bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper 31: An Experiment on Erosion Control, Using a 60-Mw Steam Turbine
Authors: Todd K. W. , Gregory B. 
Published: June 2010

A twin-exhaust steam turbine of 60-MW output was used for a field study of a method of wet steam erosion control which had been examined previously under laboratory conditions. The last stage of one exhaust was modified so that measured quantities of steam and water could be extracted, or steam injected through slots in the trailing edges of the diaphragm blades. Variations in erosion rates of the last-stage moving blades in both exhausts were compared by recording continuously the changes in emissivity of radio-active labels attached to sample blades. An introscope was used to study flow conditions during the experiment, and after some five months' operation the set was opened up for inspection, which confirmed the estimates that water extraction reduced erosion by a factor of 5.
Paper 34: A Study of Laminar Convection for Flow down Vertical Annuli
Authors: Sherwin K. , Wallis J. D. 
Published: June 2010

Laminar convection in vertical systems is affected by buoyancy so that it becomes a combination of natural and forced convection. In downflow the buoyancy forces oppose the main flow. The problem has previously been studied for flows in vertical circular tubes and is here extended to flows in vertical annuli with uniformly heated inner surfaces. This configuration retains the simplicity desirable for both analysis and experiment, but also represents quite closely certain practical systems such as flow in nuclear reactors in which cylindrical components are placed axially in vertical coolant channels. Buoyancy forces opposing the main flow cause the fluid to be slowed down near the heat transfer surface until it is eventually reversed. In simple theory this flow reversal is associated with a decrease in heat transfer performance. An experimental study has been performed in a vertical annulus of ¾ in inner and 2¼ in outer diameter using water. Flow visualization by dye injection indicates that while small reversed flows may occur in a stable form, higher buoyancy forces give rise to radial components of the flow. These radial components cause the reversed flow regime to become unsteady and the Nusselt numbers to be higher than those predicted by laminar convection analysis.
Paper 3: A Review of Forced Convection Heat Transfer to Fluids at Supercritical Pressures
Authors: Hall W. B. , Jackson J. D. , Watson A. 
Published: June 2010

Current interest in heat transfer to fluids near the critical point stems from developments in steam plant, nuclear reactors, and rocket motors and this paper reviews the present situation regarding forced convection. A brief survey of existing experimental data and empirical correlations is followed by a discussion of the main semi-empirical theories that have been proposed. It is concluded that neither correlations nor theories show sufficient agreement with experiment to justify their use except in very limited circumstances. Moreover, there are discrepancies between sets of measurements made under apparently similar conditions. In these circumstances it is clearly necessary to review the possible heat transfer mechanisms that may be important under near-critical conditions. The paper concludes with such a review, together with suggestions for future experiments.
Paper 4: Singularities in the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of a Fluid at its Critical Point
Authors: Rowlinson J. S. 
Published: June 2010

The classical description of the critical point leads to infinities in such properties as the compressibility and the heat capacity at constant pressure, Cp, as the critical point is approached along a path in the homogeneous fluid. However, this description does not require a singularity in the heat capacity at constant volume, Cv, and supposes that the Helmholtz free-energy, A, is everywhere an analytic function of volume, V, and temperature, T. It is now clear that this description is inadequate, that Cv is infinite at the critical point and that A is a non-analytic function of V and T. The classical description must, therefore, be abandoned and it is shown that we have, in its place, a set of inequalities between the degrees of the singularities in such thermodynamic functions as Cv, compressibility, coefficient of thermal expansion along the orthobaric curve, and the curvature of the vapour pressure line. These inequalities provide powerful tests of even the best modern measurements and enable us to give a fairly complete thermodynamic description of the singularities of the critical region. The transport properties are not so well understood. It is probable that the shear viscosity is non-singular whilst the thermal conductivity is known to be highly singular. This last singularity is probably related to the infinity in Cv. The dimensionless functions—Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, and Grashof number—all become infinite at the critical point.
Paper 9: Investigations of Motor Car Corrosion in Finland
Authors: Asanti P. 
Published: June 2010

Laboratory and field tests on the corrosion of passenger cars in Finland have been carried out. The most critical corrosion points on a car body are located in closed sections. Use of anti-corrosion oil-spraying at the critical points is lowering the corrosion rate. Up to 80 per cent of all cars are treated in this way. The annual cost of this protection is approximately 1–2 per cent of the purchase price of the car. The garaging of a car has an important influence on the corrosion rate. The important factors are the changes in temperature and the condensation of water in closed sections of the car. The major part of this investigation is concerned with the use of inhibitors in road salts. In laboratory tests sodium hexametaphosphate shows good protection against corrosion. A higher content of phosphate inhibitor is needed in salt mixtures when sand is present on the roads than is the case with laboratory tests on clear solutions. Sodium hexametaphosphate reacts with asphalt compounds and the resultant splash from roads makes the windscreen and other parts of the car dirty. The correlation between the inhibitor additions and the salt mixtures was clear in laboratory tests but quite the reverse in field tests. The reason may be the slow solubility of the inhibitor and its adsorption to the sand and clay.
Paper 4: Effect of Environment on Bearing Performance
Authors: Scott D. 
Published: June 2010

The life of bearings, components which allow relative motion between members of a mechanism, is greatly dependent upon the properties of the materials of construction, but the nature of the lubricant and the environment can have a dominant effect on the incidence of failure. Lubricant contamination and degradation can be deleterious. Additives which impart or reinforce some lubricant property desirable for a specific mechanism may be detrimental to other moving mechanisms. Water in lubricant, not adequately additive fortified, may be harmful. Solid additives such as MoS2 can be beneficial if used correctly. Incompatibility with other additives may have adverse effects. The role of material properties and surface treatments in counteracting deleterious lubricant effects is discussed. Aspects of specific environmental effects as well as failure mechanisms in general are dealt with.
Paper 1: Corrosion Inhibitors as Additives to Highway De-Icing Salts-Laboratory Tests
Authors: Bishop R. R. , Steed D. E. 
Published: June 2010

Up to a million tons of rock salt are spread on the roads of England and Wales during a severe winter. It has frequently been suggested that this salt causes increased corrosion damage to motor vehicles. In North America and Scandinavia considerable interest has been shown in the use of corrosion inhibitors as additives to highway de-icing salts and at least two inhibited salts are marketed in the United States. Use of an intermittent salt spray test in the Road Research Laboratory (R.R.L.) has shown that a 3 per cent rock salt solution is about 13 times more corrosive than urban rainwater to bare steel. Polyphosphate and chromate type inhibitors were examined under these test conditions and were found largely ineffective in reducing the corrosion rate of bare steel. However, the polyphosphate inhibitor showed a large reduction in corrosion rate of damaged painted panels finished in current motor primers and full paint systems. The work is continuing.
Paper 1: The Use of a Small Digital Computer in Diesel Engine Design
Authors: Cameron H. , Freeston D. H. , Picken D. J. 
Published: June 2010

The use of a digital computer for thermodynamic and mechanical design calculations is now common practice in the diesel engine industry. Normally the complexity of the problems is such that a large capacity computer is necessary for the programs. At Rugby College of Engineering Technology the approach to the design has been affected by two considerations. (1) The requirements of a post-graduate course in Diesel Engine Design which necessitates that a team of students should be taught to understand and use the calculations and complete a design within ten months. (2) The convenience in using the College's own Elliott 803B computer rather than buying time elsewhere. The paper will demonstrate that a series of programs which individually are short and easily understood can be employed together for the design of a complete engine. Details are given of programs which are used for thermodynamic optimization of the design, gas flow, fuel system analysis, bearing design, thermal loading, and vibration analysis. A discussion of a typical design is included, illustrating the part played by the computer in the overall design.
Paper 3: An Overall Approach to the Design of Small High Speed Diesel Engines Using Digital Computers
Authors: Warman E. A. , Medhurst F. 
Published: June 2010

The sequence of events from surveys of competitors, products and market requirements to production is examined. Areas are highlighted where digital computer techniques can be used to improve and speed up the design of small high speed diesel engines in a highly competitive market. One of the basic problems is that in order to meet customer installation requirements the engines must be contained within a given envelope. Some design problems are examined in detail and sample results of computer analysis are shown. Consideration is also given to events which assist the design process, and the programming techniques which make it easier for the designer to utilize digital computers.
Paper 10: A Computer Program for Calculating the Performance of an Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust System
Authors: Benson R. S. 
Published: June 2010

The paper describes the method of presenting data for a computet program, based on the method of characteristics, which calculates the pressure and temperature in the exhaust system and cylinders in two- or four-stroke engines with valves or ports. The program is arranged so that the performance of an exhaust pipe can be assessed for a number of pipe configurations. A brief description of the theoretical background and program format is given, followed by a suggested design calculation procedure. Examples are then given of the application of the program to both two- and four-stroke supercharged engines. The results of the calculation are compared with experimental measurements. A description of the subroutines and the organization of a calculation on the computer, together with the data order are given in two of the appendices.
Paper 11: Computing the Gas Exchange Process of Pressure Charged Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Ryti M. 
Published: June 2010

Numerous problems associated with pressure charging can only be solved numerically by analysing the gas exchange process. The extensive practical application of step by step calculations of the process has only become possible with the advent of digital computers. For fundamental investigations the data provided by quasi-steady-state calculations are quite adequate, the amount of computing time being only a fraction of that needed for calculations in which allowance is made for non-linear wave phenomena. The Turbocharger Department of Brown Boveri utilizes a digital computer for calculations involving the gas exchange process in conjunction with its consulting activity for the benefit of customers. The program can be adapted to solve a very wide range of problems. The procedure is briefly described and possible applications discussed with reference to the following practical examples. Optimization of valve timing. Assessment of the results from various aspects. Performance and design for high pressure turbocharging and for high-altitude installations. Two-stage turbocharging. Mixture control for dual-fuel and gas engines.
Paper 10: Pump Scale Laws as Affected by Individual Component Losses
Authors: Sutton M. 
Published: June 2010

Although many scaling laws are available for the assessment of prototype performance from tests on small-scale models, the discrepancies between them are wide and varied. This paper considers the effect of individual components and shows that it is unlikely that any single law can be applied to pumps as well as turbines, to pumps of different specific speeds, or to pumps of the same specific speed but designed to differing philosophies. It is proposed that more information pertaining to scaling laws can be acquired if pumps running at different speeds and in different fluids are studied.
Paper 1: Application of Friction and Wear Results Obtained on a Pin–Disc Machine to the Ring–Traveller Problem
Authors: Powell D. G. , Earles S. W. E. 
Published: June 2010

An experimental study of the dependence of the coefficient of friction and rate of wear of unlubricated steel surfaces in a pin–disc configuration has suggested the use of certain parameters involving normal force, N, and sliding speed, U, in correlating the effects of surface temperature and surface condition with both friction and wear. The interpretation of these functions in terms of the parameters of the ring–traveller problem suggests that the coefficient of friction can be expressed as a function of U2 √(traveller mass/ring radius) and the traveller wear rate is directly proportional to √ (traveller mass/ring radius) providing that sliding conditions are chosen to produce a constant value of surface temperature. This last conclusion is restricted by the previous observation that beyond a certain critical temperature periodic removal of the self-generated surface films occurs. This causes a large increase in the values of both coefficient of friction and wear rate and it is suggested therefore that the ‘temperature instability’ of the surface oxide films may possibly be the prime cause of excessive yarn breakages, and overheated travellers after long periods of operation. An end-breakage criterion is proposed. Previously published results of the friction and wear measured in ring–traveller mechanisms are re-interpreted in the light of the parameters suggested by the present work.
Paper 7: Load Capacity, Stiffness and Flow Characteristics of a Hydrostatically Lubricated Six-Pocket Journal Bearing Supporting a Rotating Spindle
Authors: Hunt J. B. , Ahmed K. M. 
Published: June 2010

This paper contains the results, plotted non-dimensionally, of extensive tests carried out on a 1–625-in diameter grinding machine spindle lubricated hydrostatically. The horizontal spindle is directly coupled to a variable-speed motor at one end and loaded vertically at the other. The spindle is not constrained to rotate at arbitrary eccentricity values, but is able to seek an equilibrium position depending upon oil flow and rotational speed. The attitude, oil film thickness, and eccentricity are measured by mutually, perpendicular capacitance probes arranged in the bearing housing. The results indicate considerably decreasing load-carrying capacity as the rotational speed increases, because the hydrodynamic effect tends to centralize the shaft in the bearing housing, thus nullifying the hydrostatic effect. Paradoxically the same effect causes an increase in oil film stiffness as it is generally defined. A summary of earlier work is included, notably that of Raimondi and Boyd who considered bearings of fixed eccentricity, and the paper also presents a theoretical analysis based on the pressure- and velocity-induced circumferential flow theories.
Paper 8: Comparison of Accelerated Service Simulation Laboratory Tests for Rolling Elements
Authors: Scott D. , Blackwell J. 
Published: June 2010

Although the ultimate assessment of materials for rolling elements is performance in service, full-scale testing is both expensive and time-absorbing, and an accepted accelerated service-simulation laboratory test to screen potentially suitable materials would be desirable. Using reference materials of known service performance, results obtained from the National Engineering Laboratory rolling four-ball test, a high-speed rolling four-ball test, and the washer-type Unisteel fatigue machine have been compared. Variables in the different test methods which may influence the results are discussed.
Paper 11: Capacitance Measurements and Oil Film Thickness in a Large-Radius Disc and Ring Machine
Authors: Astridge D. G. , Longfield M. D. 
Published: June 2010

This paper describes a large-radius disc and ring machine which was designed and built by A.E.I. and loaned to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in the University of Leeds. The machine was designed for the purpose of investigating the characteristics of oil films in nominal point contacts where rolling and sliding may be present. Preliminary results are presented for the inter-specimen capacitance for various running conditions. Some of the difficulties encountered in the interpretation of capacitance measurements for a machine of this type are described. Various ways of interpreting the results are explored. A method of dealing with capacitance measurements is described, which leads to a satisfactory agreement with theoretical predictions.
Paper 20: Stability of Self-Generated Oxide Films on Unlubricated En 1A Steel Surfaces
Authors: Earles S. W. E. , Powell D. G. 
Published: June 2010

Previous work has shown that within the range 20 < N1/2 U < 600 lbf1,2ft/s friction and wear between unlubricated En 1A steel surfaces is determined primarily by the condition of self-generated oxide films. The stability of these films has been examined using a contact resistance technique and metallurgical examination. At a sliding velocity of 100 ft/s, periodic changes have been observed to occur in the contact resistance between the surfaces. During a cycle the contact resistance increases rapidly at first and then more gradually until a critical value is attained when the film disintegrates. Simultaneous with the surface breakdown there is an increase in the coefficient of friction, pin wear rate, and bulk surface temperature. Conditions are such that rapid re-oxidation occurs, resulting in the formation of a new film A metallurgical examination has shown that even using pin specimens of cold-drawn low carbon steel, subsurface grain re-orientation can be responsible for pearlite-rich layers in the stratified structure produced; hence the hardenability of the substrate, and therefore the support provided for the oxide film, can undergo significant changes as wear proceeds. It is concluded that the unstable nature of self-generated oxide films on steel surfaces is responsible for the periodic increases in friction and wear which have been observed.
Paper 9: Thoughts on Vehicle and Road Design for Safety
Authors: Austin W. T. F. , Nash H. E. C. 
Published: June 2010

Modern roads and vehicles are unlikely to be the cause of accidents when properly used. The outstanding problem remaining to be solved is that of spray. But not all roads are modern and the limiting factor in modernization is cost. Costs are given for some safety features of roads. The soporific effect of modern motorways is discussed, as is the problem of obstructions caused by roadworks and broken-down vehicles. Vehicles which may have left the road may be protected by wide verges, guard rails or by ‘break-away’ type lamp standards. Electronic aids to vehicle control are next discussed. The simplest are the flashing amber warning lights. These can be made more effective by a ‘step down’ procedure which indicates suitable rates of speed reduction when approaching a hazard, and can be backed up by a television surveillance system. The next development is to control these warning systems by means of vehicle detectors buried in the road, coupled to a computer. From this follows the principle of providing audible or visible indicators in the car itself. Next, these can be used automatically to control the speed and steering of the vehicle, which brings us to the ‘automatic driver’ which could be switched on when entering a motorway, and returned to manual control when leaving it. A police traffic superintendent was heard to say that the defect which caused practically every accident was in ‘the nut which holds the wheel’. A patrol-car driver of his expressed the same thought differently, attributing most accidents to ‘traffic thrombosis’—a clot behind the wheel. Both were definite in their opinions, based on long experience, that modern roads and vehicles are very unlikely to be the cause of accidents when properly used.
Paper 3: Development of the Napier Deltic Charge Cooled Engine
Authors: Taylor R. P. , Davison C. H. 
Published: June 2010

This third generation of Deltic engine, of higher horsepower, is basically similar in design to the earlier units but a redesigned turbo-blower of increased efficiency has been introduced and charge-air coolers are interposed between the blower and cylinder blocks, thus enabling a greater mass of air to be trapped at a lower temperature with the charge pressure remaining unchanged. By this arrangement the power of the engine, for fast patrol boat application, has been increased to 3700 b.h.p. from 3100 b.h.p. at 2100 crankshaft rev/min. The engine is generally of light alloy construction and for marine use includes an integral ahead and astern gearbox. The paper gives a survey of the design changes made to the engine and the development problems encountered before a 1000-hour endurance test was satisfactorily completed.
Paper 7: Development of the Owen Organization's B.R.M. H-16 Formula I Racing Engine
Authors: Rudd A. C. 
Published: June 2010

The paper sets out to show why B.R.M. selected the H-16 layout, the parts and techniques it inherited from earlier B.R.M. engines. The reasons for the various design features are given, such as casting the cylinder heads in pairs, and isolating the output gears from the crankshafts. The problems encountered during development, including the need to change the engine's characteristics to suit those of the car, are described. The author concludes that the engine in its original form was far too heavy, that its original troubles were mainly due to over-cautiousness in trying to design out possible faults. The more advanced features gave no trouble.
Paper 2: Holographic Techniques in Engineering Metrology
Authors: Ennos A. E. 
Published: June 2010

Holography is a novel method of photography using coherent light from a laser source. Its unique feature is that it records a faithful three-dimensional image of the object. This allows one to compare the shape of an engineering component at one moment in time with its shape after some change has taken place, e.g. by deforming it under load. In some cases the holographic image of a ‘master’ component can be used as a template against which similar components can be matched with high precision. The techniques of holography, the interpretation of the results obtained, and the present limitations of the method will be discussed.