bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the surface process response to fault interaction and linkage using a numerical modelling approach
Authors: Cowie P.A. , Attal M. , Tucker G. E. , Whittaker A. C. , Naylor M. , Ganas A. , Roberts G. P. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn order to better understand the evolution of rift‐related topography and sedimentation, we present the results of a numerical modelling study in which elevation changes generated by extensional fault propagation, interaction and linkage are used to drive a landscape evolution model. Drainage network development, landsliding and sediment accumulation in response to faulting are calculated using CASCADE, a numerical model developed by Braun and Sambridge, and the results are compared with field examples. We first show theoretically how the ‘fluvial length scale’,Lf, in the fluvial incision algorithm can be related to the erodibility of the substrate and can be varied to mimic a range of river behaviour between detachment‐limited (DL) and transport‐limited (TL) end‐member models for river incision. We also present new hydraulic geometry data from an extensional setting which show that channel width does not scale with drainage area where a channel incises through an area of active footwall uplift. We include this information in the coupled model, initially for a single value ofLf, and use it to demonstrate how fault interaction controls the location of the main drainage divide and thus the size of the footwall catchments that develop along an evolving basin‐bounding normal fault. We show how erosion by landsliding and fluvial incision varies as the footwall area grows and quantify the volume, source area, and timing of sediment input to the hanging‐wall basin through time. We also demonstrate how fault growth imposes a geometrical control on the scaling of river discharge with downstream distance within the footwall catchments, thus influencing the incision rate of rivers that drain into the hanging‐wall basin. Whether these rivers continue to flow into the basin after the basin‐bounding fault becomes fully linked strongly depends on the value ofLf. We show that such rivers are more likely to maintain their course if they are close to the TL end member (smallLf); as a river becomes progressively more under supplied, i.e. the DL end member (largeLf), it is more likely to be deflected or dammed by the growing fault. These model results are compared quantitatively with real drainage networks from mainland Greece, the Italian Apennines and eastern California. Finally, we infer the calibre of sediments entering the hanging‐wall basin by integrating measurements of erosion rate across the growing footwall with the variation in surface processes in space and time. Combining this information with the observed structural control of sediment entry points into individual hanging‐wall depocentres we develop a greater understanding of facies changes associated with the rift‐initiation to rift‐climax transition previously recognised in syn‐rift stratigraphy.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE CELL CYCLE: A REVIEW
Authors: Baserga Renato 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis review describes the metabolic steps that occur in mammalian cells and that are related to the onset of DNA synthesis and mitosis. Two types of cells are considered separately: those continuously dividing and those that are quiescent but can be stimulated to enter DNA synthesis by appropriate stimuli. Despite the scarcity of data, a review of the literature suggests that the genome itself controls its own replication, and that this control is mediated through the synthesis of specific RNA and protein molecules. A similar mechanism is operating in the control of mitosis.
Progressive Increase In Polyamine Levels In 9l Cells in vitro During the Cell Cycle: Comparison Between Cells Isolated By Centrifugal Elutriation and Cells Grown In Synchrony
Authors: Oredsson Stina M. , Gray Joe W. , Marton Laurence J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCentrifugal elutriation was used to separate 9L rat brain tumour cells into fractions enriched in the G1, S, or G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Cells enriched in early G1, phase were recultured, grown in synchrony, and harvested periodically for analysis of their DNA distribution and polyamine content. Mathematical analysis of the DNA distributions indicated that excellent synchrony was obtained with low dissersion throughout the cell cycle. Polyamine accumulation began at the time of seeding, and intracellular levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine increased continuously during the cell cycle. In cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, putrescine and spermidine levels were twice as high as in cells in the G1, phase. DNA distribution and polyamine levels were also analysed in cells taken directly from the various elutriation fractions enriched in G1, S, or G2/M. Because we did not obtain pure S or G2/M populations by elutriation or by harvesting synchronized cells, a mathematical procedure—which assumed that the measured polyamine levels for any population were linearly related to the fraction of cells in the G1, S, and G2/M phases times the polyamine levels in these phases and that polyamine levels did not vary within these phases—was used to estimate ‘true’ phase‐specific polyamine levels (levels to be expected if perfect synchrony were achieved). Estimated ‘true’ phase‐specific polyamine levels calculated from the data obtained from cells either sorted by elutriation or obtained from synchronously growing cultures were very similar.
Mirex‐Induced Adaptive Liver Growth: A Corticosterone‐Mediated Response
Authors: Yarbrough James D. , Brown Leslee Dodd , Grimley Jo M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe adaptive liver growth response was investigated in intact and adrenalectomized rats. When adult male rats were given a single oral dose of mirex (100 mg/kg body weight) there was a 72% increase in relative liver weight (RLW) in 72 hr. Based on [3H]‐thymidine ([3H]TdR) incorporation into hepatic DNA, there was also a wave of DNA synthesis which peaked at 48 hr and decreased to essentially control values by 96 hr post mirex dose. In mirex‐dosed adrenalectomised (Adx) animals, the RLW was increased by only 38% and there was sustained DNA synthesis. When mirex‐dosed Adx rats were given corticosterone supplements, the RLW response was similar to the RLW response in intact mirex‐dosed rats. However, the 48‐hr DNA synthesis peak seen in intact mirex‐dosed rats was eliminated.From these data it is suggested that mirex‐induced adaptive liver growth has two components: a hypertrophic component which is mediated by corticosterone, and a hyperplastic component which is independent of corticosterone.
Abundance of Tubulin Mrna On Poly Somes Following Deciliation and During the Synchronous Cell Cycle of Tetrahymena
Authors: Bird R. C. , Zimmerman A. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, was used as a model system for studying polysomal mRNA during the cell cycle and during cilia regeneration. Our previous work has shown a substantial induction of tubulin synthesis following deciliation and during G2 of the synchronous cell cycle. In the present study, the abundance of tubulin mRNA on polysomes was examined in order to determine whether more tubulin mRNA was being translated during the periods of peak tubulin synthesis. Polysomes isolated at sequential times following deciliation and during the synchronous cell cycle were translated in a cell‐free translation system derived from wheat germ. the abundance of tubulin mRNA on polysomes was inferred from the amount of tubulin translated in vitro. Following deciliation and prior to the peak period of tubulin synthesis, the abundance of tubulin mRNA (at 140 min post‐deciliation) increases to 25 times the initial value observed (at 20 min post‐deciliation). Since the increase in tubulin mRNA abundance precedes the peak in tubulin synthesis, induction of tubulin synthesis appears to be mRNA‐dependent. A similar analysis of tubulin mRNA abundance on polysomes during the synchronous cell cycle revealed a peak of tubulin mRNA prior to each peak of tubulin synthesis. These studies suggest that the periodic fluctuations in the synthesis of tubulin are dependent upon fluctuating levels of tubulin mRNA on polysomes.
Efficient in vitro generation of adult multipotent cells from mobilized peripheral blood CD133+ cells
Authors: Kuçi S. , Kuçi Z. , Schmid S. , Seitz G. , Müller I. , Dufke A. , Leimig T. , Murti G. , Jurecic R. , Schumm M. , Lang P. , Bruchelt G. , Bader P. , Klingebiel T. , Niethammer D. , Handgretinger R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Objectives: To generate non‐haematopoietic tissues from mobilized haematopoietic CD133+ stem cells. Materials and methods: Mobilized peripheral blood CD133+ cells from adult healthy donors were used. In vitro ability of highly enriched CD133+ cells from mobilized peripheral blood to generate multipotent cells, and their potential to give rise to cells with characteristics of neuroectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm layers was investigated. Results: We found that a recently identified population of CD45+ adherent cells generated in vitro after culture of highly purified CD133+ cells for 3–5 weeks with Flt3/Flk2 ligand and interleukin‐6 can, in presence of the appropriate microenvironmental cues, differentiate into neural progenitor‐like cells (NPLCs), hepatocyte‐like cells and skeletal muscle‐like cells. We have termed them to be adult multipotent haematopoietic cells (AMHCs). AMHC‐derived NPLCs expressed morphological, phenotypic and molecular markers associated with primary neural progenitor cells. They can differentiate into astrocyte‐like cells, neuronal‐like cells and oligodendrocyte‐like cells. Moreover, AMHC‐derived NPLCs produced 3,4‐dihydrophenylalanine and dopamine and expressed voltage‐activated ion channels, suggesting their functional maturation. In addition, AMHC‐derived hepatocyte‐like cells and skeletal muscle‐like cells, showed typical morphological features and expressed primary tissue‐associated proteins. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that AMHCs may therefore serve as a novel source of adult multipotent cells for autologous replacement cell therapies.
Service users as gatekeepers in Children's Centres
Authors: Sheppard Michael , MacDonald Paula , Welbourne Penelope 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTChildren's Centres are the latest in a line of initiatives designed to provide neighbourhood‐based family support. These are part of a spectrum of preventive services from Universalist (primary prevention) to permanence and rehabilitative work (quaternary). High levels of need confronted by tertiary Child Care Social Work and Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, mean that the contribution of these centres at secondary level and responsiveness to its higher‐level needs, have become particularly important. At the same time, the involvement and perspectives of service users have become equally important in the evaluation and development of centres. Users, though, can help create the culture and expectations in centres just through the processes of interaction developed over time. However, although users have evaluated services for their openness, we know little about the part played by service users themselves – particularly through their informal interactions and culture – in the responsiveness of centres to higher‐need families for whom secondary level prevention is appropriate. This paper focuses on the part played by service users as gatekeepers showing they can play an important, and sometimes limiting, part in the responsiveness of centres. The theoretical and practical implications of this for prevention are discussed.
Attitudes of Arab and Jewish mothers towards punitive and non‐punitive discipline methods
Authors: Khoury‐Kassabri Mona 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis study used data from 234 Jewish and Arab mothers in Israel to determine the association between cultural and socioeconomic factors on their views of punitive and non‐punitive discipline behaviours. Mothers highly approved the use of nonpunitive disciplines. For example, all mothers supported to explain to the child what the rules are to try to prevent misbehaviour; however, their support of punitive disciplines was not negligible. For instant, 15.32% approved spank, slap, smack or swat children; one out of 10 mothers endorsed using an object such as a paddle, hairbrush, belt, etc. on children. Mothers with lower levels of education (completing high school or lower) and Arab mothers approved the use of corporal punishment and psychological aggression more than others. More support and training are required for these families.
Ascertaining the prevalence of childhood disability
Authors: Hutchison T. , Gordon D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectives  To reapply 1985 Office of Population Census and Surveys (OPCS) disability survey methods, modified as necessary, to a sample of children to ascertain presence of disability. To compare OPCS‐based prevalence with prevalence based on carer's views and medical records.Design  Analytical study.Setting  Community Child Health Department in UK.Participants  Principal carers of 100 children aged 5–15, selected from a district special needs register.Main outcome measures  Comparable information about disability from three sources and diagnosis from carers and medical records.Results  Medical records of 46% contained a diagnosis. Carers were always aware of this, although a single question did not always elicit their knowledge. OPCS‐derived threshold disability criteria in categories of Hand function, Personal care, Consciousness and Continence gave prevalence results similar to medical records and carers. OPCS criteria yielded higher prevalence of disability in the areas of Locomotion (8%), Communication (14%) and Hearing (18%). Carers, OPCS and medical records disagreed markedly about prevalence of disabilities of Vision, probably because of the use of differing definitions. OPCS learning criteria were judged unsuitable and standard attainment targets (SATs) were substituted. These provided similar prevalence figures to carers and medical records. OPCS behaviour criteria were also unsuitable and were replaced by the General Health and Behaviour Questionnaire (GHBQ). This found an increased prevalence of problems compared with carers and doctors.Conclusions  Diagnostic labels have limited use when collecting data about disabled children. Doubt is cast on the validity of some of the 1985 OPCS threshold criteria, and reassessment is suggested before their future use. Further work is needed on the use of SATs and GHBQ in the benchmarking of disability. To collect population data it would be easier and at least equally effective (with caution in the case of Vision) to ask carers directly rather than applying descriptive thresholds and external judgements. Similar information could be obtained from medical records, however, they are likely to be out of date.
Parents’ perceptions of the value of the Webster‐Stratton Parenting Programme: a qualitative study of a general practice based initiative
Authors: Patterson J. , Mockford C. , Stewart‐Brown S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  Parenting styles and parent–child relationships are a determinant of emotional and behavioural problems in children. Controlled trials of parenting programmes have been shown to be effective in helping parents of children with clinical levels of behaviour problems, but there is little research on the impact of such programmes in families where children's development falls in the ‘normal’ range. Also, such trials do not shed light on why or how programmes do, or do not, work, or how they might be improved.Methods  A qualitative study of the impact of the Webster‐Stratton ‘Parents and Children Series’ programme on participants in a controlled trial of this programme, whose children's behaviour was below average, but, for the majority, in the normal range. Data were gathered in interviews, open‐ended questions on a questionnaire and tape recordings of group leader supervision sessions.Results  Parents reported increased confidence, better relationships with their children, successful use of new behaviour management techniques and improvements in their children's behaviour as a result of the programme. One parent found the programme unsuitable because she was already using the techniques that were taught, and another parent felt the programme was designed for parents of younger children. Many parents reported that additional sessions would have been useful to consolidate what they had learnt, and some parents felt the course would have been more effective if their partners had attended.Conclusions  The Webster‐Stratton Parenting Programme is useful for parents of  ‘normal’ children as well as for parents of children whose behaviour is in the clinical range. Follow‐up sessions and attendance by both parents might increase effectiveness. The findings of this study suggest greater benefits to parents and children than were apparent in the controlled trial.
Caesarean section and gastrointestinal symptoms, atopic dermatitis, and sensitization during the first year of life
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: September 2010

Aims  To investigate the effect of Caesarean section on gastrointestinal symptoms, atopic dermatitis and sensitization to nutritional allergens in infants.Methods  A total of 865 healthy full‐term neonates with parental history of allergy participating in the prospective German Infant Nutritional Intervention Program (GINI) were exclusively breastfed during the first four months of life and had a one year follow‐up. Data were obtained by follow‐up visits at age 1, 4, 8, and 12 months, weekly diaries for the first six months, and measurement of total and specific IgE at birth and 12 months.Results  Infants born by Caesarean section (147/865, 17%) had a greater risk of diarrhoea (ORadj 1.46, 95% CI 1.022–2.10) and sensitization to food allergens, both in adjusted (ORadj 2.06, 95% CI 1.123–3.80) and stratified analyses (by cord blood IgE). Caesarean delivery was not associated with colicky pain and atopic dermatitis.Conclusion  Caesarean delivery might be a risk factor for diarrhoea and sensitization in infants with family history of allergy. Further research in this area seems warranted as choosing Caesarean section becomes increasingly popular.
Area socioeconomic status and childhood injury morbidity in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: September 2010

.

Poulos R.,
Hayen A.,
Finch C. &
Zwi A.
(
2007
)

,
13
,
322
–
327
.

DOI: 10.1136/ip.2007.015693.
Objective  To explore the relationship between child injury morbidity and socioeconomic status.Design  A cross‐sectional analysis of routinely collected hospital separation data for unintentional injury for the period 1999/2000–2004/2005.Setting  All statistical local areas of New South Wales (NSW), Australia.Subjects  110 549 unintentional injury‐related hospital separations for NSW children aged 0–14 years.Main outcome measure  Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for hospital separations for unintentional injury (for all injury and by individual injury mechanisms) by quintile of socioeconomic disadvantage for children aged 0–14 years.Results  There was no clear relationship between socioeconomic status and injury when all injury mechanisms were combined. However, children in the more disadvantaged quintiles were more likely to be hospitalized than children in the least disadvantaged quintile for the following injury mechanisms: motor cycle (point estimates for IRRs across the socioeconomic status quintiles ranged from 2.95 to 4.02 relative to the least disadvantaged quintile), motor‐vehicle occupant (IRR range 1.33–2.27), pedestrian (IRR range 1.43–2.54 for ages 0–4 years), pedal cyclist (IRR range 1.30–1.50), fire and burns (IRR range 1.37–2.00), and poisoning (IRR range 1.32–1.91). Similarly, hospital separation rates for foreign body, other transport, and pedestrian (aged 5–9 years) injuries were also greater, but the differences were not statistically significant across all quintiles. These injury mechanisms accounted for about 25% of the hospital separations.Conclusions  The relationship between relative socioeconomic disadvantage and injury risk in NSW children is strongest for transport‐related injuries, fires and burns, and poisoning. Interventions that address these specific injury mechanisms may help to reduce the disparity between high and lower socioeconomic groups.
Decision making about pre‐medication to children
Authors: Proczkowska‐Björklund M. , Runeson I. , Gustafsson P. A. , Svedin C. G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  Inviting the child to participate in medical decisions regarding common medical procedures might influence the child's behaviour during the procedures. We wanted to study nurse decision‐making communication regarding pre‐medication before ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery.Method  In total, 102 children (3–6 years) signed for ENT surgery were video‐filmed during the pre‐medication process. The nurse decision‐making communication was identified, transcribed and grouped in six main categories dependent on the level of participation (self‐determination, compromise, negotiation, questioning, information, lack of communication). Associations between child factors (age, gender, verbal communication and non‐verbal communication) and different nurse decision‐making communication were studied. Associations between the decision‐making communication and verbal hesitation and/or the child's compliance in taking pre‐medication were also studied.Results  Totally, information was the most frequently used category of decision making communication followed by negotiation and questioning. To the children showing signs of shyness, the nurse used more negotiation, questions and self‐determination communication and less information. The nurse used more compromise, negotiation and gave less information to children with less compliance. No specific type of nurse decision‐making communication was associated with verbal hesitation. The most important predictors for verbal hesitation were none or hesitant eye contact with nurse (OR = 4.5) and placement nearby or in parent's lap (OR = 4.7). Predictors for less compliance in taking pre‐medication were verbal hesitation from the child (OR = 22.7) and children who did not give any verbal answer to nurse initial questions (OR = 5.5).Conclusion  Decision‐making communication could not predict the child's compliance during pre‐medication. Although negotiation, questioning and self‐determination communication were associated with more unwillingness to take pre‐medication. More knowledge is needed about communication to children in medical settings and how it influences the child's behaviours.