bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper 19: Numerical Analysis of Effects of Tilt, Sliding, and Squeeze Action on Externally Pressurized Oil-Film Bearings
Authors: Royle J. K. , Raizada R. S. 
Published: June 2010

The analysis of externally pressurized, plane, oil-film pads has been mainly restricted, in the current literature, to simple pad shapes without tilt or relative sliding action or squeeze effects. As tilt can arise owing to manufacturing tolerances, or by dynamic inertial forces causing elastic deformation, it is important to assess the combined effects of tilt and sliding action in order to predict such factors as the stability of the system or the onset of cavitation. This paper presents general numerical solutions from the Atlas digital computer of the Reynolds equation applied mainly to circular pressurized pads. Results for a square pad and for an infinitely wide pad are also given. The load and location of the centre of pressure, the impedance of the pad and thus the flow rate are calculated in dimensionless form for any combination of tilt, sliding velocity, and squeeze rate. It is argued that these calculated terms are required before any dynamical problem, involving loaded hydrostatic bearings, can be attempted and before refinements of film lubrication theory can be incorporated. This paper illustrates the application of the results to dynamical problems.
Paper 21: Partly Grooved, Externally Pressurized Bearings
Authors: Hirs G. G. 
Published: June 2010

In externally pressurized bearings, forces can be transmitted by means of a fluid film interposed between the two bearing surfaces by an external source. In the conventional types, the equilibrium of external forces and fluid film forces becomes stable by making the fluid flow through external restrictions before entering the clearance space. In the new types, external restrictions are superfluous. Stability and load capacity are ensured by directing the flow in the clearance space, by means of recurrent grooves on one of the two bearing surfaces, towards a zone where both surfaces are plain.
Paper 9: New Possibilities for the Solution of Bearing Problems by Means of the Spiral Groove Principle
Authors: Muyderman E. A. 
Published: June 2010

Although research on the spiral-groove bearing is now being carried out in laboratories throughout the whole world, it is still an unknown type to the practising mechanical engineer. Apart from applications in certain specialized constructions, particularly in the form of gas bearings—carbon dioxide circulators in nuclear reactors and gyroscopes may be mentioned in this connection—it has not yet found its way into practical use. On the one hand this is attributable to the lack of theoretical information about this bearing, cast in the form to which the designer is used, and on the other hand it is because little is known about its possibilities. This is a pity, since the spiral-groove bearing—particularly when lubricated with oil or grease—offers a solution to all sorts of everyday (and more specialized) problems. In particular, this full-film lubricated bearing is very promising for replacing or supplementing porous bearings and ball bearings. This paper is specially intended to describe the new practical applications which the author has found for this bearing. Reference is also made to convenient and yet accurate methods of calculating optimum designs, which are available in published form but not yet generally known. An Appendix with a supplementary method for calculating spiral-groove bearings prestressed with elastic elements and grease-lubricated concludes the paper.
Paper 6: Process Lubrication for the Production of Rolled Strip in Copper and its Alloys
Authors: Exley H. 
Published: June 2010

Some form of lubrication is required at each stage in the rolling of strip in copper and its alloys. In the finishing operations the problem is complicated by the need to produce a clean, stain-free surface, which imposes severe limitations on the types of lubricants and additives that can be used. This paper briefly reviews the reasons for lubrication during rolling and then discusses the qualities required in the lubricants, how near the precise requirements can be achieved in practice, and the limitations which currently available lubricants place on the processes. Hot rolling and cold breaking down give little trouble, but intermediate and finish rolling are more critical; the types of both oil-in-water emulsions and neat oils needed are dealt with in some detail for slow-and highspeed mills. The problem of contamination of the rolling lubricant by the oils and greases used as mill lubricants and in mill hydraulic systems is considered and suggestions are presented for minimizing the trouble by the use of special lubricants and modern methods of lubrication, including the latest practices on cluster-type Sendzimir mills. The design of roll coolant systems for modern high-speed four-high strip mills and cluster-type Sendzimir mills is discussed, in so far as it affects the lubricant and strip finish. The paper concludes with a brief review of the problems posed by the latest development of the pendulum mill and their possible solutions.
Paper 1: The Collision, in Free Flight, of Water Droplets in Atmospheres of Air and Steam
Authors: Ryley D. J. , Wood M. R. 
Published: June 2010

Droplets of diameter 300–1300 μ are projected into collision at 140–220 cm/s within a steam atmosphere from two identical horizontally opposed vibrating capillary atomizers. High-speed photography of the events following collision enables an analysis of the collision process to be made in terms of momentum and energy continuity. Tests conducted in air and in steam at atmospheric pressure suggest that the outcome of a collision is dependent upon the relative velocity of the drops and on the phase angle of the collision. Drops which mutually strike a glancing blow tend to bounce. As the path interference becomes greater drops tend to coalesce unstably. Maximum path interference tends to result in a stable coalescence provided a limiting capacity for energy absorption by the coalesced mass is not exceeded. The significant energy quantities are those associated with motion, with the extent of the interfacial surface and with oscillation. To assess the latter it was assumed that an oscillating drop at its extreme deflection exchanged without loss its energy of internal motion for that of extended surface.
Paper 5: Considerations of Similarity for Hydroelastic Vibrations
Authors: Lecher W. A. 
Published: June 2010

In order to achieve the highest reliability in operation of large hydraulic turbo-machines, it is essential, amongst other things, to determine the magnitude not only of the static but also of the dynamic stresses under all operating conditions. The adjustable guide vanes of reversible turbine-pumps, for example, form a particularly critical component from the point of view of dynamic stresses, especially during pumping operations. This paper deals with the possibilities of predicting resonance conditions and of obtaining the magnitude of dynamic stresses in full-size machines on the basis of tests on model machines. The laws of similarity for forced and self-excited vibrations as well as vibrations in resonance are derived. It is shown that all kinds of hydraulically excited vibrations can be examined by model tests. It is permissible to carry out these measurements under reduced test head, provided that for the tested components different materials are used for the model and full-scale machine, and that the head ratio model-prototype is chosen accordingly. Suitable materials for model tests are recommended. The evaluation of the dynamic stresses for the full-size machine, based on the measured data of model tests, is shown for resonant and non-resonant conditions. Further, as an example, vibration investigations are described on the movable guide vanes of a pump-turbine, that is, using the derived laws of similarity.
Paper 1: Tests on a 24-in Diameter Journal Bearing: Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow
Authors: Huggins N. J. 
Published: June 2010

As the size of steam turbo-alternators has so rapidly increased, the diameter and surface speed of the journal bearings are such as to cause the oil film to become at least partially turbulent. Little information is available on the performance of large bearings operating in the transition and turbulent regimes and it became necessary to undertake a research programme on a full-size test rig. The apparatus was designed so that bearings of various geometries could be tested under both static and dynamic loads. This paper describes some of the static load tests on a 24-in diameter by 18-in long bearing and is confined to describing the factors influencing the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in the film. An analysis of the results indicates that even at low speeds there is a dependence on the Reynolds number and it is suggested that the inertia of the oil film has a pronounced influence. The transition to turbulence is delayed by axial flow and shaft eccentricity, but is ultimately precipitated by the effect of eddies in the oil supply channels and in the grooving.
Paper 6: Noise and Vibration from Ancillary Marine Equipment with Particular Reference to a 350-KW Turbo-Alternator
Authors: Bryant J. R. , Poole E. J. 
Published: June 2010

Experiments have been undertaken at selected electrical loads on a self-contained turbo-alternator set comprising a 350-kW 60-c/s alternator driven by means of double helical parallel shaft gearing by a high-speed (15 000 rev/min) steam turbine. The turbo-alternator was erected on flexible mountings with all steam, water, and other service connections arranged in such a manner that they placed no constraint on the machine. In addition to the turbine and alternator rotors several auxiliary drives each contribute to the total noise output. These include the d.c. exciter, pilot exciter, and metadyne unit which are driven directly, or by belts, from the alternator shaft and the oil pumps, governor, etc., which are driven from the turbine shaft by way of spur and bevel gears. The paper describes the manner in which the separate effects of each of the major sources of structural vibration and airborne noise were isolated and measured. In-place balancing techniques were employed to aid an investigation of the variation of vibration level with rotor out-of-balance. In the process experimental information was obtained about the damping effects of journal bearing oil films, vibration amplitudes of the bearing housing being as much as 25 dB below the equivalent shaft amplitudes.
Paper 4: The Skills of the Driver and the Response of the Vehicle
Authors: Singleton W. T. 
Published: June 2010

There appears to be increasing acknowledgement of the importance of ergonomics in automobile design but only at the superficial level of seat comfort, panel design, and control positions. This is not to say that these aspects are not important, a reasonable level of research of this kind obviously deserves support but there is, as yet, almost no appreciation of the kind of problems which a professional ergonomist would like to study, given the opportunity and the resources. Ergonomics is systems design with the characteristics of the human operator as the frame of reference. Automobiles are not ends in themselves, they should be designed to conform to the requirements, abilities, and limitations of the people who are the sole justification for their existence. This includes passengers, drivers, maintenance engineers, pedestrians, and producers. The passenger problems can be summarized under that useful, if indefinable term, ‘comfort’. This is a question of seat and space design which sounds straightforward but in detail it becomes quite complex. The properties of seats cannot be determined in isolation from those of suspension systems and road surfaces. Although there has been a good deal of work in the last decade on vibration most of it is on the basis of sinusoidal inputs from which any extrapolation to real conditions of wide power density spectra is dubious. Noise levels and heating systems are probably understood to the point where the design compromises are made on a cost basis. The driver has all the passengers' problems plus those of the handling characteristics of the vehicle. Little is known scientifically about the relative importance of inputs of information through the windows, from the instruments, through the control linkages, and from the various modes of acceleration of the head. The dynamics of steering systems is another potentially fruitful area when related to human performance.
Paper 3: The Future of Packaging Adhesives
Authors: Smith C. A. 
Published: June 2010

Varying requirements necessitate numerous assembly processes, although all need fluidity which is achieved by a solid being dissolved or dispensed in fluid, or melted. A common adhesive base is a polymer, and more general dispersions are based on polyvinyl acetates; but where speed of assembly and special surfaces are needed, hot melt adhesives are used. Starch pastes and dextrines being ‘natural’ aqueous adhesives are used mainly for bonding non-synthetic porous materials. With the development of cellulose acetates, plastics, polythene, etc., and the introduction of improved machinery, synthetic adhesives became necessary. In view of the fact that hot-melt application appears to be the norm for modern packaging, applications of this type only have been enlarged upon in this paper. As it is essential that adhesive be applied with minimum waste and at a speed regulated to the packaging line there are two main types of applicator, namely, the nozzle type which applies a continuous bead of cement on to a moving web of material and the wheel type which applies a line or pattern of adhesive on to intermittently passing articles by means of a rotating transfer wheel. To arrive at the monetary expenditure it is usual to estimate in terms of milage of seam inches of bond per pound or cost per package unit. Whereas the actual amount of hot melt purchased is usable as an adhesive because it is all solid (although it does yield varying milage), in liquid adhesives the solid content, expressed as a percentage of the total volume, can be quite low. A more important cost factor is the effect of the adhesive system on the production rate of the packaging line—greater efficiency and output offset slightly higher costs. Speed packaging by fully automatic cartoning machines has been introduced and there is a trend for the package to be built around the product, involving joint activities of converter, machinery manufacturer, and adhesive manufacturer all at the same time. This era necessitates high-speed packaging machines together with complete adhesive systems for bonding natural and synthetic materials at high speed. It can be concluded that future packaging adhesives must be fast-setting, have the ability to bond synthetic materials, be automatically fed and applied, be able to withstand exacting service conditions, and adhesive systems must be introduced at the design stage of a new package.
Paper 1: Hot Melt Adhesives and Machinery Design Requirements for Their Application
Authors: Roberts B. C. 
Published: June 2010

Simple and sometimes rather crude melt adhesives have been used in a limited number of industries for centuries, but in the last five years new adhesives based on synthetic polymers, resins, and waxes have become of growing importance in the packaging and similar industries. The increasing usage has been brought about by the need for higher rates of output, simplification of packaging machinery, and a movement towards more sophisticated packaging which often requires the bonding together of two impermeable surfaces. The increasing availability of new synthetic materials, often at reduced cost, has enabled the adhesives technologist to formulate a wide range of versatile melt adhesives which fulfils these needs. An outline of the constitution of melt adhesives is presented. Melt adhesives are thermoplastic solids which are brought to a working viscosity by heating, and bond by cooling alone without the loss of volatiles. The significance of this, in their ability to bond both porous and non-porous materials at great speed, is considered. To build successful applicators the thermal properties of melt adhesives require careful design of heating and temperature control. Principles of heating and control are discussed and materials of construction indicated. The types of applicator that can be used are reviewed. The effect on machinery design of the fast setting potential of hot melt adhesives is also discussed.
Paper 1 Railway Electrification in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Warder S. B. 
Published: June 2010

In this paper the author, having been responsible for the recommendation that 25 000 V single-phase electrification at industrial frequency should be adopted as standard for Great Britain, completes the story first unfolded at the previous Electrification Conference in 1960. The paper is of a general character and reviews the evolution of the art and the contribution made by British Railways and industry, giving historical reasons for the present position. Reference is made to electrification schemes outside the London Midland scheme, and because of the author's subsequent extensive travel abroad, it has been possible to include some interesting comparisons. Remarks are also presented on the peculiar situation of Great Britain, geographically located between countries East and West who hold divergent views on motive power policy, and the future of the industry at home and abroad is considered.
Paper 2: Monorails
Authors: Wheatcroft E. L. E. , Woodhouse L. C. 
Published: June 2010

The authors define the monorail as a transport system which does not depend on width of track (e.g. rail gauge) to keep the vehicles upright. Two basic types have been developed, namely (1) the ‘supported’ type where the car rides on a narrow beam and is kept upright by wheels running on the side of the beam, and (2) the ‘suspended’ type where the beam is hollow with a continuous slot on the underside allowing the cars to be suspended from a driving trolley running inside the beam. There are only two monorails at present operating full-scale passenger service, namely one of the suspended type, sixty years old, in Wuppertal, Germany, and one of the supported type, two years old, in Tokyo. The paper includes engineering details of the latter, and briefly describes a modern version of the suspended type. The authors suggest that the likely future for monorails is in urban–suburban passenger transport where right-of-way problems make surface lines impracticable (and motor transport is no solution). Proposals for such monorails, however, still have to compete with ‘conventional rail’ which can, of course, also be constructed overhead and has advantages wherever the system is to be at grade or in tunnel.
Paper 3: Fuel Cells as a Source of Power in Locomotives
Authors: Williams K. R. , Thomas B. M. 
Published: June 2010

The principles of the more important fuel cells are described and their current state of development assessed. Reference is made to the suitability of various fuels for fuel cell power systems applied to locomotive traction. The overall scheme for a 300-kW power unit using a low-temperature fuel battery is described. While technically possible, such a system is unlikely to be economically viable. It is suggested that fuel cell traction for locomotives will have to await the development of an improved fuel cell, such as one using a solid oxide electrolyte.
Paper 13: Cylinder Heads
Authors: Henshall S. H. , Gallois J. 
Published: June 2010

Stresses in cylinder heads, gas loading, thermal loading, and tightening are dealt with in this paper. The rigidity of heads, internal ribs, valve apertures, gas passages, and water passages are also referred to, as are different types of heads, e.g. two- and three-deck heads, heads with two or four valves, and heads without valves. The effect on the design of heads of the cooling water route, connections, gaskets, and joints is also dealt with and some mention of materials, casting techniques, and coring of intricate passages is made.
Paper 3: The Design of a Space-Frame Crankcase for a Large Medium-Speed Diesel Engine
Authors: Morland G. W. , Flear B. S. 
Published: June 2010

The basic arguments which led to the choice of a framed crankcase structure for a new range of in-line and Vee engines is described. The underlying principles behind the evolution of the actual design are discussed in relation to criteria for strength, stiffness, manufacturing procedure, and noise reduction. The relative merits of underslung crankshaft and bedplate types of structure are discussed, and the programme of model and prototype testing which led, together with manufacturing considerations, to a decision between the two is described. Extensive model and prototype testing, in conjunction with theoretical analysis, was used as a major design tool and to prove the design. This is described in some detail and comparative results presented and discussed.
Paper 13: Arthroplasty of the Hip Using Foreign Materials: A History
Authors: Scales J. T. 
Published: June 2010

Arthroplasty is a surgical procedure which provides an artificial joint. The operation should give ( a) relief from pain; ( b) a stable joint; and ( c) an improvement in function. The loss of function of a joint may be caused by injury or disease. Since 1894 there have been many attempts to restore function using various artificial materials either to separate or replace the joint surfaces, and the following is a list of the ‘milestones’ in this field: (1) The use of foils to cover the femoral head. (2) Floating joint interposition. (3) The introduction of cobalt–chromium alloy. (4) The replacement of the femoral head. (5) The use of acrylic and other plastics for implants. (6) The replacement of the acetabulum. (7) Total hip replacement. (8) The introduction of acrylic dental polymer to anchor components in bone. This paper will discuss the various materials and devices which have been used, and some of the complications which consequently have occurred.
Research Report 8: Current Status of Joint Lubrication
Authors: Dintenfass L. 
Published: June 2010

Properties of synovial fluid and cartilage are reviewed and some thought is given to the nature of joint lubrication. It does appear, at this stage, that neither the classical hydrodynamic theory of lubrication nor the boundary lubrication can permit an adequate description of the mechanism of joint lubrication; a possible solution lies in application of the elastohydrodynamic theory of lubrication, although this theory is not yet advanced enough to handle the total complexity of joint lubrication. It is suggested that, in principle, joint lubrication depends on the existence of thixotropic and elastic (normal stress phenomenon) fluid between the articular surfaces, that the area of the load-carrying film depends on the elasticity and resiliency of cartilage, and that the latter shows most variable, time- and load-dependent rheological behaviour. Pathological changes in synovial fluid leading to the change of its rheology to Newtonian, will result in a damage to the articular surfaces; on the other hand, a presence of a healthy synovial fluid per se is not sufficient to maintain an efficient lubrication. Resiliency of cartilage is responsible for the existence of elastohydrodynamic conditions; a degeneration of cartilage will lead to boundary lubrication and mechano-chemical degradation of synovial fluid. Complexity of the problems requires multi-disciplinary collaboration.