bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolution Limits of Secondary Electron Dopant Contrast in Helium Ion and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Jepson Mark , Liu Xiong , Bell David , Ferranti David , Inkson Beverley , Rodenburg Cornelia 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAs the miniaturization of semiconductor devices continues, characterization of dopant distribution within the structures becomes increasingly challenging. One potential solution is the use of the secondary electron signal produced in scanning electron (SEMs) or helium ion microscopes (HeIMs) to image the changes in electrical potential caused by the dopant atoms. In this article, the contrast mechanisms and resolution limits of secondary electron dopant contrast are explored. It is shown that the resolution of the technique is dependent on the extent of electrical potential present at a junction and that the resolution of dopant contrast can be improved in the HeIM after an in-situ plasma cleaning routine, which causes an oxide to form on the surface altering the contrast mechanism from electrical potential to material contrast.
Royalist Reclamation of Psalmic Song in 1650s England
Authors: Loscocco Paula 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article brings into focus the royalist experience of political defeat and cultural recovery in mid-seventeenth-century England. It shows how royalist writers developed a polemically charged psalmic poetics that allowed them to appropriate the discursive authority of their Puritan enemies, reestablish their own cultural standing, and prepare the way for religious and political return. Several writers who found common cause in 1650s royalist poetics appear in these pages, including Izaak Walton, Thomas Stanley, Jeremy Taylor, Henry King, and the author(s) of the 1649 Eikon Basilike. Royalist writers with more divided responses to psalmic polemics appear here as well, including the episcopal divine, Henry Hammond, and the Davidic poet, Abraham Cowley. The poet, psalmist, and polemicist John Milton is an important presence throughout: his Eikonoklastes seems aware of his opponents’ polemical project, as do his 1653 psalms, and Paradise Lost itself may respond to what he once derided as royalist “Psalmistry.”
Multi-frequency activation of neuronal networks by coordinated reset stimulation
Authors: Lysyansky Borys , Popovych Oleksandr V. , Tass Peter A. 
Published: July 2011

We computationally study whether it is possible to stimulate a neuronal population in such a way that its mean firing rate increases without an increase of the population's net synchronization. For this, we use coordinated reset (CR) stimulation, which has previously been developed to desynchronize populations of oscillatory neurons. Intriguingly, delivered to a population of predominantly silent FitzHugh–Nagumo or Hindmarsh–Rose neurons at sufficient stimulation amplitudes, CR robustly causes a multi-frequency activation: different Arnold tongues such as 1 : 1 or
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entrained neuronal clusters emerge, which consist of phase-shifted sub clusters. Owing to the clustering pattern the neurons' timing is well balanced, so that in total there is no synchronization. Our findings may contribute to the development of novel and safe stimulation treatments that specifically counteract cerebral hypo-activity without promoting pathological synchronization or inducing epileptic seizures.
Cannabis use and cognitive function: 8‐year trajectory in a young adult cohort
Authors: Tait Robert J. , Mackinnon Andrew , Christensen Helen 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTAim  To evaluate the relationship between change in cannabis use and changed cognitive performance over 8 years.Design  We used survey methodology with a cohort design.Setting and participants  An Australian community sample aged 20–24 years at baseline.Measures  We assessed cognitive performance with the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) (immediate and delayed), Spot‐the‐Word test (STW), Symbol Digit Modality test (SDMT) and Digit Backwards (DB). Groups of cannabis users were defined from self‐reports across three waves as: ‘never’ (n= 420) ‘remain light’ (n= 71), ‘former light’ (n= 231), ‘remain heavy’ (n= 60), ‘former heavy’ (n= 60) and ‘always former’ (since start of study) (n= 657). Planned contrasts within mixed model repeated‐measures analysis of variance was used for longitudinal analysis with an adjusted alpha of 0.01.Findings  Data were obtained from 2404 participants with 1978 (82.3%) completing wave 3. At baseline there were significant differences between cannabis groups on CVLT (immediate and delayed) and SDMT. However, after controlling for education, gender, gender × group and gender × wave, there were no significant between‐group differences and only CVLT immediate recall reached adjusted statistically significant longitudinal change associated with changed cannabis use (group × wave P= 0.007). Specifically, former heavy users improved their performance relative to remaining heavy users (estimated marginal means: former heavy 6.1–7.5: remain heavy 6.4–6.6).Conclusions  Cessation of cannabis use appears to be associated with an improvement in capacity for recall of information that has just been learned. No other measures of cognitive performance were related to cannabis after controlling for confounds.
Wall architecture with high porosity is established at the tip and maintained in growing pollen tubes of Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Derksen Jan , Janssen Geert‐Jan , Wolters‐Arts Mieke , Lichtscheidl Irene , Adlassnig Wolfram , Ovecka Miroslav , Doris Fiona , Steer Martin 
Published: July 2011

SummaryA major question in pollen tube growth in planta remains: do the pollen tube walls form a barrier to interaction with the environment? Using cryo‐FESEM, we directly assessed the 3D construction and porosity of tobacco pollen tube walls. Fractured mature primary walls showed a 40–50 nm spaced lattice of continuous fibers interconnected by short rods in the primary wall. These observations agree with TEM observations of sectioned walls. In the secondary callose wall, for which no structure is visible using TEM, cryo‐FESEM also revealed a 50 nm lattice consisting of longer fibers, approximately 10–15 nm wide, with rod‐like, thinner interconnections at angles of approximately 90° with the longer fibers. Such architecture may reflect functional needs with respect to porosity and mechanical strength. The wall does not form a mechanical barrier to interaction with the environment and is gained at low cost. Cryo‐FESEM additionally revealed another special feature of the wall: the tubes were tiled with scales or rings that were highly conspicuous after pectin extraction with EDTA. These rings cause the typical banding patterns of pectin that are commonly seen in pollen tubes during oscillatory growth, as confirmed by staining with toluidine blue as well as by DIC microscopy. Growth analysis by VEC‐LM showed that the ring‐ or scale‐like structures of the primary wall consist of material deposited prior to the growth pulses. The alternating band pattern seen in the callose wall is probably imposed by constrictions resulting from the rings of the primary wall.
Low incidence of invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients receiving amphotericin B inhalation prophylaxis
Authors: Nihtinen A. , Anttila V.‐J. , Ruutu T. , Juvonen E. , Volin L. 
Published: July 2011

A. Nihtinen, V.‐J. Anttila, T. Ruutu, E. Juvonen, L. Volin. Low incidence of invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients receiving amphotericin B inhalation prophylaxis. Transpl Infect Dis 2011. All rights reserved
Abstract: In this retrospective study we evaluated the impact of amphotericin B (AmB) deoxycholate inhalation prophylaxis on invasive aspergillosis (IA) in 611 allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloSCT) recipients and their tolerance of the inhalations. The inhalations were not used in 1996–2000 (Period I). In 2001–2005 (Period II) all patients with acute graft‐versus‐host disease treated with high‐dose methylprednisolone used the inhalation prophylaxis with a dose of 25 mg daily. No systemic antifungal prophylaxis was routinely used during the study period. IA was detected in 17 (13 proven, 4 probable) out of 257 (6.6%) patients transplanted in Period I and in 9 (6 proven, 3 probable) out of 354 (2.5%) patients transplanted in Period II (P=0.007). The median time to the diagnosis of IA was 95 days and 155 days post transplant in the 2 periods (P=0.225). The mortality of the patients with IA was 94.1% and 66.6% in Period I and Period II. The median duration of AmB inhalation prophylaxis was 84 days. Breakthrough IA was detected in 1 of the 111 (1%) patients during the prophylaxis. No discontinuation of prophylaxis due to side effects was recorded. Overall, with a median follow‐up of 3.5 and 4.6 years, 42.4% and 59% of the patients were alive in Period I and Period II, respectively (P=0.001). In conclusion, the incidence of IA fell during the AmB inhalation prophylaxis, and the inhalations were well tolerated. Mortality of patients with IA was high. The overall survival of patients was significantly higher in Period II, indicating the advances made in SCT therapy over the 10‐year period.
Navigating the AIDS Industry: Being Poor and Positive in Tanzania
Authors: Boesten Jelke 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThis article shows how poor people living with HIV/AIDS in Tanzania navigate a myriad of actors, agencies and organizations to obtain the aid they need to survive. It focuses on community‐based organizations which establish networks of care through which people obtain care, treatment and financial support. A case study of a roadside town in Tanzania illustrates that these community‐based networks of care — essential to the survival of many — are partly the product of the AIDS industry, which encourages the establishment of community‐based organizations and voluntary service delivery rather than more formalized systems of care. Community‐based organizations, however, are so poorly supported that they often deploy self‐destructive strategies. The need to strategically navigate the AIDS industry creates tension and even conflict among HIV‐positive activists, the people they represent and the wider community, which undermines rather than strengthens community‐based interventions. Whilst the AIDS industry promises inclusion of HIV‐positive people in the response to HIV/AIDS, it succeeds only partially, with the result that it may potentially do more harm than good.
NMDA receptor modulation by the neuropeptide apelin: implications for excitotoxic injury
Authors: Cook Denise R. , Gleichman Amy J. , Cross Stephanie A. , Doshi Shachee , Ho Wenzhe , Jordan‐Sciutto Kelly L. , Lynch David R. , Kolson Dennis L. 
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 1113–1123.AbstractExcitotoxic neuronal damage via over‐activation of the NMDA receptor has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. In vitro modeling of excitotoxic injury has shown that activation of G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) counteracts such injury through modulation of neuronal pro‐survival pathways and/or NMDA receptor signaling. We have previously demonstrated that the GPCR APJ and its endogenous neuropeptide ligand apelin can protect neurons against excitotoxicity, but the mechanism(s) of this neuroprotection remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that apelin can promote neuronal survival by activating pro‐survival signaling as well as inhibiting NMDA receptor‐mediated excitotoxic signaling cascades. Our results demonstrate that (i) apelin activates pro‐survival signaling via inositol trisphosphate (IP3), protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase‐1/2 (ERK1/2) to protect against excitotoxicity, and (ii) apelin inhibits excitotoxic signaling by attenuating NMDA receptor and calpain activity, and by modulating NMDA receptor subunit NR2B phosphorylation at serine 1480. These studies delineate a novel apelinergic signaling pathway that concurrently promotes survival and limits NMDA receptor‐mediated injury to protect neurons against excitotoxicity. Defining apelin‐mediated neuroprotection advances our understanding of neuroprotective pathways and will potentially improve our ability to develop therapeutics for excitotoxicity‐associated neurodegenerative disorders.
Anisotropic Dielectric Properties ofLiNb0.6Ti0.5O3Microwave Ceramics by Screen‐Printing Templated Grain Growth
Authors: Lu Zhiyuan , Li Yali , Wang Yilin , Wu Wenjun , Li Yongxiang 
Published: July 2011

In this work, anisotropicLiNb0.6Ti0.5O3(LNT) template particles are prepared by molten salt synthesis inLiClflux. Plate‐like particles with diameters of 5–20 μm and thicknesses of 0.5–2.0 μm synthesized at 1000°C are chosen as templates. Highly textured microwave ceramics of M‐phaseLNTwith tunable dielectric properties are fabricated by a novel screen‐printing templated grain growth technique (sp‐TGG), and their characteristics and dielectric properties are studied systematically. Dielectric anisotropy is observed in dielectric constant (εr) and the temperature coefficient of dielectric constant (τε) at 1 MHz.LNT(//) samples exhibit lowerεr(=55.3) than randomly oriented ceramics and a positive temperature coefficientτε(75 ppm/°C), whereas,LNT(⊥) samples exhibit higherεr(=83.6) and a negative temperature coefficientτε(= −120 ppm/°C). The textured ceramics also exhibit anisotropic and excellent properties at microwave frequency, withLNT‐M(//) showingεr = 57.9,Q × f = 6325 GHz,τf = −14 ppm/°C andLNT‐M(⊥) showingεr = 81.8,Q × f = 5751 GHz,τf = 43 ppm/°C. By tailoring along different directions, continuously tunable dielectric constant ranging from 55 to 83 could be obtained, andτfcould be changed from −14 to 43 ppm/°C. These findings can be technologically beneficial for wireless communication devices.
The gene carD encodes the aldehyde dehydrogenase responsible for neurosporaxanthin biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi
Authors: Díaz‐Sánchez Violeta , Estrada Alejandro F. , Trautmann Danika , Al‐Babili Salim , Avalos Javier 
Published: July 2011

Neurosporaxanthin (β‐apo‐4′‐carotenoic acid) biosynthesis has been studied in detail in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi. The genes and enzymes for this biosynthetic pathway are known until the last enzymatic step, the oxidation of the aldehyde group of its precursor, β‐apo‐4′‐carotenal. On the basis of sequence homology to Neurospora crassa YLO‐1, which mediates the formation of apo‐4′‐lycopenoic acid from the corresponding aldehyde substrate, we cloned the carD gene of F. fujikuroi and investigated the activity of the encoded enzyme. In vitro assays performed with heterologously expressed protein showed the formation of neurosporaxanthin and other apocarotenoid acids from the corresponding apocarotenals. To confirm this function in vivo, we generated an Escherichia coli strain producing β‐apo‐4′‐carotenal, which was converted into neurosporaxanthin upon expression of carD. Moreover, the carD function was substantiated by its targeted disruption in a F. fujikuroi carotenoid‐overproducing strain, which resulted in the loss of neurosporaxanthin and the accumulation of β‐apo‐4′‐carotenal, its derivative β‐apo‐4′‐carotenol, and minor amounts of other carotenoids. Intermediates accumulated in the ΔcarD mutant suggest that the reactions leading to neurosporaxanthin in Neurospora and Fusarium are different in their order. In contrast to ylo‐1 in N. crassa, carD mRNA content is enhanced by light, but to a lesser extent than other enzymatic genes of the F. fujikuroi carotenoid pathway. Furthermore, carD mRNA levels were higher in carotenoid‐overproducing mutants, supporting a functional role for CarD in F. fujikuroi carotenogenesis. With the genetic and biochemical characterization of CarD, the whole neurosporaxanthin biosynthetic pathway of F. fujikuroi has been established.Database
The carD gene sequence has been deposited in the EMBL Data Bank under accession number FR850689
Shewasin A, an active pepsin homolog from the bacterium Shewanella amazonensis
Authors: Simões Isaura , Faro Rosário , Bur Daniel , Kay John , Faro Carlos 
Published: July 2011

The view has been widely held that pepsin‐like aspartic proteinases are found only in eukaryotes, and not in bacteria. However, a recent bioinformatics search [Rawlings ND & Bateman A (2009) BMC Genomics10, 437] revealed that, in seven of ∼ 1000 completely sequenced bacterial genomes, genes were present encoding polypeptides that displayed the requisite hallmark sequence motifs of pepsin‐like aspartic proteinases. The implications of this theoretical observation prompted us to generate biochemical data to validate this finding experimentally. The aspartic proteinase gene from one of the seven identified bacterial species, Shewanella amazonensis, was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein, termed shewasin A, was produced in soluble form, purified to homogeneity, and shown to display properties remarkably similar to those of pepsin‐like aspartic proteinases. Shewasin A was maximally active at acidic pH values, cleaving a substrate that has been widely used for assessment of the proteolytic activity of other aspartic proteinases, and displayed a clear preference for cleaving peptide bonds between hydrophobic residues in the P1*P1′ positions of the substrate. It was completely inhibited by the general inhibitor of aspartic proteinases, pepstatin, and mutation of one of the catalytic Asp residues (in the Asp‐Thr‐Gly motif of the N‐terminal domain) resulted in complete loss of enzymatic activity. It can thus be concluded unequivocally that this Shewanella gene encodes an active pepsin‐like aspartic proteinase. It is now beyond doubt that pepsin‐like aspartic proteinases are not confined to eukaryotes, but are encoded within some species of bacteria. The distinctions between the bacterial and eukaryotic polypeptides are discussed and their evolutionary relationships are outlined.Structured digital abstract
Shewasin A cleaves Oxidized Insulin B chain by protease assay (View Interaction 1, 2)
INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL PRACTICES AND PACKAGING MATERIALS ON TABLE GRAPE QUALITY
Authors: CONTE A. , MASTROMATTEO M. , ANTONACCI D. , DEL NOBILE M.A. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe quality loss of table grape (cv. Crimson seedless) packaged in different films was studied in order to appraise the effects induced by girdling technique combined with a gibberellins treatment on product storability. The cultural practices successfully enhanced the quality of the berries. From a packaging point of view, all the investigated films successfully preserved the quality of the packed fruit, with some relevant differences for the highest gas barrier films. A better score in the overall acceptability was for grape packaged in multi‐layer laminated nylon/polyolefin and biodegradable starch/polyester‐based films.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe results obtained in this work can give a new contribution to the field by providing information on combined strategies to prolong the shelf life of ready‐to‐use table grape. The bio‐based packaging system exerted a very attractive performance, thus allowing proposing it as a potential alternative to petroleum source packaging.
The Consequences of UV‐Induced Immunosuppression for Human Health
Authors: Norval Mary , Halliday Gary M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractExposure to UV radiation can cause suppression of specific immune responses. The pathways leading to the down‐regulation are complex, starting from the absorption of UV photons by chromophores in the skin and ending with local and systemic changes in immune mediators, the generation of T and B regulatory cells and inhibition of effector and memory T cell activation. The consequences for human health are thought to be both beneficial and adverse. The former are illustrated by protection against polymorphic light eruption, and possible protection against T cell‐mediated autoimmune diseases and asthma. The latter are illustrated by skin cancer, cutaneous lupus erythematosus and infectious diseases including vaccination. Many outstanding questions remain in this rapidly developing and controversial area, not least what advice to give the general public regarding their sun exposure. While considerable advances have been made in the development of strategies that preserve the health benefits of sunlight exposure and decrease its detrimental effects, further research is required before optimal levels of protection are achieved.
Measures of Distance and Motility in Psychotic Children and Severely Subnormal Controls
Authors: O'CONNOR N. , HERMELIN BEATE 
Published: July 2011

In a group of severely subnormal children diagnosed as psychotic, and controls, the approach response and the amount of movement were measured in the presence of various stimuli. An attempt was made to isolate relevant aspects of ‘a person’ in preparing the stimuli.The distance measure did not differentiate the groups in those conditions which resembled most closely a social stimulus situation. They did differ in their approach score to objects, the psychotics approaching less. Psychotic children also moved more than controls, and the amount of movement did not vary over different stimulus situations.
A Study of 500 Oxford Student Psychiatric Patients
Authors: DAVIDSON M. A. , HUTT CORINNE 
Published: July 2011

The case records and psychometric results of 500 Oxford student patients were retrospectively analysed. Some academic, social and clinical characteristics of the patient sample are described. The sample is also compared with a control group and with the student population at risk.The sample was found not to differ significantly from other psychiatric groups. It is pointed out that a high referral rate need not be indicative of a serious problem of student 'breakdown'. There is no evidence to show that there are factors in the University environment which generate psychiatric illness.
Acquiescence—Measurement and Theory*
Authors: MARTIN JOHN 
Published: July 2011

A review of the methods of measuring acquiescence suggests that there is insufficient justification for regarding acquiescence as a single trait. As this assumption is the basis for the construction of independent general measures of acquiescence, such scales call for investigation. Seven measures of acquiescence were administered to 85 male householders of heterogeneous social background. Included were three scales presumed to be independent general measures of the tendency to acquiesce, two sets of acquiescence scores derived from different social desirability scales, and two derived from different authoritarian scales. Two factors were found, the first being defined by acquiescence from scales employing plausible generalities (particularly 'Rational Authoritarianism') and the second by Welsh's R‐Scale. Both factors were shown to be independent of social desirability, but all other 'independent' measures of acquiescence were shown to be confounded with social desirability or authoritarianism or both.It is suggested that the first factor is generated by the subjects' tendency to acquiesce in what he perceives to be generally accepted as rational or authentic, this explanation being a parallel to that advanced for the origin of social desirability. A three‐factor theory of response style is put forward to account for the relationships found.
Pain Tolerance and Narcotic Addiction
Authors: MARTIN JUDITH E. , INGLIS JAMES 
Published: July 2011

The present study was designed to examine the relation between pain tolerance, as measured by the cold‐pressor test, narcotic addiction and some aspects of personality. The subjects used were two groups each of twenty‐four female prisoners; one group comprised former addicts, the other non‐addicts.The two groups were very significantly different on the cold‐pressor test, with the addicts showing much less pain tolerance than the controls. Only a very slight relation was found between pain tolerance and neuroticism and no relation was found between tolerance for pain and extraversion.