bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role for Endosomal and Vacuolar GTPases in
Candida albicans
Pathogenesis
Authors: Johnston Douglas A. , Eberle Karen E. , Sturtevant Joy E. , Palmer Glen E. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

The vacuole has crucial roles in stress resistance and adaptation of the fungal cell. Furthermore, in
Candida albicans
it has been observed to undergo dramatic expansion during the initiation of hyphal growth, to produce highly “vacuolated” subapical compartments. We hypothesized that these functions may be crucial for survival within the host and tissue-invasive hyphal growth. We also considered the role of the late endosome or prevacuole compartment (PVC), a distinct organelle involved in vacuolar and endocytic trafficking. We identified two Rab GTPases, encoded by
VPS21
and
YPT72
, required for trafficking through the PVC and vacuole biogenesis, respectively. Deletion of
VPS21
or
YPT72
led to mild sensitivities to some cellular stresses. However, deletion of both genes resulted in a synthetic phenotype with severe sensitivity to cellular stress and impaired growth. Both the
vps21
Δ and
ypt72
Δ mutants had defects in filamentous growth, while the double mutant was completely deficient in polarized growth. The defects in hyphal growth were not suppressed by an “active”
RIM101
allele or loss of the hyphal repressor encoded by
TUP1
. In addition, both single mutants had significant attenuation in a mouse model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis, while the double mutant was rapidly cleared. Histological examination confirmed that the
vps21
Δ and
ypt72
Δ mutants are deficient in hyphal growth in vivo. We suggest that the PVC and vacuole are required on two levels during
C. albicans
infection: (i) stress resistance functions required for survival within tissue and (ii) a role in filamentous growth which may aid host tissue invasion.
Rotator cuff tendinopathy: a model for the continuum of pathology and related management
Authors: Lewis Jeremy S 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundPathology of the soft tissues of the shoulder including the musculotendinous rotator cuff and subacromial bursa are extremely common and are a principal cause of pain and suffering. Competing theories have been proposed to explain the pathoaetiology of rotator cuff pathology at specific stages and presentations of the condition. This review proposes a model to describe the continuum of the rotator cuff pathology from asymptomatic tendon through full thickness rotator cuff tears.ConclusionsThe pathoaetiology of rotator cuff failure is multifactorial and results from a combination of intrinsic, extrinsic and environmental factors. Recently a new and generic model detailing the continuum of tendon pathology has been proposed. This model is relevant for the rotator cuff and provides a framework to stage the continuity of rotator cuff pathology. Furthermore, it provides a structure to identify the substantial deficiencies in our knowledge base and areas where research would improve our understanding of the pathological and repair process, together with assessment and management. The strength of this model adapted for the rotator cuff tendons and subacromial bursa will be tested in its ability to incorporate and adapt to emerging research.
Previous experience influences pacing during 20 km time trial cycling
Authors: Micklewright D , Papadopoulou E , Swart J , Noakes T 
Published: April 2009

ObjectiveTo investigate how experience and feedback influence pacing and performance during time trial cycling.DesignTwenty-nine cyclists performed three 20 km cycling time trials using a Computrainer. The first two time trials (TT1 and TT2) were performed (1) without any performance feedback (n = 10), (2) with accurate performance feedback (n = 10) or (3) with false feedback showing the speed to be 5% greater than the actual speed (n = 9). All participants received full feedback during the third time trial (TT3), and their performance and pacing data were compared against TT2.ResultsCompletion time, average power and average speed did not change among the false feedback group, but their pacing strategy did change as indicated by a lower average cadence, 89.2 (SD 5.2) vs 96.4 (6.8) rpm, p<0.05, and higher power during the first 5 km (SMD = 39, 36, 36, 27 and 27 W for 1–5 km respectively). Pacing changed among the blind feedback group indicated by a faster completion time, 35.9 (3.1) vs 36.8 (4.4) min, p<0.05, and power increases during the final 5 km (SMD = 14, 13, 18, 23 and 53 W for 16–20 km respectively). No performance or pacing changes were observed among the accurate feedback group.ConclusionsPacing is influenced by an interaction between feedback and previous experience. Conscious cognitive processes that lead to ratings of perceived exertion and pacing appear to be influenced by previous experience.
A one-megabase physical map provides insights on gene organization in the enormous mitochondrial genome of cucumber
Authors: Bartoszewski Grzegorz , Gawronski Piotr , Szklarczyk Marek , Verbakel Henk , Havey Michael J. 
Published: April 2009

Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) has one of the largest mitochondrial genomes known among all eukaryotes, due in part to the accumulation of short 20 to 60 bp repetitive DNA motifs. Recombination among these repetitive DNAs produces rearrangements affecting organization and expression of mitochondrial genes. To more efficiently identify rearrangements in the cucumber mitochondrial DNA, we built two nonoverlapping 800 and 220 kb BAC contigs and assigned major mitochondrial genes to these BACs. Polymorphism carried on the largest BAC contig was used to confirm paternal transmission. Mitochondrial genes were distributed across BACs and physically distant, although occasional clustering was observed. Introns in the nad1, nad4, and nad7 genes were larger than those reported in other plants, due in part to accumulation of short repetitive DNAs and indicating that increased intron sizes contributed to mitochondrial genome expansion in cucumber. Mitochondrial genes atp6 and atp9 are physically close to each other and cotranscribed. These physical contigs will be useful for eventual sequencing of the cucumber mitochondrial DNA, which can be exploited to more efficiently screen for unique rearrangements affecting mitochondrial gene expression.
The complete mitochondrial genome ofDiadegma semiclausum(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) indicates extensive independent evolutionary events
Authors: Wei Shu-jun , Shi Min , He Jun-hua , Sharkey M. , Chen Xue-xin 
Published: April 2009

Few complete mitochondrial genomes representing limited families in the order Hymenoptera have been sequenced. Here, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). This genome is 18 728 bp long, the second largest hexapod mitochondrial genome sequenced in its entirety and that with the highest A+T content at 87.4%. Four tRNAs are rearranged compared with the ancestral arrangement. Gene rearrangement mechanisms are different among all three rearranged regions. Six tRNAs have a large variable loop, which is not found in other metazoan mitochondrial genomes. trnS(AGY)uses the abnormal anticodon TCT but trnK uses the normal CTT. The A+T-rich region is very long (2161 bp). An extremely A+T-rich (99.1%) 1515 bp tandem repeat region with three types of repeat elements is located between cox1 and cox2, and the most likely ancestral element originated from the 3′ end of cox1. Independent tandem duplications followed by mutation–insertion–deletion is the best model to explain the formation of this region. These results indicate that independent evolutionary events occurred extensively, such as gene rearrangement events, gene rearrangement mechanisms, derivation of tRNA variable loops, and tandem repeat region evolutionary processes, all of which likely contribute to the diversified features of hymenopteran mitochondrial genomes.
Molecular cytogenetic and agronomic characterization of advanced generations of wheat × triticale hybrids resistant toDiuraphis noxia(Mordvilko): application of GISH and microsatellite markers
Authors: Nkongolo K. K. , Haley S. D. , Kim N. S. , Michael P. , Fedak G. , Quick J. S. , Peairs F. B. 
Published: April 2009

The PI 386148 triticale from Russia is among the highest resistant line to the Russian wheat aphid (RWA) ( Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)). This triticale line was used as the male parent in crosses with Lamar wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). The F1plants were backcrossed to Lamar wheat. The progenies were tested for RWA biotype 1 reaction for at least eight backcross and selfing generations. Five lines from these selections were identified for their resistance to the RWA and their seeds were increased for agronomic and other characterizations. Molecular and cytological analyses of these lines were performed using genomic in situ hybridization and rye chromosome-specific microsatellites markers. Three lines were cytologically stable and carried a pair of rye ( Secale strictum (C. Presl) C. Presl) chromosomes as disomic addition lines of 1R. One line was unstable and showed a moderate level of mixoploidy with monosomic additions of 1R. Duplication of rye chromosome 1R was also identified. No wheat–rye chromosome interchange was detected, suggesting little homology between S. strictum and T. aestivum chromosomes. Specific microsatellite primers were used to identify the rye chromosomes present in each line. One rye chromosome, 1R, from the donor species contains genes for RWA resistance. Grain yield and test weight of three of the lines were similar to some adapted released wheat varieties under stress conditions.
Assignment of Aegilops variabilis Eig chromosomes and translocations carrying resistance to nematodes in wheat
Authors: Coriton Olivier , Barloy Dominique , Huteau Virginie , Lemoine Jocelyne , Tanguy Anne-Marie , Jahier Joseph 
Published: April 2009

The allotetraploid species Aegilops variabilis Eig (2n = 28, UUSvSv) belongs to the tribe Triticeae and is closely related to wheat. One accession, Ae. variabilis No. 1, was found to be resistant to the cereal cyst nematode (CCN) and the root-knot nematode (RKN). As the genetic variability for resistance to those two pests is limited within wheat, this accession was crossed to bread wheat. Previous work enabled the development of two addition lines and two translocation lines carrying resistance. Here, we demonstrate, using genomic in situ hybridization, that there is no U–Sv interchange in the parental accession of Ae. variabilis. However, there are multiple rearrangements in the Sv chromosomes. The Ae. variabilis chromosome carrying the CreX gene for resistance to CCN combined segments with homoeology to wheat groups 1, 2, 4, and 6. The CreX gene belongs to the group 1 part and it was likely to have been introduced into chromosome 1BL at a similar location as the previously found QTL QCre.srd-1B for CCN resistance. The second Ae. variabilis chromosome carrying CreY and Rkn2 combined segments with homoeology to wheat groups 2, 4, and 7 on its short arm and group 3 on its long arm. It was designated as 3Sv. The two genes for resistance are carried by its long arm and have been transferred to wheat chromosome 3BL through homoeologous and genetically balanced recombination. Different SSR markers present in the introgressed segments could be used in marker-assisted selection.
Evolutionary diversification of satellite DNA sequences fromLeymus(Poaceae: Triticeae)
Authors: Anamthawat-Jónsson K. , Wenke T. , Thórsson Æ. Th. , Sveinsson S. , Zakrzewski F. , Schmidt T. 
Published: April 2009

The genus Leymus (lymegrass) comprises about 30 polyploid, perennial, temperate grass species in the tribe Triticeae (family Poaceae). Previous studies indicated a large diversity in the Leymus genome, and therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate new repetitive DNA sequences that can be used for differentiating Leymus species and elucidating their genomic relationships. A C0t-1 DNA plasmid library was generated from genomic DNA of American tetraploid species Leymus triticoides . A family of highly repetitive satellite DNA sequences, designated Lt1, was obtained from this library. The Lt1 family consisted of 380 bp SacI repeating units arranging in tandem arrays. A 120 bp MspI subfamily was discovered within this family, indicating that cytosine methylation may have played an important role in the evolution of satellite sequences. The Lt1 satellite was localized in the subtelomeric heterochromatic blocks of L. triticoides chromosomes, which are present on all chromosomes and often on both arms. The Lt1 sequences are abundant in L. triticoides but absent in its closely related species Leymus racemosus . Significant homology was found between the Lt1 family and numerous repetitive sequences from Poaceae species, indicating that the Lt1 is an ancient family of tandemly repeated sequences in grasses.
Physical localization and genetic mapping of the fertility restoration geneRfoin canola (Brassica napusL.)
Authors: Feng Jiuhuan , Primomo Valerio , Li Zenglu , Zhang Yongping , Jan Chao-Chien , Tulsieram Lomas , Xu Steven S. 
Published: April 2009

The Ogu cytoplasm for male sterility and its fertility restorer gene Rfo in canola ( Brassica napus L.) were originally introgressed from radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) and have been widely used for canola hybrid production and breeding. The objective of this study was to determine the physical location of the Rfo locus in the canola genome using fluorescence in situ hybridization and genetic mapping. For physical localization of the Rfo gene, two bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, G62 and B420, which were closely linked to the Rfo gene, were used as probes to hybridize with the somatic metaphase chromosomes of a canola hybrid variety, PHI-46 (46H02), containing the Rfo fragment. The results showed that both clones were physically located at the end of one large metacentric chromosome. By simultaneous use of two BAC clones and 45S rDNA repeated sequences as the probes, we demonstrated that the large metacentric chromosome probed with the two BAC clones did not carry 45S rDNA repeated sequences. The chromosome was 3.65 ± 0.74 µm in average length (20 cells) and ranked second in size among the chromosomes without 45S rDNAs. The centromere index of the chromosome (20 cells) was calculated as 43.74 ± 4.19. A comparison with previously reported putative karyotypes of B. napus (AACC) and its diploid ancestors Brassica rapa L. (AA) and Brassica oleracea L. (CC) suggests that the chromosome carrying the Rfo fragment might belong to one of three large metacentric chromosomes of the C genome. Genetic mapping has confirmed the localization of the Rfo fragment to the distal region of linkage group N19, which corresponds to the C genome in B. napus. This study has provided the evidence of the location of the Rfo gene on canola chromosomes and established a basic framework for further physical mapping and manipulation of the gene.
A randomized controlled trial of the effects of flaxseed lignan complex on metabolic syndrome composite score and bone mineral in older adults
Authors: Cornish Stephen M. , Chilibeck Philip D. , Paus-Jennsen Lisa , Biem H. Jay , Khozani Talaei , Senanayake Vijitha , Vatanparast Hassanali , Little Jonathan P. , Whiting Susan J. , Pahwa Punam 
Published: April 2009

A randomized double-blind placebo controlled study design was used to assess the effects of flaxseed lignan complex supplementation during exercise training on a metabolic syndrome composite score and osteoporosis risk in older adults. A total of 100 subjects (≥50 years) were randomized to receive flaxseed lignan (543 mg·day–1 in a 4050 mg complex) or placebo while completing a 6 month walking program (30–60 min·day–1, 5–6 days·week–1). Fasting serum glucose, triacylglycerol (TAG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured every 2 months, while body composition, bone mineral density, and resting blood pressure were assessed at baseline and at 6 months. A composite Z score of 6 risk factors for metabolic syndrome (fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, TAG, abdominal adiposity, blood pressure, and inflammatory cytokines) was calculated at baseline and at 6 months. Men taking placebo increased metabolic syndrome composite Z score (p < 0.05), but there were no changes in the other groups. A significant group × sex × time interaction was noted for TAG (p = 0.017) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.046), with men taking flaxseed lignan decreasing diastolic blood pressure relative to men taking placebo, and men taking placebo increasing TAG relative to men taking flax lignan. There were no differences between groups for change in bone measures, body composition, lipoproteins, or cytokines. Males taking the flaxseed lignan complex reduced metabolic syndrome score relative to men taking placebo, but a similar trend was not seen in females. Flaxseed lignan had no effect on bone mineral density or content, body composition, lipoproteins, glucose, or inflammation.
Canada’s physical activity guide recommendations are a low benchmark for Manitoba adults
Authors: Ready A. Elizabeth , Butcher Janice E. , Dear James B. , Fieldhouse Paul , Harlos Sande , Katz Alan , Moffatt Michael , Rodrigue Maureen , Schmalenberg Jan , Gardiner Phillip F. 
Published: April 2009

Canada’s Physical Activity Guide to Healthy Active Living (CPAG) is the national reference for messaging on physical activity for health benefits, yet few studies have examined population activity levels in relation to its recommendations. As part of the province-wide in motion initiative, we obtained a baseline measurement of the physical activity levels of adult Manitobans. Physical activity levels were benchmarked against CPAG recommendations and were compared with criteria used in previous surveys. A stratified random sample of adults from the 9 Regional Health Authorities outside of Winnipeg, and from the 12 Community Areas within the Winnipeg Health Region, was surveyed by telephone. Respondents (n = 6536) reported all light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity of 10 min or more in the previous week. Intensity levels were corrected to reflect standard MET equivalents, using the Ainsworth Compendium. A total of 69.5% of respondents met the minimum CPAG requirements; however, only 29.1% of those did so with vigorous activity. Relative to energy expenditure, 18.3% were classified as inactive (<1.50 kcal·kg–1·day–1 (KKD)), 16.4% as moderately active (1.50 to 2.99 KKD), and 65.3% as active (≥3.00 KKD). When assessed against the CPAG recommendations, which promote integration of physical activity into one’s daily routine, a higher proportion of Manitobans met recommended physical activity levels than that reported in previous surveys, which focused on leisure activity. Given the corresponding increase in levels of obesity and chronic disease, and equivocal nutrient intake data, we recommend that the CPAG recommendations be reviewed, especially with respect to the inclusion of routine baseline activities of daily living.
Evaluation of true maximal oxygen uptake based on a novel set of standardized criteria
Authors: Midgley Adrian W. , Carroll Sean , Marchant David , McNaughton Lars R. , Siegler Jason 
Published: April 2009

In this study, criteria are used to identify whether a subject has elicited maximal oxygen uptake. We evaluated the validity of traditional maximal oxygen uptake criteria and propose a novel set of criteria. Twenty athletes completed a maximal oxygen uptake test, consisting of an incremental phase and a subsequent supramaximal phase to exhaustion (verification phase). Traditional and novel maximal oxygen uptake criteria were evaluated. Novel criteria were: oxygen uptake plateau defined as the difference between modelled and actual maximal oxygen uptake >50% of the regression slope of the individual oxygen uptake–workrate relationship; as in the first criterion, but for maximal verification oxygen uptake; and a difference of ≤4 beats·min–1 between maximal heart rate values in the 2 phases. Satisfying the traditional oxygen uptake plateau criterion was largely an artefact of the between-subject variation in the oxygen uptake–workrate relationship. Secondary criteria, supposedly an indicator of maximal effort, were often satisfied long before volitional exhaustion, even at intensities as low as 61% maximal oxygen uptake. No significant mean differences were observed between the incremental and verification phases for oxygen uptake (t = 0.4; p = 0.7) or heart rate (t = 0.8; p = 0.5). The novel oxygen uptake plateau criterion, maximal oxygen uptake verification criterion, and maximal heart rate verification criterion were satisfied by 17, 18, and 18 subjects, respectively. The small individual absolute differences in oxygen uptake between incremental and verification phases observed in most subjects provided additional confidence that maximal oxygen uptake was elicited. Current maximal oxygen uptake criteria were not valid and novel criteria should be further explored.
Oxidative stress in the brain of nicotine-induced toxicity: protective role ofAndrographis paniculataNees and vitamin E
Authors: Das Subhasis , Gautam N. , Dey Sankar Kumar , Maiti Tarasankar , Roy Somenath 
Published: April 2009

Mitochondria are the crossroads of several crucial cellular activities; they produce considerable quantities of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide, which can damage important macromolecules. Nicotine affects a variety of cellular processes, from induction of gene expression to modulation of enzymatic activities. The aim of this study was to elucidate the protective effects of andrographolide (ANDRO) aqueous extract (AE-Ap) of Andrographis paniculata, and vitamin E on nicotine-induced brain mitochondria. In this investigation, nicotine (1 mg·kg body mass–1·day–1) was treated, for the period of 7 days, simultaneously with 2 A. paniculata products, ANDRO and AE-Ap (250 mg·kg body mass–1·day–1); and vitamin E (50 mg·kg body mass–1·day–1) was supplemented in different group of male Wistar rats. The activities of mitochondrial electron transport chain (Mito–ETC) complexes (I, II, III), nitric oxide production, superoxide anion, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and concentrations of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione were measured in discrete regions of brain (the cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum, diencephalons, and brain stem). The study revealed that nicotine inhibits the Mito–ETC complexes and produces nitric oxide, which suppressed the mitochondrial oxidative stress scavenger system in different brain regions. In these circumstances, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were noted in different discrete regions of brain mitochondria. ANDRO, AE-Ap, and vitamin E showed the protective potentiality against nicotine toxicity. The analysis of such alterations is important in determining the basis of normal dysfunction in the brain associated with nicotine toxicity, which could be ameliorated by A. paniculata and vitamin E, and may help to develop therapeutic means against nicotine-induced disorders.