bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relations between disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge and the length of teaching experience of biology and geography teachers
Authors: And Ron Hoz , Tomer Ytzak , Tamir Pinchas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractConcept mapping was used to tap the conceptual disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge of seven biology and six geography teachers with short or long teaching experience. Based on five knowledge structure dimensions, the results were that (1) the disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge of teachers of both biology and geography is quite unsatisfactory; (2) the two types of knowledge did not improve with experience and the latter slightly deteriorated; and (3) the teachers mastered their disciplinary knowledge better than their pedagogical knowledge. The results are discussed in relation to the nature of the instructional activities and the different status of the disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge in teaching.
Concept maps as a heuristic for science curriculum development: Toward improvement in process and product
Authors: Starr Mary L. , Krajcik Joseph S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article outlines the use of concept maps as a tool for science curriculum development and discusses the changes that occur in the teacher's view of the curriculum with successive revisions of the maps. Although we have used concept mapping in curriculum development with teachers from grades 4–8, we describe in detail the maps created by sixth‐grade teachers. We analyzed the maps using three criteria: hierarchical structure, progressive differentiation, and integrative reconciliation. Changes made to the maps during the revision process, including additions and deletions, show increased clarification of both the concepts to be learned and the connections between them. Consecutive map revisions show the development of a cohesive conceptual grade‐six science curriculum. The use of concept maps can help science teachers develop science curriculum that is hierarchically arranged, integrated, and conceptually driven.
Semantic networking: The new kid on the block
Authors: Fisher Kathleen M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article briefly describes the SemNet™ software and some of its uses as an educational and research tool, with emphasis on the similarities and differences between concept mapping and semantic networking. A semantic network captures (in part) each concept's position in psychological space, identifying both the other concepts to which it is connected and the nature of the links that bind them. Computer‐based semantic networks differ from paper‐and‐pencil maps in that they are n‐dimensional; each concept can be linked to many other concepts; relations are bidirectional; representations can include images, text, and sound; and nets can be very large. Disadvantages of SemNet™ networks include (a) the difficulties in obtaining a clear overview and (b) the homogeneous nature of the representations, in which all links look alike. Advantages include the ability to integrate ideas across a large knowledge base, the ease and rapidity of net creation, the ease with which elements (concepts, relations, or propositions) can be found within nets, and the utility of nets as self‐study tools. Concept mapping and semantic networking are complementary strategies that can be used effectively in tandem to help students learn, to help teachers teach, and to support cognitive research.
Students' misunderstandings and misconceptions in college freshman chemistry (general and organic)
Authors: Zoller Uri 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBoth chemistry teachers and nonmajor students appear to agree that freshman chemistry may well be the most problematic traditional science discipline taught in the first year of college—as far as students' misunderstandings, learning difficulties, and misconceptions are concerned. The above is probably due to the many abstract, nonintuitive concepts, which are not directly interrelated. Consequently, in such cases, the powerful, general teaching strategy of “concept mapping” must be replaced by alternative, specific strategies. Selected illustrative examples of students' learning difficulties and misconceptions in freshman general and organic chemistry are presented in the students' terms, followed by the corresponding successfully applied, specific, concept‐oriented, eclectic intervention strategies the author uses in order to overcome the difficulties. Based on longitudinal in‐class observations, interpretive study, and analysis it is suggested that those students' misconceptions in freshman chemistry which are not interrelated logically and/or derived from one another are not prone to the general “concept mapping” approach and should be dealt with by using the appropriate, specific teaching strategy.
Soft clustering for information retrieval applications
Authors: Bordogna Gloria , Pasi Gabriella 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper overviews soft clustering algorithms applied in the context of information retrieval (IR). First, a motivation of the utility of soft clustering approaches in IR is discussed. Then, an outline of the two main flat soft approaches, namely probabilistic clustering and fuzzy clustering, is described. Specifically, the expectation maximization and fuzzy c‐means algorithms are introduced, and some of their extensions defined to overcome their main drawbacks when applied for organizing large document collections. Finally, soft hierarchical clustering algorithms designed for generating taxonomies of documents are introduced. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2011 1 138‐146 DOI: 10.1002/widm.3This article is categorized under:Algorithmic Development > Hierarchies and TreesFundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Information RepositoriesTechnologies > Computational IntelligenceTechnologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Ethical problems in community treatment of the chronically mentally ill
Authors: Diamond Ronald J. , Wikler Daniel I. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCommunity support programs for the chronically mentally ill often confront ethical problems that are different from those faced by other areas of psychiatry. Confidentiality and coercion need to be reconsidered within the special context of assertive community treatment, along with the question, Whose agent is the treatment team?
Zur Kristallchemie von Oxoniccolaten der Alkali‐, Erdalkali‐ und Seltenerdmetalle
Authors: Müller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis review describes features of the crystal chemistry of oxoniccolates containing large cations like alkali‐, alkaline earth and rare earth metals. Starting with alkali‐oxoniccolates it is shown that Ni+ exhibits the unusual coordination number CN = 2 (dumbbells) in K2/ Rb2/ Na2NiO2 and K3NiO2. K2NiO2 is the only known oxoniccolat showing O–Ni–O‐dumbbells with nickel in the oxidation state Ni2+. The trigonal planar coordination (found within silver‐oxocompounds) is restricted to Ba3NiO4 and K9Ni2O7. Square planar polygons (NiO4) are found in Nd4Ni3O8; Na2NiO2; Ki2NiO2; BaNiO2 and SrNiO2 for example. A special quality in the crystal chemistry of connected square planar NiO4‐polygons is the formation of Ni6O12‐rings in Ba2NaNi3O6. There are two compounds showing Ni3+O4‐tetrahedra: K9Ni2O7 and Na5NiO4. All the other oxoniccolates exhibit octahedral or trigonal prismatic coordination of nickel by oxygen. Always of interest are the so called one dimensional oxides, showing chains of two times face‐shared octahedra and/or trigonal prisms, found in Sr3Yb0.89NiO6, Sr3PbNiO6; Sr12Ni7.5O27; Sr4Ni3O9; BaNi0.83O2.5 and NaSr12Ni7O23. Large chains of the type –[(octahedron)2–(prism)–(octahedron)2–prism–(octahedron)3–(prism)–(octahedron)2–(prism)–(octahedron)2]– filled by Ni3+ and Ni4+ are found in Sr9Ni6.64O21. Many of the oxidation states of nickel are published with non integral valence states like Ni2.667+, Ni2.5+, Ni2.292+, Ni3.614. Using calculations of the Coulomb‐terms of lattice energy most of the mixed valences could be split up in integral numbers protecting the electro neutrality between metal ions and oxygen.
Is psychoeducation for parents and teachers of children and adolescents with ADHD efficacious? A systematic literature review
Authors: Montoya A. , Colom F. , Ferrin M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo identify evidence from comparative studies on the effects of psychoeducation programs on clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with ADHD.MethodArticles published between January 1980 and July 2010 were searched through electronic databases and hand search. A qualitative systematic review of comparative studies of psychoeducation in ADHD was performed. Psychoeducation was considered if studies use a specific therapeutic program focusing on the didactically communication of information and provide patients and families with coping skills.ResultsSeven studies were identified (four randomized-controlled trials, three uncontrolled pre-post treatment designs). Studies differed on whether psychoeducation approaches were applied to parents of ADHD children (three studies), to ADHD children/adolescents and their families (three studies) or to their teachers (one study). Positive outcomes measured as improvement on a number of different variables, including patient's behavior, parent and child satisfaction, child's knowledge of ADHD, children's opinion of the use of medication and adherence to medical recommendations were found.ConclusionsAlthough available evidence is limited and some findings may be difficult to be interpreted, the positive role of psychoeducation and other educational interventions in children and adolescents with ADHD in regard to several outcome measures is supported by most of the literature referenced in this review.
Parotid mass: an unusual presentation of gastroesophageal malignancy
Authors: Mohyuddin H , Mahrous A , Sharma V , Gluckman P 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective:To report an extremely rare case of gastroesophageal carcinoma presenting initially with salivary gland metastasis.Method:Case report and English language literature review concerning metastasis of adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction, with emphasis on clinical presentation.Results:A 66-year-old man presented to the ENT rapid-access clinic with a right-sided neck swelling located in the tail of the right parotid gland. Fine needle aspiration cytology suggested adenocarcinoma. An urgent Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy (OGD) and biopsy confirmed the presence of the primary tumour at the gastroesophageal junction.Conclusion:To our best knowledge, this is the first report in the English language literature of a parotid mass as the presenting feature of gastroesophageal carcinoma.
Microwave shielding of HiPco carbon nanotube films
Authors: MORADI AFSHIN , TEIMOURPOUR MOHAMMAD HOSAIN 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe theoretical study of microwave characteristics of a thin film of hydrogen plasma in carbon nanotubes, which were grown by iron-catalyzed high-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionation, is presented. The system is assumed to be illuminated by either a transverse magnetic (TM) or a transverse electric (TE) waves at an arbitrary angle of incidence to the film. By considering the interference effects because of multiple reflections between thin plasma layer interfaces, the reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance of microwave radiation at the plasma film are deduced and their functional dependence on the continuous changing of the angle of propagation and plasma thickness with fixed parameters of the system are studied. The simulation results show that for the present system, the interference effects lead to a sinusoidal variation of the reflected intensity and can greatly reduce the amount of reflection power, but the absorption power increases. In addition, it is found that the TE and TM waves have largely indistinguishable microwave absorption and transmission spectrums.
The evolution and psychology of self-deception
Authors: von Hippel William , Trivers Robert 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this article we argue that self-deception evolved to facilitate interpersonal deception by allowing people to avoid the cues to conscious deception that might reveal deceptive intent. Self-deception has two additional advantages: It eliminates the costly cognitive load that is typically associated with deceiving, and it can minimize retribution if the deception is discovered. Beyond its role in specific acts of deception, self-deceptive self-enhancement also allows people to display more confidence than is warranted, which has a host of social advantages. The question then arises of how the self can be both deceiver and deceived. We propose that this is achieved through dissociations of mental processes, including conscious versus unconscious memories, conscious versus unconscious attitudes, and automatic versus controlled processes. Given the variety of methods for deceiving others, it should come as no surprise that self-deception manifests itself in a number of different psychological processes, and we discuss various types of self-deception. We then discuss the interpersonal versus intrapersonal nature of self-deception before considering the levels of consciousness at which the self can be deceived. Finally, we contrast our evolutionary approach to self-deception with current theories and debates in psychology and consider some of the costs associated with self-deception.
Belief in God and in strong government as accidental cognitive by-products
Authors: Kramer Peter , Bressan Paola 
Published: February 2011

AbstractVon Hippel & Trivers (VH&T) interpret belief in God and belief in strong government as the outcome of an active process of self-deception on a worldwide scale. We propose, instead, that these beliefs might simply be a passive spin-off of efficient cognitive processes.
Evolution, lies, and foresight biases
Authors: Suddendorf Thomas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHumans are not the only animals to deceive, though we might be the only ones that lie. The arms race von Hippel & Trivers (VH&T) propose may have only started during hominin evolution. VH&T offer a powerful theory, and I suggest it can be expanded to explain why there are systematic biases in human foresight.
Deceiving ourselves about self-deception
Authors: Harnad Stevan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWere we just the Darwinian adaptive survival/reproduction machines von Hippel & Trivers invoke to explain us, the self-deception problem would not only be simpler, but also nonexistent. Why would unconscious robots bother to misinform themselves so as to misinform others more effectively? But as we are indeed conscious rather than unconscious robots, the problem is explaining the causal role of consciousness itself, not just its supererogatory tendency to misinform itself so as to misinform (or perform) better.
Self-deception, lying, and the ability to deceive
Authors: Vrij Aldert 
Published: February 2011

AbstractVon Hippel & Trivers (VH&T) argue that people become effective liars through self-deception. It can be said, however, that people who believe their own stories are not lying. VH&T also argue that people are quite good lie detectors, but they provide no evidence for this, and the available literature contradicts their claim. Their reasons to negate this evidence are unconvincing.
Self-deception, social desirability, and psychopathology
Authors: Preti Antonio , Miotto Paola 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSocial desirability can be conceived as a proxy for self-deception, as it involves a positive attribution side and a denial side. People with mental disorders have lower scores on measures of social desirability, which could depend on cognitive load caused by symptoms. This suggests that self-deception is an active strategy and not merely a faulty cognitive process.
Self-deception: A paradox revisited
Authors: Bandura Albert 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA major challenge to von Hippel & Trivers's evolutionary analysis of self-deception is the paradox that one cannot deceive oneself into believing something while simultaneously knowing it to be false. The authors use biased information seeking and processing as evidence that individuals knowingly convince themselves of the truth of their falsehood. Acting in ways that keep one uninformed about unwanted information is self-deception. Acting in selectively biasing and misinforming ways is self-bias.
Self-deception is adaptive in itself
Authors: Egan Louisa C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractVon Hippel & Trivers reason that the potential benefits of successfully deceiving others provide a basis for the evolution of self-deception. However, as self-deceptive processes themselves provide considerable adaptive value to an individual, self-deception may have evolved as an end in itself, rather than as the means to an end of improving other-deception.
Choice blindness and the non-unitary nature of the human mind
Authors: Johansson Petter , Hall Lars , Gärdenfors Peter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractExperiments on choice blindness support von Hippel & Trivers's (VH&T's) conception of the mind as fundamentally divided, but they also highlight a problem for VH&T's idea of non-conscious self-deception: If I try to trick you into believing that I have a certain preference, and the best way is to also trick myself, I might actually end up having that preference,at all levels of processing.
Is social interaction based on guile or honesty?
Authors: Brooks Matthew L. , Swann William B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractVon Hippel & Trivers suggest that people enhance their own self-views as a means of persuading others to adopt similarly inflated perceptions of them. We question the existence of a pervasive desire for self-enhancement, noting that the evidence the authors cite could reflect self-verification strivings or no motive whatsoever. An identity negotiation framework provides a more tenable approach to social interaction.
Domains of deception
Authors: Buss David M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe von Hippel & Trivers theory of self-deception will gain added traction by identifying psychological design features that come into play in different domains of deception. These include the domains of mating, kinship, coalition formation, status hierarchy negotiation, parenting, friendship, and enmity. Exploring these domains will uncover psychological adaptations and sex-differentiated patterns of self-deception that are logically entailed by their theory.
Mathematicians and the Nation in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century as Reflected in the Luigi Cremona Correspondence
Authors: Gasca Ana Millán 
Published: February 2011

ArgumentUp until the French Revolution, European mathematics was an “aristocratic” activity, the intellectual pastime of a small circle of men who were convinced they were collaborating on a universal undertaking free of all space-time constraints, as they believed they were ideally in dialogue with the Greek founders and with mathematicians of all languages and eras. The nineteenth century saw its transformation into a “democratic” but also “patriotic” activity: the dominant tendency, as shown by recent research to analyze this transformation, seems to be the national one, albeit accompanied by numerous analogies from the point of view of the processes of national evolution, possibly staggered in time. Nevertheless, the very homogeneity of the individual national processes leads us to view mathematics in the context of the national-universal tension that the spread of liberal democracy was subjected to over the past two centuries. In order to analyze national-universal tension in mathematics, viewed as an intellectual undertaking and a profession of the new bourgeois society, it is necessary to investigate whether the network of international communication survived the political, social, and cultural upheavals of the French Revolution and the European wars waged in the early nineteenth century, whether national passions have transformed this network, and if so, in what way. Luigi Cremona's international correspondence indicates that relationships among individuals have been restructured by the force of national membership, but that the universal nature of mathematics has actually been boosted by a vision shared by mathematicians from all countries concerning the role of their discipline in democratic and liberal society as the basis of scientific culture and technological innovation, as well as a basic component of public education.
The role of fixed cost in international environmental negotiations
Authors: BAYRAMOGLU BASAK , JACQUES JEAN-FRANÇOIS 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTWe investigate the relative efficiency of an agreement based on a uniform standard without transfers and one based on differentiated standards with transfers when strictly identical countries deal with transboundary pollution. We especially ask what role fixed cost plays. Two approaches are examined: the Nash bargaining solution, involving two countries, and the coalition formation framework, involving numerous countries and emphasizing self-enforcing agreements. In the former, in terms of welfare, strictly identical countries may wish to reduce their emissions in a non-uniform way under the differentiated agreement. For this result to hold, the fixed cost of investment in abatement technology must be sufficiently high. The nature of the threat point of negotiations, however, also plays a crucial role. As concerns global abatement, the two countries abate more under the uniform agreement than under the differentiated one. In terms of coalition formation when numerous countries are involved, a grand coalition could emerge under a differentiated agreement.
A tool for assessing healthy food knowledge in 5–6-year-old Australian children
Authors: Zarnowiecki Dorota , Dollman James , Sinn Natalie 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveIn the early years of life, influential attributes are formed and may be difficult to change later in life. Early childhood is now recognised as a key target in the prevention of overweight and obesity, and the knowledge that children gain at this time about food and its health benefits may have an important influence on their dietary choices and preferences in later life. Therefore, an activity was designed using age-appropriate methods to assess nutrition knowledge of young children.DesignThe Healthy Food Knowledge Activity was developed using a list of thirty healthy and unhealthy foods and drinks generated from the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating.SettingThe activity was conducted with individual children from reception classes of South Australian schools.SubjectsChildren aged 5–6 years undertook the activity in a pilot study (n 13) and in the main study (n 192).ResultsPilot data indicated good test–retest reliability of the activity (r = 0·84, P < 0·01). In the main study, there was a good distribution of scores with acceptable skewness and kurtosis statistics. A breakdown of responses indicated good face validity, with more obvious foods being more correctly classified.ConclusionsChildren as young as 5–6 years of age can correctly identify healthy foods, and this can be measured objectively. This activity also provides interesting insights regarding misconceptions about foods that could be attributed to influences such as media advertising and that can be addressed by educators of this age group.