bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economics of development strategies utilising option and portfolio analytics
Authors: Grissom Terry V. , Berry James N. , Cheng J. Lim Lay 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to integrate land use and option pricing theories using case study analyses to compare a portfolio of uses comprising single and mixed‐use development on the same site and assess the effects on the risk‐return profile of potential development schemes. The integration of land use development based on highest and best use (HBU) is tested against a combination of uses on the selected sites at a point in time in the downswing of the real estate cycle.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed methodology integrates the development valuation approach with option theory in which both consider the relationships of cost and value associated with alternative development options. The approach used in this paper addresses the broader consideration of project coordination inclusive of land use flexibility and opportunity costs endogenously associated with development strategies. By investigating the uncertainty of economic options specific to the development process, the methodology considers the significance of complementary components of strategic decisions and entrepreneurial effort within a return/risk management strategy.FindingsThe stochastic model when compared to the real option model enhances strategic decisions and development project management by allowing the consideration of single/mixed‐use alternatives. The development process is facilitated by the research findings whereby alternative uses are tested to maximise the potential use of the site. The analyses consider optimal funding strategies in developing and investing for a range of use options on regeneration sites.Practical implicationsThe significant insights apparent from the research is the quantification of the strategic specification of development as a productive process and an investment endeavour. The proposed model enables a comparison of a HBU based on a single development, a mixed‐use development or a combination of uses as the difference between the scenarios impacts on land value and profit measures, especially where these measures are calculated as distributive residuals.Originality/valueThe stochastic model developed in this paper provides a value‐added contribution to real estate literature by considering the complexity of the interrelationships between urban land economics, land use theory, valuation appraisal methodologies, portfolio analysis and option pricing as applied in the development of regeneration schemes.
Methodological characteristics of academic clinical drug trials – a retrospective cohort study of applications to the Danish Medicines Agency 1993–2005
Authors: Berendt Louise , Håkansson Cecilia , Bach Karin F. , Andreasen Per B. , Petersen Lene G. , Andersen Elin , Poulsen Henrik E. , Dalhoff Kim 
Published: July 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • From 1993 to 2005, the number of academic clinical drug trials in Denmark decreased by 38% with a small increase in 2006. Commercial clinical drug trials in Denmark were subject to a similar decrease. Implementation of the European Clinical Trials Directive in 2004 had no immediate effect on the number of either academic or commercial clinical drug trials. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Our study shows that randomization, definition of primary endpoint, monitoring according to the principles of Good Clinical Practice (GCP monitoring), and control of medicine compliance form part of a significantly increasing percentage of academic clinical drug trials. This indicates an increasing quality of these trials.• However, high numbers of unblinded randomized controlled trials and randomized controlled trials utilizing unacceptable methods for generation of allocation sequence emphasize the potential for further improvement of the methodological quality.AIMThe aim of this study was to investigate the temporal trends in characteristics of academic clinical drug trials. We here report characteristics on trial methodology.METHODSA review of 386 approved applications of academic clinical drug trials submitted to the Danish Medicines Agency 1993–2005 was carried out. Data on 11 methodological characteristics were collected, e.g. statement of primary endpoint, use of control group, blinding, randomization, method for generation of allocation sequence, monitoring according to the principles of Good Clinical Practice (GCP monitoring) and publication.RESULTSStatement of primary endpoint increased from 60 to 90% of trials (P < 0.0001). Comparing the period before and after implementation of the Clinical Trials Directive in 2004, intention of GCP monitoring increased from 13% to 94%. Control of medicine compliance increased from 42% to 76% (P < 0.0001) among trials with self‐administration of the investigational medicinal product. Among controlled trials use of randomization increased from 78% to 94% (P= 0.0063) of trials. Remaining characteristics did not change significantly. In total 68% (264/386) were randomized controlled trials.CONCLUSIONSOur study shows that randomization, definition of primary endpoint, GCP monitoring, and control of medicine compliance form part of a significantly increasing percentage of academic clinical drug trials. This indicates an increase in the quality of academic clinical drug research in Denmark 1993–2005. However, high numbers of unblinded randomized controlled trials and randomized controlled trials utilizing unacceptable methods for generation of allocation sequence emphasize the potential for further improvement of trial methodology.
Seasonality in the strength and spatial scale of processes determining intertidal barnacle population growth
Authors: Fukaya Keiichi , Okuda Takehiro , Nakaoka Masahiro , Hori Masakazu , Noda Takashi 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. Population growth rate is determined by both density‐dependent and density‐independent processes. In the temperate zone, the strength and spatial scale of these processes are likely to differ seasonally, but such differences have rarely been quantitatively examined. 2. Coverage, the area occupied by organisms, is a measure of resource use in sessile marine populations. Population models used for density‐based studies should be able to characterize effectively fluctuations in coverage, but few have tried to apply such models to sessile populations. 3. We observed coverage of the intertidal barnacle Chthamalus challengeri at 20 plots on four shores along the Pacific coast of Japan over 8 years. We then fitted a population model that incorporated both a density‐dependent process (strength of density dependence) and density‐independent processes (intrinsic growth rate and stochastic fluctuation at different spatial scales) to these data to analyse the seasonal variation of these processes and answer the following two questions: (i) How do the effects of density‐dependent and density‐independent processes on population growth vary seasonally? (ii) At what spatial scale, regional (tens of kilometres), shore (hundreds of metres), or rock (tens of centimetres), does density‐independent stochastic fluctuation most strongly affect population size changes? 4. Barnacle population size tended to decrease in summer, when population dynamics were characterized by a relatively lower intrinsic growth rate, weaker density dependence and stronger stochastic fluctuation. In contrast, population size tended to increase in winter, reflecting a higher intrinsic growth rate, strong density dependence and weak stochastic fluctuation. 5. In summer, population growth rate was strongly affected by regional‐scale stochastic fluctuation, whereas in winter it was affected more by rock‐scale stochastic fluctuation, suggesting that populations were strongly affected by regional‐scale processes in summer but not in winter. 6. These results indicate that seasonally variable density‐dependent and density‐independent processes determine the population dynamics of C. challengeri. Therefore, to understand fluctuation patterns of populations of this species, seasonality should be taken into account. Moreover, this study demonstrates that population models commonly used for density‐based studies are also applicable to coverage‐based population studies.
The legacy of dispersal: larval experience shapes persistence later in the life of a reef fish
Authors: Shima Jeffrey S. , Swearer Stephen E. 
Published: July 2010

Summary1. Movement pathways of individuals can be shaped by heterogeneity in the dispersal environment that separates origin and destination patches. However, effects of the dispersal environment on the phenotype (or future fitness) of dispersers is poorly known; individual experiences during dispersal may have latent effects on the performance or persistence of later life‐stages.2. We evaluated such ‘legacy effects’ for dispersing reef fish larvae using (i) otolith (ear stone) microchemistry to characterize two distinct dispersal pathways and (ii) otolith microstructure to estimate ‘larval quality’ (a composite of five measured larval phenotypes). We conducted a reciprocal transplant field experiment to evaluate selective mortality after dispersal as a function of larval quality. We conducted longitudinal sampling of natural cohorts of reef fish through to adulthood to quantify shifts in the distribution of larval quality in local populations.3. We found the quality of dispersers to be variable and determined by their experience in the larval dispersal environment. Larval quality of successful dispersers predicted their subsequent survival after dispersal in reciprocal transplant experiments. Longitudinal sampling was consistent with short‐term field experiments, and revealed that survivors to adulthood were disproportionately comprised of high quality larval dispersers.4. Overall, our results suggest that conditions in the dispersal environment shape future fitness of individuals after successful dispersal, and that this can indirectly mediate dispersal patterns and connectivity in a metapopulation.
A critical analysis of racial difference with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dosing, clinical outcomes and adverse effects in pediatric kidney transplant patients
Authors: Jensen C.J. , Shrivastava S. , Taber D.J. , Weimert N.A. , Shatat I.F. , Orak J. , Chavin K.D. , Baliga P.K. 
Published: July 2010

Jensen CJ, Shrivastava S, Taber DJ, Weimert NA, Shatat IF, Orak J, Chavin KD, Baliga PK. A critical analysis of racial difference with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dosing, clinical outcomes and adverse effects in pediatric kidney transplant patients. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 534–540. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  There is paucity in the data examining the differences in mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dosing and outcomes among pediatric kidney transplant recipients (PKTX) between races. The aims of this study were as follows (i) to assess whether higher doses of MMF are being utilized in African American (AA) PKTX (ii) to determine whether there is a correlation between MMF dose and outcomes between races, and (iii) to assess the adverse effects of MMF between races. This study analyzed 109 PKTX who received MMF between 7/99 and 5/08. Demographics were similar between groups. Fewer AAs received kidneys from living donors (18% vs. 44%), spent more time on dialysis (1.0 vs. 0.5 yr), and had more human leukocyte antigen mismatches (4 vs. 3). MMF doses among AA patients were higher throughout the study, with statistical differences at week 4, month 3, and month 18. AA patients had significantly higher acute rejection rates and trended toward poorer graft survival; infections, adverse events from MMF and post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease tended to be lower in the AA patients. AA PKTX received higher MMF doses within the first three yr post‐transplant compared to their non‐AA counterparts, yet demonstrate significantly more acute rejection episodes. Importantly, MMF caused fewer adverse events in AA patients, despite these patients receiving higher doses.
The University Worksite Organ Donation Project: a comparison of two types of worksite campaigns on the willingness to donate
Authors: Morgan Susan E. , Stephenson Michael T. , Afifi Walid , Harrison Tyler R. , Long Shawn D. , Chewning Lisa Volk 
Published: July 2010

Morgan SE, Stephenson MT, Afifi W, Harrison TR, Long SD, Chewning LV. The University Worksite Organ Donation Project: a comparison of two types of worksite campaigns on the willingness to donate. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 600–605. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  To test the impact of different campaign strategies, a year‐long campaign was conducted to promote organ donation among university faculty, staff, and students. Two universities were assigned to each of three conditions: a media‐only campaign, a mass media‐plus‐interpersonal outreach condition, and a control condition. Universities were counter‐balanced by geographic region and diversity of population. Changes from pretest to post‐test on the key‐dependent measures, including signing a donor card and discussing donation with family members, were significantly greater in the media‐plus‐interpersonal condition than either the mass media only or control conditions. Implications for the creation of campaigns to promote other health behaviors are examined.
The horizontal flow of the plasmid resistome: clues from inter‐generic similarity networks
Authors: Fondi Marco , Fani Renato 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBy integrating sequence similarity data of plasmid‐encoded antibiotic resistance determinants with those coming from a less transferred molecular marker, we constructed a network in which all the sequences that most likely underwent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) were linked together. The analysis of this network revealed that either geographical barriers or taxonomical distance can often be overcome since phylogenetically unrelated bacteria, and/or those inhabiting distinct environments, were found to share common antibiotic resistance determinants, probably as a result of (one or multiple) HGT event(s). Data obtained also revealed that bacteria viable through multiple environments (ubiquitous) are likely to give a crucial contribution to the spreading of bacterial resistance towards antimicrobial compounds. These analyses represent a first attempt to give an almost global picture of the horizontal flow of antibiotic resistance determinants at the whole bacterial community level, also underlining the power of HGT among bacteria and how this ‘horizontal flow’ is poorly affected by both taxonomy and physical distance. Finally, data presented may be useful in the infections control procedures, suggesting which bacterial species are more likely acting as vectors of antibiotic resistance determinants.
An Eyeglass Simulator Using Conoid Tracing
Authors: Kakimoto M. , Tatsukawa T. , Nishita T. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract This paper proposes a method for displaying images at the fovea of the retina taking visual acuity into account. Previous research has shown that a point light source projected onto the retina forms an ellipse, which can be computed with wavefront tracing from each point in space. We propose a novel concept using conoid tracing, with which we can acquire defocusing information several times faster than that acquired by previous methods. We also show that conoid tracing is more robust and produces higher quality results. In conoid tracing the ray is regarded as a conoid, a thin cone‐like shape with varying elliptical cross‐section. The viewing ray from the retina is traced as a conoid and evaluated at each sample location. Using the sampled and pre‐computed data for the spatial distribution of blurring, we implemented an interactive eyeglass simulator. This paper demonstrates some visualization results utilizing the interactivity of the simulator, which an eyeglass lens design company uses to evaluate the design of complex progressive lenses.
The Sounds of Infancy
Authors: Ostwald Peter 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe infant's cry is an imperative signal which is related to the life‐sustaining functions of respiration and nutrition. The relatively new field of study of the infant cry is surveyed in this paper in order to demonstrate what has been accomplished so far, and to consider what future study might accomplish.RÉSUMÉLes sons de l'enfanceLe pleur de l'enfant est un signal impératif lié aux fonctions indispensables à la vie, de la respiration et de Ia nutrition. Les auteurs étudient ce champ relativement nouveau d'étude du pleur de l'enfant en vue de montrer les résultats déjà obtenus et ce que de nouvelles études pourraient apporter.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie kindlichen LauteDer Kindesschrei ist ein notwendiges Signal, das zu den lebenswichtigen Funktionen Atmung und Ernährung in Zusammenhang steht. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Überblick iiber das relativ neue Untersuchungsgebiet der kindliche Schrei gegeben, um zu zeigen, was bisher auf diesem Gebiet bekannt ist, und um festzustellen welche weiteren Studien dafür sinnvoll wären.RESUMENLos sonidos en el lactanteEl llanto del lactante es un signo imperativo en relación con las funciones vitales de respiratión y nutritión. El campo de estudio relativamente nuevo del llanto del lactante es estudiado en esta comunicación con el objeto de demostrar lo que ya se ha conseguido y considerar qué estudio futuro debe realizarse.
The Risk of Handicap due to Birth Defect in Infants of Very Low Birthweight
Authors: Stewart Ann 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe relationship between birth defects (congenital malformations and genetically determined metabolic errors) and long‐term handicaps has been examined in a group of 195 infants of very low birthweight (< 1.5kg). The overall incidence of birth defects in the whole group was 13 per cent. The incidence was 16 per cent in the 98 survivors and 10 per cent among the 97 infants who died. Two per cent of the survivors had long‐term handicaps due to a birth defect. Thus, contrary to earlier suggestions, birth defect did not appear to be a major cause of long‐term handicap in this group of infants of very low birthweight.RÉSUMÉ Risque de handicap par anornalie de naissance chez les enfants de très faible poids de naissance La relation entre anomalies de naissance (malformations congénitales et erreurs méta‐boliques d'origine génétique) et handicap à long terme a étéétudiée sur un groupe de 195 enfants de très faible poids de naissance (moins de 1,5 k) La fréquence des anomalies de naissance dans le groupe entier était de 13 pour cent. Elle était de 16 pour cent chez les 97 survivants et 10 pour cent chez les enfants qui moururent. 2 pour cent des survivants présentèrent des handicaps à long terme liés aux anomalies de naissance. Ainsi, contrairement aux suggestions antérieures, les anomalies de naissance ne semblent pas être une cause majeure de handicap dans ce groupe d'enfants de trés faible poids de naissance.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas Risiko einer Schädigung auf Grund eines Geburtsschadens bei Kindern rnit sehr niedrigem GeburtsgewichtBei einer Gruppe von 195 Kindern mit sehr niedrigem Geburtsgewicht (1,5 kg) wurde die Beziehung zwischen Geburtsschäden (angeborene Mißbildungen und genetisch bedingte metabolische Defekte) und Dauerschädigungen untersucht. Bei 13 Prozent dieser Gruppe kamen Geburtsschäden vor. Von den 98 Überlebenden waren es 16 Prozent und von den 97 Verstorbenen 10 Prozent. 2 Prozent der Überlebenden zeigten Dauerschädigungen bedingt durch einen Geburtsschaden. Entgegen früherer Behauptungen scheinen also Geburtsschäden bei diesen Kindern mit sehr niedrigem Geburtsgewicht kein Hauptgrund für Dauerschädigungen zu sein.RESUMENEl riesgo de rninusvalía debida a un defecto de nacirniento en niños con un peso de nacimiento muy bajoEn un grupo de 195 niños de un peso de nacimiento muy bajo (< 1,5 kg) se ha examinado la relación entre defectos de nacimiento (malformaciones congénitas y errores metabólicos genéticamente determinados) y minusvalías a largo plazo. La incidencia global de los defectos de nacimiento en todo el grupo fue del 13 por ciento. La incidencia fue del 16 por ciento en los 98 supervivientes y 10 por ciento en los 97 que murieron. Dos por ciento de los supervivientes tenían minusvalías a largo plazo debidas a un defecto de nacimiento. Así pues, contrariamente a sugestiones anteriores, el defecto de nacimiento no aparece como una causa mayor de minusvalia a largo plazo en este grupo de niños de muy bajo peso de nacimiento.
An Exploratory Study of the Relationship Between Size Constancy and Experience of Mobility in Cerebral Palsied Children
Authors: Wedell K. , Newman Colin V. , Reid P. , Bradbury I. R. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYSize constancy was investigated in a group of cerebral palsied children aged between 7 and 9 years, and in a reference group of non‐handicapped children in the same age‐range. Cerebral palsied children showed significantly less size constancy at 12 and 17 feet. Analysis of the results for cerebral palsied children, when these were grouped according to length of experience of independent mobility, provided some confirmation of the hypothesis that limited experience of independent mobility is associated with reduced size constancy.RÉSUMÉEtude exploratoire de la relation entre la constance des grandeurs et les expériences de mobilité chez les enfants IMCLa constance des grandeurs (aptitude à juger que la taille d'un objects la même à différentes distances) a étéétudiée dans un groupe d'enfants imc de 7 à 9 ans et un groupe contrôle d'enfants non handicapés de même 2ge. Les enfants imc ont montré une constance des grandeurs significativement moindre è 12 et 17 pieds (3,65 m et 5,18 m). L'analyse des résultats chez les enfants imc regroupés selon le temps d'expérience de mobilité indépendante apporte quelques confirmations à I'hypothttse qu'une expérience limitée de mobilité indépendante est associée è une constance des grandeurs moindre.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEine untersuchende Studie über die Beziehung von Gröβenkonstanz und Bewegungserfahrung bei cerebral paretischen KindernBei einer Gruppe cerebral paretischer Kinder im Alter von 7–9 Jahren und bei einer Gruppe nicht geschädigter Kinder derselben Altersstufe wurden Untersuchungen über die Größenkonstanz (d.h. die Fähigkeit, die Größe eines Gegenstandes in verschiedenen Entfernungen gleich abzuschätzen) durchgeführt. Die cerebral paretischen Kinder wiesen eine signifikant geringere Größenkonstanz bei 12 und 17 Fuß (3,65 und 5,18 Metern) auf. Die Analyse der Ergebnisse fur die cerebral paretischen Kinder, die nach der Dauer der unabhängigen Bewegungserfahrung eingeteilt waren, unterstrich die Vermutung, daß eine Beziehung besteht zwischen der begrenzten Dauer unabhängiger Bewegungserfahrung und der eingeschränkten Größenkonstanz.RESUMENEstudio exploratorio de la relación entre la constancia en la determinación del tamaño y la experiencia de movilidad en niños con parálisis cerebralLa habilidad para juzgar el tamaiio de un mismo objeto a diferentes distancias se investigó en un grupo de niños con paràlisis cerebral entre 10s 7 y 9 años y en un grupo de niños no minusvàlidos con el mismo margen de edad. Los niños con paràlisis cerebral mostraron significativamente menos habilidad para distancias de 12 y 17 pies (3,65 y 5,18 m.). El anàlisis sobre 10s resultados para 10s niños con paràlisis cerebral, agrupados según el tiempo de experiencia de motilidad independiente, arrojó alguna confirmación de la hipótesis según la cual la limitada experiencia en la motilidad independiente va asociada con una reducción de la habilidad para juzgar dimensiones de objetos.