bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal characteristics of 3kV, 600A 4H‐SiC flat‐package pn diodes
Authors: Ogata Syuji , Takayama Daisuke , Asano Katsunori , Sugawara Yoshitaka 
Published: April 2010

Abstract3kV, 600A 4H‐SiC high‐temperature flat‐package diodes have been developed for use in electricity supply. They consist of a pressure contact flat package and include five 6 mm × 6 mm SiC diode chips. These flat‐package diodes have a thermal resistance of 0.21 deg/W, which is ten times the silicon thermal resistance, because the SiC diode chip is smaller than a Si diode chip. In order to lower the thermal resistance, it is necessary to increase the number of SiC chips in the flat package due to the difficulty of making a large‐area SiC chip. The SiC pn flat package diode can achieve the same thermal resistance value at only half the chip area. The transient thermal impedance becomes saturated at nearly 1 s. In contrast, the Si diode's transient thermal impedance is saturated at 50 s. If a short circuit current flows for 50 ms, the SiC pn flat package diode withstands greater pulse loads than the Si diode at temperatures above$\hbox{Tjmax} = 200 \ ^{\circ}\hbox{C}$. For example, the SiC diode withstands 2.3 times as much energy as the Si diode at$\hbox{Tjmax} = 500 \ ^{\circ}\hbox{C}$. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(4): 1–7, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20978
Functional plasticity and robustness are essential characteristics of biological systems: Lessons learned from KLRG1‐deficient mice
Authors: Jonjic Stipan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractKiller cell lectin‐like receptor G1 (KLRG1) receptor is considered to be a marker of terminally differentiated NK and T cells and is strongly induced by viral and other infections. KLRG1 is a C‐type lectin‐like inhibitory receptor, which interacts with members of the cadherin family of molecules leading to the inhibition of T‐ and NK‐cell function. A study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology addresses the role of KLRG1 in the maturation and differentiation of NK and T cells in vivo. Using KLRG1‐deficient mice generated by homologous recombination, the study reveals that KLRG1 is dispensable for NK‐ and CD8+ T‐cell differentiation and function in vivo. This interesting finding is discussed in this Commentary in light of the plasticity and robustness of immune response mechanisms.
Magnesium Triimidosulfonates from Grignard Reagents
Authors: Schulz Thomas , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe triimidosulfonate complexes [(thf)MgX(NtBu)3SR]2 (1: R = methyl, X = Br; 2: R = n‐butyl, X = Cl; 3: R = phenyl, X = Cl; 4: R = benzyl, X = Cl) can be obtained very pure and in good yield upon treatment of the sulfur triimide S(NtBu)3 with the appropriate Grignard reagent RMgX. Changing the solvent from thf to toluene results in elimination of MgBr2 from 1 and generates the new complex [Mg{(NtBu)3SMe}2] (5). Complexes 1–5 should be good precursors for a variety of heterobimetallic complexes since transmetallation reactions are well established for this compound class and the third imido group is in an ideal position to coordinate a second metal. The triimidosulfinate ligands accommodate the requirements of the added organic group by either changing the twist between both ligands in the dimer or even changing the structural motif, as exemplified by 3. NMR investigations in solution confirm this conformational freedom and the adaptability of these ligands to a metal as electronically "hard" as magnesium.
Retro‐Claisen Condensation with FeIII as Catalyst under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Rao Chitturi Bhujanga , Rao Dasireddi Chandra , Babu Dokuburra Chanti , Venkateswarlu Yenamandra 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAn iron(III) salt catalyzed retro‐Claisen condensation between an alcohol and a 1,3‐diketone was investigated. The mechanism involves the formation of a metal‐induced six‐membered cyclic transition state and cleavage of the C–C bond. Regioselective esterification and one‐pot conversion of silyl ethers into esters with good yields was observed. Simple reaction conditions, high yields, and broad scope of the reaction illustrate the good synthetic utility of this method.
Chiral Ionic Liquids Bearing O‐Silylated α,α‐Diphenyl (S)‐ or (R)‐Prolinol Units: Recoverable Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Michael Addition of Nitroalkanes to α,β‐Enals
Authors: Maltsev Oleg V. , Kucherenko Alexandr S. , Beletskaya Irina P. , Tartakovsky Vladimir A. , Zlotin Sergei G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractChiral ionic liquids bearing O‐silylated α,α‐diphenyl (S)‐ or (R)‐prolinol units tagged to the imidazolium cation were synthesized and their activity as catalysts in the Michael addition of nitroalkanes to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes was evaluated. Respective (S) or (R) adducts were obtained in the reactions in high yields (up to 95 %) and with high enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee). Remarkably, the immobilized organocatalysts could be used five times without any decrease in product yields or ee values. (R)‐Michael adducts could be easily transformed into the most active (R) enantiomers of medications Phenibut, Baclofen, and Rolipram for the treatment of CNS disorders.
Stereoselective determination of midodrine and desglymidodrine in culture medium: Application to a biotransformation study employing endophytic fungi
Authors: Barth Thiago , Pupo Mônica Tallarico , Borges Keyller Bastos , Okano Laura Tiemi , Bonato Pierina Sueli 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA CE method was developed and validated for the stereoselective determination of midodrine and desglymidodrine in Czapek culture medium to be applied to a stereoselective biotransformation study employing endophytic fungi. The electrophoretic analyses were performed using an uncoated fused‐silica capillary and 70 mmol/L sodium acetate buffer solution (pH 5.0) containing 30 mmol/L heptakis (2, 3, 6‐tri‐O‐methyl)‐β‐CD as running electrolyte. The applied voltage and temperature used were 15 kV and 15°C, respectively. The UV detector was set at 200 nm. The sample preparation was carried out by liquid–liquid extraction using ethyl acetate as extractor solvent. The method was linear over the concentration range of 0.1–12 μg/mL for each enantiomer of midodrine and desglymidodrine (r≥0.9975). Within‐day and between‐day precision and accuracy evaluated by RSDs and relative errors, respectively, were lower than 15% for all analytes. The method proved to be robust by a fractional factorial design evaluation. The validated method was used to assess the midodrine biotransformation to desglymidodrine by the fungus Phomopsis sp. (TD2), which biotransformed 1.1% of (−)‐midodrine to (−)‐desglymidodrine and 6.1% of (+)‐midodrine to (+)‐desglymidodrine.
Preparation, characterization, and boron adsorption behavior of gluconate‐intercalated hydrotalcite
Authors: Yan Chun‐Yan , Yi Wen‐Tao 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGluconate‐intercalated hydrotalcites were prepared from precursor by ion‐exchange method. The products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) studies. This kind of new adsorbent was applied to adsorb boron in the refined brine, and the conditions influencing its adsorption amount were investigated. The experimental results showed that the adsorbent synthesized in this article had higher adsorption amount of boron than the precursor without gluconate intercalation, and the adsorption amount increased with increasing the contact time, boron concentration, and the pH whereas decreased with increasing chloride concentration and temperature. The adsorbent can be well regenerated by calcination and reintercalation of the gluconate into the calcinated product. Furthermore, the kinetic studies were also investigated. The pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to fit the experimental data, and the results showed that the pseudo‐first‐order model best described the boron adsorption process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils: the possibilities of TLC–bioautography
Authors: Horváth Györgyi , Jámbor Noémi , Végh Anna , Böszörményi Andrea , Lemberkovics Éva , Héthelyi Éva , Kovács Krisztina , Kocsis Béla 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEssential oils are well‐known for their antimicrobial activity against different plant and human pathogenic microorganisms. The results of the most commonly used antimicrobial assays are very different; sometimes their reliability is questionable, therefore standardized methods need to be used to solve this problem. The present study aims at the phytochemical characterization of some essential oils (thyme, lavender, eucalyptus, spearmint and cinnamon) that are important from the therapeutic and economic aspects and the optimized microbiological investigation of the effect of essential oils on human and plant pathogenic microorganisms. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analysed with thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and their composition was controlled by gas chromatography (GC). The antibacterial effect was investigated using the TLC‐bioautographic method. The solvents applied in TLC developing systems were also tested. Our results showed that toluene, ethyl acetate, ethanol and chloroform as solvents used in the assay had no inhibiting effect on the test bacteria. The antibacterial activity of thyme, lavender and cinnamon oils and their main components (thymol, carvacrol, linalool, eugenol) was observed in the case of two plant pathogenic bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola) and some human pathogens (Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. saprophyticus and two strains of S. aureus, including one methicillin‐resistant strain). On the whole, the antibacterial activity of essential oils can be related to their most abundant components, but the effect of the minor components should also be taken into consideration. Direct bioautography is more cost‐effective and compares better with traditional microbiological laboratory methods (e.g. disc‐diffusion, agar‐plate technique). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of carbamates by reaction between ester carbanions and isocyanates: General regularities and scope
Authors: Gololobov Yuri G. , Borisov Yuri A. , Slepchenkov Nikolii , Barabanov Sergey , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Nelyubina Julija V. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGeneral regularities and scope of reactions carbanions with the ester group at carbanionic center and arylisocyanates resulting formation of carbamates by C → N migrations of ester groups have been described. The use of tosylisocyanates terminated reactions at the first stage with formation of corresponding tosylacylamides. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:119–125, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20585
Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement using impingement of multiple water jets
Authors: Murthy Niranjan , Krishnan V. , Reddy A. Chennakesava 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe problem of cooling electronic components has become a subject of special interest in recent years due to the increasing capacity and rapidly decreasing size of electronic components. Direct contact cooling using multiple jet impingement is considered the most effective method. The heat transfer problem is complex and a better understanding of the jet impingement method is essential for the proper application of this method for electronic cooling. Investigations were carried out using an electrically heated test plate. Heat flux in the range of 25 to$200 \ \hbox{W/cm}^{2}$, which is a typical requirement for cooling high power electronic components was dissipated using 0.5‐mm diameter water jets arranged in a 7×7 array with a pitch of 3 mm. Temperature difference between the test plate and water was within$30 \ ^{\circ}\hbox{C}$. Tests were performed in the flow rate range of 22 to 40 ml/min, resulting in a Reynolds number range of 1100 to 1750. Results show a significant increase in the heat transfer coefficient or Nusselt number with an increase in heat flux. The effect of the flow rate or Reynolds number on the heat transfer coefficient is found to be negligible. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20291
He's homotopy perturbation method for two‐dimensional heat conduction equation: Comparison with finite element method
Authors: Jalaal M. , Ganji D.D. , Mohammadi F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHeat conduction appears in almost all natural and industrial processes. In the current study, a two‐dimensional heat conduction equation with different complex Dirichlet boundary conditions has been studied. An analytical solution for the temperature distribution and gradient is derived using the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). Unlike most of previous studies in the field of analytical solution with homotopy‐based methods which investigate the ODEs, we focus on the partial differential equation (PDE). Employing the Taylor series, the gained series has been converted to an exact expression describing the temperature distribution in the computational domain. Problems were also solved numerically employing the finite element method (FEM). Analytical and numerical results were compared with each other and excellent agreement was obtained. The present investigation shows the effectiveness of the HPM for the solution of PDEs and represents an exact solution for a practical problem. The mathematical procedure proves that the present mathematical method is much simpler than other analytical techniques due to using a combination of homotopy analysis and classic perturbation method. The current mathematical solution can be used in further analytical and numerical surveys as well as related natural and industrial applications even with complex boundary conditions as a simple accurate technique. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20292
Alterations of T‐cell surface markers in older women with persistent human papillomavirus infection
Authors: Rodríguez Ana Cecilia , García‐Piñeres Alfonso J. , Hildesheim Allan , Herrero Rolando , Trivett Matthew , Williams Marcus , Atmella Ivannia , Ramírez Margarita , Villegas Maricela , Schiffman Mark , Burk Robert , Freer Enrique , Bonilla José , Bratti Concepción , Pinto Ligia A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe previously reported decreased lymphocyte proliferative responses among older women with persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. To characterize the phenotype of peripheral lymphocytes associated with persistent HPV infection, we evaluated the expression of different cell surface markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a case–control study within a 10,049 woman population‐based cohort study in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Women in the cohort aged 46–74 and with HPV results at their 5th year anniversary visit were considered, and all women (n = 87) with persistent HPV infections, all women (n = 196) with transient HPV infections and a random sample of HPV DNA‐negative women (n = 261) frequency‐matched to cases on age were selected for this study. A median of 3 years after the case–control matching visit, cervical cells were collected for liquid‐based cytology and repeat HPV DNA genotyping. Blood was obtained from which PBMCs were extracted and cryopreserved for immunological phenotyping via flow cytometry. Significant increases in risk of HPV persistence were observed for 3 marker subsets indicative of immune cell activation/differentiation. Relative risk estimates were 5.4 (95% CI = 2.2–13.3) for CD69+CD4+, 2.6 (95% CI = 1.2–5.9) for HLADR+CD3+CD4+ and 2.3 (95% CI = 1.1–4.7) for CD45RO+CD27−CD8+. A significant decrease in HPV persistence was observed for a subset marker indicative of an immature, undifferentiated memory state CD45RO+CD27+CD4+ (OR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.17–0.76). Adjustment for these markers only partially explained the previously reported association between decreased lymphoproliferative responses and persistent HPV infection. Whether phenotypic alterations observed predispose to HPV persistence or result from it should be the focus of future studies.
Prolonged antiresorptive activity of zoledronate: A randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Grey Andrew , Bolland Mark , Wattie Diana , Horne Anne , Gamble Greg , Reid Ian R 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Annual intravenous administration of 5 mg of zoledronate decreases fracture risk over 3 years. The optimal dosing interval of 5 mg of zoledronate is not known. In order to determine the duration of the antiresorptive action of a single 5-mg dose of intravenous zoledronate, we conducted a 3-year double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in a volunteer sample of 50 postmenopausal women with osteopenia. The coprimary endpoints were the bone turnover markers β-C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX) and serum procollagen type-I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP). Secondary endpoints were bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, total hip, and total body. After 3 years, mean (95% confidence interval) levels of serum β-CTX and P1NP were 44% (27–60) and 40% (24%–56%) lower in the zoledronate group (p &lt; .001 versus placebo for each marker). BMD was higher in the zoledronate group than in the placebo group by an average of 6.8% (4.6%–9.1%) at the lumbar spine, 4.0% (1.8%–6.3%) at the total hip, and 2.0% (0.9%–3.0%) at the total body (p &lt; .001 for each skeletal site). Between-group differences in markers of bone turnover and BMD were stable from 12 to 36 months. These data demonstrate that the antiresorptive effects of a single 5-mg dose of zoledronate are sustained for 3 years; clinical trials to investigate the antifracture efficacy of dosing intervals longer than 1 year are justified. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Prenatal and early life arsenic exposure induced oxidative damage and altered activities and mRNA expressions of neurotransmitter metabolic enzymes in offspring rat brain
Authors: Xi Shuhua , Guo Li , Qi Rong , Sun Wenjuan , Jin Yaping , Sun Guifan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTo better understand the effect of arsenic on central nervous system by prenatal and early life exposure, the oxidative stress and neurotransmitter metabolic enzymes were determined in offspring rats' brain cortex and hippocampus. Forty‐eight pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups, each group was given free access to drinking water that contained 0, 10, 50, and 100 mg/L NaAsO2 from gestation day 6 (GD 6) until postnatal day 42 (PND 42). Once pups were weaned, they started to drink the same arsenic (As)‐containing water as the dams. The level of malondialdehyde in 100 mg/L As‐exposed pup's brain on PND 0 and cortex on PND 28 and 42 were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.05). Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels showed a clear decreasing trend in pup's cortex and hippocampus on PND 42. Activity of acetylcholinesterase was significantly higher in 100 mg/L As‐exposed pup's hippocampus than in control group on PND 28 and 42. mRNA expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67) in 100 mg/L As‐exposed pup's cortex or hippocampus on PND 28 and 42 were significantly higher than in control (p < 0.05). These alterations in the neurotransmitters and reduced antioxidant defence may lead to neurobehavioral and learning and memory changes in offspring rats. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 24:368–378, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20349
The dialectical behavior therapy ways of coping checklist: development and psychometric properties
Authors: Neacsiu Andrada D. , Rizvi Shireen L. , Vitaliano Peter P. , Lynch Thomas R. , Linehan Marsha M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSkills training is a crucial mode of treatment in dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT; Linehan, 1993b), yet a psychometrically sound measure of DBT skills use does not exist. We adapted the Revised Ways of Coping Checklist (RWCCL; Vitaliano, Russo, Carr, Maiuro, & Becker, 1985) to create the DBT Ways of Coping Checklist (DBT‐WCCL). Using factor analysis procedures, two subscales emerged: one assessing coping via DBT skills, the DBT Skills Subscale (DSS), and one assessing coping via dysfunctional means, the Dysfunctional Coping Subscale (DCS). Principal component, internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and content validity analyses suggested that the scale has good to excellent psychometric properties. In addition, the DSS successfully discriminated patients who received skills training during 4 months of treatment from patients who did not. Moderators of skills use are also discussed. The DBT‐WCCL appears to be a promising new measure of DBT skills use. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: 66:1–20, 2010.
A geospatial statistical analysis of the density of lottery outlets within ethnically concentrated neighborhoods
Authors: Wiggins Lyna , Nower Lia , Mayers Raymond Sanchez , Peterson N. Andrew 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study examines the density of lottery outlets within ethnically concentrated neighborhoods in Middlesex County, New Jersey, using geospatial statistical analyses. No prior studies have empirically examined the relationship between lottery outlet density and population demographics. Results indicate that lottery outlets were not randomly dispersed across the county but rather were significantly clustered in some census tracts. Using geospatial statistical analysis, percent poverty was found to be negatively related to the density of lottery outlets, while percent commercial use was highly positively related. Percent Hispanic was strongly significant in all the models predicting lottery outlet density and had the highest explanatory power other than percent commercial. Other independent variables, including median household income and race (African American and White) were not found to be significant predictors of lottery outlet density. Implications for policy and research are discussed.
History of studies on mammalian middle ear evolution: A comparative morphological and developmental biology perspective
Authors: Takechi Masaki , Kuratani Shigeru 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe mammalian middle ear represents one of the most fundamental morphological features that define this class of vertebrates. Its skeletal pattern differs conspicuously from those of other amniotes and has attracted the attention of comparative zoologists for about 200 years. To reconcile this morphological inconsistency, early comparative morphologists suggested that the mammalian middle ear was derived from elements of the jaw joint of nonmammalian amniotes. Fossils of mammalian ancestors also implied a transition in skeletal morphology that resulted in the mammalian state. During the latter half of the 20th century, developmental mechanisms controlling the formation of the jaw skeleton became the subject of studies in developmental biology and molecular genetics. Mammalian middle ear evolution can now be interpreted as a series of changes in the developmental program of the pharyngeal arches. In this review, we summarize the history of middle ear research, highlight some of the remaining problems, and suggest possible future directions. We propose that to understand mammalian middle ear evolution, it is essential to identify the critical developmental events underlying the particular mammalian anatomy and to describe the evolutionary sequence of changes in developmental and molecular terms. We also discuss the degree of consistency between the developmental explanation of the mammalian middle ear based on molecular biology and morphological changes in the fossil record. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:417–433, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.