bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In children using intensive insulin therapy, a 20‐g variation in carbohydrate amount significantly impacts on postprandial glycaemia
Authors: Smart C. E. , King B. R. , McElduff P. , Collins C. E. 
Published: January 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, e21–e24 (2012)AbstractAim  To determine if an insulin dose calculated for a meal containing 60 g carbohydrate maintains postprandial glycaemic control for meals containing 40, 50, 70 or 80 g carbohydrate.Methods  Thirty‐four young people (age range 8.5–17.7 years) using intensive insulin therapy consumed five test breakfasts with equivalent fat, protein and fibre contents but differing carbohydrate quantities (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 g of carbohydrate). The preprandial insulin dose was the same for each meal, based on the subject’s usual insulin:carbohydrate ratio for 60 g carbohydrate. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to monitor postprandial glucose over 180 min.Results  The 40‐g carbohydrate meal resulted in significantly more hypoglycaemia than the other meals (P = 0.003). There was a one in three chance of hypoglycaemia between 120 and 180 min if an insulin dose for 60 g carbohydrate was given for 40 g carbohydrate. The glucose levels of subjects on the 80‐g meal were significantly higher than the 60‐ and 70‐g carbohydrate meals at all time points between 150 and 180 min (P < 0.01). Subjects consuming the 80‐g meal were more likely to have significant hyperglycaemia (blood glucose levels ≥ 12 mmol/l) compared with the other meals (P < 0.001).Conclusions  In patients using intensive insulin therapy, an individually calculated insulin dose for 60 g carbohydrate results in postprandial hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia for meals containing 40 and 80 g carbohydrate. To calculate mealtime insulin in order to maintain postprandial control, carbohydrate estimations should be within 10 g of the actual meal carbohydrate.
Rattling cisticola song features and variability across sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Benedict L. , Bowie R. C. K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractQuantifying bird song variation can be an important tool for ensuring accurate species identification and can provide a significant basis for understanding the evolutionary processes that shape phenotypic diversity. This study describes variation in the songs of rattling cisticolas Cisticola chiniana across sub‐Saharan Africa. For many cisticola species, learned songs are the most obvious phenotypic indicators of species affiliation and may also function to indicate individual quality. We examined 957 songs recorded from 61 individuals and archived in sound libraries. To assess the diversity of syllable and song types, we examined patterns of syllable use. We also measured vocalization frequency and time parameters and assessed how they vary through space. Results indicated that rattling cisticola songs are highly variable, but also have features that are species‐specific. Examined songs had a relatively fixed structure containing one of three characteristic introductory note types, followed by an end phrase. Two of the introductory note types were sung across the species’ range (some 4500 km), whereas the third was only recorded in south‐western Africa. End phrases generated most of the diversity in songs and appeared to have an unlimited number of forms. End‐phrase characteristics showed a strong geographic variation, but did not vary with elevation. Song features varied individually and geographically in ways that are consistent with evolution due to multiple selective pressures, including stabilizing selection for species recognition on the introductory notes and diversifying selection on the end phrases. This pattern of lability in some song features coupled with stability in others may be a common feature of cisticola songs as it has also been found in Cisticola erythrops, a congener with a similarly broad range.
The Unique Features of Traumatic Brain Injury in Children. Review of the Characteristics of the Pediatric Skull and Brain, Mechanisms of Trauma, Patterns of Injury, Complications and Their Imaging Findings—Part 1
Authors: Pinto Pedro S. , Poretti Andrea , Meoded Avner , Tekes Aylin , Huisman Thierry A.G.M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTTraumatic head/brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and life‐long disability in children. The biomechanical properties of the child's brain and skull, the size of the child, the age‐specific activity pattern, and higher degree of brain plasticity result in a unique distribution, degree, and quality of TBI compared to adult TBI. A detailed knowledge about the various types of primary and secondary pediatric head injuries is essential to better identify and understand pediatric TBI. The goals of this review article are (1) to discuss the unique epidemiology, mechanisms, and characteristics of TBI in children, and (2) to review the anatomical and functional imaging techniques that can be used to study common and rare pediatric traumatic brain injuries and their complications. J Neuroimaging 2012;22:e1–e17.
Resveratrol‐Mediated Downregulation of Rictor Attenuates Autophagic Process and Suppresses UV‐Induced Skin Carcinogenesis†
Authors: Back Jung H. , Zhu Yucui , Calabro Alyssa , Queenan Craig , Kim Audrey S. , Arbesman Joshua , Kim Arianna L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMacroautophagy is a cellular response to various environmental stresses that ensures lysosomal degradation of long‐lived and damaged proteins and cellular organelles. It occurs through the formation of an autophagosome, which then fuses with a lysosome to form an autolysosome. Depending on the cellular context, autophagy may promote cancer cell survival or it may serve as a mechanism of tumor suppression. Herein, we show that resveratrol, a natural phytoalexin, induces premature senescence in human A431 SCC cells, and that resveratrol‐induced premature senescence is associated with a blockade of autolysosome formation, as assessed by the absence of colocalization of LC3 and Lamp‐2, markers for autophagosomes and lysosomes, respectively. Further, we show that resveratrol downregulates the level of Rictor, a component of mTORC2, leading to decreased RhoA‐GTPase and altered actin cytoskeleton organization. Exogenous overexpression of Rictor restores RhoA‐GTPase activity and actin cytoskeleton network, and decreases resveratrol‐induced senescence‐associated β‐gal activity, indicating a direct role of Rictor in senescence induction. Rictor is overexpressed in UV‐induced murine SCCs, whereas its expression is diminished by oral administration of resveratrol. These data indicate that resveratrol attenuates autophagic process via Rictor, and suggest that downregulation of Rictor may be a mechanism of tumor suppression associated with premature senescence.
Creating Community Collaboration to Improve the Care of Patients With High Blood Pressure: Lessons From Rochester, New York
Authors: Bisognano John D. , Speranza Paul S. , Becker Lawrence M. , Norwood Wade S. , Bradley Al , Nazar Michael D. , Beckman Howard B. 
Published: January 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:178–183. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Over the past two years, the business community of Monroe County, which includes Rochester, New York, has been engaging in a collaborative to improve outcomes for people with high blood pressure. As the employers examined the costs of care in the community, they recognized two important factors. First, the costs of care for the uninsured, the underinsured, and the Medicare population influence the business community's cost of care. Second, trying to redesign care just for their employees alone was not effective. This project is unique in that the stimulus and funding for community‐wide action comes from the business community. They saw beyond the often unsuccessful short‐term cost reduction programs and joined with a community‐focused organization, the Finger Lakes Health Systems Agency, to construct a multi‐year, multi‐faceted intervention designed to encourage practice redesign and an invigorated community commitment to partnership and accountability. This report describes the process to date and hopefully will stimulate conversations about mechanisms to encourage similar collaboration within other communities.
Universal primers for fluorescent labelling of PCR fragments—an efficient and cost‐effective approach to genotyping by fluorescence
Authors: BLACKET M. J. , ROBIN C. , GOOD R. T. , LEE S. F. , MILLER A. D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDirectly labelling locus‐specific primers for microsatellite analysis is expensive and a common limitation to small‐budget molecular ecology projects. More cost‐effective end‐labelling of PCR products can be achieved through a three primer PCR approach, involving a fluorescently labelled universal primer in combination with modified locus‐specific primers with 5′ universal primer sequence tails. This technique has been widely used but has been limited largely due to a lack of available universal primers suitable for co‐amplifying large numbers of size overlapping loci and without requiring locus‐specific PCR conditions to be modified. In this study, we report a suite of four high‐performance universal primers that can be employed in a three primer PCR approach for efficient and cost‐effective fluorescent end‐labelling of PCR fragments. Amplification efficiency is maximized owing to high universal primer Tm values (approximately 60+ °C) that enhance primer versatility and enable higher annealing temperatures to be employed compared with commonly used universal primers such as M13. We demonstrate that these universal primers can be combined with multiple fluorophores to co‐amplify multiple loci efficiently via multiplex PCR. This method provides a level of multiplexing and PCR efficiency similar to microsatellite fluorescent detection assays using directly labelled primers while dramatically reducing project costs. Primer performance is tested using several alternative PCR strategies that involve both single and multiple fluorophores in single and multiplex PCR across a wide range of taxa.
NichePy: modular tools for estimating the similarity of ecological niche and species distribution models
Authors: Bentlage Bastian , Shcheglovitova Mariya 
Published: January 2012

Summary1. Ecological niche and species distribution models (ENMs and SDMs) are widely used in macroecological studies to investigate the potential geographic distributions of invasive species, the effects of climate change on past, present and future species distributions as well as the evolution of ecological niches. For many of these studies, estimating the similarity of different ENMs and SDMs is critical to evaluate the robustness of models.2. We implement previously described randomization tests for evaluating the similarity of ENMs and SDMs in a package of three programs/scripts using the Python Programming Language. Our implementation is modular and flexible. It can be used with a variety of existing ENM and SDM algorithms and can be integrated into high‐throughput analyses using a command‐line shell (e.g. the Bash shell that is found on many Unix‐like operating systems).3. We demonstrate the application of NichePy using distributional data of two Anolis species from Hispaniola. An analysis integrating NichePy and openModeller, including a simple and straight‐forward approach to ensemble modelling, is outlined.
Changes in correlation between spontaneous activity of dorsal horn neurones lead to differential recruitment of inhibitory pathways in the cat spinal cord
Authors: Chávez D. , Rodríguez E. , Jiménez I. , Rudomin P. 
Published: January 2012

Key points
We have examined the functional organization of the neuronal ensembles involved in the generation of spontaneous cord dorsum potentials in the lumbo‐sacral spinal cord of the anaesthetized cat.
These potentials appear synchronously along several spinal segments and are generated by a longitudinally distributed network of bilaterally interconnected sets of dorsal horn neurones.
Low levels of synchronization of spontaneous neuronal activity within this network appear associated with activation of spinal pathways mediating glycinergic non‐reciprocal postsynaptic inhibition of motoneurones.
During states of spontaneous increased synchronization, or after the acute section of cutaneous nerves, there is a preferential activation of the GABAergic pathways producing primary afferent depolarization and presynaptic inhibition of muscle and cutaneous afferents.
It is suggested that modulation of the temporal synchronization of spontaneous activity of dorsal horn neurones might provide means for selection of alternatively operating inhibitory spinal pathways during different sensory and motor behaviours.
Activity of a Novel Combined Antiretroviral Therapy of Gemcitabine and Decitabine in a Mouse Model for HIV-1
Authors: Clouser Christine L. , Holtz Colleen M. , Mullett Mary , Crankshaw Daune L. , Briggs Jacquie E. , O'Sullivan M. Gerard , Patterson Steven E. , Mansky Louis M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

The emergence of drug resistance threatens to limit the use of current anti-HIV-1 drugs and highlights the need to expand the number of treatment options available for HIV-1-infected individuals. Our previous studies demonstrated that two clinically approved drugs, decitabine and gemcitabine, potently inhibited HIV-1 replication in cell culture through a mechanism that is distinct from the mechanisms for the drugs currently used to treat HIV-1 infection. We further demonstrated that gemcitabine inhibited replication of a related retrovirus, murine leukemia virus (MuLV),
in vivo
using the MuLV-based LP-BM5/murine AIDS (MAIDS) mouse model at doses that were not toxic. Since decitabine and gemcitabine inhibited MuLV and HIV-1 replication with similar potency in cell culture, the current study examined the efficacy and toxicity of the drug combination using the MAIDS model. The data demonstrate that the drug combination inhibited disease progression, as detected by histopathology, viral loads, and spleen weights, at doses lower than those that would be required if the drugs were used individually. The combination of decitabine and gemcitabine exerted antiviral activity at doses that were not toxic. These findings indicate that the combination of decitabine and gemcitabine shows potent antiretroviral activity at nontoxic doses and should be further investigated for clinical relevance.
On the simulation of large-scale architectures using multiple application abstraction levels
Authors: Rico Alejandro , Cabarcas Felipe , Villavieja Carlos , Pavlovic Milan , Vega Augusto , Etsion Yoav , Ramirez Alex , Valero Mateo 
Published: January 2012

Simulation is a key tool for computer architecture research. In particular, cycle-accurate simulators are extremely important for microarchitecture exploration and detailed design decisions, but they are slow and, so, not suitable for simulating large-scale architectures, nor are they meant for this. Moreover, microarchitecture design decisions are irrelevant, or even misleading, for early processor design stages and high-level explorations. This allows one to raise the abstraction level of the simulated architecture, and also the application abstraction level, as it does not necessarily have to be represented as an instruction stream.
In this paper we introduce a definition of different application abstraction levels, and how these are employed in TaskSim, a multi-core architecture simulator, to provide several architecture modeling abstractions, and simulate large-scale architectures with hundreds of cores. We compare the simulation speed of these abstraction levels to the ones in existing simulation tools, and also evaluate their utility and accuracy. Our simulations show that a very high-level abstraction, which may be even faster than native execution, is useful for scalability studies on parallel applications; and that just simulating explicit memory transfers, we achieve accurate simulations for architectures using non-coherent scratchpad memories, with just a 25x slowdown compared to native execution. Furthermore, we revisit trace memory simulation techniques, that are more abstract than instruction-by-instruction simulations and provide an 18x simulation speedup.
Seamlessly portable applications
Authors: Kicherer Mario , Nowak Fabian , Buchty Rainer , Karl Wolfgang 
Published: January 2012

Nowadays, many possible configurations of heterogeneous systems exist, posing several new challenges to application development: different types of processing units usually require individual programming models with dedicated runtime systems and accompanying libraries. If these are absent on an end-user system, e.g. because the respective hardware is not present, an application linked against these will break. This handicaps portability of applications being developed on one system and executed on other, differently configured heterogeneous systems. Moreover, the individual profit of different processing units is normally not known in advance.
In this work, we propose a technique to effectively decouple applications from their accelerator-specific parts, respectively code. These parts are only linked on demand and thereby an application can be made portable across systems with different accelerators. As there are usually multiple hardware-specific implementations for a certain task, e.g., a CPU and a GPU version, a method is required to determine which are usable at all and which one is most suitable for execution on the current system. With our approach, application and hardware programmers can express the requirements and the abilities of the application and the hardware-specific implementations in a simplified manner. During runtime, the requirements and abilities are compared with regard to the present hardware in order to determine the usable implementations of a task. If multiple implementations are usable, an online-learning history-based selector is employed to determine the most efficient one.
We show that our approach chooses the fastest usable implementation dynamically on several systems while introducing only a negligible overhead itself. Applied to an MPI application, our mechanism enables exploitation of local accelerators on different heterogeneous hosts without preliminary knowledge or modification of the application.
The dual faces of service user participation: Implications for empowerment processes in interprofessional practice
Authors: Kvarnström Susanne , Hedberg Berith , Cedersund Elisabet 
Published: January 2012

• Summary: This article reports on an empirical research study exploring and describing variations in how front-line practitioners perceive service user participation (SUP), specifically in interprofessional practice. The settings comprised three Swedish health and social care organizations where the professionals worked in interprofessional teams: a program for chronic pain rehabilitation, a program for surgical treatment of obesity, and a short-term municipal home for older adults. The qualitative study design was informed by a phenomenographic approach and conducted as semi-structured individual interviews with 15 professionals representing nine professions, including social work. • Findings: The main findings show seven qualitative variations in understanding of SUP: 1) inclusion in activities and social events, 2) obtaining guidance, 3) having self-determination and choice, 4) getting confirmation from and contact with professionals, 5) negotiating for adjustment, 6) personal responsibility through insight, and 7) circumstance surrounding SUP. • Applications: The interprofessional dimensions discerned in the meaning attributed to SUP are mainly described in terms of amplified opportunities for participation. An interesting aspect of the findings is that in all the variations of perceptions of SUP, there are potentials to reverse to their opposites, that is, paradoxes that can be termed ‘the dual faces of service user participation’. These aspects stress the need for continuing reflection on practices among both front-line practitioners and managers in empowering and paternalistic processes and on constantly improving organizational and policy conditions to facilitate SUP.
PIP2-dependent regulation of Munc13-4 endocytic recycling: impact on the cytolytic secretory pathway
Authors: Capuano Cristina , Paolini Rossella , Molfetta Rosa , Frati Luigi , Santoni Angela , Galandrini Ricciarda 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes clear infected and transformed cells by releasing the content of lytic granules at cytolytic synapses, and the ability of cytolytic effectors to kill in an iterative manner has been documented previously. Although bidirectional trafficking of cytolytic machinery components along the endosomal pathway has begun to be elucidated, the molecular mechanisms coordinating granule retrieval remain completely unexplored. In the present study, we focus on the lytic granule priming factor Munc13-4, the mutation of which in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3 results in a profound defect of cytotoxic function. We addressed the role of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) in the regulation of Munc13-4 compartmentalization. We observed that in human natural killer cells, PIP2 is highly enriched in membrane rafts. Granule secretion triggering induces a transient Munc13-4 raft recruitment, followed by AP-2/clathrin–dependent internalization. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) γ gene silencing leads to the impairment of granule secretion associated with increased levels of raft-associated Munc13-4, which is attributable to a defect in AP-2 membrane recruitment. In such conditions, the ability to subsequently kill multiple targets was significantly impaired. These observations indicate that Munc13-4 reinternalization is required for the maintenance of an intracellular pool that is functional to guarantee the serial killing potential.
A novel method to allow noninvasive, longitudinal imaging of the murine immune system in vivo
Authors: Gibson Vivienne B. , Benson Robert A. , Bryson Karen J. , McInnes Iain B. , Rush Catherine M. , Grassia Gianluca , Maffia Pasquale , Jenkinson Eric J. , White Andrea J. , Anderson Graham , Brewer James M. , Garside Paul 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
In vivo imaging has revolutionized understanding of the spatiotemporal complexity that subserves the generation of successful effector and regulatory immune responses. Until now, invasive surgery has been required for microscopic access to lymph nodes (LNs), making repeated imaging of the same animal impractical and potentially affecting lymphocyte behavior. To allow longitudinal in vivo imaging, we conceived the novel approach of transplanting LNs into the mouse ear pinna. Transplanted LNs maintain the structural and cellular organization of conventional secondary lymphoid organs. They participate in lymphocyte recirculation and exhibit the capacity to receive and respond to local antigenic challenge. The same LN could be repeatedly imaged through time without the requirement for surgical exposure, and the dynamic behavior of the cells within the transplanted LN could be characterized. Crucially, the use of blood vessels as fiducial markers also allowed precise re-registration of the same regions for longitudinal imaging. Thus, we provide the first demonstration of a method for repeated, noninvasive, in vivo imaging of lymphocyte behavior.