bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogenetic relationships between cranium and mandible in coyotes and hyenas
Authors: La Croix Suzanne , Holekamp Kay E. , Shivik John A. , Lundrigan Barbara L. , Zelditch Miriam Leah 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDeveloping animals must resolve the conflicting demands of survival and growth, ensuring that they can function as infants or juveniles while developing toward their adult form. In the case of the mammalian skull, the cranium and mandible must maintain functional integrity to meet the feeding needs of a juvenile even as the relationship between parts must change to meet the demands imposed on adults. We examine growth and development of the cranium and mandible, using a unique ontogenetic series of known‐age coyotes (Canis latrans), analyzing ontogenetic changes in the shapes of each part, and the relationship between them, relative to key life‐history events. Both cranial and mandibular development conform to general mammalian patterns, but each also exhibits temporally and spatially localized maturational transformations, yielding a complex relationship between growth and development of each part as well as complex patterns of synchronous growth and asynchronous development between parts. One major difference between cranium and mandible is that the cranium changes dramatically in both size and shape over ontogeny, whereas the mandible undergoes only modest shape change. Cranium and mandible are synchronous in growth, reaching adult size at the same life‐history stage; growth and development are synchronous for the cranium but not for the mandible. This synchrony of growth between cranium and mandible, and asynchrony of mandibular development, is also characteristic of a highly specialized carnivore, the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), but coyotes have a much less protracted development, being handicapped relative to adults for a much shorter time. Morphological development does not predict life‐history events in these two carnivores, which is contrary to what has been reported for two rodent species. The changes seen in skull shape in successive life‐history stages suggest that adult functional demands cannot be satisfied by the morphology characterizing earlier life‐history stages. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and nicotinamide dinucleotide catabolism as mechanisms of cell death and promising targets for neuroprotection
Authors: Kristian Tibor , Balan Irina , Schuh Rosemary , Onken Mitch 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBoth acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases are frequently associated with mitochondrial dysfunction as an essential component of mechanisms leading to brain damage. Although loss of mitochondrial functions resulting from prolonged activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore has been shown to play a significant role in perturbation of cellular bioenergetics and in cell death, the detailed mechanisms are still elusive. Enzymatic reactions linked to glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and mitochondrial respiration are dependent on the reduced or oxidized form of nicotinamide dinucleotide [NAD(H)] as a cofactor. Loss of mitochondrial NAD+ resulting from MPT pore opening, although transient, allows detrimental depletion of mitochondrial and cellular NAD+ pools by activated NAD+ glycohydrolases. Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) is considered to be a major NAD+ degrading enzyme, particularly under conditions of extensive DNA damage. We propose that CD38, a main cellular NAD+ level regulator, can significantly contribute to NAD+ catabolism. We discuss NAD+ catabolic and NAD+ synthesis pathways and their role in different strategies to prevent cellular NAD+ degradation in brain, particularly following an ischemic insult. These therapeutic approaches are based on utilizing endogenous intermediates of NAD+ metabolism that feed into the NAD+ salvage pathway and also inhibit CD38 activity. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative RT‐PCR and immunoblot analyses reveal acclimated A2 noradrenergic neuron substrate fuel transporter, glucokinase, phospho‐AMPK, and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase responses to hypoglycemia
Authors: Cherian Ajeesh Koshy , Briski Karen P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCellular metabolic stasis is monitored in discrete brain sites, including the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), where A2 noradrenergic neurons perform this sensory function. Single‐cell qPCR and high‐sensitivity immunoblotting were used to determine if A2 neurons adapt to chronic hypoglycemia by increasing substrate fuel transporter expression, and whether such adjustments coincide with decreased cellular energy instability during this systemic metabolic stress. Tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunolabeled neurons were laser‐microdissected from the caudal DVC 2 hr after single or serial neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin (NPH) dosing. Preceding hypoglycemia suppressed basal A2 MCT2, GLUT3, and GLUT4 profiles and diminished MCT2, GLUT4, and glucokinase responses to recurring hypoglycemia. Acute NPH caused a robust increase in A2 phospho‐AMPK protein levels; baseline phospho‐AMPK expression was elevated after 3 days of insulin treatment but only slight augmented after a fourth NPH injection. Transcripts encoding the catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase were unaffected by acute NPH but were diminished by serial insulin dosing. This evidence for diminished basal A2 glucose and lactate uptake and attenuated phosopho‐AMPK‐mediated detection of hypoglycemia‐associated energy deficits suggests that these cells acclimate to chronic hypoglycemia by adopting a new metabolic steady state characterized by energy paucity and reduced sensitivity to hypoglycemia. Because dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase mRNA was reduced after serial, but not single NPH dosing, A2 neurotransmitter biosynthesis may be impervious to acute hypoglycemia but inhibited when posthypoglycemic metabolic deficiency is exacerbated by recurring hypoglycemia. This research suggests that chronic hypoglycemia‐associated adjustments in A2‐sensory neurotransmission may reflect cellular energetic debilitation rather than adaptive attenuation of cellular metabolic imbalance. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intraneuronal amyloid β oligomers cause cell death via endoplasmic reticulum stress, endosomal/lysosomal leakage, and mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo
Authors: Umeda Tomohiro , Tomiyama Takami , Sakama Naomi , Tanaka Saya , Lambert Mary P. , Klein William L. , Mori Hiroshi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntraneuronal accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) is an early pathological change in Alzheimer's disease. Previously, we showed that the E693Δ mutation (referred to as the “Osaka” mutation) of amyloid precursor protein (APP) caused intracellular accumulation of Aβ oligomers and apoptosis in transfected COS‐7 cells. We also showed that transgenic mice expressing APPE693Δ (APPOSK) displayed both an age‐dependent accumulation of intraneuronal Aβ oligomers from 8 months of age and apparent neuronal loss in the hippocampus at 24 months of age. These findings indicate that intraneuronal Aβ oligomers cause cell death, but the mechanism of this process remains unclear. Accordingly, here we investigated the subcellular localization and toxicity of intraneuronal Aβ oligomers in APPOSK‐transgenic mice. We found Aβ oligomer accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), endosomes/lysosomes, and mitochondria in hippocampal neurons of 22‐month‐old mice. We also detected up‐regulation of Grp78 and HRD1 (an E3 ubiquitin ligase), leakage of cathepsin D from endosomes/lysosomes into cytoplasm, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, and activation of caspase‐3 in the hippocampi of 18‐month‐old mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that intraneuronal Aβ oligomers cause cell death by inducing ER stress, endosomal/lysosomal leakage, and mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical loading affects the energy metabolism of intervertebral disc cells
Authors: Fernando Hanan N. , Czamanski Jessica , Yuan Tai‐Yi , Gu Weiyong , Salahadin Abdi , Huang Chun‐Yuh Charles 
Published: April 2011

AbstractResearch has shown that mechanical loading affects matrix biosynthesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) cells; however, the pathway(s) to this effect is currently unknown. Cellular matrix biosynthesis is an energy demanding process. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of static and dynamic compressive loading on energy metabolism of IVD cells. Porcine annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells seeded in 2% agarose were used in this experiment. Experimental groups included 15% static compression and 0.1 and 1 Hz dynamic compression at 15% strain magnitude for 4 h. ATP, lactate, glucose, and nitric oxide (NO) contents in culture media, and ATP content in cell–agarose construct were measured using biochemical assays. While the total ATP content of AF cells was promoted by static and dynamic loading, only 1 Hz dynamic loading increased total ATP content of NP cells. Increases in lactate production and glucose consumption of AF cells suggest that ATP production via glycolysis is promoted by dynamic compression. ATP release and NO production of AF and NP cells were significantly increased by dynamic loading. Thus, this study clearly illustrates that static and dynamic compressive loading affect IVD cell energy production while cellular responses to mechanical loading were both cell type and compression type dependent. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1634–1641, 2011
Determination of aflatoxin B1 in cereals by homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography‐fluorescence detection
Authors: Sheijooni‐Fumani Neda , Hassan Jalal , Yousefi Seyed R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA simple and rapid method based on homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction coupled to HPLC with fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the rice and grain samples after post‐column derivatization. The proposed method eliminated the use of immunoaffinity columns for clean‐up in the determination of AFB1. The parameters affecting recovery and preconcentration such as type and volume of organic solvent, volume ratio of water/methanol, concentration of phase separator reagent and extraction time were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration graph was linear in the concentration range of 0.01–1.0 ng/g with the detection limit of 0.003 ng/g. This method was successfully applied for the analysis of AFB1 in different cereal samples.
Control of optical properties through photochromism: a promising approach to photonics
Authors: Bianco A. , Perissinotto S. , Garbugli M. , Lanzani G. , Bertarelli C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this work studies on photochromism for optics and photonics are reviewed. The versatility of organic chemistry gives photochromic materials wide opportunities for several applications that range from tunable filters and gratings, to refractive‐index modulators for optical fibers and communications, to optical memories and sensors. Moreover, novel results on amplified emission efficient modulation in a conjugated polymer/photochromic system are presented.
Nonmotor manifestations of dystonia: A systematic review
Authors: Kuyper Daniel J. , Parra Veronica , Aerts Shanae , Okun Michael S. , Kluger Benzi M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNonmotor symptoms are increasingly recognized as important determinants of quality of life and disability in a wide range of movement disorders. There is a limited body of research suggesting that many of these symptoms are also commonly associated with primary and other genetic forms of dystonia. However, the significance, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of these symptoms remain poorly described. The following is a review of the literature that focuses primarily on the association of these types of dystonia with psychiatric disorders, cognition, sleep, pain, and autonomic symptoms. We will also discuss potential mechanisms and approaches to treatment for nonmotor features of dystonia. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Apigetrin induces erythroid differentiation of human leukemia cells K562: Proteomics approach
Authors: Tsolmon Soninkhishig , Nakazaki Eri , Han Junkyu , Isoda Hiroko 
Published: April 2011

AbstractScope: Induction of cancer‐cell differentiation is an alternative approach for cancer chemotherapy. There are numerous studies that diets containing an abundance of fruits and vegetables have protection against cancers, and the main agents thought to provide such protective effect are flavonoids. In this study we used apigetrin as a possible cell differentiation inducer and chronic leukemia cells K562 for their pluripotent differentiating potency.Methods and results: Prolonged treatment with 75 μM apigetrin induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells with specific marker glycophorin A expression and fetal hemoglobin synthesis in treated cells, which was accompanied with G2/M arrest. Proteomics data revealed the downregulation of several proteins expression involved in cell cycle regulation, protein synthesis and nuclear import and export of signaling molecules.Conclusion: This is the first evidence that natural compound apigetrin may induce cancer cell differentiation thus could be one of the possible explanations of its antitumor effects.
Origin of far‐field potentials in the ulnar compound muscle action potential
Authors: Sonoo Masahiro , Kurokawa Katsumi , Higashihara Mana , Kurono Hiroko , Hokkoku Keiichi , Hatanaka Yuki , Shimizu Teruo 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntroduction:The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) following ulnar nerve stimulation receives a considerable contribution from far‐field potentials (FFPs), although their origin is not entirely clear. We investigated this issue using voluntary contractions.Methods:In 7 control subjects, we placed multiple recording electrodes over the motor points of ulnar‐innervated muscles. We asked the subjects to perform a weak movement corresponding to the action of each muscle, and identified the single motor unit potentials (MUPs) from that muscle. We summed the MUPs from each individual muscle and reconstructed the CMAPs.Results:The reconstructed CMAPs coincided well with the actual ones. The N1, P1, and early N2 components of the FFPs were generated primarily by palmar, but also by dorsal, interosseous muscles. The abductor digiti minimi muscle usually generated positive–negative biphasic FFPs, and the negative FFP generated the late N2 component.Conclusions:These results should prompt a revision of the theory of FFP generation. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Contraction history produces task‐specific variations in spinal excitability in healthy human soleus muscle
Authors: Uematsu Azusa , Sekiguchi Hirofumi , Kobayashi Hirofumi , Hortobágyi Tibor , Suzuki Shuji 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntroduction: In human movements muscles lengthen and then shorten, or occasionally shorten and then lengthen, but it is unclear whether the nature of neural activation of the initial phase influences the neural state of the subsequent phase. We examined whether contraction history modulates spinal excitability in the healthy human soleus muscle. Methods: Subjects performed six blocks of 10 repetitions of four muscle actions consisting of specific combinations of passive shortening (PAS), and passive lengthening (PAL), shortening contraction (SHO), and lengthening contraction (LEN); that is: (1) SHO+PAL; (2) PAS+LEN; (3) PAS+PAL; and (4) SHO+LEN. Results: Compared with baseline, the H‐reflex increased in the block of 300–400 s after SHO+PAL and decreased in the block of 0–100 s after PAS+LEN and SHO+LEN. Conclusions: Our results suggest that spinal excitability is potentiated during a muscle action preceded by muscle shortening, but it becomes depressed during a muscle action preceded by muscle lengthening. Muscle Nerve, 2010.
Relevance vector machine applied to slope stability analysis
Authors: Zhao Hongbo , Yin Shunde , Ru Zhongliang 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYThis paper examines the potential of relevance vector machine (RVM) in slope stability analysis. The nonlinear relationship between slope stability and its influence factors is presented by the relevance vector learning mechanism based on a kernel‐based Bayesian framework. The six input variables used for the RVM for the prediction of stability slope are density (γ), friction angle (C), friction coefficient (ϕ), slope angle (ϕr), slope height (H), and pore water pressure (ru). Comparison of RVM with some other methods is also presented. RVM has been used to compute the error bar. The results presented in this paper clearly highlight that the RVM is a robust tool for the prediction of slope stability. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stroke patients who regain urinary continence in the first week after acute first‐ever stroke have better prognosis than patients with persistent lower urinary tract dysfunction
Authors: Rotar Melita , Blagus Rok , Jeromel Miran , Škrbec Miha , Tršinar Bojan , Vodušek David B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAimsUrinary incontinence (UI) is a predictor of greater mortality and poor functional recovery; however published studies failed to evaluate lower urinary tract (LUT) function immediately after stroke. The aim of our study was to evaluate the course of LUT function in the first week after stroke, and its impact on prognosis.MethodsWe included 100 consecutively admitted patients suffering first‐ever stroke and evaluated them within 72 hours after stroke, after 7 days, 6 months, and 12 months. For LUT function assessment we used ultrasound measurement. The patients were divided into three groups: (i) patients who remained continent after stroke, (ii) patients who had LUT dysfunction in the acute phase but regained continence in the first week, and (iii) patients who did not regain normal LUT control in the first week. We assessed the influence of variables on death using the multiple logistic regression model.ResultsImmediately after stroke 58 patients had LUT dysfunction. The odds of dying in group with LUT dysfunction were significantly larger than odds in group without LUT dysfunction. Odds for death for patients who regained LUT function in 1 week after stroke were comparable to patients without LUT dysfunction.ConclusionsWe confirmed that post‐stroke UI is a predictor of greater mortality at 1 week, 6 months and 12 months after stroke. However, patients who regain normal bladder control in the first week have a comparable prognosis as the patients who do not have micturition disturbances following stroke. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:1315–1318, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The methodology of normative policy analysis
Authors: Robert Christopher , Zeckhauser Richard 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPolicy analyses frequently clash. Their disagreements stem from many sources, including models, empirical estimates, and values such as who should have standing and how different criteria should be weighted. We provide a simple taxonomy of disagreement, identifying distinct categories within both the positive and values domains of normative policy analysis. Using disagreements in climate policy to illustrate, we demonstrate how illuminating the structure of disagreement helps to clarify the way forward. We conclude by suggesting a structure for policy analysis that can facilitate assessment, comparison, and debate by laying bare the most likely sources of disagreement. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
‘Missed’ coeliac disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus with fatal consequences
Authors: Talbot F , Neupane S , Gibbons A , Krishnan S , Mathews A 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOur patient is a 40‐year‐old man with a 22‐year history of type 1 diabetes. His control had been consistently poor but he had minimal end organ damage. There was no significant past medical history or family history. He was a C1 driving licence holder, and the DVLA was aware of his diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.In January 2007 he unexpectedly lost 8kg in weight and found he required less insulin. He had frequent hypoglycaemic episodes, but did not seek medical attention.Five months later he was involved in a road traffic accident that was fatal to the other driver. The paramedics found him to be hypoglycaemic. This resulted in a custodial sentence, and lifetime driving ban.He was subsequently admitted to hospital to investigate his hypoglycaemia. Thyroid function and synacthen tests were normal. Coeliac serology was negative and he was mildly anaemic. His HbA1c was elevated at 10.4% (90mmol/mol). He was discharged without cause found.A month later he was readmitted with breathlessness. He was severely anaemic with an Hb of 7.8g/dl, and was referred for gastroscopy. This demonstrated hyperplastic gastritis of the stomach, with altered blood present. Duodenal biopsies were taken and showed subtotal villous atrophy with a patchy increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes and crypt hyperplasia. The findings were consistent with coeliac disease. The patient was referred to a dietitian for advice on a gluten‐free diet. His haemoglobin normalised and a DEXA scan excluded osteoporosis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons.
Membrane proteomic signatures of karyotypically normal and abnormal human embryonic stem cell lines and derivatives
Authors: Gerwe Brian A. , Angel Peggi M. , West Franklin D. , Hasneen Kowser , Young Amber , Orlando Ron , Stice Steven L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCultured human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and derived derivatives contain heterogeneous cell populations with varying degrees of differentiation and karyotypic stability. The inability to isolate homogenous population presents a challenge toward cell‐based applications and therapies. A proteomics approach was utilized to discover novel membrane proteins able to distinguish between the hESC lines BG01, WA09, and abBG02 (trisomy 12, 14, 17 and an extra copy of the X chromosome), along with WA09‐derived human neural progenitor (hNP) cells. Membrane protein signatures were developed using sucrose‐gradient isolation, 1‐D gel electrophoresis followed by in‐gel digestion and analysis by reverse phase chromatography coupled to ion trap‐FT‐ICR. At a ≤1.0% false discovery rate, 1918 proteins were identified; 775 were annotated as membrane proteins and 720 predicted to contain transmembrane spanning regions. Flow cytometry was used to validate cell surface expression of selected proteins. Junctional adhesion molecule 1 expression was shared by BG01, BG02 and abBG02 hESC lines. Dysferlin expression was specific to the WA09 hESC line and not the derived neural or mesenchymal progenitors. Ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor distinguished WA09‐derived human neural progenitor cells from the parent hESC population, and WA09‐derived mesenchymal progenitor cells. This study expands the current membrane protein data set for hESCs.
PecFent: gel‐based nasal fentanyl for breakthrough cancer pain
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Chogle Monica , Campbell William 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPecFent is a new intranasal formulation of fentanyl licensed for the management of breakthrough pain in cancer patients receiving opioid therapy. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects and Drs Monica Chogle and William Campbell comment on its place in breakthrough pain management. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd