bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequence variability of the pattern recognition receptor Mermaid mediates specificity of marine nematode symbioses
Authors: Bulgheresi Silvia , Gruber-Vodicka Harald R , Heindl Niels R , Dirks Ulrich , Kostadinova Maria , Breiteneder Heimo , Ott Joerg A 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Selection of a specific microbial partner by the host is an all-important process. It guarantees the persistence of highly specific symbioses throughout host generations. The cuticle of the marine nematode Laxus oneistus is covered by a single phylotype of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. They are embedded in a layer of host-secreted mucus containing the mannose-binding protein Mermaid. This Ca2+-dependent lectin mediates symbiont aggregation and attachment to the nematode. Here, we show that Stilbonema majum—a symbiotic nematode co-occurring with L. oneistus in shallow water sediment—is covered by bacteria phylogenetically distinct to those covering L. oneistus. Mermaid cDNA analysis revealed extensive protein sequence variability in both the nematode species. We expressed three recombinant Mermaid isoforms, which based on the structural predictions display the most different carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). We show that the three CRDs (DNT, DDA and GDA types) possess different affinities for L. oneistus and S. majum symbionts. In particular, the GDA type, exclusively expressed by S. majum, displays highest agglutination activity towards its symbionts and lowest towards its L. oneistus symbionts. Moreover, incubation of L. oneistus in the GDA type does not result in complete symbiont detachment, whereas incubation in the other types does. This indicates that the presence of particular Mermaid isoforms on the nematode surface has a role in the attachment of specific symbionts. This is the first report of the functional role of sequence variability in a microbe-associated molecular patterns receptor in a beneficial association.
Translating and interpreting
Authors: Ekpenyong Effiong 
Published: January 2011

Over the centuries, interaction between people of different linguistic backgrounds has thriven on the process of translating and interpreting. Wherever people have lived, these language-based activities have continued to promote communication among them, the barrier which the multiplicity of language has caused notwithstanding.
This paper takes a look at translating and interpreting within the context of their origin, status, audience, modus operandi, etc. Whereas translating involves the process of writing on paper and is based on a given text, interpreting takes place orally and is not based on any written text. Whereas translating allows for the documentation and preservation of material in a written form for future readers, interpreting takes place on the spot. Whereas translating calls for an audience of readers, interpreting calls for an audience of listeners.
The paper argues that though approached differently, the overall aim of translating and interpreting is to build a linguistic bridge among people and nations; to reduce the communication gap among them. It concludes that in spite of the operational variations their singular aim has always been semantics – the search for meaning between different linguistic parties in different settings. The psycholinguistic model serves as methodology.
Electrospinning and its applications
Authors: Park Jun-Seo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Electrospinning is a process used to fabricate continuous nanoscale fibers with diameters in the sub-micrometer to nanometer range using a high-voltage power supply. Electrospun (e-spun) fibers and the non-woven webs manufactured from them have attracted considerable attention due to their outstanding characteristics, such as high porosity, small diameter, excellent pore interconnectivity and high surface-to-volume ratio. Because of the useful properties of e-spun fibers, many synthetic and natural polymers, including single and blended polymers, have been electrospun into fibers that can be employed in a variety of applications such as filtration and thermal insulation, and in the manufacture of protective clothing, sensors, conducting devices, wound dressings and scaffolds for tissue engineering. Utilizing the electrospinning technique and its product, some studies on its applications have been conducted in our lab. They included the fabrication of a conducting composite mat for electrical applications, an antibacterial web for a biomedical sector and PCM containing e-spun mat for energy storage.
Nanostructured optical thin films fabricated by oblique angle deposition
Authors: Sobahan K M A , Park Yong Jun , Kim Jin Joo , Shin You Suk , Kim Ji Bum , Hwangbo Chang Kwon 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Oblique angle deposition (OAD) is a sophisticated technique to fabricate engineered nanostructured thin films for next generation optical nanodevices. In this technique, oblique angle deposition and substrate rotation are employed to control the columnar and helical nanostructures of thin films. The films deposited by this technique show the optical anisotropy, the porosity, or the chirality, depending on the controlled morphologies at the nano-scale. In this review paper, the nanostructured optical thin film devices, such as a circular polarization handedness inverter, a linear polarization-discriminatory inverter and the selective coatings on nanopatterns, are fabricated by electron beam evaporation using the OAD technique, and their optical and structural properties as nanooptical devices are described.
About the indexing of the structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes from resonant Raman scattering
Authors: Michel T , Paillet M , Zahab A , Nakabayashi D , Jourdain V , Parret R , Sauvajol J-L 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
We review the information that we have obtained from combined Raman spectroscopy and electron diffraction experiments on individual free-standing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). From these data, we define Raman criteria allowing the indexing of SWNTs from their Raman features only and we show the efficiency of this approach in assigning the structure of individual carbon nanotubes. These results on index-identified individual SWNTs are compared with theoretical predictions.
Evolution of Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes and Other Forms of Hyperglycemia
Authors: Bennett Peter H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the development of classification and diagnostic criteria for diabetes and other forms of hyperglycemia. It reviews the recommendations of the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) in the United States in 1979 and WHO in 1980 (WHO Expert Committee 1980) for classification and diagnosis, the 1997 ADA and 1998–99 WHO recommendations, 2003 ADA Recommendations, and 2006 WHO Report.
Impact of Ethnic and Socioeconomic Factors on Diabetes-Related Health and Management
Authors: Brown Arleen F. , Karter Andrew J. , Schillinger Dean 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on social disparities in diabetes-related care and health, with special attention paid to mediators of the association between (1) racial/ethnic and socioeconomic factors and (2) diabetes outcomes and management. It also discusses evidence on interventions at the individual, provider, health care system, and community levels that have the potential to reduce disparities in diabetes. Finally, the chapter highlights gaps in our understanding of social disparities and how they affect health for persons with diabetes.
Effectiveness of Individual-Level Interventions to Prevent Vascular Complications
Authors: Adler Amanda I. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter covers interventional studies aimed at lowering the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), nephropathy, retinopathy, blindness, lower-extremity amputation (LEA), peripheral sensory neuropathy, and autonomic neuropathy; and at prolonging life. It includes studies that address clinical endpoints. It shows that individuals with diabetes and their providers of care can reduce the occurrence of diabetic complications by lowering glucose, blood pressure, and LDL, either alone or in combination. Nonpharmacologic interventions, chiefly those related to retinopathy and obesity, also improve outcomes. To date evidence for lowering blood glucose and blood pressure does not support the use of specific agents except possibly metformin and blockade of the angiotensin system. For LDL, statins remain the intervention of choice.
Economic Costs of Diabetes and the Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions to Prevent and Control This Disease
Authors: Zhang Ping , Li Rui 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn addition to exerting a negative impact on health, diabetes imposes a large economic burden on the national health care system. Correspondingly, it stresses national economies as well as individuals and their families. Even so, many interventions are available for reducing the burden of this disease that can be adopted in either clinical or public health settings. This chapter first briefly describes the economic burden of diabetes, and then focuses on the prioritization of different interventions based on the framework of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). It concludes with a summary and some implications for policy.
Promising Technological Frontiers in Monitoring and Treatment
Authors: Klonoff David C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe current technology for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) levels has been well established since the 1980s. This practice is beneficial to patients with diabetes from both a clinical and an economic standpoint. Knowledge of their blood glucose levels can allow patients to select appropriate doses of insulin to regulate these levels. This chapter analyzes the technology, benefits, economic aspects, problems, and controversies associated with SMBG, continuous glucose monitoring, and the artificial pancreas as well as telemonitoring technology for diabetes management.
Public Health Decision Making and Risk Perception
Authors: Downs Julie S. , de Bruin Wändi Bruine , Fischhoff Baruch , Walker Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction aimed at making the field of decision science more accessible. Because so many chronic diseases are preventable or manageable through behavioral changes, decision science could provide a valuable resource for understanding and improving health decisions and the outcomes that follow them. With its combination of empirical and analytical methods, decision science provides broadly applicable approaches to help people make health decisions in ways that are informed by both medical and social science. It is especially helpful for decisions made in the face of uncertainty whether individuals make them on their own or in consultation with health care providers.
Voices from the Ground Up: The Use of Narrative in Understanding Recovery from Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Salem Deborah 
Published: January 2011

AbstractJulian Rappaport argues that our role as social scientists is to use our tools to assist others in their efforts to “turn tales of terror to tales of joy.” He suggests that the application of a narrative approach to research is consistent with this goal, because it spans levels of analysis and has the capacity to promote both personal and social change. Narrative research allows us to explore individuals' own stories about their lives and contributes to description and analysis of the settings and cultural narratives that assist individuals in making meaning of their experiences. This chapter draws on work from a long-term collaboration with Schizophrenics Anonymous (SA), a mutual-help organization for individuals experiencing a schizophrenia-related illness, as an example of how a narrative approach can help us to understand and facilitate the experience of recovery from serious mental illness.
Tales of Terror from Juvenile Justice and Education
Authors: Dickon Reppucci N. , Meyer Jessica R. , Owen Kostelnik Jessica 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of patterns of juvenile crime and school violence in the United States and then provides brief narrative histories of the development and impact of zero-tolerance policies in our schools, and the conception and establishment of a rehabilitative juvenile justice system that today has become largely adversarial and punitive. These narrative histories are used to illuminate the loss of focus on individualized justice and accountability to the suppression of youth—especially lower socio-economic, ethnic minority youth.
Searching for OZ: Empowerment, Crossing Boundaries, and Telling Our Story
Authors: Rappaport Julian 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In this final chapter, Julian Rappaport reflects on the evolution of his thinking on empowerment and narrative methods over the years, and explicates his current thinking on the field's potential. In his words, “What matters is that we remain faithful to the underlying values, goals and intentions that have so often established us in settings as both insiders and outsiders, able to both advance and critique the many places where a progressive social and political agenda can benefit from a research-based scholarly analysis”.
The Promise and Perils of Postnational Constitutionalism
Authors: Krisch Nico 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChapter 2 analyses the legacy of constitutionalism for politics and law beyond the state. It retraces the different modes in which constitutionalism has been conceptualized in regional and global contexts, asks what it means to ‘translate’ such a concept into another sphere, and investigates the historical and normative pedigree of its main strands—power-limiting and foundational constitutionalism. Foundational constitutionalism has been the dominant tradition in Western politics over the last two centuries, but if we take the experience of divided societies as a measure, it is unlikely fully to redeem its promise of framing (and taming) politics through law in the highly diverse and contested postnational space. Yet lowering ambitions and retreating to a power-limiting form of constitutionalism—a frequent move in current debates—would sell the constitutionalist project short: it would fail to live up to the more radical promise connected with it historically.
The Open Architecture of European Human Rights Law
Authors: Krisch Nico 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChapter 4 analyses the European human rights regime, often regarded as a prime example of constitutionalization beyond the state. At closer inspection, this description turns out to be misguided—the regime is better regarded as pluralist, as characterized by a heterarchical relationship between its constituent parts that is ultimately defined politically and not legally. The chapter traces the emergence and workings of this pluralist order through the interaction of the European Court of Human Rights with domestic courts in Spain, France, the European Union, and the United Kingdom. These cases not only show conflicts over questions of ultimate supremacy but also significant convergence and harmony in day-to-day practice. The analysis suggests that central characteristics of pluralism—incrementalism and the openness of ultimate authority—have contributed substantially to this generally smooth evolution.
Sanctions and Rights between Hierarchy and Heterarchy
Authors: Krisch Nico 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChapter 5 analyses the dispute over rights protection in United Nations sanctions to elucidate emerging structures of postnational law. This dispute, which pitches high politics—security—against diverse interpretations of fundamental rights, brings out the increasing enmeshment of layers of law in a particularly pointed way, exemplified here in UK and EU law and jurisprudence. Courts in these jurisdictions have developed very different approaches to the broader challenge this enmeshment represents, ranging from monist/constitutionalist to pluralist visions, and from clear assertions of supremacy of the international, regional, and national levels to more accommodating attitudes. The overall picture here is again pluralist, but despite the high stakes and the substantial diversity in approaches, it has not proved to be unstable. Challenges to the UN regime have failed to produce serious non-compliance, and the pluralist contestation over fundamentals has generally been buffered by an accommodating, pragmatic mode of cooperation.
Introduction
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter introduces some traditional positions in the free will debate: (1) standard compatibilism, according to which free agenthood is compatible with determinism, and we are indeed free agents; (2) incompatibilism, according to which freedom is not compatible with determinism; (3) libertarianism, a form of incompatibilism according to which we are free, and according to which determinism is (therefore) false. According to another view, and (4) the issue of determinism is irrelevant to the question of freedom: whether or not determinism is true, we cannot be free in such a way as to be ultimately morally responsible. A question arises: could believing you are free somehow be a necessary condition of being free? More generally, must one experience one's agency in a certain way in order to be free? A distinction is made between two kinds of conditions of freedom. There are basic capacity conditions on agency, Structural conditions of the sort specified in Chapter 7, and there are Attitudinal conditions, which require a certain sort of experience of one's agency.
Non‐rational Commitment: A View of Freedom
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses P. F. Strawson's well known article ‘Freedom and Resentment’. It sets out Strawson's position and raises a number of doubts. Strawson argues, among other things, that our commitment to belief in freedom is founded in our emotions and in particular in our emotional reactions to others, such as gratitude and resentment. This, he says, is the fundamental reason why we could never give up belief in freedom. Strawson also questions whether it would be rational to give up belief in freedom, if one discovered that determinism was true and accepted that it was incompatible with freedom. He compares our commitment to belief in freedom to our non-rational commitment to inductive practices.
Phenomenology, Commitment, and What Might Happen
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter recommends a thought-experiment: try to think of everything that happens, as quickly as possible, as determined: in particular all one's own thoughts and movements. In those who have a strong sense of self-determination, this can produce a kind of paralysis, or give rise to a sense of the ‘I’ being erased. There are nevertheless many aspects of our sense of freedom which are naturally compatibilist, and which are therefore completely untouched by the thought that determinism is true. There are also many aspects of our sense of freedom that are naturally incompatibilist, and so conflict with the thought that determinism is true. This doubleness of attitude partly explains the perennial force of the free will problem. The true centre of our commitment to belief in freedom lies not in our attitudes to others, as P. F. Strawson believes, but in our experience of our own agency. But perhaps Buddhist meditation could loosen our commitment to the reactive attitudes and our sense of radical free agency.
The Experience of Ability to Choose
Authors: Strawson Galen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIs there a kind of experience of ability to choose that the Natural Epictetans lack, and that is essential to genuine freedom? According to the ‘Ability Suggestion’, to be free is simply to be genuinely able to choose and to be fully self-consciously aware of this fact. It is to be fully aware of oneself, conceived specifically as oneself in the fully self-conscious way, as able to choose. Question: if one is fully self-consciously aware of oneself as able to choose in this way, must one then experience oneself as radically free in the way that has been proposed as a condition of being free? Stolidus, the being of limited conception, answers ‘No’ to this question. He suggests that one can be fully self-consciously aware of oneself as able to choose and still not experience oneself as free. Moira, the genuine incompatibilist determinist, makes the same point. She's fully self-aware but she has fully thought through the argument against the possibility of self-determination in Chapter 2 in such a way that she has no sense of herself as radically free.
Member State Laws and Policies
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter explores how three EU member states—Germany, the United Kingdom, and Poland—reflect the challenges, progress, and setbacks that define the contours of European climate policy. It begins by exploring the roles of Germany and the UK as members of the EU-15 and nominal regional leaders in efforts to advance progressive climate policies. The analysis focuses first and foremost on Germany as the EU's most vocal and active proponent of aggressive climate policy. It then more briefly assesses the climate policy of the UK as a similarly important player in regional climate policy. In order to create a more inclusive picture of the challenges inherent in creating common climate policies for the full EU-27, this chapter also examines Poland's role in—and response to—efforts to create a common European rule of law with regard to climate change.
Conclusions and the Way Forward
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe pathways and the perils evident in US and EU climate policy are microcosms of larger international efforts to address climate change. The pushes, pulls, successes, and failures of transatlantic climate policy reflect the sheer difficulties inherent first, in international policymaking generally and second, in the context of climate change. This chapter suggests that the experiences of US and EU climate policy over the last two decades offer instructive lessons to developed and developing countries alike as they seek to avoid political and regulatory pitfalls in structuring domestic climate change regimes.