bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serological Evaluation of Winter Wheat Aneuploids1
Authors: Volin R.B. , Welsh J.R. 
Published: July 2010

Antigenic components from the leaves of several monosomic (2n ‐ 1) and disomic (2n) plants from each of 18 monosomic lines of winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. (aestivum group) ‘Kharkof MC22’ (2n = 42), were compared serologically.Antibodies were produced in rabbits by injecting them with leaf extract antigens from two sources: (1) a disomic which was derived from segregating monosomic and disomic lines of the variety Kharkof MC22 and (2) a single plant selection from Kharkof MC22. Two lots of crude sap and two lots treated with ammonium sulfate saturation methods were used.Gel‐diffusion techniques revealed no differences between the different antigens or between the monosomic and disomic antigens when reacted against any one antiserum. Precipitation lines of partial or non‐identity were not present. No antibodies remained following antiserum absorption with monosomic plant extract.No differences could be found between antigens inherent in the monosomic and disomic genetic conditions when compared serologically.
Effects of Temperature, Light, and Variety in Controlled Environments on Floret Number and Fertility in Barley1
Authors: Tingle J. N. , Faris D. G. , Ormrod D. P. 
Published: July 2010

In a series of experiments using combinations of 17 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties we studied the effects of 12, 18, and 24 C constant and 18/12 C day/night temperatures; 12‐, 16‐, and 24‐hour photoperiods; 5,500 and 22,000 luxes light intensities; and light low and high in far‐red energy on numbers of florets and perceut fertility per main head and tiller head and per plant.Number of florets per head and per plant were lowest at 24 C. Lengthening the photoperiod decreased the number of florets per head. At the low light intensity there were slightly fewer florets per head with a pronounced reduction in tillering. An increase in number of florets per tiller head was noted with the virtual absence of far‐red energy but there was no effect on tillering.Percent fertility was highest at 18 C. Tiller head fertility was further increased under an alternating day/night temperature. Plants in the 12‐hour photoperiod had the lowest fertility. Reduction in light intensity or in far‐red energy decreased plant fertility. The varieties ‘Betzes,’ ‘Palliser,’ ‘O. A. C. 21,’ and ‘Trebi’ failed to head in short photoperiods, in low light intensity, or in light low in far‐red energy.
Gene Action in the Inheritance of Fiber Properties in Intervarietal Diallel Crosses of Upland Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Al‐Rawi K. M. , Kohel R. J. 
Published: July 2010

We grew nine selected cotton varieties, all possible F1 hybrid combinations among these varieties, and their corresponding F2's in a split‐plot design with four replications. Heterosis, when measured as the departure from the average midparent value, was manifested at a low level for 50% span length (4.0%), 2.5% span length (2.8%), fiber strength (5.6%) and fiber elongation (8.5%). Heterosis was not observed for fiber fineness. Inbreeding depression, measured as a reduction in F2 below F1 performance, was not significant for any of the fiber properties measured. General and specific combining ability were both highly significant for all fiber properties.Jinks‐Hayman's method of diallel cross analysis showed that all fiber properties were within the range of partial dominance (except fiber fineness, which showed overdominance, possibly caused by repulsion linkage) and that all are polygenically inherited characters.Heritability, as the ratio of the additive, or additive ✕ additive epistatic variance, or both, to the total phenotypic variance, was relatively high for all fiber properties measured, except fiber fineness. This result suggested that a major part of the total phenotypic variance was additive.
Effect of Endosperm Mutants on Drying Rate in Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Nass H. G. , Crane P. L. 
Published: July 2010

Nine endosperm mutants in three hybrid backgrounds were used to study the effect of the endosperm of the coru (Zea mays L.) kernel on drying rate. Drying rate was determined by the percent moisture loss from husked ears in a forced‐air dryer at 38 C for 24 hours.Dull, ae, sh1, and su1 had a significantly greater drying rate than normal at each of the seven harvests from 35 to 77 days after pollination. Opaque‐2 showed a significantly greater drying rate at the first five harvests. Sugary‐2 had a significantly lower drying rate than normal at the first five harvests, while h was significantly lower than normal at 35 and 70 days after pollination. Floury‐1 and wx did not differ significantly in drying rate from normal at any of the harvests.A relationship was found between percent moisture and drying rate per ear within harvest dates. Osmotic pressure increased as days to harvest increased but was not correlated with drying rate.It is proposed that drying rate is regulated in part by hydrophilic compounds in the endosperm of the coru kernel.
Accumulation of Strontium and other Cations by Plant Species Grown on Two Soil Types1
Authors: Collins H. A. , Burch H. E. 
Published: July 2010

Concentrations of Sr, Ca, Mg, and K were determined in shoot tissues of 22 plant species representing six families and ranging from 51 to 88 days of age which grew on Crofton silty clay loam and Norfolk loamy sand. Crofton soil had a pH of 7.85 and a CEC of 20.27 meq/100 g, whereas Norfolk soil had a pH of 5.8 and a CEC of 4.4 meq/100 g.A positive correlation of 0.84 existed between Ca and Sr concentrations among the plants tested.There was approximately a five‐fold difference in Sr concentration between shoot tissue of mustard, Brassica alba (L.) Boiss., big bluestem, Andropogon gerardi Vitman, and grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
Gene Dosage Effects on Monogenic Resistance to Northern Corn Leaf Blight1
Authors: Dunn G.M. , Namm Ted 
Published: July 2010

The Ht gene conditions chlorotic lesion resistance in maize (Zea mays L.) to northern corn leaf blight incited by Helminthosporium turcicum Pass.Monoploid, diploid, triploid, and tetraploid seedlings of Zea mays were obtained for the Ht and ht alleles and inoculated at the 3‐ or 4‐leaf stage in a humid chamber at 19 to 21 C. Disease reaction was evaluated by determining the percentage of leaf area infected.There was no difference in resistance between monoploid (Ht) and diploid (Ht Ht) or between triploid (Ht Ht Ht) and tetraploid (Ht Ht Ht Ht) seedlings; however, three and four doses of the Ht allele conferred a higher level of resistance on seedlings than did one or two doses. Heterozygous diploid (Ht ht) seedlings were always less resistant than any of the other levels of Ht used in this study.Diploid, triploid, and tetraploid seedlings containing two, three, and four doses, respectively, of the ht allele did not differ in their degree of susceptibility. Monoploid (ht) seedlings were much more susceptible than seedlings of the other three dosage levels.
Yield Stability of Four Population Types of Grain Sorghum,1Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, in Different Environments
Authors: Reich V. H. , Atkins R. E. 
Published: July 2010

Eight parental lines, 16 F1 hybrids, 16 2‐component blends of parental lines, and 16 2‐component hybrid blends of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) were grown in 9 environments over 2 years in Iowa.Standard analyses of variance and analyses for estimating stability parameters were made for grain yield and yield component data. A stable entry or population was defined as one with a regression coefficient close to 1.0 and deviations from regression near zero. A high mean yield also was deemed an essential attribute for an entry or population.The parameters for grain yield indicated that hybrid blends were the most productive and stable population type, although none of the populations were distinctly superior for all parameters. Hybrid blends had the highest mean yield over all environments and were second among the population types in terms of low deviations from regression and an average regression coefficient near 1.0. Data for the components of yield tended collectively to support the conclusion that hybrid blends were the most stable population type.A hybrid was the highest yielding individual entry in each environment, except one, where a hybrid blend was the most productive. Also, a hybrid had the highest mean yield among individual entries over all environments. Across all environments, 22 of the 32 blended populations yielded more than the pure‐stand mean of then: components. Yields for twelve of the 16 hybrid blends exceeded their mid‐component value. Collectively, the heterogeneous populations yielded 102% of the mean of their homogeneous components. Six of the blends exceeded the mean pure stand yield of their more productive component.
Fertility Relationships Among Interspecific Hybrid Progenies of Gossypium1
Authors: McKenzie W. H. 
Published: July 2010

The two cultivated New World cottons, Gossypium Hirsulum L. and Gossypium barbadense L., together with four hybrid families comprising a representative range between them were studied to obtain a quantitative measure of the potential for and the realization of reproductivity.Three of the four hybrid families possessed a greater number ot fertilized ovules per ovary than either of the parent strains. Heterosis was thought to be largely responsible. Hybrid families, however, made less efficient use of their reproductive potential. Families with the greatest mixture of germplasm which correspondingly possessed the greatest number of fertilized ovules per ovary, matured the smallest number of seeds per boll. Selfing brought about an even more drastic reduction in the number of seeds recovered per boll for all of the hybrid families. A smaller, but statistically significant, elimination of hybrid progeny accompanied germination.Even though the majority of elimination was postzygotic, it was concluded that the relative amount of interspecific recombination occurring during gamete formation could adequately account for the observed reproductive breakdown.
Random‐Type Sterility in Sorghum1
Authors: Jaisani B. G. , Drolsom P. N. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryStudy of the S1, S2, and S3 generations of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and S. sudanense Stapf. plants for the inheritance of random‐type (ra‐type) sterility revealed bimodal distributions when classified arbitrarily from 1 (excellent seed set) to 12 (no seed set). The first modal peak was observed at classes 2 or 3, while a second peak occurred at classes 8, 9, 10, or 11. Sterility classes 6 and 7 had the lowest frequency and appeared to be the break points. The distributions were very similar for classes 1 through 6, and 7 through 11. It appeared that the sterility observed in S. bicolor was quantitatively inherited and was different from that previously reported in sorghum. The narrow sense heritability estimate for this character was 0.43.Pollen stainability decreased with an increase in sterility. It underestimated sterility among higher sterility classes, but was a good indicator of sterility among more fertile classes, suggesting that male‐sterility was primarily involved.A negative association was observed between sterility and vigor during the same generation. Positive associations were observed for sterility between different generations and for vigor and height of the progeny in the same generation.The study of progenies from individual panicles of the same plant revealed that S0, S1, and S2 plants had significant intra‐plant variation for ra‐type sterility. Plants with similar intra‐plant progenies suggested that the sterility trait followed mendelian inheritance. Variation in intra‐plant progenies suggested that within‐plant somatic variations were occurring.
Diallel Analysis of Ear Leaf Characteristics in Maize (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Rutger J. N. , Francis C. A. , Grogan C. O. 
Published: July 2010

Ear leaf characteristics and grain yield were measured on a 10‐parent early, a 12‐parent medium, and a 12‐parent late maturity set of diallel crosses of corn (Zea mays L.). Higlhly significant general combining ability and specific cumbining effects were obtained for all characters in all three diallels. General combining ability accounted for a larger proportion of the variation for leaf measurements than for grain yield.Hybrids varied considerably in efficiency of grain production per unlit of leaf area. Grain production efficiencies may be useful in estimating optimum population levels for hybrids emerging from breeding programs.
Relationship of Fatty Acid Formation and Chlorophyll Content in Soybean Seed1
Authors: Fehr W. R. , Thorne J. C. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: July 2010

We compared fatty acid formation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) seeds with a normal level and low level of chlorophyll. A low level of chlorophyll in the seed of four genotypes was obtained by covering nodes with aluminum foil before pods were visible. Seeds of known age were harvested from covered and uncovered nodes at 4‐day intervals beginning 22 days after flowering and continuing until maturity. The percentage of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid in the oil was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography.Although fatty acid composition of the oil changed markedly during seed development, there were no large differences in the pattern of fatty acid formation among genotypes or between the covered and uncovered treatments. The similarity of linolenic acid percentage in seeds with a normal or low level of chlorophyll indicated that linolenic acid formation was not closely related to chlorophyll content in soybean seed.
Genetic Control of Starch Granule Morphology and Physical Structure in Developing Maize Endosperms1
Authors: Brown Richard P. , Creech Roy G. , Johnson Leon J. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryMaize (Zea mays L.) starch granules in endosperms of 24 genotypes were studied during kernel development at 12, 18, and 24 days post pollination. Maximum and minimum granule dimensions, granule shapes expressed as the ratio of maximum to minimum granule dimensions, and differences in physical structure as measured by birefringence end‐point temperature (BEPT), X‐ray diffraction analyses, and infrared absorption spectra were determined. Mutant starch granule formation at 12 days after pollination was not different from normal for granule dimensions, granule shapes, and BEPT. Differences from normal were apparent for 18‐ and 24‐day granules for all factors studied except infrared absorption.
Analysis of Two Enzyme Proteins in Some Gcnotypes of Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Chatterjee N. K. , Gardner C. O. 
Published: July 2010

Two enzyme proteins [alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and esterase] were analyzed electrophoretically; where possible, kinetic measurements for ADH were made in two exotic varieties of corn (Zea mays L.), some elite inbred lines and their hybrids, and two mutant lines developed by ethyl methane‐sulfonate (EMS) and thermal neutron treatments. Starch gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous buffer system for the two enzymes indicated their existence in multiple forms (isozymes) in the genotypes studied. All of the inbreds, except one, had two anode‐migrating isozymes of ADH, one of which was fast and the other slow moving. Of two mutants (EMS‐ and thermal neutron‐induced) from one inbred, only one (EMS) showed an isozyme pattern different from the original line. All single and double crosses showed the presence of hybrid enzyme in addition to the parental enzymes. Estimated specific activity values of ADH were lower in all the hybrids, except one, in comparison with the corresponding mid‐parent values. Km's for ethanol incrude enzyme preparations of the hybrids were lower than those of the mid‐parents of the hybrids. Km's of the two mutants were higher than that of the control.Three of five anode‐migrating isozymes of esterase were found in the different genotypes. The EMS mutant showed an isozyme pattern different from the control. No hybrid enzyme for esterase was found in the hybrids. Possible use of isozyme studies in populations and sets of lines derived from them, and relating such studies to grain yield, are discussed.
Effect of Plant Density on Yield of Inbred Lines and Single Crosses of Maize (Zea Mays L.)1
Authors: Rutger J. N. 
Published: July 2010

Grain yields of seven single crosses and their component inbred lines were examined at populations of 37,000, 62,000, and 86,000 plants/ha. Inbreds as a group were more population‐responsive than hybrids. Thus, increasing the population from 37,000 to 86,000 plants/ha raised mean inbred yields 48% and mean hybrids yields 37% in one experiment, and 54 and 43%, respectively, in a second experiment. At 86,000 plants/ha one inbred in the first experiment yielded as much as the 37,000 rate of the single cross in which it appeared. The highest individual inbred yield observed in these studies was 62.2 q/ha at 62,000 plants/ha. The first population increment increased yields considerably more than did the second increment.Grain yield heterosis was observed when hybrids and inbreds were compared at equivalent leaf area indexes at silking time. Large differences in grain‐producing efficiency per unit of leaf area were observed among the inbreds, but not even the highest.yielding inbreds were as efficient as any of the hybrids.
Population Response of Soybeans in Hill‐Plots1
Authors: Shannon J. G. , Wilcox J. R. , Probst A. H. 
Published: July 2010

Hill populations of 3, 6, 9, and 12 plants of ‘Clark 63’ and ‘Harosoy 63’ soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were evaluated in a systematic design. Response of yield and other characters were studied at 10 spacings from 30 to 122 cm to determine effects of populations on evaluating northern soybean genotypes in hill‐plots. Competition between different plant populations per hill also was assessed.Yield was not significantly different among 3‐, 6‐, 9‐, and 12‐plant hills through spacings from 30 to 65 cm between hills for Harosoy 63 and from 30 to 104 cm for Clark 63. At spacings greater than these, yields of 6‐, 9‐, and 12‐plant hills tended to be greater than 3‐plant hills. Maturity was earlier in three‐plant hills than in higher populations at close spacings, but was similar for all populations per hill at spacings greater than 48 cm. Lodging generally increased as plants per hill increased at all spacings, and was moderately severe at close spacings especially in 9‐ and 12‐plant hills. There were no significant differences in plant height among different populations per hill at any spacing for Harosoy 63. Clark 63 plants were shorter at low populations per hill than at high populations. Seed weight differed significantly among varying plant numbers per hill at all spacings.Competitive effects among hills differing by three plants were nonsignificant for all characters except seed weight.
Diallel Analyses of Kernal Carbohydrates in Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Rosenbrook R. W. , Andrew R. H. 
Published: July 2010

Kernel samples from all possible F1 combinations among eight inbred lines of sweet corn, including reciprocals, were analyzed quantitatively for reducing sugars, sucrose, and water‐soluble polysaccharides. The F2 kernels produced on a diallel set of F1 plants involving five of the inbreds were analyzed also.Analysis of covariance was used to remove the effects of maturity (percent moisture) on the carbohydrate fractions. Genotypic variability for reducing sugars, sucrose, and water‐soluble polysaccharides was partitioned into general and specific combining ability variances. Highly signiifcant GCA variances and nonsignificant SCA variances for each character indicate the inheritance of these carbohydrate fractions is highly additive. GCA effects corresponded closely in relative rank with inbred means.
Estimation of Optimum Field Plot Shape and Size for Testing Yield in Crambe abyssinica Hochst.1
Authors: Meier V. D. , Lessman K. J. 
Published: July 2010

A uniformity test using ‘Prophet’ crambe(Crambea abyssinica Hochst.) in a “solid seeding” of 1,296 basic units (one basic unit equaled 1.47 m2) was conducted to determine an appropriate plot shape and size for use in crambe yield testing.In analyses using Smith's regression procedure, the soil heterogeneity index, b, was calculated as 0.5361 and the optimum plot size was estimated to be 6.70 m2.Results of analyses using the modified maximum curvature technique developed by Lessman and Atkins (1963) indicated a plot size of 5.35 m2 as optimum.Plot shape had an effect on plot‐to‐plot variability. Long, narrow plots arranged with their greatest length in the direction of greatest variation resulted in a lower estimate of among plot variance.
Recovery from Partial Defoliation and Root Pruning in Sugar Beet1
Authors: Fick G. W. , Williams W. A. , Loomis R. S. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryRemoval of approximately half the leaf area or fibrous roots at either the 6‐ or 12‐leaf stage of growth in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was followed by restoration of the preclipping ratio of leaf blade weight to fibrous root weight. Leaf removal resulted in a rapid decrease in the fraction of new growth going to the fibrous roots, and in increase in the relative growth rate of the leaf blades. Root pruning caused the relative growth rate of the fibrous roots to increase for at least part of the recovery period. Root pruning further decreased the relative growth rate of the blades while restoration of the blade‐to‐root ratio was taking place. These responses support the hypothesis that a functional equilibrium controls leaf and root growth of sugar beet as a result of interactions among the several physiological processes involved.
Dormancy‐Related Growth Inhibitors in Seeds of Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.)1
Authors: Fendall R. K. , Canode C. L. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryGreater amounts (concentrations) of growth inhibitors were extracted from seed of dormant ‘Latar’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) than from nondormant ‘S‐143’ orchardgrass. In Latar seed one‐third of the inhibitor was present in the lemma and palea and the remainder, in the caryopsis. On a per‐unit weight basis, however, the growth inhibitors are equally distributed between the hulls and the caryopsis. Storage of Latar seeds for 3 years did not significantly decrease the level of inhibitor. Chilling Latar seeds for 7 to 10 days at 5 C reduced the concentration (amount) of inhibitor to a level similar to that existing in nondormant S‐143 seed. Reduction of the inhibitor associated with Latar seeds by cold treatment of physical dehulling decreased their dormancy. Thus, the extent of dormancy appears to be regulated by the amount of growth inhibitors associated with the seed during germination.
Inheritance of an Albino Seedling Character in Arachis hypogaea L.1
Authors: Coffelt Terry A. , Hammons Ray O. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryTwenty F2 progenies of reciprocal crosses between Arachis hypogaea L. cultivars ‘Argentine’ and ‘Early Runner’ were grown in greenhouse or field plantings. At 2 to 4 weeks of age 11,973 seedlings were classified for albino vs. normal green plant color. All chlorophyll‐deficient lethal seedlings were scored as albino. The results indicate that the two cultivars differ at three loci conditioning albinism. No differences occurred for the reciprocal cross. Results indicate that chlorophyll production is controlled by duplicate loci interacting in an epistatic manner with another locus. Gene symbols C1 and C2 are proposed for the duplicate alleles; L designates the third locus. Chi‐squares give good fits to a phenotypic ratio of 60 green:3 albino:1 zygotic lethal. A reexamination of results from earlier studies shows that those data are not incompatible with this new genetic model.