bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thesis and Antithesis
Authors: Simon Hendrik 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Proponents of liberum ius ad bellum usually cite this provocative proposition only very briefly—as if it needed no further explanation. Chapter 2, in contrast, investigates the substantiation of this thesis in greater detail. To this end, the proposition of liberum ius ad bellum is critically reconstructed in order to show that it emanated not only from the realist narrative of ‘anarchy’, but also from a liberal teleological narrative of ‘progress’ (Chapter 2.2). Against these oversimplifying narratives, the chapter develops the counter-thesis that throughout history, war has always required normative justification (Chapter 2.3). Contrasting thesis and antithesis, the book’s theoretical premise will become apparent: the justification of war constitutes a political discourse on normatively ordering the international.
Conclusion
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Disability and Political Representation provides an in-depth analysis of the range of ways in which the political representation of disabled people matters. This concluding chapter brings together the key findings of the research to address the initial research questions and to elaborate on the three overarching arguments of the book. First, there are significant ableist barriers preventing disabled people from participating in the political process. Second, increasing the number of disabled representatives matters. And third, the lived experiences of disabled politicians can benefit the substantive and symbolic representation of disabled people. The idea of experiential representation emphasizes the important role that lived experience of disability plays in the representation of disabled people living in ableist societies. The concept of ableist institutions was developed to better capture the ways in which formal rules and informal norms and cultures marginalize and exclude disabled people from politics. The chapter concludes with a list of recommendations for improving accessibility to politics for disabled people, as well a as potential future research agendas to further enhance and develop our understanding of the role of disability in political representation and the representation of disabled people in politics.
The Neo-Carnapians
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter defends the neo-Quinean approach to ontology against the criticisms of two present-day admirers of Carnap’s critique of metaphysics, Huw Price and Amie Thomasson. A large part of its task is to discover what those criticisms are, for their statements are very abstract. A straightforward Quinean argument for the existence of numbers is presented, and the author attempts to discover how the highly general criticisms of Price and Thomasson might be applied to this particular neo-Quinean argument. But the criticisms are so very abstract that no sure answer to the question whether they apply to this argument can be reached.
In Defense of Lightweight Platonism
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Analysis of our discourse shows that when we speak, we tacitly affirm the existence of relations, including 0-term relations or propositions, and 1-term relations or attributes. (“Attributes” are not constituents of substances, they cannot enter into causal relations, and it is false that an F object is F in virtue of instantiating the attribute of being F.) Propositions are things that can be said, attributes are things that can be said of things, and “proper” relations are things that can be said of pluralities of things. Relations must be necessarily existent or some true propositions might not have been possible.
In Defense of Transcendent Universals
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
David Armstrong held that postulating the existence of immanent universals enabled one best to solve certain philosophical problems. It is here maintained (a) that those problems are pseudo-problems, (b) that postulating entities to solve philosophical problems is a bad way to proceed in philosophy, (c) that many, many assertions made in every life and in the sciences—assertions that seem obviously to be true—entail the existence of transcendent universals, and finally (d) that this can be demonstrated by showing that if those assertions are expressed what Quine calls “the canonical notation of quantification,” one can formally deduce from them the formal counterparts of such sentences as ‘There are features’ and ‘Characteristics exist’.
Instruction and Storytelling
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
There were various tenets of faith and associated ideas that informed the shape of Christian life and behaviour, some of which stayed consistent across many centuries, others developing and changing within the period studied here. This chapter asks how much of this Christian ‘knowledge’ lay people were expected to have, how much they did in fact possess, and how they related to it. Using a variety of pastoral works, ecclesiastical councils, inquisition records, and some twelfth-century vernacular sermons, the chapter explores how the depth of knowledge required of the ordinary Christian developed between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. It explores also how much written material, available directly or indirectly, might have reached the laity, with particular attention paid to the New Testament, and to a variety of thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century vernacular works of pious instruction. Throughout the chapter, the difference is explored between doctrinal instruction and Christian ‘storytelling’, as a different mode of communicating matters of faith.
Moral Responsibility Scepticism, Epistemic Considerations and Responsibility for Health
Authors: Shaw Elizabeth 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses whether patients should face penalties for unhealthy lifestyle choices. The idea that people should be held responsible for their bad health decisions is often associated with “luck egalitarianism”. This chapter explains the connection between responsibility-sensitive health care policies and luck egalitarianism and outlines some criticisms that have been made of luck egalitarianism in this context. It then highlights the implications of moral responsibility scepticism for luck egalitarians and other proponents of similarly responsibility-sensitive approaches to health care. Theorists who have discussed the practical implications of moral responsibility scepticism have focused primarily on criminal punishment and, in that context, have often invoked an epistemic argument, maintaining that there are at least serious doubts about whether people are morally responsible (in the sense required for retributive punishment) and that, in view of this uncertainty, retributive punishment is unjust, given the serious harm it inflicts on offenders. This chapter argues that this type of reasoning also implies that we should not take patients’ responsibility for their poor health into account when deciding whether to give these patients treatments and that the health system should not impose significant penalties on individuals for harming their own health. Culpability-based desert seems to stand a better chance of helping luck egalitarians (and others with related views) to justify responsibility-sensitive health care policies compared with some alternative approaches. However, this chapter casts doubt on the idea that responsibility-sensitive health care policies based on this kind of desert are justifiable, focusing on doubts about whether people are morally responsible for harming their own health, whether harming one’s own health is morally wrong, and whether significant penalties for harming one’s health would be proportionate.
The hierarchical nature of biology
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Biology is extremely complex. We can deal with this complexity by breaking it down into hierarchically structured levels. One type of biological hierarchy is the level of complexity. The simplest biological unit is the macromolecule. From this, complexity builds up through organelles, cells, tissues, organs and systems, up to whole organisms. A second type of biological hierarchy is taxonomical hierarchy. The basic unit in taxonomy is the species. Species are ordered into higher taxonomic levels: genera, families, orders, classes, phyla, and, finally, the animal kingdom. Another approach to dealing with complexity is through generalizations. Comparative biology allows us to find generalities that hold true in many cases, but it is important to remember that every generalization is no more than a generalization, and can have exceptions.
Parasitism
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Parasitism is a mode of life in which one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, in a relationship that benefits the parasite while causing harm to the host. Parasitism is a highly successful strategy that has evolved numerous times. Parasites are found in almost all animal phyla. Over evolutionary time, there is an evolutionary race between parasite and host, the host specializing to better avoid the parasite and the parasite evolving to overcome the defenses of the host. Parasites therefore undergo very rapid evolution with many adaptations evolving convergently in different parasite lineages. Many parasites have secondarily simplified bodies, losing a number of organ systems. Many parasites have evolved complex life cycles. Parasitism is one of the most fascinating areas of study within evolutionary biology. Parasites are an important component of the ecosystem, with a high proportion of animals being parasitized at some level for most of their lives.
Annelida
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Annelida is a phylum of segmented worms, found mostly in the sea, but also in fresh water and in damp terrestrial environments. Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical with a coelom. Many marine annelids are characterized by chaetae or bristles, often coupled with lateral flaps known as parapodia. Some taxa are characterized by a mobile or errant lifestyle, whereas others tend to be sessile. The degree of motility is strongly linked to body structure and type of segmentation. Many annelids have extensive regenerative capabilities, and these are often linked with the ability to reproduce asexually through fission or segment shedding. Annelida includes Clitellata (the group including terrestrial worms), which usually have no bristles and no regenerative capabilities. They are unified by a typical mode of mating and reproduction involving a clitellum. The leeches are also included in Clitellata, and they display a modified body plan specialized for blood sucking.
Size and complexity
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Animal sizes vary over many orders of magnitude. The size of an animal affects many parameters from physical parameters of relative size, or allometry, of different structures, to physiological aspects, such as energy use and heat retention. Locomotion functions differently at different sizes, both in water and in air, due to different properties of fluids at different scales. Transfer of nutrients and oxygen within an animal’s body depends on size, with larger sizes requiring more efficient transport systems. Complexity also varies widely among animals, but defining complexity is not as straightforward as defining size. Measures of complexity are often subjective and are done in reference to perceived notions of what elements of complexity are most important. Different animals can manifest complexity in different ways, and examples of superficial simplicity in one aspect may mask much higher complexity in other aspects.
Love and the Working Class
Authors: Lystra Karen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Based on over five thousand letters written by both Black and white working-class Americans in the period 1830–1880, Love and the Working Class features the personal expression of ordinary Americans as they find a mate, joke or boast about sex, argue with their spouse, and express their feelings of attachment in both prose and poetry. Most of the letter writers had no more than a third- or fourth-grade education, and some of them were illiterate. Yet they or their scribe took pen and pencil in hand, often sounding out words as they wrote. Readers can “hear” them speak to each other as they expressed their sense of intimacy within the collective relationships of their local community or tribe. Their sense of community included an almost universally accepted yet unspoken demand for racial homogeneity in courtship and marriage. Love and the Working Class makes an innovative and distinctive contribution to the history of emotions as well as American social and cultural history. The focus on courtship and marriage includes an original analysis of nonromantic love. Poetry, letter-writing, and the range of emotions surrounding death are also featured. Working-class feelings are interpreted in response to a wide-range of nineteenth-century experiences, including the Civil War. It is through the lens of personal letters that poor, unschooled Americans show us how they felt about love and how they created meaningful attachments in their uncertain lives.
Introduction
Authors: Lystra Karen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Better-educated Americans looked down their noses at the “poor class of people.” This disdain is described in the author’s discussion of middle-class intimacy in Searching the Heart: Women, Men and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America. Her middle-class research raised many unanswered questions about the beliefs and behaviors of “the poor class of people.” Did they have the same courtship rituals as their middle-class contemporaries? How did they talk about sex? Were their ideas about love similarly romantic? What about their vocabulary of love and intimacy? What did they think about marriage and how did they relate to spouses? What did they feel most passionately about? Finding an abundance of nineteenth-century letters written by working-class Americans—Black and white—provided the key to answer those questions.
Roses Are Red / Violets Are Blue
Authors: Lystra Karen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Poor, unschooled Americans regularly included poems in their letters. They also included snippets of popular songs and ballads. In most cases, they repeated short rhymes that circulated by word of mouth and did not require any education to learn or to modify. Both Black and white beneficiaries of this oral tradition had no concern for an author and did not receive a stable text attributed to an individual poet. They favored vernacular rhymes that were essentially “owned” by the group. They most often trusted these anonymous folk poems to structure their communication of love. “When this you see / Remember me / Tho many a mile / a part we be” was the most widely circulated vernacular rhyme exchanged in their nineteenth-century letters. Memory defined caring in the working-class language of intimacy. The common feeling of anxiety over being forgotten when living outside their face-to-face community predominated in this popular poem.
Introduction
Authors: Burton Simon J. G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Prologue offers an overview of the Reformation of method from Augustine of Hippo through to the Ramist movement, providing an orientation to the rest of the book. It highlights and explains an important nexus of Realism, exemplarism, and illumination fundamental to Ramism. Beginning with Augustine it shows how these themes coalesced into a distinctive Christian philosophy taken up and refined by Franciscans such as Bonaventure of Bagnoregio and John Duns Scotus, as well as by Ramon Lull, the Franciscan-inspired encyclopaedist. It traces the continuation of this methodological impulse into the Platonism and Christian humanism of the Renaissance, highlighting especially the topical and Realist (Scotistic) reform of logic pioneered by Lorenzo Valla and Rudolph Agricola. It concludes by showing the reception of this topical and biblical reform in Philipp Melanchthon and the movement of Reformed scholasticism, revealing Reformed Scotism and Christian philosophy as important preconditions for Ramism.
Catholic Symphony
Authors: Burton Simon J. G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers scholastic opposition to Ramism and the manner in which it led to a wider reconfiguring of Ramist logic and renewed metaphysical engagement. It begins by considering the Scotistic logic and metaphysics of Julius Caesar Scaliger and its absorption into Ramism and Reformed thought by Rudolph Goclenius. It then considers its uptake by Amandus Polanus von Polansdorf and his development of a Platonic and Realist logic at the University of Basel. It considers his development of a new symphonic method of theology, his engagement with Thomist and Scotist approaches to theology, and his adoption of a Trinitarian and scriptural exemplarism redolent of Bonaventure. It also considers the fusion of Ramistic and Bonaventuran notions of method in Stephanus Szegedinus and its relation to an analogical and participationist understanding of reality. It concludes by highlighting the role of Ramism in instituting a wider Trinitarian and transcendental turn in Reformed theology.
Advocacy and the opioid crisis
Authors: Ukockis Gail 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Building on the framework of the previous chapters, Chapter 10 provides examples of successful activism regarding the opioid crisis. One example is a small town that mobilized to demand Congressional hearings and accountability for the pharmaceutical companies that had flooded their area with opioids. A case study of homelessness in Denver describes how a housing shortage can exacerbate the drug use. A discussion of harm reduction also presents the reader with concrete ways to advocate for persons with opioid use disorder. For example, supervised injection sites provide drug users a safe place and medical supervision. Like methadone clinics, these sites have caused much controversy.
The Zurich Origins of Reformed Covenant Theology
Authors: Hildebrand Pierrick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This book proposes that the covenant theology initiated by Huldreich Zwingli (1484–1531) and substantially shaped by Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575) influenced later developments in Reformed covenant theology more fundamentally than previously assumed. Where previous scholarship held the different Reformed traditions to be in tension, this study identifies continuities running from Zwingli and Bullinger to John Calvin and early orthodox formulations in Heidelberg. A close reading of an unprecedented range of sources, both printed and in manuscript, allows us to see how after Zwingli’s covenantal turn in mid-1525, two particular elements became threads running through covenant theology: union with Christ as the realization of the covenant and the concept of a prelapsarian covenant.
Dynamics of Encounter
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis chapter contests reified ways of thinking about music based on a monolithic conception of society (which music reflects) or the working of impersonal forces (such as style history). Rationalisation and modernisation have deemphasised agency – as illustrated by today’s culture of classical music performance – or reduced it to celebrity. The antidote is not, however, to conceive musical creativity in purely individualistic terms, as if history was produced by geniuses or Great Men. It is rather to see music as a social accomplishment – as something that a lot of people do jointly – and to think of society as something that is constituted through human relationships (including the networks of mutual listening and performance explored in Chapters 1 and 2). Drawing on Emmanuel Levinas, the chapter proposes a model of encounter as openness to the other and illustrates it through the example of music therapy, where the relational dimensions inherent in all musicking become plain to see (and hear).
Between Lucknow and London
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe chapter begins by reviewing and critiquing the impact of postcolonial theory on music studies before turning to a case study of the Hindostannie air, a genre that was briefly fashionable in Britain around 1800. It uses surviving notations to reconstruct aspects of the cross-cultural encounters that gave rise to the Hindostannie air, focussing on how musicians placed their own musicality on the line in the attempt to reach out to the cultural other. It also explains the different responses to the airs of those who had first-hand experience of Indian music – who insisted on their authenticity – and those of London musicians who lacked such experience and found the notations unintelligible; the result was the total assimilation of the airs within the norms of middle-class British musicking. The underlying argument is that music can provide access to dimensions of cross-cultural interaction that can hardly be captured in any other way.
Sung Rhetoric
Authors: Drummond Henry T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Having analysed the rhetorical context that influenced song composition, this chapter turns to the musical-poetic structures and narratives of the Cantigas themselves. A key issue tackled here is how a cantiga de miragre accommodates a linear narrative text alongside a repetitive, refrain-based form that is cyclical. In this chapter, rhetorical principles are shown to channel a miracle song’s narrative to work alongside a contradictory song form. Musical-poetic structure—far from being an impediment to narrative cohesion—can thereby clarify a song’s meaning by highlighting points of narrative focus. These arguments are supported by theoretical precepts from medieval preachers, such as Thomas of Chobham in his Summa de ars praedicandi, thereby demonstrating how the rhetorical dispositio is still very much at play in the cyclical cantiga de miragre.
Cantigas and Image-Building
Authors: Drummond Henry T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Cantigas offer a window into a rich social-cultural context. These songs were crafted during Alfonso X’s final years, amidst an increasingly fractured realm. The political implications in the Cantigas’ textual narratives have been the subject of numerous studies; however, few have considered how their nature as song plays into this dynamic. This chapter focuses on a handful of songs that address events that took place during Alfonso X’s reign. Through song, the Cantigas’ performers and listeners are transported to a space separated from their everyday realities. Such a space is conditioned, like a game, by structural parameters that govern an audience’s expectations. These rules that are integral to song make the Cantigas a suitable tool to promote Alfonso X’s legitimacy to rule. In participating in the performance of song, the Cantigas’ intended audience feed into a courtly narrative, playing along with accepted versions of Alfonsine history.
Myths of Community Survival
Authors: Tanyag Maria 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the community as a site of everyday bodily depletion and where the gendered political economy of crisis interventions plays out. It examines bodily autonomy within the political economy of care and control in communities especially during crises by drawing on experiences of internally displaced populations in the Philippines and discusses how restrictions to SRHR are exacerbated under conditions of feminized community survival. As an interconnected arena for household social reproduction, a community’s survival depends on feminized forms of labor. Women therefore comprise the reliable constituents of an underpaid, voluntary, and overworked community workforce because of deeply embedded norms on female altruism, obligation, and self-sacrifice that are reinforced through crisis responses.