bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dry Matter Yield, Heading Date, and Plant Mortality of Orchardgrass Subspecies in a Semiarid Environment
Authors: Bushman B. Shaun , Robins Joseph G. , Jensen Kevin B. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTOrchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a highly variable, cool‐season forage grass naturalized to nearly every continent. In the semiarid western United States, orchardgrass must produce forage under a semiarid summer season where supplemental irrigation is necessary, survive freezing winter temperatures, and yield when grown with later‐maturing legumes. Collection efforts have garnered a diverse array of orchardgrass that includes a number of subspecies, yet none of these have been evaluated for orchardgrass breeding improvement potential in a semiarid cool‐season environment. In this study, orchardgrass subspecies from high elevation origins and Mediterranean origins and those considered as ancestral to current cultivars were evaluated from dry matter yield (DMY), heading date, and plant mortality under irrigation and under nonirrigation. These accessions were compared to the cultivars Potomac, Paiute, and Latar. Accessions of high elevation subspecies and three of four Mediterranean subspecies showed significant plant mortality. The cultivars, subsp. woronowii (Ovcz.) Stebbins & Zohary accessions, and subsp. aschersoniana (Graebn.) Thell. accessions did not have significant plant mortality. Heading dates varied over 22 d, with cultivars among the earliest heading entries. For DMY, two accessions of subsp. woronowii showed equal or greater values than the three cultivars. Accessions with improved DMY and later heading dates over the cultivars were found, with potential to be used in orchardgrass selection and improvement in semiarid, cool‐season environments.
Basis of Slow‐Wilting Phenotype in Soybean PI 471938
Authors: Sadok Walid , Gilbert Matthew E. , Raza M. Aown S. , Sinclair Thomas R. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTTo increase soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] productivity, it will be necessary to improve yields in water‐deficit regions. Genotype PI 471938, which exhibits a slow‐wilting phenotype under water‐deficit conditions, has proven to be a good genetic resource in developing drought‐resistant progeny even though the physiological basis for this advantage is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of four water‐saving, physiological mechanisms as candidates contributing to drought tolerance of PI 471938. (i) In response to soil drying, the soil water content at which leaf gas exchange began to decrease in PI 471938 was not different from the other tested genotypes. (ii) Measurement of leaf photosynthetic capacity failed to show that PI 471938 had a high capacity allowing high CO2 assimilations even with partial stomata closure. (iii) Plant Introduction 471938 failed to exhibit a limited transpiration rate with increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD), which would have allowed this genotype to conserve soil water during midday periods of high VPD. (iv) Finally, PI 471938 did not show an ability to maintain high leaf water potential (ΨLeaf) when VPD was increasing. In fact, there was a dramatic decrease in ΨLeaf with increasing VPD, which usually implies a decrease in leaf turgor pressure. Overall this study resulted in the rejection of four major hypotheses to explain the slow‐wilting phenotype exhibited by PI 471938, and the basis for its drought resistance remains unknown.
Outcomes of Using a Modified Seldinger Technique for Long Term Intravenous Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with Difficult Venous Access
Authors: Warrington William G. , Penoyer Daleen Aragon , Kamps Teresa A. , Van Hoeck Ella H. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground and Significance: Many hospitalized patients require an intravenous (IV) catheter to maintain vascular access or for administration of fluids and medications. The best approach to attaining peripheral intravenous (PIV) access for long term therapy is unknown, particularly in patients with a history of difficult IV placement.Purpose: To measure clinical outcomes using a Modified Seldinger Technique (MST) with ultrasound (US) guidance to achieve and maintain PIV for long term IV therapy.Methods: Subjects were patients with a history of difficult peripheral intravenous catheter placement and need for IV therapy longer than 72 hours. Modified Seldinger Technique was used with US guidance to place all PIVs in the deep veins of the upper extremities.Results: A convenience sample of 157 subjects was enrolled in the study. Mean dwell time for catheter duration was seven days. First attempt placement success was 95%, 88.5% of patients had completion of IV therapy, and a low overall complication rate (9.57/1000 catheter days).Conclusion: Using MST for access for long term PIV therapy was associated with low complications and effective in our study population. Using MST requires specialized knowledge and skills, including the use of US and specialized insertion techniques. In patients who require extended PIV therapy with a history of difficult IV placement, this type of insertion technique may have benefit.
Online Surveys: A Potential Weapon Against Clinician Non-Compliance
Authors: Schears Gregory J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Over the last two decades, our understanding of the pathogenesis of central line associated blood steam infections has improved significantly. Also, increased attention has been focused on reducing healthcare worker exposure to infectious agents. Best practice protocols have been developed to eliminate unnecessary morbidity, mortality and costs associated with these infections and exposures. Adoption of these best practices has been incomplete and non-compliance is a major factor preventing our infectious complication rates from reaching zero. Getting at the root cause of noncompliance is complex. Online surveys are uniquely positioned to help understand the human factors contributing to non-compliance. This article reviews some of the pros and cons associated with the use of online surveys. Using several relevant recent examples, this article explores how these surveys can be used to identify those factors that create barriers to compliance. By better understanding all the issues involved with non-compliance, we will be able to create strategies and engineer products to improve best practice protocol compliance and reduce the human factor contribution to our patient's infectious complications.
Global/Local Analysis of Filling Behavior during Injection Molding for a Large Scale Plate with Micro Patterns
Authors: Park S. H. , Kim S. M. , Kang S. Y. , Lee W. I. , Yoo Y. E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Injection mold filling process was analyzed for a rectangular plate with micro patterns on the surface. For products with micro patterns whose dimensions are much larger than the dimensions of the micro patterns, numerical analysis may require a prohibitively large number of numerical grids. In order to solve this problem, anlaysis was done by separating the global flow through the base plate from the filling of the micro patterns. Global flow was analyzed using the generalized Hele-Shaw (GHS) model, while local flow for micro patterns was simulated by the Navier-Stokes equation. The boundary conditions, such as pressure and temperature, for the local analysis were obtained using the results of the global analysis. The proposed method was validated by experiments. Experimental observation showed good agreement with the numerical results. Effect of process parameters on the transcription fidelity was further examined. The numerical approach presented in this paper would enable a more efficient analysis and provide better understanding of filling behavior during injection molding of parts with micro patterns on the surface.
Parameters Affecting the Ink Wash-off in In-mold Decoration of Injection Molded Parts
Authors: Liu S.-J. , Hsu C.-M. , Chang P.-W. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Ink wash-off has been one of the problems that has confounded the overall success of the in-mold decoration (IMD) process for injection molded parts. In this report, an experimental matrix design based on the Taguchi method was conducted to examine the influence of processing parameters on the ink washoff of molded parts. The resins used in the study were 20% glass fiber filled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). A commercially available PET film pre-printed with grids was employed to prepare the parts. Specimens of three different thicknesses were molded using a pin injection gate on an injection molding machine with a reciprocating screw system. After molding, the severity of ink washoff was determined by an image analysis program. The experimental results suggested that molded composite parts of smaller thicknesses exhibited more severe ink washoff. For the parameters selected in the experiments, the melt temperature and mold temperature were found to be the principal factors affecting the ink failure of IMD injection molded composites. Furthermore, numerical simulations using a commercially available code were completed to better understand the mechanism of the ink washoff problem. The calculated results suggested that the ink was mainly washed off by the high shear stress of hot polymer melts. It is shown that the formation mechanisms of ink washoff can be explained, and, this being done, steps can be taken to ensure that the washoff is minimized. This provides significant advantages in terms of improved product quality.
Rheology and Processing of Tetrafluoroethylene/Hexafluoropropylene Copolymers
Authors: Hatzikiriakos S. G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The rheology and processing of tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene (TFE/HFP) copolymers and TFE/HFP/per-fluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) (TFE/HFP/PAVE) terpolymers, also known as FEP polymers, are reviewed in this paper. Dynamic linear viscoelasticity and other fundamental rheological properties such as the critical molecular weight for the onset of entanglements, Mc, the zero-shear viscosity versus molecular weight relationship, dependence of rheology on thermal history and aspects of shear-induced crystallization are presented. The melt fracture and wall slip behavior of FEP resins is also discussed. Finally, possible processing aids that can be used in the extrusion of FEP resins in order to postpone melt fracture phenomena to higher flow rates are also discussed thoroughly.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover, Dose-Ranging Multicenter Study to Determine the Effect of Sublingual Nitroglycerin Spray on Exercise Capacity in Patients with Chronic Stable Angina
Authors: Thadani Udho , Wittig Thomas 
Published: April 2012

Background Sublingual nitroglycerin increases exercise duration in patients with stable angina. Brief results from this study were published previously in German. Here, we more fully describe the study methodology, patient characteristics, and detailed results. Methods This double-blind, crossover study enrolled 51 patients with stable angina. Patients were randomized to 1 of 5 treatment sequences and were administered placebo or nitroglycerin spray (0.2 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.8 mg, or 1.6 mg). Patients carried out 1 control exercise tolerance test (ETT) and 1 investigational ETT at each visit. Results Dose-dependent increases in time to onset of angina, time to onset of moderate angina, and the occurrence of a minimum 1.0-mm ST-segment depression were seen following administration of nitroglycerin spray. Conclusions These results support the use of sublingual nitroglycerin spray in patients with stable angina who are being managed with medical therapy and in patients who have persistent angina post-revascularization.
Primary Extra-gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of Retroperitoneum
Authors: Casella Claudio , Villanacci Vincenzo , D'adda Filippo , Codazzi Manuela , Salerni Bruno 
Published: April 2012

Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. More rarely neoplasms with histology and immunohistochemistry similar to GISTs may occur outside the gastrointestinal tract (omentum, mesentery and retroperitoneum) and are so-called Extra-gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (EGISTs). EGISTs arising in the retroperitoneum are extremely rare: to date, only 58 cases have been reported in the literature. Case Report We herein report a case of a primary EGIST of the retroperitoneum surgically treated. The pre-operative radiological evaluation showed a retroperitoneal mass, placed in left paravertebral region. Results Morphological and immunohistochemical features led to a diagnosis of extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumor (intermediate-low risk form). Conclusions As a result of the rarity of reports of primary EGISTs of retroperitoneum we need to analyze the data of reported cases in order to gain a better understanding about the pathogenesis, prognosis and optimal treatment of this disease.
Clinical Use of Tolterodine Extended Release in Overactive Bladder
Authors: Adli Oussama El Yazami , Corcos Jacques 
Published: April 2012

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common problem whose prevalence increases with advancing age and compromises health-related quality of life. Tolterodine was the first antimuscarinic drug specifically designed to treat OAB. Through MEDLINE, we reviewed articles, standardization reports and meeting abstracts, published between 2001 and 2011, on the efficacy and tolerability of Tolterodine extended release (ER). Our search terms included Tolterodine, extended release, overactive bladder, therapeutic use, efficacy, tolerance, and adverse events. Tolterodine ER, via steady drug release during the daytime, gives the benefit of constant serum concentration and thus better efficacy and tolerability in comparison to Tolterodine immediate release, even in elderly patients with co-morbid conditions.
Clinical Performance of a Novel Portable epoc™ Analyzer for Arterial Blood Gas and Electrolyte Testing in Operating Rooms
Authors: Sugino Shigekazu , Ishioka Yoshiya , Tachibana Shun-suke , Hayase Tomo , Yamakage Michiaki 
Published: April 2012

Background A new blood gas analyzer (epoc™, Epocal Inc.) has recently been developed for the ambulatory monitoring of respiration and electrolyte balance. However, the accuracy of this instrument has not been fully elucidated. The present study compares the performance of the epoc™ analyzer and a conventional bench-top analyzer in operating rooms. Materials and Methods Fifty blood samples were collected from anesthetized surgical patients and three samples were collected from volunteers into syringes containing lithium heparin. pH, pCO2, pO2, Na+, K+ Ca2+, glucose, lactate and hemoglobin levels were measured using both the epoc™ and calibrated ABL700™ analyzers (Radiometer). Data were statistically analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. Results Results showed excellent agreement between the values measured using the epoc™ analyzer and those obtained using the ABL700™ analyzer, except for Na+. Conclusions The epoc™ analyzer is useful in clinical settings, including operating rooms.
Hip Precautions following Primary Total Hip Replacement: A National Survey of Current Occupational Therapy Practice
Authors: Drummond Avril , Coole Carol , Brewin Catherine , Sinclair Emma 
Published: April 2012

Background: The aim of this research was to investigate the day-to-day work of occupational therapists with patients following elective total hip replacement (THR). The research question was ‘What is routine practice in United Kingdom (UK) occupational therapy in advising on hip precautions following primary THR?’ Method: A questionnaire was designed and piloted. Following minor revisions, 263 questionnaires were posted to occupational therapists in the UK. Results: Responses were analysed from 174 occupational therapists from 65 counties in the UK. There was generally consensus from therapists about which movements should be avoided postoperatively, on the activities discussed and practised with patients and on the equipment supplied. However, there was variation in the reasons given to justify precautions, on the timescales for precautions to be followed and on the amount of time spent with patients, in relation to both face-to-face contact and administration. Discussion and conclusion: Although more is now known about the content of occupational therapy following THR, this research has highlighted areas of disagreement and a lack of consensus in the reasoning behind using precautions. There is now a need to evaluate whether precautions are effective in preventing dislocation and this study provides an important first step in doing so.
Self-Management of Upper Limb Recovery after Stroke: How Effectively Do Occupational Therapists and Physiotherapists Train Clients and Carers?
Authors: Bower Kylie , Gustafsson Louise , Hoffmann Tammy , Barker Ruth 
Published: April 2012

Aim: A self-management approach to upper limb management following stroke has received little attention in the literature. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of occupational therapists' and physiotherapists' standard practice on clients' and carers' self-management of upper limb recovery. Method: Fifteen clients, 7 carers, 11 occupational therapists and 7 physiotherapists were recruited. Therapists described five self-administered tasks they expected clients and carers were doing, using the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS). For each task, clients' and carers' performances were then evaluated using the GAS and their self-efficacy was rated on a 10-point Likert scale. A survey questionnaire investigated their perceptions of the training provided, with respect to a self-management approach. Results: At least a quarter of the self-administered tasks related to upper limb activity, strengthening and secondary prevention were performed below therapists' expectations. In contrast, mean self-efficacy ratings across these tasks were high (clients = 7.8–9.5, carers = 8.5–8.9). Seventy per cent of the self-management training strategies listed in the survey questionnaire were considered missing by more than 40% of carers. Conclusion: There is a need for therapy resources that enhance the content and delivery of self-management training related to upper limb management following stroke, particularly for carers.
Independence: An Analysis of a Complex and Core Construct in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Bonikowsky Sarah , Musto Amanda , Suteu Kerry Ann , MacKenzie Sherry , Dennis Donna 
Published: April 2012

Introduction: Independence is a core concept in occupational therapy, but there is little consensus within the profession upon a universal definition. The present study employed a critical interpretive synthesis to examine two fundamental research questions: ‘How is independence conceptualised in quantitative and qualitative research within occupational therapy?’ and ‘How does the term “independence”, in its present use, critically impact occupational therapy policy and practice?’ Method: Articles pertaining to occupational therapy and contributing to the definition of independence within the profession were examined. Three successive levels of coding — open, axial and selective — were used to analyse 19 final articles. Findings: From the literature, nine definition themes emerged: function, autonomy and competence, control, context, culture, environment, personal attributes and safety. These themes were then organised into three categories: personal factors, environmental factors and continuum, which were synthesised together to create a model that addresses all factors critical to the composition of independence. In addition, four clinical themes developed: goal of occupational therapy, client-therapist relationship, variable definitions in occupational therapy practice and limitations of present practice. Conclusion: Through the formalisation of the integral components of independence, this study enables a standardised foundation for the examination of this core concept across the profession.
Fear Culture II
Authors: Mert Miss Nevin 
Published: April 2012

What is fear? Is it something innate or learned or ever something very complex to understand? Fear takes an important place in human lives, and it also has different definitions. Even though we experience and use the concept such as fear, we do not exactly know what fear ever means. However, why do we experience fear? So, this research is done in order to understand the concept of fear in more detailed. The purpose of the study is to see what kind of fear types do we have, and where fear ever comes from. In the research we explain fear in terms of developmental, humanistic, behaviourist, social aspects and also in terms of public relations. Since this study is done in Turkey, the issues are taken according to Turkish culture as well. However, the aim of the study is to make observation on the issue whether Turkey experiences fear or not. On the other words, whether Turkey is a “fear culture” in its own. In order to observe it (whether Turkey is a fear culture or not), we used the cultural aspects of the particular regions such as the observations of West and East parts of the country. The findings showed that even though the fear does exist, the types and reasons of fear show huge differences. Keywords: Fear; Fear Types; Turkey as a Fear Culture
SME Lending: A Long Term Commitment towards the Development of Industry
Authors: Hassan M. Taimoor , Zaid Mudassar , Waqas Muhammad , Rafique Sayyida Rahat , Tathir Muntaha , Tanveer Aiman , Hameed Asma , Anwar Abia 
Published: April 2012

Purpose: The basic purpose is to find out the impacts of SME lending on their development. While conducting the research, a clear objective was established in order to explore the relationship between SME lending and its ultimate impact on the development of SME sector in Bahawalpur, considered as SME Concentrated market of the economy. Design/methodology/approach: The research have been conducted utilizing the actual data with the help of a questionnaire based on the literature studies extensively on SME’s lending and the impact on its development to explore the attributes which leads towards the establishment of SME’s lending in Bahawalpur region. A new dimension is added by conducting research on SME’s lending and the impact on its development in Bahawalpur region, taking sample of 100 respondents from 20 banks and their customers. Findings: Factors abstracted from the market concentration, commercial vs. SME’s lending, issues of SME’s lending, Term of loan, size of enterprises, self employment in SME sector that they are significantly associated with SME’s establishment. Research limitations/ implication: The results found are based on available material being studied. A structured questionnaire has been used to collect data from a sample of 100 SMEs being financed by financial institutions of Bahawalpur region. Practical implications: The financial institutions in Pakistan are needed to take initiative in creating awareness about SME’s lending and providing more effective services to their customers. The results can be generalized on over all SME lending practices in Bahawalpur region. The facilities to cottage industry could be made from the effective use of findings in this paper. Originality/ value: This is one of the very first researches on SME’s lending and the impact on its development conducted in Bahawalpur region and could be very useful for countries adopting SME’S lending. Key words: SME lending, SME’s establishment, Cottage industry, SME Financing, Small Loans.