bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The inter- and intra-individual variance in descending pain modulation evoked by different conditioning stimuli in healthy men
Authors: Oono Yuka , Nie Hongling , Matos Renata Lima , Wang Kelun , Arendt-Nielsen Lars 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background and purpose
Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is a phenomenon in which pain is inhibited by heterotopic noxious stimulation. It is not known how the experimental condition affects the magnitude of the CPM response and the inter-and intra-individual variations. It is important to get the information of the test–retest reliability and inter–individual variations of CPM to apply CPM as a diagnostic tool or for screening analgesic compounds. This study evaluated (1) the magnitude of CPM, (2) the inter-individual coefficient of variation (inter-CV) and (3) the intra-individual coefficient of variation (intra-CV) to (A) different stimulus modalities to evoke CPM and (B) different assessment sites.

Methods
Twelve healthy men (age 19–38 years) participated in this study. Cold pressor pain (CPP) (immersing the hand into cold water), tourniquet pain (cuff around the upper arm) and mechanical pressure pain (craniofacial region) were used in randomized order as conditioning stimuli (CS). The test stimulus (TS) was pressure pain applied to the right masseter muscle, left forearm and leg (bilateral tibialis anterior: TA). The responses were pressure pain thresholds (PPT), pressure pain tolerance (PPTol) thresholds and the pain intensity which was assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS, 0–10 cm) following 1.4 and 1.6 × PPT applied to TA. The TS was applied before, during and 10 min after the CS. The intra-individual CV was estimated between different days.

Results
CPP induced the most powerful CPM on PPT (66.3 ± 10.0% increase), VAS ratings (41.5 ± 5.3% reduction) and PPTol (32.6±4.6% increase), especially at TA, and resulted in the smallest inter-CV (41.4–60.1%). Independently of the CS, the inter-CV in general showed that the recordings from the orofacial region and the forearm had smaller values than from the leg. The smallest intra-CV value was obtained in pain ratings with CPP (27.0%).

Conclusions
This study suggests that (1) the CPP evokes the largest CPM, (2) the leg as the assessment site results in the largest CPM responses and (3) the CPP causes the smallest inter- and intra-CV.

Implication
The present investigation implicates that the CPP is the most efficient conditioning stimulus to induce CPM when assessed by pressure pain thresholds.
Dynamic bifurcations and pattern formation in melting-boundary convection
Authors: Vasil G. M. , Proctor M. R. E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe consider weakly nonlinear convection in a fluid layer with a melting top boundary. This leads us to derive a new set of non-autonomous envelope equations as a dynamic generalization to the well-known Ginzburg–Landau equation. However, this new system possesses a number of interesting properties not found in systems close to a traditional dynamic bifurcation, because it involves the interaction of two destabilizing mechanisms. We investigate the system both analytically and numerically; specifically, we find the robust ‘locking in’ of spatially complex patterns, and show this is a general feature of systems of this nature.
The unsteady three-dimensional wake produced by a trapezoidal pitching panel
Authors: Green Melissa A. , Rowley Clarence W. , Smits Alexander J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractParticle image velocimetry (PIV) is used to investigate the three-dimensional wakes of rigid pitching panels with a trapezoidal geometry, chosen to model idealized fish caudal fins. Experiments are performed for Strouhal numbers from 0.17 to 0.56 for two different trailing edge pitching amplitudes. A Lagrangian coherent structure (LCS) analysis is employed to investigate the formation and evolution of the panel wake. A classic reverse von Kármán vortex street pattern is observed along the mid-span of the near wake, but the vortices realign and exhibit strong interactions near the spanwise edges of the wake. At higher Strouhal numbers, the complexity of the wake increases downstream of the trailing edge as the spanwise vortices spread transversely and lose coherence as the wake splits. This wake transition is shown to correspond to a qualitative change in the LCS pattern surrounding each vortex core, and can be identified as a quantitative event that is not dependent on arbitrary threshold levels. The location of this transition is observed to depend on both the pitching amplitude and free stream velocity, but is not constant for a fixed Strouhal number. On the panel surface, the trapezoidal planform geometry is observed to create additional vortices along the swept edges that retain coherence for low Strouhal numbers or high sweep angles. These additional swept-edge structures are conjectured to add to the complex three-dimensional flow near the tips of the panel.
Twisted Paths to European Integration: Comparing Agriculture and Transport Policies in a Transnational Perspective
Authors: PATEL KIRAN KLAUS , SCHOT JOHAN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTaking the comparison of agricultural and transport policies as an example, this article argues for a new way of writing European integration history. It goes beyond the state-centric confines of the diplomatic history which has dominated the field so far and challenges the teleologies in most accounts. Instead, it argues for the need to take into account long-term perspectives as well as the role of transnational actors with a more contingent narrative. Moreover, it demonstrates that the availability of alternative inter- and transnational regimes can be decisive for the trajectory of integration within EC/EU parameters.
How Political are the Social Movements in the Baltic Republics?
Authors: Shtromas Alexandras 
Published: September 2011

Before the 1980s one hardly spoke of any significant social movements in the Baltic republics. Political apathy, bordering on hopelessness, as far as the masses were concerned, and an emphasized apoliticism of the intelligentsia, whose members never tired of stressing that their only concerns are professional, cultural, maybe aesthetic, but not at all political—that was the social situation in the Baltic states most of the time under Soviet rule.This overall image of apathy, complacency, and acquiescence was, however, not entirely correct. Underneath there were many things happening, as very few Balts indeed were total conformists and total loyalists of the Soviet regime. Most of them were, rather, “conservationists.” That is a special term I use for people outwardly loyal to the Soviet system, working within that system, trying to comply with the rules of the system, but at the same time using whatever position in the system they have to preserve their nation's economic, cultural, and historical heritage. They were trying especially hard to safeguard their nation's economic well-being, ecological situation and, of course, spiritual identity and heritage, by promoting art, literature and other activities, mainly under the slogan “national in form and socialist in content,” but more and more national in form and less and less socialist in content, as far as the circumstances allowed it. These people wore the disguise of Soviet loyalism for the benefit and the advantage of their own nation; that was the attitude I call conservationism in the Baltic states and that was the attitude that was prevalent among most native Balts.
Beyond common sense: reconceptualizing National Curriculum assessment
Authors: RUTHVEN KENNETH 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article examines the implications of the shift, in England and Wales, from the pre‐Dearing National Curriculum assessment model based on the assessment of performance in relation to statements of attainment, to the post‐Dearing model based on level descriptions. Both the original and r..vised models reflect a common sense view that learning is marked by stepwise acquisition of curricular objectives, with assessment providing robust and interpretable indices of such progress. However, two key shifts in conceptualization have taken place: from a focus on actual performance on individual objectives to idealized performance on complexes of objectives; and from a concept of hierarchical progression to one of cumulative progression. The article highlights some of the central weaknesses of the common sense view, in both its original and revised versions, by reference to the findings of research on assessment in mathematics. Neither model takes sufficient account of the extent to which development and learning in mathematics involve progressive, but uneven, consolidation, co‐ordination and reorganization of knowledge, with stability of performance achieved only at the end of this process. A more fruitful, but controversial, way forward would be to conceptualize a pupil's learning as taking place in a development band, in which concepts are still being refined. This would recognize that performance is less consistent in this band, and that task content and presentation have an important influence. The creation of such a system would demand the improved definition of attainment targets, and scaling within them, through further research; and the development of teacher assessment and standard assessment so that they can be genuinely complementary. Reliance on politically expedient short tests is unlikely to prove either trustworthy or informative.
The changing role of the primary school curriculum co‐ordinator
Authors: WEBB ROSEMARY , VULLIAMY GRAHAM 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe paper examines the changing role of primary school curriculum co‐ordinators following the implementation of the 1988 Education Reform Act and in the context of recent government and OFSTED exhortations for better subject teaching. Based upon qualitative data from a national sample of 50 schools in England and Wales, it argues that several factors have recently raised the status and influence of curriculum co‐ordinators in schools. They were playing a major role in whole‐school curriculum planning and policy‐making and were raising the collective confidence of staff in their subjects. However, co‐ordinators’ abilities to modify other teachers’ pedagogies were limited by their colleagues’ lack of subject knowledge. In addition, if co‐ordinators are to meet the new demands of their role and have more influence as change agents, they need courses and in‐school support to develop a range of skills, including people management, evaluation techniques and the provision of INSET. Co‐ordinators in some of the sample schools were involved in area networks for specific subjects; they met on a regular basis, rotating around each other's schools, to share initiatives and concerns. In only a few schools was supporting teachers in their classrooms a regular planned and timetabled activity. Lack of non‐contact time militated against such collaborative activities. So also did inter‐personal factors, such as differences in status and authority and feelings of insecurity on behalf of the co‐ordinator, and aspects of the traditional culture of primary schools, which respects class teacher individuality, privacy and autonomy. The paper argues that, because the introduction of the National Curriculum has greatly increased the planning, classroom preparation and assessment responsibilities of class teachers and brought an extended role to curriculum co‐ordinators, the funding disparities between primary and secondary school staffing are no longer justifiable.
Twenty years of history through drama
Authors: GOALEN PAUL 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn 1974, John Fines and Ray Verrier published The Drama of History which became a source of pedagogical inspiration for history teachers in the UK. This article begins by reviewing the influence of history through drama both as an approach to teaching and learning in classrooms and within the ‘Living History’ movement, which seeks to bring history alive on sites of historic interest. However, like Fines and Verrier, the author's principal interest is in work focused in the classroom which seeks to teach history by drawing on drama strategies wedded to active learning techniques. On the face of it, the introduction of a National Curriculum for history posed a serious threat to the continuation of such pedagogical practices; an overcrowded programme of study, increased emphasis on the acquisition of historical knowledge and pressure from the Right predicted a return to traditional teaching methods. Diminished local support arising from the partial collapse of local education authority structures also betokened the demise of history through drama. The evidence, however, suggests that although teaching style was constrained for a short time while teachers were coming to terms with the National Curriculum, they have held on to their commitment to a mode of pedagogic operation that they value highly. The data on which this observation is based were collected by interview from heads of history in ten state comprehensive schools in 1994. These demonstrated the extent to which history through drama is again being practised in their schools and justified its use in terms of a number of social and educational objectives. This indicates that history teachers have shown a willingness to mediate and interpret the new curriculum rather than be enslaved by it.
Girls, learning and science in the framework of the National Curriculum
Authors: BENTLEY DI , DROBINSKI SAMANTHA 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article examines changes in girls’ attitudes towards aspects of science in the context of the National Curriculum. It is based on some research that was conducted by questionnaire with a sample of 420 girls in Y9 who had experienced a common problem‐solving approach to science through participation in the CREST (Creativity in Science and Technology) project. The questionnaires were administered during a major two‐day event organized by the project. This article focuses on the responses to questions concerned with girls’ liking for science generally, their liking for problem‐solving, and their liking for different aspects of science. Responses indicated that liking for science was significantly above the average for liking of other subjects, also that problem‐solving had appeal for its associations with autonomy and control over work, ideas, plans and methods. These results might, however, have been skewed by the context in which the questionnaire was administered. More difficult to account for in terms of contextual influence was that girls reported liking ‘energy’ as an aspect of science. Compared with APU findings, reported in 1989, this suggested a possible shift in preferences away from those which are stereotypical. In an attempt to account for this apparent shift, the authors speculate that the National Curriculum is the only common factor that could have brought about this change, specifically in relation to the concept of energy. Thus the National Curriculum, together with experiences like those provided by CREST, could be changing girls’ attitudes to science.
Rural students’ transitions to secondary school: culture, curriculum and context
Authors: WALSH MARY ELLEN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article is based on a year‐long study of elementary to secondary transition in rural Ontario, Canada. The study considered the experience of transition for rural students within the political context of recently mandated changes to the transition years in Ontario. Research elsewhere suggests that the strong academic orientation of the secondary school creates a polarized and fragmented school culture which leads to student alienation and high drop‐out rates. These issues were regarded as less relevant in the rural area where the study took place and, thus, the teachers, parents and students who participated were sceptical about the need for change. The article examines the influence of contextual factors, including the rural setting, school structure and size, and teacher experience, on school culture and curriculum, and participants’ experiences of transition and their perspectives on change. A dialogical approach to enquiry was taken which attempted to bring together, through dialogue, the disparate views of research and participants to achieve new understandings on the critical issues of rural transition.
Change in education and the mathematics teacher's role in Poland
Authors: Wojciechowska Agnieszka 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the revolutionary and counter‐revolutionary influences that are impacting on Polish schools and Polish planning for the curriculum. The paper looks, in particular, at the issue of school textbooks, the changing focus of state control and the impending impact of computer technology in transforming the politics of control.
The Tomato MADS-Box Transcription Factor RIPENING INHIBITOR Interacts with Promoters Involved in Numerous Ripening Processes in a COLORLESS NONRIPENING-Dependent Manner
Authors: Martel Catherine , Vrebalov Julia , Tafelmeyer Petra , Giovannoni James J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFruit ripening is a complex developmental process responsible for the transformation of the seed-containing organ into a tissue attractive to seed dispersers and agricultural consumers. The coordinated regulation of the different biochemical pathways necessary to achieve this change receives considerable research attention. The MADS-box transcription factor RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN) is an essential regulator of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening but the exact mechanism by which it influences the expression of ripening-related genes remains unclear. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation approach, we provide evidence that RIN interacts with the promoters of genes involved in the major pathways associated with observed and well-studied ripening phenotypes and phenomena, including the transcriptional control network involved in overall ripening regulation, ethylene biosynthesis, ethylene perception, downstream ethylene response, cell wall metabolism, and carotenoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, in the cases of ethylene and carotenoid biosynthesis, RIN interacts with the promoters of genes encoding rate-limiting activities. We also show that RIN recruitment to target loci is dependent on a normally functioning allele at the ripening-specific transcription factor COLORLESS NONRIPENING gene locus, further clarifying the relationship between these two ripening regulators.
Hormonal Regulation of Lateral Root Development in Arabidopsis Modulated byMIZ1and Requirement of GNOM Activity forMIZ1Function
Authors: Moriwaki Teppei , Miyazawa Yutaka , Kobayashi Akie , Uchida Mayumi , Watanabe Chiaki , Fujii Nobuharu , Takahashi Hideyuki 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPlant organ development is important for adaptation to a changing environment. Genetic and physiological studies have revealed that plant hormones play key roles in lateral root formation. In this study, we show that MIZU-KUSSEI1 (MIZ1), which was identified originally as a regulator of hydrotropism, functions as a novel regulator of hormonally mediated lateral root development. Overexpression of MIZ1 (MIZ1OE) in roots resulted in a reduced number of lateral roots being formed; however, this defect could be recovered with the application of auxin. Indole-3-acetic acid quantification analyses showed that free indole-3-acetic acid levels decreased in MIZ1OE roots, which indicates that alteration of auxin level is critical for the inhibition of lateral root formation in MIZ1OE plants. In addition, MIZ1 negatively regulates cytokinin sensitivity on root development. Application of cytokinin strongly induced the localization of MIZ1-green fluorescent protein to lateral root primordia, which suggests that the inhibition of lateral root development by MIZ1 occurs downstream of cytokinin signaling. Surprisingly, miz2, a weak allele of gnom, suppressed developmental defects in MIZ1OE plants. Taken together, these results suggest that MIZ1 plays a role in lateral root development by maintaining auxin levels and that its function requires GNOM activity. These data provide a molecular framework for auxin-dependent organ development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
Homemade ultrasound phantom for teaching identification of superficial soft tissue abscess
Authors: Lo Mark D , Ackley S Heath , Solari Patrick 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundPoint-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) is often used to distinguish abscess from cellulitis in superficial soft tissue infections. With the increased use of POCUS in emergency medicine, it is important that training to use POCUS is enhanced by practice using phantom models.ObjectiveTo create an easily made, inexpensive, homemade phantom capable of simulating an abscess in superficial soft tissue infection.MethodsIncreasing amounts of Jell-O (Northfield, Illinois, USA) brand gelatin and sugar-free Metamucil (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) brand psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid fibre were experimented with until a satisfactory model was achieved. Various liquids were injected into it to simulate superficial abscess formation. The desired goal was for the phantom to appear similar to superficial human soft tissue under ultrasound scan and to be firm enough to withstand pressure from an ultrasound probe scan. The goal for the simulated abscess was to appear as a hypoechoic space under ultrasound scan. A Sonosite M-Turbo (Bothell, Washington, USA) bedside ultrasound machine with linear array transducer probe was used for the ultrasound scans.ResultsThe optimal homemade phantom incorporated 12 tablespoons of Jell-O and four tablespoons of Metamucil in one liter of water.ConclusionAn easily made, inexpensive phantom model for instruction on identification of superficial skin abscess was achieved.
Immediate surge in female visits to the cardiac emergency department following the economic collapse in Iceland: an observational study
Authors: Guðjónsdóttir Guðlaug Rakel , Kristjánsson Már , Ólafsson Örn , Arnar Davíð O , Getz Linn , Sigurðsson Jóhann Ágúst , Guðmundsson Sigurður , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveTo study potential changes in attendance at emergency departments (ED) in Reykjavík immediately following the swift economic meltdown in Iceland in October 2008.MethodsUsing electronic medical records of the National University Hospital in Reykjavík, a population-based register study was conducted contrasting weekly attendance rates at Reykjavík ED (cardiac and general ED) during 10-week periods in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The weekly number of all ED visits (major track), with discharge diagnoses, per total population at risk were used to estimate RR and 95% CI of ED attendance in weeks 41–46 (after the 2008 economic collapse) with the weekly average number of visits during weeks 37–40 (before the collapse) as reference.ResultsCompared with the preceding weeks (37–40), the economic collapse in week 41 2008 was associated with a distinct increase in the total number of visits to the cardiac ED (RR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.49), particularly among women (RR 1.41; 95% CI 1.17 to 1.69) and marginally among men (RR 1.15; 95% CI 0.96 to 1.37). A similar increase was not observed in week 41 at the general ED in 2008 or in either ED in 2007 or 2006. In week 41 2008, visits with ischaemic heart disease as discharge diagnoses (ICD-10: I20–25) were increased among women (RR 1.79; 95% CI 1.01 to 3.17) but not among men (RR 1.07; 95% CI 0.71 to 1.62).ConclusionThe dramatic economic collapse in Iceland in October 2008 was associated with an immediate short-term increase in female attendance at the cardiac ED.