bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Chemistry in the Energy Challenge
Authors: Schlögl Robert 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemistry with its key targets of providing materials and processes for conversion of matter is at the center stage of the energy challenge. Most energy conversion systems work on (bio)chemical energy carriers and require for their use suitable process and material solutions. The enormous scale of their application demands optimization beyond the incremental improvement of empirical discoveries. Knowledge‐based systematic approaches are mandatory to arrive at scalable and sustainable solutions. Chemistry for energy, “ENERCHEM” contributes in many ways already today to the use of fossil energy carriers. Optimization of these processes exemplified by catalysis for fuels and chemicals production or by solid‐state lightning can contribute in the near future substantially to the dual challenge of energy use and climate protection being in fact two sides of the same challenge. The paper focuses on the even greater role that ENERCHEM will have to play in the era of renewable energy systems where the storage of solar energy in chemical carries and batteries is a key requirement. A multidisciplinary and diversified approach is suggested to arrive at a stable and sustainable system of energy conversion processes. The timescales for transformation of the present energy scenario will be decades and the resources will be of global economic dimensions. ENERCHEM will have to provide the reliable basis for such technologies based on deep functional understanding.
Carbon exchange and water loss from two evergreen trees in a semiarid woodland
Authors: Bendevis Mira A. , Owens M. Keith , Heilman James L. , McInnes Kevin J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAshe juniper (Juniperus asheiBuchholz) has encroached into the historical grasslands of the Edwards Plateau, an environmentally sensitive area that serves as the recharge zone for the Edwards Aquifer. An understanding of gas exchange and water relations of the two dominant tree species, Ashe juniper and live oak (Quercus virginianaP. Mill. var.fusiformis), is important to assess the trade‐offs between potential aquifer recharge and carbon storage during woody plant encroachment. Over a 12‐month period, juniper consistently had lower instantaneous carbon assimilation, transpiration rates and stomatal conductance than live oak. Oak exhibited greater seasonal variation and a greater correlation with antecedent precipitation in gas exchange measurements, whereas juniper did not respond to precipitation events. The consistent low rates of gas exchange and stomatal responses in juniper could indicate shallower rooting structure and/or limitation of hydraulic conductivity, as well as lower photosynthetic capacity. The higher rates of photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance exhibited by live oak during drought suggest alternate sources of soil moisture and possibly a deeper rooting pattern than Ashe juniper. Water‐use efficiency was greater for juniper than for live oak suggesting that juniper may sequester more carbon than oak trees for a given amount of water. This finding implies that Ashe juniper may not be the extravagant water user previously reported but may serve an important role in carbon sequestration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining hydrologic factors that influence stream macroinvertebrate assemblages in the northeastern US
Authors: Kennen Jonathan G. , Riva‐Murray Karen , Beaulieu Karen M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effects of changes in the landscape and alteration of natural flow process on aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages were investigated in 67 small‐to‐medium sized (15–526 km2) upland streams in the northeastern United States. Environmental characteristics that were found to be important in determining macroinvertebrate‐assemblage composition include urbanization and concomitant changes in natural streamflow patterns. In particular, hydrologic attributes accounted for a significant proportion of the variability and were important in driving modifications to assemblage structure after natural environmental variability was extracted. For example, mean April flow accounted for the greatest amount of assemblage variability in any single multiple linear regression (MLR) model (65%) and duration of high flows accounted for a significant portion of the assemblage variability in the five, four and one‐variable models (25, 26, and 23%, respectively). Seasonal predictability of low flow consistently accounted for a significant proportion of the assemblage variability in all but the two‐variable (MLR) model. Significant (p < 0·05) bivariate flow–ecology response relations were established, especially for hydrologic measures that account for the frequency, duration, and magnitude of flow events, and these relations generally followed increasing or decreasing trends that would be expected given changes in stream hydrology. This study demonstrates that there are likely specific negative consequences to stream biotic integrity in northeastern streams as the result of hydrologic alteration associated with basin urbanization. Understanding the relations between hydrologic modification and aquatic assemblages will help efforts to set sustainable flow standards for protection of aquatic assemblages while providing water for human needs. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of α‐pinene‐contaminated air using silicone oil‐coated perlite biofilter
Authors: Hejazi Parisa , Borenberg Fredrik , Iş ik Güldem , Rupar‐Gadd Katarina , Strandmark Gunnar , Shojaosadati Seyed Abbas , Welander Ulrika 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo biofilters equal in size were filled with perlite for treatment of α‐pinene‐contaminated air. The perlite used for one of the biofilters was partially coated with silicone oil to make the surface of the particles more hydrophobic. The filters were run at 1.5, 2.5, and 5 L/min airflow rate (3.1, 1.9, and 0.9‐min retention time). The filters were operated for 5.5 months. The results showed that the silicone oil‐coated filter performed better at 2.5 L/min with a maximum elimination capacity of 20 g/(m3 h) in comparison with 15 g/(m3 h) for the filter without oil. The efficiency was approximately the same for both filters at 1.5 L/min (40 g/m3 h), whereas it was slightly higher for the without oil filter at 5 L/min [35 g/(m3 h)]. The flow rate was set to 2.5 L/min once more (day 151). The results showed that the elimination capacity had increased to 35 g/(m3 h) and that the efficiency of both filters was approximately the same. The difference in results between the initial run and the later run at 2.5 L/min is probably depending on that the number of microorganisms had increased during the experiment and that the oil‐containing biofilter adsorbed α‐pinene to a higher extent than the biofilter without silicone oil during the start‐up period. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Modeling kinetics and isotherms of functionalized filter media for nutrient removal from stormwater dry ponds
Authors: Hossain Fahim , Chang Ni‐Bin , Wanielista Marty 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSorption media with mixes of some recycled materials, such as sawdust and tire crumbs, combined with sand/silt and limestone, become appealing in nutrient removal for promoting urban stormwater management with sustainability implications. This article aims to present a specific type of functionalized filter medium and examine its physicochemical process for nutrient removal with the aid of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and isolated filtration kinetics. Within a suite of batch tests, pollutants of concern include ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate, total dissolved phosphorus, etc. The potential for application in stormwater management facilities, such as dry ponds, was emphasized in terms of life expectancy and removal efficiency. When compared with the natural soil that was selected as the control case in the column tests, our “green sorption media mixture” with respect to three types of sorption, including adsorption, absorption, and ion exchange, proved relatively effective in terms of removing most of the target pollutants under various influent waste loads. Sensitivity analysis with respect to the pH values and initial concentrations simultaneously or separately was presented in the end to enhance the engineering reliability analysis. It shows that with the inclusion of limestone, drastic changes of pH values can be buffered well, so that the impacts on the ultimate removal efficiency of ammonia and nitrates can be isolated solely to the changes of initial concentrations. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
The job of the river
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEarth scientists have traditionally conceptualized rivers and streams as geomorphic machines, whose role is to transfer sediment and to sculpt the landscape. Steady‐state relationships between sediment supply and transport capacity have traditionally been considered normative in fluvial systems. Rivers are hydrological entities, however, whose function is to redistribute excess moisture on land. The geomorphic work of the river – erosion, transport, deposition, etc. – is a byproduct of the hydrological job of the river. There is therefore no reason to expect any particular relationship between sediment supply and transport capacity to develop as a normative condition in fluvial systems. The apparent steady‐state equilibrium slope adjustments of rivers are a byproduct of four basic phenomena: (1) hydraulic selection, which favors channels and branching networks over other flux patterns; (2) water flows along the available path of least resistance; (3) energy dissipation; and (4) finite relaxation times. Recognizing converging trends of stream power or slope and sediment supply as common (but far from inevitable) side effects rather than self‐regulation has important implications for interpreting and predicting fluvial systems, and for river management and restoration. Such trends are variable, transient, contingent, and far from universal. Where they occur, they are an emergent byproduct of fundamental physical mechanisms, not a goal function or attractor state. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new finite volume method on junction coupling and boundary treatment for flow network system analyses
Authors: Hong Seok Woo , Kim Chongam 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTo adequately analyze the flow in a pipe or duct network system, traditional node‐based junction coupling methods require junction losses, which are specified by empirical or analytic correlations. In this paper, a new finite volume junction coupling method using a ghost junction cell is developed by considering the interchange of linear momentum as well as the important wall effect at the junction without requiring any correlation on the junction loss. Also, boundary treatment is modified to preserve the stagnation enthalpy across boundaries, such as the pipe end and the interface between the junction and the branch.The computational accuracy and efficiency of Godunov‐type finite volume schemes are investigated by tracing the total mechanical energy of rapid transients due to sudden closure of a valve at the downstream end. Among the approximate Riemann solvers, the proposed RoeM scheme turns out to be more suitable for finite volume junction treatment than the original Roe's approximate Riemann solver because of conservation of the stagnation enthalpy across the geometric discontinuity. From the viewpoint of computational cost, the implicit LU‐SGS time integration is appropriate for steady and slow transients, while the explicit third‐order TVD Runge–Kutta scheme is advantageous for rapid transients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equation‐free model reduction for complex dynamical systems
Authors: Le Maître O. P. , Mathelin L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a reduced model strategy for simulation of complex physical systems. A classical reduced basis is first constructed relying on proper orthogonal decomposition of the system. Then, unlike the alternative approaches, such as Galerkin projection schemes for instance, an equation‐free reduced model is constructed. It consists in the determination of an explicit transformation, or mapping, for the evolution over a coarse time‐step of the projection coefficients of the system state on the reduced basis. The mapping is expressed as an explicit polynomial transformation of the projection coefficients and is computed once and for all in a pre‐processing stage using the detailed model equation of the system. The reduced system can then be advanced in time by successive applications of the mapping. The CPU cost of the method lies essentially in the mapping approximation which is performed offline, in a parallel fashion, and only once. Subsequent application of the mapping to perform a time‐integration is carried out at a low cost thanks to its explicit character.Application of the method is considered for the 2‐D flow around a circular cylinder. We investigate the effectiveness of the reduced model in rendering the dynamics for both asymptotic state and transient stages. It is shown that the method leads to a stable and accurate time‐integration for only a fraction of the cost of a detailed simulation, provided that the mapping is properly approximated and the reduced basis remains relevant for the dynamics investigated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space–time finite element computation of complex fluid–structure interactions
Authors: Tezduyar Tayfun E. , Takizawa Kenji , Moorman Creighton , Wright Samuel , Christopher Jason 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNew special fluid–structure interaction (FSI) techniques, supplementing the ones developed earlier, are employed with the Stabilized Space–Time FSI (SSTFSI) technique. The new special techniques include improved ways of calculating the equivalent fabric porosity in Homogenized Modeling of Geometric Porosity (HMGP), improved ways of building a starting point in FSI computations, ways of accounting for fluid forces acting on structural components that are not expected to influence the flow, adaptive HMGP, and multiscale sequentially coupled FSI techniques. While FSI modeling of complex parachutes was the motivation behind developing some of these techniques, they are also applicable to other classes of complex FSI problems. We also present new ideas to increase the scope of our FSI and CFD techniques. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in anxiety disorders: a comprehensive review of their clinical efficacy
Authors: Dell'Osso Bernardo , Buoli Massimiliano , Baldwin David S. , Altamura A. Carlo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAnxiety disorders are common psychiatric conditions that typically require long‐term treatment. This review summarizes current knowledge of the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with specific emphasis on the findings of recent randomized clinical trials and relevant neurobiological investigations. It is now well established that gabaergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic systems play a critical role in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders, abnormalities in these systems being related to structural and functional alterations in specific brain areas such as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, locus coeruleus and hippocampus, as repeatedly shown by neuroimaging studies. SNRIs selectively inhibit norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake and have shown to be efficacious and generally well tolerated treatments in patients with anxiety disorders, with some potential clinical advantages over selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are considered by many to represent first‐line pharmacological treatments in patients with anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are characterized by a typically chronic course, high rates of comorbidity and frequent partial response to standard treatments, and the increasing use of SNRIs reflects currently unmet clinical need, in terms of overall response, remission rates and treatment tolerability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing medication adherence in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Berk Lesley , Hallam Karen T. , Colom Francesc , Vieta Eduard , Hasty Melissa , Macneil Craig , Berk Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectivesMedication adherence contributes to the efficacy‐effectiveness gap of treatment in patients with bipolar disorder. This paper aims to examine the challenges involved in improving medication adherence in bipolar disorder, and to extract some suggestions for future directions from the core psychosocial studies that have targeted adherence as a primary or secondary outcome.MethodsA search was conducted for articles that focused on medication adherence in bipolar disorder, with emphasis on publications from 1996 to 2008 using Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL PLUS, and PsychINFO. The following key words were used: adherence, compliance, alliance, adherence assessment, adherence measurement, risk factors, psychosocial interventions, and psycho‐education.ResultsThere are a number of challenges to understanding non‐adherence including the difficulty in defining and measuring it and the various risk factors that need to be considered when aiming to enhance adherence. Nevertheless, the importance of addressing adherence is evidenced by the connection between adherence problems and poor outcome. Despite these challenges, a number of small psychosocial studies targeting adherence as a primary outcome point to the potential usefulness of psycho‐education aimed at improving knowledge, attitudes, and adherence behavior, but more large scale randomized controlled trials are needed in this area. Evidence of improved outcomes from larger randomized controlled trials of psychosocial interventions that target medication adherence as a secondary outcome suggests that tackling other factors besides medication adherence may also be an advantage. While some of these larger studies demonstrate an improvement in medication adherence, the translation of these interventions into real life settings may not always be practical. A person centered approach that considers risk factors for non‐adherence and barriers to other health behaviors may assist with the development of more targeted briefer interventions. Integral to improving medication adherence is the delivery of psycho‐education, and attention needs to be paid to the implementation, and timing of psycho‐education. Progress in the understanding of how medicines work may add to the credibility of psycho‐education in the future.ConclusionsEnhancement of treatment adherence in bipolar patients is a necessary and promising management component as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy. The current literature on psychosocial interventions that target medication adherence in bipolar disorder points to the possibility of refining the concept of non‐adherence and adapting psycho‐education to the needs of certain subgroups of people with bipolar disorder. Large scale randomized controlled trials of briefer or more condensed interventions are needed that can inform clinical practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lorazepam modulates orbitofrontal signal changes during emotional processing in catatonia
Authors: Richter Andre , Grimm Simone , Northoff Georg 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveCatatonia is a psychomotor syndrome characterized by concomitant emotional, behavioural and motor symptoms. In many cases clinical symptoms disappear almost immediately with administration of lorazepam, which acts on GABAA receptors.MethodsUsing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we investigated prefrontal activation patterns during emotion processing in catatonic patients with and without lorazepam in a double‐blind study design. For emotional stimulation the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) was used. BOLD‐signals were determined using regions of interest (ROI) and were statistically compared between groups.ResultsFor negative emotional pictures lorazepam induced higher signal decreases in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in catatonic patients than in healthy subjects resulting in a regularization of activity patterns comparable to healthy subjects with placebo.ConclusionsResults indicate disturbances in the functioning of OFC in catatonia. GABAergic modified emotion regulation with decreased inhibition of affective stimuli could lead to the intense emotions reported by many catatonic patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switching stable patients with schizophrenia from depot and oral antipsychotics to long‐acting injectable risperidone: reasons for switching and safety
Authors: Hawley Chris , Turner Martin , Latif Muhammud A , Curtis Vivienne , Saleem Packeruther T , Wilton Kristina 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveAn international, non‐randomised study evaluated efficacy and safety of risperidone long‐acting injectable (RLAI) compared to previous treatment. To investigate generisability of the European data set to the UK subset safety and switching data are reported here.MethodsPatients with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, symptomatically stable on antipsychotic medication, received intramuscular injections of RLAI 25 mg (to a maximum of 50 mg) every 2 weeks for 6 months.ResultsOf 182 UK patients enrolled, 79% had schizophrenia, 21% other psychotic disorders. Insufficient efficacy (43%), side effects (45%), and non‐compliance (25%) were the most common reasons for switching. Sixty‐nine per cent of patients completed the trial; 8% discontinued due to adverse events (AEs). Most frequent treatment‐emergent AEs were headache (8.2%), relapse (7.7%) and insomnia (7.1%); 8 (4.4%) patients reported injection‐related AEs. There were significant improvements in extrapyramidal symptom rating scale total and subscale (particularly Parkinsonism) scores, regardless of previous medication (total cohort, p≤0.0001). There was a small but significant increase in body weight at endpoint (1.2kg, p = 0.0023). One patient suffered a myocardial infarction and died (not treatment‐related). There were no substantial differences between the full data set and the UK sub‐populationConclusionSwitch to RLAI was well‐tolerated in stable patients over 6 months. The European data set is generalisable to the UK patient population. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 4H‐benzopyrans catalyzed by acyclic acidic ionic liquids in aqueous media
Authors: Fang Dong , Zhang Hua‐Bin , Liu Zu‐Liang 
Published: December 2009

Abstractmagnified imageSome halogen‐free acyclic task‐specific ionic liquids (TSILs) were synthesized as novel and recyclable catalysts for the synthesis of 5‐oxo‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐benzo[b]pyrans by one‐pot three‐component condensation of aromatic aldehyde, malononitrile (or ethyl cyanoacetate), and dimedone (or 1,3‐cyclohexanedione) in water. The condensation accomplished successfully with good yields ranged from 86 to 94%. After the reaction, the products could simply be separated from the catalyst/water, and the catalyst could be reused at least 10 times without noticeably decreasing the catalytic activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 2010.
Synthesis and crystal structure characterization of 3,5‐bis(2‐quinolyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Cheng Hui‐Min , Zhu Dun‐Ru , Lu Wei , Xu Ren‐Hui , Shen Xuan 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
magnified imageThe first quinolyl substituted 1,2,4‐triazole, 3,5‐bis(2‐quinolyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole (4), was synthesized from 2‐cyanoquinoline (1) through an intermediate 2‐quinolylhydrazidine (2) with 60.4% yield in a simple way. In the synthetic process of 4, another new intermediate, 1,4‐diamino‐1,4‐bis(2‐quinolyl)‐2,3‐diaza‐1,3‐butadiene (3) was obtained in a yield of 81.5%. Additionally, the absolute configurations of both 3 and 4 were determined by X‐ray crystallography. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 2010.