bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physics of resistive wall modes
Authors: Igochine V. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The advanced tokamak regime is a promising candidate for steady-state tokamak operation which is desirable for a fusion reactor. This regime is characterized by a high bootstrap current fraction and a flat or reversed safety factor profile, which leads to operation close to the pressure limit. At this limit, an external kink mode becomes unstable. This external kink is converted into the slowly growing resistive wall mode (RWM) by the presence of a conducting wall. Reduction of the growth rate allows one to act on the mode and to stabilize it. There are two main factors which determine the stability of the RWM. The first factor comes from external magnetic perturbations (error fields, resistive wall, feedback coils, etc). This part of RWM physics is the same for tokamaks and reversed field pinch configurations. The physics of this interaction is relatively well understood and based on classical electrodynamics. The second ingredient of RWM physics is the interaction of the mode with plasma flow and fast particles. These interactions are particularly important for tokamaks, which have higher plasma flow and stronger trapped particle effects. The influence of the fast particles will also be increasingly more important in ITER and DEMO which will have a large fraction of fusion born alpha particles. These interactions have kinetic origins which make the computations challenging since not only particles influence the mode, but also the mode acts on the particles. Correct prediction of the ‘plasma–RWM’ interaction is an important ingredient which has to be combined with external field's influence (resistive wall, error fields and feedback) to make reliable predictions for RWM behaviour in tokamaks. All these issues are reviewed in this paper.
Influence of rotating resonant magnetic perturbation on the plasma radial electric field on TEXTOR
Authors: Zhang T. , Liang Y. , Sun Y. , Krämer-Flecken A. , Soldatov S. , Nardon E. , Tamain P. , Waelbroeck F.L. , Yang Y. , Pearson J. , Koslowski H.R. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The plasma radial electric field (E

r
) has been changed by applying an n = 1 counter-rotating resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) field with a frequency of 5 kHz in ohmic plasmas on TEXTOR. The change in the E

r
(ΔE

r
) is negative, different from the observations in previous experiments where ΔE

r
was always positive when a static or low frequency (∼1 kHz) rotating RMP field was applied in the plasma on TEXTOR. The E

r
profile in the present experiment shows two distinct evolution stages. In the first stage, ΔE

r
from the q = 2 to q = 3 surfaces have a similar decrease as the amplitude of the 5 kHz counter-rotating field increases. In the second stage, the decrease rate of ΔE

r
is faster for the positions closer to the q = 2 surface. As a result, the E

r
around the q = 2 surface has a significant change in this second stage while no change of E

r
is observed near the q = 3 surface even after the excitation of an m/n = 2/1 tearing mode. A reduced MHD code, 4FC, has been used to model the experiment. Two simulations have been performed. The first one is by applying a single 2/1 perturbation while both, 2/1 and 3/1 perturbations, have been applied in the second simulation. The result from the second simulation is qualitatively consistent with the experimental observations while the first simulation including only a single 2/1 perturbation cannot explain the evolution of the E

r
profile in the second stage as observed in the experiment.
Troponin I in acute decompensated heart failure: insights from the ASCEND‐HF study
Authors: Felker G. Michael , Hasselblad Vic , Tang W.H. Wilson , Hernandez Adrian F. , Armstrong Paul W. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Voors Adriaan A. , Metra Marco , McMurray John J.V. , Butler Javed , Heizer Gretchen M. , Dickstein Kenneth , Massie Barry M. , Atar Dan , Troughton Richard W. , Anker Stefan D. , Califf Robert M. , Starling Randall C. , O'Connor Christopher M. 
Published: July 2012

AimsWe examined the prognostic importance of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in a cohort of patients enrolled in the ASCEND‐HF study of nesiritide in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Circulating troponins are a prognostic marker in patients with ADHF. Contemporary assays with greater sensitivity require reassessment of the significance of troponin elevation in HF.Methods and resultsCardiac troponin I was measured in a core laboratory in 808 ADHF patients enrolled in the ASCEND‐HF biomarkers substudy using a sensitive assay (VITROS Trop I ES, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics) with a lower limit of detection of 0.012 ng/mL and a 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) of 0.034 ng/mL. Patients with clinical evidence of acute coronary syndrome or troponin >5× the URL were excluded. Multivariable modelling was used to assess the relationship between log(cTnI) and in‐hospital and post‐discharge outcomes. Baseline cTnI was undetectable in 22% and elevated above the 99th percentile URL in 50% of subjects. cTnI levels did not differ based on HF aetiology. After multivariable adjustment, higher cTnI was associated with worsened in‐hospital outcomes such as length of stay (P = 0.01) and worsening HF during the index hospitalization (P = 0.01), but was not associated with worsened post‐discharge outcomes at 30 or 180 days. The relationship between cTnI and outcomes was generally linear and there was no evidence of a threshold effect at any particular level of cTnI.ConclusioncTnI is elevated above the 99th percentile URL in 50% of ADHF patients and predicts in‐hospital outcome, but is not an independent predictor of long‐term outcomes.
High leptin and resistin expression in chronic heart failure: adverse outcome in patients with dilated and inflammatory cardiomyopathy
Authors: Bobbert Peter , Jenke Alexander , Bobbert Thomas , Kühl Uwe , Rauch Ursula , Lassner Dirk , Scheibenbogen Carmen , Poller Wolfgang , Schultheiss Heinz‐Peter , Skurk Carsten 
Published: July 2012

AimThe expression of leptin and resistin is known to be positively correlated with the incidence of chronic heart failure (CHF). Both adipokines have been implicated in immunomodulation and cardiac remodelling. Therefore, we performed for the first time a clinical study to elucidate the effects of leptin and resistin on progression of CHF in patients with non‐ischaemic dilated (DCM) and inflammatory (DCMi) cardiomyopathy.Methods and resultsFor the clinical study 120 patients were divided into a control (n = 16), DCM (n = 52), and DCMi (n = 52) group to determine the effect of leptin and resistin on CHF progression. Nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation, reactive oxygen species generation, and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) expression following adipokine exposition were determined in vitro in cardiomyocytes. Leptin and resistin systemic plasma levels and not cardiac expression were significantly elevated in patients with DCM (leptin, 13.12 ± 17.2 ng/mL, P < 0.05; resistin, 6.87 ± 2.25 ng/mL, P < 0.05) and DCMi (leptin, 13.63 ± 16 ng/mL, P < 0.05; resistin, 7.27 ± 2.2 ng/mL, P < 0.05) compared with the control group (leptin, 7.34 ± 5.7 ng/mL; resistin, 4.4 ± 1.18 ng/mL). A multivariate linear regression model revealed low leptin and resistin plasma levels as contributors for favourable cardiac functional parameters at 6‐month follow‐up independent of inflammatory conditions. Cell culture experiments in vitro showed leptin and resistin to be potent regulators of TNF‐α and IL‐6 expression in cardiomyocytes, leading to significantly increased redox stress in cardiac cells.ConclusionsHigh leptin and resistin expression in patients with DCM and DCMi is associated with CHF progression, i.e. severe cardiac dysfunction, independent of immune responses.
Risk of injury after alcohol consumption from case–crossover studies in five countries from the Americas
Authors: Borges Guilherme , Orozco Ricardo , Monteiro Maristela , Cherpitel Cheryl , Then Eddy Pérez , López Víctor A. , Bassier‐Paltoo Marcia , Weil Donald A. , M de Bradshaw Aldacira 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimsThis study aimed to: (i) provide relative risk (RR) estimates between acute alcohol use and injuries from emergency departments (EDs) in the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Guyana, Nicaragua and Panama, and (ii) test whether the RR differs if two control periods for the estimates were used.DesignCase–crossover methodology was used to obtain estimates of the RR of having an injury within 6 hours after drinking alcohol, using a pair‐matching design with control periods of the same time of day on the day prior to injury, and the same time of day and day of week during the week prior to injury.SettingEDs.ParticipantsA total of 2503 injured patients from EDs were interviewed between 2010 and 2011, with a response rate of 92.6%.MeasurementsNumber of drinks consumed within 6 hours prior to the injury and in the two control periods.FindingsThe RR of injury after drinking alcohol was 4.38 [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.29–5.84] using the prior week as the control period, and 5.35 (CI: 3.50–8.17) using the prior day as a control period. The RR was 5.08 (CI: 4.15–6.23) in multiple matching. Those drinking one to two drinks had a RR of 4.85 (CI: 3.12–7.54); those drinking three to five drinks an RR of 5.00 (CI: 3.47–7.18); those drinking six to 15 drinks an RR of 4.54 (CI: 3.36–6.14); and those drinking 16 or more drinks an RR of 10.42 (CI: 4.38–24.79).ConclusionsAs in other countries, drinking alcohol is an important trigger for an injury in the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Guyana, Nicaragua and Panama.
A frameshift mutation in the LYST gene is responsible for the Aleutian color and the associated Chédiak–Higashi syndrome in American mink
Authors: Anistoroaei R. , Krogh A. K. , Christensen K. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryOne of the colors of mink is Aleutian (aa)—a specific gun‐metal gray pigmentation of the fur—commonly used in combination with other color loci to generate popular colors such as Violet (aammpp) and Sapphire (aapp). The Aleutian color allele is a manifestation of mink Chédiak‐Higashi syndrome (CHS), which has been described in humans and several other species. As with forms of CHS in other species, we report that the mink CHS is linked to the lysosomal trafficking regulator (
LYST
) gene. Furthermore, we have identified a base deletion (c.9468delC) in exon 40 of
LYST, which causes a frameshift and virtually terminates the LYST product prematurely (p.Leu3156Phefs*37). We investigated the blood parameters of three wild‐type mink and three CHS mink. No difference in the platelet number between the two groups was observed, but an accumulation of platelets between the groups appears different when collagen is used as a coagulant. Microscopic analysis of peripheral blood indicates giant inclusions in the neutrophils of the Aleutian mink types. Molecular findings at the
LYST
locus enable the development of genetic tests for analyzing the color selection in American mink.
Brachygnathia, cardiomegaly and renal hypoplasia syndrome (BCRHS) in Merino sheep maps to a 1.1‐megabase region on ovine chromosome OAR2
Authors: Shariflou M. R. , Wade C. M. , Kijas J. , McCulloch R. , Windsor P. A. , Tammen I. , Nicholas F. W. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryA genome scan was conducted to map the autosomal recessive lethal disorder brachygnathia, cardiomegaly and renal hypoplasia syndrome (BCRHS) in Poll Merino sheep. The scan involved 10 affected and 27 unaffected animals from a single Poll Merino/Merino sheep flock, which were genotyped with the Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip. Association and homozygosity mapping analyses located the disorder in a region comprising 20 consecutive SNPs spanning 1.1 Mb towards the distal end of chromosome OAR2. All affected animals and none of the unaffected animals were homozygous for the associated haplotype in this region. These results provide the basis for identifying the causative mutation(s) and should enable the development of a DNA test to identify carriers in the Poll Merino sheep population. Understanding the molecular control of BCRHS may provide insight into the fundamental genetic control and regulation of the affected organ systems.
Mitochondrial DNA and Y‐chromosome diversity in East Adriatic sheep
Authors: Ferencakovic M. , Curik I. , Pérez‐Pardal L. , Royo L. J. , Cubric‐Curik V. , Fernández I. , Álvarez I. , Kostelic A. , Sprem N. , Krapinec K. , Goyache F. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryVariation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y‐chromosome haplotypes was analysed in nine domestic sheep breeds (159 rams) and 21 mouflon (
Ovis musimon) sampled in the East Adriatic. Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed a high frequency of type B haplotypes, predominantly in European breeds, and a very low frequency of type A haplotypes, which are more frequent in some Asian breeds. Mitochondrial haplotype Hmt‐3 was the most frequent (26.4%), and 37.1%, 20.8% and 7.6% of rams had haplotypes one, two and three mutations remote from Hmt‐3 respectively. In contrast, Y‐chromosome analyses revealed extraordinary paternal allelic richness: HY‐6, 89.3%; HY‐8, 5.0%; HY‐18, 3.1%; HY‐7, 1.3%; and HY‐5, 1.3%. In fact, the number of haplotypes observed is comparable to the number found in Turkish breeds and greater than the number found in European breeds so far. Haplotype HY‐18 (A‐oY1/135‐SRYM18), identified here for the first time, provides a link between the haplotype HY‐12 (A‐oY1/139‐SRYM18) found in a few rams in Turkey and haplotype HY‐9 (A‐oY1/131‐SRYM18) found in one ram in Ethiopia. All mouflons had type B mtDNA haplotypes, including the private haplotype (Hmt‐55), and all were paternally monomorphic for haplotype HY‐6. Our data support a quite homogeneous maternal origin of East Adriatic sheep, which is a characteristic of European breeds. At the same time, the high number of haplotypes found was surprising and intriguing, and it begs for further analysis. Simultaneous analysis of mtDNA and Y‐chromosome information allowed us to detect a large discrepancy between maternal and paternal lineages in some populations. This is most likely the result of breeder efforts to ‘upgrade’ local populations using rams with different paternal origins.
Studies on the bronchodilator, tremorogenic, cardiovascular and hypokalaemic effects of fenoterol dry powder in asthma
Authors: BAUER K. G. , KAIK B. , SERTL K. , KAIK G. A. 
Published: July 2012

The airway and tremor response and cardiovascular and hypokalaemic effects of single and cumulative doses of fenoterol given by dry powder capsules (DPC) and by metered dose inhaler (MDI) were studied in asthmatics in two randomized, crossover trials.
Single doses of fenoterol DPC and MDI (0.2 mg, 0.4 mg), investigated in 24 subjects, produced similar, dose‐dependent increases in FEV1. Fenoterol DPC caused less tremor response and less hypokalaemic effects than fenoterol MDI.
Cumulative doses of fenoterol DPC and MDI (0.2, 0.6, 1.4, 3.0, 6.2 mg), investigated in 12 subjects, produced a comparable bronchodilatation (mean maximum increase in FEV1 was 0.53 ± 0.06/0.52 ± 0.08 1 for DPC/MDI) and a similar, dose‐dependent rise in heart rate (35 ± 3.81/41 ± 2.25 beats min−1). The rise in tremor and the fall in plasma potassium were smaller after DPC than after MDI. The mean maximum changes were 51.58 ± 6.41/95.83 ± 6.75 cm s−2 for tremor and −0.68 ± 0.09/−0.96 ± 0.10 mmol 1−1 for potassium.
Our findings may result from a difference in the pharmacokinetics of the dry powder and the aerosol formulation, particularly differences in distribution and absorption.
In conclusion, fenoterol DPC used in low therapeutic doses (0.2, 0.4 mg), is preferable to the MDI. Fenoterol DPC used as rescue medication in high cumulative doses, do not suggest a greater safety margin than the MDI and the same restrictions should be considered for the fenoterol dry powder formulation as suggested for the MDI.
Circulatory effects of the PDE‐inhibitors piroximone and enoximone
Authors: BOLDT J. , KNOTHE Ch. , ZICKMANN B. , SCHINDLER E. , STERTMANN W. A. , HEMPELMANN G. 
Published: July 2012

The isolated circulatory response to intravenous application of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors piroximone and enoximone was studied.
In a randomized sequence of 30 male patients undergoing elective aortocoronary bypass grafting either piroximone (0.5 mg kg−1; n = 10) or enoximone (0.5 mg kg−1; n = 10) were given during steady state of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A group in which NaCl was given as a placebo served as a control (n = 10).
MAP was reduced by piroximone (maximum −23 mm Hg) and enoximone (maximum — 18 mm Hg), whereas it increased in the control (+20 mm Hg). Volume of the extracorporeal circuit indicating venous pooling decreased more pronouncedly in the enoximone patients (–440 ml) than in the piroximone group (–300 ml).
Laser Doppler flows (LDFs) increased in both PDE‐III inhibitor groups with the higher and longer increase in the enoximone‐treated patients (LDF‐forehead maximum +44%, LDF‐forearm maximum +33%). Piroximone‐induced increase in both LDFs was less pronounced with respect to both time and degree (LDF‐forehead maximum +30%, LDF‐forearm +12%).
Oxygen consumption (VO2) was significantly higher in the PDE‐III inhibitor‐treated than in the control patients.
Piroximone and enoximone showed significant vasodilatory properties at the arterial and venous side (= ‘venous pooling’), from which patients with heart failure would profit.
Vasodilation could be observed for a longer period and was more pronounced in the enoximone‐treated than in the piroximone patients. Alterations in capillary skin blood flow measured by laser Doppler technique gave evidence for an improvement in nutritive microcirculation, which was slightly more pronounced in the enoximone patients.
Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of pazinaclone, a new non‐benzodiazepine anxiolytic, and its active metabolite in healthy subjects
Authors: HUSSEIN Z. , MULFORD D. J. , BOPP B. A. , GRANNEMAN G. R. 
Published: July 2012

Serum and urine concentrations of enantiomers of pazinaclone (DN‐2327) and an active metabolite MII, were measured after single and twice daily oral doses of 4 and 8 mg racemic drug to healthy subjects.
The kinetics of rac‐pazinaclone and rac‐MII were dose‐independent and no unchanged drug was recovered in urine.
The terminal elimination half‐lives of the drug isomers were similar (about 10.5 h), but mean steady‐state values of AUC were twofold higher for the S‐isomer than those of the antipode (e.g., 8 mg dose: 127 vs 69 ng ml−1 h). However, the corresponding AUC values based upon unbound drug were similar (5.71 vs 5.73 ng ml−1 h) indicating no stereoselectivity in intrinsic metabolic clearance.
The terminal elimination half‐lives of 5‐ and R‐MII were similar to those of parent compound indicating that the elimination of these metabolites is formation rate‐limited.
The R:S‐ratio for the AUCs of MII was 4:1. Both enantiomers were excreted in the urine mainly as glucuronide conjugates, with stereoselectivity toward 5‐MII.
Since only the S‐enantiomers of DN‐2327 and MII bind to the benzodiazepine receptor, further measurements of drug effect in patients should be related to combine serum concentrations of the S‐enantiomers of both parent drug and MII.
Trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase from the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis and Drosophila melanogaster: gene identification, cloning, heterologous functional expression and identification of inhibitors by high throughput screening
Authors: Kern C. , Wolf C. , Bender F. , Berger M. , Noack S. , Schmalz S. , Ilg T. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTrehalose phosphate synthase (EC 2.4.1.15; TPS) is the crucial enzyme for the biosynthesis of trehalose, the main haemolymph sugar of insects, and therefore a potential insecticidal molecular target. In this study, we report the functional heterologous expression of Drosophila melanogaster TPS, the gene identification, full length cDNA cloning and functional expression of cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) TPS, and the Michaelis–Menten constants for their specific substrates glucose‐6‐phosphate and uridinediphosphate‐glucose. A novel high throughput screening‐compatible TPS assay and its use for the identification of the first potent insect TPS inhibitors from a large synthetic compound collection (>115 000 compounds) is described. One compound class that emerged in this screening, the 4‐substituted 2,6‐diamino‐3,5‐dicyano‐4H‐thiopyrans, was further investigated by analysing preliminary structure–activity relationships. Here, compounds were identified that show low µM to high nM half maximal inhibitory concentrations on insect TPS and that may serve as lead compounds for the development of insecticides with a novel mode of action.
New applications for Schizosaccharomyces pombe in the alcoholic fermentation of red wines
Authors: Benito Santiago , Palomero Felipe , Morata Antonio , Calderón Fernando , Suárez‐Lepe José A. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe fermentation of grape must using non‐Saccharomyces yeasts with particular metabolic and biochemical properties is of growing interest. In the present work, red grape must was fermented using four strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (935, 936, 938 and 2139), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 7VA and Saccharomyces uvarum S6U, and comparisons were made over the fermentation period in terms of must sugar (glucose + fructose), malic acid, acetic acid, ammonia, primary amino nitrogen, lactic acid, urea (a possible fermentation activator or precursor of other metabolites) and pyruvic acid (a molecule affecting vitisin formation and therefore colour stability) concentration. The colour intensity of the fermenting musts was also recorded. The Schizosaccharomyces strains consumed less primary amino nitrogen and produced less urea and more pyruvic acid than other Saccharomyces species. Further, three of the four Schizosaccharomyces strains completed the breakdown of malic acid by day 4 of fermentation. The main negative effect of the use of Schizosaccharomyces was strong acetic acid production. The Schizosaccharomyces strains that produced most pyruvic acid (938 and 936) were associated with better ‘wine’ colour than the remaining yeasts. The studied Schizosaccharomyces could therefore be of oenological interest.
Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment
Authors: Wong Carol A. , Laschinger Heather K.S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimTo report a study conducted to test a model linking authentic leadership of managers with nurses' perceptions of structural empowerment, performance, and job satisfaction.BackgroundAuthentic leadership has been proposed as the root element of effective leadership needed to build healthier work environments because there is special attention to the development of empowering leader–follower relationships. Although the influence of leadership style and empowerment on job satisfaction is well documented, there are few studies examining the influence of authentic leadership on nurses' empowerment and work outcomes.DesignA non‐experimental, predictive survey.MethodIn 2008, a random sample of 600 Registered Nurses working in acute care hospitals across Ontario in Canada was surveyed. The final sample consisted of 280 (48% response rate) nurses. Variables were measured using the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire, Global Job Satisfaction Survey, and General Performance scale. The theoretical model was tested using structural equation modelling.Results/outcomesThe final model fit the data acceptably. Authentic leadership significantly and positively influenced staff nurses' structural empowerment, which in turn increased job satisfaction and self‐rated performance.ConclusionThe results suggest that the more managers are seen as authentic, by emphasizing transparency, balanced processing, self‐awareness and high ethical standards, the more nurses perceive they have access to workplace empowerment structures, are satisfied with their work, and report higher performance.