bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jubaland Safari
Authors: Sorrell D. S. 
Published: September 2009

We left Kismayu by safari truck on the morning of 3rd March, 1950, with the intention of touring the district up to the Kenya border.We decided to take the Afmadu road, but saw only Dik-Dik on the way, mostly of the greyish Kirk's variety although a few pairs of the prettier Phillips's Dik-Dik were to be seen also. These beautifully-proportioned tiny antelope multiply rapidly in dry bush country such as this, in spite of their many enemies. I have surprised hawks and eagles on a dik-dik “kill” on occasions, and by the neat hole in their skull it has been only too obvious how they were struck down.
Nature Protection and Tourism: With particular reference to Austria
Authors: Machura Lothar 
Published: September 2009

Man is dependent on his natural environment, and not all the modern developments of science can alter this fact. This, the ecology of mankind, may be considered in three ways: the economic, which is the use of the soil and mineral wealth; habitation, which is living space; and recreation. Modern man, during a short time each year travels and becomes a nomad as his ancestors were. Sometimes he wishes to be at one with nature, to visit mountains, valleys or the sea shore, and this is the only aspect of his travels with which “nature protection and tourism” is concerned. To what extent then can nature protection co-operate with tourism and, where they seem incompatible, how can their difficulties be resolved ?Nature protection depends upon the knowledge and love of nature in contemporary mankind and finding this rather meagre, acknowledges in tourism a means of arousing it.
Wild Life Preservation in Burma
Authors: Yin U Tun 
Published: September 2009

The Legal Position.—The Wild Life Protection Act of 1936 is still in force. Section 6 affords complete protection to rhinoceros, tapir, peafowl, Argus pheasant and masked finfoot. But the provision to the said section reads as follows:—“Provided that it shall not be an offence for any physician or druggist to possess or sell, or for any person to possess for private medical purposes rhinoceros blood or any preparation thereof.”
Poaching in the Jipe Area of the Tsavo Royal National Park, Kenya
Authors: Jenkins Peter 
Published: September 2009

This report is based on two and a half months' work along the western boundary of the park from Ziwani to Lake Jipe and in the adjoining area.The Poachers.—The tribes reponsible for the poaching in this area are: Mtaveta, Wakamba, Wapore, Wanyasa, Teita. These people are found along the entire western boundary of the Jipe area. During eight months of the year there is not a drop of water inside this part of the park, and every animal must leave it to drink. Poachers are then able to kill game on their doorsteps with little danger of being caught, and the meat can be cut up and removed at once leaving no trace. During the rains, when waterholes are full and game scattered, small gangs operate far afield into the park.
Management of Nature Reserves in the U.S.A.
Authors: Gabrielson Ira M. 
Published: September 2009

In the United States there are the following principal categories of nature reserves: national parks, national forests, national wildlife refuges and Taylor Grazing Act districts.In national parks nature is left to her own devices, unless interference is essential, to control, for example, a superabundance of grazing animals which are ravaging their food supply. Trees are not cut, nor dead ones removed. Roads and buildings are made as inconspicuous as possible. Wildlife refuges are managed for the benefit of the species for which they have been established, usually upland or water birds. National forests were originally established for watershed protection and timber supply.
The Future of Reindeer in Scotland
Authors: Utsi M. N. P. 
Published: September 2009

When the current reindeer experiment in Scotland is discussed I am sometimes asked: “Why try to introduce, or reintroduce, reindeer when there are probably as many red deer as the ground can carry and certainly more than the black-faced-sheep farmers want ?”On my first visit to Scotland, nearly ten years ago, I was very proud to catch a glimpse of red deer grazing in the Spey valley. “The monarch of the glen” on a crag is a stately sight, or a herd galloping with heads held high. After the rut, on the other hand, stags become “lean as herons”, to quote David Stephen.
The New Outlook in Ecology
Authors: Nicholson E. M. 
Published: September 2009

Ecology may be called the science of the relations of animals and plants to their environment and to one another. But this is only true if we remember that the word “animals” includes man.We like to think of man as in a class by himself, spiritually or intellectually. But as an influence on the earth, man's role is that of an animal that has managed to multiply enormously, both in numbers and in capacity to affect other parts of nature, usually for the worse, and usually without noticing it.
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum): characterization of the four tobaccoPALgenes and active heterotetrameric enzymes
Authors: Reichert Angelika I. , He Xian-Zhi , Dixon Richard A. 
Published: September 2009

PAL (L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), the first enzyme of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, is often encoded by multigene families in plants. A PCR-based approach was used to isolate cDNA clones corresponding to the four PAL genes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). By careful comparison of cDNA and genomic clones, a new PAL gene (PAL4) was defined. PCR amplification of PAL sequences from cDNA led to the generation of chimaeric clones between PAL1 and PAL4, and incorrect annotation of PAL4 ESTs (expressed sequence tags) as PAL1 in the EST database has given rise to a randomly shuffled tentative consensus sequence. The PAL2 previously described in the literature was shown, by domain swapping experiments with PAL1, to possess a single nucleotide substitution leading to an inactive enzyme. The altered amino acid resulting from this substitution maps to the base of the active site pocket in the three-dimensional structure of PAL. The inactive PAL2 allele could not be recovered from 13 different tobacco cultivars examined. PALs 1–4 were co-expressed in multiple plant organs, and were also co-induced following exposure of cell cultures to yeast elicitor or methyl jasmonate. All four tobacco PAL proteins expressed in Escherichia coli displayed normal Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with Km values between 36 and 60 μM. Co-expression of different PAL proteins in E. coli resulted in formation of heterotetramers, which possessed kinetic properties within the same range as those of the individual homotetramers. The potential physiological function of heterotetrameric PAL forms is discussed.
Design of proteolytically stable RI-anchoring disruptor peptidomimetics for in vivo studies of anchored type I protein kinase A-mediated signalling
Authors: Torheim Eirik A. , Jarnæss Elisabeth , Lygren Birgitte , Taskén Kjetil 
Published: September 2009

We have reported previously the design of a RIAD (RI-anchoring disruptor) peptide that specifically displaces PKA (protein kinase A) type I from the AKAP (A-kinase-anchoring protein) ezrin, which is present in the immunological synapse of T-cells. This increases immune reactivity by reducing the threshold for activation and may prove a feasible approach for improving immune function in patients with cAMP-mediated T-cell dysfunction. However, the use of RIAD in biological systems is restricted by its susceptibility to enzymatic cleavage and, consequently, its short half-life in presence of the ubiquitous serum peptidases. In the present study, carefully selected non-natural amino acids were employed in the design of RIAD analogues with improved stability. The resulting peptidomimetics demonstrated up to 50-fold increased half-lives in serum compared with RIAD, while maintaining similar or improved specificity and potency with respect to disruption of PKA type I–AKAP interactions.
Existence of exocytotic hemifusion intermediates with a lifetime of up to seconds in type II pneumocytes
Authors: Miklavc Pika , Albrecht Susanne , Wittekindt Oliver H. , Schullian Peter , Haller Thomas , Dietl Paul 
Published: September 2009

Exocytosis proceeds through prefusion stages such as hemifusion, but hemifusion is still an elusive intermediate of unknown duration. Using darkfield and fluorescence microscopy in ATII (alveolar type II) cells containing large secretory vesicles (LBs; lamellar bodies), we show that exocytotic fusion events were accompanied by a mostly biphasic SLID (scattered light intensity decrease) originating from the vesicle border. Correlation with the diffusional behaviour of fluorescence markers for either content or membrane mixing revealed that the onset of the fast second phase of SLID corresponded to fusion pore formation, which was followed by vesicle swelling. In contrast, a slow first phase of SLID preceded pore formation considerably but could still be accompanied by diffusion of farnesylated DsRed, an inner plasma membrane leaflet marker, or Nile Red. We conclude that hemifusion is an exocytotic intermediate that may last for several seconds. SLID is a new, non-invasive approach by which a prefusion phase, including hemifusion, can be continuously recorded and distinguished from fusion pore formation and postfusion vesicle swelling.
Influence of cell phone email use on characteristics of gait
Authors: Demura Shinichi , Uchiyama Masanobu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPreviously, gait had been considered an automatic and rhythmical movement that uses minimal attentional resources. The relationship between attention and gait has been revealed in recent research. However, in young adults in particular, the influence of using a cell phone – which is used frequently in daily life and considered to require high attentional demands – on gait has not been demonstrated. In this study, we examined the influence of mobile phone use on gait. Thirty healthy college students (15 males, 15 females) walked through a normal straight course with or without an obstacle under two different walking conditions while either using the email function of the cell phone or walking without a cell phone. The participants walked at a normal speed on a 10‐m walkway. In walking conditions with an obstacle, an obstacle (17 cm in height) was set at the mid‐point of the walkway. The following gait parameters were calculated: velocity, stride length, stride width (cm), and stance phase of one foot (just before an obstacle, one and two steps before the obstacle). Velocity and stride width decreased and the stance phase increased during walking while operating a cell phone. The stance phase just before an obstacle and stride length increased while operating a cell phone with an obstacle in the way. Gaze fixations and the high attention required to use the email function of the device may result in greatly disturbed gait.
Relationship between heart rate variability and the serum testosterone‐to‐cortisol ratio during military service
Authors: Huovinen Jukka , Tulppo Mikko , Nissilä Juuso , Linnamo Vesa , Häkkinen Keijo , Kyrolainen Heikki 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe autonomic nervous system and circulating hormones control a stress reaction through a complex interaction. We tested the hypothesis that changes in cardiac vagal regulation may be positively associated with the serum testosterone‐to‐cortisol ratio during the first week of military service in 24 conscripts aged 19.0±0.3 years. Cardiac autonomic function was assessed by measuring high‐frequency (HF: 0.15–0.4 Hz) and low‐frequency (LF: 0.04–0.15 Hz) power spectral indices of R‐R intervals during supine rest and during a controlled standing condition (5 min for both) from the second to the seventh mornings at the beginning of military service. Blood samples were collected to analyse the basal serum testosterone‐to‐cortisol ratio on the seventh morning. Changes in heart rate and high‐frequency power measured in the standing condition were positively correlated with the serum testosterone‐to‐cortisol ratio at day 7 (r= − 0.42 and r=0.45, respectively; P<0.05 for both). However, changes in low‐frequency power and LF/HF ratio did not correlate with testosterone or cortisol concentration. The present results suggest a relationship between changes in cardiac vagal regulation during a long‐term mentally stressful condition and the serum testosterone‐to‐cortisol ratio. This association was more marked during the controlled standing condition.
Restriction Endonuclease Analysis of Plasmid DNA From Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Clinical Application Over a Three-Year Period
Authors: Trilla Antoni , Nettleman Mary D. , Hollis Richard J. , Fredrickson Mary , Wenzel Richard P. , Pfaller Michael A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To investigate trends in plasmid types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus over a 3-year period and determine the clinical impact of plasmid typing.Design:Restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid DNA (REAP) was used to type 270 clinical isolates.Setting:A Veterans Affairs Medical Center.Results:Forty-four different REAP types were identified and, of these, 23 appeared only once. Types designed as V1 and V2 were more commonly found in nosocomial cases than in community-acquired cases (p<.05); whereas the K and D types were more common in isolates from community-acquired cases (<c.05). In 30 (11%) isolates, no plasmid was detected. When combined with epidemiological data, REAP typing revealed 4 small outbreaks that would have been missed using traditional epidemiological methods alone. In large outbreaks involving 10 or more cases, REAP typing data revealed unsuspected patterns of transmission.Conclusions:Multiple plasmid types were present in this endemic setting. Restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid DNA was a practical and valuable adjunct to traditional epidemiological methods.
Case-Control and Vector Studies of Nosocomial Acquisition of Pseudomonas Cepacia in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Burdge David R. , Nakielna E.M. , Noble M.A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To examine factors associated with nosocomial acquisition of Pseudomonas cepacia in adult patients with cystic fibrosis.Design:A retrospective case-control study of 5 patients with nosocomial acquisition of P cepacia versus 20 matched controls who failed to develop P cepacia infection. Selective handwashing, air sampling, and respiratory equipment sampling also were performed.Setting:A university hospital providing tertiary care to 95 adult cystic fibrosis patients.Patience:All patients are adults with known cystic fibrosis. Case definition required multiple negative sputum cultures for P cepacia prior to and during admission, with a positive sputum culture prior to discharge. Controls had negative sputum cultures for P cepacia prior to and throughout hospitalization. Controls were matched for age, gender, disease severity, and frequency of hospitalizations.Results:Factors associated with increased risk of nosocomial acquisition of P cepacia included receiving humidifier or nebulized treatments (60% versus 5%, p = .016, odds ratio= 28.5, 95% confidence interval= 1.93 to 420.58). Factors without significance included ward, room, teaching versus nonteaching status, use of steroids, sharing a hospital room with another cystic fibrosis patient, antibiotic use, presence of portocath in situ, or socializing with another individual with cystic fibrosis known to be P cepacia -positive. Air sampling studies failed to demonstrate aerosolization of P cepacia by coughing cystic fibrosis patients over a 1-hour sampling time. Handwashing studies failed to demonstrate P cepacia on hands of cystic fibrosis patients, nurses, or physiotherapists (before or after physiotherapy). Reservoirs from nebulizers consistently grew P cepacia following therapy.Conclusions:Respiratory equipment may be an important source of nosocomial acquisition of P cepacia in adult cystic fibrosis patients.
Installing Needle Disposal Boxes Closer to the Bedside Reduces Needle-Recapping Rates in Hospital Units
Authors: Makofsky David , Cone James E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To compare the proportion of recapped needles, an injury surrogate measure, in disposal boxes on two different types of hospital units, both before and after an intervention.Design:Prospective nonrandomized intervention trial.Setting:A major public teaching hospital.Participants:Specific hospital units. We selected two types of hospital units for study: the first type of hospital unit (medical-surgical ward) had existing mounted in-bathroom needle disposal boxes, and the second type of hospital unit (intensive care unit) had unmounted needle disposal boxes in the room but not necessarily near the patient's bedside.Intervention:The installation, in the medical-surgical wards only, of mounted needle disposal boxes on the wall near the patient's bed. The box location in the intensive care units remained the same. In both types of unit, a new mailbox-slot disposal box (SAGE) also was substituted for the previous round-top container.Results:The baseline proportion of recapped needles in the first medical-surgical unit was 32.6% (±3.8%) and in the second medical-surgical unit it was 27.4% (± 4.0%) in the bathroom needle disposal boxes, which was similar to the observed proportion (34.7 ± 6.4%) in the intensive care unit boxes. Following the intervention, the proportion of recapped needles was significantly reduced in the disposal containers adjacent to the bedside in medical-surgical units, to 27% (a difference of 2.9 standard errors of the baseline distribution) in the first unit and 18.2% (a difference of 4.6 standard errors) in the second. In the intensive care unit, where boxes were not moved but new mailbox-types were simply substituted, no significant change was noted (36.6%, a difference of 0.59 standard errors). A statistically significant reduction was observed in the proportion of needles recapped in both wards combined following the intervention (30.2% to 26.2%, a difference of 2.9 standard errors).Conclusion:Environmental changes alone are an effective means of altering the risk to healthcare workers from sharp instruments. The use of needle-box counts provides a sensitive and stable instrument to measure injury surrogates and, indirectly, behavioral change in hospital workers.
Malaria Protection of the International Traveler
Authors: Rangel-Frausto M. Sigfrido , Edmond Michael B. 
Published: September 2009

Although isolated cases of malaria still may be acquired in the United States,’ imported cases in international travelers are primarily responsible for approximately 1,000 cases reported annually to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In the decade ending in 1988, more than 50 malaria-associated deaths were reported, most of them theoretically preventable. Moreover, it is estimated that only 30% to 60% of malaria cases are actually reported to the CDC.In recent years, an increase in infections due to Plasmodium falciparum, which accounts for the most severe form of malaria, has been noted. This increase is multifactorial in origin and is associated with an increase in travel to malarious areas, difficulties with chemoprophylaxis (including compliance and adverse effects), and increasing resistance to multiple antimalarial agents. Thus, careful counseling of the traveler and appropriate chemoprophylaxis remain vitally important.
Puncture Injuries Due to Needles Removed From Intravenous Lines: Should the Source Patient Routinely be Tested for Bloodborne Infections?
Authors: Manian Farrin A. , Meyer Lynn , Jenne Joan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To better assess the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens following puncture injuries due to needles removed from intravenous(IV) lines.Setting:Tertiary care community medical center.Patients:A convenience sample of hospitalized patients requiring IV piggy-back medications.Methods:Examination of 501 IV ports of peripheral lines, heparin-locks, and central venous lines for visible blood and testing the residual fluid in the needles removed from these ports for the presence of occult blood by using guaiac-impregnated paper.Results:The proximal ports of central venous lines and heparin-locks were statistically more likely to contain visible blood than proximal and distal ports of peripheral lines (17% and 20% versus 1% and 3% respectively, P<0.05). Similarly, needles removed from proximal ports of central venous lines and heparin-locks were statistically more likely to contain occult blood than those from peripheral lines ( 11% and 14% versus 2%, respectively, P<0.05). Only two needles removed from IV lines without visible blood contained occult blood: one from the proximal port of a central line and another from a heparin-lock. None of the needles from peripheral lines without visible blood contained occult blood.Estimation of the risk of transmission of hepatitis B and C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) following injury by needles from various IV lines revealed that injury due to needles removed from peripheral IV lines and distal ports of central lines without visible blood was associated with “near zero” risk of transmission of these bloodborne infections at our medical center.Conclusions:Routine serological testing of source patients involving injury due to needles removed from peripheral IV lines and distal ports of central lines without visible blood is not necessary at our medical center. Conversely, due to the relatively high rate of occult blood in the needles removed from proximal ports of central venous lines and heparin-locks, puncture injuries due to these needles are considered significant and managed accordingly.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Nursing Home and Affiliated Hospital: A Four Year Prespective
Authors: Strausbaugh Larry J. , Jacobson Cleone , Yost Terri 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectives:To determine the effect of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreak in a nursing home on the subsequent MRSA caseload in a closely affiliated hospital.Design:Observational and descriptive; routine and special MRSA surveillance data for nursing home and hospital were reviewed for a four-year period (1988 to 1991) as were records regarding patient transfers from nursing home to hospital.Setting:The 120-bed nursing home care unit (NHCU) and the geographically separate 434-bed acute care facility (hospital) of the Portland Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (PVAMC).Patients:Veterans hospitalized in the acute care division of NHCU.Results:Following the introduction of MRSA into the NHCU in December 1987, it quickly disseminated. Two to 32 newly colonized or infected patients were recognized in each quarter of the study period. Facilitywide prevalence surveys on two occasions disclosed MRSA colonization rates of 34% and 10%. During the study period, 15 to 54 (mean: 37.6) patients were transferred each quarter from the NHCU to the hospital of the PVAMC. The number of MRSA cases transferred ranged from 0 to 16 per quarter (mean: 5.4). During the same period, the total number of MRSA cases in the hospital increased, rising from 7 cases in 1987 to 16 in 1988, 48 in 1989, 34 in 1990, and 35 in 1991. The percentage of hospital MRSA cases accounted for by NHCU transfers was 0% in 1988, 38% in 1989, 12% in 1990, and 11% in 1991.Conclusions:Despite the steady flow of patients between the NHCU and the hospital, the MRSA outbreak in the NHCU was associated with only a modest increase in the MRSA caseload at the affiliated hospital.