bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'augmentation de l'activité des femmes en Europe : progrès de la conciliation ou polarisation des comportements ?
Authors: Thévenon Olivier 
Published: October 2011

Résumé	L’évolution des situations d’activité des femmes de 1992 à 2005 est analysée à partir des Enquêtes européennes sur les forces de travail. Ces situations sont modélisées pour rendre compte des effets propres à la présence d’enfant(s), l’âge du plus jeune et l’âge de la mère à la naissance du premier, ou la présence d’un conjoint sur l’emploi et le temps de travail des femmes, ainsi que leurs évolutions. Certains pays ont connu des évolutions qui remettent en question la cartographie proposée par les typologies standards des années 1990. La croissance des taux d’activité féminine est partiellement due à la réduction de la taille des familles ; mais l’activité des femmes s’est aussi développée à dimension donnée des ménages. Cette augmentation semble aller de pair, dans certains pays, avec le fait d’avoir des enfants uniquement si leur naissance peut être conciliée avec l’emploi. On trouve des indices reflétant cette situation en Allemagne, en Espagne, aux Pays-Bas et au Portugal où les aides à la conciliation demeurent limitées. Par contre, une réduction moins forte de la taille des familles a été observée en Belgique, en France et au Royaume-Uni où le contexte est plus favorable à la conciliation entre travail et enfants.
Contrôle social et transmission intergénérationnelle de l'âge au mariage en Hollande rurale de 1850 à 1940
Authors: Van Bavel Jan , Kok Jan 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cet article étudie la transmission intergénérationnelle de l’âge au premier mariage de mère en fille en Hollande-du-Nord rurale, entre 1850 et 1940, avant et pendant les premières étapes de transition de la fécondité. À partir d’une base de données détaillée, complétée par la reconstitution des familles des filles émigrées dans les autres provinces, des modèles multiniveaux sont utilisés pour analyser l’effet des caractéristiques familiales des mères sur l’âge au premier mariage des filles. Les résultats montrent une transmission intergénérationnelle de cet âge, mais son effet varie selon la classe sociale et l’appartenance religieuse. On l’observe dans la classe ouvrière et la classe moyenne et supérieure, mais il est quasiment inexistant chez les agriculteurs ; il est très marqué parmi les protestants, mais faible chez les catholiques. La transmission familiale des comportements de fécondité semble plus importante dans les environnements caractérisés par une moindre pression sociale et des décisions plus individualisées.
Natalisme et hygiénisme en France de 1900 à 1940
Authors: De Luca Barrusse Virginie 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Quelle est la nature des liens entre les critères de quantité et de qualité des politiques de population ? La lutte contre « les fléaux sociaux » en France entre 1900 et 1940 constitue un cas particulièrement intéressant qui met à jour la complexité des argumentaires mobilisés dans les politiques démographiques. Parmi ces fléaux, la lutte antivénérienne constitue un cas paroxystique lié aux représentations des maladies sexuellement transmissibles. Honteuses donc tues, elles souffrent d’un manque de visibilité sur la scène publique, alors que la dépopulation menace. Les questions de qualité et de quantité de population se cristallisent alors autour de la productivité du mariage. Un réseau de médecins entreprend d’éduquer la population sur les risques vénériens et leurs enjeux démographiques et familiaux. Le contenu de la propagande, notamment les films antivénériens, ne laisse aucun doute sur la place du natalisme dans l’éducation sanitaire.
Les drogues sont-elles bénéfiques pour la France ?
Authors: Kopp Pierre-Alexandre , Fenoglio Philippe 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cet article marque une rupture avec la littérature consacrée à évaluer le coût social des drogues légales (alcool et tabac) et illicites car il prend également en compte, dans une analyse « coût-bénéfice », les bénéfices engendrés par les drogues afin de mesurer leur impact sur le bien-être, en France, dans les années 2000. Il s’avère que toutes les drogues ont un impact négatif sur le bien-être. Le tabac diminue le bien-être de 14 milliards d’euros, l’alcool de 7 milliards et les drogues illégales de 1 milliard. La différence entre les effets sur le bien-être de l’alcool et du tabac tient à plusieurs facteurs : le chiffre d’affaires et le surplus du consommateur sont plus élevés pour l’alcool que pour le tabac. Les finances publiques sont très favorablement affectées par l’alcool. Le coût externe est à peu près identique. Les conséquences négatives des drogues illégales sont engendrées par l’usage dit « problématique » dont l’essentiel concerne la cocaïne et l’héroïne. Ces drogues étant peu consommées, l’effet négatif sur le bien-être est faible. Il conviendrait de prolonger cette recherche en tentant d’affecter précisément l’impact négatif des drogues à des modalités spécifiques de consommation afin de calibrer des politiques publiques plus finement adaptées à chacun des groupes de consommateurs (occasionnels, réguliers, abusifs).
Effets d'éviction ou de renforcement des politiques publiques à destination de l'économie sociale
Authors: Rousselière Damien , Bouchard Marie J. 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Le financement des biens publics via des politiques publiques, des dons privés ou les ventes est un débat qui touche actuellement fortement l’économie sociale. Les études empiriques sont mitigées quant à la relation entre ces différents types de ressources (effet d’éviction ou de renforcement). En mobilisant un modèle multivarié de sélection (appelé également « Heckman généralisé ») susceptible de répondre aux difficultés posées par la modélisation économétrique de ces effets, nous mettons en évidence, à partir de données d’une enquête originale sur l’économie sociale de Montréal, qu’un dollar de subvention publique (ou 1 % d’augmentation) entraîne une augmentation de 10 cents des ventes (soit 0,15 % d’augmentation).
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy: A Primer for Pathologists
Authors: Paull Peter E , Hyatt Benjamin J , Wassef Wahid , Fischer Andrew H 
Published: October 2011

Context.—The advent of new endoscopic optical techniques is likely to change pathologists' role in diagnosis.Objective.—To describe how confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) works, show its advantages and limitations compared to cytohistologic biopsy, and explore how it may affect the practice of pathology.Data Sources.—Literature review.Conclusions.—Confocal laser endomicroscopy is proving its ability to provide histology-like images of tissues in vivo to help avoid risks and costs of conventional biopsies. Confocal imaging restricts light to 1 plane, emulating a paraffin section, and topical or systemic optical contrast agents allow subcellular resolution. New contrast agents could theoretically permit molecular characterization. In vivo imaging has begun to demonstrate novel, dynamic types of diagnostic features. Decreased histologic biopsies can be anticipated for a few scenarios. Significant limitations of CLE include the inability to create a tissue archive for broad molecular classification, suboptimal contrast agents, small fields of view and shallow penetration, paucity of clinical validation studies, and problems with reimbursement. Confocal laser endomicroscopy exposes new opportunities for pathologists: CLE technologies can be exploited in pathology, and diagnostic criteria expanded based on endoscopists' discoveries. Potential synergy exists between CLE and cytology, allowing the low-magnification diagnostic architectural changes by CLE and cytomorphology to emulate the full diagnostic information in a histologic biopsy while providing an archive of material for molecular or immunohistochemical studies. Confocal laser endomicroscopy will decrease some types of biopsies, but offers an opportunity for pathologists to find new ways to provide value and improve patient care.
Histopathologic Characteristics of Lung Adenocarcinomas With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations in the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Lung Adenocarcinoma Classification
Authors: Shim Hyo Sup , Lee Da Hye , Park Eun Ju , Kim Se Hoon 
Published: October 2011

Context.—The proposed International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinomas has been published.
Objective.—To evaluate the correlation between epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and histologic subtypes of lung adenocarcinomas according to the upcoming new classification of lung adenocarcinomas.
Design.—Medical records and pathologic slides were reviewed for a total of 107 surgically resected lung adenocarcinomas. All tumors were reclassified according to the predominant histologic subtype, and comprehensive histologic subtyping with semiquantitative assessment of each of the histologic subtypes in increments of 5% was performed. Correlations with epidermal growth factor receptor status were then evaluated.
Results.—Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations were found in 54 cases (50.5%). Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations were significantly associated with the micropapillary-predominant subtype (P  =  .02) and with the presence (any amount) of the lepidic component (P  =  .02).
Conclusion.—The upcoming International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinoma is relevant in that it shows a phenotype-genotype correlation. Comprehensive histologic subtyping should be recommended because of the association of particular subtypes with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations.
A Clinical and Histopathologic Focus on Barrett Esophagus and Barrett-Related Dysplasia
Authors: Voltaggio Lysandra , Montgomery Elizabeth A , Lam-Himlin Dora 
Published: October 2011

Context.—Barrett esophagus is a metaplastic, premalignant lesion associated with approximately 0.5% annual incidence of progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis and screening of Barrett esophagus and Barrett-related dysplasia relies on histologic evaluation of endoscopic mucosal biopsies, a process that is burdened with interobserver variability.Objectives.—To review the histologic features and classification of Barrett esophagus and Barrett-related dysplasia, to discuss the underlying difficulties in diagnosis and pitfalls, and to provide a brief review of new developments related to therapeutic modalities for patients diagnosed with dysplasia.Data Sources.—Sources include a review of relevant literature indexed in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine).Conclusions.—In spite of interobserver variability, histologic assessment of dysplasia is currently the accepted method of surveillance, and subsequent patient management is dictated by this evaluation. Although not universal, endoscopic therapy is increasingly important in replacing esophagectomy for patients with high-grade dysplasia or early carcinoma.
Using the PhenX Toolkit to Add Standard Measures to a Study
Authors: Hendershot Tabitha , Pan Huaqin , Haines Jonathan , Harlan William R. , Junkins Heather A. , Ramos Erin M. , Hamilton Carol M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe PhenX (consensus measures for Phenotypes and eXposures) Toolkit (https://www.phenxtoolkit.org/) offers high‐quality, well‐established measures of phenotypes and exposures for use by the scientific community. The Toolkit contains 295 measures drawn from 21 research domains (fields of research). The measures were selected by Working Groups of domain experts using a consensus process that included input from the scientific community. The Toolkit provides a description of each PhenX measure, the rationale for including it in the Toolkit, protocol(s) for collecting the measure, and supporting documentation. Users can browse by measures, domains, or collections, or can search the Toolkit using the Smart Query Tool. Once users have selected some measures, they can download a customized Data Collection Worksheet that specifies what information needs to be collected, and a Data Dictionary that describes each variable included in their Data Collection Worksheet. To help researchers find studies with comparable data, PhenX measures and variables are being mapped to studies in the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP). Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 71:1.21.1‐1.21.18 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On robust H∞ filtering of uncertain Markovian jump time‐delay systems
Authors: Zhang Baoyong , Zheng Wei Xing , Xu Shengyuan 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThis paper is concerned with the problems of stability analysis, H∞ performance analysis, and robust H∞ filter design for uncertain Markovian jump linear systems with time‐varying delays. The purpose is to improve the existing results on these problems. Firstly, a new delay‐dependent stability criterion is obtained on the basis of a novel mode‐dependent Lyapunov functional. Secondly, a new delay‐dependent bounded real lemma (BRL) is derived. It is shown that the presented stability criterion and the BRL are less conservative than the existing ones in the literature. Thirdly, with the new BRL, delay‐dependent conditions for the solvability of the addressed H∞ filtering problem are given. All the results obtained in this paper are expressed by means of strict linear matrix inequalities. Three numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the utility of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed Feedback Lasers Based on Thiophene/Phenylene Co‐Oligomer Single Crystals
Authors: Fang Hong‐Hua , Ding Ran , Lu Shi‐Yang , Yang Jie , Zhang Xu‐Lin , Yang Rui , Feng Jing , Chen Qi‐Dai , Song Jun‐Feng , Sun Hong‐Bo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOrganic crystals have great potential for the applications in laser devices. This article presents an effective approach for fabrication of distributed feedback single crystal lasers. With the laser interference ablation method, high quality grating structures have been fabricated on the organic single‐crystalline thin film materials. The relationship between the depth, periodicity, and laser fluence is discussed. The optical properties, such as photoluminescence, and diffractive properties are studied in detail. With the appropriate period, strong laser emission has been observed from these devices. Distributed feedback lasing is demonstrated from the laser interference ablated organic single crystals for the first time.
A simulation of kinetics and chain length distribution of styrene FRP and ATRP: Chain‐length‐dependent termination
Authors: Najafi Mohammad , Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein , Haddadi‐Asl Vahid , Salami‐Kalajahi Mehdi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA high‐performance Monte Carlo simulation, which takes diffusion‐controlled and chain‐length‐dependent termination into account, is developed to thoroughly simulate the kinetics of free radical and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene. The average termination rate constant greatly decreases during ATRP; nonetheless, it is almost independent of conversion and smaller in free radical polymerization (FRP). Polymer chains are entirely initiated at the beginning of the ATRP, whereas initiation of chains continues over the course of the FRP. The dead polymers are much lower in the concentration in ATRP too. In addition, unlike FRP, the rate of initiation decreases quickly at the beginning of the ATRP and amounts to zero. Besides, molecular weight linearly increases with conversion in the ATRP. Moreover, molecular weight distribution shifts toward higher molecular weight in the ATRP system, whereas that of free‐radically generated polymers remains intact throughout the reaction. Finally, the simulation results correspond closely to the experimental data. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 30: 257–268, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20221
Nonlinear optical characterization of new thiophene‐based conjugated polymers for photonic switching applications
Authors: Hegde Pramod Kumar , Adhikari A. Vasudeva , Manjunatha M. G. , Sandeep C. S. Suchand , Philip Reji 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis research article describes a technique to synthesize new donor−acceptor‐type conjugated polymers carrying 1,3,4‐oxadiazolyl‐naphthalene and 3,4‐(ethylenedioxy/diphenyl)‐thiophene moieties (P1 and P2) starting from 2,2′‐sulfanediyldiacetic acid and diethyl ethanedioate through multistep reactions. The newly synthesized intermediates and the final polymers have been characterized by different spectroscopic techniques followed by elemental analysis. Their optical and electrochemical properties have been investigated by UV–visible, fluorescence spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetric studies, respectively. Furthermore, the nonlinear optical transmission properties of these polymers have been investigated by the open aperture z‐scan technique. The new polymers P1 and P2 have well‐defined structures, good thermal stability, and band gaps of 1.98 and 1.88 eV, respectively. They emit bluish‐green fluorescence both in solution and in film state. Interestingly, these polymers show saturable absorption behavior. The results of nonlinear optical studies reveal that they are potential candidates for photonic switching device applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 30: 312–321, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20227
Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl chloride)–continuous carbon fiber composites
Authors: Ráthy Istvánné , Kuki Ákos , Borda Jenö , Deák György , Zsuga Miklós , Marossy Kálmán , Kéki Sándor 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this article, we report on the preparation and characterization of novel poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)–carbon fiber (CF) composites. We achieved the reinforcement of PVC matrices with different plasticizer contents using unidirectional continuous CFs by applying a warm press and a cylinder press for the preparation of the PVC–CF composites. We achieved considerable reinforcement of PVC even at a relatively low CF content; for example, the maximum stress (σmax) of the PVC–CF composite at a 3% CF content was found to be 1.5–2 times higher than that of the PVC matrix. There were great differences among the Young's modulus values of the pure PVC and PVC–CF composites matrices. The absolute Young's modulus values were in the range 1100–1300 MPa at a 3% CF content; these values were almost independent of the plasticizer content. In addition, we found a linear relationship between σmax and the CF content and also recognized a linear variation of the Young's modulus with the CF content. The adhesion of CF to the PVC matrix was strong in each case, as concluded from the strain–stress curves and the light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy investigations. The mechanical properties of the PVC–CF composites with randomly oriented short (10 mm) fibers were also investigated. At low deformations, the stiffness of the composites improved with increasing CF content. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to determine the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of the PVC–CF composites. The high increase in the Young's modulus entailed only a mild Tg increase. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Interfacial polymerization preparation of functional paper coated with polyamide film containing volatile essential oil
Authors: Ichiura Hideaki , Takayama Masaru , Nishida Noriyoshi , Otani Yoshito 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn interfacial polymerization reaction was used to coat a functional paper with a polyamide film containing volatile essential oil (VEO) composites. The components of the VEO extract were linalool, α‐terpineol, carveol, carvone, perillaldehyde and valencene. Preparing the polyamide film by an interfacial polymerization reaction eliminated the need for microcapsule preparation and coating with a binder, which are typically used in functional paper preparation. The interfacial polymerization involved immersing a filter paper impregnated with an oil‐in‐water emulsion of ethylenediamine and VEO in a cyclohexane solution of terephthaloyl chloride. This successfully fixed the polyamide film containing the VEO on the paper surface. Release of VEO fragrance from the paper surface was studied, and the paper showed sustained release of the VEO. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
A single active site metal center of neodymocene chloride for the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone
Authors: Hou Weifeng , Chen Jin , Yan Xiaoli , Shi Zuyun , Sun Junquan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA germyl‐bridged lanthanocene chloride, Me2Ge(tBu‐C5H3)2LnCl (Ln = Nd; (Cat‐Nd), was prepared and successfully used as single catalyst to initiate the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) for the first time. Under mild conditions (60°C,[ε‐CL]/[Ln] = 200, 4 h), Cat‐Nd efficiently catalyzes the polymerization of ε‐CL, giving poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) with high molecular weight (MW) (>2.5 × 104) in high yield (>95%). The effects of molar ratio of [ε‐CL]/Cat‐Nd, polymerization temperature and time, as well as solvent were determined in detail. When the polymerization is carried out in bulk or in petroleum ether, it gives PCL with higher MW and perfect conversion (100%). The higher catalytic activity of this neodymocene chloride could be ascribed to the bigger atom in the bridge of bridged ring ligands. Some activators, such as NaBPh4, KBH4, AlEt3, and Al(i‐Bu)3, can promote the polymerization of ε‐CL by Cat‐Nd, which leads to an increase both in the polymerization conversion and in the MW of PCL. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 1212–1217, 2012
Anomalous heat capacity of high‐density polyethylene melts at high temperature
Authors: Hussein I. A. , Williams M. C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe first measurements of heat capacity of high‐density polyethylene have been obtained for melts in the high‐temperature region of 180–260°C. A heat‐flow twin calorimeter was used. Abrupt transitions are noticed at 212 and 228°C, analogous to transitions seen earlier with rheological and surface tension measurements. Possible explanations for these phenomena are offered. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Compatibilization of ethylene/maleic anhydride/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer for poly(phenylene sulfide)/poly(amide‐66) blends
Authors: Wu Bo , Zheng Xian , Leng Jinhua , Yang Bin , Chen Xian , He Bobing 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this article, a terpolymer of ethylene, maleic anhydride, and glycidyl methacrylate (EMG) was used to enhance the compatibilization between poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) and polyamide‐66 (PA66). The mechanical properties, morphology, crystalline and melting behavior, and rheology of blends were discussed. The results showed that EMG was a good compatibilizer for PPS and PA66 through chemical reaction with them. The new generated polymer could prevent the aggregation of dispersed particles and reinforce the interface bonding. In addition, it could not only act as a nucleating agent for PA66 to refine its spherulites and improve its crystallinity but also promote the apparent viscosity of blends and enhance the non‐Newtonian behavior. The results will be useful to make high performance PPS/PA66 alloy with low cost and enlarge the application scope of PPS and PA66 resin. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012