bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Sinus Elevation Evaluating Plasma Rich in Growth Factors Technology: A Report of Five Cases
Authors: Anitua Eduardo , Prado Roberto , Orive Gorka 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) technology and its autologous formulations in five consecutive patients in which bilateral sinus lift augmentation was carried out.Material and Methods: Five consecutive patients received bilateral sinus floor augmentation. All patients presented a residual bone height of class D (1–3 mm). The effects of PRGF combined with bovine anorganic bone (one side) were compared with the biomaterial alone (contralateral side). The effects of using liquid PRGF to maintain the bone window and autologous fibrin membrane to seal the defect were evaluated. A complete histological and histomorphometrical analysis was performed 5 months after surgery.Results: One patient was excluded from the study as the Schneiderian membrane of the control side was perforated during the surgery. In two patients, the biopsies obtained from the control sides 5 months postsurgery were not acceptable for processing. PRGF technology facilitated the surgical approach of sinus floor elevation. The control area was more inflamed than the area treated with PRGF technology. Patients referred also to an increased sensation of pain in the control area. PRGF‐treated samples had more new vital bone than controls. In patient number 1, image processing revealed 21.4% new vital bone in the PRGF area versus 8.4% in the control area, whereas in patient number 2, 28.4% new vital bone was quantified in the PRGF area compared with the 8.2% of the control side. The immunohistochemical processing of the biopsies revealed that the number of blood vessels per square millimeter of connective tissue was 116 vessels in the PRGF sample versus 7 in the control biopsy.Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that from a practical point of view, PRGF may present a role in reducing tissue inflammation after surgery, increasing new bone formation and promoting the vascularization of bone tissue.
‘Breast is not always best’: South Asian women's experiences of infant feeding in the UK within an acculturation framework
Authors: Choudhry Kubra , Wallace Louise M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcculturating to a host country has a negative impact on immigrant women's breastfeeding practices, particularly when coming from countries where breastfeeding rates are higher than Western countries. Whether this is true of those immigrating to the UK remains to be investigated. The study aimed to explore whether acculturating to the UK had detrimental effects on breastfeeding practices of South Asian women, and to provide explanations as to how acculturation may have exerted its influence.Twenty South Asian women completed semi‐structured interviews exploring infant feeding experiences. Data were thematically analysed. A bidimensional measure assessed women's acculturation status.Women displaying low acculturation levels were aware of living in a formula‐feeding culture but this had little influence on breastfeeding intentions/behaviours; drawing upon South Asian cultural teachings of the psychological benefits of breast milk. These women opted to formula‐feed in response to their child's perceived demands or in a bid to resolve conflict; either when receiving information about the best feeding method or between their roles as a mother and daughter‐in‐law. Highly acculturated women also experienced such conflict; their awareness of the formula‐feeding culture governed feeding choice.The findings provide a picture of how acculturation may affect South Asian women's breastfeeding intentions and behaviours; encouraging health service providers to meet the varying needs of an acculturating population. If breastfeeding is to be encouraged, it is necessary to understand factors influencing feeding choice; with particular attention to the acculturation pathways that may govern such decisions. This paper highlights ways to tailor information for South Asian women depending on levels of acculturation.
Confirmation: A Sacrament in Search of a Theology?
Authors: Van Slyke Daniel G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn response to accusations leveled against the integrity of confirmation as a distinct sacrament, the author searches magisterial documents for a theology of confirmation. Two main theological explanations of the sacrament are explored: the ecclesial significance of the bishop's office as the original minister of confirmation; and the grace of the sacrament – that is, the gifts and Gift of the Holy Spirit. This grace is characterized as both defensive and offensive, from the perspective of defending the faith of the individual and the Church, and sharing in Christ's mission to evangelize the world. In a final section, the author addresses several popular but mistaken or one-sided approaches to explaining confirmation that have had negative pastoral consequences in recent decades.
A Theology of Death: the Slave Trade, the Holocaust and Abortion – the Delusions of Religious Atheism
Authors: Brazier P.H. 
Published: July 2010

How long, O people, will you turn my glory into shame?How long will you love delusions and seek false gods?PSALM 4:2AbstractA central thesis to the writings of the so-called New Atheists is that the advocates of all religions will eventually oppress and even kill their opponents; however, they fail to apply this proposition to themselves, to their own anti-theistic religiosity. The aim of this paper is to explore how an Enlightenment theology of death is rooted in religious atheism, a belief system that beguiles and deludes a particular group of people into defining another group of people as non- or sub-human, and open to exploitation and destruction. This has led, post-Reformation, to three Enlightenment mega-holocausts through the slave trade, through the holocaust of the Jews, and now through abortion. The roots of this are in the judgemental religious terrorism evidenced on both sides in the Reformation. This paper concludes that religion may be bad, atheism worse, but religious atheism is to be seen as the worst of all options: we must trust in the blood of the lamb, the one true living God incarnated in the Christ (who was fully human and at one with humanity from the moment of his conception) not in the blood of Enlightenment sacrifices numbering tens of millions.
Can e‐learning improve medical students' knowledge and competence in paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation? A prospective before and after study
Authors: O'Leary Fenton M , Janson Philip 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjective:  To determine whether the use of an e‐learning package was able to improve the knowledge and competence of medical students, in a simulated paediatric resuscitation.Methods:  A prospective before and after study was performed with medical students at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia. Participants undertook a simulated paediatric resuscitation before and after completing the e‐learning. Primary outcome measures were the ability to perform successful basic life support and advanced life support according to published guidelines. Secondary outcome measures were the individual steps in performing the overall resuscitation, the change in pre‐ and post‐e‐learning multiple choice question scores and subjective feedback from participants.Results:  A total of 28 students were enrolled in the study, with 26 being retested. There was an improvement of 57.7% from 30.8% to 88.5% (P < 0.001, 95% CI 34.9–80.5%) in basic life support competence and an improvement from 0% to 80.0% (P < 0.001, 95% CI 61.8–99.8%) in advanced life support competence. Significant improvements were seen in all secondary outcomes particularly time to rhythm recognition and time to first defibrillation (P < 0.001). Multiple choice question test scores showed a significant improvement of 27.8% or 6.4 marks (95% CI 5.3–7.5, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  E‐learning does improve both the knowledge and competence of medical students in paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation at least in the simulation environment.
Return of Nocturnal Erections and Erectile Function after Bilateral Nerve-sparing Radical Prostatectomy in Men Treated Nightly with Sildenafil Citrate: Subanalysis of a Longitudinal Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial
Authors: McCullough Andrew R. , Levine Laurence A. , Padma-Nathan Harin 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
After bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy (BNSRRP), nocturnal and sexually mediated erections may help to preserve normal erectile function (EF).

Aim
To investigate nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity (NPTR) in a subset (N=54 men) from a randomized, double-blind trial (N=76) of nightly sildenafil after BNSRRP.

Methods
Inclusion required preoperative “normal” EF (defined as a combined score of ≥8 for International Index of Erectile Function questions 3 (penetration) and 4 (maintained erection after penetration) and NPTR testing (≥10 continuous minutes of ≥55% rigidity [R ≥ 55%] at the base). Postoperative assessments were at weeks 4 (pretreatment), 16, 28, 40 (during 36 weeks of nightly prophylaxis: sildenafil 50 mg [N=17], 100 mg [N=18] or placebo [N=19]), and 48 (after 8 weeks of no erectile dysfunction therapy, when “responders” were delineated by the defined normal EF and a “yes” response to “Over the past 4 weeks, have your erections been good enough for satisfactory sexual activity?”). Base and tip rigidity and tumescence were measured using penile plethysmography.

Main Outcome Measures
Duration of R ≥ 55% and area under the curves for rigidity and tumescence.

Results
Postoperatively, rapid profound reduction in nocturnal EF was noted in all groups. There was a gradual dose-dependent improvement in base and tip rigidity in the sildenafil groups but little improvement in the placebo group. Eight weeks after treatment termination (48 weeks postoperatively), 24% (4/17) of 50-mg sildenafil recipients, 33% (6/18) of 100-mg sildenafil recipients, and 5% (1/19) of placebo recipients were responders. Tip R ≥ 55% was the most discriminating NPTR measure between nonresponders and responders to sildenafil, in whom it regained baseline (preoperative) levels (whereas base R ≥ 55% did not). It was most prolonged in responders to sildenafil 100 mg.

Conclusions
In our subset analysis, nightly sildenafil for 9 months post-BNSRRP objectively improved nocturnal erections and pharmaceutically unassisted EF.
Coitus as Revealed by Ultrasound in One Volunteer Couple
Authors: Buisson Odile , Foldes Pierre , Jannini Emmanuele , Mimoun Sylvain 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The anatomy and function of the G-spot remain highly controversial. Ultrasound studies of the clitoral complex during intercourse have been conducted to gain insight into the role of the clitoris and its relation to vagina and urethra during arousal and penetration.

Aim
Our task was to visualize the anterior vaginal wall and its relationship to the clitoris during intercourse.

Methods
The ultrasound was performed during coitus of a volunteer couple with the Voluson® General Electric® Sonography system (Zipf, Austria) and a 12-MHz flat probe. The woman was in a gynecologic position, and her companion penetrated her with his erected penis from a standing position. We performed a coronal section on the top of the vulva during the penetration.

Main Outcome Measure
We focused on the size of the clitoral bodies before and after coitus.

Results
The coronal section demonstrated that the penis inflated the vagina and stretched the root of the clitoris that has consequently a very close relationship with the anterior vaginal wall. This could explain the pleasurable sensitivity of this anterior vaginal area called the G-spot.

Conclusions
The clitoris and vagina must be seen as an anatomical and functional unit being activated by vaginal penetration during intercourse.
C4 Rice – an Ideal Arena for Systems Biology Research
Authors: Zhu Xin‐Guang , Shan Lanlan , Wang Yu , Quick William Paul 
Published: July 2010

Abstract Engineering the C4 photosynthetic pathway into C3 crops has the potential to dramatically increase the yields of major C3 crops. The genetic control of features involved in C4 photosynthesis are still far from being understood; which partially explains why we have gained little success in C4 engineering thus far. Next generation sequencing techniques and other high throughput technologies are offering an unprecedented opportunity to elucidate the developmental and evolutionary processes of C4 photosynthesis. Two contrasting hypotheses about the evolution of C4 photosynthesis exist, i.e. the master switch hypothesis and the incremental gain hypothesis. These two hypotheses demand two different research strategies to proceed in parallel to maximize the success of C4 engineering. In either case, systems biology research will play pivotal roles in identifying key regulatory elements controlling development of C4 features, identifying essential biochemical and anatomical features required to achieve high photosynthetic efficiency, elucidating genetic mechanisms underlining C4 differentiation and ultimately identifying viable routes to engineer C4 rice. As a highly interdisciplinary project, the C4 rice project will have far‐reaching impacts on both basic and applied research related to agriculture in the 21st century.
Manufacturing Firms’ Demand for Water Recirculation
Authors: Bruneau Joel , Renzetti Steven , Villeneuve Michel 
Published: July 2010

Relatively little is known about the factors that influence firms’ water recirculation decisions. This paper estimates an econometric model that jointly considers two facets of firms’ recirculation behavior: first, the discrete decision of whether to recirculate and, second, the decision of how much to recirculate. The model is estimated by applying the Heckman two‐stage estimation procedure to cross‐sectional data from Environment Canada's 1996 Industrial Water Use Survey. In the first stage, long‐run factors, such as relative water scarcity and production technologies, are found to influence the decision whether to recirculate water. In the second stage, the imputed prices of intake water and water recirculation as well as the scale of operations are found to influence the choice of the optimal quantity of water to recirculate. Les facteurs qui influencent les décisions des entreprises concernant le recyclage de l’eau sont assez peu connus. Dans le présent article, nous avons estimé un modèle économétrique qui tient compte de deux aspects du comportement des entreprises envers le recyclage de l’eau : le choix de recycler l’eau ou non et le choix de la quantité d’eau à recycler. Nous avons estimé le modèle à l’aide de la procédure en deux étapes de Heckman que nous avons appliquée à des données transversales tirées de l’Enquête sur l’utilisation industrielle de l’eau, réalisée par Environnement Canada en 1996. À la première étape, des facteurs à long terme tels que la rareté relative de l’eau et les technologies de production influent sur la décision de recycler l’eau ou non. À la deuxième étape, les prix imputés du captage et du recyclage de l’eau ainsi que l’envergure des opérations influent sur le choix de la quantité optimale d’eau à recycler.
Cost‐Sharing Incentive Programs for Source Water Protection: The Grand River's Rural Water Quality Program
Authors: Dupont Diane P. 
Published: July 2010

Over the last few years, Canadian provinces have come to see watershed‐based source protection as a means of improving water quality that has been subject to upstream agricultural contamination. Cost‐sharing incentive programs—whereby farmers are reimbursed for some portion of out‐of‐pocket expenses when they voluntarily adopt Best Management Practices—have been identified as possible means of achieving the goal. This paper uses data from the first seven years of operation of Ontario's Rural Water Quality Program for the Grand River to examine the role of financial incentives in encouraging participation. Program data supplemented with Statistics Canada's Census of Agriculture data are used to estimate a Heckman two‐stage model of participation rates. Program‐specific cost‐sharing incentive factors, along with farm income and computer usage, are important determinants in the first‐stage discrete participation decision. The most significant factor in the second‐stage degree of participation decision is the maximum dollar value of grant that can be obtained by the farm; however, participation response elasticities are inelastic, ranging between 0.02 and 0.25. Au cours des dernières années, les provinces canadiennes en sont venues à considérer la protection des sources d’eau à l’échelle des bassins versants comme un moyen d’améliorer la qualité de l’eau susceptible d’être contaminée par les activités agricoles en amont. Les programmes d’incitatifs à frais partagés – dans le cadre desquels une partie des dépenses que les producteurs engagent leur sont remboursées lorsqu’ils adoptent volontairement de meilleures pratiques de gestion – sont perçus comme des moyens qui pourraient permettre d’atteindre l’objectif. Dans le présent article, nous avons utilisé les données des sept premières années d’application du Rural Water Quality Program, mis en place par l’Ontario pour la protection de la rivière Grand, afin d’examiner le rôle des incitatifs financiers dans l’encouragement à la participation. Nous avons utilisé les données de ce programme ainsi que des données tirées du Recensement de l’agriculture de Statistique Canada pour analyser les taux de participation à l’aide du modèle en deux étapes de Heckman. À la première étape, les incitatifs à frais partagés spécifiques à un programme, de même que le revenu agricole et l’utilisation d’un ordinateur, sont des facteurs importants dans le choix de participer ou non. À la deuxième étape, la valeur maximale de la subvention que peut obtenir une exploitation agricole représente le facteur le plus important. Toutefois, l’élasticité des réponses de participation est inélastique, et varie de 0,02 à 0,25.
Serious tax fraud and noncompliance
Authors: Levi Michael 
Published: July 2010

Research SummaryThis article reviews what international evidence exists on the impact of civil and criminal sanctions upon serious tax noncompliance by individuals. This construct lacks sharp definitional boundaries but includes large tax fraud and large‐scale evasion that are not dealt with as fraud. Although substantial research and theory have been developed on general tax evasion and compliance, their conclusions might not apply to large‐scale intentional fraudsters. No scientifically defensible studies directly compared civil and criminal sanctions for tax fraud, although one U.S. study reported that significantly enhanced criminal sanctions have more effects than enhanced audit levels. Prosecution is public, whereas administrative penalties are confidential, and this fact encourages those caught to pay heavy penalties to avoid publicity, a criminal record, and imprisonment.Policy ImplicationsAlthough it has yet to be proven that prosecution has a greater or lesser impact on these offenders, increased prosecution might be justified for purposes of moral retribution as well as perceived social fairness.
Transnational white‐collar crime and risk
Authors: Gibbs Carole , McGarrell Edmund F. , Axelrod Mark 
Published: July 2010

Research SummaryBusiness transactions have increasingly been crossing national borders, thereby presenting greater opportunities for white‐collar crime and for the externalization of risk. The global economic crisis, resulting in part from the subprime mortgage scandal, is a prime example of this potential. To develop theoretical perspectives and practical interventions to prevent and respond to the global financial crisis, we consider similar issues of risk and white‐collar crime associated with global transactions in electronic waste (E‐waste).Policy ImplicationsSmart (or responsive) regulation is a promising approach for addressing both E‐waste and the current economic crisis. This response includes crime prevention, third‐party‐ and self‐regulation, and the threat of strong state intervention. Future research should explore the extent to which smart regulation reduces specific forms of white‐collar crime and risk, as well as whether these interventions generalize to other transnational problems.
Kinematic analysis of the pelvic limbs of healthy dogs during stair and decline slope walking
Authors: Millard R. P. , Headrick J. F. , Millis D. L. 
Published: July 2010

Objectives:To evaluate range of motion (ROM) of the pelvic limb in healthy dogs descending stairs compared with decline slope walking.Methods:Reflective spheres were placed on the skin over the joints of the right pelvic limb of seven adult, hound‐type dogs with no clinical signs of orthopaedic or neurologic disease. Five trials of stair and ramp descent of each dog were recorded using four 60 Hz digital infrared cameras. Two‐dimensional kinematic data were collected as dogs walked down stairs and on a continuous decline of equivalent slope. Maximum and minimum joint angles and ROM were calculated for the coxofemoral, femorotibial and tibiotarsal joints.Results:Stair descent resulted in significantly greater femorotibial flexion and tibiotarsal flexion and extension compared with continuous slope descent. Significantly greater ROM was achieved in the coxofemoral, femorotibial and tibiotarsal joints during stair descent.ClinicalSignificance:Compared with a continuous slope, stair descent achieves greater ROM in the pelvic limbs of dogs. Stair descent may be a useful therapeutic exercise to improve ROM in dogs with musculoskeletal disease of the pelvic limb, and ramp descent may be easier for dogs with limited motion of pelvic limb joints.
Calcium and phosphorus values and their derivatives in captive tortoises (Testudo species)
Authors: Eatwell K. 
Published: July 2010

Objective: To evaluate the relationships between total calcium and phosphorus and ionised calcium and phosphorus values in clinically healthy tortoises. Methods: Jugular blood samples were obtained from 25 tortoises, as part of a health screen of the population. These comprised Hermann’s tortoises, Testudo hermanni boettgeri, spur‐thighed tortoises, Testudo graeca ibera, marginated tortoises, Testudo marginata, and horsfield tortoises, Testudo horsfieldi. Plasma from these samples were analysed for total calcium, ionised calcium and phosphorus levels. These samples were taken in the immediate posthibernation period, before the onset of reproductive activity. Results: Females exhibited statistically significantly higher levels of phosphorus. Ionised calcium and total calcium levels were elevated in females compared with males, but this was not statistically significant. Females did have statistically significantly higher calculated solubility indexes and statistically significantly lower ratios compared with males. Clinical Significance: This study has provided an insight into the ratios and solubility indexes in tortoises, and this information may lead to further understanding of the significance of these parameters in chelonians.