bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design Space Characterization for Meeting Cost and Carbon Reduction Goals
Authors: Mutchek Michele A. , Williams Eric D. 
Published: October 2010

SummarySmart irrigation controllers (SICs) can save water by adapting watering schedules to climate and soil conditions. The potential benefit of SICs is particularly high in southwestern U.S. states, where the arid climate makes water scarcer and increases watering needs of landscapes. A number of studies have tested the ability of SICs to save water in residential and small commercial settings. Results generally show overall savings, but there is substantial variability, including cases of increased water use. Though there are many controllers on the market, we argue there is a further need for optimization of design and field performance. To inform the technology development process, we develop a design for environment method, which overlays economic and environmental performance parameters under different operating conditions. This method is applied to characterize design goals for controller price and water savings that SICs must meet to yield life cycle carbon dioxide reductions and economic savings in southwestern U.S. states, accounting for regional variability in electricity and water prices and carbon overhead. Results from applying the model to SICs in the Southwest suggest that some areas are significantly easier to design for. One concept to realize improved design in practice is to build out the controller market in a staged set of niches, starting from a more favorable area then moving toward more challenging conditions.
Bank Risk Taking at the Onset of the Current Banking Crisis
Authors: Fortin Rich , Goldberg Gerson M. , Roth Greg 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe analyze bank governance, share ownership, CEO compensation, and bank risk taking in the period leading to the current banking crisis. Using a sample of large U.S. bank holding companies (BHCs), we find that BHCs with greater managerial control, achieved through various corporate governance mechanisms, take less risk. BHCs that pay CEOs high base salaries also take less risk, while BHCs that grant CEOs more in stock options or that pay CEOs higher bonuses take more risk. The evidence is generally consistent with BHC managers exhibiting greater risk aversion than outside shareholders, but with several factors affecting managers’ risk‐taking incentives.
The Effect of Labor Market Demand on U.S. CEO Pay Since 1980
Authors: Nagel Gregory L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper shows that the rise in U.S. chief executive officer (CEO) pay from 1980 to 2003 is only partially explained by competition for profit‐producing talent in the labor market. This conclusion is obtained by removing unintended data biases from tests of the only theoretical model in the literature that relates labor market competition (measured by large firm size) to CEO pay level. When the biases are removed or minimized, no more than 33% of the 600+ percentage rise in large‐firm CEO pay since 1980 is explained by a corresponding increase in large firm size.
The Impact on Interest Rates of Unemployment Announcements and Their Revisions
Authors: Gunderson James E. , Sterbenz Frederic P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe announced changes in monthly employment reports and in weekly new unemployment claim reports are based on new levels and on revisions to previous levels. We analyze the effect on interest rates of surprises to these two separate components of the changes. We find that for weekly reports the effect on interest rates of the new level is greater than the effect of the revisions. For monthly employment reports, the two components’ effects have similar strength.
Estimating Volatility Persistence in Oil Prices Under Structural Breaks
Authors: Ewing Bradley T. , Malik Farooq 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPolicy makers and financial market participants are interested in knowing how shocks affect the volatility of oil prices over time. We accurately compute the volatility persistence by incorporating endogenously determined structural breaks into a GARCH model. Contrary to previous findings, we find that oil shocks dissipate very quickly but have a strong initial impact. Understanding this behavior is not only important for derivative valuation and hedging decisions but for broader financial markets and the overall economy, for which there are significant consequences.
Empirical Evidence of the Existence of Investable Premiums in Emerging Market Investable Stocks
Authors: Girard Eric C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper shows that portfolios of more investable securities bear a premium when compared to portfolios of less investable stocks, reflecting compensation for local risk factors. The investable premium is overwhelmingly priced across 3,782 companies traded in 29 emerging markets from 1988 to 2006. The investable premium impacts stock returns at least as much as other fundamental premiums such as size, value, momentum, and loads on political, economic, and financial risk factors. The impact of the investable premium on emerging stocks returns has increased in strength, implying that foreign ownership has greater influence on local markets in recent years.
Volatility Risk Premium, Risk Aversion, and the Cross‐Section of Stock Returns
Authors: Nyberg Peter , Wilhelmsson Anders 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe test if innovations in investor risk aversion are a priced factor in the stock market. Using 25 portfolios sorted on book‐to‐market and size as test assets, our new factor together with the market factor explains 64% of the variation in average returns compared to 60% for the Fama‐French model. The new factor is generally significant with an estimated risk premium close to its time series mean also when industry portfolios and portfolios sorted on previous returns are augmented to the test assets.
The AHA! Experience: Creativity Through Emergent Binding in Neural Networks
Authors: Thagard Paul , Stewart Terrence C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMany kinds of creativity result from combination of mental representations. This paper provides a computational account of how creative thinking can arise from combining neural patterns into ones that are potentially novel and useful. We defend the hypothesis that such combinations arise from mechanisms that bind together neural activity by a process of convolution, a mathematical operation that interweaves structures. We describe computer simulations that show the feasibility of using convolution to produce emergent patterns of neural activity that can support cognitive and emotional processes underlying human creativity.
On the Observability of Purely Behavioral Sunk‐Cost Effects: Theoretical and Empirical Support for the BISC Model
Authors: Cunha Marcus , Caldieraro Fabio 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThere is growing interest in whether and how sunk‐cost effects for purely behavioral investments occur. In this article, we further discuss Cunha and Caldieraro’s (2009) Behavioral Investment Sunk Cost (BISC) model and reconcile Otto’s (2010) results with the BISC model predictions. We also report new data from two unpublished experiments that are consistent with the BISC model, and we discuss the conditions under which purely behavioral sunk‐cost effects are likely to be observed.
Ultrasound Assessment of Severe Dehydration in Children With Diarrhea and Vomiting
Authors: Levine Adam C. , Shah Sachita P. , Umulisa Irenee , Mark Munyaneza Richard B. , Dushimiyimana Jean Marie , Stegmann Katrina , Musavuli Juvenal , Ngabitsinze Protogene , Stulac Sara , Epino Henry M. , Noble Vicki E. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectives:  The objective of this study was to determine the test characteristics for two different ultrasound (US) measures of severe dehydration in children (aorta to inferior vena cava [IVC] ratio and IVC inspiratory collapse) and one clinical measure of severe dehydration (the World Health Organization [WHO] dehydration scale).Methods:  The authors enrolled a prospective cohort of children presenting with diarrhea and/or vomiting to three rural Rwandan hospitals. Children were assessed clinically using the WHO scale and then underwent US of the IVC by a second clinician. All children were weighed on admission and then fluid‐resuscitated according to standard hospital protocols. A percent weight change between admission and discharge of greater than 10% was considered the criterion standard for severe dehydration. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were created for each of the three tests of severe dehydration compared to the criterion standard.Results:  Children ranged in age from 1 month to 10 years; 29% of the children had severe dehydration according to the criterion standard. Of the three different measures of dehydration tested, only US assessment of the aorta/IVC ratio had an area under the ROC curve statistically different from the reference line. At its best cut‐point, the aorta/IVC ratio had a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 59%, compared with 93% and 35% for IVC inspiratory collapse and 73% and 43% for the WHO scale.Conclusions:  Ultrasound of the aorta/IVC ratio can be used to identify severe dehydration in children presenting with acute diarrhea and may be helpful in guiding clinical management.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1035–1041 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Recruitment and Retention of Patients into Emergency Medicine Clinical Trials
Authors: Cofield Stacey S. , Conwit Robin , Barsan William , Quinn James 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe emergency medicine (EM) and prehospital environments are unlike any other clinical environments and require special consideration to allow the successful implementation of clinical trials. This article reviews the specific issues involved in EM clinical trials and provides strategies from EM and non‐EM trials to maximize recruitment and retention. While the evidence supporting some of these strategies is deficient, addressing recruitment and retention issues with specific strategies will help researchers deal with these issues in their funding applications and in turn develop the necessary infrastructure to participate in EM clinical trials.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1104–1112 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Assessment of the Storz Video Macintosh Laryngoscope for Use in Difficult Airways: A Human Simulator Study
Authors: Bair Aaron E. , Olmsted Kalani , Brown Calvin A. , Barker Tobias , Pallin Daniel , Walls Ron M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectives:  Video laryngoscopy has been shown to improve glottic exposure when compared to direct laryngoscopy in operating room studies. However, its utility in the hands of emergency physicians (EPs) remains undefined. A simulated difficult airway was used to determine if intubation by EPs using a video Macintosh system resulted in an improved glottic view, was easier, was faster, or was more successful than conventional direct laryngoscopy.Methods:  Emergency medicine (EM) residents and attending physicians at two academic institutions performed endotracheal intubation in one normal and two identical difficult airway scenarios. With the difficult scenarios, the participants used video laryngoscopy during the second case. Intubations were performed on a medium‐fidelity human simulator. The difficult scenario was created by limiting cervical spine mobility and inducing trismus. The primary outcome was the proportion of direct versus video intubations with a grade I or II Cormack‐Lehane glottic view. Ease of intubation (self‐reported via 10‐cm visual analog scale [VAS]), time to intubation, and success rate were also recorded. Descriptive statistics as well as medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs) are reported where appropriate. The Wilcoxon matched pairs signed‐rank test was used for comparison testing of nonparametric data.Results:  Participants (n = 39) were residents (59%) and faculty. All had human intubation experience; 51% reported more than 100 prior intubations. On difficult laryngoscopy, a Cormack‐Lehane grade I or II view was obtained in 20 (51%) direct laryngoscopies versus 38 (97%) of the video‐assisted laryngoscopies (p < 0.01). The median VAS score for difficult airways was 50 mm (IQR = 28–73 mm) for direct versus 18 mm (IQR = 9–50 mm) for video (p < 0.01). The median time to intubation in difficult airways was 25 seconds (IQR = 16–44 seconds) for direct versus 20 seconds (IQR = 12–35 seconds) for video laryngoscopy (p < 0.01). All intubations were successful without need for an invasive airway.Conclusions:  In this simulation, video laryngoscopy was associated with improved glottic exposure, was perceived as easier, and was slightly faster than conventional direct laryngoscopy in a simulated difficult airway. Absence of secretions and blood limits the generalizability of our findings; human studies are needed.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1134–1137 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Safety of Intravenous Thrombolytic Use in Four Emergency Departments Without Acute Stroke Teams
Authors: Scott Phillip A. , Frederiksen Shirley M. , Kalbfleisch John D. , Xu Zhenzhen , Meurer William J. , Caveney Angela F. , Sandretto Annette , Holden Ann B. , Haan Mary N. , Hoeffner Ellen G. , Ansari Sameer A. , Lambert David P. , Jaggi Michael , Barsan William G. , Silbergleit Robert 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectives:  The objective was to evaluate safety of intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) delivered without dedicated thrombolytic stroke teams.Methods:  This was a retrospective, observational study of patients treated between 1996 and 2005 at four southeastern Michigan hospital emergency departments (EDs) with a prospectively defined comparison to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) tPA stroke study cohort. Main outcome measures were mortality, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), systemic hemorrhage, neurologic recovery, and guideline violations.Results:  A total of 273 consecutive stroke patients were treated by 95 emergency physicians (EPs) using guidelines and local neurology resources. One‐year mortality was 27.8%. Unadjusted Cox model relative risk (RR) of mortality compared to the NINDS tPA treatment and placebo groups was 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87 to 1.64) and 1.04 (95% CI = 0.76 to 1.41), respectively. The rate of significant ICH by computed tomography (CT) criteria was 6.6% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.56 to 1.90 compared to the NINDS tPA treatment group). The proportions of symptomatic ICH by two other prespecified sets of clinical criteria were 4.8 and 7.0%. The rate of any ICH within 36 hours of treatment was 9.9% (RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.58 to 1.51 compared to the NINDS tPA group). The occurrence of major systemic hemorrhage (requiring transfusion) was 1.1%. Functional recovery by the modified Rankin Scale score (mRS = 0 to 2) at discharge occurred in 38% of patients with a premorbid disability mRS < 2. Guideline deviations occurred in the ED in 26% of patients and in 25% of patients following admission.Conclusions:  In these EDs there was no evidence of increased risk with respect to mortality, ICH, systemic hemorrhage, or worsened functional outcome when tPA was administered without dedicated thrombolytic stroke teams. Additional effort is needed to improve guideline compliance.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1062–1071 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Characteristics and Outcomes of Polymicrobial Bloodstream Infections in the Emergency Department: A Matched Case–control Study
Authors: Lin Jiun‐Nong , Lai Chung‐Hsu , Chen Yen‐Hsu , Chang Lin‐Li , Lu Po‐Liang , Tsai Shang‐Shyue , Lin Hsing‐Lin , Lin Hsi‐Hsun 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectives:  Polymicrobial bloodstream infection (BSI) is a critical condition and has been increasingly reported; however, the authors were unable to find an emergency department (ED) patient‐based study in the literature.Methods:  A retrospective matched case–control study with a ratio of 1:3 among patients with polymicrobial BSIs in an ED was conducted. The case group was patients aged > 16 years with polymicrobial BSIs. Patients matched for age and sex with monomicrobial BSIs were sampled as the control group. Demographic information, underlying conditions, microbiologic data, and outcomes were collected for further analysis.Results:  From January 2005 to December 2007, a total of 112 episodes of polymicrobial BSIs among 109 patients were included. Two pathogens were isolated among 87 (77.7%) episodes and three were found among 25 (22.3%) episodes. A history of hospitalization within 90 days was an independent risk factor for polymicrobial BSIs (p = 0.003). Intraabdominal infection (p < 0.001) and respiratory tract infection (p = 0.017) were more likely to be associated with polymicrobial BSIs. Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria were documented in 95.5 and 46.4% episodes of polymicrobial BSIs, respectively. Inappropriate antimicrobial treatment was observed in 53.6% of polymicrobial BSIs, but only accounted for 23.8% of monomicrobial BSIs (p < 0.001). The overall 30‐day mortality rate of the polymicrobial group was significantly higher than those with monomicrobial BSIs (30.3 and 11.6%, respectively; p < 0.001).Conclusions:  Patients with polymicrobial BSIs had a high mortality rate. Acknowledgment of the clinical and microbiologic characteristics and recognition of patients at risk for polymicrobial BSIs are critical in EDs.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1072–1079 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Identifying Infected Emergency Department Patients Admitted to the Hospital Ward at Risk of Clinical Deterioration and Intensive Care Unit Transfer
Authors: Kennedy Maura , Joyce Nina , Howell Michael D. , Lawrence Mottley J. , Shapiro Nathan I. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectives:  An important challenge faced by emergency physicians (EPs) is determining which patients should be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and which can be safely admitted to a regular ward. Understanding risk factors leading to undertriage would be useful, but these factors are not well characterized.Methods:  The authors performed a secondary analysis of two prospective, observational studies of patients admitted to the hospital with clinically suspected infection from an urban university emergency department (ED). Inclusion criteria were as follows: adult ED patient (age 18 years or older), ward admission, and suspected infection. The primary outcome was transfer to an ICU within 48 hours of admission. Using multiple logistic regression, independent predictors of early ICU transfer were identified, and the area under the curve for the model was calculated.Results:  Of 5,365 subjects, 93 (1.7%) were transferred to an ICU within 48 hours. Independent predictors of ICU transfer included respiratory compromise (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4 to 4.3), congestive heart failure (CHF; OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.4 to 3.6), peripheral vascular disease (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1 to 3.7), systolic blood pressure (sBP) < 100 mm Hg (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.2 to 2.9), heart rate > 90 beats/min (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1 to 2.8), and creatinine > 2.0 (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1 to 2.8). Cellulitis was associated with a lower likelihood of ICU transfer (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.15 to 0.72). The area under the curve for the model was 0.73, showing moderate discriminatory ability.Conclusions:  In this preliminary study, independent predictors of ICU transfer within 48 hours of admission were identified. While somewhat intuitive, physicians should consider these factors when determining patient disposition.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1080–1085 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Parametric Versus Nonparametric Statistical Tests: The Length of Stay Example
Authors: Qualls Munirih , Pallin Daniel J. , Schuur Jeremiah D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectives:  This study examined selected effects of the proper use of nonparametric inferential statistical methods for analysis of nonnormally distributed data, as exemplified by emergency department length of stay (ED LOS). The hypothesis was that parametric methods have been used inappropriately for evaluation of ED LOS in most recent studies in leading emergency medicine (EM) journals. To illustrate why such a methodologic flaw should be avoided, a demonstration, using data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), is presented. The demonstration shows how inappropriate analysis of ED LOS increases the probability of type II errors.Methods:  Five major EM journals were reviewed, January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2007, and all studies with ED LOS as one of the reported outcomes were reviewed. The authors determined whether ED LOS was analyzed correctly by ascertaining whether nonparametric tests were used when indicated. An illustrative analysis of ED LOS was constructed using 2006 NHAMCS data, to demonstrate how inferential testing for statistical significance can deliver differing conclusions, depending on whether nonparametric methods are used when indicated.Results:  Forty‐nine articles were identified that studied ED LOS; 80% did not perform a test of normality on the ED LOS data. Data were not normally distributed in all 10 of the studies that did perform such tests. Overall, 43% failed to use appropriate nonparametric methods. Analysis of NHAMCS data confirmed that failure to use nonparametric bivariate tests results in type II statistical error and in multivariate models with less explanatory power (a smaller R2 value).Conclusions:  ED LOS, a key ED operational metric, is frequently analyzed incorrectly in the EM literature. Applying parametric statistical tests to such nonnormally distributed data reduces power and increases the probability of a type II error, which is the failure to find true associations. Appropriate use of nonparametric statistics should be a core component of statistical literacy because such use increases the validity of ED research and quality improvement projects.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1113–1121 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Clinicopathological Conference: A 71‐year‐old Female With Neurological Deficits, Chest Pain, and Electrocardiographic Changes
Authors: Narang Aneesh T. , Alian Andrus 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe authors present a case of a 71‐year‐old female who presented to the emergency department with slurred speech, left sided facial droop, and right arm and leg weakness. During her ED stay, she developed left sided chest pain and right arm numbness in the setting of EKG changes. The patient's clinical course is outlined and a discussion of the potential etiologies as well as the clinical management is provided.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:e102–e109 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine