bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ocular effects of hyoscine-n-butylbromide (“Buscopan”) in radiological practice
Authors: Sissons G. R. J. , McQueenie A. , Mantle M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
“Buscopan” (hyoscine-n-butylbromide, HBB) is a smooth muscle relaxant regularly used in radiological and endoscopic procedures. One unwanted effect is temporary impairment of visual accommodation. Near and distance vision were assessed in 100 patients undergoing barium meal and barium enema studies. Visual testing was performed prior to the examination and repeated immediately before leaving the radiology department. Completed data was obtained in 90 patients. Of these, 37 were given a conventional 20 mg intravenous dose of HBB, 37 were given glucagon and 16 received no drug. No patient showed any impairment of distance vision. Minor abnormalities of near vision were observed in five patients. All had been given HBB. They were aged 50 years or less and had been retested 12–21 min after administration of the drug. It is suggested that the degree of visual impairment observed is not sufficient to impair driving ability. Routine questioning concerning history of glaucoma is unlikely to be of value; more appropriate would be a warning to seek urgent medical advice if eye pain or visual loss is experienced.
A new phantom for mammography
Authors: Moores B. M. 
Published: July 2009

I wish to comment on the paper entitled “A new phantom for mammography” by J. Law (1991). In this paper the author compares the performance of a mammographic test phantom from Du Pont with the Bart's phantom (White & Tucker, 1980) by measuring the numbers of image details visible in images of each phantom for different radiographic factors; kV, focal-spot size, screen/film combination and processing. Unfortunately the comparison as presented is quite inconsistent and highlights the need for great care when attempting to compare the performance of test phantoms.
In the case of the Bart's phantom six images were produced for each set of radiographic conditions. A “global” image-detail score was then measured for each image and the average of the six images formed. Thus, for this phantom the average global score per single image was the measure of performance for a particular set of radiographic conditions.
Body aprons in radiation protection
Authors: Ramsey L. J. 
Published: July 2009

The Guidance Notes associated with the Ionising Radiation Regulations (1985) state that protective aprons for the body shall comply with British Standard 3783 and that they should be examined visually at frequent intervals.
This latter clause further states that thorough examination should be carried out at least once a year to ensure that no cracks have developed, and that radiographic examinations are only likely to be justified when the protective material is covered. Uncovered body aprons would seem rarely to be used and it is therefore required of those involved to carry out radiographic, or possibly fluorographic examinations of body aprons at least once a year. It is the carrying out and assessment of such tests which is the subject of this communication.
Ultrasonic detection of parathyroid adenomas
Authors: Murchison J. , McIntosh C. , Aitken A. G. F. , Logie J. , Munro A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
High-resolution real time sonography was used to evaluate patients with suspected primary hyperparathyroidism. A total of 12 consecutive patients was scanned pre-operatively. The sensitivity of the procedure was 92% and the specificity 97%. In our hospital sonography is the procedure of choice for localizing enlarged parathyroid glands prior to surgical exploration.
Evaluation of 99Tcm Technegas ventilation scintigraphy in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
Authors: James J. M. , Herman K. J. , Lloyd J. J. , Shields R. A. , Testa H. J. , Church S. , Stretton T. B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, perfusion lung scintigraphy offers high sensitivity but low specificity. The specificity can be significantly increased by the use of combined ventilation and perfusion studies. Most aspects of perfusion lung scintigraphy are uniformly accepted but the technique of ventilation imaging varies from centre to centre. This study describes a new technique for the performance of ventilation scintigraphy using a suspension of ultrafine carbon particles labelled with 99Tcm (“Technegas”). The technique combines the ready availability of 99Tcm and its optimal imaging properties with an easily administered radiopharmaceutical of particle size sufficiently small to deposit in the alveoli. Of 63 patients studied by conventional perfusion scintigraphy plus Technegas ventilation scintigraphy, images of diagnostic quality were obtained in all. 31 of these patients also had a ventilation study using 81Krm gas and in only one instance did the two methods of ventilation imaging lead to differing interpretations. We conclude that high quality diagnostic images may be obtained using this new technique, which can be made available on both a routine and an emergency basis, thus improving the service provided for patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism.
Development of video frame store and distortion correction facilities for an external-beam radiotherapy treatment simulator
Authors: Morton E. J. , Evans P. M. , Ferraro M. , Young E. F. , Swindell W. 
Published: July 2009

During the simulation of an external-beam X-ray radiotherapy treatment, a low-energy X-ray source (tube voltage ≈ 50–100 kVp) is used to irradiate the patient and the transmitted intensities are recorded either by X-ray film or an X-ray image intensifier (XRII). The XRII enables the clinician to observe immediately the result of moving the patient within the X-ray beam in order to select an appropriate treatment field. Since the image is produced by the XRII in real time, the image is lost from the screen whenever the X-ray screening button is released. Therefore, the screening button is normally kept depressed during the time in which the clinician reaches a decision about the size and position of the correct treatment field. Since the displayed image is not altered during the decision period, a higher than necessary dose is delivered to the patient, and also to the clinical staff present, during the simulation session.
To reduce this dose and simplify the simulation procedure, a device has been constructed which maintains the image on the television monitors in the simulator area whenever the screening button is released. This enables the clinician to view the most recent XRII simulation image during any decision period without delivering any further X-radiation to the patient. The true XRII image is displayed as soon as the screening button is next depressed. This mode of operation is termed the “active hold” mode.
An unusual cause of a pain in the calf
Authors: Banerjee Arpan K. 
Published: July 2009

Calf pain is a common cause for a request for a venogram to exclude the possibility of a deep venous thrombosis. An unusual cause of calf pain due to a venous haemangioma is presented and the radiological features are reviewed.
A 42-year-old Caucasian woman attended the Accident and Emergency Department with a 2-day history of increasing right-sided calf pain. As a child, she had been told she had an abnormality in her right calf that was inoperable. The venogram and computed tomographic (CT) scan of the calf are shown in Figs 1 and 2.
The effects of sodium nitroprusside on Doppler signals from a soft tissue tumour
Authors: Taylor P. M. , Isherwood I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In a previous study, we described the effects of systemic vasoconstriction on the Doppler signals from a soft tissue tumour (Taylor et al, 1989). Our conclusions were that vasoconstriction produced significant changes in the signals from normal vessels and enhanced the differences between normal and neoplastic vessel signals. The aim of this study was to determine whether converse changes were produced by vasodilatation.
Air aspiration after double–contrast knee arthrography: a worthwhile exercise?
Authors: Bradley S. A. , Chandy J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A prospective study following double-contrast knee arthrography was undertaken to compare pain and discomfort experienced at the conclusion of the procedure and for 7 days afterwards. The patients were divided into two groups. Half had the air aspirated at the end of the examination and the other half did not. Twice as many patients in the aspirated group were totally asymptomatic (48% compared with 22%); however, by 7 days after the procedure the numbers of asymptomatic patients were similar in the two groups (64% and 63%, respectively). Thus our conclusion is that air aspiration after double-contrast knee arthrography does reduce short-term morbidity.
Design of a database with graphical analysis for X-ray quality assurance and dose information to assist in a programme for patient dose reduction
Authors: Lam C. , Martin C. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A database system has been set up on an IBM PC to store X-ray quality assurance (QA) data and patient doses for all X-ray equipment operated by Grampian Health Board. Graphical analysis facilities have been developed to display data in a readily understandable form. Data on equipment specifications, QA test results, exposure factors for standard examinations, and thermoluminescent dosemeter (TLD) measurements of patient skin doses are stored in separate forms. X-ray machine outputs are fitted to a simple polynomial equation, and the data combined with information on exposure factors to calculate entrance doses for selected examinations. Data such as filtration and backscatter factors are derived from look-up tables for use in dose calculations. Histogram comparisons can be made between calculated doses, means of TLD measurements and National Radiological Protection Board reference levels to allow units giving high skin doses to be identified so that corrective action can be taken.
Proceedings of the British Institute of Radiology
Authors: Camplejohn R. S. 
Published: July 2009

The “indirect effect” of ionizing radiation is believed to result from the production of oxidative species following the interaction of radiation with water.
Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) is a heterocyclic compound which reacts with hydrogen peroxide in solution. It has been used to measure the production of metabolic oxidative products in polymorphonuclear blood cells. DCFH-DA freely diffuses into cells, whereupon hydrolysis to DCFH occurs thereby trapping the molecule within the cell. Reaction with hydrogen peroxide produced in water by ionizing radiation leads to the quantitative production of the highly fluorescent dichlorofluorescin. Fluorescence can then be measured by flow cytometry. We describe the use of DCFH-DA to measure intracellular oxidative products in human tumour cells following ionizing radiation treatment.
A technique for the local measurement of air kerma rate from small Caesium-137 sources
Authors: Aukett R. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A method is described in which a Farmer ionization chamber is used for the direct measurement of the air kerma rate in air from small spherical Caesium-137 sources at distances of 35 to 70 mm. The calibration factor and corrections for source and ion chamber geometry are examined. For quality assurance purposes, the results obtained are in sufficient agreement with other methods of calibration.
Measurement of radiation doses in the most frequent simple examinations in paediatric radiology and its dependence on patient age
Authors: Ruiz M. J. , González L. , Vañó E. , Martínez A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Radiation doses to patients were measured in four X-ray rooms specifically devoted to paediatric radiology, from two hospitals. The study was performed for the most frequent simple examinations, namely abdomen, hip and pelvis, skull, spine and chest. Patients were classed into four different age groups: 0.1–1 year, &gt; 1–5 years, &gt;5–10 years and &gt; 10–14 years. Operating X-ray generator parameters and entrance surface doses were recorded for all groups. Representative values were obtained for standard working conditions prior to any correcting action being taken. Dose values are reported, and some of the differences between the results found in the rooms for each examination are discussed. Without attempting to relate adult and paediatric radiology, the entrance surface doses measured and the provisionally recommended CEC values for similar examinations in adult patients are compared.
Radiosensitization of Chinese hamster cells by pimonidazole (Ro 03–8799) at low X-ray doses
Authors: Watts M. E. , Woodcock M. 
Published: July 2009

For many years, measurements of survival on mammalian cells in vitro have been made after exposure to large single doses of radiation. However, in radiotherapy regimes, radiation doses are delivered in many small fractions. There has been much debate regarding the validity of extrapolating from survival curve parameters derived from high dose regions of survival curves to low dose regions (Alper, 1975). For example, there have been reports of enhancement ratios for oxygen, misonidazole and etanidazole (SR 2508) being reduced at low X-ray doses (Alper, 1975; Chapman et al, 1975a,b; Palcic et al, 1982; Palcic & Skarsgard, 1984; Palcic et al, 1984; Skarsgard et al, 1986; Watts et al, 1986). Such observations have serious implications for the use of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers in radiotherapy. In the present paper, we report on the radiosensitization of hypoxic Chinese hamster cells by pimonidazole (Ro 03–8799) which has undergone evaluation in clinical trials. The study also includes data obtained concurrently with misonidazole for comparative purposes. The survival data were fitted to the linear quadratic model: In S = − (αD + βD 2) and estimates of αand βderived.
Asynchronous logarithmic phase Chinese hamster V79–379A cells and a conventional survival assay system were used to generate X-ray data at low doses as described by Watts et al (1986). High dose data was generated as described by Adams et al (1976).
Initial investigation of childhood urinary tract infection: does the plain abdominal X ray still have a role?
Authors: Kenney Ian J. , Arthur R. J. , Sweeney L. E. , Hendry G. M. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
To reassess the plain abdominal X ray (AXR) in the initial investigation of childhood urinary tract infection, radiologists from four paediatric units prospectively collected data on the yield from the AXR in 683 children. Five children had renal calculi. All were detected on ultrasound, but one was not visible on the initial AXR. Four spinal abnormalities were identified, none of which prompted any action by the clinician involved. While the costs, in both financial and radiation risk terms, may be small, the benefit of the AXR appears equally small. Where expert paediatric ultrasonography is available we would recommend that the AXR be reserved for patients with haematuria, loin pain, family history of calculus disease, or where further urinary tract infection occurs despite a normal ultrasound scan.
Floating thrombi: diagnosis and follow-up by duplex ultrasound
Authors: Voet D. , Afschrift M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The clinical features and evolution of floating thrombi (FT) diagnosed by duplex ultrasound were examined. In 76 consecutively diagnosed above-knee deep venous thromboses the prevalence of FT was 18%. Of 44 FT diagnosed in 39 patients, 18 (39%) were located in the common femoral, 12 (26%) in the popliteal and seven (15%) in the external iliac veins. Serial duplex examinations revealed that 31% of FT in the iliofemoral segment disappeared, 33% remained unchanged and 36% adhered to the vein wall within 2 weeks following diagnosis. After 3 months, 87% of the floating segments had disappeared, irrespective of the localization or therapeutic regimen. Thirteen patients experienced pulmonary embolism before (12/13) or following (4/13) diagnosis of floating thrombosis; three of four superficial femoral vein FT embolized. Fifteen per cent of the patients with FT died during the study period and 28% of the thrombi were associated with a malignant neoplasm; the incidence of malignancy was 60% in superficial and 39% in common femoral vein FT.
Long term results of Cathetron high dose rate intracavitary radiotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix
Authors: Khoury G. G. , Bulman A. S. , Joslin C. A. F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Between 1967 and 1974, 371 patients with carcinoma of the cervix have been treated by a combination of external beam radiotherapy and fractionated high dose rate brachytherapy using the Cathetron. A retrospective review was undertaken in 1986 and median follow-up time was 6 years. Life table analysis of survival and complications to 16 years was undertaken. International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage distribution was 26%, 46% and 28% for Stages I, II and III, respectively, and 5 year survival was likewise 94% 63% and 37%. Age and histological type or grade were not found to influence survival. Recurrent disease was recorded in 142 patients; the first site was within the pelvis in 25% and as distant metastases in 17%. Following development of pelvic recurrence median survival was 28 weeks. Salvage surgery was performed in 32 patients, of whom five probably obtained survival benefit. Significant late morbidity was seen in a total of 71 patients (19%); in seven patients this was at more than one site. Late morbidity to the small bowel was recorded as Grade 2 in 10 patients and Grade 3 in 13; to the rectum, Grade 2 in 10 patients and Grade 3 in two patients; to the bladder, Grade 2 in 15 patients and to the vagina Grade 2 in 29 patients. Median time to onset for small bowel morbidity was 14 months, for rectum 18 months, for vagina 20 months and for bladder 52 months. 82% of all late morbidity had been seen by 5 years of follow-up, no case of late morbidity or recurrence was seen between 11 and 18 years of follow-up. These results are comparable to those reported for other methods in use at the time the patients were treated.
Treating the vaginal vault in carcinoma of the endometrium using the Buchler afterloading system
Authors: Thomas H. , Pickering D. G. L. , Dunn P. , Kam K. C. , Stewart J. S. W. , Lambert H. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The advent of high-dose-rate afterloading intracavitary radiotherapy has implications for both staff safety and the possibility of convenient, outpatient-based treatment for the patient. We have carried out a retrospective analysis of its use with high-activity iridium 192 and the Buchler machine to treat the vaginal vault in patients with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, most of whom also received external-beam radiotherapy to the pelvis. We have compared the survival, complication and local control rates with a comparable group of historical controls treated with low-dose-rate intracavitary caesium ovoids. Complication rates, which included vaginal stenosis not volunteered by the patient, were 16% (95% confidence intervals 6–26%) in the study group and 28% (95% confidence intervals 17–41%) in the control group, with no serious complications requiring surgery. The actuarial survival was 92% at 5 years in the study group, and 94% at 5 years in the control group. Local control was 94% at 5 years in the control group and 98% at 5 years in the study group. The authors suggest that the use of high-dose-rate intracavitary radiotherapy, with the Buchler afterloading system, for vaginal vault irradiation in carcinoma of the endometrium is a convenient, safe and quick method, which does not necessitate admission or sedation of the patient. In addition it provides complete radiation protection for staff.
A phantom for the measurement of contrast detail performance in film-screen mammography
Authors: Thompson S. R. , Faulkner K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, based on X-ray mammography, has been introduced in the UK. The success of this screening programme is dependent on the production of high quality radiographs. There are various methods of assessing imaging performance in mammography, but contrast detail detectability measurements have an advantage in that the observation of radiographs is taken into consideration. The design and construction of a contrast detail phantom for the assessment of image quality in mammography is described. This phantom can be used to assess the imaging performance of mammographic film-screen combinations. The results of some measurements to verify the accuracy of the contrast predictions are presented together with some initial results of an investigation into the contrast detail performance of film-screen combinations used in mammography.
Paget's disease of the male breast treated by radiotherapy
Authors: Verniers D. , Van den Bogaert W. , van der Schueren E. , Dubelloy R. , Degreef H. , Wolf-Peeters C. De 
Published: July 2009

Breast cancer is a rare disease in men; the female: male ratio is around 100:1 (Treves, 1954; Haagensen, 1986). Aetiological factors in male breast cancer are obscure. A marked increase in its incidence has been reported in Klinefelter's syndrome, a condition associated with diminished testosterone levels and an increased incidence of gynecomastia (Rosen et al, 1976; Erlichman et al, 1984).
Paget's disease of the nipple is an early presentation of breast cancer (Nance et al, 1970). In this report, we describe a case in a 74-year-old patient. Since carcinoma of the male breast is a relatively rare malignancy, it is reasonable that the management of this disease should be based on the knowledge available for carcinoma of the female breast. Breast conserving treatment in females has been demonstrated to be equivalent to radical surgery. Therefore, we suggest that radiation therapy is the treatment of choice also in male patients with Paget's disease, as was done in the case reported.
A 74-year-old man noticed, for 1.5 years, an itching painless lesion under the left nipple. There was no family history of breast cancer. On physical examination an erythematous, slightly desquamating area measuring 5 × 2.5 cm was found. There was no palpable mass or lump in the breast. There was no discharge or bleeding. The right breast was normal. There were no palpable lymph nodes in the axillae. The general observation showed no metastases. On 31/10/1988 a biopsy was performed for diagnosis.
A leaking laparoscopy wound
Authors: Regan F. , Crofton M. E. 
Published: July 2009

A 34-year-old Bahrainian woman presented to the Accident and Emergency Department complaining of fluid leaking from a recent laparoscopy scar. She spoke very little English so no further history was available. Examination of the abdomen was unremarkable. She was referred for an ultrasound examination of the abdomen to exclude an intra-abdominal collection or urinoma.
A midline sagittal scan of the pelvis and a parasagittal scan to the left are shown (Figs 1 & 2). What is the diagnosis? What were the likely indications for the laparoscopy?
The ultrasound examination revealed a moderate amount of ascites, later confirmed to be the source of the leaking fluid. The uterus was normal in size but had a very thickened endometrial echo (16–18 mm anteroposterior diameter).
Book reviews
Authors: Heron C. 
Published: July 2009

This book is written by Javier Beltran but includes contributions from several of his radiological colleagues and is largely based at the Ohio State University Hospitals.
The first chapter briefly describes the physical principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and it is followed by eight chapters devoted to individual regions: the temporo-mandibular joints; shoulder; elbow; hand and wrist; pelvis and hips; knees; ankle and foot and the spine.