bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pure fructose syrup and ethanol production from high fructose corn syrup supplemented with Jerusalem artichoke juice
Authors: Koren David W. , Duvnjak Zdravko 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36859 preferentially consumes glucose from glucose–fructose mixtures. Synthetic media and complex media containing high fructose corn syrup supplemented with Jerusalem artichoke juice were used for the production of pure fructose syrup by the conversion of glucose to ethanol. Fructose was not converted in these processes. Increasing the concentration of Jerusalem artichoke juice increased the yields of ethanol and biomass and decreased the process time. A similar effect was obtained at a low juice concentration when a larger amount of biomass was used for the inoculum. The product from this process contained only fructose and ethanol. Use of food‐grade materials results in a pure fructose syrup that is suitable for human consumption.
Studies on oxidative dehydrogenation of n‐butane on bismuth molybdate on alumina
Authors: Singh Dinesh , Gehlawat J. K. , Rao Musti S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOslefins and diolefins are important intermediates in the petrochemical industry and the future promises a further substantial increase in demand. While several catalysts have been formulated in the past for the abstraction of hydrogen from butenes and propylene, these catalysts are inefficient in the abstraction of first hydrogen from butane. Bismuth molybdates (β and γ‐phases) containing iron oxide and supported on alumina are used as catalysts in the present investigation on the oxidative dehydrogenation of n‐butane. Effects of catalyst content, temperature and oxygen: n‐butane ratio on conversion and selectivity to butadiene and (C4H8 + C4H6) are studied in the following ranges of experimental conditions: β‐bismuth molybdate/100 mol support I(K), 3–9; γ‐bismuth molybdate/100 mol support I(K), 5‐20; temperature, 400–500°C; O2: butane ratio, 0.6:1.7.
The effect of metal distribution across pellets on the activity of nickel–tungsten hydrotreating catalysts
Authors: Kural M. Esen , Cant Noel W. , Trimm David L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNickel–tungsten‐based hydrotreating catalysts have been prepared with different metals impregnation profiles and tested for the hydrodesulphurisation, hydrodenitrogenation and hydrogenation of model compounds. Penetration of the catalyst by the model compounds depends on the pore structure of the support and determines activity. Best performance is associated with optimal Ni:W ratios dished across the active region of the catalyst rather than with an even impregnation across all of the support.
Simultaneous saccharification and isomerization by immobilized glucoamylase and glucose isomerase
Authors: Xiao Cha , Hui Zhou , Wei Li , Jiacong Shen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGlucoamylase and glucose isomerase, which are often used in industry to produce high‐fructose corn syrup, were immobilized on porous anilino‐sulfonic polystyrene beads and porous triethanolamine methyl polystyrene beads, respectively. These charged supports altered the pH profiles of the two enzymes such that it was possible to carry out simultaneous saccharification and isomerization at pH 6.5 or pH 7.5 using immobilized glucoamylase and immobilized glucose isomerase. This process is very difficult to accomplish with soluble glucoamylase and glucose isomerase because of the large difference in the pH profiles of the two enzymes in their soluble form.
Synthesis and biological activity of some new 2‐chlorophenothiazine derivatives
Authors: El‐ezbawy S. R. , Alshaikh M. A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract10‐(Hetero/arylthio)acetyl‐2‐chlorophenothiazines II have been synthesized via interaction of 10‐chloroacetyl‐2‐chlorophenothiazine I with heterocyclic and/or aromatic potassium mercaptide in ethanol. Oxidation of II using H2O2/CH3COOH mixture was studied. Structures of the products were verified by elemental and spectral analyses. Some compounds were screened in vitro for their antibacterial activities.
Mass spectral characterization of acyloxymethyl phosphates
Authors: Srivastva Devendra N. , Srivastva Asha , Smith Ronald G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of organophosphates having one or two acyloxymethyl groups have been characterized by methane chemical ionization mass spectrometry: twelve are model compounds with phenyl and benzyl groups while four are derived from pyrimidine‐3′‐deoxyriboside‐5′‐monophosphates. Some are protonated cyclohexyl‐ammonium salts. In addition the phenyl and benzyl phosphate spectra exhibit an abundance of fragmentation and rearrangement ions, the majority of which were products of three processes—expulsion of formaldehyde, loss of the acyloxymethyl group with transfer of hydrogen to the phosphate, and fission of the methylene–acyloxy bond. The pyrimidine‐3′‐deoxyriboside‐5′‐monophosphate esters give less fragmentation under similar circumstances; prominent ions in their spectra are the protonated molecular ions and losses of one and two molecules of formaldehyde from them and the protonated bases.
Production, thermal stability and immobilisation of inulinase from Fmarium oxysporum
Authors: Gupta Anil K. , Rathore Preetima , Kaur Narinder , Singh Rangil 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFusarium oxysporum produced maximum extracellular inulinase after 9 days of its growth at 25°C on a medium (pH 5.5) containing 3% fructan and 0.2% sodium nitrate. The level of this enzyme decreased on the addition of either glucose, fructose, galactose or sucrose to F. oxysporum already growing on a fructan‐containing medium. A significant increase in invertase production which resulted in an increase of the invertase/inulinase (S/I) ratio, was observed on addition of inulin to this fungus growing on other carbon sources. Glycerol (10%) gave better protection to inulinase against thermal denaturation at 50°C compared to ethylene glycol and sorbitol. Inulinase immobilised in polyacrylamide gel retained 45% of its original activity. The immobilised enzyme showed a higher optimum temperature (45°C) compared to free enzyme (37°C). The immobilised enzyme after storage at 25°C for 96 h showed 58% activity. Thermal stability of entrapped inulinase increased in the presence of inulin.
Changes in crushing strength of hydrocarbon steam‐reforming catalyst along the reactor tube under operating conditions
Authors: Redwan D. S. , Lee A. K. K. , Aitani A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe catalytic hydrocarbon steam reforming process for the production of synthesis gas is accomplished using a nickel‐based catalyst. The catalyst is designed to suit fixed‐bed continuous‐flow tubular reactor operation. It is manufactured in cylindrical form and possesses a relatively high crushing strength. The nickel active ingredient is homogeneously dispersed on the carrier surface in its oxide form. The currently applied reformers are vertical continuous‐flow reactors consisting of several hundred tubes in which the reactants—hydrocarbon and steam—are introduced at the top of the reactor tubes and the reformed gaseous products are collected at their bottom ends. Performance and long‐term uninterrupted operation of hydrocarbon steam reformers are severely affected by the alteration of the crushing strength of catalyst pellets.Changes in the crushing strength of the catalyst along the reformer tube under actual operating conditions were investigated and the results are presented here. The usefulness of the crushing strength as a diagnostic test for catalysts is discussed. This test has direct bearing on the selection of prospective catalyst charge, the reuse of partially used catalyst charge, and the investigation of catalyst failures.
A mechanistic growth model of a methylotroph
Authors: Agrawal Pramod , Lim Henry C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBased on the biochemical knowledge of the RMP‐cycle methylotrophs and the experimental results of batch and continuous culture growth of a methylotroph, L3, a simple mechanistic growth model of L3 was developed. The growth model consists of a basic structure and a regulatory structure. The basic‐model structure was developed by incorporating formaldehyde as a state variable and including a lpump‐and‐leak' mechanism of formaldehyde transport. The regulatory‐model structure was built by acknowledging growth inhibition due to formaldehyde and formaldehyde inhibition of methanol oxidation. The resulting model describes adequately the batch as well as the stable and unstable steady‐state continuous culture behavior of L3 on mixtures of methanol and formaldehyde.
Iron intercalated in graphite as catalysts for ammonia synthesis
Authors: Kalucki K. , Morawski A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCatalysts for ammonia synthesis based on iron intercalated in graphite precursors were prepared. This study reveals that the catalysts' activity is associated with a broad electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) line, and that the iron co‐ordinated by both carbon and potassium influences both the intensity of the EPR signal and activity.
Yeast cell harvesting from cider using microfiltration
Authors: Taddei Christine , Aimar Pierre , Howell John A. , Scott J. Ashley 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYeast cell harvesting from cider was performed with a 0.2 μm pore size hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. The microfiltration (MF) membrane exhibited a large flux decline during the first 20 min of operation when challenged with a fermentation broth. This may be attributed to rapid particle polarization initiating membrane fouling. Pore plugging may be more likely to have reduced the flux throughout the experiments than cake formation on top of the membrane, as cross‐flow controls cell build‐up on the membrane and removes some of the cells from the layer.A small proportion of yeast cells were not retained by the membrane; this was attributed to a proportion (1 in 10 000) of the membrane pores being oversize. Aeration during fermentation affected subsequent fouling during MF, probably through alteration of the ability of the microorganism to attach on to the membrane. A high proportion of nonviable cells typical of an aged broth also improved the flux performance, suggesting that any fermentation change having an effect on the yeast cell surface could influence the MF flux.
The formation of hydroxy monocarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids by alkaline thermochemical degradation of cellulose
Authors: Niemelä Klaus 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTreatment of cotton cellulose with 3 M sodium hydroxide solution at 260°C and 280°C gave a mixture of carboxylic acids with a yield of > 95%. The identified 50 carboxylic acids included both hydroxy monocarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids; their routes of formation are discussed. Among the main compounds were lactic, glycolic, 2‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropanoic, 2‐hydroxybutanoic, 3,4‐dideoxypentonic, anhydroisosaccharinic, 2,3‐dideoxypentaric, and 3,4‐dideoxyhexaric acids. Technical utilisation of this kind of acid mixture requires further studies.Investigations of the cyclic compounds, formed in small amounts only, resulted in identification of mainly alkyl‐substituted 2‐cyclopenten‐1‐ones.
Biomass production by a thermotolerant yeast: Hansenula polymorpha
Authors: Escalante Javier , Caminal Gloria , de Mas Carles 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBiomass production at high temperature by Hansenula polymorpha as part of a lignocellulosic utilizing process was studied. Compromise growth conditions (45°C and pH = 4.8) with an eventual saccharification step were established. The effects of stirring rate and initial glucose concentration on biomass yield coefficient, volumetric productivity and maximal cell density were determined. Process optimization led to a fed‐batch fermentation process: high yield (0.63 g dry cell g−1 glucose), volumetric productivity (1.3 g dry cell dm−3 h−1) and cell concentration (60 g dry cell dm−3) were obtained. At these conditions, significant arabitol excretion (18 g dm−3) as a unique by‐product associated with cell mass production was obtained, making more interesting a high temperature operating process.
Sulfur removal from coal through multiphase media containing biocatalysts
Authors: Lee Kwang‐Il , Yen Teh Fu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA novel bioprocess using micelle biocatalysts was developed to minimize several disadvantages of conventional microbial coal desulfurization processes. The multiphase biocatalysis process consists of an organic medium (mineral oil or a mixture with n‐heptane), a surfactant and an aqueous phase containing Thiobacillus ferrooxidans organisms or their cell‐free enzyme extracts. Water‐in‐oil emulsion and reverse micelle processes have been successful for removing sulfur from bituminous coal. The preliminary results indicated that, in the case of water‐in‐oil emulsion, the process that used the cell‐free enzyme extracts of T. ferrooxidans showed higher sulfur reduction than that containing whole cells, and reverse micells were more effective than water‐in‐oil emulsion. With a high concentration of bacteria, more than 50% total sulfur removal was achieved through the reverse micelle system. These results indicate that multiphase biocatalysis may have a significant potential for developing biotechnical coal desulfurization processes.
Recirculation and flow structures of gas in downcomer section of a concentric cylindrical airlift reactor
Authors: Choi Keun Ho , Lee Won Kook 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecirculation and flow structures of gas in the downcomer section of a concentric cylindrical airlift reactor for air‐water systems were studied, using an optical probe and the cross‐covariance technique. A semiempirical model for predicting the gas recirculation rates in airlift reactors was developed based on the concept of ideal bubble flow. The entrained gas rate and the gas recirculation rate increased as the superficial gas velocity increased. There were nonuniform radial distributions of local gas holdup and air flow rates in the downcomer. Air flow rates in the downcomer depended on the superficial gas velocity and the distance from the top of the draft tube, but not on the superficial liquid velocity for this experimental range.
Immunoaffinity adsorption: Process‐scale isolation of therapeutic‐grade biochemicals
Authors: Desai Mohamed A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis review describes immunoaffinity purification as a tool for the processscale isolation of high‐value, therapeutic‐grade biochemicals from complex media. To this end, practicalities of activation, antigen coupling and operation in anti‐human IgG monoclonal antibody recovery have been studied using cyanogen‐bromide activated Sepharose CL‐4B and composite Macrosorb K4AX immobilised with polyclonal human IgG as a model for general immunoaffinity systems. The characteristics required of solid phases are discussed in the context of the efficient application of bioselective processes early in the purification sequences. The importance of the technique for isolating biologically active biomolecules for in‐vivo administration has been discussed in the light of current, stringent regulatory requirements. Finally, the prospect of scale‐up and automation of the technique has been evaluated.
Determination of zinc in aluminum metal and alloys using a sensitized murexide reaction
Authors: Zaki M. Tarek M. , Ragheb Abdel‐Ghany , Mohamed Adel S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe spectrophotometric properties of zinc complexes with murexide in the absence and presence of cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants were studied. The addition of cationic surfactants stabilized the complex and hence improved the intensity of the absorption band (sensitized the reaction). A method for the determination of >0.01% zinc in aluminum metal and some aluminum base alloys was developed. The method was based on measuring the absorbance of the formed complex with murexide and cetylpyridinium bromide at pH 8. The apparent molar absorptivity was 4.7 ± 0.01 × 104 litre mol−1 cm−1 at 470 nm. A linear calibration curve was obtained for up to 1.44 ppm of zinc. In the presence of sodium fluoride and thiourea masking solutions, common ions in aluminum metal and alloys did not interfere.
Cloud Points, solubilisation and interfacial tensions in systems containing nonionic surfactants
Authors: Aveyard Robert , Binks Bernard P. , Clark Stephen , Fletcher Paul D. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNonionic surfactants above their critical micelle concentration in aqueous solution phase separate, at the cloud point, as the temperature is raised as a result of concommitant changes in micellar size, shape and interactions. We discuss the ways in which the cloud point changes in the presence of various additives. If (sufficient) alkane is solubilised in aqueous surfactant (or water in an alkane solution) single phase microemulsions result. If further alkane (or water) is added separation into two phases occurs. Depending on temperature, the separation results from either attainment of the natural curvature of the surfactant film coating the microemulsion drops, or from interactions between droplets. In two phase (oil+aqueous) systems, one phase is a microemulsion and the other the excess of the dispersed (droplet) phase. The type of microemulsion obtained (i.e. the hydrophile‐lipophile balance of the system) depends on the temperature, and can be understood in terms of changes in the natural curvature of the surfactant films with temperature.
Isomerization of methylcyclopentadiene dimers
Authors: Díez M. A. , Fantanas F. J. , Blanco C. G. , Bermejo J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA commercial mixture of methylcyclopentadiene dimers mainly consisting of four dimeric compounds with partial structures of 1‐methyl‐ and 2‐methylnorbornene, undergoes slow oxidation and isomerization when it is dissolved in CH2Cl2, CHCl3 or CCl4. Both reactions are simultaneous but independent of each other. Isomerization only concerns those isomers that contain in their structure a 2‐methylnorbornene ring.The nature of the isomerization and the influence of different acid media is studied.
Effect of diffusional resistances on the action pattern of immobilized alpha‐amylase
Authors: Siso Maria I. G. , Graber Marianne , Condoret Jean‐Stéphane , Combes Didier 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlpha‐amylase from Aspergillus oryzae has been immobilized onto corn grits and porous silica (specific areas 180 and 440 m2 g−1). Kinetic parameters of immobilized enzyme have been determined.Immobilization of alpha‐amylase results in the formation of less polymerized products resulting in an apparent decrease in the number of transglycosylation reactions, for both maltotetraose and starch as substrates, when compared with free enzyme.Diffusional limitations for substrate and products have been quantified in the case of the three supports used. External diffusional resistances were important in all cases for the reaction products, whilst they became negligible for the substrate in the case of silica supports. Moreover, internal transfer limitations were identified with silica 180 m2g−1 support. It was demonstrated that diffusional resistances were in direct relation to the apparent modification of the enzyme action pattern after immobilization.
Measured activation energies of ignition of solid materials
Authors: Clifford Jones J. , Wake Graeme C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasured activation energies of ignition of a wide variety of solid materials of practical importance are tabulated. The Frank‐Kamenetskii model of thermal ignition was used in their determination. Comments are made on the values in terms of the nature of the respective materials and in terms of the value of the measured quantities as input to mathematical simulation of ignition.
Isolation and characterization of a nitrile hydratase from a Rhodococcus sp.
Authors: Hjort Carsten M. , Godtfredsen Sven Erik , Emborg Claus 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new nitrile hydratase producing strain of Rhodococcus has been found. A method for purification of the nitrile hydratase and a characterization of the enzyme is described. The hydratase is a 52‐kdal protein consisting of two subunits of molecular weights, 26 and 23 kdal, respectively.The hydratase exhibits a broad substrate specificity. Aliphatic saturated or unsaturated nitriles, as well as aromatic nitriles, are substrates for the enzyme. Inhibition of the enzyme activity by amides and carboxylic acids was observed. The optimum pH of the hydratase is 7.5. The enzyme is rather unstable, even at room temperature.The enzyme may be applied for the production of acrylamide. For this application of the enzyme, the optimal temperature is about 4°C, where the enzyme exhibits a satisfactory activity and stability.
Immobilization of enzymes to porous‐bead polymers and silica gels activated by graft polymerization of 2,3‐epoxypropyl methacrylate
Authors: Wójcik Anna , Öobarzewski Jerzy , BlaszczyłSka Teresa 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree types of organic polymers and bead‐shape silica gels were activated by graft polymerization of 2,3‐epoxypropyl methacrylate; in some cases, epoxide groups on the support surface were modified to NH2 groups. Eight active matrices so obtained were assessed as supports for immobilized enzymes using peroxidase, glucoamylase and urease. The immobilization yield of protein and specific activities of enzymes were better with supports containing NH2 groups than with those containing epoxide spacer arms. Maximum enzyme immobilization and storage stabilities were obtained with silica‐gel beads activated by graft polymerization of 2,3‐epoxypropyl methacrylate. With all eight matrices tested, the immobilized enzymes showed good stability with not less than 82% of the original activity persisting after 28 days. The developed matrices have potential for use in process‐scale biotechnological operations.
A novel method for continuous production of cyclodextrins using an immobilized enzyme system
Authors: Su Chein‐Shyong , Yang Chin‐Ping 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelected specific α‐amylase and glucoamylase enzymes were immobilized and combined with immobilized cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase to continuously produce cyclodextrin (CD). The liquefied starch was cyclized to CD by ICGTase and then treated by immobilized α‐amylase and glucoamylase to contain CD and glucose only. β‐CD and soluble CD (α‐ and γ‐CD) in the final CD solution could be easily separated. The pH‐activity curve, temperature‐activity curve, batch re‐usability and continuous operation stability of immobilized enzymes were discussed. The continuous production of CD by an immobilized enzyme system was also reported. The optimal conditions for using immobilized α‐amylase and glucoamylase simultaneously were 40°C and pH 4.5 adjusted by 1 mol dm−3 HCl/NaOH. A 70% yield of CD could be obtained from 1% (w/v) of liquefied starch under continuous operation at 0.055 h−1 space velocity, and almost all the oligosaccharides (β 98%) were converted to glucose. In this study, the separation of α‐CD, γ‐CD and glucose, using organic solvent from the final product after precipitating β‐CD, was also investigated.
Discrimination of fetal bovine serum from other sera by silver staining or lectin blotting of SDS/PAGE‐separated serum proteins
Authors: Bockman Jeffrey M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to develop a methodology to discriminate fetal bovine serum from other sera with which it might be contaminated, proteins from fetal bovine, newborn calf, colostrum‐free newborn, and calf sera were separated by SDS/PAGE and analyzed by silver staining of the gels or lectin blotting, using concanavalin A (Con A), following transfer of the proteins to nitrocellulose. A high molecular weight Con A‐reactive glycoprotein of an apparent molecular mass greater than 200000 daltons was present in newborn, colostrum‐free, and calf sera, but absent or at a significantly lower concentration in fetal serum. These two methods accurately and reliably identified contamination of fetal serum with other sera in a series of blind studies on unknown, coded samples. As little as 1% colostrum‐free serum in a batch of fetal serum can be detected by either procedure.