bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trophic structure and spatial distribution of macrofaunas in the Hurlet and Index limestones (Carboniferous: upper Viséan and lower Serpukhovian) of Ayrshire, Scotland
Authors: Dean M. T. , Owen A. W. , Bowdler-Hicks A. , Akhurst M. C. 
Published: October 2010

Synopsis
Explorative multivariate numerical analysis of British Geological Survey historical Biostratigraphy collections from the Carboniferous Hurlet and Index limestones, Ayrshire, yields results capable of palaeoecological interpretation. The faunas are distributed along environmental gradients within carbonate facies that systematically extended out into other sedimentary settings. Clusters of genera in higher taxa plotted on ternary diagrams of trophic structure show both units commonly include epifaunal suspension feeders, although one cluster from the Hurlet Limestone includes epifaunal detritus-suspension feeders and another from the Index Limestone includes vagrant-epifaunal detritus-suspension feeders. All the clusters include the surficial and semi-infaunal tiers, non-motile and suspension feeding categories, but they show trends of increasing ecological complexity. The geographical distribution of the clusters shows the Hurlet Limestone palaeoenvironment was most diverse around Sorn, whereas that for the Index Limestone was diverse in all three main areas of outcrop. This variation is attributed to local fluctuations in depth, sea floor conditions and water quality. An ‘embayment’ in the palaeoenvironment of the Index Limestone, seen by draping the interpretations over a 3D computer model of the subsurface, was associated with the Kerse Loch Fault, where penecontemporaneous displacement and an inferred palaeotopographical fault scarp influenced marine water flow, environmental distribution and genus diversity.
p27: A Barometer of Signaling Deregulation and Potential Predictor of Response to Targeted Therapies
Authors: Wander Seth A. , Zhao Dekuang , Slingerland Joyce M. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Phosphorylation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 by upstream mitogenic signaling pathways regulates its stability, localization, and biological function. In human cancers, loss of the antiproliferative action of p27 can arise through reduced protein levels and/or cytoplasmic mislocalization, leading to increased cell proliferation and/or cell migration, respectively. Reduced p27 expression levels and p27 mislocalization have potential prognostic and therapeutic implications in various types of human cancers. This review highlights mechanisms of functional deregulation of p27 by oncogenic signaling that provide an important molecular rationale for pathway targeting in cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 17(1); 12–8. ©2010 AACR.
Mnk Mediates Integrin α6β4–Dependent eIF4E Phosphorylation and Translation of VEGF mRNA
Authors: Korneeva Nadejda L. , Soung Young Hwa , Kim Hong Im , Giordano Anthony , Rhoads Robert E. , Gram Hermann , Chung Jun 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIt was previously shown that integrin α6β4 contributes to translation of cancer-related mRNAs such as VEGF via initiation factor eIF4E. In this study, we found that integrin α6β4 regulates the activity of eIF4E through the Ser/Thr kinase Mnk. Although a role for Mnk in various aspects of cancer progression has been established, a link between integrin and Mnk activity has not. Here we show that Mnk1 is a downstream effector of integrin α6β4 and mediates the α6β4 signaling, important for translational control. Integrin α6β4 signals through MEK and p38 MAPK to increase phosphorylation of Mnk1 and eIF4E. Inhibition of Mnk1 activity by CGP57380 or downregulation by shRNA blocks α6β4-dependent translation of VEGF mRNA. Our studies suggest that Mnk1 could be a therapeutic target in cancers where the integrin α6β4 level is high. Mol Cancer Res; 8(12); 1571–8. ©2010 AACR.
Network Alterations Supporting Word Retrieval in Patients with Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Protzner Andrea B. , McAndrews Mary Pat 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Although the hippocampus is not considered a key structure in semantic memory, patients with medial-temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) have deficits in semantic access on some word retrieval tasks. We hypothesized that these deficits reflect the negative impact of focal epilepsy on remote cerebral structures. Thus, we expected that the networks that support word retrieval tasks would be altered in left mTLE patients. We measured brain activity with fMRI while participants (13 controls, 13 left mTLE, and 13 right mTLE) performed a verb generation task. We examined functional connectivity during this task in relation to language performance on an off-line clinical test of lexical access (Boston Naming Test, BNT). Using task–seed–behavior partial least squares, we identified a canonical language network that was more active during verb generation than the baseline condition, but this network did not correlate with variability in BNT performance in either controls or patients. Instead, additional networks were identified for each group, with more anterior temporal and prefrontal regions recruited for controls and more posterior temporal regions for both left and right mTLE patients. Our findings go beyond the literature emphasizing differences in laterality of language processes in mTLE patients and, critically, highlight how network changes can be used to account for performance variation among patients on clinically relevant measures. This strategy of correlating network changes and off-line behavior may provide a powerful tool for predicting a postoperative decline in language performance.
What Was Communism?
Authors: Rutland Peter 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCommunism dominated the political history of the 20th century. Yet it remains an enigmatic force: how could a philosophy of universal liberation turn so quickly into an engine of oppression? How was it possible for a rag-tag movement of street protests and café conspirators to seize command of the Russian state, turn it into a military superpower, and spread revolution to other lands? Communism exemplified the pernicious role of ideology in modern mass society. Both the sudden rise of communism in the early 1900s, and its equally abrupt collapse in the 1980s, caught observers by surprise and confounded academic conventions. The three books under review here, written by distinguished British specialists on Soviet history, successfully convey the international sweep and complexity of the Communist phenomenon. While the focus is on the rise and fall of the Soviet Union, the authors also cover the spread of Communism to China, Africa and elsewhere, and its blunting in Western Europe. The impact of Communist thinking on the arts is also explored, especially by David Priestland. But the debate over the driving forces behind communism's initial success and ultimate failure will continue for years to come.
Mapping History: Using Technology to Showcase Medieval Family Interconnectivity
Authors: Raffensperger Christian , Birnbaum David 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAt present the most common reference for Rusian genealogy is a nearly hundred-year-old article by N. de Baumgarten. The Rusian Genealogical Database provides a much needed update to this classic study, utilizing primary sources from throughout Europe, together with modern interpretations of those sources, to create a comprehensive reference tool. In addition to its utility as a reference, the Database can also serve as a resource for further research on the relationships among Riurikid family members, as well as their marriages, children, and even places of rule. This genealogy has been made more accessible through the use of extensible markup language (XML) technologies, which provide much of the power of traditional relational databases in a way that is well suited to representing both textual and tabular data. The combination of modern historical methodology with modern technology has created a tool that is easy to use, even when discussing the complex genealogy of the Riurikid family.
What is Prosveshchenie? Nikolai Novikov's Historical Dictionary of Russian Writers Revisited
Authors: Leckey Colum 
Published: October 2010

AbstractScholars have long regarded Nikolai Novikov's Historical Dictionary of Russian Writers as an essential source for eighteenth-century Russia's literary and intellectual life. Beyond providing valuable information on hundreds of authors, the Dictionary also clarifies the meaning of enlightenment (prosveshchenie) for Novikov and his generation. This article examines the Dictionary's application and understanding of prosveshchenie in the broad context of Russian intellectual history. For Novikov, prosveshchenie bore little similarity to the skeptical and critical spirit of the European Enlightenment. Instead, it represented an unusual combination of religious piety, erudition, and commitment to the spread of learning—the same ideals Novikov would promote as a Freemason and pass on to the nineteenth-century intelligentsia.
Meditations on Form and Meaning in Gogol's “On Present-Day Architecture”
Authors: Keyes William 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn the 175 years since Gogol published his Arabesques, there have been numerous attempts to unravel the meaning of the essays. This attempt to understand Gogol's 1831 essay “On Present-Day Architecture” tests a variety of old and new architectural theories against his seemingly impenetrable illogic. The essay also considers his use of synecdoche in his fictional and non-fictional works. The essay is, in the end, a meditation on Gogol's methods of construction and his pursuit of balance in a chaotic world.
Dynamical Role of Mode Water Ventilation in Decadal Variability in the Central Subtropical Gyre of the North Pacific*
Authors: Xie Shang-Ping , Xu Lixiao , Liu Qinyu , Kobashi Fumiaki 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Decadal variability in the interior subtropical North Pacific is examined in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled model (CM2.1). Superimposed on a broad, classical subtropical gyre is a narrow jet called the subtropical countercurrent (STCC) that flows northeastward against the northeast trade winds. Consistent with observations, the STCC is anchored by mode water characterized by its low potential vorticity (PV). Mode water forms in the deep winter mixed layer of the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE) east of Japan and flows southward riding on the subtropical gyre and preserving its low-PV characteristic. As a thick layer of uniform properties, the mode water forces the upper pycnocline to shoal, and the associated eastward shear results in the surface-intensified STCC.
On decadal time scales in the central subtropical gyre (15°–35°N, 170°E–130°W), the dominant mode of sea surface height variability is characterized by the strengthening and weakening of the STCC because of variations in mode water ventilation. The changes in mode water can be further traced upstream to variability in the mixed layer depth and subduction rate in the KOE region. Both the mean and anomalies of STCC induce significant sea surface temperature anomalies via thermal advection. Clear atmospheric response is seen in wind curls, with patterns suggestive of positive coupled feedback.
In oceanic and coupled models, northeast-slanted bands often appear in anomalies of temperature and circulation at and beneath the surface. The results of this study show that such slanted bands are characteristic of changes in mode water ventilation. Indeed, this natural mode of STCC variability is excited by global warming, resulting in banded structures in sea surface warming.
Factors Controlling Multiple Tropical Cyclone Events in the Western North Pacific*
Authors: Gao Jianyun , Li Tim 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The statistical feature of occurrence of multiple tropical cyclone (MTC) events in the western North Pacific (WNP) is examined during summer (June–September) for the period of 1979–2006. The number of MTC events ranged from one to eight per year, experiencing a marked interannual variation. The spatial distance between the TCs associated with MTC events is mostly less than 3000 km, which accounts for 73% of total samples. The longest active phase of an MTC event lasts for nine days, and about 80% of the MTC events last for five days or less. A composite analysis of active and inactive MTC phases reveals that positive low-level (negative upper-level) vorticity anomalies and enhanced convection and midtropospheric relative humidity are the favorable large-scale conditions for MTC genesis. About 77% of the MTC events occurred in the region where either the atmospheric intraseasonal (25–70 day) oscillation (ISO) or biweekly (10–20 day) oscillation (BWO) is in a wet phase. The overall occurrence of the MTC events is greatly regulated by the combined large-scale impact of BWO, ISO, and the lower-frequency (90 days or longer) oscillation. On the interannual time scale, the MTC frequency is closely related to the seasonal mean anomalies of 850-hPa vorticity, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and 500-hPa humidity fields. The combined ISO and BWO activity is greatly strengthened (weakened) in the WNP region during the MTC active (inactive) years.
Some Experimental Lessons on Digital Filtering in the ALADIN-France 3DVAR Based on Near-Ground Examination
Authors: Fischer Claude , Auger Ludovic 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This paper deals with the characteristics and effects of digital filter initialization, as implemented in the operational three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system of the Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ALADIN)-France regional weather forecast model.
First, a series of findings on the properties of the initialization of the model are discussed. Examples of initial spinup linked with inertia–gravity wave occurrence are shown, and the major sources for their generation are listed. These experimental results are compared with past and present experiences concerning the use and need for digital filter initialization. Furthermore, the impacts of switching to an incremental formulation of the filter in data assimilation mode are demonstrated. Second, the effects of the filter formulation on the results of an observation impact study are illustrated. The latter consists of implementing screen-level, 10-m horizontal wind information into the ALADIN 3DVAR analysis. There can, indeed, be some delicate interference between observation impact evaluation and the effects of filtering, at least on short-term forecasts.
The paper is concluded with some general considerations on the experimental evaluation of spinup and the link between the assimilation system design and model state filtering.
Statistical–Dynamical Predictions of Seasonal North Atlantic Hurricane Activity
Authors: Vecchi Gabriel A. , Zhao Ming , Wang Hui , Villarini Gabriele , Rosati Anthony , Kumar Arun , Held Isaac M. , Gudgel Richard 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Skillfully predicting North Atlantic hurricane activity months in advance is of potential societal significance and a useful test of our understanding of the factors controlling hurricane activity. In this paper, a statistical–dynamical hurricane forecasting system, based on a statistical hurricane model, with explicit uncertainty estimates, and built from a suite of high-resolution global atmospheric dynamical model integrations spanning a broad range of climate states is described. The statistical model uses two climate predictors: the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical North Atlantic and SST averaged over the global tropics. The choice of predictors is motivated by physical considerations, as well as the results of high-resolution hurricane modeling and statistical modeling of the observed record. The statistical hurricane model is applied to a suite of initialized dynamical global climate model forecasts of SST to predict North Atlantic hurricane frequency, which peaks during the August–October season, from different starting dates. Retrospective forecasts of the 1982–2009 period indicate that skillful predictions can be made from as early as November of the previous year; that is, skillful forecasts for the coming North Atlantic hurricane season could be made as the current one is closing. Based on forecasts initialized between November 2009 and March 2010, the model system predicts that the upcoming 2010 North Atlantic hurricane season will likely be more active than the 1982–2009 climatology, with the forecasts initialized in March 2010 predicting an expected hurricane count of eight and a 50% probability of counts between six (the 1966–2009 median) and nine.
The interplay between tissue plasminogen activator domains and fibrin structures in the regulation of fibrinolysis: kinetic and microscopic studies
Authors: Longstaff Colin , Thelwell Craig , Williams Stella C. , Silva Marta M. C. G. , Szabó László , Kolev Krasimir 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRegulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) depends on fibrin binding and fibrin structure. tPA structure/function relationships were investigated in fibrin formed by high or low thrombin concentrations to produce a fine mesh and small pores, or thick fibers and coarse structure, respectively. Kinetics studies were performed to investigate plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis in the 2 types of fibrin, using wild-type tPA (F-G-K1-K2-P, F and K2 binding), K1K1-tPA (F-G-K1-K1-P, F binding), and delF-tPA (G-K1-K2-P, K2 binding). There was a trend of enzyme potency of tPA > K1K1-tPA > delF-tPA, highlighting the importance of the finger domain in regulating activity, but the differences were less apparent in fine fibrin. Fine fibrin was a better surface for plasminogen activation but more resistant to lysis. Scanning electron and confocal microscopy using orange fluorescent fibrin with green fluorescent protein-labeled tPA variants showed that tPA was strongly associated with agglomerates in coarse but not in fine fibrin. In later lytic stages, delF-tPA-green fluorescent protein diffused more rapidly through fibrin in contrast to full-length tPA, highlighting the importance of finger domain-agglomerate interactions. Thus, the regulation of fibrinolysis depends on the starting nature of fibrin fibers and complex dynamic interaction between tPA and fibrin structures that vary over time.
Functional Annotation, Genome Organization and Phylogeny of the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Terpene Synthase Gene Family Based on Genome Assembly, FLcDNA Cloning, and Enzyme Assays
Authors: Martin Diane M , Aubourg Sébastien , Schouwey Marina B , Daviet Laurent , Schalk Michel , Toub Omid , Lund Steven T , Bohlmann Jörg 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Terpenoids are among the most important constituents of grape flavour and wine bouquet, and serve as useful metabolite markers in viticulture and enology. Based on the initial 8-fold sequencing of a nearly homozygous Pinot noir inbred line, 89 putative terpenoid synthase genes (VvTPS) were predicted by in silico analysis of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) genome assembly [1]. The finding of this very large VvTPS family, combined with the importance of terpenoid metabolism for the organoleptic properties of grapevine berries and finished wines, prompted a detailed examination of this gene family at the genomic level as well as an investigation into VvTPS biochemical functions.

Results
We present findings from the analysis of the up-dated 12-fold sequencing and assembly of the grapevine genome that place the number of predicted VvTPS genes at 69 putatively functional VvTPS, 20 partial VvTPS, and 63 VvTPS probable pseudogenes. Gene discovery and annotation included information about gene architecture and chromosomal location. A dense cluster of 45 VvTPS is localized on chromosome 18. Extensive FLcDNA cloning, gene synthesis, and protein expression enabled functional characterization of 39 VvTPS; this is the largest number of functionally characterized TPS for any species reported to date. Of these enzymes, 23 have unique functions and/or phylogenetic locations within the plant TPS gene family. Phylogenetic analyses of the TPS gene family showed that while most VvTPS form species-specific gene clusters, there are several examples of gene orthology with TPS of other plant species, representing perhaps more ancient VvTPS, which have maintained functions independent of speciation.

Conclusions
The highly expanded VvTPS gene family underpins the prominence of terpenoid metabolism in grapevine. We provide a detailed experimental functional annotation of 39 members of this important gene family in grapevine and comprehensive information about gene structure and phylogeny for the entire currently known VvTPS gene family.
Interleukins, laminin and epstein - barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (EBV LMP1) Promote metastatic phenotype in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Chew Michelle MS , Gan Sook-Yee , Khoo Alan SB , Tan Eng-Lai 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of neoplasm that is highly prevalent in East Asia and Africa with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), genetic, and dietary factors implicated as possible aetiologic factors. Previous studies suggested the association of certain cytokines with the invasion and metastatic properties of NPC. The present study examined the roles of EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and laminin in the regulation of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in NPC. The effects of these factors on bmi-1, an oncogene, and ngx6, a tumour suppressor gene, were also investigated.

Methods
TW01 cells expressing LMP1 (TW01-LMP1) were established via transfection with the B95.8 EBV LMP1 gene. Both TW01 and TW01-LMP1 cells were treated with 100 pg/ml IL-6, 1000 pg/ml IL-10 and 100 pg/ml TGF-β1, separately and also in combination at their respective concentration for 48 hours. Treated cells were subjected to laminin adherence assay. The cells were also cultured with and without laminin and assayed for MMP-3, MMP-9 and VEGF production using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cellular apoptotic property was analysed using caspase-3 apoptosis assay. The expression of bmi-1 and ngx6 gene was investigated using real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

Results
LMP1 was found to reduce the adherence of NPC cells towards laminin (p < 0.05) as compared to control. Treatment with IL-6 at 100 pg/ml enhanced the production of MMP-9 in both TW01 and TW01-LMP1 cells (p < 0.05). When cultured on laminin, the levels of MMP-3 and VEGF were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in TW01-LMP1 cells. TW01-LMP1 cells had relatively greater resistance to apoptosis as compared to TW01 cells (p < 0.05). Laminin, IL-6 and LMP1 were found to up-regulate the expression of bmi-1 and suppressed the expression of ngx6.

Conclusions
We conclude that IL-6 reduced cell adherence towards laminin and increased MMP-9 production in NPC cells. Our data suggested that EBV LMP1 was able to confer resistance of apoptosis and increased MMP-9 production in NPC cells. When cultured on laminin, TW01 cells expressing the EBV LMP1 (TW0-LMP1) that were treated with IL-6 at 100 pg/ml displayed increased MMP-9 production, up-regulation of bmi-1 oncogene expression and down-regulation of ngx6 tumour suppressor gene expression. These findings implicate the roles of EBV LMP1, laminin and IL-6 in the promotion of invasion and metastasis in NPC.