bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrates Accumulation and Remobilization in Wheat Plants as Influenced by Combined Waterlogging and Shading Stress During Grain Filling
Authors: Li H. , Cai J. , Jiang D. , Liu F. , Dai T. , Cao W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWheat plants were subjected to combined waterlogging and shading stress (WS) at 0–7, 8–15, 16–23 and 24–31 days after anthesis (DAA), respectively. Compared to the non‐stressed plants, WS significantly decreased the final grain yield. Grain number was dramatically lowered by WS imposed at 0–7 DAA but hardly affected by other WS treatments; while the thousand‐kernel‐weight was unaffected by WS imposed at 0–7 DAA and lowered by other WS treatments. Photosynthate accumulation in the stem was decreased by WS imposed at 0–7 and 8–15 DAA, but was unaffected by WS imposed at later stages. Grain‐filling rate was decreased, although the apparent remobilization of carbohydrate reserves from stem to grain was stimulated under WS. The carbohydrate reserves stored in the lower stem internodes were activated earlier and remobilized much more than those in the upper internodes; however, the proportion of the apparent remobilized reserves among the different stem internodes was consistent for all treatments. WS decreased contents of fructans, fructose and sucrose in the stem, which coincided with increased activity of fructan exohydrolase and decreased activities of sucrose‐1‐fructosyltransferase and fructan‐1‐fructosyltransferse. The results indicate that post‐anthesis WS stimulated carbohydrate reserves remobilization by modifying the activities of the fructans‐catalysing enzymes in the stem.
Performance of prostate‐specific antigen mass in estimation of prostate volume in Japanese men with benign prostate hyperplasia
Authors: Masuda Hitoshi , Kawakami Satoru , Sakura Mizuaki , Fujii Yasuhisa , Koga Fumitaka , Saito Kazutaka , Numao Noboru , Yonese Junji , Fukui Iwao , Kihara Kazunori 
Published: June 2012

Objectives:  Obese men with benign prostate hyperplasia might have lower serum prostate‐specific antigen because of hemodilution, resulting in underestimation of total prostate volume by serum prostate‐specific antigen. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of prostate‐specific antigen mass as the absolute amount of prostate‐specific antigen protein secreted into circulation with that of serum prostate‐specific antigen in the prediction of total prostate volume.Methods:  A total of 1517 men with serum prostate‐specific antigen up to 10 ng/mL, including 1425 with biopsy‐proven benign prostate hyperplasia, were enrolled in this study. Height and weight were used to estimate body mass index, body surface area and plasma volume. Prostate‐specific antigen mass was calculated as serum prostate‐specific antigen multiplied by plasma volume. The association between serum prostate‐specific antigen or prostate‐specific antigen mass and transrectal ultrasound‐measured total prostate volume were evaluated by Pearson's correlation coefficient (Υ), linear regression analyses and receiver operating characteristic curves.Results:  Serum prostate‐specific antigen had an inverse relationship with plasma volume, decreasing as plasma volume increased, after adjustment of total prostate volume. Larger total prostate volume per serum prostate‐specific antigen was found in men with higher body mass index or plasma volume. Among all participants, the correlation (Υ = 0.456) between prostate‐specific antigen mass and total prostate volume was apparently stronger than that (Υ = 0.442) between serum prostate‐specific antigen and total prostate volume. Prostate‐specific antigen mass outperformed serum prostate‐specific antigen at estimating total prostate volume cut‐off values of 30 and 40 mL. These findings were more significant in men aged ≥60 years.Conclusions:  Prostate‐specific antigen mass performs better than serum prostate‐specific antigen in estimating TPV, especially in men aged ≥60 years.
Effect of intermittent theta‐burst stimulation on akinesia and sensorimotor integration in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Degardin Adrian , Devos David , Defebvre Luc , Destée Alain , Plomhause Lucie , Derambure Philippe , Devanne Hervé 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHigh‐frequency (HF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) has been shown to reduce akinesia in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Given that the processing of sensory afferents is deficient in PD and might be involved in akinesia, we sought to determine whether or not the application of very HF rTMS [intermittent theta‐burst stimulation (iTBS) protocol] over the M1 affected sensorimotor integration (SMI) and akinesia. The experiments were carried out in: (i) 11 patients taking their usual dopaminergic treatment (‘on‐drug’); (ii) eight of the latter patients after withdrawal of dopaminergic treatment (‘off‐drug’); and (iii) 10 de novo (drug‐naive) patients. Sham stimulation was applied in 11 other patients in the ‘on‐drug’ condition. SMI was investigated by conditioning a supra‐threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation pulse in the motor region controlling the abductor pollicis brevis with a nerve shock over the median nerve at time intervals corresponding to short‐ and long‐latency afferent inhibition (SAI and LAI) and afferent‐induced facilitation (AIF). Akinesia was assessed with a pointing test. In on‐drug, off‐drug and de novo patients, akinesia in the contralateral arm was lower after iTBS. Sham stimulation had no effect. In on‐drug patients (but not other groups), SMI was also influenced by iTBS, with an increase in AIF. No changes in SAI and LAI were observed. Our data suggest that iTBS might improve both akinesia and sensory processing in patients with PD taking levodopa.
Experience‐dependent brain plasticity after stroke: effect of ibuprofen and poststroke delay
Authors: Jablonka Jan A. , Kossut Malgorzata , Witte Otto W. , Liguz‐Lecznar Monika 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDespite indications that brain plasticity may be enhanced after stroke, we have described impairment of experience‐dependent plasticity in rat cerebral cortex neighboring the stroke‐induced lesion. Photothrombotic stroke was centered behind the barrel cortex in one cerebral hemisphere of rats. Plasticity of cortical representation of one row of vibrissae was induced by sensory deprivation of all surrounding whiskers for 1 month, and visualized with [14C]‐2‐deoxyglucose autoradiography. In control rats deprivation resulted in an enlargement of functional cortical representation of the spared row of vibrissae. After a focal stroke neighbouring the barrel cortex, no plasticity of the spared row representation was found. Investigation of plastic changes with deprivation initiated 1 week and 1 month after stroke have shown that later poststroke onset of deprivation resulted in a partial recovery of cortical plasticity in the barrel field. Western blot analysis of proinflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression revealed its strong upregulation in the barrel cortex 24 h after stroke. When chronic treatment with the anti‐inflammatory drug ibuprofen (10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg) accompanied deprivation, plasticity was restored. Ibuprofen applied before the ischemia also prevented the poststroke upregulation of COX‐2. The results strongly suggest that poststroke impairment of experience‐dependent cortical plasticity is caused by stroke‐induced inflammatory reactions that subside with poststroke delay and can be at least partially ameliorated by pharmacological treatment.
Cellular and subcellular localization of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in rat nociceptive structures: physiological relevance
Authors: Reaux‐Le Goazigo Annabelle , Rivat Cyril , Kitabgi Patrick , Pohl Michel , Melik Parsadaniantz Stéphane 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInitial studies implicated the chemokine CXC motif ligand 12 (CXCL12) and its cognate CXC motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) in pain modulation. However, there has been no description of the distribution, transport and axonal sorting of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in rat nociceptive structures, and their direct participation in nociception modulation has not been demonstrated. Here, we report that acute intrathecal administration of CXCL12 induced mechanical hypersensitivity in naive rats. This effect was prevented by a CXCR4‐neutralizing antibody. To determine the morphological basis of this behavioural response, we used light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry to map CXCL12‐ and CXCR4‐immunoreactive elements in dorsal root ganglia, lumbar spinal cord, sciatic nerve and skin. Light microscopy analysis revealed CXCL12 and CXCR4 immunoreactivity in calcitonin gene related peptide‐containing peptidergic primary sensory neurons, which were both conveyed to central and peripheral sensory nerve terminals. Electron microscopy clearly demonstrated CXCL12 and CXCR4 immunoreactivity in primary sensory nerve terminals in the dorsal horn; both were sorted into small clear vesicles and large dense‐core vesicles. This suggests that CXCL12 and CXCR4 are trafficked from nerve cell bodies to the dorsal horn. Double immunogold labelling for CXCL12 and calcitonin gene related peptide revealed partial vesicular colocalization in axonal terminals. We report, for the first time, that CXCR4 receptors are mainly located on the neuronal plasma membrane, where they are present at pre‐synaptic and post‐synaptic sites of central terminals. Receptor inactivation experiments, behavioural studies and morphological analyses provide strong evidence that the CXCL12/CXCR4 system is involved in modulation of nociceptive signalling.
Eight questions about invasions and ecosystem functioning
Authors: Strayer David L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractI pose eight questions central to understanding how biological invasions affect ecosystems, assess progress towards answering those questions and suggest ways in which progress might be made. The questions concern the frequency with which invasions affect ecosystems; the circumstances under which ecosystem change is most likely; the functions that are most often affected by invaders; the relationships between changes to ecosystems, communities, and populations; the long‐term responses of ecosystems to invasions; interactions between biological invasions and other anthropogenic activities and the difficulty of managing undesirable impacts of non‐native species. Some questions have been answered satisfactorily, others require more data and thought, and others might benefit from being reformulated or abandoned. Actions that might speed progress include careful development of trait‐based approaches; strategic collection and publication of new data, including more frequent publication of negative results; replacement of expert opinion with hard data where needed; careful consideration of whether questions really need to be answered, especially in cases where answers are being provided for managers and policy‐makers; explicit attention to and testing of the domains of theories; integrating invasions better into an ecosystem context; and remembering that our predictive ability is limited and will remain so for the foreseeable future.
Prevalence of depression among young people with Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Johnson B. , Eiser C. , Young V. , Brierley S. , Heller S. 
Published: June 2012

Diabet. Med. 30, 199–208 (2013)AbstractAims  To determine: (1) prevalence of depression among young people with Type 1 diabetes compared with control groups or population norms; (2) implications of depression for HbA1c level; and (3) the relationship between history of depressive symptoms and future depressive symptoms.Background  Among adults with Type 1 diabetes depression is higher than the general population, and has been associated with adverse implications for self‐care and HbA1c level. The last published review of depression among young people with Type 1 diabetes only included studies up to 1999.Method  Systematic searches were conducted for articles published from January 1999 to December 2011 including young people (up to 25 years old) with Type 1 diabetes.Results  Twenty‐three articles met the inclusion criteria. Of five studies that reported prevalence of depression compared with control groups, three found no differences. Of the three studies that investigated prevalence of depression making reference to population norms, all three showed higher rates of depressive symptoms. Fourteen of 15 studies found associations between more depressive symptoms and higher HbA1c level either cross‐sectionally or longitudinally. Past depressive symptoms were associated with later depressive symptoms.Conclusions  Current evidence is inconclusive about whether there is increased prevalence of depression among young adults with Type 1 diabetes, as established among adults, but those who are more depressed have higher HbA1c level. This review is limited by methodological problems and no identified work in the UK met the inclusion criteria. Given the adverse clinical outcomes, we conclude there is a case for routine mental health screening for young adults with Type 1 diabetes.
Beyond Bergmann's rule: size–latitude relationships in marine Bivalvia world‐wide
Authors: Berke Sarah K. , Jablonski David , Krug Andrew Z. , Roy Kaustuv , Tomasovych Adam 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTAim  Variations in body size are well established for many taxa of endotherms and ectotherms, but remain poorly documented for marine invertebrates. Here we explore how body size varies with latitude, temperature and productivity for a major marine invertebrate class, the Bivalvia.Location  Continental shelves world‐wide.Methods  We used regression models to assess univariate relationships between size and latitude as well as multivariate relationships between size, latitude and environmental parameters (mean and seasonality in temperature and mean productivity). The dataset consisted of 4845 species in 59 families from shelf depths at all latitudes in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. We also used Blomberg's K to assess whether size–latitude relationships show phylogenetic signal, and test whether functional groups based on feeding mode, substrate relationships, mobility and fixation can account for observed size–latitude trends.Results  Size–latitude trends are taxonomically and geographically common in bivalves, but vary widely in sign and strength – no simple explanations based on environmental parameters, phylogeny or functional group hold across all families. Perhaps most importantly, we found that the observed trends vary considerably between hemispheres and among coastlines.Main conclusions  Broadly generalizable macroecological patterns in inter‐specific body size may not exist for marine invertebrates. Although size–latitude trends occur in many bivalve lineages, the underlying mechanisms evidently differ among regions and/or lineages. Fully understanding macroecological patterns requires truly global datasets as well as information about the evolutionary history of specific lineages and regions.
Taxonomic and geographic influences on fish otolith microchemistry
Authors: Chang Mei‐Yu , Geffen Audrey J 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFish otoliths are comprised primarily of CaCO3 and grow throughout an individual's lifetime. The chemical composition of otoliths is often a distinctive characteristic of the populations that live in discrete areas, and as a result, it has been used for population classification studies, supporting ecological and fisheries research. However, the deposition of chemical elements in the otolith is influenced by both physiological and environmental factors. We review observed trends in otolith elemental composition and then test the taxonomic and geographical patterns, using marine species in European waters. anova comparisons and multivariate analyses revealed strong taxonomic signals in species inhabiting the same region. Variations in Sr, Mg, Mn and Ba concentrations were most often species specific; for example, multivariate analyses showed separation of cod (Gadus morhua) and herring (Clupea harengus) based primarily on Mg and Sr concentrations, while Mn and Ba concentrations separated bluemouth (Helicolenus dactylopterus) and sole (Solea solea). The relative contributions of taxonomic and regional factors varied between elements. For cod and herring, for example, species‐specific differences explain 75% of the variation for Mn, but only 50% of the variation in Sr. Although there are significant regional differences within a single species on both a restricted and extensive geographic scale, these regional patterns are not the same for each species. As the amount of otolith composition data increases, representing more species and regions, as well as longer time series, further analyses can provide a deeper insight into the predictability of using otolith data in fisheries ecology.
Stochastic Progressive Photon Mapping for Dynamic Scenes
Authors: Weiss Maayan , Grosch Thorsten 
Published: June 2012

AbstractStochastic Progressive Photon Mapping (SPPM) is a method to simulate consistent global illumination. It is especially useful for complicated light paths like caustics seen through a glass surface. Up to now, SPPM can only be applied to a static scene and noise‐free images require hours to compute. Our approach is to extend this method to dynamic scenes (DSPPM) for an efficient simulation of animated objects and materials. We identify both hit point and photon information that can be re‐used for the pixel statistics of multiple frames. In comparison to an SPPM simulation performed for each frame, we achieve a 1.96 −9.53 speedup in our test scenes without changing correctness or simulation quality.
Real‐time Rendering of Dynamic Scenes under All‐frequency Lighting using Integral Spherical Gaussian
Authors: Iwasaki Kei , Furuya Wataru , Dobashi Yoshinori , Nishita Tomoyuki 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe propose an efficient rendering method for dynamic scenes under all‐frequency environmental lighting. To render the surfaces of objects illuminated by distant environmental lighting, the triple product of the lighting, the visibility function and the BRDF is integrated at each shading point on the surfaces. Our method represents the environmental lighting and the BRDF with a linear combination of spherical Gaussians, replacing the integral of the triple product with the sum of the integrals of spherical Gaussians over the visible region of the hemisphere. We propose a new form of spherical Gaussian, the integral spherical Gaussian, that enables the fast and accurate integration of spherical Gaussians with various sharpness over the visible region on the hemisphere. The integral spherical Gaussian simplifies the integration to a sum of four pre‐integrated values, which are easily evaluated on‐the‐fly. With a combination of a set of spheres to approximate object geometries and the integral spherical Gaussian, our method can render object surfaces very efficiently. Our GPU implementation demonstrates realtime rendering of dynamic scenes with dynamic viewpoints, lighting, and BRDFs.
A Computational Model of Afterimages
Authors: Ritschel Tobias , Eisemann Elmar 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAfterimages are optical illusions, particularly well perceived when fixating an image for an extended period of time and then looking at a neutral background, where an inverted copy of the original stimulus appears. The full mechanism that produces the perceived specific colors and shapes is complex and not entirely understood, but most of the important attributes can be well explained by bleaching of retinal photoreceptors (retinal kinetics). We propose a model to compute afterimages that allows us to simulate their temporal, color and time‐frequency behavior. Using this model, high dynamic range (HDR) content can be processed to add realistic afterimages to low dynamic range (LDR) media. Hereby, our approach helps in conveying the original source's luminance and contrast. It can be applied in real‐time on full‐HD HDR content using standard graphics hardware. Finally, our approach is validated in a perceptual study.
Unsharp Masking, Countershading and Halos: Enhancements or Artifacts?
Authors: Trentacoste Matthew , Mantiuk Ratal , Heidrich Wolfgang , Dufrot Florian 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCountershading is a common technique for local image contrast manipulations, and is widely used both in automatic settings, such as image sharpening and tonemapping, as well as under artistic control, such as in paintings and interactive image processing software. Unfortunately, countershading is a double‐edged sword: while correctly chosen parameters for a given viewing condition can significantly improve the image sharpness or trick the human visual system into perceiving a higher contrast than physically present in an image, wrong parameters, or different viewing conditions can result in objectionable halo artifacts. In this paper we investigate the perception of countershading in the context of a novel mask‐based contrast enhancement algorithm and analyze the circumstances under which the resulting profiles turn from image enhancement to artifact for a range of parameters and viewing conditions. Our experimental results can be modeled as a function of the width of the countershading profile. We employ this empirical function in a range of applications such as image resizing, view dependent tone mapping, and countershading analysis in photographs and works of fine art.
Crowd Light: Evaluating the Perceived Fidelity of Illuminated Dynamic Scenes
Authors: Jarabo Adrian , Eyck Tom Van , Sundstedt Veronica , Bala Kavita , Gutierrez Diego , O'Sullivan Carol 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRendering realistic illumination effects for complex animated scenes with many dynamic objects or characters is computationally expensive. Yet, it is not obvious how important such accurate lighting is for the overall perceived realism in these scenes. In this paper, we present a methodology to evaluate the perceived fidelity of illumination in scenes with dynamic aggregates, such as crowds, and explore several factors which may affect this perception. We focus in particular on evaluating how a popular spherical harmonics lighting method can be used to approximate realistic lighting of crowds. We conduct a series of psychophysical experiments to explore how a simple approach to approximating global illumination, using interpolation in the temporal domain, affects the perceived fidelity of dynamic scenes with high geometric, motion, and illumination complexity. We show that the complexity of the geometry and temporal properties of the crowd entities, the motion of the aggregate as a whole, the type of interpolation (i.e., of the direct and/or indirect illumination coefficients), and the presence or absence of colour all affect perceived fidelity. We show that high (i.e., above 75%) levels of perceived scene fidelity can be maintained while interpolating indirect illumination for intervals of up to 30 frames, resulting in a greater than three‐fold rendering speed‐up.