bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cochlear implant patients' speech understanding in background noise: effect of mismatch between electrode assigned frequencies and perceived pitch
Authors: Di Nardo W , Scorpecci A , Giannantonio S , Cianfrone F , Parrilla C , Paludetti G 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective:To assess the electrode pitch function in a series of adults with postlingually implanted cochlear implants and with contralateral residual hearing, in order to investigate the correlation between the degree of frequency map mismatch and the subjects' speech understanding in quiet and noisy conditions.Design:Case series.Subjects:Seven postlingually deafened adults with cochlear implants, all with detectable contralateral residual hearing. Subjects' electrode pitch function was assessed by means of a pitch-matching test, in which they were asked to match an acoustic pitch (pure tones delivered to the non-implanted ear by an audiometer) to a perceived ‘pitch’ elicited by stimulation of the cochlear implant electrodes. A mismatch score was calculated for each subject. Speech recognition was tested using lists of sentences presented in quiet conditions and at +10, 0 and 5 dB HL signal-to-noise ratio levels (i.e. noise 10 dB HL lower than signal, noise as loud as signal and noise 5 dB HL higher than signal, respectively). Correlations were assessed using a linear regression model, with significance set at p < 0.05.Results:All patients presented some degree of mismatch between the acoustic frequencies assigned to their implant electrodes and the pitch elicited by stimulation of the same electrode, with high between-individual variability. A significant correlation (p < 0.005) was found between mismatch and speech recognition scores at +10 and 0 dB HL signal-to-noise ratio levels (r2 = 0.91 and 0.89, respectively).Conclusion:The mismatch between frequencies allocated to electrodes and the pitch perceived on stimulation of the same electrodes could partially account for our subjects' difficulties with speech understanding in noisy conditions. We suggest that these subjects could benefit from mismatch correction, through a procedure allowing individualised reallocation of frequency bands to electrodes.
Investigation of Pontiac-like illness in office workers during an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease, 2008
Authors: NICOLAY N. , BOLAND M. , WARD M. , HICKEY L. , COLLINS C. , LYNCH M. , McCARTHY M. , O'DONNELL J. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYIn July 2008, office workers in Dublin complained of influenza-like illness preceding and interspersing two cases of notified Legionnaires' disease.Legionella pneumophilaserogroup 1 was identified in both cooling towers supplying the office. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to investigate possible Pontiac fever (PF). Forty-seven employees (23%) met the clinical case definition for PF but confirmatory testing was negative. Exposure to the smoking area situated beside the cooling towers was associated with an increased risk of PF (RR 2·4, 95% CI 1·5–3·8). The diagnosis of PF should be considered when many persons exposed to a possible reservoir ofLegionellaspp. present with flu-like symptoms. More sensitive microbiological tests would allow better confirmation and more comprehensive reporting of PF. Early detection is vital to prevent potentially severe illness and outbreaks of PF or Legionnaires' disease.
Evaluation ofVcAVNTR as a strain-typing and phylogeny study method ofVibrio choleraestrains
Authors: BHOWMICK T. S. , DAS M. , SARKAR B. L. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThis study attempted to examine the relatedness between RAPD–PCR, PFGE andVcAVNTR results with those of conventional phage typing ofV. choleraestrains and to evaluateVcAVNTR as an indispensable molecular-typing tool that accomplishes the urgent need for effective epidemiological surveillance. All the O1 El Tor strains were predominantly clustered into phage type T27 with the new phage-typing scheme. Using RAPD–PCR, a total of 69 O1 El Tor strains were grouped under 16 different electrophoretic patterns. A total of 33 pulsotypes were identified in these strains by PFGE.VcAVNTR revealed highVcApolymorphism in allV. choleraestrains incorporated in this study. Our results underline the considerable potential ofVcAVNTR analysis as a tool for molecular typing ofV. cholerae.
Wire Fences in Colonial Australia: Technology Transfer and Adaptation, 1842–1900
Authors: PICKARD JOHN 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAfter reviewing the development of wire fencing in Great Britain and the United States of America in the early nineteenth century, I examine the introduction of wire into Australia using published sources only. Wire was available in the colonies from the early 1850s. The earliest published record of a wire fence was on Phillip Island near Melbourne (Victoria) in 1842. Almost a decade passed before wire was used elsewhere in Victoria and the other eastern colonies. Pastoralists either sought information on wire fences locally or from agents in Britain. Local agents of British companies advertised in colonial newspapers from the early 1850s, with one exceptional record in 1839. Once wire was adopted, pastoralists rejected iron posts used in Britain, preferring cheaper wood posts cut from the property. The most significant innovation was to increase post spacings with significant cost savings. Government and the iron industry played no part in these innovations, which were achieved through trial-and-error by pastoralists. The large tonnages of wire imported into Australia and the increasing demand did not stimulate local production of wire, and there were no local wire mills until 1911.
DE L'USAGE DES TRANSFORMATIONS GÉOMÉTRIQUES À LA NOTION D'INVARIANT: LA CONTRIBUTION D'AL-SIJZĪ
Authors: CROZET PASCAL 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBetween 9th and 11th centuries, the geometrical transformations gave to the mathematicians a method more and more fertile, leading them to modify their modes of apprehension of the geometrical figures. This article aims to highlight al-Sijzī’s contribution to this change by setting two tasks: first, to precisely understand what al-Sijzī means by transformation (he is one of the first to recognize explicitly a method in their use); and secondly, to give an account of his research on geometrical invariants, obtained by a variation of some elements of a figure. The use of transformations and the search for invariants seem to be the two faces of the same tendency, that to break with an Euclidean manner to consider the figures in a way isolated and static for better exploiting the common properties which can link them. The article is completed by the edition and the translation of a small treatise devoted to invariants.
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS, AS THEY WERE IN THE ARABIC-ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
Authors: MOUSSA ALI 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the Greek/Indian period, it is noticeable that different radii were used in connection with the chord. This manner continued in the Indian period with the sine, i.e. different sine tables existed. But throughout the Arabic-Islamic period, there was stability in the radius (for the sine). At the time of al-Battānī new terms were introduced, not as functions of angles but as lengths, and again different tables for the same term. Here these terms were not bounded to the circle, and the term miqyās r (measure), which was variable, was used to express “the radius” related to these terms. The trigonometric “functions” at that time were treated as if they were two different groups. While at Abū al-Wafā’’s time, there was an advancement by introducing the new terms as functions of angles, and they were immediately bounded to the circle, and instead of having two circles in the same figure, a kind of unity appeared, and again there was stability in the value of r, and therefore only one table for each function, and thus the new functions started to appear more abstract than practical as the sine did before, and this unity remained fixed in the modern times.
LA NAQLA, ÉTUDE DU CONCEPT DE TRANSFERT DANS L’ŒUVRE D’AL-FĀRĀBĪ
Authors: DE VAULX D’ARCY GUILLAUME 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article aims at presenting for the first time a central concept in al-Fārābī’s work that constitutes a keystone in understanding his thought, be it in its logical or political aspects. This concept is that of naqla, which, in terms of transmission and translation, its generic transcription can be rendered as ‘transfer’. The naqla is a notion that pertains to rupture in linguistic, logical or temporal continuities, and hints at confusing contiguities in the use of words, in demonstrations and in historical processes. This notion of naqla is at the centre of the preoccupations of al-Fārābī in his various domains of thinking. First of all, in terms of his linguistic reflection that consists of thinking about the transfer (naqla) of a given word in between its notions of first and second imposition. Then, in logic, the integration of the modes of reasoning of the theologians in Aristotelian syllogism, which passes by way of a mechanism of logical transference in the case of induction and the shift in paradigm. Finally, the Fārābian conception of intellectual history, as a transmission of knowledge, cannot be grasped in its fullest scope except through an understanding, not only of the common notion of naqla, but rather in terms of its particular Fārābian sense; namely as a concept that entirely renews the question of transmission and translation.
‘Laissez-faire’ or Active Intervention? The Nature of the British and Foreign Bible Society's Patronage of the Translation of the Chinese Union Versions
Authors: MAK GEORGE KAM WAH 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates the nature of the British and Foreign Bible Society's (BFBS) patronage of the translation of the Chinese Union Versions (CUVs), the largest Chinese Protestant Bible translation project initiated by the western Protestant churches in the nineteenth century. Drawing on André Lefevere's concept of patronage, it delves into how the BFBS served as a controlling factor of the translation of the CUV by examining the BFBS's financial support to the translation project, conferment of honorary titles to the translators and ideological influence on the translators’ choice of Greek text as the basis for the CUVs New Testament translation.
The Buddha's ‘skill in means’ and the genesis of the five aggregate teaching Winner of the 2nd Professor Mary Boyce Award
Authors: WYNNE ALEXANDER 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe problem tackled in this article is ambitious. Through examination of how certain fundamental teachings of the Buddha originated – the author argues that those teachings must indeed go back to the Buddha himself. Thus the author builds a chain of argument which creates hypothetical links rather than declaring ‘a priori’ that links and connection cannot be established.This article argues that the Alagaddūpama Sutta, an important early Buddhist text, portrays the Buddha in the process of formulating his thoughts. If so it contradicts the myth that the Buddha awakened to the entire Buddhist Dharma on one occasion, and should be dated to the fourth centurybce. Such an antiquity, and peculiar didactic structure suggests that the text contains authentic teachings of the Buddha.
AN ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD FOR SOLVING LIÉNARD EQUATIONS IN GENERAL FORM
Authors: NILI AHMADABADI M. , MAALEK GHAINI F. M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this study, Liénard equations in their general form are treated using the Adomian decomposition method. The special structure of the Liénard equation is exploited to obtain a numerically efficient algorithm suitable for solution by a computer program.
The impact of gestational diabetes and maternal obesity on the mother and her offspring
Authors: Catalano P. M. 
Published: March 2010

Thein uteromaternal metabolic environment is important relative to both short and long term development of the offspring. Although poor fetal growth remains a significant factor relative to long-term outcome, fetal overgrowth is assuming greater importance because of the increase in obesity in the world’s populations. Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes are the most common metabolic complications of pregnancy related to fetal overgrowth and more specifically adiposity.Women with gestational diabetes have increased insulin resistance and inadequate insulin response compared with weight-matched controls. Gestational diabetes increases the risk of maternal hypertensive disease (preeclampsia) as well as cesarean delivery. At birth the neonate has increased adiposity and is at risk for birth injury. Multiple studies have reported that children of women with gestational diabetes have a greater prevalence childhood obesity and glucose intolerance; even at glucose concentrations less than currently used to define gestational diabetes, compared with normoglycemic women.Obese women also have increased insulin resistance, insulin response and inflammatory cytokines compared with average weight women both before and during pregnancy. They too are at increased risk for the metabolic syndrome-like disorders during pregnancy that is hypertension, hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance and coagulation disorders. Analogous to women with gestational diabetes, neonates of obese women are heavier at delivery because of increased fat and not lean body mass. Similarly, these children have an increased risk of childhood adiposity and metabolic dysregulation. Hence, the preconceptional and perinatal period offers a unique opportunity to modify both short and long term risks for both the woman and her offspring.
Biological robotics and nanorobotred cells: Characterization and applications
Authors: Sharma Rakesh , Kwon Soonjo , Chen Ching 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn human body, nanorobot-like red blood cells get exposed to human body fluids and many physico-chemical changes inside while these nanorobots (fullerene structure coated hemoglobin embedded iron inorganic elements) remain safe and perform killer action against bacteria or virus. We propose this killer action as ‘nanorobot driven nanomedical treatment’ to combat a bacterial or viral infection. The red cells also act as imaging agent due to oxygen binding character. Our experiments were focused on the application of nanorobot (red cells) to make them immune resistant against viruses and making them as useful contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging use based on their behavior in nanomagnetic fields. It consists of an injection of perhaps a few cubic centimeters of nano-sized nanorobots suspended in specific pH fluid (probably a water/saline suspension). The typical therapeutic concentration was up to 1-10 trillion (1 trillion = 10 raise to power 12) individual nanorobots, although in some cases treatment only require a few million or a few billion individual nanodevice-like red cells to be injected. Each nanorobot cell was on the order of perhaps 0.2 micron up to perhaps 0.3 microns in diameter e.g. artificial mechanical red cell floating along in the bloodstream. Nanorobots intended to travel through the bloodstream to their target will probably be 500-3000 nanometers. New technology of ‘passive diamond exteriors’ may turn out to be ideal to make immunoresistant nanorobot red cells against opsonization. Since nanorobot red cells metabolize local glucose and oxygen for energy, they are potential contrast agents for 13C-MRI, ultrasound imaging and physiological or fMRI. We believe the near possibility of travelling nanorobot carrier cells holding nanocomputer CPU working at the rate of 10 teraflops (10 raise to the power 13 floating-point operations per second) as nanomedicine robot devices. Nanorobot red cells in medical applications may be used in the form of red cells coated with diamond or diamondoid/fullerene nanocomposites in presence of inorganic elements like hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, silicon etc. for special purpose in nanoscale gears.
Filtering error from SOLiD Output
Authors: Sasson Ariella , Michael Todd P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Summary: Here, we report the development of a filtering framework designed for efficient identification of both polyclonal and independent errors within SOLiD sequence data. The filtering utilizes the quality values reported by SOLiD's primary analysis for the identification of the two different types of errors. The filtering framework facilitates the passage of high-quality data into a variety of functional genomics applications, including de novo assemblers and sequence matching programs for SNP calling, improving the output quality and reducing resources necessary for analysis.
Availability: This error analysis framework is written in Perl and runs on Mac OS and Linux/Unix systems. The filter, documentation and sample Excel files for quality analysis are available at http://hts.rutgers.edu/filter and are distributed as Open Source software under the GPLv3.0.
Contact: tmichael@waksman.rutgers.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data is available at Bioinformatics online.
Purported flaws in management strategy evaluation: basic problems or misinterpretations?
Authors: Butterworth Douglas S. , Bentley Nokome , De Oliveira José A. A. , Donovan Gregory P. , Kell Laurence T. , Parma Ana M. , Punt André E. , Sainsbury Keith J. , Smith Anthony D. M. , Stokes T. Kevin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Butterworth, D. S., Bentley, N., De Oliveira, J. A. A., Donovan, G. P., Kell, L. T., Parma, A. M., Punt, A. E., Sainsbury, K. J., Smith, A. D. M., and Stokes, T. K. 2010. Purported flaws in management strategy evaluation: basic problems or misinterpretations? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 567–574. Rochet and Rice, while recognizing management strategy evaluation (MSE) as an important step forward in fisheries management, level a number of criticisms at its implementation. Some of their points are sound, such as the need for care in representing uncertainties and for thorough documentation of the process. However, others evidence important misunderstandings. Although the difficulties in estimating tail probabilities and risks, as discussed by Rochet and Rice, are well known, their arguments that Efron's non-parametric bootstrap re-sampling method underestimates the probabilities of low values are flawed. In any case, though, the focus of MSEs is primarily on comparing performance and robustness across alternative management procedures (MPs), rather than on estimating absolute levels of risk. Qualitative methods can augment MSE, but their limitations also need to be recognized. Intelligence certainly needs to play a role in fisheries management, but not at the level of tinkering in the provision of annual advice, which Rochet and Rice apparently advocate, inter alia because this runs the risk of advice following noise rather than signal. Instead, intelligence should come into play in the exercise of oversight through the process of multiannual reviews of MSE and associated MPs. A number of examples are given of the process of interaction with stakeholders which should characterize MSE.
A Method of Blood Volume Determination
Authors: HAHN L. , HEVESY G. 
Published: March 2010

Summary.A method of blood volume determination based on the determination of the dilution of labelled corpuscles is described. Radioactive sodium phosphate is administered to rabbit B; after the lapse of some days, a known blood sample of this rabbit is injected into the vein of rabbit A. A few minutes later, the corpuscles of a known volume of the blood of rabbit A are secured, their phosphatide content extracted, and its activity measured. Corpuscles of a known blood volume of rabbit B are treated in the same way. From the ratio of the labelled phosphatide P content of the corpuscles of rabbit A and rabbit B, the total blood volume of rabbit A is calculated.An alternative and often preferable determination is based on the comparison of the activity of the acid‐soluble P secured from the corpuscle samples of rabbit A and rabbit B.The blood volume per kg of rabbit weight is found to be 42 c.c., per kg of chick weight 45 c.c.We wish to express our hearty thanks to Professor Niels Bohr for putting numerous facilities at our disposal, to Professor Ernest O. Lawrence for the gift of the radioactive phosphate, and to Dr. H. Dam for his effective help in the experiments with chicks.
Zur Pharmakologie der Cozymase
Authors: EULER H. v. , EULER U. S. v. , SCHLENK F. 
Published: March 2010

Zusammenfassung.

Reine Cozymase (Adenin‐nikotinsäureamid‐dinukleotid) besitzt annähernd die gleiche blutdruckssenkende, darmhemmende und uteruserregende Wirkung wie Adenosin. Desaminocozymase ist in entsprechenden Mengen unwirksam.
Hefeadenylsäure war in unseren Versuchen weniger wirksam als Adenosin, das seinerseits schwächer als Adenosin‐triphosphorsäure wirkte.
Die Wirkung der Cozymase und der Adenylverbindungen wird mit ihrer Bedeutung für den Phosphatstoffwechsel in Beziehung gesetzt.
Wirkung der Sauerstoffatmung auf die Atmungssteigerung bei Carotisabklemmung1
Authors: RUDBERG TURE 
Published: March 2010

Zusammenfassung.An der Katze wird gezeigt, dass der ventilationsvermehrenden Wirkung der Carotidenabklemmung bei relativ niedrigem Blutdruck dutch Einatmung von Sauerstoff entgegengewirkt werden kann. Ein wesentlicher Teil wenigstens der Atmungssteigerung muss deshalb durcli Hypoxämiereizung des Sinus caroticus zustande kommen.
Are population outbreaks in sub‐arctic geometrids terminated by larval parasitoids?
Authors: Schott Tino , Hagen Snorre B. , Ims Rolf A. , Yoccoz Nigel G. 
Published: March 2010

Summary 1. Larval parasitoids (i.e. parasitoids attacking host larvae) constitute a major source of mortality in many ecologically and economically important forest insects, but how this mortality affects spatio‐temporal population dynamics is often not clear. 2. In sub‐arctic Fennoscandian birch forest, the two geometrids Epirrita autumnata and Operophtera brumata exhibit pronounced outbreak cycles with significant ecosystem impacts. As mortality owing to larval parasitoids often is very high, the hypothesis that parasitism terminates outbreaks has been advocated, but without decisive empirical evidence. 3. We analysed the altitude‐ and species‐specific timing of population outbreaks typically seen in the coastal section of the sub‐arctic birch forest ecosystem to evaluate the critical premise that parasitoid‐inflicted larval mortality ought to predict geometrid population growth. 4. However, despite temporally high rates of parasitism, this did not influence the strongly species‐ and altitude‐patterned geometrid outbreaks. We therefore conclude that termination of cyclic outbreaks in these geometrids is caused by other regulatory mechanisms than larval parasitoids. 5. Regardless of their lack of effect on the altitude‐specific outbreak dynamics, larval parasitoids accounted for some of the local spatial variance in the temporal dynamics. This implies that results from spatially localized observations and experiments, which dominate research on parasitoid–host interaction, may be misinterpreted with respect to their relevance for large‐scale and long‐term population dynamics.