bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation studies of polystyrene–phthalated starch blends using epoxy functionalized compatibilizer
Authors: Ashamol A. , Sailaja R. R. N. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBlends of polystyrene (PS) and esterified starch has been prepared using an epoxy functionalized PS as compatibilizer along with zinc stearate as prooxidant. The starch phthalate (Stph) loading was varied from 20 to 60%. The mechanical, thermal, and biodegradability studies of the blends were carried out as per the ASTM standards and the results were compared with that of neat PS. The blends exhibited enhanced mechanical properties with the addition of compatibilizer although the biodegradation rate slows down. The blend containing 40% starch ester with 12% compatibilizer showed maximum tensile strength. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning colorimetric analyses has been done for the blends, and the neat PS and the glass transition temperature of the blend has been obtained at 327 K. The water absorbency of the blends showed an increase with the increase in loading of Stph and a reduction with the addition of compatibilizer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Understanding the impact of gamma irradiation on electrical and mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Karpagam R. , Sarathi R. , Tanaka Toshikatsu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this work, the influences of gamma irradiation on the electrical and mechanical properties of the epoxy nanocomposites were studied. The exfoliation characteristics of epoxy nanocomposite material analyzed through TEM studies. It is shown that the impact and flexural strength of the material is high with epoxy nanocomposites and gets reduced with the gamma‐irradiated specimen. The AC breakdown strength of the epoxy nanocomposites is high compared with the base epoxy resin. It is also observed that a reduction in permittivity and tan(δ) of epoxy resin added with 1 wt % of nanoclay. Increase in percentage of clay shows increase in permittivity and tan(δ). Gamma irradiation of epoxy nanocomposite material shows increase in permittivity. The volume resistivity of the material is high with epoxy nanocomposite and is less with gamma‐irradiated specimen compared with virgin specimen. The impact strength and flexural strength indicates correlation with breakdown strength of the material. It is observed that the increase in applied voltage shows an increase in magnitude of the charge density in the insulation structure. With the gamma‐irradiated specimen, the charge density (for the applied electric field) is less compared with the virgin specimen. Electric field analysis indicates that the electric field is uniform in the bulk volume of the epoxy nanocomposite material. The rate of charge decay is high with gamma‐irradiated specimen compared with virgin specimen. It is realized that material with lower resistivity has faster decay of stored charge. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Trial of early aggressive therapy in polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Wallace Carol A. , Giannini Edward H. , Spalding Steven J. , Hashkes Philip J. , O'Neil Kathleen M. , Zeft Andrew S. , Szer Ilona S. , Ringold Sarah , Brunner Hermine I. , Schanberg Laura E. , Sundel Robert P. , Milojevic Diana , Punaro Marilynn G. , Chira Peter , Gottlieb Beth S. , Higgins Gloria C. , Ilowite Norman T. , Kimura Yukiko , Hamilton Stephanie , Johnson Anne , Huang Bin , Lovell Daniel J. ,   for the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether aggressive treatment initiated early in the course of rheumatoid factor (RF)–positive or RF‐negative polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can induce clinical inactive disease within 6 months.MethodsBetween May 2007 and October 2010, a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of 2 aggressive treatments was conducted in 85 children ages 2–16 years with polyarticular JIA of <12 months' duration. Patients received either methotrexate (MTX) 0.5 mg/kg/week (maximum 40 mg) subcutaneously, etanercept 0.8 mg/kg/week (maximum 50 mg), and prednisolone 0.5 mg/kg/day (maximum 60 mg) tapered to 0 by 17 weeks (arm 1), or MTX (same dosage as arm 1), etanercept placebo, and prednisolone placebo (arm 2). The primary outcome measure was clinical inactive disease at 6 months. An exploratory phase determined the rate of clinical remission on medication (6 months of continuous clinical inactive disease) at 12 months.ResultsBy 6 months, clinical inactive disease had been achieved in 17 (40%) of 42 patients in arm 1 and 10 (23%) of 43 patients in arm 2 (χ2 = 2.91, P = 0.088). After 12 months, clinical remission on medication was achieved in 9 patients in arm 1 and 3 patients in arm 2 (P = 0.053). There were no significant interarm differences in adverse events.ConclusionAlthough this study did not meet its primary end point, early aggressive therapy in this cohort of children with recent‐onset polyarticular JIA resulted in clinical inactive disease by 6 months and clinical remission on medication within 12 months of treatment in substantial proportions of patients in both arms.
Seeking Hidden Magnetic Phenomena by Theoretical Means in a Thiooxoverdazyl Adduct
Authors: Vérot Martin , Bréfuel Nicolas , Pécaut Jacques , Train Cyrille , Robert Vincent 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe oxidation of 1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐6‐thiooxotetrazane (SvdH3py) by benzoquinone leads to a 1:1 adduct of 1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐6‐thiooxoverdazyl radical (Svdpy) with hydroquinone (hq). The single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction of this adduct at room temperature (RT) shows that the radicals exhibit a slight curvature that leads to the formation of alternating head‐to‐tail (antiparallel) stacked 1D chains. Moreover, temperature‐dependent X‐ray measurements at 100, 200, and 303 K reveal that the lateral slippages between the radicals of the stacks |δ1| and |δ2| vary from 0.64 to 0.78 Å and 0.54 to 0.40 Å between 100 and 303 K. Despite the alternation of the inter‐radical distances and lateral slippages, the magnetic susceptibility data can be fitted with excellent agreement using a regular one‐dimensional antiferromagnetic chain model with J=−5.9 cm−1. Wavefunction‐based calculations indicate an alternation of the magnetic interaction parameters correlated with the structural analysis at RT. Moreover, they demonstrate that the thermal slippage of the radicals induces a switching of the physical behavior, since the exchange interaction changes from antiferromagnetic (−0.9 cm−1) at 100 K to ferromagnetic (1.4 cm−1) at 303 K. The theoretical approach thus reveals a much richer magnetic behavior than the analysis of the magnetic susceptibility data and ultimately questions the relevance of a spin‐coupled picture based on temperature‐independent parameters.
Increased enrollment + student success – funding = ?
Authors: Tschechtelin James D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe current economic, social, and political climate presents such an unprecedented threat to the mission of community colleges that only radical changes will ensure a future in which their quality and purpose are maintained. This chapter offers a framework for how presidents and boards can meet the urgent need of staying true to the college's mission in the face of emerging fiscal and educational crises.
Organization of the enantiomeric and racemic forms of an amphiphilic resorcinol derivative at the air–water and graphite–1‐phenyloctane interfaces
Authors: Iavicoli Patrizia , XU Hong , Keszthelyi TamáS , Telegdi Judit , WURST Klaus , Van Averbeke Bernard , Saletra Wojciech J. , Minoia Andrea , Beljonne David , Lazzaroni Roberto , De Feyter Steven , Amabilino David B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article describes a study of the outcome of racemate condensation in different types of monolayers. The study was performed on a resorcinol surfactant bearing an octadecyl chain and a lactate group which formed a monolayer at the interface of graphite and 1‐phenyloctane as well as a Langmuir film at the air–water interface. Control experiments with the enantiopure materials provided the characteristics of the chiral organizations. The results obtained on the racemate show that on graphite the molecule forms chiral domains, indicating that spontaneous resolution takes place at the surface, a phenomenon that has been rationalized using molecular modeling. The X‐ray crystal structure of the DMSO solvate of one of the enantiomers shows a similar type of packing to this monolayer. On the other hand, in the Langmuir layer it appears that the formation of a racemic compound is favoured, as it is in the solid state in three dimensions. The work shows how the symmetry restrictions in different environments can have a critical influence on the outcome of racemate organization, and underline the tendency of graphite to favour symmetry breaking in monolayers formed at its surface. Chirality, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization and Quantification of Gas Flow Distributions
Authors: Stemich Carsten , Spiegel Lothar 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFür eine realistische Beurteilung von beliebigen Verteilungen müssen sowohl die Fluktuationen innerhalb des Strömungsfeldes als auch deren räumliche Verteilung berücksichtigt werden. Daher muss eine Kennzahl, die die Qualität von Verteilungen beschreibt, beides berücksichtigen. Der Variationskoeffizient beschreibt den Effekt der Fluktuationen, allerdings gehen sämtliche örtliche Informationen verloren. Es wurde eine ergänzende Kennzahl entwickelt, die beide Eigenschaften der Verteilung berücksichtigt – die Stärke der Fluktuationen sowie deren örtliche Verteilung. Die neue Methode wurde erfolgreich auf die Gasverteilung innerhalb einer Destillationskolonne mit großem Durchmesser angewendet.
Effect of drainage height on concentration‐dependent propane dispersion in vapex
Authors: Abukhalifeh Hadil , Upreti Simant Ranjan , Lohi Ali 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article examines the effect of drainage height (i.e. height of saturated porous medium) on concentration‐dependent dispersion coefficient of propane in vapour extraction (Vapex) of heavy oil. For this purpose, Vapex experiments are carried out at 21°C using propane as a solvent at 0.689 MPa pressure for three different drainage heights of the heavy oil medium. Subsequently, the concentration‐dependent dispersion coefficients of propane are determined. The results show that the dispersion coefficient of propane (at all concentrations) in heavy oil increases with the drainage height. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Ionic Conductivity of Pure Water in Charged Porous Matrix
Authors: Wang Qiang , Cha Chuan‐Sin , Lu Juntao , Zhuang Lin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIt is commonly recognized that the ionic conductivity of pure water is very poor because of very low ionic concentrations. However, this work indicates that pure water in charged porous matrixes can be moderately conductive because of the ions in the electric double layer established at the solid/water interfaces. The ionic conductivity of pure water in a charged matrix changes with the electrode potential of the matrix and is influenced by the structural parameters. Both experimental measurements and theoretical calculations reveal that ionic conductivity may reach the order of 10−3 S cm−1 in commonly accessible potential region in a porous matrix made of gold nanoparticles. These results would help to understand and optimize the electrode processes in electrochemical devices without deliberately added electrolytes, such as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.
Absorption, Luminescence, and Sizing of Organic Dye Nanoparticles and of Patterns Formed Upon Dewetting
Authors: Gaiduk Alexander , Yorulmaz Mustafa , Ishow Eléna , Orrit Michel 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOrganic nanoparticles made of a push–pull triarylamine dye with an average diameter of 60 nm, were prepared by reprecipitation. We study their photophysical properties by a combination of photothermal and fluorescence microscopy. Photothermal contrast provides a quantitative measure of the number of absorbers. The size of nanoparticles estimated from the absorption measurements was compared with sizes measured by AFM. Fluorescence and absorption microscopy provide quantum yield on the single‐particle level as a function of excitation intensity. The quantum yield strongly decreases at high intensities because of singlet–singlet or singlet–triplet annihilation. We also report the formation of molecular thin layers and of labyrinth‐shaped structures on glass substrates, presumably induced by dewetting.
Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Hexamolybdate and Naphthylamine Prepared by Two Different Approaches: Synthesis, Characterization, and Materials Properties
Authors: Liu Qian , Hu Lei , Fu Hui , Yang Jun , Fu Qiao‐Min , Liu Li , Liu Shi‐Zhong , Du Zu‐Liang , Ho Cheuk‐Lam , Dai Feng‐Rong , Wong Wai‐Yeung 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTwo novel covalently‐linked organic‐inorganic hybrid compounds [(n‐C4H9)4N]2[Mo6O18{≡N–(2‐Np)}] (NA–Mo6) and [(n‐C4H9)4N]2[Mo6O17{≡N–(1‐Np)}2] (NA2–Mo6) (2‐Np = 2‐naphthyl; 1‐Np = 1‐naphthyl) have been prepared by the reaction of 2‐naphthylamine (2‐NpNH2) or 1‐naphthylamine (1‐NpNH2) with [(n‐C4H9)4N]2[Mo6O19] (Mo6) in the presence of N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in anhydrous acetonitrile, and have been characterized by 1H NMR, IR, UV/Vis, and fluorescence spectra as well as X‐ray crystallography. Structural analyses reveal the formation of self‐assembled infinite 1‐D and 3‐D supramolecular frameworks. The UV/Vis spectra of NA–Mo6 and NA2–Mo6 show that the lowest energy electronic transfers occur at 362 and 394 nm, respectively, which are dramatically red‐shifted when compared to that of Mo6. The luminescence studies show that Mo6 can notably quench the emission of naphthylamine. Monolayer and multilayer films of NA–Mo6 and NA2–Mo6 were fabricated on different substrates by the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique using H2O as the subphase. For comparison, another two types of organic‐inorganic hybrid films composed of noncovalently‐linked 1‐NpNH2/Mo6 and 2‐NpNH2/Mo6 systems were also deposited onto the same substrates under the same conditions by the LB technique using an aqueous solution of Mo6 as the subphase. The as‐prepared organic‐inorganic hybrid films were characterized by π‐A isotherms, UV/Vis absorption spectra, photoluminescence spectra, and scanning tunneling microscopy. The results indicate that stable monolayers can be formed at the air–water interface for NA–Mo6 and NA2–Mo6, and at the air–Mo6 solution interface for 1‐NpNH2 and 2‐NpNH2. The four LB films containing NA–Mo6, NA2–Mo6, 1‐NpNH2/Mo6, and 2‐NpNH2/Mo6 display interesting electrical conductivity.
Tethered Aminohydroxylation Reaction and Its Application to Total Synthesis
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Callens Cedric K. A. , Lacy Adam R. , Winter Christian 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis review highlights key aspects of the Tethered Aminohydroxylation from its discovery to its current incarnation, which employs N,O‐acylated derivatives as reoxidants for osmium. The potential and generality of this reaction has been demonstrated by its application in the synthesis of several natural products.
MODELLING MULTIPLE LAND‐ AND WATER‐USE SCENARIOS FOR THREE TYPICAL PILOT AREAS IN CRIMEA, UKRAINE
Authors: Hoffmann M. , Zhovtonog O. , Bolkina O. , Mikhaylenko S. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe use of Geographic Information System (GIS) models for water quantity and quality modelling is indispensable for the determination of impacts of land‐use or climate changes that are expected to take place.Southern Ukraine today suffers from severe droughts, floods and soil salinisation. It is therefore of utmost importance to use the available water resources optimally and to avoid loads from coastal waters.The paper reports the results of studies that were carried out in three pilot areas in Crimea, including the catchments of the Salgir and Pobednaya rivers. The main problems of the Upper Salgir sub‐basin are related to erosion and urbanisation impacts. The transfer zone and coastal areas are subject to intensive restructuring and agricultural development, including the reconstruction and reorganisation of irrigation systems. The River Pobednaya drains a coastal area in the north‐east of Crimea. Here, irrigation and drainage and in addition waste water discharges are having impacts on the Sivash Wetlands that increasingly cover the coastal area of the Sea of Azov.In order to solve all these problems, regional stakeholders have been invited to develop scenarios that are further evaluated by modelling exercises. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INTEGRATED LAND USE AND WATER MANAGEMENT
Authors: Barker Ian , Turner Amanda 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTWater in parts of England is already under significant pressure. In a world of growing pressures from climate change, increasing population and concerns over energy and food security, the competing demands on land and water will only increase in the future.A combination of catchment flood management plans, and other catchment‐based planning, together with development of river basin management plans, have enabled good progress in advancing catchment‐scale management of land and water. However, successful protection of the environment, management of flood risk and diffuse pollution and ensuring security of water for use into the future depend on greater integration of all the activities involved in management of the land and water. An integrated planning framework looking to the longer term, providing comprehensive and cross‐cutting actions, is necessary to maximise environmental gains, protect ecosystems, and the services they provide to society.In particular, in low‐lying areas of England, the suite of land and water management and planning frameworks set out the long‐term delivery actions required to deliver sustainable flood risk management, and improvements to water quality and resources.These management frameworks are complemented by good land, soil and nutrient management to deliver an integrated catchment management approach resulting in multiple benefits for the environment and society, as well as ensuring that water and land are resilient to climate change and able to meet growing demands. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPACES, ACTORS AND NEW RIVERINE ETHICS ON THE EMS
Authors: Disco Cornelis 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe Ems estuary extends from just upstream of the German port of Emden to the North Sea. It is a network of tidal channels through the sand banks of the Wadden Sea and includes a contested border between Germany and the Netherlands.The estuary is the seaway for Emden and the Dutch port of Delfzijl. It was and is the object of intensive nautical management which, despite the border tensions, generally ensured progress and mutual economic benefit. A 1960 treaty on nautical cooperation formalized this bilateral commitment to economic growth.This paper focuses on the shift from economic development to ecological cooperation in the Ems estuary starting in the 1970s. While in the 1960s, for example, the Dutch had no qualms about disposing vast quantities of untreated industrial effluents into the Dollart, by 1979 they were arguing that plans to expand the port of Emden would disrupt the Dollart's fragile economy. As part of the growing ‘ecological web’ of international and European treaties, and thanks to the hard work of local and national environmentalist groups, the Ems estuary became the object of its own bilateral ecological agreement in 1996. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FLOOD RISKS IN CONSEQUENCE OF AGRARIAN LAND‐USE MEASURES IN FLOOD FORMATION AND INUNDATION ZONES AND CONCLUSIONS FOR FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT PLANS
Authors: Quast Joachim , Böhme Michael , Ehlert Volker , Ette Juliane , Gottschick Manuel , Jaeckel Anette , Knierim Andrea , Messal Hilmar , Sawicka Magdalena , Sbjeschni André , Schmidt Walter , Szerencsits Manfred , Tümpling Wolf Von 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe role of agricultural land use and its contribution to flood risks were the focus of the research project MinHorLam. Schematised models were applied to assess the impacts of different farming practices or of land use patterns on runoff formation as well as on water levels and flow velocities in flood conditions. The results show the range, potentials and limits of agricultural measures to mitigate flood risks. Aspects of matter accumulation in floodplains and management options were presented from case study results related to extreme flood events.Empirical social research on farmers' and administrators' perspectives complemented the analyses. Institutional actors from water management and agriculture rated agriculture as playing a moderate to low role in causing flood events. Also hazards caused by floods or heavy rain are usually of minor importance in farmers' managerial decisions if there is no immediate risk or damage. Nevertheless, to enhance risk prevention in agriculture, more action is needed, especially cooperation among different institutional actors in flood risk management and agriculture. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DELTAS FOR THE FUTURE: LESSONS LEARNED FROM A WATER INNOVATION PROGRAMME
Authors: van der Duin Patrick , Sule Maya , Bruggeman Willem 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTDelta regions worldwide have to cope with increasing pressure on land use and the consequences of climate change and rising sea levels. Because existing approaches and solutions are no longer sufficient to face future challenges of flood protection, sustainable energy and freshwater supply, truly innovative approaches and technologies have to be developed and implemented. To that end, Rijkswaterstaat (NL), in collaboration with Deltares, executed a water innovation programme (WINN) in the period 2002–2010.By analysing a selection of the important and interesting results of the WINN programme with the support of the cyclic innovation model (CIM), the aim of this paper is to identify key factors for successful innovation and provide recommendations for effective organization of a government water innovation programme. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CAN WE SAVE THE CALIFORNIA DELTA IN THE FACE OF SEA LEVEL RISE?
Authors: Roos Maurice , De Vries Johannes J. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTSea level rise would profoundly affect low‐lying coastal and estuary regions of the world and especially the Sacramento–San Joaquin delta in California. This delta, the largest on the west coast of the US, has about 120 000 ha below sea level, protected by levees, many on weak peat soil. The delta is also the hub of water transfer from north to south for two big water projects, which are vulnerable to ocean saltwater intrusion.Sea level has been rising slowly and is projected to rise more in the next 100 years. This, coupled with continued subsidence, will make it more difficult to protect low‐lying delta lands from inundation. The biggest threat is during high water storm events, but also a few summer dry season breaks have affected water exports.Since current rates of ocean rise are slow, a modest continuing effort in levee strengthening to handle a rise of 0.3 to 0.5 cm yr‾¹ could maintain present levels of flood protection for decades. Eventually hard choices will have to be made on which islands to save as costs rise and with better estimates of ocean rise. More than farmland is involved; much infrastructure, such as roads and pipelines, is as well. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.