bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating Millability of Sugarcane From Small Samples
Authors: James Norman I. , Miller J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method was developed for estimating variety correction factor (VCF), a measure of millability in sugarcane (Saccharum sp.), from % primary juice extraction. We can obtain 4,000 to 5,000 estimates of milling quality per year with this method compared to a few hundred estimates of milling quality with other methods. Clones with poor milling quality can be discarded during early stages of selection in breeding programs.When samples were processed with a cutter‐grinder and 3‐roller mill, the association between % primary juice extraction and VCF (r = 0.922** and 0.856**) was as close as the association between % fiber and VCF (r = −0.852** and −0.846**). The regression equation for predicting VCF from % primary juice extraction was developed for samples processed with a 3‐roller mill.Distribution of fibervascular bundles within stalks did not influence milling quality as measured by VCF.
Chemical and Cultural Methods for Downy Brome Control and Yield of Winter Wheat1
Authors: Swan D. G. , Oveson M. M. , Appleby A. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDowny brome (Bromus tectorum L.) is difficult to control with stubble mulch fallow. Herbicides effectively control this weeds so combinations of herbicides and stubble mulch fallowing were evaluated. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields from chemical, stubble mulch, and chemical plus stubble mulch fallow systems were obtained from 1960 to 1966 at nitrogen levels of 45, 90, and 134 kg/ha.In the summer fallow year, vegetation was controlled in the chemical plots with a winter treatment of atrazine [(2‐chloro ‐4‐(ethylamino‐)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine] plus amitrole (3‐amino‐s‐triazole), and the use 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in the summer. Wheat was seeded directly into nontilled soil. Conventional stubble‐mulch tillage was used for tilled plots. Tillage was initiated in early June in the chemical + stubble mulch plots.Effect of nitrogen rate and fallowing method on wheat yield was inconsistent over the study period. Chemical + stubble mulch fallow was the most consistent treatment. Yields from this treatment were significantly higher than from chemical alone 3 of the 5 years, indicating that tillage often is beneficial in this soil type even when weeds are not a factor.
Simple Method for Growth of Small Plants in Nutrient‐Sand Culture1
Authors: Mazur A. R. , Hughes T. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple and inexpensive, yet controllable system for growing small plants in nutrient‐sand cultures was designed and constructed. The system was devised for large volumes of nutrient solution, as well as for accurate control of frequency and duration of wetting cycles necessary for comparing absorption and utilization of NH+4 and NO‐3. The system uses subirrigation to flush and renew the root‐zone nutrient solution and is, thus, especially useful for studies involving small plants, such as grass seedlings, which are easily dislodged by other methods. This method has been used successfully in turfgrass nutrition studies.
Prediction of Winter Wheat Yield From Short‐Term Weather Factors1
Authors: Pochop L. O. , Cornia R. L. , Becker C. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCrop production is often severely limited by a lack of moisture during critical periods of the growing season. In the semi‐arid regions of the Great Plains, in particular, the time distribution of rainfall is usually thought to be as important as the total amount. Precipitation management promises one means of alleviating the problem of moisture deficiencies during critical growth periods of crops.The objective of this study was to assess the potential effects of precipitation augmentation on agricultural production in the Great Plains area of Wyoming. The influence of added rainfall on winter wheat production in eastern Wyoming has been estimated. The results are limited to winter wheat, the major crop of the region. The influence of precipitation augmentation on winter wheat production was shown to be largely dependent upon the time at which added rainfall occurs. The benefits of added rainfall to increased winter wheat production were shown to be greatest during the middle portion of the growing season, relatively negligible early in the season, and negative late in the season.
Fate of Fall and Spring Applied 15N‐Labeled Aqueous Ammonia in Porous, Buried Bags1
Authors: Chalk P. M. , Keeney D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApplication of nitrogen fertilizers, particularly anhydrous NH3 is frequently practiced in the northern sections of the Corn Belt to spread out the work load and take advantage of lower fertilizer prices. However, nitrogen losses through nitrification of the fertilizer followed by leaching or denitrification have been a continuing concern. The work described here was designed to evaluate the fate of Fall and Spring applied NH3 under field conditions using 15N labeled fertilizer. Because of limitations in the amount of labeled fertilizer available, and to minimize sampling problems, small porous bags (125 cm3) were filled with soil, injected with 15N aqueous NH3 and were placed either under fallow or under corn (Zea mays L.) on a Plano silt loam soil. The bags were retrieved at intervals and the soil and plants analyzed for 15N. Recovery of Spring applied NH3 in the corn plants was between 58 and 69%, and about 7% remained in the soil, primarily as organic N and fixed NH4. Recovery decreased with an increase in the amount of N applied. About half of the Fall applied fertilizer N incorporated into the organic‐N fraction was released the following spring, but fertilizer‐derived organic‐N from Spring‐applied NH3 was largely unavailable to soil microorganisms. From 60 to 80% of the Spring applied fertilizer N fixed by day was released during cropping. The major pathway for loss of fertilizer N was presumed to be either leaching or denitrification. Some fertilizer‐derived (NO2 + NO3)‐N was leached as much as 60 to 75 cm below the point of placement by the following Spring. At this depth it would be unavailable to the following crop until the roots had penetrated deeply. The results suggest that fall application of NH3 is not desirable, from an agronomic or an environmental point of view, because of potential N fertilizer losses, particularly by leaching. At least in the soil studied, Fall application has an advantage in that less fertilizer N is retained in an unavailable form.
Irrigation Border Effects in Pima Cotton1
Authors: Kittock D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine if two border rows on each side of yield rows were necessary to prevent border effects in irrigation tests on American Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). Individual rows were harvested in 6‐row plots on first harvest (67% to 89% of total harvest) in Pima cotton irrigation, cultivar, plant‐population tests. Tests were conducted for 4 years. Analyses of these data indicate that lint yield of outside‐border rows (rows 1 and 6 of 6‐row plots) was significantly affected by adjacent irrigation treatment for the three methods of irrigation tested. Border effects on lint yield of inside‐border rows (rows 2 and 5) were much lower, but significant at the 0.05 or 0.50 level. Difference in lint yield between inside‐border rows and yield rows (rows 3 and 4) ranged from 2.7 to 4.7% for the three irrigation methods.Need for more than one pair of border rows is indicated. However, border effects on inside‐border rows were small in most comparisons. In one instance, absolute yields of inside‐border rows were affected by the adjacent treatments, but relative yield levels of different irrigation treatments were not affected.
Shade‐cloth Microclimate of Soybeans1
Authors: Allen L. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA shade cloth tent was erected over a crop of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], in a micrometeorological CO2 enrichment experiment, to restrict eddy diffusivity and vertical turbulent transport. This barrier was tried because earlier studies had shown that CO2 released in crops under natural conditions was rapidly dispersed by turbulence. The objectives were to evaluate plant response to the modified microclimate and the effectiveness of the shade cloth tent in reducing losses of applied CO2. Profiles of air temperature, CO2 concentration, water vapor concentration, and wind were measured both above and below the shade cloth and in an adjacent open field. Total solar, visible, and net radiation were also measured.Less light reached the shaded crop, but the plants grew larger and gave about the same dry‐matter yield. However the shaded crop lodged severely. Soil water was extracted at a slower rate by the shaded crop for two reasons: a) because less radiation reached the crop to supply energy for evapotranspiration and b) because a “humidity blanket” developed under the cloth barrier giving a smaller leaf‐to‐air vapor pressure gradient. The “humidity blanket” resulted from lower turbulent transport under the shade cloth. The shade cloth wind screen decreased water stress and water use, increased the amount and improved the distribution of diffuse irradiance, and increased the diffuse to direct‐beam irradiance ratio. Therefore shade culture might have potential beyond present‐day tobacco (Nicotiana tubacum L.) culture, for high value crops with low light saturation of photosynthesis, especially in arid climates with high solar radiation.Eddy diffusivity was reduced to about 16% at the height of the shade cloth, but CO2 concentration increases at the crop's top during releases were only about twice as large with the shade cloth in place as they were with the shade cloth removed. Therefore the shade cloth was moderately effective in trapping released CO2 but much still escaped.
Cottonseed Density: Associated Germination and Seedling Emergence Properties1
Authors: Krieg D. R. , Bartee S. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent studies have indicated that separation of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for improvement in seed quality should be based on seed density rather than seed size or weight. Seed density is closely related to embryo maturity and is more independent of genotype than are other seed properties.The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of seed density on some of the processes associated with cottonseed germination and seedling establishment of several cultivars. Acid delinted seed were separated into four density groups using a pneumatic separator. Rate of imbibition, quantity and quality of material leached from the seed, rate of radicle elongation, germination and seedling emergence percentages were measured as indicators of seed quality and seedling vigor potential.Germination percentages were directly related to both seed density and seed weight, with the better correlation existing with seed density. The rates of imbibition and radicle elongation were related to seed density within a cultivar with differences existing between cultivars. A slower rate of radicle elongation was observed for the highest density class during the first 2 to 3 days of germination, which was related to a decreased rate of imbibition during the first 8 hours of contact with water. The quantity of soluble sugars, Ca, and K leached from the seed during imbibition was inversely related to seed density, suggesting interferences existed during seed development or deterioration had occurred in the low density seed. Seed density was highly related to rate of emergence, total emergence, and seedling survival under both growth chamber and field conditions.The results obtained suggest that seed density is the best predictor of cottonseed germination, emergence and potential seedling vigor. Seed separation for improvement in seed quality should be based on density rather than other seed properties.
Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen on the Dry Matter and Crude Protein Yields of ‘Pangola’ Digitgrass1
Authors: Byam L. , Gumbs F. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn Trinidad, West Indies, a dairy industry is being developed on Piarco fine sand/fine sandy loam soil, classified as Aquoxic Tropudults. The soil is physically and chemically poor. The cattle obtain most of their food supply by grazing ‘Pangola’ digitgrass (Digitaria decumbens Stent.). There is an urgent need to increase grass production on this soil type. Inadequate water supply in the dry season limits grass production. Previous fertilizer trials with Pangola digitgrass on this soil type have indicated that N fertilizer is likely to give better yield response than P, K, or Ca. This trial was therefore conducted to determine the irrigation‐N management for wet and dry season production of Pangola digitgrass on this soil at adequate levels of P and K.The dry matter and crude protein yield responses of the grass to irrigation and N were studied in the field on established pastures. A split plot design was used with irrigation levels as the main plots and N levels as subplots. There were three levels of irrigation (irrigation back to field capacity at soil water deficits of 1.25, 2.50, and 3.50 cm per 30 cm of soil) and a control (no irrigation); and three levels of N, 224, 448, and 672 kg/ha.In the moderately dry year of 1972 in Trinidad, irrigation had little effect on the dry matter yields or the percentage or total crude protein of Pangola but in the severe dry season of 1973, dry matter yield was essentially doubled even when the soil was allowed to dry to a maximum water deficit of 3.75 cm per 30 cm.In the dry season of 1972, dry matter and crude protein yields increased with an increase in N fertilization from 224 kg to 672 kg N/ha/year but this was reversed in the wet season. The total annual dry matter production was best at 224 kg N/ha and irrigation back to field capacity at 1.25 cm deficit.The best irrigation‐N management for Pangola depended on the season of the year as well as on the severity of the dry season. In the moderately dry season, N substituted for irrigation and 672 kg/ha of N without irrigation was best. In a severe dry season, 224 kg N/ha/year and irrigation at the 1.25 or 2.50 cm deficit gave the best yields; and in the wet season, the management should be 224 kg N/ha and irrigation at the 1.25 cm deficit. The fertilizers were applied as split applications; N was applied after every 6‐week harvest and phosphate and potash, after every third harvest.
Effects of B Application on Soybean Yield, Chemical Composition, and Related Characteristics1
Authors: Touchton J. T. , Boswell F. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) are generally considered not to respond to B applications. A few responses to B application on soybeans have been reported for soils similar to those reported here. In addition, toxicities have been reported but not related to methods of application with current recommended cultivars. The purpose of these studies was to compare the effects of broadcast and foliar applications of B at rates of 0 to 2.24 kg/ha for soybeans (‘Hutton’) grown on two Coastal Plains soils and a Piedmont soil. The parameters evaluated were B accumulation and distribution in the soil and plants and the effects of B on yield, elemental concentration in leaves and mature seed, plant maturity, seed size and quality, and nodule formation. A significant positive correlation was found between applied B and water‐soluble soil B and total plant B. Broadcast applications of B caused no apparent vegetative damage but the 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha foliar applications resulted in leaf burn, malformed leaves, and delayed maturity. On the Coastal Plain soils, yields were influenced by rate of applied B, but not by method of application. There was a beneficial effect from the 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg/ha rates of B at one site and a detrimental effect from the 2.24 kg/ha rate at both sites. Yields on the Piedmont soil were not influenced by B applications. Protein and oil percentages, seed size, and nodule formation were not affected by method or rate of B. The B concentration in the mature seed increased with increased B rates but there were no differences between methods of application.
Identification of Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars Using Nitrogen‐Deficient Culture1
Authors: Nittler L. W. , Kenny T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBecause there is difficulty in identifying seed‐lot purity of some Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars, we conducted these studies to find characters in which cultivars might differ. Seedlings were grown in sand and were supplied with a nutrient solution lacking nitrogen. Three weeks after planting, striking differences in color of first leaf blades were evident. Those of some plants were entirely green but in others they were strong red. Between these extremes there were plants in which only part of the leaf blade was light red. Of 30 cultivars and experimental lines tested, 5 had a high percentage of plants with strong‐red leaf blades, and 2 cultivars had a high percentage with green leaf blades. In the other 23 cultivars most plants had partly red or slightly red leaf blades. Although differences observed would not be useful in distinguishing many cultivars, they could be used to separate contrasting types.
Combined Effects of Low Oxygen and Salinity on Germination of a Semi‐dwarf Mexican Wheat1
Authors: Aceves‐N Everardo , Stolzy L. H. , Mehuys G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe simultaneous occurrence of low oxygen and high salinity conditions is common in a wide range of irrigated soils. The combined effects of O2 and osmotic potential stresses on germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Inia 66’) were tested under growth chamber conditions. A range of O2 concentrations and salinity levels were chosen to simulate soil aeration and salinity combinations that might be expected to occur in well‐aerated, fine‐textured, saline, and saline‐sodic soils. Daily observations of number of seeds germinated and days to first germination were recorded. Analysis of variance of percent germination was performed in three different ways: i) using the original data, ii) using the arcsine transformation, and iii) deleting most of the 0% germination values to get better estimates of the error terms.Inia 66 showed tolerance to high salinity and low O2 during germination. Close to full germination occurred at a salinity level of −6 bars (21% O2) and at 2% O2 (no salinity stress). However, the combination of high salinity with low O2 depressed germination below economic levels. Predicted osmotic potentials associated with a 50% decrease in germination ranged from −10.8 bars at 21% O2 to −3 bars at 1% O2. High salinity levels were more limiting than low O2 concentrations. Days to first germination were increased only at O2 concentrations lower than 5%. Apparently this concentration is the threshold at which germination is delayed at all the osmotic potentials tested. A function is proposed for predicting days to first germination under saline but good soil aeration conditions.
Wheat Growth Related to Rhizosphere Temperature and Oxygen Levels1
Authors: Sojka R. E. , Stolzy L. H. , Kaufmann M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough extensive research has been conducted on the separate effects of various soil‐temperature levels and various soil‐oxygen levels on wheat growth, little work has been done on the interaction of soil‐temperature and soil‐oxygen levels upon wheat response. Mexican semi‐dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell cv Yecora) was grown in soil at regulated temperatures under greenhouse conditions to measure response to varying combinations of root zone oxygen levels and soil temperatures. Components of dry weight production, tillering, leaf area, stomatal aperature, and leaf xylem tension were measured.Decreasing soil‐oxygen levels reduced total, root, and top dry weight components and root/shoot ratios, reduced leaf area, and retarded tillering. Soil temperature of 15 C generally favored higher total, shoot, and root dry weight, and a lower root/shoot ratio, increased leaf area, and increased the number of tillers per plant at harvest compared to 9 and 21 C. Stomatal closure (as measured by a diffusion porometer) occurred at very low soil‐oxygen levels, but no consistent aeration or temperature effect on leaf water potential was observed. Low soil temperature and low soil oxygen levels interacted to retard shoot development pointing to a dependence of shoot development on root metabolism.The data underscore the need to characterize both soil temperature and soil oxygen availability when considering either parameter separately in order to fully understand the relative oxygen status of plant roots.
Effect of N Fertilization on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Dryland Winter Wheat as Affected by Stored Water and Rainfall1
Authors: Singh Ranjodh , Singh Yadvinder , Prihar S. S. , Singh Piara 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDryland wheat is raised on stored water and limited precipitation. Nitrogen is known to increase grain yield and water use efficiency. But the crop response to N in relation to stored water, effect of N on water extracttion, effect of stored water and rainfall on water use are not sufficiently understood. Field experiments were conducted for a 3‐year period on clay loam (Haplustaff) and loamy sand (Ustifluvent) soils using four rates of N viz. 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha to probe the above aspects in two‐gene dwarf dryland winter wheat. Stored available water varied from 133 mm in a 180 cm profile to 204 mm in 120 cm profile and the rainfall varied from 62 to 141 mm.Maximum grain yields and response to N application increased with increasing water storage irrespective of growing season rainfall. Compared with a control, N application increased yield, water use, and water use efficiency under all situations. Differences in water use and water extraction pattern by unfertilized and fertilized wheat were small during early stages. But after 80 days, 80 kg N/ha increased water depletion from 60 to 180 cm layer by 25 to 300%.Under comparable rainfall, 52 mm higher initial available‐water storage in clay loam than in loamy sand, caused 90 mm greater water depletion from 180 cm profile. With adequate moisture in the lower layers, a heavy rain during tillering followed by a long dry spell induced deeper rooting which depleted all the available water from 180 cm profile.