bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Hybrid Seed on Competitiveness of Mexican Maize Production
Authors: MacMillan J.A. , Aquino P. , Islas J. , Virgen J. 
Published: July 2010

The market penetration of hybrid maize in Mexico is low (14 percent). A regional potential for 3 million ha of hybrid maize is assessed by environmental regional data, soil depth and an index of precipitation to evaporation. Substituting available hybrids for non‐hybrid maize seed is expected to generate substantial increases in agricultural productivity and competitiveness of maize production. Regional priorities as well as government and company programs are assessed.La pénétration du marché du maïs hybride au Mexique est limiteé (14 pour cent). Un potentiel régional pour 3 millions de hectares de maïs hybride est évaluéà partir des données régionales environnementales, profondeur de sol et un incrément de précipitation à I'évaporation. La substitution des hybrides disponibles à la graine de maïs non‐hybride est prévue pour produire des augmentations substantielles dans la productivité et dans la compétitivité agricole de la production de maïs. Les riorités régionales aussi bien que des programmes gouvernementaux et de la compagnie sont évaluées.
Development, Productivity, and Sustaining Natural Capital
Authors: Veeman Terrence S. 
Published: July 2010

The elimination of hunger, the reduction of poverty, and the wiser management of natural capital remain as critical, but elusive, objectives of society worldwide. In this Address, the issues of development, productivity, and the use of natural capital are explored and important linkages among these three areas are drawn. A special challenge is the identification of the conditions under which the productive base of a nation or region would increase on a sustainable basis, enhancing well‐being of its citizens over time. Policy reforms are identified, which would help to ensure that development is more sustainable, that productivity growth is adequate and appropriate, and that natural capital, particularly its critical components, is managed more wisely. L'élimination de la faim, la réduction de la pauvreté et la gestion judicieuse du capital naturel demeurent, pour les sociétés de partout dans le monde, des objectifs extrêmement importants, mais difficiles à atteindre. Le présent exposé analyse les questions liées au développement, à la productivité et à l'utilisation du capital naturel, et établit d'importants liens entre ces trois domaines. La détermination des conditions qui contribueraient à augmenter de façon viable la base productive d'une nation ou d'une région, et ainsi accroître le bien‐être de tous ses citoyens au fil du temps, pose un défi de taille. Les réformes politiques qui aideraient à assurer un développement durable, une croissance de la productivité adéquate et appropriée ainsi qu'une gestion judicieuse du capital naturel, particulièrement des éléments essentiels, sont mises en lumière.
STUDY ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF SALVIA LERIIFOLIA (NOWROOZAK) LEAF EXTRACT POWDER ON THE GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN HAMBURGER
Authors: MAHDAVIAN MEHR HADI , HOSSEINI ZOHREH , HADDAD KHODAPARAST MOHAMMAD HOSSEIN , EDALATIAN MOHAMMAD REZA 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT In this research, antimicrobial activity of Salvia leriifolia leaf extract was investigated on Staphylococcus aureus growth with different concentrations (5,000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 mg/L) in hamburger. Purified S. aureus was inoculated to hamburger and then stored at−12C. Samples were subjected to microbiological analyses (total viable count and numbers of S. aureus) at different time intervals (15, 30 and 45 days). Results showed that total viable count and the number of S. aureus in all samples with different concentrations of extract declined during storage. This effect was significant at day 15 and 30 for S. aureus and total viable count, respectively. The highest concentration of S. leriifolia extract caused maximum reduction in S. aureus population and total viable count. These data indicated that S. leriifolia extract can exhibit antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, so it can be considered as an alternative natural preservative in such food products.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAs Salvia leriifolia has natural antimicrobial properties and is growing in many regions in Iran increasingly, thus, the extract of some parts of this plant is applicable in food products. On the other hand, the importance of Staphylococcus aureus in meat products as hamburger has been proven previously due to manual handling or post‐processing contamination. With regard to the above mentioned, usage of S. leriifolia is considered essential in meat products as a natural antimicrobial agent to prevent food poisoning and spoilage. Perhaps, S. leriifolia extract has a strong antimicrobial influence against many known pathogens in food products, but it needs to be performed in researches about the effect of this extract on sensory properties and total acceptance in near future.
DETECTION AND SURVIVAL OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA IN GOAT CHEESE PRODUCED IN SAN LUIS, ARGENTINA
Authors: LAZARTE OTERO VALERIA , LUCERO ESTRADA CECILIA , FAVIER GABRIELA ISABEL , VELÁZQUEZ LIDIA , ESCUDERO MARÍA ESTHER , STEFANINI DE GUZMÁN ANA MARÍA 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT Detection limits and the survival of Yersinia enterocolitica in goat cheese were determined by culture and by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty goat cheese samples inoculated with 104 to 101 cfu/g Y. enterocolitica O:9 or O:3 strains were enriched for 0, 3 and 18h in trypticase soy broth (TSB), modified Rappaport broth and a formulated in our laboratory broth (FLB). The lowest detection limits were 1 × 103 cfu/g by culture on Mac Conkey agar after 3 h TSB and FLB enrichments, and 1 × 102 cfu/g by nested PCR at 3 h from all enrichment broths. Y. enterocolitica survival was studied in 20 goat cheese samples contaminated at levels of 1 × 106 cfu/g and stored at 4° and 22C for 120 days. Y. enterocolitica was detected during 7 and 30 days at 22C and 4C, respectively. Total and fecal coliforms were recovered from microflora of goat cheese, but indigenous Y. enterocolitica was not detected.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn San Luis, Argentina, Yersinia enterocolitica strains have been isolated from several foods, samples of animal origin and stool specimens from symptomatic patients. This is the first survey of this microorganism in goat cheese manufactured in our region. The performance of two detection methods, culture and nested polymerase chain reaction, was evaluated in the assessment of the detection limits and the survival of this pathogen in goat cheese. Results might contribute to the knowledge of the behavior of Y. enterocolitica in this food and reinforce the increasing concern about the microbiological quality of this dairy product. Survival of Y. enterocolitica in goat cheese represents a hazard for the consumer health.
Churchill Reappraised
Authors: GREEN E.H.H. 
Published: July 2010

Churchill on the Home Front, 1900–55. By Paul Addison. Churchill: The End of Glory. By John Charmley. Churchill: Strategy and History. By Tuvia Ben‐Moshe. Churchill: A Major New Assessment of His bye in Peace and War. Edited by Robert Blake and W. R. Louis. Churchill. By Keith Robbins. (Profiles in Power.)
Sir John Coxe Hippisley: That ‘Busy Man’ in the Cause of Catholic Emancipation
Authors: SOMMERS SUSAN MITCHELL 
Published: July 2010

The late 18th and early 19th centuries represent a critical time for the emergence of modernity in western political life. Of particular interest is the confluence at that time of increased religious toleration with political reform. Research for an earlier study, Parliamentary Politics of a County and its Town: General Elections in Suffolk and Ipswich in the Eighteenth Century (Westport, 2002), led to an examination of Sir John Coxe Hippisley, MP (1747–1825). In many ways, his political career is an exemplar of the broader conflicts of contemporary English political life writ small.Set between 1790 and 1818, Hippisley's parliamentary career is fascinating, for while he was an active and precocious supporter of catholic emancipation, he represented Sudbury in Suffolk, a borough with a high proportion of protestant dissenters. His constituents found Hippisley's enthusiasm for catholic emancipation repugnant, but not so much so that they could not be convinced to continue to vote for him if the price was right. Consequently a constant and expensive wooing of his constituents marked his parliamentary career.On a national level, Hippisley's constant and public pursuit of catholic emancipation, coupled with his equally avid quest for preferment, led to a series of quixotic contradictions in his political behaviour. Hippisley and his political adventures thus represent a crucial development stage in the movement for religious freedom in England and the west, as well as providing an illuminating case study on the dynamics of local politics in the time leading up to the first great age of reform.
The Peerage and the Revolution of 1688
Authors: HOSFORD DAVID 
Published: July 2010

Four points support the thesis that the English nobility played a critical role in the revolution. First, the later 17th‐century aristocracy was energetic, wealthy, and connected in ways facilitating political action within, and subsequently outside, the parliamentary arena. Second, it was a class conscious of status and privilege which many policies of James II bumped up against inadvertently, but often with negative consequence. Third, most peers were observant protestants in an age when religious belief, or at least the externals of practice, still mattered greatly. Fourth, habits of deference and traditional spheres of influence at the local level remained surprisingly intact despite intensive royal effort to reshape the lieutenancies, commissions of the peace, and municipal and other corporate bodies.Resistance to repeal of the Test Acts was the issue around which a leadership group emerged in the aristocracy. Initially it focused on a parliamentary solution in which an absolute majority in the house of lords could be counted on to stand firm no matter how the Commons might vote. In the absence of that opportunity and in the face of other events regarded as inimical to class, nation and the protestant interest, many peers turned away from natural alliance with the crown and – in the case of a forward group – conspired with the prince of Orange. Ultimately, more than a third of the nobility aligned itself with those peers intent on constraining the king's freedom of political action, an important factor contributing to his decision to flee.
Resuscitative Hypothermia Protects the Neonatal Rat Brain from Hypoxic‐Ischemic Injury
Authors: Nedelcu Johann , Klein Michael A. , Aguzzi Adriano , Martin Ernst 
Published: July 2010

The effect of 24h of hypothermic recovery on moderate hypoxic‐ischemic brain damage in P7‐rats was investigated for 42d after the insult, using magnetic resonance and histopathology. Occlusion of right common carotid artery and 90min exposure to 8% O2 at 37°C body temperature produced cytotoxic edema of 51 (±11)% brain volume (BV) and depression of brain energy metabolism (PCr/Pi) from 1.43(±0.21) to 0.14(±0.11). During recovery, the body temperature was reduced to 30°C for 24h in 36 animals, but was kept at 37°C in 34 animals. The edema waned upon reoxygenation leaving only the core lesion at 2h, but reappeared reaching a maximal extent of 11 ±8% BV under hypothermia compared to 45(±10)% under normothermia at around 24h. PCr/Pi recovered transiently within 13h and declined again to 1.07(±0.19) under hypothermia and to 0.48(±0.22) under normothermia at around 24h.Hypothermia led to significant long term brain protection, leaving permanent tissue damage of 12(±6)% BV compared to 35(±12)% BV under normothermia. However, animals with severe initial injury developed large infarctions, despite hypothermic treatment. Even then, the time to develop infarction was significantly prolonged, leaving the opportunity for additional therapeutic intervention.
A 7‐YEAR‐OLD BOY WITH MIDLINE CEREBELLAR MASS
Authors: Ismail Azzam , Lamont Jayne M. , Tweddle Deborah A. , Pearson Andrew D. , Clifford Steven C. , Ellison David W. 
Published: July 2010

CASE OF THE MONTH: ABSTRACT January 2005. A boy aged 7 years was found to have a tumor arising from the roof of the fourth ventricle. Histopathologically, part of the tumor appeared as a PNET, while neuroglial tissue, striated and smooth muscle, cartilage and small glandular structures were present in other regions. Tumor cells in both primitive and mature elements showed a loss of chromosome 17p accompanied by a gain of 17q, a pattern consistent with the presence of an isochromosome 17q. This abnormality is not characteristic of intracranial germ cell tumors, but is present in over 30% of medulloblastomas. On the basis of the histologic and genetic abnormalities, we propose a diagnosis of PNET with multilineal differentiation.
Invasiveness potential of Miscanthus sinensis: implications for bioenergy production in the United States
Authors: QUINN LAUREN D. , ALLEN DAMIAN J. , STEWART J. RYAN 
Published: July 2010

Abstract Miscanthus sinensis (Anderss.) is a perennial grass species that has been grown widely as an ornamental since the late 1800s and is now being considered for bioenergy production in the United States. With its ability to be grown from seed and tolerate cold climates, this species offers practical advantages over current cultivars of the higher‐yielding hybrid species, M.×giganteus. Yet a large‐scale release of M. sinensis for bioenergy production in colder northern regions could result in new invasions into natural areas. We show, with reference to historical records and data collected in six wild US populations of M. sinensis in 2009, that ornamental varieties of this species have a long history of localized escape in the Eastern United States, primarily within the Appalachian region. To prevent further escape and gene flow, we recommend the development of sterile or functionally sterile varieties of M. sinensis or the restriction of its usage as a donor of genetic material to new sterile cultivars of M. ×giganteus. Other appropriate precautions for new biomass varieties include experimental demonstration of low invasiveness in the target region ahead of commercial production, along with postintroduction stewardship programs.
Influence of light and anoxia on chemiosmotic energy conservation in Dinoroseobacter shibae
Authors: Holert Johannes , Hahnke Sarah , Cypionka Heribert 
Published: July 2010

SummaryIn the present study we have investigated the influence of light and anoxia on the energetic state of the aerobic anoxygenic phototroph (AAP) Dinoroseobacter shibae. Respiration, chemiosmotic proton translocation and the adenylate energy charge (AEC) of the cells were measured comparing light versus dark and oxic versus anoxic conditions. Light caused a decrease of the respiration rates of washed cells. This might be a substitution rather than a direct inhibitory effect, because both photosynthesis and respiration contribute to the proton‐motive force. As known from other AAPs, light alone did not induce proton translocation if applied to anoxic cell suspensions. However, additions of small oxygen pulses to anoxic cell suspensions caused two times more proton translocation in the light than in the dark. The AEC of the cells was measured by means of a modified luciferin‐luciferase method. Growing cells of D. shibae kept an AEC of 0.93, indicating that the adenylate pool was highly phosphorylated. After harvesting and storing the cells under anoxic conditions for 2 h, the AEC dropped to 0.12. However, the cells remained reactive. Upon addition of oxygen, the AEC increased to its original value within 40 s by the formation of about 12 mM of intracellular ATP. There were no differences whether this recovery experiment was carried out in the dark or in the light. We conclude that D. shibae is able to change its energetic state not only in response to the light regime but also during oxic–anoxic transitions. Both responses appear suited to save in situ organic substrates and endogenous electron donors, thus enhancing the role of photosynthetic energy conservation.
Economic Evaluation of Scale Dependent Technology Investments
Authors: Lederer Phillip J. , Mehta Tushar D. 
Published: July 2010

We study the effect of financial risk on the economic evaluation of a project with capacity decisions. Capacity decisions have an important effect on the project̂s value through the up‐front investment, the associated operating cost, and constraints on output. However, increased scale also affects the financial risk of the project through its effect on the operating leverage of the investment. Although it has long been recognized in the finance literature that operating leverage affects project risk, this result has not been incorporated in the operations management literature when evaluating projects. We study the decision problem of a firm that must choose project scale. Future cash flow uncertainty is introduced by uncertain future market prices. The firm's capacity decision affects the firm's potential sales, its expected price for output, and its costs. We study the firm's profit maximizing scale decision using the CAPM model for risk adjustment. Our results include that project risk, as measured by the required rate of return, is related to the inverse of the expected profit per unit sold. We also show that project risk is related to the scale choice. In contrast, in traditional discounted cash flow analysis (DCF), a fixed prescribed rate is used to evaluate the project and choose its scale. When a fixed rate is used with DCF, a manager will ignore the effect of scale on risk and choose suboptimal capacity that reduces project value. S/he will also misestimate project value. Use of DCF for choosing scale is studied for two special cases. It is shown that if the manager is directed to use a prescribed discount rate that induces the optimal scale decision, then the manager will greatly undervalue the project. In contrast, if the discount rate is set to the risk of the optimally‐scaled project, the manager will undersize the project by a small amount, and slightly undervalue the project with the economic impact of the error being small. These results underline the importance of understanding the source of financial risk in projects where risk is endogenous to the project design.
No Evidence for Induction of ABC Transporters in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Humans after 14 Days of Efavirenz Treatment
Authors: Burhenne Jürgen , Matthée Anne-Kathrin , Pasáková Ivana , Röder Claudia , Heinrich Tilman , Haefeli Walter Emil , Mikus Gerd , Weiss Johanna 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIntracellular concentrations of antiretroviral drugs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are an important determinant of therapeutic success.In vitrodata indicate that efavirenz induces several ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and pharmacogenetic studies found an association betweenABCB1(C3435T) and efavirenz exposure and between this polymorphism and improved virological outcomes. We therefore aimed to clarify whether efavirenz also induces ABC transportersin vivoin PBMCs and whether intracellular concentrations might be altered after induction. Twelve healthy individuals received multiple oral doses of efavirenz over 14 days (400 mg once daily). Blood samples were drawn on study days 1 (single dose) and 14 (multiple dose), and efavirenz concentrations were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Expression of P glycoprotein (P-gp) and of the multidrug resistance-associated proteins 1 and 2 as well as P-gp activity was analyzed in PBMCs on day 1 and day 14 using real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and rhodamine 123 efflux. Although a clear autoinduction could be confirmed by a significant decrease of efavirenz exposure from day 1 to day 14, efavirenz did not change expression of the ABC transporters or P-gp activity in PBMCs. Moreover, intracellular concentrations of efavirenz were 1.3- to 1.8-fold higher than the corresponding plasma concentrations, and the intracellular/plasma concentration ratio remained constant during the treatment and did not correlate with ABC transporter expression or function. In conclusion, our study confirmed that intracellular concentrations of efavirenz are independent from these efflux transporters and demonstrated for the first time that the transporters are not induced in PBMCsin vivoafter 2 weeks of treatment with efavirenz.
Characterization and PCR-Based Replicon Typing of Resistance Plasmids in
Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Bertini Alessia , Poirel Laurent , Mugnier Pauline D. , Villa Laura , Nordmann Patrice , Carattoli Alessandra 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter baumannii
is an opportunistic pathogen, especially in intensive care units, and multidrug-resistant isolates have increasingly been reported during the last decade. Despite recent progress in knowledge of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in
A. baumannii
, little is known about the genetic factors driving isolates toward multidrug resistance. In the present study, the
A. baumannii
plasmids were investigated through the analysis and classification of plasmid replication systems and the identification of
A. baumannii
-specific mobilization and addiction systems. Twenty-two replicons were identified by
in silico
analysis, and five other replicons were identified and cloned from previously uncharacterized
A. baumannii
resistance plasmids carrying the OXA-58 carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase. Replicons were classified into homology groups on the basis of their nucleotide homology. A novel PCR-based replicon typing scheme (the
A. baumannii
PCR-based replicon typing [AB-PBRT] method) was devised to categorize the
A. baumannii
plasmids into homogeneous groups on the basis of the nucleotide homology of their respective replicase genes. The AB-PBRT technique was applied to a collection of multidrug-resistant
A. baumannii
clinical isolates carrying the
bla
OXA-58
or
bla
OXA-23
carbapenemase gene. A putative complete conjugative apparatus was identified on one plasmid whose self-conjugative ability was demonstrated
in vitro
. We showed that this conjugative plasmid type was widely diffused in our collection, likely representing the most important vehicle promoting the horizontal transmission of
A. baumannii
resistance plasmids.
Sequence of pNL194, a 79.3-Kilobase IncN Plasmid Carrying the
bla
VIM-1
Metallo-β-Lactamase Gene in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Miriagou V. , Papagiannitsis C. C. , Kotsakis S. D. , Loli A. , Tzelepi E. , Legakis N. J. , Tzouvelekis L. S. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

The nucleotide sequence of pNL194, a VIM-1-encoding plasmid, is described in this study. pNL194 (79,307 bp) comprised an IncN-characteristic segment (38,940 bp) and a mosaic structure (40,367 bp) including
bla
VIM-1
,
aacA7
,
aadA1
,
aadA2
,
dfrA1
,
dfrA12
,
aphA1
,
strA
,
strB
, and
sul1
. Tn
1000
or Tn
5501
insertion within
fipA
probably facilitated recruitment of additional mobile elements carrying resistance genes.