bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A continuum model for flow induced by metachronal coordination between beating cilia
Authors: Hussong Jeanette , Breugem Wim-Paul , Westerweel Jerry 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this numerical study we investigate the flow induced by metachronal coordination between beating cilia arranged in a densely packed layer by means of a continuum model. The continuum approach allows us to treat the problem as two-dimensional as well as stationary, in a reference frame moving with the speed of the metachronal wave. The model is used as a computationally efficient design tool to investigate cilia-induced transport of a Newtonian fluid in a plane channel. Contrary to prior continuum models, the present approach accounts for spatial variations in the porosity along the metachronal wave and thus ensures conservation of mass within the cilia layer. Using porous-media theory the governing volume-averaged Navier–Stokes (VANS) equations are derived and closure formulations are given explicitly for the model. This makes it possible to investigate cilia-induced flow with a continuum model in both the viscous regime and the inertial regime. The results show that metachronal coordination can act as a transport mechanism in both regimes. Porosity variations appear to be the key mechanism for correct prediction of the fluid transport in the viscous flow regime. The reason is that spatial variations in the porosity break the symmetry of the drag distribution along the metachronal wave. A new insight that has been gained is that the fluid transport reverses, thus switches from plectic to antiplectic metachronism, for the same cilia beat cycle when the wavespeed is increased such that inertial effects occur. Based on a parameter study, the net transport in the channel is described by a power-law relation of the amplitude, length and speed of the metachronal wave. It is found that the wavelength has the strongest effect on the viscosity-dominated fluid transport.
Dynamics of a deformable, transversely rotating droplet released into a uniform flow
Authors: Poon Eric K. W. , Quan Shaoping , Lou Jing , Giacobello Matteo , Ooi Andrew S. H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe effects of transverse rotation on the dynamics of a droplet released into a uniform free stream are numerically investigated. The range of the dimensionless rotation rate is limited to $0\leq {\Omega }^{\ensuremath{\ast} } \leq 1$, to avoid any possibility of the droplet breaking up. Droplet dynamics and deformations undergo distinct changes when the dimensionless rotational rate $({\Omega }^{\ensuremath{\ast} } )$ reaches a critical value. The critical rotational rate ${{\Omega }_{crit} }^{\ensuremath{\ast} } $ is sensitive to the change in the density ratio, but less dependent on the viscosity ratio and interfacial tension. Below ${{\Omega }_{crit} }^{\ensuremath{\ast} } $, the droplet drag coefficients are reduced marginally as the effect of the rotation is quickly suppressed by the free stream. Above ${{\Omega }_{crit} }^{\ensuremath{\ast} } $, the drag coefficients decrease initially as the rotation effect dominates at earlier times, resulting in a global minimum. The drag coefficients increase monotonically at later times, when the rotation effects decrease and the free-stream effects become dominant. The only exception is with the increase in the viscosity ratio and the surface tension, which either inhibits droplet deformation or restores the droplet to a more spherical shape in the late stages of droplet evolution. The droplet also experiences lift due to the effects of the transverse rotation. It is observed that the lift coefficients are less dependent on the droplet frontal area as the lift is generated by the velocity difference between the upper and lower interface. In general, the lift coefficients increase with ${\Omega }^{\ensuremath{\ast} } $ at earlier times and decrease at later times as the difference in the velocity between the upper and lower interface decreases. In some extreme cases, the lift coefficients even become negative.
Helminth parasites of the oceanic horse mackerelTrachurus picturatusBowdich 1825 (Pisces: Carangidae) from Madeira Island, Atlantic Ocean, Portugal
Authors: Costa G. , Melo-Moreira E. , Pinheiro de Carvalho M.A.A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe helminth parasite fauna of the oceanic horse mackerelTrachurus picturatusBowdich 1825, caught off the Madeira Islands was composed of six different taxa. Prevalence and abundance of larvalAnisakissp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) andNybelinia lingualis(Trypanorhyncha: Tentaculariidae), the most common parasite taxa, were 24.3%, 0.9 and 37.9%, 0.7, respectively.Bolbosoma vasculosum(Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) and the monogeneansHeteraxinoides atlanticus(Monogenea: Heteraxinidae) andPseudaxine trachuri(Monogenea: Gastrocotylidae) were comparatively rare. The depauperate helminth fauna of the oceanic horse mackerel at Madeira compared to other geographical regions of the north-eastern Atlantic, namely the Azores banks and the West African coast, may be attributed to the paucity of nutrients off oceanic islands and to a low density of the fish population.
Theoretical approach to estimating the induction of hearing impairment in bottlenose dolphins by radiated leisure boat noise
Authors: David Jonathan A. 
Published: August 2011

Coastal waters are being subjected to underwater noise generated by increasing numbers of leisure and tour boats. Such noise has the potential to impair the hearing of neighbouring bottlenose dolphins, particularly as the noise from several distributed boats could summate at the point of reception. This potential has been assessed by comparing small boat noise, recorded over a range of 8–532 m, with noise that is known to induce hearing impairment in the form of a temporary threshold shift (TTS) or permanent threshold shift (PTS). Extrapolation of broadband boat noise levels yielded a minimum source sound pressure level of 156 dB re 1μPa at 1 m. An equal-energy model for TTS-onset predicted that boat noise could induce a TTS after 1 hour's exposure at 1.3 m and after 8 hours' exposure at 2.3 m. These distances increased with additional adjacent boats. Leisure boats are unlikely to induce a PTS, even at close range.
Evidence for a population collapse of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in the Bristol Channel
Authors: Henderson Peter A. , Plenty Shaun J. , Newton Lyn C. , Bird David J. 
Published: August 2011

A 30-year study of the estuarine population of yellow eel, Anguilla anguilla, abundance in Bridgwater Bay, Somerset, UK, shows that the population number has collapsed. Since 1980, the decline has averaged 15% per year. The abundance of eel in 2009 is estimated at only 1% of that in 1980. This is one of the greatest systematically quantified crashes of a fish population ever reported. Collections of eels impinged on cooling water filter screens were made monthly at Hinkley Point power station between 1980 and 2010 and from Oldbury power station between 1996 and 1998. Eels are always present in the Severn Estuary, although there are large seasonal variations in abundance. At Oldbury, in the upper estuary, eels are least abundant in January. In contrast, in the outer estuary in Bridgwater Bay, eels are most abundant between November and March. The size-distribution of yellow eels ranged from <200 to >700 mm indicating an age-range since the glass eel stage of 2 to >25 years. The mean size-range has not changed since the 1980s indicating that the population collapse is not caused by a sudden recruitment failure. It is suggested that there has been a continual long-term failure of recruitment to compensate for losses. The reason for this is unidentified, but is unlikely to be changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation or other natural environmental variability. A major effort to improve eel survival to adulthood is required if this species is not to gently fade to extinction. This would likely involve a cessation of elver fishing, a reduction in the volume of estuarine water extracted for power station cooling and other purposes during which eels are entrained and killed, and the removal of obstructions which increase mortality during migration.
Robot accuracy evaluation using a ball-bar link system
Authors: Oh Yeon Taek 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYRelatively large errors can exist in industrial robots as a result of mismatch between the controller model and the corresponding physical model. The paper outlines a novel approach for accuracy assessment and adjustment of multiaxis industrial robots through a low-cost ball-bar link system. The features of the ball-bar, which incorporated a 12 mm range digital displacement transducer in conjunction with a PC, are discussed. The ball-bar device was used in both a trammelling and circular mode of operation. This produced data which not only related to the accuracy of the robot but also enabled joint errors to be significantly reduced.
Spatial mapping of hepatitis C prevalence in recent injecting drug users in contact with services
Authors: HARRIS R. J. , HOPE V. D. , MORONGIU A. , HICKMAN M. , NCUBE F. , DE ANGELIS D. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYIn developed countries the majority of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections occur in injecting drug users (IDUs) with prevalence in IDUs often high, but with wide geographical differences within countries. Estimates of local prevalence are needed for planning services for IDUs, but it is not practical to conduct HCV seroprevalence surveys in all areas. In this study survey data from IDUs attending specialist services were collected in 52/149 sites in England between 2006 and 2008. Spatially correlated random-effects models were used to estimate HCV prevalence for all sites, using auxiliary data to aid prediction. Estimates ranged from 14% to 82%, with larger cities, London and the North West having the highest HCV prevalence. The methods used generated robust estimates for each area, with a well-identified spatial pattern that improved predictions. Such models may be of use in other areas of study where surveillance data are sparse.
Challenges to parent nutrition education: a qualitative study of parents of urban children attending low-income schools
Authors: Slusser Wendelin , Prelip Michael , Kinsler Janni , Erausquin Jennifer Toller , Thai Chan , Neumann Charlotte 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe present study was undertaken to learn more about parents’ (i) knowledge regarding healthy foods, factors associated with food purchasing and preparation, and current nutrition education resources, (ii) barriers to and promoters for establishing healthy eating habits for children and families, and (iii) interest in participating in nutrition interventions.DesignFocus group interviews were conducted with parents of low-income children from the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD).SettingLAUSD Title 1 elementary schools where 50 % or more of students are eligible for free/reduced-price meals.SubjectsSixty-four parents (93 % female; 84 % Hispanic/Latino) of elementary-school students.ResultsThe most common barriers to eating healthy foods were cost, difficulty in getting children to eat healthier foods and easy access to fast food. Parents had a basic knowledge about what foods are healthy and received most of their nutrition education through the media. Parents expressed a desire for nutrition classes and almost all of them said they would attend a nutrition programme at their child's school. Topic areas of interest included what to purchase, how to cook healthier foods, how to encourage their children to eat healthier and how to read food labels. Parents also requested classes that engage the whole family, especially fathers.ConclusionsParents in our study were interested in participating in nutrition education programmes. The information from these focus groups was used to design a parent nutrition education programme especially designed to respond to the needs of the LAUSD parents, the majority of whom are low-income and Hispanic/Latino.
The association between body shape silhouette and dietary pattern among Mexican women
Authors: Romieu Isabelle , Escamilla-Núñez María C , Sánchez-Zamorano Luisa M , Lopez-Ridaura Ruy , Torres-Mejía Gabriela , Yunes Elsa M , Lajous Martin , Rivera-Dommarco Juan A , Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and self-perceived body shape silhouette and BMI in a sample of Mexican women.DesignA cross-sectional analysis of dietary habits from baseline data of a large cohort study (EsMaestra) conducted in 2006–2008.SettingThe state of Veracruz, Mexico.SubjectsMexican teachers (n 20 330) provided information on body shape silhouette at baseline, changes in body shape silhouette and BMI, as well as information on sociodemographic variables and lifestyle.ResultsThe median BMI was 26·8 kg/m2; 43 % of women were overweight and 24 % were obese. The carbohydrates, sweet drinks and refined foods pattern was associated with a greater risk of having a large silhouette and a large BMI (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m2v. BMI < 25·0 kg/m2; ORT1−3 = 1·86, 95 % CI 1·56, 2·22 and 1·47, 95 % CI 1·28, 1·69, respectively) with a significant trend when comparing the first and third tertiles of intake. The fruit and vegetable pattern was associated with a lower risk of having a large silhouette and a large BMI (ORT1−3 = 0·68, 95 % CI 0·57, 0·82 and ORT1−3 = 0·77, 95 % CI 0·67, 0·88, respectively) with a significant decreasing trend. Similar results were observed when change in silhouette (from 18 years of age to current silhouette) was considered.ConclusionsHigh intakes of carbohydrates, sweet drinks and refined foods are related to larger silhouettes. Public health intervention improving access to healthy dietary guidelines, healthy food choice in the work place, promotion of physical activity and regulation of beverages with a high sugar content and of refined foods should be considered.
The Rorschach Test in the Detection of Suicidal Potential
Authors: Passalacqua Alicia Martha 
Published: August 2011

Nous présentons ici un extrait du rapport final de la recherche que nous menons depuis 1988 sur la détection du risque suicidaire à l’aide du test du Rorschach. Au départ, nous avions pris en compte trois types de population: a) des personnes qui ont commis un suicide, b) des personnes présentant des idées suicidaires et c) des personnes qui ont fait une tentative de suicide, antérieurement à la passation du Rorschach, dont certaines avaient des séquelles physiques de leurs tentatives. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons comparé les résultats à un échantillon de patients qui nous avaient consulté pour des raisons sans rapport avec un suicide. Nous présentons ici les résultats de la comparaison entre le groupe de ceux qui ont commis un suicide et celui des sujets présentant des tendances suicidaires, notre groupe de patients et un groupe contrôle de non-consultants composé de 20 protocoles (10 hommes et 10 femmes). Le but de cette étude était d’identifier les signes les plus pertinents afin de faciliter la prévention en utilisant une procédure moins lourde que celle que nous utilisions auparavant, et qui pourrait présenter plus de cohérence statistique. Après avoir classé et analysé les cas, nous avons évalué, dans les groupes des suicides commis et des non-consultants, l’incidence des signes de risque suicidaire que nous avions élaborés au cours de notre étude des trois premiers échantillons, et qui furent au fur et à mesure présentés à des réunions nationales et internationales spécialisées dans ce domaine. Quelques uns de nos signes initiaux étaient tirés de la littérature ainsi que de notre expérience clinique. Nous avons aussi comparé les psychogrammes, les résultats chiffrés et les phénomènes particuliers afin d’atteindre une plus grande précision. Nous décrivons une échelle composée de 44 signes plus 4 complémentaires qui sont peu fréquents mais qui ont été trouvés exclusivement dans les protocoles des suicides accomplis. Nous présentons les moyennes et écart types de ces populations, qui présentent une différence significative sur le plan statistique, ce qui confère à l’ensemble un plus haut degré de validité et de fiabilité. Nous mettons particulièrement l’accent sur l’importance de l’analyse qualitative, qui comprend l’analyse du discours et des fantasmes auxquels il renvoie, tout comme de l’analyse du contre-transfert. Enfin, nous souhaitons souligner l’importance d’évaluer, outre les signes décrits, les éléments de pronostic en vue de la prévention qui a été l’un des objectifs principaux de cette recherche.
Exposing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as a SPARQL endpoint
Authors: Deus Helena 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAutomated discovery of candidate biomarkers from multiple databases has been the central challenge in the Life Sciences in general and in the study of systemic processes such as those documented by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) in particular.The maturation of Semantic Web technologies offers solutions to those problems by allowing the query to be defined by navigating a normally represented domains of discourse instantiated by the data.We address the systems challenge of The Cancer Genome Atlas initiative (http://cancergenome.nih.gov/), which generates a large scale repository of high throughput molecular biology data generated and processed at 5 academic facilities across the USA.
A Possible Solution to the Etiological Paradox that Ties Anti-Social Personality Disorder to Major Depression
Authors: Machado Dias Alvaro 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAbstract. Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a pervasive condition among youngsters around the globe, which has particular pungency in countries where the socioeconomic context favors delinquency. Several behavioral genetics studies have linked the disorder to the presence of copies of a polymorphic variation of the MAO-A gene that leads to enzymatic hypofunction. An emerging tendency in this literature is to also associate it to the presence of short variations of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, which is well-known for its possible role in the vulnerability to major depression of individuals that were exposed to early-life stress. The current paper argues that the association of these findings introduce a theoretical problem that is not trivial ("an apparent paradox"), and further proposes a solution to it.
Connective tissue growth factor antagonizes transforming growth factor-β1/Smad signalling in renal mesangial cells
Authors: O'Donovan Helen C. , Hickey Fionnuala , Brazil Derek P. , Kavanagh David H. , Oliver Noelynn , Martin Finian , Godson Catherine , Crean John 
Published: August 2011

The critical involvement of TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1) in DN (diabetic nephropathy) is well established. However, the role of CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) in regulating the complex interplay of TGF-β1 signalling networks is poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to investigate co-operative signalling between CTGF and TGF-β1 and its physiological significance. CTGF was determined to bind directly to the TβRIII (TGF-β type III receptor) and antagonize TGF-β1-induced Smad phosphorylation and transcriptional responses via its N-terminal half. Furthermore, TGF-β1 binding to its receptor was inhibited by CTGF. A consequent shift towards non-canonical TGF-β1 signalling and expression of a unique profile of differentially regulated genes was observed in CTGF/TGF-β1-treated mesangial cells. Decreased levels of Smad2/3 phosphorylation were evident in STZ (streptozotocin)-induced diabetic mice, concomitant with increased levels of CTGF. Knockdown of TβRIII restored TGF-β1-mediated Smad signalling and cell contractility, suggesting that TβRIII is key for CTGF-mediated regulation of TGF-β1. Comparison of gene expression profiles from CTGF/TGF-β1-treated mesangial cells and human renal biopsy material with histological diagnosis of DN revealed significant correlation among gene clusters. In summary, mesangial cell responses to TGF-β1 are regulated by cross-talk with CTGF, emphasizing the potential utility of targeting CTGF in DN.
Implications for the hydrologic cycle under climate change due to the expansion of bioenergy crops in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Le Phong V. V. , Kumar Praveen , Drewry Darren T. 
Published: August 2011

To meet emerging bioenergy demands, significant areas of the large-scale agricultural landscape of the Midwestern United States could be converted to second generation bioenergy crops such as miscanthus and switchgrass. The high biomass productivity of bioenergy crops in a longer growing season linked tightly to water use highlight the potential for significant impact on the hydrologic cycle in the region. This issue is further exacerbated by the uncertainty in the response of the vegetation under elevated CO2and temperature. We use a mechanistic multilayer canopy-root-soil model to (i) capture the eco-physiological acclimations of bioenergy crops under climate change, and (ii) predict how hydrologic fluxes are likely to be altered from their current magnitudes. Observed data and Monte Carlo simulations of weather for recent past and future scenarios are used to characterize the variability range of the predictions. Under present weather conditions, miscanthus and switchgrass utilized more water than maize for total seasonal evapotranspiration by approximately 58% and 36%, respectively. Projected higher concentrations of atmospheric CO2(550 ppm) is likely to decrease water used for evapotranspiration of miscanthus, switchgrass, and maize by 12%, 10%, and 11%, respectively. However, when climate change with projected increases in air temperature and reduced summer rainfall are also considered, there is a net increase in evapotranspiration for all crops, leading to significant reduction in soil-moisture storage and specific surface runoff. These results highlight the critical role of the warming climate in potentially altering the water cycle in the region under extensive conversion of existing maize cropping to support bioenergy demand.
Interaction of complexes I, III, and IV within the bovine respirasome by single particle cryoelectron tomography
Authors: Dudkina Natalya V. , Kudryashev Mikhail , Stahlberg Henning , Boekema Egbert J. 
Published: August 2011

The respirasome is a multisubunit supercomplex of the respiratory chain in mitochondria. Here we report the 3D reconstruction of the bovine heart respirasome, composed of dimeric complex III and single copies of complex I and IV, at about 2.2-nm resolution, determined by cryoelectron tomography and subvolume averaging. Fitting of X-ray structures of single complexes I, III
2
, and IV with high fidelity allows interpretation of the model at the level of secondary structures and shows how the individual complexes interact within the respirasome. Surprisingly, the distance between cytochrome
c
binding sites of complexes III
2
and IV is about 10 nm. Modeling indicates a loose interaction between the three complexes and provides evidence that lipids are gluing them at the interfaces.