bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and thermal conductivity of novolac/Ni/graphite nanosheet composites
Authors: Li Shasha , Qi Shuhua , Liu Nailiang , Cao Peng , Zhang Yi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA high thermal conductivity novolac/nickel/graphite nanosheet (novolac/Ni/NanoG) composite was synthesized through in situ polymerization. Graphite nanosheet (NanoG) was prepared by sonicating expanded graphite (EG) in an aqueous alcohol solution and was plated with nickel through an electrodeposition method. The X‐ray diffraction spectrum shows that nickel was successfully plated onto the graphite surface and the nickel thickness is about 27.89 nm. The microstructures of the Ni/NanoG were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results reveal that nickel particles with the average diameter of 25 nm are coated on NanoG surface homogeneously and densely. Energy dispersive spectrometry spectrum confirms that the Ni content coated on NanoG surface, whose atomic percentage is 61%, is much higher than that of C element. The values predicted by theoretical model were underestimated the thermal conductivity of novolac/Ni/NanoG composites. Among NG, EG, NanoG, and Ni/NanoG four kinds of particles, the Ni/NanoG improved the thermal conductivity of novolac resin significantly. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Modification of melamine‐formaldehyde resins by substances from renewable resources
Authors: Kohlmayr Martin , Zuckerstätter Gerhard , Kandelbauer Andreas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn the present contribution, investigations on the chemical modification of thermosetting melamine formaldehyde resins by natural polyol compounds are presented. As representative agents soluble starch, sucrose, and glycerol were chosen to cover three different classes of polyols. The major aim was to use substances produced from natural bio‐renewable feedstock that are available in large quantities and may serve as environmentally innocuous and bio‐renewable substitutes for petro‐chemically derived and potentially hazardous materials. Different reaction conditions lead to resins with varying technical performance. For soluble starch no reaction conditions could be found that allow the adoption of this substitute for the laminate industry due to insufficient technological performance. Sucrose and glycerol on the other hand yielded impregnation resins with suitable performance. Chemical linkage of the modifying agent into the chain propagation by poly‐condensation however, was only found with glycerol. The covalent incorporation of glycerol in the network was observed with addition of glycerol at different stages during synthesis. The technological performance of the various modified thermosetting resins was assessed by determining flow viscosity, molar mass distribution, the storage stability, and in a second step laminating impregnated paper to particle boards and testing the resulting surfaces according to standardized quality tests. Spectroscopic evidence of chemical incorporation of glycerol was found by applying by 1H, 13C, 1H/13C HSQC, 1H/13C HMBC, and 1H DOSY methods. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of novel silver/L‐phenylalanine‐based optically active polyacrylate nanocomposite
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Rafiee Zahra , Ashrafi Ali 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNovel bioactive and optically active poly(N‐acryloyl‐L‐phenylalanine) (PAPA) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. PAPA‐silver (Ag) nanocomposites have been successfully prepared via in situ reducing Ag+ ions anchored in the polymer chain using hydrazine hydrate as reducing agent in an aqueous medium. By controlling of the amount of Ag+ ions introduced, we have produced an organic/inorganic nanocomposite containing Ag nanoparticles with well controlled size. Nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared. XRD pattern showed presence of Ag nanoparticles. The PAPA/Ag nanocomposites with 1 : 10 silver nitrate (AgNO3) : PAPA ratio revealed the presence of well‐dispersed Ag nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. All of these Ag nanoparticles formed are spherical and more than 80% of them are in the range of 15–25 nm. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of star‐shaped poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(L‐lactic acid) copolymers by melt polycondensation
Authors: Lin Yaling , Zhang Anqiang , Wang Lianshi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCompared with linear diblock or triblock poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(L‐lactic acid) copolymer (PEG‐b‐PLLA), star‐shaped PEG‐b‐PLLA (sPEG‐b‐PLLA) copolymers exhibit smaller hydrodynamic radius and lower viscosity and are expected to display peculiar morphologies, thermal properties, and degradation profiles. Compared with the synthesis routine of PEG‐b‐PLLA form lactide and PEG, the traditional synthesis routine from LA and PEG were suffered by the low reaction efficiency, low purity, lower molecular weight, and wide molecular weight distribution. In this article, multiarm sPEG‐b‐PLLA copolymer was prepared from multiarm sPEG and L‐lactic acid (LLA using an improved method of melt polycondensation, in which two types of sPEG, that is, sPEG1 (four arm, Mn = 4300) and sPEG2 (three arm, Mn = 3200) were chosen as the core. It was found the molecular weight of sPEG‐b‐PLLA could be strongly affected by the purity of LLA and sPEGs, and the purification technology of vacuum dewater and vacuum distillation could help to remove most of the impurities in commercial available LLA. The polymers, including sPEG and sPEG‐b‐PLLA with varied core (sPEG1 and sPEG2) and LLA/sPEG feeding ratios, were characterized and confirmed by 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and gel permeation chromatography, which showed that the terminal hydroxyl group in each arm of sPEGs had reacted with LLA to form sPEG‐b‐PLLA copolymers with fairly narrow molecular weight distribution. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Whitening regenerated cellulose fibers using fluorescent agent, surfactants, and salt—color indices measurements
Authors: Iamazaki Eduardo T. , Atvars Teresa D. Z. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe whitening efficiency of regenerated cellulose fibers using sodium 4,4′‐distyrylbiphenyl sulfonate in the presence of an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylsulfate) and a cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) and salt (NaCl) was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy and color index values (brightness, whiteness, and yellowness). Epifluorescence images gave an intense blue color with an apparent uniform emission distribution. In absence of salt, the whitening efficiency was higher for aqueous solutions containing cationic surfactant below critical micellar concentration (cmc). In presence of salt, whitening efficiency was higher for anionic surfactant and more important. The concentration of surfactant required for greater brightness, whiteness, and yellowness was lower than that required in absence of salt. These data were discussed by the decrease of the cmc and by the screening of the modified cellulose fibers by counter ions coming from the salt. The role of surfactants was explained by the admicelization during the sorption process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Inhibition of activator protein 1 signaling abrogates transforming growth factor β–mediated activation of fibroblasts and prevents experimental fibrosis
Authors: Avouac Jérôme , Palumbo Katrin , Tomcik Michal , Zerr Pawel , Dees Clara , Horn Angelika , Maurer Britta , Akhmetshina Alfiya , Beyer Christian , Sadowski Anika , Schneider Holm , Shiozawa Shunichi , Distler Oliver , Schett Georg , Allanore Yannick , Distler Jörg H. W. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether c‐Jun and c‐Fos contribute to the pathologic activation of fibroblasts in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to evaluate the antifibrotic potential of selective activator protein 1 (AP‐1) inhibition.MethodsExpression of c‐Jun and c‐Fos was determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis. Fibroblasts were stimulated with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and incubated with T‐5224, a small‐molecule inhibitor of AP‐1, or were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes against c‐Jun and c‐Fos. Collagen synthesis was quantified by real‐time PCR and hydroxyproline assay. Differentiation of resting fibroblasts into myofibroblasts was assessed by staining for α‐smooth muscle actin and stress fibers. The antifibrotic potential of T‐5224 was evaluated in mouse models of dermal fibrosis induced by bleomycin or by adenoviral overexpression of a constitutively active TGFβ receptor type I.ResultsUp‐regulation of c‐Jun and c‐Fos was detected in mouse models of SSc and in the skin and dermal fibroblasts of patients with SSc. Stimulation of healthy fibroblasts with TGFβ induced the expression of c‐Jun and c‐Fos. Treatment with T‐5224 or nucleofection with siRNA directed against c‐Jun and c‐Fos abrogated the profibrotic effects of TGFβ. T‐5224 decreased the release of collagen selectively in SSc fibroblasts. T‐5224 was well tolerated and prevented dermal fibrosis induced by bleomycin or by adenoviral activation of TGFβ signaling.ConclusionAP‐1 is up‐regulated in a TGFβ‐dependent manner in SSc. The selective AP‐1 inhibitor T‐5224 reduced collagen synthesis selectively in SSc fibroblasts and efficiently prevented the development of experimental dermal fibrosis. Thus, AP‐1 might be a promising new molecular target for the treatment of SSc.
Active foot synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Applying clinical criteria for disease activity and remission may result in underestimation of foot joint involvement
Authors: Wechalekar Mihir D. , Lester Susan , Proudman Susanna M. , Cleland Leslie G. , Whittle Samuel L. , Rischmueller Maureen , Hill Catherine L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether application of criteria for remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may result in underestimation of foot joint involvement among patients in a clinic setting.MethodsRA patients (n = 123) were assessed at baseline and 6 months after commencement of a response‐driven combination disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) protocol. Remission was assessed using disease activity measures (the 28‐joint Disease Activity Score using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate [DAS28‐ESR], Simplified Disease Activity Index [SDAI], and Clinical Disease Activity Index [CDAI]) as well as Boolean‐based criteria for remission (the 1981 American College of Rheumatology [ACR] preliminary criteria and the 2011 ACR/European League Against Rheumatism [EULAR] provisional criteria). The prevalence of foot synovitis and the mean swollen/tender foot joint count in RA patients meeting any of these remission criteria were estimated by hurdle (mixed distribution) regression.ResultsIn patients who received 6 months of combination DMARD treatment, application of the 1981 ACR criteria and the newly proposed 2011 ACR/EULAR criteria, each utilizing full joint counts (which includes assessment of the feet), classified the least number of patients as being in remission (8–10%), and evidence of foot synovitis was minimal among these patients. In contrast, ongoing foot synovitis was present in a substantial proportion of patients (>20%) meeting the 28‐joint count criteria for remission, including the DAS28‐ESR, SDAI, CDAI, and 2011 ACR/EULAR criteria (clinical practice setting or clinical trials). Furthermore, applying the 2011 ACR/EULAR composite remission criterion of a SDAI score ≤3.3 to define remission did not adequately capture the resolution of foot synovitis (i.e., residual foot involvement was still detected in a substantial proportion of patients classified as being in remission by this definition).ConclusionAlthough the DAS28‐ESR, CDAI, and SDAI have been validated for assessment of remission in RA, this study shows that the performance of these 3 disease activity measures, which do not provide a direct assessment of the foot, in detecting foot synovitis is poor, in contrast to that of the 1981 ACR and 2011 ACR/EULAR remission criteria utilizing full joint counts. Thus, patients may be at risk of ongoing damage if treatment decisions are made solely on the basis of criteria that omit foot joint assessment.
Human umbilical blood mononuclear cell–derived mesenchymal stem cells serve as interleukin‐21 gene delivery vehicles for epithelial ovarian cancer therapy in nude mice
Authors: Hu Weihua , Wang Jing , He Xiangfeng , Zhang Hongyi , Yu Fangliu , Jiang Longwei , Chen Dengyu , Chen Junsong , Dou Jun 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOvarian cancer causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system, and its overall cure rate remains low. The present study investigated human umbilical blood mononuclear cell (UBMC)–derived mesenchymal stem cells (UBMC‐MSCs) as interleukin‐21 (IL‐21) gene delivery vehicles for ovarian cancer therapy in nude mice. MSCs were isolated from UBMCs and the expanded cells were phenotyped by flow cytometry. Cultured UBMCs were differentiated into osteocytes and adipocytes using appropriate media and then the UBMC‐MSCs were transfected with recombinant pIRES2–IL‐21–enhancement green fluorescent protein. UBMC‐MSCs expressing IL‐21 were named as UBMC‐MSC‐IL‐21. Mice with A2780 ovarian cancer were treated with UBMC‐MSC–IL‐21 intravenously, and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by the tumor volume and mouse survival. To address the mechanism of UBMC‐MSC‐IL‐21 against ovarian cancer, the expression of IL‐21, natural killer glucoprotein 2 domain and major histocompatibility complex class I chain‐related molecules A/B were detected in UBMC‐MSC‐IL‐21 and in the tumor sites. Interferon‐γ‐secreting splenocyte numbers and natural killer cytotoxicity were significantly increased in the UBMC‐MSC–IL‐21‐treated mice as compared with the UBMC‐MSCs or the UBMC‐MSC–mock plasmid‐treated mice. Most notably, tumor growth was delayed and survival was prolonged in ovarian‐cancer–bearing mice treated with UBMC‐MSC–IL‐21. Our data provide important evidence that UBMC‐MSCs can serve as vehicles for IL‐21 gene delivery and inhibit the established tumor.
Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung des Versinterungspotenzials von Spritzbeton – Einflussfaktoren
Authors: Kusterle Wolfgang , Pichler Walter , Saxer Andreas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDas sekundäre Entwässerungssystem von Verkehrstunneln kann durch Versinterungen stark beeinträchtigt werden. Die Zusammensetzung des Bergwassers und spezielle Umgebungsbedingungen sind dafür als Haupteinflussfaktoren anzusehen. Die Zusammensetzung zementgebundener Baustoffe kann jedoch ebenfalls dieses Versinterungspotenzial erhöhen. Ein einfaches Prüfverfahren kann helfen, dieses Potenzial abzuschätzen. Erste Erfahrungen mit diesem Verfahren zur Beurteilung von Spritzbeton, die beeinflussenden Parameter, dessen Genauigkeit und die Grenzen des Verfahrens werden vorgestellt.Reduced Leaching Behaviour of Sprayed ConcreteThe drainage system of traffic tunnels may be blocked by precipitations. Main influencing factors being the chemical composition of the water penetrating into the tunnel drainage system and the tunnel layout. Another influencing factor may be the composition of cementitious materials used. A simple, straight forward testing procedure is presented, which can be useful for detecting a potential leaching process. First experiences with this test method applied for sprayed concrete, its limits, precision and the influencing factors are presented.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infections from chest drains in blunt and penetrating thoracic injuries
Authors: Bosman A , de Jong M B , Debeij J , van den Broek P J , Schipper I B 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
No consensus exists as to whether antibiotic prophylaxis in tube thoracostomy as primary treatment for traumatic chest injuries reduces the incidence of surgical-site and pleural cavity infections.

Methods
A systematic literature search was performed according to PRISMA guidelines to identify randomized clinical trials on antibiotic prophylaxis in tube thoracostomy for traumatic chest injuries. Data were extracted by two reviewers using piloted forms. Mantel–Haenszel pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.).

Results
Eleven articles were included, encompassing 1241 chest drains in 1234 patients. Most patients (84·7 per cent) were men, and a penetrating injury mechanism was most common (856, 69·4 per cent). A favourable effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of pulmonary infection was found, with an OR for the overall infectious complication rate of 0·24 (95 per cent c.i. 0·12 to 0·49). Patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis had an almost three times lower risk of empyema than those who did not receive antibiotic treatment (OR 0·32, 0·17 to 0·61). A subgroup analysis in patients with penetrating chest injuries showed that antibiotic prophylaxis in these patients reduced the risk of infection after tube thoracostomy (OR 0·28, 0·14 to 0·57), whereas in a relatively small blunt trauma subgroup no effect of antibiotic prophylaxis after blunt thoracic injury was found.

Conclusion
Infectious complications are less likely to develop when antibiotic prophylaxis is administered to patients with thoracic injuries requiring chest drains after penetrating injury.
QR codes and library engagement
Authors: Whitchurch Michael J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractQR codes are two‐dimensional patterned graphics that, when read by mobile devices, represent text and link to Internet content. At numerous libraries, QR codes are being used in a variety of ways to promote student engagement, supporting library services that are unique or improved over past approaches. Descriptions of successful implementations abound on library‐oriented wikis. Brigham Young University's Harold B. Lee Library has adopted QR codes for use in marketing materials, for a library audio tour and to reserve group study rooms. Implementation hurdles are manageable and include producing and designing the codes, locating them effectively and having access to compatible hardware, though student ownership of smartphones is rising rapidly. Libraries adopting QR codes should focus on implementations that add value, educate intended users, customize the code to reflect the school's brand, are creative and track code usage.
Information overload, information architecture and digital literacy
Authors: Koltay Tibor 
Published: December 2011

AbstractEfforts to address the chronic challenge of information overload in the digital world have focused on content filtering facilitated by information architecture (IA). Information professionals traditionally served as gatekeepers using formal information organization structures, systems and tools. The exploding quantity of contributed content on social media has magnified information overload and left content control and management largely up to users, who need to be educated in digital literacy (DLi) in order to assume this role. Thus, DLi's interface with IO is relatively clear. DLi also has a twofold role in the related field of IA. By default, information architects should be digitally literate themselves. Secondly, the users of information have to be aware of the importance of structures and architecture. This awareness can be achieved by educating them to IA as part of DLi education. The proper balance between formal and informal approaches to organizing information in the Web 2.0 environment is not yet clear.
Anatomical correlates of endonasal surgery for sinonasal malignancies
Authors: Pinheiro‐Neto Carlos D. , Fernandez‐Miranda Juan C. , Wang Eric W. , Gardner Paul A. , Snyderman Carl H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn recent years, endoscopic endonasal techniques have been applied to the treatment of sinonasal malignancies. Comprehensive anatomical knowledge is essential to preserve oncological principles and minimize surgical morbidity. The bones that form the anterior cranial base are pneumatized and the sinuses provide surgical corridors for the endoscopic endonasal approach to the skull base. During endoscopic endonasal resection of sinonasal malignancies, usually, the intranasal portion of the tumor is first debulked to provide visualization of the margins and assess the extent of the tumor. Afterwards the tumor is completely removed and the margins of resection are defined. In case of dural resection, the reconstruction is done with vascularized tissue (septal flap or pericranial flap). Sinonasal malignant neoplasms that invade the skull base can be resected accordingly to oncological principles using endoscopic endonasal techniques. Profound knowledge of the endoscopic anatomy of the ventral cranial base is paramount in order to perform a safe resection and reconstruction. Clin. Anat. 25:129–134, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography: From Concept to Proof‐of‐Concept
Authors: Sá Gomes P. , Rodrigues A. E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis work presents a comprehensive insight about simulated moving bed (SMB) technology, from concept to unit operation and process demonstration. A particular relevance is given to SMB nonconventional modes of operation, modeling, and design of SMB‐based separations as well as to the construction and operation of SMB units. A conventional separation of a racemic mixture of (S,R)‐α‐tetralol by means of the FlexSMB‐LSRE® unit is addressed to better exemplify a state‐of‐the‐art SMB lab‐scale process development and demonstration.
Do Glycosyl Sulfonium Ions Engage in Neighbouring‐Group Participation? A Study of Oxathiane Glycosyl Donors and the Basis for their Stereoselectivity
Authors: Fascione Martin A. , Kilner Colin A. , Leach Andrew G. , Turnbull W. Bruce 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNeighbouring‐group participation has long been used to control the synthesis of 1,2‐trans‐glycosides. More recently there has been a growing interest in the development of similar strategies for the synthesis of 1,2‐cis‐glycosides, in particular the use of auxiliary groups that generate sulfonium ion intermediates. However, there has been some debate over the role of sulfonium ion intermediates in these reactions: do sulfonium ions actually engage in neighbouring‐group participation, or are they a resting state of the system prior to reaction through an oxacarbenium ion intermediate? Herein, we describe the reactivities and stereoselectivities of a family of bicyclic thioglycosides in which an oxathiane ring is fused to the sugar to form a trans‐decalin‐like structure. A methyl sulfonium ion derived from one such glycosyl donor is so stable that it can be crystallised from ethanol, yet it reacts with complete stereoselectivity at high temperature. The importance of a ketal group in the oxathiane ring for maintaining this high stereoselectivity is investigated using a combination of experiment and ab initio calculations. The data are discussed in terms of SN1 and SN2 type mechanisms. Trends in stereoselectivity across a series of compounds are more consistent with selective addition to oxacarbenium ions rather than a shift between SN1 and SN2 mechanisms.