bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Acid‐Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Cellulose Dissolved in Ionic Liquids and the Factors Influencing the Dehydration of Glucose and the Formation of Humins
Authors: Dee Sean J. , Bell Alexis T. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAn investigation was carried out into the hydrolysis of cellulose dissolved in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim][Cl]) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) catalyzed by mineral acids. Glucose, cellobiose, and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) were observed as the primary reaction products. The initial rate of glucose formation was determined to be of first order in the concentrations of dissolved glucan and protons and of zero order in the concentration of water. The absence of a dependence on water concentration suggests that cleavage of the β‐1,4‐glycosidic linkages near chain ends is irreversible. The apparent activation energy for glucose formation is 96 kJ mol−1. The absence of oligosaccharides longer than cellobiose suggests that cleavage of interior glycosidic bonds is reversible due to the slow diffusional separation of cleaved chains in the highly viscous glucan/ionic liquid solution. Progressive addition of water during the course of glucan hydrolysis inhibited the rate of glucose dehydration to 5‐HMF and the formation of humins. The inhibition of glucose dehydration is attributed to stronger interaction of protons with water than the 2‐OH atom of the pyranose ring of glucose, the critical step in the proposed mechanism for the formation of 5‐HMF. The reduction in humin formation associated with water addition is ascribed to the lowered concentration of 5‐HMF, since the formation of humins is suggested to proceed through the condensation polymerization of 5‐HMF with glucose.
Differential modulation of cord blood and peripheral blood monocytes by intravenous immunoglobulin
Authors: Gille Christian , Dreschers Stephan , Spring Bärbel , Tárnok Attila , Bocsi Jozsef , Poets Christian F. , Orlikowsky Thorsten W. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackground:Immunoglobulins (IVIG) have been shown to be useful in adults suffering from sepsis. In contrast, prophylactic and curative IVIG trials failed to show beneficial effects in neonates. We tested the hypothesis that IVIG, have different effects on monocytes from cord blood (CBMO) and peripheral blood monocytes from adults (PBMO) with respect to survival, phenotype, and function.Methods:Mononuclear cells, or purified monocytes, were cultured in 5% human serum, incubated with polyvalent IVIG (1 mg/ml), stimulated with green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐labeled Escherichia coli (E. Coli‐GFP), Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ, 50 U/ml), or the T cell mitogen anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody, αCD3‐mAb, (5 μg/ml). Phagocytosis, phenotype, T cell proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry.Results:IVIG enhanced phagocytosis in PBMO or CBMO when infected directly after isolation, while IVIG had no effect on monocytes cultured 48 h prior to infection. In contrast to PBMO, IVIG inhibited the IFN‐γ mediated up‐regulation of CD80, CD86, and HLA‐DR on CBMO. In the presence of IVIG, stimulation with αCD3 in cord blood enhanced deletion, inhibited blast formation and CD28 up‐regulation of T cells (P < 0.05 vs. T cells from adults). IVIG induced monocyte apoptosis, associated with up‐regulation of Annexin V and loss of nuclear DNA, which was more pronounced in CBMO. Although phagocytosis induced cell death (PICD) was lower in CBMO (P < 0.05 vs. PBMO), the addition of IVIG enhanced PICD levels of CBMO to the extent of PBMO.Conclusions:IVIG inhibits co‐stimulatory receptors and functions of CBMO and induces apoptosis. These findings may be of clinical relevance for the failure of IVIG benefit in neonatal sepsis. © 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society
ICOS‐dependent stimulation of NKT cells by marginal zone B cells
Authors: Zietara Natalia , Łyszkiewicz Marcin , Krueger Andreas , Weiss Siegfried 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMarginal zone (MZ) B cells express high levels of CD1d molecules. In accordance, MZ B cells, like splenic conventional DCs (cDCs), efficiently trigger NKT‐cell proliferation. Importantly, MZ B cells exclusively induced production of IL‐4 and IL‐13 by such cells whereas cDCs induced robust production of mainly IFN‐γ. NKT‐cell proliferation, IL‐4 and IL‐13 production induced by MZ B cells were dependent on ICOS/ICOS ligand interaction while IFN‐γ and IL‐17 induction by cDCs required glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor/glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor ligand interplay. Our data illustrate that both MZ B cells and cDCs act as efficient APCs for NKT cells and might differentially influence the quality of the subsequent immune response.
Human β‐defensin 3 affects the activity of pro‐inflammatory pathways associated with MyD88 and TRIF
Authors: Semple Fiona , MacPherson Heather , Webb Sheila , Cox Sarah L. , Mallin Lucy J. , Tyrrell Christine , Grimes Graeme R. , Semple Colin A. , Nix Matthew A. , Millhauser Glenn L. , Dorin Julia R. 
Published: August 2011

Abstractβ‐Defensins are cationic host defense peptides that form an amphipathic structure stabilized by three intramolecular disulfide bonds. They are key players in innate and adaptive immunity and have recently been shown to limit the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in TLR4‐stimulated macrophages. In the present study, we investigate the mechanism underlying the anti‐inflammatory effect of human β‐defensin 3 (hBD3). We show that the canonical structure of hBD3 is required for this immunosuppressive effect and that hBD3 rapidly associates with and enters macrophages. Examination of the global effect of hBD3 on transcription in TLR4‐stimulated macrophages shows that hBD3 inhibits the transcription of pro‐inflammatory genes. Among the altered genes there is significant enrichment of groups involved in the positive regulation of NF‐κB including components of Toll‐like receptor signaling pathways. We confirm these observations by showing corresponding decreases in protein levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and cell surface molecules. In addition, we show that hBD3 reduces NF‐κB signaling in cells transfected with MyD88 or TRIF and that hBD3 inhibits the TLR4 response in both MyD88‐ and TRIF‐deficient macrophages. Taken together these findings suggest that the mechanism of hBD3 anti‐inflammatory activity involves specific targeting of TLR signaling pathways resulting in transcriptional repression of pro‐inflammatory genes.
Resolving Composition and Structure of RE–Sb–O–C Natural Superlattice Phases (RE = La, Ho)
Authors: Wang Peng , Forbes Scott , Svitlyk Volodymyr , Aushana Ashur , Mozharivskyj Yurij 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA family of rare earth antimonide oxycarbides have been prepared and structurally characterized. These superlattice phases are constructed from NaCl‐type RESb slabs sandwiched between RE–O–C layers. Depending on the carbon content and synthetic conditions, three different RE–Sb–O–C structures can be obtained. At lower temperatures,RE9–δSb5(O,C)5 phases are obtained for RE = La, Ho. These phases adopt a stuffed Sc2Sb‐type structure with P4/nmm symmetry. An O/C mixture, in which the O/C ratio is larger than 4:1, is randomly distributed within the RE–O–C layers. The RE atoms are highly disordered within the oxide layer. At temperatures above the melting point of the samples, RE9Sb5O4C phases with P4/n symmetry are produced. The RE–O–C layers in RE9Sb5O4 are fully ordered; the RE sites are well defined, and the O and C atoms occupy the tetrahedral and square‐pyramidal voids, respectively. At high temperatures, a new ordered La14Sb8O7C structure with P4bm symmetry was discovered. The La14Sb8O7C phase is structurally similar to RE9Sb5O4C and features orderedarrangements of La and O/C atoms in the La–O–C layer. The RE9–δSb5(O,C)5, RE9Sb5O4C and La14Sb8O7C phases appear to be charge‐balanced, and their compositions and structures are controlled by the O/C ratio. Parallel preparative experiments revealed the importance of carbon in the formation of these layered phases. In addition, it has been established that the purity of the rare earth metals influences the compositions and structures of the products.
Decorating the Second Coordination Sphere in Pyrazolate‐Based Dinickel(II) Complexes with H‐Bond Donors
Authors: Graef Tine , Galezowska Joanna , Dechert Sebastian , Meyer Franc 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCompartmental pyrazolate‐based ligands with bis(2‐pyridinylmethyl)aminomethyl or (2‐pyridinylmethyl)[2‐(1‐methylimidazolyl)methyl]aminomethyl chelate arms have been further elaborated by attaching pivaloylamido groups to the outer pyridine rings, giving the new ligands H3L1 and H3L2. The peripheral pivaloylamido groups may serve as potential H‐bond donor or acceptor sites towards substrates in the bimetallic cavity. Protonation constants of the new ligand H3L1 as well as its nickel(II) speciation in solution have been studied by pH potentiometry, revealing pKa = 8.9 for the metal‐bound water. Based on the X‐ray crystallographic structure of [Ni2(H2L1)(H3O2)(MeCN)2](ClO4)2 (3) this pKa is rationalized in terms of two balancing effects, namely involvement of the pivaloylamido O atom in metal coordination and H‐bonding between the pivaloylamido NH group and the resulting nickel‐bound hydroxide. Complex 3 features a pyrazolate‐bridged dinickel(II) core and a bridging HO···H···OH unit within the bimetallic cavity, which is involved in multiple H‐bonding interactions.
Anion Effects in Cu‐Crosslinked Palindromic Artificial Tripeptides with Pendant Bpy Ligands
Authors: Gallagher Joy A. , Levine Lauren A. , Williams Mary Elizabeth 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAn artificial peptide with three pendant bipyridine (bpy) ligands on a palindromic backbone was designed and used to make multimetallic assemblies. The tripeptide is synthesized by addition of ligand‐substituted aminoethylglycine monomers to both ends of a bpy‐substituted diacid. The tripeptide was treated with CuII acetate, tetrafluoroborate, and nitrate salts, and the chelation stoichiometry was confirmed in spectrophotometric titrations. NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and analytical HPLC separations confirm the identity and purity of the product, which is a tripeptide duplex with three CuII coordinative crosslinks. UV/Vis absorbance and EPR spectroscopy were used to assess the geometry of the metal complexes and examine the effects of coordinative anions on the coordination geometry about the Cu centers. We find that the distorted square‐planar geometry in the Cu duplex shifts to a tetrahedral geometry upon addition of I– and that counteranions can be used to tune the interaction between metal complexes in multimetallic assemblies.
Round‐robin power control for the weighted sum rate maximisation of wireless networks over multiple interfering links
Authors: Chen Chung Shue , Shum Kenneth W. , Sung Chi Wan 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTWe study the weighted sum rate maximisation problem of wireless networks consisting of multiple source–destination pairs. The optimisation problem is to maximise a weighted sum of data rates by adjusting the power of each user. The problem is in general a non‐convex optimisation problem that will lead to multiple local maxima. A Gauss–Seidel type iterative power control algorithm is presented. The proposed algorithm has the favourable properties that only simple operations are needed in each iteration and the convergence is fast. Performance investigation under some benchmark examples and different user densities has shown its effectiveness. A survey and comprehensive comparison with today's best‐known solutions is provided. Finally, we derive and prove some simple and interesting optimal binary power allocation strategies under special cases of the problem if the network can be represented by a certain approximation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Case study of how successful coordination was achieved between a mental health and social care service in Sweden
Authors: Hansson Johan , Øvretveit John , Brommels Mats 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThis paper summarises the findings from an empirical longitudinal study of a health and social care consortium for people with mental health problems in one area in Stockholm. The aim was to describe the formation and structure of coordination within the consortium, and to assess the intermediate impact on care processes and client outcomes. A multiple‐method case study design, theoretically informed by the Pettigrew and Whipp model of strategic change (1993) was applied. Data was gathered from interviews with informants from different organisations at different times in the development of the consortium, and from administrative documents, plans and service statistics showing some of the intermediate changes and client outcomes. The findings revealed activities and factors both helping and hindering the formation of coordination arrangements. One of the most significant hindering factors was the central county purchasing organisation focusing more on volume and costs, with payments for specific units and services, and with less emphasis on quality of the services. Few studies have described implementation of changes to improve coordination with reference to context over a long period of time, as well as assessing different results. This study contributes to knowledge about improved methods for this type of research, as well as knowledge about developing coordination between public health and welfare services. One lesson for the current policy is that, where full structural integration is not possible, then client‐level coordination roles in each sector are useful to connect sector services for shared clients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children's social identities
Authors: Bennett Mark 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper provides a brief overview of recent developmental research on themes related to children's social identities. Initially, consideration is given to the capacity for social categorization, following which attention is given to children's developing conceptions of social identities, their identification with social groups, and the consequences of identification upon various phenomena such as ingroup favouritism and well‐being. Finally, some personal thoughts on the wider political implications of this research are offered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation on the biocompatibility of bioactive titanium metals by type I collagen
Authors: Wang Q. Q. , Li W. , Yang B. C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTo study the regulation on the biocompatibility of titanium metal surface structure, the interaction between the collagen and the titanium surface structure were studied with titanium surfaces subjected to anodic oxidation and acid‐alkali treatment. The cell response on the treated surfaces was studied in vitro experiments of MG63 osteoblasts. The effects of different collagen adsorption ability on the biomineralization were investigated with simulated body fluid (SBF) experiment and osteoblasts culture experiments in a mineralization culture medium. It was found that the collagen adsorption ability was controlled by the wettability. The acid‐alkali treated titanium could adsorb much more collagen on its surface. The abilities of cell attachment and proliferation were improved after collagen soaking. The apatite formation ability was inhibited in SBF after collagen adsorption on the surfaces, but improved in cell‐involved situation. The ALP and OCN activity of MG63 cells assay showed the collagen on the titanium surface could enhance the bioactivity of the cells, which could accelerate the biomineralization process in cell culture experiments. The result indicated that the different adsorption ability of type I collagen could regulate the biocompatibility of titanium metal surface. It is possible to optimize the biocompatibility of the titanium metals by using suitable surface modification method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 99A: 125–134, 2011.
Characterization of astrocyte reactivity and gene expression on biomaterials for neural electrodes
Authors: Ereifej Evon S. , Khan Saida , Newaz Golam , Zhang Jinsheng , Auner Gregory W. , VandeVord Pamela J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNeural electrode devices hold great promise to help people with the restoration of lost functions. However, research is lacking in the biomaterial design of a stable, long‐term device. Glial scarring is initiated when a device is inserted into brain tissue and an inflammatory response ensues. Astrocytes become hypertrophic, hyperplastic, and upregulate glial‐fibrillary acidic protein. This study was designed to investigate the astrocyte proliferation, viability, morphology, and gene expression to assess the reactive state of the cells on different material surfaces. Although platinum and silicon have been extensively characterized bothin vivoandin vitrofor their biocompatibility with neuronal cells, this study used the novel usage of PMMA and SU‐8 in neural electrodes by comparative analysis of materials' biocompatibility. This study has shown evidence of noncytotoxicity of SU‐8. We have also confirmed the biocompatibility of PMMA with astrocytes. Moreover, we have established sound guidelines of which neural implant materials should meet to be depicted biocompatible. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 99A: 141–150, 2011.
FGF receptors control vitamin D and phosphate homeostasis by mediating renal FGF-23 signaling and regulating FGF-23 expression in bone
Authors: Wöhrle Simon , Bonny Olivier , Beluch Noemie , Gaulis Swann , Stamm Christelle , Scheibler Marcel , Müller Matthias , Kinzel Bernd , Thuery Anne , Brueggen Joseph , Hynes Nancy E , Sellers William R , Hofmann Francesco , Graus-Porta Diana 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The functional interaction between fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and Klotho in the control of vitamin D and phosphate homeostasis is manifested by the largely overlapping phenotypes of Fgf23- and Klotho-deficient mouse models. However, to date, targeted inactivation of FGF receptors (FGFRs) has not provided clear evidence for an analogous function of FGFRs in this process. Here, by means of pharmacologic inhibition of FGFRs, we demonstrate their involvement in renal FGF-23/Klotho signaling and elicit their role in the control of phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis. Specifically, FGFR loss of function counteracts renal FGF-23/Klotho signaling, leading to deregulation of Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 and the induction of hypervitaminosis D and hyperphosphatemia. In turn, this initiates a feedback response leading to high serum levels of FGF-23. Further, we show that FGFR inhibition blocks Fgf23 transcription in bone and that this is dominant over vitamin D–induced Fgf23 expression, ultimately impinging on systemic FGF-23 protein levels. Additionally, we identify Fgf23 as a specific target gene of FGF signaling in vitro. Thus, in line with Fgf23- and Klotho-deficient mouse models, our study illustrates the essential function of FGFRs in the regulation of vitamin D and phosphate levels. Further, we reveal FGFR signaling as a novel in vivo control mechanism for Fgf23 expression in bone, suggesting a dual function of FGFRs in the FGF-23/Klotho pathway leading to vitamin D and phosphate homeostasis. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Determinants of serum sclerostin in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women
Authors: Ardawi Mohammed-Salleh M , Al-Kadi Hanan A , Rouzi Abdulrahim A , Qari Mohammed H 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Sclerostin is a secreted Wnt antagonist produced almost exclusively by osteocytes that regulates bone mass. However, there is currently limited information on the determinants of sclerostin in a large population-based study. The main objectives of the present study were to: (1) establish reference normative interval values for serum sclerostin in randomly selected healthy premenopausal women; (2) study the changes in serum sclerostin in relation to age in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and the factors that may influence bone turnover; and (3) determine the effect of menopausal status on serum sclerostin. A total of 1803 women were studied (including [n = 1235] premenopausal, and [n = 568] postmenopausal women, respectively, aged 20 to 79 years). A total of 443 healthy premenopausal women (aged 35 to 45 years) were used to establish reference normative intervals for serum sclerostin. All women studied were medically examined and had their bone mineral density values obtained for the lumbar spine (L1–L4) and femoral neck according to a detailed inclusion criteria. In all women, values of serum sclerostin increased with increasing age up to the age of 45 years, and remained increased in postmenopausal women. Significant increases were evident in serum sclerostin in postmenopausal women with increasing years since menopause. Using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, several variables were identified as determinants of serum sclerostin, including age, parathyroid hormone, estradiol (E2), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for premenopausal women; age, FSH, and E2 for postmenopausal women; and age, serum osteocalcin, FSH, and E2 in the entire sample studied. Further studies are needed to establish the potential role of this increase in mediating the known age-related impairment in bone formation. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Heterozygous inactivation of Gnas in adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells enhances osteoblast differentiation and promotes heterotopic ossification
Authors: Pignolo Robert J , Xu Meiqi , Russell Elizabeth , Richardson Alec , Kaplan Josef , Billings Paul C , Kaplan Frederick S , Shore Eileen M 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Human genetic disorders sharing the common feature of subcutaneous heterotopic ossification (HO) are caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in GNAS, a gene encoding multiple transcripts including two stimulatory G proteins, the α subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gsα) of adenylyl cyclase, and the extralong form of Gsα, XLαs. In one such disorder, progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH), bone formation initiates within subcutaneous fat before progressing to deeper tissues, suggesting that osteogenesis may involve abnormal differentiation of mesenchymal precursors that are present in adipose tissues. We determined by immunohistochemical analysis that GNAS protein expression is limited to Gsα in bone-lining cells and to Gsα and XLαs in osteocytes. By contrast, the GNAS proteins Gsα, XLαs, and NESP55 are detected in adipocytes and in adipose stroma. Although Gnas transcripts, as assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, show no significant changes on osteoblast differentiation of bone-derived precursor cells, the abundance of these transcripts is enhanced by osteoblast differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitors. Using a mouse knockout model, we determined that heterozygous inactivation of Gnas (by disruption of the Gsα-specific exon 1) abrogates upregulation of multiple Gnas transcripts that normally occurs with osteoblast differentiation in wild-type adipose stromal cells. These transcriptional changes in Gnas+/− mice are accompanied by accelerated osteoblast differentiation of adipose stromal cells in vitro. In vivo, altered osteoblast differentiation in Gnas+/− mice manifests as subcutaneous HO by an intramembranous process. Taken together, these data suggest that Gnas is a key regulator of fate decisions in adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells, specifically those which are involved in bone formation. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research