bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prosorhynchoides borealis Bartoli, Gibson & Bray, 2006 (Digenea: Bucephalidae) cercariae from Abra prismatica (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in Icelandic waters
Authors: Eydal M. , Freeman M.A. , Kristmundsson Á. , Bambir S.H. , Jónsson P.M. , Helgason S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper reports the adult stage of Prosorhynchoides borealis (Digenea) from Lophius piscatorius in Icelandic waters and infections with the larval stages (sporocysts and cercariae) found for the first time in the bivalve Abra prismatica (Semelidae). The previously known first intermediate host was Abraalba (Semelidae). Ribosomal DNA sequencing studies on all three life stages of the parasite (cercariae, metacercariae, adults) were performed to confirm their identites. Morphometric measurements confirmed that the adult worms belong to the newly described species P. borealis. Prosorhynchoides borealis sporocysts filled with cercariae were found in 16% of A. prismatica bivalves sampled at depths between 34 and 93 m off South Iceland. Prevalence ranged from 0 to 44% between different localities. The parasite was found only in the larger bivalves. Extensive sporocyst infection in the haemocoel of the foot caused mechanical muscle damage with subsequent degeneration and necrosis. Other tissues, including the digestive gland, nephridia, gills and intestine, were less heavily infected. Only focal necrosis was observed in the digestive gland, nephridia and gills, and local atrophy in the intestine. Cercariae were also observed in the lumen of both the stomach and intestine. This is the first report of A. prismatica as an alternative first intermediate host for P. borealis. Ribosomal DNA sequence data reveals 100% homology in the data between cercariae, metacercariae and adult digeneans, supporting the morphological data suggesting that all stages belong to the same species.
Compositional and phylogenetic dissimilarity of host communities drives dissimilarity of ectoparasite assemblages: geographical variation and scale-dependence
Authors: KRASNOV BORIS R. , MOUILLOT DAVID , KHOKHLOVA IRINA S. , SHENBROT GEORGY I. , POULIN ROBERT 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYWe tested the hypothesis that compositional and/or phylogenetic dissimilarity of host assemblages affect compositional and/or phylogenetic dissimilarity of parasite assemblages, to different extents depending on scale, using regional surveys of fleas parasitic on small mammals from 4 biogeographical realms. Using phylogenetic community dissimilarity metric, we calculated the compositional and phylogenetic dissimilarity components between all pairs of host and parasite communities within realms and hemispheres. We then quantified the effect of compositional or phylogenetic dissimilarity in host regional assemblages, and geographical distance between assemblages, on the compositional or phylogenetic dissimilarity of flea regional assemblages within a realm, respectively. The compositional dissimilarity in host assemblages strongly affected compositional dissimilarity in flea assemblages within all realms and within both hemispheres. However, the effect of phylogenetic dissimilarity of host assemblages on that of flea assemblages was mostly confined to the Neotropics and Nearctic, but was detected in both the Old and New World at the higher scale, possibly because of phylogenetic heterogeneity in flea and host faunas between realms. The clearer effect of the compositional rather than the phylogenetic component of host community dissimilarity on flea community dissimilarity suggests important roles for host switching and ecological fitting during the assembly history of flea communities.
The Discursive Turn in Policy Analysis and the Validation of Policy Stories
Authors: PRIOR LINDSAY , HUGHES DAVID , PECKHAM STEPHEN 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the language of policy documents in the field of health care, and how ‘readings’ of such documents might be validated in the context of a narrative analysis. The substantive focus is on a comparative study of UK health policy documents (N= 20) as produced by the various assemblies, governments and executives of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland during the period 2000–09. Following the identification of some key characteristics of narrative structure the authors indicate how text-mining strategies allied with features of semantic and network analysis can be used to unravel the basic elements of policy stories and to facilitate the presentation of data in such a way that readers can verify the strengths (and weaknesses) of any given analysis – with regard to claims concerning, say, the presence, absence or relative importance of key ideas and concepts. Readers can also ‘see’ how the different components of any one story might fit together, and to get a sense of what has been excluded from the narrative as well as what has been included, and thereby assess the reliability and validity of interpretations that have been placed upon the data.
Market Failure or Governmental Failure? A Study of China's Water Abstraction Policies
Authors: Li Wei , Beresford Melanie , Song Guojun 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChina's water abstraction policies are significant for illustrating the application of market-based instruments in a transitional and developing country and for shedding light on improving China's water management system. This article presents a new approach to analysing applications of market-based instruments for water resources in China. Expanding the analysis beyond a rational choice approach, it demonstrates the institutional dimension of policy implementation at the local level in China. Four peculiar features of China's water institutions influence local governments in dealing with water abstraction differently from how regulators might expect. This explains local governmental failures and the implementation of water abstraction policies in several ways, including the setting of charges at low levels, a lack of necessary monitoring and sanctions, few incentives to collect charges diligently, and failure to provide accessible information for the public.
The metabolic implications of long term cannabis use in patients with psychosis
Authors: Mushtaq Farrah , Mondelli Valeria , Pariante Carmine M. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryAimsThe aim of this paper is to summarise the effects of cannabis use on appetite and energy balance, and to subsequently investigate the possible implications this may have in patients with psychosis, in whom a high prevalence of cannabis use has been reported.Methods– A narrative review based on the recent literature regarding cannabis use in the gen-eral population and patients with psychosis.Results– The short-term abilities of cannabis to increase appetite and body weight, through actions on the endogenous endocannabinoid system, have been well characterised throughout the literature. The long term effects of cannabis use are however unclear and only a minority of studies have been conducted in the general population with overall conflicting results. In terms of the effects of cannabis in patients with psychosis, there has only been one study to date that has investigated this and interestingly found cannabis use to be associated with increased body weight and blood glucose levels, thus providing evidence that cannabis use may be an important contributing factor to the reduced life expectancy, as is currently observed in this vulnerable patient group.Conclusions– It is clear from the literature that patients with psychosis are at a high risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease in comparison to the general population. However the contribution of cannabis use to this risk is as of yet undetermined and further long term studies are need to confirm current findings and evaluate hypothesised mechanisms.Declaration of Interest: None.
The Community Assessment Psychic Experience (CAPE): evaluation study of the Italian version
Authors: Daneluzzo Enrico , Tommaso Silvia Di , Tempesta Daniela , Cerroni Gianluigi , Stratta Paolo , Rossi Alessandro 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNegli ultimi anni il modello categoriale della psicosi e della schizofrenia in particolare, è stato riconsiderato a favore di una visione dimensionale. Questa assume che I sintomi psicotici differiscono in modo quantitativo dalle normali esperienze psichiche distribuendosi lungo un continuum che va dalla popolazione clinica affetta da schizofrenia ad individui con disturbo di personalità, fino alla popolazione generale che può mostrare esperienze simil psicotiche (Hanssen et al., 2003; Johns & Phil, 2005). Tale continuità fenomenologica è suggerita da studi che mostrano che le dimensioni del fenotipo della psicosi subclinica sono molto simili a quelle identificate nei disturbi clinici (Van Os et al. 2000; Van Os & Tamminga, 2007; Rossler et al., 2007). Sono state infatti riportate dimensioni positive e negative sia in ambito clinico che subclinico, mentre più incerta appare la presenza della dimensione disorganizzazione (Vollema & Hoijtink, 2000; van Os et al., 2002). Vari studi hanno riportato che i fenotipi clinico e non clinico condividono fattori di rischio, meccanismi psicologici ed i pattern epidemiologici (Sharpley & Peters,1999; Johns & van Os, 2001; van Os et al., 2001), fornendo un'ulteriore prova che l'espressione clinica e subclinica delle psicosi fanno parte dello stesso continuum.
On the role of slab pull in the Cenozoic motion of the Pacific plate
Authors: Faccenna Claudio , Becker Thorsten W. , Lallemand Serge , Steinberger Bernhard 
Published: January 2012

We analyze the role of slab pull acting on the Pacific plate during its early Tertiary change in motion. Slab pull forces are estimated by integrating the negative buoyancy of a 700 km long slab along a revised subduction boundary model adopting the Müller et al. (2008) seafloor age reconstructions. Our results indicate that torques predicted from a simple slab pull model match the Pacific plate Euler vectors during the Tertiary fairly well. The change of the Pacific motion at ∼50–40 Ma appears to be driven by the onset of the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana system and, soon afterwards, by the Tonga‐Kermadec subduction zones.
The optical volume scattering function in a surf zone inverted to derive sediment and bubble particle subpopulations
Authors: Twardowski Michael , Zhang Xiaodong , Vagle Svein , Sullivan James , Freeman Scott , Czerski Helen , You Yu , Bi Lei , Kattawar George 
Published: January 2012

The effects of particle fields including bubbles on the optical volume scattering function (VSF) were investigated in the surf zone off Scripps Pier as part of an ongoing effort to better understand the underlying dynamics in the VSF in the subsurface ocean. VSFs were measured at 20 Hz at angles spanning 10°–170° in 10° increments with a device called the Multiangle Scattering Optical Tool (MASCOT). Modification of the phase function was observed in passing suspended sediment plumes, wave‐injected bubble plumes, and combinations of these particle populations relative to the background. Phase function enhancement in the 60°–80° range was observed in association with bubble plumes, consistent with theoretical predictions. VSFs were inverted to infer size distributions and composition using a least squares minimization fitting procedure applied to a library of phase functions, each representing a lognormally distributed subpopulation with refractive index and coating, where applicable. Phase functions representative of nonspherical mineral particle subpopulations were computed using discrete dipole approximation (DDA) and improved geometric optics method (IGOM) techniques for randomly oriented, asymmetric hexahedra. Phase functions for coated bubbles were computed with the Lorenz‐Mie theory. Inversion results exhibited stable solutions that qualitatively agreed with concurrent acoustical measurements of bubbles, aggregate particle size distribution expectations, and anecdotal videography evidence from the field. Although a comparable inversion with a library that assumed spherical shaped particles alone provided less stable results with some incorrectly assigned subpopulations, several dominant subpopulation trends were consistent with the results obtained using nonspherical representations of mineral particles.
Phosphorus export across an urban to rural gradient in the Chesapeake Bay watershed
Authors: Duan Shuiwang , Kaushal Sujay S. , Groffman Peter M. , Band Lawrence E. , Belt Kenneth T. 
Published: January 2012

Watershed export of phosphorus (P) from anthropogenic sources has contributed to eutrophication in freshwater and coastal ecosystems. We explore impacts of watershed urbanization on the magnitude and export flow distribution of P along an urban‐rural gradient in eight watersheds monitored as part of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study Long‐Term Ecological Research site. Exports of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total P (TP) were lowest in small watersheds with forest and low‐density residential land use (2.8–3.1 kg−1 km−2 yr−1). In contrast, SRP and TP exports increased with watershed impervious surface coverage and reached highest values in a small urban watershed (24.5–83.7 kg−1 km−2 yr−1). Along the Gwynns Falls, a larger watershed with mixed land use, the greatest proportion of SRP (68%) and TP (75%) was contributed from the lower watershed, where urban areas were the dominant land use. Load duration curve analysis showed that increasing urbanization in watersheds was associated with shifts in P export to high‐flow conditions (>2 mm d−1). SRP concentrations during low‐flow conditions at urban headwater sites were highest during summer and lowest during winter. This seasonal pattern was consistent with sediment incubation experiments showing that SRP release from sediments was temperature dependent. Our results suggest that shifts in streamflow and alterations in water temperatures owing to urbanization and climate can influence stream water P concentrations and P export from urban watersheds.
Communication-Based Assessment of Developmental Age for Young Children With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: DeVeney Shari L. , Hoffman Lesa , Cress Cynthia J. 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
In this study, the authors compared a multiple-domain strategy for assessing developmental age of young children with developmental disabilities who were at risk for long-term reliance on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) with a communication-based strategy composed of receptive language and communication indices that may be less affected by physically challenging tasks than traditional developmental age scores.

Method
Participants were 42 children (age 9–27 months) with developmental disabilities and who were at risk for long-term reliance on AAC. Children were assessed longitudinally in their homes at 3 occasions over 18 months using multiple-domain and communication-based measures. Confirmatory factor analysis examined dimensionality across the measures, and age-equivalence scores under each strategy were compared, where possible.

Results
The communication-based latent factor of developmental age demonstrated good reliability and was almost perfectly correlated with the multiple-domain latent factor. However, the mean age-equivalence score of the communication-based assessment significantly exceeded that of the multiple-domain assessment by 5.3 months across ages.

Conclusions
Clinicians working with young children with developmental disabilities should consider a communication-based approach as an alternative developmental age assessment strategy for characterizing children's capabilities, identifying challenges, and developing interventions. A communication-based developmental age estimation is sufficiently reliable and may result in more valid inferences about developmental age for children whose developmental or cognitive age scores may otherwise be limited by their physical capabilities.
Predicting Later Language Outcomes From the Language Use Inventory
Authors: Pesco Diane , O’Neill Daniela K. 
Published: January 2012

PurposeTo examine the predictive validity of the Language Use Inventory (LUI), a parent report of language use by children 18–47 months old (O’Neill, 2009).Method348 children whose parents had completed the LUI were reassessed at 5–6 years old with standardized, norm-referenced language measures and parent report of developmental history. The relationship between scores on the LUI and later measures was examined through correlation, binary classification, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.ResultsFor children aged 24–47 months at the time of LUI completion, LUI scores correlated significantly with language measure scores. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were also calculated for 4 cutoff scores on the LUI, including −1.64SD,a score that maximized sensitivity to 81% and specificity to 93%. For children aged 18–23 months at the time of LUI completion, specificity and NPV were high, but sensitivity and PPV were lower than desirable.ConclusionsThe results provide initial support for the LUI’s predictive validity, particularly for children 24–47 months, and suggest the LUI can serve as an indicator of later language outcomes in referred populations. The results compare favorably to findings for other early child-language measures.
Children's Verbal Working Memory: Role of Processing Complexity in Predicting Spoken Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Magimairaj Beula M. , Montgomery James W. 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
This study investigated the role of processing complexity of verbal working memory tasks in predicting spoken sentence comprehension in typically developing children. Of interest was whether simple and more complex working memory tasks have similar or different power in predicting sentence comprehension.

Method
Sixty-five children (6- to 12-year-olds) completed a verbal working memory (listening) span task that varied in syntactic processing difficulty (simple sentences representing a “simple working memory task,” complex sentences representing a “complex working memory task”) and a standardized sentence comprehension test.

Results
Word recall on the simple and complex working memory tasks correlated with each other. Both memory tasks also correlated with children's sentence comprehension. Regression analyses showed that the simple working memory task remained a significant predictor of comprehension even after accounting for variance associated with age and performance on the complex working memory task.

Conclusions
Results were interpreted to suggest that relative to more complex verbal working memory tasks, simple tasks are more robust predictors of children's sentence comprehension because they represent a basic yet robust index of working memory that sufficiently captures controlled attentional focus.
An Outbreak of Heterogeneous Glycopeptide-IntermediateStaphylococcus aureusRelated to a Device Source in an Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Parer Sylvie , Lotthé Anne , Chardon Patrick , Poncet Rosie , Jean-Pierre Hélène , Jumas-Bilak Estelle 
Published: January 2012

Objective.The emergence ofStaphylococcus aureuswith reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides (glycopeptide-intermediateS. aureus[GISA] and heterogeneous GISA [h-GISA]) leads to intensive care unit (ICU) outbreaks that frequently result in ward closure. We investigated the role of hospital hygiene in the transmission and eradication of an h-GISA outbreak.Design.The study is a description of an original environmental investigation around a series of 12 cases.Setting and Patients.The outbreak occurred in a 20-bed polyvalent/trauma ICU in a 2,800-bed tertiary care university hospital in France.Interventions.Specimens were obtained for surveillance and diagnostic cultures from all patients in the unit. Surface sampling was also performed. Geographic cohorting, contact isolation, emphasis on adherence to infection control practices, and environmental cleaning were implemented.Results.Twelve patients with h-GISA infection (n= 5) or colonization (n= 7) were identified. The mean interval between admission and h-GISA detection was 23.6 days (range, 10–89 days), with a median of 16.5 days. Environmental investigation identified an unexpected reservoir, namely, SpO2sensors. The outbreak was controlled by a combination of measures, including eradication of this reservoir, avoiding total ward closure.Conclusions.Targeted surface sampling helps to secure the environment through active investigation of various reservoirs while maintaining normal activity on the ward. In our study, this method led to the detection of an unsuspected reservoir, the eradication of which helped control the h-GISA epidemic. Further applications of this original investigative procedure should allow confirmation of its relevance and efficiency.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2012;33(2):167-174
Investigation and Control of an Outbreak ofAchromobacter xylosoxidansBacteremia
Authors: Behrens-Muller Brie , Conway Judith , Yoder Jonathan , Conover Craig S. 
Published: January 2012

Objective.To define the extent of an outbreakof Achromobacter xylosoxidansbacteremia, determine the source of the outbreak, and implement control measures.Design.An outbreak investigation, including environmental and infection control assessment, and evaluation of hypotheses using the binomial distribution and case control studies.Setting.A 50-bed medical surgical unit in a hospital in Illinois during the period January 1–July 15, 2006.Interventions.Discontinuation of use of opioid delivery via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) until the source of the outbreak was identified and implementation of new protocols to ensure more rigorous observation of PCA pump cartridge manipulations.Results.Calculations based on the binomial distribution indicated the probability that all 9 patients withA. xylosoxidansbacteremia were PCA pump users by chance alone was <.001. A subsequent case control study identified PCA pump use for administration of morphine as a risk factor forA. xylosoxidansbacteremia (odds ratio, undefined;P< .001). Having a PCA pump cartridge with morphine started by nurse C was significantly associated with becoming a case-patient (odds ratio, 46; 95% confidence interval, 4.0–525.0;P< .001).Conclusions.We hypothesize that actions related to diversion of morphine by nurse C were the likely cause of the outbreak. An aggressive pain control program involving the use of opioid medication warrants an equally aggressive policy to prevent diversion of medication by staff.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2012;33(2):180-184