bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forms of Phosphorus in Soil Receiving Cattle Feedlot Waste
Authors: Sharpley A. N. , Smith S. J. , Stewart B. A. , Mathers A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCattle feedlot waste (FLW) was applied (176 to 1614 Mg ha−1) to irrigated continuous‐grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown on Pullman clay loam (Torrertic Paleustolls) over an 8‐y period. The FLW applications increased the total, inorganic, organic, and available P content and decreased the P sorption index of surface soil (0–30 cm). Amounts of P in the surface soil were highly correlated with the total amount of FLW‐P applied and time since the last application. The proportion of total P as inorganic P increased (34 to 71%) with larger FLW applications. Increases in the amounts of surface soil inorganic and organic P with FLW application were due mainly to increases in labile fractions of these P forms. When FLW applications were stopped, however, soil organic P contents decreased to pretreatment levels more rapidly than inorganic P contents as a result of labile organic P mineralization. Increased P contents of surface soil following FLW applications will increase the potential for soluble and sediment‐bound P to be transported in runoff.
Uptake and Photosynthetic Inhibition by Atrazine and its Degradation Products on Four Species of Submerged Vascular Plants
Authors: Jones T. W. , Winchell L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe photosynthetic inhibitory effect of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropyl amino‐1,3,5‐triazine) and three of its major metabolites (deethylated, deisopropylated, and hydroxyatrazine) were determined for four species of submerged macrophytes: Potamogeton perfoliatus L., Ruppia maritima L., Myriophyllum spicatum L., and Zannichellia palustris L. The four species showed a similar response to varied dosages of the parent atrazine compound with an average I1 (concentration at which photosynthesis is inhibited by 1%) for the four species of 20 µg/L and an average I50 (concentration at which photosynthesis is inhibited by 50%) for the four species of 95 µg/L. The three major degradation metabolites of atrazine produced varying degrees of photosynthetic inhibition in the four species, but generally the order of toxicity was deethylated > deisopropylated > hydroxyatrazine with hydroxyatrazine causing an apparent stimulation of photosynthesis in several species. Of four species tested, Myriophyllum spicatum L. was the most resistant to atrazine and its metabolites. The magnitude of the actual uptake of the compounds [µg compound/grams dry wt (gdw) plant] by the plants correlated closely with the photosynthetic inhibitory response, i.e., at the same concentration the uptake of atrazine > deethylated > deisopropylated > hydroxyatrazine. Considering that an extremely high environmental concentration (0.5 mg/L) of deethylated atrazine for an estuary only produced a photosynthetic inhibition of from 20 to 40% in four major species of submerged macrophytes, it is concluded that the degradation products of atrazine tested did not play a major role in the disappearance of the submerged vascular plants from the Chesapeake Bay.
Effects of By‐Product Sulfuric Acid on Phyto Availability of Nutrients in Irrigated Calcareous, Saline‐Sodic Soils
Authors: Cates Richard L. , Haby V. A. , Skogley E. O. , Ferguson Hayden 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSulfuric acid (H2SO4) is produced during the SO2 scrubbing process at Cu smelters, and “spent” H2SO4 is a waste product from oil refineries. A 2‐year field study was conducted on two irrigated soils high in salts and Na in southcentral Montana to evaluate the effectiveness of H2SO4 for improving nutrient availability and growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Treatments included several rates of smelter acid, and comparisons with gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), spent acid, and feedlot cattle manure in combination with smelter acid. Levels of P, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were measured in the soil, and plant uptake of these elements plus N, K, Ca, Mg, and Na were determined for the second‐year harvest. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was measured in soil extract from the 0‐ to 5‐cm layer at harvest.Sulfuric acid was an effective amendment for improving soil nutrient availability, barley dry‐matter yield, nutrient uptake, and for reducing SAR and plant uptake of Na. Both smelter acid and spent acid were similar in their effects. Equivalent rates of gypsum and H2SO4 compared in this research were similar for increasing soil Zn, Cu, and Mn availability and for increasing nutrient uptake and barley yield. Sulfuric acid, but not gypsum, increased available soil P and Fe levels.Sulfuric acid used in combination with manure provided a substantial additional increase in available soil P, Zn, and Mn over acid used alone. The manure‐plus‐acid treatment raised available P in the surface 20 cm of soil from an initial level of 5 mg/kg to a level adequate for good crop growth (ca. 24 mg/kg). Manure plus H2SO4 produced the highest barley yield and nutrient uptake.
Effect of Small‐Scale Composting of Sewage Sludge on Heavy Metal Availability to Plants
Authors: Simeoni L. A. , Barbarick K. A. , Sabey B. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of small‐scale composting of sewage sludge on heavy metal availability to plants was investigated. Sand‐bed dried, anaerobically digested sewage sludge was mixed with wood chips in a 1:3 volumetric ratio, placed in a 1.4‐m3 box, and amended with sucrose as an available C source. The mixture was composted for about 90 d. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the differences in sludge due to composting. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and oats (Avena sativa) were grown in pots containing composted and uncomposted sludge additions at rates equivalent to 0, 60, 120, and 240 Mg/ha to an acid Redfeather loamy sand (Lithic Cryoboralfs) and a neutral Nunn clay loam (Aridic Argiustolls). After 7 weeks, dry‐matter yields were measured and soil and plant samples were analyzed for total content of Cd, Cu, and Zn. Determinations were also made of soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). An organic matter fractionation was carried out on both sludges to determine changes in organic matter and metal distribution brought about by composting.Additions of compost produced greater yields of both species than additions of sludge due to the lower soluble salt content and Zn availability of the compost. The higher application rates of compost maintained a higher pH on the loamy sand, which possibly decreased Cd and Zn availability to plants. Leaching of soluble Cu complexed during composting might have contributed to a 40% decrease in sludge Cu content, yet no change was noted in Cu availability to crops. Composting increased the humic acid, decreased the β‐humus, and changed Cu and Cd distribution in sludge organic matter.
Biological Immobilization of Zinc and Manganese in Soil
Authors: Zamani B. , Knezek B. D. , Dazzo F. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA soil perfusion system was used to measure Zn (as Zn2+) immobilization by soil microorganisms in Rubicon sand (Entic Haplorthods, pH 5.9). A 240‐µM Zn solution (320 mL) was continuously perfused through 25 g of gamma‐irradiated (sterilized) or biologically active soil. At steady‐state, approximately 75.0% of the perfusate Zn became bound to the soil column by chemical and physical mechanisms under sterile conditions. The introduction of soil microorganisms and a source of C and energy to the sterile soil column resulted in an additional 20.5% reduction of Zn in the soil perfusate (significant difference at the 99% level) to a new steady‐state level of 10.8 µM after a 72‐hr period. Further perfusion did not remove additional Zn. The nutrient amendment alone did not contribute any significant immobilization of Zn. Thus, under conditions that are conducive to rapid growth, zymogenous soil microorganisms could significantly immobilize and reduce the level of the mobile Zn to a level below that attainable by chemical and physical factors in the soil alone. In contrast with results in Rubicon sand, microbial immobilization in finer‐textured soils (Brookston clay loam—Typic Argiaquolls, pH 7.5) and (Houghton muck soil—Typic Medisaprist, pH 6.0) was not detected. Biological immobilization of Mn in Rubicon sand was also highest when a combination of microbes and nutrients were added. With the use of the soil perfusion system, it is possible to quantitate the contribution of microorganisms to immobilization of Zn and Mn in Rubicon sand receiving utilizable organic materials.
Response of Corn and Soybeans to Soil vs. Foliar‐Applied Salts of Cooling Tower Origin
Authors: Armbruster James A. , Mulchi Charles L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField studies were conducted on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] during 1976 and 1977 to acquire information on the response of crops to saline aerosol deposition near brackish water cooling towers in combination with salt accumulation in the soil.Salt treatments imposed included preplant soil applications equal to 0, 14, 28, 56, and 112 kg NaCl ha−1 and foliar applications of brackish cooling tower water as saline aerosol drift equal to 0, 34, and 68 L ha−1 d−1. Total soluble salt in the foliar treatments averaged 23 ± 3 g L−1, with average weekly salt deposition rates of 0, 3.8 ± 0.6, and 7.6 ± 1.2 kg ha−1. Information on elemental contents in leaves at flowering, leaf injury ratings, and grain yields were obtained. Information on extractable P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na plus electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of 0‐ to 15‐cm soil samples was obtained in October 1977 following two summers of treatments on the same plots and again in April 1978.For both crops, leaf Na and Cl, metabolic index, leaf injury ratings, and grain yields were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by foliar salts in both years. However, soil salt treatments influence only leaf Cl contents and metabolic index values. Grain yields were reduced an average of 10 and 9% of controls at the highest foliar salt rate in corn and soybeans, respectively.Significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases in extractable Na in soils were found with foliar salt treatments. Increases in extractable Ca and pH (P ≤ 0.05) and K, Mg, and Na (P ≤ 0.1) were observed with increased soil salt rates. However, no differences were found among soil chemical parameters 8 months following the termination of the foliar treatments. The soils data suggest that salt deposition within 10 km of the Chalk Point cooling towers would cause minimal impact due to the sandy textures of the soils and annual rainfall in excess of 100 cm yr−1.
Macronutrient and Boron Ratios in Tall Fescue: Relationship to Yields on Pyritic Coal Wastes
Authors: Lewis B. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA previous greenhouse study had demonstrated that yield of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) grown directly on a pyritic waste was not significantly different from yield on a soil despite low tissue concentrations of P and K in the waste‐grown plants. In an attempt to explain this result, and to determine if this phenomenon was typical of such wastes, a greenhouse study was carried out with pyritic wastes from five disposal sites for coal‐cleaning refuse in southern lllinois. The wastes and an agricultural soil (Elliott silt loam: fine, illitic, mesic Aquic Arguidolls) were treated with limestone (to pH 6.5) and fertilizers. Yields of 8‐week‐old shoots of tall rescue grown on the wastes were significantly lower than yield of plants grown on the soil when the Ca/B ratio in the shoots was outside a range of 1.7 to 2.8 (where Ca/B is the ratio of log10 concentrations of Ca and B expressed as microgram‐atoms per gram dry matter). Within this range, yields were not significantly different from yield on the soil despite significantly lower concentrations of P and K in the shoots of the waste‐grown plants. It is suggested that elemental interactions should not be ignored in reclamation of waste sites, particularly where “trace” element concentrations are either higher or lower than concentrations in typical soils. Results also suggest a P‐ and K‐sparing effect of elevated B concentrations in tall rescue.
Effect of Sulfur Dioxide on Woody Boreal Forest Species Grown on Native Soils and Tailings
Authors: Addison P. A. , Malhotra S. S. , Khan A. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was carried out on the influence of 15.2 µmol m−3 (0.34 ppm) (Canadian maximum acceptable limit) of SO2 on net CO2 assimilation rate (NAR) and visible symptom development of several boreal forest woody species. Fumigation with SO2 significantly reduced NAR in all species and produced visible symptoms of injury in 2 to 20 d. The decrease in NAR of deciduous species {aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), willow (Salix sp.), green alder [Alnus crispa (Ait.) Parsh], and paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh)} was significantly more rapid than of conifers { jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss], and black spruce [P. mariana (Mill.) BSP]} or an evergreen angiosperm [Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum Oeder)] when grown on a fertilized Brunisol. cases did not appear until NAR had decreased considerably. The response of these metabolic and visible responses appeared to be related to differences in S uptake owing in part to higher gas exchange rates for deciduous species than for conifers.Conifers growing in oil sands tailings responded to SO2 with a significantly more rapid decrease in NAR as compared with those growing in the Brunisol. Because both soils were fertilized, nutrient status was ruled out as a cause. It is suggested that the conifers obtained from the railings dike were predisposed to SO2 fumigation by either the presence of toxic material in the tailings sand or their history of exposure to moderate levels of SO2. Sulfur uptake and visible symptom development were not different on tailings as compared with the Brunisol.
Erosion of Earth Covers Used in Shallow Land Burial at Los Alamos, New Mexico
Authors: Nyhan J. W. , Depoorter G. L. , Drennon B. J. , Simanton J. R. , Foster G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Los Alamos National Laboratory and the USDA‐ARS examined soil erosion and water balance relationships for a trench cap used for the shallow land burial of low‐level radioactive wastes at Los Alamos, NM. Eight 3.05 by 10.7 m plots were installed with bare soil, tilled, and vegetated surface treatments on a 15 by 63 m trench cap constructed from soil and crushed tuff layers. A rotating boom rain simulator was used to estimate the soil erodibility and cover‐management factors of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) for this trench cap and for two undisturbed plots with natural vegetative cover. The implications of the results of this study are discussed relative to the management of infiltration and erosion processes at waste burial sites and compared with similar USDA research performed throughout the USA.
Soil Cation Leaching by “Acid Rain” with Varying Nitrate‐to‐Sulfate Ratios
Authors: Huete A. R. , Mc Coll J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of the anion composition of simulated “acid rain” on cation leaching of three soils with different surface‐charge properties was examined. Four acid mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3, all with pH 3.5, but with varying NO3−/SO42− mole ratios of 1.00:0.00, 0.75:0.25, 0.55:0.45, and 0.00:1.00, were used to leach an Ultic‐Alfisol, an Oxisol, and an Entisol. The taxonomic names of these three soils are (i) Cornutt series: fine, mixed, mesic Ultic Haploxeralfs, (ii) unnamed Rhodustox, and (iii) Hanford series: coarse‐loamy, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Xerorthents. The Alfisol had a high SO42− adsorption capacity because of its high Fe2O3 content of 12 g kg−1 and high point‐of‐zero charge (PZC) of 6.0. The Oxisol, although strongly weathered, had a lower Fe2O3 content of 5 g kg−1 and PZC of 4.5. The Entisol was a relatively unweathered soil derived from silicaceous alluvium, with even less Fe2O3 of 3 g kg−1 and a lower PZC of 3.5, and represented a soil of fixed charge. Cation leaching of the Alfisol varied directly with the NO3− content of the leaching input due to the higher mobility of NO3− compared with SO42− that was adsorbed. The relative NO3−/SO42− contents of inputs had no effects on cation leaching of the Entisol. Effects on leaching of the Oxisol were intermediate between those of the Alfisol and Entisol. It was clearly demonstrated that the anion composition of “acid rain” plays a significant role in the cation leaching of soils with amphoteric‐charge properties, which are able to adsorb S42−. Some practical implications are also discussed.
Chemical Partitioning of Cadmium, Copper, Nickel and Zinc in Soils and Sediments Containing High Levels of Heavy Metals
Authors: Hickey M. G. , Kittrick J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree soils and a sediment which had undergone prior massive additions of heavy metals were sequentially extracted so that Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn could be partitioned into five operationally defined geochemical fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe‐Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Metal recoveries were within ± 10% of the independently measured total Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn concentrations. The highest amount of Cd (ca. 37%) was foand in the exchangeable fraction, and Cu was the only metal significantly associated with the organic fraction. The Fe‐Mn oxide fraction contained 23, 24, 26, and 39%, and the residual fractions 15, 34, 55, and 14% of the Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn, respectively. The amount of Cd in the residual fraction was 50 times higher than typical for unpolluted soils. Assuming that mobility and biological availability are related to the solubility of the geochemical form of the metals and decreases in the order of extraction, the apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability for these highly contaminated soils and sediment is: Cd > Zn > Cu ≅ Ni.
Relative Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Red Pine Pollen Germination and Germ Tube Elongation
Authors: Chaney William R. , Strickland Richard C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHeavy metals are known to affect vegetative growth of plants, but little is known concerning the effects of these environmental pollutants on reproductive processes. Hence, the effects of Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ba2+ on red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) pollen germination and germ tube elongation were determined in vitro in a series of nine aqueous solutions with concentrations that ranged from 0.56 µmol L−1 to 71.16 µmol L−1 for each cation. Large differences among metals in inhibition of the two growth parameters were found. Based on the lowest concentration significantly inhibiting germination, Cd2+ was the most toxic ion followed by Cu2+ > Hg2+ > Pb2+ ≫ Zn2+ > Ba2+. Similarly, the order for metal inhibition of tube elongation was Cd2+ > Pb2+ > Hg2+ = Cu2+ ≫ Zn2+ > Ba2+. Compared with the other ions, Zn2+ and Ba2+ were relatively nontoxic. The concentration (effective dose) of each metal necessary to produce a 10% reduction of germination and tube elongation (ED10) was calculated from linear regression equations. The ED10 for germination for Cd2+ was 0.27 µmol L−1 and was 2.2, 2.5, and 19.0 times less than the ED10 for Hg2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+, respectively. In comparison, the Cd2+ ED10 for germ tube growth was 1.00 µmol L−1. Although the concentrations of Cd2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ that produced inhibitory effects in vitro occur in the environment, extrapolation of these results to in vivo conditions is cautioned.
Mined Land Reclamation Using Polluted Urban Navigable Waterway Sediments: III. Experience at a Demonstration Site
Authors: Van Luik A. , Harrison W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEroding ridges of acidic coal‐mine spoil near Ottawa, IL were leveled to form a gently sloped raised plateau. Four test plots were constructed: a control plot and three treatment plots that received a 0.9‐m thick cover of dredged material. Two of the treatment plots received lime applications, and all plots were seeded with a mixture of grasses. Porous ceramic cup soil water samplers were installed, in duplicate, at two levels in the control plot and at three levels in each treatment plot. The three levels in the treatment plots coincided with dredged material, the dredged material/mine spoil interface, and the underlying mine spoil. Nineteen water‐quality parameters were monitored during the 4 yr of the study. Results showed that the near‐surface soil‐water in the control plot deteriorated with respect to pH during the first 2 yr and stabilized thereafter. The deeper control‐plot samples showed no significant change in soil‐water quality. The dredged material soil‐water pH decreased slightly after placement, with the onset of lush vegetative growth. The solutions collected from the dredged material/mine spoil interface were neutralized during the first 2 yr of the study, and dissolved trace metal levels dropped significnatly during the first and succeeding years. The applied dredged material has significantly ameliorated the acidity and trace‐metal levels of water in the underlying mine spoil, and appears to be an effective and safe reclamation medium, under proper use and management.
Land Application of Sewage Sludge with Regard to Cropping Systems and Pollution Potential
Authors: Higgins Andrew J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAerobically digested liquid sewage sludge was applied to Sassafras sandy loam soils (Typic Hapludults), characteristic of the eastern coastal plain, for 3 consecutive years. Sludge was applied at rates of 0, 22.4, and 44.8 Mg of dry solids/ha in June of each year. Groundwater, soil, and crops were monitored for 4 yr to establish the effects of high rates of sludge application.The results indicate that sludge application of 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha on Sassafras sandy loam soil, or other similar sandy loam soils, is the upper limit to ensure protection of the groundwater quality. Annual applications of sludge at 44.8 Mg of dry solids/ha resulted in gross contamination of the groundwater by NO3−‐N and other salts. However, no contamination of the groundwater by heavy metals was detected at either sludge loading rate. Fecal coliform levels were low throughout the duration of the study. Zinc and copper accumulated in the A soil horizon; however, no accumulation occurred in the B horizon. Corn (Zea mays) and rye (Secale cereale) yields were greatly enhanced by the addition of sludge but there was little difference in yield between the sludge loading rates. Uptake of heavy metals in the corn and rye occurred in response to sludge application. Zinc was the only metal that consistently appeared at levels above the control.
Nitrous Oxide Emission from Forest, Marsh, and Prairie Ecosystems
Authors: Goodroad L. L. , Keeney D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements of N2O emissions from seven natural ecosystem sites in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum (Madison, WI) were conducted during 1979, 1980, and early 1981. Nitrous oxide emissions during summer and autumn 1979 averaged 0.6, 0.7, 1.5, 7.7, 18.0, 0.2, and 8.5 ng N2O‐N in m−2 s−1 from a burned and an unburned tall‐grass prairie, a deciduous forest, a coniferous forest, a drained and an undrained marsh, and a wet meadow, respectively; the N2O fluxes from the same sites from March to November 1980 averaged 0.6, 0.6, 4.3, 10.1, 41.3, 0.3, and 8.5 ng N2O‐N m−2 s−1, respectively. Although soil temperatures were near freezing, N2O emissions were as high during the spring thaw as they were during the rest of the year. Other N2O flux maxima were observed following periods of heavy rainfall during the summer. The source of inorganic N in these soils is largely mineralization of soil organic matter and plant residue. The quantities of N2O lost and the mechanisms responsible for N2O evolution are a complex combination of environmental and substrate conditions that control mineralization of N as well as subsequent nitrification and possibly denitrification.