bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Nadler Steven 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
La Forge played an important, but underappreciated and understudied, role in the rise of Cartesianism and its development between Descartes and Malebranche. But what exactly was he up to? This chapter concludes the book by indicating how he, though a faithful disciple, was willing not only to go beyond Descartes’s explicit views and venture things he believed Descartes would have said, but even to speculate on matters and make claims that Descartes would almost certainly not have sanctioned. The chapter also briefly discusses La Forge’s reputation in the seventeenth century and his possible influence on such thinkers as Malebranche and Leibniz.
North American Indian Languages North of Mexico
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2, North American Indian Languages North of Mexico, presents the history and classification of the Indigenous languages of North America (north of Mexico). The classification of these languages is very advanced stage and the historical linguistic study of these languages is extensive and excellent. This chapter provides details on the history and location of the fifty-four independent language families (including twenty-four language isolates) and the some 314 languages of this region. All of these languages are endangered. It provides reports on the reconstructions of the sound systems, hypotheses about original homelands, dating of in the families where suggestions have been made, and proposals of possible broader relationships with other language families.
Distant Linguistic Relationships
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6, Distant Linguistic Relationships, is about hypotheses of remote linguistic relationships involving the Indigenous languages of the Americas. Several recent cases where new remote family connections have been demonstrated (or at least shown to be probable) or where previously proposed but uncertain hypotheses have since come to be confirmed are pointed out. Most of the chapter is dedicated to proposals—most of them controversial—that would join together language families (including language isolates) not known to be related to one another in larger phylogenetic groupings. The evidence is assessed in this chapter that has been put forth as possible support for the more notable recently hypothesized distant genetic relationships in the Americas; the evidence given in recent attempts to defend some previous unconfirmed classificatory schemes is also evaluated. Among the hypotheses evaluated are the Hokan, Penutian, “Amerind,” Dene-Yeniseian, and others.
What’s at Stake
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter articulates five US vital national interests. The authors argue that China is the only country that poses an abiding and proximate threat to each as Beijing expands its military capabilities, attempts to upend the balance of power in Asia, and seeks to rewrite the rules and norms of international order. Successive US administrations misread China’s strategic intentions as they pursued an “engage but hedge” strategy vis-à-vis the PRC and spoke routinely about a strategic partnership with Beijing. Now, US-China relations stand at their lowest point in fifty years. The authors conclude that Washington should pursue a new grand strategy that deliberately incorporates elements that limit Beijing’s capacity to misuse its growing power.
Rhetoric Meets Reality
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the Pivot during the Obama administration and demonstrates the improvised nature of the policy’s initial announcement and the immediate challenges in its implementation. From the start, Obama sought to forge an Asia-first foreign policy, and his team explored ways to engage more in Asia. This involved building positive relations with China and regional allies. Yet the Obama administration made little progress in reallocating resources and attention from other regions to Asia, due in no small part to domestic challenges and competing global priorities. This chapter highlights the confusion that the Pivot announcement generated and the waning relative emphasis on Asia that occurred in the administration’s second term.
Introduction: An Extraordinary Patron
Authors: Stein Louise K. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Here the reader will find a very brief introduction to the biography, character, and activities of Gaspar de Haro y Guzmán (1629–87), Marquis de Heliche and del Carpio, an unusual seventeenth-century Spanish aristocrat whose contributions to the history of opera and musical theater are the focus of this book. Carpio lived an extraordinary life as a courtier, conspirator, soldier, prisoner, diplomat, ruler, lover, husband, and father. He was a daring and demanding producer of plays, zarzuelas, semi-operas, and operas, as well as a discerning collector of visual art and a generous patron of artists. He made the impossible possible by producing Spanish opera in Madrid, as well as operas, serenatas, and musical plays in Rome and Naples. After his death, his legacy shaped the earliest opera productions of the Americas.
Carpio and the Integration of Opera in Public Life, Naples 1683–87
Authors: Stein Louise K. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Carpio arrived in Naples as viceroy in January 1683 and soon announced that he intended to raise the quality of opera production there. His intervention and restructuring of the mechanisms of production were foundational for Naples’ rise to prominence as an opera center before the eighteenth century. His renovation of the production system 1683–87 is explained through study of multiple sources, with attention to the theaters, finances, casts, and politics of production, as well as many extant arias. His new production team included Alessandro Scarlatti and Philipp Schor, as well as some of Italy’s best female singers and castrati. The recruitment process for collaborative casts is here traced in some detail. Many arias now found in little-known manuscript collections are analyzed with musical examples to retrieve lost voices and reconstruct otherwise lost operas.
How Does Culture Evolve?
Authors: Gabora Liane 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes evidence from cognitive science, anthropology, psychological studies, and computational models for a complex systems–inspired theory of creativity and its role in cultural evolution. Creativity is guided by the global shape of one’s integrated network of memories, concepts, and beliefs—one’s worldview. This integrated structure and its dynamical change over time can be described using autocatalytic networks. Autocatalytic networks can analyze how cognitive structure grows and evolves through both self-organizing processes within minds, and interactions between minds, and how novel ideas sometimes emerge as a result. Thus, they are used to describe cultural change both within and between individuals, as well as across cultural lineages. The chapter outlines how autocatalytic networks provide the centrepiece for a formal theory of the origin and evolution of culture. They have also been used to model the cognitive developmental process by which each child becomes a participant in cultural evolution, the role of imitation, leadership, and social media on cultural evolution, and the trade-off between creativity and continuity.
Investigating Culture and Emotion
Authors: Tsai Jeanne L. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
How does culture shape emotion? This chapter describes research conducted and discoveries made over 30 years, initially focusing on emotional responses and then switching to ideals. The chapter presents affect valuation theory and describes the evidence demonstrating that (a) how people want to feel differs from how they actually feel; (b) culture shapes how people ideally want to feel even more than how they actually feel; and (c) cultural and individual differences in ideal affect matter psychologically (e.g., for what people do, how they view mental health and illness, and how they view old age), interpersonally (e.g., how people judge and treat others), and practically (e.g., for health care, charitable giving and financial lending, hiring, prejudice, and online communication). The chapter concludes with a description of the current mysteries about culture and emotion that are being studied.
The Cultural Nature of Helping Without Being Asked, from the Toddler Years into Middle Childhood
Authors: Rogoff Barbara , Coppens Andrew D. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
It is common in many communities for toddlers to be eager to help others, but by middle childhood, developmental trajectories appear to diverge: In some Mesoamerican communities, children often expand their interest in helping without being asked, whereas in many European-heritage middle-class communities, it is common for children to resist helping. This chapter makes the argument that the cultural practice of inclusion of toddlers, with appreciation for their voluntary help even if it is not efficient or convenient, encourages children’s interest in helping and community-mindedness. This fits with a widespread Mexican cultural value system (including being acomedida/o) of being alert to what is happening and ready to pitch in, and it contrasts with a value system emphasizing individual separation that is common in highly schooled European-heritage cultural communities. The chapter situates these cultural differences in meta-assumptions about separateness versus mutual holism, and control versus interdependence with autonomy. Inclusion, community-mindedness, and helping without being asked are key features of the conceptual model of Learning by Observing and Pitching In to family and community endeavors (LOPI; Rogoff & Mejía-Arauz, 2022).
Individualism–Collectivism and Group Creativity
Authors: Choi Hoon-Seok 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the link between individualism–collectivism and group creativity. Unlike the culture-level research that has examined how the heritage culture of individuals affects their creativity in groups, this chapter emphasizes the importance of distinguishing individuals’ value orientation and their self-concept while performing the common task. With this, the chapter discusses a synergy model of collectivistic values and independent self-concept that specifies how the two seemingly opposing psychological forces jointly promote group creativity. To corroborate the synergy perspective, the chapter introduces empirical evidence obtained from various research settings involving interactive groups in the laboratory and field groups. The utility of the synergy perspective is discussed in comparison with other relevant perspectives on the culture–group creativity link. Implications of the findings and questions for future research are also discussed.
Criteria and Methods for Assessing Cultural Universality of Cognitive Representations Underlying Complex Psychological Constructs
Authors: Yung Yiu-Fai , Hepper Erica G. , Wildschut Tim , Sedikides Constantine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter proposes criteria for assessing the cross-cultural universality of cognitive representations that underlie complex psychological constructs. According to prototype theory, complex constructs are cognitively represented in terms of central and peripheral features. The cross-cultural universality of a complex construct, then, pertains to the level of agreement among cultures with regard to these central and peripheral features. The chapter specifies four criteria for cross-cultural universality: (a) similar ordinality in features, (b) consistency in rating central (compared to peripheral) features, (c) distinctiveness of feature sets, and (d) similar elevations in prototypicality for feature sets. Simple statistical techniques to evaluate these criteria are suggested, and they are demonstrated in a case study assessing the cross-cultural universality of nostalgia conceptions. The proposed methodology is generative and provides a viable alternative to the restrictive multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis procedures that have impeded progress in this research area.
Ideological contradictions and ambivalence
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the fact that language-in-education research produces opposing explanations: teachers are depicted either as active, ideology-free thinkers or as passive recipients of ideological thoughts. Using Michael Billig’s work, it will suggest that ideology can address both types of thinking when it is understood as inherently contradictory: ideological themes do not stand in unison but imply counterthemes, without which they cannot be understood. So insofar as people internalize ideologies, they internalize opposing views that provide the resources for criticism and thought, without needing to stand outside ideology. The chapter argues that this conception of ideology is not just relevant for explaining teachers’ inconsistent behavior, but that it may be of interest to theories of language ideology. These have not ignored contradictions but have tended to imagine these between rather than within ideologies or between knowledgeable individuals and ideologically acting ones within each of these groups.
Media and Signal Transmission
Authors: Batto Nathan F. , Beaulieu Emily 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This book argues that legislators are using brawls strategically to signal to key audiences. If correct, one clear implication of the authors’ theory is that brawlers must have some degree of confidence that their intended signals will be transmitted to the relevant audience. In this chapter, the authors draw out this logic using theories of media coverage of politics. Evidence is presented from Taiwan and Ukraine that not only do the media cover brawls but also brawlers receive more media coverage. Thus, the chapter shows that when individuals are deciding whether or not to brawl, they can have some confidence that if they do brawl, their signals will be transmitted to the intended audience.
Brawling and Re-election
Authors: Batto Nathan F. , Beaulieu Emily 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
If legislators brawl strategically in the hopes of improving their career prospects, then one would expect to see brawling legislators enjoying career success. However, there are two important caveats. First, as a costly signal, brawling is not without risk. It may backfire. Second, there is a selection effect at work. The qualities that make brawling more appealing—such as the lack of an existing political reputation—are also likely to make re-election more challenging. The anecdotal record is mixed—brawling seems largely unhelpful to recent legislative careers in Ukraine, whereas it appears to have helped some legislators’ careers in Taiwan. A more systematic investigation shows that brawling can provide some marginal improvement in re-election prospects but is not likely to be sufficient to overcome many other factors that influence political careers.
Conclusions
Authors: Batto Nathan F. , Beaulieu Emily 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the primary argument and main findings from the book. The chapter discusses the implications of brawling for democratic representation and legislative processes, and investigate possibilities for reforms. The discussion of reforms focuses on a case study of brawling in South Korea. Finally, the chapter considers brawls’ connections to, and implications for, political violence more generally, particularly as it relates to public opinion. This discussion leads to concluding thoughts about the relationship between violence, even incivility, in democratic deliberations where questions of political identity and political polarization are particularly salient.
The Fundamentals and the Vote, 1952–2020
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Bae Suhyen , Sanders Bailey K. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The central focus in this chapter is to show that each of the fundamentals is regularly related to the vote in the post-1984 era. It then shows that this relationship has been growing over the post-1984 period. Indeed, the role of the fundamentals has increased more or less continually in both congressional and presidential elections. Overall, by 2020 nearly seventeen in twenty votes for Congress and nineteen in twenty votes for president are correctly forecast by knowledge of where the voter stands on these fundamentals. This increasing role for fundamentals explains especially the post-1984 changes in national elections. But simply noting the increase begs the question of just what explains this expanding role.
‘From Videsh Vibhag to Vishwa Vibhag and now Vishwa Sangh’1
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts the initial development of Hindu nationalism overseas from the 1940s, first in East Africa. This was made possible through coordination from India and proactive migrants. A variety of local circumstances in East Africa were favourable to the growth of diasporic Hindutva. A special office was established in New Delhi which enabled Hindu nationalists to maintain contact with Indians overseas. When the British colonies of East Africa gained independence in the 1960s, many of the Indian population migrated to Britain. The chapter shows how this stimulated the development of Hindu nationalism in Britain. The second half of the chapter considers the development of Hindutva overseas through an analysis of the structure and operations of the RSS and its diasporic “wing,” the HSS. It elucidates the various roles in the HSS, and analyzes shakhas, the group-meeting format which underpins the Sangh. It explores various layers of synchronicity and divergence between the RSS in India and in the diaspora, and ways in which Hindutva has become “vernacularised” outside India. The chapter ends by analyzing how shakhas are relevant to Hindus overseas, and why the Sangh’s emphases on “man-making,” discipline, values, and pedagogy, appeal to the diaspora.
Mysticism in Schelling’s Plato-Notebooks of 1792–1794
Authors: Fisher Naomi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter advances an interpretation of Schelling’s Plato-notebooks of 1792–1794 as demonstrating his commitment to a kind of mysticism. Schelling endorses the view found in the Ion and various other Platonic dialogues that poetry, divination, prophecy, and other human activities require a divine power. He extends that account to include philosophy. Philosophy, according to Schelling, requires both “divine dispensation” and techne. Accordingly, philosophical wisdom cannot reliably be transmitted from teacher to student, since there is an element of divinely granted inspiration which cannot be communicated discursively. This view that both divine, intuitive insight and theoretical knowledge are essential to philosophy persists in Schelling’s work throughout this decade. This chapter concludes by showing how the distinction between intuitive insight and theoretical knowledge survives in Schelling’s 1801–1802 identity philosophy.
Next Thing I Knew, I Was Writing the Show
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes a look at the circuitous development of the Maltby/Shire show Take Flight, which has had productions in Australia, Japan, Russia, London, and Princeton, New Jersey (at the McCarter Theatre) but has never made it to Broadway. Take Flight is a “concept musical” that interweaves the stories of four historical figures famously associated with the human desire to fly: the Wright brothers, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart. Take Flight was Maltby and Shire’s second collaboration with John Weidman. Weidman was also Stephen Sondheim’s librettist on Assassins, another concept musical, which served in certain ways as a model for Take Flight. The extended musical sequence “Back of the Line” again shows Sondheim influence. The chapter traces the development of the show through its many versions, with the conclusion by the writers that it is probably best performed as a staged concert, with narration instead of a conventional libretto.
Working with Other People
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Popular New Yorker writer Adam Gopnik describes his collaborative process in working with Shire on their musical, Our Table, and how Shire taught him the fundamentals of lyric writing. Maltby discusses working with composer Charles Strouse and legendary director and librettist Arthur Laurents on the flop musical Nick & Nora, an adaptation of the Dashiell Hammett novel The Thin Man and its movie version. The writers discuss the implications of working with other collaborators and agree that what’s good for them individually is also good for the team. The chapter includes a discussion of rhyming, featuring conflicting viewpoints from Gopnik and Stephen Sondheim regarding the permissibility of imperfect (or false) rhymes in theater songs.
Oh, That’s What Those Songs Were About!
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The York Theatre Company, under the leadership of producing artistic director Jim Morgan, has produced successful revivals of both Starting Here, Starting Now (with a cast including Charlotte Maltby, Richard’s daughter) and Closer Than Ever, as well as a two-week run of Big, as part of the York’s Musicals in Mufti series. The updated Big was modeled on the revisions from the national tour. In the case of Closer Than Ever, the writers found that the young generation who fell in love with the songs when they were in college now found, hearing them again twenty years later, that they had deeper and richer meaning from the perspective of adulthood. In 2021, the York Theatre honored Maltby and Shire with the Oscar Hammerstein Award for Lifetime Achievement in Musical Theater.
Routes to Reform
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The key to sustained and equitable development in Latin America is high-quality education for all. However, coalitions favoring quality reforms in education are usually weak because parents are dispersed, business is not interested, and much of the middle class has exited public education. Their absence renders the policy space relatively empty, making opponents of meritocratic reforms to teacher careers—clientelist politicians and some teacher unions—consequently more formidable. Nonetheless, several countries made meaningful reforms via different routes. The first bottom-up route to reform was electoral in Ecuador and Chile. The second route taken by Colombia and Peru was more top-down and technocratic.
“Strange Things of the Invisible Worlds”
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This is the first of three short biographical sections of the text that are labeled “Vita” and numbered I to III. This first vita reads the available sources to sketch Kelpius’s early life in Europe: his birth and childhood in Transylvania, his education in theology at several different universities in Germany, and his eventual connection with the Pietists. I speculate on the possibility of Kelpius’s association with August Francke in Leipzig and his descriptions of Pietist conventicle meetings in Saxony during the period. In these descriptions, Kelpius veers into memoir, describing in detail some of the paranormal phenomena that he witnessed at conventicle meetings, experiences that cemented his association with the Pietists.