bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anxiety and Depression in Caregivers are Associated with Patient and Caregiver Characteristics in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: García-Alberca José María , Lara Joséa Pablo , Berthier Marcelo Luis 
Published: February 2011

Objective: The aim of this study is to know the prevalence of anxiety and depression in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and assess the association of caregiver burden (CB) with characteristics of both patients and caregivers. Method: Sociodemographic and clinical variables have been obtained (patients: age, gender, marital status, years of education, duration and severity of dementia, psychiatric disorders, previous history, and use of psychoactive and antidementia drugs; caregivers: age, gender, relationship with patient, and marital status). Cognition was assessed with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); severity of dementia was assessed with Global Deterioration Scale (GDS); caregiver burden was assessed with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the number of hours of attention to the basic activities of daily-living (H-BADL). Results: More than 50% of caregivers have shown high anxiety and depression scores. Patients with longer duration of dementia, greater severity of dementia, and lower education levels significantly differ in anxiety and depression mean scores. Conclusion: The presence of CB in AD patients is strongly associated with the duration and severity of dementia and the educational level of patients. The results of this study should encourage researchers and clinicians working with elderly persons to consider these modifiable psychological states.
Donepezil Significantly Improves Abilities in Daily Lives of Female down Syndrome Patients with Severe Cognitive Impairment: A 24-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Kondoh Tatsuro , Kanno Atsushi , Itoh Hiroshi , Nakashima Mikiro , Honda Ryoko , Kojima Michio , Noguchi Mitsuru , Nakane Hideyuki , Nozaki Hidetsugu , Sasaki Hitoshi , Nagai Toshiro , Kosaki Rika , Kakee Naoko , Okuyama Torayuki , Fukuda Masafumi , Ikeda Masayuki , Shibata Yoshisada , Moriuchi Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2011

Objective: Down syndrome (DS) patients share certain neuropathological features with Alzheimer disease patients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed to investigate the efficacy and safety of donepezil, an Alzheimer disease drug, for DS patients. Method: Twenty-one DS patients with severe cognitive impairment were assigned to take donepezil (3 mg daily) or a placebo for 24 weeks, and evaluated for activities in daily lives by concisely modified International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) scaling system. Results: ICF scores significantly increased without any adverse effects in the donepezil group in comparison to those in the placebo control. Among the individual functions tested, there was a dramatic improvement in the global mental functions and in specific mental functions. Conclusions: Donepezil may effectively and safely improve overall functioning of DS patients with severe cognitive impairment.
Physical Exercise Reduces Circulating Lipopolysaccharide and TLR4 Activation and Improves Insulin Signaling in Tissues of DIO Rats
Authors: Oliveira Alexandre G. , Carvalho Bruno M. , Tobar Natália , Ropelle Eduardo R. , Pauli José R. , Bagarolli Renata A. , Guadagnini Dioze , Carvalheira José B.C. , Saad Mario J.A. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity (DIO) is associated with a chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, and Toll–like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in the link among insulin resistance, inflammation, and obesity. The current study aimed to analyze the effect of exercise on TLR4 expression and activation in obese rats and its consequences on insulin sensitivity and signaling.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The effect of chronic and acute exercise was investigated on insulin sensitivity, insulin signaling, TLR4 activation, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and IκB kinase (IKKβ) activity, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serum levels in tissues of DIO rats.

RESULTS
The results showed that chronic exercise reduced TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. However, both acute and chronic exercise blunted TLR4 signaling in these tissues, including a reduction in JNK and IKKβ phosphorylation and IRS-1 serine 307 phosphorylation, and, in parallel, improved insulin-induced IR, IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and Akt serine phosphorylation, and reduced LPS serum levels.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results show that physical exercise in DIO rats, both acute and chronic, induces an important suppression in the TLR4 signaling pathway in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, reduces LPS serum levels, and improves insulin signaling and sensitivity. These data provide considerable progress in our understanding of the molecular events that link physical exercise to an improvement in inflammation and insulin resistance.
Serum Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 Predicts 10-Year Cardiovascular and Cancer Mortality in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Li Hung-Yuan , Jiang Yi-Der , Chang Tien-Jyun , Wei Jung-Nan , Lin Mao-Shin , Lin Cheng-Hsin , Chiang Fu-Tien , Shih Shyang-Rong , Hung Chi Sheng , Hua Cyue-Huei , Smith David J. , Vanio Jani , Chuang Lee-Ming 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVEVascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) participates in inflammation and catalyzes the breakdown of amines to produce aldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia. Serum VAP-1 correlates positively with both acute hyperglycemia and diabetes. We conducted a cohort study to evaluate whether serum VAP-1 predicts 10-year survival in type 2 diabetic patients.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSBetween July 1996 and June 2003, we enrolled 661 type 2 diabetic subjects at National Taiwan University Hospital. Serum VAP-1 in the samples obtained at enrollment was measured by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. The vital status of all subjects was ascertained by linking their data with computerized death certificates in Taiwan.RESULTSThe medium follow-up period was 10.4 years. Subjects with serum VAP-1 in the highest tertile had a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.19 (95% CI 1.17–4.11) for all-cause mortality adjusted for age, sex, smoking, history of cardiovascular disease, obesity, hypertension, hemoglobin A1c, diabetes duration, total cholesterol, use of statins, abnormal ankle-brachial index, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and proteinuria. The adjusted HRs for logarithmically transformed serum VAP-1 were 5.83 (95% CI 1.17–28.97) for cardiovascular mortality, 6.32 (95% CI 1.25–32.00) for mortality from cardiovascular and diabetic causes, and 17.24 (95% CI 4.57–65.07) for cancer mortality. There were four variables, including age, serum VAP-1, proteinuria, and eGFR, which could enhance mortality prediction significantly.CONCLUSIONSSerum VAP-1 can predict 10-year all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cancer mortality independently in type 2 diabetic subjects. Serum VAP-1 is a novel biomarker that improves risk prediction over and above established risk factors.
Molecular Mechanism by Which AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation Promotes Glycogen Accumulation in Muscle
Authors: Hunter Roger W. , Treebak Jonas T. , Wojtaszewski Jørgen F.P. , Sakamoto Kei 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
During energy stress, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) promotes glucose transport and glycolysis for ATP production, while it is thought to inhibit anabolic glycogen synthesis by suppressing the activity of glycogen synthase (GS) to maintain the energy balance in muscle. Paradoxically, chronic activation of AMPK causes an increase in glycogen accumulation in skeletal and cardiac muscles, which in some cases is associated with cardiac dysfunction. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which AMPK activation promotes muscle glycogen accumulation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We recently generated knock-in mice in which wild-type muscle GS was replaced by a mutant (Arg582Ala) that could not be activated by glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), but possessed full catalytic activity and could still be activated normally by dephosphorylation. Muscles from GS knock-in or transgenic mice overexpressing a kinase dead (KD) AMPK were incubated with glucose tracers and the AMPK-activating compound 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) ex vivo. GS activity and glucose uptake and utilization (glycolysis and glycogen synthesis) were assessed.

RESULTS
Even though AICAR caused a modest inactivation of GS, it stimulated muscle glycogen synthesis that was accompanied by increases in glucose transport and intracellular [G6P]. These effects of AICAR required the catalytic activity of AMPK. Strikingly, AICAR-induced glycogen synthesis was completely abolished in G6P-insensitive GS knock-in mice, although AICAR-stimulated AMPK activation, glucose transport, and total glucose utilization were normal.

CONCLUSIONS
We provide genetic evidence that AMPK activation promotes muscle glycogen accumulation by allosteric activation of GS through an increase in glucose uptake and subsequent rise in cellular [G6P].
Leucine Deprivation Increases Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity via GCN2/mTOR/S6K1 and AMPK Pathways
Authors: Xiao Fei , Huang Zhiying , Li Houkai , Yu Junjie , Wang Chunxia , Chen Shanghai , Meng Qingshu , Cheng Ying , Gao Xiang , Li Jia , Liu Yong , Guo Feifan 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
We have previously shown that serum insulin levels decrease threefold and blood glucose levels remain normal in mice fed a leucine-deficient diet, suggesting increased insulin sensitivity. The goal of the current study is to investigate this possibility and elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Changes in metabolic parameters and expression of genes and proteins involved in regulation of insulin sensitivity were analyzed in mice, human HepG2 cells, and mouse primary hepatocytes under leucine deprivation.

RESULTS
We show that leucine deprivation improves hepatic insulin sensitivity by sequentially activating general control nonderepressible (GCN)2 and decreasing mammalian target of rapamycin/S6K1 signaling. In addition, we show that activation of AMP-activated protein kinase also contributes to leucine deprivation–increased hepatic insulin sensitivity. Finally, we show that leucine deprivation improves insulin sensitivity under insulin-resistant conditions.

CONCLUSIONS
This study describes mechanisms underlying increased hepatic insulin sensitivity under leucine deprivation. Furthermore, we demonstrate a novel function for GCN2 in the regulation of insulin sensitivity. These observations provide a rationale for short-term dietary restriction of leucine for the treatment of insulin resistance and associated metabolic diseases.
Inflammatory Induction of Human Resistin Causes Insulin Resistance in Endotoxemic Mice
Authors: Park Hyeong-Kyu , Qatanani Mohammed , Briggs Erika R. , Ahima Rexford S. , Lazar Mitchell A. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Although adipocyte-derived murine resistin links insulin resistance to obesity, the role of human resistin, predominantly expressed in mononuclear cells and induced by inflammatory signals, remains unclear. Given the mounting evidence that obesity and type 2 diabetes are inflammatory diseases, we sought to determine the relationship between inflammatory increases in human resistin and insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To investigate the role of human resistin on glucose homeostasis in inflammatory states, we generated mice lacking murine resistin but transgenic for a bacterial artificial chromosome containing human resistin (BAC-Retn), whose expression was similar to that in humans. The metabolic and molecular phenotypes of BAC-Retn mice were assessed after acute and chronic endotoxemia (i.e., exposure to inflammatory lipopolysaccharide).

RESULTS
We found that BAC-Retn mice have circulating resistin levels within the normal human range, and similar to humans, lipopolysaccharide markedly increased serum resistin levels. Acute endotoxemia caused hypoglycemia in mice lacking murine resistin, and this was attenuated in BAC-Retn mice. In addition, BAC-Retn mice developed severe hepatic insulin resistance under chronic endotoxemia, accompanied by increased inflammatory responses in liver and skeletal muscle.

CONCLUSIONS
These results strongly support the role of human resistin in the development of insulin resistance in inflammation. Thus, human resistin may link insulin resistance to inflammatory diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis.
Microvascular Perfusion Abnormalities of the Thalamus in Painful but Not Painless Diabetic Polyneuropathy
Authors: Selvarajah Dinesh , Wilkinson Iain D. , Gandhi Rajiv , Griffiths Paul D. , Tesfaye Solomon 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
The pathogenesis of painful diabetic neuropathy (DN) remains undetermined, with both central and peripheral mechanisms implicated. This study investigates whether thalamic perfusion abnormalities occur in painful DN.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Eighteen subjects with type 1 diabetes (no DN = 6, painful DN = 5, painless DN = 7) and six healthy volunteers (HV) were recruited. Microvascular perfusion characteristics (relative cerebral blood volume [rCBV], flow [rCBF], and transit time [ttFM]) of the thalamus and caudate nucleus were assessed using magnetic resonance perfusion imaging. The caudate nucleus was chosen to serve as an in vivo control region.

RESULTS
Subjects with painful DN had significantly greater thalamic rCBV (means [SD]; painful DN, 228.7 [19.5]; no DN, 202.3 [25.8]; painless DN, 216.5 [65.5]; HV, 181.9 [51.7]; P = 0.04) and the longest ttFM(s) (painful DN, 38.4 [3.6]; no DN, 35.3 [13.2]; painless DN, 35.9 [13.7]; HV, 33.7 [14.9]; P = 0.07). There was no significant difference in markers of caudate nucleus perfusion.

CONCLUSIONS
Painful DN is associated with increased thalamic vascularity. This may provide an important clue to the pathogenesis of pain in DN.
Assessment of five ELISAs for measurement of leptin concentrations in dogs
Authors: Tvarijonaviciute Asta , Ceron Jose J. , Martínez-Subiela Silvia 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective—To evaluate 5 commercially available ELISAs for determination of leptin concentrations in serum samples from dogs.
Sample Population—Serum samples from overweight-obese and thin–ideal weight clientowned dogs.
Procedures—Serum samples with high and low leptin concentrations (n = 7 samples each) were used for validation of the assays. Intra- and interassay precision, linearity under dilution, spiking recovery, and limit of quantification were determined. In addition, leptin concentrations in thin–ideal weight (n = 8) and overweight-obese (37) dogs were quantified.
Results—Use of 2 of the 5 ELISAs (A and B) revealed reactivity with canine leptin. Intra-and interassay coefficients of variation were < 6.1% and 76%, respectively, for assay A and 14.0% and 13.7%, respectively, for assay B. In assays A and B, dilutions of canine serum pools were used to determine linear regression equations. Recoveries were 77% to 101% for assay A and 67% to 125% for assay B. Significant differences in leptin concentrations between thin–ideal weight and overweight-obese dogs were detected only when analyzed with assay A.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Among 5 leptin ELISAs evaluated, a canine-specific leptin ELISA had adequate precision, linearity, and ability to discriminate between high and low leptin concentrations corresponding to overweight-obese and thin–ideal weight dogs, respectively.
Evaluation of subcutaneous and oral administration of robenacoxib and meloxicam for the treatment of acute pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic surgery in dogs
Authors: Gruet Philippe , Seewald Wolfgang , King Jonathan N. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective—To assess efficacy and tolerability of robenacoxib for control of pain and inflammation in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery.
Animals—140 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—A multicenter, prospective, randomized, blinded field trial was conducted to compare robenacoxib (97 dogs) and meloxicam (43 dogs). After randomization, each dog received an initial dose (robenacoxib, 2 mg/kg; meloxicam, 0.2 mg/kg) via SC injection before surgery and daily doses (robenacoxib, 1 to 2 mg/kg; meloxicam, 0.1 mg/kg) administered orally for up to 15 days after surgery. Efficacy was assessed by veterinarians and owners via numeric rating scales and visual analogue scales. Safety was assessed on the basis of reported adverse events, clinical signs, results of hematologic and biochemical analyses, and buccal mucosa bleeding times.
Results—Treatment groups were balanced with respect to baseline and demographic data. Both treatments provided similar adequate pain control, as assessed with a modified Glasgow pain scale as the primary end point and supported by secondary end points in evaluations conducted by veterinarians and owners. For the primary end point, the ratio of the reciprocal of the scores for robenacoxib to meloxicam was 1.16 (95% confidence interval, 0.98 to 1.37). No dogs required rescue analgesia. Both treatments were associated with only minor adverse events, which were not necessarily related to the administered treatments and did not affect mucosal bleeding times.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Robenacoxib provided efficacy and tolerability similar to those of meloxicam for the management of perioperative pain and inflammation in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery.
Comparison of five blood-typing methods for the feline AB blood group system
Authors: Seth Mayank , Jackson Karen V. , Giger Urs 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective—To compare the ease of use and accuracy of 5 feline AB blood-typing methods: card agglutination (CARD), immunochromatographic cartridge (CHROM), gel-based (GEL), and conventional slide (SLIDE) and tube (TUBE) agglutination assays.
Sample Population—490 anticoagulated blood samples from sick and healthy cats submitted to the Transfusion or Clinical Laboratory at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.
Procedures—Sample selection was purposely biased toward those from anemic, type B, or type AB cats or those with autoagglutination. All blood samples were tested by use of GEL, SLIDE, and TUBE methods. Fifty-eight samples were also tested by use of CARD and CHROM methods. The presence of alloantibodies in all cats expressing the B antigen as detected by use of any method was also assessed.
Results—Compared with the historical gold-standard TUBE method, good to excellent agreement was achieved with the other typing tests: CARD, 53 of 58 (91% agreement); CHROM, 55 of 58 (95%); GEL, 487 of 490 (99%); and SLIDE, 482 of 487 (99%; 3 samples were excluded because of autoagglutination). Four of the samples with discordant test results originated from cats with FeLV-related anemia.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Current laboratory and in-clinic methods provide simple and accurate typing for the feline AB blood group system with few discrepancies. Retyping after in-clinic typing with the GEL or TUBE laboratory methods is recommended to confirm any type B or AB cats.
Ultrasonographic characterization of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder in goats
Authors: Braun Ueli , Steininger Kathrin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective—To characterize the localization, visible extent (ie, measurement of selected dimensions), and appearance of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder during ultrasonography in healthy goats.
Animals—27 female Saanen goats.
Procedures—A 5.0-MHz linear transducer was used to ultrasonographically examine the localization, visible extent of various dimensions, and appearance of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder from the right side of each goat.
Results—Images of the liver were obtained in all goats. The dorsal margin of the liver extended in a cranioventral to caudodorsal direction parallel to the caudal margin of the lungs. The greatest visible extent of the liver was evident at the seventh and eighth intercostal spaces (mean value, 15.9 cm), and width was evident at the 10th intercostal space (mean value, 5.2 cm). The caudal vena cava had a triangular shape on cross section; the maximum width in cross section, circumference, and surface area ranged from 1.2 to 1.8 cm, 4.8 to 5.2 cm, and 0.8 to 1.1 cm2, respectively. The portal vein was round on cross section (diameter, 0.8 to 1.7 cm) with stellate ramifications into the liver parenchyma. The gallbladder was pear-shaped and variable in size; it extended beyond the ventral margin of the liver to a variable degree depending on the amount of bile.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results provided information regarding the ultrasonographic appearance of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder in healthy goats; these data may be useful during examination of goats with suspected liver disease.
Trends in intake and outcome data for animal shelters in Colorado, 2000 to 2007
Authors: Morris Kevin N. , Wolf Julie L. , Gies David L. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Objective—To measure trends in animal shelter intake and outcome data for dogs and cats in Colorado on a statewide, urban, and rural basis from 2000 through 2007.
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Sample Population—A group of 104 animal shelters and rescue organizations from Colorado representing 92% and 94% of statewide dog and cat intake, respectively, in 2007.
Procedures—Annual animal shelter data were analyzed for trends by use of linear regression analysis. Trends in urban and rural subgroups of shelters were compared by use of Student t tests.
Results—Statewide, the number of intakes/1,000 residents decreased by 10.8% for dogs during the 8-year study period, but increased by 19.9% for cats. There was no change in the dog euthanasia rate at 3.7/1,000 residents/y, but the rate for cats increased by 35.7% to 3.9/1,000 residents/y. There was no change in the statewide live release rate for dogs or cats, but there was a decrease of 12.6% for cats in the urban subgroup.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The trends suggested that the number of unwanted dogs in Colorado decreased during the study period, whereas the number of unwanted cats in animal shelters increased. There were clear differences in the trends in the urban and rural data, suggesting different needs in each type of community. At the current level of resource allocation, the shelter dynamics for dogs appeared to have reached equilibrium with respect to euthanasia. Transfers were increasingly being used within all regions of the state to optimize the chances of adoption.