bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Trustworthy Digital Twin for Data Driven Verification
Authors: Hansen O. H. , Stang J. , Jaiswal V. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTraditionally, verification of equipment and systems has been carried out by deploying surveyors to perform physical verifications. Today, the development of digital twins, representing physical assets, provides the possibility to leverage data to enhance and replace the conventional verification and validation efforts undertaken by industry stakeholders. Digitalization, new technologies, algorithms, and artificial intelligence (AI), incorporated in digital twins, can be used to execute effective verifications. When such digital twins have proven to provide genuine and trustworthy evidence, the evidence can be used in assessments towards specified acceptance criteria, and issue, maintain, and renew certificates. Some parts of the assessment itself may even become automated through the use of algorithms and AI solutions, further increasing the importance of the rigor and intensity with which these digital twins must be qualified and assured. This paper is developed in order to support the development of trustworthy digital twins for data-driven-verification (DDV) systems and methods. Use of digital twins should be acceptable as long as they provide the same, or higher, level of assurance as the traditional methods. DDV also aims at reducing non-productive time, costs associated with surveyors attending the physical asset, redundant verification activities, and the knowledge sharing, and transfer burden imposed upon the asset organization.
Beyond Watch Circle Alerts: A Case Study in Mooring Failure Detection Using GPS Position Monitoring Data for a Deepwater Spar
Authors: Jayasinghe K. , Thomas C. , Eassom A. , Kilner A. , Guha A. , Ryu S. , Depena R. K. , Lee D. , Xu W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Safe and reliable access to offshore energy, whether it be through hydrocarbon or renewable sources, often requires floating infrastructure that is held on station by well designed, well installed and closely monitored mooring systems. The bounds of what is possible with mooring integrity monitoring technology has expanded in recent years, providing stakeholders with improved risk mitigation over the life of the floating facility.
GPS-based position monitoring systems are a common feature of offshore facilities. This paper presents how position monitoring data is being leveraged to go beyond excursion-limit alerts and achieve automated mooring integrity monitoring. The case study presented in this paper is for a deep-water spar facility that recently experienced a mooring line failure.
A numerical model was developed to represent the as-built condition of the facility and its mooring system. Static and modal analyses were conducted to characterise the response of the facility in both the intact and mooring line failed conditions. This characterisation was then used to tune an algorithm to detect mooring failures based on GPS position data for the facility.
In-field observations of GPS position data were provided to this algorithm as test data. The outputs of the failure detection algorithm using these in-field observations are presented in this paper. In addition to the algorithm being validated against an observed mooring failure, several storms were present in the data set, to test if the algorithm would raise false positive failure alerts; none were triggered.
The paper also discusses how mooring integrity monitoring can be deployed in practice as a 24/7 web-based automated system, accessible to key stakeholders both on and offshore. An outline architecture for how such a system may be connected to operational data sources is provided. Adequate consideration of data security and data integrity issues are important in the deployment of such a web-based solution and an outline of the challenges that may need to be addressed are provided.
By presenting a case study on how GPS data can be successfully used to monitor mooring integrity and reliably detect mooring failures whilst avoiding false positive alerts, this paper demonstrates an approach for improved risk visibility and risk mitigation for floating facility mooring systems, at lower cost and complexity than traditional mooring monitoring techniques.
Lean Subsea Electric Actuators for Linear Gate Valves
Authors: Kubacki M. , Pfeifroth E. , Hendrix G. , Orth A. , Duarte da Silva J. P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Offshore resources are a major part of the world's required energy mix and are currently crucial as a source for many materials and goods used in our daily life. The production and processing of these resources mostly relies on heavy-duty machinery and infrastructure that has been proven and running for many decades. Over the years the possible technologies used for the process evolved and equipment became more reliable and compact with longer step-outs. At the same time, electric actuators were deployed to overcome the need for complex hydraulic power supply and to increase monitoring possibilities while minimizing time lags in the system's reaction.
During the deployment of innovative technologies, a focus was put on the safety performance of the actuation systems. Due to potential risks to the environment, safety remains a key requirement for upcoming unmanned and autonomous production and processing sites.
Linear valves and actuators play a critical role in subsea systems as they allow for lightweight and compact design of infrastructure. The first electric subsea actuators for linear valves were expensive, large, and non-retrievable due to complex safety mechanisms using springs. The current actuators reduced the size by replacing the springs with electric batteries, leading to higher costs to ensure minimum safety integrity level with complex subsea control modules. This dilemma splits the users in two groups: the ones who prioritize safety by springs but have to maintain the environmental risks and OPEX costs of conventional hydraulics; or the ones who prioritize electrification by subsea batteries but limit its application to fewer projects which can afford a much higher CAPEX.
An innovative solution to overcome the challenges of the industry, following the state-of-the-art developments, was needed to allow sustainable and future-proof production and processing. This enables viable business models for rising industries such as Carbon Storage and green hydrogen production and transportation. At the same time, the solution had to be designed in a way to reduce cost and increase reliability and protection for the environment.
This paper shows the simplest way to electric automated linear gate valves subsea, without compromising safety and efficiency. It explains how a portfolio of lean all-electric subsea actuators was developed and qualified, focused on cost-efficient and reliable operation, by integrating field-proven safety with an easy-to-exchange module and low-power consumption drive, designed to scale up the energy transition.
Suez CanalS Tsunami: Hazard Risk and Consequences
Authors: Sartini L. , Fiorini E. , Poggi P. , Duchini E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this work we review the impact of potential tsunamigenic events on the Suez Canal by means of numerical hydrodynamic simulations. To do this we selected three possible seismic sources affecting the area of study and able to trigger tsunami, two of which located in the eastern Mediterranean region and one in the Gulf of Aqaba. The selected sources reviewed and characterized to provide the input to the hydrodynamic analysis are the Lebanon Thrust Fault, two fault segments of the Cyprus Arc and the Evrona and Elat faults (Dead Sea Fault system).
Tsunami event due to Lebanon Thrust Fault impacts the Nile Delta and propagates into the Suez Canal with the formation of long sub waves with a maximum water level reached at Port Said after 2 hours and a half from the beginning of propagation.
Tsunami generated by seismic events due to major fault systems belonging to the Cyprus Arc affect Port Said with a maximum water level reached at about 3 hours and a half after the seismic event.
Finally, simulations developed considering as seismic source the Evrona Dead Sea Fault, located in the Gulf of Aqaba, reveal that a significant water level increase is observed along the entire Canal at about six hours from the beginning of the tsunamigenic event.
Wax/Hydrate Flow Assurance of North Sea Pipeline-Riser System Using Integrated Production Modelling
Authors: Bassey B. O. , Cunningham P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Flow assurance problems usually impede fluid transfer across process facilities especially in low-temperature regions, where oil and gas produced contain more wax as fields mature, and hydrates form at certain temperatures and pressures in facilities transporting acidic gases produced along with hydrocarbons. This study undertook a mechanistic, compositional modelling of a subsea gas condensate pipeline-riser system in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. The objectives were to forecast wax and hydrate problems; estimate the operating conditions necessary for formation; predict their impacts on facility throughput, well deliverability and reservoir performance; and inform the design of mitigation schemes to enhance flow assurance, production optimisation and asset integrity. Integrated production modelling (IPM) was deployed to process data extrapolated from the literature through a graphical user interface (GUI) that links different specialist software packages within the suite and considers the entire asset as a total production system from reservoir to point-of-sales. Fluid composition data from crude assays was fed into PVTp to generate the required PVT data, which was imported to GAP along with process parameters to predict wax and hydrate deposition in the pipeline-riser system. The GAP model was then connected to RESOLVE to run manual and automatic mitigation programs for wax and hydrate deposition in the system. Predicted data obtained were plotted against relevant functions to analyse the effects of these issues and the modelled mitigation schemes on production and asset integrity. A critical analysis of manual and automatic mitigation designs for each of wax and hydrate modelling is provided. Wax risk was detected by GAP at the pipeline section connecting two wells, while hydrate risk was detected at another pipeline section. Two sections were found to indicate both hydrate and wax risks. A proactive approach to wax-hydrate monitoring was thus recommended to enable the detection and troubleshooting of other production issues before they escalate. Though the present tools are based on steady state flow, they should find application in facilities operating in mature fields with declining production rates that approximate the flow regime of the simulator. The acquisition and incorporation of algorithms from dynamic simulators was also advocated to enable composite models to be built by future research and simulations run in the more practical transient state as the IPM suite undergoes regular upgrades. No previous study in the literature has been found to report the use of the modelling tools of this paper for wax-hydrate flow assurance. This study is hoped to provide unique approach to integrated flow assurance from reservoir to point of sales; a key advantage of IPM. The recommendations had informed the development of a transient simulator by the software provider.
Standardization of Flexible Pipes – Where Flexibility Matters Most
Authors: Gasparetto V. , Loureiro W. C. , Dias M. A. R. , de Oliveira J. G. A. , de França A. B. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe work presents an unprecedented standardization effort within the flexible pipe industry, that allows flexible pipe manufactures to still use their best design for each case while allowing the projects the flexibility to select pipes from a list of already qualified and ready-to-manufacture pipe structures. Over 2000 km of standardized flexible pipes have been procured by Petrobras with these standardization rules, with over 500 km being purchased annually.First, this work presents the historical evolution of flexible pipe standardization by Petrobras up to the current stage, addressing the interactive process of standardization definition, its challenges, how the company is applying it in brown and green fields, and the benefits that it can bring to the market and oil and gas industry.By looking into the demand of flexible pipes within brown and green fields in development, a large number of functional requirements can be seen: water depth, fluid conditions and topside and equipment interfaces show a great degree of diversity. The impact of each of these functional requirements in the manufacturing and cost of the flexible pipes was evaluated to minimize the cost and the number of design targets, thus creating a fixed menu of pipe types to be selected for each project, reducing procurement, engineering and manufacturing time. This has been a constant process with iterations over time.After several iterations of the optimization process, four groups of target design conditions were created: a set of structures for brown fields, a set of structures for the current developments and two sets for the future projects, to identify qualification efforts and development opportunities.Subsea project engineering is also facilitated by a pre-defined set of pipes. Standardization allows for a given pipe to be used in any give well, with minimum additional engineering, and may rely on automated analysis that consider the database of pre-defined structures. For ageing assets, replacement pipes are also readily available, minimizing downtime when risers reach their end of life. Multiple tasks within the subsea project development process are also easily automated through this list of pre-defined pipes, streamlining the process and accelerating deployment.Standardizing the requirements for projects also allows the market to prepare for and qualify pipes in advance. With the clear target in sight, from Petrobras and from other operators, suppliers may identify the common technological gaps and tackle them with R&D support from the operators. The next projects will follow the same trend.
Interdisciplinary Strategies for Scour Risk Mitigation in Offshore Wind Foundations
Authors: Komolafe O. , Berger W. , Metz Z. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As offshore wind assumes greater importance in global renewable energy, scour undermining the foundations of these structures becomes a critical concern. The issue of scour demands proactive solutions to ensure the durability of offshore wind turbines, considering the shift to sustainable energy across the globe. This paper outlines an integrated strategy to mitigate scour risks using interdisciplinary approaches. Details will be provided on how scour degrades foundation integrity and a review of current geotechnical engineering solutions, supported by case studies. The influence of currents, waves, and sediment transport on scour is highlighted with computational modeling to simulate these dynamic processes. Big data analytics is explored to enable rapid automated risk assessments using advanced numerical algorithms and predictive analytics. The study also analyzes existing mitigation measures and proposes enhancements to preparedness, rapid response, and training. Current regulations are reviewed for compliance, with recommendations to update offshore industry standards. The potential to apply these techniques more widely, including in the oil and gas sector, is discussed. Future challenges, including environmental changes and technical limitations, are noted. Additional research avenues include enhanced scour monitoring and new foundation designs. In summary, this paper synthesizes key learnings, recommends pragmatic next steps that can be taken, and forecasts the evolving scour risk outlook as the shift towards offshore wind expands exponentially. A collaborative and proactive approach engaging disciplines across offshore geotechnical engineering and marine geosciences is advocated to safeguard the vital role of offshore wind in sustainable energy, accounting for the complex challenges of dynamic open ocean environments. The proposed recommendations will enable offshore wind power to successfully become an integral part of how energy is generated around the world, thus supporting a green energy future that is sustainable and eco-friendly.
Gentle Driving of Piles: Field Observations, Quantitative Analysis and Further Development
Authors: Tsetas A. , Kementzetzidis E. , Gómez S. S. , Molenkamp T. , Elkadi A. S. K. , Pisanò F. , Tsouvalas A. , Metrikine A. V. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn this paper, the main findings and developments pertaining to the Gentle Driving of Piles (GDP) method are presented, addressing various aspects of monopile installation. GDP introduces an innovative vibratory installation method for tubular (mono)piles, utilizing simultaneous low-frequency axial and high-frequency torsional vibrations to enhance the pile installation performance, while curbing underwater noise emissions during driving. To support the earliest development of the GDP method a multi-fold research programme has been carried out, including laboratory experiments, field testing, and advanced numerical modelling. The first field tests at the Maasvlakte II site (Port of Rotterdam, The Netherlands) successfully demonstrated the use of GDP in sandy soil in terms of (enhanced) installation as well as post-installation response to lateral cyclic loading. Furthermore, numerical modelling work was undertaken, addressing the aspects of drivability, vibro-acoustics and lateral response to cyclic loading. This paper provides novel insights into sustainable monopile installation, addressing challenges related to installation performance, lateral loading response, and vibro-acoustics. GDP emerges as a propitious solution for future offshore monopile installation, contributing to the ambitious goals of the offshore wind sector.
AI Camera System for Real-Time Load Concentration Estimation
Authors: Jing Haorong , Ozbayoglu Evren , Baldino Silvio , Holt Calvin , Ruel Francois , Wang Junzhe 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis paper presents an innovative study that optimizes drilling operations by integrating advanced camera systems and computer vision image processing techniques. The core objective of this research is to monitor and quantify the drilled solids transported to the shale shaker in real-time. By employing a sophisticated camera system equipped with AI-based image processing capabilities, this study introduces a groundbreaking approach to estimating the concentration of drill cuttings as a function of time directly at the drilling site. This methodology aims to accurately measure the shaker load, thereby facilitating estimating time-dependent cutting concentration during drilling operations. The research enhances the system's precision by comparing the actual cuttings concentration measured from the loop with the estimates derived from the processed camera images. This comparative analysis aims to validate the effectiveness of the camera-based system and its potential to revolutionize the accuracy and efficiency of drilling operations. The findings of this study are anticipated to contribute significantly to increased operational efficiency in the oil and gas industry, marking a substantial step forward in applying AI in field-based drilling analytics.
Repurposing Western Australian Gas Network for Hydrogen Transportation - A Case Study of Telfer Gas Pipeline
Authors: Sofian Mohammed , Haq Bashirul , Alshehri Dhafer , Rahman Mohammed Mizanur , Zaman Ehsan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Blending hydrogen with natural gas (H2-NG) in pipelines is one of the pragmatic solutions to lower carbon emissions from natural gas usage. This strategy entails incorporating a defined percentage of H2 into established NG networks. This work evaluates the potential of H2-NG blending in the Telfer Gas Pipeline (TGP) – a part of the Western Australia transmission network. The effect of increasing H2 fraction on pressure profile, corrosion, and erosion along TGP was addressed.
The pipeline model was developed and validated using PIPESIM-Net software. The tested gas mixtures were calibrated with comparable studies, while the pipeline model was validated with the real operating conditions of TGP. Then, a thorough sensitivity analysis was performed, investigating the impact of varying H2 concentrations. The molar fraction of H2 in the gas mixture increased from 0% to 80%, with a 10% step.
The inclusion of H2 substantially increased the pressure profile at both the TGP's mainline and delivery nodes (sinks). This rise in pressure resulted from notable reductions in both density and viscosity as the H2 fraction increased, contributing to decreased hydrostatic and frictional pressure losses along the pipeline, respectively. Thermodynamically, the compressibility factor reached unity when the gas composition contained 80% H2. The heightened pressure in the pipeline caused increased corrosion rates, although the erosional velocity ratio exhibited a slight decrease with higher H2 content.
This analysis offers critical insights into the impact of H2 concentration on the system, providing a comprehensive assessment of potential risks and opportunities of H2-NG blending in transmission networks.
Next Generation Bulkheads for Pipe-In-Pipes: Story of a Fast-Track Technology Development from Inception to Offshore Operational Testing
Authors: d'Huart P.-E. , Hallot R. , Roland P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses the development of next-generation bulkheads for Pipe-in-Pipe, aiming to replace forged bulkheads with cheaper and safer mechanical stoppers. The process started with an innovative mechanical design based on wedges, utilizing alternate plastic materials instead of steel for enhanced safety and improved thermal performance. The development included the selection and qualification of the supply chain, prototype production, mechanical testing, and design improvement for the final Scale 1 production.
The versatile and agile development process allowed for quick testing and pivoting of use cases, resulting in a fast-track development completed in less than three years. The wedges demonstrated excellent mechanical resistance, exceeding expectations. Operational benefits included a much safer and hands-free setup methodology, a 6-fold reduction in bulkhead setup time, and a 20% increase in overall productivity for laying Pipe-in-Pipe flowlines.
The use of polymeric bulkheads also addresses thermal conduction issues associated with steel, reducing thermal losses, and enhancing the overall thermal performance of Pipe-in-Pipe. The paper emphasizes the novelty of using plastic-based wedges, with a patent published in 2020, marking the first qualification of such a system for offshore installation. The results and observations presented contribute valuable information to the petroleum industry, offering a safer, more efficient, and thermally optimized solution for Pipe-in-Pipe applications.