bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fugenabdichtung mit Klemmkonstruktionen in WU‐Bauwerken – eine Herausforderung für Planer und Ausführende?
Authors: Hohmann Rainer 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBei der Abdichtung von wasserundurchlässigen (WU‐)Bauwerken erfolgt der Anschluss von WU‐Erweiterungsbauten an bestehende Betonbauwerke und die Abdichtung von undichten Bewegungsfugen oder in Fällen, in denen eine auswechselbare Fugenabdichtung gefordert ist, mit einer Klemmkonstruktion. Klemmkonstruktionen sind Maßanfertigungen, die hohe Anforderungen an Planung und Ausführung stellen. In dem folgenden Beitrag wird auf Klemmkonstruktionen und ihre Besonderheiten, aber auch auf typische Fehler eingegangen.Retrofit waterstop assemblies – a challenge for designers and contractors?Constructions and waterstops – applications‐ designing and site practiceRetrofit waterstop assemblies (or flanged constructions) are suitable for sealing joints between new and existing concrete structures, for the remedial waterproofing of leaking expansion joints and for application requiring replaceable waterstops. Retrofit assemblies demand considerable experience on the part of both designers and contractors. This article highlights fundamental background information about retrofit waterstop assemblies, explains typical mistakes and gives advice for the avoidance of them.
Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation, foam sclerotherapy and surgical stripping for great saphenous varicose veins
Authors: Rasmussen L H , Lawaetz M , Bjoern L , Vennits B , Blemings A , Eklof B 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
This randomized trial compared four treatments for varicose great saphenous veins (GSVs).

Methods
Five hundred consecutive patients (580 legs) with GSV reflux were randomized to endovenous laser ablation (980 and 1470 nm, bare fibre), radiofrequency ablation, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy or surgical stripping using tumescent local anaesthesia with light sedation. Miniphlebectomies were also performed. The patients were examined with duplex imaging before surgery, and after 3 days, 1 month and 1 year.

Results
At 1 year, seven (5·8 per cent), six (4·8 per cent), 20 (16·3 per cent) and four (4·8 per cent) of the GSVs were patent and refluxing in the laser, radiofrequency, foam and stripping groups respectively (P &lt; 0·001). One patient developed a pulmonary embolus after foam sclerotherapy and one a deep vein thrombosis after surgical stripping. No other major complications were recorded. The mean(s.d.) postintervention pain scores (scale 0–10) were 2·58(2·41), 1·21(1·72), 1·60(2·04) and 2·25(2·23) respectively (P &lt; 0·001). The median (range) time to return to normal function was 2 (0–25), 1 (0–30), 1 (0–30) and 4 (0–30) days respectively (P &lt; 0·001). The time off work, corrected for weekends, was 3·6 (0–46), 2·9 (0–14), 2·9 (0–33) and 4·3 (0–42) days respectively (P &lt; 0·001). Disease-specific quality-of-life and Short Form 36 (SF-36®) scores had improved in all groups by 1-year follow-up. In the SF-36® domains bodily pain and physical functioning, the radiofrequency and foam groups performed better in the short term than the others.

Conclusion
All treatments were efficacious. The technical failure rate was highest after foam sclerotherapy, but both radiofrequency ablation and foam were associated with a faster recovery and less postoperative pain than endovenous laser ablation and stripping.
Role of pressure and pancreatic reflux in the aetiology of choledochal malformation
Authors: Turowski C , Knisely A S , Davenport M 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
The aetiology of choledochal malformation is not known. Babbitt's hypothesis remains a popular concept, and assumes that activated pancreatic juice refluxes through the common pancreatobiliary channel causing mural damage and subsequent biliary dilatation. This hypothesis was tested clinically by evaluating the relationship between epithelial histology, choledochal pressure and degree of pancreatic reflux.

Methods
Children with choledochal malformation (cystic, type 1c; fusiform, type 1f; both intrahepatic and extrahepatic dilatation, type 4) operated on between January 1999 and October 2009 were identified. Where practical, choledochal pressure was measured on entry to the abdominal cavity, by puncture of the common bile duct, and bile was sampled for amylase content. Archival bile duct sections were scored using a semiquantitative epithelial lining/mural score (ELMS).

Results
A total of 90 children with choledochal malformations were operated on during the study interval. Histology was available for 73 children (median age 2·9 (interquartile range 1·3–7·9) years), 29 with type 1c, 31 with type 1f and 13 with type 4 malformations. There was a significant stepwise increase in pressure with choledochal morphology (median pressure 13, 17 and 20 mmHg for types 1f, 1c and 4 respectively; P = 0·037). There was an inverse relationship between choledochal pressure and bile amylase activity (rs = − 0·45, P &lt; 0·001). High ELMS values were associated with higher choledochal pressure (P = 0·057) and low bile amylase activity (P = 0·002).

Conclusion
High choledochal pressure (not bile amylase) was associated with more severe histopathological changes and choledochal morphology. These findings suggest that distal bile duct obstruction (and therefore high intraluminal pressure) contributes more to the key features of choledochal malformation than does pancreatic reflux.
Cost-effectiveness of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in the Netherlands and Norway
Authors: Spronk S , van Kempen B J H , Boll A P M , Jørgensen J J , Hunink M G M , Kristiansen I S 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of ultrasound screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in men aged 65 years, for both the Netherlands and Norway.

Methods
A Markov model was developed to simulate life expectancy, quality-adjusted life-years, net health benefits, lifetime costs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for both screening and no screening for AAA. The best available evidence was retrieved from the literature and combined with primary data from the two countries separately, and analysed from a national perspective. A threshold willingness-to-pay (WTP) of €20 000 and €62 500 was used for data from the Netherlands and Norway respectively.

Results
The additional costs of the screening strategy compared with no screening were €421 (95 per cent confidence interval 33 to 806) per person in the Netherlands, and the additional life-years were 0·097 (−0·180 to 0·365), representing €4340 per life-year. For Norway, the values were €562 (59 to 1078), 0·057 (−0·135 to 0·253) life-years and €9860 per life-year respectively. In Norway the results were sensitive to a decrease in the prevalence of AAA in 65-year-old men to 1 per cent, or lower. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses indicated that AAA screening has a 70 per cent probability of being cost-effective in the Netherlands with a WTP threshold of €20 000, and 70 per cent in Norway with a threshold of €62 500.

Conclusion
Using this model, screening for AAA in 65-year-old men would be highly cost-effective in both the Netherlands and Norway.
Isolated Supramolecular [Ru(bpy)3]–Viologen–[Ru(bpy)3] Complexes with Trapped CB[7,8] and Photoinduced Electron‐Transfer Study in Nonaqueous Solution
Authors: Monhaphol Thitinun Karpkird , Andersson Samir , Sun Licheng 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of two supramolecular diruthenium complexes, 1⊂CB[7] and 1⊂CB[8] (CB[n]=cucurbit[n]uril), which contain the respective host CB[7] and CB[8], were synthesized and isolated. In the case of host CB[8], the desired supramolecular complex was obtained by utilizing dihydroxynapthalene as a template during the synthesis. The 1H NMR spectra, electrochemistry, and photochemistry of these supramolecular complexes were performed in nonaqueous solution. The results show that both CB[7,8] hosts mainly bind to the linker part in solution in acetonitrile. This binding also lowers the oxidation potential of the ruthenium metal center and hinders the quenching effect by the viologen moiety. It has also been shown that external methylviologen can be included into 1⊂CB[8]. Analysis with NMR spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and photochemistry clearly shows a viologen radical dimer formation between the bound viologen and free methylviologen, thereby showing that the unique abilities of the CB[8] host can be utilized even in nonaqueous solution.
Computational Characterization of Binding of Small Molecule Inhibitors to HIV‐1 gp41
Authors: Song Kuizhong , Bao Ju , Sun Yueming , Zhang John Z. H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDeveloping orally available small molecule inhibitors of HIV‐1 fusion has attracted significant interest over many years. Frey had recently reported several synthetic compounds which are experimentally shown to inhibit cell‐cell fusion in the low micromolar range. We carried out computational study to help identify possible binding modes by docking these compounds onto the hydrophobic pocket on gp41 and to characterize structures of binding complexes. The detailed gp41‐molecule binding interactions and free energies of binding are obtained through molecular dynamics simulation and MM‐PBSA calculation. Specific molecular interactions in the gp41‐inhibitor complexes are identified. The present computational study complements the corresponding experimental investigation and helps establish a good starting point for further refinement of small molecular gp41 inhibitors.
Biorefining: Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions of Carbohydrates for the Production of Furfural and Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Karinen Reetta , Vilonen Kati , Niemelä Marita 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFurfurals are important intermediates in the chemical industry. They are typically produced by homogeneous catalysis in aqueous solutions. However, heterogeneously catalyzed processes would be beneficial in view of the principles of green chemistry: the elimination of homogeneous mineral acids makes the reaction mixtures less corrosive, produces less waste, and facilitates easy separation and recovery of the catalyst. Finding an active and stable water‐tolerant solid acid catalyst still poses a challenge for the production of furfural (furan‐2‐carbaldehyde) and 5‐(hydroxymethyl)‐2‐furaldehyde (HMF). Furfural is produced in the dehydration of xylose, and HMF is formed from glucose and fructose in the presence of an acidic catalyst. Bases are not active in dehydration reaction but do catalyze the isomerization of monosaccharides, which is favorable when using glucose as a raw material. In addition to the desired dehydration of monosaccharides, many undesired side reactions take place, reducing the selectivity and deactivating the catalyst. In addition, the catalyst properties play an important role in the selectivity. In this Review, catalytic conversion approaches are summarized, focusing on the heterogeneously catalyzed formation of furfural. The attractiveness of catalytic concepts is evaluated, keeping in mind productivity, sustainability, and environmental footprint.
Busy tone contention protocol: a new high‐throughput and energy‐efficient wireless local area network medium access control protocol using busy tone
Authors: Jibukumar M. G. , Datta Raja , Biswas Prabir Kumar 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYDesign of an efficient wireless medium access control (MAC) protocol is a challenging task due to the time‐varying characteristics of wireless communication channel and different delay requirements in diverse applications. To support variable number of active stations and varying network load conditions, random access MAC protocols are employed. Existing wireless local area network (WLAN) protocol (IEEE 802.11) is found to be inefficient at high data rates because of the overhead associated with the contention resolution mechanism employed. The new amendments of IEEE 802.11 that support multimedia traffic (IEEE 802.11e) are at the expense of reduced data traffic network efficiency. In this paper, we propose a random access MAC protocol called busy tone contention protocol (BTCP) that uses out‐of‐band signals for contention resolution in WLANs. A few variants of this protocol are also proposed to meet the challenges in WLAN environments and application requirements. The proposed BTCP isolate multimedia traffics from background data transmissions and gives high throughput irrespective of the number of contending stations in the network. As a result, in BTCP, admission control of multimedia flows becomes simple and well defined. Studies of the protocol, both analytically and through simulations under various network conditions, have shown to give better performance in comparison with the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution and plasticity of anuran larval development in response to desiccation. A comparative analysis
Authors: Richter‐Boix Alex , Tejedo Miguel , Rezende Enrico L. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAnurans breed in a variety of aquatic habitats with contrasting levels of desiccation risk, which may result in selection for faster development during larval stages. Previous studies suggest that species in ephemeral ponds reduce their developmental times to minimize desiccation risks, although it is not clear how variation in desiccation risk affects developmental strategies in different species. Employing a comparative phylogenetic approach including data from published and unpublished studies encompassing 62 observations across 30 species, we tested if species breeding in ephemeral ponds (High risk) develop faster than those from permanent ponds (Low risk) and/or show increased developmental plasticity in response to drying conditions. Our analyses support shorter developmental times inHigh risk, primarily by decreasing body mass at metamorphosis. Plasticity in developmental times was small and did not differ between groups. However, accelerated development inHigh riskspecies generally resulted in reduced sizes at metamorphosis, while someLow riskspecies were able compensate this effect by increasing mean growth rates. Taken together, our results suggest that plastic responses in species breeding in ephemeral ponds are constrained by a general trade‐off between development and growth rates.
Ecohydrological controls on soil erosion and landscape evolution
Authors: Hancock G. R. , Evans K. G. , McDonnell J. , Hopp L. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe ecohydrological controls on soil erosion and landscape evolution are difficult to quantify and poorly understood. In many parts of the world, cyclone‐induced tree throw is a major source of disturbance. Tree throw may increase sediment transport by exposing a mound of fresh soil as well as providing a pit which may act as a knickpoint triggering gully erosion. Alternatively, while tree throw provides characteristic pit–mound topography, the amount of soil disturbed or exposed in a mound is relatively small on the hillslope and catchment scale and the effects may be minimal. The April 2006 tropical cyclone Monica that impacted the coast of northern Australia with winds' speeds > 100 m s−1 uprooted approximately 50% of the trees in the study catchment. We use a landscape evolution model with repeated occurrence of the cyclone over a 1000‐year simulated period to quantify the effect of pit–mound topography distributions on both sediment transport and landscape evolution by including the fallen trees into the digital elevation model both as a pit–mound and also as a pit–mound and tree trunk. The results show that the inclusion of pit–mound topography substantially reduced erosion for the first 10–15 years of its introduction and adding pit–mound–trunk topography reduced erosion rates even further. The pit–mound and pit–mound–trunk acted as sediment traps, capturing sediment from upslope and storing it in debris dams reducing hillslope connectivity. Model simulations predict average denudation rates for the catchment approximating field measured data. These findings suggest that any tree throw is unlikely to result in landscape instability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of mTOR on T helper cell differentiation and dendritic cell function
Authors: Salmond Robert J. , Zamoyska Rose 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates signalling responses to growth factors and nutrients. The macrolide rapamycin inhibits mTOR function and has been used extensively to demonstrate a critical role for mTOR in immune responses. This mini‐review summarizes recent evidence demonstrating an integral role for mTOR in the differentiation of T helper cell subsets and the development, maturation and antigen‐presenting capacity of DCs in both mice and humans.
Fine tuning of IRF‐4 expression by SWAP‐70 controls the initiation of plasma cell development
Authors: Chopin Michaël , Chacón‐Martínez Carlos Andrés , Jessberger Rolf 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe generation of plasma cells (PCs) is key for proper humoral immune responses. The transcription factors IRF‐4 and BLIMP‐1 (B‐lymphocyte induce maturation protein‐1) control PC commitment, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here we have identified SWAP‐70 as being critically involved in Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐triggered PC differentiation. Upon activation through various TLRs, Swap‐70−/− B cells were activated and proliferated normally. However, expression of BLIMP‐1 was markedly reduced and PC differentiation was impaired. Four hours of LPS stimulation were sufficient to drive PC differentiation, and SWAP‐70 was required during this initial period. Swap‐70−/− B cells pre‐activated in vitro failed to efficiently differentiate into PCs upon adoptive transfer into recipient mice. Re‐introduction of SWAP‐70 into Swap‐70−/− B cells rescued their development into PCs, and SWAP‐70 over‐expression in wild‐type (WT) B cells increased PC generation. In the absence of SWAP‐70, IRF‐4 protein levels were reduced and the IRF‐4high B220+ CD138− compartment, including PC precursors, was strongly diminished. Ectopic expression of SWAP‐70 increases IRF‐4 protein levels and PC differentiation in WT and Swap‐70−/− B cells, and IRF‐4 over‐expression in Swap‐70−/− B cells elevates PC differentiation to WT levels. Thus, in a dose‐dependent manner, SWAP‐70 controls IRF‐4 protein expression and thereby regulates the initiation of PC differentiation.
New Pyridazine‐Bridged NHC/Pyrazole Ligands and Their Sequential Silver(I) Coordination
Authors: Wimberg Jan , Scheele Ulrich J. , Dechert Sebastian , Meyer Franc 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA family of new pyridazine‐bridged NHC/pyrazole ligand precursors HL1–5 were prepared and fully characterized including analysis by XRD {HL1 = 3‐[3‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐3H‐imidazolium‐1‐yl]‐6‐(3‐pyridin‐2‐yl‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐pyridazine, HL2 = 3‐[3‐(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐3H‐imidazolium‐1‐yl]‐6‐(3‐pyridin‐2‐yl‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐pyridazine, HL3 = 3‐[3‐(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐3H‐imidazolium‐1‐yl]‐6‐(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)‐pyridazine, HL4 = 3‐(3‐tert‐butyl‐3H‐imidazolium‐1‐yl)‐6‐(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)‐pyridazine, HL5 = 3‐[3‐(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐3H‐imidazolium‐1‐yl]‐6‐(3‐methyl‐5‐phenylpyrazol‐1‐yl)‐pyridazine, X = PF6– or BF4–}. Reaction of the ligand precursors with Ag2O yielded various silver(I) complexes whose structures have been elucidated crystallographically. In complexes [(L3)2Ag](PF6) (4) and[(L4)2Ag](PF6) (4′) the single silver(I) ion is coordinated in a linear fashion by the NHC moieties of the two ligand strands. An NMR titration with AgBF4 reveals that 4 can bind two more silver(I) ions. The complex [(L5)2Ag2](PF6)2 (5′) features an additional silver(I) centre bound to the two pyrazole rings, whereas in [(L3)2Ag2](BF4)2 (6) ligand reshuffling has occurred to give antiparallel ligand strands with {CNHCNpyrazole} coordination of each metal ion. Secondary interactions with the pyridazine N‐atom are observed in some cases. An additional third silver(I) ion can be accommodated between the central pyridazine bridges, as shown in [(L3)2Ag3](PF6)2(BF4) (7). The sequence of binding events and the identity of the species in solution have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry.
Multi‐objective optimization of a rotating cooling channel with staggered pin‐fins for heat transfer augmentation
Authors: Moon Mi‐Ae , Husain Afzal , Kim Kwang‐Yong 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYA rotating channel with staggered pin‐fins is formulated numerically and optimized for performance (heat transfer/required pumping power) using a Kriging meta‐model and hybrid multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm. Two design variables related to cooling channel height, pin diameter, and spacing between the pins are selected for optimization, and two‐objective functions related to the heat transfer and friction loss are employed. A design of experiment is performed, and 20 designs are generated by Latin hypercube sampling. The objective function values are evaluated using a Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes solver, and a Kriging model is constructed to obtain a Pareto‐optimal front through a multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm. Rotation in a cooling channel with staggered pin‐fins induces Coriolis force that causes a heat transfer discrepancy between the trailing (pressure) and leading (suction) surfaces, with a higher Nusselt number on the trailing surface. The tradeoff between the two competing objective functions is determined, and the distribution of the Pareto‐optimal solutions in the design space is discussed through k‐means clustering. In the optimal designs, with a decrease in spacing between the pins, heat transfer is enhanced whereas friction loss is increased. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interview: „Ohne Forschung keine Energiewende”︁
Authors: Finetti Marco 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAls Vorsitzender der „Ethikkommission Sichere Energieversorgung”︁ stand Matthias Kleiner seit Ende März im Blick der Öffentlichkeit. Ein Interview mit dem DFG‐Präsidenten über eine überraschende Aufgabe – und über die Rolle der Wissenschaft beim Atomausstieg
Wo der Juckreiz herkommt
Authors: Novak Natalija 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNeurodermitis ist eine der häufigsten Hautkrankheiten – und eine der quälendsten. Entstehung und Verlauf des chronischen Leidens werden von zahlreichen Faktoren bestimmt. Besonders bedeutsam sind molekulare Mechanismen, die wie die Teile eines Puzzles ineinandergreifen.
Workplace smoking ban effects on unhappy smokers
Authors: de Chaisemartin Clément , Geoffard Pierre‐Yves , le Faou Anne‐Laurence 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEconomists usually draw a distinction between smokers. They distinguish ‘happy addicts’ à la Becker–Murphy from ‘unhappy addicts’ who state that smoking is a mistake and call for some help to quit. When evaluating tobacco control policies, it might be important to distinguish their effects on those two types of population. Indeed, such policies are welfare improving only if they help unhappy addicts to quit. We investigate the effect of the French workplace smoking ban on a sample of presumably ‘unhappy addicts’, smokers who consult tobacco cessation services. We show that the ban caused an increase in the demand for such services, and that this increase was larger in cold and rainy areas. It also induced an increase in the percentage of successful attempts to quit. Workplace smoking bans might be welfare improving since they seem to help ‘unhappy addicts’ to reconcile their behavior with their preferences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.