bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Philosophia of Ioudaismos
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPhilo does not expect his audience to think of his philosophers in De Vita Contemplativa as being associated with cultic activities at an actual temple. Instead, he uses them as exemplars of the bios theoretikos, the classic meditative/contemplative life. The Mareotic group are those who truly are ‘the good’, the very image of perfect philosophers. They are explicitly called ‘philosophers’. They are driven by impulses for and trained in philosophy; they live and cultivate a life of philosophy, interpret allegorically the inherited philosophy, and follow the contemplative part of philosophy. Philo jumps from cultic language to philosophical language. This would have seemed perhaps more striking to his audience than to us, for cult and philosophy were two discrete conceptual categories in antiquity. To understand how Philo could make the jump, and how he could expect his audience to do so, we need to look at ‘religion’ as a whole, and basic understandings of Judaism, in the Graeco-Roman world.
Paradigms of ‘Women’ in Discourses on Philosophia
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPhilo wished to present a group of extreme allegorizers as living the bios theoretikos: Jewish men and women living a philosophical lifestyle more excellent than any known in the Graeco-Roman world. In order to understand what Philo may have had to deal with, rhetorically, we need to consider how women appear in the discourse of Graeco-Roman philosophy. This chapter explores what is stated about women philosophers and students of philosophers in an attempt to consider how the women are presented in the texts, including epigraphy and art. The women who are represented allegedly lived from the sixth century BCE to the third century CE.
Gendered Space
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPhilo was concerned to locate his group very carefully on a certain hill between the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Mareotis. He indicates the surrounding villages and buildings, and the little houses in which senior members of the Mareotic group live. He also shows us two meeting places: a semneion where the seventh-day assemblies take place, and a sumposion where the forty-ninth-day dinner is held. In fact, a further dimension of Philo's rhetoric of gender in De Vita Contemplativa concerns space. In creating a vision of what is good, Philo sought at times to create an ideal spatial arrangement which would vouchsafe the virtue of the group members. Along with this, Philo gives details about the personal space of the group members as signified by clothing. Clothing is a primary indicator of gender, and can be the first step towards the gendering of space in general. This chapter examines the spaces Philo constructs — communal, personal, and sacred — within the context of what we know about spatial arrangements in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt.
Gender Blenders: Moses, Miriam, and Music
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn terms of gender roles, both men and women in the Mareotic group share a meal symbolic of God's everlasting covenant with Israel, which they then interpret as the triumph of enkrateia, self-control. They appear to have understood that their contemplation of scripture and musical compositions, mortification of the body, and quiet solitariness involved some kind of training for a vision of God. In Philo's presentation in De Vita Contemplativa, the people of the Mareotic group work themselves into an altered state of consciousness usually referred to as a trance, so that ‘they keep the memory of God’ constantly and ‘in dreams nothing else is dreamt of apart from the beauty of the divine attributes and powers’. One of the means by which the group ascends towards seeing the divine light of God is music. For the Mareotic group, though not actually for Philo, Moses — as inspired prophet — leads the men who have also in some way become struck by the rapture of divine inspiration. Miriam — as inspired prophet — does likewise with the inspired women.
Conclusion
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSince the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the elusive Therapeutae have sometimes been read through a different lens, and configured as a branch of the better known Essene school of Judaea, anomalies explained away by their being an Alexandrian branch of the school, or by Philo's twists on sources describing Essenes. This study has reconfigured the Therapeutae as one of the ascetic, contemplative groups that formed part of the philosophical school of Jewish allegorical exegesis in first-century Alexandria. The Therapeutae are illustrative of one of these groups: the extreme allegorizers. Philo chose to present this particular group as indicative of the virtue of the Jews to an audience of Romans, in Rome, during the course of his representations there in 41 CE. He differed with this group regarding the praxis of Jewish law, calendar, asceticism of the young, and celibacy, and was uncomfortable about the women. This study has rested on issues of women and gender in the rhetoric of De Vita Contemplativa and in the group to which Contempl. points.
An Apoplastic H-Type Thioredoxin Is Involved in the Stress Response through Regulation of the Apoplastic Reactive Oxygen Species in Rice
Authors: Zhang Cui-Jun , Zhao Bing-Chun , Ge Wei-Na , Zhang Ya-Fang , Song Yun , Sun Da-Ye , Guo Yi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are a multigenic family of proteins in plants that play a critical role in redox balance regulation through thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. There are 10 members of the h-type Trxs in rice (Oryza sativa), and none of them has been clearly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that OsTRXh1, a subgroup I h-type Trx in rice, possesses reduction activity in vitro and complements the hydrogen peroxide sensitivity of Trx-deficient yeast mutants. OsTRXh1 is ubiquitously expressed in rice, and its expression is induced by salt and abscisic acid treatments. Intriguingly, OsTRXh1 is secreted into the extracellular space, and salt stress in the apoplast of rice induces its expression at the protein level. The knockdown of OsTRXh1 results in dwarf plants with fewer tillers, whereas the overexpression of OsTRXh1 leads to a salt-sensitive phenotype in rice. In addition, both the knockdown and overexpression of OsTRXh1 decrease abscisic acid sensitivity during seed germination and seedling growth. We also analyzed the levels of hydrogen peroxide produced in transgenic plants, and the results show that more hydrogen peroxide is produced in the extracellular space of OsTRXh1 knockdown plants than in wild-type plants, whereas the OsTRXh1 overexpression plants produce less hydrogen peroxide under salt stress. These results show that OsTRXh1 regulates the redox state of the apoplast and influences plant development and stress responses.
Interplay Between N-Terminal Methionine Excision and FtsH Protease Is Essential for Normal Chloroplast Development and Function in Arabidopsis
Authors: Adam Zach , Frottin Frédéric , Espagne Christelle , Meinnel Thierry , Giglione Carmela 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
N-terminal methionine excision (NME) is the earliest modification affecting most proteins. All compartments in which protein synthesis occurs contain dedicated NME machinery. Developmental defects induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by NME inhibition are accompanied by increased proteolysis. Although increasing evidence supports a connection between NME and protein degradation, the identity of the proteases involved remains unknown. Here we report that chloroplastic NME (cNME) acts upstream of the FtsH protease complex. Developmental defects and higher sensitivity to photoinhibition associated with the ftsh2 mutation were abolished when cNME was inhibited. Moreover, the accumulation of D1 and D2 proteins of the photosystem II reaction center was always dependent on the prior action of cNME. Under standard light conditions, inhibition of chloroplast translation induced accumulation of correctly NME-processed D1 and D2 in a ftsh2 background, implying that the latter is involved in protein quality control, and that correctly NME-processed D1 and D2 are turned over primarily by the thylakoid FtsH protease complex. By contrast, inhibition of cNME compromises the specific N-terminal recognition of D1 and D2 by the FtsH complex, whereas the unprocessed forms are recognized by other proteases. Our results highlight the tight functional interplay between NME and the FtsH protease complex in the chloroplast.
Effect of an exon 1 mutation in the myostatin gene on the growth traits of the Bian chicken
Authors: Zhang G. X. , Zhao X. H. , Wang J. Y. , Ding F. X. , Zhang L. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryMyostatin (MSTN), or growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β superfamily. This family functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development and growth in mammals. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in exon 1 of the Bian chicken myostatin gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism. A mutation (c.234G>A) in exon 1 was found. Female Bian chickens of genotypes AA and GA had significantly higher body weights than those of genotype GG (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) from 6 to 18 weeks of age. These results suggested that the mutation c.234G>A in exon 1 could be used as a genetic marker for Bian chicken growth traits.
Treatment and secondary prevention effects of the probiotics Lactobacillus paracasei or Bifidobacterium lactis on early infant eczema: randomized controlled trial with follow‐up until age 3 years
Authors: Gore C. , Custovic A. , Tannock G. W. , Munro K. , Kerry G. , Johnson K. , Peterson C. , Morris J. , Chaloner C. , Murray C. S. , Woodcock A. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryBackgroundAllergic disease has been associated with altered intestinal microbiota. Therefore, probiotics have been suggested as a potential treatment for eczema.ObjectiveWe investigated whether dietary supplementation of infants with eczema at age 3–6 months with Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I‐2116 or Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I‐3446 had a treatment effect or altered allergic disease progression.MethodsPrimary outcome included eczema severity (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis, SCORAD) 3 months post‐randomization. Secondary: SCORAD (other visits); infant dermatitis quality of life (IDQoL); gastrointestinal permeability; urinary eosinophilic protein X; allergen‐sensitization; allergic symptoms (age 12, 18, 36 months). A total of 208 infants aged 3–6 months with physician‐diagnosed eczema were recruited; 137/208 (SCORAD≥10, consuming ≥200 mL standard formula/day) were randomized to daily supplements containing L. paracasei or B. lactis or placebo for a 3‐month period, while receiving extensively hydrolysed whey‐formula (dairy‐free diet). There were two open observational groups, one group exclusively breastfed (n = 22) and the other, standard formula‐fed (n = 49). Trial number: ISRCTN41490500.ResultsEczema severity decreased significantly over time in all groups. No significant difference was observed between randomized groups after 12‐week treatment‐period (SCORAD‐score pre‐/post‐intervention: B. lactis 25.9 [95% CI: 22.8–29.2] to 12.8 [9.4–16.6]; L. paracasei 25.4 [22.1–29] to 12.5 [9.2–16.4]; placebo 26.9 [23.4–30.6] to 11.8 [9.6–14.3]; P = 0.7). Results were similar when analysis was controlled for allergen‐sensitization, or when only sensitized infants were analysed. No differences were found for secondary outcomes. No difference was observed in SCORAD‐score between randomized and observational groups.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceWe found no benefit from supplementation with B. lactis or L. paracasei in the treatment of eczema, when given as an adjunct to basic topical treatment, and no effect on the progression of allergic disease from age 1 to 3 years.
Two novel mutations in the POU1F1 gene generate null alleles through different mechanisms leading to combined pituitary hormone deficiency
Authors: Turton J.P. , Strom M. , Langham S. , Dattani M.T. , Le Tissier P. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryBackground  Mutations in the POU1F1 gene severely affect the development and function of the anterior pituitary gland and lead to combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD).Objective  The clinical and genetic analysis of a patient presenting with CPHD and functional characterization of identified mutations.Patient  We describe a male patient with extreme short stature, learning difficulties, anterior pituitary hypoplasia, secondary hypothyroidism and undetectable prolactin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1), with normal random cortisol.Design  The POU1F1 coding region was amplified by PCR and sequenced; the functional consequence of the mutations was analysed by cell transfection and in vitro assays.Results  Genetic analysis revealed compound heterozygosity for two novel putative loss of function mutations in POU1F1: a transition at position +3 of intron 1 [IVS1+3nt(A>G)] and a point mutation in exon 6 resulting in a substitution of arginine by tryptophan (R265W). Functional analysis revealed that IVS1+3nt(A>G) results in a reduction in the correctly spliced POU1F1 mRNA, which could be corrected by mutations of the +4, +5 and +6 nucleotides. Analysis of POU1F1R265W revealed complete loss of function resulting from severely reduced protein stability.Conclusions  Combined pituitary hormone deficiency in this patient is caused by loss of POU1F1 function by two novel mechanisms, namely aberrant splicing (IVS1+3nt (A>G) and protein instability (R265W). Identification of the genetic basis of CPHD enabled the cessation of hydrocortisone therapy without the need for further assessment for evolving endocrinopathy.
Interobserver concordance in the assessment of features used for the diagnosis of cervical atypical squamous cells and squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASC‐US, ASC‐H, LSIL and HSIL)
Authors: Bigras G. , Wilson J. , Russell L. , Johnson G. , Morel D. , Saddik M. 
Published: October 2011

G. Bigras, J. Wilson, L. Russell, G. Johnson, D. Morel and M. Saddik  Interobserver concordance in the assessment of features used for the diagnosis of cervical atypical squamous cells and squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASC‐US, ASC‐H, LSIL and HSIL)Objectives:  Given the well‐known poor reproducibility of cervical cytology diagnosis, especially for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC‐US) and low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), this study surveyed reproducibility in the assessment of individual cytomorphological features.Methods:  One hundred and fifty cells or groups of cells, with a variety of morphological appearances, including normal cells, high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), LSIL, ASC‐US and ASC cannot exclude HSIL (ASC‐H), were precisely marked on 150 different liquid‐based cytological preparations. They were analysed by 17 observers who assessed 17 cytological features including nuclear features (chromatin texture, nuclear outline, nuclear shape, etc.), cytoplasmic features (cell shape, cytoplasmic staining, cytoplasmic clearing, etc.) and group characteristics (nuclear polarity, cellular density, etc.). A total of 43 350 data scores were collected in a database using a web‐based survey. Kendall’s W and relative entropy indexes were utilized to compute concordance indexes of respectively ordinal and nominal variables.Results:  Nuclear features have significantly lower reproducibility (0.46) compared with other cytological features (0.59). The feature with least agreement is assessment of chromatin texture. A small but significant difference in concordance was found between two subsets of observers with different levels of experience.Conclusion:  Most previous studies assessing reproducibility of cytological diagnoses show, at best, moderate reproducibility among observers. This study focused on agreement regarding the presence of constituent morphological features used to recognize dyskaryosis and various grades of squamous intraepithelial lesions. A map of reproducibility indexes is presented that highlights, for daily practice or teaching, the robustness of features used for cytological assessment, recognizing that diagnosis is always based on a combination of features.
The molecular pathogenesis of corticotroph tumours
Authors: Dworakowska Dorota , Grossman Ashley B. 
Published: October 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (6): 665–676AbstractBackground  The pathogenesis of tumour formation in the anterior pituitary including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)‐secreting tumours has been intensively studied, but the causative mechanisms involved in pituitary cell transformation and tumourigenesis remain unclear.Materials and methods  We searched PubMed on any paper related with molecular pathology of pituitary corticotroph adenomas and have included to this review all relevant references published up to June 2011.Results  Current studies increased our knowledge on the genetic basis of McCune–Albright syndrome (MAS), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), Carney complex (CNC), pituitary adenoma predisposition syndromes and tuberous sclerosis, but they have performed little to elucidate the causes of sporadic pituitary tumours including Cushing disease.Discussion  The aim of this review was to focus on the most recently published advances in the molecular pathology of corticotroph adenomas, which are presented in the context of changes seen in all types of pituitary adenomas, as well as in terms of corticotrophin‐releasing hormone/ACTH/cortisol‐specific pathways.Conclusions  We would expect that over the next 5 years, more detailed analysis of inter‐cellular communication pathways between pituitary cells, including the cadherins and integrins, and their interactions with other signalling pathways such as the β‐catenin cascade will help elucidate what exactly goes awry in the formation of a benign corticotroph adenoma. This should in turn predict novel forms of pharmacological tumour control.
Plastic responses to four environmental stresses and cross‐resistance in a laboratory population of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Bubliy Oleg A. , Kristensen Torsten N. , Kellermann Vanessa , Loeschcke Volker 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Acclimation or hardening to one stress in arthropods can lead to a plastic response, which confers increased resistance to other stresses. Such cross‐resistance may indicate shared physiological resistance mechanisms and a possibility of joint evolution for resistance traits.2. In this study, we tested for cross‐resistance using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system. Adult females were assayed for resistance to cold, heat, desiccation and starvation following cold acclimation, heat hardening, desiccation hardening and starvation acclimation, resulting in 12 pretreatment‐by‐test combinations for estimating potential cross‐resistance effects. The acclimation/hardening regimes were chosen so that flies enhanced their resistance to the same type of stress as that used for the particular pretreatment.3. Two cases of cross‐resistance were found, with desiccation‐hardened and starvation‐acclimated flies being more resistant than control ones in heat and desiccation resistance tests, respectively. In four cases, no acclimation/hardening effect was observed, and for six pretreatment‐by‐test combinations, the effect of acclimation/hardening was negative.4. We also revealed that heat and desiccation hardening as well as acclimation to starvation had a cost under non‐stressful conditions leading to reduced longevity. Cold acclimation did not affect longevity, although its effect was difficult to estimate precisely: during pretreatment at a low temperature, biological ageing of the flies might be delayed.5. The pattern of acclimation/hardening responses considered in the context of literature data on stress resistance indicates that expression of heat‐shock proteins is not likely to contribute to the observed cross‐resistance, but other probable general stress resistance mechanisms such as reduction of metabolic rate and accumulation of energy reserves might be involved.6. The lack of cross‐resistance induced by acclimation/hardening treatments suggests that in an environment with multiple stresses, evolution of shared protective systems associated with plastic responses may be constrained.
Violence and under‐reporting: learning disability nursing and the impact of environment, experience and banding
Authors: Lovell Andrew , Skellern Joanne , Mason Tom 
Published: October 2011

Aims and objectives.  The study explores the implications of a survey into the discrepancy between actual and reported incidents of violence, perpetrated by service users, within the learning disability division of one mental health NHS Trust.Background.  Violence within the NHS continues to constitute a significant issue, especially within mental health and learning disability services where incidence remains disproportionately high despite the context of zero tolerance.Design.  A whole‐population survey of 411 nurses working within a variety of settings within the learning disability division of one mental health NHS Trust.Methods.  A questionnaire was administered to learning disability nursing staff working in community, respite, residential, assessment and treatment and medium secure settings, yielding a response rate of approximately 40%.Conclusions.  There were distinct differences in the levels of violence reported within specific specialist services along with variation between these areas according to clinical environment, years of experience and nursing band. The study does not support previous findings whereby unqualified nurses experienced more incidents of violence than qualified nurses. The situation was less clear, complicated by the interrelationship between years of nursing experience, nursing band and clinical environment. The conclusions suggest that the increased emphasis on reducing violent incidents has been fairly successful with staff reporting adequate preparation for responding to specific incidents and being well supported by colleagues, managers and the organisation. The differences between specific clinical environments, however, constituted a worrying finding with implications for skill mix and staff education.Relevance to clinical practice.  The study raises questions about the relationship between the qualified nurse and the individual with a learning disability in the context of violence and according to specific circumstances of care delivery. The relationship is clearly not a simple one, and this group of nurses’ understanding and expectations of tolerance requires further research; violence is clearly never acceptable, but these nurses appear reluctant to condemn and attribute culpability.