bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The intersection between tailored health communication and branding for health promotion
Authors: Lewis Megan A. , McCormack Lauren A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Branding and tailoring are health communication strategies with roots in commercial marketing perspectives. Despite their apparent dissimilarities in scope, with branding focusing on populations and tailoring focusing on individuals, these two health communication strategies are relevant to each other. Branding could add value to tailored health messages by enhancing their visual nature, source credibility, or helping to build stronger relationships with consumers. Tailored health messages could add value to branding by enhancing brand equity assets. Research is needed to examine the value added by integrating branding and tailoring as health communication strategies.
The evolving HIV pandemic
Authors: Hankins Catherine A , Stanecki Karen A , Ghys Peter D , Marais Hein 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the pandemic by region, highlighting the changing dynamics of HIV transmission and the diverse patterns of infection found worldwide. The epidemic remains extremely dynamic, growing and changing character as the virus exploits new opportunities for transmission. Virtually no country in the world remains unaffected. The epidemic is not homogeneous within regions; some countries are more affected than others. In reality, like the pandemic, the national picture is made up of a series of epidemics with their own characteristics and dynamics. The number of people living with HIV has been rising in every region, with the steepest recent increases occurring in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. In the coming years, as access to life-prolonging antiretroviral treatment increases, more people will be living with HIV. Providing treatment is both a humanitarian and a human rights issue.
Determinants of the HIV pandemic in developing countries
Authors: Stillwaggon Eileen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIt is no coincidence that the highest prevalence of HIV and the highest rates of increase in HIV infection are in countries with a myriad of other problems. The majority of people living with HIV and AIDS and most of those newly infected with HIV live in countries beset by economic and social problems. This chapter demonstrates how the economic and social environment of low- and middle-income developing and transitional countries makes them more vulnerable to epidemic diseases, including HIV. After a discussion of the status of economic and health systems in developing and transitional countries, it shows some ways in which poverty not only influences risk-taking behaviour but also creates a riskier environment for poor people. A few solutions that illustrate how to address the causes of risky behaviours and the risky environment conclude this chapter.
HIV prevention programmes: an overview
Authors: Strathdee Steffanie A , Newell Marie-Louise , Bastos Francisco Inacio , Patterson Thomas L 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief overview of interventions aimed at the general population and populations at high risk of HIV infection. Its focus is primarily in prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT), and specific groups such as injecting drug users (IDUs), men who have sex with men (MSM), and sex workers. The majority of infections globally are caused by heterosexual transmission, and this issue is not specifically addressed here. This review is by no means exhaustive, but it meant to provide a context for more detailed examples outlined in subsequent chapters. Where appropriate, this chapter discusses the implications of these findings for healthcare systems, and makes suggestions for future research.
Antiretroviral treatment and care of HIV
Authors: Lange Joep MA 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe introduction of HAART is one of the great success stories of modern medicine. In fact its application in the developed world has led to striking reductions in HIV-related morbidity and mortality. Consequently, prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection are less of an issue in the HAART era than they were before. However, this is not true for developing countries, where the introduction of HAART is still limited to a minority of the population in need and which also have to deal with a dual epidemic of HIV and tuberculosis (TB). Thus, this chapter also discusses prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections in resource-poor settings and specifically deals with HIV/TB dual infections.
HIV vaccines: development and future use
Authors: Esparza José , Chang Marie-Louise , Gayle Helene D 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA safe, effective, and accessible preventive vaccine represents the best long-term hope for the control of the HIV pandemic. The development of an HIV vaccine, however, has faced a number of difficult scientific challenges that have been compounded by additional logistical and financial difficulties. To address the scientific challenges, there is a need to coordinate the current research effort better so that the scientific creativity of individual investigators is complemented by a more global, collaborative strategy aimed at developing and testing novel candidate vaccines faster and more efficiently. The HIV vaccine development effort needs to be positioned in the context of the overall global response to the HIV pandemic alongside expanded access to existing preventive and treatment interventions and other research efforts, including developing better drugs and prevention tools. Ultimately, a safe and accessible vaccine will be critical to the successful containment of the HIV pandemic.
Ethical issues and HAART
Authors: Gilmore Norbert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEthical concerns have been a prominent feature of the debate about the HIV pandemic. Most ethical issues had already been analyzed by 1996, when HAART became available, but few of those issues have been re-analyzed since then. Also, few of the newer issues raised by HAART itself have been analyzed exhaustively. These issues include concerns about the generation and communication of personal information, rights to, care of people infected with HIV, as well as rights in relation to prevention and vaccine research. The capacity of HAART to prevent infection following a variety of HIV exposures raises concerns about HIV testing and disclosure of personal information. Some issues arise from availability of HAART, whereas others arise from its lack of availability, especially in developing countries. This chapter briefly examines the principle ethical issues that HAART highlights as a basis for encouraging future investigations and discussion.
The contribution of cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Harling Guy , Soderstrom Lee 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOrganizations worldwide are struggling to cope with the HIV pandemic. They are confronted by a scarcity of resources that is particularly acute in Africa and other developing countries. This chapter focuses on the extent to which economic evaluations can help these organizations deal with fundamental economic constraint. Its discussions draw heavily on experiences in sub-Saharan Africa, as it is the region where the prevalence and impact of HIV have been greatest, and it is where almost all cost-effectiveness research in the less-developed world has been conducted. Nevertheless, the ideas advanced here are relevant for decision makers everywhere concerned about HIV, particularly those in lower-income settings.
Botswana
Authors: Lush Louisiana , Darkoh Ernest , Ramotlhwa Segolame L 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews Bostwana's response to its HIV epidemic. To date, considering the limitations of its health system's capacity, Botswana has performed very well. In a two-year period, it has managed to create one of the fastest growing ART programmes in the world and has enrolled a large proportion of its HIV-positive population in therapy, compared with all other similar initiatives in Africa. The country will have to continue to face the challenges dictated by a complex disease affecting 35 percent of adults and still spreading. Based on the early and strong start that has been made, Botswana should continue to be a source of lessons and inspiration for many other initiatives across the continent.
Nigeria
Authors: Ogundiran Adeniyi , Fatunmbi Bayo , Costantinos Berhe T 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews Nigeria's response to its HIV epidemic. The health system in Nigeria is widely regarded as being ineffective and inefficient. To stand any chance of developing a more effective response to HIV, the system needs extensive reform. This needs to be built on strategic partnerships within and between the local, state, and national levels of all actors involved in health and development. The capacities of ministries to support the overall national HIV response need to be improved. Also, despite recent attempts to galvanize the private sector to support the ongoing national response, its involvement is still very low and needs to increase.
Senegal
Authors: Simms Chris , Sow Papa Salif , Sy Elhadj 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews Senegal's response to its HIV epidemic. Senegal's experience offers important lessons, particularly as regards why has it been successful and what aspects of this success can be ‘duplicated’ elsewhere. Social and cultural factors, low alcohol consumption, circumcision, conservative attitudes toward sexuality and, consequently, low levels of sexually transmitted diseases are some of the key features to this success. Responses that included condom distribution, STI control programmes, and antiretroviral drugs have been effective, especially because they were immediate and comprehensive. Political leadership and very strong participation by social and religious groups seem key to explaining the quality of the response: the leadership made good use of existing advantages by bringing on board and entering into dialogue with stakeholders and building on health system infrastructure.
South Africa
Authors: McCoy David , Wood Robin , Dudley Lilian , Barron Peter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews South Africa's response to its HIV epidemic. Within the current macroeconomic context, the public sector will find itself increasingly constrained in its ability to meet existing needs, let alone new demands generated by the HIV epidemic. There is a need to increase the portion of GDP spent on health, social and other support services. Critically, where operative the profound link between AIDS and poverty must be recognized and broken, and there is an urgent need for a national multisectoral response that goes well beyond the current public health response and engages the private sector and employers.
Indonesia
Authors: Gunawan Suriadi , Kosen Soewarta , Simms Chris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews Indonesia's response to its HIV epidemic. Since 2000, Indonesia has had a concentrated epidemic, and the total number of people living with HIV are estimated at around 110,000 (range 53,000 to 180,000), about 10,000 of whom have progressed to AIDS, while over sixteen million people are at increased risk of getting HIV. The launch in May 2003 of the new National AIDS Strategy for an expanded response in line with the global AIDS strategy of UNAIDS was a significant step to ensure a broader multisectoral response. Central government ministries and local governments in partnership with NGOs have to translate the strategy into realistic action plans.
Thailand
Authors: Tangcharoensathien Viroj , Phoolcharoen Wiput , Thanprasertsuk Sombat , Suraratdecha Chutima 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews Thailand's response to its HIV epidemic. The Thai experience has provided several lessons on how the health system and health policy need to respond to the dynamic of HIV epidemics. The country's capacity to collect, analyse, and disseminate information and translate this information into policy and programme design, as well as the skill and capacity to influence policy-makers, has been a major factor in any effective health policy response to HIV.
Barbados
Authors: Walrond E R , Roach T C 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews Barbados's response to its HIV epidemic. The World Bank loan has been instrumental in establishing expanded HIV response. However, such funding is a temporary measure and the government of Barbados must seek to establish the mechanisms necessary to continue funding the programme. Without a reduction in new HIV infections, the number of patients requiring ART, as well as its attendant costs, will continue to grow. Scientific methods must therefore be employed to monitor the HIV epidemic and put the programme in a position to respond appropriately.
Cuba
Authors: Abreu M I Lantero , Waller J , Fiol J Joanes , Avila J Perez , Peña R Torres , Peña M Santín , Soto R Ochoa , Torres G Estevez 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews Cuba's response to its HIV epidemic. Cuba has had considerable success in limiting the spread of HIV and in caring for those infected by the virus. Much of this achievement is rooted in the nature of, and the broader achievements of, Cuban society, which has seen the development of appropriate health and social care services focused on the needs of people living with or affected by HIV.
Jamaica
Authors: Carr Robert , Figueroa J Peter , Carr Peter R 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews Jamaica's response to its HIV epidemic. The experience of HIV control in Jamaica shows that a comprehensive programme that includes targeted interventions may begin to slow down the epidemic. The emphasis on sexually transmitted disease control has resulted in a significant decline in syphilis, congenital syphilis, gonorrhoea, and ophthalmia neonatorum. The numerous and varied education, intervention, and outreach programmes, including mass media, person-to-person interaction and cultural approaches, have resulted in a significant increase in condom use, a small decline in the proportion of men with multiple sex partners, and a small increase in the proportion of women abstaining from sex.
Argentina
Authors: Hamilton Gabriela , Falistocco Carlos , Cahn Pedro , Zala Carlos 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews Argentina's response to its HIV epidemic. The HIV epidemic in Argentina has changed substantially in demographic and socio-economic terms. These changes have challenged the ability of public health officials and the community at large to deal with the consequences of this devastating disease. Furthermore, the political and economic instability that characterized the region during the last ten years has hampered the design and implementation of sustainable action to fight HIV.
Brazil
Authors: Petersen Maya L , Travassos Claudia , Bastos Francisco I , Hacker Mariana A , Beck Eduard J , Noronha José Carvalho de 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews Brazil's response to its HIV epidemic. Brazil's reforms in the 1980s produced a healthcare system based on the principle that care should be delivered according to need rather than ability to pay. This commitment to equity played a major role in shaping the nation's response to the HIV epidemic, as is particularly evident in Brazil's provision of free antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the point of delivery. However, dramatic disparities between socio-economic groups and geographical regions in Brazil remain a challenge to the realization of this ideal, both within the HIV programme and across the Brazilian health system more generally.
Ukraine
Authors: Lekhan Valerya , Rudiy Volodomyr , Nolte Ellen , Jacobi Jantine , Andrushchak Lidia , Shcherbinska Alla , Kruglov Yuriy 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews the Ukraine's response to its HIV epidemic. Despite the difficult transition towards a democratic system of governance and a struggling market-oriented economy, and the relative novelty of the HIV epidemic, the government of Ukraine engaged in numerous efforts to face the problems and respond to the epidemic, either directly or through partners and non-government organizations. At the same time, the country has recognized the need to step up its efforts to contain the epidemic and has successfully secured additional funding in order to do so. The biggest challenge is to scale up interventions that appear to be successful. Although some information is available, better understanding is required about the effectiveness and efficiency of interventions.
Mexico
Authors: Izazola-Licea Jose Antonio , Avila-Figueroa Carlos , Gómez-Fraga Sandra 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews Mexico's response to its HIV epidemic. As the HIV epidemic spreads in Mexico, its direct costs challenge the ability of healthcare institutions to provide services for those infected. The social costs are also enormous and affect families and entire communities. The financial impact on the social security system, which provides resources for approximately 40 percent of the population in Mexico, and more than 50 percent of the AIDS cases, could be destabilizing in future.
The UN response to the HIV pandemic
Authors: Praag Eric van , Dehne Karl L , Chandra-Mouli Venkatraman 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the historical aspects of the AIDS policy debate within the UN family. It first shows that international AIDS policy has evolved, as had the public health policies earlier on, from an emphasis on individual risks and targeted behavioural interventions towards addressing the societal-level determinants of the epidemic. This section also shows that international AIDS policies and strategies have changed from an early emphasis on disease control to the promotion of community development, only to swing back later to a biomedical model that embraces new disease control elements such as rapid testing and antiretroviral treatment. Conceptual differences and developments within and between programmes and agencies in intervention approaches are highlighted to describe further the evolution within the UN community of a balanced HIV response addressing issues like vulnerability and stigma while at the same time scaling up access to effective therapies within strengthened health systems.
Donor, lender and research agencies’ response to the HIV crisis
Authors: Simms Chris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe international donor community has long held that governments' failure to confront the HIV pandemic and take clear steps aimed at its prevention and control, are key to understanding the severity of today's crisis. The evidence shows that donors themselves did not adequately prioritize and provide effective, timely leadership to tackle the pandemic. Donor aid and the way it was delivered were often donor-driven, short-term programmes, often lacking community participation, and they were evaluated in terms of inputs or disbursements. Donor initiatives may have actually reduced access to goods and services aimed at the prevention and treatment of HIV at the individual and community levels. Similarly, efforts by the international research community in dealing with issues like an HIV vaccine, a ‘social vaccine’ and inequalities in global research spending suggests the response to the pandemic was belated, underfunded and undermined by institutional constraints and the pursuit of Northern agendas over Southern needs.
Financing HIV: the roles of international financial institutions
Authors: Lewis Maureen , Stout Susan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe role of the international financial institutions is of particular relevance, given their influence on government investment priorities. Despite assumptions to the contrary, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund placed no ceilings on government spending. Both institutions are far more concerned with good government and the effective management of money, especially the efficient disbursement of funds. This chapter focuses on the role of international financial institutions, the effects of increased spending on macroeconomic and fiscal health, the constraints to this additional spending and, finally, the implications for the international financial institutions and other actors in reaching the twin objectives of sound economic policy and developing effectiveness in the effort to halt transmission of HIV and improve the treatment of AIDS.
Country-level public–private partnerships for successful HIV treatment programmes
Authors: Bos Jasper , Schellekens Onno , Groot Arie de 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPublic-private partnerships for healthcare have recently attracted great interest as a tool to achieve improvements in efficiency, consumer choice, and accessibility to healthcare. This chapter covers both practical and theoretical implications of public-private partnerships. First, it starts with a theoretical explanation of the reasons why public and private institutions engage in partnerships. Next, the chapter provides an overview of a number of influential multinational public-private partnerships for HIV. The remainder of this chapter draws attention to the potential role that local public-private partnerships could play in the creation of a strengthened, sustainable health infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa.
The role of community involvement in HIV programmes in South Africa
Authors: Roberts RA , Hickey A , Rosner Z 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The involvement of civil society organizations and community-based organizations in the global response to the HIV epidemic is unparalleled in public health history. The successful impact of such mobilization is nowhere more evident than in South Africa, where these organizations have had tremendous success in shaping the response to HIV in one of the world's highest burdened countries. Using the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) and the AIDS Budget Unit (ABU) at the Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA) as case studies, this chapter briefly looks at the government's relationship with civil society organizations, the cooperation amongst these organizations and how these various parties interact to directly influence policies and combat the effects of HIV on the country.
Responding effectively to the HIV pandemic
Authors: Hankins Catherine , Fontaine Chris , Sidibe Michel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The HIV pandemic is an extraordinary kind of a crisis. It is both an emergency and a long-term development issue, and cannot be simply lumped together with the world's many emergencies. HIV is exceptional for many reasons, but primarily because it affects young adults in their most productive years, and because HIV has a long incubation period from infection to manifest disease during which it can be unknowingly transmitted to others. As yet, there is neither a cure nor a vaccine. HIV requires an exceptional response that remains flexible, creative, energetic, and vigilant. The HIV pandemic is now at a crossroads. If the world's response to HIV continues in its well-meaning but haphazard and ineffectual fashion, then the pandemic will continue to outpace the response. This chapter reviews the response to HIV to date at global and country levels, and propose concrete actions to face the challenges ahead.
2 Bretton Woods and the Debate about Development
Authors: James Harold 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the evolution since the Bretton Woods conference of the IMF's approach to problems of low income countries. In particular, it seeks to locate that approach within the debate among economists about whether there is a special ‘development economics’. In that context, it examines the IMF's approaches to inflation, the ‘twin gaps’, fiscal issues, external debt issues, and exchange rate policy choice.