bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential effects of climate change on northwest Portuguese coastal zones
Authors: Coelho Carlos , Silva Raquel , Veloso-Gomes Fernando , Taveira-Pinto Francisco 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCoelho, C., Silva, R., Veloso-Gomes, F., and Taveira-Pinto, F. 2009. Potential effects of climate change on northwest Portuguese coastal zones. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1497–1507. Coastal erosion is a common problem in Europe; a result of the dynamic nature of its coastal zones, of anthropogenic influences, such as coastal interventions and littoral occupation, and of the effects of climate change. The increase in the occurrence of extreme events, the weakening of river-sediment supplies, and the general acceleration of sea level rise (SLR) probably tends to aggravate coastal erosion on decadal time-scales. Describing vulnerability and risk patterns for energetic environmental actions is important for coastal planning and management to rationalize the decision-making process. To minimize negative effects, the various processes causing erosion must be understood to assess the possible prediction scenarios for coastal evolution in the medium to long term. This paper describes the application of a coastal (shoreline evolution) numerical model to a stretch of the Portuguese coast to determine the effects of various scenarios of wave action and SLR that might result from climate change over the next 25 years. We conclude that the effects of SLR are less important than changes in wave action. The numerical model was also applied in a generic situation to compare shoreline evolution with and without anthropogenic intervention.
Transcriptome response of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to infection withVibrio tubiashiiusing cDNA AFLP differential display
Authors: Taris N. , Lang R. P. , Reno P. W. , Camara M. D. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryWe used qualitative complementary DNA‐amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA‐AFLP) differential display analysis and real‐time, quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) to identify genes in the Pacific oysterCrassostrea gigas, whose transcription either changes in response to exposure to a pathogenic bacterium (Vibrio tubiashii) or varies between families known to differ in sensitivity to heat stress, before and at 12 and 36 h after bacterial exposure at a temperature of 25 °C. These conditions simulate those associated with summer mortality syndrome, a poorly understood cause of massive mortalities in cultured Pacific oysters in North America, Asia and Europe. Using 32 AFLP primer pairs, we identified 92 transcript‐derived fragments that are qualitatively differentially expressed. We then cloned and sequenced 14 of these fragments, designed fragment‐specific primers and quantified their transcription patterns using RT‐qPCR. Most of the differences in transcription patterns between stress‐tolerant and stress‐sensitive families were evident before bacterial exposure, and genes that responded to bacterial exposure did so in parallel between stress‐sensitive and stress‐tolerant families.blastsearches of sequence databases revealed that these fragments represent genes involved in immune response as well as genes related to metabolic processes. Our data support the hypothesis that family level differences in resistance to stress in Pacific oysters are largely attributable to constitutive differences in gene transcription or ‘general vigour’ that are detectable before and maintained after infection, rather than being due to induced responses at the transcriptome level.
The effect on sotrastaurin pharmacokinetics of strong CYP3A inhibition by ketoconazole
Authors: Kovarik John M. , Huang Hsun‐Lun A. , Slade Alan , Sfikas Nikos , Chandler Patricia A. 
Published: May 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT? • Sotrastaurin is an investigational protein kinase C inhibitor. This represents a new mechanism of action for immunosuppression to prevent acute rejection after organ transplantation. In vitro experiments indicate that sotrastaurin is a substrate of CYP3A4. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study provides clinical pharmacokinetic information to quantify the effect of the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole on sotrastaurin. The susceptibility of sotrastaurin to CYP3A4‐related drug interactions is placed in the context of similar information about calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus, ciclosporin) and T‐cell proliferation inhibitors (everolimus, sirolimus).AIMSSotrastaurin is an immunosuppressant that reduces T‐lymphocyte activation via protein kinase C inhibition. The effect of CYP3A4 inhibition by ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of sotrastaurin, a CYP3A4 substrate, was investigated.METHODSThis was a two‐period, single‐sequence crossover study in 18 healthy subjects. They received a single 50 mg oral dose of sotrastaurin in period 1 followed by a 14‐day inter‐treatment phase. In period 2 they received ketoconazole 200 mg twice daily for 6 days and a single 50 mg dose of sotrastaurin on the fourth day of ketoconazole administration.RESULTSCo‐administration of single‐dose sotrastaurin during steady‐state ketoconazole increased sotrastaurin Cmax by 2.5‐fold (90% confidence interval 2.2, 2.9) from 285 ± 128 to 678 ± 189 ng ml−1 and increased AUC by 4.6‐fold (4.1, 5.2) from 1666 ± 808 to 7378 ± 3011 ng ml−1 h. Sotrastaurin half‐life was nearly doubled from 5.9 ± 1.7 to 10.6 ± 2.5 h. The AUC of the active metabolite N‐desmethyl‐sotrastaurin was increased by 6.8‐fold. Sotrastaurin did not alter ketoconazole steady‐state predose plasma concentrations.CONCLUSIONSThe strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole increased sotrastaurin AUC by 4.6‐fold. A compensatory reduction in the dose of sotrastaurin is warranted when strong CYP3A4 inhibitors are co‐administered.
Intracellular ‘boosting’ of darunavir using known transport inhibitors in primary PBMC
Authors: Kwan Wai San , Janneh Omar , Hartkoorn Ruben , Chandler Becky , Khoo Saye , Back David , Owen Andrew 
Published: May 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Antiretroviral protease inhibitors such as lopinavir and saquinavir have been shown to be substrates of ABCB1. Co‐administration with the potent ABCB1 and CYP3A4 inhibitor, ritonavir, has shown improved pharmacokinetics and subsequent therapeutic effects of protease inhibitors. Darunavir is a recently licensed protease inhibitor with potent antiretroviral effects but has yet to be characterized as a potential substrate for drug transporters. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Darunavir was shown to be a substrate of ABCB1 using different in vitro models. Inhibition of ABCB1 alone does not increase cellular accumulation of darunavir in PBMCs. However, inhibition of ABCB1 and ABCCs significantly increased cellular accumulation of darunavir whereas inhibition of influx transporters significantly reduced the cellular accumulation of darunavir in PBMCs.AIMSABCB1, some ABCCs and SLCOs have been reported to affect the intracellular accumulation of various protease inhibitors in vitro and ex vivo. Darunavir is the most recently licensed protease inhibitor and we sought to investigate the ability of transport inhibitors to influence its intracellular accumulation in lymphocytes from healthy volunteers.METHODSThe intracellular accumulation of radiolabelled darunavir was assessed using CEM cells and ABCB1‐overexpressing CEMVBL cells. Apical and basolateral transport of radiolabelled darunavir through MDCKII monolayers was also studied. Finally the ability of known inhibitors to influence intracellular accumulation of darunavir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was investigated.RESULTSCEMVBL cells (1.4 ± 0.6, P < 0.001, 95% CI for the difference = 0.46, 0.80, n= 7) had significantly lower accumulation of darunavir compared with CEM cells (5.6 ± 0.7, n= 7) and this was reversed by addition of tariquidar (30 nm, 4.6 ± 0.8, P < 0.001, 95% CI =−0.64, −0.41, n= 4). In MDCKII‐ABCBI cells, transport from the basal to the apical compartment was observed and this was also reversible with the addition of tariquidar. In PBMCs, dipyridamole (6.9 ± 1.3, P < 0.01, 95% CI for the difference =−1.16, −0.30, (n= 8) significantly increased whilst montelukast (5.7 ± 1.0, P < 0.01, 95% CI for the difference = 0.16, 0.79, n= 8) significantly decreased the intracellular accumulation of darunavir when compared with control (6.2 ± 1.1, n= 8).CONCLUSIONSDarunavir is a substrate for efflux and influx transporters in PBMC and intracellular concentrations can be manipulated using known inhibitors.
Generation and characterization of chicken bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells
Authors: Wu Zhiguang , Rothwell Lisa , Young John R. , Kaufman Jim , Butter Colin , Kaiser Pete 
Published: May 2009

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow‐derived professional antigen‐presenting cells. The in vitro generation of DCs from either bone marrow or blood is routine in mammals. Their distinct morphology and phenotype and their unique ability to stimulate naïve T cells are used to define DCs. In this study, chicken bone marrow cells were cultured in the presence of recombinant chicken granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and recombinant chicken interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) for 7 days. The cultured population showed the typical morphology of DCs, with the surface phenotype of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ (high), CD11c+ (high), CD40+ (moderate), CD1·1+ (moderate), CD86+ (low), CD83− and DEC‐205−. Upon maturation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CD40L, surface expression of CD40, CD1·1, CD86, CD83 and DEC‐205 was greatly increased. Endocytosis and phagocytosis were assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐dextran uptake and fluorescent bead uptake, respectively, and both decreased after stimulation. Non‐stimulated chicken bone marrow‐derived DCs (chBM‐DCs) stimulated both allogeneic and syngeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to proliferate in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). LPS‐ or CD40L‐stimulated chBM‐DCs were more effective T‐cell stimulators in MLR than non‐stimulated chBM‐DCs. Cultured chBM‐DCs could be matured to a T helper type 1 (Th1)‐promoting phenotype by LPS or CD40L stimulation, as determined by mRNA expression levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. We have therefore cultured functional chBM‐DCs in a non‐mammalian species for the first time.
Membrane water permeability and aquaporin expression increase during growth of maize suspension cultured cells
Authors: MOSHELION MENACHEM , HACHEZ CHARLES , YE QING , CAVEZ DAMIEN , BAJJI MOHAMMED , JUNG RUDOLF , CHAUMONT FRANÇOIS 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTAquaporins (AQPs) are water channels that allow cells to rapidly alter their membrane water permeability. A convenient model for studying AQP expression and activity regulation is Black Mexican Sweet (BMS) maize cultured cells. In an attempt to correlate membrane osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) with AQP gene expression, we first examined the expression pattern of 33 AQP genes using macro‐array hybridization. We detected the expression of 18 different isoforms representing the four AQP subfamilies, i.e. eight plasma membrane (PIP), five tonoplast (TIP), three small basic (SIP) and two NOD26‐like (NIP) AQPs. While the expression of most of these genes was constant throughout all growth phases, mRNA levels of ZmPIP1;3, ZmPIP2;1, ZmPIP2;2, ZmPIP2;4 and ZmPIP2;6 increased significantly during the logarithmic growth phase and the beginning of the stationary phase. The use of specific anti‐ZmPIP antisera showed that the protein expression pattern correlated well with mRNA levels. Cell pressure probe and protoplast swelling measurements were then performed to determine the Pf. Interestingly, we found that the Pf were significantly increased at the end of the logarithmic growth phase and during the steady‐state phase compared to the lag phase, demonstrating a positive correlation between AQP abundance in the plasma membrane and the cell Pf.
Glucose, epithelium, and enteric nervous system: dialogue in the dark
Authors: Pfannkuche H. , Gäbel G. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe gastrointestinal epithelium is in close contact with the various components of the chymus, including nutrients, bacteria and toxins. The epithelial barrier has to decide which components are effectively absorbed and which components are extruded. In the small intestine, a nutrient like glucose is mainly absorbed by the sodium linked glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and the glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). The expression and activity of both transport proteins is directly linked to the amount of intraluminal glucose. Besides the direct interaction between glucose and the enterocytes, glucose also stimulates different sensory mechanisms within the intestinal wall. The most important types of cells involved in the sensing of intraluminal contents are enteroendocrine cells and neurones of the enteric nervous system. Regarding glucosensing, a distinct type of enteroendocrine cells, the enterochromaffine (EC) cells are involved. Excitation of EC cells by intraluminal glucose results in the release of serotonin (5‐HT), which modulates epithelial functions and activates enteric secretomotorneurones. Enteric neurones are not only activated by 5‐HT, but also directly by glucose. The activation of different cell types and the subsequent crosstalk between these cells may trigger appropriate absorptive and secretory processes within the intestine.
Investigation into selenium requirement of growing turkeys offered a diet supplemented with two levels of vitamin E
Authors: Mueller A. S. , Fischer J. , Most E. , Pallauf J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryTo evaluate dietary selenium (Se) requirement in turkeys offered a diet supplemented with two levels of vitamin E (VE), 96 newly hatched male BIG 6® chicks (58.4 ± 4.12 g) were divided into eight groups of 12 animals each and fed maize soya diets containing 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 mg Se/kg from sodium selenate in combination either with the natural VE content (approximately 10 IU/kg) or with a VE addition of 50 IU/kg. Animals from all the groups were highly performant and their final body weights (1746 ± 190 g) after 35 days on experiment were not significantly different. According to its dietary supply, Se concentration in the liver and plasma increased dose dependently. Independent of dietary VE, the activities of GPx3 in plasma and of GPx1 in liver and breast muscle increased to a larger extent in turkeys supplemented with 0.10 and 0.20 mg Se/kg in relation to animals with low marginal Se supply (0.05 mg/kg). Supplementation of 0.30 mg Se/kg only slightly increased further selenoprotein activities. 2‐Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the liver were strongly reduced by dietary VE, but not by Se. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) activities did not show muscular lesions in none of the groups. Although there were no signs of muscular lesions even in turkeys with marginal Se and moderate VE supply, the activity of selenoproteins in various organs increased up to 0.30 mg Se/kg diet, independent of VE supply. It was concluded that for growing turkeys the Se supply should meet at least a level of 0.20 mg/kg diet as currently recommended by the National Research Council and Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie. Vitamin E addition confirmed the particular function of the vitamin as a lipid antioxidant and should be taken into consideration when diets with high PUFA concentrations are fed.
Taking species abundance distributions beyond individuals
Authors: Morlon Hélène , White Ethan P. , Etienne Rampal S. , Green Jessica L. , Ostling Annette , Alonso David , Enquist Brian J. , He Fangliang , Hurlbert Allen , Magurran Anne E. , Maurer Brian A. , McGill Brian J. , Olff Han , Storch David , Zillio Tommaso 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe species abundance distribution (SAD) is one of the few universal patterns in ecology. Research on this fundamental distribution has primarily focused on the study of numerical counts, irrespective of the traits of individuals. Here we show that considering a set of Generalized Species Abundance Distributions (GSADs) encompassing several abundance measures, such as numerical abundance, biomass and resource use, can provide novel insights into the structure of ecological communities and the forces that organize them. We use a taxonomically diverse combination of macroecological data sets to investigate the similarities and differences between GSADs. We then use probability theory to explore, under parsimonious assumptions, theoretical linkages among them. Our study suggests that examining different GSADs simultaneously in natural systems may help with assessing determinants of community structure. Broadening SADs to encompass multiple abundance measures opens novel perspectives in biodiversity research and warrants future empirical and theoretical developments.
Retinoic acid receptor stimulation protects midbrain dopaminergic neurons from inflammatory degeneration via BDNF‐mediated signaling
Authors: Katsuki Hiroshi , Kurimoto Emi , Takemori Sachiko , Kurauchi Yuki , Hisatsune Akinori , Isohama Yoichiro , Izumi Yasuhiko , Kume Toshiaki , Shudo Koichi , Akaike Akinori 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFunctions of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in adult CNS have been poorly characterized. Here we investigated potential neuroprotective action of tamibarotene (Am80), an RARα/β agonist available for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, on midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Am80 protected dopaminergic neurons in rat midbrain slice culture from injury mediated by lipopolysaccharide‐activated microglia, without affecting production of nitric oxide, a key mediator of cell injury. The effect of Am80 was mimicked by another RAR agonist, TAC‐101, but not by a retinoid X receptor agonist, HX630, and HX630 did not synergize with Am80. We observed neuronal expression of RARα and RARβ in midbrain slice culture and also found that Am80 increased tissue level of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA. Exogenous BDNF prevented dopaminergic neurodegeneration, and the neuroprotective effect of Am80 was suppressed by a TrkB inhibitor, K252a, or by anti‐BDNF neutralizing antibody. These results reveal a novel action of RARs mediated by enhancement of BDNF expression. Finally, oral administration of Am80 prevented dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra induced by local injection of lipopolysaccharide in mice, indicating that RARs are a promising target of therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.
Selective astrocytic gap junctional trafficking of molecules involved in the glycolytic pathway: impact on cellular brain imaging
Authors: Gandhi Gautam K. , Cruz Nancy F. , Ball Kelly K. , Theus Sue A. , Dienel Gerald A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTo assess the specificity of metabolite trafficking among gap junction‐coupled astrocytes, we developed novel, real‐time, single‐cell enzymatic fluorescence assays to assay cell‐to‐cell transfer of unlabeled glycolytic intermediates and report (i) highly restricted transfer of glucose‐6‐phosphate (P) and two analogs, deoxyglucose (DG)‐6‐P, and 2‐[N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino]‐2‐DG‐6‐P, compared with DG and 2‐ and 6‐[N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino]‐2‐DG, (ii) extensive junctional diffusion of glyceraldehyde‐3‐P, NADH, and NADPH plus three anionic fluorescent dyes used as internal standards for transfer assays, and (iii) stimulation of gap junctional communication by increased intracellular Na+ that also evokes metabolic responses in nearby coupled astrocytes. Thus, dye transfer does not predict gap junctional permeability of endogenous metabolites. Intracellular retention of flux‐regulating compounds (e.g. glucose‐6‐P) may be necessary for local metabolic control, whereas ‘syncytial sharing’ may dissipate the work load on peri‐synaptic astrocytes. Imaging of brain functional activity depends on local accumulation of exogenous or endogenous signals, and DG‐6‐P is trapped in the cell where it is phosphorylated, whereas rapid dispersal of cytoplasmic NAD(P)H and labeled glucose metabolites throughout the astrocytic syncytium can interfere with cellular assessment of neuron–astrocyte relationships in autoradiographic, fluorescence microscopic, and magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies.
A NEW WIDE‐GAUGE SAUROPOD TRACK SITE FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF MENDOZA, NEUQUÉN BASIN, ARGENTINA
Authors: GONZÁLEZ RIGA BERNARDO JAVIER , CALVO JORGE ORLANDO 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Agua del Choique is a new Late Cretaceous sauropod track site from Mendoza Province, Neuquén Basin, Argentina. It is situated in the Loncoche Formation, late Campanian – early Maastrichthian in age, and is one of the youngest sauropod tracks site recorded in the world. Agua del Choique represents a lake setting and river‐dominated delta deposits, and comprises at least 160 well‐preserved tracks, located on a calcareous sandstone bed. A new ichnotaxon, Titanopodus mendozensis ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., is erected for the footprints of this track site. Titanopodus mendozensis exhibits the following association of features: (1) wide‐gauge trackway (manus and pes trackway ratios of 18–22 and 26–31 per cent respectively), (2) pronounced heteropody (manus‐pes area ratio of 1:3), (3) outer limits of trackway defined, in some cases, by the manus tracks, and (4) manus impression with an asymmetrical crescent contour and acuminate external border. Titanopodus mendozensis is an excellent case study of the wide‐gauge style of locomotion produced by Late Cretaceous derived titanosaurs that have no impression of manual phalanges. These features, and the fossil record from the Loncoche Formation, suggest that the trackmakers were, probably, middle size saltasaurine or aeolosaurine titanosaurs (14–16 m long).
MICROVERTEBRATE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF UPPER DEVONIAN (FRASNIAN) CARBONATE ROCKS IN THE CANNING AND CARNARVON BASINS OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: TRINAJSTIC KATE , GEORGE ANNETTE D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Shark teeth and scales from the Gneudna Formation type section, Carnarvon Basin are rare, but they represent a diverse fauna as well as being the first Frasnian chondrichthyan remains found in Western Australia. In contrast numerous shark teeth and scales have been obtained from coeval sections in the Canning Basin. Teeth referred to as Phoebodus bifurcatus, Phoebodus fastigatus, Phoebodus cf. fastigatus, Phoebodus latus, Phoebodus sp. C and Protacrodus sp. 1 are described from two Canning Basin localities: Horse Spring Range and McIntyre Knolls. The phoebodont species described here have a global distribution and can, therefore, be placed within the standard Frasnian phoebodont zonation. The shark remains from the Gneudna Formation type section include one new genus Emerikodus ektrapelus gen. et sp. nov., described along with Helodontidae indet and Elasmobranchii gen. et sp. indet. It is proposed that the faunal differences observed between the localities are a result of environmental differences. In addition to shark remains, scales from the thelodont Australolepis seddoni were also recovered from each locality. The well‐dated Zone 6–10 conodont faunas at Horse Spring constrain the range of A. seddoni with which they occur, and importantly indicate that the Gneudna Formation type section is wholly Frasnian.