bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Camouflaged liability: How the distinction between civilians and soldiers influences moral judgement of permissible harm in war
Authors: Marulanda‐Hernández Juan Carlos , Wiegmann Alex , Waldmann Michael R. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPrevious research has shown that people judge sacrificing a few people to save a larger number to be morally permissible when the intervention targets the threat but not when it targets the victims. We investigated whether this distinction according to the locus of intervention influences people's evaluations of wartime scenarios and whether such evaluations vary according to different types of victims (e.g., civilians vs. soldiers). We observed a significant effect of locus of intervention in situations in which a smaller number of civilians were sacrificed to save a larger number of civilians (Study 1; N = 142). However, the effect of locus of intervention was less pronounced in scenarios in which soldiers were sacrificed to save civilians (Studies 2 and 3; N = 173 and N = 841). A fourth experiment (N = 477) explored why participants treated soldiers and civilians differently. Participants believed that it is more permissible to sacrifice soldiers because they consent to being harmed.
Terrestriality across the primate order: A review and analysis of ground use in primates
Authors: Estrada Gene R. , Marshall Andrew J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractTerrestriality is relatively rare in the predominantly arboreal primate order. How frequently, and when, terrestriality appears in primate evolution, and the factors that influence this behavior, are not well understood. To investigate this, we compiled data describing terrestriality in 515 extant nonhuman primate taxa. We describe the geographic and phylogenetic distribution of terrestriality, including an ancestral state reconstruction estimating the frequency and timing of evolutionary transitions to terrestriality. We review hypotheses concerning the evolution of primate terrestriality and test these using data we collected pertaining to characteristics including body mass and diet, and ecological factors including forest structure, food availability, weather, and predation pressure. Using Bayesian analyses, we find body mass and normalized difference vegetation index are the most reliable predictors of terrestriality. When considering subsets of taxa, we find ecological factors such as forest height and rainfall, and not body mass, are the most reliable predictors of terrestriality for platyrrhines and lemurs.
Osteoblastoma of the thumb with a novel PRSS44::ALK fusion and literature review of osteoblastoma of hands and feet bones
Authors: Brandea Andrew I. , Afkhami Michelle , Klein Michael J. , Bell Diana 
Published: May 2024

AbstractOsteoblastomas (OBs) are benign neoplasms constituting approximately 1% of primary bone tumors with a predilection for the spine and sacrum. We describe an OB of the proximal phalanx of the left thumb in a 38‐year‐old female. MRI of left hand demonstrated a 29‐mm mildly expansile enhancing lesion involving the entire proximal phalanx of the first digit. Histology displayed a bone‐forming tumor consisting of trabeculae of remodeled woven bone framed by plump osteoblasts in a vascularized background. Next‐generation sequencing analysis identified a PRSS44::ALK fusion gene.
PM2.5 toxicity in blood impairs cardiac redox balance and promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in rat heart that further aggravates ischemia reperfusion injury by modulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR/NF‐kB signaling axis
Authors: Sivakumar Bhavana , Kurian Gino A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAccording to the pathophysiological mechanisms linking particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and cardiovascular diseases, PM2.5 may directly translocate into the blood stream and remote target organs and thereby induce cardiovascular effects. The toxicity of PM2.5 is known to induce oxidative stress in pulmonary tissue, but its impact on the redox state in heart (distant organ) is unknown and how it modulates the cardiac response to ischemia reperfusion (IR) remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the toxic effect of PM2.5 on cardiac physiology in the presence and absence of IR after introducing PM2.5 into the blood. Female Wistar rats were injected with diesel particulate matter (DPM) via i.p & i.v routes at a concentration of 10 µg/ml. The toxic impact of PM2.5 not only adversely affects the cardiac ultra‐structure (leading to nuclear infiltration, edema, irregularities in heart muscle and nuclear infiltration), but also altered the cellular redox balance, elevated inflammation and promoted the upregulation of proapoptotic mediator genes at the basal level of myocardium. The results showed alterations in cardiac ultrastructure, elevated oxidative stress and significant redox imbalance, increased inflammation and proapoptotic mediators at the basal level of myocardium. Moreover, the cardioprotective pro survival signaling axis was declined along with an increased NF‐kB activation at the basal level. IR inflicted further injury with deterioration of cardiac hemodynamic indices (Heart rate [HR], Left ventricular developed pressure [LVDP], Left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure [LVEDP] and rate pressure product [RPP]) along with prominent inactivation of signaling pathways. Furthermore, the levels of GSH/GSSG, NADH/NAD, NADPH/NADP were significantly low along with increased lipid peroxidation in mitochondria of PM2.5 treated IR rat hearts. This observation was supported by downregulation of glutaredoxin and peroxiredoxin genes in the myocardium. Similarly the presence of oxidative stress inducing metals was found at a higher concentration in cardiac mitochondria. Thus, the toxic impact of PM2.5 in heart augment the IR associated pathological changes by altering the physiological response, initiating cellular metabolic alterations in mitochondria and modifying the signaling molecules.
Bone bruise distribution predicts anterior cruciate ligament tear location in non‐contact injuries
Authors: Ubl Steffen T. , Vieider Romed P. , Seilern und Aspang Jesse , Gaebler Christian , Platzgummer Hannes 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPurposeIt is unclear whether different injury mechanisms lead to divergent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear locations. This study aims to analyse the relationship between bone bruise (BB) distribution or depth and ACL tear location.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 446 consecutive patients with acute non‐contact ACL injury was performed. Only patients with complete ACL tears verified during subsequent arthroscopy were included. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to classify BB location, BB depth, ACL tear location and concomitant injuries (medial/lateral meniscus and medial/lateral collateral ligament). Demographic characteristics included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), type of sport and time between injury and MRI. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of ACL tear location.ResultsOne hundred and fifty‐eight skeletally mature patients met the inclusion criteria. The presence of BB in the lateral tibial plateau was associated with a more distal ACL tear location (β = −0.27, p < 0.001). Less BB depth in the lateral femoral condyle showed a tendency towards more proximal ACL tears (β = −0.14; p = 0.054). Older age predicted a more proximal ACL tear location (β = 0.31, p < 0.001). No significant relationship was found between ACL tear location and gender, BMI, type of sport, concomitant injuries and time between injury and MRI.ConclusionACL tear location after an acute non‐contact injury is associated with distinct patterns of BB distribution, particularly involving the lateral compartment, indicating that different injury mechanisms may lead to different ACL tear locations.Level of EvidenceLevel III.
Extracellular vesicles as human therapeutics: A scoping review of the literature
Authors: Fusco Clorinda , De Rosa Giusy , Spatocco Ilaria , Vitiello Elisabetta , Procaccini Claudio , Frigè Chiara , Pellegrini Valeria , La Grotta Rosalba , Furlan Roberto , Matarese Giuseppe , Prattichizzo Francesco , de Candia Paola 
Published: May 2024

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all cells and contribute to cell‐to‐cell communication. The capacity of EVs to target specific cells and to efficiently deliver a composite profile of functional molecules have led researchers around the world to hypothesize their potential as therapeutics. While studies of EV treatment in animal models are numerous, their actual clinical benefit in humans has more slowly started to be tested. In this scoping review, we searched PubMed and other databases up to 31 December 2023 and, starting from 13,567 records, we selected 40 pertinent published studies testing EVs as therapeutics in humans.The analysis of those 40 studies shows that they are all small pilot trials with a large heterogeneity in terms of administration route and target disease. Moreover, the absence of a placebo control in most of the studies, the predominant local application of EV formulations and the inconsistent administration dose metric still impede comparison across studies and firm conclusions about EV safety and efficacy. On the other hand, the recording of some promising outcomes strongly calls out for well‐designed larger studies to test EVs as an alternative approach to treat human diseases with no or few therapeutic options.
Density of 3‐critical signed graphs
Authors: Beaudou Laurent , Haxell Penny , Nurse Kathryn , Sen Sagnik , Wang Zhouningxin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe say that a signed graph is ‐critical if it is not ‐colorable but every one of its proper subgraphs is ‐colorable. Using the definition of colorability due to Naserasr, Wang, and Zhu that extends the notion of circular colorability, we prove that every 3‐critical signed graph on vertices has at least edges, and that this bound is asymptotically tight. It follows that every signed planar or projective‐planar graph of girth at least 6 is (circular) 3‐colorable, and for the projective‐planar case, this girth condition is best possible. To prove our main result, we reformulate it in terms of the existence of a homomorphism to the signed graph , which is the positive triangle augmented with a negative loop on each vertex.
Diagnostic Value of Clear Cell Likelihood Score v1.0 and v2.0 for Common Subtypes of Small Renal Masses: A Multicenter Comparative Study
Authors: Hao Yu‐Wei , Ning Xue‐Yi , Wang He , Bai Xu , Zhao Jian , Xu Wei , Zhang Xiao‐Jing , Yang Da‐Wei , Jiang Jia‐Hui , Ding Xiao‐Hui , Cui Meng‐Qiu , Liu Bai‐Chuan , Guo Hui‐Ping , Ye Hui‐Yi , Wang Hai‐Yi 
Published: May 2024

BackgroundClear cell likelihood score (ccLS) is reliable for diagnosing small renal masses (SRMs). However, the diagnostic value of Clear cell likelihood score version 1.0 (ccLS v1.0) and v2.0 for common subtypes of SRMs might be a potential score extension.PurposeTo compare the diagnostic performance and interobserver agreement of ccLS v1.0 and v2.0 for characterizing five common subtypes of SRMs.Study TypeRetrospective.Population797 patients (563 males, 234 females; mean age, 53 ± 12 years) with 867 histologically proven renal masses.Field Strength/Sequences3.0 and 1.5 T/T2 weighted imaging, T1 weighted imaging, diffusion‐weighted imaging, a dual‐echo chemical shift (in‐ and opposed‐phase) T1 weighted imaging, multiphase dynamic contrast‐enhanced imaging.AssessmentSix abdominal radiologists were trained in the ccLS algorithm and independently scored each SRM using ccLS v1.0 and v2.0, respectively. All SRMs had definite pathological results. The pooled area under curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ccLS v1.0 and v2.0 for characterizing common subtypes of SRMs. The average κ values were calculated to evaluate the interobserver agreement of the two scoring versions.Statistical TestsRandom‐effects logistic regression; Receiver operating characteristic analysis; DeLong test; Weighted Kappa test; Z test. The statistical significance level was P < 0.05.ResultsThe pooled AUCs of clear cell likelihood score version 2.0 (ccLS v2.0) were statistically superior to those of ccLS v1.0 for diagnosing clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) (0.907 vs. 0.851), papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) (0.926 vs. 0.888), renal oncocytoma (RO) (0.745 vs. 0.679), and angiomyolipoma without visible fat (AMLwvf) (0.826 vs. 0.766). Interobserver agreement for SRMs between ccLS v1.0 and v2.0 is comparable and was not statistically significant (P = 0.993).ConclusionThe diagnostic performance of ccLS v2.0 surpasses that of ccLS v1.0 for characterizing ccRCC, pRCC, RO, and AMLwvf. Especially, the standardized algorithm has optimal performance for ccRCC and pRCC. ccLS has potential as a supportive clinical tool.Evidence Level4.Technical EfficacyStage 2.
Time‐to‐Event Endpoints in Imaging Biomarker Studies
Authors: Chen Ruizhe , Wang Hao 
Published: May 2024

Time‐to‐event endpoints are widely used as measures of patients' well‐being and indicators of prognosis. In imaging‐based biomarker studies, there are increasingly more studies that focus on examining imaging biomarkers' prognostic or predictive utilities on those endpoints, whether in a trial or an observational study setting. In this educational review article, we briefly introduce some basic concepts of time‐to‐event endpoints and point out potential pitfalls in the context of imaging biomarker research in hope of improving radiologists' understanding of related subjects. Besides, we have included some review and discussions on the benefits of using time‐to‐event endpoints and considerations on selecting overall survival or progression‐free survival for primary analysis.Level of Evidence5Technical EfficacyStage 3
Assessing herpes zoster vaccine efficacy in patients with diabetes: A community‐based cohort study
Authors: Kornelius Edy , Lo Shih‐Chang , Huang Chien‐Ning , Wang Chi‐Chih , Wang Yu‐Hsun , Yang Yi‐Sun 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe effectiveness of herpes zoster (HZ) vaccines in patients with diabetes over the age of 50 remains an active area of research. Utilizing a real‐world database from the US community, this study spanning from 2006 to 2023, aimed to evaluate the impact of HZ vaccination on newly diagnosed diabetes patients who received an HZ vaccination within 1 year of diagnosis. Exclusion criteria were established to omit patients with immune deficiencies. The cohort consisted of 53 885 patients, with an average age of 63.5 years, including 43% females and 58% whites. After implementing 1:1 propensity score matching for age, sex, race, comorbidities, diabetes medication, and hemoglobin A1c to ensure comparability, the study population was further stratified into four groups: N1 comparing any HZ vaccination to non‐HZ vaccination (53 882 matched pairs), N2 for Shingrix versus non‐HZ vaccination (16 665 matched pairs), N3 for Zostavax versus non‐HZ vaccination (12 058 matched pairs), and N4 for Shingrix versus Zostavax (11 721 matched pairs). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed a hazard ratio (HR) for HZ incidence post any HZ vaccination of 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83–1.01). Additional analyses yielded HRs of 1.12 (95% CI: 0.93–1.34) for Shingrix versus non‐HZ vaccine, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.86–1.20) for Zostavax versus non‐HZ vaccine, and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.87–1.29) for Shingrix versus Zostavax. Subgroup analyses across age, sex, and follow‐up duration also showed no significant differences. These findings underscore the lack of a significant benefit from HZ vaccination in newly diagnosed diabetes patients aged over 50, highlighting the necessity for further prospective research.
Antarctica's hidden mycoviral treasures in fungi isolated from mosses: A first genomic approach
Authors: Nobre Steffany V. A. , de Andrade Guilherme A. K. , Metz Geferson F. , Lucini Fabíola , de Albuquerque Margéli P. , Victória Filipe de C. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis study investigates the presence of mycoviruses in Antarctic fungi and elucidates their evolutionary relationships. To achieve this, we aligned mycoviral gene sequences with genomes of previously sequenced Antarctic endophytic fungi, made available by our research group and accessible via Joint Genome Institute. Our findings reveal that the most prevalent genetic regions in all endophytic fungi are homologous to Partitiviruses, Baculoviridae, and Phycodnaviridae. These regions display evidence of positive selection pressure, suggesting genetic diversity and the accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations. This phenomenon implies a crucial role for these regions in the adaptation and survival of these fungi in the challenging Antarctic ecosystems. The presence of mycoviruses in Antarctic endophytic fungi may indicate shared survival strategies between the virus and its host, shedding light on their evolutionary dynamics. This study underscores the significance of exploring mycoviruses within endophytic fungi and their contributions to genetic diversity. Future research avenues could delve into the functional implications of these conserved mycoviral genetic regions in Antarctic endophytic fungi, providing a comprehensive understanding of this intriguing association and genomic retention of viral region in fungi.
The mitigative role of novel aflatoxin‐degrading enzymes in diverse broiler performance indicators and gut microbiota following the consumption of diets contaminated with aflatoxins
Authors: Jia Ru , Tian Senmiao , Yang Zhaofeng , Lu Simeng , Wang Lan , Zhang Guohua 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study aims to explore both the toxic effects of aflatoxins (AFs) and the protective effects of degrading enzymes (DE) on broilers exposed to AFs.RESULTSThe findings reveal that a diet contaminated with 69.15 μg kg−1 of aflatoxin B1 had significant adverse effects on broilers. Specifically, it led to a reduction in average daily gain, dressed yield percentage, half‐eviscerated yield with giblet yield percentage, eviscerated yield percentage, as well as serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activity and liver SOD activity (P < 0.05). Conversely, the diet increased the feed conversion ratio, liver index, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels and malondialdehyde levels in both serum and liver (P < 0.05). Additionally, AFs disrupted the intestinal microflora significantly (P < 0.05), altering the relative abundance of Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia in broiler jejunum. The addition of DE to AF‐contaminated feed mitigated these negative effects and reduced the residues of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2 and aflatoxin M1 in the liver and duodenum (P < 0.05). We also observed that broilers fed the diet pelleted at 80 °C exhibited improved dressing percentage and water holding capacity compared to those on the 75 °C diet.CONCLUSIONIn summary, DE serves as an effective feed additive for mitigating AF contamination in poultry production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Externally validated treatment algorithm acceptably predicts nonoperative treatment success in patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: de Vos Floris H. , Meuffels Duncan E. , Baart Sara J. , van Es Eline M. , Reijman Max 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPurposeThis study aims to develop and externally validate a treatment algorithm to predict nonoperative treatment success or failure in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture.MethodsData were used from two completed studies of adult patients with ACL ruptures: the Conservative versus Operative Methods for Patients with ACL Rupture Evaluation study (development cohort) and the KNee osteoArthritis anterior cruciate Ligament Lesion study (validation cohort). The primary outcome variable is nonoperative treatment success or failure. Potential predictor variables were collected, entered into the univariable logistic regression model and then incorporated into the multivariable logistic regression model for constructing the treatment algorithm. Finally, predictive performance and goodness‐of‐fit were assessed and externally validated by discrimination and calibration measures.ResultsIn the univariable logistic regression model, a stable knee measured with the pivot shift test and a posttrauma International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score <50 were predictive of needing an ACL reconstruction. Age >30 years and a body mass index > 30 kg/m2 were predictive for not needing an ACL reconstruction. Age, pretrauma Tegner score, the outcome of the pivot shift test and the posttrauma IKDC score are entered into the treatment algorithm. The predictability of needing an ACL reconstruction after nonoperative treatment (discrimination) is acceptable in both the development and the validation cohort: area under the curve = resp. 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58–0.81) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.58–0.78).ConclusionThis study shows that the treatment algorithm can acceptably predict whether an ACL injury patient will have a(n) (un)successful nonoperative treatment (discrimination). Calibration of the treatment algorithm suggests a systematical underestimation of the need for ACL reconstruction. Given the limitations regarding the sample size of this study, larger data sets must be constructed to improve the treatment algorithm further.Level of EvidenceLevel II.
Varus knee osteoarthritis with ankle osteoarthritis demonstrates greater hindfoot inversion and larger ankle inversion loading during gait following total knee arthroplasty compared to varus knee osteoarthritis alone
Authors: Kikuchi Naoya , Kanamori Akihiro , Kadone Hideki , Okuno Kosuke , Hyodo Kojiro , Yamazaki Masashi 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPurposeAlthough patients with varus knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and concurrent ankle osteoarthritis (AOA) may experience increased ankle joint pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of concurrent AOA on ankle and hindfoot alignment, frontal plane ankle and hindfoot biomechanics during gait following TKA and the clinical outcomes.MethodsTwenty‐four patients with varus KOA who underwent TKA were included in this retrospective cohort study. Patients were categorized into two groups: with and without AOA. Radiographic evaluations of lower‐limb, ankle and hindfoot alignment, and knee and ankle clinical outcomes were conducted preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. In addition, gait analyses were performed to investigate knee, ankle and hindfoot kinematics and kinetics. Each data was compared between patients with and without AOA.ResultsConcomitant AOA was found in eight ankles. The AOA group exhibited greater postoperative hindfoot varus and increased postoperative ankle pain than the non‐AOA group. Gait analysis showed no significant differences in knee varus alignment or tibial tilt after TKA between the groups. However, the AOA group demonstrated significantly greater hindfoot inversion and larger ankle inversion loading.ConclusionOne third of patients who underwent TKA had concurrent AOA associated with hindfoot varus. Despite achieving proper coronal knee alignment postoperatively, these patients experienced greater hindfoot and ankle joint inversion load during gait. Surgeons should consider the inability to evert the hindfoot and the possibility of increased ankle joint pain when planning and performing TKA.Level of EvidenceLevel III.