bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Determination of van Gogh's Painting Grounds Using SEM/EDX
Authors: Haswell Ralph , Carlyle Leslie , Mensch Kees T.J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe have investigated the potential of utilizing analytical electron microscopy to quantitatively examine the grounds used by van Gogh and, in particular, the absolute amount of extender employed. To determine the accuracy that can be achieved, a series of oil paint reconstructions were used as standards. The proportion of extender was measured using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and a relative error of 10% or better was achieved. The same method was then used to determine the ground composition of real samples from van Gogh paintings. The results obtained in this work are part of a more quantitative method of comparing and classifying paint cross sections, which will supplement the more traditional qualitative approach. The information obtained from this study is being used to add to our knowledge of the methods and materials used by van Gogh, which is helping in the reconstruction of van Gogh's oeuvre and attribution.
The treatment of magical ideation in two individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder
Authors: Einstein Danielle A. , Menzies Ross G. , St Clare Tamsen , Drobny Juliette , Helgadottir Fjola Dogg 
Published: December 2010

AbstractData collected from clinical populations indicate that magical ideation (MI) may play a causal or a mediating role in the expression of obsessive compulsive symptoms. If this is the case then when targeted in treatment, symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) should be altered. Two individuals diagnosed with OCD received a trial treatment targeting magical thinking. The intervention consisted of a series of procedures designed to undermine superstitious/MI without targeting obsessions or compulsions. The procedures involved critical analysis of the following material: (1) a free astrology offer; (2) a horoscope prediction exercise; (3) a description of four different cultural explanations of the origin of fire; (4) an instructive guide for Tarot card readers; (5) a report of a UFO sighting; (6) a video-clip describing a cult festival; (7) a description of a ‘hoax’ channeler and (8) a superstition exercise. Measures of obsessive compulsive symptoms, superstition, MI and thought–action fusion were administered pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 3 months’ follow-up. According to the twofold criterion of Jacobson et al. (Behaviour Therapy 1984, 15, 336–352), following treatment the patients were identified as being recovered on measures of magical and superstitious thinking and on the Padua Inventory.
The tropics, its soils and horticulture.
Authors: Paull R. E. , Duarte O. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

This chapter describes the tropics, its soil and horticulture in its regions. Specifically, the chapter discusses the characteristics of the tropics, major tropical climate types, altitudinal climates, subtropics, climacteric factors, and climate change. The climacteric factors focused on the chapter are: daylength; radiation; temperature; rainfall; strong winds, frost and hail; and soils.
Avocado.
Authors: Paull R. E. , Duarte O. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the taxonomy, origin and distribution and effects of soil types and pH and climatic factors on the ecology of avocados. The general characteristics of the trees, fruits, flowers and inflorescences, pollination and fruit set are discussed and the cultivar development, cultural practices for propagation and nursery management, field preparation, transplanting and spacing, irrigation, pruning, fertilizer application and pest, disease and weed management are highlighted. The harvesting and postharvest handling and treatment of fruits and their utilization are also pointed out.
Banana and plantain.
Authors: Paull R. E. , Duarte O. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the taxonomy, ecology, morphology and physiology of bananas and plantains. The cultivar development and cultural practices for propagation, cultivation, fertilizer application, pest, weed and disease management and harvesting and postharvest handling are discussed and the utilization of different plant parts and the nutritive value of the fruits are also highlighted.
Mango.
Authors: Paull R. E. , Duarte O. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the taxonomy, origin and distribution and effects of soil and climatic factors on the ecology of mango. The morphology, physiology, cultivar development, propagation, cultivation, irrigation, pruning, fertilizer application, flower induction and weed, pest and disease management are discussed. The harvesting and postharvest handling of fruits and their marketing and utilization are also highlighted.
Large granular lymphocytic leukaemia pathogenesis and management
Authors: Dearden Claire 
Published: December 2010

SummaryThe WHO classification recognises three distinct disorders of large granular lymphocytes: T‐cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia (T‐LGL), chronic lymphoproliferative disorders of NK‐cells (CLPD‐NK) and agressive NK‐cell leukaemia. Despite the different cell of origin, there is considerable overlap between T‐LGL and CLPD‐NK in terms of clinical presentation and therapy. Many patients are asymptomatic and do not require treatment. Therapy, with immunosuppressant agents such as low dose methotrexate or ciclosporin, is usually indicated to correct cytopenias. In contrast, aggressive NK‐cell leukaemia and the rare CD56+ aggressive T‐LGL leukaemia follow a fulminant clinical course, affect younger individuals and require more intensive combination chemotherapy followed by allogeneic stem cell transplant in eligible patients. The relative rarity of these disorders means that there have been few clinical trials to inform management. However, there is now considerable interest in the pathogenesis of the chronic LGL leukaemias and this has stimulated early trials to evaluate novel agents which target the dysregulated apoptotic pathways characteristic of this disease.
Older age of rheumatoid arthritis onset is associated with higher activation status of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells and disease activity
Authors: Pawłowska J , Smoleńska Ż , Daca A , Witkowski J M , Bryl E 
Published: December 2010

Summary
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease, with a clinical manifestation both systemic and in joints. It has been suggested that age at disease onset and/or patients' age have influence on disease activity and clinical outcome. The reasons for the different course of RA in older people are not known; however, the activation status of peripheral blood lymphocytes could be responsible. Our aim was to relate expression of activation markers in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells of RA patients with patients' age and/or onset age and disease activity measured by DAS28. Seventy RA patients were included into the immunological study. Two separation criteria were performed: based on age of RA onset and on the biological age of patients. We examined different activation markers, CD69, CD25, CD95 and human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR), on the CD4+ T cell surface. Division of RA patients in 10-year intervals at 40, 50 and 60 years revealed that RA patients with later disease onset were characterized by higher DAS28. This phenomenon was not limited to the division at 60 years of age but, surprisingly, the major differences were found for the 40-year onset division. Analysis of all four components of DAS28 revealed that disease activity in older disease onset was dependent on all components. Older-onset RA patients had a higher percentage of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD95+ T cells. Summarizing the major differences in DAS28 and activation status of CD4+ T cells observed for onset of disease at 40 years seems to be the most informative about the immunological status of RA patients.
Infrarenal aortic‐clamping after renal ischaemia aggravates acute renal failure
Authors: Yeung Kak K. , Richir Milan , Hanrath Paul , Teerlink Tom , Kompanowska‐Jezierska Elzbieta , Musters Renė J. P. , van Leeuwen Paul A. M. , Wisselink Willem , Tangelder Geert‐Jan 
Published: December 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41 (6): 605–615AbstractBackground  Renal failure is a frequent complication of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (JAA)‐repair. During this operation, suprarenal aortic‐clamping is followed by infrarenal aortic‐clamping (below renal arteries) to restore renal flow, while performing the distal anastomosis. We hypothesized that infrarenal aortic‐clamping, despite restoring renal perfusion provokes additional renal damage.Materials and methods  We studied three groups of rats. After 45 min of suprarenal aortic‐clamping, group 1 had renal reperfusion for 90 min without aortic‐clamps (n = 7). In group 2, 45 min of suprarenal aortic‐clamping with a distal clamp on the aortic‐bifurcation was followed by 20 min of infrarenal aortic‐clamping. Renal reperfusion was continued for 70 min without aortic‐clamps (i.e. 90 min of renal reperfusion; n = 8). The sham‐group had no clamps (n = 7). We measured renal haemodynamics, functional parameters and tissue damage.Results  On suprarenal aortic‐clamp removal, renal artery flow, cortical flow and arterial pressures were higher in group 2 than in group 1. We detected increased tubular brush border damage, luminal lipocalin‐2 and 30–60% higher renal protein nitrosylation in group 2 when compared to group 1 (P < 0·05). Group 2 showed more release of asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) from the kidneys in the renal vein, therefore indicating diminished clearing capacity (P < 0·001). Arginine/ADMA‐ratio, which defines the bio‐availability of nitric oxide, tended to be lower in group 2 and correlated with renal flow. Furthermore, there were no significant differences found in creatinine levels and renal leucocyte accumulation between group 1 and 2.Conclusions  Additional infrarenal aortic‐clamping leads to increased renal damage and oxidative stress, despite adequate perfusion of kidneys after suprarenal aortic‐clamping. This study indicates that the clamping sequence used in JAA‐repair causes more than simple renal I/R‐injury.
The impact of alternative harvesting strategies in a resource–consumer metapopulation
Authors: Strevens Chloë M. J. , Bonsall Michael B. 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. The majority of our knowledge of harvested populations has been drawn from studies on single‐species occupying continuous landscapes. Population dynamics in spatially structured landscapes are markedly different from those in continuous habitats. We investigate the effects of several harvesting strategies on the metapopulation dynamics of the bruchid beetleCallosobruchus maculatusand its parasitoidAnisopteromalus calandrae,when locally extinction prone populations of bruchids were harvested. By harvesting the resource in this closed resource–consumer interaction, we could examine the scenario where humans and natural predators share a common resource.2. Using population‐level models in single and coupled‐patch systems, simulations were run to estimate sustainable harvesting levels for each harvesting strategy. These harvesting levels were then implemented in experimental metapopulation microcosms. Experiments were run for multiple generations and long‐term time series of population size and harvest yield were collected.3. Controversially, harvesting resulted in larger regional population sizes in harvested metapopulations than in unharvested metapopulations. Similarly, conservative harvesting strategies such as fixed escapement harvesting and harvesting with refuges resulted in smaller population sizes than fixed quota or fixed proportion harvesting strategies. Fixed proportion harvesting gave rise to the largest population sizes, fewest local extinctions and largest yields. Assuming both species are of ecological importance, fixed proportion is therefore the optimal harvesting strategy for this model system.4. Synthesis and applications.We demonstrate that, under certain conditions, increasing local mortality can increase population sizes. This ‘hydra effect’ may be caused by the advantage of higher rates of local population turnover for dispersive species in patchy landscapes, or due to the interruption of overcompensatory density‐dependence in the host populations. These results are of particular relevance both in the development of sustainable harvesting policies in multi‐species communities or, conversely, the control of pest species inhabiting spatially structured landscapes. We have shown that predictive models can be a useful tool in the estimation of sustainable harvesting limits where noa prioriknowledge of the system exists. We also demonstrate that spatial structure, the effects of interspecific interactions and knowledge of density‐dependent population dynamics must be included in the generation of sustainable harvesting theory.
Integrating heterogeneity of detection and mark loss to estimate survival and transience in UK grey seal colonies
Authors: Smout Sophie , King Ruth , Pomeroy Patrick 
Published: December 2010

Summary 1. We present new developments in statistical methodology allowing in‐depth analysis of realistic, complex biological models for longitudinal data sets. Important biological details such as mark‐loss and recapture heterogeneity can be identified. 2. We use a Bayesian hidden process framework for a comparative analysis of long‐term (1978–2006) capture–recapture data with various combinations of marking methods for adult female grey seals Halichoerus grypus at two UK colonies. 3. Seals were identified using three different methods: flipper tags, brands, or natural pelage markings. Animals identified by brands or natural markings were re‐sighted more effectively than those with tags. 4. Flipper tag‐loss rates differed between colonies, and there was evidence for non‐independent tag‐loss in double‐tagged animals. There was also evidence at one colony for the presence of transient animals, which attend the colony for 1 year only. Apparent survival was higher and more consistent at one site, and the differences in survival between the two colonies were able to explain contrasting pup production trends at these sites. 5. Synthesis and applications. Longitudinal studies allow for the estimation of demographic parameters which have important implications for our understanding of population dynamics and for the conservation and management of populations. Using new statistical developments to allow for the analysis of missing/incomplete data and partial observations, we show how survival can be estimated from complex mark–recapture data, allowing for the effects of mark loss. The re‐sightability of different marks is estimated, indicating that photo‐ID based on natural pelage markings is a very effective method for identifying grey seals. There are notable contrasts in survival estimates between breeding colonies which can explain contrasts in population trends at these sites, confirming the importance of adult survival in driving population dynamics in this long‐lived species.
Cryogenic EBSD on ice: preserving a stable surface in a low pressure SEM
Authors: WEIKUSAT I. , DE WINTER D. A. M. , PENNOCK G. M. , HAYLES M. , SCHNEIJDENBERG C. T. W. M. , DRURY M. R. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryNaturally deformed ice contains subgrains with characteristic geometries that have recently been identified in etched surfaces using high‐resolution light microscopy (LM). The probable slip systems responsible for these subgrain boundary types can be determined using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), providing the etch features imaged with reflected LM can be retained during EBSD data acquisition in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Retention of the etch features requires that the ice surface is stable. Depending on the pressure and temperature, sublimation of ice can occur. The equilibrium temperature for a low pressure SEM operating at 1 × 10−6 hPa is about −112°C and operating at higher temperatures causes sublimation. Although charging of uncoated ice samples is reduced by sublimation, important information contained in the etch features are removed as the surface sublimes. We developed a method for collecting EBSD data on stable ice surfaces in a low pressure SEM. We found that operating at temperatures of <–112°C reduced sublimation so that the original etch surface features were retained. Charging, which occurred at low pressures (<1.5 × 10−6 to 2.8 × 10−5 hPa) was reduced by defocusing the beam. At very low pressures (<1.5 × 10−6 hPa) the spatial resolution with a defocused beam at 10 kV was about 3 μm in the x‐direction at −150°C and 0.5 μm at −120°C, because at higher temperature charging was less and only a small defocus was needed to compensate it. Angular resolution was better than 0.7° after orientation averaging. Excellent agreement was obtained between LM etch features and EBSD mapped microstructures. First results are shown, which indicate subgrain boundary types comprised of basal (tilt and twist) and nonbasal dislocations (tilt boundaries).
Cross‐genome map based dissection of a nitrogen use efficiency ortho‐metaQTL in bread wheat unravels concerted cereal genome evolution
Authors: Quraishi Umar Masood , Abrouk Michael , Murat Florent , Pont Caroline , Foucrier Séverine , Desmaizieres Gregory , Confolent Carole , Rivière Nathalie , Charmet Gilles , Paux Etienne , Murigneux Alain , Guerreiro Laurent , Lafarge Stéphane , Le Gouis Jacques , Feuillet Catherine , Salse Jerome 
Published: December 2010

SummaryMonitoring nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in plants is becoming essential to maintain yield while reducing fertilizer usage. Optimized NUE application in major crops is essential for long‐term sustainability of agriculture production. Here, we report the precise identification of 11 major chromosomal regions controlling NUE in wheat that co‐localise with key developmental genes such as Ppd (photoperiod sensitivity), Vrn (vernalization requirement), Rht (reduced height) and can be considered as robust markers from a molecular breeding perspective. Physical mapping, sequencing, annotation and candidate gene validation of an NUE metaQTL on wheat chromosome 3B allowed us to propose that a glutamate synthase (GoGAT) gene that is conserved structurally and functionally at orthologous positions in rice, sorghum and maize genomes may contribute to NUE in wheat and other cereals. We propose an evolutionary model for the NUE locus in cereals from a common ancestral region, involving species specific shuffling events such as gene deletion, inversion, transposition and the invasion of repetitive elements.
Evaluation of changes in weed flora in arable fields of Nordic countries – based on Danish long‐term surveys
Authors: ANDREASEN C , STREIBIG J C 
Published: December 2010

Andreasen C & Streibig JC (2011). Evaluation of changes in weed flora in arable fields of Nordic countries – based on Danish long‐term surveys. Weed Research51, 214–226.SummaryDuring the last 50 years, agricultural productivity has increased tremendously, as have changes in the weed flora. In several European countries, weed surveys have been conducted regularly, of which the most frequent and consistent ones are Danish surveys conducted in 1911–1915, 1945, 1960–1970, 1987–1989 and 2001–2004. The surveys were carried out on fields not sprayed with herbicide in the sampling year. On the basis of this frame of reference, we discuss the changes in the weed flora during this period and relate them to findings in other Nordic countries and review the role of different farming practices on the weed flora of the past. Numerous agronomic factors and political initiatives to protect the environment have operated in concert. During the last 30 years, winter‐sown crops have increased by almost 70%, at the expense of spring annual crops and grass leys, and this has favoured winter annual weed species. Maize is now widely grown and new weed species are invading arable land. Also, increased fertilisation levels over time have affected the weed flora. It is, however, obvious that herbicides play a major role in determining the composition, diversity and abundance of weed flora, although other factors such as mechanisation and the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU are also important. For the last 20 years, we have experienced an increase in some of the most frequent weed species without reductions in yield. This is probably due to governmental policies mandating lower herbicide efficacy goals for farmers, but it has been partly counteracted by genetic improvement of crops and better management.
19p13.2 microduplication causes a Sotos syndrome‐like phenotype and alters gene expression
Authors: Lehman AM , du Souich C , Chai D , Eydoux P , Huang JL , Fok AK , Avila L , Swingland J , Delaney AD , McGillivray B , Goldowitz D , Argiropoulos B , Kobor MS , Boerkoel CF 
Published: December 2010

Lehman AM, du Souich C, Chai D, Eydoux P, Huang JL, Fok AK, Avila L, Swingland J, Delaney AD, McGillivray B, Goldowitz D, Argiropoulos B, Kobor MS, Boerkoel CF. 19p13.2 microduplication causes a Sotos syndrome‐like phenotype and alters gene expression.Up to 90% of individuals affected by Sotos syndrome have a pathogenic alteration of NSD1 (encodes nuclear receptor‐binding Su‐var, enhancer of zeste, and trithorax domain protein 1), a histone methyltransferase that functions as both a transcriptional activator and a repressor. Genomic copy number variations may also cause a Sotos‐like phenotype. We evaluated a three‐generation family segregating a Sotos‐like disorder characterized by typical facial features, overgrowth, learning disabilities, and advanced bone age. Affected individuals did not have a detectable NSD1 mutation, but rather were found to have a 1.9 Mb microduplication of 19p13.2 with breakpoints in two highly homologous Alu elements. Because the duplication included the DNA methyltransferase gene (DNMT1), we assessed DNA methylation of peripheral blood and buccal cell DNA and detected no alterations. We also examined peripheral blood gene expression and found evidence for increased expression of genes within the duplicated region. We conclude that microduplication of 19p13.2 is a novel genomic disorder characterized by variable neurocognitive disability, overgrowth, and facial dysmorphism similar to Sotos syndrome. Failed compensation of gene duplication at the transcriptional level, as seen in peripheral blood, supports gene dosage as the cause of this disorder.