bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution reciprocal space mapping of distributed Bragg reflectors and virtual substrates
Authors: Zhylik A. , Rinaldi F. , Myronov M. , Saito K. , Menzel S. , Dobbie A. , Leadley D. R. , Ulyanenkova T. , Feranchuk I. D. , Ulyanenkov A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEpitaxially grown silicon germanium alloy layers, prepared as virtual substrates for modulation‐doped field effect transistors, and InxGa1−xAs and GaPxAs1−x graded layers on GaAs substrates prepared as distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), have been investigated by the reciprocal space mapping (RSM) technique. These structures possess a strong concentration gradient and crystallographic lattice relaxation across the layer, which makes the data analysis challenging. Using kinematic diffraction theory for RSM analysis gives a rather simple way to evaluate the concentration, tilt and relaxation gradients, and the layer thicknesses, as well as the dependence of these values on the azimuthal direction of the diffraction plane. The density of 60° misfit dislocations for partially relaxed layers is also estimated. Characteristics of wide aperture Bragg reflectors based on these structures are calculated.
PIERRE BOULEZ IN INTERVIEW, 1996 (IV) SOME BROADER TOPICS
Authors: Guldbrandsen Erling E. 
Published: October 2011

EG:Who – except Stéphane Mallarmé – is being portrayed in your principal work Pli selon pli – portrait de Mallarmé? Nobody? The listener? Or Pierre Boulez himself?PB: I think that it is a double portrait: It is a portrait of Mallarmé and myself. Of course Mallarmé is a poet who has been terribly important to me. The kind of relationship we had, our working together – in spite of the difference in centuries! – brings up somebody else: That is the portrait of a kind of mixture of Mallarmé and me, finally.
Naturalizing the normative and the bridges between “is” and “ought”
Authors: Quintelier Katinka J. P. , Fessler Daniel M. T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractElqayam & Evans (E&E) suggest descriptivism as a way to avoid fallacies and research biases. We argue, first, that descriptive and prescriptive theories might be better off with a closer interaction between “is” and “ought.” Moreover, while we acknowledge the problematic nature of the discussed fallacies and biases, important aspects of research would be lost through a broad application of descriptivism.
What is evaluative normativity, that we (maybe) should avoid it?
Authors: Weinberg Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractElqayam & Evans (E&E) argue that we should avoid evaluative normativity in our psychological theorizing. But there are two crucial issues lacking clarity in their presentation of evaluative normativity. One of them can be resolved through disambiguation, but the other points to a deeper problem: Evaluative normativity is too tightly-woven in our theorizing to be easily disentangled and discarded.
Institutionalisation and subjective wellbeing for old-age individuals: is life really miserable in care homes?
Authors: BÖCKERMAN PETRI , JOHANSSON EDVARD , SAARNI SAMULI I. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper we examine whether there are systematic differences in the quality of life, depending on whether an individual is institutionalised or not, holding health status and income level constant. In doing this we use a nationally representative data set, the Health 2000 in Finland. When controlling for health and functional status, demographics and income level, we find that individuals who are living in old-age homes actually report significantly higher levels of subjective wellbeing than those who are living at home. We argue that this finding emerges from queuing for care homes. This implies that there are individuals living at home who are so frail that they should really be living in an old-age institution, but because of the queues for that particular mode of living, they are living at home with a decreased quality of life as a consequence.
The politics of hard knowledge: uncertainty, intelligence failures, and the ‘last minute genocide’ of Srebrenica
Authors: RIJSDIJK ERNA 
Published: October 2011

AbstractQuestions of uncertainty and responsibility have been central to the political and legal investigations of the failed UN/Dutch peacekeeping mission in Srebrenica. The official Dutch NIOD report on the peacekeeping mission has reconstructed the fall of Srebrenica as a surprise attack and as an ‘intelligence failure’. The report and its understanding of tactical uncertainty has led to a call for more intelligence in UN operations. I argue that the report builds its claims on a problematic epistemology of intelligence studies drawing upon a politics of ‘hard knowledge’. A similar epistemology can be identified in the proceedings of the war crimes tribunal in The Hague (ICTY) in the legal approach of criminal intent for the violence in Srebrenica. Although it is recognised that the political responsibility to prevent genocide and the juridical responsibility to punish those who have committed crimes have different implications for what can be called relevant foreknowledge or criminal intent, both the juridical and the political approaches close off paths for the mobilisation of histories that are more sensitive to the productive workings of language and images and thus to their bearing on possible futures.
GEOGRAPHY OF SPIN SYMPLECTIC FOUR-MANIFOLDS WITH ABELIAN FUNDAMENTAL GROUP
Authors: TORRES RAFAEL 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe study the geography and botany of symplectic spin four-manifolds with abelian fundamental group. By building on the constructions of J. Park and of B. D. Park and Szabó, we can give alternative proofs and extend several results on the geography of simply connected four-manifolds to the nonsimply connected realm.
Docking-based virtual screening for the exploration of potential antagonists for human IGFBP6
Authors: Sravani Bhuvanagiri , Pradhan Dibyabhaba , Umamaheswari Amineni 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDesign of potential drug-like candidates for cardiovascular therapy is of interest in recent years. Elevated level of IGFBP-6 leads to perilous diseases like atherosclerosis, high output cardiac failure and myocardial infarction. The current IGFBP-6 inhibitors available in clinical practice are not having satisfactory anti-cardiovascular effects, leaving room for further improvement. Therefore, with an aim to propose a potent inhibitor to arrest the cardiovascular disease caused by IGFBP-6, tools of computer-aided drug designing were used for virtual screening from small molecule databases. Accordingly, IGFBP-6 tertiary structure was solved through nuclear magnetic resonance techniques retrieved from the protein data bank. Fifteen IGFBP-6 inhibitors were acquired from literature databases and subsequent 2D searching protocol of Ligand.Info yielded 5759 structural analogs. The 3D structural conversion and multiple conformations for each compound were generated using LigPrep with constraints of ADME evaluation and toxicity assessments. The docking and scoring calculations were performed using Glide v5.7. The Glide extra precision (XP) docking had reported 138 leads and ranked based on XP Gscore. Six leads having better XP Gscore compared to current IGFBP-6 inhibitors were proposed as potential inhibitors. Chelidamic acid showed the highest XP Gscore (-7.094 Kcal/mol) with good pharmacological properties and molecular interaction with IGFBP-6. Therefore, chelidamic acid is proposed for rational drug design towards cardiovascular therapy.
Convective transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs facilitates direct penetration into deep tissues after topical application
Authors: Dancik Yuri , Anissimov Yuri G. , Jepps Owen G. , Roberts Michael S. 
Published: October 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECTMany products are applied to human skin for local effects in deeper tissues. Animal studies suggest that deep dermal and/or subcutaneous delivery may be facilitated by both dermal diffusion and transport via the cutaneous vasculature. However, the relationship between the extent and pathways of penetration, drug physicochemical properties and deeper tissue physiology is not well understood.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDSWe have used a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to analyze published human cutaneous microdialysis data, complemented by our own in vitro skin penetration studies. We found that convective blood, lymphatic and interstitial flow led to significant deep tissue concentrations for drugs that are highly plasma protein bound. In such cases, deeper tissue concentrations will occur earlier and may be several orders of magnitude greater than predicted by passive dermal diffusion alone.AIMS To relate the varying dermal, subcutaneous and muscle microdialysate concentrations found in man after topical application to the nature of the drug applied and to the underlying physiology.METHODS We developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in which transport to deeper tissues was determined by tissue diffusion, blood, lymphatic and intersitial flow transport and drug properties. The model was applied to interpret published human microdialysis data, estimated in vitro dermal diffusion and protein binding affinity of drugs that have been previously applied topically in vivo and measured in deep cutaneous tissues over time.RESULTS Deeper tissue microdialysis concentrations for various drugs in vivo vary widely. Here, we show that carriage by the blood to the deeper tissues below topical application sites facilitates the transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs that penetrate the skin, leading to rapid and significant concentrations in those tissues. Hence, the fractional concentration for the highly plasma protein bound diclofenac in deeper tissues is 0.79 times that in a probe 4.5 mm below a superficial probe whereas the corresponding fractional concentration for the poorly protein bound nicotine is 0.02. Their corresponding estimated in vivo lag times for appearance of the drugs in the deeper probes were 1.1 min for diclofenac and 30 min for nicotine.CONCLUSIONS Poorly plasma protein bound drugs are mainly transported to deeper tissues after topical application by tissue diffusion whereas the transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs is additionally facilitated by convective blood, lymphatic and interstitial transport to deep tissues.
Optimisation of the microwave‐assisted extraction process for six phenolic compounds in Agaricus blazei murrill
Authors: Zhang Zuofa , Lv Guoying , Pan Huijuan , Fan Leifa 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAn efficient microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) technique was employed in the extraction of phenolic compounds from Agaricus blazei murrill, and phenolic compounds were quantified by High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The MAE procedure was optimised, validated and compared with other conventional extraction techniques. MAE gave the best result because of the highest extraction efficiency within the shortest extraction time. The optimal conditions of MAE were 60% ethanol, ratio of solid/liquid 1:30, temperature 110 °C, irradiation power 500 W and three extraction cycles, each 5 min. This is the first report on combining MAE with HPLC for the extraction and quantification of phenolic compounds in A. blazei murrill. The developed MAE method provided a good alternative for the extraction of phenolic compounds in A. blazei murrill as well as other materials.
Diafiltration process on xylo‐oligosaccharides syrup using nanofiltration and its modelling
Authors: Zhao Hefei , Hua Xiao , Yang Ruijin , Zhao Liming , Zhao Wei , Zhang Zhong 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThis work presents a theoretical study of the diafiltration and concentration processes on xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOs) syrup using nanofiltration (NF). In our previous study of the separation performance of the NF process on XOs syrup, the models of flux (Jv) and observed retention (Robs) of an NF membrane have been established. In the present study, these models were employed to construct the balance equations of syrup volume and XOs concentration in a feed tank. In experiments, the constant‐volume continuous diafiltration (CVCD) and the discontinuous diafiltration processes were implemented. In CVCD simulation, the flux curve predicted by the model agreed well with the experimental data. In discontinuous diafiltration simulation, the calculated total content of XOs was 94.5%, which was about 1.5% less than the experimental result (96.11%) given by discontinuous diafiltration operation on a XOs syrup with initial XOs content 83.5%.
Reducing inequalities with vaccines: New Zealand's MeNZB vaccine initiative to control an epidemic
Authors: Lennon Diana , Reid Stewart , Stewart Joanna , Jackson Catherine , Crengle Sue , Percival Teuila 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDisadvantaged children of Māori and Pacific origin in New Zealand carry an inequitable burden of infectious diseases, many of which are preventable, some by vaccine. Immunisation is recognised in the developing world as a cheap, effective and efficient means of reducing inequalities. The MeNZB immunisation programme delivered in 2004–2006 towards the expected natural end of a projected 15‐year epidemic appears to have had an effect (difficult to prove conclusively) on reducing the disproportionate burden of meningococcal disease carried by this group of children. It was delayed by the late engagement of the New Zealand Ministry of Health, fully briefed from 1996, leading to unnecessary and potentially avoidable deaths and sequelae, many lifelong. Further, failure to adequately assess vaccine effectiveness means that the contribution of MeNZB to the observed reduction in disease, particularly in those aged less than five years, will never be reliably known. However, the MeNZB campaign has at least left a legacy: the National Immunisation Register, which should enable New Zealand to minimise the ‘vaccine inverse care law’ and contribute to reducing ethnic inequity in the burden of vaccine preventable diseases.
Prevalence of risk factors for foot ulceration in patients with end‐stage renal disease on haemodialysis
Authors: Kaminski M. , Frescos N. , Tucker S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground:  End‐stage renal disease (ESRD) has been associated with foot ulceration and lower extremity amputation (LEA). However, the underlying risk factors for foot ulceration have received limited attention in this population.Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and type of risk factors for foot ulceration present in patients with ESRD on haemodialysis without the coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods:  One hundred and ninety participants with ESRD and/or DM were recruited over a 6‐week period. Participants were allocated into one of three groups: (i) ESRD without DM; (ii) DM without ESRD; and (iii) coexisting ESRD and DM. Participants were screened for the risk factors for foot ulceration. Statistical comparisons were made between the three groups for both the prevalence and type of risk factors using a Fisher's exact test.Results:  Risk factors for foot ulceration were found to be highly prevalent in the ESRD population. Participants with both ESRD and DM exhibited statistically significant differences in risk factor presentation for peripheral neuropathy (P= 0.033), vascular insufficiency (P= 0.001) and footwear (P= 0.037) in comparison with participants with DM alone.Conclusion:  There are high prevalence rates of risk factors for foot ulceration in the ESRD population on haemodialysis and are comparable with those with DM. Individuals with coexisting ESRD and DM have an even greater risk for foot ulceration and LEA. This highlights the importance that regular foot screening, preventative education and treatment are necessary for patients with ESRD potentially to reduce the risk of foot ulcerations and LEAs.
Adjusting Our Lens: Can Developmental Differences in Diagnostic Reasoning Be Harnessed to Improve Health Professional and Trainee Assessment?
Authors: Ilgen Jonathan S. , Bowen Judith L. , Yarris Lalena M. , Fu Rongwei , Lowe Robert A. , Eva Kevin 
Published: October 2011

Academic Emergency Medicine 2011; 18:S79–S86 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Research in cognition has yielded considerable understanding of the diagnostic reasoning process and its evolution during clinical training. This study sought to determine whether or not this literature could be used to improve the assessment of trainees’ diagnostic skill by manipulating testing conditions that encourage different modes of reasoning.Methods:  The authors developed an online, vignette‐based instrument with two sets of testing instructions. The “first impression” condition encouraged nonanalytic responses while the “directed search” condition prompted structured analytic responses. Subjects encountered six cases under the first impression condition and then six cases under the directed search condition. Each condition had three straightforward (simple) and three ambiguous (complex) cases. Subjects were stratified by clinical experience: novice (third‐ and fourth‐year medical students), intermediate (postgraduate year [PGY] 1 and 2 residents), and experienced (PGY 3 residents and faculty). Two investigators scored the exams independently. Mean diagnostic accuracies were calculated for each group. Differences in diagnostic accuracy and reliability of the examination as a function of the predictor variables were assessed.Results:  The examination was completed by 115 subjects. Diagnostic accuracy was significantly associated with the independent variables of case complexity, clinical experience, and testing condition. Overall, mean diagnostic accuracy and the extent to which the test consistently discriminated between subjects (i.e., yielded reliable scores) was higher when participants were given directed search instructions than when they were given first impression instructions. In addition, the pattern of reliability was found to depend on experience: simple cases offered the best reliability for discriminating between novices, complex cases offered the best reliability for discriminating between intermediate residents, and neither type of case discriminated well between experienced practitioners.Conclusions:  These results yield concrete guidance regarding test construction for the purpose of diagnostic skill assessment. The instruction strategy and complexity of cases selected should depend on the experience level and breadth of experience of the subjects one is attempting to assess.
A4 Developing a prioritised vehicle equipment check-sheet (VECS): a modified Delphi Study
Authors: Duncan E , Fitzpatrick D 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundThe number, type; and complexity of equipment carried on frontline ambulances is increasing each year. While this enhances the range of prehospital interventions available, it also results in lengthy equipment checks which, on occasion, are interrupted by emergency calls. This can lead to ambulances arriving at an incident without vital equipment, or with equipment that malfunctions. Although equipment check-sheets have previously been developed to support ambulance clinicians, an informal audit of Scottish Ambulance Service practice indicated that these were outdated, un-prioritised and not in routine use.MethodsAim: To develop a prioritised vehicle equipment check-sheet for routine use. Participants: 99 ambulance clinicians were purposively selected and invited to participate. Design: A modified Delphi study was undertaken. A list of all routine ambulance equipment was collated and developed into the initial Delphi study questionnaire. Participants were then asked to prioritise each item (on a scale from 1 [low priority] to 7 [high priority]) in two rounds. The questionnaire was distributed and returned by email. Analysis: Means and SDs were calculated for each item from round two.Results27 participants completed both rounds of data collection. Items which were required for life saving intervention rated the highest. These were followed by items relating to personal protection and infection control.Conclusions and RecommendationsThis study has enabled the development of a prioritised vehicle equipment check-sheet with high face validity. Its prioritised nature means that vital equipment is accounted for first, ensuring their presence and functionality even if the vehicle is dispatched before a full check can be completed. The check-sheet is now being introduced throughout the Scottish Ambulance Service and would have applicability to other emergency medical services.
Exercise-induced dehydration with and without environmental heat stress results in increased oxidative stress
Authors: Hillman Angela R. , Vince Rebecca V. , Taylor Lee , McNaughton Lars , Mitchell Nigel , Siegler Jason 
Published: October 2011

While in vitro work has revealed that dehydration and hyperthermia can elicit increased cellular and oxidative stress, in vivo research linking dehydration, hyperthermia, and oxidative stress is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise-induced dehydration with and without hyperthermia on oxidative stress. Seven healthy male, trained cyclists (power output (W) at lactate threshold (LT): 199 ± 19 W) completed 90 min of cycling exercise at 95% LT followed by a 5-km time trial (TT) in 4 trials: (i) euhydration in a warm environment (EU-W, control), (ii) dehydration in a warm environment (DE-W), (iii) euhydration in a thermoneutral environment (EU-T), and (iv) dehydration in a thermoneutral environment (DE-T) (W: 33.9 ± 0.9 °C; T: 23.0 ± 1.0 °C). Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) increased significantly postexercise in dehydration trials only (DE-W: p < 0.01, DE-T: p = 0.03), and while not significant, total glutathione (TGSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) tended to increase postexercise in dehydration trials (p = 0.08 for both). Monocyte heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) concentration was increased (p = 0.01) while lymphocyte HSP32 concentration was decreased for all trials (p = 0.02). Exercise-induced dehydration led to an increase in GSSG concentration while maintenance of euhydration attenuated these increases regardless of environmental condition. Additionally, we found evidence of increased cellular stress (measured via HSP) during all trials independent of hydration status and environment. Finally, both 90-min and 5-km TT performances were reduced during only the DE-W trial, likely a result of combined cellular stress, hyperthermia, and dehydration. These findings highlight the importance of fluid consumption during exercise to attenuate thermal and oxidative stress during prolonged exercise in the heat.
Antibody-Radionuclide Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: Historical Considerations and New Trends
Authors: Steiner Martina , Neri Dario 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
When delivered at a sufficient dose and dose rate to a neoplastic mass, radiation can kill tumor cells. Because cancer frequently presents as a disseminated disease, it is imperative to deliver cytotoxic radiation not only to the primary tumor but also to distant metastases, while reducing exposure of healthy organs as much as possible. Monoclonal antibodies and their fragments, labeled with therapeutic radionuclides, have been used for many years in the development of anticancer strategies, with the aim of concentrating radioactivity at the tumor site and sparing normal tissues. This review surveys important milestones in the development and clinical implementation of radioimmunotherapy and critically examines new trends for the antibody-mediated targeted delivery of radionuclides to sites of cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 17(20); 6406–16. ©2011 AACR.