bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of a Cholera Outbreak in Ethiopia's Oromiya Region
Authors: Bartels Susan A. , Greenough P. Gregg , Tamar M. , VanRooyen Michael J. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives: In late June 2006, Ethiopia's Oromiya Region was affected by an outbreak of acute watery diarrhea, subsequently confirmed to be caused by Vibrio cholerae O1, a pathogen not known to be endemic to this area. Despite initial control efforts, the outbreak quickly spread to neighboring zones and regions. The Oromiya Health Bureau required public health assistance to investigate the outbreak, determine potential causes, and assess the adequacy of the response, particularly given the concern that the number of cases being reported by health care personnel might represent only a fraction of what actually existed in the community.Methods: A physician-epidemiologist–led team assessed the Guji, Bale, and East Shewa zones from September 15 to October 9, 2006. By using a purposive sample, we surveyed health bureau staff and cholera treatment center (CTC) staff and community members, assessed CTC sites, and interviewed key personnel of the various organizations responding to the outbreak.Results: The cholera cases mapped along the Ganale River. The individual attack rates were low (ranging from ~ 0.03% to ~ 4.12%), as was the overall attack rate for all 3 zones (almost 0.50%). The individual CTC case fatality rates ranged from 0% to 6.4%, and the overall case fatality rate was 1.11%. There was a trend toward men being disproportionately affected. This outbreak resulted primarily from poor sanitation and insufficient access to clean water. In Oromiya, the outbreak was addressed by a prompt and effective response, which included village chairmen at the community level. The use of community-based workers was successful and likely contributed significantly to control of the outbreak.Conclusion: Future epidemics will undoubtedly occur unless basic water and sanitation deficiencies are properly addressed. This outbreak prompts the need for increased local public health capacity to apply prevention strategies and establish ongoing surveillance. Signatories to the World Health Organization International Health Regulations must report outbreaks of nonendemic diseases.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:312-317)
Morphometric Analysis in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Milatovic Dejan , Montine Thomas J. , Zaja‐Milatovic Snjezana , Madison Jennifer L. , Bowman Aaron B. , Aschner Michael 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGolgi impregnation has been commonly used for neuronal morphometry in a number of neurological diseases and brain‐disorder studies. Introduced more than a century ago, it is still the standard and state‐of‐the‐art technique for visualization of neuronal architecture. We successfully applied the Golgi method to mouse, rat, monkey, and human brain tissues for studying both the normal and abnormal morphology of neurons. We were able to discover subtle morphological alterations in neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines in different brain areas. Although Golgi preparations can be examined by electronic microscopy, we used light microscopy and reconstruction using Neurolucida software to quantitatively explore the relationship between total dendritic length and spine density in different types of neurons. This unit summarizes the methodology used to quantify neuronal abnormalities and discusses the utility of these techniques in different models of neurodegeneration. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 46:12.16.1‐12.16.14. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Neural Stem Cells from Neural Tissues Using the Neurosphere Technique
Authors: Ferrari Daniela , Binda Elena , Filippis Lidia De , Vescovi Angelo Luigi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis unit describes protocols for the derivation, characterization, and expansion of neural stem cell (NSC) lines from the adult mouse subvetricular zone (mNSCs), embryonic mouse brain and from the human fetal brain (hNSCs). NSCs can be isolated by enzymatic digestion of specific regions (NSCs niches) of the central nervous system (CNS) and grown in suspension. By using this methodology, NSCs form spherical clusters called neuropsheres, which are mechanically dissociated to a single‐cell suspension and replated in the selective culture medium. Removal of growth factors and plating cells on an adherent substrate allows cells to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, the main cell type of the CNS. Correct culturing of NSCs, according to this methodology, will allow cells to expand over 100 passages without alteration of cell karyotype, growth ability, and differentiation potential. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 15:2D.6.1‐2D.6.18. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simulation of thermophysical flow in axisymmetric nozzle with expansion chamber
Authors: Yamamoto Satoru , Matsuzawa Ryo , Furusawa Takashi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAxisymmetric nozzle flows with a free‐jet expansion are simulated considering several substances and several flow conditions, and the thermophysical properties in the nozzle and the free‐jet region are predicted. The present numerical method is based on the preconditioning method developed by Yamamoto and the mathematical models of thermophysical properties of the substances. As numerical examples show, gas flows of carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen under a subcritical pressure condition are first calculated. Calculated distances to the Mach disk are compared with the experimental results, and also the density distributions are compared among these three substances. Second, carbon dioxide flows while changing the pressure from subcritical to supercritical values are calculated and the effect of pressure on the flow field is investigated. Third, flows of water vapor with and without nonequilibrium condensation are calculated and the effect of condensation on the flow field is investigated. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
The relationship between intestinal histology and function as shown by compensatory enlargement of remnant villi after midgut resection in chickens
Authors: Yamauchi Koh‐En , Incharoen Tossaporn , Yamauchi Koun 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTo demonstrate the relationship between intestinal histology and function, we investigated the possibility that compensatory enlargement of villi in the chickens' remnant intestine can be induced after 50% or 80% jejunal resection as well as after 50% jejunal plus 70% ileal resection. Compared with intact control chickens, operated chickens showed an almost similar body weight, nitrogen retention, and ether extract digestibility, an improved dry matter digestibility, and a much greater absorption of protein and ether extract by the remnant jejunum and ileum. This suggests an enhanced absorptive function of the remnant intestine. In these chickens, increased value of most light microscopic parameters, increased frequency of anastomosing of each villus, and increased number of protuberated epithelial cells appeared with an increase in the intestinal resection area. This suggests that intestinal villi and epithelial cells are hypertrophied in the remnant jejunum and ileum, and that intestinal villi adapt to activated intestinal absorptive function not by increasing their numbers, but by fusing together into larger villi. These findings demonstrate that intestinal histology is intimately related to intestinal function. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ephedrinium‐based protic chiral ionic liquids for enantiomeric recognition
Authors: De Rooy Sergio L. , Li Min , Bwambok David K. , El‐Zahab Bilal , Challa Santhosh , Warner Isiah M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe report the synthesis of a series of novel structurally related protic chiral ionic liquids (PCILs) derived from ephedrines. Enantiopure norephedrine, ephedrine, and methylephedrine were neutralized by use of fluorinated acids, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide to afford six PCILs with protonated primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. The goal of this study is to investigate the influence of structure on both chiral recognition abilities and physicochemical properties of these closely related PCILs. The newly synthesized PCILs were characterized by use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism (CD), mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The PCILs were thermally stable up to 220°C and had glass transition temperatures between −60 and −30°C. Both enantiomers of the PCILs retained chirality throughout the synthesis as demonstrated by use of CD measurements. More interestingly, these ephedrinium PCILs displayed strong chiral recognition capabilities as evidenced by peak splitting of the chemical shift of the trifluoro group of potassium Mosher's salt by use of 19F‐NMR. In addition, these PCILs demonstrated enantiomeric recognition capabilities toward a range of structurally diverse analytes using steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopy. Chirality, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereoselective HPLC analysis of tertatolol in rat plasma using macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phase
Authors: Hefnawy Mohamed M. , Asiri Yousif A. , Al‐Zoman Nourah Z. , Mostafa Gamal. A. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEnantiomeric resolution of teratolol was achieved on a vancomycin macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phase known as Chirobiotic V with UV detection set at 220 nm. The polar ionic mobile phase (PIM) consisted of methanol‐glacial acetic acid–triethylamine (100:0.01:0.015, v/v/v) has been used at a flow rate of 0.8 ml min−1. The calibration curves in plasma were linear over the range of 5‐500 ng ml−1 for each enantiomer with detection limit of 2 ng ml−1. The proposed method was validated in compliance with the international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The developed method applied for the trace analyses of tertatolol enantiomers in plasma and for the pharmacokinetic study of tertatolol enantiomers in rat plasma. The assay proved to be suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring and chiral quality control for tertatolol formulations by HPLC. Chirality, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognosis and pathology of screen‐detected carcinomas
Authors: Nagtegaal Iris D. , Allgood Prue C. , Duffy Stephen W. , Kearins Olive , Sullivan E. O. , Tappenden Nancy , Wallis Matthew , Lawrence Gill 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:It has been observed that screen‐detected breast cancers have a better prognosis than symptomatic tumors, even after taking pathological tumor attributes into account. This has led to the hypothesis that screen‐detected tumors are substantially biologically different from symptomatic cancers.METHODS:The pathology and survival by detection mode was investigated in 21,382 breast cancers diagnosed in women aged 50‐64 years in the West Midlands, United Kingdom, between 1988 and 2004. Tumor attributes were compared using chi‐square tests and logistic regression. Survival was analyzed using Cox regression.RESULTS:Screen‐detected cancers were significantly smaller, better differentiated, and less likely to be node‐positive than symptomatic cancers (P < .001 in all cases). In addition, a higher proportion of screen‐detected cancers were hormone receptor‐positive, and a higher proportion were tubular carcinomas (P < .001). Survival was substantially better in screen‐detected breast cancers (86% at 10 yearsvs 70% for interval cancers and 58% for cancers in women unexposed to screening). Adjustment for age, tumor size, nodal status, grade, histological type, and year of diagnosis accounted for 64% (interval cancers) and 68% (unexposed women) of these survival differences, respectively. Overall survival improved with time. Approximately half of this improvement was due to the increase over time in the proportion of tumors that were screen‐detected.CONCLUSION:The majority of the difference in prognosis between screen‐detected and symptomatic breast cancers is due to the differences in routinely measured pathological features (size, type, grade, and nodal status), leaving a small residual difference to be accounted for by other biological differences. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
CK8/18 expression, the basal phenotype, and family history in identifying BRCA1‐associated breast cancer in the Ontario site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry
Authors: Mulligan Anna Marie , Pinnaduwage Dushanthi , Bane Anita L. , Bull Shelley B. , O'Malley Frances P. , Andrulis Irene L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND.BRCA1‐associated breast cancer had been shown to be morphologically and genetically distinct from sporadic cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the association of CK8/18 with BRCA1‐associated tumors and if, by using CK8/18 and basal biomarkers in conjunction with morphologic features and family history characteristics, the specificity of the BRCA1‐associated tumor profile in a pathologically well‐characterized cohort would be improved.METHODS.Fifty‐eight patients with known BRCA1 germline mutations and 221 control (familial non‐BRCA) patients were selected from the Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry. From this database, information on family history and morphologic features was abstracted. Tissue microarrays were constructed and immunohistochemistry to determine expression of several biomarkers was performed. After a logistic regression fit, a best‐subsets variable‐selection procedure using model performance and predictive ability measures was applied to find a best predictor to distinguish BRCA1‐associated tumors from non‐BRCA associated tumors.RESULTS.BRCA1‐associated tumors differed significantly from control tumors in terms of morphology, family history, and biomarker profile. CK8/18 was highly significantly associated with BRCA1 tumors. Consistently, BRCA1 cancers showed low levels of CK8/18 compared to non‐BRCA tumors, whether they were basal‐like or not. A combination of 7 factors, including CK8/18 and family history, best predicted the BRCA1‐associated cancers.CONCLUSIONS.CK8/18 expression was independently associated with BRCA1‐associated breast cancers. Reduced CK8/18 expression in conjunction with the basal‐like phenotype and family history may have improved the ability to identify which tumors were likely to be associated with a BRCA1 germline mutation and thereby help streamline genetic testing. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A case of pulmonary malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma misdiagnosed as adenocarcinoma by fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Ryu Han Suk , Lee Seung‐Sook , Choi Hee‐Seung , Baek HeeJong , Koh Jae Soo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMalignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (MEHE) is a rare vascular tumor with a biological behavior that lies between those of classical epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and angiosarcoma. Furthermore, MEHE is rarely diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. The authors describe the cytological features of MEHE in a 41‐year‐old man who presented with increasing dyspnea over a period of 1 month before admission. Computed tomography of the chest showed a 3 cm poorly defined mass in the right lower lobe. Fine needle aspiration cytology demonstrated cellular smears of loosely cohesive clusters of epithelioid cells with numerous intracytoplasmic lumens in a necrotic background. Cellular features included fine chromatin and vesicular or slightly hyperchromatic nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli and intranuclear inclusions. Nuclear membranes were relatively irregular with indentation. Mean N/C ratio was not increased, presumably due to a moderate amount of cytoplasm. The histologic examination displayed epithelioid and spindle cell proliferation with necrosis accompanying a classical epithelioid hemangioendotheliomatous area. The immunohistochemical evaluation was confirmatory and showed immunoreactivity for vascular markers. The authors also reviewed FNAB findings of epithelioid angiosarcoma, primary adenocarcinoma, and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung to identify cytomorphologic differences by literature bases. MEHE of the lung is difficult to diagnose cytologically because of its rarity and its cytomorphologic similarities with other malignant epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. However, it may be possible to distinguish it from other entities when the possibility of this unusual vascular neoplasm is suspected and ancillary studies are supportive. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sacral and presacral lesions: Cytopathologic analysis and clinical correlates
Authors: Syed Reema , Bishop Justin A. , Ali Syed Z. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAlthough percutaneous biopsies of the spine at thoracolumbar levels have proven value, the benefit in the sacrococcygeal region has not been presented thoroughly in the literature. This region has unique anatomic and oncologic properties.The cytopathologic files at The Johns Hopkins Hospital over a 20‐year‐period were searched. Imaging studies and medical records were also reviewed.Ninety‐one cases of sacral/presacral FNA were identified. There were 46 males and 45 females; 62% had a prior history of malignancy. The most common presentation was lower back pain (44%). Imaging revealed lytic and/or soft tissue lesions masses from 1 to 12 cm (mean = 5.0 cm). Of the 71 (78%) diagnostic cases, 19 (27%) were nonneoplastic, 2 (3%) were suspicious for neoplasm, while 50 (70%) cases were neoplastic. Of the nonneoplastic cases, 10 (53%) showed nonspecific inflammation. Two (4%) of the 50 neoplastic lesions were benign tumors (schwannoma and neurofibroma), and of the malignant cases, 11 (23%) were primary, and 37 (77%) were metastatic/secondary. The most common primary malignant tumor was chordoma (four cases, 36%). Of the 37 secondary tumors, the most common were colorectal carcinoma (8, 22%) and plasmacytic tumors (5/9, 56%). The overall accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of FNA were 96, 95, and 100%, respectively.Sacral and presacral lesions represent rare targets for FNA. Benign tumors are rare (2%). Most cancers are metastatic (41%), with colorectum being the most common primary site (9%). Primary malignancies are uncommon (14%), with chordomas being the most frequent of these entities (4%). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atypical granular cell tumor of the thyroid: Cytomorphologic features on fine needle aspiration
Authors: Cimino‐Mathews Ashley , Illei Peter B. , Ali Syed Z. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGranular cell tumors are uncommon soft tissue neoplasms of nerve sheath origin, which are predominately benign and are characterized by abundant granular cytoplasm, uniform nuclei, and indistinct cell borders. Features of malignancy include spindle cell morphology, necrosis, prominent nucleoli, increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear pleomorphism, and increased mitotic rate. Granular cell tumors are most common in the soft tissues of the head and neck, but have only been rarely described in the thyroid gland. Here we report a case of an atypical granular cell tumor of the thyroid seen on fine needle aspiration, which displayed focal atypical cells with spindle cell morphology, increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and prominent nucleoli. The differential diagnosis of such findings is also presented. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological findings of intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma/carcinoma showing thymus‐like differentiation: A study of eight cases
Authors: Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Kuma Seiji , Miyauchi Akira 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to describe the cytologic findings of intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma/carcinoma showing thymus‐like differentiation (ITET/CASTLE) in detail and discuss its differential diagnoses. We examined cytologic specimens taken from eight ITET/CASTLE cases, who underwent fine needle aspiration. Cytologic features of ITET/CASTLE include (1) hypercellularity, (2) large cell clusters without papillary or follicular pattern, (3) round or spindle tumor cells with distinct nucleoli and cell border, (4) few keratinized cells and intracytoplasmic lumina (ICL), and (5) lymphocytic background. The differential diagnoses included poorly differentiated carcinoma, metastatic lymphoepithelioma, squamous cell carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The presence of individual keratinizing cells and ICL and the location of the tumor may be helpful in indicating ITET/CASTLE. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:E16–E20. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of inhibitors of NADPH oxidase complex and mitochondrial ATP‐sensitive potassium channels on generation of dopaminergic neurons from neurospheres of mesencephalic precursors
Authors: Parga J.A. , Rodríguez‐Pallares J. , Joglar B. , Diaz‐Ruiz C. , Guerra M.J. , Labandeira‐Garcia J.L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractReactive oxygen species signaling has been suggested to regulate stem cell development. In the present study, we treated neurospheres of rat mesencephalic precursors with inhibitors of the NADPH oxidase complex and mitochondrial ATP‐sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channel blockers during the proliferation and/or the differentiation periods to study the effects on generation of dopaminergic neurons. Treatment with low doses (100 or 250 μM) of the NADPH inhibitor apocynin during the proliferation period increased the generation of dopaminergic neurons. However, higher doses (1 mM) were necessary during the differentiation period to induce the same effect. Treatment with general (glibenclamide) or mitochondrial (5‐hydroxydecanoate) KATP channel blockers during the proliferation and differentiation periods increased the number of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, neither increased proliferation rate nor apoptosis had a major role in the observed increase in generation of dopaminergic neurons, which suggests that the redox state is able to regulate differentiation of precursors into dopaminergic neurons. Developmental Dynamics 239:3247–3259, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Functionalized 3,4‐Dihydropyrans via Rearrangement of the Products of a One‐Pot Diastereoselective Assembly of Ketones and Acetylene
Authors: Schmidt Elena Yu. , Trofimov Boris A. , Zorina Nadezhda V. , Mikhaleva Albina I. , Ushakov Igor A. , Skital'tseva Elena V. , Kazheva Olga N. , Alexandrov Grigorii G. , Dyachenko Oleg A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe products of the one‐pot assembly of ketones and acetylene, 7‐methylene‐6,8‐dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, congeners of an insect pheromone frontalin, undergo an acid‐catalyzed rearrangement to diastereomerically pure 2‐acetyl‐3,4‐dihydropyrans in excellent yields. The synthesis is realizable in a one‐pot manner procedure directly from ketones and acetylene.