bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secretion of Heterologous Proteins, Gram‐Positive Bacteria,Lactococcus lactis
Authors: Morello Eric , Poquet Isabelle , Langella Philippe 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNumerous Gram‐positive bacteria are used to produce heterologous proteins allowing easy protein secretion and purification. Among them, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are interesting hosts since they secrete heterologous protein as both, cell factories and mucosal proteins delivery vectors. For this purpose,Lactococcus lactis, the model LAB, has been widely studied. Here, we review lactococcal expression and secretion systems that have been widely used and developed for heterologous protein production. These systems are based upon improved expression/secretion vectors carrying either inducible or constitutive promoters that allow a tight control of the heterologous protein expression level. These expression systems can include the use of characterized signal sequences as signal‐peptide or synthetic propeptide to drive efficient heterologous protein secretion into the extracellular medium. In parallel, huge knowledge acquired on protein secretion process in model bacteria has allowed us to identify some bottlenecks in processes much as translocation across the membrane, folding and degradation steps. Based on these studies, we describe complementary strategies consisting of host strain modifications to overcome these bottlenecks inL. lactis. Together, these studies are contributed to makeL. lactisand other LABs attractive hosts and efficient cell factories for production and delivery of heterologous secreted proteins.
Steroid Bioconversion
Authors: Fernandes Pedro , Cabral Joaquim M.S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSteroids constitute a particular class of lipids characterized by a typical tetracyclic skeleton, composed of one five‐member ring and three fused six‐member rings. Steroids are widely used as therapeutic agents and since their inception in the market, research efforts have been made in order to improve production processes as well as to develop novel synthetic molecules, with enhanced efficiency and reduced side effects. Given the complexity of the steroid skeleton, total chemical synthesis of given steroid molecules is hardly an effective approach; hence, steroid production processes rely on chemical modifications of educts that structurally resemble the targeted product. Still, steroid molecules present multiple chiral centers, a feature that makes particularly appealing the use of the selective microbial catalysts to provide a pathway that does not require protection, and additional deprotection steps. Furthermore, bioconversions are performed in a milder, greener environment, as compared to the purely chemical approach. The present work aims to provide an overview of steroid bioconversions. The potential of biologic agents (microbial cells/enzymes) to catalyze the conversion of a wide array of steroid educts will be presented, with particular emphasis on those that have achieved particular relevance, as well as on key aspects within the field. The chapter ends with the perspective trends in the field of steroid bioconversions
Tyrosine Phenol‐Lyase
Authors: Katayama Takane , Kumagai Hidehiko 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTyrosine phenollyase (TPL) is a pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate‐dependent enzyme that normally catalyzes α,β‐elimination ofL‐tyrosine to produce pyruvate, ammonia, and phenol. The enzyme also catalyzes β‐elimination reaction, alanine racemization, and reverse reaction of α,β‐elimination. The finding of the reverse reaction enabled us propose a reaction mechanism employed by TPL. Recent structural and mutational studies verified the reaction mechanism and also revealed the catalytically important residues of this enzyme. The regulatory mechanism underlying the expression of TPL was also elucidated. TyrR and cyclic AMP receptor protein were identified as being responsible for the tyrosine‐mediated induction and carbon catabolite repression of the enzyme, respectively. These biochemical and genetic studies were developed to efficiently produce 3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl‐L‐alanine, a therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease.
Virus Removal from Plants
Authors: Sherwood John L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractViruses will cause a steady decline in plant vigor, quality, and subsequent loss of yield. The lack of inexpensive and reliable curative agents for the elimination of viruses from plants that are growing in the field, orchard, or landscape has resulted in the development of methods for producing virus‐free plant materials to replace material that is chronically infected or to assure that newly planted material or plant material exchanged between locations is free of virus. Therapy may include heat treatment alone or in combination, culture of totipotent cell clusters such as meristems, and use of compounds that affect virus replication. Though plant material may emerge virus‐free, it is not virus‐resistant. Hence, a vigorous approach to monitor for viruses must be considered when the plant material is used.
Acclimatization of Plantlets fromIn vitroto the Ambient Environment
Authors: Preece John E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAcclimatizing, hardening‐off, or conditioning plantlets from the in vitro to the ambient environment can be a challenge that may result in death or damage to a large percentage of micropropagated plants. When grown in the high humidity, low light environment often encountered in vitro, leaves have altered anatomy; poor cuticle development, with low amounts of epicuticular waxes; and the stomatal apparatus functions poorly with stomata remaining open, even in darkness or in stressful conditions. Gradually acclimatizing the plantlets to the ex vitro environment using mist, fog, or high humidity combined with shading will reduce losses. Light levels can be gradually raised and relative humidity gradually lowered as the plantlets grow new leaves and their shoots elongate. Eventually, plants will thrive in ambient conditions. Soil additives, such as mycorrhizal fungi combined careful attention to sanitation will also aid survival.
Dicotyledons
Authors: Ramsay Margaret M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Introduction

Seed Germination

Micropropagation

Axillary Shoot Production

Adventitious Bud Formation

Callus and Cell Suspension

Somatic Embryogenesis

Limitations: Contamination, Hyperhydricity, Recalcitrance and Oxidative Browning

Plant Genetic Engineering

Cryopreservation

References
Antibody Manufacture, Disposable Systems
Authors: Eibl Regine , Eibl Dieter 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe growing demand for biotherapeutics and, in particular, antibodies has resulted in an increasing use of disposables over the last ten years. This concerns both, process development and commercial manufacturing, where animal cells are grown in suspension or on microcarriers. The use of disposable devices have been implemented in all three stages of biotechnological production processes: (i) upstreaming, (ii) downstreaming as well as (iii) final formulation and filling. The majority of applications are to be found in upstream processing. Here, disposable expendable laboratory items, simple peripheral elements, and equipment for unit operations are well‐established. Among the components listed, disposable bioreactors have achieved the highest growth rate over the last year.Following an introduction in which the term “single‐use” is defined, a general overview of single‐use devices in antibody production processes is given. We focus on frequently used disposable bioreactor types, their characteristics, and obtainable results, and discuss apparent trends for disposables in antibody manufacture.
Biotransformation of Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Silva Carla , Matamá Teresa , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEnzyme technology has been developed from the biotransformation of small and homogeneous substrates to large and heterogeneous ones. In this article, synthetic fibers are presented as suitable substrates for enzymatic action. Their hydrophobic nature makes them uncomfortable to wear, leading also to static cling and stain retention. Therefore, surface modification has been employed in order to overcome these negative properties and impart the desired properties. The use of enzymes is becoming an attractive alternative to classical methodologies avoiding the use of chemicals, being at the same time less aggressive for the fabrics and an environmentally friendly process.This article intends to be an overview of the modifications of the three main synthetic fibers used in the textile market: poly(ethyleneterephthalate), polyamide, and acrylic. The enzymes used for fiber modification as well as the methodologies used for application and hydrolysis products' detection are presented.
Glycochips
Authors: Hillringhaus Lars , Seibel Jürgen 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
An overview is given about the different carbohydrate‐array types as well as immobilization and read out techniques, which offer a broad spectrum for many applications used in academia and the industries. Also the glycan acquisition is discussed, which is a fundamental task since pure and defined glycans are required to gain sound results. Finally, applications are mentioned, which give an impression of how glycan arrays impact the understanding of glycan‐mediated biological processes and give rise to new medical applications.
History of Biotechnology
Authors: Buchholz Klaus 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn the early years, highly esteemed drinks, such as beer and wine were produced at home, or acids were produced as the preservative agent for storable food, by using yeast or bacteria; but this was without conscious knowledge.Barley, the basic raw material for beer preparation, not bread making, was the first cultured cereal (about 10,500 BC). The first written document on food preparation by the Sumerians, is 6000 years old and is on brewing.In the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, heavy controversies about theories, vitalist, and chemical resulted in the creation, as well as reversal of theories and paradigms; strong interaction and stimulus from arts and industries prompted continuing progress. Last but not least, it was accepted that products of living organisms were not to be treated differently from inorganic materials. Pasteur's work led to the banishing of the idea which had been anathema to exact scientific inquiry in the life sciences, namely, “spontaneous generation.” He established the science of microbiology by developing pure monoculture in sterile medium and provided significant technical progress in brewing, wine making, and other processes.The requirements for antibiotics and vaccines, to combat disease and chemical components for explosives, particularly in war time, stimulated exact studies in producing products from microbial fermentations. Progress in research led to the emergence of new disciplines: microbiology, during the second half of the nineteenth century; biochemistry by the beginning of the twentieth century; and biotechnology by the end of the twentieth century, respectively. Basic researches in biochemistry and molecular biology dramatically widened the field of life sciences and at the same time unified them considerably. The scope of accessible products and services expanded enormously.
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Nonnatural or Modified Nucleosides
Authors: Sinisterra Jose‐Vicente , Alcántara Andrés‐Rafael , Almendros Marcos , Hernáiz María J. , Sánchez‐Montero José‐María , Trelles Jorge 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNucleosides and their analogs possess several pharmacological activities, so that many strategies have been developed in order to prepare these compounds. The chemical synthesis of these labile and polyfunctional molecules is very complex because many protection–deprotection steps are involved in their preparation. In this sense, biocatalyzed synthesis of nucleosides using either whole cells or enzymes is a greener alternative to conventional methodologies; not only are the number of synthetic steps reduced, but also the waste production is minimized, while the required solvents are environment‐friendly.Some new enzymes, showing different specificities, have become available in recent years. In fact, advances in fermentation, purification, and immobilization techniques have resulted in the production of more stable biocatalysts at significantly reduced cost. Automated screening, new metagenomic techniques, directed evolution, and metabolic engineering have led to the production of novel customized industrial enzymes. For those reasons, there are a large number of patents in Europe and United States of America that are related to these advances. In the present review, we describe many examples used at laboratory scale, and some industrial applications that are not that extensively implemented now will also be commented on. Nevertheless, new scientific developments promise to overcome these drawbacks in the near future.
Antibody Production: Human, Recombinant
Authors: Dübel Stefan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRecombinant antibodies are not only the largest, but also the most rapidly growing group of protein therapeutics. In fact, only the development of an increasing number of recombinant technologies was the trigger for the broad success of monospecific antibodies in the clinics, which started in the last decade. By now, 24 antibodies are approved for clinical use, the vast majority of them having been modified toward a more “human” primary sequence. In addition to various humanization methods for mouse hybridoma‐derived monoclonal antibodies, in particular, novel methods for the generation of fully human antibodies were developed. Most importantly, approaches allowingin vitroselection, that is, the isolation of specific interactions outside of, and independent from a living immune system, gained increasing importance to generate clinically useful human antibodies. The most widely used method here is phage display. This method is based on the selection of antibody genes by their encoded antigen‐binding function in an affinity‐based enrichment step. After getting a recombinant antibody clone, the fusion of other proteins/protein domains lends itself to the development of new characteristics in recombinant antibodies, which nature cannot provide. Furthermore, through the production of recombinant antibodies in different organisms, new possibilities for commercial mass production have arisen.
Enzymatic Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Authors: Buchholz Klaus , Seibel Jürgen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOligosaccharides (OS) have found manyfold interest in the field of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to different specific properties. Food, sweeteners, and food ingredients represent important sectors where OS are used in major amounts. Commercial products comprise isomaltulose, and derivatives, isomalto‐oligosaccharides (IMOS), cyclodextrins (CD), fructosyl‐oligosaccharides (FOS), galactosyl‐oligosaccharides (Gal‐OS), and other specialties. They have been commercialized in Japan, Europe, and worldwide as sweeteners, prebiotics, etc. Nearly all major industrial processes involving carbohydrates are, or include biotechnological transformations. This is due to the complex nature of carbohydrates where stereo‐ and regioselectivity are highly complex and difficult to control. Enzymes and microorganisms in general work highly selective and efficient. Furthermore, they work in water solution and provide for high yield in general. Important examples of commercialized products will be presented in this review.Increasing attention has been devoted to the sophisticated roles of OS and glycosylated compounds, at cell‐ or membrane surfaces, and their function, for example, in infection and cancer proliferation. The challenge for synthesis is obvious. Recent trends and promising developments for industrial use will be mentioned.
Edible Oils, Microbial Modification Processes
Authors: Hosokawa Masashi , Hou Ching T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe United States produces a huge amount of vegetable oils, principally soybean oil (18 billion pounds of soybean oil with 1 billion pound carry over annually). Finding new uses for the huge surplus of vegetable oil is important to the US agriculture community. However, studies on oil biotechnology and bioprocesses are relatively rare. Microorganisms oxidize fatty acids either at the terminal carbon or inside the acyl chain. Oxygenated (hydroxy‐, epoxy‐) fatty acids such as ricinoleic, vernolic and/or sebacic acids are high value chemicals and can be used to produce polymers and specialty chemicals. Oxygenated fatty acids also have many bioactive properties, such as antimicrobial activity againstSalmonella,Staphylococcus, and plant pathogenic fungi. The specific physiological activity of bioactive fatty acids depends on the position of the hydroxyl groups on the fatty acyl chain. This article reviews the production of hydroxyl and keto fatty acids, and novel oxygenated fatty acids from essential fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid and other ω‐6 and ω‐3 PUFAs derived from edible plant and fish oils by the microbial bioconversion system. We also review the monooxygenase system ofBacillus megateriumALA2 gene, a self‐sufficient P450BM−3.
Lipases, Synthesis of Chiral Compounds, Aqueous and Organic Solvents
Authors: Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLipases are the most frequently applied enzymes in organic synthesis. This contribution covers basic biochemical properties of lipases, aspects of reaction systems, and choice of synthetic strategies. The use of lipases in the kinetic resolution of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols as well as other chiral compounds is covered. Finally, selected examples for the protein engineering of lipases are given.
The link between household structure and the level of abstraction in the purchase decision process: an analysis using a functional food
Authors: Barrena Ramo , Sánchez Mercedes 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMajor changes are affecting consumer trends in the agri‐food sector. Suppliers are engaged in launching a succession of product innovations and introducing a range of new marketing strategies to promote food health benefits, while consumers are incorporating the new attributes into their choice structures. This study aims to analyze the consumer cognitive structure for a functional food using a means–end chain approach, through the association pattern technique (APT). A further objective is to verify whether consumer cognitive structures vary with household structure (children vs. no children), as reported in the literature on new product acceptance. The results reveal a higher degree of abstraction in the cognitive structure of households with children, incorporating more values in the means–end chains. In line with other research approaches, our study also confirms the stronger confidence‐seeking tendency typically associated with the cognitive structure of this type of household. [EconLit Classification: Q130]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Of bonds and boundaries: what is the modern role of anthropomorphism in primatological studies?
Authors: Asquith Pamela J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAnthropomorphism (and its obverse, zoomorphism) continues to shift and propel us toward changing perspectives on ourselves and other animals. Discussions of anthropomorphism in primate behavior are ostensibly about our use and definition of terms, but ultimately reflect our views of what is unique to humans or unknowable in other animals. Primatologists doing long‐term fieldwork report on the bonds that are inevitably formed through familiarity with their study subjects and how anecdotes and anthropomorphism help them to gain a contextualized view of animal lives. This fuller view of animal society serves as an aid to understanding different rationalities and provides a more effective modern role for anthropomorphism than does seeking to demonstrate isomorphic capacities in alloprimates. Although most ordinary language terms are accepted among primatologists, “primate culture” serves as an example of a term and a concept that overreached acceptable anthropomorphic limits when defined to accord with definitions of modern human culture. Comparing similar behavioral forms as the product of similar selective pressures acting on specific early traits, producing homoplasies through convergent evolution, provides a nonanthropomorphic basis for seeking similarities in human and alloprimate behavior. Am. J. Primatol. 73:238–244, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification of the familial contribution to juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Prahalad Sampath , Zeft Andrew S. , Pimentel Richard , Clifford Bronte , McNally Bernadette , Mineau Geraldine P. , Jorde Lynn B. , Bohnsack John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveWe previously demonstrated that there is familial aggregation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Using a large JIA cohort, we sought to identify additional clusters of JIA cases and to calculate robust estimates of the relative risk (RR) of JIA in the siblings and cousins of JIA probands. We also estimated the population attributable risk (PAR) of familial factors in JIA.MethodsA probabilistic record‐linking analysis was performed by matching the records of 862 patients with JIA with the records of ∼7 million individuals in the Utah Population Database (UPDB), a computerized genealogic database. For each patient, 5 control subjects matched for birth year and sex were selected from the UPDB. Specialized software was used to test for familial aggregation of disease, to estimate the magnitude of familial risks, and to identify families at high risk of disease.ResultsWe identified 22 founders who had significantly more descendants with JIA than expected (5–13 descendants; P values ranged from <0.0001 to <0.008). The PAR of familial factors for JIA was ∼13%. The RR of JIA in the siblings of patients was significantly increased (11.6, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.9–27.5, P < 2.59 × 10−8). The RR of JIA in first cousins was also increased (5.82, 95% CI 2.5–13.8, P < 6.07 × 10−5).ConclusionWe have identified the largest sets of JIA pedigrees described to date. Approximately 13% of cases of JIA can be attributed to familial factors. Siblings and first cousins of probands with JIA have an increased risk of JIA. The observed decline in the magnitude of risk between siblings and cousins suggests that JIA is influenced by shared genetic factors.
Adverse meteorological phenomena associated with low‐level baric troughs in the Alagoas State, Brazil, in 2003
Authors: Rodrigues Luis Ricardo Lage , Fedorova Natalia , Levit Vladimir 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBaric troughs were studied over the Alagoas State, Brazil, in 2003. The relationship between these synoptic systems, weekly sea surface temperature anomaly and adverse meteorological phenomena in the Alagoas State, was analyzed. The maximum trough frequency occurred at low levels during the wetter and colder season in the investigated region (June and July). Most of the troughs were observed at 1200 UTC. It was also noted that 87% of the troughs was associated with wavy disturbance in the trade winds on the northwestern periphery of the subtropical South Atlantic High. These troughs were associated with meteorological phenomena in a stable and an unstable atmosphere. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society