bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Calibrated/Guarded Hot-Box Test Facility
Authors: Miller RG , Perrine EL , Linehan PW 
Published: March 2009

A hot-box test facility was fabricated by Wiss, Janney, Elstner and Associates for Jim Walter Research Corp. The equipment is capable of operating in either a calibrated or a guarded mode. When operating in the guarded hot-box mode, the equipment is in accordance with the ASTM Test for Thermal Conductance and Transmission of Built-Up Sections by Means of the Guarded Hot Box (C 236-66). When operating in the calibrated hot-box mode, the equipment is in accordance with the proposed ASTM Test for Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Calibrated Hot Box, which is presently being written by ASTM Subcommittee C16.30 and for which input has been provided from this facility. The basic design consists of a separate cold box, hot box, specimen frames, refrigeration unit, control and data-acquisition panel, and metered box. Both the hot and cold boxes are insulated with low-density polyurethane foam, with an overall minimum thickness of 30.5 cm (12 in.). The attitude of the test facility can be varied to provide upward, downward, or horizontal heat flow. Both the hot and cold boxes can provide variable air velocities parallel to the specimen face.
The following is a summary of the operating characteristics of the test facility:
Test specimen area dimensions: 2.4 by 2.4 m (8 by 8 ft)
Guarded mode metering area: 1.8 by 1.8 m (6 by 6 ft)
Cold side: normal temperature range: 27 to -23°C (80 to - 10°F) special temperature range: to -46°C (to -50°F) air velocity: 0.8 to 24 km/h (0.5 to 15 mph)
Hot side: temperature range: 2 to 71°C (35 to 160°F) air velocity: 0.8 to 24 km/h (0.5 to 15 mph)
A Calibrated Hot-Box Approach for Steady-State Heat-Transfer Measurements in Air Duct Systems
Authors: Lauvray TL 
Published: March 2009

The paper describes a procedure for measurement of steady-state heat transfer through the walls of air duct systems under actual operating conditions and configuration. The procedure uses two independent measurement techniques. A calibrated hot box is the primary measurement technique and an airstream temperature-drop measurement provides a secondary technique.
The calibrated hot box is a heavily insulated box which is sealed around a duct conveying cold air. A temperature controller and electric resistance heaters maintain the box temperature as close as possible to ambient temperature. Thus, the laboratory space acts as a guard for the box. The energy input to the box is measured with a watt-hour meter. The total energy input, corrected for the heat transfer through the box wall, represents the heat transfer through the test system.
The temperature-drop technique uses thermocouples to measure the temperature difference betweeen two stations in the test duct and orifice plates to measure airflow. The heat transfer from this technique is compared with calibrated hot-box measurements.
An automatic data collection system is used so that tests can be conducted over a long period of time to assure steady-state conditions and to determine reproducibility.
Verification of the calibrated hot-box technique is achieved by testing a specially constructed section of duct whose heat transfer can be readily calculated. Experimental and calculated data are presented for this duct section.
Mixture Properties of Recycled Central Plant Materials
Authors: Epps JA , Little DN , O'Neal RJ , Gallaway BM 
Published: March 2009

The objectives of the research reported are to (a) define the material properties of central plant recycled mixes in Texas, (b) compare properties of these recycled mixes with conventional paving mixtures normally used in Texas, (c) evaluate the performance of the pavements containing central plant recycled mixes, and (d) compare performance of pavements constructed with recycled and conventional paving mixtures.
Hveem, Marshall, resilient modulus, indirect tensile, direct tensile, and water sensitivity properties are reported for the recycled mixtures compacted both in the laboratory and under normal field procedures. Bituminous mixtures investigated include recycled asphalt concrete and recycled portland cement concrete.
Performance is reported in terms of serviceability index as measured by a ride meter and by the use of a visual condition survey.
The results of this study indicate that suitable bituminous mixtures can be produced by central plant recycling operations. Performance of pavements containing recycled mixtures appears to be suitable.
Engineering and Manufacturing Development of a New Metric Fastener — 12-Spline Flange Bolt
Authors: Kasuba R , Shugart J 
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the engineering and manufacturing development of metric 12-spline flange bolts from “blue sky” ideas through final stages of analysis, testing, and manufacturing.
This fastener was developed in the course of a program to study the development of an Optimum Metric Fastener System (OMFS). Finite element techniques, photoelastic tests, and extensive structural as well as wrenching tests were used to establish a final configuration commensurate with preselected engineering and economic criteria. The developed and manufactured 12-spline flange bolt performance characteristics can be described by lower bearing pressures, lower head stress concentration factors, and lower head spring rates than those found in existing hexagon head designs. Additionally, substantial raw material savings are predicted. Metric 12-spline flange bolts are documented in OMFS-9 (also under consideration as ANSI B18.2.5).
Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere from Environmental Satellites
Authors: Allison LJ , Wexler R , Laughlin CR , Bandeen WR 
Published: March 2009

The use of satellites for the remote sensing of the earth and its atmosphere is reviewed. Meteorological satellites have been in use since 1960. The polar orbiting satellites at 650 to 1500 km make 12 to 14 orbits daily with nearly full earth coverage. The geosynchronous satellites at 36 000 km remain approximately fixed in space relative to the earth and view the same area continuously.
Cameras obtaining earth images in the visible detect clouds and monitor storm systems. Infrared radiometers measure temperatures of the surface or cloud tops and also determine amounts of ozone and water vapor in the atmosphere. Radiometers sensitive to different spectral regions in absorption bands (such as carbon dioxide [CO2] at 15 and 4.3 μm) are used to determine atmospheric vertical temperature profiles.
The earth's radiation budget is determined from satellite measurements of the reflected solar radiation and the emitted longwave terrestrial radiation.
Atmospheric winds are obtained by cloud tracking from geosynchronous satellites. A major problem is height determination. Infrared “window” measurements of the brightness temperature from clouds provide some information on cloud top heights, but cloud emisisivity and sensor resolution are still sources of error.
Microwave imagery has been used to determine rainfall intensities over the ocean, snow, and ice cover and flood mapping through clouds. It has also been possible to distinguish between first and multiyear ice. There is a potential capability for measuring soil moisture using long-wavelength (21 cm) radiometers. Landsat visual and near-infrared measurements also allow flood monitoring and observations of crop growth.
The Nimbus 4 Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) instrument has provided seven years of measurements from which total ozone and vertical ozone distribution can be determined.
Future missions include TIROS N satellites with improved capabilities for measuring sea surface temperatures, mapping snow and ice fields, monitoring global ozone, and continued measurements of the earth's radiation budget. SEASAT A will be devoted to oceanographic measurements.
Nimbus G sensors will observe certain atmospheric pollutants, oceanic parameters, and weather and climate variables. The Shuttle, in addition to serving as a launch vehicle for free flying satellites, will make periodic calibration checks of instruments on the free flyers and provide facilities for developing, testing, and demonstrating new remote sensors.
Distribution of Atmospheric Ozone and How It Is Measured
Authors: London J 
Published: March 2009

The total amount of ozone in a vertical column has been measured spectroscopically at near ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, using ground- and satellite-based instruments. The vertical distribution of ozone from the surface up to approximately 100 km has been measured by a variety of techniques—chemical and optical— and from a number of observing platforms, including balloon, rocket, and satellite platforms. The various methods presently used for determining the atmospheric ozone distribution are reviewed, along with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages.
The observed average distribution of total ozone for the period 1958-1975 shows the expected geographic and seasonal variations. The variations of total ozone, including hemispheric differences, are clearly associated with large-scale circulation processes in the lower stratosphere. Approximately ten years of observations of the vertical ozone distribution, up through the ozone maximum, also show geographic and seasonal variations strongly related to the lower stratosphere circulation. The distribution above the maximum, however, results from the interaction of photochemistry and stratospheric motions.
Irradiation and Thermal Effects on the Tensile Properties of Inconel-718
Authors: Ward AL , Steichen JM , Knecht RL 
Published: March 2009

The effects of neutron irradiation and out-of-flux aging on the tensile properties of wrought and weld-deposited Inconel-718 have been investigated following fast-reactor irradiation to total fluences ranging from 0.55 × 1022 neutrons (n)/cm2 (∼400°C) (752°F) to 6.6 × 1022 n/cm2 (649°C) (1200°F) and thermal exposure at 538 and 649°C (1000 and 1200°F) for durations to 10 000 h. Classical irradiation hardening is exhibited by this very strong material following irradiation at low temperature (∼400°C) (752°F) to relatively low fluence (∼1022 n/cm2) and also at high temperature when very high fluence (6.6 × 1022 n/cm2) is accumulated. At test temperatures ≥538°C (1000°F), ductility losses arising from helium embrittlement are evident for all irradiation conditions and at high fluences are so severe as to restrict the strength to lower than expected values.
Low postirradiation strength, compared to that following out-of-flux aging for equivalent durations, suggests that irradiation accelerates the thermal overaging process at 538°C (1000°F). At 649°C (1200°F), the results are obscured by embrittlement and coincident limitations on strain hardenability.
Evaluation of the Maine Yankee Reactor Beltline Materials
Authors: Wullaert RA , Sheckherd JW , Smith RW 
Published: March 2009

Tension and Charpy V-notch specimens of the base metal, heat-affected zone metal, and weld metal from the beltline region of the Maine Yankee pressure vessel (Type A533B-1 steel) were irradiated in an accelerated surveillance capsule. The specimens were exposed to a fluence of 1.3 × 1019 neutrons (n)/cm2 (&gt;1 MeV) at 550 °F (288 °C). Charpy V-notch specimens of a standard reference material (SRM) were also irradiated in the surveillance capsule as a correlation monitor for dosimetry. Irradiation increased the yield and ultimate strength and decreased the ductility of all of the Maine Yankee materials. The yield strength increased 50 percent for the weld metal and 35 percent for the base and heat-affected zone materials. Radiation-induced shifts in the Charpy V-notch curves at the 30 ft∙lb, 50 ft∙lb, and 35-mil levels were measured. The decrease in the Charpy upper shelf energy was also measured. The largest temperature shift occured at the 35-mil level for all materials, and this shift was used to determine the adjusted reference temperature. The increase in reference temperature ranged from 140°F (60°C) for the base metal to 345°F (174°C) for the weld metal. The weld metal also showed the largest drop in the Charpy upper-shelf energy (44 percent) versus 23 to 31 percent for the other materials.
The critical beltline material for determining the new operating limit curves for the reactor was the weld metal, with an adjusted reference temperature of 315°F (157°C) and a Charpy upper-shelf value of 57 ft∙lb. The high copper and phosphorus content of the weld (0.36 percent copper, 0.015 percent phosphorus) caused the irradiated Charpy data to fall above the general trend curve for Type A533B steel. A trend curve for the weld metal was constructed using independently generated irradiation data on the same weld metal.
Bedding and Backfilling of Buried Pipe Conduits
Authors: Spangler MG 
Published: March 2009

Rigid pipe sewer and culvert installations are frequently weakened by failure to install the pipe in a high-quality bedding which will laterally distribute the upward reaction on the bottom of the pipe. If the reaction is caused to be concentrated, the bending moment in the pipe wall is seriously increased, and failure in the form of cracking or spalling may result.
Another construction feature which may lead to difficulty is failure to place the sidefill soil in intimate contact with the sides of the pipe. Every pound of active lateral pressure which can be brought to bear against the sides of the pipe increases its ability to carry vertical load practically one for one.
The writer indicates that a pipe on a high-quality bedding with favorable conditions for the development of active lateral pressure on the pipe sides will carry approximately 2½ times as much load as the same pipe on a poor-quality bedding with no opportunity for side pressure to develop.
Strength, Toughness, and Flaw Tolerance of 25.4-mm (1-in.) Alloy Steel Lifting Chain
Authors: McCartney RF , Pellegrino JV 
Published: March 2009

The interrelationship of strength, toughness, and flaw tolerance of 25.4-mm (1-in.) alloy steel lifting chain procured from five chain manufacturers has been investigated. Both International Standards Organization (ISO) Grade 63 and Grade 80 chains were tested. The susceptibility of these chains to sudden fracture in service in the presence of flaws is of interest to producers and users, and it was anticipated that the results would be helpful in arriving at a recommended upper limit of strength consistent with safety, inspection, and economic considerations.
Small round-bar tension-test and Charpy impact-test specimens were machined from each chain to characterize the materials. Fracture-mechanics calculations of critical flaw sizes then were conducted by using a Charpy-KIc correlation. The results showed that the Grade 80 chain, having a Rockwell C hardness (HRC) of 40, is susceptible to brittle fracture in the presence of small flaws. Tension tests on specimens from chain samples containing machined flaws 2.54 mm (0.1 in.) deep confirmed the calculations. Grade 80 chain containing the machined flaw fractured at less than half the load required to break unnotched chain; however, Grade 63 chain, having a HRC of 33, was virtually unaffected by the presence of a 2.54-mm (0.1-in.) deep flaw.
Effect of the Amount and Shape of Inclusions on the Directionality of Ductility in Carbon-Manganese Steels
Authors: Takada H , Kaneko K , Inoue T , Kinoshita S 
Published: March 2009

The present work has been made to elucidate the quantitative effects of the amount and shape of inclusions in carbon-manganese steel plates on the tensile and impact ductilities in connection with test directions.
The influence of rolling conditions on ductility can be expressed as a function of the shape parameter of the inclusions in terms of the aspect ratio of elliptical manganese sulflde on the polished surface.
Tensile and impact ductilities in transverse and through-thickness directions were improved by rare earth metal (REM) additions to such an extent that the ductilities of REM-treated steel specimens were nearly the same as those of the REM-free steel specimens, although the inclusion content of the former was as much as two or three times more than that of the latter.
Efforts were made to express ductility in one parameter regardless of the inclusion shape and test directions, and it was found that the ductility was closely related to an inclusion area fraction on the ductile fracture surface.
Fracture Properties of a Cold-Worked Mild Steel
Authors: Ripling EJ 
Published: March 2009

An AISI 1018 steel was rolled various amounts between 0 and 50 percent, after which it was partially stress relieved, and the following properties measured: smooth tensile, Charpy V-notch versus test temperature, fracture toughness, stress corrosion cracking susceptibility, and fatigue crack growth rate.
The yield strength was increased almost three-fold by rolling, and the upper-shelf Charpy V-notch toughness was reduced to approximately one third its unrolled value. The fracture toughness was only moderately changed, and the crack growth rate in fatigue (da/dN) unchanged by rolling. There was no subcritical crack growth in distilled water on sustained loading to KI values just less than KIC for periods up to 64 h; however, da/dN in distilled water was higher than its dry value if fatigue loading was slow.
Correlation Between Fatigue Crack Propagation and Low Cycle Fatigue Properties
Authors: Majumdar S , Morrow J 
Published: March 2009

Fatigue crack propagation is treated as a succession of fatigue crack initiation events. The cyclic stress and strain experienced by elements ahead of the crack tip are computed by means of an elastic-plastic analysis and the cumulative fatigue damage is evaluated from low cycle fatigue properties of the metal. If it is assumed that the appropriate element width is related to the microstructure size of the metal, a significant deviation from the log-log linear relationship usually assumed to exist between the crack propagation rate, da/dN, and the stress intensity range, ΔK, is predicted. The analysis indicates that at small values of ΔK, da/dN rapidly decreases until it approaches zero at a “threshold” value of ΔK.
Fatigue crack propagation data for eight steels from Barsom's work are compared with predictions from the analysis using low cycle fatigue properties and values of the microstructure size based on Gurland's correlation between yield strength and the dimensions of the microstructural units responsible for strengthening in steels. In all cases the estimate of da/dN for a given ΔK was within a factor of two of the measured values.
Effect of Stress Concentration on Fatigue-Crack Initiation in HY-130 Steel
Authors: Barsom JM , McNicol RC 
Published: March 2009

The useful fatigue life of structural components is determined by the sum of the elapsed load cycles required to initiate a fatigue crack and to propagate the crack from subcritical size to critical dimensions. Thus, to predict the service life of many steel structures and to establish safe inspection intervals, an understanding of the fatigue-crack-initiation and fatigue-crack-propagation behavior in steel is required. In the present study, the fatigue-crack-initiation life in HY-130 steel was investigated by testing specimens having widely varying notch acuities. The variation in notch acuity covered the range from fatigue-cracked specimens to polished, unnotched specimens, and fatigue-crack-initiation data were obtained in the range 103 to 106 cycles. The data were analyzed by using linear-elastic fracture-mechanics concepts and the theory of stress concentration in notched specimens.
The results showed that the number of elapsed load cycles required to initiate a fatigue crack in a notched specimen is related to the ratio of the fluctuation of the stress-intensity facor, ΔKI, to the square root of the notch-tip radius, ρ. Fatigue-crack-initiation life can also be expressed in terms of the fluctuation of the maximum stress at the notch tip, Δσmax, because ΔKI/√ρ can be related to Δσmax. Moreover, preliminary observations suggested that the fatigue-crack-initiation threshold in martensitic steels of various yield strengths tested under zero-to-tension load fluctuation can be predicted by the equation ΔKσysρ=0.6 is the 0.2 percent offset yield strength.
By using a weakest-link statistical model, it was shown that surface irregularities can appreciably decrease the fatigue-initiation life of structural components.
Adhesion Measurement: Recent Progress, Unsolved Problems, and Prospects
Authors: Mittal KL 
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the term “basic adhesion” is used to signify the summation of all interfacial intermolecular interactions, whereas the term “practical adhesion” is used to represent the forces or the work required for the disruption—either at the interface or in the interfacial region—of the adhering system. There are many factors which influence practical adhesion, and these are discussed in detail. The relationship between practical adhesion and basic adhesion is discussed. Basic adhesion cannot be determined by the commonly used techniques for measuring practical adhesion. The virtues of an ideal practical adhesion test are outlined. Some of the techniques for adhesion measurement of thin films, thick films, and coatings are discussed briefly, and references are made to the recent reviews on this topic.
For a given adhering system, different techniques yield different practical adhesion values. The difficulties involved in adhesion measurement are highlighted, and the unresolved problems are brought into sharper focus.
The failure surfaces should be examined using surface analytical tools to ascertain the locus of failure, which is important in understanding the mechanism of failure.
Adhesion Measurement on Thin Evaporated Films
Authors: Kuwahara K , Hirota H , Umemoto N 
Published: March 2009

Methods to evaluate the adhesion of thin evaporated films to their substrate were devised. One was to pull down and the other to twist off a rod whose bottom was cemented with epoxy to the film. The critical force or torque to strip off the film from the substrate was taken as a measure of the adhesion. It was important to maintain adequate temperature and humidity [16 °C (61 °F) and below 60 percent] during the cementing and measurement, to assure the high adhesion of the cement and the reproducibility of the result.
The adhesion of thin films of aluminum, silver, and copper to substrates of mild steel and glass was studied, along with the adhesion of epoxy and other cements. It was found that the critical force and torque were proportional not to the 3rd power as expected but rather to the 2.5 ∼ 2.9th power of the rod diameter. In the case of thin films, the dispersion of the measured values was very large. The dispersion and also the ratio of tensile to shear adhesive strength increased rapidly with the decrease in adhesion. This is contrary to the effects of the small dispersion, the independence of the dispersion, and the ratio on the adhesion in the case of cement itself. Also mentioned is an experiment on the fracture of brittle substrates such as silicon wafers which sometimes happened during the measurement.