bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private Security Companies and Institutional Legitimacy: Corporate and Stakeholder Responsibility
Authors: Elms Heather , Phillips Robert A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe private provision of security services has attracted a great deal of recent attention, both professional and popular. Much of that attention suggests the questioned moral legitimacy of the private vs. public provision of security. Linking the literature on moral legitimacy and responsibility from new institutional and stakeholder theories, we examine the relationship between moral legitimacy and responsible behavior by both private security companies (PSCs) and their stakeholders. We ask what the moral-legitimacy-enhancing responsibilities of both might be, and contribute to both literatures and their managerial implications by detailing the content of those responsibilities, emphasizing the reciprocal nature of moral obligations. We suggest that the moral legitimacy of the industry depends upon responsible behavior by both PSCsandtheir stakeholders.
Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Salience in Family Firms
Authors: Mitchell Ronald K. , Agle Bradley R. , Chrisman James J. , Spence Laura J. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:The notion of stakeholder salience based on attributes (e.g., power, legitimacy, urgency) is applied in the family business setting. We argue that where principal institutions intersect (i.e., family and business); managerial perceptions of stakeholder salience will be different and more complex than where institutions are based on a single dominant logic. We propose that (1) whereas utilitarian power is more likely in the general business case, normative power is more typical in family business stakeholder salience; (2) whereas in a general business context legitimacy is socially constructed; for family stakeholders, legitimacy is based on heredity; and (3) whereas temporality and criticality are somewhat independent in general-business urgency, they are linked in the family business case because of family ties and family-centered non-economic goals. We apply this theoretical framework to position and integrate the contributions to this special section ofBusiness Ethics Quarterlyon “Stakeholder Theory, Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Family Enterprise.”
Is Business Ethics Getting Better? A Historical Perspective
Authors: Ciulla Joanne B. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:This address uses the question “Is business ethics getting better?” as a heuristic for discussing the importance of history in understanding business and ethics. The paper uses a number of examples to illustrate how the same ethical problems in business have been around for a long time. It describes early attempts at the Harvard Business School to use business history as a means of teaching students about moral and social values. In the end, the author suggests that history may be another way to teach ethics, enrich business ethics courses, and develop the perspective and vision in future business leaders.
Vecino Economics: Gendered Economy and Micaceous Pottery Consumption in Nineteenth Century Northern New Mexico
Authors: Eiselt B. Sunday , Darling J. Andrew 
Published: July 2012

AbstractEconomic reforms introduced by the Bourbon Monarchy after A.D. 1750 ushered in an Hispanic social formation in the northern Rio Grande identified as Vecino. Aspects of Vecino gendered economy are examined through a detailed analysis of five ceramic assemblages from the Chama and Taos Valleys of New Mexico. Geochemical (NAA) and stylistic clues identify the ethnic identities of producers and their relationships to Vecino consumers. Evidence for ceramic production by Vecino women during the nineteenth century is evaluated on the basis of detailed paste analysis of plain and micaceous ceramics as well as the occurrence of pottery-producing tools and clay-cleaning debris. Analytical results reveal that Jicarilla women dominated the production of micaceous cook ware to supply Vecino kitchens. Implications for understanding Vecino economics and the constitution of female-based systems of economic value are considered.
The Chaco Pilgrimage Model: Evaluating the Evidence From Pueblo Alto
Authors: Plog Stephen , Watson Adam S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMost recent attempts to understand the complex nature of the prehispanic occupation of Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico often have postulated that the canyon was a center for pilgrimage fairs and ceremonies that attracted hundreds if not thousands of individuals from the surrounding region who may have resided in the canyon for significant periods of time. Scholars first proposed this model in the 1980s based on what they perceived as the unusual nature of Pueblo Alto, a Chacoan great house. In particular, they suggested that normal household activity and refuse disposal could not explain the deposition patterns in the Alto trash mound, the unusual number of ceramic vessels, and characteristics of the fauna recovered from the settlement. We evaluate this argument focusing primarily on the ceramic and faunal evidence and conclude that neither the ceramic nor the faunal data support the occurrence of periodic fairs, festivals, dances or pilgrimages of the scale that have been postulated.
Dogs of War: Potential Social Institutions of Conflict, Healing, and Death in a Fort Ancient Village
Authors: Cook Robert A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractInterpreting ritual activity at ancient sites, such as Sun Watch Village in the Middle Ohio Valley, can be difficult without clear and specific historical connections to later groups. This Fort Ancient site yielded evidence of ritual use of dogs and wolves that resemble those documented for several Central Algonquian and Siouan/Plains tribes. Although these ethnographic groups have not been conclusively linked as direct descendants of Middle Ohio valley populations, this information can be used as multiple specific analogies for understanding such “culturally unaffiliated” cases. At Sun Watch Village, local customs of dog and wolf ritualism became established at a time of increasing warfare and the appearance of Mississippians in the Fort Ancient region. Mississippians may have contributed to developing authority positions in individual villages that were coping with local population growth and in-migration of peoples within an increasingly hostile social landscape.
The Cultural Evolution of Material Wealth-Based Inequality at Bridge River, British Columbia
Authors: Prentiss Anna Marie , Foor Thomas A. , Cross Guy , Harris Lucille E. , Wanzenried Michael 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA fundamental problem for anthropological archaeology lies in defining and explaining the evolutionary origins of social inequality. Researchers have offered a range of models emphasizing variability in the roles of managers, aggrandizers, ecological variability, and historical contexts. Recent studies suggest that the form of emergent inequality may have varied significantly between groups, implying that pathways to inequality may have varied as well. Unfortunately it has been difficult to test many of these models using archaeological data given their requirements for fine-grained assessments of spatiotemporal variability in many data classes. Recent research at the Bridge River site in British Columbia provides the opportunity to explore the utility of a range of explanatory models associated with early social inequality. Results of the study suggest that inequality, measured as significant variability in accumulation of a range of material wealth items, came late to the Bridge River site (ca. 1200–1300 cal. B.P.) and was associated with a period of demographic packing and apparent declining access to some critical subsistence resources. Assessment of interhousehold variability in demography, wealth accumulation, and occupational longevity suggests that markers of significant affluence manifested only in newly established houses. An important implication is that material wealth-based inequality may not have been hereditary in nature at Bridge River during the period prior to 1100 cal. B.P.
Innovation and Prestige Among Northern Hunter-Gatherers: Late Prehistoric Native Copper Use in Alaska and Yukon
Authors: Cooper H. Kory 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSeveral different ethnolinguistic groups in south-central Alaska and southwestern Yukon used native copper. This indigenous innovation diffused throughout the region with the majority of use occurring from A .D. 1000 to 1700. The relatively recent origin of this technology and its continued use long after European contact provide an opportunity to examine the process of innovation among hunter-gatherers using archaeology, metallurgy, and ethnohistory. The analysis of these data using a Behavioral Archaeology framework demonstrates that native copper was used for both practical and prestige technology among groups of varying social complexity. Northern Athabascans did not use native copper overtly as prestige technology, but its many supernatural associations suggest it was a “prestigious” material. Furthermore, native copper provided northern Athabascan aggrandizer-innovators the opportunity to acquire prestige and power through their monopolization of trade relationships and subsequent control of the movement of native copper.
Enhancing the Cellular Delivery of Nanoparticles Using Lipo‐Oligoarginine Peptides
Authors: Lee Jae Sam , Tung Ching‐Hsuan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNanoparticles have great potential as nanotherapeutics, delivery vectors, and molecular imaging agents due to their flexible properties. Although intracellular and nuclear delivery of nanoparticles is desirable for therapeutic applications, it remains a challenge. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a powerful tool for the intracellular delivery of various cargoes. Here it is reported that functionalization of nanoparticles with a myristoylated oligoarginine CPP promotes cellular uptake without increased toxicity. It is evident that the myristoylated CPP is much more effective in transporting nanoparticles than the unmodified CPPs.
Growth status among low‐income Mexican and Mexican‐American elementary school children
Authors: Winham Donna M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectives:Childhood obesity remains a problem among Latino children in the United States. Acculturation to an American diet and sedentary lifestyle may be causative factors. The research purpose was to assess child growth status, including sitting height, in relation to acculturation among Mexican and Mexican‐American children.Methods:Anthropometric measures of weight, height, and sitting height were taken in a cross‐sectional survey of Mexican and Mexican‐American elementary school children (N = 484) in Phoenix, Arizona. Height‐for‐age (HAZ), weight‐for‐age (WAZ), and body mass index (BMI) Z‐scores were calculated based on the Centers for Disease Control 2000 growth reference. Sitting height Z‐scores (SHZ) were determined from the NHANES III reference values. Questions about language usage were asked of the children as a proxy for acculturation. Differences in growth measures and acculturation between those born in the United States or Mexico were evaluated by chi‐square or t‐tests.Results:The mean HAZ value (−0.23) was close to the reference median. There were no significant differences in HAZ or SHZ by birth country or gender. WAZ values for boys were significantly higher than for girls. More girls (64%) than boys (54%) had normal BMIs. More Mexican‐born boys (28%) were obese than Mexican‐born girls (17%; P = 0.026) in comparison to the US‐born boys (31%) and girls (24%; P = n.s.). Acculturation scale score and male gender predicted a small percentage of the variation in BMIZ.Conclusions:Environmental and cultural factors that promote obesity among low‐income Mexican and Mexican‐American children are similar regardless of birth country but boys may be at greater risk of obesity than girls. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2012. © 2012 The Authors. American Journal of Human Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity in Luo, Kamba, and Maasai of rural Kenya
Authors: Christensen D.L. , Faurholt‐Jepsen D. , Boit M.K. , Mwaniki D.L. , Kilonzo B. , Tetens I. , Kiplamai F.K. , Cheruiyot S.C. , Friis H. , Borch‐Johnsen K. , Wareham N.J. , Brage S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground:Although habitual physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and cardio‐respiratory fitness (CRF) are now well‐established determinants of metabolic disease, there is scarcity of such data from Africa. The aim of this study was to describe objectively measured PAEE and CRF in different ethnic populations of rural Kenya.Methods:A cross‐sectional study was done among 1,099 rural Luo, Kamba, and Maasai of Kenya. Participants were 17–68 years old and 60.9% were women. Individual heart rate (HR) response to a submaximal steptest was used to assess CRF (estimated VO2max). Habitual PAEE was measured with combined accelerometry and HR monitoring, with individual calibration of HR using information from the step test.Results:Men had higher PAEE than women (∼78 vs. ∼67 kJ day−1 kg−1, respectively). CRF was similar in all three populations (∼38 and ∼43 mlO2·kg−1 min−1 in women and men, respectively), while habitual PAEE measures were generally highest in the Maasai and Kamba. About 59% of time was spent sedentary (<1.5 METs), with Maasai women spending significantly less (55%). Both CRF and PAEE were lower in older compared to younger rural Kenyans, a difference which was most pronounced for PAEE in Maasai (−6.0 and −11.9 kJ day−1 kg−1 per 10‐year age difference in women and men, respectively) and for CRF in Maasai men (−4.4 mlO2·min−1 kg−1 per 10 years). Adjustment for hemoglobin did not materially change these associations.Conclusion:Physical activity levels among rural Kenyan adults are high, with highest levels observed in the Maasai and Kamba. The Kamba may be most resilient to age‐related declines in physical activity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal and dielectric studies of PEG/C/AST nanocomposites
Authors: Klonos Panagiotis , Kaprinis Stelios , Zarko Vladimir I. , Peoglos Vassilis , Pakhlov Evgenij M. , Pissis Polycarpos , Gun'ko Vladimir M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractC/AST/PEG nanocomposites with fumed AST (89 wt % Al2O3, 10 wt % SiO2, 1 wt % TiO2), activated carbon, and poly(ethylene glycol), PEG, were prepared in a wide range of PEG and C/AST (1 : 9) contents. Thermal transitions (mainly in a PEG phase) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The dynamic behavior was investigated by thermally stimulated depolarization current and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. The PEG crystallinity degree decreases in the nanocomposites, in particular at CPEG ≤ 40 wt %. A significant fraction of amorphous polymer is immobilized at a filler surface making no contribution to the glass transition, whereas the rest exhibits a lower glass transition temperature, when compared with bulk polymer, because of loosened molecular packing of the chains. Several relaxations arising from the polymer matrix, the filler, and their combination were identified and analyzed. The segmental α‐relaxation of the PEG matrix was found to become faster in the nanocomposites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effective electrochemically controlled process for perchlorate removal using poly(aniline‐co‐o‐aminophenol)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Zhang Ya , Liu Xuanming , Li Qin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe study on perchlorate removal from simulated wastewater was carried out using a conducting copolymer poly(aniline‐co‐o‐aminophenol) (PANOA) polymerized on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)‐modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode. The cyclic voltammograms demonstrated that the PANOA/MWNTs GC electrode in a NaCl solution containing NaClO4 had a good redox activity, reversibility, and stability in a wide range of pHs tested (from pH <1 to 9.0). The ratio of ClO/Cl− in PANOA/MWNTs was up to 80.8%, which was 10.0% in the solution, indicating that PANOA/MWNTs had a relatively high affinity to perchlorate. The result of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a fact that Cl− ions can be strongly adsorbed on MWNTs, which resulted in an improvement in the electrical activity of PANOA and perchlorate removal. Therefore, it is possible to develop a green process for removing perchlorate from wastewater using PANOA/MWNTs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and characterization of 4‐dodecyloxyphenyl and (4′‐dodecyloxy‐4‐biphenyl)methylene‐substituted bispyrrolylvinylthiophene‐based polysquaraines having good solubility and very low bandgap for light absorption
Authors: Huo Erfu , Yang Daobin , Zhang Zhanyuan , Lu Zhiyun , Sun Huiqin , Xin Xing , Huang Yan , Liu Yu , Jiang Qing 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this work, two very low band‐gap (∼1.0 eV) alternate conjugated copolymers bearing bispyrrolylvinylthiophene‐based polysquaraine backbone (PVTVPS) have been synthesized. In comparison with their analogous polymer with 2‐ethylhexyl side chain on the pyrrole segment, which possesses poor solubility after long‐time storage, the two target polymers with 4‐dodecyloxyphenyl (PVTVPS‐Ph) or (4′‐dodecyloxy‐4‐biphenyl)methylene (PVTVPS‐Ph2) side chains exhibit dramatically improved solubility. Furthermore, PVTVPS‐Ph shows unexpected thermochromism in the Vis–near‐infrared (NIR) region of 600–1100 nm at 80–160°C in solution and thin film. This may be attributed to the presence of relatively rigid phenyl substituent restricting the free rotation between the D (pyrrole) and A (squaraine) segments of the main chain. To our knowledge, this is the first report on NIR thermochromic polysquaraines. Nevertheless, in the case of PVTVPS‐Ph2, no thermochromism could be observed because of the existence of free‐rotating methylene linkage bridge between biphenyl unit and the conjugated polymer skeleton. When compared with PVTVPS‐Ph, PVTVPS‐Ph2 has much improved thermostability and broader absorption property. Hence, PVTVPS‐Ph2 is a more prospective candidate as photovoltaic materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Pressure‐activated microsyringe composite scaffold of poly(L‐lactic acid) and carbon nanotubes for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Vozzi Giovanni , Corallo Claudio , Daraio Chiara 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTissue engineering is an innovative interdisciplinary field in which bioengineers and life scientists try to regenerate and reproduce natural tissues through the use of biodegradable structures, calledscaffolds, with the aim of mimicking the specific tissue extracellular matrix (ECM). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer a natural platform for obtaining composite microfabricated scaffolds thanks to their excellent mechanical properties and their good biocompatibility. In this study, we microfabricated three‐dimensional (3D) scaffolds by mixing poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for bone tissue engineering. We measured their mechanical properties and studied their biocompatibility with human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB 1.19). The 3D microfabricated PLLA/MWCNTs nanocomposite scaffolds showed higher stiffness and cell viability than the pure 3D microfabricated PLLA scaffolds. The results of this preliminary work suggest that biopolymer/CNT microcomposites and nanocomposites could be used as effective building blocks to replace ECMs in bone tissue engineering applications. The final goal is the creation of innovative scaffolds for implants and tissue regeneration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of cross‐linking time on the thermal and mechanical properties and pervaporation performance of poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane cross‐linked with fumaric acid used for dehydration of isopropanol
Authors: Heydari Maryam , Moheb Ahmad , Ghiaci Mehran , Masoomi Mahmood 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCross‐linked poly (vinyl alcohol) membranes were prepared using fumaric acid as the cross‐linking agent and were used for the pervaporation separation of water/isopropanol mixtures. Cross‐linking process was carried out at 150°C at three different times of 10, 30, and 60 min. The membranes were characterized by different known methods of FT‐IR, TGA, XRD as well as tensile test. The effects of cross‐linking time on the thermal and mechanical properties of the membranes and also their pervaporation performance were investigated. Formation of more ester groups by increasing the cross‐linking time was confirmed by the FT‐IR results. TGA analyses showed that thermal stability of the membranes is improved by prolonging the duration of cross‐linking process. This was due to the formation of more compact structure in the membranes. The XRD results revealed that the crystalline regions of the membranes were relatively diminished with an increase in the cross‐linking time. No specific trend was observed for the variation of tensile strength at break with the cross‐linking time. The PVA membrane cross‐linked for 60 min showed high selectivity of 1492 for water permeation for the feed mixture containing 10 wt % water. The temperature dependency of the permeation flux was investigated using Arrhenius relationship, and the activation energy values were calculated for total permeation (Ep), water (Epw), and IPA (EpIPA) fluxes. Lower value of Epw in comparison with EpIPA supported excellent dehydration performance of the cross‐linked membranes. Despite large increase in activation energy of water with prolonged cross‐linking time, the selectivity was improved. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2013
Effect of nano‐silica on the mechanical, thermal, and crystalline properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/nano‐silica films
Authors: Wang Chao , Wei Jingwei , Xia Bingxiang , Chen Xian , He Bobing 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol)/nano‐silica (PVA/nano‐SiO2) films were prepared through extrusion blowing with the addition of water and glycerin as plasticizer. The characteristic properties of PVA/nano‐SiO2films were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, Haake torque rheometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the mechanical properties of PVA/nano‐SiO2were improved dramatically. The tensile strength of the nanofilms increased from 62 MPa to 104 MPa with loading 0.3 wt % nano‐SiO2and the tear strength was improved from 222 KN/m to 580 KN/m. The crystallinity of the films loaded with 0.4 wt. % nano‐SiO2decreased from 32.2% to 21.0% and the AFM images indicated that the amorphous region of nanofilms increased with increasing nano‐SiO2content. The storage modulus and loss modulus increased to two and nearly three times with 0.3 wt % nano‐SiO2loading. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Structure and morphology of linear polyethylene extrudates induced by elongational flow
Authors: Rybnikar Frantisek , Kaszonyiova Martina , Cermak Roman , Habrova Veronika , Obadal Martin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis study focuses on the structure, morphology, and properties of linear polyethylene (PE) profiles manufactured by continuous extrusion. High level of chain orientation was achieved using specific flow and processing conditions. An extrusion die with semihyperbolic convergency was used to generate high percentage of elongational flow and chain extension. Simultaneously, high extrusion pressure and relatively low melt temperature led to flow‐induced crystallization of PE extended chains. The structure of PE tapes consists of crystal aggregates with different level of orientation and crystallinity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013