bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Sirimarco Gaia , Deplanque Dominique , Lavallée Philippa C. , Labreuche Julien , Meseguer Elena , Cabrejo Lucie , Guidoux Céline , Olivot Jean-Marc , Abboud Halim , Lapergue Bertrand , Klein Isabelle F. , Mazighi Mikael , Touboul Pierre-Jean , Bruckert Eric , Amarenco Pierre 
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—
There is mounting evidence that atherogenic dyslipidemia (ie, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol combined with high triglyceride concentrations) is an independent predictor of high cardiovascular risk and possibly of stroke.

Methods—
All patients included in the SOS-TIA cohort underwent an initial standardized evaluation, including medical history, physical examination, routine blood biochemistry, and diagnostic testing, and were followed for 1 year. Lipid profile was evaluated under fasting conditions. Atherogenic dyslipidemia was defined as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol blood concentration ≤40 mg/dL and triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL.

Results—

Among 1471 consecutive patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke, overall prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia was 5.8%, but varied from 4.6% to 11.1%, depending on final diagnosis (possible TIA or TIA with a cerebral ischemic lesion, respectively). Prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia was independently associated with male sex, diabetes, and body mass index, but not with ABCD2 score. Atherogenic dyslipidemia also strongly associated with symptomatic intracranial stenosis ≥50% (adjusted odds ratio, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.38–5.55), but not with symptomatic extracranial stenosis ≥50% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.64–2.26). Despite appropriate secondary prevention treatment, 90-day stroke risk was greater in patients with versus without atherogenic dyslipidemia (4.8% versus 1.7%;
P
=0.04).

Conclusions—
The atherogenic dyslipidemia phenotype in patients with TIA may be associated with intracranial artery stenosis and higher risk of early recurrent stroke. Additional data are needed to confirm these findings and to assess the best way to reduce important residual risk in such patients.
Acute Perfusion and Diffusion Abnormalities Predict Early New MRI Lesions 1 Week After Minor Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Asdaghi Negar , Hameed Bilal , Saini Monica , Jeerakathil Thomas , Emery Derek , Butcher Kenneth 
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—
Transient ischemic attack and minor stroke are associated with high ischemic recurrence in the first week. We prospectively studied the correlation between baseline diffusion/perfusion deficits and development of new ischemic lesions.

Methods—
Patients with transient ischemic attack and those with minor stroke (n=50) underwent MRI at admission. Acute perfusion-weighted imaging deficit (Tmax+2-second delay) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion volumes were measured planimetrically. Follow-up scans were examined for new DWI/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery lesions at Days 7 and 30.

Results—

Twenty-eight patients (56%) had acute DWI lesions. New DWI lesions developed in 9 of 50 patients (18%) at 1 week and 11 of 50 (cumulative 22%) at 4 weeks. Patients with new infarcts were more likely to have baseline DWI lesions (χ
2
=8.264,
P
=0.003). Baseline DWI lesion volume was significantly larger in those who developed new lesions at Day 7 (median, 13.2 mL; interquartile range, 12 versus median 0.1 mL; interquartile range, 2 mL;
P
<0.001) and Day 30 (11.1 mL; interquartile range, 13 mL versus 0.1 mL; interquartile range, 13 mL;
P
<0.001). Thirty-eight patients had baseline perfusion-weighted imaging. Patients with recurrent lesions were more likely to have baseline perfusion deficits (χ
2
=19.5,
P
<0.0001). All new lesions developed within the baseline hypoperfused regions. Baseline DWI lesion volume predicted new lesion development at day 7 (OR, 1.17 per mL; CI, 1.05 to 1.30;
P
=0.005) and Day 30 (OR, 1.39 per mL; CI, 1.03 to 1.26;
P
=0.009) by regression analysis.

Conclusions—
Early recurrence of stroke is much more likely in patients with larger baseline DWI and perfusion-weighted imaging lesions. MRI lesion “recurrence” appears to be related to completion of the natural history of the original cerebrovascular syndrome rather than de novo events in most patients.
Corpus Callosum and Experimental Stroke
Authors: Jin Kunlin , Xie Lin , Sun Fen , Mao XiaoOu , Greenberg David A. 
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—
Interhemispheric inhibition via the corpus callosum has been proposed as an exacerbating factor in outcome from stroke.

Methods—
We measured infarct volume and behavioral outcome after middle cerebral artery occlusion in callosotomized rats and acallosal mice.

Results—
Neither callosotomy in rats nor callosal agenesis in mice improved infarct volume or behavioral outcome after middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Conclusions—
These findings argue against a role for transcallosal projections in exacerbating focal cerebral ischemia.
Natural Course of Perihemorrhagic Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Staykov Dimitre , Wagner Ingrid , Volbers Bastian , Hauer Eva-Maria , Doerfler Arnd , Schwab Stefan , Bardutzky Juergen 
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—
There is only limited knowledge on the time course of perihemorrhagic edema (PHE) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aimed to investigate the chronological PHE course and its relation to in-hospital mortality in a large retrospective ICH cohort.

Methods—
Patients with supratentorial ICH treated at our institution between 2006 and 2009, who had received at least 3 CT scans in the course of conservative treatment, were included in the present analysis. PHE at Days 1, 2, 3, 4 to 6, 7 to 11, 12 to 16, 17 to 21, and >22 was assessed using a threshold based semiautomatic volumetric algorithm. A chart review was performed to achieve data on duration of stay, ventilation, treatment with external ventricular drains, and in-hospital mortality.

Results—

Two hundred nineteen patients aged 69.9±10.5 years with deep (n=103) or lobar (n=116) ICH were included in the study. Mean ICH volume was 35.7±31.5 mL. Mean absolute PHE volume significantly increased from initially 32.6±29.9 mL to 63.7±46.7 mL at Days 7 to 11. No significant changes were observed at later time points. ICH volume was strongly correlated with absolute PHE volume (ρ=0.8,
P
<0.001) and inversely correlated with relative PHE (ρ=−0.4 to −0.5,
P
<0.001). Increase in absolute PHE between Days 1 and 3 was significantly predictive for in-hospital mortality (
P
=0.014, ExpB=1.04).

Conclusions—
PHE develops early after ICH and doubles within the first 7 to 11 days after the initial bleeding event. This additional mass effect may contribute to secondary clinical deterioration and mortality, especially in larger ICH. Because of its inverse correlation with ICH volume, relative PHE may not be suitable for analyses considering the clinical impact of PHE.
Carbon Dioxide Exchange in an Irrigated Agricultural Field within an Oasis, Northwest China
Authors: Ji Xi-Bin , Zhao Wen-Zhi , Kang Er-Si , Zhang Zhi-Hui , Jin Bo-Wen , Zhao Li-Wen 
Published: July 2011

AbstractContinuous eddy covariance measurements of CO2, water vapor, and heat fluxes were obtained from a maize field within an oasis in northwest China from 1 May 2008 to 30 April 2009. The experimental setup used was shown to provide reliable flux estimates on the basis of cross-checks made using various quality tests of the flux data. Results show that the highest half-hourly CO2fluxes (Fc) were −55.7 and 6.9μmol m−2s−1during the growing and nongrowing seasons, respectively. The daily net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) ranged from −14.7 to 2.2 g C m−2day−1during the growing season; however, the daily NEE fell to between 0.2 and 2.1 g C m−2day−1during the nongrowing season. The annual NEE calculated by integrating flux measurements and filling in missing and spurious data was about −487.9 g C m−2. The total NEE during the growing season (−692.9 g C m−2) and the annual NEE were in the middle of the range, when compared with results obtained for maize fields in different studies and regions, whereas the differences between the off-season NEE from this study (205.0 g C m−2) and those defined in previous studies were very small. In addition, the seasonal variations in energy balance and evapotranspiration over the maize field were also addressed.
Seasonality of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Authors: Wang Hui , Kumar Arun , Wang Wanqiu , Xue Yan 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The seasonality of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is examined using North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) in observations and in a 480-yr simulation with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System (CFS) coupled model. The PDO, both in observations and in the CFS, shows similar seasonality, with increasing SST variance during spring and a maximum in late spring and early summer. The vertical structure of the ocean temperature anomaly associated with the PDO in the CFS displays a significant transition from a deep to a shallow structure during late spring, consistent with the seasonal variation of the mean ocean mixed layer depth (MLD). An analysis of atmospheric surface wind and SST anomalies from the CFS simulation indicates that there is a 1-month delay in the PDO-related SST response to the atmospheric wind forcing. The results based on the CFS simulation are generally consistent with observations, including both atmospheric data from the NCEP/Department of Energy (DOE) Global Reanalysis 2 (GR-2) and ocean data from the NCEP Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS). The 1-month delay together with the seasonal variation of the mean MLD tends to amplify the PDO-related SST response to the atmospheric surface wind in late spring to early summer, and the combination leads to the maximum variability of the PDO, which is a 3-month delay from the peak phase of the surface wind in February and March.
Improved Seasonal Precipitation Forecasts for the Asian Monsoon Using 16 Atmosphere–Ocean Coupled Models. Part II: Anomaly
Authors: Krishnamurti T. N. , Kumar Vinay 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This is the second part of a paper on the improved seasonal precipitation forecasts for the Asian monsoon using 16 atmosphere–ocean coupled models. This study utilizes a large suite of coupled atmosphere–ocean models; this second part largely addresses the skill of rainfall anomaly forecasts. These include both deterministic and probabilistic skill measures such as the RMS errors, anomaly correlations, equitable threat scores, and the Brier skill score. It was possible to improve the skills of rainfall climatology from the use of a downscaled multimodel superensemble to very high levels, and it is of interest to ask how far this methodology would go toward improving the skills of seasonal rainfall anomaly forecasts. It is possible to go through a sequence of multimodel post processing to improve upon these skills by using a dense rain gauge network over Asia, downscaling forecasts for each member model, and constructing a multimodel superensemble that benefits from the persistence of errors of the member models. This paper addresses the spinup issues of the downscaling and the superensemble results where the number of years of model data needed for training phase, for the downscaling, and for the construction of the superensemble, is addressed. In the context of cross validation, the training phase includes 14 seasons of monsoon data. The forecast phase is only one season; it is this season that was not included in the training phase each time.
The relationship between data length and the number of models needed for enhanced skills is another issue that is addressed. Seasonal climate forecasts over the larger monsoon Asia domain and over the regional belts are evaluated. The superensemble forecasts invariably have the highest skill compared to the member models globally and regionally. This is largely due to the presence of large systematic errors in models that carry low seasonal prediction skills. Such models carry persistent signatures of systematic errors, and their errors are recognized by the multimodel superensemble. The probabilistic skills show that the superensemble-based forecasts carry a much higher reliability score compared to the member models. This implies that the superensemble-based forecasts are the most reliable among all the member models. It is possible to examine the performance of models and of the superensemble during periods of heavy monsoon rainfall versus those for deficient monsoon rainfall seasons. One of the conclusions of this study is that given the uncertainties in current modeling for seasonal rainfall forecasts, post processing of multimodel forecasts, using the superensemble methodology, seems to provide the most promising results for the rainfall anomaly forecasts. These results are confirmed by an additional skill metric where the RMS errors and the correlations of forecast skills are evaluated using a normalized precipitation anomaly for the forecasts and the observed estimates.
Dynamically Derived Tropical Cyclone Intensity Changes over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Wu Liguang , Zhao Haikun 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The study of the impact of global warming on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity is subject to uncertainty in historical datasets, especially in the western North Pacific (WNP) basin, where conflicting results have been found with the TC datasets archived in different organizations. In this study the basinwide TC intensity in the WNP basin is derived dynamically with a TC intensity model, based on the track data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) of Tokyo, and the Shanghai Typhoon Institute (STI) of the China Meteorological Administration. The dynamically derived TC intensity is compared to the three datasets and used to investigate trends in TC intensity. The associated contributions of changes in SST, vertical wind shear, and prevailing tracks are also examined. The evolution of the basinwide TC intensity in the JTWC best-track dataset can be generally reproduced over the period 1975–2007. Dynamically derived data based on the JTWC, RSMC, and STI track datasets all show an increasing trend in the peak intensity and frequency of intense typhoons, mainly because of the combined effect of changes in SST and vertical wind shear. This study suggests that the increasing intensity trend in the JTWC dataset is real, but that it may be overestimated. In contrast, the TC intensity trends in the RSMC and STI intensity datasets are dynamically inconsistent. Numerical simulations also suggest that the frequency of intense typhoons is more sensitive to changes in SST and vertical wind shear than the peak and average intensities defined in previous studies.
Air and Surface Temperature Coupling in the Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Garai Anirban , Kleissl Jan 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
In a convective boundary layer, coherent structures were detected through their thermal signature on an artificial turf surface using high-frequency thermal infrared (TIR) imagery and surface layer turbulence measurements. The coherent structures cause surface temperature variations over tens of seconds and spatial scales of tens to a few hundred meters. Evidence of processes similar to those in a renewal event was observed. Spatial and temporal correlation analysis revealed the geometric and velocity information of the structures at the ground footprint of air temperature measurements. The velocity of the coherent structures was consistent with the wind speed at 6.5 m AGL. Practical implications of turbulence-driven surface temperature variability for thermal remote sensing are also discussed.
Design of a Shadowband Spectral Radiometer for the Retrieval of Thin Cloud Optical Depth, Liquid Water Path, and the Effective Radius
Authors: Bartholomew M. J. , Reynolds R. M. , Vogelmann A. M. , Min Q. , Edwards R. , Smith S. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The design and operation of a Thin-Cloud Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (TCRSR) described here was used to measure the radiative intensity of the solar aureole and enable the simultaneous retrieval of cloud optical depth, drop effective radius, and liquid water path. The instrument consists of photodiode sensors positioned beneath two narrow metal bands that occult the sun by moving alternately from horizon to horizon. Measurements from the narrowband 415-nm channel were used to demonstrate a retrieval of the cloud properties of interest. With the proven operation of the relatively inexpensive TCRSR instrument, its usefulness for retrieving aerosol properties under cloud-free skies and for ship-based observations is discussed.
Bottom Topography Mapping via Nonlinear Data Assimilation
Authors: Zaron Edward D. , Pradal Marie-Aude , Miller Patrick D. , Blumberg Alan F. , Georgas Nickitas , Li Wei , Cornuelle Julia Muccino 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
A variational data assimilation method is described for bottom topography mapping in rivers and estuaries using remotely sensed observations of water surface currents. The velocity field and bottom topography are related by the vertically integrated momentum and continuity equations, leading to a nonlinear inverse problem for bottom topography, which is solved using a Picard iteration strategy combined with a nonlinear line search. An illustration of the method is shown for Haverstraw Bay, in the Hudson River, where the known bottom topography is well reconstructed. Once the topography has been estimated, currents and water levels may be forecast. The method makes feasible 1) the estimation of bottom topography in regions where in situ data collection may be impossible, dangerous, or expensive, and 2) the calibration of barotropic shallow-water models via control of the bottom topography.
Parameterizations of Sea-Spray Impact on the Air–Sea Momentum and Heat Fluxes
Authors: Bao J.-W. , Fairall C. W. , Michelson S. A. , Bianco L. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This paper focuses on parameterizing the effect of sea spray at hurricane-strength winds on the momentum and heat fluxes in weather prediction models using the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (a common framework for the parameterizations of air–sea fluxes). In this scheme, the mass-density effect of sea spray is considered as an additional modification to the stratification of the near-surface profiles of wind, temperature, and moisture in the marine surface boundary layer (MSBL). The overall impact of sea-spray droplets on the mean profiles of wind, temperature, and moisture depends on the wind speed at the level of sea-spray generation. As the wind speed increases, the mean droplet size and the mass flux of sea-spray increase, rendering an increase of stability in the MSBL and the leveling-off of the surface drag. Sea spray also tends to increase the total air–sea sensible and latent heat fluxes at high winds. Results from sensitivity testing of the scheme in a numerical weather prediction model for an idealized case of hurricane intensification are presented along with a dynamical interpretation of the impact of the parameterized sea-spray physics on the structure of the hurricane boundary layer.
How can informal caregivers in cancer and palliative care be supported? An updated systematic literature review of interventions and their effectiveness
Authors: Harding Richard , List Sally , Epiphaniou Eleni , Jones Hannah 
Published: July 2011

Introduction: Informal caregivers needs in cancer/advanced disease are largely unmet. The science of carer intervention evaluation is methodologically challenging, and the evidence historically weak. Objective: This systematic review updates an earlier effectiveness review to determine both the effectiveness of subsequently published intervention studies, and the current state of science. Method: The evidence was identified and appraised using a comprehensive search strategy. Articles were searched from 2001 to 2010 using the following electronic databases: Medline, PsychINFO and CINAHL. Inclusion criteria were studies reporting intervention data for informal adult caregivers of a patient with a diagnosis of cancer or receiving palliative care. The design and evidence rigour were assessed using the Jadad Rating Scale, and the Quality Rating Scale. Results: 33 studies met inclusion criteria. From the original review, an encouraging increase was identified in the number of evaluations (from 8 to 33), in carer-specific interventions (from 6 to 17) and in the robustness of the study design (an increase from 2 to 12 studies with before/after measures, comparison groups and prospective data). Conclusions: The evidence suggests a rapid increase in the number of robust intervention studies. However, the range of models remains narrow in relation to caregivers’ needs and preferences.
Pain and distress in advanced dementia: Choosing the right tools for the job
Authors: Jordan Alice , Regnard Claud , O’Brien John T , Hughes Julian C 
Published: July 2011

Objective: There is a concern that pain is under-recognized in dementia. However, there may be other causes of distress. We wished to evaluate the utility of a distress tool and a pain tool. Methods: Nursing home residents with advanced dementia were observed using pain (Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia scale (PAINAD)) and distress (Disability Distress Assessment Tool (DisDAT)) assessment tools. Those in pain were treated. Reassessment occurred at one and three months. Results: From 79 participants, 13 were assessed as being in pain. Psychosocial factors explained the behaviour of a false positive group. Both tools showed a significant decrease in pain following intervention ( p = 0.008). Behaviours were similar in both groups. Conclusions: Both tools are useful. However, the pain tool also picks up distress, which is not caused by pain. It could potentially lead to false ascriptions of pain. The distress tool picks up a broader array of signs, which may be useful both in practice and in research.