bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Bone Cancer Pain by Activation of Spinal Cannabinoid Receptor 1 and Its Expression in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord in a Murine Model of Bone Cancer Pain
Authors: Furuse Shingo , Kawamata Tomoyuki , Yamamoto Jun , Niiyama Yukitoshi , Omote Keiichi , Watanabe Masahiko , Namiki Akiyoshi 
Published: June 2009

Background
Bone cancer pain has a strong impact on the quality of life of patients, but it is difficult to treat. Therefore, development of a novel strategy for the treatment of bone cancer pain is needed for improvement of patient quality of life. This study examined whether selective spinal cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) activation alleviates bone cancer pain and also examined the spinal expression of CB1.

Methods
A bone cancer pain model was made by implantation of sarcoma cells into the intramedullary space of the mouse femur. In behavioral experiments, the authors examined the effects of activation of spinal CB1 and inhibition of metabolism of endocannabinoid on bone cancer-related pain behaviors. Immunohistochemical experiments examined the distribution and localization of CB1 in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord using specific antibodies.

Results
Spinal CB1 activation by exogenous administration of a CB1 agonist arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide reduced bone cancer-related pain behaviors, including behaviors related to spontaneous pain and movement-evoked pain. In immunohistochemical experiments, although mu-opioid receptor 1 expression was reduced in the superficial dorsal horn ipsilateral to the site of implantation of sarcoma cells, CB1 expression was preserved. In addition, CB1 was mainly expressed in the axon terminals, but not in the dendritic process in the superficial dorsal horn.

Conclusion
Spinal CB1 activation reduced bone cancer-related pain behavior. Presynaptic inhibition may contribute to the analgesic effects of spinal CB1 activation. These findings may lead to novel strategies for the treatment of bone cancer pain.
Cervical Spine Motion
Authors: Turkstra Timothy P. , Pelz David M. , Jones Philip M. 
Published: June 2009

Background
The optimal technique to intubate the trachea in patients presenting with a potential or documented cervical spine (C-spine) injury remains unresolved. Using continuous fluoroscopic video assessment, C-spine motion during laryngoscopy with an AirTraq Laryngoscope (King Medical Systems, Newark, DE) was compared to that with intubation using a Macintosh blade.

Methods
Twenty-four healthy surgical patients gave written consent to participate in a crossover randomized controlled trial; all patients were subjected to both Macintosh and AirTraq laryngoscopy with manual inline stabilization after induction of anesthesia. The C-spine motion was examined at four areas: the occiput-C1 junction, C1-C2 junction, C2-C5 motion segment, and C5-thoracic motion segment. The time required for laryngoscopy was also measured.

Results
C-spine motion using the AirTraq was less than that during Macintosh laryngoscopy, averaging 66% less (P < 0.01) at three of the motion segments studied, occiput-C1, C2-C5, and C5-thoracic. There was no difference at the C1-C2 segment. There was no significant difference in the time to accomplish laryngoscopy between the two devices.

Conclusions
For patients in whom C-spine movement is undesirable, use of the AirTraq Laryngoscope may be useful to limit movement without an increase in the duration of intubation.
Noninvasive Temperature Monitoring in Postanesthesia Care Units
Authors: Langham Geoffrey E. , Maheshwari Ankit , Contrera Kevin , You Jing , Mascha Edward , Sessler Daniel I. 
Published: June 2009

Background
Initial postoperative core temperature is a physician and hospital performance measure. However, the extent to which core temperature changes during emergence from anesthesia and transport from the operating room to the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) remains unknown. Similarly, the accuracy of many noninvasive temperature-monitoring methods used in the PACU has yet to be quantified. This study, therefore, quantified the change in core temperature occurring during emergence and transport and evaluated the accuracy and precision of eight noninvasive thermometers in the PACU.

Methods
In 50 patients having laparoscopic surgery, the authors measured temperatures upon PACU arrival and 30 and 60 min thereafter. Monitoring methods included oral, axillary, temporal artery, forehead skin-surface, forehead liquid-crystal display, infrared aural canal, deep forehead, and deep chest. Bladder temperature was used as the reference and was also measured at the end of surgery. The primary outcome was agreement between individual temperatures from each method and bladder temperature in the PACU. A priori, the authors chose 0.5 degrees C as a clinically important temperature deviation.

Results
Bladder temperature increased 0.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C (95% confidence interval 0.1 to 0.3 degrees C), P < 0.001, during transport. None of the tested noninvasive thermometers was consistently within 0.5 degrees C of bladder temperature. However, oral, deep forehead, and temporal artery temperatures were significantly better than other methods and agreed reasonably well with bladder temperature.

Conclusions
Invasive temperature monitoring available intraoperatively is more accurate than any generally available postoperative methods. Physician performance measures should therefore not be based exclusively on postoperative temperatures. Among the generally available postoperative monitoring methods, electronic oral thermometry appears to be the best.
An Estimation of the Minimum Effective Anesthetic Volume of 2% Lidocaine in Ultrasound-guided Axillary Brachial Plexus Block
Authors: O’Donnell Brian D. , Iohom Gabrielle 
Published: June 2009

Background
Ultrasound guidance facilitates precise needle and injectate placement, increasing axillary block success rates, reducing onset times, and permitting local anesthetic dose reduction. The minimum effective volume of local anesthetic in ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block is unknown. The authors performed a study to estimate the minimum effective anesthetic volume of 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine (2% LidoEpi) in ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block.

Methods
After ethical approval and informed consent, patients undergoing hand surgery of less than 90 min duration were recruited. A step-up/step-down study model was used with nonprobability sequential dosing based on the outcome of the previous patient. The starting dose of 2% LidoEpi was 4 ml per nerve. Block failure resulted in a dose increase of 0.5 ml; block success in a reduction of 0.5 ml.A blinded assistant assessed sensory and motor blockade at 5-min intervals up to 30 min. Block performance time and duration were measured. Two predetermined stopping points were used; a minimum of five consecutive block success/failures and five consecutive successful blocks at 1 ml per nerve.

Results
The study was terminated when five consecutive patients had successful blocks using 1 ml of 2% LidoEpi per nerve (overall group n = 11). All five patients had surgical anesthesia within 10 min. The mean (SD) block performance time was 445 (100) s, and block duration was 190 min (range 120-310 min). All surgical procedures were performed under regional anesthesia with anxiolytic sedation provided in 3 of 11 cases.

Conclusion
Successful ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block may be performed with 1 ml per nerve of 2% LidoEpi.
QX-314 Produces Long-lasting Local Anesthesia Modulated by Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Receptors in Mice
Authors: Ries Craig R. , Pillai Ray , Chung Cheryl C. W. , Wang Jimmy T. C. , MacLeod Bernard A. , Schwarz Stephan K. W. 
Published: June 2009

Background
The quaternary lidocaine derivative QX-314 is now known to produce long-lasting local anesthesia despite its positive charge. However, recent research suggests that the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor agonist, capsaicin, should reduce the onset and offset times, whereas the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor antagonist, capsazepine, should delay the onset time of sensory blockade by QX-314.

Methods
Sensory blockade in the tail of the conscious mouse was investigated using QX-314 2.5% in combination with capsaicin 0.1% and/or capsazepine (50 microg/ml). After tail injection, onset and offset times of local anesthesia were measured using the hot water tail-flick latency test.

Results
Capsaicin reduced the onset time of local anesthesia by QX-314 by more than 75% (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.007; n = 10 per group) with no effect on the offset time of QX-314. For QX-314 without capsaicin, the onset and offset times were 23 min (interquartile range 15-30 min) and 300 min (interquartile range 285-375 min), respectively. For QX-314 with capsaicin, the onset and offset times were 4 min (interquartile range 3-8 min) and 360 min (interquartile range 285-435 min), respectively. In the antagonist study, capsazepine without added capsaicin decreased QX-314's efficacy, as 6 out of 9 mice did not develop sensory blockade after 90 min (Fisher exact test, P = 0.009).

Conclusion
We have confirmed in a sensory blockade model that QX-314 is a local anesthetic with a slow onset and a long duration of reversible blockade. Capsaicin, a transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor agonist, accelerated QX-314's onset kinetics, whereas capsazepine, a transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor antagonist, decreased QX-314's efficacy. These observations raise the possibility that endovanilloids may modulate cell entry of QX-314.
Preoperative Melatonin and Its Effects on Induction and Emergence in Children Undergoing Anesthesia and Surgery
Authors: Kain Zeev N. , MacLaren Jill E. , Herrmann Leslie , Mayes Linda , Rosenbaum Abraham , Hata Justin , Lerman Jerrold 
Published: June 2009

Background
Studies conducted in adults undergoing surgery reported a beneficial effect of oral melatonin administered before surgery. There is a paucity of such data in children undergoing anesthesia and surgery.

Methods
Children undergoing surgery were randomly assigned to receive preoperatively oral midazolam 0.5 mg/kg or oral melatonin 0.05 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, or 0.4 mg/kg. The primary outcome of the study was preoperative anxiety (Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale). The secondary outcomes were the children's compliance with induction (Induction Compliance Checklist), emergence behavior (Keegan scale), and parental anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory).

Results
Repeated measures ANOVA showed that children who received melatonin at any of the three doses were more anxious compared with children who received midazolam (P < 0.001). Parental anxiety did not differ on the basis of the experimental condition (P = ns). The melatonin groups showed a dose-response effect on emergence behavior. Children who received melatonin developed less emergence delirium compared with those who received midazolam (P < 0.05), and the effect was dose related; the incidence after 0.05 mg/kg melatonin was 25.0%, incidence after 0.2 mg/kg melatonin was 8.3%, and incidence after 0.4 mg/kg melatonin was 5.4%.

Conclusions
Midazolam is more effective than melatonin in reducing children's anxiety at induction of anesthesia. Melatonin showed a direct dose-dependent effect on emergence delirium.
Ultrasound Assessment of Gastric Content and Volume
Authors: Perlas Anahi , Chan Vincent W. S. , Lupu Catalin M. , Mitsakakis Nicholas , Hanbidge Anthony 
Published: June 2009

Background
Aspiration of gastric contents can be a serious perioperative complication, attributing up to 9% of all anesthesia-related deaths. However, there is currently no practical, noninvasive bedside test to determine gastric content and volume in the perioperative period.

Methods
The current study evaluates the feasibility of using bedside ultrasonography for assessing gastric content and volume. In the pilot phase, 18 healthy volunteers were examined to assess the gastric antrum, body, and fundus in cross-section in five prandial states: fasting and after ingestion of 250 mL of water, 500 mL of water, 500 mL of effervescent water, and a solid meal. In the phase II study, the authors concentrated on ultrasound examination of the gastric antrum in 36 volunteers for whom regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between gastric volume and antral cross-sectional area.

Results
The gastric antrum provided the most reliable quantitative information for gastric volume. The antral cross-sectional area correlated with volumes of up to 300 mL in a close-to-linear fashion, particularly when subjects were in the right lateral decubitus position. Sonographic assessment of the gastric antrum and body provides qualitative information about gastric content (empty or not empty) and its nature (gas, fluid, or solid). The fundus was the gastric area least amenable to image and measure.

Conclusions
Our preliminary results suggest that bedside two-dimensional ultrasonography can be a useful noninvasive tool to determine gastric content and volume.
Suppression of Shivering during Hypothermia Using a Novel Drug Combination in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Lenhardt Rainer , Orhan-Sungur Mukadder , Komatsu Ryu , Govinda Raghavendra , Kasuya Yusuke , Sessler Daniel I. , Wadhwa Anupama 
Published: June 2009

Background
Hypothermia may be beneficial in stroke victims; however, it provokes vigorous shivering. Buspirone and dexmedetomidine each linearly reduce the shivering threshold with minimal sedation and no respiratory depression. This study tested the hypotheses that the combination of buspirone and dexmedetomidine would (1) synergistically reduce the shivering threshold, (2) synergistically reduce the gain and maximum intensity of shivering, and (3) produce sufficient inhibition to permit cooling to 34 degrees C without excessive hypotension or sedation.

Methods
Eight healthy men were randomly assigned on 4 days to (1) no drug, (2) buspirone (60 mg orally), (3) dexmedetomidine (intravenous infusion to target plasma concentration of 0.6 ng/ml), or (4) combination of buspirone and dexmedetomidine at same doses. Lactated Ringer's solution (approximately 3 degrees C) was infused intravenously to decrease tympanic membrane temperature by 1.5 degrees C/h. Shivering threshold was defined as an increase in oxygen consumption greater than 20%. Sedation was evaluated using the Observer's Assessment of Sedation/Alertness scale.

Results
Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were slightly lower on dexmedetomidine and combination days. Likewise, the level of sedation was statistically different on these 2 days but clinically unimportant. Buspirone reduced the shivering threshold from 36.6 degrees C +/- 0.4 degrees C to 35.9 degrees C +/- 0.4 degrees C, dexmedetomidine reduced it to 34.7 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C, and the combination to 34.1 +/- 0.4 degrees C. The interaction effect of 0.04 degrees C was not significant. The gain of shivering and maximum shivering intensity were similar on each day.

Conclusions
The combination of buspirone and dexmedetomidine additively reduced the shivering threshold. Thus, supplementing dexmedetomidine with buspirone blocks shivering and causes only minimal sedation.
Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments
Authors: Barnes David K. A. , Galgani Francois , Thompson Richard C. , Barlaz Morton 
Published: June 2009

One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic products commenced in the 1950s, plastic debris has accumulated in terrestrial environments, in the open ocean, on shorelines of even the most remote islands and in the deep sea. Annual clean-up operations, costing millions of pounds sterling, are now organized in many countries and on every continent. Here we document global plastics production and the accumulation of plastic waste. While plastics typically constitute approximately 10 per cent of discarded waste, they represent a much greater proportion of the debris accumulating on shorelines.
Mega- and macro-plastics have accumulated in the highest densities in the Northern Hemisphere, adjacent to urban centres, in enclosed seas and at water convergences (fronts). We report lower densities on remote island shores, on the continental shelf seabed and the lowest densities (but still a documented presence) in the deep sea and Southern Ocean. The longevity of plastic is estimated to be hundreds to thousands of years, but is likely to be far longer in deep sea and non-surface polar environments. Plastic debris poses considerable threat by choking and starving wildlife, distributing non-native and potentially harmful organisms, absorbing toxic chemicals and degrading to micro-plastics that may subsequently be ingested. Well-established annual surveys on coasts and at sea have shown that trends in mega- and macro-plastic accumulation rates are no longer uniformly increasing: rather stable, increasing and decreasing trends have all been reported. The average size of plastic particles in the environment seems to be decreasing, and the abundance and global distribution of micro-plastic fragments have increased over the last few decades. However, the environmental consequences of such microscopic debris are still poorly understood.
Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Hopewell Jefferson , Dvorak Robert , Kosior Edward 
Published: June 2009

Plastics are inexpensive, lightweight and durable materials, which can readily be moulded into a variety of products that find use in a wide range of applications. As a consequence, the production of plastics has increased markedly over the last 60 years. However, current levels of their usage and disposal generate several environmental problems. Around 4 per cent of world oil and gas production, a non-renewable resource, is used as feedstock for plastics and a further 3–4% is expended to provide energy for their manufacture. A major portion of plastic produced each year is used to make disposable items of packaging or other short-lived products that are discarded within a year of manufacture. These two observations alone indicate that our current use of plastics is not sustainable. In addition, because of the durability of the polymers involved, substantial quantities of discarded end-of-life plastics are accumulating as debris in landfills and in natural habitats worldwide.Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts and represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics industry today. Recycling provides opportunities to reduce oil usage, carbon dioxide emissions and the quantities of waste requiring disposal. Here, we briefly set recycling into context against other waste-reduction strategies, namely reduction in material use through downgauging or product reuse, the use of alternative biodegradable materials and energy recovery as fuel.While plastics have been recycled since the 1970s, the quantities that are recycled vary geographically, according to plastic type and application. Recycling of packaging materials has seen rapid expansion over the last decades in a number of countries. Advances in technologies and systems for the collection, sorting and reprocessing of recyclable plastics are creating new opportunities for recycling, and with the combined actions of the public, industry and governments it may be possible to divert the majority of plastic waste from landfills to recycling over the next decades.
Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the antbirds, ovenbirds, woodcreepers, and allies (Aves: Passeriformes: infraorder Furnariides)
Authors: Moyle Robert G. , Chesser R. Terry , Brumfield Robb T. , Tello Jose G. , Marchese Daniel J. , Cracraft Joel 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe infraorder Furnariides is a diverse group of suboscine passerine birds comprising a substantial component of the Neotropical avifauna. The included species encompass a broad array of morphologies and behaviours, making them appealing for evolutionary studies, but the size of the group (ca. 600 species) has limited well‐sampled higher‐level phylogenetic studies. Using DNA sequence data from the nuclear RAG‐1 and RAG‐2 exons, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis of the Furnariides sampling 124 (more than 88%) of the genera. Basal relationships among family‐level taxa differed depending on phylogenetic method, but all topologies had little nodal support, mirroring the results from earlier studies in which discerning relationships at the base of the radiation was also difficult. In contrast, branch support for family‐rank taxa and for many relationships within those clades was generally high. Our results support the Melanopareidae and Grallariidae as distinct from the Rhinocryptidae and Formicariidae, respectively. Within the Furnariides our data contradict some recent phylogenetic hypotheses and suggest that further study is needed to resolve these discrepancies. Of the few genera represented by multiple species, several were not monophyletic, indicating that additional systematic work remains within furnariine families and must include dense taxon sampling. We use this study as a basis for proposing a new phylogenetic classification for the group and in the process erect new family‐group names for clades having high branch support across methods.
Genome scan for the degree of white spotting in dairy cattle
Authors: Liu L. , Harris B. , Keehan M. , Zhang Y. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryWhite spotting is one of the most distinguishing visual characters in dairy cattle. There is considerable variation within and between breeds of cattle. The objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting the degree of white spotting in dairy cattle based on an F2 experimental design using Holstein‐Friesian and Jersey crossbred cows. The genome scan was implemented using half‐sib and line‐of‐descent approaches with high density markers. Significant QTL were found on chromosomes 6, 18 and 22. The mapped region on BTA6 confirmed the widely conserved KIT locus affecting mammalian pigmentation. Haplotype information linked the highly significant QTL on BTA22 to the Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) gene, which has been reported to be associated with pigmentation traits in some other mammals.