bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gibt es Pathogenitätsfaktoren bei Pilzen?
Authors: Morschhäuser J. , Köhler G. , Hacker J. 
Published: April 2009

Zusammenfassung. Seit geraumer Zeit werden sogenannte Pathogenitäts‐ oder Virulenzfaktoren bei pathogenen Bakterien intensiv studiert. Während vor allem obligat pathogene Organismen, aber auch fakultativ pathogene Bakterien derartige Faktoren ausbilden, ist ihre Präsenz und Funktion bei pathogenen Pilzen nach wie vor umstritten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Daten zusammengestellt, die das Wirken von Pathogenitätsfaktoren bei Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus und Candida albicans beleuchten. Es sind unter anderem Proteasen, Haftfaktoren und Kapseln, die bei Pilzen zur Pathogenitat beitragen können. Da Pilzinfektionen in der Regel bei immunsupprimierten Personen auftreten, spielt neben der Wirkung von Pathogenitätsfaktoren der Wirtsstatus eine entscheidende Rolle im Infektionsgeschehen.Summary. Since many years so‐called pathogenicity or virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria have been studied intensively. Whereas these factors are produced especially by obligate but also facultative pathogenic bacteria, their presence and function in pathogenic fungi is still a matter of debate. In this minireview we summarize some data about possible pathogenicity factors of Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. The production of adhesins, proteases and capsules contributes to the virulence of these fungi. As fungal infections usually affect immunocompromised patients, the immune status of the host plays a decisive role in addition to the virulence factors produced by fungi.
Ein neues pharmazeutisches Konzept für die Therapie der oropharyngealen und oesophagealen Candidose mit Fluconazol
Authors: Wildfeuer A. , Laufen H. , Yeates R. A. , Zimmermann T. 
Published: April 2009

Zusammenfassung. Die Applikation von Fluconazol‐Kapseln hat sich in der Candidose‐Therapie und bei immunsupprimierten Patienten zur Candidose‐Prophylaxe bewährt. Von der Darreichungsform einer Fluconazol‐Suspension wird ein zusätzlicher topischer Effekt auf den Verlauf der oropharyngealen und oesophagealen Candidose erwartet. Deshalb wurde die Pharmakokinetik des Antimykotikums im Speichel und Blut nach oraler Applikation von 100 mg Fluconazol als Suspension bzw. Kapsel im Überkreuzversuch an 12 gesunden Probanden verglichen. Dabei zeigten die nach Einnahme der Suspension oder Kapsel gemessenen Fluconazol‐Konzentrationen ein sehr älmliches Blutspiegelprofil, während sich die pharmakokinetischen Daten beider Darreichungsformen im Speichel der Probanden signifikant unterschieden. Fluconazol Cmax im Speichel betrug 551 μg/ml fünf Minuten nach Einnahme der Suspension bzw. 3 μg/ml vier Stunden nach Applikation der Kapsel. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß bei entsprechender Anwendung der Suspension die im Speichel vorliegenden mittleren Konzentrationen des Antimykotikums über den Beobachtungszeitraum (0–96 h) > 80% höher sind als nach Medikation der Kapsel.Summary. Administration of fluconazole capsules is of proven worth in the treatment of candidosis of the mucous membranes, particularly in immunocompromised patients. An additional topical effect on the course of oropharyngeal and oesophageal candidosis can be expected when fluconazole is administered as a suspension. For this reason a crossover pharmacokinetic study with 12 healthy volunteers was carried out, in which the concentrations of the antimycotic were measured in saliva and plasma, after oral administration of 100 mg fluconazole as either a capsule or as a suspension. The time‐courses of the concentration of fluconazole after the two formulations were very similar in plasma but significantly different in saliva. The mean Cmax for fluconazole in saliva was 551 μg/ml 5 min after ingestion of the suspension and 3 μg/ml 4 h after taking the capsule. Over the observation time (0–96 h) the concentration of the antimycotic in saliva was more than 80% higher with the suspension than with the capsule.
Paracoccidioidomycosis: an uncommon localization in the scrotum
Authors: Tomimori‐Yamashita Jane , Tagliolatto Sandra , Porro Adriana M. , Ogawa Marilia M. , Michalany Nílceo S. , Camargo Zoilo P. 
Published: April 2009

Summary. Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The authors present a case of a 49‐year‐old man who developed verrucous lesions on nasal mucosa and on genital localization (inguinal and scrotal), without signs of systemic disease. Direct mycological examination, culture on Sabouraud glucose medium, and biopsy were positive for P. brasitiensis. The interest of this case is the genital localization which is uncommon in this infection. Moreover, there are few cases described in the literature.Zusammenfassung. Paracoccidioidomykose ist eine systemische Mykose, verursacht durch den dimorphen Pilz Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Wir stellen den Fall eines 49‐Jahre alten Mannes vor, der verruköse Läsionen an der Nasenschleimhaut, der Leiste und am äußeren Skrotum zeigte, aber sonst keine Zeichen für eine systemische Erkrankung bot. Der Nachweis von P. brasiliensis gelang sowohl im mykologischen Abstrich, in der Kultur mit Sabouraud‐Glucose‐Agar und in der Biopsie. Die Lokalisation im Genitalbereich ist bei Paracoccidioidomykose sehr ungewöhnlich und bislang kaum beschrieben worden.
Localization of glycoconjugates and glycogen in yeast‐like cells and protoplasts of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Authors: Borba Cintia de Moraes , Meirelles M. N. S. L. , da Silva A. M. Mendes , de Oliveira P. C. 
Published: April 2009

Summary. The presence and localization of storage polysaccharides and of polysaccharides as cell structure constituents of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast‐like cells and protoplasts were studied using the periodic acid‐thiocarbohydrazide‐silver proteinate (PATAg) technique. Yeast‐like cells presented glycogen particles in the form of rosettes, which were mostly concentrated in regions of the cytoplasm. Cells in the budding process presented small amounts of glycogen in their matrix. The intracellular membranes and the attachment of the mother cell to the bud were clearly labelled by silver, demonstrating a large amount of glycoconjugates. The protoplasts presented a small amount of glycogen in their cytoplasm, a reduction probably due to the enzymatic treatment to which the cells were submitted.Zusammenfassung. Vorkommen und Lokalisation von Speicherpolysacchariden und Struktur‐polysacchariden wurden mittels PATAg‐Technik an der Hefephase und an Protoplasten von Paracoccidioides brasiliensis untersucht. Zellen der Hefephase zeigten Glykogen‐Rosetten meist in zytoplasmatischen Regionen konzentriert. Knospende Hefezellen hatten geringe Glykogen‐Mengen in ihrer Matrix. Die intrazellulären Membranen und der Grenzbereich zwischen Mutterzelle und Knospe waren deutlich silbermarkiert, was auf eine hohe Konzentration von Glykokonjugaten hinweist. Protoplasten zeigten geringe Glykogen‐Konzentrationen im Zytoplasma, wahrscheinlich bedingt durch die Enzymbehandlung zur Protoplastentransformation.
Azole antifungals: weak inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase in mouse and human cells
Authors: Vermuyten Karen , Laurijssens Leen , Bossche H. Vanden 
Published: April 2009

Summary.The effect of three azole antifungals on inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) activity in different mouse and human cells was evaluated. The iNOS activity was determined by L‐citrulline and nitrite measurement. In the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, in mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) and in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (DLD‐1), iNOS activity could be induced with lipopolysaccharides and cytokines. Under similar conditions, no iNOS induction was found in human monocytes/macrophages. The concentration of itraconazole, ketoconazole or miconazole needed to inhibit iNOS activity by 50% in RAW 264.7 cells, MPM and DLD‐1 cells was 10 μmol 1‐1This is at least 100 times more than the concentrations of these azole antifungals required to produce a 50% inhibition of yeast growth and ergosterol synthesis of, for example,Candida albicansafter the same incubation period. These results show that azole antifungals are weak inhibitors of iNOS in intact cells.Zusammenfasung.Der Effekt von drei Azol‐Antimyzetika auf die induzierbare Stickstoffmonoxid‐Synthase (iNOS) in verschiedenen Mausund menschlichen Zellen wurde untersucht. Die iNOS‐Aktivität wurde mittels L‐Citrullin‐ und Nitrit‐Messung bestimmt. In der Maus‐Makrophagen Zelllinie RAW 264.7, in murinen peritonealen Macrophagen (MPM) und in menschlichen colorektalen Adenokarzinom‐Zellen (DLD‐1) konnte die iNOS Aktivität mit Lipopoly‐sacchariden und Cytokinen induziert werden. Unter vergleichbaren Bedingungen wurde in menschlichen Monozyten/Makrophagen keine iNOS‐Aktivität gefunden. Die notwendige Konzentration an Itraconazol, Ketoconazol oder Miconazol zur Hemmung der iNOS‐Aktivität in RAW 264.7 Zellen, MPM und DLD‐1 Zellen um 50% liegt bei 10 μmol 1‐1Dies ist mehr als die hundertfache Azol‐Konzentration, die bei gleicher Inkubationszeit benötigt wird, um das Wachstum oder die Ergosterolsynthese von zum BeispielCandida albicansauf 50% zu inhibieren. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Azol‐Antimyzetika schwache iNOS Inhibitoren in intakten Zellen sind.
Isolation of Microsporum nanum from a patient with tinea corporis in Madras, India
Authors: Ranganathan S. , Menon Thangam , Balajee S. Arun Mozhi 
Published: April 2009

Summary. Microsporum nanum was isolated from a case of tinea corporis in a 16‐year‐old boy. This is the first recorded case of human ringworm infection caused by M. nanum in India.Zusammenfassung. Microsporum nanum wurde von Tinea corporis‐Arealen eines 16‐jährigen Jungen isoliert. Dies ist der erste dokumentierte Falle einer M. nanum‐Dermatophytose in Indien.
Therapie von Infektionen durch Schwärzepilze
Authors: Tintelnot Kathrin 
Published: April 2009

Zusammenfassung. Da Schwärzepilze zu den seltenen Erregern von Mykosen zählen, begründen sich Therapieempfehlungen vorwiegend auf Einzelfallbeobachtungen. Bei Eumyzetomen und herdförmigen Phaeohyphomykosen des Zentralnervensystems (z. B. durch Cladophialophora bantiana, Exophiala dermatitidis) und in bestimmten Fällen einer Chromoblastomykose ist die Resektion in toto Therapie der Wahl, ggf. mit antimykotischer Begleitmedikation. Zur antimykotischen Therapie ex juvantibus bei Phaeohyphomykosen ist z. Z. ein Therapicerfolg mit einer Kombinationsbehandiung aus Itraconzol und 5‐Fluorcytosin am ehesten zu erwatten. Eine ausreichende Therapiedauer ist für den Erfolg maßgebend.Summary. Since dematiaceous fungi belong to the group of rare infectious agents causing mycoses, therapeutic recommendations are mainly deduced from observations of single cases. In cases of eumycetoma or focal phaeohyphomycoses of the central nervous system (e.g. caused by Cladophialophora bantiana or Exophiala dermatitidis) and in certain cases of chromoblastomycoses, the resection in loto is the therapy of choice, which may be accompanied by antimycotic medication. As antimycotic therapy ex juvantibus in case of phaeohyphomycoses, a simultaneous application of itraconazole and 5‐fluorocytosine is presently most promising. The success depends on an adequate duration of therapy.
Diagnosis of fungal infections
Authors: Füssle Roswitha 
Published: April 2009

Summary. Fungal infections become more and more important due to their increasing incidence in immunocompromised patients. In these patients opportunistic fungi (Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus) can cause life‐threatening infections. Diagnosis of fungal infections is difficult. Clinical symptoms are uncharacteristic, and laboratory diagnosis is confronted with many problems and requires expert interpretation.Zusammenfassung. Pilzinfektionen nehmen in ihrer Bedeutung zu wegen der steigenden Häufigkeit bei infektabwehrgeschwächten Patienten. Bei diesen können opportunistische Pilze (Candida, Aspergtllus, Cryptococcus) lebensbcdrohliche Infektionen verursachen. Die Diagnose der Pilzinfektionen ist schwierig: Die klinischen Symptome sind uncharakteristisch und die Labordiagnose ist problematisch und erfordert sachkundige Interpretation.
Clinical and diagnostic aspects of dermatophyte onychomycosis
Authors: Maleszka R. , Adamski Z. 
Published: April 2009

Summary. The paper presents mechanisms of the spread of dermatophyte infection in the nail and the associated most frequently encountered clinical features. Particular attention has been paid to advantages for dermatological practice that are based on using some diagnostic traits of dermatophyte onychomycosis, in particular signs of a transverse and spriggy network, typical of the disease.Zusammenfassung. Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die pathogenetischen Mechanismen von Dermatophyteninfektionen im Nagel und die am häufigsten beobachteten klinischen Bilder. Besonders betont werden vorteilhafte Vorgehensweisen für die dermatologische Praxis unter Einbeziehung bestimmter diagnostischer Symptome bei Dermatophyten‐bedingter Onychomykose, insbesondere die Ausbreitungscharak‐teristika, wie sie für diese Krankheit typisch sind.
Keratin degradation by Scytalidium species and Fusarium solani
Authors: Oyeka C. A. , Gugnani H. C. 
Published: April 2009

Summary. The keratin degradation capability of some non‐dermatophytic filamentous fungi, viz Scytalidium dimidiatum types A and B, S. hyalinum, S. japonicum and Fusarium solani, was investigated using nail clippings and keratin powder as substrates. Representative isolates of the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes were also tested. The two morphological types of S. dimidiatum were almost equally effective in the degradation of substrates, 42–43% nail clippings and 24–26% keratin. Scytalidium hyalinum and S. japonicum degraded 40% and 38% of nail clippings respectively. Degradation of keratin was insignificant. In the case of F. solani, nail clippings were degraded 43% and keratin 20%. The dermatophytes caused much higher degradation of nail clippings (70–73%) and keratin (42–52%).Zusammenfassung. Die Fähigkeit zum Keratinabbau wurde an einigen Nicht‐Dermatophyten, nämlich Scytalidium dimitiatum Typ A und B, S. hyalinum, S. japonicum und Fusarium solani mit Nagelspänen und Keratinpulver als Substrat untersucht. Daneben wurden auch repräsentative Dermatophyten‐Isolate, nämlich Trichophyton rubrum und Trichophyton mentagrophytes getestet. Die beiden Morphetypten von S. dimitiatum verhielten sich im Keratinabbau fast gleich: 42–43% Nagelspäne und 24–26% Keratinpulver. S. hyalinum und S. japonicum bauten 40% bzw. 38% Nagelspäne ab; der Abbau von Keratinpulver war unbedeutend. Fusarium solani baute Nagelspäne zu 43% und Keratinpulver zu 20% ab. Die Dermatophyten dagegen degradierten Nagelspäne zu 70–73% und Keratinpulver zu 42–52%.
Zur Vergangenheit und Gegenwart der Mykologie in der deutschsprachigen Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe
Authors: Mendling W. 
Published: April 2009

Zusammenfassung. Geburtshilfliche Mykologie hatte nach der Entdeckung von Pilzen 1839 zuerst das Ziel, die mögliche Ursache des, Soors bei Neugeborenen zu finden. Dafür stehen die Namen Berg (1846), Mayer (1862), Martin (1856), Winckel (1866), Haussmann (1870), Kehrer (1883), Epstein (1924), Rüther, Rieth und Koch (1958), Malicke (1963), Blaschke‐Hellmessen (1968) und Schnell (1981) u.a. Auf gynäkologischem Gebiet wurden Vaginalmykosen sowie deren Therapieprobleme von den Gynäkologen Döderlein (1892), Spitzbart (1960), Lachenicht und Potel (1971), Neumann und Kaben (1971), Müller und Nold (1981) und Mendling (1987, 1995) untersucht. Viele gynäkologische Arbeiten wurden allerdings auch von Dermatologen und Mikrobiologen geschrieben.Summary. After the detection of yeasts in 1839, German speaking mycology was first performed in obstetrics to find out the source of neonatal thrush. The authors are Berg (1846), Mayer (1862), Martin (1856), Winckel (1866), Haussmann (1870), Kehrer (1883), Epstein (1924), Rüther, Rieth and Koch (1958) Malicke (1963), Blaschke‐Hellmessen (1968) and Schnell (1981) and others. In the gynecological field yeasts, vaginal mycoses and therapeutic problems had been investigated by the gynecologists Döderlein (1892), Spitzbart (1960), Lachenicht and Potel (1971), Neumann and Kaben (1971), Müller and Nold (1981) and Mendling (1987, 1995). Many gynecological papers, however, had also been written by dermatologists and microbiologists.
Pyogenic granuloma complicating pulsed‐dye laser therapy for cherry angioma
Authors: Cheah Sheryn , DeKoven Joel 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTA 37 year‐old‐woman presented for cosmetic removal of a 7‐mm (diameter) cherry angioma on her right anterior thigh. Various treatment options were discussed and removal of the lesion using pulsed‐dye laser was carried out. The patient returned 5 weeks later complaining of bleeding from the treatment site, which on examination showed a 23 × 23‐mm friable nodular lesion with the typical appearance of a pyogenic granuloma. This lesion was removed by shave excision, curettage and electrodessication. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of pyogenic granuloma. This is a rare occurrence post pulsed‐dye laser therapy that physicians may choose to discuss with patients prior to performing this procedure.
Dealing with threats: Integrating science and management
Authors: Auld Tony D. , Keith David A. 
Published: May 2009

Summary  Threats to biodiversity are pervasive and diverse. The management of these threats is the major focus of conservation biology. We briefly reviewed the taxonomy of direct threats to biodiversity as a means of examining legislated planning actions and strategies for managing threatening processes in eastern Australia and propose a simple classification of five general types of threat. These include the major threats of destruction and fragmentation of habitat and global climate change; threats that relate directly to changes in disturbance regimes (e.g. fire and water); threats related to reduced functionality of biological interactions or life‐cycle processes (e.g. due to invasions of exotic species); and over‐exploitation affecting specific groups of plant and animal species. We applied this five‐level classification to the listings of key threatening processes under legislation in three Australian jurisdictions (Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria). A small core group of threats are currently common to all three jurisdictions, including clearing of native vegetation, climate change and particular alien predators and diseases. The bulk of listings reflect differences in emphasis between jurisdictions, with the Commonwealth having not listed threats related to weeds or disturbance regimes.To manage all types of threats, we need a clear understanding of cause and effect combined with adaptive management strategies for amelioration. We use selected case studies to show how a process‐based understanding of threats can be incorporated into conservation management. In fire‐prone ecosystems in New South Wales, for example, threats posed by increased fire frequency have been addressed in fire planning by prescribing management thresholds, derived from knowledge of the limits set by seed bank dynamics in relation to species persistence. Monitoring of species after fire allows re‐evaluation of recommended intervals. In arid and semi‐arid systems, grazing by introduced herbivores has disrupted the recruitment of new individuals into plant populations, resulting in long‐term decline of a number of perennial plant species across extensive proportions of their ranges. In conjunction with long‐term monitoring of recruitment patterns at selected locations, control of introduced herbivores is being used to address this threat. Finally, strategies for dealing with threats of a changing climate (including managing the capacity of species to disperse across the landscape) must include strategies for minimizing habitat loss and on‐site management of existing threats.
Indigenous ENT anaesthesia. Humanitarians at home
Authors: Donaldson A. , Murray R. 
Published: April 2009

Indigenous Australian children have rates of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) that according to the World Health Organization (WHO) constitute a public health emergency [1, 2]. CSOM may result in permanent hearing impairment, learning difficulties [2, 3] and contribute to the cycle of illiteracy, unemployment, and poverty seen in Indigenous communities.Paediatric anaesthetists form a vital part of the Deadly Ears program, a program which seeks to provide ENT outreach services to remote Indigenous communities in Queensland. We examine the reasons for, and the benefits of, the creation of this particular service [4, 5] and the role performed by the paediatric anaesthetist. In particular, we focus on the cultural and environmental challenges, and identify specifically our modifications in anaesthetic technique to overcome these difficulties in a setting where anaesthesia is rarely performed. We demonstrate the role of the paediatric anaesthetist in a public health setting.We have focused on 22 cases conducted in Bamaga and Woorabinda on two outreach trips in 2008. Local ethics committee approval was obtained to review these charts. In particular, we focus on patient characteristics, surgical procedures and per‐operative complications.1 Coates HL, et al. Otitis media in Aboriginal children: tackling a major health problem. Med J Aust 2002; 177(4): 177–178.2 Rothstein J, Heazlewood R and Fraser M, Health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in remote Far North Queensland: findings of the Paediatric Outreach Service. Med J Aust 2007; 186(10): 519–521.3 Morris PS. A systematic review of clinical research addressing the prevalence, aetiology, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of otitis media in Australian Aboriginal children. J Paediatr Child Health 1998; 34(6): 487–497.4 Gruen RL, Weeramanthri TS and Bailie RS. Outreach and improved access to specialist services for indigenous people in remote Australia: the requirements for sustainability. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2002; 56(7): 517–521.5 Gruen RL et al. Specialist outreach to isolated and disadvantaged communities: a population‐based study. Lancet 2006; 368(9530): 130–138.