bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REDDENED BEDS OF CARBONIFEROUS AGE IN NORTH-WEST ENGLAND AND THEIR ORIGIN
Authors: Trotter F. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The vast quantities of iron, which are imprisoned in deltaic sediments of Carboniferous age, occur predominantly as ferrous iron. This ferrous iron is associated with carbonaceous matter and for the most part is found as siderite at two distinct horizons here termed the Upper and the Lower Ironestone. They lie respectively above and below the coal seam, and periodicity of deposition is made apparent by the repeated occurrence of this ferrous carbonate—carbonaceous matter association. It is considered that the carbonaceous matter has acted as a reducing agent thereby causing the precipitation of the iron in the ferrous state.
When ferrous iron-bearing strata are subjected to oxidising conditions the iron reverts to the more normal ferric oxide and the strata become reddened. Such oxidising conditions existed on and beneath the pre-Permo-Triassic land surface. As proved in the field, and by numerous boreholes, a red zone of complete oxidation lies below the base of the Permo-Triassic rocks and this not infrequently is followed by alternating zones of partial oxidation and non-oxidation. The depth below the pre-Permo-Triassic land surface to which oxidising influences were operative on and to the west of the Pennines is of the order of 1,000 ft. with a maximum of 1,700 ft. It is considered that such deep penetration resulted from high relief in a semi-arid climate during the Carboniferous-Permian interval.
REDDENED BEDS IN THE COAL MEASURES BENEATH THE PERMIAN OF DURHAM AND SOUTH NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: Anderson W. , Dunham K. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

A zone of reddening of Coal Measures sediments averaging 25 ft. thick underlies the sub-Permian surface in Durham and south-east Northumberland. It is present irrespective of stratigraphical horizon. The fact that the basal Permian sands and the Permian limestones which rest on the surface are nowhere reddened is regarded as conclusive evidence that the reddening of the Coal Measures strata took place before the commencement of Permian sedimentation in the area. Petrographical study indicates that it is due to oxidation of pyrite and chalybite
in situ
and to introduction of red iron oxide along joints and in the pore-spaces of sandstones. It is suggested that hot-humid uplands during the Coal Measures-Zechstein interval became covered with thick red soils, perhaps in part protected by rain forests. Erosion of these soils from remaining high areas in late Zechstein, Bunter and Keuper times may have contributed towards “Red Bed” sediments.
INTRAFORMATIONAL CONTORTED STRATA IN THE UPPER CARBONIFEROUS OF THE LANCASHIRE PENNINES
Authors: Williamson Iain A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Beds of intraformational contorted strata at constant horizons in the Upper Namurian and Lower Ammanian are recorded in north-east Lancashire and the adjacent parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire. With the exception of a fireclay lens, all the contorted beds are in shales. Fracture-cleavage and congruous drag folds are well developed together with numerous slicken-sides. These and other features are taken to indicate a tectonic origin, through bedding plane slip developed during the regional folding. No features in the contorted beds can be ascribed to slumping, though one example is described which is attributed to recent slipping of the overlying sandstone.
GLACIAL AND POST-GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF MIDDLESBROUGH AND THE TEES ESTUARY
Authors: Agar Rodmell 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The area described has few surface features, but as a result of collection of borehole data, and observation of excavations, a plan and series of sections have been drawn showing the extent and character of the glacial and post-glacial deposits in the Tees estuary and surrounding area.
The boulder clays, with variable beds of sand, taper out on the slopes of the Cleveland Hills. A major feature of the area is a dissected bed of late-glacial laminated clay, associated with a marginal shore-line.
The outline shape of the early post-glacial river gorge is now known, also the character of the alluvial deposits which have filled it, and which now form the river flood-plain. The alluvium includes a peat-bed immediately below Ordnance Datum level. Detailed observation of the alluvial filling of a minor branch valley has revealed a marine bed at a level which proves a stage when the sea was about thirty feet above its present level. The variation in time of sea-level, indicated by the post-glacial deposits, is discussed.
THE GENESIS OF THE HIGH RANK COALS
Authors: Trotter F. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Confirmation of previous work is afforded by two bores at Prestwich which prove 4,000 ft. of coal-bearing strata in which, as indicated by 220 coal-seam analyses, coal seams display marked decrease in water content but no apparent decrease in volatiles with depth.
By comparing Jurassic coals and Coal Measures coals of the same rank which lie in adjoining fields in north-east England it is shown that there is no necessary relationship between the age and the rank of coal seams.
In the High Rank Series (coals with volatiles of less than 31% d.a.f.) rank is determined by and increases with the intensity of the orogenic forces and natural heat treatment to which the coal has been subjected. This, stated as the Roberts-White Theory, is illustrated by examples: (a) from Lancashire and (b) from Staffordshire where metallurgical coking coals of less than 30% volatiles occur, but only in the downfolded synclines; (c) from the Alston Block where a devolatilisation from high volatile bituminous coals to carbonaceous coals is related to large scale thrusting and to the magmatic mineralisation; (d) from the main South Wales coalfield where progressive devolatilisation from bituminous coals to anthracite is towards an inclined plane (probably a thrust) that lies beneath the coalfield; (e) from highly compressed strata in Pembrokeshire and (f) from similar strata near Bideford, Devon, where coal seams are wholly anthracitic and not infrequently reduced to culm.
It is shown that comparison between coal seams in the High Rank Series is most accurate when the Fuel Ratio is used. Also in this Series accurate direct mathematical comparison of coal seam volatiles is possible only on the basis of a standard amount of Fixed Carbon. A 50% Fixed Carbon basis is chosen to fulfil these requirements.

In the case of the main South Wales coalfield loss of coal seam volatiles is related to the distance of the seam from an inclined plane beneath the coalfield, and on the 50% Fixed Carbon basis the relationship can be expressed by the following exponential equation:

v

2

=

v

1

exp
(
-
2.8
×

10

-
4

y
)

in which
v
2
and
v
1
are the volatiles of a lower and an upper seam respectively and
y
is the vertical distance between the seams.
THE EROSION SURFACES AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF SOUTH-WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Sissons J. B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Detailed field-work, supplemented by cartographical analysis, has demonstrated the existence in south-west Yorkshire (and in the adjacent parts of north Derbyshire and Cheshire) of a series of erosion surfaces at various heights between about 200 and 1800 ft. There is abundant evidence that the surfaces above about 450 ft. (with the exception of small fragments of certain surfaces preserved as valley-side benches) were cut by the sea. These surfaces appear to have been formed during periods of approximately stationary sea-level at about 1800, 1350 to 1300, 1070, 710, 530 and 500 ft. The lower surfaces are largely or entirely of subaerial origin and are believed to be related to sea-levels at about or below 425-400, 245–225 and 200–190 ft.
It is considered probable that the initial surface attacked by the sea was a submerged subaerial peneplain tilted to the east in south-west Yorkshire. This peneplain appears to have been entirely destroyed in this area during the period of intermittent emergence associated with the formation of the erosion surfaces. The present drainage system can only be satisfactorily explained as having evolved from consequent streams initiated upon and extended across the marine erosion surfaces as they were successively exposed by the falling sea-level. In the eastern parts of the area the drainage system has been considerably modified by glaciation.
THE OCCURRENCE OF A CORALLIAN LIMESTONE IN EAST YORKSHIRE, SOUTH OF MARKET WEIGHTON
Authors: Gray D. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Fossils indicate that a limestone found in a borehole, drilled in 1952 at Melton, belongs to the Corallian Beds. In the light of this, the records of six other boreholes in the area have been re-examined and a revised correlation of the strata is suggested. The regional significance of the limestone is discussed.
CURRENT-BEDDING DIRECTIONS IN SANDSTONES OF LOWER
RET1CULOCERAS
AGE IN THE MILLSTONE GRIT OF WHARFEDALE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Walker C. T. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

A statistical study of foreset-bedding within a limited area of R
1
sandstones in the Millstone Grit shows that current bedding dip directions exhibit a much greater angular range than has previously been supposed. These varying dips are interpreted as the foreset beds of two small delta cones on the surface of the main Millstone Grit delta. They are to be compared with similar cones now forming on the surface of the Colorado delta. From this interpretation it is deduced that the immediate source, but not necessarily the ultimate source, lay towards the north and east. Thus Gilligan’s conclusion that the Millstone Grit detritus was transported from the north-east is confirmed.

Investigation of the long axis orientation of sand grains and the c-axis orientation of quartz grains in a fine R
1
stage sandstone shows that a preferred optical and dimensional orientation is present. However, this method is not considered to be practical for large-scale palaeogeographical interpretation because a great number of observations are required even to establish flow directions over a few square inches. Thus it is concluded that some other technique is required for directional studies of these fine sandstones.
A GRAVIMETER SURVEY IN THE CRAVEN DISTRICT OF NORTH-WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Whetton J. T. , Myers J. O. , Watson I. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A brief description is given of the way in which the survey was carried out and the results of density measurements are discussed. The most important density contrast, so far as the deeper structure is concerned, is demonstrated to be that between the Palaeozoic and the Pre-Cambrian rocks. The manner in which the observed data were reduced is presented, and it is shown that the maximum value for the standard error of any single Bouguer anomaly is probably no greater than 0–19 mgal. A summary of the geology of the area follows, and the gravity data are interpreted in the light of this knowledge. Over the Askrigg tectonic block the isogams are considered to indicate a low density Pre-Cambrian core, and along the southern boundary of the block are roughly parallel to the North Craven Fault. The nature of the foundation, or “core”, of the Northern Pennines is discussed, and it is considered unlikely that the metalliferous deposits found therein owe their origin to a granitic magma.
CHERTS AND LIMESTONES FROM THE CROW SERIES NEAR RICHMOND, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Hey R. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Limestones and cherts from the Crow Series near Richmond are described and their origins discussed. Many of the limestones contain some dolomite, and almost all are more or less siliceous; there is no clear distinction between the siliceous limestones and the cherts, most of which contain some calcite. The rocks are thought to have originated by the penecontemporaneous alteration of shell-fragments and other organic calcareous debris. The great majority of the abundant sponge-spicules, now composed of calcite, dolomite, or silica, are thought to have been originally calcareous.
WESTWARD PROGLACIAL DRAINAGE IN CLEVELAND
Authors: Best Robin. H. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Although the proglacial drainage of the Cleveland Hills has been well documented by Kendall, relatively little is known about the corresponding system in the lower areas of Cleveland. From a detailed study of an aligned sequence of overflow channels existing there, it has now been possible to demonstrate how proglacial drainage from Kildale and north Cleveland flowed in a generally westward direction into the Vale of York. Evidence is given to show that this low level drainage was closely associated with the eastern margin of the Cleveland and Vale of York glacier during the last glaciation of the district, and that certain high level overflow channels in the Hambleton and Cleveland Hills are the relics of proglacial drainage systems of one or more earlier glacial episodes.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE YOREDALE SERIES AND THE MILLSTONE GRIT ON THE ASKRIGG BLOCK
Authors: Rowell A. J. , Scanlon J. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The uplift which gave rise to the Bowland Shale overstep at the southern end of the Askrigg Block was late P
2
(pre-E
1
) in age. This movement had little effect on Yoredalian sedimentation. A later phase of uplift initiated the pre-Millstone Grit unconformity on the Block. The effect of this is very marked in the south, but on the northern margin the break is very slight, if existent at all. The beds above the break are everywhere of approximately the same age, late E
1
, and there is no evidence for a large scale overstep by the Millstone Grit. The basal Millstone Grit sandstone passes laterally northwards into Mirk Fell Ganister of Yoredale facies, but there is no indication of its lateral passage into any of the beds beneath the Mirk Fell Ganister. The Millstone Grit facies encroached farther northwards with time, for the Kettlepot Ganister horizon passes into beds of Yoredale facies in the Stainmore Syncline to the north of the block.
PRE-CAMBRIAN FOSSILS FROM CHARNWOOD FOREST
Authors: Ford T. D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Several specimens of two new fossils recently found in the Woodhouse Beds of the Charnwood Forest Pre-Cambrian succession are described and named
Charnia masoni
and
Charniodiscus concentricus.
Their possible association as parts of a single organism is discussed and comparisons are drawn with some other Pre-Cambrian fossils in an attempt to establish their biological status. The evidence points to their being algae.
DIMORPHOCERATIDAE FROM THE UPPER VISEAN SHALES OF COUNTY LEITRIM, EIRE
Authors: MOORE E. W. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Dimorphoceras
(
Metadimorphoceras
)
hodsoni
subgen. et sp. nov. is described from the P
1
Zone in the Viséan shales of County Leitrim, Eire.
Dimorphoceras
(
Dimorphoceras
)
kathleenae
Moore and
Kazakhoceras hawkinsi
(Moore) are also recorded from the same zone. An early variety, var.
leitrimense
nov., of
D.
(
D.
)
kathleenae
is erected. Recent Russian work on the systematics of Dimorphoceratidae is discussed.
AN ASSEMBLAGE OF MICROPLANKTON FROM THE SHINETON SHALES (TREMADOCIAN)
Authors: Downie C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

A prolific assemblage of microplankton from the Shineton Shales (Tremadocian) is described. It consists almost entirely of hystrichospheres, including several new species of
Hystrichosphaeridium, Micrhystridium, Veryhachium, Leiosphaeridia
and
Diornatosphaera
gen. nov. The relationship of this assemblage to others of Lower Palaeozoic age is discussed.
THE YOREDALE ROCKS OF INGLEBOROUGH, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Hicks P. F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Yoredale rocks of Ingleborough have been re-mapped on the six-inch scale and compared with those of Whernside which have been similarly re-mapped. The mapping and most of the correlations given by the Geological Survey are confirmed, but a later correlation of the “Lamellibranch Bed” and the “
Orionastraea
Band” with horizons in Wensleydale and Wharfedale is considered to be erroneous on evidence supplied by the recognition of faunal and lithological horizons common to both sides of Chapel-le-Dale These markers are most frequent in the critical sequence between the
Girvanella
Band and the top of the Hardraw Limestone.
Hibernicoceras rudis
Moore and Hodson has been found at the top of the Middle Limestone of Fell Close Sike, Ingleborough. A thin, fossiliferous band found on the northern end of the hill is considered to represent the Underset Limestone; farther south this is thought to be cut out by the overlying, coarse-grained sandstone below the Main Limestone.
ANALYSIS OF HEAVY MINERALS IN CERTAIN DRIFT SOILS OF YORKSHIRE
Authors: Crampton C. B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A comparison of the heavy mineral suites in drift soils over Triassic, Permian and Carboniferous rocks within the Leeds area with those of the underlying rocks suggests that apart from certain shallow sedentary soils over the Magnesian Limestone, much material in the remaining drift soils has been derived from outside the outcrop of the underlying rock. Material from the Magnesian Limestone has been distributed widely throughout the area, this distribution suggesting a slight extension of the Vale of York glacier beyond the Linton-Stutton Kame Belt.
THE CARBONIFEROUS STRATIGRAPHY OF THE ROMAN WALL DISTRICT IN WESTERN NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: Johnson G. A. L. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The stratigraphy of part of the Yoredale Bernician Limestone Group succession of western Northumberland is described. The western extremity of the area concerned lies at the eastern margin of the Brampton district (Trotter and Hollingworth, 1932). During the present re-survey a series of 11 Yoredale Cyclothems, some of them multiple, have been traced 17 miles from the margin of the Brampton district eastwards to the River North Tyne. The succession changes considerably when traced from west to east across this area owing to variations in lithology and the splitting of some of the limestone horizons. The stratigraphical sequence in the eastern part of the area is similar to that in north Northumberland, and the Oxford Limestone, an important marker band in north and central Northumberland, has been recognized in the North Tyne region.
The Yoredale Cyclothems of western Northumberland are in detail different from those of other regions. A series of minor rhythms is normally present towards the top of each cyclothem and a pyritic shale phase, sometimes with goniatites, occurs in the marine shales. An unusual reef-limestone facies is present in association with two of the limestones. Faunal bands are of use in lateral correlation of the succession and zonal fossils confirm that the sequence ranges from upper Viséan to lower Namurian. A faunal change occurs below the Viséan-Namurian boundary where there is also a lithological change.
THE YONS NAB BEDS OF THE MIDDLE JURASSIC OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST
Authors: Bate R. H. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Yons Nab Beds at Yons Nab consist of twenty-five feet of marine sandstone and shale possessing a rich lamellibranch fauna. A newly-described marine sequence overlying the Millepore Bed at Cloughton Wyke is correlated with these beds. The minor marine transgression they represent died out just north of Cloughton Wyke, and was associated with the main transgression of the Millepore Bed below, but did not extend so far northwards. The absence at Osgodby Nab of the Yons Nab Beds is considered to be due to the presence of a delta distributory producing a change in facies.
A GRAVITY SURVEY OF THE CRIFFELL GRANODIORITE AND THE NEW RED SANDSTONE DEPOSITS NEAR DUMFRIES
Authors: Bott M. H. P. , Masson-Smith D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Relatively low gravity anomalies are observed over the Criffell granodiorite. These indicate a batholithic shape probably reaching more than seven miles in depth and with contacts sloping outwards at a moderately steep angle. The pattern of anomalies is consistent with a major gradational increase of density within the granodiorite as the south-eastern margin is approached. An isostatic balance is suspected between the large volume of relatively low density granite and the fairly high associated topography.
Negative anomalies of fifteen milligals are associated with the New Red Sandstone deposits at Dumfries and Lochmaben, suggesting thicknesses of about three thousand five hundred feet for both basins. The approximate shapes of those basins have been deduced from the anomalies and can best be explained by contemporaneous sinking and infilling.
Electronic computing methods have been used throughout the interpretation to obtain two-dimensional cross sections of the structure consistent with the observed anomalies.
MICROPLANKTON FROM THE CORALLIAN ROCKS OF YORKSHIRE
Authors: Sarjeant W. A. S. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Assemblages of microplankton are described from the Lower Calcareous Grit, Hambleton Oolite, Osmington Oolite and Upper Calcareous Grit of Yorkshire. They consist of dinoflagellates and hystrichospheres. The hystrichospheres include new species of
Micrhystridium
and
Pterospermopsis,
and five species are described for the first time from Britain. Five species of dinoflagellates are described from Britain for the first time also. The stratigraphic distribution of species present is summarized.
THE UPPER CRETACEOUS WHITE SANDSTONE OF LOCH ALINE, ARGYLL, SCOTLAND
Authors: Humphries D. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The White Sandstone of Loch Aline is shown to be an extremely pure, well-sorted, friable rock. The heavy mineral suite is dominated by the presence of leucoxene and tourmaline, with subsidiary amounts of ilmenite, magnetite, limonite, pyrites, chalcopyrites, zircon, rutile, garnet, staurolite, epidote, kyanite, spinel, sphene, mica (? leached biotite) and authigenic anatase and tourmaline. The light fraction contains besides quartz, muscovite, a green “earthy” mineral having affinities with the glauconite group of minerals, and a trace of kaolin. The quartz grams are only moderately rounded and show frosting and faceting which are attributed to the deposition of secondary silica. Grain roundness is shown to be related to size, but that the rate of change of roundness with size alters at about 0.2 millimetre; a possible explanation for this is discussed.
On the basis of the detailed study of the heavy minerals, in particular tourmaline, it is believed that the ultimate source rocks included both the Moine Schists and the Morven-Strontian Granite, while the immediate source of the sediment may have included the underlying Cenomanian Greensand. The latter is considered to have suffered vigorous localized reworking in the advancing Cenomanian sea on shoals close to islands formed by the Morven. Strontian Granite and the Ross of Mull Granite.
The hypothesis of a desert shoreline to the Chalk sea is not supported by the evidence available in the west of Scotland.
THE DEVONIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF NORTH AND CENTRAL VESTSPITSBERGEN
Authors: Friend P. F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
An account of the Devonian sediments of North and Central Vestspitsbergen is presented in the light of four seasons of field work and a survey of previous research. A number of lithological units are defined and briefly described in a sequence of about six thousand metres of sediment of predominantly Old Red Sandstone facies. An attempt is made at correlating them and they are thought to range from Upper Downtonian (Lower Gedinnian) to upper Middle Devonian (upper Givetian) or lowermost Upper Devonian (lowermost Frasnian). The environments of deposition probably include torrential alluvial fans, river floodplains, brackish lagoons and inland lakes. Conglomerates at the top of the succession may indicate the beginning of the Upper Devonian “ Svalbardian ” phase of earthmovement.