bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Eucalyptus‐Extract Chewing Gum on Oral Malodor: A Double‐Masked, Randomized Trial
Authors: Tanaka Muneo , Toe Masahiro , Nagata Hideki , Ojima Miki , Kuboniwa Masae , Shimizu Katsumasa , Osawa Kenji , Shizukuishi Satoshi 
Published: July 2010

Background: Eucalyptus extracts were found to possess an antibacterial activity against some oral pathogens that produce oral malodor compounds in vitro; however, the clinical effects with respect to oral malodor in humans remain unproven. In the present investigation, a randomized clinical study was designed to test the hypothesis that eucalyptus‐extract chewing gum can reduce oral malodor in the general adult population.Methods: Subjects were randomly assigned to the following three groups: a high‐concentration (0.6% eucalyptus extract) group (n = 32), a low‐concentration (0.4% eucalyptus extract) group (n = 32), and a placebo group (n = 33). The intake period was 12 weeks. The organoleptic score, level of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), and tongue‐coating score were recorded at baseline and 4, 8, 12, and 14 weeks. Treatment‐to‐time interactions among groups were evaluated by repeated‐measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Games‐Howell pairwise comparison test.Results: Relative to baseline readings, significant reductions in clinical parameters, including organoleptic and tongue‐coating scores in the high‐ and/or low‐concentration groups, occurred at 4, 8, 12, and 14 weeks (P <0.05). In addition, group–time interactions revealed significant reductions in the organoleptic score, VSCs, and tongue‐coating score in both concentration groups compared to the placebo group (P <0.05).Conclusions: Eucalyptus‐extract chewing gum had long‐term effects on the olganoleptic score, levels of VSCs, and tongue‐coating score. These findings suggest that eucalyptus‐extract chewing gum may reduce oral malodor by decreasing the accumulation of tongue coating.
Expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in stifle joint synovial tissues of dogs with or without osteoarthritis
Authors: Kuroki Keiichi , Stoker Aaron M. , Sims Hannah J. , Cook James L. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the presence or absence of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 in synovial tissues collected from stifle joints (SJs) of dogs with or without osteoarthritis.
Animals—21 purpose-bred research dogs, 3 client-owned dogs with SJ osteoarthritis, and 3 dogs without SJ osteoarthritis.
Procedures—Research dogs underwent arthroscopic surgery in 1 SJ to induce osteoarthritis via cranial cruciate ligament transection (CrCLt; n = 5), femoral condylar articular cartilage groove creation (6), or release of the caudal horn of the medial meniscus (5); 5 dogs underwent sham surgery. Synovial tissue specimens were obtained from both stifle joints of each dog 12 weeks after surgery, and TLR-2 and TLR-4 gene expression were determined via real-time reverse transcription PCR assays. Expression of TLR-4 protein was determined via an immunofluorescence technique in additional specimens obtained from osteoarthritic SJs of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency and from dogs with nonosteoarthritic SJs.
Results—Synovial tissues from CrCLt-treated joints had significantly higher TLR-4 gene expression, compared with the contralateral control SJs or any other joint group. TLR-2 gene expression did not differ significantly among groups. Toll-like receptor-4 protein was detected in synovial tissues of osteoarthritic SJs but was rarely evident in nonosteoarthritic SJs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased TLR-4 gene expression in the synovial tissue of SJs with osteoarthritis secondary to CrCLt suggests that activation of innate immunity may play a role in the pathophysiology of SJ osteoarthritis in at least a subset of dogs.
Comparison of macrostructural and microstructural bone features in Thoroughbred racehorses with and without midbody fracture of the proximal sesamoid bone
Authors: Anthenill Lucy A. , Gardner Ian A. , Pool Roy R. , Garcia Tanya C. , Stover Susan M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Objective—To compare macrostructural and microstructural features of proximal sesamoid bones (PSBs) from horses with and without PSB midbody fracture to gain insight into the pathogenesis of PSB fracture.
Sample Population—PSBs from 16 Thoroughbred racehorses (8 with and 8 without a PSB midbody fracture).
Procedures—Parasagittal sections of fractured and contralateral intact PSBs from horses with a PSB fracture and an intact PSB from age- and sex-matched control horses without a PSB fracture were evaluated for visual, radiographic, microradiographic, histologic, and his-tomorphometric differences in bone porosity, vascular channels, heme pigment, trabecular anisotropy, and pathological findings.
Results—Fractured PSBs and their contralateral intact PSBs had more compacted trabecular bone than did control PSBs. Focal repair or remodeling was evident in the palmar aspect of many fractured and contralateral intact PSBs. Fracture coincided with microstructural features and propagated from the flexor to the articular surface.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Fractured PSBs had adapted to high loading but had focal evidence of excessive remodeling and porosity that likely predisposed the horses to complete fracture and catastrophic injury. Detection of focal injury before complete fracture provides an opportunity for prevention of catastrophic injury. Development of diagnostic imaging methods to assess porosity of PSBs may help to identify at-risk horses and allow for modifications of training and racing schedules to reduce the incidence of PSB fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses.
Comparison of five radiographic views for assessment of the medial aspect of the humeral condyle in dogs with osteochondritis dissecans
Authors: Chanoit Guillaume , Singhani Nikita N. , Marcellin-Little Denis J. , Osborne Jason A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Objective—To compare 5 radiographic views for the detection of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in dogs with signs of elbow joint pain.
Animals—53 dogs (100 elbow joints) with forelimb lameness and signs of elbow joint pain.
Procedures—Mediolateral (ML), flexed ML, craniocaudal (CC), craniolateral-caudomedial oblique (Cr15L-CdMO), and distomedial-proximolateral oblique (Di35M-PrLO) radiographic views of the 100 elbow joints were obtained. Four examiners graded radiographs with regard to elbow joint OCD. Joints were assessed by use of arthroscopy. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, kappa measure of agreement, and Fisher exact tests for association between median diagnostic value and actual status were computed.
Results—47 joints had an abnormal medial aspect of the humeral condyle (MAHC), and among them, 11 had OCD. The presence of fractures of the medial coronoid process was significantly and positively correlated with the presence of abnormalities of the MAHC (r = 0.40), but was negatively correlated with the presence of OCD (r = −0.32). At 95% specificity, median sensitivities to detect OCD were 57% for Cr15L-CdMO, 56% for CC, 10% for flexed ML, 7% for ML, and 4% for Di35M-PrLO views. The areas under the ROC curves were significantly larger for the Cr15L-CdMO and CC views than for the ML, flexed ML, and Di35M-PrLO views for the detection of OCD. Only the Cr15L-CdMO and CC views allowed accurate detection of OCD.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs with signs of elbow joint pain, the Cr15L-CdMO view is excellent and the CC view was good for detection of OCD.
Radiographic evaluation of the types of tooth resorption in dogs
Authors: Peralta Santiago , Verstraete Frank J. M. , Kass Philip H. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine the prevalence of tooth resorption in dogs and to evaluate whether a classification system for tooth resorption in humans is applicable in this species.
Animals—224 dogs > 1 year old admitted for periodontal treatment or other dental procedures in 2007
Procedures—Full-mouth radiographs of all dogs were reviewed for evidence of tooth resorption. Tooth resorption was classified in accordance with radiographic criteria described for use in humans. Patient signalment and concurrent dental conditions were recorded and tabulated.
Results—Tooth resorption was detected in 120 of 224 (53.6%) dogs and 943 of 8,478 (11.1%) teeth. The classification system for use in humans was applicable in 908 of 943 (96.3%) affected teeth. Tooth resorption was more frequent among older and large-breed dogs; no significant differences were found among sex categories. The 2 most common types of tooth resorption were external replacement resorption (77/224 [34.4%] dogs and 736/8,478 [8.7%] teeth) and external inflammatory resorption (58/224 [25.9%] dogs and 121/8,478 [1.4%] teeth). External cervical root surface resorption was detected in 13 of 224 (5.8%) dogs; external surface resorption was detected in 10 of 224 (4.5%) dogs, and internal inflammatory resorption and internal surface resorption were detected in 9 of 224 (4.0%) and 1 of 224 (0.4%) dogs, respectively. Internal replacement resorption was not detected.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The classification of tooth resorption in humans was applicable to tooth resorption in dogs. Resorption lesions, in general, and external replacement and external inflammatory resorption, in particular, were frequently detected in dogs.
Biological activity of gemcitabine against canine osteosarcoma cell lines in vitro
Authors: McMahon Melanie B. , Bear Misty D. , Kulp Samuel K. , Pennell Michael L. , London Cheryl A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate in vitro biological activity of gemcitabine, alone and in combination with Pamidronate or carboplatin, against canine osteosarcoma (OSA) cell lines.
Sample Population—In vitro cultures of OSA cell lines OSA8, OSA16, OSA32, and OSA36.
Procedures—Cell lines were treated with gemcitabine alone or in combination with pamidronate or carboplatin. Cell viability was assessed with the water soluble tetrazolium-1 (WST-1) assay, cell cycle distribution was evaluated by means of propidium iodide staining, and apoptosis was assessed by measuring caspase-3/7 activity. Synergy was quantified by use of combination index (CI) analysis.
Results—For all of the cell lines, treatment with gemcitabine induced growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. No synergistic or additive activity was identified when OSA cell lines were treated with gemcitabine in combination with pamidronate. However, when OSA cell lines were treated with gemcitabine in combination with carboplatin, a significant decrease in cell viability was observed, compared with treatment with carboplatin alone, and the drug combination was determined to be synergistic on the basis of results of CI analysis. For 3 of the 4 cell lines, this activity was greater when cells were treated with carboplatin prior to gemcitabine rather than with gemcitabine prior to carboplatin.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Gemcitabine exhibited biological activity against canine OSA cell lines in vitro, and a combination of gemcitabine and carboplatin exhibited synergistic activity at biologically relevant concentrations. Findings support future clinical trials of gemcitabine alone or in combination with carboplatin for the treatment of dogs with OSA.
Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of clopidogrel and the carboxylic acid metabolite SR 26334 in healthy dogs
Authors: Brainard Benjamin M. , Kleine Stephanie A. , Papich Mark G. , Budsberg Steven C. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of clopidogrel and the metabolite SR 26334 in dogs.
Animals—9 mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—8 dogs received clopidogrel (mean ± SD 1.13 ± 0.17 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) for 3 days; 5 of these dogs subsequently received a lower dose of clopidogrel (0.5 ± 0.18 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) for 3 days. Later, 5 dogs received clopidogrel (1.09 ± 0.12 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) for 5 days. Blood samples were collected for optical platelet aggregometry, citrated native and platelet mapping thrombelastography (TEG), and measurement of plasma drug concentrations. Impedance aggregometry was performed on samples from 3 dogs in each 3-day treatment group.
Results—ADP-induced platelet aggregation decreased (mean ± SD 93 ± 6% and 80 ± 22% of baseline values, respectively) after 72 hours in dogs in both 3-day treatment groups; duration of effect ranged from > 3 to > 7 days. Platelet mapping TEG and impedance aggregometry yielded similar results. Citrated native TEG was not different among groups. Clopidogrel was not detected in any samples; in dogs given 1.13 ± 0.17 mg/kg, maximum concentration of SR 26334 (mean ± SD, 0.206 ± 0.2 μg/mL) was detected 1 hour after administration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clopidogrel inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation in healthy dogs and may be a viable antiplatelet agent for use in dogs.
Impact for Human Medicine—Pharmacodynamic effects of clopidogrel in dogs were similar to effects reported in humans; clopidogrel may be useful in studies involving dogs used to investigate human disease.
Renal and cardiorespiratory effects of treatment with lactated Ringer's solution or physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution in cats with experimentally induced urethral obstruction
Authors: Cunha Marina G. M. C. M. , Freitas Gabrielle C. , Carregaro Adriano B. , Gomes Kleber , Cunha Joäo P M. C. M. , Beckmann Diego V. , Pippi Ney L. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Objective—To compare the renal and cardiorespiratory effects of IV treatment with lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) or physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (PSS) in severely decompensated cats with urethral obstruction (UO).
Animals—14 cats (4 cats were used only to establish infusion rates).
Procedures—An occluded urethral catheter was used to induce UO in each cat. After development of severe metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and postrenal azotemia, the obstruction was relieved (0 hours); LRS or PSS (5 cats/group) was administered IV (gradually decreasing rate) beginning 15 minutes before and continuing for 48 hours after UO relief. Ten minutes before urethral catheter placement (baseline), at start of fluid therapy (SFT), and at intervals during fluid administration, various physical and clinicopathologic evaluations were performed.
Results—Metabolic acidosis was detected in the PSS-treated group at SFT and 2 hours after relief of UO and in the LRS-treated group only at SFT The PSS-treated group had significantly lower blood pH and bicarbonate concentrations at 8 through 48 hours and lower base excess values at 2 through 48 hours, compared with the LRS-treated group. Hypocalcemia and hypernatremia were detected in the PSS-treated group at 2 and 12 hours, respectively. Absolute serum potassium and chloride concentrations did not differ significantly between groups at any time point.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment with LRS or PSS appeared to be safe and effective in cats with experimentally induced UO; however, LRS was more efficient in restoring the acid-base and electrolyte balance in severely decompensated cats with UO.
Faculty perspectives regarding the importance and place of nontechnical competencies in veterinary medical education at five North American colleges of veterinary medicine
Authors: Lane India F. , Bogue E. Grady 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Objective—To explore perceptions of faculty educators regarding the importance of nontechnical competencies in veterinary graduates and the placement of nontechnical competency development in veterinary education.
Design—Survey.
Sample Population—All faculty members at 5 North American veterinary medical institutions.
Procedures—Participants rated the importance of 14 nontechnical competencies and indicated in which phase or phases of veterinary education such competencies should be developed (ie, curriculum placement). Differences in mean ratings were statistically evaluated, as were associations between ratings or curriculum placement and respondent institution, gender, experience, and discipline.
Results—Mean ratings of importance were above neutral for all competencies and were highest for ethical, critical thinking, and interpersonal and intrapersonal competencies; development of these competencies was favored in preveterinary and veterinary training. Ratings were lower for management and business competencies; development of these and other competencies was placed primarily in the clinical phase of the veterinary curriculum. Basic science, nonveterinarian, and junior faculty appeared to more strongly appreciate the importance of nontechnical skills, whereas large animal and midcareer faculty reported a more reserved degree of support. Female faculty were more likely to place nontechnical competency development throughout the educational process.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Participants agreed nontechnical competencies are important for veterinary graduates; however, faculty perceptions differed from previously published findings regarding the relative importance of business and management skills. Those involved in faculty hiring, faculty development, and curricular planning should also be aware of disciplinary and career stage differences affecting faculty perspectives.
Toxic elements content in PM10 samples from a coastal area of the Northern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Cozzi Federico , Adami Gianpiero , Barbieri Pierluigi , Reisenhofer Edoardo , Apostoli Pietro , Bovenzi Massimo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
PM10 samples were collected during winter and summer seasons at two different sites in the area of Trieste (Italy). The content of As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and V in the PM10 samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, with the purpose of evaluating the relevance of PM10 inhalation as a route of human exposure to these elements. The results showed that the ambient air concentration of the aforementioned elements were below the limits or target values for both sites and season. Site and season-specific correlation analysis was conducted for the identification of metals with similar origin: very good correlation for the couple Ni-V was found in both sites and seasons, showing the influence of combustion of heavy oils in PM10 composition. The inter-site and seasonal variability of both PM10 and metal concentrations were examined. A stronger impact by the vehicular traffic on the PM10 and metal concentrations was found for the urban site in both seasons. Because of the great importance of the “Bora” wind on the local climate, variability of PM10 and toxic elements concentration with wind were analysed, allowing determination of the effect of wind on dilution of the pollutants for the urban site during both seasons.
Preparation and characterization of high specific surface area Mn3O4 from electrolytic manganese residue
Authors: Peng Tiefeng , Xu Longjun , Chen Hongchong 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Mn3O4 powders have been produced from Electrolytic Manganese Residue (EMR). After leaching of EMR in sulfuric acid, MnSO4 solution containing various ions was obtained. Purifying the solution obtained and then adding aqueous alkali to the purified MnSO4 solution, Mn(OH)2 was prepared. Two methods were employed to produce Mn3O4. One way was oxidation of Mn(OH)2 in aqueous phase under atmosphere pressure to obtain Mn3O4. The other way was roasting Mn(OH)2 precursors in the range of 500°C to 700°C. The prepared samples were investigated by using several techniques including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformation Infra-Red (FTIR) spectra, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area instrument. Particle distribution and magnetic measurements were carried out on laser particle size analyzer, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Through XRD, FTIR and determination of total Mn content (TMC), the products prepared were confirmed to be a single phase Mn3O4. BET specific surface areas can reach to 32 m2 g−1. The results indicated that products synthesized by aqueous solution oxidation method had higher specific surface areas and smaller particle size than those prepared by means of roasting. However the products prepared using the above two methods showed no obvious differences in magnetic property.
Isomers in the chemistry of iron coordination compounds
Authors: Melnik Milan , Kohútová Mária 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The coordination chemistry of iron covers a wide field, as shown by a survey covering the crystallographic and structural data of almost one thousand and three hundred coordination complexes. About 6.7% of these complexes exist as isomers and are summarized in this review. Included are distortion (96.6%) and cis — trans (3.4%) isomers. These are discussed in terms of the coordination about the iron atom, bond length and interbond angles. Distortion isomers, differing only by degree of distortion in Fe-L, Fe-L-Fe and L-Fe-L parameters, are the most common. Iron is found in the oxidation states zero, +2 and +3 of which +3 is most common. The stereochemistry around iron centers are tetrahedral, five — coordinated (mostly trigonal — bipyramid) and six — coordinated. The most common ligands have O and N donor sites.
Three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of the dynamics of macromolecular particles in solutions flowing in mesopores
Authors: Atwi Ali , Khater Antoine , Hijazi Abbas 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Numerical simulations are developed to calculate the dynamic equilibrium probability distribution functions (PDF) for macromolecular rod-like particles suspended in a fluid under hydrodynamic flow inside mesopores. The simulations take into account the effects of Brownian and hydrodynamic forces acting on the particles, as well as diffusive collisions of the particles with the solid surface boundaries. An algorithm is developed for this purpose based on Jeffery’s equations for the dynamics of ellipsoidal objects in bulk fluids, and on a mechanism of restitution for the diffusive collisions. The results are presented with a focus on the depletion layer next to two types of solid boundaries, ideally flat and rough. They demonstrate the significance of numerical simulations in 3D compared to previous results based on a 2D approach. In particular, we are able to obtain a complete topography for the PDFs segmented as a hierarchy in the depletion layer.
Separation and determination of tocopherols in vegetable oils by solid phase extraction on porous polymers SPE cartridges and capillary gas chromatography analysis
Authors: Beldean-Galea Mihail , Horga Cristina , Coman Maria 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In this study we present the solid phase extraction selectivity of tocopherols from vegetable oils using four porous polymers (Porapak P, Porapak Q, Porapak QS, Porapak N). The tocopherols elution from SPE cartridges was performed using several hexanes:ethyl acetate mixtures (100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, v/v). Tocopherols (α, γ and δ-tocopherol) were analyzed by gas chromatography without any derivation steep. The amount of NaOH used for triglyceride removal was optimized. Particularly liquid-liquid and solid phase extraction methods for the extraction of tocopherols from vegetable oils were compared. The results confirmed that porous polymers represent promising SPE alternatives for the extraction of tocopherols from oils.