bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Psychology of News Influence and the Development of Media Framing Analysis
Authors: Giles David , Shaw Rachel L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHow precisely do media influence their readers, listeners and viewers? In this paper, we argue that any serious study of the psychology of media influence must incorporate a systematic analysis of media material. However, psychology presently lacks a methodology for doing this that is sensitive to context, relying on generalised methods like content or discourse analysis. In this paper, we develop an argument to support our development of a technique that we have called Media Framing Analysis (MFA), a formal procedure for conducting analyses of (primarily news) media texts. MFA draws on elements of existing framing research from communication and other social scientific research while at the same time incorporating features of particular relevance to psychology, such as narrative and characterisation.
Terrorism, Identity, and Conflict Management
Authors: Louis Winnifred R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSocial psychological research on the consequences and antecedents of terrorism are reviewed, and implications for conflict management are discussed. The research is theoretically and socially interesting because it deals with the intersection of identity and psychological threat with political choices in conflict. A model of identity politics and agentic normative influence is described which draws attention to the importance of stopping the spread of terrorist identity and norms as the key challenge in counter‐terrorism. An identity politics approach would argue that terrorists should be defined narrowly, while non‐violent leaders of the terrorists’ constituents should be recognized and rewarded as representatives of their constituents. As such, the analysis suggests a pessimistic prospect for terror in the 2010s.
Improving sugarcane for biofuel: engineering for an even better feedstock
Authors: LAM ERIC , SHINE JAMES , DA SILVA JORGE , LAWTON MICHAEL , BONOS STACY , CALVINO MARTIN , CARRER HELAINE , SILVA‐FILHO MARCIO C. , GLYNN NEIL , HELSEL ZANE , MA JIONG , RICHARD EDWARD , SOUZA GLAUCIA MENDES , MING RAY 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSugarcane is a proven biofuel feedstock and accounts for about 40% of the biofuel production worldwide. It has a more favorable energy input/output ratio than that of corn, the other major biofuel feedstock. The rich resource of genetic diversity and the plasticity of autopolyploid genomes offer a wealth of opportunities for the application of genomics and technologies to address fundamental questions in sugarcane towards maximizing biomass production. In a workshop on sugarcane engineering held at Rutgers University, we identified research areas and emerging technologies that could have significant impact on sugarcane improvement. Traditional plant physiological studies and standardized phenotypic characterization of sugarcane are essential for dissecting the developmental processes and patterns of gene expression in this complex polyploid species. Breeder friendly DNA markers associated with target traits will enhance selection efficiency and shorten the long breeding cycles. Integration of cold tolerance from Saccharum spontaneum and Miscanthus has the potential to expand the geographical range of sugarcane production from tropical and subtropical regions to temperate zones. The Flex‐stock and mix‐stock concepts could be solutions for sustaining local biorefineries where no single biofuel feedstock could provide consistent year‐round supplies. The ever increasing capacities of genomics and biotechnologies pave the way for fully exploring these potentials to optimize sugarcane for biofuel production.
THE SOUTH AFRICAN AGGREGATE PRODUCTION FUNCTION: ESTIMATION OF THE CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION FUNCTION
Authors: Bonga‐bonga Lumengo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper assesses the validity of the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) and the Cobb‐Douglas (CD) production functions in modelling the aggregate production function and computing the total factor productivity (TFP) in South Africa for the period 1970‐2006. The CES function is estimated with Nerlove's two‐step procedure using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration and the Kalman filter estimation techniques, while the CD production function is estimated using the Kalman filter technique. The results of the forecast performance of the two model specifications show that the CD specification outperforms the CES for the period 1970‐2006, although the CD specification may be too restrictive.
THE IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA1
Authors: Lovász Enrico , Schipp Bernhard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the hypothesis that HIV/AIDS epidemic slows down the pace of economic growth. We examine 41 Sub‐Saharan African countries by using the empirical growth equation in an augmented Solow model in which health capital serves as a determinant of human capital. Econometric analysis is based on panel data and covers the period 1997‐2005. We control for a variety of factors possibly correlated with HIV prevalence that might also influence economic growth. As a key result we prove that the epidemic has a significant negative effect on the growth rate of per capita GDP in Sub‐Saharan Africa.
AN OPEN ECONOMY NEW KEYNESIAN DSGE MODEL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY
Authors: Steinbach Mr , Mathuloe Pt , Smit Bw 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this paper an open economy New Keynesian model of the South African economy is presented. The model is constructed to provide for incomplete pass‐through of exchange rate changes, external habit formation, partial indexation of domestic prices and wages to past inflation, and staggered price and wage setting. Furthermore, the model is estimated using Bayesian techniques on South African domestic and trade partner data for the period 1990Q1 to 2007Q4. The estimated model is analysed by means of impulse response functions.
HIGH AND VOLATILE TREASURY YIELDS IN TANZANIA: THE ROLE OF STRATEGIC BIDDING AND AUCTION MICROSTRUCTURE
Authors: Abbas Sm Ali , Sobolev Yuri V. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe observed increase in the level and volatility of Tanzania's Treasury yields in recent years against an otherwise benign macroeconomic backdrop presented a puzzle for policymakers, while raising concerns about the fiscal burden of rising debt interest payments and diversion of bank credit away from the private sector. Using evidence from bid‐level data, and supported by a simple theorising of bidder incentives under unorthodox issuance practices, this paper traces the recent volatility in yields to the emergence of a sharp segmentation of the T‐bill market between sophisticated financial market players (foreign‐controlled banks) and a less‐experienced group of investors (domestic pension funds and small banks). An important policy recommendation that emerges is that public debt managers should avoid micro‐managing Treasury bill auctions by issuing amounts in excess of those offered or by dipping into oversubscribed segments of the yield curve, as such practices seriously disadvantage the less‐sophisticated (but more competitive) investors vis‐à‐vis the more sophisticated players.
A STOCHASTIC ESTIMATION FRAMEWORK FOR COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
Authors: Aron Janine , Muellbauer John N. J. , Pretorius Coen 
Published: June 2009

AbstractUnder inflation targeting in South Africa, it is important to monitor and forecast changes in prices, not only for aggregate measures of the consumer price index, but also its underlying sub‐components. Hypotheses about sectoral transmission of policy and shocks are often more specific than hypotheses about overall transmission. This study employs a stochastic framework to estimate richly specified equilibrium correction models, four‐quarters‐ahead, for the 10 sub‐components of the first targeted measure of the consumer price index, CPIX. The stochastic trends are estimated by the Kalman filter, and interpreted as capturing structural breaks and institutional change, a frequent cause of forecast failure. The trends suggest the design of deterministic split trends for use in recursive forecasting models, towards more accurate overall inflation forecasting. This research also has practical use for monetary policy in allowing identification of sectoral sources of inflation.
Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction and Social Protection: Complementary Roles in Agriculture and Rural Growth?
Authors: Davies Mark , Guenther Bruce , Leavy Jennifer , Mitchell Tom , Tanner Thomas 
Published: June 2009

SummaryReliance on subsistence agriculture means the impact of stresses and shocks (such as droughts or floods) are felt keenly by rural poor people, who depend directly on food system outcomes for their survival, with profound implications for the security of their livelihoods and welfare. However, such stresses and shocks will not necessarily lead to negative impacts, as risks and uncertainties, often associated with seasonality, are embedded in the practice of agriculture and there is considerable experience of coping and risk management strategies among people working in this sector. With climate change, the magnitude and frequency of stresses and shocks is changing and approaches such as social protection, disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) will be needed to bolster local resilience and supplement people's experience.This study examines the opportunities for linking social protection, CCA and DRR in the context of agriculture and rural growth, exploring whether linking these three approaches together will help enhance resilience to shocks and stresses in agriculture‐dependent rural communities. The study does this by (i) reviewing conceptual and policy‐related similarities and differences between the three disciplines, by (ii) collecting evidence from case studies where climate change‐resilient social protection approaches have been trialled and by (iii) developing an adaptive social protection framework that highlight opportunities better coordination.This paper suggests social protection and DRR measures designed to limit damages from shocks and stresses may not be sufficient in the longer term. For social protection to be resilient to climate change impacts, it will need to consider how reducing dependence on climate sensitive livelihood activities can be part of adaptive strategies. Similarly, CCA and DRR cannot effectively address the root causes of poverty and vulnerability without taking a differentiated view of poverty, something that further integration with social protection can help with.
Transnational Agrarian Movements Struggling for Land and Citizenship Rights
Authors: Borras Saturnino M. , Franco Jennifer C. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryRural citizens have increasingly begun to invoke perceived citizenship rights at transnational level, such that rural citizen engagements today have the potential to generate new meanings of global citizenship. La Vía Campesina has advocated for, created and occupied a new citizenship space that did not exist before at the global governance terrain – a public space distinct for poor peasants and small farmers from the global South and North. La Vía Campesina's transnational campaign in protest against neoliberal land policies is a good illustration of this in the sense that rural citizens of different countries collectively invoke their rights to define what land and land reform mean to them, struggle for their rights to have rights in reframing the terms of the global land policymaking, and demand accountability from international development institutions. It has been inherently linked with campaigns for land and citizenship rights. One of the outcomes of this initiative is that the public space created and occupied by various civil society groups got expanded. Such space has also been rendered much more complex, with the subsequent creation of various layers of sub‐spaces of interactions.
Mobilising and Mediating Global Medicine and Health Citizenship: The Politics of AIDS Knowledge Production in Rural South Africa
Authors: Robins Steven 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe paper investigates the ways in which global health messages and forms of health citizenship are mediated by AIDS activists in rural South Africa. It focuses on how international health agencies and NGOs engage with local communities through AIDS prevention and treatment programmes. Some critics regard such global health programmes as conduits for the medicalisation of social life and social problems. From this perspective global medicine is an all‐encompassing process that results in systematic normalisation, depoliticisation and disempowerment of patients and citizens. However, this case study draws attention to the agency of the ‘targets’ of biomedicine. It also highlights the observation that AIDS activists and treatment literacy practitioners are not only concerned with biomedical matters, but are also committed to recruiting new members into their biopolitical projects and epistemic communities. These mobilisation processes involve translating and mediating biomedical ideas and practices into vernacular forms that can be easily understood and acted upon by the ‘targets’ of these recruitment strategies. However, these processes of ‘vernacularisation’ or localisation of biomedical knowledge often occur in settings where even the most basic scientific understandings and framings of medicine can not be taken for granted. This ethnographic case study shows that global health programmes, and their local NGO and social movement mediators, often encounter considerable ‘friction’ not only from powerful national state actors, who may view such programmes as challenges to national sovereignty, but also from the most marginalised village‐level actors.
Country Classifications for a Changing World
Authors: Harris Dan , Moore Mick , Schmitz Hubert 
Published: June 2009

Summary The distinction between developing and developed countries has long been central to development studies and to debates on development policy. In earlier decades, it was in many respects accurate, and was for many purposes useful. Although the world is still very much divided between rich and poor countries, relationships among countries have changed so much that the developing–developed country distinction has become an obstacle to understanding current problems and opportunities and, even more, to thinking productively about the future. It is time to stop using it. Many alternative ways of categorising countries have been suggested. In recent years in particular, large numbers of organisations have begun annually to rank countries according to a wide variety of criteria: from economic vulnerability, bribe payers, competitiveness, digital access, ease of doing business, food insecurity, governance, and happiness to water poverty and welfare. These do not adequately capture the structural and relational changes that have occurred in our multi‐polar world with substantially altered flows of ideas, resources and influence. Focusing on the needs of European policymakers, this paper suggests two axes for classifying countries. The first is the external capacity of states to influence and work with other states. This is captured in the (measureable) concept of ‘anchor countries’ developed by the German Development Institute and beginning to be put into practice in the enlargement from the G8 to the G20. The second is internal state capacity, as shaped by the sources of government income, in particular contrasting tax, aid, and oil. Using sources of public revenue as a way of classifying countries requires more work but would help to steer the development debate toward the key issue of improving the quality of governance and thus strengthening the capacity of poor countries to help themselves.
Two New Multiaxial HCF Criteria Based on Virtual Stress Amplitude and Virtual Mean Stress Concepts for Complicated Geometries and Random Nonproportional Loading Conditions
Authors: Shariyat M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Almost all of the available multiaxial high cycle fatigue (HCF) criteria are proposed based on definition of an equivalent stress expression that is a modified version of a static equivalent stress definition or a static yield function. All the equivalent stress expressions proposed so far in the fatigue analysis field have been expressed in semistationary forms wherein the global cyclic rather than the instantaneous changes are considered. In the present paper, a new technique for instantaneous fatigue equivalent stress definition is introduced based on new concepts of instantaneous (virtual) stress amplitude and instantaneous (virtual) mean stress. Then, new HCF criteria are proposed using two approaches: (1) polynomial approach and (2) integral approach, to overcome the shortcomings of the available criteria. A relevant fatigue life assessment algorithm is also proposed, and results of the available criteria are compared with results of the proposed criteria as well as the experimental results prepared by the author. To introduce a comprehensive study, the criteria are evaluated for components with complicated geometries under proportional, nonproportional, and random nonproportional loadings. Results reveal that predictions of the proposed approaches are more accurate.
Managing Design-Process Complexity: A Value-of-Information Based Approach for Scale and Decision Decoupling
Authors: Panchal Jitesh H. , Paredis Christiaan J. J. , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Design-processes for multiscale, multifunctional systems are inherently complex due to the interactions between scales, functional requirements, and the resulting design decisions. While complex design-processes that consider all interactions lead to better designs, simpler design-processes where some interactions are ignored are faster and resource efficient. In order to determine the right level of simplification of design-processes, designers are faced with the following questions: (a) How should complex design-processes be simplified without affecting the resulting product performance? (b) How can designers quantify and evaluate the appropriateness of different design-process alternatives? In this paper, the first question is addressed by introducing a method for determining the appropriate level of simplification of design-processes—specifically through decoupling of scales and decisions in a multiscale problem. The method is based on three constructs: interaction patterns to model design-processes, intervals to model uncertainty resulting from decoupling of scales and decisions, and value-of-information based metrics to measure the impact of simplification on the final design outcome. The second question is addressed by introducing a value-of-information based metric called the improvement potential for quantifying the appropriateness of design-process alternatives from the standpoint of product design requirements. The metric embodies quantitatively the potential for improvement in the achievement of product requirements by adding more information for design decision-making. The method is illustrated via a datacenter cooling system design example.
The Fcγ Receptor IIA-R/R131 Genotype Is Associated with Severe Sepsis in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Endeman Henrik , Cornips Marie Claire A. , Grutters Jan C. , van den Bosch Jules M. , Ruven Hendrik J. T. , van Velzen-Blad Heleen , Rijkers Ger T. , Biesma Douwe H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be caused by a variety of microorganisms but is most frequently associated withStreptococcus pneumoniaeand gram-negative bacteria likeHaemophilus influenzae. Encapsulated bacteria are able to escape phagocytosis, unless they are bound by immunoglobulin G2 subclass antibodies. These antibodies interact with Fcγ receptor IIa (Fcγ-RIIa), thereby facilitating opsonophagocytosis of the encapsulated bacteria. We studied the relationship between the Fcγ-RIIa-R/H131 polymorphism and the clinical course of CAP and pathogen-specific susceptibility. Regarding methodology, the Fcγ-RIIa genotype R/H131 was determined in 200 patients with CAP and in 313 healthy controls and was correlated with the clinical course, laboratory parameters, and causative microorganism. The Fcγ-RIIa-R/R131 genotype was found more frequently in patients with severe sepsis (odds ratio [OR], 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30 to 5.00;P< 0.01). The majority of patients in this group suffered from invasive pneumococcal disease. The duration of hospital stay was longer for patients with the Fcγ-RIIa-R/R131 genotype. Fcγ-RIIa genotypes were not associated with an increased risk of CAP in general; however, the Fcγ-RIIa-R/R131 genotype was found more frequently in patients with CAP caused byH. influenzaethan in controls (OR, 3.03; CI, 1.04 to 9.09;P< 0.05). In conclusion, the Fcγ-RIIa-R/R131 genotype is associated with severity of CAP and is more frequent in CAP caused byH. influenzae.
Selection of Polymorphic Peptides from
GRA6
and
GRA7
Sequences of
Toxoplasma gondii
Strains To Be Used in Serotyping
Authors: Sousa Susana , Ajzenberg Daniel , Marle Maggy , Aubert Dominique , Villena Isabelle , da Costa José Correia , Dardé Marie-Laure 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

The evaluation of
Toxoplasma gondii
isolates obtained from geographical environments other than Europe and North America revealed the existence of atypical strains that are not included in the three archetypal clonal lineages (lineages I, II, and III).
GRA6
and
GRA7
are polymorphic genes that have been used for the genotyping of
Toxoplasma
. The coding regions of
GRA6
and
GRA7
from 49 nonarchetypal strains were sequenced and compared with the sequences of type I, II, and III reference strains. Eighteen and 10 different amino acid sequences were found for
GRA6
and
GRA7
, respectively. The polymorphisms found between the different sequences were analyzed, with the objective of defining peptides to be used for the serotyping of
Toxoplasma
infections. Two peptides specific for clonal lineages I and III (peptides GRA7I and GRA7III, respectively) were selected from the
GRA7
locus. Three peptides specific for some atypical strains (peptides Am6, Af6, and Am7) were selected from both the
GRA6
and the
GRA7
loci. Serum samples from humans infected with
Toxoplasma
strains of known genotypes were serotyped with the selected peptides. Peptide GRA7III seems to be a good candidate for the serotyping of infections caused by type III strains. Peptide GRA7I had a very low sensitivity. Peptides Am6 and Af6 had low specificities, since they reacted with serum samples from patients infected with strains belonging to the three archetypal lineages. Although peptide Am7 was specific, it had low sensitivity.