bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictive modeling of the potential natural vegetation pattern in northeast China
Authors: Liu Huamin , Wang Lixin , Yang Jie , Nakagoshi Nabukazu , Liang Cunzhu , Wang Wei , Lv Yumei 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBased on the characteristics of natural vegetation distribution in northeast China, using multivariate analysis and geographical information system technology, we established a regional ‘vegetation–environment’ model to simulate geographical distribution of 16 natural vegetation types under present environmental conditions, representing the potential natural vegetation (PNV) of northeast China, on the basis of digital maps of seven environmental variables including climate and topography. Comparison of simulated PNVs distributions with the actual natural vegetation distribution indicated a good agreement, with overall predictive accuracy of 66.9% and overall Kappa value of 0.67. The predictions of model, however, were poor, for only 0.62 of AUC value was yielded. The current resolution and accuracy of the model can be applied to simulate and map the natural vegetation pattern at the regional scale and also used to analyze the effect of climatic changes on natural vegetation.
Fabrication of Densely Packed AlN Nanowires by a Chemical Conversion of Al2O3Nanowires Based on Porous Anodic Alumina Film
Authors: Yuan Zhi-Hao , Sun Shao-Qing , Duan Yue-Qin , Wang Da-Jian 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Porous alumina film on aluminum with gel-like pore wall was prepared by a two-step anodization of aluminum, and the corresponding gel-like porous film was etched in diluted NaOH solution to produce alumina nanowires in the form of densely packed alignment. The resultant alumina nanowires were reacted with NH3and evaporated aluminum at an elevated temperature to be converted into densely packed aluminum nitride (AlN) nanowires. The AlN nanowires have a diameter of 15–20 nm larger than that of the alumina nanowires due to the supplement of the additional evaporated aluminum. The results suggest that it might be possible to prepare other aluminum compound nanowires through similar process.
Anionic Surfactants Synthesised from Replenishable Phenolic Lipids
Authors: Bruce Ian E. , Mehta Lina , Porter Michael J. , Stein Bridget K. , Tyman John H. P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe oligomers (m = 1,2,3,4 and 5) in the profile of compounds obtained in the ethoxylation of saturated cardanol with ethylene oxide have been synthesised. The first member which occurs only in traces in the reaction has now been synthesised by an improved method. This monoethoxylate of 3‐pentadecylphenol and a diethoxylate of 5‐pentadecylresorcinol (2‐hydroxyethyl derivatives) have been synthesised by the base‐catalysed reaction with ethylene carbonate. Cardanol and cardol separated from technical cashew nut‐shell liquid (CNSL) have been similarly reacted as have saturated cardanol and saturated cardol obtained by reduction of the side‐chain. Reaction of the anhydrous potassium salt of 3‐pentadecylphenol in dichloromethane with ethylene sulfate has afforded a derivatives having a sulfate group in place of the terminal hydroxyl group and avoiding the use of sulfuric acid. Similarly CNSL and saturated CNSL reacted with ethylene sulfate gave sulfo derivatives which possess excellent surfactancy. By contrast, with sulfuric acid, 3‐pentadecyl phenol monoethoxylate gave a trisulfo product comprising a terminal side‐chain sulfate and a ring disulfonic acid. 3‐Pentadecylphenol reacted with sulfuric acid in carbon tetrachloride to give 4‐hydroxy‐6‐pentadecylphenol‐1,3‐disulfonic acid.
Influence of Temperature on Growth and Peak Oil Biosynthesis in a Carbon‐Limited Medium by Pythium irregulare
Authors: Cantrell Keri B. , Walker Terry H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractKinetic analysis was investigated for a carbon‐limited medium (C/N ratio = 5.0) supporting the growth of the 5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5; ω‐3) (EPA)‐accumulating fungal organism Pythium irregulare. The productivity and yield parameters at three temperatures, 14, 21, and 28°C, demonstrated growth‐coupled synthesis for lipid‐free biomass growth and lipid accumulation. For this system, the maximum specific growth rate and theoretical maximum biomass yield based on logistic growth kinetics were used to determine an activation energy of the growth process, Eg, of 36.5 kJ mol−1. At 14, 21, and 28°C, peak lipid yield occurred after culturing for 7, 4, and 3 days, respectively, with peak lipid yields of 8.14, 12.8, and 6.69 g lipid 100 g−1 glucose. At these peak yields, the maximum lipid‐free biomass productivity was achieved at the colder 14°C temperature as well as an increased concentration of EPA—10.9 wt%. Despite these enhancements, the maximum relative lipid production (PR(FA/B)) was achieved at 21°C—19.1%.
Alcohol‐specific socialization practices and alcohol use in Dutch early adolescents
Authors: Koning Ina M. , Engels Rutger C.M.E. , Verdurmen Jacqueline E.E. , Vollebergh Wilma A.M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the associations of alcohol‐specific socialization practices and heavy parental drinking with alcohol use in early adolescents. Cross‐sectional nationwide survey data from 2599 parent–adolescent (mean age = 12.16) dyads were used to conduct logistic regression analyses. Onset of alcohol use as well as infrequent and regular drinking were associated with tolerant rules and attitude as reported by adolescents, and by a tolerant attitude as reported by parents. In contrast to former studies including middle and late adolescents, parental alcohol use was not found to be associated with early adolescent alcohol use, nor did parental alcohol use influence the impact of parental rules. Restrictive alcohol‐specific socialization was, independent of parental alcohol use, related to absence of (regular) early adolescent drinking. Thus, this study demonstrated that in early adolescence alcohol‐specific parenting is more important for adolescent drinking than parental alcohol use.
Conclusion: Governance arrangements and policy capacity for policy integration
Authors: Rayner Jeremy , Howlett Michael 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Successful policy integration poses significant challenges to policymakers. The provincial cases studies of Integrated Land Management described in this volume suggest three main lessons. First, integration is often a response to a long period of policy layering or drift that has resulted in a highly disorganized policy regime, with potential for generalized incoherence within and between policy goals and policy means. Second, policy integration will often pose formidable difficulties of multi-level governance. Third, the multiplication of new actors often outstrips the ability of governance mechanisms to cope. Responsive policy-making for large-scale complex policy issues such as ILM requires both sophisticated policy analysis as well as an institutional structure which allows problems to be addressed on a multilevel and multi-sectoral basis.
Tears from an onion: Layering, exhaustion and conversion in British Columbia land use planning policy
Authors: Thielmann Tim , Tollefson Chris 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Most previous studies of policy change in the BC resource and environmental sectors have stressed the importance of exogenous factors, notably the changing profitability of key industries, such as forestry; the appearance of new actors and policy ideas; and the domestic and international linkages so ably exploited by ENGOs. Without denying the importance of these factors, this case study of BC’s integrated land use policy illustrates the weight that policy legacies bring to bear on the path of policy transformation. This study explores the interplay of the processes and outcomes of policy change by comparing the processes and outcomes of three consecutive regime transitions in BC land use policy. The transitions suggest a complex relationship between layering, exhaustion, and conversion, in which layered elements that are pushed to the background of the policy regime can either be allowed to die or be brought back to become the centrepiece of a policy transition that takes place without the appearance (and associated political costs) of novelty.
Kerogen: chemical structure and formation conditions
Authors: Bushnev D.A. , Burdel’naya N.S. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The available data on the composition of the pyrolysis products of kerogen from the Mesozoic carbonaceous strata of the Russian Plate evidence that changes in the contents of total organic carbon (TOC) lead to a regular change of the mechanisms of organic-matter (OM) conservation in sediments. Each mechanism prevails for particular TOC contents. The initial increase in the TOC content of rocks is accounted for by the fact that the higher is the biologic productivity of the basin, the higher is the portion of nonmineralized organic matter. This is due mainly to the mechanism of selective accumulation of the most stable biochemical components such as algaenan. The appearance of H2S first in the pore waters of sediment and then in the water column increases the degree of preservation of initial OM at the expense of its sulfurization. This process runs first in the lipid and then in the carbohydrate fractions of initial OM.
Neotectonic inversions in the Baikal Rift System
Authors: Ufimtsev G.F. , Shchetnikov A.A. , Filinov I.A. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Cenozoic continental rifting in southern East Siberia and northern Mongolia has been associated with subsidence and broadening of rift basins at the account of their mountain borders. This neotectonic trend is, however, superposed with continuous or periodic tectonic inversions in which the basin floor may uplift while marginal fault steps and saddles between basins may subside. Cenozoic geomorphic inversions are expressed in changes of river flow out of Lake Baikal.
Seismites in Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of the northwestern Kola region (northern Baltic Shield)
Authors: Nikolaeva S.B. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
New data on soft-sediment deformation in Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of the northwestern Kola Peninsula (Pechenga River valley) are reported and analyzed in terms of paleoseismicity implications. Soft-sediment deformation is assigned to paleoseismic triggers on the basis of special criteria. One sedimentary section in the Pechenga valley bears signature of several seismic events at the Late Pleistocene–Holocene boundary, constrained by radiocarbon dates. According to the morphology, sizes, and types of seismites, the earthquakes had an MSK-64 intensity at least VI–VII. The observed earthquake-induced deformation may be associated with tectonic subsidence of the Pechenga valley block.
Vitamin A status among children in China
Authors: Jingxiong Jiang , Toschke André Michael , von Kries Rüdiger , Koletzko Berthold , Liangming Lin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children under 6 years old in China and to identify risk groups for VAD.DesignA cross-sectional survey was conducted in 14 provinces from coastal, inland and western geographic areas in China.SettingOne city (urban) and two counties (rural) were randomly selected from each province as survey areas.SubjectsAbout 200 children aged 0–6 years were randomly selected in each survey area. A blood sample was collected from each child. Data on sociodemographics and nutrition were obtained by interview of the mother or principal caregiver. Fluorescence microanalysis was used to analyse serum retinol concentration.ResultsVAD (serum retinol < 0.7 μmol l− 1) was observed in 957 out of 7826 children aged 0–6 years (12.2% of the entire study population), whereas severe VAD (serum retinol < 0.35 μmol l− 1) was found in 39 children (0.5%). The highest prevalences of VAD at >1 year of age were observed among children of mothers with minority ethnicity (22.7%) or poor education (19.8%) and in the poor western area (17.4%).ConclusionsVAD is a nutritional problem in children in China. Children living in the poor western area, having a mother with minority ethnicity or a mother with poor education have a high risk of VAD.
Consumption of ‘extra’ foods (energy-dense, nutrient-poor) among children aged 16–24 months from western Sydney, Australia
Authors: Webb Karen L , Lahti-Koski Marjaana , Rutishauser Ingrid , Hector Debra J , Knezevic Natalia , Gill Tim , Peat Jennifer K , Leeder Stephen R ,   for the CAPS Team
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluates the contribution of energy-dense, nutrient-poor ‘extra’ foods to the diets of 16–24-month-old children from western Sydney, Australia.DesignAn analysis of cross-sectional data collected on participants in the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS), a randomised trial investigating the primary prevention of asthma from birth to 5 years. We collected 3-day weighed food records, calculated nutrient intakes, classified recorded foods into major food groups, and further classified foods as either ‘core’ or ‘extras’ according to theAustralian Guide to Healthy Eating.SettingPregnant women, whose unborn child was at risk of developing asthma because of a family history, were recruited from all six hospitals in western Sydney, Australia. Data for this study were collected in clinic visits and at participants’ homes at the 18-month assessment.ParticipantsFour hundred and twenty-nine children participating in the CAPS study; 80% of the total cohort.ResultsThe mean consumption of ‘extra’ foods was ∼150 g day− 1and contributed 25–30% of the total energy, fat, carbohydrate and sodium to the diets of the study children. ‘Extra’ foods also contributed around 20% of fibre, 10% of protein and zinc, and about 5% of calcium. Children in the highest quintile of ‘extra’ foods intake had a slightly higher but not significantly different intake of energy from those in the lowest quintile. However, significant differences were evident for the percentage of energy provided by carbohydrate and sugars (higher) and protein and saturated fat (lower). The intake of most micronutrients was also significantly lower among children in the highest quintile of consumption. The intake of ‘extra’ foods was inversely associated with the intake of core foods.ConclusionsThe high percentage of energy contributed by ‘extra’ foods and their negative association with nutrient density emphasise the need for dietary guidance for parents of children aged 1–2 years. These preliminary data on commonly consumed ‘extra’ foods and portion sizes may inform age-specific dietary assessment methods.
Age-related variations in flavonoid intake and sources in the Australian population
Authors: Johannot Lidwine , Somerset Shawn M 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate flavonoid intake in the Australian population.DesignFlavonoid consumption was estimated from 24-hour recall data and apparent consumption data using US Department of Agriculture flavonoid composition data.SubjectsThe National Nutrition Survey 1995 assessed dietary intake (24-hour recall) in a representative sample (n = 13 858) of the Australian population aged 2 years and over.ResultsAnalysis of the 24-hour recall data indicated an average adult intake (>18 years) of 454 mg day− 1 (92% being flavan-3-ols). Apple was the highest quercetin source until age 16–18 years, after which onion became an increasingly important prominent source. Variations in hesperetin consumption reflected orange intake. Apple, apricot and grapes were the major sources of epicatechin and catechin for children, but subsided as wine consumption increased in adulthood. Wine was the main source of malvidin. Naringenin intake remained static as a percentage of total flavonoid intake until age 19–24 years, corresponding to orange intake, and then increased with age from 19–24 years, corresponding to grapefruit intake. Apparent dietary flavonoid consumption was 351 mg person− 1 day− 1, of which 75% were flavan-3-ols. Black tea was the major flavonoid source (predominantly flavan-3-ols) representing 70% of total intake. Hesperetin and naringenin were the next most highly consumed flavonoids, reflecting orange intake. Both 24-hour recall and apparent consumption data indicated that apigenin intake was markedly higher in Australia than reported in either the USA or Denmark, presumably due to differences in consumption data for leaf and stalk vegetables and parsley.ConclusionsTea was the major dietary flavonoid source in Australia. Flavonoid consumption profiles and flavonoid sources varied according to age. More consistent methodologies, survey tools validated for specific flavonoid intakes and enhanced local flavonoid content data for foods would facilitate better international comparisons of flavonoid intake.
Determinants of nutrition improvement in a large-scale urban project: a follow-up study of children participating in the Senegal Community Nutrition Project
Authors: Gartner A , Maire B , Traissac P , Kameli Y , Delpeuch F 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo study individual determinants of differential benefit from the Senegal Community Nutrition Project (CNP) by monitoring improvement in children's weight-for-age index (WA) or underweight status (WA < –2 Z-scores) during participation.DesignA follow-up study using the CNP child monitoring data. Linear general models compared variations in WA according to 14 factors describing the beneficiaries and CNP services.SettingPoor neighbourhoods of Diourbel, a large city in Senegal, West Africa. Over a 6-month period, the CNP provided underweight or nutritionally at-risk 6–35-month-old children with monthly growth monitoring and promotion and weekly food supplementation, provided that mothers attended weekly nutrition education sessions.SubjectsAll the children who participated in the first two years of the project (n = 4084).ResultsMean WA varied from − 2.13 (standard deviation (SD) 0.82) to − 1.58 (SD 0.81) Z-scores between recruitment and the end of the follow-up. The lower the child's initial WA, the greater was their increase in WA but the lower was the probability of recovery from underweight. Only 61% of underweight children recovered. Six months of CNP services may not be sufficient for catch-up growth of severely underweight children. The number of food supplement rations received was not a direct indicator of the probability of recovery. After adjustment for services received and initial WA, probability of recovery was lower in girls, in younger children, in twins and when mothers belonged to a specific ethnic group.ConclusionsDeterminants of benefit from CNP differed from the risk factors for underweight. Identification of participants with a lower probability of recovery can help improve outcome. Moreover, an explanation for the lack of recovery could be that many underweight children are stunted but not necessarily wasted.
Evaluation of the Food and Agriculture Organization's global school-based nutrition education initiative, Feeding Minds, Fighting Hunger (FMFH), in schools of Hyderabad, India
Authors: Subba Rao GM , Raghunatha Rao D , Venkaiah K , Dube Anil K , Rameshwar Sarma KV 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of the Food and Agriculture Organization's global school-based nutrition education initiative, Feeding Minds, Fighting Hunger (FMFH), in improving nutrition-related knowledge levels of schoolchildren.DesignAdopting the cluster randomisation technique, five schools each in experimental and control groups were randomly chosen from the member schools of a voluntary organisation. Repeated measures of knowledge levels were carried out at three points in time to assess pre-, post-intervention and retention of knowledge gained during the intervention. Children from experimental schools were given nutrition education by teachers in the classroom setting using FMFH material.Subjects/settingsSchoolchildren (n = 358 in the control group and n = 312 in the experimental group) of grades VIII and IX from schools in Hyderabad, India.ResultsThe classroom-based intervention resulted in a significant improvement (P < 0.01) in nutrition knowledge levels of schoolchildren in the experimental group. Significant improvement in knowledge was also observed in the control group. The effect size indicated that the improvement in knowledge levels of schoolchildren in experimental schools over control schools was medium (d = 0.40), indicating the efficacy of the FMFH programme in improving nutrition-related knowledge. No significant decrease (P>0.05) in knowledge levels was observed after 2 months, indicating retention of the knowledge acquired through the intervention.ConclusionThe FMFH programme provides an opportunity for schoolchildren to learn more about nutrition through their teachers in a classroom setting if the lesson plans are adapted to the local circumstances. Furthermore, it has the potential to make nutrition education interactive, effective and sustainable.
Knowledge of dietary and behaviour-related determinants of non-communicable disease in urban Senegalese women
Authors: Holdsworth Michelle , Delpeuch Francis , Landais Edwige , Gartner Agnès , Eymard-Duvernay Sabrina , Maire Bernard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess knowledge of dietary and behaviour-related determinants of non-communicable disease (NCD) of urban Senegalese women.DesignA cross-sectional, population study using an interviewer-administered knowledge questionnaire, developed and validated for this study. The questionnaire consisted of 24 items with six scores measuring knowledge of: (1) diet- and behaviour-related causes of NCD; (2) diet quality–NCD relationship; (3) fruit and vegetable link with NCD; (4) health consequences of obesity; (5) causes of cardiovascular disease (CVD); and (6) causes of certain cancers.SubjectsA random sample of 301 women aged 20–50 years.ResultsThe knowledge scores developed suggest that the health consequences of obesity (mean score of 65.4%) were best understood followed by causes of CVD (mean score of 60.6%), because obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol and dietary fat were well recognised as risk factors for CVD. Subjects scored least for their knowledge of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables (mean score of 19.9%). Knowledge of causes of certain cancers (mean score of 36.1%) was also low. Women who worked outside the home had better knowledge for two scores but otherwise no relationship was found between knowledge and literacy, formal education or body mass index.ConclusionsFindings suggest reasonable overall knowledge concerning diet and behaviour with NCD, especially given the relatively new context of the obesity epidemic in Senegal. However, there was poor knowledge of the benefit of eating fruit and vegetables and other preventable causes of certain cancers. Education targeting the benefits of vegetables and fruit may have the greatest impact on NCD prevention.