bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Observations on the Nature of the Audiometric 4000 Hz Notch: Data from 3430 Veterans
Authors: Wilson Richard H. 
Published: April 2011

Background:Pure-tone, air-conduction audiograms notched at 4000 Hz have long been considered the signature configuration for noise-induced hearing loss even though there is an extensive literature that does not mesh with this simple explanation. There are many reports of
notched audiograms from individuals with no history of noise exposure and, conversely, reports of audiograms with no notches from individuals with a history of noise exposure. Recent reports increasingly suggest that unilateral 4000 Hz notches are common. The prevalence of notched audiograms
at 4000 Hz is dependent on the definition of the notch and the population under study.Purpose:To examine the prevalence and characteristics of audiograms that are notched at 4000 Hz.Research Design:Retrospective, descriptive.Study Sample:The participants were
3430 veterans evaluated in the Audiology Clinic at the VA Medical Center, Mountain Home, Tennessee. The mean age was 62.3 yr.Data Collection and Analyses:The data were collected in the course of a 60 min, routine audiological evaluation. In addition to pure-tone audiometry,
a history, otoscopy, speech audiometry in quiet and in noise, and aural-acoustic immittance measures were included in the clinic protocol but were not evaluated in this report. A notch was defined when the 4000 Hz threshold minus the 2000 Hz threshold and the 4000 Hz threshold
minus the 8000 Hz threshold both were ≥10 dB.Results:Overall the mean LE (left ear) thresholds at 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz were at hearing levels 2‐3 dB higher than the hearing levels for the corresponding mean RE (right ear) thresholds; the differences
were significant. A notched audiogram was observed in 40.6% of the participants in at least one ear with 15.4% having bilateral notches, 28.8% LE notches, and 27.1% RE notches. Unilateral 4000 Hz notches were almost twice as prevalent as bilateral 4000 Hz notches. Viewed as a function
of age, notched audiograms were most common (∼35% of the participants) in the 40 and 50 yr groups with a diminishing prevalence in the 60‐80 yr groups. The mean notch depth at 4000 Hz was consistently 20‐26 dB across the seven age groups. In comparison
to the thresholds of the audiograms that were not notched, the thresholds of the audiograms with 4000 Hz notches (1) at 250‐2000 Hz were at hearing levels 2‐3 dB lower, (2) at 3000 and 4000 Hz were at hearing levels 8‐17 dB higher, and (3) at 8000 Hz
were at hearing levels 3‐4 dB lower; the threshold differences were significant at all frequencies for both ears.Conclusions:The data suggest that unilateral, 4000 Hz notched audiograms are as common or more common than bilateral notched audiograms and that unilateral
notched audiograms are equally common for the LE and RE. The prevalence and characteristics of 4000 Hz notched audiograms in this veteran sample are similar to those observed in the population as a whole.
Demography of the San Francisco Gartersnake in Coastal San Mateo County, California
Authors: Halstead Brian J. , Wylie Glenn D. , Amarello Melissa , Smith Jeffrey J. , Thompson Michelle E. , Routman Eric J. , Casazza Michael L. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The San Francisco gartersnake Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia has been federally listed as endangered since 1967, but little demographic information exists for this species. We examined the demography of a San Francisco gartersnake population on approximately 213 ha of California coastal prairie in San Mateo County, California, from 2007 to 2010. The best-supported mark–recapture model indicated annual variation in daily capture probabilities and annual survival rates. Abundance increased throughout the study period, with a mean total population from 2008 to 2010 of 443 (95% CI  =  313–646) individuals. Annual survival was slightly greater than that of most other gartersnakes, with an annual probability of survival of 0.78 (0.55–0.95) in 2008–2009 and 0.75 (0.49–0.93) in 2009–2010. Mean annual per capita recruitment rates were 0.73 (0.02–2.50) in 2008–2009 and 0.47 (0.02–1.42) in 2009–2010. From 2008 to 2010, the probability of an increase in abundance at this site was 0.873, with an estimated increase of 115 (−82 to 326) individuals. The estimated population growth rate in 2008–2009 was 1.52 (0.73–3.29) and in 2009–2010 was 1.21 (0.70–2.17). Although this population is probably stable or increasing in the short term, long-term studies of the status of the San Francisco gartersnake at other sites are required to estimate population trends and to elucidate mechanisms that promote the recovery of this charismatic member of our native herpetofauna.
FAS Haploinsufficiency Is a Common Disease Mechanism in the Human Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
Authors: Kuehn Hye Sun , Caminha Iusta , Niemela Julie E. , Rao V. Koneti , Davis Joie , Fleisher Thomas A. , Oliveira João B. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is characterized by early-onset lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, immune cytopenias, and an increased risk for B cell lymphomas. Most ALPS patients harbor mutations in the FAS gene, which regulates lymphocyte apoptosis. These are commonly missense mutations affecting the intracellular region of the protein and have a dominant-negative effect on the signaling pathway. However, analysis of a large cohort of ALPS patients revealed that ∼30% have mutations affecting the extracellular region of FAS, and among these, 70% are nonsense, splice site, or insertions/deletions with frameshift for which no dominant-negative effect would be expected. We evaluated the latter patients to understand the mechanism(s) by which these mutations disrupted the FAS pathway and resulted in clinical disease. We demonstrated that most extracellular-region FAS mutations induce low FAS expression due to nonsense-mediated RNA decay or protein instability, resulting in defective death-inducing signaling complex formation and impaired apoptosis, although to a lesser extent as compared with intracellular mutations. The apoptosis defect could be corrected by FAS overexpression in vitro. Our findings define haploinsufficiency as a common disease mechanism in ALPS patients with extracellular FAS mutations.
Structural Basis of Specificity and Cross-Reactivity in T Cell Receptors Specific for Cytochrome c–I-Ek
Authors: Newell Evan W. , Ely Lauren K. , Kruse Andrew C. , Reay Philip A. , Rodriguez Stephanie N. , Lin Aaron E. , Kuhns Michael S. , Garcia K. Christopher , Davis Mark M. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
T cells specific for the cytochrome c Ag are widely used to investigate many aspects of TCR specificity and interactions with peptide-MHC, but structural information has long been elusive. In this study, we present structures for the well-studied 2B4 TCR, as well as a naturally occurring variant of the 5c.c7 TCR, 226, which is cross-reactive with more than half of possible substitutions at all three TCR-sensitive residues on the peptide Ag. These structures alone and in complex with peptide-MHC ligands allow us to reassess many prior mutagenesis results. In addition, the structure of 226 bound to one peptide variant, p5E, shows major changes in the CDR3 contacts compared with wild-type, yet the TCR V-region contacts with MHC are conserved. These and other data illustrate the ability of TCRs to accommodate large variations in CDR3 structure and peptide contacts within the constraints of highly conserved TCR–MHC interactions.
Vaccine-Induced CD8+ T Lymphocytes of Rhesus Monkeys Recognize Variant Forms of an HIV Epitope but Do Not Mediate Optimal Functional Activity
Authors: Hulot Sandrine L. , Cale Evan M. , Korber Bette T. , Letvin Norman L. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The sequence diversity of HIV-1 presents a challenge for the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine, because such a vaccine must confer protection against diverse forms of the virus. The present studies were initiated to explore how vaccine-induced clonal populations of CD8+ T lymphocytes of rhesus monkeys recognize variants of an HIV-1 envelope epitope sequence. Evaluating a subset of variants of a selected epitope peptide that retain their binding to the MHC class I molecule of rhesus monkeys that presents this epitope peptide, we show that vaccine-elicited CD8+ T lymphocytes comparably recognize the wild-type and a number of variant epitope peptides as determined by tetramer binding assays. In fact, the same clonal populations of CD8+ T lymphocytes recognize the wild-type and variant epitope peptides. However, functional assays show that many of these variant epitope peptides stimulate suboptimal cytokine production by the vaccine-elicited CD8+ T lymphocytes. These findings suggest that vaccine-induced CD8+ T lymphocyte populations may recognize diverse forms of a viral epitope, but may not function optimally to confer protection against viruses expressing many of those variant sequences.
NK Cell-Depleting Anti-Asialo GM1 Antibody Exhibits a Lethal Off-Target Effect on Basophils In Vivo
Authors: Nishikado Hideto , Mukai Kaori , Kawano Yohei , Minegishi Yoshiyuki , Karasuyama Hajime 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
NK cells are innate immune lymphocytes and play a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Their pivotal functions in vivo have been illustrated in mice by means of their ablation with NK cell-depleting Abs, particularly anti-asialo GM1 (ASGM1). In this study, we show that the whole population of basophils constitutively expresses ASGM1 as well as CD49b (DX5) as does the NK cell population and was ablated in vivo by anti-ASGM1 as efficiently as by a basophil-depleting anti-FcεRIα Ab. Anti-ASGM1–mediated basophil depletion was operative as for NK cell depletion in various mouse strains, irrespective of NK1 allotype and MHC H2 haplotype, including C57BL/6, BALB/c, C3H, and A/J mice. These results identified basophils as a previously unrecognized target of anti-ASGM1–mediated cell depletion and raised concern about possible contribution of basophils, rather than or in addition to NK cells, to some of phenotypes observed in anti-ASGM1–treated mice. Indeed, regardless of the presence or absence of NK cells in mice, anti-ASGM1 treatment abolished the development of IgE-mediated chronic cutaneous allergic inflammation as efficiently as did the treatment with basophil-depleting Ab. Given the fact that basophils have recently been shown to play crucial roles in a variety of immune responses, our finding of the off-target effect on basophils issues a grave warning about the use of anti-ASGM1 and underscores the need for careful interpretation of phenotypes observed in anti-ASGM1–treated mice.
On the Canonical Solution of the Sturm–Liouville Problem with Singularity and Turning Point of Even Order
Authors: Neamaty A. , Mosazadeh S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we are going to investigate the canonical property of solutions of systems of differential equations having a singularity and turning point of even order. First, by a replacement, we transform the system to the Sturm–Liouville equation with turning point. Using of the asymptotic estimates provided by Eberhard, Freiling, and Schneider for a special fundamental system of solutions of the Sturm–Liouville equation, we study the infinite product representation of solutions of the systems. Then we transform the Sturm–Liouville equation with turning point to the equation with singularity, then we study the asymptotic behavior of its solutions. Such representations are relevant to the inverse spectral problem.
Field‐Tuneable Diamagnetism in Ferromagnetic–Superconducting Core–Shell Structures
Authors: Müller André , Dale Sara E. C. , Engbarth Miles A. , Bending Simon J. , Peter Laurence M. , Knittel Andreas , Fangohr Hans 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThree dimensional ferromagnet–superconductor core–shell structures are realized by electrocrystallisation and their magnetic properties investigated. We observe fully re‐entrant core superconductivity in increasing fields that survives well above the bulk critical field due to compensation effects. The net measured magnetization of optimized structures could be switched from absolute para(ferro‐)magnetic to diamagnetic by tuning the external magnetic field. Micromagnetic simulations of the structures are in good qualitative agreement with our results.
Non‐Heme Manganese Complexes Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation of Olefins by Peracetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Ottenbacher Roman V. , Bryliakov Konstantin P. , Talsi Evgenii P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractChiral non‐heme aminopyridine manganese complexes catalyze the enantioselective epoxidation of olefins with peracetic acid or hydrogen peroxide with moderate to high yields and ee valuess up to 89% (peracetic acid, AcOOH) and 84% (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2), performing as many as 1000 turnovers.
Tanning predicts bone mass but not structure in adolescent females living in Hawaii
Authors: Osborne Daniel L. , Weaver Connie M. , Mcabe Linda D. , McCabe George M. , Novotny Rachel , Boushey Carol , Savaiano Dennis A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the relationship between facultative skin pigmentation, which predicts circulating levels of plasma 25‐hydroxymitamin D, and several measures of bone mass and structure in a cross sectional sample of adolescent females living in Hawaii.Methods:Our sample was composed of adolescent females (n = 94) living in Hawaii where seasonal sun exposure is minimal, and who self‐identified as either white (n = 16) or Asian (n = 78). Bone mineral content (BMC) of the total body, the lumbar spine and the hip, and cross sectional area (CSA) and section modulus (Z) at the proximal femur were quantified using DXA. Facultative skin pigmentation was measured at the forehead and non‐facultative skin pigmentation was measured at the inner arm using a Chroma Meter CR‐200b colorimeter.Results:There were no significant differences between ethnic groups in terms of skin pigmentation. The difference between a* taken at the forehead and inner upper arm significantly predicted BMC at the lumbar spine, total hip, and total body. Other measures of skin pigmentation were not significant predictors of any other measure of skeletal integrity.Conclusions:The difference between facultative and non‐facultative skin pigmentation for a* is a significant predictor BMC, but not bone structure. Our findings are limited by an inability to control for long term UVA and UVB exposure and lack of a measure of serum 25(OH)D status. Further research is needed to examine these questions, particularly in populations who live at high latitudes where a winter season limits vitamin D3 synthesis. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The musculoskeletal phenotype of the RASopathies
Authors: Stevenson David A. , Yang Feng‐Chun 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Ras/MAPK signal transduction pathway is critical for the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of multiple cell types. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused by inactivating mutations in the NF1 gene resulting in an increased Ras signaling cascade. Subsequently, additional syndromes with some overlapping physical manifestations such as Noonan syndrome, Costello syndrome, and cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome were also shown to be due in many cases to mutations in genes encoding for proteins interacting with the Ras/MAPK pathway. Although neurocutaneous manifestations have been considered hallmark features for these disorders, multiple organ systems including the musculoskeletal system are affected. Some of the overlapping musculoskeletal phenotypes include scoliosis, kyphosis, anterior chest wall anomalies, pes planus, osteopenia, and hand anomalies. However, there are also discordant skeletal phenotypes such as sphenoid wing dysplasia and tibial pseudarthrosis seen only in NF1. We provide an overview of the concordant and discordant musculoskeletal manifestations in the RASopathies. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurocognitive, adaptive, and behavioral functioning of individuals with Costello syndrome: A review
Authors: Axelrad Marni E. , Schwartz David D. , Katzenstein Jennifer M. , Hopkins Elizabeth , Gripp Karen W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCostello syndrome is a rare rasopathy resulting from germline mutations of the proto‐oncogene HRAS. Its phenotype includes severe failure‐to‐thrive, cardiac abnormalities, a predisposition to benign and malignant tumors, hypotonia, and developmental delay. Costello syndrome is associated with cognitive impairment, including intellectual functioning generally in the mild to moderate range of disability, commensurate adaptive functioning, and increased anxiety. Relative strengths have been found for nonverbal fluid reasoning (FR). Gender effects have been reported, with females showing better adaptive functioning across domains. Developmentally, nonverbal skills plateau in late childhood/early adolescence, whereas the rate of vocabulary acquisition may increase in adolescence into early adulthood. Here we review the literature assessing cognitive, adaptive, and behavioral functioning in Costello syndrome, and we provide data from an ongoing longitudinal study. Severity of cognitive impairment may depend upon the specific HRAS mutation, as three individuals with the p.G13C change showed average nonverbal FR skills and borderline‐to‐low average overall nonverbal IQ. Further, separation anxiety is more common in Costello syndrome than in the general population, affecting 39% of this cohort, and males are more often overly anxious than females. Interrelations between anxiety and cognitive and adaptive functioning were found, pointing to functional difficulties as a likely source of stress and anxiety. Taking into account data from animal models, cognitive and behavioral changes likely originate from abnormal differentiation of neuronal precursor cells, which result in structural and functional brain differences. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogenetic analysis of chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) based on mitochondrial control region sequences
Authors: Li Di Yan , Xu Huai Liang , Smith David Glenn , Cheng An Chun , Trask Jessica Satkoski , Zhu Qing , Yao Yong Fang , Du Dan Dan , Ni Qing Yong 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBetween one and six subspecies of Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have been proposed based on morphological differences and/or their geographic distribution. In this study, a 489 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial control region was amplified from 230 DNA samples collected from rhesus macaques in the Sichuan province in Western China. The fragment was then sequenced and aligned with 208 sequences from wild rhesus macaques, sampled throughout the species' geographic range in China downloaded from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the 182 unique sequences identified among these samples divided Chinese rhesus macaques into two western haplogroups (haplogroups A and B) and three older eastern haplogroups (haplogroups C, D, and E), whose differentiation probably occurred during the penultimate glacial event. During the warming after the penultimate glacial event, haplogroups A, B, and E rapidly expanded and a relatively young subhaplogroup of haplogroup E, E', limited to Southern China but shared with Vietnamese rhesus macaques, was reintroduced from Indochina during the last glacial event. One haplotype most closely related to subhaplogroup E' probably represents the isolation of Hainan Island, to where it is restricted, from the mainland by the formation of the Qiongzhou Strait approximately 8,500 years ago. The distribution of haplogroups both informs the phylogeographic history of dispersal of Chinese rhesus macaques and has implications for their suitability as animal models in biomedical research. Am. J. Primatol. 73:883–895, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Figure Eights, Möbius Bands, and More: Conformation and Aromaticity of Porphyrinoids
Authors: Stępień Marcin , Sprutta Natasza , Latos‐Grażyński Lechosław 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe aromatic character of porphyrins, which has significant chemical and biological consequences, can be substantially altered by judicious modifications of the parent ring system. Expansion of the macrocycle, which is achieved by introducing additional subunits, usually increases the so‐called free curvature of the ring, leading to larger angular strain. This strain is reduced by a variety of conformational changes, most notably by subunit inversion and π surface twisting. The latter effect creates a particularly convenient access to Möbius aromatic molecules, whose properties, predicted over 40 years ago, are of considerable theoretical importance. The conformational processes occurring in porphyrin analogues are often coupled to other chemical phenomena, and can thus be exploited as a means of constructing functional molecular devices. In this Review, the structural chemistry of porphyrinoids is discussed in the context of their conformational dynamics and π‐electron conjugation
The first heterogeneous Sonogashira coupling reaction of aryl halides with terminal alkynes catalyzed by diatomite‐supported palladium(II) salophen complex
Authors: Bahramian Bahram , Bakherad Mohammad , Keivanloo Ali , Bakherad Zohre , Karrabi Behzad 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe report here our observation that, using appropriate reaction conditions, the Sonogashira reaction can be performed without the need for copper catalyst and solvent. Our approach involves the use of diatomite‐supported palladium(II) salophen complex as a catalyst and triethylamine as a base. The methodology works, to differing extents, for aryl iodides and bromides. This heterogeneous catalyst can be reused at least five times without any decrease in activity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroquinone modified hyper‐cross‐linked resin to be used as a polymeric adsorbent for adsorption of salicylic acid from aqueous solution
Authors: Huang Jianhan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHydroquinone modified hyper‐cross‐linked resin (HJ‐Y15) was prepared from macroporous crosslinked chloromethylated polystyrene and the adsorption behaviors of HJ‐Y15 for salicylic acid were studied from aqueous solution. The results indicated that the surface of HJ‐Y15 was modified by formaldehyde carbonyl, quinone carbonyl, and phenolic hydroxyl groups. Freundlich model was suitable for characterizing the isotherms and the adsorption was shown to be an exothermic, spontaneous, and more ordered process. The pseudosecond‐order rate equation was appropriate for describing the kinetic curves and the intraparticle diffusion was the rate‐controlling step. Hydrogen bonding between formaldehyde carbonyl groups of HJ‐Y15 and carboxyl groups of salicylic acid was one of the primary driving forces for the adsorption. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011