bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Note sur le sciage des pierres dures à l'époque romaine / Note on stone sawing in roman period
Authors: Seigne Jacques 
Published: July 2010

L'examen des traces attribuables à des opérations de sciage de pierre, observées sur le site des
thermes gallo-romains de Vieil-Evreux et sur deux tambours de colonne du sanctuaire d' Artémis à Jerash/Gérasa (Jordanie), conduit à restituer une scie à lames multiples, lisses, montées sur un cadre rigide vertical, guidée par un bâti indépendant, pour la préparation simultanée de trois ou quatre plaques de pierre dure, de faible épaisseur mais de grandes dimensions.
Les intellectuels dans le siècle
Authors: Winock Michel 
Published: July 2010

The worldly intellectuals, Michel Winock
« Where are Gide, Malraux, Alain ? » lamented Mr. Max Gallo, the government spokesman, during the summer of 1983. Indeed, after the death of J.-P. Sartre and R. Aron, the French intelligentsia has been struck by lethargy ; it is less involved in politics and is more modestly trying to find a new ethics. Is this a sign of a civilization's exhaustion, or a promise of a new spurt of intelligence ? The author shows how much the history of the intellectuals, born at the time of the Dreyfus affair, was woven in ambiguities : the scholars have often turned coats ; the moralists of the 1930s resigned at Munich ; the committed partisans of the 1950s covered up the worst excesses of totalitarianism. The 1970s have brought doubt and often silence.
Des parités aux monnaies flottantes
Authors: Pogorel Gérard 
Published: July 2010

From parity to floating currencies : the political debate on the international monetary System since 1940, Gérard Pogorel
During the second world war, within the framework of the allies negotiations on the post war, the Americans, the English and the French established the foundations of a future international monetary System. The Bretton Woods conference set up in July 1944 the two key institutions — the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The liveliness of the discussions on exchange parity and the use of the gold standard, and the weight of the dollar and of the pound sterling prevented the system from becoming operative until the end of the 1950s. The creation of the European Common Market and the competitiveness of Europe and Japan then aggravated the tensions between the United States and the rest of the world, especially General de Gaulle's France. A compromise was reached in 1967 with the creation of the Special Drawing Rights. But the economic crisis of the 1970s and the imbalance of international exchanges resulted in the tri-polar monetary System : the dollar, the yen and the ECU, created in 1979 within the European Monetary System. The failure of an international fiduciary currency is compensated by the flexibility of the new System, even if some heads of state are in the early 1980s speaking of a new Bretton Woods.
Luther, citoyen des deux Allemagnes en 1983
Authors: Thadden Rudolf (von 
Published: July 2010

Luther, a citizen of both Germanies in 1983, Rudolf von Thadden
Why were the celebrations of the 500th anniversary of Martin Luther's birth in '1983, so successful in both Germanies ? In East Germany, because the communist power is sufficiently confident to enlist Luther at no risk : his teachings are used in the policy of separation between the Church and the socialist state, unlike Catholic Poland, and of emphasis on the work ethic. In West Germany, where the celebration was to concern only the man of faith, the Lutheran heritage still provides a good explanation of national characteris-tics, such as the taste for theory, the primacy of substance over form, and the protestants' singular devotion to the policy of peace.
Nouvelle régulation ou retour à la normale ?
Authors: Rowley Anthony 
Published: July 2010

New regulation or return to normal? The British case after 1918, Anthony Rowley.
At the end of the First World War, the return to the gold standard in Great Britain illustrated the difficulty of maintaining both a deflationary policy and measures aimed at helping employment and creating a system of unemployment benefits. During this period, the role of the state in financial matters grew while maintaining at the same time a heterogeneous character. This development, begun at the end of the 19th century, picked up speed with the war economy and the necessities of a new economic regulation in the 1920s.
Une généalogie guerrière de l'histoire
Authors: Chevrier Yves 
Published: July 2010

A warlike genealogy of history. Mac-Neill's paradigm, Yves Chevrier
History is produced by war, not the contrary. Such is the thesis of W.H. MacNeill, an American historian familiar with wide-ranging frescoes, in The Pursuit of Power (1982). This critical review places MacNeill's thinking in the wake of famous predecessors : Braudel, Weber, Marx, Clausewitz and Gibbon. It also defines his originality : thinking about war no longer in terms of its waging, causes and consequences, but seeing in it the mode of production of civilization and society. Like the class struggle, war is a motor of history. This is a revolutionary thesis, which raises many critical questions.
Les guerres de succession du Kremlin (1924-1984)
Authors: Carrère d'Encausse Hélène 
Published: July 2010

The Kremlin wars of succession (1924-1984), Hélène Carrère d'Encausse.
The difficulties of succession which the Soviet System experienced on the deaths of Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, and Andropov are discussed. No apparent rule could ever be established in the USSR to ensure the transfer of power without a crisis. But a careful examination of the circumstances and the stakes of the wars of succession clarifies successively the roles of individuals until 1953, of the apparatus until 1982, and of the generational conflict within the party since the death of Brezhnev. History seems to reinforce Max Weber's analysis of the routinization of power and the final victory of the System over the individuals.
Colonisation, décolonisation et capitalisme (1880-1960)
Authors: Marseille Jacques 
Published: July 2010

Colonization, decolonization and capitalism (1880-1960). Divorce, French style, Jacques Marseille.
Decolonization has not been, as some politicians had predicted, a catastrophe for the French economy, far from it. In the decade which followed the downfall of the colonial empire, the growth of capitalism, seldom as vigorous, was accompanied by the structural transformations necessary to modernization. The business community seemed to understand that well before the state since, as early as the 1930s, certain economic agents were already feeling unsatisfaction. Public opinion relayed by political forces, became passionately and unexpectedly interes in the empire, just as the world of business and finance was moving away from it. A painful divorce, which only General de Gaulle alone could declare.
Histoire et pouvoir dans 1984
Authors: Bédarida François 
Published: July 2010

History and power in 1984, François Bédarida.
A visionary and iconoclastic book, going against the mainstream antifascist progressivism of the 30s and 40s, George Orwell's 1984, published in 1949, has put before the historian the issue of the subjection of the past to power in a totalitarian System. Big Brother's theocracy has conquered memory and denies ail forms of objective historical truth. The future, however, needs the past : Orwell's message is a defense and illustration of the pedagogical and civic function of history.
Le siècle de la contingence ?
Authors: Rémond René 
Published: July 2010

The century of contingency ?, René Rémond
Virtually all forecasts have corne to naught during the 20th century. This chronic discrepancy between prediction and reality confronts the contemporary historian with the central role of contingency, the irritating challenge to his desire to explain logically the passing of time. Population, economy, culture, and above all, politics — no field of human activity manages to escape the accident of contingency. The historian, therefore, has to avoid two contrary excesses : attributing to events a spurious logic, and making the flow of things depend on minor causes. Only the historian can show that all situations have a variety of possible future scenarios, and that choice is always irreversible.
Le cas très singulier de la guerre d'Algérie
Authors: Droz Bernard 
Published: July 2010

The very singular case of the Algerian war, Bernard Droz
In the history of Franco-French wars, the Algerian war is quite singular. Long indifferent to the colonial question, French public opinion showed little interest in Indochina, Tunisia or Morocco while Algeria unleashed passion. Although clearly the left was as a whole favorable to independence and the right opposed the loss of Algeria, the drama disturbed the traditional left-right confrontation. Moreover, the conflict in France was much more violent at the level of discourse than in reality. If there was a civil war, it took place more in Algeria. Paradoxically, the very bitterness of the conflict in France made it easier for Algeria to accede to independence, but in no way was independence achieved through the unanimity of a people.
Regards d'outre-hexagone
Authors: Borejsza Jerzy W , Hoffmann Stanley , Romano Sergio , Stengers Jean , Tilly Charles 
Published: July 2010

Views of France from abroad, Jerzy W. Borejsza, Stanley Hoffmann, Sergio Romano, Jean Stengers, Charles Tilly.
Five foreign historians give their points of view on Franco-French wars. Civil war no longer has following in the France of the 20th century, event if fighting speeches ang aggressive attitudes proliferate and are player out. French-style clashes are compared by them with the civil wars or the divisions in their own countries : the Civil war in the USA, the problem of Belgian national identity, Polish resistance and Italian « syncretism ».
Une guerre de deux cents ans ?
Authors: Azéma Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2010

A two-hundred year war ?, Jean-Pierre Azéma
The hypothesis of rippling waves of games of memory, faults and replays, of the determining role of ideological conflicts, of verbal inflation in Franco-French wars of the 20th century seems stimulating and operational at the end of this voyage through history. But one must not jump to conclusions. A truce is not an armistice. Events since May 1981, the opposition's attacks against the new Jacobins in power and the rise in xenophobia show that the French still keep their powder dry.
Lieux et métiers des étrangers en France depuis 1851
Authors: Le Bras Hervé 
Published: July 2010

Location and jobs of foreigners in France since 1851, Hervé Le Bras
The cartographic projection of the 1851 census clearly shows a distribution of foreigners influenced by a neighborhood effect. During the foliowing decades, the effect took root and opened on to a spatial and also social specialization of foreigners. The study of the 1936 data shows moreover a great consistency in national temperaments, geographically as well as professionally. May the recent drop in industrial employment not upset the economic and social results of a century-old process ?
Une intégration difficile : les polonais en France dans le premier 20e siècle
Authors: Ponty Janine 
Published: July 2010

A diffîcult integration : the Poles in France in the first part of the 20th century, Janine Ponty.
After World War I, a large Polish community of a half million people emigrated to France. It was composeed of original Poles and of " Westphalians ", established since the 19th century in the Ruhr and having German citizenship. This specific community, which maintained strong national feelings, settled essentially in Northern France and worked in the coal fields. Originally opposed to any assimilation, its members tried to recreate a specific religious and cultural milieu, which caused them to be rejected by the French. The second World War broke this process, facilitated the integration of some, while about 100,000 others decided to return to and work in the new socialist Poland.
Le parc de la villette entre Thélème et Disneyland
Authors: Voldman Danièle 
Published: July 2010

The Parc de la Villette, between Thélème and Disneyland, Danièle Voldman
The plan to equip the eastern part of Paris with a big park has since 1981 become a more ambitious scheme : to invent the urban garden of the 21st century. Hundreds of architects and landscap specialists wor-ked on this adventure. But it is just as difficult to plan urban development as to plan the needs of the population of the post-industrial age. Should city dwellers get fresh air or games ? How does one design an amusement park in the French tradition without making a pale copy of its far-off American model ? Will La Villette become a new Disneyland ?
Le recrutement des inspecteurs des finances de 1892 à 1946
Authors: Carré de Malberg Nathalie 
Published: July 2010

The recruitment of Finance Inspectors from 1892 to 1946, Nathalie Carré de Malherg.
The French Inspection des Finances corps is often presented as a private hunting ground of the Paris upper bourgeoisie, and a pure product of the Ecole libre des sciences politiques. The reality was far more complex. The Inspection archives and particularly the files of candidates for the competitive entrance examination allow for a more subtle profile of the Finance Inspector. A careful study of the sociological, geographic and intellectual characteristics of the candidates and of those admitted leads to the conclusion that the competition, studied over half a century, was never a simple reproduction machine for « inheritors ».
Les Bantous, de la philologie allemande à l'authenticité africaine
Authors: Chrétien Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2010

The Bantus, Jean-Pierre Chrétien
The « Bantu » model which serves to designate the black populations of austral Africa was a pure creation, first of linguistics and German philology, then of the race science of the colonial era, and finally of contemporary African ethno-philosophy. Created from the outside, it belongs more to the grand Western racial theories than to African reality.
L'apport des historiens aux études électorales
Authors: Rémond René 
Published: July 2010

The contribution of historians to electoral studies, René Rémond
The historian's interest in elections is not new, and the record of their contribution in this area is generally positive. Several generations of students of political history have contributed to the progress of electoral studies, despite the discredit which once fell on that discipline. Its strong comeback has opened new fields which it is already possible to chart.
Les cycles de la modernisation en Chine (1842-1949)
Authors: Bergère Marie-Claire 
Published: July 2010

Modernization cycles in China (1842-1949), Marie-Claire Bergère.
Since 1842, China has been going through a series of modernization drives repetitive enough to be called cycles. The first one, ending with the First World War, was marked by the predominant role of the State. It was a modernization from the top, characterized by belated reforms, insufficient to save the Empire. In the second one, during the 1920s, there was a spontaneous modernization which corresponds to the golden age of Chinese capitalism. But the failures at the end of this period were evidence of the inability of Chinese society alone to perform the tasks of modernization. That explains, despite its distrust of the State, why the bourgeoisie did not renounce the advantages of a centralizing order. Since even liberalism needs the State, the third cycle, that of the Kuomintang, could thus be understood as an attempt to set up a non-bureaucratic capitalism under which the integration of the bourgeois elites to the bureaucracy was to be the expression of a national political culture.
Vichy était-il fasciste ?
Authors: Slama Alain-Gerard 
Published: July 2010

Was Vichy fascist ?, Alain-Gérard Slama.
In order to understand the Vichy regime, one must focus on what differentiates it from all the other authoritarian experiments and makes it an element of the political originating in the Revolution and the Empire. This makes it possible to determine to what extent the components of the Petain myth are elements traditional in French culture : the soldier, the peasant and the school teacher. And how the weight of cultural references favored the pluralism of political debate within the regime and led its political discourse toward continuity. Culture more than conjuncture thus probably saved Petain's France from the fascist epidemic.
Guerre froide et progressisme chrétien. La quinzaine (1950-1953)
Authors: Tranvouez Yvon 
Published: July 2010

Cold War and Christian progressivism. La Quinzaine (1950-1953), Yvon Tranvouez.
During the Cold War, La Quinzaine, recently founded by Dominican fathers and transfered to lay hands, threw itself into the « struggle for peace » after some Christians heard the communist Stockholm Appeal. « Hypocritical ravages » of American civilization, « new world » in the East : everything apparently led this bi-monthly from Christian progressivism to a manichean view of international relations. The political trials in the people's democracies nevertheless revealed a deep split within the editorial team which displayed greater diversity than the monolithic image conveyed by its opponents. Condemned by the Holy Office in 1955, the magazine had in extremis distinguished fellow traveller Christians from followers of a nascent « new left ».
De l'ouvrier-masse au travailleur fléxible
Authors: Gaudemar Jean-Paul (de 
Published: July 2010

From mass worker to flexible worker, Jean-Paul de Gaudemar.
Starting with the imperatives of productivity in industrial societies since the 19th century, the author examines the emergence of taylorism, then of the labor movement, and the progress of individual skill acquisition through education. He considers the need for flexibility, as common now in the office as in the factory, and thus gives a historical answer to the main question : how has the relation of the masses to the individual been expressed in terms of labor economy ?
Raoul Dautry, la conscience du social
Authors: Baudouï Rémi 
Published: July 2010

Raoul Dautry and social consciousness, Rémi Baudouï.
More than any other French engineer of his generation, Raoul Dautry embodied the hopes of those for whom the exercice of power belonged exclusively to those with technical competence. Nevertheless his exemplary career which took him from railroads to responsibility for two ministerial departments raises the question of the apolitical expert. For him, social consciousness implied choices of a political nature. This leads to the question of the definition of state service and of technocracy.
Itinéraire d'un ingénieur
Authors: Beltran Alain , Bungener Martine 
Published: July 2010

Itinerary of an engineer. Pierre Massé before the Plan, André Bertran, Martine Bungener.
Pierre Massé, polytechnicien, engineer to the corps of Ponts et Chaussées, had an exemplary career, from the Lozère, where he introduced tar, to a mission in the Rhineland, and to the office of General Commissioner for the Plan. It was mostly during his involvement with electricity that he implemented his economic and technical theories, and won a reputation as a modernizing expert, who stressed the essential roles of energy and energy policy. When in 1959 Pierre Massé stopped his activity in the electricity industry to become General Commissioner for the Plan, he confirmed his role as an economist to whom no area was alien.
L'histoire religieuse de la France au 20e siècle
Authors: Rémond René 
Published: July 2010

The religious history of contemporary France, René Rémond.
Not long ago, caught in the straitjacket of outdated problematiques and methods, neglected or suspected by dominant schools or currents, religious history seemed a poor relative in the family of French history. Today, it is fully recognized and integrated in the research landscape, thanks to a complete overhaul of its questions and means of investigation. The arrival of new generations of historians, internal developments in the various Churches, the contribution of pluridisciplinarity and the constants broadening of perspectives, which are responsible for this aggiornamento, are now ensuring the diversity and vitality of a renewed history. Rene Remond's stock taking suggests paths for the future, between the desire to place the religious aspect within the field of the multiple social interactions and the will to respect its specificity and its autonomy.
Les juifs et la vie politique
Authors: Kaspi André 
Published: July 2010

Jews and politics, André Kaspi.
The Jewish lobby is often mentioned in the United States. The « power of the Jews » is however exaggerated neither through inadvertence nor through ignorance. On one hand, they represent one of several mino-rities. On the other, while they do have a homogeneous political behavior (their vote is traditionally Democratie), their influence has rarely been decisive. Their gradual but spectacular Americanization causes fear and admiration : their harshest opponent are to be found within the minority which has not succeeded to become part of the American way of life.
Villes coloniales et histoire des Africains
Authors: Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine 
Published: July 2010

Colonial cities and history of the Africans, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch.
Africa has long been considered a vast rural continent in which urbanization developed at the impulse of colonizers. In fact, although marginal, African cities are ancient and have had a life of their own alongside western establishments. Since the early 1960s, urbanism has become the major phenomenon in black Africa. In 1990, the urban population will be larger than the rural population. The colonial city, from this point of view, initiated this process. But African town planners, trained in Western techniques and molds, will nevertheless have to integrate their customary heritage and the necessities of modern planning.
La loi de 1948 sur les loyers
Authors: Voldman Danièle 
Published: July 2010

The 1948 law on rents, Danièle Voldman.
The 1948 law on rents which was meant to encourage real estate investment, did not produce the intended effects. Wanting to cater to both landlords and tenants — two incompatible parts — the parliamentarians missed their goal. The new law froze the situation it was supposed to open up, and by increasing rents substantially without increasing the value of housing for rent, it disgruntled everyone.
Nationalisme et internationalisation au Japon
Authors: Seizelet Éric 
Published: July 2010

Nationalism and internationalization in Japan, Eric Seizelet.
Japanese traditionalism is based on the restoration of monarchic prestige, the rehabilitation of the national ethics and patriotism. Its present resurgence transcends the traditional political division between liberais and conservatives. It has become the foundation of a new nationalism which is freeing itself from the inhibitions of the past but functions as a passive subversion of institutions. It is part of the vision of internationalization, an ambiguous and polysemic notion, will to conceived as a power.
Intellectuels, fascisme et antimodernité dans la France des années trente
Authors: Simard Marc 
Published: July 2010

Intellectuals, fascism and anti-modernity in the 1930s in France, Marc Simard.
In the debate on the « fascism » of French intellectuals in the 1930s, the author suggests a shift in perspectives. Although the per-sonalist journals such as Esprit or L'Ordre Nouveau did not actually share the fascist fascination of intellectuals such as Brasillach and Drieu La Rochelle, they did have a common features : the rejection of modernity, the reaction against the rising era of the masses. Intellectual fascism might thus be only one aspect of a much wider current, that of anti-modernism. Partial proximities, which are not necessarily similarities, become more understandable, without the risks of reduction.