bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation through Chocolate: a win‐win for biodiversity and farmers in Ecuador's lowland tropics
Authors: Waldron A. , Justicia R. , Smith L. , Sanchez M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGlobal biodiversity conservation significantly depends on bringing conservation measures to the agricultural production systems that dominate the earth's surface. One of the leading candidates for wildlife‐friendly farming in the megadiverse lowland tropics is shade‐grown cocoa. However, tropical farmers increasingly believe that shade reduces yield and consequently, are removing most shade trees from their farms. Conservation goals therefore conflict with production imperatives. Nevertheless, we tested the trade‐off between production and biodiversity conservation in the critical conservation area of the Ecuadorean Chocó and found that both farmers and biodiversity would benefit from an increase in shade. This rare partial win‐win situation in wildlife‐friendly farming permits the creation of a sustainable, economically sensitive certification and geographic indication for biodiversity‐friendly chocolate. We suggest that similar trade‐off studies be carried out in other agroforestry regions of conservation importance, not least to establish the probable sustainability of conservation initiatives in production‐centered landscapes.
Hydrogenotrophic microbiota distinguish native Africans from African and European Americans
Authors: Nava Gerardo M. , Carbonero Franck , Ou Junhai , Benefiel Ann C. , O'Keefe Stephen J. , Gaskins H. Rex 
Published: March 2012

SummaryReduced susceptibility to sporadic colorectal cancer in native Africans (NA) is correlated with low consumption of animal products and greater microbial production of colonic methane. In this context, two hydrogenotrophic microbial groups are of interest, methanogenic Archaea (MA) utilizing H2 to produce methane and sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) generating hydrogen sulfide, which has been linked with chronic inflammatory disorders of the colon. In the present study, stool samples from NA, consuming a diet high in resistant starch and low in animal products, and from African Americans (AA) and European Americans (EA), both consuming a typical Western diet, were examined for genetic diversity and structure of Archaea, MA and SRB communities. In general, a greater proportion of NA than AA and EA harboured the full range of targeted hydrogenotrophic groups. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S rRNA genes and specific functional genes, combined with multivariate statistical analyses, revealed that NA harboured more diverse and different Archaea and MA populations than AA and EA. Also, NA harboured significantly distinct SRB populations compared with AA and EA. Taken together, these data are consistent with diet selecting for distinct hydrogenotrophic microbiota.
A comparative study of single‐incision versus conventional multiport laparoscopic ileocecal resection for Crohn's disease with strictures
Authors: Maeda K , Noda E , Nagahara H , Inoue T , Takii M , Watanabe K , Yamagami H , Sogawa M , Kamata N , Hirakawa K 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIntroductionSingle‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) offers excellent cosmetic results compared with conventional multiport laparoscopic surgery. Recently, this technique has been applied to colorectal disease. However, there have been few reports about its application to Crohn's disease (CD) in the literature. The aim of this study is to describe our early experience with SILS for 11 patients with CD and make comparisons with the conventional multiport laparoscopic surgery.MethodsWe reviewed all patients with CD who underwent laparoscopic surgery for the presence of ileocolic strictures at our institution between January 2006 and March 2011. Data from consecutive patients undergoing SILS were analyzed and compared with those from conventional multiport laparoscopic surgeries.ResultsDuring the study period, 11 patients underwent SILS. All surgeries were completed with SILS. Operative time, blood loss and conversions were not significantly different between the two groups. Postoperative complications and length of hospital stay also had no significant difference.ConclusionIn conclusion, SILS for CD may be safe and feasible in selected patients, and have better cosmetic results than conventional multiport laparoscopic surgery. Further studies are needed to evaluate the outcome of SILS compared to that of conventional laparoscopic surgery.
Neurons respond directly to mechanical deformation with pannexin‐mediated ATP release and autostimulation of P2X7 receptors
Authors: Xia Jingsheng , Lim Jason C. , Lu Wennan , Beckel Jonathan M. , Macarak Edward J. , Laties Alan M. , Mitchell Claire H. 
Published: March 2012

Key points
Neurons can be damaged when tissues are stretched or swollen; while astrocytes can contribute to this process, the mechanosensitive response from neurons is unclear.
We show here that isolated retinal ganglion cell neurons respond to mechanical strain with a rapid, sustained release of the neurotransmitter ATP.
The conduit for ATP release was through pannexin hemichannels, with probenicid, carbenoxelone and 10panx inhibiting release.
Once released, this ATP acts back on the neurons to autostimulate lethal P2X7 receptors, as A438079, AZ 10606120 and zinc reduced currents in whole cell patch clamp recordings.
Blocking release of ATP through pannexin channels, or activation of P2X7 receptors, might be neuroprotective for stretched or swollen neurons.
Stretch‐dependent release of ATP through neuronal pannexins, combined with the autostimulation of the P2X7 receptors, provides a new pathway by which neuronal activity and health can be altered by mechanical strain independently of glial activity.
Abstract  Mechanical deformation produces complex effects on neuronal systems, some of which can lead to dysfunction and neuronal death. While astrocytes are known to respond to mechanical forces, it is not clear whether neurons can also respond directly. We examined mechanosensitive ATP release and the physiological response to this release in isolated retinal ganglion cells. Purified ganglion cells released ATP upon swelling. Release was blocked by carbenoxolone, probenecid or peptide 10panx, implicating pannexin channels as conduits. Mechanical stretch of retinal ganglion cells also triggered a pannexin‐dependent ATP release. Whole cell patch clamp recording demonstrated that mild swelling induced the activation of an Ohmic cation current with linear kinetics. The current was inhibited by removal of extracellular ATP with apyrase, by inhibition of the P2X7 receptor with A438079, zinc, or AZ 10606120, and by pannexin blockers carbenoxolone and probenecid. Probenecid also inhibited the regulatory volume decrease observed after swelling isolated neurons. Together, these observations indicate mechanical strain triggers ATP release directly from retinal ganglion cells and that this released ATP autostimulates P2X7 receptors. Since extracellular ATP levels in the retina increase with elevated intraocular pressure, and stimulation of P2X7 receptors on retinal ganglion cells can be lethal, this autocrine response may impact ganglion cells in glaucoma. It remains to be determined whether the autocrine stimulation of purinergic receptors is a general response to a mechanical deformation in neurons, or whether preventing ATP release through pannexin channels and blocking activation of the P2X7 receptor, is neuroprotective for stretched neurons.
Kv1.1‐dependent control of hippocampal neuron number as revealed by mosaic analysis with double markers
Authors: Yang Shi‐Bing , Mclemore Kellan D. , Tasic Bosiljka , Luo Liqun , Jan Yuh Nung , Jan Lily Yeh 
Published: March 2012

Key points
The classical function of potassium channels in electrical signaling is to regulate nerve conduction, muscle contraction and hormone secretion.
Certain types of potassium channels are also involved in regulating cell proliferation, as in the case of Kv1.1 mutant mice, which exhibit overgrowth of neurons and astrocytes thus leading to the phenotype of megencephaly, or enlarged brain, particularly in the hippocampus.
We used a novel mouse genetic tool, Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM), to test whether Kv1.1 function is required cell‐autonomously for megencephaly. We found that in the adult hippocampus, neurons but not astrocytes lacking Kv1.1 are more numerous than their counterparts with two functional alleles of Kv1.1.
Our study reveals that loss of Kv1.1 function causes an overproduction of hippocampal neurons in a cell‐autonomous manner.
This study raises the prospect that targeting Kv1.1 potassium channel may help to induce neuron production.
Membrane Vesicle Release in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaea: a Conserved yet Underappreciated Aspect of Microbial Life
Authors: Deatherage Brooke L. , Cookson Brad T. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Interaction of microbes with their environment depends on features of the dynamic microbial surface throughout cell growth and division. Surface modifications, whether used to acquire nutrients, defend against other microbes, or resist the pressures of a host immune system, facilitate adaptation to unique surroundings. The release of bioactive membrane vesicles (MVs) from the cell surface is conserved across microbial life, in bacteria, archaea, fungi, and parasites. MV production occurs not only
in vitro
but also
in vivo
during infection, underscoring the influence of these surface organelles in microbial physiology and pathogenesis through delivery of enzymes, toxins, communication signals, and antigens recognized by the innate and adaptive immune systems. Derived from a variety of organisms that span kingdoms of life and called by several names (membrane vesicles, outer membrane vesicles [OMVs], exosomes, shedding microvesicles, etc.), the conserved functions and mechanistic strategies of MV release are similar, including the use of ESCRT proteins and ESCRT protein homologues to facilitate these processes in archaea and eukaryotic microbes. Although forms of MV release by different organisms share similar visual, mechanistic, and functional features, there has been little comparison across microbial life. This underappreciated conservation of vesicle release, and the resulting functional impact throughout the tree of life, explored in this review, stresses the importance of vesicle-mediated processes throughout biology.
How well informed are patients when leaving the emergency department? comparing information provided and information retained
Authors: Marty Hans , Bogenstätter Yvonne , Franc Gabriela , Tschan Franziska , Zimmermann Heinz 
Published: March 2012

Study objectivePatients discharged from the emergency department (ED) should be informed comprehensively and accurately about the diagnosis, future examinations and follow-up care. This study investigates: (1) how comprehensively patients are informed by physicians on discharge; (2) how accurately patients remember this information after discharge; (3) how well informed overall patients leave the ED; and (4) whether informedness relates to patient satisfaction.MethodsThis study compares: (1) information given during discharge conversations, based on audio recordings of the conversations, with (2) accuracy of patient recall of this information, based on postdischarge interviews. During these interviews, the authors also assessed (3) amount and accuracy of information provided during treatment. Furthermore, the authors obtained (4) satisfaction ratings by physicians and patients. Data were collected for 96 patients during 20 shifts.ResultsSufficient information was provided in 83% of discharge conversations. Patients correctly recalled 82% of information received about diagnosis, 56% about examinations planned and 72% about follow-up treatments. Information related to medication was most prone to forgetting or distortion. Altogether, 43% of the patients left the ED correctly informed about diagnosis, planned examinations and follow-up. Patient satisfaction ratings were high (mean 4.7 on a 5-point Likert Scale) and not related to informedness of the patient.ConclusionsPatients had important information deficits when leaving the ED, and information transmission needs to be improved. The physician–patient discharge conversation seems an ideal opportunity for enhancing patient informedness. Standardisation of discharge procedures and training physicians in how to ensure that patients actually understand the information provided are needed.
Nose and vein, speed and pain: comparing the use of intranasal diamorphine and intravenous morphine in a Scottish paediatric emergency department
Authors: Regan Luke , Chapman Andrew R , Celnik Anna , Lumsden Lesley , Al-Soufi Reem , McCullough Nicola P 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundUrgent analgesia is essential for all children who present in severe pain, but difficulties in obtaining venous access can delay the use of adequate opiate analgesia. Intranasal diamorphine (IND) is now in use in around 60% of emergency departments and is the preferred choice of analgesia as reported by both parents and healthcare professionals. While IND has similar efficacy to intramuscular morphine in children, no study has compared its use against the current gold standard, intravenous morphine (IVM).MethodsIND was introduced to the Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital on 24 December 2009. A retrospective case series was constructed to compare its clinical performance with its predecessor IVM. Three unexplored factors were investigated: time to opiate analgesia, the requirement for further analgesia when still in the emergency department and the effect of simple coanalgesia (eg, paracetamol/ibuprofen) on these requirements.Results297 patients were eligible for the study (147 IND, 150 IVM) over a 28-month period. There was a non-significant trend to a longer median time to administration of analgesia in patients receiving IND (p=0.170). Patients who received IND were less likely to require further analgesia (p<0.001). Both groups were less likely to require further analgesia when simple coanalgesia was given (p=0.049).ConclusionThe authors found no significant difference in time to administration of analgesia between agents, but a learning curve has been identified. Sustained effort should be placed on the use of simple coanalgesia. The clinical performance of IND compares favourably with IVM in children with severe pain, and it remains an appropriate preferred agent.
Adjunctive use of eptifibatide for complication management during elective neuroendovascular procedures
Authors: Dumont Travis M , Kan Peter , Snyder Kenneth V , Hopkins L Nelson , Siddiqui Adnan H , Levy Elad I 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveA rare complication of neuroendovascular procedures is acute thromboembolism. In the setting of intraprocedural or periprocedural embolism, thrombolytics present a potentially useful therapeutic strategy. A series of patients in whom eptifibatide (a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor) was used in the treatment of iatrogenic thromboembolic events occurring during elective neuroendovascular procedures is described.MethodsConsecutive cases between May 2009 and July 2011 in which eptifibatide was administered were identified and individually reviewed for inclusion in this study (n=12). All study patients received a uniform, weight based bolus dose of 180 μg/kg of eptifibatide administered either intra-arterially through the guide catheter or intravenously. Eptifibatide infusion (2 μg/kg/min) for 24 h after bolus dose administration was continued at the discretion of the surgeon. Procedural details are described and illustrative cases presented.ResultsThree major categories of thromboembolic events were isolated in the course of review of study cases: acute focal neurological decline and no radiographic findings of flow limitation (eight patients), radiographic findings with or without symptoms (two patients) and persistent particulate debris during flow reversal as part of a carotid revascularization procedure (two patients). Following eptifibatide administration, no patient experienced hemorrhagic complications, and neurologic improvement to baseline level was noted in 10 of 12 patients.ConclusionEptifibatide may be an effective therapeutic strategy in the event of thromboembolism during elective neuroendovascular procedures.
LANGUAGE DYNAMICS IN STRUCTURED FORM AND MEANING SPACES
Authors: DE BOER BART , VERHOEF TESSA 
Published: March 2012

This paper reviews how the structure of form and meaning spaces influences the nature and the dynamics of the form-meaning mappings in language. In general, in a structured form or meaning space, not all forms and meanings are equivalent: some forms and some meanings are more easily confused with each other than with other forms or meanings. We first give a formalization of this idea, and explore how it influences robust form-meaning mappings. It is shown that some fundamental properties of human language, such as discreteness and combinatorial structure as well as universals of sound systems of human languages follow from optimal communication in structured form and meaning spaces. We also argue that some properties of human language follow less from these fundamental issues, and more from cognitive constraints.We then show that it is possible to experimentally investigate the relative contribution of functional constraints and of cognitive constraints. We illustrate this with an example of one of our own experiments, in which experimental participants have to learn a set of complex form-meaning mappings that have been produced by a previous generation of participants. Theoretically predicted properties appear in the sets of signals that emerge in this iterated learning experiment.
Correct router interface modeling (abstracts only)
Authors: Rusek Krzysztof , Janowski Lucjan , Papir ZdzisBaw 
Published: March 2012

The aim of this paper is to determine how to model router interface in order to accurately predict packet drops. There is an enormous amount of research on traffic models reported, however, a model of router interface has not gained proper consideration yet.
Our experiments reveal that an incorrect model of the router interface can result in a significant disparity between drop probabilities measured on a physical interface and derived from a trace-driven simulation study. In this paper an accurate model of the router interface (Cisco IOS-based routers with a non-distributed architecture) was presented.
Improving performance and energy savings through alternative forwarding
Authors: Lee Yong Oh 
Published: March 2012

Reducing energy consumption in networks is receiving considerable research interest. Different approaches have been advocated, from traffic engineering and topology control to hardware-based approaches. These approaches can work at long-time scales of several hours to very small timescales of a few microseconds.
In this paper, we focus on finer time granularity energy saving schemes. To increase the usage of active links and to increase the down time of already sleeping links, we use alternative forwarding. To our best knowledge, this is the first attempt to collaborate a routing scheme with hardware scheme to save energy consumption in the wired networks. In our evaluation, alternative forwarding achieves 10% more energy saving of the communication links compared to a hardware-based sleeping scheme.
Quantitative Proteomic Profiling Identifies Protein Correlates to EGFR Kinase Inhibition
Authors: Kani Kian , Faca Vitor M. , Hughes Lindsey D. , Zhang Wenxuan , Fang Qiaojun , Shahbaba Babak , Luethy Roland , Erde Jonathan , Schmidt Joanna , Pitteri Sharon J. , Zhang Qing , Katz Jonathan E. , Gross Mitchell E. , Plevritis Sylvia K. , McIntosh Martin W. , Jain Anjali , Hanash Samir , Agus David B. , Mallick Parag 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Clinical oncology is hampered by lack of tools to accurately assess a patient's response to pathway-targeted therapies. Serum and tumor cell surface proteins whose abundance, or change in abundance in response to therapy, differentiates patients responding to a therapy from patients not responding to a therapy could be usefully incorporated into tools for monitoring response. Here, we posit and then verify that proteomic discovery in in vitro tissue culture models can identify proteins with concordant in vivo behavior and further, can be a valuable approach for identifying tumor-derived serum proteins. In this study, we use stable isotope labeling of amino acids in culture (SILAC) with proteomic technologies to quantitatively analyze the gefitinib-related protein changes in a model system for sensitivity to EGF receptor (EGFR)-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We identified 3,707 intracellular proteins, 1,276 cell surface proteins, and 879 shed proteins. More than 75% of the proteins identified had quantitative information, and a subset consisting of 400 proteins showed a statistically significant change in abundance following gefitinib treatment. We validated the change in expression profile in vitro and screened our panel of response markers in an in vivo isogenic resistant model and showed that these were markers of gefitinib response and not simply markers of phospho-EGFR downregulation. In doing so, we also were able to identify which proteins might be useful as markers for monitoring response and which proteins might be useful as markers for a priori prediction of response. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(5); 1071–81. ©2012 AACR.
Fine Mapping Study Reveals Novel Candidate Genes for Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Dominican Republican Families
Authors: Wang Liyong , Beecham Ashley , Zhuo Degen , Dong Chuanhui , Blanton Susan H. , Rundek Tatjana , Sacco Ralph L. 
Published: March 2012

Background—
Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a subclinical measure for atherosclerosis. Previously, we have mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for CIMT to chromosomes 7p (maximum logarithm of odds=3.1) and to 14q (maximum logarithm of odds=2.3). We sought to identify the underlying genetic variants within those QTLs.

Methods and Results—

Using the 100 extended Dominican Republican (DR) families (N=1312) used in the original linkage study, we fine mapped the QTLs with 2031 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Promising SNPs in the family data set were examined in an independent population-based subcohort comprised of DR individuals (N=553) from the Northern Manhattan Study. Among the families, evidence for association (
P
<0.001) was found in multiple genes (
ANLN
,
AOAH, FOXN3, CCDC88C, PRiMA1
, and an intergenic SNP rs1667498
)
, with the strongest association at
PRiMA1
(
P
=0.00007, corrected
P
=0.047). Additional analyses revealed that the association at these loci, except
PRiMA1
, was highly significant (
P
=0.00004≈0.00092) in families with evidence for linkage, but not in the rest of families (
P
=0.13≈0.80) and the population-based cohort, suggesting the genetic effects at these SNPs are limited to a subgroup of families. In contrast, the association at
PRiMA1
was significant in both families with and without evidence for linkage (
P
=0.002 and 0.019, respectively) and the population-based subcohort (
P
=0.047), supporting a robust association.

Conclusions—
We identified several candidate genes for CIMT in DR families. Some of the genes manifest genetic effects within a specific subgroup and others were generalized to all groups. Future studies are needed to further evaluate the contribution of these genes to atherosclerosis.