bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confounding factors for early death in incident end‐stage renal disease patients: Role of emergency dialysis start
Authors: DESCAMPS Chrystèle , LABEEUW Michel , TROLLIET Pierre , CAHEN Rémi , ECOCHARD René , POUTEIL‐NOBLE Claire , VILLAR Emmanuel 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHemodialysis (HD) has been associated with higher 1‐year mortality than peritoneal dialysis (PD) after dialysis start. Confounding effects of late referral, emergency dialysis start, or start with central venous catheter on this association have never been studied concomitantly. Survival was studied among the 495 incident dialysed patients in our department from 1995 to 2006 and followed at least 1 year until December 31, 2007. Nested Cox models adjusted on patient characteristics explored factors associated with 1‐year and ≥1‐year mortality. Hemodialysis patients were 332 (67.1%), 104 (21.0%) were late referred (<6 months), 167 (33.7%) started dialysis in emergency, and 144 (29.1%) started with central venous catheter. When adjusted only on age, sex, and comorbidities, HD was associated with poor 1‐year outcome: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for death in HD vs. PD was 1.77, P=0.02. In fully adjusted model, among first dialysis feature variables, only emergency dialysis start was significantly associated with 1‐year mortality: aHR 1.53, P=0.02. Dialysis modality was not associated with 1‐year mortality rates in this fully adjusted model: aHR in HD vs. PD became 1.03, P=0.91. In ≥1‐year period, HD was associated with lower mortality than PD (aHR 0.61, P=0.004), whereas other first dialysis features were not associated with death. Other factors associated with death were age, type 2 diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, and hepatic failure. Negative association between HD and 1‐year survival on dialysis was explained by confounders. Emergency dialysis start was strongly associated with early mortality on dialysis. Its prevention may improve patient survival.
High‐output heart failure secondary to arteriovenous fistula
Authors: STERN Adam B. , KLEMMER Philip J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn the hemodialysis patient population, a surgically created arteriovenous fistula is the preferred vascular access option. Development of high‐output heart failure may be an underappreciated complication in patients who have undergone this procedure. When a large proportion of arterial blood is shunted from the left‐sided circulation to the right‐sided circulation via the fistula, the increase in preload can lead to increased cardiac output. Over time, the demands of an increased workload may lead to cardiac hypertrophy and eventual heart failure. Patients may present with the usual signs of high‐output heart failure including tachycardia, elevated pulse pressure, hyperkinetic precordium, and jugular venous distension. Typically, the AV fistula is quite large and is likely located in the upper arm, more proximal to the heart. Routine access flow monitoring should demonstrate blood flows (Qa) >2000 ML/min. Echocardiogram may reveal either a low or high left ventricular ejection fraction, and right‐heart catheterization demonstrates an elevated cardiac output with a low to normal systemic vascular resistance. When addressing the problem of high‐output heart failure, the nephrologist is faced with the dilemma of preventing progression of heart failure at the expense of loss of vascular access. Nevertheless, treatment should be directed at correcting the underlying problem by surgical banding or ligation of the fistula.
Femoral arteriovenous fistula 3 months after removal of catheter for hemodialysis
Authors: TONG YanQing , ZHAO DongKai , WU QiuCheng , LIU YanRu 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA 56‐year‐old Asian woman was admitted to hospital for the consideration of hemodialysis (HD). A right femoral dialysis catheter was inserted for HD. Three months after removal of catheter, she was admitted because of right inguinal swelling. A thrill and bruit were felt and heard at the inguinal area. Color Doppler detected a fistula between right superficial femoral artery and right common femoral vein and subsequently confirmed by contrast enhanced computed tomography scan and 3‐dimensional reconstruction with computed tomography. At surgery, a 4‐mm–diameter fistula was found between the right superficial femoral artery and right common femoral vein. A primary closure of both defects in the artery and vein was then carried out. A follow‐up digital vascular study 3 months after surgical repair was normal. In conclusion, nephrologist should have a heightened awareness to the potential of this complication and should at least document a normal exam following the removal of femoral catheters.
Life history variation inArabidopsis lyrataacross its range: effects of climate, population size and herbivory
Authors: Vergeer Philippine , Kunin William E. 
Published: January 2011

For plants with wide distributional areas, covering a wide range of ecologically distinct habitats, evolutionary divergence can lead to substantial phenotypic variation across a species’ range. These intraspecific trait differences can be very informative about the nature of the selective environment as they potentially reflect different environmental selection pressures while controlling for other species characteristics.In this study, multiple regression and structural equation models were used to examine the relative importance of environmental, ecological, population size and population density effects for variation in growth, reproduction and leaf morphology among 36 populations of the perennial plantArabidopsis lyratassp.petraeaacross its northwest European range.Substantial variation in temperature, soil nutrient levels and herbivory was observed across the species’ range. In addition, large differences in flowering percentage and individual seed production were found. Leaf morphology varied considerably, with a substantial amount of variation in specific leaf area and trichome density among populations.Structural equation modeling suggested that this species is sensitive to small population sizes, eutrophication and herbivory. Reproductive output was negatively related to herbivory. In addition population size was negatively associated with soil nutrient concentrations. Leaf morphology was shown to be mainly associated with temperature and herbivory. Lower specific leaf areas and lower trichome densities were related to colder areas and high trichomes densities were related to high levels of herbivory.These model results are consistent with the interpretation that, in addition to changing environmental effects across its range, ecological effects such as herbivory contribute to the large variation in life history and morphology of this species. The results reveal a strong negative effect of herbivory on the reproductive output of this species, not only via direct effects of herbivory on flowers and seeds, but also indirectly via a shift in life history strategy.
Induction of Innate Immune Responses in the Female Genital Tract: Friend or Foe of HIV‐1 Infection?
Authors: Firoz Mian M. , Ashkar Ali A. 
Published: January 2011

Citation Mian MF, Ashkar AA. Induction of innate immune responses in the female genital tract: friend or foe of HIV‐1 infection? Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 344–351Heterosexual transmission of HIV‐1 and HSV‐2 across the genital tract epithelial tissue is one of the primary routes for dissemination of these viral infections. Mucosal innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. A vast majority of mucosal HIV‐1 exposures do not result in productive infections which may indicate that the innate mucosal immune system is highly protective. It has been shown that Toll‐like receptors (TLR)‐induced innate antiviral immunity in the genital mucosa lead to induction of type I and III interferon and prevention of HSV‐2 infection. The innate antiviral function of type I and III interferons and other innate factors at genital mucosa against HIV‐1 is not well defined. In this review, we summarize our current understanding and advances of the innate mucosal response to genital viral infections, including HIV‐1 and HSV‐2, focusing on those factors that may prevent or accelerate initial infection. Understanding how each of these components contributes to mucosal innate antiviral immunity may lead to the development of novel and effective strategies to use microbicides or antiviral agents to control HIV‐1 acquisition and/or transmission.
Immune Responses to HIV in the Female Reproductive Tract, Immunologic Parallels with the Gastrointestinal Tract, and Research Implications
Authors: Shacklett Barbara L. , Greenblatt Ruth M. 
Published: January 2011

Citation Shacklett BL, Greenblatt RM. Immune responses to HIV in the female reproductive tract, immunologic parallels with the gastrointestinal tract, and research implications. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 230–241The female reproductive tract is a major site of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue and susceptibility to HIV infection, yet the tissue site(s) of infection and the impact of HIV infection on this important mucosal tissue remain poorly understood. CD4+ T cells and other cell types expressing the major coreceptors for HIV, CCR5, and CXCR4 are abundant in both the lower reproductive tract (endocervix and vagina) and the upper tract (endocervix and uterus) and are highly susceptible to infection. Antiviral defenses in the female reproductive tract are mediated by a variety of soluble factors and by mucosal effector cells that differ phenotypically from their counterparts in blood. The immunologic characteristics of the female reproductive tract parallel those of the gut, where major HIV‐related immunologic injury occurs. The susceptibility of the female reproductive tract to HIV infection and immunopathogenesis suggests important new avenues for further research.
New Approaches to Making the Microenvironment of the Female Reproductive Tract Hostile to HIV
Authors: Fahey John V. , Bodwell Jack E. , Hickey Danica K. , Ghosh Mimi , Muia Maria N. , Wira Charles R. 
Published: January 2011

CitationFahey JV, Bodwell JE, Hickey DK, Ghosh M, Muia MN, Wira CR. New approaches to making the microenvironment of the female reproductive tract hostile to HIV. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 334–343AbstractThe studies presented in this review explore three distinct areas with potential for inhibiting HIV infection in women. Based on emerging information from the physiology, endocrinology and immunology of the female reproductive tract (FRT), we propose unique ‘works in progress’ for protecting women from HIV. Various aspects of FRT immunity are suppressed by estradiol during the menstrual cycle, making women more susceptible to HIV infection. By engineering commensal Lactobacillus to secrete the anti‐HIV molecule Elafin as estradiol levels increase, women could be protected from HIV infection. Selective estrogen response modifiers enhance barrier integrity and enhance secretion of protective anti‐HIV molecules. Finally, understanding the interactions and regulation of FRT endogenous antimicrobials, proteases, antiproteases, etc., all of which are under hormonal control, will open new avenues to therapeutic manipulation of the FRT mucosal microenvironment. By seeking new alternatives to preventing HIV infection in women, we may finally disrupt the HIV pandemic.
A Possible Mechanism of Autoimmune‐Mediated infertility in Women with Endometriosis
Authors: Inagaki Junko , Hao Lin , Nakatsuka Mikiya , Yasuda Tatsuji , Hiramatsu Yuji , Shoenfeld Yehuda , Matsuura Eiji 
Published: January 2011

Citation Inagaki J, Hao L, Nakatsuka M, Yasuda T, Hiramatsu Y, Shoenfeld Y, Matsuura E. A possible mechanism of autoimmune‐mediated infertility in women with endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 90–99Problem  Endometriosis has been proposed to be an autoimmune disease because of the presence of a variety of autoantibodies specific for endometrial or ovarian antigens. The object of the present study is to characterize binding specificity of anti‐laminin‐111 autoantibodies in infertile patients with endometriosis and to investigate whether these autoantibodies affect the in vitro embryo development.Method of study  An ELISA analysis using overlapping synthesized peptides that covered the entire G domain of laminin‐α1 chain was performed in infertile patients with endometriosis (n = 45). Mouse blastocysts were cultured in media containing the purified IgG from one antibody‐positive serum on laminin‐111‐coated dishes.Results  Anti‐laminin‐111 autoantibodies were directed to several particular biologically functional peptide sequences in laminin‐α 1 chain G domain. The tested IgG significantly inhibited the extent of in vitro trophoblast outgrowth.Conclusion  Anti‐laminin‐111 autoantibodies may have major pathogenic roles on early reproductive failure including endometriosis‐associated infertility.
Cervico‐Vaginal Tissue Ex Vivo as a Model to Study Early Events in HIV‐1 Infection
Authors: Merbah Melanie , Introini Andrea , Fitzgerald Wendy , Grivel Jean‐Charles , Lisco Andrea , Vanpouille Christophe , Margolis Leonid 
Published: January 2011

Citation Merbah M, Introini A, Fitzgerald W, Grivel J‐C, Lisco A, Vanpouille C, Margolis L. Cervico‐vaginal tissue ex vivo as a model to study early events in HIV‐1 infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 268–278Vaginal intercourse remains the most prevalent route of infection of women. In spite of many efforts, the detailed mechanisms of HIV‐1 transmission in the female lower genital tract remain largely unknown. With all the obvious restrictions on studying these mechanisms in humans, their understanding depends on the development of adequate experimental models. Isolated cell cultures do not faithfully reproduce important aspects of cell–cell interactions in living tissues and tissue responses to pathogens. Explants and other types of ex vivo tissue models serve as a bridge between cell culture and tissues in vivo. Herein, we discuss various cervico‐vaginal tissue models and their use in studying HIV vaginal transmission and consider future directions of such studies.
Mechanisms involved in the association between peridontal diseases and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Teles R , Wang C‐Y 
Published: January 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 450–461It is now well accepted that besides the cholesterol associated mechanisms of atherogenesis, inflammation plays a crucial role in all stages of the development of the atherosclerotic lesion. This ‘inflammation hypothesis’ raises the possibility that through systemic elevations of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, periodontal diseases might also contribute to systemic inflammation and, therefore, to atherogenesis. In fact, there is evidence that periodontal diseases are associated with higher systemic levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein and a low grade systemic inflammation. This phenomenon has been explained based on mechanisms associated with either the infectious or the inflammatory nature of periodontal diseases. The purposes of this article were to review (1) the evidence suggesting a role for oral bacterial species, particularly periodontal pathogens, in atherogenesis; (2) the potential mechanisms explaining an etiological role for oral bacteria in atherosclerosis; (3) the evidence suggesting that periodontal infections are accompanied by a heightened state of systemic inflammation; (4) the potential sources of systemic inflammatory biomarkers associated with periodontal diseases; and (5) the effects of periodontal therapy on systemic inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular risk.
Ethnicity and comorbidities in an overweight and obese multiethnic childhood cohort in Berlin
Authors: Dannemann A , Ernert A , Rücker P , Bau AM , Martus P , Krude H , Babitsch B , Wiegand S 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim:  This study aims to analyse the association between ethnicity, elevated metabolic parameters and metabolic syndrome (MS) in a multiethnic cohort of overweight to obese children and adolescents.Methods:  For 1053 patients, standard deviation of body mass index (BMI‐SDS) was calculated and metabolic parameters (fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment‐IR, lipids, blood pressure) were measured. MS was defined by WHO criteria. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Adjusted differences in BMI‐SDS and metabolic parameters between different migration groups were assessed with linear regression models. The risk for MS was calculated with multiple logistic regression models.Results:  Forty‐eight per cent of the children were German, 25% Turkish and 27% had another ethnicity. Concerning weight status, 23% are overweight, 31% obese and 46% extremely obese with higher rates among the immigrant population. Multivariable models indicate significant associations between elevated metabolic parameters and higher BMI‐SDS values. Overall prevalence of MS was 32.3%. MS was detected significantly more often among Turkish patients (40.4%) compared to Germans (27.3%; p = 0.02). Logistic regression analysis showed a greater risk for MS with older age (OR = 1.09; p = 0.003) and Turkish ethnicity (OR = 1.62; p = 0.02).Conclusion:  Nearly all patients had symptoms of MS, and 40% had MS showing that this highly health‐threatening condition is quite common. Therefore, effective therapy and prevention efforts must be developed for this high risk group. More migration‐specific research regarding insulin resistance, MS and Type 2 DM is needed.
Evaluation of potential medical and economic benefits of universal rotavirus vaccination in Greece
Authors: Syriopoulou Vassiliki , Kafetzis Dimitrios , Theodoridou Maria , Syrogiannopoulos George A , Mantagos Stefanos , Trimis Georgios , Mavrikou Maria , Konstantopoulos Andreas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim:  To evaluate the potential benefits of introducing universal rotavirus (RV) vaccination in Greece.Methods:  A decision analytic model was developed to compare the burden and cost of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) with and without a universal RV vaccination (88% vaccination coverage) for a cohort of children followed from birth until the age of five.Results:  Universal RV vaccination would substantially decrease the RVGE burden on the National Health System by reducing RVGE‐related hospitalizations/emergency visits and medical consultations by 83% and 75%, respectively. Total RVGE‐related costs was estimated at about 7.6 M€ and would be reduced by 5.9 M€ (−78%) if RV vaccination was introduced. A rapid effect is expected with 76% of cases and 84% of costs avoided would be averted within 2 years postvaccine introduction. The societal benefit would also be significant: total annual number of RVGE cases and parent’s lost work days would be reduced by 67% and 78%, respectively. Including indirect costs, the total disease cost reduction would be 9 M€.Conclusion:  Introduction of universal RV vaccination in Greece could offer considerable medical and economic benefits for the National Health System and society. Potential herd immunity would improve results in favour of vaccination.
Mouse model for men with klinefelter syndrome: a multifaceted fit for a complex disorder
Authors: Swerdloff Ronald S , Lue YanHe , Liu Peter Y , Erkkilä Krista , Wang Christina 
Published: January 2011

Abstract41XXY mouse models share many characteristics of the human 47XXY Klinefelter syndrome (KS). This manuscript discusses the relative role of androgen deficiency and X chromosome genes resulting in the XXY mouse phenotype. The similarities in phenotype between 47XXY men and 41XXY mice suggest that the clinical manifestations in XXY men may be because of gene‐dosage effect from genes that escape X inactivation in mouse.Conclusion: The 41XXY mouse is an excellent model for KS.
Postnatal screening for Klinefelter syndrome: is there a rationale?
Authors: Herlihy Amy S , Gillam Lynn , Halliday Jane L , McLachlan Robert I 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDiagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome (KS) allows for timely beneficial interventions across the lifespan. Most cases currently remain undiagnosed because of low awareness of KS amongst health professionals, the hesitancy of men to seek medical attention and its variable clinical presentation. Given these barriers, population‐based genetic screening provides an approach to comprehensive and early detection. We examine current evidence regarding risks and benefits of diagnosing KS at different ages.Conclusion:  There is a lack of evidence regarding the influence of age at diagnosis on adult outcomes that can only be obtained through a pilot screening programme.
Menarcheal age among urban Kenyan primary school girls
Authors: Ogeng’o Dorinah N , Obimbo Moses M , Ogeng’o Julius A 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim:  To determine the mean menarcheal age among urban primary school girls in Kenya.Subjects and methods:  A structured questionnaire was administered to 820 primary grade 6–8 girls aged between 12 and 17 years in five public primary schools, Langata division of Nairobi West district, Nairobi Kenya. The girls came from low and middle socioeconomic status residences. Declared menarcheal age by recall to the nearest month was recorded. Data were analysed using SPSS version 15.0 for windows. The results are presented using tables and bar charts.Results:  The mean menarcheal age was 12.5 ± 2.8 years with peak at 12–14 years. A substantial number of girls (10.8%) attained menarche before the age of 11 years, with 2% of them attaining it before 10 years. None attained menarche before nine or after 16 years. Of those who attained early menarche, 64.3% were from middle while only 35.7% came from low socioeconomic status residence, respectively.Conclusion:  Mean menarcheal age of 12.5 years is lower than previously reported with over 10% of the girls attaining menarche by 11 years. Early commencement of reproductive health education and follow‐up for complications of early menarche is recommended.
RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL, PASTING PROPERTIES OF MILLET STARCHES AND THE TEXTURE PROPERTIES OF COOKED MILLET
Authors: LIU CHENG , LIU PEILING , YAN SHUQIN , QING ZHANG , SHEN QUN 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTTen cultivars of foxtail millet were evaluated for chemical component and cooking textural properties. The solubility and swelling power of starches from 10 cultivars ranged from 6.92 to 11.61% and 14.45 to 17.84 g/g, respectively. The value of peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, setback and pasting temperature, measured by Rapid Visco Analyzer, varied between 4,136 and 5,099 cP; 1,436 and 2,288 cP; 2,192 and 3,529 cP; 3,137 and 4,419 cP; 1,701 and 2,259 cP; and 72.0 and 78.5C, respectively. Peak viscosity and breakdown value showed highly negative correlation with apparent amylose content. Setback was positively correlated with solubility. Texture properties of cooked millet were assessed by Rice Hardness–Viscosity Apparatus. The result suggested that there was positive correlation between adhesiveness and apparent amylose content. Hardness showed negative correlation with protein content. Changnong 35 had the best texture property. This study may bring out an advanced method for predicting the character of cooked millet indirectly.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe research is supported by the “11th Five” Key Programs for Science and Technology Development of China (2006BAD02B01). The purpose of the research is to set up an evaluation system to select proper varieties for different product processing. The result of this study may bring out an advanced method for predicting the character of cooked millet indirectly by starch. The methods would help manufacturers to find proper varieties to processing.