bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enlightenment and the GM floodplain
Authors: Lewin John 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTIn the last 400 years floodplains in England and Wales have changed drastically. This has been steered by changes brought about through diverse human activities including river regulation for transport, water abstraction and power generation; mining, industrial and urban pollution; the spread of buildings and transport link construction; land drainage; minimization of flood risk through engineering; floodplain gravel extraction; and environment redesign for recreation and conservation.Adding to the evolving complexity of floodplains, a sequence of post‐Enlightenment impacts from the earliest of industrial societies provides an interesting precursor for other transforming global systems. Historical and sedimentological evidence for this history is available, despite limited quantitative monitoring data. A four‐phase floodplain transformation model is presented for the period.Novel patterns of erosion and sedimentation (in location and quality) have emerged as geomorphological processes have continued in ‘genetically‐modified’ form. Problems building up for the future are likely to rest particularly with more extreme events. Understanding the last four centuries of floodplain history can aid enlightened remedies and adaptations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphodynamics of an extended bar complex, Fraser River, British Columbia
Authors: Ham Darren , Church Michael 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTWe investigate large‐scale morphologic changes over a 65‐year period in a major sedimentation zone within the 50‐km long wandering gravel‐bed reach of lower Fraser River, British Columbia. This reach remains in a relatively pristine state compared with many major rivers in populated regions even though various forms of human interference have occurred over the past century to mitigate flooding and erosion concerns. A template of channel evolutionary development is identified, consisting of extended periods of orderly accretion of unit bars by deposition of gravel sheets, controlled by the major riffles in the river. When this process constricts channel conveyance an avulsion occurs and the major bar complexes are reorganized. The recognition of fairly predictable short‐term behavior can potentially aid the development of models of sediment transport and channel evolution. Accordingly, results of the detailed descriptive analysis are compared with a GIS‐based probabilistic approach developed from transition‐state analysis. This reveals that the river has a far stronger tendency to retain its existing morphology than to change its form within a roughly decennial time scale – regardless of the magnitude of intervening flows – but that this tendency gradually declines over time as major bar and island complexes are re‐worked by sediment exchange. The timescale for major bar development appears to be of the order 30 years, while complete sediment exchange occurs within a century. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annual fossil organic carbon delivery due to mechanical and chemical weathering of marly badlands areas
Authors: Graz Yann , Di‐Giovanni Christian , Copard Yoann , Mathys Nicolle , Cras Alexandre , Marc Vincent 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTA key issue in the study of the carbon cycle is constraining the stocks and fluxes in and between C‐reservoirs. Among these, the role and importance of fossil organic carbon (FOC) release by weathering of outcropping sedimentary rocks on continental surfaces is still debated and remains poorly constrained. Our work focuses on FOC fluxes due to chemical and mechanical weathering of marls in two experimental watersheds with typical badlands geomorphology (Draix watersheds, Laval and Moulin, Alpes de Haute Provence, France). Organic matter from bedrock, soil litter and riverine particles are characterized by Rock‐Eval 6 pyrolysis. FOC fluxes due to mechanical weathering are then estimated by monitoring the annual particulate solid exports at the outlets of the watersheds (1985–2005 period). FOC fluxes from chemical weathering were calculated using Ca2+ concentrations in dissolved loads (year 2002) to assess the amount of FOC released by the dissolution of the carbonate matrix. Results show that FOC delivery is mainly driven by mechanical weathering, with a yield ranging from 30 to 59 t km‐2 yr‐1 in the Moulin (0.08 km2) and Laval (0.86 km2) catchments, respectively, (1985–2005 average). The release of FOC attributed to chemical weathering was 2.2 to 4.2 t km‐2 for the year 2002. These high FOC fluxes from badlands are similar to those observed in tectonically active mountain catchments. At a regional scale, badland outcropping within the Durance watershed does not exceed 0.25% in area of the Rhône catchment, but could annually deliver 12 000 t yr‐1 of FOC. This flux could correspond to 27% of the total particulate organic carbon (POC) load exported by the Rhône River to the Mediterranean Sea. At a global scale, our findings suggest that erosion of badlands may contribute significantly to the transfer of FOC from continental surfaces to depositional environments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decadal‐scale gravel beach evolution on a tectonically‐uplifting coast: Wellington, New Zealand
Authors: Olson David , Kennedy David M. , Dawe Iain , Calder Miles 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTUplift of the shoreline in tectonically‐active areas can have a profound influence on geomorphology changing the entire process dynamics of the coast as the landforms are removed from the influence of the sea. Over decadal timescales it is possible for the landforms to return to their pre‐earthquake condition and this paper examines the re‐establishment of mixed sand and gravel beaches on the coast of Wellington, New Zealand, subsequent to an uplift event in 1855. Over 60 topographic profiles were surveyed, seven sets of aerial photographs from a 67 year period were mapped and sediment size analyses conducted in order to quantify the nature of beach change following uplift, and associated relative sea level fall. These data were supported by surveys using ground penetrating radar. It is found that uplift raised the gravel beaches out of the swash zone thereby removing them from the littoral zone. Intertidal rocky reefs which occur between each embayment were also uplifted during the same event and completely interrupted the longshore transport system. Continued input of gravel material to the littoral zone allowed beaches to re‐establish sequentially along the coast as each embayment was infilled with sediment. This reconnection of the embayments with the longshore drift system is associated with the beach planform being initially drift dominated during infill but then switching to swash alignment once the embayment becomes infilled. This has resulted in shoreline accretion of over 100 m in some places, at rates of up to 4 m/yr, covering shore protection works built in the past few decades. The ability of the shore to adjust back to its pre‐uplift condition appears to be a function of the accommodation space created during uplift and the rate of sediment supply. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow in a tightly curving meander bend: effects of seasonal changes in aquatic macrophyte cover
Authors: Schnauder I. , Sukhodolov A. N. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe effects of aquatic macrophytes on flow and turbulence were studied in a tightly curving meander bend. Three field measurement campaigns were carried out within a one year period to capture effects of seasonal changes in macrophyte cover. They comprised three‐dimensional velocity measurements and mappings of vegetation cover and bathymetry. Flow accelerates and converges over the run into an axial pool in a jet‐like flow pattern bordered by outer and inner bank flow separation zones. The jet and widening of the cross‐section anticipate helical flow until the second half of the bend, where an asymmetric pool developed. Submerged vegetation at the riffles preserves the jet at much lower discharges during the summer period by concentrating high momentum fluid near the surface. Plants locally modify the velocity and stress patterns, reduce bed shear stresses, create zones of fine sediment accumulation and reinforce the bed and banks with roots and rhizomes. Plant patches colonising the banks and the point bar confine secondary flow cells laterally and affect shape and magnitude of the transverse flow profiles near their edges. The morphology of the bend was very stable over the observation period and neither bank erosion nor pool scouring occurred. However, fine sediments accumulate within vegetation patches and in the recirculation zones while the remaining open areas tend to erode slightly. With the decay of macrophytes in winter, sediment accumulations are mobilised again and the bathymetry levels, supporting cyclic models of morphologic change in vegetated bends. In the second part of the paper, semi‐empirical models for the three predominant flow types were tested and discussed; velocity and stress models of vegetated mixing layers and plane turbulent jets, and Rozovskii's model for the transverse flow in bends. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limits on the validity of infinite length assumptions for modelling shallow landslides
Authors: Milledge D. G. , Griffiths D. V. , Lane S. N. , Warburton J. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe infinite slope method is widely used as the geotechnical component of geomorphic and landscape evolution models. Its assumption that shallow landslides are infinitely long (in a downslope direction) is usually considered valid for natural landslides on the basis that they are generally long relative to their depth. However, this is rarely justified, because the critical length/depth (L/H) ratio below which edge effects become important is unknown. We establish this critical L/H ratio by benchmarking infinite slope stability predictions against finite element predictions for a set of synthetic two‐dimensional slopes, assuming that the difference between the predictions is due to error in the infinite slope method. We test the infinite slope method for six different L/H ratios to find the critical ratio at which its predictions fall within 5% of those from the finite element method. We repeat these tests for 5000 synthetic slopes with a range of failure plane depths, pore water pressures, friction angles, soil cohesions, soil unit weights and slope angles characteristic of natural slopes. We find that: (1) infinite slope stability predictions are consistently too conservative for small L/H ratios; (2) the predictions always converge to within 5% of the finite element benchmarks by a L/H ratio of 25 (i.e. the infinite slope assumption is reasonable for landslides 25 times longer than they are deep); but (3) they can converge at much lower ratios depending on slope properties, particularly for low cohesion soils. The implication for catchment scale stability models is that the infinite length assumption is reasonable if their grid resolution is coarse (e.g. >25 m). However, it may also be valid even at much finer grid resolutions (e.g. 1 m), because spatial organization in the predicted pore water pressure field reduces the probability of short landslides and minimizes the risk that predicted landslides will have L/H ratios less than 25. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral symptoms in community‐dwelling elderly Nigerians with dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and normal cognition
Authors: Baiyewu Olusegun , Unverzagt Fred W. , Ogunniyi Adesola , Smith‐Gamble Valerie , Gureje Oye , Lane Kathleen A. , Gao Sujuan , Hall Kathleen S. , Hendrie Hugh C. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundFew studies have examined the neuropsychiatric status of patients with dementia and cognitive impairment in the developing world despite the fact that current demographic trends suggest an urgent need for such studies.ObjectiveTo assess the level of neuropsychiatric symptoms in community‐dwelling individuals with dementia, cognitive impairment no dementia and normal cognition.MethodsSubjects were from the Ibadan site of Indianapolis–Ibadan Dementia Project with stable diagnoses of normal cognition, cognitive impairment, no dementia/mild cognitive impairment (CIND/MCI), and dementia. Informants of subjects made ratings on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and Blessed Dementia Scale; subjects were tested with the Mini mental state examination.ResultsOne hundred and eight subjects were included in the analytic sample, 21 were cognitively normal, 34 were demented, and 53 were CIND/MCI. The diagnostic groups did not differ in age, per cent female, or per cent with any formal education. The most frequent symptoms among subjects with CIND/MCI were depression (45.3%), apathy (37.7%), night time behavior (28.3%), appetite change (24.5%), irritability (22.6%), delusions (22.6%), anxiety (18.9%), and agitation (17.0%). Depression was significantly more frequent among the CIND/MCI and dementia (44.1%) groups compared with the normal cognition group (9.5%). Distress scores were highest for the dementia group, lowest for the normal cognition group, and intermediate for the CIND/MCI group.ConclusionSignificant neuropsychiatric symptomatology and distress are present among cognitively impaired persons in this community‐based study of older adults in this sub‐Saharan African country. Programs to assist family members of cognitively impaired and demented persons should be created or adapted for use in developing countries. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative neurodegenerative pathology does not explain the degree of hippocampal atrophy on MRI in degenerative dementia
Authors: Burton E. J. , Mukaetova‐Ladinska E. B. , Perry R. H. , Jaros E. , Barber R , O'Brien J. T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the neuropathological substrates underlying in vivo hippocampal atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in autopsy confirmed neurodegenerative dementia cases.MethodsThirty‐one neuropathologically verified cases (23 with Lewy body dementia (LBD) and eight with Alzheimer's disease (AD)) were included who had undergone an MRI scan close to death (mean 1.5 years). Manual volumetric measurements were undertaken for the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and amygdala on MRI, along with quantitative neuropathological analysis of plaque, tangle and Lewy body pathology in the same regions. The relationship between neuropathology and MRI volumes was assessed using correlations and linear regression.ResultsHippocampal and amygdala volumes were significantly smaller in cases with AD than with LBD, but there was no difference in entorhinal cortex volume. Analysing all cases together, a significant positive correlation was observed between normalised hippocampal volume and percent area of Lewy bodies in the hippocampus (r=0.449, p=0.017) but not with tangles (r=0.059, p=0.766) or plaques (r=−0.361, p=0.119). There were no other significant correlations between regional MRI volume and measures of neuropathology. Regression analysis showed that overall diagnosis of AD rather than burden of individual pathological changes was the most significant predictor of hippocampal volume loss in autopsy confirmed cases.ConclusionOur results suggest that (i) hippocampal and amygdala but not entorhinal cortex, volumes differ between AD and LBD and (ii) factors other than current markers of neurodegenerative pathological change are responsible for atrophy of medial temporal lobe structures in AD and LBD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of gastric cancer in nonatrophic stomach with highly active inflammation identified by serum levels of pepsinogen and Helicobacter pylori antibody together with endoscopic rugal hyperplastic gastritis
Authors: Watanabe Mika , Kato Jun , Inoue Izumi , Yoshimura Noriko , Yoshida Takeichi , Mukoubayashi Chizu , Deguchi Hisanobu , Enomoto Shotaro , Ueda Kazuki , Maekita Takao , Iguchi Mikitaka , Tamai Hideyuki , Utsunomiya Hirotoshi , Yamamichi Nobutake , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Iwane Masataka , Tekeshita Tatsuya , Mohara Osamu , Ushijima Toshikazu , Ichinose Masao 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis study aimed to elucidate groups at high risk of developing cancer among patients with serologically identified Helicobacter pylori infection and nonatrophic stomach. Annual endoscopy was performed for a mean of 5.4 years in 496 asymptomatic middle‐aged men who were H. pylori antibody‐positive and pepsinogen (PG) test‐negative. Subjects were stratified according to the activity of H. pylori‐associated gastritis measured by serum levels of PG and H. pylori antibody, and/or by endoscopic findings of rugal hyperplastic gastritis (RHG), and cancer development was investigated. During the study period, seven cases of cancer developed in the cohort (incidence rate, 261/100,000 person‐years), with 85.7% developing in the group showing a PGI/II ratio ≤3.0, reflecting active inflammation‐based high PGII levels. Cancer incidence was significantly higher in this group (750/100,000 person‐years) than in groups with less active gastritis. Furthermore, cancer incidence for this group was significantly higher in the subgroup with high H. pylori antibody titers than in the low‐titer subgroup. Meanwhile, endoscopic findings revealed that 11.7% of subjects showed RHG reflecting localized highly active inflammation, and cancer risk was significantly higher in patients with RHG than in patients without. Combining the two serum tests and endoscopic examination for RHG allowed identification of subjects with more active gastritis and higher cancer risk. No cancer development was observed in these high‐risk subjects after H. pylori eradication. Subjects with highly active gastritis identified by the two serological tests and endoscopic RHG constitute a group at high risk of cancer development with H. pylori‐infected nonatrophic stomach.
A RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION APPROACH TO EARNINGS FORECAST
Authors: Biscontri Robert G. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYThe fundamental management problem of decision making in a climate where future values of important variables are unknown and can at best be estimated using traditional statistical techniques is addressed. The incorporation of forecast models into management decision‐support systems is critical for the overall success of organizational accounting information systems, where managers require confidence in the information that they use. The neural network paradigm has been described as a promising nonparametric approach, negating the required, and sometimes restrictive, statistical assumptions. The application of the neural network paradigm to the area of earnings forecasting is presented. A radial basis function (RBF) approach is developed and tested empirically using data from the Hong Kong Hang Seng 100 Index and macroeconomic data, mimicking an actual business valuation/forecast exercise. Results show that the RBF approach is superior to regression and financial analysts in earnings forecast. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potentiation of synaptic strength and intrinsic excitability in the nucleus accumbens after 10 days of morphine withdrawal
Authors: Wu Xiaobo , Shi Meimei , Wei Chunling , Yang Minghao , Liu Yihui , Liu Zhiqiang , Zhang Xia , Ren Wei 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNeuroadaptations in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are associated with the development of drug addiction. Plasticity in synaptic strength and intrinsic excitability of NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) play critical roles in addiction induced by different classes of abused drugs. However, it is unknown whether morphine exposure influences synaptic strength, intrinsic excitability or both in NAc. Here we show that chronic withdrawal (10 days after the last injection) from repeated morphine exposure elicited potentiation in both glutamatergic synaptic strength and intrinsic excitability of MSNs in NAc shell (NAcSh). The potentiation of synaptic strength was demonstrated by an increase in the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), a decrease in the paired‐pulse ratio (PPR), and an increase in the ratio of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPAR)‐ to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDAR)‐mediated currents. The potentiation of intrinsic excitability was mediated by inhibition of the sustained potassium currents via extrasynaptic NMDAR activation. The function of the presynaptic group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) was downregulated, enhancing the probability of glutamate release on synaptic terminals during chronic morphine withdrawal. Pretreatment with the mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 completely blocked potentiation of both synaptic strength and intrinsic excitability. These results suggest that chronic morphine withdrawal downregulates mGluR2/3 to induce potentiation of MSN glutamatergic synapse via increased glutamate release, leading to potentiation of intrinsic excitability. Such potentiation of both synaptic strength and intrinsic excitability might contribute to neuroadaptations induced by morphine application. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimation of monthly average daily solar radiation from measured meteorological data in Yangtze River Basin in China
Authors: Chen Ji‐Long , Li Guo‐Sheng 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSolar radiation is the principal and fundamental energy for many physical, chemical and biological processes. However, it is measured at a very limited number of meteorological stations in the world. Estimation of solar radiation from measured meteorological variables offers an important alternative in absence of measured solar radiation. In this work, 20 developed models using measured meteorological variables are explored to estimate monthly average daily solar radiation at 13 stations in Yangtze River Basin in China. Two scenarios are considered. When sunshine duration is available, monthly average daily atmospheric water vapor pressure, relative humidity and precipitation do not contribute to the improvement in estimation accuracy of the sunshine‐based models. It is therefore unnecessary to take them into account, and the newly developed model 6 is proposed and can provide a good method for the estimation of monthly average daily solar radiation in the study area. If sunshine duration is not available, inclusion of monthly average daily atmospheric water vapor pressure, relative humidity and multiplication maximum by minimum ambient temperatures can significantly improve the estimation accuracy of the temperature‐based models. While monthly average daily precipitation does not contribute to the improvement in estimation accuracy. And model 20 is proposed and it is more applicable in area with larger ambient temperature range. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society