bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Military Occupations: Methodological Approaches and the Military–Academy Research Nexus
Authors: Jenkings K. Neil , Woodward Rachel , Williams Alison J. , Rech Matthew F. , Murphy Ann L. , Bos Daniel 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMilitary occupations are continually evolving in relation to the geopolitical changes of societies, their conflicts and conflict management strategies, and technological developments in military hardware and software. Military occupations studies undertaken by the academy have been key to informing government strategy towards the maintenance of functioning armed forces. Since the 1950s, such studies have prioritised ‘top‐down’ quantitative sociological methodologies. This paper reviews these studies and the role of the dominant Institutional/Occupational model. The paper then considers less influential ‘bottom up’ interpretive methodological studies of military occupations. It is suggested that the reliance on ‘top down’ modelling approaches has led to the paucity of studies describing the range and experiential detail of military occupations. The Military–Academy nexus, and the priorities of the discipline of sociology are suggested as reasons for this emphasis.
Deception in the Workplace: Recent Research and Promising New Directions
Authors: Shulman David 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis review identifies some of the promising new directions that scholars are pursuing in current research on deceptions in places of work. I identify and explore five main emphases that have emerged. These directions are comprised of studies that count the pervasiveness of deceptions; examine deception in service provision and emotional labor; identify varied workplace cultures of deception; examine accounts for deception in the wake of corruption, financial misconduct and other misbehaviors; and studies of Internet and computer technologies as new territories for deception. I conclude by suggesting some additional arenas for research into workplace deception, specifically, on professions that produce deception as a form of legitimate work; on deceptions in non‐profit organizations, and research into the technical and dramaturgical efforts that people put into making lies appear believable.
Bridging the Gap: ‘Doing Gender’, ‘Hegemonic Masculinity’, and the Educational Troubles of Boys
Authors: Morris Edward W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article reviews popular and social scientific perspectives on the academic gender gap in education, specifically the finding that boys underperform compared to girls. The article highlights the utility of sociology in analyzing the gender gap and in guiding how educators respond to students’ gender. It suggests that contemporary gender theories ‘doing gender’ and ‘hegemonic masculinity’ offer the best lenses through which to view academic gender differences. These perspectives can frame boys’ academic troubles as an important social problem, but one that is rooted in the social construction of masculinity rather than institutional discrimination against boys.
The Dark brown plumage color in chickens is caused by an 8.3‐kb deletion upstream of SOX10
Authors: Gunnarsson Ulrika , Kerje Susanne , Bed’hom Bertrand , Sahlqvist Anna‐Stina , Ekwall Olov , Tixier‐Boichard Michele , Kämpe Olle , Andersson Leif 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe Dark brown (DB) mutation in chickens reduces expression of black eumelanin and enhances expression of red pheomelanin, but only in certain parts of the plumage. Here, we present genetic evidence that an 8.3‐kb deletion upstream of the SOX10 transcription start site is the causal mutation underlying the DB phenotype. The SOX10 transcription factor has a well‐established role in melanocyte biology and is essential for melanocyte migration and survival. Previous studies have demonstrated that the mouse homolog of a highly conserved element within the deleted region is a SOX10 enhancer. The mechanism of action of this mutation remains to be established, but one possible scenario is that the deletion leads to reduced SOX10 expression which in turn down‐regulates expression of key enzymes in pigment synthesis such as tyrosinase. Lower tyrosinase activity leads to a shift toward a more pheomelanistic (reddish) plumage color, which is the characteristic feature of the DB phenotype.
Growth of Pseudomonas putida at low temperature: global transcriptomic and proteomic analyses
Authors: Fonseca Pilar , Moreno Renata , Rojo Fernando 
Published: January 2011

SummaryIn its natural habitats (soil, water and rhizosphere), Pseudomonas putida can suffer frequent and long‐term changes in temperature that affect its growth and survival. Pseudomonas putida KT2440, a well‐characterized model strain, grows optimally at 30°C but can proliferate at temperatures as low as 4°C. However, little information is available on the physiological changes that occur when P. putida grows at low temperatures. To investigate this area, the transcriptome and proteome profiles of cells exponentially growing in a complex medium at 10°C were compared with those of cells exponentially growing at 30°C. Low temperature modified the expression of at least 266 genes (some 5% of the genome). Many of the genes showing differential expression were involved in energy metabolism or in the transport and binding of substrates, although genes implicated in other cellular functions were also affected. Several changes seemed directed towards neutralizing problems created by low temperature, such as increased protein misfolding, the increased stability of DNA/RNA secondary structures, reduced membrane fluidity and a reduced growth rate. The present results improve our understanding of the P. putida lifestyle at low temperature, which may be relevant for its applications in bioremediation and in promotion of plant growth.
Pedagogical strategies for teaching literacy to ESL immigrant students: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Adesope Olusola O. , Lavin Tracy , Thompson Terri , Ungerleider Charles 
Published: January 2011

Background. Many countries rely on immigrants for population growth and to maintain a skilled workforce. However, many such immigrants face literacy‐related barriers to success in education and in the labour force.Aims. This meta‐analysis reviews experimental and quasi‐experimental studies to examine strategies for teaching English literacy to immigrant students.Method. Following an exhaustive and systematic search for studies meeting pre‐determined inclusion criteria, two researchers independently extracted data from 26 English as a Second Language (ESL) studies involving 3,150 participants. These participants consisted of ESL immigrant students in kindergarten through grade 6 who were exposed to English literacy instructional interventions. Measured outcomes were reading and writing.Results and Conclusions. Mean effect sizes vary from small to large, depending on instructional interventions and outcome constructs. Across several different grade levels, settings, and methodological features, pedagogical strategies used in teaching ESL to immigrant students are associated with increased competence in reading and writing. Collaborative reading interventions, in which peers engage in oral interaction and cooperatively negotiate meaning and a shared understanding of texts, produced larger effects than systematic phonics instruction and multimedia‐assisted reading interventions. The results show that the pedagogical strategies examined in this meta‐analysis produced statistically significant benefits for students in all grade levels. The findings also show that students from low socio‐economic status (SES) background benefit from ESL literacy interventions. However, significant heterogeneity was found in each subset. Educators and policy makers are encouraged to consider specific school contexts when making decisions about optimal pedagogical strategies. It is possible that contextual factors as well as ESL learner characteristics may influence the effectiveness of these strategies. To ensure literacy acquisition for immigrant students whose primary language is not English, it is important to continue to research successful literacy practices in ways that better inform educators and policy makers.
Nonthermal Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Plasma-Induced Inactivation Involves Oxidative DNA Damage and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Joshi Suresh G. , Cooper Moogega , Yost Adam , Paff Michelle , Ercan Utku K. , Fridman Gregory , Friedman Gary , Fridman Alexander , Brooks Ari D. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Oxidative stress leads to membrane lipid peroxidation, which yields products causing variable degrees of detrimental oxidative modifications in cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the key regulators in this process and induce lipid peroxidation in
Escherichia coli
. Application of nonthermal (cold) plasma is increasingly used for inactivation of surface contaminants. Recently, we reported a successful application of nonthermal plasma, using a floating-electrode dielectric-barrier discharge (FE-DBD) technique for rapid inactivation of bacterial contaminants in normal atmospheric air (S. G. Joshi et al., Am. J. Infect. Control 38:293-301, 2010). In the present report, we demonstrate that FE-DBD plasma-mediated inactivation involves membrane lipid peroxidation in
E. coli
. Dose-dependent ROS, such as singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide-like species generated during plasma-induced oxidative stress, were responsible for membrane lipid peroxidation, and ROS scavengers, such as α-tocopherol (vitamin E), were able to significantly inhibit the extent of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage. These findings indicate that this is a major mechanism involved in FE-DBD plasma-mediated inactivation of bacteria.
Influence of Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration and Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration on the Disposition of Doripenem
Authors: Cirillo Iolanda , Vaccaro Nicole , Balis Dainius , Redman Rebecca , Matzke Gary R. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

The pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of a single 1-hour, 500-mg intravenous infusion of doripenem were assessed in dialysis-dependent subjects with stage 5 chronic kidney disease undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) via 12-hour continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) (
n
= 6) or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) (
n
= 5). Healthy volunteers were also assessed (
n
= 12). Concentrations of doripenem and the primary metabolite doripenem-M-1 were measured in plasma and ultrafiltrate or ultrafiltrate/dialysate by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. In dialysis-dependent subjects, levels of systemic exposure to doripenem and doripenem-M-1 were approximately 3- and 5-fold greater, respectively, than those in healthy subjects: for doripenem, 98 μg·h/ml for CVVH and 77 μg·h/ml for CVVHDF versus 32 μg·h/ml for healthy subjects, and for doripenem-M-1, 24 μg·h/ml for CVVH and 22 μg·h/ml for CVVHDF versus 4.7 μg·h/ml for healthy subjects. The mean sieving coefficients and saturation coefficients were >0.67 for both doripenem and doripenem-M-1. During CVVH and CVVHDF, respectively, the percentages of administered doripenem dose removed were 38% and 29%, and clearances of doripenem were 22 and 25 ml/min. Both CVVH and CVVHDF efficiently removed doripenem and doripenem-M-1. Despite significant removal of drug by CVVH and CVVHDF, a single 1-hour, 500-mg doripenem infusion produced significantly higher plasma concentrations of doripenem, higher systemic exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 12 h after the start of infusion [AUC
0-12
]), and longer half-life (
t
1/2
) in subjects receiving CVVH or CVVHDF than in healthy volunteers. The recovery of drug in ultrafiltrate and ultrafiltrate/dialysate and the enhanced rate of reduction of plasma concentrations indicate that CVVH and CVVHDF significantly augmented residual total body clearance of doripenem in subjects receiving CRRT. Doripenem dosage regimens for patients receiving CRRT thus need to be adjusted.
The Chimeric Protein Domain III-Capsid of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 (DEN-2) Successfully Boosts Neutralizing Antibodies Generated in Monkeys upon Infection with DEN-2
Authors: Valdés Iris , Gil Lázaro , Romero Yaremis , Castro Jorge , Puente Pedro , Lazo Laura , Marcos Ernesto , Guzmán María G. , Guillén Gerardo , Hermida Lisset 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
Use of a heterologous prime-boost strategy based on a combination of nonreplicative immunogens and candidate attenuated virus vaccines against dengue virus in the same schedule is an attractive approach. These combinations may result in a condensed immunization regime for humans, thus reducing the number of doses with attenuated virus and the time spacing. The present work deals with the evaluation of the heterologous prime-boost strategy combining a novel chimeric protein (domain III-capsid) of dengue virus serotype 2 (DEN-2) and the infective homologous virus in the same immunization schedule in monkeys. Primed monkeys received one dose of infective DEN-2 and were then vaccinated with the recombinant protein. We found that animals developed a neutralizing antibody response after the infective dose and were notably boosted with a second dose of the chimeric protein 3 months later. The neutralizing antibodies induced were long lasting, and animals also showed the ability to induce a specific cellular response 6 months after the booster dose. As a conclusion, we can state that the domain III region, when it is properly presented as a fusion protein to the immune system, is able to recall the neutralizing antibody response elicited following homologous virus infection in monkeys. Further prime-boost approaches can be performed in a condensed regime combining the chimeric domain III-capsid protein and candidate live attenuated vaccines against DEN-2.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Activation by
Chlamydia trachomatis
Is Plasmid Dependent, and Plasmid-Responsive Chromosomal Loci Are Coordinately Regulated in Response to Glucose Limitation by
C. trachomatis
but Not by
C. muridarum
Authors: O'Connell Catherine M. , AbdelRahman Yasser M. , Green Erin , Darville Hillary K. , Saira Kazima , Smith Bennett , Darville Toni , Scurlock Amy M. , Meyer Christopher R. , Belland Robert J. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

We previously demonstrated that plasmid-deficient
Chlamydia muridarum
retains the ability to infect the murine genital tract but does not elicit oviduct pathology because it fails to activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). We derived a plasmid-cured derivative of the human genital isolate
Chlamydia trachomatis
D/UW-3/Cx, strain CTD153, which also fails to activate TLR2, indicating this virulence phenotype is associated with plasmid loss in both
C. trachomatis
and
C. muridarum.
As observed with plasmid-deficient
C. muridarum
, CTD153 displayed impaired accumulation of glycogen within inclusions. Transcriptional profiling of the plasmid-deficient strains by using custom microarrays identified a conserved group of chromosomal loci, the expression of which was similarly controlled in plasmid-deficient
C. muridarum
strains CM972 and CM3.1 and plasmid-deficient
C. trachomatis
CTD153. However, although expression of glycogen synthase, encoded by
glgA
, was greatly reduced in CTD153, it was unaltered in plasmid-deficient
C. muridarum
strains. Thus, additional plasmid-associated factors are required for glycogen accumulation by this chlamydial species. Furthermore, in
C. trachomatis
,
glgA
and other plasmid-responsive chromosomal loci (PRCLs) were transcriptionally responsive to glucose limitation, indicating that additional regulatory elements may be involved in the coordinated expression of these candidate virulence effectors. Glucose-limited
C. trachomatis
displayed reduced TLR2 stimulation in an
in vitro
assay. During human chlamydial infection, glucose limitation may decrease chlamydial virulence through its effects on plasmid-responsive chromosomal genes.
New Methods for Detection of Campylobacters in Stool Samples in Comparison to Culture
Authors: Bessède Emilie , Delcamp Adline , Sifré Elodie , Buissonnière Alice , Mégraud Francis 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter
species, especially
Campylobacter jejuni
and
Campylobacter coli
, are a major cause of human bacterial enteritis. Current detection in stools is done essentially by culture on selective and nonselective media with filtration. These methods were compared to 2 molecular biology methods, an in-house real-time PCR and a multiplex PCR named Seeplex Diarrhea ACE Detection, and 3 immunoenzymatic methods, Premier Campy, RidaScreen Campylobacter, and ImmunoCard Stat!Campy. Out of 242 stool specimens tested, 23 (9.5%) fulfilled the positivity criteria, i.e., they were positive by one or both culture methods or, in case of a negative culture, by a positive molecular method and a positive immunoenzymatic method. The striking feature of this study is the low sensitivity of culture, in the range of 60%, in contrast to immunoenzymatic and molecular tests.
High Prevalence and Predominance of Hepatitis Delta Virus Genotype 1 Infection in Cameroon
Authors: Foupouapouognigni Yacouba , Noah Dominique Noah , Sartre Michèle Tagni , Njouom Richard 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
Antibodies to the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) were found in 17.6% of 233 hepatitis B virus surface antigen-positive subjects in Cameroon. Phylogenetic analyses showed the presence of HDV-1, HDV-5, HDV-6, and HDV-7 genotypes. These results enrich the limited data on HDV prevalence and molecular diversity in Cameroon.
Complex Cell Cycle Abnormalities Caused by Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax
Authors: Yang Liangpeng , Kotomura Naoe , Ho Yik-Khuan , Zhi Huijun , Bixler Sandra , Schell Michael J. , Giam Chou-Zen 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a malignancy of CD4
+
T cells whose etiology is thought to be associated with the viral
trans
-activator Tax. We have shown recently that Tax can drastically upregulate the expression of p27
Kip1
and p21
CIP1/WAF1
through protein stabilization and mRNA
trans
-activation and stabilization, respectively. The Tax-induced surge in p21
CIP1/WAF1
and p27
Kip1
begins in S phase and results in cellular senescence. Importantly, HeLa and SupT1 T cells infected by HTLV-1 also arrest in senescence, thus challenging the notion that HTLV-1 infection causes cell proliferation. Here we use time-lapse microscopy to investigate the effect of Tax on cell cycle progression in two reporter cell lines, HeLa/18x21-EGFP and HeLa-FUCCI, that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of 18 copies of the Tax-responsive 21-bp repeat element and
f
luorescent
u
biquitin
c
ell
c
ycle
i
ndicators, respectively. Tax-expressing HeLa cells exhibit elongated or stalled cell cycle phases. Many of them bypass mitosis and become single senescent cells as evidenced by the expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase. Such cells have twice the normal equivalent of cellular contents and hence are enlarged, with exaggerated nuclei. Interestingly, nocodazole treatment revealed a small variant population of HeLa/18x21-EGFP cells that could progress into mitosis normally with high levels of Tax expression, suggesting that genetic or epigenetic changes that prevent Tax-induced senescence can occur spontaneously at a detectable frequency.
Global Landscape of Structural Proteins of Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus
Authors: Dong Chuan-Fu , Xiong Xiao-Peng , Shuang Fan , Weng Shao-Ping , Zhang Jing , Zhang Ye , Luo Yong-wen , He Jian-Guo 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus
(ISKNV), the type species of the genus
Megalocytivirus
in the family
Iridoviridae
, causes severe damage to mandarin fish cultures in China. Little is known about the proteins of ISKNV virions. In this study, a total of 38 ISKNV virion-associated proteins were identified by four different workflows with systematic and comprehensive proteomic approaches. Among the 38 identified proteins, 21 proteins were identified by the gel-based workflows (one-dimensional [1-D] and two-dimensional [2-D] gel electrophoresis). Fifteen proteins were identified by 1-D gel electrophoresis, and 16 proteins were identified by 2-D gel electrophoresis, with 10 proteins identified by both methods. Another 17 proteins were identified only by liquid chromatography (LC)-based workflows (LC-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization [MALDI] and linear trap quadrupole [LTQ]-Orbitrap). Among these 17 LC-identified proteins, 5 proteins were identified uniquely by the LC-MALDI workflow, whereas another 6 proteins were identified only by the LTQ-Orbitrap workflow. These results underscore the importance of incorporation of multiple approaches in identification of viral proteins. Based on viral genomic sequence, genes encoding these 38 viral proteins were cloned and expressed
in vitro
. Antibodies were produced against these 38 proteins to confirm the ISKNV structural proteins by Western blotting. Of the newly identified proteins, ORF 056L and ORF 118L were identified and confirmed as two novel viral envelope proteins by Western blotting and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM). The ISKNV proteome reported here is currently the only characterized megalocytivirus proteome. The systematic and comprehensive identification of ISKNV structural proteins and their localizations in this study will facilitate future studies of the ISKNV assembly process and infection mechanism.