bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Models of Development and The Problem of Values
Authors: Stepin Vyacheslav S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a series of analysis of social transformations, from the standpoints of civilizations and formations. The idea of multiple models of development of civilization is exposed. The fundamental values underscoring the traditional and technogenic models are presented. The contemporary crises are studied in its link to globalization. It is argued that, in order to overcome these crises, a substantial transformation of the values of the techngenic civilisation is needed. The upraising values in the spheres of religion, politics, law and scientific rationality are seen as a first step towards a new model of development of our civilization.
Paradoxes in the Communist Theory of Marxism
Authors: Oizerman Theodor I. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn their work The German Ideology, the founders of Marxism assert that the prerequisite of post-capitalist (defined by them as communist) society is the universal development of human abilities and all social relations. But then on the same page, contrary to this statement, it is alleged that the abolition of private property is not only highly topical but it is also an imperative history-making task. In Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx and Engels explain that economic crises recurrently shaking capitalist society expose an apparent contradiction between the productive forces and the capitalist relations of production – therefore, these relations must be eliminated for the preservation of society. Nonetheless, the same treatise affirms that the bourgeoisie cannot exist without revolutionizing not only the productive forces but also the relations of production. But in this case it stands to reason to recognize that there is no conflict between productive forces and production relations, and, therefore, there is no crisis of the capitalist system, either. Paradoxes in the communist theory of Marxism stem not merely from erroneous conceptions but reveal the fact that Marxism as an ideology comes into conflict with its scientific social theory. Hence, these paradoxes disclose the relative independence of the social theory of Marxism from its ideological postulates.
NIV in acute hypoxic respiratory failure
Authors: Ferrer M. 
Published: September 2009

Educational aimsThis presentation will focus on the following issues:The efficacy of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the management of:Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)Other causes of acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure (AHRF)The pathophysiological mechanisms of NIV in patients with AHRF.SummaryPublished randomised clinical trials suggest that patients with severe AHRF have in general a lower likelihood of needing tracheal intubation when NIV as a support for respiratory failure is added to the standard medical treatment. However, the effects of NIV on mortality are less evident, and the heterogeneity of the different published studies suggests that the efficacy may be different among different populations. Therefore, the results in the literature do not support the routine use of NIV in all patients with severe AHRF.
Characterization of the chromosomal inversion associated with the Koa mutation in the mouse revealed the cause of skeletal abnormalities
Authors: Katayama Kentaro , Miyamoto Sayaka , Furuno Aki , Akiyama Kouyou , Takahashi Sakino , Suzuki Hiroetsu , Tsuji Takehito , Kunieda Tetsuo 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Koala (Koa) is a dominant mutation in mice causing bushy muzzle and pinna, and is associated with a chromosomal inversion on the distal half of chromosome 15. To identify the gene responsible for the Koa phenotypes, we investigated phenotypes of Koa homozygous mice and determined the breakpoints of the inversion with a genetic method using recombination between two different chromosomal inversions.

Results
Skeletal preparation of Koa homozygotes showed marked deformity of the ribs and a wider skull with extended zygomatic arches, in addition to a general reduction in the lengths of long bones. They also had open eyelids at birth caused by a defect in the extension of eyelid anlagen during the embryonic stages. The proximal and distal breakpoints of the Koa inversion were determined to be 0.8-Mb distal to the Trsps1 gene and to 0.1-Mb distal to the Hoxc4 gene, respectively, as previously reported. The phenotypes of mice with the recombinant inverted chromosomes revealed the localization of the gene responsible the Koa phenotype in the vicinity of the proximal recombinant breakpoint. Expression of the Trsps1 gene in this region was significantly reduced in the Koa homozygous and heterozygous embryos.

Conclusion
While no gene was disrupted by the chromosomal inversion, an association between the Koa phenotype and the proximal recombinant breakpoint, phenotypic similarities with Trps1-deficient mice or human patients with TRSP1 mutations, and the reduced expression of the Trsps1 gene in Koa mice, indicated that the phenotypes of the Koa mice are caused by the altered expression of the Trps1 gene.
Upper limbs dysmetria caused by cervical spinal cord injury: a case report
Authors: Lin Hsun-Chang , Chen Chun-Hung , Khor Gim-Thean , Huang Poyin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Upper limbs dysmetria caused by spinal cord injury is very rare. We will discuss the associated mechanism in our articles.

Case presentation
A 51-year-old male had sudden onset of weakness, dysmetria over bilateral upper limbs and ataxia after he fell accidentally. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed no specific findings. C-spine MRI revealed C1 myelopathy and C4-6 spinal cord compression by bulged disc. The symptoms subsided after surgical intervention.

Conclusion
Sudden onset of upper limbs dysmetria is a sign of dysfunction in cerebellum and its associated pathway. However, lesion in spinal cord can also cause cerebellar signs such as dysmetria.
Predictors of the early introduction of solid foods in infants: results of a cohort study
Authors: Scott Jane A , Binns Colin W , Graham Kathleen I , Oddy Wendy H 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
The early introduction of solid foods before 4 months of age has been associated with an increased risk of diarrhoea in infancy and a greater risk of wheeze and increased percentage body fat and weight in childhood. The purpose of this study was to identify the level of compliance with national recommendations related to the timing of the introduction of solid foods and to describe the maternal and infant characteristics associated with the timing of the introduction of solids.

Methods
Subjects were 519 participants in the second longitudinal Perth Infant Feeding Study (PIFS II) recruited from two maternity hospitals in Perth, Western Australia in 2002/3. Data collected prior to, or shortly after discharge from hospital, and at 4, 10, 16, 22, 32, 40 and 52 weeks postpartum included timing of the introduction of solid foods and a variety of maternal and infant characteristics associated with the introduction of solid foods. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify those factors associated with the risk of introducing solid foods early, which for the purposes of this study was defined as being before 17 weeks.

Results
The median age of introduction of solid foods was 17.6 weeks. In total, 44% of infants had received solids before 17 weeks and 93% of infants had received their first solids before 26 weeks of age. The strongest independent predictors of the early introduction of solids were young maternal age, mother smoking prior to pregnancy and not fully breastfeeding at 4 weeks postpartum. In general, mothers introduced solids earlier than recommended because they perceived their baby to either need them or be ready for them.

Conclusion
This study showed a high level of non-compliance among Australian mothers with the infant feeding recommendation related to the timing of solids that was current at the time. In order to improve compliance health professionals need to be aware of those groups least likely to comply with recommendations and their reasons for non-compliance. Infant feeding recommendations need to be evidence-based, uniformly supported by professionals and widely, clearly and consistently articulated if higher rates of compliance are to be achieved in the future.
Alcohol consumption and carotid artery structure in Korean adults aged 50 years and older
Authors: Lee Young-Hoon , Shin Min-Ho , Kweon Sun-Seog , Choi Sung-Woo , Kim Hye-Yeon , Ryu So-Yeon , Kim Bok-Hee , Rhee Jung-Ae , Choi Jin-Su 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Epidemiologic studies of the association between alcohol consumption and carotid artery structure have reported conflicting results. We investigated the association between alcohol consumption and carotid atherosclerosis by evaluating the effects of alcohol intake on carotid artery enlargement.

Methods
The study population consisted of 4302 community-dwelling Koreans (1577 men and 2725 women) aged 50 years and over. All the subjects had participated in the baseline survey of the Dong-gu Study conducted between 2007 and 2008. Daily alcohol consumption was determined by the number and frequency of alcoholic beverages consumed. We measured common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT), common carotid and bulb IMT (CB-IMT), carotid plaques, and the diameter of the common carotid artery (CCA-diameter) using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. We used analysis of covariance and multiple logistic regressions to determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and carotid artery parameters.

Results
CCA-IMT and CB-IMT were negatively correlated with alcohol consumption after controlling for cardiovascular risk factors in men (p for linear trend = 0.009 and = 0.038, respectively). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for carotid plaques was significantly higher in men who consumed >40.0 g/d (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.13-2.91), although a significant positive correlation was observed between alcohol consumption and carotid plaques (p for linear trend = 0.027). Neither carotid IMT nor carotid plaques were correlated with alcohol intake in women. Alcohol intake was positively correlated with CCA-diameter adjusted for carotid IMT and plaques in the multivariate-adjusted model in both sexes (p for linear trend <0.001 for men and 0.020 for women).

Conclusion
The results of our study indicate that alcohol consumption is inversely related to carotid IMT and positively related to carotid plaques in men, but not women. However, alcohol intake is positively associated with CCA-diameter in both men and women. Additional large population-based prospective studies are needed to confirm the effects of alcohol consumption on carotid artery structure.
Factors affecting awareness of emergency contraception among college students in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Ramesh 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Background
In Nepal, Emergency Contraception (EC) could play a critical role in reducing unintended pregnancies, but very few people aware about it. This paper aims to investigate the level of awareness and factors influencing awareness of EC among college students.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out in April-May 2006. Structured self-administered questionnaires were administered to 1,137 college students (573 males and 564 females) in Kathmandu valley. The association between awareness of EC and the explanatory variables were first assessed in bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test. The associations were further explored using a multivariate logistic analysis.

Results
Only about two-thirds of college students (68%) had ever heard about EC. Bivariate analysis shows that males were more aware (72%) of EC than were females (64%). Similarly, the awareness level was significantly higher among younger, unmarried youth who were from outside Kathmandu Valley, who lived with friends, and who had received reproductive health (RH) education in school/college. The study also found that students' sex, permanent place of residence (district), and RH education are significant predictors of awareness of EC. Males are 1.5 times more likely to be aware of EC compared to females. Furthermore, students who lived in Kathmandu Valley were 41% less likely to be aware of EC than were students from outside Kathmandu Valley. On the other hand, those students who received RH education in school/college were almost nine times more likely to be aware of EC compared to those who did not receive such education.

Conclusion
Awareness of the EC is low among college students in Nepal. Health education initiatives should target students as they are more likely to be sexually active. There is a need to further educate students about EC which can help to reduce unintended pregnancies, many of which result in unsafe abortion and take a large toll on women's health.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent aggrecan cleavage and release of glycosaminoglycans in the meniscus is mediated by nitrous oxide-independent aggrecanase activity in vitro
Authors: Voigt Henning , Lemke Angelika K , Mentlein Rolf , Schünke Michael , Kurz Bodo 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Little is known about factors that induce meniscus damage. Since joint inflammation appears to be a causative factor for meniscal destruction, we investigated the influence of tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release and aggrecan cleavage in an in vitro model.

Methods
Meniscal explant disks (3 mm diameter × 1 mm thickness) were isolated from 2-year-old cattle. After 3 days of TNFα-treatment GAG release (DMMB assay), biosynthetic activity (sulfate incorporation), nitric oxide (NO) production (Griess assay), gene expression of matrix-degrading enzymes (quantitative RT-PCR, zymography), and immunostaining of the aggrecan fragment NITEGE were determined.

Results
TNFα induced release of GAG as well as production of NO in a dose-dependent manner, while sulfate incorporation was decreased. TNFα increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 mRNA expression, whereas collagen type I was decreased, and aggrecan, collagen type II as well as MMP-1, -2, -13 and ADAMTS-5 were variably affected. Zymography also showed a TNFα-dependent increase in MMP-3 expression, but pre-dominantly in the pro-form. TNFα-dependent formation of the aggrecanase-specific aggrecan neoepitope NITEGE was induced. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3, but not TIMP-1 or -2 inhibited TNFα-dependent GAG release and NITEGE production, whereas inhibition of TNFα-dependent NO generation with the NO-synthetase inhibitor L-NMMA failed to inhibit GAG release and NITEGE production.

Conclusions
Our study shows that aggrecanase activity (a) is responsible for early TNFα-dependent aggrecan cleavage and GAG release in the meniscus and (b) might be involved in meniscal degeneration. Additionally, the meniscus is a TNFα-dependent source for MMP-3. However, the TNFα-dependent NO production seems not to be involved in release of proteoglycans under the given circumstances.
Paths to Revolution: The Old Regime Correspondence of Five Future Revolutionaries
Authors: Tackett Timothy 
Published: September 2009

This study is based on a close reading of five of the relatively rare series of correspondence by future revolutionaries written during the ten to twenty years preceding 1789. It seeks to determine at what point these individuals began to make critical judgments about the political situation in the kingdom and to think of themselves as potential political players. It also asks what influences—cultural, social, political, or other—were most important in shaping their judgments. It concludes that while the five followed somewhat different itineraries, the period 1787–89 was critical in the emergence of a revolutionary mentality. The cultural and social experiences of the Old Regime were probably less important for these individuals than political circumstances that they never anticipated and over which they had no control.
Cette étude se base sur une lecture de cinq séries de correspondance rédigées par de futurs révolutionnaires pendant les dix à vingt années qui précèdent 1789. Il s'agit de déterminer à quel moment ces cinq personnes commencent à faire des jugements critiques sur la situation politique du royaume et à quel moment ils commencent à se considérer comme participants aux événements qui se déroulent. Il s'agit également de préciser les influences—culturelles, sociales, politiques ou autres—qui ont le plus transformé leurs opinions. On conclut que la période 1787–89 est belle et bien critique à la naissance d'une mentalité révolutionnaire—bien que chacun des cinq ait pu suivre un itinéraire quelque peu différent. Les expériences culturelles et sociales de l'Ancien Régime sont sans doute beaucoup moins importantes dans cette transformation que les circonstances politiques de la période prérévolutionnaire, circonstances que les cinq futurs révolutionnaires n'ont pas du tout anticipées.
Napoléon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint-Domingue, 1799–1803
Authors: Girard Philippe R. 
Published: September 2009

It is generally assumed that the expedition that Napoléon Bonaparte sent to Saint-Domingue (Haiti) in December 1801 was largely prompted by lobbying on the part of exiled planters and that it aimed at restoring slavery in this colony. Yet a careful analysis of French, British, and American published and archival sources paints a much more nuanced picture. French officials, including Bonaparte and the expedition's first captain general, Victoire Leclerc, paid little attention to the wishes of the planters. Their policies were largely dictated by the difficult political and military environment prevalent in Saint-Domingue. Strategic requirements prompted them to adapt a moderate, pragmatic policy that preserved Toussaint-Louverture's semifree cultivator system, and they never called, either officially or in private, for an immediate restoration of slavery in Saint-Domingue.
On tient généralement pour acquis que Napoléon Bonaparte envoya l'expédition de Saint-Domingue à Haïti en décembre 1801 pour satisfaire le lobby des planteurs, et que le premier consul avait comme objectif le rétablissement de l'esclavage. En réalité, les écrits des colons, de même que les documents manuscrits conservés aux archives nationales, militaires et coloniales en France, en Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis, dressent un tableau beaucoup plus nuancé de la politique coloniale sous le Consulat. Bonaparte et le capitaine général de l'expédition, Victoire Leclerc, loin d'être inféodés aux demandes des colons, répondaient en fait aux difficultés politiques et militaires rencontrées pendant la reconquête de Saint-Domingue. Ces critères stratégiques les incitèrent à adopter une politique modérée et pragmatique préservant le système de semi-liberté agricole qui avait prévalu sous Toussaint Louverture et il n'y eut jamais, ni en public, ni en privé, de plan bien défini visant à rétablir immédiatement l'esclavage à Saint-Domingue.
Take Your Ritalin and Shut Up
Authors: Bousquet Marc 
Published: September 2009

While David Horowitz's Student Bill of Rights is a false solution, is there a sense in which it grasps a real problem? While all the data shows that student intellectual freedoms aren't foreclosed from the Left, undergraduate curricular choice may be foreclosed in advance by the forces served by the political Right, in a kind of economic conscription that frames student choice within the scaffold of the business curriculum.
If faculty and student intellectual freedoms are interrelated in key ways, it is simply difficult to imagine that undergraduate intellectual freedom could be perfectly secure when the faculty's is not. As administrations struggle to supplant traditional faculty values and practices with “market-smart” and entrepreneurial arrangements, we should be exploring the senses in which the intellectual freedom of the undergraduate may be under similar attacks by similar forces.
With the active involvement of corporate partners, administrations are striving to commercialize, vocationalize, and militarize both curriculum and student culture itself. Furthermore, the role of higher education in sharply intensified exploitation means that we have to ask the same question of most students that we ask of faculty and graduate students: to what extent does the structured precariousness of their existence affect the very possibility of their exercising academic freedom irrespective of any formal guarantees?
Buffer-gas Pressure Broadening for the Third Overtone Band of NO Measured with Continuous-wave Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy
Authors: Sakamoto Yosuke , Yamano Daisuke , Nakayama Tomoki , Kawasaki Masahiro , Morino Isamu , Inoue Gen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The buffer-gas pressure broadening coefficients and the temperature dependent parameter of the third overtone band of NO at 1.35–1.38 μm by N2 and rare gases for two ground electronic states, 2Π1⁄2 and 2Π3⁄2, were investigated for rotational levels of P(7.5)–R(14.5) using continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Obtained pressure-broadening coefficients are consistent with literature values.
Syntheses and Characterization of Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Containing Naphthyl Moiety as Pendent Groups for Proton Exchange Membranes
Authors: Wang Lei , Xiang Shenglin , Zhu Guangming 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Novel poly(arylene ether sulfone) with sulfonic acid groups attached onto pendent naphthyl rings was successfully synthesized by the nucleophilic displacement of aromatic dihalides with bisphenols in aprotic solvent, followed by sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid. The sulfonation took place only on the pendent naphthyl rings due to the specially designed molecular structure. The sulfonated polymers are soluble in common organic solvents and can be readily cast into tough and smooth films. The films of the side-chain-type polymer showed good thermal and oxidation stabilities.
Alternate Multiaddition Reactions for the Synthesis of Commodity Dendrimers
Authors: Aoki Ken’ichi , Ichimura Kunihiro 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A selection rule for the reactivity of monomers to realize a quantity production of dendrimers through alternate multiadditions (AMA) is presented. The prototype of the AMA process was shown by using 2-sulfanylethanol and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate to give a tetraol, which was reacted with 1,1-bis(acryloyloxymethyl)ethyl isocyanate as a branched building block to yield a dendritic octaacrylate. Both additions were repeated for the second generation growth.