bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surveillance and oseltamivir resistance of human influenza a virus in Turkey during the 2007–2008 season
Authors: Ciblak Meral Akcay , Hasoksuz Mustafa , Escuret Vanessa , Valette Martine , Gul Fadime , Yilmaz Huseyin , Turan Nuri , Bozkaya Emel , Badur Selim 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMonitoring the activity of influenza viruses is important for establishing the circulating types and for detection of the emergence of novel sub‐types and antiviral resistant strains. This is the first report from Turkey on the surveillance and oseltamivir resistance of influenza viruses in 2007–2008. Five hundred twenty‐four nasal swabs were tested from different geographical regions in Turkey during November 2007–April 2008. One hundred sixty‐three (31%) samples were positive for influenza viruses of which 111 (68%) were influenza A, 52 (31%) influenza B using an immuno‐capture ELISA. Forty isolates were selected at random from influenza A positive samples and grown in MDCK cell cultures. The supernatant of the cell cultures was used for RNA extraction followed by RT‐PCR to detect the sub‐types. Sub‐typing revealed all samples as A/H1N1. The N1 gene segment of 30 A/H1N1 samples was sequenced in part, from the 201st to 365th residue, which included the critical region for oseltamivir resistance. Then resulting sequences were analyzed with oseltamivir sensitive and resistant strains obtained from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank by CLC Main Workbench Software. H275Y (H274Y according to N2 numbering) mutation, which is known to confer resistance to oseltamivir, was detected in 6 out of 30 (20%) H1N1 isolates from four cities (Istanbul, Bursa, Ankara, and Izmir). The D354G mutation was observed in all oseltamivir resistant H1N1 isolates but not in the oseltamivir sensitive isolates. Assay of neuraminidase activity revealed that these isolates were resistant to oseltamivir, but sensitive to zanamivir. J. Med. Virol. 81:1645–1651, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of the K65R resistance reverse transcriptase mutation in different HIV‐1 subtypes in Israel
Authors: Turner Dan , Shahar Eduardo , Katchman Eugene , Kedem Eynat , Matus Natasha , Katzir Michal , Hassoun Gamal , Pollack Shimon , Kessner Rivka , Wainberg Mark A. , Avidor Boaz 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe K65R mutation in HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT) can be selected by the RT inhibitors tenofovir (TDF), abacavir (ABC), and didanosine (DDI). Recently, in vitro studies have shown that K65R is selected in tissue culture more rapidly with subtype C than subtype B viruses. The prevalence of K65R in viruses sequenced at the Tel‐Aviv AIDS Center was evaluated. This study analyzed retrospectively sequences from 1999 to 2007 in patients treated with TDF, ABC, and/or DDI and compared rates of mutational prevalence between subtypes. Fisher's exact test was used to determine statistical significance. Forty‐four sequences from patients treated with the three above‐cited drugs were analyzed. Subtypes A (n = 1), CRF01_AE (n = 4), CRF02_AG (n = 2), B (n = 21), C (n = 11), D (n = 1), F (n = 3), and G (n = 1) were represented. Seven non‐B viruses had the K65R mutation, which was only found in one subtype B virus. Of these seven samples four were subtype C, one was subtype CRF01_AE, and two were subtype CRF02_AG. None of the eight viruses with K65R harbored thymidine analogue mutations. In this study, non‐subtype B viruses possessed the K65R mutation at higher incidence than subtype B viruses. Subtype C viruses may be especially prone to develop this mutation. Larger studies are needed to confirm these data. Efforts should be intensified to understand better differences in drug resistance between various HIV subtypes. J. Med. Virol. 81:1509–1512, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serologic and genotypic analysis of a series of herpes simplex virus type 1 isolates from two patients with genital herpes
Authors: Umene Kenichi , Kawana Takashi , Fukumaki Yasuyuki 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) has been reported increasingly as a cause of genital herpes, although HSV‐1 is usually associated with oro‐labial herpes. In the present study, serum specimens and materials for viral isolation were obtained serially from two patients with recrudescent HSV‐1 genital infections to study serology and molecular epidemiology. Recurrent episodes, during which HSV‐1 was isolated, were followed by an increase in the level of anti‐HSV‐1 antibody, suggesting a booster effect from re‐exposure to viral antigens and the possible usefulness of the variation in the level of anti‐HSV‐1 antibody to diagnose recurrence. While genotypes of HSV‐1 isolates obtained from one patient were different from those from the other patient, genotypes of sequential HSV‐1 isolates obtained from the same patient were the same, implying that the recrudescent genital lesions of the two patients could be attributed to endogenous recurrence of a latent virus. Sera from one patient neutralized HSV‐1 isolates obtained from the other patient as well as HSV‐1 isolates obtained from the same patient. An HSV‐1 isolate obtained during a later episode in one patient was neutralized by sera taken before/during the later episode of the same patient, as effectively as an HSV‐1 isolate obtained during an earlier episode in the same patient; thus, in these two cases, HSV‐1 was assumed to have multiplied during recurrence despite the presence of an anti‐HSV‐1 antibody that could neutralize experimentally HSV‐1. J. Med. Virol. 81:1605–1612, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular and epidemiological features of GIIb norovirus outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2002–2005
Authors: Bruggink L.D. , Marshall J.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe epidemiology of GIIb norovirus outbreaks and the characteristics of GIIb open reading frame (ORF) 2 recombinant forms are poorly understood and this study examined these questions using norovirus‐associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, during 2002–2005. Twenty‐one GIIb outbreaks were detected and were the second most common ORF 1 norovirus outbreak genotype (5%) after GII.4 (90%). Both GIIb and GII.4 outbreaks peaked in warmer months of the year but their periodicity was different. ORF 2 sequencing analysis was carried out in the two regions previously designated C and D. RT‐PCR region D primers were less sensitive than region C primers. No evidence of recombination between regions C and D was found. ORF 2 genotypes for the 21 GIIb outbreaks were: GII.1 (10 outbreaks), GII.3 (10 outbreaks) and, apparently for the first time, GII.13 (1 outbreak). GIIb outbreaks could occur in a broad range of settings and there was no correlation between ORF 2 genotype and setting except that all 5 outbreaks involving mainly young children were associated with GIIb/GII.3. J. Med. Virol. 81:1652–1660, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigations of the usefulness of average models for calculations characteristics of buck and boost converters at the steady state
Authors: Górecki Krzysztof , Zarębski Janusz 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper deals with the problem of the analysis of boost and buck converters at the steady state with the use of the method of average models. The usefulness of this method is examined by comparing the boost and buck converters characteristics at the steady‐state obtained both with the transient analysis with physical models of semiconductor devices and the examined method as well. The accuracy of the method of the average models is investigated with respect to the values of the circuit load resistance, the pulse‐duty factor and the frequency of the signal controlling the power switch. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric pressure ion sources
Authors: Covey Thomas R. , Thomson Bruce A. , Schneider Bradley B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis review of atmospheric pressure ion sources discusses major developments that have occurred since 1991. Advances in the instrumentation and understanding of the key physical principles are the primary focus. Developments with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and variations encompassing adaptations for surface analysis, ambient air analysis, high throughput, and modification of the ionization mechanism are covered. An important and limiting consequence of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, chemical noise, is discussed as is techniques being employed to ameliorate the problem. Ion transfer and transport from atmospheric pressure into deep vacuum is an area undergoing constant improvement and refinement so is given considerable consideration in this review. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:870–897, 2009
Involvement of p53 in oroxylin A‐induced apoptosis in cancer cells
Authors: Mu Rong , Qi Qi , Gu Hongyan , Wang Jia , Yang Yong , Rong Jingjing , Liu Wei , Lu Na , You Qidong , Guo Qinglong 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOroxylin A, a naturally occurring monoflavonoid extracted from Scutellariae radix, exhibits anticancer activity and induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells according to our previous data. In this study, we investigate whether p53 is involved in oroxylin A‐triggered viability inhibition and apoptosis induction in cancer cells. In a panel of different cancer cell lines, more potent inhibitory effects of oroxylin A were observed in wtp53 cells than those in mtp53 or p53‐null cells. Moreover, p53‐siRNA‐transfected HepG2 cells showed lower levels of apoptosis induced by oroxylin A than control‐siRNA‐transfected cells. Likewise, after oroxylin A treatment, p53‐null K‐562 cells displayed promoted apoptosis rate when transfected with wtp53 plasmid. Western blot and real‐time RT‐PCR assay revealed that oroxylin A markedly upregulated p53 protein expression in HepG2 and p53‐overexpressing K‐562 cells, but had no influence on p53 mRNA synthesis. Furthermore, after co‐treatment with cycloheximide, oroxylin A still exerted a little effect on p53 expression. The negative regulator of p53, MDM2 protein was detected, and downregulated expression was observed. In the presence of MG132, an inhibitor of proteasome‐mediated proteolysis, no change in p53 expression was obtained. Additionally, the antioxidant N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine could obviously abrogate p53 stabilization triggered by oroxylin A. Therefore, it is summarized that oroxylin A stabilized p53 expression and induced apoptosis at the posttranslational level via downregulating MDM2 expression and interfering MDM2‐modulated proteasome‐related p53 degradation. This indicated that oroxylin A could be served as a potential, novel agent candidate for cancer therapy. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Yet another ten stories on antiviral drug discovery (part D): Paradigms, paradoxes, and paraductions
Authors: De Clercq Erik 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis review article presents the fourth part (part D) in the series of stories on antiviral drug discovery. The stories told in part D focus on: (i) the cyclotriazadisulfonamide compounds; (ii) the {5‐[(4‐bromophenylmethyl]‐2‐phenyl‐5H‐imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridine} compounds; (iii) (1H,3H‐thiazolo[3,4‐a]benzimidazole) derivatives; (iv) T‐705 (6‐fluoro‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrazinecarboxamide) and (v) its structurally closely related analogue pyrazine 2‐carboxamide (pyrazinamide); (vi) new strategies for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever virus infections, including, as the most imminent, (vii) dengue fever, (viii) the veterinary use of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates; (ix) the potential (off‐label) use of cidofovir in the treatment of papillomatosis, particularly RRP (recurrent respiratory papillomatosis); and (x) finally, the prophylactic use of tenofovir to prevent HIV infections. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 4, 667–707, 2010
Identification of ataxia‐associated mtDNA mutations (m.4052T>C and m.9035T>C) and evaluation of their pathogenicity in transmitochondrial cybrids
Authors: Sikorska Marianna , Sandhu Jagdeep K. , Simon David K. , Pathiraja Vimukthi , Sodja Caroline , Li Yan , Ribecco‐Lutkiewicz Maria , Lanthier Patricia , Borowy‐Borowski Henryk , Upton Adrian , Raha Sandeep , Pulst Stefan M. , Tarnopolsky Mark A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe potential pathogenicity of two homoplasmic mtDNA point mutations, 9035T>C and 4452T>C, found in a family afflicted with maternally transmitted cognitive developmental delay, learning disability, and progressive ataxia was evaluated using transmitochondrial cybrids. We confirmed that the 4452T>C transition in tRNAMet represented a polymorphism; however, 9035T>C conversion in the ATP6 gene was responsible for a defective F0‐ATPase. Accordingly, mutant cybrids had a reduced oligomycin‐sensitive ATP hydrolyzing activity. They had less than half of the steady‐state content of ATP and nearly an 8‐fold higher basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mutant cybrids were unable to cope with additional insults, i.e., glucose deprivation or tertiary‐butyl hydroperoxide, and they succumbed to either apoptotic or necrotic cell death. Both of these outcomes were prevented by the antioxidants CoQ10 and vitamin E, suggesting that the abnormally high levels of ROS were the triggers of cell death. In conclusion, the principal metabolic defects, i.e., energy deficiency and ROS burden, resulted from the 9035T>C mutation and could be responsible for the development of clinical symptoms in this family. Furthermore, antioxidant therapy might prove helpful in the management of this disease. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Aspects of the use of orthogonal basis functions in the element‐free Galerkin method
Authors: Zhuang Xiaoying , Augarde Charles 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe element‐free Galerkin (EFG) method is probably the most widely used meshless method at present. In the EFG method, shape functions are derived from a moving least‐squares approximation using a polynomial basis, a calculation involving the inversion of a small matrix. A new implementation of the EFG method was published soon after the original where an alternative approach using an orthogonal basis was proposed to avoid matrix inversion in the formulation of the shape functions. In this paper we revisit this topic and show that the difficulties associated with the use of a polynomial basis remain present in the orthogonal case. We also show that certain terms in the derivative expressions are omitted in the new implementation of the EFG, which can lead to errors. Finally, we propose a new approach that avoids inversion while maintaining accuracy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The proform of eosinophil major basic protein: a new maternal serum marker for adverse pregnancy outcome
Authors: Pihl Kasper , Larsen Torben , Rasmussen Steen , Krebs Lone , Christiansen Michael 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo establish the first trimester serum levels of the proform of eosinophil major basic protein (proMBP) in pregnancies with adverse outcome. Furthermore, to determine the screening performance using proMBP alone and in combination with other first trimester markers.MethodsA case‐control study was conducted in a primary hospital setting. The proMBP concentration was measured in cases with small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) (n = 150), spontaneous preterm delivery (n = 88), preeclampsia (n = 40), gestational hypertension (n = 10) and in controls (n = 500). Concentrations were converted to multiples of the median (MoM) in controls and groups were compared using Mann–Whitney U‐test. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine significant factors for predicting adverse pregnancy outcome. Screening performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves.ResultsThe proMBP median was significantly reduced in pregnancies with SGA (0.81 MoM), spontaneous preterm delivery (0.83 MoM), preeclampsia (0.88 MoM) and gestational hypertension (0.60 MoM). The best screening performance was found for preeclampsia including the covariates proMBP and nulliparity yielding an area under the curve equal to 0.737 (p < 0.0005) and a 75% detection rate for a 30% false positive rate.ConclusionThe proMBP is a novel first trimester serum marker for adverse pregnancy outcome. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface modification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with biocompatible polymers via ring opening and living anionic surface initiated polymerization. Kinetics and crystallization behavior
Authors: Priftis Dimitrios , Sakellariou Georgios , Hadjichristidis Nikos , Penott Evis K. , Lorenzo Arnaldo T. , Müller Alejandro J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were functionalized with 2‐hydroxyethyl benzocyclobutene (BCB‐EO) through a Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction. The functionalized MWNTs were utilized for the surface initiated ring opening (ROP) catalyzed and anionic polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) and ethylene oxide (EO), respectively. The kinetics of the ROP of ε‐CL was monitored through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) which revealed that the polymerization proceeds very fast as compared to that of EO and that both polymerizations could be controlled with time. 1H NMR, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed for the characterization of these polymer/CNT hybrids. DSC results showed that a remarkable nucleation effect is produced by MWNTs that reduced the supercooling needed for crystallization of both PεCL and PEO. Furthermore, the isothermal crystallization kinetics of the grafted PεCL and PEO was substantially accelerated compared to the neat polymers. The strong impact on the nucleation and crystallization kinetics is attributed to the covalent MWNT‐polymer bonding. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4379–4390, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of nylon 18 18 and nylon 18 adamantane
Authors: Bennett Carl , Kaya Ethem , Sikes Allison M. , Jarrett William L. , Mathias Lon J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNylon 18 18 and nylon 18 1,3‐adamantanedicarboxylic acid (ADA) have been synthesized via melt polycondensation and characterized by thermal and spectroscopic techniques. Good film forming behavior combined with film toughness and flexibility indicate reasonable molecular weights for both. The higher aliphatic content of nylon 18 18 leads to increased resistance to common organic solvents over commercial nylons. Crystallization of nylon 18 18 combines hydrogen bonding of the amide units with a more significant contribution from van der Waals forces than possible for lower aliphatic content nylons due to the greater aliphatic chain lengths. Solid state 15N CP/MAS NMR indicates a mostly amorphous polymer, with crystalline regions comprised of the thermodynamically stable α‐form generally adopted by even–even nylons. Nylon 18 ADA as‐produced is completely amorphous as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. However, solution cast samples of nylon 18 ADA shows some ordered structures that can grow into more stable crystals with annealing. These crystals, once melted, do not recrystallize possibly due to chain rearrangement inhibited by bulky adamantly‐groups. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4409–4419, 2009
AB2‐type amphiphilic block copolymers composed of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) via single‐electron transfer living radical polymerization: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Tang Xinde , Liang Xiaochao , Yang Qian , Fan Xinghe , Shen Zhihao , Zhou Qifeng 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNovel AB2‐type amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), PEG‐b‐(PNIPAM)2, were successfully synthesized through single‐electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP). A difunctional macroinitiator was prepared by esterification of 2,2‐dichloroacetyl chloride with poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (PEG). The copolymers were obtained via the SET‐LRP of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) with CuCl/tris(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl)amine (Me6TREN) as catalytic system and DMF/H2O (v/v = 3:1) mixture as solvent. The resulting copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and 1H NMR. These block copolymers show controllable molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI < 1.15). Their phase transition temperatures and the corresponding enthalpy changes in aqueous solution were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. As a result, the phase transition temperature of PEG44‐b‐(PNIPAM55)2 is similar to that in the case of PEG44‐b‐PNIPAM110; however, the corresponding enthalpy change is much lower, indicating the significant influence of the macromolecular architecture on the phase transition. This is the first study into the effect of macromolecular architecture on the phase transition using AB2‐type amphiphilic block copolymer composed of PEG and PNIPAM. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4420–4427, 2009
Preparation and characterization of cellulose and konjac glucomannan blend film from ionic liquid
Authors: Yu Zhaoju , Jiang Yuanqin , Zou Weiwei , Duan Jiangjiang , Xiong Xiaopeng 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBlend films from cellulose and konjac glucomannan (KGM) in room temperature ionic liquid 1‐allyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride were satisfactorily prepared by coagulating with water. The composition of the blend films was gravimetrically analyzed, and the compatibility of the two natural polymers was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The results indicate good compatibility and strong interactions between cellulose and KGM, resulting in almost no loss of the water‐soluble KGM from the blend films even after the water coagulating and washing. However, microstructure analyses portrayed phase separations in the blend films, namely, egg‐like new phase particles were embedded in a continuous matrix base (MB). Phase diagram analysis and differential scanning calorimetry of the phase inversion coagulation process suggest that relative low molecular mass part of both cellulose and KGM formed the continuous MB, whereas the egg‐like new phase particles were super patterns of relative high molecular mass of both polymers, which played an important role in strengthening the blend material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1686–1694, 2009
Molecular mobility of poly(methyl methacrylate) glass during uniaxial tensile creep deformation
Authors: Lee Hau‐Nan , Paeng Keewook , Swallen Stephen F. , Ediger M. D. , Stamm Rebecca A. , Medvedev Grigori A. , Caruthers James M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn optical photobleaching method has been used to measure the segmental dynamics of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) glass during uniaxial creep deformation at temperatures between Tg − 9 K and Tg − 20 K. Up to 1000‐fold increases in mobility are observed during deformation, supporting the view that enhanced segmental mobility allows flow in polymer glasses. Although the Eyring model describes this mobility enhancement well at low stress, it fails to capture the dramatic mobility enhancement after flow onset, where in addition the shape of the relaxation time distribution narrows significantly. Regions of lower mobility accelerate their dynamics more in response to an external stress than do regions of high mobility. Thus, local environments in the sample become more dynamically homogeneous during flow. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1713–1727, 2009