bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two new Methods of trapping the Cacao Moth (Ephestia cautella)
Authors: Golding F. D. 
Published: July 2009

1. Two new methods of trapping Ephestia cautella adults in cacao stores are described.2. In the first method, devised by Mr. J. K. B. Lee, broom strands are treated with an adhesive and then suspended from twine in the alleyways between the stacked bags. Mr. Lee heated two parts of coagulated até (derived from the latex of a species of Carpodinus) with one part of palm oil and applied the adhesive, while hot, to the strands. The writer carried out a long series of experiments with various adhesives, with the object of perfecting the broom strand method, and finally came to the conclusion that the best adhesives for general use were those made by heating three parts of coagulated até with one part of either shea butter or palm oil. The adhesive should be allowed to cool before applying it to the strands.3. It was discovered, in the Port Harcourt area, that carbolic soap solution is an excellent medium for use in dish traps. The writer found that carbolic soap solution caught many more moths than the standard medium used in Nigeria. Several other types of soap, both imported and locally made, proved to be nearly as effective as carbolic soap. The best strength for carbolic soap solution was found to be from 1 to 2 oz. soap per gal. water.4. The infestation of ground-nuts by Ephestia is discussed, and the opinion is expressed that this could be considerably reduced if it were found practicable to reduce the length of the export season from 12 to 7 months.
The Control of Sleeping Sickness in the Raphia Pole Trade
Authors: Nash T. A. M. 
Published: July 2009

In Northern Nigeria many of the streams are choked with the Palm, Raphia sudanica, which affords excellent conditions for Glossina tachinoides. The mid-ribs of the palm fronds provide long, straight, light poles which are invaluable for roofing in a country where small straight timber is non-existent.In areas where the palms grow to a good height, there is an important local pole-cutting industry which results in the cutters coming into close contact with tsetse. A high incidence of sleeping sickness is often associated with villages engaged in this trade. The usual solution of clearing the stream-banks of vegetation is obviously undesirable in these cases, and the following method of control has therefore been devised.
The Sugar-cane Scale,Aulacaspis tegalensis, Zehnt
Authors: Moutia L. Andre 
Published: July 2009

The sugar-cane scale,Aulacaspis tegalensis, Zehnt., has been known to exist in Mauritius since the year 1899, when de Charmoy recorded it for the first time in the Island.The species was described by Zehntner in 1898 from Java on sugar-cane, since when little has been recorded of its geographical distribution. In 1921, Ferris recorded it from Formosa. In 1938, D. d'Emmerez de Charmoy, jr., called the attention of the planters of Reunion to the damage caused by this scale on sugarcane, and the author had suspected its presence there many years previously. In Java it was considered of minor importance by Zehntner in 1897. In 1911 Van Deventer drew attention to the damage it caused in Java, and in 1915 van der Goot recorded a serious infestation in the experimental cane fields of the Java Experimental Station. Apart from these records, it has not been reported from other sugar-cane growing countries.
Studies on the water relations of adult locusts (orthoptera, acrididae). I. Respiration and the production of metabolic water
Authors: Loveridge J. P. , Bursell E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdult males ofLocusta migratoria migratorioides(R. & F.) had an oxygen consumption of 120 mm3g-1h-1at 15°C and 988 mm3g-1h-1at 37°C, although respiratory quotient in fed insects (0.83) did not alter over this temperature range. Starvation or starvation and desiccation reduced the respiratory quotient from 0.83 to 0.77 indicating a shift in metabolism from carbohydrates towards fats. It is shown that the amount of biologically useful energy produced (in the form of ATP) remains the same, and that a shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism requires the depletion of a smaller weight of food reserve. The shift is counterproductive in terms of metabolic water production, as only 0.28 mg g-1h-1water is produced in starved or desiccated locusts compared with 0.35 mg g-1h-1in fed animals.
Variability in the selection of substrate by the leaf-cutting ants atta cephalotes (L.) and acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) (Formicidae, Attini)
Authors: Littledyke M. , Cherrett J. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn laboratory colonies of Atta cephalotes (L.) and Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) pick-up responses to paper discs impregnated with arrestant and inhibitory solutions and feeding responses to measured amounts of these solutions were progressively increased by increasing the concentration of arrestants and decreasing the concentration of inhibitor; the inhibitor had a much greater effect on feeding than on pick-up. Both species picked up paper discs impregnated with arrestants and Acromyrmex readily incorporated these into the fungus garden, while Atta did this less readily. Foraging of arrestive paper discs presented regularly for several days was maintained by Acromyrmex but declined in Atta. Both species were less selective during periods of high foraging activity and during a shortage of suitable substrate. Incoming foragers did not seem to influence the preferences of the outgoing ants, but different colonies showed different preferences. Initially little preference was shown for new materials but on subsequent encounters widely fluctuating preferences emerged, which stabilised within two weeks. Over longer time periods further changes in preferences occurred. The ants' pick-up, cutting or feeding response to a particular material is determined by its chemical and physical nature, the amount of chemical information which the ants obtain, and the threshold of their response. This threshold is modified by such factors as the genetic composition of the colony, the previous quantitative and qualitative availability of the substrate, and the general level of foraging activity. Practical implications of these findings for toxic bait production are discussed.
The Chondrilla gall midge, Cystiphora schmidti (Rübsaamen) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). II. biology and host specificity
Authors: Caresche L. A. , Wapshere A. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA Cecidomyiid gall midge, Cystiphora schmidti (Rübsaamen), lives on several related Chondrilla spp. occurring from Greece and eastern Europe to Iran. Its biology and host specificity were studied in the eastern Mediterranean region as part of the biological control programme against the weed C. juncea (Compositae, Cichoriaceae) in Australia. The adult female oviposits into the lower epidermis of the plant where small circular to ovoid raised galls are produced on the rosette, stem leaves and the stem. All the immature stages are completed inside the gall in 24–44 days, allowing 6–7 generations per year in southern Greece before low temperatures prevent development of overwintering larvae. The midge is heavily parasitised in Greece by two species of Eulophidae. Particularly in southern Greece, dense gall populations cover the leaves and stems of C. juncea, causing death of leaves, stunting and less seeding. Tests against 76 species of plants including some Cichoriaceae closely related to Chondrilla showed that Cystiphora schmidti is specific to the genus Chondrilla. Comparative tests with Cystiphora schmidti from Greece against four forms of Chondrilla juncea showed that the midge was adapted to its usual Greek host but was less closely adapted to a western Mediterranean form. The Greek strain of the midge readily attacked and thrived on the main Australian form of C. juncea.
A simple technique for observing and collecting the saliva of tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae)
Authors: Youdeowei Anthony 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHungry tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans Westw.) are confined individually on the stretched wing membrane of a bat. Only 10–20 s after the tarsi touch the membrane, the flies probe and salivate, the main saliva flow following after penetration. The clear colourless saliva is easily collected onto a microscope slide.
The effects of a juvenile hormone analogue on laboratory colonies of pharaoh's ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Authors: Edwards J. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLaboratory colonies of Monomorium pharaonis (L.) were given access only to food containing the juvenile hormone analogue isopropyl-11-methoxy-3, 7, 11-trimethyl-dodeca-2, 4-dienoate (Altosid). In contrast to control colonies all the brood died in 4–8 weeks and queens ceased to lay eggs at about this time. Comparison of ovaries dissected from treated and untreated queens showed the former to be atrophied and without developing oocytes. In treated colonies the worker caste became extinct between 9 and 20 weeks after treatment commenced but queens remained alive for more than 20 weeks. Treatments were lethal with exposure periods of one week only. Juvenile hormone analogues show real potential for the control of M. pharaonis.
Immigration of Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) and Scapanes australis grossepunctatus Sternb. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae) into plantings of young coconut palms in New Britain
Authors: Bedford G. O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn 1968–70 adults of Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) and Scapanes australis grossepunctatus Sternb. were counted and removed weekly from two one-acre plots in separate plantings of 3–5-year-old coconuts in the Gazelle Peninsula of New Britain. For O. rhinoceros the immigration rate (average 3 adults/acre (60 palms) 4 weeks) showed no annual cycle or overall trend with time but was reduced by rain; the beetles occurred singly on the palms, but certain palms were more frequently attacked than would be expected by chance; the sex ratio (♂/♀) averaged 0·91, five out of nine females being mated and one having mature eggs. For S. a. grossepunctatus the immigration rate (average 4 adults / acre 4 weeks) decreased with time but was not affected by rain; females were usually accompanied by males, the female being deeper in the feeding hole, and 92% were mated, 15% with mature eggs; the high ♂/♀ sex ratio (3·69), differing from that in reared material, is attributed to females spending much time searching for ovi-position sites.
Quantitative aspects of reproduction and larval nutrition in Glossina morsitans morsitans westw. (diptera, glossinidae) fed in vitro
Authors: Langley P. A. , Pimley R. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA self-supporting colony of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. fed through Agar/Parafilm membranes upon haemolysed bovine blood for five days and upon the ears of living rabbits for one day each week (M5R1) is reported. This colony produced offspring intermediate in weight between those produced by adults fed exclusively upon living hosts (R6) and those fed exclusively through membranes (M6). Life span and fecundity of M5R1 adult females was close to that of R6 females and superior to that of M6 females whose reproductive performance was inadequate to maintain a colony. The different regimes did not affect feeding frequency, although adult nutrient intake was lower in M6 than in R6 females, and M5R1 females were intermediate. Larval growth as measured by dry weight increase and total nitrogen content at 24-h intervals throughout the second reproductive cycle showed that growth rates of all three instars were lower with M6 than with R6 feeding regimes, while the M5R1 regime produced an intermediate effect. There was a linear relationship between dry weight and total nitrogen content for all developmental stages from egg to fully grown third-instar larva, and this was unaltered by the feeding regime, suggesting that gross nutrient composition remained constant and was unaffected by the adult diet. Evidence is presented that a large critical blood-meal ingested on or about the fifth day of a nine-day interlarval period provides the bulk of nutrient for larval growth. Histological examination of the adult uterine glands showed that the greatest secretory activity was coincident with a waning of cell size and that nutrient secretion is a continuous process from the time of hatching of the first-instar larva until parturition. It is concluded that poor reproductive performance of adults maintained on in vitro feeding regimes is due mainly to quantitative aspects of feeding rather than qualitative deficiencies in the diet.
The extraction, distribution and sampling of the eggs of the sugar-cane froghopper, Aeneolamia varia saccharina (Dist.) (Homoptera, Cercopidae)
Authors: King A. B. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe eggs of Aeneolamia varia saccharina (Dist.) were separated from samples of cane-field soils by means of a rotary sieve, hydrogen peroxide treatment and flotation; this method gave 76% extraction. Absolute population estimates of eggs were obtained from samples of soil (one-eighth of a cane stool) scraped from between the stems of 10 or 25 sugar-cane stools per field, the 25 pooled to give five sample groups. Relative population estimates, which took less time, were obtained from 20-g scoops of soil from between the stems of 25 stools, giving one composite sample. Taylor's power law was used to show that eggs were strongly aggregated in the dry season but less so in the wet season. The numbers of samples or sample groups needed for given levels of error were calculated from the indices of aggregation. Absolute and relative estimates of egg density were generally well correlated. The quicker relative method, suitably replicated and standardised, was considered suitable for extensive and intensive sampling.
Biology and host specificity of the chondrilla root moth bradyrrhoa gilveolella (treitschke) (lepidoptera, phycitidae)
Authors: Caresche L. A. , Wapshere A. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biology and ecology of Bradyrrhoa gilveolella (Treitschke), recently introduced into Australia as a possible biological control agent for the composite Chondrilla juncea, is described for Greece and compared with its known biology in southern Russia. The moth occurs from eastern Europe to southern Russia. In Greece it has two full and possibly a partial third generation each year. Its larvae live in cases below the soil surface and feed on the rootstocks of Chondrilla spp., destroying the thinnest plants. Heavy larval infestations on Chondrilla occur erratically in eastern Greece, being dependent on sites on sandy or very friable soils that are only occasionally disturbed; populations in hotter southern Greece appear to be less stable than those in the cooler northern regions. The larvae are heavily attacked by the fungus Beauveria bassiana as well as by Bracon sp., Copidosoma sp. and Syzeuctus sp. (Hymenoptera) and by the Tachinid Germaria graeca (Br. & Berg.); these cause a total larval and pupal mortality of up to 80%. Host specificity studies, during which the roots of various wild and cultivated composites and 62 cultivated plants were exposed to the moth larvae, showed that only Chondrilla and the closely related genus Taraxacum were attacked. A field survey showed that Taraxacum was not a host under natural conditions. All forms of C. juncea were equally readily attacked by B. gilveolella larvae.
Observations on two sibling species of gryon (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) parasitic on Triatominae (Hemiptera) in India
Authors: Sankaran T. , Nagaraja H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn crossing experiments with Gryon triatomae Masner, reared from the eggs of Triatoma rubrofasciata (De Geer) from Singapore and India, and G. linshcostei Masner, from eggs of Linshcosteus sp. from India, only the females of G. linshcostei yielded hybrids (3.9%). G. linshcostei accepted both hosts offered separately but preferred Linshcosteus when the two were provided together; G. triatomae showed poor acceptance of Linshcosteus eggs under both sets of conditions. In view of their reproductive isolation and these and other observed differences in their behaviour, these two sibling species could be selectively introduced into other areas for biological control of Triatominae.
Studies on the ecology and biology of a cocoa pollinator,Forcipomyia squamipennisI. & M. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), in Ghana
Authors: Kaufmann T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFrom field observations and laboratory rearings, the biology ofForcipomyia squamipennisI. & M. in cocoa plantations in Ghana was established as follows. Adult midges are found between buttresses of large shade trees, in crevices of decayed old logs, in hollow tree stumps and cocoa husk heaps. Swarming takes place at any time during the day in or around the resting place, while dispersal occurs in the early morning and in the late afternoon, the normal flight range being 5–6 m. The largest populations occur in the rainy season. Eggs are laid on moist decomposing wood, cocoa husks and other plant debris in batches of 40–90; the larvae hatch in 2–3 days and pupate after four moults, when about 12 days old; the pupal stage lasts 2–3 days. Adult females require liquid plant food for survival and oviposition, although the maturation of ova is independent of adult food intake or mating; unfertilised eggs do not develop. The maximum adult life span for both sexes is eight days in captivity.F. squamipennisundergoes at least 12 generations a year. Due to its abundance and continuous breeding in cocoa plantations,F. squamipennisis probably the most important Ceratopogonid cocoa pollinator in Ghana. Both sexes are efficient pollinators, but four times more males than females visit cocoa flowers.
The vertical distribution of flying mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae) in west african savanna
Authors: Snow W. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe vertical distribution of mosquitoes was investigated at Keneba in The Gambia, using flight traps and suction traps set up over open ground. Flight traps were used to sample three levels, ground to 1·37 m, 1·45–2·82 m, and 2·90–4·27 m. Suction traps were mounted in two series of experiments at three levels, 0·68, 2·13 and 3·51 m, and in a third series at four levels, 0·91, 305, 6·10 and 9·15 m. Most species, including Anopheles melas Theo., A. squamosus Theo., Aedes punctothoracis (Theo.), the Culex decens group, C. tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Mansonia africana (Theo.) and M. uniformis (Theo.), were most common near the ground, with catches declining progressively with height. C. thalassius Theo. was frequent at all levels, although the largest catches were taken at 9·15 m. Only C. neavei Theo. and C. weschei Edw. were more common in the higher traps. Although larger catches of A. melas and C. tritaeniorhynchus were taken during moonless periods, the numbers of other species were unaffected by lunar phase. In general, the presence or absence of moonlight had little effect on vertical distribution. However, C. thalassius and the C. decens group were shown to be more attracted to flight traps in moonlight, and it is concluded that visual responses were involved. A limited series of four-level, human-bait catches, with the catchers stationed at the same heights as the suction traps of the third series, produced results similar to those of the suction trap collections.
The succession of mosquito species (Diptera, Culicidae) in rice fields in the Kisumu area of Kenya, and their possible control
Authors: Chandler J. A. , Highton R. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThirty-five species of mosquitoes (10 782 adults) were caught in modified CDC light-traps during the 27-week rice cultivation cycle at Ahero, Kenya, in the period September 1972 to March 1973. Only 0·8% were blood-fed and 5·1% gravid, indicating that the traps were sampling newly emerged adults. During weeks 1–7, before rice seedlings were transplanted, catches were small, but increased markedly from then until harvest (week 20). Two groups of mosquito species were recognised: the first, including Mansonia uniformis (Theo.), M. africana (Theo.) and Mimomyia splendens Theo., bred throughout the rice cycle; the second, including Anopheles gambiae s.l., A. pharoensis Theo., A. ziemanni Grünb., Culex poicilipes (Theo.) and C. antennatus (Becker), were affected by water depth and height of the rice crop. The slurry of shallow muddy pools which follows transplanting stimulated intense breeding of A. gambiae and A. pharoensis. Once the young plants were established, reflooding of the fields and subsequent growth of water plants and algae favoured the breeding of A. ziemanni and C. poicilipes. Towards the end of the rice cycle large numbers of C. antennatus were caught. It is concluded that mosquito control by means of insecticides or by irrigation management would be possible.
Biology of the carob midge complex,Asphondyliaspp. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), in Cyprus
Authors: Orphanides G. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Cyprus, the pods of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua) are infested by three races or sibling species of midges: the pepper, caper and squill midge (Asphondyliaspp.). This classification has been made on the basis of secondary host-plant preferences. Tests in cages revealed that secondary host-plants which are attacked by these midges during spring, summer and autumn, taken together, are: pepper (Capsicum annuum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), caper (Capparis spinosa), garden rocket (Eruca sativa), mustard (Sinapisspp.), sea squill (Urginea maritima), asphodel (Asphodelus fistulosus), and St Johnswort (Hypericum crispum). The carob midge complex overwinters as young larvae in carob pods and may have a maximum of six or seven generations per year according to the location. The emergence pattern of the overwintering generation varied between locations. The adult sex ratio was 42 ♂ : 100 ♀ and the mean longevity under laboratory conditions was 55 h. Some major morphological characteristics of all developmental stages are also presented. The larval stage is divided into three instars. Sex identification has been determined at the pupal stage.
Cross-resistance in DDT-resistant strains of various mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Rongsriyam Y. , Busvine J. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarvicide tests were conducted on five species of mosquitoes, each of which had one or more DDT-resistant strains. The high potencies of DDT and, to a large degree, of DDD were completely lost by resistance. Other compounds were affected in different degrees according to the resistance mechanisms present, as indicated by resistance spectra and the effects of synergists. DDT-resistant strains of Culex pipiens fatigans Wied., Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say and A. stephensi List, showed highly specific resistance to DDT, probably dependent on a dehydrochlorination mechanism. DDT-resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) and A. gambiae was also high, but there was definite evidence of cross-resistance to biodegradable DDT-analogues (about ×4 and ×10, respectively). This low-level, but definite, cross-resistance extended to a number of other compounds, notably pyrethroids, insect development inhibitors, amines, etc. The presence of synergistic action by piperonyl butoxide suggested that this depended on a microsomal oxidation system.Isotopically labelled (14C) DDT and malathion were used to study pick-up and penetration of these insecticides by larvae of normal and resistant Ae. aegypti. Both the actual and the percentage penetration of DDT were greater in the resistant than in the normal strain. Whatever the reason for this, it disposes of the possibility of reduced pick-up and penetration as a factor in DDT-resistance. With malathion, the percentage penetration was always higher in the susceptible strain than in the resistant one, though in some cases the actual amount was less.