bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epigenetics: deciphering its role in diabetes and its chronic complications
Authors: Villeneuve Louisa M , Reddy Marpadga A , Natarajan Rama 
Published: February 2011

Summary1. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic factors might regulate the complex interplay between genes and the environment, and affect human diseases, such as diabetes and its complications.2. Clinical trials have underscored the long lasting beneficial effects of strict glycaemic control for reducing the progression of diabetic complications. They have also shown that diabetic complications, such as diabetic nephropathy, a chronic kidney disorder, can continue even after blood glucose normalization, suggesting a metabolic memory of the prior glycaemic state.3. Dysregulation of epigenetic post‐transcriptional modifications of histones in chromatin, including histone lysine methylation, has been implicated in aberrant gene regulation associated with the pathology of diabetes and its complications. Genome‐wide studies have shown cell‐type specific changes in histone methylation patterns under diabetic conditions. In addition, studies in vascular cells have shown long lasting changes in epigenetic modifications at key inflammatory gene promoters after prior exposure to diabetic conditions, suggesting a possible mechanism for metabolic memory.4. Recent studies have shown roles for histone methylation, DNA methylation, as well as microRNA in diabetic nephropathy. Whether these epigenetic factors play a role in metabolic memory of diabetic kidney disease is less well understood.5. The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly, as also the cost of treating the resulting complications. A better understanding of metabolic memory and the potential involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in this phenomenon could enable the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment and/or prevention of sustained diabetic complications.
Negotiating “Doing the month”: An ethnographic study examining the postnatal practices of two generations of Chinese women
Authors: Holroyd Eleanor , Lopez Violeta , Chan Sally Wai‐Chi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn Chinese society, the specific set of postnatal practices called “doing the month” constitutes an integrated set of postnatal behaviors that provides cultural and maternal protection and identity. This study examines the cultural practice of “doing the month” by Chinese mothers for two generations of matrilineal datasets. Ethnographic interviews were undertaken with new mothers and their mother and/or mother‐in‐law. Then, the coded data were compared within matrilineal dyads, as well as within age cohorts. The new mothers highlighted a range of attitudinal and behavioral practices that was informed and enforced by the female family members. They found highly individualized ways of negotiating traditional practices. In contrast, their mothers and mothers‐in‐law testified to a custom‐bound approach. Support from family members appeared to be instrumental and was underscored by traditional notions of filial duty in the older generation of mothers. In comparison, their daughters and daughters‐in‐law indicated more autonomously directed behaviors. Recommendations are made in order to provide healthcare professionals with a more‐informed understanding of Chinese postnatal belief systems.
Perioperative management of low birth weight infants for open‐heart surgery
Authors: Williams Glyn D. , Cohen Ronald S. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryInfants of birth weight ≤2500 g are termed low birth weight (LBW). These children often have considerable morbidity from prematurity and intra‐uterine growth restriction. Additionally, LBW infants have increased risk for cardiac and noncardiac congenital anomalies and may require surgery. Primary rather than palliative surgical repair of cardiac lesions has been preferred in recent years. However, LBW remains a risk factor for increased mortality and morbidity after open‐heart surgery (OHS). There is a paucity of information about the anesthetic challenges presented by LBW infants undergoing OHS. This review summarizes the perioperative issues of relevance to anesthesiologists who manage these high‐risk patients. Emphasis is placed on management concerns that are unique to LBW infants. Retrospective data from the authors’ institution are provided for those aspects of anesthetic care that lack published studies. Successful outcome often requires substantial hospital resources and collaborative multi‐disciplinary effort.
The Contours of “Cap and Trade”: The Evolution of Emissions Trading Systems for Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Betsill Michele , Hoffmann Matthew J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article documents the evolution of “cap and trade” as a policy response to global climate change. Through an analysis of 33 distinct policy venues, the article describes how the cap and trade policy domain has developed along spatial, temporal, and institutional dimensions. This discussion demonstrates that following initial discussions of cap and trade in the Kyoto Protocol negotiations, the idea quickly spread to other policy venues, creating a complex system of multilevel governance, where many questions about how to govern emissions trading remain contested. The analysis contextualizes recent questioning of emissions trading as an appropriate mechanism for controlling GHG emissions, as well as the ongoing debates about who should govern cap and trade and how it should be carried out. The findings highlight the value added of a domain‐level perspective and suggest the need for future research on the sociopolitical nature of cap and trade policy debates.
Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Developmental Programming of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: NEITZKE UTA , HARDER THOMAS , PLAGEMANN ANDREAS 
Published: February 2011

Please cite this paper as: Neitzke, Harder, and Plagemann (2011). Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Developmental Programming of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Critical Appraisal. Microcirculation 18(4), 304–311.AbstractAccording to the “small baby syndrome hypothesis,” low birthweight and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) occurring in westernized countries mainly through altered placental flow, have been linked to increased metabolic syndrome risk in later life. Independency and causal mechanisms of this phenomenological association are a matter of controversy. By means of epidemiological as well as experimental methods, using meta‐analyses and different rodent models of pre‐ and/or neonatal malnutrition and altered placental flow (uterine artery ligation; Lig), we systematically addressed the phenomenon. Our data and systematic literature analysis revealed that neither epidemiological nor experimental evidence seems to exist linking prenatal underfeeding, low birthweight, IUGR, or decreased placental flow in rats (Lig‐model) as independent risk factors to increased metabolic syndrome risk in later life. Rather, pre‐ and/or neonatal overfeeding, elevated birthweight, rapid neonatal weight gain, and especially increased adiposity during critical periods of perinatal life may increase long‐term risks. Perinatally acquired microstructural and epigenomic alterations in regulatory systems of metabolism and body weight seem to be critical, leading to a cardiometabolic risk disposition throughout life. While experimental data in Lig‐offspring seem to be considerably biased, prenatal stress and postnatal overfeeding/rapid neonatal weight gain might be causally linked to a long‐term deleterious outcome in growth restricted newborns. From a clinical point of view, prevention of causes of IUGR, as well as avoidance of perinatal overnourishment, might be prophylactic approaches to avoid perinatal programming of cardiometabolic risks.
Newman and Modernism: The Pascendi Crisis and its Wider Significances
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPope St Pius X's Pascendi dominici gregis, denouncing modernism as ‘the synthesis of all heresies’, was promulgated in September 1907. The (false) suspicion that its intended target was Cardinal Newman – a suggestion promoted by George Tyrrell, among others – sparked a protracted controversy in the British secular and religious press, with modernists and anti-modernists both fighting to claim Newman. After narrating the early skirmishes of this debate, this paper explores the controversy in light of two main themes: popular views regarding Newman's standing and esteem in the eyes of the curia and magisterium; and his central, symbolic role in the construction of English Catholicism. Both, I argue, fanned the flames engulfing the letters pages of the Times. Particular attention is also given to the key (and perhaps surprising) role of another great English Cardinal in defending Blessed John Henry: St Pius’‘uncompromising ultramontane’ Secretary of State, Rafael Merry del Val.
Newman, Conscience and Authority
Authors: Hansen Charlotte 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper addresses Newman's understanding of conscience and authority, with the main emphasis on conscience. It asks how central a place conscience holds in his theological understanding? Is the general high esteem in which Newman's perception of conscience is held – and by some even regarded as one of the integral elements of his thinking, providing it with an inner consistency – justified? Finally the relationship between conscience and authority is explored. John Henry Newman's teaching on conscience and authority is a complex but highly pertinent question which continues to enthral many, not least Pope Benedict XVI who has hailed Newman's understanding of conscience as ‘an important foundation for theological personalism’. Newman denounced the modern secularized and purely subjective understanding of conscience as he perceived it to be ‘the voice of God’. He focused his writings on conscience within the contexts of morality and theology and considered the role that conscience may play in moral decision-making and in establishing a person's belief in God. In Newman's legendary dispute with W. E. Gladstone in the 1870s the Cardinal maintained that there is no contradiction between the conscience of the individual and the authority of the Pope or of the church, as they occupy two different spheres.
‘Haec Traditio proficit’: Congar's Reception of Newman in Dei Verbum, Section 8
Authors: Meszaros Andrew 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe 1960s were an incredibly busy and productive time for the Dominican Yves Congar (1904–1995). In addition to drafting many seminal passages of Council documents, including Dei Verbum 8, which is the subject of this paper, he also wrote his historical-theological masterpiece, Tradition and Traditions between 1960 and 1963. Drawing on the latter's explicit references to John Henry Newman, this article unpacks the particular ways in which Newman's thought contributed to the Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation through the reception by and writing of Congar. Particular attention is paid to the connatural way of knowing which stems from the gifts of the Holy Spirit, typically alluded to by Newman in his meditations on the faith of Mary.
PACKAGE HEADSPACE DYNAMICS FOR BABY CORN UNDER MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING WITH MACROPERFORATIONS
Authors: RAI DEEPAK RAJ , SINGH RAJBIR 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTBaby corn is highly perishable and requires appropriate postharvest technologies such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) to extend its shelf ife and maintain the nutritional content. However, MAP requires repetitive experimentation to arrive at suitable desired in‐pack partial pressures of O2 and CO2 for application of appropriate MAP mode viz. nonperforated, macroperforated or microperforated one. Microperforated MAP is an expensive proposition and so far has limited commercial applicability, except for high‐value commodities; therefore, macroperforated MAP is being tried to achieve higher gaseous diffusion across the film packages. Predictive modeling represents a physical phenomenon by means of mathematical equations; whose numerical solution can reliably predict transient and steady‐state parameters in a dynamic system and can avoid the need of repetitive experimentation. However, representation of the respiratory behavior of a crop is also of utmost importance as wrong selection or very straightforward assumptions can lead to inadequate predictions. In this study, the respiratory behavior and associated inhibition by CO2 as per established enzyme kinetics theory was first assessed within the temperature range of 5–15C for baby corn; which was then used to model‐predict the in‐pack partial pressures of O2 and CO2 at 10 and 15C; in nonperforated and macroperforated polypropylene film packages; utilizing baby corn, polymeric film, package and the storage environment parameters as input. Model validation during actual storage at 10 and 15C indicated that the model‐predicted, in‐pack partial pressures of O2 and CO2 agreed fairly well with the experimental observations at the selected temperatuers, which showed the appropriateness of the evaluated inhibitory mechanism of headspace CO2.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBaby corn has high rates of respiration and requires specialized packaging such as microperforated or macroperforated polymeric film packaging to affect larger gaseous diffusion to extend its shelf life and maintenance of various physicochemical constituents under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). As microperforated films are economically unviable in certain situations, the objective can be met through application of macroperforated films having customized macroperforations. However, the package headspace dynamics vary with the number of macroperforations. For a particular crop, the number of macroperforations required to generate the ideal in‐pack partial pressures of O2 and CO2 can be suitably predicted with this model, knowing the respiratory behavior and the kind of inhibition by CO2 experienced. Thus, results of the study have a potential application at the level of design of MAP for various crops requiring macroperforated packaging as well as these can be utilized alike for further academic interest in the area of packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables; using predictive modeling approach.
Health in All Policies: Addressing the Legal and Policy Foundations of Health Impact Assessment
Authors: Rajotte Benjamin R. , Ross Catherine L. , Ekechi Chinyere O. , Cadet Vladimir N. 
Published: February 2011

The concept of Health in All Policies aims to improve the health outcomes associated with policies in an attempt to mitigate health disparities and provide optimal environments for healthier living. This multidisciplinary framework seeks to improve health through effective assessment and reformation of policy for organizations of any level and stature. The importance of integrating health in policy assessment and decision making is a key concept in the growing field of Health Impact Assessment.The World Health Organization defines Health Impact Assessment (HIA) as “a combination of procedures, methods, and tools by which a policy, program, or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population.” HIA provides a mechanism for collaboration between various sectors and disciplines bridging the gap between research, policymaking, and implementation of policies, programs, and projects affecting health outcomes. In the United States, while some HIA efforts have focused on proposed public policies, HIA has been used primarily to analyze the health effects of proposed development projects and plans related to community design and transportation.
Ancient Liberties? Rewriting the Historical Novel: Thomas Leland, Horace Walpole and Clara Reeve
Authors: PRICE FIONA 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTaking Walter Scott's novels as paradigmatic, Georg Lukács defines the historical novel as a genre that figures history as abrupt change or progress, a theory which, this essay argues, fails to allow for the alternative political fictions available in eighteenth‐century Britain. When the impact of the Glorious Revolution on the fictions of Leland, Walpole and Reeve is acknowledged, it becomes evident that the notion of inherited liberties was as important to Whig thinkers as the narrative of historical progress. This realisation allows fuller understanding of how these ‘gothic’ works function as historical novels.
Portraits of Scottish Professional Men in London, c.1760‐1830: Careers, Connections and Reputations
Authors: NENADIC STANA 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe changing identity of professional men in such areas of life as public conduct, appearance and demeanour, patronage connections and client relationships was a subject of debate articulated in various forms, including portraiture, in the eighteenth century. Focusing on London, the primary British site for portrait production, this essay looks at three professional men of Scottish background – the poet and university professor James Beattie, the architect James Mylne and the physician Matthew Baillie – whose careers and reputations were forged through their portraits, although the process of becoming the subject of a portrait was sometimes fraught with problems and unintended consequences.
Ownership Concentration, State Ownership, and Effective Tax Rates: Evidence from China’s Listed Firms*
Authors: Zeng Tao 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of ownership concentration and state ownership on the tax reporting practices of China’s publicly listed firms. I argue that ownership concentration and state ownership are important for tax reporting practices in China because listed firms have high ownership concentrations and high levels of state ownership. Using a sample of 758 listed Chinese firms over the 1998–2008 time period, I find that firms with concentrated share ownership have lower effective tax rates. I also find that firms whose largest shareholders are government‐related have higher effective tax rates compared to firms whose largest shareholders are nongovernment related. In other words, the nature of the largest shareholder (government vs. nongovernment) matters. I also show that ownership‐concentrated firms are able to achieve preferential statutory tax rates compared to firms with low ownership concentration regardless of the identity of the largest shareholder.
Canada Generators Limited*
Authors: Irvine Wayne , Jones Stuart H. , Wright Michael 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis case depicts an armchair situation involving a newly formed small private Canadian company that has recently begun operations in Western Canada. Of concern to the owners is their understanding that Canadian generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are about to be replaced by International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) at the end of 2010, and so the statements in their present form will have to be conformed to the new standards if the company decides to go public with a share offering, which is an option it is considering. Other issues facing the company concern the appropriate accounting and reporting requirements that will be required in order to allow the company to secure additional financing and engage in some necessary research and development. This case is suitable for students who have progressed beyond the introductory financial accounting level; it involves adjustments to inventory and capital asset accounts as well as income effects including taxation, and it draws out some of the more important nontransitional differences between GAAP and IFRS.
Simultaneous Detection of Rift Valley Fever, Bluetongue, Rinderpest, and Peste des Petits Ruminants Viruses by a Single-Tube Multiplex Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Assay Using a Dual-Priming Oligonucleotide System
Authors: Yeh Jung-Yong , Lee Ji-Hye , Seo Hyun-Ji , Park Jee-Yong , Moon Jin-San , Cho In-Soo , Choi In-Soo , Park Seung-Yong , Song Chang-Seon , Lee Joong-Bok 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to develop a highly sensitive and specific one-step multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR assay for the simultaneous and differential detection of Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV), bluetongue virus (BTV), rinderpest virus (RPV), and Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). These viruses cause mucosal lesions in cattle, sheep, and goats, and they are difficult to differentiate from one another based solely on their clinical presentation in suspected disease cases. In this study, we developed a multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR to detect these viruses using a novel dual-priming oligonucleotide (DPO). The DPO contains two separate priming regions joined by a polydeoxyinosine linker, which blocks extension of nonspecifically primed templates and consistently allows high PCR specificity even under less-than-optimal PCR conditions. A total of 19 DPO primers were designed to detect and discriminate between RVFV, BTV, RPV, and PPRV by the generation of 205-, 440-, 115-, and 243-bp cDNA products, respectively. The multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR described here enables the early diagnosis of these four viruses and may also be useful as part of a testing regime for cattle, sheep, or goats exhibiting similar clinical signs, including mucosal lesions.
First Report of Performance of the Versant CT/GC DNA 1.0 Assay (kPCR) for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Kerndt P. R. , Ferrero D. V. , Aynalem G. , Monga D. , Wang S. , Zhang N. , Wong C. , Liggins M. , Meng Q. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the analytical, work flow, and clinical performance of the Versant CT/GC DNA 1.0 assay (Versant CT/GC assay, where “CT” represents
Chlamydia trachomatis
and “GC” represents
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
). The assay simultaneously detects
Chlamydia trachomatis
and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
in swab and first-catch urine (FCU) specimens. The limit of detection (LoD) was determined to be 342 copies/ml for
C. trachomatis
and 137 copies/ml for GC. The Versant CT/GC assay detected 15
C. trachomatis
serovars and 46 GC strains. The Versant CT/GC assay demonstrated no cross-reactivity with 136 potentially cross-reacting organisms. Clinical concordance of the Versant CT/GC assay to the Aptima Combo 2 (AC2) assay from Gen-Probe was demonstrated using 1,129 patient specimens, including 589 urine and 540 swab specimens. Discrepant specimens were subjected to DNA sequencing to identify the presence of amplified targets and to identify false-positive and false-negative results. Overall percent agreement was greater than 98%. Positive and negative percent agreements for detection of
C. trachomatis
were 94.4% and 99.1%, respectively, in urine specimens and 95.8% and 99.8%, respectively, in swab specimens. Positive percent agreement for the detection of
N. gonorrhoeae
was 100% in both urine and swab specimens, and negative percent agreements were 99.6% and 99% in urine and swab specimens, respectively. In conclusion, the performance of the Versant CT/GC assay was comparable to that of the AC2 assay. The Versant CT/GC assay can be recommended for the detection of
C. trachomatis
and
N. gonorrhoeae
in swab and urine specimens of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.