bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 12th Man?: Refereeing Bias in English and German Soccer
Authors: Buraimo Babatunde , Forrest David , Simmons Robert 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThe paper investigates potential bias in awards of player disciplinary sanctions, in the form of cautions (yellow cards) and dismissals (red cards) by referees in the English Premier League and the German Bundesliga. Previous studies of behaviour of soccer referees have not adequately incorporated within-game information. Descriptive statistics from our samples clearly show that home teams receive fewer yellow and red cards than away teams. These differences may be wrongly interpreted as evidence of bias where the modeller has failed to include within-game events such as goals scored and recent cards issued. What appears as referee favouritism may actually be excessive and illegal aggressive behaviour by players in teams that are behind in score. We deal with these issues by using a minute-by-minute bivariate probit analysis of yellow and red cards issued in games over six seasons in the two leagues. The significance of a variable to denote the difference in score at the time of sanction suggests that foul play that is induced by a losing position is an important influence on the award of yellow and red cards. Controlling for various pre-game and within-game variables, we find evidence that is indicative of home team favouritism induced by crowd pressure: in Germany home teams with running tracks in their stadia attract more yellow and red cards than teams playing in stadia with less distance between the crowd and the pitch. Separating the competing teams in matches by favourite and underdog status, as perceived by the betting market, yields further evidence, this time for both leagues, that the source of home teams receiving fewer cards is not just that they are disproportionately often the favoured team and disproportionately ahead in score. Thus there is evidence that is consistent with pure referee bias in relative treatments of home and away teams.
Exploring Sequences: A Graphical Tool Based on Multi-Dimensional Scaling
Authors: Piccarreta Raffaella , Lior Orna 
Published: July 2009

Summary
Sequence analysis has become one of the most used and discussed tools to describe life course trajectories. We introduce a new tool for the graphical exploratory analysis of sequences. Our plots combine standard sequence plots with the results that are provided by multi-dimensional scaling. We apply our procedure to describe work and family careers of Israeli women by using data from the Israel Social Mobility Survey. We first focus on some preliminary choices relative to the definition of the sequences: the age span, the length of the sequences and the set of states registered in each time period. We then describe how our plots can be used to gain insights about the main features of sequences and about the relationships between sequences and external information.
English Acquisition and Japanese Language Maintenance Among Japanese‐American Youth
Authors: Kawamura Sayaka , Goza Franklin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDespite the growing number of Japanese speaking immigrants in the United States and the pronounced linguistic dissimilarity between Japanese and English, few studies have examined English proficiency levels or Japanese language maintenance. We use 2000 data from the 5 per cent IPUMS file to examine English proficiency and language maintenance among first‐, second‐, and third‐or higher‐ generation Japanese immigrant youth in the United States. Before presenting multivariate results for our dependent variables, descriptive statistics are presented detailing numerous significant differences within and across generations. Furthermore, the second‐generation is divided into subgroups based on each parent’s birthplace. This study also contrasts the results of Japanese‐Americans with those of Korean‐Americans, speakers of another language very distinct from English, in an attempt to ground the significance of our findings. Findings provide support for many of the hypotheses advanced. They also reveal that our regression models generally did a much better job explaining English acquisition among Japanese‐Americans than Korean‐Americans.
Refugees: On the Economics of Political Migration
Authors: Schaeffer Peter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUnless literally forced to leave, prospective refugees have a choice between staying and flight, subject to constraints, particularly the willingness of a country to grant asylum. Although all options may be unpleasant, they nonetheless represent alternatives amenable to economic analysis. The incentive to flee is a function of threat severity and credibility, and the attractiveness of available safe havens. The theoretical analysis suggests that restrictive asylum policies have little impact on demand for asylum, except in the interplay with other factors, such as costs of flight and retribution against unsuccessful refugees. While the case of bogus refugees has received much attention in the popular literature, this article shows that threatened individuals may choose emigration instead of flight if there are repercussions associated with refugee status. The article also analyzes the case of bogus refugees.
The Human Capital Characteristics and Household Living Standards of Returning International Migrants in Eastern and Southern Africa
Authors: Thomas Kevin J. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAfrica’s experience with return migration is not new. However, few empirical studies have examined the social and economic characteristics of returning migrants within the continent. In this study, the human capital endowments and household living standards of returning migrants in Uganda and South Africa are examined using recently available data. The study compares returnees in both countries with immigrants as well as the native‐born population with no international migration experience. It also investigates how factors such as previous country of residence, year of arrival, and other demographic factors predict levels of education and living standards among returning migrants. In Uganda, the results show that recently arrived returning migrants had better educational endowments than both immigrants and non‐migrants. Migrants who returned to Uganda following the fall of Idi Amin’s regime had the lowest educational levels and lowest living standards compared to other returnees. Furthermore, the results indicate that previous residence in countries in the West was associated with four additional years of schooling while returning migrants arriving from other African countries had the lowest levels of schooling among returning migrants. In South Africa, the study finds that returnees arriving almost immediately following the end of Apartheid had the highest levels of education compared to either immigrants or non‐migrants. Returnees on average also had the highest household living standards in South Africa. Among South African immigrants, the results indicate that those arriving towards the end of the century had lower educational endowments compared to immigrants who arrived in the country two to four years after the end of Apartheid.
The Role of Support Networks in the Initial Stages of Integration: The Case of West African Newcomers in the Netherlands
Authors: Chelpi‐den Hamer Magali , Mazzucato Valentina 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study focuses on the role of support networks in West African migration to the Netherlands. The authors examine the interactions of non‐State support groups with West African newcomers and explore the nature, scope and function of support. What type of support networks do respondents rely on, under which circumstances, and for how long? What is the scope of support? Is it to be taken for granted? What alternatives are there for those left out of the loop? The findings suggest that support is mainly punctual, in response to a specific need, and for a limited period of time. It is not to be taken for granted, as support groups have limited capacities, and protect themselves from excessive demands. They play a significant role in providing assistance to migrants, yet this role should not be overestimated.
IL‐6 Levels in Migraine Patients Receiving Topiramate
Authors: Koçer Abdulkadir , Memişoğullari Ramazan , Domaç Fusun Mayda , İlhan Atilla , Koçer Emel , Okuyucu Şefika , Özdemir Burcu , Yüksel Hatice 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThere is considerable evidence suggesting that cytokines play important roles in pain and in mediating neurovascular inflammation associated with migraine headaches. Although consensus exists to recommend topiramate (TPM) for migraine prevention, the mechanism of action in this regard is unknown. We measured serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels in 66 migraine patients. Of these patients, 23 (34.9%) were taking TPM for migraine, and 43 (65.1%) were not. The IL‐6 levels were compared with those of healthy controls without migraine, from the population living in the same region. The mean IL‐6 levels in migraine patients taking TPM and patients who did not were 67.06 ± 92.09 pg/mL and 44.09 ± 59.19 pg/mL, respectively (P > 0.05). The IL‐6 levels were higher in the patients taking TPM. The IL‐6 level in the controls was 8.60 ± 7.36 pg/mL, which was significantly lower than the patient group using TPM (P = 0.001). Our results show that, although IL‐6 may be involved in pain induction or inflammatory mechanisms of migraine attacks, the serum IL‐6 level was not reduced in migraine patients receiving TPM therapy. In conclusion, we found high IL‐6 levels in migraine patients both with and without TPM therapy, suggesting that high IL‐6 levels during pain‐free periods could be a conditioning factor, making patients more vulnerable to pain attacks in chronic migraine. Further studies investigating the possible mechanism of TPM in migraine are needed.
A novel immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer by intravesical immobilization of GM‐CSF
Authors: Hu Zhiming , Tan Wanlong , Zhang Lin , Liang Zhongkun , Xu Cuixiang , Su Hua , Lu Jianxin , Gao Jimin 
Published: July 2009

Abstract In situ gene therapy with granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) was demonstrated to successfully inhibit tumour cell growth in a mouse orthotopic bladder cancer model, but suffered from several disadvantages, such as limited efficiency for gene delivery, low expression efficiency of the transgene and the safety concern resulting from viral vector. In order to address the limits, a novel immunotherapy was developed attentively through immobilization of streptavidin‐tagged bioactive GM‐CSF on the biotinylated mucosal surface of bladder wall on the basis of both the unique property of streptavidin (SA) to bind rapidly and almost irreversibly to any biotin‐linked molecule and the outstanding ability of biotin to be incorporated easily into the proteins on the cell surface. The mouse orthotopic model of MB49 bladder cancer was used to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of the novel immunotherapy performed twice a week for 3 weeks. Briefly, 1 day after intravesical implantation of 1 × 106 MB49 tumour cells in C57BL/6 mouse, 100 μl of 1 mg/ml NHS‐PEO4‐biotin was instilled and allowed to incubate in the bladder for 30 min., followed by intravesical instillation of 100 μl of 0.15 mg/ml SA‐GM‐CSF bifunctional fusion protein and incubation for 1 hr. SA‐GM‐CSF fusion protein was shown to be immobilized efficiently and durably on the biotinylated mucosal surface of bladder wall. The bladder cancer incidence was dramatically decreased from 100% in the control group to 37.5% in the SA‐GM‐CSF group. Importantly, 70% of the SA‐GM‐CSF‐cured mice were protected against a second intravesical wild‐type MB49 tumour challenge, indicating that an effective anti‐tumour immunity was generated against MB49 bladder cancer. Thus, the novel immunotherapy may be an attractive therapeutic alternative and should be evaluated in bladder cancer patients.
Parameters of oligonucleotide‐mediated gene modification in mouse ES cells
Authors: Aarts Marieke , te Riele Hein 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGene targeting by single‐stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ssODNs) is emerging as a powerful tool for the introduction of subtle gene modifications in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and the generation of mutant mice. Here, we have studied the role of ssODN composition, transcription and replication of the target locus, and DNA repair pathways to gain more insight into the parameters governing ssODN‐mediated gene targeting in mouse ES cells. We demonstrated that unmodified ssODNs of 35–40 nt were most efficient in correcting a chromosomally integrated mutant neomycin reporter gene. Addition of chemical modifications did not further enhance the efficacy of these ssODNs. The observed strand bias was not affected by transcriptional activity and may rather be caused by the different accessibility of the DNA strands during DNA replication. Consistently, targeting frequencies were enhanced when cells were treated with hydroxyurea to reduce the rate of replication fork progression. Transient down‐regulation of various DNA repair genes by RNAi had no effect on the targeting frequency. Taken together, our data suggest that ssODN‐mediated gene targeting occurs within the context of a replication fork. This implies that any given genomic sequence, irrespective of transcriptional status, should be amenable to ssODN‐mediated gene targeting. The ability of ES cells to differentiate into various cell types after ssODN‐mediated gene targeting may offer opportunities for future therapeutic applications.
Membrane‐bound HSP70‐engineered myeloma cell‐derived exosomes stimulate more efficient CD8+ CTL‐ and NK‐mediated antitumour immunity than exosomes released from heat‐shocked tumour cells expressing cytoplasmic HSP70
Authors: Xie Yufeng , Bai Ou , Zhang Haifeng , Yuan Jinying , Zong Sam , Chibbar Rajni , Slattery Karen , Qureshi Mabood , Wei Yangdou , Deng Yulin , Xiang Jim 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExosomes (EXO) derived from tumour cells have been used to stimulate antitumour immune responses, but only resulting in prophylatic immunity. Tumour‐derived heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) molecules are molecular chaperones with a broad repertoire of tumour antigen peptides capable of stimulating dendritic cell (DC) maturation and T‐cell immune responses. To enhance EXO‐based antitumour immunity, we generated an engineered myeloma cell line J558HSP expressing endogenous P1A tumour antigen and transgenic form of membrane‐bound HSP70 and heat‐shocked J558HS expressing cytoplasmic HSP70, and purified EXOHSP and EXOHS from J558HSP and J558HS tumour cell culture supernatants by ultracentrifugation. We found that EXOHSP were able to more efficiently stimulate maturation of DCs with up‐regulation of Iab, CD40, CD80 and inflammatory cytokines than EXOHS after overnight incubation of immature bone‐marrow‐derived DCs (5 × 106 cells) with EXO (100 μg), respectively. We also i.v. immunized BALB/c mice with EXO (30 μg/mouse) and assessed P1A‐specific T‐cell responses after immunization. We demonstrate that EXOHSP are able to stimulate type 1 CD4+ helper T (Th1) cell responses, and more efficient P1A‐specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and antitumour immunity than EXOHS. In addition, we further elucidate that EXOHSP‐stimulated antitumour immunity is mediated by both P1A‐specific CD8+ CTL and non‐P1A‐specific natural killer (NK) responses. Therefore, membrane‐bound HSP70‐expressing tumour cell‐released EXO may represent a more effective EXO‐based vaccine in induction of antitumour immunity.
Paste‐like inorganic bone matrix: preclinical testing of a prototype preparation in the porcine calvaria
Authors: Busenlechner Dieter , Tangl Stefan , Fitzl Christine , Bernhart Thomas , Gruber Reinhard , Watzek Georg 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the osteoconductive properties and the volume stability of an injectable paste‐like inorganic bone matrix (PBM) in porcine calvaria defects.Material and methods: We created six circumferential defects in the calvaria of 12 adult iberico pigs. The defects were filled with either PBM, Bio‐Oss® of different particle size, carrier alone, or left empty. PBM was composed of Bio‐Oss® with a particle size ranging from 250 to 500 μm and a hydrogel‐carrier of carboxymethylcellulose and collagen. After 6 and 12 weeks of healing, the animals were sacrificed and undecalcified ground sections were prepared and subjected to histologic and histomorphometric analysis. To quantify the osteoconductive properties of PBM, bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV) in the defect area was determined. To determine the volume stability, bone substitute volume per tissue volume (BSV/TV) was measured.Results: After 6 weeks, PBM particles in the center of the defect were surrounded by fibrous connective tissue, which was later replaced by bone. BV/TV in the PBM group increased from 29.7±12.7% (minimum 12.2%, maximum 43.7%) after 6 weeks to 43.9±14.9% (minimum 27.8%, maximum 63.9%) after 12 weeks (Mann–Whitney test; P=0.6). According to the Friedman test, BV/TV in groups containing Bio‐Oss® of different particle sizes, the carrier and the empty defects was similar to the results obtained with PBM (6 weeks P=0.8; 12 weeks P=0.22). BSV/TV in the PBM group was stable over time, with 10.1±9% (minimum 3.3%, maximum 27.6%) and 16.5±12.9% (minimum 1%, maximum 32.7%), after 6 and 12 weeks, respectively (P=0.72). BSV/TV in the PBM group was comparable to the results obtained with the Bio‐Oss® particles of different sizes (Friedman test; 6 weeks P=0.0503; 12 weeks P=0.56).Conclusions: The results of this preclinical study showed that the PBM is osteoconductive and maintains the augmented volume, similar to commercial Bio‐Oss®. These data suggest that the osteoconductive properties of Bio‐Oss® are maintained at the smaller particle size and in the presence of the carrier.
KERNEL EXTRACTION AND MACHINE EFFICIENCY IN DEHULLING PARBOILED AFRICAN BREADFRUIT (TRECULIA AFRICANA DECNE) WHOLE SEEDS
Authors: NWABUEZE T.U. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT Parboiling and dehulling are two closely associated primary operations preceding African breadfruit (Treculia africana) seed kernel extraction and subsequent utilization in any food form. Three process variable conditions for parboiling the seeds (quantity of parboiled seeds, parboiling temperature and parboiling time) for dehulling and kernel extraction were investigated using a central composite design. The objectives of the research were to maximize kernel and extraction yields and dehulling and machine efficiencies through process variable combinations. Maximum kernel mass (91.33%) was obtained at the center point process combination (12 kg, 80C and 13 min, respectively). Extraction yield and total recovered wastes were 94.08 and 7.31%, while dehulling and machine efficiencies were 72.62 and 96.97%, respectively. Models developed by response surface analysis for these responses ranged from 62 to 93%. Temperature effects on kernel mass, extraction yield and total wastes were both linear and quadratic.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSDehulling operation, to a great extent, is dependent on parboiling process conditions. This research located the optimum combination of process variables that would lead to maximum kernel yield and machine efficiency using second‐order central composite design and response surface analysis. It also reported the ability of locally fabricated power‐driven commercial attrition mill, designed for grinding cereals and grain‐legumes, to thresh and dehull parboiled African breadfruit whole seeds. Because the seeds are extracted,parboiled and dehulled before their utilization in any food form, information obtained in this research would be needful not only to processors of African breadfruit seeds, but also to those processing grain‐legumes and other seeds requiring dehulling process before conversion into any food form.
Validity and reliability testing of the Oulu patient classification: instrument within primary health care for the older people
Authors: Frilund Marianne , Fagerström Lisbeth 
Published: July 2009

Aim.  The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of The Oulu Patient Classification (OPC) instrument to see whether the instrument that has been developed for hospital care is valid and useful within primary health care for older people.Background.  Although different patient classification instruments have been under development since the 1960s, this is still a very important research area today.Method.  Inter‐rater reliability testing of the OPC instrument was undertaken. The inter‐rater reliability was tested through parallel classification (n = 1722). Validity testing was conducted as an expert validation of the manual for the OPC instrument, using a questionnaire during June and July of 2005 (n = 61).Results.  The inter‐rater reliability testing achieved over 70% consensus, Cohen’s Kappa showed a strong consensus for OPC classifications (0.65). The reliability measured with Cronbach’s Alpha was also acceptable.Conclusion.  The results show that the OPC instrument provides a good overview of the patient’s care needs and is a reliable instrument within primary health care for older people.
Revision of the genus Coproptilia Snellen, with description of a new species from the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae)
Authors: PARK Kyu‐Tek 
Published: July 2009

Abstract Coproptilia Snellen is revised, with description of C. tawiensis sp. nov. from the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae). At the same time, a lectotype of the type species of the genus, C. glebicolorella Snellen, is designated from the two syntypes collected from West Java. Photographs of adults for three known species of the genus and the male genitalia for the type species and new species are provided, with the forewing venation and tergites of the abdomen of the new species.
Insecticide susceptibility and resistance ofBlattella germanica(Blattaria: Blattellidae) in Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2007
Authors: CHANG Kyu‐Sik , JUNG Jin‐Sung , PARK Chan , LEE Hee‐Il , LEE Wook‐Gyo , LEE Dong‐Kyu , SHIN E‐Hyun 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe susceptibility ofBlattella germanica(L.) in the Republic of Korea (ROK) to insecticides was evaluated under laboratory conditions using 12 insecticides currently used by the local public health centers and/or pest control operators in the ROK. The insecticides included seven pyrethroids and five organophosphates. Based on their LD50values, the order of susceptibility ofB. germanicaadults to the insecticides was chlorpyrifos‐methyl, profenofos and chlorpyrifos with values of 0.07, 0.29 and 0.88 µg/♀, respectively. The least susceptibility was obtained with tetramethrin at LD50of 7.39 µg/♀. In the comparative resistance test, the resistance ratios (RR) of 12 insecticides were compared to each other using field‐collectedB. germanicaadults in Seoul between 1993 and 2007.Blattella germanicademonstrated higher RRs to pyrethroids such as λ‐cyhalothrin, and low RRs among the organophosphates. Among the pyrethroids, λ‐cyhalothrin had the highest RRs of 111‐ and 129‐fold differences at LD50and LD90values, respectively. Among the organophosphates, profenofos was observed to have the highest RRs of 4‐ and 15‐fold differences at LD50and LD90values, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in susceptibility to tetramethrin, chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion.Blattella germanicawas more susceptible to pyridafenthion showing a 0.7‐fold difference in a resistance ratio (RRLD50= LD50value of 2007/LD50value of 1993). Resistance ratio of tetramethrin was low, but susceptibility was also not high.