bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Key points in the dermoscopic diagnosis of hypomelanotic melanoma and nodular melanoma
Authors: MOLONEY Fergal J. , MENZIES Scott W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNodular melanoma (NM) and amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma (AHM) often present a challenge to the diagnosing clinician. A significant proportion of AHM are nodular in nature. Such tumors may lack features of asymmetry and altered peripheral pigmentation routinely observed in other melanoma subtypes. This lack of distinguishing clinical features can potentially result in delayed diagnosis or inappropriate treatment. This review highlights the key points in evaluating the range of lesions where AHM or NM are considered in the differential diagnosis and summarizes current evidence in relation to pigmented and vascular dermoscopic diagnostic criteria for both.
Key points in dermoscopic differentiation between early acral melanoma and acral nevus
Authors: SAIDA Toshiaki , KOGA Hiroshi , UHARA Hisashi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAcral skin is the most prevalent site of malignant melanoma in non‐Caucasian populations. On acral skin, other various kinds of pigmented lesions are also detected. Particularly, melanocytic nevus is commonly seen on acral volar skin; approximately 10% of Japanese have a nevus on their soles. Prognosis of acral melanoma is still generally poor because of delayed detection in the advanced stages. To improve the prognosis, early detection is essential. Early acral melanoma is seen as a brownish macule, which is clinically quite similar to acral nevus. Therefore, clinicians often face a dilemma when they see a pigmented macule on acral volar skin. Introduction of dermoscopy was a great epoch in this field. Pigmentation pattern on dermoscopy is completely opposite between early acral melanoma and acral nevus; pigmentation on the ridges of the surface skin markings is detected in early acral melanoma, whereas pigmentation along the furrows of the skin markings is seen in acral nevus. We termed these dermoscopic patterns the parallel ridge pattern and the parallel furrow pattern, respectively. These features are highly helpful in the differentiation between the two biologically distinct entities. The sensitivity and specificity of the parallel ridge pattern in diagnosing early acral melanoma is 86% and 99%, respectively. However, we must be aware that dermoscopic features in acral nevus sometimes mimic the parallel ridge pattern and that other conditions also could show dermoscopic features similar to the parallel ridge pattern. In this review article, we summarize key points of the dermoscopic diagnosis of early acral melanoma and then describe the three‐step algorithm for the management of acral melanocytic lesions, which surely aids us in effectively detecting early acral melanoma and in reducing unnecessary resection of benign nevus.
Plasma dimethylarginines during the acute inflammatory response
Authors: Blackwell Scott , O’Reilly Denis St J. , Reid David , Talwar Dinesh 
Published: December 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41 (6): 635–641AbstractIntroduction  Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) concentrations are increased in critically ill patients and may play a role in multiple organ failure. However, plasma ADMA concentrations during the development of the inflammatory response have not been documented. We measured plasma ADMA, as well as urinary excretion of its major metabolite dimethylamine, and nitrate as a marker of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, in a cohort of patients undergoing elective knee arthroplasty that is known to provoke a significant inflammatory response.Methods  Thirty‐eight patients were recruited. Fasting venous blood samples were obtained pre‐operatively and at 12 h and daily until the fifth post‐operative day. ADMA and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Urinary dimethylamine and nitrate were measured pre‐operatively and on each of the post‐operative mornings using HPLC and expressed as a ratio to creatinine.Results  Plasma ADMA fell by a median of 31% during the post‐operative period, reaching a nadir on day 2, and recovering to baseline by the end of the study. SDMA showed no significant changes. No increase in urinary dimethylamine excretion was noted until day 5 post‐op, whereupon it doubled. Urinary nitrate showed a small, but nonsignificant decrease on day 2, suggesting no major activation of NOS activity.Conclusions  Plasma ADMA concentration decreases rapidly and transiently during the first 48 h of acute inflammation. This appears not be caused by increased catabolism and may reflect increased cellular partitioning. This may serve to regulate NOS activity and prevent harmful increases in inducible NOS in situations where it is not appropriate.
Elicitation of foliar resistance mechanisms transiently impairs root association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: de Román Miriam , Fernández Iván , Wyatt Timon , Sahrawy Mariam , Heil Martin , Pozo María J. 
Published: December 2010

Summary 1. Plants possess numerous mechanisms to control infections by deleterious organisms. Unspecific resistance mechanisms may, however, also exert ecological costs when they have a negative effect on beneficial plant–microbe interactions. Such negative effects may even cross the border between a plant’s aerial parts and its roots and then affect very central functions such as nutrient uptake and root resistance to micro‐organisms. Whereas an impaired nodulation indeed appears common after resistance expression in the leaves, contradictory results have been published for the case of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. 2. We analysed the effect of induction of resistance mechanisms in foliar tissues on AM colonization in soybean plants, using acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (ASM) as chemical elicitor. By determining different physiological and biochemical parameters, we assessed whether the effects are related to the activation of the plant defence mechanisms or rather to the re‐allocation of primary metabolites. 3. Colonization with AM fungi transiently decreased after pathogen resistance mechanisms were elicited in the aerial parts of the plant. The induction with ASM led to a significant, yet moderate, defence response in the roots, which was modulated in mycorrhizal plants. No allocation or fitness costs associated with the induction of resistance were detected in this study. 4. Synthesis. Our study confirms a transient negative impact of the elicitation of foliar defences on root–AM interactions. The results show that induced resistance to foliar pathogens can (i) move from the above‐ground to the below‐ground compartment and (ii) affect mutualistic micro‐organisms as well as plant pathogens. We also conclude that (iii) the negative effect is likely linked to changes in the defence status of the plant rather than to changes in resource allocation patterns and (iv) the AM association can modulate the activation of the plant defence mechanisms and overcome such effects.
Multitrophic interactions below and above ground: en route to the next level
Authors: van Dam Nicole M. , Heil Martin 
Published: December 2010

Summary 1. Plants mediate multiple interactions between below‐ground (BG) and above‐ground (AG) heterotrophic communities that have no direct physical contact. These interactions can be positive or negative from the perspective of each player, can go from the BG to the AG community or vice versa, and comprise representatives of different phyla. Here we highlight emerging general patterns and discuss future research directions. 2. Ecologists initially postulated that root herbivores induce general stress responses, which increase the levels of primary (nutritional) compounds in the undamaged plant compartment and thereby facilitate future attack by AG herbivores. However, damage can also reduce the levels of primary compounds or increase contents of secondary (defensive) metabolites. Both effects may cause resistance phenotypes that play an important role in mediating BG–AG interactions. Systemically induced resistance does not only affect other herbivores but also pathogens in the AG and BG compartment and may inhibit beneficial organisms such as natural enemies of herbivores, microbial root symbionts and pollinators. Conversely, symbiotic mutualists such as mycorrhiza and rhizobia may affect AG and BG defence levels. Finally, BG–AG interactions may be costly if they impede optimal defence strategies in the undamaged compartment. 3. Synthesis. In order to better understand the adaptive value of BG–AG induced responses for the players involved and to identify the driving evolutionary forces, we need a better integration of studies at the community level with experiments on model systems that allow unravelling the genetic and physiological mechanisms of BG–AG interactions. Experiments preferably should be carried out at realistic densities and using the natural temporal sequence at which the various associations are established, because we can expect plants to be adapted only to events that are common over evolutionary time spans. Detailed mechanistic knowledge will help to reproduce relevant interactions in experiments that study multiple species in the field. This step will ultimately allow us to evaluate the importance of plant‐mediated interactions between BG and AG communities for the fitness of the species involved and for the structuring of natural communities.
Plant‐mediated interactions between above‐ and below‐ground communities at multiple trophic levels
Authors: Heil Martin 
Published: December 2010

Summary 1. Above‐ground (AG) and below‐ground (BG) biota show little overlap and are usually investigated independently. However, both communities are connected by a group of organisms that intrinsically belong to both worlds: plants. The responses of plants to environmental stresses often move from the aerial compartments to the roots and vice versa and thereby enable interactions among species that never come into direct physical contact. 2. Plant‐mediated AG–BG interactions can have positive or negative effects on organisms from all phyla. For example, damage inflicted on roots or root symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia can affect the interactions between the aerial compartment and herbivores, pollinators, predators and parasitoids, whereas resistance expression in leaves can affect root herbivores as well as mutualistic or parasitic soil microorganisms. Given the tremendous diversity in the interacting organisms and also in the outcomes of the interactions, we are only just beginning to identify general patterns in the net effects of plant‐mediated interactions between AG and BG communities. 3.
Synthesis. The papers in this Special Feature reveal an important problem that remains to be solved: for most AG–BG interactions, the driving evolutionary forces remain to be identified. Because several plant responses in the context of AG–BG interactions ultimately result in negative effects on the plant itself, it appears obvious that in some cases the interacting partners manipulate the plant for their own benefit. In the future we will need to combine knowledge on the underlying physiological mechanisms with data on fitness effects. ‘Negative’ results, which demonstrate that the other compartment does NOT respond to a certain stress, or which demonstrate no or negative fitness effects on the involved species, are as important as reports on successful systemic resistance responses. Integrating knowledge on the physiological and genetic mechanisms with data on the fitness effects on all interacting partners will help to determine whether a certain AG–BG interaction is adaptive from the perspective of the plant, or the interacting organism, or both.
Effect of visual art on patient anxiety and agitation in a mental health facility and implications for the business case
Authors: NANDA U. , EISEN S. , ZADEH R. S. , OWEN D. 
Published: December 2010

Accessible summary

The study investigated the impact of different visual art conditions on agitation and anxiety levels of patients by measuring the rate of pro re nata (PRN) incidents and collecting nurse feedback.
Visual art was displayed on a rotation basis on the walls of a small multi‐purpose lounge for psychiatric patients in an East Alabama Hospital. Patients occupied this room during a 3‐ to 4‐day stay while their psychiatric issues were addressed and diagnosed. The PRN data for the days on which different art conditions were displayed, was compared to the PRN data when no art was present. Interviews with the day and night shift nursing staff were conducted.
Results showed that PRN medication dispensed by nurses for anxiety and agitation was significantly lower on days when a realistic nature image of a landscape was displayed as compared to days when abstract art, abstract or no art was displayed. Cost of PRN medication was compared for the different conditions establishing a financial case an annual cost saving of $US4000–27 000, depending on type of art selected.
The study concluded that positive distractions, like visual art depicting restorative nature scenes, could help to reduce mental health patients' anxiety and agitation in healthcare settings. It also makes a case that the environment can have a powerful impact on healing and must be explored further for the mental health setting.

AbstractThere is a growing body of evidence on the impact of the environment on health and well‐being. This study focuses on the impact of visual artworks on the well‐being of psychiatric patients in a multi‐purpose lounge of an acute care psychiatric unit. Well‐being was measured by the rate of pro re nata (PRN) medication issued by nurses in response to visible signs of patient anxiety and agitation. Nurses were interviewed to get qualitative feedback on the patient response. Findings revealed that the ratio of PRN/patient census was significantly lower on the days when a realistic nature photograph was displayed, compared to the control condition (no art) and abstract art. Nurses reported that some patients displayed agitated behaviour in response to the abstract image. This study makes a case for the impact of visual art on mental well‐being. The research findings were also translated into the time and money invested on PRN incidents, and annual cost savings of almost $US30 000 a year was projected. This research makes a case that simple environmental interventions like visual art can save the hospital costs of medication, and staff and pharmacy time, by providing a visual distraction that can alleviate anxiety and agitation in patients.
GhMYB25‐like: a key factor in early cotton fibre development
Authors: Walford Sally‐Ann , Wu Yingru , Llewellyn Danny J. , Dennis Elizabeth S. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryMYB transcription factors have been implicated in regulation of the development of ovule epidermal cells into the elongated seed fibres of cotton. An R2R3 MYB, GhMYB25‐like, identified from its reduced expression in a fibreless mutant of cotton (Xu142 fl), is here shown to play a key role in the very early stages of fibre cell differentiation. A GhMYB25‐like promoter–GUS construct was expressed predominantly in the epidermal layers of cotton ovules before anthesis (−3 days post‐anthesis, dpa), increasing in expression in 0‐dpa ovules, primarily in those epidermal cells expanding into fibres, and then in elongating fibres at +3 dpa, declining thereafter. This was consistent with GhMYB25‐like transcript abundance during fibre development. RNA interference suppression of GhMYB25‐like resulted in cotton plants with fibreless seeds, but normal trichomes elsewhere, phenocopying the Xu142 fl mutant. Like Xu142 fl these plants had reduced expression of the fibre‐expressed MYBs, GhMYB25 and GhMYB109, indicating that GhMYB25‐like is upstream from those MYBs. This hierarchy was supported by the absence of any change in transcript level of GhMYB25‐like in GhMYB25‐ and GhMYB109‐silenced transgenic lines. Transgenic cotton with an additional copy of the native gene had elevated expression of GhMYB25‐like in ovules, but no obvious increase in fibre initials, suggesting that there may be other factors that interact with GhMYB25‐like to differentiate epidermal cells into fibre cells.
Members of an R2R3‐MYB transcription factor family in Petunia are developmentally and environmentally regulated to control complex floral and vegetative pigmentation patterning
Authors: Albert Nick W. , Lewis David H. , Zhang Huaibi , Schwinn Kathy E. , Jameson Paula E. , Davies Kevin M. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryWe present an investigation of anthocyanin regulation over the entire petunia plant, determining the mechanisms governing complex floral pigmentation patterning and environmentally induced vegetative anthocyanin synthesis. DEEP PURPLE (DPL) and PURPLE HAZE (PHZ) encode members of the R2R3‐MYB transcription factor family that regulate anthocyanin synthesis in petunia, and control anthocyanin production in vegetative tissues and contribute to floral pigmentation. In addition to these two MYB factors, the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) factor ANTHOCYANIN1 (AN1) and WD‐repeat protein AN11, are also essential for vegetative pigmentation. The induction of anthocyanins in vegetative tissues by high light was tightly correlated to the induction of transcripts for PHZ and AN1. Interestingly, transcripts for PhMYB27, a putative R2R3‐MYB active repressor, were highly expressed during non‐inductive shade conditions and repressed during high light. The competitive inhibitor PhMYBx (R3‐MYB) was expressed under high light, which may provide feedback repression. In floral tissues DPL regulates vein‐associated anthocyanin pigmentation in the flower tube, while PHZ determines light‐induced anthocyanin accumulation on exposed petal surfaces (bud‐blush). A model is presented suggesting how complex floral and vegetative pigmentation patterns are derived in petunia in terms of MYB, bHLH and WDR co‐regulators.
Haemolytic anaemia and renal failure associated with antibodies to trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
Authors: Arndt P. A. , Garratty G. , Wolf C. F. W. , Rivera M. 
Published: December 2010

Aim: The aim of this study was to support a clinical diagnosis of drug‐induced immune haemolytic anaemia (DIIHA). Background: DIIHA is rare and has only been described twice with the antibiotic combination of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Methods/Materials: Serologic tests for drug antibodies were performed using methods previously published by our laboratory. Results: A 44‐year‐old woman experienced body aches, chills, chest pressure, nausea and a rash while receiving TMP–SMX; a week later her haemoglobin was low and she was in renal failure. At the hospital, the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was positive (C3 only) and the serum reacted with all red blood cells (RBCs) by the gel method only (TMP–SMX is present in the RBC diluent used for the gel method). At the Red Cross immunohaematology laboratory, the patient's serum was reactive in the presence of TMP–SMX (haemolysis and positive antiglobulin test), pure TMP (positive antiglobulin test using anti‐IgG only) and pure SMX (haemolysis and positive antiglobulin test using both anti‐IgG and anti‐C3). The patient was treated with transfusions and haemodialysis and was discharged after a week in stable condition. Conclusion: We describe a patient who appeared to have haemolytic anaemia and renal failure associated with antibodies to both TMP and SMX.
Increased peripheral blood expression of electron transport chain genes in bipolar depression
Authors: Beech Robert D , Lowthert Lori , Leffert Janine J , Mason Portia N , Taylor Mary M , Umlauf Sheila , Lin Aiping , Lee Ji Young , Maloney Kathleen , Muralidharan Anjana , Lorberg Boris , Zhao Hongyu , Newton Samuel S , Mane Shrikant , Epperson C Neill , Sinha Rajita , Blumberg Hilary , Bhagwagar Zubin 
Published: December 2010

Beech RD, Lowthert L, Leffert JJ, Mason PN, Taylor MM, Umlauf S, Lin A, Lee JY, Maloney K, Muralidharan A, Lorberg B, Zhao H, Newton SS, Mane S, Epperson CN, Sinha R, Blumberg H, Bhagwagar Z. Increased peripheral blood expression of electron transport chain genes in bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 813–824. © 2010 The Authors.Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objective:  To identify specific genetic pathways showing altered expression in peripheral blood of depressed subjects with bipolar disorder (BPD).Methods:  Illumina Sentrix BeadChip (Human‐6v2) microarrays containing >48,000 transcript probes were used to measure levels of gene expression in peripheral blood from 20 depressed subjects with BPD and in 15 healthy control subjects. Quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was used to confirm a subset of these differences.Results:  A total of 1,180 genes were differentially expressed between subjects with BPD and healthy controls (fold‐change >1.3, false discovery rate‐corrected p < 0.05, covaried for age and sex). Of these, 559 genes were up‐regulated in BPD subjects and 621 were down‐regulated. Surprisingly, there was no difference between medicated (n = 11) and unmedicated (n = 9) subjects with BPD for any of these genes. Pathway analysis using GeneGo MetaCore software showed that the most significantly affected pathway was the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Of the 85 objects (genes or proteins) in this pathway, 22 were up‐regulated and 2 down‐regulated in subjects with BPD. qRT‐PCR confirmed up‐regulation of nuclear encoded ETC genes in complexes I, III, IV, and V and, in addition, demonstrated up‐regulation of mitochondrially encoded genes in each of these complexes.Conclusion:  These results suggest that increased expression of multiple components of the mitochondrial ETC may be a primary deficit in bipolar depression, rather than an effect of medication.