bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wittgenstein on Aesthetics
Authors: Budd Malcolm 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Ludwig Wittgenstein had a deep and enduring interest in at least two of the major art forms: literature and music. He practised, if only briefly, two others: architecture and sculpture. In truth, art did not lie at the centre of Wittgenstein's philosophical concerns. Nevertheless, it is precisely because he held the finest art in such high esteem, assigning to it an absolute value, that it eludes the net of language as articulated in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, and he confessed that because it was impossible for him to say in Philosophical Investigations one word about all that music had meant in his life, it would be difficult for him to be understood. Tractatus has only a single gnomic remark about aesthetics: ‘Ethics and aesthetics are one’. In his lectures, Wittgenstein makes a number of claims about the concept of beauty, some of which appear also in his published writings. In his later philosophy, Wittgenstein's thoughts about aesthetics appear to have been focused almost exclusively upon art, issues in the aesthetic appreciation of nature not appearing to engage him.
Laticifer-Specific cis-Prenyltransferase Silencing Affects the Rubber, Triterpene, and Inulin Content of Taraxacum brevicorniculatum
Authors: Post Janina , van Deenen Nicole , Fricke Julia , Kowalski Natalie , Wurbs David , Schaller Hubert , Eisenreich Wolfgang , Huber Claudia , Twyman Richard M. , Prüfer Dirk , Gronover Christian Schulze 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Certain Taraxacum species, such as Taraxacum koksaghyz and Taraxacum brevicorniculatum, produce large amounts of high-quality natural rubber in their latex, the milky cytoplasm of specialized cells known as laticifers. This high-molecular mass biopolymer consists mainly of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) and is deposited in rubber particles by particle-bound enzymes that carry out the stereospecific condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate units. The polymer configuration suggests that the chain-elongating enzyme (rubber transferase; EC 2.5.1.20) is a cis-prenyltransferase (CPT). Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of transgenic T. brevicorniculatum plants in which the expression of three recently isolated CPTs known to be associated with rubber particles (TbCPT1 to -3) was heavily depleted by laticifer-specific RNA interference (RNAi). Analysis of the CPT-RNAi plants by nuclear magnetic resonance, size-exclusion chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated a significant reduction in rubber biosynthesis and a corresponding 50% increase in the levels of triterpenes and the main storage carbohydrate, inulin. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the laticifers in CPT-RNAi plants contained fewer and smaller rubber particles than wild-type laticifers. We also observed lower activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, reflecting homeostatic control of the isopentenyl diphosphate pool. To our knowledge, this is the first in planta demonstration of latex-specific CPT activity in rubber biosynthesis.
Use of local knowledge for assessing vegetation changes in the Southern Gadarif Region, Sudan
Authors: Sulieman Hussein M. , Buchroithner Manfred F. , Elhag Muna M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe vegetation cover in Gadarif Region, Sudan, underwent drastic changes within the last 60 years because of the combined effect of anthropogenic and climatic factors. As a consequence, a large number of plant species are threatened or even became extinct, and vast areas are now deforested. The purpose of this study is to use the local knowledge as a tool to identify and describe patterns of vegetation changes associated with the introduction of mechanized rain‐fed agriculture in the southern Gadarif Region. Data were collected by interviewing 10 key informants and 41 large‐scale farmers. The results provided rich ethnobotanical knowledge and a clear historical perspective of vegetation changes including plant species which have disappeared, decreased and increased in the area. The main factors leading to changes in plant species composition and abundance were vegetation clearance, charcoal and firewood production, wood cuttings, grazing and recently herbicides application. Respondents acknowledged that grazing, duration of abandonment, length of cultivation period, amount and variability of rainfall, fire events and weed composition are the major factors determining succession on fallow land. Farmers showed interest to preserve some multi‐purpose woody species (e.g. Acacia senegal, Balanites aegyptiaca) in their land. Such species should be given priority in rehabilitation activities.
Interspecific competition in pollination systems: costs to male fitness via pollen misplacement
Authors: Muchhala Nathan , Thomson James D. 
Published: January 2012

Summary1. Although competition for pollination is often invoked as a driver of broad‐scale evolutionary and ecological patterns, we still lack a clear understanding of the mechanics of such competition. When flower visitors alternate between two species of flower, heterospecific pollen transfer takes place. The impact of these mixed loads on the female reproductive success of a recipient has received considerable attention, but the concomitant loss of male reproductive success – because of pollens grains being lost to foreign stigmas – has received less. Furthermore, pollen losses are not limited to grains that land on stigmas, but can also include deposition on non‐stigmatic surfaces of the intervening flowers, or loss from the animal’s body through passive detachment or active grooming. We collectively term these losses because of competition ‘pollen misplacement’.2. Here, we quantify pollen transferred by nectar bats between focal flowers (Aphelandra acanthus) with and without intervening visits to one of two competitor species. One competitor (Centropogon nigricans) places its pollen in the same region of bats’ heads as the focal species, while the other (Burmeistera sodiroana) places its pollen farther forward.3. We found that (i) any intervening visit caused some reduction in the number of pollen grains transferred, (ii) competitor flowers with similar pollen‐placement locations caused greater reductions in pollen transfer and (iii) of these competitors, those in male phase (dispensing pollen) caused greater pollen loss than those in female phase (without pollen).4. This study provides rare empirical support for the detrimental effects of competition for pollination on male fitness via pollen misplacement and is the first to show an added cost imposed by male‐phase competitors. Although this competition is especially strong when competitors overlap in pollen placement, diverging in pollen placement will not completely eliminate pollen loss during visits to foreign flowers, simply because pollen sheds or is groomed from pollinator’s bodies at some background rate over time. This suggests that any angiosperms that share pollinators face pervasive selection through male fitness to diverge in floral traits, alleviating competition by attracting different pollinators, altering floral phenology or encouraging floral constancy.
Bile acids induce monocyte differentiation toward interleukin‐12 hypo‐producing dendritic cells via a TGR5‐dependent pathway
Authors: Ichikawa Riko , Takayama Tetsuro , Yoneno Kazuaki , Kamada Nobuhiko , Kitazume Mina T. , Higuchi Hajime , Matsuoka Katsuyoshi , Watanabe Mitsuhiro , Itoh Hiroshi , Kanai Takanori , Hisamatsu Tadakazu , Hibi Toshifumi 
Published: January 2012

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) are known as antigen‐presenting cells and play a central role in both innate and acquired immunity. Peripheral blood monocytes give rise to resident and recruited DCs in lymph nodes and non‐lymphoid tissues. The ligands of nuclear hormone receptors can modulate DC differentiation and so influence various biological functions of DCs. The role of bile acids (BAs) as signalling molecules has recently become apparent, but the functional role of BAs in DC differentiation has not yet been elucidated. We show that DCs derived from human peripheral blood monocytes cultured with a BA produce lower levels of interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) and tumour necrosis factor‐α in response to stimulation with commensal bacterial antigens. Stimulation through the nuclear receptor farnesoid X (FXR) did not affect the differentiation of DCs. However, DCs differentiated with the specific agonist for TGR5, a transmembrane BA receptor, showed an IL‐12 hypo‐producing phenotype. Expression of TGR5 could only be identified in monocytes and was rapidly down‐regulated during monocyte differentiation to DCs. Stimulation with 8‐bromoadenosine‐cyclic AMP (8‐Br‐cAMP), which acts downstream of TGR5 signalling, also promoted differentiation into IL‐12 hypo‐producing DCs. These results indicate that BAs induce the differentiation of IL‐12 hypo‐producing DCs from monocytes via the TGR5‐cAMP pathway.
Decoupling, re‐engaging: managing trust relationships in implementation projects
Authors: Rose Jeremy , Schlichter Bjarne Rerup 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAn important aspect of the successful implementation of large information systems (such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems) is trust. These implementations impact the legitimate interests of many groups of stakeholders, and trust is a critical factor for success. Trust in the project is contingent upon many factors, is likely to vary over time and should not be taken for granted. Previous studies have identified the relationship between trust and project outcomes and suggested trust‐building strategies but have largely ignored the dynamic quality of trust relations through the life of a major project and the complex demands of managing those fluctuations. We investigate evolving trust relationships in a longitudinal case analysis of a large integrated hospital system implementation for the Faroe Islands. Trust relationships suffered various breakdowns, but the project was able to recover and eventually meet its goals. Based on concepts from Giddens' later work on modernity, we develop two approaches for managing dynamic trust relationships in implementation projects: decoupling and re‐engaging.
Modelling perforated mediated modified atmospheric packaging of capsicum
Authors: Pandey Sushil Kumar , Goswami Tridib Kumar 
Published: January 2012

SummaryPerforation of a film would otherwise have a low permeability is an alternative to obtain optimum oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in modified atmosphere packages. In present study, gas exchange was studied through a macroperforated packet containing capsicum having different number of holes, 1–4, of diameter 0.3 mm at temperatures of 5 and 25 °C. A model combining the Michaelis–Menten kinetics to describe the respiration rate of the product with mass transfer equation to describe the gas transfer across the package provided a good fit to the experimental data. Its applicability was further validated in a dynamic test, subjecting a package to a variable temperature programme simulating conditions in distribution chains. Model showed good agreement between predicted and observed values for both storage conditions with constant temperatures and variable temperature conditions of distribution chain, as mean relative deviation modulus (E) value was <10%.
Complications after acute coronary syndrome are reduced by perceived control of cardiac illness
Authors: McKinley Sharon , Fien Mary , Riegel Barbara , Meischke Hendrika , AbuRuz Mohannad E. , Lennie Terry A. , Moser Debra K. 
Published: January 2012

mckinley s., fien m., riegel b., meischke h., aburuz m.e., lennie t.a. & moser d.k. (2012) Complications after acute coronary syndrome are reduced by perceived control of cardiac illness. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(10), 2320–2330.AbstractAims.  To investigate the relationship between anxiety, perceived control and rate of in‐hospital complications after acute coronary syndrome.Background.  Anxiety may be associated with higher risk of complications following acute myocardial infarction; perceived control may moderate this relationship.Design.  Prospective observational study.Methods.  Patients enrolled in a trial investigating delay in seeking treatment for acute coronary syndrome had anxiety measured at enrolment and 3 months using the Brief Symptom Inventory anxiety subscale. The acute coronary syndrome hospital presentations investigated occurred between 2001–2006. Patients with anxiety scores greater than the population norm at both time points were categorized as persistently anxious. Perceived control was measured at enrolment using the Control Attitudes Scale‐Revised. Data were collected from the medical record on in‐hospital complications in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome within 2 years of enrolment. Chi‐square and t‐tests were used for univariate analyses and multiple logistic regression to identify independent predictors of complications.Results.  Patients (n = 171) were 64% men with mean age 69 years. Ischaemic or arrhythmic complications occurred in 26 patients (15%) with no difference in complication rates between those persistently anxious and others. Important univariate predictors of in‐hospital complications were lower perceived control, diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure and higher pulse rate on admission. Low perceived control and diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were independent predictors of in‐hospital complications in the multiple logistic regression.Conclusion.  Perceived control, but not persistent anxiety, prior to acute coronary syndrome was an important predictor of in‐hospital complications after acute coronary syndrome. Interventions to increase cardiac patients’ perceived control of their cardiac illness may reduce in‐hospital complications after acute coronary syndrome.
Music in mind, a randomized controlled trial of music therapy for young people with behavioural and emotional problems: study protocol
Authors: Porter Sam , Holmes Valerie , McLaughlin Katrina , Lynn Fiona , Cardwell Chris , Braiden Hannah‐Jane , Doran Jackie , Rogan Sheelagh 
Published: January 2012

porter s., holmes v., mclaughlin k., lynn f., cardwell c., braiden h.‐j., doran j. & rogan s. (2012) Music in mind, a randomized controlled trial of music therapy for young people with behavioural and emotional problems: study protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(10), 2349–2358.AbstractAims.  This article is a report of a trial protocol to determine if improvizational music therapy leads to clinically significant improvement in communication and interaction skills for young people experiencing social, emotional or behavioural problems.Background.  Music therapy is often considered an effective intervention for young people experiencing social, emotional or behavioural difficulties. However, this assumption lacks empirical evidence.Study design.  Music in mind is a multi‐centred single‐blind randomized controlled trial involving 200 young people (aged 8–16 years) and their parents. Eligible participants will have a working diagnosis within the ambit of International Classification of Disease 10 Mental and Behavioural Disorders and will be recruited over 15 months from six centres within the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services of a large health and social care trust in Northern Ireland. Participants will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive standard care alone or standard care plus 12 weekly music therapy sessions delivered by the Northern Ireland Music Therapy Trust. Baseline data will be collected from young people and their parents using standardized outcome measures for communicative and interaction skills (primary endpoint), self‐esteem, social functioning, depression and family functioning. Follow‐up data will be collected 1 and 13 weeks after the final music therapy session. A cost‐effectiveness analysis will also be carried out.Discussion.  This study will be the largest trial to date examining the effect of music therapy on young people experiencing social, emotional or behavioural difficulties and will provide empirical evidence for the use of music therapy among this population.Trial registration. This study is registered in the ISRCTN Register, ISRCTN96352204. Ethical approval was gained in October 2010.
Breach of the northern Rocky Mountain geoclimatic barrier: initiation of range expansion by the mountain pine beetle
Authors: de la Giroday Honey‐Marie C. , Carroll Allan L. , Aukema Brian H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim  Our aim is to examine the historical breach of the geoclimatic barrier of the Rocky Mountains by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). This recent range expansion from west of the North American continental divide into the eastern boreal forest threatens to provide a conduit to naïve pine hosts in eastern North America. We examine the initial expansion events and determine potential mechanism(s) of spread by comparing spread patterns in consecutive years to various dispersal hypotheses such as: (1) meso‐scale atmospheric dispersal of insects from source populations south‐west of the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia (i.e. their historical range), (2) anthropogenic transport of infested plant material, and (3) spread of insect populations across adjacent stands via corridors of suitable habitat.Location  British Columbia, Canada.Methods  We explore potential mechanism(s) of invasion of the mountain pine beetle using spatial point process models for the initial 3 years of landscape‐level data collection, 2004–2006. Specifically, we examine observed patterns of infestation relative to covariates reflecting various dispersal hypotheses. We select the most parsimonious models for each of the initial 3 years of invasion using information criteria statistics.Results  The initial range expansion and invasion of the beetle was characterized by aerial deposition along a strong north‐west to south‐east gradient, with additional aerial deposition and localized dispersal from persisting populations in following years.Main conclusions  Following deposition of a wave front of mountain pine beetles parallel to the Rocky Mountains via meso‐scale atmospheric dispersal, the areas of highest intensity of infestations advanced up to 25 km north‐east towards jack pine (Pinus banksiana) habitat in a single year. There appeared to be no association between putative anthropogenic movement of infested materials and initial range expansion of the mountain pine beetle across the continental divide.
Fine‐scale spatial heterogeneity and incoming seed diversity additively determine plant establishment
Authors: Richardson Paul J. , MacDougall Andrew S. , Larson Douglas W. 
Published: January 2012

Summary1. Plant establishment is critical for community assembly, but mechanisms regulating establishment can be obscured by covarying influences of incoming seed diversity and fine‐scale spatial environmental heterogeneity (microhabitat heterogeneity). Both can maximize establishment, depending on whether species differences or environmental variability more fundamentally structures plant communities.2. We experimentally assembled limestone‐pavement herb communities to examine the relative effects of seed diversity and microhabitat heterogeneity on establishment. This included testing (i) whether effects of seed diversity strengthen with heterogeneity, as would be expected if potential niche differences are more strongly expressed in more heterogeneous environments and (ii) whether a greater number of incoming species can establish in more heterogeneous environments due to environmental filtering. Species interaction theory predicts that increased facilitation and niche complementarity with realized diversity has the potential to increase overall community density.3. Heterogeneity operated independently of seed biodiversity and explained establishment even when spatially averaged microhabitat conditions were accounted for. Homogeneous plots sown with six species supported establishment of plant density that could be increasedc.10% by doubling added seed diversity (while holding heterogeneity constant), but increasedc.40% by holding seed diversity constant and maximizing heterogeneity.4. Ordinations revealed that species establishment was sorted by gradients in soil pH and surface cover by moss, litter and open bedrock. Regressions indicated more species established in plots featuring a greater diversity of surface cover types and/or greater soil depth variability. Community density increased with established richness, and heterogeneity ceased to explain variance in density once established richness was included as an explanatory variable. All but one of the sown species exhibited increased population density with increased plot richness.5. Synthesis:Community density in a high‐stress environment increased with both fine‐scale spatial heterogeneity and added seed diversity. However, these effects were independent of one another, and impacts of heterogeneity were stronger than those of seed diversity. Our results suggest heterogeneity promotes density indirectly, through downstream effects of enhanced establishment diversity such as facilitation. These findings confirm establishment‐stage interrelationships among biodiversity, density and heterogeneity as overlooked determinants of community structure by providing important field support for ideas primarily tested in the greenhouse.
Does self‐reported clinical experience predict performance in medical school and internship?
Authors: Artino Anthony R , Gilliland William R , Waechter Donna M , Cruess David , Calloway Margaret , Durning Steven J 
Published: January 2012

Medical Education 2012:

46

: 172–178Context  Medical school admissions committees attempt to select the most qualified applicants. In addition to traditional performance measures, committees often look favourably upon applicants who report previous clinical experience.Objectives  This study aimed to determine if self‐reported clinical experience is a valid indicator of future performance in medical school and internship.Methods  We collected data for seven year groups (1993–1999; n = 1112) and operationalised trainee performance in terms of five outcomes: cumulative medical school grade point average (GPA); US Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and 2 scores, and scores on a validated programme director’s evaluation measuring intern expertise and professionalism. We then conducted a series of analyses of covariance to compare outcomes in applicants who self‐reported previous clinical experience with outcomes in those who did not. In these analyses, the independent variable was self‐reported clinical experience (yes/no), the covariate was undergraduate GPA, and the dependent variables were the five performance outcomes.Results  In four of five analyses, we found no differences in the performance of the two groups (clinical experience versus no clinical experience). However, on the cumulative medical school GPA outcome, applicants who reported previous clinical experience had statistically significantly lower cumulative GPAs upon graduation than those who did not report such experience (F1,940 = 9.35, p = 0.002, partial η2 = 0.01 [small effect size]).Conclusions  Our results suggest that applicants who self‐report previous clinical experience may not be better candidates. In fact, on some measures of performance, these applicants may actually perform worse than those who report no clinical experience.