bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who’s Who from Kant to Hegel II: Art and the Absolute
Authors: Thielke Peter Graham 
Published: May 2010

AbstractKant’s ‘Copernican Revolution’, which began in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787), had, by the early 1790s, fundamentally altered the terrain of German philosophy – but not entirely in the way that Kant had foreseen. Skeptical challenges to Kant’s discursive account of cognition, in which experience arises from the separate faculties of sensibility and understanding, had led thinkers such as K.L. Reinhold and J.G. Fichte to attempt to provide a first, foundational principle for the critical philosophy. These efforts were enormously influential, but by the middle of the 1790s, they too were facing a great deal of critical scrutiny. The central challenge to the Fichtean project came from an unlikely quarter: a group of young thinkers and poets who are collectively known as the early Romantics. For the Romantics, Fichte’s project remains too ‘subjectivist’, for it tries to provide an account of the world by beginning with the conditions that govern subjectivity alone. Rather, the Romantics argue that the world must be understood in terms of a monistic Absolute, akin to Spinoza’s substance, in which all dualisms are overcome. It is with this step that Absolute Idealism comes on the scene, and sets the stage for the development of Hegel’s system in the early 1800s. This essay, which continues the story of ‘Who’s Who from Kant to Hegel I’, examines the ways in which early Romanticism reacted to the Fichtean project, looks at a variety of anti‐foundationalist idealisms that the Romantics – in particular Hölderlin, Novalis, Schlegel, and Schleiermacher – developed, and traces the role that Friedrich Schelling plays in offering the first systematic account of Absolute Idealism.
First histopathological and immunophenotypic analysis of early dynamic events in a patient with segmental vitiligo associated with halo nevi
Authors: Van Geel Nanja A. C. , Mollet Ilse G. , De Schepper Sofie , Tjin Esther P. M. , Vermaelen Karim , Clark Rachael A. , Kupper Thomas S. , Luiten Rosalie M. , Lambert Jo 
Published: May 2010

SummarySegmental vitiligo is often ascribed to the neurogenic theory of melanocyte destruction, although data about the initial etiopathological events are scarce. Clinical, histopathological and T‐cell phenotypic analyses were performed during the early onset of a segmental vitiligo lesion in a patient with associated halo nevi. Histopathological analysis revealed a lymphocytic infiltrate, mainly composed of CD8+ T‐cells and some CD4+ T‐cells around the dermo–epidermal junction. Flow cytometry analysis of resident T‐cells revealed a clear enrichment of pro‐inflammatory IFN‐γ producing CD8+ T‐cells in lesional skin compared to the non‐lesional skin. Using human leukocyte antigen‐peptide tetramers (MART‐1, tyrosinase, gp100), increased numbers of T cells, recognizing melanocyte antigens were found in segmental vitiligo lesional skin, as compared with the non‐lesional skin and the blood. Our findings indicate that a CD8+ melanocyte specific T cell‐mediated immune response, as observed in generalized vitiligo, also plays a role in segmental vitiligo with associated halo nevi.
Provisioning Responsibilities: How Relationships Shape the Work that Women Do
Authors: NEYSMITH SHEILA M. , REITSMA‐STREET MARGE , BAKER‐COLLINS STEPHANIE , PORTER ELAINE , TAM SANDRA 
Published: May 2010

Cette étude documente le travail d'approvisionnement que les femmes effectuent pour elles‐mêmes et pour les autres, tout en enregistrant les contours de ce travail et en analysant les responsabilités qui y sont associées. Le concept d'approvisionnement a orienté les interviews réalisées auprès de 100 femmes. La diversité et l'étendue du travail des femmes se sont manifestées par le choix des femmes provenant de six groupes communautaires marginalisés par le revenu, la race ou l'âge dans deux provinces canadiennes. Les résultats résument les types d'activités et de stratégies d'approvisionnement que les femmes utilisent pour assumer leurs responsabilités. Parce que celles‐ci font partie des avenues de leurs relations, négocier les limites de leurs responsabilités d'approvisionnement modèle le travail quotidien des femmes et leurs possibilités de s'engager dans la société civile.This study documents the work women do to provision for themselves and others. It charts the contours of this work and examines associated responsibilities. The concept of provisioning informed interviews with 100 women. The diversity and range of women's work were surfaced by selecting women from six community groups, marginalized by income, race, and age, in two Canadian provinces. Findings summarize the types of provisioning activities and strategies women use to meet their responsibilities. Because the latter flow through pathways of relationships, negotiating the boundaries of their provisioning responsibilities shapes women's daily work and possibilities for engaging in civil society.
Levels of Antibody against 11
Staphylococcus aureus
Antigens in a Healthy Population
Authors: Colque-Navarro Patricia , Jacobsson Gunnar , Andersson Rune , Flock Jan-Ingmar , Möllby Roland 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

Serum samples from 151 healthy individuals aged from 15 to 89 years were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG levels against 11 different purified antigens from
Staphylococcus aureus.
Surface antigens, such as teichoic acid, clumping factors A and B, and bone sialoprotein binding protein, and extracellular proteins, such as alpha-toxin, lipase, enterotoxin A, toxic shock syndrome toxin, scalded-skin syndrome toxin, fibrinogen binding protein, and extracellular adherence protein, were used. The IgG values were analyzed in relation to the state of nasal carriage at the time of sampling. There was great individual variation in antibody levels in both young and elderly healthy subjects. Occurrence of
S. aureus
in the nares at the time of sampling was correlated with higher antibody levels, while elderly individuals over 65 years of age showed slightly lower levels than younger adults. More individuals than was expected from random probability calculations showed high antibody levels against several antigens, and more individuals than would be expected showed low levels against several antigens. Certain extracellular proteins had more often induced IgG levels of the same magnitude in the same individuals, indicating that among these individuals, there was a tendency to respond to certain antigens in the same way. Most individuals had circulating IgG antibodies to the 11 tested antigens, and some individuals had the tendency to be “good responders” to several antigens, while others were “poor responders.” These findings constitute basic knowledge for the development of improved serological diagnostics, immune prophylaxis, individual prognosis tools, and therapy against invasive
Staphylococcus aureus
infections.
Genetic Characterization of Genogroup I Norovirus in Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis
Authors: Xerry Jacqueline , Gallimore Chris I. , Iturriza-Gómara Miren , Gray Jim J. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT
In this study, we demonstrate that differences within the P2 domain of norovirus genogroup I (GI) strains can be used to segregate outbreaks which are unrelated, whereas complete conservation within this region allows tracking of strains that are part of a single outbreak and likely to have a common source.
Inefficient Control of Host Gene Expression by the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein
Authors: Hale Benjamin G. , Steel John , Medina Rafael A. , Manicassamy Balaji , Ye Jianqiang , Hickman Danielle , Hai Rong , Schmolke Mirco , Lowen Anice C. , Perez Daniel R. , García-Sastre Adolfo 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT
In 2009, a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus emerged. Here, we characterize the multifunctional NS1 protein of this human pandemic virus in order to understand factors that may contribute to replication efficiency or pathogenicity. Although the 2009 H1N1 virus NS1 protein (2009/NS1) is an effective interferon antagonist, we found that this NS1 (unlike those of previous human-adapted influenza A viruses) is unable to block general host gene expression in human or swine cells. This property could be restored in 2009/NS1 by replacing R108, E125, and G189 with residues corresponding to human virus consensus. Mechanistically, these previously undescribed mutations acted by increasing binding of 2009/NS1 to the cellular pre-mRNA processing protein CPSF30. A recombinant 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (A/California/04/09) expressing NS1 with these gain-of-function substitutions was more efficient than the wild type at antagonizing host innate immune responses in primary human epithelial cells. However, such mutations had no significant effect on virus replication in either human or swine tissue culture substrates. Surprisingly, in a mouse model of pathogenicity, the mutant virus appeared to cause less morbidity, and was cleared faster, than the wild type. The mutant virus also demonstrated reduced titers in the upper respiratory tracts of ferrets; however, contact and aerosol transmissibility of the virus was unaffected. Our data highlight a potential human adaptation of NS1 that seems absent in “classically derived” swine-origin influenza A viruses, including the 2009 H1N1 virus. We discuss the impact that a natural future gain of this NS1 function may have on the new pandemic virus in humans.
Ancient Adaptive Evolution of Tetherin Shaped the Functions of Vpu and Nef in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Primate Lentiviruses
Authors: Lim Efrem S. , Malik Harmit S. , Emerman Michael 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT
Tetherin/BST-2 is a host-encoded protein that restricts a wide diversity of viruses at the stage of virion release. However, viruses have evolved antagonists of Tetherin, including the Vpu and Nef proteins of primate lentiviruses. Like other host genes subject to viral antagonism, primate Tetherin genes have evolved under positive selection. We show here that viral antagonists acting at three independent sites of selection have driven the evolution of Tetherin, with the strongest selective pressure on the cytoplasmic tail domain. Human Tetherin is unique among the Tetherins of simian primates in that it has a 5-amino-acid deletion that results in the loss of the residue under the strongest positive selection. We show that this residue at amino acid 17 is the site of the functional interaction of Tetherin with Nef, since single amino acid substitutions at this single position can determine the susceptibility of Tetherin to Nef antagonism. While the simian immunodeficiency viruses SIVcpz and SIVgor are able to antagonize their hosts' Tetherin with Nef, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpu has evolved to counteract Tetherin in humans. We mapped the adaptations in the N-terminal transmembrane domain of Vpu that allow it to counteract human Tetherin. Our combined evolutionary and functional studies have allowed us to reconstruct the host-pathogen interactions that have shaped Tetherin and its lentivirus-encoded antagonists.
Processing of Lagging-Strand Intermediates
In Vitro
by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA Polymerase
Authors: Zhu Yali , Wu Zetang , Cardoso M. Cristina , Parris Deborah S. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

The processing of lagging-strand intermediates has not been demonstrated
in vitro
for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Human flap endonuclease-1 (Fen-1) was examined for its ability to produce ligatable products with model lagging-strand intermediates in the presence of the wild-type or exonuclease-deficient (exo
−
) HSV-1 DNA polymerase (pol). Primer/templates were composed of a minicircle single-stranded DNA template annealed to primers that contained 5′ DNA flaps or 5′ annealed DNA or RNA sequences. Gapped DNA primer/templates were extended but not significantly strand displaced by the wild-type HSV-1 pol, although significant strand displacement was observed with exo
−
HSV-1 pol. Nevertheless, the incubation of primer/templates containing 5′ flaps with either wild-type or exo
−
HSV-1 pol and Fen-1 led to the efficient production of nicks that could be sealed with DNA ligase I. Both polymerases stimulated the nick translation activity of Fen-1 on DNA- or RNA-containing primer/templates, indicating that the activities were coordinated. Further evidence for Fen-1 involvement in HSV-1 DNA synthesis is suggested by the ability of a transiently expressed green fluorescent protein fusion with Fen-1 to accumulate in viral DNA replication compartments in infected cells and by the ability of endogenous Fen-1 to coimmunoprecipitate with an essential viral DNA replication protein in HSV-1-infected cells.
Human Cytomegalovirus IE72 Protein Interacts with the Transcriptional Repressor hDaxx To Regulate LUNA Gene Expression during Lytic Infection
Authors: Reeves Matthew , Woodhall David , Compton Teresa , Sinclair John 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT
A putative latency-associated transcript (LUNA) complementary to the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL81-82 region previously identified in seropositive donors' monocytes is also expressed during lytic infection. Thus, the LUNA promoter is active during both lytic and latent infection. Consequently, the mechanisms regulating this promoter may provide further insight into factors that determine whether the outcome of HCMV infection is latent or lytic. By transfection, the LUNA promoter exhibited low but reproducible activity. Substantial activation by virus infection suggested that a viral factor was important for LUNA expression during lytic infection. IE72, a known transactivator of viral promoters, activated the LUNA promoter in cotransfection assays. Furthermore, coinfection with wild-type HCMV but not an IE72 deletion virus (CR208) also activated the LUNA promoter. Finally, diminished LUNA gene expression in CR208 virus-infected cells supported a role for IE72 in LUNA gene expression. The initial regulation of herpesvirus immediate-early gene expression is associated with proteins found at cellular nuclear domain 10 (ND10) bodies, such as PML, hDaxx, and ATRX. hDaxx transfection repressed LUNA promoter activity. Furthermore, we observed binding of hDaxx to the LUNA promoter, which was abrogated by IE72 gene expression via direct interaction. Finally, we show that small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of the hDaxx interaction partner ATRX rescued LUNA gene expression in CR208-infected cells. Overall, these data show that hDaxx/ATRX-mediated repression of LUNA during lytic infection absolutely requires IE72 gene expression. It also suggests that the targeting of cellular factors by IE72 is important throughout the different phases of HCMV gene expression during productive infection.
Attenuated
Bordetella pertussis
Protects against Highly Pathogenic Influenza A Viruses by Dampening the Cytokine Storm
Authors: Li Rui , Lim Annabelle , Phoon Meng Chee , Narasaraju Teluguakula , Ng Jowin K. W. , Poh Wee Peng , Sim Meng Kwoon , Chow Vincent T. , Locht Camille , Alonso Sylvie 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

The threat of a pandemic spread of highly virulent influenza A viruses currently represents a top global public health problem. Mass vaccination remains the most effective way to combat influenza virus. However, current vaccination strategies face the challenge to meet the demands in a pandemic situation. In a mouse model of severe influenza virus-induced pneumonitis, we observed that prior nasal administration of an attenuated strain of
Bordetella pertussis
(BPZE1) provided effective and sustained protection against lethal challenge with two different influenza A virus subtypes. In contrast to most cross-protective effects reported so far, the protective window offered upon nasal treatment with BPZE1 lasted up to at least 12 weeks, suggesting a unique mechanism(s) involved in the protection. No significant differences in viral loads were observed between BPZE1-treated and control mice, indicating that the cross-protective mechanism(s) does not directly target the viral particles and/or infected cells. This was further confirmed by the absence of cross-reactive antibodies and T cells in serum transfer and
in vitro
restimulation experiments, respectively. Instead, compared to infected control mice, BPZE1-treated animals displayed markedly reduced lung inflammation and tissue damage, decreased neutrophil infiltration, and strong suppression of the production of major proinflammatory mediators in their bronchoalveolar fluids (BALFs). Our findings thus indicate that protection against influenza virus-induced severe pneumonitis can be achieved through attenuation of exaggerated cytokine-mediated inflammation. Furthermore, nasal treatment with live attenuated
B. pertussis
offers a potential alternative to conventional approaches in the fight against one of the most frightening current global public health threats.
Psychosocial work environment and risk of ischaemic heart disease in women: the Danish Nurse Cohort Study
Authors: Allesøe Karen , Hundrup Yrsa Andersen , Thomsen Jane Frølund , Osler Merete 
Published: May 2010

ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of work pressure and job influence on the development of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in women.MethodsThe effect of work pressure and job influence on the 15-year incidence of IHD in women participating in the Danish Nurse Cohort Study was prospectively studied. A total of 12 116 participants, aged 45–64 years, were examined in 1993 using a questionnaire and were followed by individual linkage in the National Register of Hospital Discharges to the beginning of 2008. Work pressure, job influence, occupational characteristics, demographic factors and known biological and behavioural risk factors for IHD were collected at baseline.ResultsDuring follow-up, 580 participants were hospitalised with IHD. In the fully adjusted model, nurses who reported work pressure to be much too high had a 1.4-fold increased risk of incident IHD (95% CI 1.04 to 1.81) compared with nurses who reported work pressure to be suitable. A tendency towards a dose–response effect was found. Age-stratified analysis showed that this effect was significant only among the younger nurses (<51 years old at baseline). No association was found between job influence and IHD.ConclusionsIn this study we find that work pressure that is too high is a significant risk factor for IHD in younger female employees (<51 years of age). The results should be taken into account in the planning of primary prevention.
Using transactional analysis to improve clinical and educational supervision: the Drama and Winner’s triangles
Authors: McKimm Judy , Forrest Kirsty 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The supervisor–trainee relationship is fundamental in ensuring the best continuing education for all trainees. One of the key skills of supervision is being able to communicate effectively; however, this is sometimes difficult. In this article we explore how two transactional analysis models, the Drama and Winner’s triangles, can help supervisors work and communicate more effectively with trainees.
All supervisors will have had a ‘heartsink moment’ before meeting a known trainee. The models can be used to explain these situations and what exactly is happening to the communication. The models provide methods of breaking free from these frustrating encounters and moving on with the relationship with your trainee.
The models also help us understand the ways in which we can easily be pulled into games and offer insight into our own behaviours and relationships, not only with trainees, but also with patients, carers and colleagues. Real life scenarios are used throughout to explain the models.
Feature-preserving triangular geometry images for level-of-detail representation of static and skinned meshes
Authors: Feng Wei-Wen , Kim Byung-Uck , Yu Yizhou , Peng Liang , Hart John 
Published: May 2010

Geometry images resample meshes to represent them as texture for efficient GPU processing by forcing a regular parameterization that often incurs a large amount of distortion. Previous approaches broke the geometry image into multiple rectangular or irregular charts to reduce distortion, but complicated the automatic level of detail one gets from MIP-maps of the geometry image.
We introduce triangular-chart geometry images and show this new approach better supports the GPU-side representation and display of skinned dynamic meshes, with support for feature preservation, bounding volumes, and view-dependent level of detail. Triangular charts pack efficiently, simplify the elimination of T-junctions, arise naturally from an edge-collapse simplification base mesh, and layout more flexibly to allow their edges to follow curvilinear mesh features. To support the construction and application of triangular-chart geometry images, this article introduces a new spectral clustering method for feature detection, and new methods for incorporating skinning weights and skinned bounding boxes into the representation. This results in a tenfold improvement in fidelity when compared to quad-chart geometry images.
Towards characterizing cloud backend workloads
Authors: Mishra Asit K. , Hellerstein Joseph L. , Cirne Walfredo , Das Chita R. 
Published: May 2010

The advent of cloud computing promises highly available, efficient, and flexible computing services for applications such as web search, email, voice over IP, and web search alerts. Our experience at Google is that realizing the promises of cloud computing requires an extremely scalable backend consisting of many large compute clusters that are shared by application tasks with diverse service level requirements for throughput, latency, and jitter. These considerations impact (a) capacity planning to determine which machine resources must grow and by how much and (b) task scheduling to achieve high machine utilization and to meet service level objectives.
Both capacity planning and task scheduling require a good understanding of task resource consumption (e.g., CPU and memory usage). This in turn demands simple and accurate approaches to workload classification-determining how to form groups of tasks (workloads) with similar resource demands. One approach to workload classification is to make each task its own workload. However, this approach scales poorly since tens of thousands of tasks execute daily on Google compute clusters. Another approach to workload classification is to view all tasks as belonging to a single workload. Unfortunately, applying such a coarse-grain workload classification to the diversity of tasks running on Google compute clusters results in large variances in predicted resource consumptions.
This paper describes an approach to workload classification and its application to the Google Cloud Backend, arguably the largest cloud backend on the planet. Our methodology for workload classification consists of: (1) identifying the workload dimensions; (2) constructing task classes using an off-the-shelf algorithm such as k-means; (3) determining the break points for qualitative coordinates within the workload dimensions; and (4) merging adjacent task classes to reduce the number of workloads. We use the foregoing, especially the notion of qualitative coordinates, to glean several insights about the Google Cloud Backend: (a) the duration of task executions is bimodal in that tasks either have a short duration or a long duration; (b) most tasks have short durations; and (c) most resources are consumed by a few tasks with long duration that have large demands for CPU and memory.