bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing Speed Mediates Executive Function Difficulties in Very Preterm Children in Middle Childhood
Authors: Mulder Hanna , Pitchford Nicola J. , Marlow Neil 
Published: March 2011

AbstractExecutive function and attention difficulties are reported in very preterm (VPT) children at school entry, but it is unclear if these remain at later ages and/or if these difficulties are mediated by more basic functions, such as processing speed. Processing speed has been shown to underlie academic and behavioral problems in VPT children in middle childhood (Mulder, Pitchford, & Marlow, 2010, 2011), so may also underpin executive function and attention difficulties. We investigated this by comparing VPT (gestational age <31 weeks;N= 56) to term children (N= 22) aged 9–10 years on a comprehensive battery of executive function and attention tasks from the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (Manly, Robertson, Anderson, & Nimmo-Smith, 1999) and NEPSY (Korkman, Kirk, & Kemp, 1998). Selective and sustained attention, inhibition, working memory, shifting, verbal fluency, planning, and processing speed were examined. Group differences favoring term children were shown on most executive function tasks (i.e., inhibition, working memory, verbal fluency, and shifting), all of which were mediated by slow processing speed in the VPT group, except response inhibition. Seemingly, processing speed is an important determinant underpinning many neuropsychological deficits seen in VPT children in middle childhood. (JINS, 2011,17, 445–454)
Courts as regulators: public interest litigation in India
Authors: RATHINAM FRANCIS XAVIER , RAJA A. V. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTEnvironmental regulation in the developing countries is undermined by weak enforcement. Lack of information and public awareness are fundamental factors that render informal regulation by civil society ineffective. In India, a number of environmental problems have been addressed using the institution of public interest litigation (PIL) by ‘public-spirited’ citizens. This paper examines the economic advantage of PIL over other conventional legal forms. An important outcome of judicial interventions of this kind in environmental cases in India is aspillover effect, which generates public information via media coverage. Using a case study, we test whether the judicial directives that followed a PIL filed and the subsequent spillover effect of media publicity were effective in getting the state to enforce the standards. This is done using autoregressive distributed lag models and univariate structural break analysis. The results show that judicial intervention and public information were effective in controlling pollution.
Prevention and treatment of child and adolescent depression: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Vitiello B. 
Published: March 2011

Objective.To examine the current theoretical rationale and empirical evidence for preventing and treating major depressive disorder in childhood and adolescence.Methods.Selective review of recent controlled investigations on the efficacy and safety of preventive and treatment interventions.Results.Even more than in adults, pediatric clinical trials in depression are dominated by symptomatic improvement with non-specific clinical contact (on average, 50% ‘placebo response’). The additional benefit of specific psychotherapeutic or pharmacological treatment is on average modest. Antidepressant medication is effective in speeding up improvement, but more than a third of patients do not reach full remission even after prolonged treatment. The advantage of routinely combining medication with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is unclear. Depressed suicidal adolescents can benefit from CBT and medications. CBT can protect high-risk youths from developing a depressive episode.Conclusions.Effective interventions to prevent and treat depression in youth exist, but their therapeutic benefit appears to be, on average, small, possibly due to the clinical heterogeneity subsumed under the current diagnostic construct of depressive disorder. More specifically, targeted interventions tailored to individual clinical and biological characteristics may result in greater effectiveness and overall efficiency.
Factor–structure of the Italian version of the Scale Of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS): a comparison with the English version
Authors: Comparelli A. , Savoja V. , Kotzalidis G. D. , Woods S. W. , Mosticoni S. , Vassallo F. , Soscia F. , Piccione R. , Palma G. , Pucci D. , Girardi P. , Conti L. , Tatarelli R. 
Published: March 2011

Aims.The 19-item ‘Scale Of Prodromal Symptoms’ (SOPS) and its semi-structured interview, the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS), have been developed to assess prodromes of psychosis. We assessed psychometric properties of the Italian version of the instrument.Methods.We collected socio-demographic and clinical data of 128 people seeking first-time psychiatric help in a large Roman area, either as outpatients at community facilities or as inpatients in psychiatric wards of two general hospitals. Participants were administered the Italian version of the SOPS and the 24-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Data were analysed through Pearson's correlation and factorial analysis.Results.The English and Italian SOPS versions showed similar psychometric properties and factorial structure. The best-fit model was trifactorial, explaining 90% of total variance, and roughly corresponding to the positive, negative, and general dimensions, with disorganisation spreading over the other dimensions. Compared with the BPRS, the Italian version of the SOPS showed construct validity and convergent validity.Conclusions.The factor–structure of the Italian version of the SOPS is similar to those of the English and Spanish versions, in that the factors emerged are the same (positive, negative, and general symptoms). The scale could be used to assess at-risk people in early intervention services.
Marine bacterial, archaeal and protistan association networks reveal ecological linkages
Authors: Steele Joshua A , Countway Peter D , Xia Li , Vigil Patrick D , Beman J Michael , Kim Diane Y , Chow Cheryl-Emiliane T , Sachdeva Rohan , Jones Adriane C , Schwalbach Michael S , Rose Julie M , Hewson Ian , Patel Anand , Sun Fengzhu , Caron David A , Fuhrman Jed A 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Microbes have central roles in ocean food webs and global biogeochemical processes, yet specific ecological relationships among these taxa are largely unknown. This is in part due to the dilute, microscopic nature of the planktonic microbial community, which prevents direct observation of their interactions. Here, we use a holistic (that is, microbial system-wide) approach to investigate time-dependent variations among taxa from all three domains of life in a marine microbial community. We investigated the community composition of bacteria, archaea and protists through cultivation-independent methods, along with total bacterial and viral abundance, and physico-chemical observations. Samples and observations were collected monthly over 3 years at a well-described ocean time-series site of southern California. To find associations among these organisms, we calculated time-dependent rank correlations (that is, local similarity correlations) among relative abundances of bacteria, archaea, protists, total abundance of bacteria and viruses and physico-chemical parameters. We used a network generated from these statistical correlations to visualize and identify time-dependent associations among ecologically important taxa, for example, the SAR11 cluster, stramenopiles, alveolates, cyanobacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Negative correlations, perhaps suggesting competition or predation, were also common. The analysis revealed a progression of microbial communities through time, and also a group of unknown eukaryotes that were highly correlated with dinoflagellates, indicating possible symbioses or parasitism. Possible ‘keystone’ species were evident. The network has statistical features similar to previously described ecological networks, and in network parlance has non-random, small world properties (that is, highly interconnected nodes). This approach provides new insights into the natural history of microbes.
Spectral Characteristics of the 2dFGRS–NVSS Galaxies
Authors: Jackson C. A. , Londish D. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe have analysed the 2dF spectra of a sample of galaxies common to the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS, Colless 1999) and the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS, Condon et al. 1998). Our sample comprises 88 galaxies selected by Sadler et al. (1999) from 30 2dFGRS fields observed in 1998. In this paper we discuss how this and future, much larger, samples of 2dFGRS–NVSS galaxies can be interpreted via analysis of those galaxies with strong narrow emission lines. Using diagnostic line ratio measurements, we confirm the majority of the eyeball classifications of Sadler et al. (1999), although many galaxies show evidence of being ‘composite’ galaxies—mixtures of AGN plus starburst components.
HI Multibeam Survey Techniques
Authors: Staveley-Smith Lister 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe parameters of the HI Parkes All-Sky Surveys (HIPASS), as proposed by the Multibeam Survey Working Group, are described, as are the advantages and disadvantages of various multibeam observing techniques, including telescope scanning. The best techniques, in terms of minimising the variance in image sensitivity, are calculated. Some of the observing techniques may be applicable to other multibeam surveys.
The Bruny Island Radio Spectrometer
Authors: Erickson W. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA radio spectrometer has been built on Bruny Island, south of Hobart, for the study of solar bursts in the rarely observed frequency range from 3 to 20 MHz. This spectrometer is an adaptive device that employs digital techniques to avoid most of the strong terrestrial interference prevalent in this frequency range. The residual interference that cannot be avoided is excised during off-line processing. As a result, successful observations are made down to the minimum frequency that can propagate through the ionosphere to the antenna. This minimum frequency depends upon the zenith distance of the Sun and it is usually between 4 and 8 MHz.
Galaxies Detected by the Dwingeloo Obscured Galaxies Survey
Authors: Rivers A. J. , Henning P. A. , Kraan-Korteweg R. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Dwingeloo Obscured Galaxies Survey (DOGS) is a 21-cm blind survey for galaxies hidden in the northern ‘Zone of Avoidance’ (ZOA): the portion of the optical extragalactic sky which is obscured by dust in the Milky Way. Like the Parkes southern hemisphere ZOA survey, the DOGS project is designed to reveal hidden dynamically important nearby galaxies and to help ‘fill in the blanks’ in the local large scale structure. To date, 36 galaxies have been detected by the Dwingeloo survey; 23 of these were previously unknown [no corresponding sources recorded in the NASA Extragalactic Database (NED)]. Among the interesting detections are three nearby galaxies in the vicinity of NGC 6946 and 11 detections in the Supergalactic plane crossing region. VLA follow-up observations have been conducted for several of the DOGS detections.
HI Study of the NGC 6744 System
Authors: Ryder Stuart D. , Walsh Wilfred , Malin David 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe present the preliminary results of our 5-configuration, 20-pointing mosaic with the Australia Telescope Compact Array of the neutral hydrogen in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 6744. The bulk of the HI resides in a ‘ring’ underlying the outer optical disk, with 2 HI spiral arms extending further out to almost 1·5 optical radii. The velocity field is fairly regular, apart from evidence for streaming motions along the HI arms, and the influence of the companion IB(s)m galaxy NGC 6744A. We associate a cloud of HI at a heliocentric velocity of 846 km s−1 with another companion object, ESO 104–g44. Our attempts to construct a mass model for NGC 6744 suffer from poor resolution in the inner disk, and the uncertainty in the total HI flux of NGC 6744. We anticipate that HIPASS observations will be crucial in resolving the latter issue.
Continuity of translation operators
Authors: Athreya Krishna , Peters Justin 
Published: March 2011

For a Radon measure

μ
\mu

on

R

,

\mathbb {R},

we show that

L

∞

(
μ
)

L^{\infty }(\mu )

is invariant under the group of translation operators

T
t

(
f
)
(
x
)
=

f
(
x
−
t
)

(
t
∈

R

)

T_t(f)(x) = {f(x-t)}\ (t \in \mathbb {R})

if and only if

μ
\mu

is equivalent to the Lebesgue measure

m
m

. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for

L
p

(
μ
)
,

1
≤
p
>
∞
,

L^p(\mu ),\ 1 \leq p > \infty ,

to be invariant under the group

{

T
t

}

\{ T_t\}

in terms of the Radon-Nikodým derivative w.r.t.

m
m

.
Influence of Low Tidal Volume Ventilation on Time to Extubation in Cardiac Surgical Patients
Authors: Sundar Sugantha , Novack Victor , Jervis Karinne , Bender S. Patrick , Lerner Adam , Panzica Peter , Mahmood Feroze , Malhotra Atul , Talmor Daniel 
Published: March 2011

Background
Low tidal volumes have been associated with improved outcomes in patients with established acute lung injury. The role of low tidal volume ventilation in patients without lung injury is still unresolved. We hypothesized that such a strategy in patients undergoing elective surgery would reduce ventilator-associated lung injury and that this improvement would lead to a shortened time to extubation

Methods
A single-center randomized controlled trial was undertaken in 149 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Ventilation with 6 versus 10 ml/kg tidal volume was compared. Ventilator settings were applied immediately after anesthesia induction and continued throughout surgery and the subsequent intensive care unit stay. The primary endpoint of the study was time to extubation. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients extubated at 6 h and indices of lung mechanics and gas exchange as well as patient clinical outcomes.

Results
Median ventilation time was not significantly different in the low tidal volume group; a median (interquartile range) of 450 (264-1,044) min was achieved compared with 643 (417-1,032) min in the control group (P = 0.10). However, a higher proportion of patients in the low tidal volume group was free of any ventilation at 6 h: 37.3% compared with 20.3% in the control group (P = 0.02). In addition, fewer patients in the low tidal volume group required reintubation (1.3 vs. 9.5%; P = 0.03).

Conclusions
Although reduction of tidal volume in mechanically ventilated patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery did not significantly shorten time to extubation, several improvements were observed in secondary outcomes. When these data are combined with a lack of observed complications, a strategy of reduced tidal volume could still be beneficial in this patient population.
Gene Expression Profiling and Shared Promoter Motif for Cell Wall-Modifying Proteins Expressed in Soybean Cyst Nematode-Infected Roots
Authors: Tucker Mark L. , Murphy Charles A. , Yang Ronghui 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
We hypothesized that soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) co-opts part or all of one or more innate developmental process in soybean (Glycine max) to establish its feeding structure, syncytium, in soybean roots. The syncytium is formed within the vascular bundle by partial degradation of cell walls and membranes between adjacent parenchyma cells. A mature syncytium incorporates as many as 200 cells into one large multinucleated cell. Gene expression patterns for several cell wall-modifying proteins were compared in multiple tissues undergoing major shifts in cell wall integrity. These included SCN-colonized roots, root tips where vascular differentiation occurs, flooded roots (aerenchyma), adventitious rooting in hypocotyls, and leaf abscission zones. A search in the 5′ upstream promoters of these genes identified a motif (SCNbox1: WGCATGTG) common to several genes that were up-regulated in several different tissues. The polygalacturonase 11 promoters (GmPG11a/b) include the SCNbox1 motif. The expression pattern for GmPG11a was examined further in transgenic soybean containing a PG11a promoter fused to a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. GUS expression was highest in cells undergoing radial expansion in the stele and/or cell wall dissolution. GUS staining was not observed in cortical cells where a lateral root tip or a growing nematode emerged through the root cortex.
Genotypechecker: an interactive tool for checking the inheritance consistency of genotyped pedigrees
Authors: Paterson T. , Law A. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryDatapoint errors in pedigree genotype data sets are difficult to identify and adversely affect downstream genetic analyses. We present GenotypeChecker, a desktop software tool for assisting data cleansing. The application identifies likely data errors in pedigree/genotype data sets by performing an inheritance‐checking algorithm for each marker across the pedigree, and highlights inconsistently inherited genotypes in an exploratory user interface. By ‘masking’ suspect datapoints and rechecking inheritance consistency, erroneous datapoints can be confirmed and cleansed from the data set. The software, examples and documentation are freely available at http://bioinformatics.roslin.ac.uk/genotypechecker.
Bovine milk fat enriched in conjugated linoleic and vaccenic acids attenuates allergic dermatitis in mice
Authors: Sun X. , Zhang J. , MacGibbon A. K. H. , Black P. , Krissansen G. W. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryBackground
Orally administered milk fat enriched in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans‐vaccenic acid (VA) (‘enriched milk fat’), produced by supplementing the diet of pasture‐fed cows with fish and sunflower oil, has been shown previously to suppress the development of allergic airway disease in mice.Objective
To investigate whether topical or oral application of enriched milk fat and its two major fatty acids cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA (c9,t11‐CLA) and VA inhibit allergic dermatitis in mice.Methods
Allergic dermatitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by epicutaneous sensitization of tape‐stripped skin with ovalbumin (OVA). Enriched milk fat and its two major fatty acids were either topically applied to the OVA‐sensitized skin, or orally fed to mice by supplementation of the diet. Blood and skin tissues were collected for analysis after the third skin sensitization.Results
Both topical and oral administration of enriched milk fat and its two major fatty acids led to significant suppression of allergic dermatitis as evidenced by reduced clinical and histological scores of affected skins, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and circulating allergen‐specific IgE levels, compared with treatment with normal milk fat or the base control diet. C9,t11‐CLA and VA individually inhibited multiple facets of allergic dermatitis when topically applied, and their combination produced a strong additive effect.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Enriched milk fat, and its two major fatty acids c9,t11‐CLA and vaccenic acid attenuate allergic dermatitis in mice. Cite this as: X. Sun, J. Zhang, A. K. H. MacGibbon, P. Black and G. W. Krissansen, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 729–738.
Restoration of hay meadows on ex‐arable land: commercial seed mixtures vs. spontaneous succession
Authors: Lencová K. , Prach K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn many areas of Europe there are policies to restore former arable land to grassland. In practice, this usually involves the use of commercial seed mixtures. The abundance of all vascular plants species in 35 ex‐arable fields, sown with a commercial seed mixture or spontaneously revegetated, was studied in one landscape area to compare two methods of grassland restoration. Species abundance was also evaluated in the close surroundings of the fields. Data were processed using multivariate (ordination) and univariate statistics. Period of time since abandonment, size of the field and type of grassland restoration (sown vs. spontaneously revegetated) had a significant influence on vegetation. However, for the target meadow species, the type of restoration did not exhibit any influence. After about 20 years the contribution of meadow species that had established spontaneously in the studied fields was similar to that of their surroundings. We concluded that artificial sowing on ex‐arable land is not necessary to develop semi‐natural grasslands if (i) there are sources of appropriate diaspores in the immediate surroundings, (ii) the site is not very rich in nutrients and (iii) farmers do not need grass production immediately. In these situations and over this timescale natural regeneration would allow substantial savings of money and labour.
Effects ofin situfreezing on soil net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification in fertilized grassland of northern China
Authors: Zhang X. , Bai W. , Gilliam F. S. , Wang Q. , Han X. , Li L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEffects of soil freezing on nitrogen (N) mineralization have been the subject of increased attention in the ecological literature, though fewer studies have examined N mineralization responses to successive mild freezing, severe freezing and cyclic freeze–thaw events. Even less is known about relationships of responses to soil N status. This study measured soil N mineralization and nitrification in the field along an experimental N gradient in a grassland of northern China during the dormant season (October 2005–April 2006), a period in which freezing naturally occurs. Net N mineralization exhibited great temporal variability, with nitrification being the predominant N transformation process. Soil microbial biomass C and N and extractable NH4 + pools declined by 40, 52, and 56%, respectively, in April 2006, compared with their initial concentrations in October 2005; soil NO3–pools increased by 84%. Temporal patterns of N mineralization were correlated with soil microbial biomass C and N. N mineralization and nitrification increased linearly with added N. Microbial biomass C in treated soils increased by 10% relative to controls, whereas microbial N declined by 9%. Results further suggest that freezing events greatly alter soil N dynamics in the dormant season at this site, with considerable available N accumulating during this period.
A subcellular localization compendium of hydrogen peroxide‐induced proteins
Authors: INZÉ ANNELIES , VANDERAUWERA SANDY , HOEBERICHTS FRANK A. , VANDORPE MICHAËL , VAN GAEVER TIM , VAN BREUSEGEM FRANK 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe signal transduction mechanisms of the oxidative stress response in plants remain largely unexplored. Previously, increased levels of cellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) had been shown to drastically affect the plant transcriptome. Genome‐wide transcriptome analyses allowed us to build a comprehensive inventory of H2O2‐induced genes in plants. Here, the primary objective was to determine the subcellular localization of these genes and to assess potential trafficking during oxidative stress. After high‐throughput cloning in Gateway‐derived vectors, the subcellular localization of 49 proteins fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was identified in a transient assay in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) by means of agro‐infiltration and confirmed for a selection of genes in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Whereas eight of the GFP‐tagged proteins are exclusively localized in the nucleus, 23 reside both in the nucleus and cytosol, in which several classes of known transcription factors and proteins of unknown function can be recognized. In this study, the mapping of the subcellular localization of H2O2‐induced proteins paves the way for future research to unravel the H2O2 responses in plants. Furthermore, the effect of increased H2O2 levels on the subcellular localization of a subset of proteins was assessed.