bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Private Cost of Long-Term Care in Canada: Where You Live Matters
Authors: Fernandes Natasha , Spencer Byron G. 
Published: August 2010

RÉSUMÉLes Canadiens s’attendent le même accès aux soins de santé, qu’ils soient riches ou pauvres, et n’importe où ils vivent, souvent sans frais directs au point de service. Toutefois, nous trouvons que le coût privé de soins de longue durée diffère grandement partout au pays, et dans les provinces, nous trouvons des variations importantes, selon le niveau de revenu, l’état matrimonial et, au Québec seulement, selon les actifs détenus. Une personne non-mariée avec un revenu moyen devrait payer plus de deux fois autant dans les provinces de l’Atlantique qu’au Québec, tandis qu’un couple, dont une personne a besoin de soins, paierait quatre fois plus en Terre-Neuve comme en Alberta.
‘It is nice to see someone coming in’: Exploring the Social Objectives of Meals-on-Wheels
Authors: Timonen Virpi , O’Dwyer Ciara 
Published: August 2010

RÉSUMÉMalgré le fait que La Popote roulante a des aspects nutritionnels et sociales, il y a un manque de recherche sur les objectifs sociaux de ce service. Cette étude a pour but de développer une compréhension des objectifs sociaux du programme et d’explorer l’étendue à laquelle ils sont remplis par La Popote roulante en Irlande. Un examen de la littérature a suggéré que potentiellement le service peut répondre à trois objectifs sociaux : (a) offrant des repas aux destinataires avec contact social, (b) aidant à revigorer un intérêt dans les repas en les faisant plus réguliers et (c) aidant à développer l’acceptation du service. Des entrevues ont été menées avec 66 destinataires de repas à explorer ces thèmes et les augmenter si nécessaire. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que les destinataires des repas dérivent du service un contact social limité; que les heures des repas bien reglées n’étaient pas important pour la plupart des destinataires; et même que beaucoup étaient peu disposés à accepter le service.
Self-case study as a catalyst for personal development in cognitive therapy training
Authors: Fraser Niccy , Wilson Jan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPersonal development is a vital requirement of counsellor development, and educators need to consider how best to promote and support students’ personal development throughout training. ‘Self-case study’ can provide both learning and personal development opportunities for counselling students. This qualitative narrative study explores seven students’ perspectives about their experiences of completing a self-case study as a learning requirement for a compulsory introductory course in cognitive therapy at undergraduate level. Unstructured individual interviews were used for data collection. Data analysis involved identifying themes and analysing the narrative structure of stories. The findings emphasized the view that self-case study provides useful learning opportunities in the areas of theory, practice and personal development. Most participants described transformational life changes resulting from completing a self-case study. This paper presents selected findings. The ethical issues and limitations of this study are discussed. Self-case study is recommended as a potentially effective education strategy.
Amoxicillin-bearing microparticles: potential in the treatment of Listeria monocytogenes infection in Swiss albino mice
Authors: Farazuddin Mohammad , Chauhan Arun , Khan Raza M.M. , Owais Mohammad 
Published: August 2010

The present study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of amoxicillin-bearing HSA (human serum albumin) and PLGA [poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)] microparticles in combating Listeria monocytogenes infection in Swiss albino mice. Amoxicillin-bearing HSA microspheres were prepared by chemical cross-linking of a drug/albumin mixture with glutaraldehyde, and PLGA microspheres were prepared by the W/O/W (water-in-oil-in-water) emulsion technique. The microspheres were characterized for their size, ζ potential and entrapment efficiency using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and a Zetasizer. Release kinetics was performed in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37°C simulating physiological conditions. Bacterial burden in various vital organs and survival data established enhanced efficacy of PLGA and HSA microspheres as compared with free drug. Among the two delivery systems, PLGA microspheres, when compared with HSA microspheres, imparted better efficacy in terms of reduction in bacterial load as well as increase in survival. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate that microparticles successfully target the infected macrophages and the approach could be well exploited for targeting the intracellular pathogens as well.
Communication, Listening, Cognitive and Speech Perception Skills in Children With Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) or Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
Authors: Ferguson Melanie A. , Hall Rebecca L. , Riley Alison , Moore David R. 
Published: August 2010

PurposeParental reports of communication, listening, and behavior in children receiving a clinical diagnosis of specific language impairment (SLI) or auditory processing disorder (APD) were compared with direct tests of intelligence, memory, language, phonology, literacy, and speech intelligibility. The primary aim was to identify whether there were differences between these characteristics in children with SLI or APD.MethodNormally hearing children who were clinically diagnosed with SLI (n= 22) or APD (n= 19), and a quasirandom sample of mainstream school (MS) children (n= 47) aged 6–13 years, underwent tests of verbal and nonverbal IQ, digit span, nonsense word repetition, Spoonerisms, reading, grammar, and sentence and VCV nonword intelligibility. Parents completed questionnaires on the children’s communication, listening, and behavior.ResultsThere was generally no difference between the performance of the children with SLI and the children with APD on the questionnaire and test measures, and both groups consistently and significantly underperformed compared with the children in the MS group. Speech intelligibility in both noise and quiet was unimpaired in the SLI and APD groups.ConclusionDespite clinical diagnoses of SLI or APD, the 2 groups of children had very similar behavioral and parental report profiles, suggesting that the children were differentially diagnosed based on their referral route rather than on actual differences.
The Effectiveness of Clear Speech as a Masker
Authors: Calandruccio Lauren , Van Engen Kristin , Dhar Sumitrajit , Bradlow Ann R. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose
It is established that speaking clearly is an effective means of enhancing intelligibility. Because any signal-processing scheme modeled after known acoustic–phonetic features of clear speech will likely affect both target and competing speech, it is important to understand how speech recognition is affected when a competing speech signal is also spoken clearly. In 2 experiments, the authors investigated whether listeners would experience improved intelligibility when both target and nontarget speech were spoken clearly.

Method
Listeners' recognition of sentences in competing sounds was examined in 2 experiments. For both experiments, the target speech was spoken in conversational and clear styles. The competing sounds in Experiment 1 included 2-talker maskers spoken in conversational and clear styles of English or Croatian. The competing sounds in Experiment 2 included 1-talker maskers spoken in clear or conversational styles and temporally modulated white noise maskers shaped to mimic the 1-talker maskers.

Results
Performance increased for clear versus conversational targets. No significant differences were found between conversational and clear maskers.

Conclusions
If it were possible to implement clear speech through a listening device, it appears that listeners would still receive a clear-speech benefit, even if all sounds (including competing sounds) were (inadvertently) processed to be more clear.
Recognition of Rapid Speech by Blind and Sighted Older Adults
Authors: Gordon-Salant Sandra , Friedman Sarah A. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose
To determine whether older blind participants recognize time-compressed speech better than older sighted participants.

Method

Three groups of adults with normal hearing participated (
n
= 10/group): (a) older sighted, (b) older blind, and (c) younger sighted listeners. Low-predictability sentences that were uncompressed (0% time compression ratio [TCR]) and compressed at 3 rates (40%, 50%, and 60% TCR) were presented to listeners in quiet and noise.

Results
Older blind listeners recognized all time-compressed speech stimuli significantly better than did older sighted listeners in quiet. In noise, the older blind adults recognized the uncompressed and 40% TCR speech stimuli better than did the older sighted adults. Performance differences between the younger sighted adults and older blind adults were not observed.

Conclusions
The findings support the notion that older blind adults recognize time-compressed speech considerably better than older sighted adults in quiet and noise. Their performance levels are similar to those of younger adults, suggesting that age-related difficulty in understanding time-compressed speech is not an inevitable consequence of aging. Instead, frequent listening to speech at rapid rates, which was highly correlated with performance of the older blind adults, may be a useful technique to minimize age-related slowing in speech understanding.
Structure and mechanism of proton transport through the transmembrane tetrameric M2 protein bundle of the influenza A virus
Authors: Acharya Rudresh , Carnevale Vincenzo , Fiorin Giacomo , Levine Benjamin G. , Polishchuk Alexei L. , Balannik Victoria , Samish Ilan , Lamb Robert A. , Pinto Lawrence H. , DeGrado William F. , Klein Michael L. 
Published: August 2010

The M2 proton channel from influenza A virus is an essential protein that mediates transport of protons across the viral envelope. This protein has a single transmembrane helix, which tetramerizes into the active channel. At the heart of the conduction mechanism is the exchange of protons between the His37 imidazole moieties of M2 and waters confined to the M2 bundle interior. Protons are conducted as the total charge of the four His37 side chains passes through 2
+
and 3
+
with a pK

a

near 6. A 1.65 Å resolution X-ray structure of the transmembrane protein (residues 25–46), crystallized at pH 6.5, reveals a pore that is lined by alternating layers of sidechains and well-ordered water clusters, which offer a pathway for proton conduction. The His37 residues form a box-like structure, bounded on either side by water clusters with well-ordered oxygen atoms at close distance. The conformation of the protein, which is intermediate between structures previously solved at higher and lower pH, suggests a mechanism by which conformational changes might facilitate asymmetric diffusion through the channel in the presence of a proton gradient. Moreover, protons diffusing through the channel need not be localized to a single His37 imidazole, but instead may be delocalized over the entire His-box and associated water clusters. Thus, the new crystal structure provides a possible unification of the discrete site versus continuum conduction models.
How to do (or not to do) … a benefit incidence analysis
Authors: McIntyre Di , Ataguba John E 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Benefit incidence analysis (BIA) considers who (in terms of socio-economic groups) receive what benefit from using health services. While traditionally BIA has focused on only publicly funded health services, to assess whether or not public subsidies are ‘pro-poor’, the same methodological approach can be used to assess how well the overall health system is performing in terms of the distribution of service benefits. This is becoming increasingly important in the context of the growing emphasis on promoting universal health systems. To conduct a BIA, a household survey dataset that incorporates both information on health service utilization and some measure of socio-economic status is required. The other core data requirement is unit costs of different types of health service. When utilization rates are combined with unit costs for different health services, the distribution of benefits from using services, expressed in monetary terms, can be estimated and compared with the distribution of the need for health care. This paper aims to provide an introduction to the methods used in the ‘traditional’ public sector BIA, and how the same methods can be applied to undertake an assessment of the whole health system. We consider what data are required, potential sources of data, deficiencies in data frequently available in low- and middle-income countries, and how these data should be analysed.
Variations in Pharmacology of β-Blockers May Contribute to Heterogeneous Results in Trials of Perioperative β-Blockade
Authors: Badgett Robert G. , Lawrence Valerie A. , Cohn Steven L. 
Published: August 2010

Background
Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses provide conflicting guidance on the role of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (beta-blockers) in reducing perioperative complications. We hypothesize that variability in trial results may be due in part to heterogeneous properties of beta-blockers. First, we propose that the extent of beta-blocker metabolism by cytochrome P-450 and the time available to titrate the dosage before surgery (titration time) may interact; dependence on P-450 may be most harmful when titration time is short. Second, beta-blockers vary in their selectivity for the beta-1 receptor and reduced selectivity may contribute to cerebral ischemia.

Methods
We used meta-analysis and meta-regression of existing trials to explore the role of these pharmacological properties.

Results
We found that both of these pharmacological factors are significantly associated with reduced efficacy of beta-blockers.

Conclusions
Pharmacological properties of beta-blockers may contribute to heterogeneous trial results. Many trials have used metoprolol, which is extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 and is less selective for the beta-1 receptor. For these two reasons, the efficacy of metoprolol to prevent perioperative cardiac complications should be compared with the efficacy of other beta-blockers.
In Vivo Fluorescence-mediated Tomography for Quantification of Urokinase Receptor-dependent Leukocyte Trafficking in Inflammation
Authors: Larmann Jan , Frenzel Tim , Hahnenkamp Anke , Herzog Christine , Lorenz Anika , Steinbicker Andrea U. , Calmer Simone , Harendza Thomas , Schmitz Martina , Echtermeyer Frank , Hildebrand Reinhard , Bremer Christoph , Theilmeier Gregor 
Published: August 2010

Background
Inflammation is characterized by leukocyte recruitment. Macrophages and neutrophils contribute to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Modulating leukocyte invasion can protect from these adverse effects. Leukocyte recruitment critically depends on the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR). We here use a novel technique to longitudinally quantify cell trafficking in inflammatory models in live animals.

Methods
Near-infrared fluorophore-labeled leukocytes were adoptively transferred to mice with thioglycollate peritonitis to study leukocyte trafficking to sites of inflammation. Macrophage and neutrophil trafficking was followed with three-dimensional fluorescence-mediated-tomography. u-PAR-/- and wild-type macrophage recruitment was studied by cross-over adoptive cell transfer to elucidate the role of leukocytic versus u-PAR expressed on other cells. Endotoxic shock-induced pulmonary inflammation was used to study u-PARs role for pulmonary neutrophil recruitment.

Results
Mice experiencing peritonitis showed a significant increase in mean fluorescence intensity because of enhanced macrophage (315%, n=9-10), P&lt;0.05) or neutrophil (194%, n=6, P&lt;0.02) recruitment. Fluorescence-mediated-tomography uncovered a macrophage recruitment defect in the peritonitis model for u-PAR-/- mice (147% of baseline) compared with control mice (335% of baseline, n=8-9, P&lt;0.05). When u-PAR-/--macrophages were transferred to wild-type mice fluorescence intensity increased to 145% while wild-type macrophage transfer into u-PAR-/- resulted in 192% increase compared with baseline (n=6, P&lt;0.05). Reduced neutrophil recruitment in pulmonary inflammation in u-PAR-/- mice was accompanied by improved pulmonary gas exchange.

Conclusion
Using noninvasive in vivo fluorescence-mediated tomography to image leukocyte recruitment in inflammatory mouse models, we describe a novel macrophage recruitment defect in u-PAR-/- mice. Targeting u-PAR for modulation of leukocyte recruitment is a promising therapeutic strategy to ameliorate leukocyte induced tissue damage.
Echoes of the present?: The politics and policy of child support 1945–70
Authors: McCARTHY MICHAEL 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Child poverty has been an emotive and political issue for many years. This article sets out to look at the concepts of poverty—both absolute and relative. It then analyses government and political party attitudes to poverty from 1945–70, concluding that little has been achieved, particularly for the poorer and larger. families. In drawing out lessons for the present day, the paper argues that assumptions about the causes of poverty and ways of tackling it need to be questioned before progress can be made.This article is based on material contained in Michael McCarthy's 1986 book Campaigning for the Poor: CPAG and the Politics of Welfare. It appears here by permission of the publishers, Croom Helm.
Introduction of a child sexual abuse policy in a health district
Authors: ANDERSON SALLY E. , YOUNGSON SHEILA C. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Three one day workshops for 40 senior clinical staff were held to introduce a new Operational Policy on Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) and to provide them with a teaching package to enable them to run ‘cascade’ teaching sessions for other staff and colleagues. Part I of this paper describes an evaluation of the workshop; Part II describes an evaluation of the cascadeThe workshop evaluation showed that knowledge about CSA and policy issues was already good, but although that knowledge did improve after the workshop, attitudes about sexual behaviour were not changed by the workshop. Evaluation of the cascade also showed an increase in knowledge after the dissemination exercise
Challenges to antagonist blockade during sustained‐release naltrexone treatment
Authors: Kunøe Nikolaj , Lobmaier Philipp , Vederhus John Kåre , Hjerkinn Bjørg , Gossop Michael , Hegstad Solfrid , Kristensen Øistein , Waal Helge 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAims  Naltrexone is a competitive opioid antagonist that effectively blocks the action of heroin and other opioid agonists. Sustained‐release naltrexone formulations are now available that provide long‐acting opioid blockade. This study investigates the use of heroin and other opioids among opioid‐dependent patients receiving treatment with long‐acting naltrexone implants, their subjective experience of drug ‘high’ after opioid use, and factors associated with opioid use.Methods  Participants (n = 60) were opioid‐dependent patients receiving treatment with naltrexone implants. Outcome data on substance use, drug ‘high’, depression and criminal activity were collected over a 6‐month period. Blood samples were taken to monitor naltrexone plasma levels, and hair samples to verify self‐reported opioid use.Findings  More than half [n = 34 or 56%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 44–68%)] the patients challenged the blockade with illicit opioids during the 6‐month treatment period; 44% (n = 26; 95% CI 32–56%) were abstinent from opioids. Mean opioid use was reduced from 18 [standard deviation (SD)13] days during the month preceding treatment to 6 days (SD 11) after 6 months. Of the respondents questioned on opioid ‘high’ (n = 31), nine patients (30%; 95% CI 16–47%) reported partial drug ‘high’ following illicit opioid use, and three (12%; 95% CI 3–26%) reported full ‘high’. Opioid use was associated with use of non‐opioid drugs and criminal behaviour.Conclusions  Challenging naltrexone blockade with heroin on at least one occasion is common among sustained‐release naltrexone patients, but only a minority of patients use opioids regularly. Challenges represent a warning sign for poor outcomes and often occur in the context of polydrug use and social adjustment problems.
Mexico's methamphetamine precursor chemical interventions: impacts on drug treatment admissions
Authors: Cunningham James K. , Bojorquez Ietza , Campollo Octavio , Liu Lon‐Mu , Maxwell Jane Carlisle 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAims  To help counter problems related to methamphetamine, Mexico has implemented interventions targeting pseudoephedrine and ephedrine, the precursor chemicals commonly used in the drug's synthesis. This study examines whether the interventions impacted methamphetamine treatment admissions—an indicator of methamphetamine consequences.Design  Quasi‐experiment: autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)‐based intervention time–series analysis. Interventions: precursor chemical restrictions implemented beginning November 2005; major rogue precursor chemical company closed (including possibly the largest single drug‐cash seizure in history) March 2007; precursor chemicals banned from Mexico (North America's first precursor ban) August 2008.Settings  Mexico and Texas (1996–2008).Measurements  Monthly treatment admissions for methamphetamine (intervention series) and cocaine, heroin and alcohol (quasi‐control series).Findings  The precursor restriction was associated with temporary methamphetamine admissions decreases of 12% in Mexico and 11% in Texas. The company closure was associated with decreases of 56% in Mexico and 48% in Texas; these decreases generally remained to the end of the study period. Neither intervention was associated with significant changes in the Mexico or Texas quasi‐control series. The analysis of Mexico's ban was indeterminate due largely to a short post‐ban series.Conclusions  This study, one of the first quasi‐experimental analyses of an illicit‐drug policy in Mexico, indicates that the country's precursor interventions were associated with positive impacts domestically and in one of the Unites States' most populous states—Texas. These interventions, coupled with previous US and Canadian interventions, amount to a new, relatively cohesive level of methamphetamine precursor control across North America's largest nations, raising the possibility that the impacts found here could continue for an extended period.
Theoretical exclusion percentages obtainable by blood grouping of pigs
Authors: Nielsen P. Bräuner 
Published: August 2010

SummaryOn the basis of the frequency of blood group alleles in Danish Landrace pigs, the theoretical probability of excluding incorrectly alleged paternity and parentage by means of the various blood group systems are calculated. The probability of excluding incorrect paternity of 1 and 4 pigs, will be 85 and 97%, respectively. In 96% of the cases, the parentage of an accidentally interchanged pig can be excluded.A study of the progeny groups actually excluded during the period 1960‐1968, showed good agreement between the observed and theoretically expected frequencies of exclusions in the various blood group systems, except for the G‐system.
Polymorphism of red cell acid phosphatase in dogs
Authors: Brand M. , Austad R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn fresh red cell haemolysates from Labrador retriever dogs three acid phosphatase (Pac) phenotypes were found by starch gel electrophoresis. Family data were consistent with the theory that the Pac phenotypes are controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles, designated PacF and PacS.