bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A preliminary study of the epidemiological factors related to honey bee colony loss in Spain
Authors: Higes Mariano , Martín‐Hernández Raquel , Martínez‐Salvador Amparo , Garrido‐Bailón Encarna , González‐Porto Amelia Virginia , Meana Aránzazu , Bernal José Luis , Del Nozal Maria Jesús , Bernal José 
Published: December 2009

SummaryIn recent years, a worldwide decline in the Apis mellifera populations has been detected in many regions, including Spain. This decline is thought to be related to the effects of pathogens or pesticides, although to what extent these factors are implicated is still not clear. In this study, we estimated the prevalence of honey bee colony depopulation symptoms in a random selected sample (n = 61) and we explored the implication of different pathogens, pesticides and the flora visited in the area under study. The prevalence of colony depopulation symptoms in the professional apiaries studied was 67.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 54.6–79.8; P < 0.0001]. The most prevalent pathogen found in the worker honey bee samples was Nosema ceranae[65.6%; 95% CI = 52.8–78.3; P < 0.0001], followed by Varroa destructor[32.7%; 95% CI = 20.2–45.4; P < 0.0001] and 97.5% of the colonies infected by N. ceranae were unhealthy (depopulated). Co‐infection by V. destructor and N. ceranae was evident in 22.9% (95% CI = 11.6–34.3; P < 0.0001) of the samples and only in unhealthy colonies. Of the 40 pesticides studied, only nine were detected in 49% of the stored pollen samples analysed. Fipronil was detected in only three of 61 stored pollen samples and imidacloprid was not detected in any. Acaricides like fluvalinate, and chlorfenvinphos used to control Varroa mite were the most predominant residues in the stored pollen, probably as a result of their application in homemade formulae. None of the pesticides identified were statistically associated to colony depopulated. This preliminary study of epidemiological factors suggests that N. ceranae is a key factor in the colony losses detected over recent years in Spain. However, more detailed studies that permit subgroup analyses will be necessary to contrast these findings.
Diversity and pathogenic potential of vibrios isolated from Abrolhos Bank corals
Authors: Alves Jr Nelson , Neto Oswaldo S. Maia , Silva Bruno S. O. , De Moura Rodrigo L. , Francini‐Filho Ronaldo B. , Barreira e Castro Clovis , Paranhos Rodolfo , Bitner‐Mathé Blanche C. , Kruger Ricardo H. , Vicente Ana Carolina P. , Thompson Cristiane C. , Thompson Fabiano L. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryWe performed the first taxonomic characterization of vibrios and other culturable microbiota from apparently healthy and diseased Brazilian‐endemic corals at the Abrolhos reef bank. The diseases affecting corals were tissue necrosis in Phyllogorgia dillatata, white plague and bleaching in Mussismilia braziliensis and bleaching in Mussismilia hispida. Bacterial isolates were obtained from mucus of 22 coral specimens originated from the Abrolhos Bank (i.e. Itacolomis reef, Recife de Fora reef and Santa Barbara Island) in 2007. Vibrios counts in the water and coral mucus were approximately 104 cfu ml−1 and 106 cfu ml−1 respectively. One hundred and thirty‐one representative vibrio isolates were identified. Most vibrio isolates (n = 79) fell into the core group using the pyrH identification marker. According to our analysis, diseased corals did not possess a unique vibrio microbiota. Vibrio species encompassed strains originated from both apparently healthy and diseased corals. The pathogenic potential of representative vibrio isolates (V. alginolyticus 40B, V. harveyi‐like 1DA3 and V. coralliilyticus 2DA3) were evaluated in a standardized bioassay using the animal model Drosophila melanogaster and caused 25–88% mortality. This is the first taxonomic characterization of the culturable microbiota from the Brazilian‐endemic corals. Endemic Brazilian corals are a reservoir of the vibrio core group. Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi and V. coralliilyticus are dominant in the mucus of these corals and may be a normal component of the holobiont.
Sectors of the Russian economy that would benefit from reduced cigarette sales
Authors: Merrill R M , Castleton R A , Lindsay G B 
Published: December 2009

Background:Cigarette companies argue that tobacco control measures will harm the Russian economy. Research in other countries has refuted this claim.Objective:To identify how current and former smokers would (or did) spend their cigarette money if (or when) they quit smoking.Methods:A nationwide face-to-face survey of 1599 participants aged 18 years and older in 128 cities was conducted in Russia during May 2008 by the Russian Levada Analytical Center.Results:In all, 10% of respondents were former smokers and 33% were current smokers. Respondents indicated that they would spend their cigarette money on selected items if they quit. These items, from most to least common are groceries, recreation, housing, clothing, transportation, healthcare and savings. The ways that cigarette money would be spent in the absence of smoking significantly differed according to smoking status, gender, age, education, income, rural versus urban residency and geographic region.Conclusions:Tobacco control may benefit the Russian economy by producing healthier workers and because the money that would have been used for cigarettes would be shifted primarily to groceries, recreation, housing and clothing.
MIXED-ASPECT FRACTAL CURVES
Authors: GENTIL C. , TOSAN E. , NEVEU M. 
Published: December 2009

The aim of our work is to elaborate a method to build parametric shapes (curves, surfaces, …) with a non uniform local aspect: every point is assigned a "geometric texture" that evolves continuously from a smooth aspect to a rough aspect. We rely on previous work that enables us to represent both smooth and fractal free form curves to propose a formalism based on finite families of iterated function systems that generalizes this previous approach. The principle is to blend shapes with uniform aspects to define a shape with a variable aspect.
MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN NORMAL AND GROWTH-RESTRICTED FETUSES
Authors: KIKUCHI AKIHIKO , UNNO NOBUYA 
Published: December 2009

Multifractal analysis has recently been validaded as an excellent method by which to analyze heart rate variability and in distinguishing healthy subjects from patients with various types of the cardiac nervous system dysfunction. Our objective was to improve the understanding of the multifractal properties of fetal heart rate (FHR) variability in healthy normal fetuses according to gestational age, and to determine whether the heart rate dynamics in growth-restricted fetuses is different from normal fetuses by multifractal analysis. One hundred nineteen FHR recordings obtained from healthy normal fetuses and 68 recordings obtained from small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses were analyzed to examine gestational and pathologic changes of the degree of multifractality. A significant decrease was observed in the degree of multifractality of healthy normal fetuses according to gestational age. The degree of multifractality of SGA fetuses was significantly higher than that of healthy normal fetuses. Moreover, the degree of multifractality of complicated SGA fetuses who ultimately showed nonreassuring FHR patterns was significantly higher than that of uncomplicated SGA fetuses. And the latter was significantly higher than that of healthy normal fetuses. The degree of multifractality appears to be a sensitive probe for detecting subtle, and possibly important, changes that occur in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and may be helpful in the early and non-invasive detection of placental insufficiency or incipient IUGR. The mechanisms underlying FHR regulation in IUGR fetuses seem to be different from those of cardiac pathology in adults.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE PETROLOGY OF THE PERMIAN EVAPORITE DEPOSITS OF NORTH-EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: DUNHAM K. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The carbonate associated with the evaporites is dolomite; magnesite has not so far been found. The following sequence of deposition was accompanied by metasomatism at each stage :— Dolomite→ Anhydrite→ Halite. Evidence of replacement of dolomite by anhydrite includes irregular-sided veins, replaced fossils and pseudo-ooliths, porphyroblastic and poikiloblastic crystals. Evidence of normal primary precipitation is also presented. No pre-anhydrite gypsum has been found; this mineral occurs as porphyroblasts and fibrous veins later than anhydrite. Minor occurrences of fluorite and barite in the evaporites are noted. Carboniferous limestones in the “high” beneath Billingham have been replaced by dolomite and ankerite.
SOIL MECHANICS IN RELATION TO GEOLOGY
Authors: Skempton A. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Soil mechanics consists of the study of the physical and mechanical properties of uncemented deposits such as clays, silts and sands, and the application of these studies to the solution of civil engineering problems. The paper commences with a brief outline of the methods of measuring shear strength, and consolidation: the two most important mechanical properties of soils. Detailed consideration is then given to five problems concerning clays and silts where soil mechanics is able to contribute toward a more complete understanding of certain geological phenomena.
Firstly the application of the Atterberg Limits and particle size analysis to the quantitative description of cohesive soils is discussed. A new term, the “activity” of clays is introduced, based on the above-mentioned tests, and it is shown that activity is related to the mineralogy and the geological history of clays. Secondly, a recent investigation of landslips in the boulder clay of west Durham is described. Two basic types of movement were observed, referred to as deep rotational slip and surface slips. Their mechanism is considered, and their geometrical proportions are compared with, and shown to be similar to, those of other land-slips in widely differing clays. The sequence of valley formation by landslipping is also considered.
Thirdly, quantitative data on the consolidation (or compaction) of clays and silts are presented, which supplement those given by the author in a paper to the Geological Society in 1944. Next the questions of thixotropy and sensitivity of clays are discussed in the light of recent laboratory and field work, and it is shown that the extra-sensitive clays of marine origin (found in Canada and Scandinavia) exhibit only slight thixotropy; their unusual properties being chiefly the result of leaching out of soluble salts, subsequent to deposition. Finally the development of fissured structure in clays is briefly considered.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE JURASSIC FLORA
Authors: HARRIS T. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The stratigraphic relations of the flora of the Deltaic rocks of the “Yorkshire Estuarine Series” have remained unsatisfactory because of badly localised collections, ill-defined species and especially because of concentration of effort on the half-dozen best localities.
A recent search over nearly the whole outcrop has given several hundred new localities yielding determinable plants (but mostly as small fragments). These show that most species continue through all four divisions of the series. There are however real differences in the floras of successive stages. One group of species is found in a good proportion of the hundred or so localities of the Lower Deltaic, but in the two divisions of the Middle Deltaic it has very few indeed of the numerous available localities and then has a good proportion of localities again in the Upper Deltaic. A contrasted group has numerous localities in the two middle divisions, but is rare in the first and last. This is more like a change in abundance caused by a fluctuation in climate than true zonation.
It is to be noted that it is only the proportion of localities where a species is met that changes, not its abundance in a particular locality. Each locality has a flora of special character with a great abundance of certain species, and rarity of others. Even the rarest species may occur locally in millions of specimens and even form a tiny coal seam by itself.
A PETROGRAPHICAL STUDY OF MEDIAEVAL HONES FROM YORKSHIRE
Authors: Morey June E. , Dunham K. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Honestones from York and certain other early mediaeval sites prove on petrographical examination to include the following rook types: quartz-mica granulite, quartz-muscovite-chlorite-schist, metamorphosed siltstone, silty sandstone, chloritic siltstone, mudstone, phyllite, micaceous sandstone and siltstone, glauconitic sandstone. The metamorphic granulites and related rocks are similar to the schist hones of Mr. G. C. Dunning. The possibility of a source in Aberdeenshire is suggested, perhaps indicating an ancient trade route with the north. Typical phyllites and siltstones from the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of NW. England and the Southern Uplands were probably obtained from the local glacial drift. The sandstones include some Yorkshire Millstone Grit types, while the glauconitic sandstone is undoubtedly from the Greensand of SE. England. It is noted that all the honestones consist of rocks made up of small angular quartz grains set in a softer matrix.
NOTES ON PART OF THE UPPER LIAS SUCCESSION AT BLEA WYKE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Dean William T. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Upper Lias at the classic section of Blea Wyke, south of Whitby, is here described in detail for the first time, although work has been confined, at least for the present, to the more critical, upper part of the succession. All the ammonites listed have been collected
in situ
by the writer so that an attempt can be made to delimit each of the subzones. In the case of the
braunianus
and
lilli
subzones the subzonal ammonite-indices have not yet been found in Yorkshire, but a provisional correlation of the equivalent beds at Blea Wyke is here suggested on the grounds that the strata between the
fibulatus
and
variabilis
subzones fall into two well-marked divisions. Tables are given showing the vertical ranges of all the fossils found.
A RESISTIVITY INVESTIGATION OF GLACIAL DEPOSITS NEAR BEARPARK, CO. DURHAM
Authors: Habberjam G. M. , Whetton J. T. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
An account is given of an electrical resistivity survey covering an area of about one square mile across the valley of the River Browney near Bearpark, Co. Durham. The investigations were concerned with the pre-Glacial valley of the River Browney which is now filled with unconsolidated material to a depth of approximately 200 feet below the level of the present river. The methods used are briefly discussed and the results obtained are compared with recent geological findings in the area.
BLUE JOHN FLUORSPAR
Authors: Ford Trevor D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The paper presents an account of the mineralogy, geological occurrence and history of the blue and white banded fluorspar found near Castleton in Derbyshire. Blue John is shown to be a fluorspar, coloured by bituminous inclusions, deposited as cavity-linings and replacements in Carboniferous Limestone of reef and massif facies. Alternative hypotheses of the cause of the colouring in Blue John are discussed. Lying more or less parallel to the bedding of the limestones, the deposits are in pipe-veins rising up the flanks of a pseudo-anticlinal structure formerly covered by impervious Namurian shales, which now outcrop only round the flanks of Treak Cliff. The relationships between Blue John and the associated minerals (calcite, barytes, galena, pyrites and quartz) are described, and an account is given of the history of the use of Blue John and the methods of manufacturing ornaments. Reasons are given for the conclusion that the story of the use of Blue John by the Romans is without foundation.
THE RHAETIC BEDS AND TEA GREEN MARL OF NORTH YORKSHIRE
Authors: Raymond L. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Two main items of interest have arisen from the coring of the Rhaetic and Tea Green Marl near Whitby, namely:

the possibility of a shoreline in Lower Rhaetic times somewhere to the east of Whitby;

the mineralisation which includes:

sulphates:
Celestite SrSO
4
, Barite BaSO
4
, Anhydrite CaSO
4
and Gypsum CaSO
4
2 H
2
O

carbonates:
Strontianite SrCO
3
, Calcite CaCO
3
and Dolomite CaMg (C0
3
)
2

sulphides:
Pyrite FeS
2
, Pyrrhotite FeS (+S) and Galena PbS.
THE COAST OF HOLDERNESS: THE PROBLEM OF EROSION
Authors: Dossor John 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The erosion of the Holderness coast was identified by the Royal Commission of 1906–1911 as the most serious around the coast of the British Isles. Significant factors in coastal erosion include the structure of the cliffs, beach, and sea bed; the tidal range; currents; onshore winds; and storm surges. Measurements of the rate of coast erosion in Holderness made at seven points along the coast between 1876 and 1951 are set out. The mechanism of cliff erosion and littoral drift is discussed with particular reference to the Holderness coast and the Spurn. Suggestions are made for further land reclamation in the Humber Estuary. The design and maintenance of engineering works for coast protection are discussed. It is thought impracticable to protect the whole of the coast and not economical to protect more than the urban areas and that part of the coast south of Withernsea.
DOMERIAN OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST
Authors: Howarth Michael K. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Domerian at the sections near Whitby of Hawsker Bottoms, Kettleness, and Staithes is described in detail. Ammonites listed from each bed have been collected
in situ
by the writer, and the sequences of species obtained are used as the basis of a critical revision and redefinition of the subzoning of the Domerian. Large-scale maps of the exposures on the foreshore at Staithes are given, and a correlation chart indicates the lateral variation in lithology and ammonite sequences between the three sections. Comparisons with other British and Continental Domerian sections are outlined.

In the palaeontological section description of the Amaltheid ammonites is limited to an account of the sequence of species, with short descriptions of some of the more problematical ones; the highest Liparoceratids are summarily described. Rare Domerian representatives of the Hildoceratid ammonites are described in greater detail, as two of the genera are new to the British Isles. A table is given showing the vertical range of all the ammonites found.
GIGANTOPRODUCTUS EDELBURGENSIS
(PHILLIPS) AND RELATED SPECIES
Authors: Prentice J. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The study of several collections of large, coarsely-ornamented productids shows that three species may be distinguished.
Gigantoproductus edelburgensis
has a moderately thin shell, and is confined to P
1a
—P
1c
horizons;
G.
cf.
moderatus
has a characteristic shape and is only known from P
1c
horizons in North Wales;
Semiplanus fragilis
sp. nov., with a very thin shell, is limited to reef-limestones of B
2
—P
1a
age. The analysis of shell form in terms of growth-spirals is attempted, and shows significant differences between the species; it is concluded that
S. fragilis
is not very closely related to the other two species. The holotype of
G. edelburgensis
is described, the variation is given for each assemblage, and limits suggested for the species.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE KEASDEN AREA, WEST OF SETTLE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Moseley F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Keasden district is between the Millstone Grit areas of the Lancaster Fells on the west and Rombalds Moor and Keighley on the east, and provides a link between those two regions. The sequence is very similar to that of the Lancaster Fells, the main points of difference being the transition of the Pendle Grit into sandy shales with sandstones, the thinning of the Upper Caton Shales and a slight thickening of the Bentham Grit Group. Most of the marine horizons found farther west are still to be found. The Lower Caton Shale sequence (E
2bi
and
ii
) is identical with that of the Lancaster Fells.

There is very little folding in the area and normally the beds dip north-wards at angles of between 5 and 15 degrees. Faulting is more important and there is a series of north-west trending normal faults, the majority of which throw down to the north-east.
THE SCALPA SANDSTONE OF THE ISLE OF RAASAY, INNER HEBRIDES
Authors: Howarth Michael K. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Scalpa Sandstone of Raasay is 405 feet thick, and it ranges from the middle of the Ibex Zone of the Lower Lias to the lower part of the Tenuicostatum Zone of the Upper Lias.
The Lower Liassic part contains rare representatives of Liparoceratid ammonites, and these give some indication of the subzonal divisions. The Middle Liassic part yields an abundance of Amaltheid ammonites except in the lowest beds, and precise zones and subzones have been recognized. The two zones of the Middle Lias, the Margaritatus and Spinatum Zones, are 140 and 134 feet thick respectively. The Amaltheids and sediments of the Margaritatus Zone do not differ widely from those of this zone on the Yorkshire and Dorset coasts. The sediments and thickness of the Spinatum Zone are totally different from those in Yorkshire and Dorset, and the Amaltheids are almost completely different from those in the Yorkshire Spinatum Zone, but show some resemblances to those of Dorset, and contain other elements peculiar to Raasay. The Upper Liassic part is only 6 feet thick and contains a few Dactylioceratids.
Stratigraphical records of a considerable number of brachiopods are included in the detailed section.
THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT
Authors: Mitchell G. H. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The large amount of geological work carried out in the Lake District during the past forty years is summarized. It includes much mapping of the Ordovician rocks, which has resulted in important conclusions regarding the stratigraphy and structure of the area. Ideas regarding the later history of the district suggested by the revision of Carboniferous and younger rocks on the margins of the Lake District proper are discussed and an account given of recent views on the geomorphology and glacial history of the area.
A RECORD OF THE RATE OF EROSION ON MILLSTONE GRIT
Authors: Young Anthony 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The volume of sediment deposited in Strines Reservoir, Yorkshire, over a period of 87 years indicates an annual loss of material from the area draining into it equivalent to a layer of 0.04 in. thickness from the whole of the valleys, or 0.12 in. thickness if it is assumed that the material is derived very largely from the steeper slopes.
THE YOREDALE SERIES OF UPPER WENSLEYDALE AND ADJACENT PARTS OF NORTH-WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Moore Derek 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The type succession for the Yoredale Series is slightly amended at the base to include the Hawes Limestone, a name resurrected for the topmost beds (parts of D
1
and D
2
) of the Great Scar Limestone. The lateral variations of the series, up to the top of the Main Limestone, are described in detail, particularly the “Non-Calcareous Measures” between the major limestones. These may contain minor limestones, capable of limited correlation, as in the Hardrow Scar and Simonstone Cyclothems. The rock types are compared with those of a modern delta and an extensive correlation is found possible, leading to the suggestion that the Yoredale Series results from the intermittent deltaic invasions of a shallow limestone sea. It is deduced that periodic diversions of the delta river produced silting up of the main channel upstream; regional subsidence carried the abandoned delta below sea-level and limestone was deposited. During this time the river was building up a second delta to the east which eventually was similarly abandoned, and the river returned to its old course. Repetition of these events produced the Yoredale Series.