bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melt‐Phase Nylon 612 Polycondensation Kinetics: Effects of Sodium Hypophosphite Catalyst
Authors: Zheng Wei , Mcauley Kim B. , Marchildon E. Keith , Yao K. Zhen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of sodium hypophosphite (SHP) catalyst and water on nylon 612 melt‐phase polycondensation reactions were investigated using dynamic experiments with different catalyst levels (33, 113 and 249 ppm). The water concentration in the nylon melt was varied by altering the composition of a steam/nitrogen mixture bubbled through the molten polymer. Carboxyl and amine end‐group concentrations were determined for polymer samples collected during the experiments. A model was developed to describe the kinetics of nylon polycondensation using the SHP catalyst in the high‐temperature and low water operating region that corresponds to the final stages of industrial melt‐phase polyamidation processes.
Cytotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles made from the thermal decomposition of organometallics and aqueous phase transfer with Pluronic F127
Authors: Gonzales Marcela , Mitsumori Lee M. , Kushleika John V. , Rosenfeld Michael E. , Krishnan Kannan M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMagnetic nanoparticles are promising molecular imaging agents due to their relatively high relaxivity and the potential to modify surface functionality to tailor biodistribution. In this work we describe the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles using organic solvents with organometallic precursors. This method results in nanoparticles that are highly crystalline and have uniform size and shape. The ability to create a monodispersion of particles of the same size and shape results in unique magnetic properties that can be useful for biomedical applications with MR imaging. Before these nanoparticles can be used in biological applications, however, means are needed to make the nanoparticles soluble in aqueous solutions and the toxicity of these nanoparticles needs to be studied. We have developed two methods to surface modify and transfer these nanoparticles to the aqueous phase using the biocompatible co‐polymer, Pluronic F127. Cytotoxicity was found to be dependent on the coating procedure used. Nanoparticle effects on a cell‐culture model were quantified using concurrent assaying: a lactate dehydrogenase assay to determine cytotoxicity and a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium, inner salt assay to determine viability for a 24 h incubation period. Concurrent assaying was done to insure that nanoparticles did not interfere with the colorimetric assay results. This report demonstrates that a monodispersion of nanoparticles of uniform size and shape can be manufactured. Initial cytotoxicity testing of new molecular imaging agents needs to be carefully constructed to avoid interference and erroneous results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Web‐of‐things framework for cyber–physical systems
Authors: Dillon Tharam S. , Zhuge Hai , Wu Chen , Singh Jaipal , Chang Elizabeth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe recent development of Web‐of‐Things (WoT) and Cyber–Physical Systems (CPS) raises a new requirement of connecting abstract computational artifacts with the physical world. This requires both new theories and engineering practices that model cyber and physical resources in a unified framework, a challenge that few current approaches are able to tackle. The solution must break the boundary between the cyber world and the physical world by providing a unified infrastructure that permits integrated models addressing issues from both worlds simultaneously. This paper proposes a framework to integrate WoT and CPS. A case study is presented to demonstrate the advantage of the framework. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluctuation Transmission Electron Microscopy: Detecting Nanoscale Order in Disordered Structures
Authors: Lee Bong‐Sub , Bishop Stephen G. , Abelson John R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe structures of many disordered materials are not ideally random, but contain structural order on the scale of 1–3 nm. However, such nanoscale order, called medium‐range order, cannot be detected by conventional diffraction methods in most cases. Fluctuation transmission electron microscopy (FTEM) has the capability to detect medium‐range order in disordered materials based on statistical analysis of nanodiffraction patterns or dark‐field images from TEM. FTEM has been successful in demonstrating the theoretically predicted development of nanoscale nuclei in amorphous chalcogenides, as well as in revealing the subtle effect of different preparation routes on the medium‐range order in amorphous semiconductors and metals. The fluctuation principle can also be applied to study structural order on longer length scales in polymers and other disordered materials using X‐rays or visible light. Further advances in theory and practice of FTEM will greatly increase our understanding of amorphous structures and nucleation phenomena.
Bilateral adrenal histoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients
Authors: Rana Chanchal , Krishnani Narendra , Kumari Niraj 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHistoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which commonly presents as transient pulmonary infection that usually subsides without treatment. Disseminated histoplasmosis may affect almost all systems, including the reticuloendothelial system, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, renal tract, central nervous system, bone marrow, and adrenal glands. Adrenal gland is frequently involved in disseminated histoplamosis but commonly present as unilateral mass; bilateral involvement is rare. It is also rare in immunocompetent hosts and only few cases have been reported in past. We report four cases of adrenal histoplasmosis with bilateral involvement. These cases were initially diagnosed cytopathologically on fine needle aspirations performed on adrenal glands. All these patients were immunocompetent and two of them also had associated adrenal insufficiency. Diagnosis of adrenal histoplasmosis can be easily made on fine needle aspiration cytology. Adrenal histoplasmosis can occur in immunocompetent individuals and should be considered in differential diagnosis of bilateral adrenal masses in immunocompetent individuals. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:294–296. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
KRAS testing on colo‐rectal carcinoma cytological imprints
Authors: Malapelle Umberto , Bellevicine Claudio , Russo Anna , Salatiello Maria , Palombini Lucio , Troncone Giancarlo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnti‐EGFR monoclonal antibodies, cetuximab, and panitumumab, are administrated under the condition that advanced colo‐rectal cancer (CRC) carries a wild‐type KRAS gene. Thus, clinicians request pathologists to genotype KRAS before treatment. In the near future routine mutation testing at the same time of the surgery may be implemented. The reliability of a rapid KRAS testing on ex vivo cytological samples obtained by direct scraping of the colon tumour tissue is here evaluated. A consecutive series of 20 surgically resected, primary CRC specimens was analysed. Fresh tissue from CRC was scraped with a scalpel blade, smeared on uncoated glass slides, air‐dried and Diff–Quik stained to ensure malignant cell presence. The same tissue area was also histologically processed. Exon 2 KRAS gene mutations were evaluated on both cytological and histological specimens by dideoxy sequencing and by the DxS KRAS Mutation Test Kit (DxS, Manchester, England). Data obtained on on imprint cytology and matched histological samples showed full concordance; however, the mutation frequency was slightly higher (35%) by the DxS KRAS Mutation Test Kit than by the dideoxy sequencing (30%). Thus, colon cancer imprint cytology sample is a reliable biospecimen for both dideoxy‐sequencing and DxS KRAS Mutation Test Kit analysis and it may be useful to abbreviate the KRAS assay turnaround time. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:274–277. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apoptotic effect of green tea polyphenol (EGCG) on cervical carcinoma cells
Authors: Asif Siddiqui Farhan , Naim Mohammed , Islam Najmul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to probe the apoptotic effect of green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) on cervical carcinoma cells. This study was conducted in Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India over a span of one and half years from January 2005 to August 2006. Caspase‐3 assay was performed on monocytes isolated from cervical carcinoma patients and cultured with EGCG; cytosmears and sections from cervical carcinoma tissue cultured with EGCG were prepared for the morphological evidence of apoptosis. EGCG in a dose of 5 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml increased the caspase‐3 levels in human cells. Cytosmears and sections from cervical carcinoma tissue cultured with EGCG showed better differentiation and increased number of apoptotic cells as compared to non EGCG controls. The number of such cells was increased more in 48 hours than in 24 hours. EGCG in a dose of 5 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml promoted apoptotic preparedness of human cells and induced apoptotic change in cervical carcinoma cells. Diagn. Cytopathol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and temporal organization of repetitive behavior in an animal model
Authors: Tanimura Yoko , Yang Mark C.K. , Ottens Andrew K. , Lewis Mark H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDespite repetitive behaviors being a common feature of a number of clinical disorders and ubiquitous in normative development, little attention has been given to their ontogeny or temporal dynamics. We characterized these features in a mouse model of repetitive behavior to identify discrete trajectories of development and developmental changes in temporal dynamics. Three qualitatively distinct trajectory groups were identified which allowed for an examination of the interaction between temporal organization and developmental trajectory. Significant differences in temporal dynamics were found across development and among trajectory groups. Significant interactions of trajectory group and developmental period on temporal organization were also found. The combination of group‐based trajectory modeling and a novel method for analysis and graphic depiction of temporal organization allowed for the exploration of the interplay between these two fundamental behavioral processes. Such methods may be useful tools in the assessment and treatment of repetitive behavior in clinical populations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 813–824, 2010.
Stability and potential inheritance of infanticidal behavior in prairie voles
Authors: Olazábal Daniel E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNaïve female prairie voles show significant variability in their behavioral response to newborns. We investigated whether that behavioral response (a) was related to the quality of postpartum maternal behavior; (b) was affected by postpartum maternal experience; and (c) could be selectively bred. The behavior of females was recorded in three conditions: as naïve in a nonreproductive context, as single lactating (no male present), and as experienced mother in a nonreproductive context. Finally, females and males with similar behavioral response to newborns were selectively bred for three generation. Males were removed before the offspring was born. Our results revealed that (a) naïve females that attacked pups, spent more time distant from them after parturition than those that were maternal or ignored the pups (p < .05); (b) postpartum maternal experience did not reverse infanticidal behavior; and (c) at the third generation of selective breeding, 90% of the offspring of females that were nonmaternal as virgins, behaved as their mothers. These findings suggest that the infanticidal behavioral response is a stable behavioral trait and might be passed to the offspring. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 825–832, 2010.
UK water pollution control: A review of legislation and practice
Authors: Hallett Stephen , Hanley Nick , Moffatt Ian , Taylor‐Duncan Kim 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreasing European demands for water pollution control suggest that stricter implementation of UK legislation is required. Stephen Hallettet al review the major water quality legislation in the UK and the EEC to date, focussing on recent legislative developments and their implications, and consider contentious issues such as the privatisation of the water industry.
The changing face of central and Eastern Europe and the role of the environmental movement
Authors: Jenkins Tim 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs the countries of Central and Eastern Europe tackle the environmental legacies of previous regimes, the role of the environmental movement will continue to be as central as it has been in the wave of change of the last two years. Tim Jenkins discusses the past and future roles of three environmental NGOs; The Slovak Union of Nature and Landscape Protectors; The Polish Ecological Club; and Ecoglasnost in Bulgaria. The importance of international NGOs such as Friends of the Earth International is also relayed with reference to the process of technology transfers from West to East.
Hazardous waste and technological risk: The limits of science in decision‐making
Authors: Smith Denis , Elliott Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe role of scientific evidence in the decision making process is critical. However, the validity of scientific information is often disputed. With reference to the hazardous waste industry, Denis Smith and Peter Elliot illustrate the problems which may be encountered where science is called upon to reconcile conflict in the application of environmental policy.
Freshwater pollution and industrial processes: The report of the uk royal commission on environmental pollution
Authors: Ingham David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution has recently published a report documenting declining freshwater quality in England and Wales. David Ingham and Ray Baker discuss the implications of the report for industrial polluters, particularly the recommendations made to encourage wider adoption of incentive schemes to control water pollution. Reference is made to the Dutch ABC water and soil pollution control framework, applied in several countries in Europe, which may form the basis of innovatory charging schemes at Community level.
Free trade of hazardous wastes? Problems and prospects for the implementation of the basel convention within the european community
Authors: Pestellini Francesca 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhile the recently ratified Basel Convention aims to regulate international toxic waste movements across the globe, reservations from the EC and OECD (amongst others) seem set to undermine its implementation. In light of recent developments, Francesca Pestellini discusses the frameworks of control and the fundamental issue of waste movement and the Single Internal Market; an issue with significant potential for environmental change across Europe and the world.Permits (for waste export) can only be given when the State of dispatch does not have adequate technical capacity to be self‐sufficient in waste disposal nor can it ensure that environmentally sound waste management will be applied, and if the waste is required for recycling or re‐use in the importing State.
Conservation, biodiversity and european forestry
Authors: Dudley Nigel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe declining quality of Europe's forests is causing increasing concern. while the European Community is set to develop its policies for sustainable forest management later in 1993, the relatively undamaged forests of central and eastern Europe warrant particular attention. Nigel Dudley discusses the background to European forest decline and the likely elements that a sustainable forestry management plan should include in East and West.
Economic development and environmental performance in Hungary
Authors: Kerekes Professor Sandor 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe transformation of the economies of central and eastern Europe could represent a watershed in European environmental policy. By learning from the experiences of the West, they could set new standards in sustainable development. This is especially evident in Hungary, although as Sandor Kerekes and Richard Welford discuss, social and economic priorities are likely to prevent this opportunity from being realised.
European energy policy and global warming
Authors: Redcliff Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA recent joint meeting of the EC Energy and Environment Councils failed to reach agreement on the need for a carbon energy tax despite long and intensive negotiations. However, the carbon tax is only one of the ways in which the EC could meet its CO2emissions targets. Against this background, Michael Redclift discusses the nature of supply and demand for European energy and the nature of the energy policies which could be adopted.
Packaging and the environment ‐ the draft EC directive
Authors: Perchard David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPackaging has been a major campaign issue for the environmental movement for more than 20 years. A draft EC Directive on Packaging Waste attempts to reconcile the principles of reduce, reuse and recycle with those of the Single Market. So far there has been little sign of consensus. Europen ‐ the European Organisation for Packaging and the Environment ‐ gives the Commission's proposal a qualified welcome, but warns that too inflexible an approach would be environmentally counterproductive.
Environment, development and inward investment in the commonwealth of independent states
Authors: Barrett Brendon , Campbell Robert , Spohn Ewa 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe legacy of environmental degradation left by the fall of communism throughout the former USSR is immense. While economic development is a precursor for environmental rehabilitation and protection throughout the CIS, indigenous growth and inward investment are in many cases restricted by environmental degradation. Brendan Barrett, Robert Campbell and Ewa Spohn offer an overview of the environmental conditions in the CIS. They provide guidelines for potential western investors and conclude that although investors may be attracted by apparently lenient enforcement of environmental standards, they should operate to the same standards as they would in any other country.
European environmental policy and local economic development
Authors: Gibbs David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe European Community is beginning to assume a vital position in promoting integrated economic development and environmental protection. However, as national governments focus almost exclusively on restoring economic growth, the role of local government in delivering sustainable development is made even more important. Against this background, David Gibbs reviews the extent to which local authorities can bypass the stagnation of environmental iniatives from national governments to their own advantage by focusing on the policies of the EC.
The role of the nordic environmental policies in the european union: Highest common standard or lowest common denominator?
Authors: Hϕhyer Karl G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs the European Union expands to include Sweden, Norway, Finland and Austria, certain areas of the new Member States environmental policies will have to become more stringent in order to comply with EU law. However, in many areas the new Member States have more stringent environmental policies than those of the EU. In these instances, should the EU have to alter its laws to comply with the new highest standards in the Union, or should the new Member States dillute their laws in order to protect the level playing field? As Karl Hϕyer discusses, although the implications for European trade and environmental policies are pronounced, the answers are as yet unclear.
World trade and the environment
Authors: Ekins Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article looks at the background to the current debate about trade and the environment, before considering the possible environmental impacts of trade. Several reasons are identified as to why increased trade may impact negatively on the environment, if appropriate domestic and international policies are not in place. Yet, with regard to the former, GATT discourages such policies where they act as non‐tariff barriers to trade, and corporations oppose such policies where they are perceived to reduce international competitiveness. The latter are extremely difficult to conclude. Such considerations mean that an indiscriminate thrust towards trade liberalization could seriously hinder moves towards environmental sustainability. The article concludes by setting out a different approach that seeks to secure the benefits of orderly world trade in a context that puts environmental sustainability first.
The guiding principles of European community environmental law‐making
Authors: McIntyre Owen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere now exists a body of principles which serve to guide European Community' law‐makers in the formulation of environmental policy responses. Some are unique to the environmental sector, such as the preventive, the precautionary and the polluter pays principles, while others, such as the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality, apply to Community law‐making generally. The extent to which these guidelines are adhered to would appear to vary according to the manner in which they are included in the Treaty of Rome and the practical requirements of law‐making. Though most of these principles are unlikely to prove binding and actionable they help to ensure consistent policy‐making and assist interested parties in understanding and influencing the environmental law‐making process.
Eu waste management: Lessons to be learnt from french experience?
Authors: Biod Alexandra , Probert Jane , Jones Clifford 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrance, in common with other European countries, has revised its waste policy and tackled the problem of packaging waste by introducing measures which promote waste recovery and limit landfilling. However, Germany, with its ambitious waste packaging Ordinance, is having a negative impact on the waste collection industry in France as well as in other countries of the EU. It is hoped that the future EU Directive on packaging waste will remedy the confusion and imbalance that prevails at the moment in the EU waste collection industry. While EU action is clearly needed, so far the proposals have dissatisfied many Member States for being both environmentally and economically detrimental. However, a more sensible agreement has recently been reached by Environment Ministers and the new measure should deter countries with over ambitious recycling policies from ruining their neighbours' efforts and distorting competition.
Regional environmental policy: Dutch experiments with external integration
Authors: Clement Keith 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWithin the framework of national environmental policy plans, the Netherlands has developed a new focus on regional environmental policy. Based on the view that area‐specific problems require area‐specific solutions, the evolving working partnerships and agreements aim for optimum balances between environment, planning and economy. Currently, eleven regional environmental policy areas (ROMs) are operational or are under development in the Netherlands, divided between ‘relatively good’ and relatively polluted' areas. The combination of measures reflects the characteristics or problems of each area, but methodological approaches contain a number of common features comprising a declaration of intent through to an action plan supported by financial agreements. The perceived success of this policy initiative has lead, first, to further research into practical means of moving from sectoral planning to integrated financing and, second, to the establishment of a new budget for regional environmental grants.