Simultaneous population pharmacokinetic modelling of ketamine and three major metabolites in patients with treatment‐resistant bipolar depression
Authors: Zhao Xiaochen , Venkata Swarajya Lakshmi Vattem , Moaddel Ruin , Luckenbaugh Dave A. , Brutsche Nancy E. , Ibrahim Lobna , Zarate Jr Carlos A. , Mager Donald E. , Wainer Irving W. 
Published: February 2012

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• (R,S)‐ketamine is a phencyclidine derivative that was initially developed as an anaesthetic agent and which is currently being studied in the treatment of pain and depression. After administration, the drug is extensively N‐demethylated to (R,S)‐norketamine. The pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine have been extensively studied in volunteers and patients after the administration of anaesthetic and sub‐anaesthetic doses. However, ketamine and norketamine are extensively transformed into a series of diastereomeric hydroxyketamines and hydroxynorketamines and (R,S)‐dehydronorketamine metabolites. The plasma kinetics of these metabolites have not been elucidated.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• The current study expands the characterization of the disposition kinetics of (R,S)‐ketamine and (R,S)‐norketamine and presents a population pharmacokinetic analysis of (R)‐ketamine, (S)‐ketamine, (R)‐norketamine, (S)‐norketamine, (R)‐dehydronorketamine, (S)‐ dehydronorketamine and (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐hydroxynorketamine and the serum concentration–time profiles of multiple ketamine metabolites observed in the plasma of patients after a single 40 min infusion of a sub‐anaesthetic dose of the drug. The data demonstrate that while norketamine is an initial metabolite, it is not the major circulating metabolite and suggest that the determination of the downstream metabolites of ketamine may play a role in the pharmacological effects of the drug.AIM To construct a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model for ketamine (Ket), norketamine (norKet), dehydronorketamine (DHNK), hydroxynorketamine (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HNK) and hydroxyketamine (HK) in patients with treatment‐resistant bipolar depression.METHOD Plasma samples were collected at 40, 80, 110, 230 min on day 1, 2 and 3 in nine patients following a 40 min infusion of (R,S)‐Ket (0.5 mg kg−1) and analyzed for Ket, norKet and DHNK enantiomers and (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HNK, (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HK and (2S,6R;2R,6S)‐HK. A compartmental popPK model was constructed that included all quantified analytes, and unknown parameters were estimated with an iterative two‐stage algorithm in ADAPT5.RESULTS Ket, norKet, DHNK and (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HNK were present during the first 230 min post infusion and significant concentrations (>5 ng ml−1) were observed on day 1. Plasma concentrations of (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HK and (2S,6R;2R,6S)‐HK were below the limit of quantification. The average (S) : (R) plasma concentrations for Ket and DHNK were <1.0 while no significant enantioselectivity was observed for norKet. There were large inter‐patient variations in terminal half‐lives and relative metabolite concentrations; at 230 min (R,S)‐DHNK was the major metabolite in four out of nine patients, (R,S)‐norKet in three out of nine patients and (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HNK in two out of nine patients. The final PK model included three compartments for (R,S)‐Ket, two compartments for (R,S)‐norKet and single compartments for DHNK and HNK. All PK profiles were well described, and parameters for (R,S)‐Ket and (R,S)‐norKet were in agreement with prior estimates.CONCLUSION This represents the first PK analysis of (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐HNK and (R,S)‐DHNK. The results demonstrate that while norKet is the initial metabolite, it is not the main metabolite suggesting that future Ket studies should include the analysis of the major metabolites.