bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host–parasite coevolution: genetic variation in a virus population and the interaction with a host gene
Authors: WILFERT L. , JIGGINS F. M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHost–parasite coevolution is considered to be an important factor in maintaining genetic variation in resistance to pathogens. Drosophila melanogaster is naturally infected by the sigma virus, a vertically transmitted and host‐specific pathogen. In fly populations, there is a large amount of genetic variation in the transmission rate from parent to offspring, much of which is caused by major‐effect resistance polymorphisms. We have found that there are similarly high levels of genetic variation in the rate of paternal transmission among 95 different isolates of the virus as in the host. However, when we examined a transmission‐blocking gene in the host, we found that it was effective across virus isolates. Therefore, the high levels of genetic variation observed in this system do not appear to be maintained because of coevolution resulting from interactions between this host gene and parasite genes.
How Do Carpenter Bees Recognize the Entrance of their Nests?: An Experimental Investigation in a Natural Habitat1
Authors: Anzenberger Gustl 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCarpenter bee females (genus Xylocopa) enter only their own nests. They can be found in the same burrow over a period of months, regardless of whether they arc living singly or aggregated in close vicinity. The aim of this study was to investigate and to clarify which sensory systems are responsible for the recognition of the nest. Females of three different African species were tested in their natural habitat. Following alteration in the immediate visual surroundings of either the entrance or the entire dwelling stem, bees behaved as they did in undisturbed situations and entered their nests. Furthermore, a relative dislocation of the entrance within the dwelling stem or a displacement of the whole stem within a restricted range had no effect on the recognition of the burrow. When the entrance was plugged by foam rubber the bees landed only after extended searching. When the entrance was closed by a strip of scotch tape the bees searched for several minutes, departed, then returned and searched again with the same result. The bees showed no indications that they recognized their burrow. These results strongly support the conclusion that the bees recognized their burrows primarily or exclusively by olfactory cues, and, furthermore, that individual odors were involved. The possible contributions of different sensory systems for the recognition of the nest and the possible biological function of the use of olfactory cues are discussed.
The Ontogeny of Display Behaviour in Sceloporus undulatus: (Sauria: Iguanidae)
Authors: Roggenbuck Madeleine E. , Jenssen Thomas A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA longitudinal study (from neonate to adult) was made of the display behaviour of 36 fence lizards from 8 clutches. A frame‐by‐frame analysis of 941 video‐taped displays revealed that the hatchlings possessed almost all of their adult display patterns by the first two days of life. Of the total variance in the display behaviour, 7% or less was attributed to experience. Of the variance among lizards, approximately half came from between clutches and half from between clutchmates. Our data indicate that the visual communication signals (head bob displays) of this vertebrate species are almost totally innate.
Acoustic Features Used in Song Discrimination by the Veery
Authors: Weary Daniel M. , Lemon Robert E. , Date Elizabeth M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTo investigate which song features are used for discrimination by the veery (Catharus fuscescens), we synthesized songs by computer and manipulated or deleted various features. These songs were then played to territorial males in their natural habitat. Differences in response to these stimuli indicated the relative importance of the manipulated song components. We found that certain features must be maintained in order to elicit a territorial response similar to that elicited by the natural song. These features were the frequency changes between and within syllables, the dominant higher frequency band (or voice), the intra‐syllable syntax, and the rapid repetitive amplitude and frequency modulations. Manipulations of inter‐syllable syntax independent of frequency changes between syllables, broad changes in amplitude, and the lower frequency band, did not have a significant effect on response. We thus concluded that they are not essential as cues for discrimination or species identification. Re‐recordings of songs broadcast along transects indicate that song components used in encoding species identity are those which transmit well across veery territories.
Rearing Conditions Affect Chemosensory Preferences in Young Cichlid Fish
Authors: Barnett Colin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOffspring of the Midas cichlid, Cichlasoma citrinellum, reared with both parents showed a chemosensory preference for their mother over their father on the first day of free‐swimming and no clear preference for either parent thereafter. Fry reared in isolation preferred their mother; this preference appeared slightly stronger and longer‐lasting in fry reared with only their mother. The preference was reversed in fry reared with only their father.
Clutch Defence in Great Tit (Parus major) Pairs and the Concorde Fallacy
Authors: Windt W. , Curio E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe conducted an experiment to test whether great tits (Parus major) base their decisions of clutch defence on past investment or future benefits. Results were obtained by manipulation of future benefits. Great tit pairs of an experimental group with reduced clutch‐size and thus diminished benefits defended their offspring against a live raptor significantly less than a comparable, non‐manipulated control group with the same amount of past investment (clutch‐size, incubation stage, time of year). While in the females the difference between the two groups was obvious from the beginning of a trial, the difference in the males developed only during the course of a trial, suggesting that the male bases its response on the female's response deficit. A more onerous explanation of the female signaling the male the egg loss by using a language‐like symbol is not supported by the data. The experiment thereby permits the conclusion that at least the great tit female avoids committing the Concorde fallacy in the strict sense.
Group Size in Foraging African Penguins (Spheniscus demersus)
Authors: Wilson Rory P. , Wilson Marie‐Pierre T. , McQuaid Leslie 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDiving synchrony was examined for varying group sizes of African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) travelling to their foraging grounds from their breeding islands. Groups of fewer than 12 birds always dived synchronously, whereas groups of more than 17 birds always dived asynchronously. Since travelling penguins do not dive deeply, large groups of birds can remain together irrespective of diving synchronization. Observations from boats showed that foraging penguins rarely occurred in groups of more than 17 birds. We suggest that groups of penguins that do not have synchronized dives cannot forage effectively, because foraging penguins dive deeply.
Counting Behavior by Rats in a Simulated Natural Environment
Authors: DAVIS HANK , BRADFORD SHEREE ANNE 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThree experiments were performed to explore the rat's ability to count objects in its environment. Previous research demonstrating counting behavior in animals has typically involved overtraining or extreme motivational conditions in which food or safety were at a premium. In the present experiments, a simulated natural environment was employed in which rats were required to enter a particular tunnel in an array of six to obtain food. Spatial, olfactory and visual cues were controlled so that selection of the correct tunnel was based solely upon the ordinal position of the tunnel. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that this behavior could be learned relatively rapidly and maintained despite change in the spatial configuration of the test area. In Experiment 3, retention of the tunnel entry discrimination was demonstrated following an inactive period of one year as well as six months thereafter. Collectively, these data extend the range of situations in which rats have performed numerical discriminations, and suggest that the environmental support necessary to demonstrate such abilities may include relatively natural test situations, rather than the use of extreme motivational states induced under arbitrary environments.
Pair Swimming and Mutual Partner Guarding in Monogamous Butterflyfish (Pisces, Chaetodontidae): a Joint Advertisement for Territory
Authors: FRICKE HANS W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe ecology and social systems of Red Sea butterflyfish were studied along the Sinai coast. Distribution, population density and sociography indicate a preponderance of monogamy in all species, independent of reef zonation and seasonal or long‐term changes of the reef environment. The social and mating systems are mutual monogamy; partners remain together for up to 6 years. Links between the monogamy and benthic habits of these fish are indicated by their feeding ecology and by a comparison with Indopacific plankton‐feeding species, which usually occur in groups. Territories are defended pairwise. Pair partners nearly always remain within visual contact, but a species‐typical distance apart. Pair swimming is independent of season or time of day. Experimental partner removals led to speedy replacement of mates. Possible causes of high partner permanency with little partner fidelity are discussed. In good habitats, single territorial adults do not occur. They would be unable to defend and maintain a territory over long periods. While cooperating in defence and maintenance of a territory, each individual can exploit the resources of the territory including availability of a mate. Pair swimming with mutual partner guarding is considered a joint territorial advertisement similar to duetting in birds; it minimizes agonistic interactions between territory holders. As butterflyfish have planktonic larvae without any broodcare, monogamy could not have evolved in response to broodcare activities as in many other vertebrate groups.
Confusion of Phonotaxis by Masking Sounds in the Bushcricket Conocephalus brevipennis (Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae)
Authors: BAILEY WINSTON J. , MORRIS GLENN K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFemale Conocephalus brevipennis, executing phonotaxis to the call of a conspecific male broadcast from a speaker, were subjected to varying levels of background sound so as to progressively mask the attracting signal. The background consisted of either random noise or the call of a sympatric congener, C. nigropleurum and was delivered from above the orienting female. Disruption of phonotaxis was assayed by monitoring the angular dispersion of the female's exit path from the arena, relative to the position of the conspecific call. Random noise significantly interfered with phonotaxis when it was within 2 dB of the conspecific call intensity, both signals measured at the centre of the arena. The equivalent effect of the call C. nigropleurum was 5 dB above conspecific call intensity. The implication of signal loss within background noise is discussed as are the possible interactive behaviours of competing sympatric syntopic species.
A Polygamous Social System of the Fan‐tailed Warbler Cisticola juncidis
Authors: UEDA KEISUKE 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe social system of an individually‐marked population of the fan‐tailed warbler Cisticola juncidis was studied in Japan, over six breeding seasons from 1978 to 1983. More than 127 males established territories, some 50–70% were polygynists each year. Territorial males were replaced frequently within seasons. Females were less faithful than males to their first breeding sites. Perennial or seasonal pair bonds were rare, maintained over two successive breeding attempts, by only 13.6% of females. Half the females left the area after one breeding attempt. Frequent divorce, rapid and multiple remating of females, multiple breedings, and female movement over a wide area all combine to skew breeding sex ratio from unity and favor polygyny.
Feeding and Avoiding Predation Hazard: the Behavioral Response of the Prey
Authors: FRASER DOUGLAS F. , HUNTINGFORD FELICITY A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA forager may respond to the hazard of predation by (1) ignoring the hazard and eating maximally at all levels of food (risk‐reckless); (2) avoiding the hazard and minimizing eating (risk‐avoiding); (3) reducing feeding by the same amount at each level of food, making greater reductions as hazard increases (risk‐adjusting); (4) reducing feeding at low levels of food, while accepting a greater hazard when food levels are high (risk‐balancing). We experimentally distinguished these four nominal responses using 9 three‐spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus in a 3 times 4 factorial, repeated measures design. The fish were tested in an aquarium containing a refuge inaccessible to predatory trout, Salmo trutta, in 12 combinations of food (low, medium, high) and predation hazard (predator density = 0, 1, 2, 3). With predators, sticklebacks ate less and used the refuge more. Amount eaten, but not time spent out of the refuge, was positively correlated with food, even in the absence of predators. Since sticklebacks as a group appeared to depress feeding by equal amounts at all levels of food, they employed a risk‐adjusting response. However, individuals varied in their response to hazard.
Sexual Differences in the Responses of Captive Great Reed Warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) to Variation in Song Structure and Repertoire Size
Authors: CATCHPOLE CLIVE , LEISLER BERND , DITTAMI JOHN 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe function and evolution of repertoires in songbirds is still not clearly understood. This study involves the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus and playback of recorded song to both captive males and females under controlled laboratory conditions. Females were implanted with oestradiol and the copulation solicitation display used as an index of sexual response. Males were not implanted and crest‐raising used as an index of aggressive response. Two types of songs were used (short and long) and two sizes of repertoire (high and low). Females only responded to long songs, and responded significantly more to high than low repertoires. It was concluded that long songs have a sexual function and that high repertoires are the result of intersexual selection through female choice. Males responded to short and long songs, but did not discriminate between high and low repertoires. Adding a live male to the experiment made no difference to female responses but males responded significantly more. When field studies are also taken into consideration the overall conclusion is that song quality and repertoire size is particularly important in female choice, and that short songs and a male presence are more important in aggressive behaviour. Integration of both field and laboratory studies on males and females should lead to more rigorous testing of hypotheses concerning the function and evolution of bird songs.
In Pursuit of Females: Following and Contest Behavior by Males of a Namib Desert Tenebrionid Beetle, Physadesmia globosa
Authors: Marden James H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMale Physadesmia globosa beetles spend much of their active time following females, searching for single females, or contesting with other males for position behind females. Once paired with a female, a male does not feed, can seldom stay paired for more than a few min, and can mate only if the female stops moving. Females rarely stop moving unless they find a large food item, or burrow into the sand and become inactive. Thus, males expend great effort positioning themselves for opportunities to mate, which seldom arise. However, males do not display any alternative mating strategies, and none appear to be available, for females are scarce in relation to males, and do not become receptive to mating at any predictable times or places.
Nutrient Dynamics of a Swarm‐founding Social Wasp Species, Polybia occidentalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Hunt James H. , Jeanne Robert L. , Baker Irene , Grogan Donald E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe kinds, rates of acquisition, inter‐individual transfers, and intra‐colonial movements of nutrients were ascertained for the advanced eusocial paper wasp Polybia occidentalis (Olivier). Foraging worker wasps (“foragers”) bring arthropod prey and nutritive liquids (“nectar”) to the nest, and these are usually transferred to nest workers (“receivers”) on the outer nest envelope. Arthropod prey items, which are brought intact to the nest, are malaxated by one or more receivers before being fed to larvae; malaxating adults retain a portion of the hemolymph for their own nourishment. Nectar is usually transferred (via adult‐adult torphallaxis) from foragers to receivers on the nest envelope; some nectar is given to larvae, and all adults that imbibe it retain at least some for their own nourishment. Larval saliva of P. occidentalis contains glucose, protein, and free amino acids and so is highly nutritive; the nutrient content of the saliva closely resembles that of the saliva of other social wasp taxa. Adult wasps imbibe larval saliva, but very little is apparently transferred by those adults (via trophallaxis) to nestmates. Brood cannibalism was infrequent during this study. Adult worker and male wasps possess chymotrypsin‐like and trypsin‐like enzyme in their midguts and so are likely capable of protein digestion. The midgut proteases show an age‐correlated variation in concentration. Pulp foragers are significantly smaller and lighter in weight than are receivers.
Early Learning and the Recognition of Conspecific Cocoons by Carpenter Ants (Camponotus spp.)
Authors: Carlin Norman F. , Halpern Robert , Hölldobler Bert , Schwartz Peter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGroups of newly‐eclosed workers of two carpenter ant species (Camponotus floridanus and C. tortuganus) were reared in the presence of conspecific cocoons, cocoons of the other species, or were kept without cocoons. Groups of older workers (> 20 days), previously exposed to conspecific brood in their natal nest, were familiarized with either conspecific or heterospecific cocoons. After 14 days of exposure, groups were subjected to short‐term (5 min) and long‐term (10 day) preference tests. Young and older workers retrieved and retained many cocoons of both species, familiar and unfamiliar. However, a pattern of non‐exclusive discrimination emerged: (1) Young workers exposed to conspecific cocoons picked up and retrieved conspecifics before unfamiliar heterospecifics, and retained conspecifics longer. (2) Young workers generally required experience with conspecifics to develop this preference, as those exposed to only heterospecifics and those deprived of cocoons were impartial in short‐term tests. However, in long‐term tests (5–10 days), naive young workers significantly preferred unfamiliar conspecifics. (3) Older workers preferred conspecific cocoons, whether familiar or unfamiliar, in short‐term tests, but their tolerance for heterospecifics in the longer term (5 days) could be increased by recent familiarization. In no case did young or older ants significantly prefer familiar heterospecifics to conspecifics. These results confirm a role for early learning in brood recognition by carpenter ants, but suggest that it is less important than in Formica species studied by previous authors.
The Comparative Ethology of Courtship in Salamandrid Salamanders. 1. Salamandra and Chioglossa
Authors: ARNOLD STEVAN J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper describes for the first time spermatophore deposition and sperm transfer in the salamander genus Chioglossa. As in Salamandra, the Chioglossa male holds the female in ventral amplexus and deposits his spermatophore under the female's vent. The female drops down upon the spermatophore to accomplish sperm transfer. This mode of sperm transfer is unique to the salamandrid genera Salamandra and Chioglossa and is at least 26 million years old. These two genera also share a number of derived features of preliminary courtship.
Sex Differences in the Play Behavior of Yearling Yellow‐bellied Marmots
Authors: JAMIESON SCOTT H. , ARMITAGE KENNETH B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPlay in yearling yellow‐bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) was studied under non‐manipulative field conditions in the Upper East River Valley of Colorado. The behavior patterns constituting play were described and illustrated and 12 specific hypotheses related to sex differences were tested. The results of these tests were used to evaluate the adaptive significance of play by comparing two major functional hypotheses: motor training and social cohesion.
The Development of the Star Compass in Garden Warblers, Sylvia borin
Authors: WILTSCHKO WOLFGANG , DAUM PETRA , FERGENBAUER‐KIMMEL ANGELIKA , WILTSCHKO ROSWITHA 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTo test whether celestial rotation or the geomagnetic field served as reference system for the calibration of the star compass, young garden warblers were handraised under the following conditions:In series I, two groups of birds were raised under an artificial sky the center of which lay in 360° N. For one group, the sky rotated around its center (1 rotation per day), while for the other the sky was stationary. In series II, three groups were raised under a rotating sky with the center of rotation in different position with respect to magnetic north.Tested under a stationary sky in the absence of meaningful magnetic information, only the birds that had experienced the rotating sky were oriented in series I; their tendency away from the former center of rotation corresponded to their natural southerly migratory direction.—In series II all birds, irrespective of the former relationship between rotation and magnetic north, showed directional preferences away from the former center of rotation.Our findings demonstrate the crucial role of celestial rotation in the establishment of the star compass. During the first summer there seems to be no transfer of information from the magnetic field to the stars. Thus celestial rotation and the magnetic field serve as independent reference systems for the genetically encoded migratory direction.
Invasion of Nests ofLasioglossum imitatumby a Social Parasite,Paralictus asteris(Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Wcislo Williamx T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractParalictus asterisMitchell is a socially parasitic sweat bee that invades nests and becomes the dominant reproductive in colonies of a phylogenetically related host,Lasioglossum (Dialictus) imitatum(Smith). The parasite has a greatly enlarged quadrate head, with elongate scythe‐like mandibles, and other morphological modifications apparently associated with a parasitic lifestyle. Nevertheless, the parasite did not forcefully enter nests. Host guards adopted a defensive posture at the nest entrance when they contacted a dead, frozen parasite, suggesting that they recognized the intruders as parasites. Living parasites, however, only sometimes induced this guarding response, while in other cases parasites entered host nests without obvious signs of aggression from the guard. Guards also responded aggressively to both frozen and living conspecifics from other nests, but were not aggressive to living or frozen nest‐resident conspecifics, suggesting that the cues used for recognition of both unrelated conspecifics and parasites are chemical ones. More than one parasite can invade and occupy a nest, and successful invasion was not influenced by whether a parasitic female was mated or had developed ovaries.