bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of starch gelatinisation on nutrient digestibility and plasma metabolites in pigeons
Authors: Abd El‐Khalek E. , Kalmar I. , Van Weyenberg S. , Werquin G. , Janssens G. P. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryFeed manufacturing exerts physical and chemical changes in ingredients, including the gelatinisation of starch. Studies on the effect of the degree of starch gelatinisation on nutrient digestibility, metabolism and subsequent performance show inconsistent results, and no data are available in pigeons. In a cross‐over trial, fourteen adult pigeons were randomly divided into two groups, in which two extruded pellet diets were tested. Both the diets were similar in ingredient composition and nutrient content, but differed in extrusion conditions, resulting in a different degree of starch gelatinisation: pellets with high gelatinisation degree (HG; 73.6% gelatinisation) and low gelatinisation degree (LG; 53.1% gelatinisation). After a 14‐day adaptation period, all excreta were gathered per bird during a 5‐day collection period. Coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), crude ash (CA) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) as well as apparent nitrogen retention were calculated from proximate analyses of feed and excreta. Further, excreta consistency was subjectively scored. Blood samples were taken at the end of each period and plasma samples were analysed for glucose, fructosamine and triglycerides. Feed intake and body weight changes were recorded weekly. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of DM, OM, CP, EE, CA and NFE were significantly higher in the LG group (p ≤ 0.05). The ADC of crude fibre was numerically higher in the LG group but not significant, and no significant differences were found in starch digestibility. Excreta consistency score tended to be higher in the LG diet group. Neither plasma glucose nor plasma fructosamine values were significantly different between the two test diets. The results of this study show that lower degree of starch gelatinisation in extruded diets can enhance digestibility in pigeons.
Prediction of digestible protein content of dry extruded dog foods: comparison of methods
Authors: Hervera M. , Baucells M. D. , González G. , Pérez E. , Castrillo C. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe aim of this study was to check the accuracy of laboratory methods to predict the apparent protein digestibility (CPd, %) and digestible protein content (DP, g/kgDM) of dog foods, avoiding the use of experimental animals in digestion trials. Twenty‐eight commercial dry extruded dog foods were tested by three different methodologies: an adaptation of the in vitro incubation method described by Hervera et al. (J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2007, 91: 205) for estimation of digestible energy of commercial dog foods, a modification of the pH drop methodology proposed by Hsu et al. (J Food Sci 1977, 42: 1269) for protein evaluation of human foods and the Near Infra Red Spectroscopy (NIRS) technology. All the methods assessed revealed very good, similar accuracy in the prediction of DP content either using the in vitro method (r = 0.99; RSD = 6.76; CV = 2.31%), the pH drop method (r = 0.99; RSD = 6.94; CV = 3.02%) or the NIRS (R2 = 0.96; SECV = 10.50) method, although the in vitro digestion method showed the highest accuracy approach of in vivo crude protein apparent digestibility: CPd in vitro (r = 0.81; RSD = 2.01; CV = 2.41%); CPd pH‐drop (r = 0.78; RSD = 2.48; CV = 2.98%) and NIRS (r2cv = 0.53; SECV = 2.37).
Dietary incorporation of feedstuffs naturally high in organic selenium for racing pigeons (Columba livia): effects on plasma antioxidant markers after a standardised simulation of a flying effort
Authors: Schoonheere N. , Dotreppe O. , Pincemail J. , Istasse L. , Hornick J. L. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySelenium is a trace element of importance for animal health. It is essential for adequate functioning of many enzymes such as, the antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, which protects the cell against free radicals. A muscular effort induces a rise in reactive oxygen species production which, in turn, can generate an oxidative stress. Two groups of eight racing pigeons were fed respectively with a diet containing 30.3 (control group) and 195.3 (selenium group) μg selenium/kg diet. The pigeons were submitted to a standardised simulation of a flying effort during 2 h. Blood was taken before and after the effort to measure antioxidant markers and blood parameters related to muscle metabolism. Plasma selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly higher in the selenium group. There were no significant differences for the other measured parameters. As a consequence of the effort, the pigeons of the selenium group showed a higher increase of glutathione peroxidase activity and a smaller increase of plasma lactate concentration. Variations because of the effort in the other markers were not significantly different between the two groups. It is concluded that the selenium status was improved with the feeding of feedstuffs high in Selenium.
THE INTERTWINED ROLES OF GENES AND CULTURE IN HUMAN EVOLUTION
Authors: Irons William 
Published: May 2009

Abstract.This essay critiques dual‐inheritance theory as presented in Peter Richerson and Robert Boyd's book Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution (2005). The theory states that culture became prominent in human evolution because it allowed relatively rapid adaptation to changing environments by means of imitation. Imitating the behavior of other members of one's community produces adaptive behaviors more readily than either genetic evolution or individual learning. Imitation follows a number of patterns: imitating high‐status individuals, imitating the most common forms of behavior, imitating behaviors perceived to be the most effective solutions to various problems relevant to survival. This process combined with occasional innovations in behavior lead to a process of cultural evolution involving populations of cultural variants. Different local human populations were associated with different local populations of cultural variants, and both the human and the cultural populations evolved over time. Human evolution cannot be understood without taking into account these parallel processes of genetic and cultural evolution. Not by Genes Alone traces the implication of dual‐inheritance theory for understanding human evolution and refers to various bodies of evidence relevant to the theory.
REREADING THE VARIETIES OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE IN TRANSATLANTIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Taves Ann 
Published: May 2009

Abstract.William James's The Varieties of Religious Experience is one of the world's most popular attempts to meld science and religion. Academic reviews of the book were mixed in Europe and America, however, and prominent contemporaries, unsure whether it was science or theology, struggled to interpret it. James's reliance on an inherently ambiguous understanding of the subconscious as a means of bridging between religion and science accounts for some of the interpretive difficulties, but it does not explain why his overarching question was so obscure, why psychopathology and unusual experiences figured so prominently, or why he gave us so many examples and so little argument. To understand these persistent puzzles we need to do more than acknowledge James's indebtedness to Frederic Myers's conception of the subconscious. We need to read VRE in the context of the transatlantic network of experimental psychologists and psychical researchers who provided the primary intellectual inspiration for the book. Doing so not only locates and clarifies the underlying question that animated the work but also illuminates the structural and rhetorical similarities between VRE and Myers's Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death. In contrast to the individual case studies of hysterics, mediums, and mystics produced by others in this network, both Myers and James adopted a natural‐history approach in which they arranged examples of automatisms to produce a rhetorical effect, thus invoking science in order to evoke a religious response. Where Myers organized his examples to make a case for human survival of death, James organized his to make a case for the involvement of higher powers in the transformation of the self. Read in this way, VRE marks a dramatic shift from a religious preoccupation with life after death to a religious preoccupation with this‐worldly self‐transformation.
MINDING QUANTA AND COSMOLOGY
Authors: Pribram Karl H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract.The revolution in science inaugurated by quantum physics has made us aware of the role of observation in the construction of data. Eugene Wigner remarked that in quantum physics we no longer have observables (invariants), only observations. Tongue in cheek, I asked him whether that meant that quantum physics is really psychology, expecting a gruff reply to my sassiness. Instead, Wigner beamed understanding and replied “Yes, yes, that's exactly correct.” David Bohm pointed out that were we to look at the cosmos without the lenses of our telescopes we would see a hologram. I extend Bohm's insight to the lens in the optics of the eye. The receptor processes of the ear and skin work in a similar fashion. Without these lenses and lenslike operations all of our perceptions would be entangled as in a hologram. Furthermore, the retina absorbs quanta of radiation so that quantum physics uses the very perceptions that become formed by it. In turn, higher‐order brain systems send signals to the sensory receptors so that what we perceive is often as much a result of earlier rather than just immediate experience. This influence from inside out becomes especially relevant to our interpretation of how we experience the contents and bounds of cosmology that come to us by way of radiation.
Hooliganism and Police Tactics
Authors: POUTVAARA PANU , PRIKS MIKAEL 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce a model of hooliganism to study how different types of policing can be expected to affect violence and the number of hooligans in violent supporter clubs. Hooligans differ in their preferred level of fighting, and obtain utility also from social identity that belonging to a supporter club gives. We find that an increase in discriminative policing, like intelligence units, always reduces violence. Indiscriminate policing, such as the use of teargas or random jailing of potential law breakers, may, however, backfire and result in smaller and more brutal groups.
HOW LONG SHOULD WE STAY IN EDUCATION IF ABILITY IS SCREENED?
Authors: Oshio Takashi , Yasuoka Masaya 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTWe examine how ability‐screening affects demand for education and the shape of an optimal education system. Explicitly incorporating gradual screening by education into the model, we illustrate how individuals of different abilities decide to stay in education or drop out. Gradual screening induces low‐ability individuals to receive over‐education, reducing the net benefit obtained from education by society as a whole, as well as such individuals. A mixed education system, in which public education is provided before private education, is superior to a wholly private system, in terms of both efficiency and equity, because it reduces the over‐education of low‐ability individuals.
Satisfaction of disabled rural elders and adults with the quality of community‐based long‐term care services
Authors: Kolodinsky Jane 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis study estimates the probability of being satisfied with community‐based health care services in a rural area and compares the formation of satisfaction for elders and younger disabled adults. Using data from a state in New England, USA, a multivariate binomial logit model was used to estimate the probability of being satisfied. The formation of satisfaction differs for rural disabled adults and elders. Two out of five need characteristics were found to influence satisfaction with quality of care, and four out of six enabling characteristics were found to influence satisfaction. The impact of these characteristics differs for disabled elders and adults, pointing to the need to differentiate the disabled population when developing systems of home‐based care.
Manganese disrupts astrocyte glutamine transporter expression and function
Authors: Sidoryk‐Węgrzynowicz Marta , Lee Eunsook , Albrecht Jan , Aschner Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractGlutamine (Gln) plays an important role in brain energy metabolism and as a precursor for the synthesis of neurotransmitter glutamate and GABA. Previous studies have shown that astrocytic Gln transport is impaired following manganese (Mn) exposure. The present studies were performed to identify the transport routes and the respective Gln transporters contributing to the impairment. Rat neonatal cortical primary astrocytes treated with Mn displayed a significant decrease in Gln uptake mediated by the principle Gln transporting systems, N and ASC. Moreover, systems N, ASC and L were less efficient in Gln export after Mn treatment. Mn treatment caused a significant reduction of both in mRNA expression and protein levels of SNAT3 (system N), SNAT2 (system A) and LAT2 (system L), and lowered the protein but not mRNA expression of ASCT2 (system ASC). Mn exposure did not affect the expression of the less abundant systems N transporter SNAT5 and the system L transporter LAT1, at either the mRNA or protein level. Hence, Mn‐induced decrease of inward and outward Gln transport can be largely ascribed to the loss of the specific Gln transporters. Consequently, deregulation of glutamate homeostasis and its diminished availability to neurons may lead to impairment in glutamatergic neurotransmission, a phenomenon characteristic of Mn‐induced neurotoxicity.
The ubiquitous role of zinc in health and disease
Authors: Cummings Julia E. , Kovacic Jan P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjective –To review zinc physiology and pathophysiology and the importance of zinc toxicity and deficiency in veterinary patients.Data Sources –A review of human and veterinary medical literature.Human Data Synthesis –There is a significant amount of original research in humans and animals on the role of zinc in multiple organ systems. There is also significant data available on human patients with zinc abnormalities.Veterinary Data Synthesis –Zinc deficiency has been studied in dogs with genetic disease and dietary deficiency leading to dermatological disease and immune deficiency. Zinc toxicity has been described after ingestion of metallic foreign bodies containing zinc.Conclusions –Historically, the role of zinc in health and disease has been studied through patients with toxicity or severe deficiency with obvious clinical signs. As the ubiquitous contribution of zinc to structure and function in biological systems was discovered, clinically significant but subtle deficiency states have been revealed. In human medicine, mild zinc deficiencies are currently thought to cause chronic metabolic derangement leading to or exacerbating immune deficiency, gastrointestinal problems, endocrine disorders, neurologic dysfunction, cancer, accelerated aging, degenerative disease, and more. Determining the causal relationships between mild zinc deficiency and concurrent disease is complicated by the lack of sensitive or specific tests for zinc deficiency. The prevalence of zinc deficiency and its contribution to disease in veterinary patients is not well known. Continued research is warranted to develop more sensitive and specific tests to assess zinc status, to determine which patients are at risk for deficiency, and to optimize supplementation in health and disease.
The Codex Rustici and the fifteenth‐century Florentine artisan
Authors: Olive Kathleen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOstensibly the description of a Holy Land pilgrimage, the Codex Rustici (c. 1442) is better known for its watercolour illustrations of Florence's churches. Detailed biographical information on the author, Marco di Bartolomeo Rustici, has not previously been offered. Here I present new data on Rustici's biography and analyse what he read and wrote about himself, eliding statistical data and Rustici's textual divagations. In the process, the paper builds on previous scholarship about Italian artisans in the fifteenth century. It gives an indication of the literary possibilities open to such men, and adds to what scholars understand of Florentine artistic and poetic self‐representations in this period.
ASDIN: Percutaneous Renal Biopsy: Outpatient Observation without Hospitalization Is Safe
Authors: Maya Ivan D. , Allon Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPercutaneous renal biopsy may be complicated by hemorrhage. Patients are frequently hospitalized for overnight observation. We evaluated prospectively the feasibility and safety of an outpatient renal biopsy protocol. During a 20‐month period, 100 consecutive patients underwent outpatient renal biopsy using a standardized protocol. The biopsy was performed by Nephrology Fellows, under direct faculty supervision. All biopsies were carried out under real‐time ultrasound guidance with a 16‐gauge spring‐loaded biopsy gun, and followed immediately by color Doppler ultrasound to exclude active bleeding. Blood pressure, heart rate, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were monitored for 8 hours postbiopsy. If there were no complications, the patients were discharged home after the observation period. A total of 91 patients required one or two needle passes, and nine needed three or four passes. A mean of 12.7 ± 9.7 glomeruli were obtained per patient. No major complications were encountered. A small (<2 × 2 cm) perinephric hematoma was observed postbiopsy in 13 patients. Four patients were hospitalized for overnight observation due to a >4% decrease in their hematocrit, but none required a transfusion or intervention. No patient experienced a delayed biopsy‐related complication. Outpatient, real‐time, ultrasound‐guided percutaneous renal biopsy is safe and effective, and minimizes the need for postbiopsy hospitalization. It can result in significant cost savings without exposing the patients to an increased risk of complications.
Validation of the Portuguese Version of ID‐Migraine™
Authors: Gil‐Gouveia Raquel , Martins Isabel 
Published: May 2009

(Headache 2010;50:396‐402)Background.— Migraine is a highly prevalent disorder that imposes an important burden of disability to patients and has social and economic impact in developed countries. A good screening tool for migraine diagnosis is useful to improve disease identification and therapeutic approaches, hopefully reducing the burden of migraine. Although Portuguese is currently the sixth most spoken language in the world, no migraine screening instrument exists in Portuguese.Objective.— To validate the Portuguese version of ID‐Migraine™.Methods.— Consecutive adults of 2 headache outpatient clinics in Lisbon, Portugal fulfilled the Portuguese version of ID‐Migraine™ before evaluation by a trained neurologist in clinic, blinded to the questionnaire's results. The gold standard was the neurologists' clinical diagnosis, according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition. A subset of patients was randomly selected to revaluation, in order to determine test–retest reliability. The validity measures of the test were calculated.Results.— A total of 142 patients were included, 83.8% of which women, with an age average of 39.2 years. Clinical diagnosis of migraine was made in 63.4% of the patients. The Portuguese version of ID‐Migraine™ presented a sensitivity of 0.94 (95% CI 0.87‐0.97), specificity of 0.60 (95% CI 0.46‐0.73) and a positive predictive value of 0.80 (95% CI 0.71‐0.87). Calculated Cronbachs' alpha was 0.78 and kappa coefficient 0.60.Conclusions.— The Portuguese version of ID‐Migraine™ was of easy and rapid application and well accepted by patients. Its validity measures were identical to the 3 other versions of the same questionnaire – English (original), Italian, and Turkish. The Portuguese version of ID‐Migraine™ is a valid screening tool for migraine, the first that can be used in Portuguese speaking communities although the low literacy rates in some of these countries may prevent its generalized application throughout the world.
A Novel Technique for Treatment of Intractable Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: Lumbar Dural Reduction Surgery
Authors: Schievink Wouter I. 
Published: May 2009

Background and Objective.— Spontaneous intracranial hypotension has become a well‐described cause of headache particularly among young and middle‐aged individuals. Treatment of the underlying spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is effective in relieving symptoms in the vast majority of patients but symptoms may become refractory. The author describes a novel surgical technique to treat intractable spontaneous intracranial hypotension.Methods.— A lumbar laminectomy is performed, a strip of dura is resected, and the dural defect is closed. The resulting decrease in lumbar CSF volume is believed to increase intracranial CSF volume and pressure.Results.— The technique was utilized in a patient who suffered with intractable positional headaches because of a spinal CSF leak for 6 years in spite of numerous surgical and nonsurgical therapies. Significant improvement of symptoms was sustained during a 1‐year period of follow‐up.Conclusion.— Dural reduction surgery may be considered in carefully selected patients with intracranial hypotension.
The American Grotesque
Authors: Balkun Mary McAleer 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe nightmare visions described by early American writers such as William Bradford, Mary Rowlandson, and Cotton Mather, with their allusions to a terrifying wilderness and its even more terrifying inhabitants, represent the nascent elements of the American grotesque, a tradition that emerged in full force in the early nineteenth century with writers such as Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville. While the interest in this genre has varied over the years, it has been a consistent stream in American literature up to the present day, one evident in the work of authors as diverse as Frederick Douglass, Emily Dickinson, William Faulkner, and John Irving. Taking a wide variety of forms, including the comic grotesque, the frontier grotesque, and the southern grotesque, it has proved an enduring genre for examining social and cultural concerns, as well as issues of race, gender, and class.