bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cation transport during unsaturated flow through two intact soils
Authors: VOGELER I. , SCOTTER D. R. , CLOTHIER B. E. , TILLMAN R. W. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn the quest for better understanding of cation movement through undisturbed soils, leaching experiments on 300‐mm long undisturbed soil columns of two contrasting soils were carried out. One soil was a weakly‐structured alluvial fine sandy loam, the other a well‐structured aeolian silt loam. About 2000 mm of solutions of MgCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 of 0·025 M were applied at unsaturated water flow rates of between 3 and 13 mm h−1. Solute movement was monitored over several weeks by collecting effluent under suction at the base. In the sandy loam anion transport was influenced by exclusion from the double layer, whereas in the Ramiha soil anion adsorption occurred. Cation transport was described by coupling the convection‐dispersion equation with cation exchange equations. Good simulations of the Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the effluent and on the exchange sites were obtained if 80% of the exchangeable cations, as measured using the 1 M ammonium acetate method, were assumed to be active. Local physical or chemical disequilibrium did not need to be explicitly taken into account. About 400 kg ha−1 of native potassium was leached from the alluvial soil, but only about 10 kg ha−1 was leached from the aeolian soil. The convection‐dispersion equation coupled with exchange theory was found to describe cation transport under unsaturated flow through undisturbed soil satisfactorily.
Influence of origin and properties of dissolved organic matter on the partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Authors: RABER B. , KÖGEL‐KNABNER I. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryWe investigated dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soil, sewage sludges, water from waste disposal sites, and composts as sorbents and potential carriers for hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. Partition coefficients (expressed log KDOC) for two 5‐ring compounds were 4·8–4·9 for DOM from soil, 4·5–47 from composts, and 4·3–4·4 from sewage sludges. The DOM from compost and sewage sludge can influence the transport of non‐ionic organic contaminants because of the large concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released from these materials. Leachates from waste disposal sites did not sorb PAHs. The DOM from compost contained a large percentage of organic molecules > 14 000 Da (32–46%), whereas DOM from waste disposal leachates contained only 7‐lo%, and so bound less PAHs. The percentage of total hydrophobic components, as characterized by XAD‐8 chromatography, was 50 ± 9% for most of the DOM solutions and did not express the differences in affinity of the organic sorbents to PAHs in the same way as the KDOC values. Isolated molecular‐weight fractions of DOM from composts sorbed benzo(k)fluoranthene in each fraction. The log KDOC values were 4·1–4·3 for both fractions, < 1000 and 1000–14 000 Da, and 4·8–5·0 for the fraction > 14 000 Da. The interaction of PAHs with DOM < 1000 Da cannot be explained by partitioning within intramolecular nonpolar environments of dissolved macromolecules; rather it seems to be due to the amphoteric properties of DOM. This type of interaction of PAHs with small DOM molecules might affect the mobility of hydrophobic organic chemicals in soils.
Short‐term release and fixation of K in calcareous clay soils. Consequence for K buffer power prediction
Authors: SCHNEIDER A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryNon‐exchangeable K always contributes to some degree to plant nutrition. To understand this contribution and to deduce a predictive buffer power model the release and fixation of K was studied on a range of 44 calcareous clay soils. Short‐term K sorption and desorption experiments (16 h) were followed by the measurement of soil exchangeable K (ammonium acetate extraction). Soil K‐Ca exchange properties and the contributions of exchangeable K and non‐exchangeable K to K dynamics of the soil‐solution system were estimated. The change in the amount of non‐exchangeable K during the experiment was generally proportional to the initial constraint imposed to the soil‐solution system (ø), i.e. the solution: soil ratio multiplied by the difference between the solution K concentration imposed at the beginning of the experiment and the solution K concentration for which neither sorption nor desorption of K would occur. The proportionality coefficient (β) called the 'soil ability for K release and fixation’ was identical for release and fixation for 36 soils, whereas eight soils showed some difference between their ability for fixation and their ability for release of K. When β was considered identical in the release range and in the fixation range for all soils it was inversely proportional to the initial K saturation ratio of the CEC corrected for the amount of ammonium extractable K which was not in exchange equilibrium with Ca. This quantity of ammonium extractable K which is not in equilibrium with Ca probably contributes only partially to plant nutrition. For the studied soils this quantity contributed a large proportion of exchangeable K (26–65%) especially in soils with a small K content. Due to the contribution of non‐exchangeable K to soil‐solution K dynamics the buffer power of the system does not only depend on exchange properties but also on soil release and fixation properties. When β was taken into account buffer power was better estimated than when it was deduced from ion exchange alone.
The prevention of infective endocarditis – paedodontic considerations
Authors: LONGMAN LESLEY P. , MARTIN M. V. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. This review of the literature considers the pathology and epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE), dental procedures that may precipitate IE and prophylaxis against dentally induced IE. The most recent recommendations published in May 1992 by the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy are outlined and discussed.Resumé.Cette revue de la littérature porte sur la pathologie et l'épidémiologie de l'endocardite infectieuse (IE), les traitements dentaires qui peuvent l'accélérer et la prévention des endocardites d'origine dentaire. Les recommendations les plus récentes publiées en Mai 1992 par la Société Britannique de Chimiothérapie anti‐microbienne sont soulignées et commentées.Zusammenfassung.Die Literaturübersicht befasst sich mit der Pathologie und der Epidemiologic der infektiösen Endocarditis (IE), den zahnärztlichen Eingriffen, welche IE auslösen können und prophylaktischen Massnahmen um dies zu verhindern. Die letzten, im Mai 1992 von der “British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy” publizierten Vorschläge werden disskutiert.Resumen.Esta revisión de la literatura toma en consideración la patología y epidemiología de la endocarditis infecciosa (EI), procedimientos odontológicos que pueden precipitar la EI y profilaxis contra la EI inducida odontológicamente. Se describe y elabora sobre la recomendación más reciente publicada en Mayo del 1992 por la Sociedad Británica para Quimioterapia Antimicrobiana (British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy).
Osteopathia striata—a case report
Authors: GOODMAN J. R. , ROBERTSON C. U. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. Osteopathia striata is an unusual skeletal condition that can affect the bones of the skull quite markedly and result in dental problems that have rarely been discussed in the literature. The characteristic features exhibited by the patient in this case report were dense maxillary and mandibular bone, a high forehead with frontal bossing, a broad nasal bridge, prominent zygomatic arches and thickened angles of the mandible. The mouth opening was limited as a result of sclerosis of the mastoid process, and right lateral excursion of the mandible was reduced, probably because of a deformity of the left condyle.Résumé.l'ostéopahie striée est une affection rare du squelette qui peut aussi toucher les os du crâne de façon importante. Les problémes dentaires ont raremont été rapportés dans la littérature. Dans le cas étudié, les traits caractéristiques étaient des os mandibulaires et maxillaires denses, un front haut avec bosse frontale, un nez large, des arcades zygomatiques proéminentes et un épaissisement des angles mandibulaires. l'ouverture buccale était limitée en raison de la sclérose de la région mastoïdienne et les mouvemets latéraux de la mandibule étaient réduits en raison, probablement, de la déformation du condyle gauche.Zusammenfassung.Striäre Osteopathic ist eine ungewöhnliche Erkrankung des Skeletts, die sich stark auf das Knochengewebe des Schädels auswirken und zu Zahnerkrankungen führen kann. Die charakteristischen Anzeichen, die der Patient in diesem Fallbericht aufwies, waren kompakte Ober‐und Unterkiefer, eine hohe Stirn mit Wölbungen, ein breiter Nasenrücke, vorstehende Jochbogen und verdickte Kieferwinkel. Der Mund konnte aufgrund einer Sklerose des Warzenfortsatzes nur beschränkt geöffnet werden. Ferner war die rechte seitliche Bewegung des Unterkiefers eingeschränkt—wahrscheinlich aufgrund eine Deformität des linken Kondylus.Resumen.La osteopathia striata es una condición esquelética poco usual que afecta a los huesos del cráneo muy marcadamente y resulta en problemas dentales que han sido raramente discutidos en la literatura. Las caracteństicas mostradas por el paciente en este reporte de caso fueron un hueso maxilar y mandibular muy denso, frente amplia con proyectura, puente nasal ancho, arcos zigomáticos prominentes y ángulos mandibulares ensanchados. La aperture bucal estuvo muy limitada como resultado de la esclerosis del proceso mastóideo; los movimientos laterales de la mandíbula estuvieron reducidos, probablemente debido a la deformidad del cóndilo izquierdo.
Beck with‐Wiedemann syndrome: dental management
Authors: GARVEY M. THéRÈSE , DALY DYMPNA , McNAMARA TRIONA 
Published: August 2010

Summary. Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) comprises multiple congenital anomalies with a risk of childhood tumours. Macroglossia is the most common manifestation. Two cases are presented to illustrate the importance of early referral and the role of preventive dentistry.Resumé.Le syndrôme de Beckwith‐Widmann (BWS) est associé avec de multiples anomalies congénitales et un risque de tumeurs dans l'enfance. La macroglossie est la manifestation la plus fréquente. Deux cas sont présentés pour illustrer l'importance d'une consultation précoce et le rôle de la dentisterie préventive.Zusammenfassung.Das Beckwith‐Wiedemann Syndrom (BWS) Umfast multiple congenitale Anomalien mit erhöhten Risiko von Tumoren im Kindesalter. Eine Makroglossie ist die heufigste Manifestation. 2 Fälle werden beschrieben urn darauf hinzuweisen wie wichtig eine frühe überweisung und hiermit eine gute dentale Prophylaxis für diese Patienten ist.Resumen.El síndrome Beckwith‐Wiedemann (SBW) comprende múltiples anomalías congénitas con riego a tumores infantiles. La macroglosia es la principal manifestación. Se presentan dos casos para ilustrar la importancia del referimeinto temprano de estos casos y el papel de la odontología preventiva.
Identifying facilitators and barriers to physical activity for adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Mahy J. , Shields N. , Taylor N. F. , Dodd K. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground  Adults with Down syndrome are typically sedentary, and many do not participate in the recommended levels of physical activity per week. The aim of this study was to identify the facilitators and barriers to physical activity for this group.Method  Semi‐structured interviews were conducted to elicit the views of adults with Down syndrome and their support people about what factors facilitate physical activity and what factors are barriers to activity. A sample of 18 participants (3 men, 15 women) was recruited through two agencies providing services for adults with disabilities; six participants were adults with Down syndrome and 12 participants were support people (four were parents of adults with Down syndrome and eight participants were employed by day programmes attended by the adults with Down syndrome). The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and independently coded by two researchers.Results  Three themes around facilitators to physical activity were identified: (1) support from others; (2) that the physical activity was fun or had an interesting purpose; and (3) routine and familiarity. Three themes around barriers were also identified: (1) lack of support; (2) not wanting to engage in physical activity; and (3) medical and physiological factors.Conclusions  The results suggest that support people play a key role, both as facilitators and barriers, in the participation by adults with Down syndrome in physical activity. Many of the barriers and facilitators of activity for adults with Down syndrome indentified are similar to those reported for adults without impairment. Our findings are also consistent with established theories in the field of health behaviour change.
The control of rumination in a multiply disabled child
Authors: Last Mary J. , Cranny Maureen 
Published: August 2010

“… bringing up food without nausea, retching or disgust. The food is then ejected from the mouth (if liquid allowed to run out) or reswallowed.” (Kanner, L. 1962).“The constriction of the muscles which brings vomitus to the mouth and a reingestion of the vomitus.” (Davis, Weiseler, Hanzel, 1980).“Rumination is a pathological condition in which previously ingested food is vomited and immediately reconsumed.” (Borreson, P. M., Anderson, J. L., 1982).
Assessment of children with profound handicaps:
Authors: Best Tony , Bell Judy 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis article offers information about 12 schedules used to assess children who are profoundly handicapped. The comparison of schedules is intended to highlight their similarities and their differences, and to help determine the choice of schedule(s) for use in assessment and programme planning. It is considered that no single assessment instrument possesses all the characteristics to measure every aspect of development adequately. If this viewpoint is accepted, it is important to choose schedules which are complementary to each other, rather than ones which assess the same behaviours under the guise of differences in vocabulary.
REVIEWS
Authors: McCONKEY ROY , HONG CHIA SWEE , GREENE KAY , ARMSTRONG IAN G. , CAREY GWYNETH E. 
Published: August 2010

Book reviewed in this article:Mental handicap: dilemmas of parent‐professional relations Simon DysonOccupational therapy in mental health: principles in practice Edited by Derek W. Scott and Noomi KatzGrowing up with Down's syndrome Billie ShepperdsonCushla and her books Dorothy ButlerAn ordinary life in practice. Edited by David Towell
Assessing emergency responses of people with mental handicaps: AN ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT
Authors: Tymchuk Alexander J. 
Published: August 2010

In order to function independently, people with mental handicaps require knowledge and skills in many areas. One of the most critical areas, especially for parents with mental handicaps who are caring for their children, is how to respond in the case in common emergencies.This article describes and presents an instrument which can be used to assess people's initial knowledge and skills in coping with common household emergencies, as well as to evaluatae the effectiveness of training in appropriate emergency responses.
New species of Barwing Actinodura (Passeriformes: Sylviinae: Timaliini) from the Western Highlands of Vietnam
Authors: EAMES JONATHAN C. , TRAI LE TRONG , CU NGUYEN , EVE ROLAND 
Published: August 2010

On the basis of field observations and museum diagnosis of two specimens collected from Ngoc Linh in the Western Highlands (sometimes termed Central Highlands) of Vietnam, we here describe a new species of Actinodura. This species is most closely related to A. ramsayi of Burma, China, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. Among other differences, it has a distinctive black crown ‐ a feature otherwise unknown in the genus Actinodura, of which it is the southernmost known taxon. It occurs in montane evergreen forest from at least about 1100–2400 m asl and is likely to occur widely in this habitat and at this altitude elsewhere in the Western Highlands and in adjacent Laos. We present notes on the taxonomic affinities, ecology, behaviour and conservation of this new species.A partir d'observations effectuées sur le terrain et de l'analyse en laboratoire de deux spécimens collectés au Mont Ngoc Linh dans le massif de Kontum, nous décrivons ici une nouvelle espèce du genre Actinodura. Cette espèce est la plus proche de A. ramsayi de Chine, Birmanie, Laos, Thaïlande et Viêt‐nam. Elle possède une calotte noire distincte, un caractère jusqu'à présent inconnu du genre Actinodura dont elle occupè l'atire la plus mAeridionale connue. Cette espèce vit dans la forêt sempervirente de montagne entre 1100 m et 2400 m d'altitude et se trouve probablement dans un habitat et à une altitude similaires dans les montagnes environnantes du massif de Kontum et du Laos adjacent. Nous présentons ici des informations sur la taxonomie, l'écologie, le comportement et la conservation de cette nouvelle espèce.
Human Capital Investment: The Returns from Education and Training to the Individual, the Firm and the Economy
Authors: Blundell Richard , Dearden Lorraine , Meghir Costas , Sianesi Barbara 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper provides a non‐technical review of the evidence on the returns to education and training for the individual, the firm and the economy at large. It begins by reviewing the empirical work that has attempted to estimate the true causal effect of education and training on individual earnings, focusing on the recent literature that has attempted to control for potential biases in the estimated returns to education and training. It then moves on to review the literature that has looked at the returns from human capital investments to employers. Lack of suitable data and methodological difficulties have resulted in a paucity of studies that have carried out sound empirical work on this issue. In the final part of the review, we look at the work that has tried to assess the contribution of human capital to national economic growth at the macroeconomic level. This work has generally involved using either a ‘growth accounting’ theoretical framework or ‘new growth’ theories. Although the empirical macroeconomic evidence that accompanies this work does not generally allow one to distinguish between the two approaches, there is a substantial body of evidence on the contribution of education to economic growth.
Expenditure Incidence in Africa: Microeconomic Evidence
Authors: Sahn David E. , Younger Stephen D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the progressivity of social sector expenditures in eight sub‐Saharan African countries. We employ dominance tests, complemented by extended Gini/concentration coefficients, to determine whether health and education expenditures redistribute resources to the poor. We find that social services are poorly targeted. Among the services examined, primary education tends to be most progressive and university education is least progressive. The benefits associated with hospital care are also less progressive than other health facilities. Our results also show that, while concentration curves are a useful way to summarise information on the distributional benefits of government expenditures, statistical testing of differences in curves is important.
Tax‐Aided Financial Services Companies and the Cost of Capital
Authors: Hespel Annick , Mignolet Michel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOver the past two decades, the governments of several European countries have implemented special tax devices to attract the finance centres of multinational companies. This paper determines how the cost of capital for investments made by multinationals is affected by the tax regimes, bringing into play the Irish financial services company, the Belgian co‐ordination centre, the Dutch finance company and the Luxemburg company coupled with a Swiss finance branch. It gives evidence that intermediation of a tax‐aided services company in the financing scheme of a foreign subsidiary provides an important tax saving. However, the home and source countries' tax regimes influence the hierarchy of the less heavily taxed treasury and finance centres. The methodology relies on the marginal effective tax rates theory and consists of an extension of Alworth's (1988) model to include treasury centres.
Indirect tax reform and the role of exemptions
Authors: Creedy John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the question of whether indirect tax rates should be uniform, using four different modelling strategies. First, marginal tax reform is examined. This is concerned with the optimal direction of small changes in effective indirect tax rates and requires considerably less information than the calculation of optimal rates. Second, the welfare effects of a partial shift from the current indirect tax system in Australia towards a goods and services tax (GST) are considered, with particular emphasis on differences between household types and the role of exemptions. Third, in view of the stress on a distributional role for exemptions of certain goods from a GST, the potential limits to such redistribution are considered. The fourth approach examines the extent of horizontal inequity and reranking that can arise when there are non‐uniform tax rates. These inequities arise essentially because of preference heterogeneity.
Local fiscal equalisation based on fiscal capacity: the case of Austria
Authors: Schneider Martin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper deals with local fiscal equalisation in Austria. The system of intergovernmental relations in Austria includes different regulations in order to equalise differences in the fiscal capacity of the municipalities. This leads to so‐called ‘compensation effects’, because additional revenues from a local government's own tax are (at least partly) compensated by losses from equalisation grants. This paper carries out a detailed analysis of these compensation effects. It is shown that they create strong fiscal disincentives for the local governments: on average, 55 per cent of additional revenues from the communal tax (which is the most important of a local government's own taxes) are compensated by losses of equalisation grants. In extreme cases, local governments can lose up to 144 per cent of the additional tax yields collected. These local governments would be better off if they made no effort to increase their tax base.
Ownership and Production Costs: Choosing between Public Production and Contracting‐Out in the Case of Swedish Refuse Collection
Authors: Ohlsson Henry 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMany comparisons of public and private firms use a public/private ownership dummy variable to capture cost differences. If, however, public and private firms use different production technologies, the dummy‐variable approach is misspecified. Data from public and private firms should not be pooled. Secondly, selectivity bias may arise, making it more difficult to identify cost differentials that actually exist. Thirdly, if data should be pooled, the resulting empirical model may be logically inconsistent. This paper compares public and private firms using the refuse collection costs of 170 firms in 115 Swedish municipalities. First, public production costs were 6 per cent lower than private production costs. Secondly, cost differences did not affect producer choice. It is crucial to adjust for selectivity. Data for private and public firms should not be pooled. The dummy‐variable model is misspecified.