bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Best constants in Kahane-Khintchine inequalities for complex Steinhaus functions
Authors: Peškir Goran 
Published: July 2010

Let

{

φ
k

}

k
≥
1

{\{ {\varphi _k}\} _{k \geq 1}}

be a sequence of independent random variables uniformly distributed on

[
0
,
2
π
[

[0,2\pi [

, and let

‖
∙
‖

ψ

{\left \| \bullet \right \|_\psi }

denote the Orlicz norm induced by the function

ψ
(
x
)
=
exp
⁡
(

|

x

|

2

)
−
1

\psi (x) = \exp (|x{|^2}) - 1

. Then
\[

‖

∑

k
=
1

n

z
k

e

i

φ
k

‖

ψ

≤

2

(

∑

k
=
1

n

|

z
k

|

2

)

1

/

2

{\left \| {\sum \limits _{k = 1}^n {{z_k}{e^{i{\varphi _k}}}} } \right \|_\psi } \leq \sqrt 2 {\left ( {\sum \limits _{k = 1}^n {|{z_k}{|^2}} } \right )^{1/2}}

\]
for all

z
1

,
…
,

z
n

∈

C

{z_1}, \ldots ,{z_n} \in {\mathbf {C}}

and all

n
≥
1

n \geq 1

. The constant

2

\sqrt 2

is shown to be the best possible. The method of proof relies upon a combinatorial argument, Taylor expansion, and the central limit theorem. The result is additionally strengthened by showing that the underlying functions are Schur-concave. The proof of this fact uses a result on the multinomial distribution of Rinott, and Schur’s proposition on the sum of convex functions. The estimates obtained throughout are shown to be the best possible. The result extends and generalizes to provide similar inequalities and estimates for other Orlicz norms.
Explicit formulas for the Szegő kernel on certain weakly pseudoconvex domains
Authors: Francsics Gábor , Hanges Nicholas 
Published: July 2010

The objective of this paper is to determine the Szegő kernel of the domain

D

=
{
(
z
,
ζ
,
w
)
∈

C

n
+
m
+
1

;
ℑ

m

w
>

‖
z
‖

2

+

‖
ζ
‖

2
p

}

\mathcal {D} = \{ (z,\zeta ,w) \in {\mathbb {C}^{n + m + 1}};\Im {\text {m}}w > {\left \| z \right \|^2} + {\left \| \zeta \right \|^{2p}}\}

explicitly in closed form.
A reciprocity law for polynomials with Bernoulli coefficients
Authors: Fouché Willem 
Published: July 2010

We study the zeros

(
mod

p
)

\pmod p

of the polynomial

β
p

(
X
)
=

Σ
k

(

B
k

/

k
)
(

X

p
−
1
−
k

−
1
)

{\beta _p}(X) = {\Sigma _k}({B_k}/k)({X^{p - 1 - k}} - 1)

for

p
p

an odd prime, where

B
k

{B_k}

denotes the

k
k

th Bernoulli number and the summation extends over

1
⩽
k
⩽
p
−
2

1 \leqslant k \leqslant p - 2

. We establish a reciprocity law which relates the congruence

β
p

(
r
)
≡
0

(
mod

p
)

{\beta _p}(r) \equiv 0\;\pmod p

to a congruence

f
p

(
n
)
≡
0

(
mod

r
)

{f_p}(n) \equiv 0\,\pmod r

for

r
r

a prime less than

p
p

and

n
∈

Z

n \in {\mathbf {Z}}

. The polynomial

f
p

(
x
)

{f_p}(x)

is the irreducible polynomial over

Q

{\mathbf {Q}}

of the number

Tr
L

Q

(
ζ
)

⁡
ζ

\operatorname {Tr}_L^{{\mathbf {Q}}(\zeta )}\zeta

, where

ζ
\zeta

is a primitive

p
2

{p^2}

th root of unity and

L
⊂

Q

(
ζ
)

L \subset {\mathbf {Q}}(\zeta )

is the extension of degree

p
p

over

Q

{\mathbf {Q}}

. These congruences are closely related to the prime divisors of the indices

I
(
α
)
=
(

O

:

Z

[
α
]
)

I(\alpha ) = (\mathcal {O}:{\mathbf {Z}}[\alpha ])

, where

O

\mathcal {O}

is the integral closure in

L
L

and

α
∈

O

\alpha \in \mathcal {O}

is of degree

p
p

over

Q

{\mathbf {Q}}

. We establish congruences

(
mod

p
)

\pmod p

involving the numbers

I
(
α
)

I(\alpha )

and show that their prime divisors

r
≠
p

r \ne p

are closely related to the congruence

r

p
−
1

≡
1

(
mod

p
2

)

{r^{p - 1}} \equiv 1\,\pmod {p^2}

.
Regularization of 𝐿² norms of Lagrangian distributions
Authors: Izen Steven 
Published: July 2010

Let

X
X

be a compact smooth manifold,

dim
⁡
X
=
n

\dim X = n

. Let

Λ
\Lambda

be a fixed Lagrangian submanifold of

T
∗

X

{T^\ast }X

. The space of Lagrangian distributions

I
k

(
X
,
Λ
)

{I^k}(X,\Lambda )

is contained in

L
2

(
X
)

{L^2}(X)

if

k
>
−
n

/

4

k > - n/4

. When

k
=
n

/

4

k = n/4

,

I

−
n

/

4

(
X
,
Λ
)

{I^{ - n/4}}(X,\Lambda )

just misses

L
2

(
X
)

{L^2}(X)

. A new inner product

⟨
u
,
v

⟩
R

{\langle u,v\rangle _R}

is defined on

I

−
n

/

4

(
X
,
Λ
)

/

I

−
n

/

4
−
1

(
X
,
Λ
)

{I^{ - n/4}}(X,\Lambda )/{I^{ - n/4 - 1}}(X,\Lambda )

in terms of symbols. This inner product contains "

L
2

{L^2}

information" in the following sense: Slight regularizations of the Lagrangian distributions are taken, putting them in

L
2

(
X
)

{L^2}(X)

. The asymptotic behavior of the

L
2

{L^2}

inner product is examined as the regularizations approach the identity. Three different regularization schemes are presented and, in each case,

⟨
u
,
v

⟩
R

{\langle u,v\rangle _R}

is found to regulate the growth of the ordinary

L
2

{L^2}

inner product.
Some product formulae for nonsimply connected surgery problems
Authors: Milgram R. J. , Ranicki Andrew 
Published: July 2010

For an

n
n

-dimensional normal map

f
:

M
n

→

N
n

f :{M^n} \to {N^n}

with finite fundamental group

π
1

(
N
)
=
π

{\pi _1}(N) = \pi

and PL

1
1

torsion kernel

Z
[
π
]

Z[\pi ]

-modules

K

∗

(
M
)

{K_{\ast }}(M)

the surgery obstruction

σ

∗

(
f
)
∈

L
n
h

(
Z
[
π
]
)

{\sigma _{\ast }}(f) \in L_n^h(Z[\pi ])

is expressed in terms of the projective classes

[

K

∗

(
M
)
]
∈

K
~

0

(
Z
[
π
]
)

[{K_{\ast }}(M)] \in {\tilde K_0}(Z[\pi ])

, assuming

K
i

(
M
)
=
0

{K_i}(M) = 0

if

n
=
2
i

n = 2i

. This expression is used to evaluate in certain cases the surgery obstruction

σ

∗

(
g
)
∈

L

m
+
n

h

(
Z
[

π
1

×
π
]
)

{\sigma _ {\ast } }(g) \in L_{m + n}^h(Z[{\pi _1} \times \pi ])

of the

(
m
+
n
)

(m + n)

-dimensional normal map

g
=
1
×
f
:

M
1

×
M
→

M
1

×
N

g = 1 \times f:{M_1} \times M \to {M_1} \times N

defined by product with an

m
m

-dimensional manifold

M
1

{M_1}

, where

π
1

=

π
1

(

M
1

)

{\pi _1} = {\pi _1}({M_1})

.
Random power series generated by ergodic transformations
Authors: Halchin Judy , Petersen Karl 
Published: July 2010

Generalizing classical studies of power series with sequences of independent random variables as coefficients, we study series of the forms
\[

g

x
,
ϕ

(
z
)
=

∑

n
=
0

∞

ϕ
(

T
n

x
)

z
n

and

f

x
,
ϕ

(
z
)
=

∑

n
=
1

∞

ϕ
(
x
)
ϕ
(
T
x
)
⋯
ϕ
(

T

n
−
1

x
)

z
n

,

{g_{x,\phi }}(z) = \sum \limits _{n = 0}^\infty {\phi ({T^n}x){z^n}\quad {\text {and}}\quad {f_{x,\phi }}(z) = \sum \limits _{n = 1}^\infty {\phi (x)\phi (Tx) \cdots \phi ({T^{n - 1}}x){z^n},} }

\]
where

T
T

is an ergodic measure-preserving transformation on a probability space

(
X
,

B

,
μ
)

(X,\mathcal {B},\mu )

and

ϕ
\phi

is a measurable complex-valued function which is a.e. nonzero. When

f

x
,
ϕ

{f_{x,\phi }}

is entire, its order of growth at infinity measures the speed of divergence of the ergodic averages of

log
⁡

|

ϕ

|

\log |\phi |

. We give examples to show that any order is possible for any

T
T

and that different orders are possible for fixed

ϕ
\phi

. For fixed

T
T

, the set of

ϕ
\phi

which produce infinite order is residual in the subset of

L
1

(
X
)

{L^1}(X)

consisting of those

ϕ
\phi

which are a.e. nonzero and produce entire

f

x
,
ϕ

{f_{x,\phi }}

. As in a theorem of Pólya for gap series, if

f

x
,
ϕ

{f_{x,\phi }}

is entire and has finite order, then it assumes every value infinitely many times. The functions

ϕ
∈

L
1

(
X
)

\phi \in {L^1}(X)

for which

g

x
,
ϕ

{g_{x,\phi }}

is rational a.e. are exactly the finite sums of eigenfunctions of

T
T

; their poles are all simple and are the inverses of the corresponding eigenvalues. By combining this result with a skew product construction, we can also characterize when

f

x
,
ϕ

{f_{x,\phi }}

is rational, provided that

ϕ
\phi

takes one of several particular forms.
Shape properties of Whitney maps for hyperspaces
Authors: Kato Hisao 
Published: July 2010

In this paper, some shape properties of Whitney maps for hyperspaces are investigated. In particular, the following are proved: (1) Let

X
X

be a continuum and let

H

\mathfrak {H}

be the hyperspace

2
X

{2^X}

or

C
(
X
)

C(X)

of

X
X

with the Hausdorff metric. Then if

ω
\omega

is any Whitney map for

H

\mathfrak {H}

, for any

0
⩽
s
⩽
t
⩽
ω
(
X
)

ω

−
1

(
t
)

0 \leqslant s \leqslant t \leqslant \omega (X){\omega ^{ - 1}}(t)

is an approximate strong deformation retract of

ω

−
1

(
[
s
,
t
]
)

{\omega ^{ - 1}}([s,t])

. In particular,

Sh
⁡
(

ω

−
1

(
t
)
)
=
Sh
⁡
(

ω

−
1

(
[
s
,
t
]
)
)

\operatorname {Sh} ({\omega ^{ - 1}}(t)) = \operatorname {Sh} ({\omega ^{ - 1}}([s,t]))

. (2) Pointed

1
1

-movability is a Whitney property. (3) For any given

n

>
∞

{\text {n}} > \infty

, the property of (cohomological) dimension

⩽
n

\leqslant n

is a sequential strong Whitney-reversible property. (4) The property of being chainable or circle-like is a sequential strong Whitney-reversible property. (5) The property of being an FAR is a Whitney property for

1
1

-dimensional continua. Property (2) is an affirmative answer to a problem of J. T. Rogers [16, 112]. Properties (3) and (4) are affirmative answers to problems of S. B. Nadler [20, (14.57) and 21].
Simply-connected 4-manifolds with a given boundary
Authors: Boyer Steven 
Published: July 2010

Let

M
M

be a closed, oriented, connected

3
3

-manifold. For each bilinear, symmetric pairing

(

Z

n

,

L
)

({{\mathbf {Z}}^n},\,L)

, our goal is to calculate the set

V

L

(
M
)

{\mathcal {V}_L}(M)

of all oriented homeomorphism types of compact,

1
1

-connected, oriented

4
4

-manifolds with boundary

M
M

and intersection pairing isomorphic to

(

Z

n

,

L
)

({{\mathbf {Z}}^n},\,L)

. For each pair

(

Z

n

,

L
)

({{\mathbf {Z}}^n},\,L)

which presents

H
∗

(
M
)

{H_ \ast }(M)

, we construct a double coset space

B
L
t

(
M
)

B_L^t(M)

and a function

c
L
t

:

V

L

(
M
)
→

B
L
t

(
M
)

c_L^t:{\mathcal {V}_L}(M) \to B_L^t(M)

. The set

B
L
t

(
M
)

B_L^t(M)

is the quotient of the group of all link-pairing preserving isomorphisms of the torsion subgroup of

H
1

(
M
)

{H_1}(M)

by two naturally occuring subgroups. When

(

Z

n

,

L
)

({{\mathbf {Z}}^n},\,L)

is an even pairing, we construct another double coset space

B
^

L

(
M
)

{\hat B_L}(M)

, a function

c
^

L

:

V

L

(
M
)
→

B
^

L

(
M
)

{\hat c_L}:{\mathcal {V}_L}(M) \to {\hat B_L}(M)

and a projection

p
2

:

B
^

L

(
M
)
→

B
L
t

(
M
)

{p_2}:{\hat B_L}(M) \to B_L^t(M)

such that

p
2

⋅

c
^

L

=

c
L
t

{p_2} \cdot {\hat c_L} = c_L^t

. Our main result states that when

(

Z

n

,

L
)

({{\mathbf {Z}}^n},\,L)

is even the function

c
^

L

{\hat c_L}

is injective, as is the function

c
L
t

×
Δ
:

V

L

(
M
)
→

B
L
t

(
M
)
×

Z

/

2

c_L^t \times \Delta :{\mathcal {V}_L}(M) \to B_L^t(M) \times {\mathbf {Z}}/2

when

(

Z

n

,

L
)

({{\mathbf {Z}}^n},\,L)

is odd. Here

Δ
\Delta

is a Kirby-Siebenmann obstruction to smoothing. It follows that the sets

V

L

(
M
)

{\mathcal {V}_L}(M)

are finite and of an order bounded above by a constant depending only on

H
1

(
M
)

{H_1}(M)

. We also show that when

H
1

(
M
;

Q

)
≅
0

{H_1}(M;{\mathbf {Q}}) \cong 0

and

(

Z

n

,

L
)

({{\mathbf {Z}}^n},\,L)

is even,

c
L
t

=

p
2

⋅

c
^

L

c_L^t = {p_2} \cdot {\hat c_L}

is injective. It seems likely that via the functions

c
L
t

×
Δ

c_L^t \times \Delta

and

c
^

L

{\hat c_L}

, the sets

B
L
t

(
M
)
×

Z

/

2

B_L^t(M) \times {\mathbf {Z}}/2

and

B
^

L

(
M
)

{\hat B_L}(M)

calculate

V

L

(
M
)

{\mathcal {V}_L}(M)

when

(

Z

n

,

L
)

({{\mathbf {Z}}^n},\,L)

is respectively odd and even. We verify this in several cases, most notably when

H
1

(
M
)

{H_1}(M)

is free abelian. The results above are based on a theorem which gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a homeomorphism between two

1
1

-connected

4
4

-manifolds extending a given homeomorphism of their boundaries. The theory developed is then applied to show that there is an

m
>
0

m > 0

, depending only on

H
1

(
M
)

{H_1}(M)

, such that for any self-homeomorphism

f
f

of

M
M

,

f
m

{f^m}

extends to a self-homeomorphism of any

1
1

-connected, compact

4
4

-manifold with boundary

M
M

.
Ontogenomic study of the relationship between number of gene splice variants and GO categorization
Authors: Kahn Ari B. , Zeeberg Barry R. , Ryan Michael C. , Jamison D. Curtis , Rockoff David M. , Pommier Yves , Weinstein John N. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Splice variation plays important roles in evolution and cancer. Different splice variants of a gene may be characteristic of particular cellular processes, subcellular locations or organs. Although several genomic projects have identified splice variants, there have been no large-scale computational studies of the relationship between number of splice variants and biological function. The Gene Ontology (GO) and tools for leveraging GO, such as GoMiner, now make such a study feasible.
Results: We partitioned genes into two groups: those with numbers of splice variants ≤b and &gt;b (b=1,…, 10). Then we used GoMiner to determine whether any GO categories are enriched in genes with particular numbers of splice variants. Since there was no a priori ‘appropriate’ partition boundary, we studied those ‘robust’ categories whose enrichment did not depend on the selection of a particular partition boundary. Furthermore, because the distribution of splice variant number was a snapshot taken at a particular point in time, we confirmed that those observations were stable across successive builds of GenBank. A small number of categories were found for genes in the lower partitions. A larger number of categories were found for genes in the higher partitions. Those categories were largely associated with cell death and signal transduction. Apoptotic genes tended to have a large repertoire of splice variants, and genes with splice variants exhibited a distinctive ‘apoptotic island’ in clustered image maps (CIMs).
Availability: Supplementary tables and figures are available at URL http://discover.nci.nih.gov/OG/supplementaryMaterials.html. The Safari browser appears to perform better than Firefox for these particular items.
Contact: barry@discover.nci.nih.gov
METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans
Authors: Willer Cristen J. , Li Yun , Abecasis Gonçalo R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSummary: METAL provides a computationally efficient tool for meta-analysis of genome-wide association scans, which is a commonly used approach for improving power complex traits gene mapping studies. METAL provides a rich scripting interface and implements efficient memory management to allow analyses of very large data sets and to support a variety of input file formats.Availability and implementation: METAL, including source code, documentation, examples, and executables, is available at http://www.sph.umich.edu/csg/abecasis/metal/Contact: goncalo@umich.edu
Global sequence characterization of rice centromeric satellite based on oligomer frequency analysis in large-scale sequencing data
Authors: Macas Jiří , Neumann Pavel , Novák Petr , Jiang Jiming 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Satellite DNA makes up significant portion of many eukaryotic genomes, yet it is relatively poorly characterized even in extensively sequenced species. This is, in part, due to methodological limitations of traditional methods of satellite repeat analysis, which are based on multiple alignments of monomer sequences. Therefore, we employed an alternative, alignment-free, approach utilizing k-mer frequency statistics, which is in principle more suitable for analyzing large sets of satellite repeat data, including sequence reads from next generation sequencing technologies.
Results: k-mer frequency spectra were determined for two sets of rice centromeric satellite CentO sequences, including 454 reads from ChIP-sequencing of CENH3-bound DNA (7.6 Mb) and the whole genome Sanger sequencing reads (5.8 Mb). k-mer frequencies were used to identify the most conserved sequence regions and to reconstruct consensus sequences of complete monomers. Reconstructed consensus sequences as well as the assessment of overall divergence of k-mer spectra revealed high similarity of the two datasets, suggesting that CentO sequences associated with functional centromeres (CENH3-bound) do not significantly differ from the total population of CentO, which includes both centromeric and pericentromeric repeat arrays. On the other hand, considerable differences were revealed when these methods were used for comparison of CentO populations between individual chromosomes of the rice genome assembly, demonstrating preferential sequence homogenization of the clusters within the same chromosome. k-mer frequencies were also successfully used to identify and characterize smRNAs derived from CentO repeats.
Contact: macas@umbr.cas.cz
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Computational analysis of tissue-specific gene networks: application to murine retinal functional studies
Authors: Hu Jianfei , Wan Jun , Hackler Laszlo , Zack Donald J. , Qian Jiang 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: The vertebrate retina is a complex neuronal tissue, and its development, normal functioning and response to injury and disease is subject to a variety of genetic factors. To understand better the regulatory and functional relationships between the genes expressed within the retina, we constructed an interactive gene network of the mouse retina by applying a Bayesian statistics approach to information derived from a variety of gene expression, protein–protein interaction and gene ontology annotation databases.
Results: The network contains 673 retina-related genes. Most of them are obtained through manual literature-based curation, while the others are the genes preferentially expressed in the retina. These retina-related genes are linked by 3403 potential functional associations in the network. The prediction on the gene functional association using the Bayesian approach outperforms predictions using only one source of information. The network includes five major gene clusters, each enriched in different biological activities. There are several applications to this network. First, we identified ∼50 hub genes that are predicted to play particularly important roles in the function of the retina. Some of them are not yet well studied. Second, we can predict novel gene functions using ‘guilt by association’ method. Third, we also predicted novel retinal disease-associated genes based on the network analysis.
Availability: To provide easy access to the retinal network, we constructed an interactive web tool, named MoReNet, which is available at http://bioinfo.wilmer.jhu.edu/morenet/
Contact: jiang.qian@jhmi.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
KBP interacts with SCG10, linking Goldberg–Shprintzen syndrome to microtubule dynamics and neuronal differentiation
Authors: Alves Maria M. , Burzynski Grzegorz , Delalande Jean-Marie , Osinga Jan , van der Goot Annemieke , Dolga Amalia M. , de Graaff Esther , Brooks Alice S. , Metzger Marco , Eisel Ulrich L.M. , Shepherd Iain , Eggen Bart J.L. , Hofstra Robert M.W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGoldberg–Shprintzen syndrome (GOSHS) is a rare clinical disorder characterized by central and enteric nervous system defects. This syndrome is caused by inactivating mutations in the Kinesin Binding Protein (KBP) gene, which encodes a protein of which the precise function is largely unclear. We show that KBP expression is up-regulated during neuronal development in mouse cortical neurons. Moreover, KBP-depleted PC12 cells were defective in nerve growth factor-induced differentiation and neurite outgrowth, suggesting that KBP is required for cell differentiation and neurite development. To identify KBP interacting proteins, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and found that KBP binds almost exclusively to microtubule associated or related proteins, specifically SCG10 and several kinesins. We confirmed these results by validating KBP interaction with one of these proteins: SCG10, a microtubule destabilizing protein. Zebrafish studies further demonstrated an epistatic interaction between KBP and SCG10 in vivo . To investigate the possibility of direct interaction between KBP and microtubules, we undertook co-localization and in vitro binding assays, but found no evidence of direct binding. Thus, our data indicate that KBP is involved in neuronal differentiation and that the central and enteric nervous system defects seen in GOSHS are likely caused by microtubule-related defects.
Vocational education and training attrition and the school‐to‐work transition
Authors: Masdonati Jonas , Lamamra Nadia , Jordan Marine 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the issue of dual vocational education and training (VET) attritions as indicating difficulties in the transition from school to work.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology consists of a content analysis of semi‐structured interviews with 46 young people who interrupted their dual VET during the first year.FindingsThe findings showed that VET “dropouts” experience transitional problems. These can be one of two sorts: diachronic or synchronic. Diachronic problems are related to difficulties with the shift from a standard school system to VET. Synchronic problems are due to difficulties in learning, relational or working environments.Research limitations/implicationsThe results stress the need to widen the definition of transition and to consider the context in which the transition takes place. Further research could compare these results with employers' and trainers' points‐of‐view.Practical implicationsAccordingly, interventions should be taken before and after the precise moment of the shift from school to VET and should include all stakeholders of VET.Originality/valueThe paper encompasses three original aspects: it considers school‐to‐work transition as a process beginning before and ending after the concrete shift to VET, suggesting that a transition is achieved only when the person reaches a relatively stable situation on the workplace; consequently, it conceives VET attrition as an indicator of a failure of the school‐to‐work transition process; and it stresses the influence of the social and the learning environment on the quality of VET.
Individual heat metering and charging of multi‐dwelling residential housing
Authors: Siggelsten Simon , Olander Stefan 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to look more closely at the residents' attitude to individual heat metering and charging systems (IMC) of multi‐family dwellings in residential properties, and to evaluate the tenant's perception of IMC and how it may affect the continued expansion of such systems.Design/methodology/approachThe research in this paper is based on a questionnaire and interviews with tenants at two municipal housing companies, in Sweden, that currently are using IMC.FindingsThe studies in this paper show certain dissatisfaction with the applied IMC systems. This depends partly on the tenant's perceived lack of knowledge and partly because of the technical shortcomings of the IMC system.Originality/valueIn order to increase the extension of IMC a better understanding is required of how the systems work and why they are used. Information to the tenants needs to be improved and techniques need to be developed to create fairer systems of IMC and thus increase the level of acceptance from both landlords and tenants.