bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developments in Crystalline Silicon-based Photovoltaic Product Architecture and Manufacturing
Authors: Kalejs Juris 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSolar electric (Photovoltaic) crystalline silicon (c-Si) product design and diversity has changed very little over three decades of development since the inception of the photovoltaic industry. The dominant module product comprising over 90% of cumulative installations, which exceed 15 GW worldwide, employs a ubiquitous planar laminate configuration. This paper reviews the history of development of this commodity product, and examines the scientific underpinnings of the materials base of the c-Si module platform, which has provided confidence for manufacturers to lengthen product performance warranties to the current 25 year standard. Recent trends in c-Si module design, materials and manufacturing methods will also be discussed.
Mechano-chemical Synthesis, Deposition and Structural Characterization of CIGS
Authors: Bhojan Vidhya , Subramaniam Velumani , Alatorre Jesus Arenas , Asomaza Rene 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCuInGaSe2 (CIGS) is a prominent thin-film photovoltaic material. However, commonly used physical vapour deposition and sputtering techniques used to fabricate CIGS thin-film photovoltaic (PV) devices are complex and expensive. Therefore non-vacuum deposition techniques such as paste coating, spray pyrolysis and electro deposition are gaining more attention in recent years. Our intention is to choose a low cost non-vacuum technique like mechano-chemical synthesis of CIGS powder, followed by screen printing. Mechano chemical synthesis is a process that induces physical and/or chemical change in the compounds by mechanical energy, such as pulverization, friction or compression. This method has some advantages for the mass production of CIGS solar cells, high productivity and short processing cycle time. In the present work CIGS powders suitable for screen-printing ink has been prepared by ball milling. High purity elemental copper granules (>99.9% pure), selenium and indium powders (>99.9% pure) and fine chips of gallium (>99.9% pure) were used as the starting materials. Ball milling was carried out for an optimized composition of CuIn0.75Ga0.25Se2 using a SPEX-8000 mixer/mill at 1200 rpm for 1.5 hours.
X-ray diffraction analysis of the milled powder shows the presence of (112), (220)/ (204), (312)/ (116), (400) and (332) peaks corresponding to CIGS chalcopyrite structure with a preferential orientation along (112) peak. The average grain size calculated by Scherrer’s formula is about 12.24 nm. Crystallographic structure of the prepared CIGS powder was analyzed by Rietveld analysis using X-ray powder diffraction data. Geometry optimization of the structure was performed and the basic structural properties have been evaluated by density functional approximation and compared with experimental results. Density of states has been simulated for the same structure inorder to have a better understanding of the distribution of atomic orbitals. FESEM analysis shows the agglomeration of nano particles. Particle size varied from 11 to 30nm. Final composition of the milled powder studied by Energy dispersive X-ray analysis gives 24.39 at% Cu, 21.42 at% In, 7.22 at% Ga and 46.97 at% Se. HRTEM analysis reveals the presence of nano crystalline particles. The interplanar distance (d-spacing) corresponding to (112), (220)/ (204), (512)/ (417) and (620)/ (604) diffraction peaks has been estimated and compared with standard values and the corresponding diffraction pattern has been simulated with simulaTEM software. CIGS ink is prepared by proper mixing of the powder with a suitable organic binder (ethyl cellulose). Screen printing is carried out on glass substrates, followed by annealing at 5 different temperatures of 300,350,400,450 and 500 degrees, in order to form a porous CIGS film. XRD analysis was carried out to study the structure of screen printed CIGS.
Reactive Sputtering of Magnesium Hydride Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Platzer-Björkman Charlotte , Mongstad Trygve , Karazhanov Smagul Zh. , Maehlen Jan-Petter , Marstein Erik Stensrud , Holt Arve 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDeposition of MgHx (MgH2 + Mg) thin films is performed using RF reactive sputtering in argon-hydrogen plasma. Films are characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, optical and resistivity measurements. Formation of crystalline MgH2 is confirmed by XRD, but the formation of some metallic Mg in the films could not be avoided. Increased H/Mg ratio by deposition at high hydrogen flow or high total pressure gives films that oxidize within days or weeks. Deposition at elevated substrate temperature results in improved crystallinity and stability. Initial studies of MgHx for silicon surface passivation are presented.
Elimination of Quantum Dots Cell Uptake
Authors: Xu Hengyi , Aguilar Zoraida Pascual , Jones Ben , Wei Hua , Wang Andrew 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe nanotechnology is undergoing enormous attention in the areas of biological research for clinical, environmental, and life sciences applications. One of the products from this new technology that attracts researcher’s attentions is the semiconductor quantum dot (QDs) nanoparticles, QDs possess incomparable advantages such as unique size-dependent physical properties, broad absorption spectrum, precise small bandwidth emission wavelength, as well as enhanced chemical and photochemical stability. The QDs can be modified for a controlled and enhanced endocytosis, enhanced cooperative binding activity, and easy introduction of multi-functionalities for medical applications such as targeted delivery and imaging. It can be used for complex studies that play very important roles in the modern biomedical researches. However, when performing the cell related assays, the non-specific cellular uptake of QDs is a major concern because they can lead to false positives or false results. In our study, we used different surface modified QDs treated with different blocking buffers to eliminate cellular uptake. The preliminary results showed that the cellular uptake of QDs can be eliminated by surface modification of the QD materials and by performing the assays in the presence of blocking buffers. As a result of the elimination of non-specific uptake of QDs the sensitivity and specificity of detection increased significantly.
Grafting of Polyaniline onto the Surface of Amino-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube via Interfacial Polymerization
Authors: Jeon In-yup , Baek Jong-beom 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe mixture of polyaniline (PANi) and PANi grafted multi-walled carbon nanotube (PANi-g-MWNT) was prepared by two step reaction sequences. MWNT was first functionalized with 4-aminobenzoic acid via “direct” Firedel-Crafts acylation in polyphosphoric acid (PPA)/phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) medium to afford aminobenzoyl-functionalized MWNT (AF-MWNT). Then, aniline was polymerized via in-situ static interfacial polymerization in H2O/CH2Cl2 in the presence of AF-MWNT in organic phase to yield the mixture of PANi and PANi-g-MWNT. The mixture was characterized with a various analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cyclic voltammogram (CV). Even after dedoping, the mixture displayed semimetallic conductivity (4.9 S/cm). The capacitance of the mixture was also greatly enhanced and its capacitance decay with respect to cycle times was significantly reduced.
Effect of Vacancies on the Thermoelectric Properties of Mg2Si Containing Sb and Bi Substitution
Authors: Dasgupta Titas , Stiewe Christian , Hassdorf Ralf , Boettcher Lothar , Mueller Eckhard 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMg2Si1-xRx (R-Sb,Bi) compositions with x=0.025, 0.05 for Sb and x=0.01,0.025, 0.05 for Bi were synthesized by induction melting of the constituent elements followed by compaction by hot pressing. Phase identification by x-ray diffraction (XRD) indicate a biphasic nature for Bi substituted compositions for x≥.025 while solid solubility for the different Sb substitutions. Abundance distribution plots of the Seebeck (S) coefficient show asymmetry in the Sb compositions and is not observed in the Bi substituted samples. This indicates presence of vacancies only in the Sb substituted compositions. Electrical conductivity (σ), Seebeck coefficient (S) and thermal conductivity (κ) values were measured from 300K to 773 K. The observed trends in the absolute values of α and S can be explained based on doping/second phase influence in Bi substitutions and due to effect of vacancies for Sb substitutions. The (κL) (phonon component) values show a significant decrease for the Sb substitutions due to the presence of vacancies. Calculation of the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) show a ZTmax of 0.56 for x=0.025 Bi composition compared to a ZTmax of ∼ 0.05 for Mg2Si.
Nanoindentation studies on crosslinking and curing effects of PDMS
Authors: Deuschle Julia K. , de Souza Emerson J. , Arzt Eduard , Enders Susan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNanoindentation testing was used to investigate the mechanical properties of PDMS focusing on two aspects: Firstly, the results give a comprehensive overview of the mechanical behavior of PDMS Sylgard 184 which guides the property tailoring for many different application fields, where the mechanical behavior needs to be considered, but is not readily accessible. Secondly, the ability to measure the slight differences in the mechanical properties of these PDMS samples emphasized the high sensitivity of this technique and underlined its reliability for application on very compliant materials. The indentation results obtained in this study did not deviate from complementary tensile test data more than 5%. It was found that the elastic moduli of differently crosslinked samples cover a range of 2 orders of magnitude; for one and the same PDMS the modulus may increase 10-fold as a function of curing time.
Simulation of the co-sintering of composite structures
Authors: Schmidt Ingo , Kraft Torsten 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article presents some modifications of the solid state sintering model summarised in Riedel and Blug (2001) and shows its application for the simulation of distortions due to co-sintering of composite structures. The densification due to rearrangement in the early stage of sintering is taken into account by introducing an extra term in the viscosity. Detailed analyses of a layered thin structure are conducted with the finite element method and the results are compared to various analytical approximations for the case of a thin layer on a thick substrate. Two more examples show the applicability of the model to cases of practical interest.
Absorption and spectroscopic ellipsometry study of electron irradiated magnesium aluminate spinel
Authors: Yang Shenghong , Zhang Yueli , Mo Dang 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMagnesium aluminate spinels were irradiated by electron beams with energy of 1.7 MeV and fluence from 1013 to 1017 electrons cm−2. After irradiation, the samples were annealed at different temperatures from 100 to 500 °C. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and absorption were used to study the effects of optical properties in the spinel produced by irradiation and subsequent annealing. The results obtained by absorption spectra showed that many F-type absorption centers were produced in the spinels. With increasing electron fluence, we observed an increase in optical absorption, especially in the vicinity of the absorption band at 5.3 eV. The concentration of F-type absorption centers increased as the electron fluence increased. The F-type absorption centers can be destroyed by isochronal annealing. The refractive index obtained by analyzing the ellipsometric spectra changed as the irradiation fluence and subsequent annealing temperature changed. Based on our findings, an attempt has been made to explain the above mentioned phenomena.
Finite element modelling of coverage effects during shot peening of IN718
Authors: Zimmermann Marc , Schulze Volker , Hoffmeister Jürgen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCurrent 3D shot peening simulation models proposed in literature do not take into account coverage as a process parameter influencing the residual state after shot peening. In this study a classic approach, using an ordered dimple pattern, and a new approach, using a stochastic dimple pattern were tested to describe the correlation between coverage, the surface topography and the residual stress state. Model verification was conducted based on X-ray and confocal white light microscopy measurements on shot peened test specimens. The test material was age hardened IN718. Simulations showed that the dimple pattern and the impact order of the shots can have a strong influence on the calculated macroscopic residual stress state. The stochastic approach enabled a realistic prediction of the surface topography and the residual stress state for arbitrary values of coverage while the classic approach strongly underestimated the number of shot impacts needed to achieve a certain value of coverage.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of Azalamellarins
Authors: Boonya‐udtayan Sasiwadee , Yotapan Nattawut , Woo Christina , Bruns Carson J. , Ruchirawat Somsak , Thasana Nopporn 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of azalamellarins, a new series of lactam analogues of biologically active lamellarins, was achieved using CuI‐mediated and microwave‐assisted CNamide bond formation. Seventeen azalamellarins, including N‐allylazalamellarins and N‐propylazalamellarins χ‐D, L‐N, and J‐dehydro J, were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against the cancer cell lines HuCCA‐1, A‐549, HepG2, and MOLT‐3. The results showed that certain azalamellarins exhibited good activities in the micromolar IC50 value range (IC50=the drug concentration that causes 50 % of cell‐growth inhibition after 72 h of continuous exposure to the test molecule), comparable to their parent lamellarin analogue.
Kinetic Evaluation of Cooperative [Co(salen)] Catalysts in the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of rac‐Epichlorohydrin
Authors: Zhu Xunjin , Venkatasubbaiah Krishnan , Weck Marcus , Jones Christopher W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA wide variety of [Co(salen)] catalysts with different structures designed to enhance salen–salen cooperative interactions have been reported as catalysts for the hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of epoxides. However, the myriad catalysts have been evaluated under inconsistent experimental conditions, at different catalyst loadings, at different temperatures, with various epoxides and in several different laboratories, making rigorous comparisons between the catalysts impossible. To this end, 12 representative catalysts from our studies, as well as catalysts originally described by others, are reported in the HKR of epichlorohydrin under rigorously identical conditions. The comparison of the reactivity and selectivity of the different catalysts indicates that the soluble, oligomeric [Co(salen)] catalysts with cyclic frameworks impart the highest activity and enantioselectivity (>99 % ee, krel>99) in this representative reaction, requiring very short reaction times (<30 min), including the most active catalyst reported to date for the target reaction. In general, it is found that soluble polymer or oligomer‐supported catalysts are more active than insoluble supported catalysts under the conditions used. Among the insoluble catalysts, a polymer resin supported [Co(salen)] catalyst with excellent enantioselectivity (>99 % ee, krel>99) and medium reaction time (222 min), is the most active and selective of the class. The lessons demonstrated herein regarding design of active and selective catalysts offer useful insights into refining design strategies for other related cooperative catalytic reactions, suggesting emphases on catalyst flexibility and solubility under reaction conditions.
Cobalt Coordination and Clustering in α‐Co(OH)2 Revealed by Synchrotron X‐ray Total Scattering
Authors: Neilson James R. , Kurzman Joshua A. , Seshadri Ram , Morse Daniel E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStructures of layered metal hydroxides are not well described by traditional crystallography. Total scattering from a synthesis‐controlled subset of these materials, as described here, reveals that different cobalt coordination polyhedra cluster within each layer on short length scales, offering new insights and approaches for understanding the properties of these and related layered materials. Structures related to that of brucite [Mg(OH)2] are ubiquitous in the mineral world and offer a variety of useful functions ranging from catalysis and ion‐exchange to sequestration and energy transduction, including applications in batteries. However, it has been difficult to resolve the atomic structure of these layered compounds because interlayer disorder disrupts the long‐range periodicity necessary for diffraction‐based structure determination. For this reason, traditional unit‐cell‐based descriptions have remained inaccurate. Here we apply, for the first time to such layered hydroxides, synchrotron X‐ray total scattering methods—analyzing both the Bragg and diffuse components—to resolve the intralayer structure of three different α‐cobalt hydroxides, revealing the nature and distribution of metal site coordination. The different compounds with incorporated chloride ions have been prepared with kinetic control of hydrolysis to yield different ratios of octahedrally and tetrahedrally coordinated cobalt ions within the layers, as confirmed by total scattering. Real‐space analyses indicate local clustering of polyhedra within the layers, manifested in the weighted average of different ordered phases with fixed fractions of tetrahedrally coordinated cobalt sites. These results, hidden from an averaged unit‐cell description, reveal new structural characteristics that are essential to understanding the origin of fundamental material properties such as color, anion exchange capacity, and magnetic behavior. Our results also provide further insights into the detailed mechanisms of aqueous hydrolysis chemistry of hydrated metal salts. We emphasize the power of the methods used here for establishing structure–property correlations in functional materials with related layered structures.
Platinum Nanoflowers on Scratched Silicon by Galvanic Displacement for an Effective SALDI Substrate
Authors: Kawasaki Hideya , Yao Teruyuki , Suganuma Takashi , Okumura Kouji , Iwaki Yuichi , Yonezawa Tetsu , Kikuchi Tatsuya , Arakawa Ryuichi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe report a new and facile method for synthesizing 3D platinum nanoflowers (Pt Nfs) on a scratched silicon substrate by electroless galvanic displacement and discuss the applications of the Pt Nfs in surface‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐mass spectrometry (SALDI‐MS). Surface scratching of n‐type silicon is essential to induce Pt Nf growth on a silicon substrate (to obtain a Pt Nf silicon hybrid plate) by the galvanic displacement reaction. The Pt Nf silicon hybrid plate showed excellent SALDI activity in terms of the efficient generation of protonated molecular ions in the absence of a citrate buffer. We propose that the acidity of the SiOH moieties on silicon increases because of the electron‐withdrawing nature of the Pt Nfs; hence, proton transfer from the SiOH groups to the analyte molecules is enhanced, and finally, thermal desorption of the analyte ions from the surface occurs. Signal enhancement was observed for protonated molecular ions produced from a titania nanotube array (TNA) substrate on which Pt nanoparticles had been photochemically deposited. Moreover, surface modification of the Pt Nf silicon hybrid plate by perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) (to obtain an FDTS‐Pt Nf silicon hybrid plate) was found to facilitate soft SALDI of labile compounds. More interestingly, the FDTS‐Pt Nf silicon hybrid plate acts 1) as a high‐affinity substrate for phosphopeptides and 2) as a SALDI substrate. The feasibility of using the FDTS‐Pt Nf silicon hybrid plate for SALDI‐MS has been demonstrated by using a β‐casein digest and various analytes, including small molecules, peptides, phosphopeptides, phospholipids, carbohydrates, and synthetic polymers. The hybridization of Pt Nfs with a scratched silicon substrate has been found to be important for achieving excellent SALDI activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Thieno(2,3‐d)pyrimidine‐2, 4‐dione and 5H‐Pyrimido(5,4‐b)indole‐2,4‐dione Derivatives.
Authors: SANTAGATI N. A. , CARUSO A. , CUTULI V. M. C. , CACCAMO F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Thiadiazolo(3,2‐a)pyrimidines and Imidazo(2,1‐b)‐1, 3,4‐thiadiazoles as Leishmanicides.
Authors: RAM V. J. , HAQUE N. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: NaYP2O7.
Authors: HAMADY A. , JOUINI T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Langbeinite: Dipotassium Dimanganese Tetrafluoroberyllate.
Authors: GUELYLAH A. , BRECZEWSKI T. , MADARIAGA G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Ca16Sb11, a Complex Zintl Phase. Twelve Other Isotypic Compounds Formed by Divalent Metals and Pnictogens.
Authors: LEON‐ESCAMILLA E. A. , HURNG W.‐M. , PETERSON E. S. , CORBETT J. D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Relations and Lattice Constants in the MgO‐Al2O3‐Ga2O3 System at 1550 °C.
Authors: STALDER R. , NITSCH K.‐H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfur Adsorbed on Pt Catalyst: Its Chemical State and Effect on Catalytic Properties as Studied by Electron Spectroscopy and n‐Hexane Test Reactions.
Authors: PAAL Z. , MATUSEK K. , MUHLER M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.