bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Category Training Induces Cross-modal Object Representations in the Adult Human Brain
Authors: van der Linden Marieke , van Turennout Miranda , Fernández Guillén 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe formation of cross-modal object representations was investigated using a novel paradigm that was previously successful in establishing unimodal visual category learning in monkeys and humans. The stimulus set consisted of six categories of bird shapes and sounds that were morphed to create different exemplars of each category. Subjects learned new cross-modal bird categories using a one-back task. Over time, the subjects became faster and more accurate in categorizing the birds. After 3 days of training, subjects were scanned while passively viewing and listening to trained and novel bird types. Stimulus blocks consisted of bird sounds only, bird pictures only, matching pictures and sounds (cross-modal congruent), and mismatching pictures and sounds (cross-modal incongruent). fMRI data showed unimodal and cross-modal training effects in the right fusiform gyrus. In addition, the left STS showed cross-modal training effects in the absence of unimodal training effects. Importantly, for both the right fusiform gyrus and the left STS, the newly formed cross-modal representation was specific for the trained categories. Learning did not generalize to incongruent combinations of learned sounds and shapes; their response did not differ from the response to novel cross-modal bird types. Moreover, responses were larger for congruent than for incongruent cross-modal bird types in the right fusiform gyrus and STS, providing further evidence that categorization training induced the formation of meaningful cross-modal object representations.
Sleep Leads to Changes in the Emotional Memory Trace: Evidence from fMRI
Authors: Payne Jessica D. , Kensinger Elizabeth A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAfter information is encoded into memory, it undergoes an off-line period of consolidation that may occur optimally during sleep. The consolidation process not only solidifies memories but also changes them in useful and adaptive ways. Here, we provide evidence for a shift in the neural structures used to retrieve emotional memories after a night of sleep compared to a day of wakefulness. Although the hippocampus was activated during successful retrieval of negative objects regardless of whether participants slept during a delay, sleep led to a shift from engagement of a diffuse memory retrieval network—including widespread activity in the lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices—to a more refined network of regions—including the amygdala and ventromedial pFC. Effective connectivity analyses revealed stronger connections among limbic regions after sleep versus wake. Although circadian effects may have contributed to these findings, our data strongly suggest that a night of sleep is sufficient to evoke qualitative changes in the emotional memory retrieval network.
Lesion of Primary Visual Cortex in Monkey Impairs the Inhibitory but Not the Facilitatory Cueing Effect on Saccade
Authors: Ikeda Takuro , Yoshida Masatoshi , Isa Tadashi 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Prior visual stimulus presentation induces immediate facilitation and subsequent inhibition of orienting to an ensuing target at the same location. Recent studies revealed that the superior colliculus (SC) is involved in these facilitatory and inhibitory cueing effects on saccade; however, as the SC receives inputs both directly from the retina (retino-tectal pathway) and indirectly from visual cortices (geniculostriate pathway), it is unclear which visual pathway contributes to the effects. We investigated this issue using monkeys with lesions in the primary visual cortex (V1), thus depriving the SC of the geniculostriate pathway and leaving the retino-tectal pathway intact. We found that the inhibitory cueing effect was selectively impaired and the facilitatory cueing effect was spared after V1 lesions. The results suggest that the geniculostriate and the retino-tectal pathways are differentially involved in the generation of cueing effects on saccade: The former is critically involved in the inhibitory effect whereas the latter alone can induce the facilitatory effect. The results provide the first direct evidence for the involvement of the geniculostriate pathway in the inhibitory cueing effect and further imply that the more recent evolution of the geniculostriate pathway in higher mammals improves the efficiency of visual search by inhibiting orienting to a previously attended location.
The Reform Ideas of Shaykh 'Abdallāh Sālih al-Farsī and the Transformation of Marital Practices among Digo Muslims of Kenya
Authors: Mraja Mohamed 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis essay examines the reformist ideas of Shaykh 'Abdallāh Sālih al-Farsī (1912-1982) on the institution of marriage in Muslim East Africa as expressed in his work Ndoa-Talaka na Maamrisho Yake (“Marriage-Divorce and Governing Regulations”). Unlike earlier scholars who mention al-Farsī's reformist ideas without detailing the specifics, I attempt to relate al-Farsī's reform agenda to the transformation of the marital practices of the Digo Muslims of the southern Kenyan coast. Although al-Farsī did not depart radically from the predominantly Shāfi'ī law, he did attempt to use Islamic normative teachings to transform prevailing practices which he regarded as antithetical to the spirit of the law.
The Borders of Colonial Encounter: The Case of Israel’s Wall
Authors: Sa’di Ahmad H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAlthough Israel’s constructed wall in the West Bank has been discussed in a voluminous literature, some basic questions have largely remained unanswered. This paper tackles two such questions: Firstly, what is the relationship between Zionism and the conception of the wall? This question follows an assumption that the wall’s idea is neither new, nor was it solely triggered by immediate security considerations. Secondly, why do European countries (in addition to the U.S.) oppose the imposition of sanctions against Israel for breaching international law by building the wall? A post-colonial perspective has been employed to discuss the role that borders (particularly hard ones) have assumed in the colonial encounter in the stages of expansive and contraction colonialism. Moreover, through this perspective, the common experience of Israel and the European colonial heritage with regard boundaries is considered.
Sultān Walad’s Understanding of Sufism: Between Populism and Theosophy
Authors: Küçük Hülya 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSultān Walad’s name is associated with the establishment and organisation of Mawlawism. As such, he is regarded as the Second Pīr/Patron Saint of Mawlawism. After the death of Čelebi Husām al-Dīn, Sultān Walad agreed to succeed to the leadership and in this way established the status of Čelebism in Mawlawism. Sultān Walad, a man of reason, pursued the example of his father without much enthusiasm. He presented his father’s teachings to the people in a didactic manner. Along with his father, he was a devoted disciple of Shams of Tabrīz. Consequently, he could have been as exuberant and vivacious as Shams; however, he chose not to be. Instead, he became a man of reason probing to unite the inner and outer worlds and avoiding extremist mystical ideas. He did not want to talk about delicate mystical matters, passing over these kinds of matters in sentences like, “The pen wrote this far, and then it broke;” “For the wise, a sign is sufficient” and “There are many secrets hidden in this. But it is not allowed to utter them.” This is to be seen in his Maārif and Intihā-nāma, his works contain his sermons and counsels respectively.
The Intellectual Property Rights Regime and Emerging Institutional Framework of Scientific Research: Responses from Plant Molecular Biologists in India
Authors: Ejnavarzala Haribabu , Mallick Sambit 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) regime has brought about a new set of interests, meanings, values, norms, etc. that have a potential to influence the practices of the scientific community in India. The research community in plant molecular biology, which is no exception to this, seems to be increasingly influenced by considerations of the potential of research for attaining patents. In the light of this, we attempt to capture the emerging institutional framework of scientific research that is contingent upon the protocols of the IPRs and changing scientific practices. Particular attention is paid to the views of scientists in India engaged in research in plant molecular biology on genetic engineering, agro-climatic specificities (as well as transgenics) and the changing relationship between scientists and boundary organisations. This new regime is marked by the advent of the customer‐funder‐policymaker nexus as a prominent element in science forcing the plant molecular biologists to (re-)negotiate scientific boundaries. The commodification of scientific research alters the idealised identities of science and scientific community. The disciplines that can contribute to map different dimensions of the problem should collaborate to identify a shared perspective and suggest workable or deliverable solutions.
How are Suicide Bombers Analysed in Mental Health Discourse? A Critical Anthropological Reading
Authors: Aggarwal Neil K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper complicates the notion of the suicide bomber as represented in mental health literature. Most authors apply Western psychiatric concepts to understand suicide bombers without accounting for value differences around life and death or terrorism and martyrdom. Accordingly, these researchers replicate arguments to explain individual behaviour from a particular epistemological perspective. In contrast, critical approaches to this literature can expose the worldviews of the analysers and the analysed to devise sounder interpretations. This paper scrutinises mental health discourse on suicide bombing to ask: (1) What do we learn about the authors of suicide bombers in these articles? (2) How do their analyses demonstrate the relationship between knowledge and power? These conclusions can enable researchers to reduce biases and devise behavioural models that more accurately reflect the realities of their subjects.
Calculated, Passionate, Pious Extremism:Beyond a Rational Choice Theory of Suicide Terrorism
Authors: Tosini Domenico 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article proposes a theoretical framework to identify the main ideal types of motivations underlying voluntary suicide missions in terrorist campaigns, with special reference to Sunni extremists, such as Al-Qaeda and its allies. Based on empirical evidence from several suicide missions, the paper argues for conceptualising a specific kind of rationality qualitatively different from a calculation of costs and benefits and in addition to the complex constellation of affectual orientations driving militants. On one hand, martyrdom videos and biographical information on suicide attackers, as well as interviews with would-be suicide bombers, make it plausible to hypothesise not only a type of instrumental rationality in which suicide missions are viewed as adequate means for both egoistic and altruistic goals, but also affects and feeling states, such as outrage and humiliation, that create a desire for revenge. On the other hand, militants’ frequent references to a series of absolute values support the theory of an axiological rationality of suicide terrorism, meant as a disposition to conform unconditionally one’s action to certain moral duties and normative expectations regardless of their consequences. From this perspective, success in recruiting and inspiring suicide bombers, demonstrated by Al-Qaeda’s propagandistic call for jihad and martyrdom in defence of Islam and oppressed Muslim countries, cannot be explained only by militants’ search for social consideration or by their cognitive view of a strategic use of suicide bombings. Such responsive participation in suicide missions is also based on a wide set of emotions and militants’ adhesion to superior principles requiring ultimate sacrifice and indifference to other costs.
Suicide Bombers of Sri Lanka
Authors: Somasundaram Daya 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe phenomena of suicide bombers in Sri Lanka share some similarities with but also have some marked differences with what is seen in other parts of world today. Increasing discrimination, state humiliation and violence against the minority Tamils brought out a militancy and the phenomena of suicide bombers. The underlying socio-political and economical factors in the North and East of Sri Lanka that caused the militancy at the onset are examined. Some of these factors that were the cause of or consequent to the conflict include: extrajudicial killing of one or both parents or relations by the state; separations, destruction of home and belongings during the war; displacement; lack of adequate or nutritious food; ill health; economic difficulties; lack of access to education; not seeing any avenues for future employment and advancement; social and political oppression; and facing harassment, detention and death. At the same time, the Tamil militants have used various psychological methods to entice youth, children and women to join and become suicide bombers. Public displays of war paraphernalia, posters of fallen heroes, speeches and video, particularly in schools and community gatherings, heroic songs and stories, public funeral rites and annual remembrance ceremonies draw out feelings of patriotism and create a martyr cult. The religio-cultural context of the Tamils has provided meaning and symbols for the creation and maintenance of this cult, while the LTTE has provided the organisational capacity to train and indoctrinate a special elite as suicide bombers. Whether the crushing of the LTTE militarily by the state brings to an end the phenomena of suicide bombers or whether it will re-emerge in other forms if underlying grievances are not resolved remains to be seen.
Relative Deprivation and Palestinian Suicide Bombings
Authors: Sayre Edward A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper applies the concept of relative deprivation to the study of Palestinian suicide bombings. While earlier work by Krueger and Maleckova (2003) indicates that the absolute well-being of those who support terrorism is higher than the general population in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, it is not clear if changes in the relative well-being of Palestinians could have influenced suicide bombings. This paper uses three reference groups, namely earlier generations of youth, as well as Israelis and Palestinians residing in different areas, to understand whether relative deprivation helps explain the phenomenon of suicide bombings. This paper finds some support for relative deprivation influencing the rate and timing of suicide bombings.
Suicide Bombings: Homicidal Killing or a Weapon of War?
Authors: Hassan Riaz 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAfter an overview of the explanatory schemas of suicide bombing, the fastest growing form of terrorism in the world, this paper addresses a neglected but important question of whether the casualties of suicide bombings are homicidal killing or a weapon of war. The paper critically examines the distinction between war and terrorism and argues that both kill civilians and insert the coerciveness of precaution in the daily rhythm of social life. Using evidence from ethnographic studies on the nature of war and homicide, the paper concludes that suicide bombing attacks, because of the principle of substitutability which characterise war killing, could be regarded as a weapon of war. However, given that they are characterised by the wilful killing of civilians they could be regarded as ‘War Crimes’ under the Fourth Geneva Convention.
Political Legal Perspective: Evaluating Human Rights in Malaysia
Authors: Taya Shamsuddin L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study examines and analyses human rights issues in Malaysia. Its approach is primarily an eclectic, by concentrating on the strengths and weaknesses of the human rights regime as practiced by Malaysia. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part looks at the six fundamentals of human rights that include: Respect for the integrity of the person; respect for civil liberties; and respect for political rights, more specifically, the rights of citizens in Malaysia to change their government. The second part looks at the Malaysian government’s attitude regarding international and non-governmental investigation of alleged violations of human rights, such as discrimination based on religion, race, gender, disability, language or social status. The last part looks at worker’s rights. The data for this analysis comes from primary and secondary sources, namely newspapers, the Internet, books, magazines and journals. The study found that the records of human rights in Malaysia is relatively good when compared to some of her ASEAN neighbours. For instance, Malaysian experience demonstrates that parliamentary democracy has been well-maintained in that elections have been held regularly ever since independence in 1957. Indeed, Malaysia enjoys one of the fastest-growing economies and is one of the ‘Asian small tigers.’ It may have occasional political and religious arrests of some opposition leaders, but physical force is not exerted against opponents, in contrast to what Ferdinand E. Marcos did and what Gloria M. Arroyo has been doing in the Philippines at the time of this writing. Furthermore, there is nothing that resembles the violence that frequently erupts in the Philippines, Thailand and the continuing oppression in Myanmar committed by the military government against its people.
The digiti quinti sign in hemiplegic migraine
Authors: Vincent Maurice B , Carvalho-e-Silva Fernanda ML , Luiz Ronir R 
Published: June 2010

The digiti quinti sign (DQS), described originally as a clinical indication of subtle motor deficit, consists of a relatively greater abduction of the fifth finger on the affected side when both arms are extended forwards. This sign was previously observed interictally in three consecutive hemiplegic migraine (HM) patients. Patients and methods: To verify whether the DQS specifically discriminates HM from non-hemiplegic migraine (nHM), the angle between the fourth and fifth fingers (ANG) was measured interictally in 10 HM patients, 44 migraine with aura and migraine without aura patients, and 45 healthy controls. Results: The ANG was significantly wider at the symptomatic side in HM as compared with nHM and controls. The differences between the symptomatic and non-symptomatic (for HM) or between the right and left sides (absolute values for nHM and controls) were, respectively, 10.10° ± 9.58°, 4.15° ± 3.95° and 5.37° ± 4.74° ( p = .007). The optimal cutoff point for ANG was 15° at the symptomatic side (sensitivity and specificity of 80.0% and 72.2%, respectively), 10.5° at the non-symptomatic side (sensitivity and specificity of 60.0% and 52.3%), and 3° for the difference between sides (sensitivity and specificity of 90.0% and 79.5%). Conclusion: Data show that the DQS discriminates HM from nHM and controls.
Genomic expression patterns in medication overuse headaches
Authors: Hershey Andrew D , Burdine Danny , Kabbouche Marielle A , Powers Scott W 
Published: June 2010

Background: Chronic daily headache (CDH) and chronic migraine (CM) are one of the most frequent problems encountered in neurology, are often difficult to treat, and frequently complicated by medication-overuse headache (MOH). Proper recognition of MOH may alter treatment outcome and prevent long term disability. Objective: This study identifies the unique genomic expression pattern MOH that respond to cessation of the overused medication. Methods: Baseline occurrence of MOH and typical pattern of response to medication cessation were measured from a large database. Whole blood samples from patients with CM with or without MOH were obtained and their genomic profile was assessed. Affymetrix human U133 plus2 arrays were used to examine the genomic expression patterns prior to treatment and 6–12 weeks later. Headache characterisation and response to treatment based on headache frequency and disability were compared. Results: Of 1311 patients reporting daily or continuous headaches, 513 (39.1%) reported overusing analgesic medication. At follow-up, 44.5% had a 50% or greater reduction in headache frequency, while 41.6% had no change. Blood genomic expression patterns were obtained on 33 patients with 19 (57.6%) overusing analgesic medication with a unique genomic expression pattern in MOH that responded to cessation of analgesics. Gene ontology of these samples indicated a significant number were involved with brain and immunological tissues, including multiple signalling pathways and apoptosis. Conclusions: Blood genomic patterns can accurately identify MOH patients that respond to medication cessation. These results suggest that MOH involves a unique molecular biology pathway that can be identified with a specific biomarker.
Measuring cough severity: development and pilot testing of a new seven-item cough severity patient-reported outcome measure
Authors: Vernon Margaret , Kline Leidy Nancy , Nacson Alise , Nelsen Linda 
Published: June 2010

Objective: Although chronic and subacute cough are clinically problematic and a target of therapeutic interventions, there are no validated cough severity patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments for comprehensively evaluating cough severity in clinical trials. The Cough Severity Diary (CSD) is a simple, seven-item daily diary developed to meet this need. The objective of this study was to assess preliminary measurement characteristics in a small sample of patients with chronic or subacute cough. Methods: Thirty-nine patients (24 chronic; 15 subacute) participated in a two-week prospective pilot study. Patients completed the CSD each evening and validation instruments (cough severity visual analog scale [VAS], Leicester Cough Questionnaire [LCQ], Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form [SF-36], Work Productivity Index [WPAI], MOS Sleep Scale [MOS-SS]) at baseline, days 8 and 15, and a global rating of change at days 8 and 15. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses supported three severity subscales: frequency (three items), intensity (two items), and disruption (two items) (χ2 = 10.57 (11)). For the CSD total score, internal consistency (α) on day 1 was 0.89, and on day 8 was 0.96; reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC]) was 0.68 on day 1 to day 8 and 0.94 on day 8 to day 15. CSD total scores correlated with the VAS (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001), LCQ total (r =-0.62, p < 0.0001) and subscale scores (r =-0.43, p < 0.01 to -0.60, p < 0.0001), and WPAI subscale scores (r = 0.27 (ns) to 0.51, p < 0.01). No significant relationships with SF-36 or MOS-SS were found. Subacute patients showed significant improvement over time (F = 3.20, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Results suggest that the CSD is ready for further testing in larger naturalistic studies or as an exploratory endpoint in clinical trials of patients with subacute or chronic cough.