bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects and patient compliance of sustained‐release versus immediate‐release glipizides in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Li , Sun Xin , Du Liang , Yuan Qiang , Li Honghao , Tian Haoming , Li Youping 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis review aimed to address effects of sustained‐release versus immediate‐release glipizide on glucose control, insulin secretion, and compliance. We searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Chinese Biomedical database from inceptions to May 31, 2011, screened reference lists of relevant studies, and contacted pharmaceutical companies. Randomized trials and cohort studies were included. We pooled data using a random‐effect model. Nineteen trials involving a total of 1440 patients and 2 retrospective cohort studies with a total of 13452 patients were included. Trials were of low quality. No trials reported patient important outcomes. The reduction of fasting plasma glucose from the baseline appeared larger for sustained‐release than for immediate‐release glipizide (mean difference −0.26 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.52 to −0.01). The reduction was not significantly different between the two drugs for HbA1c (−0.03%, −0.20% to 0.14%) or 2‐hour postprandial plasma glucose (−0.21 mmol/L, −0.96 to 0.55). Sustained‐release glipizide appeared to reduce insulin secretion from the baseline, whereas the immediate‐release formulation increased the secretion (fasting insulin: −1.04 vs. 0.88 μIU/ml; 2‐hour postprandial insulin: −2.94 vs. 0.24 μIU/ml). Patients administering sustained‐release glipizide had less hypoglycemia (Peto odds ratio 0.21, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.52) and lower missed dosing (Peto odds ratio 11. 42, 95% CI 6.47 to 20.18). The cohort studies showed patient compliance results consistent with those of the trials. Sustained‐release glipizide appears to achieve similar glucose control with decreased insulin secretion, fewer hypoglycemic episodes, and higher patient compliance than immediate‐release glipizide. However, these findings are inconclusive due to inadequate study quality, short follow up, and unavailability of patient important outcomes.
Resting Energy Expenditure per Lean Body Mass Determined by Indirect Calorimetry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Cats
Authors: Center S.A. , Warner K.L. , Randolph J.F. , Wakshlag J.J. , Sunvold G.D. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundResting energy expenditure (REE) approximates ≥60% of daily energy expenditure (DEE). AccurateREEdetermination could facilitate sequential comparisons among patients and diseases if normalized against lean body mass (LBM).Objective(1) Validate open‐flow indirect calorimetry (IC) system and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF‐BIA) to determineREEandLBM, respectively, in healthy nonsedated cats of varied body conditions; (2) normalizeREEagainstLBM.AnimalsFifty‐seven adult neutered domestic short‐haired cats with stableBW.MethodsContinuous (45‐min)IC‐measurements determined least observed metabolismREE. Cage gas flow regulated with mass flow controllers was verified using nitrogen dilution; span gases calibrated gas measurements. Respiratory quotient accuracy was verified using alcohol combustion.IC‐REEwas compared toDEE, determined using doubly labeled water.MF‐BIA LBMwas validated against criterion references (deuterium, sodium bromide). Intra‐ and interassay variation was determined forICandMF‐BIA.ResultsMeanIC‐REE(175 ± 38.7 kcal; 1.5–14% intra‐ and interassayCV%) represented 61 ± 14.3% ofDEE. BestMF‐BIAmeasurements were collected in sternal recumbency and with electrodes in neck‐tail configuration.MF‐BIA LBMwas not significantly different from criterion references and generatedLBMinterassayCV% of 6.6–10.1%. Over‐ and underconditioned cats had significantly (P ≤ .05) lower and higherIC‐REE(kcal/kg) respectively, compared with normal‐conditioned cats. However, differences resolved withREE/LBM(approximating 53 ± 10.3 kcal/LBM[kg]).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceICandMF‐BIAvalidated herein reasonably estimateREEandLBMin cats.REE/LBM(kg) may permit comparison of energy utilization in sequential studies or among different cats.
Severe Myositis Associated with Sarcocystis spp. Infection in 2 Dogs
Authors: Sykes J.E. , Dubey J.P. , Lindsay L.L. , Prato P. , Lappin M.R. , Guo L.T. , Mizisin A.P. , Shelton G.D. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundDogs are definitive hosts for numerous species of the intracellular protozoan parasite Sarcocystis. Reports of sarcocysts in muscles of dogs most often represent incidental findings.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo report the clinicopathologic, ultrastructural, and molecular findings in 2 dogs with myositis associated with Sarcocystis spp. infection, as well as the response to treatment with antiprotozoal drugs.AnimalsTwo dogs with severe myositis in association with massive sarcocystosis.MethodsRetrospective case review. Affected dogs were identified by a diagnostic laboratory. Attending clinicians were contacted, and the medical records reviewed. Immunostaining and electron microscopy were performed on muscle biopsies. Biopsies also were subjected to 18S rRNA gene PCR.ResultsBoth dogs had fever, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity when first evaluated. One dog developed hyperbilirubinemia. Subsequently, both dogs had increased serum creatine kinase activity and clinical signs of myositis, with reluctance to move, generalized pain, and muscle wasting. Histopathology of muscle biopsies showed severe inflammatory and necrotizing myopathy with numerous sarcocysts. Ultrastructural studies and 18S rRNA gene sequence results were consistent with infection with a Sarcocystis spp. other than Sarcocystis neurona. Both dogs initially were treated unsuccessfully with clindamycin and anti‐inflammatory drugs. One dog died. The other dog subsequently responded to treatment with decoquinate.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSarcocystis spp. infection should be included in the differential diagnosis for dogs that develop fever, thrombocytopenia, increased liver enzyme activities, and clinical and biochemical evidence of myositis. Although additional studies are required, decoquinate holds promise as an effective treatment for the disease.
Quantitative and Qualitative Urine Protein Excretion in Dogs with Severe Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Authors: Schaefer H. , Kohn B. , Schweigert F.J. , Raila J. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundProteinuria is an established characteristic of renal disease in dogs, providing diagnostic and prognostic information. Little is known about the occurrence and severity of proteinuria in dogs with severe inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).HypothesisThe quantitative and qualitative urinary protein (UP) excretion is altered in dogs with SIRS.AnimalsThirty‐nine dogs with SIRS and 15 healthy control dogs at admission.MethodsA case control study was performed. Diagnosis of SIRS was based on clinical and clinicopathological findings. Urinary protein (UP) was measured by a colorimetric assay. Urinary albumin (UAlb) and urinary retinol‐binding protein (URBP) were measured by ELISA and quantified in relation to urinary creatinine (UC). Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamid‐gel electrophoresis was conducted to identify the qualitative pattern of proteinuria. Mann–Whitney U‐test was used to assess differences in UP/UC, UAlb/UC and URBP/UC between the groups. P‐values < .05 were considered significant.ResultsDogs with SIRS had higher ratios of UP/UC, UAlb/UC and URBP/UC (all P < .001) in comparison to healthy control dogs. Dogs with SIRS had a total of 11 protein bands compared to 3 bands in healthy controls. In dogs with SIRS, 58% of the total counted bands were in the low molecular weight range (<60 kDa) whereas 42% were in the middle (60–80 kDa)/high molecular weight range (>80 kDa).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSIRS alters UP excretion in dogs. Further studies should evaluate whether or not the magnitude of proteinuria is predictive of the severity and outcome of dogs with SIRS.
Diagnosis, Treatment, Control, and Prevention of Infections Caused byRhodococcus equiin Foals
Authors: Giguère S. , Cohen N.D. , Keith Chaffin M. , Slovis N.M. , Hondalus M.K. , Hines S.A. , Prescott J.F. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRhodococcus equi, a Gram‐positive facultative intracellular pathogen, is one of the most common causes of pneumonia in foals. AlthoughR. equican be cultured from the environment of virtually all horse farms, the clinical disease in foals is endemic at some farms, sporadic at others, and unrecognized at many. On farms where the disease is endemic, costs associated with morbidity and mortality attributable toR. equimay be very high. The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide recommendations regarding the diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of infections caused byR. equiin foals.
Macrogeographic variation in the song of the Mourning Warbler (Oporornis philadelphia)
Authors: Pitocchelli J. 
Published: November 2011

Studies of macrogeographic variation in birdsong involve populations incapable of interbreeding because of physical barriers or separation by large distances. Different patterns have emerged from these studies such as (i) little or no variation exists among individuals or populations from the breeding range, (ii) individual variation is greater than among population variation resulting in no geographic structure, (iii) clinal variation, and (iv) macrogeographic variation where all individuals from several populations on the breeding range share a common song type forming a regional dialect or regiolect. I studied macrogeographic variation in song of the Mourning Warbler ( Oporornis philadelphia (A. Wilson, 1810)). The observed pattern was similar to the fourth category of geographic variation with regiolects. A Western regiolect extended from northern Alberta to western Ontario. An Eastern regiolect stretched eastward from western Ontario and Wisconsin to the Gaspé Peninsula and New England, then southward through the Appalachians to West Virginia. Nova Scotia and Newfoundland each had unique regiolects. Finally, I compared these results to other species with regiolects and assessed the ability of some deterministic hypotheses to explain song divergence (e.g., role of morphology, physical barriers, island isolation).
Sperm utilization in subadult and adult simultaneous hermaphrodite snails mating in the wild
Authors: Kupfernagel Sandra , Baur Bruno 
Published: November 2011

In species with multiple mating and long-term sperm storage, males are expected to show a preference for mating with virgin and young females to reduce the risk of sperm competition. In various simultaneous hermaphrodite land snail species, sperm production precedes egg production by 2–4 weeks, resulting in a short period of protandric hermaphroditism before shell growth is completed. In a natural population, we collected copulating pairs of the simultaneous hermaphrodite land snail Arianta arbustorum (L., 1758) consisting either of two adults, of two subadults, or of one adult and one subadult snail, and determined the paternity of their hatchlings that emerged from subsequently deposited eggs. Adult snails used sperm received from subadult mating partners for egg fertilization in the same frequency as sperm from adults, indicating that subadult and adult snails do not differ in male function. Furthermore, an unfinished shell is not a reliable indicator for virginity, because 35% of the subadult individuals had already sperm stored from previous mating(s). Compared with adults, young individuals exhibited a lower risk of sperm competition, indicated by a higher last mate sperm precedence. However, subadult snails produced fewer eggs than adult snails, counteracting the evolutionary advantage of preferring a young partner with low sperm competition risk.
Winter snowfall determines the occupancy of northern prairie wetlands by tadpoles of the Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus)
Authors: Donald David B. , Aitken William T. , Paquette Carrie , Wulff Shaun S. 
Published: November 2011

In the northern plains of North America, the wetland breeding habitat of amphibians and their populations could be reduced by a change in climate that included decreased precipitation. To test this hypothesis, relative abundance of late-stage tadpoles of the Wood Frog ( Lithobates sylvaticus (LeConte, 1825)) was monitored from 1997 to 2010 during a wet–dry–wet cycle in 29 wetlands distributed throughout central Saskatchewan, Canada. The wetlands were dry for up to 7 consecutive years, and for a mean of 3.8 consecutive years. Consequently, tadpole occupancy of the wetlands was reduced to less than 40% for 5 consecutive years and none of the wetlands had tadpoles during the severe drought of 2001 and 2002. However, the drought had no observable long-term effect on either tadpole occupancy of wetlands or tadpole abundance. In 2007, 93% of the wetlands supported tadpoles, and in 2008 the highest mean relative abundance of tadpoles was recorded. Tadpole occupancy of wetlands was related to winter and spring precipitation (R2 = 0.84) with 67% of long-term variation in occupancy related to snowfall from November to February and 17% related to rainfall from March to June. Less than 45 mm of winter precipitation for 6 consecutive years would probably cause regional extinction of populations of the Wood Frog.
Variation in female reproductive quality and reproductive success of male Midland Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata)
Authors: McGuire J.M. , Congdon J.D. , Scribner K.T. , Capps J.D. 
Published: November 2011

Although mate number is perceived to be the primary factor affecting male reproductive success in polygynous systems, differences in female reproductive qualities may also influence variation in male reproductive success. We combined 32 years of data on variation in reproductive qualities (clutch size and clutch frequency) of female Midland Painted Turtles ( Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz, 1857) with genetic data on patterns of repeated paternity (i.e., stored sperm use) and multiple paternity to examine the potential influence on male reproductive success. Over 24 years (1983–2006), the number of reproductive females each year averaged 84 (minimum–maximum = 62–106) and, on average, 23% (minimum–maximum = 6%–40%) produced two clutches (intraseasonally). Among females with reproductive histories spanning 5–24 years (N = 167), 26% of individuals produced only one clutch annually, whereas 74% produced two clutches within a season. Among just intraseasonally iteroparous females, second-clutch production varied from 7% to 50%. Repeated paternity was observed in 97.5% of 40 paired clutches and 44% of 9 among-year comparisons of clutches from consecutive years. The frequent use of stored sperm to fertilize sequential clutches within and potentially among years can substantially increase a male’s reproductive success, particularly if males can base mating decisions on phenotypic characteristics correlated with female quality.
Gap-crossing by Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina)in a fragmented landscape
Authors: MacIntosh T. , Stutchbury B.J.M. , Evans M.L. 
Published: November 2011

We used radio-telemetry to study the movement patterns of Wood Thrushes ( Hylocichla mustelina (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)) occupying small forest fragments (<5 ha) to examine gap-crossing between fragments and edge use within fragments. We found that 82% (8/11) of males and 33% (2/6) of females made at least one foray off of its resident forest fragment and we documented a total of 26 off-fragment forays (n = 79 h tracking). Males spent, on average, 23.5% of their time off their fragment, while females were gone 12.8% of the time tracked. Most forays were >150 m in distance and foray rate to adjacent fragments declined with increasing gap width. Males on fragments spent more time off their territory (23.5%) and traveled farther (392 m) than males occupying territories within a continuous forest (4.8% and 99 m, respectively). In fragments, 10 out of 17 individuals spent >80% of their time within 20 m of the fragment edge and edge use was significantly more than expected based on the amount of edge available in each fragment. This study adds to the growing evidence for migratory songbirds that during the breeding season, forest fragmentation may increase rather than impede daily movements.
Spatial ecology and core-area protection of Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii)
Authors: Congdon J.D. , Kinney O.M. , Nagle R.D. 
Published: November 2011

We documented sizes of terrestrial protection zones around wetlands that are necessary to protect all of the core area of Blanding’s Turtles ( Emydoidea blandingii (Holbrook, 1838)) on the Edwin S. George Reserve (ESGR) in southeastern Michigan. Data collected over three decades indicated that 39% of the 83 females and 50% of the 60 males maintained the same residence wetland for more than 20 years, and 33% of the 182 nonresident females used nesting areas on the ESGR for more than 20 years. Approximately 20% of resident males and females were captured in 21 temporary wetlands on the ESGR. Nesting areas were located from 100 to 2000 m from residence wetlands, and some of 45 females (18%) used up to six different nesting areas, some separated by >1000 m. Terrestrial protection zones 300 and 450 m around all wetlands (residence and temporary) protect 90% and 100% of nests, respectively. Terrestrial protection zones of 300, 1000, and 2000 m around residence wetlands only are required to protect 14%, 87%, and 100% of adults, respectively. A protection zone that encompasses the activities of most or all Blanding’s Turtles has a high probability of including the core areas of most other semiaquatic organisms.
POSSIBILITIES AND IMPOSSIBILITIES IN SQUARE-TILING
Authors: BERKOFF A. M. , HENLE J. M. , MCDONOUGH A. E. , WESOLOWSKI A. P. 
Published: November 2011

A set of natural numbers tiles the plane if a square-tiling of the plane exists using exactly one square of sidelength n for every n in the set. From Ref. 8 we know that ℕ itself tiles the plane. From that and Ref. 9 we know that the set of even numbers tiles the plane while the set of odd numbers doesn't. In this paper we explore the nature of this property. We show, for example, that neither tiling nor non-tiling is preserved by superset. We show that a set with one or three odd numbers may tile the plane—but a set with two odd numbers can't. We find examples of both tiling and non-tiling sets that can be partitioned into tiling sets, non-tiling sets or a combination. We show that any set growing faster than the Fibonacci numbers cannot tile the plane.
Dual IGF-1R/InsR Inhibitor BMS-754807 Synergizes with Hormonal Agents in Treatment of Estrogen-Dependent Breast Cancer
Authors: Hou Xiaonan , Huang Fei , Macedo Luciana F. , Harrington Sean C. , Reeves Karen A. , Greer Ann , Finckenstein Friedrich Graf , Brodie Angela , Gottardis Marco M. , Carboni Joan M. , Haluska Paul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractInsulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling has been implicated in the resistance to hormonal therapy in breast cancer. Using a model of postmenopausal, estrogen-dependent breast cancer, we investigated the antitumor effects of the dual IGF-1R/InsR tyrosine kinase inhibitor BMS-754807 alone and in combination with letrozole or tamoxifen. BMS-754807 exhibited antiproliferative effects in vitro that synergized strongly in combination with letrozole or 4-hydroxytamoxifen and fulvestrant. Similarly, combined treatment of BMS-754807 with either tamoxifen or letrozole in vivo elicited tumor regressions not achieved by single-agent therapy. Notably, hormonal therapy enhanced the inhibition of IGF-1R/InsR without major side effects in animals. Microarray expression analysis revealed downregulation of cell-cycle control and survival pathways and upregulation of erbB in response to BMS-754807 plus hormonal therapy, particularly tamoxifen. Overall, these results offer a preclinical proof-of-concept for BMS-754807 as an antitumor agent in combination with hormonal therapies in hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Cooperative cell-cycle arrest, decreased proliferation, and enhanced promotion of apoptosis may contribute to antitumor effects to be gauged in future clinical investigations justified by our findings. Cancer Res; 71(24); 7597–607. ©2011 AACR.
In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Estrogen Receptor in an Orthotopic Model of Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Pais Adi , Gunanathan Chidambaram , Margalit Raanan , Eti Biton Inbal , Yosepovich Ady , Milstein David , Degani Hadassa 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Histologic overexpression of the estrogen receptor α (ER) is a well-established prognostic marker in breast cancer. Noninvasive imaging techniques that could detect ER overexpression would be useful in a variety of settings where patients' biopsies are problematic to obtain. This study focused on developing, by in vivo MRI, strategies to measure the level of ER expression in an orthotopic mouse model of human breast cancer. Specifically, novel ER-targeted contrast agents based on pyridine-tetra-acetate-Gd(III) chelate (PTA-Gd) conjugated to 17β-estradiol (EPTA-Gd) or to tamoxifen (TPTA-Gd) were examined in ER-positive or ER-negative tumors. Detection of specific interactions of EPTA-Gd with ER were documented that could differentiate ER-positive and ER-negative tumors. In vivo competition experiments confirmed that the enhanced detection capability of EPTA-Gd was based specifically on ER targeting. In contrast, PTA-Gd acted as an extracellular probe that enhanced ER detection similarly in either tumor type, confirming a similar vascular perfusion efficiency in ER-positive and ER-negative tumors in the model. Finally, TPTA-Gd accumulated selectively in muscle and could not preferentially identify ER-positive tumors. Together, these results define a novel MRI probe that can permit selective noninvasive imaging of ER-positive tumors in vivo. Cancer Res; 71(24); 7387–97. ©2011 AACR.
Angiopoietin-like Protein 2 Is an Important Facilitator of Inflammatory Carcinogenesis and Metastasis
Authors: Aoi Jun , Endo Motoyoshi , Kadomatsu Tsuyoshi , Miyata Keishi , Nakano Masahiro , Horiguchi Haruki , Ogata Aki , Odagiri Haruki , Yano Masato , Araki Kimi , Jinnin Masatoshi , Ito Takaaki , Hirakawa Satoshi , Ihn Hironobu , Oike Yuichi 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays important roles at different stages of cancer development, including carcinogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis, but molecular mechanisms linking inflammation to cancer development have not been fully clarified. Here, we report that expression of angiopoietin-like protein 2 (Angptl2), recently identified as a chronic inflammation mediator, is highly correlated with the frequency of carcinogenesis in a chemically induced skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) mouse model. Furthermore, Angptl2 expression in SCC is highly correlated with the frequency of tumor cell metastasis to distant secondary organs and lymph nodes. When SCC was induced in transgenic mice expressing Angptl2 in skin epithelial cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in SCC as well as tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis were significantly increased, resulting in increased tumor cell metastasis and shortened survival compared with wild-type mice. Conversely, in a chemically induced SCC mouse model, carcinogenesis and metastasis were markedly attenuated in Angptl2 knockout mice, resulting in extended survival compared with wild-type mice. Overall, we propose that Angptl2 contributes to increased carcinogenesis and metastasis and represents a novel target to antagonize these pathologies. Cancer Res; 71(24); 7502–12. ©2011 AACR.