bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Photofading of 1 –Arylazo–2–naphthols in Solution.
Authors: Kuramoto Nobuhiro , Kitao† Teijiro 
Published: July 2010

1–(Substituted phenylazo)–2–naphthols with a nitro group positioned para– or ortho– to the azo group, show anomalous photofading behaviour in methanol, i. e., their fastness to light is very much lower than that of similar compounds.On the other hand, although 1 –(o–nitrophenylazo)–2–naphthol (II) in alcoholic solvents faded to give similar products via photooxidative and/or photoreductive reactions, little photoreduction of the nitro group was detected, and the rate of photofading of II was lower than that of la.The contribution of intramolecular interaction, such as intramolecular bifurcated hydrogen bonding, involving the o–nitro group, azo group and o–hydroxy group of 1–(o–nitrophenylazo)–2–naphthol, are also discussed.Photochemical reaction of 1–(p–nitrophenylazo)–2–naphthol (la) in methanol, ethanol or 2–propanol produces not only oxidative but also reductive products, while photochemical reaction of la in acetone gives only oxidative products. From these results and earlier observations, it is suggested that the anomalous photofading of la is a substrate–specific phenomenon, and may be caused by photo–reduction of the nitro and azo groups to amino groups by the substrate, instead of the normal photo–oxidation of the hydrazone tautomer by singlet oxygen.
William J. Marshall
Authors: Derbyshire Alan N. 
Published: July 2010

A surface in Colour Space representing equal depth at all points (a Control Depth) is defined by a constant value of Integ – an integration of a weighted function of the measured reflectance values of a dyeing throughout the range of visible wavelengths. The amount of a dye that must be applied to a particular substrate by a specified dyeing method to give this Integ value may be determined by experiment, and is called the Control Strength of the dye. Extensive checks made by matching colours with various ternary combinations of dyes have shown that Control Strengths give a reliable indication of the relative strengths of different dyes, even when these differ very widely in colour.The position of dyeings at a Control Depth in ANLAB 40 Colour Space may be projected on to the A, B plane to produce the ICI Colour Map. This indicates quantitatively the relative hue and brightness of the dyeings, and displays the total gamut of shades attainable by combinations of dyes at the Control Depth.By combining this information from the Colour Map with Control Strength and selling price data, a very complete and quantitative description is obtained of the coloristic value of different dyes. This is a powerful tool in the selection of dyes for particular purposes.
The Development of Polymer Exhaust Aqueous Batch Processes to Meet the Superwash Standard
Authors: Cockett Keith R. F. , Kettlewell R. , Lewis David M. , Smith Peter 
Published: July 2010

The present aqueous batch processes for the production of Superwash wool are briefly described. These pretreatment/ resin processes suffer from defects such as a harmful effect on fabric properties, a noticeable colour change on treatment and unacceptable cross–staining of multi–coloured materials.The development of aqueous processes in which the polymer is exhausted on to the wool is described in terms of the chemistry of the polymer used and its mode of application, generally by exhaustion from long liquors. The effect on fibre properties is described with particular reference to coloration aspects.Practical considerations that have arisen during bulk trials are covered, together with costings, where relevant.
International Regulation of Chemicals — Implications for Organic Colorants
Authors: Anliker Rudolf , Clarke Eric A. 
Published: July 2010

Following the enactment of the Toxic Substances Control Act (USA), 6th Amendment (EEC) and similar legislation elsewhere, the problems of over‐regulation have become particularly serious for the dye‐making industry, with its multitude of widely‐used but usually small‐tonnage products. Apart from the heavy administrative burden imposed by these regulations, the problems are aggravated by the emotionalism which abounds concerning carcinogenic risk, and the lack of consensus on how animal tests at excessively high dose levels be interpreted in terms of risk to man from trace exposure. A further problem is posed by the incorporation of short‐term testing requirements in the laws before their relevance is fully understood.This situation leads to the imposition of ultra‐conservative safeguards against risks which are probably insignificant when viewed in the perspective of the total risk situation. The lack of harmonization in requirements between countries creates trade barriers and leads to the anomalous situation where a dye which is a permitted food additive in one country has to be labelled as a carcinogenic textile dye in another.Inadequate recognition of the importance of confidentiality to the specialised industries poses additional problems as authorities are now establishing computer data banks of ecological and toxicological data. Whilst hazards should not be concealed, the dissemination of costly data and know‐how gratis to competitors can only further penalize the innovator.These and other problems currently facing the dye‐making industry are explored and the current ecological and toxicological studies are summarized to ensure that, properly handled and used, synthetic organic colorants do not present an unreasonable risk to man or the environment.
Vegetable Dyes of Scotland
Authors: Grierson Su 
Published: July 2010

Presented to the Society's Scottish Region on 22 November 1983.During the past five years I have carried out a great deal of work to establish in practical terms a record of the dyes and colours that would have been available for the production of tartan in the Highlands of Scotland during the period of approximately 100 years prior to the Act of Proscription in 1746
Aspects of Management
Authors: Samuels Arnold 
Published: July 2010

Although by no means exhaustive, the paper covers a wide range of management subjects. In most cases, having stated a principle, the author uses illustrations culled from real life to demonstrate that principle and act as a focus for further comment. The subject matter is arranged in similar order to the ASDC ‘Study Guide’ for Paper E (Industrial Organisation and Management), but it is hoped that students and mature managers alike will find something of value in the content or perspective to engage their attention.The aspects dealt with are: (a) industrial organisation, (b) principles and practice of management, (c) computers, (d) personnel management, (e) layout and maintenance and (f) financial management.
The Effect of Dye Penetration on the Resultant Colour of Polyester Fibres
Authors: Lee Yuen Hoi , Patterson David 
Published: July 2010

Presented at the 13th Congress of the International Federation of Associations of Textile Chemists and Colourists in London on 21 September 1984.The colours of a series of ring‐dyed polyester filaments, in which the dye distributions were measured by an optical sectioning method, were compared with the colours of uniformly dyed filaments of the same overall dye content. Colour measurements were made on randomised pads of chopped fibre using a Zeiss RFC3 colorimeter. It was found that the colour differences between ring‐dyed and uniformly dyed filaments were greatest for light dyeings. Because the dye distributions in ring‐dyed filaments can change during subsequent textile processing the need to avoid ring dyeing is emphasised.
Easy‐care Finishing of Cellulosic and Cellulose‐containing Textiles with Low‐ or Zero‐formaldehyde Cross‐linkers
Authors: Sello Stephen B 
Published: July 2010

Presented at the 13th Congress of the International Federation of Associations of Textile Chemists and Colourists in London on 21 September 1984.Easy‐care cellulosic or cellulose‐containing textiles are produced by setting the fabric in the desired configuration via a cross‐linking reaction between the hydroxy! groups of adjacent cellulose chains. The cross‐linking is generally carried out using amide‐formaldehyde reactants. Although the formaldehyde‐containing cross‐linkers used today are hydrolytically stable, the resin‐finished products still release formaldehyde. In the recent years great efforts have been made to reduce formaldehyde release in order to protect the worker, the environment and the consumer. Formaldehyde release has been reduced by employing formaldehyde scavengers, and introducing etherified versions of the U‐hydroxymethyl reactants.Since most of the non‐formaldehyde cross‐linkers developed in the 1960s, such as the activated‐vinyl compounds, epoxides, isocyanates, aziridines, etc. are toxic, recent work has been limited to amide‐glyoxal reactants, such as the addition products of glyoxal with dialkylureas or cylic alkyleneureas. These zero‐formaldehyde cross‐linkers may be used either by themselves or preferably in combination with elastomers for the easy‐care finishing of cellulosic blends.
The Stability of Flowing Dispersions
Authors: Gerber H 
Published: July 2010

Presented at the 13th Congress of the International Federation of Associations of Textile Chemists and Colourists in London on 20 September 1984.Within a package‐dyeing machine the danger of dye agglomeration is always greatest in regions where the shear rate is high, i.e. where most of the mechanical energy of the pumps is dissipated. Therefore in modern circulation machines the dye tends to agglomerate mainly within the yarn package, thus hindering the throughput of dye liquor. However, the degree of hindrance to liquor throughput has only a very limited value as a criterion of dispersion stability. Liquor throughput is essentially dependent on the test conditions used. Reproducibility is less than satisfactory in most cases, and the significance of such test results for production conditions, which may vary greatly, can be severely downgraded. Provided certain precautionary measures are adhered to, the bath depletion due to coagulation during the heating phase is readily reproducible. From this it is possible to calculate the coagulation rate constant, i.e. a stability criterion independent of test conditions. Conversely, if a stability constant for a given product is available, then the bath exhaustion and thus the suitability of the product for any desired process can also be computed.
Photoreactivity of Wool Dyed with Reactive Dyes
Authors: Rusznák I , Frankl J , Gombkötő J 
Published: July 2010

Presented at the 13th Congress of the International Federation of Associations of Textile Chemists and Colourists in London on 20 September 1984.Processes induced by two kinds of illumination (ultra‐violet and Xenotest) in wool dyed with reactive dyes ha ve been investigated as a function of time. The fading of dyed fibres has been determined in terms of the conditions of illumination. The degradation of wool was followed on the basis of changes in alkali solubility and tensile characteristics. Moreo ver the colour change of the dyed fibres was also determined. Correlation was found between the chemical structure of the dye, the extent of fading and the photodegradation undergone by the wool. On the basis of amino acid analysis conclusions were drawn on the photodegradation mechanism of wool, both uncoloured and dyed with reactive dyes. Reactive dyes protect wool against photodegradation, and at the same time the light fastness of reactive dyes on wool is 1–1.5 units higher than on cotton, both under ultra‐violet (u.v.) and Xenotest irradiation.
Correct pretreatment‐the first step to quality in modern textile processing
Authors: Bille Heinz E 
Published: July 2010

Cotton continues to be a very widely used natural fibre. However, it becomes ever more difficult to define it exactly in chemical terms, because the variety and quantity of non‐cellulosic constituents in the raw cotton are continually increasing in number and becoming more difficult to specify. The textile processor can only count on 75%, or at best 80%, being genuine cellulosic material; the remainder consists mainly of impurities that can seriously interfere with subsequent processes.Modem pretreatment processes take full account of the specific quality requirements, and naturally also the relevant cost factors (energy, effluent, processing costs). By these means the bleacher can now convert raw cotton into a chemically uniform and defined cellulosic textile substrate for the subsequent processes. In this form, either alone or in blends with synthetic fibres, it is accessible for dyeing, printing and finishing processes that can be readily controlled and reproduced.
Differential dyeing cotton. 1 – Preparation and evaluation of differential dyeing cotton yarn
Authors: Clipson Jacqueline A , Roberts George A F 
Published: July 2010

Colourless cationic and anionic cellulose‐reactive compounds have been prepared and applied to cotton yarns. Yarn pretreated with cationic reagents shows better uptake of acid and direct dyes than does untreated yarn, and since the degree of differential uptake depends on the level of pretreatment, which may be readily controlled, fabrics exhibiting a variety of tone‐on‐tone effects may be produced. Treatment with an anionic reagent gives cotton dyeable with basic dyes, and combinations of anionic‐ and cationic‐treated yarns may be cross‐dyed in a single‐bath, one‐step process with very little cross‐staining. Pretreated cotton may be converted to viscose or cellulose triacetate fibre with retention of the modified dyeing properties, thus providing routes to differential dyeing viscose and triacetate fibres.We wish to thank the British Technology Group for financial support of this work for the period 1983–86, and Mrs F A Wood for technical assistance.
Role of plagioclase and reaction softening in a metagranite shear zone at mid‐crustal conditions (Gotthard Massif, Swiss Central Alps)
Authors: OLIOT E. , GONCALVES P. , MARQUER D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA lower amphibolite Alpine shear zone from the Fibbia metagranite (Gotthard Massif, Central Alps) has been studied to better understand the parameters controlling strain localization in granitic rocks. The strain gradient on the metre‐scale shows an evolution from a weakly deformed metagranite (QtzI–KfsI–AbI–BtI ± PlII–ZoI–PhgI–Grt) to a fine banded ultramylonite (QtzII–KfsII–AbII–PlII–BtII–PhgII ± Grt–ZoII). Strain localization is coeval with dynamic recrystallization of the quartzofeldspathic matrix and a modal increase in mica, at the expense of K‐feldspar. The continuous recrystallization of plagioclase during deformation into a very fine‐grained assemblage forming anastomosed ribbons is interpreted as the dominant process in the shear zone initiation and development. The shear zone initiated under closed‐system conditions with the destabilization of metastable AbI–ZoI porphyroclasts into fine‐grained (20–50 μm sized) AbII–PlII aggregates, and with minor crystallization of phengite at the expense of K‐feldspar. The development of the shear zone requires a change in state of the system, which becomes open to externally derived fluids and mass transfer. Indeed, mass balance calculations and thermodynamic modelling show that the ultramylonite is characterized by gains in CaO, FeO and H2O. The progressive input of externally derived CaO drives the continuous metamorphic recrystallization of the fine‐grained AbII–PlII aggregate into a more PlII‐rich and finer aggregate. Input of water favours the crystallization of phengite at the expense of K‐feldspar to form an interconnected network of weak phases. Thus, recrystallization of 50% of the bulk rock volume would induce a decrease of the strength of the rock that might contribute to the development of the shear zone. This study emphasizes the major role of metamorphic reactions and more particularly plagioclase on strain localization process. Plagioclase represents at least one‐third of the bulk rock volume in granitic systems and forms a stress‐supporting framework that controls the rock rheology. Therefore, recrystallization of plagioclase due to changes in P–T conditions and/or bulk composition must be taken into account, together with quartz and K‐feldspar, in order to understand strain localization processes in granites.
Voxel‐Based Morphometry Reveals Gray Matter Abnormalities in Migraine
Authors: Valfrè Walter , Rainero Innocenzo , Bergui Mauro , Pinessi Lorenzo 
Published: July 2010

Background.— Migraine is generally considered a functional brain disorder lacking structural abnormalities. Recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, however, suggested that migraine may be associated with subtle brain lesions.Objective.— We evaluated the presence of global or focal gray or white matter alterations in migraine patients using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM), a fully automated method of analyzing changes in brain structure. VBM data also were used to evaluate possible differences between episodic and chronic migraine.Methods.— Twenty‐seven migraine right‐handed patients and 27 healthy controls were selected for the study. Sixteen patients fulfilled the International Headache Society criteria for episodic migraine and 11 for chronic migraine. MRI scans were analyzed with MATLAB 6.5 and SPM2 software, using VBM method.Results.— In comparison with controls, migraineurs presented a significant focal gray matter reduction in the Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus, and Left Precentral Gyrus. Chronic migraine patients, compared to episodic, showed a focal gray matter decrease in the bilateral Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Left Amygdala, Left Parietal Operculum, Left Middle and Inferior Frontal Gyrus, Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus, and bilateral Insula. Considering all the migraine patients, a significant correlation between gray matter reduction in anterior cingulate cortex and frequency of migraine attacks was found.Conclusions.— Our study shows that migraine is associated with a significant gray matter reduction in several of the cortical areas involved in pain circuitry. In addition, we found a significant correlation between frequency of migraine attacks and signal alteration in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Our data provide new insight into migraine pathophysiology and support the concept that migraine may be a progressive disorder.
Glial activation precedes seizures and hippocampal neurodegeneration in measles virus–infected mice
Authors: Lehrmann Elin , Guidetti Paolo , Löve Arthur , Williamson John , Bertram Edward H. , Schwarcz Robert 
Published: July 2010

Summary Intracerebral injection of hamster neurotropic (HNT) measles virus in weanling Balb/C mice leads to an encephalitis, which is characterized by glial activation, behavioral seizures, selective neurodegeneration, and, after approximately 7 days, death. To provide a better understanding of the underlying molecular pathology, we studied seizure evolution by continuously monitoring electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, examined neuroglia and neurons histologically, and measured the brain content of glia‐derived neuroactive metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation. Microglia and astrocytes were activated as early as postinoculation day (PID) 1, with reactive microglia lining the extent of the alveus. This was followed by a more extensive microglial activation that specifically outlined hippocampal pyramidal neurons in areas CA1‐CA3 and by increases in the hippocampal levels of the neurotoxins 3‐hydroxykynurenine (3‐HK) and quinolinic acid (QUIN). These changes preceded the onset of EEG seizures, which had a mean onset of 108 h after inoculation. Prominent hippocampal cell loss, demonstrated by Nissl‐ and silver staining, was apparent by PID 5. Thus, we speculate that early glial reactions to HNT inoculation result in the excess formation of 3‐HK and QUIN, which in turn causes subclinical seizure activity, behavioral seizures, and, eventually, neurodegeneration. In addition to its conceptual implications, our study indicates that timely interventions modulating glial activation or 3‐HK/QUIN synthesis may be of benefit in preventing or arresting seizure‐induced neuronal damage.
UPTAKE OF METHYLAMINE (AN AMMONIUM ANALOGUE) BY MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYTA)1
Authors: Wheeler Patricia A. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe ammonium analogue, methylamine, is taken up rapidly from dilute solution by Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. A. Agardh. 14C‐methylamine was used to characterize the transport system, with respect to dependence on external concentration, temperature, pH and substrate specificity. The results suggest that methylamine enters the algal tissue via a specific mediated transport system. Uptake of methylamine showed no consistent relation to the N content of the plant tissue, but was highly dependent on the portion of plant sampled and severely affected by cutting the tissue. The strong inhibition of methylamine uptake by ammonium and lesser inhibition by other alkylamines suggests that the uptake system functions as an “ammonium permease”. Uptake of 14C‐methylamine can be used as a highly sensitive measure of NH4+ uptake activity and should be a useful tool for studying NH4+ uptake in the laboratory and field.
Virtual Reality Triage Training Provides a Viable Solution for Disaster‐preparedness
Authors: Andreatta Pamela B. , Maslowski Eric , Petty Sean , Shim Woojin , Marsh Michael , Hall Theodore , Stern Susan , Frankel Jen 
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:870–876 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objective of this study was to compare the relative impact of two simulation‐based methods for training emergency medicine (EM) residents in disaster triage using the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) algorithm, full‐immersion virtual reality (VR), and standardized patient (SP) drill. Specifically, are there differences between the triage performances and posttest results of the two groups, and do both methods differentiate between learners of variable experience levels?Methods:  Fifteen Postgraduate Year 1 (PGY1) to PGY4 EM residents were randomly assigned to two groups: VR or SP. In the VR group, the learners were effectively surrounded by a virtual mass disaster environment projected on four walls, ceiling, and floor and performed triage by interacting with virtual patients in avatar form. The second group performed likewise in a live disaster drill using SP victims. Setting and patient presentations were identical between the two modalities. Resident performance of triage during the drills and knowledge of the START triage algorithm pre/post drill completion were assessed. Analyses included descriptive statistics and measures of association (effect size).Results:  The mean pretest scores were similar between the SP and VR groups. There were no significant differences between the triage performances of the VR and SP groups, but the data showed an effect in favor of the SP group performance on the posttest.Conclusions:  Virtual reality can provide a feasible alternative for training EM personnel in mass disaster triage, comparing favorably to SP drills. Virtual reality provides flexible, consistent, on‐demand training options, using a stable, repeatable platform essential for the development of assessment protocols and performance standards.