bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting infant growth prior to childhood onset type 1 diabetes
Authors: Kharagjitsingh A. V. , De Ridder M. A. J. , Roep B. O. , Koeleman B. P. C. , Bruining G. J. , Veeze H. J. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryObjective  Accelerated early growth prior to childhood type 1 diabetes onset is associated with an increased risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). We aimed to study early growth, correcting for the previously neglected confounder of familial effects.Design  Infant growth was studied in a retrospective family case‐control study of diabetic children in which siblings acted as matched familial controls allowing correction for confounders related to family particulars.Patients  Weight and height data were collected from 213 juvenile onset type 1 diabetic children and their 255 healthy siblings. Growth in the first 4 years of life was studied using repeated measurement. The degree of early overgrowth was correlated with age of clinical onset.Results  Birth weight and length did not differ between later diabetic children and their siblings. In the first year of life, weight standard deviation score (SDS) differed between patients and sibs (P = 0·0001). After the first year, both diabetic children and sibs showed parallel enhanced weight and height gain SDS until age 4 years. Earlier onset diabetes was associated with a higher weight SDS at 6 months of age.Conclusion  In this family case‐control study the association of increased growth with development of T1D is limited to the first year of life implying that increased growth beyond the first year can be attributed to familial growth patterns, rather than predisposition to T1D per se. Age at disease onset correlated with increased weight in the first 6 months of life, indicating importance of features very early in life on later development of T1D.
Recurrence detection in differentiated thyroid cancer patients with elevated serum level of antithyroglobulin antibody: special emphasis on using 18F‐FDG PET/CT
Authors: Seo Ji Hyoung , Lee Sang Woo , Ahn Byeong‐Cheol , Lee Jaetae 
Published: September 2009

SummaryObjective  A clinical challenge is presented by differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients who show increased serum antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) level with undetectable thyroglobulin (Tg) and negative radioiodine whole body scan (I‐WBS). The aim of this study is to investigate the recurrence in DTC patients with elevated TgAb by using 18F‐FDG PET/CT (PET/CT) in addition to I‐WBS and neck ultrasonography (USG).Subjects and design  A total of 276 TgAb+ patients were enrolled. Recurrence was assessed and compared between TgAb+ and TgAb‐ patients. TgAb+ patients were further categorized into two groups of 35–140 U/ml (Group A) and 140 U/ml or greater (Group B), according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Tumoural status was evaluated regarding the TgAb positivity and the degree of increase of TgAb.Results  Thirty‐seven (13·4%) of 276 TgAb+ patients were finally diagnosed with recurrence, compared with 21 (13·5%) of 156 TgAb‐ patients (P = 0·987). There was a correlation between TgAb level and recurrence (P = 0·032). Recurrence was more common in Group B than Group A (27·8% and 9·9%, respectively, P = 0·001). Recurrence was found in 37·5% of 24 TgAb+/Tg‐ patients who showed a gradually increasing tendency in serial measurements of TgAb. Sixteen cervical foci (21·1%) missed on neck USG and 17 lesions (22·4%) located outside the neck were additionally detected with PET/CT in TgAb+ patients.Conclusions  TgAb plays a complementary role to Tg in the detection of recurrence of DTC. Tumour recurrence was more frequent in patients with elevated TgAb level over 140 U/ml or a trend toward increasing levels. PET/CT could provide additional information to I‐WBS and neck USG in detecting tumour recurrence in patients with elevated TgAb.
How should we treat patients with low serum thyrotropin concentrations?
Authors: Mitchell Anna L. , Pearce Simon H. S. 
Published: September 2009

SummarySubclinical hyperthyroidism (SH) is defined by a low serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration in the presence of normal levels of free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3). However, it is helpful to distinguish between those with a detectable but low TSH value (in the 0·1–0·4 mU/l range) and those with a fully suppressed TSH (<0·1 mU/l), and we suggest the designation of grade I and grade II SH, respectively. Together, these patterns of thyroid function tests are found in 1–3% of the elderly population, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in longitudinal epidemiological surveys. There are a number of causes for this picture, which include endogenous thyroid disease, drug effects and concomitant nonthyroidal illness. Treatments commonly employed in the management of thyrotoxicosis are effective at correcting the biochemical abnormalities of SH but have not been shown to improve clinical outcome or symptoms. There is little good quality evidence available to guide the assessment or management of these patients. This review summarizes the clinical significance of SH and aims to provide guidance about whether we should treat patients with low serum TSH concentrations.
Foliage‐age mixing within balsam fir increases the fitness of a generalist caterpillar
Authors: JOHNS ROB , QUIRING DAN T. , LAPOINTE RENÉE , LUCAROTTI CHRISTOPHER J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract.1. Manipulative field studies were carried out to evaluate the foliage age preference–performance relationship for an extreme generalist herbivore, the whitemarked tussock moth (Orygia leucostigma Smith) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), within balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill].2. Field surveys indicated that early instar caterpillars fed almost exclusively on young (i.e. current‐year) foliage, whereas late instars caterpillars fed on both young and mature (i.e. 1‐ and 2‐year‐old) foliage.3. Survival of early instar caterpillars was highest in treatments where current‐year and/or 1‐year old foliage were available, but decreased significantly on older foliage. In contrast, late instar caterpillars had the highest survival when allowed to feed on all age classes of foliage, whereas potential fecundity was highest for late instars that fed on young foliage.4. Overall, caterpillars had 32–65% higher fitness when able to feed on all rather than just one age class of foliage.5. These results support both the ‘complementary diet' hypothesis, which states that dietary mixing of different‐aged foliage can increase nutrient uptake and/or dilute harmful secondary plant chemicals, and the ‘ontogeny’ hypothesis, which attributes changes in diet to changes in the nutritional needs and/or tolerance to plant defences of juvenile insects as they develop.
Testing the host‐finding ability of a monophagous caterpillar in the field
Authors: BIERZYCHUDEK PAULETTE , WARNER KATY A. , MCHUGH ANNE , THOMAS LAURA 
Published: September 2009

Abstract.1. Relatively few studies of the host‐finding ability of specialised, phytophagous insects involve direct observations of individual insects moving among intact hosts and non‐hosts. Information from such studies can inform the design of restoration programmes for species of conservation concern.2. The movement of caterpillars of the threatened Oregon silverspot butterfly,Speyeria zerene hippolyta(Edwards) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) was studied in the field in cleared arenas with 10 cm radii. Caterpillars were placed in the centre, surrounded by three individuals of their host,Viola adunca, and three different non‐host individuals, separated by bare ground. In a second experiment, second instars were placed between a host and a non‐host, 3–6 cm away. Caterpillars were observed to determine if they walked to their host more often than expected by chance.3. Caterpillars walked to vegetation significantly more often than expected by chance. They did not, however, reach their hosts more often than expected, based on plant availability.4. It is concluded thatS. z. hippolytacaterpillars can distinguish vegetation from bare ground from 10 cm away. There is no evidence that they can distinguish their host plant from other herbaceous species at distances of 3 cm.
Sexual selection did not contribute to the evolution of male lifespan under curtailed age at reproduction in a seed beetle
Authors: MAKLAKOV ALEXEI A. , FRICKE CLAUDIA 
Published: September 2009

Abstract.1. Sexual selection is a powerful evolutionary force that is hypothesised to play an important role in the evolution of lifespan. Here we test for the potential contribution of sexual selection to the rapid evolution of male lifespan in replicated laboratory populations of the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus.2. For 35 generations, newly hatched virgin male beetles from eight different populations were allowed to mate for 24 h and then discarded. Sexual selection was removed in half of these populations by enforcing random monogamy.3. Classic theory predicts that because of sexual competition, males from sexually selected lines would have higher age‐specific mortality rates and shorter lifespan than males from monogamous lines.4. Alternatively, condition‐dependent sexual selection may also favour genes that have positive pleiotropic effects on lifespan and ageing.5. Males from all eight populations evolved shorter lifespans compared with the source population. However, there was no difference in lifespan between males from populations with or without sexual selection. Thus, sexual selection did not contribute to the evolution of male lifespan despite the fact that such evolution did occur in our study populations.
Sequences of sex allocation and mortality in clutches of Metaphycus parasitoids of soft scale insects and the prevalence of all‐female broods
Authors: KAPRANAS APOSTOLOS , WAJNBERG ERIC , LUCK ROBERT F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract.1. In many gregarious or quasi‐gregarious parasitoids that experience local mate competition, precise sex ratios with low variance are observed. Precise sex ratios can be achieved by laying male and female eggs in non‐random sequences.2. Developmental mortality can also alter sex ratios of emerging offspring, and subsequently influence sex ratio optima.3. The present study investigates sex allocation by Metaphycus flavus Howard, M. luteolus Timberlake, and M. angustifrons Compere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), endoparasitoids of soft scale insects, in the laboratory.4. All three Metaphycus species had precise secondary sex ratios when parasitising brown soft scale, Coccus hesperidum, L. in the laboratory. Moreover, we documented that all three species lay fertilised (= female) eggs first followed by unfertilised (= male) eggs at the end of the oviposition bout. However, there were significant differences in sex allocation sequences among species.5. Mortality rates of eggs allocated within an oviposition bout also varied considerably, indicating that there is a significant interspecific variation in sequence position‐specific mortality.6. Using a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation approach, we provide evidence that the incidence of all‐female broods in these parasitoid wasps appears mainly due to developmental mortality and not due to decisions by the ovipositing female. In two species the prevalence of all‐female broods was independent of clutch size, contrary to what is expected from theory. The influence of mortality on optimal sex allocation in these parasitoids is discussed.
Density‐dependent polyphenism and geographic variation in size among two populations of lubber grasshoppers (Romalea microptera)
Authors: JANNOT JASON E. , KO ALEXANDER E. , HERRMANN DUSTIN L. , SKINNER LAURA , BUTZEN EMILY , AKMAN OLCAY , JULIANO STEVEN A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract.1. Density‐dependent phase polyphenism occurs when changes in density during the juvenile stages result in a developmental shift from one phenotype to another. Density‐dependent phase polyphenism is common among locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae).2. Previously, we demonstrated a longitudinal geographic cline in adult body size (western populations = small adults; eastern populations = large adults) in the eastern lubber grasshopper (Romalea microptera) in south Florida. As lubbers are confamilial with locusts, we hypothesised that the longitudinal size cline was partly due to density‐dependent phase polyphenism.3. We tested the effect of density, population, and density×population interaction on life‐history traits (pronotum length, mass, cumulative development time, growth rate) of, and proportion surviving to, each of the five instars and the adult stage in a 2 × 3 factorial laboratory experiment with two lubber populations, each reared from hatchling to adult at three different densities.4. The effect of density on life history and survival was independent of the effects of population on life history and survival. Higher densities led to larger adult sizes (pronotum, mass) and lower survivorship. The western population had smaller adult masses, fewer cumulative days to the adult stage, and higher survivorship than the eastern population.5. Our data suggest that lubber grasshoppers exhibit density‐dependent phase polyphenism initiated by the physical presence of conspecifics. However, the plastic response of adult size to density observed in the laboratory is not consistent with the relationship between phenotypes and adult density in the field. Genetic differences between populations observed in the laboratory could contribute to size and life‐history differences among lubber populations in the field.
Relationship between fire, climate oscillations, and drought in British Columbia, Canada, 1920–2000
Authors: MEYN ANDREA , TAYLOR STEPHEN W. , FLANNIGAN MIKE D. , THONICKE KIRSTEN , CRAMER WOLFGANG 
Published: September 2009

AbstractClimate oscillations such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are known to affect temperature and precipitation regimes and fire in different regions of the world. Understanding the relationships between climate oscillations, drought, and area burned in the past is required for anticipating potential impacts of regional climate change and for effective wildfire‐hazard management. These relationships have been investigated for British Columbia (BC), Canada, either as part of national studies with coarse spatial resolution or for single ecosystems. Because of BC's complex terrain and strong climatic gradients, an investigation with higher spatial resolution may allow for a spatially complete but differentiated picture. In this study, we analyzed the annual proportion burned–climate oscillation–drought relationships for the province's 16 Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification (BEC) zones. Analyses are based on a digital, spatially explicit fire database, climate oscillation indices, and monthly precipitation and temperature data with a spatial resolution of 400 m for the period 1920–2000. Results show that (1) fire variability is better related to summer drought than to climate oscillations, and that (2) fire variability is most strongly related to both, climate oscillations and summer drought in southeastern BC. The relationship of area burned and summer drought is strong for lower elevations in western BC as well. The influence of climate oscillations on drought is strongest and most extensive in winter and spring, with higher indices being related to drier conditions. Winter and spring PDO and additive winter and spring PDO+ENSO indices show BC's most extensive significant relationship to fire variability. Western BC is too wet to show a moisture deficit in summer that would increase annual area burned due to teleconnections.
Conservation management approaches to protecting the capacity for corals to respond to climate change: a theoretical comparison
Authors: BASKETT MARISSA L. , NISBET ROGER M. , KAPPEL CARRIE V. , MUMBY PETER J. , GAINES STEVEN D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMultiple anthropogenic impacts, including bleaching from climate change‐related thermal stress, threaten coral reefs. Protecting coral capacity to respond to the increase in future thermal stress expected with climate change can involve (1) protecting coral reefs with characteristics indicative of greater resistance and resilience to climate change, and (2) reducing other anthropogenic impacts that are more likely to reduce coral resistance and resilience to climate change. Here, we quantitatively compare possible priorities and existing recommendations for protecting coral response capacity to climate change. Specifically, we explore the relative importance of the relevant dynamics, processes, and parameters in a size‐structured model of coral and zooxanthellae ecological and evolutionary dynamics given projected future thermal stress. Model results with varying initial conditions indicate that protecting diverse coral communities is critical, and protecting communities with higher abundances of more thermally tolerant coral species and symbiont types secondary, to the long‐term maintenance of coral cover. A sensitivity analysis of the coral population size in each size class and the total coral cover with respect to all parameter values suggests greater relative importance of reducing additional anthropogenic impacts that affect coral–macroalgal competition, early coral life history stages, and coral survivorship (compared with reproduction, growth, and shrinkage). Finally, model results with temperature trajectories from different locations, with and without connectivity, indicate that protection of, and connectivity to, low‐thermal‐stress locations may enhance the capacity for corals to respond to climate change.
Sowing (and mapping) the wild oats
Authors: LEGER ELIZABETH A. 
Published: September 2009

Both ecological and molecular methods have been applied to the study of locally adapted populations. WhileClausenet al. (1940)were the pioneers of field transplant studies, the work of Robert Allardet al. on the invasive speciesAvena barbatais a classic example of using molecular evidence to infer adaptation via correlation of particular alleles with environmental gradients. In a new study published in this issue of Molecular Ecology,Latta (2009)combines ecological methods (reciprocal environment studies) with quantitative genetic techniques (recombinant inbred lines and quantitative trait analysis) to provide new evidence for local adaptation within this well known system. The conclusions are orthogonal to the original hypothesis, and instead, provide evidence that factors other than local adaptation were likely responsible for the historically observed patterns. This new evidence suggests that one ecotype is generally more fit than the other in both a moist and a dry environment, and accordingly, it appears to be increasing in frequency in historically surveyed populations.
Mucosal Immunity: Induction, Dissemination, and Effector Functions
Authors: Brandtzaeg P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPrevention of infections by vaccination remains a compelling goal to improve public health. Most infections involve the mucosae, but the development of vaccines against many of these pathogens has yet to be successful. Mucosal vaccines would make immunization procedures easier, be better suited for mass administration, and most efficiently induce immune exclusion – a term coined for non‐inflammatory antibody shielding of internal body surfaces – mediated principally by secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). The exported antibodies are polymeric, mainly IgA dimers (pIgA) – produced by local plasma cells stimulated by antigens that target the mucosae. SIgA was early shown to be complexed with an epithelial glycoprotein – the secretory component (SC). In 1974, a common SC‐dependent transport of pIgA and pentameric IgM was proposed. From the basolateral surface, pIg‐SC complexes are taken up by endocytosis and finally extruded into the lumen. Membrane SC is now referred to as polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). In 1980, it was shown to be synthesized as a larger transmembrane protein – first cloned from rabbit and then from human. Mice deficient for pIgR showed that this is the only receptor responsible for epithelial transport of IgA and IgM. In the gut, induction of B cells occurs in gut‐associated lymphoid tissue, particularly the Peyer’s patches, but also in mesenteric lymph nodes. Plasma cell differentiation is accomplished in the lamina propria to which the memory/effector cells home. The airways also receive such cells from nasopharynx‐associated lymphoid tissue – but by different homing receptors. Such compartmentalization is a challenge for development of mucosal vaccines.
Differences in perceived health status between kidney transplant recipients and dialyzed patients are based mainly on the selection process
Authors: Rosenberger Jaroslav , Van Dijk Jitse P. , Prihodova Lucia , Majernikova Maria , Nagyova Iveta , Geckova Andrea Madarasova , Roland Robert , Van Den Heuvel Wim J.A. , Groothoff Johan W. 
Published: September 2009

Rosenberger J, van Dijk JP, Prihodova L, Majernikova M, Nagyova I, Madarasova Geckova A, Roland R, van den Heuvel WJA, Groothoff JW. Differences in perceived health status between kidney transplant recipients and dialyzed patients are based mainly on the selection process. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 358–365. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Kidney transplantation offers longer survival, less morbidity and lower costs than dialysis. It is also believed to improve quality of life. The aim of this study was to compare prospectively the perceived health status (PHS) of dialyzed patients on a waiting list with kidney transplant recipients after transplantation, matched for age, gender and comorbidity. The sample consisted of 93 dialyzed patients on a waiting list for deceased‐donor kidney transplantation and 87 incident transplant recipients. A total of 62 dialyzed patients were matched for age, gender and comorbidity with 62 transplant recipients. PHS was measured using the SF‐36 questionnaire. Data from baseline and after 12 months were compared between the groups. Patients on dialysis had worse physical (49 ± 21) and mental (59 ± 18) PHS than transplant recipients (56 ± 21 and 64 ± 18, p ≤ 0.05), but when matched pairs were compared, no differences in PHS were found. After 12 months, PHS did not change significantly in either group. The PHS of patients after kidney transplantation is better than that of those on dialysis. However, this fact is significantly influenced by the selection procedure, as only some dialyzed patients are put onto the waiting list while others were actually transplanted. The differences disappear with matching.