bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ischaemic sensitivity of axons in carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Han S. Eric , Boland Robert A. , Krishnan Arun V. , Vucic Steve , Lin Cindy S.‐Y. , Kiernan Matthew C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAlthough carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common human entrapment neuropathy characterized by paraesthesiae and numbness with nocturnal exacerbation, the mechanisms underlying the generation of these symptoms remain unclear. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between changes in axonal excitability and the development of neurological symptoms in response to an ischaemic insult in CTS patients. Sensory and motor excitability were measured in 10 CTS patients and compared with 10 healthy controls, with participants asked to report symptom generation and intensity during the development of limb ischaemia. To induce ischaemia, a sphygmomanometer was inflated above the elbow and maintained at 200 mmHg for 10 min. During ischaemia there were decreases in axonal threshold, with less overall reduction in CTS patients when compared with controls. Associated with these differences in threshold, both sensory (p < 0.001) and motor (p < 0.05) refractoriness increased dramatically in CTS patients. This prominent increase in refractoriness was accompanied by a significant reduction in compound sensory action potentials and compound motor action potentials amplitudes for CTS patients when compared with controls (p < 0.05). These changes in axonal excitability resulted in a higher intensity of numbness and paraesthesiae reported by CTS patients during ischaemia. The present study has established differences in the nerve excitability and symptom development during ischaemia for patients with mild and moderate CTS, and may suggest that axons in the median nerve of CTS patients have an altered functional capacity to respond to an ischaemic insult, further contributing to nocturnal exacerbation of their symptoms.
TRANSFUSION PRACTICE: sHLA‐I contaminating molecules as novel mechanism of ex vivo/in vitro transcriptional and posttranscriptional modulation of transforming growth factor‐β1 in CD8+ T lymphocytes and neutrophils after intravenous immunoglobulin treatment
Authors: Ghio Massimo , Contini Paola , Negrini Simone , Proietti Michele , Gonella Roberta , Ubezio Gianluca , Ottonello Luciano , Indiveri Francesco 
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial action of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) in autoimmune and systemic inflammatory disorders. Among others' data, an in vitro increase of intracellular TGF‐β expression when culturing CD4+ T lymphocytes in the presence of IVIG has been reported. As IVIG infusion involves administration of soluble contaminants likewise all hemoderivative preparations, we hypothesized that, besides several other immunomodulatory proposed mechanisms, the clinical effects of IVIG therapy might be, at least partly, due to contaminating soluble HLA Class I (sHLA‐I) molecules capable to exert pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects among which TGF‐β1 modulation.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Ex vivo and in vitro transcriptional and posttranscriptional modulation of TGF‐β1 in CD8+ T lymphocytes and neutrophils after IVIG infusion was analyzed.RESULTS: Ex vivo analysis of cells drawn from 10 enrolled IVIG recipients pointed out a significant increase of TGF‐β1 mRNA and intracellular TGF‐β1 molecules in both leukotypes. In vitro comparable results were obtained incubating CD8+ T lymphocytes and neutrophils from healthy donors with IVIG. The immunodepletion of sHLA‐I and/or soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) abolished TGF‐β1 modulation in both leukotypes. Coculture with human immunoglobulin (Ig)M monoclonal antibody or chimeric IgG (MabThera, Roche), whose manufacturing excludes “contamination,” did not exert any mRNA modulation. Finally, IgM or MabThera plus purified sHLA‐I molecules enhanced TGF‐β1 mRNA in both white blood cells to levels comparable to those obtained with IVIG incubation.CONCLUSION: On the whole, these data lead us to speculate that the ability of IVIG administration to modulate TGF‐β1 might be related to the immunomodulatory activities of sHLA‐I and sFasL molecules on activated CD8+ T lymphocytes and neutrophils.
A novel herpesvirus in the sanctuary chimpanzees on Ngamba Island in Uganda
Authors: Mugisha L. , Leendertz F.H. , Opuda‐Asibo J. , Olobo J.O. , Ehlers B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground  Recent studies in non‐human primates have led to the discovery of novel primate herpesviruses. In order to get more information on herpesvirus infections in apes, we studied wild born captive chimpanzees.Methods  Chimpanzees of the Ngamba island sanctuary, Uganda, were analyzed with pan‐herpes polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene and the glycoprotein B gene. The obtained sequences were connected by long‐distance PCR, and analyzed phylogenetically.Results  Twenty‐one of 40 individuals were infected with members of the Gammaherpesvirinae, two of them with a novel member of this subfamily. Phylogenetically, the novel virus fell into a clade of primate rhadinoviruses and the Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8), representing a third distinct rhadinovirus in chimpanzees.Conclusion  Non‐human primates harbor several herpesviruses many of which are still unknown. This has implications to management of primates in sanctuaries requiring continuous updates on the management protocols to deal with potential occupational pathogens.
Expression of chondromodulin‐1 in the temporomandibular joint condylar cartilage and disc
Authors: Fang Wei , Friis Thor Einar , Long Xing , Xiao Yin 
Published: November 2009

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39: 356–360Background:  The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cartilage consists of condylar cartilage and disc and undergoes continuous remodeling throughout post‐natal life. To maintain the integrity of the TMJ cartilage, anti‐angiogenic factors play an important role during the remodeling process. In this study, we investigated the expression of the anti‐angiogenic factor, chondromodulin‐1 (ChM‐1), in TMJ cartilage and evaluate its potential role in TMJ remodeling.Methods:  Eight TMJ specimens were collected from six 4‐month‐old Japanese white rabbits. Safranin‐O staining was performed to determine proteoglycan content. ChM‐1 expression in TMJ condylar cartilage and disc was determined by immunohistochemistry. Three human perforated disc tissue samples were collected for investigation of ChM‐1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) distribution in perforated TMJ disc.Results:  Safranin‐O stained weakly in TMJ compared with tibial articular and epiphyseal cartilage. In TMJ, ChM‐1 was expressed in the proliferative and hypertrophic zone of condylar cartilage and chondrocyte‐like cells in the disc. No expression of ChM‐1 was observed in osteoblasts and subchondral bone. ChM‐1 and VEGF were both similarly expressed in perforated disc tissues.Conclusions:  ChM‐1 may play a role in the regulation of TMJ remodeling by preventing blood vessel invasion of the cartilage, thereby maintaining condylar cartilage and disc integrity.
Vasopressin Synthesis by the Magnocellular Neurons is Different in the Supraoptic Nucleus and in the Paraventricular Nucleus in Human and Experimental Septic Shock
Authors: Sonneville Romain , Guidoux Céline , Barrett Lucinda , Viltart Odile , Mattot Virginie , Polito Andrea , Siami Shidasp , De La Grandmaison Geoffroy Lorin , Blanchard Anne , Singer Mervyn , Annane Djillali , Gray Françoise , Brouland Jean‐Philippe , Sharshar Tarek 
Published: November 2009

AbstractImpaired arginine vasopressin (AVP) synthesis and release by the neurohypophyseal system, which includes the neurohypophysis and magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, have been postulated in septic shock, but changes in this system have never been assessed in human septic shock, and only partially experimentally. We investigated AVP synthesis and release by the neurohypophyseal system in 9 patients who died from septic shock and 10 controls, and in 20 rats with fecal peritonitis‐induced sepsis and 8 sham‐operation controls. Ten rats died spontaneously from septic shock, and the others were sacrificed. In patients with septic shock, as in rats that died spontaneously following sepsis induction, AVP immunohistochemical expression was decreased in the neurohypophysis and supraoptic magnocellular neurons, whereas it was increased in the paraventricular magnocellular neurons. No significant change was observed in AVP messenger RiboNucleic Acid (mRNA) expression assessed by in situ hybridization in either paraventricular or supraoptic magnocellular cells. This study shows that both in human and experimental septic shock, AVP posttranscriptional synthesis and transport are differently modified in the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. This may account for the inappropriate AVP release in septic shock and suggests that distinct pathogenic mechanisms operate in these nuclei.
Nanocellulose Reinforced Chitosan Composite Films as Affected by Nanofiller Loading and Plasticizer Content
Authors: Azeredo Henriette M.C. , Mattoso Luiz Henrique C. , Avena‐Bustillos Roberto J. , Filho Gino Ceotto , Munford Maximiliano L. , Wood Delilah , McHugh Tara H. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained by N‐deacetylation of chitin, produced from shellfish waste, which may be employed to elaborate edible films or coatings to enhance shelf life of food products. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of nanofiller (cellulose nanofibers, CNF) and plasticizer (glycerol) on tensile properties (tensile strength—TS, elongation at break—EB, and Young's modulus—YM), water vapor permeability (WVP), and glass transition temperature (Tg) of chitosan edible films, and to establish a formulation to optimize their properties. The experiment was conducted according to a central composite design, with 2 variables: CNF (0 to 20 g/100 g) and glycerol (0 to 30 g/100 g) concentrations in the film (on a dry basis), which was produced by the so‐called casting technique. Most responses (except by EB) were favored by high CNF concentrations and low glycerol contents. The optimization was based on maximizing TS, YM, and Tg, and decreasing WVP, while maintaining a minimum acceptable EB of 10%. The optimum conditions were defined as: glycerol concentration, 18 g/100 g; and CNF concentration, 15 g/100 g. AFM imaging of films suggested good dispersion of the CNF and good CNF‐matrix interactions, which explains the good performance of the nanocomposite films.Practical Application: Chitosan is a biodegradable polymer which may be used to elaborate edible films or coatings to enhance shelf life of foods. This study demonstrates how cellulose nanofibers (CNF) can improve the mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of chitosan films. A nanocomposite film with 15% CNF and plasticized with 18% glycerol was comparable to some synthetic polymers in terms of strength and stiffness, but with poorer elongation and water vapor barrier, indicating that they can be used for applications that do not require high flexibility and/or water vapor barrier. The more important advantage of such films when compared to synthetic polymer films is their environmentally friendly properties.
Optical and X‐ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Studies of Bone and Teeth in Newborn Rats After Maternal Treatment with Indinavir
Authors: Drzazga Zofia , Michalik Katarzyna , Maciejewska Karina , Kaszuba Michał , Nowińska Barbara , Trzeciak Hanna 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn experiment estimating influence of antiviral drug indinavir treatment during pregnancy on bones and teeth development in newborn rats was performed. Two different fluorescence noninvasive spectroscopy techniques, i.e. laser (407 nm)‐induced fluorescence method to characterize the organic fluorescent molecules and X‐ray fluorescence analysis to determine mineral components were used to study the surface response of femur, mandible and incisor during their formation in the first month of a rat’s life. Differences in autofluorescence depending on the form of the bone were observed on the basis of the emission from enamel in 7‐, 14‐ and 28‐day‐old newborn rats. The dependence between decrease in intensity of fluorescence and increase in mineralization with age in newborn rats was observed. An enhancement of the autofluorescence and a decrease in the concentration of Ca as a main element, as well as disturbances in the concentration of Zn as trace element were observed for bone as well as teeth in newborns during the first month of their life after maternal administration of indinavir (500 mg kg−1 P.O.) in comparison with the control group. The results indicate that indinavir causes a delay in development of the skeleton and teeth in newborn rats.
Examination of Solar Simulators Used for the Determination of Sunscreen UVA Efficacy
Authors: Sayre Robert M. , Dowdy John C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe U.S. FDA recently proposed both in vivo and in vitro UVA efficacy tests for sunscreen products with the lower result used to establish the sunscreen’s labeled UVA protection claim. The FDA stated their rationale for dual tests was concern that the in vivo test method overemphasizes UVA‐2 (320–340 nm) photoprotection. We attribute FDA’s observation to the relative lack, compared to sunlight, of UVA‐1 (340–400 nm) radiation in the current JCIA UVA solar simulator specification, allowing the method to generate higher UVA protection factors than sunscreens will provide in sunlight. Our work is based upon comparisons of Air Mass 1.0 sunlight to variously filtered UVA solar simulators. Sources near the JCIA UVA‐2/UVA limits (8–20%) had a goodness of fit to solar UVA of only 67–79%. We propose that instead of using ratios of UVA‐2 to UVA the standard should be a goodness of fit to the UVA region of an Air Mass 1 solar reference spectrum. As the spectral distribution of solar UVA varies much less than UVB, sunlight of reasonable zenith angles of ≤60° will have similar spectral shapes and approximate risk spectrum. Goodness of fit to this spectrum will produce UVA protection values predictive to those actually achieved in sunlight of different zenith angles.
Les spectateurs dans la lorgnette des anecdotiers: fait divers ou fait théâtral?
Authors: CHAOUCHE SABINE 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between audiences and actors during performances in eighteenth‐century France, and analyses different forms of social behaviours and attitudes that manifested themselves in the auditorium (e.g. unanticipated responses to onstage events, jokes made by audience members, physical interventions in the performances and so on). It examines such questions as: How did members of the audience ‘play a part’ in the performance? Can one speak of a rivalry between the stage and the auditorium? Was more than one performance being played out? Prompted by Ervin Goffman's The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life, the article aims to define the sociology of early modern performances and identify various ways in which the audience ‘staged themselves’. Based on a close reading of a number of eighteenth‐century theatrical anecdotes, it demonstrates that the various and unexpected events which occurred, not infrequently, created what we might call a hybrid spectacle, that is to say a very particular form of theatricality.
A randomized, 36‐month, post‐marketing efficacy and tolerability study in Sweden and Finland of latanoprost versus non‐prostaglandin therapy in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension
Authors: Friström Björn , Uusitalo Hannu 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  To compare the effect of time on therapy, efficacy, tolerability and resource utilization of latanoprost or non‐prostaglandin analogues (non‐PGs) in patients who required a change in intraocular pressure (IOP)‐lowering monotherapy.Methods:  This open‐label, multicentre study (Sweden, 19 sites; Finland, seven sites) included adults with glaucoma or ocular hypertension with mean diurnal IOP ≥ 21 mmHg on ocular hypotensive monotherapy. Patients were randomized to latanoprost monotherapy or non‐PG therapy (commercially available therapy other than a PG) and followed for 36 months. End‐points included: time to treatment failure (baseline to visit with a change in/addition to treatment); diurnal IOP (mean of 08.00, 12.00 and 16:00 hr measurements) at months 6, 12, 24 and 36; tolerability; and resource utilization, where analyses used Swedish and Finnish 2006 unit costs.Results:  Three hundred and twenty‐six patients received ≥ 1 dose of latanoprost (n = 162) or non‐PGs (n = 164). Median time to treatment failure was longer for latanoprost (36 months) than for non‐PGs (12 months; p < 0.001); 51% and 24% of patients remained on randomized therapy after 36 months, respectively (p < 0.001). Decreases in mean diurnal IOP from baseline were significantly greater for latanoprost than for non‐PGs at months 6 and 12 (p < 0.01). No serious adverse events were judged to be treatment‐related. Mean total 36‐month direct costs were similar in patients initiated with latanoprost and non‐PGs.Conclusion:  Patients who failed previous monotherapy remained on therapy longer when switched to latanoprost. Latanoprost’s IOP‐reducing effect and tolerability were sustained over the long term. Resource utilization and costs were generally similar in those initiating latanoprost or non‐PG therapy.
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON MAKERS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN RENAL PATIENT: CONVENTIONAL HEMODIALYSIS VS. HAEMOFILTRATION ONLINE
Authors: Melero‐Rubio Esperanza , Párraga‐Díaz Mateo , Gómez‐Sánchez M. Paz , Pellicer‐Villaescusa Silvia , Merchán‐Mayado Esteban 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYHomocysteine is considered as independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. Patients treated with haemodialysis (HD) exhibit elevated homocysteine levels, even four times higher than the general population does.This study focuses on the determination of the vascular risk in patients treated with conventional HD and haemodiafiltration on‐line (HDF). It was also considered important to determine whether there was a relationship between homocysteine and the variables given to the patient such as dialysis dose, obesity and treatment with folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12.A one‐year cross‐sectional observational study was conducted on patients initially treated with renal replacement therapy such as HDF on‐line and conventional HD. Data collected included patient's age, sex, aetiology, duration of dialysis treatment and association with dialysis session, including data on body mass index, waist circumference, treatment with vitamin B6, B12 and folic acid.The results obtained conclusively indicate that patients treated with renal replacement therapy such as HDF on‐line exhibit lower homocysteine levels than those treated with conventional HD. Therefore we can conclude that: homocysteine markers indicate that patients treated with HDF on‐line are exposed to lower average vascular risk.
Inferring Ice/Ocean Surface Roughness from Horizontal Current
Measurements
Authors: McPhee M. G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Turbulence measurements in the underice boundary layer from two Arctic drift stations are used to develop a method for estimating the small-scale roughness, zo, of the ice underside from horizontal current and current variance, sampled at one level. Horizontal variance is shown to be well correlated with turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Measurements also indicate that at depths where turbulence is fully developed to the surface roughness, shear production of TKE is approximately in balance with viscous dissipation, so that the magnitude of local horizontal stress is proportional to flow variance. A similarity model is used to extrapolate local stress to the interface, and zo is estimated from the logarithmic profile for current speed. The method has application for using remote data buoys, equipped with “smart” current meters, for mapping the underice roughness.
Application of a General Technique for Prediction of Riser
Vortex-Induced Response in Waves and Current
Authors: Lyons G. J. , Patel M. H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper describes applications of an extension to a recently developed calculation method for vortex-induced response of risers and tethers. The vortex-induced vibration response for the excited modes is generated using a semi-empirical formulation which is applied within a time domain calculation. This makes it possible to take account of the variation of flow properties along the riser length, as well as in time. The calculation method has been verified by comparison with model test data for vortex-induced response to surface vessel motions in still water. This paper presents applications of the technique for vortex shedding due to the combined action of current, surface vessel motions and waves. The mathematics of the extended prediction technique is described and results are illustrated by presenting typical vortex-induced responses for single-tube risers. The results of the prediction method are used to highlight the relative magnitudes and nature of vortex-induced response excited by currents, surface vessel motions and waves.
Shear Modulus of Soft Marine Clays
Authors: Pamukcu S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Instabilities occur frequently in ocean-bottom sediments where the deposition is faster than the consolidation of the material. Cyclic loading of waves contribute to the existing pore pressures within the sediment reducing the effective stresses. The sediment can lose strength and stability and flow in gullies of depth up to 30 m, on slopes less than 0.5 deg. One theory and some related experiments indicate that, depending on the depositional conditions and state of stress, the failure mechanism for such soft saturated marine clays may not necessarily require large straining of the material. Laboratory determination of low-strain shear behavior or shear modulus of soft marine clays can be complicated if high-frequency dynamic testing methods are utilized. Cyclic loading can promote fast degradation of moduli for these soils even at low strain amplitudes. A monotonic torsional shear device, namely a triaxial vane device, was equipped with a computer-aided data acquisition system to detect low-strain shear deformations under quasi-static loading conditions. The average range of electronically measured strain range was 10−4 to 1 percent, which was compatible with that of a high-frequency, low-strain dynamic testing method, namely, resonant column. Comparison of the dynamic and static moduli reduction curves of artificially prepared soft kaolinite specimens demonstrated the cyclic degradation effects on such clays. The relatively continuous, high-resolution low-strain static data indicated further gain in understanding of low-strain nonlinearity and yielding behavior of soft marine clays.
Mathematical Modeling and NDT: A State of the Art
Authors: Georgiou G. A. , Blakemore M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
During the past decade or so there have been significant advances in the mathematical modeling of nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques. The current state of modeling is reviewed, with the aim of demonstrating the important role that it can play in improving and validating NDT techniques and procedures. This paper was presented at the 6th International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposium, (1987). Since that time, a number of advances have been made in mathematical modeling. A more recent review of mathematical modeling techniques, with additional references, is currently in preparation by the authors.