bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Premenstrual tension and behaviour problems
Authors: Jain Ashok Kumar , Arya Raj Pal 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis prospective study examined the role of premenstrual tension in producing behavioural problems in menstruating women with mental handicaps in two hospital settings. Clinical evaluation and hormonal studies were undertaken for two years, helped by the Mersey Research Grant Scheme.The main findings were that 11 women out of a random sample of 40 (27.5 per cent) showed a behaviour change for the worse clinically just prior to menstruation, in addition to having physical symptomatology and hormonal abnormalities highly suggestive of premenstrual tension.The findings and implications in care and management of such behaviour problems are discussed.
STAFF BURNOUT: a single case study
Authors: Hegarty John R. 
Published: August 2010

Most people, at some time, experience feelings of frustration and disillusionment about their work. Sometimes, however, these feelings persist and lead to emotional exhaustion or breakdown. “Burnout” is a term which powerfully describes such extreme reactions.This paper tells of the experiences of Mary, who led a therapy unit for adults with profound handicaps for nearly three years. During this time she became so emotionally depleted that she left her job and needed to enter psychotherapy. There are important lessons both for direct care staff and management in the story of “Mary's burnout”.
IDENTIFYING PEOPLE SUITABLE FOR RESETTLEMENT INTO COMMUNITY FACILITIES: OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF THE DTMH ASSESSMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Bennett Chris , Metcalf Mike 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY57 people living in two mental handicap hospitals were selected for a resettlement project using the DTMH Assessment. Difficulties were encountered in using that assessment system for this purpose. The classifications were unstable and there were problems of reliability and generalisation.The exclusive use of the DTMH Assessment for planning purposes may encourage inappropriate discrimination when considering people for resettlement. It is suggested that all people living in mental handicap hospitals should have their resettlement needs assessed individually, and that long‐term plans should only be made on the basis of such knowledge.The implications for future policy and funding are discussed.
The views of parents and carers: 2. Working with others
Authors: Swain John , Eagle Paul 
Published: August 2010

Two meetings for parents and carers of people with mental handicaps were held in order to assist in the development of the new Open University course P555 Mental Handicap: Patterns for Living. The aim was to record parents' and carers' views on a variety of issues.This is the second of two articles which highlight some of the main points discussed at the meetings and report participants' views in their own words. It focuses on parents' relationships with carers and professionals, and looks at their expectations and the barriers they face. Some attitudes and approaches that parents have found helpful in establishing and maintaining effective relationships and “working with others” are listed.The article ends with notes on some of the lessons learned about running discussion groups.
Making the curriculum relevant for students with severe mental handicaps in integrated secondary schools
Authors: Gregory Susan P. , Singer Anne Louise T. 
Published: August 2010

Increasingly, students with special educational needs, even those with severe mental handicaps, are being integrated into ordinary schools. Professionals in the field are evaluating not only the placement of these students in integrated settings but also the quality of the education they are receiving.There appears to be a consensus of opinion that the education of students with severe mental handicaps should help them to develop skills which they can use in a variety of community settings. For the adolescents and young adults in this population it is critical that their educational programmes be directly related to purposeful activities.This paper outlines the development of an approach towards achieving functional educational goals for these students and illustrates how this has been implemented in one programme where young adults with severe mental handicaps attend an integrated secondary school.
My life
Authors: Hearn Pat , Knott Lynda 
Published: August 2010

Spilsby Road Centre was very fortunate during the winter of 1987 to be given a computer: a BBC ‘B’ with many extras, including a printer, concept keyboard, micro‐mike, turtle, AMX Mono, and a selection of software. When it arrived almost everyone was excited at the prospect of using a computer for the first time and curious to find out what it could do.A group of staff and students soon became confident in use of the computer, and gradually the circle of knowledge widened. Pat Hearn, a 24‐year‐old student who has been labelled since childhood as having a severe mental disability and being “difficult”, was initially uninterested. One day, however, Pat was watching two students (hindered by myself) using the AMX art package and mouse, and producing some rather uninspired art work. After watching for some time, and with much encouragement, Pat eventually “had a go” herself and produced the Centre's first piece of “computer art”.Pat's confidence in the use of the computer gradually increased from then on and several people have since noticed that her general self‐confidence has increased also. It seems that for the first time Pat had found something she could do successfully on her own. She rapidly mastered the keyboard and soon learned how to plug in, switch on, insert a disc, and load the programme. This was when my problems started: how was I to share out computer time, giving everyone a fair chance?After doing some highly complicated mathematics with the number of students and the amount of teaching time, I worked out that each student would be able to spend only 20 minutes each week using the computer. Obviously this was not enough, so a Computer Club was formed enabling a small group of students, including Pat, to snatch extra computer time during lunch breaks. This has been a great success.Soon after the Computer Club started an Edword was fitted, (a simple word processing package). One young man wanted to do an up‐to‐date Top 40 to put on the notice board each week. Pat watched, fascinated, while I worked with him — deleting and inserting words, moving text around the page, and finally printing it out. She then surprised me by saying, “Can I use that? I want to write a book for my little sister”.In no time at all Pat was proficient in the use of Edword. The delighted expression on her face is a joy to watch when she deletes a mistake or corrects an error. She still needs a little help with grammar, but her spelling and punctuation has improved tremendously; I think because she can now see a word, know that it is wrong, and try innumerable variations until it looks right without having a page full of untidy‐looking crossings‐out. The fact that a perfect print‐out is possible has been the major motivation for Pat to persevere and succeed in an area where before she had only experienced failure.
SEX EDUCATION: WHO NEEDS IT?
Authors: Stevens Sheila , Evered Chris , O'Brien Richard , Wallace Edna 
Published: August 2010

The recent trend towards the introduction of sex education in schools, day centres, and residential homes for people with mental handicaps has created the need for a change in attitude towards an issue that individuals hold deeply personal. This article describes how, in order to facilitate this transition, a multidisciplinary team set up a series of lectures, workshops, and discussion groups. It sets out the main aims of the team's work, which were: to get people to examine their own attitudes towards sexuality and mental handicap; to dispel and clarify existing myths; and to provide information about what sex education is all about.The article shows how the presentation of case histories, the use of role play and role reversal, and small group work not only enabled discussion to be opened up but helped to clarify issues, bring about a consensus of opinion, and offer an avenue of support to parents and professionals who had felt isolated in their attempts to deal with the growing independence of their children or clients.
Assessment for residential placement: PROGRAMME AND PLACEMENT DECISIONS ARE NOT THE SAME
Authors: Haller Otto , Lefaivre Debi 
Published: August 2010

A community operated residential services programme designed an assessment service for placing adults with mental handicaps in least restrictive residential environments. The goal of the service was to provide valid, reliable, and comprehensive assessments for residential placement and programme decision making. To ensure validity, all assessments were to be carried out in a community‐based group home.After 29 assessments and 27 months of operation the assessment home closed its doors. It appears that placement decisions did not depend on people's personal characteristics as much as anticipated. The focus of assessment should change from assessing people's generic characteristics, such as skills or aptitude, to assessing aspects of the environment of the receiving placement.
When all is not what it seems: the normalising of life by parents of people with mental handicaps
Authors: Skone Jon 
Published: August 2010

This paper draws on the findings of an MSc research thesis which investigated the effects on the lives of 30 families living in West Glamorgan of the presence of a family member with a mental handicap.The parents who were interviewed had offspring ranging from school aged to adult.The idea is explored that the parents, whilst presenting an outwardly “normal” image are, in reality, experiencing a life that is far from normal, and that the outward presentation of “normality” is a result of a process of stigmatisation. The paper concludes by describing the implications of this for the way in which professionals provide support to such families.
VIDEO ASSISTED LEARNING for adults with mental handicaps
Authors: Donkersley Michael , Thorpe Margaret 
Published: August 2010

This article reviews the way that video equipment was used to help train four adults living in a mental handicap hospital who had been chosen as potential candidates for a group home.It describes the idea of video as a teaching aid, the training areas, and how video recordings were used to assist the learning process. It offers further ideas for the use of video in the group home, discusses the use of video as an analytic tool, and concludes by summarising the advantages of video as a teaching aid.
Groupwork with people who have mental handicaps …
Authors: Cole Angela 
Published: August 2010

Groupwork is a method of working which is not widely used with people who have mental handicaps, although the few available reports of its use indicate that it is an applicable approach.This article highlights some of the potential benefits that groupwork can offer. It examines why groupwork is not in more common usage, and concludes that scepticism, based upon low expectations of people with mental handicaps, is a significant factor.
GROUPWORK ON “LIFE EVENTS AND SEXUALITY”
Authors: Marler Richard , Carroll–Williams Barbara 
Published: August 2010

The twin concepts of normalisation (Wolfensberger, 1972) and care in the community (DHSS, 1981) have been the spurs to increased opportunities being given to people with mental handicaps to learn about sexuality. Too often these opportunities are provided as part of personal hygiene programmes or are based on child‐oriented materials. Little thought has yet been given to developing appropriate models of teaching which offer an all‐round approach, are geared to adults, take into account people's special learning difficulties, and put sexuality in the context of relationships, growing up, and other life events.This is the report of a multidisciplinary approach to help prepare some adults with mental handicaps, residing in a Chichester mental handicap hospital, for life in the community. Emphasis was placed on looking at sexuality and relationships in the context of life events.
Respite care services for adults with mental handicaps
Authors: Mitchell Fraser 
Published: August 2010

A survey of all informal carers of adults with mental handicaps in the Monklands District of Scotland was carried out to establish the usage and demand for respite care services from parents and carers.The survey provided a profile of 82 “main carers” who replied to a postal questionnaire. Most of them had used no formal or informal respite care services during the previous year. Most stated that their needs for respite were unmet.
Knowledge of and attitudes towards people with mental handicaps: AN INVESTIGATION OF RGN STUDENTS
Authors: Barr Owen 
Published: August 2010

The respondents for this study were 57 second‐ and third‐year students in Registered General Nurse (RGN) training.Results showed that the students had inaccurate knowledge of people with mental handicaps, underestimating their abilities and problems. Although the attitudes expressed were mostly positive, students' attitudes towards several crucial issues were undecided, namely aggression, sexuality, normality, and independence.These results are only true for the students surveyed, and they cannot be generalised to all RGN students due to differences in curriculum content and students' contact with people who have mental handicaps. Nevertheless, it may be that lessons can be learned that will be for the benefit of people with mental handicaps and RGN students alike.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES: for people with mental handicaps
Authors: Kroese Biza Stenfert , Lowe Sheila , Richens Alan , Sidaway Nadine , Cragg Rod 
Published: August 2010

Nineteen employees with mental handicaps were interviewed in order to specify factors related to job‐finding, job‐support, successful and unsuccessful placements, types of jobs, and individual personal characteristics. It was found that less than half of the people interviewed had received help from an “employment expert” in their job research, many had other special needs in addition to their mental handicap, and most had maintained their jobs successfully.The results of this small study indicate that people with mental handicaps can successfully enter the open job‐market and become reliable and efficient employees.
An evaluation of the effects of relocation within institutions: Part 3. The effects of relocation
Authors: Firth Hugh , Holtom Rebecca , Mayor Janet , Wood Andy 
Published: August 2010

Relocation, as a result of policies over which they have no control, is a fact of life for many people living in long‐stay institutions. The first article in this series presented the findings of recent research into the effects of relocation, identified vulnerable client groups, and recommended guidelines for good practice. The second described the action taken to minimise the adverse effects of relocating many residents to reduce overcrowding, using the conclusions and recommendations of the first article.This article describes a study of the health, behaviour, and social interaction of three groups of residents: a group of 89 residents who moved; a control group of 77 residents, matched for age, sex, type of ward, and degree of ability; and a group of 40 residents who experienced disruption but no actual move. Results indicated few overall changes in residents' physical health, but strongly suggested that some people with severe mental handicaps who are withdrawn or non‐communicative may show weight loss, disturbed behaviour, or increased likelihood of minor illness following the disruption caused by relocation.
The hAPP‐YAC transgenic model has elevated UPS activity in the frontal cortex similar to Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome
Authors: Seo Hyemyung , Isacson Ole 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1819–1826.AbstractThe ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS) is critical for handling the intra‐cellular load of abnormal and misfolded proteins in several neurodegenerative diseases. First, to determine the effects of the over‐expression of human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) on UPS, we measured proteasome activities using fluorescent substrates in the frontal cortex of hAPP‐yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) transgenic (tg) mice (R1.40, hemizygous; Lamb, Nat Genet, 9, 4; 1995). Chymotrypsin and PGPH‐like activities of proteasome were increased in frontal cortex of hAPP‐YAC tg mice. These proteasome activities (both chymotrypsin and PGPH‐like) were further increased by cholinergic stimulation in littermate control mice, but not in hAPP‐YAC tg mice. Nerve growth factor (NGF) levels were decreased by hAPP over‐expression in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of hAPP‐YAC tg mice, and further decreased by M1 agonist treatment in the hippocampus of littermate control and hAPP‐YAC tg mice. Interestingly, the frontal cortex (BA9 area) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients (Stage 3, n = 11) and Down’s syndrome (DS) patients (n = 9) showed similar up‐regulation of the UPS activities to those seen in hAPP‐YAC tg mice. M1 agonist stimulation increased the activities of α‐secretase, which were down‐regulated by hAPP over‐expression in the frontal cortex of hAPP‐YAC tg mice. These results demonstrate that (i) hAPP‐YAC tg mice have an up‐regulation in the frontal cortex of the UPS similar to AD and DS patients; (ii) muscarinic stimulation increase UPS activities, increase secreted APP (APPs) levels, and decrease amyloid beta 42/40 ratio only in littermate controls, but not in hAPP‐YAC tg mice. Taken together, these results suggest that both the adaptive reactions in the proteostatic network and pathological changes in AD and DS need to be considered in the future potential therapeutics.
NESTING DENSITY AND BREEDING SUCCESS IN THE HERRING GULL LARUS ARGENTATUS
Authors: Parsons Jasper 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe relationship between nesting density and breeding success of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus was studied on the Isle of May, Scotland, in 1968. Herring Gulls nesting at the most common density started laying earlier in the season than those nesting at lower or higher densities. Therefore, although the overall spacing of nests was uniform, the nest density of birds laying later in the season progressively approached a random distribution. The onset of laying occurred in synchronized groups within the colony. Late‐laid clutches were commonly situated on the periphery of the colony where the density of nests was lowest. When the laying period was divided into four time periods, in each period the tendancy was for birds nesting at the most common density to have the highest clutch‐size, hatching and fledging success, and to rear the most chicks per pair to fledging. In addition, birds which spaced their nests most uniformly, presumably as a consequence of territorial behaviour, were the most successful parents.
Do territorial and non‐breeding Australian Magpies Gymnorhina tibicen influence the local movements of rural birds in New Zealand?
Authors: MORGAN DAI , WAAS JOSEPH R. , INNES JOHN 
Published: August 2010

Australian Magpies Gymnorhina tibicen sometimes attack and kill other birds in New Zealand. Here we assess how Australian Magpies influence the local distribution of other birds in New Zealand and identify the members of an Australian Magpie population that display the most agonistic acts. We conducted regular observations on six territorial breeding groups and three non‐breeding flocks of Australian Magpies for 1 year to determine (1) if other birds avoid flying or foraging close to Australian Magpies, (2) the proportion of passing birds that are attacked and (3) which social subunits of the Australian Magpie population are most aggressive. In comparison with adjacent Magpie‐free control areas, significantly fewer birds of a range of species (e.g. Common Blackbird Turdus merula, Skylark Alauda arvensis, Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella) foraged close (i.e. ≤ 50 m) to both territorial breeding groups and non‐breeding Australian Magpie flocks; fewer birds were also recorded flying near (i.e. ≤ 50 m) territorial breeding groups but not non‐breeding flocks. Excluding Australasian Harriers (Circus approximans: see below), only 8% of birds recorded within 50 m of territorial breeding groups were observed being attacked. Attacks were most frequent when numerous birds occurred near Australian Magpies and species recorded in the highest frequencies were generally attacked most. Territorial breeding groups attacked 39% of passing Australasian Harriers. All attacks consisted of the victim being swooped at or chased; no physical contact was ever observed. Both adult male and female breeding Australian Magpies were seen attacking other birds; juveniles in breeding groups sometimes supported adults but never initiated attacks. Australian Magpies in non‐breeding flocks were not seen attacking other birds, except Australasian Harriers (attacked in 17% of appearances). Our results suggest that some birds avoid foraging and/or flying close to Australian Magpies because they are sometimes chased by breeding adults of both sexes; however, the proportion of passing birds actually attacked was small. The numerous published observations of Australian Magpie attacks are apparently biased heavily towards sensational events that are rare. Possible reasons why Australian Magpies attack other birds are discussed.
Road Taxes, Road User Charges and Earmarking
Authors: Newbery David M. , Santos Georgina 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe UK Road Fund was set up in 1921 and financed by earmarked taxes, but was unsuccessful as a form of road finance and abandoned in 1937. The paper examines why earmarking failed and what problems arise for replacing road taxes by hypothecated road charges. These charges would need to be regulated and could evolve into a more efficient system of road pricing. The paper claims that recent experiences with regulating capital‐intensive network industries make road user charging and the commercialisation of the public highway both feasible and desirable, but that recent government proposals for local earmarked taxes are inadequate.
The reform of legal aid in England and Wales
Authors: Rickman Neil , Fenn Paul , Gray Alastair 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLegal aid expenditure has risen dramatically in recent years, prompting attention from successive governments. A prominent theme of past and present government reform proposals has been the shifting of risk away from the taxpayer towards lawyers, clients and insurers by altering the means by which legal aid lawyers are paid. This paper explores this theme by presenting information on legal aid expenditure trends over the last two decades and then considering whether payment mechanisms have contributed to this performance. Finally, it reviews previous and current reform proposals in this area. It concludes that, because risk‐shifting also alters incentives, it is essential that reform recognises and monitors these.
Compliance Costs for Employers: UK PAYE and National Insurance, 1995–96
Authors: Collard David , Godwin Michael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper, based upon research financed by the Inland Revenue and the Contributions Agency of the DSS, presents calculations of the compliance costs for employers of PAYE and National Insurance in 1995–96. Total costs are estimated to have been of the order of £1.3 billion. The costs are very unequally spread across employers, whether measured per employee or per pound of tax raised. They are particularly high for small new employers. For the largest employers, these costs may be offset by the cash‐flow benefits of acting as tax collectors. The composition of labour and other costs is calculated and estimates are made of compliance costs under various payroll ‘technologies’. The main determinants of compliance costs, for an employer, are analysed using weighted least‐squares regression analysis. Finally, some policy implications are considered.