bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occupational Meanings and Spirituality: The Quest for Sobriety
Authors: Moyers Penelope A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This article compares two differing models of intervention for persons with alcohol dependence—the Moyers Model for occupational therapy and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Both models were found to share practice strategies but to differ in their emphasis on spirituality and self-control. Additionally, the Moyers Model was basically procedural in its description of the clinical reasoning process, whereas AA places great emphasis on the spiritual aspects of recovery. Because this disparity may lead to confusion when the person with alcohol dependence is involved in both an occupational therapy program (using Moyers Model) and an AA program, the Moyers Model was revised to include a conditional reasoning structure (i.e., a process for therapists to help clients find meaning in actions). By providing opportunities to explore meaning through action during occupations, the revised Moyers Model is both more consistent with the AA principles of spiritual recovery and in keeping with the occupational therapy philosophy of addressing the needs of the whole person.
Religious Orientation and Pain Management
Authors: Low Jaclyn Faglie 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Occupational therapists may find pain management less effective than anticipated for the patient’s condition. In exploring additional avenues of relief, it is important to look beyond physical agents. The therapist must sort physical, psychological, and spiritual components of pain to provide appropriate intervention or referral.
The interface between health care and religion is strongest at the point of confrontation with a life-changing event. Literature addressing the relationship between religious orientation and pain perception differentiates among major religions but not among differences in beliefs of diverse denominational groups. Understanding beliefs about pain may be indispensable to its effective management.
Productivity demands necessitate sensitivity to factors other than the physical in order to avoid ineffective treatment. The patient’s beliefs can be explored within the contexts of initial evaluation and the course of treatment. Knowledge of the mechanics of pain and treatment modalities can be augmented by awareness of the influence of beliefs on response to treatment.
A Consecutive Series of Adults With Brain Injury Treated With a Washing and Dressing Retraining Program
Authors: Giles Gordon Muir , Ridley Jonathan Edward , Dill Ann , Frye Susan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. Single-case reports indicate that behavioral methods can assist persons with brain injury to redevelop self-care skills. However, the proportion of patients who could benefit from these interventions is unknown. The present study used a specific retraining protocol to treat all patients admitted to a single facility over a 3-year period who were unable to wash and dress independently.
Method. Four patients out of 48 met the study criteria and were treated with the washing and dressing protocol. Three had traumatic brain injury, and one had brain injury after cerebral bleed. The training program involved behavioral observation, task analysis, consistent practice, and cue fading. The Adaptive Behavior Scale was used to measure behavior change.
Results. Three subjects achieved rapid independence in washing and dressing (20 days, 37 days, and 11 days of treatment), and one did not show significant clinical improvement.
Conclusion. All patients admitted to the facility during a 3-year period who required washing and dressing retraining were treated with the same protocol. The consecutive series design prevented researchers from selecting patients who they believed were good treatment candidates; therefore, the findings support the general applicability of the training program.
Therapists’ Perceptions of Pediatric Occupational Therapy Interventions in Self-Care
Authors: Swart Stacy Koser , Kanny Elizabeth M. , Massagli Teresa L. , Engel Joyce M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. This study examined the congruence between pediatric occupational therapists’ self-care interventions and occupational therapy’s philosophical base, which focuses on performance of self-care skills as primary in evaluation and intervention.
Method. A questionnaire was mailed to 252 therapists serving children ages birth to 6 years. The questionnaire asked for therapists’ perceptions about the importance, uniqueness, and frequency of 10 areas of intervention, including self-care.
Results. Perceived importance of self-care was found to be strongly related to perceived frequency of self-care intervention. Practice setting was significantly associated with perceptions of uniqueness of self-care, and team membership status was significantly associated with importance of self-care. Most respondents perceived self-care intervention to be important (86%) and unique (80%) to occupational therapy. Seventy percent regularly provided intervention for self-care.
Conclusions. The therapists’ perceptions reflected continued regard for self-care as an important and unique area of pediatric occupational therapy but were somewhat discrepant with the actual frequency of self-care interventions.
Interrater Reliability of the Technology Team Assessment Process
Authors: Embleton Amy J. , Spencer Karen C. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This study examined the interrater reliability of the Technology Team Assessment Process (TTAP).
Method. Students ages 9 to 12 years who have learning disabilities received a TTAP assessment, which was videotaped. Five independent raters trained in the assessment process observed the videotapes and rated each student with the TTAP recording forms. Additionally, each rater made specific assistive technology recommendations on the basis of his or her evaluation.
Results. lntraclass correlation coefficients revealed that only one of four sections of the TTAP investigated had low to moderate interrater reliability for the students evaluated.
Conclusion. The results of this study suggest that the TTAP, in its present form, cannot be used with confidence to assess students with learning disabilities and requires more extensive development and testing.
The Relationship Between Pretheoretical Assumptions and Clinical Reasoning
Authors: Hooper Barb 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This single-case study explored what internal beliefs or commitments one therapist holds about the nature of reality and how those beliefs influence her delivery of occupational therapy services. Data were collected through three in-depth interviews and through observation of the therapist conducting treatment sessions.
Results suggest that the therapist’s view of reality can be categorized into four areas: (a) what she believes about ultimate reality; (b) what she believes about life, death, and eternity; (c) what she believes about human nature; and (d) what she believes about the nature of knowing. The findings also suggest that this core worldview informs how the therapist fames clinical practice and how she delivers occupational therapy services. Further, both the therapist’s view of reality and her clinical practice are deeply rooted in her sociocultural experiences. This case study provides a rich description of the interrelatedness of sociocultural context, worldview, and clinical reasoning.
Evaluating Patient Motivation in Physical Disabilities Practice Settings
Authors: Carlson Jodi L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. Motivation is an important factor in and predictor of a person’s recovery from illness, yet no information exists about how occupational therapists actually evaluate patient motivation in clinical practice. This article describes a pilot study of how occupational therapists in physical disabilities settings evaluate patient motivation.
Method. A sample of 150 fieldwork coordinators in physical disabilities treatment centers were surveyed about whether they evaluate patient motivation and about the methods they used to evaluate patient motivation.
Results. Most respondents reported that they evaluate motivation informally and throughout treatment. Respondents evaluate motivation mostly via general discussion, observation of patient conduct and actions, and information from others. Less than one third discussed interests and goals with patients to evaluate motivation. Despite questionable methods of evaluation of motivation, a majority of respondents reported that their evaluation influences their treatment approaches and improves treatment outcomes.
Conclusion. Instruction about the definition and evaluation of motivation may increase the frequency of motivation evaluation in occupational therapy.
The Effects of a Neonatal Positioner on Scapular Rotation
Authors: Monfort Karen , Case-Smith Jane 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This clinical study investigated the effects of an individually fabricated prone positioner on heart rate, respiratory rate, and scapular position of premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. The prone positioner consisted of dense foam with cutouts to position the shoulders forward and toward midline.
Method. Six measurements of scapular rotation, respiratory rate, heart rate, and behavioral state were made with 20 infants on and off the prone positioner. The repeated measures allowed each infant to act as his or her own control.
Results. Heart and respiratory rates were not significantly different between the two methods of prone positioning. Upward scapular rotation was significantly greater with the infant on the prone positioner. Behavioral state did not influence the results.
Conclusion. These results suggest that a prone positioner can be helpful in the prevention of scapular–humeral tightness and shoulder retraction commonly observed in premature infants.
Moral Tensions and Obligations of Occupational Therapy Practitioners Providing Home Care
Authors: Opacich Karin J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Home care has been valued as a relevant context for the provision of occupational therapy since the inception of the field. The setting provides rich opportunities to restore meaningfulness in living for clients whose lives have been disrupted by illness or untoward events. Additionally the home care setting allows practitioners to exercise professional commitments and to meet ethical obligations congruent with the field of occupational therapy. Nevertheless, the home care arena is not exempt from the pressures that pervade the health care industry.
To thrive in the provision of home care, occupational therapy practitioners must prepare themselves to deal with the philosophic, economic, and moral challenges inherent in the setting. This article explores the moral obligations of occupational therapy practitioners who provide home care. More specifically, it addresses obligations to self to patients, to caregivers, to society, to the profession, to fellow health care providers, and to agencies and payers. Ethical principles associated with each are highlighted, and issues are raised. Home care practitioners who are attuned to the moral commitments imbedded in occupational therapy philosophy will most likely incorporate these tenets into their clinical decisions.
Documenting Progress in Home Care
Authors: McGuire Mary Jo 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The home is an ideal environment for the practice of occupational therapy. However the tumultuous health care environment of the late 1990s requires practitioners to take special care not only in delivering effective services, but also in documenting the delivery of skilled care. Documentation is the bridge between the delivery of occupational therapy services in the home and the approval for reimbursement of services by third-party payers. This article presents principles for writing reimbursable progress notes for home care that are based on Medicare documents related to occupational therapy. Application of these principles can improve efficiency and excellence in practitioners’ documentation skills.
The Effect of Added-Purpose and Meaningful Occupation on Motor Learning
Authors: Ferguson Janice M. , Trombly Catherine A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. Numerous studies in the occupational therapy literature have investigated the effects of added-purpose (multidimensional, goal-oriented) occupation on performance. Motor learning research has demonstrated that factors that enhance performance measures do not necessarily enhance motor learning. This study examined the effects of both added-purpose and meaningful occupation on motor learning.
Method. Twenty subjects (university students) were randomly assigned to either an added-purpose or rote exercise condition. After a skill acquisition phase, retention and transfer scores were obtained, and subjects were asked to rate the meaningfulness of the occupation on a visual analog scale.
Results. A two-way analysis of variance indicated that only the added-purpose occupation resulted in significantly greater motor learning. Additionally, the added-purpose scores were not influenced by the level of meaning assigned to the occupation.
Conclusion. This study is the first to demonstrate how added-purpose can enhance a more permanent aspect of performance: motor learning. Further research is necessary to determine whether occupations that both are meaningful and have added-purpose are the most effective in enhancing motor learning.
Occupational Adaptation Intervention With Patients With Cerebrovascular Accident: A Clinical Study
Authors: Gibson Jacquelyn Ward , Schkade Janette K. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of the Occupational Adaptation frame of reference in the evaluation and treatment of patients with cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
Method. Outcomes of functional independence and discharge environment were measured through a quasi-experimental design. Twenty-five former patients served as the control subjects, and 25 patients admitted after the programmatic implementation of Occupational Adaptation served as the treatment subjects.
Results. Data analyses indicated that the Occupational Adaptation subjects achieved higher levels of functional independence and were discharged to less restrictive environments compared with the control subjects.
Conclusion. Use of intervention guided by the Occupational Adaptation frame of reference was associated with improved functional independence and discharge to less-restricted environments for this group of patients with CVA.
Academic Integration of Occupational Therapy Faculty: A Survey
Authors: Vassantachart Dale S. M. , Rice Gail Taylor 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This descriptive study explored the reasons for occupational therapy faculty members selecting academia as a career, their use of faculty development practices, and the relationship of organizational culture to collegial support.
Method. Full-time faculty members (n = 191) from accredited occupational therapy professional programs in the United States completed a questionnaire about their early years in academia.
Results. Respondents indicated that their primary reason for selecting academia as a career was their love of teaching. The most helpful faculty development practice was frequent sharing of ideas with peer faculty members.
Conclusions. The findings support the following recommendations for program administrators and experienced faculty members to assist new faculty members in adapting to academia: (a) support and develop new avenues for sharing ideas in formal and informal settings; (b) develop mentoring programs, with new faculty members observing experienced teachers and receiving feedback and assistance for their own teaching; (c) encourage attendance at instructional seminars; (d) provide resource materials and texts on improving teaching and research skills; (e) allow time for research; and (f) encourage coauthoring of publications.
Student Perceptions of a Problem-Based Learning Course
Authors: Stern Perri 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Within occupational therapy education, there has been increased attention to curricula and courses that emphasize problem solving, clinical reasoning, and synthesis of information across traditional discipline-specific boundaries. This article describes the development, implementation, and outcomes of a problem-based learning course entitled Selected Cases in Occupational Therapy. The course was designed to help students to integrate the various elements of a specific occupational therapy curriculum and to enhance their abilities to respond to an ever-changing health care environment.
An evaluation of the course by the first 11 students who completed it revealed both strengths and weaknesses. Students responded that the course enhanced their professional behavior, including interpersonal communication skills, team work, and follow-through with professional responsibilities; helped them to integrate the various elements of the total occupational therapy academic program; enhanced their clinical reasoning skills by providing a structure for thinking through clinical issues; and provided personal gain or benefit (i.e., students perceived the course to be a valuable, realistic, and motivating experience). The students also identified several specific course elements that contributed to its integrating function, including content, class session format, and students’ role. Identified course weaknesses included the methods of evaluating student performance and the format and content of specific cases.
Circumventing Burnout in AIDS Care
Authors: Hooley Lynne 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Previous studies have determined that health care providers who specialize in AIDS care are particularly susceptible to work-related stress and resulting burnout. This qualitative study derived themes from interviews with three occupational therapists in order to examine these findings. Ultimately, stress and burnout were not dominant themes in the interviews. Instead, the prominent themes were Loss; death and dying; boundaries, connecting, and empathy; education; and coping strategies. An accepting attitude toward diversity coupled with the use of both individual and institutional stress management techniques modulated stress and prevented burnout among the study participants.
A Pilot Study of the Theoretical and Technical Competence and Appropriate Education for the Use of Nine Physical Agent Modalities in Occupational Therapy Practice
Authors: Glauner Julie H. , Ekes Ann M. , James Anne E. , Holm Margo B. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This study described occupational therapy practitioners’ perceptions about the content and method of training or education necessary for gaining theoretical and technical competence in the use of nine physical agent modalities (PAMs).
Method. A survey was developed and sent to 543 members of the Physical Disabilities Special Interest Section of the American Occupational Therapy Association who had identified their primary area of practice as hand therapy. One hundred and fifty-one completed surveys (28% response rate) were returned.
Results. The respondents indicated that theoretical and technical expertise necessary for competent use of PAMs varied according to the type of modality being considered Continuing education courses were identified as the best method for gaining theoretical and technical competence for the use of deep thermal agents, such as ultrasound and electrical stimulation agents, whereas entry-level professional education and on-the-job training were identified as most appropriate for superficial thermal agents, such as paraffin bath and hot and cold packs.
Conclusion. The results suggest that considerations regarding the type and amount of education necessary for gaining theoretical and technical competence in the use of PAMs depend on the type of modality being addressed. These differences should be considered in the future development of competency objectives for the use of PAMs.
The Relationship of the Allen Cognitive Level Test to Demographics, Diagnosis, and Disposition Among Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Henry Alexis D. , Moore Karen , Quinlivan Maureen , Triggs Marcia 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This study examined the relationship of the Allen Cognitive Level Test (ACL) to demographics, diagnosis, and disposition after hospitalization among persons with psychiatric disorders.
Method. Data were retrospectively collected from medical records, including initial occupational therapy evaluation notes, on 62 female and 38 male patients consecutively admitted to an urban, acute psychiatric inpatient unit. Collected was information on demographics, diagnosis, mental and physical health history, initial ACL scores, role involvement, and discharge living situation (DLS).
Results. Patients with higher initial ACL scores were more likely to be younger, to have lived independently before admission, to have been given nonpsychotic diagnoses, and to have been suicidal before admission. Although DLS was most strongly correlated with Living situation before admission, ACL scores showed the second strongest correlation to DLS. Patients with higher ACL scores were significantly more likely to be discharged to independent living than were patients with Lower ACL scores.
Conclusions. These results provide evidence that patients’ cognitive Level, as measured by the ACL, may be a useful predictor of community functioning. However, further research is needed to validate the Cognitive Disabilities Model.
A Review of Balance Instruments for Older Adults
Authors: Whitney Susan L. , Poole Janet L. , Cass Stephen P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this article is to review balance instruments developed within the past 10 years that can be used in the clinic or home environment. The use of such instruments may assist in identifying older adults who are at risk for falling, a major problem that can result in impaired function and loss of independence.
Method. Six instruments were reviewed: the Berg Balance Scale (Berg), the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIB), the Functional Reach Test, the Tinetti Balance Test of the Performance-Oriented Assessment of Mobility Problems (Tinetti), the Timed “Up and Go” Test (TU&GT), and the Physical Performance Test (PPT). Considered were what aspects of balance are assessed, time needed to administer the instrument, tools or equipment needed, evidence of reliability and validity, advantages and disadvantages, and the target population.
Results. The Berg, Tinetti, and PPT measure a variety of aspects of balance, whereas the Functional Reach, TU&GT, and CTSIB measure more narrow aspects of balance. All six instruments have been used with older adults and do not require much equipment. The instruments differ in their reliability and validity.
Conclusion. Familiarity with balance instruments can be helpful in selecting the one most appropriate for clinical setting and clients in order to institute appropriate prevention programs, such as environmental modifications and lifestyle adaptations.