bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of temperature on oviposition, fecundity and egg hatch in the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Leather Simon R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOver the temperature range 5° to 25°C, fecundity of Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller) showed a non-linear response, the optimal temperature for fecundity being 15°C. At 6°C females laid 17 eggs each whilst at 15°C they laid 166 eggs. Pre-oviposition period showed a significantly negative response, being shortest at 25°C (2.5 days). Adult longevity was significantly affected by temperature, being 20 days at 8°C and 6.8 days at 25°C. Egg hatch and development in the laboratory was linearly and positively related to temperature over the range of 2° to 20°C, ranging from 39.9 days at 5°C to 6 days at 25°C. The lethal limit for egg viability was 25°C. The theoretical threshold for egg development was calculated to be 2.79°C. Storage of eggs at temperatures of 2°C for periods in excess of 10 days had a significant effect on the percentage of eggs hatching. The significance of these findings in implementing control operations is discussed.
The current distribution and geographical origin of the scale insect pestCeroplastes sinensis(Hemiptera: Coccidae)
Authors: Ting-Kui Qin , Gullan Penny J. , Beattie G. Andrew C. , Trueman John W.H. , Cranston Peter S. , Fletcher Murray J. , Sands Don P.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCeroplastes sinensisDel Guercio is a pest of commercial citrus in Australia and has been recorded from New Zealand, southern Europe, northern Africa, North America and Mexico. Its distribution is mainly temperate and it is more restricted climatically than previously believed. Uncertainty concerning the place of origin ofC. sinensishas thwarted previous attempts at biological control. In the present study, a novel and cost-effective approach using cladistic estimates is demonstrated to determine the place of its origin. Cladistically derived phylogenies are commonplace for many organisms, but the method has not been used before to predict the area of origin of a cosmopolitan pest. Cladistic analysis of the wax scales predicts a native range forC. sinensiswithin Central or South America. This prediction appears to have been confirmed by the recent discovery of heavily parasitized individuals ofC. sinensisin Argentina. The cladistic analysis also allows prediction of the geographical origin of three other widespread wax scale speries:Ceroplastes ceriferus(Fabricius) may be of Neotropical origin,C. rubensMaskell andC. rusci(Linnaeus) are probably native to the Afrotropical region. The approach used has wide implications because the native areas of many other economically important pests are still unknown or uncertain.
Evidence of the establishment of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in continental Africa
Authors: Omwega C.O. , Kimani S.W. , Overholt W.A. , Ogol C.K.P.O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCotesia flavipes Cameron has been released several times in Africa for biological control of gramineous stem borers. Establishment has been reported on the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius, Réunion and Madagascar, however, several attempts to introduce C. flavipes into continental Africa are reported to have failed. Recently, several cocoon masses of C. flavipes were recovered from south-western Kenya where the parasitoid was never released. Identifications of the parasitoids from south-western Kenya were based on morphological characters, allozyme frequencies, and mating experiments with laboratory populations of C. flavipes. It is hypothesized that C. flavipes became established from individuals escaping from a laboratory colony maintained in south-western Kenya in 1991.
The population dynamics of the white peach scale and its parasitoids in a mulberry orchard in Campania, Italy
Authors: Pedata P.A. , Hunter M.S. , Godfray H.C.J. , Viggiani G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWhite peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Homiptera: Diaspididae), was a serious pest of mulberry until it was the subject of a successful biological control programme in Italy at the turn of the century. Since the 1950s it has returned as a sporadic pest of commercial peach and, more recently, kiwi fruit orchards. We sampled white peach scale in an unmanaged mulberry orchard in coastal Campania over a 17 month period to measure the impact, relative abundance, and interactions of the parasitoids in the absence of pesticides. Sampled scales were dissected, and the immature stages of the parasitoids identified. Mean densities of white peach scale varied with month from 3–15/9 cm2 on primary (interior) branches and 15–100/1.5–2 m secondary (exterior) branch. The generalist ectoparasitoid Aphytis proclia (Walker) was most abundant, followed by two specialist endoparasitoids, Encarsia berlesei (Howard) and Pteroptrix orientalis (Silvestri) (all Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Primary parasitism also varied with month from 25–85% on primary branches and 20–90% on secondary branches. Parasitism on primary branches was inversely density-dependent, but was densityindependent on secondary branches. Low levels of superparasitism were generally observed in E. berlesei and P. orientalis (0–6%), but were higher in A. proclia (0–21%). Multiple parasitism of hosts by E. berlesei and A. proclia was fairly common (up to 24% of E. berlesei immatures were found sharing a host with A. proclia), and A. proclia was the probable winner of within-host competitions. The hyperparasitoid Azotus perspeciosus (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitized late pre-imaginal instars of all three primary parasitoid species. There was no significant difference in hyperparasitism of the three primary parasitoid species, but the rate of hyperparasitism was inversely related to the total density of primary parasitoids.
Effects of plant age, leaf age and virus yellows infection on the population dynamics of Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on sugarbeet in field plots
Authors: Williams C.T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField experiments in which clip-caged apterae of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) were monitored on sugarbeet revealed that leaf age, plant age and infection of the host with beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) had very large effects on aphid performance (development, reproduction and survival). On healthy plants performance was much better on young, expanding heart leaves than on older leaves. Performance on senescent leaves was poor. When apterae were kept on young heart leaves all their lives (by moving clip-cages to younger leaves every 4 days) there was a strong negative relationship between aphid performance and plant age (measured as plant leaf number at birth). On plants inoculated with BYV apterae showed large improvements in performance. These occurred so rapidly that nymphs born at the time of virus inoculation could benefit as much as those born later. The sizes and between-leaf distributions of M. persicae populations which developed from standard numbers of colonists on whole plants in cages were consistent with the results of the clip-cage experiments. Alatae were less sensitive than apterae to differences in plant and leaf age. Implications of the results for BYV epidemiology and control are discussed.
The Effect of Mercury Vapour on the Eggs of Calandra granaria (L.) (Col., Curculionidae)
Authors: Richards O. W. 
Published: July 2009

1. To determine the percentage hatch of Calandra granaria eggs, the grain containing them should be kept for 6–10 days at 25°C. after a two-day oviposition period.2. Pretreatment of grain with mercury vapour makes no difference to the fertility of eggs afterwards laid in it.3. At 25°C. 99 per cent. of the eggs are sterilised in 24 hours and 87 per cent. in 8 hours, using what probably approaches the saturated vapour.4. At 10°C., the sterilisation for periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours is 44, 87 and 93 per cent. respectively.5. At 25°C., mercury vapour will penetrate at least 30 cm. of grain in 2 days. At 12°C., mercury vapour will penetrate at least 90 cm. of grain in 7 days.
The Biology of Red Bollworm, Diparopsis watersi (Roths.) in northern Nigeria
Authors: Geering Q. A. , Baillie A. F. H. 
Published: July 2009

The red bollworm attacking cotton in Nigeria has recently been shown to be Diparopsis watersi (Roths.), distinct from D. castanea Hmps., the southern African species previously assumed to be that occurring on cotton throughout Africa. Earlier work on cotton pests, including Diparopsis, in southern Nigeria (1664) is briefly reviewed, and the discovery and definition of the problems of cotton pests in northern Nigeria is outlined, and the climatic and agricultural background of the northern areas described.The main object of the present work, centred at Samaru, was to determine; the annual cycle of activity of Diparopsis in northern Nigeria. The methods employed are described. The insect passes the dry season in diapause as a pupa in the soil. In late May or June, emergence from these pupae commences, but this is completely interrupted during July-September. In October, after the end of the rains, emergence recommences, and the main attack occurs on the crop during October and November. The proportion of pupae entering diapause rises rapidly from mid-October onwards, and activity ceases in early December.When diapause pupae were incubated at controlled (86°F.) or indoor air (74–86°F.) temperatures, emergence was unimodal, extending from June to October, with the peak in July or August, respectively. It is concluded that the bimodal emergence in the field is caused by waterlogging, or some other factor restricting aeration of the soil during July-September, when the emergence from diapause pupae is interruptedTrials of dates of sowing laid down at Samaru and Daudawa showed that early sowings, made in mid-June or early July, may suffer heavier bollworm attack than those made in mid- or late July. The earlier sowings nevertheless outyielded later ones. It is suggested that this results from their benefiting from a longer growing season, in which a greater production of fruiting points more than offsets greater losses from bollworms and other insects.Elimination of ratoon and standover cotton would prevent breeding by the early emergence of moths from diapause pupae, and consequent red-bollworm attack on early sowings of cotton.The possibility of producing a unimodal emergence from diapause pupae is worth further attention. This might be achieved by altering the soil conditions during July-September, and if successful would result in the main crop escaping almost entirely any attack by Diparopsis.There appear to be no fundamental differences biologically between Diparopsis castanea and D. watersi, as illustrated by previous work reported from South Africa and Nyasaland, and the observations recorded here.
Studies concerning the Uptake of Contact Insecticides.
Authors: Lewis C. T. 
Published: July 2009

The anatomy of the tarsi and pretarsi of Phormia (Protophormia) terraenovae (R.-D.); Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) and Musca domestica L. is described with particular reference to structures possibly concerned in the action of deposits of contact insecticides. The numerous setae which cover the tarsal segments are distributed in a pattern which is common to all three species. Long spines situated at the distal extremity of each segment are the points of contact with which a fly engages a surface, and which take the thrust as the fly walks. Proximal to the primary spines are two ventral rows of chemoreceptors, protected from mechanical damage by smaller spines. In addition there are lateral and dorsal rows of bristles.Contact chemoreceptors, which have been identified by experiment, are present in large numbers on the tarsi of P. terraenovae and M. domestica. Each chemoreceptor is a differentiated hollow seta possessing an extremely thin frontal membrane of cuticle, in which a lipoid layer appears to be incorporated and through which a lipoid-soluble insecticide might readily penetrate to the sensory neurocytes.Receptors of this type are also present on the tarsi of G. palpalis, though tsetse flies have not been reported to possess a tarsal gustatory sense.The pulvilli of all three species are entirely filled with viscous endocuticle and possess neither nerves, sense organs nor gland cells. The pulvilli are probably less important sites of penetration of insecticide from deposits than are the tarsel chemoreceptors, articulating membranes of setae, and intersegmental joint membranes.Measurements of nerve diameters at different parts of the tarsi are used to interpret the results of Fisher (1952) concerning the action of DDT applied to limited areas of M. domestica. It is concluded that the relative toxicity of DDT at different parts of the body may be correlated with the number of sensory nerve fibres passing close to the site of penetration, but not with the number of sensory end organs directly affected.
Field Observations on the Cacao Mirids,Sahlbergella singularisHagl. andDistantiella theobroma(Dist.), in the Gold Coast. Part III. Population Fluctuations
Authors: Williams G. 
Published: July 2009

For both of the important cacao Mirids,Sahlbergella singularisHagl. andDistantiella theobroma(Dist.), there is a well-marked annual population cycle. Numbers are at their lowest in March and, although showing fluctuations from month to month, remain low until July. After this period, there is an increase in numbers to a peak level which may be bimodal, an earlier peak corresponding with the maximum numbers on pods and a later peak on stems alone in January or February. This is followed by an abrupt drop in the dry season to the minimum values of March.The period of increasing numbers is, at first, associated with the presence of more cacao pods but evidence is given to prove that Mirid increase is nor determined by pod increase but that both reflect the action of some common cause. The final peak population is associated with the symptoms of seasonal blast, but although Mirid numbers beneath the canopy are at their maximum at this time, there is no corresponding increase in the resident canopy population, the blast symptoms being produced by a transient population of adults from the sub-canopy levels.Even at their highest the numbers of Mirids are small compared with most crop pests, the normal maximum being of the order of 1,000 per acre in mature stands of cacao.Such aspects of mortality as could be studied from field observations are described. There is a steady loss during nymphal life, more dying during the later stages because these last longer. Parasitism, food supply and predation appear to be the main controlling factors, but, of these, only predation is examined quantitatively. Mantids, ants and Reduviids kill between 16 per cent. and 21 per cent. of the nymphs with which they are associated and the proportion of Mirids killed by such predators increases as the number of Mirids increases. Predation plays an important part in the natural controla of Mirid populations but, although optimum conditions for predation exist in Mirid pockets, economic control is not effected.The use of ants as a Mirid control measure is examined and rejected. Infestation of healthy trees by ants does not protect nearby attacked trees and the association between ants and healthy trees is due to the colonisation of such trees as the only ones suitable in an area subject to Mirid damage. A single instance is quoted whereOecophylla longinoda(Latr.) appeared to exert a control but only at a level where the ants were so numerous as to constitute a hazard to humans in the plot.A final discussion of the three papers of the series is included to focus attention upon those aspects of Mirid biology which need immediate investigation. These include an evaluation of the loss caused by Mirids and the need for experimental work to determine the effect of physical factors on Mirids. Suggestions are made for sampling which could be employed in any future field observations.
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. IX.—Further Experiments on the Deposition in open Country of a coarse Aerosol released from an Aircraft
Authors: Yeo D. 
Published: July 2009

Further experiments have been carried out to investigate how a coarse aerosol, released from a low-flying aircraft, is deposited upon the ground in open country. The aerosol had a mass median diameter of approximately 80 microns, and was produced by a boom-and-nozzle apparatus.The aircraft height was 65 ft. It is shown that the rate of deposition is related to the degree of atmospheric turbulence, of which a simple and easily measured parameter is given. The rate of deposition is greatest when there is a large temperature inversion and a low wind speed.A comparison is made with previous work where the aircraft height was 30 ft. Within the limits investigated, an increase in aircraft height reduces the deposits near the line of emission, but does not greatly affect the total amount that deposits within 150–200 seconds of production of the aerosol.
Pupation and Emergence in Aëdes taeniorhynchus (Wied.)
Authors: Nielsen E. T. , Haeger J. S. 
Published: July 2009

A series of field observations and rearing experiments were carrried out in Florida to gain information on the duration of the larval stage and the time of day of pupation and emergence of the salt-marsh mosquito, Aëdes taeniorhynchus (Wied.).The technique adopted in a series of experiments is described.It was found that the duration of the larvel stage is dependent on several factors of which water temperature is probably the main factor. Hunger was also shown to be important either through lack of food or overcrowding. Larvae which later became male adults pupated before those which became female imagines.The period of maximum pupation is determined by the distribution of light and darkness, 83 per cent. of all pupation taking place during the evening periods, 15 to 24 hours after experimental midnight, and 48 per cent. in the period just after sunset, 18 to 21 after experimental midnight. The tendency to pupate around sunset is thought to have just as much accelerating as retarding effect on the larval development.Temperature is considered to be the only factor of importance in determining the duration of the pupal stage which varies from 61 hours at 20·8°C. to 45 hours at 25·5° and 37 hours at 29°.Both in nature as well as under controlled conditions in the laboratory it was found that, for a large number of larvae hatched simultaneously, the emergence of adults usually lasts three or fours days, with a maximum at the same hour on each of these days. The period of emergence is proportional to the duration of the post-embryonic development and may under unfavourable conditions last weeks.Maximum emergence of imagines has been found to occur at various times of the day. This is as should be expected since the hour of pupation is fixed to a certain period of the day, and the duration of the pupal stage is solely dependent on the temperature.The difference in the duration of pupation in males and females is very small but owing to the rather marked sexual difference in the duration of the larval stage, 129 hours for males against 145 for females at 29°, there is a preponderance of males during the first emergence maxima and of females in the last.It is concluded that if the temperature of the water in which the larvae are living in the field is known, it should be possible to predict at what hour of the day the emergence maxima will take place.
Gall-midge Larvae as Endoparasites, including the Description of a Species parasitising Aphids in Trinidad, B.W.I.
Authors: Barnes H. F. 
Published: July 2009

A review of the available information concerning gall midges as endoparasites shows that only three species in two genera have been described.Endaphis perfidusKieffer is a parasite of apterousDrepanosiphum platanoides(Schr.) (Aphididae) in Lorraine and England. Although on several occasions larvae ofEndaphissp. have been found in England, the Netherlands and Germany parasitising other Aphids, practically no information additional to that supplied by Kieffer has beeen published. In only one instance besidesE. perfidushas the adult midge been reared and figured,i.e., Endaphis(cf.perfidusKieffer) inMacrosiphum jaceae(L.) onCarduusin Germany.Endopsylla agilisde Meijere is a parasite of wingesPsylla foersteriFlor (Psyllidae) in the Netherlands. The bionomics of what is almost certainly the same species, parasitisingP. maliraceperegrinaFoerst. on hawthorn (alsoP. pyricolaFoerst. andP. melanoneuraFoerst.) andP. mali(Schmidb.) on apple, respectively, have been studied in Scotland and Germany.Endopsylla endogena(Kieffer) was found parasitising the larva ofStephanitis pyri(F.) (Tingidae) in Portugal but has not been recorded again.A fourth species,Pseudendaphis maculans, gen. et sp. n., that parasitises various Aphids in Trinidad, has now been described.Indications are given of the whereabouts of any existing types or other specimens of all the known endoparasitic gall midges.
Effects of temperature on development and seasonality of Eudocima salaminia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in eastern Australia
Authors: Sands D. P. A. , Schotz M. , Bourne A. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe durations for development for immature stages of the fruit piercing moth, Eudocima salaminia (Cramer), were determined at constant temperatures ranging from 15°C to 27°C and at ambient temperatures at a field site in southeastern Queensland over a 16 month period. At constant temperatures average heat requirements for: 50% eclosion of eggs were 62.4 day-degrees above 11°C, development of larvae to pupation were 246 day-degrees above 12°C, development of pupae to eclosion were 233 day-degrees above 12°C. For each stage there was no difference between day-degrees calculated at constant temperatures or at those in the field indicating no diapause in the immature stages. For adults, temperatures below 16°C during the activity period after dusk prevented feeding, mating and oviposition. Failure of E. salaminia to overwinter in south-eastern Australia in most years, was explained by the effects of low temperatures on egg hatch, larval, pupal and adult survival, reduced adult feeding, mating and cessation of oviposition.
Local variability in the life cycle of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in western France
Authors: Simon J. C. , Blackman R. L. , Le Gallic J. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo study life cycle variability in Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), the responses to short days (L:D 10:14) of 70 clones were tested at two temperatures (10°C and 15°C) in the laboratory. Three clones originating from spring populations on the primary host, bird cherry (Prunus padus), were holocyclic, producing gynoparae and then males in the second generation under experimental conditions. Of the other clones, all originating from Gramineae, 78.5% were anholocyclic and 21.5% androcyclic (male-producing) at 15°C, but at 10°C only 12.7% were anholocyclic, 82.6% were androcyclic, and 4.7% showed an ‘intermediate’ response (i.e., some of the alate females produced both sexual and parthe-nogenetic offspring). There was considerable interclonal and inter-individual variation in the numbers of males produced by androcyclic clones. These results are discussed in relation to field studies on R. padi in Britanny, which indicate that 1. primary hosts are rather rare, but nevertheless commonly develop spring infestations; 2. anholocyclic genotypes are regularly decimated every few years by severe winters. It appears that the preponderance of androcyclic clones is important for the maintenance of life cycle variability.