bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbiota–gut–brain axis: the mediator of exercise and brain health
Authors: Kang Piao , Wang Alan Zi-Xuan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The brain controls the nerve system, allowing complex emotional and cognitive activities. The microbiota–gut–brain axis is a bidirectional neural, hormonal, and immune signaling pathway that could link the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. Over the past few decades, gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be an essential component of the gastrointestinal tract that plays a crucial role in regulating most functions of various body organs. The effects of the microbiota on the brain occur through the production of neurotransmitters, hormones, and metabolites, regulation of host-produced metabolites, or through the synthesis of metabolites by the microbiota themselves. This affects the host's behavior, mood, attention state, and the brain's food reward system. Meanwhile, there is an intimate association between the gut microbiota and exercise. Exercise can change gut microbiota numerically and qualitatively, which may be partially responsible for the widespread benefits of regular physical activity on human health. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive method to show areas of brain activity enabling the delineation of specific brain regions involved in neurocognitive disorders. Through combining exercise tasks and fMRI techniques, researchers can observe the effects of exercise on higher brain functions. However, exercise's effects on brain health via gut microbiota have been little studied. This article reviews and highlights the connections between these three interactions, which will help us to further understand the positive effects of exercise on brain health and provide new strategies and approaches for the prevention and treatment of brain diseases.
The Mortgage Piggy Bank: Building Wealth Through Amortization
Authors: Bernstein Asaf , Koudijs Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 2013, the Dutch government mandated that new conforming mortgages must fully amortize. Within a difference-in-differences design, we estimate that the marginal wealth accumulation from amortization is close to one, even five years later. Households purchasing after the reform primarily cut consumption and leisure over other savings, leading to a rise in wealth. This holds if we use life events to instrument for the timing of home purchase. Estimates are similar for seemingly unconstrained households and movers, suggesting a broad applicability of our results. Consistent with a simple model, we find lower estimates for households that appear less financially sophisticated or willing to adjust short-term consumption. Mortgage amortization schedules are among the largest savings plans in the world, and our results highlight their critical importance for household wealth building and macroprudential policies.
The Ant and the Grasshopper: Seasonality and the Invention of Agriculture
Authors: Matranga Andrea 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Neolithic revolution saw the independent development of agriculture among at least seven unconnected hunter-gatherer populations. I propose that the rapid spread of agricultural techniques resulted from increased climatic seasonality causing hunter-gatherers to adopt a sedentary lifestyle and store food for the season of scarcity. Their newfound sedentary lifestyle and storage habits facilitated the invention of agriculture. I present a model and support it with global climate data and Neolithic adoption dates, showing that greater seasonality increased the likelihood of agriculture’s invention and its speed of adoption by neighbors. This study suggests that seasonality patterns played a dominant role in determining our species’ transition to farming.
Trust in Traditional Finance and Consumer Fintech Adoption
Authors: Okat Deniz , Paaso Mikael , Pursiainen Vesa 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We study the role of trust in traditional finance in the consumer adoption of various fintech products, including cryptocurrencies, peer-to-peer lending, other crowdfunding, roboadvisors, and alternative payment solutions. Using an online lab experiment, an experiment on an investment website, and a representative survey of Dutch households, we find no consistent evidence that trust in banks affects fintech adoption in any of the product categories, although we find weak evidence suggesting that trust in banks positively affects interest in alternative payment apps. Our results do not support the narrative that trust in traditional finance is a major driver of fintech adoption. (JEL D14, G23, G41, G50)
Striatal Response to Reward Anticipation as a Biomarker for Schizophrenia and Negative Symptoms: Effects, Test-Retest Reliability, and Stability Across Sites
Authors: Carruzzo Fabien , Kaliuzhna Mariia , Kuenzi Noémie , Geffen Tal , Katthagen Teresa , Schlagenhauf Florian , Kaiser Stefan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Ventral striatal hypoactivation during reward anticipation has consistently been observed in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, that hypoactivation has been shown to correlate negatively with negative symptoms, and in particular with apathy. However, little is known about the stability of these results over time and their reliability across different centers.

Methods
In total, 67 patients with schizophrenia (15 females) and 55 healthy controls (13 females) were recruited in 2 centers in Switzerland and Germany. To assess the neural bases of reward anticipation, all participants performed a variant of the Monetary Incentive Delay task while undergoing event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and after 3 months. Stability over time was measured using intra-class correlation (ICC(A,1)) and stability between centers was measured with mixed models.

Results
Results showed the expected ventral striatal hypoactivation in patients compared to controls during reward anticipation. We showed that these results were stable across centers. The primary analysis did not reveal an effect of time. Test-retest reliability was moderate for controls, and poor for patients. We did not find an association between ventral striatal hypoactivation and negative symptoms in patients.

Conclusions
Our results align with the hypothesis that ventral striatal activation is related to modulation of motivational saliency during reward anticipation. They also confirm that patients with schizophrenia show impaired reward anticipation. However, the poor test-retest reliability and the absence of an association with symptoms suggests that further research is needed before ventral striatal activity can be used as a biomarker on the individual patient level.
Risk of Pediatric Bipolar Disorder After General Anesthesia in Infants and Toddlers: A Propensity Score-Matched Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Sun Mingyang , Chen Wan-Ming , Wu Szu-Yuan , Zhang Jiaqiang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
The potential role of anesthesia as an independent risk factor for childhood bipolar disorder (BD) remains unclear. To address this, we conducted a population-based cohort study employing propensity score matching to compare BD incidence between pediatric patients undergoing surgery with and without general anesthesia.

Study Design
Our study included patients aged 0–3 years who received at least 1 episode of general anesthesia and were hospitalized for over 1 day in Taiwan between January 2004 and December 2014. They were matched 1:1 with a population not receiving general anesthesia to assess pediatric BD incidence.

Study Results
The study cohort comprised 15 070 patients, equally distributed between the general anesthesia and nongeneral anesthesia groups (7535 each). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs; 95% CIs) for pediatric BD in the general anesthesia group as 1.26 (1.04–1.54; P = .021) compared to the nongeneral anesthesia group. Moreover, the incidence rate ratio (95% CI) for the general anesthesia group was 1.26 (1.03–1.53) compared to the nongeneral anesthesia group.

Conclusions
Early childhood exposure to general anesthesia is significantly associated with an increased risk of pediatric BD. This expands understanding of pediatric BD’s complex development, informing preventive strategies, and enhancing mental health outcomes for vulnerable young patients and global pediatric healthcare.
0001 Circadian Rest-Activity Rhythm Patterns and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Men
Authors: Qiao Yujia (Susanna) , Chen Dorothy , Zeitzer Jamie , Ancoli-Israel Sonia , Blackwell Terri , Bradshaw Patrick , Posner Alexander , Redline Susan , Tranah Gregory , Yaffe Kristine , Stone Katie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Circadian rest-activity rhythms (RARs), a behavioral manifestation of circadian rhythms, reflect physical activity and sleep patterns over the 24-hour day. With aging, disrupted RARs may be associated with higher cardiometabolic risk, fall risk and cognitive decline. Physical performance also declines with advancing age, leading to disability and increased risk of mortality. However, the associations between RARs and physical performance are understudied.

Methods
In the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study, 2,924 men (age=76.3+/-5.5 years, 90% white) completed sleep ancillary study (baseline), had valid wrist-worn actigraphy data (mean=5 days) and physical performance measures. Physical performance measures included: 6-meter gait speed, grip strength, and chair stand pace assessed at baseline and up to two follow-up visits over 3.4+/-3.1 years. Using a shape-naive technique, functional principal components analysis (fPCA), we examined baseline patterns of RARs over several days and evaluated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of these patterns with each physical performance measure separately using mixed effect models. Models were adjusted for age, race, education, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, caffeine consumption, multimorbidity, medication use and depressive symptomology.

Results
At baseline, gait speed was 1.14+/-0.23 m/s, grip strength was 40.8+/-8.4 kg, and chair stand pace was 4.4+/-1.7 stands/10 sec. Four fPCA components (explaining 88% variance) were identified with higher eigenvalues meaning: 1) high overall amplitude (50%); 2) later rise and bed times (23%); 3) longer, biphasic activity patterns (9%); and 4) evening peaks in activity (6%). Cross-sectionally, higher fPCA1 was associated with faster gait speed and chair stand pace (p&lt; 0.05); higher fPCA3 was associated with slower gait speed, worse grip strength, and slower chair stand pace (p&lt; 0.05). Longitudinally, higher fPCA1 was associated slower decline in gait speed and in chair stand pace (p&lt; 0.05); higher fPCA2 was associated with accelerated decline in chair stand pace (p&lt; 0.05); higher fPCA3 and fPCA4 were both associated with accelerated decline in gait speed (p&lt; 0.05). No longitudinal association was found with grip strength.

Conclusion
Specific disruptions in RARs are associated with poor physical performance and its subsequent decline in older men. It suggests the contribution of circadian system in influencing age-related physical performance.

Support (if any)
NIA R21AG051380 and R01AG034157
0002 Associations Between Sleep and Rest-Activity Rhythms with Diet Quality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Potts Kaitlin , Yeung Chris Ho Ching , Wallace Danielle , Kianersi Sina , Wood Alexis , Dashti Hassan , Xiao Qian , Huang Tianyi , Redline Susan , Wang Heming 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Diet, sleep, and rest-activity rhythms (RAR) influence cardiometabolic health but the relationship among these behaviors is less clear. Evidence of associations between sleep and diet have focused on self-reported sleep duration and quality, and have rarely investigated sleep timing, regularity, and RAR metrics. This study assessed cross-sectional associations between sleep and RAR regularity and timing with overall diet quality.

Methods
Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants who completed validated sleep and food frequency questionnaires and 7-day actigraphy monitoring (Actiwatch Spectrum) between 2010-2013 were eligible for study inclusion. Overall diet quality was measured with the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) 2010 (range: 0-110, higher indicates healthier diet). Actigraphy records were processed using Actiware-Sleep (v5.59) software and manually annotated using a sleep diary. Sleep timing was measured with average sleep midpoint, and sleep regularity measures included within-individual standard deviation (SD) of daily sleep duration and onset. Parametric (extended cosine) and nonparametric 24-hour RAR measures were derived from 1-minute epoch-level activity counts. Associations between sleep and RAR metrics with AHEI were tested with multivariable linear regression adjusting for total energy intake, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors including smoking, total activity, and depressive symptoms.

Results
This study included 1828 participants (mean [SD]: age: 68.5 [9] years, AHEI: 59 [10.9]; 46% male). Later sleep midpoint and L5-time (start time of the 5 least active hours) were associated with lower AHEI (0.61% and 0.77% lower AHEI per SD later midpoint [p=0.005] and L5-time [p=0.001], respectively). Irregular sleep timing (sleep onset-SD &gt;60 minutes [vs. less]) was associated with 1.1% lower AHEI (p=0.014). Rhythm robustness, measured by the pseudo-F (parametric RAR) and relative amplitude (RA, non-parametric RAR) was associated with higher AHEI (0.49% and 0.48% higher AHEI per SD increase in pseudo-F [p=0.031] and RA [p=0.036], respectively). The associations between later sleep midpoint and L5-time with lower AHEI were robust to false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected significance thresholds.

Conclusion
Actigraphy-based measures of later sleep timing, irregular sleep, and weakened rest-activity rhythms were associated with lower/worse diet quality in an older, multi-ethnic sample, suggesting their potential utility in multi-component lifestyle interventions.

Support (if any)
NIH NHLIB T32HL007901, NHLBI HL56984, and NIA R01AG070867
0003 Nocturnal Wakefulness Is Associated with Altered Macronutrient Intake in a Nationally Representative Sample
Authors: Kennedy Kathryn , Tubbs Andrew , Fernandez Fabian-Xosé , St-Onge Marie-Pierre , Grandner Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The “Mind After Midnight" hypothesis suggests that being awake at night is associated with cognitive/affective dysregulation and impaired decision-making. Previous work identified risks associated with suicide. The present study examined whether nocturnal wakefulness is associated with aberrant food intake.

Methods
Data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016 and 2017-2020 pre-pandemic waves (N=13,995). Multivariate linear regression estimated the relationship between hours of wakefulness from 11pm-5am (predictor) and multiple dietary outcomes. Models were unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, employment status, education, and self-reported total sleep duration. In some cases, models were additionally adjusted for total caloric intake.

Results
There were significant differences in the sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, and total sleep duration of individuals who experienced more nocturnal wakefulness (all p&lt; 0.001). Duration of nocturnal wakefulness was not associated with total caloric intake in unadjusted or adjusted models. Greater time spent awake during the night was associated with less protein intake (adjusted β=0.96, p=0.004), more sugar intake (unadjusted β=2.9, p=0.012; adjusted β=2.6, p=0.004) and less fiber intake (unadjusted β=0.49, p=&lt; 0.001; adjusted β=0.35, p=0.005) after adjusting for total caloric intake. There was also a trend toward greater intake of saturated fats (adjusted β=0.19, p=0.083).

Conclusion
Our study shows that individuals with greater nocturnal wakefulness have higher intakes of nutrients that are frequently found in more highly processed foods, such as added sugar and saturated fats, and fewer nutrients found in healthier dietary options, such as fiber and protein. The dietary profile of individuals with higher nocturnal wakefulness may predispose them to chronic conditions. The propensity for unhealthy eating when awake during the biological night may be an important and underexplored public health concern.

Support (if any)
0005 Time-Restricted Eating Improves Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Dysglycemia
Authors: Afif Chloe , Brewster Katie , Olvera Kristine , Cong Charlotte , Moya Esteban , Zhang Michelle , Mesarwi Omar 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with dysglycemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Continuous positive airway pressure has not been shown to improve metabolic outcomes in OSA. Intermittent hypoxia (IH) modeling OSA causes dysglycemia in rodent models. Time restricted eating (TRE), which limits daily caloric intake to a fixed window, improves metabolic profiles in mice and humans. We hypothesized that TRE would improve IH-induced dysglycemia.

Methods
C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for four weeks, and then divided into four groups (n=16/group), with additional exposures lasting four weeks. Group 1 was exposed to room air (RA), with ad libitum access to HFD. Group 2 was exposed to RA, but on a TRE protocol, restricting HFD intake to 9h/d, from 9:00 PM to 6:00 AM. Group 3 was exposed to IH (FiO2 0.21 to 0.06 once/min for 12 hours during light phase, and FiO2 0.21 during dark phase), with ad libitum access to HFD. Group 4 was exposed to IH and TRE. Cages were changed each morning to minimize food hoarding. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were performed before and after the exposures, and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was performed on a subset. Serum insulin was measured.

Results
Fasting glucose was reduced in IH-TRE (-25.4±5.6 mg/dL, p&lt; 0.001) but not in other groups. GTT area under the curve was increased in RA-ad lib (3155±924 mg*min/dL, p=0.002) and IH-ad lib groups (5267±1161 mg*min/dL, p&lt; 0.001), but not in TRE. Insulin was increased in RA-ad lib relative to other groups (p&lt; 0.010 for all), implying insufficient insulin secretion, particularly in IH-ad lib. Body fat was reduced with both IH (p=0.028) and TRE (p&lt; 0.001). Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol, inversely related to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, was increased in TRE (p=0.011).

Conclusion
In IH modeling OSA, TRE improves glucose homeostasis, via improved pancreatic insulin secretion. Intermittent fasting may be a viable therapeutic option in OSA.

Support (if any)
This project was supported by NIH K08HL143140 and UCSD RS295R.
0007 A Pilot Study Examining the Relationship Between Work Productivity and Circadian Misalignment in Night Shift Work
Authors: Russell Jonathan , Habash Salma , Drake Christopher , Cheng Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
There has been general agreement that circadian misalignment is a primary driver of poor outcomes associated with night shifts, such as insomnia, excessive sleepiness, and impaired work productivity. However, few studies have utilized gold-standard measures of circadian rhythms (eg, dim light melatonin onset and offset; DLMO and DLMOff) in examining its association with outcomes. This pilot data aimed to examine the magnitude of the relationship between circadian misalignment and work productivity in night shift workers.

Methods
Participants were fixed night shift workers, engaging in at least three shifts per week with their shift beginning between 18:00 and 02:00 and lasting 8 to 12 hours. DLMO and DLMOff were assessed in-lab with 24 hourly salvia collections. Work productivity was measured with the Endicott Work Productivity Scale (EWPS). Circadian misalignment was operationalized as any overlap of DLMO and DLMOff during the participant's work shift. Insomnia and excessive sleepiness were operationalized as a score of 10 or greater on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI; referenced to daytime sleep) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).

Results
Night shift workers with circadian misalignment reported an EWPS score of 43.2 (SD=12.1), while those without circadian misalignment scored 39.6 (SD=15.6). The Cohen’s d effect size was 0.26. In contrast, those with insomnia reported an average EWPS score of 43.9 (SD=13.6) compared to 36.1 (SD=8.5) for those without insomnia (Cohen’s d = 0.69). Furthermore, those with excessive sleepiness had an average EWPS score of 44.7 (SD=14.2), versus 39.1 (SD=10.7) for those without excessive sleepiness (Cohen’s d = 0.44).

Conclusion
These results suggest that the association between circadian misalignment and work productivity in night shift workers may be smaller than anticipated. Instead, work productivity in night shift worker may be more strongly associated with symptoms of shift work disorder. These data are consistent with evidence that insomnia in non-shift workers are associated with higher absenteeism and presenteeism. This is also consistent with our prior research indicating that symptoms of shift work disorder can be influenced by various factors, including sleep reactivity.

Support (if any)
Support for this study was provided from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute R01HL160870 awarded to Dr. Philip Cheng.
0008 Wake Onset Variability Effect on Functional Connectivity in the Default Mode Network
Authors: Negelspach David , Alkozei Anna , Huskey Alisa , Killgore William 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Decoupling patterns of sleep and wake from underlying circadian oscillations is associated with poor sleep health. While this has been studied with respect to shift work, it is unclear if minor variations in normative sleep/wake patterns affect the restoration of cognitive function during sleep intervals while controlling for total sleep time. It is commonplace to adhere to a fixed sleep/wake schedule, however, this practice does not account for day-to-day variations in physiological need for sleep. We examined the relationship between sleep-interval variability and fMRI resting state functional connectivity while controlling for sleep duration.

Methods
Participants (n=21; 13 female; Age=23.3, SD=4.7) wore an actigraph for 7 days followed by a daytime functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session. Sleep/wake onset variability was measured from double-rated actigraphy data and cross referenced with sleep journals. Functional connectivity analysis and preprocessing of fMRI images were conducted in the CONN toolbox (SPM12). Seed-based functional connectivity maps were estimated using BOLD activity of the posterior parietal cortex node of the default mode network (DMN) as the seed region. Functional connectivity strength was represented by Fisher-transformed bivariate correlation coefficients from a weighted GLM, modeling the association between the seed and other brain regions.

Results
Wake onset variability (WOV) predicted functional connectivity of the DMN (controlling for age, gender, and sleep duration). WOV was significantly associated (Pthreshold &lt;.005 ; Pfwe &lt;.05) with a higher degree of anticorrelation between the posterior parietal node of the DMN and several regions of the frontoparietal network (FPN): Right superior frontal gyrus, Right mid-frontal gyrus, and Right frontal pole, as well as the occipital cortex and cerebellum. In contrast, sleep onset variability showed no significant changes in functional connectivity within these areas.

Conclusion
Greater WOV was associated with stronger inverse connectivity between the DMN and FPN. This suggests that increased WOV may improve attentional control through greater top-down suppression of the DMN. We speculate that WOV is representative of sleep satiety, resulting in voluntary arousal from sleep, rather than enforced arousal. These results suggest that sleep timing affects attentional control irrespective of duration.

Support (if any)
USAMRAA: W81XWH1910074