bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New insights into the cone sheet structure of the Cuillin Complex, Isle of Skye, Scotland
Authors: Tibaldi A. , Pasquarè A.F. , Rust D. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:
Structural data were collected on 1100 cone sheets and dykes with the aim of reconstructing the geometry of the complex, recognizing emplacement phases, and contributing to understanding this classical area and the evolution of cone sheets in general. Mean sheet dip angles are 40°, 43°, 47° and 50° in four sections transecting the complex. Sheet thickness ranges from a few centimetres to 5 m, with a dominant thickness of <1 m. Intrusion intensity ranges from 1% to 35%, increasing towards the central zone. Initial cone sheet emplacement occurred within a gabbroid pluton that was hot enough to amalgamate the sheets. Dykes striking N155–165° were then emplaced, followed by shallow-dipping cone sheets, dykes striking N135–145°, steep-dipping cone sheets, dykes striking roughly east–west and, finally, dykes striking N150–165°. The NW–SE-striking dykes were emplaced during re-establishment of regional stresses, after perturbation by local magma-induced stresses when cone sheets were emplaced, interspersed with magma escaping horizontally from the volcano conduit to feed local dykes. Two successive magma chambers at different depths, with flat geometries and different volumes, may explain sheet architecture and location. The whole cone sheet system consists of a stack of parallel concentric sheets, rather than a model of convergence towards a single focus.
Isotope geochemistry and revised geochronology of the Purrido Ophiolite (Cabo Ortegal Complex, NW Iberian Massif): Devonian magmatism with mixed sources and involved Mesoproterozoic basement
Authors: Martínez Sonia Sánchez , Arenas Ricardo , Gerdes Axel , Castiñeiras Pedro , Potrel Alain , Fernández-Suárez Javier 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:
In the Purrido Ophiolite (Cabo Ortegal Complex), new U–Pb zircon dating of the amphibolite G03-8 (by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) confirms the existence of a dominant Mesoproterozoic zircon population with a refined age of 1155 ± 14 Ma. However, the U–Pb zircon dating of two more amphibolite samples (by sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe) has provided new ages of 395 ± 3 Ma and 395 ± 2 Ma, respectively, interpreted as the crystallization age. Hf isotope data for zircon show that most of the Devonian zircons crystallized from a juvenile depleted mantle source. The Mesoproterozoic zircons have relatively juvenile Hf isotopic composition reflecting some influence of an older component. A few Devonian zircon crystals show evidence of mixing with an older component represented by the Mesoproterozoic zircons. The whole-rock Sm–Nd isotope data indicate an important heterogeneity in the composition of the Purrido amphibolites, only compatible with the generation of their protoliths from two sources. We interpret these puzzling data as resulting from the mixing of a Devonian mantle-derived magma with a Mesoproterozoic basement. These new data provide new perspectives in the interpretation of the most common ophiolites across the Variscan suture in Europe.

Supplementary material:

Analytical methods, zircon U–Th–Pb SHRIMP analytical data, zircon U–Th–Pb LA-ICP-MS analytical data, zircon Lu–Hf LA-MC-ICPMS analytical data and whole-rock Sm–Nd isotope data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18449
.
The 3D reconstruction of geological structures based on remote sensing data: example from the Anaran anticline, Lurestan province, Zagros fold and thrust belt, Iran
Authors: Snidero M. , Amilibia A. , Gratacos O. , Blanc E.J.-P. , Muñoz J.A. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:
This work presents a methodological workflow for the 3D reconstruction of geological surfaces at regional scale, based on remote sensing data and geological maps. This workflow was tested on the reconstruction of the Anaran anticline, located in the Lurestan province, Iran. The remote sensing dataset used is a combination of Aster and Spot images as well as a high-resolution digital elevation model. The Aster images were processed using the Optimum Index Factor technique and pansharpened with the Spot technique for an easier 3D mapping. Structural dip data were acquired through analysis of the 3D mapped geological traces and analysed to divide the structure into cylindrical domains. Related plunge line orientation was used to project data along the structure, covering those areas where little or no information was available. Following the dip-domain concept a selected horizon is reconstructed and manually adjusted to the mapped traces. The reconstruction of the Anaran anticline demonstrates the applicability of this workflow when attempting to remotely reconstruct a reliable geological surface. The reconstructed surfaces clearly show the geometry of the Ilam and Asmari top horizons and the main faults affecting the anticline, allowing a consistent structural interpretation of the deeper structures.
Hydrothermal origin of elevated iron, manganese and redox-sensitive trace elements in the
c
. 635 Ma Doushantuo cap carbonate
Authors: Huang Jing , Chu Xuelei , Jiang Ganqing , Feng Lianjun , Chang Huajin 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:

Major and trace element, including REE, concentrations of the Doushantuo cap carbonate (
c
. 635 Ma) in South China show enrichment in Fe, Mn and redox-sensitive elements and slightly negative Ce anomalies, indicating anoxic environments during cap carbonate precipitation. High Fe
T
/Al ratios but very low concentration of extractable pyrites suggest ferruginous rather than euxinic conditions. The REE + Y patterns of samples show enrichment of heavy REE (HREE), positive Eu anomalies and positive Y anomalies, implying a hydrothermal origin for elevated concentration of Fe, Mn and redox-sensitive elements. The results suggest that ferruginous Ediacaran oceans may have rooted from hydrothermally induced iron accumulation in severely glaciated Cryogenian oceans.
Crustal–lithospheric structure and continental extrusion of Tibet
Authors: Searle M.P. , Elliott J.R. , Phillips R.J. , Chung S.-L. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:

Crustal shortening and thickening to
c
. 70–85 km in the Tibetan Plateau occurred both before and mainly after the
c
. 50 Ma India–Asia collision. Potassic–ultrapotassic shoshonitic and adakitic lavas erupted across the Qiangtang (
c
. 50–29 Ma) and Lhasa blocks (
c
. 30–10 Ma) indicate a hot mantle, thick crust and eclogitic root during that period. The progressive northward underthrusting of cold, Indian mantle lithosphere since collision shut off the source in the Lhasa block at
c
. 10 Ma. Late Miocene–Pleistocene shoshonitic volcanic rocks in northern Tibet require hot mantle. We review the major tectonic processes proposed for Tibet including ‘rigid-block', continuum and crustal flow as well as the geological history of the major strike-slip faults. We examine controversies concerning the cumulative geological offsets and the discrepancies between geological, Quaternary and geodetic slip rates. Low present-day slip rates measured from global positioning system and InSAR along the Karakoram and Altyn Tagh Faults in addition to slow long-term geological rates can only account for limited eastward extrusion of Tibet since Mid-Miocene time. We conclude that despite being prominent geomorphological features sometimes with wide mylonite zones, the faults cut earlier formed metamorphic and igneous rocks and show limited offsets. Concentrated strain at the surface is dissipated deeper into wide ductile shear zones.
Analysis of Fuel Options for SOFC-Based Power Systems in Undersea Vehicles
Authors: Burke Alan , Carreiro Louis 
Published: April 2011

In a departure from NUWCDIVNPT's original focus on diesel-type (logistics) fuels, methane is looking more attractive for Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (UUV) applications, at least for first generation SOFC-powered UUVs. Even though the energy density for methane is roughly half that of diesel-type fuel, the savings in oxygen and carbon dioxide sorbent storage result in system energy metrics similar to those for S-8-based systems. In addition, the fuel processor control and system start-up can be greatly facilitated by using methane instead of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel. Switching to a methane fuel feed has the following advantages: •	High Hydrogen-to-Carbon ratio (this lowers O2 and CO2 sorbent storage requirements) •	Facilitates steam reforming versus diesel-type fuels •	Greater ease of start-up and system power transient control •	Risk mitigation for potential SOFC coking •	Low boiling point, thus avoiding logistics of vaporizing diesel-type fuels and producing carbon residue.
Aurora AIs a Repressed Effector Target of the Chromatin Remodeling Protein INI1/hSNF5 Required for Rhabdoid Tumor Cell Survival
Authors: Lee SeungJae , Cimica Velasco , Ramachandra Nandini , Zagzag David , Kalpana Ganjam V. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRhabdoid tumors (RT) are aggressive pediatric malignancies with poor prognosis. INI1/hSNF5 is a component of the chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complex and a tumor suppressor deleted in RT. Previous microarray studies indicated that reintroduction of INI1/hSNF5 into RT cells leads to repression of a high degree of mitotic genes including Aurora Kinase A (Aurora A, STK6). Here, we found that INI1/SNF5 represses Aurora A transcription in a cell-type–specific manner. INI1-mediated repression was observed in RT and normal cells but not in non-RT cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay indicated that INI1/hSNF5 associates with Aurora A promoter in RT and normal cells but not in non-RT cells. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analyses of primary human and mouse RTs harboring mutations in INI1/hSNF5 gene indicated that Aurora A was overexpressed/derepressed in these tumor cells, confirming that INI1/hSNF5 represses Aurora A in vivo. Knockdown of Aurora A impaired cell growth, induced mitotic arrest and aberrant nuclear division leading to decreased survival, and increased cell death and caspase 3/7-mediated apoptosis in RT cells (but not in normal cells). These results indicated that Aurora A is a direct downstream target of INI1/hSNF5-mediated repression in RT cells and that loss of INI1/hSNF5 leads to aberrant overexpression of Aurora A in these tumors, which is required for their survival. We propose that a high degree of Aurora A expression may play a role in aggressive behavior of RTs and that targeting expression or activity of this gene is a novel therapeutic strategy for these tumors. Cancer Res; 71(9); 3225–35. ©2011 AACR.
Abstract AACR1-1: Synthetic Lethal Approaches to Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ashworth A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A critical link exists between genomic instability and cancer development. This instability can manifest as small changes at the nucleotide level or as gross chromosomal alterations. Mutations in the genes that encode DNA damage response proteins are responsible for a variety of genomic instability syndromes including Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Carcinoma, Bloom syndrome, Ataxia-telangiectasia, BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutated breast and ovarian cancers and Fanconi anaemia. Similarly epigenetic silencing of genes associated with the maintenance of genomic stability have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. Here, I discuss how different tumours may be classified not only by tumour site but also by the type of underlying genetic instability. This type of classification may assist in the optimization of treatment regimens as well as informing the development of new therapeutic approaches in particular based on “synthetic lethality”. I will illustrate these principles by demonstrating potential “synthetic lethal” treatments for mismatch repair deficient cancers.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr AACR1-1.
Abstract BSF1-1: Single Cell Analysis of Normal and Tumor Breast Epithelium Reveals Differential Use of Signalling Pathways by Novel Populations
Authors: Clarke MF , N Lobo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Primary human tissue contains a complex mixture of cell types which can only be partially purified by cell sorting based on surface markers. To gain further insight into mammary gland and tumor biology, we performed highly parallel single cell multiplexed gene expression measurements on individual normal and malignant mammary cells. This approach enabled discovery of novel normal mammary stem cell markers and gave insights into normal and malignant tissue architecture. We identified two distinct normal mammary stem cell populations: a proliferating, stem cell population that expresses basal cell markers and shows evidence of activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway components and a second, Axin2-, CD44-/low quiescent normal stem cell population which does not express basal cell markers. Both populations had similar engraftment ability in vivo, demonstrating that there are likely two physiological stem cell states. Single cell analysis of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast tumors revealed similar cellular populations in cancer cells that resemble the normal mammary duct architecture. Remarkably, the expression of therapeutic targets such as growth factor receptors and the estrogen receptor differed between the different cell compartments. Most notably, the Axin2- cell population did not express ER or TOPO2, the target of Adriamycin, one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of breast cancer, suggesting that this population is not directly targeted by many therapeutic agents routinely used for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer. Our results show that single cell analyses might be useful for developing new strategies for treating cancer by identifying the expression of therapeutic targets by each of the cancer cell populations that make up a particular tumor.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr BSF1-1.
Abstract CSF1-1: Breast Cancer Screening: The Radiology Perspective
Authors: Flowers CI 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Rightly or wrongly, radiologists ‘own’ breast cancer screening, as it is a radiological procedure, administered by the radiology departments. As a result in the USA, radiologists are outraged at what is seen as misuse of published data showing the effectiveness of mammographic screening. In the USA, we do not have true population screening, and rely on women being informed, and having insurance coverage, to enable them to have an annual screening exam. There is no call/recall system, and we do not collect national statistics on breast screening and outcomes. Many low income women are not offered, what to many is a ‘life saving’ test, as a result of State budget cuts.
In comparison with other countries, some of which have National Screening Programs (like the UK NHS BSP, the Netherlands and Sweden), there is support from epidemiology and public health departments, as screening is population based, and therefore a public health measure. The downsides with these programs are funding issues, with Cost-Benefit analysis being used, and QALYs (Quality Adjusted Life Years), to assist committees deciding affordable health policy for the nation. There are differences between Europe and the USA in recommendations for screening as a result, especially in terms of starting at 50 years and having a longer screening interval of 2 years.
In late 2009, the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations to abandon the guideline to start at age 40 for all women, and to recommend routine screening, unless high risk), until the age of 50 years, met with a storm of criticism by interested parties. The recommendations have largely been largely ignored, except by internists.
However, in the current economic climate, it is becoming increasingly clear that decisions may have to be made on cost-benefit if health-care dollars are limited. The acknowledgment that health policy may have to change, is shown when compromises have to be made. This is demonstrated when screening policy is altered, for example, in the UK, where a decision was made to alter the screening target age, rather than reduce the interval between screens. (The NHS BSP is being extended in 2012 to cover women aged between 47 and 73).
I will be concentrating on the screening guidelines and the different approaches taken between the USA and Europe. I will cover the screening of ‘Normal Risk’ women, and uphold the recommendations of the Society of Breast Imaging, American College of Radiology and the American Cancer Society. I will explain the ‘harms’ of screening and argue that screening recommendations should be made on evidence rather than on the numbers of lives saved.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr CSF1-1.
Abstract ES1-1: Advances in the Neurosurgical Management of CNS Metastases
Authors: EB Claus 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
As the overall survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer improves, greater attention has been drawn to involvement specific to the central nervous system (CNS). Brain metastases are the most common intracranial tumor in adults with breast cancer representing the second most common type of CNS brain metastasis. These lesions are thought to develop in up to 20% of breast cancer patients with over 15,000 new cases predicted in the United States each year. Spinal metastases, some with involvement of the spinal cord, are also a frequent occurrence in the breast cancer patient with up to 30% of patients developing this form of the disease. Unfortunately, new systemic therapies for CNS metastases have had little impact on disease control, a critical factor in the improvement of quality of life and survival for this group of patients. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database reveal that one third of intra-cranial and one-half of spinal breast cancer patients with neurosurgically treated CNS metastases are alive at 1 year and that the overall post-operative survival has increased over time for spinal fusion procedures. We propose to review the current state of knowledge, the existing barriers to more successful neurosurgical treatment, and the future goals for treating CNS metastases with neurosurgical intervention. We will 1) review the clinical factors associated with the development of CNS metastases, 2) summarize current neurosurgical treatment strategies with evidence-based outcome data, 3) highlight possible directions for future research efforts.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES1-1.
Abstract ES2-1: DNA Repair Pathways and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Ford JM 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The genome is constantly undergoing DNA damage from endogenous and environmental sources. DNA damage response pathways detect and repair DNA damage and signal to cell cycle checkpoints to allow repair to take place, thus promoting genomic stability. Multiple DNA repair pathways exist: single-strand damage or base errors are repaired by base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair or mismatch repair, while DNA doublestrand breaks are repaired by nonhomologous end joining or homologous recombination repair. These pathways may be used to repair damage caused by anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Some defects in DNA damage responses are associated with the genomic instability that is a characteristic of cancer. Targeting the remaining DNA damage response pathways could potentially result in tumor selective therapies. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have shown great promise in this respect, and early clinical data are beginning to emerge. PARP inhibitors enhance the activity of several DNA damaging and crosslinking chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation. An exciting aspect is the selective toxicity of PARP inhibitors in DNA defective tumors, such as those associated with BRCA mutations or breast cancers exhibiting the triple-negative phenotype. This discovery has led to a paradigm shift in cancer therapy representing a targeted, tumor-specific, nontoxic therapy that is supported by emerging clinical data.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES2-1.
Abstract ES3-1: Evaluation of Breast Cancer Predisposition in Different Clinical Venues
Authors: Plon SEE 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
DNA sequence-based cancer susceptibility testing of the BRCA1/2 genes is now one of the most commonly ordered genetic tests in the United States. Increasingly sophisticated computer models help to inform the clinician as to the probability of identify a cancer-associated mutation based on both the nature of the tumor, e.g. estrogen receptor status, the age of onset of cancer, presence of ovarian cancer and the family history of the patient. However, even in clearly high-risk families there are additional levels of complexity which impact the cost of the testing, test choice and the usefulness of the results. Whenever possible it is preferable to initiate testing with an individual with cancer first, in order to clarify whether a BRCA1/2 mutation is responsible for the cancer susceptibility. Results of comprehensive sequence analysis can include either negative, deleterious mutation or variant of uncertain significance (VUS). Currently, the potential cancer risk associated with a VUS result is very broad which leads to confusion among providers and patients. Recommendations for further classifying these VUS results into risk stratified categories to aid clinical decision making have been proposed and efforts to implement these recommendations are being initiated by international groups. A key reason to pursue genetic testing is to identify which healthy relatives are at increased of cancer. Thus, to maximize the cost effectiveness of genetic testing, research on how testing is being performed on these downstream relatives is needed. In particular, the most efficient and least expensive testing requires that physicians caring for the relatives have available the detailed test results of the cancer patient. If the cancer patient carries a VUS, then testing of the healthy relative is typically not indicated. If the cancer patient carries a deleterious mutation, then testing of the relative should be for that specific mutation known as single site testing (or familial mutation testing). Our group queried physicians across five different medical specialties (family medicine, internal medicine, obstetrics/gynecology, general surgery and hematology/oncology) for test recommendations of at-risk relatives. The majority of physicians recommended full BRCA1/2 sequencing of a healthy at-risk relative whether provided information that the relative with cancer carried a deleterious mutation or VUS. These findings were not impacted by the physician's own experience with BRCA1/2 testing and potentially result in tenfold higher testing costs compared with national recommendations. Thus, utilization of genetic professionals and improved education of diverse physician specialties about family-centered genetic test decision making may improve efficacy of risk prediction and substantially reduce costs associated with genetic testing for cancer susceptibility.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES3-1.