bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DRYING AND TABLETTING OF PITAYA POWDER
Authors: YUSOF Y.A. , MOHD SALLEH F.S. , CHIN N.L. , TALIB R.A. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTPitaya is commonly known as dragon fruit in Malaysia. It is a uniquely beautiful fruit with an intense color and shape and tastes delicious. Recently, it has become more popular among Malaysians because it is rich in minerals and vitamins. The main concern of this article was to form pitaya powder into tablets. Prior to that, pitaya fruits were dried and grounded into powder. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of the oven drying technique on the red flesh of pitaya fruits before the grinding process to form powder and to investigate the tabletting and the compressibility of pitaya fruit powder. Findings from this work are essential for product storage, transportation and packaging. The pitaya fruit was cut into slices and dried in an oven at 70C and was then ground to 300 µm. The color of the dried pitaya was characterized using a colorimeter. A 13‐mm uniaxial die was adopted, and a binder known as maltodextrin was added to the tabletting process. As the oven temperature increased, the red color of the dried pitaya became more intense, and the lightness decreased. The water activity was also reduced to 50% after drying. The compressibility and tabletting behavior of the powder are quite comparable with the behavior of other food powders and were further validated using the Kawakita and Lüdde equation. In conclusion, this study may induce further investigation of the potential of pitaya powder as a natural coloring agent and as a health supplement.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work evaluates the drying and tabletting applications on pitaya powder. Three parameters are considered in the drying process, moisture content, color and water activity of pitaya fruit and pitaya powder were measured. During tabletting, the compressibility and compactability of the materials were investigated. The experimental results are essential for packaging, transportation and shelf life. Additionally, the product may be used as a natural coloring agent and a health supplement.
EFFECT OF MODEL PARAMETER VARIABILITY ON THE UNCERTAINTY OF REFRIGERATED MICROBIAL SHELF‐LIFE ESTIMATES
Authors: CHOTYAKUL NATTAPORN , LAMELA CONCEPCIÓN PÉREZ , TORRES J. ANTONIO 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTMonte Carlo procedures can be used to evaluate the uncertainty of food safety and quality estimations caused by the variability in model parameters. This study describes shelf‐life predictions based on the growth of Lactobacillus sakei in meat using Ratkowsky‐type models, considering the effect of temperature, water activity (Aw) and modified atmosphere. The shelf life predicted when parameter variability was not considered was 7.0 h for a temperature‐only model (Case 1, T = 4C), 184.6 h for a temperature and Aw model (Case 2, T = 4C, Aw = 0.98), 6.4 h for a temperature and CO2 model (Case 3, T = 4C, CO2 = 2,650 ppm) and 241.6 h for a temperature, Aw and CO2 model (Case 4.1, T = 4C, Aw = 0.98, CO2 = 2,650 ppm), whereas 7.4 ± 3.5, 190.4 ± 34.8, 7.5 ± 2.0 and 266.1 ± 65.8 h, respectively, were the values estimated considering parameter variability. Examining the frequency distribution of the predicted shelf life, as well as imposing a 95% confidence that meat will not spoil before its expiration date, leads to a recommended shelf life of 4, 141, 6 and 176 h for Cases 1–4.1, respectively. If the standard deviation (SD) of all model parameters in Case 4.1 could be lowered by 10, 50 and 90%, the recommended shelf‐life time would increase from 176 to 189, 198 and 202 h, respectively (Case 4.6). The analysis of the impact of lowering the individual SD of the model parameters (Cases 4.2–4.5) showed an even lower impact. This suggests that lowering the uncertainty of microbial shelf‐life predictions is very difficult when multiple factors are considered in the microbial model used for this estimation.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSNew and practical methodologies are needed to evaluate the uncertainty of estimations associated with the variability in the parameters of food process engineering models to satisfy new requirement in food regulations and high consumer expectations for product safety and quality. For example, processors face an increasing pressure from regulatory agencies and customers to declare the shelf life on the product label. Therefore, processors need to know the time that products will retain the quality desired and the safety expected. However, shelf life depends on many factors often described by statistical distributions and historical records such as temperature during storage and distribution. Therefore, deterministic calculation methods are not useful nor is it possible to test all possible scenarios in laboratory determinations of shelf life. The methodology here presented can be used to generate histograms of expected shelf‐life considering the variability in as many parameters as necessary. These Monte Carlo and predictive microbiology procedures to determine shelf‐life uncertainty can be used to reduce the risk of reaching consumers with unsafe or spoiled products.
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF MOISTURE ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS OF RAW AND BLANCHED ALMONDS
Authors: TAITANO L.Z. , SINGH R.P. , LEE J.H. , KONG F. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe equilibrium moisture content of raw and blanched almonds of California grown “Carmel” variety was determined by using static gravimetric method at 25, 35 and 45C over a range of water activities (Aw) from 0.11 to 0.97. The sorption data were fitted to the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model. The goodness of fit of the model was evaluated by standard error of estimate, mean relative percentage deviation modulus and randomness of residual, which showed good fit of the GAB equation to the experimental data. The moisture adsorption isotherms of almonds exhibited type II sigmoid shape. Thermodynamic properties such as differential enthalpy and entropy were determined from moisture adsorption data by using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The results showed that enthalpy–entropy compensation theory was applicable for the moisture adsorption phenomena of raw and blanched almonds. The adsorption process of almond was enthalpy‐controlled.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSOver 80% of the world almond production is grown in California and shipped to over 90 countries around the world. When exported to distant markets in the tropical regions, the physical, chemical and microbiological changes in almonds could cause the deterioration of food products due to environmental factors. Despite the large‐scale production and export of almonds, very little information on the sorption characteristics of almond varieties grown in California can be found in the literature. Reliable information on sorption isotherms is critical to designing optimum storage and shipping conditions to ensure desired levels of almond quality at consumption. This paper presents results from a comprehensive study of the sorption characteristics of one of the most important almond varieties grown in California, namely “Carmel.”
MODELING USING A NEW THIN‐LAYER DRYING MODEL AND DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF SWEET BASIL (OCIMUM BASLICUM LINN.) USING TRAY AND HEAT PUMP‐ASSISTED DEHUMIDIFIED DRYING
Authors: PHOUNGCHANDANG SINGHANAT , KONGPIM PRAPAKORN 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe maturity of Thai sweet basil was based on leaf area, % inhibition and total phenolics. Desorption isotherms for sweet basil leaves were performed. It was found that the modified Henderson model showed the best fit to both fresh and blanched sweet basil leaves for Xe = f(Xe,T). Sweet basil leaves were pretreated by blanching prior to drying under three temperatures of 40, 50 and 60C in tray and heat pump‐dehumidified (HPD) dryers. The three‐parameter model was the most effective model in describing sweet basil leaf drying. The drying constant was related to air temperature using the Arrhenius model. Effective moisture diffusivities increased with increasing temperature and blanching treatment, as well as the HPD dryer. Quality evaluation by % inhibition, total phenolics, rehydration ratio and ΔE* showed that the best quality resulted from sweet basil leaves pretreated by blanching and dried at 40C in HPD dryer.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSTray drying of sweet basil leaves is commonly performed in many industries. Up to now, the exporters have faced the problem of low total phenolics and antioxidant activity in dried sweet basil leaves. The new methods proposed in this study are blanching and heat pump‐dehumidified (HPD) drying. The results revealed that blanching incorporated with HPD drying could reduce drying time and increase total phenolics, antioxidant activity and color values compared with the conventional tray drying.The three‐parameter model proposed in this work was the most effective model to describe the mass transport behavior of dried sweet basil leaves.
Photodynamic Action of Rose Bengal Silica Nanoparticle Complex on Breast and Oral Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Uppal Abha , Jain Beena , Gupta Pradeep Kumar , Das Kaustuv 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRose Bengal, an anionic photosensitizer was conjugated to organically modified silica nanoparticles having 3‐amino propyl groups by electrostatic or covalent interaction. The drug‐nanoparticle complexes were characterized by FTIR, light scattering and zeta potential measurements. Significant changes were observed in the spectroscopic properties of the drug when it is conjugated with nanoparticles. The toxicity of the free drug and drug‐nanoparticle complex was studied against oral (4451) and breast (MCF‐7) cancer cell lines. Both complexes with nanoparticles were more phototoxic than free Rose Bengal, with the covalent complex being the more effective. Studies carried out on cellular uptake, photostability and singlet oxygen generation suggest that enhanced phototoxicity is primarily due to the enhanced uptake of the drug‐nanoparticle complex.
Bias in estimation of adult survival and asymptotic population growth rate caused by undetected capture heterogeneity
Authors: Fletcher David , Lebreton Jean‐Dominique , Marescot Lucile , Schaub Michael , Gimenez Olivier , Dawson Steve , Slooten Elisabeth 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. Mark–recapture studies are often used to estimate adult survival probability, which is an important demographic parameter for long‐lived species, as it can have a large impact on the population growth rate. We consider the impact of variation in capture probability among individuals (capture heterogeneity) on the estimation ofϕfrom a mark–recapture study and thence on estimation of the asymptotic population growth rate.2. We review the mechanisms by which capture heterogeneity arises, methods of allowing for it in the analysis, and use simulation to assess the power of detecting three types of capture heterogeneity (two‐group heterogeneity, trap‐response and temporary emigration) using standard mark–recapture lack‐of‐fit tests.3. We use simulation to assess the bias that can arise in the estimation ofϕfrom a mark–recapture study when we do not allow for capture heterogeneity. Using a generic population model, we assess the effect this bias has on estimation of.4. We use our results on the power of the lack‐of‐fit tests, together with a measure of the size of the bias relative to the standard error of the estimate ofϕ, to assess which situations might lead to an important level of undetected bias. Our results suggest that undetected bias is not likely to be an issue when there is trap‐response, owing to the lack‐of‐fit tests having sufficient power to detect any trap‐response that could lead to non‐negligible bias. For two‐group heterogeneity, the worst bias generally occurs when the difference between the capture probabilities for the two groups is moderate and both capture probabilities are low. For temporary emigration, the worst bias generally occurs when the rate of emigration and the capture probability are both low.5. We illustrate the issues for conservation management using data from studies of Hector’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori) in New Zealand and wolves (Canis lupus) in France.6. Previous studies have suggested that capture heterogeneity will generally lead to a relatively small bias in the estimate ofϕ. However, given the high sensitivity of the asymptotic population growth rate to adult survival, a small bias inϕmight lead to nontrivial bias in the estimate of.
Institutionalism in Mental Hospitals
Authors: WING J. K. 
Published: July 2011

Ratings of mental symptoms, behaviour in the ward, and attitudes to discharge were made on random samples of male schizophrenic patients, aged under sixty, from two London mental hospitals. Those resident less than two years were omitted.There was a concentration of unfavourable attitudes to discharge in the longer‐stay groups which remained significant when age, and mental symptom category, were allowed for. There was no significant association between mental symptom category and length of stay. There was no significant association between ward behaviour and length of stay except for one single item.The results suggested that patients gradually develop an attitude of indifference towards events outside the hospital which is part of a syndrome of ‘institutionalism’. No such long‐term deterioration in mental symptoms or ward behaviour was demonstrated but relatively rapid changes, or deterioration before the two‐year point, could not be excluded.
Inter‐generation Attitudes
Authors: MUSGROVE F. 
Published: July 2011

A survey of adolescents ‘attitudes to adults and of adults’ attitudes to ‘teenagers’ was carried out in 1962 in two socially contrasted Midland areas. An open‐ended sentence‐completion schedule was the principal method used with both adolescents and adults.Both boys and girls made a much higher proportion of favourable references to adults than the cross‐section of the adult population made to them. The proportion of favourable attitudes to adults did not decrease markedly as adolescents advanced in age, nor did the proportion of favourable attitudes to peers increase, though the proportion choosing adults as preferred companions dropped rapidly between 11 and 13. The behaviour and attributes ascribed to mothers were favourably commented on by a particularly high proportion of both boys and girls.No marked social‐class or area differences in attitude were apparent. Neither boys nor girls distinguished sharply between the roles of mothers and fathers. Attitudes of boys to fathers and of girls to mothers showed slight signs of deterioration soon after puberty.
The Effect of Visual Distraction on Perception in Subjects of Subnormal Intelligence
Authors: BROWN ROY I. 
Published: July 2011

Distractibility is a term often used in clinical psychology though its meaning is ill‐defined and little is known about the conditions under which it occurs.A visual distraction task was given to 40 subjects of below average intelligence. A number of hypotheses related to brain damage, early environment and intelligence were investigated. Brain damage and low intelligence were not found to be associated with a high incidence of distractibility though early, and possibily long, institutionalization appeared to be important variables. The results are discussed in relation to recent work on deprivation.
The Educational Opinions of Teachers in Training
Authors: McINTYRE D. , MORRISON A. 
Published: July 2011

The Manchester scales of opinions about education were administered to groups of students attending courses in a Scottish university and college of education, with the purpose of examining educational opinions in relation to different forms of professional training and higher education.Results from this study and an earlier one made with student teachers in England are compared, and related to discussion of the differential effects of courses in both institutions on educational opinions, and of the relationships between scores on the three scales, and aspects of students' religious and political attitudes and behaviour.
Stereotyped Reactions to Regional Accents
Authors: STRONGMAN KENNETH T. , WOOSLEY JANET 
Published: July 2011

The voices of four speakers, reading the same passage, were presented to two groups of subjects—one group from the north of England, the other from the south. Both groups rated the speakers on various personality traits.Unknown to the Ss, there were only two speakers, each of whom recorded the passage twice, once with a London accent and once with a Yorkshire accent. It was thought that if there were any differences in the assessments of the Yorkshire and London speakers, these would be based on the Ss' attitudes towards the particular group as identified by its accent.The results showed that both groups of Ss tended to hold the same stereotyped attitude towards each accent group but did not regard either of them particularly more favourably than the other. These results were compared with previous findings concerning the attitudes of majority and minority groups towards one another.
A Five‐ to Fifteen‐Year Follow‐up Study of Infantile Psychosis: IV. Patterns of Cognitive Ability
Authors: LOCKYER LINDA , RUTTER MICHAEL 
Published: July 2011

Sixty‐three children with an unequivocal diagnosis of infantile psychosis who attended the Maudsley Hospital between 1950 and 1958 were individually matched for age, sex, IQ and year of attendance with a control group of clinic children with non‐psychotic disorders. Both groups were re‐examined in 1963–4 and given individual psychiatric, neurological, social and psychological assessments. At follow‐up (mean age 15 years 7 months) the psychotic children showed low scores on tests of verbal ability and higher scores on performance tests. They showed a characteristic WISC subtest pattern of high scores on the Block Design, Object Assembly and Digit Span subtests combined with a very low score on Comprehension; this pattern was more marked among the children with a pronounced language retardation. Similar patterns of Wechsler Performance Scale scores have been found in deaf children with poor language and in children with developmental disorders of language. This was interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that infantile psychosis develops on the basis of a central disorder of language and of perception of sounds.The psychotic children as a group were inferior to the controls in terms of social competence. Among the psychotics the mean SQ was significantly lower than their Non‐Verbal IQ, whereas, among the controls, the two scores were approximately the same.
A Cross‐cultural Investigation of Eysenck's Hypothesis Regarding the Relationship Between Personality and Attitudes
Authors: MEHRYAR A. H. 
Published: July 2011

Two separate studies were carried out to investigate Eysenck's hypothesis concerning a negative correlation between extraversion and tender‐mindedness. The first study involved 106 British students, who were given Eysenck's Inventory of Social Attitudes, the Maudsley Personality Inventory (short form), and Part I of Richardson's British version of the Study of Values. The second study was carried out with a group of Iranian students (n = 69), who were given the Eysenck Personality Inventory, Melvin's Inventory of Social Attitudes and the Allport‐Vernon‐Lindzey Study of Values.Both studies failed to reveal any significant correlation between extraversion and tender‐mindedness. There was, however, a significant positive relationship between tender‐mindedness and religionism as measured by the Study of Values. The results are discussed in the light of similar findings reported by Siegman (1963) and some possible reasons for the failure of Eysenck's main hypothesis are suggested.
Factors Affecting Word Selection by Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: MARCHBANKS GABRIELLE , WILLIAMS MOYRA 
Published: July 2011

Experiments were done to discover some factors relating to word selection by schizophrenic patients. The comprehension of individual words was examined by presenting the subjects with a picture of an object and a number of words containing the name of the object, from which the object name had to be selected.Schizophrenics were distinguished from other groups of patients, from children and from normal controls by accepting associations to the object as well as the object name. The frequency of acceptance was directly related to the proximity of the association.It was also found that schizophrenics accepted associated words more often if the stimuli were presented in an open‐ended or single‐choice manner than if they were presented in a multiple‐choice form. The presentation of other words, with which comparisons could be made, further reduced acceptances.Schizophrenic patients took longer to reject words than control subjects, and when under time pressure increased their acceptance of associated words.It is suggested that although their word store is organized in a normal manner, schizophrenic patients may have greater difficulty than normal people in recognizing the boundaries between associated words, and that this may be the basis for many aspects of their communication difficulties.
The Definition and Measurement of Anxiety as a Trait and a State in the 12‐ to 17‐Year Range
Authors: CATTELL R. B. , SHRADER R. R. , BARTON K. 
Published: July 2011

Proceeding from past work which gives a unique determination of the general anxiety factor in adults as a second‐order factor, the investigators continued with a similar attack in the early adolescent period (12–18 years). Using the HSPQ (High School Personality Questionnaire) primary factors as markers, they found a second‐order factor loaded essentially as for adults, on ego weakness (C ‐), guilt proneness (O), threctia (H ‐), ergic tension (Q4), and defective self‐sentiment (Q3 ‐), but adding excitability (D), not used as a scale in the adult 16 PF.The essential form of the research was repeated three times, on high‐school samples (n = 300, 190 and 200), each time introducing a fresh batch of prospective anxiety items and selecting by item analysis against the factor as the basis of concept validity. This design is considered necessary because of unavoidable ‘wobble’ in factor rotation in any one study and because items valid on one group do not always prove valid on others. On this basis, the most consistently valid items for the second‐order factor were incorporated in a High School Anxiety Scale of two equivalent forms (A and B), with 40 items in each.The research then turned to distinguishing and measuring anxiety as a state by using differential R‐technique (factoring of change scores) rather than the above R‐technique (individual difference factoring). The HSPQ, plus additional anxiety items, was given to 250 children, who were retested after one month. Factoring the change scores showed, as with adults, a second‐order pattern not very different from that for the trait. However, the selection of items, the change on which correlated best with the change score on C ‐, D, H ‐, O, Q3 ‐, and Q4 (the second‐order anxiety state) duly weighted, yielded a state scale (40 items) only moderately correlated with the above trait scale. However, the inevitable doubling of error variance in dR analysis calls for one or more additional factor checks on the validity of items in the state scale.