bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of exposure assessment methods for occupational carcinogens in a multi-centre lung cancer case–control study
Authors: Peters Susan , Vermeulen Roel , Cassidy Adrian , Mannetje Andrea 't , van Tongeren Martie , Boffetta Paolo , Straif Kurt , Kromhout Hans ,   on behalf of the INCO Group
Published: September 2010

ObjectivesRetrospective exposure assessment remains a problematic aspect of population-based case–control studies. Different methods have been developed, including case-by-case expert assessment and job–exposure matrices (JEM). The present analyses compare exposure prevalence and risk estimates derived by different exposure assessment methods.MethodsIn the context of a case–control study conducted in seven European countries, exposure was estimated for asbestos, diesel motor emissions (DME) and crystalline silica, using three different assessment methods. First, experts assigned exposures to all reported jobs on a case-by-case basis. Second, a population-specific JEM (PSJEM) was developed using the expert assessments of controls only, and re-applied to all study subjects. Third, an independent general population JEM (GPJEM) was created by occupational exposure experts not involved in the original study, and applied to study subjects. Results from these methods were compared.ResultsThere was poor to fair agreement in assigned exposure between expert assessment and the GPJEM (kappas: asbestos 0.17; DME 0.48; silica 0.38). Exposure prevalence was significantly heterogeneous (p<0.01) between countries for all three agents and assessment methods. For asbestos and DME, significant country heterogeneity in risk estimates was observed when using expert assessment. When applying the GPJEM, the heterogeneity in risk estimates for asbestos and, to some extent, silica diminished.ConclusionsIt has been previously advocated that the expert assessment approach to assign exposures based on detailed questionnaire responses provides more accurate exposure estimates than JEM-based results. However, current results demonstrated little, if any, advantage of case-by-case assessment when compared to a JEM approach.
Prevalence of smuggled and foreign cigarette use in Tehran, 2009
Authors: Heydari Gholamreza , Tafti Saeid Fallah , Telischi Firouzeh , Joossens Luk , Hosseini Mostafa , Masjedi Mohammadreza , Ghafari Mostafa 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundIran is one of two main target markets for tobacco smuggling in the WHO's Eastern Mediterranean Region. The Iranian government has a local tobacco monopoly but there is high demand for international brands. Informal reports show about 20% of cigarette consumption is smuggled brands. This pack survey study is the first in Iran to gather validated information on use of smuggled cigarettes.MethodsA randomized cross-sectional household survey in Tehran in 2008–2009 of 1540 smokers aged 16–90 (83% men) was performed, including interviewer checking of cigarette packs.ResultsIn all, 20.9% of cigarettes and 6.7% of domestic branded cigarettes were smuggled. A total of 60.1% of smokers preferred foreign cigarettes. There was no significant difference between consumption of illegal cigarettes by sex. (Fisher exact test p=0.61) Use of smuggled cigarettes was higher among younger smokers (p=0.01)ConclusionsUse of illegal cigarettes is high. Tobacco control laws outlawing their sale are not being enforced.
A buried Palaeoproterozoic spreading ridge in the northern Nagssugtoqidian orogen, West Greenland
Authors: Garde Adam A. , Hollis Julie A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Ophiolitic rocks on two small island groups in the northern Nagssugtoqidian orogen, West Greenland, shed new light on the eastern Laurentian Palaeoproterozoic plate-tectonic collage. The islands expose amphibolite-facies (520–550 °C, 2.6–3.0 kbar) tholeiitic pillow lava, black chloritic shale, manganiferous banded iron formation (BIF), podded chert, jasper, graded andalusite–staurolite schist with numerous sills, and terrigenous sandstone, an association that occurs today in oceanic spreading zones undergoing burial in forearc trenches. Deformation is weak, with upright folds preserving original younging. U–Pb detrital zircon ages indicate derivation from Archaean, 1890 Ma, and 1850 Ma sources. Occurring north of the Archaean Aasiaat domain that partly escaped Nagssugtoqidian deformation, the sequence pinpoints a new SSE-dipping Palaeoproterozoic subduction zone that links up in the NE with the Disko Bugt suture at the Nagssugtoqidian–Rinkian boundary. This solves an enigma of the previous plate-tectonic model, in which the Arfersiorfik magmatic arc in the central Nagssugtoqidian orogen was located within its own suture zone, and helps to explain why the Nagssugtoqidian–Rinkian system is so broad. It also explains previously recognized geochemical and Pb-isotopic compositional breaks in orthogneisses in the Kangaatsiaq region, and greatly simplifies correlation with adjacent eastern Canadian orogens in Baffin Island and Labrador.
Tectonic setting and structural evolution of the Late Cenozoic Gobi Altai orogen
Authors: Cunningham Dickson 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

The Gobi Altai is an intraplate, intracontinental transpressional orogen in southern Mongolia that formed in the Late Cenozoic as a distant response to the Indo-Eurasia collision. The modern range formed within crust constructed by successive terrane accretion and ocean suturing events and widespread granite plutonism throughout the Palaeozoic. Modern reactivation of the Gobi Altai crust and the kinematics of Quaternary faults are fundamentally controlled by Palaeozoic basement structural trends, the location of rigid Precambrian blocks, orientation of SH
max
and possible thermal weakening of the lower crust as a result of an extensive history of Mesozoic–Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in the region, and the presence of thermally elevated asthenosphere under the Hangay Dome to the north. Modern mountain building processes in the Gobi Altai typically involve reactivation of NW–SE-striking basement structures in thrust mode and development of linking east–west left-lateral strike-slip faults that crosscut basement structures within an overall left-lateral transpressional regime. Restraining bends, other transpressional ridges and thrust basement blocks are the main range type, but are discontinuously distributed and separated by internally drained basins filling with modern alluvial deposits. Unlike a contractional thrust belt, there is no orogenic foreland or hinterland, and thrusts are both NE and SW directed with no evidence for a basal décollement. Normal faults related to widespread Cretaceous rifting in the region appear to be unfavourably oriented for Late Cenozoic reactivation despite widespread topographic inversion of Cretaceous basin sequences. Because the Gobi Altai is an actively developing youthful mountain range in an arid region with low erosion rates, it provides an excellent opportunity to study the way in which a continental interior reactivates as a result a distant continental collision. In addition, it offers important insights into how other more advanced intracontinental transpressional orogens may have developed during earlier stages of their evolution.
Transitions among Mariana-, Japan-, Cordillera- and Alaska-type arc systems and their final juxtapositions leading to accretionary and collisional orogenesis
Authors: Xiao Wenjiao , Han Chunming , Yuan Chao , Sun Min , Zhao Guochun , Shan Yehua 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
‘Arc system’ is used here as a collective term for a variety of arcs that occur along continental margins or in oceanic plates; it includes associated units from adjacent plates. Four major arc systems (Mariana-, Japan-, Cordillera- and Alaska-type) can be distinguished along the Circum-Pacific region. Some Japan-type arc systems in ancient orogens (e.g. the Altaids) may have been largely regarded as microcontinents because they have so-called Precambrian basement. Often the Cordillera-type arc systems can be very complicated, and if they are rifted away from the host continent they become more difficult to recognize. Commonly these arc systems interact mutually and with continental marginal sequences, leading to complicated accretionary and collisional orogens. The alternation between Western Pacific archipelagos and the Eastern Pacific active margin is the stereotype of accretionary and collisional orogenesis. More importantly, these four main types of arc systems can be juxtaposed into a final orogenic collage, which is another main expression of accretionary orogenesis. Only some parts of accretionary and collisional orogens can be terminated by attachment of a continent-size craton such as Tarim or even India, and even so the accretionary and collisional processes may continue elsewhere along strike. The significance of the interactions among these arc systems and their final juxtaposition has not been fully appreciated in ancient orogens. The Altaids together with the Circum-Pacific orogens offers a good opportunity to study such accretionary–collisional orogenesis.
The role of geochronology in understanding continental evolution
Authors: Kröner Alfred 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGeochronology has become one of the most essential tools in reconstructing processes of continental growth and evolution, andin situdating of minerals has become common practice through the development of high-resolution ion microprobes and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry techniques. Zircon has established itself as the most robust and reliable mineral to record magmatic and metamorphic processes. The combination of mineral ages with Sm–Nd, Lu–Hf and O isotopic systematics constrains magma sources and their evolution, and a picture is emerging that supports the beginning of modern-style plate tectonics in the early Archaean. Major fields for future research in geochronology include the search for very old crustal remnants, the establishment of Precambrian supercontinents, reconstruction of magmatic and tectonic processes in accretionary orogens, verification of ancient high-pressure rocks, and the reconstruction of detailed metamorphic histories by dating minerals in their original textural settings.
Parallel Colt
Authors: Wendykier Piotr , Nagy James G. 
Published: September 2010

Major breakthroughs in chip and software design have been observed for the last nine years. In October 2001, IBM released the world’s first multicore processor: POWER4. Six years later, in February 2007, NVIDIA made a public release of CUDA SDK, a set of development tools to write algorithms for execution on Graphic Processing Units (GPUs). Although software vendors have started working on parallelizing their products, the vast majority of existing code is still sequential and does not effectively utilize modern multicore CPUs and manycore GPUs.
This article describes Parallel Colt, a multithreaded Java library for scientific computing and image processing. In addition to describing the design and functionality of Parallel Colt, a comparison to MATLAB is presented. Two ImageJ plugins for iterative image deblurring and motion correction of PET brain images are described as typical applications of this library. Performance comparisons with MATLAB, including GPU computations via AccelerEyes’ Jacket toolbox are also given.
Empowered by wireless communication
Authors: Fekete Sándor P. , Schmidt Christiane , Wegener Axel , Hellbrück Horst , Fischer Stefan 
Published: September 2010

In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the dynamics of vehicle traffic flow and traffic congestion by interpreting traffic as a multiparticle system. This helps to explain the onset and persistence of many undesired phenomena, for example, traffic jams. It also reflects the apparent helplessness of drivers in traffic, who feel like passive particles that are pushed around by exterior forces; one of the crucial aspects is the inability to communicate and coordinate with other traffic participants.
We present distributed methods for solving these fundamental problems, employing modern wireless, ad-hoc, multi-hop networks. The underlying idea is to use these capabilities as the basis for self-organizing methods for coordinating data collection and processing, recognizing traffic phenomena, and changing their structure by coordinated behavior. The overall objective is a multi-level approach that reaches from protocols for local wireless communication, data dissemination, pattern recognition, over hierarchical structuring and coordinated behavior, all the way to large-scale traffic regulation.

In this article, we describe three types of results: (i) self-organizing and distributed methods for maintaining and collecting data (using our concept of
Hovering Data Clouds
); (ii) adaptive data dissemination for traffic information systems; (iii) methods for self-recognition of traffic jams. We conclude by describing higher-level aspects of our work.
Understanding latent sector errors and how to protect against them
Authors: Schroeder Bianca , Damouras Sotirios , Gill Phillipa 
Published: September 2010

Latent sector errors (LSEs) refer to the situation where particular sectors on a drive become inaccessible. LSEs are a critical factor in data reliability, since a single LSE can lead to data loss when encountered during RAID reconstruction after a disk failure or in systems without redundancy. LSEs happen at a significant rate in the field [Bairavasundaram et al. 2007], and are expected to grow more frequent with new drive technologies and increasing drive capacities. While two approaches, data scrubbing and intra-disk redundancy, have been proposed to reduce data loss due to LSEs, none of these approaches has been evaluated on real field data.
This article makes two contributions. We provide an extended statistical analysis of latent sector errors in the field, specifically from the view point of how to protect against LSEs. In addition to providing interesting insights into LSEs, we hope the results (including parameters for models we fit to the data) will help researchers and practitioners without access to data in driving their simulations or analysis of LSEs. Our second contribution is an evaluation of five different scrubbing policies and five different intra-disk redundancy schemes and their potential in protecting against LSEs. Our study includes schemes and policies that have been suggested before, but have never been evaluated on field data, as well as new policies that we propose based on our analysis of LSEs in the field.
Viscosity Approximation to Common Fixed Points of Families of Nonexpansive Mappings with Weakly Contractive Mappings
Authors: Razani A , Homaeipour S 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLet X be a reflexive Banach space which has a weakly sequentially continuous duality mapping. In this paper, we consider the following viscosity approximation sequence "Equation missing", where "Equation missing""Equation missing" (0, 1), "Equation missing" is a uniformly asymptotically regular sequence, and f is a weakly contractive mapping. Strong convergence of the sequence "Equation missing" is proved.
Targeting Hypoxic Cells through the DNA Damage Response
Authors: Olcina Monica , Lecane Philip S. , Hammond Ester M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Exposure to hypoxia-induced replication arrest initiates a DNA damage response that includes both ATR- and ATM-mediated signaling. DNA fiber analysis was used to show that these conditions lead to a replication arrest during both the initiation and elongation phases, and that this correlated with decreased levels of nucleotides. The DNA damage response induced by hypoxia is distinct from the classical pathways induced by damaging agents, primarily due to the lack of detectable DNA damage, but also due to the coincident repression of DNA repair in hypoxic conditions. The principle aims of the hypoxia-induced DNA damage response seem to be the induction of p53-dependent apoptosis or the preservation of replication fork integrity. The latter is of particular importance should reoxygenation occur. Tumor reoxygenation occurs as a result of spontaneous changes in blood flow and also therapy. Cells experiencing hypoxia and/or reoxygenation are, therefore, sensitive to loss or inhibition of components of the DNA damage response, including Chk1, ATM, ATR, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, restoration of hypoxia-induced p53-mediated signaling may well be effective in the targeting of hypoxic cells. The DNA damage response is also induced in endothelial cells at moderate levels of hypoxia, which do not induce replication arrest. In this situation, phosphorylation of H2AX has been shown to be required for proliferation and angiogenesis and is, therefore, an attractive potential therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res; 16(23); 5624–9. ©2010 AACR.
Chymase Inhibition Prevents Fibronectin and Myofibrillar Loss and Improves Cardiomyocyte Function and LV Torsion Angle in Dogs With Isolated Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Pat Betty , Chen Yuanwen , Killingsworth Cheryl , Gladden James D. , Shi Ke , Zheng Junying , Powell Pamela C. , Walcott Greg , Ahmed Mustafa I. , Gupta Himanshu , Desai Ravi , Wei Chih-Chang , Hase Naoki , Kobayashi Tsunefumi , Sabri Abdelkarim , Granzier Henk , Denney Thomas , Tillson Michael , Dillon A. Ray , Husain Ahsan , Dell'Italia Louis J. 
Published: September 2010

Background—
The left ventricular (LV) dilatation of isolated mitral regurgitation (MR) is associated with an increase in chymase and a decrease in interstitial collagen and extracellular matrix. In addition to profibrotic effects, chymase has significant antifibrotic actions because it activates matrix metalloproteinases and kallikrein and degrades fibronectin. Thus, we hypothesize that chymase inhibitor (CI) will attenuate extracellular matrix loss and LV remodeling in MR.

Methods and Results—

We studied dogs with 4 months of untreated MR (MR; n=9) or MR treated with CI (MR+CI; n=8). Cine MRI demonstrated a >40% increase in LV end-diastolic volume in both groups, consistent with a failure of CI to improve a 25% decrease in interstitial collagen in MR. However, LV cardiomyocyte fractional shortening was decreased in MR versus normal dogs (3.71±0.24% versus 4.81±0.31%;
P
<0.05) and normalized in MR+CI dogs (4.85±0.44%). MRI with tissue tagging demonstrated an increase in LV torsion angle in MR+CI versus MR dogs. CI normalized the significant decrease in fibronectin and FAK phosphorylation and prevented cardiomyocyte myofibrillar degeneration in MR dogs. In addition, total titin and its stiffer isoform were increased in the LV epicardium and paralleled the changes in fibronectin and FAK phosphorylation in MR+CI dogs.

Conclusions—
These results suggest that chymase disrupts cell surface–fibronectin connections and FAK phosphorylation that can adversely affect cardiomyocyte myofibrillar structure and function. The greater effect of CI on epicardial versus endocardial titin and noncollagen cell surface proteins may be responsible for the increase in torsion angle in chronic MR.
Risk Score for In-Hospital Ischemic Stroke Mortality Derived and Validated Within the Get With The Guidelines–Stroke Program
Authors: Smith Eric E. , Shobha Nandavar , Dai David , Olson DaiWai M. , Reeves Mathew J. , Saver Jeffrey L. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Peterson Eric D. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Schwamm Lee H. 
Published: September 2010

Background—
There are few validated models for prediction of in-hospital mortality after ischemic stroke. We used Get With the Guidelines–Stroke Program data to derive and validate prediction models for a patient's risk of in-hospital ischemic stroke mortality.

Methods and Results—
Between October 2001 and December 2007, there were 1036 hospitals that contributed 274 988 ischemic stroke patients to this study. The sample was randomly divided into a derivation (60%) and validation (40%) sample. Logistic regression was used to determine the independent predictors of mortality and to assign point scores for a prediction model. We also separately derived and validated a model in the 109 187 patients (39.7%) with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score recorded. Model discrimination was quantified by calculating the C statistic from the validation sample. In-hospital mortality was 5.5% overall and 5.2% in the subset in which NIHSS score was recorded. Characteristics associated with in-hospital mortality were age, arrival mode (eg, via ambulance versus other mode), history of atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, previous myocardial infarction, carotid stenosis, diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, history of dyslipidemia, current smoking, and weekend or night admission. The C statistic was 0.72 in the overall validation sample and 0.85 in the model that included NIHSS score. A model with NIHSS score alone provided nearly as good discrimination (C statistic 0.83). Plots of observed versus predicted mortality showed excellent model calibration in the validation sample.

Conclusions—
The Get With the Guidelines–Stroke risk model provides clinicians with a well-validated, practical bedside tool for mortality risk stratification. The NIHSS score provides substantial incremental information on a patient's short-term mortality risk and is the strongest predictor of mortality.
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease in the Community
Authors: Cheng Susan , Lyass Asya , Massaro Joseph M. , O'Connor George T. , Keaney John F. , Vasan Ramachandran S. 
Published: September 2010

Background—
Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) at physiological concentrations is cytoprotective, whereas excess levels reflect underlying oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular pathology and portend adverse clinical sequelae. However, the relation of exhaled CO to metabolic/vascular risk in the community is unknown.

Methods and Results—

We related exhaled CO, a surrogate measure of blood CO concentration, to the risk of developing new-onset metabolic syndrome and incident cardiovascular disease following 14 943 routine examinations (4139 unique participants; mean age, 46 years, 53% women) in the Framingham Heart Study. Baseline exhaled CO was associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors (including smoking) and prevalent metabolic syndrome (odds ratio, 1.09 per log CO; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.17;
P
=0.01). During up to 4 years of follow-up, 1458 participants developed new-onset metabolic syndrome, and 416 experienced a first cardiovascular disease event. Compared with individuals in the lowest quartile of exhaled CO, those in the highest quartile were more likely to develop metabolic syndrome (odds ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.25 to 1.76;
P
<0.0001) and cardiovascular disease events (hazard ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 2.40;
P
=0.008) in multivariable analyses that included adjustment for smoking status.

Conclusion—
In our community-based sample, higher exhaled CO levels predicted the development of metabolic syndrome and future cardiovascular disease events, underscoring the importance of this endogenous second messenger in the pathogenesis of metabolic and vascular risk.