bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Evaporation from Homogeneous Soil Based on the Flow Equation
Authors: Gardner H. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvaporation of water from columns packed with McGrew loamy sand was measured for three different sequences of six water additions and evaporation times totaling 60 days. These treatments were: (1) equal amounts of water added and equal times evaporated, (2) equal amounts applied and varied evaporation times, and (3) various amounts applied and equal evaporation times. The average times and amounts were the same in all treatments, and the total losses were approximately the same. A solution for the diffusivity equation for soils of finite depth was used to predict the cumulative water loss for all the treatments event by event and by an averaging technique. The predicted amounts were all within 6.5% of the total cumulative evaporation.
Estimate of Organic Carbon in World Soils: II
Authors: Bohn Hinrich L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil organic carbon (C) is the largest carbon reservoir at the earth's surface, but its mass is the least certain. The completed FAO Soil Map of the World yielded these estimates: 22 × 1014 kg organic C in global soils, made up of 18 × 1014 kg C in mineral soils and 4 × 1014 kg C in the surface meter of peatlands.
Analysis of Long‐Term Water Table Depth Records from a Hydrosequence of Soils in Central Ohio
Authors: Zobeck T. M. , Ritchie A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater table depths and precipitation were measured over a 10‐yr period on four adjacent forested soils in central Ohio. The soils included a hydrosequence of well, moderately well, poorly, and very poorly drained fine‐textured soils. Graphs describing the probability of observing water tables during consecutive 2‐week (semi‐monthly) intervals, by soil depth class, were compared with estimates reported on USDA‐Soil Conservation Service forms SOIL‐SOI‐5 and a method proposed in the Soil Survey Manual. All soils had a probability of an observed water table within 50 cm of the soil surface. Water tables were observed in all soils, with the exception of the well drained soil, within 25 cm of the surface, 10% of the time or more, over a 12‐ or 14‐week period in the late winter and spring.
Single Empirical Relationship for Potassium Exchange Equilibria in Various Soils
Authors: Dufey Joseph E. , Marot Jean M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe exchange behavior of K ions was studied in a collection of 40 soil samples from southern Belgium. These soils are characterized by wide differences of mineralogical composition, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and base saturation percentage. The prevailing basic cations on the exchange complexes are Ca, Mg, and K; Na is negligible. The Gapon formalism (i.e., exchangeable K ratio, EKR, vs. K adsorption ratio, KAR) is used to describe the relationship between the K concentrations in the surface and solution (water extract at 1:3 soil/H2O ratio) phases. When EKR is expressed (as it is usual) as [K]i/([Ca]i + [Mg]i)‐[ ]i refers to surface concentrations, molckg−1—the dispersion of the experimental points around the line EKR vs. KAR is very high. However if EKR is expressed as [K]i/(CEC − [K]i), a fair linear relationship with low statistical dispersion is observed. This relationship shows that the exchange equilibria of K in our soils cannot be simply regarded as a K vs. (Ca + Mg) exchange reaction. This is likely related to the fact that in most samples the sum of exchangeable bases was lower than the CEC. Such a single relationship, though difficult to explain, may be especially useful for modeling purpose.
Solubility Characteristics of Residual Phosphate in a Fertilized and Limed Ultisol
Authors: Harrison Robert B. , Adams Fred 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExcept at very low P rates, residual soil P (i.e., that measured by most extraction methods) continues to increase with annual additions of P fertilizer. Phosphorus retention mechanisms, however, are still much debated and difficult to prove or disprove. In an effort to determine whether the solubility of phosphate minerals controlled soil‐solution P concentration in the field under some conditions, samples from the Ap of a Benndale sandy loam (Typic Paleudults) were collected from plots of a field experiment with different pH and P levels and analyzed in the laboratory. Several soil pH levels were first established (5.0–8.0); this was followed by annual additions for 7 yr of concentrated superphosphate at five rates varying from 0 to 392 kg P ha−1 yr−1 and cropping annually. Soil‐solution composition was determined on samples taken 1, 3, and 5 yr after discontinuing P fertilization. Except for the “no P” treatment, solution P increased with increasing pH up to pH 5.8, then it decreased as pH increased, suggesting the accumulation of a basic phosphate mineral such as hydroxyapatite at about pH 5.8 and above. However, this was not matched by the ion activity product (IAP) for Ca5OH(PO4)3 or any other P mineral. For instance, at each P level, pCa5OH(PO4)3 decreased almost linearly with increasing pH so that each P level had one and only one pH at which pCa5OH(PO4)3 equalled 57.5, the accepted solubility product for hydroxyapatite. Thus, IAP's could not be used to predict, even indirectly, that solid‐phase minerals were or were not controlling solution P. Sequential equilibration of selected soil samples with 0.01 M MgCl2, however, provided data that strongly supports the hypothesis that hydroxyapatite was present in a “high P, high pH” soil but not in a “low P, high pH” or a “high P, low pH” soil.
Potential Role of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Phosphorus Transport in Forested Soils
Authors: Donald Richard G. , Anderson Darwin W. , Stewart John W. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoils of the northern boreal forest have undergone significant pedogenic losses of P. This study was undertaken to examine the hypothesis that the leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a mechanism for P removal from forested soils. The sorption of DOC and DOC fractions by soil horizons from the shoulder, backslope, and footslope soils of a catenary sequence was examined. Variation in DOC sorption among the soil horizons, and between positions in the catena, was related to differences in the clay content (r = 0.71) and citrate‐dithionate‐extractable Fe, Al, and Mn (r = 0.66). The hydrophobic acid and the hydrophilic acid fractions were the most abundant in the soil solution (72% of the total DOC) and accounted for most of the sorption of DOC in the Bt and C horizons (isotherm distribution coefficient Kd = 27.1 × 10−4 to 337 × 10−4 m3 kg−1). The hydrophobic neutral fraction (14% of the DOC) was not sorbed by any of the soil horizons (average Kd = 20.0 × 10−4 m3 kg−1). The hydrophobic neutral fraction (14% of the DOC) was not sorbed by any of the soil horizons (average Kd = 20.0 × 10−4 m3 kg−1). The hydrophobic neutral fraction had a molar C/P ratio of 2800, compared with 21 000 and 35 600 for the hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic acid fractions, respectively. Phosphorus in the hydrophobic neutral fraction constituted 64% of the P measured in these three fractions. The high P content and low sorption of the hydrophobic neutral fraction suggests that the leaching of the hydrophobic neutral fraction may be a possible mechanism for the redistribution and loss of P in these soils.
Soil Parameters Related to Crop Growth Variability in Western Niger, West Africa
Authors: Manu A. , Wilding L. P. , Hossner L. R. , Pfordresher A. A. , Geiger S. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was carried out to determine soil morphological and chemical properties that influence short‐range variability in the growth of millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] in western Niger. Paired productive and adjacent nonproductive sites within millet fields were evaluated along transects in three soil‐geomorphic regions. Transects totaled >300 km in length. Mean depth to subsoil of productive sites ranged from 17.06 cm in the sand valley transect to 19.98 cm in the Dallol Bosso transect. These were different from the topsoil depths of the adjacent nonproductive sites within the respective transects, which ranged from 7.8 to 12.9 cm. Productive sites were located in microtopographic “high” positions relative to nonproductive sites. The mean relief differential between productive and nonproductive sites was 6.13 cm. Vesicular crusts 2 to 5 cm thick and exposed Bt horizon crusts (2.5YR 4/6) were mostly associated with nonproductive sites. The acidity parameters were highly intercorrelated in all transects. Mean pH of soils associated with productive growth of millet ranged from 5.8 to 6.3, compared with 5.4 to 6.0 in the nonproductive areas. Mean exchangeable acidity in the nonproductive sites ranged from 0.2 to 0.36 cmolc kg‐1, about three times higher than the mean in the productive areas. Bray‐1 P levels to a depth of 30 cm did not differ between paired sites in any of the transects. Microtopography was the most important factor influencing millet growth variability in western Niger because it directly influenced the factors related to crust formation and determined the depth to acidic, Al‐rich, P‐deficient subsoil that impeded millet growth and development.
Hermann Schlegel's investigation of the Maastricht mosasaurs
Authors: MULDER E. W. A. , THEUNISSEN B. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY In 1852, Hermann Schlegel (1804–1884), as a correspondent of the ’Committee for the Geological Map and Description of the Netherlands’, was charged with the description of the fossil reptiles Mosasaurus and Allopleuron (Testudinata). However, as a consequence of the premature dissolution of the Geological Committee in 1855, Schlegel never completed his task. He only published a preliminary note on his investigations, which is extensively discussed in this paper. Schlegel turns out to have been the first to prove, by means of anatomical arguments, that Mosasaurus had flipper–like limbs. Furthermore, several recently discovered drawings shed new light on Schlegel's claim that some of the fossils of Mosasaurus in the famous Camper collection had been falsified.
Fractional‐order iterative learning control for fractional‐order linear systems
Authors: Li Yan , Chen YangQuan , Ahn Hyo‐Sung 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss in time domain the convergence of the iterative process for fractional‐order systems. Fractional order iterative learning updating schemes are considered. For the linear time invariant (LTI) system case, the convergence conditions of the fractional‐order and integer‐order iterative learning schemes are proved to be equivalent for D=0. It has been proved by theory and verified by MATLAB/SIMULINK that the tracking speed is the fastest when the system and iterative learning scheme have the same fractional order.Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Impact of antibody aggregation on a flowthrough anion‐exchange membrane process
Authors: Lajmi Ajay R. , Nochumson Samuel , Berges Aym 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe impact of typical anion‐exchange flowthrough conditions on the IgG mass loading of an anion‐exchange membrane scale‐down unit (Mustang® Q coin) was investigated. High performance size‐exclusion chromatography and multiangle laser light scattering results suggested the presence of a small fraction of IgG aggregates with average radius >100 nm under anion‐exchange flowthrough conditions. The small filtration area presented by the 0.35 mL membrane volume Mustang® Q coin limited the membrane throughput due to fouling from the aggregates at higher antibody loading. Data in this report indicated that a 0.2 μm hybrid polyethersulfone and polyvinylidene fluoride membrane in‐line prefilter with a minimum filtration area of 20 sq cm alleviated the Mustang® Q coin fouling. The combined cake filtration and intermediate blocking model was proposed as the most likely membrane pore blocking mechanism. Increasing the filtration area in the in‐line prefilter resulted in higher IgG mass throughput. Thus, using an appropriately sized in‐line prefilter could provide more robust antibody throughput performance on scale‐down membrane anion‐exchange units. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Ampicillin Synthesis Using a Two‐Enzyme Cascade with Both α‐Amino Ester Hydrolase and Penicillin G Acylase
Authors: Blum Janna K. , Deaguero Andria L. , Perez Carolina V. , Bommarius Andreas S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe current enzymatic production of semisynthetic β‐lactam antibiotics requires isolation and purification of the intermediate 6‐aminopenicillanic acid which adds cost and complexity to the manufacturing process. In this work, we took advantage of the unique substrate specificity of α‐amino ester hydrolases to perform a purely aqueous one‐pot production of ampicillin from penicillin G and D‐phenylglycine methyl ester, catalyzed by α‐amino ester hydrolase and penicillin G acylase. The synthesis was performed in both a one‐pot, one‐step synthesis resulting in a maximum conversion of 39 %, and a one‐pot, two‐step process resulting in a maximum conversion of 47 %. The two‐enzyme cascade reported in this paper is a promising alternative to the current enzymatic two‐step, two‐pot manufacturing process for semisynthetic β‐lactam antibiotics which requires intermittent isolation of 6‐aminopenicillanic acid.
On the importance of anchoring and the consequences of its impairment in dyslexia
Authors: Banai Karen , Ahissar Merav 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne of the main impediments of individuals with reading difficulties and individuals with language difficulties is poor working memory. Typically measured using verbal stimuli, working memory deficits have often been considered as one aspect of the phonological difficulty putatively underlying dyslexia. Over the years it has been shown that a broad range of auditory discrimination abilities are also mildly impaired. Here we present evidence that a domain general, rather than a phonology specific, deficits in the ability to implicitly use contextual information, which we term anchoring, can account for both types of deficits. We propose that anchoring ability, which reflects a basic biological mechanism for replacing effortful mechanisms of explicit working memory with automatic mechanisms of implicit memory, and consequently boost performance in both perceptual and cognitive tasks, is a crucial factor in our ability to be expert users of oral and written language. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of groundwater spring discharge on small‐scale spatial variation of an alpine stream ecosystem
Authors: Roy James W. , Zaitlin Beryl , Hayashi Masaki , Watson Sue B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of groundwater discharge on aquatic ecosystems of alpine streams at the patch to reach‐scale (1–100 m) has received little attention to date. In this study, small‐scale variation was evaluated for an alpine stream in the Canadian Rockies receiving groundwater on one side from a large spring. The evaluation was based on measures of (1) spatial changes in the physico‐chemical properties that are commonly used to classify stream types for ecological purposes and (2) variation in periphyton (predominantly diatom and macroalgal) communities. Stream water and algae were sampled along longitudinal and lateral transects of the stream. The results showed that groundwater discharge increased stream flow, electrical conductivity, pH, nitrate concentrations, and turbidity, and lowered temperature. This caused variation in stream physico‐chemical properties along the stream reach and laterally across the mixing area. The influence of the groundwater discharge was reflected in a change in the stream's ecological classification from nivo‐krenal (i.e. snowmelt–groundwater mix) to krenal (i.e. groundwater dominated). The discharge of groundwater to the stream was also associated with changes in the algal community both downstream (reach‐scale) and across the mixing area (sub‐reach‐scale), as indicated by differences in relative abundance of dominant diatom taxa and macroalgae, including a proliferation of the chrysophycean alga Hydrurus. Groundwater‐affected areas also showed reduced species richness, but increased biomass. These findings have implications for the sampling of benthic algal communities in alpine settings and their use as indicators of climate and land‐use changes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of hemochromatosis gene (HFE) mutations on epithelial ovarian cancer risk and prognosis
Authors: Gannon Philippe O. , Medelci Sanae , Le Page Cécile , Beaulieu Martin , Provencher Diane M. , Mes‐Masson Anne‐Marie , Santos Manuela M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCancer cells require large amounts of micronutrients, particularly iron, for their rapid growth and frequent divisions. Cellular iron uptake is regulated by the transferrin receptor and the hemochromatosis protein (HFE) system. Two frequent mutations in the HFE gene, H63D and C282Y, are associated with hemochromatosis type I, an inherited iron overload disease and, possibly, with cancer. In this study, we evaluated the frequency of the H63D and C282Y mutations in a cohort of 677 consecutive cases of woman with gynecological pathologies. Cases included 80 women with tumor‐free pathologies normal ovary (NOV), 124 with benign ovarian tumors (BOV), 96 with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tumors of low malignant potential (LPM), 264 with invasive tumors of the ovary (TOV) and 113 with endometrial cancer. We found that the C282Y allele frequency in EOC patients was higher than that in the control NOV group (5.8% vs. 1.3%, p < 0.001) and was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer (OR = 4.88; 95% CI 1.15‐20.61; p = 0.018). The effect of the two HFE mutations on patient survival was also analyzed. Kaplan‐Meier analyses did not find any significant association between the H63D allele and patient survival. However, EOC patients with at least one C282Y allele had a decreased overall survival compared to those with no C282Y allele (p = 0.001). These results indicate that the C282Y mutation may increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer and may be further associated with poor outcomes.
Silencing of the SEC62 gene inhibits migratory and invasive potential of various tumor cells
Authors: Greiner Markus , Kreutzer Birgit , Jung Volker , Grobholz Rainer , Hasenfus Andrea , Stöhr Robert Franz , Tornillo Luigi , Dudek Johanna , Stöckle Michael , Unteregger Gerhard , Kamradt Jörn , Wullich Bernd , Zimmermann Richard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSec62 is part of the protein translocation apparatus in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In yeast, Sec62 participates in the post‐translational translocation of proteins into the ER, but its function in mammals remains elusive. Previously we described the amplification and over‐expression of the SEC62 gene in prostate cancer cell lines and the protein has been described as a potential target gene in prostate cancer. In the current study we show that in the tumor tissue of prostate cancer patients Sec62 protein levels are elevated compared with tumor‐free tissue derived from the same patients or from prostates of control group patients and that the higher Sec62 protein content correlates with an increasing de‐differentiation of the cells. Therefore, up‐regulation of Sec62 protein content indeed is a phenomenon associated with prostate cancer progression. Analysis of a multi‐tissue tumor array showed that in addition to prostate cancer, overproduction of Sec62 is observed in various other tumors, most significantly in tumors of the lung and the thyroid. To examine the tumor‐related functions of Sec62, we silenced the SEC62 gene in the prostate cancer cell‐line PC3 as well as in a set of other tumor cell‐lines with two different siRNAs. In general, after silencing of SEC62 the cell migration and the invasive potential of the cells was blocked or at least dramatically reduced while cell viability was hardly affected. Thus, the SEC62 gene may indeed be considered as a target gene in the therapy of various tumors.
Inducible expression of stem cell associated intermediate filament nestin reveals an important role in glioblastoma carcinogenesis
Authors: Lu Wen Jing , Lan Feng , He Qihua , Lee Andrew , Tang Chad Z. , Dong Lin , Lan Baojin , Ma Xiaowen , Wu Joseph C. , Shen Li 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe intermediate filament nestin is transiently expressed in neural stem/progenitor cells during the development of central nervous system. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that upregulation of nestin is related to malignancy of several cancers, especially glioblastoma. However, the function of nestin in carcinogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of nestin in glioblastoma carcinogenesis by comparing subclones of rat C6 glioblastoma cells that were either high or low for nestin expression. We found that while nestin expression did not influence the in vitro proliferation of glioblastoma cells, subclones characterized by high levels of nestin formed tumors in vivo at significantly faster rates than subclones with low expression. Importantly, C6 subclones that expressed nestin at low levels in vitro were also found to give rise to tumors highly positive for the protein, suggesting that induction of nestin plays an important role in glioblastoma carcinogenesis. Derivation of nestin positive tumors from nestin negative human U87 glioblastoma cells in immunodeficient mice further confirmed that a switch to positive expression of nestin is fundamental to the course of glioblastoma development. Blocking the expression of nestin in glioblastoma tumors via intratumor injection of shRNA significantly slowed tumor growth and volume. These results demonstrated that nestin plays a crucial role in development of glioblastoma and may potentially be targeted for treatment of the disease.
One‐step synthesis of 2‐amino‐5‐(4,5‐diphenylpyrimidin‐2‐ylamino)pentanoic acid from isoflavones and arginine
Authors: Zhang Zun‐Ting , Han Wen‐Yong , Qiu Li 
Published: July 2010

Abstractmagnified imageA simple and straightforward methodology toward the synthesis of novel 2‐amino‐5‐(4,5‐diphenylpyrimidin‐2‐ylamino)pentanoic acid has been developed by one‐step reaction of isoflavones with arginine. A series of 14 new compounds was reported. All of them were characterized by FTIR, NMR, and elemental analysis. A variety of substrates can participate in the process with good yields and high purities making this methodology suitable for library synthesis in drug discovery. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Ensemble forecast post‐processing over Belgium: comparison of deterministic‐like and ensemble regression methods
Authors: Vannitsem Stéphane , Hagedorn Renate 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA comparison of the benefits of post‐processing ECMWF ensemble forecasts based on a deterministic‐like and a regression technique is performed for Belgium. The former is a Linear Model Output Statistics technique (EVMOS) recently developed to allow provision of an appropriate ensemble variability at all lead times, and the latter is the Non‐homogeneous Gaussian Regression, NGR. The training of the post‐processing techniques is based on the reforecast dataset of ECMWF which covers a period from 1991 to 2007. The EVMOS approach is mainly providing a correction of the systematic error and does not enhance substantially the variance of the ensemble. The application of the NGR method provides an ensemble which encompasses the observations, unlike the EVMOS scheme. However, by taking into account the observational error, the analysis suggests that the ensemble based on the EVMOS post‐processing scheme is also found to be consistent. This apparent contradiction is clarified and it turns out that both schemes are valuable depending on the specific purpose, the evaluation of the uncertainty of large scale flows or the downscaling of the temperature uncertainty at the level of the local observations. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society