bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facilitating family group inquiry at science museum exhibits
Authors: Gutwill Joshua P. , Allen Sue 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe describe a study of programs to deepen families' scientific inquiry practices in a science museum setting. The programs incorporated research‐based learning principles from formal and informal educational environments. In a randomized experimental design, two versions of the programs, called inquiry games, were compared to two control conditions. Inquiry behaviors were videotaped and compared at pretest and posttest exhibits. Family members were also interviewed about their perceptions and use of the inquiry games. Results indicated that visitors who learned the inquiry games improved their inquiry more than those who did not. Effect sizes ranged from 0.3σ to 0.7σ, depending on the assessment measure. Visitors who learned the collaborative inquiry game showed even more improvement than those who learned the individualized game, spending more time investigating the posttest exhibit, making more frequent and more abstract interpretations of their experiments, building more collaborative explanations, and engaging in more coherent inquiry investigations than controls. Qualitative analysis suggested that the collaborative inquiry game was superior because it required all family members to participate, work together, and explicitly articulate their interpretations. Visitors in all conditions enjoyed their experience, varied in what they liked and disliked, and reported applying what they had learned at new exhibits. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:710–742, 2010
Electrochemical Deposition of ZnO Nanorods on Transparent Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes for Hybrid Solar Cells
Authors: Yin Zongyou , Wu Shixin , Zhou Xiaozhu , Huang Xiao , Zhang Qichun , Boey Freddy , Zhang Hua 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMonocrystalline ZnO nanorods (NRs) with high donor concentration are electrochemically deposited on highly conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films on quartz. The film thickness, optical transmittance, sheet resistance, and roughness of rGO films are systematically studied. The obtained ZnO NRs on rGO films are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and Raman spectra. As a proof‐of‐concept application, the obtained ZnO NRs on rGO are used to fabricate inorganic–organic hybrid solar cells with layered structure of quartz/rGO/ZnO NR/poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (P3HT/PEDOT:PSS)/Au. The observed power conversion efficiency (PCE, η), ≈ 0.31%, is higher than that reported in previous solar cells by using graphene films as electrodes. These results clearly demonstrate that rGO films with a higher conductivity have a smaller work function and show a better performance in the fabricated solar cells.
MicroRNA-204 Regulates Runx2 Protein Expression and Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Differentiation
Authors: Huang Jian , Zhao Lan , Xing Lianping , Chen Di 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into a particular lineage is tightly regulated, and malfunction of this regulation could lead to pathological consequences. Patients with osteoporosis have increased adipocyte accumulation, but the mechanisms involved remain to be defined. In this study, we aimed to investigate if microRNAs regulate mesenchymal progenitor cells and bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) differentiation through modulation of Runx2, a key transcription factor for osteogenesis. We found that miR-204 and its homolog miR-211 were expressed in mesenchymal progenitor cell lines and BMSCs and their expression was induced during adipocyte differentiation, whereas Runx2 protein expression was suppressed. Retroviral overexpression of miR-204 or transfection of miR-204 oligo decreased Runx2 protein levels and miR-204 inhibition significantly elevated Runx2 protein levels, suggesting that miR-204 acts as an endogenous attenuator of Runx2 in mesenchymal progenitor cells and BMSCs. Mutations of putative miR-204 binding sites upregulated the Runx2 3′-UTR reporter activity, suggesting that miR-204/211 bind to Runx2 3′-UTR. Perturbation of miR-204 resulted in altered differentiation fate of mesenchymal progenitor cells and BMSCs: osteoblast differentiation was inhibited and adipocyte differentiation was promoted when miR-204 was overexpressed in these cells, whereasosteogenesis was upregulated and adipocyte formation was impaired when miR-204 was inhibited. Together, our data demonstrated that miR-204/211 act as important endogenous negative regulators of Runx2, which inhibit osteogenesis and promote adipogenesis of mesenchymal progenitor cells and BMSCs.
Loss of LAP2α Delays Satellite Cell Differentiation and Affects Postnatal Fiber-Type Determination
Authors: Gotic Ivana , Schmidt Wolfgang M. , Biadasiewicz Katarzyna , Leschnik Michael , Spilka Rita , Braun Juliane , Stewart Colin L. , Foisner Roland 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Lamina-associated polypeptide 2α (LAP2α) is a nucleoplasmic protein implicated in cell cycle regulation through its interaction with A-type lamins and the retinoblastoma protein. Mutations in lamin A/C and LAP2α cause late onset striated muscle diseases, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. To study the role of LAP2α in skeletal muscle function and postnatal tissue homeostasis, we generated complete and muscle-specific LAP2α knockout mice. Whereas overall muscle morphology, function, and regeneration were not detectably affected, the myofiber-associated muscle stem cell pool was increased in complete LAP2α knockout animals. At molecular level, the absence of LAP2α preserved the stem cell-like phenotype of Lap2α−/− primary myoblasts and delayed their in vitro differentiation. In addition, loss of LAP2α shifted the myofiber-type ratios of adult slow muscles toward fast fiber types. Conditional Cre-mediated late muscle-specific ablation of LAP2α affected early stages of in vitro myoblast differentiation, and also fiber-type determination, but did not change myofiber-associated stem cell numbers in vivo. Our data demonstrate multiple and distinct functions of LAP2α in muscle stem cell maintenance, early phases of myogenic differentiation, and muscle remodeling.
Deductive reasoning
Authors: Johnson‐Laird Phil 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article begins with an account of logic, and of how logicians formulate formal rules of inference for the sentential calculus, which hinges on analogs of negation and the connectivesif, or, andand. It considers the various ways in which computer scientists have written programs to prove the validity of inferences in this and other domains. Finally, it outlines the principal psychological theories of how human reasoners carry out deductions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Attention and consciousness
Authors: De Brigard Felipe , Prinz Jesse 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFor the past three decades there has been a substantial amount of scientific evidence supporting the view that attention is necessary and sufficient for perceptual representations to become conscious (i.e., for there to be something that it is like to experience a representational perceptual state). This view, however, has been recently questioned on the basis of some alleged counterevidence. In this paper we survey some of the most important recent findings. In doing so, we have two primary goals. The first is descriptive: we provide a literature review for those seeking an understanding of the present debate. The second is editorial: we suggest that the evidence alleging dissociations between consciousness and attention is not decisive. Thus, this is an opinionated overview of the debate. By presenting our assessment, we hope to bring out both sides in the debate and to underscore that the issues here remain matters of intense controversy and ongoing investigation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Consciousness
Government–binding/principles and parameters theory
Authors: Lasnik Howard , Lohndal Terje 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPrinciples and Parameters Theory is an approach to the study of the human language capacity based on an abstract underlying representation and operations called ‘transformations’ successively altering that structure. It has gradually evolved from the Government and Binding Theory to the Minimalist Program. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
Hypo‐ and Hypernatraemia in Surgical Patients: Is There Room for Improvement?
Authors: Herrod Philip J. J. , Awad Sherif , Redfern Andrew , Morgan Linda , Lobo Dileep N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundUp to 30% of surgical inpatients develop complications related to fluid and electrolyte therapy. We sought to study the occurrence of hypo‐ and hypernatraemia in these patients to inform current standards of care.MethodsThis prospective audit took place over 80 days in a university hospital. Patients with a serum sodium concentration less than 130 or greater than 150 mmol/l were included. Daily intakes of Na+, K+ and Cl−, and fluid balance were recorded before and after development of dysnatraemia. Fluid balance charts were assessed, as was the presence of documented patient weights. Patients were followed up until one of these milestones was reached: normonatraemia, death, or hospital discharge.ResultsDuring the study period 55 (4%) of the 1,383 surgical admissions met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen patients had hypernatraemia, 13 (87%) of whom were identified on ICU/HDU. In the days preceding the hypernatraemia, patients received (in mmol/day) a median (IQR) of 157 (76–344) Na+, 38 (6–65) K+, 157 (72–310) Cl−, and 1.96 (1.13–2.96) L water. In the days preceding the hyponatraemia, patients received 50 (0–189) Na+, 0 (0–10) K+, 56 (0–188) Cl−, and 1.45 (0–2.60) L water. Before the dysnatraemias only 28% of fluid balance charts were completed accurately. During the audit 42% of patients were not weighed. Dysnatraemic patients had a higher hospital mortality rate than those who did not develop dysnatraemia (12.7 vs. 2.3%, P < 0.001).ConclusionsFour percent of surgical inpatients developed dysnatraemias, which were associated with increased mortality. Fluid balance documentation was suboptimal and daily weights were not measured routinely, even in patients with severe electrolyte derangements.
Resolving an Enhanced Oil Recovery Challenge: Optimum Formulation of a Surfactant‐Oil–Water System Made Insensitive to Dilution
Authors: Arandia María Antonieta , Forgiarini Ana María , Salager Jean‐Louis 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUpon dilution by the petroleum reservoir connate water, the anionic commercial surfactant blend often used in enhanced oil recovery by low tension, becomes more lipophilic at the interface because of so‐called selective partitioning. Hence, the optimum formulation is not maintained when the injected slug moves through the reservoir. An opposite variation is found for ethoxylated nonionic surfactant systems. As a consequence of these antagonistic influences, the optimum formulation shift produced by dilution may be eliminated by using an appropriate mixture of anionic and nonionic commercial surfactants, so that the two effects exactly cancel out.
The media's role in shaping Canadian civic and political engagement
Authors: O’Neill Brenda 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHow does mediatised information affect attitudes and engagement in the civic/political spheres? The question is an important one, not only because of changing media forms but also because of the important role of the media in providing political information. As such, its intermediary role in shaping both political interest and political knowledge is heightened, both of which are important determinants of political engagement. This work uses the data from the 2003 General Social Survey to assess and compare variation in the effects of various media forms on civic engagement in Canada in order to provide a means of developing generalizable comparative claims regarding individual media effects. At the end, the author offers an assessment of what these findings suggest about the media's role in shaping engagement in Canada, particularly in the future.
Marine ice-rafting as a new type of sedimentogenesis in the Arctic and novel approaches to studying sedimentary processes
Authors: Lisitzin A.P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Research on sedimentogenesis and geochemistry of the Arctic Ocean over the last 10–20 years has allowed direct (in situ) studies to be made for all types of sedimentary matter that mix together and form the bottom deposit. Contrary to common knowledge, river sediment turned out to be insignificant; instead, more important is the dispersed sedimentary matter (suspension) from the atmosphere, cryosphere (snow, ice), marine water, riverine water, biosphere (plankton and benthos), and anthroposphere (all types of pollutants), supplemented by the endogenic mater supplied from spreading zone of the Gakkel Ridge. The mixture is dominated by sedimentary material discharged from sea ice; hence, this type of sedimentogenesis is referred to as the ice-rafted marine sedimentogenesis.
Application of new methods and tools (including satellites, remote hydrooptical, hydrophysical, and hydroacoustic survey, etc.) and in situ analyses produced measurements of content, composition, and characteristics of all types of dispersed sedimentary matter, its fluxes (mg/m2/year), vectors of movement, and rates for different segments of the Arctic Ocean; observations were carried out continuously on different time scale, from hours–days to seasons and dozens of years. It is a new approach to the study of sedimentary matter that opens up new possibility for a 4D quantitative sedimentology.
Geology and hydrocarbon resources of the continental shelf in Russian Arctic seas and the prospects of their development
Authors: Kontorovich A.E. , Epov M.I. , Burshtein L.M. , Kaminskii V.D. , Kurchikov A.R. , Malyshev N.A. , Prischepa O.M. , Safronov A.F. , Stupakova A.V. , Suprunenko O.I. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The overall jump in global demand for gas, and especially oil, gives rise to particular concern regarding mankind’s energy future. In the middle and late 21st century, the crucial role in securing oil and gas supply of mankind will be played by sedimentary basins in the Arctic Ocean deep-water area, including those of the continental shelf in Russia’s Arctic seas. There is a 0.90 probability that the initial in-place resources of hydrocarbons in the Arctic Ocean will be greater than 90 Btoe. The estimates predict the rise of oil and gas industries on the Arctic shelves in the near future.
The superdeep North Chukchi Basin: formation by eclogitization of continental lower crust, with petroleum potential implications
Authors: Artyushkov E.V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe large North Chukchi Basin in the northeastern Eurasian shelf is filled with up to 22 km of sediments, which is far thicker than filling a basin upon oceanic crust would require. The basin sedimentation began 380 Myr ago, and about 16 km of sediments have been deposited for the past 125 Myr, long after the oceanic crust would have completed its subsidence. This fact is in favor of the continental instead of oceanic crust origin. Rapid basin subsidence appears to be driven by a mechanism other than crustal stretching as the latter has no evidence over the greatest part of the basin area. The suggested basin formation model implies a transformation of gabbro into denser eclogite in the lower crust and related contraction of mafic rocks. To sustain consolidated crust beneath 22 km thick sediments, the layer of dense eclogites under the granitic layer must be at least ∼25 km thick. The presence of basement flexures formed at several stages of the basin evolution indicates a considerable loss of lithospheric rigidity under the effect of fluid infiltration from small mantle plumes. The fluids catalyzed the eclogitization and thus increased the subsidence rate. Rapid subsidence apparently occurred in Barremian-Albian time when the basin had accumulated up to 11.5 km of sediments. Besides the Early Cretaceous event, there were, possibly several older events of rapid subsidence. This basin subsidence history, along with the evidence of steep lithospheric flexure, is a known feature of large petroleum basins. Therefore, the North Chukchi Basin may be expected to be an oil and gas producer.
The Svalbard–Kara plates junction: structure and geodynamic history
Authors: Shipilov E.V. , Vernikovsky V.A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The structure and geodynamic history of the northern Barents–Kara continental margin, which had formed mostly by the latest Paleozoic, have been investigated using offshore geological and geophysical data and geological evidence from adjacent landmasses. In the context of the suggested model, the Saint Anna trough is interpreted as a boundary tectonic element between the Svalbard and Kara plates. Thus, the study focuses on a complex tectonic node with its structure having implications for the trough origin, as well as for the history of geodynamic relations among Arctic cratons and microplates. Trough structures of different ages in the area, including the northeastern East Barents trough and the St. Anna trough, appear to be a zone of triple or T-shaped junction. The reported reconstruction of the trough system history since the Middle Paleozoic shows that the St. Anna trough joined the East-Barents system in the Late Permian–Triassic to become its new segment extending the system to the north.
Formation of gas hydrate deposits in the Siberian Arctic shelf
Authors: Safronov A.F. , Shits E.Yu. , Grigor’ev M.N. , Semenov M.E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Natural gas hydrate deposits have been estimated to store about 10% of gas in hydrate form (even with regard to a higher concentration of gas in hydrates), proceeding from the known ratio of dissolved-to-deposited gas. This high percentage is largely due to the fact that the buffer factor in natural gas hydrate deposits is lower than that for free gas because of less diverse structural conditions for gas accumulation. Therefore, the available appraisal of world resources of hydrated gas needs a revision.
Hydrates in rocks are either syngenetic or epigenetic. Syngenetic hydrates originate from free or dissolved gas which was present in rocks in situ at the time when PT-conditions became favorable for gas hydrate formation. Epigenetic hydrates are derived from gas which came by migration into rocks with their PT-conditions corresponding to formation of gas hydrates.
In addition to the optimum PT-conditions and water salinity, economic gas hydrate accumulation requires sustained supply of natural gas into a specific zone of gas hydrate formation. This condition is feasible only in the case of vertical migration of natural gas along faults, fractured zones, and lithologic windows, or, less often, as a result of lateral migration.
Of practical importance are only the gas hydrate deposits produced by vertical or lateral gas migration.
Natural bitumen fields in the northeast of the Siberian Platform (Russian Arctic sector)
Authors: Kashirtsev V.A. , Kontorovich A.E. , Ivanov V.L. , Safronov A.F. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In the northern and northeastern Siberian Platform, within the Anabar and Olenek zones, there are a number of hypergene bitumen accumulations (fields) and natural bitumen seeps, whose total resources are estimated at &gt;5 bln tons. Bitumen fields are confined to a wide stratigraphic range from Precambrian to Mesozoic. A detailed geochemical study was performed for bitumens of the largest Olenek field, whose naphthides are localized mainly in Permian sandstones of deltaic and coast-marine genesis. Chromato-mass spectrometric analysis showed that normal alkanes are drastically reduced in the saturated fraction of the bitumens and most of terpanes are a homologous series of 25-norhopanes, which evidences the intense bacterial degradation of hydrocarbon pools. Identification of bicyclic sesquiterpenes, tetracyclic onocerane, and other biomarkers testifies that the organic matter of source rocks was rich in higher-plants remains. The concentrations of steranes are low, whereas those of earlier unknown 8-14-secosteranes are rather high. The set of geochemical data on the Permian bitumens of the Olenek field, including the isotopic characteristics of carbon (δ13C of −25.8 to −31.3‰), suggests that the coeval oil source rocks on the passive continental margin (at the place of the present-day Verkhoyansk fold belt) were the main source of hydrocarbons for the field. Assessment of oil and gas resources, including giant bitumen pools, and their exploration in the framework of “The fundamentals of Russian state policy in Arctic up to 2020” have become a top-priority problem. Petroleum refining products might be economically feasible raw materials in the eastern Russian Arctic sector to be supplied via the Northern Sea Route.
Geochemistry of organic matter of bottom sediments in the rises of the central Arctic Ocean
Authors: Petrova V.I. , Batova G.I. , Kursheva A.V. , Litvinenko I.V. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Based on geomorphological, lithological, and facial characteristics of the East Arctic continental margin, we studied the main factors controlling the Late Cenozoic supply of organic matter (OM) to the bottom sediments of the Central Arctic rises of the Arctic Ocean. Complex analysis of dispersed OM in the samples taken during the expeditions of the R/V “Akademik Fedorov” in 2000 and 2005 showed a significant difference between the sediments of the Lomonosov Ridge and Mendeleev Rise. The bottom sediments of the latter are strongly transformed and lack terrigenous components, as evidenced results from the main geochemical characteristics (contents of Corg, Ccarb, Norg, bitumens, and humic acids) and the composition and distribution of hydrocarbon molecular markers (alkanes, saturated and aromatic cyclanes). The obtained data evidence that ancient sedimentary rocks containing genetically uniform deeply transformed (up to mesocatagenesis) OM played a significant role in the formation of the Pleistocene–Holocene sediments of the axial part of the Mendeleev Rise.
Shelf placer deposits: a new technology for winter mining
Authors: Kislyakov V.E. , Korzun O.A. , Lakin D.A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The paper concerns urgent problems of resources development in the Arctic shelf. A specially designed technology with the use of a coolant is suggested for winter mining at shelf deposits. The idea of the new technology stems from the concept of negative settling velocity of buoyant particles which has been investigated in laboratory tests.