bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrate and Total Alkaloid Concentration of 11 Pearl Millet Lines1
Authors: Krejsa Beverly B. , Rouquette F. M. , Holt E. C. , Camp B. J. , Nelson L. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPearl millet [Pennisetum americanum(L.) Leeke] forage has been reported to become unpalatable under drought stress conditions in east Texas. This unpalatable millet has been found to contain high levels of nitrate and total alkaloid relative to palatable, apparently unstressed, pearl millet. This study was conducted to determine if alkaloid and nitrate levels vary among pearl millet lines. Eleven lines were evaluated in the field on a Darco soil (loamy, siliceous, thermic Grossarenic Paleudult). Chemical analyses were conducted on leaf blades, and stems plus sheaths of vegetative plants. Millet lines differed for total forage alkaloid concentration as well as for total forage nitrate concentration (P < 0.05). Though alkaloid levels of the lines were relatively low, they ranged six‐fold (from 17 to 101 mg kg−1) among millet lines. Nitrate levels ranged from 2.4 to 9.8 g kg−1among the lines. Total forage alkaloid and nitrate levels were positively correlated (r = 0.45, P < 0.05). Leaf blades contained more total alkaloid than stems plus sheaths, 75 vs. 17 mg kg−1, respectively; while stems plus sheaths contained more nitrate than leaf blades, 10.8 vs. 3.9 g kg−1, respectively. It may be possible to develop lines that have both low alkaloid and low nitrate accumulations.
Yield and Yield Components of Sorghum and Soybeans of Varying Plant Heights when Intercropped1
Authors: Elmore R. W. , Jackobs J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 2‐year field study was conducted to examine the effects of different sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) plant heights on yield and yield components of both sorghum and soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) and to compare production of intercrop and monoculture cropping systems. In 1977, ‘Amsoy 71’ soybeans were planted with a short (1.2 m) and a tall (1.6 m) sorghum cultivar in alternate 0.38 m rows on a Drummer silty clay loam (Mollisol, fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll). In 1978, two short (1.3 m) and two tall (1.6 m) sorghum cultivars were intercropped with four soybean cultivars in 0.4 and 0.8 m rows on a Coto clay (Oxisol, clayey, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Tropeptic Haplorthox). Soybean yields with tall sorghum were 71 and 18% less than those with short sorghum for 1977 and 1978, respectively. These reductions were due to fewer pods/plant in both years, fewer seeds/pod in 1978, and decreased seed weight in 1977. Narrow rows increased soybean yields 50% with short sorghum and by 35% with tall sorghum in 1978. Intercrop tall sorghum yields were greater than short sorghum yields by 86% in 1977 and 74% in 1978. All yield components except plants/ha contributed to the increase in 1978. Intercrop soybean yields were 37 and 69% of monoculture yields in 1977 and 1978, respectively. Intercrop sorghum yields were 40 and 45% of monoculture yields in 1977 and 1978, respectively. Land equivalent ratios were not different in 1977, but in 1978 they were greater with tall sorghum than with short sorghum, 1.17 vs 1.10, and were greater in intercrop than in monoculture, 1.14 vs 1.00.
Mefluidide‐Induced Nitrate Accumulation in Pearl Millet Forage1
Authors: Fales S. L. , Wilkinson R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral recent studies have reported that mefluidide {N‐[2,4‐di‐methyl‐5‐[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamid} can improve the forage quality of perennial cool‐season grasses; however, there is no published information concerning the response of summer annual grasses to this growth regulator. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of different rates of mefluidide application on growth, total‐N, and NO3N concentration in pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum(L.) Leeke]. In controlled environment experiments, mefluidide inhibited the growth of pearl millet when applied at the vegetative stage. On a whole plant basis, total N increased linearly with mefluidide rate from 1.3 mol kg‒1in control plants to 2.4 mol kg‒1in 1.12 kg ha‒1mefluidide‐treated plants. Nitrate‐N concentration increased linearly from 14.3 mmol kg‒1in control plants to 278.6 mmol kg‒1in 1.12 kg ha‒1mefluidide‐treated plants. Similar results were obtained for leaf tissue, the largest differences occurring as mefluidide rate was increased to 1.12 kg ha‒1. Total N increased from 1.7 mol kg‒1in control leaves to 2.7 mol kg‒1in 1.12 kg ha‒1mefluidide leaves, and to 2.8 mol kg‒1in 2.24 kg ha‒1mefluidide‐treated leaves. Nitrate‐N increased from 42.8 mmol kg‒1in control leaves to 314.3 mmol kg‒1in 1.12 kg ha‒1mefluidide‐treated leaves and declined to 250 mmol kg‒1in 2.24 kg ha‒1mefluidide‐treated leaves. Concentrations of total N and NO3‐N were inversely related to dry matter yield, implying that accumulations were a result of sustained nitrate uptake in the absence of growth. Levels of NO3‐N were reached that could be potentially hazardous to livestock, indicating that mefluidide should be used with caution on pearl millet.
Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Forage Digestibility1
Authors: Forwood J. R. , Owensby C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has found use in agriculture as a carrier for plant toxicants and nutrients mainly due to its membrane penetrating properties. Our objective was to determine the effect of DMSO on forage digestibility. Effects of DMSO on digestibility were determined by adding 0.0, 8.5, 42.3, and 423 mM DMSO L−1 to in vitro dry matter digestion tubes (IVDMD) containing big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman) harvested in mid‐July. Concentrations of 0.0, 4.2, 8.5, and 423 mM DMSO L−1 were also added to tubes containing mid‐ and late July harvested big bluestem and late July harvested indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash]. The latter DMSO rates were also added to in vitro tubes containing fall harvested tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars Kentucky 31, Kenhy, MO 96, and ‘Hallmark’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Rates of 0, 1.12, 5.60, and 22.4 kg DMSO ha−1 were foliarly applied to potted big bluestem plants in the late vegetative stage and to fieldstanding (uncut) ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue and ‘Hallmark’ orchardgrass in mid‐October. Soil type was a Mexico silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Udollic Ochraqualf). Forage from the foliar application studies were harvested 24, 48, and 168 h after DMSO application. Dimethyl sulfoxide at 8.5 and 42.3 mM L−1 significantly increased big bluestem in vitro digestibility while 42.3 mM L−1 was most effective on indiangrass. The 423 mM L−1 rate severely reduced digestibility of big bluestem. In vitro digestibility of cool‐season grasses was significantly increased by 8.5 and 42.3 mM DMSO L−1, but not as greatly as with warm‐season grasses. There was no significant digestibility increase of warm or cool‐season grasses due to foliarly applied DMSO.
Calorific Energy Distribution within the Corn Plant1
Authors: Girardin Philippe 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution of dry matter and nutrients within the corn (Zea mays L.) is well documented, however this is not the case for the distribution of calorific energy. The calorific value of different above ground crop components (blades, sheaths, internodes, tassel, husks, shank, cob, and grains) was measured during both the vegetative and reproductive phases of corn growth under field conditions. The mean energy content (per unit of dry weight), calculated at the sixth leaf stage, at silking and at maturity averaged 4.35, 4.11, and 3.98 kcal g−1, respectively. When ash content was taken into consideration, the calorific values averaged 5.18, 4.65, and 4.14 kcal g−1 of dry organic matter, respectively. These values are useful for calculating the efficiency of solar energy conversion into chemical energy of dry matter.
Tripartite Symbiosis of Stylosanthes scabra Vog. Influenced by Soil Fertility Treatments of a Typic Eutrustox1
Authors: Purcino A. A. C. , Lynd J. Q. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStylosanthes scabra Vog. is a drought tolerant forage legume with potential for improved pasturage within extensive subhumid, neotropical regions of the world. The objective of these studies was to determine effects of Glomus fasciculatum and soil fertility treatments on growth, nodulation, nitrogenase activity (NA), and nodule cytosol composition of the anthracnose resistant Seca cultivar, inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum, and grown on a Typic Eutrustox. The differential endomycorrhizal fungi experiment included levels of Ca3(PO4)2 and KCl. Top growth, nodule weight, and nitrogenase activity increased significantly with mycorrhizal fungi inoculation, P and K soil amendment. The interaction between endomycorrhizal fungi and Ca3(PO4)2 fertilization indicated that G. fasciculatum improved effectiveness of indigenous soil P, but not of P added as Ca3(PO4)2. Nodule cytosol of G. fasciculatum treated plants had higher contents of P, Ca, Mg, and K, but reduced Na. Ca3(PO4)2 fertilization increased cytosol content of P, Ca, and Mg, and significantly decreased Na. Potassium fertilization increased cytosol content of P and K, but decreased Ca, Mg, and Na. These results indicate practical means to attain improved growth and N2 fixation of inoculated S. scabra. with favorable effects from G. fasciculatum colonization when combined with proper soil fertility treatments.
Optimum Time of Day for Maximum Flower Opening of Faba Bean1
Authors: De Pace C. , Geng Shu , Filippetti A. , Ricciardi L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe success of cross pollination by bees (Apis melliferaL. and Bombusssp.) depends on the number of flowers and the pattern of flower opening of a plant. Four cultivars of faba bean, Vicia fabaL. (‘Wierboon,’ ‘Minica,’ ‘Black Russian,’ and ‘Violetta di Policoro’) were studied for their patterns of flowering time and the implications on seed yield. Diurnal observations were made on 20 plants of three replications for each cultivar and for every 2 h from 0900 to 1700 h on 5 consecutive days. Time series models were used to fit the data, and the second‐order autoregressive model was found adequate. The fitted models indicated that Minica had a sharp daily flower‐opening peak compared with the other cultivars and that the peak flowering time was less regular in Wierboon than in other cultivars. These implied that Minica produced the most new flowers to display to bees but they were concentrated in a few hours; Wierboon tended to prolong its flowering peak when bees had decreased their visits to flowers. Although the flower patterns varied according to cultivars, the peaks of flowering time were similar. Usually, the number of flower openings increased from 0900 to 1500 h and then decreased. The number of new flowers opening peaked between 1500 and 1700 h.
The Segregation of Homogeneous and Blended Granular Fertilizers from a Rotary Spreader1
Authors: Karnok Keith J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn recent years there has been much discussion regarding the use of homogeneous granular fertilizers vs. blended granular fertilizers on turfgrass. The common thought being that homogeneous fertilizers will provide a more uniform coverage when delivered from a rotary spreader than blended fertilizers. The objective of this study was to determine the relative particle dispersion of seven commonly used turfgrass fertilizers delivered from a rotary spreader. Seven complete fertilizer materials were tested: three homogeneous and four blended. The test procedure involved the spreading of fertilizer over a series of specially designed collection trays. A chemical and physical analysis was conducted on the material collected from each tray. Considering all fertilizers tested, there was relatively uniform dispersion of particles in the 1‐mm or greater size range. Particle sizes smaller than 1‐mm showed less uniform distribution across the effective spread pattern. For all fertilizers, P showed the greatest CV(5.0) along the spreader swath, followed by K (4.0) and N (1.6). The lowest overall CV (N, P, K combined) was exhibited by a homogeneous fertilizer (1.2), but was closely followed by a blended fertilizer (CV 1.6). Fertilizers having a small particle size range had the lowest overall CV. This study showed that when considering uniformity of fertilizer dispersion from a rotary spreader, a uniform particle size is more important than whether the fertilizer is homogeneous or physically blended.
Steer Performance and Productivity of ‘Kenhy’ Fescue and Persistence of Fescues in the Central Appalachians1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Harvey R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.), intermediate white clover (Trifolium repensL.), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.) are the main hill land pasture (HP) species in the Applachian Mountains region, but frequently are semidormant during midsummer, which results in reduced animal gains. ‘Kenny‘ fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) has characteristics that may permit greater productivity than HP at the higher elevations (920 m). This study compared steer (Bos taurus) daily gain and yield of total digestible nutrients (TDN) from Kenhy fescue and HP in summer and early fall of 1975 and 1976. The grazing trial, on a fine loamy, micaceous, mesic Typic Hapludult (Watauga silt loam), was discontinued after the second year. Invasion of Kenhy by Kentucky bluegrass and white clover reduced Kenhy stands from 97% in 1975 to 72% in 1977 and to 17% by 1978. From July through fall, steers grazing Kenhy gained less (0.34 vs. 0.59 kg day−1than steers grazing HP (P≤ 0.09), but in the dry summer (1976) Kenhy was more productive (1300 kg TDN ha−1vs. 1030). A subsequent 5‐yr small‐plot study verified stand changes noted in the grazing trial. Kenhy and ‘Kentucky 31’ fescue (K‐31), receiving two or four N applications of 56 kg ha−1each year were equally invaded by HP grass species. Kentucky bluegrass appeared in the fescue sods by the third year (12% for Kenhy and 6% for K‐31) and all treatments were less than 55% fescue by the fifth year. Productivity of Kenhy was less sensitive to summer stress than that of HP in the Central Applachian region, but neither Kenhy nor K‐31 were competitive with HP species at this elevation.
Indirect Estimation of Wheat‐Hairy Vetch Ratios in a Mixed Stand1
Authors: Twidwell E. K. , Johnson K. D. , Cherney J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForage researchers often times work with mixed grass and legume stands. The relative proportion each species contributes to the stand is an important determinant of forage yield and quality, but handseparating species is a time‐consuming and tedious task. A study was conducted to evaluate a laboratory technique for estimating wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth.) ratios in a mixed stand. Pure samples of two wheat cultivars and hairy vetch collected at the boot, milk, and soft dough stages of wheat maturity were mixed in known proportions and analyzed for total N concentration. The wheat and hairy vetch proportions were estimated by solving simultaneous equations for each mixture. The total N method was an effective means of estimating grass‐legume ratios in this two‐component mixture. The deviation of a predicted individual observation ranged from 1.46 to 5.50 percentage units. Precision of the method was not influenced by the wheat cultivar utilized or by the maturity stages selected. Total N determination is commonly done as a part of forage quality assessment in many experiments. Only a few additional total N determinations on the pure grass and legume components are necessary to estimate grass‐legume ratios.
Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilizer Use by Shade Tobacco Improved by Timed Applications1
Authors: Rathier T. M. , Frink C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShade‐grown cigar wrapper tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumcv. ACC‐75) is fertilized annually with large amounts of organic N with little regard for residual N from previous crops. The potential for leaching of nitrate and consequent groundwater pollution can be high. In 1980, shade tobacco plants grown in Merrimac sandy loam (Entic Haplorthods) and fertilized with 67,134, and 202 kg ha−1of N, supplied as Ca(N03)2metered through overhead irrigation in small portions throughout the growing season, were compared with plants receiving a conventional organic N treatment of 252 kg ha−1. These plants had different N uptake patterns, but similar total N content at the end of the season. In 1982, Ca(N03)2was metered at 179 and 224 kg ha−1of N in amounts determined by the average N uptake over time in 1980 and compared with a conventionally fertilized organic source (224 kg ha−1of N) and with a treatment receiving no N. While total leaf yields for plots receiving no N were considerably lower than those receiving N, their N uptake closely matched the other treatments for about 45 days after transplanting, suggesting that residual N in the soil is available for plant growth early in the season. One treatment in 1983 was designed to utilize this residual N as a part of a metered program applying a total of only 140 kg ha−1of N. Leaf yields from this treatment were not significantly different from those receiving 224 kg ha−1of conventional N. These timed fertilization treatments reduced the potential for leaching of nitrate while not affecting leaf harvest yields.
Partitioning of Nitrogen‐15‐Labeled Biologically Fixed Nitrogen and Nitrogen‐15‐Labeled Nitrate in Cowpea During Pod Development1
Authors: Douglas L. A. , Weaver R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is an important grain legume that meets its N requirement for pod development from remobilization of N from vegetative tissue, biological N2fixation, and uptake and assimilation of NO‐3when it is available. To develop a better understanding of N sinks, plants grown in vermiculite medium and solution culture were pulsed with 15N2or 15NO‐3during early pod development. The fate of the incorporated 15N was followed during pod development by destructively sampling plants during a 19‐day period. Biologically fixed N was rapidly distributed throughout the plant; within 9 days 55% of it was contained in the pods, and at 19 days 65% was contained in the pods. Surprisingly, 15% of the labeled N remained in the leaves even though vegetative growth had ceased when the plants were pulsed with labeled N and N was being remobilized to the pods. Nitrate‐derived 15N was also distributed throughout the plant, but only 40% of it was recovered in pods 19 days after exposure. The roots and leaves retained 19 and 26%, respectively, of the 15N from NO−3. The results indicate that, during reproductive development, pods are not the only plant parts that serve as sinks for N, even though net gains in N within the other parts may not be evident.
Relative Efficiency of Two Randomized Block Designs Having Different Plot Sizes and Numbers of Replications and of Plots per Block1
Authors: Lin C. S. , Binns M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquations for estimating relative efficiency of two randomized block designs having different numbers of replications, plot sizes, and numbers of plots per block are presented. The purpose is to use information of past experiments to improve the proposed design either through increasing the number of replications, or plot size, or both. A decision rule is presented, based on the soil heterogeneity index, b when b < 0.2, increase the number of replications; when b > 0.7, increase the plot size; when b is between 0.2 and 0.7, changes in both numbers of replications and plot size will be effective. To simpliy the case, 0.2 < b < 0.7, two tables are presented: one shows the relative variance for various plot sizes, and the other shows the ratio of required number of replications and experimental area to obtain a desired relative efficiency. By judicious use of these two tables, the optimum combination of replicate number and plot size can be obtained. Examples are given to demonstrate how the basic equations can be used to answer specific design questions such as: can the efficiency be improved while using the same experimental area, and how can a design be obtained with the same relative efficiency and with no restriction on area.
Peroxide Coated Seed Emergence in Water‐Saturated Soil1
Authors: Langan T. D. , Pendleton J. W. , Oplinger E. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnoxia is a major problem in waterlogged soil, and most crop plants suffer reduced growth and yield from it. Inorganic peroxides react with water and evolve oxygen, so peroxide seed coatings could supply oxygen to seeds and seedlings. Three greenhouse experiments tested the ability of peroxide seed coatings to improve emergence in flooded soil. Maize (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were grown in Piano silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic, Typic Argiudoll) in plastic trays. Soil moisture treatments included normal moisture and flooding for three days after planting. Calcium peroxide, zinc peroxide, and a formulation containing calcium peroxide were applied as seed coatings at rates of 12 and 25% wt/wt seed. The most significant effect of the peroxides was on percent emergence, and wheat showed the most favorable results. Calcium and zinc peroxides at 25% improved wheat emergence by an average of 42% in flooded treatments in two experiments. Zinc peroxide at 25% improved wheat emergence by 21% in the third experiment. Zinc peroxide at 25% significantly improved corn emergence with flooding in one experiment. Soybean emergence in flooded soil was improved slightly by zinc peroxide, and was decreased by calcium peroxide. Barley emergence was not affected by peroxide. Peroxides generally had no effect on emergence with normal soil moisture. Time to emergence, plant height, and plant dry matter were not affected by peroxide seed coatings. Peroxide seed coatings had variable effects on plant emergence, and wheat showed the most consistent positive response.
Refinement of Quicktest Methodology for Improved Potassium Fertilizer Recommendations1
Authors: Pichtel J. R. , McLean E. O. , Dick W. A. , Esmaeilzadeh H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPotassium fertilizer recommendations that can be applied to soils that vary widely in K‐fixation tendencies, and that also provide adequate levels of K nutrition without costly excesses, are needed. The purpose of this study was to refine the soil quicktest methodology and to describe how the refined procedure can be used to make fertilizer recommendations that are based on the K‐fixation tendencies of individual soils. The fixation tendency is determined via a 2‐h equilibration of the soil with a 200 mg kg 1 KCl solution, followed by extraction with neutral molar NH4OAc. An initial recommendation is computed, based on the amount of the added K fixed, which is mathematically adjusted to provide a K fertilizer recommendation based on a longer (60‐day) equilibration. Using a population of 100 soils, preliminary observations that the 2‐h adjusted quicktest methodology provides similar K recommendations as those obtained by a 60‐day equilibration, were confirmed. A subsample of 20 soils selected on the basis of (i) K‐fixation tendency, (ii) soil test K level, and (iii) fertilizer K required for near maximum yield, was found to represent the 100‐soil population accurately. A regression equation relating quicktest and 60‐day equilibration data for the 20 soils was used to predict K requirement for additional soils collected in a field study. Potassium recommendations were considerably improved over those computed by the currently‐used procedure which assumes that a constant recovery of 60% of added K applies to all soils. A 16‐h (overnight) equilibration involving the same population of 100 soils also accurately predicted estimates of fertilizer K needs. This alternative procedure provides greater flexibility in use of laboratory space.