bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aging impacts isolated lymphoid follicle development and function
Authors: McDonald Keely G , Leach Matthew R , Huang Conway , Wang Caihong , Newberry Rodney D 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
Immunosenescence is the age-related decline and dysfunction of protective immunity leading to a marked increase in the risk of infections, autoimmune disease, and cancer. The majority of studies have focused on immunosenescence in the systemic immune system; information concerning the effect of aging on intestinal immunity is limited. Isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) are newly appreciated dynamic intestinal lymphoid structures that arise from nascent lymphoid tissues, or cryptopatches (CP), in response to local inflammatory stimuli. ILFs promote "homeostatic" responses including the production of antigen-specific IgA, thus playing a key role in mucosal immune protection. ILF dysfunction with aging could contribute to immunosenescence of the mucosal system, and accordingly we examined phenotypic and functional aspects of ILFs from young (2 month old) and aged (2 year old) mice.

Results
We observed that aged mice have increased numbers of ILFs and increased numbers of structures corresponding to an early stage of CPs transforming into ILFs. The cellular composition of ILFs in aged mice is altered with a smaller B-lymphocyte population and an increased T-lymphocyte population. The ILF T-lymphocyte population is notable by the presence of CD4+ CD8αα+ T-lymphocytes, which are absent from the systemic compartment. The smaller B-lymphocyte population in ILFs from aged mice is directly correlated with decreased mRNA and protein expression of CCL20 and CXCL13, two chemokines that play crucial roles in recruiting B-lymphocytes into ILFs. Aged mice had elevated levels of serum and fecal immunoglobulins and despite the decreased B-lymphocyte population, ILFs from aged mice displayed increased IgA production. The immunoglobulin repertoire was skewed in aged mice, and ILFs demonstrated a repertoire usage similar to that of the systemic pool in both young and aged mice.

Conclusions
Here we observed that ILF development, cellular composition, and immunoglobulin production are altered with aging suggesting that ILF dysfunction contributes to mucosal immunosenescence.
Complete coding sequence characterization and comparative analysis of the putative novel human rhinovirus (HRV) species C and B
Authors: Linsuwanon Piyada , Payungporn Sunchai , Suwannakarn Kamol , Chieochansin Thaweesak , Theamboonlers Apiradee , Poovorawan Yong 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
Human Rhinoviruses (HRVs) are well recognized viral pathogens associated with acute respiratory tract illnesses (RTIs) abundant worldwide. Although recent studies have phylogenetically identified the new HRV species (HRV-C), data on molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity, and clinical manifestation have been limited.

Result
To gain new insight into HRV genetic diversity, we determined the complete coding sequences of putative new members of HRV species C (HRV-CU072 with 1% prevalence) and HRV-B (HRV-CU211) identified from clinical specimens collected from pediatric patients diagnosed with a symptom of acute lower RTI. Complete coding sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HRV-CU072 strain shared a recent common ancestor with most closely related Chinese strain (N4). Comparative analysis at the protein level showed that HRV-CU072 might accumulate substitutional mutations in structural proteins, as well as nonstructural proteins 3C and 3 D. Comparative analysis of all available HRVs and HEVs indicated that HRV-C contains a relatively high G+C content and is more closely related to HEV-D. This might be correlated to their replication and capability to adapt to the high temperature environment of the human lower respiratory tract. We herein report an infrequently occurring intra-species recombination event in HRV-B species (HRV-CU211) with a crossing over having taken place at the boundary of VP2 and VP3 genes. Moreover, we observed phylogenetic compatibility in all HRV species and suggest that dynamic mechanisms for HRV evolution seem to be related to recombination events. These findings indicated that the elementary units shaping the genetic diversity of HRV-C could be found in the nonstructural 2A and 3D genes.

Conclusion
This study provides information for understanding HRV genetic diversity and insight into the role of selection pressure and recombination mechanisms influencing HRV evolution.
An evaluation of casein hydrolyzate in combination with antibiotic for bacterial cure and subsequent increase in milk yield in dairy cows
Authors: Leitner Gabriel , Jacoby Shamay , Silanikove Nissim 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundA 3-yr study examined whether prepartum treatment with casein hydrolyzate in combination with antibiotic, as routinely used in Israel for dry cow therapy, improved bacterial cure and increased milk yield in subsequent lactations in comparison with treatment with antibiotic alone. The vast majority of bacterial isolates in samples collected prior to drying-off comprised coagulase-negative staphylococci, mostly asStaph. chromogenes.ResultsBacterial cure associated with the combined treatment was 73.8% in cows, significantly higher than the 51.7% cure recorded when cows were treated only with antibiotic. During the study, the annual milk yield of non-casein hydrolyzate treated and treated control cows increased at ~2% per year, which is consistent with the national annual increase attributed to genetic selection. In cows treated with casein hydrolyzate the increase was 9% (above the 2% expected) in the first lactation after the treatment, and 6.3% (above the 4% expected for 2 years) in the second lactation after treatment. These increases were significantly higher than those in the controls and those expected through genetic improvement.ConclusionsTreatment with casein hydrolyzate at dry-off was shown to be a viable mean to eliminate existing environmental bacterial infection, and to improve milk yield in the next lactation.
Numbers-needed-to-treat analysis: an explanation using antipsychotic trials in schizophrenia
Authors: Hodgson Richard , Cookson John , Taylor Mark 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe evaluation of treatment effects is important to both the clinician and the patient. However, outcomes in randomised trials are often difficult to apply to the clinic. The number needed to treat (NNT) is one method that facilitates the interpretation of clinical trials in a meaningful way. When combined with the number needed to harm (NNH), the balance between the risks and benefits of a particular treatment can be appreciated. We illustrate the use of these concepts by focusing on recent large pragmatic studies of antipsychotics, including CATIE, EUFEST and CUtLASS.
Epilepsy and neuropsychiatric comorbidities
Authors: Agrawal Niruj , Govender Suren 
Published: January 2011

SummaryEpilepsy is a common neurological condition with wide-ranging neuropsychiatric manifestations. The relationship between epilepsy and psychiatry has been recognised for centuries. However, the wide range of neuropsychiatric comorbidities and their extent is only now beginning to be appreciated. The impact of these comorbidities on patients' help-seeking behaviour, seizure control and quality of life suggests that early detection and treatment are of paramount importance. Clinical issues in relation to accurate recognition and appropriate management of neuropsychiatric conditions in epilepsy are discussed.
Running an MRCPsych course
Authors: Vassilas Christopher A. , Berrisford Giles S. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThis article outlines how MRCPsych courses have developed historically and gives an account of the factors that are currently driving changes in postgraduate psychiatric education. A brief description of educational theory that is applicable to the teaching of these courses is given, followed by a description of the teaching methods used. We also describe the different elements of an MRCPsych course, from the resource requirements to the way the course is structured and delivered. The principles described and examples given may be of interest to experienced course organisers and may be helpful to those taking on the role of course organiser for the first time.
Inconsistencies in legal and scientific perspectives on adolescents' capacities
Authors: Grisso Thomas 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe US Supreme Court's complaint in 2005 about inconsistencies in research into adolescents' decision-making capacity did not take into account the different demands placed on adolescents by controlled situations and unstructured situations. Apparent inconsistencies in research into adolescents' capacity in treatment situations and in trial situations may simply be due to methodological differences between the two bodies of research. Apparent inconsistencies in the law regarding presumptions about adolescents' capacity are related to differences in societal objectives across decision-making contexts.
Erving Goffman's Asylums 50 years on
Authors: Mac Suibhne Seamus 
Published: January 2011

SummaryErving Goffman's Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates is a key text in the sociology of mental illness. It is sometimes seen simplistically as a paradigm of ‘antipsychiatry’, and as a key step in the triumph of community psychiatry over narrower, medical models of mental illness. Reading Asylums today, however, reveals that this portrayal does not capture the richness of the text. My argument is that, rather than being an opponent of biological psychiatry or medical models per se, Goffman's key role was in humanising patients and drawing attention to the patterns of interaction that dehumanised them.
Behavioural activation delivered by the non-specialist: phase II randomised controlled trial
Authors: Ekers David , Richards David , McMillan Dean , Bland J. Martin , Gilbody Simon 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundBehavioural activation appears as effective as cognitive– behaviour therapy (CBT) in the treatment of depression. If equally effective, then behavioural activation may be the preferred treatment option because it may be suitable for delivery by therapists with less training. This is the first randomised controlled trial to look at this possibility.AimsTo examine whether generic mental health workers can deliver effective behavioural activation as a step-three high-intensity intervention.MethodA randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN27045243) comparing behavioural activation (n = 24) with treatment as usual (n = 23) in primary care.ResultsIntention-to-treat analyses indicated a difference in favour of behavioural activation of –15.79 (95% CI –24.55 to –7.02) on the Beck Depression Inventory–II and Work and Social Adjustment Scale (mean difference –11.12, 95% CI –17.53 to –4.70).ConclusionsEffective behavioural activation appears suitable for delivery by generic mental health professionals without previous experience as therapists. Large-scale trial comparisons with an active comparator (CBT) are needed.
Mortality and suicide after self-harm: community cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Vincent C. H. , Tan Happy K. L. , Chen Chung-Ying , Chen Tony H. H. , Liao Long-Ren , Lee Charles T. C. , Dewey Michael , Stewart Robert , Prince Martin , Cheng Andrew T. A. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundLittle is known about outcomes after self-harm in East Asia.AimsTo investigate mortality after self-harm in a Taiwanese population.MethodBetween 2000 and 2003, 1083 individuals who self-harmed were identified through a population self-harm register in Nantou County, Taiwan, and followed until 2007 for date and cause of death on a national mortality database.ResultsIn total, 145 individuals died, 48 through suicide. The risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in the first year were 4.7% and 2.1% respectively, representing 8- and 131-fold age- and gender-standardised increases. Male gender and older age were independent risk factors for both suicide and non-suicide mortality. Use of more lethal methods in the index episode was associated with higher mortality but this was accounted for by gender.ConclusionsResults in this sample support the recommendation that people with a history of recent self-harm should be a major target for suicide prevention programmes.
Rapid acute treatment of agitation in individuals with schizophrenia: multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled study of inhaled loxapine
Authors: Lesem Michael D. , Tran-Johnson Tram K. , Riesenberg Robert A. , Feifel David , Allen Michael H. , Fishman Robert , Spyker Daniel A. , Kehne John H. , Cassella James V. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundThere is a need for a rapid-acting, non-injection, acute treatment for agitation.AimsTo evaluate inhaled loxapine for acute treatment of agitation in schizophrenia.MethodThis phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00628589) enrolled 344 individuals who received one, two or three doses of inhaled loxapine (5 or 10 mg) or a placebo. Lorazepam rescue was permitted after dose two. The primary efficacy end-point was change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale–Excited Component (PANSS–EC) 2 h after dose one. The key secondary end-point was Clinical Global Impression–Improvement scale (CGI–I) score 2 h after dose one.ResultsInhaled loxapine (5 and 10 mg) significantly reduced agitation compared with placebo as assessed by primary and key secondary end-points. Reduced PANSS–EC score was evident 10 min after dose one with both 5 and 10mg doses. Inhaled loxapine was well tolerated, and the most common adverse events were known effects of loxapine or minor oral effects common with inhaled medications.ConclusionsInhaled loxapine provided a rapid, well-tolerated acute treatment for agitation in people with schizophrenia.
Relationship duration and mental health outcomes: findings from a 30-year longitudinal study
Authors: Gibb Sheree J. , Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundMarriage is known to be associated with improved mental health, but little research has examined whether the duration of a cohabiting relationship is associated with mental health.AimsTo examine the associations between relationship duration and mental health problems in a birth cohort of 30-year-olds.MethodAssociations between relationship duration and mental health were examined using a generalised estimating equation approach. Associations were adjusted for covariates, including prior mental health problems.ResultsLonger relationship duration was significantly associated with lower rates of depression, suicidal behaviour and substance abuse/dependence, even after adjustment for covariates. In most cases the associations did not vary with gender. Legal relationship status (legally or de facto married) was not significantly related to mental health once due allowance was made for relationship duration.ConclusionsIncreasing relationship duration, but not legal relationship status, has a protective effect on mental health for men and women.
Perception of physician-assisted suicide among Egyptian psychiatrists: cultural perspective
Authors: Tadros George , Rakhawy Mona Y. , Khoweiled Aref , El-Houssini Ahmed Mahmoud , Khan Farooq 
Published: January 2011

Aims and methodTo explore the views of Egyptian psychiatrists on physician-assisted suicide, focusing on demographical, spiritual, legal and clinical domains. We surveyed the views of psychiatrists in four Egyptian counties using a structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert response scale.ResultsA total of 160 psychiatrists completed the questionnaire (response rate 82%). Of these, 50% described the influence of their religious beliefs on their medical practice as very strong/strong and 12.5% as weak/nil. The majority (75%) said they would disagree or strongly disagree with supporting physician-assisted suicide for a terminally ill patient; a similar proportion (76%) were against passive euthanasia. The majority (77%) felt that physician-assisted suicide was against their religious beliefs; there was no significant difference between Muslims and Christians. The majority (82.4%) believed that physician-assisted suicide could/will be abused.Clinical implicationsCareful consideration should be given to the safeguarding of psychiatric patients if physician-assisted suicide is legalised. Future studies on the views of clinicians should explore the influence of cultural differences rather than religious beliefs.
Theoretical Study of Hydrogen Chemisorption to Nitrogen-Substituted Graphene-Like Compounds
Authors: Kayanuma Megumi , Ikeshoji Tamio , Ogawa Hiroshi 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Interaction between nitrogen-substituted graphene-like compounds and hydrogen was investigated using ab initio molecular orbital methods to assess hydrogen storage. We adopted coronene as a model molecule for fragmented graphene-like carbon materials and compared the chemisorption energies of hydrogen on pure and N-substituted coronens by changing nitrogen positions. Among the assumed 19 N-substituted models with different substitution sites, three representative models were selected and closely examined to reveal the dependences on both nitrogen-substitution and hydrogen-adsorption positions. Optimized structures of the chemisorbed products are largely stabilized by N-substitution at a certain position. Positive or negative energy gain was apparent depending on both substituted sites of N and adsorbing position of H2. The results suggest that it is possible to improve hydrogen storage properties of graphene-like materials by N-substitution.
Development of a Practical One-Pot Synthesis of Indigo from Indole
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiro , Inoue Yoshihisa , Takaki Usaji , Suzuki Hiroharu 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
A novel and highly practical one-pot synthesis of indigo from indole via 3-position selective oxidation and dimerization of the indole framework was developed. Using 0.1 mol % of molybdenum complex and 2.2 equivalents of cumene hydroperoxide in tert-butyl alcohol, the reaction was complete in 7 h and pure indigo was obtained in 81% yield as a deep-blue solid just by filtration. The described one-step method renders the pure indigo readily available on a large scale using only inexpensive raw materials.
Influence of Electron-Donating and Electron-Withdrawing Substituents on the Chemiluminescence Behavior of Coelenterazine Analogs
Authors: Saito Ryota , Hirano Takashi , Maki Shojiro , Niwa Haruki , Ohashi Mamoru 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Coelenterazine analogs 3a–3e possessing various substituents at the para-position of the 6-phenyl group (R = CF3, F, H, OMe, and NMe2) were synthesized, and the chemiluminescent properties of 3a–3e in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were investigated quantitatively. Chemiluminescence maxima observed in the range of 454–478 nm showed a bathochromic shift as the electron-donating ability of R increased. Chemiluminescence quantum yields (ΦCL) were obtained in the range of 0.0006–0.0018. The analog 3a possessing the electron-withdrawing CF3 group showed a slight decrease in its ΦCL value. The fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF) of the light emitter, 2-acetamidopyrazine anions 4a−–4e−, were observed in the range of 0.005–0.21 and showed substituent dependency in that the increment in the electron-withdrawing ability of R decreases the ΦF value. The efficiency of generation of the singlet-excited 4a−–4e− (ΦS) showed a small change in the range of 0.008–0.015. From these quantitative analyses of the quantum efficiencies, we found that an electron-donating substituent R is not required for the efficient generation of a singlet-excited light emitter, but is required for the high ΦF of the emitter.
Transport Properties and Solvation Structure of Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Demizu Masashi , Harada Masafumi , Saijo Kenji , Terazima Masahide , Kimura Yoshifumi 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Translational diffusion coefficients of diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP), diphenylacetylene (DPA), and carbon monoxide (CO) in carbon dioxide (CO2) mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([BMIm][NTf2]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4]), respectively, were determined by transient grating (TG) spectroscopy under various pressures of CO2. With increasing CO2 pressure up to 15 MPa, the diffusion coefficients of DPCP and DPA increased by an order of magnitude, while the increase of the diffusion coefficient of CO was relatively small. Sound velocities of the mixtures were also determined by TG spectroscopy, which decreased by ca. 20% with increasing pressure up to 10 MPa, and then turned to increase with pressure. The solvation structure around DPCP was also investigated by Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the vibrational spectra of solute and solvent molecules did not show remarkable changes. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) profiles for CO2 mixture of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([OMIm][BF4]) were measured under various pressures of CO2. The peak observed for the SAXS profile at 3 nm−1 for [OMIm][BF4] did not show meaningful shift with increasing CO2 pressure, while the peak width showed a small increase.
A General Synthetic Method for 1,1′-Bis(diacetylene-group)-Connected Ferrocene and π-Electronic System
Authors: Yoshino Junro , Shimizu Rumi , Hayashi Naoto , Higuchi Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In contrast to the facile synthon ethynylferrocene for diacetylene ferrocene (Fc) derivatives, 1,1′-diethynylferrocene for the corresponding 1,1′-bis(diacetylene-group)-connected Fc derivatives is extremely difficult to handle under ordinary conditions, giving rise to spontaneous self-polymerization. Under modified Eglinton oxidative coupling conditions, it has been possible to generate 1,1′-diethynylferrocene in situ readily from a trimethylsilyl-protected precursor and to react it with other terminal acetylenes. The present tandem reactions could provide a general synthetic method for an extended π-electronic conjugation system of 1,1′-bis(diacetylene-group)-connected Fc derivatives, of which the chemistry has been scarcely developed.
Orthogonality of subspaces in metric-projective geometry
Authors: Prażmowski Krzysztof , Żynel Mariusz 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In an n-dimensional projective space with a polarity two k-subspaces are ortho-adjacent if they are adjacent and one intersects the polar of the other. We prove that this relation on the set of all non-isotropic k-subspaces can be used as a single primitive notion for metric-projective geometry provided that the polarity is not symplectic and n ≠ 2k + 1.
Substituting compact disks in stable planes
Authors: Löwen Rainer 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Given two stable planes of dimension 2l containing compact topological 2l-disks whose boundaries are isomorphic unitals, we show that it is possible to substitute one of these disks with the other, thus changing the line system in one of the planes, and that this produces another stable plane. The proof uses intersection theory in singular homology in order to show that existence of interior intersection points of two secants can be detected by looking at their traces in the unital. We conclude with a class of concrete examples based on P. Sperner's 4-dimensional affine planes with group .