bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Lymphocyte Caspase-3 Activity in Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Lazarević Dušan , Đorđević Vladimir , Ćosić Vladan , Vlahović Predrag , Tošić-Golubović Suzana , Ristić Tatjana , Đorđević Vidosava 
Published: November 2010

Increased Lymphocyte Caspase-3 Activity in Patients with SchizophreniaA growing body of evidence indicates that cortical brain cells of schizophrenic patients are vulnerable to apoptosis. As apoptosis is an important mechanism in organism modeling during development, active since the early phase of intrauterine life, it could be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. To test this hypothesis, caspase-3 activity was determined in peripheral blood mono nuclear cells from 30 patients with schizophrenia and from 30 age and gender matched healthy subjects by a colorimetric commercially available kit. Consistent with increased susceptibility to apoptosis, caspase-3 activity in lymphocytes of patients with schizophrenia was significantly increased (0.111±0.055 μmol/mg protein, p<0.05) in comparison with those in the matched control group (0.086±0.030 μmol/mg protein). The highest activity was obtained in the group showing almost equally positive and negative symptoms (0.159±0.096 μmol/mg protein) and it was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the group with a relative predomination of positive symptoms (0.100±0.029 μmol/mg protein). Caspase-3 activity in patients receiving typical antipsychotic drugs (0.124± 0.071 μmol/mg protein) was not significantly different from that in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics (0.104±0.039 μmol/mg protein). To our knowledge to date, this has been the first demonstration that there is a significant increase in caspase-3 activity, determined in native cells, in patients with schizophrenia, indicating a dysregulated apoptotic mechanism in this disease.
Type grouping in rat skeletal muscle after crush injury
Authors: Bovenberg M. Sarah S. , Degeling M. Hannah , de Ruiter Godard C. W. , Feirabend Hans K. P. , Lakke Egbert A. J. F. , Vleggeert-Lankamp Carmen L. A. M. 
Published: November 2010

Object
Accuracy of reinnervation is an important factor that determines outcome after nerve injury and repair. Type grouping—the clustering of muscle fibers of the same type after reinnervation—can be used to investigate the accuracy of reinnervation. In this study, the degree of type grouping after crush injury in rats was compared with the clustering of muscle fibers after autografting or single-lumen nerve grafting.

Methods
Twelve weeks after sciatic nerve crush injury in rats, clustering of Type I muscle fibers was analyzed in the target muscle with adenosine 5′-triphosphatase staining. In addition, the number of regenerated axons was determined in the nerve distal to the crush injury. Results were compared with that of the authors' previous study.

Results
Type grouping was more abundant after crush injury than after autograft or single-lumen nerve graft repair.

Conclusions
Crush injury leads to more clustered innervation of muscle fibers, probably because the Schwann cell basal lamina tubes are not interrupted as they are in autograft or artificial nerve graft repair. This finding adds to understanding the processes playing a role in nerve regeneration.
Le commerce extérieur polonais : les interrelations entre la politique économique interne et extérieure
Authors: Kanet Roger E. 
Published: November 2010

Polish Foreign Trade: the Interrelationship of Domestic and Foreign Economic Policy.
During the course of the past thirty years Poland has been transformed from a rural agricultural society to an urban industrialized and socialized society. However, the transformation has not occurred without serious economic problems. One of the more important implications of the recent drive toward economic modernization in Poland is the increased dependence of the Polish economy on the vagaries of the world market and the reduced ability of Polish leaders to control the domestic economy.
The most visible implication of the Polish strategy of economic modernization has been the significant opening up of the economy to contacts with the industrial West. This has meant that trade with the other members of the CMEA has decreased as a percentage of overall Polish trade and brings into question the compatibility of Poland's trade policy with the West and the CMEA integration programs to which Poland is a party. In addition, expanded trade with the West at a time of rising prices on world markets has added to domestic Polish inflationary pressures. Given the government's commitment to stabilizing prices, this has necessitated a substantial increase in subsidies to cushion the effects of inflation. By 1975 subsidies accounted for almost 17.5 percent of total budgetary revenue.
Another problem which Poland's modernization strategy has faced is the rapid growth of Poland's hard currency debt which rose from less than $1 billion in 1970 to between $12.8 and $14 billion at the end of 1977. Even though the growth of Polish imports from the West has been stemmed, the gap between imports and exports remains large and the debt continues to grow.
Although the growth of Polish trade with the West reduced the relative position of the CMEA countries in Polish trade, economic ties with the Soviet Union and the other CMEA countries continue to retain primary importance for the Polish economy.
Overall foreign trade — with both the West and the CMEA countries — has become a much more important element of the Polish economy during the 1970s. While trade expansion has provided a stimulus to the dynamism of the Polish economy, it has also added a degree of dependence and uncertainty that was not present in the past. Polish policy makers are faced with a set of serious problems, both domestic and foreign, that they must solve if the Polish economy is to be stabilized.
L'industrialisation de l'agriculture de la R.D.A. : nouveaux développements des contradictions et nouvelles solutions organisationnelles
Authors: Pouliquen Alain 
Published: November 2010

Industrialization of Agriculture in the G.D.R.: Appearance of New Contradictions and New Organizational Solutions.
This study brings the reader up to date on the "industrial" restructuring of the East German food and agricultural sector, a particularly advanced and therefore important example. It takes a fresh look at the aims involved, their attendant contradictions and solutions, in the light of recent direct observation.
The combined logic of mechanisation, concentration and specialisation, taken here to the extreme, entails serious ecological problems: increased risk of plant and animal disease, high energy consumption, and a grave threat to the soil by severe shortage of solide manure. The "new organic materials enterprises" represent a spectacular effort by the system to find a solution to this latter problem, though in practice it appears imperfect and capital intensive.
Again, overspecialization of basic units does seem to have aggravated the shortage of agricultural manpower, though it was this very shortage that had originally given rise to the drive for agrarian industrialization. It is interesting to observe present-day attempts to find new methods of seasonal inter-enterprise mobility in the labour force, as well as greater diversification of skills. Another problem which hitherto had either been ignored, or imperfectly understood, is that of Vertical' and 'horizontal' systems of co-ordination between related agricultural and agro-industrial specialized entities, which in effect become "macro-units for separate reproduction of capital". However, within these units, direction and regulation of flows of material and capital are still governed by political rather than economic considerations (given the influence exerted by the Party). These new structures make possible new methods of "socialization" and the productive recycling of differential rents, a key problem in a system where such market regulators as prices and profits play a minor role.
Broadly, this study attempts a fresh analysis of the organizational and technical choices for industrialization open to a socialist agricultural economy, with particular emphasis on their global socio-economic aims.
Le logement en U.R.S.S. : secteur public et secteur privé
Authors: Peissik Muriel 
Published: November 2010

A la classification soviétique traditionnelle des formes du logement — qui relève de l'idéologie et de l'organisation d'un Etat socialiste — est substitué ici un regroupement qui répond à un crière économique : c'est à la faculté contributive de l'usager qu'est distingué le secteur dit privé du secteur dit public.
Le premier repose sur le financement intégral par le ou par les propriétaires ; il inclut le logement coopératif. Le secteur public désigne le logement locatif, dont la faiblesse du loyer est bien connue.
Fait remarquable, l'analyse attentive des statistiques disponibles révèle que les deux secteurs sont d'égale importance.
S'interrogeant sur les raisons d'une situation aussi paradoxale, l'auteur examine brièvement la politique du logement menée par FU.R.S.S. depuis les années cinquante : l'effort de construction, colossal en quantité, s'est heurté à des difficultés que les défauts dans la qualité des immeubles construits rendent manifestes. Ces déficiences appellent l'attention sur l'écart qui sépare, en matière de logement, le coût apparent du coût réel. Dans un tel contexte, le rôle qu'a tenu la construction privée apparaît essentiel : la population non seulement a apporté sa capacité de financer et d'entreprendre, mais elle a même par son propre travail pu pallier certaines insuffisances de l'industrie du bâtiment. Le manque de matériaux de construction cependant limite ses réalisations, comme en témoignent les résultats du IXe plan.
Malgré la décroissance relative de la part du secteur privé dans l'habitat soviétique, le maintien de ce secteur dans sa superficie actuelle paraît assuré. Une estimation chiffrée des charges financières montre que l'Etat ne saurait prendre le relais du coût d'entretien de la totalité de ce patrimoine.
Il semble bien en outre que le secteur privé possède des capacités d'extension qui se trouveraient disponibles si l'Etat souhaitait élargir le volume de la construction.
Les unions industrielles en U.R.S.S., 1973-1979
Authors: Legrand M. 
Published: November 2010

Industrial Associations in the USSR, 1973-1979.
Has the establishment of new all-union or republican industrial associations at middle-echelon level in the various branches of industry brought about a change in industrial administration?
By close scrutiny of soviet written sources over the last six years, the author has traced the development of these new formations since the promulgation of the relevant Decree of 1973.
Commerce Est-Ouest : une nouvelle étape ?
Authors: Krasznai Zoltán 
Published: November 2010

East-West Trade: Further Progress?
The author begins by examining the causes of the recent slackening in East-West trade, and then turns his attention to those factors which govern long- term exchanges between the two areas (international political situation, structural developments in the industrialized countries, rate of economic growth, etc.) He further examines the short-term situation, and concludes with the overriding importance of the international division of labour, and the harmonious development of East-West exchanges in a spirit of enlightened mutual self-interest.
Coopération industrielle Est-Ouest dans l'automobile et modalités d'insertion des pays de l'Est dans la division internatio­nale du travail occidentale (Ière partie)
Authors: Gutman Patrick 
Published: November 2010

Il apparaît que l'approfondissement de l'analyse de la coopération industrielle par secteurs individualisés est une condition indispensable pour l'évaluation et la définition des évolutions probables du mécanisme coopération/rivalité, et donc de ses conséquences sur la stabilité de la Division Internationale du Travail occidentale.
Le développement de formes de plus en plus poussées de la coopération industrielle Est-Ouest dans l'automobile — et notamment par le recours de plus en plus fréquent à la compensation — introduit une modification radicale : le passage de l'échange international à l'internationalisation de la production.
Cette transformation de nature entraîne une intégration du processus de production dont l'approche traditionnelle en termes de commerce international — exportations/importations — ne peut rendre compte et a fortiori en saisir la portée réelle.
On examinera donc ici dans quelle mesure les accords de coopération industrielle Est-Ouest intervenus dans l'automobile entre les principaux constructeurs occidentaux — essentiellement des firmes multinationales — et les pays de l'Est constituent autant de modalités d'une internationalisation de la production élargie aux pays socialistes.
Mais en même temps, l'installation d'unités de production dans les pays de l'Est contribue à renforcer la capacité exportatrice de ces derniers, et il importe d'apprécier à sa juste valeur la menace éventuelle qui pourrait en résulter pour les marchés occidentaux, particulièrement européens.
Finalement, il s'agit d'effectuer l'analyse des modes d'imbrication de la Division Internationale Socialiste du Travail (DIST) et de la Division Internationale du Travail (DIT) afin de déterminer si les interventions de représentants d'un bloc dans l'autre se font en respectant la DIT spécifique existant dans chacun d'eux, et même si elles ne viseraient pas à la conforter ou, si au contraire, elles se contrecarrent.
Situation et perspectives des relations économiques germano-soviétiques au seuil des années 1980
Authors: Lebahn Axel 
Published: November 2010

Present Situation and Prospects for Development of German- Soviet Economie Relations in the 1980's.
For many German firms, trade with East-European countries has become a tradition over the decades and accounted for 15% of German foreign trade volume prior to World War II. Internationally known companies such as Otto Wolff AG, the Krupp Group and Deutsche Bank AG have had close business ties with the U.S.S.R. since the early 20's. These relations have been upheld on a pragmatic footing under various political constellations right up to the present day. It can be considered a traditional feature of German trade with the East that private companies maintain contacts with their East-European business partners independently and without any special political or legal assistance from the state. While in the 50's and 60's the Federal Republic of Germany was in a position of front-line political confrontation with the U.S.S.R., the German business community regarded the promotion of trade relations as a stabilizing element in international politics.
German trade with the East has always seen itself as a long-term, independent manifestation of the fundamental, international division of labour in the face of changing — at times rapidly changing — foreign policy doctrines. German companies geared their business relations with Eastern Europe solely to the calculable, private entrepreneurial profit and loss indices of the individual firms — without government intervention or promotion measures — and to this extent treated trade with the East, despite its unique features, as part of general worldwide international business.
In the 70's, a number of treaties were concluded between the Federal Republic and the U.S.S.R., which dealt among other things with economic questions and affected mutual trade relations. The long-term German-Soviet agreement on economic cooperation concluded in May 1978, modeled on Finnish and French treaties, provides a legal basis for existing relations and projects future developments. Emphasis is placed above all on planned cooperation with regard to large projects — in particular in the energy and raw material sectors — as well as on intensifying and diversifying industrial cooperation, also involving small and medium- sized firms. The pragmatic aim of promoting trade relations between the Federal Republic and the U.S.S.R. is to create normal forms of international economic cooperation as a factor in an economically optimal, politically constructive, long- term international division of labour with the aim of achieving a calculable, mutual benefit.
Ethnies ou groupes importants d'origine religieuse ? Vers leur coexistence.
Authors: Fisera Joseph 
Published: November 2010

Towards the Co-existence of Ethnic and Significant Religious Groups. (The Genesis of the Multi-National "Islamic" Socialist Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina.)
This study takes the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina as starting point for an examination of the various national, religious, social and political factors whose complexities and inter-relationships are particularly important in the context of developing countries such as Yugoslavia. The author also refers to sub-Carpathian Ukraine, and observes how, in these multi-national and multi-religious regions, ethnic and religious factors go hand in hand.
In the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina, religion is the basis of the quasi-nationality represented by the Moslem community. Having examined the growth of this group prior to the Second World War, the author goes on to analyse the part played by the war in the creation of a separate community. While the broad mass of the Moslem group may have remained more or less in a state of expectant passivity, there emerged an élite within the party, the armed resistance and the activists for socialist workers competition after the revolution. Identifying themselves as a Moslem entity within the nation, this group thereby signified their mistrust of the other two main groups (orthodox Serbs and catholic Croats), their national pride bolstered and their collective advancement encouraged by the liberal attitude of the Party, and then of the State, towards their aspirations, both on the national question and on socio-economic matters (self-management) and individual freedoms. This atmosphere encourages differentiation within the Moslem community, between strict believers and liberals, clerical and secular. A greater degree of ideological and political tolerance would help to create better lines of communication among the three communities, and might lessen the danger of a spread of theocratic or Khomeini-like enthusiasms among the Moslems.
Présentation sommaire des principaux événements survenus au cours de l'année 1979 en République populaire démocratique de Corée
Authors: Brillouet Alain 
Published: November 2010

Digest of the Main Events of 1979 in the Korean People's Democratic Republic (note).
As has been his habit for several years now, the author lists the outstanding events of 1979 in North Korea, firstly on the internal political scene (turnover of leading personnel, party activities, the economy, the social climate) and secondly, in the field of international relations (the Korean question, relations with the U.S.S.R. and China, relations with the rest of the world).
La haute fonction publique en Hongrie
Authors: Garancsy Gabriella 
Published: November 2010

Senior Civil Servants In Hungary.
In this study, the author is concerned with the position of those senior officials whose legal status and conditions of service in the administration might provide material for legal research. Basically, this category comprises those officials holding senior administrative posts in both local and central government, whose work relationship with the administration is not politically determined. The author's researches cover the upper ranks of the central administration, i.e. ministries and those central organs whose function embraces the entire country.
All of these senior officials are subject to three criteria, (professional skills, political reliability and decision-making competence) by reason of the key- positions occupied by the central administrative bodies within the framework of the State. This in turn involves a further responsibility (disciplinary and monetary) on the part of the upper and uppermost ranks of officialdom (senior civil servants), the latter fulfilling in addition the role of employers. In the context of those senior officials, the author considers the rules of the labour code in Hungary, as well as other texts which particularly affect them.
Circuits parallèles et éthique du travail dans les entreprises : une campagne de moralisation en Pologne
Authors: Simon Claude 
Published: November 2010

L'accumulation des difficultés dans les pays du CAEM tient principalement à un système économique toujours trop centralisé que des réformes partielles ne parviennent pas à modifier ; la hausse des prix du pétrole, des mauvaises récoltes, ont aggravé les tensions déjà existantes. Les pénuries et la pression des salariés incitent donc les entreprises à tourner les réglementations pour réaliser leur plan : ainsi se développent des circuits parallèles.
C'est en Pologne que cette évolution paraît la plus avancée ; du moins, elle y fait l'objet des critiques les plus vigoureuses particulièrement dans la revue du parti Nowe Drogi (n° d'octobre 1979). L'auteur de l'article dénonce les. nombreux privilèges abusifs des chefs d'entreprises, privilèges qui résultent d& manœuvres et tromperies et qui finissent par miner l'éthique du travail.
Il apparaît maintenant que cet article préludait au changement de gouvernement en février 1980.
L'évaluation d'une réforme économique dans une économie planifiée est-européenne. Un exemple : la Hongrie
Authors: Bornstein Morris 
Published: November 2010

Cet article apporte un cadre théorique à l'analyse d'une «réforme économique» dans une économie planifiée socialiste est-européenne et, à titre d'illustration, l'applique à l'expérience hongroise du Nouveau Mécanisme Economique (NME), introduit en 1968.
Dans la première partie, on examine les diverses conceptions concernant l'ampleur d'une réforme économique, y compris (1) la différence entre les changements du système et politiques, (2) les diverses conceptions de la notion de « décentralisation » et (3) les stratégies d'application possibles. L'approche adoptée par le NME dans chacun de ces cas est expliquée.
On peut analyser les réformes économiques nationales en fonction de leur impact sur les divers éléments du système économique. La seconde partie compare les implications respectives des approches « administrative » et « économique » de la décentralisation pour plusieurs aspects fondamentaux du secteur étatique, y compris l'organisation administrative, les plans de production, la répartition des inputs matériels, le travail et les salaires, l'investissement, la formation des prix, les indicateurs de succès, les stimulants et le commerce extérieur. L'expérience hongroise depuis 1968 est analysée brièvement pour chacun de ces facteurs.
La troisième partie examine les raisons pour lesquelles les autorités hongroises ont seulement appliqué partiellement les principes du NME depuis sa première introduction.