bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In the Name of Reason: Colonial Liberalism and the Government of West Indian Indentureship
Authors: WAHAB AMAR 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOne year after the first importation of coolie labourers from India to Trinidad in 1845 there were numerous reports of physical, occupational, and psychic abuse perpetrated by planters and estate managers against indentured labourers. This paper presents a genealogical footprint of the tormented existence of these labourers under a system of quasi‐slavery paradoxically at a moment when British colonial governance aimed to reinvent itself via the indentureship scheme, as humanitarian, benevolent and indispensable to the improvement of Indian subjects. Based on the court testimonies of a case concerning planter brutality against coolie, the paper foregrounds a legal‐administrative recalculation and redistribution of the semiotics of disciplinary power in an effort to consolidate the sovereignty of the liberal colonial state.
WRKY transcription factors: key components in abscisic acid signalling
Authors: Rushton Deena L. , Tripathi Prateek , Rabara Roel C. , Lin Jun , Ringler Patricia , Boken Ashley K. , Langum Tanner J. , Smidt Lucas , Boomsma Darius D. , Emme Nicholas J. , Chen Xianfeng , Finer John J. , Shen Qingxi J. , Rushton Paul J. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryWRKY transcription factors (TFs) are key regulators of many plant processes, including the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, senescence, seed dormancy and seed germination. For over 15 years, limited evidence has been available suggesting that WRKY TFs may play roles in regulating plant responses to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), notably some WRKY TFs are ABA‐inducible repressors of seed germination. However, the roles of WRKY TFs in other aspects of ABA signalling, and the mechanisms involved, have remained unclear. Recent significant progress in ABA research has now placed specific WRKY TFs firmly in ABA‐responsive signalling pathways, where they act at multiple levels. In Arabidopsis, WRKY TFs appear to act downstream of at least two ABA receptors: the cytoplasmic PYR/PYL/RCAR‐protein phosphatase 2C‐ABA complex and the chloroplast envelope–located ABAR–ABA complex. In vivo and in vitro promoter‐binding studies show that the target genes for WRKY TFs that are involved in ABA signalling include well‐known ABA‐responsive genes such as ABF2, ABF4, ABI4, ABI5, MYB2, DREB1a, DREB2a and RAB18. Additional well‐characterized stress‐inducible genes such as RD29A and COR47 are also found in signalling pathways downstream of WRKY TFs. These new insights also reveal that some WRKY TFs are positive regulators of ABA‐mediated stomatal closure and hence drought responses. Conversely, many WRKY TFs are negative regulators of seed germination, and controlling seed germination appears a common function of a subset of WRKY TFs in flowering plants. Taken together, these new data demonstrate that WRKY TFs are key nodes in ABA‐responsive signalling networks.
REMITTANCES AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT: SUBSTITUTES OR COMPLEMENTS IN ECONOMIC GROWTH?
Authors: Bettin Giulia , Zazzaro Alberto 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTRecent studies indicate that the effect of migrants’ remittances on the economic growth of receiving countries depends negatively on the level of development of the domestic financial sector. In this paper, we introduce a new indicator of financial development to measure the efficiency of the domestic banking system, and find the existence of complementarity between remittances and bank efficiency in economic growth, such that remittances promote growth only in countries whose banks function well. This result is robust to controls for other traditional measures of financial depth and institutional quality indicators.
An improved procedure for detection of heart arrhythmias with novel pre‐processing techniques
Authors: Ghorbanian P. , Jalali A. , Ghaffari A. , Nataraj C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study is to develop an algorithm to detect and classify six types of electrocardiogram (ECG) signal beats including normal beats (N), atrial pre‐mature beats (A), right bundle branch block beats (R), left bundle branch block beats (L), paced beats (P), and pre‐mature ventricular contraction beats (PVC or V) using a neural network classifier. In order to prepare an appropriate input vector for the neural classifier several pre‐processing stages have been applied. Initially, a signal filtering method is used to remove the ECG signal baseline wandering. Continuous wavelet transform is then applied in order to extract features of the ECG signal. Next, principal component analysis is used to reduce the size of the data. A well‐known neural network architecture called the multi‐layered perceptron neural network is then utilized as the final classifier to classify each ECG beat as one of six groups of signals under study. Finally, the MIT‐BIH database is used to evaluate the proposed algorithm, resulting in 99.5% sensitivity, 99.66% positive predictive accuracy and 99.17% total accuracy.
Halo naevi with associated vitiligo‐like depigmentations: pathogenetic hypothesis
Authors: van Geel N. , Speeckaert R. , Lambert J. , Mollet I. , De Keyser S. , De Schepper S. , Brochez L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground  In analogy with melanoma‐associated leucoderma, halo naevi may trigger in some patients the development of additional depigmentations which are in distribution, extent and prognosis not in accordance with classic vitiligo.Objective  The aim of this study was to support the hypothesis that in a subset of halo naevi patients vitiligo‐like lesions develop directly linked to the halo phenomenon.Methods  Forty‐one patients with halo naevi were examined for the development of depigmentations not corresponding to typical vitiligo lesions.Results  We identified a subset of five halo naevi patients with additional subtle depigmentations. After the occurrence of multiple halo naevi, they developed leucoderma that showed a different disease pattern than vitiligo (variable asymmetric distribution, limited extent and lack of progression). Moreover, the characteristics of these halo naevi patients with associated leucoderma were different from classic vitiligo patients (high number of halo naevi, absence of family history for vitiligo and absence of autoimmune diseases) and the timing of occurrence of the leucoderma suggested a direct relation with the halo phenomenon.Conclusions  In this article, we describe in a limited subset of patients with multiple halo naevi discrete depigmentations at distance from halo naevi which may result from a temporary autoimmune process directly linked to the halo phenomenon. This finding illustrates the collateral damage resulting from skin immunosurveillance and may have clinical consequences as the evolution pattern in this subset of patients is less progressive compared with vitiligo. We present clinical data that support this hypothesis and suggest to call it ‘halo naevi‐associated leucoderma’.
Corrective eyeglasses and medial canthal basal cell carcinoma: a case‐control study
Authors: Resende M. , Hercos A.C. , Miot H.A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground  Corrective eyeglasses are frequently worn by adults, particularly at older ages. Their lenses and frames provide ultraviolet protection. Medial canthal basal cell carcinomas are infrequent (3–8%), and their relation with the use of corrective glasses was not yet investigated.Objectives  To assess the prevalence of corrective eyeglasses use in individuals with medial canthal basal cell carcinoma.Methods  Case‐control study using two controls matched by age, gender, and ethnicity for each case. Cases were patients with medial canthal basal cell carcinoma, and controls were patients with basal cell carcinoma elsewhere on the face. The prevalence of major risk variables was estimated and adjusted by conditional multiple logistic regression.Results  Fifty cases and 100 controls were assessed. The mean patient age was 69.7 years, and 54% of the subjects were females. No difference regarding the eyeglasses use or use duration was found between groups. However, when visual defects were separately evaluated, eyeglasses for myopia correction were independently associated with lower risk of medial canthal basal cell carcinoma development (OR = 0.26; P = 0.03), what can be related to long term local photoprotection.Conclusion  The use of eyeglasses for myopia correction is associated with lower prevalence of medial cantal basal cell carcinoma. Risk‐reducing mechanisms should be elucidated.
Investigation of Springback of Metallic Sheets at Small Strains
Authors: Manach P. Y. , Thuillier S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  The bending process of an aluminium alloy and a high‐strength steel is analysed using the cylindrical bending test of Numisheet 2002 (Proceedings of the 5th International conference and workshop on numerical simulation of 3D sheet forming processes, 2002, Jeju Island, South Korea). Despite its simplicity, it is now well known that this test is difficult to reproduce numerically. Indeed, it involves small plastic strains but large springback and exhibits complex contact boundary conditions providing severe benchmark characteristics. In order to obtain reliable results to be used for the validation of finite element models or simulations, particular attention has been paid to the fine measurement of several experimental parameters using a high‐resolution video camera. Several geometrical and contact parameters, as well as the springback angle, are determined. The springback results are compared with analytical results obtained using a classical bending model. It is shown that the agreement is good if the work‐hardening is identified within a small strain range, corresponding to the one covered during the test, as it mainly involves small deformations, pure bending and a weak anticlastic effect. Moreover, the decrease in the apparent modulus as a function of plastic strain leads to a more accurate measurement of the variation in the springback angle.
Indolinones and anilinophthalazines differentially target VEGF‐A‐ and basic fibroblast growth factor‐mediated responses in primary human endothelial cells
Authors: Latham AM , Bruns AF , Kankanala J , Johnson AP , Fishwick CWG , Homer‐Vanniasinkam S , Ponnambalam S 
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The potent pro‐angiogenic growth factors VEGF‐A and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) exert their effects by binding VEGF receptor 2 and FGF receptor tyrosine kinases, respectively. Indolinones (e.g. SU5416 and Sutent) and anilinophthalazines (e.g. PTK787) are potent small molecule inhibitors of VEGFR2 and other tyrosine kinases, but their effects on VEGF‐A‐ and bFGF‐stimulated endothelial responses are unclear. Here we assess the ability of these compounds to inhibit pro‐angiogenic responses through perturbation of receptor activity and endothelial function(s).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used in silico modelling, in vitro tyrosine kinase assays, biochemistry and microscopy to evaluate the effects of small molecules on receptor tyrosine kinase activation and intracellular signalling. Primary human endothelial cells were used to assess intracellular signalling, cell migration, proliferation and tubulogenesis.KEY RESULTS We predicted that the anilinophthalazine PTK787 binds the tyrosine kinase activation loop whereas indolinones are predicted to bind within the hinge region of the split kinase domain. Sutent is a potent inhibitor of both VEGFR2 and FGFR1 tyrosine kinase activity in vitro. The compounds inhibit both ligand‐dependent and ‐independent VEGFR2 trafficking events, are not selective for endothelial cell responses and inhibit both VEGF‐A‐ and bFGF‐mediated migration, wound healing and tubulogenesis at low concentrations.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We propose that these compounds have novel properties including inhibition of bFGF‐mediated endothelial responses and perturbation of VEGFR2 trafficking. Differential inhibitor binding to receptor tyrosine kinases translates into more potent inhibition of bFGF‐ and VEGF‐A‐mediated intracellular signalling, cell migration and tubulogenesis. Indolinones and anilinophthalazines thus belong to a class of multi‐kinase inhibitors that show clinical efficacy in disease therapy.
Induction of prolonged, continuous slow‐wave sleep by blocking cerebral H1 histamine receptors in rats
Authors: Ikeda‐Sagara Masami , Ozaki Tomoya , Shahid Mohammad , Morioka Eri , Wada Kazuma , Honda Kazuki , Hori Ayana , Matsuya Yuji , Toyooka Naoki , Ikeda Masayuki 
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Classic H1 histamine receptor (H1R) antagonists are non‐selective for H1R and known to produce drowsiness. Modern antihistamines are more selective for H1R, and are ‘non‐drowsy’ presumably due to reduced permeability through the blood‐brain barrier. To characterize both histaminergic sleep regulation and the central actions of antihistamines, in the present study we analysed the effect of classic and modern antihistamines on rats' sleep using continuous i.c.v. infusions.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of classic (d‐chlorpheniramine; d‐CPA) and second‐generation (cetirizine) antihistamines on sleep were compared after i.p. injections or continuous i.c.v. infusions into rats. Fluorescent cetirizine/DBD‐pz was synthesized to trace the approximate distribution of cerebral cetirizine. Furthermore, the effects of H1R antagonists on cultured preoptic neurons were examined using calcium imaging.KEY RESULTS d‐CPA 4 mg·kg−1 i.p. increased non‐rapid eye movement (REM) sleep whereas 10–40 mg·kg−1d‐CPA decreased non‐REM sleep at dark onset time. Nocturnal i.c.v. infusions of d‐CPA (10 µmol·100 µL−1·10 h−1) increased drowsiness but not non‐REM sleep, whereas the same i.c.v. infusions of cetirizine significantly increased non‐REM sleep, abolished REM sleep, and decreased wakefulness for more than 10 h. The medial preoptic area contained the greatest fluorescent labelling after i.c.v. cetirizine/DBD‐pz infusions. Histamine‐induced Ca2+ increases in medial preoptic neurons were blocked by d‐CPA or cetirizine, whereas d‐CPA, but not cetirizine, increased Ca2+ irrespective of antihistaminergic activity at ≥100 µM.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The excitatory action of d‐CPA may explain the seemingly inconsistent actions of d‐CPA on sleep. Cerebral H1R inhibition by cetirizine induces synchronization of cerebral activity and prolonged, continuous slow‐wave sleep.
DWI Findings of Optic Nerve Ischemia in the Setting of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Authors: Kilani Ramsey , Marshall Lee , Koch Spencer , Fernandez Mark , Postel Eric 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTA 67‐year‐old African‐American male with untreated hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus presented with sudden, staggering, progressive loss of vision in his left eye over the course of 8 days. Ophthalmologic and fluorescein angiography exams confirmed central retinal artery conclusion, but revealed no embolus. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain serendipitously revealed restricted diffusion within the distal left optic nerve, illustrating a more proximal occlusion, which matched the fluorescein angiographic findings. Extensive workup revealed no embolic source, postulating primary hypertension as the underlying etiology.
Juvenile Psammomatoid Ossifying Fibroma with Visual Disturbance: A Case Report with Imaging Features
Authors: Nakajima Reiko , Saito Naoko , Uchino Akira , Kuji Ichiei , Suzuki Tomonari , Nishikawa Ryo , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Kimura Fumiko 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTJuvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma (JPOF) of the sphenoid sinus is a rare subtype of ossifying fibroma of the sinonasal cavity and facial bone in young adults. Computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of JPOF have been reported, but to our knowledge, positron emission tomography (PET) findings have not been described. We present a 19‐year‐old woman with right visual disturbance whom we diagnosed with JPOF and describe imaging findings in her case. CT revealed a well‐circumscribed fibro‐osseous mass surrounding the right optic canal, with expansile, mixed soft tissue and thick bone density. MR imaging showed low signal intensity in the mass on both T1‐ and T2‐weighted images. [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) and [11C]methyl‐L‐methionine ([11C]Met) PET/CT showed abnormal uptake in the lesion, with standardized uptake values (SUV) of 6.2 ([18F]FDG) and 4.6 ([11C]Met). Familiarity with the imaging features of this rare disease aids its differentiation from other more familiar lesions to permit appropriately aggressive therapy and improve prognosis.
Hippocampus: A “Forgotten” Border Zone of Brain Ischemia
Authors: Walha Kamel , Ricolfi Fréderic , Béjot Yannick , Nonent Michel , Ben Salem Douraied 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDHippocampus is selectively susceptible to ischemic damage and it could be, in some conditions, considered as a border zone of brain ischemia.RESULTSWe illustrate this concept with three cases of hippocampal diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) restrictions secondary to a carotid artery dissection with an ipsilateral fetal posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in two cases and to global brain hypoperfusion consequent to a cardiac arrest in the last case.CONCLUSIONThe hypoperfusion induced by a cardiac arrest or an internal carotid dissection with an incomplete circle of Willis promotes hippocampal ischemia in the territories of the anterior choroidal artery and the longitudinal terminal segments of the hippocampal arteries.
Congenital External Carotid‐Internal Carotid Artery Anastomosis Diagnosed by MR Angiography
Authors: Uchino Akira , Saito Naoko , Watadani Takeyuki 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTWe present what we believe is the first report of external carotid‐internal carotid artery anastomosis, which forms a large arterial ring at the proximal cervical internal carotid artery (ICA). If the small channel of the proximal cervical ICA is occluded, the remaining large channel of the external carotid artery may be diagnosed as a nonbifurcating cervical carotid artery.
Stroke following Epidural Injections—Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Popescu Alexandra , Lai Daniel , Lu Angela , Gardner Kathy 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSETo describe a growing number of cases associated with spinal cord and posterior circulation ischemia as a complication of cervical epidural steroid injection (CESI).METHODSCase report and review of literature.RESULTSSixteen cases of spinal cord and posterior circulation ischemia were analyzed. Two cases had transient symptoms and 10 had long‐term sequelae. Four resulted in death.CONCLUSIONInfarction is a rare but potentially devastating complication of CESI. It may occur despite the use of fluoroscopic guidance.
MRS Findings in Cerebral Coenurosis due to Taenia Multiceps
Authors: Ambekar Sudheer , Prasad Chandrajit , Dwarakanath Srinivas , Mahadevan Anitha 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTCerebral coenurosis due to Taenia multiceps is a rare infection with no case reports from India. A 55‐year‐old male patient had presented with progressive symptoms of hemiparesis of 1‐year duration. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the lesion was performed that showed a septated cystic lesion in left parieto‐occipital lobe. Multivoxel MRS through the lesion was performed using repetition time of 1500 ms and time to echo of 144 ms at 3T MRI. MRS showed mildly elevated choline (Cho), depressed creatine (Cr), and N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA), a large peak of lactate, pyruvate, and acetate peaks. To best of our knowledge, there has been no reported case of in vivo proton MRS finding ever reported. We present MRS findings in this operatively proven case of T. multiceps cyst of the brain.
Portable Head Computed Tomography Scanner–Technology and Applications: Experience with 3421 Scans
Authors: Carlson Andrew P. , Yonas Howard 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVEThe use of head computed tomography (CT) is standard in the management of acute brain injury; however, there are inherent risks of transport of critically ill patients. Portable CT can be brought to the patient at any location.METHODSWe describe the clinical use of a portable head CT scanner (CereTom: NeuroLogica: Danvers, MA) that can be brought to the patient's bedside or to other locations such as the operating room or angiography suite.RESULTSBetween June of 2006 and December of 2009, a total of 3421 portable CTs were performed. A total of 3278 (95.8%) were performed in the neuroscience intensive care unit (ICU) for an average of 2.6 neuroscience ICU CT scans per day. Other locations where CTs were performed included other ICUs (n= 97), the operating room (n= 53), the emergency department (n= 1), and the angiography suite (n= 2). Most studies were non‐contrasted head CT, though other modalities including xenon/CT, contrasted CT, and CT angiography were performed.CONCLUSIONPortable head CT can reliably and consistently be performed at the patient's bedside. This should lead to decreased transportation‐related morbidity and improved rapid decision making in the ICU, OR, and other locations. Further studies to confirm this clinical advantage are needed.
The effect of myosin RLC phosphorylation in normal and cardiomyopathic mouse hearts
Authors: Muthu Priya , Kazmierczak Katarzyna , Jones Michelle , Szczesna‐Cordary Danuta 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPhosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) by Ca2+‐calmodulin–activated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is known to be essential for the inotropic function of the heart. In this study, we have examined the effects of MLCK‐phosphorylation of transgenic (Tg) mouse cardiac muscle preparations expressing the D166V (aspartic acid to valine)–RLC mutation, identified to cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with malignant outcomes. Our previous work with Tg‐D166V mice demonstrated a large increase in the Ca2+ sensitivity of contraction, reduced maximal ATPase and force and a decreased level of endogenous RLC phosphorylation. Based on studies demonstrating the beneficial and/or protective effects of cardiac myosin phosphorylation for heart function, we hypothesized that an ex vivo phosphorylation of Tg‐D166V cardiac muscle may rescue the detrimental contractile phenotypes observed earlier at the level of single myosin molecules and in Tg‐D166V papillary muscle fibres. We showed that MLCK‐induced phosphorylation of Tg‐D166V cardiac myofibrils and muscle fibres was able to increase the reduced myofibrillar ATPase and reverse an abnormally increased Ca2+ sensitivity of force to the level observed for Tg‐wild‐type (WT) muscle. However, in contrast to Tg‐WT, which displayed a phosphorylation‐induced increase in steady‐state force, the maximal tension in Tg‐D166V papillary muscle fibres decreased upon phosphorylation. With the exception of force generation data, our results support the notion that RLC phosphorylation works as a rescue mechanism alleviating detrimental functional effects of a disease causing mutation. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of this unexpected phosphorylation‐induced decrease in maximal tension in Tg‐D166V–skinned muscle fibres.