bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerated Healing of the Rat Achilles Tendon in Response to Autologous Conditioned Serum
Authors: Majewski Martin , Ochsner Peter E. , Liu Fanjun , Flückiger Rudolf , Evans Christopher H. 
Published: October 2009

Background Despite advances in the treatment of ruptured Achilles tendon, imperfections of endogenous repair often leave patients symptomatic. Local administration of autologous conditioned serum (ACS) in patients with inflammatory, degenerative conditions has shown beneficial effects. Purpose Because ACS also contains growth factors that should accelerate tendon healing, we studied the effect of ACS on the healing of transected rat Achilles tendon. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods In preliminary in vitro experiments, rat tendons were incubated with ACS and the effect on the expression of Col1A1 and Col3A1 was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To test its effect in vivo, the Achilles tendons of 80 Sprague Dawley rats were transected and sutured back together. Ten rats from each group (ACS group, n = 40; control group, n = 40) were euthanized at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively for biomechanical (n = 7) and histologic (n = 3) testing. Lysyl oxidase activity was assayed by a flurometric assay. The organization of repair tissue was assessed histologically with hematoxylin and eosin- and with Sirius red-stained sections, and with immunohistochemistry. Results Tendons exposed to ACS in vitro showed a greatly enhanced expression of the Col1A1 gene. The ACS-treated tendons were thicker, had more type I collagen, and an accelerated recovery of tendon stiffness and histologic maturity of the repair tissue. However, there were no differences in the maximum load to failure between groups up to week 8, perhaps because lysyl oxidase activities were unchanged. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Overall, our study demonstrates that treatment with ACS has the potential to improve Achilles tendon healing and should be considered as a treatment modality in man. However, as strength was not shown to be increased within the parameters of this study, the clinical importance of the observed changes in humans still needs to be defined.
Epigenetic regulation of dendritic cell differentiation and function by oxidized phospholipids
Authors: Blüml Stephan , Zupkovitz Gordin , Kirchberger Stefanie , Seyerl Maria , Bochkov Valery N. , Stuhlmeier Karl , Majdic Otto , Zlabinger Gerhard J. , Seiser Christian , Stöckl Johannes 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) are the key cell type in the regulation of an adaptive immune response. Under inflammatory conditions monocytes can give rise to immunostimulatory DCs, depending on microenvironmental stimuli. Here we show that oxidized phospholipids (Ox-Pls), which are generated during inflammatory reactions, dysregulate the differentiation of DCs. DCs generated in the presence of Ox-Pls up-regulated the typical DC marker DC-SIGN but did not express CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c. These DCs generated in the presence of Ox-Pls had a substantially diminished T cell–stimulating capacity after stimulation with Toll-like receptor ligands. Toll-like receptor ligand–induced production of interleukin-12 also was strongly diminished, whereas induction of CD83 was not altered. In addition, we found that Ox-Pls strongly inhibit inflammatory stimuli-induced phosphorylation of histone H3, a key step of interleukin-12 production, yet leaving activation of nuclear factor-κB unaltered. Taken together, Ox-Pls present during differentiation yielded DCs with a reduced capacity to become immunostimulatory mature DCs. Furthermore, the presence of Ox-Pls blocked histone modifications required for full activation of DCs. Therefore, inflammation-derived Ox-Pls control DC functions in part by epigenetic mechanisms.
W41/W41 blastocyst complementation: a system for genetic modeling of hematopoiesis
Authors: Jansson Lina , Larsson Jonas 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe report a rapid and highly efficient approach to generate mice in which the hematopoietic system is derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells. We show that ES cells injected into blastocysts from the c-kit–deficient W41/W41 mouse strain have a clear advantage over the W41/W41 blastocyst-derived inner cell mass cells in founding the hematopoietic system. Fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells from W41/W41 blastocyst complementation embryos can be transplanted to establish large cohorts of bone marrow chimeras with hematopoiesis of practically pure ES-cell origin. Using ES cells with site-directed modifications, we show how this system can be used to drive inducible transgene expression in hematopoietic cells in a robust and reliable manner both in vitro and in vivo. The approach avoids the cost and time constraints associated with the creation of standard transgenic mouse strains while taking advantage of the sophisticated site-directed manipulations that are possible in ES cells.
Effect of Short-Term Free Fatty Acids Elevation on Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle of Healthy Individuals
Authors: Chavez Alberto O. , Kamath Subhash , Jani Rucha , Sharma Lokendra K. , Monroy Adriana , Abdul-Ghani Muhammad A. , Centonze Victoria E. , Sathyanarayana Padma , Coletta Dawn K. , Jenkinson Cristopher P. , Bai Yidong , Folli Franco , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Tripathy Devjit 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Context: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed as an underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Objective: To determine whether mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in the free fatty acid (FFA)-induced impairment in insulin action in skeletal muscle of healthy subjects.
Design: Eleven lean normal glucose tolerant individuals received 8 h lipid and saline infusion on separate days with a euglycemic insulin clamp during the last 2 h. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed at baseline and after 6 h lipid or saline infusion. Inner mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) and mitochondrial mass were determined ex vivo by confocal microscopy.
Results: Compared with saline infusion, lipid infusion reduced whole-body glucose uptake by 22% (P &lt; 0.05). Ψm decreased by 33% (P &lt; 0.005) after lipid infusion and the decrement in Ψm correlated with change in plasma FFA after lipid infusion (r = 0.753; P &lt; 0.005). Mitochondrial content and morphology did not change after lipid infusion. No significant changes in genes expression, citrate synthase activity, and total ATP content were observed after either lipid or saline infusion.
Conclusions: Short-term physiological increase in plasma FFA concentration in lean normal glucose tolerant subjects induces insulin resistance and impairs mitochondrial membrane potential but has no significant effects on mitochondrial content, gene expression, ATP content, or citrate synthase activity.
Odanacatib, a cathepsin-K inhibitor for osteoporosis: A two-year study in postmenopausal women with low bone density
Authors: Bone Henry G , McClung Michael R , Roux Christian , Recker Robert R , Eisman John A , Verbruggen Nadia , Hustad Carolyn M , DaSilva Carolyn , Santora Arthur C , Ince B Avery 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Cathepsin K, a cysteine protease expressed in osteoclasts, degrades type 1 collagen. Odanacatib selectively and reversibly inhibited cathepsin K and rapidly decreased bone resorption in preclinical and phase I studies. A 1-year dose-finding trial with a 1-year extension on the same treatment assignment was performed in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD) to evaluate the safety and efficacy of weekly doses of placebo or 3, 10, 25, or 50 mg of odanacatib on BMD and biomarkers of skeletal remodeling. Women with BMD T-scores of −2.0 or less but not less than −3.5 at the lumbar spine or femoral sites were randomly assigned to receive placebo or one of four doses of odanacatib; all received vitamin D with calcium supplementation as needed. The primary endpoint was percentage change from baseline lumbar spine BMD. Other endpoints included percentage change in BMD at hip and forearm sites, as well as changes in biomarkers of skeletal remodeling. Twenty-four months of treatment produced progressive dose-related increases in BMD. With the 50-mg dose of odanacatib, lumbar spine and total-hip BMD increased 5.5% and 3.2%, respectively, whereas BMD at these sites was essentially unchanged with placebo (−0.2% and −0.9%). Biochemical markers of bone turnover exhibited dose-related changes. The safety and tolerability of odanacatib generally were similar to those of placebo, with no dose-related trends in any adverse experiences. In summary, 2 years of weekly odanacatib treatment was generally well-tolerated and increased lumbar spine and total-hip BMD in a dose-related manner in postmenopausal women with low BMD. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Strontium is incorporated into mineral crystals only in newly formed bone during strontium ranelate treatment
Authors: Li Chenghao , Paris Oskar , Siegel Stefan , Roschger Paul , Paschalis Eleftherios P , Klaushofer Klaus , Fratzl Peter 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Strontium ranelate has been shown to increase bone mass in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients and to reduce fracture risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential influence of strontium ranelate (Protelos) treatment on human bone tissue characteristics and quality at the micro- and nanostructural levels. We investigated transiliac biopsies from patients treated for 36 months with strontium ranelate or placebo (n = 5 per group) using synchrotron radiation with a microbeam combining scanning small-angle scattering, X-ray diffraction, and fluorescence spectroscopy (SAXS/XRD/XRF) for a detailed characterization of the mineral crystals within the collagenous bone matrix. A scanning procedure allowed the simultaneous determination of maps of the chemical composition together with thickness, length, and lattice spacing of these mineral crystals within each of the 15- or 25-µm-wide pixels in a thin bone section. The fluorescence results show that only bone packets or osteons formed during the strontium ranelate treatment contain significant amounts of strontium and that up to 0.5 of 10 calcium atoms in the mineral crystals are replaced by strontium, as revealed by a corresponding shift in apatite lattice spacing. The thickness and length of the plate-shaped bone mineral crystals were not affected by the strontium ranelate treatment. As a consequence, there was no indication for a change in human bone tissue quality at the nanoscale after a 36-month treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic women with strontium ranelate, except for a partial replacement of calcium by strontium ions in the hydroxyapatite crystals, only in newly formed bone. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Cbp recruitment of Csk into lipid rafts is critical to c-Src kinase activity and bone resorption in osteoclasts
Authors: Matsubara Takuma , Ikeda Fumiyo , Hata Kenji , Nakanishi Masako , Okada Masato , Yasuda Hisataka , Nishimura Riko , Yoneda Toshiyuki 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A tyrosine kinase, c-Src, that plays an indispensable role in ruffled border formation and bone resorption is constitutively active in osteoclasts. However, to date, the molecular mechanism underlying increased c-Src activity in osteoclasts is unknown. To address this, we first examined the expression levels and subcellular localization of Csk, a negative regulatory kinase for c-Src. We found that the expression level of Csk in osteoclasts was comparable with that of other tissues. However, in osteoclasts, Csk was hardly localized in lipid rafts, where c-Src is highly expressed. Interestingly, expression of Cbp, which recruits Csk into lipid rafts through physical interaction with Csk, was very low in osteoclasts compared with other tissues. To understand the importance of Cbp in osteoclasts, we introduced Cbp into osteoclasts using an adenovirus gene delivery system. Introduction of Cbp stimulated recruitment of Csk into lipid rafts and suppressed c-Src activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, introduction of Cbp markedly inhibited formation of actin rings and bone-resorbing activity in osteoclasts. In addition, treatment with RANKL and overexpression of TRAF6 or NFAT2 inhibited Cbp expression in the osteoclastogenic cell line RAW264.7 along with osteoclastic differentiation. NFAT2 overexpression also inhibited Cbp expression in spleen macrophages. Collectively, our results indicate that reduction in Cbp expression is responsible for maintaining high c-Src activity in osteoclasts. These findings contribute to an understanding of the unique regulatory system for c-Src in osteoclasts. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Assessment of Energy Rating of Polyurethane Spray Foam Walls: Procedure and Interim Results
Authors: Maref W. , Elmahdy H. , Swinton M. C. , Tariku F. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The application of polyurethane spray foam (SPF) insulation in buildings provides a durable and efficient thermal barrier. The industry is also promoting the SPF as an effective air barrier system in addition to its thermal insulation characteristics. In an effort to address these issues, a consortium of SPF manufacturers and contractors, jointly with the National Research Council of Canada’s Institute for Research in Construction conducted an extensive research project to assess the thermal and air leakage characteristics of SPF walls as well as conventional wall assemblies. The objective is to develop analytical and experimental procedures to determine a wall energy rating (WER) that captures both the thermal and airleakage performance of a wall assembly. The experimental part included two streams of testing: (1) To determine the wall air leakage rate at different conditions and (2) their thermal resistance, R-value, at different temperature differences. An analytical procedure was also developed to calculate WER by combining the heat loss due to thermal transmission and that due to air leakage with the aim of arriving at WER. Six conventional full-scale wood frame wall assemblies were built, two with glass fiber batts and of four with medium density SPF. Some walls were constructed without penetrations and others were built with penetrations. The testing regime included: (i) Initial testing of air leakage and thermal resistance; (ii) conditioning in the dynamic wall test facility according to an established routine; and (iii) retesting for air leakage and thermal resistance. This paper presents the results of six walls included in this project. The focus of this paper will be on presenting a brief summary of the project objective, testing protocol, and the theoretical approach to determine the WER number for the six walls.
Fiber Sweeps for Hole Cleaning
Authors: Ahmed R. M. , Takach N. E. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Cuttings transport in highly deviated wellbores is more challenging and critical than in vertical wells. In inclined wells, the fluid velocity has a reduced vertical component that may not be sufficient to transport all the cuttings to the surface. When cuttings returns do not appear to be sufficient for the drilling rate, hole-cleaning sweeps are applied to clean the borehole or reduce cuttings-bed thickness. Fiber-containing sweeps have been very effective in cleaning highly deviated and extended-reach wells. In addition, substantial torque and drag reduction has been reported when fiber-containing drilling fluids are used in the field. Although field observations are encouraging, very little is known currently about flow behavior, hydraulics, and cuttings-transport efficiency of fiber sweeps.
There is a great need for understanding how fiber particles enhance the cleaning capabilities of fiber-containing sweeps. The interaction between fiber particles and drilling fluid is still not understood fully, although the improvement in cuttings and solids transport is attributed to the formation of a fiber mat network that enhances the carrying capacity of drilling fluids.
This article presents results of experimental investigations conducted to study hole-cleaning performance of a fiber sweep. Flow-loop experiments have been carried out to evaluate and compare sweep efficiencies of the fiber sweep [0.47% Xanthan gum (XG) and 0.04% synthetic fiber] and the base fluid (0.47% XG). Equilibrium bed heights were measured at different sweep flow rates in horizontal and inclined configurations. Results from this study indicate that a fiber-containing sweep has better hole-cleaning capabilities than the base fluid, even though these two sweep fluids have very similar rheological properties. Moreover, adding fiber slightly reduces annular pressure loss at the same average bed height.
Propellant-Assisted Perforating—An Alternative Stimulation Solution in Heavily Karstified Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Robinson Fergus , Folse Kent C. , Brinsden Mark S. , Wong Dominic 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Two gas fields offshore Sarawak, Malaysia, are characterized by heavily karstified carbonate reservoirs. These reservoirs are typified by significant porosity and permeability heterogeneities such that large fluid-loss zones are commonly encountered while drilling the reservoir section. The drilling strategy for the subsea development wells called for the use of a solid drill-in liner as a contingency should major losses be encountered while drilling the reservoir section. This strategy stands opposed to using a predrilled liner. The use of a drill-in liner, however, necessitates perforating.
Typically, completions in such reservoirs are acid stimulated to maximize productivity. Complete stimulation of the reservoir section is very difficult to achieve using acid-diversion techniques in a karstic environment because of the large variability in the permeability. Propellant-assisted perforating was considered because it achieves effective stimulation diversion, equally across the entire perforated interval. Modeling work indicated that fracture lengths of 5 ft or longer would propagate from each perforation tunnel. Such large propagation lengths greatly increased the probability of connecting the completion directly to karstic features in the reservoir, to provide enhanced inflow performance. Another significant benefit was that perforation and stimulation would take place in a single operation, thereby reducing the health, safety, and environment (HSE) risk associated with handling acid, while saving rig time.
Two successful field trials, totaling three wells, will be presented in detail to illustrate this application for propellant-assisted perforating. The data presented include prejob planning, execution, and post-job inflow-performance analysis. The result was three world-class, low-drawdown wells, each capable of delivering 200 MMscf/ D, providing well capacity that met or exceeded expectations.
Applying the propellant-assisted perforating technique in three subsea wells in heavily karstified carbonate reservoirs has proved that this technique can offer a highly effective stimulation method across the entire perforated interval in such an environment. Additionally, its usage eliminates the need for conventional, separate acid stimulation, saving rig time and costs while reducing HSE risks.
Cleavage of Protein Kinase D After Acute Hypoinsulinemia Prevents Excessive Lipoprotein Lipase–Mediated Cardiac Triglyceride Accumulation
Authors: Kim Min Suk , Wang Fang , Puthanveetil Prasanth , Kewalramani Girish , Innis Sheila , Marzban Lucy , Steinberg Susan F. , Webber Travis D. , Kieffer Timothy J. , Abrahani Ashraf , Rodrigues Brian 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
During hypoinsulinemia, when cardiac glucose utilization is impaired, the heart rapidly adapts to using more fatty acids. One means by which this is achieved is through lipoprotein lipase (LPL). We determined the mechanisms by which the heart regulates LPL after acute hypoinsulinemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used two different doses of streptozocin (55 [d-55] and 100 [d-100] mg/kg) to induce moderate and severe hypoinsulinemia, respectively, in rats. Isolated cardiomyocytes were also used for transfection or silencing of protein kinase D (PKD) and caspase-3.

RESULTS
There was substantial increase in LPL in d-55 hearts, an effect that was absent in severely hypoinsulinemic d-100 animals. Measurement of PKD, a key element involved in increasing LPL, revealed that only d-100 hearts showed an increase in proteolysis of PKD, an effect that required activation of caspase-3 together with loss of 14-3-3ζ, a binding protein that protects enzymes against degradation. In vitro, phosphomimetic PKD colocalized with LPL in the trans-golgi. PKD, when mutated to prevent its cleavage by caspase-3 and silencing of caspase-3, was able to increase LPL activity. Using a caspase inhibitor (Z-DEVD) in d-100 animals, we effectively lowered caspase-3 activity, prevented PKD cleavage, and increased LPL vesicle formation and translocation to the vascular lumen. This increase in cardiac luminal LPL was associated with a striking accumulation of cardiac triglyceride in Z-DEVD–treated d-100 rats.

CONCLUSIONS
After severe hypoinsulinemia, activation of caspase-3 can restrict LPL translocation to the vascular lumen. When caspase-3 is inhibited, this compensatory response is lost, leading to lipid accumulation in the heart.
Feedback Nash equilibria in optimal taxation problems
Authors: Krastanov Mikhail , Rozenov Rossen 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A well-known result in public economics is that capital income should not be taxed in the long run. This result has been derived using necessary optimality conditions for an appropriate dynamic Stackelberg game. In this paper we consider three models of dynamic taxation in continuous time and suggest a method for calculating their feedback Nash equilibria based on a sufficient condition for optimality. We show that the optimal tax on capital income is generally different from zero.
A Hilbert cube compactification of the function space with the compact-open topology
Authors: Kogasaka Atsushi , Sakai Katsuro 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Let X be an infinite, locally connected, locally compact separable metrizable space. The space C(X) of real-valued continuous functions defined on X with the compact-open topology is a separable Fréchet space, so it is homeomorphic to the psuedo-interior s = (−1, 1)ℕ of the Hilbert cube Q = [−1, 1]ℕ. In this paper, generalizing the Sakai-Uehara’s result to the non-compact case, we construct a natural compactification $$
\bar C
$$(X) of C(X) such that the pair ($$
\bar C
$$(X), C(X)) is homeomorphic to (Q, s). In case X has no isolated points, this compactification $$
\bar C
$$(X) coincides with the space USCCF(X,) of all upper semi-continuous set-valued functions φ: X → = [−∞, ∞] such that each φ(x) is a closed interval, where the topology for USCCF(X, ) is inherited from the Fell hyperspace Cld*F(X × ) of all closed sets in X × .
Finiteness theorems for algebraic cycles of small codimension on quadric fibrations over curves
Authors: González-Avilés Cristian 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We obtain finiteness theorems for algebraic cycles of small codimension on quadric fibrations over curves over perfect fields. For example, if k is finitely generated over ℚ and X → C is a quadric fibration of odd relative dimension at least 11, then CH
i(X) is finitely generated for i ≤ 4.
On order structure and operators in L
∞(μ)
Authors: Krasikova Irina , Martín Miguel , Merí Javier , Mykhaylyuk Vladimir , Popov Mikhail 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
It is known that there is a continuous linear functional on L
∞ which is not narrow. On the other hand, every order-to-norm continuous AM-compact operator from L
∞(μ) to a Banach space is narrow. We study order-to-norm continuous operators acting from L
∞(μ) with a finite atomless measure μ to a Banach space. One of our main results asserts that every order-to-norm continuous operator from L
∞(μ) to c
0(Γ) is narrow while not every such an operator is AM-compact.