bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Poverty: Context-Specific but not Relative
Authors: NIEMIETZ KRISTIAN 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPoverty in developed countries is commonly defined in relative terms. It is argued that a relative definition formalises the insight that poverty is a context-specific phenomenon, and that the understanding of what constitutes poverty changes with overall economic development. Yet this article argues that tagging a poverty line to mean or median incomes does not automatically anchor it in its social context. Relative measures rely on the implicit assumptions that social norms are formed at the national level, and that median income earners set social standards. A comparison with studies on ‘Subjective Well-Being’ (SWB) shows that these assumptions are rather arbitrary. At the same time, relative indicators do not take account of changes in the product market structure that disproportionately affect the poor. If low-cost substitutes for expensive items become available, the poor will be relatively more affected than median income earners. Conventional ‘absolute poverty’ indicators will be equally dismissed for not solving these problems either. A combined ‘Consensual Material Deprivation’ and ‘Budget Standard Approach’ indicator will be proposed as a more robust alternative.
Events, Public Discourses and Responsive Government: Quality Assurance in Health Care in England, Sweden and Japan
Authors: KODATE NAONORI 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOne would expect the common agenda of improving the quality of care in hospital sectors across nations to bring about a convergence of their quality assurance systems. However, one finds great variations in the ways in which such schemes are constructed and communicated to the general public in different countries. This paper examines three universal health care systems (England, Sweden and Japan) and explores the degree to which political institutions and public opinions affect the processes of quality assurance system building within them. It argues that the inputs from governments in response to public concerns are the key to understanding the changes in this seemingly profession-dominated policy domain; therefore policy changes are significantly affected by dynamic interactions between events, public discourses and governance structures within these countries. The findings also demonstrate that public access to information has begun to have a large impact on policy debates in all three countries.
Policy Success, Policy Failure and Grey Areas In-Between
Authors: McCONNELL ALLAN 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPolicy protagonists are keen to claim that policy is successful while opponents are more likely to frame policies as failures. The reality is that policy outcomes are often somewhere in between these extremes. An added difficulty is that policy has multiple dimensions, often succeeding in some respects but not in others, according to facts and their interpretation. This paper sets out a framework designed to capture the bundles of outcomes that indicate how successful or unsuccessful a policy has been. It reviews existing literature on policy evaluation and improvement, public value, good practice, political strategy and policy failure and success in order to identify what can be built on and gaps that need to be filled. It conceives policy as having three realms: processes, programs and politics. Policies may succeed and/or fail in each of these and along a spectrum of success, resilient success, conflicted success, precarious success and failure. It concludes by examining contradictions between different forms of success, including what is known colloquially as good politics but bad policy.
Low recurrence rate after deep calf‐vein thrombosis with 6 weeks of oral anticoagulation
Authors: Astermark J. , Björgell O. , Lindén E. , Lethagen S. , Nilsson P. , Berntorp E. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Astermark J, Björgell O, Lindén E, Lethagen S, Nilsson P, Berntorp E (University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden). Low recurrence rate after deep calf‐vein thrombosis with 6 weeks of oral anticoagulation. J Intern Med 1998; 244: 79–82.ObjectivesTo evaluate the recurrence rate after deep calf‐vein thrombosis treated with 6 weeks of oral anticoagulation.Design and subjectsA 2 year follow‐up of 126 consecutive patients admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine with venographically verified deep calf‐vein thrombosis.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐six patients were treated with warfarin for 6 weeks, 18 of them having had a previous episode of venous thrombosis (DVT). Eleven patients (8.7%) suffered a recurrent thromboembolic episode within 2 years, four of which were within the first 3 months. Eight of those without a history of DVT had a recurrence (7.4%). Three of these were activated protein C (APC)‐resistant, one was protein C‐deficient and one had malignant melanoma.Eight patients (6.3%) reported minor haemorrhagic complications, but no major bleeding was seen.ConclusionOur data support the use of a 6 week regimen of secondary oral prophylaxis after a first episode of deep calf‐vein thrombosis in patients without a permanent risk factor. Whether individuals with inherited thrombophilia require prolonged treatment remains to be evaluated.
Ejaculated spermatozoa in patients with non‐mosaic Klinefelter’s syndrome
Authors: KITAMURA MASAYA , MATSUMIYA KIYOMI , KOGA MINORU , NISHIMURA KENJI , MIURA HIDENOBU , TSUJI TOSHINORI , MATSUMOTO MASAHIKO , OKAMOTO YOSHIO , OKUYAMA AKIHIKO 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Background
: Non‐mosaic Klinefelter patients are generally azoospermic and there is no therapy to improve the spermatogenesis. Some patients have a few spermatozoa in their ejaculates, which can be used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), but only a few cases resulting in a successful birth have been reported.
Methods
: Out of 52 non‐mosaic 47,XXY Klinefelter patients, four cases having spermatozoa in their ejaculates were retrospectively studied.
Results
: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection was performed in three cases using their ejaculates and resulted in one chemical abortion and one death in utero (8 weeks). Using testicular sperm, one patient had a healthy baby with a normal karyotype.
Conclusion
: Some non‐mosaic Klinefelter patients have ejaculated sperm that can result in a successful birth following ICSI. However, the birth rate is very low compared with the fertilization rate, suggesting increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities.
First Report of Papaya Fruit Rot Caused by Colletotrichum magna in Brazil
Authors: Nascimento R. J. , Mizubuti E. S. G. , Câmara M. P. S. , Ferreira M. F. , Maymon M. , Freeman S. , Michereff S. J. 
Published: November 2010

Species of the genus Colletotrichum are commonly reported as pathogens of fruits in tropical regions. Papaya fruits (Carica papaya L.), cv. Golden, with typical lesions of anthracnose, chocolate spot, and/or stem-end rot were collected from 18 papaya-producing areas of northeast Brazil in 2007. One hundred and fifty-five isolates of Colletotrichum spp. were obtained from the fruit lesions and cultured on potato dextrose agar. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by placing a 20-μl drop of 105 conidia ml–1 suspension on a wounded area of two healthy fruits of cv Golden at the climacteric stage. Inoculated fruits were placed in a moist chamber at 26°C (±2) for 48 h. After this period, the plastic covers of the trays used to form the moist chamber were removed and the trays were kept at 26°C (±2) for 98 h when symptoms were assessed. The causal agents of fruit rot were recovered from inoculated fruits showing symptoms of anthracnose and chocolate spot. Conidia from fresh lesions were collected and measured. Conidia dimensions were 13.49 × 3.80 μm, length/width ratio = 3.55 μm. Conidia were predominantly cylindrical to bluntly rounded ends and slightly flattened. All isolates were morphologically similar to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz (1). Molecular analyses of the isolates were carried out with taxon-specific primers for C. acutatum J.H Simmonds and C. gloeosporioides (3). Only one amplicon was detected for eight isolates with the C. gloeosporioides primer. All isolates were genotyped using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. Three groups of isolates were found, one containing the eight C. gloeosporioides isolates, a second group comprised of 141 isolates, and a third contained six isolates. The second and third groups were more similar to each other than to the first C. gloeosporioides group. Thirty two representative isolates of the three ISSR groups were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and glutamine synthetase (GS) (GenBank Nos. HM163181 and HM015847) regions. With molecular phylogenetic analyses, two well-supported clades were formed, one with the C. gloeosporioides isolates and the other with sequences highly similar (99% similarity) to the two ITS sequences available in GenBank (DQ003310 and GU358453) and the GS region of G. magna Jenkins & Winstead (DQ792873). The latter was reported in the United States and Taiwan (2,4). Isolates of C. magna and C. gloeosporioides are morphologically similar and identification needs to be based on molecular analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. magna causing rot of papaya fruit in Brazil. References: (1) P. F. Cannon et al. Mycotaxon 104:189, 2008. (2) M. Z. Du et al. Mycologia 97:641, 2005. (3) P. Talhinhas et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:2987, 2005. (4) J. G. Tsay et al. Plant Dis. 94:787, 2010.
Classifying nursing errors in clinical management within an Australian hospital
Authors: Tran D. T. , Johnson M. 
Published: November 2010

Tran D.T. & Johnson M. (2010) Classifying nursing errors in clinical management within an Australian hospital. International Nursing Review57, 454–462Background:  Although many classification systems relating to patient safety exist, no taxonomy was identified that classified nursing errors in clinical management.Aims:  To develop a classification system for nursing errors relating to clinical management (NECM taxonomy) and to describe contributing factors and patient consequences.Methods:  We analysed 241 (11%) self‐reported incidents relating to clinical management in nursing in a metropolitan hospital. Descriptive analysis of numeric data and content analysis of text data were undertaken to derive the NECM taxonomy, contributing factors and consequences for patients.Results:  Clinical management incidents represented 1.63 incidents per 1000 occupied bed days. The four themes of the NECM taxonomy were nursing care process (67%), communication (22%), administrative process (5%), and knowledge and skill (6%). Half of the incidents did not cause any patient harm. Contributing factors (n = 111) included the following: patient clinical, social conditions and behaviours (27%); resources (22%); environment and workload (18%); other health professionals (15%); communication (13%); and nurse's knowledge and experience (5%).Conclusion:  The NECM taxonomy provides direction to clinicians and managers on areas in clinical management that are most vulnerable to error, and therefore, priorities for system change management. Any nurses who wish to classify nursing errors relating to clinical management could use these types of errors. This study informs further research into risk management behaviour, and self‐assessment tools for clinicians. Globally, nurses need to continue to monitor and act upon patient safety issues.
Observation of a New Pattern in Serogroup-Related PCR Typing of
Listeria
monocytogenes
4b Isolates
Authors: Huang Bixing , Fang Ningxia , Dimovski Karolina , Wang Xian , Hogg Geoff , Bates John 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Molecular serogroup-related PCR typing has made the determination of serotypes of
Listeria
monocytogenes
isolates easy and rapid. Amplification of selected lineage- and serotype-related genes can produce serotype patterns reflecting the four major serotypes, 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, and 4b. We found that four isolates in our routine testing had a pattern with the four bands
lmo0737
, ORF2110, ORF2819, and
prs
positive, a pattern which has not been previously reported in the literature. After testing with a lineage-specific PCR, hybridization, and conventional agglutination serotyping, the isolates with the new pattern were considered to be serotype 4b.
Evaluation of Multiplex Tandem Real-Time PCR for Detection of
Cryptosporidium
spp.,
Dientamoeba fragilis
,
Entamoeba histolytica
, and
Giardia intestinalis
in Clinical Stool Samples
Authors: Stark D. , Al-Qassab S. E. , Barratt J. L. N. , Stanley K. , Roberts T. , Marriott D. , Harkness J. , Ellis J. T. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to describe the first development and evaluation of a multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assay for the detection and identification of 4 common pathogenic protozoan parasites,
Cryptosporidium
spp.,
Dientamoeba fragilis
,
Entamoeba histolytica
, and
Giardia intestinalis
, from human clinical samples. A total of 472 fecal samples submitted to the Department of Microbiology at St. Vincent's Hospital were included in the study. The MT-PCR assay was compared to four real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assays and microscopy by a traditional modified iron hematoxylin stain. The MT-PCR detected 28
G. intestinalis
, 26
D. fragilis
, 11
E. histolytica
, and 9
Cryptosporidium
sp. isolates. Detection and identification of the fecal protozoa by MT-PCR demonstrated 100% correlation with the RT-PCR results, and compared to RT-PCR, MT-PCR exhibited 100% sensitivity and specificity, while traditional microscopy of stained fixed fecal smears exhibited sensitivities and specificities of 56% and 100% for
Cryptosporidium
spp., 38% and 99% for
D. fragilis
, 47% and 97% for
E. histolytica
, and 50% and 100% for
G. intestinalis
. No cross-reactivity was detected in 100 stool samples containing various other bacterial, viral, and protozoan species. The MT-PCR assay was able to provide rapid, sensitive, and specific simultaneous detection and identification of the four most important diarrhea-causing protozoan parasites that infect humans. This study also highlights the lack of sensitivity demonstrated by microscopy, and thus, molecular methods such as MT-PCR must be considered the diagnostic methods of choice for enteric protozoan parasites.
Allocation and morphological responses to resource manipulations are unlikely to mitigate shade intolerance in Houstonia montana, a rare southern Appalachian herb
Authors: Euliss Amy C. , Fisk Melany C. , McCleneghan S. Coleman , Neufeld Howard S. 
Published: November 2010

High light requirements limit the distribution of several rare plant species endemic to the southern Appalachian region. We studied the influence of light and nitrogen availability on carbon allocation and morphology in one of these species, Houstonia montana Small. Insights into growth and nutrition of H. montana are needed for predicting how it will respond to ongoing changes in its environment associated with atmospheric nitrogen deposition and resulting from succession and (or) management of grassy-bald habitats in which it occurs. We hypothesized that low light constrains belowground allocation, and that elevated N availability reduces limitations to aboveground growth at low light. We tested growth and mycorrhizal colonization of H. montana in response to interactions of light and N availability in a greenhouse experiment. Shade reduced plant biomass, root:shoot ratios, and mycorrhizal colonization, and increased specific leaf area (area/mass). Elevated N reduced root:shoot ratios and mycorrhizal colonization. Under low light, N addition increased specific root length (length/mass) and foliar chlorophyll. We found support for the hypotheses that low light and high N reduce belowground allocation in H. montana. However, we did not find that high N significantly alleviates limitation to plant growth in the shade, despite changes in allocation, morphology, and chemistry that were consistent with more efficient use of C for aboveground growth. Thus, variation in the soil N availability is unlikely to have a marked effect on the ability of H. montana to tolerate shade in its native habitat.
The impact of environmental temperature on larval development and metamorph body condition in the common toad, Bufo bufo
Authors: Reading Christopher 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe dates when common toads first started to spawn (1980-2009) and when metamorphs first started to emerge from the natal pond (1984-2009) were recorded annually at a pond in southern England. Data loggers were used to record daily pond water temperatures between 1995-1999 and 2002-2009. The SVL and body mass of newly emerged metamorphs were recorded between 2003-2009. The dates of first spawn deposition varied between years by up to 60 days, from 28th January 2007 to 29th March 2006. The duration of the tadpole stage was negatively correlated with the date of first spawn deposition and with the mean pond water temperature during the tadpole stage. Although the duration of the tadpole stage was longer when spawning was early, compared to when it was late, metamorphs emerged from the pond up to 37 days earlier when spawning was early but with a lower body condition than when spawning was late. The body condition of newly emerged metamorphs was highly correlated with the temperature of the pond water they experienced as tadpoles. The potential benefit of early metamorphosis in providing a longer period of time for toadlet growth, before entering their first hibernation, may be counterbalanced by their poorer body condition when compared with later emerging metamorphs.
The Ossetian-Ingush Confrontation: Explaining a Horizontal Conflict
Authors: Rezvani Babak 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTerrorist attacks in the North Caucasus and the eruption of many other ethnic conflicts in the post-Soviet space cause the fear that the old Ossetian-Ingush confrontation may also re-emerge. Ossetians are the only indigenous Christian ethnic group in the predominantly Sunni Muslim North Caucasus. They have fought a war with the Ingush over the Prigorodnyj district, which was part of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic inhabited mainly by the Ingush before they were deported by Stalin in the early 1940s. After their return, the punished Muslim Ingush have tried in vain to regain their territory, which has ultimately resulted in a bloody war in the early 1990s. Unlike the other wars in the former Soviet republics, this was not a vertical conflict. The present paper tries to analyse the historical background and roots of the antagonism between the two neighbouring North Caucasian peoples.
Wrapping BCR-ABL: it's in the bag
Authors: Melo Junia V. , Hewett Duncan R. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Leukemia, with its origin in a specific genetic abnormality, will only arise if the cell properly folds and processes the oncogenic protein encoded by the mutant gene. In this issue of Blood, Tsukahara and Maru describe a set of proteins that control the processing of the nascent BCR-ABL oncoprotein, providing new avenues for potential therapeutic intervention in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).
Regulation of CEACAM1 transcription in human breast epithelial cells
Authors: Gencheva Marieta , Chen Charng-Jui , Nguyen Tung , Shively John E 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundCarcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a transmembrane protein with multiple functions in different cell types. CEACAM1 expression is frequently mis-regulated in cancer, with down-regulation reported in several tumors of epithelial origin andde novoexpression of CEACAM1 in lung cancer and malignant melanoma. In this report we analyzed the regulation of CEACAM1 expression in three breast cancer cell lines that varied in CEACAM1 expression from none (MCF7) to moderate (MDA-MB-468) to high (MCF10A, comparable to normal breast).ResultsUsingin vivofootprinting and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments we show that theCEACAM1proximal promoter in breast cells is bound in its active state by SP1, USF1/USF2, and IRF1/2. When down-regulated theCEACAM1promoter remains accessible to USF2 and partially accessible to USF1. Interferon-γ up-regulates CEACAM1 mRNA by a mechanism involving further induction of IRF-1 and USF1 binding at the promoter. As predicted by this analysis, silencing of IRF1 and USF1 but not USF2 by RNAi resulted in a significant decrease in CEACAM1 protein expression in MDA-MB-468 cells. The inactiveCEACAM1promoter in MCF7 cells exhibits decreased histone acetylation at the promoter region, with no evidence of H3K9 or H3K27 trimethylation, histone modifications often linked to condensed chromatin structure.ConclusionsOur data suggest that transcription activators USF1 and IRF1 interact to modulate CEACAM1 expression and that the chromatin structure of the promoter is likely maintained in a poised state that can promote rapid induction under appropriate conditions.
Aromatase Is Increased in Astrocytes in the Presence of Elevated Pressure
Authors: Gatson J. W. , Simpkins J. W. , Yi K. D. , Idris A. H. , Minei J. P. , Wigginton J. G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAfter traumatic brain injury (TBI), a progressive injury and death of neurons and glia leads to decreased brain function. Endogenous and exogenous estrogens may protect these vulnerable cells. In this study, we hypothesized that increased pressure leads to an increase in aromatase expression and estrogen production in astrocytes. In this study, we subjected rat glioma (C6) cells and primary cortical astrocytes to increased pressure (25 mm Hg) for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Total aromatase protein and RNA levels were measured using Western analysis and RT-PCR, respectively. In addition, we measured aromatase activity by assaying estrone levels after administration of its precursor, androstenedione. We found that increased pressure applied to the C6 cells and primary cortical astrocytes resulted in a significant increase in both aromatase RNA and protein. To extend these findings, we also analyzed aromatase activity in the primary astrocytes during increased pressure. We found that increased pressure resulted in a significant (P &lt; 0.01) increase in the conversion of androstenedione to estrone. In conclusion, we propose that after TBI, astrocytes sense increased pressure, leading to an increase in aromatase production and activity in the brain. These results may suggest mechanisms of brain estrogen production after increases in pressure as seen in TBI patients.
Gradience in morphological decomposability: Evidence from the perception of audiovisually incongruent speech
Authors: Ali Azra N. , Ingleby Michael 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOver the last three decades, priming and masking experiments and corpus frequency studies have dominated attempts to find ranking in the decomposability of words containing morphological affixes. Here we establish feasibility of using another experimental probe based on audiovisually incongruent speech stimuli. In response to such stimuli, a proportion of participants report percepts that differ in place of articulation from either the audio or the visual signal, typically reporting percept /t/ when receiving audio /p/ dubbed onto visual /k/. We study the systematic variation of this proportion, the McGurk fusion rate, using a small corpus with affixes