bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A local domain‐free discretization method for simulation of incompressible flows over moving bodies
Authors: Zhou C. H. , Shu C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a local domain‐free discretization (DFD) method for the simulation of unsteady flows over moving bodies governed by the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The discretization strategy of DFD is that the discrete form of partial differential equations at an interior point may involve some points outside the solution domain. All the mesh points are classified as interior points, exterior dependent points and exterior independent points. The functional values at the exterior dependent points are updated at each time step by the approximate form of solution near the boundary. When the body is moving, only the status of points is changed and the mesh can stay fixed. The issue of ‘freshly cleared nodes/cells’ encountered in usual sharp interface methods does not pose any particular difficulty in the presented method. The Galerkin finite‐element approximation is used for spatial discretization, and the discrete equations are integrated in time via a dual‐time‐stepping scheme based on artificial compressibility. In order to validate the present method for moving‐boundary flow problems, two groups of flow phenomena have been simulated: (1) flows over a fixed circular cylinder, a harmonic in‐line oscillating cylinder in fluid at rest and a transversely oscillating cylinder in uniform flow; (2) flows over a pure pitching airfoil, a heaving–pitching airfoil and a deforming airfoil. The predictions show good agreement with the published numerical results or experimental data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐marker identification of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cancer stem cells with aldehyde dehydrogenase
Authors: Clay Matthew R. , Tabor Mark , Owen John Henry , Carey Thomas E. , Bradford Carol R. , Wolf Gregory T. , Wicha Max S. , Prince Mark E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundIn accord with the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory, only a small subset of cancer cells are capable of forming tumors. We previously reported that CD44 isolates tumorigenic cells from head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). Recent studies indicate that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity may represent a more specific marker of CSCs.MethodsSix primary HNSCCs were collected. Cells with high and low ALDH activity (ALDHhigh/ALDHlow) were isolated. ALDHhigh and ALDHlow populations were implanted into NOD/SCID mice and monitored for tumor development.ResultsALDHhigh cells represented a small percentage of the tumor cells (1% to 7.8%). ALDHhigh cells formed tumors from as few as 500 cells in 24/45 implantations, whereas only 3/37 implantations of ALDHlow cells formed tumors.ConclusionsALDHhigh cells comprise a subpopulation cells in HNSCCs that are tumorigenic and capable of producing tumors at very low numbers. This finding indicates that ALDH activity on its own is a highly selective marker for CSCs in HNSCC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
miR‐193b is an epigenetically regulated putative tumor suppressor in prostate cancer
Authors: Rauhala Hanna E. , Jalava Sanni E. , Isotalo Jarkko , Bracken Hazel , Lehmusvaara Saara , Tammela Teuvo L.J. , Oja Hannu , Visakorpi Tapio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractmiRNAs have proven to be key regulators of gene expression and are differentially expressed in various diseases, including cancer. Our aim was to identify epigenetically dysregulated genes in prostate cancer. We performed miRNA expression profiling after relieving epigenetic modifications in 6 prostate cancer cell lines and nonmalignant prostate epithelial cells. Thirty‐eight miRNAs showed increased expression in any prostate cancer cell line after 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5azadC) and trichostatin A (TSA) treatments. Six of these also had decreased expression in clinical prostate cancer samples compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Among these, miR‐193b was methylated in 22Rv1 cell line at a CpG island ∼1 kb upstream of the miRNA locus. Expressing miR‐193b in 22Rv1 cells using pre‐miR‐193b oligonucleotides caused a significant growth reduction (p < 0.001) resulting from a decrease of cells in S‐phase of the cell cycle (p < 0.01). In addition, the anchorage independent growth was partially inhibited in transiently miR‐193b‐expressing 22Rv1 cells (p < 0.01). Altogether, our data suggest that miR‐193b is an epigenetically silenced putative tumor suppressor in prostate cancer.
Reduction of transforming growth factor‐β type II receptor is caused by the enhanced ubiquitin‐dependent degradation in human renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Fukasawa Hirotaka , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Fujigaki Yoshihide , Misaki Taro , Ohashi Naro , Takayama Tatsuya , Suzuki Sayuri , Mugiya Soichi , Oda Toshiaki , Uchida Chiharu , Kitagawa Kyoko , Hattori Takayuki , Hayashi Hidetoshi , Ozono Seiichiro , Kitagawa Masatoshi , Hishida Akira 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlthough dysregulation of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling is implicated in renal carcinogenesis, its precise mechanism is unknown in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In our study, we investigated Smad‐mediated TGF‐β signaling pathway and its regulatory mechanisms in surgical samples from patients with RCC. We found that immunoreactivity for nuclear phosphorylated Smad2 was significantly decreased in RCC compared to normal renal tissues, thereby TGF‐β signaling was suggested to be attenuated in RCC tissues. In accordance with the result, transcriptional downregulation of Smad4 and post‐transcriptional downregulation of TGF‐β type II receptor (TβR‐II) were frequently found in RCC tissues compared to normal renal tissues. Next, to clarify the reason why the protein level of TβR‐II was decreased in RCC, we investigated the activities of degradation and ubiquitination of TβR‐II. We found that both proteasome‐mediated degradation and ubiquitination of TβR‐II were markedly enhanced in RCC tissues. Moreover, we found that the level of Smad‐ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2), the E3 ligase for TβR‐II, was increased in RCC tissues of the patients with higher clinical stages compared to the normal tissues and was inversely correlated with the level of TβR‐II. Our results suggest that the low TβR‐II protein level is due to augmented ubiquitin‐dependent degradation via Smurf2 and might be involved in the attenuation of TGF‐β signaling pathway in RCC.
Anti‐breast cancer potential of SS1020, a novel antiestrogen lacking estrogenic and genotoxic actions
Authors: Laxmi Y.R. Santosh , Liu Xiaoping , Suzuki Naomi , Kim Sung Yeon , Okamoto Kanako , Kim Hyo Jeong , Zhang Guangxiang , Chen John J. , Okamoto Yoshinori , Shibutani Shinya 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLong‐term treatment with tamoxifen (TAM) increases the risk of developing endometrial cancer in women. Several antiestrogens developed in last decades have been discontinued from clinical testing because of their undesirable effects on the uterus. To avoid such serious side‐effect while increasing the drug's anti‐breast cancer potential, new triphenylethylene antiestrogens, 2E‐3‐{4‐[(E)‐4‐chloro‐1‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐phenylbut‐1‐enyl]‐phenyl} acrylic acid (SS1020) and 2E‐3‐{4‐[(Z)‐4‐chloro‐1,2‐diphenylbut‐1‐enyl]phenyl}acrylic acid (SS1010), were designed as safer alternatives. Unlike TAM, SS1020 does not present significant uterotrophic potential in rats; in contrast, SS1010, a compound removing a 4‐OH moiety from SS1020, represented weak uterotrophic activity. The structurally related compounds 4‐hydroxytamoxifen, toremifene, ospemifene, raloxifene (RAL) and GW5638 all have uterotrophic activity. In addition, SS1020 and SS1010 exhibit no genotoxic activity to damage hepatic DNA in rats. Therefore, SS1020 was selected as a safer antiestrogen candidate and used for evaluating the antitumor potential in animals. At the human equivalent doses of TAM, SS1020 had antitumor potential much higher than that of TAM, RAL and GW5638 against 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene‐induced mammary carcinoma in rats. The growth of human MCF‐7 breast cancer xenograft implanted into athymic nude mice was also effectively suppressed by SS1020. SS1020, lacking estrogenic and genotoxic actions and having strong antitumor potency superior to that of TAM and RAL, could be a safer alternative for breast cancer therapy and prevention.
Supervision and training in child care: Does reflective supervision foster caregiver insightfulness?
Authors: Amini Virmani Elita , Ontai Lenna L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe goal of this study was to explore the effects of reflective and traditional supervision and training on caregiver insightfulness. Caregiver insightfulness, or caregiver ability to understand “motives underlying the child's behavior in a complete, open, and accepting way” (D. Oppenheim, D. Goldsmith, & N. Koren‐Karie, 2004, p. 352) was assessed at two time points with 21 new caregivers at two university‐based childcare sites. Trends suggest that caregiver insightfulness was relatively stable while increased levels of components of caregiver insightfulness over a period of approximately 2.5 months were positively associated with reflective supervision and training. These findings suggest that encouraging caregivers to reflect on their interactions with the children in their care fosters caregivers' ability to see from the child's perspective in an open and accepting way.
Emerging roles of deubiquitinases in cancer‐associated pathways
Authors: Sacco Joseph J. , Coulson Judy M. , Clague Michael J. , Urbé Sylvie 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDeubiquitinases (DUBs) are emerging as important regulators of many pathways germane to cancer. They may regulate the stability of key oncogenes, exemplified by USP28 stabilisation of c‐Myc. Alternatively they can negatively regulate ubiquitin‐dependent signalling cascades such as the NF‐κB activation pathway. We review the current literature that associates DUBs with cancer and discuss their suitability as drug targets of the future. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(2): 140–157, 2010
Influence of a magnesium‐fluoride coating of magnesium‐based implants (MgCa0.8) on degradation in a rabbit model
Authors: Thomann Martina , Krause Christian , Angrisani Nina , Bormann Dirk , Hassel Thomas , Windhagen Henning , Meyer‐Lindenberg Andrea 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMgCa0.8 cylinders (2.5 × 25 mm2) were coated with a magnesium‐fluoride layer and implanted in the marrow cavities of both tibiae of 10 New Zealand White rabbits. The implantation duration was 3 and 6 months. The implants were clinically well tolerated. Micro‐computed tomography revealed a new bone formation at the edges of the implants as well as an endosteal and periosteal remodeling. Using EDX‐analysis, a calcium and phosphorus rich degradation layer could be found on the implant surface. It was covered by an incomplete layer containing fluoride. The analysis by weight before implantation and after 3 and 6 months, respectively, showed a slight decrease in volume in comparison to uncoated implants. When compared with uncoated implants, the mechanical properties of the coated implants exhibited a reduction in strength after 3 months. After 6 months, the strength of the coated implants was higher than that of uncoated cylinders. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Determination of side‐chain‐rotamer and side‐chain and backbone virtual‐bond‐stretching potentials of mean force from AM1 energy surfaces of terminally‐blocked amino‐acid residues, for coarse‐grained simulations of protein structure and folding. I. The method
Authors: Kozłowska Urszula , Liwo Adam , Scheraga Harold A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this and the accompanying article, we report the development of new physics‐based side‐chain‐rotamer and virtual‐bond‐deformation potentials which now replace the respective statistical potentials used so far in our physics‐based united‐reside UNRES force field for large‐scale simulations of protein structure and dynamics. In this article, we describe the methodology for determining the corresponding potentials of mean force (PMF's) from the energy surfaces of terminally‐blocked amino‐acid residues calculated with the AM1 quantum‐mechanical semiempirical method. The approach is based on minimization of the AM1 energy for fixed values of the angles λ for rotation of the peptide groups about the Cα ··· Cα virtual bonds, and for fixed values of the side‐chain dihedral angles χ, which formed a multidimensional grid. A harmonic‐approximation approach was developed to extrapolate from the energy at a given grid point to other points of the conformational space to compute the respective contributions to the PMF. To test the applicability of the harmonic approximation, the rotamer PMF's of alanine and valine obtained with this approach have been compared with those obtained by using a Metropolis Monte Carlo method. The PMF surfaces computed with the harmonic approximation are more rugged and have more pronounced minima than the MC‐calculated surfaces but the harmonic‐approximation‐and MC‐calculated PMF values are linearly correlated. The potentials derived with the harmonic approximation are, therefore, appropriate for UNRES for which the weights (scaling factors) of the energy terms are determined by force‐field optimization for foldability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
The golden section and American psychology, 1892–1938
Authors: Benjafield John G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe golden section has been said by many to be the most beautiful proportion. Fechner was the first to investigate it experimentally, and several late‐nineteenth‐ and early‐twentieth‐century American psychologists followed up on his work. Among these were four prominent names: Lightner Witmer (1867–1956), Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949), Robert S. Woodworth (1869–1962), and Robert M. Ogden (1877–1959). Why did such well‐known psychologists bother with the golden section? In attempting to answer this question we discovered that the golden section was surprisingly well known during this period, not only in psychology but also in advertising and design. It would have been entirely congruent with their stature for prominent psychologists to take an interest in it. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulation of the hot‐carrier degradation in short channel transistors with high‐K dielectric
Authors: Amat E. , Kauerauf T. , Degraeve R. , Rodríguez R. , Nafría M. , Aymerich X. , Groeseneken G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe degradation produced by channel hot‐carrier (CHC) on short channel transistors with high‐k dielectric has been analyzed. For short channel transistors (L<0.15 µm), the most damaging stress condition has been found to be VG=VD instead of the ‘classical’ VG=VD/2 determined for long channel transistors. In this work, experimentally validated simulations have been performed to demonstrate that this shift is not caused by the presence of the high‐k layer but due to short channel effects. Furthermore, the CHC degradation lifetime has been evaluated, revealing larger operating voltages for high‐k than for SiO2‐based transistors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nuclear translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome c, lysosomal cathepsins B and D, and three other death‐promoting proteins within the first 60 minutes of generalized seizures
Authors: Zhao Shuangping , Aviles Ernesto R. , Fujikawa Denson G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe have shown that generalized seizures produce necrotic neurons with caspase‐independent nuclear pyknosis and DNA fragmentation. In this study, we determined the time course of translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome c, apoptosis‐inducing factor, endonuclease G, lysosomal cathepsins B and D, and DNase II with respect to signs of irreversible neuronal damage. Adult male Wistar rats underwent lithium‐pilocarpine‐induced seizures lasting for 60 min, 3 hr, and 3 hr with 6‐ or 24‐hr survival periods, after which the brains were prepared for immunofluorescence microscopic examination of piriform cortex. Contrary to expectation, cytochrome c and cathepsins B and D translocated to neuronal nuclei with DNase II, endonuclease G, and apoptosis‐inducing factor within 60 min of seizure onset and persisted for 24 hr after 3‐hr seizures. After 60‐min seizures, some neurons showed translocation of the death‐promoting proteins in normal‐appearing neurons, prior to their appearance in irreversibly damaged neurons. Western blots of subcellular fractions of cytochrome c and cathepsins B and D confirmed their nuclear translocation. This is the first evidence of nuclear translocation of cathepsins B and D and the first in vivo evidence of nuclear translocation of cytochrome c. The appearance of these mitochondrial proteins and lysosomal enzymes before signs of irreversible neuronal death suggests that they could contribute to seizure‐induced nuclear pyknosis and DNA fragmentation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical mechanisms behind the SERS enhancement of pyramidal pit substrates
Authors: Vernon K. C. , Davis T. J. , Scholes F. H. , Gómez D. E. , Lau D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this paper we theoretically consider the physical mechanisms behind the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement produced by commercially available Klarite substrates, which consist of rectangular arrays of micrometre‐sized pyramidal pits in silicon with a thin gold coating. Full three‐dimensional numerical simulations of the pits are conducted for both a real gold metal coating and a perfect electrical conductor (PEC) to determine whether the SERS enhancement is due to diffraction or plasmon effects. The pit apex angle and metal coating thickness are also varied to determine whether it is possible to further enhance the SERS signal by optimising the structural parameters of these substrates. By decreasing the film thickness and adjusting the apex angle, it is possible to achieve an enhancement almost double that of a standard Klarite substrate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical touch pointer for fluorescence guided glioblastoma resection using 5‐aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Haj‐Hosseini Neda , Richter Johan , Andersson‐Engels Stefan , Wårdell Karin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveTotal tumor resection in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is difficult to achieve due to the tumor's infiltrative way of growing and morphological similarity to the surrounding functioning brain tissue. The diagnosis is usually subjectively performed using a surgical microscope. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a hand‐held optical touch pointer using a fluorescence spectroscopy system to quantitatively distinguish healthy from malignant brain tissue intraoperatively.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA fluorescence spectroscopy system with pulsed modulation was designed considering optimum energy delivery to the tissue, minimal photobleaching of PpIX and omission of the ambient light background in the operating room (OR). 5‐Aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) of 5 mg/kg body weight was given to the patients with a presumed GBM prior to surgery. During the surgery a laser pulse at 405 nm was delivered to the tissue. PpIX in glioblastoma tumor cells assigned with peaks at 635 and 704 nm was detected using a fiber optical probe.Results/ConclusionBy using the pulsed fluorescence spectroscopy, PpIX fluorescence is quantitatively detected in the GBM. An effective suppression of low power lamp background from the recorded spectra in addition to a significant reduction of high power surgical lights is achieved. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:9–14, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL‐1β, TNF‐α, total antioxidative status and microbiological findings in chronic periodontitis treated with fluorescence‐controlled Er:YAG laser radiation
Authors: Domínguez Arantza , Gómez Clara , García‐Kass Ana Isabel , García‐Nuñez Juan Antonio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveAlthough some studies have attempted to elucidate the possible advantages of the use of Er:YAG laser radiation as a coadjuvant of scaling and root planing (SRP), the results have often been contradictory. A new possibility to improve the results of the laser therapy is the control of the laser radiation by a feedback system that selectively detects subgingival calculus. This study compared the effects of fluorescence‐controlled Er:YAG radiation after SRP with SRP alone on the treatment of chronic periodontitis.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThirty patients with chronic periodontitis were randomly distributed into two groups of 15 patients to receive: SRP or SRP followed by fluorescence controlled Er:YAG laser (SRP+ERL). Clinical parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and plaque index (PI) were recorded and samples of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival plaque were taken at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. The laser therapy was performed 1 day after the SRP procedure. The GCF samples were analyzed for interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and total antioxidative status (TAS). Subgingival plaque was examined by culture for 10 bacteria.ResultsDuring the observation periods (4 and 8 weeks postoperatively), no statistically significant differences were detected for clinical, microbiological variables and TAS of GCF between SRP and SRP+ERL groups. However, the amount of IL‐1β and TNF‐α in GCF was increased after SRP procedure in contrast to a slight decrease of their levels after SRP+ERL treatment, where in addition the process of recolonization seems to be more delayed.ConclusionSRP+ERL allowed a decrease of the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and prevented a fast process of recolonization. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:24–31, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PHOTOFRIN‐mediated photodynamic therapy for treatment of early stage (Tis‐T2N0M0) SqCCa of oral cavity and oropharynx
Authors: Schweitzer Vanessa Gayl , Somers Melissa L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of dihematoporphyrin ether (PHOTOFRIN)‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of diffuse field cancerization and Tis‐T2N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma (SqCCA) of the oral cavity and oropharynx in patients not amenable to or that have failed conventional head and neck cancer treatment.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of 30 patients with Tis‐T2N0M0 SqCCA of the oral cavity/oropharynx treated with PDT. Intravenous PHOTOFRIN (porfimer sodium) (dose 2.0 mg/kg) was administered outpatient, followed 48–60 hours later by intraoperative photoactivation at 630 nm via fiberoptic microlens surface delivery (light dose 50–100 J/cm2) or interstitial implantation via cylindrical diffuser fiberoptic delivery (light dose 50–100 J/cm).ResultsTwenty‐four of 30 patients (80%) have demonstrated complete remission (follow‐up 3–144 months). There were six patients who had partial remission with recurrence observed at 3, 3, 5, 9, 23, and 26 months subsequently retreated with conventional therapy. Eleven of 24 patients were cancer disease free at 2 years following PDT.ConclusionPDT provides a surgical oncologic modality for potentially curative treatment of early stage oral cavity and oropharyngeal malignancies either as a primary modality or for treatment in patients that have previously failed surgery and/or radiation therapy. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:1–8, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.