bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of and trends in subgroups of prisoner suicides in England and Wales
Authors: Humber N. , Piper M. , Appleby L. , Shaw J. 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundThe suicide rate is higher in prisoners compared with the general population. The aim was to describe the characteristics of and longitudinal trends in prisoner suicides in England and Wales.MethodA case series was ascertained from the Safer Custody and Offender Policy Group at the Ministry of Justice and included a 9-year (1999–2007) national census of prisoner suicides. Questionnaires were completed by prison staff on sociodemographic, custodial, clinical and service-level characteristics of the suicides.ResultsThere was a fall in the number of prison suicides and a decline in the proportion of young prisoner (18–20 years) suicides over time. Females were over-represented. Upward trends were found in prisoners with a history of violence and with previous mental health service contact. A downward trend was found in those with a primary psychiatric diagnosis of drug dependence. Drug dependence was found to be significant in explaining suicides within the first week of custody.ConclusionsThe findings provide an important insight to aid a target set in the National Suicide Prevention Strategy in England to reduce suicides in the prisoner population by 20% and highlight an important area for policy development in mental health services. Examining trends identified subgroups that may require improved mental healthcare and recognized those that appeared to be having their treatment needs more adequately met. Evidence suggests that targeted suicide prevention strategies for subgroups of prisoners are required.
Cathodic amelioration of the adverse effects of oxidative stress accompanying procedures necessary for cryopreservation of embryonic axes of recalcitrant-seeded species
Authors: Berjak Patricia , Sershen  , Varghese Boby , Pammenter N.W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSeveral of the procedures necessary for cryopreservation of excised zygotic embryonic axes are known to be accompanied by emission of damaging levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These have been shown to be associated with shoot apical meristem necrosis, curtailing subsequent axis development to root production only, particularly for tropical/subtropical recalcitrant-seeded species. Here we report on the application of the principles of electrochemistry in the generation of strongly reducing, high pH cathodic water, by electrolysis of a solution containing calcium and magnesium chloride. The cathodic water in whichStrychnos gerrardiiaxes were immersed for 30 min following dehydration, and importantly, after dehydration followed by cryopreservation, was shown to have strongly antioxidative properties in counteracting the damaging effects of ROS bursts and promoting shoot development. In a parallel experiment, axes ofBoophane distichaexhibited enhanced total antioxidant activity when exposed to cathodic water both immediately following excision, and after flash-drying. For both species, the efficacious effects of cathodic treatment were manifest after the axes had been in culture for 4 h, suggesting that ROS were not quenched at source, but probably counteracted by enhancement of activity of endogenous antioxidants. Cathodic water therefore affords a non-toxic means of amelioration of oxidative, stress-related damage, which, coupled with the strongly fungicidal activity of the acidic, anionic water fraction, offers significant, and apparently non-injurious, advances towards successful cryopreservation of germplasm – and probably generally improved success ofin-vitro-based procedures for plant tissues.
Dietary patterns among British adults: compatibility with dietary guidelines for salt/sodium, fat, saturated fat and sugars
Authors: Gibson Sigrid , Ashwell Margaret 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine dietary patterns among British adults, associations with Na and macronutrient intakes, and implications for dietary advice.DesignPrincipal component analysis of 7 d weighed dietary records.SubjectsAdults aged 19–64 years (n 1724).SettingNational Diet and Nutrition Survey (2000/2001).ResultsHigh Na intake was associated with more energy-dense diets, higher in fat and SFA (percentage of energy) but lower in non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES). Eight patterns (PC1 to PC8) explained 40 % of the total variance in food intakes. Three patterns – PC3 (high loadings on bread, fats and cheese), PC2 (meat products, eggs and chips) and PC7 (red meat, sauces and alcohol) – were associated with high Na intake. Of these, PC3 correlated with high Na density and Na:K ratio, while PC2 correlated with fat. By contrast, three patterns – ‘health-conscious’ (PC1; vegetables, fruit, fruit juice, fish), ‘breakfast cereals and milk’ (PC6) and ‘chicken and rice’ (PC8) – were associated with modest Na intake, lower Na density and lower fat and SFA. PC2 was positively correlated, and PC1 was negatively correlated, with adding salt to food. Other patterns were ‘tea/coffee and cakes’ (PC4; associated with high SFA and NMES) and ‘soft drinks and snacks’ (PC5; associated with high NMES but not fat or SFA). The dietary patterns of males and females differed slightly.ConclusionsDietary patterns PC1, PC6, PC8 (vegetables, fruit, fish, milk, breakfast cereals, poultry) were broadly compatible with guidelines for salt, fat, SFA and NMES. However, other patterns tended to be high in either salt or NMES.
Fukaya categories of the torus and Dehn surgery
Authors: Lekili Yankı , Perutz Timothy 
Published: May 2011

This paper is a companion to the authors’ forthcoming work extending Heegaard Floer theory from closed 3-manifolds to compact 3-manifolds with two boundary components via quilted Floer cohomology. We describe the first interesting case of this theory: the invariants of 3-manifolds bounding

, regarded as modules over the Fukaya category of the punctured 2-torus. We extract a short proof of exactness of the Dehn surgery triangle in Heegaard Floer homology. We show that
A
∞
-structures on the graded algebra
A
formed by the cohomology of two basic objects in the Fukaya category of the punctured 2-torus are governed by just two parameters (
m
6
,
m
8
), extracted from the Hochschild cohomology of
A
. For the Fukaya category itself,
m
6
≠ 0.
Feeling states during exercise: Influence of individual differences in perceived evaluative threat
Authors: Focht Brian C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe present study is designed to examine the influence of individual differences in perceived evaluative threat and baseline responses on changes in feeling states experienced during acute exercise in college‐age women with high social physique anxiety. Thirty women with high social physique anxiety completed acute bouts of stationary cycling at either a self‐selected or imposed intensity in both naturalistic fitness centre and laboratory environments. Multivariate analysis of changes in feeling states during exercise yielded a significant baseline×perceived evaluative threat×intensity interaction during exercise in the naturalistic fitness centre environment. Decomposition of this interaction revealed that, within the naturalistic environment, women with the least favourable baseline feeling states who perceived the lowest amount of evaluative threat during exercise demonstrated the greatest improvements in affect during self‐selected intensity exercise. These findings suggest that, among women with high social physique anxiety, changes in feeling states reported during exercise are influenced by an interaction between baseline affective responses, the intensity of exercise, and environmentally induced perceptions of evaluative threat.
Assessing free‐living physical activity using accelerometry: Practical issues for researchers and practitioners
Authors: Ridgers Nicola D. , Fairclough Stuart 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPhysical activity is an integral component of a healthy lifestyle, with relationships documented between physical activity, chronic diseases, and disease risk factors. There is increasing concern that many people are not sufficiently active to benefit their health. Consequently, there is a need to determine the prevalence of physical activity engagement, identify active and inactive segments of the population, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. The aim of the present study was to identify and explain a number of methodological and decision‐making processes associated with accelerometry, which is the most commonly used objective measure of physical activity in child and adult research. Specifically, this review addresses: (a) pre‐data collection decisions, (b) data collection procedures, (c) processing of accelerometer data, and (d) outcome variables in relation to the research questions posed. An appraisal of the literature is provided to help researchers and practitioners begin field‐based research, with recommendations offered for best practice. In addition, issues that require further investigation are identified and discussed to inform researchers and practitioners of the surrounding debates. Overall, the review is intended as a starting point for field‐based physical activity research using accelerometers and as an introduction to key issues that should be considered and are likely to be encountered at this time.
Tube structures, Hardy spaces and extension of CR distributions
Authors: Hoepfner G. , Hounie J. , Carvalho dos Santos L. 
Published: May 2011

We consider rough tubes

X
+
i

R

m

⊂

C

m

X+i\mathbb {R}^m\subset \mathbb {C}^m

, where

X
⊂

R

m

X\subset \mathbb {R}^m

is a measurable set, and extend the notion of

C
R

CR

function to the space

L
∞

(
X
,

h
p

(

R

m

)
)

L^\infty (X,h^p(\mathbb {R}^m))

, where

h
p

(

R

m

)

h^p(\mathbb {R}^m)

,

0
>
p
>
∞

0>p>\infty

, is Goldberg’s semilocal Hardy space. We show that if

X
X

is the image of some connected manifold by some

C
1

C^1

map, then all such

C
R

CR

functions can be extended to the convex hull of the tube as

C
R

CR

functions

∈

L
∞

(

c
h

(
X
)
,

h
p

(

R

m

)
)

\in L^\infty (\mathrm {ch}(X),h^p(\mathbb {R}^m))

. This extends previous work of Boggess.
Two. A Kid Grows in Queens and Manhattan
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter begins by introducing Robert Schuman, Bill's younger brother. Robert was mentally retarded, and the impact of his retardation upon the family is explored. From there, the chapter looks at Schuman's love of three things: music (particularly his violin lessons as a teenager), baseball, and reading. An early composition, the Three Songs without Words for Violin and Piano, is discussed, as well as Schuman's talents as a singer. Schuman's junior high and high school careers are discussed, with an emphasis on an early literary effort, “College Chums,” on his high-spirited nature that occasionally led him into trouble, and on early signs that he would grow up to be a self-confident leader.
Three. Camp Cobbossee (and a Summer Abroad)
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Schuman's six summers at Camp Cobbossee in Winthrop, Maine, were formative in developing his skills as a musician. Schuman also spent one summer touring France with other boys his age. This chapter looks at summer camps in the 1920s, drawing upon advertisements and descriptions from the decade, and focuses on the appeal of Camp Cobbossee to athletic boys from non-devout German Jewish backgrounds. Edward Marks Jr., one of Schuman's childhood friends, also attended Cobbossee, and their rudimentary knowledge of French resulted in their collaboration, first on a minstrel show, and then on an English version of a French short story. Their 1928 musical farce It's Up to Pa was a success in Maine, and Marks's father published some of the songs, which were written in a Tin Pan Alley style. The impact of the summers at Cobbossee stayed with Schuman for his entire life.
Six. An Unconventional Education
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Schuman's private studies with Charles Haubiel (1932–34) and his public classes at the Juilliard Summer School (1932), Teachers College (1933–37), and the Salzburg Mozarteum (summer 1935) work together to provide Schuman most of the skills he would draw upon as a young composer. Along with some juvenilia that he would leave unperformed and unpublished, the chapter explores his first major performances of his music, with the October 1936 premiere of his First Symphony and First Quartet capping his journeyman years. A prescient observation from one of his professors at Teachers College both describes these early works as well as Schuman's working habits as a composer.
Seven. Sarah Lawrence and the Beginning of the Decade of War
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Schuman's early years as an instructor at Sarah Lawrence College found him allying himself with progressive elements on the campus, especially in light of the Spanish Civil War. Schuman's views on communism, fascism, and Nazism placed him to the right of many of his peers, but he took pride in his support of the Spanish republicans and was pleased that his Second Symphony won a prize in support of the republicans’ cause. This chapter explores the tensions Schuman experienced as a German Jewish American working in an institution populated mostly by white Anglo-Saxon Protestants as well as the successes he unexpectedly encountered, not only as a prize-winning composer but also as the successful conductor of the Sarah Lawrence College Chorus.
Ten. Populism, Progressivism, and Politics
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Schuman's music in the late 1930s and early 1940s was unabashedly populist in its orientation. Part of this came from his close association with his Sarah Lawrence colleague Genevieve Taggard, who provided the texts for a number of the works he composed during this period. His decision to write a good deal of choral music for amateur singers also sprung from his populist impulses, and even his Newsreel in Five Shots borrows its imagery from the public movie house. While Schuman later denied he had any direct involvement with socialist or communist causes, his activities at this time show him to be something of a political chameleon, as he worked alongside those well left of him while he sought foundation and government backing for his ideas of musical propaganda.
Thirteen. Wringing the Changes
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
When Schuman became president of the Juilliard School of Music, he was all of 35 years old and was replacing a gentleman who was in his seventies. Schuman's youth, energy, and brashness energized and enervated and enraged many of the faculty at the School. He brought with him a host of new ideas: the founding of the Juilliard String Quartet; the initiation of a Dance Division at the school; a restructuring of the core curriculum that resulted in the Literature and Materials of Music. He also began The Juilliard Review, an ill-starred journal. More successful was his service on the board of the Naumburg Foundation, to which Schuman advanced the idea of subsidizing recordings of outstanding contemporary American music. This chapter looks at the early years of Schuman's tenure at Juilliard and demonstrates that they were far rockier than he later admitted.
Fifteen. Family Matters
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter returns to themes explored in the first chapter (Schuman's parents and grandparents) and extended in the fifth chapter (Frankie Prince Schuman). Bill and Frankie move to New Rochelle to raise a family. The birth of Anthony William (December 1943) and the adoption of Andrea Frances (October 1949) stand as the great joys of this period of time; the death of Schuman's mother, Ray (September 1947), and of his father, Sam (November 1950), were the low points. The death of his brother, Robert (August 1957), was barely marked in the Schuman household, one that was filled with pets and baseball and love and affection for and between Bill, Frankie, Tony, and Andy.
Sixteen. An Old Religion, Two Champions, and a New Symphony
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The late 1940s brought Schuman back in touch with his Jewish roots through various encounters and queries that occurred. Leonard Bernstein, in particular, was in a state of wonderment at the birth of Israel, and he tried to interest his good friend Schuman in it. Notwithstanding these various reminders of his own background and heritage, Schuman reaffirmed his coolness to organized religion. He expressed himself through his music, and the Sixth Symphony (1948) is a major testament to Schuman's ideas and ideals. During this period of time, Koussevitzky died, and with him Schuman lost a champion of his music. He gained, however, another champion in the conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra, Eugene Ormandy. This chapter includes a cameo by English writer Stephen Spender and a look at a withdrawn work that would become the nucleus of the Seventh Symphony (1960).
Nineteen. The (Mostly) Off-Stage Ambassador
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter considers Schuman's various attempts to use his position and influence to extend his ideas of music education, musical diplomacy, and American contemporary music. It looks at the establishment of the BMI Student Composer Awards and Schuman's pressure upon the managers of the Metropolitan Opera Association and the New York Philharmonic to perform American music. Also striking is Schuman's role in brokering a number of mergers: 1) the National Institute of Arts and Letters with the American Academy of Arts and Letters; 2) the High School of Music and Art and the High School of Performing Arts; and 3) the International Society of Contemporary Music (U.S. Section) and the League of Composers. The chapter ends by looking at Schuman's Credendum, commissioned by the U.S. National Commission for UNESCO.
Twenty-Three. Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Although Schuman believed that he could carve out 600 hours a year for composition while he was at Lincoln Center, he soon discovered that he had little time to compose new works. The commission of the Lincoln Center organ inspired him to arrange Ives's Variations on “America” for orchestra; along with New England Triptych, the Variations is one of Schuman's most popular works. He also managed to create a small work for pops orchestra and a choral work based on the motto for Colgate University. It was a Library of Congress commission, though, that elicited from Schuman his most original work of the time, his Amaryllis: Variations for String Trio.
Twenty-Four. One Nightmare after Another
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
There were a number of difficulties that emerged in the early years of Schuman's tenure as president of Lincoln Center. One of the most difficult was negotiating with the management of City Center to bring the New York City Opera and the New York City Ballet to Lincoln Center. City and state politicians got involved in the negotiations, and the staff of the Metropolitan Opera was not overly supportive of these new constituents. In attempting to solve some of the challenges Schuman saw at Lincoln Center, he ended up riling his opponents, who tried to get Schuman fired. He survived in the post and saw the battles as positive in the long run. During this period, challenges at home emerged, with the women in his family suffering from physical and psychological setbacks. Despite the challenges, Schuman managed to complete an original work for Martha Graham, The Witch of Endor.
Twenty-Five. The Potemkin Center
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
One of Schuman's original dreams for Lincoln Center was a summer festival that would take advantage of the Center's air-conditioned halls. In 1967, Schuman's Lincoln Center Festival became a reality. He also explored the possibility of composing a major work for the nation's bicentennial, but his early efforts came to naught. At the same time, two of the constituents at Lincoln Center—the ones devoted to Music Theater and Repertory Theater—indicated problems in their ability to operate. Schuman proposed the possibility of a film constituent and a chamber music constituent, much to the frustration of some of the directors of the Center. This chapter also looks at Schuman's success as a public speaker and Rockefeller's early intimations that Schuman was running the risk of being let go.
Twenty-Six. The Death of the Dreamers
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy in 1968 cast a dark shadow over the end of the decade, and that very year found Schuman exploring in his own music the power of death. His major work of the year was based on a massacre that had taken place in Rome near the end of World War II; Schuman took pains not to make the work a specifically Jewish memorial but one that could speak for and to all. He also composed a work that, though instrumental from start to finish, was based on a text from his favorite poet, Walt Whitman. Its emotional tenor led Schuman to ask that the first performance be dedicated to King and Kennedy and that the audience remain silent after the work had concluded. The theme of death presages Schuman's own tenure at Lincoln Center, as his days in the corner office were numbered.
Thirty-One. Bicentennial Fireworks
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The National Symphony Orchestra, with Antal Doráti as music director, approached Schuman for a bicentennial commission. Though the scope of the works were necessarily smaller than those Schuman envisioned years earlier—he would not have time to compose one sweeping large work—the commission allowed Schuman not only to write two new compositions, including his Tenth (and final) Symphony, but to revisit his baseball opera, The Mighty Casey, and recast it for concert performance. The ensuing all-Schuman concert was a highlight in Schuman's life, but the effort to create all of this music in so short a time left Schuman exhausted, both physically and musically. He was beginning to slow down.
Thirty-Three. Triplets
Authors: Swayne Steve 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Though Schuman routinely recycled his music, American Hymn stands out. Derived from a movement from an earlier withdrawn brass quintet, Schuman created three distinct versions of American Hymn, including an extended orchestral work that some of his younger peers felt was one of Schuman's great works. Schuman experienced a rediscovery of sorts as the musical environment around him grew more sympathetic to the kinds of harmonic and structural operations that permeated his music. He composed two more collections of choral works and appeared to be ready to tackle a longstanding commission he had from the New York Philharmonic. Emergency triple bypass surgery put a temporary halt to his compositional plans.
Foundations of State Punishment in Modern Liberal Democracies: Toward a Genealogy of American Criminal Law
Authors: Dubber Markus D 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how we should conceive of the inquiry into the foundations of criminal law, whether legal, philosophical, historical, genealogical, or political. It argues that we cannot hope to develop a foundational account of the criminal law without an account of what, if anything, legitimizes the state power that underlies the criminal law — an inquiry that has mostly escaped the attention of American thinkers both at the time the nation was founded and in the years since. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1 considers various ways of conceiving of an inquiry into the foundations of criminal law. Section 2 explores the distinction between modes of foundational inquiry by considering the significance of the Rechtsgut principle in German criminal law science, on one hand, and in the jurisprudence of the German Constitutional Court, on the other. Section 3 presents preliminary remarks on an inquiry into the foundations of American criminal law.