bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Surface Liming on the Yield and Nutrient Concentration of Alfalfa Established Using No‐Tillage Techniques1
Authors: Rechcigl J. E. , Wolf D. D. , Reneau R. B. , Kroontje W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil acidity is believed to be an important cause of limited root penetration and low herbage yields of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.). Alfalfa was seeded into an orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.) sod to evaluate the influence of surface‐applied limestone on alfalfa growth under acidic soil conditions. Alfalfa was planted without tillage in April of 1981 and 1982 on an Ernest silt loam soil (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Fragiudult). Dolomitic agricultural limestone was surface applied at 0 or 6.7 kg ha−1either 8 or 20 months before or at planting. Yield (from 1982 through 1984) increases, greater than two‐fold, resulted from surface application of limestone. Time of lime application had no influence on yields. Roots were more prevalent at the 1.0‐ and 1.5‐m depths due to surface limestone application. Soil pH (0‐ to 10‐cm depth) ranged from 6.4 to 6.9 in the surface limed plots as compared to 5.3 to 5.9 in the unlimed plots. The pH averaged 5.1 at and below the 45‐cm depth irrespective of limestone application. Exchangeable Al ranged from 22 mg kg−1at the 0‐ to 5‐cm depth to 186 mg kg−1at the 145‐ to 150‐cm depth on unlimed plots. Lime application reduced Al 2‐ to 20‐fold in the upper 15 cm, but had no influence on Al concentrations at depths of 95 cm and greater.
Economic Comparisons of Crop Rotations Including Alfalfa, Soybean, and Corn1
Authors: Hesterman O. B. , Sheaffer C. C. , Fuller E. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe increasing cost of N fertilizer and development of new alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) germplasm with increased storage of reduced N in roots and crowns have accentuated the importance of determining the economic value of 2‐yr alfalfa‐corn (Zea maysL.) rotations. Our objectives were to (i) determine the economically optimum rotation/N‐fertilization combination of corn following alfalfa at four Minnesota locations and (ii) compare the profitability of alfalfa‐corn rotations with that of continuous corn and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]–corn systems. Field studies were conducted in 1982 and 1983 at four Minnesota locations (soils were Udorthentic Haploborolls, Typic Haplaquolls, Aquic Haplustolls, and Typic Haplaquolls). First‐year rotation components included alfalfa, corn, and soybean, and the 2nd‐yr component was Corn. Alfalfas were subjected to two harvest systems. Four or five rates of N fertilizer were applied to corn. A linear programming model selected the optimum 2‐yr rotation/N‐fertilization combination at each location. A parametric procedure was used to determine changes in the optimum rotations as N costs varied ($.26 to $2.25 kg−1).An alfalfa‐corn sequence with alfalfa subjected to a three‐cut system was the economically optimum rotation. Continuous corn and soybean‐corn systems resulted in at least a $39 and $200 ha−1decrease, respectively, in 2‐yr gross margin. At three of four locations, ‘Saranac AR’ provided greater gross margins than ‘MN ROOT N’, an experimental alfalfa.Optimum rotations were determined more by the quantity and quality of alfalfa forage produced than by differences in second‐phase corn grain yield. Our results suggest that management of alfalfa to increase production of high‐quality forage will contribute to the economic viability of 2‐yr alfalfa‐corn rotations.
Response of No‐Tillage Corn Grown in Corn and Soybean Residues to Several Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources1
Authors: Eckert D. J. , Dick W. A. , Johnson J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProper management of different N fertilizer sources to reduce effects of ammonia volatilization, denitrification and N immobilization potentials is necessary for successful no‐tillage corn (Zea maysL.) production. A 2‐yr study was conducted on a Canfield silt loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Fragiudalf) to evaluate corn response to several N sources‐anhydrous ammonia, broadcast urea, and broadcast urea‐ammonium nitrate solution, when the crop was grown in two crop residues (corn or soybean [Glycine maxL. (Merr.)]. Nitrogen was applied at 112 and 168 kg N ha−1at planting. In both years, urea produced lower yields than ammonia in corn residue but yields equivalent to ammonia in soybean residue. Urea‐ammonium nitrate solution produced (i) lower yields than ammonia in both years in corn residue; (ii) equal yields to ammonia in soybean residue in 1982, but (iii) lower yields than ammonia at the low N rate in soybean residue in 1983. It appears that N source selection for no‐tillage corn can be affected by residue conditions, with less potential for decreased yields when urea‐based N materials are used in soybean residue conditions.
Production of Alfalfa in Pennsylvania Soils of Differing Wetness1
Authors: Alva A. K. , Lanyon L. E. , Leath K. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant nutrient applications and plant disease resistance are management factors that may contribute to successful alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) production on soils that are not inherently well suited to growing alfalfa. Applications of K and P, and cultivar resistance to Phytophthora root rot (Phytophtora megaspermaf. sp. medicaginis; PRR) were evaluated on six well to poorly drained field soils to determine the contributions of these factors to alfalfa production under less than ideal conditions. The six soils were representative of two extensive soil associations in northwestern Pennsylvania. Factorial combinations of 0,175,350, and 525 kg ha−1yr−1K, and 45 and 90 kg ha−1yr−1P were applied annually for 3 yr. Significant yield response to only applied K was measured on two of the three soils of each association. Economic optimum rates for the 3 yr ranged from 137 to 263 kg ha−1yr−1K. Herbage K concentrations of 16.0 to 19.5 g kg−1and exchangeable soil K of 275 kg ha−1K were the minimum levels necessary to produce 90% of the maximum yield for the first harvest year. When the soil water table was within 50 or 25 cm of the soil surface at some time during the growing season, total yields for the 3‐yr period were reduced by 20 to 25% or 80 to 85%, respectively. Due to the lack of PRR development, cultivar resistance to PRR did not influence the total alfalfa yields. Neither management factor of nutrient application nor cultivar resistance to PRR could compensate for the adverse effects of excess soil wetness on alfalfa. The extent of the area in each association in which excess soil water would adversely alfalfa production ranges from 10 to 75%
Response to Vertical Mowing and Ethofumesate Treatments for Annual Bluegrass Control in Bermudagrass Turf1
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnnual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) is a major weed in bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) golf greens overseeded with cool‐season grasses. Herbicides are often ineffective or may injure the overseeded grass. This study was initiated to determine the effects of sequential vertical mowing and ethofumesate [( ± )‐2‐ethoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐3,3‐dimethyl‐ 5‐benzofuranyl methanesulfonate)] treatments on a bermudagrass green. Treatments were arranged as a split plot design with whole plots as vertical mowed treatments in a randomized complete block and subplots as ethofumesate treatments stripped across all whole plots with four replications. One‐half of each whole plot was overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in each of 2 yr. The bermudagrass was an established 'Tifway' Cynodon transvaalensisBurtt‐Davies ✕ C. dactylon (L.) Pers.] growing on a sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic thermic Typic Hapludult). Vertical mowed treatments included: none, low (25% leaf removal), and high (60% leaf removal) intensity prior to overseeding and applying ethofumesate. Ethofumesate treatments were made at time of overseeding in October or delayed until bermudagrass was dormant in November. Herbicide treatments were also applied at the same time to nonoverseeded common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] infested with annual bluegrass. October vertical mowing reduced bermudagrass quality the following spring. Quality was reduced with increased intensity. Vertical mowing and ethofumesate applied in October reduced quality in April and May more than either treatment alone. Transition from cool‐season to bermudagrass was generally slowest in the high‐intensity vertical mowed turf.
Selected Chemical and Physical Properties of Soils Manifesting Cotton Root Rot1
Authors: Smith R. B. , Hallmark C. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome soils that produce cotton (Gossypium spp.) that is free of Phymatotrichum omnivorum are physically adjacent to similar soils on which cotton annually succumbs to the fungus. This study evaluated relationships of soil properties to incidence of cotton root rot (CRR) at 26 sites. Complete pedon descriptions were made, and horizons were sampled and analyzed to determine selected physical and chemical soil properties. Means of soil analyses for non‐root rot (NRR) and root rot (RR) soil groups were compared by t‐test using the weighted averages for the surface horizons, upper 0.50‐m and 1.0‐m sections. Physical properties were not suitable indicators of disease incidence; however, extractable Mg2+ within land resource areas was found to be significantly greater in NRR‐affected rather than RR‐affected soils. Furthermore, the ratio of extractable Ca2+ to Mg2+ was found to be greater in RR soils than NRR soils. X‐ray analysis of the soil carbonates did not indicate that the differences were the result of differential Mg contents of the soil carbonates. In addition to Mg2+, mean extractable Fe2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ were found to be greater in NRR soils in some cases. The soluble bicarbonate ion content of surface horizons was also found to be higher in RR soils than NRR soils. Results suggest that cotton grown in RR soil is more stressed than that grown in adjacent NRR soil.
Maize‐Cowpea Intercropping as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: Ezumah H. C. , Nam Nguyen Ky , Walker P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant architecture and N fertilizer may limit the performance of intercropped maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers] cultivars. This paper describes an experiment in which cultivars of maize and cowpea were intercropped and fertilized with varying rates of N. The cowpea cultivars tested included a semi‐erect and photoperiod‐insensitive cultivar, TV × 3236, and a photoperiod‐sensitive cultivar, Vita 5. Both were intercropped in factorial combinations with three maize cultivars: a short, early maturing cultivar, Population 49, the tall, highly vegetative cultivars, TZSRW and TZPB. All cultivars were grown in an Alfisol soil (Oxic Paleustalf, Egbeda series) with rates of 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha applied. Maize responded positively to N fertilization. Grain yields of maize increased 62% with N rates from 0 to 120 kg/ha, while average cowpea yield decreased 27%. The magnitude of these changes varied with maize and cowpea architecture and growth habits. There are available cultivars of maize and cowpea that are compatible for mixed cropping, especially at high rates of N application. The sensitivity of the various treatments used was improved by use of bivariate analysis.
Lime and Gypsum Effects on Pea‐Root‐Pathogen Inoculum and Related Factors in a Wheat‐Peas Rotation1
Authors: Allmaras R. R. , Kraft J. M. , Pikul J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRoot‐disease responses to manageable soil chemical factors, such as pH or Ca saturation, can be an effective biological control strategy. In a wheat‐peas rotation, single applications of lime, to adjust pH of a Walla Walla silt loam (coarse silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haploxeroll) from 5.5 to 6.2, produced less growth in peas (Pisum sativum, L.) than in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)—a response inconsistent with greater legume responses to liming. Gypsum applied at 1 Mg/ha did not change soil pH, but was adverse for late‐season pea growth while the sulfate ion remained in the upper 0.30 m of soil. Wheat responded to the added S. Propagule density of Pythium ultimum was high enough to damage pea roots, but showed no differential response to the single lime or gypsum application during the 4‐yr period. Propagule density of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi in the 0‐ to 0.15‐m soil layer of the lime treatment decreased 37% over a 3‐yr period. Gypsum reduced propagule density 22%. Increased exchangeable Ca in response to the lime and gypsum was the only soil factor that explained this reduced propagule density. Calcium may have improved the resistance of pea‐root membranes to pathogen attack, impaired saprophytic growth and survival of the pathogen, or favored microbial antagonism of the pathogen. No measurements were made to determine the mechanism for the Ca effect. Reduced propagule numbers in the top 0.15 m of soil may not have reduced root disease because propagules of F. solani f. sp.pisi were abundant in the 0.15‐ to 0.45‐m layer, which had a pH of 5.7 and showed only a negligible increase of Ca saturation.
Time of Flower Opening and Seed Mass in Soybean1
Authors: Egli D. B. , Wiralaga R. A. , Bustamam T. , Zhen‐Wen Yu , TeKrony D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeeds from an individual soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] plant exhibit a range in seed mass, the cause of which is not well understood. This research was conducted to investigate the relationship between the time of flower opening and seed mass. Five soybean cultivars (Cumberland, Harper, DeSoto, Douglas, and Essex) were grown in the field using conventional cultural practices in 1984 and 1985. Fully open flowers were marked with acrylic paint at growth stages R1 to R4.5. Fruits from marked flowers were harvested at maturity and seed dry mass determined. The range in seed mass was estimated using round‐hole screens. The rate of seed development was monitored by determining when seeds reached 3 mm in length and when the pod turned yellow. Mean mass of seeds from flowers opening at R4 or R4.5 was less than mass of seeds from earlier flowers, and this was associated with a shorter seed filling period. Seed mass was not consistently related to time of flowering for flowers opening at R1 to R3. There was a range in seed mass within a time of flower opening, and most of this variation was associated with variation in seed growth rate. Applying fruit removal treatments when pods from the marked flowers reached maximum size indicated that the maximum potential mass of seeds from late flowers was much larger than the normal mass. The data indicate that the time of flowering accounts for only a portion of the variation in seed mass of a soybean plant.
Selective Control of Annual Bluegrass in Cool‐Season Turfs with Fenarimol and Chlorsulfuron
Authors: Gaul M. C. , Christians N. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnnual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) is a weed that presents turfgrass managers with serious problems upon infestation into desired turfgrass stands. This species can be managed as a turfgrass, but selective herbicides for its removal would be very useful in intensely managed turfs. In this study, fenarimol [3‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐5‐ pyrimidinemethanol] and Chlorsulfuron {2‐chloro‐N[(4‐methoxy‐6‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐y1)‐aminocarbonyl]‐benzenesulfonamide} were tested in field and greenhouse trials over a 2‐yr period to determine their effectiveness as annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) controls in both Kentucky bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) turfs. Fenarimol treatments in the field included rates of 0, 155, 306, 459, 612, and 765 g ha−1 applied eight times in 1984 until cumulative amounts of 1.2, 2.4, 3.7, 4.9, and 6.1 kg ha−1 were reached, and seven times in 1985 until cumulative amounts of 1.1,2.1,3.2,4.3, and 5.4 kg ha−1 were reached. In the greenhouse, fenarimol was applied at single application rates of 1.5, 3.0, 4.6, and 6.1 kg ha−1. Chlorsulfuron was applied in the field at single application rates of 18, 35, 70, 140, and 280 g ha−1 and in the greenhouse at single application rates of 70, 140, 210, and 280 g ha−1. Fenarimol was not effective in controlling annual bluegrass in the field or greenhouse and caused discoloration to the creeping bentgrass in the field at rates above 4.9 kg ha−1. Chlorsulfuron was effective in controlling all three annual bluegrass biotypes in the greenhouse and had no detrimental effects on creeping bentgrass or Kentucky bluegrass. In the field, Chlorsulfuron was effective in controlling annual bluegrass at one of the two testing sites.
Effect of Temperature, Daylength, and Solar Radiation on Production of Coastal Bermudagrass
Authors: Burton G. W. , Hook J. E. , Butler J. L. , Hellwig R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForage yields of ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] drop sharply in late summer and fall, even though warm temperatures continue. The objective of this study was to examine relationships among meteorological parameters and forage yield of irrigated and rain‐fed Coastal bermudagrass fertilized annually with 672 kg ha−‐1 of N plus adequate P and K. Irrigation maintained soil water pressure above –25 kPa, as indicated by gypsum blocks. Forage from six irrigated and six rain‐fed plots was harvested at eight 24 d intervals. Three‐year average yields for the eight growth periods ranged from 295 kg ha−1 in October to 2907 kg ha−1 in June. Stepwise multiple regression of yields from individual cuttings with various meteorological parameters indicated that daylength was the single most important variable related to yield (r2=0.64). Total rainfall plus irrigation, mean minimum temperature, growing degree days, and mean daily solar radiation could be associated with yield to a limited extent. Over years, yield was most highly correlated with daylength and solar radiation, (r=0.95 and 0.93, respectively,) indicating that these factors were largely responsible for low yields of Coastal bermudagrass forage in the fall. The small correlation between average yields and average temperatures (r=0.46) or average growing degree days (r=0.37) for the eight 24‐d growth periods resulted from the failure of Coastal bermudagrass to grow well in the fall even when water, fertilizer, and temperature were adequate.
An Investigation of the Validity and Usefulness of Trend Analysis for Field Plot Data
Authors: Tamura Roy N. , Nelson Larry A. , Naderman George C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBlocking is sometimes ineffective in accounting for a field's systematic, spatial variation. In such cases, trend analysis has been proposed as an alternative method. This procedure fits a polynomial regression function (surface model) to account for some of the systematic variability. Computer simulated data were used to test the statistical validity of trend analysis. Data simulation facilitated this evaluation, because the experimental conditions of treatment variation, systematic variation, and random variation could be computer generated within prescribed limits. The validity of the significance levels in trend analysis was evaluated. Also, trend analysis was compared to the randomized complete‐block analysis with regard to power of test and estimation of treatment effect. These studies show that with proper restrictions on choosing the surface model, trend analysis has true significance levels close to assumed levels. In addition, trend analysis was often superior to the randomized block analysis in power, and offered less biased estimates of treatment effects, especially when the pattern of systemic variation was complex and curvilinear.
Phosphate Rock Fertilization in Tilled and No‐Till Low‐Input Systems in the Humid Tropics
Authors: Gichuru Mwenja P. , Sanchez Pedro A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApplication of phosphate rock is of interest to low‐input systems in the humid tropics, because phosphate rock is less expensive than ordinary superphosphate and releases P quickly in acid soils. However, the lack of incorporation in zero‐tillage systems may result in low availability of surface‐applied P. This study was directed toward determining the effects of these two P sources under no‐till and rotovation tillage systems on crop production in a fine‐loamy siliceous, isohyperthermic Typic Paleudult of Yurimaguas, Peru. A rotation of Al‐tolerant cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.)‐rice‐cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was followed for seven consecutive harvests. Grain yields increased with rotovation in the first crop, were not affected by tillage methods during the second and third crops, but decreased with rotovation from the third to the seventh crops. Sechura phosphate rock at a soil pH of 4.5 was as effective as superphosphate in supplying available P. A total of 13.9 Mg ha−1 of rice and 2.5 Mg ha−1 of cowpea grain was produced in seven harvests in newly cleared fields without lime or P application. There were significant responses to P fertilization in one rice crop and in both cowpea crops. On the average, however, rice yield did not respond to P. A single application of 22 kg P ha‐' was sufficient to produce 85% of the maximum yield of cowpea for 2 yr. The results with cowpea indicate that broadcast phosphate rock is a good source of P for low‐input systems on acid soils where acid‐tolerant cultivars are used.
Tissue Nitrogen Levels For Dryland Hard Red Winter Wheat
Authors: Vaughan B. , Barbarick K. A. , Westfall D. G. , Chapman P. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant tissue analysis could be an effective diagnostic tool for identifying N sufficiency or deficiency at early growth stages for hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to determine critical plant tissue N and NO3‐N concentrations of three plant parts at three growth stages. Nitrogen was applied preplant (fall) at rates of 0, 22, 44, and 66 kg N ha−1 to establish a range of spring plant tissue N levels and grain yields within a location. Critical plant N levels were calculated by the cate‐Nelson procedure. All plant N measurements made at early tiller (Feekes 3) had limited diagnostic value. Late tillering (Feekes 5) and early jointing (Feekes 7) were the best growth stages to sample. Stem and whole‐plant NO3‐N concentrations were highly variable and have limited use for N recommendations. Total N in the whole plant or in the leaves was found to be the best plant part to sample at Feekes 5 and 7 growth stages. Critical N levels recommended for Feekes 5 growth stages are: 32 g kg−1 total N for the whole plant and 38 g kg−1 total N for the leaves. Critical N levels recommended for Feekes 7 growth stage are: 27 g kg−1 total N for the whole plant and 35 g kg−1 total N for the leaves