bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: racial differences in treatment patterns and prostate cancer prevalence
Authors: Pettaway Curtis A. , Lamerato Lois E. , Eaddy Michael T. , Edwards Jessie K. , Hogue Susan L. , Crane Martin M. 
Published: March 2011

Study Type – Prevalence (prospective cohort with good follow‐up)Level of Evidence 1bWhat’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Previous studies evaluating racial differences in BPH treatment and outcomes have concluded that more attention in the management of lower urinary tract symptoms should be directed at African Americans. Although the relationship between BPH and the development of prostate cancer is inconclusive, longitudinal studies have indicated racial disparities in the incidence of prostate cancer.This is the first long‐term follow‐up study in a BPH population to assess the incidence of prostate cancer among African American and Caucasian men under “real‐world” clinical practice circumstances. This study suggests that African Americans with BPH have a much greater risk of developing prostate cancer than similar Caucasian men, highlighting the need for education, prevention and early detection.OBJECTIVE• To compare prostate cancer, prostate‐related surgery and acute urinary retention rates, as well as associated healthcare resource use over 11 years in African American and Caucasian men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).PATIENTS AND METHODS• The BPH‐related medical and surgical charges and events were determined for 398 African American men and 1656 Caucasian men followed for a mean of 10.2 years within a health maintenance organization.• Racial differences in clinical outcomes were evaluated using time‐to‐event analysis, stratifying results by baseline prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) values.RESULTS• Risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis was 2.2 times greater in African American than Caucasian men (95% CI 1.48–3.35, P < 0.001) in analyses adjusting for serum PSA level.• Although African Americans were more likely to receive medical therapy for symptoms of BPH than Caucasians (43.5% vs 37.2%, respectively; P= 0.029), there were no clinically meaningful differences with respect to subsequent acute urinary retention or BPH‐related surgery between them, or BPH‐related medical charges (US $407 vs US $405 per month).CONCLUSION• As evidenced by this analysis of ‘real‐world’ clinical practice, African Americans with BPH have a much greater risk of developing prostate cancer than similar Caucasian men highlighting the need for education and early detection in this population.
Globalization and modernization: an obesogenic combination
Authors: Huneault L. , Mathieu M.‐È. , Tremblay A. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryAnimal research has well established that a link exists between variations in corticosteroids and the proneness to excess body fat accumulation. Accordingly, it is known that adrenalectomy is an efficient approach to counteract weight gain in most animal models of obesity. In humans, the association between variations in corticosteroids, its stress‐related environmental effects and the predisposition to obesity is more difficult to demonstrate. In this paper, we propose that this relationship is accentuated by globalization and modernization which favour a labour context imposing additional stress and changes in life habits promoting a positive energy balance. Our main hypothesis is that the increase in knowledge‐based work, and the decrease of quality and duration of sleep both induce an increase in cortisolaemia and glycaemia instability, which results in an increase in food intake, a reduction in energy expenditure and body fat gain. The authors of this paper believe that, from a socioeconomic perspective, globalization leads every nation of the world in conflict with itself and may consequently represent a real problem. On one hand, there are preoccupations related to productivity and money making. On the other hand, people have to adopt a daily lifestyle leading to hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure in order to maintain their economic competitiveness.
The relationship between health professionals' weight status and attitudes towards weight management: a systematic review
Authors: Zhu D. , Norman I. J. , While A. E. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThis systematic review aims to address the question of whether health professionals' weight status is associated with attitudes towards weight management. Twelve eligible studies were identified from a search of the Cochrane Library, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and three Chinese databases, which included 14 independent samples comprising a total of 10 043 respondents. Attitudes towards weight management were classified under eight attitude indicators. Quantitative synthesis of the findings of included studies showed that health professionals of normal weight were more likely to be more confident in their weight management practice, perceive fewer barriers to weight management and have more positive outcome expectations, have stronger role identity and more negative attitudes towards obese individuals than health professionals who were overweight or obese. However, there was no difference between overweight and non‐overweight health professionals in their perceptions of the causes and outcomes of obesity. In addition, being female and having relevant knowledge and clinical experience of weight management appeared to predict positive attitudes towards obesity/obese patients and high self‐efficacy in weight management, respectively. Future research should focus on prospectively theory‐driven studies, and employ appropriately validated instruments and multivariate analyses to identify the relative contribution of weight status to attitudes towards weight management.
Obesity and short sleep: unlikely bedfellows?
Authors: Horne J. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe link between habitual short sleep and obesity is critically examined from a sleep perspective. Sleep estimates are confounded by ‘time in bed’, naps; the normal distribution of sleep duration. Wide categorizations of ‘short sleep’, with claims that <7 h sleep is associated with obesity and morbidity, stem from generalizations from 5 h sleepers (<8% of adults) and acute restriction studies involving unendurable sleepiness. Statistically significant epidemiological findings are of questionable clinical concern, even for 5 h sleepers, as any weight gains accumulate slowly over years; easily redressed by e.g. short exercise exposures, contrasting with huge accumulations of ‘lost’ sleep. Little evidence supports ‘more sleep’, alone, as an effective treatment for obesity. Impaired sleep quality and quantity are surrogates for many physical and psychological disorders, as can be obesity. Advocating more sleep, in these respects, could invoke unwarranted use of sleep aids including hypnotics. Inadequate sleep in obese children is usually symptomatic of problems not overcome by increasing sleep alone. Interestingly, neuropeptides regulating interactions between sleep, locomotion and energy balance in normal weight individuals, are an avenue for investigation in some obese short sleepers. The real danger of inadequate sleep lies with excessive daytime sleepiness, not obesity.
Transformation for adults in an Internet‐based learning environment—is it necessary to be self‐directed?
Authors: Chu Regina Juchun , Chu Anita Zichun , Weng Cathy , Tsai Chin‐Chung , Lin Chia‐chun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis research explores the relationships between self‐directed learning readiness and transformative learning theory (TLT) reflected by the Constructivist Internet‐based Learning Environment Scale (CILES). A questionnaire survey about adult learner's perceptions of Internet‐based learning was administered to adults enrolled in classes in community colleges in Taiwan. A total of 593 valid questionnaires were used for the structural equation modeling analysis. The findings confirmed a second‐order hierarchical factor relationship of TLT (technical, dialectical and emancipatory learning interests) from CILES. Moreover, the three domains of learning interests of transformative learning were proved to have a developmental relationship, moderated by the readiness of self‐directed learning for adult learners in Internet‐based learning.
Research priorities for YouTube and video‐sharing technologies: A Delphi study
Authors: Snelson Chareen , Rice Kerry , Wyzard Constance 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOnline video‐sharing services, particularly YouTube, have gained an audience of billions of users including educators and scholars. While the academic literature provides some evidence that YouTube has been studied and written about, little is known about priorities for YouTube research. The study employed the Delphi method to obtain a consensus from experts about areas that are most in need of research in video‐sharing technology (particularly YouTube). An expert panel, identified from a comprehensive review of the literature, participated in a three‐round Delphi process involving two cycles of online questionnaires and feedback reports. Participants responded to the question, ‘What should be the research priorities in video‐sharing technologies (particularly YouTube) over the next 5 years?’ Seven research priority categories were identified and ranked in order of priority: (1) users, groups and communities; (2) teaching/learning; (3) social/political impact; (4) video creation/production; (5) legal/ethical; (6) media management; and (7) commercial interests.
Job Mobility in Europe, Japan and the United States
Authors: Borghans Lex , Golsteyn Bart H.H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEvidence about job mobility outside the United States is scarce and difficult to compare cross‐nationally because of non‐uniform data. We document job mobility patterns of college graduates in their first three years in the labour market, using unique uniform data covering 11 European countries and Japan. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we replicate the information in this survey to compare the results with the United States. We find that (a) US graduates hold more jobs than European graduates, (b) contrasting conventional wisdom, job mobility in Japan is only somewhat lower than the European average, and (c) there are large differences in job mobility within Europe.
Clinical and pathological characteristics of extradigital and digital glomus tumours: a retrospective comparative study
Authors: Lee Deok‐Woo , Yang Ji‐Hye , Chang Sungeun , Won Chong‐Hyun , Lee Mi‐Woo , Choi Jee‐Ho , Moon Kee‐Chan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground  Most glomus tumours are located in the digits, especially in subungual areas. Less is known, however, about the clinical characteristics of extradigital glomus tumours.Objectives  The aim of this study was to characterize extradigital glomus tumours and compare their clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical characteristics with those of digital glomus tumours.Methods  We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 110 patients with digital and 42 patients with extradigital glomus tumours, treated at a single centre from 1991 to 2010. We also investigated the immunohistochemical expression of substance P and TRPV1 in the biopsy specimens from patients with digital (n = 5) and extradigital (n = 5) glomus tumours.Results  Compared with patients with digital glomus tumours, patients with extradigital tumours were significantly older (P = 0.009) and showed a significantly greater male predominance (P < 0.001), lower incidence rates of pain (P = 0.019), cold intolerance (P < 0.001) and a higher frequency of the glomangioma subtype (P < 0.001). Extradigital glomus tumours were located most frequently on the upper extremities (n = 25). The most common clinical presentations were solitary purplish papules (n = 10). Only 20% of extradigital glomus tumours were diagnosed correctly by the initial physician. Of 38 evaluable patients, 34 (89.5%) were successfully treated with simple excision without recurrence. Substance P and TRPV1 were expressed moderately to strongly in glomus cells, but there were no differences in their expression between patients with digital and extradigital glomus tumours.Conclusion  Extradigital glomus tumours do not have specific clinical features such as pain, leading to frequent misdiagnosis. To prevent delay in diagnosis or misdiagnosis, it is important to increase awareness of these tumours.
Development of a targeted risk‐group model for skin cancer screening based on more than 100 000 total skin examinations
Authors: Guther S. , Ramrath K. , Dyall‐Smith D. , Landthaler M. , Stolz W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground  Skin cancer screening aims to detect potentially metastasizing skin cancers at an early and surgically curable stage. This may take the form of mass screening, as currently occurs in Germany, or of targeted screening of those at greatest risk.Objective  To develop a model to identify patients at high risk of developing skin cancer who would benefit from regular skin cancer screening.Methods  This was an open prospective point‐prevalence study of consecutive patients presenting to dermatologists for a total skin check. Demographic and skin cancer risk factors were recorded and, for the first time, histology of skin lesions was documented. Results were analysed by univariate and multivariate analyses and, after logistic regression with stepwise forward selection, a risk‐group model was developed.Results  The results of 108 281 total skin examinations were available for analysis. 142 definite melanomas, 108 severely dysplastic naevi/cannot‐exclude‐melanoma, 491 basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and 93 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) were excised. A risk model was developed for melanoma and SCC based on mathematical e‐functions. The model had >92% sensitivity for melanoma and SCC and an overall 67.24% specificity for melanoma, SCC and BCC. This targeted risk model identified one‐third of the study population as being at risk for the development of melanoma and SCC.Conclusions  Using the risk calculator developed from this study, targeted screening of the identified at‐risk population reduces the numbers needed to be screened regularly by 50%, yet has better sensitivity for melanoma and similar sensitivity for SCC compared to the current mass screening programme in Germany.
Enhanced cardiac and attentional responding to fearful faces in 7‐month‐old infants
Authors: Peltola Mikko J. , Leppänen Jukka M. , Hietanen Jari K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOrienting of attention to emotionally negative stimuli is accompanied by rapid heart rate (HR) deceleration, reflecting enhanced attentional and sensory processing. We studied whether similar emotional modulation of cardiac responding is observed in infants. HR and eye movements were recorded from 7‐month‐old infants while they observed a fearful or happy face that was flanked after 700 ms by a peripheral distractor for 2000 ms. An attentional bias for fearful faces was indicated by less frequent and longer latency saccades toward the distractors during fearful than happy trials. HR deceleration was significantly larger during fearful than happy trials on which infants did not make a distractor‐directed saccade. For trials with a distractor‐directed saccade, no difference between fearful and happy faces emerged. Thus, the bias to attend preferentially to fearful faces is accompanied by a concomitant increase in the cardiac orienting response.
Inverse carbon isotope patterns of lipids and kerogen record heterogeneous primary biomass
Authors: CLOSE H. G. , BOVEE R. , PEARSON A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThroughout the Proterozoic δ13C values for preserved n‐alkyl lipids are more positive than for syngenetic kerogen. This pattern is the inverse of biosynthetic expectations. It has been suggested that this isotopic inversion results from selective preservation of lipids from 13C‐enriched heterotrophic populations, while the bulk of kerogen derives from primary producers. Here, we formulate a degradation model to calculate the 13C content of sedimentary total organic carbon and lipid. The model addresses two scenarios. The first scenario explores preferential preservation of heterotrophic lipid, thereby quantifying the existing hypothesis. In the second, we suggest that an inverse signature could be the result of prokaryotic phytoplankton contributing the majority of the total ecosystem biomass. Photosynthetic prokaryotes bearing a relative 13C enrichment would contribute much of the resulting preserved lipids, while primary eukaryotic biomass would dominate the total organic carbon. We find that our hypothesis of a mixed primary producer community generates inverse isotopic patterns while placing far fewer requirements on specific degradation conditions. It also provides a possible explanation as to why there are large variations in the 13C content of the isoprenoid lipids pristane and phytane relative to n‐alkyl lipid, while the difference between n‐alkyl lipid and kerogen is more constant. Our results suggest that the disappearance of the inverse 13C signature in the late Ediacaran is a natural consequence of the fundamental shift to oceans in which export production has a higher ratio of eukaryotic biomass.
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS)
Authors: Constantinescu Cris S , Farooqi Nasr , O'Brien Kate , Gran Bruno 
Published: March 2011

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used experimental model for the human inflammatory demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE is a complex condition in which the interaction between a variety of immunopathological and neuropathological mechanisms leads to an approximation of the key pathological features of MS: inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss and gliosis. The counter‐regulatory mechanisms of resolution of inflammation and remyelination also occur in EAE, which, therefore can also serve as a model for these processes. Moreover, EAE is often used as a model of cell‐mediated organ‐specific autoimmune conditions in general. EAE has a complex neuropharmacology, and many of the drugs that are in current or imminent use in MS have been developed, tested or validated on the basis of EAE studies. There is great heterogeneity in the susceptibility to the induction, the method of induction and the response to various immunological or neuropharmacological interventions, many of which are reviewed here. This makes EAE a very versatile system to use in translational neuro‐ and immunopharmacology, but the model needs to be tailored to the scientific question being asked. While creating difficulties and underscoring the inherent weaknesses of this model of MS in straightforward translation from EAE to the human disease, this variability also creates an opportunity to explore multiple facets of the immune and neural mechanisms of immune‐mediated neuroinflammation and demyelination as well as intrinsic protective mechanisms. This allows the eventual development and preclinical testing of a wide range of potential therapeutic interventions.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Neuropharmacology. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐4
Contribution of quorum sensing to the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in pressure ulcer infection in rats
Authors: Nakagami Gojiro , Morohoshi Tomohiro , Ikeda Tsukasa , Ohta Yasunori , Sagara Hiroshi , Huang Lijuan , Nagase Takashi , Sugama Junko , Sanada Hiromi 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe impact of quorum sensing (QS) in in vivo models of infection has been widely investigated, but there are no descriptions for ischemic wound infection. To explore the role of QS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the establishment of ischemic wound infection, we challenged a pressure ulcer model in rats with the PAO‐1, PAO‐1 derivatives ΔlasIΔrhlI and ΔlasRΔrhlR strains, which cannot induce the virulence factor under QS control, thus the reduced tissue destruction was expended in these mutant strains. However unexpectedly, on postwounding day 3, the inflammatory responses in the three groups were similarly severe and the numbers of bacteria in tissue samples did not differ among the three strains. Biofilm formation was immature in QS‐deficient strains, defined by the absence of dense bacterial aggregates and extracellular polymeric substance, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa QS signal, acylated homoserine lactone, was only quantified from wound samples in the PAO‐1 group. The swimming and twitching motilities were significantly enhanced in the ΔlasRΔrhlR group compared with the PAO‐1 group in vitro. A significantly larger wound area was correlated with the bacterial motility. The inflammation in the early phase of bacterial challenge to wounds with immature biofilm formation in the QS‐deficient strains indicated that the role of QS was more crucial for the chronic phase than for the acute phase of infection. The present findings indicate a difference in the importance of QS in ischemic wound infections compared with other infection models.
Increased Lipoprotein (a) concentrations in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers: a study on patients with or without postthrombotic syndrome
Authors: Zutt Markus , Krüger Ulrich , Rosenberger Albert , Schön Michael P. , Neumann Christine , von Ahsen Nico , Kretschmer Lutz 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTChronic venous leg ulcers are common and cause considerable burden of disease for affected patients with significant costs for health care systems worldwide. The complex pathophysiology of chronic venous leg ulcers is still not entirely understood. In addition, reliable pathogenic and/or prognostic parameters are not known. Published data suggest that patients with chronic venous leg ulcers reveal congenital or acquired thrombophilia. We examined the serum Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] level, a proatherogenic and prothrombotic risk factor, in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers (n=210, stratified into patients with postthrombotic syndrome or without) and in a healthy control group (n=341). Forty‐two percent of all patients, compared with 20% of healthy controls, revealed significantly increased Lp(a) serum concentrations above 0.3 g/L. Furthermore, 49% without postthrombotic syndrome but only 35% with postthrombotic syndrome showed increased Lp(a) levels. The increase of Lp(a) level was significantly different between all three groups (p<0.001). There was no correlation of Lp(a) levels and CRP values in all groups. Based on these data, it is conceivable that Lp(a) plasma level is a novel pathogenic parameter for chronic venous leg ulcers. Elevated concentrations may contribute to the pathogenesis through induction of thrombogenic microcirculatory dysregulations, impaired extravascular fibrinolysis, or other mechanisms like proinflammatory effects.