bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL‐BASED TO COMMUNITY‐BASED DENTAL SERVICES
Authors: Spencer A. J. , Brown D. F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDiscontinuance in seeking dental care has been reported in the transition from school‐based to community‐based dental services at the beginning of adolescence. It has been speculated that users of school‐based dental services may develop an institutional orientation rather than a self‐reliance in seeking dental care. The present study investigated the transition from school‐based to community‐based dental services by adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old. The probability of having visited a dental provider in the previous 12 months was not associated with previous enrolment in school‐based dental services. Discontinuance in seeking dental care was best explained by socio‐demographic and dental system variables linked to use of community‐based dental services. The implications were that the solutions to discontinuance in seeking dental care lie with the identification of important factors in adolescents' use of community‐based dental services.
COSTING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA, BASED ON INCIDENCE RATHER THAN PREVALENCE METHODS
Authors: Goldstein G. , Reznik R. , Lapsley H. , Cass Y. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEstimating the economic costs of a disease is an important prerequisite to determining the costs and benefits of various preventive programs. For preventive programs, incidence‐based costing is a more appropriate means of estimation than is prevalence‐based costing. In this study the cost of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in New South Wales has been estimated using an incidence‐based approach. The calculated cost of AMI in 1979 was $301.0 million, made up of $32.3 million as direct costs and $268.7 million as indirect costs. In a sensitivity analysis, the cost was shown to be most sensitive to the incidence of AMI, the discount rate, and the assumption of a wage for housework. Both the direct costs and indirect costs per case are substantially higher in the United States than in Australia, and this reflects higher physician charges, higher hospital costs, and in the case of indirect costs, higher average weekly earnings.
MOTHERING DESKILLED? AUSTRALIAN CHILDREARING AND THE ‘EXPERTS’
Authors: Reiger Kerreen 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA redefinition of family relationships in increasingly psychological terms has been an important development in industrial capitalist societies since the nineteenth century. This paper explores the role of professional ‘experts’, especially doctors, psychologists, kindergarteners and the like, in changing patterns of childrearing and possibly increasing stress on parents. The implications for women have been considerable. As mothers, they have borne the brunt of the professionals' advice, but they have also entered the professions and formed lay groups concerned with particular aspects of childbearing and rearing. The paper discusses the theoretical significance of these developments in terms of understanding the role of the professional middle class in social change.
MEASURING OUTCOMES OF HEALTH SERVICES: A REVIEW OF SOME AVAILABLE MEASURES
Authors: Hall Jane , Masters Gregory 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThere are few comparative reviews to guide the choice of a health status measure. The appropriate measure in any study depends on the health outcome being considered. Outside of the context of a study the only criteria on which an instrument can be judged as ‘good’ or ‘poor’ are validity and reliability. Other characteristics which should be considered in choosing a measure of health status are: purpose; conceptual focus; operational approach; sensitivity; utility weighting; and amenability to quantitative manipulation.
STANDARDS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH: THE NATIONAL COMMUNITY HEALTH ACCREDITATION AND STANDARDS PROJECT
Authors: Fry Denise , King Lesley 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe National Community Health Accreditation and Standards Project (CHASP) has developed and tested a set of standards and a review process for community health that can be used in different States of Australia. The CHASP model was designed to provide an effective method of evaluation and quality assurance, that could assist in narrowing the gap between community health rhetoric and reality. The CHASP standards system and review process can be used as guidelines for relating goals to practice, as an evaluation method, to inform policy and as the instruments for a national accreditation system for community health. This paper describes the Project's goals, methods, fieldwork and conclusions.
WOMEN'S PERCEPTIONS OF FEMALE GENERAL PRACTITIONERS
Authors: Schlicht Susan M. , Dunt David R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA telephone survey of 250 women, selected at random from the Melbourne telephone directory, was conducted to ascertain perceptions about female general practitioners (GP) by female patients. The three most important factors in choosing a new GP were recommendation, distance and ease of obtaining an appointment. The sex of the GP was only an important factor for a small group of the respondents. The preference for a female doctor was higher if a gynaecological examination or discussion of emotional/personal problems were involved. A majority of respondents perceived no difference in a number of professional attributes. of female and male GPs. Preference (or lack of it) for sex of a new GP was strongly related to sex of current GP. These results reveal a much more favourable disposition by female patients towards female GPs than has been earlier reported. They indicate that the increasing numbers of female GPs in the medical workforce are unlikely to experience any obstacle to their full participation in it arising from the perceptions of their female patients.
PROGRAM EVALUATION AND SERVICE MONITORING IN VICTORIAN COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRES
Authors: Blacker Vivian A. , McLennan James P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper reports a survey of program evaluation and service monitoring activity in 49 Victorian community health centres. Centres generally have not made evaluation and monitoring an important part of their operations despite the rhetoric of health services policy makers and administrators. Reasons for this include a lack of staff in centres who are trained in evaluation methods; the reluctance of centre staff to divert time and resources from service provision to evaluation; and insufficient assistance to centres from the Health Commission of Victoria.“The assumptions that operating a service is equivalent to rendering service and that both are equivalent to rendering quality service are no longer being honoured as inherently valid.”1
COMPARISON OF DATA PROCESS OPERATORS WITH AND WITHOUT UPPER LIMB SYMPTOMS
Authors: Ryan G. Anthony , Bampton Margo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA prevalence survey, using medical interview and examination, ergonomic assessment and questionnaire, identified musculoskeletal symptoms in 143 data process operators (DPOs), in four data entry sections. Over 50 per cent of DPOs experienced symptoms at least three or more times per week. A characteristic clinical picture was described, in each of the shoulder‐neck and lower arm areas. Scores on an upper limb symptom scale for each area were added, a group with the highest scores were designated cases (n = 41) and a comparison group was selected from those with the lowest scores (n = 28). The two groups were compared for a large number of personal, training, environmental, work organization, postural, and job demand variables. Statistically significant differences were found in two work organization variables, three job demand variables, three posture variables, an index of discomfort from glare, the General Health Questionnaire, and five dimensions of the Work Environment Scale. We concluded that musculo‐skeletal symptoms have a multifactorial aetiology, related to postural factors, perceived job demand and the social climate of the work place.
PERSUADING PARLIAMENTARIANS: ADVOCACY AND LOBBYING ON ALCOHOL‐RELATED ISSUES
Authors: Stewart Liz , Casswell Sally 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn New Zealand informing Members of Parliament about alcohol‐related issues assumes some importance for various groups because legislative decisions may be made by conscience votes and not necessarily along party lines. Written material on alcohol‐related issues sent to a New Zealand backbench Member of Parliament over the period June 1983 to June 1986 was forwarded to the Alcohol Research Unit. As expected, two major interest sectors were identified as sending material: organizations with a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in the sale of alcohol, and organizations with a primary focus on the treatment or reduction of alcohol‐related problems. The material was examined in terms of its themes and strategies of presentation. The vested‐interest sector was identified as having more potential policy influence through written material than the alcohol‐problem groups. Factors which affect the capacity of the interest groups to undertake effective lobbying or advocacy, and the implications for decision‐making on health‐related policies, are discussed.
EVALUATION OF “YOUR PREGNANCY” ‐ A NEW ZEALAND HEALTH INFORMATION BOOKLET FOR PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Durham Gillian 
Published: August 2010

Abstract“Your Pregnancy” is a health information booklet distributed to all pregnant women in New Zealand free of charge. Evaluation of the accessibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of the booklet was undertaken. Two groups of women were surveyed 4 ‐ 5 months after their first babies were born. The first group of women (n=281) was surveyed before the booklet was introduced and the second group (n=267) after its distribution. The overall response rate was 79 per cent. Accessibility of the booklet was assessed from the survey of the second group of women. The majority of women received the booklet eventually, but only 62 per cent in the first trimester. Of those women who received the booklet, 73 per cent passed it on to others. Evaluation of the bookletd's acceptability was undertaken by calling for submissions from professional and lay groups (n=41) on all aspects of the booklet and from analysis of responses to the second survey. The booklet was generally acceptable to women and health professionals. Effectiveness of the booklet was gauged by comparing the two groups of women on the extent to which their needs for information had been met, the ease with which they could question others about their pregnancy, locus of control, self‐care and self‐knowledge. The only variable which showed a change between the two surveys was an improvement in the extent to which women's needs for information had been met.
OBSTETRIC RISKS AND OUTCOMES: BIRTH CENTRE COMPARED WITH CONVENTIONAL LABOUR WARD
Authors: Linder‐Pelz S. , Webster M.A. , Martins J. , Greenwell J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBirth centres in Australia provide an option for women and their professional advisors when choosing the setting for childbirth. It is important that empirical information about the risks is available to enable informed decisions to be made. The purpose of this study was to compare the obstetric outcomes for women admitted to the Birth Centre at Royal Hospital for Women in Sydney with outcomes for women admitted to the conventional labour ward, controlling for prenatal and intrapartum risk. The findings indicate that, with the existing back‐up provided by the conventional service, the outcomes for women admitted to the Birth Centre were at least as good as those of the other women. The study also shows that there are differences between the two settings in the management of the intrapartum period. The rate of intervention is substantially higher for women admitted to the Labour Ward, after risk is taken into consideration. The evaluation indicates that the Birth Centre offers a viable choice for women with relatively low obstetric risk.
IS PROBABILITY SAMPLING ALWAYS BETTER? A COMPARISON OF RESULTS FROM A QUOTA AND A PROBABILITY SAMPLE SURVEY
Authors: Cumming Robert Graham 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwo surveys in the same defined population in Sydney's western suburbs in 1986 and 1987 provided the opportunity to compare results obtained from a quota and a probability sample survey. These surveys were designed to provide information for the planning of local health promotion programs. The quota sample survey was conducted in shopping centres and used quota sampling to select 1727 respondents. In the second survey, area probability sampling was used to select 484 respondents. This survey had a response rate of 65 per cent. There were 15 questions common to both surveys; results of only three differed significantly (p<0.05) between surveys. None of these differences was important from a public health perspective.The agreement between the results of these two surveys probably reflects the fact that the same selection bias has operated in both. Unless a very high response rate can be achieved, quota sample surveys with age and sex quota controls may be an acceptable alternative to probability sample surveys for gathering local data relevant to the development of health programs.
On Two Skeletons of Dicynodontia from Sinkiang*
Authors: Young C. C. 
Published: August 2010

Since the details of the Theromorpha‐bearing beds of Sinkiang have as yet not been fully outlined, we feel that it is too early to draw any reliable stratigraphical and palæontological conclusions now, but we mention the wealth of the fauna. The two specimens here described are all well preserved and nearly complete. According to the information supplied by Yuan, there are still a considerable number of boxes unpacked. We hope to find more interesting finds so as to obtain a general view of the fauna in Sinkiang.Palæontologically speaking, the genera of the fauna so far recognized are Dicynodon, Lystrosaurus and Chasmatosaurus (a Pelcosimia) (to be described in the near future). No Cynodontia or other interesting forms are recorded. This strongly suggests that, as in the Karroo formation, Dicynodon and Lystrosaurus also represent the most common and widely distributed animals among the other Theromorphan reptiles in Sinkiang.As far as the known forms in Sinkiang are concerned, no remarkable anatomical characters are found. All three genera are known in S. Africa. It therefore seems, that either a land connection between both existed or that the conditions between both during the Permo‐Triassic time were extremely similar.
The Planning Process: Lessons of the Past and a Model for the Future
Authors: Bromley Ray 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Development planning, as practised over the last 25 years, has been technocratic, politically isolated and naive. Planners have entered a blind alley, described as ‘narrow‐planning’, where professionalisation and division of labour have led to a concentration on documents rather than real‐world changes. Narrow‐planning is contrasted with ‘broad‐planning’, where data collection, the consultation of relevant interest groups, forecasting, the definition of objectives, plan construction, authorisation, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation, are linked, providing a model of a continuous, integrated planning process. The preconditions for the success of this model are discussed, and it is emphasised that planning is essentially a political process.RESUME Le processus de planification: leçons du passé et modele pour I'avenir.La planification du développement, telle que pratiquée au cours des 25 dernières années, a été technocratique, isolée politiquement et naïive. Les planificateurs se sont engagés dans une impasse, qualifiée de “planification étroite”, où la professionalisation et la division du travail a résulté en une concentration sur les documents plutôt que sur les changements du monde concret. A cette forme de planification étroite, l'auteur oppose une “planification large”, où le rassemblement des données, la consultation des groupes d'intérêt appropriés, les prévisions, la définition des objectifs, la mise au point des projets, l'autorisation, la mise en oeuvre, le contrôle et l'évaluation sont des activités liées les unes aux autres, fournissant le modèle d'un processus de planification continu et intégré. L'auteur examine les conditions préalables nécessaires au succès de ce modèle, en soulignant que la planification est essentiellement un processus politique.RESUMEN El Proceso de Planif icación: Las lecciones del pasado y un modelo para el futuroLa planificación del desarrollo, según se ha venido practicando durante los ultimos 25 años, ha sido tecnocrático, políticamente aislado y ingenuo. Los planificadores han entrado en un callejón sin salida, que se conoce como “planificación estrecha”, en que el profesionalismo y la división de trabajos han resultado en una acumulación de documentos, pero sin producir cambios reales y prácticos. Se compara la “planificación estrecha” con la “planificación amplia”, en que van unidas la recopilación de datos, la consultación con los diferentes grupos afectados, previsión, la defición de objetivos, la formulación de planes, autorización, implementación, control y evaluación, resultando en un modelo de planificación integrada y continua. Se comenta sobre las condiciones previas para que este modelo resulte un éxito, y se hace hincapié para que la planificación sea básicamente un proceso político.
Scholars and Preachers
Authors: Dore Ronald 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIf it is naive to think that scholarly analysis of policy means can be easily divorced from evaluative preaching about its ends, it is sloppy not even to try to make the distinction. But few people in the development field do. As a new version of the concern with poverty and distribution, ‘basic needs strategy’ seems to carry the confusion of analysis and preaching even further, and to be neither as explicit, as imbued with an awareness of long‐term growth problems, nor even as effective an aid‐stimulator as earlier versions. Its production has more to do with the institutional imperative of international. organisations than with anything else.RESUMENTeóricos y evangelizadoresSi revela una cierta candidez el pensar que se puede divorciar fácilmente el análisis teórico de los medios políticos de la mentalización para la puesta en práctica de sus fines, resulta no menos engañoso el abstenerse de hacer esta distinción. Distinción que muy pocas personas hacen en el campo del desarrollo. Como nueva versión de la preocupación por los problemas de la pobreza y de la distribución, “la estrategia de las necesidades básicas” parece Ilevar la confusión entre análisis y mentalización todavía más lejos, además de no ser un estimulante a la ayuda ni tan explícito, por carecer de la conciencia sobre problemas de crecimiento a largo plazo, ni tan eficaz como otras versiones anteriores. Su presentación se debe más a imperativos institucionales de organizaciones internacionales que a cualquier otro tipo de cosas.RESUMEScience et prosélytismeS'il est naif de penser que l'analyse savante des moyens politiques peut être facilement séparée de la prédication estimative concernant ses fins, il est peu sérieux de ne pas essayer de faire la distinction. Mais peu de gens dans le domaine du développement le font. En tant que nouvelle version du problème de la pauvreté et de la distribution, la “stratégie des besoins fondamentaux” semble accroitre encore la confuson qui existe entre analyse et prosélytisme et n'être ni aussi explicite, ni aussi consciente des problèmes de développementà long terme, ni même aussi efficace en tant que stimulateur d'assistance que les versions précédentes. La production a plus à voir avec l'impératif institutionnel des organisations internationales qu'avec toute autre chose.
The Informal Sector and the World Economy: Notes on the Structure of Subsidised Labour
Authors: Portes Alejandro 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe informal sector in Third World cities was initially identified as the mechanism by which the poor managed to survive under adverse conditions. Subsequent studies showed how interdependent informal activities were with those in the formal sector. Most studies interpreted this as evidence of the dependent and interstitial character of the informal economy. This paper argues that, from the point of view of structural arrangements, the opposite is more accurate. The informal sector provides a subsidy to formal sector consumption and cheapens labour costs directly when used in a ‘contract’ capacity by formal enterprises.RESUMENEl sector informal y la economia mundial : anotaciones en torno a la estructura de la mano de obra subvencionadaEl sector informal de las ciudades del tercer mundo se identifico en un principio como el mecanismo por el que lo pobre conseguían sobrevivir en condiciones adversas. Estudios posteriores mostraron la gran interdependencia entre las actividades informales y las del sector formal. Casi todos los estudios interpretaron este fenómeno como una prueba del carácter estrechamente dependiente de la economía informal. Este artículo se propone probar que, desde el punto de los elementos estructurales, lo contrario es más exacto. El sector informal ofrece una subvención al consumo del sector formal y abarata directamente los costes de la mano de obra cuando ésta se utiliza en una capacidad de “contrato” por parte de las empresas formales.RESUMELe secteur non‐officiel et l'économie mondiale: remarques sur la structure de la main‐d'oeuvre subventionnéeLe secteur non officiel dans les villes du Tiers Monde était identifié initialement comme le mécanisme par lequel les pauvres parviennent à survivre dans des conditions adverses. Par la suite, des études ont montré comment des activités non officielles étaient inter‐dépendantes avec celles du secteur officiel. La plupart des études interprétaient ceci comme l'évidence du caractère dépendant et interstitiel de l'économie non officielle. L'auteur affirme que, du point de vue des arrangements structurels, le contraire est plus exact. Le secteur non officiel fournit une subvention à la consommation du secteur officiel et abaisse le coût de la main‐d'oeuvre directement lorsque des entreprises formelles y ont recours pour des travaux à facon.