bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Episcopacy a Jewish Institution ?
Authors: Guillaume Alfred 
Published: January 2010

IT is a commonplace that the New Testament never speaks of the ordination of bishops. Elders or presbyters with powers of administration and instruction were the only ordained ministers. The church at Jerusalem was in the care of “the apostles and the elders”. When St. Paul visited Ephesus, it was the elders (presbyters) whom he summoned and addressed. It is not a little strange that he should tell these elders that the Holy Ghost had made them “bishops” to feed the church of God. The natural inference (unless the word episcopus is used in a general sense of overseer) would be that the office of elder and bishop could be held by the same person. St. Paul left Titus in Crete with the express purpose of completing the organization of the church there by appointing elders. But here, too, the bishop and the elder seem to be one and the same if any meaning is to be given to γὰρ in v. 7. Again, 1 Peter v, 2, if the reading ἐπισκποῦντ∊ς be allowed to stand, points in the same direction; if it is to be omitted then the epistle recognizes no bishop but Jesus Christ, and then only in a verbal, not a real sense. Moreover, though there are presbyters in heaven, there are no bishops: at any rate the apocalyptist of Patmos saw none !On the other hand St. Paul, in addressing the whole congregation of the faithful at Philippi, adds “together with the bishops and deacons”, making no mention of presbyters.
Irano-Indica II
Authors: Bailey H. W. 
Published: January 2010

THE early history of Central Asia, the background of the Turkish expansion in the ninth and tenth centuries, and of the Mongol eruption in the thirteenth, presents a large number of problems which the slowly progressing study of documents made accessible to us in particular by the late M. Aurel Stein and Paul Pelliot is bringing nearer to solution. Among these documents those from the kingdoms of Khotan and Krorayina are of outstanding importance for the early period. It seems desirable to treat of some of these problems here.1. The vocabulary of Khotan and the Iranian words in the Krorayina documentsA large part of the vocabulary of the Khotanese language is now known, much of it already accessible in print, and it is possible to confront it with the Iranian words found in Krorayina. It is at once noticeable that in the two vocabularies, while part is identical, as in lāstana- ‘quarrel’, corresponding to Krorayina lastana, or prahona- ‘garment’ to Krorayina prahuni, yet marked differences appear which are unlikely to be due only to difference of time.I would notice here the following ten cases.1. In an article Recent Work in ‘Tokharian’ (Trans. Phil. Soc. 1947, 149–150), I called attention to the difference between Krorayina guśura, Kuchean Sanskrit gauśura, and the Khotan *bisīviraa-, attested in the plural bīsīvīrā of high birth ‘(Suvarnabhāsa-sūtra, Khotanese Texts I p. 248, 73 r 1), and the related bäsīvärāssai, translating Sanskrit kulaputra, a person of good family. The treatment of the initial υ- shows that here two dialects are concerned.
Sotho-Nguni Orthography and Tone-Marking
Authors: Tucker A. N. 
Published: January 2010

FOR years now the question of orthography in the South African Bantu languages has kept the authorities busy. It flares up periodically in different parts of the country, and local committees are called from time to time to deal with the conflagration.In the past, unfortunately, these committees have too often concerned themselves with the problems of one language only, and apparently ignored both the effect their decisions would have on literature exchange and the attempts of previous committees to solve similar problems in related languages. Thus we have Zulu and Xhosa, very closely related languages, with considerable orthographical differences, while North Sotho and Tswana now differ from each other and from South Sotho, which (perhaps wisely) has set its face against orthographic change since 1906.Until Dr. Jacob Nhlapo launched his campaign for Southern Bantu linguistic unity, few people had seriously considered the possibility of an orthographic system which would cover both the Nguni and Sotho groups, the feeling being that such unity lay in the realms of wishful thinking in view of the virtual impossibility of achieving unity within the groups.The present article is an attempt to combine the experience of past efforts into a system that would actually be applicable to these two language groups. The acceptance of such a system would naturally involve great sacrifices of tradition and prestige from both parties. This aspect is not to be ignored, but at the same time can have little connection with the scientific elaboration of an alphabet. Consequently the argument “The Sotho (or the Nguni) would never accept such a solution” must be relegated to the sphere of practical politics.
An Eye-witness Account of the Expedition of the Florentines against Chios in 1599
Authors: Leveen Jacob 
Published: January 2010

An interesting footnote to the abortive expedition of the Florentines against the island of Chios in May 1599 is provided by a rare–possibly unique– book in the British Museum.Its rarity may be gauged from the fact that we find no record of it in the catalogues of Steinschneider, Kayserling, and Ya'ari, or in the Jewish encyclopaedias. Nor have I been able to trace a reference to it in any other source. The book is a small quarto volume, measuring 7¾ in. by 5⅜ in., and consisting of twenty-eight leaves. The last leaf, which has no foliation, appears to be a cancel, as it reproduces, in a somewhat different form, the text of fol. 2. The book contains the Aramaic paraphrase of the Song of Solomon (known as the Targum), accompanied by a Judseo-Spanish (Ladino) version in the Hebrew character, and was printed in Salonica in the year A.M. (5)360 (A.D. 1600) at the printing press of Mattithiah Bathsheba and his sons, and subsidized by Moses [ben Samuel] di Medina. It was published for Jacob ben Judah Ashkenazzi, an itinerant bookseller of Safed in Galilee. A preface by him, as well as a poem by the same author on the game of chess, which, like the preface, is otherwise unknown (it is to be found on the verso of fol. 27), complete the book.
Word-Palatograms and Articulation
Authors: Firth J. E. 
Published: January 2010

THE purpose of these notes is to suggest a new approach in the study of articulation with the aid of palatography.The language material studied consists of words in English, Marathi, Burmese, Chinese, and Fijian uttered for the purpose by native speakers of the languages, trained to work with artificial palates.It must constantly be borne in mind that utterances are events,notfacts. The finding and the stating of the facts are the business of the phonetician. He attempts this by means of a set of correlated techniques each one of which makes its own specialized abstractions from the utterances. The findings are stated in the technical syntax and idiom of the discipline, employing categories and notations required by the conceptual framework.
Mīrzā Muḥammad Khān Qazvini
Authors: Minovi Mojtabā 
Published: January 2010

The death of Mīrzā, Muḥammad Khān Qazvīnī is a great loss to scholarship, and will be felt most keenly in Persia itself, where men of such learning are rare to-day. I do not propose to say much here about the details of his life, for in 1924 he wrote a fairly full autobiography, which was published with four other lives as an appendix to The Bulletin of the Sciences of Finance and Economics, Tehran. This autobiography was reprinted in a collection of his articles called Bīst Maqāleḥ e Qazvīnī Vol. I (ed. Poure-Davoud, Bombay, 1928). More recently he wrote a shorter account of his life, which was published in the monthly periodical Yaghmā (Miḥr 1327/Sept. 1948). He died on 27th May 1949, when he was 72 years old, having been born in March 1877/Rabī’ I 1294. A moving obituary by his great fellow-scholar, S. H. Taqizādeh, appeared in the Ittilā‘āt, and The Times of London published an obituary notice a week later.Qazvīnī's father was a scholar of some repute, and one of the four jointauthors of the great Persian biographical work Nāmeh-e Dāneshvar¯n. Qazvīnī himself, who was born in Tehran, was educated under the traditional Eastern system, and learnt more by his own efforts than from formal instruction. He was orphaned before he was twelve, and soon afterwards became a student (ṭalaba) in one of the old religious colleges supported by charitable bequests; but like other zealous students he managed to attend the lectures of all the eminent masters of his time.
Audumbarāyaṇa's Theory of Language
Authors: Brough John 
Published: January 2010

At the beginning of the Nirukta Yāska mentions the four parts of speech (noun, verb, upasarga, and nipāta), and gives definitions of the first two: verbs are chiefly concerned with being-and-becoming (bhävapradhānam ākhyātam), while nouns are chiefly concerned with existants (sattvapradhānāni nāmāni). After a brief discussion, with examples, he proceeds to give an argument against the possibility of classifying the parts of speech. This somewhat cryptic passage, which has been the subject of a considerable amount of discussion, is as follows:—indriyanitya vacanam audumbarāyaŋa. tatra catuşvam nopapadyate, 'yugapad-utpannānā vā śabdānām itaretaropadeśa śāstrakrto yogaś ca. vyāptimattvāt tu śabdasyānīyastvāc ca śabdena sajnā-karaŋa vyavāhārārtha loke. teşä manuşyavad devatā-bhidhānam. puruşavidyānityatvāt karmasampattir mantro vede.
A Grammar of the Language of Lobaha, Lepers' Island, New Hebrides, Melanesia
Authors: Ivens W. G. 
Published: January 2010

THE island of the Northern New Hebrides which the French explorer Bougainville named Isle of Lepers is uow usually known as Oba (Omba), and to this the locative preposition a is prefixed, Aoba. One is inclined, however, to question the accuracy of the name Oba as applied to Lepers’ Island, since on Raga, the nearest island eastward, the name given to the island is Bai, A Bai. Also on Atchin and its neighbouring islets to the westward, off the coast of Malekula, places that had a considerable connection with Lepers’ Island for ceremonial as well as for trading purposes, Ba and Bai are the names by which it is known. Bishop Patteson, of the MM., who frequently visited the island, always wrote of it as Lepers’ Island. The later name of Opa given to it by members of the MM. would seem to be due to mission scholars from the island of Mota further north, where p replaces b, and the article o precedes the names of islands. This would point to Ba (Mba) being the name of the island.Dr. R. H. Codrington published a grammar of the Oba language, using the dialect of that portion of the north coast of the island which is known as Walurigi. This grammar was founded principally on information derived from scholars from that part of the island in the MM. school at Norfolk Island.
‘Openness’ in Tigre: A Problem in Prosodic Statement
Authors: Palmer F. R. 
Published: January 2010

An essential part of the prosodic approach is the abstraction of those features that may be regarded as syntagmatic. One feature of this kind is ‘vowel harmony’; prosodic analysis is well equipped to deal with this in terms of x2018;frontness’ and ‘backness’, or ‘openness’ and ‘closeness’, these being treated as characteristic of the entire word or of a considerable part of it.In the phonological analysis of Tigre a prosodic feature of this kind may be abstracted, the relevant phonetic observation being that there are sequences of open front vowels, and that within those sequences there are no half open central vowels. It is this feature that is referred to in the title as ‘openness’.
Babu Syam Sundar Das's Bhasa Vigyan
Authors: Leeson G. E. 
Published: January 2010

Bābū Śyām Sundae Dās, President of the Nāgarī Pracārinī Sabhā, has recently written a book entitled Bhāsā Vigyān (Benares, Sāhitya-Ratn-Mālā, 1920, pp. 6 + v + 388 + xxii). In this work he has collected a large amount of material for his students in the Central Hindu University.I here give a translation, abridged in places, of certain pages relating to Kharī Bolī in his interesting account of Hindī.
Laesio enormis in Muhammadan Law
Authors: Mansbach Willy 
Published: January 2010

Muhammadan Law, like many other legal systems, leaves it entirely to the parties to make their own bargain. They can fix any price they like; there is no rule demanding its fairness or adequacy. Consequently there is also no remedy against a bargain solely on the ground that the one party has suffered a loss by reason of disproportion between his own and the other party's prestations (Arts. 356, 441 Mejelle, Art. 221 O.H.).Yet inadequacy of price is not without importance in the Laws of Sale and Hire. In its desire to protect minors, Waqfs, and the State Treasury (Bait al-Māl) from unprofitable transactions, Muhammadan Law has made inadequacy of price a ground for relief when the bargain has been made on behalf of such persons or institutions.
Ḥasan-i-Ṣabbāḥ and the Assassins
Authors: Lockhart Laurence 
Published: January 2010

Persia has on many occasions produced remarkable heresiarchs, several of whom have exercised an influence extending far beyond the boundaries of that country. One of the most notable of these heresiarchs is Ḥasan-i-Ṣabbāḥ, the Isma'īlī propagandist and founder and first Grand Master of the Assassins.Ḥasan-i-Ṣabbāḥ was born at Ray, in Northern Persia; the exact date of his birth is unknown, but, as far as can be gathered, it was in A.D. 1052 or A.D. 1053. Though claiming Ḥimyaritic ancestry, Ḥasan was both by birth and upbringing a Persian, and belonged, during his earlier years, to the Shī'a Sect of the Twelve.
The Miscellanea of I-shan: A Little-Known, Work of Li Shang-Yin
Authors: Edwards E. D. 
Published: January 2010

“Li Shang-Yin (T. I-shan ) A.D. 813–858. A native of Ho-nei in Honan. Graduated as chin shih in 837. Eose to be a Reader in the Han-lin College, and distinguished himself as a poet and a scholar.” (Giles, Biographical Dictionary, 1188.)“ Li' Shang-yin. A poet and miscellanist.” (Mayers, Chinese Reader's Manual, 364.)Wang An-shih (Giles, BD., 2134) (A.D. 1021–1086) is reputed to have said that of all the men of the T'ang period the only one capable of fully appreciating the great Tu Fu was this same Li Shang-yin.Born in A.D. 813, he lived during the reigns of no fewer than six sovereigns of the T'ang Dynasty and died some ten years after the birth of Alfred the Great. According to the T'ang ts'ai tzŭin his early days he called himself Yü-ch'i Tzŭ or Yü-ch'i Shêng . He wrote in a style of his own which later became known as the hsi-k'un style from the fact that Yang I (Giles, BD., 2387) and others of the Sung Dynasty including Liu Yün-shih made a collection of their poems all in the style of Shang-yin and published it under the title Hsi k'un ch'ang ch'ou chi.
Notes on Chinese Alchemy
Authors: Waley A. 
Published: January 2010

Alchemy, on the rare occasions when it has been made the subject of reasonable inquiry, has usually been studied as part of what one may call the pre-history of science. But if, to use a favourite phrase, we are to see in alchemy merely “the cradle of chemistry”, are we not likely, whatever its initial charm, to lose patience with an infancy protracted through some fifteen centuries?It is certain in any case that another aspect of alchemy—its interest as a branch of cultural history—has hitherto been strangely neglected. Mr. Walter Scott, for example, omits alchemistic writings from his great edition of the Hermetica on the odd ground that they are merely “masses of rubbish”. But if texts are to be dismissed as rubbish because they contain beliefs that we cannot share, I see no reason why the religious and philosophical parts of the Hermetica (and with them many books which to-day enjoy a far wider popularity) should continue to claim attention.
On W. Schmidt's Munda-Mon-Khmer Comparisons.
Authors: Hevesy W. F. De 
Published: January 2010

W. Schmidt has established, as is well known, a new family of human speech, termed by him the “ Austric ” family. It was constituted by joining an “ Austronesian ” and an “ Austroasiatic ” group of languages; the latter term was coined by Schmidt when he found that the Mon-Khmer and some other languages of the East are kindred to the Muṇḍa languages of India.Schmidt's treatise on the matter was declared by some scholars to be “ masterly ”, whereas others, so Przyluski, advised reserve. As a matter of fact, the existence of an “ Austric” family of languages—the most widely diffused on earth—is actually uncontested.That the morphology and the grammar of the Muṇḍa and the Mon-Khmer languages are quite different, is admitted by W. Schmidt himself. Thus he based the relationship upon some similarities in phonetics, on the use of infixes in both languages, and on the results he obtained by comparing words.
The Swan Maiden a Folk-Tale of North Eurasian Origin?
Authors: Hatto A. T. 
Published: January 2010

The name of ‘Swan Maiden story’ is given to tales of three kinds, of which only one is of direct concern in this inquiry.I. There are stories of bird-maidens who may appear as a single element, sometimes as birds, sometimes as maidens, according to the laws of their being.II. There is a story woven from several motifs in which a man forces a bird-maiden to become his wife by stealing her feather-robe while she is bathing, thus preventing her from flying off. The pair have children, and one day the bird-woman recovers her feather-robe and flies away with them. As a sequel, the man may pursue her to the other place to which she has returned.III. The winning of a bird-maiden by stealing her feather-robe may appear as but one element of a long and intricate story.
Note sur l'inscription Andhra de China
Authors: Jouveau-Dubreuil G. 
Published: January 2010

L'inscription de China est d'une importance extreme pour l'histoire du pays des Andhras et de la dynastie des Śātavāhanas. Cette inscription se trouve au Musée de Madras; mais d'où vient-elle ? —de China.Je crois que personne n'a eu jusqu'à présent la curiosité de chercher China sur une carte. Ce serait inutile: China n'existe pas.Au Musée de Madras, on ne possède aucun renseignement, et la pierre est présentée comme venant de China.Dans Epigraphia Indica, vol. i, page 95, Bühler, éditant cette inscription de Gotamϊputa Siriyaña Satakañi écrivait:—“The subjoined inscription is incised on a stone, which was originally found on the sea-shore, south of the Krishna river close to the village of China in the Kistna district, and is now deposited in the Madras Museum.”
Note on a Kharoṣṭhi Akṣara
Authors: Konow Sten 
Published: January 2010

In his admirable introduction to the Kharoṣṭhi Inscriptions discovered by Sir Aurel Stein in Chinese Turkestan, Professor Rapson has analysed the various compound letters of the Kharoṣṭhī alphabet in such a way that his results will generally be accepted as final. It will no doubt in future be possible to throw fresh light on some minor details, but it is hardly conceivable that any serious objection will be raised against his deductions.My object in writing these lines is, in the first place, to join those fellow students who wish to give expression to their sincere admiration of Professor Rapson's scholarship and work, and then to bring together some additional material which, in my opinion, will have to be considered in connection with one small detail dealt with in the said introduction, viz. the interpretation of the sign which has been variously transcribed as tsa and tśa.
Two Terms Employed in Kharoṣṭhī Documents from Chinese Turkestan
Authors: Thomas F. W. 
Published: January 2010

In the Kharoṣṭhī records from Chinese Turkestan, of which the edition commenced by the Abbé Boyer, Professor Rapson, and Monsieur Senart, has recently been completed with important dissertations and index by Professor Rapson and Mr. P. S. Noble (Kharoṣṭhī Inscriptions, i-iii, Oxford, 1920-9), the vocabulary is composed in the main of recognizably Indian terms or of personal or topographical designations belonging to the locality ; but we can discriminate a relatively small number of words having other traceable origin or obscure signification. To the last mentioned group we mayassign the words mukeṣi and lote (loteya, lode).These two terms, although they do occur apart, are apt to be found in more or less close conjunction; and the general sphere of their meaning may be ascertained by considering one of the passages where they are associated. We may take document No. 474 (p. 171) of the edition, which, except as regards spacing, majuscules, and some added punctuation, is followed in all respects.
On the Etymology and Interpretation of Certain Words and Phrases in the Aśoka Edicts
Authors: Wickermasinghe M. De Z 
Published: January 2010

In the course of my tutorial work on the Palaeography and Epigraphy of India and Ceylon, I have had to read the Aśoka inscriptions with some of my pupils. As a result, I have come across the following words and phrases which to my mind seem to demand an interpretation other than that already supplied by scholars interested in the subject.(1) Rock Edict III. Girnār. Parisā pi yute ānapayisati gaṇanāyaṁ hetuto ca vyaṁjanato ca.This sentence, which occurs with dialectic differences in other versions of the third rock edict, has already been discussed by previous writers. I would, nevertheless, translate it thus:—“ The Council (of Mahāmātras) shall also give orders to the yuktas (in respect of these rules) in detail [i.e. item by item] regard being had to (their) raison d'être and to the letter (of the law).”
The Ṛgveda and the Panjab
Authors: Woolner A. C. 
Published: January 2010

Speaking of the materials furnished by the Ṛgveda, Dr. A. B. Keith has rightly said that “ conclusions can be drawn only with much caution. It is easy to frame and support by plausible evidence various hypotheses, to which the only effective objection is that other hypotheses are equally legitimate, and that facts are too imperfect to allow of conclusions being drawn ”. (The Cambridge History of India, vol. i, p. 78, 1922.)That position seems to be sound, but in the same paragraph the writer commits himself to an evident acceptance of the view that “ the bulk at least ” of the hymns of the Rgveda were composed “ south of the modern Ambala ”.The revelations of Harappa and Mohen-jo-daro and the possibility of finding archæological strata contemporary with the beginning of the Vedic age in the Panjab lend a new interest to evidence of the Veda and it is reasonable to challenge the bases of any prevailing belief with regard to the location of the main settlements of the Vedic Aryans.
Three topographical problems in the southern Zagros
Authors: Hansman John 
Published: January 2010

Some years ago while living in Khūzistān in southern Iran, the present writer carried out a number of historical-geographical studies in that province. These investigations included searching for the sites of numerous vanished towns and for other local features now known only from the historical sources. A rapid examination of the principal medieval geographical texts showed that there were three interesting problems of this type relating to the area of Izeh or Mālamīr in northern Khūzistān. The sites in question are the following:the mausoleum of the Atabegs of the Great Lursthe whirlpool of Fam al-Bawwābthe extraordinary bridge called Qanṭāra Khurra Zād.