bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kumada–Tamao–Corriu Coupling Using N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Bearing Pyridyl and Ethylenedioxyl Moieties
Authors: Mitsudo Koichi , Doi Yuta , Sakamoto Syunsuke , Murakami Hiroki , Mandai Hiroki , Suga Seiji 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Carbene ligands bearing a pyridyl group and an ethylenedioxyl moiety were developed, and utilized as efficient ligands for the nickel-catalyzed Kumada–Tamao–Corriu coupling. A wide variety of aryl chlorides could be used for the cross-coupling reaction with aryl Grignard reagents to afford the corresponding products in high yields in short time.
Direct Sequential C3 and C1 Arylation Reaction of Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine Catalyzed by a 1,10-Phenanthroline–Palladium Complex
Authors: Yamaguchi Eiji , Shibahara Fumitoshi , Murai Toshiaki 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The direct sequential arylation reaction at the C3 and C1 positions of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines with a variety of aryl iodides catalyzed by [Pd(phen)2](PF6)2 is described. The reaction of unsubstituted imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine with various aryl iodides proceeded selectively at the C3 position to exclusively give the corresponding C3-arylated products. The one-pot double-arylation reaction at the C3 and C1 positions of unsubstituted imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine with different aryl groups was also achieved.
2,7-Diborylanthracene as a Useful Building Block for Extended π-Conjugated Aromatics
Authors: Ozawa Ryota , Yoza Kenji , Kobayashi Kenji 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Ir-catalyzed direct diborylation of anthracene produced a 1:1 mixture of 2,6- and 2,7-diborylanthracenes, which could be separated by recrystallization. The Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling using 2,7-diborylanthracene gave extended π-conjugated 2,7-disubstituted anthracene derivatives as building blocks for macrocycles. A 1:1 mixture of 2,7-di(4-pyridyl)anthracene and [Pd(dppp)(OTf)2] self-assembled into a [3 + 3] macrocycle.
Palladium-catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Arenesulfonates with Dialkoxyboranes
Authors: Murata Miki , Oda Takeshi , Sogabe Yosuke , Tone Hirofumi , Namikoshi Takeshi , Watanabe Shinji 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The cross-coupling of aryl arenesulfonates with dialkoxyboranes proceeded in the presence of Bu4NI and a catalytic amount of [Pd(dba)2]/1,1′-bis(di-tert-butylphosphano)ferrocene, giving good yields of the corresponding arylboronates. The protocols tolerate a wide range of functional groups, including ester, nitrile, and ketone.
1,4-Diaryl-7,10-dimethoxyquinoxalino[2,3-b]quinoxalines and Their Dihydro Derivatives: Redox Switching of NIR Absorption and Fluorescence
Authors: Miura Youhei , Kawai Hidetoshi , Fujiwara Kenshu , Suzuki Takanori 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Due to the high-lying HOMO of the substituents and the low-lying LUMO inherited by the heterocyclic skeleton, the title quinoxalinoquinoxalines 1 exhibit absorption bands which extend to the NIR region, whereas the dihydro derivatives 2 are less colored but emit strong green fluorescence. Thus, the present pairs can serve as novel redox dyes for drastic spectral changes.
Palladium-catalyzed Carbon–Sulfur Cross-coupling Reactions of Aryl Chlorides with Indium Tris(organothiolates)
Authors: Mo Juntae , Eom Dahan , Kim Sung Hong , Lee Phil Ho 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Pd-Catalyzed carbon–sulfur cross-coupling reactions of aryl chlorides with indium tris(organothiolates) were developed. Aryl chlorides reacted with indium tris(organothiolates) (0.35 equiv) in the presence of 4 mol % of Pd(OAc)2, 4.2 mol % of Xantphos, and Cs2CO3 as an additive, producing aryl–aryl and aryl–alkyl sulfides in good to excellent yields.
Facile Synthesis of β,β-Difluorostyrenes via the Negishi Coupling of Thermally Stable 2,2-Difluorovinyl Zinc–TMEDA Complex
Authors: Fujita Takeshi , Ichitsuka Tomohiro , Fuchibe Kohei , Ichikawa Junji 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
2,2-Difluorovinylzinc chloride–TMEDA complex, readily prepared from 1,1-difluoroethylene, undergoes the palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction with aryl halides to afford β,β-difluorostyrenes in high yield. This reaction not only proceeds smoothly with sterically hindered triflates and halides including chlorides, but also exhibits excellent chemoselectivities for multi-halogenated substrates. The intermediary TMEDA complex was found to be thermally stable and storable.
The views of patients and the general public about expensive anti-cancer drugs in the NHS: a questionnaire-based study
Authors: Jenkins Valerie A , Trapala Ivonne Solis , Parlour Louise , Langridge Carolyn I , Fallowfield Lesley J 
Published: September 2011

Objectives To determine the views of patients and members of the public about who should pay for expensive new cancer drugs not recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Design A study-specific questionnaire was used to elicit the views of patients and the general public between April and June 2010. It examined whether participants thought patients should be told about all possible cancer treatments, if the NHS should always fund non-NICE recommended drugs and attitudes towards self-funding/co-payments. The influence of sociodemographic factors on responses was also examined. Setting Oncology clinics in Sussex and various locations including old persons’ lunch clubs, parks, sports venues and support groups. Participants Two hundred and 10 patients with common solid tumours, and 416 members of the general public Main outcome measures Frequencies of responses to items regarding payments for expensive anti-cancer drugs stratified by sociodemographic factors and comparison of responses between patients and members of the public. Results Most respondents (70% [147/210] of patients and 64% [266/ 416] of the general public) had heard of NICE. Both groups believed that doctors should tell patients about all available cancer treatments even if the NHS cannot pay (94%, 196/208; 93%, 388/415). However, only 49% (101/207) of patients and 36% (146/409) of the public believed that the NHS should always fund all new cancer drugs that have failed health technology assessments. Strong predictors of willingness to purchase expensive new cancer drugs included younger age (<45 years), sex (female) and higher educational level. Conclusion The general population appear realistic about the difficulties of providing funding for expensive new drugs. A communication skills training course has been developed to help clinicians with these difficult consultations.
The Circulation of Ideas in Firms and Markets
Authors: Hellmann Thomas , Perotti Enrico 
Published: September 2011

This paper models the generation, circulation, and completion of new ideas, showing how markets and innovative firms complement each other in a symbiotic relationship. Novel ideas are initially incomplete and require further insight before yielding a valuable innovation. Finding the complementary piece requires ideas to circulate, which creates appropriation risks. Circulation of ideas in markets ensures efficient completion, but because ideas can be appropriated, market entrepreneurs underinvest in idea generation. Firms can establish boundaries that guarantee safe circulation of internal ideas, but because firms need to limit idea circulation, they may fail to achieve completion. Spin-offs allow firms to benefit from the market's strength at idea completion, whereas markets benefit from firms' strength at generating new ideas. The model predicts diverse organizational forms (internal ventures, spin-offs, and start-ups) coexisting and mutually reinforcing each other. The analysis provides new insights into the structure of innovation-driven clusters such as Silicon Valley.This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Cooperation Without Enforcement? A Comparative Analysis of Litigation and Online Reputation as Quality Assurance Mechanisms
Authors: Bakos Yannis , Dellarocas Chrysanthos 
Published: September 2011

Commerce depends on buyers and sellers fulfilling their contractual obligations; mechanisms inducing such performance are essential to well-functioning markets. Internet-enabled reputation mechanisms that collect and disseminate consumer feedback have emerged as prominent means for inducing seller performance in online and offline markets. This paper compares the ability of reputation and more traditional litigation-like mechanisms for dispute resolution to induce efficient economic outcomes. We use a game-theoretic formulation and derive results for their relative efficiency and effectiveness individually or as complements. We find that the popular view of reputation as an efficient and relatively costless way to induce seller effort under all circumstances is incorrect; reputation is less efficient than litigation in inducing any given level of effort. Thus, reputation improves efficiency only in settings where the high cost of litigation, insufficient damage levels, or low court accuracy induce suboptimal effort or cause market failure. When adverse selection is important, reputation helps reveal the true types of market participants, which may offset its higher cost of inducing effort. Finally, adding reputation to existing litigation mechanisms increases seller effort and may require adjusting damage awards to avoid inducing excessive effort that reduces economic efficiency. This paper was accepted by Lorin Hitt, information systems.
Extracting Business Value from IT: A Sensemaking Perspective of Post-Adoptive Use
Authors: Hsieh J. J. Po-An , Rai Arun , Xu Sean Xin 
Published: September 2011

How can firms extract value from already-implemented information technologies (IT) that support the work processes of employees? One approach is to stimulate employees to engage in post-adoptive extended use, i.e., to learn and apply more of the available functions of the implemented technologies to support their work. Such learning behavior of extending functions in use is ingrained in a process by which users make sense of the technologies in the context of their work system. This study draws on sensemaking theory to develop a model to understand the antecedents, contingencies, and consequences of customer service employees' extended use of customer relationship management (CRM) technologies. The model is tested using multisource longitudinal data collected through a field study of one of the world's largest telecommunications service providers. Our results suggest that employees engage in post-adoptive sensemaking at two levels: technology and work system. We found that sensemaking at both of these levels impacts the extended use of CRM technologies. Employees' sensemaking at the technology level is influenced by employees' assessment of technology quality, whereas employees' sensemaking at the work system level is influenced by customers' assessment of service quality. Moreover, in the case of low technology quality and low service quality, specific mechanisms for employee feedback should be conceptualized and aligned at two levels: through employee participation at the technology level and through work system coordination at the work system level. Such alignment can mitigate the undesirable effect of low technology quality and low service quality, thereby facilitating extended use. Importantly, we found that extended use amplifies employees' service capacity, leading to better objective performance. Put together, our findings highlight the critical role of employees' sensemaking about the implemented technologies in promoting their extended use of IT and improving their work performance. This paper was accepted by Sandra Slaughter, information systems.
Stars and Misfits: Self-Employment and Labor Market Frictions
Authors: Åstebro Thomas , Chen Jing , Thompson Peter 
Published: September 2011

Recent evidence has shown that entrants into self-employment are disproportionately drawn from the tails of the earnings and ability distributions. This observation is explained by a multitask model of occupational choice in which frictions in the labor market induce mismatches between firms and workers, and misassignment of workers to tasks. The model also yields distinctive predictions relating prior work histories to earnings and to the probability of entry into self-employment. These predictions are tested with the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study, from which we find considerable support for the model. This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Another fusion taking place: Blending and interpretation
Authors: Caracciolo Marco 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This article offers an allegorical reading of the conclusion of Don DeLillo's sprawling novel, Underworld. In my view, this passage blends together Internet browsing and the reader's making sense of the novel itself. I use Fauconnier and Turner's blending theory to tease out the complex conceptual operations that readers are asked to perform while reading this passage, which maps a character's interaction with the links and nodes of the World Wide Web onto interpretation. On a more theoretical note, DeLillo's allegory seems to suggest that the spatial framework adopted by cognitive linguists and poeticians could be extended to interpretation – defined, along the lines of Peter Lamarque's philosophy of literature, as the extraction of the relevance or “human interest” of a work. The metaphor of the “interpretive space,” I conclude, captures neatly the way interpretation mediates between a text and the reader's worldview, providing a backdrop for constructs such as mental spaces and blends.
Pervasive Recombination and Sympatric Genome Diversification Driven by Frequency-Dependent Selection in Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Bacterium
Authors: Haven James , Vargas Levy C , Mongodin Emmanuel F , Xue Vincent , Hernandez Yozen , Pagan Pedro , Fraser-Liggett Claire M , Schutzer Steven E , Luft Benjamin J , Casjens Sherwood R , Qiu Wei-Gang 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
How genomic diversity within bacterial populations originates and is maintained in the presence of frequent recombination is a central problem in understanding bacterial evolution. Natural populations of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterial agent of Lyme disease, consist of diverse genomic groups co-infecting single individual vertebrate hosts and tick vectors. To understand mechanisms of sympatric genome differentiation in B. burgdorferi, we sequenced and compared 23 genomes representing major genomic groups in North America and Europe. Linkage analysis of &gt;13,500 single-nucleotide polymorphisms revealed pervasive horizontal DNA exchanges. Although three times more frequent than point mutation, recombination is localized and weakly affects genome-wide linkage disequilibrium. We show by computer simulations that, while enhancing population fitness, recombination constrains neutral and adaptive divergence among sympatric genomes through periodic selective sweeps. In contrast, simulations of frequency-dependent selection with recombination produced the observed pattern of a large number of sympatric genomic groups associated with major sequence variations at the selected locus. We conclude that negative frequency-dependent selection targeting a small number of surface-antigen loci (ospC in particular) sufficiently explains the maintenance of sympatric genome diversity in B. burgdorferi without adaptive divergence. We suggest that pervasive recombination makes it less likely for local B. burgdorferi genomic groups to achieve host specialization. B. burgdorferi genomic groups in the northeastern United States are thus best viewed as constituting a single bacterial species, whose generalist nature is a key to its rapid spread and human virulence.
Cardiomyopathy Is Associated with Ribosomal Protein Gene Haplo-Insufficiency inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Casad Michelle E , Abraham Dennis , Kim Il-Man , Frangakis Stephan , Dong Brian , Lin Na , Wolf Matthew J , Rockman Howard A 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Minute syndrome in Drosophila melanogaster is characterized by delayed development, poor fertility, and short slender bristles. Many Minute loci correspond to disruptions of genes for cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins, and therefore the phenotype has been attributed to alterations in translational processes. Although protein translation is crucial for all cells in an organism, it is unclear why Minute mutations cause effects in specific tissues. To determine whether the heart is sensitive to haplo-insufficiency of genes encoding ribosomal proteins, we measured heart function of Minute mutants using optical coherence tomography. We found that cardiomyopathy is associated with the Minute syndrome caused by haplo-insufficiency of genes encoding cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins. While mutations of genes encoding non-Minute cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins are homozygous lethal, heterozygous deficiencies spanning these non-Minute genes did not cause a change in cardiac function. Deficiencies of genes for non-Minute mitochondrial ribosomal proteins also did not show abnormal cardiac function, with the exception of a heterozygous disruption of mRpS33. We demonstrate that cardiomyopathy is a common trait of the Minute syndrome caused by haplo-insufficiency of genes encoding cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins. In contrast, most cases of heterozygous deficiencies of genes encoding non-Minute ribosomal proteins have normal heart function in adult Drosophila.
Role of Testis-Specific Gene Expression in Sex-Chromosome Evolution of Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Baker Dean A , Russell Steven 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Gene expression in Anopheles gambiae shows a deficiency of testis-expressed genes on the X chromosome associated with an excessive movement of retrogene duplication. We suggest that the degeneration of sex chromosomes in this monandrous species is likely the result of pressures from X inactivation, dosage compensation, and sexual antagonism.
Effect on Behavior Problems of Teen Online Problem-Solving for Adolescent Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Wade Shari L. , Walz Nicolay C. , Carey JoAnne , McMullen Kendra M. , Cass Jennifer , Mark Erin , Yeates Keith Owen 
Published: September 2011

PURPOSE:
To report the results of a randomized clinical trial of teen online problem-solving (TOPS) meant to improve behavioral outcomes of adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

METHODS:
A randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of TOPS with access to Internet resources in teenagers with TBI in improving parent and self-reported behavior problems and parent-teen conflicts. Participants included 41 adolescents aged 11 to 18 years (range: 11.47–17.90 years) who had sustained a moderate-to-severe TBI between 3 and 19 months earlier. Teens in the TOPS group received 10 to 14 online sessions that provided training in problem-solving, communication skills, and self-regulation. Outcomes were assessed before treatment and at a follow-up assessment an average of 8 months later. Groups were compared on follow-up scores after we controlled for pretreatment levels. Injury severity and socioeconomic status were examined as potential moderators of treatment efficacy.

RESULTS:
Forty-one participants provided consent and completed baseline assessments, and follow-up assessments were completed for 35 participants (16 TOPS, 19 Internet resource comparison). The TOPS group reported significantly less parent-teen conflict at follow-up than did the Internet-resource-comparison group. Improvements in teen behavior after TOPS were moderated by injury severity; there were greater improvements in the teens' internalizing symptoms after TOPS among adolescents with severe TBI. Family socioeconomic status also moderated the efficacy of TOPS in improving behavior problems reported by both parents and teens, although the nature of the moderation effects varied.

CONCLUSION:
Our findings suggest that TOPS contributes to improvements in parent-teen conflict generally and parent and self-reported teen behavior problems for certain subsets of participants.
Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants Employed by General and Subspecialty Pediatricians
Authors: Freed Gary L. , Dunham Kelly M. , Loveland-Cherry Carol , Martyn Kristy K. , Moote Marc J. ,   the American Board of Pediatrics Research Advisory Committee
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:
There is little nationally representative information describing the current manner in which nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) work in pediatric practices and their professional activities. To understand better the current NP and PA workforce in pediatric primary and subspecialty care, we conducted a national survey of pediatricians.

METHODS:
A survey study of a random national sample of 498 pediatric generalists and 1696 subspecialists in the United States was performed by using a structured questionnaire administered by mail. The survey focused on practice settings, employment, and scope of work of NPs and PAs.

RESULTS:
Response rates were 72% for generalists and 77% for subspecialists. More than one-half (55%) of generalists reported that they do not currently work with NPs or PAs, compared with only one-third of subspecialists who do not. Many generalists and subspecialists intend to increase the number of NPs and PAs in their practices in the next 5 years. More generalist and subspecialty practices work with NPs than with PAs. There was great variability between generalists and subspecialists and among different subspecialties in the proportions that worked with NPs and PAs. The scope of work of NPs and PAs also varied between generalists and subspecialists.

CONCLUSIONS:
Planned increases in the number of NPs hired and expansion of their scope of work might put subspecialists and general pediatricians in competition with regard to recruitment and hiring of a limited pool of new pediatric NPs. Similar issues might arise with PAs.
A Brief Sleep Intervention Improves Outcomes in the School Entry Year: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Quach Jon , Hiscock Harriet , Ukoumunne Obioha Chukwunyere , Wake Melissa 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the feasibility of screening for child sleep problems and the efficacy of a behavioral sleep intervention in improving child and parent outcomes in the first year of schooling.

METHODS:
A randomized controlled trial was nested in a population survey performed at 22 elementary schools in Melbourne, Australia. Intervention involved 2 to 3 consultations that covered behavioral sleep strategies for children whose screening results were positive for a moderate/severe sleep problem. Outcomes were parent-reported child sleep problem (primary outcome), sleep habits, psychosocial health-related quality of life, behavior, and parent mental health (all at 3, 6, and 12 months) and blinded, face-to-face learning assessment (at 6 months).

RESULTS:
The screening survey was completed by 1512 parents; 161 (10.8%) reported a moderate/severe child sleep problem, and 108 of 136 (79.2% of those eligible) entered the trial. Sleep problems tended to resolve more rapidly in intervention children. Sleep problems affected 33% of 54 intervention children versus 43% of 54 control children at 3 months (P = .3), 25.5% vs 46.8% at 6 months (P = .03), and 32% vs 33% at 12 months (P = .8). Sustained sleep-habit improvements were evident at 3, 6, and 12 months (effect sizes: 0.33 [P = .03]; 0.51 [P = .003]; and 0.40 [P = .02]; respectively), and there were initial marked improvements in psychosocial scores that diminished over time (effect sizes: 0.47 [P = .02]; 0.41 [P = .09]; and 0.26 [P = .3]; respectively). Better prosocial behavior was evident at 12 months (effect size: 0.35; P = .03), and learning and parent outcomes were similar between groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
School-based screening for sleep problems followed by a targeted, brief behavioral sleep intervention is feasible and has benefits relevant to school transition.