bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing substitution patterns, rates and homoplasy at HVRI of Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus
Authors: PHILLIPS C. D. , TRUJILLO R. G. , GELATT T. S. , SMOLEN M. J. , MATSON C. W. , HONEYCUTT R. L. , PATTON J. C. , BICKHAM J. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDespite the widely recognized incidence of homoplasy characterizing this region, the hypervariable region I (HVRI) of the mitochondrial control region is one of the most frequently used genetic markers for population genetic and phylogeographic studies. We present an evolutionary analysis of HVRI and cytochrome b sequences from a range‐wide survey of 1031 Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus, to quantify homoplasy and substitution rate at HVRI. Variation in HVRI was distributed across 41 variable sites in the 238‐bp segment examined. All variants at HVR1 were found to be transitions. However, our analyses suggest that a minimum of 101 changes have actually occurred within HVRI with as many as 18 substitutions occurring at a single site. By including this hidden variation into our analyses, several instances of apparent long‐range dispersal were resolved to be homoplasies and 8.5–12% of observed HVRI haplotypes were found to have geographic distributions descriptive of convergent molecular evolution rather than identity by descent. We estimate the rate of substitution at HVRI in Steller sea lions to be ∼24 times that of cytochrome b with an absolute rate of HVRI substitution estimated at 27.45% per million years. These findings have direct implications regarding the utility of HVRI data to generate a variety of evolutionary genetic hypotheses.
Mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers reveal a Balkan origin for the highly invasive horse‐chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)
Authors: VALADE R. , KENIS M. , HERNANDEZ‐LOPEZ A. , AUGUSTIN S. , MARI MENA N. , MAGNOUX E. , ROUGERIE R. , LAKATOS F. , ROQUES A. , LOPEZ‐VAAMONDE C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBiological invasions usually start with a small number of founder individuals. These founders are likely to represent a small fraction of the total genetic diversity found in the source population. Our study set out to trace genetically the geographical origin of the horse‐chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella, an invasive microlepidopteran whose area of origin is still unkown. Since its discovery in Macedonia 25 years ago, this insect has experienced an explosive westward range expansion, progressively colonizing all of Central and Western Europe. We used cytochrome oxidase I sequences (DNA barcode fragment) and a set of six polymorphic microsatellites to assess the genetic variability of C. ohridella populations, and to test the hypothesis that C. ohridella derives from the southern Balkans (Albania, Macedonia and Greece). Analysis of mtDNA of 486 individuals from 88 localities allowed us to identify 25 geographically structured haplotypes. In addition, 480 individuals from 16 populations from Europe and the southern Balkans were genotyped for 6 polymorphic microsatellite loci. High haplotype diversity and low measures of nucleotide diversities including a significantly negative Tajima’s D indicate that C. ohridella has experienced rapid population expansion during its dispersal across Europe. Both mtDNA and microsatellites show a reduction in genetic diversity of C. ohridella populations sampled from artificial habitats (e.g. planted trees in public parks, gardens, along roads in urban or sub‐urban areas) across Europe compared with C. ohridella sampled in natural stands of horse‐chestnuts in the southern Balkans. These findings suggest that European populations of C. ohridella may indeed derive from the southern Balkans.
Race specific resistance to powdery mildew in Scandinavian wheat cultivars, breeding lines and introduced genotypes with partial resistance
Authors: Lillemo M. , Skinnes H. , Brown J. K. M. 
Published: July 2009

With 4 tables AbstractPowdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is an important bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) disease that is favoured by the temperate Scandinavian climate. A total of 38 lines, comprising the current spring and winter wheat cultivars in Norway, various breeding lines and introduced sources of partial resistance were evaluated for race‐specific resistance at the seedling stage. Various resistance genes were postulated from the reaction patterns of lines with known genes tested against 20 differential isolates in detached leaf assays. Detection of the Pm8 gene and alleles at the Pm3 locus were further aided by specific PCR primers. The most frequently present resistance genes were Pm8, followed by Pm5a, Pm3d, Pm3f, Pm3b and Pm2. Several lines were susceptible to all isolates at the seedling stage, but were known to possess high levels of partial resistance in the field; these included the German spring wheats ‘Naxos’ and ‘Paros’ and the Swedish winter wheats ‘Folke’ and ‘Mjølner’. These lines represent highly valuable sources of partial and potentially durable resistance to powdery mildew.
The establishment of the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network
Authors: Donoghue Deborah A , Henderson‐Smart David J 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network was established in 1994 to monitor high‐risk newborns admitted for care. Uniquely, all units in both countries have participated since inception, making it integral to the care of babies. The network's objectives include auditing care, publishing aggregated results annually, providing feedback to units, monitoring technologies and developing clinical indicators. Networking provides a forum for clinicians and a consortium of knowledge and advice. It facilitates collaborative research and clinical groups, producing projects from observational studies to randomised controlled trials. Members take a major role in reviewing the evidence for care and ensuring its effective use in clinical practice.
A comparison of sleeping problems in school‐age children between rural and urban communities in China
Authors: Yang Qiao‐Zhi , Bu Yue‐Qing , Dong Sheng‐Ying , Fan Shu‐Shan , Wang Le‐Xin 
Published: July 2009

Aim:  To investigate differences in sleeping behaviours in school‐age children between urban and rural Chinese communities.Methods:  Children aged between 6 and 12 years old were selected from rural (n= 472) and urban communities (n= 576). Children's sleep habits questionnaire was completed by the parents to assess sleep patterns and sleep problems of the children.Results:  In the 6–8 and 9–12 years groups, the average sleep time in urban children was shorter than in the children from rural areas (9.0 ± 1.1 vs. 11.3 ± 1.1 h, and 9.2 ± 1.0 vs. 10.2 ± 0.9 h, respectively, all P < 0.01). The rate of abnormal sleep behaviour in the urban and rural cohort was 82.8 and 70.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). The prevalence of sleep delays in the 6‐ to 8‐year‐old children from urban areas was higher than in the rural areas (60.3 vs. 40.3%, P < 0.01). In the urban 9–12 years group, the rate of day‐time sleepiness was higher than in the rural group (52.6 vs. 26.8%, P < 0.01), whereas the night waking rate was lower (43.8 vs. 58.6%, P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the location of the residence, mother's age, parent's sleep habits and education levels predict the sleeping problems in these children.Conclusion:  Children from urban communities appear to have sleeping problems than children from a rural setting. A parent's sleep habits, education levels and the location of children's residence have significant impact on the children's sleep behaviour and habits.
Do Kawasaki disease patients without coronary artery abnormalities need a long‐term follow‐up? A myocardial single‐photon emission computed tomography pilot study
Authors: Zanon Giulia , Zucchetta Pietro , Varnier Maurizio , Vittadello Fabio , Milanesi Ornella , Zulian Francesco 
Published: July 2009

Objective:  To determine the frequency and risk factors for long‐term myocardial perfusion scintigraphy abnormalities in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD).Methods:  A cohort of patients with KD at least 3 years after disease onset and with persistent coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) (group 1) or without CAA (group 2) underwent stress–rest myocardial single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Clinical and laboratory parameters at disease onset were considered to assess their predictive value for the development of myocardial perfusion abnormalities.Results:  Forty patients, 20 in group 1 and 20 in group 2, entered the study. The two groups turned out to be comparable for demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics. Five patients (12.5%), two in group 1 and three in group 2, had abnormal myocardial perfusion assessed by SPECT. Neither the presence of CAA nor the overall cardiac involvement at the disease onset significantly increased the risk for these abnormalities.Conclusion:  Cardiac SPECT abnormalities are not unusual in KD and can be found in patients with or without CAA. If confirmed in a larger cohort of patients, these preliminary data indicate that careful long‐term cardiac follow‐up should be considered, regardless of the presence of CAA.
Hip surveillance in Tasmanian children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Connelly Annette , Flett Peter , Graham H Kerr , Oates Janene 
Published: July 2009

Background:  Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are at risk of hip subluxation. Over time, subluxation can lead to dislocation, deformity and pain. Hip surveillance in the form of an X‐ray and clinical examination of this ‘at risk group’ can identify early subluxation. Early subluxation can be treated, preventing hip dislocation in many cases. Hip surveillance in CP commenced in Tasmania in 1992.Aims:  To audit the hip surveillance data to date, perform a literature review to understand the emerging evidence for prevention and management of hip subluxation in CP and update hip surveillance guidelines.Methods:  New guidelines were written and distributed, and an audit of the previous 12 years performed by review of medical files and X‐rays.Results:  Two hundred and eighteen children had been involved in the hip surveillance programme. Fifteen cases of dislocation were recorded in this time. The incidence of subluxation and surgery, as well as the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) level, was recorded.Conclusion:  Data from Tasmania showed a similar incidence of hip subluxation according to GMFCS level, and frequency of different surgical interventions as other recent audits. Some children with minor subluxation improved without orthopaedic intervention once weight bearing occurred, which had not before been appreciated. Migration percentage alone is not adequate to fully describe the outcome of hip subluxation. More appropriate measures of outcome in terms of quality of life for children with CP need to be developed.
Assessment of portable continuous wave Doppler ultrasound (ultrasonic cardiac output monitor) for cardiac output measurements in neonates
Authors: Meyer Sascha , Todd David , Shadboldt Bruce 
Published: July 2009

Background and study purpose:  The ultrasonic cardiac output monitoring (USCOM, USCOM Pty Ltd, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia) device provides a new method of non‐invasively assessing cardiac output (CO). It has been successfully used in adults, but there have been few studies in neonates.Aims:  To study the inter‐operator reliability, and to compare the aortic (systemic) CO and pulmonary CO in a neonatal population.Patient and methods:  In a study using the USCOM device, we have determined: (i) the inter‐operator (rater) agreement for aortic (left ventricular output) and pulmonary (right ventricular output) CO; and (ii) by combining the measurements of aortic and pulmonary CO from each operator to obtain average aortic and pulmonary CO in neonates admitted to the neonatal unit during the first 8 days of life. Neonates with congenital heart disease were excluded from the study.Results:  Twelve neonates were enrolled in the study, and their mean gestational age was 34.1 ± 3.7 weeks, mean birth weight 2.268 ± 0.872 kg with eight boys and four girls. There was no significant difference in CO measurements between the two operators (inter‐rater correlation = 0.93 (0.86–0.97 (95% CI), P < 0.0001). However, the mean aortic CO was significantly lower than the mean pulmonary CO (228 mL/kg/min (202–254 (95% CI)) versus 282 mL/kg/min (256–309 (95% CI), P= 0.006).Conclusions:  Although there was a good correlation between operators, further investigations are required to study the discrepancy between aortic (systemic)/pulmonary CO in this population. Other than this discrepancy, the validity of this technique in neonates requires further detailed studies as it uses continuous wave Doppler for the measurements.
Impact of seizures on morbidity and mortality after stroke: a Canadian multi‐centre cohort study
Authors: Burneo J. G. , Fang J. , Saposnik G. ,   for the Investigators of the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network
Published: July 2009

Introduction:  Limited information is available about the impact of seizures on stroke outcome, health care delivery and resource utilization.Objective:  To determine whether the presence of seizures after stroke increases disability, mortality and health care utilization (length of hospital stay, ICU admission, consults, discharge to a long‐term care facility).Methods:  This cohort study included consecutive patients with acute stroke between July 2003 and June 2005 from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network (RCSN), the largest clinical database of patients in Canada with acute stroke seen at selected acute care hospitals. We compared clinical characteristics and outcomes amongst patients experiencing stroke without and with seizures occurring during inpatient stay. Main outcome measures included: case‐fatality, disability at discharge, length‐of‐stay, and discharge disposition. A logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether the presence of seizures was associated with poor stroke outcomes.Results:  Amongst 5027 patients included in the study; seizures occurred in 138 (2.7%) patients with stroke. Patients with seizures had a higher mortality at 30‐day (36.2% vs. 16.8%, P < 0.0001) and at 1‐year post‐stroke (48.6% vs. 27.7%, P < 0.001), longer hospitalization, and greater disability at discharge (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that stroke severity, hemorrhagic stroke, and presence of neglect were associated to occurrence of seizures after stroke.Conclusions:  The presence of seizures after stroke was associated with increased resources utilization, length of hospital stay, whilst decreasing both 30‐day and 1‐year survival. Quality improvement strategies targeting patients with seizures may help optimize the management of this subgroup of more disabled patients.
Expression of platelet glycoprotein VI is associated with transient ischemic attack and stroke
Authors: Bigalke B. , Stellos K. , Geisler T. , Kremmer E. , Seizer P. , May A. E. , Lindemann S. , Melms A. , Luft A. , Gawaz M. 
Published: July 2009

Background and purpose:  Platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) contributes significantly to platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. We aimed to investigate GPVI in patients presenting with symptoms of acute cerebrovascular disease and to define GPVI as biomarker for acute stroke.Methods:  We consecutively evaluated 205 patients, who admitted the stroke unit with symptoms for stroke. Surface expression of the platelet activation markers (GPVI, CD62P, GPIb) was determined by two‐color whole blood flow cytometry.Results:  Patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) (n = 18; 8.8%) as well as with stroke (n = 133; 64.9%) showed a significantly enhanced GPVI expression (mean fluorescence intensity ± SD) on admission compared to patients with non‐ischemic (NI) events (n = 54; 26.3%) (TIA: 20.9 ± 7.1 vs. NI: 16.2 ± 3.9; P = 0.002; stroke: 20.4 ± 5.7 vs. NI; P = 0.002). Neither CD62P nor GPIb surface expression showed a significant difference. Logistic regression analysis revealed that on admission GPVI was associated with stroke independent of conventional laboratory markers such as C‐reactive protein, blood glucose, and creatine kinase. Using a receiver operating characteristic curve on GPVI, we have determined the cut off value of 18.2 for stroke. Thus, patients with enhanced GPVI expression levels (≥18.2) had a 2.4‐fold relative risk for stroke. Patients with elevated platelet GPVI expression level had a poorer clinical outcome in cumulative event‐free survival for stroke, myocardial infarction, and cerebro‐/cardiovascular death at 3‐month follow‐up (log rank; P = 0.045).Conclusions:  These findings indicate that platelet GPVI surface expression is significantly enhanced in patients with TIA and stroke compared to patients with NI events. Determination of platelet‐specific GPVI may be useful as an early biomarker for cerebral ischemia.
Restoring a keystone predator may endanger a prey species in a human‐altered ecosystem: the return of the snow leopard to Sagarmatha National Park
Authors: Lovari S. , Boesi R. , Minder I. , Mucci N. , Randi E. , Dematteis A. , Ale S. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwenty‐five years ago, the snow leopardUncia uncia, an endangered large cat, was eliminated from what is now Sagarmatha National Park (SNP). Heavy hunting pressure depleted that area of most medium–large mammals, before it became a park. After three decades of protection, the cessation of hunting and the recovery of wild ungulate populations, snow leopards have recently returned (four individuals). We have documented the effects of the return of the snow leopard on the population of its main wild prey, the Himalayan tahrHemitragus jemlahicus, a ‘near‐threatened’ caprin. Signs of snow leopard presence were recorded and scats were collected along a fixed trail (130 km) to assess the presence and food habits of the snow leopard in the Park, from 2004 to 2006. Himalayan tahr, the staple of the diet, had a relative occurrence of 48% in summer and 37% in autumn, compared with the next most frequent prey, musk deerMoschus chrysogaster(summer: 20%; autumn: 15%) and cattle (summer: 15%; autumn: 27%). In early summer, the birth rate of tahr (young‐to‐female ratio: 0.8–0.9) was high. The decrease of this ratio to 0.1–0.2 in autumn implied that summer predation concentrated on young tahr, eventually altering the population by removing the kid cohort. Small populations of wildCaprinae, for example the Himalayan tahr population in SNP, are sensitive to stochastic predation events and may be led to almost local extinction. If predation on livestock keeps growing, together with the decrease of Himalayan tahr, retaliatory killing of snow leopards by local people may be expected, and the snow leopard could again be at risk of local extinction. Restoration of biodiversity through the return of a large predator has to be monitored carefully, especially in areas affected by humans, where the lack of important environmental components, for example key prey species, may make the return of a predator a challenging event.
Linkages between household wealth, bushmeat and other animal protein consumption are not invariant: evidence from Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea
Authors: Fa J. E. , Albrechtsen L. , Johnson P. J. , Macdonald D. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBushmeat consumption is affected by household wealth. However, how household wealth impacts bushmeat eaten in different environmental and social settings (i.e. whether urban, rural, coastal or forest) is poorly understood. In this study, we sampled households in six contrasting localities in Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea, in coastal (Bata, Cogo), central (Niefang, Evinayong) and eastern parts of the territory (Ebebiyin, Nsork). On average, 32.3 g of bushmeat per adult male equivalent per day were consumed, though this varied widely between sites and most households ate no bushmeat on the survey day. Fish was the most frequently recorded source of protein and in a coastal site, Cogo, significantly more fish was consumed than in the other localities. Overall, average protein consumption was correlated with household wealth, but the strength of this effect varied among sites. At the site where average wealth was highest (Bata, the most urban site), bushmeat was more expensive, and wealthier households ate more of it. Elsewhere bushmeat consumption was not associated with wealth, and the cost of bushmeat was a higher proportion of household wealth. In Bata, wealthier households reported consumption of more than one meat type (most frequently bushmeat and either domestic meat or fish), and diversity of dietary items also increased with wealth. In all sites, wealthier households ate less fish. We demonstrate distinct differences in relationships between urban versus rural areas, and between coastal versus inland sites. We therefore caution that general patterns of wealth–wild meat consumption must be evaluated taking account the circumstances of wild meat consumers.
Adolescent attitudes toward psychiatric medication: the utility of the Drug Attitude Inventory
Authors: Townsend Lisa , Floersch Jerry , Findling Robert L. 
Published: July 2009

Background:  Despite the effectiveness of psychotropic treatment for alleviating symptoms of psychiatric disorders, youth adherence to psychotropic medication regimens is low. Adolescent adherence rates range from 10–80% (Swanson, 2003; Cromer & Tarnowski, 1989; Lloyd et al., 1998; Brown, Borden, and Clingerman, 1985; Sleator, 1985) depending on the population and medication studied. Youth with serious mental illness face increased potential for substance abuse, legal problems, suicide attempts, and completed suicide (Birmaher & Axelson, 2006). Nonadherence may increase the potential for negative outcomes. The Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI) was created to measure attitudes toward neuroleptics and to predict adherence in adults (Hogan, Awad, & Eastwood, 1983). No studies have been identified that have used this instrument in adolescent psychiatric populations. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of the DAI for measuring medication attitudes and predicting adherence in adolescents diagnosed with mental health disorders.Method:  Structural equation modeling was used to compare the factor structure of the DAI in adults with its factor structure in adolescents. The relationship between adolescent DAI scores and adherence was examined also.Results:  The adult factor structure demonstrated only “fair” fit to the adolescent data (RMSEA = .061). Results indicated a low, but significant positive correlation (r = .205, p < .05) between DAI scores and adherence.Conclusions:  Lack of optimal model fit suggests that DAI items may require alteration to reflect adolescent experiences with psychiatric medication more accurately. Differences between adolescents and adults in developmental stage, symptom chronicity, diagnosis, and medication class may explain why the adult model demonstrated only “fair fit” to the adolescent data and why the correlation between DAI scores and adherence was low. The DAI may be improved for use with adolescents by creating items reflecting autonomy concerns, diagnostic characteristics, treatment length, and side effect profiles relevant to adolescent experiences.