bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential adjustment in gill Na+/K+- and V-ATPase activities and transporter mRNA expression during osmoregulatory acclimation in the cinnamon shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum (Decapoda, Palaemonidae)
Authors: Faleiros Rogério Oliveira , Goldman Maria Helena S. , Furriel Rosa P. M. , McNamara John Campbell 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY
We evaluate osmotic and chloride (Cl–) regulatory capability in the diadromous shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum, and the accompanying alterations in hemolymph osmolality and [Cl–], gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and expression of gill Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit and V-ATPase B subunit mRNA during salinity (S) acclimation. We also characterize V-ATPase kinetics and the organization of transport-related membrane systems in the gill epithelium. Macrobrachium amazonicum strongly hyper-regulates hemolymph osmolality and [Cl–] in freshwater and in salinities up to 25‰ S. During a 10-day acclimation period to 25‰ S, hemolymph became isosmotic and hypo-chloremic after 5 days, [Cl–] alone remaining hyporegulated thereafter. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit mRNA expression increased 6.5 times initial values after 1 h, then decreased to 3 to 4 times initial values by 24 h and to 1.5 times initial values after 10 days at 25‰ S. This increased expression was accompanied by a sharp decrease at 5 h then recovery of initial Na+/K+-ATPase activity within 24 h, declining again after 5 days, which suggests transient Cl– secretion. V-ATPase B-subunit mRNA expression increased 1.5-fold within 1 h, then reduced sharply to 0.3 times initial values by 5 h, and remained unchanged for the remainder of the 10-day period. V-ATPase activity dropped sharply and was negligible after a 10-day acclimation period to 21‰ S, revealing a marked downregulation of ion uptake mechanisms. The gill epithelium consists of thick, apical pillar cell flanges, the perikarya of which are coupled to an intralamellar septum. These two cell types respectively exhibit extensive apical evaginations and deep membrane invaginations, both of which are associated with numerous mitochondria, characterizing an ion transporting epithelium. These changes in Na+/K+- and V-ATPase activities and in mRNA expression during salinity acclimation appear to underpin ion uptake and Cl– secretion by the palaemonid shrimp gill.
Sensing the strike of a predator fish depends on the specific gravity of a prey fish
Authors: Stewart William J. , McHenry Matthew J. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYThe ability of a predator fish to capture a prey fish depends on the hydrodynamics of the prey and its behavioral response to the predator's strike. Despite the importance of this predator–prey interaction to the ecology and evolution of a diversity of fish, it is unclear what factors dictate a fish's ability to evade capture. The present study evaluated how the specific gravity of a prey fish's body affects the kinematics of prey capture and the signals detected by the lateral line system of the prey during the strike of a suction-feeding predator. The specific gravity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae was measured with high precision from recordings of terminal velocity in solutions of varying density. This novel method found that specific gravity decreased by ∼5% (from 1.063, N=8, to 1.011, N=35) when the swim bladder inflates. To examine the functional consequences of this change, we developed a mathematical model of the hydrodynamics of prey in the flow field created by a suction-feeding predator. This model found that the observed decrease in specific gravity due to swim bladder inflation causes an 80% reduction of the flow velocity around the prey's body. Therefore, swim bladder inflation causes a substantial reduction in the flow signal that may be sensed by the lateral line system to evade capture. These findings demonstrate that the ability of a prey fish to sense a predator depends crucially on the specific gravity of the prey.
Effect of different glycaemic conditions on gene expression of neuropeptides involved in control of food intake in rainbow trout; interaction with stress
Authors: Conde-Sieira Marta , Agulleiro Maria J. , Aguilar Ariel J. , Míguez Jesús M. , Cerdá-Reverter José M. , Soengas José L. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY
To assess mechanisms relating to food intake and glucosensing in fish, and their interaction with stress, we evaluated changes in the expression of orexigenic (NPY) and anorexigenic (POMC, CART and CRF) peptides in central glucosensing areas (hypothalamus and hindbrain) of rainbow trout subjected to normoglycaemic (control), hypoglycaemic (4 mg insulin kg–1) or hyperglycaemic (500 mg glucose kg–1) conditions for 6 h under normal stocking density (NSD; 10 kg fish mass m–3) or under stress conditions induced by high stocking density (HSD; 70 kg fish mass m–3). Hyperglycaemic NSD conditions resulted in decreased mRNA levels of NPY and increased levels of CART and POMC in the hypothalamus as well as increased mRNA levels of CART and CRF in the hindbrain compared with hypo- and normoglycaemic conditions. HSD conditions in normoglycaemic fish induced marked changes in the expression of all peptides assessed: mRNA levels of NPY and CRF increased and mRNA levels of POMC and CART decreased in the hypothalamus, whereas the expression of all four peptides (NPY, POMC, CART and CRF) decreased in the hindbrain. Furthermore, HSD conditions altered the response to changes in glycaemia of NPY and POMC expression in the hypothalamus and CART expression in the hypothalamus and the hindbrain. The results are discussed in the context of food intake regulation by glucosensor systems and their interaction with stress in fish.
Hypoxia stimulates lactate disposal in rainbow trout
Authors: Omlin Teye , Weber Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYCurrent understanding of lactate metabolism in fish is based almost entirely on the interpretation of concentration measurements that cannot be used to infer changes in flux. The goals of this investigation were: (1) to quantify baseline lactate fluxes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under normoxic conditions; (2) to establish how changes in rates of lactate appearance (Ra) and disposal (Rd) account for the increase in blood lactate elicited by hypoxia; and (3) to identify the tissues responsible for lactate production. Ra and Rd lactate of rainbow trout were measured in vivo by continuous infusion of [U-14C]lactate in trout exposed to 25% O2 saturation or maintained in normoxia for 90 min. In normoxic fish, Ra lactate decreased from 18.2 to 13.1 μmol kg–1 min–1 and Rd lactate from 19.0 to 12.8. Ra and Rd were always matched, thereby maintaining a steady baseline blood lactate concentration of ∼0.8 mmol l–1. By contrast, the hypoxic fish increased blood lactate to 8.9 mmol l–1 and Ra lactate from 18.4 to 36.5 μmol kg–1 min–1. This stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis was unexpectedly accompanied by a 52% increase in Rd lactate from 19.9 to 30.3 μmol kg–1 min–1. White muscle was the main producer of lactate, which accumulated to 19.2 μmol g–1 in this tissue. This first study of non-steady-state lactate kinetics in fish shows that the increase in lactate disposal elicited by hypoxia plays a strategic role in reducing the lactate load on the circulation. Without this crucial response, blood lactate accumulation would double.
Double column osteotomy for correction of residual adduction deformity in idiopathic clubfoot
Authors: Loza Michel Eshak , Bishay Sherif NG , El-Barbary Hassan Magdy , Hanna Atef Abdel-Aziz Zaki , Tarraf Yehia Nour El-Din , Lotfy Ashraf Adel Ibrahim 
Published: October 2010

INTRODUCTIONAdduction of the forefoot is the most common residual deformity in idiopathic clubfoot. The ‘bean-shaped foot’, which is a term used to describe a clinical deformity of forefoot adduction and midfoot supination, is not uncommonly seen in resistant clubfoot.SUBJECTS AND METHODSFifteen children (20 feet) with residual forefoot adduction in idiopathic clubfeet aged 3–7 years were analyzed clinically and radiographically. All of the cases were treated by double column osteotomy (closing wedge cuboid osteotomy and opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy) with soft tissue releases (plantar fasciotomy and abductor hallucis release), to correct adduction, supination and cavus deformities. Pre-operative measurements of certain foot angles were compared with their corresponding postoperative values.RESULTSA grading system for evaluation of the results using a point scoring system was suggested to evaluate accurately both clinical and radiographic results after a follow-up period of an average of 2.3 years. Eight feet (40%) had excellent, eight (40%) good, three (15%) fair, and one (5%) poor outcome. There was no major complication. There was significant improvement in the result (P > 0.04).CONCLUSIONSDouble column osteotomy can be considered superior to other types of bone surgeries in correction of residual adduction, cavus and rotational deformities in idiopathic clubfoot.
Postoperative drainage in head and neck surgery
Authors: Amir Ida , Morar Pradeep , Belloso Antonio 
Published: October 2010

INTRODUCTION A major factor affecting patients’ length of hospitalisation following head and neck surgery remains the use of surgical drains. The optimal time to remove these drains has not been well defined. A routine practice is to measure the drainage every 24 h and remove the drain when daily drainage falls below 25 ml. This study aims to determine whether drainage measurement at shorter intervals decreases the time to drain removal and hence the length of in-patient stays. PATIENTS AND METHODS A 6-month prospective observational study was performed. The inclusion criteria were patients who underwent head and neck surgery without neck dissection and had a closed suction drain inserted. Drainage rates were measured at 8-hourly intervals. Drains were removed when drainage-rate was ≤ 1 ml/h over an 8-h period. RESULTS A total of 43 patients were evaluated. The highest drainage rate occurred in the first 8 postoperative hours and decreased significantly in the subsequent hours. The median drainage rates at 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 postoperative hours were 3.375, 1, 0, 0 and 0 ml/h, respectively. Applying our new removal criteria of ≤ 1 ml/h drainage rate, the drains were removed in 22 (51%) patients at the 16th postoperative hour; 37 (86%) were removed by 24 h after operation. In comparison, only nine (20.9%) patients could potentially be discharged the day after surgery if previous criteria of ≤ 25 ml/24-h were used to decide on drain removal. CONCLUSIONS Our 8-hourly drainage-rate monitoring has facilitated safe earlier discharge of an additional 28 (65%) patients on the day after surgery. This has led to improvement in patient care, better optimisation of hospital resources and resulted in positive economic implications to the department.
Alveolar bone grafting: results of a national outcome study
Authors: Revington Peter J , McNamara Clare , Mukarram Shumaila , Perera Esther , Shah Hemendranath V , Deacon Scott A 
Published: October 2010

INTRODUCTION In 1998, the Clinical Standards Advisory Group (CSAG) report demonstrated a successful radiographic outcome of 58%, for alveolar bone grafting, from 157 cases of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) in children aged 12 years. No further national studies have assessed the current level of radiographic outcome following the re-organisation of cleft services since the recommendations from the CSAG report. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 2008, radiographic images were requested for alveolar bone grafts performed in calendar year 2006 from each of the now established UK cleft centres. A sample of 206 patients with 235 grafted sites was scored by a panel of trained assessors, following a calibration exercise, using a modified Kindelan index. Inter- and intra-observer variation was assessed. RESULTS The overall radiographic success rate for the 2006 images assessed was 85%. There was no statistical difference for radiographic success between centres or surgeons or cleft type when defined as either a bilateral or unilateral alveolar defect for a patient. CONCLUSIONS Alveolar bone grafting appears to have improved radiographic outcomes when compared with the CSAG report following the re-organisation of surgical services for children with cleft lip and/or palate.
Audit of safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of local anaesthetic cystodiathermy
Authors: Davenport Kim , Keeley Francis X , Timoney Anthony G 
Published: October 2010

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to audit our experience of cystodiathermy under local anaesthetic (LA) at the time of flexible cystoscopy for recurrent superficial bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 264 flexible cystoscopies were performed on patients with a past history of TCC. The number and site of recurrences were recorded and selected patients were offered cystodiathermy. Patient tolerability was noted. At follow-up, any recurrence was recorded. RESULTS Eighty patients (30%) had 91 procedures showing one or more recurrences. Fifty-one of the 80 patients (64%) were treated with cystodiathermy under LA. All completed treatment. Forty-five (88%) tolerated the procedure well. Forty-seven (92%) treatments were completed within 5 min. At a median follow-up of 15 weeks, 30 (59%) treated patients had no recurrence and three (6%) had recurrence at the site of treatment. CONCLUSIONS LA cystodiathermy is an effective and well-tolerated alternative to general anaesthetic cystodiathermy that enables treatment at the time of detection and may, thereby, reduce patient anxiety.
Absorbable or non-absorbable sutures? A prospective, randomised evaluation of aesthetic outcomes in patients undergoing elective day-case hand and wrist surgery
Authors: Kundra RK , Newman S , Saithna A , Lewis AC , Srinivasan S , Srinivasan K 
Published: October 2010

INTRODUCTION We prospectively evaluated aesthetic outcomes in a group of randomised patients who underwent elective day-case hand and wrist surgery using either absorbable or non-absorbable sutures. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cohort of 100 adult patients were randomised using sealed envelopes to receive either absorbable or non-absorbable sutures for their wound closure. Clinical review was carried out at 6 weeks. A postal questionnaire was sent to all patients 3 months following surgery comprising a visual analogue scale (VAS) for wound satisfaction, a validated 6-point patient scar assessment tool and the shortened version of the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (QuickDASH). RESULTS From the postal questionnaire, 70 responses were received. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of VAS, patient scar assessment tool and quick DASH. CONCLUSIONS For elective day-case hand and wrist surgery, either suture material can be used confidently with respect to overall aesthetic appearance in such patients.
Pre-operative inspiratory muscle training preserves postoperative inspiratory muscle strength following major abdominal surgery – a randomised pilot study
Authors: Kulkarni SR , Fletcher E , McConnell AK , Poskitt KR , Whyman MR 
Published: October 2010

INTRODUCTION The aim of this pilot study was to assess the effect of pre-operative inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory variables in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS Respiratory muscle strength (maximum inspiratory [MIP] and expiratory [MEP] mouth pressure) and pulmonary functions were measured at least 2 weeks before surgery in 80 patients awaiting major abdominal surgery. Patients were then allocated randomly to one of four groups (Group A, control; Group B, deep breathing exercises; Group C, incentive spirometry; Group D, specific IMT). Patients in groups B, C and D were asked to train twice daily, each session lasting 15 min, for at least 2 weeks up to the day before surgery. Outcome measurements were made immediately pre-operatively and postop-eratively. RESULTS In groups A, B and C, MIP did not increase from baseline to pre-operative assessments. In group D, MIP increased from 51.5 cmH2O (median) pre-training to 68.5 cmH2O (median) post-training pre-operatively (P < 0.01). Postoperatively, groups A, B and C showed a fall in MIP from baseline (P < 0.01, P < 0.01) and P = 0.06, respectively). No such significant reduction in postoperative MIP was seen in group D (P = 0.36). CONCLUSIONS Pre-operative specific IMT improves MIP pre-operatively and preserves it postoperatively. Further studies are required to establish if this is associated with reduced pulmonary complications.
The impact of an Acute Knee Clinic
Authors: Ball Simon , Haddad Fares S 
Published: October 2010

INTRODUCTION The aim of this audit was to analyse the impact of an open access clinic for the treatment of soft tissue knee injuries with regard to delay to treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from 100 consecutive patients seen in our sports clinic in 2000 were collected. Following this audit, an Acute Knee Clinic was introduced and took place once per week. In 2006, the audit loop was closed and data from 100 consecutive patients seen in the Acute Knee Clinic were collected. RESULTS The time from injury to the first review by a specialist is referred to as the time to diagnosis. The introduction of the Acute Knee Clinic led to an 89% reduction in the time to diagnosis for accident and emergency referrals and a 32% reduction for general practitioner referrals. The average number of visits of any sort made by the patient prior to review by a specialist in 2000 was five as opposed to one in 2006. CONCLUSIONS An Acute Knee Clinic with open access is a simple method of dramatically reducing the delay to diagnosis. This decreases the total delay to treatment which is of particular importance in patients requiring anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction due to the risk of secondary meniscal and chondral injuries. Decreasing the delay to diagnosis and appropriate treatment reduces the recovery time. This not only reduces the socio-economic cost of soft tissue knee injuries but may also decrease the psychosocial consequences for the patient. By reducing the number of times a patient is seen by medical practitioners prior to review by a specialist has the potential to decrease the total cost of treatment. The socio-economic impact and potential actual cost savings of treatment are particularly important with the current economic climate.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Direct Assay of Lysosomal Enzymes in Dried Blood Spots:Application to Screening Newborns for Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA
Authors: Khaliq Tanvir , Sadilek Martin , Scott C Ronald , Turecek Frantisek , Gelb Michael H 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND
Treatments are being developed for an increasing number of mucopolysaccharidoses, and early diagnosis is expected to be necessary to maximize the benefits of therapy. Therefore, we developed an assay for N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS), the enzyme deficient in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio A syndrome), that is applicable for clinical diagnosis.

METHODS
A novel substrate for GALNS was synthesized for a new enzyme activity assay that is based on tandem mass spectrometry and uses dried blood spots (DBSs) as the enzyme source. We optimized the assay conditions, including the substrate concentration, reaction pH, lead formate concentration, incubation time, punch size of the DBS, and mass spectrometer conditions. We also assessed inter- and intraassay variation.

RESULTS
The assay uses either solid-phase or liquid-phase extraction before analysis by mass spectrometry. An evaluation of blood spots from 90 randomly chosen healthy newborns and 9 patients with Morquio A syndrome showed a well-defined interval between their respective enzyme activities. Inter- and intraassay imprecision was &lt;10%.

CONCLUSIONS
This tandem mass spectrometry assay requires a minimal number of sample-preparation steps, thus making it easy to implement. The assay has the potential to be adopted for early diagnosis of Morquio A syndrome. We believe this assay could be performed in a multiplex fashion with assays for other lysosomal enzymes.
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine as Predictors for Mortality in Patients Referred for Coronary Angiography: The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Meinitzer Andreas , Kielstein Jan T , Pilz Stefan , Drechsler Christiane , Ritz Eberhard , Boehm Bernhard O , Winkelmann Bernhard R , März Winfried 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND
Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, has been linked to cardiovascular risk. The clinical role of its structural isomer symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA) remains largely unclear.

METHODS
We measured SDMA and ADMA in 3229 patients undergoing coronary angiography at baseline (1997–2000) and recorded total and cardiovascular mortality during a median follow-up time of 7.7 years. We investigated associations of SDMA with cardiovascular risk factors and mortality and compared its role as a cardiovascular risk factor with ADMA, which predicted mortality in previous analyses of our study.

RESULTS
In linear regression analyses including common cardiovascular risk factors as covariates, SDMA and ADMA were significantly associated with cystatin C, N-terminal pro-B–type natriuretic peptide, New York Heart Association classification, and homocysteine. The regression coefficients were higher for SDMA than for ADMA. In Cox proportional-hazards models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratios (HRs) (with 95% CI) in the second, third, and fourth SDMA quartile compared to the lowest quartile were 0.77 (0.60–0.99), 0.99 (0.78–1.25), and 1.51 (1.20–1.91) for total mortality and 0.92 (0.68–1.25), 0.93 (0.68–1.26), and 1.54 (1.14–2.01) for cardiovascular mortality. The same calculations for ADMA quartiles revealed HRs of 1.05 (0.83–1.32), 1.19 (0.95–1.50), and 1.61 (1.30–1.99) for total mortality and HR of 1.00 (0.74–1.34), 1.26 (0.95–1.68), and 1.54 (1.18–2.02) for cardiovascular mortality.

CONCLUSIONS
Serum concentrations of SDMA are independently associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography. The pattern of risk linked to SDMA is different from that linked to ADMA, suggesting different pathophysiological roles of these 2 methylarginine metabolites.