bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Surgical Trainer (BOPT) Improves Skill Transfer for Anastomotic Techniques in Gastrointestinal Surgery into the Operating Room: A Prospective Randomized Trial
Authors: Lauscher Johannes C. , Ritz Jörg‐Peter , Stroux Andrea , Buhr Heinz J. , Gröne Jörn 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundA multifunctional skill trainer (Berlin Operation Trainer, BOPT) allows realistic training of conventional gastrointestinal (GI) surgical techniques. The aim of this prospective randomized study was to evaluate the training success and the potential for transfer of anastomotic techniques in GI surgery into the operating room using the BOPT.MethodsThirty‐six surgical residents and surgeons in their subspecialty fellowship were classified as novices and experts according to their surgical experience and randomized into either a group that trained on standard training devices (n = 19) or a group that trained on the BOPT (n = 17). The participants performed an intestinal anastomosis with a single‐layer running suture with BOPT (+BOPT) or without BOPT (−BOPT) at the beginning (point in time 1, PIT 1) and at the end of 4 days of surgical training (PIT 2). To simulate a real operation, the anastomosis at PIT 2 was performed in the open situs of an intubated domestic pig. The performance of the intestinal anastomoses was documented with video and photos. The time to perform the anastomosis and the quality of the anastomosis technique (total enterorrhaphy score) were rated independently by two surgeons using 17 defined quality criteria.ResultsThe +BOPT group was faster than the control group (–BOPT group) (operating time = 192.4 ± 53.8 vs. 221.3 ± 47.8 s; P = 0.064) and had a higher score (12.1 ± 2.0 vs. 10.2 ± 2.6 points; P = 0.032) at PIT 2. Participants with an improved video and photo enterorrhaphy score had trained more frequently with the BOPT (+BOPT group) (14/19, 73.7%; P < 0.0005). The participants in the BOPT group showed a significant improvement in performance from PIT 1 to PIT 2 with respect to speed (P = 0.049), the quality of the suture (video enterorrhaphy score; P = 0.026), the completed anastomosis (photo enterorrhaphy score; P = 0.021), and the total enterorrhaphy score (video and photo enterorrhaphy score; P = 0.039) compared to the control group without BOPT. There were no significant differences in improvement between novices and experts.ConclusionThe training using the Berlin Operation Trainer (BOPT) with respect to training success and the potential to transfer to GI surgery the suture and anastomosis techniques learned seems to be significantly superior to standard surgery modules, independent of the surgeon’s training status. The BOPT is a useful tool for training conventional gastrointestinal surgery techniques.
Beyond average: an experimental test of temperature variability on the population dynamics of Tribolium confusum
Authors: Estay Sergio A. , Clavijo‐Baquet Sabrina , Lima Mauricio , Bozinovic Francisco 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe relationship between ectotherm ecology and climatic conditions has been mainly evaluated in terms of average conditions. Average temperature is the more common climatic variable used in physiological and population studies, and its effect on individual and population‐level processes is well understood. However, the intrinsic variability of thermal conditions calls attention to the potential effects that this variability could have in ecological systems. Regarding this point, two hypotheses are proposed. From the allocation principle, it may be inferred that if temperature variability is high enough to induce stress in the organisms, then this extra‐cost should reduce the energetic budget for reproduction, which will be reflected in population parameters. Moreover, a mathematical property of non‐linear functions, Jensen's inequality, indicates that, in concave functions, like the temperature–reproduction performance function, variability reduces the expected value of the output variable, and again modifies population parameters. To test these hypotheses, experimental cultures of Tribolium confusum under two different thermal variability regimens were carried out. With these data, we fitted a simple population dynamics model to evaluate the predictions of our hypothesis. The results show that thermal variability reduces the maximum reproductive rate of the population but no other parameters such as carrying capacity or the nonlinear factor in a nonlinear version of the Ricker model, which confirms our hypotheses. This result has important consequences, such as the paradoxical increase in population variability under a decrease in thermal variability and the necessary incorporation of climatic variability to evaluate the net effect of climate change on the dynamics of natural populations.
Genetic analysis of BIRC4/XIAP as a putative modifier gene of Wilson disease
Authors: Weiss Karl Heinz , Runz Heiko , Noe Barbara , Gotthardt Daniel Nils , Merle Uta , Ferenci Peter , Stremmel Wolfgang , Füllekrug Joachim 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWilson disease (WD) is an autosomal‐recessive copper overload disorder caused by mutations in the copper‐transporting adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) ATP7B. It presents with a highly variable clinical phenotype ranging from asymptomatic to fulminant hepatic failure or progressive neurological involvement. No clear genotype–phenotype correlation has been established. Thus, variants in modifier genes could have an impact on WD manifestation and severity. Recently, the antiapoptotic protein baculoviral IAP repeat‐containing protein 4 BIRC4/XIAP has been suggested as a regulator of copper‐induced cell death. With the aim of investigating a putative role of BIRC4/XIAP as modifier gene in individuals with copper overload, we analyzed a WD patient cohort (n = 98) for sequence variants at the BIRC4/XIAP locus. When compared with clinical data, the previously described coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the BRIC4/XIAP locus (rs28382721, rs28382722, rs28382723, rs5956583, rs28382740, rs12838858, rs28382741) did not correlate with age of onset or clinical presentation in our collective. However, three previously unreported variants in the BIRC4/XIAP gene were identified (c.1‐26 T > G; c.1408A > T; p.T470S; c.1019A > G; p.N340S). The two patients with variants leading to amino acid exchanges in the BIRC4/XIAP protein showed a remarkably early disease onset at the age of 5 years. Furthermore, one of these patients was only heterozygous for disease‐causing mutations in the ATP7B gene. In summary, these data emphasize the need to further elucidate a role of BIRC4/XIAP variants as putative pathogenetic factors in copper overload disorders.
Fibromyalgia and Fatigue: Central Processing, Widespread Dysfunction
Authors: Finan Patrick H. , Zautra Alex J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBiological and psychological bases for the covariation of pain and fatigue in fibromyalgia (FM) are reviewed. FM is characterized as a disorder of central sensitization, with pain and fatigue as the most prominent symptoms. The roles of sleep disturbance and affective dysregulation as both precipitants and consequences of pain and fatigue in FM are discussed. It is argued that a positive affective disturbance may uniquely characterize pain and fatigue symptoms in FM. Finally, pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for FM are highlighted, with an emphasis on the efficacy of these treatments in alleviating pain and fatigue symptoms.
Physiological and Psychological Fatigue in Extreme Conditions: The Military Example
Authors: Weeks Sharon R. , McAuliffe Caitlin L. , DuRussel David , Pasquina Paul F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe extreme conditions causing fatigue in military service members in combat and combat training deserve special consideration. The collective effects of severe exertion, limited caloric intake, and sleep deprivation, combined with the inherent stressors of combat, lead to both physiological and psychological fatigue that may significantly impair performance. Studies of combat training have revealed a myriad of endocrine, cognitive, and neurological changes that occur as a result of exposure to extreme conditions. Further contributory effects of multiple military deployments, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and traumatic brain injury may also influence both the susceptibility to and expression of fatigue states. Further research is needed to explore these effects to enhance military readiness and performance as well as prevent injuries.
Cancer‐Related Fatigue: State of the Science
Authors: Mitchell Sandra A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCancer‐related fatigue (CRF) is a disabling and distressing symptom that is highly prevalent across the cancer continuum from a patient's diagnosis and treatment through survivorship and end of life. It has a multifactorial etiology and significant individual variability in its clinical expression, determinants, and sequelae. Despite the significance of CRF, it is often underdiagnosed, and management is frequently suboptimal. This review synthesizes the state of the science concerning the features, possible mechanisms, and predictors of CRF; offers recommendations for the evaluation of CRF; and appraises the strength of the evidence for a wide range of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions to prevent and manage fatigue during and after cancer and its treatment. There is evidence from methodologically rigorous controlled trials that exercise, psycho‐educational interventions, and cognitive‐behavioral therapy for insomnia are effective in the treatment of CRF, and a wide range of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions has shown initial promise in single‐arm pilot studies with small, heterogeneous samples. Rigorously designed and adequately powered randomized trials are warranted to (1) determine the effectiveness of promising approaches and (2) identify the interventions that are most effective in treating CRF in specific subpopulations (eg, stem cell transplant recipients, older adults, patients with lung or colorectal cancers, survivors, and those at the end of life). Studies to elucidate the biologic expression profiles of CRF, to explicate the mechanisms through which particular interventions impact CRF, and to identify the mediators and moderators of fatigue outcomes will ultimately permit individually tailored approaches for the treatment of CRF.
Physiological and Psychological Fatigue in Extreme Conditions: Overtraining and Elite Athletes
Authors: Purvis Dianna , Gonsalves Stephen , Deuster Patricia A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article will review relevant mechanisms and markers associated with overtraining syndrome (OTS), and discuss signs and symptoms, differential diagnosis, and current assessment tools for fatigue within the context of overtraining. The findings are drawn from original research and review articles referenced by PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. Sources were selected for their contributions to the current knowledge of biological, psychological, and molecular mechanisms. Data were reviewed for relevance to OTS and then evaluated against criteria that included significant OTS outcomes and findings. Information was systematically analyzed to identify patterns, dependencies, connections, and causal factors. Comparative analysis was confounded by inconsistent metrics, terminology, and variable methodology; potential biomarkers, treatment and prevention approaches, and future research directions are identified. Diagnosing OTS is difficult because underlying cause(s) are unknown; one must exclude other factors that degrade performance and mood status. Many studies are confounded by inadequate experimental designs, poor measures of performance, and different methods for characterizing OTS. OTS is complex because the demands of excessive training in combination with other biologic, psychological, and social stressors are difficult to quantify. However, changes in mood are always noted. Interrelations among dietary patterns; social, psychological and physiological profiles; and the neuroendocrine, immune, and central nervous systems are complex and not adequately elucidated.
Fatigue in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Rothrock Nan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTwo inflammatory autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are characterized by fatigue. Patient reports support the significant negative impact of the symptom on functioning and well‐being. The prevalence, trajectory, mechanism, and correlates of fatigue in each disease are reviewed. Some disease‐focused treatments have demonstrated a reduction in fatigue. However, until recently, clinical trials have not routinely assessed fatigue. Analyses and interpretation of data have been hindered by variability in the reliability and validity of fatigue measures. Empirically based fatigue treatment guidelines are needed in both conditions.
Perspectives on Fatigue from the Study of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Related Conditions
Authors: Clauw Daniel J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFatigue is a symptom whose causes are protean and whose phenotype includes physical, mood, and behavioral components. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an illness that has strong biological underpinnings and no definite etiology. Diagnostic criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have helped classify CFS as an overlap of mood, behavioral, and biological components. These include the presence of fatigue for more than 6 months associated with a diminution of functional activity and somatic symptoms, and pain not attributable to a specific diagnosis or disease. Four of the following criteria need to be present: sore throat, impaired memory or cognition, unrefreshing sleep, postexertional fatigue, tender glands, aching stiff muscles, joint pain, and headaches. Many researchers have observed that CFS shares features in common with other somatic syndromes, including irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Correlations between inflammation and infection, augmented sensory processing, abnormalities of neurotransmitters, nerve growth factors, low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, abnormalities of homeostasis of the stress system, and autonomic dysfunction may be hallmarks of CFS. The relative contributions of each of these abnormalities to the profound fatigue associated with CFS need to be explored further to better evaluate and treat the syndrome.
Building a Measure of Fatigue: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Scale
Authors: Smith Eleanor , Lai Jin‐Shei , Cella David 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe shared goal of all clinical disciplines is to optimize the well‐being of people who become patients and find themselves diminished by illness and recovery. This goal relies on sound tools to evaluate both real and perceived deficits in a way that can be used for a particular patient over time and also across medical disciplines and patient populations. Fatigue is a critical and notoriously subjective aspect of many illnesses. Although the soundness of research is often correlated with the objectivity of data, certain clinical measures must, by definition, be patient centered, with all the complexities and challenges of patient‐reported evaluations. Measurement of fatigue has been an important and evolving component of symptom management in the field of oncology. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Scale is a self‐administered fatigue‐assessment tool that has found wide application across diverse medical fields and that has demonstrated validity and utility across a broad range of populations. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Scale has become one in a repository of tools in the item banks that are accumulating under the auspices of The Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, a National Institutes of Health initiative to deploy the most clinically relevant and technologically agile tools that we have to advance research in medicine and patient care. As much as with any other discipline, physical medicine and rehabilitation stands to gain from the collective knowledge and creative horizons in the assessment and treatment of fatigue.
Mechanisms by Which Pharmacologic Agents May Contribute to Fatigue
Authors: Zlott Daniel A. , Byrne Mary 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFatigue is a common side effect of medications. This review summarizes some of the mechanisms by which drugs may cause fatigue. One major mechanism by which medications can cause fatigue is by central nervous system (CNS) depression. CNS depression can result from decreased excitatory activity, as is commonly seen with some anticholinergic agents, centrally acting α‐agonists, and anticonvulsants. CNS depression can also result from increased inhibitory activity within the CNS, as is seen with benzodiazepines and barbiturates, which augment the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma‐aminobutyric acid. Opioids also increase inhibitory CNS activity through their interactions with the various subtypes of opioid receptors. Acting outside of the CNS, medications may cause fatigue as a result of either a true or a functional anemia by a number of mechanisms. Bone marrow toxicity, which results in decreased hematopoiesis, is such a mechanism. This is commonly seen with antineoplastics agents, but can also be observed in association with a wide variety of medication classes, including anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and antimicrobial agents. Another way that medications can cause anemia is by increased red blood cell destruction, as is seen with immune hemolytic anemia. Additionally, medications may cause a functional anemia through alteration of the heme group within the hemoglobin molecule, as is seen in methemoglobinemia. Finally, many drugs, including placebos, cause fatigue by unknown mechanisms. In addition to causing fatigue, some medications may be used to help relieve fatigue, although this drug class is limited in number at this point in time.
The mode of reproduction in natural populations of ascomycetous fungus,Emericella nidulans, from Israel
Authors: HOSID E. , GRISHKAN I. , YUSIM E. , FRENKEL Z. , WASSER S. P. , NEVO E. , KOROL A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe mode of reproduction of the soil ascomycetous fungusEmericella nidulansof Israeli populations was studied using 15 microsatellite (simple sequence repeats or SSR) trinucleotide markers. The study was performed in three canyons: two located in the northern part of Israel (Mount Carmel and western Upper Galilee) and one in the southern Negev desert. In each canyon,E. nidulansstrains were isolated from the opposite slopes and (in the desert canyon) the valley bottom. Testing the reproductive structure of the populations indicated the presence of sexuality in the northern population and predominant clonality in the desert population. The predominantly clonal character of the desert population ofE. nidulanswas explained by the assumption that for relevant multilocus systems of a fungus, only several haplotypes can survive in the rather constant, extremely stressful desert conditions. Additionally, the very low density ofE. nidulanspopulations in the soil of the desert canyon, which reduces the probability of finding a sexual partner, might favour predominant clonality via selfing. Increasing sexuality inE.nidulanspopulations on the north-facing slopes of the northern canyons may be a result of biotic stress (pressure of competitive fungal species), due to the more mild ecological conditions in these canyons.
Genetic variation insenescence marker protein-30is associated with natural variation in cold tolerance inDrosophila
Authors: CLOWERS KATIE J. , LYMAN RICHARD F. , MACKAY TRUDY F. C. , MORGAN THEODORE J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryA comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of phenotypic adaptation in nature requires the identification of the functional allelic variation underlying adaptive phenotypes. The manner in which organisms respond to temperature extremes is an adaptation in many species. In the current study, we investigate the role of molecular variation insenescence marker protein-30(Smp-30) on natural phenotypic variation in cold tolerance inDrosophila melanogaster.Smp-30encodes a product that is thought to be involved in the regulation of Ca2+ion homeostasis and has been shown previously to be differentially expressed in response to cold stress. Thus, we sought to assess whether molecular variation inSmp-30was associated with natural phenotypic variation in cold tolerance in a panel of naturally derived inbred lines from a population in Raleigh, North Carolina. We identified four non-coding polymorphisms that were strongly associated with natural phenotypic variation in cold tolerance. Interestingly, two polymorphisms that were in close proximity to one another (2 bp apart) exhibited opposite phenotypic effects. Consistent with the maintenance of a pair of antagonistically acting polymorphisms, tests of molecular evolution identified a significant excess of maintained variation in this region, suggesting balancing selection is acting to maintain this variation. These results suggest that multiple mutations in non-coding regions can have significant effects on phenotypic variation in adaptive traits within natural populations, and that balancing selection can maintain polymorphisms with opposite effects on phenotypic variation.
Regeneration of the variance of metric traits by spontaneous mutation in aDrosophilapopulation
Authors: AMADOR CARMEN , GARCÍA-DORADO AURORA , BERSABÉ DIEGO , LÓPEZ-FANJUL CARLOS 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIn the C1population ofDrosophila melanogasterof moderate effective size (≈500), which was genetically invariant in its origin, we studied the regeneration by spontaneous mutation of the genetic variance for two metric traits [abdominal (AB) and sternopleural (ST) bristle number] and that of the concealed mutation load for viability, together with their temporal stability, using alternative selection models based on mutational parameters estimated in the C1genetic background. During generations 381–485 of mutation accumulation (MA), the additive variances of AB and ST approached the levels observed in standing laboratory populations, fluctuating around their expected equilibrium values under neutrality or under relatively weak causal stabilizing selection. This type of selection was required to simultaneously account for the observed additive variance in our population and for those previously reported in natural and laboratory populations, indicating that most mutations affecting bristle traits would only be subjected to weak selective constraints. Although gene action for bristles was essentially additive, transient situations occurred where inbreeding resulted in a depression of the mean and an increase of the additive variance. This was ascribed to the occasional segregation of mutations of large recessive effects. On the other hand, the observed non-lethal inbreeding depression for viability must be explained by the segregation of alleles of considerable and largely recessive deleterious effects, and the corresponding load concealed in the heterozygous condition was found to be temporally stable, as expected from tighter constraints imposed by natural selection.