bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcium Channel blockers: Spectrum of Side Effects and Drug Interactions
Authors: Hedner Thomas 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Calcium antagonists are a chemically heterogenous group of agents with potent cardiovascular effects which are beneficial in the treatment of angina pectoris, arterial hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias.The main side effects for the group are dose‐dependent and the result of the main action or actions of the calcium antagonists, i.e. vasodilatation, negative inotropic effects and antiarrhythmic effects. Pronounced hypotension is reported for the main calcium antagonist drugs; verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine. While conduction disturbances and bradycardia are seen more often after verapamil and diltiazem, tachycardia, headache and flush are more frequent after nifedipine. Constipation is relatively frequent after verapamil while nifedipine is reported to induce diarrhea in som patients.Idiosyncratic side effects are rare but have been reported from the skin, mouth, musculoskeletal system, the liver and the central nervous system. These side effects include urticarial rashes, gingival hyperplasia, arthralgia, hepathotoxicity and transistory mental confusion or akathisia. Verapamil, diltiazem and possibly also nifedipine have been reported to increase serum digoxin concentrations but the clinical relevance of these drug interactions are not clear. Furthermore, verapamil and diltiazem may potentiate the effects of β‐adrenergic blocking drugs and verapamil may also potentiate the effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs.It is concluded that side effects after calcium antagonist drugs are mostly trivial and transient although they may sometimes be relatively common. Clinically relevant drug interactions are few. Judged from the point of efficacy and safety, calcium antagonists will have a major place in the future pharmacotherapy of several cardiovascular disorders.
Nitroglycerin and arterial compliance
Authors: Westling Håkan , Andersson Helén 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The primary effect of nitrates on the circulatory system is a relaxation of capacitance vessels on the venous and arterial side, while dilatation of resistance vessels (arterioles) is a secondary phenomenon, or occurs only at higher doses. Relaxation of arteries may augment flow in conditions where these vessels offer an increased resistance due to e.g. spasm. Relaxation of capacitance arteries explains in part the lower systolic blood pressure after nitroglycerin. Improved “Windkessel” function may augment diastolic arterial pressure and thus improve coronary perfusion.Some methods for measuring arterial compliance are described. It is suggested that more simple measurements of arterial pulsations may be used for studying nitroglycerin tolerance.
Aerobic fitness in prepubertal children according to level of body fat
Authors: Dencker Magnus , Bugge Anna , Hermansen Bianca , Froberg Karsten , Andersen Lars B 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between maximum oxygen uptake (VO2PEAK) and body fat in young children on a population‐based level.Methods:  Participants were 586 children (311 boys and 275 girls) aged 6.8 ± 0.4 years, recruited from a population‐based cohort. VO2PEAK was measured by indirect calorimetry during a maximal exercise test. Percent body fat (BF%) was estimated from skinfold measurements.Results:  Significant relationships existed between BF% and absolute values of VO2PEAK (mL/min), VO2PEAK scaled by body weight (mL/min/kg) and VO2PEAK by allometric scaling (mL/min/kg0.71), whereas no relationships were detected for VO2PEAK scaled to fat‐free mass (FFM) (mL/min/FFM). Person correlation coefficients for boys were 0.26, −0.38, −0.19 and −0.01 NS and for girls 0.33, −0.42, −0.21 and −0.03 NS, respectively. Significant differences in VO2PEAK existed between different quartiles of BF%, with the exception when VO2PEAK was scaled to FFM.Conclusion:  Our findings document the coexistence of two known risk factors for disease at a young age on a population‐base and confirms that VO2PEAK was scaled to FFM represents a body fat independent way of expressing fitness.
Diagnosing myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms: laboratory testing strategies to exclude other disorders
Authors: HALL J. , FOUCAR K. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryIntroduction:  The 2008 World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms includes the diagnostic category, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN), which encompasses those rare clonal myeloid proliferations that at initial presentation, show overlapping myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic features, making classification as either a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) problematic. There are four main subcategories, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, BCR‐ABL1‐negative (aCML), juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable (MDS/MPN‐U), which also includes the provisional entity, refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts associated with marked thrombocytosis (RARS‐T). Notably, the morphological features typical of MDS/MPNs are not specific and can be seen in other myeloid neoplasms at presentation or as part of disease progression or transformation.Methods and Results:  This review presents a laboratory approach to diagnosing MDS/MPNs in adults that allows for the exclusion of other disorders that may be otherwise indistinguishable. Ancillary studies including cytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and genetic testing are discussed.Conclusion:  The most appropriate classification of myeloid neoplasms presenting with hybrid myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative features requires a comprehensive clinical and laboratory assessment with careful integration of the morphological, immunophenotypic, genetic, and clinical characteristics.
Increased Mortality Associated With Low Use of Clopidogrel in Patients With Heart Failure and Acute Myocardial Infarction Not Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Harris Scott , Tepper David , Ip Randy 
Published: July 2010

Abstract.  Objectives. We studied the association of clopidogrel with mortality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with heart failure (HF) not receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background. Use of clopidogrel after AMI is low in patients with HF, despite the fact that clopidogrel is associated with absolute mortality reduction in AMI patients. Methods. All patients hospitalized with first‐time AMI (2000 through 2005) and not undergoing PCI within 30 days from discharge were identified in national registers. Patients with HF treated with clopidogrel were matched by propensity score with patients not treated with clopidogrel. Similarly, 2 groups without HF were identified. Risks of all‐cause death were obtained by the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression analyses. Results. We identified 56,944 patients with first‐time AMI. In the matched cohort with HF (n=5050) and a mean follow‐up of 1.50 years (SD=1.2), 709 (28.1%) and 812 (32.2%) deaths occurred in patients receiving and not receiving clopidogrel treatment, respectively (P=.002). The corresponding numbers for patients without HF (n=6092), with a mean follow‐up of 2.05 years (SD=1.3), were 285 (9.4%) and 294 (9.7%), respectively (P=.83). Patients with HF receiving clopidogrel demonstrated reduced mortality (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–0.95) compared with patients with HF not receiving clopidogrel. No difference was observed among patients without HF (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.83–1.16). Conclusions. Clopidogrel was associated with reduced mortality in patients with HF who do not undergo PCI after their first‐time AMI, whereas this association was not apparent in patients without HF. Further studies of the benefit of clopidogrel in patients with HF and AMI are warranted.—Bonde L, Sorensen R, Fosbol EL, et al. Increased mortality associated with low use of clopidogrel in patients with heart failure and acute myocardial infarction not undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a nationwide study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1300–1307.
Indocyanine green increases light‐induced oxidative stress, senescence, and matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 in human RPE cells
Authors: Kernt Marcus , Hirneiss Christoph , Wolf Armin , Liegl Raffael , Rueping Johann , Neubauer Aljoscha , Alge Claudia , Ulbig Michael , Gandorfer Arndt , Kampik Anselm , Haritoglou Christos 
Published: July 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  Indocyanine green (ICG) is a commonly used vital dye for macular surgery. Recent reports implicate that its use might be associated with less favourable results regarding postoperative visual outcome and damage of retinal cells, and atrophic degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been described. This study investigates the effects of ICG on light‐induced senescence of RPE cells.Methods:  Primary human RPE cells were either pre‐incubated with ICG in concentrations of 0.005% and 0.05% or not and then exposed to white light. After 10 min of irradiation viability, induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase activity (SA β‐Gal) were determined. Expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1 and 3 and their mRNA were determined by RT‐PCR and ELISA.Results:  Light exposure decreased RPE cell viability by 46%. Treatment with 0.005% and 0.05% ICG alone decreased RPE cell viability by 7% and 21%. In addition, expression of ROS, SA β‐Gal, and MMP‐1 and 3 was significantly increased. When 0.005% and 0.05% ICG treatments were combined with light exposure, viability decreased by 69% and 82% compared to the untreated control. Effects on the expression of ROS, SA β‐Gal, and MMP‐1 and 3 were, depending on the ICG dose, significantly increased when cells were pre‐incubated with ICG and then illuminated.Conclusion:  In this study, pretreatment with ICG significantly increased light‐induced oxidative stress and senescence. This might indicate a potential, supplementary mechanism that could explain RPE alterations and reduced functional results after ICG‐assisted internal limiting membrane peeling.
Immunodominant Regions of aChlamydia trachomatisType III Secretion Effector Protein, Tarp
Authors: Wang Jie , Zhang Yingqian , Yu Ping , Zhong Guangming 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTWe have previously shown that individuals infected withChlamydia trachomatiscan develop a robust antibody response to aChlamydiatype III secretion effector protein called Tarp and that immunization with Tarp induces protection against challenge infection in mice. The current study aimed to map the immunodominant regions of the Tarp protein by expressing 11 fragments of Tarp as glutathioneS-transferase (GST) fusion proteins and detecting the reactivity of these fusion proteins with antisera from patients infected withC. trachomatisin the urogenital tract or in the ocular tissue and from rabbits immunized withC. trachomatisorganisms. A major immunodominant region was strongly recognized by all antibodies. This region covers amino acids 152 to 302, consisting of three repeats (amino acids 152 to 201, 202 to 251, and 252 to 302). Each of the repeats contains multiple tyrosine residues that are phosphorylated by host cell kinases when Tarp is injected into host cells. Several other minor immunodominant regions were also identified, including those comprising amino acids 1 to 156, 310 to 431, and 582 to 682 (recognized by antisera from both humans and rabbits), that comprising amino acids 425 to 581 (recognized only by human antisera), and that comprising amino acids 683 to 847 (preferentially recognized by rabbit antisera). This immunodominance was also confirmed by the observations that six out of the nine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) bound to the major immunodominant region and that the other three each bound to one of the minor fragments, comprising amino acids 1 to 119, 120 to 151, and 310 to 431. The antigenicity analyses have provided important information for further understanding the structure and function of Tarp.
Nucleic Acid Dipstick Test for Molecular Diagnosis of Pandemic H1N1
Authors: Wu Liang-Ta , Curran Martin D. , Ellis Joanna S. , Parmar Surendra , Ritchie Allyson V. , Sharma Pia I. , Allain Jean-Pierre , Jalal Hamid , Zambon Maria , Lee Helen H. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTA new nucleic acid amplification-based rapid test for diagnosis of pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 virus was developed. The molecular test for pandemic H1N1, SAMBA (simpleamplification-basedassay), is based on isothermal amplification and visual detection on a dipstick characterized by high sensitivity, high specificity, a short turnaround time, and minimal technical requirements. The amplification step is monitored with an internal control to ensure correct interpretation of test results. The clinical performance of this assay was evaluated using blinded RNA samples extracted from nasal/throat swab specimens from 262 patients exhibiting influenza-like illness. Compared with the United Kingdom National Standard Method, based on quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the new assay were 95.3% (95% confidence interval, 88.5 to 98.7%), 99.4% (95% confidence interval, 96.9 to 99.9%), 98.8% (95% confidence interval, 93.5 to 99.9%), and 97.8% (95% confidence interval, 94.4 to 99.4%), respectively. The SAMBA for pandemic H1N1 provides a new technology that could potentially facilitate timely diagnosis and management of infected individuals, thereby informing decision making with regard to patient isolation during a pandemic outbreak.
Identification and Analysis of Expression of Novel MicroRNAs of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68
Authors: Zhu Jia Yun , Strehle Martin , Frohn Anne , Kremmer Elisabeth , Höfig Kai P. , Meister Gunter , Adler Heiko 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is closely related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and provides a small-animal model with which to study the pathogenesis of gammaherpesvirus (γHV) infections. To completely explore the potential of the MHV-68 system for the investigation of γHV microRNAs (miRNAs), it would be desirable to know the number and expression patterns of all miRNAs encoded by MHV-68. By deep sequencing of small RNAs, we systematically investigated the expression profiles of MHV-68 miRNAs in both lytically and persistently infected cells. In addition to the nine known MHV-68 miRNAs, we identified six novel MHV-68 miRNA genes and analyzed the expression levels of all MHV-68 miRNAs. Furthermore, we also characterized the cellular miRNA expression signatures in MHV-68-infected versus noninfected NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and in 12-
O
-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated versus nontreated S11 cells. We found that mmu-mir-15b and mmu-mir-16 are highly upregulated upon MHV-68 infection of NIH 3T3 cells, indicating a potential role for cellular miRNAs during MHV-68 infection. Our data will aid in the full exploration of the functions of γHV miRNAs.
Word wars and tobacco control: saying what needs saying that we don't yet know how to say, or saying it better
Authors: Malone Ruth E 
Published: July 2010

To help officially launch theTobacco Control Blog, this month's Editorial has also been posted to the blog and is ready for your comments. The aim of this blog is to stimulate debate, generate ideas and explore new and, at times, controversial ideas. Increasing the opportunities for interaction between readers, authors, and editors is essential to ensuring that the journal remains on the leading edge in today's world of instant and constant digital communication. In keeping with this theme, editor Ruth Malone raises the issue of how important language is in defining and framing the tobacco pandemic and challenges readers to share their own creative ideas for “language weapons.” To entice you to join the conversation and make a suggestion, the best idea will win a one-year online subscription to Tobacco Control.The TC blog can be found here:http://blogs.bmj.com/tc/We look forward to meeting you there.Tobacco Control Editorial Team
Data reduction for spectral clustering to analyze high throughput flow cytometry data
Authors: Zare Habil , Shooshtari Parisa , Gupta Arvind , Brinkman Ryan R 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundRecent biological discoveries have shown that clustering large datasets is essential for better understanding biology in many areas. Spectral clustering in particular has proven to be a powerful tool amenable for many applications. However, it cannot be directly applied to large datasets due to time and memory limitations. To address this issue, we have modified spectral clustering by adding an information preserving sampling procedure and applying a post-processing stage. We call this entire algorithm SamSPECTRAL.ResultsWe tested our algorithm on flow cytometry data as an example of large, multidimensional data containing potentially hundreds of thousands of data points (i.e., "events" in flow cytometry, typically corresponding to cells). Compared to two state of the art model-based flow cytometry clustering methods, SamSPECTRAL demonstrates significant advantages in proper identification of populations with non-elliptical shapes, low density populations close to dense ones, minor subpopulations of a major population and rare populations.ConclusionsThis work is the first successful attempt to apply spectral methodology on flow cytometry data. An implementation of our algorithm as an R package is freely available through BioConductor.
The C. elegans Hox gene ceh-13 regulates cell migration and fusion in a non-colinear way. Implications for the early evolution of Hoxclusters
Authors: Tihanyi Borbála , Vellai Tibor , Regős Ágnes , Ari Eszter , Müller Fritz , Takács-Vellai Krisztina 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background

Hox genes play a central role in axial patterning during animal development. They are clustered in the genome and specify cell fate in sequential domains along the anteroposterior (A-P) body axis in a conserved order that is co-linear with their relative genomic position. In the soil worm Caenorhabditis elegans, this striking rule of co-linearity is broken by the anterior Hox gene ceh-13, which is located between the two middle Hox paralogs, lin-39 and mab-5, within the loosely organized nematode Hox cluster. Despite its evolutionary and developmental significance, the functional consequence of this unusual genomic organization remains unresolved.

Results
In this study we have investigated the role of ceh-13 in different developmental processes, and found that its expression and function are not restricted to the anterior body part. We show that ceh-13 affects cell migration and fusion as well as tissue patterning in the middle and posterior body regions too. These data reveal novel roles for ceh-13 in developmental processes known to be under the control of middle Hox paralogs. Consistently, enhanced activity of lin-39 and mab-5 can suppress developmental arrest and morphologic malformation in ceh-13 deficient animals.

Conclusion
Our findings presented here show that, unlike other Hox genes in C. elegans which display region-specific accumulation and function along the A-P axis, the expression and functional domain of the anterior Hox paralog ceh-13 extends beyond the anterior region of the worm. Furthermore, ceh-13 and the middle Hox paralogs share several developmental functions. Together, these results suggest the emergence of the middle-group Hox genes from a ceh-13-like primordial Hox ancestor.
KeaA, a Dictyostelium kelch-domain protein that regulates the response to stress and development
Authors: Mantzouranis Luciana , Bagattini Raquel , Souza Glaucia M 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
The protein kinase YakA is responsible for the growth arrest and induction of developmental processes that occur upon starvation of Dictyostelium cells. yakA

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cells are aggregation deficient, have a faster cell cycle and are hypersensitive to oxidative and nitrosoative stress. With the aim of isolating members of the YakA pathway, suppressors of the death induced by nitrosoative stress in the yakA

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cells were identified. One of the suppressor mutations occurred in keaA, a gene identical to DG1106 and similar to Keap1 from mice and the Kelch protein from Drosophila, among others that contain Kelch domains.

Results
A mutation in keaA suppresses the hypersensitivity to oxidative and nitrosoative stresses but not the faster growth phenotype of yakA

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cells. The growth profile of keaA deficient cells indicates that this gene is necessary for growth. keaA deficient cells are more resistant to nitrosoative and oxidative stress and keaA is necessary for the production and detection of cAMP. A morphological analysis of keaA deficient cells during multicellular development indicated that, although the mutant is not absolutely deficient in aggregation, cells do not efficiently participate in the process. Gene expression analysis using cDNA microarrays of wild-type and keaA deficient cells indicated a role for KeaA in the regulation of the cell cycle and pre-starvation responses.

Conclusions
KeaA is required for cAMP signaling following stress. Our studies indicate a role for kelch proteins in the signaling that regulates the cell cycle and development in response to changes in the environmental conditions.
Prevalence, estimated HIV-1 incidence and viral diversity among people seeking voluntary counseling and testing services in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: de Castro Carlos A Velasco , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Veloso Valdiléa G , Bastos Francisco I , Pilotto José H , Morgado Mariza G 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
BED-EIA HIV-1 Incidence Test (BED-CEIA) has been described as a tool to discriminate recent (RS) from long-term (LTS) seroconversion of HIV-1 infection, contributing to a better understanding of the dynamics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic over time. This study determined the prevalence, estimated incidence and HIV-1 subtype infection among individuals seeking testing in Voluntary Counseling and Testing centers (VCTs) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Methods
Demographics and behavioral data were obtained from 434 individuals, diagnosed as HIV-positive among 9,008 volunteers screened from November 2004 to October 2005 in three VCTs located in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan area, Brazil. BED-CEIA protocol was performed to identify RS. DNA samples from RS and a subset of LTS (under a proportion of 1:2) were selected for gp120 C2-V3 and pol (protease and reverse transcriptase) regions genomic sequencing.

Results
Overall HIV-1 prevalence was 4.8%. Sixty-one of 434 seropositive individuals were classified as RS, corresponding to an incidence rate of 1.68%/year (95%CI 1.26% -2.10%). Estimated incidence between Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) was 11 times higher than among heterosexual men and 55% of the new cases were identified in volunteers aged 25-40 years. A similar distribution of different HIV-1 subtypes was found among RS and LTS.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that prevention for MSM remains a challenge and efforts focusing on prevention targeting this population should be prioritized. No significant changes in HIV-1 subtypes were observed among the RS and LTS subgroups. One case of HIV-1 AUK (pol)/A (env) recombinant genome was detected for the first time in Brazil.