bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology and the North‐South division of labour
Authors: Rada Juan F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Historically, too little attention has been paid to the impact of radical technical change on development strategies. In the current context of slow rates of economic growth, electronics based innovations are having a major impact on these strategies, particularly with respect to the international division of labour. The importance of considering dynamic technical change is illustrated by reference to the semiconductor industry where there appears to be a strong trend towards reducing the industry's dependence upon off‐shore assembly in developing countries.RESUME La technologie et la division du travail Nord‐SudJusqu'ici, peu se sont penchés sur l'incidence du progrès technique sur les stratégies du développement. Dans le cadre actuel d'une croissance économique ralentie, les innovations d'ordre électronique ont un fort impact sur ces stratégies, notamment sur la division du travail internationale. L'importance de l'étude de l'évolution technique est exemplifiée par le cas du secteur des semi‐conducteurs, dans lequel les PVD souhaitent réduire leur dépendance á l'égard du montage extérieur.RESUMEN La tecnología y la división del trabajo entre el norte y el surDesde el punto de vista histórico, apenas se ha prestado atención a las repercusiones de los cambios técnicos radicales en las estrategias del desarrollo. En el contexto actual de bajos índices de crecimiento económico, las innovaciones basadas en la electrónica están teniendo importantes consecuencias sobre estas estrategias, especialmente en relación con la división internacional del trabajo. Se ilustra la importancia de considerar el cambio técnico dinámico con referencia a la industria de semiconductores donde parece observarse una fuerte tendencia hacia la reducción de la dependencia de la industria en el montaje exterior en los países en vías de desarrollo.
Prices and the Transformation of Peasant Agriculture: the Tanzanian Case
Authors: Ellis Frank 
Published: August 2010

summary This contribution examines the relationship of agricultural price policy to changes put into effect in the organisation of the peasant economy in Tanzania during the 1970s. Attention is directed, within the wider context of peasant‐state relations in Tanzania, at the adverse consequences of declining real producer prices of agricultural crops for potential innovation in agricultural production.Resumen Precios y la transformaciön de la agriculture de campesinos: el caso de TanzaniaEste articulo examina la relación de la politica de precios agricoles y los cambios puestosen vigor dentro de la organización de la economia de los campesinos en Tanzania durante la década del 70. Dentro de un contexto más amplio de las relaciones campesinos‐estado en Tanzania, se dirige la atención a las adversas consecuencias del descenso de los precios reaies del productor de cosechas agricoles para la potencial innovación en la producción agricola.Résumé Les prix et la transformation de l'agriculture paysanne: le cas tanzanienCette contribution examine les rapports entre la politique des prix agricoles et les changements mis en place dans l'organisation de l'économie paysanne en Tanzanie pendant les années 70. L'attention se porte, au sein du contexte plus large des rapports paysan‐état de la Tanzanie, sur les conséquences néfastes du phénomène de baisse des prix des producteurs réels de récoltes agricole afin de permettre une innovation potentielle de la production agricole.
Objectives and Measures for Energy and Mineral Cooperation: a note
Authors: Parra Francisco R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The main constraints on Third World energy development are the high price of imported oil, shrinking resources of fuel wood, lack of financial resources and inadequate technical and management capacity. There is an urgent need for financial and technical assistance, particularly to provide ‘software’. This would be best provided by a specialist agency.RESUMEN Qbjetivos y medidas para la cooperación energética y mineraLas mayores restricciones en el desarrollo energético del Tercer Mundo, residen en el alto precio del petróleo importado, la reducción de los recursos de leña, la falta de recursos financieros y la inadecuada capacidad técnica y administrativa. Existe urgente necesidad de asistencia técnica y financiera, especialmente de ‘programas’, los que serían mejor provistos por agencias especializadas.RÉSUMÉ Objectéfs et Mesures pour une Coopération de l'Energie et des MinérauxLes principales restrictions au développement de l'énergie du Tiers‐Monde sont le prix élevé du pétrole importé, une diminution des ressources de bois‐combustible, un manque de ressources financières et une capacité technique et gestionnaire inadéquate. Il y a un besoin urgent d'une aide financière et technique, particulièrement dans l'implantation du ‘logiciel’. Un organisme spécialisé serait le mieux placé à cette fin.
Health and Society: reflections on policy
Authors: Gray Alastair Mcl. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Improvements in health among the populations of developed countries have come about largely through improved living standards and public health measures, and the contribution of medicine has been relatively small. In addition, many medical techniques of the present have not yet been evaluated. A health policy giving due weight to broad social measures is applicable to both developed and underdeveloped countries, but this may involve change in underlying socioeconomic structures and so encounter political obstacles.RESUMEN Salud y sociedad: reflexiones sobre pol&#x006b;́ticaLos progresos en salud registrados en los países desarrollados, derivan principalmente de mejoramientos en los niveles de vida y de medidas de salud pública, siendo relativamente pequeña la contribución de la medicina. Por otra parte, muchas de las técnicas médicas actuales no han sido evaluadas hasta ahora. Una política de salud que otorgue el debido peso a amplias medidas sociales, es aplicable tanto a los países desarrollados como a los subdesarrollados. No obstante, esto puede involucrar cambios en las estructuras socioeconómicas subyacentes y, en concecuencia, encontrar obstáculos políticos.RESUMES Santé et société: réflections sur le systèmeL'amélioration de la santé chez les populations des pays développés se doit, en grande partie, à un meilleur niveau de vie et aux mesures plus appropriées introduites par la santé publique, la médecine même n'y ayant joué qu'un rôle relativement minime. De plus, beaucoup de techniques médicales actuelles n'ont pas été adéquatement évaluées. Un programme de santé qui prend en juste considération l'ensemble des intérêts sociaux, serait applicable aussi bien pour les pays développés que sous‐développés, mais ceci peut entraîner un changement fondamental des structures socio‐économiques et rencontrer par conséquent des obstacles politiques.
Forms of Health Service Financing and Their Effect on the Provision of Care
Authors: Gish Oscar 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The successful implementation of primary health care is dependent on financing systems that reflect the wider social, economic and political perspectives on which the concept rests. Particular forms of financing health care will affect its provision, organisation and utilisation. The question of what PHC will cost should properly be answered by: ‘what we can reasonably expect to have is what it will cost’.RESUMEN Formas de financiamiento de los servicios de salud y sus efectos en el suministro de atenciónLa implementación exitosa de la atención primaria de salud, depende de sistemas financieros que reflejen las amplias perspectivas sociales, económicas y políticas, sobre las cuales se basa. Las formas concretas del financiamiento de la atención primaria de salud, afectarán su suministro, organización y utilización. La respuesta adecuada al problema de! costo de la atención primaria de salud debería ser: ‘costará lo que razonablemente esperemos lograr’.RESUMES Formule de financement de l'assistance médicale et ses effets sur les provisionsLe succès de l'assistance médicale primaire dépend essentiellement de systèmes financiers qui reflètent les plus grandes perspectives sociales, économiques et politiques sur lesquelles le concept demeure. Certaines formes de financement de l'assistance médicale affecteraient ses provisions, son organisation et utilisation. La question du coût de l'assistance médicale primaire devrait simplement trouver réponse par: ‘Ce que nous pouvons raisonnablement attendre d'obtenir est ce qu'il nous coûtera.’
Flood Risk Outreach and the Public's Need to Know
Authors: Frech Marshall 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn summary, the work shown here is not expected to “solve” the flood problem but it is a starting point for efficient regional development of a flood‐risk outreach program that can ultimately help saves lives and property and reduce human suffering. I am grateful to the project's sponsors and the media contributors who have helped support this public service effort. And we are indebted to the people and communities of Central Texas who agreed to be interviewed.There can be little doubt that other areas of the country have similar problems (both from floods and the lack of education about the dangers). If there is any obligation of our society to improve safety precautions for a phenomenon like flooding, it begins with a forthright sharing of all the best, most compelling information we can produce with the most modern techniques that is then widely distributed and highly publicized to the general public. To put it in the bureaucratic vernacular: the public has “a need to know.”
Naturalization of Developed Floodplains: An Integrated Analysis
Authors: Sparks Richard E. , Braden John B. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryReducing future flood damages and restoring natural services provided by floodplains is not as simple as buying levee districts from willing sellers and then breaching the levees. Removing agriculture from the floodplain can have a significant negative impact on the local economy, unless outdoor recreation, tourism or other activities are developed that are compatible with the naturalized floodplain. The value of the area for these activities depends in turn on the quality of the naturalization. We evaluated the potential for naturalization using a simulation model for an indicator group of plants, the moist‐soil plant community, that depends on the natural flooding cycle and provides food and shelter for a variety of valued species. Existing conditions and two alternative scenarios were evaluated by analyzing the frequency of successful growing seasons for moist soil plants using a 47‐year record of daily water levels and a hydraulic simulation model (for the scenarios). Results were expressed as color‐coded probabilities of plant success overlain on 3‐D maps of the floodplains—a visualization of results that was readily understood by stakeholders.One of the stakeholders, The Nature Conservancy, subsequently funded a more detailed study by our scientists of the Emiquon Floodplain Restoration Project, a 2,125‐ha agricultural drainage and levee district purchased for $18.3 million in 2000 by the Conservancy and located within our study reach on the Illinois River. Based on the results, the Conservancy plans to undertake a managed reconnection of the river and the floodplain at Emiquon, using gates in the levee to admit river water (and aquatic organisms) during the spring flood, but to exclude the unnatural, frequent summer floods that drown moist‐soil plants. The Conservancy intends the Emiquon Restoration to be a model not only for its floodplain restorations in the Upper Mississippi River Basin, but also a model for naturalization projects undertaken by state and federal agencies. Three papers from this project are cited extensively in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Illinois River Basin Restoration Comprehensive Plan and Integrated Environmental Assessment and the plan includes recommendations for naturalizing the hydrology of the river and restoring moist‐soil vegetation (USACE 2006).The results from the project are also used in an introductory lecture for summer interns at the National Great Rivers Research and Education Center and have been the basis of the development of an economic module for the NSF curriculum development project on Interdisciplinary Modeling of Aquatic Ecosystems (Saito et al. 2005). Our co‐PIs and project information were among the resources used by graduate students in a project in Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois to: (1) analyze the evolution of planning efforts on the Illinois River; (2) compare these efforts to planning efforts elsewhere; and (3) develop a framework for improved, integrated planning for the Illinois River (Fassero et al. 2001).
Construction and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Adenovirus Vaccines Expressing the HMW1, HMW2, or Hia Adhesion Protein of NontypeableHaemophilus influenzae
Authors: Winter Linda E. , Barenkamp Stephen J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study was to construct and assess the immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus vectors expressing the HMW1, HMW2, or Hia protein of nontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi). These proteins are critical adhesins and potential protective antigens expressed by NTHi. Segments of thehmw1Aandhmw2Astructural genes that encode the distal one-half of mature HMW1 or HMW2 were cloned into the T7 expression vector pGEMEX-2. These constructs encoded stable HMW1 or HMW2 recombinant fusion protein that expresses B-cell epitopes common to most NTHi strains. A segment of thehiagene that encodes the surface-exposed portion of mature Hia was also cloned into pGEMEX-2. The resulting T7 gene 10 translational fusions were excised from the parent plasmids and cloned into the shuttle plasmid pDC316. Cotransfection of HEK 293 cells with the pDC316 derivatives and pBHGloxΔE1,3Cre resulted in the production of viral plaques from which recombinant adenoviruses expressing fusion proteins were recovered. Chinchillas immunized intraperitoneally with a single 108-PFU dose of either the HMW2 or Hia adenoviral construct developed high anti-HMW2 or anti-Hia serum antibody titers within 4 weeks of immunization. Chinchillas immunized intranasally with a single 107- to 109-PFU dose of the Hia adenoviral construct also developed high anti-Hia serum antibody titers within 8 weeks of immunization. Recombinant adenoviruses represent a promising system to induce mucosal and systemic immunity and protection against mucosal diseases such as otitis media. Recombinant adenoviruses expressing recombinant HMW1, HMW2, or Hia protein will be important new tools in NTHi vaccine development efforts.
Unexpected Diversity of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome
mec
Type IV in Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains
Authors: Liu Ying , Kong Fanrong , Xiao Meng , Wang Qinning , O'Sullivan Matthew , Sintchenko Vitali , Ma Lin , Gilbert Gwendolyn L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
) is a large mobile genetic element which is used frequently for subtyping of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) strains. MRSA SCC
mec
type IV not only predominates among community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains but also is associated with several genetic lineages of hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) and with other species. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of MRSA strains classified as SCC
mec
type IV by using a multiplex PCR-based reverse line blot (mPCR/RLB) hybridization assay as well as
spa
typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Sixty-two primer pairs and 63 probes were designed to interrogate each open reading frame (ORF) of SCC
mec
type IV sequences. A set of 131 MRSA SCC
mec
type IV isolates were classified into 79 subtypes by this method. There was considerable concordance between SCC
mec
type IV subtyping,
spa
typing, and PFGE patterns for clinical isolates, and the stability of SCC
mec
type IV subtyping was comparable to that of the other two methods. Using an in-house computer program, we showed that a subset of 20 genetic markers could achieve the same level of discrimination between isolates as the full set of 62, with a Simpson's index of diversity of 0.975. SCC
mec
type IV has a much higher level of diversity than previously suggested. The application of the mPCR/RLB hybridization assay to MRSA SCC
mec
type IV subtyping can improve the discriminatory power and throughput of MRSA typing and has the potential to enhance rapid infection control surveillance and outbreak detection.
Molecular Basis of Pathogenicity in
Helicobacter pylori
Clinical Isolates
Authors: Ramis Ivy Bastos , Fonseca Tesiê Leopoldo , Moraes Ernani Pinho de , Fernandes Márcia Silveira , Mendoza-Sassi Raul , Rodrigues Obirajara , Juliano Carlos Renan Varela , Scaini Carlos James , Almeida da Silva Pedro Eduardo 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

This study identified pathogenicity genes in 40
Helicobacter pylori
clinical isolates. The
cagA
,
vacA
, and
iceA
genes were detected in 65%, 97.5%, and 97.5% of the isolates, respectively. The
cagA
,
iceA1
, and
vacAs1a/m1
genes were related to erosive gastritis, whereas the
vacAs2/m2
and
iceA2
genes were associated with enanthematous gastritis.
Is Repeat PCR Needed for Diagnosis of
Clostridium difficile
Infection?
Authors: Luo Robert F. , Banaei Niaz 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Patients with diarrhea, defined as loose or watery stool, and two or more
Clostridium difficile tcdB
PCR tests within 14 days of each other were investigated. Repeat PCR for 293 patients with a prior negative result yielded negative results in 396 (97.5%) of 406 tests. Ten new positives were detected, including one false positive. Repeat PCR within 7 days appears rarely useful, except for patients with evidence of a new infection.
Use of
groESL
as a Target for Identification of
Abiotrophia
,
Granulicatella
, and
Gemella
Species
Authors: Hung Wei-Chun , Tseng Sung-Pin , Chen Hsiao-Jan , Tsai Jui-Chang , Chang Chih-Hsin , Lee Tai-Fen , Hsueh Po-Ren , Teng Lee-Jene 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

We determined the
groESL
sequences of three species of nutritionally variant streptococci (
Abiotrophia defectiva
,
Granulicatella adiacens
, and
Granulicatella elegans
) and three
Gemella
species (
Gemella morbillorum
,
Gemella haemolysans
, and
Gemella sanguinis
). The nucleotide sequence similarities between the
groES
and
groEL
genes of the above genera were 41.7 to 85.9% and 63.7 to 84.3%, respectively. The intraspecies similarities of
groESL
sequences for the isolates of
Abiotrophia
and
Granulicatella
species were 94.4 to 97.8% for
groES
and 94.0 to 98.2% for
groEL
. For
Ge. morbillorum
and
Ge. sanguinis
, all strains showed the same
groESL
spacer length (8 bp), and sequence identities within species were >97.8% for
groES
and >96.1% for
groEL
. However, higher intraspecies heterogeneity was observed in
Ge. haemolysans
. Phylogenetic analysis of
groEL
sequences separated the 6 isolates of
Ge. haemolysans
into two subgroups. Among these isolates, three isolates with the same
groESL
spacer region length (45 bp) clustered together but were distant from the ATCC reference strain (with a spacer length of 8 bp). The remaining three isolates, with a spacer length of 50 or 8 bp, clustered together. Although 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis did not provide enough discrimination for the 6
Ge. haemolysans
isolates,
rpoB
gene sequence analysis supported the subgrouping. Based on the obtained
groESL
sequences, we developed a multiplex PCR that enables simple, rapid, and accurate identification of
Abiotrophia
,
Granulicatella
, and
Gemella
at the genus level. This assay would be helpful for identifying these fastidious and slow-growing organisms in clinical laboratories.
Relatedness of Human and Animal
Clostridium difficile
PCR Ribotype 078 Isolates Determined on the Basis of Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis and Tetracycline Resistance
Authors: Bakker D. , Corver J. , Harmanus C. , Goorhuis A. , Keessen E. C. , Fawley W. N. , Wilcox M. H. , Kuijper E. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Totals of 102 and 56
Clostridium difficile
type 078 strains of human and porcine origins, respectively, from four European countries were investigated by an optimized multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) and for tetracycline susceptibility. Eighty-five percent of all isolates were genetically related, irrespective of human or porcine origin. Human strains were significantly more resistant to tetracycline than porcine strains. All tetracycline-resistant strains contained the Tn
916
-like transposon harboring the
tet
(M) gene. We conclude that strains from human and porcine origins are genetically related, irrespective of the country of origin. This may reflect a lack of diversity and/or common source.
Haemophilus influenzae
Outer Membrane Protein P6 Molecular Characterization May Not Differentiate All Strains of
H. Influenzae
from
H. haemolyticus
Authors: Chang Arthur , Adlowitz Diana G. , Yellamatty Edna , Pichichero Michael 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Distinguishing nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
and
Haemophilus haemolyticus
isolates by outer membrane protein (OMP) P6 gene sequencing is complicated by sequence variants in isolates. Further testing using RapID NH and multilocus sequence analysis may not help identify some isolates. Translated OMP P6 gene sequences are not conserved among all isolates presumed to be
H. influenzae.
Evaluation of the Capilia TB Assay for Culture Confirmation of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Infections in Zambia and South Africa
Authors: Muyoyeta Monde , de Haas Petra E. W. , Mueller Dirk H. , van Helden Paul D. , Mwenge Lawrence , Schaap Ab , Kruger Clarissa , Gey van Pittius Nicolaas C. , Lawrence Katherine , Beyers Nulda , Godfrey-Faussett Peter , Ayles Helen 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

The performance and cost of the Capilia TB assay were evaluated for use in a resource-limited setting. The sensitivity and specificity were 99.6% and 99.5%, respectively. The incremental costs of the Capilia test were estimated to be $1.46 and $1.84 when the test was added to liquid and solid culture processes, respectively. These findings suggest that the Capilia TB assay represents a rapid, simple, and inexpensive
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
identification test that can be used in resource-limited settings.