bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple modification of Wilson and Blair's medium for the isolation of typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli
Authors: Tyagaraja Saga 
Published: May 2009

A simple modification of Wilson & Blair's medium for the isolation of typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli has been evolved.1. Instead of the original six ingredients, this modification contains only three, namely, brilliant green, bismuth-ammonium-citrate and sodium sulphite, and may therefore be conveniently termed “B.B.S. medium”.2. The glucose, sodium phosphate and ferrous sulphate of the original medium are eliminated. The bismuth-ammonium-citrate solution is made without caustic soda.3. The B.B.S. medium keeps well for several weeks. Deterioration can easily be detected and readily rectified.4. The inhibitory action towards B. aerogenes is greatly improved in the B.B.S. medium. This is particularly advantageous in countries where this organism is frequently encountered.5. B. typhosus and B. paratyphosus grow readily. The colonies are sufficiently characteristic and can be picked out early for confirmatory tests.6. Using B.B.S. medium a complete diagnosis should be possible within 48 hr.
Comparison of the specific mortality rates in town and country districts of Scotland since 1871
Authors: Barclay R. S. , Kermack W. O. , McKendrick A. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. An analysis by the “generation mortality” method of the specific mortality rates of the urban and rural areas of Scotland for various calendar periods from 1871 onwards shows that the “diagonal law” previously demonstrated for the population of Scotland as a whole, as well as for certain other European countries, holds for these two subdivisions of the community.2. Reasons are given for the assumption that the normalized “generation mortality coefficients” (α values) may be taken as a rough measure of the “healthiness” of the environmental conditions which obtained during the childhood of the generation to which they refer. This affords a basis for the comparison of the “healthiness” of the environment of town and country at different periods in the past.3. Whereas in the earlier half of the nineteenth century the ratio of the α values of country to town was in the neighbourhood of 0·6, indicating that the health conditions in the country might be said to be almost twice as good as in the towns, in 1931 it had risen to almost unity, showing that by that time the town had almost if not quite made up on the country. During this period both town and country conditions showed remarkable improvements, which are reflected in falls of the respective α (× 1000) values in the country from about 12 and in the town from over 20 in 1841, to a common level of about 4·7 in 1931.4. The essential vagueness of the conception of the “healthiness” of an environment is emphasized. It is consequently necessary not to attach too great importance to the estimate of the date, but the figures given in Table 5 confirm the conclusion that, as regards “healthiness”, between 1930 and 1935 conditions in town and country had become nearly equal.
Porosity of, and bacterial invasion through, the shell of the hen's egg
Authors: Haines R. B. , Moran T. 
Published: May 2009

1. Histological methods show four layers in the intact shell of the hen's egg, namely, cuticle, spongy layer, mammillary layer, and inner shell membrane. Distinct channels or pores may be found in the spongy layer, but these tend to disappear in the mammillary layer in which only a network of much finer channels can be observed.2. Viscometric measurements of the passage of water and air through the shell show that(a) shells vary widely in their porosity, even when taken on successive days from the same hen;(b) there is no correlation between porosity so determined and the number of pores counted by staining methods;(c) the rate of flow is slower from the interior to the exterior than vice versa, and the pore count by staining methods also less on the inside than on the outside.3. A rough correlation exists between porosity as determined viscometri-cally and the evaporation of water during storage.4. If the temperature of the egg is higher than a fluid containing bacteria in which it is immersed, the latter are readily drawn through the shell by simple suction as the egg cools down, a point of great significance in the washing of eggs.
Bismuth sulphite media for the isolation of V. cholerae
Authors: Wilson W. James , Reilly L. V. 
Published: May 2009

1. A fluid enrichment medium containing sulphite and bismuth based on Read's modification of one of Wilson & Blair's media has been devised and the claims of Read (1939) and Seal (1939) as to the value of such a medium has been confirmed.2. A saccharose mannitol sulphite bismuth alcohol phenol red agar medium is described and has been found to allow rich growth of the true cholera vibrio and to inhibit the growth not only of B. coli and B. lactis aërogenes but of many vibrios liable to be mistaken for the true vibrio cholerae.3. Thirty-one strains of true cholera vibrios, obtained from the National Collection, grew rapidly and profusely in the media.4. Of twenty-five cholera-like and para-cholera strains six grew well, whilst the growth of nineteen was scanty or nil.5. Of eleven El Tor vibrios five grew in both fluid and solid bismuth media, five grew only on the solid medium and in one no growth occurred in either medium. The El Tor colonies were much smaller than those of the epidemic cholera strains.
Vaccination with live type 4 adenovirus: evaluation of antibody response and protective efficacy
Authors: Van Der Veen J. , Abarbanel M. F. W. , Oei Kiem Giok 
Published: May 2009

Live type 4 adenovirus contained in enteric-coated tablets was given to 2628 military recruits. In two trials, the enteric adenovirus vaccine reduced febrile and afebrile adenovirus illness by about 90% or more. Moreover, a decided protective effect against subclinical adenovirus infection as evidenced by seroconversion was found.The antibody-stimulating effect of enteric adenovirus vaccine was not an adequate measure of its protective capacity. The neutralizing antibody response of recruits given vaccine was poor in comparison with the antibody response to naturally acquired infection with type 4 adenovirus. The latter response was related to the severity of infection.We are indebted to Colonel Dr B. J. W. Beunders, Head of the Division of Preventive Medicine of the Royal Netherlands Army, for granting us facilities to conduct this study and to Misses W. T. C. J. Smulders, E. M. J. C. Vallas, J. E. M. Dusseldorp and M. M. J. P. Keeris for their valuable technical assistance.
Bacteriological aspects of air-conditioning plants
Authors: Whyte W. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation was carried out into the bacteriological performance of three air-conditioning plants in a hospital ward. Two of these plants had the facility for recirculating part of the ward air.An equation has been derived comparing the concentration of bacteria which would be expected to be given off by the humidifiers in the ventilation system, with the concentration of bacteria in the recirculatory tank. The bacterial particles given off by these humidifiers were of nuclei droplet size, and were found to penetrate the filters used with a fair degree of ease. Although the number of bacteria in the humidifier water remained insignificant with a constant overflow of water into the recirculatory tank, on one occasion a build-up of bacteria was demonstrated when the overflow ceased. For hospital use humidifiers of a non-recirculatory type should be used.The concentration of bacteria on the surface of the recirculatory ducts was assessed, as also were those on the surface of the supply ducts under full fresh air and recirculation. The concentration of bacteria in the supply ducts was low and the use of terminal filters was not merited, although care should be taken to prevent the build-up of bacteria in inlet grills and diffusers. The bacterial concentration in the exhaust ducts was found to be quite high. It was therefore thought that in critical areas, where the ventilation plant may be shut off, the use of some device to prevent reversed air flow may be necessary.The count of various types of micro-organisms in the fresh air and two-thirds recirculated air are given along with their size distribution. The results of the effect of filtration on the concentration of bacterial particles throughout the air-conditioning plant is given under full fresh air and recirculation. These concentrations appear quite satisfactory. It was found that one set of filters had been overgrown by mould because of free water being brought over from the humidifier. Measures have been suggested to overcome this. When primary or prefinal filtration was approximately 90% efficient to Aloxite 50 (B.S. 2831 Test Dust no. 2) it was demonstrated that a fair approximation to the final filtration figure could be obtained by reference to the quoted efficiency of the final filter to Aloxite 50. After similar primary filtration it was demonstrated that the final filtration of filters against recirculated and fresh air was approximately the same. Owing to the higher number ofStaph. aureusin recirculated air, higher efficiency filtration may be required.Standards of filtration efficiency for critical and non-critical zones are suggested.
Attempts to recoverMycoplasma suipneumoniaefrom experimental and natural cases of enzootic pneumonia in pigs
Authors: Goodwin R. F. W. , Pomeroy Annette P. , Whittlestone P. 
Published: May 2009

Two strains of enzootic pneumonia, which are regularly free from mycoplasmas other thanMycoplasma suipneumoniae, were transmitted experimentally to a total of 22 pigs.M. suipneumoniaewas recovered in liquid medium from the lung lesions in 20 of these animals (91%).Twelve field outbreaks of enzootic pneumonia were likewise examined forM. suipneumoniae: from each outbreak, cases were selected where many mycoplasmas with the morphology ofM. suipneumoniaewere seen in touch preparations made from the lung lesions.M. suipneumoniaewas recovered from only two of these outbreaks, butM. hyorhiniswas obtained from nine of them.To establish whether the outbreaks yielding onlyM. hyorhiniswere indeed enzootic pneumonia, material from five of them was used in disease-transmission experiments: enzootic pneumonia was induced in every instance, andM. suipneumoniaewas recovered from three of the five transmitted strains.It is concluded thatM. hyorhinisis commonly present in the lung lesions of enzootic pneumonia and that this mycoplasma may often prevent the isolation ofM. suipneumoniae. The problem of recoveringM. suipneumoniaein this situation is made more difficult by the fact that in no instance whereM. suipneumoniaewas isolated directly in liquid medium was it cultured in parallel on solid medium.
An alternative method of phage-typingStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Pether J. V. S. 
Published: May 2009

As many cultures ofStaph. aureusuntypable by the international basic-set phages at RTD were typed by a block of 20 extra phages at RTD as by the basic set at RTD × 1000. Reproducibility of the lytic patterns was as good with the extra phages at RTD as with the basic-set phages at RTD, and better than with the basic-set phages at RTD × 1000.A method of assessing redundancy in any set of phages is presented, and a ‘3-strong differences’ rule is suggested for discriminating between cultures of staphylococci from patterns of phage lysis by the combined set of phages at RTD.Experience with the combined set of phages suggests that it may be possible to improve the phage-typing of staphylococci by substituting a larger series of phages used only at RTD, for the present set of 22 phages used at RTD and RTD × 1000.
Winter vomiting disease in Florida students
Authors: Levitt L. P. , Wolfe V. , Bond J. O. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryOn 14 November 1967 an investigation was begun at the University of South Florida to determine the cause of an increased number of gastrointestinal illnesses on campus. An estimated 300 students suddenly became ill with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea. While at first food poisoning was suspected, no common food, water, or toxic exposure could be found. The data collected were most consistent with Winter Vomiting Disease. This entity is characterized by acute gastrointestinal illnesses which may occur in epidemic form in residential schools between September and March. Most investigators suspect that a viral agent is responsible for the illnesses, though attempts to isolate a virus have been unsuccessful. The incubation period in the University outbreak was estimated at 28 hr., and contact was the most likely mode of transmission. The outbreak illustrated that Winter Vomiting Disease in residential institutions may be an accentuation of the gastrointestinal illnesses occurring simultaneously in the community at large.
Mercury resistance ofStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Hall Barbara M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryReasons for the accumulation of mercury-resistant strains ofStaphylococcus aureusin hospital have been studied. A collection of paired strains, that is staphylococci similar in every respect except sensitivity to mercury salts, was made. Tests were made in an attempt to demonstrate a link between mercury resistance and some other factor which might aid survival, viz. resistance to drying and heat, production of bound coagulase, growth in the presence of sublethal amounts of tetracycline, survival in human blood at 37°C. and uptake by polymorphs at 30°0. and 37°C., development of resistance to antibiotics and competition in mixed cultures. It was not possible to demonstrate any consistent link between mercury resistance and any of these properties. Paper strips impregnated with the mercurial diuretic, Mersalyl, were shown to differentiate between mercury-resistant and -sensitive strainsin vitro. Furthermore, development of resistance to mercury by passage in mercuric chloride-broth was demonstrated.It is proposed that mercury resistance has developed as a result of exposure to the mercury ion. Mercurial diuretics have been frequently used in medical and geriatric patients and it is among these that the higher carrier rates of mercury-resistant strains are found even when the local endemic strain is disregarded. In obstetric patients, where mercurials are seldom used, mercury-resistant strains are rare.Nasal carriage of factory workers exposed to mercury products showed that this group is likely to carry resistant or partially resistant strains.
The use of gamma radiation for the elimination ofSalmonellafrom frozen meat
Authors: Ley F. J. , Kennedy T. S. , Kawashima K. , Roberts Diane , Hobbs Betty C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe use of a gamma radiation process for the elimination ofSalmonellafrom frozen meat is considered with particular reference to the treatment of boned-out horsemeat and kangaroo meat imported into the UK and intended for use as pet meat.Examination of dose/survival curves produced for several serotypes ofSalmonellain frozen meat shows that a radiation dose of 0·6 Mrad. will reduce a population by at least a factor of 105. The influence on the radiation resistance of salmonellas of such factors as preirradiation growth in the meat and temperature during irradiation have been examined and considered. It is also demonstrated with both preinoculated and naturally contaminated meat that postirradiation storage in the frozen state does not lead to the revival of irradiated salmonellas.The properties ofSalmonellasurvivors deliberately produced in meat using conditions of irradiation designed to simulate a commercial process are studied after six recycling treatments through the process. There were no important changes in characteristics normally used for identification ofSalmonellabut radiation resistance was lowered. Survivors grownin situin meat after irradiation showed an abnormally long lag phase, and removal of competitive microflora in meat by the radiation treatment can influence the growth of salmonellas.
Bluetongue virus in a Nigerian dairy cattle herd: 1. Serological studies and correlation of virus activity to vector population
Authors: Herniman K. A. J. , Boorman J. P. T. , Taylor W. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNewborn calves were bled at monthly intervals and examined for serum antibodies to bluetongue virus (BTV). Maternal immunity persisted for 3 months and it was possible to calculate decay rates for virus neutralizing antibody. Calves were subclinically infected with BTV within a few months of becoming susceptible and neutralization tests were used to deduce the serotype responsible. A profile of virus activity was built up over a 12 month period. Frequent light trap catches were used to examine the population dynamics of suspected Culicoides vector species. Two species, imicola and schultzei were present throughout the wet and dry seasons and survival rates were sufficiently long to account for virus transmission at any time of the year.
Contaminated first-aid dressings: Report of a Working Party of the PHLS
Authors: Marples R. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn a collaborative study 12 Public Health Laboratory Service laboratories and the Division of Hospital Infection, Central Public Health Laboratory, investigated the degree of contamination of standard dressings produced by manufacturers in India or in England by a comparison of the results of culture of 25 sterilized dressings with those of 25 untreated dressings. Of the 38 batches of dressings made in India 27 (71 %) were judged contaminated and another six could be so judged when Bacillus species were examined. In two batches laboratory contamination precluded a judgement and only three batches passed the test. Of the 27 batches made in England, only three gave any evidence of contamination at the lowest level of significance. Repeat investigation of one of these batches gave no evience of contamination.Organisms of the genus Bacillus and fungi were associated with contamination; micrococci and propionibacteria were laboratory contaminants. There was evidence for both failure of sterilization and of contamination after sterilization during the manufacture of dressings.
Recycling of H1N1 influenza A virus in man — a haemagglutinin antibody study
Authors: Masurel N. , Heijtin R. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSera from people born between 1883 and 1930 and collected in 1977 were tested for the presence of HI antibodies to A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) virus and three recently (1977 and 1978) isolated influenza A-H1N1 viruses. The highest frequency of high-titred antibody to the four H1N1 viruses was detected in sera from people born in 1903–4, i.e. 42,54,38, and 22% had antibody against A/FM/1/47, A/Hong Kong/117/77, A/Brazil/11/78, and A/Fukushima/103/78 respectively. The birthdate groups 1896–1907 showed a higher percentage of HI antibody titres ≥18, ≥50, ≥100 or ≥1600 against the four H1N1 viruses than the birthdate groups 1907–30. This indicates the existence of an era, 1908–18, in which, apart from the H3N2 virus (1900–18), the H1N1 virus was epidemic among the human population.
The role of adherence in determining the site of infection byCorynebacterium diphtheriae
Authors: Deacock Sarah J. , Steward Kathleen A. , Carne H. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwenty-nine strains ofCorynebacterium diphtheriaeisolated from throats and 29 strains from skin lesions, the latter mainly from communities of low socio-economic status in tropics and cold climates, have been examined for the property of adherence to human buccal epithelial cells. All throat strains showed adherence. In contrast, strains from skin lesions were predominantly poor adherers. These results indicate that strains ofC. diptheriaefrom throats must now be added to the important group of pathogens which possess the property of adherence to surface epithelial cells of mucous membranes, thus providing an essential first step in the process of colonizing their hosts. The possible role of this phenomenon of adherence to bucco-pharyngeal epithelial cells in the evolution of the host—parasite relationship ofC. diphtheriaeis discussed.
Characterization ofYersinia enterocoliticastrains isolated from cattle, sheep and pigs in the United Kingdom
Authors: Brewer R. A. , Corbel M. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe properties of 48 cultures identified asYersiniaenterocoliticaorY. enterocoliticalike organisms, includingY. frederiksenii,Y. intermediaandY. kristensenii, were examined. Of these, 39 were isolated from flieces of apparently healthy pigs, five from healthy cattle, one from an aborted bovine fetus, one from an aborted lamb and one from a lamb suffering from acute enteritis.Most isolates from healthy animals were ofY. enterocoliticabiotype 1 orY. intermediaand belonged to O serogroups not usually associated with disease in man or animals.The isolates from abortion or enteritis cases were ofY. enterocoliticabiotypes 3, 4 and 5 and belonged to the pathogenic serogroups 0:5b and 0:2a, 2b, 3. No organisms of serogroup 0:9 were found.
Survival of virulentLegionella pneumophilain aerosols
Authors: Hambleton P. , Broster M. G. , Dennis P. J. , Henstridge R. , Fitzgeorge R. , Conlan J. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAqueous suspensions of virulentLegionellapneumophilagrown on solid medium retained virulence and aerosol survival characteristics for several months. Significant numbers of viable organisms were recovered from aerosols held at various relative humidities (r.h.) for up to 2 h. The organisms survived best at 65% r.h. and were least stable at 55% r.h.Exponential phase broth-grown organisms survived poorly in aerosols in comparison with stationary phase broth cultures or organisms grown on solid medium, suggesting that the metabolic status ofLegionella pneumophilaorganisms may be an important factor affecting their ability to survive in aerosols and cause respiratory disease.
The Effect of Dispersal during the Pre-epidemic Stage, and of subsequent Re-aggregation
Authors: Topley W. W. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. If a mouse-population, which has been exposed to the risk of infection, be dispersed into several small groups during the pre-epidemic stage, the total mortality will be far less than if the animals be retained as a single large group. The specific mortality will be reduced to a still greater extent.2. During the period of dispersal, the mice forming the small groups will, in most cases, have passed through an extended pre-epidemic phase of the spread of infection. In so doing they will have acquired an appreciable degree of immunity.3. If the small groups be later re-combined into a single aggregate, further deaths will occur; but the total mortality among a group of mice, which has been dispersed and then re-accumulated, will always be less than among a similar group, which has been retained from the commencement as a single unit of population. The specific mortality will generally show a still greater reduction.It remains for me again to express my thanks to my colleagues, Dr H. B. Weir and Dr G. S. Wilson, for their assistance in this investigation.
The Action of Diphtheria Toxin on Mice
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Allen K. 
Published: May 2009

1. For the particular toxin tested, the intravenous m.l.d. for mice was 60 times and the intramuscular m.l.d. for mice 100 times, the guinea-pig sub cutaneous m.l.d.2. Antitoxin has the same neutralising power for toxin in mice as in guinea-pigs.
Active Immunity to Diphtheria in the Absence of Detectable Antitoxin
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Allen K. 
Published: May 2009

(1) An animal may be in a state of active immunity before any circulating antitoxin can be detected and, further(2) The condition of active immunity continues after the disappearance of all circulating antitoxin produced by the animal in response to a previous stimulus.