bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugarbeet Yield and Quality in Relation to Residual Beef Feedlot Waste
Authors: Eck H. V. , Winter S. R. , Smith S. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUse of beef feedlot waste (FLW) in crop rotations including sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) would provide a use for a surplus waste product. Objectives of this study were to assess the effects of FLW on soil chemical characteristics and on sugarbeet yield and quality. Amounts of FLW applied on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed. thermic Torrertic Palleustoll) over a 16‐yr period ranged from 0 to 1608 Mg ha−1. Retention (of applied FLW drymatter (DM) as soil OM ranged from 14 to 2%, N (applied in DM) as total N from 47 to 5%, and P as NaHCO3‐extractable P from 18 to 8%. Retention depended on amount and recency of application. Nitrifiable N, determined chemically, was closely associated with OM (r = 0.88), total N (r = 0.93), and with NO−3‐N (r = 0.95). All treatments that had previously received FLW produced significantly higher sugarbeet root and sucrose yields than those that had received N, P, and K plus added N on the sugarbeet crop. Consequently, use of FLW in crop rotations including sugarbeets merits further study. Sucrose concentrations 'of the sugarbeets were inversely related while concentrations of Na, NO3, and amino‐N in the roots were directly related to soil NO−3‐N and inversely related to sucrose. Nitrifiable N was closely associated with root yield, sucrose yield, sucrose concentration, nitrate grade, and amino‐N. Nitrifiable N, as determined in this study, deserves further evaluation as an indicator of N supplying capacity of the soil.
Late‐Winter No‐Till Seeding of Alfalfa into Autumn‐Suppressed Tall Fescue
Authors: Zarnstorff M. E. , Chamblee D. S. , Mueller J. P. , Campbell W. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has traditionally been established in the autumn in the southeastern USA, even though insects, disease, and/or moisture supply may limit successful conventional or notillage establishment. In previous studies, late‐winter (February or March) no‐till seedings failed because chemicals applied at time of seeding failed to suppress the grass. The objective of this study was to evaluate autumn chemical suppression and/or killing of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘Kentucky 31’), late‐winter seeding date (February or March), and weed control in the seeding year on no‐till establishment of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa into a tall fescue dominant sward. Three, 2‐yr field experiments were conducted during 1985 to 1987 on Typic Hapludult soils. Common to all experiments was a 23 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of; (i) two late‐winter seeding dates of alfalfa, mid‐February or mid‐March, (ii) autumn applied paraquat (1‐1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ion) at 0.28 kg ha−1 a.i. or glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine] at 2.24 kg ha−1 a.i. for grass suppression, and (iii) the use of no weed control in the seeding year vs. weed control during the seeding year. A no‐grass suppression treatment was included for each seeding date. Insect grazing damaged 15% of the alfalfa seedlings, with an average damage per plant of 4%. Autumn grass suppression followed by late‐winter (February or March) no‐till seeding of alfalfa resulted in alfalfa yields of 6.77 Mg ha−1 as compared to no‐grass suppression yields of 3.27 Mg ha−1 for the seeding year. Weed control in the seeding year increased alfalfa yields in the March seeding 2.51 Mg ha−1 as compared to no‐weed control in the seeding year. We conclude that late‐winter (February or March) no‐till seeding alfalfa into a cool‐season perennial grass sward in the southeast region of the USA is an excellent alternative to autumn providing the grass is killed in the autumn prior to seeding.
Programming Techniques to Expedite Communication of Scientific Models
Authors: Waldman Sue E. , Rickman Ron W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractComputer programs describing scientific models aid in communicating models and their multiple components to other scientists. If several language‐independent programming practices are used, programs can be much more valuable communication tools than are many of the currently distributed programs. Text file input of parameter values and prompts permit simple modification of program algorithms and screen instructions without requiring recompiling. Standardization of variable name lengths to the lowest common denominator (which seems to be FORTRAN 77) of six characters increase the portability of code. Structured programming, subroutines, absolute abstinence from the use of GO TOs, and appropriate documentation provide organized, decipherable code and hence readable and usable programs. Language dependent practices of modular programming and passing of variables can simplify major model changes and program redesign. Programs written as communication tools do not necessarily execute in minimum time but can dramatically reduce time needed to understand a model and incorporate its code, without introducing error, into the code of larger models or simulations.
Cocklebur and Velvetleaf Interference with Soybean Grown at Different Densities and Planting Patterns
Authors: Marwat Khan Bahadar , Nafziger Emerson D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo common problems in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields are weeds and incomplete crop plant stands, and these problems may interact in their influence on soybean yield. A study was conducted in 1986 and 1987 to examine whether weed interference was influenced by soybean plant stand and planting pattern. In full stands (26 plants/m row) of soybean, common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) spaced 1.5 m apart in the row decreased soybean yields 29 and 34%, respectively, in 1986 and 19 and 15%, respectively, in 1987. Decreasing the soybean stand 20, 40, and 60% without weeds resulted in yield losses of 8, 18, and 34% (across both years) in evenly spaced soybean plants, while similar stand losses caused by removal of sections of row resulted in yield losses of 14, 28, and 35%, across both years, respectively. When common cocklebur and velvetleaf were present, percentage yield decreases due to stand losses were similar to those in the weedfree treatment; there was no interaction between weed treatment and stand loss treatments. Light interception by the canopy, measured only in 1987, was higher in weedy plots than in weedfree plots, with the additional interception presumably due to the weeds. Common cocklebur produced more dry weight than did velvetleaf, but the two weeds had similar effects on soybean yield. These results indicate that, while weed competition and stand loss can both cause substantial yield losses in soybean, the effect of these factors is additive when both occur in the same field, and weed growth is not greatly enhanced by decreased competition resulting from loss of soybean stand.
Pepper Seedling Response to Steady and Transient Nitrogen and Phosphorus Supply
Authors: Bar‐Tal A. , Bar‐Yosef B. , Kafkafi U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUsing transplants for growing pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is widespread, but little is known about seedling response to transient N and P supply during tbe nursery growth stage. The objective of this work was to study the effect of steady and alternating N and P concentrations in solution culture on pepper seedling development, dry‐matter production rate, and N and P uptake rates, to allow better control of production by transplants. Seedlings were grown in trays of pyramidal cells, packed with vermiculite and floated on well‐aerated nutrient solutions of high (6 mM) or low (1 mM) N and high (0.25 mM) or low (0.01 or 0.03 mM) P. Dry‐matter accumulation in seedling tops as a function of time conformed in all treatments to a first‐order exponential equation. The growth rate constant was significantly higher in the high than in the low N or P concentrations. Root growth rate was less affected by the N and P solution concentration than was the top growth rate. Five‐day‐long alternations of solution concentration from high to low and from low to high N and P significantly changed dry‐matter production rate and nutrient content in plants. Growth and uptake rates regained their original values when seedlings were re‐exposed for 5 d to the original solutions. The rapid changes in growth rate were attributed to rapid variations in the flux of N and P uptake in response to changes in solution concentrations, which affected N and P concentration in plant organs. Varying N and P concentrations in tops affected dry‐matter production rate, whereas variations in N and P concentrations in roots influenced the flux of uptake of P and N, respectively.
Subclover Early Growth Responses to Levels and Placements of Superphosphate and Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Frost W. E. , Raguse C. A. , Taggard K. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSingle superphosophate (SSP) commonly has been used to correct soil deficiencies of P and S in rangeland seedings of annual legumes. This study evaluated rates and soil placement of P and S as SSP and N as ammonium nitrate on germination (emergence), seedling growth, and nodulation of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). The soil was a Sobrante‐Las Posas association (fineloamy or fine mixed thermic family of mollic haploxeralfs). Plants were grown from seed in three separate greenhouse experiments. The SSP levels varied from 31 to 4000 kg ha−1 (equivalent to 2.4 and 313 kg ha−1 P and 3.7 and 480 kg ha−1 S). Nitrogen varied from 40 to 160 kg ha−1. Placements were: 5 cm below the seed, 1.25 cm side‐banded, broadcast, and seed placed. Responses measured included emergence, growth rate, shoot weight, nodulation, and P toxicity symptoms. Negative effects of SSP mainly reduced emergence and increased plant toxicity symptoms and occurred at levels ≥1000 to 4000 kg ha−1. Negative effects of N (at 160 kg ha−1) were mainly on nodulation. Positive effects on most growth parameters and nodulation were largely confined to SSP levels ≤500 kg ha−1 and were best expressed by an asymptotic regression function. Placement effects generally were small except for seed‐placed reduction of emergence above 1000 kg ha−1 SSP. Soil‐banded placement treatments usually were more beneficial to growth than either broadcast or seed placed.
Genotype and Topping Stage in Relation to Maturity in Burley Tobacco
Authors: Kelley W. T. , Bowman D. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe danger of frost damage on burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an ever present risk to growers in western North Carolina. Therefore, a study was initiated to investigate the effects of topping stage and use of early and late‐flowering genotypes on maturity. Four genotypes (‘TN 86’, ‘VA 509’, m.s. Burley 21 ✕ L8, and ‘m.s. Ky 14 ✕ L8’) and three topping stages (early button, elongated button, and full flower) were examined at two locations (Laurel Springs and Waynesville, NC) in 1986 and 1987. Maturity was assessed by visually examining color of the tenth leaf from the bottom of the plant using a scale which is highly correlated with relative concentrations of chlorophylls and carotenoids and is based on the Munsell Color Charts for Plant Tissues. Data on color at harvest were analyzed. Late‐flowering cultivars, TN 86 and VA 509, were found to be paler in color at harvest. The paler color at harvest of the cultivars did not always translate into better quality tobacco in the cured leaf state. Choice of cultivar for short‐season environments should not necessarily be based on flowering date but on final quality of the cured leaf based on data collected over several seasons.
Barley Treated with Ethephon: I. Yield Components and Net Grain Yield
Authors: Moes J. , Stobbe E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEthephon [(2‐chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] effectively reduces lodging in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), but also may have positive or negative influences on grain yield and yield components even if lodging does not occur. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ethephon on yield and yield components of barley under western Canadian conditions. In 1987, 1988, and 1989 at Winnipeg MB, ‘Argyle’ conventional height and ‘Samson’ semidwarf barley were grown at 100 and 300 plants m−2 and treated with ethephon at Zadoks growth stage 35 or 45. At harvest, grain yield samples were taken by hand or by combine, and yield components were determined. When lodging occurred, Belgian lodging indices were determined. The two cultivars responded similarly to ethephon application. Hand‐harvested grain yields were either unaffected or reduced by ethephon, but combine‐harvested yield tended to be increased by ethephon in 1989 when lodging was severe in untreated plots. Reductions in hand‐harvested grain yield of ethephon‐treated plots were primarily due to reductions in kernels per spike, which occurred in all 3 yr for barley grown at both plant densities. Ethephon increased spikes per plant for barley grown at both 100 and 300 plants m−2 in 1987, which at the low plant density compensated for reductions in kernels per spike and kernel mass. Barley in ethephon‐treated plots tended to be delayed in maturity compared with untreated plots. This was particularly true in 1987 and 1989, when late tiller emergence was promoted to the greatest extent by ethephon when moisture conditions were favorable. The potential for ethephon to cause yield reductions restricts the use of ethephon in western Canada to situations where the risk of severe lodging is high.
Sugarbeet Response to Subsoiling and Wheel Traffic
Authors: Johnson B. S. , Erickson A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNormal tillage practices often create poor physical conditions for crop growth on lake plain soils in Michigan. Tillage studies were conducted in 1983 on Parkhill loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, nonacidic, mesic Mollic Haplaquept) and from 1983 to 1985 on Charity clay (fine, illitic (calcareous), mesic Aerie Haplaquept) to evaluate the potential for increasing sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield by reducing the physical limitations of these soils. Treatments consisted of eight combinations of a primary tillage and secondary tillage variable. Primary tillage was applied in the fall and consisted of subsoiling and moldboard plowing (SMP), subsoiling and shallow chiseling (SCH), moldboard plowing (MP), or shallow chiseling (CH). The secondary tillage vairable consisted of the presence or absence of tractor wheel traffic occurring during seedbed preparation. Response of sugarbeet ‘US‐H20’ and ‘US‐H23’ was evident each year and was attributed in part to improved soil aeration where subsoiling was performed and where wheel traffic was absent. Response was greatest in 1983 when subsoiling increased root yield of US‐H20 by 10.7 Mg ha−1 on Parkhill loam and by 7.6 Mg ha−1 on Charity clay. Elimination of preplant wheel traffic increased root yields by an average of 8.3 Mg ha−1 on Charity clay that year. Recoverable sucrose yield was affected in proportion to root yield each year because tillage had no effect on recoverable sucrose concentration. The need to minimize wheel traffic in sugarbeet production systems, regardless of the primary tillage practices employed, was evidenced by results of this study.
Stimulation of Alfalfa Bud and Shoot Development with Cytokinins
Authors: Tomkins J. P. , Hall M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs the number of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants in a stand declines, a compensatory increase in number of shoots per plant maintains production; however, when plant density declines below a critical level, compensatory shoot production is insufficient to maintain yield. Stimulating new shoots to grow in low density alfalfa stands may allow for continued economic alfalfa production in low density stands. Cytokinins have increased shoot growth in other plants. Our objective was to determine the effect of cytokinin on alfalfa development, yield, and quality. Two cytokinins, kinetin (6‐furfurylaminopurine) and BAP (6‐benzylaminopurine), were applied foliarly at several concentrations to alfalfa grown at different densities in both a greenhouse and field environment. Cytokinins increased shoots per plant, shoot length, and leaf area per plant. Increases in these plant characteristics were positively correlated (r > 0.74) with increased yield per plant. Average herbage dry matter (DM) yields per plant were increased by 35% in the greenhouse study and 79% in the field study, by application of cytokinins. The stimulatory effects of cytokinin were similar between low and high plant density stands. In the greenhouse study, delaying cytokinin application from immediately after harvest until 3 or 7 d after harvest reduced the yield per plant by 9 or 15%, respectively. Alfalfa quality was unaffected in the field and reduced in the greenhouse (average of 13 g kg−1 less crude protein and 29 g kg−1 more acid detergent fiber) by cytokinin application. Cytokinin application to alfalfa stubble increases the number of shoots and DM yield per plant and may prove to be a method of increasing or maintaining yield under field production situations.
Speedometer for Operator‐Propelled Equipment
Authors: Wolf D. D. , Wolf L. D. , Parrish D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccurate delivery of solutions from a sprayer or of seed and fertilizer from ground‐driven spinner spreaders requires accurate travel speeds. The objective of this note is to provide plans for building your own inexpensive electronic speedometer. Where the applicator is mounted on wheels, an accurate speed can be maintained using a computerized bicycle speed indicator and small magnets secured at equal intervals around the spokes. Insulated wire connects the magnetic sensor to a computerized digital display unit mounted within view of the operator. The computerized display is calibrated for the diameter of the wheel by settings in the operator's manual. The indicated speed is 10 times the actual speed. Speed is updated each second and displayed to the nearest 0.1 km h−1. The computer unit and materials can be purchased from local suppliers and assembled in a few hours. Evaluation of performance was made by four subjects under several conditions. When considering subjects and conditions, the standard error of travel speed was 0.056 km h−1 when operating the unit at a target of 3.22 km h−1 (2.0 MPH). This means that a range of 3.16 to 3.28 km h−1 could be achieved 95% of the time while intending to travel at 3.22 km h−1.
Sweet Corn Genotypes versus Ethephon in Relation to Yield Components
Authors: Fritz V. A. , Hebel J. B. , Borowski A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne of the major production related problems associated with sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa and particularly in the sh2 cultivars, has been root lodging. A study was thus conducted to determine if foliarly applied ethephon [(2‐chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] would effectively reduce susceptibility to root lodging in sweet corn, and to characterize three sweet corn genotypes' responses to ethephon. In 1987 and 1988 the effects of ethephon treatments on plant height, root lodging, and yield were evaluated using three sweet corn genotypes, sugary (su), sugary enhanced (se), and shrunken (sh2). Three cultivars were used within each genotype: Commander, Jubilee, and Stylepak (su); Sentry, Miracle, and Tendertreat (se); and Crisp n Sweet 710, Summer Sweet 8000, and Sweetie (sh2. Ethephon was applied foliarly at 280 g ha−1 at one of two stages of embryonic tassel growth (2.5 ‐ 5.0 or 15.0 ‐ 23.0 cm in length) to each of the sweet corn genotypes and cultivars. Ethephon reduced plant height in both years by 4 to 26%. Root lodging was significantly reduced in Miracle and Tendertreat (se) in 1987 in plants treated with ethephon. Yields were reduced and maturity was delayed in Sentry (se) and Sweetie (sh2) when treated with ethephon. The use of ethephon may be beneficial in cultivars that have a high tendency to lodge. However, during hot, dry years (i.e., 1988), it may be advisable to forego ethephon application on some cultivars.
Microcomputer‐Based Experiment Management System: I. Randomization, Label Printing, and Experiment Support
Authors: Loussaert Dale 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experiment management system is described that will aid in the execution of many types of biological experimentation. Menu driven software written for the IBM/compatible microcomputer will aid in pseudo‐random assignment of a number of treatment and experimental designs. The software will print labels and data collection sheets and facilitate asynchronous data transfer from the portable computers to the IBM/compatible computer. Data may be transformed and interline and intraline data field checking done. Data fields of different data files may be merged by experimental unit number and the experimental descriptor information, stored in a reference file during randomization, may be merged with the corresponding data of each experimental unit. The merged data and experimental unit descriptor information is output in a format suitable for analysis by the analysis software of this series, in a format suitable for analysis by SAS or in a general format compatible with spreadsheet or data base programs.
Agronomic Characteristics That Identify High Yield, High Protein Soybean Genotypes
Authors: Imsande John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeed yield and seed protein content are both heritable traits; however, breeding trials frequently reveal a negative correlation between the two traits. The objectives of this study were to measure and calculate various N‐dependent growth characteristics of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and to determine their relation to seed yield and seed protein. Well‐nodulated plants, each fixing approximately 180 mg N during pod fill, were grown hydroponically in a growth chamber with or without NO3−N during pod filling. Twenty growth‐yield characteristics, including yield, harvest index, N harvest index, and Kjeldahl analysis of N2 fixation, were measured or calculated for each of the 384 plants examined. The highest seed yields, approximately 10 g plant−1, and the highest seed N contents, approximately 560 mg plant−1, were obtained when well‐nodulated plants were provided some fertilizer‐N during pod fill. Except for N content (%) of the dried plant, correlations between each pair of the 20 N‐dependent growth‐yield characteristics were generally positive. In the absence of fertilizer‐N during pod fill, however, N content (%) of the seeds did not correlate with either harvest index or N harvest index, suggesting that insufficient N during pod fill interferes with the orderly mobilization of foliar‐N to the developing seeds. New physiological parameters (seed yield merit, N yield merit, and merit of genotype) are proposed for the identification of genetic lines that produce both a high seed yield and a high seed protein content.