bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“SKILLS TO SHARE”
Authors: Allen Peter J. H. 
Published: August 2010

This paper looks at the preparation of direct care staff who, after an initial three‐week orientation period, went on to work in the community with young people who are severely mentally handicapped, all of whom had previously been residents of Northgate Hospital.In order to move children and young people who are severely mentally handicapped back into the community, it is essential to devise a staff training programme which recognises the need for them to be seen in a positive way. This paper briefly describes the underlying values of the training period, its planning and content, and the project itself.
QUALITY OF CARE of people with mental handicap
Authors: Moulin Lawrence 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This project investigated changes in the quality of care given to people with mental handicap between 1971 and 1983. Information from 1971 came from a study by King, Raynes, and Tizard; the present study used the same measures. The people involved lived in hospital wards, hostels, community units, and group homes.It was concluded: that the general pattern of care in hostels was still more resident oriented than in hospital wards, as it was in 1971; that hospitals and hostels had both become far more resident oriented during the 12 years so that, by 1983, hospital wards were almost as resident oriented as hostels had been in 1971, while hostels were even more so.
Using music in mental handicap
Authors: Oldfield Amelia , Feuerhahn Carol 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe work of the occupational therapists and the music therapist at the Child Development Centre, Addenbrookes' Hospital, Cambridge, is briefly described, as well as the Child Development Centre itself. A music group for parents and their young children, run jointly by the music therapist and one of the occupational therapists, is looked at in detail. The structure of the group and the various ways in which the children and the parents are helped through the music are explained.
Accommodating adults
Authors: Felce David 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe revenue costs of two small houses were compared with those of five larger, local, community‐based units and two mental handicap hospitals. The community units were cheaper than the small houses and the hospitals, despite serving people with more severe handicaps. The small houses were slightly more expensive than the hospitals but, under certain assumptions, could be viewed as incurring equivalent costs. Clear evidence of economies of scale was not found except in the comparison between the community units and the small houses. However, other research has shown that small houses can provide a superior quality of care.
Care in the community: a study of the differences between two residences
Authors: Clark Theodore 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe study examined the concept of “care” used by professional staff in one Social Service and one Health Service environment serving the community. Information was collected by using the children's Day Schedule which gave detailed information on what happened to each child. The results showed that children were treated as individuals within the group setting and “care” must cater for this, that orientation of care is influenced by factors other than initial training, and that good staffing levels are the key to good care.
KFAR TIKVAH: Israel's village of hope
Authors: Charlton Tony , Jones Kevin 
Published: August 2010

Within recent years the terms “deinstitutionalisation” and “least restrictive environments” have assumed increased prominence in the lexicon of special education. It is regrettable that the assumption is made, on occasions, that the two conditions are necessarily the same. Whilst the principle of educating people with special needs in the least restrictive environment is defensible, a contention that such an environment will occur only outside institutional settings is questionable. Understandably, therefore, there is diverse opinion, and much debate, about whether the needs of people with mental handicaps can be best met within the community or within an institution.The intention of this article is not to regenerate the integration/segregation debate; but to provide an insight into the philosophies and practices within a unique community which has evolved in accordance with the basic principles of the Israeli kibbutz. This community, Kfar Tikvah, attempts to meet the needs of adults with severe learning difficulties.In Israel, a country bereft of state legislative directives in the field of special education, service delivery modes often reflect the philosophies and initiatives of individuals. This article focuses upon one of those initiatives within the Kfar Tikvah community; which is less concerned with helping people with mental handicaps to become prototypes of their more “normal” peers than with aiding those people to make decisions about what they want to be and how they want to behave.Whilst the article makes reference to published accounts of the community's work by the Director of Kfar Tikvah, its content derives mainly from interviews with him and from individual and group discussions with community members.
THE RIGHT TO KNOWLEDGE: of people with mental handicaps who are receiving mental health care
Authors: Cottle Mandy Jane 
Published: August 2010

An important and major task for services is to inform service users of their rights and how to exercise them. Some of the people using the Mental Impairment Evaluation and Treatment Service, which is based in a psychiatric hospital, do so on an informal basis. Others have been admitted formally under a section of the Mental Health Act, 1983.Using a semi‐structured interview schedule, it was found that service users had differing levels of knowledge about the Act, and how it affects their lives. A series of group sessions was organised, designed primarily to inform them about the Act, and about their rights in relation to Mental Health Review Tribunals.The interview schedule was used again after the sessions, when most people appeared to have gained new information. Possible improvements to the group sessions are discussed.
An evaluation of the effects of relocation within institutions: Part 2. Implementation at Prudhoe Hospital
Authors: Wood Andy , Firth Hugh , Holtom Rebecca 
Published: August 2010

Involuntary relocation within long‐stay institutions has been common. Recent policy has led to the rapid contraction of many large hospitals, with consequent disruption to many of the people living in them.Part 1 of this series reviewed the effects of involuntary relocation. This second article describes the principles and procedures adopted at Prudhoe Hospital to minimise the adverse effects of such disturbances on individuals. Personal responsibility by senior officers and carefully thought‐through procedures enabled disruption to be limited to the smallest possible number of people. People who demonstrated a reluctance to move were allowed to make some effective choices.
Special education, academic self‐concept and achievement: profile differences between six groups of students
Authors: Persson Bengt 
Published: August 2010

The aims of the study presented in this paper were twofold:
to analyse if and how pupils who received some kind of special education differed from students who received no such support with respect to different self‐concept and ability factors; and
to investigate substantive consequences of different theoretical bases for statistical modelling.
The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme of England and Wales: a statistical analysis of topsoil nutrient status and pH between 1971 and 2001
Authors: Oliver M. A. , Archer J. R. , Baxter S. J. , Todd A. D. , Skinner R. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Representative Soil Sampling Scheme of England and Wales has recorded information on the soil of agricultural land in England and Wales since 1969. It is a valuable source of information about the soil in the context of monitoring for sustainable agricultural development. Changes in soil nutrient status and pH were examined over the period 1971–2001. Several methods of statistical analysis were applied to data from the surveys during this period. The main focus here is on the data for 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001. The results of examining change over time in general show that levels of potassium in the soil have increased, those of magnesium have remained fairly constant, those of phosphorus have declined and pH has changed little. Future sampling needs have been assessed in the context of monitoring, to determine the mean at a given level of confidence and tolerable error and to detect change in the mean over time at these same levels over periods of 5 and 10 years. The results of a non‐hierarchical multivariate classification suggest that England and Wales could be stratified to optimize future sampling and analysis. To monitor soil quality and health more generally than for agriculture, more of the country should be sampled and a wider range of properties recorded.
Lagrangean‐based solution approaches for the generalized problem of locating capacitated warehouses
Authors: Bektaş Tolga , Bulgak Akif Asil 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe traditional capacitated warehouse location problem consists of determining the number and the location of capacitated warehouses on a predefined set of potential sites such that the demands of a set of customers are met. A very common assumption made in modeling this problem in almost all of the existing research is that the total capacity of all potential warehouses is sufficient to meet the total demand. Whereas this assumption facilitates to define a well‐structured problem from the mathematical modeling perspective, it is in fact restrictive, not realistic, and hence rarely held in practice. The modeling approach presented in this paper breaks away from the existing research in relaxing this very restrictive assumption. This paper therefore investigates the generalized problem of locating warehouses in a supply chain setting with multiple commodities with no restriction on the total capacity and the demand. A new integer programming formulation for this problem is presented, and an algorithm based on Lagrangean relaxation and decomposition is described for its solution. Three Lagrangean heuristics are proposed. Computational results indicate that reasonably good solutions can be obtained with the proposed algorithms, without having to use a general purpose optimizer.
Board Independence and CEO Turnover
Authors: LAUX VOLKER 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes how board independence affects the CEO's ability to extract rents from the firm. The CEO is assumed to possess private information about his ability, which the board needs in order to decide whether to replace him. If the board is more active in removing low quality CEOs, the incumbent is better able to use his information advantage to extract rents. Since the board cannot commit not to renegotiate the contract, a board that is fully independent from the CEO is more active than is efficient ex ante. For this reason, shareholders are better off if the board of directors lacks some independence. The model predicts that a trend toward greater board independence is associated with subsequent trends toward higher CEO turnover, more generous severance packages, and larger stock option grants.
Use of Additives for Improving the Properties of Man–made Fibres Obtained from Solutions
Authors: Sarmadjieva W. , Markova I. , Kastanio M. 
Published: August 2010

A study of the effect of various non–solvents, plasticizing compounds and salts on the properties of man–made fibres was carried out on acrylic, viscose and acetate fibres. The addition of non–solvents to the spin–solution of acrylic copolymers decreases the viscosity and permits an increase in the concentration of the spinning solution giving improved fibre properties.The addition of non–solvents to viscose and acetate fibres produces similar results, the most effective being with viscose fibres.The addition of plasticizing compounds improves the sorption properties of fibres and decreases their electrical resistance.The treatment of gels of acrylic fibres with salts improves their dyeing properties and decreases the accumulation of static electricity.
SOME MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN THE DIATOM CYMBELLA CISTULA1,2
Authors: Hufford Terry L. , Collins Gary B. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSeveral populations of Cymbella cistula (Ehr.) Kirchn. were studied. An epiphytic population contained smaller specimens than any reported by recent authors. The size range of members of the epiphytic population included specimens as small as 24 μ long by 11 μ wide. These small specimens could be mistaken for C. cistula var. maculata (Kütz.) V. H., but differ in having isolated puncta, which, may be indistinct, and somewhat coarser striae.
THE USE OF A HAIR LOOP TO ISOLATE UNICELLS INTO PURE CULTURE1
Authors: Edmonds Peter R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe formation and use of a microhair loop to isolate algal unicells into pure culture are described. Loops made from the distal end of cat vibrissae have been used to isolate unicells as small as 5–10 μ. Advantages of the loop technique over conventional mechanical methods are discussed.
MARINE CRYPTOMONAD STARCH FROM AUTOLYSIS OF GLYCEROL‐GROWN CHROOMONAS SALINA1
Authors: Antia Naval J. , Cheng Joseph Y. , Foyle Richard A. J. , Percival Elizabeth 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe extracellular starch released by autolysis of glycerol‐grown Chroomonas salina (Wislouch) Butcher was purified and chemically characterized. It contained 99%D‐glucose, formed a blue complex (λmax at 605 nm) with iodine, and showed an optical rotation value more positive than that of potato starch. Methylation analysis established the presence of 1,4‐ and 1,4,6‐glucoside linkages in the proportion 15:1. These properties indicate the cryptomonad starch to be an iodophilic α‐(1,4)‐glucan, composed of ca. 30% amylose with amylopectin, and broadly resembling potato, Chilomonas and other unicellular algal starches.
OBSERVATIONS ON NAVICULA ULVACEA, A RARE FOLIOSE MARINE DIATOM1
Authors: Hanic Louis A. , Lobban Christopher S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Navicula ulvacea (Berkeley ex Kütz.) P. T. Cleve, a marine colonial blade‐forming diatom originally discovered in Scotland was collected at North Rustico, Prince Edward Island, during winter 1971. It formed dense stands of Porphyra‐like fronds, ranging up to 60 mm long × 20 mm wide. These occurred under ice‐covered water on rocks 1–2 m below zero tide. Comparisons made at the light and scanning electron microscope level compared favorably with original Aberdeen material. Clonal cultures established from single cells at first also formed blades, but rarely more than 10 mm long. In numerous serial subcultures made since 1971 no further blades have been formed. Instead, growth consisted of well‐separated cells or short filaments scattered over the bottom and sides of the vessels. Older cultures developed prostrate sheets of filaments, embedded in a mucilagenous matrix and occasional bubble‐like eruptions. Results of the cultures suggest that N. ulvacea probably occurs in a prostrate form in nature, perhaps more commonly than in the blade form. Literature records since the original collection in 1844 are brought together but are considered doubtful. A discussion on nomenclature is included.
ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NITRATE ASSIMILATION MUTANTS OF DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Latorella A. Henry , Bromberg Susan K. , Lieber Kent , Robinson James 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFifteen nitrate assimilation‐deficient mutants of the euryhaline green alga, Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher were selected by their chlorate resistance. Ten mutants, unable to grow on NO3− but able to grow on NO2−, had no detectable nitrate reductase activity. Five mutants, unable to grow on either NO3− or NO2−, had depressed levels of both nitrate and nitrite reductase. A method for assaying methyl viologen‐nitrate reductase in the presence of nitrite reductase is described.
CO2 ACCUMULATION BY CHLORELLA SACCHAROPHILA (CHLOROPHYCEAE) AT LOW EXTERNAL pH: EVIDENCE FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF INORGANIC CARBON AT THE CHLOROPLAST ENVELOPE1
Authors: Beardall John 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe CO2 uptake characteristics of the acid‐tolerant alga Chlorella saccharophila (Krüger) Nadson have been examined. These, together with direct estimations of internal inorganic C concentrations, indicate that air‐adapted cells of this alga possess a CO2 accumulation mechanism similar to that reported in other members of the Chlorophyceae and in Cyanophyceae. This accumulation mechanism operates at external pH values of 4 and less. Under these conditions CO2 must be the carbon species crossing the plasmlemma, and since preliminary evidence suggests that the transport mechanism is active primary uniport of HCO3–, it is proposed that the site of the CO2 accumulation mechanism is the chloroplast envelope.
VALVE MORPHOLOGY OF SYNEDRA GOULARDI (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Schwarzwalder Robert N. , Postek Michael T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSpecimens of Synedra goulardi Bréb. from samples taken in Costa Rica were acid cleaned and examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. This linear‐lanceolate diatom displays an unusual pattern of markings in its central area which have been mistaken as striae but are actually internal costae. As is typical for members of its genus and that of many other genera in the Fragilariaceae, S. goulardi possesses non‐stalked labiate processes, apical pore fields and a lack of marginal spines. There is a great deal of variability in the striae of the genus, ranging from single rows of puncta to areolate striae. Synedra goulardi has double punctate striae. The presence of fossil forms (Neogene) with single punctate striae suggest this may be a primitive condition in the genus.
INTERACTIONS AMONG IRRADIANCE, OXYGEN EVOLUTION AND NITRITE UPTAKE BY CHLAMYDOMONAS (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1,2
Authors: Curtis Paul Jefferson , Megard Robert O. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTNitrite uptake and oxygenic photosynthesis by cultures of Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from Lake Superior were measured at different irradiances in order to compare predictive models of nitrite uptake and to assess the proportion of photoreductant (measured as oxygen evolution, mol × 4 eq. mol−1) that is allocated to nitrite assimilation (measured as nitrite uptake, mol × 6 eq. mol−1). These measurements are analogous to measurements of carbon fixation (CO2 uptake) at different irradiances and photosynthetic activities.Nitrite uptake as a function of irradiance did not follow Michaelis‐Menten kinetics as proposed for nitrate by MacIsaac and Dugdale (1972) because of inhibition at high irradiances. The Haldane equation described nitrite uptake better. Nitrite uptake as a function of oxygenic photosynthesis followed Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. Irradiance‐dependent (Haldane) and photosynthesis‐dependent models described nitrite uptake equally well.We suggest that nitrite is taken up and assimilated in response to intracellular concentrations of photoreductant that are directly proportional to photosynthetic activity and are related indirectly to irradiance. This contention is supported by photosynthesis‐dependent nitrite uptake (Michaelis‐Menten) at both light‐limited and photoinhibited photosynthetic activities. This is consistent conceptually with deactivation of light traps at high irradiance levels.The proportion of photoreductant allocated to nitrite uptake and assimilation increased markedly at low irradiance levels. This indicates that cells synthesize important N‐containing biomolecules across a broader range of irradiance levels than fixation of carbon for synthesis of energy storage and structural products.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SELECTIVE CHLOROPLAST DESTRUCTION AFTER SOMATIC CELL FUSION IN GRIFFITHSIA PACIFICA KYLIN (RHODOPHYTA)1,2
Authors: Koslowsky Donna J. , Waaland Susan D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFusion of somatic cells from different geographic isolates of Griffithsia pacifica is followed by a cytoplasmic incompatibility reaction (CIR)5 in the cytoplasm donated by only one of the isolates. This CIR is characterized by the aggregation, fusion, and lysis of chloroplasts of the sensitive strain; the cholorplasts of the other strain are unaffected. Within a given cell, chloroplast fusions result in a 50% decrease in chloroplast number in the first 8 h; over the next 3–5 weeks, chloroplast lysis leads to the complete loss of photosynthetic pigments (18). Results of this ultrastructural study indicated that the primary effect of the cytoplasmic incompatibility reaction was a directed destruction of the sensitive strain chloroplasts. No aggregation or abnormalities were seen in organelles other than the chloroplasts. Chloroplast destruction was accompanied by extensive vesiculation of the cytoplasm and a definit change in the physiological state of the cell; the dictyosomes became inactive and there was a reduction in the amount of endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic ribosomes and starch grains. This selective destruction of one chloroplast population in the presence of a second population of unaffected chloroplasts suggests that the incompatibility reaction observed in G. pacifica results from competitive interactions between the two chloroplast types.
INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF SAXITOXINS IN THE DINOFLAGELLATE GONYAULAX TAMARENSIS1
Authors: Anderson Donald M. , Cheng Toni Po‐On 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT The potent neurotoxin saxitoxin, and possibly several of its derivatives, are localized in two types of sites within the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour. Immunocytochemical techniques using a polyclonal antibody and epifluorescence microscopy demonstrate toxin localization within the nucleus as well as on the periphery of small granules thought to be starch grains. In the nuclear region, the labelling occurred on or close to the permanently‐condensed chromosomes as well as in an area within the two arms of the nucleus in the vicinity of the nucleous. No binding was observed in a closely‐related, non‐toxic dinoflagellate. Different binding affinities were observed between the nucleus and the grains at high and low antibody dilutions. This may relate to the polyclonal nature of the antiserum and to the presence of multiple toxins within the G. tamarensis isolate studied. Mechanistic interpretations of these labelling patterns remain speculative, especially the localization of the antigen at the outer edge of starch grains, but the distinct labelling in the nuclear region suggests that saxitoxin, with its two positively charged guanidinium groups, may bind to nucleic acids or nuclear proteins in a manner analogous to the polyamines and other cations. The labelling patterns reported here suggest that the saxitoxins may not simply be secondary metabolites but instead could be important compounds involved in the structure and function of the G. tamarensis genome.