bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land‐use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon
Authors: Don Axel , Osborne Bruce , Hastings Astley , Skiba Ute , Carter Mette S. , Drewer Julia , Flessa Heinz , Freibauer Annette , Hyvönen Niina , Jones Mike B. , Lanigan Gary J. , Mander Ülo , Monti Andrea , Djomo Sylvestre Njakou , Valentine John , Walter Katja , Zegada‐Lizarazu Walter , Zenone Terenzio 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBioenergy from crops is expected to make a considerable contribution to climate change mitigation. However, bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because emissions of CO2, N2O and CH4 during crop production may reduce or completely counterbalance CO2 savings of the substituted fossil fuels. These greenhouse gases (GHGs) need to be included into the carbon footprint calculation of different bioenergy crops under a range of soil conditions and management practices. This review compiles existing knowledge on agronomic and environmental constraints and GHG balances of the major European bioenergy crops, although it focuses on dedicated perennial crops such as Miscanthus and short rotation coppice species. Such second‐generation crops account for only 3% of the current European bioenergy production, but field data suggest they emit 40% to >99% less N2O than conventional annual crops. This is a result of lower fertilizer requirements as well as a higher N‐use efficiency, due to effective N‐recycling. Perennial energy crops have the potential to sequester additional carbon in soil biomass if established on former cropland (0.44 Mg soil C ha−1 yr−1 for poplar and willow and 0.66 Mg soil C ha−1 yr−1 for Miscanthus). However, there was no positive or even negative effects on the C balance if energy crops are established on former grassland. Increased bioenergy production may also result in direct and indirect land‐use changes with potential high C losses when native vegetation is converted to annual crops. Although dedicated perennial energy crops have a high potential to improve the GHG balance of bioenergy production, several agronomic and economic constraints still have to be overcome.
Inoculation of hybrid poplar with the endophytic bacterium Enterobacter sp. 638 increases biomass but does not impact leaf level physiology
Authors: Rogers Alistair , McDonald Kelly , Muehlbauer Megan F. , Hoffman Adam , Koenig Kaitlyn , Newman Lee , Taghavi Safiyh , van der Lelie Daniel 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEndophytic bacteria have been shown to provide several advantages to their host, including enhanced growth. Inoculating biofuel species with endophytic bacteria is therefore an attractive option to increase the productivity of biofuel feedstocks. Here, we investigated the effect of inoculating hard wood cuttings of Populus deltoides Bartr. × Populus. nigra L. clone OP367 with Enterobacter sp. 638. After 17 weeks, plants inoculated with Enterobacter sp. 638 had 55% greater total biomass than un‐inoculated control plants. Study of gas exchange and fluorescence in developing and mature leaves over a diurnal cycle and over a 5 week measurement campaign revealed no effects of inoculation on photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic water use efficiency or the maximum and operating efficiency of photosystem II. However, plants inoculated with Enterobacter sp. 638 had a canopy that was 39% larger than control plants indicating that the enhanced growth was fueled by increased leaf area, not by improved physiology. Leaf nitrogen content was determined at two stages over the 5 week measurement period. No effect of Enterobacter sp. 638 on leaf nitrogen content was found indicating that the larger plants were acquiring sufficient nitrogen. Enterobacter sp. 638 lacks the genes for N2 fixation, therefore the increased availability of nitrogen likely resulted from enhanced nitrogen acquisition by the 84% larger root system. These data show that Enterobacter sp. 638 has the potential to dramatically increase productivity in poplar. If fully realized in the production environment, these results indicate that an increase in the environmental and economic viability of poplar as a biofuel feedstock is possible when inoculated with endophytic bacteria like Enterobacter sp. 638.
REDDcalculator.com: a web‐based decision‐support tool for implementing Indonesia’s forest moratorium
Authors: Koh Lian Pin , Gibbs Holly K. , Potapov Peter V. , Hansen Matthew C. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. The governments of Norway and Indonesia are collaborating on a REDD+ partnership that would contribute to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation, forest degradation and peatland conversion in Indonesia. Part of this agreement requires Indonesia to implement a 2‐year moratorium to suspend the issuance of new permits for conversion of peat and natural forests for forestry or agriculture.2. This partnership offers an unprecedented opportunity for Indonesia to mitigate its deforestation and carbon emission levels. However, it has also galvanized intense debates within Indonesian society regarding the scope of the moratorium and its consequent environmental and socioeconomic ramifications.3. We developed a web‐based application for evaluating the implications and trade‐offs of implementing Indonesia’s forest moratorium in Kalimantan. This spatially explicit tool quantifies the moratorium’s benefits for carbon conservation and its opportunity costs under alternative user‐defined moratorium scenarios. This application could serve as a useful framework for understanding the costs and benefits of REDD+ implementation across Indonesia and other forest‐rich tropical nations.
PMx: software package for demographic and genetic analysis and management of pedigreed populations
Authors: Lacy Robert C. , Ballou Jonathan D. , Pollak John P. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. The concepts and algorithms for demographic and genetic analysis of pedigreed populations have been evolving rapidly in recent years.2. The PMx software brings together into one integrated package a number of tools for pedigree analysis, including methods for dealing with missing, uncertain and probabilistic data not previously available in distributed software.3. PMx provides tools for optimal demographic and genetic management of populations of wildlife species, rare domestic breeds, and other populations for which the primary goal is to conserve genetic diversity, and it is being implemented as the primary pedigree management tool for the breeding programmes of zoo associations around the world.4. PMx can be used to characterize the demography and genetics of any captive or wild population for which pedigree and life‐history data are available.
Automated estimation of foliage cover in forest understorey from digital nadir images
Authors: Macfarlane Craig , Ogden Gary N. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. Understorey vegetation can contribute significantly to the foliage cover and gas exchange of forest and impact the accuracy of remotely‐sensed vegetation indices. Visual assessment is a rapid means of estimating cover, but its drawbacks include bias and inconsistency between observers and observation periods and the inability of observers to distinguish between cover intervals smaller than 10%. The accuracy of visual assessment is unlikely to be able to reliably detect changes smaller than 10%. Hence, there is a need for rapid and accurate alternatives for estimating understorey cover in forests.2. Nadir (downward facing) photography is an alternative method that has been applied successfully in agriculture but not tested in forests. Detection of green foliage in images of forest understorey is far more challenging than in images of agricultural crops owing to the heterogeneity of the vegetation, the background and the lighting conditions. We tested several image analysis approaches to classifying and quantifying foliage cover in images taken from a height of 3–4 m above the ground using a digital SLR camera on an extendible pole. To reduce the impact of lighting variations on image processing, we converted red, green and blue (RGB) digital numbers from the RGB image to green leaf algorithm (GLA) values and to the CIE L*a*b* colour model prior to analysis.3. The most successful classification method (LAB2) utilised the GLA, a* and b* values of each pixel to classify green vegetation using a minimum‐distance‐to‐means classifier. A histogram‐corner detection method (Rosin) was superior to other methods when cover was <10%. Between‐class variance methods were the least accurate methods. Owing to the spectral complexity of the forest floor, it was necessary to filter noise from the classified images. Further work is needed to separate shades of gray from hues of green in images with sparse cover and coarse woody debris.4. Synthesis and Applications. We propose that the LAB2 method be used to quantify foliage cover in nadir images of understorey with cover >10% but that the Rosin method be used for cover <10%. The automated methodology that we have developed yields estimates of foliage cover in forest understorey from digital photography that are rapid, objective and at least as accurate as visual assessment (i.e. within 5%). User intervention is limited to quality control. The improved method could be extended to indirect estimation of leaf area index for studies of forest water balance and productivity.
Complications after two transphyseal bridging techniques for treatment of angular limb deformities of the distal radius in 568 Thoroughbred yearlings
Authors: CARLSON E. R. , BRAMLAGE L. R. , STEWART A. A. , EMBERTSON R. M. , RUGGLES A. J. , HOPPER S. A. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: Surgical correction of carpal angular limb deformities by growth retardation is commonly undertaken with a screws and tension band wire loop technique (S&W) or a single transphyseal screw (STS). This study compares complications after S&W and STS bridging in the distal radius of Thoroughbred yearlings.Objective: To compare the prevalence of complications serious enough to require follow‐up radiographs following either S&W or STS surgery for growth manipulation in the distal radius of Thoroughbred yearlings.Methods: Medical records and radiographs from Thoroughbred yearlings (age range 261–457 days) treated for carpal angular limb deformities at a single hospital over 2 years were reviewed. Each of the techniques was used exclusively during a single year. The complication threshold criterion for inclusion was the need for nonroutine radiographs of the operated site anytime after implant insertion or removal.Results: Of 568 horses, 253 received S&W and 315 received STS. Horses were of similar age at the time of surgery for STS and S&W. Single transphyseal screws were left in place for a significantly shorter amount of time (16 days). Sex, the limb(s) treated and medial vs. lateral placement were not significantly different between techniques. Complications included physitis post implant removal, metaphyseal collapse post implant removal, infection, overcorrection and seroma formation severe enough to require radiography. Physitis and metaphyseal collapse occurred significantly more frequently with STS compared with S&W. Infection, overcorrection and seromas were not significantly different between techniques.Conclusion: The STS and S&W techniques are both viable treatment options for correction of carpal angular limb deformities. However, horses treated with the STS technique have a significantly increased risk of developing physitis or metaphyseal collapse.Potential relevance: Horses treated with STS bridging have a significantly increased risk of developing the post correction complications of moderate to severe physitis and metaphyseal collapse compared with horses treated with S&W bridging.
Adherence to physical and mental activity interventions: Coping plans as a mediator and prior adherence as a moderator
Authors: Evers Andrea , Klusmann Verena , Schwarzer Ralf , Heuser Isabella 
Published: September 2011

Objective. Adherence to behavioural intervention programmes is a necessary condition for beneficial outcomes to be achieved. This study tested whether social cognitive variables and coping plans predict adherence.Design and methods. Adherence was examined in a randomized controlled trial with healthy older women (age range: 70–93 years), who were randomized to a physical (N= 86) or a mental (N= 85) activity intervention. Intentions, self‐efficacies, coping plans, and objectively measured adherence levels were assessed. A moderated mediation analysis evaluated the power of coping plans to translate intention into behaviour, depending on levels of prior adherence.Results. Adherence to the physical activity programme (65%) was significantly lower than adherence to the mental activity programme (84%, p < .001). Intentions (β= .22) weakly predicted adherence in the initiation period of the physical activity programme (6 weeks); pre‐action self‐efficacy predicted adherence in the initiation period of the mental activity programme (β= .35). In both groups, coping plans predicted mid‐period adherence (10 weeks) and long‐term adherence (20 weeks), moderated by prior adherence (all ps < .01). Coping plans mediated the relationship between intentions and behaviour only in the exercise condition.Conclusions. Instructing older individuals to generate coping plans facilitated their adherence to physical and mental activity programmes. This effect was larger for participants with lower levels of prior adherence – and may have prevented them from dropping out of the programme.
Preventing unintentional injuries to children under 15 years in the outdoors: a systematic review of the effectiveness of educational programs
Authors: Pearson Mark , Hunt Harriet , Garside Ruth , Moxham Tiffany , Peters Jaime , Anderson Rob 
Published: September 2011

IntroductionUnintentional injuries to children in the outdoors have a significant impact on child mortality, development and healthcare costs. This paper presents the findings of a systematic review about the effectiveness of programs that provided information, advice or education about the prevention of unintentional injuries to children under 15 years during outdoor play and leisure.MethodsA structured search strategy was conducted in a range of databases. All report titles and abstracts were screened using pre-defined criteria. Included reports were quality appraised using a modified Graphical Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies (GATE) tool. All quality appraisals and data extraction were checked by a second reviewer. If not provided in the original reports, ORs and mean differences were calculated, where sufficient data were available.ResultsTwenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. There was a paucity of robust study designs. The majority of studies only reported a short-term follow-up of intermediate outcome measures. Only two studies measured injury rates; both reported a reduction, but both studies also had considerable methodological weaknesses. The five studies that measured the use of protective equipment reported mixed results, although there is some evidence that suggests that more extensive educational programs (such as health fairs and media campaigns) increase their use. The 20 studies that measured behaviour, attitude or knowledge outcomes reported highly mixed results.DiscussionMethodological weaknesses of the included studies limit support for a particular course of action. To better inform policy and practice, future research should (1) use robust study designs and (2) not rely on short-term proxy outcome measures.
Bicyclist deaths and striking vehicles in the USA
Authors: Ackery Alun D , McLellan Barry A , Redelmeier Donald A 
Published: September 2011

ObjectivesBicycling is a popular means of transportation that is sometimes associated with injury from collisions. The authors analysed national data for the USA to evaluate bicyclist deaths associated with motor vehicle impacts.MethodsThe authors conducted a population-based case–control analysis of road deaths reported by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The authors included bicyclist deaths from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008 (cases), along with the non-bicyclist road deaths immediately before and after the bicyclist death in the same state (controls). Analyses also included linkages to auto appraisal websites to estimate type, size and cost of the motor vehicle involved in each death.ResultsA total of 711 bicyclist deaths were included, equivalent to a rate of 2 deaths per million population annually. No state had a rate statistically significantly below the national average whereas Florida was a high outlier with three times the national rate (p<0.001). The typical bicyclist who died was a man travelling in the afternoon or evening. The average estimated resale value of the involved motor vehicle was about one-third higher for bicyclist deaths than control deaths (US$10 603 vs US$8118, p<0.001). Analyses based on median estimated resale value and luxury resale value yielded similar findings. Stratified analyses based on demographics, time and posted speed limits yielded similar discrepancies. Larger motor vehicles were particularly common in bicyclist deaths compared to control deaths, especially freight trucks (11% vs 8%, p=0.008) and large automobiles (43% vs 37%, p=0.004). Conversely, motorcycles were distinctly infrequent in bicyclist deaths compared to control deaths (1% vs 14%, p<0.001).ConclusionsLarge expensive motor vehicles account for a disproportionate share of bicyclist deaths. Bicyclists, motorists, policy-makers and vehicle manufacturers need to consider more imaginative solutions to help prevent future deaths.
Reducing regional inequality in mortality from road traffic injuries through enforcement of the mandatory motorcycle helmet law in Taiwan
Authors: Lu Tsung-Hsueh , Lai Ching-Huei , Chiang Tung-Liang 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundThis study was conducted to examine whether passage of the mandatory motorcycle helmet law in 1997 reduced the regional inequality in mortality from road traffic injuries (RTIs) across 22 cities/counties in Taiwan.MethodsWe calculated the absolute (between-group variance, BGV) and relative (rate ratio between the city/county with the highest and lowest rate, RR) terms of inequality for the overall and motorcycle-related RTI mortality rates, the rate of helmet use and three other explanatory factors associated with RTI mortality at the city/county level from 1997 through 2008.ResultsThe BGV of the overall and motorcycle-related RTI mortality rates across the 22 cities/counties showed persistently decreasing trends from 1997 to 2008; however, the RR of RTI mortality first increased and then levelled off from 2002. The decreasing trend in inequality was most prominent in males aged 0–24 years. The BGV and RR of the rate of motorcycle helmet use decreased after passage of the law but increased from 2002 onwards.ConclusionIn Taiwan, passage of the mandatory motorcycle helmet law reduced the regional inequality in RTI mortality; however, a resurgence in regional inequality in the helmet use rate  years after passage of the helmet law was noted. It is therefore necessary to monitor the helmet use rate after passage of such a law to ensure the effect of a reduction in regional inequality in RTI mortality.
Pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of flooring to reduce injuries from falls in elderly care units: study protocol: Figure 1
Authors: Drahota Amy , Gal Diane , Windsor Julie , Dixon Simon , Udell Julie , Ward Derek , Soilemezi Dia , Dean Taraneh , Severs Martin 
Published: September 2011

Falls are an issue disproportionately affecting older people who are at increased risk of falls and injury. This protocol describes a pilot study investigating shock-absorbing flooring for fall-related injuries in wards for older people.ObjectivesTo inform future research by evaluating fall-related injuries on the intervention and existing flooring, assessing the sustainability of the flooring in ward environments, estimating the cost-effectiveness of the floor and assessing how the floor affects patients and other users.DesignThis study uses mixed methods: a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial, observation via mechanical testing and interviews. Eight participating wards (clusters) are randomised using a computer-generated list. No blinding is incorporated into the study. Each site has a baseline period of approximately 6 months. Then, four sites receive the intervention floor, while four continue using standard floors. Sites are then followed up for approximately 1 year.ParticipantsAny person admitted to a bed in the ‘study area’ of a participating ward can be entered into the trial. Orientated patients, visitors and any hospital staff who use the floor in a study area are eligible for inclusion in an interview.InterventionAn 8.3 mm thick vinyl floor covering with polyvinyl chloride foam backing (Tarkett Omnisports EXCEL).OutcomesThe primary outcome is fall-related injuries. Severity of injuries, falls, cost-effectiveness, user views and mechanical performance (shock absorbency and slip resistance) are also being assessed.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov:NCT00817869; UKCRN ID: 5735.
Survey of Salmonella prevalence on commercial turkey breeding and fattening farms in the UK in 2006 to 2007
Authors: Snow L. C. , Davies R. H. , Christiansen K. H. , Carrique‐Mas J. J. , Cook A. J. C. , Evans S. J. 
Published: September 2011

A total of 29 breeding turkey holdings and 317 fattening turkey holdings were sampled between October 2006 and September 2007 in order to establish the baseline prevalence of Salmonella in turkeys in the UK. The weighted holding level Salmonella prevalence was found to be 20.1 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 8.6 to 40.3 per cent) in breeding turkeys and 37.7 per cent (95 per cent CI 33.4 to 42.3 per cent) in fattening turkeys. For breeding turkeys, a weighted flock‐level prevalence, as more than one flock per holding was sampled, was estimated at 7.1 per cent (95 per cent CI 3.2 to 14.8 per cent). A total of 13 different serovars were identified in the survey. The most frequent serovar in both turkey flock classes was Salmonella Kottbus, which was found on two breeding holdings and 63 of the fattening holdings giving weighted prevalences of 10.4 per cent (95 per cent CI 2.6 to 34.1 per cent) and 23.0 per cent (95 per cent CI 19.3 to 27.3 per cent), respectively. On breeding holdings, a single isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium, identified as DT12 (weighted prevalence 3.5 per cent [95 per cent CI 0.7 to 15.8 per cent] [holding], 0.7 per cent [95 per cent CI 0.1 to 3.7 per cent] [flock)], was found. On fattening holdings, there were 55 isolates of S Typhimurium from 16 holdings, giving a weighted prevalence of this serovar of 5.4 per cent (95 per cent CI 3.6 to 8.0 per cent). There were no isolates of Salmonella serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Infantis or Virchow.