bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biology of the Vespidae, Pompilidae, and Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) from Trap Nests in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Fye R. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUni- and bi-voltine strains of the eumenine wasps, Rygchium leucomelas (Sauss.), Ancistrocerus catskill albophaleratus (Sauss.), A. c. catskill (Sauss.), and A. tigris tigris (Sauss.) occur in the Black Sturgeon Lake region of Ontario. Another eumenine, Symmorphus cristatus cristatus (Sauss.), is univoltine. All the eumenids plug and divide their nests with partitions of clay. Generally, females emerge from cells larger than those of males. A double partition with an intervening space between cells is introduced occasionally in summer-generation nests and frequently in overwintering-generation nests. Generally, individuals of the bivoltine summer generations were predominantly female but overwintering generations were predominantly male.All eumenine wasps, except S. c. cristatus, provision their nests with lepidopterous larvae. A broad spectrum of prey was utilized but at any given time the female wasp shows considerable fidelity in searching for prey on a given host plant.Limited parasitism of the eumenids by the genus Chrysis and the ichneumonid genus Ephialtes was observed. The dipteran Amobia distorta Allen was found in nests of A. c. catskill and R. leucomelas.A single species of pompilid, Dipogon sayi sayi Banks, occupied the trap nests in small numbers. The prey of this wasp consists mainly of spiders in the genus Xysticus.The sphecids include Passaloecus ithacae Krombein, which was common, an unidentified Pemphredon sp., and Passaloecus mandibularis (Cr.). P. ithacae provisioned mainly with aphids of the genus Cinara; Pemphredon sp. utilized C. abieticola; and P. mandibularis preyed upon a wide range of species including several aphids from deciduous trees.Partitions in Passaloecus nests were primarily resin but female P. ithacae often incorporated chips of pith. Cell sizes were frequently out of proportion to the volume of prey and the size of the wasp larvae. Limited parasitism by the chrysidid genus Omalus and the ichneumonid genus Poemenia was noted.
A Nearctic Species of Parablastothrix Mercet: (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Miller C. D. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParablastothrix Mercet, which has been known only from the Palearctic, is represented in the Nearctic by Parablastothrix neorctica new species, which is described and figured. The type and allotype of P. nearcticus were reared from a species of Coptodisca Walshm. (Lepidoptera) mining leaves of Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. at Jackson, Mississippi. One paratype was reared from Obrussa sp. (Lepidoptera) at Morgantown, West Virginia, and the other collected in Livingston Co., Michigan.
A Revision of the Eastern Nearctic Species of Rhagio Fabricius (Diptera: Rhagionidae)
Authors: Chillcott J. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree new species are described; two European species, tringarius L. and lineola Fabr., are recorded for the first time; and the previously described species are redefined and new distribution records presented, with a key to the eastern species. Rhagio hirtus Loew is recognized as a good species, R. boscii Macquart and Xylophagus fasciatus Say are synonymized with albicornis Say, and R. intermedius Walker is synonymized with R. vertebratus Say. The three new species are R. dichromaticus from Louisiana, recognized by its extremely dark coloration; R. floridensis from Florida and Georgia, with yellow thorax and distinctively patterned wings; and R. orestes from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which is close to hirtus but separable by the darker thorax and abdomen.
The Effect ofBacillus thuringiensisBerliner on the Fauna of an Apple Orchard
Authors: Jaques R. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPlots in a bearing apple orchard were sprayed with formulations ofBacillus thuringiensisBerliner on five to seven occasions in each of four consecutive seasons. Larvae of the winter moth, eye-spotted bud moth, orchard tent caterpillar, and fall webworm were less numerous on foliage in plots treated withB.thuringiensisthan in the check plot. Numbers of free-living blister mites were reduced by treatment with the bacterium. Other phytophagous mites were not numerous in any of the plots. Injury to fruit by larvae of the codling moth, winter moth, and eye-spotted bud moth and by the miridAtractotomus mali(Meyer) was lower in plots treated with the bacterium. Only three taxa of predacious arthropods were consistently affected by the application ofB.thuringiensis; one was less numerous where the bacterium was applied and two were more numerous.
The Bioassay of Insect Feeding Tokens
Authors: Harris P. , Mohyuddin A. I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe acceptability of host plant extracts on pith, charred filter paper, and an agar diet, and vacuum infiltrated into lettuce leaves was compared on three species of Lepidoptera and two of Coleoptera. The vacuum infiltrated lettuce was eaten by two of the Lepidoptera and it was the only method acceptable to the Coleoptera. The agar diet was eaten by the three Lepidoptera while pith and charred filter paper were acceptable to only two of them. It is concluded that vacuum infiltration of lettuce leaves is a useful method for the bioassay of host plant extracts to determine if they contain insect feeding token substances.
A New Species of Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) from Sorbus
Authors: Bradley G. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe species of aphid described here was collected from Sorbus scopulina Greene near Field, British Columbia. It belongs in the genus Nearctaphis Shaposhnikov, and the subgenus Nearctaphis, closely resembling the type species, Aphis bakeri Cowen, but with fused sclerotic plates on the dorsum of the abdomen in the apterous, as well as in the alate female.
Community Stability and the Strategy of Biological Control
Authors: Watt K. E. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCommunity organization is defined as the mean number of trophic links connecting species of different trophic levels in a community. For the special purposes of this paper, competition is assumed to occur whenever two species are known to eat the same food species. Community stability is defined as the reciprocal of the mean, for all species, of the standard error of logarithms of annual collection sizes. It is thus a measure of stability over time of the species populations in a community. Several authors writing about the relationship between community organization and community stability have insisted that the stability of a complex ecological system increases with the number of avenues by which energy can flow through it. This theory does not seem consistent with the observation that some insect pest species of notorious instability are attacked by a great number of entomophagous species. In this paper we seek additional evidence bearing on the relationship between community organization and stability, using computer analysis of data collected by the Canadian Forest Insect Survey on forest Macrolepidoptera and their food plants. After considering our results, and those of other workers, we postulate the following hypothesis. Stability at any herbivore or carnivore trophic level increases with the number of competitor species at that level, decreases with the number of competitor species that feed upon it, and decreases with the proportion of the environment containing useful food. If this hypothesis is valid, too much competition in the entomophagous trophic level will not allow the species in that level to be instable enough to control an unstable pest. Therefore, the best type of biological control agent is one that has no direct competitor species. Also, the most unstable biological control agents, and hence those capable of controlling an unstable pest, will be polyphagous.
The Identity and Distribution of Species of Phytoseius Ribaga (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Canada,
Authors: Chant D. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMites of the genus Phytoseius Ribaga largely inhabit plants and are at least partly predacious, feeding on tetranychid, eriophyid, and other mites. They probably also feed on pollen, honeydew, and plant juices, as do other phytoseiids that have been studied (Chant 1959; Dosse 1961; McMurty and Scriven 1964). They are not usually found in soil or humus but occur on many kinds of low growing plants as well as coniferous and deciduous trees. They have been collected on all continents and from the arctic to the tropics.
Fatty Acids of the Virginia Pine Sawfly,Neodiprion prattiDyar
Authors: Schaefer Charles H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLipids account for approximately eight per cent of the wet weight ofNeodiprion prattilarvae. Fatty acids comprise eighty per cent of the total lipids. Approximately seventy-five per cent of the fatty acids are unsaturated and over seventy per cent have eighteen carbons. Four unknowns were characterized as being polyunsaturates of sixteen and eighteen carbons.
Laboratory and Field Investigations on the Ability of Eggs of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) to Withstand Low Winter Temperatures
Authors: Sullivan C. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMeasurements of the supercooling points of eggs from different latitudes suggest that the cold-hardiness of N. sertifer is increased by the selective pressure of low winter temperatures. In Ontario, the insect is only beginning to experience temperatures capable of influencing population trends, but the selection of a more cold-hardy population may be in progress. It is predicted that this insect will eventually be capable of extendng its range into natural stands of jack pine in the northwestern portion of the province.Overwintering eggs are inherently able to supercool to about −26 °C., but exposure to certain non-lethal conditioning temperatures increases their cold-hardiness. Increased cold-hardiness apparently is associated with the appearance of glycerol in the eggs. Mortality curves based on supercooling points of eggs exposed to optimal conditioning temperatures are useful in predicting overwintering mortality of eggs that are not protected by snow cover.
Diel Periodicities of Emergence and Oviposition in Riverine Trichoptera
Authors: Corbet Philip S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDiel periodicities of emergence and oviposition of Trichoptera, observed in the St. Lawrence River at Montreal, Quebec (451/2° N.), in late June and July, are closely similar. They are poorly synchronized but the peak for most species is nocturnal, falling between sunset and solar midnight. Catches in floating traps were used to measure emergence rate. As such catches (of Trichoptera) may contain parous as well as newly emerged females, attempts were made to separate these two components of the catch before analysis, thus providing records for both emergence and oviposition. Oviposition periodicity was studied independently by counting egg-masses on a floating board. Precautions needed for future critical work on emergence are mentioned.
The Relation of Weather to Two Population Declines of the Black-headed Budworm, Acleris variana (Fernald) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Coastal Alaska
Authors: Schmiege Donald C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHot, dry weather accompanied the decline of black-headed budworm populations in 1955 and 1965. A study of weather records for southeast Alaska for the period 1945 to 1965 shows that the collapse of high populations occurred in years of unusually warm, dry weather during July. No consistent weather pattern was apparent during the years of population increases. The great reduction in budworm numbers occurred during the larval periods in both 1955 and 1965. No evidence of disease was found in either outbreak.
The Role of Introduced Parasites in the Control of the Winter Moth in Nova Scotia
Authors: Embree D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe history of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linnaeus), a geometrid introduced into Nova Scotia, is reviewed and an assessment is made of two introduced parasites: a tachinid, Cyzenis albicans (Fallen), and an ichneumonid, Agrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst). Functional response curves of both species are discussed, particularly the atypical S-shaped curve of C. albicans, which demonstrates regulatory properties. Biological control efforts to date have been successful but a virus that appeared in winter moth populations may change initial relationships between the introduced parasites and the host.
Observations on the Mating Behaviour of the Crab Hole Mosquito Deinocerites cancer (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Downes J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn Deinocerites, an aberrant offshoot of Culex, the larvae live in water in deep crab holes and the adults also are often found in the burrow. The males have elongate non-plumose antennae and specialized front claws, and often rest on the surface film. In observation cages the males associate with pupae (of either sex) at the surface of the water, hold them lightly with the claws and sense the pupal horns (spiracles) with their antennae. The male perceives the pupa at 1–2 cm. An emerging female elicits a strong response from males up to 15 cm. away; the males fight for possession and mating may be established before the female has fully emerged. The pupal skin continues to attract for several minutes thereafter. Emergence of the adult male was not successfully observed. Probably both pupal attendance and mating response depend on a chemical stimulus, which appears to be non-specific.The males also make slow exploratory flights near the cage walls, and a mating response may be elicited when their legs touch a resting insect. The response is made to either sex (perhaps more readily to the female) and again is non-specific. The two mating processes are presumably reinforcing, and both seem well adapted to the natural habitat provided the lack of specificity is tolerable.Several other mosquitoes, all of slow flight and restricted habitat, make similar irregular flights and mate on contact with resting females. Probably this behaviour represents the last phase of mating in more strongly flying (swarming) species, after the sexes are brought together by the auditory response mediated by the plumose antennae. In some mosquitoes the two patterns of behaviour coexist. Assembly at a swarm-marker and recognition in flight must be less necessary in non-dispersing forms in confined habitats, and most of all in Deinocerites. Several other crab hole mosquitoes show convergence or analogies with Deinocerites.The association with the pupa and the related attraction to the female at emergence find a parallel only in Opifex fuscus; but in Opifex these processes depend not on a chemical stimulus but mainly on vision, as befits an inhabitant of open sunlit pools.
The Responses of Grasshoppers to Ecological Changes Produced by Agricultural Development in Southwestern Manitoba
Authors: Bird Ralph D. , Allen Willard , Smith D. Seyward 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSouthwestern Manitoba, a semiarid area subject to periodic droughts, was originally covered by a mixed prairie on light sandy soil. Settlement commenced on the completion of the land survey in 1890. By 1913 all the land was taken up and a cereal grain economy had developed. Soil drifting became a problem and was particularly severe during the drought years of 1929 to 1934. Local species of grasshoppers, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius), Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) and Camnula pellucida (Scudder) first became pests during a minor drought in 1901 and occurred in a severe outbreak in the major drought period. Recently abandoned fields suffered severe wind erosion and drift ridges of soil provided the most favorable egg laying sites for M. sanguinipes and to a lesser extent for M. bivittatus. The effect of slope of ground on egg deposition and grasshopper behavior in relation to temperature and moisture are recorded. Succulent, introduced weeds and cereal crops supplied abundant food. C. pellucida, a grass feeder, was favored by the planting of cereal crops adjacent to egg bed sites among Carex stenophylla Wahl., and Agropyron smithii Rydb. on the roadsides. Methods of farming designed to prevent wind erosion, the use of herbicides and the grading of roadsides have shown the possibilities of ecological management to reduce grasshopper increase.
Three Additional Poplar Gall Aphids From Southern Alberta
Authors: Harper A. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree species of aphids in the subfamily Eriosomatinae are recorded from poplar trees in southern Alberta. Asiphum sacculi Gillette caused galls on leaves of Populus tremuloides Michaux in the foothill and mountain areas. Thecabius populiconduplifolius Cowen caused galls on leaves of Populus balsamifera L. in the prairie area. Pemphigus bursarius L., the lettuce root aphid, caused galls on leaves of Populus nigra var. italica Meunchhausen in a garden. P. bursarius could become a pest of lettuce in southern Alberta.
The Fauna of Polyporus betulinus (Bulliard) Fries (Basidiomycetes: Polyporaceae) in Gatineau Park, Quebec
Authors: Pielou D. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA list is given of a total of 82 species of animals, mainly insects and mites, taken from the bracket fungus Polyporus betulinus (Bull.) Fr., growing on dead birch in Gatineau Park, Quebec.
The Feeding of Empoasca fabae (Harris) on Broad Bean Callus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Hollebone J. E. , Medler J. T. , Hildebrandt A. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFeeding of the potato leaf hopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), on broad bean caused injury manifested at the cellular level by cell hypertrophy. The action of insect saliva was studied under closely controlled conditions by using cultures of broad bean tissue. The initial feeding experiments are reported and a description is given of the nature of feeding sheaths in tissue culture.Examination of tissue cultures of broad bean fed upon by the potato leaf-hopper suggested that the nature of the sheath was similar to that produced in organized bean tissue. The sheaths could be recognized by the same criteria–the presence of collar-like deposits on the surface of the tissues, the filiform nature or the sheath, the characteristic red staining of the sheath material and the occurrence of enlarged and empty cells adjacent to the sheath. However, feeding in tissue differed in having no specific direction, and in the presence of pools of secretion sometimes found at the base of the sheaths.
New Records of Chalcidoid Parasites and Hyperparasites of Psylla pyricola Förster in British Columbia
Authors: McMullen R. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPrionomitus mitratus (Dalm.), Trechnites insidiosus (Crawford), Pachyneuron sp. and Asaphes probably vulgaris Walker are recorded as parasitic in Psylla pyricola L. The first two are primary parasites, the latter two are hyperparasites. All are new records for British Columbia. The biologies of T. insidiosus and Pachyneuron sp. are discussed briefly.
A Biological Study of the Leaf Miner,Chrysopeleia ostryaellaChambers (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterygidae), on Ironwood in Ontario
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Bowser R. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA leaf miner on ironwood,Chrysopeleia ostryaellaChambers, is recorded for the first time from Canada. Information on distribution, life history, habits, morphology of immature stages, and parasites is given.
The Biology of Eucosma rescissoriana Heinrich in Western White Pine in Idaho (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Ollieu Max M. , Schenk John A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEucosma rescissoriana Heinrich is highly destructive to cones and seed of western white pine, Pinus monticola Douglas, and is distributed throughout the geographic range of this host species in northern Idaho. One generation is passed per year with emergence in late May. Egg and larval stages arc generally found in June and July; the pupal stage overwinters. Stand density and elevation were used as variables in ecological studies of population sine. All stages of E. rescissoriana were correlated to phenological data in 1962.
Parasitic and Predacious Agents Affecting theHippelates pusioComplex in Jamaica and Trinidad
Authors: Legner E. F. , Bay E. C. , Farr T. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA search for natural enemies ofHippelateseye gnats in Jamaica and Trinidad in 1963 resulted in the discovery of four pupal parasites,Trichoprianov. sp.,Spalcmgia drosophilaeAshmead, a species ofSpalangiaand Encyrtidae, and one larval parasite,Trybliographanov. sp., in Jamaica. What were probably phoretic mites of the Acaridiae infested up to 6.1 per cent of the adult populations in Jamaica. No parasitic Hymenoptera were found attackingHippelatesin Trinidad. Parasitization in Jamaica sometimes approached 40 per cent, but overall parasitization with all host exposures considered did not exceed 2.5 per cent. The effect of predators on naturally breedingHippelatespopulations in both Jamaica and Trinidad seemed highly significant, and predominant species are listed.
An Insect Olfactometer
Authors: Wright R. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn olfactometer is described in which an attractive zone is established and maintained in a precisely determined location on the floor (or wall) of an observation chamber and also in the air adjacent to it. Insects must therefore manifest their normal behavior in finding their way to it. The attenuation of the attraction by "background odors" can be studied quantitatively.
A New Species of Lyctocoris Hahn From Mexico (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLyctocoris mexicanus new species is described from Durango, Mexico. Genital structures are compared to those of two closely related species, L. okanaganus Kelt. & And., and tuberosus Kelt. & And., and to those of elongatus (Reut.).
Descriptions of SomeChrysobothrisLarvae (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Occurring in the United States and Mexico
Authors: Benoit Paul 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEleven species of buprestid larvae of the genusChrysobothrisselected from the H. E. Burke Collection of the United States National Museum are described in this paper. They are:C.bacchariVan Dyke,C.costifronsWaterhouse,C.debilisLeConte,C.dolataHorn,C.edwardsiiHorn,C.ignicollisHorn,C.lucanaHorn,C.maliHorn,C.nixaHorn,C.octocolaLeConte, andC.tranquebarica(Gmelin). The genus of host plants for each buprestid species and the insect's geographical distribution are listed.
Distribution of Cocoon Parasites of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy), in Southern Ontario
Authors: Rose A. H. , Sippell W. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCocoons of the European pine sawfly were exposed in rodent-proof trays to determine what parasites attack this pest in southern Ontario. Exposures at 17 localities showed that two introduced parasites, Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zetterstedt) and Pleolophus (= Aptesis) basizonus (Gravenhorst), are firmly established throughout the distribution of the host. The former parasite has spread more than 30 miles and the latter at least 70 miles in approximately 20 years. The number of trays found by each species varied considerably with locality. In general, the number of native parasitic species obtained tended to increase with age of infestation, with Mastrus aciculatus (Provancher) being the most prevalent.