bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ability to estimate relative percutaneous penetration via a surrogate maker – trans epidermal water loss?
Authors: Hui Xiaoying , Elkeeb Rania , Chan Heldi , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: May 2011

Aims: This study measures the dynamic change of the trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) rate and in vitro skin permeation data of tritiated water and [14C]‐clonidine HCl in order to refine our knowledge in the relationship between percutaneous penetration and TEWL.
Measures: TEWL values were measured before and during the experimental period. Single application of tritiated water and [14C]‐clonidine HCl were dosed at the same time on dermatomed human skin samples collected from 12 donors in a flow through diffusion cell system. Radioactivity of absorbed dose: stratum corneum, epidermis, dermis, receptor fluid collected every 4 hours, as well as removable dose residue was counted to determine accountability, percent dose, μg equivalent, and flux rate. These data were further combined with TEWL values to analyze their possible relationship.
Results: Results showed that baseline TEWL values correlated with the thickness of dermatomed skin (r=−0.44, P=0.007), and with tritiated water fluxes (r=0.34, P=0.04) and [14C]‐clonidine HCl (r=0.36; P=0.03). The fluxes of tritiated water and [14C]‐clonidine HCl were correlated (r=0.67, P<0.001). When TEWL and permeation data were compared, the pattern of tritiated water expressed as a percent dose permeated in receptor fluid resembled the TEWL pattern.
Conclusion: The methodology described provides evidences of the correlation of TEWL and skin integrity and skin permeation and further demonstrates to be a rapid alternative to tritiated water permeation for measuring skin barrier functions in vitro. To develop TEWL measurement as a possible predictive model to assess in vitro percutaneous absorption, however more chemicals with various physical‐chemical properties need to be examined, and the relationships to TEWL and tritiated water flux better defined.
The neurophilosophy of epileptic experiences
Authors: Monaco Francesco , Mula Marco , Cavanna Andrea E. 
Published: May 2011

Monaco F, Mula M, Cavanna AE. The neurophilosophy of epileptic experiences.Background:Specific alterations of consciousness have a central role in the phenomenological description of epileptic seizures and in the patient's subjective reports.Methods:This article discusses the use of philosophical methodology within a neurological framework to understand consciousness.Results:How the alterations in consciousness are experienced by patients with epilepsy depends largely on the localization of the underlying neurophysiological dysfuntion.Discussion:Rigorous conceptual analysis of ictal experience reports can help to illuminate the study of consciousness.
Anatomical changes in the structure of the temporomandibular joint caused by complete edentulousness
Authors: Csadó Kinga , Márton Krisztina , Kivovics Péter 
Published: May 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00498.x

Anatomical changes in the structure of the temporomandibular joint caused by complete edentulousnessBackground:  The posterior slope of the articular eminence of completely edentulous patients compared to patients with maintained occlusion shows significant flattening.Objective:  The aim of this present study was to reveal a possible correlation between edentulousness and the flattening of the eminence and to find out whether this deformation is connected to age.Material and methods:  Thirty patients were examined in three groups, each consisting of 10 persons (group I: 18‐ to 25‐year‐old patients with maintained occlusion, group II: patients over 60 with maintained occlusion, group III: edentulous patients over 60). The three groups were compared according to dental status, age, sex and side. Measurements were carried out on orthopantomographic images taken with Kodak 8000 Digital Panoramic System. The angle of the posterior slope of the articular eminence relative to the Frankfort plane was measured on both sides. Data were analysed statistically with the one‐way anova test (α = 0.05).Results:  The highest values were measured in group I (right side: 39.8 ± 5.4°, left side: 43.0 ± 5.9°), values were somewhat lower in group II (right side: 38.9 ± 4.7°, left side: 39.5 ± 7.4°) and were the lowest in group III, which was significantly lower on both sides than the results of group I and group II (right side: 29.8 ± 6.0°, left side: 31.9 ± 5.2°, p < 0.01). The correlation coefficient between age and the flattening of the eminence in group I, II and III was 0.23, 0.35 and 0.92, respectively.Conclusion:  The flattening of the articular eminence could be correlated with age; however, the rate of deformation is significantly higher in completely edentulous patients than in patients with maintained occlusion.
Discovery of a Role for Hsp82 in Histoplasma Virulence through a Quantitative Screen for Macrophage Lethality
Authors: Edwards Jessica A. , Zemska Olga , Rappleye Chad A. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

The application of forward genetics can reveal new factors required for the virulence of intracellular pathogens. To facilitate such virulence screens, we developed macrophage cell lines with which the number of intact host cells following infection with intracellular pathogens can be rapidly and easily ascertained through the expression of a constitutive
lacZ
transgene. Using known virulence mutants of
Francisella novicida
and
Histoplasma capsulatum
, we confirmed the applicability of these host cells for the quantitative assessment of bacterial and fungal virulence, respectively. To identify new genes required for
Histoplasma
virulence, we employed these transgenic macrophage cells to screen a collection of individual transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertion mutants. Among the mutants showing decreased virulence in macrophages, we identified an insertion in the locus encoding the
Histoplasma
Hsp82 homolog. The lesion caused by the T-DNA insertion localizes to the promoter region, resulting in significantly decreased
HSP82
expression. Reduced
HSP82
expression markedly attenuates the virulence of
Histoplasma
yeast
in vivo
. While the
HSP82
hypomorph grows normally
in vitro
at 37°C and under acid and salinity stresses, its ability to recover from high-temperature stress is impaired. These results provide genetic proof of the role of stress chaperones in the virulence of a thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen.
Social inequalities in road traffic deaths at age 16–20 years among all 611 654 Norwegians born between 1967 and 1976: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Kristensen Petter , Kristiansen Thomas , Rehn Marius , Gravseth Hans Magne , Bjerkedal Tor 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundRoad traffic injury is a major cause of death among youths.AimsTo estimate mortality differences in family socioeconomic position (SEP) and municipal disadvantage level.MethodsData on all Norwegians born in 1967–76, gathered from national registries, were linked by a unique national identification number. The 611 654 participants were followed-up for 5 years from age 16 years. Parental education level, father's income level, and proportion of high-income earners in the municipality served as SEP indicators. Associations between SEP and road traffic deaths were analysed by multilevel Poisson regression.ResultsRoad traffic deaths (n=676, rate 22.2 per 100 000 person-years) constituted a major cause of death, of which 91.9% were motor vehicle occupants. SEP distributions differed according to gender and type of motor vehicle crash (collision, non-collision). There was an inverse relationship between municipal proportions of high-income earners and mortality (population attributable fraction (PAF) 0.43, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.53) in all categories of gender-specific crash types. Family SEP gradients were not found except for male non-collision deaths, where increasing mortality was found in association with decreasing parental education level (PAF 0.94, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.99) and increasing paternal income (PAF 0.25, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.40).ConclusionThe different SEP patterns for road traffic deaths across gender and motor vehicle crash type illustrate that heterogeneity of social inequalities in health can be found even within narrow age bands and for similar causes of death.
A prospective randomised study of a rotary powered device (OnControl) for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
Authors: Swords Ronan T , Anguita Javier , Higgins Russell A , Yunes Andrea C , Naski Michael , Padmanabhan Swaminathan , Kelly Kevin R , Mahalingam Devalingam , Philbeck Thomas , Miller Larry , Puga Tatiana A , Giles Francis J , Kinney Marsha C , Brenner Andrew J 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionBone marrow aspiration and biopsy is an invasive procedure associated with morbidity and mortality risk. We compared a powered bone marrow aspiration and biopsy device to the traditional method by relatively assessing pain scores, procedure times, biopsy capture rates, quality of material retrieved, and safety and operator satisfaction.MethodsTwo large academic medical centres participated in this trial. Patients were randomised to have procedures carried out using the powered system or the manual technique. A visual analogue scale pain score was recorded immediately following skin puncture and once again at the end of the procedure for each patient. Procedure time was measured from skin puncture to core specimen acquisition. Pathologic assessment of 30 randomised samples was carried out. Operator satisfaction with devices was measured on a scale of 0–10, with 10 as the highest rating.ResultsFive operators from two sites enrolled 50 patients (powered, n=25; manual, n=25). Groups were evenly matched, with no significant differences in the means for age, weight and height. The powered system was superior to the manual system with respect to patient perceived pain from needle insertion (2.6±2.0 vs 4.1±2.5, p=0.022) and procedural time (100.0±72.8 s vs 224.1±79.0 s, p<0.001). Overall pain scores at the end of both procedures were comparable (3.2±2.2 vs 3.8±3.0, p=0.438). No complications were observed in either arm of the study. Blinded pathologic analysis of the specimens retrieved revealed that cores obtained using the powered system were longer and wider than those obtained using the manual technique (25.4±12.3 mm2vs 11.9±5.6 mm2, p=0.001). For marrow aspiration, no difference was seen between groups for clot/particle spicules or smear spicules. Operator assessment favoured the use of the powered device.ConclusionsResults of this trial suggest that the use of a powered bone marrow biopsy device significantly reduces needle insertion pain and procedural time when compared to a manual technique. The superior size and overall quality of core specimens retrieved by the powered device provides more material for pathologic evaluation, thereby increasing diagnostic yield and reducing the need for repeat procedures.
Outcomes of intra-arterial thrombolytic treatment in acute ischemic stroke patients with a matched defect on diffusion and perfusion MR images
Authors: Sandhu Gurpreet S , Parikh Pankit T , Hsu Daniel P , Blackham Kristine A , Tarr Robert W , Sunshine Jeffrey L 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundFor acute ischemic stroke patients with matched defects on diffusion–perfusion imaging, the effects of reperfusion therapy remain poorly documented. The outcomes in a rare series of patients who had a matched defect and then underwent intra-arterial thrombolytic treatment (IAT) are reported.MethodsMedical record and MR image review between 1 January 1998 and 15 October 2008 revealed only eight acute ischemic stroke patients satisfying the atypical combination of both matched defect and IAT. Successful recanalization (SR), favorable clinical response (FCR) and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) were defined respectively as thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score ≥2 after IAT, discharge National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 0–1/≥8 point decrease from baseline and intracranial hemorrhage in infarct zone with ≥4 point increase in NIHSS Score within 24 h of IAT.ResultsMedian (range) baseline NIHSS score was 16.5 (6–22). Median (range) time delays from symptom onset to MRI and to IAT initiation were 200 (83–240) and 267.5 (160–360) min, respectively. Median (range) values of diffusion and perfusion lesion volumes were 119.5 (24–205) and 118 (18–207) ml. Out of eight patients, one (12.5%) achieved FCR, four (50%) had SICH and five (62.5%) died. Out of six patients with SR, one achieved FCR and four had SICH and died, and of two patients without SR, none had FCR or SICH and one died.ConclusionOur data on rare patients with matched defects who nevertheless had attempted rescue with IAT confirm a poor risk–benefit ratio generated by low favorable responses and high mortality rates, especially in large ischemic lesions.
Topic Distillation with Query-Dependent Link Connections and Page Characteristics
Authors: Wu Mingfang , Scholer Falk , Turpin Andrew 
Published: May 2011

Searchers on the Web often aim to find key resources about a topic. Finding such results is called topic distillation. Previous research has shown that the use of sources of evidence such as page indegree and URL structure can significantly improve search performance on interconnected collections such as the Web, beyond the use of simple term distribution statistics. This article presents a new approach to improve topic distillation by exploring the use of external sources of evidence: link structure, including query dependent indegree and outdegree; and web page characteristics, such as the density of anchor links.
Our experiments with the TREC .GOV collection, an 18GB crawl of the US .gov domain from 2002, show that using such evidence can significantly improve search effectiveness, with combinations of evidence leading to significant performance gains over both full-text and anchor-text baselines. Moreover, we demonstrate that, at a different scope level, both local query-dependent outdegree and query-dependent indegree out-performed their global query-independent counterparts; and at the same scope level, outdegree out-performed indegree. Adding query-dependent indegree or page characteristics to query-dependent outdegree could have a small, but not significant, improvement.
Natura-Alpha Targets Forkhead Box M1 and Inhibits Androgen-Dependent and -Independent Prostate Cancer Growth and Invasion
Authors: Li Yirong , Ligr Martin , McCarron James P. , Daniels Garrett , Zhang David , Zhao Xin , Ye Fei , Wang Jinhua , Liu Xiaomei , Osman Iman , Mencher Simon K. , Lepor Hebert , Wang Long G. , Lee Peng 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Purpose: The development of new effective therapeutic agents with minimal side effects for prostate cancer (PC) treatment is much needed. Indirubin, an active molecule identified in the traditional Chinese herbal medicine—Qing Dai (Indigo naturalis), has been used to treat leukemia for decades. However, the anticancer properties of Natura-alpha, an indirubin derivative, are not well studied in solid tumors, particularly in PC.
Experimental Design: The growth kinetics and invasion ability of on human PC cell lines with or without Natura-alpha treatment were measured by cell proliferation and invasion assays. The antitumor effects of Natura-alpha were examined in nude mice tumor xenograft models, and in a patient with advanced hormone-refractory metastatic PC. Signal network proteins targeted by Natura-alpha were analyzed by using proteomic pathway array analysis (PPAA) on xenografts.
Results: Natura-alpha inhibited the growth of both androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (LNCaP-AI, PC-3, and DU145) PC cells with IC50 between 4 to 10 mmol/L, and also inhibited invasion of androgen-independent PC cells. Its antitumor effects were further evident in in vivo tumor reduction in androgen-dependent and androgen-independent nude mice tumor xenograft models and reduced tumor volume in the patient with hormone refractory metastatic PC. PPAA revealed that antiproliferative and antiinvasive activities of Natura-alpha on PC might primarily be through its downregulation of Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) protein. Forced overexpression of FOXM1 largely reversed the inhibition of growth and invasion by Natura-alpha.
Conclusion: Natura-alpha could serve as a novel and effective therapeutic agent for treatment of both hormone-sensitive and hormone-refractory PC with minimal side effects. Clin Cancer Res; 17(13); 4414–24. ©2011 AACR.
The QT and Corrected QT Interval in Recovery After Exercise in Children
Authors: Berger Wouter Rudolph , Gow Robert M. , Kamberi Suleman , Cheung Michael , Smith Katherine Rose , Davis Andrew Mark 
Published: May 2011

Background—
Prolongation of the QT interval after exercise can be used to help diagnose long-QT syndrome, especially when the resting QT interval is borderline. The aim of this study was to determine the normal ranges for QT and corrected QT in the recovery phase after exercise in children.

Methods and Results—
Ninety-four volunteer boys and girls aged 8 to <17 years without any history of heart disease underwent exercise testing and had a 12-lead ECG performed in the supine position for 10 minutes of recovery. The QT was measured using a standardized tangent method, with the baseline defined as the Q-Q line. The recovery QT was maximally short at 1 minute of recovery in 93 of 94 children then lengthened and stabilized at 4 to 5 minutes recovery. The recovery QT lengthens as heart rate decreases in an approximately linear fashion with a mean increase of 15 ms per 10-beat decrease in heart rate. The 98th percentiles for the corrected QT using the Bazett formula during minutes 4 to 6 in recovery were from 482 to 491 ms. There was excellent intraobserver and interobserver reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.88, respectively.

Conclusions—
There is substantial individual variability of the normal repolarization process in the postexercise recovery period in children. The study provides a reference for normal responses for similar populations using a specific measurement protocol that can be easily applied.
Circumstances and Outcomes of Sudden Unexpected Death in Patients With High-Risk Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ye Siqin , Grunnert Matthew , Thune Jens Jakob , Stephenson Kent M. , Uno Hajime , Finn Peter V. , McMurray John J.V. , Velazquez Eric J. , Califf Robert , Pfeffer Marc A. , Solomon Scott D. 
Published: May 2011

Background—
Sudden death (SD) is a frequent catastrophic complication in patients after myocardial infarction. Circumstances of SD may affect strategies for prevention.

Methods and Results—

We reviewed source documentation for 1067 patients who had SD in the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT) trial. We determined the circumstances of these events and assessed long-term mortality in patients who were resuscitated. Location of the SD event was available in 978 of 1067 patients, with 226 events occurring within the first 40 days. Although SD was more likely to occur at home (645 of 978, 66%) than in hospital (204 of 978, 21%), the proportion of in-hospital events was higher early on (99 of 226, 44%). Home events were less likely to be witnessed regardless of time frame. Preceding activity was known for 42% of patients with home arrest; of these, 52% were determined to be asleep at time of event, and these deaths were more likely to be unwitnessed. A majority of patients for whom initial ECG rhythm was reported had ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (189 of 283, 67%). Of the 155 patients successfully resuscitated, 24% subsequently received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Nineteen percent of those who received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator subsequently died compared with 49% of patients who did not receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.14 to 0.93;
P
=0.04).

Conclusions—
A high proportion of SD events after high-risk myocardial infarction occurred at home, but in-hospital events were more common early on. Patients who were asleep were more likely to have unwitnessed arrests. Alternative strategies for the prevention of SD in patients who are not candidates for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator will need to take into account the circumstances of SD events.
Spatial and Temporal Variability of the M2 Internal Tide Generation and Propagation on the Oregon Shelf
Authors: Osborne J. J. , Kurapov A. L. , Egbert G. D. , Kosro P. M. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A 1-km-horizontal-resolution model based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System is implemented along the Oregon coast to study average characteristics and intermittency of the M2 internal tide during summer upwelling. Wind-driven and tidally driven flows are simulated in combination, using realistic bathymetry, atmospheric forcing, and boundary conditions. The study period is April through August 2002, when mooring velocities are available for comparison. Modeled subtidal and tidal variability on the shelf are in good quantitative agreement with moored velocity time series observations. Depth-integrated baroclinic tidal energy flux (EF), its divergence, and topographic energy conversion (TEC) from the barotropic to baroclinic tide are computed from high-pass-filtered, harmonically analyzed model results in a series of 16-day time windows. Model results reveal several “hot spots” of intensive TEC on the slope. At these locations, TEC is well balanced by EF divergence. Changes in background stratification and currents associated with wind-driven upwelling and downwelling do not appreciably affect TEC hot spot locations but may affect intensity of internal tide generation at those locations. Relatively little internal tide is generated on the shelf. Areas of supercritical slope near the shelf break partially reflect baroclinic tidal energy to deeper water, contributing to spatial variability in seasonally averaged on-shelf EF. Despite significant temporal and spatial variability in the internal tide, the alongshore-integrated flux of internal tide energy onto the Oregon shelf, where it is dissipated, does not vary much with time. Approximately 65% of the M2 baroclinic tidal energy generated on the slope is dissipated there, and the rest is radiated toward the shelf and interior ocean in roughly equal proportions. An experiment with smoother bathymetry reveals that slope-integrated TEC is more sensitive to bathymetric roughness than on-shelf EF.
Impact of age on end-of-life care for adult Taiwanese cancer decedents, 2001–2006
Authors: Tang Siew Tzuh , Liu Tsang-Wu , Shyu Yea-Ing Lotus , Huang Ean-Wen , Koong Shin Lan , Hsiao Shu Chun 
Published: May 2011

Background: With increasing patient age in Western countries, evidence indicates a pervasive pattern of decreasing healthcare expenditures and less aggressive medical care, including end-of-life (EOL) care. However, the impact of age on EOL care for Asian cancer patients has not been investigated. Purpose: To explore how healthcare use at EOL varies by age among adult Taiwanese cancer patients. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using administrative data among 203,743 Taiwanese cancer decedents, 2001–2006. Age was categorized as 18–64, 65–74, 75–84, and ≥85 years. Results: Elderly (≥65 years) Taiwanese cancer patients were significantly less likely than those 18–64 years to receive aggressive treatment in their last month of life, including chemotherapy, >1 emergency room visits, >1 hospital admissions, >14 days of hospitalization, hospital death, intensive care unit admission, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intubation, and mechanical ventilation. However, they were significantly more likely to receive hospice care in their last year of life. Conclusion: Elderly Taiwanese cancer patients at EOL received less chemotherapy, less aggressive management of health crises associated with the dying process, and fewer life-extending treatments, but they were more likely to receive hospice care in their last year and to achieve the culturally highly valued goal of dying at home.