bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maintenance of Optimal Fluoride Levels in Public Water Systems
Authors: Pelletier Andrew R. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT Objective: This study examines the quality of water fluoridation in public water supplies. Methods: An assessment of daily fluoride levels among all communities that fluoridate their public water supplies in New Hampshire was conducted from January 1,2000, through June 30,2002. Results were compared against recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: The fluoride concentration was less than the recommended minimum value on 42.0 percent of days, within the accepted control range on 49.8 percent of days, and above the recommended maximum value on 1.0 percent of days. On 7.1 percent of days, a fluoride concentration was not determined. Only 2 (18.2%) of 11 public water supplies maintained the fluoride concentration in the optimal range ≥80 percent of the days. Conclusions: For public water supplies in New Hampshire that fluoridate, suboptimal levels are the most common problem. Water systems need to better maintain recommended fluoride levels if communities are to realize the full benefits of fluoridation.
Salmon for terrestrial protected areas
Authors: Darimont Chris T. , Bryan Heather M. , Carlson Stephanie M. , Hocking Morgan D. , MacDuffee Misty , Paquet Paul C. , Price Michael H.H. , Reimchen Thomas E. , Reynolds John D. , Wilmers Christopher C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAlthough managers safeguard protected areas for migratory species, little consideration has been given to how migratory species might benefit parks. Additionally, whereas land‐sea connections are considered in management of protected areas, most effort has focused on reducing negative “downstream” processes. Here, we offer a proposal to promote positive “upstream” processes by safeguarding the seasonal pulse of marine nutrients imported into freshwater and riparian ecosystems by spawning migrations of Pacific salmon. Currently, high rates of fishing limit this important contribution to species and processes that terrestrial parks were designed to protect. Accordingly, we propose limiting exploitation in areas and periods through which salmon runs bound for terrestrial protected areas can migrate. Best suited for less commercially valuable but relatively abundant and widespread pink and chum salmon (O. gorbuscha and keta), our proposal thus considers ecosystem and societal needs for salmon. We conclude by outlining strategies to overcome socio‐economic barriers to implementation.
Structural Control of the Etouchang‐Type Stratabound Iron Deposit in Central Yunnan
Authors: Jiacong Sun 
Published: September 2010

Abstract The etouchang‐type iron deposit is a typical stratabound deposit in the northern part of central Yunnan. The discussion centres on the controlling effect of the generation and development of the structural system in the orefield on the formation of this type of deposit and establish a time‐space ore‐control model so as to get a better understanding of the mechanism for its formation.During the formation and enrichment of the Etouchang‐type iron deposit, the structures performed a dual control function on the generation and distribution and also on the reformation and enrichment of the source bed. The Etouchang‐type iron deposit is a typical example for the stratabound deposits of which the formation and distribution are controlled by the generation and development of structural systems.During the embryonic period of the longitudinal structural system shortly after the Dongchuan movement, a N‐S rift valley‐type trough appeared between the Lüzhijiang fault zone and the Luoci‐Yimen fault zone. It was along the marginal areas of the trough that the iron‐rich clay and sand of dominant terrigenous origin were accumulated, constituting the source bed of iron.During the Jinning movement, the basement had been finally formed and the longitudinal structural system took shape. During the Chengjiang movement, the longitudinal structural system was strengthened and the central Yunnan xi‐type structure appeared, which controlled the activities of the Na‐rich magma and thermal fluids, and the consequent reformation of the source bed, the migration and enrichment of iron substance and the formation of economic deposits. The Luoci‐Yimen fault zone controlled the distribution of the iron orefield while the lateral structures (e.g., the Etouchang compounding shear structure) controlled the occurrence of the deposit.The reformation and enrichment of the Etouchang‐type iron deposits were concomitant with the formation of an ore‐controlling structure. The scale and grade of the orebodies were strictly controlled by the structural pattern, and the orebodies occurred in the shear structures and were enriched in the tensional portion of a compressive structure.
On the Origin of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Gases
Authors: Zhigao He 
Published: September 2010

Abstract The compositional variation of oil‐soluble gaseous hydrocarbons in high‐pressure in‐place oil from more than 40 oil wells in the Northern Jiangsu oil field, China, was studied. Samples in which the effects of the factors of pressure and biodegradation had been got rid of were chosen as the representatives that could really reflect the original composition of hydrocarbon gases. Such samples were compared compositionally with their corresponding hydrocarbons formed by decarboxylation of volatile low‐molecular fatty acids. Thus highly correlative regularities were found to exist between them. The numerical values of both are graphically expressed. The two curves on the diagram are very similar. These two sets of values have a simple correlation coefficient of 0.9935, which presents their genetic relation.Based on the study of the formation of gaseous hydrocarbons from decarboxylation of volatile fatty acids, the following regularities of the isomers are revealed:1) n‐butyric acid + isobutyric acid = propane;2) 1 2 isopentanoic acid (2‐methyl‐butyric acid) + n‐pentanoic acid = n‐butane; and3) 1.2 isopentanoic acid (3‐methyl‐butyric acid) = isobutane.The thermodynamics of decarboxylation was analysed and the enthalpy change ΔH, entropy change ΔS and Gibbs free energy change AG in the following reaction were calculated:CH3COOH(l)—CH4(g) + CO2(g).Thus the author considers that the reaction for the formation of hydrocarbons due to the decarboxylation of fatty acids is an exothermic one with increased entropy and decreased free energy as well as a spontaneous one. According to the CRC rule, the resultant Gibbs free energy change Δ G is approximately −41.84 kJ/mol, which is well within the range of the energy levels of biophysiological changes.According to the changes in odd‐carbon preference in n‐alkanes of petroleum and sediments and the analysis of fatty acids and amino acids, it is considered that hydrocarbon gases do not originate from pyrolysis or thermal degradation but from decarboxylation of organisms. But this biological reaction is not ordinary biochemical reaction in the artificial fermentation for generating marsh gas. On the basis of the change tendency of the fatty acid content in the fermentation liquor for marsh gas generation and the change tendency of the carbon isotopes in methane and carbon dioxide in the marsh gas, it can be judged that the biochemical reaction for forming hydrocarbon gases is a special biological one occurring after the fermentation.
On Late Triassic Floras in China and Principles for Palaeophytogeographic Regionalization
Authors: Ge Sun 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA new scheme of Late Triassic palaeophytogeographic regionalization of China is put forward on the basis of three principles given as follows:1. The palaeophytogeographic regionalization should be based on the characters of the various floras themselves. These characters include the types of the dominant floras, compositional patterns of various communities and existence of dominant genera or those genera and species characteristic of a region.2. The palaeogeographic positions of the floras in geologic time should be considered.3. The distribution of the floras was Influenced in three directions—latitudinal, longitudinal and vertical—in geological time.Formerly, a number of Chinese palaeobotanists based the palaeophytogeographic regionalization only on the factor of latitude, and neglected the characters of the floras themselves and the effect of their three‐directional zonation. However, the discovery of the Tianqiaoling flora (located at latitude 43. 5°N in NE China) rich in fossils of Dipteridaceae and Cycadophyta, indicating tropic or subtropic conditions, and a comprehensive consideration of assigning the floras of southern Tibet on the basis of palaeomagnetism, plate tectonics, etc., suggest that the palaeophytogeographic regionalization is a rather complicated subject. As the climatic conditions controlling, the growth of vegetation changed in three directions, one should consider not only the effect of latitudinal change (which usually causes temperature variations from south to north), but also the effect of longitudinal change (which usually brings about variations in humidity from sea to inland) and moreover the effect of vertical or elevation change (which also leads to variations in temperature and humidity). At the same time, it is also necessary to take into consideration the actual palaeogeographic positions of the floras in geologic time.Therefore, it is suggested that the Late Triassic floras in China should be grouped into three floristic regions, namely, (1) the Northern Floristic Region with the Danaeopsis‐Symopteris flora, (2) the Southern Floristic Region with the Dictyophyllum‐Clathropteris flora, and (3) the Yarlung Zangbo River Floristic Region. It is inferred here that the floral characters of the 3rd region are similar to those of the Dicroidium‐Lepidopteris flora growing on Gondwana land at that time.
The Devonian‐Carboniferous Boundary in Shallow‐Water Facies Areas of China as Based on Conodonts
Authors: Qiang Ji 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTraditionally, the lower boundary of the Aikuanian (Yanguanian) Stage has always been considered as the lower boundary of the Carboniferous in China, marked by the occurrence of the coralCystophrentis.In recent years, some biostratigraphical research results have shown that theCystophrentiszone is only distributed in the lower part of the Menggong'ao Formation (or the Gelaohe Formation) and that there is an interval zone namely theCystophrentis‐Pseudouraliniainterval zone, wedged in just between theCystophrentiszone and thePseudouraliniazone in the upper part of the Menggong'ao Formation (or the Gelaohe Formation ). According to the current study of the conodont biostratigraphy, the coralCystophrentiszone appears to be of latest Devonian age. So the lower boundary of the Aikuanian Stage is much lower than the lower Devonian‐Carboniferous boundary and should no longer be regarded as the lower boundary of the Carboniferous in China. In this paper, two proposals for the Devonian‐Carboniferous boundary in the shallow‐water facies areas of China are put forward: 1) that the boundary is marked by the first appearance of the conodontSiphonodella (Eosiphonodella) simplex, and 2) that the boundary is recognized by the extinction of the coralCystophrentisor the brachiopodTenticospirifer.In addition, 4 species are newly estabished here:Icriodus obovatussp. nov.,Polygnathus lepidussp. nov.,Polygnathus paucidentatussp. nov. andPolylophodonta jianghuaensissp. nov.
Tectono‐Geochemistry of Superimposed Mineralization in the Bainaimiao Ore Field, Inner Mongolia
Authors: Dongxu Li , Ganglio Wu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCombining geomechanics with geochemistry, this paper makes a rather systematic study on the stratigraphic division, tectonic evolution and ore genesis of the Bainaimiao ore field and, on such a basis, puts forward some new ideas. It has been emphatically pointed out that, in addition to the prominent E‐W structural zone that controls the Cu‐Mo deposits, there also exist N‐S and NE structures which dominate Pb‐Zn and Au mineralizations respectively. The formation of the copper deposit was attributed to the superimposition of three successive stages of mineralization related to volcano‐sedimentation and metamorphic and magmatic hydrothermal activities respectively.
REE Geochemistry of Skarns in the Tongshan Copper Deposit, Guichi, Anhui Province
Authors: Ruilong Qiu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper presents REE abundance pattern and REE geochemistry of granodiorite porphyry, skarns, as well as late hydrothermal alterations in the Tongshan copper deposit, Guichi County and, in the light of their similarities and variations, deals with the genesis of the skarns and the transformation process of the post‐skarn hydrothermal alterations. On such a basis, the inference is drawn that the skarn‐forming solution was produced by further fractionation of residual magma, thus belonging to a transitional fluid between residual magma and hydrothermal solution which, with the continuous variation of its components during the metasomatism, tended to become a hydrothermal solution.
The Late Ordovician Wufengian Sediments and the Ordovician‐Silurian Boundary in Western Zhejiang Province
Authors: Jiaju Qian 
Published: September 2010

Abstract The Late Ordovician Wufengian sediments in western Zhejiang include three facies: 1) graptolite shale facies, composed of two parts— the upper part the Yankou Formation, with the Diplograptus bohemicus (graptolite) zone and Dalmanitina sp. (trilobite), and the lower part the yuqian Formation with four graptolite zones: (4) the Paraorthograptus yuqianensis zone, (3) the Climacograptus venustus zone, (2) the Dicellograptus szechuanensis zone and (1) the Pseudoclimacograptus anhuiensis zone; 2) mixed facies, consisting of the Wenchang Formation in its upper part and the Changwu Formation in its lower; and 3) shelly limestone facies, whose upper and lower parts are separately the Wenchang Formation and Sanjushan Formation, containing Taeniolites, Proheliolites, etc. In this region the Dalmanitina‐Hirnantia bed is well exposed, and Da. and H. are associated with Diplograptus bohemicus, belonging to the late Late Ordovician.The Ordovician‐Silurian boundary is drawn as follows: (1) for the graptolite facies, it lies between the Diplograptus bohemicus zone and Glyptograptus persculptus zone; (2) for the graptolite‐shelly limestone facies (brachiopod fauna), it is placed between the top of the Diplograptus bohemicus zone and the base of the horizon with the Eospirifer fauna; and 3) for the shelly facies (brachiopod fauna), it is drawn between the top of the horizon with the Dalmanitina‐Hirnantia fauna and the base of the horizon with the Eospirifer fauna.
Genesis of Podiform Chromite Deposits——Evidence from the Luobosa Chromite Deposits, Tibet
Authors: Xibin Wang , Peisheng Bao 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Taking for example the Luobosa chromite deposit in Tibet combined with other deposits of the same type in the world, the paper discusses the genetic mechanism of podiform chromite deposits. The study indicates that chromite and dunite‐harzburgite are both the products of different degrees of partial melting of the same primary pyrolite (spinel lherzolite) and that chromite and dunite are the end product of higher degree of partial melting.The melting mechanism lies in the conversion of the two subgroups of pyroxenes (Cpx and Opx) into olivine and spinel respectively as a result of their incongruent melting, accompanied by regulation and reformation of accessory chrome spinel and such rock‐forming minerals as Ol, Opx and Cpx, thus resulting in the close association of chromite deposits and dunite. The results of this study are of general significance for understanding the genesis of chromite deposits of the same type in the world.
MLH1 Founder Mutations with Moderate Penetrance in Spanish Lynch Syndrome Families
Authors: Borràs Ester , Pineda Marta , Blanco Ignacio , Jewett Ethan M. , Wang Fei , Teulé Àlex , Caldés Trinidad , Urioste Miguel , Martínez-Bouzas Cristina , Brunet Joan , Balmaña Judith , Torres Asunción , Ramón y Cajal Teresa , Sanz Judit , Pérez-Cabornero Lucía , Castellví-Bel Sergi , Alonso Ángel , Lanas Ángel , González Sara , Moreno Víctor , Gruber Stephen B. , Rosenberg Noah A. , Mukherjee Bhramar , Lázaro Conxi , Capellá Gabriel 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The variants c.306+5G&gt;A and c.1865T&gt;A (p.Leu622His) of the DNA repair gene MLH1 occur frequently in Spanish Lynch syndrome families. To understand their ancestral history and clinical effect, we performed functional assays and a penetrance analysis and studied their genetic and geographic origins. Detailed family histories were taken from 29 carrier families. Functional analysis included in silico and in vitro assays at the RNA and protein levels. Penetrance was calculated using a modified segregation analysis adjusted for ascertainment. Founder effects were evaluated by haplotype analysis. The identified MLH1 c.306+5G&gt;A and c.1865T&gt;A (p.Leu622His) variants are absent in control populations and segregate with the disease. Tumors from carriers of both variants show microsatellite instability and loss of expression of the MLH1 protein. The c.306+5G&gt;A variant is a pathogenic mutation affecting mRNA processing. The c.1865T&gt;A (p.Leu622His) variant causes defects in MLH1 expression and stability. For both mutations, the estimated penetrance is moderate (age-cumulative colorectal cancer risk by age 70 of 20.1% and 14.1% for c.306+5G&gt;A and of 6.8% and 7.3% for c.1865T&gt;A in men and women carriers, respectively) in the lower range of variability estimated for other pathogenic Spanish MLH1 mutations. A common haplotype was associated with each of the identified mutations, confirming their founder origin. The ages of c.306+5G&gt;A and c.1865T&gt;A mutations were estimated to be 53 to 122 and 12 to 22 generations, respectively. Our results confirm the pathogenicity, moderate penetrance, and founder origin of the MLH1 c.306+5G&gt;A and c.1865T&gt;A mutations. These findings have important implications for genetic counseling and molecular diagnosis of Lynch syndrome. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7379–91. ©2010 AACR.
Superior Efficacy of Tumor Cell Vaccines Grown in Physiologic Oxygen
Authors: Olin Michael R. , Andersen Brian M. , Zellmer David M. , Grogan Patrick T. , Popescu Flavia E. , Xiong Zhengming , Forster Colleen L. , Seiler Charlie , SantaCruz Karen S. , Chen Wei , Blazar Bruce R. , Ohlfest John R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Atmospheric oxygen (∼20% O2) has been the universal condition employed to culture tumor cells used as vaccine antigen. We tested the hypothesis that reducing oxygen tension would increase the efficacy of tumor cell lysate vaccines.
Experimental Design: GL261 glioma cells and EMT6 breast carcinoma cells were grown in 5% or 20% O2. Syngeneic tumor-bearing mice were vaccinated with these tumor cell lysates mixed with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as an adjuvant. Tumor infiltrating T cells and apoptotic GL261 cells were quantified by immunohistochemistry. Tumor-reactive immunoglobulin was detected by Western blot. Ovalbumin and gp100-derived peptides were mixed with GL261 lysates as marker antigens to detect changes in presentation of exogenous antigen on MHC class I in vitro, and in vivo following adoptive transfer of gp100-specific CD8+ T cells.
Results: Mice bearing orthotopic glioma and breast carcinoma survived significantly longer when vaccinated with 5% O2 lysates. Antigen-specific CTL activation was significantly enhanced following stimulation with lysates derived from GL261 cells grown in 5% O2 versus 20% O2 through a mechanism that involved enhanced cross-presentation of exogenous antigen on MHC I. Vaccination with 5% O2 GL261 cell lysates caused a significant increase in CTL proliferation, tumoricidal function, and trafficking into brain tumor sites, whereas 20% O2 lysate vaccines predominantly evoked an antibody response.
Conclusions: Tissue culture oxygen functions as an “immunologic switch” by dictating the cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by tumor cell lysates. These results have profound implications for cancer vaccines that utilize tumor cells as the source of antigen. Clin Cancer Res; 16(19); 4800–8. ©2010 AACR.
Location, Location, Location-Makes All the Difference for Hypoxia in Lung Tumors
Authors: Maity Amit , Koumenis Constantinos 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Hypoxia is a clinically important component of the tumor microenvironment because it adversely affects progression, metastasis, response to chemoradiation therapy, and overall patient survival. Here, we describe how different animal tumor models of lung cancer can yield surprisingly different hypoxic profiles. Clin Cancer Res; 16(19); 4685–7. ©2010 AACR.
Genetically Engineered Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus Effectively Induces Sustained Remission of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Silberhumer Gerd R. , Brader Peter , Wong Joyce , Serganova Inna S. , Gönen Mithat , Gonzalez Segundo Jaime , Blasberg Ronald , Zamarin Dmitriy , Fong Yuman 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a highly aggressive tumor. Alternative treatment strategies such as oncolytic viral therapy may offer promising treatment options in the future. In this study, the oncolytic efficacy and induction of tumor remission by a genetically engineered Newcastle disease virus [NDV; NDV(F3aa)-GFP; GFP, green fluorescent protein] in malignant pleural mesothelioma is tested and monitored by bioluminescent tumor imaging. The efficacy of NDV(F3aa)-GFP was tested against several mesothelioma cell lines in vitro. Firefly luciferase–transduced MSTO-211H* orthotopic pleural mesothelioma tumor-bearing animals were treated with either single or multiple doses of NDV(F3aa)-GFP at different time points (days 1 and 10) after tumor implantation. Tumor burden was assessed by bioluminescence imaging. Mesothelioma cell lines exhibited dose-dependent susceptibility to NDV lysis in the following order of sensitivity: MSTO-211H &gt; MSTO-211H* &gt; H-2452 &gt; VAMT &gt; JMN. In vivo studies with MSTO-211H* cells showed complete response to viral therapy in 65% of the animals within 14 days after treatment initiation. Long-term survival in all of these animals was &gt;50 days after tumor installation (control animals, &lt;23 d). Multiple treatment compared with single treatment showed a significantly better response (P = 0.005). NDV seems to be an efficient viral oncolytic agent in the therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma in an orthotopic pleural mesothelioma tumor model. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(10); 2761–9. ©2010 AACR.