bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacogenetics of Fluoxetine; A Review of the Genetic Effects on Its Efficacy and Adverse Effects During Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Khan Inzemam , Salman Saad , Ashhad Halimi Sayyed Muhammad , Khan Imran , Ud Din Kamran 
Published: May 2024

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the leading psychiatric disorders which emerge as an important public issue. It drastically affects one's quality of life and causes a substantial decline in social and occupational functioning. Factors like environmental, social, and genetics are thought to be involved in the etiology of MDD. Different treatment options are available for the treatment of MDD. Treatment options include both pharmacological and psychological. Among different pharmacological options, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are most commonly prescribed. Fluoxetine was the first SSRI to be approved in the USA for MDD, and since then it has created a good impact in treating MDD. Fluoxetine is considered effective without producing many of the adverse effects caused by other antidepressants. Despite the fact that fluoxetine is still associated with many side effects many clinicians still prescribe it with the hope of additional antidepressant efficacy compare to other antidepressants. This review focuses on the epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, neurobiology, and treatment options of MDD with special emphasis on the role of fluoxetine. Genetic variants linked with the clinical efficacy and side effects of fluoxetine are reviewed and those with the potential to act as a clinical predictor of therapeutic response and/or side effects are discussed. Recommendations are made for use of some of these genetic variants in clinical medicine.
Treprostinil Dose in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and the Role of Two Polymorphic Genetic Loci
Authors: Editorial Staff  
Published: May 2024

Although with different dosing requirements and varied clinical responses, prostacyclin as an infusion, still is an effective treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Thomeas-McEwing and colleagues described novel biological markers that can aid in predicting the heterogenicity in response to prostacyclin treatment. They recruited 98 patients from two academic medical centers with hemodynamically defined PAH. Their findings suggest the involvement of two main loci, rs11078738 in phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase (PFAS) gene and rs10023113 SNPs in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta (CAMK2D) gene. Cyclic AMP production, which serves as the primary mediator of vasodilation stimulated by prostacyclin was inhibited by the missense variant rs11078738 (p.L621P) in cell lines. A higher treprostinil dose along with enhanced ventricular transcription of CAMK2D demonstrated an association with of rs10023113 variant. Increased right mean atrial and ventricular diastolic pressures showed an association with the same allele as mentioned above during the initial diagnostic catheterization in a separate cohort of patients. The authors argue in their manuscript that these two gene loci exhibit an association with pharmacodynamic response and right ventricular function in PAH to the treprostinil dose. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2022 Jun 1;32(4):144-151
Prediction of PEGylated INF-α Treatment Response in Hepatitis B Patients
Authors: Staff Editorial 
Published: May 2024

Genetic polymorphisms can influence the response to antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The variability in treatment response is multifactorial, and genetic factors play a role in how individuals metabolize and respond to antiviral medications. Wang and colleagues investigated the genetic association of the IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphism with PEGylated IFN-α (PegIFN-α) treatment response in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive CHB patients. After sequencing the patients’ samples, they found that more patients with the combined response (n = 95) carried IL-6 rs1800796 GC genotypes, while CC genotype carriers possessed reduced HBeAg seroconversion rate and high values of hepatitis B virus DNA. They also found that PegIFN-α treatment response was also associated with the baseline HBsAg and HBeAg and IL-6 rs1800796 CC genotype. The authors concluded that PegIFN-α response may be predicted by detecting IL-6 rs1800796 genotype in CHB patients. Per Med. 2023 Nov;20(6):503-510. doi: 10.2217/pme-2023-0089.
Qihuzha Granule Attenuate Acute Spleen Injury in Mice
Authors: Editorial Staff  
Published: May 2024

For children that suffer from indigestion and anorexia due to stomach and spleen deficiencies, a cocktail of 11 edible medicinal plants called Qihuzha granule (QHZG) is a patented Chinese medicine. Moreover, QHZG boasts therapeutic activity in children suffering from recurrent respiratory tract infections. However, the mechanism of action at the molecular level remains elusive. Zhong and colleagues investigated the further potential therapeutic effects and elucidated the possible mechanism of action of QHZG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced spleen injury. Cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) IL-1β were drastically reduced as a result of the pretreatment with QHZG. Histological evaluation and immunofluorescence revealed protection to the spleen by QHZG in mice models with LPS-induced acute spleen injury. Src phosphorylation was also significantly inhibited by OHZG pretreatment. Phosphorylation of downstream signaling (P38JNK, ERK, STAT3) was also mitigated pointing toward the Src/MAPK/STAT3-dependent inhibitory effects of QHZG on spleen injury in mice. The authors argue that QHZG can serve as a potential new drug for treating LPS-induced acute spleen injury via inhibition of Src/MAPK, Stat3 signaling mechanism. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Dec 5;281:114458.
Search for Potential Calcium Channel Blockers From Medicinal Plants
Authors: Ullah Aman , Irfan Hafiz Muhammad 
Published: May 2024

Hypertension is a global disease and its prevalence is estimated to be about one billion which is projected to increase to 1.54-1.58 billion by 2025. It is estimated that hypertensive patients account for about 31.1 % of the global adult population in 2010. Current treatment options include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) such as Captopril, and Enalapril which is first-line drugs for hypertensive patients that are under 55 years old, angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARA) such as candesartan and telmisartan that are used in patients who are intolerant to ACEIs, β-blockers (metoprolol, esmolol, and atenolol) are not prescribed as first-line antihypertensives unless there are additional reasons, such as after a heart attack or atrial fibrillation, calcium channel blockers, like verapamil is the first-line therapy for primary hypertension in adults over 55 and black people of African or Caribbean ancestry, and aliskiren which is the only direct renin inhibitor prescribed to patients who are intolerant to other antihypertensives. However, despite a multitude of treatment options available, many patients are still unable to control hypertension. Adverse effects also preclude the use of existing antihypertensives in a significant fraction of the patient population. In the last few decades, there has been a revival in the interest in using medicinal plants as a treatment for hypertension. In this manuscript, we explored medicinal plants possessing promising calcium channel blocking activities. Several medicinal plants and phytocompounds are identified in this review that could be a good starting point for an effective and safe calcium channel blocker that may ultimately land in clinics.
Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of Solanum Melongena
Authors: Jahanabadi Samane , Ahmad Bashir , Nikoui Vahid , Khan GulKhubaz , Khan Muhammad Imran 
Published: May 2024

Solanum melongena (SM) or eggplant is a species of the nightshade family. In the traditional medicine system of the subcontinent, SM possesses excellent therapeutic effects on warts, burns, and many inflammatory diseases, such as stomatitis, arthritis, and gastritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of SM fruit. The anti-inflammatory effect was studied using carrageenan-induced edema in the hind paw of the rat while analgesic activity was studied by thermal and chemical induction of pain. Crude methanolic extract of the plant showed a potent analgesic effect. When used at doses of 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg, SM caused significant inhibition (P < 0.001) of the nociception induced by acetic acid. In the formalin test, the plant extract of SM (10, 20, and 50 mg/kg i.p.) significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) inhibited both phases of formalin-induced licking response in mice. In the hot plate assay SM (50 mg/kg i.p.) showed significant analgesic activity (P < 0.01, P < 0.001), similar to morphine. Furthermore, methanolic extract of SM (10–50 mg/kg i.p.) reduced the paw edema in the third hour after carrageenan administration, with maximum inhibition being 75% at 50 mg/kg. We concluded that the crude methanolic extract of SM possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties which rationalize its traditional use in treating inflammatory conditions.
Exploring Nature's Invigorating Power: Phytotherapy for SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Bashir Fawad , Komal Areej , Ibrahim Ahsan , Ain Qura Tul , Rehman Bisma , Zaheer Tahreem 
Published: May 2024

Covid-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that spreads by person-to-person contact. The virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin. It mainly affects the respiratory system, resulting in fever, cough, shortness of breath, headaches, diarrhea, throat infections, and myalgia. It takes over the host's cell via the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors (ACE2). Despite the development of multiple vaccinations via diverse techniques, there is no scientifically significant therapy to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, research into current therapeutic strategies' potential safety and effectiveness is in progress. This review briefly discusses the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, its pathophysiology, and the challenges of current treatment for SARS-CoV-2. The significance the medicinal plants and their extracts are discussed at length. Available literature suggests that aloe vera, senna, black cumin, and fenugreek have the potential to be effective antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. Many of these plants also have immunomodulatory, antiasthmatic, antipyretic, anti-tussive, and antiviral effects. Bioactive compounds such as quercetin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, baicalin, andrographis, glycyrrhizin, and resveratrol have also been shown to relieve Covid-19 symptoms. We suggest that these medicinal plants may serve as a source of phytocompounds with safer and more potent antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 and should be investigated further in detail.
Comparative Antidiabetic Effects of Five Medicinal Plants
Authors: Staff Editorial 
Published: May 2024

Kukavica and colleagues examined the antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of ethanol extracts of five medicinal plants, Salvia officinalis, Trifolium pratense, Agrimonia eupatoria, Cichorium intybus, and Vinca minor for their possible use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). It was found that A. eupatoria extract contains the highest percentage of flavonoids and showed excellent antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity. Their study revealed that S. officinalis extract contains slightly fewer flavonoids and showed weaker antidiabetic activity but stronger antioxidant activity, and excellent antibacterial activity. T. pratense A extract was found to possess a slightly lower percentage of flavonoids compared to S. officinalis, had excellent antidiabetic activity but weaker antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. C. intybus was found to possess a similar percentage of flavonoids and phenolic acids, and showed moderate antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. The richest source of phenolic acids was V. minor (80%, with the most abundant chlorogenic acid), which resulted in weaker antidiabetic and antioxidant activities (except for Fe2+ chelating ability) and antimicrobial activity. Their results suggest that A. eupatoria has the greatest potential for developing into a T2D treatment. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 Feb 10:320:117377. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117377.
Interaction Between Irinotecan and Kangai Injection in Colorectal Tumor-bearing Mice
Authors: Staff Editorial 
Published: May 2024

The potential role of medicinal plants in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer has been a subject of considerable scientific interest. Various compounds found in medicinal plants, such as phytochemicals, have demonstrated anti-cancer properties in preclinical studies. Chen and colleagues investigated the pre-clinical herb-drug interactions between irinotecan (CPT-11) and Kangai (KA) a Chinese herb injection to provide a reference for their clinical co-administration. The results of the investigation indicate that KA injection is helpful in two ways, improving the efficacy of CPT-11 and reducing weight loss due to it (CPT-11). Oxymatrine metabolism in rats was reduced as suggested by the Cmax and AUC0-t of its metabolite, matrine (p < 0.05), from 2.23 ± 0.24 to 1.38 ± 0.12 μg/mL and 8.29 ± 1.34 to 5.30 ± 0.79 μg h/mL, respectively. This effect is not likely to compromise the anti-cancer effect of this herb-drug pair due to the similar efficacy of oxymatrine and matrine. The investigation underscores the benefits and risks of this combination and provides a reference for their clinical co-administration. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Nov 29:14:1282062. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1282062.
REVIEW OF REGIONAL TOURISM ARRANGEMENTS IN ORDER TO PRESERVE THE LOCAL WISDOM OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN INDONESIA
Authors: Poetra Rizal Akbar Maya , Nurjaya I Nyoman 
Published: May 2024

Objective: This study aims to determine and analyze regional tourism arrangements in order to preserve the local wisdom of indigenous peoples in Indonesia.

Theoretical Framework: This study discusses regional tourism juxtaposed with the preservation of local wisdom by basing on several theoretical and conceptual frameworks such as regulatory review, regional tourism, local wisdom, and indigenous peoples. Some of these reviews are used to focus research to use the same concept so that there is no expansion of meaning.

Methodology: This study uses a type of normative legal research with a statutory approach method (statute approach). Data collection in this study was carried out by means of literature studies, and the data analysis techniques used were critical analysis techniques.

Findings: Regulations on tourism in several regions, such as in Bali, Bitung and Bunaken, Toba, Labuan Bajo, Raja Ampat, Tengger, and Baduy in their implementation still do not fully pay attention to and involve the values of local wisdom of local indigenous peoples.

Research, Practical & Social Implications: This study analyzes regulations on regional tourism which are then analyzed using the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) method to identify and assess a regulation or legislation by taking into account the impact analysis (both positively and negatively) and benefits or costs.

Originality / value: The value of this research is very important to build national legal products and regional legal products for national tourism development that provide protection to the environment and preservation of national culture, especially cultural traditions and wisdom of customary law communities in tourism destination areas, in addition to encouraging economic growth in an equitable manner for local communities.
Effect of intra-uterine administration of Lactobacillus bacteria on the steroid hormone profile in sub-clinical endometritis affected cows
Authors: H MOHAMES SULAIMAN , R SURESH KUMAR , T SATHIAMOORTHY , K PORTEEN , R RAVIKUMAR , J UMAMAGESWARI , K KRISHNAKUMAR 
Published: May 2024

Infertility in bovines is a major cause of serious economic loss to the dairy farmers. A major reason for infertility is sub-clinical, retrograde uterine infections. Sub-clinical endometritis is endometrial inflammation without apparent clinical manifestation and usually without signs of infection. This condition may be due to uterine infections or an extended inflammatory period that exists after elimination of bacteria. At present, infertility treatment is mainly done with intrauterine antibacterials, antiseptics and less commonly by hormones. These days, the major problem faced by animal reproductive health workers is the multiple drug resistance pathogens because of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics.Therefore, a different approach for more effective treatment of subclinical endometritis with Lactobacilli and its role on the steroid hormone profile was studied. In the present study, estradiol-17 β values were lower in the sub-clinical endometritis affected cows. Whereas, intra-uterine administration of Lactobacillus bacteria caused significant increase in estradiol level in a cycle after treatment in cross- bred cows. Similarly, the circulating serum progesterone concentration was also found to be low in subclinical endometritis affected cows. These findings could be used for clinical and experimental interpretations. Further, the information on pulsatile release of gonadotropins and steroid hormones status, receptors and its control, the close relationship among hormones could be necessary for better understanding of the role of steroid hormones in sub-clinical uterine infections.
MENYIKAPI PERMASALAHAN BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK DI SEKOLAH : PERAN BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING
Authors: Yulianti Yulianti , Ramahwati Novia Tri , Azzahwa Meyrina , Anjani Aprilia , Rizky Hudaya Sania Sauma , Afifah Fiska Muthia 
Published: May 2024

Pengkajian ini bermaksud untuk mengeksplorasi peranan bimbingan dan konseling dalam menyikapi permasalahan belajar siswa/siswi ang di sekolah. Metode yang dipilih untuk artikel ini adalah Literature Review, Adapun metode dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan pendekatan Literature review. Literatur review merupakan kajian yang memiliki tujuan untuk mencari dan menganalisis secara komprehensif, terstuktur, tiada keraguan dan boleh diulang pada proses Pendekatan ini digunakan karena adanya kesamaan dan kerelevannya dalam menilai secara sitematik keselururan kajian yang berhubungan dengan Peran Bimbingan konseling di Sekolah Adapun artikel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 5 artikel mulai dari tahun 2019-2023.. Berdasarkan analisis kajian menunjukkan bahwa bimbingan dan konseling memiliki peran yang signifikan dalam meringankan peserta didik menanggulangi berbagai masalah belajar, seperti kesulitan akademik, motivasi rendah, konflik interpersonal, dan lainnya. Pendekatan yang holistik dan berbasis pada kebutuhan individu dapat memberikan dukungan yang efektif bagi peserta didik dalam mengembangkan potensi mereka secara optimal. Implikasi dari temuan ini adalah perlunya peningkatan peran dan dukungan bagi para konselor dan guru dalam memberikan layanan bimbingan dan konseling yang berkualitas di lembaga pendidikan. Diharapkan pengkajian ini sanggup memberikan kontribusi dalam meningkatkan pemahaman dan praktik bimbingan dan konseling di sekolah guna mengembangkan hasil dan prestasi belajar demi kesejahteraan peserta didik.
Pentingnya Pengembangan Kompetensi Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru Pada SDN. 071168 Laehuwa Kecamatan Alasa Talumozoi
Authors: Hulu Ernita , Mendrofa Syah Abadi , Baene Eduar , Waruwu Meiman Hidayat 
Published: May 2024

Kompetensi adalah kumpulan pengetahuan, perilaku, dan keterampilan yang harus dimilki Guru untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran dan pendidikan. Kompetensi berarti kemampuan mewujudkan sesuatu sesuai dengan tugas yang diberikan kepada seseorang. Penelitian ini bertujuan ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana Pentingnya Pengembangan Kompetensi Pada SDN. 071168 Laehuwa Kecamatan Alasa Talumuzoi, dan untuk mengetahui bagaimana Kinerja Guru pada SDN. 071168 Laehuwa Kecamatan Alasa Talumuzoi. Penelitian dilakukan melalui pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Berdasarkan pengamatan atau observasi awal yang dilakukan oleh peneliti permasalahan mengenai rendahnya kinerja Guru. Dalam menghadapi perkerjaannya, Guru mengalami suatu kejenuhan, ketegangan, dan bahkan mengalami stress. Hal tersebut menyebabkan kinerja Guru tidak optimal. Ada bawahan yang memiliki etos kerja yang tinggi, ada yang rendah, ada yang frustasi, ada yang semangat kerjanya tinggi, yang keterampilannya tinggi, ada yang kurang terampil. Ada juga yang merasa jenuh dengan pekerjaannya, ada yang ingin mendapatkan tugas-tugas yang menantang. Semuanya ini merupakan situasi dan kondisi bawah yang ada. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, bahwa Pentingnya Pengembangan Kompetensi Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru pada SDN. 071168 Laehuwa Kecamatan Alasa Talumuzoi merupakan bahwa partisipasi aktif Guru dalam pengembangan pengetahuan, penerapan metode pengajaran yang inovatif, pengembangan keterampilan, serta sikap positif dalam melaksanakan peran dan fungsi menjadi kunci penting untuk menciptakan lingkungan pembelajaran yang efektif dan memberikan dampak positif terhadap siswa di SD Negeri 071168 Laehuwa.
Penelusuran Pustaka Secara Online bagi Mahasiswa Kesehatan
Authors: Khairani Nurul , Rahmawati Ida , Ujang Effendi Santoso , Fitriani Desi 
Published: May 2024

Banyak mahasiswa mengalami kesulitan dalam membuat proposal dan laporan penelitian skripsi. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah kurangnya pengetahuan dan kemampuan mereka dalam melakukan penelusuran pustaka secara online. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemampuan mahasiswa dalam melakukan penelusuran pustaka secara online. Kegiatan dilakukan Graha Gading Cempaka STIKES Tri Mandiri Sakti Bengkulu pada tanggal 21 Januari 2021. Jumlah peserta sebanyak 27 mahasiswa Program Studi Kesehatan Masyarakat STIKES Tri Mandiri Sakti Bengkulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengabdian ini adalah pemberian materi dengan metode ceramah, diskusi, dan praktik. Media yang digunakan adalah netbook dan LCD. Hasil dari pelatihan ini adalah mahasiswa mampu melakukan penelusuran pustaka secara online. Diharapkan mahasiswa mampu mempraktikannya dalam pembuatan proposal dan laporan penelitian skripsi sehingga skripsi yang dihasilkannya berkualitas.

Kata Kunci : mahasiswa kesehatan, online, pelatihan, pustaka
การประเมินความคุ้มค่าของระบบผลิตไฟฟ้าพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์บนหลังคา กรณีศึกษา : บริษัทอุตสาหกรรมเวชภัณฑ์ยา
Authors:   , อัศวโนดม วิภวา 
Published: May 2024

สถานการณ์การใช้พลังงานไฟฟ้าภายในโรงงานกรณีศึกษา เพิ่มสูงขึ้นทุกปี การผลิตไฟฟ้าพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์บนหลังคา เป็นหนึ่งทางเลือกที่สามารถช่วยลดค่าใช้จ่ายพลังงานจากสายส่งของการไฟฟ้าลงได้ จึงเป็นที่มาของการวิจัยนี้ โดยทำการศึกษาความคุ้มค่าทางการเงินของการติดตั้งระบบผลิตไฟฟ้าฯของโรงงานกรณีศึกษา พื้นที่ติดตั้งทั้งหมด 2,500 ตรม.(อาคารที่1,2และ4) โดยใช้แผงโซลาร์เซลล์ต่างกันทั้งหมด 3 กรณี ได้แก่ กรณีที่1 แผงMonocrystalline Full Cell , กรณีที่2 แผง Polycrystalline Full Cell และกรณีที่ 3 แผงMonocrystalline Half-Perc Cell ผ่านโปรแกรม PVSyst เพื่อเปรียบเทียบค่าพลังงานที่ผลิตได้และมีความคุ้มค่าที่สุด ผลที่ได้คือ กรณีที่ 3 มีความคุ้มค่าทางการเงินและประสิทธิภาพการผลิตไฟฟ้ามากที่สุด คือมูลค่าปัจจุบันสุทธิ (24,624,574.60 บาท), ผลตอบแทนภายในที่สูงที่สุด(22.99%) และมีระยะเวลาคืนทุน(4.31ปี) ที่สั้นที่สุด นอกจากนี้ ค่าต้นทุนเฉลี่ยต่อหน่วยไฟฟ้าตลอดอายุโครงการ(3.53 บาท/หน่วย) ต่ำกว่าค่าเฉลี่ยต้นทุนเฉลี่ยต่อหน่วยไฟฟ้าของการไฟฟ้านครหลวงที่ทางโรงงานใช้อยู่(4.18 บาท/หน่วย) รองลงมาคือกรณีที่ 1 และ กรณีที่ 2 ตามลำดับ อีกทั้งหลังคาที่ติดตั้งโซล่าเซลล์สามารถช่วยสกัดกั้นการถ่ายเทความร้อนรวมของหลังคาได้ดีกว่าหลังคาที่ไม่ทำการติดตั้งจากการประเมินผ่านโปรแกรม BEC คือมีค่า RTTV = 8.743 W/m2 ผ่านเกณฑ์ประกาศกระทรวงพลังงานซึ่งต้องไม่เกิน RTTV=10 W/m2 นอกจากนี้งานวิจัยได้ทำการวิเคราะห์ความอ่อนไหว (Sensitivity Analysis) จากปัจจัยเสี่ยงที่อาจส่งผลกระทบต่อผลตอบแทนของโครงการ โดย อัตราค่าไฟฟ้า มีผลต่อโครงการมากที่สุด และค่าต้นทุนโครงการ CAPEX และ OPEX ตามลำดับ ซึ่งทุกกรณีเป็นไปในทางเดียวกันและยังคงมีความคุ้มทุนในการลงทุน