bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phonon‐assisted decoherence and tunneling in quantum dot molecules
Authors: Grodecka‐Grad Anna , Förstner Jens 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe study the influence of the phonon environment on the electron dynamics in a doped quantum dot molecule. A non‐perturbative quantum kinetic theory based on correlation expansion is used in order to describe both diagonal and off‐diagonal electron‐phonon couplings representing real and virtual processes with relevant acoustic phonons.We show that the relaxation is dominated by phonon‐assisted electron tunneling between constituent quantum dots and occurs on a picosecond time scale. The dependence of the time evolution of the quantum dot occupation probabilities on the energy mismatch between the quantum dots is studied in detail. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phonon sidebands in the semiconductor microcavity luminescence
Authors: Böttge Christoph N. , Feldtmann Thomas , Kira Mackillo , Koch Stephan W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA microscopic theory is developed to study the optical properties of semiconductor systems with strong phonon coupling inside a cavity. The semiconductor luminescence equations are expanded to include the phonon‐assisted contributions.Numerical investigations predict a considerably enhanced luminescence when the cavity resonance is shifted to coincide with the phonon sideband resonance. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project
Authors: Compo G. P. , Whitaker J. S. , Sardeshmukh P. D. , Matsui N. , Allan R. J. , Yin X. , Gleason B. E. , Vose R. S. , Rutledge G. , Bessemoulin P. , Brönnimann S. , Brunet M. , Crouthamel R. I. , Grant A. N. , Groisman P. Y. , Jones P. D. , Kruk M. C. , Kruger A. C. , Marshall G. J. , Maugeri M. , Mok H. Y. , Nordli Ø. , Ross T. F. , Trigo R. M. , Wang X. L. , Woodruff S. D. , Worley S. J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) project is an international effort to produce a comprehensive global atmospheric circulation dataset spanning the twentieth century, assimilating only surface pressure reports and using observed monthly sea‐surface temperature and sea‐ice distributions as boundary conditions. It is chiefly motivated by a need to provide an observational dataset with quantified uncertainties for validations of climate model simulations of the twentieth century on all time‐scales, with emphasis on the statistics of daily weather. It uses an Ensemble Kalman Filter data assimilation method with background ‘first guess’ fields supplied by an ensemble of forecasts from a global numerical weather prediction model. This directly yields a global analysis every 6 hours as the most likely state of the atmosphere, and also an uncertainty estimate of that analysis.The 20CR dataset provides the first estimates of global tropospheric variability, and of the dataset's time‐varying quality, from 1871 to the present at 6‐hourly temporal and 2° spatial resolutions. Intercomparisons with independent radiosonde data indicate that the reanalyses are generally of high quality. The quality in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere throughout the century is similar to that of current three‐day operational NWP forecasts. Intercomparisons over the second half‐century of these surface‐based reanalyses with other reanalyses that also make use of upper‐air and satellite data are equally encouraging.It is anticipated that the 20CR dataset will be a valuable resource to the climate research community for both model validations and diagnostic studies. Some surprising results are already evident. For instance, the long‐term trends of indices representing the North Atlantic Oscillation, the tropical Pacific Walker Circulation, and the Pacific–North American pattern are weak or non‐existent over the full period of record. The long‐term trends of zonally averaged precipitation minus evaporation also differ in character from those in climate model simulations of the twentieth century. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright.
An approach to optimization of fault tolerant architectures using HiP‐HOPS
Authors: Adachi Masakazu , Papadopoulos Yiannis , Sharvia Septavera , Parker David , Tohdo Tetsuya 
Published: January 2011

AbstractNew processes for the design of dependable systems must address both cost and dependability concerns. They should also maximize the potential for automation to address the problem of increasing technological complexity and the potentially immense design spaces that need to be explored. In this paper we show a design process that integrates system modelling, automated dependability analysis and evolutionary optimization techniques to achieve the optimization of designs with respect to dependability and cost from the early stages. Computerized support is provided for difficult aspects of fault tolerant design, such as decision making on the type and location of fault detection and fault tolerant strategies. The process is supported by HiP‐HOPS, a scalable automated dependability analysis and optimization tool. The process was applied to a Pre‐collision system for vehicles at an early stage of its design. The study shows that HiP‐HOPS can overcome the limitations of earlier work based on Reliability Block Diagrams by enabling dependability analysis and optimization of architectures that may have a network topology and exhibit multiple failure modes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strain Hardening Behavior of High Performance FBDP, TRIP and TWIP Steels
Authors: Cai Ming‐hui , Ding Hua , Tang Zheng‐you , Lee Hua‐ying , Lee Young‐kook 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBased on n‐value differential equation and microstructural observation, strain hardening behaviors of FBDP, TRIP, and TWIP steels during uniaxial tension were investigated. TRIP steel exhibits both superior strength and ductility than FBDP steel, and TWIP steel displays much higher total and uniform elongations in comparison to FBDP and TRIP steels. The instantaneous n values of FBDP and TRIP steels increase at small strains, reach a maximum value, smoothly decrease at higher strains, and then rapidly drop up to the specimen rupture. The strain hardening of TRIP steel persists at higher strains where that of FBDP steel begins to diminish. TWIP steel exhibits gradually increased instantaneous n values over the whole uniform plastic deformation, implying that TWIP steel shows a much larger strain hardening capability than FBDP and TRIP steels.
The effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke on the monoamine transporters
Authors: Danielson Kirsty , Truman Penelope , Kivell Bronwyn M 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable illness worldwide; however, smoking addiction remains poorly understood and cessation therapies based on nicotine replacement have limited success. The monoamine transporters are the primary mechanism for regulating the levels of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine in the synapse, and have been implicated in addiction and associated behaviors. Furthermore, the non‐nicotinic smoking cessation therapy bupropion acts at least in part by blocking the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. Despite this, little work has been conducted into the effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke on the monoamine transporters. This review will outline research that has been conducted to date on cigarette smoke, nicotine and the monoamine transporters. This will include monoamine transporter regulation by nicotine and cigarette smoke, genetic associations of the transporters with smoking behavior, and the potential for monoamine transporters to be targets in the development of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. Synapse , 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Über Alkalimetallmanganchalkogenide A2MnX2 mit A K, Rb oder Cs und X S, Se oder Te
Authors: Bronger W. , Balk‐Hardtdegen H. , Schmitz D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInhaltsübersicht. Die Verbindungen K2MnS2, Rb2MnS2, Cs2MnS2, K2MnSe2, Rb2MnSe2, Cs2MnSe2, K2MnTe2, Rb2MnTe2 und Cs2MnTe2 wurden durch Umsetzungen von Alkalimetall‐carbonaten mit Mangan bzw. Mangantellurid in einem mit Chalkogen beladenen Wasserstoffstrom erhalten.Kristallstrukturuntersuchungen an Einkristallen ergaben, daß alle neun Verbindungen isotyp kristallisieren (K2ZnO2‐Typ, Raumgruppe Ibam).Untersuchungen zum magnetischen Verhalten zeigen antiferromagnetische Kopplungen der Manganionen in den [MnX4/22–]‐Ketten,On Alkali Metal Manganese Chalcogenides A2MnX2 with A K, Rb, or Cs and X S, Se, or TeThe compounds K2MnS2, Rb2MnS2, Cs2MnS2, K2MnSe2, Rb2MnSe2, Cs2MnSe2, K2MnTe2, Rb2MnTe2, and Cs2MnTe2 were synthesized by the reaction of alkali metal carbonates with Mn or MnTe in a stream of hydrogen charged with chalcogen.Structural investigations on single crystals show that all nine compounds crystallize in isotypic atomic arrangements (K2ZnO2 type, space group Ibam).The magnetic behaviour indicates antiferromagnetic interactions of the manganese ions within the [MnX1/22–] chains.
Influence of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring on Surgeons’ Technique During Thyroidectomy
Authors: Duclos Antoine , Lifante Jean‐Christophe , Ducarroz Simon , Soardo Pietro , Colin Cyrille , Peix Jean‐Louis 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundWhen assessing the value of intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) during routine thyroidectomy, it is necessary to consider its influence on the surgeon’s dissection technique. We investigated the effect of IONM on individual surgeon performance by determining the learning curve associated with this tool.MethodsA one‐year prospective study was conducted between May 2008 and April 2009 within a team of three experienced endocrine surgeons. The measure of surgical performance was based on the detection of immediate postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy by laryngoscopy. Individual learning curves associated with IONM acquisition were drawn with the cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart. Each surgeon was questioned about possible changes he had experienced in his own surgical technique after the introduction of IONM.ResultsA total of 475 consecutive patients who underwent thyroid surgery with IONM were included. The pattern of learning curves varied among surgeons and ranged from 35 to 304 procedures required for complete IONM acquisition. The surgeon with the longest learning curve also described a drastic modification of his technique related to nerve dissection.ConclusionsIntraoperative nerve monitoring can induce changes in surgical practice. The different learning curve patterns among surgeons may reflect the variable degree to which surgeons will modify their own dissection technique. Such an effect on learning must be considered when assessing the impact of using IONM on patient safety.
Validation of a Self‐Concept Scale for Lynch Syndrome in Different Nationalities
Authors: Petersen Helle Vendel , Domanska Katarina , Bendahl Pär‐Ola , Wong Jiahui , Carlsson Christina , Bernstein Inge , Esplen Mary Jane , Nilbert Mef 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLearning about hereditary cancer may influence an individual's self‐concept, which otherwise represents a complex but stable cognitive structure. Recently, a 20‐statement self‐concept scale, with subscales related to stigma‐vulnerability and bowel symptom‐related anxiety, was developed for Lynch syndrome. We compared the performance of this scale in 591 mutation carriers from Denmark, Sweden and Canada. Principal component analysis identified two sets of linked statements—the first related to feeling different, isolated and labeled, and the second to concern and worry about bowel changes. The scale performed consistently in the three countries. Minor differences were identified, with guilt about passing on a defective gene and feelings of losing one's privacy being more pronounced among Canadians, whereas Danes more often expressed worries about cancer. Validation of the Lynch syndrome self‐concept scale supports its basic structure, identifies dependence between the statements in the subscales and demonstrates its applicability in different Western populations.
The transposon-driven evolutionary origin and basis of histone deacetylase functions and limitations in disease prevention
Authors: Peek Gregory W. , Tollefsbol Trygve O. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHistone deacetylases (HDACs) are homologous to prokaryotic enzymes that removed acetyl groups from non-histone proteins before the evolution of eukaryotic histones. Enzymes inherited from prokaryotes or from a common ancestor were adapted for histone deacetylation, while useful deacetylation of non-histone proteins was selectively retained. Histone deacetylation served to prevent transcriptions with pathological consequences, including the expression of viral DNA and the deletion or dysregulation of vital genes by random transposon insertions. Viruses are believed to have evolved from transposons, with transposons providing the earliest impetus of HDAC evolution. Because of the wide range of genes potentially affected by transposon insertions, the range of diseases that can be prevented by HDACs is vast and inclusive. Repressive chromatin modifications that may prevent transcription also include methylation of selective lysine residues of histones H3 and H4 and the methylation of selective DNA cytosines following specific histone lysine methylation. Methylation and acetylation of individual histone residues are mutually exclusive. While transposons were sources of disease to be prevented by HDAC evolution, they were also the source of numerous and valuable coding and regulatory sequences recruited by “molecular domestication.” Those sequences contribute to evolved complex transcription regulation in which components with contradictory effects, such as HDACs and HATs, may be coordinated and complementary. Within complex transcription regulation, however, HDACs remain ineffective as defense against some critical infectious and non-infectious diseases because evolutionary compromises have rendered their activity transient.
Radiology teaching for junior doctors: their expectations, preferences and suggestions for improvement
Authors: Nyhsen Christiane M. , Lawson Cathy , Higginson Jim 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate radiology teaching offered to junior doctors on general medical/surgical rotations, their preferences regarding teaching methods and self-directed learning tools, and their suggestions for improvement.

Methods
An online questionnaire involving all foundation programme doctors at Sunderland Royal Hospital was carried out. Quantitative analysis of preferences and free text feedback were used.

Results
There was a response rate of 88/90 doctors (98%). The radiology teaching received was mostly informal. Most junior doctors felt that their medical school radiology teaching had been inadequate. The preferred teaching techniques were interactive case-based and system-based discussions. Textbooks and journal articles were not as popular as self-directed learning tools. Online learning material was used quite frequently, with general web content being more popular. Eighty-seven percent cited their motivation for studying radiology as “to become a better doctor”. More guidance from radiologists was desired, particularly regarding the choice of examinations and discussion of cases. Twenty-two percent of doctors were considering radiology as a career.

Conclusions
Interactive elements in radiology teaching are important. Online electronic teaching modules can be integrated into the teaching curriculum, but they must be of high quality to be acceptable and face-to-face interaction is still important. Junior doctors would like more guidance from radiologists.
Reparative properties of the traditional Chinese medicine Cordyceps sinensis (Chinese caterpillar mushroom) using HT29 cell culture and rat gastric damage models of injury
Authors: Marchbank Tania , Ojobo Ehighale , Playford Christopher J. , Playford Raymond J. 
Published: January 2011

Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is a traditional Chinese medicine and health food used to support many organ systems. It is commercially produced by cultivation in a liquid medium or on a solid (grain/potato) phase. We tested the effects of hot water extracts of liquid-phase and solid-phase commercially grown CS on its ability to influence proliferation (using Alamar blue, an oxidation/reduction indicator), migration (serial-wounded monolayer photomicroscopy), invasion through collagen gel (fluorometric assay) and indomethacin-induced apoptosis (active caspase-3 colorimetric assay) of human colon cancer HT29 cells. An in vivo study used a rat gastric damage model (indomethacin 20 mg/kg and 4 h restraint with oral administration). The CS extract stimulated cell proliferation threefold when added at 10 μg/ml (P < 0·01). Cell migration increased by 69 % and invasion by 17 % when CS was added at 5 mg/ml (P < 0·01). The results also showed that 93 % of the pro-proliferative activity was soluble in ethanol, whereas pro-migratory activity was divided (61:49) into both ethanol-soluble and ethanol-insoluble sub-fractions. Indomethacin-induced apoptosis was not affected by the presence of CS. CS reduced the amount of gastric injury by 63 % when administered orally at 20 mg/ml (P < 0·01), the results being similar to using the potent cytoprotective agent epidermal growth factor at 25 μg/ml (83 % reduction). We conclude that both methods of cultivated CS possess biological activity when analysed using a variety of gut models of injury and repair. Functional foods, such as CS, could provide a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of injury to the bowel.
A whole-grain cereal-rich diet increases plasma betaine, and tends to decrease total and LDL-cholesterol compared with a refined-grain diet in healthy subjects
Authors: Ross Alastair B. , Bruce Stephen J. , Blondel-Lubrano Anny , Oguey-Araymon Sylviane , Beaumont Maurice , Bourgeois Alexandre , Nielsen-Moennoz Corine , Vigo Mario , Fay Laurent-Bernard , Kochhar Sunil , Bibiloni Rodrigo , Pittet Anne-Cécile , Emady-Azar Shahram , Grathwohl Dominik , Rezzi Serge 
Published: January 2011

Epidemiological studies have repeatedly found that whole-grain (WG) cereal foods reduce the risk of several lifestyle-related diseases, though consistent clinical outcomes and mechanisms are elusive. To compare the effects of a WG-rich diet with a matched refined-grain (RG) diet on plasma biomarkers and bowel health parameters, seventeen healthy subjects (eleven females and six males) completed an exploratory cross-over study with a 2-week intervention diet based on either WG- or RG-based foods, separated by a washout of at least 5 weeks. Both diets were the same except for the use of WG (150 g/d) or RG foods. Subjects undertook a 4 h postprandial challenge on day 8 of each intervention diet. After 2 weeks, the WG diet tended to decrease plasma total and LDL-cholesterol (bothP = 0·09), but did not change plasma HDL-cholesterol, fasting glucose, C-reactive protein or homocysteine compared with the RG diet. Plasma betaine and alkylresorcinol concentrations were elevated after 1 week of the WG diet (P = 0·01 andP < 0·0001, respectively).Clostridium leptumpopulations in faeces were increased after the WG diet, along with a trend for decreased faecal water pH (P = 0·096) and increased stool frequency (P < 0·0001) compared with the RG diet. A short controlled intervention trial with a variety of commercially available WG-based products tended to improve biomarkers of CVD compared with a RG diet. Changes in faecal microbiota related to increased fibre fermentation and increased plasma betaine concentrations point to both fibre and phytochemical components of WG being important in mediating any potential health effects.
Real-time estimation of daily physical activity intensity by a triaxial accelerometer and a gravity-removal classification algorithm
Authors: Ohkawara Kazunori , Oshima Yoshitake , Hikihara Yuki , Ishikawa-Takata Kazuko , Tabata Izumi , Tanaka Shigeho 
Published: January 2011

We have recently developed a simple algorithm for the classification of household and locomotive activities using the ratio of unfiltered to filtered synthetic acceleration (gravity-removal physical activity classification algorithm, GRPACA) measured by a triaxial accelerometer. The purpose of the present study was to develop a new model for the immediate estimation of daily physical activity intensities using a triaxial accelerometer. A total of sixty-six subjects were randomly assigned into validation (n 44) and cross-validation (n 22) groups. All subjects performed fourteen activities while wearing a triaxial accelerometer in a controlled laboratory setting. During each activity, energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry, and physical activity intensities were expressed as metabolic equivalents (MET). The validation group displayed strong relationships between measured MET and filtered synthetic accelerations for household (r 0·907, P < 0·001) and locomotive (r 0·961, P < 0·001) activities. In the cross-validation group, two GRPACA-based linear regression models provided highly accurate MET estimation for household and locomotive activities. Results were similar when equations were developed by non-linear regression or sex-specific linear or non-linear regressions. Sedentary activities were also accurately estimated by the specific linear regression classified from other activity counts. Therefore, the use of a triaxial accelerometer in combination with a GRPACA permits more accurate and immediate estimation of daily physical activity intensities, compared with previously reported cut-off classification models. This method may be useful for field investigations as well as for self-monitoring by general users.
Characteristics of energy under-reporting in children and adolescents
Authors: Lioret Sandrine , Touvier Mathilde , Balin Morgan , Huybrechts Inge , Dubuisson Carine , Dufour Ariane , Bertin Mélanie , Maire Bernard , Lafay Lionel 
Published: January 2011

Under-reporting (UR) of food intake is an issue of concern, as it may distort the relationships studied between diet and health. This topic has been scarcely addressed in children. The objective of the study was to assess the extent of UR in French children and investigate associated covariates. A total of 1455 children aged 3–17 years were taken from the nationally representative cross-sectional French étude Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires (INCA2) dietary survey (2006–7). Food intake was reported in a 7 d diet record. Socio-economic status, sedentary behaviour, weight perception variables and food habits were collected by questionnaires. Weight and height were measured. Under-reporters were identified according to the Goldberg criterion adapted to children. Multivariate logistic regressions investigated the associations between UR and covariates. Rates of under-reporters were 4·9 and 26·0 % in children aged 3–10 and 11–17 years, respectively (P < 0·0001), without significant differences between boys and girls. Overall, UR was positively associated with a lower socio-economic status, overweight, skipping breakfast and dinner, a higher contribution of proteins to energy intake (EI), and a lower contribution of simple carbohydrates to EI. Under-reporters aged 3–10 years also had a higher sedentary behaviour and a lower snack-eating frequency. In adolescents, UR was also associated with a less-frequent school canteen attendance, a perception of being overweight, a wish to weigh less, and current and past restrictive diets. In conclusion, under-reporters differ from plausible reporters in several characteristics related to diet, lifestyle, weight status and socio-economic status. Therefore, it is important to consider this differential UR bias when investigating diet–disease associations in children.