bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Political Islam1
Authors: Soage Ana Belén 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper explores how and why Islamism (i.e. political Islam) emerged in the last decades of the 19th century. It resorts to original sources to illustrate Muslim responses to the perceived threat of Westernisation and, notably, the development of Islamism as a reaction to the evolving socio‐political conditions in the Middle East. In addition, it demonstrates that, despite claims to religious purity, Islamists have incorporated elements of the foreign ideologies they profess to oppose. The article ends by providing a tentative classification of modern‐day Islamists.
Using Film in Theology and Religious Studies
Authors: Deacy Christopher 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe aim of this article is to provide an overview of work that has been carried out by scholars working in religion/theology and film over recent years. For a field that has only come to prominence in the last two decades, I outline a number of perspectives on the ways in which religion/theology and film may be seen to interact, including a discussion of some of the criticisms that have emerged both from within existing religious studies and theology scholarship and from film studies. The discussion focuses on whether or not research and teaching in this area is more than a fad and whether it offers creative new possibilities for interdisciplinary study.
Photosensitized Oxidation of Tetrabromobisphenol A by Humic Acid in Aqueous Solution†
Authors: Han Sang‐Kuk , Sik Robert H. , Motten Ann G. , Chignell Colin F. , Bilski Piotr J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe brominated flame retardant 3,3′,5,5′‐tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) may accumulate in the environment, including surface waters, and degrade there to potentially toxic products. We have previously shown that singlet oxygen (1O2), produced by irradiation of rose bengal with visible light, oxidizes Triton X‐100‐solubilized TBBPA to yield the 2,6‐dibromo‐p‐benzosemiquinone anion radical while consuming oxygen (Environ. Sci. Technol.42, 166, 2008). Here, we report that a similar 1O2‐induced oxidation can be initiated in aqueous solutions by the irradiation of TBBPA dissolved in a humic acid (HA) solution. HA is a known weak 1O2 photosensitizer and we indeed detected the infrared 1O2 phosphorescence from HA preparations in D2O. When an aqueous preparation of HA was irradiated (λ > 400 nm) in the presence of TBBPA, oxygen was consumed, and the 2,6‐dibromo‐p‐benzosemiquinone anion radical was generated and detected using electron paramagnetic resonance. Radical formation and oxygen consumption were inhibited by sodium azide, a singlet oxygen quencher. Our results suggest that solar radiation, in the presence of HA, may play an important role in the photodegradation of TBBPA in the aquatic environment.
Epidermal Platelet‐activating Factor Receptor Activation and Ultraviolet B Radiation Result in Synergistic Tumor Necrosis Factor‐alpha Production
Authors: Wolverton Jay E. , Al‐Hassani Mohammed , Yao Yongxue , Zhang Qiwei , Travers Jeffrey B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUltraviolet B radiation (UVB) is a potent stimulator of epidermal cytokine production which has been implicated in photoaggravated dermatoses. In addition to cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), UVB generates bioactive lipids including platelet‐activating factor (PAF). Our previous studies have demonstrated that UVB‐mediated production of keratinocyte TNF‐α is in part due to PAF. The current studies use a human PAF‐receptor (PAF‐R) negative epithelial cell line transduced with PAF‐Rs and PAF–R‐deficient mice to demonstrate that activation of the epidermal PAF‐R along with UVB irradiation results in a synergistic production of TNF‐α. It should be noted that PAF‐R effects are mimicked by the protein kinase C (PKC) agonist phorbol myristic acetate, and are inhibited by pharmacological antagonists of the PKC gamma isoenzyme. These studies suggest that concomitant PAF‐R activation and UVB irradiation results in a synergistic production of the cytokine TNF‐α which is mediated in part via PKC. These studies provide a novel potential mechanism for photosensitivity responses.
Variations in Photosystem I Properties in the Primordial Cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421
Authors: Mimuro Mamoru , Yokono Makio , Akimoto Seiji 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe compared the optical properties of the trimeric photosystem (PS) I complexes of the primordial cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 with those of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Gloeobacter violaceus PS I showed (1) a shorter difference maximum of P700 by approximately 2 nm, (2) a smaller antenna size by approximately 10 chlorophyll (Chl) a molecules and (3) an absence of Red Chls. The energy transfer kinetics in the antennae at physiological temperatures were very similar between the two species due to the thermal equilibrium within the antenna; however, they differed at 77 K where energy transfer to Red Chls was clearly observed in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Taken together with the lower P700 redox potential in G. violaceus by approximately 60 mV, we discuss differences in the optical properties of the PS I complexes with respect to the amino acid sequences of core proteins and further to evolution of cyanobacteria.
Pp IX Silica Nanoparticles Demonstrate Differential Interactions with In Vitro Tumor Cell Lines and In Vivo Mouse Models of Human Cancers
Authors: Simon Virginie , Devaux Corinne , Darmon Audrey , Donnet Thibault , Thiénot Edouard , Germain Matthieu , Honnorat Jérôme , Duval Alex , Pottier Agnès , Borghi Elsa , Levy Laurent , Marill Julie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractProtoporphyrin IX (Pp IX) silica nanoparticles, developed for effective use in photodynamic therapy (PDT), were explored in in vitro and in vivo models with the ambition to improve knowledge on the role of biological factors in the photodamage. Pp IX silica nanoparticles are found efficient at temperature with extreme metabolic downregulation, which suggest a high proportion of passive internalization. For the first time, clearance of silica nanoparticles on tumor cells is established. Cell viability assessment in six tumor cell lines is reported. In all tumor types, Pp IX silica nanoparticles are more efficient than free Pp IX. A strong fluorescence signal of reactive oxygen species generation colocalized with Pp IX silica nanoparticles, correlates with 100% of cell death. In vivo studies performed in HCT 116, A549 and glioblastoma multiforme tumors‐bearing mice show tumor uptake of Pp IX silica nanoparticles with better tumor accumulation than the control alone, highlighting a high selectivity for tumor tissues. As observed in in vitro tests, tumor cell type is likely a major determinant but tumor microenvironment could more influence this differential time accumulation dynamic. The present results strongly suggest that Pp IX silica nanoparticles may be involved in new alternative local applications of PDT.
In Vivo Efficacy of 1- and 2-Gram Human Simulated Prolonged Infusions of Doripenem against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Crandon Jared L. , Bulik Catharine C. , Nicolau David P. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Doripenem is a new carbapenem antimicrobial with activity against a range of gram-negative organisms, including
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Previous animal studies have shown efficacy of a 500-mg dose of doripenem given as a 4-h infusion against
P. aeruginosa
with MICs of ≤4 μg/ml. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of 1- and 2-g-dose prolonged infusions of doripenem against a wide range of
P. aeruginosa
isolates in the neutropenic murine thigh model. Eighteen clinical
P. aeruginosa
isolates (MIC range, 2 to 32 μg/ml) were used; 15 of these were multidrug resistant. After infection, groups of mice were administered doripenem doses designed to simulate the free time above the MIC (
f
T>MIC) observed in humans given 1 or 2 g of doripenem every 8 h as a 4-h infusion. Efficacy correlated well with published
f
T>MIC bactericidal targets of 40%. After 24 h, 1- and 2-g doses achieved approximately ≥2 log decreases in CFU against isolates with MICs of ≤8 and 16 μg/ml, respectively (
f
T>MIC range, 52.5 to 95%). Results with organisms with higher MICs, where
f
T>MIC was 0%, were variable, including both increases and decreases in CFU. Compared with 1-g doses, statistically greater efficacy was noted for 2-g doses against three of the eight isolates with MICs of ≥16 μg/ml. While MIC distributions of
P. aeruginosa
at present necessitate increased exposures for only the most-resistant isolates, the ability of increased doses to achieve pharmacodynamic targets and the efficacy observed when these targets were attained could prove useful when these resistant isolates are encountered.
ACHN-490, a Neoglycoside with Potent In Vitro Activity against Multidrug-Resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Isolates
Authors: Endimiani Andrea , Hujer Kristine M. , Hujer Andrea M. , Armstrong Eliana S. , Choudhary Yuvraj , Aggen James B. , Bonomo Robert A. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

The in vitro activity of ACHN-490, a novel aminoglycoside (“neoglycoside”), was evaluated against 102 multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strains, including a subset of 25 strains producing the KPC carbapenemase. MIC
50
values for gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were 8 μg/ml, 32 μg/ml, and 2 μg/ml, respectively; MIC
90
values for the same antimicrobials were ≥64 μg/ml, ≥64 μg/ml, and 32 μg/ml, respectively. ACHN-490 showed an MIC
50
of 0.5 μg/ml and an MIC
90
of 1 μg/ml, which are significantly lower than those of comparator aminoglycosides. ACHN-490 represents a promising aminoglycoside for the treatment of MDR
K. pneumoniae
isolates, including those producing KPC β-lactamase.
Postantibiotic Effect of Ceftaroline against Gram-Positive Organisms
Authors: Pankuch G. A. , Appelbaum P. C. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT
The postantibiotic effects (PAEs), postantibiotic sub-MIC effects (PA-SMEs), and sub-MIC effects (SMEs) of ceftaroline, a novel injectable cephalosporin, were determined for 15 gram-positive organisms. The pneumococcal, staphylococcal, and enterococcal PAEs were 0.8 to 1.8 h, 0.7 to 2.2 h, and 0.2 to 1.1 h, respectively. The corresponding PA-SMEs (0.4 times the MIC) were 2.5 to 6.7 h, 2.9 to >0.0 h, and 7.9 to >10.3 h, respectively. The PA-SMEs were longer than the PAEs, suggesting that sub-MIC levels extend the PAE of ceftaroline against gram-positive cocci.
Paternal occupation and retinoblastoma: a case–control study based on data for Great Britain 1962–1999
Authors: MacCarthy A , Bunch K J , Fear N T , King J C , Vincent T J , Murphy M F G 
Published: September 2009

Objectives:To examine the association between paternal occupational exposures and retinoblastoma using birth registration data for cases from the National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT) and controls from the general population of Great Britain.Methods:A case–control study of paternal occupational data for 1318 cases of retinoblastoma, born and diagnosed in Great Britain between 1962 and 1999, and 1318 controls matched on sex, date of birth and birth registration sub-district. Paternal occupations at birth were grouped according to inferred exposure using an occupational exposure classification scheme. A conditional (matched) case–control analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for each paternal occupational exposure group.Results:For non-heritable retinoblastoma, a statistically significant increased risk was found with father’s definite occupational exposure to oil mists in metal working (OR = 1.85 (95% CI 1.05 to 3.36)). Together with a (non-significant) risk (OR = 1.64 (0.73 to 3.83)) amongst the heritable cases, this occupational exposure was also associated with a significant increased risk when all retinoblastoma cases were considered together (OR = 1.77 (1.12 to 2.85)). No statistically significant associations were observed for other exposure groups.Conclusions:Our finding for exposure to oil mists in metal working (a subset of metal workers) is not directly comparable to those for metal working previously reported in the literature. Overall, our findings do not support the hypothesis that paternal occupational exposure is an important aetiological factor for retinoblastoma, however, the study has low power and other methodological limitations.
Recent Declines in Western U.S. Snowpack in the Context of Twentieth-Century Climate Variability
Authors: McCabe Gregory J. , Wolock David M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A monthly snow accumulation and melt model was used with monthly Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) temperature and precipitation data to generate time series of 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE) for 1900 through 2008 in the western United States. Averaged across the western United States, SWE generally was higher than long-term (1900–2008) average conditions during the periods 1900–25, 1944–55, and 1966–82; SWE was lower than long-term average conditions during the periods 1926–43, 1957–65, and 1984–2008. During the period 1900–2008, the temporal pattern in winter precipitation exhibited wetter-than-average and drier-than-average decadal-scale periods with no long-term increasing or decreasing trend. Winter temperature generally was below average from 1900 to the mid-1950s, close to average from the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s, and above average from the mid-1980s to 2008. In general, periods of higher-than-average SWE have been associated with higher precipitation and lower temperature. Since about 1980, western U.S. winter temperatures have been consistently higher than long-term average values, and the resultant lower-than-average SWE values have been only partially offset by periods of higher-than-average precipitation. The post-1980 lower-than-average SWE conditions in the western United States are unprecedented within the context of twentieth-century climate and estimated SWE.
Evaluation of TRMM Ground-Validation Radar-Rain Errors Using Rain Gauge Measurements
Authors: Wang Jianxin , Wolff David B. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Ground-validation (GV) radar-rain products are often utilized for validation of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) space-based rain estimates, and, hence, quantitative evaluation of the GV radar-rain product error characteristics is vital. This study uses quality-controlled gauge data to compare with TRMM GV radar rain rates in an effort to provide such error characteristics. The results show that significant differences of concurrent radar–gauge rain rates exist at various time scales ranging from 5 min to 1 day, despite lower overall long-term bias. However, the differences between the radar area-averaged rain rates and gauge point rain rates cannot be explained as due to radar error only. The error variance separation method is adapted to partition the variance of radar–gauge differences into the gauge area–point error variance and radar-rain estimation error variance. The results provide relatively reliable quantitative uncertainty evaluation of TRMM GV radar-rain estimates at various time scales and are helpful to understand better the differences between measured radar and gauge rain rates. It is envisaged that this study will contribute to better utilization of GV radar-rain products to validate versatile space-based rain estimates from TRMM, as well as the proposed Global Precipitation Measurement satellite and other satellites.
The Echo Size Distribution of Precipitating Shallow Cumuli
Authors: Trivej Panu , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: September 2009

AbstractS-band radar surveillance scans of precipitating shallow convection are analyzed. The scans are complied from 52 days of near-continuous measurements in the winter trades of the North Atlantic during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field campaign. After being analyzed and filtered to exclude spurious returns, the scans are segmented to identify contiguous returns, or echoes. The echo size and reflectivity statistics are then analyzed. A new normalization method is developed to account for biases associated with the nonuniformity in the native radar grid. The echo area distribution robustly exhibits power-law scaling up until sizes of about 10 km2, with a scaling exponent of about −1.1. At larger sizes the scaling behavior breaks down and varies more markedly across subsamples of the data. Conditional sampling suggests that the scaling behavior of the larger echoes does, however, approach that of the smaller echoes as echo coverage increases, which supports the idea of a limiting distribution. Departures from this limiting distribution are argued to reflect finite size effects, modulated by the presence of a capping inversion whose height and strength varies across the samples.
How Much Energy Is Transferred from the Winds to the Thermocline on ENSO Time Scales?
Authors: Brown Jaclyn N. , Fedorov Alexey V. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The dynamics of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are studied in terms of the balance between energy input from the winds (via wind power) and changes in the storage of available potential energy in the tropical ocean. Presently, there are broad differences in the way global general circulation models simulate the dynamics, magnitude, and phase of ENSO events; hence, there is a need for simple, physically based metrics to allow for model evaluation. This energy description is a basinwide, integral, quantitative approach, ideal for intermodel comparison, that assesses model behavior in the subsurface ocean. Here it is applied to a range of ocean models and data assimilations within ENSO spatial and temporal scales. The onset of an El Niño is characterized by a decrease in wind power that leads to a decrease in available potential energy, and hence a flatter thermocline. In contrast, La Niña events are preceded by an increase in wind power that leads to an increase in the available potential energy and a steeper thermocline. The wind power alters the available potential energy via buoyancy power, associated with vertical mass fluxes that modify the slope of the isopycnals. Only a fraction of wind power is converted to buoyancy power. The efficiency of this conversion γ is estimated in this study at 50%–60%. Once the energy is delivered to the thermocline it is subject to small, but important, diffusive dissipation. It is estimated that this dissipation sets the e-folding damping rate α for the available potential energy on the order of 1 yr−1. The authors propose to use the efficiency γ and the damping rate α as two energy-based metrics for evaluating dissipative properties of the ocean component of general circulation models, providing a simple method for understanding subsurface ENSO dynamics and a diagnostic tool for exploring differences between the models.
Seasonal Mixed Layer Heat Balance of the Southwestern Tropical Indian Ocean*
Authors: Foltz Gregory R. , Vialard Jérôme , Praveen Kumar B. , McPhaden Michael J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Sea surface temperature (SST) in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean exerts a significant influence on global climate through its influence on the Indian summer monsoon and Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation. In this study, measurements from a long-term moored buoy are used in conjunction with satellite, in situ, and atmospheric reanalysis datasets to analyze the seasonal mixed layer heat balance in the thermocline ridge region of the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean. This region is characterized by a shallow mean thermocline (90 m, as measured by the 20°C isotherm) and pronounced seasonal cycles of Ekman pumping and SST (seasonal ranges of −0.1 to 0.6 m day−1 and 26°–29.5°C, respectively). It is found that surface heat fluxes and horizontal heat advection contribute significantly to the seasonal cycle of mixed layer heat storage. The net surface heat flux tends to warm the mixed layer throughout the year and is strongest during boreal fall and winter, when surface shortwave radiation is highest and latent heat loss is weakest. Horizontal heat advection provides warming during boreal summer and fall, when southwestward surface currents and horizontal SST gradients are strongest, and is close to zero during the remainder of the year. Vertical turbulent mixing, estimated as a residual in the heat balance, also undergoes a significant seasonal cycle. Cooling from this term is strongest in boreal summer, when surface wind and buoyancy forcing are strongest, the thermocline ridge is shallow (&lt;90 m), and the mixed layer is deepening. These empirical results provide a framework for addressing intraseasonal and interannual climate variations, which are dynamically linked to the seasonal cycle, in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean. They also provide a quantitative basis for assessing the accuracy of numerical ocean model simulations in the region.
Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass-Balance Modeling in a 131-Yr Perspective, 1950–2080
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Liston Glen E. , Hiemstra Christopher A. , Christensen Jens H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Fluctuations in the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) and freshwater influx to the surrounding oceans closely follow climate fluctuations and are of considerable importance to the global eustatic sea level rise. A state-of-the-art snow-evolution modeling system (SnowModel) was used to simulate variations in the GrIS melt extent, surface water balance components, changes in SMB, and freshwater influx to the ocean. The simulations are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenario A1B modeled by the HIRHAM4 regional climate model (RCM) using boundary conditions from the ECHAM5 atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) from 1950 through 2080. In situ meteorological station [Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI)] observations from inside and outside the GrIS were used to validate and correct RCM output data before they were used as input for SnowModel. Satellite observations and independent SMB studies were used to validate the SnowModel output and confirm the model’s robustness. The authors simulated an ∼90% increase in end-of-summer surface melt extent (0.483 × 106 km2) from 1950 to 2080 and a melt index (above 2000-m elevation) increase of 138% (1.96 × 106 km2 × days). The greatest difference in melt extent occurred in the southern part of the GrIS, and the greatest changes in the number of melt days were seen in the eastern part of the GrIS (∼50%–70%) and were lowest in the west (∼20%–30%). The rate of SMB loss, largely tied to changes in ablation processes, leads to an enhanced average loss of 331 km3 from 1950 to 2080 and an average SMB level of −99 km3 for the period 2070–80. GrIS surface freshwater runoff yielded a eustatic rise in sea level from 0.8 ± 0.1 (1950–59) to 1.9 ± 0.1 mm (2070–80) sea level equivalent (SLE) yr−1. The accumulated GrIS freshwater runoff contribution from surface melting equaled 160-mm SLE from 1950 through 2080.