bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Territory Defence related to Plumage Ornaments in the King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus?
Authors: Viera Vanessa M. , Nolan Paul M. , Côté Steeve D. , Jouventin Pierre , Groscolas René 
Published: August 2010

AbstractColourful ornaments in monogamous birds may be directed at potential mates or other conspecifics to signal individual condition, reproductive status or fighting ability, especially in monogamous and territorial species. We investigated whether the size of the orange auricular patch may be an indicator of aggressiveness in the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus, a monogamous and territorial seabird. The relationship between auricular patch size and defence behaviour was explored relative to territory location (centre vs. periphery of the colony), period of reproduction (early vs. late), state of reproduction (incubation vs. brooding) and sex. The proportion of time spent in territorial defence and the rate of aggressive behaviours were positively correlated with auricular patch size, mainly because central birds were more aggressive than peripheral birds and also had larger patch sizes. The period of reproduction, state of reproduction and sex did not interact with patch size to affect aggressiveness. Our results suggest that the size of the auricular patch in king penguins may be a reliable signal allowing individuals to evaluate the quality of mates or competitors in terms of aggressiveness. Whether aggressiveness is directly linked to patch size or indirectly through body condition, however, remains to be determined. In any event, birds with larger patches seem to gain central territories in the colony, thereby increasing their reproductive success. Finally, our study adds to the growing evidence that the evolution of sexually monomorphic ornaments may stem from mutual sexual selection.
Scent‐marking and intrasexual competition in a cooperative carnivore with low reproductive skew
Authors: Müller Corsin A. , Manser Marta B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMost mammals scent‐mark and a variety of hypotheses have been put forward to explain this behaviour. Differences in the main function of scent‐marking between species are likely to be related to differences in social systems. Here, we investigate the functions of scent‐marking in a cooperatively breeding carnivore. In the banded mongoose (Mungos mungo), individuals of both sexes commonly breed in their natal group and reproductive skew within groups is low. Using experimental scent‐mark presentations, we tested predictions of the intrasexual competition, self‐advertisement to potential mates and dominance assertion hypotheses. Both males and females responded more intensely to scent marks of same‐sexed than of opposite‐sexed individuals. Dominant individuals counter‐marked more than subordinate ones and males showed higher counter‐marking rates than females, but only marginally so. During oestrus, responses to scent marks were increased by both sexes. Our findings strongly indicate that scent‐marking in the banded mongoose primarily serves a purpose in intrasexual competition both between and within groups. Unlike in other social herpestids and some solitary rodents, we found little evidence for self‐advertisement. We suggest that the peculiar social system of the banded mongoose results in self‐advertisement losing importance in this species, shifting the main function of scent‐marking to intrasexual competition.
Hosts’ Responses to Parasitic Eggs: Which Cues Elicit Hosts’ Egg Discrimination?
Authors: Moskát Csaba , Székely Tamás , Cuthill Innes C. , Kisbenedek Tibor 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMany hosts of the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) exhibit egg recognition, and reject parasitic eggs. How do hosts discriminate cuckoo eggs from their own? Hosts might be able to recognize their own eggs using the specific pigment pattern on the outer eggshell surface, which may serve as a cue for recognition. We tested if patterns of egg pigments (spottedness) contain this information by manipulating spot density of great reed warbler eggs (Acrocephalus arundinaceus). We also manipulated the colour of eggs when the original spot pattern remained the same. Spot density (approximately 15–75%) did not significantly affect rejection rate (8–20% rejection), but when spots fully covered the eggs, i.e. the eggshell was plain dark brown, rejection rate increased abruptly to 100%. A loglinear model revealed the significant influence of colour on rejection rates, although there was no interactive effect between spottedness and colour. Our results strongly support the differential use of egg markers in host’s egg discrimination, suggesting that spot density has limited importance compared to eggshell colour.
Song Variation in a Recently Founded Population of the Dark‐Eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis)
Authors: Newman Melissa M. , Yeh Pamela J. , Price Trevor D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDuring natural colonization events, songs are expected to change as a result of both selection and drift‐like processes. We studied song variation within a small isolated population of dark‐eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis, which became established in an unusual environment on the University of California at San Diego (UCSD) campus in the early 1980’s, and compared this variation with the native range. At UCSD, the average repertoire size is 4.2 song types/male, which is similar to that in the native range. There is a low level of song‐type sharing across the population. Typically a male shares at least one song type with on average 40% of his neighbors, and song‐type sharing decreases rapidly with distance. Thus song‐type diversity is high, and in this respect appears similar to that in ancestral mountain populations. These results suggest a moderate to large number of males founded and/or subsequently immigrated into the UCSD population, but several selection mechanisms, if coupled with a high cultural mutation rate, may also favor high song‐type diversity. When combined with results from a previous study, songs are significantly shorter at UCSD than in the mountain population we studied. It appears that founder effects have not influenced the evolution of songs in this population. More generally, if song‐type diversity and other features of song result from various social and natural selection pressures, many of these pressures may have remained similar between the native and the recently established population.
The Use of Theory in Behavioural Research
Authors: Taborsky Michael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA survey of recent publications in behavioural biology suggests that research in this field often lacks a formal approach linking theory and empiricism, which implies that there is scope for improvement. Frequently, hypotheses guiding empirical work are merely based on plausibility arguments, which is not necessarily wrong and may be useful especially at the early stages of an investigation. Behavioural studies based on a theoretical framework usually test qualitative predictions from a general model either with data from natural situations or by experimental scrutiny. Rarely, a quantitative approach is used where a model is parameterized by existing data and therefore generates precise, testable predictions. In general, there is a lack of awareness that much more is to be learnt from a mismatch between predictions and data than from accordance. The latter is prone to cause the ‘pseudo‐proof fallacy’, which is widespread in behavioural ecology. Behavioural physiology, on the other hand, often suffers a lack of proper theoretical models. Much can be gained in both fields if empiricists and theoreticians collaborate more closely towards the ultimate aim – to unravel the mechanisms of behaviour at both, ultimate and proximate levels.
Effect of Enterobacter aerogenes on the Rhizosphere Microflora of Apple Trees*
Authors: Marchi A. , Utkhede R. S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFifty–seven fungi and 59 bacteria were isolated from soils collected from two apple orchards located in Kelowna and Summerland, British Columbia, Canada. Sixteen fungi and 35 bacteria, respectively, were significantly inhibited by the biological control agent Enterobacter aerogeness in a dual culture test. These results indicate that the antibiotic(s) produced by this organism has a wide spectrum of activity. This ability of E. aerogenes may protect apple trees from infection by other, soil microorganisms.
A Narrow Range of Wavelengths Active in Regulating Apothecial Development in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Thaning C. , Nilsson H.‐E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThree Swedish and one Canadian isolate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were tested for apothecial formation in light of different wavelengths and for measuring light absorbance of macerated apothecia and apothecia filtrate in a spectrophotometer. The apothecial formation was recorded after keeping laboratory‐produced sclerotia under different light filters illuminated by True‐Lite fluorescent tubes. The experiments, performed at room temperature, demonstrated that normal apothecia developed only in light of wavelengths between 276 and 319 nm, and that macerated apothecia and apothecia filtrate absorbed light at the same wavelengths with a maximum absorbance at 310 nm. The stipes showed a clear positive phototropism in light that was not essential for apothecia development. indicating that there may be different photoreceptors for phototropism and photomorphogenesis. Negative phototropism of stipes occurred at certain wavelengths in yellow light.
Development of Erysiphe pisi (Powdery Mildew) on Normal and Albino Mutants of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Singh U. P. , Prithiviraj B. , Sarma B. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEarly development of Erysiphe pisi (powdery mildew) was studied on normal peas (with chlorophyll), natural albino mutants (without chlorophyll) and on chimeric leaves of pea induced by ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) under different light exposures. Different light regimes [continuous light; continuous darkness; short day (8 h light/16 h darkness); long day (16 h light/8 h darkness)] did not influence the early development of E. pisi on pea leaves. However, under continuous darkness a lower number of haustoria was observed in comparison with other treatments. Erysiphe pisi failed to develop on naturally developed complete albino leaves as well as on the albino parts of chimeric leaves induced by EMS treatment. A lesser number of appressoria and haustoria was observed on albino leaves. Results suggest that the presence of some nondiffusable chemical(s) in normal leaves of pea is essential for the establishment of successful biotrophy.
Characterization of a Strain ofTobacco Mosaic VirusfromPetunia
Authors: Alexandre M. A. V. , Soares R. M. , Rivas E. B. , Duarte L. M. L. , Chagas C. M. , Saunal H. , Van Regenmortel M. H. V. , Richtzehain L. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPetunia plants collected in São Paulo City, Brazil, showing yellow mosaic, were naturally infected by a virus of the genusTobamovirusidentified according to particle morphology and size, host range, physical properties and cytopathic effects. On the basis of serological properties, amino acid composition and nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene, the virus isolate was identified as a new strain ofTobacco mosaic virus(TMV‐p). A conspicuous feature of this virus infection is the presence of virus‐like particles within the mitochondrial matrix. The data from phylogenetic analysis indicate that TMV‐p belongs to subgroup 1 of the genusTobamovirus.
Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in Potato Tubers by Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Pastrik K.‐H. , Maiss E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in potato tubers. The designed primers PS‐1/PS‐2 based on the sequence data of the 16S rRNA gene. Using the optimized PCR protocol, it was possible to detect R. solanacearum cells artificially added to concentrated potato extracts in the range of 1–10 colony‐forming units (CFU) per PCR reaction mixture (10–100 CFU/ml potato homogenate). No amplification products were obtained, when bacteria belonging to other species or genera were submitted to PCR under the same conditions. A total of 10 different DNA extraction methods were adapted for the isolation of R. solanacearum DNA from potato homogenates and were compared for their suitability as pre‐PCR procedures.
Potentiation of Phytoalexin Accumulation in Elicitor‐treated Epicotyls of Pea (Pisum sativum) by a Diacylglycerol Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: Toyoda K. , Kawahara T. , Ichinose Y. , Yamada T. , Shiraishi T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWhen epicotyl tissues of pea were treated with a diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase inhibitor (R59022), enhanced induction of the phytoalexin accumulation occurred which was induced by fungal elicitor. The marked induction was associated with a sustained accumulation of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL)‐mRNA and the consequent increase in PAL activity. These results suggest that inhibition of DAG breakdown leads to increased induction of phytoalexin accumulation and support the hypothesis that DAG kinase negatively regulates the signal transduction.
Immunolocalization of Tomato Mosaic Tobamovirus in Roots of Red Spruce Seedlings
Authors: Bachand G. D. , Castello J. D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the location of tomato mosaic tobamovirus (ToMV) in red spruce (Picea rubens) seedling roots. Roots were collected from uninfected and infected spruce seedlings at biweekly intervals, fixed in formaldehyde‐glacial acetic acid‐50% ethanol (1 : 1 : 18), embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IF). ToMV was detected by IF in infected, but not in uninfected red spruce roots. All seedlings that tested positive by IF had previously tested positive by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Fluorescence was observed most frequently 2 weeks after inoculation in cortical and epidermal cells, as well as in the lateral root primordia. The ToMV was not observed in vascular tissue, the root cap, or meristematic cells. Virus distribution was uneven, and occurred in localized, concatenated pockets, parallel to the axis of the apical meristem. In older seedlings, fluorescence was associated with irregular‐shaped vesicles in cortical cells.
Grouping of Binucleate Rhizoctonia Anastomosis Group D (AG‐D) Isolates into Subgroups I and II Based on Whole‐Cell Fatty Acid Compositions
Authors: Priyatmojo A. , Yamauchi R. , Kageyama K. , Hyakumachi M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWhole‐cell fatty acid compositions of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐D (R. cerealis) isolates representing subgroups I [AG‐D (I)] and II [AG‐D (II)] obtained from various host plants were compared. Ten fatty acids including myristic (14 : 0), pentadecanoic (15 : 0), palmitic (16 : 0), palmitoleic (16 : 1 cis9), heptadecanoic (17 : 0), 9‐heptadecenoic (17 : 1 cis9), stearic (18 : 0), oleic (18 : 1 cis9), linoleic (18 : 2 cis9,12) and linolenic (18 : 3 cis9,12) were consistently present in all isolates of Rhizoctonia AG‐D. The major fatty acids found were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, comprising 88‐93% of the whole‐cell fatty acid content. The remaining fatty acids were present in smaller amounts ranging from 0.01 to 5.03% of the whole‐cell fatty acid content. Palmitic and oleic acids were present in approximately two and three times higher concentrations in isolates of AG‐D (I) than in isolates of AG‐D (II), respectively. On the other hand, linoleic acid was about two times lower in isolates of AG‐D (I) than in isolates of AG‐D (II). Principal component and cluster analyses of the percentage composition of fatty acids showed distinct separation between AG‐D (I) and AG‐D (II). The results indicated that fatty acid analysis is useful for differentiating AG‐D (I) and AG‐D (II) and supported previous differentiation of the two subgroups on the basis of cultural characteristics, pathogenicity and DNA analyses. In addition, a Rhizoctonia AG‐Q isolate from bentgrass and Rhizoctonia AG‐D isolates causing foot rot of wheat and stem rot of mat rush were grouped in AG‐D (I), based on the percentage composition of fatty acids.
Biological Control of the Grapevine Dieback Fungus Eutypa lata I: Screening of Bacterial Antagonists
Authors: Schmidt C. S. , Lorenz D. , Wolf G. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAntifungal bacterial strains were assayed for antagonistic activity towards the grapevine dieback fungus Eutypa lata in vitro and on grape wood. One hundred and twenty‐one of 188 isolates (64%) exhibited antagonistic activity towards E. lata in vitro (> 83% of the tested actinomycetes, Bacillus and Erwinia herbicola strains and 32% of the Pseudomonas strains). On autoclaved grape wood discs, liquid cultures from 24 of 76 selected bacterial strains (32%) caused at least 50% suppression of mycelial growth over a period of 2 weeks. Among these were two Bacillus subtilis, four E. herbicola, two Serratia plymuthica and 16 actinomycete isolates. One B. subtilis strain (B1α), two E. herbicola strains (JII/E2 and JII/E4) and one actinomycete (A123) showed the highest degree of antagonism (70‐100% control over a period of 4 weeks). In E. herbicola and the actinomycete A123 the cell‐free supernatant was the active fraction of the applied liquid culture (100% control); suspended cells showed no or limited effect. Conversely, in B. subtilis the cells were the decisive component (50‐70% control). Erwinia herbicola JII/E2 and B. subtilis B1α inhibited growth of six different E. lata isolates on wood significantly. The strong antagonistic effect of the four bacterial strains was confirmed by the measurement of fungal hydrolase activity (chitinase, protease, cellulase). Activities of fungal hydrolases were highly correlated with mycelial growth on wood (r > 0.88). In B. subtilis B1α antagonistic activity and ability to colonize grape wood was further demonstrated by cryo‐scanning electron microscopy.
Diffusion of Patulin in the Flesh of Pears Inoculated with Four Post‐harvest Pathogens
Authors: Laidou I. A. , Thanassoulopoulos C. C. , Liakopoulou‐Kyriakides M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe fungi Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus flavus, Stemphylium vesicarium and Alternaria alternata were experimentally inoculated into pear fruits of cv. Abate fetel. The infected fruits were split longitudinally through the centre of lesions (5, 10, 15 and 20 mm in diameter) and were divided into four sections, from tissues below the lesions to tissues around the carpel area. The aforementioned fungi were isolated in different frequencies from all sections that included diseased and healthy tissues. Patulin was detected in the flesh of pears with lesions 10 mm in diameter when inoculated with P. expansum, S. vesicarium and A. alternata, but not with A. flavus. Mycotoxin concentrations surpassed the accepted maximum residue limit in all sections, even in apparently sound tissues. This is the first report of invasion of these fungi, as well as patulin diffusion into different depths of pear fruits.
Morphological and Physiological Differentiation among Vegetative Compatibility Groups of Verticillium dahliae in Relation to V. longisporum
Authors: Zeise K. , Tiedemann* A. von 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwenty‐four isolates of Verticillium dahliae from various geographic regions and host origins were assigned to vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) based on complementation between nitrate‐non‐utilizing (nit) mutants. The VCG assignment was associated with clearly distinguishable morphological and physiological characteristics. Most isolates of VCG 2B produced deep black colonies, small conidia (3.62 × 0.02 μ m), and spherical microsclerotia. They exhibited polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, high sporulation rate in shake cultures, fluorescence on sanguinarine‐amended PDA (snPDA) and excretion of dark pigment on Czapek Dox agar. The isolates assigned to VCG 4B had significantly longer conidia (4.73 × 0.04 μ m), spherical microsclerotia and white, fluffy colonies due to enhanced production of aerial mycelium. They excreted only traces of dark pigment, exhibited PPO activity, did not fluoresce on snPDA and had limited ability to sporulate in shake cultures. Except for lacking PPO activity the only heterokaryon self‐incompatible isolate (HSI) was similar to VCG 4B. Ten isolates of Verticillium longisporum from cruciferous hosts did not produce nit mutants. They had clearly longer conidia (7.41 × 0.05 μ m), formed elongate microsclerotia, and only poorly sporulated in shake cultures. They did not excrete dark pigment, lacked PPO, and failed to fluoresce on snPDA. The results indicate a clear morphological and physiological differentiation not only between the two species V. longisporum and V. dahliae but also among the VCGs of V. dahliae.
Four Spanish Isolates of Pear Decline Phytoplasma are Related to Other European Phytoplasmas of the Apple Proliferation Group *
Authors: Martin R. , Carazo G. , Arribas C. , Colino I. , Santiago R. , Blas C. De 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA portion of about 1000 bp within the 16S rDNA of four pear decline (PD) symptomatic trees (two from Badajoz and two from Sevilla) was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and directly sequenced. A sequence similarity search against the EMBL and GenBank nucleotide databases showed that they were most similar to two previously sequenced isolates of pear decline phytoplasma of German and Italian origin. In a phylogenetic analysis they clustered in a separate branch within the apple proliferation group. The four Spanish PD sequences were fully homologous to previously published primers R16F2n, primer forward (Ahrens and Seemüller. Phytopathology 82:828‐832, 1992) and PD probe. However, primers fPD, fU5 and R16F2 showed some mismatches with these sequences.
Germination and Survival of Fusarium graminearum Macroconidia as Affected by Environmental Factors
Authors: Beyer M. , Röding S. , Ludewig A. , Verreet J.‐A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe effects of temperature (4–20°C), relative humidity (RH, 0–100%), pH (3–7), availability of nutrients (0–5 g/l sucrose) and artificial light (0–494 μmol/m2/s) on macroconidial germination of Fusarium graminearum were studied. Germ tubes emerged between 2 and 6 h after inoculation at 100% RH and 20°C. Incubation in light (205 ± 14 μmol/m/s) retarded the germination for approximately 0.5 h in comparison with incubation in darkness. The times required for 50% of the macroconidia to germinate were 3.5 h at 20°C, 5.4 h at 14°C and 26.3 h at 4°C. No germination was observed after an incubation period of 18 h at 20°C in darkness at RH less than 80%. At RH greater than 80%, germination increased with humidity. Germination was observed when macroconidia were incubated in glucose (5 g/l) or sucrose (concentration range from 2.5 × 10−4 to 5 g/l) whereas no germination was observed when macroconidia were incubated in sterile deionized water up to 22 h. Macroconidia germinated quantitatively within 18 h at pH 3–7. Repeated freezing (−15°C) and thawing (20°C) water agar plates with either germinated or non‐germinated macroconidia for up to five times did not prevent fungal growth after thawing. However, the fungal growth rate of mycelium was negatively related to the number of freezing events the non‐germinated macroconidia experienced. The fungal growth rate of mycelium was not significantly affected by the number of freezing events the germinated spores experienced. Incubation of macroconidia at low humidity (0–53% RH) suppressed germination and decreased the viability of the spores.