bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secular trend in age at menarche in indigenous and nonindigenous women in Chile
Authors: Ossa X.M. , Munoz S. , Amigo H. , Bangdiwala S.I. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectives:To estimate the secular trend in age at menarche, comparing indigenous and nonindigenous women, and its relationship with socio‐demographic, family and nutritional factors.Methods:A study (historical cohorts) of 688 indigenous and nonindigenous women, divided into four birth cohorts (1960–69, 1970–79, 1980–89, and 1990–96) in an area in central southern Chile was carried out. Data and measurements were collected by health professionals using a previously validated questionnaire. Age at menarche was self‐reported (recall). Adjusted differences among cohorts were estimated using a multivariate regression model.Results:A secular trend (P < 0.001) in age at menarche was found in both ethnic groups, with no significant differences between them (P > 0.05). In an adjusted model, a reduction in age at menarche was estimated at 3.7 months per decade between 1960 and 1990. This trend was moderated by higher socio‐economic level, smaller number of siblings, and cohabitation with a single parent during infancy.Conclusions:The trend has occurred in a steady progression over time in indigenous women, whereas in nonindigenous women, it was slow initially but has accelerated in recent years. Nonindigenous women have maintained a slightly lower age of menarche than their indigenous counterparts. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:688‐694, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of body fat estimates using 3D digital laser scans, direct manual anthropometry, and DXA in men
Authors: Garlie Todd N. , Obusek John P. , Corner Brian D. , Zambraski Edward J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectives:The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of utilizing three dimensional whole body laser surface scanning (3DS) to obtain specific anthropometric measurements to estimate percent body fat (BF).Methods:Percent BF estimates from 37 male volunteers, of age 18–62 yr, were determined by inputting manual anthropometric (MA) and 3DS anthropometric measurements into the current Army BF prediction equation for males. The results were compared with each other and to BF values from Dual Energy X‐ray Absorptiometry (DXA), employed as a reference method.Results:Mean percent BF estimates (±SD) derived from MA, 3DS and from DXA were 18.4(±3.8), 18.8(±3.9), and 18.9(±4.7), respectively. Analysis of Variance tests revealed no statistical difference between the mean values. Correlation analysis comparing MA and 3DS derived percent BF estimates to each other and to those measured by DXA revealed moderate to strong Pearson correlation coefficients (r), small to moderate standard errors of the estimate (SEE), and were statistically significant (p< 0.05).Conclusions:Correlation coefficients and SEE results for this sample were: (1) DXA vs 3DS;r= 0.74, SEE = 3.2, (2) MA vs DXA;r= 0.82, SEE = 2.8, and (3) MA vs 3DS;r= 0.96, SEE = 1.0. Lin's concordance analysis, including Bland‐Altman limits of agreement (LOA), revealed statistically significant measurement agreement among the three measurement modalities (p< 0.05). The application of 3DS scanning to estimate percent BF from commonly used anthropometric measurements are in close agreement with BF estimates derived from analogous MA measurements and from DXA scanning. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:695‐701, 2010. Published 2010Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in dental wear and tooth loss among known‐aged, older ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): a comparison between wild and captive individuals
Authors: Cuozzo Frank P. , Sauther Michelle L. , Gould Lisa , Sussman Robert W. , Villers Lynne M. , Lent Cheryl 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTooth wear is generally an age‐related phenomenon, often assumed to occur at similar rates within populations of primates and other mammals, and has been suggested as a correlate of reduced offspring survival among wild lemurs. Few long‐term wild studies have combined detailed study of primate behavior and ecology with dental analyses. Here, we present data on dental wear and tooth loss in older (>10 years old) wild and captive ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Among older ring‐tailed lemurs at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve (BMSR), Madagascar (n=6), the percentage of severe dental wear and tooth loss ranges from 6 to 50%. Among these six individuals, the oldest (19 years old) exhibits the second lowest frequency of tooth loss (14%). The majority of captive lemurs at the Indianapolis Zoo (n=7) are older than the oldest BMSR lemur, yet display significantly less overall tooth wear for 19 of 36 tooth positions, with only two individuals exhibiting antemortem tooth loss. Among the captive lemurs, only one lemur (a nearly 29 year old male) has lost more than one tooth. This individual is only missing anterior teeth, in contrast to lemurs at BMSR, where the majority of lost teeth are postcanine teeth associated with processing specific fallback foods. Postcanine teeth also show significantly more overall wear at BMSR than in the captive sample. At BMSR, degree of severe wear and tooth loss varies in same aged, older individuals, likely reflecting differences in microhabitat, and thus the availability and use of different foods. This pattern becomes apparent before “old age,” as seen in individuals as young as 7 years. Among the four “older” female lemurs at BMSR, severe wear and/or tooth loss do not predict offspring survival. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1026–1037, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Chehr Abad “Salt men” and the isotopic ecology of humans in ancient Iran
Authors: Ramaroli V. , Hamilton J. , Ditchfield P. , Fazeli H. , Aali A. , Coningham R.A.E. , Pollard A.M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe have carried out isotopic analysis (δ13C and δ15N) on five salt‐preserved bodies from the salt mine at Chehr Abad, Iran, dating from the 4th C. BC through to the 4th C. AD. In an attempt to identify the geographical origins of these people, we have analyzed over a hundred archeological bone samples from various archeological sites in Iran. From the faunal remains, we observe that the entire ecosystem appears to be enriched in 15N, which we suggest is due to the semi‐arid nature of the region. We have also observed a number of cattle remains from one site (Nargas Tepe) which have a significant C4 component to their diet from the 4th millennium BC. By combining our data with those published by [Bocherens et al.: Environ Archaeol 5 (2000) 1–19; Bocherens et al.: J Arch Sci 33 (2006) 253–264], we suggest that two of the “mummies” may have come from the Tehran/Qazvin Plain region (i.e., relatively local to the salt mine), and a further two appear on isotopic grounds to have come from the northeast of Iran or the Turkmenistan steppes. The fifth (no. 4), the best preserved, appears to have come from further afield. Collectively, these mummies and their contexts augment our knowledge of social mobility and technical innovation in Iran during the Achaemenid period. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:343‐354, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of sex from the hyoid bone
Authors: Kindschuh Sarah C. , Dupras Tosha L. , Cowgill Libby W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article explores size differences related to sex in the hyoid bones from the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection. A series of measurements were taken from 398 hyoids, both fused and unfused. The inclusion of unfused hyoids in the study provides the opportunity to investigate previously unknown size differences between sexes as well as to determine their utility in determining sex. Two‐way ANOVA was used to explore differences in hyoid size as related to ancestry and sex. Discriminant function analysis was employed to test the ability of the hyoids to be classified by sex. Six discriminant function equations ranging in accuracy from 82% to 85% are provided, each of which is more accurate than many of the discriminant functions developed in past hyoid research, are simple to use, and can be used to estimate the sex of a hyoid regardless of its state of fusion. In addition to providing further information about the morphological form of the hyoid, these analyses provide a method that can be easily employed to assess sex of the individual from the hyoid bone. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:279–284, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating body mass in subadult human skeletons
Authors: Robbins Gwen , Sciulli Paul W. , Blatt Samantha H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMethods for estimating body mass from the human skeleton are often required for research in biological or forensic anthropology. There are currently only two methods for estimating body mass in subadults: the width of the distal femur metaphysis is useful for individuals 1–12 years of age and the femoral head is useful for older subadults. This article provides age‐structured formulas for estimating subadult body mass using midshaft femur cross‐sectional geometry (polar second moments of area). The formulas were developed using data from the Denver Growth Study and their accuracy was examined using an independent sample from Franklin County, Ohio. Body mass estimates from the midshaft were compared with estimates from the width of the distal metaphysis of the femur. Results indicate that accuracy and bias of estimates from the midshaft and the distal end of the femur are similar for this contemporary cadaver sample. While clinical research has demonstrated that body mass is one principle factor shaping cross‐sectional geometry of the subadult midshaft femur, clearly other biomechanical forces, such as activity level, also play a role. Thus formulas for estimating body mass from femoral measurements should be tested on subadult populations from diverse ecological and cultural circumstances to better understand the relationship between body mass, activity, diet, and morphology during ontogeny. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:146–150, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison between morphological and genetic data to estimate biological relationship: The case of the Egyin Gol necropolis (Mongolia)
Authors: Ricaut François‐X. , Auriol Vincent , von Cramon‐Taubadel Noreen , Keyser Christine , Murail Pascal , Ludes Bertrand , Crubézy Eric 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOsseous and dental nonmetric (discrete) traits have long been used to assess population variability and affinity in anthropological and archaeological contexts. However, the full extent to which nonmetric traits can reliably be used as a proxy for genetic data when assessing close or familial relationships is currently poorly understood. This study represents the unique opportunity to directly compare genetic and nonmetric data for the same individuals excavated from the Egyin Gol necropolis, Mongolia. These data were analyzed to consider the general efficacy of nonmetric traits for detecting familial groupings in the absence of available genetic data. The results showed that the Egyin Gol population is quite homogenous both metrically and genetically confirming a previous suggestion that the same people occupied the necropolis throughout the five centuries of its existence. Kinship analysis detected the presence of potential family burials in the necropolis. Moreover, individuals buried in one sector of the necropolis were differentiated from other sectors on the basis of nonmetric data. This separation is likely due to an outside Turkish influence in the paternal line, as indicated by the results of Y‐chromosome analysis. Affinity matrices based on nonmetric and genetic data were correlated demonstrating the potential of nonmetric traits for detecting relationships in the absence of genetic data. However, the strengths of the correlations were relatively low, cautioning against the use of nonmetric traits when the resolution of the familial relationships is low. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:355‐364, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The biomechanics of leaping in gibbons
Authors: Channon A.J. , Crompton R.H. , Günther M.M. , D'Août K. , Vereecke E.E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGibbons are skilled brachiators but they are also highly capable leapers, crossing distances in excess of 10 m in the wild. Despite this impressive performance capability, no detailed biomechanical studies of leaping in gibbons have been undertaken to date. We measured ground reaction forces and derived kinematic parameters from high‐speed videos during gibbon leaps in a captive zoo environment. We identified four distinct leap types defined by the number of feet used during take‐off and the orientation of the trunk, orthograde single‐footed, orthograde two‐footed, orthograde squat, and pronograde single‐footed leaps. The center of mass trajectories of three of the four leap types were broadly similar, with the pronograde single‐footed leaps exhibiting less vertical displacement of the center of mass than the other three types. Mechanical energy at take‐off was similar in all four leap types. The ratio of kinetic energy to mechanical energy was highest in pronograde single‐footed leaps and similar in the other three leap types. The highest mechanical work and power were generated during orthograde squat leaps. Take‐off angle decreased with take‐off velocity and the hind limbs showed a proximal to distal extension sequence during take‐off. In the forelimbs, the shoulder joints were always flexed at take‐off, while the kinematics of the distal joints (elbow and wrist joints) were variable between leaps. It is possible that gibbons may utilize more metabolically expensive orthograde squat leaps when a safe landing is uncertain, while more rapid (less expensive) pronograde single‐footed leaps might be used during bouts of rapid locomotion when a safe landing is more certain. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:403‐416, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dimorphism in chin shape: Implications for adaptive hypotheses
Authors: Thayer Zaneta M. , Dobson Seth D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe chin, or mentum osseum, is one of the most distinctive anatomical traits of modern humans. A variety of hypotheses for the adaptive value of the chin have been proposed, ranging from mechanical stress resistance to sexual selection via mate choice. While the sexual selection hypothesis predicts dimorphism in chin shape, most biomechanical hypotheses preclude it. Therefore determining the presence or absence of significant sexual dimorphism in chin shape provides a useful method for differentiating between various adaptive hypotheses; however, this has yet to be done due to a lack of quantitative data on chin shape. The goals of this study are therefore: (1) to introduce a new method for quantifying chin shape and (2) to determine the presence or absence of sexual dimorphism in chin shape in a diverse sample of modern humans. Samples were drawn from recent human skeletal collections representing nine geographic regions. Outlines of mentum osseum contours were quantified using elliptical Fourier function analysis (EFFA). Fourier coefficients were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA). Sexual dimorphism in chin shape was assessed using PC loadings in the pooled geographic sample, and statistically significant differences were found. These findings provide the first quantitative, morphologically based evidence in support of adaptive hypotheses that predict dimorphism in chin shape, including the sexual selection hypothesis. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:417‐425, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of Metal Complexes with G‐Quadruplex DNA
Authors: Georgiades Savvas N. , Abd Karim Nurul H. , Suntharalingam Kogularamanan , Vilar Ramon 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGuanine‐rich sequences of DNA can assemble into tetrastranded structures known as G‐quadruplexes. It has been suggested that these secondary DNA structures could be involved in the regulation of several key biological processes. In the human genome, guanine‐rich sequences with the potential to form G‐quadruplexes exist in the telomere as well as in promoter regions of certain oncogenes. The identification of these sequences as novel targets for the development of anticancer drugs has sparked great interest in the design of molecules that can interact with quadruplex DNA. While most reported quadruplex DNA binders are based on purely organic templates, numerous metal complexes have more recently been shown to interact effectively with this DNA secondary structure. This Review provides an overview of the important roles that metal complexes can play as quadruplex DNA binding molecules, highlighting the unique properties metals can confer to these molecules.
Synthesis, characterization and biological studies of alkenyl‐substituted titanocene(IV) carboxylate complexes
Authors: Kaluđerović Goran N. , Tayurskaya Valentina , Paschke Reinhard , Prashar Sanjiv , Fajardo Mariano , Gómez‐Ruiz Santiago 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe carboxylate compounds [Ti(η5‐C5H5)(η5‐C5H4{CMe2(CH2CH2CHCH2)})(O2CCH2SXyl)2] (2; Xyl = 3,5‐Me2C6H3) and [Ti(η5‐C5H5)(η5‐C5H4{CMe2(CH2CH2CHCH2)})(O2CCH2SMesl)2] (3; Mes 1 = 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2) were synthesized by the reaction of [Ti(η5‐C5H5)(η5‐C5H4{CMe2(CH2CH2CHCH2)})Cl2] (1) with 2 equivalents of xylylthioacetic acid or mesitylthioacetic acid, respectively. Compounds 2 and 3 were characterized by spectroscopic methods. The cytotoxic activity of 1–3 was tested against human tumor cell lines from four different histogenic origins—8505C (anaplastic thyroid cancer), DLD‐1 (colon cancer) and the cisplatin sensitive A253 (head and neck cancer) and A549 (lung carcinoma)—and compared with those of the reference complex [Ti(η5‐C5H5)2Cl2] (R1) and cisplatin. Surprisingly, the cytotoxic activities of the carboxylate derivatives were lower than those of their corresponding dichloride analogue (1). However, complexes 1–3 were more active than titanocene dichloride against all the studied cells with the exception of complex 2 against A253 and A549 cell lines. DNA‐interaction tests were also carried out. Solutions of all the studied complexes were treated with different concentrations of fish sperm DNA, observing modifications of the UV spectra with intrinsic binding constants of 2.99 × 105, 2.45 × 105, and 2.35 × 105 M−1 for 1–3. Structural studies based on density functional theory calculations of 2 and 3 were also carried out. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel ferrocenyl phosphonate derivatives. Inhibition of serine hydrolases by ferrocene azaphosphonates
Authors: Rudolf Bogna , Salmain Michèle , Haquette Pierre , Stachowicz Marcin , Woźniak Krzysztof 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOwing to their unique properties, ferrocene compounds are gaining increasing interest for biological applications, particularly as enzyme inhibitors. Phosphonate derivatives including a ferrocenyl moiety were synthesized by reaction of dimethyl‐ and diphenylphosphite with ferrocenyl methyl maleimide. The ferrocenyl diphenyl phosphonate complex was characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The ability of these organometallic compounds to inhibit the enzymatic activity of the serine esterases acetyl‐ and butyrylcholinesterase was investigated. It appeared that the new ferrocenyl phosphonates inhibited both enzymes by competitive, mixed or non competitve mechanisms with inhibition constants in the range 35–1000 µM. Both compounds also behave as slow time‐dependent inactivators of butyrylcholinesterase. The presence of the ferrocenyl entity seems then to have a dramatic effect on the biochemical behavior of the systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biological activity of cobalt(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) Schiff base complexes derived from salicylaldehyde and D,L‐selenomethionine
Authors: Ran Xueguang , Wang Lingyun , Cao Derong , Lin Yingcai , Hao Jie 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNew cobalt(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of Schiff base derived from D,L‐selenomethionine and salicylaldehyde were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, electronic spectra, conductance measurements, magnetic measurements and biological activity. The analytical data showed that the Schiff base ligand acts as tridentate towards divalent metal ions (cobalt, copper, zinc) via the azomethine‐N, carboxylate oxygen and phenolato oxygen by a stoichiometric reaction of M:L (1:1) to form metal complexes [ML(H2O)], where L is the Schiff base ligand derived from D,L‐selenomethionine and salicylaldehyde and M = Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II). 1H NMR spectral data of the ligand and Zn(II) complex agree with proposed structures. The conductivity values between 12.87 and 15.63 S cm2 mol−1 in DMF imply the presence of non‐electrolyte species. Antibacterial and antifungal results indicate that the metal complexes are more active than the ligand. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal properties of low loss PTFE‐CeO2dielectric ceramic composites for microwave substrate applications
Authors: Anjana P. S. , Uma S. , Philip J. , Sebastian M. T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPolytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) composites filled with CeO2were prepared by powder processing technique. The PTFE is used as the matrix and the loading fraction of CeO2in the composite varied up to 0.6 volume fraction. The thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion were studied in relation to filler concentration. The thermal conductivity increased and coefficient of thermal expansion decreased with increase in CeO2content. For 0.6 volume fraction loading of the ceramic, the composite has a thermal conductivity of 3.1 W/m°C and coefficient of thermal expansion 19.6 ppm/°C. Different theoretical approaches have been employed to predict the effective thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion of composite systems and the results were compared with the experimental data. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Zein‐based ultrathin fibers containing ceramic nanofillers obtained by electrospinning. I. Morphology and thermal properties
Authors: Torres‐Giner Sergio , Lagaron Jose M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis work presents the first results on the development and characterization of novel nanobiocomposite fibers prepared by electrospinning of zein/clay mixtures (from 99/1 to 75/25 wt/wt) from ethanol‐based solutions. To do so, commercial ceramic materials of different nature, such as organomodified and unmodified mica, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and zeolite were employed and compared. A significant decrease in fiber diameter was observed as the clay fraction increased in the hybrid material. The highest clay contents also produced fibers but with extended beaded regions. All fillers nanodispersed well in the fibers at low loadings but unmodified mica particles were also seen excluded from the fibers, most likely due to excessive size. Surprisingly, the ceramic laminar structures, i.e. the phyllosilicates, were all seen to embed within the ultrathin fibers in what appears as an unreported rolled morphology due to the extensional forces generated by the electrospinning process. Electrospun nanobiocomposite fibers with optimal ceramic nanoparticle contents are currently investigated as an adequate procedure to prepare naturally occurring composite additives, coatings, and interlayers with enhanced performance in terms of mechanical, thermal, barrier, and control release properties for packaging, active packaging, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010