bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NAD(P)H oxidase contributes to neurotoxicity in an excitotoxic/prooxidant model of Huntington's disease in rats: Protective role of apocynin
Authors: Maldonado P.D. , Molina‐Jijón E. , Villeda‐Hernández J. , Galván‐Arzate S. , Santamaría A. , Pedraza‐Chaverrí J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIntrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid (QUIN) to rodents reproduces some biochemical, morphological, and behavioral characteristics of Huntington's disease. NAD(P)H oxidase is an enzymatic complex that catalyzes superoxide anion (O2·−) production from O2and NADPH. The present study evaluated the role of NAD(P)H oxidase in the striatal damage induced by QUIN (240 nmol/μl) in adult male Wistar rats by means of apocynin (APO; 5 mg/kg i.p.), a specific NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor. Rats were given APO 30 min before and 1 hr after QUIN injection or only 30 min after QUIN injection. NAD(P)H oxidase activity was measured in striatal homogenates by O2·−production. QUIN infusion to rats significantly increased striatal NAD(P)H oxidase activity (2 hr postlesion), whereas APO treatments decreased the QUIN‐induced enzyme activity (2 hr postlesion), lipid peroxidation (3 hr postlesion), circling behavior (6 days postlesion), and histological damage (7 days postlesion). The addition of NADH to striatal homogenates increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity in striata from QUIN‐treated animals but not from sham rats. Interestingly, O2·−production in QUIN‐lesioned striata was unaffected by the addition of substrates for intramitochondrial O2·−production, xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase, suggesting that NAD(P)H oxidase may be the main source of O2·−in QUIN‐treated rats. Moreover, the administration of MK‐801 to rats as a pretreatment resulted in a complete prevention of the QUIN‐induced NAD(P)H activation, suggesting that this toxic event is completely dependent on N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor overactivation. Our results also suggest that NAD(P)H oxidase is involved in the pathogenic events linked to excitotoxic/prooxidant conditions. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid assessment of internodal myelin integrity in central nervous system tissue
Authors: Kirschner Daniel A. , Avila Robin L. , Gamez Sazo Rodolfo E. , Luoma Adrienne , Enzmann Gaby U. , Agrawal Deepika , Inouye Hideyo , Bunge Mary Bartlett , Kocsis Jeffery , Peters Alan , Whittemore Scott R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMonitoring pathology/regeneration in experimental models of de‐/remyelination requires an accurate measure not only of functional changes but also of the amount of myelin. We tested whether X‐ray diffraction (XRD), which measures periodicity in unfixed myelin, can assess the structural integrity of myelin in fixed tissue. From laboratories involved in spinal cord injury research and in studying the aging primate brain, we solicited “blind” samples and used an electronic detector to record rapidly the diffraction patterns (30 min each pattern) from them. We assessed myelin integrity by measuring its periodicity and relative amount. Fixation of tissue itself introduced ±10% variation in periodicity and ±40% variation in relative amount of myelin. For samples having the most native‐like periods, the relative amounts of myelin detected allowed distinctions to be made between normal and demyelinating segments, between motor and sensory tracts within the spinal cord, and between aged and young primate CNS. Different periodicities also allowed distinctions to be made between samples from spinal cord and nerve roots and between well‐fixed and poorly fixed samples. Our findings suggest that, in addition to evaluating the effectiveness of different fixatives, XRD could also be used as a robust and rapid technique for quantitating the relative amount of myelin among spinal cords and other CNS tissue samples from experimental models of de‐ and remyelination. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Millennial‐scale precipitation changes over Central Africa during the late Quaternary and Holocene: evidence in sediments from the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Itambi Achakie C. , von Dobeneck Tilo , Adegbie Adesina T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe combine environmental magnetism, geochemical measurements and colour reflectance to study two late Quaternary sediment cores: GeoB 4905‐4 at 2° 30′ N off Cameroon and GeoB 4906‐3 at 0° 44′ N off Gabon. This area is suitable for investigating precipitation changes over Central and West Africa because of its potential to record input of aeolian and fluvial sediments. Three magnetozones representing low and high degree of alteration of the primary rock magnetic signals were identified. The magnetic signature is dominated by fine‐grained magnetite, while residual haematite prevails in the reduced intervals, showing increase in concentration and fine grain size at wet intervals. Our records also show millennial‐scale changes in climate during the last glacial and interglacial cycles. At the northern location, the past 5.5 ka are marked by high‐frequency oscillations of Ti and colour reflectance, which suggests aeolian input and hence aridity. The southern location remains under the influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and thus did not register aeolian signals. The millennial‐scale climatic signals indicate that drier and/or colder conditions persisted during the late Holocene and are synchronous with the 900 a climatic cycles observed in Northern Hemisphere ice core records. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is X‐ray core scanning non‐destructive? Assessing the implications for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sediments
Authors: Davids Femke , Roberts Helen M. , Duller Geoffrey A. T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOptically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is widely used to date clastic deposits, including those collected by coring. X‐ray scanning of cores has become popular because of the rapidly acquired, high‐resolution information it gives about optical, radiographic and elemental variations. Additionally, X‐ray scanning is widely viewed as a non‐destructive method. However, such instruments use an intense X‐ray beam that irradiates the split core to enable both X‐radiographic and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. This irradiation will influence the optically stimulated luminescence signal in the sediments. This study determines the radiation dose delivered to sediments in a core during an X‐ray scan, and assesses the implications for studies wishing to combine X‐ray scanning and OSL dating. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complications of midline‐open tracheotomy in adults
Authors: Straetmans Jos , Schlöndorff Georg , Herzhoff Gabi , Windfuhr Jochen P. , Kremer Bernd 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Percutaneous tracheotomy is progressively replacing open tracheotomy as a consequence of promising results of comparative studies. However, this comparison has four considerable weaknesses: 1) selected indications (high‐risk patients excluded for percutaneous tracheotomy); 2) varying spectra of complications included in different studies; 3) varying operative settings (experienced surgeons exclusively, surgeons in training, or both); and 4) missing differentiation between different surgical techniques. Our study was performed to collect complete datasets of unselected patients who all underwent a tracheotomy in a uniform technique in an academic teaching hospital setting.Methods:Retrospective evaluation of all complications following 303 consecutive surgical tracheotomies (midline‐open technique) performed by different surgeons and surgeons in training at one academic institution. Complications were classified and compared to results in the literature.Results:Rates of 21.5% minor and 1.0% major complications and 0% tracheotomy‐related mortality were registered. The most prevalent complications were local wound infections (10.9%), intra‐ and postoperative hemorrhages (4.2%), and cartilage damage (1.7%). No significant difference was found for high‐risk patients and emergency tracheotomies.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates that open tracheotomy is a safe procedure, particularly if performed in high‐risk patients even by inexperienced surgeons. Therefore, we emphasize the advantages of the midline‐open tracheotomy in an academic teaching hospital setting. Laryngoscope, 2010
Botulinum toxin in the treatment of lingual movement disorders
Authors: Kasravi Neema , Jog Mandar S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLingual movement disorders are a rare but serious manifestation of neurologic disease, which have the potential to cause significant morbidity. Traditionally, these disorders were treated with pharmacotherapy achieving only limited results. Several case series have demonstrated the effectiveness of Botulinum toxin injection for the management of focal lingual movement disorders; however, apprehension persists regarding intralingual injections due to the risk of dysphagia. Here, we report seven patients with lingual movement disorders treated with intralingual Botox™ (Allergan product) injections via a novel superior approach into the genioglossus over a period of 3 to 72 months. All patients experienced a marked improvement in their abnormal tongue movements with no substantial bleeding or dysphagia. Lingual Botulinum toxin injection should be considered a safe and viable treatment option for a variety of disorders affecting the tongue. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Mirror movements in patients with essential tremor
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Rios Eileen , Henchcliffe Claire 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMirror movements (MM), which occur in age‐related neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), have never been studied in essential tremor (ET). The objective of this work is to study the prevalence and clinical correlates of MM in ET cases and controls. In a clinical‐epidemiological study in New York, participants performed repetitive motor tasks; MM (hands and feet) were rated. MM occurred in 35/107 (32.7%) ET cases versus 23/97 (23.7%) controls (OR 1.56, P = 0.16). Total MM score was 2× higher in cases (3.9 ± 7.7 vs. 1.9 ± 3.9, P = 0.02). MM (hands) occurred in 16 (15.0%) cases versus 5 (5.2%) controls (OR 3.24, P = 0.03) and total hand MM score was three to four times higher in ET cases (1.4 ± 4.5 vs. 0.4 ± 2.0, P = 0.03). MMs were not correlated with age, tremor duration, or severity and were most severe in cases with rest tremor. Thus, it was concluded that MM occurred in 1/3 of ET cases. These results further expand the spectrum of nontremor, motor phenomenology seen in ET. Whether, as in PD, MMs in ET represent a failure of subcortical structures to support the cortical network involved with the initiation of unilateral motor activity, requires future neurophysiological investigation. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Levosulpiride‐induced movement disorders
Authors: Shin Hae‐Won , Kim Mi J. , Kim Jong S. , Lee Myoung C. , Chung Sun J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLevosulpiride is a substituted benzamide that is widely used for the management of dyspepsia and emesis. However, little is known about levosulpiride‐induced movement disorders (LIM). The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with LIM. Among 132 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with drug‐induced movement disorders between January 2002 and March 2008, 91 patients with LIM were identified and their medical records reviewed. Seventy‐eight (85.7%) patients were aged more than 60 years. The most common LIM was parkinsonism (LIP) (n = 85, 93.4%), followed by tardive dyskinesia (n = 9, 9.9%) and isolated tremor (n = 3, 3.3%). Twenty‐one (24.7%) of the 85 patients with LIP were rated as Hoehn and Yahr stage III–V. The oro‐lingual area was the only body part that was involved by tardive dyskinesia. LIM persisted after withdrawal of levosulpiride in 48.1% of patients with LIP, 66.7% with dyskinesia, and none with isolated tremor. None of clinical and MRI features predicted the reversibility of LIP. Levosulpiride frequently causes drug‐induced movement disorders, presenting mainly with LIP followed by lower face dyskinesia. The symptoms are often severe, and irreversible even after the withdrawal of levosulpiride. Physicians should be cautious in using levosulpiride, especially in elderly patients. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Correlation of endorectal 2D JPRESS findings with pathological Gleason scores in prostate cancer patients
Authors: Nagarajan Rajakumar , Gomez Ana M. , Raman Steve S. , Margolis Daniel J. , McClure Tim , Thomas M. Albert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTo determine the metabolite ratios of (Cho + Cr)/Cit and (Cho + Cr)/Spm in patients with two ranges of pathological Gleason scores, namely (3 + 4) and (4 + 3). By using the localized two‐dimensional (2D) J‐resolved spectroscopy (JPRESS) technique, the metabolites ratios can be calculated and correlated with prostate cancer aggressiveness. A total of 24 patients who underwent endorectal 2D JPRESS between April 2006 and July 2007 were included in this study. The 2D JPRESS voxel was localized predominantly in the peripheral zone suspected for malignancy based on pathology. Using the metabolites such as total choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), spermine (Spm) and citrate (Cit), the ratios (Cho + Cr)/Cit and (Cho + Cr)/Spm were calculated. In 14 prostate cancer patients who had a final pathologic Gleason scores of i) (3 + 4 = 7, n = 7) and ii) (4 + 3 = 7, n = 7), the metabolite ratios (mean ± SD) of (Cho + Cr)/Cit and (Cho + Cr)/Spm were calculated using the 2D JPRESS spectra as follows: i) (1.48 ± 0.83) and (1.59 ± 0.73); ii) (2.90 ± 0.94) and (2.71 ± 1.47), respectively. Higher percentage of aggressive disease correlates with higher metabolites ratio. Our pilot study suggests that 2D JPRESS can be reliably evaluated in a clinical setting using an endorectal coil. In addition to the citrate ratio, the spermine ratio also correlates with pathology based Gleason score. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Return mapping algorithms and consistent tangent operators in ferroelectroelasticity
Authors: Semenov Artem S. , Liskowsky Albrecht C. , Balke Herbert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractReturn mapping algorithms for a rather general class of phenomenological rate‐independent models for ferroelectroelastic materials are presented. The fully coupled thermodynamically consistent three‐dimensional constitutive model with two internal variables (remanent polarization vector and remanent strain tensor) proposed by C. M. Landis in 2002 is used for the simulation of electromechanical hysteresis effects in polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics. Based on the operator splitting methodology, the return mapping algorithm employs the closest point projection scheme to obtain an efficient and robust integration of the constitutive model. The consistent tangent operator is obtained in closed form by linearizing the return mapping algorithm, and is found to be non‐symmetric in the general case due to the dependence of the switching criterion on internal variables. Conditions that provide the symmetry of the consistent tangent matrix are analyzed. The compactness and generality of the received relations are achieved by means of using the thermodynamically based compact notations combining mechanical and electrical values. Both the cases scalar potential finite element (FE) formulation (primary variables: strain and electric field) and vector potential FE formulation (primary variables: strain and electric displacement) are considered. The accuracy and robustness of the algorithms are assessed through numerical examples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and application of layered composites with the prescribed magnetic permeability
Authors: Choi Jae Seok , Yoo Jeonghoon 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis research aims to design the microstructure with the prescribed magnetic permeability and proposes a design method to control the magnetic flux flow using layered microstructures. In the optimization problem for the microstructure design, the objective function is set up to minimize the difference between the homogenized magnetic permeability during the design process and the prescribed permeability based on the so‐called inverse homogenization method. Based on the microstructure design result, a microstructure composed of layered materials is proposed for the purpose of the efficient magnetic flux control. In addition, its analytical calculation is added to confirm the feasibility of the optimized results. The layered composite of a very thin ferromagnetic material is expected to guide the magnetic flux and the performance of the magnetic system can be improved by turning the microstructures appropriately. Optimal rotation angles of microstructures are determined using the homogenization design method. The proposed design method is applied to an example to confirm its feasibility. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological and swelling behavior of semi‐interpenetrating networks of polyacrylamide and scleroglucan
Authors: Aalaie Jamal , Rahmatpour Ali , Vasheghani‐Farahani Ebrahim 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPreparation and characterization of novel semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) hydrogels based on partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and scleroglucan solution crosslinked with chromium triacetate are described. Effects of scleroglucan concentration on the gelation process and swelling behavior of synthesized hydrogels in different media were investigated using dynamic rheometery and swelling tests, respectively. Oscillatory shear rheology showed that the limiting storage modulus of the semi‐IPN gels increased with increase in scleroglucan concentration. It was also found that the viscous energy dissipating properties of the semi‐IPN gels decreased with increase in the crosslinker concentration of the gelation system. In addition, the loss factor slightly decreased by increasing the scleroglucan content, indicating that the viscous properties of this gelling system decreased more than its elastic properties. The swelling tests showed that the equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR) of the semi‐IPN networks decreased with increase in scleroglucan content, due to the decrease of ionic groups of polyelectrolyte hydrogel. However, the semi‐IPN gels showed lower salt sensitivity in synthetic oil reservoir water as compared with HPAM gels. Therefore, these semi‐IPN hydrogels may be considered potentially good candidates for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on mechanical properties and phase morphology of polypropylene/polyolefin elastomer/magnesium hydroxide ternary composites
Authors: Chen Xiaolang , Yu Jie , Luo Zhu , Guo Shaoyun , He Min , Zhou Zuowan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this work, elastomer‐toughened polypropylene (PP)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) composites with ethylene–octene copolymer (POE) were prepared in a twin‐screw extruder and then injection‐molded. The structure, mechanical properties, phase morphology, and rheological behaviors of PP/POE/MH ternary composites were studied. The mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of PP/POE/MH ternary composites are strongly influenced by the incorporation of POE copolymer. The addition of POE causes a significant improvement in the impact strength of the composites, from 3.6 kJ/m2 in untoughened composites to 47.4 kJ/m2 in PP composites containing 30 phr POE. This indicates that POE is very effective in converting brittle PP composites into tough composites. Conversely, the tensile strength and the Young's modulus of the composites decrease with respect to the PP composites, as the weight fraction of POE is increased to 40 phr. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study shows a two‐phase morphology where POE, as droplets, is dispersed finely and uniformly in the PP matrix. The rheological behaviors show that the interfacial interaction in the composites is enhanced with increase in POE content. Interparticle interactions give rise to the formation of interparticle network. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New nonlinear optical polyurethanes with adjusted subtle structure through Sonogashira coupling reaction
Authors: Li Zhong'an , Ji Li , Tang Runli , Huang Lijin , Ye Cheng , Qin Jingui , Li Zhen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this paper, four new nonlinear optical (NLO) polyurethanes (P1–P4) were designed and synthesized, and according to the concept of “suitable isolation group,” the subtle structure of the obtained polymers were modified by the introduction of isolation groups in different sizes to adjust their properties via Sonogashira coupling reaction. All the polymers were well characterized and the second harmonic generation (SHG) experiment results demonstrated that BOP groups were the suitable isolation groups in this system, and the corresponding polymer P2 exhibited a larger d33 value than other polymers. Thus, the obtained results further confirmed our original idea and were consistent with the concept of “suitable isolation group.” Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Whole‐genome microarray analysis in prenatal specimens identifies clinically significant chromosome alterations without increase in results of unclear significance compared to targeted microarray
Authors: Coppinger Justine , Alliman Sarah , Lamb Allen N. , Torchia Beth S. , Bejjani Bassem A. , Shaffer Lisa G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the detection rates of whole‐genome microarray technology compared to targeted microarray analysis for chromosome abnormalities in prenatal samples submitted for diagnostic testing.MethodsMicroarray analysis using either whole‐genome bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)‐based and oligonucleotide (oligo)‐based microarrays or targeted BAC microarrays was performed on 182 and 62 prenatal cases, respectively, from North American healthcare providers without previously known chromosome abnormalities or family history of a parent with a known chromosome rearrangement.ResultsMicroarray analysis identified clinically significant chromosome alterations in 7 out of 182 (3.8%) prenatal specimens, two of which each had two unrelated abnormalities. After excluding two of the cases in which the abnormality would have been identified by routine karyotyping, the diagnostic yield of clinically significant findings was 5 out of 182 (2.7%). One case had a finding of unclear significance (0.5%) and 16 cases had benign copy number variants (CNVs) (8.8%). Targeted microarray analysis combined with previously published data demonstrated detection rates of 0.9% for clinically significant results, 0.5% for results of unclear significance, and 8.0% for benign CNVs.ConclusionsWhole‐genome prenatal aCGH detected clinically significant submicroscopic chromosome abnormalities in addition to chromosome abnormalities that could be identified by concurrent karyotyping without an increase in unclear results or benign CNVs compared to targeted aCGH. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.