bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of the ultraviolet protection factor of textile materials:measurement precision
Authors: Laperre J. , Gambichler T. , Driscoll C. , Böhringer B. , Varieras S. , Osterwalder U. , Rieker J. , Camenzind M. , Hoffmann K. 
Published: September 2010

Background: There is much interest in the use of textiles for sun protection. In vitro test methods are frequently used to assess the degree of protection to solar ultraviolet radiation of textile materials. It is, however, of paramount importance that methods are clearly described and that the precision of these methods is determined such that comparison between laboratories can be performed. An in vitro method for the determination of the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) is described in a new European Standard and is referred to as prEN 13758. Thirty experts from 11 European member states, forming a working group of the European Standardization Commission (CEN), have developed this method in consensus. In this paper the reliability of this test method for the determination of the UPF of textiles worn in close proximity to the skin and in a relaxed and dry state is studied.Methods: For the determination of the precision of the test method, eight laboratories, using nine different measuring devices located in five different countries, have measured 14 textile materials of various types of construction and levels of UVR protection. Statistical analysis of the results has been performed according to ISO 5725.Results: The repeatability standard deviation of the described method is independent of the UPF in the range 1–70 and is 1.36. The reproducibility standard deviation, however, clearly increases with the level of UPF.Conclusions: For high UPF values, differences between laboratories, due to factors such as different operators, equipment and calibration, can become important. This makes classification of high UPF materials questionable.
Near‐infrared irradiation stimulates cutaneous wound repair:laboratory experiments on possible mechanisms
Authors: Danno Kiichiro , Mori Noriko , Toda Ken‐ichi , Kobayashi Takashi , Utani Atsushi 
Published: September 2010

Background/Aims: Several physical agents such as low‐energy lasers have been used in the treatment of chronic skin ulcers. This study was performed to investigate potential effects of a newly‐developed, specific near‐infrared light source on wound repair.Methods: Cultured human keratinocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts were exposed to the light, and the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 was examined by enzyme immunoassay, zymography and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Incisional wounds were created in ICR and db/db diabetic mice and the effect of irradiation on wound closure was followed photographically.Results: The TGF‐β1 and MMP‐2 content of the medium of cultured cells was significantly elevated after irradiation. The amount of MMP‐2 mRNA extracted from irradiated fibroblasts was also upregulated. Negative results in thermal controls suggested that the action of the light was athermic in nature. In animal models, the rate of wound closure was significantly accelerated by repeated exposures.Conclusion: Near‐infrared irradiation potentially enhances the wound healing process, presumably by its biostimulatory effects.
Single dose radiation is more effective for the UV‐induced activation and proliferation of melanocytes than fractionated dose radiation
Authors: An H. T. , Yoo J. Y. , Lee M. K. , Shin M. H. , Rhie G. E. , Seo J. Y. , Chung J. H. , Eun H. C. , Cho K. H. 
Published: September 2010

Purpose: To establish whether the effect of fractionating radiation modifies the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on epidermal melanocytes, we compared the clinical and histological effects of single high dose radiation against repeated intermediate to low dose radiation on epidermal melanocytes.Methods: Three minimal erythema UV doses (MED) were administered to three sites on the buttocks of healthy volunteers. One site was irradiated with 0.5 MED UV every day for 6 consecutive days, another site was irradiated with 1 MED UV every second day, and a third site received a single dose of radiation with 3 MED UV. The treatment was replicated on the other buttock. For the evaluation of UV‐induced erythema and pigmentation, erythema and melanin indices were measured at 2 and 14 days post‐irradiation. For purposes of histological evaluation, tissue specimens taken from each irradiated site at 2 and 14 days post‐irradiation and were stained with monoclonal antibodies against Mel‐5, HMB‐45 and tyrosinase. Fontana‐Masson silver staining, DOPA staining and split DOPA reactions were also performed.Results: At 14 days post‐irradiation, UV radiation induced melanocyte activation, proliferation and melanogenesis in proportion to the radiation dose administered to each fraction. The most prominent responses were observed after single high doses of radiation.Conclusion: When the total administered dose is identical, fractionation of radiation dose diminishes the effects of UV radiation on epidermal melanocytes. Furthermore, long, uninterrupted doses of UV radiation were found to more effective in inducing melanogenesis and melanocyte activation.
Mechanisms of mutation formation with long‐wave ultraviolet light (UVA)
Authors: Rünger Thomas M. , Kappes Ulrike P. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryLong‐wave ultraviolet (UV) A light is able to damage DNA, to cause mutations, and to induce skin cancer, but the exact mechanisms of UVA‐induced mutation formation remain a matter of debate. While pyrimidine dimers are well established to mediate mutation formation with shortwave UVB, other types of DNA damage, such as oxidative base damage, have long been thought to be the premutagenic lesions for UVA mutagenesis. However, pyrimidine dimers can also be generated by UVA, and there are several lines of evidence that these are the most important premutagenic lesions not only for UVB‐ but also for UVA‐induced mutation formation. C→T transition mutations, which are generated by pyrimidine dimers, are called UV‐signature mutations. They cannot be interpreted to be solely UVB‐induced, as they are induced by UVA as well. Furthermore, there is no consistent evidence for a separate UVA‐signature mutation that is only generated with UVA. We hypothesize that a weaker anti‐mutagenic cellular response, but not a different type of DNA damage, may be responsible for a higher mutation rate per DNA photoproduct with UVA, as compared with UVB.
Photocontact allergic and phototoxic studies of chlorproethazine
Authors: Kerr Alastair , Woods Julie , Ferguson James 
Published: September 2010

SummaryBackground: Neuriplege® cream was available as a non‐prescription medication in France until its withdrawal from the market by regulatory authorities in January 2007. Its active ingredient is the phenothiazine chlorproethazine (CPE). Before its withdrawal, we investigated the photocontact allergic and phototoxic potential of Neuriplege® cream and CPE.Methods: An in vitro phototoxic study was performed in HaCaT keratinocytes using the neutral red dye phototoxic assay. Phototoxicity and photocontact allergy were assessed in humans by photopatch testing.Results: In vitro, a 1 h incubation of keratinocytes with CPE was approximately 13 times as toxic to the cells in the presence of ultraviolet light compared with incubation with the drug alone. Of two healthy volunteers initially photopatch tested to Neuriplege® cream on the arm, one developed a phototoxic reaction. These two volunteers were then photopatch tested to Neuriplege® and CPE on the back with seven additional healthy volunteers. Both of the initial study volunteers experienced a photocontact allergic reaction to Neuriplege® as is upon this re‐exposure. Of the seven volunteers not previously exposed to Neuriplege® as is, five developed phototoxic reactions.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the strong phototoxic and photocontact allergic potential of CPE in Neuriplege® cream, and supports the decision of the French pharmaceutical regulatory authorities to withdraw it.
Effect of a new infrared light device (1100–1800 nm) on facial lifting
Authors: Ahn J. Y. , Han T. Y. , Lee C. K. , Seo S. J. , Hong C. K. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryLaser skin resurfacing procedures can be classed into two categories – invasive and non‐invasive. The last several decades have witnessed a host of advancements in ablative laser therapy and other ablative modalities for the rejuvenation of skin, including the CO2 laser, the erbium : yttrium aluminum garnet laser, chemical peels, and dermabrasion. Despite the excellent results that can result from the practice of these techniques by experienced surgeons, the invasive nature of these devices is associated with inherent risks and patient discomfort. Therefore, much of the focus has been on non‐ablative lasers and intense‐pulsed light devices. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of treatment with the new infrared light device (1100–1800 nm), Titan, and assessed the degree of improvement associated with two‐time laser treatments, as compared to one‐time laser treatment.
Perinatal folate supply: relevance in health outcome parameters
Authors: Fekete Katalin , Berti Cristiana , Cetin Irene , Hermoso Maria , Koletzko Berthold V. , Decsi Tamás 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe importance of physiological supply of folate is well recognized in human health; the crucial roles of folate in one‐carbon metabolism for physiological DNA synthesis and cell division, as well as in the conversion of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine, and subsequently, to S‐adenosylmethionine, have been convincingly demonstrated. Improved folate status may reduce the risk of macrocytic anaemia, cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Inadequate folate status results in a decrease in the methylation cycle and in increased blood levels of the neurotoxic Hcy. The aim of this review is to provide insight into the influence of folate status on pregnancy health outcomes, and to consider increasing evidence of a link between the extent of genome/epigenome damage and elevated risk for adverse obstetrical endpoints.Pregnant women are at risk for folate insufficiency because of the increased need for folate for rapid fetal growth, placental development and enlargement of the uterus. Inadequate folate status may cause fetal malformations, impaired fetal growth, pre‐term delivery and maternal anaemia. Even some diseases of the placenta may arise from folate deficiencies. Fetal growth seems to be vulnerable to maternal folate status during the periconception period, because it has the potential to affect both the closure of the neural tube and several epigenetic mechanisms within the placenta and the fetus. Mainly on the basis of the well recognized link between maternal folate status and fetal neural tube defects, women are advised to receive folic acid supplement during the periconceptional period. Because an adequate folate supply seems to play an important role in the implantation and development of the placenta and in improving endothelial function, folic acid supplementation in the late first trimester or early second trimester might also be beneficial.
The nutritional requirements of infants. Towards EU alignment of reference values: the EURRECA network
Authors: Hermoso Maria , Tabacchi Garden , Iglesia‐Altaba Iris , Bel‐Serrat Silvia , Moreno‐Aznar Luis A. , García‐Santos Yurena , García‐Luzardo Ma del Rosario , Santana‐Salguero Beatriz , Peña‐Quintana Luis , Serra‐Majem Lluis , Moran Victoria Hall , Dykes Fiona , Decsi Tamás , Benetou Vassiliki , Plada Maria , Trichopoulou Antonia , Raats Monique M. , Doets Esmée L. , Berti Cristiana , Cetin Irene , Koletzko Berthold 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a review of the current knowledge regarding the macro‐ and micronutrient requirements of infants and discusses issues related to these requirements during the first year of life. The paper also reviews the current reference values used in European countries and the methodological approaches used to derive them by a sample of seven European and international authoritative committees from which background scientific reports are available. Throughout the paper, the main issues contributing to disparities in micronutrient reference values for infants are highlighted. The identification of these issues in relation to the specific physiological aspects of infants is important for informing future initiatives aimed at providing standardized approaches to overcome variability of micronutrient reference values across Europe for this age group.
Methodological aspects of the study of dietary patterns during pregnancy and maternal and infant health outcomes. A systematic review
Authors: Sánchez‐Villegas Almudena , Brito Noe , Doreste‐Alonso Jorge , Nissensohn Mariela , Henriquez Patricia , Hermoso Maria , Berti Cristiana , Majem Lluis Serra 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to systematically review the literature exploring the associations between different dietary patterns obtained from Food Frequency Questionnaires during pregnancy and the development of health‐related maternal and infant outcomes in the Framework of the Eurreca Network of Excellence. A systematic search was conducted on Pubmed for literature published up to September 2009. The search strategy resulted in an initial amount of 2048 articles. After applying the selection criteria, seven studies were finally identified. Five articles were based on prospective cohort studies and the other two were case‐control studies. The methods used to elaborate the dietary pattern could be classified as hypothesis‐oriented (three studies) or empirically‐derived (four studies). The different food frequency questionnaires used for diet assessment were self‐administered, semi‐quantitative and had been previously validated, but just four studies employed questionnaires validated specifically for their use in a pregnant population. The divergent methods used to assess the dietary patterns make it difficult to compare results. However, some resulting recommendations can be applied when dietary patterns during pregnancy are analyzed: to employ a validated food frequency questionnaire designed for use in pregnancy, to consider the special role exerted by mineral and vitamin supplements in this particular population group, to adequately select the time in which dietary data is collected, to adjust the results for life‐style and educational characteristics, and in the case of hypothesis‐oriented dietary patterns, to correctly choose the components comprising the score.
Authority in the Church —The Interpretation of Lay Members of the Bishops' Commission in the Mid 1970s
Authors: Mansfield Mary C , Hornsby‐Smith Michael P 
Published: September 2010

The study of the question of authority within religious institutions has been inadequate, from both theological and sociological perspectives. McKenzie has explained the inadequacy of theological studies as being due to ‘the emphasis placed on authority and the fervour in defending it’ and, according to Kokosalakis
‘the reluctance of many sociologists to deal with the question of values and the structures of authority and meaning in religious institutions derives mainly from the lack of a profounder theoretical foundation and/or adequate methodology to cope with the difficulties which these questions imply.’Clearly, the Church like any other social institution, is in dialectical relation with the society in which it exists. If we are to establish the causes of a change in the attitudes towards religious authority we must begin by considering firstly the social changes which have taken place not only in the global society but also within the Roman Catholic community itself, and secondly, those changes which are the direct result of some immanent force within the institution itself.Advances in science and technology have vastly expanded man’s knowledge and thereby his mastery over his physical and social environment. Additionally, developments in communications have provided him with an amount of information which greatly exceeds his own personal experience; in particular, the introduction of the television interview has exposed many authority figures to public scrutiny for the first time. Both factors have contributed to a de-sacralisation of authority whereby its origin has become de-mystified and its power is no longer considered to be-taboo. In addition there has been a process of democratisation in many institutions in society.
Will there be Life before Death?
Authors: Crowley Tony 
Published: September 2010

When the dust from the present troubles settles, the debt to those who have consistently and courageously campaigned against injustice and violence will be clear. One of those campaigners is Fr Des Wilson, who has now written a book that covers the struggle for justice and peace (note that it is justice and peace, not peace and then justice) in N Ireland. It would be unfair to Des Wilson to attempt to review his book out of its context, so it is necessary to sketch out the background first.In the eyes of “The Man From The Daily Mail,” to quote the song of that title,“Ireland is a very funny place, sir,It’s a strange and a troubled land”.And there’s no disputing that superficial observation, though it’s one of the few comments from that particular source regarding the present situation in N Ireland that I could agree with. For the characteristics of the present era of troubles in the North have been horror (the violence of a bloody Monday, a bloody Tuesday, a bloody Wednesday, a bloody Thursday, a bloody Friday, a bloody Saturday, and bloody Sunday) terror (sectarian warfare, intimidation, internment, rubber and plastic bullets) anger and frustration (sit-ins, demos, barricades, riots) and the constapt unemployment (Billy-now Lord-Blease of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions, said there was a “crisis in unemployment” in 1971 when the figure was 7% — it’s now 20% and climbing).
The Need for Philosophy in Theology Today
Authors: Kerr Fergus 
Published: September 2010

The text of a paper presented at the Upholland Theological Consultation, 25—27 April 1984, the gathering which founded the Catholic Theological Association of Great Britain.With all the welcome emphasis, since Vatican II, on biblical studies, patristic ressourcement, the historical approach, the ecumenical dimension, pastoral and missionary relevance, and so on, there is still a need, in Catholic theology, for philosophy: that is the thesis to be ventilated hereWith the tradition we have inherited, constructive theology is something that people have a right to expect from the Catholic community. There can be no constructive theology—because there can be no constructive thought on any matter of human concern—without a measure of philosophical reflection. Certainly, if theologians work in the belief that they are doing without philosophy, they will simply be the prisoners of whatever philosophy was dominant thirty years earlier—or 350 years earlier. For it is with Descartes that Catholic theologians have not yet settled their account. A great deal of theology today displays the marks of a certain Cartesianism. That is why some of it is so popular. The philosophy which it was the main purpose of pre-Vatican II theology to exclude has never really been expelled. We failed to keep Cartesianism out of our system because we did not realize how deeply rooted inside the system it had been all along.It is worth going into this here because it indicates one of the ways in which a more self-critical (and therefore more self-confident) Catholic theology might connect with some of the deepest arguments in Anglo-American philosophy today.
Incarnation and Holy Places
Authors: Axe Tony 
Published: September 2010

What makes a holy place holy? This is the question that soon presents itself to the Christian visiting the ‘Holy Land’. Wherever one goes, whether it be among the many sites in and around Jerusalem itself, or whether one travels through the countryside that Jesus must have looked on and walked over, one soon realises that some sites are more ‘authentic’ than others, and piety assumes many different forms. There is the old lady who caresses the stone on which, ostensibly, Jesus’ body was prepared for burial, then transferring whatever power she considers it has by going through the motions of anointing her own body. At the other extreme is the pilgrim, scandalised by the superstition and credulousness of such simple faith and by the unscrupulous behaviour of the clerical custodians in encouraging such behaviour, who seeks refuge in a less earthly spirituality which effectively holds itself aloof from the holy places he visits. If one feels a stranger in both camps then one has to either make excuses for the situation or make sense of it.One can adopt the theological snobbery of the ‘well-informed Christian’ who accepts that that sort of demonstrative behaviour is fine and perhaps even a good thing for simple (not to say gullible) people whose only contact with the post-Vatican II Church is that brand of piety. Yet these same critics of the ‘simple faithful’ can offer their own equally unquestioning and questionable explanation of why they visit the holy places by bringing into play some theological formula.
Bind Us Together: Repentance, Ugandan Martyrs, and Christian Unity
Authors: Furry Timothy J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBind Us Together argues that in naming both the Anglican and Catholic Ugandans killed in the mid 1880s as “martyrs” a visible unity is implied that is useful in contemporary ecumenical theology. By recounting the story of the Ugandan martyrs told through both Catholic and Protestant sources, I am able to perform the Christian unity that I am arguing for. I also engage historical and theological obstacles to my argument. The historical obstacle is brought about by the mutual condemnation of both Catholic and Protestant martytrs by each side during the 16th century. The theological obstacle is the work of Ephraim Radner. Being indebted to Radner's understanding of repentance, I use John Paul II to overcome both of these obstacles. I conclude by discussing more explicitly the connections between the Ugandan martyrs and church unity showing that these martyrs provide Christians with language to speak intelligibly about Christian unity today.
What is Western Cultural Identity? Three Examples, Three Disputes
Authors: Storck Thomas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe concept of cultural identity is illustrated by the example of Latin America. At the same time Latin America is shown to be a true part of the Western world and understandable only as such, and the reasons for other cultural identifications of Latin America are examined. Then the cultural development and identity of the West as a whole is considered, with special reference to two competing accounts of Western cultural development, both of which focus chiefly on the econonmic development of Europe and North America, in contrast to its cultural or spiritual roots. Finally the special case of the United States is looked at, and it is asked how her peculiar self‐understanding affects her cultural identity as part of the Western world.