bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Adhesion and Wear Resistance of DLC Films Deposited by Various Methods
Authors: Horiuchi Takahiro , Yoshida Kentaro , Kano Makoto , Kumagai Masao , Suzuki Tetsuya 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDiamond‐like carbon (DLC) coatings are currently being used in a wide variety of industrial fields because of their outstanding properties, such as high hardness and low friction coefficient, among others. DLC coatings have various characteristics depending on the deposition method used. However, they have a problem regarding adhesion with the base material, which is a major factor hindering their expanded application in other fields. The adhesion of DLC coatings is generally evaluated using Rockwell indentation tests and scratch tests. These test methods induce damage in the specimen with the application of a single load. Accordingly, there is a problem of low correlation between such test results and evaluations of the adhesion of coatings on actual components that undergo repeated sliding cycles. With the aim of resolving that problem, this study evaluated the damage condition of three types of DLC coatings having different physical properties using newly devised cyclic sliding test methods involving the application of a continuously increasing load. The evaluation results obtained with these new methods differed from the results of Rockwell tests and scratch tests. These new test methods are more able to reproduce the damage done to DLC coatings in actual sliding cycles. This paper describes the test procedures and the evaluation results obtained.magnified image
Adenovirus infections within a family cohort in Iran
Authors: Naghipour Mohammadreza , Hart C. Anthony , Dove Winifred , Leatherbarrow A. J. Howard , Cuevas Luis E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundAdenovirus is one of the most frequent viruses associated with acute respiratory infections (ARI). There is limited information of its transmission within the community.MethodsCohorts of 50 families with ≥two children were visited weekly for 2 months to ascertain the presence ARI in Rasht, Iran. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from symptomatic participants and at 3–4‐day intervals to assess the duration of adenovirus shedding. Adenoviruses were identified by PCR and adenovirus positive amplicons were subjected to DNA sequencing.ResultsThirty‐three (35%) of 94 ARI episodes in children and 8 (27%) of 30 episodes in adults were due to adenovirus (not significant, NS). 25/50 (50%) families had adenovirus infections. Children had more infections than adults, were more likely to develop symptoms if there was a symptomatic case within the household and episodes had a longer duration (P < 0.05). Adenoviruses were recovered for a median of 11 (interquartile range 5–26) days of follow up in children and 7 (2–20) days in adults (NS). Adenovirus‐7 was the most frequent serotype (12 families), followed by adenovirus‐6 (5 families), adenovirus‐1 and 2 (4 families each), and adenovirus‐5 (3 families). Both adenovirus‐5 and 7 amplicons fell into two clusters. No mutations were observed during transmission within a family.ConclusionA substantial proportion of ARI in the community are due to adenovirus with further transmission within the family. Children ≥2 years experienced a higher proportion of infections than younger children and adults. Viral shedding was more prolonged in children and adenovirus‐7 and 5 predominated with several clusters co‐circulating in the same season. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:749–753. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
‘Difficult Asthma’: Can Symptoms be Controlled in a Structured Environment?
Authors: De Boeck K. , Moens M. , Van Der Aa N. , Meersman A. , Schuddinck L. , Proesmans M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveDifficult asthma implies persistent asthma symptoms despite therapy with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids. The objective was to evaluate children with difficult asthma in a setting that excludes aggravating factors such as poor treatment adherence and adverse environmental influences.Patients and MethodsSixty children (≥6 years) had been referred because of difficult asthma to the rehabilitation centre over a period of 10 years. The diagnosis of poor asthma symptom control was confirmed if exacerbations continued during stay in the centre or if symptoms interfered with daily activities at least 3 times a week.ResultsThe median stay at the centre was 5 months. In four patients a diagnosis other than asthma was made. In five patients symptom control remained difficult. In the remaining 51 children, asthma symptoms became well controlled. Many factors contributed to poor asthma control in the home setting: poor treatment adherence (n = 32), parental smoking (n = 22), allergen exposure (n = 10). Psychosocial problems occurred in 36 children. Contributing factors often co‐existed. During stay at the centre, lung function improved in the group with well controlled asthma symptoms (P < 0.001) but not in the group with continued poor symptom control. In the majority of children who obtained good symptom control, this persisted in the years following discharge.ConclusionOf 60 children referred with a diagnosis of difficult asthma, optimal medical management in a structured environment resulted in good symptom control in 51 patients; symptom control remained poor in 5 patients, a diagnosis other than asthma was made in 4 patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:743–748. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of mutator P. aeruginosa on antibiotic resistance acquisition and respiratory function in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Ferroni Agnes , Guillemot Didier , Moumile Kaoutar , Bernede Claire , Le Bourgeois Muriel , Waernessyckle Serge , Descamps Philippe , Sermet‐Gaudelus Isabelle , Lenoir Gérard , Berche Patrick , Taddei François 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundCystic fibrosis patients suffer from recurrent bacterial infections that result in progressive deterioration of their respiratory function. Despite intensive antibiotic treatment, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main cause of such infections, with clones progressively developing multiple antibiotic resistance. We determined the relationship between the presence of P. aeruginosa mutator strains and cystic fibrosis clinical characteristics.MethodsWe analyzed 136 strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from the expectorations of 36 CF patients. On all strains, mutation frequencies were determined by the mutation rate to rifampicin, and antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method. The epidemiological relatedness of these 136 P. aeruginosa strains was studied by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. The appearance of new antibiotic resistance by sequential analysis of genotypically identical strains was determined. Lung function test results, that is, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and vital capacity, were also recorded from these patients.ResultsWe showed that bacteria with an enhanced mutation rate increase the rate of acquisition of new antibiotic resistance threefold and are associated with the deterioration of lung function.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the effect of mutator bacteria on the efficiency of patient treatment and on their respiratory function. Given the consequence of antibiotic treatment failure and lung deterioration on the prognosis of CF patients, antibiotic treatment strategies may need to be optimized to prevent the emergence of mutator clones. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:820–825. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo measurement of somatodendritic release of dopamine in the ventral tegmental area
Authors: Kita Justin M. , Kile Brian M. , Parker Lauren E. , Wightman R. Mark 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe ventral tegmental area (VTA), the locus of mesolimbic dopamine cell bodies, contains dopamine. Experiments in brain slices have demonstrated that VTA dopamine can be released by local electrical stimulation. Measurements with both push‐pull cannula and microdialysis in intact animals have also obtained evidence for releasable dopamine. Here we demonstrate that dopamine release in the VTA can be evoked by remote stimulations of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in the anesthetized rat. In initial experiments, the MFB was electrically stimulated while a carbon‐fiber electrode was lowered to the VTA, with recording by fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry. While release was not observed with the carbon fiber 4–6 mm below dura, a voltammetric response was observed at 6–8 mm below dura, but the voltammogram was poorly defined. At lower depths, in the VTA, dopamine release was evoked. Immunohistochemistry experiments with antibodies for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) confirmed that dopamine processes were primarily found below 8 mm. Similarly, tissue content determined by liquid chromatography revealed serotonin but not dopamine dorsal to 8 mm with both dopamine and serotonin at lower depths. Evaluation of the VTA signal by pharmacological means showed that it increased with inhibitors of dopamine uptake, but release was not altered by D2 agents. Dopamine release in the VTA was frequency dependent and could be exhausted by stimulations longer than 5 s. Thus, VTA dopamine release can be evoked in vivo by remote stimulations and it resembles release in terminal regions, possessing a similar uptake mechanism and a finite releasable storage pool. Synapse 63:951–960, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reward‐seeking and discrimination deficits displayed by hypodopaminergic mice are prevented in mice lacking dopamine D4 receptors
Authors: Nemirovsky Sergio I. , Avale M. Elena , Brunner Daniela , Rubinstein Marcelo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) is predominantly expressed in the prefrontal cortex, a brain area that integrates motor, rewarding, and cognitive information. Because participation of D4Rs in executive learning is largely unknown, we challenged D4R knockout mice (Drd4−/−) and their wild‐type (WT) littermates, neonatally treated with 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA; icv) or vehicle in two operant learning paradigms. A continuous reinforcement task, in which one food‐pellet was delivered after every lever press, showed that 6‐OHDA‐treated mice (hypodopaminergic) WT mice pressed the reinforcing lever at much lower rates than normodopaminergic WT mice. In contrast,Drd4−/−mice displayed increased lever pressing rates, regardless of their dopamine content. In another study, mice were trained to solve an operant two‐choice task in which a first showing lever was coupled to the delivery of one food pellet only after a second lever emerged. Interval between presentation of both levers was initially 12 s and progressively shortened to 6, 2, and finally 0.5 s. Normodopaminergic WT mice obtained a pellet reward in more than 75% of the trials at 12, 6, and 2 s, whereas hypodopaminergic WT mice were severely impaired to select the reward‐paired lever. Absence of D4Rs was not detrimental in this task. Moreover, hypodopaminergicDrd4−/−mice were as efficient as their normodopaminergicDrd4−/−siblings in selecting the reward‐paired lever. In summary, hypodopaminergic mice exhibit severe impairments to retrieve rewards in two operant positive reinforcement tasks, but these deleterious effects are totally prevented in the absence of functional D4Rs. Synapse 63:991–997, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical Management of Infected Pseudoaneurysms in Intravenous Drug Abusers: Single Institution Experience and a Proposed Algorithm
Authors: Tan Ker‐Kan , Chen Kenneth , Chia Kok‐Hoong , Lee Chee‐Wei , Nalachandran Sanjay 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundVascular complications from intravenous drug abuse pose significant challenges to vascular surgeons. No formalized polices have been reached on surgical management of the resultant infected pseudoaneurysm.MethodsA retrospective review of all patients who underwent surgery for pseudoaneurysms due to chronic intravenous drug abuse from July 2005 to February 2008 was performed.ResultsA total of 15 patients with infected pseudoaneurysms from chronic intravenous drug abuse were operated on during the study period. The sites of involvement were restricted to the femoral (86.7%) and brachial (13.3%) areas. The drug involved was buprenorphine (Subutex) in all cases. Pain over the limb swelling (100%), pulsatility (60%), and symptoms suggestive of septicemia (46.7%) were the most common symptoms. Staphylococcus aureus was present in 93.3%. Diagnosis was achieved clinically in 26.7%, by duplex ultrasonography in 60.0%, and by computed tomography (CT) angiography in 13.3%. In the two patients with brachial pseudoaneurysms, the brachial artery was ligated in one, and a basilic vein patch was used in the other. In the 13 patients with femoral pseudoaneurysms, the pseudoaneurysm was ligated and excised in 8 (61.5%), and immediate reconstructive bypass surgery was performed in 5 (38.5%). Two patients had critical ischemia after ligation and required reconstructive bypass surgery a few weeks later. Postoperative complications included claudication, digital gangrene, localized wound infection, and rebleeding. There was no associated mortality.ConclusionsPseudoaneurysm from intravenous drug abuse continues to pose significant challenges to surgeons worldwide, ranging from an accurate diagnosis to the choice of surgery. The aims of surgery must be to achieve adequate débridement and control infection and hemorrhage. Any associated postoperative complications must be identified and dealt with.
Buyer perceptions of supply disruption risk: A behavioral view and empirical assessment
Authors: Ellis Scott C. , Henry Raymond M. , Shockley Jeff 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAs supply chains become more complex, firms face increasing risks of supply disruptions. The process through which buyers make decisions in the face of these risks, however, has not been explored. Despite research highlighting the importance of behavioral approaches to risk, there is limited research that applies these views of risk in the supply chain literature. This paper addresses this gap by drawing on behavioral risk theory to investigate the causal relationships amongst situation, representations of risk, and decision‐making within the purchasing domain. We operationalize and explore the relationship between three representations of supply disruption risk: magnitude of supply disruption, probability of supply disruption, and overall supply disruption risk. Additionally, we draw on exchange theories to identify product and market factors that impact buyers’ perceptions of the probability and magnitude of supply disruption. Finally, we look at how representations of risk affect the decision to seek alternative sources of supply. We test our model using data collected from 223 purchasing managers and buyers of direct materials. Our results show that both the probability and the magnitude of supply disruption are important to buyers’ overall perceptions of supply disruption risk. We also find that product and market situational factors impact perceptions of risk, but they are best understood through their impact on perceptions of probability and magnitude. Finally, we find that decisions are based on assessments of overall risk. These findings provide insight into the decision‐making process and show that all three representations of risk are necessary for fully understanding risky decision‐making with respect to supply disruptions.
Lygus simonyi, Reut. (Hem. Capsid.), a Pest of Coffee in Kenya Colony
Authors: Le Pelley Richard H. 
Published: July 2009

1. A serious form of coffee flower abortion that occurred in Kenya Colony in 1930 is described.2. A Capsid, Lygus simonyi, Reut., is shown by experiments to be capable of causing this abortion.3. It is shown that by feeding on the stamens at an early stage in the bud's development, the bug causes their early blackening and abortion, resulting in the complete failure of the flower.4. Some notes on the life-history, habits, and natural enemies are included.5. It is shown that owing to abnormal flowering conditions in 1930 the bug was enabled to do very serious damage.6. Some other abnormal conditions of the buds, not considered to be caused by the bug are described.7. A number of control measures that proved unsatisfactory are shortly described.8. A detailed description is given of the application of a spray prepared by extracting the insecticidal properties of pyrethrum with paraffin. This spray is inexpensive, easy to apply quickly, and seems likely to prove efficacious on a large scale.9. It is suggested that such sprays may have a considerably wider application.My acknowledgements are due to the Senior Entomologist, Mr. T. J. Anderson, for kindly reading the manuscript; also to a large number of coffee-planters, in particular to Mr. P. J. Coldham, on whose estate much of the above work was done, and to whose interest and help, particularly with regard to cultural questions, I owe much.
Ephialtes brevicornis(Grav.) as an External Parasite of the Diamond-back Moth,Plutella maculipennis(Curt.)
Authors: Stuart A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Ephialtes brevicornis(Grav.) has been found to parasitise the prepupal stage ofPlutella maculipennis(Curt.) under laboratory conditions.A general description of the life-cycle ofE. brevicornisonP. maculipennisis given and it is found to occupy 16 days from egg to adult at 20°C. and a R.H. of 60 per cent. Comparative descriptions are given of the five larval instars. The egg is also described.
Estimation of Humidity with Cobalt Thiocyanate Papers and Permanent Colour Standards
Authors: Solomon M. E. 
Published: July 2009

The method of measuring relative humidity by matching the colours of tissue paper impregnated with cobalt thiocyanate has now been made more convenient by the commercial production of impregnated paper and coloured glass standards.Although the method as used straightforwardly is not at all precise, it is especially useful for the measurement of humidity in small or relatively inaccessible spaces,e.g., cracks in floors, air spaces in stored grain, under bark, or inside small tubes, etc., and for general use when elaborate equipment cannot be employed.A piece of the paper is exposed to the humidity to be measured, preferably for two hours, then mounted on white opal glass in oil (liquid paraffin) and matched, in a simple comparator, against the coloured glass standards. When matching is done at a temperature other than 20°C., corrections are required as tabulated.Tables of error are given, showing the range of variation from different causes, with estimates of 95 per cent, confidence limits. To cover all the sources of variation normally affecting the measurements under various conditions, limits up to ±5 are allowed for relative humidities down to 70 per cent.; these limits increase at lower humidities to a maximum of ±15, about 30 per cent. Various ways of avoiding errors are described, and it is shown that if special precautions are taken the method can be used with considerable accuracy, particularly at relative humidities above 65 per cent.
Age-groups and the Biting Cycle in Anopheles gambiae. A preliminary Investigation
Authors: Gillies M. T. 
Published: July 2009

A technique for dividing populations of Anopheles gambiae Giles into three age-groups, on the basis of the degree of ovarian development and on the presence of sporozoites in the salivary glands, has previously been described. Using this method, the proportions of the three age-groups amongst females feeding during the three periods into which the night was divided were established for this mosquito in the coastal region of Tanganyika. The feeding activity of newly emerged females followed fairly closely that of older mosquitos, in which entry into experimental huts reached a peak in the period between 2200 and 0200 hr. but remained high from 0200–0530 hr. The younger females were, however, slightly more active in the period before 2200 hr. No difference in fertilisation rate was observed amongst newly emerged females caught in different periods of the night. Infective females were caught in all three periods of the night.It is not considered that the main features of the biting cycle in A. gambiae can be explained in terms of the differential activity of the age-groups recognised in this paper.
The Maize and Sorghum Stalkborer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), in Peasant Agriculture in Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Swaine G. 
Published: July 2009

Busseola fusca (Fuller) is a serious pest of maize and sorghum in Tanganyika where it occurs mainly at altitudes of 4,000 ft. and over.Laboratory work on the life-cycle and on the diapause of the larva is described. Diapause is terminated by contact with water.Field work at Nzega, Western Province, indicates that the first sowings, made within two to three weeks of the beginning of the rains, are likely to be heavily attacked by larvae of the first generation. These are the progeny of a “raininduced” flight of adults of Busseola derived from diapause larvae in the maize and sorghum left in the fields from the previous season, the larvae being induced to pupate when the stems are wetted by rain.The number of generations in the main crop season, November–June/July, is two. A third generation occurs in sorghum tillers produced after June/July.No alternate hosts of importance comparable with maize and sorghum have been found.Cultural control by burning the crop residues left in the field after harvest, in order to destroy the diapause larvae, is not practicable in peasant agriculture as these residues are required for such purposes as palisading, building of contour banks and for grazing cattle and goats during the dry season.Chemical control of the first generation of Busseola in young maize can be achieved by the application of a dust containing 2·5 per cent. DDT into the funnel of the plant. In 13 experiments on peasant-owned plots at Mbeya, in which a dust containing 2·5 per cent. DDT was applied four times, at weekly intervals, beginning about 18 days after germination, and at the rate of 10 lb. per acre, the average weight of maize cobs from 100 plants was increased from 12·46 to 22·82 kg., an increase of 83·1±19·0 per cent. Factors other than Busseola which affect the yield are discussed and it is suggested that control measures would probably be worthwhile only where a combination of a suitably fertile soil, early planting and adequately distributed rainfall obtains.