bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Gender, Origin, and Age on Transmission ofXylella fastidiosato Grapevines byHomalodisca vitripennis(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Krugner Rodrigo , Sisterson Mark S , Lin Hong 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHomalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is an invasive vector of Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce's disease of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Transmission efficiency of X. fastidiosa to grapevines by H. vitripennis originating from two geographically separated populations in California (Riverside and Bakersfield) based on gender and age was evaluated. To evaluate transmission efficiencies among groups, insects were given a 96-h acquisition access period on infected grapevines and caged in groups of five on healthy grapevines for a 72-h inoculation access period. At the conclusion of tests, polymerase chain reaction determined that a mean ± SD of 0.98 ± 1.02 X. fastidiosa-positive H. vitripennis were present on each grapevine and that 29% of test plants were infected. Acquisition and retention of X. fastidiosa was not affected by vector origin, gender, or age. The probability that a grapevine was infected 12 wk after the inoculation access period increased with the number of X. fastidiosa-positive H. vitripennis per plant. Gender had no effect on inoculation success and main effects of insect origin and age on inoculation success were minor. Collectively, the result indicated that H. vitripennis origin, gender, and age did not affect acquisition and retention of X. fastidiosa and had only minor effects on inoculation success under laboratory conditions. Accordingly, rates of pathogen spread in the field are more likely to be affected by local biotic and abiotic factors that differentially affect H. vitripennis abundance and movement based on origin, gender, and age than inherent differences in transmission efficiencies among these groups.
Floral Host Plants of Adult Beetles in Central Illinois: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Graham Elizabeth E , Tooker John F , Hanks Lawrence M 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
We tabulated plant species that served as floral hosts of adult beetles as reported by Charles Robertson in his 33-yr data set of flower-visiting insects of central Illinois. Robertson listed 153 species of beetles (28 families) that visited 141 species of plants (44 families), most of which were in the Asteraceae. The most common beetle species were the cantharid Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (De Geer), the chrysomelid Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim, and the scarab Trichiotinus piger (F.). Most of the beetle species (81%) were observed on five or fewer plant species. In general, non-native plant species were associated with fewer beetle species than were native plant species. Nevertheless, plant species that had the greatest diversity of beetle visitors were the non-native umbellifer Pastinaca sativa L. and the native rose Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald variety vulgaris (Maxim). These findings may find application in guiding research on insect ecology and behavior, for selecting plant species in ornamental landscapes that will foster populations of native beetle species, and for identifying plant species that may be used in agricultural settings to improve pollination or biological control services.
Arthropod Surveillance Programs: Basic Components, Strategies and Analysis
Authors: Cohnstaedt Lee W , Rochon Kateryn , Duehl Adrian J , Anderson John F , Barrera Roberto , Su Nan-Yao , Gerry Alec C , Obenauer Peter J , Campbell James F , Lysyk Tim J , Allan Sandra A 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEffective entomological surveillance planning stresses a careful consideration of methodology, trapping technologies, and analysis techniques. Herein, the basic principles and technological components of arthropod surveillance plans are described, as promoted in the symposium “Advancements in arthropod monitoring technology, techniques, and analysis” presented at the 58th annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America in San Diego, CA. Interdisciplinary examples of arthropod monitoring for urban, medical, and veterinary applications are reviewed. Arthropod surveillance consists of the three components: 1) sampling method, 2) trap technology, and 3) analysis technique. A sampling method consists of selecting the best device or collection technique for a specific location and sampling at the proper spatial distribution, optimal duration, and frequency to achieve the surveillance objective. Optimized sampling methods are discussed for several mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) and ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). The advantages and limitations of novel terrestrial and aerial insect traps, artificial pheromones and kairomones are presented for the capture of red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), small hive beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), and Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) respectively. After sampling, extrapolating real world population numbers from trap capture data are possible with the appropriate analysis techniques. Examples of this extrapolation and action thresholds are given for termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and red flour beetles.
Morphology and Distribution of Sensilla on Tarsi and Ovipositors of Six Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Zhang Guo-Na , Hu Fei , Dou Wei , Wang Jin-Jun 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the most important pests of fruits and vegetables. In this study, the typology, number, size, and distribution pattern of sensilla on tarsi and ovipositors of six fruit fly species, including Bactrocera Cucurbitae Coquillett, Bactrocera diaphora (Hendel), Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), Bactrocera scutellata (Hendel), and Bactrocera tau (Walker), were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy techniques. The tarsi of these six fruit fly species are equipped with three types of trichoid sensilla (1, 2, and 3), chaetica sensilla, and basiconic sensilla. Two types of sensilla, trichoid sensilla (4 and 5) and campaniform sensilla, are identified on the ovipositors of the female fruit files. In addition, the possible functions of these sensilla are discussed in light of previously published literature, and the trichoid sensilla (1, 2, and 3) on the tarsi, and trichoid sensilla (4 and 5), as well as campaniform sensilla on the ovipositors are considered as mechanoreceptor. The basiconic sensilla might have an olfactory function, and the chaetica sensilla were suggested as a mechano- or olfactory / gustatory neurons. Future functional tarsi and ovipositors morphology and electrophysiological of tarsi and ovipositors studies are needed to confirm these proposed functions.
A New Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Parasitoid Species ofSpathiusNees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) from the Russian Far East and South Korea
Authors: Belokobylskij Sergey A , Yurchenko Galina I , Strazanac John S , Zaldívar-Riverón Alejandro , Mastro Victor 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA new emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) ectoparasitoid species, Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae), is described from the Russian Far East and South Korea. Molecular evidence supports that Russian and Korean specimens represent a single species and are closely related to two Asian species (S. agrili and S. generosus) that belong to the S. exarator species group. The morphological variation of adult S. galinae and its immature stages, distribution, life history, and relation to similar Asian Spathius species are discussed. The distribution of the new species may indicate this is one of the more cold hardy emerald ash borer parasitoids. A brief review of hymenopteran parasitoids of emerald ash borer and new host record, the first for Atanycolus nigriventris Vojnovskaja-Krieger (Braconidae: Braconinae), is reported.
Client Variables Associated with Four Key Determinants of Demand for Tax Preparer Services: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Fleischman Gary M. , Stephenson Teresa 
Published: March 2012

SYNOPSIS
There is a rich literature associated with the dichotomous decision to hire/not-hire tax preparation services. There is also some research assigning motivation to the decision to hire tax preparation services. However, no research has examined the underlying demographics and key perceptions of clients that do hire tax preparation professionals to determine which are associated with specific motivations to hire. We focus on the four most common motivations to hire a preparer found in extant literature (i.e., saving money, saving time, legal compliance, and protection from the IRS). Using survey data, we perform exploratory analysis using MANCOVA to discover what client demographics and perceptions underlie each motivation.
Our most noteworthy finding is that client perceptions of tax advocacy are positively associated with all four focal motivations to hire. Our results also suggest that female clients, more than male clients, choose tax preparers with a desire to save time and to be legally compliant. In addition, taxpayers with children tend to be more concerned with legal compliance. We also find that taxpayers with relatively complex returns are less likely to hire a preparer to provide a legally compliant return and to gain protection from the IRS.
Data Availability: The data are available from the authors upon request.
HIV-1 Proteins Preferentially Activate Anti-Inflammatory M2-Type Macrophages
Authors: Chihara Takashi , Hashimoto Michihiro , Osman Abu , Hiyoshi-Yoshidomi Yuka , Suzu Ikuko , Chutiwitoonchai Nopporn , Hiyoshi Masateru , Okada Seiji , Suzu Shinya 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
HIV-1 proteins, including Tat, gp120, and Nef, activate macrophages (MΦ), which is consistent with the fact that HIV-1 infection is characterized by sustained immune activation. Meanwhile, MΦ are functionally classified into two types: proinflammatory M1-MΦ and anti-inflammatory M2-MΦ. We show that HIV-1 proteins, particularly Nef, preferentially activate M2-MΦ. Extracellular Tat, gp120, and Nef activated MAPK and NF-κB pathways in human peripheral blood monocyte-derived MΦ. However, the activation was marked in M-CSF–derived M2-MΦ but not GM-CSF–derived M1-MΦ. Nef was the most potent activator, and its signaling activation was comparable to that by TNF-α. Indeed, Nef was internalized more rapidly by M2-MΦ than by M1-MΦ. The myristoylation and proline-rich motif of Nef were responsible for the observed signaling activation. Consistent with the activation of MAPK/NF-κB pathways, Nef stimulated the production of a number of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines by M2-MΦ. However, Nef reduced the expression of CD163 and phagocytosis, the characteristic markers of M2-MΦ, indicating that Nef drives an M2-like to M1-like phenotypic shift. Because the differentiation of most tissue MΦ depends on M-CSF and its receptor, which is the essential axis for the anti-inflammatory M2-MΦ phenotype, the current study reveals an efficient mechanism by which HIV-1 proteins, such as Nef, induce the proinflammatory MΦ.
Enhancing Immunostimulatory Function of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Dendritic Cells by CD1d Overexpression
Authors: Zeng Jieming , Shahbazi Mohammad , Wu Chunxiao , Toh Han Chong , Wang Shu 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived dendritic cells (hESC-DCs) may potentially provide a platform to generate “off-the-shelf” therapeutic cancer vaccines. To apply hESC-DCs for cancer immunotherapy in a semiallogeneic setting, it is crucial for these cells to “jump-start” adaptive antitumor immunity before their elimination by host alloreaction. In this study, we investigated whether CD1d upregulation in hESC-DCs may exploit invariant NKT (iNKT) cell adjuvant activity and boost antitumor immunity. Using a baculoviral vector carrying the CD1d gene, we produced CD1d-overexpressing hESC-DCs and demonstrated that the upregulated CD1d was functional in presenting α-galactosylceramide for iNKT cell expansion. Pulsed with melanoma Ag recognized by T cell 1 peptide, the CD1d-overexpressing hESC-DCs displayed enhanced capability to prime CD8+ T cells without relying on α-galactosylceramide loading. Blocking the CD1d with Ab reduced the immunogenicity, suggesting the importance of hESC–DC and iNKT cell interaction in this context. The CD1d-overexpressing hESC-DCs also induced a proinflammatory cytokine profile that may favor the T cell priming. Moreover, a similar immunostimulatory effect was observed when the CD1d upregulation strategy was applied in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Therefore, our study suggests that the upregulation of CD1d in hESC-DCs provides a novel strategy to enhance their immunogenicity. This approach holds potential for advancing the application of hESC-DCs into human cancer immunotherapy.
A Deficiency in Nucleoside Salvage Impairs Murine Lymphocyte Development, Homeostasis, and Survival
Authors: Choi Onjee , Heathcote Dean A. , Ho Ka-Kei , Müller Phillip J. , Ghani Hazim , Lam Eric W.-F. , Ashton-Rickardt Philip G. , Rutschmann Sophie 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The homeostasis of the immune system is tightly controlled by both cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic mechanisms. These regulators, not all known to date, drive cells in and out of quiescence when and where required to allow the immune system to function. In this article, we describe a deficiency in deoxycytidine kinase (DCK), one of the major enzymes of the nucleoside salvage pathway, which affects peripheral T cell homeostatic proliferation and survival. As a result of an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea–induced mutation in the last α helix of DCK, a functionally null protein has been generated in the mouse and affects the composition of the hematopoietic system. Both B and T lymphocyte development is impaired, leading to a state of chronic lymphopenia and to a significant increase in the number of myeloid cells and erythrocytes. In the periphery, we found that mutant lymphocytes adopt a CD44highCD62Llow memory phenotype, with high levels of proliferation and apoptosis. These phenotypes are notably the result of a cell-extrinsic–driven lymphopenia-induced proliferation as wild-type cells transferred into DCK-deficient recipients adopt the same profile. In addition, DCK also regulates lymphocyte quiescence in a cell-intrinsic manner. These data establish dCK as a new regulator of hematopoietic integrity and lymphocyte quiescence and survival.
Expression of Natural Autoantibodies in MRL-lpr Mice Protects from Lupus Nephritis and Improves Survival
Authors: Mannoor Kaiissar , Matejuk Agata , Xu Yang , Beardall Michael , Chen Ching 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Natural autoantibodies (NAA) and their associated B cells constitute a substantial proportion of the normal Ab and B cell repertoire. They often have weak reactivity toward a variety of self-Ags such as DNA, nucleoproteins, and phospholipids. It remains controversial whether NAA contribute to or protect from autoimmune diseases. Using site-directed transgenic (sd-tg) mice expressing a prototypic NAA, we investigated the effect of NAA and NAA-producing B cells in disease development in the autoimmune-prone MRL/MpJ-Faslpr (MRL-lpr) mice. We found that the expression of NAA in MRL-lpr mice prevented proteinuria and reduced kidney immune complex formation. The mice had significantly improved survival. Administration of the IgM NAA to MRL-lpr mice also delayed the onset of nephritis. The sd-tg MRL-lpr mice had decreased levels of anti-dsDNA Abs, anti-Hep2 nuclear Abs, and anti-Sm/ribonucleoprotein Abs. There is a shift in the IgG subclass profile from IgG2a and IgG3 to IgG1 in the sd-tg MRL-lpr mice. The CD4+ T cells from the sd-tg MRL-lpr mice had increased expression of the negative costimulatory molecule CTLA-4 and increased production of IL-10 as compared with those from the wild-type mice. Furthermore, the NAA B cells produced large amounts of IL-10 upon TLR stimulation. These results indicate that NAA and NAA-producing B cells play an important role in protection from lupus nephritis and suggest that the NAA B cells may have an immune regulatory function via the provision of IL-10.
Canonical Type I IFN Signaling in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macrophages Is Disrupted by Astrocyte-Secreted CCL2
Authors: Zaritsky Luna Alammar , Gama Lucio , Clements Janice E. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
HIV-associated neurologic disorders are a mounting problem despite the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy. To address mechanisms of HIV-associated neurologic disorders, we used an SIV pigtailed macaque model to study innate immune responses in brain that suppress viral replication during acute infection. We previously reported that during acute infection in brain, noncanonical type I IFN signaling occurs, where IFN-β mRNA is induced while IFN-α is simultaneously suppressed. Two downstream IFN-stimulated genes, MxA and TRAIL, also show differential expression patterns. In this study, we show that differential signaling is due to interactions between macrophages and astrocytes. Astrocytes produce high levels of CCL2 upon SIV infection, which binds to CCR2 receptors on macrophages, leading to a selective suppression of IFN-α and the IFN-stimulated gene TRAIL while simultaneously inducing IFN-β and MxA. The interactions between chemokine and cytokine pathways are a novel finding that may specifically occur in the CNS.
HLA-DQA2 and HLA-DQB2 Genes Are Specifically Expressed in Human Langerhans Cells and Encode a New HLA Class II Molecule
Authors: Lenormand Cedric , Bausinger Huguette , Gross Florence , Signorino-Gelo Francois , Koch Susanne , Peressin Maryse , Fricker Dominique , Cazenave Jean-Pierre , Bieber Thomas , Hanau Daniel , de la Salle Henri , Tourne Sylvie 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The precise role of human epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) in immune response is highly controversial. While studying the gene expression profile of these cells, we were intrigued to identify the HLA-DQB2 gene as potentially expressed in LCs. Despite a strong evolutionary conservation of their sequences, the concomitant expression of the poorly polymorphic HLA-DQA2/HLA-DQB2 genes, paralogous to the HLA-DQA1/HLA-DQB1 genes, has never been detected in any cell type. We confirmed by RT-PCR that the HLA-DQA2 and -DQB2 genes are both expressed in LCs, but not in monocyte-derived dendritic cells, or in blood CD1c+ or plasmacytoid dendritic cells. The presence of the HLA-DQβ2 chain in LCs could be demonstrated by Western blotting, whereas immunofluorescence revealed its localization in early endosomes. As in the case of other HLA class II molecules, the HLA-DQα2 and -DQβ2 chains formed heterodimers that had to associate with the invariant chain to reach endosomal compartments. HLA-DQα2/β2 heterodimers were expressed at the cell surface, where they could mediate staphylococcal superantigen stimulation of T cells. Interestingly, HLA-DQα2 and HLA-DQβ1 chains formed mixed heterodimers which efficiently left the endoplasmic reticulum. These observations strongly suggest that the poorly polymorphic HLA-DQA2 and -DQB2 genes should be considered to be of immunological importance. The HLA-DQα2/β2 molecules could influence the complexity of the repertoire of Ags presented by LCs.
A Second TCRδ Locus in Galliformes Uses Antibody-like V Domains: Insight into the Evolution of TCRδ and TCRμ Genes in Tetrapods
Authors: Parra Zuly E. , Mitchell Kevin , Dalloul Rami A. , Miller Robert D. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Analyses of the available avian genomes revealed the presence of a second TCRδ locus in the Galliformes. This second TCRδ locus is nonsyntenic to the conventional TCRα/δ and is unusual in that the V genes are more related to IgH V genes (VH) than to TCR V genes. The second TCRδ is not found in another avian lineage, the passerine zebra finch. Rather the finch’s conventional TCRα/δ locus contains VH genes that are expressed with the conventional Cδ gene, similar to what has been found in amphibians. A comparison between Galliformes and Passeriformes genomic organization suggests an origin of the second TCRδ in the former lineage involving gene duplication. Expression of these atypical TCRδ transcripts with a VH domain paired with Cδ was found in lymphoid tissues of both avian lineages. The configuration of the second TCRδ in chicken and turkey is reminiscent of the TCRδ duplication that is present in nonplacental mammals and provides insight into the origin of the uniquely mammalian TCRμ locus.
Serum IGF‐I in middle age covaries with reproductive life‐history traits in british men and women
Authors: Rickard Ian J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectives:The growth hormone/insulin‐like growth factor‐I (GH/IGF‐I) axis may be an important component of individual life‐history variation. This study examined whether IGF‐I levels covary with reproductive life‐history traits in a long‐term British cohort study (the National Child Development Study).Methods:Using data on up to 5,252 individuals (2,431 men and 2,821 women) born in March 1958, relationships of serum IGF‐I at age 45 with pubertal age, time to pregnancy (TTP), age at first reproduction (AFR), and lifetime reproductive success (LRS) were analyzed using general linear models.Results:IGF‐I showed modest non‐linear associations with pubertal age, being low in women who first menstruated, and men whose voice broke, in the oldest respective age categories. In women, but not men, IGF‐I was negatively related to TTP. IGF‐I was positively associated with AFR in both sexes and tended to be negatively related to LRS in women only. Some, but not all, relationships were attenuated after controlling for multiple potential confounders.Conclusion:These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the GH/IGF‐I axis partially underlies individual variance in reproductive outcomes, through either direct endocrine effects on reproductive function or behavior, indirect effects on other traits, or a combination of the above. Several limitations of this study include the late age at which blood samples were collected and the difficulty of disentangling social and biological factors contributing to the traits studied. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.