bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DPP‐IV‐resistant, long‐acting oxyntomodulin derivatives
Authors: Santoprete Alessia , Capitò Elena , Carrington Paul E. , Pocai Alessandro , Finotto Marco , Langella Annunziata , Ingallinella Paolo , Zytko Karolina , Bufali Simone , Cianetti Simona , Veneziano Maria , Bonelli Fabio , Zhu Lan , Monteagudo Edith , Marsh Donald J. , SinhaRoy Ranabir , Bianchi Elisabetta , Pessi Antonello 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObesity is one of the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and the development of agents, that can simultaneously achieve glucose control and weight loss, is being actively pursued. Therapies based on peptide mimetics of the gut hormone glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) are rapidly gaining favor, due to their ability to increase insulin secretion in a strictly glucose‐dependent manner, with little or no risk of hypoglycemia, and to their additional benefit of causing a modest, but durable weight loss. Oxyntomodulin (OXM), a 37‐amino acid peptide hormone of the glucagon (GCG) family with dual agonistic activity on both the GLP‐1 (GLP1R) and the GCG (GCGR) receptors, has been shown to reduce food intake and body weight in humans, with a lower incidence of treatment‐associated nausea than GLP‐1 mimetics. As for other peptide hormones, its clinical application is limited by the short circulatory half‐life, a major component of which is cleavage by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV). SAR studies on OXM, described herein, led to the identification of molecules resistant to DPP‐IV degradation, with increased potency as compared to the natural hormone. Analogs derivatized with a cholesterol moiety display increased duration of action in vivo. Moreover, we identified a single substitution which can change the OXM pharmacological profile from a dual GLP1R/GCGR agonist to a selective GLP1R agonist. The latter finding enabled studies, described in detail in a separate study (Pocai A, Carrington PE, Adams JR, Wright M, Eiermann G, Zhu L, Du X, Petrov A, Lassman ME, Jiang G, Liu F, Miller C, Tota LM, Zhou G, Zhang X, Sountis MM, Santoprete A, Capitò E, Chicchi GG, Thornberry N, Bianchi E, Pessi A, Marsh DJ, SinhaRoy R. Glucagon‐like peptide 1/glucagon receptor dual agonism reverses obesity in mice. Diabetes 2009; 58: 2258–2266), which highlight the potential of GLP1R/GCGR dual agonists as a potentially superior class of therapeutics over the pure GLP1R agonists currently in clinical use. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scope and limitation of side‐chain assisted ligation
Authors: Spasser Liat , Ajish Kumar K. S. , Brik Ashraf 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSide‐chain assisted ligation is an auxiliary‐mediated ligation strategy in which a thiol bearing cyclohexane or cyclopentane is attached to the side‐chain of Asp, Glu, Ser or Thr to function in a similar manner to Cys in a native chemical ligation. Following the ligation step, the auxiliary is removed, without product isolation, under alkaline conditions. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaporation‐loss per month over drainage areas, III
Authors: Lloyd David 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEvidence is brought forward of curvilinearity in the partial relation between evaporation‐loss and the period rainfall; this is shown by diagrams. The joint functional causation of rainfall and temperature is further advanced. It is inferred statistically that rain experienced in three previous months augments run‐off and influences the value of apparent loss to a small extent (amounts are stated), but not sufficiently to alter the relations of evaporation‐loss produced in the first and second papers.
Serial monthly values of mean temperature over the British isles, 1881–1940, and annual values 1866–1940
Authors: Glasspoole J. , Hogg W. H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe paper includes the following information:—

Serial monthly values of mean temperature over the British Isles, 1881–1940;
Serial annual values over the British Isles, 1866–1940; and
Serial monthly and annual values for England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland separately, 1901–1940.

The values for the British Isles are discussed and a frequency table is given for values within specified limits for each month.
Subsidence and ascent of air as determined by means of the wet‐bulb potential temperature
Authors: Longley Richmond W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper contains:—

A description of the use of the wet‐bulb potential temperature for determining changes in level of air in situations when all levels of the original air column have not the same trajectory;
A derivation of the amount of subsidence which takes place in air moving off the ridge of a high, amounting at times to 1.7 km. in 24 hours from the 3 km. level, and a demonstration of the subsidence of an inversion in the centre of a high of 300 m. in 24 hours;
A demonstration of the overrunning and uplift of a stream of warm air over another stream of colder air;
Some remarks on the divergence of the subsiding air as it moves off the high pressure region;
A discussion of the changes in moisture content which took place in the masses of air considered.
Abnormally high and low daily mean temperatures, Kilmarnock, 1902–1941
Authors: Dunbar William 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe thermometric records at Kilmarnock are analysed over the period 1902 to 1941 on the same lines of investigation as were employed by Mr. E. L. Hawke in his analysis of similar records made at Greenwich (Q.J., 67, 1941, p. 247). Days with positive departures of at least 10°F. and 15°F. are classed as “warm” and “very warm,” and those with corresponding negative departures as “cold” and “very cold,” respectively. The numbers of days with abnormally high and low temperatures are given for seasons, for months and for pentads, and a comparison is made with the figures obtained for Greenwich. Tables are also presented giving the dates of days with very exceptional temperatures and the departures from the average.
Inter‐laboratory calibration of new silver orthophosphate comparison materials for the stable oxygen isotope analysis of phosphates
Authors: Halas Stanislaw , Skrzypek Grzegorz , Meier‐Augenstein Wolfram , Pelc Andrzej , Kemp Helen F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractStable oxygen isotope compositions (δ18O values) of two commercial and one synthesized silver orthophosphate reagents have been determined on the VSMOW scale. The analyses were carried out in three different laboratories: lab (1) applying off‐line oxygen extraction in the form of CO2 which was analyzed on a dual inlet and triple collector isotope ratio mass spectrometer, while labs (2) and (3) employed an isotope ratio mass spectrometer coupled to a high‐temperature conversion/elemental analyzer (TC/EA) where Ag3PO4 samples were analyzed as CO in continuous flow mode.The δ18O values for the proposed new comparison materials were linked to the generally accepted δ18O values for Vennemann's TU‐1 and TU‐2 standards as well as for Ag3PO4 extracted from NBS120c. The weighted average δ18OVSMOW values for the new comparison materials UMCS‐1, UMCS‐2 and AGPO‐SCRI were determined to be + 32.60 (± 0.12), + 19.40 (± 0.12) and + 14.58 (± 0.13)‰, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of bioactive eicosanoids in equine plasma by stable isotope dilution reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
Authors: Mangal Dipti , Uboh Cornelius E. , Soma Lawrence R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOxidative metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) are implicated in inflammation. Thus, we evaluated cycloxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOs) mediated metabolism of AA to eicosanoids in equine plasma. Eicosanoids were extracted from plasma by two liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE) steps; first was by chloroform/isopropanol and second by methyl‐tert‐butyl ether. For identification and quantification of 25 eicosanoids, a highly specific, selective and sensitive stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography (LC) multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometric (MS) method was developed. To avoid artifact formation of eicosanoids, deferoxamine was added to plasma to chelate residual transition metal ions. The calibration curve showed excellent linearity within 0.1 to 10 ng/mL. Slopes of the calibration curves generated by adding known quantities of eicosanoids in plasma were higher than those prepared in methanol/mobile phase A. Addition of deferoxamine decreased the slope of calibration curves generated using plasma. Limit of detection (LOD) was 1–10 pg on‐column for 25 different eicosanoids. Inter‐day accuracy was 86–111%, whereas intra‐day accuracy was from 88–110%, and precision did not exceed 15% for all quality control (QC) samples. To evaluate the formation of eicosanoids, AA was exogenously added or endogenous AA was released from esterified lipids by calcium ionophore (CI) A23187 treatment of equine whole blood. Pre‐treatment of equine whole blood with dexamethasone (DEX) significantly inhibited AA or CI A23187‐ mediated formation of eicosanoids. The validated method is now employed in studies undertaken to better understand the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of eicosanoids after administration of glucocorticoids to horses. This method is reliably reproducible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural determination of cerebrosides isolated from Asterias amurensis starfish eggs using high‐energy collision‐induced dissociation of sodium‐adducted molecules
Authors: Park Taeseong , Park Young Seung , Rho Jung‐Rae , Kim Young Hwan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSix cerebrosides were isolated from the eggs of the starfish Asterias amurensis using solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography, and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. This study demonstrated that the structures of cerebrosides could be completely characterized, based on their sodium‐adducted molecules, using fast atom bombardment (FAB) tandem mass spectrometry. The high‐energy collision‐induced dissociation of the sodium‐adducted molecule, [M + Na]+, of each cerebroside molecular species generated abundant ions, providing information on the compositions of the 2‐hydroxy fatty acids and long‐chain sphingoid bases, as well as the sugar moiety polar head group. Each homologous ion series along the fatty acid and aliphatic chain of the sphingoid base was useful for locating the double‐bond positions of both chains and the methyl branching position of the long‐chain base. The N‐fatty acyl portions were primarily long‐chain saturated or monoenoic acids (C16 to C24) with an α‐hydroxy group. The sphingoid long‐chain base portions were aliphatic chains (C18 or C22) with two or three degrees of unsaturation and with or without methyl branching. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for analyzing the δ18O of resin‐extractable soil inorganic phosphate
Authors: Weiner Tal , Mazeh Shunit , Tamburini Federica , Frossard Emmanuel , Bernasconi Stefano M. , Chiti Tommaso , Angert Alon 
Published: February 2011

AbstractImproved tools for tracing phosphate transformations in soils are much needed, and can lead to a better understanding of the terrestrial phosphorus cycle. The oxygen stable isotopes in soil phosphate are still not exploited in this regard. Here we present a method for measuring the oxygen stable isotopes in a fraction of the soil phosphate which is rapidly available to plants, the resin‐extractable P. This method is based on extracting available phosphate from the soil with anion‐exchange membranes, soil organic matter removal by a resin, purification by precipitation as cerium phosphate, and finally precipitation as silver phosphate. The purified silver phosphate samples are then measured by a high‐temperature elemental analyzer (HT‐EA) coupled in continuous flow mode to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Testing the method with Mediterranean and semi‐arid soils showed no artifacts, as well as good reproducibility in the same order as that of the HT‐EA analytical uncertainty (0.3‰). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Security enhancements for UDDI
Authors: O'Ree Alexander J. , Obaidat Mohammed S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe universal description, discovery, and integration (UDDI) OASIS standard, was designed for storing, publishing, and advertising information about XML web services. Commonly used in service oriented architecture (SOA) infrastructures, the security of UDDI is often overlooked. Embedded within the specification are “optional” security measures that are commonly not implemented or enforced. In this paper we describe the UDDI security model, potential security related concerns, and mitigation strategies. Preliminary performance evaluation results are presented to show the merits of our proposed scheme. Finally, an example of the registry with additional security constraints is analyzed and evaluated for performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An information theoretic approach for feature selection
Authors: Kumar Gulshan , Kumar Krishan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFeature selection methods play a significant role during classification of data having high dimensions of features. The methods select most relevant subset of features that describe data appropriately. Mutual information (MI) based upon information theory is one of the metrics used for measuring relevance of features. This paper analyses various feature selection methods for (1) reduction in number of features; (2) performance of Naïve Bayes classification model trained on reduced set of features. Research gaps identified are: (1) computation of MI from the whole sample space instead of unclassified sample subspace; (2) consideration of relevance of features only or tradeoff between relevance and redundancy, but class conditional interaction of features is ignored.In this paper, we propose a general evaluation function using MI for feature selection. The proposed evaluation function is implemented which use dynamically computed MI values from unclassified instances. Effectiveness of the proposed feature selection method is done empirically by comparing classification results using KDD 1999 benchmarked dataset of intrusion detection. The results indicate practicability and effectiveness of the proposed method for applications concerned with high accuracy and stability of predictions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrated approach for fusion of environmental and human health data for disease surveillance
Authors: Burkom Howard S. , Ramac‐Thomas Liane , Babin Steven , Holtry Rekha , Mnatsakanyan Zaruhi , Yund Cynthia 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper describes the problem of public health monitoring for waterborne disease outbreaks using disparate evidence from health surveillance data streams and environmental sensors. We present a combined monitoring approach along with examples from a recent project at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The project objective was to build a module for the Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community‐based Epidemics (ESSENCE) to include water quality data with health indicator data for the early detection of waterborne disease outbreaks. The basic question in the fused surveillance application is ‘What is the likelihood of the public health threat of interest given recent information from available sources of evidence?’ For a scientific perspective, we formulate this question in terms of the estimation of positive predictive value customary in classical epidemiology, and we present a solution framework using Bayesian Networks (BN). An overview of the BN approach presents advantages, disadvantages, and required adaptations needed for a fused surveillance capability that is scalable and robust relative to the practical data environment. In the BN project, we built a top‐level health/water‐quality fusion BN informed by separate waterborne‐disease‐related networks for the detection of water contamination and human health effects. Elements of the art of developing networks appropriate to this environment are discussed with examples. Results of applying these networks to a simulated contamination scenario are presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Test and power considerations for multiple endpoint analyses using sequentially rejective graphical procedures
Authors: Bretz Frank , Maurer Willi , Hommel Gerhard 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA variety of powerful test procedures are available for the analysis of clinical trials addressing multiple objectives, such as comparing several treatments with a control, assessing the benefit of a new drug for more than one endpoint, etc. However, some of these procedures have reached a level of complexity that makes it difficult to communicate the underlying test strategies to clinical teams. Graphical approaches have been proposed instead that facilitate the derivation and communication of Bonferroni‐based closed test procedures. In this paper we give a coherent description of the methodology and illustrate it with a real clinical trial example. We further discuss suitable power measures for clinical trials with multiple primary and/or secondary objectives and use a generic example to illustrate our considerations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cybernetics in management thinking
Authors: Robb Fenton F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCybernetic concepts provide a bridge between the theories of management which have evolved so far. Homeostasis, the law of necessary variety, the relativity of time, the nature of growth, heuristics, holism, synergy and autopoiesis are a few of the ideas which assist managers to understand the nature of management. Applying general systems theoretic to managerial activities reveals opportunities for the development of intelligent machines; the automation of decision making and the advent, after wise systems, of systems which simulate ‘style’, apply common sense and evince emotionality. Only the present high costs of such machines inhibits their application. Large managerial systems are seen as autopoietic, as living systems: Perhaps with minds of their own using humans, only as a resource, to achieve their equifinality.
Equilibrium, entropy and homeostasis: A multidisciplinary legacy
Authors: Bailey Kenneth D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWhile the concepts of equilibrium and homeostasis are familiar to sociologists, the companion concept of entropy has only recently received more than a passing glance. This paper reviews the usage of these three concepts in physics, biology, economics and sociology. Each discipline is evaluated according to four dimensions which have received particular attention in equilibrium analysis. These are the use of heuristics, open and closed systems, stable, static and moving equilibrium, and return to equilibrium. The paper concludes that the concept of equilibrium should be used very carefully if at all. Often equilibrium can be replaced by a term such as stability or balance. Homeostasis can be viable concept, as can entropy, which among other things has potential for aiding in the integration of theory and method.
A methodology for quality goal‐seeking and coordination, and the practical application
Authors: Furukawa O. , Ikeshoji H. , Ohmori A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractJapan has achieved a high level of the practice of quality control in industries. Characteristic to it is that it has successfully taken the form of company‐wide quality control activities. In order to coordinate diverse activities at a company, ‘quality‐evolution’, which is essentially a process of refinement of means‐end relationship, plays an important role. This paper discusses the basic recognition underlying the practice of quality‐evolution and presents on a conceptual level a general theory and methodology of goal expansion which is usefully applicable to any goal‐seeking activities under situations where the relevance of diverse activities to goals is not necessarily clear and schemes for goal‐oriented coordination of the activities are required. Such situations also often occur when better performance of systems are newly required.
Descriptive‐explanatory theoretical models of the socialist economy: Review of a research direction
Authors: Kornai János 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe collection of works given in the Selected Bibliography forms a research direction in mathematical economics. The article is aimed at clarifying what is common in these works and what makes them different from other studies in related fields. The common main features are the following: The works (1) describe dynamic systems; (2) are modelling not only the real sphere but also the control sphere; (3) formalize behavioural regularities of the socialist economy; (4) suppose no optimizing behaviour, but only that the decision‐maker possesses some response function; (5) focus on non‐price signals; and (6) focus on non‐Walrasian states of the economy. They wish to contribute to the elaboration of a descriptive‐explanatory (positive) theory. They wish to explain what is in the socialist system and why, and not to tell what should be. These are researches made at the level of ‘pure theory’, therefore models are based on rather abstract assumptions. Finally, the article discusses research tasks.
Enlarging the systems paradigm: Historical view from 1973 until 1983
Authors: Krallmann Hermann 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the past 10 years, describing activities of enlarging the paradigm of System Dynamics (SD). Part I explains why this has been done. Part II is concerned with the optimization of SD models. The global optimization of SD models is realized by integration into a higher level feedback loop structure. The use of optimal variables in SD models is handled by Linear Programming (LP) models. In Part III the integration of SD and Input–Output models is applied to describe complex macroeconomic systems. The last part describes SD models as decision support systems based on model‐ and method‐based systems. The whole article documents the dynamic behavior of System Dynamics and its methodical environment. This history is not intended to be encyclopedic, but rather mainly to reflect the author's experience.
Systems research and the hierarchy of world systems: General systems in special chaos
Authors: Boulding Kenneth E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe hierarchy of systems is described as parallel to the hierarchy of military titles: General systems as the universe; Major General Systems as the earth; the Major Systems of earth—physical, biological and social—each with its subsystems; ‘kernel’ systems, which try to describe the ‘core of the diverse major systems’ (these divide into ecological‐evolutionary systems which have the quality of being ‘resurgent’) and ‘corporal’ systems, such as organisms and organizations. Then there are the ‘private’ systems, which are the ‘minute particulars’ of the real world. Cutting across this hierarchy are the ideologies, which might well be called ‘lieutenant’ systems, as they are in place of images of the more complex systems of the real world. The General Systems movement might help ideologies to become more realistic; it is showing some ecological resurgence, and it has to sustain both its ‘special’ aspect as mathematical modelling and its more general, philosophical aspect. It must also be aware that systems emerge from a matrix of chaos, and that all reality is not systematic.