bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving Code in Spatial Data Infrastructures – Web Service Based Deployment of Geoprocessing Algorithms
Authors: Müller Matthias , Bernard Lars , Brauner Johannes 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article proposes a concept for offering complex geoprocessing functionality in service‐based Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI). Today, geoprocessing in SDI is typically realized in a data driven manner. Applying the suggested “moving code” approach in a case study in the field of Spatial Decision Support proves its applicability. The proposed solution is analyzed and assessed in terms of gained efficiency, performance behavior and support for distributed development of geoprocessing functionality. In data and computation intensive SDI applications the deployment of moving code proves to be beneficial.
Improving Geocode Accuracy with Candidate Selection Criteria
Authors: Goldberg Daniel W. , Cockburn Myles G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractGeocoding systems typically use more than one geographic reference dataset to improve match rates and spatial accuracy, resulting in multiple candidate geocodes from which the single “best” result must be selected. Little scientific evidence exists for formalizing this selection process or comparing one strategy to another, leading to the approach used in existing systems which we term the hierarchy‐based criterion: place the available reference data layers into qualitative, static, and in many cases, arbitrary hierarchies and attempt a match in each layer, in order. The first non‐ambiguous match with suitable confidence is selected and returned as output. This approach assumes global relationships of relative accuracy between reference data layers, ignoring local variations that could be exploited to return more precise geocodes. We propose a formalization of the selection criteria and present three alternative strategies which we term the uncertainty‐, gravitationally‐, and topologically‐based strategies. The performance of each method is evaluated against two ground truth datasets of nationwide GPS points to determine any resulting spatial improvements. We find that any of the three new methods improves on current practice in the majority of cases. The gravitationally‐ and topologically‐based approaches offer improvement over a simple uncertainty‐based approach in cases with specific characteristics.
CAUSTA: Clifford Algebra‐based Unified Spatio‐Temporal Analysis
Authors: Yuan Linwang , Yu Zhaoyuan , Chen Shaofei , Luo Wen , Wang Yongjun , Lü Guonian 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIntroducing Clifford algebra as the mathematical foundation, a unified spatio‐temporal data model and hierarchical spatio‐temporal index are constructed by linking basic data objects, like pointclouds and Spatio‐Temporal Hyper Cubes of different dimensions, within the multivector structure of Clifford algebra. The transformation from geographic space into homogeneous and conformal space means that geometric, metric and many other kinds of operators of Clifford algebra can be implemented and we then design the shortest path, high‐dimensional Voronoi and unified spatial‐temporal process analyses with spacetime algebra. Tests with real world data suggest these traditional GIS analysis algorithms can be extended and constructed under Clifford Algebra framework, which can accommodate multiple dimensions. The prototype software system CAUSTA (Clifford Algebra based Unified Spatial‐Temporal Analysis) provides a useful tool for investigating and modeling the distribution characteristics and dynamic process of complex geographical phenomena under the unified spatio‐temporal structure.
Using the Newly‐created ILE DBMS to Better Represent Temporal and Historical GIS Data
Authors: Kantabutra Vitit , Owens J. B. “Jack” , Ames Daniel P. , Burns Charles N. , Stephenson Barbara 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article introduces a type of DBMS called the Intentionally‐Linked Entities (ILE) DBMS for use as the basis for temporal and historical Geographical Information Systems. ILE represents each entity in a database only once, thereby mostly eliminating redundancy and fragmentation, two major problems in Relational and other database systems. These advantages of ILE are realized by using relationship objects and pointers to implement all of the relationships among data entities in a native fashion using dynamically‐allocated linked data structures. ILE can be considered to be a modern and extended implementation of the E/R data model. ILE also facilitates storage of things that are more faithful to the historical records, such as gazetteer entries of places with imprecisely known or unknown locations. This is difficult in Relational database systems but is a routine task using ILE because ILE is implemented using modern memory allocation techniques. We use the China Historical GIS (CHGIS) and other databases to illustrate the advantages of ILE. This is accomplished by modeling these databases in ILE and comparing them to the existing Relational implementations.
Graphical Models for Marked Point Processes Based on Local Independence
Authors: Didelez Vanessa 
Published: June 2010

SummaryA new class of graphical models capturing the dependence structure of events that occur in time is proposed. The graphs represent so-called local independences, meaning that the intensities of certain types of events are independent of some (but not necessarilly all) events in the past. This dynamic concept of independence is asymmetric, similar to Granger non-causality, so the corresponding local independence graphs differ considerably from classical graphical models. Hence a new notion of graph separation, which is called δ-separation, is introduced and implications for the underlying model as well as for likelihood inference are explored. Benefits regarding facilitation of reasoning about and understanding of dynamic dependences as well as computational simplifications are discussed.
Development of axonal pathways in the human fetal fronto‐limbic brain: histochemical characterization and diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Vasung Lana , Huang Hao , Jovanov‐Milošević Nataša , Pletikos Mihovil , Mori Susumu , Kostović Ivica 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe development of cortical axonal pathways in the human brain begins during the transition between the embryonic and fetal period, happens in a series of sequential events, and leads to the establishment of major long trajectories by the neonatal period. We have correlated histochemical markers (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, antibody against synaptic protein SNAP‐25 (SNAP‐25‐immunoreactivity) and neurofilament 200) with the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) database in order to make a reconstruction of the origin, growth pattern and termination of the pathways in the period between 8 and 34 postconceptual weeks (PCW). Histological sections revealed that the initial outgrowth and formation of joined trajectories of subcortico‐frontal pathways (external capsule, cerebral stalk–internal capsule) and limbic bundles (fornix, stria terminalis, amygdaloid radiation) occur by 10 PCW. As early as 11 PCW, major afferent fibers invade the corticostriatal junction. At 13–14 PCW, axonal pathways from the thalamus and basal forebrain approach the deep moiety of the cortical plate, causing the first lamination. The period between 15 and 18 PCW is dominated by elaboration of the periventricular crossroads, sagittal strata and spread of fibers in the subplate and marginal zone. Tracing of fibers in the subplate with DTI is unsuccessful due to the isotropy of this zone. Penetration of the cortical plate occurs after 24–26 PCW. In conclusion, frontal axonal pathways form the periventricular crossroads, sagittal strata and ‘waiting’ compartments during the path‐finding and penetration of the cortical plate. Histochemistry is advantageous in the demonstration of a growth pattern, whereas DTI is unique for demonstrating axonal trajectories. The complexity of fibers is the biological substrate of selective vulnerability of the fetal white matter.
Exact solution of emerging quadratic assignment problems
Authors: Hahn Peter M. , Zhu Yi‐Rong , Guignard Monique , Smith J. MacGregor 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe report on a growing class of assignment problems that are increasingly of interest and very challenging in terms of the difficulty they pose to attempts at exact solution. These problems address economic issues in the location and design of factories, hospitals, depots, transportation hubs and military bases. Others involve improvements in communication network design. In this article we survey the latest and best methods available for solving exactly these difficult problems and suggest a taxonomy that provides a framework for combining existing solution methods and sets of computer tools that can be modified and extended to make inroads in solving this growing class of optimization problems.
Opting for Opting‐In? An Evaluation of the European Commission's Proposals for Reforming VAT on Financial Services*
Authors: De La Feria Rita , Lockwood Ben 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper provides a legal and economic analysis of the European Commission's recent proposals for reforming the application of VAT to financial services, with particular focus on their ‘third pillar’, under which firms would be allowed to opt in to taxation on exempt insurance and financial services. From a legal perspective, we show that the proposals’‘first and second pillars’ would give rise to considerable interpretative and qualification problems, resulting in as much complexity and legal uncertainty as the current regime. Equally, an option to tax could potentially follow significantly different legal designs, which would give rise to discrepancies in the application of the option amongst Member States of the European Union (EU). On the economic side, we show that quite generally, when firms cannot coordinate their behaviour, they have an individual incentive to opt in on business‐to‐business (B2B) transactions, but not on business‐to‐consumer (B2C) transactions. We also show that opting‐in eliminates the cost disadvantage that EU financial services firms face in competing with foreign firms for B2B sales. But these results donothold if firms can coordinate their behaviour. An estimate of the upper bound on the amount of tax revenue that might be lost from allowing opting‐in is provided for a number of EU countries.
The anti‐aggregating effect of BAY 41‐2272, a stimulator of soluble guanylyl cyclase, requires the presence of nitric oxide
Authors: Roger Séverine , Badier‐Commander Cécile , Paysant Jérôme , Cordi Alex , Verbeuren Tony J , Félétou Michel 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe purpose of the present study was to determine whether a stimulator of soluble guanylyl cyclase, BAY 41‐2272, inhibits platelet aggregation and to clarify its interaction with nitric oxide (NO).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHBlood was collected from anaesthetized Wistar Kyoto rats. The aggregation of washed platelets was measured and the production of cAMP and cGMP was determined.KEY RESULTSIn adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (ADP)‐induced platelet aggregation, the anti‐aggregating effects of BAY 41‐2272, nitroglycerin, sodium nitroprusside and DEA‐NONOate were associated with increased levels of cGMP while that of beraprost, a prostacyclin analogue, was correlated with an increase in cAMP. 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ) prevented the effects of BAY 41‐2272 and that of nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside, but only inhibited the increase in cGMP produced by of DEA‐NONOate. Hydroxocobalamin, an NO scavenger, inhibited the effects of the three NO donors and BAY 41‐2272 but did not affect those of beraprost. ADP‐induced aggregation and the effects of BAY 41‐2272 were not affected by L‐nitroarginine. A positive interaction was observed between BAY 41‐2272 and the three NO donors. BAY 41‐2272 potentiated also the anti‐aggregating effects of beraprost, and again this potentiation was inhibited by hydroxocobalamin.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSInhibition of platelet aggregation by BAY 41‐2272 requires the reduced form of soluble guanylyl cyclase and the presence of NO. The positive interaction observed between BAY 41‐2272 and various NO donors is qualitatively similar whatever the mechanism involved in NO release. Furthermore, a potent synergism is observed between BAY 41‐2272 and a prostacyclin analogue, but only in the presence of NO.
Gene expression profiling of early primary biliary cirrhosis: possible insights into the mechanism of action of ursodeoxycholic acid
Authors: Chen Limin , Borozan Ivan , Milkiewicz Piotr , Sun Jing , Meng Xiangbin , Coltescu Catalina , Edwards Aled M. , Ostrowski Mario A. , Guindi Maha , Heathcote Elizabeth J. , McGilvray Ian D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectives: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a poorly understood disease, both in terms of its pathogenesis and the mechanism of action of its most common treatment, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). We used gene expression profiling to compare liver tissue from treatment‐naïve and UDCA‐treated patients in order to outline some of the molecular changes associated with PBC and its treatment.Patients and Experimental Design: Liver biopsy specimens from non‐cirrhotic, treatment‐naïve (n=11) patients were compared with biopsies from UDCA‐treated patients (n=20) and with 10 normal, healthy female controls. Gene expression was determined using a 19K cDNA microarray. In order to determine whether the observed changes in gene expression levels were specific to PBC or generic to liver damage overall, PBC samples were also compared with chronically diseased [48 hepatitis C virus (HCV), 18 hepatitis B virus (HBV)] and acutely stressed liver tissue (25 liver biopsies taken after reperfusion of liver transplant grafts).Results: We found a gene signature specific to PBC (P≤0.012), containing biologically plausible genes (221 genes with adjusted P≤0.05). Differences in the expression of selected genes were confirmed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. When gene expression from non‐cirrhotic UDCA‐treated (n=20) and UDCA‐naïve liver tissue was compared, we found a striking downregulation of a number of genes involved in protein biosynthetic pathways.Conclusions: These studies highlight the genes associated with both treatment‐naïve and UDCA‐treated PBC, and suggest that the effects of UDCA are mediated, at least in part, via a modulation of protein biosynthesic pathways.
Elastophagocytosis in extragenital lichen sclerosus
Authors: Abbas Ossama , Chatrath Vandana , Goldberg Lynne J. 
Published: June 2010

Background: Elastophagocytosis, or elastic fiber phagocytosis by multinucleate macrophages, has been observed in different skin conditions that may or may not occur on sun‐exposed skin. Although loss of elastic fibers has been well documented in the homogenized papillary dermal zone in lichen sclerosus (LS), elastophagocytosis, to the best of our knowledge, has never been observed. Methods: We encountered striking elastophagocytosis in a case of extragenital LS which prompted us to review all cases of LS diagnosed at the Skin Pathology Laboratory at Boston University over a 2‐year period to assess for the presence of elastophagocytosis. Results: In 7 of 35 patients diagnosed with LS (20%), we found prominent elastophagocytosis to be present either immediately below or at the junction of the homogenized collagen and the normal underlying reticular dermis. Interestingly, all the cases in which elastophagocytosis was observed were in extragenital locations. Conclusion: Elastophagocytosis was observed in 20% of LS cases, all of which were extragenital. We hypothesize that elastophagocytosis in LS, especially in extragenital sites, may not be an epiphenomenon but rather represents a contributing factor to elastic fiber loss in the hyalinized papillary dermal collagen that typifies this disease.Abbas O, Chatrath V, Goldberg LJ. Elastophagocytosis in lichen sclerosus.
Relationship between growth retardation and impaired glucose tolerance in hypothyroidal growth‐retarded (grt) mice
Authors: Tasaki Yoshie , Taguchi Yusuke , Machida Takeo , Kobayashi Tetsuya 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTGrowth‐retarded (grt) mice exhibit congenital hypothyroidism and a characteristic growth pause followed by delayed onset of pubertal growth. This pattern of growth has never been reported in any other animal model exhibiting hypothyroidism; therefore, the growth retardation observed ingrtmice is unlikely to be explained completely by the low plasma thyroid hormone levels. As growth is closely related to nutrient metabolism, we investigated the relationship between the appearance of growth retardation and glucose utilization, which is the main component of nutrient metabolism, in the peripubertal stage ofgrtmice. The relative weights of the organs involved in nutrient digestion and absorption were abnormal ingrtmice. The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IGTT) showed impaired glucose tolerance ingrtmice. Moreover, this symptom appeared in parallel with the progression of growth retardation ingrtmice. The impaired blood glucose levels on the IGTT ingrtmice were considered to be attributable to decreased plasma insulin levels rather than to impaired insulin sensitivity. The pattern of anti‐insulin antibody staining on sections of pancreatic islets fromgrtmice was almost the same as that in the corresponding sections from normal mice. Insulin treatment accelerated the growth of peripubertalgrtmice. These findings suggest that the appearance of growth retardation ingrtmice might be partially attributable to a reduction in glucose metabolism and impairment of insulin secretion during the early period of growth.
RING CHARACTERIZATION OF QUALITY INDICES IN BUTTERHEAD LETTUCE CULTIVATED UNDER MULCH AND BARE SOIL
Authors: GOÑI MARÍA G. , AGÜERO MARÍA V. , MOREIRA MARÍA DEL R. , PONCE ALEJANDRA , ROURA SARA I. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTButterhead lettuce was characterized by physical, microbiological and nutritional quality indices as a function of plant zoning and soil management (bare soil and mulch). Quality indices were measured in all the rings from the external toward the internal ratio. Assayed indices were: relative water content, water content, free and bound water, and the ratio between free water and total water, leaf area and color, total microbial counts (TMC) and ascorbic acid content (AA). The lettuce characterization by rings showed a remarkable plant zoning as a function of leaf age and development; also, some initial indices were affected by the soil management employed. Plastic mulches affect the microclimate around the plant, resulting in better plant water status. However, the use of black plastic covers could absorb sunlight therefore increasing soil temperature and causing lower AA and higher TMC in lettuce tissue.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSDuring lettuce development, each leaf had a different level of exposure to environmental conditions, such as light, humidity, nutrients absorption and temperature affecting the quality indices of the raw material and introducing a source of variability in the physico‐chemical, biochemical, nutritional and microbiological indices within the plant. In this way, the location of the leaf within the whole plant is an important factor to be considered. Moreover, during lettuce heads trading, it is a common practice to remove the external leaves as storage advances. These leaves are more perishable than middle and internal ones because of their direct exposure to environmental conditions. Understanding the way in which physical, microbiological and nutritional indices were distributed in the whole lettuce plant could be of interest, to know the value of the losses of regular green grocers' practices, from a nutritional and a safety point of view.
Fruit and Vegetable Distribution Program Versus a Multicomponent Program to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Which Should Be Recommended for Implementation?
Authors: Reinaerts Evelien B.M. , De Nooijer Jascha , De Vries Nanne K. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTBackground:  Two primary school–based interventions were implemented, aimed at increasing fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption by children, both with proven effectiveness: (1) a free daily F&V distribution scheme for all primary school children and (2) a multicomponent, age‐specific program consisting of a classroom curriculum, parental involvement, and an environmental component. This article describes and compares the implementation, evaluation, and potential for adoption of the 2 interventions.Methods:  A total of 48 teachers who worked with either of these programs filled out a questionnaire at the end of the intervention period. Additionally, 24 of the teachers who worked with the multicomponent program filled out periodic monitoring reports during the intervention.Results:  Compared to the F&V distribution, the multicomponent program was less fully implemented and that implementation of activities decreased over time. Both programs were evaluated favorably, and about half of the teachers indicated that they were willing to use the program again in the following school year. Teachers who used the multicomponent program experienced more social pressure to implement the program. They rated the program they had used as more complex and risky than the other group rated the distribution program.Conclusions:  The free distribution program has the greatest potential for being adopted by schoolteachers, but that efforts must be made to acquire funding for it. Until these resources are available, the multicomponent program seems to be a good alternative if improved as suggested.
Lenses from Brown‐Norway pigmented rats are more tolerant to in vitro ultraviolet irradiation than lenses from Fischer‐344 albino rats
Authors: Löfgren Stefan 
Published: June 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate if the previously shown difference in in vivo‐induced ultraviolet B radiation (UVR‐B) cataractogenesis between pigmented and albino rats can be seen also with in vitro irradiation. The shielding effect of the iris and UVR absorption in the anterior segment is nullified, and inherent differences in lenticular UVR‐B sensitivity between the strains may be revealed.Methods:  Lenses from albino (Fischer‐344) and pigmented (Brown‐Norway) rats were irradiated in vitro with 1.8 kJ/m2 UVR‐B. The lenses were cultured in standard environment in a culture incubator. Cataract was quantified daily by measuring the amount of lens forward light scattering over a period of 1 week. All lenses were photographed during the week.Results:  Two days after exposure, both strains developed significant cataract compared to control lenses, and the light scattering increased exponentially to the last day. From day 4, exposed Fischer lenses scattered more light than Brown‐Norway lenses. This difference increased towards the end of the week. The type of cataract (anterior subcapsular, equatorial, and posterior cortical cataract) was similar in both strains. No anterior polar or nuclear cataract was observed.Conclusions:  Lenses from albino Fischer rats are more sensitive to in vitro UVR‐B than lenses from pigmented Brown‐Norway rats. Ultraviolet B radiation cataract type induced in vitro differs from in vivo cataract in pigmented rats, but not from albino rats. In vitro UVR‐B exposure induces more cataract than corresponding lenticular UVR‐B in vivo exposures, for both albino and pigmented rat.