bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Mass Spectrometric Approaches to the Reactivity of Transient Neutrals
Authors: SCHALLEY C. A. , HORNUNG G. , SCHROEDER D. , SCHWARZ H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical, Biological and Clinical Aspects of Dexrazoxane and Other Bisdioxopiperazines
Authors: HASINOFF B. B. , HELLMANN K. , HERMAN E. H. , FERRANS V. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Commercially Available Hemoglobin Standards to Quantitatively Calibrate a High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method
Authors: LAMBA S. S. , BRICKER B. A. , BUCH K. Y. , LEWIS H. III 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dopamine D4 Receptors: A New Opportunity for Research on Schizophrenia
Authors: LIEGEOIS J.‐F. , EYROLLES L. , BRUHWYLER J. , DELARGE J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Aspects of Monoamine Oxidase and Its Reversible Inhibition
Authors: WOUTERS J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simulation of Reactions of Fluoroalkenes by Quantum Chemistry Methods
Authors: FOKIN A. V. , LANDAU M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aliphatic Nitro Alcohols. Synthesis, Chemical Transformations and Applications
Authors: SHVEKHGEIMER M.‐G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase: A Viable Target for the Treatment of NIDDM?
Authors: ANDERSON R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Studies of Carbohydrate—Protein Interactions in Solution
Authors: POVEDA A. , JIMENEZ‐BARBERO J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A problem of the general circulation
Authors: Douglas C. K. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is shown that, so far as can be judged from present data, there is no appreciable net flow of polar air in the lower troposphere (i. e., between about 1 and 4 km.) towards the sub‐tropical anti‐ cyclone.This supports the view of Dr. Jeffreys, namely, that the exchange of air between different latitudes, required to maintain the angular momentum of the zone of W. winds against friction, is carried out entirely by currents lying side by side, and not one above the other.It is shown that if this exchange of air could be treated by the methods developed in the classical theory of turbulence, cyclones and anticyclones being regarded as eddies in the general circulation, then the supply of angular momentum into the westerly zone would be enormously greater than what is required. It is thought that the angular momentum does not diffuse in this way, owing to the large size of cyclones and anticyclones (this is probably to some extent true also of the diffusion of heat and moisture).The fundamental problem is the relation of the individual cyclone to the general circulation, and this has not yet been solved. Some empirical facts are mentioned which may prove useful to future investigators of the subject.
Discussion of memoirs
Authors: Brooks C. E. P. , Hunt Theresa M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mean annual rainfall in each five‐degree zone was calculated separately for the land and sea areas by a planimetric method, using the best available rainfall charts for each country or ocean. The results show maxima over the land in latitude 0‐5°S., and 50°‐60°S., a minimum in latitude 30°S.; over the sea, maxima in 50°N., 0‐10°N. and 40°‐45°S., minima in 40°‐50°N., 20°‐30°N. and 20°S. The figures are compared with those obtained by previous investigators. The average zonal rainfalls in each month are then computed from the annual figures by means of the annual variation at a representative series of stations, island stations being employed for the oceans. An appendix gives the average rainfall of a number of separate countries.
Discussion of extreme diurnal ranges of air temperature in the british isles
Authors: Hawke E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor reasons well understood, the greatest extremes of heat and cold were normally found at the bottom of valleys. Doubtless owing to the prevalent belief that such situations were damp and unhealthy, too few valley meteorological stations had as yet been established in this country to enable us to set an approximate limit for the range of temperature that might occur in a single day. A diurnal variation over 40°F. had been registered at Greenwich Observatory only ten times since 1841, and was usually regarded as exceptional anywhere in Britain. Yet records begun four years ago in a Hertfordshire valley, characterised by a markedly “continental” climate, already included 17 instances of a daily range exceeding 40°F., with. 48°F. on March 28, 1933, as the outstanding example. It was inferred that places so circumstanced were occasionally subjected to fluctuations of temperature amounting to more than 50°F. within a few hours.
On the secular variation of the rainfall at Adelaide, South Australia
Authors: Cornish E. A. , Glasspoole J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA detailed analysis of the rainfall of Adelaide, South Australia, has shown that throughout the 95 years 1839‐1933 there has been a definite oscillation, with a period and amplitude of approximately 23 years and 30 days respectively in the incidence and duration of the winter rains. The amplitude, though small, is nevertheless about 20 per cent of the length of the rainfall season. The total quantity precipitated has shown no statistically significant changes.
Influence of berg winds on the temperatures along the west coast of South Africa
Authors: van Rooy M. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cold Benguela current flowing northward along the West Coast of South Africa tends to keep the temperatures along the seaboard low and uniform. On the other hand, under eertain pressure distributions hot dry fdhnlike winds, coming down from the interior 3,000ft.‐plateau, and known as berg winds, cause remarkably high temperatures along the coast on the days when they occur. These berg winds are mostly in evidence during the months April to August, their frequency during this period being about eight days per month.An analysis of extreme temperatures registered at Port Nolloth shows how these hot winds cause a remarkable asymmetry in the frequency distribution of maximum temperatures and to a much lesser degree in that of the minimum temperatures.There is a very close correlation between the number of berg wind days per month and the mean monthly maximum temperatures along the West Coast, showing that the mean monthly temperatures along the West Coast are markedly influenced by these berg winds.By disregarding the extreme temperatures registered during berg wind days it is shown that the asymmetry in the temperature frequency distribution curves disappears almost entirely, and by only using the extremes of other days than berg wind days it is further shown what the seasonal variation of mean monthly temperatures would likely be if the Benguela current reigned supreme.
The lunar atmospheric tide at Melbourne 1869–1892, 1900–1914
Authors: Chapman S. , Hardman M. , Miller J. C. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe lunar atmospheric tide a t Melbourne, Australia, has been determined from nearly 36 years' record; the mean result is 28 sin (2t +84.0°) microbars, with a probable error of 2.3 microbars. This is compared with the determination made by Neumayer from data for the years 1858‐63: his result is found to be affected by so large a probable error as to be practically without value.The Melbourne tide is affected by a seasonal variation, of normal type as regards phase (high tide occurring later in December than in June), but abnormal in that the amplitude is greatest in December.The solar daily variation a t Melbourne is also analysed, as determined from all or almost all days, and separately from 421 days of barometric disturbance; the latter show the expected “concave variation,” the complement of Bartels' “convex variation” characteristic of barometrically “quiet” days.
The sea breeze at felixstowe a statistical investigation of pilot‐balloon ascents up to 5,500 feet
Authors: Sutcliffe R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe pilot‐balloon ascents for a period of ten years are analysed in order to study the sea breeze effect on upper winds from the surface to 5,500 feet. When sea breezes replace land breezes during the course of the day, the vector change in speed normal to the coast is in the order of 15 mi./hr. in the layer up to 500 feet and decreases with height to become negligible above about 5 m feet. The sea breeze has an average depth of 1,500 feet, but there is no evidence of an increased outflow to form a returning current up to the highest level considered. There is also an added component parallel to the coast of about 5 mi./hr. with the land to the left. When the sea breeze is continuous owing to a general current off the sea there is very little increase in the speed, but the wind definitely backs during the course of the day.
The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature
Authors: Callendar G. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy fuel combustion man has added about 150,000 million tons of carbon dioxide to the air during the past half century. The author estimates from the best available data that approximately three quarters of this has remained in the atmosphere.The radiation absorption coefficients of carbon dioxide and water vapour are used to show the effect of carbon dioxide on “sky radiation.” From this the increase in mean temperature, due to the artificial production of carbon dioxide, is estimated to be at the rate of 0.003°C. per year at the present time.The temperature observations a t zoo meteorological stations are used to show that world temperatures have actually increased at an average rate of 0.005°C. per year during the past half century.
The oxford expedition to North East Land, 1935‐36. General meteorology
Authors: Hamilton R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Expedition maintained a station for a year at 80° 23′ N. 19° 31′ E. on the NTIV. coast of North East Land, and other stations for shorter periods on the west coast and on the ice cap in the interior of the country.This paper gives monthly means and extreme values of the usual meteorological elements, as observed a t these various stations together with a general comparison between them.Although there is reason to believe that the winter was an unusually mild one, the observations seem t o disprove the tradition of continual gales, a wind velocity of 12 to 14 m.p.h. being maintained during the dark time. Sudden large fluctuations in temperature occurred in the winter and spring, changes of 30° F. being recorded in one day. In spite of the high latitude, temperatures above 15° F. were recorded during every month of the year. An almost constant feature of the summer weather was the mist which enveloped the ice‐cap station (1,700 ft.) and which was usually observed about 300 ft. up on the hills near the Base Camp.
Meteorological observations of the British East Greenland expedition, 1935‐36, at Kangerdlugssua, 68° 10′ n., 31° 44′ w.
Authors: Manley Gordon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSystematic and detailed meteorological observations were maintained by the British East Greenland Expedition, 1935‐36, under the leadership of L. R. Wager. The expedition's coastal base was at Kangerdlugssuak (68° 10′ N.) in a region, previously little known, which is of distinct meteorological interest. The records have been discussed in some detail and compared with those of Danish stations, and those of a previous Norwegian expedition; the courtesy and help of the Danish and Norwegian authorities is gratefully acknowledged. The British observations, reduced and tabulated, are available at the Royal Metcorological Society; summaries only are appended here, by reason of lack of space. Conclusions are reached with regard to the meteorological characteristics of the region, notably the occurrence of fjord gales and precipitation. It is hoped that the general discussion of this excellent set of observations will be of value to others working on the problems 01 Greenland meteorology. Maps and photographs will be found, accompanying the general account of the espedition, in the Geographical Journal, Vol. 90, November, 1937.
Cloud forecasting: The daily use of the tephigram
Authors: Poulter R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor air‐survey work and other specialised daylight flying it is important to know for some hours ahead in fine weather the amount of the sky that will be covered by cloud and the height at which the cloud will exist. Readings of the dry‐ and wet‐bulb thermometers at 50 mb. intervals provide information which, when plotted on a tephigram or similar diagram, enables a forecaster to predict with useful accuracy the amount, height and thickness of clouds during the day. Temperature and dew‐point at 4 ft. in the forecast area and the probable rise of temperature arc required to give the height of potential condensation, while the relation between the condensation temperature and the temperature of the environment is the criterion for cloud formation.Cloud thickness is judged by the relation between the saturation adiabatic through the condensation point and the actual temperatures above, while cloud amount is estimated by the relative humidity of the environment a t the condensation level.The application of this technique to the various situations met in day‐to‐day forecasting is described and illustrated.
Atlantic flight and its bearings on meteorology
Authors: Entwistle F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe development of long‐distance air routes in recent years has necessitated the expansion of meteorological services in different countries and, in certain cases, the establishment of organised meteorological services where none existed previously. A position is thus being approached gradually in which an organised system of meteorological observations will exist over the greater part of the globe, and material for a study of world meteorology, to an extent hitherto unknown, will be available to investigators.In the case of the long trans‐ocean air routes which are projected, a special study of prevalent meteorological conditions from the point of view of aviation is necessary. The fundamental data in such cases are supplied by observations from selected ships which bridge the gaps between the fixed continental observing stations and so contribute to the world network.Certain of the meteorological problems which have arisen, owing to the proposed establishment of a regular trans‐Atlantic air service, are discussed both from the point of view of aviation requirements and also as contributing to meteorological knowledge. A brief account is also given of the organisation devised to ensure an adequate meteorological service for trans‐ocean flights.
Report on the phenological observations in the British Isles from December, 1936, to November, 1937. no. 47
Authors: Gunton H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNew organisation for phenological‐ecological research. Modifications in analysis and presentation of results; comparison of past and new methods; plants and insects.Explanatory: arrangement of tables, appendices and diagrams. New diagrams showing phenological events and meteorological factors in juxtaposition.Ecological aspects.Conclusions and proposals for further progress.
The partition of a region into rainfall districts: With special reference to South Africa
Authors: Schumann T. E. W. , Hofmeyr W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is here presented for dividing any region into a number of rainfall districts on the basis of seasonal distribution of precipitation. This is accomplished by drawing on a map of the region two systems of lines of equal “phase” and equal “relative amplitude,” which are measures respectively of the epoch of maximum rainfall and of the normal fluctuation which occurs in the course of a year. A map of the Union of South Africa is reproduced showing rainfall districts obtained by this method.
The lunar atmospheric tide at Accra, Gold Coast, Africa
Authors: Chapman S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe lunar atmospheric tide has hitherto been determined at two stations on the African continent, Helwan and Kimberley. A new determination has now been made from about three years' bi‐hourly data for the tropical African station, Accra (5° 33′ N., 0° 12′ W.). The annual mean amplitude of the lunar tidal variation of pressure is found to have the rather small value 45 microbars; the phase angle, 72°, implies that the high (lunar) tide in the atmosphere over Accra occurs about half an hour after the moon's transit; this phase lag is quite normal.
The mechanism of thundery conditions at Karachi
Authors: Mal S. , Desai B. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWeather conditions and aeroplane ascents at Karachi between June 22 and July 2, 1936, have been examined for understanding the mechanism of thundery conditions which prevailed there during that period. It is observed that thundery conditions occurred when the characteristic monsoon inversion was absent and there was a sufficiently deep layer of air which when raised to a certain level either by insolation, arrival of sea air, or convergence of winds, released an appreciable amount of energy of latent instability.
Katabatic winds and the prevention of frost damage
Authors: Cornford C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new instrument for recording air movements of low velocity and air temperature fluctuations, and a portable anti‐radiation screen, suitable for a grass minimum thermometer, are described.Experiments are described showing that certain conditions must be fulfilled in making a just comparison between the air temperature in an orchard‐heated plantation and in an unheated plantation.Observations of air currents on hillsides on radiation nights are presented, which show that two winds exist, the “hilltop” wind and the katabatic wind. The effect of each on the other in certain localities is described. It is shown that the hilltop wind is able, on the higher part of a slope facing it, to push uphill the air in the first 10 ft. or so above the ground, and at a lower level to neutralise the force of the katabatic wind, producing a calm belt on the slope.Experiments designed to demonstrate the magnitude of air temperature differences caused by differences in the vegetative cover of the soil alone, by differences in altitude alone, and by a third unknown factor, are described.Evidence is presented showing that when a katabatic wind moves down a slope its temperature does not necessarily decrease.It is indicated how the new information may be applied to the problem of preventing frost damage to crops.
A practical method of determining the visibility number v at night
Authors: Gold Ernest 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper contains an account of a method of ascertaining the visibility number V of the International Scale of Visibility from observations of lights at fixed distances smaller than the actual distance of visibility. The method depends on the use of a meter with a filter in which the obscuring power varies continuously from zero to a value large enough to obscure the selected lights when the atmosphere is clear. The construction of the meter and its method of use are described. A unit of obscuring power is defined such that 100 units reduce the intensity of light to 1/1000th part of its incident value. This unit is of a convenient practical size for use in the graduation of the meter. In view of its utility the name “nebule” is proposed for this unit.The paper also contains an account of a method of estimating the distance of “sure” visibility of lights of different candle power at different distances in conditions of atmospheric turbidity corresponding with the different numbers of the standard scale of visibility, and suggestions for the construction of a more logical scale of visibility than the existing International Scale.
High latitude ozone measurements
Authors: Hamilton R. A. , Dobson G. M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObservations were made at North‐East Land to determine the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere by measuring the absorption of the ultra‐violet light in the spectrum of the Pole star. A quartz spectrograph was used and the spectra were examined by a photometer. The densities of the spectra for wave length 3,290 and 3,092 A were compared with the equal densities on an image on the plate of a source of light whose intensity varied along the image according to a known law. The constants were determined by carrying out a similar experiment at Oxford at night when the amount of ozone on the previous and following days had been measured by the standard method. Trouble was caused by the fogging of the plates caused by auroral light, but this was corrected for by a statistical method. The mean error of each determination was of the order of 30×10‐3 cms., but the day‐to‐day fluctuation was found to be far greater than this and than the fluctuation observed in lower latitudes. There was no apparent connection between the amount of auroræ and the amount of ozone. The results show that the autumn fall in the amount of ozone, observed at all latitudes is continued through the winter and is followed by a sudden rise in spring.