bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of irrigation and benomyl treatment on chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) and yield of winter-sown field beans (Vicia faba)
Authors: Fitt B. D. L. , Finney M. E. , Creighton N. F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn 1976–7, 1977–8 and 1978–9 plots of winter-sown field beans, either irrigated in June and July or unirrigated, were treated with one or more sprays of benomyl or were untreated. The amounts of chocolate spot on field bean leaves and flowers were increased by irrigation and decreased by benomyl in all seasons. These effects were greater in 1977 and 1978, when there was respectively 76·5 and 82·4 mm rainfall in June, than in 1979, when there was 30 mm rainfall in June and less chocolate spot developed. Leaves half-way up stems of plants in irrigated, unsprayed plots had 11% of their area affected in July 1977, 17% affected in July 1978, but only 4% affected in August 1979. By contrast, middle leaves of plants in unirrigated, sprayed plots had 3, 4 and 0·3% of their leaves affected in 1977, 1978 and 1979 respectively. Irrigation increased the number of pods per stem in 1977 and 1979 and decreased it in 1978; it decreased grain yield in 1977 and 1978, but increased yield in 1979. Benomyl treatments affected the number of pods little in any year; they increased yield in 1977 and and 1978, but not in 1979.
Seed vigour in cultivars of dwarf French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in relation to the colour of the testa
Authors: Powell Alison A. , Oliveira M. De A. , Matthews S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDifferences in the field emergence of 30 commercial seed lots of dwarf French beans were associated with the colour of the testa, the 11 lots with a white testa having a lower mean field emergence of 67% compared with 91% for lots with black (11 lots) or brown (8 lots) testae. The white-seeded lots also had higher leachate conductivities (mean 42 μ S/cm/g) and imbibed more rapidly (an average 43% weight increase after 6 h imbibition) than black- or brown-seeded lots (average 25 μS/cm/g; 30% weight increase). The extent of damage to the testa which was slight in all lots was not related to differences in either the field emergence or rate of imbibition of the lots. In two successive imbibition cycles seeds of Provider (brown testae) took up water far more rapidly in the second imbibition (78% weight increase after 3 h) than the first (25% weight increase). The coloured testae normally adhere very tightly to the cotyledons but were loosened following the first imbibition leading to a more rapid uptake of water. The rapid imbibition of Tenderette (white testae) which has a loose fitting testa even in the dry seed was increased only slightly by a second imbibition. When seeds were imbibed from one end only from which the testa was removed Tenderette imbibed rapidly (90% weight increase after 12 h) whereas in Provider the tightly adhering testa limited the rate of water uptake (42% weight increase after 12 h) despite the ready access of water to the seed. It is suggested that the degree of adherence of the testa to the cotyledons is the major factor influencing the rate of imbibition of cultivars of dwarf French beans differing in testa colour and its role in determining seed vigour is discussed.
The utilization of the metabolizable energy of diets of different protein content by the milk-fed lamb
Authors: Walker D. M. , Norton B. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNineteen male cross-bred lambs, aged between 2 and 5 days, were allotted to each of three dietary treatments for an experimental period of 3 weeks. The protein contents of the diets (on a dry-matter basis) were 12·0% (diet A), 28·5% (diet B) and 45·5% (diet C). The diets were fed as artificial milks that contained 15% total solids, and the energy intakes of groups of lambs within each dietary treatment varied from below maintenance to ad lib.Metabolizable energy (ME) as a percentage of the gross energy was constant for all diets, at all levels of energy intake, at 94·3 ± 0·3%. ME intake was linearly related to energy retention above maintenance with all diets. There was a significant linear decrease in the net efficiency of ME utilization as the protein content of the diet increased. However, the individual regressions did not differ significantly from the common regression coefficient of 0·686 ± 0·018, i.e. a net efficiency of 68·6 ± 1·8%. The individual coefficients were 0·740, 0·679 and 0·634 for diets A, B and C respectively.The ME requirement for energy equilibrium (maintenance) of lambs given diet B (100·4± 11·7 kcal/kg0·73 day) was significantly lower than that of lambs given diet A (126·4 ± 14·3) or diet C (119·2 ± 15·6). The energy costs of fat and protein deposition, calculated by multiple regression analysis of the pooled data, were 11·1 kcal ME per g fat and 8·5 kcal ME per g protein respectively.
The effect of plant population and CCC on Spring wheat varieties with and without a dwarfing gene
Authors: Lovett J. V. , Kirby E. J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe growth and development of the spring wheat varieties Kolibri, Sirius and TB 435 ranging in height from relatively tall to semi-dwarf were compared when sown at 50, 200 and 800 plants m−2, with and without a spray application of CCC at the six-leaf stage. Growth analysis measurements were made throughout the season. Yield and yield components were determined at final harvest.A number of varieties x density and variety x CCC interactions were found which support the hypothesis that genotypic variation and environmentally induced differences in GA metabolism affect the agronomic performance of the crop.
Investigations into the mode of action of farmyard manure. I. The influence of soil moisture conditions on the response of maincrop potatoes to farmyard manure
Authors: Holliday R. , Harris P. M. , Baba M. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. The paper describes ten consecutive field experiments carried out between 1952 and 1961 investigating the action of F.Y.M. on the yield of maincrop potatoes. In all experiments high basal dressings of PK fertilizer were used.2. Soil moisture deficits were estimated from meteorological data and the maximum deficit (M.S.M.D.) in a particular season used as an index of the dryness of the growing season.
The effect of varying the date of application of fertilizer nitrogen on the yield and seasonal productivity of grassland
Authors: Castle M. E. , Reid D. , Heddle R. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Two identical small plot experiments were done from 1961 to 1963, at the Hannah Dairy Research Institute, Ayr and at Boghall Farm, Midlothian to study the effects of applying nitrogen fertilizer at different times on total yield and its seasonal distribution.2. Two perennial rye-grass plus white clover swards, one containing S23 and the other S24, were used at each site. On both swards a total of 10 cwt. of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ (15·5% N)/acre, applied at varying dates over the growing season, and a control treatment which received no nitrogen fertilizer were tested.
The association between depot fat mobilization and the presence of xanthophyll in the plasma of normal sheep
Authors: Patterson D. S. P. 
Published: March 2009

1. Blood plasma of normal fed sheep is not pigmented but on starvation the plasma assumes a yellow to green colour. Unlike the pigments of the so-called yellow fatted sheep, the pigmentation disappears on refeeding.2. Using spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods, this pigment has been identified as xanthophyll (lutein).3. The xanthophyll content of plasma is related to the plasma non-esterified fatty acid (N.E.F.A.) concentration and it therefore appears that the pigment is mobilized from the fat depots together with the free fatty acids. Maximum levels of about 60μg./100 ml. xanthophyll are observed in sheep plasma after 4 days starvation.
Effects of intraperitoneal injections of DL-methionine on the voluntary intake and wool growth of sheep fed sole diets of hay, silage and pasture differing in digestibility
Authors: Barry T. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYPenned Romney wether sheep were fed ad libitum diets of untreated silage and hay made from the same pasture (Expt 1), untreated silage (Expt 2), and high quality fresh pasture (Expt 3). Voluntary intake and wool growth were measured. In each experiment half of the sheep were given intraperitoneal injections three times per week which supplied the equivalent of 1·03 g DL-methionine/day.Relative to silage in Expt 1, hay increased voluntary dry matter intake, depressed apparent nitrogen digestibility and increased wool growth. Methionine supplementation increased voluntary intake and wool growth with animals fed on hay or silage in Expt 1 and with those fed on silage in Expt 2, but had no effect on either variate with the diet of fresh pasture.Wool sulphur content, measured in Expts 2 and 3, was increased by methionine supplementation, and it was calculated that 34 and 15% respectively of the sulphur administered as methionine was recovered in the wool.The effects produced by methionine supplementation in this work are compared with those produced from different forms of post-ruminal amino acid supplementation in sheep fed a variety of diets. Factorial estimates of the requirements for sulphur of sheep and cattle in different physiological states have been calculated, and are discussed in relation to results of trials involving supplementation with sulphur-containing amino acids.
Differences in the concentrations of certain blood constituents among cows in a dairy herd
Authors: Kitchenham Barbara A. , Rowlands G. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYBlood samples were taken on six occasions from a herd of 172 Friesian, Ayrshire and Friesian × Ayrshire dairy cows, and analysed for packed cell volume, blood glucose, haemoglobin and serum albumin, total protein, urea nitrogen, inorganic phosphate, Ca, Mg, K and Na. Differences in blood composition among cows, adjusted for differences in stage of lactation, were demonstrated for all blood constituents (P < 0·001) with the variation among cows proportionally largest for globulin and total protein and smallest for Na. Correlations between blood constituents were for the most part small.Globulin and total protein concentrations increased with age (P < 0·001) and concentrations of inorganic phosphate, albumin, Mg, Na and urea decreased with increasing age (P < 0·001 for inorganic phosphate and Mg, P < 0·01 for albumin, Na and urea). Frequency distributions of the concentrations of the blood constituents adjusted for age and breed showed significant deviations from normality for globulin (P < 0·05) and Hb (P < 0·01).There were significant relationships between the concentrations of globulin and total protein of 43 dams and their daughters (P < 0·01 for globulin, P < 0·05 for total protein). There were also significant differences in groups of daughters of different sires for concentrations of urea, globulin, total protein, albumin, Mg, Ca, K and PCV (P < 0·01 for urea and globulin, P < 0·05 for the other constituents).
Effects of cold treatments on the sprout growth of three potato varieties
Authors: Wurr D. C. E. , Allen E. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA period of storage at 2–3 °C followed by storage at higher temperatures more suitable for sprouting, gave a more rapid and greater total sprout development than that produced by continuous storage in sprouting conditions. The effect on the number of sprouts produced and the potential yield advantages to be gained from increasing sprout development by such a treatment are discussed.
Effects of urea alone or with fungicide on the yield and breadmaking quality of wheat when sprayed at flag leaf and ear emergence
Authors: Gooding M. J. , Kettlewell P. S. , Hocking T. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYUrea (supplying 15 kg N/ha) applied to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) at flag leaf emergence and again at ear emergence improved grain yield in only two, but increased grain nitrogen (N) in four out of five experiments. The size of the improvements in yield and nitrogen content differed over varying sites and seasons but were not affected by cultivar or propiconazole (250 g a.i./ha) plus tridemorph (500 g a.i./ha) fungicide applied with the urea. Breadmaking quality was assessed on grain from one site in 1985 and in 1986. The beneficial effects on loaf quality of urea and fungicide applied separately were reduced when they were applied as a mixture. In 1986 this negative interaction was associated with effects on sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation volume, flour sulphur content (S), N/S ratio and dough resistance. The effect of urea also interacted with cultivar on SDS sedimentation volume in 1985 and dough resistance in 1986.
The response of some barley varieties to irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer
Authors: Kirby E. J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryFour varieties of barley, selected for characteristics which could have value in a barley variety intended primarily for animal food, were compared with the variety Proctor under two levels of irrigation and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer. The exotic varieties yielded less grain and total dry matter than the adapted varieties, but differed in their response to irrigation. This difference was due chiefly to the ability to form extra ears when irrigated and the other yield components were less affected. Nitrogen fertilizer did not affect yield, although more ears were formed in the highlevel than the low-level treatment. The yield of nitrogen in the whole plant and in the yield of grain nitrogen were increased by high-nitrogen fertilizer and one of the exotic varieties was found to be capable of high yields of both grain nitrogen and total nitrogen, but there were no varietal differences in the response to nitrogen fertilizer.The varietal differences in response to irrigation are briefly discussed and related to development and possible drought resistance. The nitrogen yield of the grain is analysed in terms of total nitrogen uptake and distribution within the plant and the possibility of using the variation in these characteristics in a breeding programme is raised.
Influence of organic and inorganic fertilization on the growth and nutrition of rice and fish in a dual culture system
Authors: Ghosh B. C. , Ghosh R. , Mittra B. N. , Mitra A. , Jana M. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYField experiments were conducted for three consecutive years during 1988–90 at a research farm near the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India to study the influence of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the performance of rice and fish in a dual culture system. Under waterlogged conditions the grain yield and dry matter of the rice variety CR1018 was increased both when inorganic N fertilizer (50 kg N/ha) was supplied or when a combination of organic (lOt FYM/ha) and inorganic N fertilizer (25 kg N/ha) were applied as compared with an organic fertilizer alone (20 t FYM/ha). The recovery of N as well as grain yield response per kg of N applied was also greater when inorganic N was applied. On the other hand, the growth of the fish species Java punti (Puntius javanicus) when grown alone (monoculture) and Catla (Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and Java punti (Puntius javanicus) grown together (polyculture) in the rice field was found to be superior when organic fertilizer was applied either alone or in combination with an inorganic fertilizer. The total number of phytoplankton species as food for the fish under organic manuring was more than under inorganic fertilization. In low-lying waterlogged situations (15–45 cm water depth), the total productivity could be increased by supplying the appropriate nutrition to both rice and fish in such dual culture systems.
Effects of soil drought during the generative development phase of faba bean (Vicia faba) on photosynthetic characters and biomass production
Authors: Xia X. Z. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of periods of drought occurring during different phases of reproductive growth of faba bean (Vicia fabaL.) cv. Xichang Dabai on dry matter production, seed yield, photosynthetic rate and stomatal size were investigated in pot experiments in 1987/88 and 1988/89 at Xichang Agricultural College, China. Six treatments were imposed: no drought (control), and drought from floral initiation to first flowering (D1), from first flowering to full bloom (D2), from full bloom to initiation of podset (D3), from initiation of pod-set to full pod-set (D4), and from full pod-set to maturity (D5).Photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, leaf area, stomatal pore breadth, biomass and seed yield were decreased by all drought treatments, but stomatal frequency and respiratory rate were increased. The light saturation point for photosynthesis was decreased from 950 µmol/m2/s (PAR) to 570 µmol/m2/s (PAR) in leaves from drought-stressed plants, which also showed maximum stomatal opening between 08.00 and 11.00 h followed by progressive stomatal closure.The response of faba bean to drought varied during the different reproductive growth stages. Plants subjected to drought at stage D1 were less affected than those at other stages, while plants at stage D4 were most sensitive to drought, which reduced seed yield byc.45% in 1987/88 and byc.43% in 1988/89 relative to the control plants, suggesting that stage D4 is the stage of reproductive development most sensitive to soil drought in the faba bean.
Insulin, prolactin and thyroxine responses to feeding, and to arginine and insulin injections during growth in lambs
Authors: Godden Patricia M. M. , Weekes T. E. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA study was made to determine the effects of feeding, arginine injection (0·5 g/kg live weight) and insulin injection (0·5 i.u./kg live weight) on plasma insulin, prolactin and glucose concentrations in ten growing castrated male lambs. The effect of feeding on thyroxine concentrations was also determined. Each test was performed once in each of four periods which commenced at 84, 98, 113 and 127 days of age respectively.Feeding stimulated the release of insulin and this response was larger during period 4 than period 1. The release of prolactin following feeding did not change with age. Thyroxine concentrations, which were generally higher in periods 1 and 2 than 3 or 4, decreased from 1 to 12 h after feeding.Arginine injection stimulated a similar insulin response in lambs of all ages but the prolactin release following arginine injection diminished with age.Insulin injection caused marked hypoglycaemia in all periods, followed by dramatic increase in prolactin concentrations which increased with age.
The effects of delayed sowing and weather on growth, development and yield of winter oil-seed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: Mendham N. J. , Shipway P. A. , Scott R. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSowing winter oil-seed rape cv. Victor late in autumn (late September or October) in seven seasons from 1970 to 1977 gave enormously variable seed yields, from 120 to 450 g/m2. All crops made little growth before winter, and yield was related to the size of the crop at flowering, a function of the length of time for radiation interception and growth between the ‘beginning of spring’, when mean temperatures rose consistently above 5 °C, and full flower in late May. A late spring in 1970 gave the poorest growth and lowest yield, whereas in 1977 an early spring coincided with late flowering to give exceptional growth, and yields higher than from any early sowing.Crops sown in early autumn (before mid-September) produced more consistent seed yields, 280–360 g/m2, except in the dry year of 1976. All grew well in autumn, overwintered with a large leaf area, and once temperatures rose in spring, rapidly reached peak area and full flower in early May. They were all large at flowering, and yield was apparently limited more by post-flowering events.With all sowings numbers of pods and seeds were largely determined during a 3-week phase in late May and early June, extending from full flower until most pod hulls had finished growing. Late sowings produced 3000–6000 pods/m2, and the number of seeds retained per pod varied widely, from 7 on a poorly grown crop to 22 on a well grown crop, thus expressing the yield potential determined by crop size at flowering. Early sowings, however, produced apparently excessive numbers of pods (6000–12000/m2) and few seeds per pod (6–10), so that yield varied little, regardless of crop size. Early in the phase, when the number of seeds was determined, the mass of yellow flowers at the top of the crop reflected or absorbed up to 60 % of incoming radiation, and then the large number of pods increasingly shaded each other and competed for assimilate, resulting in heavy seed losses. A high-yielding crop type may therefore need to incorporate the restricted pod production and good seed retention of some well-grown latesown crops with the reliability and desirable agronomic features of early-sown crops.Final seed weight varied more between seasons (3·7–5·3 nag) than between sowings. Seed growth mainly took place after the number of seeds had been determined, the duration depending on temperature, but rate of growth apparently more on assimilate supply, a function of environmental factors and the number of competing seeds.
Short-season fodder legume effects on the grain yield and nitrogen economy of barley under dryland conditions
Authors: Giri G. , De R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYField experiments were conducted for 2 years (1977–8 and 1978–9) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi under semi-arid seasonally dry tropical conditions to evaluate the possibility of growing two crops under natural precipitation, where traditionally one crop is grown. Short-season fodder crops of cow pea (Vigna unguiculata), guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), moth bean (V. aconilifolia), soya bean (Glycine max.) or pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) harvested before the end of monsoon rains enabled sufficient recharge of the profile from the precipitation received subsequently to enable barley to be sown in the winter season. Although the pearl millet yielded more biomass, the soil fertility enrichment was greater from the legume fodders. The grain yield and total nitrogen removal by barley was higher after the legume fodders than after the non-legume fodder pearl millet. Benefits from the previous fodder legumes were equivalent to or more than 40 kg N/ha applied to barley crop following a previous crop of pearl millet.
Preferential uptake of ammonium nitrogen from soil by ryegrass under simulated spring conditions
Authors: Watson Catherine J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe15N isotope was used to compare the uptake and recovery of NH4+ and NO3– nitrogen by ryegrass growing in soil under controlled simulated spring conditions when the temperature of the root was appreciably lower than that of the shoot. A preference was shown for NH4+ N over N03– N, particularly at low soil temperatures. The limited uptake of NO3– does not appear to be due to an inhibitory effect of the NH4+ ion. Ryegrass not only absorbed less N from NO3– but also translocated a lower percentage of the total nitrogen taken up, to the shoots, the difference being greatest at low soil temperatures.The results give increasing support for the recommendation that early spring nitrogen should be applied in the NH4+ form. However, the preferential uptake and translocation of NH4+ ions would be of agricultural importance only if it led to an increase in dry-matter production.