bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Health Literacy of Parents in the United States: A Nationally Representative Study
Authors: Yin H. Shonna , Johnson Matthew , Mendelsohn Alan L. , Abrams Mary Ann , Sanders Lee M. , Dreyer Benard P. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE: To assess the health literacy of US parents and explore the role of health literacy in mediating child health disparities.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed for a nationally representative sample of US parents from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy. Parent performance on 13 child health-related tasks was assessed by simple weighted analyses. Logistic regression analyses were performed to describe factors associated with low parent health literacy and to explore the relationship between health literacy and self-reported child health insurance status, difficulty understanding over-the-counter medication labeling, and use of food labels.
RESULTS: More than 6100 parents made up the sample (representing 72600098 US parents); 28.7% of the parents had below-basic/basic health literacy, 68.4% were unable to enter names and birth dates correctly on a health insurance form, 65.9% were unable to calculate the annual cost of a health insurance policy on the basis of family size, and 46.4% were unable to perform at least 1 of 2 medication-related tasks. Parents with below-basic health literacy were more likely to have a child without health insurance in their household (adjusted odds ratio: 2.4 [95% confidence interval: 1.1–4.9]) compared with parents with proficient health literacy. Parents with below-basic health literacy had 3.4 times the odds (95% confidence interval: 1.6–7.4) of reporting difficulty understanding over-the-counter medication labels. Parent health literacy was associated with nutrition label use in unadjusted analyses but did not retain significance in multivariate analyses. Health literacy accounted for some of the effect of education, racial/ethnic, immigrant-status, linguistic, and income-related disparities.
CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of US parents have limited health-literacy skills. Decreasing literacy demands on parents, including simplification of health insurance and other medical forms, as well as medication and food labels, is needed to decrease health care access barriers for children and allow for informed parent decision-making. Addressing low parent health literacy may ameliorate existing child health disparities.
Electro-Osmosis in Soils
Authors: Casagrande Ing. L. 
Published: October 2009

Summary The present paper shows that, from a practical point of view, the electro-osmotic transport of water may be assumed to be constant for all soils. The magnitude of the osmotic permeability was found to be ke=5 × 10−5 cm. per sec. for for 1 volt per cm. By comparing ke, with the hydraulic permeability the heights to which the water can be shifted by electro-osmosis were computed and also measured by laboratory tests. For this purpose a special apparatus was constructed. The fact that with colloidal materials agreement between theoretical equilibrium heads and test results exist only for the short interval of time immediately after applying an electric potential was attributed to the development of cracks within the mass of material. The possibility of diverting the flow of pore-water away from cuttings is discussed and illustrated by practical examples. Some indications are given of the magnitude of the required consumption of energy for a few arrangements of electrodes. An explanation is also offered for the favourable effect of electro-osmosis on the consolidation of soft soil deposits.
Seepage into a Sheeted Excavation
Authors: McNamee John 
Published: October 2009

Summary A number of problems of steady two-dimensional seepage flow around sheeted excavations in porous media have been investigated at the Building Research Station in recent years. This paper presents a general survey of the work carried out and summarizes the more important results which have been achieved. The assumptions of the theory of seepage flow are reviewed briefly and the difficulty of interpreting the practical value of theoretical results is discussed. Some relaxation solutions for one type of problem are given and graphs have been prepared in order to facilitate the application of equilibrium criteria. The application of the theory in the safe design of sheeted excavations is considered and some practical suggestions are offered.
Stresses in Rock About Cavities
Authors: Karl Teraghi , Richart F. E. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis The article contains a discussion of the influenceof the shape of cavities, such as tunnels or spheroidal chambers, on the state of stress in the surrounding rock. The mathematical methods which have been used for computing the stresses are given in an appendix. The results of the computations show that the stresses in the rock surrounding spheroidal cavities are lower than those in the rock about tunnels with the same cross-section, located at the same depth. As the ratio between the height and the diameter of a spheroidal cavity decreases, the stresses in the rock adjacent to the equator increase, but the height and width of the zone of stress concentration decreases. If the rock located within this zone is not strong enough to sustain the stresses, it flows or it is crushed, but the local failure has little influence on the state of stress in the rock above the roof of the cavity. The most important error involved in the determination of the stresses is due to the uncertainties involved in the evaluation of the stresses which prevailed in the rock prior to the excavation of a cavity. L'article examine l'influence de la forme de cavitiés, telles que tunnels ou caves sphéroīdales, sur le régime des tensions existant dans le roc environment. Une description des méthodes de calcul employeés pour calculer les tensions est donnee en Annexe. Les résultats montrent que les tensions existant dans le rot autour d'une cavité sphéroīdale sont mains élevées que celles qui existent autour d'un tunnel de même section transversale et situé á la même profondeur. A mesure que le rapport entre la hauteur et le diametre diminue, les tensions existant dans le roc contigu a l'équateur augmentent mais la largeur et la hauteur de la zone de concentration des tensions diminuent. Si le rot est incapable de résister a ces tensions il se produit un écoulement ou un écrasement mais cette détérioration localisée n'influence guére le regime des tensions dans le rot au dessus de la cavité. La source principale d'erreurs dans la détermination des tensions est l’incertitude concernant l'évaluation des tensions prédominantes dans le roc avant l'excavation.
Landslips in Norwegian Quick-Clays
Authors: Holmsen Per 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis In Norway, quick-clay deposits occasionally cause large landslips, or rather, landslides. This article attempts to give an outline of the mode of occurrence, the geographical distribution, some common features as to the mechanism, and supposed causes of the slips. Particular reference is given to the famous landslide in Værdalen, north of Trondheim, in 1893, where nearly 3 square kilo-metres of cultivated land, and about 55 million metres cubic metres were transformed into a heavy liquid, washing down the valley towards the fjord. One hundred and eleven persons lost their lives in this catastrophe. En Norvège, des dépôts d'argiles mouvantes causent de temps en temps des affaisements importants ou, plutôt, des éboulements. Cet article essaie de donner un aperçu de la maniée dont ils se produisent, la répartition géographique, quelques traits communs quant au mécanisme, et des causes supposées de ces éboulements. L'on peut spécialement titer les fameux éboulemcnts de Værdalen, au Nord de Trondheim, en 1893, oú presque 3 kilo-métres carrés de terres cultivees et environ 55 millions de métres cubes furent transformés en un lourd liquide noyant la vallée vers le fiord. Cent onze personnes perdirent leurs vies dans cette catastrophe.
Considerations on the Sensitivity of Norwegian Quick-Clays
Authors: Rosenqvist I. TH. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis The article gives an account, for the first time in English, of the work on sensitivity of the Norwegian quick-clays, published in 1946. These quick-clays are characterised by extreme sensitivities. They are of marine origin, but are found to differ from normal clays in having a low content of dissolved electrolytes, the greater part of the original salt having been removed by diffusion into moving ground-water, subsequent to deposition. The quick-clays do not differ appreciably in their mineralogy or grain size from normal clays of the same origin, and are sometimes found as lenticular bodies in normal clays. Their thixotropy is usually unimportant. A theory is outlined for the formation of the quick-clays. L'article donne un compte-rendu, pour la première fois en Anglais, des travaux sur la sensibilité des argiles mouvantes norvègiens, publiés en 1946. Ces argiles mouvantes se caractèrisent par leur extrême sensibilité. Elles sont d'origine maritime, mais l'on a trouvé qu'elles différaient des argiles normales par un contenu peu élevé d'electrolytes dissoutes, la plus grande partie du se1 originel ayant été enlevee par la diffusion dans les nappes d'eau souterraines mouvantes par suite de dépôts. Les argiles mouvantes ne différent pas de manière appréciable par leur minéralogie ou la taille de leur grain d'argiles normales de même origine, et on les trouve quelquefois, en tant que corps lenticulaires, dans les argiles normales. Leur thixotropy est habituellement peu important. Une théorie sur la formation des argiles mouvantes est esquissée.
The Bearing-Capacity Failure Of The Transcona Elevator
Authors: Peck R. B. , Bryant F. G. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis In 1913, a grain elevator near Winnipeg, Canada, experienced a bearing-capacity failure during its first loading. The foundation consisted of a large rectangular raft resting on a plastic clay deposit. The load at failure is known. This article presents the results of tests made to determine the properties of the clay, and demonstrates that the failure occured at a pressure corresponding to the computed ultimate bearing-capacity of the clay. The article is accommpanied by a supplementary not by Mr L. Scott White— an eye-witness of the incident. En 1913 la rupture d'un silo près de Winnipeg, Canada, a eu lieu dont la cause était l'insuffisance de la force portante. Le silo était fondé sur unradier supporté par une couche d'argile plastique La charge au moment dela rup est connue. Les qualités de L'argile sont indiquées par les resultats presentés ci-dessous des essais de sol sur des énchantillons intacts. Ces résultats indiquent que la rupture a eu lieu sous une charge égale à la force portante limite calculée de l´argile. L'article est accompagné d'une note supplémentaire par M. L. Scott White, qui était témoin à l'incident.
Some Investigations on Granular Soils With Particular Reference to the Compressed-Air Sand Sampler
Authors: Nixon I. K. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis A new tool, much simpler than any previous type, for taking undisturbed samples of sand from below the water-table was introduced in 1948. Some investigations are described where its use has been important: (1) The crushing of a concrete sewer buried in sand. (2) Compaction from pile driving in a medium sand, resulting in a change of density from about 85 lb. per cubic foot to 101 lb. per cubic foot. (3) Measurement of the natural density of the Bracklesham sands. (4) The examination of laminated soils for ground-water lowering schemes. Continnous undisturbed samples have become an essential requirement when estimating the permeabili of laminated soils. The use of the sand sampler on about 15 investigations has proved it to be very satisfactory, and no modifications have been necessary. All types of sand except coarse sand have been sampled. Occasionally, the examination of samples has revealed distinctive grain structures indicative of the lack of disturbance from the sampling. The relationship between the measured and in-situ density appears satisfactory for medium and loose deposits, but there is an indication that the measured densities are lower than the in-situ for dense deposits. Numerous samples have been taken from depths down to 100 feet, and one from a depth of 130 feet. Une nouvelle machine-outil, et beaucoup moins compliquee que tout autre type anterieur, pour le prelevement des echantillons de sable intacts de dessous la nappe phreatique, fut introduite en 1948. Les resultats de quelques easais pour la realisation desquels l'emploi de cette outil a constitue une application importante, sont presentes: (1) l'crasement d'un dgout en beton enfonce dans la sable; (2) consolidation par suite de pilotage dans une sable moyenne, amenant a une variation de densite d'environ 85 livres par pied carre a 101 livres par pied ccarre; (3) la mesure de la densite propre des sables. de Bracklesham; (4) l'examen des sols laminaires pour des projets d'abaissement de la nappe phreatique. II faut des echantillons continns et intacts pour la determination de la permeabilite des sols laminaires. L'efficacite de l'chantilleur a sable s'est revelee comme satisfaisante pendant environ 15 essais, et aucunes modifications ne semblent necessaires. On a preleve des echantillons de toutes sortes de sable, sauf de la sable grossiere. De temps a autre, l'examen des echantillons a revele des structures de grain distinctives–ce qui indique qu'ils restent inacts apres l'chantillage. Le rapport entre la densite measuree et la densites sur place somble etre satisfaisant pour les couches measurees moyennes et molles, mais il apparait que les densites measurees sont plus faibles que les densites sur place pour des wuches epaisses. On a preleve dans une profondeur jusqu'a 100 pieds un grand nombre d'chautillons, dont un a une profondeur de 13 pieds.
Influence of Roughness of Base and Ground-Water Conditions On The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Foundations
Authors: Meyerhof G. G. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis Theoretical methods for estimating the effect of roughness of the base on the bearing capacity are outlined in the first part of the Paper and compared with the results of some loading tests on model footings. In the second part of the Paper theoretical analyses of the influence of ground-water conditions on the bearing capacity of cohesionless material are summarised and compared with the main results of laboratory and some field loading tests on sand. Dans la première partie du Document I'auteur expose dans leurs grandes lignes les méthodes théoriques propres à l'éevaluation de l'effet de la rugosité de la base sur la capacité portant et les compare avec les résultats de certains essais de charge sur des modèles de semelles. Dam la seconde partie du Document, des analyses théoriques de l'influence des conditions avec nappes d'eau souterraines snr la capacité portante des matéeriaux non cohérents sont résumées et comparées avecles principaux résultats d'essais en laboratoire et de certains essais sur place de charge snr sable.
Evalution of Conefficients of Subgrade Reaction
Authors: Terzaghi Karl 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis The theories of vertical and horizontal subgrade reaction are based on the simplifying assumptions that the subgrade obeys Hooke's law, and that the subgrade reaction on the base of a rigid centrally loaded plate resting on the horizontal surface of the subgrade has the same value at every point of the base. Although these assumptions are not rigorously correct, the theories of subgrade reaction can be used for obtaining approximate solutions of many practical problems, such as the computation of the stresses in continuous footings acted upon by concentrated loads, or in piles that are intended to transfer horizontal load on to the subgrade. However, in order to get reasonably accurate results, the coefficients of subgrade reaction must be assigned values compatible with the deformation characteristics of the subgrade and the dimensions of the loaded area. The Paper contains a discussion of the factors which determine the value of the coefficients of both vertical and horizontal subgrade reaction of cohesionless sand and stiff clay, and numerical values are proposed for the constants which appear in the equations defining these coefficients. It contains also brief reviews of the practical application of the theories of subgrade reaction. Les théories de réaction verticale et horizontale des soubassement de terrassement sont fondées sur des hypothéses de simplification selon lesquelles la plateforme obéit à la loi de Hooke et que la réaction de soubassement sur la base d';une plaque rigide chargée centralement et reposant sur la surface horizontale de la soubassemcnt a la même valeur en tout point de cette base. Bien que ces hypothéses ne soient pas strictement correctes, les théories sur la réaction de soubassement peuvent être utilisées pour obtenir des solutions approximatives de nombreux problémes pratiques tels que le calcul des efforts dans des empattements continus sur lesquels agissent des charges concentrées ou dans des pieux qui ont pour but de transfércr la charge horizontale sur la soubassement. Toutefois, afin d'obtenir des semelles de fondation raisonnablement pécis, les coefficients de réaction de soubassement doivent recevoir des valeurs compatibles avec les caractéristiques de déeformation de la soubassement et avec les dimensions de la surface chargée. Ce document comprend un examen des facteurs déterminant la valeur des coefficients à la fois de réaction verticale et de réaction horizontale de soubassement pour du sable non-cohérent et de I'argile raide. Y figurent en outre des valeurs suggérées pour les constantes apparaissant dans les équations qui définissent ces coefficients. Le Document donne aussi de brefs exposés sur l'application pratique des théories de réaction de soubassement.
Phenomena Connected with the Settlement Driven Piles
Authors: Bullen F. R. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis Examination of many loading records has thrown light upon the frictional and toe values of the bearing capacity of a pile. The static toe values have been related to the elastic characteristics of the ground, and a connection found between these characteristics and the quake of the ground at the toe of the pile during driving. L'examen de nombreux rapports de charge a élucidé les valeurs de frottement et du pied de la capacité portante d'un pieu. On a établi les rapports entre les valeurs statiques du pied et les caractéristiques élastiques du sol, et on a trouvé. une relation entre ces caractéristiques et le tremblement du sol au pied du pieu pendant l'enfoncement.
A Contribution to the Analysis of Stress in a Circular Tunnel
Authors: Morgan H. D. 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis In recent years progress has been made in the evolution of methods of tunnel lining which represent a marked departure from the traditional cast-iron lining. In designing such tunnel linings, it is necessary to relate the effects of stiffness of the lining to the characteristics of the ground since the strength of the lining is related to both factors. In making a theoretical study of this problem it is necessary first to consider the effects on the state of stress in the ground around the tunnel due to its construction and the manner in which subsequent deformation of the tunnel lining may occur. Equations are then presented relating the stress set up in a tunnel lining directly to the stiffness of the lining and the elastic properties of the surrounding ground. Since the newer forms of tunnel lining are, on the whole, less stiff than the traditional lining, it is also necessary to consider the question of the stability of the lining. Known methods of analysis for critical external pressure on a thin tube have been developed to relate to a thin tube in an elastic medium. Where a tunnel is driven in clay, long-term effects of consolidation settlement have also to be considered and relationships are established between the ultimate stress in a tunnel and the consolidation characteristics of the ground. Field tests are being carried out which are expected to provide information on the application and limitations of the theoretical treatment. Au cours de ces derniéres années l'évolution des méthodes de revêtement des tunnels a fait des progrès qui représentent une déviation nette de revêtements traditionnels en fonte. Dans la conception des tels revêtements de tunnels, il faut établir un rapport des effets de rigidité du revêtement aux caractéristiques du sol car la solidité du revétement est en rapport avec ces deux facteurs. Pour faire une étude théorique de ce problême, il faut considérer d'abord les effets sur la condition de tension dans le sol autour du tunnel à cause de sa construction et de la maniére dont peuvent se produire les déformations consécutives du revêtement du tunnel. Comme dans l'ensemble les nouvelles sortes de revêtements de tunnel sont moins rigides que les revêtements traditionnels, il faut considérer aussi la question de la stabilité du revêtement. Desméthodes d'analyse connues pour la pression extérieure critique sur un tube mince ont été développée pour établir un rapport avec un tube mince dans un milieu élastique. Où on perce un tunnel dans l'argile, les effets à long terme de tassement d` à la consolidation doivent aussi être considérés et on établit des relations entre la tension limite de rupture dans un tunnel et des caractéristiques de consolidation du sol. On est en train de faire des essais de chantier dont on attend des renseignements sur l'application et les limitations du traitement théorique.
Frictional Resistance of Bored Piles in Expansive Clays
Authors: Mohan Dinesh , Chandra Subhash 
Published: October 2009

Synopsis A series of loading and pull-out tests were carried out on cast-in-situ bored concrete piles in highly expansive clays (black cotton soils) at four different sites in India. It was found that the frictional resistance has the same value in pushing and pulling and is about half the average shear strength of the soil along the pile shaft. Laboratory and field investigations show that the reduction in frictional resistance is due partly to the softening of the clay adjacent to the pile shaft and partly to the loss of adhesion between the concrete and the soil. Une série d'essais de charge et d'arrachement a été faite sur des piles de béton en forage coulées sur place dans des argiles fortement expansibles (sols de “Cotton Noir”) à quatre endroits différent aux Indes. On a trouvé que la résistance à la friction a la même valeur en poussée et en traction et est d'environ moitié de la résistance moyenne au cisaillement du sol adjacent au puits de forage. Les recherches de laboratoire et sur le terrain montrent que la diminution de la résistance à la friction est dûe en partie au ramollissement de l'argile adjacente au puits de la pile et en partie à la perte de l'adhesion entre le béton et le sol.