A machine learning screening model for identifying the risk of high-frequency hearing impairment in a general population
Authors: Wang Yi , Yao Xinmeng , Wang Dahui , Ye Chengyin , Xu Liangwen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Background
Hearing impairment (HI) has become a major public health issue in China. Currently, due to the limitations of primary health care, the gold standard for HI diagnosis (pure-tone hearing test) is not suitable for large-scale use in community settings. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a cost-effective HI screening model for the general population using machine learning (ML) methods and data gathered from community-based scenarios, aiming to help improve the hearing-related health outcomes of community residents.

Methods
This study recruited 3371 community residents from 7 health centres in Zhejiang, China. Sixty-eight indicators derived from questionnaire surveys and routine haematological tests were delivered and used for modelling. Seven commonly used ML models (the naive Bayes (NB), K-nearest neighbours (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), boosting, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO regression)) were adopted and compared to develop the final high-frequency hearing impairment (HFHI) screening model for community residents. The model was constructed with a nomogram to obtain the risk score of the probability of individuals suffering from HFHI. According to the risk score, the population was divided into three risk stratifications (low, medium and high) and the risk factor characteristics of each dimension under different risk stratifications were identified.

Results
Among all the algorithms used, the LASSO-based model achieved the best performance on the validation set by attaining an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.868 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.847–0.889) and reaching precision, specificity and F-score values all greater than 80%. Five demographic indicators, 7 disease-related features, 5 behavioural factors, 2 environmental exposures, 2 hearing cognitive factors, and 13 blood test indicators were identified in the final screening model. A total of 91.42% (1235/1129) of the subjects in the high-risk group were confirmed to have HI by audiometry, which was 3.99 times greater than that in the low-risk group (22.91%, 301/1314). The high-risk population was mainly characterized as older, low-income and low-educated males, especially those with multiple chronic conditions, noise exposure, poor lifestyle, abnormal blood indices (e.g., red cell distribution width (RDW) and platelet distribution width (PDW)) and liver function indicators (e.g., triglyceride (TG), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)). An HFHI nomogram was further generated to improve the operability of the screening model for community applications.

Conclusions
The HFHI risk screening model developed based on ML algorithms can more accurately identify residents with HFHI by categorizing them into the high-risk groups, which can further help to identify modifiable and immutable risk factors for residents at high risk of HI and promote their personalized HI prevention or intervention.