bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Load forecasting till 2020 of existing and perspective transformer substations in Riga
Authors: Guseva Svetlana , Borscevskis Olegs , Skobeleva Nataly , Breners Nikolajs 
Published: June 2010

Load forecasting till 2020 of existing and perspective transformer substations in RigaThe forecast of load till 2020 of existing and perspective transformer substations and common load of Riga is given in this paper.
Application of Neural Network Technologies for Price Forecasting in the Liberalized Electricity Market
Authors: Gerikh Valentin , Kolosok Irina , Kurbatsky Victor , Tomin Nikita 
Published: June 2010

Application of Neural Network Technologies for Price Forecasting in the Liberalized Electricity MarketThe paper presents the results of experimental studies concerning calculation of electricity prices in different price zones in Russia and Europe. The calculations are based on the intelligent software "ANAPRO" that implements the approaches based on the modern methods of data analysis and artificial intelligence technologies.
Improvement the work effectivenes of static var compensators by using of two-input adaptive controllers
Authors: Djagarov Nikolay , Grozdev Zhivko , Bonev Milen 
Published: June 2010

Improvement the work effectivenes of static var compensators by using of two-input adaptive controllersIn the paper is suggested a two-input adaptive controller for control of static var compensator (SVC). The controlling system of adaptive controller is identifying in real time of the basis for estimated parameters and variables of identification model and after that controlling signal is created for the compensator. As result of this controlling is improving vastly damping of power system like all performances as in transient processes as in steady state mode are improved.
Analysis and Design of 3.3 kV IGBT Based Three-Level DC/DC Converter with High-Frequency Isolation and Current Doubler Rectifier
Authors: Vinnikov Dmitri , Jalakas Tanel , Roasto Indrek 
Published: June 2010

Analysis and Design of 3.3 kV IGBT Based Three-Level DC/DC Converter with High-Frequency Isolation and Current Doubler RectifierThe paper presents the findings of a R&D project connected to the development of auxiliary power supply (APS) for the high-voltage DC-fed rolling stock applications. The aim was to design a new-generation power converter utilizing high-voltage IGBT modules, which can outpace the predecessors in terms of power density, i.e. to provide more power for smaller volumetric space. The topology proposed is 3.3 kV IGBT-based three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) half-bridge with high-frequency isolation transformer and current doubler rectifier that fulfils all the targets imposed by the designers. Despite an increased component count the proposed converter is very simple in design and operation. The paper provides an overview of the design with several recommendations and guidelines. Moreover, the simulation and experimental results are discussed and the performance evaluation of the proposed converter is presented.
Current Fed Step-up DC/DC Converter for Fuel Cell Inverter Applications
Authors: Andreičiks Aleksandrs , Vitols Kristaps , Krievs Oskars , Steiks Ingars 
Published: June 2010

Current Fed Step-up DC/DC Converter for Fuel Cell Inverter ApplicationsIn order to use hydrogen fuel cells in domestic applications either as main power supply or backup source, their low DC output voltage has to be matched to the level and frequency of the utility grid AC voltage. Such power converter systems usually consist of a DC-DC converter and a DC-AC inverter. Comparison of different current fed step-up DC/DC converters is done in this paper and a double inductor step-up push-pull converter investigated, presenting simulation and experimental results. The converter is elaborated for 1200 W power to match the rated power of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell located in hydrogen fuel cell research laboratory of Riga Technical University.
Experimental Results from Physical Model of Bidirectional Power Flow Regulator for Power Substations of Electrical Transport
Authors: Vitols Aigars , Rankis Ivars 
Published: June 2010

Experimental Results from Physical Model of Bidirectional Power Flow Regulator for Power Substations of Electrical TransportThis article is about model of bidirectional power flow regulator for power substations of electrical transport. The paper presents an experimental model which is made in the laboratory of Power and electrical engineering of Riga Technical University. Also principal block scheme and principal schemes of that model are presented in the form of computer modeling as well as some main results of experiments are presented in the form of diagrams.
Investigation of the Operation Speed of AC Voltage Sensor
Authors: Cimanis Vladimirs , Hramcovs Vladimirs , Rankis Ivars 
Published: June 2010

Investigation of the Operation Speed of AC Voltage SensorIn the article the AC voltage sensor of industrial frequency-the signal former of the analogue controller with pulse-width modulation which, in its turn, controls the high-frequency electronic pulse AC voltage stabilizer, is considered.
Mathematical Formulation of Public Electric Transport Scheduling Task for Artificial Immune Systems
Authors: Gorobetz Mikhail , Alps Ivars , Levchenkov Anatoly 
Published: June 2010

Mathematical Formulation of Public Electric Transport Scheduling Task for Artificial Immune SystemsThis paper describes mathematical formulation and application of artificial immune system for scheduling tasks for public electric transport. Artificial immune system is inspired by human immune system to simulate the process of interaction between antigens and antibodies. The task of scheduling in transport system is represented as one of the most well-known flow shop problem. Artificial immune system as a genetic based method is used to solve such task. Mathematical model and algorithm is proposed to create optimal schedule for public electric transport for minimization of electric energy consumption and time. Numerical example shows several steps of algorithm for artificial immune system for scheduling task solution.
Development of impact aggregation procedure for sustainable transport system
Authors: Patlins Antons , Kunicina Nadezhda 
Published: June 2010

Development of impact aggregation procedure for sustainable transport systemIn the investigation, the problems of utility evaluation methodology application for transport development projects evaluation are described. The main steps of development of impact aggregation procedure for sustainable transport system are described in the article. The new 3 stage environmental impact aggregation procedure is suggested.
Use of Muscle Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Compare Cervical Flexor Activity Between Patients With Whiplash-Associated Disorders and People Who Are Healthy
Authors: Cagnie Barbara , Dolphens Mieke , Peeters Ian , Achten Eric , Cambier Dirk , Danneels Lieven 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundChronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) have been shown to be associated with motor dysfunction. Increased electromyographic (EMG) activity in neck and shoulder girdle muscles has been demonstrated during different tasks in participants with persistent WAD. Muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging (mfMRI) is an innovative technique to evaluate muscle activity and differential recruitment of deep and superficial muscles following exercise.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the recruitment pattern of deep and superficial neck flexors between patients with WAD and controls using mfMRI.DesignA cross-sectional design was used.MethodThe study was conducted in a physical and rehabilitation medicine department. The participants were 19 controls who were healthy (10 men, 9 women; mean [±SD] age=22.2±0.6 years) and 16 patients with WAD (5 men, 11 women; mean [±SD] age=32.9±12.7 years). The T2 values were calculated for the longus colli (Lco), longus capitis (Lca), and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles at rest and following cranio-cervical flexion (CCF).ResultsIn the overall statistical model for T2 shift, there was a significant main effect for muscle (F=3.906, P=.033) but not for group (F=2.855, P=.101). The muscle × group interaction effect was significant (F=3.618, P=.041). Although not significant, there was a strong trend for lesser Lco (P=.061) and Lca (P=.060) activity for the WAD group compared with the control group. Although the SCM showed higher T2 shifts, this difference was not significant (P=.291).LimitationsAlthough mfMRI is an innovative and useful technique for the evaluation of deep cervical muscles, consideration is required, as this method encompasses a postexercise evaluation and is limited to resistance types of exercises.ConclusionsMuscle functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a difference in muscle recruitment between the Lco, Lca, and SCM during CCF in the control group, but failed to demonstrate a changed activity pattern in the WAD group compared with the control group. The mild symptoms in the WAD group and the wide variability in T2 values may explain the lack of significance.
Screening for fetal trisomy 21 in gestational weeks 6 and 7
Authors: Madsen Helen N. , Petersen Olav B. , Tørring Niels 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe objective was to examine the applicability of the two biochemical markers PAPP‐A and free β‐hCG for fetal trisomy 21 (T21) in very early pregnancy: gestational weeks (GA) 6 and 7. Medians for the two markers were generated on 36,745 fetal T21 unaffected pregnancies from gestational weeks 6–14. Concentrations were converted to Multiples of the Medians (MoMs). Median MoM from T21 affected pregnancies were compared over three intervals of gestational age; the very early weeks 6 and 7, weeks 8–10 and weeks 11–14. Median MoM from 9 affected pregnancies with a very early blood sample had a PAPP‐A median MoM of 0.269, compared to 0.392 in weeks 8–10 and 0.531 in weeks 11–14. On the contrary, free β‐hCG diverged from the median with increasing gestational age. Our data suggest that PAPP‐A is a useful marker for very early testing in first trimester screening for fetal T21.
Cervical motion preservation using mesenchymal progenitor cells and pentosan polysulfate, a novel chondrogenic agent: preliminary study in an ovine model
Authors: Goldschlager Tony , Ghosh Peter , Zannettino Andrew , Gronthos Stan , Rosenfeld Jeffrey V. , Itescu Silviu , Jenkin Graham 
Published: June 2010

Object
There is an unmet need for a procedure that could generate a biological disc substitute while at the same time preserving the normal surgical practice of achieving anterior cervical decompression. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that adult allogeneic mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) formulated with a chondrogenic agent could synthesize a cartilaginous matrix when implanted into a biodegradable carrier and cage, and over time, might serve as a dynamic interbody spacer following anterior cervical discectomy (ACD).

Methods
Eighteen ewes were divided randomly into 3 groups of 6 animals. Each animal was subjected to C3–4 and C4–5 ACD followed by implantation of bioresorbable interbody cages and graft containment plates. The cage was packed with 1 of 3 implants. In Group A, the implant was Gelfoam sponge only. In Group B, the implant consisted of Gelfoam sponge with 1 million MPCs only. In Group C, the implant was Gelfoam sponge with 1 million MPCs formulated with the chondrogenic agent pentosan polysulfate (PPS). In each animal the cartilaginous endplates were retained intact at 1 level, and perforated in a standardized manner at the other level. Allogeneic ovine MPCs were derived from a single batch of immunoselected and culture-expanded MPCs isolated from bone marrow of outbred sheep (mixed stock). Radiological and histological measures were used to assess cartilage formation and the presence or absence of new bone formation.

Results
The MPCs with or without PPS were safe and well-tolerated in the ovine cervical spine. There was no significant difference between groups in the radiographic or histological outcome measures, regardless of whether endplates were perforated or retained intact. According to CT scans obtained at 3 months after the operation, new bone formation within the interbody space was observed in the Gelfoam only group (Group A) in 9 (75%) of 12 interbody spaces, and 11 (92%) of 12 animals in the MPC cohort (Group B) had new bone formation within the interbody space. Significantly, in the MPC & PPS group (Group C), there were only 1 (8%) of 12 levels with new bone formation (p = 0.0009 vs Group A; p = 0.0001 vs Group B). According to histological results, there was significantly more cartilaginous tissue within the interbody cages of Group C (MPC & PPS) compared with both the control group (Group A; p = 0.003) and the MPC Group (p = 0.017).

Conclusions
This study demonstrated the feasibility of using MPCs in combination with PPS to produce cartilaginous tissue to replace the intervertebral disc following ACD. This biological approach may offer a means preserving spinal motion and offers an alternative to fusion to artificial prostheses.
‘Just Every-day Arabs Having Fun’: Representing Race inJammin' in the Middle E
Authors: Pearce Sharyn 
Published: June 2010

This article looks at the Australian film, Jammin' in the Middle E, which was televised in Australia in 2006 on the multicultural channel SBS. It explores the ways in which rap music is appropriated in the film, and subsequently used as a collective form of expression at a time of increased public and media hostility towards Muslims. While it argues that rap helps to develop an alternative cultural space, developing a Lebanese-Australian subject position still quite rare in Australian cultural texts, it also contends that Jammin', like the rap music which frames it and occurs throughout the narrative, is not a clear-cut and emancipatory text, but is fraught with the particular tensions of its time and place.
Leptin Exacerbates Sepsis-Mediated Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: Shapiro Nathan I. , Khankin Eliyahu V. , Van Meurs Matijs , Shih Shou-Ching , Lu Shulin , Yano Midori , Castro Pedro R. , Maratos-Flier Eleftheria , Parikh Samir M. , Karumanchi S. Ananth , Yano Kiichiro 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The adipose-derived hormone leptin is well known for its contribution to energy metabolism and satiety signaling in the hypothalamus. Previous studies suggested that obesity is an independent risk factor for sepsis morbidity and mortality, and it is associated with elevated baseline levels of circulating leptin in normal, nonseptic patients. In mouse endotoxemia and cecal ligation puncture models of sepsis, we observed elevated levels of leptin and soluble leptin receptor (sLR). Exogenously administered leptin increased mortality in endotoxemia and cecal ligation puncture models and was associated with increased expression of adhesion and coagulation molecules, macrophage infiltration into the liver and kidney, and endothelial barrier dysfunction. Conversely, longform leptin receptor-deficient mice were protected from sepsis morbidity and mortality and had less endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, an in vitro study revealed that leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction is likely mediated, at least in part, by monocytes. Moreover, administration of an sLR conferred a survival benefit. Human septic patients have increased circulating sLR concentrations, which were correlated with disease severity indices. Together, these data support a pathogenic role for leptin signaling during sepsis.
In Vivo Regulation of Bcl6 and T Follicular Helper Cell Development
Authors: Poholek Amanda C. , Hansen Kyle , Hernandez Sairy G. , Eto Danelle , Chandele Anmol , Weinstein Jason S. , Dong Xuemei , Odegard Jared M. , Kaech Susan M. , Dent Alexander L. , Crotty Shane , Craft Joe 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells, defined by expression of the surface markers CXCR5 and programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and synthesis of IL-21, require upregulation of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6 for their development and function in B cell maturation in germinal centers. We have explored the role of B cells and the cytokines IL-6 and IL-21 in the in vivo regulation of Bcl6 expression and TFH cell development. We found that TFH cells are characterized by a Bcl6-dependent downregulation of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL1, a CCL19- and CCL21-binding protein), indicating that, like CXCR5 and PD-1 upregulation, modulation of PSGL1 expression is part of the TFH cell program of differentiation. B cells were neither required for initial upregulation of Bcl6 nor PSGL1 downregulation, suggesting these events preceded T–B cell interactions, although they were required for full development of the TFH cell phenotype, including CXCR5 and PD-1 upregulation, and IL-21 synthesis. Bcl6 upregulation and TFH cell differentiation were independent of IL-6 and IL-21, revealing that either cytokine is not absolutely required for development of Bcl6+ TFH cells in vivo. These data increase our understanding of Bcl6 regulation in TFH cells and their differentiation in vivo and identifies a new surface marker that may be functionally relevant in this subset.
Crystal Structure of Bovine CD1b3 with Endogenously Bound Ligands
Authors: Girardi Enrico , Wang Jing , Mac Thien-Thi , Versluis Cees , Bhowruth Veemal , Besra Gurdyal , Heck Albert J.R. , Van Rhijn Ildiko , Zajonc Dirk M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe CD1 family of Ag-presenting molecules is able to display lipids to T cells by binding them within a hydrophobic groove connected to the protein surface. In particular, the CD1b isotype is capable of binding ligands with greatly varying alkyl chain lengths through a complex network of interconnected hydrophobic pockets. Interestingly, mycobacterial lipids such as glucose monomycolate exclusively bind to CD1b. We determined the crystal structure of one of the three expressed bovine CD1b proteins, CD1b3, in complex with endogenous ligands, identified by mass spectrometry as a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and analyzed the ability of the protein to bind glycolipids in vitro. The structure reveals a complex binding groove architecture, similar to the human ortholog but with consequential differences. Intriguingly, in bovine CD1b3 only the A’, C’ and F’ pockets are present, whereas the T’ pocket previously described in human CD1b is closed. This different pocket conformation could affect the ability of boCD1b3 to recognize lipids with long acyl chains such as glucose monomycolate. However, even in the absence of a T’ tunnel, bovine CD1b3 is able to bind mycolates from Rhodococcus ruber in vitro.
Mast Cell Stabilization Improves Survival by Preventing Apoptosis in Sepsis
Authors: Ramos Laura , Peña Geber , Cai Bolin , Deitch E. A. , Ulloa Luis 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Inhibiting single cytokines produced modest effects in clinical trials, in part because the cytokines were not specific for sepsis, and sepsis may require cellular strategies. Previous studies reported that mast cells (MCs) fight infections in early sepsis. In this study, we report that MC stabilizers restrain serum TNF levels and improve survival in wild-type but not in MC-deficient mice. Yet, MC depletion in knockout mice attenuates serum TNF but does not improve survival in sepsis. Serum HMGB1 was the only factor correlating with survival. MC stabilizers inhibit systemic HMGB1 levels and rescue mice from established peritonitis. MC stabilizers fail to inhibit HMGB1 secretion from macrophages, but they prevent apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in sepsis. These results suggest that MC stabilization provides therapeutic benefits in sepsis by inhibiting extracellular release of HMGB1 from apoptotic cells. Our study provides the first evidence that MCs have major immunological implications regulating cell death in sepsis and represent a pharmacological target for infectious disorders in a clinically realistic time frame.
A Role for Lysosomal-Associated Protein Transmembrane 5 in the Negative Regulation of Surface B Cell Receptor Levels and B Cell Activation
Authors: Ouchida Rika , Kurosaki Tomohiro , Wang Ji-Yang 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Mechanisms by which cell surface levels of the BCR are regulated remain largely unknown. We found that B cells lacking the lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) expressed higher levels of cell surface BCR than did wild-type (WT) B cells after Ag stimulation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, LAPTM5-deficient mice contained an increased frequency of Ag-specific B cells and produced greater amounts of Abs than did WT mice after immunization with a T-dependent Ag. Adoptive transfer of LAPTM5-deficient B cells with WT T cells into RAG1-deficient mice revealed that the increased surface BCR levels and the enhanced B cell activation and Ab production were due to a B cell intrinsic defect. As they aged, the LAPTM5-deficient mice had increased titers of serum IgM and autoantibodies and immune complex deposition in the kidney. Immunofluorescent and biochemical analysis revealed that LAPTM5 physically interacted with the BCR complex and promoted its degradation in the lysosomal compartment in mouse B cells. These results demonstrate a role for LAPTM5 in the negative regulation of cell surface BCR levels and B cell activation.
A Novel Strategy To Reduce the Immunogenicity of Biological Therapies
Authors: Somerfield Jennifer , Hill-Cawthorne Grant A. , Lin Andrew , Zandi Michael S. , McCarthy Claire , Jones Joanne L. , Willcox Michael , Shaw David , Thompson Sara A. J. , Compston Alastair S. , Hale Geoff , Waldmann Herman , Coles Alasdair J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Biological therapies, even humanized mAbs, may induce antiglobulin responses that impair efficacy. We tested a novel strategy to induce tolerance to a therapeutic mAb. Twenty patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis received an initial cycle of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H), up to 120 mg over 5 d, preceded by 500 mg SM3. This Ab differs from alemtuzumab by a single point mutation and is designed not to bind to cells. Twelve months later, they received a second cycle of alemtuzumab, up to 72 mg over 3 d. One month after that, 4 of 19 (21%) patients had detectable serum anti-alemtuzumab Abs compared with 145 of 197 (74%) patients who received two cycles of alemtuzumab without SM3 in the phase 2 CAMMS223 trial (p &lt; 0.001). The efficacy and safety profile of alemtuzumab was unaffected by SM3 pretreatment. Long-lasting “high-zone” tolerance to a biological therapy may be induced by pretreatment with a high i.v. dose of a drug variant, altered to reduce target-binding.
Cutting Edge: FcR-Like 6 Is an MHC Class II Receptor
Authors: Schreeder Daniel M. , Cannon John P. , Wu Jiongru , Li Ran , Shakhmatov Mikhail A. , Davis Randall S. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Receptors for the Fc portion of Ig have been extensively characterized and are known to regulate humoral responses, but members of the closely related FcR-like (FCRL) family have not been found to bind Ig, and to date, no ligand has been identified for any FCRL. Using a cell-based GFP reporter system and a recombinant Fc chimeric protein, we show that human FCRL6, a receptor selectively expressed by cytotoxic T and NK cells, directly binds HLA-DR, an MHC class II molecule. Given the similarity among constant regions of Ig and MHC molecules, these findings suggest that representatives of the FcR and FCRL multigene families may have independently evolved to engage two ancestral elements fundamental to adaptive immunity. This discovery may offer new insight into the interaction between cytotoxic lymphocytes and APCs and may have important implications for better understanding HLA disease susceptibility and pathogenesis.