bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Equivalence in Translation Studies
Authors: Halverson Sandra L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWithin translation studies, there remains a certain amount of unnecessary discord concerning the use of the equivalence concept and its relevance for translation theory. In the interest of better understanding the various points of view, it seems helpful to consider different perspectives on this concept in light of the varying philosophical assumptions on which they are based. Analogies between the equivalence concept and a concept of scientific knowledge as it is and has been studied within the philosophy of science are highly informative in pointing out the philosophical issues involved in equivalence, translation, and knowledge. Rather than dismissing the concept as ill-defined or imprecise, it is in the interest of the field of translation studies to consider the origins and manifestations of this 'imprecision ' in order that we may be better informed and less inclined towards theoretical antagonism.
Intercode Translation
Authors: Gorlée Dinda L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOpera is a synchronization of different media of artistic expression, with a dual emphasis on music and drama. Operatic scholarship has voiced different views on the fusion of verbal and musical discourse, the two extremes being logocentrism and musicocentrism. The interlingual translation of the verbal subtext is a complex enterprise subject to multiple constraints. By focusing on its intricacies in some detail (the anatomy of the human vocal apparatus, high/ low pitches, stress, prosodic and intonational patterns, rhyme, etc., together determining the singability of the libretto), I hope that the discussion will shed light on the manifold problems involved in opera translation. The theoretical remarks are exemplified in an analysis of selected passages fromDas Rheingold, by Richard Wagner.
Die Übersetzung als Inszenierung
Authors: Kaindl Klaus 
Published: January 2011

RésuméLongtemps, la recherche sur les traductions d'opéras s'est appesantie sur les questions pratiques suscitées par la transposition d'un texte assorti à une partition de musique. Quant aux impliqués théoriques, ils ne dépassaient pas le niveau des prescriptions. Le présent article esquisse un cadre théorique pour l'analyse des traductions, basée sur une investigation de la pragmatique des productions d'opera. Ce cadre s'inspire lui-même d'une classification des divers types de traduction d'opéra. La démarche adoptée étant nécessairement interdisciplinaire, l'auteur examine d'abord les relations entre la sémiotique et les études de traduction. Ensuite, la semiotique dramaturgique d'aprés laquelle la performance d'opéra est conçue comme un texte (Fischer-Lichte), est reliée au modèle de l'acte traduisant (Holz-Mänttäri), de manière a rendre compte, relativement à la traduction, des différents stades et agents de productions d 'opéra.
How Comparable Can 'Comparable Corpora' Be?
Authors: Laviosa Sara 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe development of a coherent methodology for corpus-based work in translation studies is essential for the evolution of this newfield of research into a fully-fledged paradigm within the discipline. The design of a monolingual, multi-source-language comparable corpus of English as a resource for the systematic study of the nature of translated text can be regarded as an important step towards the development of such a methodology. This paper deals with a crucial and problematic aspect of the design of a monolingual comparable corpus, namely the achievement of an adequate level of comparability between its translational and non-translational components.
Red Clover HCT2, a Hydroxycinnamoyl-Coenzyme A:Malate Hydroxycinnamoyl Transferase, Plays a Crucial Role in Biosynthesis of Phaselic Acid and Other Hydroxycinnamoyl-Malate Esters in Vivo
Authors: Sullivan Michael L. , Zarnowski Robert 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In red clover (Trifolium pratense) leaves, phaselic acid (2-O-caffeoyl-l-malate) accumulates to several mmol kg−1 fresh weight and is a crucial component of a natural system that prevents protein breakdown during harvest and storage of this forage crop. Previously, we identified HCT2, a red clover gene encoding a hydroxycinnamoyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) hydroxycinnamoyl transferase capable of transferring p-coumaroyl and caffeoyl moieties from their CoA derivatives to malic acid to form the corresponding hydroxycinnamoyl-malate esters in vitro. Here, we carried out a detailed kinetic analysis of the enzyme and examined its in vivo function in red clover via reverse genetics. The kinetic analysis indicates that in vitro, despite similar K m values for the tested hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA derivatives, HCT2 favors transfer to malate of p-coumaroyl and feruloyl moieties over caffeoyl moieties by greater than 5-fold. Reverse reaction (transfer of hydroxycinnamoyl moieties from malate to CoA) by HCT2 was observed with p-coumaroyl-malate but not phaselic acid. Analysis of red clover plants down-regulated for HCT2 expression via RNA interference showed a significant and substantial correlation between HCT2 mRNA levels and phaselic acid accumulation (P &lt; 0.005). In several of the HCT2-silenced plants, phaselic acid and p-coumaroyl-malate levels were reduced to &lt;5% that of wild-type controls. These reductions resulted in easily observable phenotypes including reduced polyphenol oxidase-mediated browning and a reduction in blue epidermal fluorescence under ultraviolet light. These results demonstrate a crucial role for HCT2 in phaselic acid accumulation in red clover and define a previously undescribed pathway for the biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamoyl-malate esters in plants.
Use of the AST to platelet ratio index in HCV/HIV co‐infected patients
Authors: Singal A. G. , Thomassen L. V. , Gretch D. R. , Shuhart M. C. 
Published: January 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 566–577SummaryBackground  The AST to platelet ratio index (APRI), a non‐invasive marker of liver fibrosis, has not been well studied in HCV/HIV (hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus) co‐infected patients with advanced HIV.Aim  To compare the accuracy of APRI in HCV/HIV co‐infected patients to that in HCV mono‐infected patients and to determine the impact of CD4+ T‐cell counts on its performance.Methods  We identified 106 consecutive HCV/HIV co‐infected patients and 105 matched HCV mono‐infected patients who underwent liver biopsy at Harborview Medical Center over a 5‐year period. Performance characteristics were calculated and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis conducted.Results  The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of APRI for predicting significant fibrosis was similar when comparing those with and without HIV co‐infection (0.77 vs. 0.86, P = 0.18), but was lower in HIV co‐infected patients with CD4 counts <250 cells/mm3 (0.64 vs. 0.86, P = 0.05). In HIV co‐infected patients with CD4 counts ≥250, APRI had higher negative predictive value (93% vs. 88%, P = 0.57), positive predictive value (63% vs. 40%, P = 0.43) and specificity (95% vs. 88%, P = 0.05) than in those with lower CD4 counts.Conclusions  The AST to platelet ratio index (APRI) performance characteristics appear to be suboptimal in HCV/HIV co‐infected patients with CD4 counts <250 and they require further study in this population at increased risk for advanced liver disease.
The changing face of hospitalisation due to gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation
Authors: Lanas A. , García‐Rodríguez L. A. , Polo‐Tomás M. , Ponce M. , Quintero E. , Perez‐Aisa M. A. , Gisbert J. P. , Bujanda L. , Castro M. , Muñoz M. , Del‐Pino M. D. , Garcia S. , Calvet X. 
Published: January 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 585–591SummaryBackground  Temporal changes in the incidence of cause‐specific gastrointestinal (GI) complications may be one of the factors underlying changing medical practice patterns.Aim  To report temporal changes in the incidence of five major causes of specific gastrointestinal (GI) complication events.Methodology  Population‐based study of patients hospitalised due to GI bleeding and perforation from 1996 to 2005 in Spain. We report crude rates, and estimate regression coefficients of temporal trends, severity and recorded drug use for five frequent GI events. GI hospitalisation charts were validated by independent review of large random samples.Results  The incidence per 100 000 person‐years of hospitalisations due to upper GI ulcer bleeding and perforation decreased over time [from 54.6 and 3.9 in 1996 (R2 = 0.944) to 25.8 and 2.9 in 2005 (R2 = 0.410) respectively]. On the contrary, the incidence per 100 000 person‐years of colonic diverticular and angiodysplasia bleeding increased over time [3.3 and 0.9 in 1996 (R2 = 0.443) and 8.0 and 2.6 in 2005 (R2 = 0.715) respectively]. A small increasing trend was observed for the incidence per 100 000 person‐years of intestinal perforations (from 1.5 to 2.3 events). Based on data extracted from the validation process, recent recorded drug intake showed an increased frequency of anticoagulants with colonic diverticular and angiodysplasia bleeding, whereas NSAID and low‐dose aspirin use were more prevalent in peptic ulcer bleeding and colonic diverticular bleeding respectively.Conclusions  From 1996 to 2005, hospitalisations due to peptic ulcer bleeding and perforation have decreased significantly, whereas the number of cases of colonic diverticular and angiodysplasia bleeding have increased.
Estimating medical expenditures spent on rule‐out diagnoses in Japan
Authors: Tanihara Shinichi , Okamoto Etsuji , Une Hiroshi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground  According to the regulations concerning reimbursement rules for the uniform coverage scheme in Japan's health insurance system, rule‐out diagnoses must be included in a health insurance claim (HIC) to ensure reimbursement for clinical procedures whose results show that a suspected disease is not present. However, estimations of disease‐specific medical expenditure by conventional methods have not considered the information on rule‐out diagnoses.Objectives  To estimate disease‐specific medical expenditure for rule‐out diagnoses.Methods  Data were obtained from 169 622 outpatient HICs in May 2006 from corporate health insurance societies. We used the proportional distribution method to estimate medical expenditure for each of the major disease categories defined by the Classification of Diseases for the use of Social Insurance, which is based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision.Results  There were 442 010 diagnoses on the HICs, of which 20 330 (4.60%) were rule‐out diagnoses. Rule‐out diagnoses accounted for 8.5% of total medical expenditure. The proportion of medical expenditure spent on rule‐out diagnoses varied across the major diseases categories, and it was estimated that more than one‐third (36.9%) of the medical expenditure on neoplasm is spent on rule‐out diagnoses.Conclusions  The existence of rule‐out diagnoses affects the estimation of disease‐specific medical expenditure. Therefore, the estimation of disease‐specific medical expenditure and evaluation of prevention and treatment programmes should be improved by utilizing information on rule‐out diagnoses.
Prevalence and associations of anxiety disorders in adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Reid K. A. , Smiley E. , Cooper S.‐A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground  Anxiety disorders are known to be common in the general population. Previous studies with adults with intellectual disabilities (IDs) report a prevalence of general anxiety disorder ranging from <2% to 17.4%. Little is known about associated factors in this population. This study investigates point prevalence of anxiety disorders and determines the factors independently associated with them.Methods  Information was collected with 1023 adults with IDs who participated in a large‐scale, population‐based study. All had a comprehensive physical and mental health assessment. The point prevalence of anxiety disorders according to different diagnostic criteria was determined, as were independently associated factors by using logistic regression analysis.Results  Three point eight per cent (95% CI = 2.7–5.2%) of the cohort had an anxiety disorder at the time of assessment. Generalised anxiety disorder was the most common (1.7%), then agoraphobia (0.7%). Factors independently associated with having an anxiety disorder were not having any daytime employment, and having a recent history of life events. Having previously been a long‐term hospital resident was independently associated with not having an anxiety disorder.Conclusions  Anxiety disorders are common in the ID population. At times of significant life events, it might be sensible for carers to consider proactively providing additional support and being vigilant to seek early health‐care interventions should there be any suggestion of emerging mental ill‐health. The study further highlights the range of mental ill‐health that is experienced by the population with IDs, and therefore the need for appropriate care, supports and development of effective interventions.
Behavioural features of Italian infants and young adults with Williams–Beuren syndrome
Authors: Gagliardi C. , Martelli S. , Tavano A. , Borgatti R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground  The increased interest in social interaction in Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) is evident from infancy onwards, together not only with increased empathy, positive interpersonal bias, but also with social disinhibition. Previous studies have described behavioural and emotional problems as being widely represented in WBS. There is limited scope for comparisons between literature data because of the variety of instruments used to assess behaviour.Method  Forty‐one children and young adults with WBS were enrolled and underwent general cognitive assessment. In order to compare our data with the literature, we used standardised questionnaires used in previous studies (Developmental Behaviour Checklist: DBC‐P). General cognitive abilities, gender and age were included in the analysis.Results  Behavioural problems were more relevant than expected according to intellectual impairment. Some features were present at any age: inattention, anxiety, disruptive behaviours. Antisocial conduct was almost absent; perseverative conduct, a poor sense of danger and, more generally, self‐absorbed behaviours tended to diminish along with age and to be linked to more pronounced cognitive impairment.Conclusion  As previously described for other countries, behaviour disturbances occur frequently in the Italian WBS population. Our data could support the existence of some ‘intrinsic’ behavioural characteristics in WBS such as inattention and anxiety, which are detectable and important at any age; both learning and social exposure to a structured context such as school could help diminish self‐absorbed behaviour.
So what exactly is nursing knowledge?
Authors: CLARKE L. 
Published: January 2011

Accessible summary

Definitions of nursing knowledge are ill thought through and confusing.
That which adds uniqueness to nursing is typically confused in argument to the extent that argument is presented.
The persistence of a medical base for theory, although highly prevalent, albeit justified via a linguistic turn, as in ‘advanced practitioner’.
Implicit, in my argument, is that there exist, among journals and their authors, denials of what (practically) nursing is, forcing instead a counterfeit nursing language that stems from either medical or unworkable, non‐propositional, philosophical sources.

AbstractThis paper aims to present a discussion about intrinsic nursing knowledge. The paper stems from the author's study of knowledge claims enshrined in nursing journal articles, books and conference speeches. It is argued that claims by academic nurses have largely depended on principles drawn from continental and not Analytic (British‐American) philosophy. Thus, claims are credible only insofar as they defer propositional logic. This is problematic inasmuch as nursing is a practice‐based activity usually carried out in medical settings. Transpersonal nursing models are particularly criticizable in respect of their unworldly character as are also concepts based on shallow usages of physics or mathematics. I argue that sensible measurements of the ‘real world’ are possible – without endorsing positivism – and that nursing requires little recourse to logically unsustainable claims. The paper concludes with an analysis of a recent review of nursing knowledge, which analysis indicates the circularity that attends many discussions on the topic.
Papillation in Bacillus anthracis colonies: a tool for finding new mutators
Authors: Yang Hanjing , Sikavi Cameron , Tran Katherine , McGillivray Shauna M. , Nizet Victor , Yung Madeline , Chang Aileen , Miller Jeffrey H. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryColonies of Bacillus anthracis Sterne allow the growth of papillation after 6 days of incubation at 30°C on Luria–Bertani medium. The papillae are due to mutations that allow the cells to overcome the barriers to continued growth. Cells isolated from papillae display two distinct gross phenotypes (group A and group B). We determined that group A mutants have mutations in the nprR gene including frameshifts, deletions, duplications and base substitutions. We used papillation as a tool for finding new mutators as the mutators generate elevated levels of papillation. We discovered that disruption of yycJ or recJ leads to a spontaneous mutator phenotype. We defined the nprR/papillation system as a new mutational analysis system for B. anthracis. The mutational specificity of the new mutator yycJ is similar to that of mismatch repair‐deficient strains (MMR‐) such as those with mutations in mutL or mutS. Deficiency in recJ results in a unique specificity, generating only tandem duplications.
YopK regulates the Yersinia pestis type III secretion system from within host cells
Authors: Dewoody Rebecca , Merritt Peter M. , Houppert Andrew S. , Marketon Melanie M. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe pathogenic Yersinia species share a conserved type III secretion system, which delivers cytotoxic effectors known as Yops into target mammalian cells. In all three species, YopK (also called YopQ) plays an important role in regulating this process. In cell culture infections, yopK mutants inject higher levels of Yops, leading to increase cytotoxicity; however, in vivo the same mutants are highly attenuated. In this work, we investigate the mechanism behind this paradox. Using a β‐lactamase reporter assay to directly measure the effect of YopK on translocation, we demonstrated that YopK controls the rate of Yop injection. Furthermore, we find that YopK cannot regulate effector Yop translocation from within the bacterial cytosol. YopE is also injected into host cells and was previously shown to contribute to regulation of the injectisome. In this work we show that YopK and YopE work at different steps to regulate Yop injection, with YopK functioning independently of YopE. Finally, by expressing YopK within tissue culture cells, we confirm that YopK regulates translocation from inside the host cell, and we show that cells pre‐loaded with YopK are resistant to Yop injection. These results suggest a novel role for YopK in controlling the Yersinia type III secretion system.
Differing spectrum of HIV‐associated ophthalmic disease among patients starting antiretroviral therapy in India and South Africa
Authors: Pathai Sophia , Gilbert Clare , Weiss Helen A. , McNally Matthew , Lawn Stephen D. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryDifferences in the prevalence and spectrum of HIV‐associated ophthalmic disease in Africa and Asia are not well documented. We studied two comparable cohorts of patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Mumbai, India, and Cape Town, South Africa. The prevalence of HIV‐associated ophthalmic disease was higher in the Indian population (17.5%) than in the South African population (12.1%). This was largely because of vitreo‐retinal opportunistic infections (11.4%vs. 2.6%, respectively), notably cytomegalovirus retinitis. This difference persisted after adjusting for confounding factors (adjusted odds ratio = 11.32, 95% confidence interval: 2.67–48.13), confirming a marked geographical difference in the prevalence of HIV‐associated retinal disease.
Performance of an algorithm based on WHO recommendations for the diagnosis of smear‐negative pulmonary tuberculosis in patients without HIV infection
Authors: Soto Alonso , Solari Lely , Gotuzzo Eduardo , Acinelli Roberto , Vargas Dante , Van der Stuyft Patrick 
Published: January 2011

SummaryObjective  To evaluate the performance of an algorithm based on WHO recommendations for diagnosis of smear‐negative pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV‐negative patients.Methods  We recruited HIV‐negative patients with clinical suspicion of tuberculosis who had had three negative sputum smears in Lima, Peru. All included subjects underwent a complete anamnesis, physical examination and chest X‐ray, and had a sputum specimen cultured in Ogawa, Middlebrook 7H9 media and MGIT®. We applied an algorithm based on WHO recommendations to classify patients as having tuberculosis or not. The diagnostic performance of the algorithm was evaluated comparing its results against the reference standard of a positive culture for M. tuberculosis in either of the media used.Results  A total of 264 of the 285 patients included (92.6%) completed evaluation and follow up. Of these, 70 (26.5%) had a positive culture for M. tuberculosis. Clinical response to a broad spectrum course of antibiotics was good in 32 of these 70 patients (45.7; 95%CI 34.0–57.4%). Overall, the algorithm attained a sensitivity of 22.9% (95% CI 13.1–32.7%) and a specificity of 95.4 % (95% CI 92.4–98.3%) compared to culture results. The positive likelihood ratio was 4.93 and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.81.Conclusions  The sensitivity and negative likelihood ratio of the algorithm is poor. It should be re‐evaluated, and possibly adapted to local circumstances before further use. The clinical response to an antibiotic trial is the most important component to reassess. We also suggest considering performing chest X‐ray earlier in the diagnostic work‐up.
Clinical measurement of addictions
Authors: CLOUTIER RICHARD , LESAGE ALAIN , LANDRY MICHEL , KAIROUZ SYLVIA , MÉNARD JEAN‐MARC 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. To conduct a systematic review of instruments for the clinical measurement of addictive behaviours and to determine whether substance addictive behaviours (SAB) and non‐substance addictive behaviours (NSAB) are similarly conceptualised in clinical research.Design and Methods. The analytic strategy employed comprised three steps: (i) major search engines were used to take stock of available clinical instruments for assessing addictive behaviours; (ii) an analysis grid was developed and validated, covering 21 parameters under four heuristic categories: dependence, temperament, social handicap and cognitive behaviour; and (iii) all instruments were analysed and compared via the grid.Results. The search yielded 157 questionnaires covering 14 addictive behaviours. The analysis grid allowed rating all questionnaire items on one parameter only; very good interrater agreement was maintained throughout. The categories most evaluated by the questionnaires were dependence and cognitive behaviour; temperament and social handicap were much less frequently considered. Patterns were generally similar in terms of categories, whether questionnaires concerned SAB or NSAB; however, differences within categories indicated a greater frequency of psychologically oriented parameters for NSAB.Conclusions. The measurement of addictive behaviours appears clinically cohesive, as determined by a validated analysis grid applied to an exhaustive set of questionnaires identified through a systematic literature review.[Cloutier R, Lesage A, Landry M, Kairouz S, Ménard J‐M. Clinical measurement of addictions. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:33–39]