bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and validity of the 2002 and 2006 Chapel Hill expert surveys on party positioning
Authors: HOOGHE LIESBET , BAKKER RYAN , BRIGEVICH ANNA , DE VRIES CATHERINE , EDWARDS ERICA , MARKS GARY , ROVNY JAN , STEENBERGEN MARCO , VACHUDOVA MILADA 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis research note reports on the 2002 and 2006 Chapel Hill expert surveys (CHES), which measure national party positioning on European integration, ideology, and several European Union (EU) and non‐EU policies. The reliability of expert judgments is examined and the CHES data are cross‐validated with data from the Comparative Manifesto Project, the 2003 Benoit‐Laver expert survey and the 2002 Rohrschneider‐Whitefield survey. The dataset is available on the CHES website.
Mechanisms involved in the antinociception induced by systemic administration of guanosine in mice
Authors: Schmidt AP , Böhmer AE , Schallenberger C , Antunes C , Tavares RG , Wofchuk ST , Elisabetsky E , Souza DO 
Published: February 2010

Background and purpose: It is well known that adenine‐based purines exert multiple effects on pain transmission. However, less attention has been given to the potential effects of guanine‐based purines on pain transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral (p.o.) administration of guanosine on mice pain models. Additionally, investigation into the mechanisms of action of guanosine, its potential toxicity and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) purine levels were also assessed.Experimental approach: Mice received an i.p. or p.o. administration of vehicle (0.1 mM NaOH) or guanosine (up to 240 mg·kg−1) and were evaluated in several pain models.Key results: Guanosine produced dose‐dependent antinociceptive effects in the hot‐plate, glutamate, capsaicin, formalin and acetic acid models, but it was ineffective in the tail‐flick test. Additionally, guanosine produced a significant inhibition of biting behaviour induced by i.t. injection of glutamate, AMPA, kainate and trans‐ACPD, but not against NMDA, substance P or capsaicin. The antinociceptive effects of guanosine were prevented by selective and non‐selective adenosine receptor antagonists. Systemic administration of guanosine (120 mg·kg−1) induced an approximately sevenfold increase on CSF guanosine levels. Guanosine prevented the increase on spinal cord glutamate uptake induced by intraplantar capsaicin.Conclusions and implications: This study provides new evidence on the mechanism of action of the antinociceptive effects after systemic administration of guanosine. These effects seem to be related to the modulation of adenosine A1and A2Areceptors and non‐NMDA glutamate receptors.
Ligand‐directed signalling at β‐adrenoceptors
Authors: Evans Bronwyn A. , Sato Masaaki , Sarwar Mohsin , Hutchinson Dana S. , Summers Roger J. 
Published: February 2010

β‐Adrenoceptors (ARs) classically mediate responses to the endogenous ligands adrenaline and noradrenaline by coupling to Gsα and stimulating cAMP production; however, drugs designed as β‐AR agonists or antagonists can activate alternative cell signalling pathways, with the potential to influence clinical efficacy. Furthermore, drugs acting at β‐ARs have differential capacity for pathway activation, described as stimulus trafficking, biased agonism, functional selectivity or ligand‐directed signalling. These terms refer to responses where drug A has higher efficacy than drug B for one signalling pathway, but a lower efficacy than drug B for a second pathway. The accepted explanation for such responses is that drugs A and B have the capacity to induce or stabilize distinct active conformations of the receptor that in turn display altered coupling efficiency to different effectors. This is consistent with biophysical studies showing that drugs can indeed promote distinct conformational states. Agonists acting at β‐ARs display ligand‐directed signalling, but many drugs acting as cAMP antagonists are also able to activate signalling pathways central to cell survival and proliferation or cell death. The observed complexity of drug activity at β‐ARs, prototypical G protein‐coupled receptors, necessitates rethinking of the approaches used for screening and characterization of novel therapeutic agents. Most studies of ligand‐directed signalling employ recombinant cell systems with high receptor abundance. While such systems are valid for examining upstream signalling events, such as receptor conformational changes and G protein activation, they are less robust when comparing downstream signalling outputs as these are likely to be affected by complex pathway interactions.This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCR. To view the editorial for this themed section visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00695.x
Ligand binding assays at equilibrium: validation and interpretation
Authors: Hulme Edward C. , Trevethick Mike A. 
Published: February 2010

The focus of this review paper is factors affecting data interpretation in ligand binding assays under equilibrium conditions. Protocols for determiningKd(the equilibrium dissociation constant) andKdA(the equilibrium inhibitor constant) for receptor ligands are discussed. The basic theory describing the interaction of a radiotracer and an unlabelled competitor ligand with a receptor is developed. Inappropriate experimental design may result in ligand depletion and non‐attainment of equilibrium, distorting the calculation ofKdandKdA. Strategies, both theoretical and practical, will be given to avoid and correct such errors, thus leading to the determination of reliable values for these constants. In determiningKdAfrom competition binding studies, two additional concepts are discussed. First, the necessity to measure an adequate specific binding signal from the bound radiotracer ligand limits the range of affinity constants that can be measured: a particular set of assay conditions may lead to an upper limit on the apparent affinity of unlabelled ligands. Second, an extension of the basic assay methodology can indicate whether the interaction between the tracer and a test ligand is mediated by a competitive or an allosteric mechanism. Finally, the review ends with a discussion of two factors that are often overlooked: buffer composition and the temperature at which the assay is conducted, and the impact these can have on affinity measurements and the understanding of drug interactions.British Journal of Pharmacology(2010)161, 1219–1237; doi:10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2009.00604.x; published online 2 February 2010This article is part of a themed section on Analytical Receptor Pharmacology in Drug Discovery. To view the other articles in this section visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2010.161.issue‐6
Comparative Expression of Proteins in Left and Right Atrial Appendages From Patients With Mitral Valve Disease at Sinus Rhythm and Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: MODREGO JAVIER , MAROTO LUIS , TAMARGO JUAN , AZCONA LUIS , MATEOS‐CÁCERES PETRA , SEGURA ANTONIO , MORENO‐HERRERO ROSARIO , PÉREZ‐CASTELLANOS NICASIO , DELPÓN EVA , PÉREZ‐VILLACASTÍN JULIÁN , RODRÍGUEZ ENRIQUE , MACAYA CARLOS , LÓPEZ‐FARRÉ ANTONIO J. 
Published: February 2010

Proteomics and Atrial Appendages. Introduction: The objective was to compare by proteomics the expression of proteins associated with the cytoskeleton, energetic metabolism, and cardiac cytoprotection between left atrial appendages (LAA) and right atrial appendages (RAA) obtained from patients with mitral valve disease both in sinus rhythm (SR, n = 6) and in permanent atrial fibrillation (AF, n = 11).
Methods and Results:
Samples from RAA and LAA were obtained from the same patient. Proteins were separated in 2‐dimensional electrophoresis and identified by mass spectrometry. LAA from SR patients upexpressed α‐actin isotype 1 and desmin isotypes 3 and 5 with respect to RAA. In LAA from AF patients were upexpressed cardiac α‐actin isotypes 1 and 2, tropomyosin α‐ and β‐chains, and myosin light chain embryonic muscle/atrial isoform with respect to LAA from SR patients. In RAA from AF patients also upexpressed different cytoskeleton associated proteins with respect to RAA from SR patients. Different energetic metabolism‐associated proteins were upexpressed in LAA and RAA from AF with respect those from SR patients. In AF patients, the expression of proteins associated with cardiac cytoprotection such as gluthatione‐S‐transferase, heat shock protein (Hsp) 27, and different Hsp60 isotypes, were higher in RAA but not in LAA with respect to the corresponding appendages in SR patients.
Conclusions:
For each individual patient RAA and LAA showed a similar level of proteins expressed associated with cytoskeleton, energetic metabolism, and cardiac cytoprotection. There were more differences in the level of proteins associated with the above‐mentioned mechanisms between the atrial appendages from AF with respect to SR patients, which may open new targets for drugs. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 859‐868, August 2010)
Intracoronary Beta‐Radiation Therapy for In‐stent Restenosis: Long‐Term Success Rate and Prediction of Failure
Authors: VLACHOJANNIS GEORGIOS J. , FICHTLSCHERER STEPHAN , SPYRIDOPOULOS IOAKIM , AUCH‐SCHWELK WOLFGANG , SCHOPOHL BERND , ZEIHER ANDREAS M. , SCHÄCHINGER VOLKER 
Published: February 2010

Objective: The following retrospective observational study assesses the long‐term results of intracoronary beta‐radiation therapy for patients with in‐stent restenosis.
Background: Beta‐radiation has been used to treat patients with coronary in‐stent restenosis. However, long‐term clinical success using this technique has not at this time been established.
Methods: Two‐hundred and thirteen consecutive patients received intracoronary brachytherapy (noncentered beta‐emitter, Novoste BetaCath™) for in‐stent restenosis and were followed up over a period of 39.1 ± 18.4 months. The combined end‐point was defined as a major adverse clinical event (MACE)
and comprised mortality, acute myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization (TVR).
Results: MACE occurred in 110 patients (51.6%): death in 27 patients (12.7%), acute myocardial infarction in 8 patients (3.8%), TVR in 90 patients (42.3%). TVR comprised percutaneous coronary reinterventions in 76 patients (35.7%) and coronary bypass surgery in 24 patients (11.3%). Secondary end‐point was determined as target vessel failure and occurred in 93 patients (43.7%). Of note, the frequency of at least two previous target lesion interventions as well as impairment of left ventricular function was associated with reduced success rate, whereas other clinical parameters did not indicate outcome after treatment with intracoronary radiation therapy.
Conclusion: During the mean, a period of 3 years, more than half of the patients receiving intracoronary radiation therapy reached primary end‐point, representing, in the main, TVR. During this period a mortality rate of nearly 13% was documented. These results signify a delayed, though continued, restenotic process after index procedure. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:60–65)
Whole brain radiation alone produces favourable outcomes for AIDS‐related primary central nervous system lymphoma in the HAART era
Authors: Nagai Hirokazu , Odawara Takashi , Ajisawa Atsushi , Hagiwara Shotaro , Watanabe Tomoyuki , Uehira Tomoko , Uchiumi Hideki , Yotsumoto Mihoko , Miyakawa Toshikazu , Watanabe Akira , Kambe Toshiyuki , Konishi Mitsuru , Saito Seiji , Takahama Soichiro , Tateyama Masao , Okada Seiji 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPrimary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a lethal disorder, but the recent application of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved prognosis. This retrospective cohort study of AIDS‐related PCNSL examined the actual clinical outcomes and prognostic variables affecting overall survival (OS) in the HAART era. Twenty‐three newly diagnosed AIDS‐related PCNSL at 12 regional centre hospitals for HIV/AIDS in Japan between 2002 and 2008 were consecutively enrolled. The estimated 3‐yr OS rate of the entire cohort was 64% (95%CI, 41.0–80.3%). Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) had an independent positive impact on survival (WBRT ≥30 Gy vs. others, P = 0.02). Nine of 10 patients with a good performance status (PS) (0–2) remained alive with complete response, whereas 10 (77%) of 13 of those with a poor PS (3–4) died mostly after a short period. The estimated 3‐yr OS rate of the groups with a good and poor PS was 100% and 38% (95%CI, 14–63%), respectively (P = 0.01). Leukoencephalopathy (grade ≥ 2) developed in 21% of those that survived more than 12 months after radiation. The patients receiving a curative intent radiation dose (≥30 Gy) of WBRT achieved prolonged survival while maintaining a good quality of life in the HAART era, especially among patients with a favourable PS.
White matter changes in extremely preterm infants, a population‐based diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Skiöld Béatrice , Horsch Sandra , Hallberg Boubou , Engström Mathias , Nagy Zoltan , Mosskin Mikael , Blennow Mats , Ådén Ulrika 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAim:  To investigate cerebral white matter (WM) abnormalities (J Pediatr 2003; 143: 171) and diffuse and excessive high signal intensities (DEHSI), (J Pediatr 1999; 135: 351) in a cohort of extremely preterm infants born in Stockholm during a 3‐year period, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).Methods:  MRI at term‐equivalent age was performed in 109 infants and DTI data were acquired in 54 infants. Survival rate in the entire cohort was 67%. Sixteen term‐born healthy control infants were scanned for comparison.Results:  No or mild WM abnormalities were seen in 86% of infants and 14% had moderate or severe WM abnormalities. DEHSI were seen in infants with all grades of white matter abnormalities and were present in 56% of infants. In the WM at the level of centrum semiovale, infants with any WM abnormalities or DEHSI had lower Fractional Anisotropy and higher Apparent Diffusion Coefficient compared with control infants. No significant differences in diffusion were seen in infants without DEHSI compared with the controls in this region. Compared with controls, the preterm infants had significantly altered diffusion in the corpus callosum.Conclusion:  Only 14% of the extremely preterm infants had moderate or severe WM abnormalities on MRI. However, the incidence of DEHSI was high. In the DEHSI regions, changes in diffusion parameters were detected, indicating altered WM organization.
A direct limit on the turbulent velocity of the intracluster medium in the core of Abell 1835 from XMM-Newton
Authors: Sanders J. S. , Fabian A. C. , Smith R. K. , Peterson J. R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
We examine deep XMM–Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer observations of the X-ray luminous galaxy cluster A1835. For the first time in a galaxy cluster, we place direct limits on turbulent broadening of the emission lines. This is possible because the coolest X-ray emitting gas in the cluster, which is responsible for the lines, occupies a small region within the core. The most conservative determination of the 90 per cent upper limit on line-of-sight, non-thermal, velocity broadening is , measured from the emission lines originating within 30 kpc radius. The ratio of turbulent to thermal energy density in the core is therefore less than 13 per cent. There are no emission lines in the spectrum showing evidence for gas below ∼3.5 keV. We examine the quantity of gas as a function of temperature and place a limit of (90 per cent) for gas cooling radiatively below 3.85 keV.
An Inside‐Outsider or an Outside‐Insider? The Republican Primary Campaign of Ron Paul from a Third‐Party Perspective
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN ADAM 
Published: February 2010

The 2007/2008 Republican presidential primary run for Ron Paul was a relatively unique candidacy, as he was a former third‐party presidential candidate for the Libertarian Party in 1988. In this article, I argue that his recent run as a Republican needs to be studied as a third‐party movement within a major party. To do so, I conduct a state‐level analysis of support for Paul using a dependent variable measuring the number of online Paul donors. The results indicate that the strongest explanation for Paul support is a state's vote for Paul in 1988. This finding shows that a third‐party campaign can help a politician's national‐level career rather than serving merely as an outlet for popular discontent. It also shows that candidate‐centered support can carry over into a major‐party campaign, even if almost 20 years has elapsed and a candidate's third‐party vote percentage was quite low.La primaria presidencial republicana de 2007/2008 donde se postuló Ron Paul fue una candidatura relativamente única, ya que en 1988 él fue un candidato presidencial de un tercer partido conocido como Partido Liberal. En este articulo sostengo que su reciente postulación como Republicano necesita ser estudiada como un movimiento de un tercer partido dentro de un partido mayoritario. Para realizarlo, realizo un análisis a un nivel estatal del apoyo a Paul utilizando una variable dependiente que mide el número de los donadores de Paul en línea. Los resultados indican que la explicación más concluyente del actual apoyo a Paul es el voto estatal otorgado al candidato en 1988. Este hallazgo demuestra que una campaña de un tercer partido puede ayudar a la carrera de un político a nivel nacional más que simplemente servir como una salida del descontento popular. Así mismo, demuestra que el apoyo otorgado al candidato puede transferirse a una campaña de partido mayor, aun después de veinte años y a pesar de que el porcentaje de voto obtenido por ese candidato en ese entonces haya sido bajísimo.
Cardiac basal metabolism: energetic cost of calcium withdrawal in the adult rat heart
Authors: Bonazzola P. , Takara D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAim:  Cardiac basal metabolism upon extracellular calcium removal and its relationship with intracellular sodium and calcium homeostasis was evaluated.Methods:  A mechano‐calorimetric technique was used that allowed the simultaneous and continuous measurement of both heat rate and resting pressure in arterially perfused quiescent adult rat hearts. Using pharmacological tools, the possible underlying mechanisms related to sodium and calcium movements were investigated.Results:  Resting heat rate (expressed in mW g−1dry wt) increased upon calcium withdrawal (+4.4 ± 0.2). This response was: (1) unaffected by the presence of tetrodotoxin (+4.3 ± 0.6), (2) fully blocked by both, the decrease in extracellular sodium concentration and the increase in extracellular magnesium concentration, (3) partially blocked by the presence of either nifedipine (+2.8 ± 0.4), KB‐R7943 (KBR; +2.5 ± 0.2), clonazepam (CLO; +3.1 ± 0.3) or EGTA (+1.9 ± 0.3). The steady heat rate under Ca2+‐free conditions was partially reduced by the addition of Ru360 (−1.1 ± 0.2) but not CLO in the presence of EGTA, KBR or Ru360.Conclusion:  Energy expenditure for resting state maintenance upon calcium withdrawal depends on the intracellular rise in both sodium and calcium. Our data are consistent with a mitochondrial Ca2+ cycling, not detectable under normal calcium diastolic levels. The experimental condition here analysed, partially simulates findings reported under certain pathological situations including heart failure in which mildly increased levels of both diastolic sodium and calcium have also been found. Therefore, under such pathological conditions, hearts should distract chemical energy to fuel processes associated with sodium and calcium handling, making more expensive the maintenance of their functions.
The care of older people with dementia in acute hospitals
Authors: Cowdell Fiona 
Published: February 2010

cowdell f. (2010) The care of older people with dementia in acute hospitals. International Journal of Older People Nursing 5, 83–92.Aim.  To explore the experiences of patients and nursing staff of the care received by older people with dementia in acute hospitals.Background.  The prevalence of dementia is steadily increasing as is the number of people with the condition requiring acute hospital care. Significant concerns about the quality of this care have been raised. There is a paucity of knowledge about the views of such care from the perspectives of people with dementia and nurses.Method.  An ethnographic approach was used and data were collected thorough observation and interviews in one acute hospital in the United Kingdom.Findings.  Findings suggest that care for older people with dementia in acute hospitals is not always optimum although there are clear exceptions. Generally, people with dementia found the delivery of care and the experience of being in hospital distressing as they did not know what was happening and they were often ignored. Nurses strive to give good care but do not always achieve this.Conclusion.  Bourdieu’s Model of Practice assists in explaining why care is as it is. There is a clear need to improve current practice.Relevance to clinical practice.  It is imperative that innovative methods of developing practice are implemented and evaluated. Education alone will not lead to sustained changes in practice. Further research into this subject needs to be undertaken.
On complete interpolating sequences and sampling expansions
Authors: Smith Kevin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractComplete interpolating sequences for L2(−π,π) are considered under the condition that the real parts of the sequence are a subsequence of the scaled integers xℤ, x>0. It is found that this condition leads to very specific and restrictive conditions on the existence and structure of complete interpolating sequences for L2(−π,π). Further general results in the case of bunched sampling of Bernstein functions are also given.
Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of TRU-1, the Endogenous Class C β-Lactamase fromAeromonas enteropelogenes
Authors: De Luca Filomena , Giraud-Morin Chantal , Rossolini Gian Maria , Docquier Jean-Denis , Fosse Thierry 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTAeromonas enteropelogenes(formerlyA. tructi) was described to be an ampicillin-susceptible and cephalothin-resistantAeromonasspecies, which suggests the production of a cephalosporinase. Strain ATCC 49803 was susceptible to amoxicillin, cefotaxime, and imipenem but resistant to cefazolin (MICs of 2, 0.032, 0.125, and >256 μg/ml, respectively) and produced an inducible β-lactamase. Cefotaxime-resistant mutants (MIC, 32 μg/ml) that showed constitutive β-lactamase production could be selectedin vitro. The gene coding for the cephalosporinase ofA. enteropelogenesATCC 49803 was cloned, and its biochemical properties were investigated.Escherichia colitransformants showing resistance to various β-lactams carried a 3.5-kb plasmid insert whose sequence revealed a 1,146-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a class C β-lactamase, named TRU-1, showing the highest identity scores withA. punctataCAV-1 (75%),A. salmonicidaAmpC (75%), andA. hydrophilaCepH (71%). TheblaTRU-1locus includes open reading frames (ORFs) showing significant homology with genes found in the genomes of otherAeromonasspecies, although it exhibits a different organization, as reflected by the presence of additional ORFs located downstream of the β-lactamase gene in theA. hydrophilaandA. salmonicidagenomes. Specific PCR assays were negative forcphA-like andblaOXA-12-like genes in threeA. enteropelogenesATCC strains. Purified TRU-1 showed a broad substrate profile, efficiently hydrolyzing benzylpenicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, and, although with significantly lower turnover rates, oxyiminocephalosporins. Cephaloridine and cefepime were poorly recognized by the enzyme, as reflected by the highKmvalues observed with these substrates. Thus far,A. enteropelogenesrepresents the only known example of anAeromonasspecies that produces only one β-lactamase belonging to molecular class C.