bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Renminbi and Poor‐country Growth
Authors: Garroway Christopher , Hacibedel Burcu , Reisen Helmut , Turkisch Edouard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDiscussions on how best to exit from global imbalances to create a more balanced world economy have ignored the impact on poor countries of proposals to redress these imbalances. This paper aims at filling that gap. It gauges the degree of renminbi (RMB) undervaluation; presents evidence on RMB undervaluation and China’s GDP growth rate; surveys the role of the real effective exchange rate – both its level and its stability over time – for underpinning growth in developing countries, especially in large dual economies such as China and India; and finally, presents new evidence on growth linkages between China and poor countries for the last two decades and surveys literature on potential displacement effects of RMB appreciation. The analysis allows broad conclusions to be drawn about the potential developing‐country beneficiaries and losers from various renminbi adjustment scenarios in the forthcoming years.
Guns and guitars: Simulating sovereignty in a state of siege
Authors: BRYANT REBECCA , HATAY METE 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTWe present an ethnographic examination of the Agambenian approach to sovereignty through the example of a particular “state of exception,” namely, the militarized Turkish Cypriot enclaves of the 1963–74 period and their transformation into an unrecognized state structure. We argue that both the enclave administration and its subsequent variations have operated under a simulacrum of sovereignty, a claim to sovereignty that is both overproduced and incomplete. We examine the emergence of this simulacrum, which we claim allowed Turkish Cypriots to play with another form of existence, one at the interstices of exceptionality. This interstitial life, we argue, is characterized by a particular form of “abandonment,” one that may allow one to “enjoy one's exception.”
Cameroonian bushfalling: Negotiation of identity and belonging in fiction and ethnography
Authors: NYAMNJOH FRANCIS B. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTAnthropology remains an unpopular discipline among many African intellectuals. I revisit debates on relations between fiction and ethnography to make a case for enriching African anthropology through a systematic reinterpretation of African fiction. I make my case through the ethnography of flexible identities among Cameroonian bushfallers—who seek their fortunes far from home—and support it by analysis of a novel,Married But Available. Through the figure of the bushfaller, I discuss hunting and distance farming as metaphors of choice among Cameroonians. Bushfallers are enmeshed in a complex web of expectations and obligations. They continually straddle relationships and social margins in their quest to break and bridge boundaries. Faced with others’ obsessive claims of autochthony and authenticity, bushfallers’ insistence on being married but available in identity and belonging speaks of the human future as one to be negotiated. It also serves as a metaphor for the relationship I envisage between anthropology and Africa and between fiction and ethnography.
Are births just “women's business”? Gift exchange, value, and global volatility in Muslim Senegal
Authors: BUGGENHAGEN BETH 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThrough global circuits of wage labor and capital, the Murid way has become an economic force in the Senegalese postcolony amid conditions of protracted global volatility. In this article, I analyze women's actions within these global circuits. Women create value by giving gifts during the celebration of births and marriages, gifts that are the product of and the motivating force behind Murid global trade. Female ritual activities, on which male honor rests, draw women into conflict with the Murid clergy, which views women's actions as customary and not part of its modern, austere, and global vision of Islam in Senegal.
Organic intellectuals, crossing scales, and the emergence of social movements with respect to AIDS in South Africa AES Presidential Address for 2008
Authors: SUSSER IDA 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTI examine the transmission of ideas, from both scientific research and state‐sponsored misinformation, with respect to AIDS in southern Africa. On the basis of research among women in AIDS support groups, advocates with South Africa's Treatment Action Campaign, and global health activists, I interpret the role of grassroots social movements in relation to organic intellectuals and their abilities to address the commons from the local to the global. My research has focused specifically on how women's interests have registered in the scientific arena, in global AIDS funding, and at the local political level. As I analyze these issues, I comment more broadly on the role of public intellectuals in relation to social movements.
Multiple role of temperature during insect diapause: a review
Authors: Hodek I. , Hodková M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe review emphasizes that there are multiple pathways to diapause completion. The programmed course of events is modified by environmental cues. Often chilling is not a prerequisite for the completion of hibernation diapause (examples tabulated). Diapause completion progresses well at intermediate or high temperatures, sometimes it is even stimulated by high or increasing temperature. Low temperatures are important, as they (1) conserve metabolic reserves, (2) prevent resumption of post‐diapause morphogenesis and thus synchronize the life‐cycle, (3) represent contrast to the later increase in temperature. Diapause consists of phases with different prerequisites. There is a principal difference between diapause development and photoperiodic activation as indicated by the subsequent physiological condition of insects.
Tremorine-oxotremorine-induced tremor, hypothermia and analgesia, and physostigmine toxicity, in mice after pretreatment with β-adrenoceptor antagonists
Authors: Barar F S K , Madan B R 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The β-adrenoceptor blockers propranolol, PhQA33 and LB-46 exhibited appreciable activity against tremorine-(TMN) and oxotremorine-(OTMN) induced tremor, whereas pronethalol, (+)-H56/28, (–)-H56/28, KÖ-592 and l(+)-INPEA possessed weak action. The two β-blockers, namely d,l(±)-INPEA and d(–)-INPEA acted as weak tremorgens. None of the above compounds suppressed the induced peripheral cholinergic phenomena; or possessed any central anticholinergic activity, as they were unable to afford protection against physostigmine-induced death. Propranolol, PhQA33 and LB-46 antagonized TMN-induced hypothermia and analgesia, but were inactive against OTMN-induced changes. A correlation of the β-blocking and anti-tremor activity of these agents is unlikely.
Clostridium difficile Mixed Infection and Reinfection
Authors: Eyre David W. , Walker A. Sarah , Griffiths David , Wilcox Mark H. , Wyllie David H. , Dingle Kate E. , Crook Derrick W. , Peto Tim E. A. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTIsolates from consecutiveClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) fecal samples underwent multilocus sequence typing. Potential reinfections with different genotypes were identified in 88/560 (16%) sample pairs taken 1 to 1,414 days (median, 24; interquartile range [IQR], 1 to 52 days) apart; odds of reinfection increased by 58% for every doubling of time between samples. Of 109 sample pairs taken on the same day, 3 (3%) had different genotypes. Considering samples 0 to 7 days apart as the same CDI, 7% of cases had mixed infections with >1 genotype.
Comparison of the cobas Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test with the Hybrid Capture 2 and Linear Array HPV DNA Tests
Authors: Gage Julia C. , Sadorra Mark , LaMere Brandon J. , Kail Randi , Aldrich Carrie , Kinney Walter , Fetterman Barbara , Lorey Thomas , Schiffman Mark , Castle Philip E. ,   for the PaP Cohort Study Group
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

The cobas human papillomavirus (HPV) test (cobas) was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and identifies HPV16 and HPV18 separately as well as detecting a pool of 11 HR-HPV genotypes (HPV31, -33, -35, -39, -45, -51, -52, -56, -58, -59, -68) and also HPV66. We compared cobas, Linear Array (LA), and Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assays for detection of carcinogenic HPV DNA, and cobas and LA for detection of HPV16 and HPV18 DNA, among the first 1,852 women enrolled in the HPV Persistence and Progression Cohort (PaP Cohort) study. Specimens were tested by all 3 assays 1 year after an HC2-positive result. In 1,824 specimens with cobas results, cobas had an 85.9% agreement with HC2 and 91.0% agreement with LA for carcinogenic HPV detection. When results between cobas and HC2 disagreed, cobas tended to call more women HPV positive (
P
< 0.01). Categorizing cobas and LA results hierarchically according to cancer risk (HPV16, HPV18, other carcinogenic HPV genotypes, or carcinogen negative), there was a 90% agreement for all categories of HPV (
n
= 1,824). We found good agreement between the two U.S. FDA-approved HPV tests, with discrepancies between the two assays due to specific characteristics of the individual assays. Additional studies are needed to compare HC2 and cobas for detecting and predicting CIN3 to understand the clinical implications of the discrepant test results between the two tests.
THE PROTON FORM FACTOR RATIO AT LOW Q2: NEW RESULTS FROM JEFFERSON LAB
Authors: RON G. 
Published: November 2011

Recently an experiment at Jefferson Lab has measured the proton form factor ratio, [Formula: see text], down to Q2 ~ 0.3 GeV 2 with unprecedented precision. Based on the results from this experiment, a re-analysis was carried out for the world data on proton form factors, and a new result was extracted for the proton charge radius. The new result is consistent with published CODATA results and is at odds with the new muonic hydrogen measurement at PSI. We present the results of the new measurement, as well as discuss an upcoming experiment to measure the form factor ratio down to even lower Q2.
Relationships Between Recent Intraplaque Hemorrhage and Stroke Risk Factors in Patients With Carotid Stenosis
Authors: Turc Guillaume , Oppenheim Catherine , Naggara Olivier , Eker Omer F. , Calvet David , Lacour Jean-Christophe , Crozier Sophie , Guegan-Massardier Evelyne , Hénon Hilde , Neau Jean-Philippe , Toussaint Jean-François , Mas Jean-Louis , Méder Jean-François , Touzé Emmanuel ,   for the HIRISC study investigators
Published: November 2011

Objective—
Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) is an emerging marker of plaque instability. However, little is known about the relationships between IPH and traditional risk factors and whether these relationships differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic disease.

Methods and Results—

Two hundred thirty-four patients with symptomatic (n=114) or asymptomatic (n=120) carotid stenosis underwent high-resolution plaque magnetic resonance imaging. Seventy-five patients had recent IPH (symptomatic, 33%; asymptomatic, 31%). In symptomatic stenosis, recent IPH was independently associated with degree of stenosis (odds ratio [OR]=4.21, 1.61–10.98 for North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial >35%; OR=2.92, 1.18–7.24 for European Carotid Surgery Trial >60%), qualifying event (OR=4.13; 1.11–15.32 for stroke or hemispheric transient ischemic attack ≥1 hour versus transient ischemic attack <1 hour or ocular symptoms), time from ischemic event (OR=6.65, 1.56–28.35 for ≤2 weeks; OR=2.24, 0.87–5.81 for 2–12 weeks versus >12 weeks;
P
for trend=0.03). In asymptomatic stenosis, IPH was only associated with stenosis severity >70% by ECST (OR=6.65; 1.95–22.73) but not by the NASCET method.

Conclusion—
Our findings support the potential link between recent IPH and risk of ipsilateral stroke in symptomatic disease but also imply that prognostic studies should adjust for known stroke risk factors in multivariate analyses. In asymptomatic stenosis, the potential predictive value of recent IPH is less likely to be confounded by stroke risk factors.
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Versus Aspirin for Acute Ischemic Stroke With Large Artery Occlusive Disease
Authors: Wang Qiao Shu , Chen Christopher , Chen Xiang Yan , Han Jing Hao , Soo Yannie , Leung Thomas W. , Mok Vincent , Wong Ka Sing Lawrence 
Published: November 2011

Background and Purpose—
The Fraxiparin in Stroke Study for the treatment of ischemic stroke (FISS-tris) study showed no superiority of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) over aspirin for the primary end point (Barthel Index) in acute ischemic stroke due to large artery occlusive disease. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of LMWH and aspirin in selected subgroups so as to generate hypotheses for further studies.

Methods—
The FISS-tris study was a multicenter, randomized trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of LMWH (nadroparin calcium 3800 antifactor Xa IU/0.4 mL subcutaneously twice daily) or aspirin (160 mg once daily) for the treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke and large artery occlusive disease. The primary outcome was the Barthel Index score dichotomized at 85 6 months poststroke. Exploratory subgroup analysis was performed using different levels of baseline characteristics and the distribution of symptomatic arteries.

Results—

Compared with aspirin, LMWH improved outcome among older patients >68 years (
P
=0.043; OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.02–3.41) without ongoing antiplatelet treatment on admission (
P
=0.029; OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.06–3.21) and with symptomatic posterior circulation arterial disease (
P
=0.001; OR, 5.76; 95% CI, 2.00–16.56).

Conclusions—
Our findings suggest that LMWH may be of benefit in certain subgroups of patients with acute cerebral infarct and large artery occlusive disease. Hence, further investigation of LMWH may be justified in subgroups such as the elderly, nonusers of antiplatelet agents, and patients with posterior circulation stenosis.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
www.strokecenter.org/trials
. Unique identifier: registration no. 493.
Moderate Dietary Restriction Reduces p53-Mediated Neurovascular Damage and Microglia Activation After Hypoxic Ischemia in Neonatal Brain
Authors: Tu Yi-Fang , Lu Pei-Jung , Huang Chao-Ching , Ho Chien-Jung , Chou Ya-Ping 
Published: November 2011

Background and Purpose—
Neurovascular damage, including neuronal apoptosis and blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage, and microglia activation account for the hypoxic-ischemia (HI) susceptibility in neonatal brain. The p53 upregulation is involved in apoptosis, endothelial cell damage, and microglia activation. We hypothesized that underweight induced by dietary restriction (DR) protects against HI in rat pups by attenuating p53-mediated neurovascular damage.

Methods—
Male rat pups were grouped as normal litter (NL) size (12 pups/dam), DR (18 pups/dam), and extreme DR (24 pups/dam) from postnatal day 1 and subjected to HI on postnatal day 7. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used to determine p53, phospho-murine double minute-2, caspases, BBB damage and microglia activation, and immunofluorescence to determine the cellular distribution of p53. Pharmacological approaches were used to regulate p53.

Results—
The NL, DR, and extreme DR pups had similar TUNEL-positive cells and caspases on postnatal day 7 and comparable learning performance at adulthood. After HI, the DR-HI, but not extreme DR-HI, pups had significantly lower p53, higher phospho-murine double minute-2, lower cleaved caspases, less BBB damage and microglia activation, and less brain volume loss than NL-HI pups. In NL-HI pups, p53 expression was located mainly in the neurons, endothelial cells, and microglia. The p53 blockage by pifithrin-α in NL-HI pups decreased apoptosis, BBB damage, and microglia activation, and was neuroprotective. In contrast, upregulating p53 by nutlin-3 in DR-HI pups increased apoptosis, BBB damage, and microglia activation, and worsened brain damage.

Conclusions—
Moderate DR, but not extreme DR, reduces p53-mediated neurovascular damage after HI and confers long-term protection in neonatal brain.
Plasmalemma Permeability and Necrotic Cell Death Phenotypes After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice
Authors: Zhu Xiaoxia , Tao Luyang , Tejima-Mandeville Emiri , Qiu Jianhua , Park Juyeon , Garber Kent , Ericsson Maria , Lo Eng H. , Whalen Michael J. 
Published: November 2011

Background and Purpose—
Traumatic and ischemic brain injury induce plasmalemma permeability and necrosis; however, no studies have examined these aspects of cellular injury in intracerebral hemorrhage models.

Methods—
In vivo propidium iodide (PI) and YOYO-1 were used to assess plasmalemma damage after collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Ex vivo aspartylglutamylvalylaspartic acid, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, and electron microscopy were used to assess the relationship between plasmalemma permeability and mode of cell death. Cell types vulnerable to plasmalemma damage were determined by immunohistochemistry.

Results—
Plasmalemma permeability was first detected in the lesion at 1 to 3 hours and peaked at 48 to 72 hours. Neurons and IBA-1-positive cells with morphological features of monocytes were sensitive, whereas resident microglia and astrocytes were resistant to plasmalemma permeability. PI+ cells colocalized with fluorescent-labeled caspase substrates and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling beginning at 3 to 6 hours. At 48 hours, greater than half of injured cells were PI+/aspartylglutamylvalylaspartic acid− or PI+/terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling− suggesting necrosis, and <5% were PI−/terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling+ or PI−/aspartylglutamylvalylaspartic acid+. Electron microscopy confirmed ultrastructural features of necrosis at 24 hours after intracerebral hemorrhage, high mobility group box protein-1 was released from permeable cells, and mice deficient in receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3, a known necrosis trigger, had 50% less PI+ cells at 24 hours. Permeable cells remained in the brain for at least 24 hours with <10% spontaneous resealing.

Conclusions—
Necrosis contributes to cell demise after intracerebral hemorrhage. Programmed necrosis and plasmalemma damage may represent novel therapeutic targets to prevent cell death or rescue injured cells after intracerebral hemorrhage.
Relative Survival After Transient Ischaemic Attack
Authors: Gattellari Melina , Goumas Chris , Biost Frances Garden M. , Worthington John M. 
Published: November 2011

Background and Purpose—
There is a lack of modern-day data quantifying the effect of transient ischemic attack (TIA) on survival, and recent data do not take into account expected survival.

Methods—
Data for 22 157 adults hospitalized with a TIA from July 1, 2000, to June 30, 2007, in New South Wales, Australia, were linked with registered deaths to June 30, 2009. We estimated survival relative to the age- and sex-matched general population up to 9-years after hospitalization for TIA comparing relative risk of excess death between selected subgroups.

Results—

At 1 year, 91.5% of hospitalized patients with TIA survived compared with 95.0% expected survival in the general population. After 5 years, observed survival was 13.2% lower than expected in relative terms. By 9 years, observed survival was 20% lower than expected. Females had higher relative survival than males (relative risk, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69–0.90;
P
<0.001). Increasing age was associated with an increasing risk of excess death compared with the age-matched population. Prior hospitalization for stroke (relative risk, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.98–3.49) but not TIA (relative risk, 1.42; 95% CI, 0.86–2.35) significantly increased the risk of excess death. Of all risk factors assessed, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and prior hospitalization for stroke most strongly impacted survival.

Conclusions—
This study is the first to quantify the long-term effect of hospitalized TIA on relative survival according to age, sex, and medical history. TIA reduces survival by 4% in the first year and by 20% within 9 years. TIA has a minimal effect on mortality in patients <50 years but heralds significant reduction in life expectancy in those >65 years.
An Analysis of Multiple Predecessor Rain Events ahead of Tropical Cyclones Ike and Lowell: 10–15 September 2008
Authors: Bosart Lance F. , Cordeira Jason M. , Galarneau Thomas J. , Moore Benjamin J. , Archambault Heather M. 
Published: November 2011

An analysis of three predecessor rain events (PREs) that occurred ahead of North Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) Ike and east Pacific TC Lowell during 10–15 September 2008 is presented. The three PREs produced all-time daily record rainfall at many locations, including Lubbock, Texas (189.5 mm); Wichita, Kansas (262 mm); and Chicago–O’Hare, Illinois (169 mm), on 11–13 September, respectively.PRE 1 organized over Texas on 10 September with moisture from a stalled frontal boundary and the Bay of Campeche, and matured with moisture from TC Lowell. PRE 2 organized over the Texas Panhandle on 11 September with moisture from the Bay of Campeche, and developed and matured over Kansas and Missouri with moisture from TC Lowell. PRE 3 developed over Texas on 11 September, merged with and absorbed PRE 2 over Kansas and Missouri, and matured as it ingested moisture from TC Ike. All three PREs matured in the equatorward entrance region of an intensifying subtropical jet stream (STJ).Heavy rainfall with the three PREs occurred along a plume of moist air characterized by high precipitable water values that extended poleward over the central United States near the juxtaposition of the nose of a low-level jet, a region of lower-tropospheric forcing for ascent along a surface baroclinic zone, and the STJ equatorward entrance region. The cumulative upscale effect of persistent deep convection from the three PREs enhanced and “locked in” a favorable upper-tropospheric flow pattern conducive to ridge development over the Ohio Valley and STJ intensification over the central U.S. and Great Lakes region.
A Kaleidoscope of Understanding: Comparing Real with Random Data, Using Binary-Choice Items, to Study Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Knowledge of Climate Change*
Authors: Hayhoe Douglas , Bullock Shawn , Hayhoe Katharine 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The authors used a 59-item survey to probe the understanding of climate change by 89 Ontario preservice teachers. The study investigated the usefulness of comparing real survey data from closed, binary choice items, with randomly generated data. Climate change was chosen to be the topic because it is a new emphasis in K–12 science curricula. If teachers had answered the survey randomly, according to Monte Carlo simulations, a normal distribution would result, with 56 of the 59 items answered correctly by 40%–60% of the respondents. A bimodal distribution resulted, however, with 34 items answered correctly by more than 60% and 18 items by less than 40%. Apparently, the teachers knew a lot about climate change, but also had many misconceptions, some identified here for the first time. Item discrimination indices and correlation coefficients, however, were the same for the real versus Monte Carlo data, suggesting that preservice teachers’ knowledge was a “kaleidoscope of understanding,” rather than a coherent picture. This may be because their understanding of climate change came primarily from unconnected sources in the media, or because climate change science involves many different fields of study including astronomy, biology, chemistry, ecology, oceanography, and physics. In conclusion, the analysis herein demonstrates the benefit of comparing real and random data for binary-choice item surveys in multidiscipline topics such as climate change. For those interested in climate change education, these results suggest the importance of emphasizing the difference between reliable and unreliable sources of information and giving careful attention to how to draw on concepts from different scientific fields.