bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adhesion Measurement Technique for Soldered Thick-Film Conductors
Authors: Leven SS 
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the results of an experiment to determine practical screening and quality-assurance procedures to preclude excessive adhesion degradation, due to solder leaching, in gold alloy/solder systems in thick-film hybrid microcircuits. These results include a comparative rating between the materials tested, along with criteria for rating different materials.
Four environmental stresses were compared to determine which one to use as a quality-assurance test for adhesion decay. The test method consisted of soldering copper pins to conductor pads on the substrate, and then pull-testing the pins to the destruction of the conductor/substrate bonds, both before and after environmental stresses. This method provides a measurement of both tensile adhesion between the soldered conductor and the substrate and adhesion degradation promoted by the environmental stress.
Seven thick-film conductor materials and three solder compositions were used, making a total of 21 conductor/solder systems tested. Pins were soldered to each of the seven conductor materials with each of the three solders. Adhesion measurements were made immediately, again after a minimum three-day shelf life, and also after each environmental stress. The median force-per-unit-area values for each conductor/solder/environmental stress combination were tabulated and plotted. The results are presented to show the relative degradations of the different materials.
Based on the results of the experiment, the temperature cycling stress appears to be the most practical stress to use as a screening procedure for solder leaching. Guidelines are presented for performing the screening test and for determining a rating for any material combination.
Measuring Dynamic Properties of Vulcanizates
Authors: Warner WC 
Published: March 2009

The primary environment of rubber is dynamic. The ability of rubber simultaneously to support heavy loads and damp out mechanical vibrations by converting them to heat arises from its viscoelastic nature. The total modulus of a vulcanizate measured on a constant strain rate tester contains significant contributions from both an elastic and a viscous component. The quantitative separation of the two components can be accomplished by a forced vibration resonant device such as the shear vibrometer, resonant beam, Tangorra hysteresimeter, or vibrating reed. The same four-term equation of motion applies to all of these. It applies as a special case to forced vibration nonresonant devices such as the Payne, Takayanagi, servo-hydraulic, and certain electrodynamic testers and also to free vibration, such as torsion pendulum and Yerzley Oscillograph.
Dynamic properties of carbon black filled vulcanizates are strongly affected by compounding variables. Equally significant to rubber technologists is the high dependence on the factors in the environment of the rubber, such as temperature, frequency or strain rate, and especially strain itself. Thus, dynamic tests bear a significant relationship to important technological properties of vulcanizates. Dynamic tests are versatile, rapid to run, and have direct application to use conditions. For these reasons, an increased interest in the theory and practice of dynamic testing can be expected.
Application of the Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer to Rubber Testing
Authors: Macosko CW , Weissert FC 
Published: March 2009

Rubber products are processed and used over such a wide range of temperature, deformation rates, and conditions that single point or even single variable testing is often insufficient for rubber compound evaluation. We have found the new Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer capable of steady and dynamic shear characterization of a variety of rubber materials. The instrument has a temperature range of 80 to 600 K, frequency from 0.001 to 40 Hz, and multiple stress detection over a wide range.
The instrument offers a new test, deformation between eccentric rotating disks, which appears advantageous for obtaining dynamic shear moduli of gums and compounds over a wide frequency range and for following curing reactions. Dynamic and some steady flow start up data are presented on several SBR, EPDM, and silicone materials to illustrate use of the instrument.
Measuring Particulate Matter in Air
Authors: Lee RE 
Published: March 2009

Results obtained from measurements of the concentration and size of particulate matter in air are dependent on the method used. Filtration samplers in conjunction with gravimetric analysis, as exemplified by the high-volume air sampler, represent the most commonly used technique in this country. The spot tape sampler and smokeshade devices have value in assessing the soiling properties of particulate matter, but are poor indicators of mass loading. Continuous monitors now available for measuring the concentration of atmospheric particulate matter appear promising, although further field testing is needed to assess their accuracy.
Devices are available for determining the size distribution of particles by number or by weight. Care should be taken not to interchange the results of a number and a weight distribution since they are not equivalent nor necessarily directly relatable. The author prefers cascade impactors for determining the weight size distribution because the fractionated sample is retained for chemical analysis and the respiratory portion can be assessed.
Nuclear Activation Determination of Heavy Metals in Great Lakes Sediments, Soils, and Vegetation
Authors: Jewis RE , Chattopadhyay A , Csillag E , Tiefenbach B 
Published: March 2009

A combination of neutron and photon activation techniques have been developed and applied for detecting traces of heavy metals from water pollution sources. Air-dried portions of sediments from several regions of the lower Great Lakes, organic cultivated soils, and selected edible vegetation from a heavily-irrigated and fertilized marsh crop-growing area were subjected either to neutron irradiation for 25 to 50 h or to 15 to 44 MeV bremsstrahlung from the University of Toronto electron linear accelerator for 1 to 4 h. Many of the neutron activation determinations at low concentrations required post-activation chemical separations, whereas an advantage of the photonuclear technique for use with such environmental samples was that multielement determinations could be done completely by an instrumental method.
Elements of environmental interest determined in the activated samples included: arsenic, antimony, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, thallium, zinc, and several others. The concentration ranges involved were from 0.1 to 500 ppm, and the typical analytical accuracy achieved varied from 5 to 15 percent as verified by comparison with other techniques and with standard reference materials. These studies have helped to identify some heavy metal water pollution sources and to elucidate the fate of such metals in sediment, soil-water-vegetation ecosystems.
Analysis of Organochlorine Residues in Fish
Authors: Reynolds LM , Cooper T 
Published: March 2009

The analyses of fish for organochlorine residues (OC pesticides, PCBs, PCTs) present some special cleanup problems due mainly to the difficulty of removing coextracted oil. The oil causes erratic elution patterns of the residues from many chromatographic column adsorbents.
Our overall approach to the extraction, cleanup, pre-GLC separations and GLC analysis, as well as the quantitation of PCBs are described. The use of deactivated Florisil in our cleanup procedure solved many of the earlier problems, and has given consistently excellent cleanup (less than 0.01 g remains from 0.5 g fat) and recovery (above 90 percent) of residues from fish and other biological tissues. The Florisil adsorption column is designed to tolerate up to 0.5 g of oil or fat, but with the initial Soxhlet extraction, an appropriate aliquot can be subjected to the column cleanup. An additional cleanup step involving Florisil column partitioning is described for coping with much larger fat samples, especially where very low residue levels are to be determined.
Our approach to PCB quantitation and the use of reference standards are discussed. The proposed use of a 1:1 mixture of Aroclor 1254 and 1260 as reference for most biological samples is preferred.
Automatic Water Quality Monitoring Within the Saint John River Basin
Authors: Cullen DH 
Published: March 2009

Automatic water quality monitoring within the Saint John River Basin was conceived in 1968, and its sponsors were the New Brunswick Government and the Water Quality Branch. Initially, it was intended to monitor one trans-boundary stream which was causing serious concern because of the indiscriminate dumping of potato processing waste by a United States processor. The number of monitors was subsequently increased to eight, and these have been located throughout the basin. The parameters being monitored at present are: temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, and chlorides.
The paper outlines the various problems encountered to date in operating the monitors. These include electronic difficulties, telemetry, pumps, probes, and operating under winter conditions. The various solutions that were applied to overcome the problems are also discussed.
Handling of the analytical information generated by the monitors is also outlined, together with an assessment of automatic monitoring and its future use, as viewed by the author.
Effect of Specimen Preparation Method on Grain Arrangement and Compressibility in Sand
Authors: Mahmood A , Mitchell JK , Lindblom U 
Published: March 2009

Effects of methods of specimen preparation on fabric and compressibility were investigated in a medium grain-sized sand. The effect of vibratory compaction was compared with the effect of pluviation by characterizing the particle arrangements and measuring compressibility in a specially fabricated oedometer. The lateral stresses during compression were also measured.
Specimens densified by vibration in layers had random grain orientation up to 100 percent relative density. When vibration was continued beyond the time interval needed for achieving 100 percent relative density, the grains acquired a preferred orientation. Pluviated specimens had randomly oriented grains at both low and high densities.
The loose, pluviated specimens were much more compressible than the dense specimens prepared by the same procedure. The dense specimens when prepared by vibration were less compressible than the pluviated specimens. The lateral stresses were higher in the loose pluviated specimens than in the dense pluviated specimens during loading. On unloading, the same trend was present initially but reversed at lower axial loads. This trend was also measured in the specimens prepared by vibration.
A Technique for the Preparation of Specimens of Loose Layered Silts
Authors: Nacci VA , D'Andrea RA 
Published: March 2009

A brief review of previously published results of shear strength testing of silty soils is presented. It is noted that, due to their highly porous structure and the resultant unfavorable effects derived from sampling, natural silts are among the least studied deposits in the world. When found in glaciated regions, these deposits are often laminated, usually contain small amounts of clay, and, when laminated, are invariably anisotropic.
A typical naturally occurring silt, prevalent in the area of Providence, Rhode Island, is described in terms of its geologic origin and its in situ index properties.
An experimental procedure which entails laboratory sedimentation, consolidation under small load increments, and laboratory freezing to obtain a soil specimen which may be handled without densification, is described. It is shown that these laboratory produced specimens duplicated the in situ varved structure and index properties of the natural silt. Although the paper reports in detail on the production of cylindrical triaxial specimens, the method may be readily adapted to produce specimens of virtually any size or shape.
In conclusion, it is pointed up that, in utilizing this technique, specimens may be prepared with virtually any angular relationship between the inclination of the layers and the directions of the applied principal stresses, facilitating the investigation of anisotropic strength effects.
Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement
Authors: Committee E-20  
Published: March 2009

Description
The Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement was sponsored and compiled by Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement and Subcommittee E20.04 on Thermocouples of the American Society for Testing and Materials. The editorial work was co-ordinated by R. P. Benedict, Westinghouse Electric Corp. Helen Hoersch was the ASTM editor.
Single Cylinder Engine Tests for Evaluating the Performance of Crankcase Lubricants: Part I : Caterpillar IG2 Test Method
Authors: Committee D02  
Published: March 2009

Description
The test methods described in this publication have not been subjected to the ASTM Standardization Procedure. They are not standards or standard recommended practices of the American Society of Testing and Materials. However, these procedures are developed and approved by ASTM Committee D02 Technical Division B on Automotive Lubricants. The membership of both Committee D02 and Technical Division B is balanced between producer, consumer and general interest members.
Single Cylinder Engine Tests for Evaluating the Performance of Crankcase Lubricants: Part II: Caterpillar IH2 Test Method
Authors: Committee D02  
Published: March 2009

Description
The test methods described in this publication have not been subjected to the ASTM Standardization Procedure. They are not standards or standard recommended practices of the American Society of Testing and Materials. However, these procedures are developed and approved by ASTM Committee D02 Technical Division B on Automotive Lubricants. The membership of both Committee D02 and Technical Division B is balanced between producer, consumer and general interest members.
Single Cylinder Engine Tests for Evaluating the Performance of Crankcase Lubricants: Part IV: Labeco L-38 Test Method
Authors: Committee D-2  
Published: March 2009

Description
Those interested in crankcase oil specifications will find this publication useful on a day to day basis. The test method I used to determine the effect of lubricating oil on ring sticking, ring and cylinder wear and accumulation of piston deposits. It is designed to relate to high speed, supercharged diesel engine operation, and in particular to the detergency characteristics and anti-wear properties of diesel crankcase lubricating oils.
Heat Transmission Measurements in Thermal Insulations
Authors: Tye RP 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Contributions of Basic Heat Transmission Measurements to the Design and Behavior of Thermal Insulation Systems was held at the American Society for Testing and Materials Headquarters in Philadelphia, Pa., on 16-17 April 1973. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal and Cryogenic Insulating Materials. R. P. Tye, Dynatech R/D Company, presided as the symposium chairman.
Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Third Conference)
Authors: Berg CA , McGarry FJ , Elliott SY 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Third Conference on Composite Materials: Testing and Design was held 21-22 March 1973 in Williamsburg, Va. Committee D30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites of the American Society for Testing and Materials sponsored the conference in conjunction with the Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. C. A. Berg, University of Pittsburgh, F. J. McGarry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and S. Y. Elliott, Douglas Aircraft Company, served as coordinators. Most of the papers presented at the eight sessions are included in the volume which complements the first and second conference publications, ASTM STP 460 and ASTM STP 497, Composite Materials: Testing and Design.
Zirconium in Nuclear Applications
Authors: Schemel JH , Rosenbaum HS 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Zirconium in Nuclear Applications was held 21–24 August 1973 in Portland, Ore., and was co-sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee B-10 on Refractory Metals and Alloys and by the Institute of Metals Division, The Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME). Program planning was done jointly by representatives of the ASTM Subcommittee B10.02 on Zirconium and Hafnium and by the TMS-IMD Nuclear Metallurgy Committee of AIME. J.H. Schemel, AMAX Specialty Metals Corp., presided as the symposium chairman, and H.S. Rosenbaum, General Electric Co., served as the symposium co-chairman. The session chairman and co-chairman included: A.L. Bement, Jr., Massachusetts Institute of Technology; A. Lowe, Jr., Babcock & Wilcox Company; M.L. Picklesimer, National Bureau of Standards; P.L. Rittenhouse, Union Carbide Corporation; D.E. Thomas, Westinghouse Electric Company; J. Wahler, Combustion Engineering, Inc.; and C.D. Williams, General Electric Company.
Metallography—A Practical Tool for Correlating the Structure and Properties of Materials
Authors: Abrams H , Maniar GN 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Metallography—A Practical Tool for Correlating the Structure and Properties of Materials, was given at the Seventy-sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Philadelphia, Pa., 25-26 June 1973. Committee E04 on Metallography sponsored the symposium. Halle Abrams, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, and G. N. Maniar, Carpenter Technology Corporation, presided as symposium cochairmen.
Fatigue and Dynamic Testing of Bituminous Mixtures
Authors: Puzinauskas VP 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Fatigue and Dynamic Testing of Bituminous Mixtures was presented at the Seventy-sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Philadelphia, Pa., 24—29 June 1973. Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials sponsored the symposium. V. P. Puzinauskas, The Asphalt Institute, presided as symposium chairman.
Erosion, Wear, and Interfaces with Corrosion
Authors: Thiruvengadam A 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Erosion, Wear, and Interfaces with Corrosion was presented at the Seventy-sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Philadelphia, Pa., 24-29 June 1973. Committee G02 on Erosion and Wear sponsored the symposium. A. Thiruvengadam, The Catholic University of America, presided as symposium chairman.
Computerized Laboratory Systems
Authors: Frazer JW , Kunz FW 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Computerized Laboratory Systems was presented at the 25th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy held in Cleveland, Ohio, 5 March, 1974. The symposium was sponsored by Committee E31 on Computerized Laboratory Systems of the American Society for Testing and Materials. This symposium was primarily a result of the efforts of the symposium organizers F. W. Kunz, Ford Motor Company, and J. W. Frazer, Lawrence Livermore Laboratories. They also served as symposium co-chairmen and editors of the publication.
Properties of Materials for Liquefied Natural Gas Tankage
Authors: Kaufman JG 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Properties of Materials for Liquefied Natural Gas Tankage was presented at May Committee Week of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in, 21-22 May 1974. The American Society for Testing and Materials, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and Metal Properties Council Joint Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals, Low Temperature Panel, sponsored the symposium. J. G. Kaufman, Aluminum Company of America, presided as symposium chairman.
Thermal Insulations in the Petrochemical Industry
Authors: Govan FA , Kummins JS 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Thermal Insulations in the Petrochemical Industry was held on 12 March 1974 in Tulsa, Okla. It was sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials' (ASTM) Committee C-16 on Thermal and Cryogenic Insulating Materials in cooperation with the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and was presented during a meeting of AIChE. F.A. Govan, York Research Corp., presided as the symposium chairman, and J.S. Kummins, Dow Corning Corp., served as the cochairman.
Water Pollution Assessment: Automatic Sampling and Measurement
Authors: Ballinger DG , Skougstad MW 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Water Pollution Assessment: Automatic Sampling and Measurement was presented at the Seventy-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Washington, D.C., 23—28 June 1974. Committee D19 on Water sponsored the symposium. D. G. Ballinger, Environmental Protection Agency, and M. W. Skougstad, Analytical Methods Research WRD, presided as symposium co-chairmen.
Performance Monitoring for Geotechnical Construction
Authors: Dunnicliff CJ , Stern LI 
Published: March 2009

Description
The National Materials Conservation Symposium on Resource Recovery and Utilization was held 29 April-1 May 1974 at the National Bureau of Standards in The symposium was sponsored by: National Bureau of Standards; Bureau of Mines; Environmental Protection Agency; National Center for Resource Recovery, Inc.; and American Society for Testing and Materials. Harvey Alter, National Center for Resource Recovery, Inc., and Emanuel Horowitz, National Bureau of Standards, served as the symposium cochairmen.
Mechanics of Crack Growth
Authors: Rice JR , Paris PC 
Published: March 2009

Description
This publication, Mechanics of Crack Growth, contains papers presented at the Eighth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics which was held at Brown University, Providence, R. I., 26-28 Aug. 1974. The symposium was sponsored by Committee E24 on Fracture Testing of Metals of the American Society for Testing and Materials. J. R. Rice and P. C. Paris, Brown University, presided as symposium co-chairmen.
Resistance to Plane-Stress Fracture (R-Curve Behavior) of A572 Structural Steel
Authors: Novak SR 
Published: March 2009

Description
This publication, Resistance to Plane-Stress Fracture (R-Curve Behavior) of A572 Structural Steel, is one of the papers presented at the Eighth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics which was held at Brown University, Providence, R. I., 26—28 Aug. 1974. A summary only appears in the proceedings of this symposium (Mechanics of Crack Growth, ASTM STP 590). The symposium was sponsored by Committee E24 on Fracture Testing of Metals of the American Society for Testing and Materials. J. R. Rice and P. C. Paris, Brown University, presided as symposium co-chairmen.
Fracture Mechanics of Composites
Authors: Sendeckyj GP 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Fracture Mechanics of Composites was held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md., on 25 Sept. 1975. ASTM Committee D30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites sponsored the symposium. G. P. Sendeckyj, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, presided as the symposium chairman.