bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical analysis of the concept of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Moncrieff Joanna , Timimi Sami 
Published: September 2011

SummaryWe question whether adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represents a discrete condition that is distinguishable from ordinary behaviour and other psychiatric disorders, and whether it is related to the childhood disorder, since adult and childhood ADHD are said to be characterised by a different range of symptoms. Although studies of stimulant drugs find marginal short-term effects, which can be explained by their known psychoactive properties, there is little evidence that there are any sustained long-term benefits of drug therapy. We suggest that adult ADHD represents one of the latest attempts to medicalise ordinary human difficulties, and that its popularity is partly dependent on marketing and the reinforcing effects of stimulants.
Response ofBemisia tabaci(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to Vapor Pressure Deficit: Oviposition, Immature Survival, and Body Size
Authors: Simmons Alvin M , Mahroof Rizana M 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWhiteflies cause major agricultural problems in environments ranging from arid to humid climates on a global scale. A study was conducted on the effects of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on oviposition, hatching, body size, and survival of immature B-biotype sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Experiments were conducted at VPD conditions of 0.5, 1.7, and 2.7 kPa to represent low, medium, and high VPD environments, respectively. The study was conducted at 26°C with insects reared on collard, Brassica oleracea ssp. acephala de Condolle. The rate of oviposition was decreased at the highest VPD treatment. However, percentage egg hatch was not significantly affected by the treatments. More time was required for eggs to hatch at a high (2.7 kPa) compared with a low (0.3 kPa) VPD in a separate experiment. Overall survival to the adult stage was decreased at the highest VPD (≈50%) compared with the other two VPD environments (≈75%). Sizes of males and females were different, as is well known, but VPD had little significant effect on adult body size (length and width). The size effect was erased when the F2 generations from the different treatments were reared under a common environment. Insect population models that include the most relevant environmental parameters can offer the best estimation of life-history events. These results help elucidate the ecology of B. tabaci and indicate that extremes in ambient moisture can have an impact on populations.
Symptom Management in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Irvin William , Muss Hyman B. , Mayer Deborah K. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Approximately 40,000 women die as a result of breast cancer each year and many more live with advanced disease. When breast cancer recurs, the goals of treatment often shift from one of cure to controlling the disease for as long as possible while palliating symptoms interfering with the patient's functional status and quality of life. This requires ongoing discussions with the patient and family about the goals of care. Many symptoms depend on the site of metastasis, with bone being the most frequent, and commonly occur with fatigue, depression, insomnia, and pain. The purpose of this paper is to identify and provide an overview of the management of the most common symptoms in patients with breast cancer metastases.
Affect Levels in a Company of Basic Trainees
Authors: Datel William E. , Engle Elizabeth O. , Barba Melvln A. 
Published: September 2011

Previous study of affect Levels in basic training platoons (Datel, et al., 1966; Datel & Engle, 1966) was extended to an entire company of recruits ( N = 140). Five platoons with 28 Ss each were repeatedly administered the weekly form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (W-MAACL) throughout the basic combat training (BCT) process. An analysis of variance suitable for repeated measures on multiple groups was performed on transformed scores from the Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility scales obtained on 9 testing occasions. Scales, Occasions, and Scales × Occasions were statistically significant ( p < .001). There was no main or interaction effect of platoons. The findings suggest that reliable affect changes do occur in basic training and that these changes occur similarly across platoons. An attempt was made to formulate tentative inferences concerning affect measurement of basic training stress from the empirical data collected in the three Fort Dix studies. … humours turn with climes … Pope, Moral Essays
Expert Perspectives on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Australia
Authors: Morgan Emily H. , Worsley Tony 
Published: September 2011

Purpose. To examine food system experts' explanations for the consistently low level of fruit and vegetable consumption in Australia and what can be done to increase it. Design. A qualitative survey of food system experts. Setting. The survey was administered online to experts across Australia between August and November 2008 using SurveyMonkey.com . Subjects. Key informants (N = 332) in sectors ranging from farming through food waste disposal; 122 usable responses were analyzed. Measures. Opinions about fruit and vegetable consumption were collected through open-ended questions. Respondent background information was also collected. Analysis. Identification of key themes via qualitative analysis. Results. Many reasons for inadequate consumption were suggested, most of which related to inadequacies in the supply of fruit and vegetables. However, the most commonly cited solutions focused on increasing consumer demand. Conclusion. The incongruence between reasons for inadequate consumption and proposed solutions presents a challenge and suggests a need to shift policy priorities towards improving the supply of fruit and vegetables. Several well-coordinated approaches between the various sectors are needed to maximize outcomes. They include some outside the scope of traditional health promotion efforts.
A Systematic Examination of Smoke-Free Policies in Multiunit Dwellings in Virginia as Reported by Property Managers: Implications for Prevention
Authors: Jackson Shelly L. , Bonnie Richard J. 
Published: September 2011

Purpose. In most states, smoking has been curtailed to some extent in public buildings, workplaces, and restaurants. The next frontier for smoke-free policies is the multiunit dwelling industry. However, the extent to which smoke-free housing currently is available is unknown. The purpose of this study was to measure the market for smoke-free housing in Virginia and to identify barriers to adopting smoke-free policies. Design. Telephone interviews were conducted with property managers of rental apartments, townhouses, senior housing, and public housing in four Virginia cities. Setting. Four cities in Virginia. Subjects. Two hundred sixty-three property managers in four cities in Virginia (approximately 75 property managers per city). Measures. Property managers were administered a brief telephone survey. Results. Only 33.8% of property managers reported some type of smoke-free policy, with only 15% of those policies prohibiting smoking in residential units. Most property managers without a smoke-free policy were not considering adopting such a policy for a variety of reasons. Conclusion. The availability of smoke-free multiunit dwellings is severely lacking. This study identified a number of science-based and legal misperceptions that may prevent the adoption of smoke-free policies. Correction of these misperceptions is warranted to increase the availability of smoke-free housing. Such policies will be useful in creating environments that support good health practices while simultaneously protecting tenants from exposure to secondhand smoke.
Step it UP: A Multicomponent Intervention to Increase Stair Use in a University Residence Building
Authors: Howie Erin Kaye , Young Deborah Rohm 
Published: September 2011

Purpose. Examine the effects of a multicomponent intervention on stair usage. Design. Nonrandomized controlled intervention. Setting. Two multistory university dormitories. Subjects. Total of 5711 direct observations of university dormitory residents. Intervention. The 2-week “Step It UP” intervention used poster prompts and fun/competitive challenges with incentives to encourage residents to take the stairs instead of the elevators. Measures. Ascending stair and elevator use was directly observed and coded for gender at high traffic times in intervention and control dormitories for 14 nonconsecutive hours over 1 week each at baseline, midintervention, and 1 week postintervention. Analysis. The proportions of ascending stair and elevator users were compared using χ2 analyses. Results. Baseline stair use was equal between intervention and control dormitories (24.9% and 27.8%, respectively; χ2[1, N = 1849] = .08; p = .77). Stair use significantly increased from baseline in the intervention dormitory to 33.24% (χ2[1, N = 2192] = 18.44; p < .001) compared with no change in the control. Stair use returned to baseline in the intervention dormitory at postintervention (25.4%; χ2[1, N = 2297] = .08; p = .78). There were no significant differences between genders. Conclusion. This multicomponent, short-duration intervention significantly increased stair usage in a university dormitory relative to the control but was unable to sustain the increase when prompts were removed. Campaigns to sustain stair use are needed. Formative assessment is required to determine what combinations of components may yield the most cost-effective approach for future interventions.
Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Screening: Misconceptions Undermine Adherence
Authors: Panagopoulou Efharis , Giata Ourania , Montgomery Anthony , Dinas Kostantinos , Benos Alexis 
Published: September 2011

Purpose. Prophylactic vaccination programs in conjunction with cervical screening can significantly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer worldwide. This study tested the hypothesis that human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination can adversely affect adherence to cervical screening if the public develops the misconception that the HPV vaccination has removed the need for screening. Design. A postal survey using a stratified random sample was employed. Participants. Overall, 500 medical students and 500 nonmedical students of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki were invited to participate. The response rate was 82%. Measures. A questionnaire was developed assessing demographic characteristics, adherence to cervical screening, and awareness and attitudes toward HPV. Analysis. Logistic regression was used to assess the impact of HPV awareness and attitudes towards HPV vaccination on adherence to Papanicolaou screening, controlling for place of origin and mother's screening behavior. Results. Students who believed that vaccination against HPV obviated the need for a Papanicolaou test were two times less likely to adhere to cervical screening (adjusted odds ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.37–2.57; p = .0004). The effect was stronger in the nonmedical subgroup (adjusted odds ratio, 3.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.85–5.160; p = .0003). Conclusion. Findings highlight that misconceptions can adversely affect preventive behaviors and reduce the probability of an early diagnosis of cervical cancer.
Associations between Natural Amenities, Physical Activity, and Body Mass Index in 100 North Carolina Counties
Authors: Jilcott Stephanie B. , Moore Justin B. , Shores Kindal A. , Imai Satomi , McGranahan David A. 
Published: September 2011

Purpose. To examine associations between county-level natural amenities, physical activity (PA), and body mass index (BMI). Design and Setting. Cross-sectional study among 100 North Carolina counties. Measures. We obtained percentage of county residents meeting PA criteria and county-wide means for reported height and weight from the North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, combining years 2003, 2005, and 2007. The county natural amenities scale was the independent variable. Potential county-level covariates were percentage rural, percentage black, median age, and median household income (Census 2000). Analysis. We conducted weighted bivariate and linear regression analyses to examine relationships between natural amenities, aggregate PA, and aggregate BMI. Results. BMI and natural amenities were negatively associated (parameter estimate = –.13 (.06), p = .03). When percentage meeting PA criteria was included, the parameter estimate attenuated 15%. Conclusion. There was an inverse relationship between natural amenities and BMI, partially mediated by PA.
The Effects of Commuter Pedestrian Traffic on the Use of Stairs in an Urban Setting
Authors: Andersen Ross E. , Bauman Adrian E. 
Published: September 2011

Purpose. Most public health physical activity guidelines now encourage people to look for opportunities to accumulate physical activity throughout the day. Climbing stairs in lieu of riding escalators is a prime opportunity to make healthier choices that promote active living. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of pedestrian commuter traffic on choices to ride an escalator, walk up an escalator, or walk up adjacent stairs in a busy urban subway station at rush hour. Design. A total of 9766 commuters were observed by two recorders for a 2.5-hour period during the morning rush hour over 8 weeks as to whether the commuters walked up stairs or rode an adjacent escalator in a subway station. The number of observations per 5-minute block was recorded, and an index of commuter traffic was computed. Demographic information and use of escalators/stairs were also recorded. Setting. An urban subway station with a two-flight staircase adjacent to an escalator. Participants. Adult commuters travelling to work during the morning rush hour. Measures. Physical activity choices were examined in relation to commuter traffic. Demographic information, such as age, race, and weight status, were also considered. Analysis. A χ2 analysis was used to examine differences in proportions across variables of interest. Means were compared by using multivariate analysis of variance, and confidence intervals were computed. Results. During the least-heavy commuter traffic period, only 11.2% of commuters chose to walk up the stairs, whereas significantly more did so during moderate 18.7% and high 20.8% commuter traffic periods (χ2 = 61.8, p < .001). During low-traffic times, significantly more commuters (21.4%) walked up the escalators compared with moderate-traffic (18.0%) or high-traffic (18.3%) periods. African-American commuters passively rode the escalator more (68.2%) than white commuters (56.7%), and their patterns were less affected by commuter traffic (p < .05). Conclusion. Congestion in public places can have a significant effect on opportunities for choosing active versus passive options in moving through public places. Urban planners should consider this when designing facilities in busy locations.
Changes in Physician Costs among High-Cost Transcendental Meditation Practitioners Compared with High-Cost Nonpractitioners over 5 Years
Authors: Herron Robert E. 
Published: September 2011

Purpose. To determine whether the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique can affect the physician costs of consistently high-cost people. Design. Quasi-experimental, longitudinal, cost-minimization evaluation. This 14-year, preintervention-postintervention study retrospectively assessed government payments to physicians for treating the TM and no-treatment (NT) groups. Setting. Province of Quebec, Canada. Participants. The highest-spending 10% of 1418 Quebec health insurance enrollees who practiced the TM technique were compared with the highest 10% of 1418 subjects who were randomly selected from enrollees of the same age, sex, and region. TM participants had chosen to begin the technique prior to choosing to enter the study. Measures. Annual payments to private physicians in all treatment settings. The Quebec government health insurance agency provided the total physician payments for each of the 2836 subjects from 1981 to 1994. Other medical expense data for individuals were unavailable. Data were adjusted for medical cost inflation. Analysis. For each subject, least-squares regression slopes were calculated to estimate preintervention and postintervention annual rates of change in payments. The groups' means, slopes, and medians were compared using both parametric and nonparametric tests. Results. Before starting meditation, the yearly rate of increase in payments to physicians between groups was not significantly different. After commencing meditation, the TM group's mean payments declined $44.93 annually (p = .004), whereas the NT comparison group's payments exhibited nonsignificant changes. After 1 year, the TM group decreased 11%, and after 5 years their cumulative reduction was 28% (p = .001). Conclusions. The results suggest the intervention may be an effective method for reducing physician costs. Randomized studies are recommended.
The SmokingPaST Framework: Illustrating the Impact of Quit Attempts, Quit Methods, and New Smokers on Smoking Prevalence, Years of Life Saved, Medical Costs Saved, Programming Costs, Cost Effectiveness, and Return on Investment
Authors: O'Donnell Michael P. , Roizen Michael F. 
Published: September 2011

Purpose. Describe the specifications of the Smoking Prevalence, Savings, and Treatment (SmokingPaST) Framework and show how it can illustrate the impact of quit attempts, quit method, number of new smokers, smoking rates of immigrants and emigrants, and death rates of smokers and nonsmokers on future smoking prevalence rates, program costs, years of life saved, medical costs saved, cost effectiveness of programs, and return on investment (ROI). Framework Specifications. Mathematical relationships among factors in SmokingPaST are described. Input variables include baseline smoking rates among current adults, new adults, immigrants, and emigrants; population counts for these groups; annual quit attempts; and distribution of quit methods. Assumption variables include success rate by quit method, death rates of smokers and nonsmokers, annual medical costs of smoking, costs per person for four tobacco treatment methods, age distribution of quitters, and distribution of medical cost funding by source. Output variables include year-end adult smoking rates, successful quitters, years of life saved by quitting, medical costs saved by quitting and by not hiring smokers, total costs of smoking treatment programs, cost per quitter, cost per life-year saved, distribution of medical cost savings from quitting, and ROI of treatment costs. Applications. The Framework was applied at the employer, county, state, and national levels. Conclusions. The SmokingPaST Framework provides a conceptually simple framework that can be applied to any population. It illustrates that significant drops in smoking rates can be achieved and significant savings in medical costs can be captured by employers as well as state and federal governments through tobacco treatment and prevention programs. Savings are especially important for reducing state and federal government deficits and enhancing job competitiveness.
Rapidly Progressive, Fatal, Inhalation Anthrax-like Infection in a Human: Case Report, Pathogen Genome Sequencing, Pathology, and Coordinated Response
Authors: Wright Angela M. , Beres Stephen B. , Consamus Erin N. , Long S. Wesley , Flores Anthony R. , Barrios Roberto , Richter G Stefan , Oh So-Young , Garufi Gabriella , Maier Hannah , Drews Ashley L. , Stockbauer Kathryn E. , Cernoch Patricia , Schneewind Olaf , Olsen Randall J. , Musser James M. 
Published: September 2011

Context.—Ten years ago a bioterrorism event involving Bacillus anthracis spores captured the nation's interest, stimulated extensive new research on this pathogen, and heightened concern about illegitimate release of infectious agents. Sporadic reports have described rare, fulminant, and sometimes fatal cases of pneumonia in humans and nonhuman primates caused by strains of Bacillus cereus, a species closely related to Bacillus anthracis.Objectives.—To describe and investigate a case of rapidly progressive, fatal, anthrax-like pneumonia and the overwhelming infection caused by a Bacillus species of uncertain provenance in a patient residing in rural Texas.Design.—We characterized the genome of the causative strain within days of its recovery from antemortem cultures using next-generation sequencing and performed immunohistochemistry on tissues obtained at autopsy with antibodies directed against virulence proteins of B anthracis and B cereus.Results.—We discovered that the infection was caused by a previously unknown strain of B cereus that was closely related to, but genetically distinct from, B anthracis. The strain contains a plasmid similar to pXO1, a genetic element encoding anthrax toxin and other known virulence factors. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that several homologs of B anthracis virulence proteins were made in infected tissues, likely contributing to the patient's death.Conclusions.—Rapid genome sequence analysis permitted us to genetically define this strain, rule out the likelihood of bioterrorism, and contribute effectively to the institutional response to this event. Our experience strongly reinforced the critical value of deploying a well-integrated, anatomic, clinical, and genomic strategy to respond rapidly to a potential emerging, infectious threat to public health.
Physical activity and body composition in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Plasqui G. , Boonen A. , Geusens P. , Kroot E. J. , Starmans M. , van der Linden S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectivePatients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are at risk for accelerated muscle loss and reduced physical activity. Accurate data are needed on body composition and physical activity in this patient group. The purpose of this study was to investigate body composition and objectively assessed physical activity in patients with AS.MethodsTwenty‐five AS patients (15 men, mean ± SD age 48 ± 11 years) were compared with 25 healthy adults matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Body composition was measured using a 3‐compartment model based on air‐displacement plethysmography to assess body volume and deuterium dilution to assess total body water. The fat‐free mass index (FFMI; fat‐free mass divided by height squared) and the percent fat mass (%FM) were calculated. Daily physical activity was assessed for 7 days using a triaxial accelerometer and physical fitness with an incremental test until exertion on a bicycle ergometer. Blood samples were taken to determine C‐reactive protein (CRP) level and tumor necrosis factor α.ResultsAccelerometer output (kilocounts/day) showed the same physical activity level for patients and controls (mean ± SD 319 ± 105 versus 326 ± 66). There was no difference in the FFMI or %FM between the patients and controls. Physical activity was positively related to the FFMI (partial R = 0.38, P = 0.01) and inversely related to CRP level (R = −0.39, P < 0.01), independent of group. CRP level was inversely related to the FFMI, but the effect was less strong than with physical activity (partial R = −0.31, P = 0.03).ConclusionDaily physical activity may help preserve fat‐free mass in patients with AS.