bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hindfoot Joint Pressure in Supination Sprains
Authors: Krause Fabian , Blatter Stefanie , Waehnert Dirk , Windolf Markus , Weber Martin 
Published: January 2012

Background: Hindfoot trauma including ankle and subtalar sprains may be followed by osteochondral lesions and persisting pain originating from posttraumatic arthritis. Hypothesis: “Acute severe” supination sprains and “mild supination sprains with increasing ligamentous incompetence” of the hindfoot lead to medial ankle and subtalar stress concentrations that may contribute to osteochondral lesions (OCLs) and subsequent arthritis. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: “Acute severe” sprains and “mild sprains with increasing ligamentous incompetence” (consecutive anterior talofibular ligament [ATFL], calcaneofibular ligament [CFL], and lateral talocalcaneal ligament [LTCL] transections) were simulated in human lower leg specimens (7 different specimens for each condition). The effect on the migration of the center of force (COF) and on the tibiotalar and subtalar pressures at 700-N (acute severe) and 150-N (mild sprain with increasing ligamentous incompetence) axial static and dynamic loads, respectively, was recorded using pressure sensors. Results: In the “acute severe” sprain, the peak pressure increase reached the level of significance in the ankle ( P = .042) and in the subtalar medial facet ( P = .046). The ankle COF migrated significantly toward the medial ( P = .001) and posterior ( P = .023) directions. In the “mild sprain with increasing ligamentous incompetence” condition, the ankle ( P = .018) and subtalar (medial facet, P = .022) peak pressure increased significantly with intact ligaments and with all ligaments cut. The ankle COF migrated significantly toward the medial direction when the ATFL and CFL or when all 3 ligaments were severed. The anteroposterior ankle COF migration was anterior when all ligaments were intact or when only the ATFL was severed but posterior when the CFL or when the CFL and the LTCL were severed in addition. Conclusion: Next to chronic inhomogeneous load distribution in the unstable hindfoot and shear stress during sprains, intra-articular pressure elevation (impact) in the ankle and subtalar joint during hindfoot supination sprains with intact ligaments or incompetent ligaments likely contributes to OCLs of the medial talar dome and the medial subtalar facet. Clinical Relevance: Intra-articular hindfoot pressure elevation (impact) in “acute severe” and in “mild hindfoot supination sprains with increasing ligamentous incompetence” is substantial for the development of OCLs at the medial midtalar dome and the medial facet of the subtalar joint.
Ultrasound-Guided Sclerosis of Neovessels in Patellar Tendinopathy
Authors: Hoksrud Aasne , Torgalsen Thomas , Harstad Herlof , Haugen Simen , Andersen Thor Einar , Risberg May Arna , Bahr Roald 
Published: January 2012

Background: A randomized controlled study has shown promising clinical results after treatment with sclerosing injections in a group of patients with patellar tendinopathy, but no study has investigated medium- or long-term outcome in a large and unselected group of patients. Purpose: To investigate if sclerosing treatment would affect the level of patellar tendon pain and knee function after 24 months in a large group of patients with patellar tendinopathy. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This prospective study recruited patients with a clinical diagnosis of jumper’s knee and visible neovascularization corresponding to the painful area on power Doppler ultrasound. They received up to a maximum of 5 ultrasound-guided sclerosing injections using polidocanol at 4- to 6-week intervals. Knee pain and function were recorded using the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Patella (VISA-P) score before treatment and 6, 12, and 24 months after the first injection. Results: In total, 101 patients (15 women and 86 men) with 120 tendons were included and given from 1 to 5 sclerosing injections (mean [SD], 2.5 [0.9]). The patients reported a significantly improved VISA-P score from baseline (mean, 39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 36-42) to the 24-month follow-up (mean, 65; 95% CI, 60-70) (range, 21-100; P < .001, paired t test). However, a VISA-P score of >95 points was reported in only 22 cases (20%), whereas 37 cases (36%) reported a VISA-P score of <50 at 24 months. Conclusion: Sclerosing treatment with polidocanol resulted in a moderate improvement in knee function and reduced pain in a heterogeneous group of patients with patellar tendinopathy. Nevertheless, few of the patients were cured, and the majority still had reduced function and substantial pain after 24 months of follow-up.
‘You Can't Stop Undergraduates Asking Silly Questions’: Academics' Views on Submission of Undergraduate Student Projects for Ethical Review
Authors: Scott Jenny , Rodham Karen , Taylor Gordon , Turner-Cobb Julie 
Published: January 2012

Undergraduate projects may contribute new knowledge, but commonly their main purpose is an exercise in learning and applying simple research methods. They are usually short term and a first step into the research field. Support for undergraduate research experience is simple enough. However, integral to the research process is ethical scrutiny. A high standard of conduct of research is essential. The question of whether undergraduate student projects should be subject to full ethical review, to the same extent as that undertaken for full scale academic work, is a matter of debate. The purpose of this study was to explore the views of academics on the nature and extent of ethical review considered appropriate for undergraduate research projects. This was done in order to identify which side of the above debate was favoured. Participants were undergraduate research project supervisors, drawn from a range of disciplines where research on human subjects is undertaken. A series of focus groups were undertaken, transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis. There was general consensus that some consideration should be given to the ethical issues relating to student projects. However, participants were limited in their explicit identification of such issues, with only extreme examples being specifically described. Some favoured a ‘light touch’ proportional to the size of the project as appropriate, while others considered the level ethical scrutiny not related to the size, duration or outcome of the work. Opinions were divided on where responsibility ultimately lay. Some considered it to belong at departmental, faculty or institutional level, but others held the individual supervisor accountable. The degree of involvement of undergraduate research in ethical review and approval is clearly an issue amongst academics. This study helps raise awareness of these issues and promotes debate on the appropriate level and format of review needed for undergraduate research training.
On the Ethics Committee: The Expert Member, the Lay Member and the Absentee Ethicist
Authors: Emmerich Nathan 
Published: January 2012

This paper considers the roles and definitions of expert and lay members of ethics committees, focussing on those given by the National Research Ethics Service which is mandated to review all research conducted in National Health Service settings in the United Kingdom. It questions the absence of a specified position for the ‘professional ethicist’ and suggests that such individuals will often be lay members of ethics committees, their participation being a reflection of their academic interest and expertise. The absence of a specified position for professional ethicists and the concomitant but implicit denial of ethical expertise appear to be an anomalous state of affairs if one considers that the training offered to members of ethics committees is often delivered by academic ethicists. It is suggested that this is based on a misunderstanding of the concept ‘ethical expertise’ and that properly understood the ethicist can assist the work of ethics committees by drawing on their expert knowledge.
Ethical Considerations in Conducting Family Violence Research
Authors: Berry Vashti 
Published: January 2012

There is a lack of procedure in the UK guiding social researchers faced with ethical questions. In particular, investigators concerned with family violence and its effects on children face some of the most complex ethical dilemmas in social research and there is a need for greater transparency of ethical procedures. This paper summarizes some key ethical principles guiding social research focused on children, and the decisions that researchers face when conducting studies in the area of child maltreatment or domestic violence. A case example of a study conducted in Dublin, Ireland is used to illustrate difficulties surrounding decisions of informed consent, confidentiality and disclosure, distress and danger, and questioning children directly about their experiences of family violence. The advice of the ethics committee and the solutions agreed by the research team are shared. While the study was subject to a review by an independent ethics committee, in the absence of nationally-recognized or agreed guidelines, good ethical practice is largely dependent upon the moral judgments of the research team. It is hoped that by providing one such case example, others might be encouraged to report on their own ethical protocols and procedures.
Ethical Requirements in the Instructions for Authors in Journals Publishing Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Gardner William , Heck Kendra 
Published: January 2012

Objectives. To document the prevalence of ethical requirements in the instructions for authors of journals that published randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in 2005. Design. Using a validated computerized search strategy for retrieving abstracts of RCTs, we retrieved 13 184 references from 2056 journals. These journals were divided into journals that had published > 30 RCTs in 2005, and those that had published fewer. We included all the former and a random sample of the latter journals in the analysis. Measurements. Coders retrieved the instructions for authors for each journal. The coders identified whether 15 ethical requirements were present in each of the instructions, calculated the age of the journal, and determined where it was published. Results. Only 51% of journals required that authors document review by an ethics committee, only 55% required declaration of conflicts of interest, and only 33% required documentation of informed consent. Overall, 48% of instructions required three or fewer of 15 ethics items. Journals publishing many RCTs each year had more ethical requirements (P <0.001), older journals had more requirements (P <0.012), as did journals published in the US (P <0.001). Journals published in Europe had fewer (P <0.001). However, in multiple regression analyses involving the journal's age, location of publication, and number of RCTs published, only publishing many RCTs was associated with having more ethical requirements (P <0.001). Conclusions. Many journals do not require important elements of research ethics in their instructions for authors. Ethical requirements are less common in the many journals that publish few clinical trials each year, journals that have often been overlooked in prior studies of journal ethics. Keywords: Randomized clinical trials, ethical instructions, publication ethics, journal requirements
Ethical Research with Young People
Authors: Goredema-Braid Brian 
Published: January 2012

There is a belief among many from the wide field of Youth Work there is an increasing stress on the need for ethical approval to conduct empirical research with young people. The stress on ethical approval for research with young people includes issues of safeguarding, confidentiality, competency, consent and anonymity. The distinction needs to be made between a rules-based approach and a situated based approach. The rules-based approach is based upon a notion of ethical absolutes in relation to fundamental concerns such as informed consent, avoidance of harm, and guarantees of confidentiality and anonymity. A situated approach to ethics emphasizes the importance of making rational judgements on specific aspects of ethical dilemmas. Those who research young people and youth issues in general are more likely than not to argue that some form of a situated approach to research ethics represents an appropriate response to the sort of ethical dilemmas that are often faced in the conduct of research with young people. There would also be a concern for a greater emphasis on an ‘ethic of care’ as a governing principle of research practice involving young people. It is however important not to throw the baby out with the bath water. The advancement of a rules-based approach is coupled with the quandary and dilemmas of safeguarding while its importance of parental consent cannot be dismissed while it is beset with apparent contradictions. There is the assumption and misnomer that all young people live in a stable home with caring parents. A further dilemma is the contradiction of the ‘Gillick competency’. Gillick competency is based on the assumption that an under-16-year-old with ‘sufficient understanding’ can provide consent in their own right, and that under such circumstances a parent has no right to override their child's wishes. Although this ruling relates specifically to medical interventions, it is regarded as applicable to all other areas unless other legislation applies, including social (but not clinical) research. It is the purpose of this paper to address these dilemmas and contradictions of applying a rules-based approach to the research of young people's lives whereas a situated approach would be more appropriate
Development of a Research Integrity and Ethics Framework in a Higher Education Institution: Five Years On
Authors: Whitman Birgit , Tallents Gillian 
Published: January 2012

In recent years there has been increased recognition of the importance of high standards in ethics, governance and the integrity of research. This paper is a case study of the University of Bristol's approach to address these important activities in a Higher Education Institution. It will highlight the importance of working closely with the academic research community to ensure maximum engagement, leading to a sustained culture change that recognizes faculty and departmental specific needs. A key tool to ensuring high standards of research integrity and compliance with the legislative framework is the development of a supportive quality assurance programme.
Two Models of Social Science Research Ethics Review
Authors: Jennings Sean LM 
Published: January 2012

Assuming that the purpose of research ethics review is to support the ethical conduct and dissemination of good quality research, a question can be raised concerning whether ethics review of research really improves the practice of researchers. Specifically, we might distinguish the activities that go on as part of the review process from those activities that constitute the data collection phase of the research, and ask under what conditions the former have a positive impact on the latter. Two different models of ethics review can be distinguished, term them ‘compliance’ and ‘reflexivity’-based reviews. Compliance-based models of review require researchers to show how they are complying with a given set of rules or protocols for research. Reflexivity-based models require researchers to articulate the ethical issues involved in their research and to explain and justify the way in which they plan to manage them. It is suggested here that there is reason to think that reflexivity-based models of ethics review are more likely to have a positive effect on the practice of social science research than compliance-based reviews.
Ethical Issues in Conducting Genetic Research: Commentary
Authors: Thakker Nalin , Read Andrew 
Published: January 2012

This study appeared in full in the last issue of Research Ethics Review (2010; 6 (2): 67). Dr Arber, a cancer biologist in Chesterpool oncology services and working at Chesterpool University wishes to study prevalence and nature of somatic mutations in selected genes associated with breast cancer. She proposes to use, without specific consent, tumour and normal tissues from 100 positive breast biopsies already collected in the clinical service and analyse selected genes that are suspected to be altered in breast cancer. A year later she submits an amendment to allow whole genome sequencing of the tumour DNA and for comparison, blood DNA.
Review of the Regulatory and Governance Environment for Medical Research in the UK with a Particular Focus on Clinical Trials. The Academy of Medical Sciences — Call for Evidence; National Research Ethics Advisors' Panel/Association of Research Ethics Committees Joint Statement May 2010
Authors: Anderson-Ford David , George Andrew 
Published: January 2012

This joint response from the National Research Ethics Advisors' Panel (NREAP) and the Association of Research Ethics Committees (AREC) has been formulated on the basis of detailed in depth discussion between the two organizations, in consultation with their membership. NREAP is a body that was constituted by the United Kingdom Ethics Committee Authority (UKECA) in order to provide guidance to, and strategic oversight of the NHS Research Ethics Service. AREC represents all sectors of the Research Ethics Committee (REC) community and serves to engage in discussion and debate concerning best practice and to serve the best interests of REC membership.
Developing Ethical Guidelines for Safeguarding Children during Social Research
Authors: Furey Rosemary , Kay Janet , Barley Ruth , Cripps Caroline , Shipton Lucy , Steill Bernadette 
Published: January 2012

A working party of academics from both professional safeguarding backgrounds and research backgrounds developed and wrote ethical guidelines on safeguarding children in research on behalf of their faculty research ethics committee. The working party encountered a lack of useful precedents while developing the guidelines leading to a lengthy process of debate and consideration of the issues. This paper explores the various issues and dilemmas arising during this process, particularly the tension between safeguarding children from abuse and maintaining research confidentiality. One of the main areas of discussion was how to establish the limits of confidentiality without compromising the research in hand. The role and responsibilities of researchers in supporting children's welfare, and the development of procedures for ensuring that safeguarding is effective are discussed as key elements. In addition, the issues researchers may face when determining thresholds for intervention are considered alongside the uncertainties created by considerations of the extent to which children can give informed consent in research contexts. The paper reflects the process of considering these issues and the conclusions the working party drew as to how best to support children's welfare during research. It also outlines the key elements of the guidelines and the structures developed to ensure researchers could get advice if suspected child abuse became an issue in their research. The paper includes a short version of the guidelines which were eventually approved across the Higher Education Institute.
An Ethical Basis for International Research
Authors: Rowson Richard 
Published: January 2012

People engaged in international research projects – whether sponsors, researchers or participants – have different cultural and religious backgrounds. This can lead to quandaries over whose values should dictate the ethical basis for research. This paper addresses this issue by claiming that four core values are integral to the nature and justification of valid research and that to have integrity researchers must be committed to these values. Since the values are not specific to any particular culture or religion they constitute a neutral ethical framework for the conduct of international research. It then claims that if researchers understand these values they can take responsibility for applying them to their own situation. This can help overcome problems which currently arise when researchers are not certain what to do because the specific ethical requirements of sponsors would be impractical or damaging if implemented in the circumstances in which the researchers operate. Finally, it is suggested that the four values outlined in the paper may be a basis for further work – such as developing awareness training and evolving guidance for specialist areas of research.
Helping Research Ethics Committees Share Their Experience, Learn from Review and Develop Consensus: An Observational Study of the UK Shared Ethical Debate
Authors: Heasman Peter , Gregoire Alain , Davies Hugh 
Published: January 2012

This project is based on the unique ‘Shared ethical debate’(ShED) between NHS RECs in the UK in which one research application is reviewed by several research ethics committees (RECs) ( http://www.nres.npsa.nhs.uk/rec-community/quality-assurance/shared-ethical-debate/?locale=en ). This programme is now in its 6th cycle. In the fifth cycle a prison- based research project was reviewed by each of three NHS RECs that are ‘ flagged’ for such research and their debate and discussions were observed directly by one researcher (PAH) who recorded the committee processes and the issues raised in committee. Subsequently a focus group of REC members from all three committees was constituted to consider the ethical importance of these issues. The three RECs were consistent in both process and identifying ethical issues. The focus group formulated a basic framework that will further contribute to ensuring a consistent and balanced approach to ethical review within this area of research.
The Beckenbach-Dresher inequality in the Ψ-direct sums of spaces and related results
Authors: Nikolova Ludmila , Persson Lars-Erik , Varošanec Sanja 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Let

ψ

̃

:

[

0
,
1

]

→

R

be a concave function with

ψ

̃

(

0

)

=

ψ

̃

(

1

)

=
1

. There is a corresponding map

.

ψ

̃

for which the inverse Minkowski inequality holds. Several properties of that map are obtained. Also, we consider the Beckenbach-Dresher type inequality connected with ψ-direct sums of Banach spaces and of ordered spaces. In the last section we investigate the properties of functions ψ

ω,q
and ∥.∥
ω,q
, (0 < ω < 1, q < 1) related to the Lorentz sequence space. Other posibilities for parameters ω and q are considered, the inverse Holder inequalities and more variants of the Beckenbach-Dresher inequalities are obtained.

2000 MSC: Primary 26D15; Secondary 46B99.