bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Herbal Tea (Non–Camellia sinensis) on Glucose Homeostasis and Serum Lipids in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Alasvand Zarasvand Sepideh , Ogawa Shintaro , Nestor Bailey , Bridges William , Haley-Zitlin Vivian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Context
Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia increase the risk for diabetes and its complications, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. Identification of safe and cost-effective means to reduce risk factors is needed. Herbal teas may be a vehicle to deliver antioxidants and polyphenols for prevention of complications.

Objective
This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate and summarize the impact of herbal tea (non–Camellia sinensis) on glucose homeostasis and serum lipids in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Data Sources
PubMed, FSTA, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception through February 2023 using relevant keyword proxy terms for diabetes, serum lipids, and “non–Camellia sinensis” or “tea.”

Data Extraction
Data from 14 randomized controlled trials, totaling 551 participants, were included in the meta-analysis of glycemic and serum lipid profile end points.

Results
Meta-analysis suggested a significant association between drinking herbal tea (prepared with 2-20 g d–1 plant ingredients) and reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) (P = .0034) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; P = .045). In subgroup analysis based on studies using water or placebo as the control, significant reductions were found in serum total cholesterol (TC; P = .024), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; P = .037), and triglyceride (TG; P = .043) levels with a medium effect size. Meta-regression analysis suggested that study characteristics, including the ratio of male participants, trial duration, and region, were significant sources of FBG and HbA1c effect size heterogeneity; type of control intervention was a significant source of TC and LDL-C effect size heterogeneity.

Conclusions
Herbal tea consumption significantly affected glycemic profiles in individuals with T2D, lowering FBG levels and HbA1c. Significance was seen in improved lipid profiles (TC, TG, and LDL-C levels) through herbal tea treatments when water or placebo was the control. This suggests water or placebo may be a more suitable control when examining antidiabetic properties of beverages. Additional research is needed to corroborate these findings, given the limited number of studies.
Virtue or Vice?
Authors: Potkay Adam 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Hope was long a double-edged concept in the Western literary and philosophic tradition. On one hand, it was viewed as an emotion, and as such was widely criticized in classical antiquity through the Renaissance and Enlightenment as an illusion, a distraction from the present moment, the occasion for irrational and self-destructive thinking. On the other hand, within Christianity hope of a specific kind is one of three theological virtues, and its opposite, despair, is the unforgiveable sin. Having established hope as a theological virtue and potential secular vice, the chapter focuses on what happens to hope in and after the French Revolution. Hope becomes a new, semi-secularized virtue: the hope for more life, a better or perfected condition of the individual, the nation, or of the species, in time or eternity. The chapter concludes with the fate of hope in literary modernism, including Kafka’s parables of “small, almost non-existent hope.”
Hope
Authors: Gulliford Liz 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the way in which hope and optimism are understood. In psychology, hope and optimism tend to be equated with one another, and both are cast in terms of hedonic personal resources. Psychological models such as Learned Optimism, Hope Theory, and Dispositional Optimism tend to ground hope/optimism in self-confidence, problem-solving, and beliefs about personal agency. They thus envisage hope and optimism as largely cognitive, modifiable personal traits which have instrumental benefit in enabling an individual’s goal pursuit. Philosophers make a clearer distinction between hope and optimism than most psychologists, and have distinguished between hoping-that and hoping-in. Hope can be sustained in relation to other agents. This collective, interpersonal understanding of hope can be contrasted with the intrapersonal psychological construal. The collective aspects of hope resonate with earlier psychoanalytic understandings of hope that emphasized how hope exists between agents and is grounded in the confidence of trust.
Difficult Hope
Authors: Lamb Michael 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Reports about the accelerating and potentially catastrophic effects of climate change, along with our insufficient efforts to address it, have generated two competing temptations: (1) presumption among those who deny the crisis or assume some technological solution will avert it and (2) despair among those who worry it is already too late. Both risk undermining the urgent action needed to address the crisis. This chapter seeks to resist these temptations by gleaning insights from Wendell Berry, one of America’s most influential environmentalists. Drawing on numerous books, essays, and a rare personal interview, the chapter reconstructs Berry’s account of hope as a practical virtue that avoids presumption and despair. It explores the relationship between hope and action and highlights how living exemplars provide grounds for hope and models for emulation. Berry is one such exemplar who acknowledges the difficult realities that tempt despair while supplying legitimate grounds for hope.
“This Is All for Our Children, for Their Future”
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Butorac Donna , Farrell Emily , Lising Loy , Motaghi-Tabari Shiva , Tetteh Vera Williams 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on participants’ experiences with family and parenting in the post-migration context. Family considerations were fundamental to many migration decisions, and the implications of migration for the family were troubling and unsettling. A specific challenge related to questions of bilingual parenting. The chapter explores family language policies and practices. Findings challenge the commonly held assumption that migrant children acquire bilingualism easily and effortlessly. Bilingual parenting involves conflicting emotions and leads to transformations in family roles and relationships. While for many parents, migration is viewed as a sacrifice, at least in part for the sake of better life chances for their children, it can unsettle what it means to do right by one’s children. Yet, these emotions and transformations do not occur in a vacuum but are deeply shaped by the exclusions and inclusions that migrant families experience in their new society.
Birth of a Business
Authors: Hempstead Katherine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the emergence of the fire and life insurance industries in the United States. Commercial fire insurance had existed since the late eighteenth century, but life insurance developed more recently. Life insurance was initially viewed negatively by many who considered it speculative and potentially a threat to thrift. Yet over time it became more widely accepted, and demand for fire and life insurance grew with economic modernization and urbanization after the Civil War. The heart of the developing insurance industry was in lower Manhattan, where the many new firms clustered. The fire and life businesses evolved differently, but insurers in both sectors engaged in ruthless competition and there were multiple insolvencies. In an era of little regulation, the insurance trade press played an important role in airing issues and identifying trends but also lacked journalistic ethics and served as paid propagandists for companies.
Private Governments
Authors: Hempstead Katherine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the beginning of the twentieth century, the federal government and the insurance industry had relatively little to do with one another, but as the century progressed, there were increasing points of intersection. The impetus for federal scrutiny arose from unresolved problems with fire insurance rate setting, which had solidified a cartel culture ruled by a small group of executives, who fended off efforts to reduce rates through increased competition and opposed calls to establish multiple lines of coverage and other business innovations. An antitrust investigation led to a momentous Supreme Court decision that overturned the precedent set by Paul and threatened the industry with federal regulation. At the same time, pressure for change came from within the insurance industry, largely catalyzed by the growing demand for auto insurance. A new kind of insurance company, the “direct writer,” largely bypassed the agency system by selling directly to customers.
A Squirrel Cage Operation
Authors: Hempstead Katherine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how the life insurance business model changed in the twentieth century. The collapse of industrial insurance, which is central to that story, was seeded in the Depression, though the end of race-based underwriting was a final blow to profitability. Before the Depression, life insurers had an expansive view of their place in society and spoke of their business as a public service. Those companies that sold industrial insurance described it as a social welfare program. Yet as the century progressed, this perspective changed. The creation of Social Security and the travails of the industrial business during the Depression illustrated the inadequacy of voluntary collectivism. The withdrawal from industrial insurance was replaced with the enthusiastic pursuit of group insurance sold to employers, including life insurance, pensions, and health insurance. This exponentially growing “private welfare” system became the object of whatever remained of the “social” outlook of life insurers.
Data Protection Law and Emotion
Authors: Clifford Damian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Data protection law is often positioned as a regulatory solution to the risks posed by computational systems. This is logical given the pervasive data processing that underpins much of the technology we rely on daily. Despite the widespread adoption of data protection laws, however, there are those who remain very sceptical about their capacity to regulate these risks. Much of this criticism focuses on the role of us, the ‘data subjects’. For instance, it has been demonstrated repeatedly that we lack the capacity to act in our own best interests and, what is more, that our decisions have negative impacts on others. It is hard to dispute these points. Our decision-making limitations seem to be the inevitable by-product of the technological, social, and economic reality. The problems with data protection law also seem baked in through notions such as consent and the subjective control rights provided for in these frameworks and also the reliance on those processing our data to do so fairly. Despite these valid concerns, this book argues that the critiques of the instrumental role of control fail to recognize that its effectiveness is often more difficult to discern than the more critical literature would suggest, but it also emphasizes the importance of the conceptual value of subjective control. These points are analysed (and, indeed, exposed) by exploring data protection law through the lens of the insights provided by law and emotion scholarship.
The Fundamentals of Data Protection Law
Authors: Clifford Damian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Data protection law has developed in an era of socio-economic change. The adoption of these regulatory frameworks can be understood as a response to the various public fears regarding the processing of personal data by both public and private sectors. These same fears are mirrored in the adoption of the more modern data protection laws. This chapter introduces data protection law as a response. The analysis also highlights how the adoption of these frameworks has resulted in considerable anxiety amongst those tasked with compliance, and how the impact of these regulatory frameworks (or lack thereof) has led to frustrations. In doing so, the analysis presents the core features of these laws and introduces the scholarship that is very critical of data protection law’s capacity to engender change.
Personalism in Turkey under Erdoğan
Authors: Saglam Koray 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Under current president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the Republic of Turkey has undergone transformative processes of democratic backsliding and autocratization. Even more striking, however, is the distinct resurgence of personalism as one of the defining regime traits and ruling tactics. Yet, while classical personalist regimes normally feature an elaborate cult of personality, are defined by discretionary exercises of power, and display dynastic trends, the personalist situation experienced by Turkey under Erdoğan is somewhat different. As such, it is primarily characterized by the personalization of the Justice and Development Party as main tool of power, and by the emergence of a clientelist and patronage-based political economy.
Man versus Machine
Authors: Jiang Junyan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the patterns of power politics within the Chinese party state (CCP) over its seven-decade rule. I argue that a useful framework for understanding power dynamics within the CCP is the proverbial struggle between the ‘man’ and the ‘machine’: the personal will and ambition of the political leader and the established interests, networks, and procedures within the party-state bureaucracy. The chapter examines how this struggle unfolded under different paramount leaders—Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, and Xi Jinping. The analysis reveals a complicated and dialectic relationship between the personal power of individual leaders and the organizational dominance of the party.
Cuba after Charisma
Authors: Hoffmann Bert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
After the 1959 Cuban Revolution, the regime led by Fidel Castro became a poster case of personalist rule. When Castro had to step down due to failing health in 2006, Cuba underwent an exit from personalism while maintaining regime continuity: first, in a transition from charismatic socialism under Fidel Castro to a specific brand of bureaucratic socialism under his brother Raúl; and, a decade later, through the accession to power of a new generation of post-Castro leaders. This has brought a bureaucratic cadre to the country’s presidency, who is as un-charismatic as can be. As a result, Havana’s political leadership now faces the challenges of coping with eroding social support without the legitimizing resources that normally underpin personalist rule. In a comparative perspective, the Cuban case highlights the variety of possible outcomes as regards post-personalist transition, suggesting that, even in non-democratic settings, exit from personalism is feasible without necessarily producing elite splits or other ruptures in the regime.
Private International Law as ‘Ligature’: Elements for a Post-Monist Jurisprudence
Authors: Muir Watt Horatia 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The interweaving of a dominant (monist) and alternative (pluralist) methodology throughout the history of private international law suggests that this discipline might serve as a heuristic through which to approach, more broadly, the difficulties encountered by legality in late modernity. The project draws on the peculiar boundary work carried out by the conflict of laws as a metaphor for the wider operation of law within a contested, pluralistic environment. In this respect, an inquiry into the specific mode of existence of private international law is designed to make visible the latent, alternative scheme provided by statutism within the conceptual economy of the discipline. The guiding thread is the (more or less) shadowy alternative project of global governance that has always haunted—with a singular insistence—monism’s apparent certainties. This thread leads to an inscription of legality in the ‘in-between’. It provides a model for law as a constant crossing of frontiers, an interstitial device that allows for infinite alliances and blendings between outside and inside, the foreign and familiar, the global and the local.
Party Autonomy and the Challenge of Choice of Law
Authors: Dane Perry 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A perennial question in choice of law is whether parties to a contract can select the jurisdiction whose law will govern their contract. This so-called ‘party autonomy’ problem is more consequential than most issues in choice of law but is also important as a singular window into the intellectual fabric of choice of law and as a leading edge for new and potentially subversive insights. This chapter argues that party autonomy does not have one comprehensive justification, but that it might be justified by a set of distinct if overlapping arguments that point to vital ideas often overlooked in the contemporary conversation. If choice of law doctrine embraces party autonomy, it might be in part because its shapers instinctively and inchoately recognize those considerations. The most speculative and problematic argument is based on a version of natural law. Another relies on an important distinction between second-order and first-order choice of law. Yet another works at a more sophisticated understanding of what it means for persons to be attached (or to attach themselves) to the legitimate governance of a legal system. The last argument is grounded in legal pluralism, though not of the usual sort. These distinct bases for party autonomy are not only of theoretical interest. They also generate different answers to some of the material subsidiary questions that arise in any doctrinal consideration of party autonomy, which suggests that the doctrine of party autonomy might require more nuance and fine-grained distinctions than most current treatments have given it.
Internal Investigations
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the application of legal professional privilege to internal investigations. It is principally concerned with corporate investigations into issues potentially giving rise to criminal liability and which may, therefore, take place in the shadow of a possible criminal investigation or prosecution. The chapter analyses how legal advice privilege and litigation privilege can apply in the context of an internal investigation and the potential danger areas where a privilege claim might fail. The issues discussed include the application of legal advice privilege to witness interviews, interview notes, and lawyers’ working papers, whether communications and documents that contain factual findings only can be privileged, the relevance of indications from law enforcement agencies as to the likelihood of a prosecution, the extent to which uncertainty over what will be uncovered prevents litigation privilege from arising, and investigations with more than one purpose. There is a detailed discussion of relevant case law throughout, including SFO v ENRC Ltd and Three Rivers (No 5). The chapter also provides practical guidance on issues affecting privilege in internal investigations, including appointing a client group, dealing with pre-existing material, sharing privileged information outside the client group, and publicizing the findings of an investigation.
Learning climate
Authors: Visser Max 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to bring conceptual clarity to the concept of learning climate, an important enabler of learning and cooperative intelligence in organizations. This occurs in three steps. First, a linguistic analysis is carried out of learning as a premodifier, alone and in conjunction with climate. The second step involves a conceptual analysis of different meanings and approximations of learning and climate in the management and organization literature, leading to a more encompassing concept of learning climate as the shared social psychological space within an organization in which learning, as error detection and correction, takes place. Third, the chapter extends this concept, intertwined with inquiry, in novel and critical directions that make it more amenable to the learning challenges of the twenty-first century.
“Fortune favors the prepared mind”
Authors: Cooke Philip 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the variety of learning modifiers proposed for confronting societal change with stability in the face of a rising “knowledge economy.” The knowledge economy was envisioned by administrations anxious about system disruptions and the need for system control. Systems thinkers emphasized continuous learning, active citizenship, and social well-being, but in the postcollectivist era a different kind of learning society emerged. Learning evolved to express self-realization and even narcissism and worse in the deployment by online users of ubiquitous information technology. The “learning self” became more prominent as “celebrity,” “branding,” trolling, and hate mail became widespread in what was termed the “attention economy.” Learning by machines or “machine learning” by artificial intelligence (AI) rose in importance as system control mechanisms allied with robotics where human-centered tasks were displaced from the world of work. Accordingly, reference to the “learning” modifier disappeared from the “management by expertise” social agenda.
Learning city, knowledge city, smart city
Authors: Örtenblad Anders 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the relations between three multiword terms that all have “city” as the second term but are combined with different premodifiers: “learning city,” “knowledge city,” and “smart city.” It asks if the terms can best be made sense of through the analogy “old wine in new bottles” (containing the same meaning although the label is new), in terms of three completely isolated islands with no connecting points, or as a cumulative process—a staircase—where each later term is based on and develops the former term. On the basis of careful studies of around ten texts on each term, the chapter concludes that while each of the terms has a separable core definition, they also overlap to some extent, and so it is suggested that they could be understood as three summits within the same mountain range.
Should People Who Are Moral Equals Relate as Social Equals? Should People Who Are Not Moral Equals Relate as Social Unequals?
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
It is often argued by relational egalitarians and others that we should relate as social equals—that is, that we should avoid relating to one another in socially in racist or sexist ways—because we are moral equals. In this chapter, I first analyse what it is for us to be morally and (rather differently) socially equal. Drawing on the analyses, I then ask whether our being moral equals entails that, invariably, we should relate as social equals. Then I argue that there are ways of our not being moral equals such that the requirement that we relate as social equals can be justified even if, in one of these ways, we are not moral equals. If my arguments for the last claim are successful, then, contrary to what many theorists have assumed, our commitment to social equality is robust across a variety of different claims about moral status, including denials of the equal moral status of all persons. This is to be welcomed, because despite the popularity of the view that all persons are moral equals, the philosophical literature on whether all humans have equal moral status is inconclusive.