bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequential chemoradiotherapy in advanced laryngeal cancer: An institutional experience
Authors: LARIZADEH Mohammad Hasan , DAMGHANI Mohammad Ali 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAim:  The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of sequential chemoradiation for larynx preservation.Methods:  Between October 2002 and December 2007, 76 patients with T3, T4 and N+ laryngeal cancer who had refused a laryngectomy or had unresectable disease (medically or surgically) enrolled in this study. The chemotherapy consisted of three cycles of docetaxel (75 mg/m2 on day 1), cisplatin (75 mg/m2 on day 1) and 5‐flurouracil (5‐FU) (750 mg/m2 by infusion on days 1–3). All patients were assigned to receive radiotherapy (70 Gy to primary site). The Kaplan–Meier method was used to obtain survival outcomes.Results:  The median follow up was 36 months. A chemotherapy clinical response (complete and partial) was observed in 51 patients (67.1%). The 2‐year laryngeal preservation rate was 75%. Actuarial progression‐free survival rates of 71% and 67% were observed at 2 and 3 years, respectively. Actuarial overall survival rates were 83% and 71% at 2 and 3 years, respectively. Disease progression was seen in 26 patients (34.2%). Grade 3 and 4 neutropenia occurred in 39 (51.3%) patients.Conclusion:  Sequential chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin and 5‐flurouracil followed by radiation may be an alternative to a laryngectomy in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer.
Pathological Role of Aminolevulinate in Uremic Patients
Authors: Hasuike Yukiko , Nonoguchi Hiroshi , Tokuyama Masanori , Hata Reiko , Kitamura Rie , Hori Kahori , Nanami Masayoshi , Otaki Yoshinaga , Kuragano Takahiro , Nakanishi Takeshi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPrevious reports have demonstrated that δ‐aminolevulinate (ALA) can promote iron release from horse spleen ferritin under conditions of high serum ALA levels in uremia; therefore, we speculated that the accumulated ALA in uremic patients would stimulate iron release from ferritin, resulting in accelerated oxidative stress and uremic complications. We measured the plasma ALA of uremic patients and examined the ALA‐induced iron release from human ferritin. The participants consisted of 30 hemodialysis patients and 14 healthy subjects. Plasma malondialdehyde was measured as a surrogate marker of lipid peroxidation. The plasma exchange effluent from two patients who had undergone plasma exchange (for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus and acute myeloblastic leukemia) was collected and treated to obtain the human ferritin‐rich fraction. Iron release from ferritin was examined using bathophenanthroline sulfate. The influence of antioxidants and different pH levels on iron release were investigated. Plasma ALA and malondialdehyde concentration in the hemodialysis patient was significantly higher than that in healthy subjects. ALA was positively correlated with malondialdehyde. The abundance of iron release was dependent on the ALA concentration and incubation time. Iron release at the high pH of 7.6 was decreased compared with that at pH 7.4. Citrate increased iron release at pH 7.4, but citrate‐stimulated iron release was totally abolished at pH 7.6. Our study suggests that ALA accumulation may have a role to play in certain complications in uremic patients, such as oxidative stress, by releasing iron from ferritin.
EFFECT OF FLAVOR ON PERCEIVED TEXTURE OF WHEY PROTEIN ISOLATE GELS
Authors: BARDEN L.M. , ÇAKIR E. , LEKSRISOMPONG P.N. , RYAN K.N. , FOEGEDING E.A. , DRAKE M.A. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the role of flavor on trained panelist and consumer perception of texture properties. Whey protein isolate (WPI) gels were prepared with sodium chloride (25 mM) at different pH (pH 6.0 or 7.0), and calcium chloride concentrations (0 or 10 mM). The same gel treatments were produced with and without added flavor. Instrumental torsion analysis showed that flavor addition had no impact (P > 0.05) on fracture stress and strain. Texture properties of gels were evaluated by a trained descriptive panel and untrained consumers (n = 60) for their perception of gel firmness, fracturability, juiciness, mouth coating and overall disliking. Distinct texture properties among the gels were documented by both trained panelists and consumers (P < 0.05). Flavor addition did not influence (P > 0.05) texture perception. Therefore, flavor addition does not impact panelist (trained or untrained) ability to evaluate textural differences in WPI gels.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMuch current work is focused on understanding oral processing and the sensory perception of texture. Many studies have evaluated the influence of texture on flavor perception, and many of those that have looked at the effect of flavor on texture perception have not controlled for rheological differences in texture. As such, the influence of flavor on texture perception by trained panelists and/or untrained consumers is not well documented. A better understanding of these effects would (1) help researchers studying mastication behaviors and/or food texture to create more palatable, flavorful samples without compromising the textural integrity of their samples, and (2) help commercial food manufacturers more easily understand drivers of consumer liking when pursuing new product development or line extensions.
CROSS‐CULTURAL COMPARISON OF ACCEPTANCE OF SOY‐BASED EXTRUDED SNACK FOODS BY U.S. AND INDIAN CONSUMERS
Authors: NEELY ERIKA A. , LEE YOUNGSOO , LEE SOO‐YEUN 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTThis study aims to compare the acceptance of a soy‐based extruded snack food by Indian consumers residing in India with surrogate consumers residing in the U.S.A. Soy‐based snacks were extruded and contained varying levels of soy flour and grits. Seventy‐two participants in the U.S.A. who frequently consume Indian snacks, as well as 67 Indian consumers in Bangalore, India, evaluated the samples. Based on the high degree of acceptance for many of the formulations tested, there is strong potential for the commercialization of this type of snack product. Analysis of variance showed significant liking differences across the samples for the U.S. group, but not for the Indian group. Internal preference mapping highlighted that individual taste differences were more dominant than cultural factors in determining preferences. Although testing of the actual target consumers is still preferred, cautious use of surrogate consumers may be useful for initial stages of product development.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAlthough India is among the top five soybean‐producing countries in the world, consumption rates are well below the global average. Because traditional Indian legume snacks typically contain more fat and less protein than the snack studied here, replacing them with soy‐based products would improve the nutritional quality of the diet. Despite the fact that soy foods have previously faced challenges in consumer acceptance, this research describes a food product that delivers a high level of soy ingredients in a form shown to be acceptable by consumer testing methodology, and may therefore be of interest to producers of soy‐containing foods. This study also demonstrates the usage of surrogate consumer groups to mimic the responses of consumers who may be difficult for product developers to access because of geographical distance, and suggests that developers must use caution if using surrogates to determine potential for novel products by consumers living abroad.
DESCRIBING FLAVOR USING FEWER AND SIMPLER “HITS” (HIGH IDENTITY TRAITS) PROFILING: AN EXAMPLE WITH CHEESE
Authors: TALAVERA‐BIANCHI MARTIN , CHAMBERS IV EDGAR , CHAMBERS DELORES H. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT Sensory descriptive analysis often requires a large set of attributes that needs to be defined and referenced to make the results replicable. The resulting data are important and necessary for research and development purposes but may be excessively complex for management, marketing, consumer purposes or culinary applications, such as restaurants. This study examined the use of a simplified lexicon, high identity traits (HITS), generated by trained panelists to determine if an understanding of the overall differences and similarities between samples could be achieved with fewer and more user‐friendly attributes than in traditional descriptive sensory testing. Ten trained sensory panelists participated in this pilot study with cheese. The number of attributes was reduced from more than 20 for each cheese to include only one to five terms that described the main flavor characteristics or HITS of each cheese. For example, in the flavor profiles, Brie cheese scored at low to moderate intensities for 20+attributes. In this study, Brie was described only as buttery, earthy and mold‐ripened, terms that can be understood quickly and by many different people. This study suggests that the HITS method is a fast procedure that adds additional, general, user‐friendly information to traditional descriptive analysis techniques.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study provides a methodology that can be used by trained sensory panels to evaluate the high identity traits or HITS of products. Those HITS provide a general understanding of the product category and the differences among products in order to help management, marketing or consumers better understand product traits.
A COMPARISON OF BASIC TASTE MODALITIES, USING A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE, FOR VARYING LEVELS OF SODIUM AND KCl IN TWO MODEL SOUP SYSTEMS
Authors: HOOGE S. , CHAMBERS D. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT This study examined the basic taste intensities in samples with varying levels of sodium and potassium chloride (KCl) in model soup systems in order to understand the impact of sodium reduction and KCl addition. Understanding the impact of different sodium and KCl levels may give insight into the potential interaction of KCl on the perceived saltiness of NaCl and a better understanding of the degree to which KCl can be used in reducing sodium without adversely affecting the basic taste sensory properties. These results suggest that a 48% sodium reduction is possible in chicken broth and tomato soup with the addition of 0.6 or 0.75% KCl and 0, 0.45, 0.6, or 0.75% KCl, respectively, without significant impact to basic taste sensory perceptions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS KCl in literature is described as bitter or metallic, and these attributes are considered limiting to KCl's potential as a sodium chloride replacement. This research shows that there is potential to reduce sodium by close to 50% with KCl without significantly impacting the saltiness or bitterness intensity in tomato soup or chicken broth. Higher sodium reductions with KCl additions may be possible in other food systems, resulting in acceptable flavor with a healthier nutrition profile.
Night‐to‐night variation in snoring sound severity: one night studies are not reliable
Authors: Cathcart R.A. , Hamilton D.W. , Drinnan M.J. , Gibson G.J. , Wilson J.A. 
Published: April 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 198–203Objectives:  To quantify the night‐to‐night variation in snoring severity; to compare this with inter‐subject variation in snoring intensity: to compare multinight mean snoring scores with self‐reported subjective scores.Design:  Prospective observational study.Setting:  Subjects were recorded during sleep at their own homes.Participants:  Twenty patients with socially disruptive snoring awaiting surgery.Main outcome measures:  Over four consecutive nights using a solid‐state sound recording device, the mean, standard deviation and intra‐class correlation coefficient were calculated for (a) the loudest 1% of sound, (b) snore frequency and (c) total snore duration. Results were correlated with Snoring Symptom Inventory scores assessed immediately prior to these recordings.Results:  Overall mean and intrasubject standard deviation for the loudest 1% of sound was 65.0 (±4.1) dB, for snore frequency was 245 (±104) per hour and for total snore duration was 4.3% (±2.1). Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.78, 0.74 and 0.67, respectively, suggesting only moderate reliability of these outcome measures. No significant correlation was found between objective and subjective scores for either endpoint.Conclusion:  Natural night‐to‐night variation in snoring severity represents a significant proportion of overall snoring variance, thus one night studies of snoring are not reliable. The random error associated with one‐night studies exceeds the expected effect size of snoring interventions and so multi‐night studies of at least four nights are recommended to reduce the error. However, even multi‐night objective measurements correlate poorly with subjective scores of snoring.
Exposure of Africa's freshwater biodiversity to a changing climate
Authors: Thieme Michele L. , Lehner Bernhard , Abell Robin , Matthews John 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAnthropogenic climate change and increased human water use are widely expected to place great stress on available water resources across Africa and Madagascar, but the effects of these changes on freshwater biodiversity have only begun to be considered. We used a comprehensive species database and a global hydrologic model to examine the exposure of freshwater biodiversity to discharge and runoff alterations across Africa and Madagascar. Our results show that by the 2050s, ecoregions containing over 80% of freshwater fish species and several outstanding ecological and evolutionary phenomena are likely to experience hydrologic conditions substantially different from the present, with alterations in annual discharge or runoff of more than 10%. We recommend early action to buffer these species and systems from the expected changes, including reducing nonclimate stresses and implementing measures that buy species time to adjust to novel ecosystem characteristics.
NOTES: past, present and future
Authors: Dallemagne B , Marescaux J 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOnce in a few decades in science or medicine, an idea emerges that is so powerful that it changes forever how we think about that field. Natural Orifices Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) has the potential to break the physical barrier between bodily trauma and surgery.At the dawn of surgery, excellence was associated with big incisions: “big scar ‐ big surgeon”.In the 80s, minimally invasive surgery was born representing one of the greatest surgical evolutions of the 20th century. After Kalloo's first report in 2004 on transgastric peritoneoscopy in a porcine model, the interest in natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has blossomed. Theoretically the same operation performed laparoscopically could be carried out through natural orifices without any abdominal incision avoiding pain and scarring. The lesson learned from the advent of laparoscopic surgery, thought us that we could be witnessing the birth of another surgical revolution.Since 2004 many abdominal procedures that use a NOTES approach have been successfully performed in animal models. However, the initial excitement for NOTES has been somewhat tempered by the reality that a NOTES procedure in human without laparoscopic assistance has not been performed by most groups. Indeed, a major issue is the lack of stable operative platform and flexible instruments that allow retraction and exposure of the organs, such as appendix or gallbladder. Will this issue change the future of NOTES?
Management recommendations for short‐lived weeds depend on model structure and explicit characterization of density dependence
Authors: Ramula Satu , Buckley Yvonne M. 
Published: April 2010

Summary 1. Multiple modelling techniques are currently used to describe population dynamics of established invasions, where intraspecific competition is likely to reduce survival, growth and/or fecundity, suppressing population growth rate. To date, it remains unanswered whether these modelling techniques produce similar management recommendations for density‐dependent weed populations and how to model density dependence to better inform management. 2. We constructed demographic models for a short‐lived weed based on data on multiple manipulated densities in a glasshouse and data from the literature using three germination strategies. We compared management recommendations produced by two main modelling techniques for density‐dependent weed populations and examined whether periodic matrix population models constructed from different densities without characterization of density‐dependent processes (implicit models) produce management recommendations similar to that of the same models with density dependence explicitly characterized and simulated (explicit models). The use of a periodic matrix population model enabled us to target simulated management on either vital rates or entire life stages, and to examine the role of a weed’s germination strategy on model outcomes. 3. Management recommendations differed depending on how density dependence was included in demographic models. Explicit models showed that management conducted after the density‐dependent process driving population dynamics best curbed density‐regulated weed populations, with reductions in seed production having a negligible effect regardless of a germination strategy. By contrast, implicit models constructed from multiple densities produced similar management recommendations for sparse and dense populations, with reductions in survival to a flowering stage, juvenile establishment or seed production leading to the greatest predicted declines in weed density. 4. Our results emphasize the importance of model structure when modelling dynamics of density‐dependent weed populations, suggesting that explicit characterization and inclusion of density dependence in population models is often necessary to inform management. As a weed’s germination strategy had a minor effect on model outcomes, our findings about explicit and implicit modelling techniques can be generalized across annual plants with non‐overlapping generations.
Experimentally testing the role of foundation species in forests: the Harvard Forest Hemlock Removal Experiment
Authors: Ellison Aaron M. , Barker‐Plotkin Audrey A. , Foster David R. , Orwig David A. 
Published: April 2010

Summary 1. Problem statement– Foundation species define and structure ecological systems. In forests around the world, foundation tree species are declining due to overexploitation, pests and pathogens. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), a foundation tree species in eastern North America, is threatened by an exotic insect, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). The loss of hemlock is hypothesized to result in dramatic changes in assemblages of associated species with cascading impacts on food webs and fluxes of energy and nutrients. We describe the setting, design and analytical framework of the Harvard Forest Hemlock Removal Experiment (HF‐HeRE), a multi‐hectare, long‐term experiment that overcomes many of the major logistical and analytical challenges of studying system‐wide consequences of foundation species loss. 2. Study design– HF‐HeRE is a replicated and blocked Before‐After‐Control‐Impact experiment that includes two hemlock removal treatments: girdling all hemlocks to simulate death by adelgid and logging all hemlocks >20 cm diameter and other merchantable trees to simulate pre‐emptive salvage operations. These treatments are paired with two control treatments: hemlock controls that are beginning to be infested in 2010 by the adelgid and hardwood controls that represent future conditions of most hemlock stands in eastern North America. 3. Ongoing measurements and monitoring– Ongoing long‐term measurements to quantify the magnitude and direction of forest ecosystem change as hemlock declines include: air and soil temperature, light availability, leaf area and canopy closure; changes in species composition and abundance of the soil seed‐bank, understorey vegetation, and soil‐dwelling invertebrates; dynamics of coarse woody debris; soil nitrogen availability and net nitrogen mineralization; and soil carbon flux. Short‐term or one‐time‐only measurements include initial tree ages, hemlock‐decomposing fungi, wood‐boring beetles and throughfall chemistry. Additional within‐plot, replicated experiments include effects of ants and litter‐dwelling microarthoropods on ecosystem functioning, and responses of salamanders to canopy change. 4. Future directions and collaborations– HF‐HeRE is part of an evolving network of retrospective studies, natural experiments, large manipulations and modelling efforts focused on identifying and understanding the role of single foundation species on ecological processes and dynamics. We invite colleagues from around the world who are interested in exploring complementary questions to take advantage of the HF‐HeRE research infrastructure.
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate and palatal instability
Authors: Barakzai S. Z. , Hawkes C. S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPalatal dysfunction is very common in performance horses. At present, relatively little is known about its aetiology and pathogenesis, although several theories have been proposed. As a result, a multitude of treatments, both conservative and surgical, have been advocated for dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP). This tutorial article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the disorder, discussing aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management in turn.
Anaesthesia and ventilation strategy in a horse undergoing pulmonectomy
Authors: Bauquier S. H. , Dusavage S. , Driessen B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA 7‐year‐old, 430 kg Standardbred gelding was presented to the hospital with severe bilateral purulent pleuropneumonia requiring partial pulmonectomy. Prior to surgery the trachea was intubated through a tracheotomy site using a customised tube (10 mm internal diameter)‐in‐tube (26 mm internal diameter) endotracheal tube, similar to a bronchial blocker tube in design. The left lung was selectively mechanically ventilated. Thoracotomy was performed and a major lung abscess and surrounding lung tissue were resected. Arterial PO2 and PCO2 remained 79–305 and 43–72 mmHg, respectively, and haemodynamic variables within a range acceptable for general anaesthesia in the horse. A 5 month follow‐up revealed complete resolution of the pleuropneumonia without signs of recurrence.
Nonclassical Linearization Criteria in Nonlinear Stochastic
Dynamics
Authors: Elishakoff Isaac , Andriamasy Lova 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In classical stochastic linearization method, the nonlinear force is replaced by an equivalent linear one. Several nonclassical schemes were suggested in recent years, based on potential or complementary energy criteria. Here, these criteria are compared with each other, and the classical stochastic linearization scheme, to determine their efficacy.