bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoking and mucosal reactions to radiotherapy
Authors: Rugg Terence , Saunders Michele I. , Dische Stanley 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The pattern of cigarette smoking of 41 patients receiving continuous, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer was examined to determine any relationship with the duration of mucositis. The uniformity of the treatment given made it possible to perform an analysis of the factors influencing the duration of the mucositis. There was no correlation with age, sex or weight loss prior to treatment. A highly significant correlation was shown with smoking during and/or after treatment (p = 0.014) and with the volume of mucosa irradiated (p = 0.025). Both appeared to act independently. It is important to encourage patients to cease smoking totally, prior to radiotherapy, to minimize the duration of mucositis associated with radiotherapy.
Hepatic imaging with computed tomography of chronic tyrosinaemia type 1
Authors: Macvicar D. , Dicks-Mireaux C. , Leonard J. V. , Wight D. G. D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Tyrosinaemia type 1 (fumaryl acetoacetase deficiency, hepato-renal tyrosinaemia) is a rare inborn error of metabolism which, in its chronic form, leads to cirrhosis in early childhood and subsequent development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a high proportion of cases. Imaging with computed tomography has an important role in assessing the progress of the liver disease and may be helpful in timing liver transplantation. The radiological features of seven cases are described and the implications discussed.
Tissue standard ratios for irregularly shaped radiotherapy fields
Authors: Hounsell A. R. , Wilkinson J. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A method of calculating dose for a 6 MV X-ray beam using tissue standard ratios (TSR) is described. TSRs may be divided into a primary component and a scatter component, and the latter can then be further divided into contributions from elemental scattering volumes of 1 cm × 1 cm cross-sectional area at 1 m from the source. The magnitude of the various components have been determined by analysing measurements of square and rectangular fields, involving the fitting of the scatter data to an exponential function of radial distance from the scatter element. The coefficient and exponent of this function were found to be functions of depth, and this variation is described. A method of utilizing reconstructed scatter data that is compatible with the motion of a multileaf collimator system is presented. Results obtained by re-combining the data for various non-standard geometries are compared with further experimental work.
Epidermoid cyst of the spleen: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Younger Kirsten A. , Hall Christine M. 
Published: July 2009

True cysts of the spleen are rare, those caused by the parasite Taenia ecchinococcus accounting for over two thirds of the world's cases. In non-endemic areas, benign non-parasitic cysts prevail, and only 10% of these are epidermoid. Pseudocysts, resulting from trauma, haemorrhage or infarct are four times as common as true cysts, the latter being defined as those with an epithelial lining.
Epidermoid cysts of the spleen usually present in the second to fourth decades, 60% are in females, 80% are unilocular and solitary and only 10% calcify (Robbins et al, 1978).
There are few reports of epidermoid cysts of the spleen in British radiological literature (Zimmerman et al, 1972; Bhimji et al, 1977; Daneman & Martin, 1982).
A 10-year-old Caucasian boy was transferred to The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street with a 2-day history of abdominal pain, distension, retching and constipation.
The history dated back 4 months, when he presented to his general practitioner following a heavy and spontaneous epistaxis. After this he developed myalgia and polyarthralgia for which a diagnosis of reactive arthralgia was made. This slowly resolved with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication.
Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and endosonography in the local staging of carcinoma of the cervix
Authors: Cobby Mark , Browning James , Jones Angela , Whipp Elizabeth , Goddard Paul 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Thirty-seven patients with carcinoma of the cervix were prospectively staged by examination under anaesthesia (EUA), transvaginal and transrectal ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Pathological correlation was available for 20 patients. In the pathologically staged patients, EUA agreed with the staging in 17, understaging three patients. Endosonography agreed with the staging in 19, CT in 16 and MRI in 18 patients. For the remaining 17 patients, endosonography agreed with the EUA findings in 13, CT in 12 and MRI in 12. This study has shown that endosonography and MRI are more accurate than CT in the local staging of carcinoma of the cervix. Computed tomography was least accurate in staging early tumours and differentiating between Stage Ib and IIb disease. Lymph node involvement was detected with equal frequency by both CT and MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging was useful in identifying vaginal and bladder wall involvement and in one patient showed features due to an unsuspected early pregnancy.
Radiologically visible gallbladder calcification due to schistosomiasis
Authors: Fataar S. , Bassiony H. , Satyanath S. , Rudwan M. A. , Al Ansari A. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In four out of six gallbladders with schistosomal infestation, calcified granulomas were dense enough to be seen on abdominal radiographs. In one patient, faint calcification seen on a specimen of the excised gallbladder was not visible on the abdominal radiograph. Calcification on abdominal radiographs, especially serpiginous, seen in the region of the neck of gallbladder, appears to be the clue to the diagnosis of gallbladder schistosomiasis in people from endemic areas.
Ultrasonography in patients with suspected acute appendicitis: a prospective study
Authors: Skaane P. , Amland P. F. , Nordshus T. , Solheim K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The diagnostic accuracy of high-resolution real-time ultrasonography was prospectively studied in 240 patients admitted to the hospital with suspected acute appendicitis. The criteria for ultrasound diagnosis of appendicitis included asausage-shaped, aperistaltic, hypoechoic structure when imaged along its longitudinal axis, with a target-like appearance on transverse section. The ultrasonographic findings were correlated with surgical-pathological outcome in 82 cases with proven appendicitis, with laparotomy findings in another 21 patients and with clinical follow-up in the remainder. The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis were 78%, 92% and 87%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 84% and the negative predictive value was 88%. Ultrasonography may significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected acute appendicitis and should be performed in all patients in whom the clinical diagnosis is equivocal. The ultrasonographic findings must be interpreted in light of the clinical findings.
Radiological diagnosis and management of a solitary tuberculous hepatic abscess
Authors: Reed D. H. , Nash A. F. , Valabhji P. 
Published: July 2009

Tuberculous hepatic abscesses are rare and usually associated with foci of infection in the lung or gastrointestinal tract (Leader, 1952). Primary hepatic abscesses, with no evidence of infection elsewhere, are even less common. To date only 13 cases have been described in the English language literature (Dhekne etal, 1987, Goh et al, 1987, Spiegel & Tuazon, 1984, Stevens & Little, 1987). The diagnosis is often elusive and made at laparotomy or post mortem. This case illustrates that the diagnosis may be made radiologically and then successfully managed by percutaneous drainage.
A 32-year-old man was admitted with a 4-week history of lethargy, anorexia, weight loss and night sweats. Fourteen years previously a chest radiograph had been taken because of contact with a relative who had pulmonary tuberculosis. The radiograph was normal and he was not followed up.
Computed tomographic assessment of old calcaneal fractures
Authors: Bradley S. A. , Davies A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Prolonged pain and disability are common complications of calcaneal fractures. A prospective study was conducted on the value of computed tomography (CT) in 63 patients with 73 calcaneal fractures sustained more than 6 months before. The fractures were classified from the initial plain radiographs, and the patients' current clinical condition assessed in terms of a “disability score”. The mean disability scores (MDS) associated with the different types of fracture were correlated with the CT findings. The highest MDS was found in the intra-articular fracture group which comprised 71% of the series. In this group the MDS was increased in the presence of post-traumatic osteoarthrosis of the subtalar joint (61% of cases), involvement of the calcaneocuboid joint (39% of cases) and subluxation/dislocation of the peroneal tendons (47% of cases). Structural abnormalities of the peroneal tendons were associated with a higher MDS including chronic tenosynovitis (eight cases), chronic partial tendon rupture (eight cases), complete peroneus brevis tendon rupture (two cases) and scarring indicating stenosing tenosynovitis (14 cases). A similar spectrum of appearances affecting the medial tendons of the hindfoot was identified in eight cases. Direct CT measurements of the degree of comminution did not correlate well with the patients' MDS. In the patient with persistent symptoms, CT is of value in the later assessment of long-term complications by revealing abnormalities of the subtalar joints and adjacent tendons.
Direct analysis of quantitative data from radiobiological studies on pig lung
Authors: Rezvani M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn alternative approach for the analysis of quantitative data, obtained from functional measurements, has been developed. The method does not require conversion of the quantitative measurements into quantal data thus denning a threshold level of effect. This method describes a parameter, equivalent to an iso-effective dose, which can be used for the comparison of different fractionation schedules by the assessment of lung function in radiobiological studies. The method only requires the use of a standard linear regression analysis and is therefore very simple to use.
Severe dwarfism with cataracts. A new osteo-chondrodysplasia
Authors: Chapman S. , Bundey S. , Fletcher R. F. 
Published: July 2009

We report the findings of a new osteo-chondrodysplasia which does not fulfil the diagnostic criteria of any previously reported dysplasia. Severe short stature, resulting from spine and rhizomelic limb shortening, and cataracts are associated with radiological abnormalities of the spine, epiphyses and metaphyses. M.S. was born in 1973 in a village in Bangladesh. No measurements were made at birth but his mother says he was a little smaller than her three later born children. As a child he was always smaller than the other children but his short staturebecame more obvious with age and by the time he was 10 years old it was clear that he was severely short. When he went to the village school at the age of 5, poor vision was noted and subsequently he went to an ophthalmic service in Sylhet where bilateral cataracts were operated on with some visual improvement. No retinal abnormality was commented upon. He came with his mother and younger brothers to the UK in 1989 to join his father, who had been here intermittently since 1960. M.S. was then referred to R.F.F. because of his short stature.
He was a broad, muscular, post-pubertal 16-year-old boy of normal intelligence and hearing but with partial sight. The eyes showed clear ocular cornea, deep anterior chambers, and there were fairly dense posterior capsular remnants on both sides. His fundi showed no abnormality of retinae or optic nerves; an electroretinogram was normal.
Paraganglioma of the duodenum: a case report with radiological findings and literature review
Authors: Imai Shigeki , Kajihara Yasumasa , Komaki Kuwako , Nishishita Soichi , Fukuya Takashi 
Published: July 2009

Paraganglioma of the gastrointestinal tract is an uncommon, usually benign neoplasm. It usually occurs in the second section of the duodenum. A review of the literature reveals 73 reported cases. We studied a case of paraganglioma by hypotonic duodenography (HDG), computed tomography (CT), angiography and histological examination.
The rare occurrence of this neoplasm and the first comparative study using HDG, CT and angiography justify this case report.
A 65-year-old Japanese woman had been in excellent health until she presented to her physician with tarry stool. The bleeding site was not determined. Seven months later, she visited another physician because of general fatigue, and was found to be anaemic and bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract.
She was referred to the Kawasaki Medical School Hospital for further evaluation. On admission, she was moderately anaemic but not jaundiced. The abdomen was flat and soft without rebound tenderness. A slightly rough-surfaced, gooseegg sized mass was palpable in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen which moved with respiration but was not tender. Routine laboratory examination showed no abnormalities except anaemia.
A hypotonic duodenogram showed a relatively smoothedged filling defect with a deep and irregular niche on the lateral wall of the second portion of the duodenum (Fig. 1).
Contrast-enhanced CT revealed an inhomogeneous mass of soft-tissue density along the lateral aspect of the duodenum. This study was carried out with Gastrografin so that the mass could be easily demonstrated (Fig. 2).
Ultrasound in the investigation of the right iliac fossa mass
Authors: Millard F. C. , Collins M. C. , Peck R. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Patients presenting with a right iliac fossa (RIF) mass are a diagnostic problem. The objective of this study was to assess the role of ultrasound (US) in their investigation. A prospective series of 50 patients presenting with a clinically suspected RIF mass was examined by US and the findings correlated with the final diagnosis. There was a positive finding in 34 patients (68%). Ultrasound correctly identified the organ of origin in 33 (97%) and was able to guide the patients' further management. In 12 cases no abnormality was found in the RIF, of which 11 had no positive findings at follow-up and one was shown to have an unrelated abnormality at laparotomy. In four cases the findings were due to normal variants. Ultrasound is the imaging modality of first choice in patients presenting with a RIF mass.
Sonographic detection of foreign bodies of the extremities
Authors: Banerjee B. , Das R. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A propspective study to assess the accuracy of ultrasound in the detection and localization of foreign bodies of the extremities was undertaken. Forty-five patients with clinical suspicion of foreign bodies were included in the study. Among 20 patients with radio-opaque foreign bodies, ultrasonic detection of foreign bodies was achieved in 19 patients. In 25 patients, with no radiographic evidence of foreign body, ultrasonic detection of foreign bodies was made in seven patients and among these foreign bodies were confirmed and removed at surgery in five patients. Accurate pre-operative ultrasonic localization of foreign bodies was carried out in three patients.
Fractionated high dose rate versus low dose rate regimens for intracavitary brachytherapy of the cervix. I. General considerations based on radiobiology
Authors: Brenner D. J. , Hall E. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Intracavitary brachytherapy at low dose rate (LDR), often with the addition of external-beam radiotherapy, has long been considered the treatment of choice for carcinoma of the cervix, maximizing acute damage in the treatment volume, whilst minimizing late effects. In recent years, primarily for reasons of convenience and cost, there has been a move towards treatments involving a few fractions at high dose rate (HDR). Using data from cells of human origin cultured in vitro, we make estimates of the doses that, delivered in 2–12 HDR fractions, produce tumour control and early effects equivalent to intracavitary treatments at LDR. We also show that, for situations where the normal-tissue dose responsible for late effects is significantly smaller than the tumour dose, HDR schemes may be devised which, while yielding early killing comparable with that of LDR, should not result in worse late effects. We suggest that this scenario probably applies to treatment of carcinoma of the cervix.
Radiation induced extraskeletal osteosarcoma
Authors: Logue J. P. , Cairnduff F. 
Published: July 2009

Radiation induced neoplasms are a well recognized complication of radiation therapy. Among these neoplasms osteosarcoma is not uncommon, classically affecting the skeleton. We report a case of extraskeletal osteosarcoma occurring in the nasal cavity following kilovoltage radiotherapy.
A 62-year-old woman presented with a 1 × 1 cm Basal cell carcinoma on the skin of her left upper nose. She was treated with a single exposure of radiotherapy to a skin dose of 20 Gy using 100 Kv (3 mm Al) at a focus–skin distance of 15 cm to a circular area of a diameter of 2 cm. She was reviewed 6 weeks later at which time the lesion had completely resolved.
Unsuspected sphincter damage following childbirth revealed by anal endosonography
Authors: Burnett Sarah J. D. , Spence-Jones Clive , Speakman Christopher T. M. , Kamm Michael A. , Hudson Christopher N. , Bartram Clive I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Anal endosonography was performed in 62 consecutive patients with incontinence of flatus or faeces following obstetric trauma, and in 18 parous controls. Of the incontinent group, 90% had defects in the external sphincter, 65% in the internal sphincter and 44% disruption of the perineal body, compared with none of the controls. This triad of lesions is pathognomonic of obstetric trauma. Anal endosonography revealed a higher prevalence of sphincter damage than expected from anorectal physiology tests, and therefore has a role in screening patients following complicated or difficult deliveries.
Application of the linear-quadratic model with incomplete repair to radionuclide directed therapy
Authors: Millar William T. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The linear-quadratic (LQ) model for fractionated external beam therapy has been modified by previous authors to include the effects due to an exponentially decaying dose rate. However, the LQ model has now been extended to include a general time varying dose rate profile, and the equations can be readily evaluated if an exponential radiation damage repair process is assumed. These equations are applicable to radionuclide directed therapy, including brachytherapy. Kinetic uptake data obtained during radionuclide directed therapy may therefore be used to determine the radiobiological dosimetry of the target and non-target tissues. Also, preliminary tracer studies may be used to pre-plan the radionuclide directed therapy, provided that tracer and therapeutic amounts of the radionuclide carrier are identically processed by the tissues. It is also shown that continuous radionuclide therapy will induce less damage in late-responding tissues than 2 Gy/fraction external beam therapy if the ratio of the maximum dose rate and the sublethal damage repair half-life in the tissue is less than 1.0 Gy. Similar inequalities may be derived for β-particle radionuclide directed therapy. For example, it can be shown that radionuclide directed therapy will induce less damage to slowly repopulating tissue than 2 Gy/fraction external beam therapy for the same total dose if the maximum percentage initial uptake in tissue is less than 0.046%/g or 0.23%/g for an injected activity of 50mCi of 90Y or 131I, respectively.
The most advantageous timing of external ureteric compression during intravenous urography
Authors: Hughes T. H. , Hine A. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The objective of this study was to ascertain the most advantageous time during an intravenous urogram to apply external ureteric compression to gain the greatest calyceal distension. This was a prospective randomized trial of 60 patients, divided into three equal groups with compression applied immediately after injection, at 5 minutes and after the 5 minute film had been viewed. Patients with the usual criteria for avoiding compression were excluded. A statistically significant improvement in calyceal distension occurred when compression was applied at 5 minutes compared with that applied after the 5 minute film had been viewed. No improvement was seen when the compression was applied immediately after injection. We recommend that external ureteric compression should be applied immediately after the 5 minute film.
Use of percutaneous nephrostomy in malignant ureteric obstruction
Authors: Chapman M. E. , Reid J. H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Seventeen patients with malignant disease underwent percutaneous nephrostomy to relieve renal failure secondary to ureteric obstruction. Renal function improved in 88%. The median survival time was 18 weeks and 58% left the primary hospital to return home or to a terminal care hospice. Minor complications occurred in 58%. The use of bilateral nephrostomy tubes conferred no greater benefit than a unilateral tube. Intervention in malignant ureteric obstruction may confer some benefit and should not necessarily be viewed with pessimism.
Pitfalls of bone scintigraphy in suspected hip fractures
Authors: Lewis S. L. , Rees J. I. S. , Thomas G. V. , Williams L. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In a review of 2617 patients who were admitted with a suspected fractured neck of femur over a period of five years, 213 had normal or equivocal plainradiographs, and were subsequently investigated by bone scintigraphy. Normal scans were obtained in 127 (60%) cases. Of the remaining 86 cases,82 (38%) were reported to show fractures of the proximal femur, three showed pubic ramus fractures, and one acetabular fracture was demonstrated. Review and follow-up has revealed eight false positive and two false negative scans. The various factors accounting for these errors are considered, and the clinical implications discussed. Careful analysis of accompanying plain radiographs is stressed when interpreting scintigrams.
Non-ionic contrast media: a comparison of iodine delivery rates during manual injection angiography
Authors: Hughes P. M. , Bisset R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Iodine delivery rates (IDR) of five commonly used non-ionic contrast media were determined at room temperature (24°C) and body temperature (37°C). Contrast media of strength 300 mgl/ml were also evaluated at 50%dilution (150 mgl/ml) with N-saline. Iodine delivery differed significantly(p &lt; 0.005) between samples at room temperature: Omnipaque 350 (1163 mg/s) &lt; Niopam 370 (1311 mg/s) &lt; Omnipaque 300 (1422 mg/s) &lt; Niopam 300 (1635 mg/s) and Ultravist 300 (1636 mg/s). Niopam 300 and Ultravist 300 delivered 41% more iodine per second than Omnipaque 350 at room temperature. Similar differences were identified at body temperature, while delivery of individual media was on average 23.5% greater than at room temperature. No significant difference between iodine delivery rates of diluted media at room temperature or body temperature was identified. The results demonstrate that iodine delivery and hence vascular opacification are better achieved during handinjection arteriography by using relatively low viscosity media such as Niopam 300 or Ultravist 300. In digital subtraction arteriography all 300 strength contrast media diluted to 150 strength are equally effective.