bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating pre-morbid intellectual ability in the Alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome
Authors: O'Carroll R. E. , Moffoot A. , Ebmeier K. P. , Goodwin G. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe National Adult Reading Test (NART) is widely used in clinical and research settings to estimate pre-morbid intellectual levels. The validity of the NART in estimating pre-morbid ability in Alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome (AKS) is examined in the present study. Twenty AKS subjects were compared with 40 healthy controls. The validity of the NART as a pre-morbid measure in AKS was examined using four methods. AKS subjects made more NART errors than controls, had lower NART predicted IQ than demographically predicted IQ, made more NART errors than predicted by demographic variables and demonstrated NART performance which correlated with degree of memory impairment. It is concluded that NART performance is detrimentally affected by the AKS and that estimating pre-morbid intellectual level in Korsakoff's psychosis using the NART may be invalid. Furthermore, it is postulated that the impaired ability to pronounce correctly irregular words in AKS may reflect a failure in cognitive ‘error checking’ which may represent a consequence of frontal lobe dysfunction.
A population survey of ischaemic heart disease and minor psychiatric disorder in men
Authors: Stansfeld S. A. , Sharp D. S. , Gallacher J. E. J. , Yarnell J. W. G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAssociations between ischaemic heart disease and psychiatric morbidity in hospital recruited samples may be confounded by differential referral of patients with co-morbidity. Associations of angina, past history of myocardial infarction, blood pressure, and electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia with psychiatric disorder can best be examined in community samples as reported here in 2204 middle-aged men from the Caerphilly Collaborative Study. There was a strong association between past history of myocardial infarction, non-specific chest pain, Angina Grade II and psychiatric disorder measured by the 30-item General Health Questionnaire. Electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia alone was not significantly associated with psychiatric disorder. It is suggested that non-specific chest pain is a symptom of psychiatric disorder; conversely in severe angina psychiatric disorder is secondary to the pain, restricted activity and threat to life which angina implies.
Can we measure need in the homeless mentally ill? Using the MRC Needs for Care Assessment in hostels for the homeless
Authors: Hogg Lorna I. , Marshall Max 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisHostels for the homeless contain many who are disabled by chronic mental illness but have little access to rehabilitation services. One approach to solving this problem might be to measure the needs of hostel residents in a standardized way and use this information as a basis for planning interventions. This study attempted to use the MRC Needs for Care Assessment Schedule to measure the needs of 46 mentally ill residents of Oxford hostels. It aimed to determine if a standardized assessment could be used in these difficult settings and if the needs it identified could form a useful basis for planning future interventions. Although it was possible to use the schedule, and although the pattern of need identified appeared broadly to reflect conditions in the hostels, it was not felt that the information produced was of sufficient quality to assist in planning services. The authors postulate that underlying this deficiency is the failure of the schedule to take sufficient account of the views of staff and residents.
A linkage study of schizophrenia with DNA markers from the long arm of chromosome 11
Authors: Gill M. , McGuffin P. , Parfitt E. , Mant R. , Asherson P. , Collier D. , Vallada H. , Powell J. , Shaikh S. , Taylor C. , Sargeant M. , Clements A. , Nanko S. , Takazawa N. , Llewellyn D. , Williams J. , Whatley S. , Murray R. , Owen M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisWe report the results of a collaborative linkage study using 12 polymorphic markers (9 loci) from the long arm of chromosome 11, and 24 families multiply affected with schizophrenia and other closely related disorders. This region is of interest because several families have been reported in which balanced translocations involving 11q apparently co-segregate with psychotic illness. In addition, the dopamine D2 receptor, porphobilinogen deaminase, and tyrosinase genes map within the region studied and may be aetiologically involved in schizophrenia. We have primarily analysed genotypic data by the LOD score method using a range of single gene models. In order to minimize error due to mis-specification of genetic parameters we have analysed data from markers at candidate gene loci by the non-parametric extended sib-pair method in addition to the LOD score method. Our results suggest that most of the region can be excluded from containing a gene of major effect in the aetiology of this disease.
Working memory in clinical depression: an experimental study
Authors: Channon Shelley , Baker Jane E. , Robertson Mary M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis study compared clinically depressed subjects with normal controls on a range of working memory tasks. The findings suggested the articulatory loop and visuospatial sketch pad components of working memory to be unimpaired in depression. On a range of clinical tasks likely to involve central executive function, depressed subjects showed impairment only on some tasks.
Acting on delusion: a review
Authors: Buchanan Alec 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe paper reviews the link between delusional beliefs and behaviour. The literature pertaining to the link between normal beliefs and behaviour is briefly examined, emphasizing the predominance of psychological and philosophical contributions to the topic. The psychiatric literature describing actions consequent upon delusional beliefs is then reviewed. In conclusion, those aspects of psychosis, distinct from delusional beliefs themselves, which may affect the likelihood of a given belief being acted upon, are discussed.
Detection of eating disorders in a small rural town: an epidemiological study
Authors: Rathner Günther , Messner Klara 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe occurrence of eating disorders among 517 school girls (11 to 20 years of age) in a small rural Italian town was studied using a three-stage prospective procedure. The screening stage was aimed at defining risk and sub-risk groups. One year later, the risk group (N = 44) and a random sample of the sub-risk (N = 25) and of the screen-negative group (N = 32) were interviewed to detect cases of anorexia/bulimia nervosa. The case registers of four hospitals over a period of 3 years were investigated to detect any additional cases that may have been overlooked in the survey. A minimum point prevalence rate of 1·30% clinical anorexia nervosa, 1·30 % sub-clinical anorexia nervosa and 0·87 % sub-clinical bulimia nervosa was found for age 15 and above. No case of clinical bulimia nervosa was detected. For age 15 and below no clinical or sub-clinical cases were found. All cases of (sub-)clinical eating disorder initially belonged to the predefined sub-risk and risk groups. Because of the low positive predictive value of any single risk factor, this study shows that early case detection can be improved by using multiple risk indices. In this rural area the prevalence was as high as in metropolitan or urban areas. Urban–rural differences should be assessed in further studies.
The ability of trainee general practitioners to identify psychological distress among their patients
Authors: Goldberg D. P. , Jenkins L. , Millar T. , Faragher E. B. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIt is argued that a general practitioner's ability to make accurate ratings of psychological distress is partly determined by the rate at which patients emit cues that are indicative of such distress. This study addresses the behaviours of doctors which influence the rates at which patients emit such cues. Consultations were videotaped involving six General Practice Vocational Trainees, three of them poor, and three of them able identifiers of emotional illness. Consultations were selected so that each trainee was rated interviewing 4 patients with low GHQ scores, and 4 patients with high scores. Behaviours are described which lead to increased cue emission and which are also practised more frequently by able identifiers, while other behaviours reduce cue emission and are practised less frequently by them. Another set of behaviours is no more frequent among the able identifiers, but when practised by able identifiers is associated with increased cue emission by the patients, and when practised by poor identifiers with unaltered or decreased cue emission. Interviews that are ‘patient-led’ are associated with increased rates of cue emission, while those that are ‘doctor-led’ are associated with lower rates. The implications of these findings for training doctors working in general medical settings are discussed.
Rehabilitation and staffing levels in a ‘new look’ hospital-hostel
Authors: Allen Heidi , Baigent Barbara , Kent Andy , Bolton Jeremy 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe present study examined the utility of a new hospital-hostel with low staffing levels. Results showed that the hostel was able to maintain 9 of the 10 initially transferred patients and has been able to provide some improvements in their quality of life. However, unlike highly staffed hospital-hostels, it was not able to decrease patients' disabilities. Implications of this are discussed in relation to staffing levels and practices.
Locus of control and adjustment to chronic haemodialysis
Authors: Poll Ira B. , De-Nour A. Kaplan 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISForty patients on chronic haemodialysis were studied in order to gather information about the relationship of locus of control and adjustment. Negative correlations of high statistical significance were found between locus of control and compliance with the diet, and locus of control and vocational rehabilitation, as well as between locus of control and acceptance of disability. All the findings indicate that patients with internal locus of control adjust and adapt better than those with external locus of control. The number of years on dialysis did not correlate with locus of control. It might be suggested that the shift from internal to external locus of control occurs prior to dialysis in the stage of chronic kidney disease.
Alcoholism among prisoners
Authors: Gibbens T. C. N. , Silberman M. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYA stratified sample of 404 prisoners and ex-prisoners from three contrasted London prisons were interviewed: 40% were found to be excessive drinkers, although drunken offenders with very short sentences were excluded. The significant differences between heavy drinkers and the rest are considered in relation to history and social status.
Prognosis of depression and the endogenous-neurotic distinction
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Klerman G. L. , Prusoff B. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISDepressed patients were followed-up after 10 months, and factor scores reflecting respectively general severity, the endogenous-neurotic distinction, and an admixture of anxiety versus depression were used as predictors. The main prognostic relationships were with the endogenous-neurotic distinction and provided validating evidence for it. Endogenous depressives showed generally better prognoses. Individual rating variables used to derive the factors showed little relationship to outcome and prediction appeared to derive from a summation of elements relevant to the endogenous-neurotic distinction across many variables.
Institute of Psychiatry Clinical Psychopharmacology Research Team
Authors: Lader Malcolm 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn 1960, the National Institute of Mental Health of the U.S.A. provided research support to Professor H. O. Schild of the Department of Pharmacology, University College London (U.C.L.) and to Dr. (now Professor) Michael Shepherd of the Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, for studies in human psychopharmacology. The research assistants initially employed were Dr. Lorna Wing, Dr. J. D. Montagu, and Dr. Malcolm Lader and work was carried out at U.C.L., the Institute of Psychiatry, and Runwell Hospital, Essex. In 1966, the Medical Research Council assumed responsibility by appointing Dr. Lader to their External Scientific Staff. Other support has come from the Bethlem Research Fund and from the pharmaceutical industry, in particular Roche (U.K.) Ltd. and May and Baker, Ltd. A group of six to eight workers has thus been built up based mainly in the Institute of Psychiatry but with continuing links to U.C.L. At present our team comprises pharmacologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, a physiologist, a chemist, and a mathematician. Several workers from abroad on British Council or Commonwealth Fellowships have been attached to the team at various times, and students for higher degrees such as PhD and MD have been welcomed.
Binge-eating and vomiting: a survey of a college population
Authors: Halmi Katherine A. , Falk James R. , Schwartz Estelle 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA survey of 355 college students was carried out to determine the prevalence of the psychiatric disorder bulimia (the binge-eating syndrome). Results of the survey indicate that, within the normal college population, 13% experienced all of the major symptoms of bulimia as outlined in the DSM-III. Within the bulimic population, 87% were females (19% of the female population) and 13% were males (5% of the male population). Although self-induced vomiting may accompany other symptoms of bulimia, the results suggest that self-induced vomiting is not a necessary symptom for diagnosis. A significant relationship between laxative use and self-induced vomiting was detected. These forms of behaviour, termed purging behaviour, occurred in an average of 10% of the students. Individuals who experienced the symptoms of bulimia had a history of being overweight or tended to be in the upper portion of their normal weight range (age, sex, and weight corrected) when compared with those individuals who had not experienced the symptoms of bulimia. No significant weight history differences were detected between vomiters and non-vomiters.
Genetic factors in the response to neuroleptics in schizophrenia: a psychopharmacogenetic study
Authors: Galdi Joe , Rieder Ronald O. , Silber David , Bonato Roland R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA psychopharmacogenetic strategy was used to investigate a genetic heterogeneity model of schizophrenia. This model consisted of various genetic subtypes represented by patients classified hypothetically according to the types and genealogical (Mendelian) patterns of illnesses in first-degree relatives. The effect of neuroleptics on these subtypes (drug x genetic subtype interactions) were tested for evidence of post-treatment responses which discriminated between them. The findings revealed that schizophrenics who had depressed relatives tended to exhibit (1) depression and more severe pseudoparkinsonism irrespective of types of neuroleptics, and (2) greater remission of paranoid-hostility symptoms when treated with neuroleptics of the aliphatic-piperadine type. Schizophrenics who had schizophrenic relatives failed to show these responses.Interpretation of these findings emphasized the recognition of these responses as arising from neuroleptic-induced alterations of defective neurologic-neurochemical systems underlying this subtype and as ‘pharmacogenetic criteria’ by which it can be discriminated.
Hierarchical patterns in the distribution of psychiatric symptoms
Authors: Sturt Elizabeth 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe occurrence of hierarchical patterns in the incidence of psychiatric symptoms in individual patients and community subjects is investigated. Data obtained from interviewing a sample of people from the population of Camberwell, south-east London, using the Present State Examination (PSE), were analysed as were similar data concerning three series of patients referred to different kinds of psychiatric service.The population series showed that each of the common PSE symptoms tends to occur in association with other symptoms. Symptoms that are rarer in the general population are associated with the presence of many other symptoms or with other symptoms present to a severe degree. The rarer the symptom, the higher is the total symptom score indicated by its presence. The more indicative symptoms are also associated with a measure of social disability derived from the MRC Social Performance Schedule, which asks about serious problems in functioning in each of 8 role areas.The implication of this study is that total symptom score is a valid measure of the current severity of the disorder. The hierarchy model of Foulds & Bedford (1975) is discussed and is shown to be a more specific formulation of the same idea.Investigation of the referred series confirmed these conclusions. When compared with community subjects, patients tend to have a much higher total PSE score; they display symptoms which are very rare in the community; they tend to be disabled socially. However, they are less likely to fulfil the requirements of a specific formulation for the presence of minor symptoms. In particular, only about half of psychotic subjects display specific neurotic symptoms, although virtually every subject with ‘specific’ symptoms of some sort displayed non-specific neurotic symptoms.
Aspects of personality and depression
Authors: Snaith R. P. , McGuire R. J. , Fox K. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISFifty consecutive patients suffering from primary depressiv illness, but excluding those who had a distinct episode of mania, were rated for the presence and degree of certain symptomatology, especially agitation and retardation. They were also divided into two groups (‘early’ and ‘late’ onset), according to whether their first-ever attack of depressive illness had occurred before the age of 45. After they had recovered from their illness, aspects of personality were assessed on a battery of self-rating personality tests. There was no evidence from this study that any of the personality traits measured was in any way significantly related to any of the clinical features of the illness.
The speed of recall of pleasant and unpleasant experiences
Authors: Lishman W. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISA method is described for comparing the speed of recall of pleasant and unpleasant experiences. Pleasant experiences have proved to be recalled significantly more quickly than unpleasant experiences in healthy volunteer subjects, and especially in those scoring low on neuroticism or high on extraversion as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The overall pleasant/unpleasant differential was found to persist on re-testing some months later with an alternative form of the test. The technique appears to be a valid and simple means for exploring hedonic selectivity in memory.
Familial differences in schizophrenia with good and poor prognosis
Authors: McCabe Michael S. , Fowler Richard C. , Cadoret Remi J. , Winokur George 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISProbands with schizophrenia of good and poor prognosis were selected according to defined criteria. Families were investigated blindly. The families with poor prognosis contained significantly more schizophrenia, neurosis, and overall illness, but less affective disorder than the families with good prognosis.
Preliminary Communication: 2: The Highlands Dependency Questionnaire (HDQ): An administered version for use with mothers of school children
Authors: Berg Ian , McGuire Ralph , Whelan Edward 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA questionnaire concerned with dependency, mainly in the mother–child relationship, and intended for use in child psychiatry, is described. It was administered to the mothers of 116 randomly selected junior and secondary school children in the general population, stratified into age, sex, social class, and school groupings. Two meaningful dimensions were revealed by principal component factor analyses: one concerned with reliance on mother and the other reflecting sociability. Reliability and validity were found to be satisfactory.
The Hamilton Rating Scale for depression: a factor analysis
Authors: Mowbray R. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA factor analysis was carried out of ratings on the Hamilton Scale on a group of 134 male and 213 female depressed patients. The original data covered a wide range of severity of illness and the distribution of severity scores was not biased from normal. Hamilton's general factor was confirmed but his bipolarity between agitated and retarded depression did not emerge. Sex differences in factor patterns were found and a preliminary experiment showed that factor scores could isolate anxiety features and personality factors.
A controlled evaluation of lithium prophylaxis in affective disorders
Authors: Cundall R. L. , Brooks P. W. , Murray L. G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a double-blind crossover trial lithium carbonate was found to be significantly superior to placebo in the prophylaxis of manic-depressive (bipolar) psychosis. A striking feature was the high incidence of manic or hypomanic attacks in patients who relapsed on placebo. Patients participated in the trial with their full knowledge and consent.
The long-term course of the schizophrenic psychoses
Authors: Bleule Manfred 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISResults of studies of a large number of long-standing schizophrenic illnesses are discussed. On an average, schizophrenia showed no further change for the worse after a duration of five years, but rather a tendency to improve. The success and limitations of modern therapy were statistically determined. Many recovered schizophrenics continued to do well even without medication and social care. As a rule, schizophrenics had no endocrine pathology and endocrine patients were not schizophrenic. Neither a broken home in childhood nor an upbringing by a schizophrenic parent resulted in any important association with schizophrenia. However, a disturbed relationship with relatives and loved persons was more frequent in the anamnesis of schizophrenic women than of schizophrenic men. Most schizophrenics who had been schizoid before their psychosis had lived in miserable familial conditions.
Hallucinogenic drugs as precipitants of schizophrenia
Authors: Breakey William R. , Goodell Helen , Lorenz Patrick C. , McHugh Paul R. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISThe authors have examined the drug-taking histories of 46 schizophrenics and 46 matched controls. They have found that the schizophrenics on average used a wider variety of drugs, in greater amounts. Schizophrenics who had used drugs experienced the onset of symptoms on average four years earlier than non-users and were also admitted to hospital four years earlier, on average. Those schizophrenics who had used drugs had had better premorbid personalities than the non drug-users. These results are indicative of some precipitating role of drug abuse in the onset of schizophrenia.
Reading ability and brain function: a simple statistical model
Authors: Maxwell A. E. , Fenwick P. B. C. , Fenton G. W. , Dollimore J. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISThis report is concerned with a simple statistical model of the way the brain may function, suggested by the analysis of intelligence test results in two groups of children. The model describes the statistical behaviour of an ideal array of elements, representing the brain, during tests of cognitive ability. Predictions from the model indicate that comparison of the EEC recording taken from groups of children who were good or poor readers would show amplitude differences. These were found between the groups when the eyes were open but not when the eyes were closed–a result explained by the model.