bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality attributable to excess adiposity in England and Wales in 2003 and 2015: explorations with a spreadsheet implementation of the Comparative Risk Assessment methodology
Authors: Kelly Christopher , Pashayan Nora , Munisamy Sreetharan , Powles John W 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundOur aim was to estimate the burden of fatal disease attributable to excess adiposity in England and Wales in 2003 and 2015 and to explore the sensitivity of the estimates to the assumptions and methods used.MethodsA spreadsheet implementation of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) methodology for continuously distributed exposures was used. For our base case, adiposity-related risks were assumed to be minimal with a mean (SD) BMI of 21 (1) Kg m-2. All cause mortality risks for 2015 were taken from the Government Actuary and alternative compositions by cause derived. Disease-specific relative risks by BMI were taken from the CRA project and varied in sensitivity analyses.ResultsUnder base case methods and assumptions for 2003, approximately 41,000 deaths and a loss of 1.05 years of life expectancy were attributed to excess adiposity. Seventy-seven percent of all diabetic deaths, 23% of all ischaemic heart disease deaths and 14% of all cerebrovascular disease deaths were attributed to excess adiposity. Predictions for 2015 were found to be more sensitive to assumptions about the future course of mortality risks for diabetes than to variation in the assumed trend in BMI. On less favourable assumptions the attributable loss of life expectancy in 2015 would rise modestly to 1.28 years.ConclusionExcess adiposity appears to contribute materially but modestly to mortality risks in England and Wales and this contribution is likely to increase in the future. Uncertainty centres on future trends of associated diseases, especially diabetes. The robustness of these estimates is limited by the lack of control for correlated risks by stratification and by the empirical uncertainty surrounding the effects of prolonged excess adiposity beginning in adolescence.
Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study: a nested case-control study
Authors: Epplein Meira , Shvetsov Yurii B , Wilkens Lynne R , Franke Adrian A , Cooney Robert V , Le Marchand Loïc , Henderson Brian E , Kolonel Laurence N , Goodman Marc T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Assessments by the handful of prospective studies of the association of serum antioxidants and breast cancer risk have yielded inconsistent results. This multiethnic nested case-control study sought to examine the association of plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols with postmenopausal breast cancer risk.

Methods
From the biospecimen subcohort of the Multiethnic Cohort Study, 286 incident postmenopausal breast cancer cases were matched to 535 controls on age, sex, ethnicity, study location (Hawaii or California), smoking status, date/time of collection and hours of fasting. We measured prediagnostic circulating levels of individual carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols. Conditional logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results
Women with breast cancer tended to have lower levels of plasma carotenoids and tocopherols than matched controls, but the differences were not large or statistically significant and the trends were not monotonic. No association was seen with retinol. A sensitivity analysis excluding cases diagnosed within 1 year after blood draw did not alter the findings.

Conclusions
The lack of significant associations in this multiethnic population is consistent with previously observed results from less racially-diverse cohorts and serves as further evidence against a causal link between plasma micronutrient concentrations and postmenopausal breast cancer risk.
What We Do Not Know: Perspectives on Wall-Window Combinations and Performance Assurance We Have yet to Address
Authors: Mathis R. Christopher , Johnson Steve 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Collaborative efforts over several years resulted in the development of ASTM E2112, “Standard Practice for the Installation of Exterior Windows, Doors and Skylights”. Individuals from the window, sealant, and air barrier industries were involved in the development of the standard. Development of the standard was driven by a desire to reduce water leakage attributed to window installation practices, particularly in residential and light commercial construction. A consensus document addressing the installation of fenestration units in residential and light commercial construction was believed to be needed. While many believe that the development of ASTM E2112 has helped to reduce the prevalence of leaking installations, the Standard, even in its most updated form (ASTM E2112-07), still has significant limitations. This paper addresses some of the limitations of the Standard and is intended to provoke the further development and documentation of installation techniques for a wide array of wall-window combinations that are not yet addressed in ASTM E2112.
Sediment Trend Analysis in Support of Unexploded Explosive Ordnance Risk Assessment
Authors: McLaren Patrick , Braid Matthew 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
For 48 years (1952–2000) the south half of Lac Saint-Pierre, a widening of the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec, was used as an experimental firing range. Some 500,000 shells were fired into the lake, of which about 8000 are thought to contain energetic material. Approximately 2000 projectiles are considered as unexploded explosive ordnance (UXO). Furthermore, the lake itself is potentially the recipient of other contaminants associated with industrial wastes and agricultural runoff. The Canadian Department of National Defence, in order to research appropriate clearance approaches programs, instigated a large sediment transport study (sediment trend analysis or STA) to determine both sediment and contaminant sources and sinks and to assess the possible environmental consequences of various clearance options. STA is an empirical technique whereby patterns of sediment transport and dynamic behavior are derived from relative changes in grain-size distributions. About 1000 samples were collected at 500 m spacing encompassing the entire firing range. The lake bottom contained a complex number of sediment types ranging from “ancient” late glacial deposits, recent mud and sand, and a variety of mixtures. The STA identified the significance of the late glacial deposits as the dominant source for the sediments contained in the lake. The latter showed complex patterns of transport that originated from the ancient sediments and terminated on well-sorted sand. The findings demonstrated that anthropogenic contaminants were unlikely to be deposited in the lake sediments, or if they were, self-cleaning by natural processes would likely be rapid. Furthermore, trace metals were strongly associated with the ancient sediments evidently originating from an underlying anaerobic black shale formation. The STA provides an important framework to understand the chemistry of the sediments and their dynamics and helps to define the context within which the UXO clearance and environmental remediation options can be developed.
DFG Research Training Group “Algorithmic Synthesis of Reactive and Discrete-Continuous Systems (AlgoSyn)”DFG-Graduiertenkolleg “Algorithmische Synthese reaktiver und diskret-kontinuierlicher Systeme (AlgoSyn)”
Authors: Thomas Wolfgang , Bollue Kai , Gückel Dominique , Quiros Gustavo , Slaats Michaela , Ummels Michael 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
While methods of software validation and verification are by now well established, the approach of automatic synthesis of software (and hardware) is as yet only developed in quite rudimentary form. Algorithmic program synthesis is possible in restricted scenarios, in particular in reactive multi-agent systems with low data complexity and in control systems. Central issues are the establishment of system models that support algorithmic solutions, the combination of discrete and continuous parameters (in hybrid systems), and the exploration of applications. The aim of the Research Training Group AlgoSyn is to unify the expertise from computer science, mathematics, and four engineering disciplines (processor architectures, automatic control, process control engineering, train traffic systems), in order to push forward the desired integration of methods.
Dublettenerkennung unter Berücksichtigung von DatenabhängigkeitenDuplicate Detection Exploiting Data Relationships
Authors: Herschel Melanie 
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung
Dublettenerkennung befasst sich mit dem Problem, verschiedene Datenbankrepräsentationen des gleichen Objekts zu identifizieren. Bisherige Algorithmen zur Dublettenerkennung ignorieren den Kontext, in dem sich die Daten befinden. Dabei enthält dieser oftmals weitere nützliche Daten, die das Ergebnis positiv beeinflussen können. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir Algorithmen zur Dublettenerkennung vor, die Beziehungen innerhalb der Daten ausnutzen.
Bayesian Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping Based on Reconstruction of Recent Genetic Histories
Authors: Gasbarra Dario , Pirinen Matti , Sillanpää Mikko J , Arjas Elja 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We assume that quantitative measurements on a considered trait and unphased genotype data at certain marker loci are available on a sample of individuals from a background population. Our goal is to map quantitative trait loci by using a Bayesian model that performs, and makes use of, probabilistic reconstructions of the recent unobserved genealogical history (a pedigree and a gene flow at the marker loci) of the sampled individuals. This work extends variance component-based linkage analysis to settings where the unobserved pedigrees are considered as latent variables. In addition to the measured trait values and unphased genotype data at the marker loci, the method requires as an input estimates of the population allele frequencies and of a marker map, as well as some parameters related to the population size and the mating behavior. Given such data, the posterior distribution of the trait parameters (the number, the locations, and the relative variance contributions of the trait loci) is studied by using the reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology. We also introduce two shortcuts related to the trait parameters that allow us to do analytic integration, instead of stochastic sampling, in some parts of the algorithm. The method is tested on two simulated data sets. Comparisons with traditional variance component linkage analysis and association analysis demonstrate the benefits of our approach in a gene mapping context.
Distinctive Responses to Nitrogen Starvation in the Dominant Active Mutants of the Fission Yeast Rheb GTPase
Authors: Murai Tomoka , Nakase Yukiko , Fukuda Keiko , Chikashige Yuji , Tsutsumi Chihiro , Hiraoka Yasushi , Matsumoto Tomohiro 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Rheb, a Ras-like small GTPase conserved from human to yeast, controls Tor kinase and plays a central role in the regulation of cell growth depending on extracellular conditions. Rhb1 (a fission yeast homolog of Rheb) regulates amino acid uptake as well as response to nitrogen starvation. In this study, we generated two mutants, rhb1-DA4 and rhb1-DA8, and characterized them genetically. The V17A mutation within the G1 box defined for the Ras-like GTPases was responsible for rhb1-DA4 and Q52R I76F within the switch II domain for rhb1-DA8. In fission yeast, two events—the induction of the meiosis-initiating gene mei2+ and cell division without cell growth—are a typical response to nitrogen starvation. Under nitrogen-rich conditions, Rheb stimulates Tor kinase, which, in turn, suppresses the response to nitrogen starvation. While amino acid uptake was prevented by both rhb1-DA4 and rhb1-DA8 in a dominant fashion, the response to nitrogen starvation was prevented only by rhb1-DA4. rhb1-DA8 thereby allowed genetic dissection of the Rheb-dependent signaling cascade. We postulate that the signaling cascade may branch below Rhb1 or Tor2 and regulate the amino acid uptake and response to nitrogen starvation independently.
Utility of Hepatic Transaminases to Recognize Abuse in Children
Authors: Lindberg Daniel , Makoroff Kathi , Harper Nancy , Laskey Antoinette , Bechtel Kirsten , Deye Katherine , Shapiro Robert ,   for the ULTRA Investigators
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: Although experts recommend routine screening of hepatic transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) in cases of potential child physical abuse, this practice is highly variable. Our objective was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of routine transaminase testing in young children who underwent consultation for physical abuse.PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter, observational study of all children younger than 60 months referred for subspecialty evaluation of possible physical abuse. The child abuse team at each center recommended screening transaminases routinely as standard of care for all cases with a reasonable concern for physical abuse. Sensitivity and specificity for transaminases and clinical examination findings to detect identified abdominal injuries were determined, and receiver operating characteristic analysis was undertaken.RESULTS: Of 1676 consultations, 1272 (76%) patients underwent transaminase testing, and 54 (3.2% [95% confidence interval: 2.4–4.2]) had identified abdominal injuries. Area under the curve for the highest level of either transaminase was 0.85. Using a threshold level of 80 IU/L for either AST or ALT yielded a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 82% (positive likelihood ratio: 4.3; negative likelihood ratio: 0.3). Of injuries with elevated transaminase levels, 14 (26%) were clinically occult, lacking abdominal bruising, tenderness, and distention. Several clinical findings used to predict abdominal injury had high specificity but low sensitivity.CONCLUSIONS: In the population of children with concern for physical abuse, abdominal injury is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, but it is not so common as to warrant universal imaging. Abdominal imaging should be considered for potentially abused children when either the AST or ALT level is &gt;80 IU/L or with abdominal bruising, distention, or tenderness.
Use and Yield of Chest Computed Tomography in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Pediatric Lung Disease
Authors: Schneebaum Nira , Blau Hannah , Soferman Ruth , Mussaffi Huda , Ben-Sira Liat , Schwarz Michael , Sivan Yakov 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: Computed tomography is commonly used in the diagnosis of pediatric lung disease. Although the radiation is not negligible, the yield has never been studied.
METHODS: Clinical and imaging data were collected for all children who underwent chest computed tomography, as part of the diagnostic process. Cases were grouped according to type of lung disease, based on clinical data and the question addressed to the radiologist. A positive yield was defined as computed tomography providing ≥1 of the following: (1) a diagnosis, (2) a clinically important new finding that had not been recognized previously, (3) alteration of the plan for further evaluation or treatment, or (4) exclusion of lung disease. No yield was defined when computed tomography did not add new information and did not affect evaluation or treatment.
RESULTS: Ages ranged from 2 weeks to 16 years, and 59% were male. The overall positive yield was 61% (64 of 105 cases). Yields were relatively low, that is, 23% (8 of 35 cases) for the evaluation of diffuse lung disease, 46% (6 of 13 cases) for localized disease, 50% (6 of 12 cases) for pleural disease, and 98% (41 of 42 cases) for congenital malformations.
CONCLUSIONS: The yield of chest computed tomography depends on the type of disease. Computed tomography has a significant yield for congenital anomalies. The yield is particularly low in the evaluation of acquired diffuse pulmonary disease and is relatively low in acquired focal lung disease. We suggest that chest computed tomography be used more judiciously.
Chronic Lung Disease and Developmental Delay at 2 Years of Age in Children Born Before 28 Weeks' Gestation
Authors: Laughon Matthew , O'Shea Michael T. , Allred Elizabeth N. , Bose Carl , Kuban Karl , Van Marter Linda J. , Ehrenkranz Richard A. , Leviton Alan ,   for the ELGAN Study Investigators
Published: July 2009

INTRODUCTION: Extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) are at increased risk of chronic lung disease (CLD) and of developmental delay. Some studies have suggested that CLD contributes to developmental delay.PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined data collected prospectively on 915 infants born before the 28th week of gestation in 2002–2004 who were assessed at 24 months of age with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-2nd Edition or the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. We excluded infants who were not able to walk independently (Gross Motor Function Classification System score &lt; 1) and, therefore, more likely to have functionally important fine motor impairments. We defined CLD as receipt of oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age and classified infants as either not receiving mechanical ventilation (MV) (CLD without MV) or receiving MV (CLD with MV).RESULTS: Forty-nine percent of ELGANs had CLD; of these, 14% were receiving MV at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. ELGANs without CLD had the lowest risk of a Mental Developmental Index (MDI) or a Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) of &lt;55, followed by ELGANs with CLD not receiving MV, and ELGANs with CLD receiving MV (9%, 12%, and 18% for the MDI and 7%, 10%, and 20% for the PDI, respectively). In time-oriented multivariate models, the risk of an MDI of &lt;55 was associated with the following variables: gestational age of &lt;25 weeks; single mother; late bacteremia; pneumothorax; and necrotizing enterocolitis. The risk of a PDI of &lt;55 was associated with variables such as single mother, a complete course of antenatal corticosteroids, early and persistent pulmonary dysfunction, pulmonary deterioration during the second postnatal week, pneumothorax, and pulmonary interstitial emphysema. CLD, without or with MV, was not associated with the risk of either a low MDI or a low PDI. However, CLD with MV approached, but did not achieve, nominal statistical significance (odds ratio: 1.9 [95% confidence interval: 0.97–3.9]) for the association with a PDI of &lt;55.CONCLUSIONS: Among children without severe gross motor delays, risk factors for CLD account for the association between CLD and developmental delay. Once those factors are considered in time-oriented risk models, CLD does not seem to increase the risk of either a low MDI or a low PDI. However, severe CLD might increase the risk of a low PDI.
Exposure to Tobacco on the Internet: Content Analysis of Adolescents' Internet Use
Authors: Jenssen Brian P. , Klein Jonathan D. , Salazar Laura F. , Daluga Nichole A. , DiClemente Ralph J. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: We performed a content analysis of all Web pages viewed by a random sample of adolescents to describe exposure to tobacco- and smoking-related text and images.
METHODS: Adolescents (14–17 years of age) with home Internet access were recruited. Internet-tracking software was installed on home computers used by 346 eligible consenting participants. All Web pages viewed by adolescent participants were captured during a 30-day period for each subject. Keywords on smoking and tobacco were used to identify tobacco images or text.
RESULTS: The 346 participants viewed 1.2 million Web pages, of which 8702 (0.72%) contained tobacco or smoking content. Exposure to tobacco content did not vary according to smoking status. Content was protobacco on 1916 pages, antitobacco on 1572, and complex or unclear on 5055. Social networking sites, mainly MySpace, represented 53% of pages (n = 4612) on which tobacco content was found. All pages with smoking content contained references in text, and 256 (3%) contained images. Many (43%) of the adolescents were exposed to protobacco imagery (median: 3 pages per month). Cigarettes were mentioned on 20% of pages. Tobacco products were sold on 50 pages, and 242 pages contained links to tobacco products sold on other pages. On social networking sites, 4121 pages included a mention of smoking status in the authors' individual profiles, with 23% of authors identifying themselves as smokers.
CONCLUSIONS: Many adolescents are consistently exposed to tobacco content on the Internet, but the volume of exposure is limited and not all content represents protobacco content.
Horizontal Well Applications for Miscible and Micellar Flooding
Authors: Thomas S. , Ali S. M. Farouq 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Horizontal wells may offer advantages for EOR processes, in particular, miscible and micellar flooding. A horizontal injector-horizontal producer combination, under idealized conditions, would lead to considerably reduced dispersion as compared to vertical well systems. The fluid velocity is approximately constant in such a system, as opposed to that in radial flow. This simplified picture is complicated by uneven flow along the length of a horizontal injector as a result of pressure drop. Development of miscible and micellar processes using horizontal well pairs is described. A simple computational scheme was developed to examine the limitations of horizontal wells in such applications. Examples of laboratory floods of both types are shown to demonstrate the response in comparison to the response in linear porous media. It is concluded that the advantages of horizontal well pairs over vertical pairs are limited. In particular, where there are existing horizontal and vertical wells, the judicious choice of injectors and producers is important.
Fracture Patella - Outcome of Early Movement of Knee After Stable Fixation
Authors: Karim Mohd Reza Ul , Rahman Moklesur , Howlader Md Anisur Rahman , Shahidullah Md , Mollah Abdur Rahman 
Published: July 2009

The study was carried out at Combined Military Hospitals of Jessore and Dhaka over a period of three and half years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional status of the knee joint by allowing early knee movement after stable fixation of fracture patella in 18 patients. The commonest age group involved in fracture patella was at the fourth and fifth decade (66.66 %). Road traffic accident (RTA) and domestic injuries like fall in the slippery ground were the major causes of fracture and the incidences were similar (44.44%). Stable fixation was achieved by applying modified tension band wiring in 7 patients but remaining 11 patients required additional cerclage wiring. Postoperatively (within 48 to 72 hours) when the pain was tolerable, assisted active movement of the knee was started. Subsequently assisted active, active and passive movement of knee along with quadriceps exercise was continued. The functional status of the knee was assessed according to a predecided subjective and objective evaluation chart. 13 patients (72.23%) found satisfactory (Excellent and good) in subjective evaluation and 16 (88.89%) in objective evaluation. One patient who did not follow the post operative advice adequately, developed more than 2 mm displacement at the fracture site and about 25° extension lag. It has been revealed that initiating early postoperative knee movement after stable fixation of fracture patella could prevent stiffness of knee and thereby confers better function. Key Words: Fracture patella, Early movement, Stable fixation. doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2843 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.11-13