bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ending appreciable tobacco use in a nation: using a sinking lid on supply: Figure 1
Authors: Thomson George , Wilson Nick , Blakely Tony , Edwards Richard 
Published: September 2010

We discuss some of the practical and ethical questions that may arise for a jurisdiction where a sinking lid endgame strategy for tobacco supply is implemented. Such a strategy would involve regular required reductions in the amount of tobacco released to the market for sale, sufficient to achieve the desired level of commercial sales by a target date. Tobacco manufacturers would periodically bid to the government for a residual quota. Prices would increase as supply reduced. The price level would be influenced by demand, which in turn would reflect the impact of other interventions to reduce demand and the changing normality of smoking.Higher priced tobacco could result in increased smuggling, theft, illegal sales and short-to-medium-term aggravation of some social inequalities. We suggest that the strategy be introduced in conjunction with a range of complementary interventions that would help reduce demand, and thus help ensure that the possible adverse effects are minimised. These complementary interventions include: providing comprehensive best practice smoking cessation support, better information to smokers and the public, strengthened regulation of tobacco retailing and supply, further controlling the pack and product design, measures to restrict supplies that bypass the increases in product price, strengthened enforcement and combating industry attacks.General prerequisites for a sinking lid strategy include public support for the goal of a tobacco-free society, and strong political leadership. The likely context for initial success in jurisdictions includes geographical isolation and/or strong border controls, absence of significant tobacco production and/or manufacturing and low government corruption.
Migration-Religion Studies in France: Evolving Toward a Religious Anthropology of Movement
Authors: Bava Sophie 
Published: September 2010

The emergence and visibility of the religious on the African and European migratory scenes are generating much debate; thus this article explores how scientific thought and analysis of the subject of “religion-migration” has gradually been built up in France. Over three decades, the developing academic debate about issues of migration, identity, then religion within migration, and migrants' religion has revealed many tensions, especially about the question of Islam and/or religious minorities within migration.Through selective review of these debates, I attempt to comprehend perceptions and research about the religion-migration scene since the 1980s. From an anthropologist's viewpoint, I also explore whether studies of African migration in France have opened the door to a new research field in terms of method and inquiry. Thus, as we observe, anthropologists studying African migrations have enabled us to reexamine the object of religion within migration and to remove it from an ethnicizing, identity-based approach.
Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions for Coupled Systems of Higher-Order Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equations
Authors: Ahmad Bashir , Alsaedi Ahmed 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe study an initial value problem for a coupled Caputo type nonlinear fractional differential system of higher order. As a first problem, the nonhomogeneous terms in the coupled fractional differential system depend on the fractional derivatives of lower orders only. Then the nonhomogeneous terms in the fractional differential system are allowed to depend on the unknown functions together with the fractional derivative of lower orders. Our method of analysis is based on the reduction of the given system to an equivalent system of integral equations. Applying the nonlinear alternative of Leray-Schauder, we prove the existence of solutions of the fractional differential system. The uniqueness of solutions of the fractional differential system is established by using the Banach contraction principle. An illustrative example is also presented.
Expression level and differential JAK2-V617F–binding of the adaptor protein Lnk regulates JAK2-mediated signals in myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Baran-Marszak Fanny , Magdoud Hajer , Desterke Christophe , Alvarado Anabell , Roger Claudine , Harel Stéphanie , Mazoyer Elizabeth , Cassinat Bruno , Chevret Sylvie , Tonetti Carole , Giraudier Stéphane , Fenaux Pierre , Cymbalista Florence , Varin-Blank Nadine , Le Bousse-Kerdilès Marie-Caroline , Kiladjian Jean-Jacques , Velazquez Laura 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Activating mutations in signaling molecules, such as JAK2-V617F, have been associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Mice lacking the inhibitory adaptor protein Lnk display deregulation of thrombopoietin/thrombopoietin receptor signaling pathways and exhibit similar myeloproliferative characteristics to those found in MPN patients, suggesting a role for Lnk in the molecular pathogenesis of these diseases. Here, we showed that LNK levels are up-regulated and correlate with an increase in the JAK2-V617F mutant allele burden in MPN patients. Using megakaryocytic cells, we demonstrated that Lnk expression is regulated by the TPO-signaling pathway, thus indicating an important negative control loop in these cells. Analysis of platelets derived from MPN patients and megakaryocytic cell lines showed that Lnk can interact with JAK2-WT and V617F through its SH2 domain, but also through an unrevealed JAK2-binding site within its N-terminal region. In addition, the presence of the V617F mutation causes a tighter association with Lnk. Finally, we found that the expression level of the Lnk protein can modulate JAK2-V617F–dependent cell proliferation and that its different domains contribute to the inhibition of multilineage and megakaryocytic progenitor cell growth in vitro. Together, our results indicate that changes in Lnk expression and JAK2-V617F–binding regulate JAK2-mediated signals in MPNs.
Critical roles for Rac GTPases in T-cell migration to and within lymph nodes
Authors: Faroudi Mustapha , Hons Miroslav , Zachacz Agnieszka , Dumont Celine , Lyck Ruth , Stein Jens V. , Tybulewicz Victor L. J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Naive T cells continuously recirculate between secondary lymphoid tissue via the blood and lymphatic systems, a process that maximizes the chances of an encounter between a T cell and its cognate antigen. This recirculation depends on signals from chemokine receptors, integrins, and the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor. The authors of previous studies in other cell types have shown that Rac GTPases transduce signals leading to cell migration and adhesion; however, their roles in T cells are unknown. By using both 3-dimensional intravital and in vitro approaches, we show that Rac1- and Rac2-deficient T cells have multiple defects in this recirculation process. Rac-deficient T cells home very inefficiently to lymph nodes and the white pulp of the spleen, show reduced interstitial migration within lymph node parenchyma, and are defective in egress from lymph nodes. These mutant T cells show defective chemokine-induced chemotaxis, chemokinesis, and adhesion to integrin ligands. They have reduced lateral motility on endothelial cells and transmigrate in-efficiently. These multiple defects stem from critical roles for Rac1 and Rac2 in transducing chemokine and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 signals leading to motility and adhesion.
High expression levels of B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) by dendritic cells correlate with HIV-related B-cell disease progression in humans
Authors: Fontaine Julie , Chagnon-Choquet Josiane , Valcke Han Sang , Poudrier Johanne , Roger Michel ,   the Montreal Primary HIV Infection and Long-Term Non-Progressor Study Groups
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn view of assessing the possible contribution of dendritic cells (DCs) to HIV-related B-cell disorders, we have longitudinally measured B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) surface expression by myeloid DCs (mDCs) and concentrations of B-cell growth factors in the blood of subjects undergoing primary HIV infection with different rates of disease progression. We report that BLyS surface expression by mature mDCs and precursors as well as blood levels of BLyS, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10 increased above normal levels in both rapid and normal HIV progressors as quickly as in the acute phase of infection and persisting throughout the course of disease despite successful therapy. Consequently, hyperglobulinemia and high blood levels of circulating activated mature B cells and precursor/activated marginal zone (MZ)–like B cells were found throughout follow-up for both rapid and normal progressors. In contrast, mDC cell-surface expression of BLyS as well as blood levels of BLyS, immunoglobulin, activated mature B cells, and precursor/activated MZ-like B cells in aviremic slow progressors were similar to those observed in healthy donors. Interestingly, the levels of mature MZ B cells were significantly reduced in slow progressors. Our results suggest that DCs might modulate the outcome of the HIV-related B-cell disease progression through the expression of BLyS.
Inferring nonneutral evolution from contrasting patterns of polymorphisms and divergences in different protein coding regions of enterovirus 71 circulating in Taiwan during 1998-2003
Authors: Wang Hurng-Yi , Tsao Kuo-Chien , Hsieh Chia-Hung , Huang Li-Min , Lin Tzou-Yien , Chen Guang-Wu , Shih Shin-Ru , Chang Luan-Yin 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
Enterovirus (EV) 71 is one of the common causative agents for hand, foot, and, mouth disease (HFMD). In recent years, the virus caused several outbreaks with high numbers of deaths and severe neurological complications. Despite the importance of these epidemics, several aspects of the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics, including viral nucleotide variations within and between different outbreaks, rates of change in immune-related structural regions vs. non-structural regions, and forces driving the evolution of EV71, are still not clear.

Results
We sequenced four genomic segments, i.e., the 5' untranslated region (UTR), VP1, 2A, and 3C, of 395 EV71 viral strains collected from 1998 to 2003 in Taiwan. The phylogenies derived from different genomic segments revealed different relationships, indicating frequent sequence recombinations as previously noted. In addition to simple recombinations, exchanges of the P1 domain between different species/genotypes of human enterovirus species (HEV)-A were repeatedly observed. Contrasting patterns of polymorphisms and divergences were found between structural (VP1) and non-structural segments (2A and 3C), i.e., the former was less polymorphic within an outbreak but more divergent between different HEV-A species than the latter two. Our computer simulation demonstrated a significant excess of amino acid replacements in the VP1 region implying its possible role in adaptive evolution. Between different epidemic seasons, we observed high viral diversity in the epidemic peaks followed by severe reductions in diversity. Viruses sampled in successive epidemic seasons were not sister to each other, indicating that the annual outbreaks of EV71 were due to genetically distinct lineages.

Conclusions
Based on observations of accelerated amino acid changes and frequent exchanges of the P1 domain, we propose that positive selection and subsequent frequent domain shuffling are two important mechanisms for generating new genotypes of HEV-A. Our viral dynamics analysis suggested that the importation of EV71 from surrounding areas likely contributes to local EV71 outbreaks.
Using single cell cultivation system for on-chip monitoring of the interdivision timer in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell cycle
Authors: Matsumura Kazunori , Yagi Toshiki , Hattori Akihiro , Soloviev Mikhail , Yasuda Kenji 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Regulation of cell cycle progression in changing environments is vital for cell survival and maintenance, and different regulation mechanisms based on cell size and cell cycle time have been proposed. To determine the mechanism of cell cycle regulation in the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we developed an on-chip single-cell cultivation system that allows for the strict control of the extracellular environment. We divided the Chlamydomonas cell cycle into interdivision and division phases on the basis of changes in cell size and found that, regardless of the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the extent of illumination, the length of the interdivision phase was inversely proportional to the rate of increase of cell volume. Their product remains constant indicating the existence of an 'interdivision timer'. The length of the division phase, in contrast, remained nearly constant. Cells cultivated under light-dark-light conditions did not divide unless they had grown to twice their initial volume during the first light period. This indicates the existence of a 'commitment sizer'. The ratio of the cell volume at the beginning of the division phase to the initial cell volume determined the number of daughter cells, indicating the existence of a 'mitotic sizer'.
2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole Dimers: Preparation, Structure, and Transannular Electronic Interactions of syn- and anti-[2.2](4,7)Benzothiadiazolophanes
Authors: Watanabe Motonori , Goto Kenta , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Tojo Sachiko , Majima Tetsuro , Shinmyozu Teruo 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The cyclophanes comprised of two 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) rings, anti- and syn-[2.2](4,7)benzothiadiazolophanes (anti-1 and syn-1), were prepared for the first time. The differences of the physical properties in the overlapping mode of the π-systems are clearly observed, and syn-1 shows much more significant transannular π-electronic interactions than anti-1 especially in the redox properties and the stability of the radical anion species.
Crystal Structure, Solubility, and Mutarotation of the Rare Monosaccharide d-Psicose
Authors: Fukada Kazuhiro , Ishii Tomohiko , Tanaka Katsushi , Yamaji Masatsugu , Yamaoka Yuya , Kobashi Ken-ichi , Izumori Ken 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
X-ray crystal analysis for d-psicose (C3-position epimer of d-fructose) crystallized from aqueous solution was successfully performed for the first time. It was confirmed that d-psicose crystallized solely as β-d-pyranose with 1C (1C4 (d)) conformation. The crystal system (orthorhombic), space group (#19, P212121), and number of molecules per unit cell (Z = 4) are the same as those for β-d-fructopyranose, α-l-sorbopyranose, and α-d-tagatopyranose. Solubility of d-psicose at 25 °C was 291 g per 100 g water. Mutarotation was further investigated recording the time course of specific rotation [α] at 589 nm after the dissolution of d-psicose in water. It is thought that [α] for β-d-psicopyranose in water may be ca. −85 deg dm−1 g−1 cm3. The time course of absorbance at 280 nm after the dissolution of d-psicose was also measured to see the development of open-chain carbonyl-form in the solution, and the first-order kinetic behavior with the rate constant k = 4.44 ms−1 was confirmed. Assuming the equilibrium content of carbonyl-form of d-psicose as 0.2%, the molar absorption coefficient, ε, for the carbonyl-form was estimated to be 160 cm−1 M−1.
Brands: The Opiate of the Nonreligious Masses?
Authors: Shachar Ron , Erdem Tülin , Cutright Keisha M. , Fitzsimons Gavan J. 
Published: September 2010

Are brands the “new religion”? Practitioners and scholars have been intrigued by the possibility, but strong theory and empirical evidence supporting the existence of a relationship between brands and religion is scarce. In what follows, we argue and demonstrate that religiosity is indeed related to “brand reliance,” i.e., the degree to which consumers prefer branded goods over unbranded goods or goods without a well-known national brand. We theorize that brands and religiosity may serve as substitutes for one another because both allow individuals to express their feelings of self-worth. We provide support for this substitution hypothesis with U.S. state-level data (field study) as well as individual-level data where religiosity is experimentally primed (study 1) or measured as a chronic individual difference (study 2). Importantly, studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that the relationship between religiosity and brand reliance only exists in product categories in which brands enable consumers to express themselves (e.g., clothes). Moreover, studies 3 and 4 demonstrate that the expression of self-worth is an important factor underlying the negative relationship.
Equilibrium Results for Dynamic Congestion Games
Authors: Meunier Frédéric , Wagner Nicolas 
Published: September 2010

Consider the following game. Given a network with a continuum of users at some origins, suppose users wish to reach specific destinations but they are not indifferent to the cost to reach them. They may have multiple possible routes but their choices modify the travel costs on the network. Hence, each user faces the following problem: Given a pattern of travel costs for the different possible routes that reach the destination, find a path of minimal cost. This kind of game belongs to the class of congestion games. In the traditional static approach, travel times are assumed constant during the period of the game. In this paper, we consider the so-called dynamic case where the time-varying nature of traffic conditions is explicitly taken into account. In transportation science, the question of whether there is an equilibrium and how to compute it for such a model is referred to as the dynamic user equilibrium problem. Until now, there was no general model for this problem. Our paper attempts to resolve this issue. We define a new class of games, dynamic congestion games, which capture this time-dependency aspect. Moreover, we prove that under some natural assumptions there is a Nash equilibrium. When we apply this result to the dynamic user equilibrium problem, we get most of the previous known results.
Abrechnung von Laborleistungen – Anforderungen an Laborinformationssysteme / Accounting for laboratory measurements – laboratory information system requirements
Authors: Wolters Bernd , Zander Guido , Blasius Peter 
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung
Die Abrechnung von Laborleistungen ist für das wirtschaftliche Überleben der Labore ganz wesentlich. Zunehmend komplexe organisatorische Strukturen müssen auch in der Abrechnung berücksichtigt werden. Laborinformationssysteme (LIS) sind in allen medizinischen Laboren vorhanden und müssen auch die Aufgaben der Abrechnung unterstützen. In dem vorliegenden Artikel beschreiben wir den aktuellen Stand der Abrechnung von Laborleistungen, Besonderheiten der Labormedizin und relevante Unterschiede zwischen der Abrechnung im Laborsystem selbst bzw. der Abrechnung in einem Drittsystem. Zwar scheint die Abrechnung im Patientenverwaltungssystem meist erst der einfachere Weg, so ist es aber doch so, dass auch hier viele Punkte zu beachten sind. Insbesondere die Laboreinrichtungen, die keine externen Einsendungen bekommen, können hier besonders leicht zum Ziel kommen. Je vielfältiger aber die Einsenderstruktur eines Laboratoriums ist, desto eher ist die Durchführung der Abrechnung im Laborsystem selbst zu empfehlen. Anhand einer Checkliste kann bei der Auswahl eines Systems geprüft werden, ob es den jeweiligen Anforderungen entspricht. Die Abrechnung von Laborleistungen mit den Kassenärztlichen Vereinigungen ist momentan besonders von Veränderungen betroffen. Es bleibt abzuwarten, welche Änderungen die Neugestaltung der Gebührenordnung für Ärzte bringen wird.
OD Formulations Structured with Self-Activating Organically Modified Clays
Authors: Halecky Alan , Lindner Gregory J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
An oil dispersion (OD) or oil flowable is a suspension of a solid active ingredient in an oil medium. ODs may be used to deliver water sensitive actives and are an efficient means of delivering oil adjuvancy. The use of self-activating organically modified clays overcomes stability problems that OD formulators encountered using conventional organically modified clays. The impact of surfactants and processing parameters on OD performance is described.
A Pilot Study on Thermal and Moisture Mapping of the Head-Helmet System Using Micro-Sensor Technology
Authors: Dullah A. R. , Guan Z. W. , Crompton R. H. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
To study the thermal comfort of any helmet, it is important to measure micro-climate parameters quantitatively within the helmet and link them to human perception. The micro-climate in helmet is usually assessed in terms of temperature and relative humidity (RH). Historically, due to limitations of test equipment, measurements have mainly addressed the temperature in a few locations and temperature/RH within thermal manikins. In this study, a new test rig was developed to measure multi-point temperature and RH inside a helmet while a human subject wearing it using micro-sensors. Altogether, 13 micro-sensors were embedded in a cricket helmet with the sensor facing towards the head. Two sensors were used to record ambient conditions. Real time display on a laptop was set to monitor the recording process. Using the rig developed, two types of cricket helmets were tested, each with three subjects for this study. Both thermal and moisture mapping were obtained, which may be the first time temperature and RH distributions within the air pocket between the helmet and the human subject have been reported. There are interesting relationships that existed between the temperature and RH distributions and the subjective perception. The test rig also has promise for thermal comfort studies of other products.
Ethnography or Ethnohistory? Reading the Popular Revolution of the People of Nicargua
Authors: Higgins Michael James 
Published: September 2010

Nicaragua's Other Revolution: Religious Faith and Political Struggle. Michael Dodson and Laura Nuzzi O'shaughnessy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. 279pp. $39.95 (cloth). ISBN 0‐8078‐4266‐4.Women and Revolution in Nicaragua. Helen Collinson (editor). London: Zed Press, 1990. 224pp. $49.95 (cloth), $15.00 (paper). ISBN 0‐86232‐934‐5, ISBN 0‐86232‐935‐3.State, Class and Ethnicity in Nicaragua: Capitalist Modernization and Revolutionary Change on the Atlantic Coast. Carlos M. Vilas. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1989. 223pp. $33.50 (cloth). ISBN 1‐55587‐163‐1.
Perspectives in Mexican American Studies, Volume 1: Readings in Southwestern Folklore; Old Villages and A New Town: Industrialization in Mexico; The Zinacantecos of Mexico: A Modern Maya Way of Life
Authors: Crumrine N. Ross 
Published: September 2010

Perspectives in Mexican American Studies, Volume 1: Readings in Southwestern Folklore. Juan R. García (editor) and José R. Reyna (issue editor). Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988. 154 pp. $15.00 (paper). ISBN (not available).Old Villages and. New Town: Industrialization in Mexico. Frank C. Miller. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1990. 177 pp. $9.50 (paper). ISBN 0‐88133‐487‐1.The Zinacantecos of Mexico:. Modern Maya Way of Life. Evon Z. Vogt. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1990, second edition. 157 pp. $13.50 (paper). ISBN 0‐03‐033344‐X.