bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of live and inactivated influenza A (H1N1) virus vaccines
Authors: Clark A. , Potter C. W. , Jennings R. , Nicholl J. P. , Langrick A. F. , Schild G. C. , Wood J. M. , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYGroups of volunteers were immunized with one of three influenza virus vaccines, and the resistance to challenge infection with attenuated influenza A (H1N1) virus was measured 8 months later. The vaccines were aqueous subunit influenza A/USSR/77 (H1N1) vaccine, aqueous subunit influenza B/Hong Kong/73 vaccine, or attenuated influenza virus A (H1N1) vaccine. The B virus vaccine was included as a control to assess the incidence of natural A virus infection during the study period. A proportion of the B virus vaccinees had pre-existing A (H1N1) virus antibody and were used to study the immunity conferred by natural infection to the live virus challenge. The serum antibody responses were measured at 1 and 8 months after immunization. The results showed that all the vaccines induced serum HI antibody in a proportion of the volunteers; however, after 1 month, higher titres of serum antibody were found in volunteers given inactivated A vaccine than in those given live attenuated A virus vaccine. Eight months post-immunization the titres of serum antibody in volunteers given inactivated vaccine had declined significantly, but there were no changes in the antibody titres of those given live virus vaccine. The incidence of infection by the challenge virus at 8 months post-immunization was directly related to the serum antibody titres 1 month post-immunization; no evidence was obtained to suggest that those given live virus vaccine had a more solid immunity than those given inactivated vaccine.
Report on an Outbreak of Bacterial Food-Poisoning
Authors: O'Kelly W. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. The outbreak was one of bacterial food poisoning due to the consumption of infected milk.2. The casual organism was B. enteritidis of Gaertner (Dublin).3. A case of gastro-enteritis occured in an employee in the institution some days previously. This man's serum possessed agglutinins for for Gaertner'sbacillus, but the organism was not isolated from a specimen of his faeces taken 44 days after this attack.4. This employee is supposed to have been the source of the organism which infected the milk. Two hypotheses are put forward to explain the mechanism of infection.5. Servants who took the infected milk in their tea escaped infection. The milk was added to the tea in bulk and the experiments described satisfactoryily account for their escape.
The Reducatese Test of Barthel and Jensen
Authors: Smith J. 
Published: May 2009

It has been found that the reductase test gives a considerably higher estimate of the number of organisms present in some milk samples than the plate method. This, however, is doubtless due to the fact that many colonies obtained by plating do not arise from a single cell but from chains of cocci and bacilli. Again the plate method takes no account of the anaerobic bacteria present in the milk.When there are more than 100,000 organisms per cubic centimetre in the milk it would seem that the reductase test gives just as accurate an estimate as the plate method.In its present form, however, the test would not be of service in grading of milk according to the bacterial standards now suggested.
Tubercle Bacilli in the Faeces of apparently healthy Cows
Authors: Williams R. Stenhouse , Hoy W. A. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Samples of faeces of 391 cows in apparently good health have been examined and it has been demonstrated that 6 (1.53 per cent.) of the cows were excreting tubercle bacilli.(2) When the faeces of almost all the cows on founrteen farms were examined it was found that five cows on four farms were excreting tubercle bacilli.Our thanks are due to the Medical Research Council for the grant which enabled us to carry out this investigation.
Refection, a Transmissible Change in the Intestinal Content, enabling Rats to grow and thrive without Vitamin B in the Food
Authors: Fridericia L. S. , Freudenthal P. , Gudjonnsson S. , Johansen G. , Schoubye N. 
Published: May 2009

1. When refected rats are fed on adequate diet, containing vitamin B in the form of yeast, the defect in their starch-digestion disappears, and their faeces become normal.2. Attempts to cause refection in rats receiving an adequate diet by feeding white faeces from refected rats do not influence the starch digestion of the former.3. When refected rats, growing normally, are fed upon a diet devoid of starch (as well as of vitamin B) their body weight decreases rapidly, but in spite of this decrease they live for a considerable time.4. Refection cannot be induced in young rats fed upon a diet devoid of starch and of vitamin B.5. Rats may become or may remain refected when the starch of their 1. diet is replaced by dextrin containing a small amount of starch. The faeces of these rats do not seem able to refect other rats.6. Rats may be refected without producing white faeces, but starch grains have always been present in the faeces of such rats.7. The results of special experiments and the clinical observation of refected rats suggest an essential connection between the ability to grow and thrive without vitamin B and the defective digestion of starch.8. Attempts at refection have no beneficial influence upon rats suffering from a deficiency of vitamin A.9. Refection has been transmitted to albino mice receiving a diet devoid of vitamin B, but the refection lasted only for a short time. Attempts at refection of rice-fed pigeons have not succeeded.10.The bearing of studies in refection upon several problems connected with vitamin B is discussed.
The Viability ofBact. coliandBact. aerogenesin Water. A Method for the Rapid Enumeration of these Organisms
Authors: Platt A. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. The survival of coliform organisms was studied in river water, either raw or sterilised, kept at different temperatures.2. For determining the coliform count and the differentialcoli-aerogenescount in sterilised river water, direct plating of the water on agar, with subsequent study of a number of colonies picked at random, was used. For raw river water the rapid method described by Wilson and his colleagues (1935) was used, which obviates the necessity of plating and of colonial examination.3. WhenBact. coliandBact. aerogeneswere held in stored river water, which was protected from agitation, they underwent a gradual decrease in numbers and finally disappeared. At 37°C. they died out rapidly, but survived for a much longer time at temperatures in the neighbourhood of 0°C. They were able to survive longer in sterile water than in raw water.4. Observations, however, made on water kept at room temperature and subjected to gentle aeration showed that not only did the organisms not die out, but that they actually multiplied, so that their numbers were considerably higher at the end of two months than at the beginning of the experiment.5. In raw river water coliform bacilli survived longer at room temperature when kept in the dark than in daylight.6. On the whole,aerogenes1proved more resistant thanBact. colito the environmental conditions provided. This was particularly noticeable in samples kept at room temperature (18°C.). In samples of raw water kept at 37°C.aerogenesproved slightly more resistant thancoli, while at 0–2°C. the reverse was true.7. The general conclusion seems to be that, except at very low temperatures,aerogenesis likely to survive longer in raw river water thanBact. coli.8. This conclusion is clearly of importance in the interpretation of thecoli-aerogenesresults in water analysis.
The Pseudo-Schick Reaction and the Intradermol Toxoid Test of Moloney: their Relationship and Significance
Authors: Mitman Maurice 
Published: May 2009

A total of 212 new members of the staff of the North-Eastern Fever Hospital were Schick and Moloney tested. The Schick-positive reactors were immunised with formol toxoid and post-Schick and Moloney tests were performed. The following conclusions were reached:(1) The intradermal toxoid test of Moloney or Zoeller corresponds exactly with the pseudo response in the Schick test.(2) The pseudo response is as efficient as the Moloney for detecting possible reactors to immunising doses of toxoid, and is a more accurate control of the Schick test. The Moloney therefore appears redundant.(3) A positive MP (Moloney or pseudo) reaction accurately indicates those who will react to immunisation; but a negative MP is no guarantee that the subject will not react.(4) The MP-reaction is evidence of bacterial hypersensitiveness to specific products of the body of the diphtheria bacillus.(5) Zoeller's theory that hypersensitiveness is a half-way stage between susceptibility and immunity, is incorrect.(6) MP-reactions usually, but not invariably, developpari passuwith immunity. Because of this parallelism tests of hypersensitiveness give information as to the state of immunity.The significance of tests of infection, hypersensitiveness and immunity are considered; and the possible relationship of MP-reactions with bacterial immunity suggested.
On the Relation of the Antitoxin to the Globulin-Content of the Blood Serum during Diphtheria Immunisation
Authors: Ledingham J. C. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. During the immunisation of a horse which ultimately failed to yield high grade antitoxic serum, the globulin-content of the total proteid showed no tendency to increase. The slight rise in total proteid which occurred was due to an increase in the albumin fraction. It is probable that the failure of this horse to yield high grade antitoxin was in some way connected with the initial high globulin-content of the serum.2. During the immunisation of a goat, the rise in total proteid affected mainly the albumin fraction and the globulin fraction in lesser degree.3. During the immunisation of a horse which ultimately yielded high grade antitoxic serum, the percentage globulin-content of the total proteid, progressively increased. This increase affected the euglobulin fraction more than the pseudoglobulin fraction.4. In the horse the pseudoglobulin contains the greater part if not all the antitoxin but it seems probable that this relationship holds good only when the antitoxin-content of the serum is steadily rising.5. In the goat the antitoxin-content of the euglobulin and pseudoglobulin fractions may vary at different periods in the course of immunisation.
Air Carriage of Pathogenic and other Organisms
Authors: Buxton J. B. , Allen H. R. 
Published: May 2009

From the foregoing experiments, it may be assumed:(1) That given favourable conditions, such as a direct current of air through a building, organisms derived from animals, their fodder or environment, may be disseminated over distances up to 150 feet from the building.(2) That B. welchii is frequently present in the dust and dirt of buildings in which horses and small laboratory animals (guinea-pigs and rabbits) are housed, and(3) That under suitable conditions, spore-bearing anaerobes such as B.welchii, may be carried with infected dust from such buildings, for a distance of at least 90 feet, and probably considerably further.
Co-agglutination betweenB. typhosusandB. paratyphosusB
Authors: Wyllie J. 
Published: May 2009

Co-agglutination between the somatic agglutinins ofB. typhosusandB. paratyphosusB occurs more frequently than between the flagellar agglutinins in the sera of typhoid and paratyphoid B fever cases. These co-agglutinins may develop early or late in the course of the disease.It is suggested that the agglutinin absorption test is capable of distinguishing whether or not true co-agglutinins have been developed to the flagellar and somatic antigens ofB. typhosusorB. paratyphosusB.
Contributions to the mathematical theory of epidemics IV. Analysis of experimental epidemics of the virus disease mouse ectromelia
Authors: Kermack W. O. , McKendrick A. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. The experimental data obtained by Greenwood et al. (1936) relating to epidemics of the virus disease ectromelia in mice have been examined in the light of mathematical theory. Attention has been directed in particular to the life tables calculated from the observed data, which give the chance of survival and death after various periods of cage life.2. The life table relating to ectromelia 1 during the steady state phase from 1. iii. 32 to 31. viii. 32 shows very close agreement over the range 0–550 days with that predicted by the theoretical equation which involves only four arbitrary constants. A slight discrepancy over the first few days is evidently due to the fact that representation of the death-rate and the recovery rate by constant coefficients does not accommodate an incubation period. The values of the constants obtained from the data give a measure of the essential characteristics of the epidemic.3. General agreement, though not so complete, is also found when the theory is applied to ectromelia 2 during the priod 1. xi. 31–30. iv. 32. During this phase however, although conditions were otherwise apparently uniform, a steady state had not actually been attained. On the other hand the equations do not apply so satisfactorily to the obviously inhomogeneous period 1. v. 32–20. x. 32.4. In the present analysis the assumption of constant rates gives a satisfactory account of the progress of an infection in a susceptible community. This result suggests that for many purposes the assumption of constant rates may be adequate.5. The short period fluctuations observed in the ectromelia epidemic were probably random in character and have no relationship to periodic fluctuations such, for example, as those detected by Brownlee in the case of measles.
The serological types of haemolytic streptococci in epidemic scarlatina
Authors: Green C. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. Bight serological types of haemolytic streptococci were recognized in acute scarlatina during the 1933 epidemic in Edinburgh.2. Five of these types were identical with Griffith's types 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, while the remainder have been named, provisionally, B, C and D.3. Type 5 was predominant during the two months preceding the epidemic and throughout the early development of the outbreak.4. The epidemic was maintained by successive increases in the proportion of cases due to the remaining type, particularly type 3.5. The age-group incidence in the epidemic year was identical with that of non-epidemic years.6. 36·8 per cent of patients on discharge were found to have haemolytic streptococci in the throat but in only 5·4 per cent was a large number of organisms isolated.7. Haemolytic streptococci isolated from discharged convalescents were in the majority of cases of the same type as the admission strain.
Growth ofStreptococcus pyogenesin milk stored at atmospheric temperatures
Authors: Pullinger E. J. , Kemp Audrey E. 
Published: May 2009

1.Streptococcus pyogenesmultiplies readily in sterilized milk stored at 22 and 18° C., and more slowly at 15° C. In fresh raw milk this organism begins to multiply slowly only after 48–72 hours of storage at 18–22° C. In laboratory pasteurized milk the result is similar, but both commercially pasteurized milk and raw graded milk bottled for distribution sour too rapidly for multiplication to take place after artificial contamination. These facts suggest that widespread epidemics are rarely due to extensive multiplication ofS. pyogenesin milk during commercial or household storage.2. The initial degree of contamination of milk withS. pyogeneshas no influence upon this organism's ability to multiply during storage.3. The failure ofS. pyogenesto multiply during storage is due to (a) its natural reluctance to grow at atmospheric temperatures, (b) the bacteriostatic action of the milk, and (c) the readiness with which saprophytic bacteria multiply at atmospheric temperatures.4. It is contended that infected cows play a major part in the spread of milk-borneS. pyogenesepidemics, and relevant literature is quoted to support this view. It is urged that routine investigation of apparent milk-borne epidemics should include the immediate bacteriological examination of an individual sample of milk from every cow concerned in the supply under suspicion.
The occurrence of toxigenic anaerobes, especially Clostridium botulinum, in some English soils
Authors: Haines R. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Examination of samples of soil from 106 localities by enrichment culture technique gave 37% toxic samples, the percentage containing Clostridium botulinum ranging from a certain 5% to a possible 14%.2. Cl. botulinum type A was shown to be present in four of the five positive samples, type B in one. Characteristics of a pure culture of type A are given.3. Incidental data on the occurrence of some other toxigenic anaerobes are given.
Epidemiology of haemolytic streptococcal infection in relation to acute rheumatism: III. Comparative incidence of various infections and acute rheumatism in certain training centres
Authors: Green C. A. 
Published: May 2009

The distribution of various infectious diseases in certain training centres is discussed inrelation to the streptococcal aetiology of acute rheumatism, and the relative importance of age and environment are noted.It gives me real pleasure to acknowledge the interest and support of Vice-Admiral Sir Percival Nicholls, K.C.B., and Vice-Admiral Sir S. F. Dudley, K.C.B., F.R.S., throughout these investigations which were facilitated by the willing co-operation of numerous officers and personnel of the R.N. Medical Service. To Surg. Capt. F. Hitch and the staff of the R.N. Medical School I am greatly indebted, particularly for the efficient technical assistance rendered by Petty-Officer L. Waller. The work was carried out during tenure of the Erederick Pearson-Sir Halley Stewart Naval Research Fellowship of the Empire Rheu-matism Council.
Staphylococcus aureusin the milk of nursing mothers and the alimentary canal of their infants: A report to the Medical Research Council
Authors: Duncan J. T. , Walker Jacqueline 
Published: May 2009

Investigations at two hospitals, P and S, showedStaphylococcus aureusto be commonly present in the milk of healthy nursing mothers and the throat and intestine of their babies. In hospital P, the proportion affected in a group of eighty-two mothers and their babies was over 90%. The condition may not be uncommon in maternity hospitals, but no information of its occurrence is available from private obstetrical practice. The cocci concerned seemed to be of low virulence, for babies swallowing relatively massive doses in their mothers' milk suffered no perceptible ill effect. On the other hand, the coccus was found in the pus of the only case of breast abscess encountered, and in some minor external pustular lesions. It was present in the milk of all the cases of flushed breast examined, but its causal connexion with this condition awaits proof.The staphylococci, in the majority of cases, seemed to occur first in the baby's throat, possibly from a focus of infection in the babies' ward, and to be transmitted from baby to baby and from baby to mother, with a return infection, in larger amount, through the mother's milk. The mother's nose and throat must be included amongst other, but less frequent, sources of the infection.The predominating type ofStaph. aureusgave a relatively strong coagulase reaction which was caused only by actively growing cocci, but it would seem that the reaction caused by this agency is less trustworthy as an index of virulence of the coccus than one in which free coagulase also operates.
Studies on infant mortality: Part I. Influence of social conditions in county boroughs of england and Wales
Authors: Woolf Barnet , Waterhouse John 
Published: May 2009

1. The Introduction (pp. 67–73) describes the course of infant mortality in England and Wales over the past century, and critically reviews arguments advanced to prove that variations in the infant mortality rate (i.m.) are caused by genetic differences with respect to viability.2. The i.m. in county boroughs shows a 2-yearly cycle of variability, affecting places with high mortalities.3. We have devised and tested various social indices and have selected five which gave the highest joint covariance with infant mortality in county boroughs during the 11 years 1928–38. These indices are:H, percentage of families living more than 1 person per room.U, percentage of men unemployed.P, percentage of occupied males in the Registrar-General's Social Classes IV and V.F, percentage of women employed on manufacturing processes.L, latitude.4. We have computed multiple regression equations involving i.m. and the five indices for each of the 11 years, and two summarizing equations. The regressions plus sampling variance account for about 80% of the total variance in infant mortality. The regression is linear.5. Latitude does not affect infant mortality in Class I. For this and other reasons we regard the latitude effect as expressing miscellaneous poverty indices omitted from our equations.6. The regression equations enable us to divide the population into various strata with characteristic average infant mortality rates. These include:‘Better off’ (all poverty indices = 0) i.m.=23·1Overcrowded poor i.m. = 108Unemployed overcrowded poor i.m. = 153Babies whose mothers work in industry suffer an additional mortality risk of at least 35 per 1000, and possibly more. The figure 23·1 is the i.m. rate that would prevail if our five poverty symptoms could be eliminated.7. In county boroughs two-thirds of infant deaths would be avoided by the abolition of conditions defined by our indices. Of the preventable deaths, one-third are associated with overcrowding, one-quarter with low-paid occupations, one-fifth with unemployment, and one-eighth with industrial employment of women. In England and Wales, over 250,000 deaths in 11 years, about 63% of the total, can be attributed to adverse social conditions.We have to thank the Rockefeller Foundation for a personal grant to one of us (J. W.) out of an allocation for research work in Prof. Lancelot Hogben's Department, and the Halley Stewart Trust for a grant for mechanical computing equipment. Our thanks are also due to the various members of the Zoology Department in the University of Birmingham who assisted in computing at various times, and especially to Prof. Hogben for his unfailing interest, advice and support.