bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Care Policy for Better or for Worse? Examining NHS Reforms During Times of Economic Crisis versus Relative Stability
Authors: Frisina Doetter Lorraine , Götze Ralf 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEconomic crises are said to challenge welfare states by forcing them to cut expenditure by pursuing reforms aimed at cost containment and efficiency enhancing strategies. The oil crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, the global financial crisis of the early 1990s, and those of the 2000s marked acute economic phases rooted within a larger period of austerity politics in which welfare states have been observed to undergo major changes. However, the question has yet to be posed as to whether decisions affecting health care policy during acute economic crises are indeed fundamentally different than what can normally be observed over the longer period of cost containment policy. Moreover, where policy differences do exist between economic periods, are these differences consistent over time and across health care systems? To answer these questions we examine changes in regulation over the past four decades for two cases of National Health Services (NHS): England and Italy. More specifically, we examine the underlying causes for reforms in order to identify whether economic crises versus ‘system‐specific deficits’ (i.e. those deficits or sources for inefficiency lodged within the health care system itself) are the true causes for motivating change in and across NHS systems. Our findings establish that while acute economic crises create windows of opportunity for change, it is the interaction of system‐specific deficits and the role of ideas and political factors that largely condition the content and timing of reforms. Regarding the nature of reforms passed, our findings reveal consistency over time and across health care systems in the types of regulatory measures adopted and advanced.
Sociological Analysis and Socio-Political Change: Juxtaposing Elements of the Work of Bourdieu, Passeron and Lyotard
Authors: Robbins Derek 
Published: June 2011

The paper considers the relationship between sociological analysis and political action by subjecting the work of Bourdieu to scrutiny, especially in relation to the work of some of his contemporaries – Raymond Aron, Jean-Claude Passeron, and Jean-François Lyotard. The first part of the discussion focuses on educational research carried out collaboratively by Bourdieu and Passeron in the 1960s and considers the shared assumptions that underpin their projects. The paper discusses their philosophical divergence after the beginning of the 1970s, suggesting that Bourdieu's development was essentially in the Durkheimian tradition whereas Passeron's was more sympathetic to the legacy of Weber. Bourdieu's inclination to regard objective science as the product of subjective disposition meant his social science became inseparable from his socio-political mission, whereas Passeron distanced himself from Bourdieu's phenomenological or ontological reflexivity. The second part of the paper suggests Bourdieu is trying to practise phenomenological sociology within a historical social situation that, after 1979, was rapidly transforming into the postmodern condition, the diagnosis of which Lyotard had provided as an extension of his own reading of Husserl. The paper goes on to argue that, while La distinction sought to reconcile modernist sociology with postmodernism, Bourdieu could not relinquish what Aron regarded as the totalizing orientation of ‘sociologism’. Although Lyotard, in contrast, pursued the implications of his own insights in a philosophical exegesis of Kant, the paper explores how there may yet be scope for some more fruitful view of the contemporary relationship between sociology and politics in mass democracy, particularly if we advocate socio-analytic reflexivity in association with a recognition of the ‘différend’.
In vivo electrochemical evidence for simultaneous 5‐HT and histamine release in the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata following medial forebrain bundle stimulation
Authors: Hashemi Parastoo , Dankoski Elyse C. , Wood Kevin M. , Ambrose Rebecca Ellen , Wightman Robert Mark 
Published: June 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 749–759.AbstractExploring the mechanisms of serotonin [5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)] in the brain requires an in vivo method that combines fast temporal resolution with chemical selectivity. Fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry is a technique with sufficient temporal and chemical resolution for probing dynamic 5‐HT neurotransmission events; however, traditionally it has not been possible to probe in vivo 5‐HT mechanisms. Recently, we optimized fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry for measuring 5‐HT release and uptake in vivo in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) with electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in the rat brain. Here, we address technical challenges associated with rat DRN surgery by electrically stimulating 5‐HT projections in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), a more accessible anatomical location. MFB stimulation elicits 5‐HT in the SNR; furthermore, we find simultaneous release of an additional species. We use electrochemical and pharmacological methods and describe physiological, anatomical and independent chemical analyses to identify this species as histamine. We also show pharmacologically that increasing the lifetime of extracellular histamine significantly decreases 5‐HT release, most likely because of increased activation of histamine H‐3 receptors that inhibit 5‐HT release. Despite this, under physiological conditions, we find by kinetic comparisons of DRN and MFB stimulations that the simultaneous release of histamine does not interfere with the quantitative 5‐HT concentration profile. We therefore present a novel and robust electrical stimulation of the MFB that is technically less challenging than DRN stimulation to study 5‐HT and histamine release in the SNR.
New species of Allorhogas Gahan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from galls on Lycium cestroides Schltdl. (Solanaceae) in Argentina
Authors: MARTÍNEZ Juan José , ALTAMIRANO Alejandra , SALVO Adriana 
Published: June 2011

Abstract Allorhogas cordobensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) is described from the province of Córdoba, Argentina. Its representatives can be distinguished from all other known species of the genus by the unusual morphology of the ovipositor tip and the expanded clypeus apically. Remarkably, this species is also characterized by having a tridentate mandible, a feature known only in exodont braconids, mostly of the subfamily Alysiinae. The new species was reared from stem galls on Lycium cestroides, which constitutes the second record of an Allorhogas species associated with galls on representatives of the plant family Solanaceae.
Incidence of Anagrus obscurus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitism on Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis and Platycnemis pennipes (Odonata: Calopterygidae: Platycnemididae) in Italy
Authors: SANTOLAMAZZA Serena , BAQUERO Enrique , CORDERO‐RIVERA Adolfo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractVery little is known about the incidence of egg parasitoids in odonates, perhaps because Odonata eggs are well protected by stems or leaves, sometimes below water. In Central Italy (Pontecorvo, Frosinone Province) two damselflies, Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis and Platycnemis pennipes, occur in high densities. In August 2007 we collected 30 stems of the aquatic plant Potamogeton sp. used as substrate for oviposition and incubated eggs in the laboratory. Most stems (24 for C. haemorrhoidalis and 23 for P. pennipes) contained Odonata eggs. Parasitoids emerged from 12 stems, with a mean parasitism of 2% for C. haemorrhoidalis and 6% for P. pennipes, and a maximum of 14% and 50%, respectively. Furthermore, we observed egg‐laying of 19 females of C. haemorrhoidalis and 11 of P. pennipes, and marked the stems where oviposition was observed. Clutches remained in the river for five days and were then collected and incubated. Parasitoids emerged from 11 of 30 stems, with an average parasitism of 8% for C. haemorrhoidalis and 3% for P. pennipes (maximums of 50% and 29%, respectively). All parasitoids belonged to the family Mymaridae, and were identified as Anagrus (Anagrus) obscurus Förster, 1861, sensuSoyka, 1955. This is the first time that this species is described as an egg parasitoid of odonates, and that the egg parasitoid of C. haemorrhoidalis and P. pennipes is identified. Our data suggest that egg parasitism might be a significant selective factor for both odonates in the studied locality, affecting female oviposition behavior.
Long‐Term Results of Percutaneous Lumbar Decompression mild® for Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Mekhail Nagy , Vallejo Ricardo , Coleman Mark H. , Benyamin Ramsin M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) generally occurs from a combination of degenerative changes occurring in the lumbar spine. These include hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum, facet joint arthritic changes and bulging of the intervertebral disk. Spinal stenosis leads to compression of the lumbar neural elements (cauda equina), which manifests as low back and leg pain especially on standing and walking known as “neurogenic claudication.” Current treatment options for LSS are varied. Conservative management, including physical therapy with/without epidural steroid injections, may be adequate for mild stenosis. Surgical decompression is reserved for severe cases and results in variable degrees of success. Patients with moderate‐to‐severe LSS having ligamentum flavum hypertrophy as a key contributor are generally inappropriately treated or undertreated. This is due to ineffectiveness of conservative therapy and possibility that major surgical compression might be too aggressive. Percutaneous decompression offers a possible solution for this patient population.Methods:  One‐year follow‐up study was conducted at 11 U.S. sites. Study cohort included 58 mild® percutaneous decompression patients who underwent 170 procedures, the majority treated bilaterally at one or two lumbar levels. Outcome measures included the visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ), and SF‐12v2® Health Survey.Results:  No major mild® device or procedure‐related complications were reported. One‐year data showed significant reduction of pain as measured by VAS. Improvement in physical functionality, mobility, and disability was significant as measured by ZCQ, SF‐12v2, and ODI.Conclusions:  At 1 year this 58‐patient cohort demonstrated continued excellent safety profile of the mild® procedure and equally important, showed long‐term pain relief and improved functionality.
Tense and Tension in Long‐Term Fieldwork: How Postwar Is Postwar Sarajevo?
Authors: MARKOWITZ FRAN 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYAlong with the knowledge gained from lived experience, the main things we can learn from doing and writing about long‐term fieldwork amid what Burawoy and Verdery (1999) call “uncertain transitions” are those hard to describe, fluid factors external to individual agency and to the workings of local knowledge. Based on extended research in Sarajevo after the signing of the 1995 Dayton Accords that ended a heinous war fought for and against ethnic cleansing, this article addresses the double difficulty of conducting fieldwork and writing a text that credits the dynamism of time while also accounting for the entrenchment of terms and practices that are setting the parameters of culture in postwar Sarajevo.
Induction of labor and the risk for emergency cesarean section in nulliparous and multiparous women
Authors: THORSELL MALIN , LYRENÄS SVEN , ANDOLF ELLIKA , KAIJSER MAGNUS 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective. To assess the risk for emergency cesarean section among women in whom labor was induced in gestational week ≥41 and to evaluate if parity and mode of induction affected this association. Design. Hospital‐based retrospective cohort study. Population. Singleton pregnancies delivered after ≥41 gestational weeks at Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, during 2002–2006. Material and methods. Of 23 030 singleton pregnancies meeting the entry criteria, 881 were induced with a Bishop score of <7. Obstetric outcome was assessed through linkage with the Swedish Medical Birth Registry and a local obstetrical database containing information from patients’ medical files. Results were adjusted for body mass index, age and the use of epidural analgesia. Main outcome measure. Risk for emergency cesarean section. Results. Among women who were induced, the proportions delivered by emergency cesarean section were 42% for nulliparous and 14% for multiparous. Compared to spontaneous onset, this corresponded to a more than threefold increase in risk for nulliparous women (OR 3.34, 95%CI 2.77–4.04) and an almost twofold increase in risk for multiparous women (OR 1.94, 95%CI 1.24–3.02). There was no significant difference in risk for emergency cesarean section between the two methods of induction (PGE2 and transcervical catheter). Conclusions. Compared to spontaneous onset of delivery, induction of labor is associated with an increased risk for emergency cesarean section both among nulliparous and multiparous women. When labor is induced, the high risk for emergency cesarean must be kept in mind.
Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus comparing different cut‐off criteria for abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy
Authors: ANDERBERG EVA , LANDIN‐OLSSON MONA , KALÉN JOHAN , FRID ANDERS , URSING DAG , BERNTORP KERSTIN 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective. To determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance after gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to different categories of glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Design. Prospective study. Setting. Four delivery departments and three hospitals in southern Sweden took part in recruitment and follow‐up. Population. Women undergoing a 75g oral glucose tolerance test during pregnancy delivering in 2003–2005. Methods. At first follow‐up, one to two years after delivery, 29% of eligible women with abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy had an oral glucose tolerance test – 160 with gestational diabetes and 309 with gestational impaired glucose tolerance – in addition to 167 control women. Cut‐off levels defining gestational diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance were two‐hour capillary blood glucose levels of 9.0 and 7.8mmol/l or plasma glucose 10.0 and 8.6mmol/l, respectively. Main outcome measures. Frequency of abnormal test results at follow‐up. Results: Diabetes was diagnosed in 11% and impaired glucose tolerance in 24% of women with gestational diabetes vs. 4 and 23% in those with gestational impaired glucose tolerance, respectively. Combining women with abnormal test results during pregnancy revealed diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance in 29% as compared to 10% among controls; the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for having abnormal test results was 3.3 (1.8–5.9) in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: Lowering the cut‐off level for gestational diabetes to include the category of impaired glucose tolerance would identify a high percentage of women with diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance postpartum, who constitute target groups for intervention and/or diabetes prevention.
Gonorrhoea surveillance, laboratory diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 11 countries of the eastern part of the WHO European region
Authors: UNEMO MAGNUS , SHIPITSYNA ELENA , DOMEIKA MARIUS ,   the Eastern European Sexual and Reproductive Health (EE SRH) Network Antimicrobial Resistance Group
Published: June 2011

Unemo M, Shipitsyna E, Domeika M and the Eastern European Sexual and Reproductive Health (EE SRH) Network Antimicrobial Resistance Group. Gonorrhoea surveillance, laboratory diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 11 countries of the eastern part of the WHO European region. APMIS 2011.Quality‐assured worldwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is crucial for public health purposes. In the countries of the eastern part of the WHO European region the knowledge regarding gonococcal AMR is limited, and antimicrobials of many different types, sources and quality are used for gonorrhoea treatment. This study surveyed gonorrhoea incidence, laboratory diagnosis and gonococcal AMR testing in 11 independent countries of the former Soviet Union. The national gonorrhoea incidences remain mainly high. In general, gonococcal culture and AMR testing were rarely performed, poorly standardized and rarely quality assured. To establish a gonococcal AMR surveillance programme in Eastern Europe, i.e. the geographical area of the former Soviet Union, several actions have recently been undertaken by the Eastern European Sexual and Reproductive Health (EE SRH) Network and the WHO. The information provided herein will be useful in this respect.
Sexual Health of Dutch Medical Students: Nothing to Worry About
Authors: Fickweiler Freek , Keers Joost C. , Weijmar Schultz Willibrord C.M. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Little is known about the sexual lives and development of medical students because of relatively small sample sizes and, in particular, low response rates in research. Enhancing medical students' awareness and understanding of sexual behavior is imperative, as gaps in knowledge might impede effective sexual health consultations in their later professional practice.

Aim
The aim of this study was to provide insight into the sexual lives and development of medical students.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcome measures of this study are demographic, contextual, and sexual data based on validated surveys.

Methods
Preclinical medical students aged under 26 years were approached during scheduled classes and by e-mail to complete a web-based questionnaire. Our results were compared with international and Dutch normative data. Ordinal regression analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis were used to assess relationships between variables.

Results
A total of 1,598 questionnaires were returned (response rate 52%: 1,198 by women, 400 by men). There were 719 first-year students (mean age 19.17 years) and 879 third-year students (mean age 21.5 years). Gender distribution differences were seen in all the cohorts and were corrected for. Compared with international and Dutch (88%) normative data, our first- (62.7%; P &lt; 0.001) and third-year (79.9%; P = 0.018) medical students had less sexual experience and showed different advancements in sexual behavior. However, these differences decreased, which suggests that medical students “catch-up” as their age increases. Sexual behavior in our sample did not differ from international data, except for a strikingly high sexual satisfaction (80%). We also confirmed that social and environmental characteristics change with alterations in sexual behavior. Although contraceptive measures were used more frequently (98%; P = 0.006), sexually transmitted diseases were more common (4.6%; P = 0.008), which suggests inappropriate use of protective measures. Independent predictive determinants for protective sexual behavior were the form of relationship (P &lt; 0.001; OR = 1.97) and sexual orientation (P = 0.009; odds ratio = 2.26).

Conclusion
These data provide insight into the sexuality of medical students. The results of this study reliably clarify previous findings and form a solid basis for further research.xsxs
Effect of enteral nutrition on dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis in rats
Authors: WANG Fang , ZHAO Hai Ying , ZHANG Shu Tian , GONG You Zhe , ZHANG Hai Fang , ZHANG Chuan 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of enteral nutrition (EN) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis in rats.METHODS: Eighty‐four Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups (12 rats in each group). The blank control group was given ordinary laboratory feed and drinking water. The experimental groups received 5% DSS as drinking water for 7 days. Of the experimental groups, the model control group received ordinary laboratory feed, protein based enteral nutrition (PEN) was fed in the PEN group, while other groups received ordinary laboratory feed plus 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA), methyl‐prednisolone,Lactobacillusor glutamine, respectively. On the 8th day, all the rats were sacrificed. Inflammatory scores were assessed from colonic mucosa. Blood culture from inferior vena cava, fecal culture and secretary immunoglobulin‐A (S‐IgA) levels from colonic contents were determined.RESULTS: Colon inflammatory scores ofLactobacillus, PEN, glutamine and drug‐treated groups were lower than that of the model control group (P < 0.01). The ratios of bacteria translocation in the EN (PEN,Lactobacillusand glutamine) groups were lower than that in the model control group (P < 0.0083). FecalLactobacilliin theLactobacillusand glutamine groups were higher than that in the model control group (P < 0.05). S‐IgA levels in colonic contents of the PEN and 5‐ASA group were lower than that in the model control group (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: EN is an effective therapy for treating DDS‐induced colitis. EN could alleviate damage, promote the repair of colonic epithelial cells and inhibit bacterial translocation.Lactobacillusand glutamine could also increase theLactobacilliin colon.
Autotransplantation of ectopic teeth: a retrospective study of 284 teeth
Authors: Hewitt A.B. , Gelson W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective:  To determine outcome in a series of autotransplanted teeth undertaken by the same surgeon over 25 years.Methods:  This retrospective study examined the outcome of autotransplantation of 284 ectopic teeth – mainly maxillary canines – in a cohort group of 235 patients with a follow‐up of between 0.5 and 19 years (median 2.0). Indication for autotransplantation was severe tooth ectopia when orthodontic repositioning was considered unsuitable clinically or unacceptable to the patient. The technique involved minimal instrumentation and using a multibond appliance for stabilisation and fine tuning of tooth position. Outcomes were measured at the last clinic follow‐up.Results:  Patients were aged between 9 and 51.8 years (median 15.4). Autotransplanted teeth comprised 254 maxillary canines, four mandibular canines, nine maxillary incisors, one mandibular incisor, five maxillary premolars and 11 mandibular premolars. Apices were fully formed in 202 teeth (71.0%). Only 11 transplants were known to fail, but including loss to follow‐up, there was a 96% 5‐year survival and 65% 10‐year survival. Of the survival group, 180 (66.9%) were vital with no root resorption, 57 (21.2%) were non‐vital with normal radiographic appearances and 32 (11.9%) were root filled with normal radiographic appearances. There was no significant difference in survival between open and closed apices (P = 0.90). Of the failed group, four (36.4%) had root resorption requiring extraction and seven (63.6%) were lost.Conclusion:  The findings are consistent with other studies in the field. Tooth transplantation should be considered when planning rehabilitation for patients presenting with ectopic teeth.