bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating City Councils: Increasing Student Awareness and Involvement
Authors: Rinfret Sara R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAs state capitals and city halls influence our daily lives, how can students become active participants in the affairs of their communities (Saffell and Basehart 2009)? For students to explore this question and local policy making in general, I developed a city council simulation for a state and local government course. This article describes the details of this city council simulation so that it can be easily replicated. Moreover, the goal is for students to move beyond classroom lectures and become more informed participants of local policy making.
Enhancing civilian protection from use of explosive weapons in populated areas: building a policy and research agenda
Authors: Borrie John , Brehm Maya 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEvery day, and in a range of contexts, the use of explosive weapons in populated areas harms civilians. Evidence is growing that elevated levels of civilian harm fit a recurrent pattern, suggesting that more coherent and effective humanitarian responses are needed to enhance civilian protection, especially changes in behaviour of users of explosive weapons. This article describes the effects of explosive violence, critically examines how the existing humanitarian law regime tends to address this issue and explores some current developments in building a research and policy agenda to try to reduce civilian harm from the use of explosive weapons.
Between insurgents and government: the International Committee of the Red Cross's action in the Algerian War (1954–1962)
Authors: Perret Françoise , Bugnion François 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe French government and an armed insurrectionary movement – the National Liberation Front (FLN) – confronted each other for over seven years in the Algerian War, which would become the archetype of wars of national liberation. It brought the new conditions of struggle in revolutionary warfare to a convulsive climax characterized by terrorist attacks, underground warfare, and repression. On the humanitarian front, the challenge of ensuring respect for humanitarian rules in asymmetric warfare was posed more bluntly than in any previous conflict. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) faced the triple challenge of offering its services to a government facing an armed insurgency that it claimed to be able to bring under control through police action alone, of entering into contact with a liberation movement, and of conducting a humanitarian action in the context of an insurrectionary war.
Landschaft der Herzen
Authors: Becker-Glauch Wulf 
Published: June 2012

Zusammenfassung. Reinhard Becker-Glauch wurde in einer glücklichen Kindheit und Jugend geprägt durch die Familie, Eltern und Geschwister (Reihenfolge: Woldemar, Reinhard, Elisabeth, Günther, Wulf), die er selber alle in seinem heiteren und gelassenen Wesen bereicherte. Die beiden Ältesten, nur ein Jahr auseinander, waren künstlerisch begabt (Woldemar: Literatur und Musik, Reinhard: Bildende Kunst und Poesie). Oberstes liebevolles Sagen hatten Mutter und Vater, Arzt von Beruf. Die Familie hielt den ganzen Krieg zusammen und schloß die Gefallenen mit ein. Nach dem Abitur 1935 war Reinhard in den ihm bleibenden 10 Jahren 2½ Jahre im Frieden und 5 im Krieg Soldat (seit 1943 als Stabsgefreiter) und dazwischen 2½ Jahre Student der Kunstgeschichte in Breslau und Wien. Der innere Student half dem Soldaten und umgekehrt. Seit 1937 wurde er begleitet von der Musikwissenschaftlerin Irmgard Klein, die er Januar 1944 heiratete als Krönung der gegenseitigen Bemühungen, mit dem Krieg fertigzuwerden. Er schrieb und schrieb mit Briefen und Gedichten dagegen an. Vom Krieg war kaum die Rede, sondern von den Werten, die ihn überstehen lassen: Familie, Liebe, Kameradschaft (auch zum „Iwan”) und die den Frieden anstrebende Kunst, Religion und Wissenschaft. Das kleine Werk von Reinhard gibt eine weitere Auskunft über den letzten Krieg, der – zumindest als abschreckendes Beispiel – zum Frieden in Europa beigetragen hat, den wir den letzten drei Generationen verdanken.
Satellite‐based estimates of reduced CO and CO2 emissions due to traffic restrictions during the 2008 Beijing Olympics
Authors: Worden Helen M. , Cheng Yafang , Pfister Gabriele , Carmichael Gregory R. , Zhang Qiang , Streets David G. , Deeter Merritt , Edwards David P. , Gille John C. , Worden John R. 
Published: June 2012

During the 2008 Olympics, the Chinese government made a significant effort to improve air quality in Beijing, including restrictions on traffic. Here we estimate the reductions in carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from the control measures on Beijing transportation. Using MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere) multispectral satellite observations of near‐surface CO along with WRF‐Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry) simulations for Beijing during August, 2007 and 2008, we estimate changes in CO due to meteorology and transportation sector emissions. Applying a reported CO/CO2 emission ratio for fossil fuels, we find the corresponding reduction in CO2, 60 ± 36 Gg[CO2]/day. As compared to emission scenarios being considered for the IPCC AR5 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 5th Assessment Report), this result suggests that urban traffic controls on the Beijing Olympics scale could play a significant role in meeting target reductions for global CO2 emissions.
Global in‐cloud production of secondary organic aerosols: Implementation of a detailed chemical mechanism in the GFDL atmospheric model AM3
Authors: Liu Junfeng , Horowitz Larry W. , Fan Songmiao , Carlton Annmarie G. , Levy Hiram 
Published: June 2012

Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) constitute a significant fraction of ambient aerosols, but their global source is only beginning to be understood. Substantial evidence has shown that oxidation of water‐soluble organic species in the liquid cloud leads to the formation of SOA. To evaluate this global source and explore its sensitivity to various assumptions concerning cloud properties, we simulate in‐cloud SOA (IC‐SOA) formation based on detailed multiphase chemistry incorporated into the newly developed Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled chemistry‐climate model AM3. We find global IC‐SOA production is around 20–30 Tg·yr−1between 1999 and 2001. Depending on season and location, oxalic acid accounts for 40–90% of the total IC‐SOA source (particularly between 800 hPa–400 hPa), and glyoxylic acid and oligomers (formed by glyoxal and methylglyoxal in evaporating clouds) each contribute an additional 10–20%. Besides glyoxal and methylglyoxal (extensively studied by previous research), glycolaldehyde and acetic acid are among the most important precursors leading to the formation of IC‐SOA, particularly oxalic acid. Different implementations of cloud fraction or cloud lifetime in global climate models could potentially modify estimates of IC‐SOA mass production by 20–30%. Dense IC‐SOA production occurs in the tropical and midlatitude regions of the lower troposphere (surface to 500 hPa). In DJF, IC‐SOA production is concentrated over the western Amazon and southern Africa. In JJA, substantial IC‐SOA production occurs over southern China and boreal forest regions. This study confirms a significant in‐cloud source of SOA, which will directly and indirectly influence global radiation balance and regional climate.
Fourier analysis and expanding phenomena in finite fields
Authors: Hart Derrick , Li Liangpan , Shen Chun-Yen 
Published: June 2012

In this paper we study set expansion in finite fields. Fourier analytic proofs are given for several results recently obtained by other authors using spectral graph theory. In addition, several generalizations of these results are given.

In the case thatAAis a subset of a prime fieldFp\mathbb F_pof size less thanp1/2p^{1/2}it is shown that|{a2+b:a,b∈A}|≥C1|A|147/146|\{a^2+b:a,b \in A\}|\geq C_1 |A|^{147/146}and|{b+1a:a,b∈A}|≥C2|A|110/109|\{\frac {b+1}{a}:a,b \in A\}|\geq C_2 |A|^{110/109}, where|⋅||\cdot |denotes the cardinality of a set andC1C_1andC2C_2are absolute constants.
MolClass: a web portal to interrogate diverse small molecule screen datasets with different computational models
Authors: Wildenhain Jan , FitzGerald Nicholas , Tyers Mike 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Summary: The MolClass toolkit and data portal generate computational models from user-defined small molecule datasets based on structural features identified in hit and non-hit molecules in different screens. Each new model is applied to all datasets in the database to classify compound specificity. MolClass thus defines a likelihood value for each compound entry and creates an activity fingerprint across diverse sets of screens. MolClass uses a variety of machine-learning methods to find molecular patterns and can therefore also assign a priori predictions of bioactivities for previously untested molecules. The power of the MolClass resource will grow as a function of the number of screens deposited in the database.
Availability and implementation: The MolClass webportal, software package and source code are freely available for non-commercial use at http://tyerslab.bio.ed.ac.uk/molclass. A MolClass tutorial and a guide on how to build models from datasets can also be found on the web site. MolClass uses the chemistry development kit (CDK), WEKA and MySQL for its core functionality. A REST service is available at http://tyerslab.bio.ed.ac.uk/molclass/api based on the OpenTox API 1.2.
Contact: jan.wildenhain@ed.ac.uk or md.tyers@umontreal.ca
Trends in populations of elephant and other large herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe, as revealed by sample aerial surveys
Authors: Dunham Kevin M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFor 30 years, regular aerial surveys in Zimbabwean protected areas were funded, designed and executed primarily to estimate elephant numbers. Other large herbivores were recorded, even though some species were not easily seen from the air in savannah woodlands. Population estimates for species other than elephant provided indices of abundance that could be used to determine temporal trends in population size. This study tests for significant trends in the abundance of large herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park, assuming that data from aerial sample surveys designed for elephant also provide accurate estimates of real trends in the populations of other herbivores. For each species, the exponential rate of population change was calculated using weighted regression, with the variance of this rate based on the sampling variances of the population estimates. Significant population trends were detected for eight species. Before the 1992 drought, elephant number was held approximately constant by frequent culls, but afterwards, it increased at a mean annual rate of 6.2% (confidence limits 4.0% and 8.6%). Elephants in cow herds increased at 7.3%, significantly faster than elephants in bull herds (−0.5%). Buffalo, eland, kudu, nyala, waterbuck, wildebeest and zebra all increased in number, after population declines during the drought.
Randomised clinical trial: pre‐dosing with taribavirin before starting pegylated interferon vs. standard combination regimen in treatment‐naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1
Authors: Palmer M. , Rubin R. , Rustgi V. ,   Taribavirin Viral Kinetic Study Group
Published: June 2012

SummaryBackgroundCombination therapy with the ribavirin (RBV) prodrug taribavirin (TBV) and pegylated interferon (PIFN) has produced lower rates of anaemia than with RBV and PIFN. Studies have demonstrated that the sharpest decline in viral load during TBV therapy occurs at Weeks 4 through 6, when TBV reaches steady‐state blood levels.AimThe current proof‐of‐concept study was conducted to examine whether first‐order viral kinetics could be influenced by pre‐dosing TBV to steady state before introducing PIFN.MethodsTherapy‐naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 (G1) were randomised to receive (i) TBV 600 mg BID monotherapy for 4 weeks followed by combination therapy with PIFN [pre‐dosing arm (n = 23)] or (ii) TBV administered concurrently with PIFN [standard dosing arm (n = 19)].ResultsMore patients achieved undetectable virus or a ≥2‐log10 reduction of HCV RNA at Week 4 in the pre‐dosing vs. the standard dosing arm [33% vs. 22% (P = 0.497)]. There was also a trend towards greater reduction in mean log10 change in HCV RNA in the pre‐dosing vs. the standard dosing arm, which was statistically significant at Day 1 [−0.34 ± 0.46 vs. 0.09 ± 0.32 (P < 0.003)] but not at other time points up to Week 24. No significant difference was observed in the rates of anaemia (haemoglobin <10 g/dL) between study arms (4.5% vs. 5.3%).ConclusionsPre‐dosing TBV prior to starting PIFN produces a trend towards improved efficacy although statistical significance was not reached in this small patient population. These results warrant larger clinical trials of TBV pre‐dosing.
Role of granulocyte/neutrophil transfusions for haematology/oncology patients in the modern era
Authors: Strauss Ronald G. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryInfections continue to be a serious problem for severely neutropenic oncology and haematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplant patients. Although it is now possible to collect much larger numbers of neutrophils (PMNs) from donors stimulated with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor + corticosteroids, the efficacy of these ‘modern’ granulocyte/PMN transfusions, with higher doses of PMNs, has not been established by convincing randomized control trials. Accordingly, they cannot be recommended for standard therapy at this time.
Self‐esteem of children and adolescents with chronic illness: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Pinquart M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractChronic illness may be a risk factor for low self‐esteem; however, previous meta‐analyses are inconclusive whether children with a chronic illness have lower self‐esteem than their healthy peers. The goal of the present study was to summarize available research in order to compare the self‐esteem of children and adolescents with a chronic illness with that of healthy children. Random‐effects meta‐analysis was used to integrate the results of 621 empirical studies that compare levels of self‐esteem of children with a chronic physical illness with healthy peers or general test norms. Studies were identified via the electronic databases Adolesc, Embase, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PSNYDEX, PSYCINFO, and cross‐referencing. Children with chronic illnesses have lower self‐esteem than healthy peers or test norms (g=−0.18 standard deviation units). The lowest levels of self‐esteem were observed in children with chronic fatigue syndrome and chronic headaches. Lower levels of self‐esteem in children with a chronic illness were found in girls than in boys, in adolescents than in children, in children from developing or threshold countries, when results were collected from observer ratings rather than child reports, in studies published in the 1990s, and when children with chronic illnesses were directly compared with healthy children instead of test norms. Paediatricians, parents, and teachers should promote experiences of success and positive peer‐relations, which are important sources of self‐esteem. In addition, psychosocial interventions for children with chronic illnesses should be offered for children with reduced self‐esteem.
Does biological maturity actually confound gender‐related differences in physical activity in preadolescence?
Authors: Guinhouya B. C. , Fairclough S. J. , Zitouni D. , Samouda H. , Vilhelm C. , Zgaya H. , de Beaufort C. , Lemdani M. , Hubert H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAimTo examine: (i) if maturity‐related gender differences in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) depend on how maturity status is defined and measured; and (ii) the influence of maturity level on compliance with PA recommendations.MethodsThe study involved 253 children (139 boys) aged 9.9 ± 0.9 years, with mean stature and weight of 1.39 ± 0.08 m and 35.8 ± 8.8 kg respectively. Their PA was evaluated using an Actigraph accelerometer (Model 7164). Maturity was assessed using the estimated age at peak height velocity (APHV) and a standardized APHV by gender (i.e. centred APHV).ResultsBoys engaged in significantly more MVPA than girls (P < 0.0001). There was a significant correlation between the centred APHV and MVPA in boys (r = 0.20; P = 0.016), but not in girls (r = 0.13; P = 0.155). An ancova controlling for the estimated APHV showed no significant interactions between gender and APHV, and the main effect of gender on MVPA was negated. Conversely, there was a significant main effect of APHV on MVPA (F
1,249 = 6.12; P = 0.014; η
p
2 = 0.024). Only 9.1% of children met the PA recommendations, including 14.4% of boys and 2.6% of girls (P < 0.01). This observation also applies in both pre‐APHV (12.7% of boys vs. 2.4% of girls, P < 0.001) and post‐APHV children (23.8% of boys vs. 3.4% of girls, P < 0.0001). No differences in PA guidelines were observed between pre‐APHV and post‐APHV children.ConclusionsAmong prepubescent children, the influence of biological maturity on gender differences in PA may be a function of how maturity status is determined. The most physically active prepubescent children were those who were on time according to APHV.
A proline repeat polymorphism of the Frost gene of Drosophila melanogaster showing clinal variation but not associated with cold resistance
Authors: Hoffmann A. A. , Blacket M. J. , McKechnie S. W. , Rako L. , Schiffer M. , Rane R. V. , Good R. T. , Robin C. , Lee S. F. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractGenetic polymorphisms underlying adaptive shifts in thermal responses are poorly known even though studies are providing a detailed understanding of these responses at the cellular and physiological levels. The Frost gene of Drosophila melanogaster is a prime candidate for thermal adaptation; it is up‐regulated under cold stress and knockdown of this gene influences cold resistance. Here we describe an amino‐acid INDEL polymorphism in proline repeat number in the structural component of this gene. The two main repeats, accounting for more than 90% of alleles in eastern Australia, show a strong clinal pattern; the 6P allele was at a high frequency in tropical locations, and the 10P allele was common in temperate populations. However, the frequency of these alleles was not associated with three different assays of cold resistance. Adult transcription level of Frost was also unrelated to cold resistance as measured through post chill coma mobility. The functional significance of the proline repeat polymorphism therefore remains unclear despite its clinal pattern. The data also demonstrate the feasibility of using Roche/454 sequencing for establishing clinal patterns.
Age at puberty and risk of testicular cancer: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Maule M. , Malavassi J. L. , Richiardi L. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryTesticular cancer is one of the most rapidly increasing tumour types but its aetiology is still largely unexplained. Cryptorchidism and familial testicular cancer, established risk factors, explain less than 10% of all cases. Among investigated post‐natal factors, early puberty was suggested as a potential risk factor but the topic has been poorly investigated. We undertook a meta‐analysis of the effect of age at puberty on testicular cancer risk, attempting at enhancing the homogeneity in the definition of the exposure among studies to obtain valid pooled estimates. Search strategies were conducted in PubMed on December 2011. All markers of puberty onset (age at voice change, age when started shaving and reported age at onset) were considered. We re‐categorized age at puberty from all studies into a common three‐level variable: younger than peers, same age as peers, older than peers. A total of 391 references were retrieved, of which 12 met the inclusion criteria. Later puberty appeared to be protective. In particular late vs. same age at start shaving gave an OR of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75–0.95, five studies); late vs. same age at voice change gave an OR of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.75–1.01, five studies); and later age than peers at reported onset of puberty gave an OR of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.73–0.89, eight studies). Early puberty showed no effect on testicular cancer risk. This meta‐analysis has found consistent evidence of a decreased risk of testicular cancer in association with later puberty, suggesting that post‐natal factors may contribute to testicular cancer risk.
Are nurses prepared to respond to a bioterrorist attack: a narrative synthesis
Authors: Smith Claire , Hewison Alistair 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAim.  To report a review and narrative synthesis conducted to analyse and evaluate nurses’ preparedness to respond to a bioterrorist event.Background.  The anthrax attack on the USA in 2001 resulted in the development of global response strategies for future bioterrorist events. However, despite these actions, it remains unclear whether nurses are prepared to respond to such events.Data sources.  A search for relevant research articles was conducted using the MEDLINE, CINAHL, BNI, and EMBASE databases to locate articles published in the period 1996–March 2010.Design.  Narrative SynthesisReview methods.  A narrative synthesis of qualitative and quantitative studies was undertaken and the articles reviewed using Greenhalgh’s critical appraisal criteria. The review was conducted with inclusion and exclusion criteria applied to ensure the studies examined focussed on the hospital nurse’s role in responding to a bioterrorist event.Results.  Seven original research studies were included in the review. Four themes were identified as affecting nurses’ preparedness for a bioterrorist attack. These were perceptions of bioterrorism, the role of formal knowledge, the role of institutional plans and policies, and personal factors. The overarching theme centred on nurses’ willingness to respond to a bioterrorist event. It was clear that, although nurses were willing to respond to a bioterrorist attack, they felt unprepared to do so.Conclusions.  Existing nurse education in areas such as infection control can incorporate bioterrorism training to improve preparedness, yet nurses must also prepare themselves personally for a bioterrorist attack.
Novel insights about the mechanism of visceral hypersensitivity in maternally separated rats
Authors: Bian Z. X. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractVisceral hypersensitivity (VHS) is one of the most important characteristics of functional gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Stress, whether physical or psychological, is known to be a crucial factor for inducing and maintaining visceral sensitivity in humans and rodents, but how stress induces VHS is not fully understood. In a recent study published in Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Wouters et al. demonstrate, for the first time, that maternal separation induces activation of periaqueductal gray (PAG), the hippocampus and the somatosensory cortex concomitantly with increased deactivation of the pre‐frontal cortex. The findings provide insight on the role of maternal separation in inducing regional cerebral blood flow changes and cerebral plasticity. These novel insights on the role of central activation in the modulation of stress‐induced VHS add to our growing understanding of the mechanisms that underlie VHS and suggest potential new drug development targets in stress‐related diseases, including IBS.