively assessing how identified genes relate to a phenotype of interest is important.Results: We describe an approach to characterize genes or biological concepts (phenotypes, pathways, diseases, etc.) by ontology fingerprint—the set of Gene Ontology (GO) terms that are overrepresented among the PubMed abstracts discussing the gene or biological concept together with the enrichment p-value of these terms generated from a hypergeometric enrichment test. We then quantify the relevance of genes to the trait from a GWA study by calculating similarity scores between their ontology fingerprints using enrichment p-values. We validate this approach by correctly identifying corresponding genes for biological pathways with a 90% average area under the ROC curve (AUC). We applied this approach to rank genes identified through a GWA study that are associated with the lipid concentrations in plasma as well as to prioritize genes within linkage disequilibrium (LD) block. We found that the genes with highest scores were: ABCA1, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and cholesterol ester transfer protein, plasma for high-density lipoprotein; low-density lipoprotein receptor, APOE and APOB for low-density lipoprotein; and LPL, APOA1 and APOB for triglyceride. In addition, we identified genes relevant to lipid metabolism from the literature even in cases where such knowledge was not reflected in current annotation of these genes. These results demonstrate that ontology fingerprints can be used effectively to prioritize genes from GWA studies for experimental validation.Contact: zhengw@musc.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Refining Surge Capacity: Conventional, Contingency, and Crisis Capacity
Authors: Hick John L. , Barbera Joseph A. , Kelen Gabor D. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTHealth care facility surge capacity has received significant planning attention recently, but there is no commonly accepted framework for detailed, phased surge capacity categorization and implementation. This article proposes a taxonomy within surge capacity of conventional capacity (implemented in major mass casualty incidents and representing care as usually provided at the institution), contingency capacity (using adaptations to medical care spaces, staffing constraints, and supply shortages without significant impact on delivered medical care), and crisis capacity (implemented in catastrophic situations with a significant impact on standard of care). Suggested measurements used to gauge a quantifiable component of surge capacity and adaptive strategies for staff and supply challenges are proposed. The use of refined definitions of surge capacity as it relates to space, staffing, and supply concerns during a mass casualty incident may aid phased implementation of surge capacity plans at health care facilities and enhance the consistency of terminology and data collection between facilities and regions. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3(Suppl 1):S59–S67)
Creation of Surge Capacity by Early Discharge of Hospitalized Patients at Low Risk for Untoward Events
Authors: Kelen Gabor D. , McCarthy Melissa L. , Kraus Chadd K. , Ding Ru , Hsu Edbert B. , Li Guohua , Shahan Judy B. , Scheulen James J. , Green Gary B. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTObjectives:US hospitals are expected to function without external aid for up to 96 hours during a disaster; however, concern exists that there is insufficient capacity in hospitals to absorb large numbers of acute casualties. The aim of the study was to determine the potential for creation of inpatient bed surge capacity from the early discharge (reverse triage) of hospital inpatients at low risk of untoward events for up to 96 hours.Methods:In a health system with 3 capacity-constrained hospitals that are representative of US facilities (academic, teaching affiliate, community), a variety (N = 50) of inpatient units were prospectively canvassed in rotation using a blocked randomized design for 19 weeks ending in February 2006. Intensive care units (ICUs), nurseries, and pediatric units were excluded. Assuming a disaster occurred on the day of enrollment, patients who did not require any (previously defined) critical intervention for 4 days were deemed suitable for early discharge.Results:Of 3491 patients, 44% did not require any critical intervention and were suitable for early discharge. Accounting for additional routine patient discharges, full use of staffed and unstaffed licensed beds, gross surge capacity was estimated at 77%, 95%, and 103% for the 3 hospitals. Factoring likely continuance of nonvictim emergency admissions, net surge capacity available for disaster victims was estimated at 66%, 71%, and 81%, respectively. Reverse triage made up the majority (50%, 55%, 59%) of surge beds. Most realized capacity was available within 24 to 48 hours.Conclusions:Hospital surge capacity for standard inpatient beds may be greater than previously believed. Reverse triage, if appropriately harnessed, can be a major contributor to surge capacity. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3(Suppl 1):S10–S16)
Higher‐level phylogenetics of linyphiid spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence
Authors: Arnedo Miquel A. , Hormiga Gustavo , Scharff Nikolaj 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study infers the higher‐level cladistic relationships of linyphiid spiders from five genes (mitochondrial CO1, 16S; nuclear 28S, 18S, histone H3) and morphological data. In total, the character matrix includes 47 taxa: 35 linyphiids representing the currently used subfamilies of Linyphiidae (Stemonyphantinae, Mynogleninae, Erigoninae, and Linyphiinae (Micronetini plus Linyphiini)) and 12 outgroup species representing nine araneoid families (Pimoidae, Theridiidae, Nesticidae, Synotaxidae, Cyatholipidae, Mysmenidae, Theridiosomatidae, Tetragnathidae, and Araneidae). The morphological characters include those used in recent studies of linyphiid phylogenetics, covering both genitalic and somatic morphology. Different sequence alignments and analytical methods produce different cladistic hypotheses. Lack of congruence among different analyses is, in part, due to the shifting placement ofLabulla,Pityohyphantes,Notholepthyphantes, andPocobletus. Almost all combined analyses agree on the monophyly of linyphioids, Pimoidae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae, Mynogleninae, as well asStemonyphantesas a basal lineage within Linyphiidae. Our results suggest independent origins of the desmitracheate tracheal system in micronetines and erigonines, and that erigonines were primitively haplotracheate. Cephalothoracic glandular specializations of erigonines and mynoglenines apparently evolved independently. Subocular sulci of mynoglenines and lateral sulci (e.g.Bathyphantes) evolved independently but glandular pores in the prosoma proliferated once. The contribution of different character partitions and their sensitivity to changes in traditional analytical parameters is explored and quantified. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
Interaction between superantigen and T‐cell receptor Vβ element determines levels of superantigen‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells in induction and effector phases
Authors: Li Zhong‐Juan , Omoe Katsuhiko , Shinagawa Kunihiro , Yagi Junji , Imanishi Ken’ichi 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTSpecific superantigens activate different T‐cell fractions with distinct TCR Vβ elements in association with MHC class II molecules and also induce SDCC against MHC class II+ target cells. In the present study, to determine whether the responsiveness of each CD8+ T‐cell fraction expressing a different TCR Vβ element is primarily determined by the TCR Vβ, we compared the levels of proliferation and SDCC in Vβ3+ and Vβ11+ T cells upon stimulation with SEA. Upon stimulation with SEAwt, the levels of proliferation were higher in Vβ3+ T cells than in Vβ11+ T cells. The levels of SDCC were also higher for the combination of Vβ3+ T cells and SEAwt than for the combination of Vβ11+ T cells and SEAwt during both the induction phase and the effector phase. In addition, upon stimulation with SEAm, the levels of proliferation were higher in Vβ11+ T cells than in Vβ3+ T cells. And then, the levels of SDCC were also higher for the combination of Vβ11+ T cells and SEAm than for the combination of Vβ3+ T cells and SEAm during both the induction phase and the effector phase. These results suggest that the SAG‐responsiveness of each CD8+ T‐cell fraction expressing a different TCR Vβ element is primarily determined by the interaction between the TCR Vβ element and the SAG.