bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical comparison of medetomidine with xylazine/l‐methadone in dogs
Authors: Kramer S. , Nolte I. , Jöchle W. 
Published: October 2010

Seventy‐two healthy dogs required sedation and analgesia for a variety of procedures causing discomfort or pain. They were treated either with the α2‐agonist medetomidine at 40 μg/kg (15 intravenously and 17 intramuscularly), or 80 μg/kg (15 intravenously and 15 intramuscularly) or with xylazine plus 1‐ methadone (1.0 mg) (10 intravenously). The levels of sedation, analgesia and safety were compared clinically and by measurements of the effects on the electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood gases, body temperature, haematology and clinical chemistry. Sedation was achieved reliably with both medetomidine and xylazine plus I‐methadone but its onset, depth and duration were influenced by the dose and route of administration. In the medetomidine‐treated dogs, intravenous administration resulted in more rapid sedation and the effects of the higher dose were deeper and longer lasting. The small dogs receiving 40 μg/kg may have been underdosed. The initial analgesic effects in response to a pin prick to the body surface were sufficient and similar for both drugs, except for the intramuscular dose of 40 μg/kg medetomidine. Analgesia for the clinical procedures was less reliable with medetomidine and was not always adequate even at the high dose, but xylazine plus 1‐methadone assured analgesia in almost every case. Medetomidine resulted in marked bradycardia, lasting as long as the sedation and the ECG revealed a sinus arrhythmia with sinoatrial and atrioventricular blocks grade I and II as a sign of interference with transduction. The bradycardia with xylazine plus 1‐methadone was less pronounced. A decrease in respiratory rate accompanying sedation had no influence on blood gases and blood acidity in the dogs treated with medetomidine but caused a respiratory acidosis with xylazine plus 1‐methadone. Body temperature decreased with all treatments for the duration of the period of sedation. Blood glucose concentration increased to a similar extent in all treatment groups, but all other haematological and clinicochemical variables remained unchanged. Treatment with the specific α2 antagonist, atipamezole, reversed the sedation and cardiovascular and pulmonary effects due to medetomidine within minutes.
BSE in Great Britain: consistency of the neurohistopathological findings in two random annual samples of clinically suspect cases
Authors: Simmons M. M. , Harris P. , Jeffrey M. , Meek S. C. , Blamire I. W. H. , Wells G. A. H. 
Published: October 2010

Two annual, random samples of clinically suspect cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) were taken in 1992–93 (year 1,1500 cases) and 1993–94 (year 2,1000 cases). From each sample, 100 positive cases were examined in detail to establish the severity of the vacuolation in 17 specific neuroanatomical locations. The resultant 'lesion profiles' were compared with the profile obtained from a similar sample of BSE‐affected cattle from early in the epidemic (1987–89); the comparison showed that the distribution and severity of vacuolation in BSE has remained unchanged. The cases not confirmed as BSE on histological examination (172 in year 1 and 162 in year 2) were examined for evidence of any alternative neurohistological diagnosis. As in previous studies, the majority of these cases showed no significant lesions (61.6 and 61.7 per cent). The remainder consisted of bilateral focal spongiosis of unknown significance (26.7 and 21.0 per cent), inflammatory conditions (8.1 and 11.1 per cent) and a small number of cases with tumours, cerebrocortical necrosis or idiopathic brainstem neuronal chromatolysis. No evidence was found of any cases of BSE with an atypical distribution of lesions. These findings support the theory that the BSE epidemic is sustained by a single, stable strain of the BSE agent, and confirm that the existing statutory diagnostic criteria continue to be appropriate.
Disposition of antimony after the administration of N‐methylglucamine antimoniate to dogs
Authors: Valladares J. E. , Alberola J. , Esteban M. , Arboix M. 
Published: October 2010

A study was carried out in dogs to define the pharmacokinetic profile of antimony and to define a better therapeutic protocol for the treatment of canine leishmaniasis. Six healthy beagle dogs received 100 mg/kg of N‐methylglucamine antimoniate containing 27.2 per cent of antimony intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously. After intravenous administration the plasma concentration of antimony decreased rapidly and after 240 minutes it was lower than the ED50 values suggested for Leishmania donovani. The pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of antimony were calculated after each route of administration in each dog. The curves of plasma concentrations vs time were best described by a triexponential open model with a mean (sd) half life t½α of 9.4 (4.4) min, a t½pβ of 45.3 (4.5) min and a t½γ of 618.0 (93.5) min. The mean volume of distribution at steady state was 0.25 (0.03) litres/kg and the total body clearance was 0.25 (0.04) litres/h/kg. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) after intramuscular administration was 27.2 (3.1)μg/ml, and after subcutaneous administration it was 25.5 (4.5) μg/ml; they were reached after 73.6 (11.9) min and 85.6 (11.3) min, respectively. The bioavailabilities after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration were 91.7 (7.1) and 92.2 (7.1) per cent, respectively. More than 80 per cent of the antimony was excreted in the urine in the first nine hours.
Stillbirth/perinatal weak calf syndrome: a study of calves with an abnormal thyroid gland
Authors: Smyth J. A. , Goodall E. A. , McCoy M. A. , Ellis W. A. 
Published: October 2010

Data collected from 365 calves dead from stillbirth/perinatal weak calf syndrome were analysed to determine the predictive value of thyroid gland weight as an indicator of abnormality of the thyroid gland, and to examine the relationships between abnormality of the thyroid gland and other findings in the calves and also the parity of the dam. There was a significant relationship (P<0.001) between the thyroid gland weight and bodyweight for the calves with a histologically normal thyroid gland, but there was no such relationship for calves with an abnormal thyroid gland. Only 1.1 per cent of the histologically normal thyroid glands weighed more than 30 g, indicating that there is a very high probability that glands weighing more than 30 g are abnormal. However, 76.0 per cent of moderately to severely affected glands weighed less than 30 g. The following significant differences between calves with an abnormal and those with a normal thyroid gland were established. Abnormal thyroid glands were significantly heavier (P<0.01), constituted a significantly greater percentage of the calf's bodyweight (P<0.01) and had a significantly lower iodine concentration (P<0.001). A significantly higher proportion of calves with an abnormal thyroid gland had uninflated lungs (P<0.01), and a significantly higher proportion had pneumonia (P<0.01). Abnormal thyroid glands were associated with a low selenium concentration in the kidneys. There were no associations between abnormalities of the thyroid gland and the parity of the dam, the presence of skeletal fractures, the weight or sex of the calf, infection with leptospira, Salmonella dublin, Bacillus species, Actinomyces pyogenes or Aspergillus species, the quantities of hepatic iron pigment, liver vitamin E concentration or serum cholesterol concentration.
Protein markers in cerebrospinal fluid from BSE‐affected cattle
Authors: Jones V. , Martin T. C. , Keyes P. , Dawson M. 
Published: October 2010

Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to analyse cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 75 suspect cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 61 of which were confirmed by post mortem brain histopathology, and 38 normal cattle. CSF samples were also examined from cattle killed at periodic intervals through the incubation period following experimental challenge. Consistent changes were recorded in all CSF samples from the confirmed cases of natural BSE and also from cattle showing early signs of experimental disease. The changes consisted of an increased intensity of staining of apolipoprotein E and the presence of two protein spots, as yet unidentified, of molecular weights 35 and 36 kDa, both with a pl of 5.5. These changes were absent in the CSF samples from the normal cattle, from the clinically suspect cattle which were not confirmed as BSE and from the experimentally challenged cattle in the preclinical phase of infection.
Natural transmission of orf virus from clinically normal ewes to orf‐naive sheep
Authors: Nettleton P. F. , Gilray J. A. , Yirrell D. L. , Scott G. R. , Reid H. W. 
Published: October 2010

The apparent natural transmission of orf virus from clinically normal ewes to susceptible sheep was observed during a border disease vaccine experiment. The 14 susceptible sheep were persistently infected with border disease virus and had been reared indoors in isolation from other sheep since birth. Their ages ranged from two to four years and they were housed in two groups: group 1 consisted of four sheep persistently infected with the Moredun strain of border disease virus and group 2 consisted of 10 sheep persistently infected with the Oban strain of the virus. On day 0, six sheep were removed from group 2 and rehoused. To the remaining four sheep in each group were added eight four‐ to six‐year‐old pregnant conventionally reared ewes at 48 days gestation. Fourteen days later the four sheep in group 1 were moved to another pen housing eight similar five‐year‐old pregnant ewes at 48 days' gestation, and the four sheep from group 2 were rehoused with their original stallmates. Twenty‐one days later lip lesions typical of orf were first observed on the sheep from both groups and the disease spread to all the sheep persistently infected with border disease virus over the next four weeks. Virological and serological evidence demonstrated that the source of infection for the sheep was almost certainly the conventionally reared ewes, on which no lesions resembling orf were observed at any time during the study.
Progress and setbacks in the oral immunisation of foxes against rabies in Europe
Authors: Stöhr K. , Meslin F. ‐M. 
Published: October 2010

The oral immunisation of foxes has led to a substantial decrease in the number of rabies cases in Europe. Between 1989 and 1994 the prevalence of rabies in animals was reduced to less than 20 per cent of the 1989 level in countries which had been conducting oral immunisation campaigns since 1992 or before. Since 1978 more than 73.7 million baits have been spread over an area of 4.9 million km2. However, large areas have not yet been declared rabies‐free, so the economic and public health benefits stemming from the reduced prevalence of rabies have so far remained marginal. Setbacks have occurred which have slowed the progress of vaccination, particularly towards the end of the 1980s and during the early 1990s. The reasons for the territorial differences in progress are discussed and the factors which have contributed to greater success in vaccination campaigns are identified. Unfortunately, the many positive and negative experiences with oral immunisation of foxes in Europe have resulted in only a limited number of scientifically validated recommendations for strategies to be applied under the different ecological and epidemiological conditions in Europe. Solutions have not yet been found to questions such as the duration of vaccination campaigns, the level of surveillance during and after campaigns and the appropriate countermeasures to compensate for the obvious increase in the density of the fox population.
Birth of a male lamb derived from an in vitro matured oocyte fertilised by intracytoplasmic injection of a single presumptive male sperm
Authors: Catt S. L. , Catt J. W. , Gomez M. C. , Maxwell W. M. C. , Evans G. 
Published: October 2010

The developmental competence of in vitro matured ovine oocytes, cytoplasmically injected with single male or female chromosome‐bearing sperm, was investigated. Eighty‐five unsorted, 92 ‘female‐sorted’ and 74 ‘male‐sorted’ ram sperm were injected into in vitro matured sheep oocytes and, two to four hours later, placed into the oviducts of 28 oestrous sheep. The sperm were separated according to sex by analysis of their DNA content with a flow cytometer. One pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasound after 55 days and a 3 kg male lamb was born after 150 days gestation. This lamb was derived from an oocyte injected with ‘male‐sorted’ sperm.
Rapid identification of porcine Serpulina species by colony blot assay using a genus‐specific monoclonal antibody
Authors: Achacha M. , Mittal K. R. 
Published: October 2010

An immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody (mAb C9E8) recognising a genus‐specific epitope on the 26 kDa protein of porcine Serpulina species organisms was used in a simple colony blot assay to detect Serpulina in cultures grown directly on blood agar plates from pig faeces and tissues. The mAb detected even a few colonies of the organism in the presence of an abundant growth of non‐Serpulina organisms. The whole procedure was completed in less than three hours. A total of 123 strains of S hyodysenteriae and S innocens were correctly identified by the colony blot assay whereas all the 26 non‐ Serpulina Gram‐negative organisms commonly isolated from faecal material or tissues of pigs remained negative. The assay was rapid, highly specific and sufficiently reliable to be used with confidence for identifying porcine Serpulina colonies directly on blood agar plates.
Risk factors for perinatal and postnatal mortality in lambs
Authors: Nash M. L. , Hungerford L. L. , Nash T. G. , Zinn G. M. 
Published: October 2010

Factors associated with preweaning mortality in lambs were identified by developing risk profiles with logistic regressions for perinatal and postnatal mortality. Compared with heavy lambs, lambs of low birth weight had almost twice the risk of perinatal mortality (odds ratio [OR]=1.9) and lambs of average weight had a slightly lower risk (OR=0.7). Two of four lambing location categories affected perinatal mortality, with lambs born at unmonitored areas at greatest risk (OR=2.7). Multiple births increased the risk of perinatal mortality (OR=1.5), especially among Targhee lambs (OR=4.0). Breed variations in perinatal mortality were significant in Suffolk lambs (OR=1.9) and Booroola Rambouillet lambs (OR=2.1). Lambs born weak had an increased risk of postnatal mortality while strong lambs had a decreased risk (OR=3.7 and 0.6, respectively) if the dam had an adequate milk supply. Poor milk supply increased the risk of postnatal mortality for lambs of average vigour (OR=3.3), but did not change the risk for weak or strong lambs. Male lambs castrated at 30 days of age were at less risk of postnatal mortality (OR=0.3) than females. There were slight increases in the risk of postnatal mortality for intact males (OR=1.3), low birth weight lambs (OR=1.6), and lambs born in sheds (OR=1.3). Suffolk lambs (OR=1.8) and Targhee lambs (OR=1.6) had a higher risk of postweaning mortality.
Norgestomet implants, plasma progesterone concentrations and embryo transfer pregnancy rates in cattle
Authors: Smith A. K. , Broadbent P. J. , Dolman D. F. , Grimmer S. P. , Davies D. A. R. , Dobson H. 
Published: October 2010

A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that supplementation with exogenous progestagen at the time of embryo transfer would enhance pregnancy rates in recipients. Twohundred‐ and‐seventy‐two oestrus‐synchronised crossbred heifer and cow recipients received 200 grade 1 and 72 grade 2 Simmental embryos transferred non‐surgically. Heparinised blood samples were taken on day 6 and day 7 (oestrus = day 0) for the assessment of the endogenous plasma progesterone concentration. Half the recipients received an ear implant impregnated with 3 mg norgestomet on the day of embryo transfer. The pregnancy rates were 51.9 and 49.6 per cent for the norgestomet‐treated and control groups, respectively. The pregnancy rate for grade 1 embryos was 56.0 per cent and for grade 2 embryos 36.1 per cent (P<0.01). The breed of recipient, weekday of transfer, operator and condition score had no effect on pregnancy rate. The maiden heifers had a higher pregnancy rate (54.2 per cent) than the cows (46.2 per cent). The mean plasma progesterone concentrations of the pregnant and non‐pregnant groups on day 6 were 6.7 ng/ml and 6.6 ng/ml, respectively, and 7.6 ng/ml in both groups on day 7.
Evaluation of the persistence of the effect of ivermectin and abamectin against gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes in cattle
Authors: Barth D. , Ericsson G. F. , Kunkle B. N. , Rehbein S. , Ryan W. G. , Wallace D. H. 
Published: October 2010

The persistence of the effect of ivermectin and abamectin against gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworm in cattle was evaluated in two trials, each involving 28 animals. Groups of seven cattle either remained untreated, or were treated topically with ivermectin at 500 μg/kg bodyweight or subcutaneously with either ivermectin or abamectin at 200 μg/kg bodyweight. Starting on the day of treatment the cattle were given daily trickle infections with various infective nematode larvae for two weeks (Haemonchusspecies,Trichostrongylus axeiandCooperiaspecies), three weeks (Ostertagia ostertagiandOesophagostomum radiatum) and four weeks (Dictyocaulus viviparus). The cattle were killed 49 to 51 days after treatment and their worm burdens measured. An efficacy of >99 per cent was recorded in all the groups demonstrating that the products controlledHaemonchusspecies,T axei, C oncophora, C punctataandC surnabadafor at least two weeks,O ostertagiandO radiatumfor at least three weeks andD viviparusfor at least four weeks.
Oesophageal injury associated with the administration of an anthelmintic bolus to calves
Authors: Mannion P. A. , Jackson P. G. G. , White R. A. S. , Herrtage M. E. 
Published: October 2010

Six of 18 calves from a suckler herd which were dosed with a sustained‐release anthelmintic bolus, using appropriate equipment, developed clinical signs related to oesophageal perforation. Two died as a direct result of the injuries sustained, one required surgical removal of the paraoesophageal bolus and the remaining three were managed medically. The calves were in the approximate weight range advised by the manufacturers as suitable for dosing, but some were younger than the minimum recommended age. These animals were of a fractious nature having been relatively little handed.
Transient hyperlipidaemia and anaemia in kittens
Authors: Gunn‐Moore D. A. , Watson T. D. G. , Dodkin S. J. , Blaxter A. C. , Crispin S. M. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J. 
Published: October 2010

Severe fasting hypertriglyceridaemia (5 to 126 mmol/litre) and anaemia (packed cell volume <11 per cent) was observed in 12 litters of kittens around the time of weaning; the entire litter was usually affected, with significant mortality. Lipid analysis revealed marked increases in chylomicrons and moderate increases in very low density lipoproteins. Supportive measures for the treatment of anaemia and weaning on to a low fat diet resulted in a rapid resolution of the clinical signs, anaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. On recovery, plasma was collected from kittens from five of the affected litters, plus a number of closely related cats and unrelated cats living in the same environment. The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was mildly but significantly lower in the previously affected kittens, their parents and unaffected siblings, than in the unrelated cats. The cats had normal apolipoprotein C‐TI function, normal heparin binding activity and no evidence of a circulating inhibitor to LPL. They did not have the LPL gene mutation reported previously in LPL‐deficient cats from New Zealand.
Laminitis in young dairy calves fed a high starch diet and with a history of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection
Authors: Svensson C. , Bergsten C. 
Published: October 2010

Six of the 33 calves born in a Swedish dairy herd during a period of four months developed laminitis when they were eight to 12 weeks old. The clinical signs included difficulty in rising, a stiff gait, overgrown claws and haemorrhages in the sole horn. Samples of blood were taken from four of the calves when they had shown signs of laminitis for two to seven weeks; the serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D3, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and glutathione peroxidase, and the patterns of serum proteins were within their normal ranges. The feet of the same four calves were examined after slaughter; the third phalanx of each calf was rotated and its distal end osteolytic. Histologically there was separation and degeneration of the squamous cells of the white line, and thromboses and vasculitis in the fine vessels of the corium. Four of the six affected calves were persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus and one had antibodies against the virus. From six weeks of age the calves had been fed rye wheat, a hybrid seed rich in starch, and this may have contributed to the outbreak of laminitis.
Effects on calves less than one month old of feeding or not feeding them during road transport of up to 24 hours
Authors: Knowles T. G. , Warriss P. D. , Brown S. N. , Edwards J. E. , Watkins P. E. , Phillips A. J. 
Published: October 2010

Two trials, each involving 56 calves less than one month old, demonstrated that the responses of calves to food and water deprivation during 24 hours of transport were similar to those observed in older cattle and lambs. There was increasing utilisation of body reserves and a measurable increase in dehydration, coupled with an increased loss of liveweight. Feeding 1 litre of glucose/electrolyte solution at eight‐hour intervals did reduce the effects of food and water deprivation, but it is suggested that the minor benefits of mid‐transport feeding during a 24‐hour journey would not justify the disruption that would be caused by unloading and feeding. It would be better to complete the journey in as short a time as possible, providing the calves were carried under suitable conditions. Liveweight and the levels of plasma beta‐hydroxybutyrate, non‐esterified fatty acids, total protein and albumin had all returned to approximately pre‐transport values after 24 hours of recovery. However, the calves had not started to gain in liveweight until some time after 24 but before 72 hours of recovery. The calves did not show the same marked responses in heart rate, plasma cortisol and plasma glucose that are observed in older cattle and in other species. They also appeared to be unable to regulate their body temperature closely, when they were transported during the winter. It is suggested that their lack of response to transport was not because they were unaffected but because they were physiologically unadapted to coping with transport.
Insemination of cattle with semen from a bull transiently infected with pestivirus
Authors: Kirkland P. D. , McGowan M. R. , Mackintosh S. G. , Moyle A. 
Published: October 2010

When 73 heifers (60 of which were seronegative to pestivirus) were inseminated with pestivirus‐contaminated semen from a transiently infected bull, the conception rate to a single insemination was found to be normal (65 per cent). Only three animals became systemically infected, as determined by viraemia and seroconversion. Pestiviru was isolated from the reproductive tracts of two of these heifers when they were slaughtered 42 or 43 days after insemination. Although the initial incidence of infection was low, a cycle of secondary transmission occurred approximately 29 days after insemination, with a further eight heifers (all seronegative) becoming infected from one group of 11 seronegative and four seropositive animals.