bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
APHRODITE AND HER BIRDS: THE ICONOLOGY OF PAGENSTECHER LEKYTHOI
Authors: TURNER MICHAEL 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Five previously unpublished fourth-third century BC black figured Pagenstecher lekythoi are the catalyst for this iconological interpretation of the purpose and decoration of these enigmatic little oil vessels. Two are in the Nicholson Museum in Sydney and three in the Ure Museum in Reading (Figures 1–5; for their details see Appendix 1). All five are decorated with birds of various types and sizes. This paper discusses the prevalence of birds on Pagenstecher lekythoi and looks to identify them. In so doing, it looks at the problems associated with traditional iconographic approaches to such identifications. It then argues for a connection between the birds on Pagenstecher lekythoi and Aphrodite. Finally, it proposes a link between the goddess and the iconography of the lekythoi in general, as well as with their suggested contents and purpose.
THE ORIGO GENTIS ROMANAE: FACTS AND FICTIONS
Authors: SMITH C. J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The authenticity of the fragments of Roman historiography contained in the Origo Gentis Romanae, a fourth century account of the beginnings of Rome, have been frequently called into question, notably by Peter, who excluded them from his collection of the Roman historical fragments, and by Jacoby in a famous article. Photius, Pseudo-Plutarch, and Fulgentius, among others, have been brought into the argument. This paper re-examines the nature of the citations in the Origo Gentis Romanae and, by looking at samples of the other works, offers a re-evaluation of their historical and historiographical worth.
Building Blocks of Tropical Diabatic Heating
Authors: Hagos Samson 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Rotated EOF analyses are used to study the composition and variability of large-scale tropical diabatic heating profiles estimated from eight field campaigns. The results show that the profiles are composed of a pair of building blocks. These are the stratiform heating with peak heating near 400 hPa and a cooling peak near 700 hPa and the convective heating with a heating maximum near 700 hPa. Variations in the contributions of these building blocks account for the evolution of the large-scale heating profile. Instantaneous top-heavy (bottom-heavy) large-scale heating profiles associated with excess of stratiform (convective) heating evolve toward a stationary mean profile due to exponential decay of the excess stratiform (convective) heating.
Evaluating Boundary Layer–Based Mass Flux Closures Using Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations of Deep Convection
Authors: Fletcher Jennifer K. , Bretherton Christopher S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHigh-resolution three-dimensional cloud resolving model simulations of deep cumulus convection under a wide range of large-scale forcings are used to evaluate a mass flux closure based on boundary layer convective inhibition (CIN) that has previously been applied in parameterizations of shallow cumulus convection. With minor modifications, it is also found to perform well for deep oceanic and continental cumulus convection, and it matches simulated cloud-base mass flux much better than a closure based only on the boundary layer convective velocity scale. CIN closure maintains an important feedback among cumulus base mass flux, compensating subsidence, and CIN that keeps the boundary layer top close to cloud base. For deep convection, the proposed CIN closure requires prediction of a boundary layer mean turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and a horizontal moisture variance, both of which are strongly correlated with precipitation. For our cases, CIN closure predicts cloud-base mass flux in deep convective environments as well as the best possible bulk entraining CAPE closure, but unlike the latter, CIN closure also works well for shallow cumulus convection without retuning of parameters.
Climate Change Impacts on Jordan River Flow: Downscaling Application from a Regional Climate Model
Authors: Samuels Rana , Rimmer Alon , Hartmann Andreas , Krichak Simon , Alpert Pinhas 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The integration of climate change projections into hydrological and other response models used for water resource planning and management is challenging given the varying spatial resolutions of the different models. In general, climate models are generated at spatial ranges of hundreds of kilometers, while hydrological models are generally watershed specific and based on input at the station or local level. This paper focuses on techniques applied to downscale large-scale climate model simulations to the spatial scale required by local response models (hydrological, agricultural, soil). Specifically, results were extracted from a regional climate model (RegCM) simulation focused on the Middle East, which was downscaled to a scale appropriate for input into a local watershed model [the Hydrological Model for Karst Environment (HYMKE)] calibrated for the upper Jordan River catchment. With this application, the authors evaluated the effect of future climate change on the amount and form of precipitation (rain or snow) and its effect on streamflow in the Jordan River and its tributaries—the major water resources in the region. They found that the expected changes in the form of precipitation are nearly insignificant in terms of changing the timing of streamflow. Additionally, the results suggest a future increase in evaporation and decrease in average annual rainfall, supporting expected changes based on global models in this region.
Analog Sky Condition Forecasting Based on a k-nn Algorithm
Authors: Hall Timothy J. , Thessin Rachel N. , Bloy Greg J. , Mutchler Carl N. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Very short-range, cloudy–clear sky condition forecasts are important for a variety of military, civil, and commercial activities. In this investigation, an approach based on a k-nearest neighbors (k-nn) algorithm was developed and implemented to query a historical database to identify historical analogs matching the features of a specific instance. This ensemble of analogs was then used to make a probabilistic, clear-sky condition forecast for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h into the future, for local and regional target types in two geographically distinct regions within the continental United States. The analogs were identified in a database comprised of a multiyear, half-hourly time series of atmospheric features that included cloud features identified in weather satellite imagery and meteorological variables extracted or derived from data-assimilation-based model analyses generated by NCEP’s Eta Data Assimilation System. The analog forecast scheme’s performance exceeded persistence at all five forecast intervals for both target types in both regimes based on a group of metrics including the relative operating characteristic (ROC) score, sharpness, accuracy, skill, expected normalized best cost, and reliability.
Investigating the Potential of Using Radar Echo Reflectivity to Nowcast Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Initiation over Southern Ontario
Authors: Yang Y. Helen , King Patrick 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The potential for using radar echo reflectivity to forecast cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning initiation in the 0–1-h time frame was investigated in southern Ontario, Canada. The main purpose of this investigation was to determine a reflectivity threshold at an isothermal altitude and a threshold for echo tops that best predict CG lightning initiation. The study examined lightning, radar, and upper-air sounding data for only airmass-type convection during the summer of 2008. The best predictor of the onset of CG lightning was found to be a 40-dBZ reflectivity level detected at an altitude with an environmental temperature of −10°C, with an average lead time of 17 min. Echo tops reaching or exceeding 7 km were a necessary condition prior to or at the time of the first CG lightning occurrence. Also, certain differences were observed depending on the polarity of the initial lightning flashes. Positive lightning flashes, when compared to negative ones, tended to deliver stronger electric currents and to be farther away from the locations of highest reflectivity on maximum reflectivity (MAXR) radar products. Lead times were observed to be shorter for positive lightning, which might suggest that positive-lightning-producing storm clouds became strongly electrified faster than their negative counterparts. Findings indicate the potential to develop a lightning nowcast algorithm suitable for Canadian forecast operational use.
Practice patterns for evaluation, consent, and care of related donors and recipients at hematopoietic cell transplantation centers in the United States
Authors: O'Donnell Paul V. , Pedersen Tanya L. , Confer Dennis L. , Rizzo J. Douglas , Pulsipher Michael A. , Stroncek David , Leitman Susan , Anderlini Paolo 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Conflict of interest may arise when 1 physician serves 2 persons whose medical care is interdependent. In hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from unrelated donors and in the setting of solid organ transplantation from living donors, the standard of care is for donors and recipients to be managed by separate physicians to provide unbiased care. However, the practice patterns of evaluation and care of related donors and recipients are not well described. A survey of HCT centers in the United States was conducted by the Donor Health and Safety Working Committee of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research to determine the type of provider involved in medical clearance, informed consent, and medical management of hematopoietic cell collection and the relationship of that provider to the HC transplant recipient. The response rate was 40%. In greater than 70% of centers, transplantation physicians were involved or potentially involved in overlapping care of the HC transplant donor and the recipient. These patterns were similar between transplantation teams caring for adult or pediatric donors and recipients. Among responding centers, medical management of recipients and their related donors by the same provider is common, a practice that has the potential for conflict of interest.
Antigenic modulation limits the efficacy of anti-CD20 antibodies: implications for antibody selection
Authors: Beers Stephen A. , French Ruth R. , Chan H. T. Claude , Lim Sean H. , Jarrett Timothy C. , Vidal Regina Mora , Wijayaweera Sahan S. , Dixon Sandra V. , Kim Hyungjin , Cox Kerry L. , Kerr Jonathan P. , Johnston David A. , Johnson Peter W. M. , Verbeek J. Sjef , Glennie Martin J. , Cragg Mark S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRituximab, a monoclonal antibody that targets CD20 on B cells, is now central to the treatment of a variety of malignant and autoimmune disorders. Despite this success, a substantial proportion of B-cell lymphomas are unresponsive or develop resistance, hence more potent anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are continuously being sought. Here we demonstrate that type II (tositumomab-like) anti-CD20 mAbs are 5 times more potent than type I (rituximab-like) reagents in depleting human CD20 Tg B cells, despite both operating exclusively via activatory Fcγ receptor–expressing macrophages. Much of this disparity in performance is attributable to type I mAb-mediated internalization of CD20 by B cells, leading to reduced macrophage recruitment and the degradation of CD20/mAb complexes, shortening mAb half-life. Importantly, human B cells from healthy donors and most cases of chronic lymphatic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma, showed rapid CD20 internalization that paralleled that seen in the Tg mouse B cells, whereas most follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells were far more resistant to CD20 loss. We postulate that differences in CD20 modulation may play a central role in determining the relative efficacy of rituximab in treating these diseases and strengthen the case for focusing on type II anti-CD20 mAb in the clinic.
Population prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in a community of German third graders
Authors: Urschitz M.S. , Brockmann P.E. , Schlaud M. , Poets C.F. 
Published: March 2010

We aimed to estimate the population prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in an urban community of German third graders (age range 7.3–12.4 yrs) and the diagnostic test accuracy of two OSA screening methods.Using a cross-sectional study design with a multi-stage sampling strategy, 27 out of 59 primary schools within the city limits of Hanover, Germany, were selected. 1,144 third graders were screened for symptoms and signs of OSA using questionnaires and nocturnal home pulse oximetry. 183 children underwent abbreviated nocturnal home polysomnography (OSA definition: apnoea/hypopnoea index ≥1) and 22 were diagnosed to suffer from OSA.In general, sensitivity for both screening methods was low (<0.6), while specificity was moderately high (mostly >0.7). Independent predictors for OSA were body mass index, history of allergy, a composite questionnaire score, and two oximetry-based criteria. Based on these variables and logistic regression, a prediction model (accuracy; 95% confidence interval: 0.86; 0.71–0.94) was constructed and applied to children who had not successfully undergone polysomnography. This resulted in nine additional OSA cases and an overall design-adjusted population prevalence (95% confidence interval) of 2.8% (1.5–4.1%).Clinical and oximetry findings may be helpful for screening and predicting OSA in primary school children.
The Clara cell: a “Third Reich eponym”?
Authors: Winkelmann A. , Noack T. 
Published: March 2010

German anatomist Max Clara (1899–1966) described the “Clara cell” of the bronchiolar epithelium in 1937. The present article investigates Clara's relationship with National Socialism, as well as his use of tissue from executed prisoners for research purposes, details about both of which are largely unknown to date. Our methodology for the present study focussed on analysis of material from historical archives and the publications of Clara and his co-workers.Clara was appointed as Chair of Anatomy at Leipzig University (Leipzig, Germany) in 1935. He owed his career, at least in part, to Nazi support. He was an active member of the Nazi party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP)) and engaged in university politics; this included making anti-Semitic statements about other academics in appointment procedures. Nevertheless, he also supported prosecuted colleagues.Much of Clara's histological research in Leipzig, including his original description of the bronchial epithelium, was based on tissue taken from prisoners executed in nearby Dresden (Germany).Max Clara was an active and outspoken Nazi and his histological research exploited the rising number of executions during the Nazi period. Clara's discovery is thus linked to the Nazi system. The facts given in the present paper invite discussion about the eponym's neglected history and its continued and problematic use in medical terminology.
The RST and PARP-like domain containing SRO protein family: analysis of protein structure, function and conservation in land plants
Authors: Jaspers Pinja , Overmyer Kirk , Wrzaczek Michael , Vainonen Julia P , Blomster Tiina , Salojärvi Jarkko , Reddy Ramesha A , Kangasjärvi Jaakko 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
The SROs (SIMILAR TO RCD-ONE) are a group of plant-specific proteins which have important functions in stress adaptation and development. They contain the catalytic core of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) domain and a C-terminal RST (RCD-SRO-TAF4) domain. In addition to these domains, several, but not all, SROs contain an N-terminal WWE domain.

Results
SROs are present in all analyzed land plants and sequence analysis differentiates between two structurally distinct groups; cryptogams and monocots possess only group I SROs whereas eudicots also contain group II. Group I SROs possess an N-terminal WWE domain (PS50918) but the WWE domain is lacking in group II SROs. Group I domain structure is widely represented in organisms as distant as humans (for example, HsPARP11). We propose a unified nomenclature for the SRO family. The SROs are able to interact with transcription factors through the C-terminal RST domain but themselves are generally not regulated at the transcriptional level. The most conserved feature of the SROs is the catalytic core of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PS51059) domain. However, bioinformatic analysis of the SRO PARP domain fold-structure and biochemical assays of AtRCD1 suggested that SROs do not possess ADP-ribosyl transferase activity.

Conclusions
The SROs are a highly conserved family of plant specific proteins. Sequence analysis of the RST domain implicates a highly preserved protein structure in that region. This might have implications for functional conservation. We suggest that, despite the presence of the catalytic core of the PARP domain, the SROs do not possess ADP-ribosyl transferase activity. Nevertheless, the function of SROs is critical for plants and might be related to transcription factor regulation and complex formation.
Gallin; an antimicrobial peptide member of a new avian defensin family, the ovodefensins, has been subject to recent gene duplication
Authors: Gong Daoqing , Wilson Peter W , Bain Maureen M , McDade Karina , Kalina Jiri , Hervé-Grépinet Virginie , Nys Yves , Dunn Ian C 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
Egg white must provide nutrients and protection to the developing avian embryo. One way in which this is achieved is an arsenal of antimicrobial proteins and peptides which are essentially extensions of the innate immune system. Gallin is a recently identified member of a family of peptides that are found in egg white. The function of this peptide family has not been identified and they are potentially antimicrobial.

Results
We have confirmed that there are at least 3 forms of the gallin gene in the chicken genome in 3 separate lines of chicken, all the forms are expressed in the tubular cells of the magnum region of the oviduct, consistent with its presence in egg white. mRNA expression levels are in the order 10,000 times greater in the magnum than the shell gland. The conservation between the multiple forms of gallin in the chicken genome compared with the conservation between gallin and other avian gallin like peptides, suggests that the gene duplication has occurred relatively recently in the chicken lineage. The gallin peptide family contains a six cysteine motif (C-X5-C-X3-C-X11-C-X3-C-C) found in all defensins, and is most closely related to avian beta-defensins, although the cysteine spacing differs. Further support for the classification comes from the presence of a glycine at position 10 in the 41 amino acid peptide. Recombinant gallin inhibited the growth of Escherischia coli (E. coli) at a concentration of 0.25 μM confirming it as part of the antimicrobial innate immune system in avian species.

Conclusions
The relatively recent evolution of multiple forms of a member of a new defensin related group of peptides that we have termed ovodefensins, may be an adaptation to increase expression or the first steps in divergent evolution of the gene in chickens. The potent antimicrobial activity of the peptide against E. coli increases our understanding of the antimicrobial strategies of the avian innate immune system particularly those of the egg white and the evolution of the defensin family. The potential of this peptide and others in the family can now be investigated in a number of novel antimicrobial roles.
Influence of 5 major Salmonella pathogenicity islands on NK cell depletion in mice infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis
Authors: Karasova Daniela , Sebkova Alena , Havlickova Hana , Sisak Frantisek , Volf Jiri , Faldyna Martin , Ondrackova Petra , Kummer Vladimir , Rychlik Ivan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundIn this study we were interested in the colonisation and early immune response of Balb/C mice to infection withSalmonellaEnteritidis and isogenic pathogenicity island free mutants.ResultsThe virulence ofS. Enteritidis for Balb/C mice was exclusively dependent on intact SPI-2. Infections with any of the mutants harbouring SPI-2 (including the mutant in which we left only SPI-2 but removed SPI-1, SPI-3, SPI-4 and SPI-5) resulted in fatalities, liver injures and NK cell depletion from the spleen. The infection was of minimal influence on counts of splenic CD4 CD8 T lymphocytes and γδ T-lymphocytes although a reduced ability of splenic lymphocytes to respond to non-specific mitogens indicated general immunosuppression in mice infected with SPI-2 positiveS. Enteritidis mutants. Further investigations showed that NK cells were depleted also in blood but not in the caecal lamina propria. However, NK cell depletion was not directly associated with the presence of SPI-2 and was rather an indicator of virulence or avirulence of a particular mutant because the depletion was not observed in mice infected with other attenuated mutants such aslonandrfaL.ConclusionsThe virulence ofS. Enteritidis for Balb/C mice is exclusively dependent on the presence of SPI-2 in its genome, and a major hallmark of the infection in terms of early changes in lymphocyte populations is the depletion of NK cells in spleen and blood. The decrease of NK cells in circulation can be used as a marker of attenuation ofS. Enteritidis mutants for Balb/C mice.
Binding and activation of host plasminogen on the surface of Francisella tularensis
Authors: Clinton Shawn R , Bina James E , Hatch Thomas P , Whitt Michael A , Miller Mark A 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background

Francisella tularensis (FT) is a gram-negative facultative intracellular coccobacillus and is the causal agent of a life-threatening zoonotic disease known as tularemia. Although FT preferentially infects phagocytic cells of the host, recent evidence suggests that a significant number of bacteria can be found extracellularly in the plasma fraction of the blood during active infection. This observation suggests that the interaction between FT and host plasma components may play an important role in survival and dissemination of the bacterium during the course of infection. Plasminogen (PLG) is a protein zymogen that is found in abundance in the blood of mammalian hosts. A number of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens have the ability to bind to PLG, giving them a survival advantage by increasing their ability to penetrate extracellular matrices and cross tissue barriers.

Results
We show that PLG binds to the surface of FT and that surface-bound PLG can be activated to plasmin in the presence of tissue PLG activator in vitro. In addition, using Far-Western blotting assays coupled with proteomic analyses of FT outer membrane preparations, we have identified several putative PLG-binding proteins of FT.

Conclusions
The ability of FT to acquire surface bound PLG that can be activated on its surface may be an important virulence mechanism that results in an increase in initial infectivity, survival, and/or dissemination of this bacterium in vivo.