bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of variability and comparability between salmonid stomach contents and isotopic analyses: study design lessons and recommendations
Authors: Vinson Mark R. , Budy Phaedra 
Published: February 2011

We compared sources of variability and cost in paired stomach content and stable isotope samples from three salmonid species collected in September 2001–2005 and describe the relative information provided by each method in terms of measuring diet overlap and food web study design. Based on diet analyses, diet overlap among brown trout, rainbow trout, and mountain whitefish was high, and we observed little variation in diets among years. In contrast, for sample sizes n ≥ 25, 95% confidence interval (CI) around mean δ15Ν and δ13C for the three target species did not overlap, and species, year, and fish size effects were significantly different, implying that these species likely consumed similar prey but in different proportions. Stable isotope processing costs were US$12 per sample, while stomach content analysis costs averaged US$25.49 ± $2.91 (95% CI) and ranged from US$1.50 for an empty stomach to US$291.50 for a sample with 2330 items. Precision in both δ15Ν and δ13C and mean diet overlap values based on stomach contents increased considerably up to a sample size of n = 10 and plateaued around n = 25, with little further increase in precision.
An experimental examination of temperature interactions in the match–mismatch hypothesis for Pacific cod larvae
Authors: Laurel Benjamin J. , Hurst Thomas P. , Ciannelli Lorenzo 
Published: February 2011

The match–mismatch hypothesis (MMH) predicts that marine fish larvae will have their highest rate of growth and survival when they overlap with their prey. However, Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ) and other gadids continue to thrive in the Bering Sea despite delayed prey production resulting from warming and loss of sea ice. In this study, we examined how temperature mediates growth and survival of Pacific cod larvae under varying match–mismatch conditions. Cod larvae were reared at two temperatures (3 °C and 8 °C) and exposed to one of five different food treatments over a 6-week period: (i) high food (HF) (match); (ii) low food (LF); (iii) HF then LF (HF–LF); and (iv) LF then HF (LF–HF) (2–4 mismatch); and (v) no food (NF) (complete mismatch). Results showed that cold environments allow Pacific cod larvae to bridge gaps in prey availability (i.e., timing and magnitude), but negatively impact survival over longer periods. Under warmer conditions, mismatches in prey significantly impacted growth and survival. However, both yolk reserves and compensatory growth mechanisms reduced the severity of mismatches occurring in the first 3 weeks of development. Our results demonstrate a clear need to incorporate the direct effects of temperature on fish larvae in food limitation models.
A steep genetic cline in yellowtail rockfish,Sebastes flavidus, suggests regional isolation across the Cape Mendocino faunal break
Authors: Hess Jon E. , Vetter Russell D. , Moran Paul 
Published: February 2011

As with all Sebastes species, yellowtail rockfish ( S. flavidus ) produce larvae with an extended pelagic juvenile phase that can be advected in coastal currents. While dispersal potential is high, previous research on population genetic characteristics of Sebastes species indicates that apparent realized dispersal can be much lower and can exhibit complex patterns of genetic structure. We assayed 812 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and six microsatellite loci in ∼1000 yellowtail rockfish collected from 21 sites that span the species range from southern California to southeastern Alaska. An abrupt genetic cline near Cape Mendocino, California, splits the range into a northern and southern stock, and is highly concordant between our mitochondrial (FCT= 0.32, p ≪ 0.001) and microsatellite (FCT= 0.02, p ≪ 0.001) datasets. We show that this pattern may be due to a combination of physical (oceanographic or other barriers to larval dispersal), biological (habitat differences), and historical events. This study, and both intra- and inter-specific evidence from other marine species suggests Cape Mendocino demarcates two regions experiencing divergent evolutionary trajectories, and should be considered in management strategies.
Genetic analysis reveals two stocks of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the northwestern Indian Ocean
Authors: Dammannagoda Sudath T. , Hurwood David A. , Mather Peter B. 
Published: February 2011

Skipjack (SJT) ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) is a medium-sized, pelagic, highly dispersive tuna species that occurs widely across tropical and subtropical waters. SJT constitute the largest tuna fishery in the Indian Ocean and are currently managed as a single stock. Patterns of genetic variation in a mtDNA gene and six microsatellite loci were examined to test for stock structure in the northwestern Indian Ocean. 324 individuals were sampled from five major fishing grounds around Sri Lanka and from single sites in the Maldive Islands and the Laccadive Islands. Phylogenetic reconstruction of mtDNA revealed two coexisting divergent clades in the region. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of mtDNA data revealed significant genetic differentiation among sites (ΦST = 0.2029, P < 0.0001), also supported by spatial AMOVA results. AMOVA of microsatellite data also showed significant differentiation among most sampled sites (FST = 0.0256, P < 0.001), consistent with the mtDNA pattern. STRUCTURE analysis of the microsatellite data revealed two differentiated stocks. While both marker types examined identified two genetic groups, microsatellite analysis indicates that the sampled SJT are likely to represent individuals sourced from discrete breeding grounds that are mixed in feeding grounds in Sri Lankan waters.
Effects of spawning distribution on juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) density and growth
Authors: Teichert Maxim A.K. , Foldvik Anders , Forseth Torbjørn , Ugedal Ola , Einum Sigurd , Finstad Anders G. , Hedger Richard D. , Bellier Edwige 
Published: February 2011

We test whether the spatial distribution of spawning sites in a natural population is related to the density and individual growth rate of juvenile stream-dwelling salmonids. For this purpose, fine-scale data on the spatial distribution of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) nest sites, juvenile densities and body size, and habitat characteristics were combined. The area of nests summed over reaches of 25 m in length was positively correlated with local young-of-the-year (YOY) densities and was the strongest predictor of local densities. In turn, increased YOY densities were related to slower growth, and YOY density was the strongest predictor of YOY size. Measured habitat variables had little effect on YOY density over the spatial scale examined, which suggests that redistribution of YOY salmon according to habitat preferences was limited. The distribution of spawning sites was therefore the best predictor of local densities and subsequently YOY growth. Thus, during the YOY stage when dispersal is limited, patchy spawning distributions combined with local density-dependence may be the dominant factor responsible for spatial variation in growth.
Supramolecular encapsulation of benzimidazole-derived drugs by cucurbit[7]uril
Authors: Koner Apurba L. , Ghosh Indrajit , Saleh Na'il , Nau Werner M. 
Published: February 2011

UV–vis and NMR spectroscopic techniques were employed to demonstrate the ability of the synthetic macrocyclic host cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) to solubilize and stabilize widely used fungicides and anthelmintic drugs of the benzimidazole family in water, namely, albendazole (ABZ), carbendazim (CBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ), fuberidazole (FBZ), and the parent benzimidazole (BZ). CB7 binds the protonated forms of these guests very strongly (e.g., K = 2.6 × 107 L/mol for ABZ) but their neutral forms significantly more weakly (e.g., K = 6.5 × 104 L/mol for ABZ), which reflects a complexation-induced increase of their pKa values by 2.6 units for ABZ, 2.5 units for CBZ, 4.0 units for TBZ, 3.8 units for FBZ, and 3.5 units for BZ. The absolute drug solubilities increased upon complexation from 0.003 to 0.300 mmol/L for ABZ, from 0.160 to 1.12 mmol/L for CBZ, from 0.110 to 1.11 mmol/L for TBZ, and from 0.25 to 0.75 mmol/L for FBZ (for BZ, the solubility enhancement was found to be insignificant). Complexation by CB7 further improves the photostability of the drugs and alters their photophysical properties.
Synthesis and spectroelectrochemical investigation of two tetraarylporphyrins
Authors: Krüger Robin A. , Terpstra Andrea S. , Sutherland Todd C. 
Published: February 2011

A free-base tetraarylporphyrin was synthesized by the [2+2] macrocyclization of a dipyrromethane derivative with 3,4,5-tris(dodecyloxy)benzaldehyde in 61% yield. The free-base porphyrin was metallated with zinc acetate in 94% conversion. The free-base and metallated porphyrins show typical intense Soret bands at 426 and 425 nm, respectively, along with the expected number and intensity of Q-bands. Both porphyrins are also fluorescent and display small Stokes shifts between 13 and 18 nm. Cyclic voltammetry established that each porphyrin underwent two reversible one-electron oxidations at 492 and 725 mV (vs Fc/Fc+(ferrocene reference)) for the free-base porphyrin and at 329 and 589 mV (vs Fc/Fc+) for the Zn-metalloporphyrin. Electron-transfer rates were also determined to fall between 1.2 × 10−3and 2.4 × 10−3cm s–1. In addition, spectroelectrochemistry and density functional theory calculations of the oxidized products were carried out to confirm the macrocyclic ring oxidations.
Abrogating TNF-α Expression Prevents Bystander Destruction of Normal Tissues during iNOS-Mediated Elimination of Intraocular Tumors
Authors: Coursey Terry G. , Chen Peter W. , Niederkorn Jerry Y. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAlthough intraocular tumors reside in an immune privileged site, some tumors are rejected nonetheless. For example, intraocular adenovirus-induced (Ad5E1; adenovirus type 5 early region 1) tumors are rejected in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice by one of two pathways. One pathway leads to extensive necrosis of innocent bystander cells and culminates in destruction of the eye, a condition called phthisis. The second pathway is characterized by piecemeal tumor cell death that rids the eye of the tumor while preserving the architecture and function of the eye. To study the mechanisms of phthisical tumor rejection, we isolated a cell clone–designated clone 2.1 that consistently undergoes rejection in a phthisical manner. CD4+ T cells and macrophages were required for phthisical rejection of intraocular clone 2.1 tumors and M1 macrophages were involved in mediating tumor rejection. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) abolished macrophage-mediated killing of tumor cells and rejection of intraocular tumors. A role for M1 macrophages was further supported by investigations showing that intraocular tumors grew progressively in IFN-γ KO (knockout) mice. Studies in mice deficient in TNF-α, TNF receptor-1, or TNF receptor-2 revealed that although TNF-α was not needed for tumor rejection, it was required for the development of necrotizing inflammation and phthisis of tumor-bearing eyes. Together, our findings suggest new strategies to successfully eliminate ocular tumors while preserving the integrity of the eye. Cancer Res; 71(7); 2445–54. ©2011 AACR.
Diagnosis and Management of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Saposnik Gustavo , Barinagarrementeria Fernando , Brown Robert D. , Bushnell Cheryl D. , Cucchiara Brett , Cushman Mary , deVeber Gabrielle , Ferro Jose M. , Tsai Fong Y. 
Published: February 2011

Background—
The purpose of this statement is to provide an overview of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and to provide recommendations for its diagnosis, management, and treatment. The intended audience is physicians and other healthcare providers who are responsible for the diagnosis and management of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

Methods and Results—
Members of the panel were appointed by the American Heart Association Stroke Council's Scientific Statement Oversight Committee and represent different areas of expertise. The panel reviewed the relevant literature with an emphasis on reports published since 1966 and used the American Heart Association levels-of-evidence grading algorithm to rate the evidence and to make recommendations. After approval of the statement by the panel, it underwent peer review and approval by the American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee.

Conclusions—
Evidence-based recommendations are provided for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of recurrence of cerebral venous thrombosis. Recommendations on the evaluation and management of cerebral venous thrombosis during pregnancy and in the pediatric population are provided. Considerations for the management of clinical complications (seizures, hydrocephalus, intracranial hypertension, and neurological deterioration) are also summarized. An algorithm for diagnosis and management of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is described.
Influenza Virus Infection Aggravates Stroke Outcome
Authors: Muhammad Sajjad , Haasbach Emanuel , Kotchourko Maria , Strigli Anne , Krenz Antje , Ridder Dirk A. , Vogel Annette B. , Marti Hugo H. , Al-Abed Yousef , Planz Oliver , Schwaninger Markus 
Published: February 2011

Background and Purpose—
Stroke is triggered by several risk factors, including influenza and other respiratory tract infections. However, it is unknown how and in which way influenza infection affects stroke outcome.

Methods—
We infected mice intranasally with human influenza A (H1N1) virus and occluded the middle cerebral artery to induce ischemic strokes. Infarct volume and intracerebral hemorrhage were determined by histology. To evaluate the integrity of the blood–brain barrier and inflammation, we measured various cytokines in vivo and in vitro and performed immunohistochemistry of leukocyte markers, collagen IV, immunoglobulins, and matrix metalloproteinase-9.

Results—
Influenza virus infection increased infarct size. Whereas changes in cardiovascular parameters did not explain this effect, we found evidence for an inflammatory mechanism. In influenza virus infection, the respiratory tract released cytokines into the blood, such as RANTES that induced macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and other inflammatory mediators in the ischemic brain. In infected mice, there was an increased number of neutrophils expressing the matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the ischemic brain. This was accompanied by severe disruption of the blood–brain barrier and an increased rate of intracerebral hemorrhages after tissue plasminogen activator treatment. To investigate the role of cytokines, we blocked cytokine release by using GTS-21, a selective agonist of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. GTS-21 ameliorated ischemic brain damage and improved survival.

Conclusions—
Influenza virus infection triggers a cytokine cascade that aggravates ischemic brain damage and increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage after tissue plasminogen activator treatment. Blockade of cytokine production by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists is a novel therapeutic option to treat stroke in a proinflammatory context.
Incidence of Cerebral Microbleeds in the General Population
Authors: Poels Mariëlle M.F. , Ikram M. Arfan , van der Lugt Aad , Hofman Albert , Krestin Gabriel P. , Breteler Monique M.B. , Vernooij Meike W. 
Published: February 2011

Background and Purpose—
Cerebral microbleeds are frequently seen in the general elderly population, but it is unknown at what rate they occur with aging and whether once present can disappear over time.

Methods—
As part of the Rotterdam Scan Study, 831 persons (mean age, 68.5 years) underwent repeated brain MRI with a mean interval of 3.4 years. We assessed determinants of incident microbleeds in relation to their location with multiple logistic regressions.

Results—
Overall prevalence of microbleeds increased from 24.4% at baseline to 28.0% at follow-up. Eighty-five persons (10.2%) developed new microbleeds. Microbleeds at baseline predicted development of new microbleeds (OR, 5.38; 95% CI, 3.34 to 8.67). In only 6 persons with microbleeds at baseline, fewer microbleeds were present at the follow-up examination. Cardiovascular risk factors, presence of lacunar infarcts, and larger white matter lesion volume at baseline were all associated with incident deep or infratentorial microbleeds, whereas people with the apolipoprotein E ϵ4/ϵ4 genotype or larger white matter lesion volume had a higher risk of incident strictly lobar microbleeds.

Conclusions—
Incidence of microbleeds in the general population over a 3-year interval was substantial and microbleeds rarely disappeared. Risk factors for incident microbleeds were similar to those for prevalent microbleeds and differed according to microbleed location. These results support the assessment of microbleeds on T2*-weighted MRI as a possible marker of both cerebral amyloid angiopathy and hypertensive vasculopathy progression.
Effects of Exercise on Quality of Life in Stroke Survivors
Authors: Chen Ming-De , Rimmer James H. 
Published: February 2011

Background and Purpose—
One of the major consequences after stroke is the deterioration in health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Three previous systematic reviews indicated that exercise has limited to no effect in improving HRQOL in stroke survivors. The objective of this meta-analysis was to update the evidence on exercise and HRQOL in stroke survivors with additional new information on randomized controlled trials that have been published since these 3 previous reviews.

Methods—
MEDLINE, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, and SportsDiscus databases were searched for randomized controlled trials reporting the effects of exercise on HRQOL in stroke survivors from 1950 to March 2010. The methodological quality of each study was appraised using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Standardized mean difference was used to compute effect size and subgroup analysis was conducted to test the consistency of results across the subgroups with different characteristics.

Results—

A total of 1101 citations was identified and 9 studies met all criteria for a total sample of 426 stroke survivors. Eight studies were rated as good quality (ie, Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale ≥5). This meta-analysis provided evidence that exercise can have a small to medium effect on HRQOL outcomes (standardized mean difference, 0.32,
P
<0.01) at postintervention but not at follow-up after exercise was terminated (standardized mean difference, 0.17,
P
=0.12). No adverse events related to exercise were reported.

Conclusions—
The results provide moderate support for the use of exercise to improve HRQOL in stroke survivors. However, the challenge for researchers is identifying effective strategies for sustaining these effects postintervention.
Clinical Factors Associated with Bacterial Biofilm Formation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Zhang Zi , Kofonow Jennifer M. , Finkelman Brian S. , Doghramji Laurel , Chiu Alexander G. , Kennedy David W. , Cohen Noam A. , Palmer James N. 
Published: February 2011

ObjectivesBacterial biofilms appear to contribute to chronic rhinosinusitis. However, the mechanism behind biofilm formation in chronic rhinosinusitis remains poorly defined. The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical factors that may be associated with bacterial biofilm formation in chronic rhinosinusitis.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.Subjects and MethodsFive hundred eighteen patients with chronic rhinosinusitis were enrolled from 2007 to 2010. Samples were taken to evaluate for biofilm formation in vitro using a modified Calgary Biofilm Detection Assay. Clinical data were collected from chart review. Pearson’s χ2 and logistic regression were used for the analyses.ResultsOf the patients, 108 (20.9%) showed biofilm formation in vitro. Bacterial biofilm formation in vitro was not significantly associated with polyps, allergy, Samter’s triad, sleep apnea, smoking status, age, or gender. However, it was significantly associated with positive culture results (odds ratio [OR] = 3.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.85‐5.29; P <. 001), prior sinus surgeries (1.93; 1.01‐3.69; P =. 046), and nasal steroid use in the month prior to sample collection (2.09; 1.07‐4.08; P =. 030). Polymicrobial cultures, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus comprised most of the samples.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that the probability of bacterial biofilm formation is independent of many clinical factors considered to be risk factors for chronic rhinosinusitis. Further studies are needed to clarify the nature of the associations between prior sinus surgeries, nasal steroid use, and biofilm formation.
Pathologic Occult Neck Disease in Patients With Metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma to the Parotid
Authors: Kirke Diana N. , Porceddu Sandro , Wallwork Benjamin D. , Panizza Benedict , Coman William B. 
Published: February 2011

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to document the rate of pathologic neck disease in patients presenting with metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) to the parotid gland following parotidectomy and neck dissection in the clinically and radiologic negative neck.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsThe study involved a retrospective chart review from 1999 to 2008 of patients presenting with metastatic CSCC to the parotid at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.ResultsEighty‐one patients with metastatic parotid disease were identified. A total of 51 (63%) patients had no clinical or radiological evidence of cervical nodal disease. Forty‐five patients (88%) were male, median age was 69 (range, 42‐91) years, and the median follow‐up was 16 (interquartile range, 9‐44) months. Thirty‐four of these patients underwent a parotidectomy and neck dissection with/without postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Occult pathological cervical nodal disease was found in 5 (14.7%) patients. Of those who received a neck dissection, 3 patients relapsed in the parotid, 1 in the neck alone, and 1 distantly.ConclusionThis series has shown that the rate of pathologically involved neck nodes in patients with metastatic CSCC to the parotid in the clinically node negative neck is low. Given many of these patients warrant postoperative RT to the parotid bed, an elective neck dissection may not be warranted as the parotid and neck may be treated in continuity with RT.