bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral Sucrose and “Facilitated Tucking” for Repeated Pain Relief in Preterms: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Cignacco Eva L. , Sellam Gila , Stoffel Lillian , Gerull Roland , Nelle Mathias , Anand Kanwaljeet J. S. , Engberg Sandra 
Published: January 2012

OBJECTIVES:
To test the comparative effectiveness of 2 nonpharmacologic pain-relieving interventions administered alone or in combination across time for repeated heel sticks in preterm infants.

METHODS:
A multicenter randomized controlled trial in 3 NICUs in Switzerland compared the effectiveness of oral sucrose, facilitated tucking (FT), and a combination of both interventions in preterm infants between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation. Data were collected during the first 14 days of their NICU stay. Three phases (baseline, heel stick, recovery) of 5 heel stick procedures were videotaped for each infant. Four independent experienced nurses blinded to the heel stick phase rated 1055 video sequences presented in random order by using the Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates, a validated pain tool.

RESULTS:
Seventy-one infants were included in the study. Interrater reliability was high for the total Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates score (Cronbach’s α: 0.90–0.95). FT alone was significantly less effective in relieving repeated procedural pain (P &lt; .002) than sucrose (0.2 mL/kg). FT in combination with sucrose seemed to have added value in the recovery phase with lower pain scores (P = .003) compared with both the single-treatment groups. There were no significant differences in pain responses across gestational ages.

CONCLUSIONS:
Sucrose with and without FT had pain-relieving effects even in preterm infants of &lt;32 weeks of gestation having repeated pain exposures. These interventions remained effective during repeated heel sticks across time. FT was not as effective and cannot be recommended as a nonpharmacologic pain relief intervention for repeated pain exposure.
Investigation of Band-Gap States in AlGaN/GaN Hetero-Structures with Different Growth Conditions of GaN Buffer Layers
Authors: Nakano Yoshitaka , Irokawa Yoshihiro , Sumida Yasunobu , Yagi Shuichi , Kawai Hiroji 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTWe have investigated electronic band-gap states in AlGaN/GaN hetero-structures with different growth conditions of GaN buffer layers from a viewpoint of Carbon impurity incorporation into GaN, using photoluminescence (PL), capacitance-voltage (C-V) and steady-state photo-capacitance spectroscopy (SSPC) techniques. The Carbon incorporation was found to be enhanced with decreasing the growth temperature of the GaN buffer layer between 1120 and 1170 °C. Acting in concert, three specific deep levels located at ~2.07, ~2.70, and ~3.23 eV below the conduction band were found to become dense significantly at the low growth temperature. Therefore, these levels are probably attributable to Ga vacancies and/or Carbon acceptors produced by the Carbon impurity incorporation, and are likely in conjunction with each other.
Structural and optical property tailoring of black silicon with fs-laser pulses
Authors: Kontermann S. , Baumann A. L. , Gimpel T. , Guenther K.M. , Ruibys A. , Willer Ulrike , Schade W. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIrradiating a planar silicon surface with femtosecond laser pulses under a sulfuric atmosphere creates first a structured surface featuring cones of up to 20 microns in height, and second a 0.1 – 1 μ m thick layer of multi-crystalline silicon on theses cones containing up to 1 at.% sulfur acting as n-type dopant. Further, the sulfur establishes energy states within the band gap of silicon allowing for the absorption of infrared (IR) light with energies below the band gap energy of silicon. This black silicon process is distinguished by the fact that only one single laser process is required to tailor three material characteristics in on step: the surface structure, the doping and the light absorption. In this work we study structural and optical material characteristics of black silicon. For the first time this work presents properties of black silicon processed with shaped femtosecond laser pulses. Finally, black silicon substrate is used as substrate for manufacturing a black silicon solar cell with a femtosecond laser pulse formed sulfur emitter. For such a black silicon solar cell we achieved a record efficiency of η =4.5%
The Detonation Properties of Combined Effects Explosives
Authors: Anderson Paul , Cook Paula , Balas-Hummers Wendy , Davis Andy , Mychajlonka Kyle 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn development of new explosives, it is often necessary to balance a number of attributes in performance while certain formulation constraints exist. Statistical design of experiments (DOE) is a valuable tool for rapid formulation optimization and minimization of costly and hazardous testing. During the development of metal-loaded explosives designed for enhanced blast, it was discovered that upon proper formulation, aluminum additives obtained full reaction by 7 volume expansions, which resulted in extremely high Gurney energies equivalent to LX-14 and PBXN-5 but with lower loading of nitramines. The early aluminum oxidation can be described by Eigenvalue type detonations, where the fully reacted Hugoniot of the condensed phase aluminum oxide and explosive products lies below the unreacted aluminum Hugoniot. Such an analysis describes fully the agreement of aluminum consumption by 7 volume expansions from 1-inch copper cylinder expansion tests and an analytic cylinder model, as well as detonation calorimetry. With the early reaction of aluminum also comes a shift in the gaseous reaction products to higher enthalpy species such as CO and H2, leading to further augmentation of blast. Thus, both the mechanical energy (for fragmentation or “metal pushing”) and blast (for structural targets) are available in a single explosive fill. This provides capability for combined metal pushing and blast in a single explosive that was not previously possible. Development of such explosives and the importance of modern statistical design of experiments will be shared.
Design of two crushing devices for release of the fluid inclusion volatiles
Authors: Dublyansky Yuri 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Two crushing cells have been described for the release of volatiles from fluid inclusions in minerals in vacuum, static gas, and gas-flow applications. To minimize the adsorption of released volatiles on the freshly created mineral surfaces, both devices employed heated crushing. In the MTSN (Museo Tridentine di Scienze Naturali) crusher, samples were disintegrated by a piston driven by an induction coil. For efficient crushing, the electromagnet operated in dynamic impulse mode. In the LFU (Leopold-Franzens-Universität) crusher, the sample was disintegrated through the combined action of compression (manually operated hydraulic ram) and attrition. Crushers are able to be used in off-line and on-line modes, in gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses.
The Violence of Memory
Authors: Misri Deepti 
Published: January 2012

Abstract:
This article explores how Shauna Singh Baldwin's novel What the Body Remembers builds on Partition feminist historiography in order to exhume and retell the story of family violence against women during India's Partition, intended to “save their honor” from rioting mobs. While feminist historiographies have restored Partition survivors' memories of violence to the historical archive, Baldwin's novel explicitly foregrounds the role of gendered bodies in and as the archive of communal memories of violence. I begin with Baldwin's exploration of the embodied character of Sikh subject-formation in a pre-Partition border community, and close in, like the novel itself, on a key moment of embodied violence: the cutting up and reassembling of a woman's body, whose manner of death is later reconstructed by her male family members, in the presence of a female family member. My analysis shows how the text's layering of perspectives around this body encodes a feminist hermeneutics of doubt and models a critical practice of “reading between the lines” in order to recover the violence suppressed in the text of patriarchal memory. Furthermore, I argue, the woman's dismembered, re-membered body in the text allegorizes the processes of disfigurement through which women's bodies are routinely produced as “dead metaphors” for patriarchal honor; as well as the project of remembering violence differently, which the novel itself endorses.
We Are What We Pretend to Be
Authors: Horwitz Linda Diane , Squires Catherine R. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, currently a member of the African National Congress's National Executive Committee, is most widely known as the former wife of Nelson Mandela. While she continues to be a popular politician in South Africa, she has essentially disappeared from the U.S. imagination. A rhetorical analysis of the U.S. popular press about Winnie Mandela reveals that although she was primarily seen as Mother of the Nation in South Africa, in the U.S. she was constructed as a rhetorical widow. A rhetorical widow is a woman, widowed or not, whose rhetorical exigency and authority comes from her husband's inability to speak. This case study demonstrates that although the rhetorical use of traditional gender roles, such as widowhood, provides an elevated platform from which women can speak, it also transforms women from credible individuals in their own right to the role of simple mouthpieces.
Effect of Si addition on the oxidation resistance of Co–Re–Cr-alloys: Recent attainments in the development of novel alloys
Authors: Gorr Bronislava , Burk Steffen , Depka Timo , Somsen C. , Abu-Samra Hisham , Christ H.-J. , Eggeler G. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The influence of silicon on the oxidation behaviour of Co—Re—Cr-alloys has been studied at 1 000°C and 1 100°C. Consideration was given to the synergetic effects between chromium and silicon with respect to the development of a protective Cr2O3 layer. The Si addition to the Co—Re-alloys produces a significant decrease in the evaporation rate of Re oxides. Moreover, the beneficial influence in the transient oxidation period results in a rapid formation of Cr2O3 scale. While the addition of 1 and 2 at.% Si to the ternary Co-17Re-23Cr alloy was insufficient to form a continuous Cr2O3 scale, the addition of 3 at.% silicon caused a change in the oxidation mode resulting in the formation of a nearly continuous Cr2O3 scale. On the oxide/alloy interface of the alloy Co-17Re-30Cr-2Si, a continuous and dense Cr2O3 scale was observed, which remained stable after 100 h exposure protecting the metallic substrate.
Residual stresses under quasi-static and cyclic loading in shot peened Inconel 718
Authors: Hoffmeister Jürgen , Schulze Volker , Hessert Roland , Koenig Gerhard 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The residual stress state induced by shot peening should be taken into account in the dimensioning of turbine components. Understanding the changes in the residual stress state caused by the application of quasi-static and cyclic loads is a prerequisite. In order to describe the residual stress state after quasi-static loading, several different shot peened Inconel 718 specimens were loaded isothermally up to specific tensile loadings. To analyze the residual stress state after cyclic loading, isothermal low cycle fatigue tests were performed. These tests were stopped after a defined number of cycles. Finally, after the specimens had been subjected to different loads, the surface residual stresses and — for special loadings — the residual stress depth distributions were determined experimentally by using X-ray diffraction. The surface — core model was adapted so that the complete residual stress depth distribution after quasi-static and cyclic loading can now be described.
Influence of graphite spherical size on fatigue behaviour and fracture toughness of ductile cast iron EN-GJS-400-18LT
Authors: Mottitschka Thomas , Pusch Gerhard , Biermann Horst , Zybell Lutz , Kuna Meinhard 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The employment of ferritic nodular cast iron for components subjected to high stress requires a detailed fracture mechanics evaluation of crack growth under static and cyclic loading. During operation, for instance, in wind power plants, such component parts are subjected to loading of variable amplitude, which influences their lifetime considerably. For the evaluation of crack propagation and the remaining service life in this case, the calculation methods currently well-established in practice cannot be employed for cast iron with nodular graphite, since overloads lead to microstructure-related and material-specific load history effects in terms of crack growth acceleration. In this work, investigations of crack growth under constant and variable amplitude loading as well as static fracture toughness investigations and strain-controlled cyclic deformation experiments are presented.
The Politics of the Golden River: Ruskin on Environment and the Stationary State
Authors: MacDonald Graham A. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
In 1938 Lewis Mumford stated that 'Ruskin was the first economist to express the realities of energy income and living standards in relation to production'. Ruskin's ideas on wise economic distribution and consumption were developed from within an older and broader view of technology, hostile to mass machine production. Mumford was not the first to draw attention to the relevance of Ruskin for developing environmental and urban planning theories. Despite Ruskin's frequent castigation of John Stuart Mill's ideas on political economy, and others of the eighteenth century 'classical school' of political economy, he shared a good deal with them. With Mill he displayed a preference for governments empowered to exercise legislative control in the imposition of limits to growth and in safeguarding worker interests. Notions of the 'stationary state' can be found in the mature writings of Malthus, Mill and Ruskin. In Ruskin's case, however, his views were shaped by his reliance upon older ideas of political economy linked to a pre-Hobbesian tradition of Natural Law influenced by Biblical literature, by the Elizabethan, Richard Hooker, by various medieval writers and by the classics of ancient Greece and Rome, particularly the works of Plato and Xenophon. Intimations of his organic social views may be found in his early children's tale, The King of the Golden River (1841), which found mature expression in the 1878 Constitution he wrote for The Guild of St. George, his late social experiment. After 1854, his ideas on political economy were steadily informed by works and commentaries dealing with practical environmental issues concerning architecture and common lands conservation, public health, transportation, science policy and pollution.
La transition démocratique au Nigeria : militaires civilisés ou civils militarisés ?
Authors: Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Depuis le premier coup d’État du Nigeria en janvier 1966, les militaires ont toujours entretenu des relations étroites avec les civils : les premiers n’ont jamais gouverné sans les seconds, et vice-versa. Les élections de 1999, qui ont consacré le retour de l’armée dans les casernes, ont ainsi porté au pouvoir un général à la retraite, Olusegun Obasanjo, qui symbolise bien ce « mariage de raison » entre civils et militaires. La restauration d’un régime parlementaire n’a pas pour autant calmé l’agitation populaire à propos de l’application de la loi coranique, de la redistribution de la manne pétrolière, du partage du pouvoir fédéral ou de la réunion d’une assemblée souveraine et nationale. La transition démocratique du Nigeria s’avère longue et difficile ; dans tous les cas, elle ne se résume sûrement pas à une simple alternance d’une dictature vers un régime parlementaire.
Essai sur le don de gamètes
Authors: Squires Claire 
Published: January 2012

La possible levée de l’anonymat des donneurs dans le cadre des procréations médicalement assistées avec insémination des spermatozoïdes ou fécondation d’un ovocyte d’un tiers est débattue en France. Elle s’inscrit dans le courant initié par des recherches en paternité ou en maternité visant à la « traçabilité » des origines et du « droit » des enfants à connaître leurs origines. Ces filiations électives relancent le débat nature/culture et les représentations qui les accompagnent dans le domaine de la médecine de la reproduction. La technique semble parfois dépasser les possibilités psychiques de supporter les conséquences de l’infertilité.
Survivre à une réduction embryonnaire
Authors: Bernard Sophie , Darnaud Gérard , Drossart Francis 
Published: January 2012

La réduction embryonnaire (RE) est un acte médical légalement autorisé en France, qui consiste, en cas de grossesses multiples égales ou supérieures à trois embryons, à supprimer, sur demande parentale, les embryons surnuméraires, ceci avant la 14 e semaine de gestation. Ces grossesses multiples surviennent très souvent au décours de techniques de stimulation ovarienne et/ou de fécondation in vitro , ce qui rend la pratique de cette RE particulièrement paradoxale, s’agissant de grossesses dites « précieuses ». Les avis sont divergents quant à l’impact d’une RE sur le psychisme de la mère, et des enfants « survivants ». Nous nous intéresserons à cette question sous un angle psychologique, éthique et psychanalytique, relevant notamment les liens inconscients et méconnus qui peuvent exister dans ce cas de figure entre la réalité externe, et la fantasmatique de l’enfant mort.
Du principe de la « Mitsvah » : injonction, morale, ou éthique du vivant ?
Authors: Brami Rachel 
Published: January 2012

La question de l’étayage que le clinicien assure au patient dans le cadre de la consultation thérapeutique est une dimension tout à fait centrale de sa pratique et du lien, du mouvement transférentiel qui se crée au contact de l’autre. Existe-t-il un étayage autre, liant et humanisant que le patient rencontre ailleurs, hors les murs de la consultation ? C’est cette question que nous avons souhaité explorer. Nous la traiterons à la lumière d’une pratique spécifique qui est la nôtre, et qui nous a donné l’opportunité de mettre en lien la tradition juive et le concept de holding-collectif, maintenant et pare-excitant.
Femtosecond LASIK Retreatment Using Side Cutting Only
Authors: Coskunseven Efekan , Kymionis George D. , Grentzelos Michael A. , Portaliou Dimitra M. , Kolli Sai , Jankov Mirko R. 
Published: January 2012

PURPOSE:
To present visual and refractive outcomes in 11 eyes that underwent femtosecond LASIK and subsequent retreatment with flap lifting using only side cutting.

METHODS:
Seven patients (11 eyes) with a mean age of 30.55±5.42 years (range: 24 to 39 years) underwent retreatment 18.18±5.41 months (range: 12 to 26 months) after primary LASIK treatment with side cutting only using a femtosecond laser for the correction of residual refractive error.

RESULTS:
Mean follow-up after retreatment was 7.72±1.48 months (range: 6 to 10 months). No intra- or postoperative complications were found after LASIK retreatment. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) improved in all patients. Mean UDVA improved from 0.54±0.12 (decimal scale) (range: 0.4 to 0.7) preoperatively to 0.99±0.03 (range: 0.9 to 1.0) after retreatment. No patient lost lines of corrected distance visual acuity.

CONCLUSIONS:
Retreatment using a femtosecond laser to create only a side cut is an effective modality to treat residual refractive errors in postoperative LASIK patients.
Intratumoral Injection of CpG Oligonucleotides Induces the Differentiation and Reduces the Immunosuppressive Activity of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Shirota Yuko , Shirota Hidekazu , Klinman Dennis M. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides (ODN) activate cells that express TLR9 and have been shown to improve the host’s response to tumor Ags. Unfortunately, the immunosuppressive microenvironment that surrounds many cancers inhibits Ag-specific cellular responses and thus interferes with CpG-mediated immunotherapy. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) represent an important constituent of this immunosuppressive milieu. Large numbers of MDSC are present in and near tumor sites where they inhibit the activity of Ag-specific T and NK cells. Current studies indicate that the delivery of CpG ODN directly into the tumor bed reduces the immunosuppressive activity of monocytic (CD11b+, Ly6G–, Ly6Chigh) MDSC. Monocytic MDSC express TLR9 and respond to CpG stimulation by 1) losing their ability to suppress T cell function, 2) producing Th1 cytokines, and 3) differentiating into macrophages with tumoricidal capability. These findings provide insight into a novel mechanism by which CpG ODN contribute to tumor regression, and they support intratumoral injection as the optimal route for their delivery.
The role of baroclinic waves in the initiation of tropical cyclones across the southern Indian Ocean
Authors: Payne Billy , Methven John 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCases where tropical storms are initiated simultaneously along one latitude are investigated. It is argued that such structure arises as part of a baroclinic wave. A case from February 2008 is examined using European Centre for Medium‐Range Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses; the birth of three tropical cyclones in the low‐level cyclonic regions to the east of upper‐level troughs suggests that the wave was instrumental for initiation. Archived satellite imagery and storm warnings reveal that baroclinic waves over the southern Indian Ocean accompany tropical cyclogenesis twice a season on average, mainly in late summer, when breaking Rossby waves on the subtropical westerly jet are closest to the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Synthesis of a unique high‐performance poly‐horseradish peroxidase complex to enhance sensitivity of immunodetection systems
Authors: Charbgoo Fahimeh , Mirshahi Manouchehr , Sarikhani Sina , Saifi Abolhassan Mahboobeh 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBecause early detection is the first step in successful therapy, increasing the sensitivity of detection systems has always been considered as one of the major trends in development of these technologies. Therefore, we have fabricated a high‐performance poly‐horseradish peroxidase (HRP) complex and analyzed it in different formats of immunodetection systems. To construct this complex, dextran–aldehyde was prepared by oxidation of dextran in the presence of sodium periodate. Activated polymer was then coupled to lysine amino acids and accomplishment of the process was evaluated with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. Following conjugation of HRP to free amino groups of lysine, the stage's accuracy and the rate of conjugation were demonstrated by SDS‐PAGE. Then, conjugation of poly‐HRP complex to streptavidin by biotin was performed. The results of a series of experiments confirmed the complete synthesis of streptavidin–poly‐HRP complex by this procedure. Finally, we compared our harvested complex with the golden standard complex available for ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The results showed the high efficiency of the synthesized complex. Consequently, this complex can be applicable in highly sensitive detection technologies. Conjugating this complex to any antibody by using biotin–streptavidin bridging and preparing poly‐HRP‐labeled antibodies will be a valuable multifold approach to increase the sensitivity of detection systems, which can be applicable in ELISA, immunocytochemistry, and IHC methods.