bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical Functional Anatomy of Voluntary Saccades in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Rieger Jochem W. , Kim Aleander , Argyelan Miklos , Farber Mark , Glazman Sofya , Liebeskind Marc , Meyer Thomas , Bodis-Wollner Ivan 
Published: February 2012

In Parkinson Disease (PD) several aspects of saccades are affected. The saccade-generating brainstem neurons are spared, however, the signals they receive may be flawed. In particular voluntary saccades suffer, but the functional anatomy of the impairment of saccade-related cortical control is unknown. We measured blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) activation with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) while healthy participants and patients with PD performed horizontal voluntary saccades between peripheral visual targets or fixated centrally. We compared saccade-related BOLD-activity vs. fixation in patients with PD and in healthy controls and correlated perisaccadic BOLD-activity in PD patients with saccade kinetics (multistep saccades). Saccade related BOLD-activation was found in both PD and healthy participants in the superior parietal cortex (PEF) and the occipital cortex. Our results suggest remarkable hypoactivity of the frontal and supplementary eye fields (FEF and SEF) in PD patients. On the other hand, PD patients showed a statistically more reliable BOLD modulation than healthy participants in the posterior cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, precuneus and in the middle temporal gyrus. Given abnormal frontal and normal PEF responses, our results suggest that in PD a frontal cortical circuitry, known to be associated with saccade planning, selection, and predicting a metric error of the saccade, is deficient.
Changes in Brain Function during Administration of Venlafaxine or Placebo to Normal Subjects
Authors: Leuchter Andrew F. , Cook Ian A. , DeBrota David J. , Hunter Aimee M. , Potter William Z. , McGrouther Caroline C. , Morgan Melinda L. , Abrams Michelle , Siegman Barbara 
Published: February 2012

Previous research has demonstrated neurophysiologic effects of antidepressants in depressed subjects. We evaluated neurophysiologic effects of venlafaxine in normal subjects. Healthy adults (n=32) received a 1-week placebo lead-in followed by 4 weeks randomized double-blind treatment with venlafaxine IR 150 mg. (n = 17) or placebo (n = 15). Brain function was examined using quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) power and theta cordance. Normal subjects receiving venlafaxine showed a decrease in theta-band cordance in the midline-and-right-frontal (MRF) region at 48 hours and at 1 week after randomization. Decreases in relative power also were seen in the MRF region; there were no significant changes in absolute power. These changes were significantly different from those in subjects receiving placebo. Changes in MRF cordance accurately identified treatment condition at 48 hours in 81.3% of subjects, and relative power from this region identified 60.7% of subjects. In conclusion, cordance may detect the pharmacological effects of antidepressant medication in normal subjects. Future studies should examine other classes of medication, as well as antidepressants with other mechanisms of action, to determine if cordance detects antidepressant medication effects in general in normal subjects.
Hippocampic Theta Rhythm
Authors: Niedermeyer E. 
Published: February 2012

A prominent theta rhythm dominates the EEG of rodents such as rabbits, rats and mice. This rhythmical activity is preponderant in the hippocampus and may become quite widespread; it is usually arousal-related and generated by cholinergic mechanisms. This pattern has been intensively studied by experimental neuroscientists but is rather little known in circles of clinical electroencephalographers. Hippocampic theta rhythm is also found in canines and felines but at a clearly lesser degree and is practically absent in monkeys and humans. An olfactory memory of the macrosmatic rodents helps us understand “the world in which they live,” their EEG patterns being an objective sign of their neuropsychology.
QEEG Guided Neurofeedback Therapy in Personality Disorders: 13 Case Studies
Authors: Surmeli Tanju , Ertem Ayben 
Published: February 2012

According to DSM-IV, personality disorder constitutes a class only when personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive and cause either significant functional impairment or subjective distress. Classical treatment of choice for personality disorders has been psychotherapy and/or psychopharmacotherapy. Our study is to determine if subjects with antisocial personality disorders will benefit from quantitative EEG (qEEG) guided neurofeedback treatment. Thirteen subjects (9 male, 4 female) ranged in age from 19 to 48 years. All the subjects were free of medications and illicit drugs. We excluded subjects with other mental disorders by clinical assessment. Psychotherapy or psychopharmacotherapy or any other treatment model was not introduced to any of the subjects during or after neurofeedback treatment. For the subject who did not respond to neurofeedback, training was applied with 38 sessions of LORETA neurofeedback training without success. Evaluation measures included qEEG analysis with Nx Link data base, MMPI, T.O.V.A tests and SA-45 questionaries at baseline, and at the end of neurofeedback treatment. Lexicor qEEG signals were sampled at 128 Hz with 30 minutes-neurofeedback sessions completed between 80–120 sessions depending on the case, by Biolex neurofeedback system. At baseline and after every 20 sessions, patients were recorded with webcam during the interview. Twelve out of 13 subjects who received 80–120 sessions of neurofeedback training showed significant improvement based on SA-45 questionaries, MMPI, T.O.V.A. and qEEG/Nx Link data base (Neurometric analysis) results, and interviewing by parent/family members. Neurofeedback can change the view of psychiatrists and psychologists in the future regarding the treatment of personality disorders. This study provides the first evidence for positive effects of neurofeedback treatment in antisocial personality disorders. Further study with controls is warranted.
Design and Validation of an Improved Nonferrous Smoking Device for Self-Administration of Smoked Drugs with Concurrent fMRI Neuroimaging
Authors: Lindsey K.P. , Lukas S.E. , MacLean R.R. , Ryan E.T. , Reed K.R. , de Frederick B.B. 
Published: February 2012

Several popularly abused drugs, such as nicotine (tobacco) and THC (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) (marihuana) are commonly selfadministered by the smoked route. Although the neuronal substrates mediating the effect of smoked drugs are of interest, studies of their acute actions in living human brain has been difficult due to the unique constraints imposed by neuroimaging equipment and scanning environments. We have previously reported a device for the self-administration of smoked drugs with concurrent blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI imaging. Here we report improvements to the device which result in improved drug delivery to the smoker. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of nicotine recovered from filter extracts revealed that the amount of nicotine delivered to subjects smoking with our original device was reduced by approximately 44% compared to nicotine delivered by cigarettes smoked normally. Improvements were made to the smoke delivery component of our apparatus in an attempt to improve drug delivery, while not interfering with collection of MRI data. Nicotine plasma levels in 9 subjects smoking both with and without the improved smoking device in the laboratory were not significantly different. Similarly, the device produced no significant difference in either ratings of the subjective effects of nicotine, or changes in cardiovascular parameters in this experiment. The improved device does not interfere with typical drug effects produced by normal smoking. Phantom scans revealed that BOLD signal was not found to be altered by the (inbore) installation and operation of the improved device. Preliminary data analysis of smoking induced changes in the BOLD response to visual stimulation suggest that this response is not affected by the improved device, the act of smoking, air puffing, nicotine, or other components of cigarette smoke. The improved device does not interfere with the collection of MRI neuroimaging data. Use of this device will facilitate investigations of the acute neuronal effects of smoked drugs.
EEG and Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity Abnormalities in Chronic Cocaine Users
Authors: Copersino Marc L. , Herning Ronald I. , Better Warren , Cadet Jean-Lud , Gorelick David A. 
Published: February 2012

EEG and cerebral blood flow abnormalities have been documented in chronic cocaine abusers. To identify possible relationships between EEG and blood flow changes and their relationship to the intensity of cocaine use, we recorded the resting eyes-closed EEG and anterior (ACA) and middle (MCA) cerebral artery blood flow velocity during systole (VS) and diastole (VD) by transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography of 99 (76 male, 23 female; mean [SD] age 34.3 [5.2] years, 8.6 [5.5] years of cocaine use, 17.8 [7.7] days of cocaine use in month prior to screening) cocaine users within 5 days of admission to a closed research unit. Forty-two non-drug-using, age-matched control subjects (22 male, 20 female) were tested as outpatients. A 3-minute period of resting EEG was recorded from 16 standard scalp electrodes. Artifact-free EEG was converted to six frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1 and beta2) using a Fast Fourier Transform. Pulsatility index (PI) was calculated as a measure of small vessel resistance. Cocaine users had decreased VD and increased PI in the MCA, with no difference in VS, and reduced EEG theta, beta1 and beta2 absolute power in posterior brain regions. Recent cocaine use was positively associated with MCA PI (r = 0.27, p < 0.001) and negatively associated with low frequency EEG power (delta power: r = −0.25, p < 0.002; theta power: r = −0.29, p< 0.001). EEG beta1 (r = −0.211, p < 0.05) and beta2 (r = −0.176, p < 0.05) power measures were correlated with PI. These observations suggest that EEG and TCD changes reflect related physiological processes during early cocaine abstinence.
Evidence-Based Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy of Resting EEG in Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Jelic Vesna , Kowalski Jan 
Published: February 2012

Cognitive impairment is the most frequent chronic condition in the elderly, and dementia is the most disabling form of cognitive impairment in elderly. In the absence of specific and reliable markers of etiologically different dementia syndromes and their preclinical stages, diagnosis in living patients is probabilistic and based on standardized clinical diagnostic criteria. There is still not enough information on the validity of the EEG method in dementia work-up, and an updated evidence-based consensus on appropriateness of this method in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected cognitive disorder and dementia is missing. Using an evidence-based technique we searched for articles on diagnostic accuracy of spontaneous EEG in dementia disorders published from 1980 until June 2008. Inclusion criteria were: original article published in English with 10 or more subjects per diagnostic group, diagnosed according to the established consensus clinical diagnostic criteria used as a “gold standard.” In addition, it should have been possible to calculate from the reported results indexes of diagnostic test accuracy: sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and diagnostic odds ratios. Forty-six articles were retrieved that satisfied eligibility criteria. Thirty-four (74%) studies employed case-control design where study population was recruited from consecutive patients at specialist clinic settings, 12 (26%) were prospective in terms of reported clinical follow-up of study population. Four (9%) studies used population-based samples and 5 (11%) studies stated in methods the recruitment procedures for patients and healthy subjects. Number of patients included in diagnostic groups and healthy subjects varied in included studies between 10 and 180 and 10 and 171, respectively. Figures on sensitivity and specificity across the studies varied widely. Positive likelihood ratio in studies reporting classification accuracies between Alzheimer's disease and controls ranged between 2.3 and 38.5, and diagnostic odds ratios consequently showed large variations between 7 and 219. In conclusion, despite the wealth of published research and reported high indexes of diagnostic accuracy of EEG, and qEEG in particular, in individual studies, evidence of diagnostic utility of resting EEG in dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is still not sufficient to establish this method for the initial evaluation of subjects with cognitive impairment in the routine clinical practice. Joint effort of preferably multicenter studies using uniform standards should develop optimized methods, investigate added diagnostic value of EEG in clinically established dementia diagnosis and predictive utility of EEG in MCI and questionable dementia.
Meta-Analysis of EEG Biofeedback in Treating Epilepsy
Authors: Tan Gabriel , Thornby John , Hammond D. Corydon , Strehl Ute , Canady Brittany , Arnemann Kelly , Kaiser David A. 
Published: February 2012

About one third of patients with epilepsy do not benefit from medical treatment. For these patients electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback is a viable alternative. EEG biofeedback, or neurofeedback, normalizes or enhances EEG activity by means of operant conditioning. While dozens of scientific reports have been published on neurofeedback for seizure disorder, most have been case series with too few subjects to establish efficacy. The purpose of this paper is to meta-analyze existing research on neurofeedback and epilepsy. We analyzed every EEG biofeedback study indexed in MedLine, PsychInfo, and PsychLit databases between 1970 and 2005 on epilepsy that provided seizure frequency change in response to feedback. Sixty-three studies have been published, 10 of which provided enough outcome information to be included in a meta-analysis. All studies consisted of patients whose seizures were not controlled by medical therapies, which is a very important factor to keep in mind when interpreting the results. Nine of 10 studies reinforced sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) while 1 study trained slow cortical potentials (SCP). All studies reported an overall mean decreased seizure incidence following treatment and 64 out of 87 patients (74%) reported fewer weekly seizures in response to EEG biofeedback. Treatment effect was mean log (post/pre) where pre and post represent number of seizures per week prior to treatment and at final evaluation, respectively. Due to prevalence of small groups, Hedges's g was computed for effect size. As sample heterogeneity was possible (Q test, p=.18), random effects were assumed and the effect of intervention was −0.233, SE= 0.057, z [Formula: see text] −4.11, p<.001. Based on this meta-analysis, EEG operant conditioning was found to produce a significant reduction on seizure frequency. This finding is especially noteworthy given the patient group, individuals who had been unable to control their seizures with medical treatment.
Changes in Midlatency Auditory Evoked Potentials following Two Yoga-Based Relaxation Techniques
Authors: Subramanya Pailoor , Telles Shirley 
Published: February 2012

Practicing meditation while focusing on a sound or a symbol influenced midlatency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEPs). Cyclic meditation (CM) is a technique combining yoga postures with meditation while supine, which has influenced the P300 event-related potential. The effects of CM on MLAEPs have not been previously studied. The MLAEPs were studied before and after the practice of CM compared to an equal duration of supine rest (SR) in 47 male volunteers (group mean age 26.5 ± 4.4 years), recorded from the vertex referenced to linked earlobes. The sessions were one day apart and subjects were randomly assigned to each session. The Pa wave peak latency and Nb wave peak latency significantly increased following CM compared to before CM (repeated measures ANOVA, post-hoc analysis with least significant difference, p<0.05). There was a significant increase in the peak amplitude of the Nb wave ( p<0.05) compared to before CM. Post SR there was a significant increase in the peak latency of the Na wave ( p<0.05) compared to before SR. In conclusion following CM the latencies of neural generators corresponding to cortical areas is prolonged, whereas following SR a similar change occurs at mesencephalic-diencephalic levels.
Benign Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes: An Ictal EEG
Authors: Tedrus G.M.A.S. , Fonseca L.C. , Castilho D.P. , Bossoni A.S. 
Published: February 2012

Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is common during childhood, but there are few reports in the literature recording the EEG during a seizure. We studied an 8-year-old boy with oropharyngeal seizures during wakefulness and sleep. Both his neuropsychomotor development and neurological examination were normal. While awake, the subjects's electroencephalogram (EEG) showed normal background activity and epileptiform activity characterized by spikes in the temporal regions (mid and anterior), central region of the right cerebral hemisphere and in the median central and parietal regions. During sleep, his EEG recorded an epileptic seizure that lasted 46 seconds. In the initial phase, the EEG showed an increase in the number of spikes with higher potential in the median central and parietal regions, followed by slow waves associated with the increase in slow waves in the right hemisphere. This was followed by a brief decrease in amplitude of the background activity, and then by rhythmic, diffuse discharges predominantly in the right centrotemporal region, of sharp waves at 12–13 Hz, with increasing potential. Slow waves of high amplitude then occurred for 5 seconds, and finally very high potential spikes reappeared in the central and temporal regions of the right cerebral hemisphere with normalization of the background activity. During these critical phases of the EEG, clonic lip movements and pouting could be observed with the mouth locked shut, associated with “throat noises,” but there were no other motor manifestations. The child did not wake up during the seizure and there were no postictal signs or symptoms. Although there are some aspects in common in recordings of BECTS seizures, such as a reduction in amplitude followed by rhythmic discharges of increasing amplitude, differences exist that possibly correspond to the diverse characteristics of the electrical generators.
Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus Presenting with Throat Clearing as Part of Clinical Seizure Semiology
Authors: Sethi Nitin K. , Torgovnick Josh , Sethi Prahlad K. , Arsura Edward 
Published: February 2012

Oro-alimentary automatisms such as chewing movements, lip-smacking, repeated snuffling, swallowing and retching have been reported with seizures usually of temporal lobe origin. Throat clearing, usually along with other vegetative signs, has been reported in patients with temporal and rarely extra-temporal lobe epilepsy. We report a case of a 93-year-old woman admitted with acute right temporo-occipital stroke. Repeated throat clearing episodes raised suspicion for complex partial seizures. Video-EEG recording confirmed frequent right hemispheric focal seizures originating from the right posterior temporal area concordant with her cortical stroke. The value of throat clearing as a sign of complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin and its lateralizing and localizing value is discussed.
Effectiveness of Neurofeedback Training as a Treatment for Opioid-Dependent Patients
Authors: Arani Fateme Dehghani , Rostami Reza , Nostratabadi Masoud 
Published: February 2012

Neurofeedback (NF) training has been employed as a therapeutic method in substance-dependence disorder over the last three decades. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of this method on improvement of comorbid neuro-psychological syndromes in opioid-dependence disorder. Psychopathological and craving dimensions and brain activity signals of 20 opioid dependent patients were measured using Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), Heroin Craving Questionnaire (HCQ), and Quantitative Electroencephalography (QEEG). All the patients were undergoing pharmacotherapy. They were assigned to two groups that were matched based on SCL-90-R scores, education and age. The experimental group received 30 sessions of NF training in addition to their medicine. The control group received only the usual pharmacotherapy. The probable changes were monitored by reappraisal of all the patients after the treatment. We hypothesized that patients in the experimental group would show more reduction in their comorbid syndromes. The Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) showed that the experimental group, in comparison with control group, showed significantly more improvement in all three outcome measures. In the SCL-90-R, improvement was noted with the hypochondriacs, obsession, interpersonal sensitivity, aggression, psychosis, and general symptomatic indexes. In the HCQ, improvement was found in the anticipation of positive outcome, desire to use substance, and total average score. Finally, the QEEG showed positive changes in frontal, central and parietal delta, frontal and central theta, parietal alpha and frontal and central Sensory Motor Rhythm (SMR) amplitudes. This study suggests that NF can be used as a therapeutic method to ameliorate abnormalities related to opioid-dependence disorders. The results emphasize the importance of neuropsychological interventions in treatment of substance-dependence disorders.
Girls with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: EEG Differences between DSM-IV Types
Authors: Dupuy Franca E. , Clarke Adam R. , Barry Robert J. , McCarthy Rory , Selikowitz Mark 
Published: February 2012

This study investigated EEG differences between the Combined and Inattentive types of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) in girls. Thirty girls with AD/HD of the Combined type, 30 girls with the Inattentive type, and 30 controls (aged 8–12 years) had a resting eyes-closed EEG recorded from 21 electrodes. The EEG was Fast Fourier Transformed and estimates for total power, and absolute and relative power in the delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency bands, were analyzed in nine cortical regions. Across the scalp, girls with AD/HD had elevated total power, elevated absolute delta and theta, reduced relative delta and beta, and increased relative theta compared with controls. Compared with the Inattentive group, the Combined group had greater right hemisphere absolute theta and greater midline posterior absolute beta activity. The Combined group also had reduced right hemisphere relative delta, greater left hemisphere relative theta, reduced midline posterior relative alpha and reduced central relative beta activity. In conclusion, girls with AD/HD had increased slow wave (delta and theta) activity and reduced beta activity, which are robust results in the predominantly-male AD/HD literature, and exhibited the elevated theta/beta abnormality. The lack of global differences between DSM-IV AD/HD types differs from previous studies of boys and mixed-sex groups. The present results highlight the homogeneity of EEG profiles in AD/HD girls, which could be due to sex-bias in the diagnostic criteria. This study is the first to investigate EEG differences between the Inattentive and Combined types of AD/HD with a purely female sample.