bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teilhard de Chardin's Christocentric Trinitarianism
Authors: Sutton Agneta 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNot only did Pierre Teilhard de Chardin speak about the work of the Holy Spirit in the human heart and see the Holy Spirit as the driving force of evolution, but the human union and community of persons joined by mutual love, in what he called the ‘noosphere’, was clearly analogous in his mind to the Trinitarian union of persons. Yet the Trinitarian dimension of Teilhard's writings has received little attention. On Teilhard's understanding, the Holy Spirit is the power through which evolution becomes the awakening of soul or spirit in matter, rather than being random variation and natural selection. It is also the Holy Spirit who promotes spiritual evolution in the human heart and opens human eyes to the divine presence in the world. Finally, Teilhard's concept of the ‘noosphere’ is analogous to that of the Trinity, understood as a personal unity where neither the individual person nor the Trinity as a whole would be complete without the other.
Evolution of the star formation histories of BLAST galaxies
Authors: Dye Simon , Eales Steve , Moncelsi Lorenzo , Pascale Enzo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We have measured star formation histories (SFHs) and stellar masses of galaxies detected by the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimetre Telescope (BLAST) over ∼9 deg2 centred on the Chandra Deep Field-South. We have applied the recently developed SFH reconstruction method of Dye et al. to optical, near-infrared and mid-infrared photometry of 92 BLAST galaxies. We find significant differences between the SFHs of low-mass (≲1011 M⊙) and high-mass (≳1011 M⊙) systems. On average, low-mass systems exhibit a dominant late burst of star formation which creates a large fraction of their stellar mass. Conversely, high-mass systems tend to have a significant amount of stellar mass that formed much earlier. We also find that the high-mass SFHs evolve more strongly than the low-mass SFHs. These findings are consistent with the phenomenon of downsizing observed in optically selected samples of galaxies.
Walls of secrecy and silence
Authors: Van De Bunt Henk 
Published: July 2010

Research Summary Most analysts of the causes of the contemporary credit crunch have concluded that the supervising agencies failed in their duties. The same is true for studies of several major fraud scandals, including the Madoff affair and the Dutch construction fraud. The remedy seems immediately obvious: more and better regulation and supervision. However, this line of reasoning seems somewhat simplistic by ignoring the question of how illegal activities can remain hidden for many years from supervising agencies, victims, and bystanders. This research article argues that the problem also lies in the successful concealment of illegal activities by the perpetrators and in the presence of silence in their social environment. Policy Implications The cases analyzed in this article suggest that financial misconduct also could be controlled by breaking the conspiracies of silence. The strengthening of supervision is unlikely to be effective without simultaneous efforts to encourage people to speak out and to give them incentives to want to know and to tell the truth.
REVIEW: Nonpharmacological Therapies for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Meshil Mark Alber , Bhakta Deepak 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIn recent years, nonpharmacological therapies for atrial fibrillation (AF) have emerged given the limitations of medical therapy. Advancements in particular have been made in the areas of radiofrequency catheter ablation and AF surgery, and have been accompanied by substantial technological improvements. This article will discuss several different modalities of nonpharmacological AF management including catheter ablation, AF surgery and device‐based therapy.
Quantification of Shiga Toxin-Converting Bacteriophages in Wastewater and in Fecal Samples by Real-Time Quantitative PCR
Authors: Imamovic Lejla , Ballesté Elisenda , Jofre Juan , Muniesa Maite 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages (Stx phages) are involved in the pathogenicity of some enteric bacteria, such as
Escherichia coli
O157:H7. Stx phages are released from their bacterial hosts after lytic induction and remain free in the environment. Samples were analyzed for the presence of free Stx phages by an experimental approach based on the use of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), which enables
stx
to be detected in the DNA from the viral fraction of each sample. A total of 150 samples, including urban raw sewage samples, wastewater samples with fecal contamination from cattle, pigs, and poultry, and fecal samples from humans and diverse animals, were used in this study. Stx phages were detected in 70.0% of urban sewage samples (10 to 10
3
gene copies [GC] per ml) and in 94.0% of animal wastewater samples of several origins (10 to 10
10
GC per ml). Eighty-nine percent of cattle fecal samples were positive for Stx phages (10 to 10
5
GC per g of sample), as were 31.8% of other fecal samples of various origins (10 to 10
4
GC per g of sample). The
stx
2
genes and
stx
2
variants were detected in the viral fraction of some of the samples after sequencing of
stx
2
fragments amplified by conventional PCR. The occurrence and abundance of Stx phages in the extraintestinal environment confirm the role of Stx phages as a reservoir of
stx
in the environment.
ArgR-Regulated Genes Are Derepressed in the
Legionella
-Containing Vacuole
Authors: Hovel-Miner Galadriel , Faucher Sebastien P. , Charpentier Xavier , Shuman Howard A. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Legionella pneumophila
is an intracellular pathogen that infects protozoa in aquatic environments and when inhaled by susceptible human hosts replicates in alveolar macrophages and can result in the often fatal pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease. The ability of
L. pneumophila
to replicate within host cells requires the establishment of a specialized compartment that evades normal phagolysosome fusion called the
Legionella
-containing vacuole (LCV). Elucidation of the biochemical composition of the LCV and the identification of the regulatory signals sensed during intracellular replication are inherently challenging.
l
-Arginine is a critical nutrient in the metabolism of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. We showed that the
L. pneumophila
arginine repressor homolog, ArgR, is required for maximal intracellular growth in the unicellular host
Acanthamoeba castellanii
. In this study, we present evidence that the concentration of
l
-arginine in the LCV is sensed by ArgR to produce an intracellular transcriptional response. We characterized the
L. pneumophila
ArgR regulon by global gene expression analysis, identified genes highly affected by ArgR, showed that ArgR repression is dependent upon the presence of
l
-arginine, and demonstrated that ArgR-regulated genes are derepressed during intracellular growth. Additional targets of ArgR that may account for the
argR
mutant's intracellular multiplication defect are discussed. These results suggest that
l
-arginine availability functions as a regulatory signal during
Legionella
intracellular growth.
Identification and Heterologous Expression of Genes Involved in Anaerobic Dissimilatory Phosphite Oxidation by
Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans
Authors: Simeonova Diliana Dancheva , Wilson Marlena Marie , Metcalf William W. , Schink Bernhard 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans
is a strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium that utilizes phosphite as the sole electron source for homoacetogenic CO
2
reduction or sulfate reduction. A genomic library of
D. phosphitoxidans
, constructed using the fosmid vector pJK050, was screened for clones harboring the genes involved in phosphite oxidation via PCR using primers developed based on the amino acid sequences of phosphite-induced proteins. Sequence analysis of two positive clones revealed a putative operon of seven genes predicted to be involved in phosphite oxidation. Four of these genes (
ptxD-ptdFCG
) were cloned and heterologously expressed in
Desulfotignum balticum
, a related strain that cannot use phosphite as either an electron donor or as a phosphorus source. The
ptxD-ptdFCG
gene cluster was sufficient to confer phosphite uptake and oxidation ability to the
D. balticum
host strain but did not allow use of phosphite as an electron donor for chemolithotrophic growth. Phosphite oxidation activity was measured in cell extracts of
D. balticum
transconjugants, suggesting that all genes required for phosphite oxidation were cloned. Genes of the phosphite gene cluster were assigned putative functions on the basis of sequence analysis and enzyme assays.
A Novel Heme
a
Insertion Factor Gene Cotranscribes with the
Thermus thermophilus
Cytochrome
ba
3
Oxidase Locus
Authors: Werner Carolin , Richter Oliver-Matthias H. , Ludwig Bernd 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Studying the biogenesis of the
Thermus thermophilus
cytochrome
ba
3
oxidase, we analyze heme
a
cofactor insertion into this membrane protein complex. Only three proteins linked to oxidase maturation have been described for this extreme thermophile, and in particular, no evidence for a canonical Surf1 homologue, required for heme
a
insertion, is available from genome sequence data. Here, we characterize the product of an open reading frame,
cbaX
, in the operon encoding subunits of the
ba
3
-type cytochrome
c
oxidase. CbaX shares no sequence identity with any known oxidase biogenesis factor, and CbaX homologues are found only in the
Thermaceae
group. In a series of
cbaX
deletion and complementation experiments, we demonstrate that the resulting
ba
3
oxidase complexes, affinity purified via an internally inserted His tag located in subunit I, are severely affected in their enzymatic activities and heme compositions in both the low- and high-spin sites. Thus, CbaX displays typical features of a generic Surf1 factor essential for binding and positioning the heme
a
moiety for correct assembly into the protein scaffold of oxidase subunit I.
Feminist Reflections on the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Charlesworth Hilary 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper offers a feminist analysis of the responsibility to protect principle. It outlines some themes in feminist scholarship in international law and then uses these to explore the idea of a responsibility to protect. The paper argues that, despite some resonance with feminist concerns, the doctrine has been developed in a limited context, effectively privileging male elites and masculine modes of reasoning.
The Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen (ARCS) in patients with multiple sclerosis: a practical tool for multiple sclerosis clinics
Authors: Lechner-Scott J. , Kerr T. , Spencer B. , Agland S. , Lydon A. , Schofield PW 
Published: July 2010

Background: Cognitive impairment is a common complication of multiple sclerosis, even in early stage disease, with significant impacts on life quality and social interaction. However, its detection is highly test-dependent. Objective: To validate a recently described screening tool, the ARCS, for detecting cognitive impairment in a multiple sclerosis population. Methods: The ARCS administers tests of executive function, memory, visual spatial construction and language via an audio device to unsupervised patients who write their responses for later scoring. Some 127 patients with a wide variety of disease course and severity were assessed by ARCS, of whom 87 also completed the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and 45 underwent formal (‘gold standard’) neuropsychological testing. Results: Compared with PASAT, we found that the ARCS showed better sensitivity (86% versus 68%) at equivalent specificity (71%) for detection of impairment in any cognitive domain, and superiority in the detection of memory and executive impairments. Acceptance and completion rates for the ARCS were as good or better than for the PASAT. Conclusions: ARCS is sensitive, well-tolerated, easy to administer and facilitates comprehensive cognitive assessment in less than 5 min of clinician time. It has several advantages over the PASAT for detecting cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis.
The impact of delays to admission from the emergency department on inpatient outcomes
Authors: Huang Qing , Thind Amardeep , Dreyer Jonathan F , Zaric Gregory S 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
We sought to determine the impact of delays to admission from the Emergency Department (ED) on inpatient length of stay (LOS), and IP cost.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis of 13,460 adult (≥ 18 yrs) ED visits between April 1 2006 and March 30 2007 at a tertiary care teaching hospital with two ED sites in which the mode of disposition was admission to ICU, surgery or inpatient wards. We defined ED Admission Delay as ED time to decision to admit > 12 hours. The primary outcomes were IP LOS, and total IP cost.

Results
Approximately 11.6% (n = 1558) of admitted patients experienced admission delay. In multivariate analysis we found that admission delay was associated with 12.4% longer IP LOS (95% CI 6.6% - 18.5%) and 11.0% greater total IP cost (6.0% - 16.4%). We estimated the cumulative impact of delay on all delayed patients as an additional 2,183 inpatient days and an increase in IP cost of $2,109,173 at the study institution.

Conclusions
Delays to admission from the ED are associated with increased IP LOS and IP cost. Improving patient flow through the ED may reduce hospital costs and improve quality of care. There may be a business case for investments to reduce emergency department admission delays.
Mouse model of carbon tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis: Histopathological changes and expression of CD133 and epidermal growth factor
Authors: Fujii Tsutomu , Fuchs Bryan C , Yamada Suguru , Lauwers Gregory Y , Kulu Yakup , Goodwin Jonathan M , Lanuti Michael , Tanabe Kenneth K 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundIn the setting of chronic liver injury in humans, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF receptor (EGFR) are up-regulated and have been proposed to have vital roles in both liver regeneration and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chronic liver injury also leads to hepatic stellate cell (HSC) differentiation and a novel subpopulation of HSCs which express CD133 and exhibit properties of progenitor cells has been described in rats. The carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse model has been historically relied upon to study liver injury and regeneration. We exposed mice to CCl4to assess whether EGF and CD133+ HSCs are up-regulated in chronically injured liver.MethodsCCl4in olive oil was administered to strain A/J mice three times per week by oral gavage.ResultsMultiple well-differentiated HCCs were found in all livers after 15 weeks of CCl4treatment. Notably, HCCs developed within the setting of fibrosis and not cirrhosis. CD133 was dramatically up-regulated after CCl4treatment, and increased expression of desmin and glial fibrillary acidic protein, representative markers of HSCs, was also observed. EGF expression significantly decreased, contrary to observations in humans, whereas the expression of amphiregulin, another EGFR ligand, was significantly increased.ConclusionsSpecies-specific differences exist with respect to the histopathological and molecular pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. CCl4-induced chronic liver injury in A/J mice has important differences compared to human cirrhosis leading to HCC.
A prospective descriptive study of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV uninfected patients in Vietnam - high prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii in the absence of underlying disease
Authors: Chau Tran TH , Mai Nguyen H , Phu Nguyen H , Nghia Ho D , Chuong Ly V , Sinh Dinh X , Duong Van A , Diep Pham T , Campbell James I , Baker Stephen , Hien Tran T , Lalloo David G , Farrar Jeremy J , Day Jeremy N 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundMost cases of cryptococcal meningitis occur in patients with HIV infection: the course and outcome of disease in the apparently immunocompetent is much more poorly understood. We describe a cohort of HIV uninfected Vietnamese patients with cryptococcal meningitis in whom underlying disease is uncommon, and relate presenting features of patients and the characteristics of the infecting species to outcome.MethodsA prospective descriptive study of HIV negative patients with cryptococcal meningitis based at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City. All patients had comprehensive clinical assessment at baseline, were cared for by a dedicated study team, and were followed up for 2 years. Clinical presentation was compared by infecting isolate and outcome.Results57 patients were studied.Cryptococcus neoformans var grubiimolecular type VN1 caused 70% of infections;C. gattiiaccounted for the rest. Most patients did not have underlying disease (81%), and the rate of underlying disease did not differ by infecting species. 11 patients died while in-patients (19.3%). Independent predictors of death were age ≥ 60 years and a history of convulsions (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals 8.7 (1 - 76), and 16.1 (1.6 - 161) respectively). Residual visual impairment was common, affecting 25 of 46 survivors (54.3%). Infecting species did not influence clinical phenotype or outcome. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of flucytosine and amphotericin B were significantly higher forC. neoformans var grubiicompared withC. gattii(p < 0.001 and p = 0.01 respectively).ConclusionIn HIV uninfected individuals in Vietnam, cryptococcal meningitis occurs predominantly in people with no clear predisposing factor and is most commonly due toC. neoformans var grubii. The rates of mortality and visual loss are high and independent of infecting species. There are detectable differences in susceptibility to commonly used antifungal drugs between species, but the clinical significance of this is not clear.
Pre-hospital care time intervals among victims of road traffic injuries in Iran. A cross-sectional study
Authors: Bigdeli Maryam , Khorasani-Zavareh Davoud , Mohammadi Reza 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a major public health problem, requiring concerted efforts both for their prevention and a reduction of their consequences. Timely arrival of the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) at the crash scene followed by speedy victim transportation by trained personnel may reduce the RTIs' consequences. The first 60 minutes after injury occurrence - referred to as the "golden hour"- are vital for the saving of lives. The present study was designed to estimate the average of various time intervals occurring during the pre-hospital care process and to examine the differences between these time intervals as regards RTIs on urban and interurban roads.

Method
A retrospective cross-sectional study was designed and various time intervals in relation to pre-hospital care of RTIs identified in the ambulance dispatch centre in Urmia, Iran from 20 March 2005 to 20 March 2007. All cases which resulted in ambulance dispatches were reviewed and those that had complete data on time intervals were analyzed.

Results
In total, the cases of 2027 RTI victims were analysed. Of these, 61.5 % of the subjects were injured in city areas. The mean response time for city locations was 5.0 minutes, compared with 10.6 minutes for interurban road locations. The mean on-scene time on the interurban roads was longer than on city roads (9.2 vs. 6.1 minutes, p < 0.001). Mean transport times from the scene to the hospital were also significantly longer for interurban incidents (17.1 vs. 6.3 minutes, p < 0.001). The mean of total pre-hospital time was 37.2 (+/-17.2) minutes with a median of 32.0. Overall, 72.5% of the response interval time was less than eight minutes.

Conclusion
The response, transport and total time intervals among EMS responding to RTI incidents were longer for interurban roads, compared to the city areas. More research should take place on needs-to and access-for EMS on city and interurban roads. The notification interval seems to be a hidden part of the post-crash events and indirectly affects the "golden hour" for victim management and it needs to be measured through the establishment of the surveillance systems.
The “Ancient Constitution” after Independence (1808–1852)
Authors: Chiaramonte José Carlos 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The expression antigua constitución was frequently used in the Hispanic world at least since the second half of the eighteenth century in a manner similar to the British use of the terms “ancient constitution” or “fundamental law.” Scarcely studied, this political concept is a key to a better understanding of the history of Spanish America during the years that followed the crisis of the monarchy—a long period of instability judged traditionally as an age of anarchy and void of any political norms. On the contrary, the new sovereign, though fragile, governments emerging after independence resorted to a hybrid and ambiguous set of rules and principles, some of them of colonial origin. Ancient statutes such as the Leyes de Indias or the more recent Real Ordenanza de Intendentes coexisted with the new legislation that intended to establish representative regimes.
This article aims to assess the validity of that ancient constitution in the political life of the provinces of Río de la Plata. Therefore, the case of facultades extraordinarias granted to governors is studied here not as the usual proof of arbitrary rule, but as a component of the antigua constitución—the classical institution of dictatorship. Concomitantly, the concept of caudillismo and the intellectual formation of government leaders are revisited. Frequently veiled to eyes in search for Latin America’s modernity, a coherent set of doctrines—most of them rooted in the Law of Nature and the Law of Nations—comes into sight as the foundations of the political life of this period.
Study on the Rapid Spin Equilibrium in Ph4P[ZnIIFeIII(mto)3] (mto = Monothiooxalato)
Authors: Kagesawa Koichi , Okazawa Atsushi , Enomoto Masaya , Kojima Norimichi 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We synthesized a mto (= monothiooxalato)-bridged hetero-metal complex, Ph4P[ZnIIFeIII(mto)3] consisting of FeIIIO3S3 and ZnIIO6 octahedra and investigated its physical properties. Ph4P[ZnIIFeIII(mto)3] has a two-dimensional honeycomb network structure. The ESR and 57Fe Mössbauer spectra revealed that the rapid spin equilibrium in which the high-spin (HS) state and the low-spin (LS) state exchange in the time scale of 10−10 &lt; τ &lt; 10−7 s occurs at the FeIIIO3S3 site, which is the first report for an assembled metal complex system.