bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust
Authors: GOELLNER KATHARINA , LOEHRER MARCO , LANGENBACH CASPAR , CONRATH UWE , KOCH ECKHARD , SCHAFFRATH ULRICH 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe plant pathogenic basidiomycete fungi Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora meibomiae cause rust disease in soybean plants. Phakopsora pachyrhizi originated in Asia–Australia, whereas the less aggressive P. meibomiae originated in Latin America. In the New World, P. pachyrhizi was first reported in the 1990s to have spread to Hawaii and, since 2001, it has been found in South America. In 2004, the pathogen entered continental USA. This review provides detailed information on the taxonomy and molecular biology of the pathogen, and summarizes strategies to combat the threat of this devastating disease.Taxonomy: Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd; uredial anamorph: Malupa sojae (syn. Uredo sojae); Domain Eukaryota; Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Basidiomycota; Order Uredinales; Class Urediniomycetes; Family Phakopsoraceae; Genus Phakopsora (http://www.indexfungorum.org). The nomenclature of rust spores and spore‐producing structures used within this review follows Agrios GN (2005) Plant Pathology, 5th edn. London: Elsevier/Academic Press.Host range: In the field, P. pachyrhizi infects leaf tissue from a broad range (at least 31 species in 17 genera) of leguminous plants. Infection of an additional 60 species in other genera has been achieved under laboratory conditions.Disease symptoms: At the beginning of the disease, small, tan‐coloured lesions, restricted by leaf veins, can be observed on infected soybean leaves. Lesions enlarge and, 5–8 days after initial infection, rust pustules (uredia, syn. uredinia) become visible. Uredia develop more frequently in lesions on the lower surface of the leaf than on the upper surface. The uredia open with a round ostiole through which uredospores are released.
Fungal effector proteins: past, present and future
Authors: DE WIT PIERRE J. G. M. , MEHRABI RAHIM , VAN DEN BURG HARROLD A. , STERGIOPOULOS IOANNIS 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe pioneering research of Harold Flor on flax and the flax rust fungus culminated in his gene‐for‐gene hypothesis. It took nearly 50 years before the first fungal avirulence (Avr) gene in support of his hypothesis was cloned. Initially, fungal Avr genes were identified by reverse genetics and map‐based cloning from model organisms, but, currently, the availability of many sequenced fungal genomes allows their cloning from additional fungi by a combination of comparative and functional genomics. It is believed that most Avr genes encode effectors that facilitate virulence by suppressing pathogen‐associated molecular pattern‐triggered immunity and induce effector‐triggered immunity in plants containing cognate resistance proteins. In resistant plants, effectors are directly or indirectly recognized by cognate resistance proteins that reside either on the plasma membrane or inside the plant cell. Indirect recognition of an effector (also known as the guard model) implies that the virulence target of an effector in the host (the guardee) is guarded by the resistance protein (the guard) that senses manipulation of the guardee, leading to activation of effector‐triggered immunity. In this article, we review the literature on fungal effectors and some pathogen‐associated molecular patterns, including those of some fungi for which no gene‐for‐gene relationship has been established.
Ten things to know about oomycete effectors
Authors: SCHORNACK SEBASTIAN , HUITEMA EDGAR , CANO LILIANA M. , BOZKURT TOLGA O. , OLIVA RICARDO , VAN DAMME MIREILLE , SCHWIZER SIMON , RAFFAELE SYLVAIN , CHAPARRO‐GARCIA ANGELA , FARRER RHYS , SEGRETIN MARIA EUGENIA , BOS JORUNN , HAAS BRIAN J. , ZODY MICHAEL C. , NUSBAUM CHAD , WIN JOE , THINES MARCO , KAMOUN SOPHIEN 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYLong considered intractable organisms by fungal genetic research standards, the oomycetes have recently moved to the centre stage of research on plant–microbe interactions. Recent work on oomycete effector evolution, trafficking and function has led to major conceptual advances in the science of plant pathology. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on oomycete genetic research and summarize the state of the art in effector biology of plant pathogenic oomycetes by describing what we consider to be the 10 most important concepts about oomycete effectors.
Distribution of endosulfan in water, sediment and fish from Warri river, Niger delta, Nigeria
Authors: Ezemonye Lawrence Ikechukwu , Ikpesu Thomas Ohwofasa , Tongo Isioma 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article presents the first attempt to quantify the levels and distribution pattern of endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide in surface water, sediment and fish (Chrysichthys furcatus and Tilapia zilli). The samples were collected from three stations (Ovwian, Ekakpamre and Ovu) of Warri River in the western Niger Delta of Nigeria in 2006 during the dry and wet seasons (January–August). A total of 96 samples made up of 24 samples each for water, sediment and fish were analysed in this study. The pesticide levels were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC model CECIL 1010) to elucidate its distribution in various environmental compartments. The ranges of concentrations of the pesticide in the matrices were: 0.01–9.23 μg/l (water), 0.06–11.98 μg/gdw (sediment), 0.01–15.06 μg/gdw (Chrysichthys furcatus) and 0.01–1.80 μg/gdw (Tilapia zilli). From this result, decreasing order of occurrence of the pesticide is as follows: fish > sediment > water. The concentrations observed in fish (Chrysichthys furcatus) were higher than the levels observed in sediment and water suggesting bioaccumulation of the pesticide by the fish. Spatial variations occurred with downstream stations having statistically higher concentrations in all matrices at P < 0.05. Seasonal variations occurred with higher concentrations in dry season for water and sediment only, while the fish species had higher concentrations in the wet season. The observed values of endosulfan were above the ecological bench marks (0.02 μg/l) recommended by Nigeria Environmental Protection Agency and European Union. They were also relatively higher than those in previous studies on the Nigerian environment, an observation that calls for regular monitoring of the Niger Delta water bodies.
Population status, structure and activity patterns of the Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca in the north of the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia
Authors: Afework Bezawork , Bekele Afework , Balakrishnan Mundanthra 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Bohor reedbucks Redunca redunca (Pallas, 1767) were studied in the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP), Ethiopia to assess their population ecology and activity patterns. The total count method was used to assess population size. Activity patterns of a herd were studied with five minutes recording intervals. There were 406 Bohor reedbucks in the study area of which 96.8% (n = 393) was confined to the Gaysay‐Adelay area. The population was female‐biased. Excluding juveniles, 57.1% (n = 232) was females and 33.5% (n = 136) was males. More adults (71.7%, n = 291) were observed than sub‐adults (18.9%, n = 77) and juveniles (9.4%, n = 38). The herd size of Bohor reedbucks varied from 3 to 5. Herds were seen in aggregations of up to 59 individuals during the dry season in swamp grassland habitat. The maximum number observed in such aggregations during the wet season was 38. The diurnal activity pattern showed feeding peaks early in the morning and late in the afternoon, with resting during the mid‐day. Two feeding peaks were observed in the nocturnal activity phase: one during dusk and the other around midnight. In contradiction to the general concept of occurrence of smaller herds during the dry season, the Bohor reedbucks aggregate in swamps during the dry season. They were also active during night and day time.
Dietary specialization and climatic‐linked variations in extant populations of Ethiopian wolves
Authors: Marino Jorgelina , Mitchell Rebecca , Johnson Paul J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractUnderstanding of the biology of rarity is central to the conservation of some endangered species. Rare taxa are often reported to be specialized, but they are usually poorly studied. The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) is endemic to the Ethiopian highlands and in two major populations, Bale and Arsi in the southern range of the species, it preys almost exclusively upon diurnal rodents all year round, mainly molerats Tachyoryctes macrocephalus and common molerats T. splendens, respectively. Where these large rodents are absent or rare, wolves are expected to rely more heavily on nocturnal rats or livestock. Prey remains in 161 scats from five newly studied populations confirmed that wolves are indeed specialist rodent hunters elsewhere, and that their narrow diets are dominated by diurnal Murinae rats (60–83% of prey occurrences). Swamp rats Otomys typus were the main prey, followed by grass rats Arvicanthis abyssinicus. Common molerats, Lophuromys rats and nocturnal Stenocephalemys spp. constituted the variable portion of the diets, and their proportional contributions varied across populations in relation to elevation and latitude. Towards the north, where the climate is drier and human populations more dense, wolves predate more frequently on rat‐sized prey, including nocturnal species, with implications for the survival of small populations in the Northern Highlands.
Do Meyer’s Parrots Poicephalus meyeri benefit pollination and seed dispersal of plants in the Okavango Delta, Botswana?
Authors: Boyes Rutledge S. , Perrin Michael R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRecent studies of new world parrots repeatedly document, with few exceptions, that parrots are wasteful and destructive predispersal seed predators that are unlikely to contribute towards pollination and seed dispersal. Few detailed studies, however, have assessed the contribution of African parrots to forest ecology by quantifying the potential net benefit of seed and flower predation by parrots for most tree species in their diet. Due to the incidence of pollen on the heads of Meyer’s Parrots when feeding on Leguminosae flowers and the dispersal of viable seeds to the ground during seed predation, we compared destruction rates, when feeding on pods, fruits and flowers, with dispersal rates of viable seeds to the ground and frequency of head contact with reproductive apparatus to estimate net benefit from Meyer’s Parrot feeding activity. Meyer’s Parrots were not implicated in endo‐ or epizoochory, but they dropped uneaten fruit pulp and seeds to the ground during feeding bouts, thus providing ripe, undamaged seeds to secondary seed dispersers. This link with forest recruitment was weak, as all tree species utilized by Meyer’s Parrots either had more significant primary dispersal agents or were primarily wind‐dispersed. In most cases, the negative effect of seed predation outweighed any positive effects in terms of dispersal, whereby almost three times more seeds were consumed or destroyed than were dispersed to the ground. Significantly, only Sclerocarya birrea caffra recorded marginal net dispersal benefit from utilization by Meyer’s Parrots. Due to low relative resource abundance and high destruction rate, feeding activity on Berchemia discolor may be significant enough to influence its spatial distribution and abundance. Utilization of flowers of Kigelia africana and Adansonia digitata by parrots likely had a significant negative impact on pollination. Feeding on Acacia nigrescens flowers, however, was potentially advantageous to their pollination. We conclude that Poicephalus parrots are net consumers of ripe, undamaged seeds and flowers, thus having an overall negative impact on forest recruitment in subtropical Africa.
Anaesthesia for an adult with Angelman syndrome
Authors: Maguire M. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAngelman syndrome is a complex genetic condition involving abnormalities of chromosome 15 in the majority of cases. These defects involve a gene encoding an ubiquitin protein ligase and may be associated with abnormal γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor subunits. Angelman syndrome may have profound implications for anaesthesia: potential exists for airway difficulties; refractory bradyarrythmias; and pharmacodynamic unpredictability. A case of an adult with Angelman syndrome undergoing dental work under general anaesthesia is presented. Induction and maintenance of anaesthesia was unremarkable but emergence was complicated by generalised muscular hypertonia and temporary respiratory embarrassment which resolved spontaneously.
Difficult and failed intubation in 3430 obstetric general anaesthetics*
Authors: Djabatey E. A. , Barclay P. M. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA retrospective audit was performed of all obstetric general anaesthetics in our hospital over an 8 year period to determine the incidence of difficult and failed intubation. Data was collected from a number of sources to ensure accuracy. A total of 3430 rapid sequence anaesthetics were given. None of the patients had a failed or oesophageal intubation (95% CI, 0–1:1143). There were 23 difficult intubations (95% CI, 1:238–1:100). This was anticipated in nine cases, requiring awake fibreoptic intubation in three cases. Consultants or specialist registrars were involved in the management of all cases. We attribute the low incidence of airway complications to the above average rate of general anaesthesia in our hospital, senior cover and specialised anaesthetic operating department assistants.
A comparison of McGrath and Macintosh laryngoscopes in novice users: a manikin study
Authors: Ray D. C. , Billington C. , Kearns P. K. , Kirkbride R. , Mackintosh K. , Reeve C. S. , Robinson N. , Stewart C. J. , Trudeau T. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryDirect laryngoscopy using the Macintosh laryngoscope is a difficult skill to acquire. Videolaryngoscopy is a widely accepted airway management technique that may be easier for novices to learn. We compared the McGrath® videolaryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope by studying the performance of 25 medical students with no previous experience of performing tracheal intubation using an easy intubation scenario in a manikin. The order of device use was randomised for each student. After brief instruction each participant performed eight tracheal intubations with one device and then eight tracheal intubations with the other laryngoscope. Novices achieved a higher overall rate of successful tracheal intubation, avoided oesophageal intubation and produced less dental trauma when using the McGrath. The view at laryngoscopy was significantly better with the McGrath. Intubation times were similar for both laryngoscopes and became shorter with practice. There was no difference in participants’ rating of overall ease of use for each laryngoscope.
A national survey of support and counselling after maternal death*
Authors: McCready S. , Russell R. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe 2000–2002 Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health report highlighted several cases of maternal death where the staff who had been involved, were not offered support. The report recommended that ‘Trusts must make provision for the prompt offer of support and/or counselling for all staff who have cared for a woman who has died.’ We conducted a postal survey to firstly establish whether Trusts had implemented this, and also to ascertain the experience of consultant obstetric anaesthetists. Of 706 respondents (response rate 64%), 60% involved in a maternal death or other traumatic event received no offer of support, 65% were unaware of potential sources of support and only 5% received details of further help available. Furthermore, 69% were unaware of policies within their own Trusts for the provision of support services. We suggest that a formal structure should exist within all units that offers confidential support services and/or debriefing facilities to all staff involved in a maternal death or other traumatic event.
Review of patient safety incidents submitted from Critical Care Units in England & Wales to the UK National Patient Safety Agency*
Authors: Thomas A. N. , Panchagnula U. , Taylor R. J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryWe reviewed and classified all patient safety incidents submitted from critical care units in England and Wales to the National Patient Safety Agency for the first quarter of 2008. A total of 6649 incidents were submitted from 141 organisations (median (range) 23 (1–268 incidents)); 786 were unrelated to the critical care episode and 248 were repeat entries. Of the remaining 5615 incidents, 1726 occurred in neonates or babies, 1298 were associated with temporary harm, 15 with permanent harm and 59 required interventions to maintain life or may have contributed to the patient’s death. The most common main incident groups were medication (1450 incidents), infrastructure and staffing (1289 incidents) and implementation of care (1047 incidents). There were 2789 incidents classified to more than one main group. The incident analysis highlights ways to improve patient safety and to improve the classification of incidents.
A simplified modelling approach for quantifying tillage effects on soil carbon stocks
Authors: Chatskikh D. , Hansen S. , Olesen J. E. , Petersen B. M. 
Published: October 2009

SummarySoil tillage has been shown to affect long‐term changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content in a number of field experiments. This paper presents a simplified approach for including effects of tillage in models of soil C turnover in the tilled‐soil layer. We used an existing soil organic matter (SOM) model (CN‐SIM) with standard SOC data for a homogeneous tilled layer from four long‐term field experiments with conventionally tilled (CT) and no‐till (NT) treatments. The SOM model was tested on data from long‐term (>10 years) field trials differing in climatic conditions, soil properties, residue management and crop rotations in Australia, Brazil, the USA and Switzerland. The C input for the treatments was estimated using data on crop rotation and residue management. The SOM model was applied for both CT and NT trials without recalibration, but incorporated a ‘tillage factor’ (TF) to scale all decomposition and maintenance parameters in the model. An initial value of TF = 0.57 (parameter uncertainty, PU = 0.15) for NT (with TF set to 1.0 for CT) was used on the basis of a previous study with observations of soil CO2 respiration. The simulated and observed changes in SOC were then compared using slopes of linear regressions of SOC changes over time. Results showed that the SOM model captured observed changes in SOC content from differences in rotations, N application and crop residue management for conventional tillage. On the basis of SOC change data a mean TF of 0.48 (standard deviation, SD = 0.12) was estimated for NT. The results indicate that (i) the estimated uncertainty of tillage effects on SOC turnover may be smaller than previously thought and (ii) simple scaling of SOM model parameters may be sufficient to capture the effects of soil tillage on SOM turnover in the tilled layer. Scenario analyses showed that the average extra C input needed to compensate for soil tillage was 762 (SD = 351) kg C ha−1 year−1. Climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation) also affected how much extra C was needed, with substantially larger inputs being required for wetter and warmer climates.
Integrated basin flow assessments: concepts and method development in Africa and South‐east Asia
Authors: KING JACKIE , BROWN CATE 
Published: October 2009

Summary1. This study summarises our development and application in developing countries of a process for assessing the ecological, social and economic costs and benefits of water‐resource developments, as an aid to basin planning.2. During 15 years of work in Africa and Asia, the process sequentially included the whole river ecosystem and the whole flow regime in the assessment; used a multidisciplinary team and a scenario‐based approach that gave equal weighting to the ecological, social, resource‐economic and macro‐economic costs and benefits of development; quantified or semi‐quantified the costs and benefits in data‐poor situations, capturing expert opinion and local wisdom as well as data; recognised that the final allocation of water for ecosystem maintenance should be a societal choice of trade‐offs between resource protection and development.3. Flow assessments were increasingly done at the basin rather than project level and introduced the concept and practicality of Development Space as a tool to aid basin planning.4. Later assessments included valuation of regulating, cultural and provisioning services provided by rivers as part of the cost‐benefit analysis.5. Implementation of managed flows as outlined above is a complex and long‐term process that should include a number of major steps, from development of the appropriate legislation to monitoring of management decisions and adaptive management. Country or region‐wide implementation at this scale could well take one to two decades, even where the political will and technical skills exist.6. We conclude by offering eight principles that we believe would promote genuinely sustainable use of rivers.
Interobserver variation in the reporting of local peritoneal involvement and extramural venous invasion in colonic cancer
Authors: Littleford Sarah E , Baird Alan , Rotimi Olorunda , Verbeke Caroline S , Scott Nigel 
Published: October 2009

Aims:  Local peritoneal involvement (LPI) and extramural venous invasion (EMVI) are of prognostic value in Dukes’ B colonic cancers and may be used to select patients for adjuvant chemotherapy. There is marked variation in the frequency with which they are reported however, ranging from 7% to 39% and 10% to 90%, respectively. A grading system for diagnosing LPI has been proposed by Shepherd et al. and partially incorporated into the Royal College of Pathologists guidelines for reporting colorectal cancer. This study aimed to determine the degree of interobserver variation in the reporting of LPI and EMVI amongst a group of experienced pathologists with a special interest in gastrointestinal pathology.Methods and results:  Four pathologists specialising in gastrointestinal pathology independently assessed LPI according to the grading system described by Shepherd et al. and the presence or absence of EMVI on 138 and 131 slides of pT3 and pT4 colonic cancers, respectively. Kappa statistics were performed to assess interobserver agreement. Kappa values for LPI ranged from κ = 0.74 (substantial agreement) to κ = 0.89 (almost perfect agreement). Kappa values for EMVI ranged from κ = 0.29 (poor agreement) to κ = 0.59 (moderate agreement).Conclusions:  Using Shepherd’s grading system there was good agreement between pathologists in reporting LPI in colonic carcinomas. The reporting of EMVI in colonic carcinomas on haematoxylin and eosin‐stained slides had only poor to moderate agreement however, even amongst gastrointestinal pathologists working together in a single unit. Introduction of standardized criteria and/or the use of an elastin stain in the diagnosis of EMVI may assist in improving interobserver agreement.