bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors attracting the sheep headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera:Muscidae), with a note on the evaluation of repellents
Authors: Berlyn A. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn investigation using modified Manitoba traps on a forest track in Scotland showed that carbon dioxide, coloured spheres, movement, heat, Haematopota pluvialis (L.) and a swarm of other adults of Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) were attractive. Traps with coloured spheres attracted more flies than traps without spheres. Matt black, shiny black and shiny red spheres attracted more males and females than did shiny green, white or yellow spheres. Significant increases in the number of flies caught did not occur when carbon dioxide was released from a trap at rates above 2 litres/min. Carbon dioxide seems to act as a long-range attractant, with vision becoming important near the host. Manitoba traps were also used with three repellents for H. irritans in order to evaluate the trap's potential for testing repellents.
Metabolic strategies of male and female tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the field
Authors: Rogers D. J. , Randolph Sarah E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA scattergram method was developed for explaining the variability in the levels of fat, residual blood-meals and residual dry weights (RDW) of field samples ofGlossina. The pattern of changes in mean RDW and fat levels was shown to be similar for five species ofGlossina (G. morsitans morsitansWestw.,G. swynnertoniAust.,G. fuscipes fuscipesNewst.,G. palpoiis palpalis(R.-D.) andG. tachinoidesWestw.) but different for the two sexes. On the basis of previous laboratory and field work, a simple descriptive model is developed that suggests priority pathways during the life of the adult fly for the products of successive blood-meals. Initially, for tenerals of both sexes, the priority is to increase thoracic musculature (RDW) without excessive production of fat. Subsequently, male flies devote each blood-meal exclusively to the production of fat, an energy store used mainly for flight activity. Females show a gradual increase in both fat and RDW levels, which probably corresponds with the development of the larva in utero. Wing-fray measurements support this interpretation. During each pregnancy cycle, females accumulate a reserve of fat over and above that necessary for the production of each larva. This is apparently required at the end of each cycle when res piratory losses exceed the energy supply from blood-meals taken. Mean thaematin levels of the four larger species studied (G. morsirans, G. swynnertoni, G. fuscipesandG. palpails) also showed a consistent pattern of change during each pregnancy cycle. Females apparently feed once at the beginning of each cycle, once at a stage of pregnancy when the larva in utero is approaching the moult from the second to the third instar and finally during the middle of the third larval instar, when the meal may be quite small and repeated.
The effect of caste composition on wood consumption in cultures of Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) (Isoptera: Termitidae)
Authors: Watson J. A. L. , Ruyooka D. B. A. , Howick C. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAltering the proportions by weight of first-stage workers in groups of large workers from 26 to 40%, or of fourth-and fifth-stage reproductive nymphs in groups of mixed workers from 0 to 15%, did not affect wood consumption by laboratory cultures of Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill). However, increasing the proportion of soldiers in groups of mixed workers from 0 to 15% decreased food consumption, which was very closely related to: the weight of workers present. The presence of 7·5% of large workers near to ecdysis had no significant effect, but food consumption was depressed when the proportion reached 15%, apparently due to high mortality among the moulting workers. It is concluded that caste composition can be an important factor in laboratory tests of materials against termite attack and that, unlike soldiers or large workers near to ecdysis, first-stage workers and late-stage reproductive nymphs of N. exitiosus are substantially independent castes, at least in their feeding.
The host-feeding patterns of some culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in The Gambia
Authors: Snow W. F. , Boreham P. F. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA total of 2609 blood-fed females of 23 species of Aedes and Culex was collected, mainly from outdoor resting sites or in unbaited suction traps, at two localities in The Gambia. The host-feeding patterns of the mosquitoes indicated by the results of precipitin tests on the blood-meals were of thiee types: those in which large mammals were the predominant hosts, those where mammals, birds and reptiles were represented and those in which avian feeds predominated. C. tritaeniorhynchus Giles had fed predominantly on cattle, and small numbers of nine species of Aedes had fed on large mammals. C. thalassius Theo. was non-specific in its feeding habits, with feeds from a wide range of mammals and birds and a few reptiles. No evidence was found for a change in the feeding habits of C. thalassius with increasing age. C. poicilipes (Theo.) also fed on mammals and birds. Birds were the primary hosts of C. tigripes Grp. Charm., C. nebulosus Theo./ C. cinereus Theo., C. decens Theo., C. invidiosus Theo. and C. neavei Theo., although the feeds of C. decens included a large proportion on bats.
Inheritance of organochlorine resistance in the cattle tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) in East Africa
Authors: Lourens J. H. M 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSingle pair progenies (sibships) of three organochlorine resistant strains of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum. from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda showed similarity in dose-mortality response to γ-BHC. The homogeneous dose-mortality responses indicated such larvae have a similar high level of resistance, whereas the stepped nature of the dose-mortality curve for the heterogeneous sibships indicated that these sibships include both resistant and susceptible larvae. Crosses between the Uganda strain and the susceptible reference strain (Mwanza) indicated that a dominant gene exerts a major influence on resistance to γ-BHC and dieldrin. For some heterogeneous sibships the dose-mortality response indicated a significant departure from a 1:1 ratio of susceptible: resistant larvae. The deviation could be reduced by increasing the susceptible background genotype. The deviation differed in direction for different crosses, suggesting a genetic influence. The deviations occurred in all three resistant strains. Line selection of deviating sibships in either direction was unsuccessful.
Intraspecific antagonism in Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Howick C. D , Creffield J. W 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCoptotermes acinaciformis (Frogg.) was collected from three different mound colonies and placed in holding jars in a matrix of mound material from an alien colony. After transportation and maintenance in a controlled insectary for 28 days, they were separated from the holding jars and pooled according to colony origin. They were then used in mixed groups of various combinations in a bioassay test of their feeding capacity and survival. Termites from a fourth colony were used to determine whether pooling of individuals originating from the same colony but maintained in different holding jars had any effect on their feeding and survival in the laboratory. It was shown that, although termites from the same original colony can be re-united without detriment after transportation and maintenance, those from different colonies cannot be mixed to form reproducible bioassay groups. Although chilling before mixing produced a slight improvement, the resulting groups were still unsuitable for use in bioassays. It is noteworthy that when brought together after maintenance in the holding jars under identical conditions in an identical matrix, the termites were able to recognise and accept fellows from their own colony and to detect and reject those from other sources.
A new species of Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on Lonicera quinquelocularis in northern Pakistan
Authors: Bradley J. D 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA gracillariid moth belonging to the subfamily Lithocolletinae that was reared from larvae mining the leaves of Lonicera quinquelocularis (Caprifoliaceae), a weed in northern Pakistan, is described and named Phyllonorycter montanella sp. n. The larvae make blotch mines on the underside of the leaves and were discovered in the Murree Hills at about 2600 m.
Genetic control of Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Sensitivity to diapause interfering with a field-cage experiment using a homozygous chromosomal translocation
Authors: Robinson A. S. , Herfst M. , Vosselman L 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA translocation homozygous strain (TT) of Delia antiqua (Mg) was released into a field cage in Wageningen, The Netherlands, together with a standard laboratory strain (++). During the course of the season, the fecundity and fertility of the adults were measured together with the karyotype frequencies (TT+; T+; ++) of the F1 progeny. No selective disadvantage of the translocation karyotypes was observed. However, only four F1 adults emerged in the field cage; therefore a sample of pupae was removed from the cage, and it was shown that nearly 100% of the surviving pupae had entered diapause. This figure was confirmed from the remainder of the pupae. The fertility of eggs from the emerging adults was reduced to 54%, compared with the standard fertility of nearly 90%, but because of the diapause response of the strains used, the effect of this reduced fertility in the field-cage population could not be followed. The reasons for the change in diapause response of the laboratory strains are discussed and suggestions made as to how this could be prevented. The report highlights the importance of quality in control techniques involving translocations.
The relationship of host size to feeding by mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Port G. R. , Boreham P. F. L. , Bryan Joan H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAttention has recently been focussed on the problem of why mosquitoes feed on some people more than others. In this paper, investigations of selective feeding by mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex conducted in two villages in the Gambia are reported. Fed mosquitoes were collected from the bed nets of 35 groups of people who normally sleep together, for example mothers and infants or two children or two adults. A total of 2339 meals was analysed using haptoglobin or ABO typing to determine from which individual each meal had been obtained. The results showed that the proportion of feeds upon an individual in a group can be associated with the proportion of the total surface area or weight of the group contributed by that individual. The incidence of multiple feeding was between 3 and 6%. The results are discussed in relation to host selection by mosquitoes and their significance for models of malaria epidemiology.
Clonal susceptibility and the influence of shade trees on the incidence of Glyptotermes dilatatus (Bugnion & Popoff) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in tea
Authors: Sivapalan P. , Karunaratne A. A. C. , Jayatilleke D. G. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAmongst 20 tea clones tested in Sri Lanka for susceptibility to Glyptotermes dilatatus (Bugnion & Popoff), five of the high-yielding soft-wooded clones, including the currently recommended and popular TRI 2023 and TRI 2026, were found very susceptible and to suffer a severe net loss in yield. A highly significant negative linear correlation was observed between the mean infestation percentage of clone with an infestation of over 30% and the mean percentage change in yield. In general, the high-yielding clones with soft-wooded sappy frames were particularly susceptible to termite attack. Since yield is one of the important criteria for selection, it is suggested that in areas prone to termite infestation, replanting should be limited to the high-yielding resistant clones such as GMT 9, KEN 16/3 and DG 39. The provision of shade with Gliricidia sepium may have prevented a steep increase in the incidence of infestation in the susceptible clones.
Phenology, polymorphism and insect-plant relationships of the larch budmoth, Zeiraphera diniana (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on alternative conifer hosts in Britain
Authors: Day Keith 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies on populations of Zeiraphera diniana (Gn.) in Britain, where the tortricid has recently attained pest status, revealed differences in their structure and host-plant relationships when compared with populations at other European localities. A switch from the predominance of larch (Larix decidua) as a host in alpine Switzerland to pine (Pinus contorta) in upland Britain was governed by temperature which, during the egg stage, altered the phenological relationships between hatching caterpillars and foliage on the two conifers. Larvae which originated from populations on pine had higher survivorship on foliage of spruce (Picea) and larch than populations which originated on larch. Larval age heterogeneity, induced by a prolonged egg hatching period, was a marked feature of British populations and could have significant demographic consequences including an occasional reduction in the degree of temporal separation of racial units at the adult stage. Patterns of polymorphism in larval samples from Pinus contorta and Larix spp. in a variety of forests in Britain gave support to a hypothesis of racial hybridisation at the edge of the insect's range. There were overall differences between colour-type structure of larvae on larch at an English site and at a comparable Swiss locality, and also a similar trend in the change of a colour-type index with changes in population density between years. This suggests that similar selective forces may apply to the population dynamics of Z. diniana throughout its range.
Parasitism of overwintering pupae of cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), in England and Wales
Authors: Finch S. , Collier Rosemary H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn populations of overwintering pupae of Delia radicum (L.) collected from ten sites in England and Wales, parasitism varied from 0% at Newcastle to 42% at Evesham. Unlike their hosts, few of the parasites were in extended diapause. Irrespective of when collected at Wellesbourne, emergence of 50% of the ichneumonid parasite Phygadeuon trichops Thoms., the eucoilid parasite Trybliographa rapae (Westw.) and the staphylinid parasite Aleochara bilineata Gylh. occurred after 14, 21 and 28 days, respectively, at 20°C. Early-emerging populations of D. radicum were more heavily parasitised than intermediate- or late-emerging populations. During the winters of 1979–80, 1980–81 and 1981–82, T. rapae and A. bilineata emerged in similar numbers from 37% of the field-collected pupae from Wellesbourne. Less than 1% of the pupae were parasitised by P. trichops. D. radicum adults emerged from a further 25% of the pupae, and the remainder, approximately 38%, were dead. Most dead pupae were recovered from heavily parasitised populations. When parasites were present in high numbers, many of their progeny probably died from multiple parasitism and superparasitism. Comparison with earlier studies indicated that parasitism should be expressed as a percentage of the total pupae, and not just as a percentage of the living insects, if the data are subsequently to be of use for studies on the population dynamics of this pest.
Method of using kites to carry tow nets in the upper air for sampling migrating insects and its application to radar entomology
Authors: Farrow R. A. , Dowse J. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInsects migrating above the surface boundary layer were efficiently and economically sampled over long periods using a large diameter tow net suspended beneath a kite. In a series of trials in Australia, sequential samples were obtained by day and night at predetermined altitudes, in the range 50–500 m. The net was raised and lowered independently of the kite, so that when conditions were calm in the lower atmosphere the kite could remain aloft in the geostrophic airflow. Potential contamination of insects flying below the sampling height was minimised during net ascent, by reducing the airflow through the net. A radio-operated net-closing and releasing mechanism prevented contamination during the free fall of the net. The catch was converted to absolute values of aerial density and migration rate or flux. Aerial sampling was originally developed to identify upper air migrants under observation by the CSIRO entomological radar and to provide quantitative measurements of those species too small to be individually detected by radar. The technique was subsequently operated independently of radar to quantify microinsect migrations, but not those of macroinsects because of their relatively low catch rate.
Trap-oriented behaviour of red-banded blister beetles, Mylabris designata var. hacolyssa Rochebrune (Coleoptera: Meloidae), in the Sudan
Authors: Hall M. J. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMylabris designata var. hacolyssa Rochebrune is a pest of a variety of crops, particularly okra, in the central and western provinces of the Sudan. A study is reported of the responses of the beetle to visually attractive traps which were used to measure daily and seasonal flight activity. Blue-coloured traps were more attractive than red, lavender, white or black traps. The catching efficiencies of Manitoba traps and sticky targets were recorded by direct observation: 43·3% of approaching beetles were captured by a blue Manitoba trap whereas the initial 50–80% efficiency of blue sticky targets decreased to 10–20% over three days due to an increasing close range olfactory repellent effect on the beetles. The potential for the use of such traps as a cheap and environmentally acceptable alternative to the use of insecticides for control of M. d. hacolyssa is discussed.
Anopheles darlingiRoot (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Suriname rain forest
Authors: Hudson J. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFemales ofAnopheles darlingiRoot were the commonest (98·6%) of 5464 anophelines taken in 866 man-hours of human bait catches at night, in or near houses in the rain forest in Suriname during 1979–81, but their abundance could not be related to the prevalence of human malaria. In most endemic areas, few females were taken. At Aseli Kamp (4°17'N, 53°24'W) on the Lawa River, biting females were most abundant from April to June, during the long rainy season and rare or absent from September to March, during the long dry, short rainy and short dry seasons. At Apoma Tapoe, however, only 40 km downstream, they were most abundant in october and November, during the long dry season. Females entered houses to feed, with peak biting activity between 22·00 and 23·00 h, and were observed to rest near the collector for a mean of 7·7 min before and 17·1 min after feeding. No females were found resting by day, in buildings or out of doors. The mean parous rate of 827 females from biting catches was 43·6%. The expected biting rate of females was reduced by 20·3% in a house for six nights after it had been sprayed with DDT wettable powder (2 g/m2active ingredient), and by a mean of 82·6% during seven nights in a camp where the edge of the surrounding forest was sprayed with an ultra-low-volume mist of 95% fenitrothion (1·3 ml active ingredient per metre of perimeter) on the first, third and sixth days.A. darlingilarvae were found at Aseli Kamp in all seasons along the river's edge between water hyacinth plants (Eichhornia) and floating debris, and during the long rains in flooded forest.
The responses of Glossina (Glossinidae) and other Diptera to odour plumes in the field
Authors: Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe, the numbers of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. electrocuted as they arrived near a visual target were increased five times by the release of a mixture of carbon dioxide and acetone vapour at the target. Catches declined to near the no-odour level as the odours were moved to release points 32–40 m upwind or downwind of the baits. This pattern of catches at the target changed when flies were trapped at the odour release points 4–40 m from the target, and changed when the odour was released at each of several points along the axis of the wind instead of at a single point. These changes suggest that the flies responded to a single-point release of the odours at distances of 30–60 m from the release point, that, when the flies arrived at the upwind end of a plume and discovered no visual bait, they flew upwind for a few metres and returned downwind for about 8 m and that the flies navigated effectively up a composite plume made by 2–33 separate release points, 1–8 m apart, along a line up to 30° from the mean direction of the wind. Data for Muscidae are also presented.
Host preferences of Aphidius (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) populations parasitising pea and cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Pungerl Natasha B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLaboratory studies were carried out on different populations of Aphidius ervi Hal., A. picipes (Nees) and A. rhopalosiphi De Stef. collected in England from Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Sitobion spp., Microlophium carnosum (Buckt.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.). When mated females from each population were confined separately with 4–5 other species of these and other genera, each population varied in their host preferences, even though individual populations of each species were electrophoretically and morphometrically homogeneous. These host preferences differed in terms of fecundity. Different populations of Aphidius ervi exhibited markedly different host ranges. This behaviour is probably conditioned rather than inherited, and its significance to biological control is discussed. The results suggest a need to assess quantitatively the effect of temperature, host size and host species on the parasitoids' ability to control pest aphids.
Lipid accumulation and migratory flight in the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Hunter D. M. , McCulloch L. , Wright D. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLong distance migration by adults of Chortoicetes terminifera (Wlk.) in Australia was shown to be associated with the accumulation of fat-body lipid. Lipid was accumulated if the plant growth index was 0·3 or more within a week of the final moult; when the plant growth index was less than 0·3, there was little fat accumulation. Locusts with large amounts of fat-body lipid migrated on nights with warm strong winds, while those with little persisted.