bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microscopic model of cuprate superconductivity
Authors: Squire Richard H. , March Norman H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe present a model for cuprate superconductivity based on the identification of an experimentally detected “local superconductor” as a charge 2 fermion pairing in a circular, stationary density wave. This wave acts like a highly correlated local “boson” satisfying a modified Cooper problem with additional correlation stabilization relative to the separate right‐ and left‐handed density waves composing it. This local “boson” could be formed in a two‐bound roton‐like manner; it has Fermion statistics. Delocalized superconductive pairing (superconductivity) is achieved by a Feshbach resonance of two unpaired holes (electrons) resonating with a virtual energy level of the bound pair state of the local “boson” as described by the previously discussed Boson‐Fermion‐Gossamer (BFG) model. The spin‐charge order interaction offers a microscopic basis for the cuprateTc's. The spin‐charge interaction correlatesTcwith experimental inelastic neutron and electron Raman scattering is proposed, based on the energy of the virtual bound pair. These and other modifications discussed, suggest a BFG‐based microscopic explanation for the entire cuprate superconductivity dome shape. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Differentiation of the diastereomeric synthetic precursors of isofebrifugine and febrifugine by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ramanjaneyulu G. S. , Sudhakar N. , Rao B. Venkateswara , Prabhakar S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFebrifugine is an alkaloid with potent antimalarial activity isolated from Dichroa febrifuga and Hydrangea umbellate, and it exists naturally with its diastereomeric component, isofebrifugine. Here we report the differentiation of diastereomeric synthetic precursors of isofebrifugine (1, cis) and febrifugine (2, trans) and a structurally similar model diastereomeric pair without a halogen substituent (3 and 4) by electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry. Compounds 1–4 contain a tert‐butoxycarbonyl (BOC) substituent, and the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) spectra of the [M+H]+, [M+Na]+ and [M+Li]+ ions of 1–4 include the expected product ions corresponding to the loss of C4H8 (isobutene) and of C5H8O2 (BOC‐H). Loss of C5H8O2 is dominant in cis isomers (1 and 3) and/or loss of C4H8 ions is dominant in trans isomers (2 and 4). The decomposition of [M+H]+ ions shows stereoselectivity in the formation of the [M+H‐(BOC‐H)‐C3H5OBr]+ and [M+H‐(BOC‐H)‐C6H5CH2OH]+ ions. The [M+Cat]+ ions (where Cat = Na or Li) additionally show loss of NaBr and HBr from [M+Cat‐(BOC‐H)]+, and these product ions are constantly more abundant in cis isomers than in trans isomers. The stereoselectivity for the product ion corresponding to the loss of [(BOC‐H)+C3H5OBr] from [M+H]+ ions differs from that from [M+Cat]+ ions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Air Sparging Pilot Testing Including In‐Well Temperature Measurement
Authors: Eisenbeis John J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAir sparging was pilot tested at a site where a groundwater plume containing cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene (cis‐DCE), vinyl chloride (VC) and arsenic resulted from landfill operations. In addition to the commonly used methods for estimating air sparging zone of influence (ZOI), in‐well temperature was monitored using sensitive thermocouples and data loggers at several monitoring wells of various screened intervals during the test. Following 42 days of pilot testing, the downgradient monitoring well samples were below maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)for all contaminants of concern, VC and dissolved arsenic were below detection limits (0.5 and 10 milligrams per liter [μg/L], respectively) in all of the downgradient monitoring wells.The ZOI monitoring results indicated that at some locations use of mounding data may overestimate the ZOI when the temperature data suggest that no sparged air was entering the well screen. Therefore, monitoring in‐well temperature may provide additional useful information for estimating air sparging ZOI and is more indicative of air pathways than other monitoring methods. In addition, the temperature data were valuable for selecting a pulse frequency and duration to optimize groundwater mixing.
Trends In Regulatory Acceptance Of Risk‐Based Cleanup Goals And Natural Attenuation For Site Closure
Authors: Downey Douglas C. , Benson Leigh A. , Taffinder Sam A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSince 1994, there has been a significant regulatory shift toward risk‐based cleanup standards based on the site‐specific risk of the more toxic and mobile compounds; namely, benzene, ethyl benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTEX). This regulatory shift has been accompanied by a growing acceptance of natural attenuation as an important component of petroleum site remediation. This article briefly reviews regulatory progress toward risk‐based remediation and describes the successful application of risk‐based corrective actions (RBCAs) at two fuel contaminated sites on Air Force installations. By developing site‐specific cleanup goals, and combining natural attenuation, source reduction, and land use controls, innovative risk‐based closure plans have been implemented on these sites.
Screening Technology Trains for DNAPL Remediation
Authors: Kloeber Jack M. , Papatyi Anthony F. , Deckro Richard F. , Parnell Gregory S. , Jackson Jack A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Department of Energy (DOE) is conducting a Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) mandated Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study for a site contaminated with Dense Non‐Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) pollutants. Three key efforts were a hydrogeological modeling approach, the generation of feasible sequences of technologies, and the screening of alternative technologies. This research uses a decision analysis process to provide a quantitative assessment of the candidate technologies. Decision analysis modeling was used to gain insight into each sequence of technologies. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to assess the impact of key assumptions. The results provided the DOE with an objective and traceable rationale for screening and reducing all of the potential technology combinations to 58 technology combinations and a method for identifying the top scoring combinations. The approach has wide applicability to similar CERCLA remediation efforts.
The Use of Oxygen Release Compound for the Accelerated Bioremediation of Aerobically Degradable Contaminants: The Advent of Time‐Release Electron Acceptors
Authors: Koenigsberg Stephen S. , Sandefur Craig A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOxygen Release Compound (ORC®) is a patented formulation of intercalated magnesium peroxide that releases oxygen slowly when hydrated. ORC treatment represents a “low intensity” approach to site remediation. It provides a simple, passive, low‐cost and long‐term acceleration of aerobic natural attenuation and has been shown to cost‐effectively reduce time to site closure. ORC is now a proven technology as evidenced by its five years of use on over 5,000 sites in 50 states and 11 countries, and the existence of a full body of independent, peer reviewed literature on its performance.The first applications of ORC were for the treatment of benzene, toulene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and other light petroleum hydrocarbon fractions. Use has now expanded to the treatment of heavier fractions such as heating oil and some of the Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). More recently. ORC has been used to bioremediate the highly mobile and problematic gasoline oxygenate methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and has been applied to sites impacted with nitroaromatics, chloroaromatics, and some of the lower‐order chlorinated hydrocarbons that can be treated aerobically—most notably vinyl chloride.Since ORC is an insoluble powder, it can be packaged in material composed of a specially designed filter fabric. These “filter socks” are then contacted with contaminated groundwater via an array of wells or trenches. ORC can also be mixed directly with water to form a slurry for permanent injection applications in the saturated zone or dispersed in powdered form for the in‐situ or ex‐situ treatment of soil. A broad array of treatment points, in which ORC slurry is backfilled or injected, can be implemented with low‐cost, small‐bore push‐point technologies to directly treat dissolved phase plumes and moderate levels of sorbed contaminants. Powder or slurry is traditionally used in the remediation of residual contamination at the bottom of contaminated soil excavations. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Use of Hydrogen Release Compound for the Accelerated Bioremediation of Anaerobically Degradable Contaminants: The Advent of Time‐Release Electron Donors
Authors: Sandefur Craig A. , Koenigsberg Stephen S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHydrogen Release Compound (HRC®) is a simple, passive, low‐cost, and long‐term option for the anaerobic bioremediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) via reductive dehalogenation. Applications to the remediation of other compounds, such as MTBE and perchlorate, that are anaerobically degradable by other reductive mechanisms, are in progress. HRC should be viewed as a tool for the acceleration of natural attenuation at sites that would otherwise require high levels of capital investment and operating expense.HRC is a proprietary, food‐quality, polylactate ester that, upon being deposited into the subsurface, slowly degrades to lactic acid. Lactic acid is then metabolized to hydrogen, which in turn drives the reductive dechlorination of CHs. This has been demonstrated effectively in the laboratory and in the field. HRC can be manufactured as a moderately flowable, injectable material, or as a thicker, implantable hard gel, to facilitate localized treatment and passive barrier designs. HRC is best utilized for the remediation of dissolved phase plumes and the associated hydrophobically sorbed contaminant. The use of HRC is not appropriate for use on free‐phase DNAPL unless the total mass to be remediated is within the scope of economic feasibility in comparison to alternative treatments.Evidence suggests there is competition between reductive dehalogenators and methanogens in which the methanogens compete for the use of hydrogen in the conversion of carbon dioxide to methane. Some researchers believe that a low concentration of hydrogen favors the reductive dehalogenators and starves out the methanogens. The objective, therefore, is to keep hydrogen concentrations low. The time‐release feature of HRC, which is based on the hydrolysis rate of lactic acid from the ester and the subsequent lag time to hydrogen conversion, facilitates this objective. HRC, therefore, becomes a passive form of accelerated natural attenuation, in contrast to the more capital‐and management‐intensive alternatives now available. Laboratory and field results are presented, the latter expanding on the first uses of HRC by various members of the engineering and consulting firm community. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Randomized greedy matching
Authors: Dyer Martin , Frieze Alan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe consider a randomized version of the greedy algorithm for finding a large matching in a graph. We assume that the next edge is always randomly chosen from those remaining. We analyze the performance of this algorithm when the input graph is fixed. We show that there are graphs for which this Randomized Greedy Algorithm (RGA) usually only obtains a matching close in size to that guaranteed by worst‐case analysis (i.e., half the size of the maximum). For some classes of sparse graphs (e.g., planar graphs and forests) we show that the RGA performs significantly better than the worst‐case. Our main theorem concerns forests. We prove that the ratio to maximum here is at least 0.7690…, and that this bound is tight.
Probabilistic analysis of a parallel algorithm for finding the lexicographically first depth first search tree in a dense random graph
Authors: Dyer Martin , Friezet Alan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe describe an O((log n)2) time parallel algorithm, using n processors, for finding the lexicographically first depth first search tree in the random graph G n, p, with p fixed. The problem itself is complete for P, and so is unlikely to be efficiently parallelizable always.
Evaluating the ability of different characterization parameters to describe the surface of fried foods
Authors: Moreno María Carolina , Bouchon Pedro , Brown Christopher A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this work is to identify surface topography characterization parameters that are capable of discriminating the surfaces of different fried foods. Three fried food model systems with clearly different surfaces were formulated from vital wheat gluten, native wheat starch, and potato flakes. The surfaces were measured with a scanning laser microscope (SLM), and the ability of several parameters to discriminate between them was tested. Two conventional parameters, the root mean square roughness (Sq) and the surface Kurtosis (Sku), were calculated, along with parameters derived from area‐scale fractal analysis: smooth–rough crossover (SRC), fractal dimension, and relative area as a function of scale. The coefficient of variation (COV) of Sq, Sku, and SRC and fractal dimension of different sizes of measurement regions were calculated for the surface of the roughest product in order to specify a measurement region that would be sufficiently large to be representative. The size of the representative region was found to be 25 mm2. Among the parameters evaluated in this study, the most reliable parameter for discriminating the surfaces of fried foods is the relative area calculated from area‐scale fractal analysis. SCANNING 32: 212–218, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On optimum illumination for channeling experiments
Authors: Eades J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn experiments in which channeling effects are important, it may be desirable simultaneously to maximize the current, minimize the area of the sample that is illuminated, and, in particular, minimize the divergence of the beam. The ability to meet these incompatible conditions is limited by the source brightness. The optimum illumination in such cases is achieved by focusing the illumination on the sample. This result is, perhaps, counterintuitive and in conflict with frequently given advice “to get more parallel illumination, defocus the beam”.
Measurement of specimen charging in scanning electron microscopy with a kelvin probe
Authors: Rettig R. , Kässens M. , Reimer L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA vibrating Kelvin probe in form of a platinum wire loop is used to measure the surface potential Us on electron‐irradiated free‐floating metal and insulator specimens as a function of electron energy E. This allows an accurate measurement of the critical electron energy E2 for no charging. At energies below E2, the positive charging increases with decreasing energy to Us=2–5 eV at E=0.5 keV and switching off the collector bias of the Everhart‐Thornley detector. A two‐to threefold increase of Us is observed when the bias is switched on. For E > E2, the strong increase of a negative surface potential can be measured. Insulating films free‐supported on a conductive substrate show a steep decrease to small positive and negative Us when the film thickness becomes lower than the electron range at a critical energy E3 > E2. At insulating specimen the temporal decrease of charging can be measured when the electron beam is switched off.
Observations of human corneal epithelium by tandem scanning confocal microscope
Authors: Tomii Satoshl , Klnoshtta Shigeru 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe applied the tandem scanning confocal microscope (TSCM) to 30 healthy human corneas of 3 normal volunteers and 27 patients with cataract and retinal detachment to observe normal corneal epithelial cells in vivo. All corneas were normal under slit lamp microscopic examination. The superficial and basal epithelial cells close to the basal lamina in the central cornea were recorded on videotape and analyzed by a computer‐assisted digitizer. The mean cell areas of superficial cells exposed at the surface and basal cells at the horizontal section were 624 ± 109 μm2 and 66 ± 5 μm2, respectively. The ratio of superficial to basal mean cell area was 11.0 ± 4.5. TSCM was thus useful in evaluating the relationship between superficial and basal cells in human corneal epithelium in vivo.
The scanning optical microscope (extracts on near‐field microscopy)—from a 1975 report
Authors: Kompfner R. , Sheppard C. J. R. , Walsh D. , Choudhury A. , Gannaway J. N. , Hale P. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe following consists of extracts concerning near‐field microscopy from a Progress Report prepared in April 1975 as Oxford University Engineering Laboratory Report No. 1883/77, describing work initiated by the late Professor R. Kompfner. Preliminary experimental work on near‐field microscopy is outlined, and a theory for contrast formation is presented.
Infrared scanning for biomedical applications
Authors: Mil'Shtein S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe great interest in using infrared imaging for biological and medical applications is motivated by the harmless interaction of small doses of infrared radiation with biological objects and by the technical ability of infrared digital cameras to generate, produce, store, and display the resultant images in situ. In this study, we review the state of the art of infrared (IR) imaging in comparison with well established medical imaging techniques such as ultrasound and x‐rays. We demonstrate for the first time that by using IR transmitted light, one can observe bones, tendons, cartilages, and other tissues. The IR long‐focus scanning microscope was built to allow two modes of scanning. The first mode is when illumination of a biological object is performed at the same angle of view with different IR wavelengths λ. The second mode is when, for fixed wavelength λ, scanning of the source of light around the object is performed. We discuss the special image processing methods and potential applications of the new scanner for medical diagnostics. This novel, low‐cost IR imaging system (hardware and software) allows one to scan biological objects such as human arms, legs, palms, and fingers to differentiate tissues, tendons, muscles, ligaments, blood vessels, bones, and cartilages. Some of these objects cannot be detected by conventional x‐rays.
An accurate approximation for the highly efficient sampling of polar scattering angle of electron elastic single‐scattering events
Authors: Pasciak Alexander S. , Ford John R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn single‐event Monte Carlo electron transport simulations, elastic scattering events dominate the changes in electron trajectories due to collisions. Classically, the polar scattering angle due to an elastic collision can be sampled efficiently from the screened Rutherford cross section. However, the screened Rutherford cross section fails for both high Z materials and when the incident electron energy becomes too low. Alternatively, improved simulation accuracy for electrons in all energy ranges and through all materials may be obtained by sampling directly from differential data derived from partial‐wave‐expansion method (PWEM) calculations based on theoretical atomic potential models. While sampling directly from wave calculations will yield simulation results to the best known physical accuracy, it comes at the cost of simulation time. This is due to a sampling process that is typically more involved when compared with using the screened Rutherford cross section. In this work we present a relationship capable of reproducing the moments of the differential cross section derived from PWEM calculations, resulting in good preservation of forward and backscattering peaks. The relationship is directly invertible and is as easily sampled as the Rutherford cross section. Most important, the data presented in this paper in combination with this relationship produce Monte Carlo simulation results which are comparable with those using the exact differential cross section from PWEM calculations for elements Z = 1 to 96 and for incident electron energies from 300,000 down to 50 eV.
Interactive spatio‐spectral analysis of three‐dimensional mass‐spectral (3DxMS) chemical images
Authors: Reichenbach Stephen E. , Tian Xue , Lindquist Robert , Tao Qingping , Henderson Alex , Vickerman John C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEmerging technologies for chemical imaging provide high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) surveys with high‐precision mass spectrometry (MS), promising to open unprecedented vistas for understanding complex phenomena such as cellular metabolism. However, there are critical challenges in transforming the large, complex, multidimensional, multispectral data sets into useful chemical information for biological research and other applications. This paper describes new informatics for advanced interactive spatio‐spectral analysis of three‐dimensional mass‐spectral (3DxMS) chemical images. The technical challenges for interactive informatics are rapid access to large datasets, visualization of 3D hyperspectral images, and pattern recognition for spatio‐spectral mapping. This paper describes an effective compression method for time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) data that provides rapid spatial‐spectral access; a framework for 3DxMS visualization that supports multiple views with multiple layers of information; and a suite of pattern recognition tools for spatio‐spectral drawing, clustering, and classification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epilogue: mapping future research on burnout and health
Authors: Shirom Arie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe lack of aetiologic clarity regarding burnout–health associations represents a major impediment towards progress in understanding burnout's role in employee occupational health. What are some of the promising research directions on burnout and health that emerged from this Special Issue? Emphasizing aspects of physical health, this concluding paper attempts to respond to the aforementioned question. Additionally, I delineated several possible ways in which future research could better serve health‐care policy‐makers and health‐care practitioners. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualizing and exploring profiles with calling context ring charts
Authors: Moret Philippe , Binder Walter , Villazón Alex , Ansaloni Danilo , Heydarnoori Abbas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalling context profiling is an important technique for analyzing the performance of object‐oriented software with complex inter‐procedural control flow. The Calling Context Tree (CCT) is a common data structure that stores dynamic metrics, such as CPU time, separately for each calling context. As CCTs may comprise millions of nodes, there is a need for a condensed visualization that eases the localization of performance bottlenecks. In this article, we discussCalling Context Ring Charts(CCRCs), a compact visualization for CCTs, where callee methods are represented in ring segments surrounding the caller's ring segment. In order to reveal hot methods, their callers, and callees, the ring segments can be sized according to a chosen dynamic metric. We describe two case studies where CCRCs help us to detect and fix performance problems in applications. A performance evaluation also confirms that our implementation can efficiently handle large CCTs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.