bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2 Egypt
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe ancient Egyptians were the first culture that we know of systematically to correlate an afterlife with good and evil actions in this world. Far from being obsessed with death, the Egyptians were above all lovers of life. Their ideas about post‐mortem survival affirmed the value of life in this world. Their joyous feeling for a bounteous land teeming with fertility carried over into a hope for resurrection—entailing mummification—that lacks the pessimism of many earlier cultures. The evolution of belief in Osiris as judge of the dead, from the early Pyramid texts to the Book of the Dead, both enforces fear of post‐mortem judgment and seems to open the possibility of resurrection to all, and not only to Pharaoh and his immediate circle.
4 Greece and Rome
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn ancient Greece a new idea of immortality emerges—hope, not for personal survival, but fame and eternal memory. This becomes an official doctrine of both Greece and Rome, but one might doubt how far it was truly believed in. The melancholy underworld of the shades, conscious only if they drink sacrificial blood, makes the “official” doctrine of civic virtue, with a readiness to die for the city both heroic and scarcely possible. Skepticism about civic virtue, especially in some Greek and Roman epitaphs, is explored, as is the hope of future life in the religion of Orphism. The chapter ends with discussion of Lucretius, Horace, Plato, and Aristotle.
6 Dante:Inferno
Authors: Casey John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Aristotelian background to Dante, and Dante's expressing in poetic terms the theology and philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas is explored. Like Swift, Dante presents what Aristotle called “probable impossibilities,” and shows sinners punished less by an external agency than by their own obsessive immersion in their vices—hence a chosen eternity of suffering. The structure of Inferno: sins against charity, in increasing gravity, lead to images of spirits in ice, removed as far as possible from the light and warmth of the good, which is God. The precision and concreteness of the moral and spiritual geography of Dante, and the paradox that love created hell, are explored.
Perfect Information and Imperfect Markets
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe second face of transparency, namely the inevitable trend toward the rise in the interdependence of decision making that comes with perfect information, is causing old economic models to fail. Perfect information does not lead to perfect markets, as many real-world observations and practical examples can confirm. In order to make sense of a pile of conflicting theories and observations, the author realized that she had to start with investigating what the actual consequences of perfect information might be. Why and how, e.g., could extraordinary profits be feasible even in the face of perfect information? In so doing, the book really asked whether it was economic theory itself that needed to be rethought. This chapter explains that there is indeed a serious flaw at the heart of mainstream classical economics. Economic theory does need to be rethought in the light of perfect information and the interdependent decision making that it causes.
The New Paradigm
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn Chapter 5 the new economic paradigm for the 21st century—a paradigm that is consistent with the emergence of perfect information—is introduced. This chapter demonstrates that due to the second inevitable trend, in transparency several aspects of mainstream economics need to be revisited. For instance, in transparency the two conditions for a general equilibrium cannot coexist, hence a general equilibrium is not possible. Also, the often-used simplifying assumption of normal distributions is not valid. Extraordinary profits and profit power, in contrast, are being proven to be valid economic concepts. In transparency, interdependence of decision making will turn a group into a network. For instance, an economic aggregate, such as “buyers,” becomes a network. The question is what kind of network. Powerlaw distributions—and powerlaw networks—can provide a new paradigm under certain conditions. These four conditions for powerlaw network dynamics in economic aggregates are derived in this chapter. This is the basis for the economics of perfect information, powerlaw economics.
The Shape of the 21st-Century Firm
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA nexus of focused companies glued together by power relationships will replace vertical integration as the prevailing archetype for the firm. This chapter proposes a new theory of the firm and a new approach to industrial organization that is more comprehensive than that of previous authors. The chapter reviews previous research, e.g., Limits of the Organization by Kenneth Arrow; Markets and Hierarchies by Oliver Williamson; Co-opetition by B. Nalebuff.
Strategies for Powerlaw Marketplaces
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractInterdependent decision making—which results from the emergence of perfect information—will cause new market dynamics. The theory of general equilibrium will have to be replaced by theories that recognize the fast-moving, powerlaw driven, network-like dynamics of groups in perfect information. Strategies based on Wisdom of the Mobs and marketing for the Long Tail no longer apply.
On Gaining Perspective
Authors: de Kuijper Mia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLooking for underlying drivers to make sense of the present and to foretell the future is a time-tested trick. That is why this chapter (and the book, in various other places) quotes Virgil's Aeneid, a 2000-year-old story about underlying drivers and inevitable trends. Like Virgil's Romans, we are in tempestuous circumstances. Humanity has often found itself in situations of rapid change before. And has learned that, with hindsight, the underlying drivers and the changes they caused were very clear. As largely unforeseen changes roil companies, industries, global economies and financial markets, it is possible to step back right now, in the midst of tumult, and discern the patterns that will later seem obvious with hindsight. Like Virgil, this book has argued that only by understanding the underlying forces can we recognize the source of power within a new era. And only then can we successfully profit from the momentum that these forces create. That is the logic flow of this book. Readers can benefit, right now, from applying this understanding to better anticipate the effects of transparency and to maximize returns for their companies or shareholders, and even to enhance the returns on their own human capital as well.
2 Methodological and Conceptual Issues in the Study of the Aging Brain
Authors: D’Esposito Mark , Jagust William , Gazzaley Adam 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe emergence of functional neuroimaging technology such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has ushered in a new stage in the study of the aging brain, allowing us to gain a unique appreciation of the complexity of the brain and cognitive aging. Although these methods are exciting and promising, it is important to be cautious given their increased availability. We must critically examine these methods and the potential of misinterpretation of results and overstatement of conclusions that might occur as a result of applying these methods to the aging brain. This chapter addresses methodological and conceptual issues that affect the interpretation of imaging data with specific regard to the study of brain aging.
11 The Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease with Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Mistur Rachel , Mosconi Lisa , Switalski Remigiusz , De Santi Susan , Li Yi , Glodzik Lidia , Brys Miroslaw , Tsui Wai , Rusinek Henry , de Leon Mony J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractReductions in the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc), a measure of neuronal function, have proven to be a promising tool in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). FDG-PET imaging demonstrates progressive CMRglc reductions in AD patients, the extent and topography of which correlate with symptom severity. There is increasing evidence that hypometabolism appears during the preclinical stages of AD and can predict decline years before the onset of symptoms. This chapter provides an overview of FDG-PET results in individuals at risk for developing dementia, including presymptomatic individuals carrying mutations responsible for early-onset familial AD, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), nondemented carriers of the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) e4 allele, cognitively normal subjects with a family history of AD, subjects with subjective memory complaints, and the normal elderly followed longitudinally until they expressed the clinical symptoms of AD. Finally, this chapter discusses the potential to combine different PET tracers and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of pathology to improve the early detection of AD.
12 Structural Imaging of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Jack Clifford R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes the concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the initial construct of amnestic MCI as well as the expanded construct that includes both amnestic and nonamnestic forms. The focus of the chapter is on quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies in MCI. While the major emphasis is on structural MRI, other MR imaging techniques such as spectroscopy and diffusion imaging are described in the context of MCI. Specifically, relationships between imaging and clinical features of MCI in cross-sectional and longitudinal contexts are outlined. The chapter also describes the complementary nature of the information provided by MRI and amyloid imaging.
20 Brain Imaging in the Evaluation of Putative Alzheimer’s Disease-Slowing, Risk-Reducing and Prevention Therapies
Authors: Reiman Eric M. , Langbaum Jessica B. S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes the emerging roles of brain imaging and other biomarker measurements of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and pathology in the evaluation of putative AD-slowing, risk—reducing, and prevention therapies. It discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and complementary roles of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET), and fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ) PET in clinical trials of AD patients, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal people at increased genetic risk for AD. It proposes strategies to optimize these methods’ statistical power, address potentially confounding treatment effects, and develop reasonably likely surrogate endpoints for the rapid and rigorous evaluation of promising pre-symptomatic treatments. Finally, it recommends scientific strategies and new public policies to accelerate the identification of demonstrably effective pre-symptomatic AD treatments without losing a generation.
3 Autonomy and Consent
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between consent and autonomy, arguing that autonomous choice and voluntariness are central to the notion of consent. It starts by analyzing consent in terms of its normative features, basic elements, and senses. It then moves to the nature of consent as autonomous and discusses whether requirements to obtain informed consent are justified in terms of the principle of respect for autonomy. It then turns to theories of autonomy, starting with split-level theories. A different theory of autonomy is proposed, which features conditions of intentionality, understanding, and voluntariness. This theory is used to develop an account of degrees of autonomy. Finally, the chapter considers the problem of constraining situations, which present moral issues of undue influence and the exploitation of research subjects.
9 Sex, Law, and Consent
Authors: West Robin 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views of some radical feminists and queer theorists, who have sought to undermine the distinction between consensual and nonconsensual sex. The chapter is organized as follows. The first part argues briefly that both the (relatively new) queer theoretic and the (getting on now) radical feminist arguments against the liberal reliance on consent as the demarcation between rape and sex are misguided. The second part describes one specific type of harm—the harm caused by unwanted and unwelcome but nevertheless fully consensual sex—that the legitimation of consensual sex has the consequence of denying or at best obfuscating, and argues why those harms are important, even if they are not and should not be the target of criminal sanction. The third part tries to account for our relative failures to better understand them. Specifically, it explores some of the reasons they have generally escaped the notice, not only of liberal legalists concerned with rape and rape law reform, but also of liberalism's critics, primarily radical feminists and queer theorists. Finally, the chapter suggests that those are not good reasons, and that legal theorists should focus more than they do on consensual sexual harms and their relation to law, in the intimate sphere, no less than they do in their political and economic lives.
10 Contracts
Authors: Bix Brian H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores many of the issues relating to consent in contract law. The chapter proceeds as follows. Part I offers an overview of the nature of consent, before considering in general terms the elements of consent in contract law. Part II reviews the way that questions of consent are dealt with in Anglo-American contract law doctrine. Part III considers how recent principles and practices have raised new consent-related problems, and what the response has been from legislatures and courts. Finally, Part IV samples theories of contract law that focus on consent, before concluding.
11 Consent With Inducements: The Case of Body Parts and Services
Authors: Richards Janet Radcliffe 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the bearing of financial inducements on consent, focusing on the issue of selling kidneys for transplantation. How can it be considered unethical to sell kidneys if it is ethical to donate them? It is argued that concerns about the validity of consent to sell kidneys cannot withstand critical scrutiny.
13 Advances in Informed Consent Research
Authors: Candilis Philip J. , Lidz Charles W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAlmost since the origins of the informed consent doctrine, physicians and researchers have been frustrated by the difficulty of attaining meaningful consents—consents that truly fulfilled the high ideals of the doctrine. This difficulty quickly led to a series of empirical studies showing that patients did not understand informed consent disclosures. Almost as quickly, critics pointed to methodological flaws in those studies. Recent years have seen empirical ethicists explore new directions in informed consent, both in the methods used to study consent and in innovative approaches for improving the consent process. This chapter begins with an overview of the expanding research methodologies and considers some recent research findings. It then explores some of the theoretical innovations that have resulted, describing certain problems that remain in consent, and considering the efforts being made to overcome them.
6 Restorative Justice for Domestic and Family Violence
Authors: Nancarrow Heather 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn 2000, recommendations from two Australian taskforce investigations highlighted opposing views, seemingly reflecting a racial divide, on the utility of restorative justice as a response to domestic violence. Drawing on the literature and semi-structured interviews with Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian women, this chapter explores this apparent racial divide and seeks to explain the incongruence in the taskforce recommendations. The analysis finds the incongruence is centered on the symbolic meaning each group of women attributes to the role of the state, embodied in the criminal justice system, and differing justice objectives. While the non-Indigenous women fear that restorative justice will reinforce the dominant male paradigm, the Indigenous women are hopeful that it can overcome the limitations of the criminal justice system in achieving both gender and racial equality, though this is contingent on elements that do not exist in current restorative justice models.
10 Restorative Justice for Acquaintance Rape and Misdemeanor Sex Crimes
Authors: Koss Mary P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractChapter Abstract: Problems in the criminal justice system response to date-acquaintance rape and misdemeanor sex crimes include (a) they are erroneously viewed as minor; (b) perpetrators are not held accountable undermining deterrence; and (c) standard criminal justice practice traumatizes victims. RESTORE, a restorative justice-based alternative to civil and criminal process has been implemented in Pima County, Arizona USA. The program is described including step-by-step review of process from referral to completion. Jurisprudence critiques of applying restorative justice to sexual assault are examined. RESTORE adapted numerous alterations of standard conferencing practice to respond to concerns and create a victim-driven program. Conclusions appeal to advocates and policymakers to re-envision and enlarge the means to justice available for sex crimes.
12 Beyond Restorative Justice
Authors: Smith Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter critiques both criminal justice and restorative justice models for addressing violence against women. While advocates for criminal justice and restorative justice models have sharp disagreements with each other; they all tend to uncritically rely on the state-based approaches for addressing violence. Such approaches fail to address the role of the state itself in instigating and perpetuating violence against women, particularly poor women and women of color. In contrast to such state-based approaches, this chapter offers non-state based grassroots organizing models as an alternative strategy for addressing the root causes of gender violence.
Fundamentals of Electricity
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The functions of neurons and the nervous system can be understood through an analogy (the parallel conductance model) with electrical circuits. This chapter provides an introduction to the electrical terms and concepts that undergird this analogy. It begins with brief descriptions of the components that make up electrical circuits; namely, batteries, resistors, conductors, and capacitors. The basic quantities that describe these circuits are current, voltage, resistance, and capacitance. Ohm's law is introduced and together with Kirchhoff's rules, applied to electrical circuits constructed from the elemental components. Finally, equations that are fundamental for understanding the parallel conductance model and its relationship to cell membrane potentials are derived.
Equations Underlying the Neuron Model
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The Neuron model envisions a three-compartment neuron with dendrite, soma, and axon compartments. This chapter describes the equations used to emulate macroscopic conductances arising from a large variety of sodium and potassium channels. In addition, equations for the electrotonic spread of current between compartments are presented.
3.2 Role of Dopamine Transporters in Neuronal Homeostasis
Authors: Caron Marc G. , Gainetdinov Raul R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDopamine (DA) neurotransmission is controlled by several critical processes. A complex homeostatic balance between the amount of DA synthesized, packaged into vesicles, released, reuptaken via plasma membrane transporter and metabolized, determines the overall status of dopaminergic signaling. The plasma membrane dopamine transporter (DAT) provides effective control of both the extracellular and intracellular concentrations of DA by recapturing released neurotransmitters in the presynaptic terminals. The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) directly controls vesicular storage and release capacity by pumping monoamines from the cytoplasm of neurons into synaptic vesicles. These transporters are primary targets of many psychotropic drugs that potently affect synaptic DA and related physiological processes. This chapter summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the DAT and VMAT2 functions. It discusses the role of these transporters in the action of psychostimulant drugs and neurotoxins, as revealed in studies using mutant mice.
3.3 Intracellular Dopamine Signaling
Authors: Fisone Gilberto 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe strategies adopted to counteract dysfunctions of dopaminergic transmission are based on a limited repertoire of approaches, which rely almost exclusively on targeting, directly or indirectly, dopamine receptors or inhibiting the dopamine transporter. One important challenge facing the treatment of dopamine-related disorders is the development of more sophisticated and selective therapies that go beyond the idea of mimicking or repressing the action of dopamine at the membrane level. In this regard, the identification and characterization of intracellular components involved in dopamine signaling will provide essential information for the design of a new generation of dopaminergic drugs. This chapter discusses signaling mechanisms triggered by the activation of dopamine receptors, and their impact on the regulation of downstream targets involved in short- and long-term neuronal responses. Because of the prevalent distribution of dopamine receptors in the striatum, particular attention will be given to dopaminergic transmission in medium spiny neurons (MSNs).
4.2 Factors Shaping Later Stages of Dopamine Neuron Development
Authors: Burke Robert E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFollowing their birth in the prenatal period, dopamine neurons of the mesencephalon undergo a complex series of cellular events in response to external cues, which ultimately result in the establishment of their phenotype. This chapter focuses on a single important event in the postnatal development of mesencephalic dopamine neurons: the determination of their final adult number. The postnatal development of mesencephalic dopamine neurons follows the fundamental principles of classic neurotrophic theory. There is an apoptotic naturally occurring cell death (NCD) event that is maximal in both rodents and primates during the period of maximal development of target contact. As proposed by classic theory, this NCD event is regulated by target contact and retrograde neurotrophic support. In addition, there is evidence that it may also be regulated by afferent anterograde influences and autocrine control.