bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does North America Have the Right Stuff? An Analysis of Compatibility and the Potential Deepening of North American Integration
Authors: GENNA GASPARE M. 
Published: February 2011

This article assesses the current and future levels of North American integration. Econometric models that compare integration around the world indicate that integration deepens when countries have similar domestic, political, and economic institutions, and are economically asymmetrical. It is theorized that similar domestic institutions reduce transaction costs and uncertainty of success for firms while economic asymmetry provides incentives for and coordination among member states. In addition, institutional homogeneity also affects the level of integration. Currently, the North American partners lack high levels of these conditions, which explains the low level of integration. The analysis concludes with policy recommendations to improve the necessary conditions for the deepening of economic integration.Este artículo evalúa los niveles actuales y futuros de integración de Norteamérica. Modelos econométricos que comparan la integración alrededor del mundo indican que la integración se profundiza cuando los países tienen instituciones domesticas políticas y económicas similares, y económicamente asimétricas. Se especula que instituciones domésticas similares reducen los costos de transacción e incertidumbre de éxito para las empresas mientras que la asimetría económica provee incentivos para, y coordinación entre, los estados miembros. Además, la homogeneidad institucional afecta también los niveles de integración. Actualmente, los socios Norteamericanos carecen de altos niveles de tales condiciones, lo que explica el bajo nivel de integración. El análisis concluye con recomendaciones de políticas para aumentar las condiciones necesarias para profundizar la integración.
Glyco‐engineering in Archaea: differential N‐glycosylation of the S‐layer glycoprotein in a transformed Haloferax volcanii strain
Authors: Calo Doron , Guan Ziqiang , Eichler Jerry 
Published: February 2011

SummaryArchaeal glycoproteins present a variety of N‐linked glycans not seen elsewhere. The ability to harness the agents responsible for this unparalleled diversity offers the possibility of generating glycoproteins bearing tailored glycans, optimized for specific functions. With a well‐defined N‐glycosylation pathway and available genetic tools, the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii represents a suitable platform for such glyco‐engineering efforts. In Hfx. volcanii, the S‐layer glycoprotein is modified by an N‐linked pentasaccharide. In the following, S‐layer glycoprotein N‐glycosylation was considered in cells in which AglD, the dolichol phosphate mannose synthase involved in addition of the final residue of the pentasaccharide, was replaced by a haloarchaeal homologue of AglJ, the enzyme involved in addition of the first residue of the N‐linked pentasaccharide. In the engineering strain, the S‐layer glycoprotein is modified by a novel N‐linked glycan not found on this reporter from the parent strain. Moreover, deletion of AglD alone and introduction of the AglJ homologue from Halobacterium salinarum, OE2528R, into the deletion strain resulted in increased biosynthesis of the novel 894 Da glycan concomitant with reduced biogenesis of the pentasaccharide normally N‐linked to the S‐layer glycoprotein. These findings justify efforts designed to transform Hfx. volcanii into a glyco‐engineering ‘workshop’.
Characterization of an intergenic polymorphic site (pp‐hC1A_5) in Wolbachia pipientis (wPip)
Authors: PETRIDIS MICHAEL , CHATZIDIMITRIOU DIMITRIOS 
Published: February 2011

Abstract Wolbachia pipientis (wPip) is an intracellular bacterium causing cytoplasmic incompatibility in arthropods, including mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex. Here, we present a method useful for genotyping within the wPip group. Primers were designed using a Tandem Repeat Finder program to amplify an intergenic, polymorphic site (pp‐hC1A_5) of wPip. The polymorphic site is located between genes that code for polynucleotide phosphorylase and a hypothetical protein (C1A_5). Comparison of these wPip genomic regions from C. pipiens mosquitoes sampled in different geographic regions revealed deletions of fragments that proved useful in phylogenetic analysis.
High‐throughput microsatellite isolation through 454 GS‐FLX Titanium pyrosequencing of enriched DNA libraries
Authors: MALAUSA THIBAUT , GILLES ANDRÉ , MEGLÉCZ EMESE , BLANQUART HÉLÈNE , DUTHOY STÉPHANIE , COSTEDOAT CAROLINE , DUBUT VINCENT , PECH NICOLAS , CASTAGNONE‐SERENO PHILIPPE , DÉLYE CHRISTOPHE , FEAU NICOLAS , FREY PASCAL , GAUTHIER PHILIPPE , GUILLEMAUD THOMAS , HAZARD LAURENT , LE CORRE VALÉRIE , LUNG‐ESCARMANT BRIGITTE , MALÉ PIERRE‐JEAN G. , FERREIRA STÉPHANIE , MARTIN JEAN‐FRANÇOIS 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMicrosatellites (or SSRs: simple sequence repeats) are among the most frequently used DNA markers in many areas of research. The use of microsatellite markers is limited by the difficulties involved in their de novo isolation from species for which no genomic resources are available. We describe here a high‐throughput method for isolating microsatellite markers based on coupling multiplex microsatellite enrichment and next‐generation sequencing on 454 GS‐FLX Titanium platforms. The procedure was calibrated on a model species (Apis mellifera) and validated on 13 other species from various taxonomic groups (animals, plants and fungi), including taxa for which severe difficulties were previously encountered using traditional methods. We obtained from 11 497 to 34 483 sequences depending on the species and the number of detected microsatellite loci ranged from 199 to 5791. We thus demonstrated that this procedure can be readily and successfully applied to a large variety of taxonomic groups, at much lower cost than would have been possible with traditional protocols. This method is expected to speed up the acquisition of high‐quality genetic markers for nonmodel organisms.
Changes in hepatitis C viral load during first 14 days can predict the undetectable time point of serum viral load by pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy
Authors: Itakura Jun , Asahina Yasuhiro , Tamaki Nobuharu , Hirayama Itsuko , Yasui Yutaka , Tanaka Tomohiro , Sato Mitsuaki , Ueda Ken , Kuzuya Teiji , Tsuchiya Kaoru , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Kurosaki Masayuki , Gabriel Gretchen S. , Schneider George J. , Izumi Namiki 
Published: February 2011

Aim:  In the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) and ribavirin combination therapy must be continued for an adequate duration to improve the rate of sustained virological response. We attempted to predict the time point at which serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA are undetectable during combination therapy.Methods:  Patients with HCV genotype 1b were enrolled in a model preparation (n = 35) and a validation group (n = 70). All patients received PEG‐IFN‐α‐2b/ribavirin combination therapy for at least 48 weeks, and serological samples were screened a minimum of 17 times during the therapy. Serum HCV RNA were measured by the Abbott RealTime HCV assay. Using the HCV dynamics model described by Neumann et al., we used multiple linear regression analysis to select factors that affected the undetectable time point.Results:  Difference in viral load between weeks 1 and 2 was the only predictive factor for the undetectable time point of serum HCV RNA (r2 = 0.67, P < 0.0005), and we derived the following prediction equation: undetectable time point (week) = 13.495 × (viral load at day 14 [log IU/mL] − viral load at day 7 [log IU/mL]) + 25.456. The equation was applicable to the validation group.Conclusion:  We created a formula for predicting the undetectable time point from viral load measurements early in PEG‐IFN‐α‐2b/ribavirin combination therapy. An early response reflects sensitivity to therapy, and the estimation of an undetectable time point would be useful for determining the optimal duration of treatment for chronic hepatitis C patients.
An assessment of insulated carriers for transport of vaccines
Authors: Steward M , Brown P W , Allwood M C 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The ability of three insulated coolboxes recommended for vaccine transport to maintain vaccines below 10°C was evaluated. Studies using coolboxes and ice packs both precooled to 5°C indicated that the Giostyle Portable and Vaccine Carrier coolboxes were able to maintain loads below 10°C for periods up to two to four hours. Ice packs precooled to -20°C caused freezing of some vaccines in a load and should only be used if sufficient insulation is provided to separate the vaccines from the ice pack surfaces. The smaller Mailbox, with a lid-positioned ice pack precooled to -20°C, maintained loads below 10°C for up to two hours.
The planning, implementation and outcome of a change in intravenous nitrate prescribing strategy
Authors: Riley M R , Cooke J 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
To limit the cost of increasing intravenous nitrate usage at the General Infirmary at Leeds, intravenous glyceryl trinitrate was promoted as the drug of choice. The methods used to introduce this prescribing strategy are described. The resulting savings were £24,000 and £21,000 during the financial years 1988-1989 and 1989-1990 respectively.
Patient medication records—evaluation of a drug interaction routine and potential for time saving
Authors: Stevens R G , Crabbe A M 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Monitoring the drug interactions generated during one month's dispensing revealed that 1 per cent (49) of the 5,000 items dispensed were interactions requiring contact with the patient's GP. The majority of those (31) involved items on separate prescription forms, and therefore would not have been detectable without the aid of patient medication records.
The interactions were monitored using a database that indicated their clinical significance, an approach commended by the authors.
During the month, the pharmacist referred to the records 582 times for extra information, yet on only 12 of those occasions was it necessary to refer to the GP, indicating that the PMRs, saved time in the dispensary.
A way of achieving more rational drug prescribing?
Authors: Van De Poel G Th , Bruijnzeels M A , van der Does E , Lubsen J 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The effect on prescribing of co-operation between four pharmacists and 10 general medical practitioners in west Rotterdam, the Netherlands, was studied using the case-control method. Prescribing statistics provided by the Rotterdam Health Insurance Foundation for the years 1979-1982 were used to examine the effect of co-operation on the number of prescriptions per year, the number of units of supply per year and the cost of drugs supplied. The results show that it is possible to standardise drug therapy used by a group of GPs and pharmacists, that prescribing agreements can be maintained over a number of years and that doctors who co-operate with pharmacists prescribe more rationally and more cheaply than those who do not.
Academic practice units and the School of Pharmacy, London
Authors: D'Arcy P F , Curtis S J , Florence A T , Greenleaf J C , Newton J M 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn independent report into pharmacy in Britain recommended that schools of pharmacy and hospitals should set up joint academic practice units to promote teaching and research. A number of such units have now been established in the south-east of England in association with the school of pharmacy, London university.
Assessing the quality of ward pharmacists' interventions
Authors: Eadon Hilary 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The quality of 1,315 interventions made by pharmacists over a 12-month period at Harefield hospital, a 180-bed cardiothoracic hospital, was measured using a six-point scoring system. The system was validated by comparing a pharmacist's scores with doctors' scores on a sample of the interventions. Using the scoring system, 53 per cent of the interventions could be said to lead to an improvement in patient care, but only 2 per cent prevented major adverse reactions. No potentially life-saving interventions or any which were detrimental to patients' care were recorded. It is concluded that pharmacists do have a role in improving the quality of patient care.
Professional values and pharmacy practice: implications of a predominantly female Register of Pharmaceutical Chemists
Authors: Brown M E , Ellis S , Linley P A , Booth T G 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
It is expected that the Register of Pharmaceutical Chemists of Great Britain will comprise a majority of female practitioners by about the year 2000. It is, therefore, pertinent to compare the opinions of male and female practitioners (pharmacists, doctors, dentists, nurses, optometrists and radiographers) about their practice. This study uses methodology published in an earlier paper to identify those opinions. Male and female practitioners had similar views in three areas: the concepts they considered important for the highest quality of practice, their valuation of patient safety, and the prevalence of conflict between National Health Service policies and professional ideas. There were three concepts which female practitioners considered more important than did males. One was confidentiality. Another was law (and, indeed, more male, than female, pharmacists were both investigated by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society's Statutory Committee and removed from the Register). The third was “health care art”: a new balance between the artistic and scientific sides of pharmacy is predicted when the majority of pharmacists are female. The one concept which male practitioners considered more important was independence. This may be related to the lower proportion of females than males who have risen to positions of authority.
Bioavailability study of a concentrated suspension of phenytoin in healthy volunteers
Authors: Thomson A H , Irvine K W , Shankland K , Meredith P A , Shulman N 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The bioequivalence of a new concentrated suspension of phenytoin was compared with the standard reference solution recommended by the United Kingdom Committee on Review of Medicines in a group of 18 healthy male volunteers. Doses of 5ml (94.6mg) of the new formulation and 50ml (92mg) of the reference solution were administered in a randomised crossover design and blood samples were withdrawn over the next 72 hours. Serum concentrations were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. There were no significant differences in the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves of the two formulations although the time to peak was shorter and peak concentrations were higher with the reference solution. As the total amount of phenytoin absorbed from each preparation was not significantly different, both formulations have the same relative bioavailability.
This new concentrated phenytoin suspension may have clinical advantages over tablets, capsules and the commercially available low strength suspension, in patients who have difficulty in swallowing but require normal adult doses of phenytoin
Public views on an extended role for community pharmacy
Authors: Williamson V K , Winn S , Livingstone C R , Pugh A L G 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The acceptability to the general public of an extended role for community pharmacy was investigated using a social survey methodology. Within one locality, a sample of 133 respondents was drawn from four population groups who were likely to be extensive users of community pharmacy services: active elderly people, mothers of young children, carers of people with disabilities and people in full-time employment. The evidence from the interview survey was supplemented by discussions with community groups representative of the same sections of the population. The results indicate that there is considerable public support for the development of a range of new services in community pharmacies, with a majority of respondents supporting the provision of more information on prescribed medicines, opportunity to discuss minor symptoms with the pharmacist, medicine delivery services, and the holding of patient medication records. There is less support for discussing health promotion with the pharmacist, while cost was found to be a major obstacle to the acceptability of diagnostic testing. Elderly people found all aspects of the extended role less acceptable than did other respondent groups. It is concluded that there is a need to market unfamiliar services, and, if an extended role is to be developed effectively, the nature of the relationship between the roles of the community pharmacist and the GP needs to be demonstrated more clearly to service users.
Assessment of chronic disease status in the community pharmacy
Authors: Mcelnay J C , Grainger-Rousseau T-J 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
From a therapeutic viewpoint, it would be useful if the community pharmacist had information on a patient's chronic illnesses when dispensing medicines. This study determined the concordance of pharmacists' and patients' impressions of chronic illness with those charted by general practitioners.
A total of 657 patients presenting prescriptions to a health centre pharmacy were interviewed to obtain details of age, sex, prescriber and chronic illness. Details of 66 patients (who attended one GP and with self-reported chronic illness) together with their patient medication records for the previous 12 months were given to two groups of five community pharmacists, qualified for &lt;10 years (Group I) and &gt;25 years (Group II). Each pharmacist gave an intuitive assessment of the chronic illnesses being treated in each patient. These were compared with the GP's charted diagnoses and were placed into three categories: (i) agreement, (ii) partial agreement or (iii) non-agreement. The results (mean±sem) obtained for categories (i), (ii), (iii) respectively were: Group I 36.7±3 per cent, 43.7±5.8 per cent, 19.7±4.8 per cent and Group II 33.6±3.6 per cent, 40.6±3.8 per cent, 25.7±1.9 per cent. Patient (or their representative) assessments for (i), (ii) and (iii) were 56.1 per cent, 31.8 per cent and 12.1 per cent, respectively. The results make it clear that if there is to be a high level of concordance between pharmacy-held and GP-charted information on chronic illnesses there must be collaboration between the two professions in this regard.
Community pharmacists as immunisation advocates: A pharmacoepidemiologic experiment
Authors: Grabenstein J D , Hartzema A G , Guess H A , Johnston W P 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
To determine if advocacy of influenza immunisation by community pharmacists would affect vaccine acceptance among patients at risk of influenza, a randomised, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in three pharmacies. Patients receiving certain medications for heart or lung disease or diabetes, or receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and who were at least 65 years old, were randomly assigned to receive either messages explaining the risk of influenza and availability of vaccine or recommending household poison prevention measures. All patients were surveyed by mail regarding behaviour and opinions related to influenza and influenza vaccine.
Of 125 previously unvaccinated recipients of vaccine-advocacy letters, 39 were vaccinated (31.2 per cent), compared with 24 of 134 control subjects (17.9 per cent), a difference of 13.3 per cent (P=0.013). Unvaccinated patients were 1.74 times more likely to be vaccinated after receiving vaccine recommendations and information than were control patients. In this setting, community pharmacists increased vaccine acceptance by advising patients of their personal risk and describing where to be vaccinated.
Effect of tobramycin, amiloride and sodium deoxycholate on the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Shaffer K N , Jones D S 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The effects of sodium deoxycholate, tobramycin and amiloride on the inhibitory effect (minimum inhibitory concentration) of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain PAO 511 and two clinical isolates, one from a burn infection and the other from a cystic fibrosis respiratory tract infection) were examined in vitro. The method used was a macrodilution technique in Mueller-Hinton broth at 37C. Marked enhancement of ciprofloxacin activity was observed in the presence of 4.15mg/ml sodium deoxycholate, 0.4μg/ml tobramycin and 50μg/ml amiloride. It is suggested that these observations may be clinically important in the treatment of localised Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, eg, within the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients.
Community pharmacists' attitudes to their advice-giving role and to the deregulation of medicines
Authors: Bond C M , Sinclair H K , Winfield A J , Taylor R J 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The attitudes of pharmacists towards their advisory role and to the further deregulation of medicines have been surveyed using a postal questionnaire distributed to a randomly selected 20 per cent (227) of all community pharmacies in Scotland (response rate 90 per cent). Half the pharmacists thought that their role had changed since the publication of the Nuffield report in 1987, 81 per cent that their role was restricted by the range of drugs available for over-the-counter sale, and 93 per cent that they would like to see their role extended by the further deregulation of medicines; fifty eight per cent agreed that there should be a nursing formulary and 74 per cent that a corresponding pharmacists' formulary should be established. Pharmacists were also asked to suggest target preparations for deregulation: ninety per cent suggested at least one preparation, with chloramphenicol eye ointment and drops being the most frequently cited.
“Why do you ask?” A study of questioning behaviour in community pharmacist-client consultations
Authors: Morrow Norman , Hargie Owen , Donnelly Helen , Woodman CATHERINE 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This article reports the results of an analysis of recorded community pharmacist-client interactions. The results showed that 98 per cent of all pharmacist questions asked were closed, over two thirds of which were of the Yes/No variety. Twenty four per cent were leading in nature and almost all of these were subtle leads. Pharmacists asked, on average, four questions per consultation as compared with a mean of 2.5 for clients. Only 2 per cent of all pharmacist questions addressed the psychosocial dimensions of practice, the vast majority being concerned with purely clinical matters. The findings are discussed within the context of a communication audit approach to community pharmacy practice, directed to effecting improvements in the quality of interviewing performance in pharmacist-client consultations.