bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of fenfluramine with a molecularly imprinted chemiluminescence sensor and sulfonophenylazo rhodanine
Authors: Yu Jinghua , Dai Ping , Wan Fuwei , Li Bo , Ge Shenguang 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFenfluramine‐imprinted polymer was prepared by self assembly with acrylic amide as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker. The binding characteristics of the imprinted polymer to fenfluramine were evaluated by equilibrium binding experiments and the morphology was studied by SEM. Taking the imprinted polymer as recognition material, using the new 3‐p‐nitrylphenyl‐5‐(4′‐methyl‐2′‐sulfonophenylazo)rhodanine (M4NRASP) synthesized by the authors as chemiluminescence reagent, a new highly selective flow injection chemiluminescence sensor for trace fenfluramine with good sensitivity was established which utilized the chemiluminescence reaction between fenfluramine, M4NRASP, and potassium permanganate in hydrochloric acid. The traditional flow‐through cell was replaced with a polymethyl methacrylate module, with Y‐shaped flow path, through which the above three reactants were injected simultaneously. Under optimum conditions the relative chemiluminescence intensity shows a linear relationship with the concentration of fenfluramine over the range of 5×10–7 to 8×10–6 g/mL with a lower detection limit of 3.4×10–8 g/mL. The relative standard deviation for the determination of 1.0×10–6 g/mL fenfluramine solution was 2.4% (n = 11). This proposed sensor could be satisfactorily applied to the determination of fenfluramine in weight‐reducing capsules.
Theoretical and experimental investigations on relationship between Kohlrausch regulating function/inequality and moving reaction boundary in electrophoresis
Authors: Zhang Wei , Jin Jie , Fan Liu‐Yin , Li Si , Shao Jing , Cao Cheng‐Xi 
Published: May 2009

AbstractKohlrausch regulating function (KRF) has been well defined from a moving boundary system for over 50 years. Recently, a series of theoretical and experimental studies were carried out on the concept of moving reaction boundary (MRB), including moving precipitate boundary, moving neutralization boundary and moving chelation boundaries (MCB). However, there has not been any direct evidence to show whether the KRF has validity for a MRB or not. In this paper, the KRF is derived from the equation of MRB under condition of nonzero boundary velocity. The result directly shows the relation between the KRF and a MRB. The relation is verified by some experimental and simulation results on MCB and moving neutralization boundary as well as Svensson's classic IEF. Furthermore, a Kohlrausch inequality was defined from the equation of MRB and was further proved by numerous data. The results show that we can use the KRF for the investigation on a MRB under the condition of nonzero boundary velocity, whereas we ought to notice with great attention that the KRF does possibly have invalidity under some special cases, such as stationary electrolysis and IEF. The findings hold an evident significance to the study of a MRB with the KRF.
Homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables
Authors: Zhao Xinna , Liu Xiujuan , Zhao Zhixu , Huang Changjiang , Zhang Minghua , Wang Huili , Wang Xuedong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this article, homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction (HOLLE), combined with HPLC‐fluorescence detector (HPLC‐FLD), has been developed for the extraction and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables. ACN was used as extraction solvent for the extraction of target analytes from vegetables. When the previous extraction process was over, the ACN extract was transferred to the water‐immiscible organic phase, tetrachloroethane, used as extraction solvent in HOLLE procedures. Under the optimum conditions, repeatability was carried out by spiking PAHs at concentration level of 12.5 μg/kg, the RSDs varied between 1.1 and 8.5% (n = 3). The LODs, based on S/N of 3, ranged from 0.025 to 0.25 μg/kg. Relative recoveries of PAHs from cucumber and long crooked squash samples were in the range of 72.4–104.9% and 65.5–119.3%, respectively. Compared with the conventional extraction method, the proposed method has the advantage of being quick, easy to operate, and having low consumption of organic solvent.
Quantitative analysis of ezetimibe in human plasma by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Uçaktürk Ebru , Özaltin Nuran , Kaya Baris 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA new, specific and sensitive GC‐MS method with electron impact ionization technique was developed for quantitative analysis of ezetimibe (EZE) in human plasma. Prior to GC analysis, EZE was derivatized with N‐methyl‐N‐trimethylsilyl‐trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), which is a trimethyl silylating reagent. The derivatization reaction was optimized and parameters such as catalyst, derivatization time, temperature, solvent and the volume of silylating reagent were investigated. Trimethylsilyl ether derivative of EZE was determined in selected ion monitoring (SIM, mass‐to‐charge ratio (m/z): 326) mode. The method was validated with respect to LOD and LOQ, precision, accuracy, linearity, specificity, stability, and recovery. The LOQ and LOD were found as 15 and 10 ng/mL, respectively. The linearity of the method ranged from 15 to 250 ng/mL. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9977 ± 0.0004 (± S.E.M.). The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (RSD) were less than 6% and accuracies (bias) for intra‐ and inter‐day accuracy were found between –4.04 and 9.71% at four different concentration levels (15, 40, 100, 250 ng/mL). The proposed method was successfully applied to real human plasma samples for determination of total EZE.
The acetonitrile shortage: Is reversed HILIC with water an alternative for the analysis of highly polar ionizable solutes?
Authors: dos Santos Pereira Alberto , David Frank , Vanhoenacker Gerd , Sandra Pat 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), best results are obtained with high concentrations of ACN. In the framework of green chromatography and the present shortage and very high price of this hazardous solvent, reversing the stationary phase to apolar and the mobile phase to aqueous can be of interest for several applications. The features of the aqueous RP technique called per aqueous LC (PALC) are illustrated with the analysis of catecholamines, nucleobases, acids, and amino acids. The ca. three‐fold higher viscosity of water compared to ACN has consequences on the shape of the Van Deemter plot. For dopamine (N = 26.450 on a 25 cm×4.6 mm id, 5 μm bare silica column), a reduced plate height of 1.9 at an uopt of 0.3 mm/s was calculated. The plate number, however, strongly depends on pH and ionic strength. As in RP separations, retention is shortened by adding an organic modifier. In the framework of green chromatography, the biodegradable ethanol was used. On the other hand, retention increased by lengthening the carbon chain of ion‐pair reagents supporting the RP mechanism as well.
Behavioral predictors of acute stress symptoms during intense military training
Authors: Taylor Marcus K. , Mujica‐Parodi Lilianne R. , Padilla Genieleah A. , Markham Amanda E. , Potterat Eric G. , Momen Nausheen , Sander Todd C. , Larson Gerald E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA better understanding of factors influencing human responses to acute stress is needed to enhance prevention and treatment of stress‐related disorders. In the current study, the authors examined predictors of acute stress symptoms during intense military training in 35 men. In univariate and multivariate models, perceived stress, passive coping, and emotion‐focused coping during daily living predicted acute stress symptoms in response to realistic survival training, whereas active coping and problem‐focused coping did not. Baseline stress levels and coping styles, both of which may be modifiable, appear to play a fundamental role in the human response to acute uncontrollable stress. Additional research is needed to better elucidate the relative and interactive contributions of behavioral predictors of acute stress.
CO2 Laser – Workhorse for Industrial Manufacturing
Authors: Rath Wolfram 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFor more than 30 years lasers are used for industrial production with high success. Modern efficient production would not be imaginable without lasers and laser processes. Since the beginning days CO2 lasers were dominating the market of continuous cutting and welding applications (referred here as “Macro” applications) because of their high power and electrical efficiency, reliability and cost efficiency.
High Power Diode Lasers and Current Applications
Authors: Wolff Detlev , Stolberg Klaus , Zühlke Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the recent years diode lasers have been established in many areas of industry and research. Especially the pumping of solid state lasers (DPSSL) is major field of application for high power diode lasers enabling solutions in many laser micro processes like cutting, sintering, structuring as well as drilling. This article reports progresses in the past as well as state of the art of high power diode lasers and describes their major applications.
Fiber Lasers Conquer the Industrial Mainstream Market
Authors: Norman Steve , Appleyard Andrew 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFiber lasers have been extensively deployed in advanced manufacturing applications such as precision cutting, marking, micromachining, rapid prototyping and high‐quality printing; their advantanges in terms of beam quality, dynamic range, wall‐plug efficiency, reliability and cost are well recognised. New degrees of operational freedom can often be achieved enabling major improvements in capability and/or competitiveness for end users. In some sectors (e.g. marking), fiber lasers have become the solution of choice and already take the predominant market share for new equipment investments. Their performance and operational advantages have led to widespread deployment, both geographically and in diverse applications. This market acceptance has led to several of the major industrial laser manufacturers entering the market with their own fiber laser products.
Economic Downturn Hits Laser Market at Record High
Authors: Mayer Arnold 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe world market for laser materials processing systems grew by 1 % in 2008 and reached a new all time high of 6.4 billion Euro. The increase was due to a strong first half of the year, which overcompensated a decrease in the second half. The economic downturn in the wake of the financial crisis started to impact orders for laser systems in spring 2008, and hit sales in the third and fourth quarter. The decrease of sales continued in the first quarter of 2009. Based on the data for the first quarter, the 2009 the market is expected to be substantially below its 2008 level.
Wear rate testing in relation to airborne particles generated in a wheel–rail contact
Authors: Sundh Jon , Olofsson Ulf , Olander Lars , Jansson Anders 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between generated airborne particles and wear rate in the wheel–rail contact. The wheel–rail contact is experimentally simulated by using pin‐on‐disc testing to determine the difference in wear rate between selected contact conditions.Wear is discussed both in tribological terms and by using the wear categories prevalent in the railway industry, namely, mild, severe and catastrophic wear. The discussion is based on wear depth, the coefficient of friction, topographical measurements and measurements of airborne particles generated in the contact.The tests were performed under selected loading conditions representative of different contact conditions in a real wheel–rail contact. The results indicate that wear rates vary with the contact conditions arising from different types of triggered wear transitions. This is emphasised by the number and size of the airborne particles generated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical chloride content for reinforced concrete and its relationship to concrete resistivity
Authors: Polder R. B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe critical chloride content for initiation of reinforcement corrosion is an essential element in service life design and modelling of concrete structures. The critical content is laden with questions regarding its definition, experimental assessment and practical aspects. It should be addressed by a statistical approach. The paper discusses such issues, presents experimental evidence and considers its relationship to the electrical resistivity of concrete. A low concrete resistivity can be theoretically argued to relate to a low critical chloride content. However, only part of the experimental data supports this. The resolution of available data does not allow distinction with regard to the critical content between cement types.
The development of a new dust uplift scheme in the Met Office Unified Model™
Authors: Ackerley D. , Highwood E. J. , Harrison M. A. J. , McConnell C. L. , Joshi M. M. , Walters D. N. , Milton S. F. , Greed G. , Brooks M. E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAeolian mineral dust aerosol is an important consideration in the Earth's radiation budget as well as a source of nutrients to oceanic and land biota. The modelling of aeolian mineral dust has been improving consistently despite the relatively sparse observations to constrain them. This study documents the development of a new dust emissions scheme in the Met Office Unified Model™ (MetUM) based on the Dust Entrainment and Deposition (DEAD) module. Four separate case studies are used to test and constrain the model output. Initial testing was undertaken on a large dust event over North Africa in March 2006 with the model constrained using AERONET data. The second case study involved testing the capability of the model to represent dust events in the Middle East without being re‐tuned from the March 2006 case in the Sahara. While the model is unable to capture some of the daytime variation in AERONET AOD there is good agreement between the model and observed dust events. In the final two case studies new observations from in situ aircraft data during the Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean (DODO) campaigns in February and August 2006 were used. These recent observations provided further data on dust size distributions and vertical profiles to constrain the model. The modelled DODO cases were also compared to AERONET data to make sure the radiative properties of the dust were comparable to observations. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright
A method for using weather radar data to test cloud resolving models
Authors: May Peter T. , Lane Todd P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA simple method for extracting useful metrics to characterize cloud fields from volumetric radar data is described along with the use of these metrics to evaluate the performance of cloud resolving models. This method involves the calculation of a ‘Statistical Coverage Product’, where the fraction of a grid of radar data covered by various reflectivity thresholds and microphysical classifications is calculated, along with profiles of maximum reflectivity, areas of convective and stratiform rain, and the amounts of rainfall in these categories. The application of this method is illustrated, whereby radar observation and a cloud resolving model simulation are compared for a tropical island thunderstorm near Darwin, Australia. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Sensitivity analysis of leaf wetness duration within a potato canopy
Authors: Jacobs A.F.G. , Heusinkveld B.G. , Kessel G.J.T. , Holtslag A.A.M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA description and analysis is given of a wetness duration experiment, carried out in a potato field in the centre of the Netherlands in September 2005. The observations are used to design and evaluate a within‐canopy dew model which provides the leaf wetness distribution within the canopy caused by dew processes and by precipitation. This within‐canopy dew model consists of three layers (bottom, centre, top) each with equal contribution to the leaf area index. The model results compared favourably with experimental evidence. The sensitivity of the dew and precipitation interception on the amount of free water and the duration of the leaf wetness was analysed by varying the leaf area index and some important weather variables. The findings suggest that the leaf area index affects the amount of free water, but is barely sensitive to leaf wetness duration. Wind speed has hardly any effect on the amount of free water collection as well as on leaf wetness duration. The net radiation, however, appears to be sensitive to the amount of collected free water as well as the leaf wetness duration. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Characterization of 2,5‐diaryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazolines by multinuclear magnetic resonance and density functional theory calculations. Investigation on a case of very remote Hammett correlation
Authors: Cerioni Giovanni , Maccioni Elias , Cardia Maria Cristina , Vigo Sara , Mocci Francesca 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTwo series of 2,5‐diaryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazolines have been studied by multinuclear magnetic resonance and density functional theory calculations. A full NMR spectroscopic characterization has been performed and excellent remote Hammett correlations (σp or $\sigma_{\rm {p}}^{+}$) have been found for para substitution in the two aryl rings through at least 11 bonds, notwithstanding the presence in the path of atoms that should act as insulators and a lack of correlation for some of the intermediate atoms. The computational investigation on the electronic delocalization, performed with the ACID (anisotropy of the induced current density) method, reveals indeed that electrons are delocalized in almost the entire molecule despite the presence of the insulators. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishment of trophectoderm and inner cell mass lineages in the mouse embryo
Authors: Marikawa Yusuke , Alarcón Vernadeth B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe first cell lineage specification in mouse embryo development is the formation of trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst. This article is to review and discuss the current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this particular event. Several transcription factors have been identified as the critical regulators of the formation or maintenance of the two cell lineages. The establishment of TE manifests as the formation of epithelium, and is dependent on many structural and regulatory components that are commonly found and that function in many epithelial tissues. Distinct epithelial features start to emerge at the late 8‐cell stage, but the fates of blastomeres are not fixed as TE or ICM until around 32‐cell stage. The location of blastomeres at this stage, that is, external or internal of the embryo, in effect defines the commitment towards the TE or ICM lineage, respectively. Some studies implicate the presence of a developmental bias among blastomeres at 2‐ or 4‐cell stage, although it is unlikely to play a decisive role in the establishment of TE and ICM. The unique mode of cell lineage specification in the mouse embryo is further discussed in comparison with the formation of initial cell lineages, namely the three germ layers, in non‐mammalian embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 1019–1032, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oogenesis specific genes (Nobox, Oct4, Bmp15, Gdf9, Oogenesin1 and Oogenesin2) are differentially expressed during natural and gonadotropin‐induced mouse follicular development
Authors: Monti Manuela , Redi CarloAlberto 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUsing a semi‐quantitative, single‐cell sensitive RT‐PCR method, we studied the expression of oogenesis specific genes (Nobox, Oct4, Bmp15, Gdf9, Oogenesin1 and Oogenesin2) in single oocytes collected from primordial, primary, secondary, preantral and antral follicles during natural and gonadotropin‐induced mouse follicular development. We compared the number of transcripts of these genes, showing that they are differentially expressed, both in natural conditions and under gonadotropin‐induction throughout the assessed developmental stages. Our data show a clear increase in the number of transcripts between the primordial until the preantral stages, with the exception of the Oogenesin1 transcripts under gonadotropin‐induction. The number of transcripts starts decreasing at the antral stage and proceeds until the metaphase II stage, with values very similar to those obtained for the primordial oocytes in both analyzed conditions. Under exogenous gonadotropin‐induction, oocyte recruitment to ovulation at the preantral stage is marked by an increase in Nobox and Oogenesin2 gene expression that is concomitant with a decrease in Oogenesin1 gene expression. Oocytes that are able to proceed into whole embryo development show a tight regulation of Nobox and Oct4 expression at the antral stage. A parallel immunocytochemical study at the protein level corroborates these findings. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 994–1003, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bladder neck closure and suprapubic tube placement in a debilitated patient population
Authors: Ginger Van Anh T. , Miller Jane L. , Yang Claire C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAimsBladder neck closure (BNC) with suprapubic tube (SPT) placement is a method of bladder management for patients with neurogenic bladders (NGB). We evaluated our experience at one institution.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who received BNC with SPT placement from 1999 to 2008.ResultsTwenty‐nine patients (24 females and 5 males, average age 53.4 ± 9.6 years) underwent BNC with SPT placement. Cause of NGB was multiple sclerosis (48%), spinal injury (28%), or myelodysplasia (17%). All but one were dependent on caregivers for activities of daily living. Preoperative urodynamics studies were performed on 23 patients. Retropubic BNC was performed in 26 of 29 patients. Two females had a transvaginal approach, and one male had a perineal approach. Early (<90 days) postoperative complication rate was 52%. Persistent urine leakage was present in eight patients: two peristomal leakage and six urethral leakage. All three non‐retropubic BNC had postoperative fistulas (P = 0.01). Catheter complications were associated with seven of the eight urinary leaks (P = 0.01).ConclusionsBNC with SPT is a method of bladder management in the NGB population, particularly suited to those with a low functional status. Fistula rates are significantly higher with non‐retropubic BNC (P = 0.01). Poor catheter care in the postoperative period is associated with postoperative urinary leakage (P = 0.01). Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:382–386, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An unfitted finite element method using discontinuous Galerkin
Authors: Bastian Peter , Engwer Christian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this paper we present a new approach to simulations on complex‐shaped domains. The method is based on a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method, using trial and test functions defined on a structured grid. Essential boundary conditions are imposed weakly via the DG formulation. This method offers a discretization where the number of unknowns is independent of the complexity of the domain.We will show numerical computations for an elliptic scalar model problem in ℝ2 and ℝ3. Convergence rates for different polynomial degrees are studied. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.