bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two week induction of interferon‐beta followed by pegylated interferon alpha‐2b and ribavirin for chronic infection with hepatitis C
Authors: Matsui Keiji , Iwabuchi Shogo , Shimizu Hirohito , Yoshida Atsushi , Fujikawa Tomoaki , Takatsuka Kentaro 
Published: June 2010

Objectives:  To elucidate the efficacy of interferon (IFN)‐beta induction therapy followed by pegylated IFN alpha and ribavirin for chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV).Methods:  Patients chronically infected with HCV genotype 1, high titer were enrolled. Twice daily bolus injections of 3 million units IFN‐beta were administered for 14 days. Thereafter, weekly injection of pegylated IFN alpha 2b and daily intake of ribavirin were followed. Therapy duration was adjusted according to the response to the therapy. When time to an undetectable HCV‐RNA was 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, total duration of therapy was 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 weeks, respectively. Patients who failed to achieve an undetectable HCV‐RNA within 12 weeks discontinued therapy on 12 week.Results:  Among the 101 patients treated, 56 (55.4%) achieved sustained virological response (SVR). SVR rate for each treatment duration was 10/10 for 12 weeks, 12/14 for 24 weeks, 18/19 for 36 weeks, 15/26 for 48 weeks, 1/4 for 60 weeks and 0/28 for patients who discontinued therapy at 12 weeks. Mean time to an undetectable HCV‐RNA was 35.5 ± 2.7 days. Mean therapy duration was 27.3 ± 1.4 weeks. Using a cut off value of 21.5 fmol/L of HCV core‐antigen in the first week, SVR could be predicted by sensitivity of 0.91 and specificity of 0.78.Conclusion:  IFN‐beta induction therapy resulted in acceptable SVR rates despite short therapy duration. Steep reduction of HCV by IFN‐beta enables us to predict SVR in the first week of therapy.
An Investigation of the Transferability of Design Management Education from the UK to China
Authors: Ashton Philippa , Deng Jian Ye 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAn Design management has not previously been taught in China and many of the new courses are imported from the West. However, differences in culture, education system, and economic need make the transfer complex, thus requiring interpretation, as well as translation. This paper aims to explore the nature of problems and challenges faced in design management education when transferring from the UK to China. It will also present a program of research set up to explore these issues.The transfer of educational programs to a culturally different context must consider both the curriculum and the teaching and learning methods of participants. In the case of education that aims to prepare graduates for industry, the structure and needs of the employer must also be considered. There is already much written about the transfer of management education from West to East, and although this knowledge should inform our study of design management education in China, the discipline has additional aspects that may be culturally sensitive. From existing literature, this paper presents key issues relating to curriculum and teaching and learning that need to be taken into account when developing new courses.The findings from a research project described in this paper are expected to provide groundwork for the development of design management education as an enabling discipline. It will also provide a better understanding of cultural aspects of design management provision, question Western paradigms, and assist in an understanding of the transfer of curriculum across cultural boundaries.
The Role of Design in the Development of the Made in Italy Brand in China
Authors: Bianchini Massimo , Parente Marina 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNowadays, the world‐wide globalization process has brought a new economic and production scene and a different economic geography. The progressive liberalization and deregulation of markets, together with the ICT development have led to the birth of a New Economy. This new context is defined by a high level of competition, by the reduction of production costs, and by the use of intangible assets to create value‐added products and services. The Western industrial systems—both of which lead to or have endured this change—and the new Eastern ones—generating competitive advantage from globalization opportunities—now coexist and compete with each other.This paper presents the results of two studies led by DesignFocus1 in 2005 on a sample of SMEs that trade in China. The goal was to identify critical areas and opportunities within which design can develop policies, strategies, and tools to consolidate or renew the Made in Italy brand on new worldwide markets; these should stimulate innovation processes so that both Italian SMEs and government are able to promote the Made in Italy system in China and in other emerging markets.
Toward the Management of Design Creativity: Personal Creativity Modes, Design Activity, and Team Interaction
Authors: Kim Yong Se , Kim Myung Sook , Wilde Douglass J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCognitive preferences can be related to the creativity required for design tasks. In this paper, personal creativity modes are described from a cognitive preference theory perspective, and the design activity characteristics related to personal creativity modes are identified. Personal creativity modes are further explained using the way individuals in design teams perceive their own characteristics. In addition, the nature of team interaction is analyzed and compared using a design team of students of diverse personal creativity modes and a design team of students with similar modes. From this, we conclude that design team creativity can be constructed and managed by exploiting the personal creativity modes of team members.
A randomised controlled trial of subcutaneous sodium salicylate therapy for osteoarthritis of the thumb
Authors: Smith A S , Doré C J , Dennis L , Julius A , Mackworth-Young C G 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Current treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) is limited. Many patients with OA of the hand have areas of tender subcutaneous thickening in the forearm and upper scapular region. A pilot study showed an improvement in pain from OA at the first carpometacarpal joint after injection of such areas with 0.5% sodium salicylate or saline, an inexpensive treatment that can be administered by general practitioners and nurses. The study indicated that a randomised, sham-controlled trial was justified.

Methods
40 patients with OA of the first carpometacarpal joint were randomised to receive either injections of sodium salicylate into tender, thickened areas of subcutaneous tissue on the forearm (baseline) and upper scapular region (week 1) or sham injections consisting of pressure without skin penetration. Blinded assessments were made at weeks 3, 7 and 13 after baseline.

Results
Pain and tenderness during follow-up were both significantly lower in the active treatment group compared with the sham group: 19% and 14% greater reduction in mean visual analogue scale (VAS) score, respectively (p=0.007 and 0.02, baseline mean 5.65 and 5.35 cm, average difference in change from baseline VAS 1.9 and 1.4 cm, 95% CI 0.6 to 3.2 and 0.2 to 2.5). Active and sham injections were painful, the former significantly more so; however, there was no significant correlation between the pain of active injections and response.

Conclusion
The data show that subcutaneous sodium salicylate injections are an effective symptomatic treatment for OA of the thumb. The results provide a basis for further physiological and therapeutic research in this area.
Should there be a visual standard for ophthalmologists and other surgeons?
Authors: Wong Newton W K , Stokes John , Foss Alexander J E , McGraw Paul V 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A number of professions have a visual standard but there is no standard for surgeons, including surgeons such as ophthalmologists who operate with the aid of a microscope. We review which professions do have a visual standard, the evidence addressing the issue of a visual standard in medicine and surgery, and an international survey of what visual standards other countries apply to ophthalmologists, and performed a survey of the views of the member of the British Royal College of Ophthalmologists. A number of professions, where public safety is an issue, do have a visual standard without compelling supporting evidence. By contrast, all but two countries do not have a visual standard for their ophthalmic surgeons. The survey of members of the British Royal College of Ophthalmologists supported the adoption of such a standard, which would include minimum requirements for both visual acuity and stereoacuity. Good vision is clearly essential for ophthalmologists, as well as for other surgeons and practioners of some other branches of medicine. While there is no evidence to support a specific visual standard, we conclude that one should be adopted until there is definitive evidence to settle the issue on the basis of the precautionary principle as patient safety is involved.
A reappraisal of the role of ‘mindbody’ factors in chronic urticaria
Authors: Broom Brian C 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a very common skin condition that causes considerable suffering and is often poorly responsive to drug treatment regimens. Most clinicians accept that multiple factors play a role in the aetiology of CSU, but there is a widespread reluctance to accept a significant role for ‘mindbody’ factors, despite a large number of clinical reports and studies over many decades suggesting their relevance. This reluctance has multiple origins. A primary influence is the flawed dualistic model of mind and body relatedness underpinning much of modern medical care. In this view, if a pathophysiological mechanism can be discerned, then ‘mind’ factors can be largely ignored. Recent evidence demonstrating intimate structural and functional relations between peripheral nerves and mast cells, and local skin secretion of mast cell-influencing neuropeptides by nerves, provides an argument for discarding old ‘organic’ and dualistic conceptualisations of CSU. A sound, integrative, multifactorial approach requires a unitive ‘mindbody’ model in which physical and subjective dimensions of personhood are seen as coexisting and equally deserving of exploration and management. Another influence is the tendency for ‘psychosomatic’ research studies in CSU to focus on patient experience using broad group-based diagnostic categories, such as anxiety and depressive disorders, and generic measures of stress. Two case examples are given, illustrating that CSU arises in relation to highly individual and relevant ‘stories’, which would not usually be picked up by these generic measures. It is suggested that an appropriate ‘mindbody’ management programme leading to good clinical outcomes for CSU is dependent on clinicians discerning unique patient ‘stories’. Finally, a lack of formal studies comparing drug and ‘mindbody’ treatment outcomes will continue to negatively influence the adoption of ‘mindbody’ approaches in CSU. There is an urgent need for properly structured comparative studies, and the essential elements of a suitable ‘mindbody’ approach appropriate to such research are briefly outlined.
Enhancing base-metal exploration with seismic imagingThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the themeLithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.
Authors: Eaton David W. , Adam Erick , Milkereit Bernd , Salisbury Matthew , Roberts Brian , White Don , Wright James 
Published: June 2010

Commencing in 1988 and continuing for 5 years, Lithoprobe acquired a series of high-resolution seismic experiments within and near base-metal mining camps in Canada, including the Abitibi subprovince of Quebec and Ontario, the world-class Sudbury Ni–Cu mining district, the Buchans mine in Newfoundland, and the Thompson Ni belt in Manitoba. This work, undertaken in close cooperation with the Geological Survey of Canada and major Canadian mining companies, stimulated an intensive and broadened series of followup studies with the common objective of assessing potential applications of multichannel seismic (MCS) imaging for deep mineral exploration and mine development. This research was motivated by a widely recognized disparity between the depths from which ores can be profitably mined (up to 2 km or more) and the resolving depths (typically <500 m) of commonly used geophysical methods for mineral exploration. Initial rock-property studies established that the expected contrast in acoustic impedance between ores and host rocks should be sufficient to generate observable reflections and (or) scattered waves. For an ore deposit to be directly detectable with MCS, however, it is also necessary for it to meet geometrical criteria including a minimum thickness of 1/8 wavelenth (typically ∼5 m) and a lateral extent similar to the Fresnel radius (typically ∼100 m). Both Lithoprobe and followup seismic studies, calibrated with borehole data, reveal that lithologic contacts that are characterized by large impedance contrast and significant lateral continuity, such as igneous intrusive contacts between mafic and felsic rocks, are the most likely features to be imaged with the MCS techniques. In some camps such as Buchans, however, faults and shear zones are better imaged than lithologic contacts. In either case, these studies show that well-designed and carefully processed seismic profiles can provide a valuable geophysical tool for interpreting the stratigraphic and structural framework of mineral systems and, more rarely, direct-detection capabilities for deep ore deposits.
Mantle plume – volcanic arc interaction: consequences for magmatism, metallogeny, and cratonization in the Abitibi and Wawa subprovinces, CanadaThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Lithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.
Authors: Wyman Derek , Kerrich Robert 
Published: June 2010

The Abitibi and Wawa subprovinces of the southern Superior Province differ in terms of the extent of pre-existing 2750 Ma sialic crust and relationships between mantle plume type (tholeiitic basalt – komatiite) and arc type (tholeiite to calc-alkaline basalt – andesite – dacite – rhyolite) volcanic successions but evolved in close proximity to each other. Isotopic data, evidence from the Kapuskasing uplift, continuation of major structures associated with large gold deposits from the Abitibi into the Wawa subprovince and the related occurrence of diamonds in lamprophyric rocks in both subprovinces point to a common evolution prior to and during orogeny. Differences preserved in supracrustal sequences of the two subprovinces suggest that the main petrogenetic controls on orogenic gold deposits and lamprophyre-hosted diamond deposits lay in the lower crust and upper mantle. Similar processes must also have been active where gold and diamonds are associated on other Archean cratons, such as the Slave and possibly the Kaapvaal craton. Based on evidence preserved in the Abitibi–Wawa orogen, rapid crustal growth at ∼2.7 Ga was linked to the interplay between plate tectonics and mantle plumes. Key indicators in the model developed for the Abitibi–Wawa arc are the co-existence of plume-related rock types, modern-style adakites, major gold deposits, and lamprophyre-hosted diamond occurrences, at least in cases where shoshonitic host magmas can ascend rapidly through the crust. All of these indicators are now identified on the Kaapvaal craton by 3.1 Ga and many recur together in Paleoproterzoic and younger terranes, suggesting a common mechanism for rapid crustal growth through much of Earth’s history. The variety of granitoid types found within the Abitibi–Wawa orogen demonstrates that local tectonic factors, rather than a hotter average upper mantle, were important in controlling the type of magmas formed. Based on the geodynamic history of the subprovince, mantle plume interaction with an existing volcanic arc and the subduction of oceanic plateau crust played an important role in the formation of magmas similar to Cenozoic adakites. Flat subduction beneath a mantle wedge was probably responsible for the generation of the adakites and also promoted diamond stability at shallow depths while enhancing the reservoirs for subsequent orogenic gold deposits. The history of magmatism and mineralization in the Abitibi and Wawa subprovinces precludes an early or gradual development of a cratonic keel, which instead must have coupled with crust during the latest stages of orogeny.
Protracted continental collision — evidence from the Grenville OrogenThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Lithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.
Authors: Hynes Andrew , Rivers Toby 
Published: June 2010

The Grenville Orogen in North America is interpreted to have resulted from collision between Laurentia and another continent, probably Amazonia, at ca. 1100 Ma. The exposed segment of the orogen was derived largely from reworked Archean to Paleoproterozoic Laurentian crust, products of a long-lived Mesoproterozoic continental-margin arc and associated back arc, and remnants of one or more accreted mid-Mesoproterozoic island-arc terranes. A potential suture, preserved in Grenvillian inliers of the southeastern USA, may separate rocks of Laurentian and Amazonian affinities. The Grenvillian Orogeny lasted more than 100 million years. Much of the interior Grenville Province, with peak metamorphism at ca. 1090–1020 Ma, consists of uppermost amphibolite- to granulite-facies rocks metamorphosed at depths of ca. 30 km, but areas of lower crustal, eclogite-facies nappes metamorphosed at 50–60 km depth also occur and an orogenic lid that largely escaped Grenvillian metamorphism is preserved locally. Overall, deformation and regional metamorphism migrated sequentially to the northwest into the Laurentian craton, with the youngest contractional structures in the northwestern part of the orogen at ca. 1000–980 Ma. The North American lithospheric root extends across part of the Grenville Orogen, where it may have been produced by depletion of sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath the long-lived Laurentian-margin Mesoproterozoic subduction zone. Both the Grenville Orogen and the Himalaya–Tibet Orogen have northern margins characterized by long-lived subduction before continental collision and protracted convergence following collision. Both exhibit cratonward-propagating thrusting. In the Himalaya–Tibet Orogen, however, the pre-collisional Eurasian-margin arc is high in the structural stack, whereas in the Grenville Orogen, the pre-collisional continental-margin arc is low in the structural stack. We interpret this difference as due to subduction reversal in the Grenville case shortly before collision, so that the continental-margin arc became the lower plate during the ensuing orogeny. The structurally low position of the warm, extended Laurentian crust probably contributed significantly to the ductility of lower and mid-crustal Grenvillian rocks.
The consequences of Canadian Cordillera thermal regime in recent tectonics and elevation: a reviewThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Lithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 20090195.
Authors: Hyndman R. D. 
Published: June 2010

The crust and upper mantle thermal regime of the Canadian Cordillera and its tectonic consequences were an important part of the Cordillera Lithoprobe program and related studies. This article provides a review, first of the thermal constraints, and then of consequences in high surface elevation and current tectonics. Cordillera and adjacent craton temperatures are well constrained by geothermal heat flow, mantle tomography velocities, upper mantle xenoliths, and the effective elastic thickness, Te. Cordillera temperatures are very high and laterally uniform, explained by small scale convection beneath a thin lithosphere, 800–900 °C at the Moho, contrasted to 400–500 °C for the craton. The high temperatures provide an explanation for why the Cordillera has high elevation in spite of a generally thin crust, ∼33 km, in contrast to low elevation and thicker crust, 40–45 km, for the craton. The Cordillera is supported ∼1600 m by lithosphere thermal expansion. In the Cordillera only the upper crust has significant strength; Te ∼ 15 km, in contrast to over 60 km for the craton. The Cordillera is tectonically active because the lithosphere is sufficiently weak to be deformed by plate boundary and gravitational forces; the craton is too strong. The Canadian Cordillera results have led to new understandings of processes in backarcs globally. High backarc temperatures and weak lithospheres explain the tectonic activity over long geological times of mobile belts that make up about 20% of continents. They also have led to a new understanding of collision orogenic heat in terms of incorporation of already hot backarcs.
Comments on “A Surrogate Ensemble Study of Climate Reconstruction Methods: Stochasticity and Robustness”
Authors: Rutherford Scott D. , Mann Michael E. , Ammann Caspar M. , Wahl Eugene R. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In a recent paper, Christiansen et al. compared climate reconstruction methods using surrogate ensembles from a coupled general circulation model and pseudoproxies. Their results using the regularized expectation maximization method with truncated total least squares (RegEM-TTLS) appear inconsistent with previous studies. Results presented here show that the poor performance of RegEM-TTLS in Christiansen et al. is due to 1) their use of the nonhybrid method compared to the hybrid method; 2) a stagnation tolerance that is too large and does not permit the solution to stabilize, which is compounded in another paper by Christiansen et al. by the introduction of an inappropriate measure of stagnation; and 3) their use of a truncation parameter that is too large. Thus, the poor performance of RegEM-TTLS in both Christiansen et al. papers is due to poor implementation of the method rather than to shortcomings inherent to the method.
Structure Determination of H-LDS: An Acidified Form of the Layered Silicate K-LDS
Authors: Ikeda Takuji , Uenaka Manami , Komura Kenichi , Sugi Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The crystal structure of H-LDS (Si8O20H8)—an acidified form of the layered silicate K-LDS—was determined. Structure analysis from X-ray powder diffraction data shows that its layer structure comprises a six-membered Si atom ring network. 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy indicates strong intra- and interlayer hydrogen bonding between neighboring terminal oxygen atoms. Electron density distributions attributed to hydrogen bonding are obtained by the maximum entropy method. The structure of H-LDS is stabilized by the hydrogen bonds without an alkali metal cation.
Indium(III)-catalyzed Coupling between Alkynes and Aldehydes to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Miura Katsukiyo , Yamamoto Kiyomi , Yamanobe Aya , Ito Keisuke , Kinoshita Hidenori , Ichikawa Junji , Hosomi Akira 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The combined use of a catalytic amount of InX3 (X = OTf and NTf2) and 1-butanol was found to be effective in formal alkyne–aldehyde metathesis. With this catalytic system, aromatic alkynes reacted with aromatic aldehydes to give chalcones in moderate to good yields. Alkynals were efficiently converted into 5- to 7-membered cyclic compounds by intramolecular alkyne–aldehyde coupling.