bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ACUTE EXERCISE-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Authors: Baker Miss Kelly , Hartmann Dr Tegan , Marino Professor Frank 
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION & AIMS
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are characterised by intestinal inflammation that presents severe symptoms and continued complications throughout the lifespan. These gastrointestinal (GI) disorders have a growing prevalence worldwide with no known cure. Management strategies often require a ‘trial and error’ process before an effective pharmacal/s is established; the successful interim varies considerably with prevalent adverse side-effects and gradual decline in the effectiveness of medication. Accordingly, alternative mechanisms to complement management options, reduce side-effects, and improve well-being warrant investigation. Physical activity is known to be beneficial for a variety of inflammatory conditions; the advantageous effects are associated with the exercise-induced inflammatory response directly from active muscle tissue. Despite this knowledge, minimal studies have attempted to quantify the inflammatory effect of exercise. This study investigates the inflammatory response of acute exercise.

METHODS
Participants were allocated into one of two groups: GI disorders (IBD & IBS; n = 11) or apparently healthy control (AHC; n = 11). All participants completed three sessions: 1) initial familiarisation: questionnaires, anthropometry measures, DEXA scan, and a graded exercise test; 2) protocol 1: moderate-intensity continuous exercise; and 3) protocol 2: alternating high- and low-intensity exercise. Participants were randomly allocated to the acute exercise protocols. Each protocol had a fasted pre-exercise venous blood sample, 35-minutes cycle, fasted blood sample immediately post-, 2hrs post-, and 24hr post-exercise.

RESULTS
Significant differences were observed between groups in body mass index, waist and hip circumstances, percentage of fat mass, and VO2peak (p &lt; .05). Analyses of venous blood samples will be presented.

CONCLUSION
With no known cure, lifestyle management is important for those with GI disorders. Exercise hosts several benefits; however, given the inflammatory nature of the condition, the acute responses of exercise are important for clinicians working with IBD/IBS patients.
HOW IS CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TESTING CONDUCTED IN NSW AND ACT?
Authors: Drury Kate , Cavaleri Dr Rocco , Cochrane A/Prof Belinda , Anderson Charlotte , Seeto Josie , Green A/Prof Simon 
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION/AIM
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is considered the gold standard of assessing functional capacity under stress. Given the growing utility of CPET, understanding the current standards of practice is crucial. However, little is known about CPET accessibility, protocols used, or barriers to testing in NSW and ACT. This study aimed to understand clinical CPET practices and identify possible areas of protocol variability.

METHOD
40 hospitals were contacted: 28 in metropolitan Sydney, 9 in regional/remote NSW, and 3 in metropolitan Canberra. Hospitals confirming that they had a CPET service were asked to complete a 28-question survey of CPET practices via Qualtrics. The survey explored testing personnel, medical supervision, protocol design, data reporting, and barriers to CPET.

RESULTS
Most hospitals (n = 28) did not have a CPET service. Of the 11 sites that performed CPET, respondents were split evenly between adult (n = 6) and paediatric (n = 5) testing capacity. Cycle ergometry (n = 10) was the dominant exercise modality. Most sites reported using ramp (n = 8) rather than stepwise (n = 3) protocols. 73% of sites adapted the test work-rate to facilitate a test duration of 8-12 minutes. 27% used a standard work-rate, regardless of patient presentation or test indication. All sites reported anaerobic threshold-related variables, ECG-related measurements, and Borg scores. CPET endpoints were typically in line with American College of Sports Medicine guidelines (73%). Barriers to CPET included lack of suitable staffing (n = 10), lack of medical availability (n = 4), and space (n = 3).

CONCLUSION
Despite its value, CPET appears to be underused in NSW/ACT. While consistency in CPET reporting and endpoints was identified, there was variability in protocols across testing sites. This variation has potential to impact consistency and comparability of test results, affecting clinical decision-making.
PERCEPTUAL AND HAEMODYNAMIC RESPONSES DURING MODERATE-SPEED WALKING ARE INCREASED BY BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION IN OLDER ADULTS, BUT DO NOT EXCEED UNRESTRICTED FAST WALKING
Authors: Scott Associate Professor Brendan , Hill Professor Keith , Marston Dr Kieran , Ghayomzadeh Mr Morteza , Raj Dr Isaac Selva , Peiffer Professor Jeremiah 
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION & AIMS
Moderate-speed blood flow restriction (BFR) walking is an efficient exercise modality for older adults who cannot tolerate vigorous activity. However, limited data exist to guide the prescription of this exercise. This study examined the impact of different walking speeds and BFR cuff pressures on perceptual and haemodynamic responses, and compared these to unrestricted fast walking.

METHODS
Fifteen older adults (67-77 years) performed 10 sessions of 10-minute treadmill walking. In the first session, participants walked “as quickly as possible” to calculate mean fast walk speed. The following nine randomised sessions included moderate-speed walking with 50, 60 or 70% fast walk speed and 0%, 40 or 60% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP). Ratings of perceived discomfort (RPD) and exertion (RPE) were obtained, and blood pressure was assessed to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP). Perceptual scores were examined with Friedman ANOVA and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests, while MAP and PP were examined using linear mixed models (participants as random effects and speed, AOP or condition as fixed effects).

RESULTS
Higher RPD was observed using 60% AOP, followed by 40%, and 0% (p&lt;0.001). RPE was higher for the fast walk (5.1±0.8 AU) than all other sessions (1.1±0.4 to 2.9±1.4 AU; p&lt;0.001). MAP and PP were increased with higher AOP and walking speeds (p≤0.043). However, MAP (87.2±8.8 to 102.7±15.6 mmHg) and PP (66.3±14.4 to 80.3±21.7 mmHg) from moderate-speed BFR sessions did not significantly exceed measurements during the fast walk trial (MAP=100.1±13.6 mmHg, PP=89.0±22.5 mmHg).

CONCLUSION
Walking with BFR at 40% and 60% AOP increased limb discomfort and haemodynamic demands. Importantly, these responses did not exceed unrestricted fast walking, which caused the highest RPE. This study suggests a dose-response relationship of BFR cuff pressure with limb discomfort and haemodynamics, though these responses were not exacerbated more than unrestricted fast walking.
EFFECTS OF DAILY 5-MINUTE ECCENTRIC-BIASED EXERCISES ON PHYSICAL FITNESS, BODY COMPOSITION, CRITICAL HEALTH MARKERS AND WELL-BEING IN SEDENTARY INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Kirk Mr Ben , Nosaka Prof Ken , Blazevich Prof Anthony , Wilkie Dr Jodie Cochrane , Mavropalias Dr Georgios , Molan Dr Aus 
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION
Exercise is fundamental for maintaining and improving health and fitness; however, many individuals do not participate in regular exercise, with perceived lack of time a key barrier. Minimal dose strategies, which reduce weekly exercise volumes to less than recommended guidelines, might improve health outcomes with minimal time investment. However, minimal dose strategies and their effects on health and fitness are still unclear. Therefore, we developed a bodyweight eccentric-biased exercise program consisting of 4 exercises (1 set of 10 repetitions each), which took just 5-min to complete, and investigated the effects of the program performed daily for 4 weeks on health and fitness outcomes in sedentary individuals.

METHODS
We recruited 22 healthy but sedentary individuals (32 – 69 years) whose daily steps were &lt;5000. Participants completed a two-week control period, followed by a 4-week daily exercise intervention. Muscular strength, physical fitness, body composition and critical health markers were assessed before (PRE-1) and after the control period (PRE-2), as well as after the intervention (POST).

RESULTS
Participants adhered to the exercise program &gt;90%. No significant changes in any measures were observed from PRE-1 to PRE-2. Following the exercise intervention, no significant changes in body mass, bone mineral density, fat mass, lean mass, heart rate, blood pressure, grip strength, squat jump or countermovement jump were evident. However, isometric mid-thigh pull, representing lower limb muscle strength (13%), push-ups (42%) and sit-ups (44%), representing upper body strength and sit and reach, representing flexibility (12%) increased significantly (P&lt;0.05), and the increase in heart rate from a 3-minute step test was attenuated (8%) from PRE-2 to POST (P&lt;0.05). Finally, mental health assessed by SF-36 significantly improved (15%) (P&lt;0.05).

CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the 5-min eccentric exercise program was effective for improving physical fitness and mental health of sedentary individuals when performed every day for 4 weeks.
EFFECT INITIAL FOOT POSITION HAS ON WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION SYMMETRY AND FORCE PRODUCTION DURING A SIT-TO-STAND TASK IN OLDER ADULTS
Authors: Pascoe Dr. Deborah , Donaldson Mr Michael 
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS
Transitioning from a seated position to standing is an important component to everyday living which can be affected by age-related muscle strength loss. Changing foot position has been found to affect a sit-to-stand transition in healthy younger populations however the effect it has on healthy older populations is unknown. The aim of this study was to provide clinicians with greater insight into the effect asymmetrical initial foot positions have on weight distribution symmetry and force production during a sit-to-stand transition in adults over 60 years of age.

METHODS
Three symmetrical and six asymmetrical initial foot positions were investigated on two separate testing sessions. The maximum vertical ground reaction forces collected from each foot placed on individual Kistler force platforms were used to calculate body weight symmetry percentage.

RESULTS
Body weight symmetry reduced when the dominant foot was moved posteriorly 1/3 and 2/3 participant’s foot length compared to the symmetrical positions (102-107%). When the non-dominant foot was moved posteriorly by 1/3 and 2/3 the participant’s foot length, body weight symmetry increased (99-102%) above the symmetrical positions. Maximum vertical ground reaction forces occurred (5.6-6.2N/kg) in the asymmetrical positions with the anterior foot positioned in neutral.

CONCLUSIONS
Asymmetrical foot positions which involved shifting one extremity posteriorly by 1/3 or 2/3 the participant’s foot length reduced transitional stability but increased force production. These results will help guide clinicians to scaffold progressions when prescribing sit-to-stand exercises to rehabilitate unilateral strength deficiencies within an older population.
IMPROVING SPORT SCIENCE IMPACT IN ATHLETE-LED PRACTICE ENVIRONMENTS: A PERSEPCTIVE FROM TRACK CYCLING
Authors: Stadnyk Dr Antony , Impellizzeri Prof Franco , Stanley Dr Jamie , Menaspà Dr Paolo , Slattery Dr Katie 
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION & AIMS
Like most high performance sports, track cyclists are typically supported within the training environment by coaches and interdisciplinary practitioners who, through evidence-based practices, guide the athlete through the process of performance development. To effectively impact practice and athlete performance, practitioners must be able to implement their knowledge and expertise in a way that complements the wider performance team. The aim of this study was to examine track cycling coaches’ perspectives of the role and impact of sport science and research on their practice and the athlete development process.

METHODS
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with elite track cycling coaches (n=8) who had been working at the highest level of the sport (Olympics, UCI World Championships). The interviews addressed factors contributing to athlete preparation, and the current and potential impact of sport science on the development of elite track cyclists. Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted to identify common themes in participants’ experiences and perspectives.

RESULTS
Three principal themes were identified from the data: ‘conversation & the information dynamic’, highlighting the impact of information and feedback within the performance team for developing collective training intelligence; ‘integrating performance components for the individual’, detailing the importance of individualised and integrated approaches to athletes’ performance needs; and, ‘science to complement the vision’, examining the value of filtered data, and limitations of research in practice.

CONCLUSION
The findings highlighted two key contributors to performance team effectiveness: athletes deeply invested in, and actively contributing to, the development process; and, performance staff identifying and filtering research and data to impact decision making and athlete development. A four-stage model was developed from the collective findings for guiding sport scientists’ impact in athlete-led practice environments. Additionally, the model outlines sport scientist-supportive actions for coaches and athletes, along with practice-supportive actions for researchers, to improve impact within the sport.
COMPARISON OF CONCENTRIC AND IMPACT FORCES ON LAND AND IN WATER
Authors: Pascoe Dr. Deborah , Cheslett Ms Jessica 
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS
Plyometric jump training has been used in athletic training to improve muscle strength and power and injury prevention in young people and adults. There is evidence to support aquatic plyometric training in young athletes for improving strength and power while providing a safer environment with less impact when landing. The aim of this study was to extend the research to include middle-aged adults (40-60 years) who are at a greater risk of physical decline and would benefit from a greater understanding of the forces generated in land-based and aquatic plyometric jumps for adults aged 40-60 years.

METHOD
Thirteen healthy individuals aged 40- 60 years participated in this study. Participants attended three sessions including a familiarisation session, land-based testing and water-based testing. Participants performed three vertical jumps (VJ) on land, three countermovement jumps (CMJ) and three squat jumps (SJ) on a force plate on land and in water. Force traces were analysed for peak force, impact force, flight time, and jump height.

RESULTS
Peak forces normalised for bodyweight, jump height, and flight time were significantly higher in the water than on land for the CMJ and SJ (p&lt;.000). Impact forces showed an insignificant increase in the water compared to on land. There was a strong correlation between the VJ and the two land based jumps for all jump characteristics (p&lt;.01) and a strong positive correlation between the percentage of participant height immersed and peak force at take- off for CMJ (r=.794, p&lt;.01) and SJ (r=.682, p&lt;.05).

CONCLUSION
Jump height, flight time, and peak force all increased in the water compared to on land. As the percentage of height immersed increased, so did peak force on take-off. Immersion depths must be considered when prescribing plyometric exercise for adults aged 40-60 years to ensure appropriately targeted exercise prescription.
DELIVERING GROUP-BASED TELE-EXERCISE SESSIONS FOR PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: RESULTS AND EXPERIENTIAL INSIGHTS OF A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Kolasinski Mr Matthew , Plotnikoff Prof Ronald , Young Dr Myles , Keating Dr Shelley , Drew Dr Ryan , Cox Dr Emily 
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION & AIMS
Delivery of group-based tele-exercise is an emerging treatment option for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but best practice is not yet understood. We evaluated the results and experiential insights of a pilot study investigating this model of care.

METHODS
Sixteen people with T2D (age 58.7±12.6, 63% male, duration of T2D 10.0±8.4years) underwent an 8-week tele-exercise intervention. Participants were assessed at baseline (in-person and via telehealth; results compared using intra-class correlations coefficients) and post-intervention (in-person only). The program was delivered in groups of 3-5, by an Accredited Exercise Physiologist using Zoom. Sessions were held once weekly and incorporated whole-body aerobic and resistance exercise (45min) and health behaviour change education (15min), reflecting the structure of Medicare-subsidised group exercise physiology sessions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain participant and clinician feedback. Adverse events were monitored throughout.

RESULTS
The intervention demonstrated efficacy, with improvements in HbA1c (mean change -0.3±0.5%), fasting glucose (-0.8±0.8mmol/L), systolic blood pressure (-6.4±8.4mmHg), waist circumference (-0.8±4.2cm), muscular strength (30sec sit-to-stand score 1.6±2.9; 30sec bicep curl score 5.6±3.0) and fitness (2min step test score 24.5±11.9). Clients could reliably self-assess outcomes such as waist circumference (ICC 0.98, 95%CI 0.95-0.99), 30sec sit-to-stand (0.94, 0.82-0.98), and 2min step test (0.96, 0.87-0.99) when supervised by the clinician via telehealth, negating the need for in-person consults. No serious adverse events were reported. Key experiential insights include 1) Technological issues were minimised by providing clients with a guide for using Zoom, and conducting individual Zoom familiarisation sessions, prior to program start. 2) Client confidentiality could be managed by using breakout rooms for private conversations. 3) Creative exercise selection (e.g., TheraBand anchor points, non-traditional equipment) allowed participants to envision exercising in their home, which assisted in self-management.

CONCLUSION
This study contributes practical insights to optimise the delivery of group-based tele-exercise interventions to people with T2
THE INFLUENCE OF RESISTANCE TRAINING VARIABLES ON MUSCLE STRENGTH: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Lyristakis Mr. Philip , Wundersitz Dr. Daniel , Cousins Dr. Stephen , Zadow Dr. Emma , Gordon Associate Professor Brett 
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND
Development of muscle strength through resistance training (RT) is associated with health and performance benefits. Prescribing resistance training utilising six different variables (sets × repetitions × exercises × intensity × frequency × duration) is complex to optimise outcomes. It is unclear if, the prescription of these variables to derive a composite variable, RT dosage, influences the development of muscle strength. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate if variations in RT dosage influence muscle strength.

METHODS
CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched; adults performing RT were compared against non-exercise controls where muscle strength was assessed. Only randomised controlled trials assessing chest and quadriceps muscle strength were considered. The six RT variables were extracted from eligible studies and were multiplied to generate RT dosage. Quadratic non-linear regressions were performed on pooled muscle strength data. Variable importance and model selection were performed to explore different linear combinations of RT variables to determine the most effective variable in developing muscle strength.

RESULTS
207 articles were eligible that enabled the calculation of RT dosage. Meta-analyses confirmed a significant effect of RT on muscle strength (SMD ≥ 1.3, CI = 1.1-1.6, p &lt; 0.001). Quadratic non-linear regression models for the chest and quadriceps strength indicated that RT dosage as a continuous variable showed a significant dose-response for muscle strength (SMD = &gt; 1.5, CI = 0.01-3.1, P &lt; 0.05). The individual variables of most importance to develop muscle strength appear to be volume and duration (p &lt; 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
As expected, RT significantly influences muscle strength and as RT dosage increases, so too does muscle strength; however, only up to a point (∼1.5 million arbitrary units) before further increases in RT dosage don’t appear to further develop muscle strength. Prescription of RT volume and duration should be prioritised for developing muscle strength.
COMPARISON OF INTER-SESSION, INTRA-RATER AND INTER-RATER RELIABILITY OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE LEG LANDING ERROR SCORING SYSTEM USING DIFFERENT CALCULATION METHODS
Authors: Rajakaruna Mr Priyankara Manoj , Learmonth Associate Professor Yvonne C. , Dempsey Associate Professor Alasdair R. 
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION & AIMS
The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is used for screening noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. The LESS is deemed a valid and reliable indicator of landing biomechanics that predict noncontact ACL injuries. We have sought to validate a Single-Leg Landing Error Scoring System (SLESS) against the established LESS. There are seven distinct calculation methods for final LESS scores, adding variability to the original version and the risk of misinterpreting results. This study used different calculation methods to investigate the inter-session, intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the SLESS and LESS scores.

METHODS
Thirty-five team sports players performed four drop jump landing variations (dominant leg, non-dominant leg, double-leg and cognitive loading drill with double-leg) over three sessions. Sessions 1 and 2 were conducted on the same day, with Session 3 a week later. Video footage from frontal and sagittal views captured all landings. Three professionals scored recorded trials using standard SLESS and LESS protocols. One scorer assessed intra-session and inter-session reliability, while three evaluated inter-rater reliability. The final SLESS and LESS scores were calculated using original version/OG, average of 3 trials-AV, worst trial/WT, best score/BS, first trial/FT, last trial/LT, error present in at least two of three trials/TT). Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and coefficient of variation (CV) with 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS
The study observed acceptable inter-session reliability across single-leg and double-leg drop jump landing tasks using all seven calculation methods (SLESS: ICC=0.80-0.91, SEM=1.07-1.10, CV=6.5-10.1%; LESS: ICC=0.63-0.90, SEM=1.06-1.11, CV=5.7-11.5%). The study also demonstrated acceptable intra-rater reliability for all tasks using all calculation methods (SLESS: ICC=0.86-0.94, SEM=1.05-1.08, CV=5.0-8.5%; LESS: ICC=0.74-0.93, SEM=1.04-1.08, CV=4.2-8.5%). In addition, acceptable inter-rater reliability was shown for all tasks using all calculation methods (SLESS: ICC=0.69-0.83, SEM=1.11-1.18, CV=10.5-18.0%; LESS: ICC=0.54-0.82, SEM=1.10-1.20, CV=10.3-20.3%).

CONCLUSION
The study indicates the reliability of all seven calculation methods for SLESS and LESS scores. Precise specification of the chosen calculation method is crucial for practitioners and researchers.