bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as a new target for malignant glioma therapy
Authors: Miyazaki Takeshi , Moritake Kouzo , Yamada Kazuo , Hara Nobumasa , Osago Harumi , Shibata Tomoko , Akiyama Yasuhiko , Tsuchiya Mikako 
Published: July 2009

Object
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a kynurenine pathway (KP) enzyme catalyzing oxidation of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp), is thought to be involved in the immune resistance of malignant tumors through T-cell inactivation caused by Trp depletion and metabolite accumulation. Human malignant gliomas may use this strategy to escape immune attack. The object of this study was to investigate the possibility of IDO-dependent Trp depletion by malignant gliomas and the practicability of using an IDO inhibitor together with anticancer drugs to reserve Trp without decreasing the cytotoxicity of the drugs.

Methods
The authors studied expression of IDO and other KP enzymes and the effects of an IDO inhibitor, 1-methyl L-tryptophan (1MT), on Trp metabolism and cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs, together with direct measurement of KP metabolites, in cultured human malignant glioma cells.

Results
Upon interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulation, the glioma cells greatly increased their IDO mRNA expression concomitant with depletion of Trp. The IDO inhibitor 1MT successfully prevented Trp consumption by the stimulated glioma cells. Combining 1MT with anticancer drugs (temozolomide, bischloroethylnitrosourea [BCNU], etoposide and cisplatin) did not interfere with the drugs' suppression of growth of LN229 glioma cells but rather increased their inhibitory effects on IDO activity.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that the robust IDO expression with rapid consumption of Trp in human glioma cells induced by IFN-γ could lead to immune resistance in glioma cells. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors that prevent Trp depletion could be used with anticancer drugs to improve therapeutic effects.
Brain tumors in the mesial temporal lobe: long-term oncological outcome
Authors: Phi Ji Hoon , Chung Chun Kee 
Published: July 2009

Object
Surgical treatment of brain tumors in the mesial temporal lobe (MTL) is a highly demanding procedure. Only a few studies describing the surgery of MTL tumors have been reported, and they have been focused on the operative techniques and immediate results of the surgery. The authors have analyzed the long-term oncological outcome in patients with MTL tumors.

Methods
Thirty-six patients with an MTL tumor were studied. The mean patient age at surgery was 32 years (range 13–62 years). The tumors were confined to the MTL (Schramm Type A) in 25 patients (69%). Extension of the tumor into the fusiform gyrus (Schramm Type C) and temporal stem (Schramm Type D) was observed in 4 and 7 patients (11 and 19%), respectively. There was a significant difference in the tumor size according to Schramm types (p = 0.001). Complete tumor resection was achieved in 26 patients (72%). All tumors were low-grade lesions except for 1 anaplastic astrocytoma.

Results
After a median follow-up period of 50.5 months, 7 patients showed progression of the disease. The actuarial progression-free survival rates were 97% in the 1st year, 84% in the 2nd year, and 80% in the 5th year. The degree of tumor resection was significantly related to the tumor control failure (p < 0.001) and malignant transformation of a low-grade tumor (p < 0.001). Univariate analyses using a Cox proportional hazards model showed that the following factors were significantly associated with a failure to control the tumor: 1) extent of the tumor (Schramm Type D; p = 0.003, relative risk [RR] 12.04); 2) size of the tumor (p = 0.033, RR 1.052/mm); 3) patient age at surgery ≥ 50 years (p = 0.007, RR 8.312); and 4) short duration of epilepsy (< 6 months; p = 0.001, RR 21.54).

Conclusions
Surgery is the principal treatment for MTL tumors, despite its technical difficulty. Complete tumor resection is strongly recommended for long-term tumor control. The MTL tumors are heterogeneous in their prognosis. Older age, short duration of epilepsy, and tumor size are all associated with poor outcome. Patients with these characteristics may have a more aggressive form of the disease than those with MTL tumors associated with chronic epilepsy.
The safety and effectiveness of a dural sealant system for use with nonautologous duraplasty materials
Authors: Weinstein Jason S. , Liu Kenneth C. , Delashaw Johnny B. , Burchiel Kim J. , van Loveren Harry R. , Vale Fernando L. , Agazzi Siviero , Greenberg Mark S. , Smith Donald A. , Tew John 
Published: July 2009

Object
The DuraSeal dural sealant system, a polyethylene glycol hydrogel, has been shown to be safe and effective when used with commercial and autologous duraplasty materials. The authors report on the safety and effectiveness of this sealant when used in conjunction with nonautologous duraplasty materials.

Methods
In this retrospective, nonrandomized, multicenter study, the safety and efficacy of a dural sealant system was assessed in conjunction with primarily collagen-based nonautologous duraplasty materials in a sample of 66 patients undergoing elective cranial procedures at 3 institutions. This cohort was compared with 50 well-matched patients from the DuraSeal Pivotal Trial who were treated with this sealant system and autologous duraplasty material.

Results
The key end points of the study were the incidences of CSF leaks, surgical site infections, and meningitis 90 days after surgery. The incidence of postoperative CSF leakage was 7.6% in the study group (retrospective population) and 6.0% in the Pivotal Trial population. The incidence of meningitis was 0% and 4.0% in the retrospective and Pivotal Trial groups, respectively. There were no serious device-related adverse events or unanticipated adverse device effects noted for either population.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that the DuraSeal sealant system is safe and effective when used for watertight dural closure in conjunction with nonautologous duraplasty materials.
A bundle approach to reduce the incidence of external ventricular and lumbar drain-related infections
Authors: Leverstein-van Hall Maurine A. , Hopmans Titia E. M. , van der Sprenkel Jan Willem Berkelbach , Blok Hetty E. M. , van der Mark Wil A. M. A. , Hanlo Patrick W. , Bonten Marc J. M. 
Published: July 2009

Object
An important complication of external CSF drainage is bacterial meningitis or ventriculitis, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. In 2003, a high rate (37%) of probable drain-related infections was identified at the authors' hospital. A multidisciplinary working group was installed to reduce this incidence to < 10% within 1.5 years.

Methods
An intervention strategy based on 5 pillars (increased awareness, focused standard operating procedures, a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm, timely administration of prophylaxis, and improvement of the drainage system) was designed and implemented from 2004 to 2006. During this period all patients with external CSF drainage were prospectively monitored.

Results
Between 2004 and 2006, there were 467 patients in whom 579 drains (external ventricular and external lumbar) had been placed. The overall incidence of drain-related infections was 16.2% in 2004, 8.9% in 2005, and 11.3% in 2006. For external lumbar drains the number of infections per 100 drain days was 2.4 in 2004, 0.6 in 2005, and 0.8 in 2006. For external ventricular drains these rates were 1.7, 1.0, and 1.2, respectively. Meanwhile, the causative noncutaneous microorganisms, indicative for systemic-contamination during manipulation, decreased. By retrospective analysis, the proportion of patients with a probable drain-related infection decreased from 37% in 2003 to 9% in 2005 and 2006.

Conclusions
The authors' multidisciplinary approach in which different preventive measures were combined was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of drain-related secondary meningitis, and thus provides an important improvement of patient safety.
Outcome and Prognosis of Pediatric Patients With Delayed Diagnosis of Open-Globe Injuries
Authors: Acuna Olga M. , Yen Kimberly G. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose:
Open-globe injuries in children can present in a delayed fashion, potentially increasing the risk of endophthalmitis and delaying surgical intervention. This article presents the outcome of pediatric patients with delayed diagnosis of open-globe injuries for 24 hours or more.

Methods:
The study was a retrospective observational case series of patients who presented with open-globe injuries diagnosed 24 hours or more after the injury between July 2002 and March 2007.

Results:
Thirteen patients were included in the study. The average age at presentation was 5.8 ± 2.8 years; average follow-up was 11.5 ± 14.5 months. Mean time of presentation after injury was 9.2 ± 16.0 days. The most common chief complaints were chronic red eye (7 of 13 patients), eye pain (5 of 13 patients), and decreased vision (4 of 13 patients). All patients had self-sealing corneal wounds; 8 of 13 patients had a visually significant traumatic cataract. One patient had sympathetic oph thalmia. Initial visual acuity was 20/200 or worse in 10 patients, and final visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 6 patients. No patient had endophthalmitis.

Conclusion:
Open-globe injuries, especially self-sealing corneal wounds, can present in a delayed fashion in children or may be missed if obvious findings, such as subconjunctival hemorrhage or prolapsed iris tissue, are not present. Pediatricians should be educated that they should maintain a high level of suspicion in the setting of chronic unilateral red eye, decreased visual acuity, or abnormal red reflex.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:202–207.]
Acaricides
Authors: Müller Franz , Streibert Hans Peter , Farooq Saleem 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this updated version some new and basic information has been added to Chapter 1 in order to provide the reader with some biological background about mites: their place in the animal kingdom, their classification, and characteristics of these very small animals. In addition the list of currently known, economically important mites has been updated. Since the use of predatory mites in integrated pest management is becoming increasingly important, some commercially available predatory mites are briefly described. Chapter 2 has been expanded with further information on the chemical properties of the compounds, e.g. their environmental stability, or lability, as an aid to better understanding their behavior in the environment. Chapter 3 has been supplemented with ecological data on various avian and aquatic species.The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.General Information1.2.Characterization and Classification of Acari1.3.Economically Important Mites1.4.Life Cycle, Behavior, and Characteristics of Mites1.5.Chemical Control of Mites1.6.Integrated Pest Management2.Acaricides2.1.Antibiotic Acaricides2.1.1.Nucleotide Analogue Acaricides2.1.2.Macrocyclic Lactone Acaricides2.1.2.1.Avermectin Acaricides2.1.2.2.Milbemycin Acaricides2.2.Bridged Diphenyl Acaricides2.3.Carbamate and Oxime Carbamate Acaricides2.3.1.Carbamate Acaricides2.3.2.Oxime Carbamate Acaricides2.4.Carbazate Acaricides2.5.Dinitrophenol Acaricides2.6.Formamidine Acaricides2.7.Mite Growth Regulators2.8.Organochlorine Acaricides2.9.Organophosphorus Acaricides2.9.1.Organophosphate Acaricides2.9.2.Organothiophosphate Acaricides2.9.3.Phosphonate Acaricides2.9.4.Phosphoramidothioate Acaricides2.10.Organotin Acaricides2.11.Phenylsulfamide Acaricides2.12.Pyrazole and Phenylpyrazole Acaricides2.13.Pyrethroid Acaricides2.13.1.Pyrethroid Ester Acaricides2.13.2.Pyrethroid Ether Acaricides2.14.Pyrrole Acaricides2.15.Quinoxaline Acaricides2.16.Sulfite Ester Acaricides2.17.Unclassified Acaricides3.Toxikology3.1.Antibiotic Acaricides3.1.1.Nucleotide Analogue Acaricides3.1.2.Macrocyclic Lactone Acaricides3.1.2.1.Avermectin Acaricides3.1.2.2.Milbemycin Acaricides3.2.Bridged Diphenyl Acaricides3.3.Carbamate And Oxime Carbamate Acaricides3.3.1.Carbamate Acaricides3.3.2.Oxime Carbamate Acaricides3.4.Carbazate Acaricides3.5.Dinitrophenol Acaricides3.6.Formamidine Acaricides3.7.Mite Growth Regulators3.8.Organochlorine Acaricides3.9.Organophosphorus Acaricides3.9.1.Organophosphate Acaricides3.9.2.Organothiophosphate Acaricides3.9.3.Phosphonate Acaricides3.9.4.Phosphoramidothioate Acaricides3.10.Organotin Acaricides3.11.Phenylsulfamide Acaricides3.12.Pyrazole And Phenylpyrazole Acaricides3.13.Pyrethroid Acaricides3.13.1.Pyrethroid Ester Acaricides3.13.2.Pyrethroid Ether Acaricides3.14.Pyrrole Acaricides3.15.Quinoxaline Acaricides3.16.Sulfite Ester Acaricides3.17.Unclassified AcaricidesReferences
Biocatalysis, 3. Nonimmobilized Biocatalysts in Industrial Fine Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Liese Andreas , Lütz Stephan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Examples of Reactions2.1.Reductions Catalyzed by Oxidoreductases (E.C. 1)2.1.1.Ketone Reduction with Whole Cells ofNeurospora crassa(E.C. 1.1.1.1)2.1.2.Ketoester Reduction with Cell Extract ofAcinetobacter Calcoaceticus(E.C. 1.1.1.1)2.1.3.Enantioselective Reduction with Whole Cells ofCandida sorbophila(EC 1.1.X.X)2.1.4.Production of Chiral α‐Hydroxy Acids withd‐Lactate Dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.28) fromLeuconostoc mesenteroides2.1.5.Converting Ketoacid Acetals to Acetal Amino Acids withl‐Phenylalanine Dehydrogenase (PheDH, E.C. 1.4.1.20) fromThermoactinomyces intermedius2.2.Oxidations Catalyzed by Oxidoreductases (E.C. 1)2.2.1.Alcohol Oxidation with Whole Cells ofGluconobacter suboxydans(E.C. 1.1.99.21)2.2.2.Kinetic Resolution by Oxidation of Primary Alcohols Catalyzed by Whole Cells fromRhodococcus erythropolis(E.C. 1.X.X.X)2.2.3.Hydroxylation of Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) Catalyzed by Whole Cells ofAchromobacter xylosoxidans(E.C. 1.5.1.13)2.2.4.Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration by Catalase (E.C. 1.11.1.6)2.2.5.Bioconversion ofN‐Butylglucamine with Whole Cells ofGluconobacter oxydans(E.C. 1.1.99.21)2.3.Hydrolytic Cleavage and Formation of CO and CN Bonds by Hydrolases (E.C. 3)2.3.1.Kinetic Resolution of a Diester by Protease Subtilisin Carlsberg fromBacillus sp. (E.C. 3.4.21.62) ,2.3.2.Kinetic Resolution of α‐Amino Acid Amides Catalyzed by Aminopeptidase fromPseudomonas putida(E.C. 3.4.1.11)2.3.3.Production ofl‐Methionine by Kinetic Resolution with Aminoacylase ofAspergillus oryzae(E.C. 3.5.1.14)2.3.4.Synthesis of β‐Lactam Antibiotics Catalyzed by Penicillin Acylase (E.C. 3.5.1.11)2.3.5.Enantioselective Synthesis of an Aspartame Precursor with Thermolysin fromBacillus proteolicus(E.C. 3.4.24.27)2.3.6.Hydrolysis of Heterocyclic Nitriles by Nitrilase/Hydroxylase fromAgrobacterium sp. (E.C. 3.5.5.1)2.3.7.Resolution of 3,3,3‐Trifluoro‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropionamide with Amidase fromKlebsiella oxytoca(E.C. 3.5.X.X)2.4.Formation of CC, CO, and CN Bonds by Lyases (E.C. 4)2.4.1.Hydrocyanation ofm‐Phenoxybenzaldehyde with Oxynitrilase fromHevea brasiliensis(E.C. 4.1.2.39)2.4.2.Synthesis of Carnitine Catalyzed by Carnitine Dehydratase in Whole Cells (E.C. 4.2.1.89)2.4.3.Synthesis ofl‐Dopa Catalyzed by Tyrosine Phenol Lyase fromErwinia herbicola(E.C. 4.1.99.2)2.4.4.Synthesis of Nicotinamide Catalyzed by Nitrile Hydratase fromRhodococcus erythropolis(EC 4.2.1.84) ,2.4.5.Synthesis of Mandelic Acid with Nitrilase (E.C. 4.2.1.84) ,2.5.Epimerization of Glucosamine Catalysed by Epimerase fromE.coli(E.C. 5.1.3.8)3.OutlookThis article focuses on the use of nonimmobilized biocatalysts for synthesis of fine chemicals in industry. More than 20 processes using isolated enzymes or suspensions are presented.
Biotechnology, 2. Metabolic Engineering
Authors: Doelle Horst Werner , Fiechter Armin , Schlegel Günther , Shimizu Sakayu , Wegener Joachim , Yamada Hideaki 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Analysis of the Transcriptome, Proteome, and Metabolome2.1.Gene Expression Analysis using DNA Microarrays2.2.Fabrication of DNA microarrays2.3.Proteome Analysis using Protein Microarrays2.4.Metabolome Analysis and Metabolite flux analysis3.Design and Production of Genetically Optimized Strains for Production – In Vitro Mutagenesis4.Random Mutagenesis, Isolation and Selection of Mutants5.Types of Mutants and Selection Principles5.1.Auxotrophic Mutants5.2.Regulatory Mutants5.3.Other Selection Methods5.4.Targeted or Site‐Directed Mutagenesis
Fertilizers, 6. Environmental Aspects
Authors: Werner Wilfried 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Nitrogen2.1.Ground Water2.2.Surface Waters2.3.Atmosphere2.4.Biosphere2.5.Pedosphere (Soil)2.6.Countermeasures3.Phosphorus3.1.Eutrophication3.2.Heavy Metals Buildup
A Dual Gold‐Iron Catalysis for a One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroisoxazoles from Propargylic Alcohols and N‐Protected Hydroxylamines
Authors: Debleds Olivier , Zotto Christophe Dal , Vrancken Emmanuel , Campagne Jean‐Marc , Retailleau Pascal 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA concise one‐pot route for the synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroisoxazoles via a dual gold‐iron catalysis has been devised. The method, based on the addition of binucleophilic protected hydroxylamine to propargylic alcohols, enables a one‐pot, highly selective synthesis of these heterocycles (10 examples, up to 86% yield).
Catalytic 1,2‐Dicyanation of Alkynes by Palladium(II) under Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Arai Shigeru , Sato Takashi , Nishida Atsushi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA stereoselective 1,2‐dicyanation of various alkynes in the presence of trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) by palladium(II) catalysis under aerobic conditions is investigated. This reaction includes two cyanation pathways, syn‐ and anti‐cyanopalladation to alkynes that are activated by Pd(II). High syn‐selectivity was observed in the reaction using terminal alkynes that have bulky substituents at a propargyl position and aliphatic internal alkynes. Furthermore, a dramatic acceleration was observed with substrates having an N‐arenesulfonyl functionality at a propargyl position, this indicates that both sulfoxide and carbon‐carbon triple bond act as Lewis bases to Pd(II).
The First Catalytic Enantioselective Aldol‐Type Reaction of Ethyl Diazoacetate to Ketones
Authors: Benfatti Fides , Yilmaz Seda , Cozzi Pier Giorgio 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aldol‐type addition to ketones still represents a great challenge in asymmetric catalysis. Recently, the direct aldol reaction between the commercially available ethyl diazoacetate and aldehydes has attracted increasing attention. Ethyl diazoacetate is economical and allows further transformation of the aldol adduct obtained. We present a solution for the arduous, and not previously described, addition of diazoacetate to ketones. Our procedure employs commercially available norephedrine‐derived ligands and dialkylzinc reagents [R2Zn: (diethylzinc, Et2Zn; dimethylzinc, Me2Zn)] as starting materials, therefore the active catalyst is prepared with a very straightforward methodology. Remarkably, the reaction gives good enantiomeric excesses with α‐halo ketones, a class of compounds that has not been commonly used in enolate addition.
Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Ketones with Alkenyl Trichloroacetates Catalyzed by Dibutyltin Dimethoxide and BINAP⋅Silver(I) Complex: Construction of a Chiral Tertiary Carbon Center
Authors: Yanagisawa Akira , Terajima Yuuki , Sugita Kazuma , Yoshida Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA novel aldol reaction of alkenyl trichloroacetates with α‐keto esters was realized by using dibutyltin dimethoxide as a catalyst, which was regenerated by the addition of methanol. The reaction was found to be remarkably accelerated by the addition of a catalytic amount of a bidentate phosphine⋅silver(I) complex. Use of the BINAP⋅silver triflate (AgOTf) complex as the chiral co‐catalyst resulted in the formation of optically active aldol products possessing a chiral tertiary carbon with up to 93% ee. This catalytic method was further applied to the asymmetric reaction of diketene with methyl benzoylformate.
Computational and experimental fluid dynamics of jet loop reactor
Authors: Mathpati Channamallikarjun S. , Deshpande Sagar S. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA computational analysis using standard k‐ε model, RSM and LES has been carried out for jet loop reactors (JLR) to investigate the mean and turbulence quantities. These simulations have revealed that the flow in JLR was different from the self‐similar round jets. RSM and LES showed better agreement with PIV measurements compared with standard k‐ε model. The modeled turbulence production and transport in k‐ε model overpredicted those estimated from LES data. To reduce the limitations, modified k‐ε models have been evaluated for JLR. Also, a hybrid k‐ε model has been suggested, which was found to perform better than other modified k‐ε models. This model was also found to hold for stirred tank reactors (STRs). Mixing time analysis has been carried out for JLR and STR at same power consumption. It has been shown that JLR can be inferior to STR if proper nozzle diameter is not selected. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Translating questionnaire items for a multi‐lingual worker population: The iterative process of translation and cognitive interviews with English‐, Spanish‐, and Chinese‐speaking workers
Authors: Fujishiro Kaori , Gong Fang , Baron Sherry , Jacobson C. Jeffery , DeLaney Sheli , Flynn Michael , Eggerth Donald E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe increasing ethnic diversity of the US workforce has created a need for research tools that can be used with multi‐lingual worker populations. Developing multi‐language questionnaire items is a complex process; however, very little has been documented in the literature.MethodsCommonly used English items from the Job Content Questionnaire and Quality of Work Life Questionnaire were translated by two interdisciplinary bilingual teams and cognitively tested in interviews with English‐, Spanish‐, and Chinese‐speaking workers.ResultsCommon problems across languages mainly concerned response format. Language‐specific problems required more conceptual than literal translations. Some items were better understood by non‐English speakers than by English speakers. De‐centering (i.e., modifying the English original to correspond with translation) produced better understanding for one item.ConclusionsTranslating questionnaire items and achieving equivalence across languages require various kinds of expertise. Backward translation itself is not sufficient. More research efforts should be concentrated on qualitative approaches to developing useful research tools. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:194–203 2010. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.