bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Detergent Pollution By Molecular Methods: Starch Gel Electrophoresis of a Variety of Enzymes and Other Proteins
Authors: Manwell Clyde , Baker C. M. Ann 
Published: May 2009

Tissues from a number of marine species were treated with a variety of solutions, including 1% of the major ‘detergent’ (B.P. 1002) used in attempting to disperse the oil from the ‘Torrey Canyon’ and 1% of each of the three major constituents of B.P. 1002, two of which are non-ionic surfactants.The extracts were submitted to vertical starch-gel electrophoresis in order to measure both the effect of the detergent in facilitating the breakdown of cellular structure (extractability), and the irreversible effect on activation or inhibition of various enzymes and other proteins.The proteins studied include a variety of NAD- and NADP-linked dehydrogenases, esterases, blood and nerve haemoglobins, plasma proteins, egg white and yolk proteins, and r-phycoerythrin.The results confirm the general opinion that detergents increase the extractability of proteins from cells. In particular lipoprotein systems are altered, e.g. ‘fast’ serum lipoprotein in fishes (and other vertebrates). Other effects are also observed, e.g. sole but not turbot haemoglobin is rendered relatively insoluble, probably because the detergent stabilizes haemoglobin binding to other components in the erythrocyte. Certain enzymes, e.g. some esterases and amylases, are activated—a not surprising observation. However, a few enzymes are altered in electrophoretic mobility or in activity in a way that one might not expect, e.g. bass Morone labrax lactate dehydrogenase.The results indicate that ‘oil-spill’ detergents and their constituent surfactants are biochemically quite powerful agents. It is too early to attempt to correlate in vitro and in vivo observations but there is an indication that starch-gel electrophoresis provides a useful supplement to more conventional methods used in the studies on complex pollution problems.
The Development of the Retina and Retinomotor Responses in the Herring
Authors: Blaxter J. H. S. , Jones M. Pattie 
Published: May 2009

The eye of the larval herring has only single cones in the retina. They are characteristic in ultrastructure at this stage with a striated outer segment, an ellipsoid packed with mitochondria and with a connecting cilium at the junction. Cones are gradually added at the margin of the retina as the larva grows. There are no retinomotor responses in the larval eye. It has, however, adult characteristics in the postero-ventralarea temporalis(though it is undifferentiated at this stage) with its blindly ending anterior pocket and in the falciform process closing off a trough-shaped ‘ancillary’ eye.At metamorphosis (30–40 mm) a number of changes occur: theareadifferentiates, twin cones and the rods appear, the latter perhaps developing from cells originating in the bipolar layer and migrating to a position inside the external limiting membrane. Retinomotor pigment migration and change in length of the cone myoids also develop when the eye is subjected to changing light intensities, the threshold being 1.0–0.01 me (metre candles).In the adult eye the fully developed retina has anarea temporalispacked with single cones giving high acuity on the main visual axis, which is in the upperfore direction. The lens presumably gives accommodation by postero-ventral movement brought about by a postero-dorsal suspensory ‘ligament’ and a ventroanterior falciform process. This process also delimits theareaand divides off the ‘ancillary’ eye from the main retina.Over the whole range of development the cone ellipsoids grow in diameter from 2 to 12 μ and decrease in density correspondingly.
Observations on the locomotion of post-larval and juvenile flying fish
Authors: Davenport John 
Published: May 2009

Post-larval specimens ofHirundichthys affinisare capable of jumping out of water, but the pectoral and pelvic fins are not extended when in air. Penetration through the air/ water interface demands a force to overcome surface tension which is similar in magnitude to the force required for the jump itself. However, post-larvae do not produce the single propulsive tail flick which powers the jump until most of the animal has passed through the interface. The post-larva emerges at an angle close to 45°, thus maximising the horizontal distance travelled before re-entry.Whether swimming slowly (4 body lengths s-1), or at maximum speed (36 body lengths s-1), post-larvae swim with the pectoral and pelvic fins extended. Calculations show that fast swimming post-larvae operate at Reynolds’ numbers of about 4×103, where surface roughness and projections decrease rather than increase drag.
The role of the sensory systems of herring larvae in evading predatory fishes
Authors: Blaxter J.H.S. , Fuiman L.A. 
Published: May 2009

Herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae, ranging from 8–35 mm T.L. were subjected to predation by juvenile herring and sprats (Sprattus sprattus L.) ranging from 80–160 mm T.L. Responses to attacks and non-threatening encounters were recorded by a TV system operated with infra-red light, which was invisible to both predator and prey. Records were made in both light and dark with larvae before and after the otic bullae filled with gas, before and after lateral line canal formation, and before and after chemical ablation of the neuromasts with streptomycin.Larvae often responded with a C-start, turning away from the stimulus source, both in dark and light. Attacks on larvae occurred only in the light. Responsiveness to attacks was very low in the smaller larvae but increased as the otic bulla filled with gas and the lateral line canal developed. Larger larvae responded more often to attacks than to non-threatening encounters with predators. Vision seems to inhibit unnecessary responses since responsiveness was lower in the light than the dark for non-threatening encounters. Response distances were generally short, only 2–4 cm, with no substantial differences associated with sensory capability.
Occurrence of Juvenile Red Mullet (Mullus Surmuletus) on the West Coast of Scotland
Authors: Gibson R.N. , Robb L. 
Published: May 2009

Eight individuals of Mullus surmuletus (Teleostei: Mullidae) ≤80 mm total length were captured in shallow water in the Firth of Lorn, western Scotland in August and September 1995. The species is rare on the west coast of Scotland and the occurrence of juveniles is a new record for the area.The red mullet (Mullus surmuletus L.) is a species whose distribution is centred on the Mediterranean where it forms the basis of a commercial fishery (e.g. Renoñes et al., 1995). Outside the Mediterranean it is found on eastern Atlantic coasts from the Canaries northwards to the English Channel and the southern North Sea where it is ‘moderately common’ (Wheeler, 1969). Further north it is regarded as rare (Wheeler, 1969; Hureau, 1986) and the northern limit is variously given as Scotland (Lythgoe & Lythgoe, 1992) or southern Norway (Wheeler, 1978). Most northern records are from the North Sea (Rae & Wilson, 1954; Rae & Lamont, 1964), presumably reflecting the intensive fishing effort in this area. Records to the west of the British Isles are few and have been summarized by Gordon (1981) and subsequently by Henderson (1986, personal communication), including one from the Faeroes (Blacker, 1977). All recorded occurrences in western Scotland are of adult fish (26–31 cm) caught by commercial fishing vessels and juveniles have never been reported from this area. This note documents (Table 1) the capture of small individuals (N=8) in shallow water off the west coast of Scotland in an area where they had never been recorded previously, despite intensive studies of the local fish fauna since 1970 (R.N.G., personal observation; Gibson, 1973; Gibson et al., 1993). The eight fish were caught on Tralee beach, Ardmucknish Bay, Firth of Lorn, Argyll (56°31′N 5°29′W). The sea bed in this area consists of fine sand (Gibson et al., 1993). It is possible that their occurrence is linked with the unusually warm summer of 1995 allowing juveniles to penetrate further north than usual. Water temperatures at 2–5 m on 29 August, 1995 were 14.3°C compared with a maximum of 13.6°C recorded over the period 1986–1989 (Gibson et al., 1993).
The karyology of the genus Procerodes (Tricladida: Maricola) in British waters
Authors: Galleni Lodovico , Puccinelli Ileana 
Published: May 2009

A karyometric analysis of the diploid complement of two species of the genus Procerodes (Tricladida: Maricola), both from British waters, has been carried outThe diploid number of Procerodes littoralis, 2n = 14, was established on mitosis from regenerative blastema and the haploid number n = 7 from spermatocyte I stages. All the chromosomes are metacentric, their centromeric index varying from 47·91 in the chromosome 5 to 38·39 in the chromosome 4.
Behaviour, irrigation and respiration inEudistylia vancouveri(Polychaeta: Sabellidae)
Authors: Giangrande Adriana 
Published: May 2009

To evaluate the relative importance of tentacular crown and body surface in sabellid respiration, experiments were carried out onEudistylia vancouveri(Kinberg, 1867), a long narrow worm living in a permanent tube in the intertidal zone. This species irrigates its tube by peristaltic waves, as do most species of Sabellinae and this allows water circulation inside the tube for body surface respiration.Measurements of oxygen uptake after amputation of the tentacular crown indicated a reduction of about 80% of the total respiration. This value was higher than that found for other Sabellinae studied. Some predictions about other species were made on the basis of the present observations and of comparison with species having similar aptitudes.The habit of living in a narrow tube protruding from the sea bottom, as occurs among sabellids, implies some adaptations concerning feeding, excretion and respiration. In the order Sabellida, the prostomium is reduced and fused to the peristomium which usually forms a large tentacular crown (Fauchald, 1977) with both feeding and respiratory functions. Its relative importance in respiration, however, is still little known. Survival after crown amputation suggests that this structure is not essential for respiration; moreover some species can autotomize and regenerate it (Berrill, 1931; Okada, 1934). In sabellids, respiration can in fact occur at the level of the body surface and this is made possible by the flux of the water contained in the tube which is generated by the worm itself: i.e. irrigation. Sabellinae species can actively irrigate their tubes by waves of muscular contraction of the body wall in either direction.
The butterfly squid Stoloteuthis leucoptera in the Mediterranean
Authors: Orsi Relini Lidia , Massi Daniela 
Published: May 2009

The presence of Stoloteuthis leucoptera in the Mediterranean is recorded on the basis of three specimens, including an adult male, caught by IKMT and by commercial otter-trawl in the Ligurian Sea. The hypothesis of a recent immigration is discussed.The list of Mediterranean cephalopods (Mangold Wirz, 1963; Torchio, 1968; Bello, 1986; Mangold & Boletzsky, 1987) includes the Sepiolidae of the subfamily Heteroteuthinae, whose members are supposed to be pelagic throughout their life cycle. Mangold Wirz (1963) recognizes in the Mediterranean fauna the unique species Heteroteuthis dispar, the other authors include H. atlantis Voss, which Voss himself (1955) reported at Messina. To this group may now be added Stoloteuthis leucoptera (Verrill, 1878) a species until now recorded in limited Atlantic areas. Verrill (1881) wrote “This species is an exceedingly beautiful one, when living, owing to the elegance and brilliancy of its colours and the gracefulness of its movements. In swimming it moves its fins in a manner analogous to the motion of the wings of a butterfly.”
Relationship between a drop of sardine and albacore catches and a relaxation of wind, tested by a Superposed Epoch Analysis
Authors: Mariett Anne Littaye 
Published: May 2009

Each summer, in the oceanic north-east Atlantic, a drop in the catch of albacore (Thunnus alalunga Bonnaterre, 1788) is observed for 8 to 10 days at the beginning of August. This temporary decrease of catch per unit effort (CPUE) is related to a relaxation of wind for 5 to 8 days during the previous 8 to 15 days. A similar and significant relationship is also observed in the Atlantic sardine (Sardina pilchardus Walbaum) fishery in a coastal area in the north-east of the Bay of Biscay (France). This indicates that a general ecological process is involved in this relationship between wind and CPUE of two pelagic fish, caught at the sea surface.The timing of the response of the sardine and the albacore fishery to a relaxation of wind is interpreted in the light of a productivity model. The lack of wind-driven turbulent mixing provides a progressive decrease of the food organisms in the surface layer about 7 days after the wind event. Thus, fish disperse and become less susceptible to capture.However, particular fertilization processes are involved at the continental shelf-break and the results of the association analysis were not found to be significant for the albacore fishery in this area.The use of Superposed Epoch Analysis seems to provide a suitable method to analyse such a relationship with a daily time scale.Comparison of the results of cross correlation analysis used in a previous work with a Superposed Epoch Analysis suggests that further considerations should be given to the use of the latter method infishery science.
Timing of spawning and recruitment in Loligo forbesi (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) in Scottish waters
Authors: Kong-Lum A. , Pierce G.J. , Yau C. 
Published: May 2009

The timing of spawning and recruitment in the squid Loligo forbesi in Scottish waters is described on the basis of data from three sources: monthly samples of squid caught by commercial trawls (1986–1988), egg masses found by fishermen (1987–1991), and statistical data on animals caught by research trawls (1978–1987).Spawning females were present in samples from December to June, with peak spawning occurring in March. Most records of egg masses were from these months, but eggs were also found in August and September. These results suggest that there is an extended spawning season.Small squid (≤100 mm dorsal mantle length) were rarely present in commercial samples, but were recorded in research samples almost all year round. Thus there appears to be more or less continuous recruitment into the catchable population.The results of the present study are consistent with published data from other parts of the geographic range in that there is a regular seasonal peak in spawning, and spawning adults disappear from the population in summer. Further interpretation of the life-cycle of this species is not justified on the basis of current knowledge, and more information is needed on migrations, geographical variation, and lifespan in Loligo forbesi.
Metallothionein induction in Littorina littorea (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) on exposure to cadmium
Authors: Bebianno M.J. , Langston W.J. , Simkiss K. 
Published: May 2009

Cadmium uptake, storage and metabolism has been studied in the digestive gland and remaining tissues of the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea (L). Accumulation of cadmium was linear with time in both of these compartments in individuals exposed to a range of cadmium concentrations (4, 40 and 400 μg Cd l−1).The subcellular distribution of cadmium in the digestive gland and remaining tissues of Littorina littorea reveals that most of the metal is bound to metallothionein, even in controls, and that cadmium associated with metallothionein increases in proportion to cadmium concentrations in the surrounding water.Measurements of metallothionein, made by differential pulse polarography showed that, in the digestive gland, concentrations of this metal-binding protein are not significantly affected by cadmium exposure, while in the remaining tissues they are dose-related.The inherently high levels of metallothionein in the digestive gland of L. littorea explain the role of this tissue as a major site for cadmium storage. However, the lack of significant de novo synthesis of metallothionein in response to cadmium, together with polarographic interferences from high molecular weight thiolic proteins, reduces the value of this tissue preparation as a means of detecting sublethal responses to metals.
Biochemical polymorphism in bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, in the waters around the British Isles
Authors: Child A.R. 
Published: May 2009

The bass Dicentrarchus labrax is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Morocco (30°N) to southern Norway (60°N) and in the Mediterranean and Black Seas (Whitehead et al., 1986). Throughout its range the bass is an important commercial species and in the waters around the British Isles it is exploited both by commercial fishermen and by sport anglers.Since the early 1970s the recorded landings of bass have increased considerably (Pickett & Pawson, 1991). The increased exploitation and the conflict of interest between sport fishermen and commercial bass fishermen have been the subject of a multitude of articles in the fishing press calling for greater stock management. Detailed knowledge of the stock structure was required to provide advice on the management of the UK bass fishery (Pawson & Pickett, 1987).Prior to 1980, tagging studies were conducted off the southern coast of Ireland (Kennedy & Fitzmaurice, 1972), the south-west of England (Holden & Williams, 1974) and in the Irish Sea (Kelley, 1979).
Iron Biomineralization in the PoriferanIrcinia Oros
Authors: Meldrum Fiona C. , Heywood Brigid R. , Dickson Dominic P.E. , Mann Stephen 
Published: May 2009

Iron-containing precipitates, present within the organic matrix of the poriferanIrcinia oroswere identified as crystalline lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) by electron diffraction and57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The crystals were located specifically within the spongin filaments, suggesting that the binding and subsequent accumulation of iron by macromolecules present in these filaments were responsible for mineralization. Iron biomineralization did not appear to serve any specific structural role, but may be involved in biological processes such as detoxification.It is well recognized that Porifera are active in the biomineralization of calcium carbonate and silica, producing beautiful and intricate skeletons (Simpson, 1984). However, the formation of other biominerals is less well documented. Iron biomineralization has been reported in a few species of keratose sponges (Töwe & Riitzler, 1968; Vacelet et al., 1988), and the mineral has been identified as lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH). Lepidocrocite is a relatively uncommon biomineral, having previously been identified as only a minor phase in chiton teeth (Webb et al., 1989; Lowenstam & Weiner, 1989).
Oxygen Carriage By the Haemolymph of Hyperiid Amphipods
Authors: Spicer John I. , Morritt David 
Published: May 2009

The oxygen content of air-equilibrated haemolymph from three species of hyperiid amphipods, Hyperoche medusarum, Parathemisto sp. and Hyperia galba was similar to that of air-equilibrated sea-water. The concentration of haemolymph protein was low in each case. Both features, taken together with the fact that we were unable to detect the presence of copper in the haemolymph in any of the species examined, suggests that hyperiids, unlike gammaridean amphipods, do not possess the respiratory pigment haemocyanin.All the information available on the O2-binding properties of amphipod haemolymph has been derived from members of the amphipod sub-order Gammaridea. In common with many other crustaceans (Truchot, 1992), O2 carriage in gammarid haemolymph is facilitated by the presence of the copper-containing respiratory protein, haemocyanin (Spicer, 1994). Unfortunately no comparable data exist for the other major amphipod sub-orders, the Hyperiidea, the Caprellidea and the Ingolfiellidea. Consequently we have examined haemolymph from three species of hyperiid amphipod, Hyperoche medusarum (Miiller, 1777) and Parathemisto sp., from the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada, and Hyperia galba (Montagu, 1813) from the Clyde Sea area, Scotland.
A Note on Seabed Irradiance in Shallow Tidal Seas
Authors: Bowers D.G. , Tett P. , Walne A.W. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The tidal cycle and that of solar elevation interact to produce patterns in seabed irradiance during the day which change over the springs-neaps cycle. In locations where high water springs is at midday, there is a single peak in seabed irradiance in the middle of the day at neap tides and two peaks in seabed irradiance (one in the morning, the other in the evening) at spring tides.(2) These cycles also interact to produce a springs–neaps cycle of daily mean irradiance, which is relevant to the growth of benthic algae. The pattern of this cycle will also vary from place to place. In locations where low water springs is in the middle of the day the pattern is straightforward: maximum daily irradiance always occurs at spring tides. However, where high water springs is in the middle of the day, the cycle can reverse as the days get longer. The timing of the switch in the cycle depends upon the water clarity.(3) Variations in attenuation over the springs–neaps cycle will also be important. In the Menai Strait, a springs–neaps cycle in K is often (but not always) observed, higher attenuations occurring at spring tides when seabed sediments are stirred up by the stronger tidal currents. This will reduce seabed irradiance at spring tides and tend to favour greater irradiance at neaps. In our model runs, K was kept constant because at present it is difficult to predict these changes. However, in our observations there is evidence of greater seabed irradiance at neap tides associated with greater water clarity. Variations in cloud cover during the day can also affect the regular cycles predicted by the model.The authors are grateful to Professor Ernest Naylor for encouragement and for information on animal behaviour and light. Members of the Marine Optics Group at Menai Bridge helped with the sampling during the experimental work in July 1994.