bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geophysical and geotechnical assessment of a railway embankment failure
Authors: Donohue Shane , Gavin Kenneth , Tolooiyan Ali 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTA geophysical investigation was carried out after the failure of an important railway embankment in the south‐east of Ireland. The embankment, which had a long‐term history of stability problems, was studied using a combination of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and geotechnical testing. A significant thickening of the ballast layer around the failure location was observed using GPR, which confirmed the existence of an ongoing stability problem in the area. ERT profiles determined the presence and spatial extent of a significant layer of soft clay both beneath and to the east of the embankment, which could have a major impact on its long‐term stability. ERT also detected steeply sloping bedrock close to the failure zone that is likely to have contributed to the long‐term settlement of the embankment, which necessitated frequent re‐ballasting. MASW confirmed the presence of the steeply sloping bedrock in addition to determining the low stiffness values of the embankment fill.High quality sampling of the soft clay deposit was undertaken and strength and compressibility tests revealed the importance of this layer to both the on‐going serviceability problems evident for the original embankment and the stability problems encountered by the remodelled section.
Stripe‐Like Pattern Formation in Airbrush‐Spray Deposition of Colloidal Polymer Film
Authors: Buffet Adeline , Abul Kashem Mottakin M. , Perlich Jan , Herzog Gerd , Schwartzkopf Matthias , Gehrke Rainer , Roth Stephan V. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe use the versatile technique of Grazing incidence small angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) to investigate the ordering of colloidal polymer films deposited on Silicon substrate by airbrush‐spray coating. A lateral ordering of the polymer colloids is highly desirable as it would open a promising route to generate laterally structured templates and scaffold for the fabrication of ultra‐high density media. The study shows a strong dependency of the film homogeneity on the number of spray cycles and a strong influence of the solvent choice on the film lateral ordering.
Novel Film‐Casting Method for High‐Performance Flexible Polymer Electrodes
Authors: Lee Byoung Hoon , Park Sung Heum , Back Hyungcheol , Lee Kwanghee 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA new film‐casting method for polymer electrodes is reported, in which thickness‐controlled drop‐casting (TCDC), using polyaniline doped with camphorsulfonic acid (PANI:CSA) is used. By combining the advantages of conventional spin‐casting and drop‐casting methods, and by rigorously controlling the film formation parameters, flexible polymer electrodes with high conductivity and excellent transmittance can be produced. The PANI:CSA electrodes cast by the TCDC method exhibited constant thickness‐independent conductivities of ∼600 S cm−1 down to a film thickness of 0.2 μm, and a high optical transmittance of about 85% at 550 nm. Furthermore, the new casting method significantly reduced the sheet resistance (∼90 Ω/square) of the PANI:CSA electrodes compared with the conventional spin‐cast films, enhancing the performance of the devices deposited on plastic substrates. The flexible polymer light‐emitting diode produced a brightness of 6000 cd m−2, and the flexible polymer solar cell exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 2%, both of which were much higher than those of the devices fabricated by the conventional spin‐casting method.
Structural and Electrical Properties of Atomic Layer Deposited Al‐Doped ZnO Films
Authors: Lee Do‐Joong , Kim Hyun‐Mi , Kwon Jang‐Yeon , Choi Hyoji , Kim Soo‐Hyun , Kim Ki‐Bum 
Published: November 2010

AbstractStructural and electrical properties of Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) films deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) are investigated to study the extrinsic doping mechanism of a transparent conducting oxide. ALD‐AZO films exhibit a unique layer‐by‐layer structure consisting of a ZnO matrix and Al2O3 dopant layers, as determined by transmission electron microscopy analysis. In these layered AZO films, a single Al2O3 dopant layer deposited during one ALD cycle could provide ≈4.5 × 1013 cm−2 free electrons to the ZnO. The effective field model for doping is suggested to explain the decrease in the carrier concentration of ALD‐AZO films when the interval between the Al2O3 layers is reduced to less than ≈2.6 nm (>3.4 at% Al). By correlating the electrical and structural properties, an extrinsic doping mechanism of ALD‐AZO films is proposed in which the incorporated Al atoms take oxygen from the ZnO matrix and form doubly charged donors, such as oxygen vacancies or zinc interstitials.
Microevolutionary processes due to landscape features in the province of Jujuy (Argentina)
Authors: Gómez‐Pérez Luis , Alfonso‐sánchez Miguel A. , Dipierri José E. , Alfaro Emma , García‐Obregón Susana , De Pancorbo Marian M. , Bailliet Graciella , Peña José A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectives: We seek to evaluate the influence of a diverse and rugged physical environment on the genetic background of human populations.Methods: We analyzed eight polymorphic Alu insertions in 226 individuals from Jujuy province (Argentina), which is composed of several regions with well‐defined geographical features and marked contrasts between them associated with differences in altitude (range: 700‐3300 m). This regional division was used to assess the spatial variation of the Alu diversity.Results: Deviations from Hardy‐Weinberg Equilibrium expectations resulting from heterozygous deficit were found for FXIIIB and PV92 in the highest subpopulations. Several Alu elements showed genetic heterogeneity between the highest region (La Puna) and the lowest regions (Valle and Selva). Similarly, a decreasing trend of the average heterozygosity according to altitude was found. Both the centroid method and the admixture analysis unveiled a gene flow above the average in lowland populations, indicating a higher proportion of foreign genes introduced by immigrants of European and African ancestry. Furthermore, several Alu frequency clines fitting the orientation of the altitude gradient were detected.Conclusions: Our study reveals a spatial patterning of the Alu diversity in Jujuy, most likely determined by disparities in landscape and environmental features between the different subregions. Differences in the physical environment would have drastically reduced the homogenizing effects of the gene flow and would have promoted genetic drift episodes in the highest subpopulations. Microevolutionary processes detected in Jujuy have played an important role in the shaping of the gene pool of the populations from this sub‐Andean zone from Argentina. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new subclade of mtDNA haplogroup C1 found in icelanders: Evidence of pre‐columbian contact?
Authors: Ebenesersdóttir Sigríður Sunna , Sigurðsson Ásgeir , Sánchez‐Quinto Federico , Lalueza‐Fox Carles , Stefánsson Kári , Helgason Agnar 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAlthough most mtDNA lineages observed in contemporary Icelanders can be traced to neighboring populations in the British Isles and Scandinavia, one may have a more distant origin. This lineage belongs to haplogroup C1, one of a handful that was involved in the settlement of the Americas around 14,000 years ago. Contrary to an initial assumption that this lineage was a recent arrival, preliminary genealogical analyses revealed that the C1 lineage was present in the Icelandic mtDNA pool at least 300 years ago. This raised the intriguing possibility that the Icelandic C1 lineage could be traced to Viking voyages to the Americas that commenced in the 10th century. In an attempt to shed further light on the entry date of the C1 lineage into the Icelandic mtDNA pool and its geographical origin, we used the deCODE Genetics genealogical database to identify additional matrilineal ancestors that carry the C1 lineage and then sequenced the complete mtDNA genome of 11 contemporary C1 carriers from four different matrilines. Our results indicate a latest possible arrival date in Iceland of just prior to 1700 and a likely arrival date centuries earlier. Most surprisingly, we demonstrate that the Icelandic C1 lineage does not belong to any of the four known Native American (C1b, C1c, and C1d) or Asian (C1a) subclades of haplogroup C1. Rather, it is presently the only known member of a new subclade, C1e. While a Native American origin seems most likely for C1e, an Asian or European origin cannot be ruled out. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic localization of motor entry point of superficial peroneal nerve to peroneus longus and brevis muscles
Authors: Lee Je‐Hun , Lee Be‐Na , An Xiaochun , Chung Rak‐Hee , Kwon Seong‐Oh , Han Seung‐Ho 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis study examined the anatomic location of the motor entry point (MEP) and branching point at the proximal and distal points of the tendon of the peroneal muscle by visual observation. Forty‐three fresh legs of 25 adult bodies which had been donated to science were investigated in this study. The mean length of the reference line between the most proximal point of the head of the fibula (PHF) and the most distal point of the malleolus of the fibula (DMF) was 33.4 ± 2.5 cm. The MEPs of the peroneus longus (PL) and peroneus brevis (PB) gathered from 20 to 40% (7.0–13.0 cm) and 40 to 60%, respectively. The branching point where the nerve was divided to innervate the PL and PB was 10% and 28% from the PHF, respectively. These anatomic results suggest appropriate areas where to inject phenol or other agents for a MEP block in the case of a spastic lower extremity as well as guidelines for an electromyography conduction test. Clin. Anat. 24:232–236, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sacralization is not associated with elongated cervical costal process and cervical rib
Authors: Tague Robert G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCervical rib/elongated costal process of the seventh cervical vertebra and sacralization of a lumbar vertebra are associated with clinical problems—neurological, vascular, and obstetrical. A previous study reported an association between these morphologies, and suggested that clinicians use presence of one trait to predict presence of the other. This study tested three hypotheses from this association: costal process length among individuals with sacralization differs from that among individuals without sacralization for: (1) only the seventh cervical vertebra, (2) only transitional presacral vertebrae—seventh cervical, twelfth thoracic, and fifth lumbar, and (3) presacral vertebrae in general. Skeletons of 961 individuals between ages 20 and 49 years from the United States were surveyed for sacralization. Costal process length was measured on 100 individuals with sacralization and 184 without sacralization for cervical vertebrae 3 to 7, thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12, and all lumbar vertebrae. Cervical rib was evaluated for 102 individuals with sacralization and 472 without sacralization. Results showed that 11% (105 of 961) of individuals have sacralization. Compared to individuals without sacralization, those with sacralization: (1) have significantly longer costal process for the last lumbar vertebra, but are nonsignificantly different for costal process lengths of other vertebrae, (2) are nonsignificantly different in prevalence of cervical rib—2.9% with sacralization and 0.4% without sacralization, and (3) are significantly more likely to have an extra presacral vertebra. Clinically, results suggest that sacralization is not a predicate for either cervical rib or elongated costal process of the seventh cervical vertebra. Clin. Anat. 24:209–217, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tau isoform‐specific modulation of kinesin‐driven microtubule gliding rates and trajectories as determined with tau‐stabilized microtubules
Authors: Peck Austin , Sargin M. Emre , LaPointe Nichole E. , Rose Kenneth , Manjunath B. S. , Feinstein Stuart C. , Wilson Leslie 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe have utilized tau‐assembled and tau‐stabilized microtubules (MTs), in the absence of taxol, to investigate the effects of tau isoforms with three and four MT binding repeats upon kinesin‐driven MT gliding. MTs were assembled in the presence of either 3‐repeat tau (3R tau) or 4‐repeat tau (4R tau) at tau:tubulin dimer molar ratios that approximate those found in neurons. MTs assembled with 3R tau glided at 31.1 μm/min versus 25.8 μm/min for 4R tau, a statistically significant 17% difference. Importantly, the gliding rates for either isoform did not change over a fourfold range of tau concentrations. Further, tau‐assembled MTs underwent minimal dynamic instability behavior while gliding and moved with linear trajectories. In contrast, MTs assembled with taxol in the absence of tau displayed curved gliding trajectories. Interestingly, addition of 4R tau to taxol‐stabilized MTs restored linear gliding, while addition of 3R tau did not. The data are consistent with the ideas that (i) 3R and 4R tau‐assembled MTs possess at least some isoform‐specific features that impact upon kinesin translocation, (ii) tau‐assembled MTs possess different structural features than do taxol‐assembled MTs, and (iii) some features of tau‐assembled MTs can be masked by prior assembly by taxol. The differences in kinesin‐driven gliding between 3R and 4R tau suggest important features of tau function related to the normal shift in tau isoform composition that occurs during neural development as well as in neurodegeneration caused by altered expression ratios of otherwise normal tau isoforms. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Head and neck cancer‐specific survival based on socioeconomic status in Asians and Pacific Islanders
Authors: Chu Karen P. , Shema Sarah , Wu Simon , Gomez Scarlett L. , Chang Ellen T. , Le Quynh‐Thu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Lower socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to higher incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC) and lower survival. However, little is known about the effect of SES on HNC survival in Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs). This study's purpose was to examine the effect of SES on disease‐specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) in APIs with HNC using population‐based data.METHODS:A total of 53,544 HNC patients (4,711 = APIs) were identified from the California Cancer Registry from 1988 to 2007. Neighborhood (block‐group‐level) SES, based on composite Census 1990 and 2000 data, was calculated for each patient based on address at diagnosis, categorized into statewide quintiles, and collapsed into 2 groups for comparison (low SES = quintiles 1‐3; high SES = quintiles 4‐5). DSS and OS were computed by the Kaplan‐Meier method. Adjusted hazards ratios (HR) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.RESULTS:Among APIs, lower neighborhood SES was significantly associated with poorer DSS (HR range for oral cavity, oropharynx, or larynx/hypopharynx cancer, 1.07‐1.34) and OS (HR, 1.13‐1.37) after adjusting for patient and tumor characteristics. Lower SES was significantly associated with poorer survival in API with all HNC sites combined: DSS HR: 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08‐1.48) and OS HR, 1.30 (95% CI, 1.16‐1.45).CONCLUSIONS:Neighborhood SES was associated with longer DSS and OS in API with HNC. The effect of SES on HNC survival should be considered in future studies, and particular attention should be paid to clinical care of lower‐SES HNC patients. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Characterization of Anion Exchange Ionomers in Hybrid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Ünlü Murat , Zhou Junfeng , Anestis‐Richard Irene , Kohl Paul A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAnion exchange ionomers (AEI) synthesized here were characterized by use of a novel fuel cell configuration. The new analysis method involves assembling the AEI electrode of interest as the cathode in a hybrid, acid/alkaline, fuel cell configuration. The hybrid cell includes a conventional proton conducting anode/membrane half‐cell along with the anionic conductor of interest at the cathode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and voltammetry were used to evaluate the performance of the hybrid AEI‐containing fuel cell with H2 and O2. In particular, the AEI electrode response in impedance spectroscopy was easily identified because the contributions from other components are largely minimized in the presented hybrid cell configuration. The properties of ionomers used in the AEI electrode were shown to have a substantial effect on the electrode performance. Low catalyst utilization, due to high water uptake and low conductivity, was identified as the major causes of poor performance in AEI electrodes.
Polychromatic flow cytometry analysis of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells in cryopreserved early preterm human cord blood samples
Authors: D'Alessio F. , Mirabelli P. , Gorrese M. , Scalia G. , Gemei M. , Mariotti E. , Di Noto R. , Martinelli P. , Fortunato G. , Paladini D. , Del Vecchio L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDuring the last decades, extended characterizations were performed of human full‐term cord blood (hTCB) cells, but little information is available on human early preterm cord blood (hEPCB) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In our study, we analyzed by flow cytometry 19 hEPCB and 17 hTCB samples. First, we observed that the percentage of CD34PosCD45Dim cells was higher in hEPCB compared with hTCB and that it decreased during 16th–20th week of pregnancy. Within the CD34PosCD45Dim population, we examined the expression of CD29, CD31, CD38, CD90, CD117, CD133, CD135, CD200, CD243, and CD338. We found that CD135 intensity and CD243Pos cells percentage were lower in hEPCB compared with hTCB. As to CD38, we observed that hEPCB samples were richer in undifferentiated CD34PosCD45DimCD38Neg HSCs compared with hTCB counterparts. We also compared the expression of the above‐mentioned molecules in undifferentiated and committed HSCs residing in hEPCB and hTCB. In particular, although CD34PosCD45DimCD38Pos HSCs from both hEPCB and hTCB expressed relatively higher amounts of CD29, CD71, and CD135 compared with CD34PosCD45DimCD38Neg cells, a higher expression of CD31 was restricted to CD34PosCD45DimCD38Pos cells from hEPCB samples, and a higher expression of CD117 was demonstrated in CD34PosCD45DimCD38Pos cells from hTCB samples. Moreover, our data showed that CD34PosCD45Dim cell population from hEPCB displayed higher percent of undifferentiated CD38NegCD133Pos cells compared with hTCB samples. Finally, analyzing monocytes and lymphocytes within the two samples, we observed that T‐cell percentages were higher in hTCB, whereas B‐cell percentages were higher in hEPCB. We, therefore, studied the B‐cell lineage maturation and found a higher percent of pro‐B and pre‐B cells in hEPCB compared with hTCB samples. Taken together, these results evidence the hematopoietic peculiarity of hEPCB, potentially useful for highlighting early steps of human hematolymphopoiesis as well as for developing novel strategies of stem cell‐based therapy. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Molecular and flow cytometry characterization during the follow‐up of three simultaneous lymphoproliferative disorders: Hairy cell leukemia, monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis, and CD4++/CD8+/−dim T‐large granular lymphocytosis—A case report
Authors: Garrido P. , Jiménez P. , Sánchez C. , Valero F. , Balanzategui A. , Almagro M. , López P. , de Pablos J. M. , Navarro P. , Cabrera A. , González M. , Jurado M. , Ruiz‐Cabello F. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe simultaneous diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia and monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis with the characteristics of “indolent” chronic lymphocytic leukemia is rare but not unknown. However, an association with a third clonal lymphoproliferative disorder has not previously been described. We report the simultaneous presence of hairy cell leukemia, monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis, and alpha beta CD4++/CD8+ T‐cell large granular lymphocytosis in a 63‐year‐old man. After the diagnosis, the three lymphoproliferative disorders (i.e., two of B‐cell lineage and one of T‐cell lineage) were characterized by analysis of multiple sequential bone marrow and peripheral blood samples using flow cytometry and molecular techniques. We discuss these findings in the context of chronic antigen stimulation, immunosuppression, and apoptotic pathway alterations, which might be implicated in the accumulation of these abnormal clones in the same patient. Because the phenotype of the three clones is compatible with fully differentiated B lymphocytes (consistent with a postgerminal origin) and T‐CD4++ cells, we favor the possibility of an antigen‐driven mechanism and a dysregulation of homeostatic apoptosis in this patient. © 2010 International International Clinical Cytometry Society
Divide and rule: Cytodiagnosis of thyroid lesions using pattern analysis: A study of 233 cases
Authors: MuddeGowda Prakash H. , Lingegowda Jyothi , Natesan Rajesh , Kurpad Ramkumar 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the thyroid is a simple, accurate, fast, economical and safe method for the diagnosis of thyroid lesions on FNA. The objective of this study was application of pattern analysis in the interpretation of thyroid lesions. Two hundred and thirty three cases of thyroid lesion were reviewed, which had histopathological correlation. Smears were classified based on primary (predominant) and secondary (next dominant) pattern and categorized. The variation between combined and final cytological diagnosis was correlated with the histopathological diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of malignancy were 90.47, 100 and 99.14%. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and applicability of pattern analysis in diagnosing thyroid lesions, which could be easily reproducible Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnostic accuracy and safety of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of the parapharyngeal space
Authors: Arnason Thomas , Hart Robert D. , Taylor S. Mark , Trites Jonathan R. , Nasser Joseph G. , Bullock Martin J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of the parapharyngeal space (PPS) is a diagnostic challenge and sampling is often done without image guidance, often trans‐orally. Primary PPS tumors are rare, and there is a broad differential diagnosis. The accuracy of PPS FNA, in particular without CT‐guidance and using liquid‐based cytology (LBC), has not been well studied. Pathology records from our institution (a 1,100 bed Canadian academic tertiary care centre) were searched to identify all patients who underwent PPS FNA from September 1991 to August 2009. The FNA diagnosis was compared to the gold standard of subsequent histopathology or long‐term clinical follow‐up. Of 36 FNAs, 3 employed image guidance. Eleven (31%) FNAs were nondiagnostic. In the 25 diagnostic FNAs, there was sensitivity 89%, specificity 94%, PPV 89%, NPV 94%, and accuracy 92% for the diagnosis of positive or negative for malignancy. A correct specific diagnosis was made in 9/25 (36%) cases. The nondiagnostic rate was significantly higher (P < 0.025) in FNAs prepared as conventional smears (9/17 = 53%) versus LBC (2/19 = 11%). A specific diagnosis was made significantly more often (P < 0.05) with LBC (8/19 = 43%) versus conventional smear (1/17 = 5.9%). One minor complication from FNA occurred. In conclusion, PPS FNA is safe and accurate for the diagnosis of malignancy. The rate of reporting a specific diagnosis is low. Nondiagnostic FNAs are common. There are more specific diagnoses and fewer nondiagnostic tests with LBC than with conventional smears. Improved specimen quality with LBC is likely a factor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.