bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical comparison of methylprednisolone aceponate and prednicarbate in chronic eczema
Authors: Albrecht G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMethylprednisolone aceponate (MPA) is a new topical corticosteroid developed specifically for the treatment of eczematous disorders. A multicentre, controlled, randomized open trial to assess the efficacy and tolerability of a once daily application of MPA in comparison to a twice‐daily application of Prednicarbate (PC) was conducted in 566 patients suffering from allergic contact eczema (51.2%), toxic degenerative eczema (46.8%) as well as a combination of allergic contact eczema and toxic degenerative eczema (1,9%). Both treatment groups were approximately the same size, 280 patients being treated with MPA, 286 with PC.Treatment was carried out for a maximum of 28 days. The median duration of treatment was 22 days with MPA and 21 days with PC. Clinical efficacy was not different between MPA ointment (0.1%) used once daily with 45.5% complete healing and 39.8% marked improvement as compared to PC ointment (0.25%) used twice daily with 48.3% complete healing and 40.2% marked improvement. Both treatments were well tolerated. 4.6% of the patients reported adverse events on MPA‐treatment and 3.8% on PC‐treatment. No serious events were experienced. From this study it can be concluded that in various eczematous disorders efficacy and tolerability of MPA ointment used once daily are essentially the same as for PC ointment used twice daily.
Present status of eczema and its treatment
Authors: Fritsch Peter O. , Schuler Gerold 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn overview of the salient developments in definition, classification, etiology and pathogenesis, and treatment of the eczemas in recent years is given. On the basis of the pathogenesis of allergic contact eczema and atopic dermatitis, possible future therapeutic approaches are discussed. The indispensability of the use of topical corticosteroids in eczema treatment at the present time, and the demand for preparations with high potency and absent or low systemic and local side effects is stressed.
The Birth, Death, and Resurrection of the Provincial Dilemma
Authors: Griffin Patrick 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis essay explores the utility of the ‘provincial dilemma’ for organizing Atlantic history. It does so by examining a 1954 article on the subject by Bernard Bailyn and John Clive. Colonists in America and the Caribbean, Protestant settlers in Ireland, and lowlanders in Scotland struggled with amphibious status. Their desire to be accepted as equals by metropolitans and, at the same time, carve out a niche as members of distinctive societies animated the 18th‐century Atlantic. But we still have to integrate new actors into this story. This essay, then, charts the possibilities and limits not only of the provincial approach but also of Atlantic history.
Men, Women and an Integrated History of the Russian Revolutionary Movement
Authors: Turton Katy 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSince its emergence as a discipline in the 1960s, women’s history has had a profound effect on the study of the past. Scholarship on women’s experiences of and contributions to the Russian revolutionary movement has increased exponentially since the publication of a number of biographies of Aleksandra Kollontai in the 1970s and 1980s and a comprehensive picture has emerged of women’s involvement in all the major revolutionary parties, as leading figures as well as rank and file activists. Despite this wealth of historical discovery, remarkably little has found its way into so‐called ‘general’ histories of the revolution. An integrated history, which is the ultimate aim of women’s history, has yet to be produced for the Russian revolutionary movement, even though recent prosopographical studies of revolutionary women have made clear the numerous ways in which men and women cooperated and interacted on a daily basis in the underground. This article explores the nature of and reasons for this failure, makes a case for why incorporating women’s experiences into the grand narrative of the Russian revolution is important and discusses how this might be achieved.
Thomism and Atheism
Authors: Schall James V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAtheism, the thesis that God does not exist and Thomism, the thesis that there are “proofs” for the existence of God based on experience and reason can be juxtaposed to each other as two extremes. On the other hand, the very statement of each implies the need to consider the other, so that the atheist and the Thomist both claim to belong to rational discourse, however much they differ in conclusions. The scriptural tradition has consistently found the one who says there is “no God” to be “foolish,” that is, someone with more than just an intellectual error.
Capitalism and Catholicity: Ecclesiological Reflections on Alain Badiou's Pauline Universalism
Authors: Hiebert Kyle Gingerich 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEmancipating Saint Paul from both his imagined “spiritual” prison and interpretations that cast him as Nietzsche's venomous priest, Alain Badiou reads Paul as providing the resources necessary for standing in the face of the endless flows of global capital that characterize the geopolitical landscape at “the end of history.” Read against the background of the apparent triumph of political and economic liberalism I will argue that the most compelling aspect of Badiou's reading is that he finds in Paul a universalism that resists the rampant automatisms of capitalism. Moreover, I will be primarily interested in the extent to which Badiou's reading of Paul radically calls into question the conclusions not only of those self-proclaimed prophets of the ethics of alterity but also of those theologians that are finally unable to give up the desire to control outcomes and master contingency. In this way I will argue that, despite his proclamation of Christianity as a fable, Badiou can be helpfully read as a profound theological resource that points toward the shape of a radical ecclesiology that refuses to be defined on the artificial terrain of modernity and struggles instead in all its fragility to remain faithful to the resurrection.
Eroticism and Pain in Mechthild of Magdeburg's The Flowing Light
Authors: McGowin Emily Hunter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article presents an introduction to the rhetoric of eroticism and pain in the theology of medieval mystic, Mechthild of Magdeburg (c. 1208-c. 1282/94), author of The Flowing Light of the Godhead. A survey of select texts from TFL is presented, with a focused analysis of Book IV, Chapter 12, where pain is cast in the role of a courtly intermediary between Christ and the soul. It is argued that a deeper consideration of this chapter provides significant insight into Mechthild's overall conception of pain in relation to the divine. Moreover, she writes with a coherent mystical theology of pain situated firmly within the Christian liturgy and narrative tradition.
The Digital Temple: A Preview of Features, Current and Potential
Authors: Whalen Robert 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Digital Temple is an electronic scholarly edition of George Herbert’s English verse. When complete, it will include diplomatic and modern‐spelling transcriptions linked to corresponding digital images of three essential artifacts: Williams Manuscript Jones B62, Bodleian Manuscript Tanner 307, and a copy of The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations (first edition, 1633). The transcriptions are accompanied by critical annotations and glosses, and all materials – transcriptions, images, and apparatus – are presented through a customized user interface. The transcription files are marked up according to the Text Encoding Initiative P5 standard, a robust encoding protocol rendering the texts susceptible to an array of display and data search‐and‐retrieval operations. This essay briefly introduces the resource, its principal features and potential, and discusses some of the technical underpinnings that make it a potentially powerful research tool.
Disability Studies and the British Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Gabbard Dwight Christopher 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDisability studies approaches the British eighteenth century as a period in transition, with the conception of disability as spiritual sign of wonder or warning giving way to an understanding of it as pathology and abnormality. Period‐appropriate terms for disability are ‘deformity,’‘defect,’ and ‘monster,’ which were used for exotic bodily configurations and gender and racial differences: women and non‐Europeans were perceived as defective. John Milton, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, Elizabeth Inchbald, and William Hay have generated interest on account of their disabilities, while Aphra Behn, Eliza Haywood, Mary Wortley Montagu, Sarah Scott, Sarah Fielding, Henry Fielding, John Cleland, Francis Burney, and William Godwin have received attention for disability thematics. Topics of concern include disability and old age, physiognomy in characterization, joke book humor and sensibility, ugliness as aesthetic category, defect in tropes of national identity, deafness and sign language, intellectual disability and Lockean epistemology, the exotic deformed, disfigurement from smallpox as well as political rhetoric associated with the disease, and femininity as monstrosity.
Imprints of the anisotropic inflation on the cosmic microwave background
Authors: Watanabe Masa-aki , Kanno Sugumi , Soda Jiro 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We study the imprints of the anisotropic inflation on the CMB temperature fluctuations and polarizations. The statistical anisotropy stems not only from the direction dependence of curvature and tensor perturbations, but also from the cross-correlation between curvature and tensor perturbations, and the linear polarization of tensor perturbations. We show that off-diagonal TB and EB spectra as well as on- and off-diagonal TT, EE, BB and TE spectra are induced from the anisotropic inflation. We emphasize that the off-diagonal spectra induced by the cross-correlation could be a characteristic signature of the anisotropic inflation.
Reconciling the Krogh and Ussing interpretations of epithelial chloride transport – presenting a novel hypothesis for the physiological significance of the passive cellular chloride uptake
Authors: Larsen Erik Hviid 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn 1937, August Krogh discovered a powerful active Cl− uptake mechanism in frog skin. After WWII, Hans Ussing continued the studies on the isolated skin and discovered the passive nature of the chloride uptake. The review concludes that the two modes of transport are associated with a minority cell type denoted as the γ‐type mitochondria‐rich (MR) cell, which is highly specialized for epithelial Cl− uptake whether the frog is in the pond of low [NaCl] or the skin is isolated and studied by Ussing chamber technique. One type of apical Cl− channels of the γ‐MR cell is activated by binding of Cl− to an external binding site and by membrane depolarization. This results in a tight coupling of the uptake of Na+ by principal cells and Cl− by MR cells. Another type of Cl− channels (probably CFTR) is involved in isotonic fluid uptake. It is suggested that the Cl− channels serve passive uptake of Cl− from the thin epidermal film of fluid produced by mucosal glands. The hypothesis is evaluated by discussing the turnover of water and ions of the epidermal surface fluid under terrestrial conditions. The apical Cl− channels close when the electrodiffusion force is outwardly directed as it is when the animal is in the pond. With the passive fluxes eliminated, the Cl− flux is governed by active transport and evidence is discussed that this is brought about by an exchange of cellular HCO3− with Cl− of the outside bath driven by an apical H+ V‐ATPase.
World Christian Historiography, Theological ‘Enthusiasms’, and the Writing of R. E. Frykenberg’s Christianity in India
Authors: Young Richard Fox 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSince the nineteenth century, India’s Christian history has been the subject of several ambitious master narratives, with coverage from deep antiquity into each author’s respective ‘present’. The most recent attempt, published in 2008 by Oxford University Press, is Christianity in India, by historian R. E. Frykenberg. Against all naysayers, Frykenberg puts forward a case that Christianity is Indian and must be studied as an Indian religion. Like his predecessors, Frykenberg identifies himself as a Christian, affirms that Christianity is good for India, and invokes concepts and language of a distinctively theological kind, sometimes enthusiastically. As a work that brings theology into conversation with historiography, Christianity in India has already been characterized as a work of sectarian scholarship. Disagreeing, I tease out several of the thornier issues. One is the way that Frykenberg conceptualizes ‘indigenous’ as opposed to ‘exogenous’ agency. Despite influence on him from theologically grounded historiographies popularized by the newish field of World Christianity, Frykenberg’s findings are unimpeachably empirical. Another is the way that ‘primal’ religions are conceptualized; in the book, these loom large, as whole tribal (adivasi) populations in India’s Northeast Highlands have become Christian. Here, too, Frykenberg draws inspiration from World Christianity and its leading theorists Lamin Sanneh and Andrew Walls, whose claims about a special ‘affinity’ between primal religions and Christianity have been criticized as ‘crypto‐theology’. Thanks to Frykenberg, a constructive debate might ensue, were the issues properly recognized. These I attempt to clarify.
Visual Attention and Structural Choice in Sentence Production Across Languages
Authors: Myachykov Andriy , Thompson Dominic , Scheepers Christoph , Garrod Simon 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTo represent the complexity of a visually perceived event, viewers need to attend selectively to different aspects of the event and its associated entities. Spoken descriptions of such complex events must encode the corresponding perceptual properties. This review discusses how the speaker’s attentional focus on one of the referents in a given event influences the structural choice in languages with different degrees of word order flexibility. First, we will discuss whether English speakers prefer to map visually salient referents onto a prominent grammatical role (e.g., Subject) or to a prominent linear position in the sentence (e.g., the sentential starting point). Comparison of this evidence with research in free word‐order languages (Russian and Finnish) suggests the existence of a mapping mechanism wherein perceptual salience predominantly affects grammatical‐role assignment and, to a lesser extent, assignment of linear positions.
New Media, Web 2.0 and Surveillance
Authors: Fuchs Christian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article outlines some basic foundations and academic controversies about Web 2.0 surveillance. Contemporary web platforms, such as Google or Facebook store, process, analyse, and sell large amounts of personal data and user behaviour data. This phenomenon makes studying Internet surveillance and web 2.0 surveillance important. Surveillance can either be defined in a neutral or a negative way. Depending on which surveillance concept one chooses, Internet/web 2.0 surveillance will be defined in different ways. Web 2.0 surveillance studies are in an early stage of development. The debate thus far suggests that one might distinguish between a cultural studies approach and a critical political economy approach in studying web 2.0 surveillance. Web 2.0 surveillance is a form of surveillance that exerts power and domination by making use specific qualities of the contemporary Internet, such as user‐generated content and permanent dynamic communication flows. It can be characterized as a system of panoptic sorting, mass self‐surveillance and personal mass dataveillance. Facebook is a prototypical example of web 2.0 surveillance that serves economic ends. The problems of Facebook surveillance in particular and web 2.0 surveillance in general include: the complexity of the terms of use and privacy policies, digital inequality, lack of democracy, the commercialization of the Internet, the advancement of market concentration, the attempted manipulation of needs, limitation of the freedom to choose, unpaid value creation of users and intransparency.
Automated alternation flicker for the detection of optic disc haemorrhages
Authors: Syed Zeba A. , Radcliffe Nathan M. , De Moraes Carlos Gustavo , Smith Scott D. , Liebmann Jeffrey M. , Ritch Robert 
Published: February 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  Optic disc haemorrhages are associated with active glaucomatous neurodegeneration and ongoing visual field loss. We sought to determine whether automated alternation flicker enhances the detection of disc haemorrhages in serial images from patients with glaucoma when compared to side‐by‐side photographic evaluation and single‐image display.Methods:  Serial sets of optic nerve photographs of 394 eyes from 234 patients followed for glaucoma at the authors’ institutions were included in this study. Eyes with disc haemorrhages were graded for difficulty level and randomized along with nondisc haemorrhage control images into one of three presentation groups (automated alternation flicker, side‐by‐side or single image). Seven graders viewed all images and assessed for the presence or absence of disc haemorrhages.Results:  The sensitivity of automated alternation flicker for disc haemorrhage detection (0.878) was higher than side‐by‐side (0.705; p = 0.002) and single photographs (0.757; p = 0.01). There was no specificity difference between pairs of presentation groups (all p ≥ 0.7).Conclusion:  Automated alternation flicker was a more sensitive method for disc haemorrhage detection than the current clinical standards and may have an important role in the management of glaucoma.
Proof of principle study of the use of a CMOS active pixel sensor for proton radiography
Authors: Seco Joao , Depauw Nicolas 
Published: February 2011

Purpose:Proof of principle study of the use of a CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) in producing proton radiographic images using the proton beam at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH).Methods:A CMOS APS, previously tested for use in s‐ray radiation therapy applications, was used for proton beam radiographic imaging at the MGH. Two different setups were used as a proof of principle that CMOS can be used as proton imaging device: (i) a pen with two metal screws to assess spatial resolution of the CMOS and (ii) a phantom with lung tissue, bone tissue, and water to assess tissue contrast of the CMOS. The sensor was then traversed by a double scattered monoenergetic proton beam at 117 MeV, and the energy deposition inside the detector was recorded to assess its energy response. Conventional x‐ray images with similar setup at voltages of 70 kVp and proton images using commercial Gafchromic EBT 2 and Kodak X‐Omat V films were also taken for comparison purposes.Results:Images were successfully acquired and compared to x‐ray kVp and proton EBT2/X‐Omat film images. The spatial resolution of the CMOS detector image is subjectively comparable to the EBT2 and Kodak X‐Omat V film images obtained at the same object‐detector distance. X‐rays have apparent higher spatial resolution than the CMOS. However, further studies with different commercial films using proton beam irradiation demonstrate that the distance of the detector to the object is important to the amount of proton scatter contributing to the proton image. Proton images obtained with films at different distances from the source indicate that proton scatter significantly affects the CMOS image quality.Conclusion:Proton radiographic images were successfully acquired at MGH using a CMOS active pixel sensor detector. The CMOS demonstrated spatial resolution subjectively comparable to films at the same object‐detector distance. Further work will be done in order to establish the spatial and energy resolution of the CMOS detector for protons. The development and use of CMOS in proton radiography could allowin vivo proton range checks, patient setup QA, and real‐time tumor tracking.
On the use of computed radiography plates for quality assurance of intensity modulated radiation therapy dose distributions
Authors: Day R. A. , Sankar A. P. , Nailon W. H. , MacLeod A. S. 
Published: February 2011

Purpose:As traditional film is phased out in most radiotherapy centers, computed radiography (CR) systems are increasingly being purchased as a replacement. CR plates can be used for patient imaging, but may also be used for a variety of quality assurance (QA) purposes and can be calibrated in terms of dose. This study looks at their suitability for verification of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dose distributions.Methods:A CR plate was calibrated in terms of the relative dose and the stability of response over 1 year was studied. The effect of exposing the CR plate to ambient light and of using different time delays before scanning was quantified. The CR plate was used to verify the relative dose distributions for ten IMRT patients and the results were compared to those obtained using a two dimensional (2D) diode array.Results:Exposing the CR plate to 10 s of ambient light between irradiation (174 cGy) and scanning erased approximately 80% of the signal. Changes in delay time between irradiation and scanning also affected the measurement results. The signal on the plate was found to decay at a rate of approximately 3.6 cGy/min in the first 10 min after irradiation. The use of a CR plate for IMRT patient‐specific QA resulted in a significantly lower distance to agreement (DTA) and gamma pass rate than when using a 2D diode array for the measurement. This was primarily due to the over‐response of the CR phosphor to low energy scattered radiation. For the IMRT QA using the CR plate, the average gamma pass rate was 97.3%. For the same IMRT QA using a diode array, the average gamma pass rate was 99.7%. The gamma criteria used were 4% dose difference and 4 mm DTA for head and neck treatments and 3% dose difference and 3 mm DTA for prostate treatments. The gamma index tolerance was 1. The lowest 10% of the dose distribution was excluded from all gamma and DTA analyses.Conclusions:Although the authors showed that CR plates can be used for patient specific IMRT QA, the practical problems such as the over‐response to low energy scatter and signal fading with light exposure and time mean that alternative detectors such as radiochromic film or diode arrays will be a more sensible choice for most radiotherapy departments.