bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1,2,4‐Triazole Controlled CdII/MnII Complexes with Discrete Mononuclear, Polymeric 1D Chain, and 2D Layer Motifs
Authors: Liang Qing‐Qing , Liu Zheng‐Yu , Yang En‐Cui , Zhao Xiao‐Jun 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThree Htrz‐based metal complexes, [Cd(trz)(CH3OH)(nb)]n (1), [Cd(Htrz)(H2O)(nb)2]n (2), and {[Mn(Htrz)2(H2O)4]·2nb} (3) (Htrz = 1,2,4‐triazole, Hnb = 4‐nitrobenzoic acid), have been synthesized by diffusion or solvent evaporation method and structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray crystallography, elemental analysis, IR and fluorescence spectroscopy, and TG‐DTA. Structural determinations revealed that complex 1 has a two‐dimensional (2D) layer structure constructed by tridentate μN1,N2,N4‐bridging trz anions and CdII ions. Complex 2 presents a 1D polymeric chain structure bridged by bidentate μN1,N4‐bridging Htrz molecule and CdII ions, whereas compound 3 is a supramolecular assembly containing a mononuclear [Mn(Htrz)2(H2O)4]2+ dication and two free nb anions for charge compensation. Thus, the structural diversity of the three complexes is significantly governed by the coordination modes of the neutral/deprontated Htrz ligand, rather than the terminal/lattice nb anion. Additionally, the thermal stability of the complexes is observed to be dependent on the polymeric or discrete structure nature. At room temperature, the three solid complexes show Htrz‐based intraligand fluorescent emission.
Two‐Dimensional Divalent Metal Coordination Polymers Containing 3,4′‐Dipyridylketone Tethers: Layer Topology Tuning by Anion Binding Preferences
Authors: Farnum Gregory A. , Montney Matthew R. , Supkowski Ronald M. , LaDuca Robert L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSlow diffusion of aqueous cobalt thiocyanate or cadmium perchlorate and ethanolic solutions of 3,4′‐dipyridylketone (3,4′‐dpk) generated the coordination polymers {[Co(NCS)2(3,4′‐dpk)2]·2H2O}n (1) and {[Cd(H2O)2(3,4′‐dpk)2](ClO4)2·2H2O}n (2), which were structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structure of 1 consists of interdigitated neutral [Co(NCS)2(3,4′‐dpk)2]n (4,4) rectangular grid coordination polymer layers. However, compound 2 manifests cationic [Cd(H2O)2(3,4′‐dpk)2]n2n+ two‐dimensional (6,3) herringbone lattices connected through hydrogen bonding mediated by interlamellar unligated perchlorate anions. Upon excitation with ultraviolet radiation, 2 emits blue‐violet light, ascribed to π–π* transitions within the pyridyl rings of the 3,4′‐dpk ligands. Thermal decomposition behavior of 1 is also discussed.
Synthese von Zinn(I)‐bromid. Ein neues binäres Halogenid für die Synthesechemie
Authors: Schrenk Claudio , Köppe Ralf , Schellenberg Inga , Pöttgen Rainer , Schnepf Andreas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThermodynamic data for gaseous SnBr, derived from quantum chemical (MP2)‐calculations show that this monohalide should be formed at 1370 °C as a product of the reaction of elemental tin with HBr at 1 × 10–2 mbar. Applying the cocondensation technique, SnBr can be trapped at –196 °C and prepared in synthetic scale. Herein first analysis of SnBr are presented, showing that SnBr is more reactive than the corresponding GeBr, already disproportionating quantitatively to elemental tin and SnBr2 on heating to room temperature. 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopic measurements confirm the disproportionation by showing three single signals in the spectra which can be attributed to elemental tin, SnBr2 and a trace amount of SnO2.
An analytical solution of compressible charged porous media
Authors: Malakpoor K. , Huyghe J.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA one‐dimensional analytical solution is derived for saturated charged compressible porous media. The equations describe infinitesimal deformation of charged porous media saturated with a fluid with dissolved cations and anions. In the one‐dimensional case the governing equations reduce to a coupled diffusion equations for electro‐chemical potentials. Suitable initial and boundary conditions complete the equations.
Nutrient composition of plants consumed by black and white ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata, in the Betampona Natural Reserve, Madagascar
Authors: Schmidt Debra A. , Iambana R. Bernard , Britt Adam , Junge Randall E. , Welch Charles R. , Porton Ingrid J. , Kerley Monty S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to quantify the concentrations of crude protein, fat, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, nonstructural carbohydrates, and gross energy in plant foods consumed by wild black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata). Calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and selenium concentrations were also determined. A total of 122 samples from 33 plant families and more than 60 species were collected and analyzed for their nutritional content. The specific nutrient needs of black and white ruffed lemurs are unknown, but quantifying the nutritional composition of the foods they consume in the wild will help nutritionists and veterinarians formulate more appropriate diets for captive ruffed lemurs. This information will also supply information on how man‐induced habitat changes affect the nutritional composition of foods consumed by free‐ranging lemurs. Zoo Biol 29:375–396, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An osteoporotic hip fracture in a 14-year-old girl undergoing chemotherapy and operated for knee osteosarcoma
Authors: Zoccali Carmine , Prencipe Umberto , Ferraresi Virginia , Salducca Nicola 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNon-weight-bearing, pre- and postsurgical immobilization, neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy are known to act on bone turnover, causing osteoporosis over short and long time periods. Treatment of fracture insurgence is very difficult because it really depends on being able to choose the right time (i.e., when immunodeficiency is less important). We report a case of spontaneous neck femur fracture during adjuvant chemotherapy in a young girl treated with resection and prosthesis reconstruction for distal femur osteosarcoma. Possible prevention and the correct approach and surgical timing are emphasized considering immunodeficiency following chemotherapy.
Epilepsy and inborn errors of metabolism in children
Authors: Wolf N. I. , García‐Cazorla A. , Hoffmann G. F. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryEpilepsy is a frequent symptom in inborn errors of metabolism, with virtually no specific seizure types or EEG signatures. It is most important to look quickly for those few inborn errors of metabolism in which specific therapies such as supplementation of cofactors or diets can make all the difference. If these investigations remain negative, epilepsy has to be treated with conventional antiepileptic drugs. Still, epilepsy is a potentially treatable symptom of many inborn errors of metabolism, and optimal treatment is of great importance for patients and their families.
Aggravating effect of natural sand dust on male reproductive function in mice
Authors: Yoshida Seiichi , Hiyoshi Kyoko , Ichinose Takamichi , Nishikawa Masataka , Takano Hirohisa , Sugawara Isamu , Takeda Ken 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPurposeAlthough adverse health effects of environment (such as cadmium, pesticides, diesel exhaust, etc.) on the male reproductive system have been suggested, there is little experimental evidence of such an effect of atmospheric sand dust. In the present study, the effects of sand dust (mineral particles) were investigated on the male reproductive system of mice.MethodsTwo types of sand dusts (Asian sand dust and Arizona sand dust) were intratracheally administered (0.1 mg/mouse 4 times every other week) to ICR male mice and then male reproductive organ weight, daily sperm production (DSP), histological analysis and serum testosterone level were measured.ResultsHistological examination showed that interstitial edema was produced by both sand dust types, and partial vacuolation of the seminiferous tubules was detected in the exposed mice. Moreover, exposure to these natural sand dusts significantly decreased DSP. On the other hand, there was no significant differences in serum testosterone concentration.ConclusionsThese results suggest that natural sand dust‐exposure produced adverse effects on mouse male reproductive function.
Variation in sex peptide expression inD. melanogaster
Authors: SMITH D. T. , HOSKEN D. J. , FFRENCH-CONSTANT R. H. , WEDELL N. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryMaleDrosophila melanogastertransfers many accessory-gland proteins to females during copulation. Sex peptide (SP) is one of these and one of its main effects is to decrease female remating propensity. To date, there has been no investigation of genetic variation in SP-gene expression levels, or if such potential variation directly influences female remating behaviour. We assessed both these possibilities and found significant variation in expression levels of the SP gene acrossD. melanogasterisolines. A non-linear association between SP expression levels and female remating delay suggestive of disruptive selection on expression levels was also documented. Finally, while some isolines were infected with the endosymbiontWolbachia, no association betweenWolbachiaand SP expression level was found.
Targeted gain-of-function screening inDrosophilausingGAL4-UASand random transposon insertions
Authors: ZHONG JIM , YEDVOBNICK BARRY 
Published: July 2009

SummaryAlterations in the activity level or temporal expression of key signalling genes elicit profound patterning effects during development. Consequently, gain-of-function genetic schemes that overexpress or misexpress such loci can identify novel candidates for functions essential for a developmental process.GAL4-Upstream Activating Sequence(UAS)-targeted regulation of gene expression inDrosophilahas allowed rapid analyses of coding sequences for potential roles in specific tissues at particular developmental stages.GAL4has also been combined with randomly mobilized transposons capable ofUAS-directed misexpression or overexpression of flanking sequences. This combination has produced a genetic screening system that can uncover novel loci refractory to standard loss of function genetic approaches, such as redundant genes. Available libraries of strains with sequenced insertion sites can allow direct correlation of phenotypes to genetic function. These techniques have also been applied to genetic interaction screening, where aGAL4driver andUAS-regulated insertion collection are combined with an extant mutant genotype. In this article, we summarize studies that have utilizedGAL4-UASoverexpression or misexpression of random loci to screen for candidates involved in specific developmental processes.
ALL NON-ARCHIMEDEAN NORMS ON K[X1, . . ., Xr]
Authors: GROZA GHIOCEL , POPESCU NICOLAE , ZAHARESCU ALEXANDRU 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIf K is a field with a non-trivial non-Archimedean absolute value (multiplicative norm) | |, we describe all non-Archimedean K-algebra norms on the polynomial algebra K[X1, . . . , Xr] which extend | |.
KOSTANT'S PROBLEM AND PARABOLIC SUBGROUPS
Authors: KÅHRSTRÖM JOHAN 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLet be a finite dimensional complex semi-simple Lie algebra with Weyl group W and simple reflections S. For I ⊆ S let I be the corresponding semi-simple subalgebra of . Denote by WI the Weyl group of I and let w○ and wI○ be the longest elements of W and WI, respectively. In this paper we show that the answer to Kostant's problem, i.e. whether the universal enveloping algebra surjects onto the space of all ad-finite linear transformations of a given module, is the same for the simple highest weight I-module LI(x) of highest weight x ⋅ 0, x ∈ WI, as the answer for the simple highest weight -module L(xwI○w○) of highest weight xwI○w○ ⋅ 0. We also give a new description of the unique quasi-simple quotient of the Verma module Δ(e) with the same annihilator as L(y), y ∈ W.
THE MOMENTS OF MINKOWSKI QUESTION MARK FUNCTION: THE DYADIC PERIOD FUNCTION
Authors: ALKAUSKAS GIEDRIUS 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Minkowski question mark function ?(x) arises as a real distribution of rationals in the Farey tree. We examine the generating function of moments of ?(x). It appears that the generating function is a direct dyadic analogue of period functions for Maass wave forms and it is defined in the cut plane \ (1, ∞). The exponential generating function satisfies an integral equation with kernel being the Bessel function. The solution of this integral equation leads to the definition of dyadic eigenfunctions, arising from a certain Hilbert–Schmidt operator. Finally, we describe p-adic distribution of rationals in the Stern–Brocot tree. Surprisingly, the Eisenstein series G2(z) does manifest in both real and p-adic cases.
SOMEn−2TERRACES FROMnPOWER-SEQUENCES,nBEING AN ODD PRIME POWER
Authors: ANDERSON IAN , PREECE D. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA terrace formis an arrangement (a1,a2, . . . ,am) of themelements ofmsuch that the sets of differencesai+1−aiandai−ai+1(i= 1, 2, . . . ,m− 1) between them contain each element ofm\ {0} exactly twice. Formodd, many procedures are available for constructing power-sequence terraces form; each such terrace may be partitioned into segments, one of which contains merely the zero element ofm, whereas each other segment is either (a) a sequence of successive powers of an element ofmor (b) such a sequence multiplied throughout by a constant. We now adapt this idea by using power-sequences inn, wherenis an odd prime power, to obtain terraces form, wherem=n− 2. We write each element fromnso that they lie in the interval [0,n− 1] and then delete 0 andn− 1 so that they leaven− 2 elements that may be interpreted as the elements ofn−2. A segment of one of the new terraces may be of type (a) or (b), incorporating successive powers of 2, with each entry evaluated modulon. Our constructions providen−2terraces for all odd primesnsatisfying 0 <n< 1,000 except forn= 127, 241, 257, 337, 431, 601, 631, 673, 683, 911, 937 and 953. We also providen−2terraces forn= 3r(r> 1) and for some valuesn=p2, wherepis prime.
Mill's argument against religious knowledge
Authors: MAWSON T. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn On Liberty, Mill says that ‘the same causes which make … [a person] a Churchman in London, would have made him a Buddhist or a Confucian in Pekin’. Despite Mill's not having drawn it out, there is an argument implicit in his comments that is germane to both externalist and internalist understandings of the epistemic justification of religious beliefs, even though some of these understandings would not wish to use the term ‘epistemic justification’ to refer to whatever it is that they suggest must be added to true belief for it to count as knowledge. In this paper, we shall articulate this argument; examine how it challenges those religious believers who would wish to claim their religious beliefs as knowledge; and consider what they may do to meet this challenge.
J. R. R. Tolkien and the art of translating English into English
Authors: Smith Ross 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTTranslation techniques favoured by Tolkien in rendering Beowulf and other medieval poetry into modern English. J. R. R. Tolkien was a prolific translator, although most of his translation work was not actually published during his lifetime, as occurred with the greater part of his fiction. He never did any serious translation from modern foreign languages into English, but rather devoted himself to the task of turning Old English and Middle English poetry into something that could be readily understood by speakers of the modern idiom. His largest and best-known published translation is of the anonymous 14th Century poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which was published posthumously with two other translations from Middle English in the volume Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo (Allen & Unwin 1975). The translation of Middle English texts constitutes the bulk of his output in this field, both in the above volume and in the fragments that appear in his lectures and essays. However, his heart really lay in the older, pre-Norman form of the language, and particularly in the greatest piece of literature to come down to us from the Old English period, the epic poem Beowulf.
Forms and functions of English in multilingual signage
Authors: McCormick Kay , Agnihotri Rama Kant 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTResearch on language contact phenomena (language switching and mixing, borrowing) shows that in a multilingual setting people's choice of language(s) is governed not simply by the need to be understood. Other factors play a role. These include various forms of positioning: the language, dialect, accent a speaker chooses for an interaction consciously or unconsciously displays particular aspects of his or her actual or aspired identity. These aspects cover, for example, being (or not being) educated/religious/from a particular region or social grouping. They position the speaker in relation to the person being spoken to. They may also indicate to the addressee not only how the speaker perceives him or her (for example as someone with particular background or attributes) but also as someone with particular aspirations. In multilingual societies language choice in commercial signage carries out similar positioning in addition to giving information about products or services: being understood is not always the sign producer's only or chief consideration. He or she needs to trigger aspects of identity and aspiration that are likely to create a desire for whatever is being sold. In this paper we focus on how English is used in relation to other languages in signage, mainly commercial signage, in two multilingual cities that are the centres of an ongoing research project on bilingual and multilingual signage: Delhi and Cape Town.
Expanding the tomato controversy: an exploratory study of the perception of standard British and American English in Portugal
Authors: de Barros Rita Queiroz 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe recognition and reception of the two major international varieties of English in Portugal.English has become the predominant language of the globe and Portugal is no exception to this predominance. It is the language that Portuguese people mostly use in international settings, the idiom dominating youth culture, science and technology, and a skill generally required in the tertiary sector. Though proficiency in English is far from attained at a national level, it is a subject that has been taught from the fifth grade in Portuguese schools for almost thirty years and which was recently made compulsory in primary schools.However, the presence of English in Portugal far antedates its use for international, professional and academic purposes and its elevation to an international, global or world (standard) language. This recent condition was prepared by a long history of contact with Britain and its varieties and by a more recent record of low-mediated contact with American English due to the influx of American mass culture.
There's no easy way
Authors: Tulloch Alexander 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe etymology of travel.In the not too distant past there were really only two reasons why people travelled: to wage war and to conduct trade. And setting off on a journey for whatever purpose was frequently, if not always, an arduous task. In the 21st century, when we think nothing of getting on a plane and landing a few hours later on the other side of the world, it is perhaps difficult to appreciate what travel involved for our forebears. A brief time exploring the etymologies of the relevant vocabulary, however, soon leaves us in little doubt about the sheer hard slog getting from one place to another used to be.
Letter from Chicago
Authors: Sanford Kimberly 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTI recently had a conversation with a colleague about students who make rude comments in class. Many of us in higher education have experienced a student's inappropriately disparaging comment like ‘This is boring/stupid/worthless/a waste of time/you fill in the blank.’ I remember how shocked I felt the first time this happened to me. ‘Jack’ walked into class 10 minutes late, dropped into a desk in the back of the room and let out an audible yawn. That was the extent of his participation in class that day. He promptly leaned back against the wall and closed his eyes. Frankly, I'm surprised he didn't start snoring. A few minutes later, after I instructed the class to read a short text individually, I tapped Jack on the shoulder. Startled, he looked at me with what can only be described as a glare. Five minutes later, his head was down on his desk, eyes closed. I woke him up again and his response was, ‘But English classes are so boring. They're a waste of time. I'm just stuck here until I pass the TOEFL.’Unfortunately, I've now come to expect a few of these comments to crop up every semester. At the risk of sounding like an uncaring teacher, I'll admit to sometimes writing these students off, letting them make their own choices, even if that results in failing the class. However, in my more patient moments, I try to reason with the student. Occasionally I've even asked a student for some practical suggestions to improve the class. But I always wonder, is this really my responsibility? After all, I'm their teacher, not their mother.
You could say that: the generic second-person pronoun in modern English
Authors: Berry Roger 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTAn examination of a function of the second person pronoun frequently forgotten in pedagogical grammars of English.A lawyer friend told me the following story about a court case in Hong Kong that he had taken part in. His client was in the witness box and was answering questions in Cantonese while an interpreter relayed his words in English to a judge who was not Chinese. At one point the opposing counsel put a point that was detrimental to the client's case and asked if he agreed with it. The translation of the reply was ‘you could say that’, which was understood by the court as indicating agreement. Of course, what he actually meant was ‘you (the counsel) could say that’ (i.e. ‘not me’), but it was understood as ‘you (people in general) could say that’ (i.e. ‘it is acceptable to say that’). In standard spoken English stress (as shown by the bold type above) and weak forms would normally disambiguate, but it seems the interpreter (a native speaker of Cantonese) gave each word equal stress, thus allowing for the unintended interpretation. I am pleased to report that this misunderstanding had no bearing on the outcome of the case, which was won by my friend's client.
Competing scales in transnational networks: the impossible travel of Patrick Geddes' Cities Exhibition to America, 1911–1913
Authors: CHABARD PIERRE 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTAt the turn of the 1910s, a productive tension opposed two competing kinds of North American city planning actors: urban reformers (such as Benjamin Marsh, founder of the National Conference on City Planning (NCCP) in 1909) and professional city planners (such as Frederick Law Olmsted Jr, new director of the NCCP in 1911). Analysing the many unsuccessful attempts, between 1911 and 1913, to send the ‘Cities and Town Planning Exhibition’ – a British itinerant exhibition directed by the Scottish thinker and reformer Patrick Geddes (1854–1932) – to tour America, this article examines the transnational similarities and interactions between American and European urbanist milieux; the competing scales (municipal, national, international) in this dialogue; and the strategies of the professionalization of planning.