bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol after subcutaneous administration to koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with chlamydiosis
Authors: GOVENDIR M. , HANGER J. , LOADER J. J. , KIMBLE B. , GRIFFITH J. E. , BLACK L. A. , KROCKENBERGER M. B. , HIGGINS D. P. 
Published: May 2011

Govendir, M., Hanger, J., Loader, J. J., Kimble, B., Griffith, J. E., Black, L. A., Krockenberger, M. B., Higgins, D. P. Plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol after subcutaneous administration to koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with chlamydiosis. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 147–154.Nine mature koalas with chlamydiosis, typically keratoconjunctivitis and/or urogenital tract infection, were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of chloramphenicol at 60 mg/kg for 45 days (five koalas), or for a shorter duration (four koalas). All koalas were initially positive for Chlamydia pecorum as determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Plasma chloramphenicol concentrations were determined at t = 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after the day 1 injection (nine koalas) and after the day 15 injection (seven koalas). Chloramphenicol reached a median (and range) maximum plasma concentration of 3.03 (1.32–5.03 μg/mL) at 4 (1–8 h) after the day 1 injection and 4.82 (1.97–27.55 μg/mL) at 1 (1–2 h) after day 15. The median (and range) of AUC0–24 on day 1 and day 15 were 48.14 (22.37–81.14 μg·h/mL) and 50.83 (28.43–123.99 μg·h/mL), respectively. The area under the moment curve (AUMC)0–24 median (and range) for day 1 and day 15 were 530.03 (233.05–798.97 h) and 458.15 (291.72–1093.58 h), respectively. Swabs were positive for chlamydial DNA pretreatment, and all koalas except one, produced swabs negative for chlamydial DNA during treatment and which remained so, for 2–63 days after treatment, however whether chloramphenicol treatment prevented long‐term recrudescence of infection was not established. At this dose and dosing frequency, chloramphenicol appeared to control mild chlamydial infection and prevent shedding, but severe urogenital disease did not appear to respond to chloramphenicol at this dosage regime. For koalas affected by severe chlamydiosis, antibiotics alone are not sufficient to effect a cure, possibly because of structural or metabolic changes associated with chronic disease and inflammation.
An atypical heterotrimeric G‐protein γ‐subunit is involved in guard cell K+‐channel regulation and morphological development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Chakravorty David , Trusov Yuri , Zhang Wei , Acharya Biswa R. , Sheahan Michael B. , McCurdy David W. , Assmann Sarah M. , Botella José Ramón 
Published: May 2011

SummaryCurrently, there are strong inconsistencies in our knowledge of plant heterotrimeric G‐proteins that suggest the existence of additional members of the family. We have identified a new Arabidopsis G‐protein γ‐subunit (AGG3) that modulates morphological development and ABA‐regulation of stomatal aperture. AGG3 strongly interacts with the Arabidopsis G‐protein β‐subunit in vivo and in vitro. Most importantly, AGG3‐deficient mutants account for all but one of the ‘orphan’ phenotypes previously unexplained by the two known γ‐subunits in Arabidopsis. AGG3 has unique characteristics never before observed in plant or animal systems, such as its size (more than twice that of canonical γ‐subunits) and the presence of a C‐terminal Cys‐rich domain. AGG3 thus represent a novel class of G‐protein γ‐subunits, widely spread throughout the plant kingdom but not present in animals. Homologues of AGG3 in rice have been identified as important quantitative trait loci for grain size and yield, but due to the atypical nature of the proteins their identity as G‐protein subunits was thus far unknown. Our work demonstrates a similar trend in seeds of Arabidopsis agg3 mutants, and implicates G‐proteins in such a crucial agronomic trait. The discovery of this highly atypical subunit reinforces the emerging notion that plant and animal G‐proteins have distinct as well as shared evolutionary pathways.
Metabolomic approaches reveal that cell wall modifications play a major role in ethylene‐mediated resistance against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Lloyd Amanda J. , William Allwood J. , Winder Catherine L. , Dunn Warwick B. , Heald James K. , Cristescu Simona M. , Sivakumaran Anushen , Harren Frans J. M. , Mulema Joseph , Denby Katherine , Goodacre Royston , Smith Aileen R. , Mur Luis A. J. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryIn Arabidopsis, resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is conferred by ethylene via poorly understood mechanisms. Metabolomic approaches compared the responses of the wild‐type, the ethylene‐insensitive mutant etr1‐1, which showed increased susceptibility, and the constitutively active ethylene mutants ctr1‐1 and eto2 both exhibited decreased susceptibility to B. cinerea. Fourier transform–infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy demonstrated reproducible biochemical differences between treatments and genotypes. To identify discriminatory mass‐to‐charge ratios (m/z) associated with resistance, discriminant function analysis was employed on spectra derived from direct injection electrospray ionisation‐mass spectrometry on the derived principal components of these data. Ethylene‐modulated m/z were mapped onto Arabidopsis biochemical pathways and many were associated with hydroxycinnamate and monolignol biosynthesis, both linked to cell wall modification. A high‐resolution linear triple quadrupole‐Orbitrap hybrid system confirmed the identity of key metabolites in these pathways. The contribution of these pathways to defence against B. cinerea was validated through the use of multiple Arabidopsis mutants. The FT‐IR microspectroscopy indicated that spatial accumulation of hydroxycinnamates and monolignols at the cell wall to confine disease was linked ot ethylene. These data demonstrate the power of metabolomic approaches in elucidating novel biological phenomena, especially when coupled to validation steps exploiting relevant mutant genotypes.
High‐density kinetic analysis of the metabolomic and transcriptomic response of Arabidopsis to eight environmental conditions
Authors: Caldana Camila , Degenkolbe Thomas , Cuadros‐Inostroza Alvaro , Klie Sebastian , Sulpice Ronan , Leisse Andrea , Steinhauser Dirk , Fernie Alisdair R. , Willmitzer Lothar , Hannah Matthew A. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe time‐resolved response of Arabidopsis thaliana towards changing light and/or temperature at the transcriptome and metabolome level is presented. Plants grown at 21°C with a light intensity of 150 μE m−2 sec−1 were either kept at this condition or transferred into seven different environments (4°C, darkness; 21°C, darkness; 32°C, darkness; 4°C, 85 μE m−2 sec−1; 21°C, 75 μE m−2 sec−1; 21°C, 300 μE m−2 sec−1; 32°C, 150 μE m−2 sec−1). Samples were taken before (0 min) and at 22 time points after transfer resulting in (8×) 22 time points covering both a linear and a logarithmic time series totaling 177 states. Hierarchical cluster analysis shows that individual conditions (defined by temperature and light) diverge into distinct trajectories at condition‐dependent times and that the metabolome follows different kinetics from the transcriptome. The metabolic responses are initially relatively faster when compared with the transcriptional responses. Gene Ontology over‐representation analysis identifies a common response for all changed conditions at the transcriptome level during the early response phase (5–60 min). Metabolic networks reconstructed via metabolite–metabolite correlations reveal extensive environment‐specific rewiring. Detailed analysis identifies conditional connections between amino acids and intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Parallel analysis of transcriptional changes strongly support a model where in the absence of photosynthesis at normal/high temperatures protein degradation occurs rapidly and subsequent amino acid catabolism serves as the main cellular energy supply. These results thus demonstrate the engagement of the electron transfer flavoprotein system under short‐term environmental perturbations.
AtMPK4 is required for male‐specific meiotic cytokinesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zeng Qingning , Chen Jin‐Gui , Ellis Brian E. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryMitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have been implicated in regulating various aspects of plant development, including somatic cytokinesis. The evolution of expanded plant MAPK gene families has enabled the diversification of potential MAPK cascades, but functionally overlapping components are also well documented. Here we report that Arabidopsis MPK4, an MAPK that was previously described as a regulator of disease resistance, can interact with and be phosphorylated by the cytokinesis‐related MAP kinase kinase, AtMKK6. In mpk4 mutant plants, anthers can develop normal microspore mother cells (MMCs) and peripheral supporting tissues, but the MMCs fail to form a normal intersporal callose wall after male meiosis, and thus cannot complete meiotic cytokinesis. Nevertheless, the multinucleate mpk4 microspores subsequently proceed through mitotic cytokinesis, resulting in enlarged mature pollen grains that possess increased sets of the tricellular structure. This pollen development phenotype is reminiscent of those observed in both atnack2/tes/stud and anq1/mkk6 mutants, and protein–protein interaction analysis defines a putative signalling module linking AtNACK2/TES/STUD, AtANP3, AtMKK6 and AtMPK4 together as a cascade that facilitates male‐specific meiotic cytokinesis in Arabidopsis.
Blood transfusion after cardiac surgery: is it the patient or the transfusion that carries the risk?
Authors: DARDASHTI A. , EDEROTH P. , ALGOTSSON L. , BRONDÉN B. , LÜHRS C. , BJURSTEN H. 
Published: May 2011

Background: The transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) after cardiac surgery has been associated with increased long‐term mortality. This study reexamines this hypothesis by including pre‐operative hemoglobin (Hb) levels and renal function in the analysis.
Methods: A retrospective single‐center study was performed including 5261 coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients in a Cox proportional hazard survival analysis. Patients with more than eight RBC transfusions, early death (7 days), and emergent cases were excluded. Patients were followed for 7.5 years. Previously known risk factors were entered into the analysis together with pre‐operative Hb and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). In addition, subgroups were formed based on the patients' pre‐operative renal function and Hb levels.
Results: When classical risk factors were entered into the analysis, transfusion of RBCs was associated with reduced long‐term survival. When pre‐operative eGFR and Hb was entered into the analysis, however, transfusion of RBCs did not affect survival significantly. In the subgroups, transfusion of RBCs did not have any effect on long‐term survival.
Conclusions: When pre‐operative Hb levels and renal function are taken into account, moderate transfusions of RBC after CABG surgery do not seem to be associated with reduced long‐term survival.
Severe traumatic brain injury: consequences of early adverse events
Authors: BRORSSON C. , RODLING‐WAHLSTRÖM M. , OLIVECRONA M. , KOSKINEN L.‐O. D. , NAREDI S. 
Published: May 2011

Background: Several factors associated with an unfavourable outcome after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been described: prolonged pre‐hospital time, secondary referral to a level 1 trauma centre, the occurrence of secondary insults such as hypoxia, hypotension or low end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2). To determine whether adverse events were linked to outcome, patients with severe TBI were studied before arrival at a level 1 trauma centre.
Methods: Prospective, observational study design. Patients with severe TBI (n=48), admitted to Umeå University Hospital between January 2002 to December 2005 were included. All medical records from the site of the accident to arrival at the level 1 trauma centre were collected and evaluated.
Results: A pre‐hospital time of >60 min, secondary referral to a level 1 trauma centre, documented hypoxia (oxygen saturation <95%), hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg), hyperventilation (ETCO2<4.5 kPa) or tachycardia (heart rate >100 beats/min) at any time before arrival at a level 1 trauma centre were not significantly related to an unfavourable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale 1–3).
Conclusion: Early adverse events before arrival at a level 1 trauma centre were without significance for outcome after severe TBI in the trauma system studied.
Reactive oxygen species are involved in pollen tube initiation in kiwifruit
Authors: Speranza A. , Crinelli R. , Scoccianti V. , Geitmann A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during pollen tube growth has been well established, but its involvement in the early germination stage is poorly understood. ROS production has been reported in germinating tobacco pollen, but evidence for a clear correlation between ROS and germination success remains elusive. Here, we show that ROS are involved in germination and pollen tube formation in kiwifruit. Using labelling with dihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2FDA) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), endogenous ROS were detected immediately following pollen rehydration and during the lag phase preceding pollen tube emergence. Furthermore, extracellular H2O2 was found to accumulate, beginning a few minutes after pollen suspension in liquid medium. ROS production was essential for kiwifruit pollen performance, since in the presence of compounds acting as superoxide dismutase/catalase mimic (Mn‐5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(1‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl)21H,23H‐porphin, Mn‐TMPP) or as NADPH oxidase inhibitor (diphenyleneiodonium chloride, DPI), ROS levels were reduced and pollen tube emergence was severely or completely inhibited. Moreover, ROS production was substantially decreased in the absence of calcium, and by chromium and bisphenol A, which inhibit germination in kiwifruit. Peroxidase activity was cytochemically revealed after rehydration and during germination. In parallel, superoxide dismutase enzymes, particularly the Cu/Zn‐dependent subtype – which function as superoxide radical scavengers – were detected by immunoblotting and by an in‐gel activity assay in kiwifruit pollen, suggesting that ROS levels may be tightly regulated. Timing of ROS appearance, early localisation at the germination aperture and strict requirement for germination clearly suggest an important role for ROS in pollen grain activation and pollen tube initiation.
Effects of high and moderate non‐structural carbohydrate hay on insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations in overweight Arabian geldings
Authors: Shepherd M. L. , Pleasant R. S. , Crisman M. V. , Werre S. R. , Milton S. C. , Swecker Jr W. S. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of high and moderate non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) hay on insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations in overweight Arabian geldings. Eight adult overweight (average BCS 7 [9‐point scale]) Arabian geldings were fed each of two orchardgrass hays, high NSC (18% DM) and moderate NSC (12% DM), in a cross over design during two 28‐day periods. Body weight and body condition score assessment along with blood sampling to measure insulin, glucose, leptin, and triglyceride concentrations were performed on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of each period. Effects of hay, period, day, and day*hay on plasma glucose and serum leptin were not detected. Serum insulin was influenced by hay (p = 0.001), day (p = 0.03), and day*hay (p = 0.04). Insulin concentrations were higher on day 7 in the high NSC group (15.6 μIU/ml) than the moderate NSC group (9.5 μIU/ml), but not by day 14 (p = 0.0007). Plasma triglyceride was influenced by period (p = 0.0003), day*period (p < 0.0001), and day*hay (p = 0.02). Hyperinsulinaemia was not observed in the overweight Arabian geldings fed either a moderate or high NSC hay.
Abnormal sensitivity to negative feedback in late‐life depression
Authors: von Gunten Armin , Herrmann François R. , Elliott Rebecca , Duc René 
Published: May 2011

Aims:  The purpose of the present study was to probe sensitivity to potentially misleading negative feedback on cognitive tasks as a possible mechanism of cognitive impairment in elderly patients with mild depression.Methods:  A total of 22 mildly depressed elderly subjects were compared to 22 healthy controls, using a computerized Tower‐of‐London task.Results:  Failure and magnitude of failure were significantly worse after negative but not positive feedback. Depression predicted failure after negative feedback but not the magnitude of failure. Neither failure nor magnitude of failure increased as a consequence of repeated negative feedback.Conclusions:  Altered sensitivity to negative feedback occurs in mild late‐life unipolar depression and may represent a subtle context‐specific phenomenon.
Guideline for the prevention of health care‐associated infection in urological practice in Japan
Authors: Hamasuna Ryoichi , Takahashi Satoshi , Yamamoto Shingo , Arakawa Soichi , Yanaihara Hitoshi , Ishikawa Satoru , Matsumoto Tetsuro 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFor developing the Japanese guideline for the prevention of health care‐associated infection in urological practice, we surveyed the literature including standard precautions, environmental considerations in both the inpatient and outpatient settings, the management of urinary catheters, endoscopy techniques, and the disinfection and sterilization of instruments used in endoscopies and related procedures. The concept of this guideline is to show the minimum precautions that urologists and other medical professionals should observe when they work in the urological field. Standard precautions based on hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment should be observed in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. In the inpatient setting, the management of the toilet is important. Collecting urine should be restricted only when it is necessary to determine a patient's urinary output. The management for urinary catheter and infection are created based on the “European and Asian guidelines on management and prevention of catheter‐associated urinary tract infections”. In addition, we propose that nephrostomy should be carried out after maximum barrier precautions have been taken. Urinary catheters are replaced in the event of an occlusion or if there are signs that an occlusion might occur, but the same catheter cannot be left in place for more than 2 months. Regarding the handling of urine containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, airborne infection countermeasures are unnecessary, except for the laboratory personnel. For the procedures using urological endoscopes, aseptic techniques are recommended. Endoscopes and related devices should be used by sterilization or high‐level disinfection, but formaldehyde gas cannot be used.
Elective sigmoid colectomy for diverticular disease. Laparoscopic vs open surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Cirocchi R. , Farinella E. , Trastulli S. , Sciannameo F. , Audisio R. A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAim  A meta‐analysis of nonrandomized studies and one randomized trial was conducted to compare laparoscopic surgery with open surgery in the elective treatment of patients with diverticular disease.Method  Published randomized and controlled clinical trials that directly compared elective open (OSR) with laparoscopic surgical resection (LSR) in patients with diverticular disease were identified using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and EMBASE. End‐points included 30‐day mortality and morbidity and were compared by determining the relative risk ratio, odds ratio, and the absolute effects.Results  Eleven nonrandomized studies of 1430 patients were identified and included in the meta‐analysis. There was only one randomized study, which included 104 patients. The meta‐analysis suggested that elective LSR was a safe and appropriate option for patients with diverticular disease and was associated with lower overall morbidity (P = 0.01) and minor complication rate (P = 0.008).Conclusion  The results of the nonrandomized study generally agreed with those of the randomized study, except for the incidence of minor complications, which was higher in both the LSR and OSR groups of the randomized study. In this study, the high overall morbidity of 42.3% reported in the LSR group is a cause for concern.
The prevalence of dysplasia in the ileoanal pouch following restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis with associated dysplasia
Authors: Kuiper T. , Vlug M. S. , van den Broek F. J. C. , Tytgat K. M. A. J. , van Eeden S. , Fockens P. , Bemelman W. A. , Dekker E. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAim  A recent systematic review indicated that dysplasia present before restorative proctocolectomy is a predictor of subsequent dysplasia in the pouch. This prospective study was carried out to assess the prevalence of dysplasia in the ileal pouch in patients having RPC for ulcerative colitis with co‐existing dysplasia in the operation specimen.Method  Eligible patients were invited for a surveillance endoscopy. The afferent and blind efferent ileal loop, ileoanal pouch and rectal cuff were examined by standard endoscopy using a dye‐spray technique with methylene blue. Mucosal abnormalities were biopsied and random biopsies were taken from the afferent and blind ileal loop, pouch and rectal cuff.Results  Fourty‐four patients (25 male, mean 49 years) underwent pouch endoscopy at a mean interval from RPC of 8.6 years. Dysplasia was detected in two (4.5%) patients. In one, low‐grade dysplasia was found in the rectal cuff and in the other low‐grade dysplasia was detected in random biopsies from the pouch and the efferent ileal loop.Conclusion  This prospective pouch‐endoscopy study detected dysplasia in < 5% of patients over nearly 10 years. The benefit of routine surveillance for dysplasia in the pouch is uncertain, as the significance of low‐grade dysplasia in the pouch is not clear.
Anal encirclement with sphincter repair (AESR procedure) using a biological graft for anal sphincter damage involving the entire circumference
Authors: Zutshi M. , Hull T. , Gurland B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAim  The effect of a biological material to support an overlapping sphincter repair was investigated in patients with damage to the entire circumference of the external sphincter due to radiation or trauma.Method  A tunnel is created under the damaged external anal sphincter muscle to encircle the anal canal. A biological graft (Surgisis™; 6 ply, 2 × 20 cm) is then inserted through the tunnel and sutured to the muscle after being pulled firmly to close the patulous anus. An overlapping repair is then carried out. Between January 2009 and June 2010, 13 patients underwent this procedure.Results  The average age at surgery was 68.6 years. The mean follow up was 16.3 (range 6–24) months. The average length of stay was 1 day. No complications were reported. Postoperatively, incontinence severity scores and quality of life scales [39.22 (± 16.1) to 9.66 (± 11.9)] showed improvement. Incontinence episodes were markedly decreased to one per week.Conclusion  Anal encirclement using a biological graft with sphincter augmentation may achieve continence in patients with circumferential anal sphincter damage.