bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Seasonal Prevalence of Trypanosoma Lewisi in Mus rattus and in Mus deoumanus and its Relation to the Mechanism of Transmission of the Infection
Authors: Petrie G. F. , Avari C. R. 
Published: June 2009

The above-mentioned considerations bearing upon the influence of insect prevalence and the influence of meteorological conditions on the prevalence of trypanosome infections in rats may be summarized as follows:(1) There are definite seasonal variations in the prevalence of trypanosome infections in M. rattus and in M. decumanus.(2) No definite correlation is forthcoming between the seasonal prevalence of T. lewisi and the seasonal prevalence of rat fleas. The seasonal prevalence of the transmitting insects is apparently a factor of subsidiary importance in the causation of the trypanosome prevalence.(3) The evidence adduced above indicates that the dominant factor determining the seasonal prevalence of trypanosome infections is the atmospheric temperature, the optimum temperature approximating to 79° F. It is probable that temperature operates by influencing a developmental cycle of the trypanosomes in the transmitting insects.(4) It is possible that in addition to temperature the atmospheric humidity may play a part by influencing the direct or mechanical transference of the infection.
Notes onTrypanosoma lewisiand its Relation to CertainArthropoda
Authors: Strickland C. , Swellengrebel N. H. 
Published: June 2009

1.Trypanosoma lewisiwas found in 25% of rats caught in and about Cambridge. Of these rats 12% were young, 33% adult, and 29% old. In this region the endetnicity was localised to certain areas.2. Fleas (C. fasciatusandC. agyrtes) were constantly found associated with wild rats infected withT. lewisi. We think that these two species of fleas are the chief carriers of the parasite from rat to rat in this region.3. We tried transmission experiments with fleas (C. fasciatusandC. agyrtes), lice (H. spinulosus), bugs (A. lectularia), ticks (O. moubata, nymphs and adults), andGamasussp., but only obtained a positive result by the agency of fleas.4. In the transmission experiments the arthropod was transferred from an infected to an uninfected animal. 16% of 138 experiments with fleas were successful, 80—98% of the fleas used were non-infective, while 2—20% were infective.5. Distant transmission occurs with fleas. This was observed by one of us in January, 1909.6. ‘Mechanical’ transmission occurs sometimes with fleas.7. Infective fleas do not transmit the power of infection to their young.8. The mechanism of infection in the case of mechanical transmission is by the bite of the flea; in the case of the distant infection it is not so.9. The infective forms ofT. lewisifor distant transmission are probably the ‘small trypanosomes’ which we have described elsewhere (1910). The forms ofT. lewisifound prior to the small trypanosomes in the developmental cycle are not infective.10. The development of the trypanosomes in the flea is not interfered with by the flea feeding on a rat immune to the disease.11. Seventeen experiments with lice were performed, but no transmission was obtained by their agency. 1139 lice were used. No confirmation of Baldrey's infective cycle in lice could be obtained.12. We could trace no connection between transmission of infection by lice and the presence in them of ‘developmental forms.’13. No transmission ofT. lewisiby other arthropods was obtained. These negative results had no connection with the presence in the arthropods of ‘developmental forms.’In conclusion we would like to thank Professor Nuttall for his kindness in inoculating our animals and providing us with the material for our experiments, and for his interest and advice in our work.
Studies on the Bionomics of Mange Mites of Cattle
Authors: Cameron A. E. 
Published: June 2009

Infection experiments with Sarcoptes of cattle conducted upon a horse, two sheep, two rabbits, two rats, a cat and a man gave negative results. Active stages of the mite kept damp in the refrigerator lived 11 days, at room-temperature they lived 7 days, at 37° C. they lived 3 days, these being maximum periods observed. Eggs kept 5 days and over in the refrigerator subsequently failed to hatch when warmed; when kept at room-temperature they lived 16 days and hatched on being warmed; at 37°C. they survived 7 days.Infection experiments with Psoroptes of cattle conducted upon one heifer gave negative results.Chorioptes of cattle kept at room-temperature and protected from light survived 29 days.
Abderhalden's Reaction and its Application in Certain Protozoal Infections
Authors: Hindle Edward , Gózony Lajos 
Published: June 2009

The results of the above described experiments suggest that Abderhalden's reaction may be of use in the study of protozoal diseases.In the case of East Coast Fever it is seen that in early stages of the disease only the lymphatic and suprarenal glands seem to be affected, whilst in later stages destruction of tissue takes place in practically all the organs, and this corresponds with the results of microscopical examinations of the various tissues.Various experiments were performed with dogs infected with Babesia canis, but in most cases, owing to the presence of haemoglobin in the serum, the controls gave positive results as well as the organs + serum. The blood of a dog taken at the commencement of the infection was found to contain substances having a destroying action on liver tissue, but not on the other organs employed, whilst in later stages of the disease practically all the organs were affected.
Observations on Wild Rats in England, with an account of their Ecto- and Endoparasites
Authors: Balfour Andrew 
Published: June 2009

1. Attempts to secure a micro-organism which could induce abortion or sterility in wild rats and which might be used in an anti-rat campaign, more especially when plague threatens a community, have not been successful.2. An account, however, is given of certain micro-organisms producing pathological conditions in the genito-urinary tract of wild rats.3. A routine determination of rat parasites including ecto-parasites, helminths, intestinal protozoa and haematozoa has been undertaken.4. It has led to the discovery of a new species of Hymenolepis and has shown that Heligmosomum braziliense is present in rats in England. It has also demonstrated the occurrence of haemogregarines in the leucocytes of black rats in this country.5. Work has been done on the incidence of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus in England and on the mechanism of its transmission.6. It has been shown that apparently the guinea pig may act as a carrier of the Leptospira without exhibiting any marked symptoms of the disease which the latter produces. There is also some evidence to prove that infection may take place through the alimentary tract.7. The Leptospira was successfully and easily cultivated in Wenyon's modification of the Noguchi method but in large measure lost its virulence as the result of repeated subcultures. Even after a year, however, it was still capable of producing characteristic symptoms in the guinea pig.8. General pathological conditions occurring in wild rats have been recorded.9. A few observations have been made on the seasonal incidence of pregnancy in wild rats.
Observations on the blood in East Coast Fever of Cattle
Authors: Strickland C. 
Published: June 2009

(1) There is very little, if any, abnormal destruction of erythrocytes in cases' of infection with East Coast Fever. This is proved by blood counts, haemoglobin estimations, and the condition of the bloodforming and blood-destroying organs, all remaining practically normal. This is in marked contrast to what obtains in piroplasmosis.(2) The hypothesis advanced by Nuttall fits all the facts. According to this hypothesis the invasion of the corpuscles occurs in the internal organs where the parasites develop, and the corpuscles only act as carriers of the parasites in the blood, thereby conveying them to the tick which serves as the vector.(3) Since few, if any, of the corpuscles are destroyed they rapidly become charged with an increasing number of parasites which are being continuously produced in the internal organs as evidenced by Koch's blue bodies which form and break up in the lymphatic glands, spleen, liver, bone-marrow, etc. (Gonder, Nuttall).(4) There is a marked leucopenia in East Coast Fever, the polymorphs decreasing less rapidly than the other elements. This is in contrast with the leucocytosis observable in piroplasmosis.
Eupelmella vesicularis Retz. (Chalcididae) as a predator of another chalcid, Microplectron fuscipennis Zett
Authors: Morris K. R. S. 
Published: June 2009

Eupelmella vesicularis Retz. was found in certain parts of Hungary infesting cocoons of Diprion sertifer Geoff. already parasitized by a primary parasite, Microplectron fuscipennis Zett. It was never found in the absence of this chalcid.Experiments showed that Eupelmella confined itself almost exclusively to Microplectron as a host, easily detecting the presence of larvae or pupae of this parasite within the cocoons of the saw-fly host, but neglecting eggs.A single egg is laid per cocoon and the larval Eupelmella eats from 10 to 20 Microplectron larvae or pupae, and finally kills all the remaining living parasites within the cocoon before pupating.The egg and larva show interesting structural adaptations for this mode of life.Reproduction is parthenogenetic and no males are known.Several factors combine to make this insect a dangerous enemy of Microplectron capable of seriously impairing its efficiency. These are: its selective ability, its destructive powers, its rapid rate of increase due to the parthenogenetic habit, and its ability to establish itself and survive on small numbers of the prey, for the same reason.
A New Variety of Harmostomum opisthotrias from the North American Opossum, Didelphys virginiana, with a Discussion of its possible bearing on the Origin of its Host
Authors: Dickerson L. M. 
Published: June 2009

1. A new variety of the trematode Harmostomum opisthotrias is reported from the North American opossum.2. Body proportions in this genus are more constant than linear dimensions and are, therefore, considered more desirable as a basis for taxonomic distinctions.3. The occurrence of this parasite in a host with a range as limited and a phylogenetic position as critical as that of the opossums suggests the possibility of valuable information to be obtained through host-parasite relationship studies in this group. Investigators who are working with this material should keep the problem in mind.
Larvae ofCeratophyllus wickhamiand other Species of Fleas
Authors: Sikes Enid K. 
Published: June 2009

A short historical account is given of the writings on flea larvae since the seventeenth century. The larvae have been known since Leeuwenhoek tried to breed them in 1683.The life-history ofCeratophyllus wickhamiis described. The fleas were bred in the laboratory on a grey squirrel. Three larval instars occur, and the life-history occupies, on an average, 6 weeks under experimental conditions.The external anatomy of the third instar larva ofC. wickhamiis described. The mouth parts are generalised and suggest the condition of a primitive insect. The tracheal system is composed of a double longitudinal trunk on each side, with spiracles on the prothorax, metathorax and first eight abdominal segments.The first and second instar ofC. wickhamiare similar to the third instar larvae, except in size and the presence of a hatching spine in the first stage.The larva ofCeratophyllus fasciatusis mentioned. The importance of the species lies in the presence of completely separated galea and lacinia.Larvae ofXenopsylla cheopisandX. astiaare briefly described. The larvae of the two species are practically identical except for the shape of the mandibles.
Studies on the Morphology and Behaviour of Buxtonella sulcata from Cattle and of Balantidium coli from the Pig
Authors: Rees Charles William 
Published: June 2009

1. A ciliate occurring in the caecum of about 25 per cent, of the cattle that were examined at Jeanerette, Louisiana, is herein classified as Buxtonella sulcata Jameson (1926) and it is proposed that it be removed from the Class Aspirigera, Family Isotrichidae, and included in the Class Spirigera, Order Heterotrichida.2. The ciliate is characterised by the position of the cytostome near the permanently open cytopyge and within the peristome which continues from the cytostome around the oral end of the body to the extreme aboral end which during locomotion is anterior.3. The infections were detected in slaughtered animals by examining faecal material in Syracuse watch glasses under the binocular microscope, this method of faecal diagnosis having advantages over the smear method.4. By the administration of Epsom salts the ciliates may be obtained from living cattle.5. A pipette is described and figured for the isolation of Protozoa.6. Death of Buxtonella sulcata in an unfavourable environment occurred by disruption of the endoplasm through the cytostome.7. Buxtonella sulcata disappeared from faecal material at room temperature more quickly than balantidia from the pig, but withstood manipulation under the microscope better than the balantidia.8. The passage of an individual between two obstructions suggested a means of intercellular tissue penetration by ciliates.9. The oral plug and the centralised neuromotor system described and figured by McDonald in Balantidium coli could not be differentiated by the writer, but McDonald's other morphological observations on the above ciliates were confirmed.
Bairamlia fuscipesWaterston, a Chalcidoid Parasite onCeratophyllus wickhamiBaker (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Sikes Enid K. 
Published: June 2009

The Chalcidoid wasp,Bairamlia fuscipes, was found parasitising the fleaCeratophyllus wickhamiin the nest of the North American Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) from Gerrard's Cross.The larval and pupal stages ofB. fuscipeswere found in the cocoons ofC. wickhami, and the adults were crawling about in the squirrel's nest.The parasites were scarce, only 7 per cent, of the cocoons dissected at intervals during fifteen months were parasitised.The parasite has not been reared in the laboratory beyond the second instar larva, though full grown larvae have successfully reached maturity under experimental conditions.B. fuscipesoviposits through the flea cocoon and fixes the egg on the abdomen of a resting larva or pupa. Only one egg has been found in each parasitised cocoon. The larva feeds externally on the flea, fixing itself to the fourth abdominal segment or thereabouts.Attempts were made to parasitise larvae ofXenopsylla astia, but without success.The external anatomy of the full grown larva ofB. fuscipesis described.
A Contribution to the Study of Biological Control and Parasite Introduction in Continental Areas
Authors: Thompson W. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. The most striking successes with the method of biological control by the introduction of the parasitic and predaceous enemies of foreign pests, appear to have been obtained mainly in island areas; some doubt exists concerning the utility of the method in continental areas.2. Three main objections may be raised to the use of the method of parasitic introduction in continental areas. The first is based on the similarity between the faunas and floras of such continental areas as Europe and North America, the second on the polyphagous habit of many parasites, the third on the behaviour of hyperparasites in relation to introduced primaries.3. The studies made on the natural control of indigenous species in continental areas show that control is effected by complexes of many factors differing both quantitatively and qualitatively in the different parts of the habitat.4. This fact appears at first sight to indicate the inutility of many of the factors involved, as, for example, the parasitic enemies.5. The answer to this difficulty is to be found principally in the fact that the quantitative and qualitative fluctuations in the composition of the controlling complexes are much less important than they appear.6. The effect of the disappearance of controlling factors of the two main types from controlling complexes of various kinds, is studied in detail in order to make this clear.7. The action of many factors is thus shown to be much less important than it appears at first sight. Nevertheless, this action is real and to a certain degree indispensable in a given environment. The disappearance of a factor from a system in equilibrium will thus permit the increase and spread of the host.8. The effects which follow the introduction of foreign pests in continental areas constitute a clear demonstration of their escape from control.9. The evidence indicates that the factor whose absence has permitted increase and spread is the parasitic factor.10. Equilibrium can be re-established in several ways. Mechanical methods must not be neglected and will normally interfere very little with the biological method; but it is to the latter method that we must turn for a hope of permanent and inexpensive control.11. The practical results obtained by parasite introduction in continental areas tend in general to support the ideas defended in this paper, and justify the introduction of the native parasites and predators of foreign pests even in the case of exchanges between continental areas.
The Structure of the Head and Mouth-parts in the Nycteribiidae (Diptera Pupipara)
Authors: Jobling B. 
Published: June 2009

The investigation deals in detail with the structure of the immovable and movable parts of the head of the Nycteribiidae. The muscles of the head are also studied.The head capsule is modified from that of the Hippoboscidae. The vertex is not subdivided into several anatomically differing subregions. The occiput is represented by the border of the occipital foramen only. The postgenae are separated by the median membranous region of the head, as in the Hippoboscidae. The ptilinum serves as a flexible joint connecting the fronto-clypeus with the vertex and the genae. The fronto-clypeus is much more modified than that of the Hippoboscidae and is movable. The eyes are reduced to one or two facets, or are entirely absent. The greatly modified ocular sclerites are present in Cyclopodia only.The antennae consist of the pedicle and the flagellum, the latter being concealed in the cavity of the former. They have the same structure as those of the Hippoboscidae parasitising birds.The proboscis has much in common with that of the Hippoboscidae though it differs greatly in detail. It is composed of the rostrum, the haustellum and the labella.The rostrum belongs morphologically to the head and is formed of the same parts as in the Hippoboscidae. All the parts of the rostrum, with the exception of the tormae, have the same arrangement as in that family. The tormae are separate and are attached at the lateral borders of the fronto-clypeus.The haustellum is composed of the theca, the labial gutter, the labrumepipharynx and the hypopharynx. The two former parts belong morphologically to the labium, but differ in detail from those of the Hippoboscidae. The very short labrum-epipharynx is enclosed in the posterior part of the labial gutter.The hypopharynx is very slender and as long as the theca; it is enclosed in the cavity formed by the dorso-lateral parts of the labial gutter.Labial glands are present in the bulbous part of the theca; their ducts open into the food canal. All the muscles of the bulbous part of the haustellum are homologous with those of the same part of the proboscis of the Hippoboscidae.The labella are entirely membranous, are armed with two inner and six prestomal teeth and their surfaces have serrated ridges. There are six gustatory sensillae on the membrane of each labellum, which are connected by the intralabial canaliculi with the sense cells of the bulbous part of the theca.The cutting action of the teeth of the labella depends upon the protractions and retractions of the narrow part of the theca. When this part retracts it everts the inner membranous walls of the labella, and the teeth, being attached to these walls, perform protrusible divergent movements.
The genus Kuhnia n.g. (Trematoda: Monogenea) An examination of the value of some specific characters, including factors of relative growth
Authors: Sproston Nora G. 
Published: June 2009

A new genus, Kuhnia n.g., is created for the mazocraeidid monogenetic trematodes from the gills of mackerel. The type species, K. scombri (Kuhn), is redescribed (also K. minor (Goto), from the first specimens to be found outside Japanese waters), special attention being paid to the cuticularized parts, and the clamp skeleton is newly interpreted.An alternation of sex phases has been found in Monogenea, which is well marked in K. scombri, resulting in changes in appearance which are described.The comparison of heterauxesis curves constructed from the summarized data from six sets of dimensions shows that retardations in the rates of growth may be correlated with the onset of maximal reproductive activity, and accelerations with the relief from reproductive drain. Localized growth influence (similar shaped curves, with low post-larval coefficients of growth) has been found in the haptoral region, which is in marked contrast to the growth picture of the cuticularized oral suckers and the width of the body—the latter having both the highest and most variable growth coefficients between the six arbitrary length groups compared. Thus, neither absolute measurements nor ratios are, by themselves, of any value in specific diagnosis.Graphical representation of allomorphosis for the genus Kuhnia affords a synoptic view of the changes brought about by the different types of differential growth of similar organs in each species throughout post-larval life. The dissimilar growth coefficients for certain dimensions are utilized in specific diagnosis. The relative diagnostic value of different entities is examined: the eggs of K. scombri are shown to be highly variable in size and shape.The new facts obtained from the application of this metrical treatment, and its further application as a test for conspecificity of specimens outside the known size range, are discussed.The systematics of the family Mazocraeidae are reviewed, and emended diagnoses of three species of Kuhnia are given in tabular form.
A further note on the viruses affecting Atropa belladonna and a description of a virus complex attacking Hyoscyamus niger
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2009

It has been shown that Atropa belladonna acts as a symptomless carrier of Hyosoyamus Virus I. Some symptoms caused by this virus on other solanaceous plants are described.A naturally occurring virus complex in Hyoscyamus niger was found to consist of Solanum Virus I (potato virus X) and Brassica Virus I. During the course of the investigation it was found that potato virus X forms local lesions on the cotyledons of ridge cucumber without systemic infection and that Brassica Virus I behaves similarly on the inoculated leaves of Nicotiana sylvestris.