bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ruminal Metabolism and Transport of Tall Fescue Ergot Alkaloids
Authors: Ayers A. W. , Hill N. S. , Rottinghaus G. E. , Stuedemann J. A. , Thompson F. N. , Purinton P. T. , Seman D. H. , Dawe D. L. , Parks A. H. , Ensley D. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTCircumstantial evidence suggests ergovaline is the putative toxin causing fescue toxicosis. However, several investigators suggest lysergic acid may be involved as well. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to (i) determine the metabolic fate of ergot alkaloids in ruminants, (ii) investigate gastric transport, and (iii) validate these findings in vivo. Ruminal metabolism of the alkaloids was determined by inoculating endophyte‐infected and endophyte‐free tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum(Schreb.) Darbysh.] with viable and nonviable ruminal fluid using in vitro techniques. Total ergot alkaloid concentration increased with time due to microbial metabolism. The alkaloids were extracted, and ruminal and omasal transport investigated in vitro. Only lysergic acid crossed gastric barriers. To validate the findings, fistulated steers were allowed to graze endophyte‐infected or endophyte‐free tall fescue paddocks in a crossover study, and ruminal fluid and urine were analyzed for ergot alkaloids over time. Ergovaline was not found in ruminal fluid or urine. Urine was immunopurified from a steer grazing endophyte‐infected tall fescue and analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. A peak with a signal consistent with lysergic acid was found. These results imply that lysergic acid may be involved in the fescue toxicosis syndrome.
Improvement in Grain and Fodder Yields of Early‐Maturing Promiscuous Soybean Varieties in the Guinea Savanna of Nigeria
Authors: Tefera H. , Kamara A. Y. , Asafo‐Adjei B. , Dashiell K. E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThirteen early‐maturing and promiscuously nodulating soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] varieties that belonged to maturity group I developed at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) from 1980 to 1996 were evaluated at two locations in the Guinea savanna of Nigeria in 2001 and 2002 to determine genetic gain in grain yield and associated agronomic traits. The varieties were grown in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Data on grain yield and seven other traits were recorded. The study showed that grain yield potential of the soybean varieties increased from 1117 to 1710 kg ha−1 during two decades of breeding in IITA. The average rate of increase per year per release period (1980–1996) was 24.2 kg ha−1, which is 2.2%. Fodder yield also showed an annual increase of 22.81 kg ha−1 yr−1 Recent varieties had better lodging resistance scores of 1.25 to 1.37 in a 1 to 5 scoring scale (1 being resistant and 5 susceptible), shattering resistance scores of 1.6 to 2.7, and improved natural nodulation scores of 3.1 to 3.9. Old varieties had 50% or more pod shattering while the corresponding figure for new varieties was around 25%. Old varieties produced few and small nodules, while new varieties had many big nodules although size and number of nodules alone may not necessarily indicate nodule efficiency in N2 fixation. Grain yield showed a positive and highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) correlation coefficient (r = 0.75) with fodder yield, implying that high biomass could serve as an indicator of good yielding ability.
Surmounting antimicrobial resistance in the Millennium Superbug: Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Saxena Sanjai , Gomber Charu 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the third most dreaded pathogen posing a severe threat due to its refractory behavior against the current armamentarium of antimicrobial drugs. This is attributed to the evolution of an array of resistance mechanisms responsible for morbidity and mortality globally. Local and international travel has resulted in the movement of drug resistant S. aureus clones from hospitals into communities and further into different geographical areas where they have been responsible for epidemic outbreaks. Thus, there is a dire necessity to refrain further cross movement of these multidrug resistant clones across the globe. The plausible alternative to prevent this situation is by thorough implementation of regulatory aspects of sanitation, formulary usage and development of new therapeutic interventions. Various strategies like exploring novel antibacterial targets, high throughput screening of microbes, combinatorial and synthetic chemistry, combinatorial biosynthesis and vaccine development are being extensively sought to overcome multidrug resistant chronic Staphylococcal infections. The majority of the antibacterial drugs are of microbial origin and are prone to being resisted. Anti-staphylococcal plant natural products that may provide a new alternative to overcome the refractory S.aureus under clinical settings have grossly been unnoticed. The present communication highlights the new chemical entities and therapeutic modalities that are entering the pharmaceutical market or are in the late stages of clinical evaluation to overcome multidrug resistant Staphylococcal infections. The review also explores the possibility of immunity and enzyme-based interventions as new therapeutic modalities and highlights the regulatory concerns on the prescription, usage and formulary development in the developed and developing world to keep the new chemical entities and therapeutic modalities viable to overcome antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus.
Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with atypical radiologic findings
Authors: Oztekin Ozgur , Savas Recep , Gurel Duygu , Ozdemir Nezih , Akcaoglu Mustafa 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung is an uncommon benign tumour that usually presents as an asymptomatic solitary nodule and affects middle age women. Because there are few findings on radiologic studies that are characteristic of sclerosing hemangioma, it is difficult to diagnose on the basis of imaging and biopsy remains the definitive diagnostic test. We report a case of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with extremely unexpected imaging findings and review the literature.
Is adequate and balanced nutrition during pregnancy more effective than iron and folic acid supplements?
Authors: Elmacioglu Funda , Surucu Bulent , Alper Tayfun , Ozenoglu Aliye , Ugurlu Serdal 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
To provide instruction for pregnant women regarding adequate and balanced nutrition and determine whether iron and folic acid supplementation is essential. The research was an experimental clinical intervention. The study was conducted between March 2004 and May 2005 with 80 pregnant volunteers. The study participants were in their 16th to 24th weeks of pregnancy; all participants were healthy, carried only one fetus, and successfully completed their pregnancy. All participants were instructed about adequate and balanced nutrition. Until the participants gave birth, 40 (Group 1) consumed an iron-rich diet that was equivalent to the inclusion of a supplement containing 100 mg Ferro III plus 0,35 mg folic acid; the other group (Group 2) was also instructed in proper nutrition and was given by a gynecologist 1 tablet (100 mg) Ferro III hydroxide polymaltose complex and iron pharmaceutical with 0,35 mg folic acid (Maltofer Fol). In both groups, before and after the instruction, consumption frequency was noted, and the levels of serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, folic acid, and vitamin B12 in the blood were determined at monthly intervals. Between the two groups, no statistical difference was found with regard to age, number of pregnancies, weight before pregnancy, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, and weight of the newborn (p>0,05). At the end of the study, the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum ferritin levels decreased considerably in both groups compared to the initial values (p<0.01). No statistically significant difference in serum ferritin levels could be found between the two groups (p>0,05). The comparison of Group I and Group II in terms of nutritional status (average energy and food consumption) in the pre-instruction and post-instruction periods revealed that intake of total protein, heme protein, dietary fiber, folic acid, carotene, vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, C, and B12, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc was higher in Group I in the post-instruction period (p=0.000); no statistically significant change in nutritional status during pregnancy was observed in Group II. Conclusion: Medical diet programs with iron sources are examined in association with food consumption. Assessment of hematological results suggests that, during pregnancy, each patient should receive a specific dose, rather than a routine dose, of iron and folic acid.
A test of the hypothesis of partial common principal components
Authors: Rublík František 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A test of the equality of the first h eigenvectors of covariance matrices of several populations is constructed without the assumption that the sampled distributions are Gaussian. It is proved that the test statistic is asymptotically chi-square distributed. In this general setting, an explicit formula for column space of the asymptotic covariance matrix of the sample eigenvectors is derived and the rank of this matrix is computed. An essential assumption in deriving the asymptotic distribution of the presented test statistic is the existence of the finite fourth moments and the simplicity of the h largest eigenvalues of population covariance matrices, which makes possible to use the formulas for derivatives of eigenvectors of symmetric matrices.
Estimation, model discrimination, and experimental design for implicitly given nonlinear models of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions
Authors: Siudak Anna , Lieres Eric , Müller Christine 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Many nonlinear models as e.g. models of chemical reactions are described by systems of differential equations which have no explicit solution. In such cases the statistical analysis is much more complicated than for nonlinear models with explicitly given response functions. Numerical approaches need to be applied in place of explicit solutions. This paper describes how the analysis can be done when the response function is only implicitly given by differential equations. It is shown how the unknown parameters can be estimated and how these estimations can be applied for model discrimination and for deriving optimal designs for future research. The methods are demonstrated with a chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Benzaldehyde lyase.
Bilan provisoire de dix mois de crise du marché de la volaille en France
Authors: Bonastre J.-B. 
Published: October 2009

After a prosperous period, broiler production has passed through several crises (1957, 1961 , 1963, 1964). The latest one was particulary serious. Wholesale prices were subject to important daily fluctuations and ojten stayed below production costs.
Some authors think that this crisis is durable and linked with the technical nature of this production which can expand easily. Others believe that the main factor is market structure and size of firms : the transmittal of market information to the breeders is not satisfactory ; leading firms do not cut down their production when market conditions become unfavorable. The lac\ of concentration leads to important, production and manufacturing costs, all the more as production areas are far from consumption areas. This is important for certain areas since, as a result of the Common Market regulations, subsidies to cover part of the transport costs for exported poultry were abolished.
Concentration has not been realized through « voluntary » agreements between firms, but large concerns with important financial reserves are obtaining control over firms with financial difficulties and thus concentration is developing.
Different solutions have been considered to obtain a better balance between supply and demand. Market information should be improved and should emphasize quality aspects.
A number of other steps to reduce input costs, to reinforce the countervailing power of the breeders and to stabilize supply are recommended.
Approches du paupérisme rural : résultats d'une enquête-pilote dans la zone du centre rural du Neubourg (Eure)
Authors: Prod'homme J.-P. 
Published: October 2009

Rural pauperism which is diffuse and isolated seem to have both social and financial causes.
16 % of the population in the Neubourg area are considered poor. They are evenly spread over the age structure, but Very unevenly over the villages. The poor family is characterized by a high number of children and persons living under the same roof. The per capita income is half of that of the rest of the population; food and illness are the two main concerns. The head of the family has a non-qualified Work and generally speaking, the poor can be characterized by low education standards and little vocational training. The overcrowded lodgings are lacking in cleanliness and decoration, but the household equipment is approximately equal to the national average. Social plagues like alcoolism, mental deficiency etc. are added to those unfavorable conditions.
The poor seem to make up a « sub-culture », formed by unstable individuals in which three groups can be distinguished: families with small incomes, families with moderate incomes and old people.
The future disappearing of pauperism depends on the effort of education and development of the understructure.
Le problème de la fusion de coopératives agricoles aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Cook Hugh L. 
Published: October 2009

It is the policy of the U.S. Government to encourage the jormation and growth of agricultural cooperatives.
Problems of personalities and of finances must be overcome before cooperatives may merge. The larger ones may have legal problems under anti-trust laws. Efficiency is one requirement of success from integration.
It appears likely that the current merger movement may eclipse all previous ones in terms of dura' tion, number of firms acquired and assets of acqui red companies.
Nouvelles tendances de la recherche en marketing aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Ogren Kenneth E. 
Published: October 2009

D'importants changements affectent la commercialisation des produits agricoles aux Etats-Unis. Le mode de vie des consommateurs s'est modifié ; la consommation collective représente une part accrue de la consommation totale ; les moyens de transport se sont améliorés ; les produits agricoles subissent de plus en plus souvent des transformations ; l'appareil de distribution s'est renouvelé. A tous les stades, la taille des entreprises tend à croître.
L'agriculteur remplit moins de fonctions commerciales, mais doit s'intéresser plus à la commercialisation. Dans les dépenses alimentaires la part due au coût du produit diminue au profit de celle due au coût de commercialisation.
L'amélioration de l'efficacité de la commercialisation, du mécanisme des prix, le développement du marché doivent orienter la recherche. Fonds public et privés sont indispensables. La solution des « grands problèmes » nécessite la collaboration des chercheurs de toutes les disciplines.
Vue prospective sur la répartition du territoire agricole français en 1975
Authors: Dumard Jean 
Published: October 2009

L'évolution des conditions économiques, la mise en place d'une politique agricole commune et une description imparfaite du passé, rendent périlleuse la projection à long terme de production agricole.
Limiter ce travail à la seule répartition du territoire entre les différentes cultures peut paraître assez arbitraire puisque les transformations production végétale-production animale prennent une part de plus en plus prépondérante. Malgré la rigidité des assolements à partir d'une certaine production végétale, l'agriculteur a une possibilité technique de variations importantes dans le choix de ses spéculations animales.
L'évolution à long terme (ici 1975) de l'utilisation du territoire, faute de lois d'offre et de disponibilité d'en établir, ne peut être dessinée qu'en analysant les tendances ; la méthode est peu satisfaisante car elle repose sur des bases logiques douteuses.
L'impression générale qui se dégage de ce travail imparfait est une impression de stabilité. Une très grande inertie apparaît et rien ne permet de supposer qu'elle soit en passe de disparaître. Cette inertie est liée à la fois aux contraintes agronomiques et à la structure des exploitations.
Une projection cohérente ne peut se réaliser d'un seul trait et seulement pour les productions végétales. Des projections distinctes étant réalisées pour les productions animales, des tests de cohérence successifs peuvent s'appliquer : bilan fourrager, commerce extérieur, revenu des agriculteurs.
L'utilisation de ces tests implique la nécessité d'itérations et de corrections progressives qui nous ont conduits à cette notion de rigidité des tendances.
Plusieurs tentatives de projection au même terme ont été réalisées pour la France. Les résultats divergent les uns des autres lorsque l'on considère des postes élémentaires, mais à un niveau suffisant d'agrégation la concordance est assez bonne.
Dans certains cas l'analyse des chroniques du passé fait appel à la loi logistique ou exponentielle amortie, dont la signification dans ces domaines demande un surcroit de réflexion théorique.
Une statistique agricole est-elle possible en France ?
Authors: Théodore Gérard 
Published: October 2009

The degrading of agricultural statistics has become obvious. Which are its distant and present causes ?
In order to fight against this . deficiency and to face the growing needs, an effort of innovation is necessary as to the nature of, the studies, the survey procedures, the general program of, investigation and the place of the agricultural statistician in the research agencies and institutions. Such an action demands a qualified staff and credits. The different needs for information, the periodicity , of the regular surveys and the need for a rapid diffusion of the data should be taken into account.
Les bases socio-économiques de la promotion collective : réflexions sur deux expériences de formation et d'information économiques
Authors: Malassis Louis 
Published: October 2009

These thoughts on an experiment already old, the INPAR (institute for rural adult education) and on an experiment in progress, « Télé-Promotion » (education television programs for farmers) point out that through collective and appropriate basic socio-economic education, the farmer should be able to participate in the creation, in the spreading and in the control of economic information.
Should we train and inform an élite or the mass ?
Collective training can only be a mass action; here, television is an excellent means, owing to the initiative and the participation of the audience, to the rôle of the television « host », to the accompanying documents and to the discussion in groups in which conclusions are drawn.
Agriculture, information et planification
Authors: Badouin Robert 
Published: October 2009

The rapid evolution of the agricultural sector, the deep changes of its structures and its environment ma\e information more and more necessary.1
The rôle of information remains however limited, not only because of its present deficiency but also because the certainty it gives to the farmer is dissatisfactory.
Economic planning, through its engaging caracter, seems to correspond better to the needs of the farmers; they should perticipate in the drawing up of the Plan.
La lutte pour la possession de la terre en vue de ses usages agricoles et non agricoles
Authors: Madec J. 
Published: October 2009

La propriété privée de la terre tend à se réduire dans la mesure où se développe l'emprise collective sur les terrains, notamment par l'extension des villes et l'équipement d'infrastructure.
Par ailleurs, une compétition existe entre particuliers, agriculteurs et non agriculteurs, pour la possession du sol en vue d'usages agricoles ou non agricoles. Les agriculteurs s'efforcent d'agrandir leurs exploitations trop exigües pour être économiquement satisfaisantes, tandis que les urbains cherchent à acquérir pour leurs loisirs un droit à l'espace champêtre. Actuellement propriétaires d'environ la moitié du territoire agricole utile, les agriculteurs achètent davantage de terrains qu'ils n'en vendent. Les achats urbains entraînent cependant des incidences sur le marché foncier, surtout en matière de prix.
A cette notion de compétition anarchique, il est souhaitable de substituer dans l'avenir la notion de complémentarité et d'organisation entre les aspirations des paysans et des urbains. D'où la nécessité de traiter ce problème dans l'optique générale de l'aménagement du Territoire et de la réorganisation structurelle.
La maîtrise de l'offre de viande bovine
Authors: Dumard Jean 
Published: October 2009

The supply of beef in the intermediate run. is connected with the price fluctuation, in its turn due to the gap between supply and demand. The result is a «cycle » in the beef production.
The study of this phenomenon enables us do propose an instrument for controlling the cyclic movements.
How efficient and useful is1 this solution ?
Le coefficient de capital : notions générales et application en agriculture
Authors: Rainelli P. 
Published: October 2009

The problems of economic structures, of growth or of anticipations can not be considered without taking the stock, of capital into account.
The application of the capital-output ratio to agriculture taises some theoretical problems : the homogeneity between the two terms of the stock-blow ratio, estimation of the part of land in the farm capital.
However, the capital-output ratio is useful for determining the Vertical structure of the production and consequently to determine and anticipate the investments needs.
Le comportement financier des exploitants agricoles
Authors: de Bagneaux B. 
Published: October 2009

The first survey of the CREP (Centre de Recherche Economique sur l'Epargne) was carried out in a non-representative sample of farmers.
After describing the technique employed in order to observe and estimate the savings of farmers, the author gives an account of the results with regard to the economic behaviour of farm families and the evaluation of their financial needs.
However, the period of observation — one year — is too short to make the survey completely satisfactory.
Le financement de la production agricole dans le cadre d'organisations contractuelles
Authors: Cusson Jacques 
Published: October 2009

The contract arrangement dealt with here is of cooperative type. It implies a strict planning and a precise contract between the cooperative and the farmers. Its problems of treasury and investment are very important ; this is illustrated by three examples from the animal production.
Contract farming is a powerful factor for development and progress. However, the growth of the firms must not be curbed by certain laws (the legislation. which prohibits the accumulation of several farms) and they should be given the possibility to borrow in order to invest.
Décontraction des comptes agricoles nationaux d'Irlande par branche et par région
Authors: Attwood Edwin Artur 
Published: October 2009

L'Institut Agronomique (An Foras Taluntais) et l'Institut de la Recherche Agronomique (Economie Research Institute) de Dublin, ont établi une comptabilité régionale basée sur les renseignements fournis en 1960 par les départements gouvernementaux et le Bureau central des Statistiques.
A partir des comptes nationaux agricoles, le revenu agricole est décontracté par région, par comté, et par catégorie d'agent. Les critères de répartition sont multiples.
Cette étude mesure les disparités régionales du revenu de l'agriculture irlandaise.