bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison between the Pathfinder Versions 5.0 and 4.1 Sea Surface Temperature Datasets: A Case Study for High Resolution
Authors: Vázquez-Cuervo Jorge , Armstrong Edward M. , Casey Kenneth S. , Evans Robert , Kilpatrick Katherine 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Two Pathfinder sea surface temperature (SST) datasets—version 5.0 (V50) and version 4.1 (V41)—were compared in two test areas: 1) the Gulf Stream (GS) between 35° and 43°N, 75° and 60°W and 2) the California coast (CC) between 30° and 45°N, 130° and 120°W. Using a nearest-neighbor approach, V50 data were regridded to the lower resolution V41 9-km data. The V50 and V41 versions were also independently compared with data from the World Ocean Database (WOD). Climatological monthly rms differences between V50 and V41 were calculated as well as seasonal differences between V50, V41, and the WOD.
Maximum rms differences of 0.8°C between the V50 and V41 were seen in June for the GS. In the CC maximum differences of 0.4°C were seen in July. Significant seasonal trends were evident in rms differences between V41 and the WOD, with a maximum of 1.5°C occurring in the GS in June and in the CC in July. No seasonal peaks occurred in the rms differences between V50 and the WOD. SST gradients were calculated using both V50 and V41 datasets. Maximum climatological SST gradients were seen in the June time frame for the GS and July for the CC, consistent with the largest rms differences compared to the WOD. Results indicate the importance of projects such as the Group for High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) and the creation of high-resolution SST datasets for resolving air–sea interactions, specifically in areas of strong SST gradients.
The Vertical Structure of Eddy Heat Transport Simulated by an Eddy-Resolving OGCM
Authors: Yim Bo Young , Noh Yign , Qiu Bo , You Sung Hyup , Yoon Jong Hwan 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The vertical structure of meridional eddy heat transport (EHT) of the North Pacific was investigated by analyzing the results from an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model (OGCM) with a horizontal resolution of , while comparing with previous simulation results and observation data. In particular, the spatial and temporal variation of the effective depth of EHT He was investigated, which is defined by the depth integrated EHT (D-EHT) divided by EHT at the surface. It was found that the annual mean value of He is proportional to the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) level at the surface in general. However, its seasonal variation is controlled by the mixed layer depth (MLD) in the extratropical ocean (&gt;20°N). Examination of the simulated eddy structures reveals that the temperature associated with mesoscale eddies is radically modified by the surface forcing in the mixed layer, while the velocity field is not, and the consequent enhanced misalignment of temperature and velocity anomalies leads to the radical change of EHT across the seasonal thermocline.
Revisiting the 3–4 April 1974 Super Outbreak of Tornadoes
Authors: Corfidi Stephen F. , Weiss Steven J. , Kain John S. , Corfidi Sarah J. , Rabin Robert M. , Levit Jason J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Super Outbreak of tornadoes over the central and eastern United States on 3–4 April 1974 remains the most outstanding severe convective weather episode on record in the continental United States. The outbreak far surpassed previous and succeeding events in severity, longevity, and extent. In this paper, surface, upper-air, radar, and satellite data are used to provide an updated synoptic and subsynoptic overview of the event. Emphasis is placed on identifying the major factors that contributed to the development of the three main convective bands associated with the outbreak, and on identifying the conditions that may have contributed to the outstanding number of intense and long-lasting tornadoes. Selected output from a 29-km, 50-layer version of the Eta forecast model, a version similar to that available operationally in the mid-1990s, also is presented to help depict the evolution of thermodynamic stability during the event.
Snow-to-Liquid Ratio Variability and Prediction at a High-Elevation Site in Utah’s Wasatch Mountains
Authors: Alcott Trevor I. , Steenburgh W. James 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Contemporary snowfall forecasting is a three-step process involving a quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF), determination of precipitation type, and application of a snow-to-liquid ratio (SLR). The final step is often performed using climatology or algorithms based primarily on temperature. Based on a record of consistent and professional daily snowfall measurements, this study 1) presents general characteristics of SLR at Alta, Utah, a high-elevation site in interior North America with frequent winter storms; 2) diagnoses relationships between SLR and atmospheric conditions using reanalysis data; and 3) develops a statistical method for predicting SLR at the study location.
The mean SLR at Alta is similar to that observed at lower elevations in the surrounding region, with substantial variability throughout the winter season. Using data from the North American Regional Reanalysis, temperature, wind speed, and midlevel relative humidity are shown to be related to SLR, with the strongest correlation occurring between SLR and near-crest-level (650 hPa) temperature. A stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) equation is constructed that explains 68% of the SLR variance for all events, and 88% for a high snow-water equivalent (&gt;25 mm) subset. To test predictive ability, the straightforward SMLR approach is applied to archived 12–36-h forecasts from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Eta/North American Mesoscale (Eta/NAM) model, yielding an improvement over existing operational SLR prediction techniques. Errors in QPF over complex terrain, however, ultimately limit skill in forecasting snowfall amount.
Thermal behaviour model identification for an office space using BMS data
Authors: Mustafaraj G. , Chen J. , Lowry G. 
Published: October 2009

In this study, linear Box—Jenkins, output-error and non-linear neural network autoregressive NARX models are investigated to predict the thermal behaviour of an office positioned in a modern commercial building. External and internal climate data recorded over a summer season were used to build and validate models. The paper exploits the potential of using linear and non-linear models to predict room temperature at different time scale ahead (5 min or 4 h ahead). The prediction performance is evaluated using the criteria of goodness of fit, errors and mean-squared error between predicted model output and real measurements. The results demonstrate that all models provide reasonably good predictions but non-linear models outperform linear models. Practical application: Prediction of room temperature by black-box linear and non-linear models obtained can be utilised in the building temperature control strategy. When there is any change in the building thermal behaviour (e.g. more equipments added or office equipment re-arranged), the performance of traditional non-adaptive building temperature proportional—integral (PI) or proportional—integral—derivative (PID) controls will deteriorate. The models based on immediate past records and actual behaviour can be adapted to any changed. The PI and PID controller with such models integrated are adaptable to any changes and hence maintain performance. The modelling techniques studied in here are not restricted to office building temperature prediction and control problems; they can be extended to other types of buildings such as hospitals, supermarkets, airports and schools.
An urban drought-prevention model using raft foundation and urban reservoir
Authors: Cheng CL , Liu YC , Ting CW 
Published: October 2009

The main purpose of this research is to develop a practical operation model for water conservation, in responding to the challenges of climate change, to propose a solution for urban drought period. This paper presents an urban drought-prevention model with allocation to prevent-drought using abundant idle raft foundation of existing buildings and the information of urban reservoir implemented by linear programming. The proposed model is developed to provide substantial demand for residential water utilisation during a period of urban drought. This operation model is of adaptable system underpinned by sustainable water management principles. The simulation and validation assumed that the water used is the rainwater and just to flush the toilets. According to the results of this research, the proposed model has been proven to be practicable and feasible for urban drought-prevention solution. Practical implications: This research illustrates the important contribution of abundant idle capacity in existing building raft foundations. This paper also shows the sustainable water management technologies and the solution for the designer, which has the opportunity to implement and adapt to the best benefit for water conservation and sustainability.
A role for thrombin in the initiation of the immune response to therapeutic factor VIII
Authors: Skupsky Jonathan , Zhang Ai-Hong , Su Yan , Scott David W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAdministration of human factor VIII (FVIII) to FVIII knockout hemophilia mice is a useful small animal model to study the physiologic response in patients iatrogenically immunized to this therapeutic protein. These mice manifest a robust, T cell–dependent, antibody response to exogenous FVIII treatment, even when encountered through traditionally tolerogenic routes. Thus, FVIII given via these routes elicits both T- and B-cell responses, whereas a control, foreign protein, such as ovalbumin (OVA), is poorly immunogenic. When FVIII is heat inactivated, it loses function and much of its immunogenicity. This suggests that FVIII's immunogenicity is principally tied to its function and not its structure. If mice are treated with the anticoagulant warfarin, which depletes other coagulation factors including thrombin, there is a reduced immune response to FVIII. Furthermore, when mice are treated with the direct thrombin inhibitor, hirudin, the T-cell responses and the serum anti-FVIII antibody concentrations are again significantly reduced. Notably, when FVIII is mixed with OVA, it acts to increase the immune response to OVA. Finally, administration of thrombin with OVA is sufficient to induce immune responses to OVA. Overall, these data support the hypothesis that formation of thrombin through the procoagulant activity of FVIII is necessary to induce costimulation for the immune response to FVIII treatment.
In vivo delivery of a microRNA-regulated transgene induces antigen-specific regulatory T cells and promotes immunologic tolerance
Authors: Annoni Andrea , Brown Brian D. , Cantore Alessio , Sergi Lucia Sergi , Naldini Luigi , Roncarolo Maria-Grazia 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe previously showed that incorporating target sequences for the hematopoietic-specific microRNA miR-142 into an antigen-encoding transgene prevents antigen expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). To determine whether this approach induces immunologic tolerance, we treated mice with a miR-142–regulated lentiviral vector encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), and subsequently vaccinated the mice against GFP. In contrast to control mice, no anti-GFP response was observed, indicating that robust tolerance to the transgene-encoded antigen was achieved. Furthermore, injection of the miR-142–regulated vector induced a population of GFP-specific regulatory T cells. Interestingly, an anti-GFP response was observed when microRNA miR-122a was inserted into the vector and antigen expression was detargeted from hepatocytes as well as APCs. This demonstrates that, in the context of lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer, detargeting antigen expression from professional APCs, coupled with expression in hepatocytes, can induce antigen-specific immunologic tolerance.
Contributions of extravascular and intravascular cells to fibrin network formation, structure, and stability
Authors: Campbell Robert A. , Overmyer Katherine A. , Selzman Craig H. , Sheridan Brett C. , Wolberg Alisa S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Fibrin is essential for hemostasis; however, abnormal fibrin formation is hypothesized to increase thrombotic risk. We previously showed that in situ thrombin generation on a cell's surface modulates the 3-dimensional structure and stability of the fibrin network. Currently, we compared the abilities of extravascular and intravascular cells to support fibrin formation, structure, and stability. Extravascular cells (fibroblasts, smooth muscle) supported formation of dense fibrin networks that resisted fibrinolysis, whereas unstimulated intravascular (endothelial) cells produced coarse networks that were susceptible to fibrinolysis. All 3 cell types produced a fibrin structural gradient, with a denser network near, versus distal to, the cell surface. Although fibrin structure depended on cellular procoagulant activity, it did not reflect interactions between integrins and fibrin. These findings contrasted with those on platelets, which influenced fibrin structure via interactions between β3 integrins and fibrin. Inflammatory cytokines that induced prothrombotic activity on endothelial cells caused the production of abnormally dense fibrin networks that resisted fibrinolysis. Blocking tissue factor activity significantly reduced the density and stability of fibrin networks produced by cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells. Together, these findings indicate fibrin structure and stability reflect the procoagulant phenotype of the endogenous cells, and suggest abnormal fibrin structure is a novel link between inflammation and thrombosis.
Endocrinological derangements in COPD
Authors: Laghi F. , Adiguzel N. , Tobin M. J. 
Published: October 2009

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is no longer considered to affect only the lungs and airways but also the rest of the body. The systemic manifestations of COPD include a number of endocrine disorders, such as those involving the pituitary, the thyroid, the gonads, the adrenals and the pancreas.The mechanisms by which COPD alters endocrine function are incompletely understood but likely involve hypoxaemia, hypercapnia, systemic inflammation and glucocorticoid administration. Altered endocrine function can worsen the clinical manifestations of COPD through several mechanisms, including decreased protein anabolism, increased protein catabolism, nonenzymatic glycosylation and activation of the rennin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.Systemic effects of endocrine disorders include abnormalities in control of breathing, decreases in respiratory and limb-muscle mass and function, worsening of respiratory mechanics, impairment of cardiac function and disorders of fluid balance.Research on endocrine manifestations of COPD embraces techniques of molecular biology, integrative physiology and controlled clinical trials. A sound understanding of the various disorders of endocrine function associated with COPD is prudent for every physician who practices pulmonary medicine.
Simvastatin and sildenafil combine to attenuate pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Zhao L. , Sebkhi A. , Ali O. , Wojciak-Stothard B. , Mamanova L. , Yang Q. , Wharton J. , Wilkins M. R. 
Published: October 2009

Statins have been proposed to be a potential treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension. If introduced into clinical practice, the statin would have to be used in conjunction with established therapy. We investigated the effects of combining simvastatin with a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, sildenafil, in the rat model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.Rats were allocated to either: 1) a prevention protocol, to receive simvastatin 20 mg·kg−1·day−1by intraperitoneal injection or sildenafil 75 mg·kg−1·day−1orally or the combination (or vehicle) for 2 weeks beginning at the start of exposure to hypoxia (10% inspired oxygen); or 2) a treatment protocol, where the same agents were administered in the last 2 weeks of a 4-week period of hypoxia.In both protocols, the combination of sildenafil and simvastatin lowered pulmonary artery pressure and produced a significantly greater reduction in right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular muscularisation than either drug alone. Moreover, the combination augmented significantly endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and cGMP levels in the lung and right ventricle above that produced by either drug independently and resulted in greater inhibition of RhoA activity.These data suggest that simvastatin can be usefully combined with sildenafil in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension to achieve greater therapeutic benefit.
Risk of mortality associated with formoterol: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wijesinghe M. , Weatherall M. , Perrin K. , Harwood M. , Beasley R. 
Published: October 2009

There is concern long-acting β-agonist (LABA) drugs may increase the risk of asthma mortality.We undertook a systematic review which included the AstraZeneca Formoterol Clinical Trial Safety Database and Novartis Food and Drug Aministration Formoterol Briefing Document. Randomised controlled clinical trials of duration ≥4 weeks that compared formoterol with a non-LABA comparator treatment in asthma were included in a meta-analysis of the risk of all-cause mortality and asthma death. Simple contingency tables, Peto's one-step method and a Bayesian analysis were used.There were 42 deaths (nine from asthma) recorded in 62 studies with 49,327 subjects. The simple contingency table odds ratio for risk of all-cause mortality with formoterol was 1.1 (95% CI 0.6–2.2) and for asthma death was 2.7 (95% CI 0.5–26.7). Analyses by the other methods using both “as randomised” and “as exposed” classifications of treatment gave similar risk estimates with wide confidence and credible intervals.We conclude that there was insufficient power to determine whether formoterol increases the risk of mortality. However, the point estimates of a 2.0- to 3.2-fold increased risk of asthma death are not reassuring and add weight to evidence that LABA use in certain circumstances may increase the risk of asthma mortality.
OGO: an ontological approach for integrating knowledge about orthology
Authors: Miñarro-Gimenez Jose Antonio , Madrid Marisa , Fernandez-Breis Jesualdo Tomas 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
There exist several information resources about orthology of genes and proteins, and there are also systems for querying those resources in an integrated way. However, caveats with current approaches include lack of integration, since results are shown sequentially by resource, meaning that there is redundant information and the users are required to combine the results obtained manually.

Results
In this paper we have applied the Ontological Gene Orthology approach, which makes use of a domain ontology to integrate the information output from selected orthology resources. The integrated information is stored in a knowledge base, which can be queried through semantic languages. A friendly user interface has been developed to facilitate the search; consequently, users do not need to have knowledge on ontologies or ontological languages to obtain the relevant information.

Conclusion
The development and application of our approach allows users to retrieve integrated results when querying orthology information, providing a gene product-oriented output instead of a traditional information resource-oriented one. Besides this benefit for users, it also allows a better exploitation and management of orthology information and knowledge.
KA-SB: from data integration to large scale reasoning
Authors: Roldán-García María del Mar , Navas-Delgado Ismael , Kerzazi Amine , Chniber Othmane , Molina-Castro Joaquín , Aldana-Montes José F 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
The analysis of information in the biological domain is usually focused on the analysis of data from single on-line data sources. Unfortunately, studying a biological process requires having access to disperse, heterogeneous, autonomous data sources. In this context, an analysis of the information is not possible without the integration of such data.

Methods
KA-SB is a querying and analysis system for final users based on combining a data integration solution with a reasoner. Thus, the tool has been created with a process divided into two steps: 1) KOMF, the Khaos Ontology-based Mediator Framework, is used to retrieve information from heterogeneous and distributed databases; 2) the integrated information is crystallized in a (persistent and high performance) reasoner (DBOWL). This information could be further analyzed later (by means of querying and reasoning).

Results
In this paper we present a novel system that combines the use of a mediation system with the reasoning capabilities of a large scale reasoner to provide a way of finding new knowledge and of analyzing the integrated information from different databases, which is retrieved as a set of ontology instances. This tool uses a graphical query interface to build user queries easily, which shows a graphical representation of the ontology and allows users o build queries by clicking on the ontology concepts.

Conclusion
These kinds of systems (based on KOMF) will provide users with very large amounts of information (interpreted as ontology instances once retrieved), which cannot be managed using traditional main memory-based reasoners. We propose a process for creating persistent and scalable knowledgebases from sets of OWL instances obtained by integrating heterogeneous data sources with KOMF. This process has been applied to develop a demo tool http://khaos.uma.es/KA-SB, which uses the BioPax Level 3 ontology as the integration schema, and integrates UNIPROT, KEGG, CHEBI, BRENDA and SABIORK databases.
Effects of a fibre-enriched milk drink on insulin and glucose levels in healthy subjects
Authors: Lummela Netta , Kekkonen Riina A , Jauhiainen Tiina , Pilvi Taru K , Tuure Tuula , Järvenpää Salme , Eriksson Johan G , Korpela Riitta 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
The glycaemic response to foods is dependent on the quality and content of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates in the form of dietary fibre have favourable effects on insulin and glucose metabolism and may help to control energy intake. Dairy products have a relatively low carbohydrate content, and most of the carbohydrate is in the form of lactose which causes gastrointestinal symptoms in part of the population. In order to avoid these symptoms, dairy products can be replaced with lactose-free dairy products which are on the market in many parts of the world. However, the effects of lactose-free products on insulin and glucose metabolism have not been studied.

Methods
In the present study, we investigated the effects of 1) a lactose-free milk drink, 2) a novel fibre-enriched, fat- and lactose-free milk drink and 3) normal fat-free milk on serum glucose and insulin levels and satiety using a randomized block design. Following an overnight fast, 26 healthy volunteers ingested 200 ml of one of these drinks on three non-consecutive days. Insulin and glucose levels and subjective satiety ratings were measured before the ingestion of the milk product and 20, 40, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after ingestion. The responses were calculated as the area under the curve subtracted by the baseline value (AUC minus baseline).

Results
The insulin response was significantly lower for the fibre-enriched milk drink than it was for the other milk products (AUC, P = 0.007). There were no differences in the response for glucose or in the AUC for the subjective satiety ratings between the studied milk products.

Conclusion
The present results suggest that this novel milk drink could have positive effects on insulin response.