bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stock Raising and the Origins of the Hill Fort on the South Downs
Authors: Bradley Richard 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe first part of this paper is a discussion of the basic pattern of land use on the South Downs from the Middle Bronze Age to the early Pre-Roman Iron Age. In the second part, the impact upon this pattern of a group of Bronze and Iron Age stock enclosures is considered, and it is argued that these developed directly into a number of small hill forts. A contemporary group of larger, early Iron Age, hill forts is also defined, and it appears that these too grew up upon an economic basis of stock raising. The social and cultural implications of these developments are discussed, and tentative contrasts are drawn with the nature of later hill forts in the region.
A Trajanic Kiln Complex near Little Chester, Derby, 1968
Authors: Brassington M. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe excavation of ten Trajanic kilns, all of the up-draught type, was carried out in the spring of 1968 on a site now part of the Derby Racecourse Playing Fields (SK 36133775) which are situated some 700 yards east of Little Chester along the Roman road running to the Trent at Sawley. The kilns ranged in size from 18 to 51 inches in diameter (0.46 m. to 1.30 m.) and were disposed as follows: a group of six kilns, a group of three kilns, and a single kiln. A great variety of pottery was recovered with jars, flanged bowls, and carinated vessels predominating. Two unusual products from this site were lead glazed ware and an early form of Derbyshire ware.
Late Saxon Planned Towns
Authors: Biddle Martin , Hill David 
Published: November 2011

SummaryDocumentary, topographical, and archaeological evidence suggests that the rectilinear street plan of modern Winchester was laid out as a planned system not later than the mid tenth century and probably before c. 904. Among the places listed in the Burghal Hidage there are seven which show clear evidence of rectilinear planning which is not of Roman origin. Four are on the sites of Roman towns—Winchester, Chichester, Exeter, and Bath—and three on non-Roman sites—Wareham, Wallingford, and Cricklade. These plans are seen as the result of a deliberate policy of urban formation in response to the military situation during Alfred's reign (871–99). These places are not so much fortresses as fortified towns in which the rectilinear street plan is a deliberate expression of the organization and apportionment of the land for permanent settlement. Rectilinear street systems appear to be characteristic of the larger places founded or re-organized by Edward the Elder or Athelstan, but rectilinear planning does not thereafter appear until the plantation of new towns in the Norman and later period.
Observations on Some Medieval Glass in York Minster
Authors: French T. W. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryA note on some twelfth- and fourteenth-century stained glass in York Minster, all reused, suggests that the early glass dates to 1175–1200 and was in the Norman choir, and that it was removed before the present choir was started in 1361. The fourteenth-century glass, often dated to c. 1380, can be dated to 1330-9 by stylistic parallels in York Minster, local churches, and at Rouen, and by comparisons with manuscripts and monumental brasses. It is further suggested that this glass was inserted into the Norman choir c. 1335, perhaps as part of a campaign to focus greater attention on St. William, and the old glass relegated to the nave clerestorey and, slightly later, to the vestibule.
Excavations at Gloucester, 1968–1971: First Interim Report
Authors: Hurst Henry 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe 1968–71 excavations have produced a large body of information bearing on Roman Gloucester's development from legionary fortress to chartered city. It has proved possible to correlate Roman building sequences in different parts of the city. A building period which may be associated with the foundation of the colonia has been extensively excavated. The Roman forum has been discovered in a position equivalent to that of the principia of a fortress. Knowledge of the city's defences in both Roman and later periods has been amplified by work on three sides of the Roman circuit. Late Saxon use of the Roman wall is suggested and late Saxon buildings fronting Southgate Street have been discovered. At 13–17 Berkeley Street the first extensive excavation of medieval levels in the city has revealed a length of street fronted by late eleventh–fourteenth-century buildings.
Hugh, Lord Willoughby of Parham: A Neglected Society President
Authors: Higson P. J. W. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe present paper was prepared because the career of Hugh, Lord Willoughby—President of the Society from 1754 until his death in 1765—had been largely overlooked by historians, and denied even the briefest of general summaries. Yet it was a career characterized by industry, by versatility, by probity; and if in political areas it was impaired by Willoughby's diffidence, so that the opportunities arising from his own undoubted abilities and from Chancellor Hardwicke's patronage were scarcely ever taken up, it seems to have reached much more complete fruition intellectually in this Nonconformist peer's association with the Society of Antiquaries, the British Museum, the Royal Society, the Society of Arts, and the Warrington Academy. Most particularly it epitomizes the close involvement of Dissenters in the eighteenth-century Enlightenment.
The Temple of Victory on the Palatine
Authors: Wiseman T. P. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe evidence for the site of the temple of Victory on the Palatine at Rome is re-examined: (1) a passage in Dionysius of Halicarnassus which implies that the temple was topographically related to the Lupercal, (2) two inscriptions recorded in the eighteenth century, which were found near the western corner of the Palatine, (3) the Porta Roman(ul)a, which according to Festus was infimo clivo Victoriae, and (4) the Palatine hut, which was evidently next to the temple of Iuppiter Victor in the precinct of Victory. By applying these indications to the archaeological remains, the two hitherto unidentified podia near the Magna Mater temple may be identified as those of the temples of Victory and Iuppiter Victor.
Recent Discoveries of Roman Amphora Kilns in Italy
Authors: Peacock D. P. S. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryRecent field-work has established the existence of two amphora kilns to add to the meagre list for Italy, at Mondragone and Albinia, north of Naples and Rome respectively. Their output of types Dressel 1A and 1B indicates that Mondragone was operating from the late second century to the second half of the first century B.C., and Albinia slightly later, since Dressel 2–4 are also present. In both cases, bricks and some coarse pottery were also being fired.
Decorated Window-Glass and Millefiori from Monkwearmouth
Authors: Cramp Rosemary 
Published: November 2011

SummaryRecent excavation of the monastic sites of Monkwearmouth and Jarrow has produced a quantity of plain and coloured window-glass sealed within the destruction levels of the buildings. Monkwearmouth was founded in 674, and Jarrow in 685; both sites were abandoned in the mid ninth century.In the 1969 excavations at Monkwearmouth a complete quarry of amber window-glass decorated with white trails was discovered, and this piece is discussed and compared with other glass from the sites. Two millefiori settings from Monkwearmouth are also discussed and compared with a composite rod from Jarrow and other mosaic glass settings from the British Isles.
A Silver Trumpet-Brooch with Relief Decoration, Parcel-Gilt, from Carmarthen, and a Note on the Development of the Type
Authors: Boon George C. , Savory H. N. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe Carmarthen brooch, datable not later thanc.a.d.50 and perhaps as early asc.25, is a direct two-piece successor to the pre-Roman, one-piece, Aylesford type, now known to be considerably later in date than used to be thought. The two-piece construction, which characterizes the entire British trumpet-brooch series, was adopted as a convenience when the bow was given a massive form in order to accommodate Late Celtic decoration in relief, of a western character and antecedents. The central moulding and foot carry petalled ornament of a ‘transitional’ or ‘supporting’ type: this ornament is reminiscent of that sometimes found between the circlet and terminals of early La Tène torcs abroad, but is probably better understood here as the carefully-designed continuationen suiteof the open flower or rosette upon the headloop, and thus as half-open flower. Only the Carmarthen brooch retains such a headloop rosette.The Carmarthen brooch was soon copied in bronze, and on these copies the relief appears in a coarsened and simplified form. The copies are entirely from western findspots. In the southern part of the region in which they occur, the medial petalling is retained (as at Lydney); but in the northern part, additional simplification has led to the suppression of the medial petalling (as atSegontium). Thus the Carmarthen brooch may be seen as the parent of the more fully-developedRiiclass of Collingwood's typological sequence, and also of at least one strand in theRiclass, which has been considered up to now as the original form. In the west Midlands, perhaps seizing the opportunity offered by the simplified relief, craftsmen began to apply red enamel to the hollow areas, and to emphasize the central moulding, with its petalling, so that this became the principal plastic ornamental element (as at The Lunt, bya.d.75). In the north of England, these novel features, enamel and exaggerated moulding, were further developed. The fine northern brooches (Backworth—not enamelled, but engraved—or Risingham) do not have headloop rosettes, and it was in the presence of their exaggerated central mouldings that Collingwood devised his celebrated ‘acanthus’ theory. By the Antonine period, brooches were being produced with polychrome enamel, and with their mouldings confined, very often, to the front of the bow; many of these have been found along the Rhine. Some late derivatives of the Carmarthen type are known from Wroxeter, and form a final group in the Appendix above.
Antiquarian Studies in Fifteenth-Century England
Authors: Gransden Antonia 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThis article seeks to counteract the tendency of some recent historians to underrate antiquarian studies in medieval England. It demonstrates the flourishing antiquarianism of the fifteenth century, first especially among the monks and later among the clergy and even the laity. The monks did research on local history in order to prove the antiquity and legal rights of their houses, while the ‘seculars’ viewed the subject more broadly. It is usually impossible to assess exactly to what extent a scholar engaged in antiquarian studies for practical reasons, and to what extent his motive was objective, intellectual curiosity; however, the evidence suggests that by the end of the century the latter motive was gaining ground.
Amphorae and the Baetican Fish Industry
Authors: Peacock D. P. S. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThis paper summarizes the typology and petrology of the products of three amphora kilns in the Province of Cadiz, Spain, which were supplying the Baetican fish industry. Petrological study demonstrates that the products were reaching Britain, during the first and perhaps the second centuries A.D. They may well have been distributed throughout the western Empire and beyond, but the difficulty of attributing amphorae to these kilns without proper consideration of fabric is emphasized.
A Mail Shirt from the Hearst Collection
Authors: Burgess E. Martin 
Published: November 2011

This mail shirt, which was in the Hearst Collection and is now in the Armouries of the Tower of London, dates from the fourteenth century. By tradition it was the property of Rudolph IV, Duke of Austria, Carinthia, and Ferrette (1339–65), but, as far as is known, there are no records to prove this. It is, however, a fine, early shirt which is well worth recording.The shirt is constructed of alternate rows of riveted and whole rings, of rump length, with a wide and rather square neck opening and three-quarter length sleeves. Brass rings are used for decoration, two rows on the rump edge and three on the sleeve edges.A collar of heavy fifteenth-century mail has been added at the neck, but this is a ‘restorer's’ addition as it has been linked on with cut rings from the collar. This is a type of shirt which would not have had a high collar.
The Restoration of the East Window of York Minster
Authors: Milner-White E. 
Published: November 2011

The size of this huge window is 1,680 square feet. It measures 72 ft. high by 31 ft. wide. The tracery compartments number 144; the main panels, each 1 yard square, 117. In addition there are 27 canopy head-pieces. Thus in all there are no fewer than 288 openings, all filled with ancient glass.Of the 117 panels, 27 compose an Old Testament series from the Creation to the Death of Absalom. Below these, 81 (9 rows of 9 panels) make up the Apocalypse series. Below these again are 9 panels of Saints, Kings, and Ecclesiastics.
Evaluation of AIS reception in Arctic regions from space by using a stratospheric balloon flight
Authors: Larsen Jesper Abildgaard , Nielsen Jens Dalsgaard , Mortensen Hans Peter , Rasmussen Ulrik Wilken , Laursen Troels , Ledet-Pedersen Jeppe 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTDue to the increased melting season in the arctic regions, especially in the seas surrounding Greenland, there has been an increased interest in utilising these waterways, both as an efficient transport route and an attractive leisure destination. However, with heavier traffic comes an increased risk of accidents. Due to the immense size and poor infrastructure of Greenland, it is not feasible to deploy ground based ship monitoring stations throughout the Greenland coastline. Thus the only feasible solution is to perform such surveillance from space. In this paper it is shown how it is possible to receive transmissions from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) from space and the quality of the received AIS signal is analysed. To validate the proposed theory, a field study, utilising a prototype of AAUSAT3, the third satellite from Aalborg University, was performed using a stratospheric balloon flight in the northern part of Sweden and Finland during the autumn of 2009. The analysis finds that, assuming a similar ship distribution as in the Barents Sea, it is feasible to monitor the ship traffic around Greenland from space with a satisfactory result.
The interface between neighborhood density and optional infinitives: normal development and Specific Language Impairment
Authors: HOOVER JILL R. , STORKEL HOLLY L. , RICE MABEL L. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe effect of neighborhood density on optional infinitives was evaluated for typically developing (TD) children and children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Forty children, twenty in each group, completed two production tasks that assessed third person singular production. Half of the sentences in each task presented a dense verb, and half presented a sparse verb. Children's third person singular accuracy was compared across dense and sparse verbs. Results showed that the TD group was significantly less likely to use optional infinitives with dense, rather than sparse verbs. In contrast, the distribution of optional infinitives for the SLI group was independent of verb neighborhood density. Follow-up analyses showed that the lack of neighborhood density effect for the SLI group could not be attributed to heterogeneous neighborhood density effects or floor effects. Results were interpreted within the Optional Infinitive/Extended Optional Infinitive accounts for typical language development and SLI for English-speaking children.
Risk factors associated with anthrax in cattle on smallholdings
Authors: BISWAS P. K. , ISLAM M. Z. , SHIL S. K. , CHAKRABORTY R. K. , AHMED S. S. U. , CHRISTENSEN J. P. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYUnprecedented high rates of anthrax outbreaks have been observed recently in cattle and humans in Bangladesh, with 607 human cases in 2010. By enrolling 15 case and 15 control cattle smallholdings in the spatial zone in July–September 2010, we conducted a case-control study, data of which were analysed by matched-pair analysis and multivariable conditional logistic regression. Feeding animals with uprooted and unwashed grass [odds ratio (OR) 41·2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·7–458·8, P=0·003], and feeding water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (OR 22·2, 95% CI 1·2–418·7, P=0·039) were independent risk factors for anthrax in cattle.
Differential patterns of whole-genome DNA methylation in institutionalized children and children raised by their biological parents
Authors: Naumova Oksana Yu. , Lee Maria , Koposov Roman , Szyf Moshe , Dozier Mary , Grigorenko Elena L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPrevious studies with nonhuman species have shown that animals exposed to early adversity show differential DNA methylation relative to comparison animals. The current study examined differential methylation among 14 children raised since birth in institutional care and 14 comparison children raised by their biological parents. Blood samples were taken from children in middle childhood. Analysis of whole-genome methylation patterns was performed using the Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip assay (Illumina), which contains 27,578 CpG sites, covering approximately 14,000 gene promoters. Group differences were registered, which were characterized primarily by greater methylation in the institutionalized group relative to the comparison group, with most of these differences in genes involved in the control of immune response and cellular signaling systems, including a number of crucial players important for neural communication and brain development and functioning. The findings suggest that patterns of differential methylation seen in nonhuman species with altered maternal care are also characteristic of children who experience early maternal separation.
Behavioural factors related with successful weight loss 15 months post-enrolment in a commercial web-based weight-loss programme
Authors: Neve Melinda J , Morgan Philip J , Collins Clare E 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveAs further understanding is required of what behavioural factors are associated with long-term weight-loss success, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of successful weight loss 15 months post-enrolment in a commercial web-based weight-loss programme and which behavioural factors were associated with success.DesignAn online survey was completed 15 months post-enrolment in a commercial web-based weight-loss programme to assess weight-related behaviours and current weight. Participants were classified as successful if they had lost ≥5 % of their starting weight after 15 months.SettingCommercial users of a web-based weight-loss programme.SubjectsParticipants enrolled in the commercial programme between August 2007 and May 2008. Six hundred and seventy-seven participants completed the survey.ResultsThe median (interquartile range) weight change was −2·7 (−8·2, 1·6) % of enrolment weight, with 37 % achieving ≥5 % weight loss. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found success was associated with frequency of weight self-monitoring, higher dietary restraint score, lower emotional eating score, not skipping meals, not keeping snack foods in the house and eating takeaway foods less frequently.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that individuals trying to achieve or maintain ≥5 % weight loss should be advised to regularly weigh themselves, avoid skipping meals or keeping snack foods in the house, limit the frequency of takeaway food consumption, manage emotional eating and strengthen dietary restraint. Strategies to assist individuals make these changes to behaviour should be incorporated within obesity treatments to improve the likelihood of successful weight loss in the long term.
Availability and marketing of food and beverages to children through sports settings: a systematic review
Authors: Carter Mary-Ann , Edwards R , Signal L , Hoek J 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe current systematic review aimed to identify and critically appraise research on food environments in sports settings, including research into the types of food and beverages available, the extent and impact of food and beverage sponsorship and marketing, and views about food environments among key stakeholders.DesignA systematic review. Fourteen English-language studies (two were papers describing different facets of the same study), published between 1985 and 2011, were identified from searches of electronic databases and bibliographies of primary studies.SettingMost studies originated from Australia (n 10), with the remaining studies originating in the UK (n 1), New Zealand (n 1), the USA (n 1) and Canada (n 1). Data were collected from observations in stadia, websites and televised sports events, through in-depth interviews, focus groups and surveys with sports club members, parents and quick serve restaurant managers.ResultsLiterature exploring food environments in sports settings was limited and had some important methodological limitations. No studies comprehensively described foods available at clubs or stadia, and only one explored the association between food and beverage sponsorship and club incomes. Club policies focused on the impact of health promotion funding rather than the impact of sponsorship or food availability in sports settings.ConclusionsFurther research, including comprehensive studies of the food environment in sports settings, is required to document the availability, sponsorship and marketing of food and beverages at national, regional and club levels and to estimate how sports settings may influence children's diets.
Generation of volcanic ash by basaltic volcanism
Authors: Dürig Tobias , Sonder Ingo , Zimanowski Bernd , Beyrichen Hermann , Büttner Ralf 
Published: November 2011

The recent eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull and Grimsvötn volcanoes in Iceland demonstrate the importance of a better understanding of processes leading to the formation of volcanic ash, specifically of fine volcanic ash that poses a threat to air traffic. Continuous deformation and brittle‐type experiments were carried out to better constrain these processes. The studies on short‐time continuous deformation behavior of basaltic melt showed viscoelastic properties deviating from hydrodynamic Newtonian models by more than 5 orders of magnitude. High‐temperature deformation experiments on basaltic rock samples revealed an increase of elastic strengths as approaching the melting regime, also pointing to a very complex behavior at the solid‐ductile boundary. Understanding magma fragmentation from the “liquid” side is a challenge, but meanwhile we propose a pragmatic solution: a thermodynamic model based on fracture mechanics. This model is in agreement with experiments and observations that show that fine volcanic ash is produced by brittle‐type fragmentation of magma. A critical material property was defined, characterizing the conditions for brittle fragmentation: the fracture surface energy density, which represents the critical fragmentation energy. Short‐term fracture experiments using silicate glass have been performed to investigate the formation of ash‐sized particles by brittle failure and to extract this critical physical property, which was found to range between 40 and 130 J/m2. This value is in good agreement to fragmentation energies determined from experiments using remelted volcanic rocks. Now there is a tool to define critical conditions for the production of volcanic ash of a specific magma type.