bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomsequenzierer. Die dritte Generation
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDie lebende Zelle kann ihre genetische Gebrauchsanweisung von einem einzelnen DNA‐Doppelstrang ablesen. Forscher brauchten zum Entziffern des Erbmaterials bisher vergleichsweise riesige Mengen. Drastische Verbesserungen kamen erst nach der Erstsequenzierung des menschlichen Genoms zum Einsatz und führten zu einer hunderttausendfachen Verbesserung der Kosteneffizienz. Erst die jetzt vor der Einführung stehenden Sequenzierer der dritten Generation können einzelne DNA‐Moleküle direkt lesen, was die Kosten weiter reduzieren und dadurch weitreichende Auswirkungen auf Medizin und Gesellschaft haben wird.
Dithiophosphatester zur Addition an Dien‐Bindungen
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDie Addition an aliphatische Doppelbindungen folgt der jetzt gerade 140 Jahre alten Markownikoff‐Regel in streng orthodoxer Gläubigkeit ganz Matth.13, 12 “wer da hat, dem wird gegeben”. Seit Olefine mit zu den wichtigsten Edukten der chemischen Großindustrie gehören, steht eine solche Reaktion mit ihren Abwandlungen im Zentrum synthetischer Mühen, also seit 140 Jahren. Es gibt ganze Bibliotheken über diese Additionen und ihre regelrechten ortho‐ oder regelwidrigen Antimarkownikoff‐Variationen. Aus naheliegenden Gründen braucht man meist stark saure Metallkomplex‐Katalysatoren. Dagegen stehen ökologische, auch ökonomische, Bedenken. Nun gelang es, als chirale Brønsted‐Katalysatoren Ester der Dithiophosphorsäure zur Aktivierung des Diens zu verwenden.
Computational fluid dynamic simulation of ethylene hydrogenation in a fluidised bed of porous catalyst particles
Authors: Yusuf Rahel , Halvorsen Britt , Melaaen Morten Christian 
Published: June 2011

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to study the flow behaviour and conversion in a freely bubbling bed of porous cracking catalyst particles fluidised by a mixture of ethylene and hydrogen on the in‐house code FLOTRACS‐MP‐3D. The solid phase viscosity and pressure are modelled on the basis of kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF). An effective solid density is calculated to account for the inherent porosity of particles. The cohesive inter‐particle forces are incorporated into the CFD model by using an empirical approach proposed in literature. Qualitatively, the CFD model captures the flow behaviour and heat transfer in the bed quite well. On the quantitative front, the variation of conversion with gas velocity is predicted fairly well with the deviation between the predicted and measured conversion remaining within 20%. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Automated classification of multicolored rolling circle products in dual‐channel wide‐field fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Gavrilovic Milan , Weibrecht Irene , Conze Tim , Söderberg Ola , Wählby Carolina 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSpecific single‐molecule detection opens new possibilities in genomics and proteomics, and automated image analysis is needed for accurate quantification. This work presents image analysis methods for the detection and classification of single molecules and single‐molecule interactions detected using padlock probes or proximity ligation. We use simple, widespread, and cost‐efficient wide‐field microscopy and increase detection multiplexity by labeling detection events with combinations of fluorescence dyes. The mathematical model presented herein can classify the resulting point‐like signals in dual‐channel images by spectral angles without discriminating between low and high intensity. We evaluate the methods on experiments with known signal classes and compare to classical classification algorithms based on intensity thresholding. We also demonstrate how the methods can be used as tools to evaluate biochemical protocols by measuring detection probe quality and accuracy. Finally, the method is used to evaluate single‐molecule detection events in situ. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Exacerbated egg‐induced immunopathology in murine Schistosoma mansoni infection is primarily mediated by IL‐17 and restrained by IFN‐γ
Authors: Rutitzky Laura I. , Stadecker Miguel J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn schistosomiasis, the severity of CD4+ T‐cell‐mediated hepatic granulomatous inflammation against parasite eggs varies considerably in humans and among mouse strains. In C57BL/6 mice, pronounced exacerbation of immunopathology induced by immunization with schistosome egg Ag in CFA (SEA/CFA) substantially recapitulates the natural high pathology seen in CBA mice; both are associated with a significant elevation of Th17‐ and Th1‐cell‐derived proinflammatory cytokines. We now investigated the relative contribution of the effector cytokines IL‐17 and IFN‐γ in pathology development of 7 wk‐infected, SEA/CFA‐immunized, IL‐17−/−, IFN‐γ−/−, and IL‐17/IFN‐γ−/− mice. In IL‐17−/− mice there was significant reduction of immunopathology despite increased levels of IFN‐γ, whereas in IFN‐γ−/− mice, markedly exacerbated immunopathology correlated with an increase in IL‐17. In IL‐17/IFN‐γ−/− mice, complete resistance to SEA/CFA‐induced disease exacerbation was associated with a reduction in IL‐23p19, IL‐1β, CXCL1 and iNOS, and with an increase in IL‐5, IL‐10 and Relmα. IL‐17 and IFN‐γ were derived from distinct CD4+ T cells in which production of each cytokine was suppressed by the other. Our results indicate that severe immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis is mainly driven by IL‐17 and regulated by IFN‐γ; however, in the absence of IL‐17, IFN‐γ is capable of exerting a limited, yet significant, pathogenic function.
Iron(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Acetophenone
Authors: Flückiger Michelle , Togni Antonio 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFour new ligands containing a pentasubstituted cyclopentadiene tethered to a stereogenic diamine unit have been prepared and used in the iron‐catalyzed enantioselective hydrosilylation of acetophenone. Catalytically active species have been generated in situ starting from various sources of iron. Fe(acac)2 was the catalyst precursor of choice, whereas other simple FeII or FeIII compounds resulted in significantly lower or no catalytic activity. Quantitative conversions were obtained working with 4 mol‐% Fe at room temp. and phenylsilane as the reducing agent. Under these conditions, ligand 4 afforded an enantioselectivity of 37 % ee. Attempts to isolate the single‐component Fe complexes containing ligands 3–6 have failed so far.
Multivariate adaptation and classification method for characteristic sample properties
Authors: Sartorius Gerhard , Talbot Steven R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCharacteristic properties of samples can be measured by spectrometers, cameras or other applicable equipment. To achieve meaningful classification results with a user‐friendly arrangement of the overall system, a new approach is pursued in which principally unaltered input data are reduced to their essential content using a Wavelet transform and are refined with a special smoothing method in such a manner that certain dimension‐reducing techniques can also be employed in a numerically stable way for discontinuous data sets as they occur, for example, in classification tasks. The introduced multivariate adaptive embedding (MAE) process acts as a universal approximator in the adaptation phase, to a very large extent without iterations and parameter adjustments, and deduces a redundancy‐free model with which untrained input data with outstanding generalization properties, in terms of an application, can be processed in the application phase. While taking advantage of the proximity relationships of the data points, the entire information is mapped into a low‐dimensional coordinate system using a supervised learning process and is scaled and adapted to the respective application using an unsupervised learning process. This approach allows classification of highly related and confused data as they may occur in identification/classification setups for bacteria and other substances using spectroscopic methods.
Temporal evaluation of effects of a model 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor on endocrine function in the fathead minnow
Authors: Ankley Gerald T , Cavallin Jenna E , Durhan Elizabeth J , Jensen Kathleen M , Kahl Michael D , Makynen Elizabeth A , Martinovic-Weigelt Dalma , Wehmas Leah C , Villeneuve Daniel L 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Inhibition of enzymes involved in the synthesis of sex steroids can substantially impact developmental and reproductive processes controlled by the hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. A key steroidogenic enzyme that has received little attention from a toxicological perspective is 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). In these studies, we exposed reproductively-active fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to the model 3β-HSD inhibitor trilostane at two test concentrations (300 and 1,500 µg/L) over a 16-d period that included both 8-d exposure and 8-d recovery phases. Plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) in females were depressed within hours of exposure to the drug and remained decreased at the highest trilostane concentration throughout the 8-d exposure. Reductions in E2 were accompanied by decreases in plasma concentrations of the estrogen-responsive protein vitellogenin (VTG). During the recovery phase of the test, plasma E2 and VTG concentrations returned to levels comparable to those of controls, in the case of E2 within 1 d. Up-regulation of ovarian expression of gene products for follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) and aromatase (cyp19a1a) suggested active compensation in trilostane-exposed animals. Effects of trilostane on HPG-related endpoints in exposed males were less pronounced, although, as in females, up-regulation of gonadal fshr was seen. Data from these time-course studies provide insights as to direct impacts, compensatory responses, and recovery from effects associated with perturbation of a comparatively poorly characterized enzyme/pathway critical to sex steroid synthesis. This information is important to the design and interpretation of approaches for assessing the occurrence and effects of HPG-active chemicals in both the laboratory and the field. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2094–2102. © 2011 SETAC
Chronic zebrafish PFOS exposure alters sex ratio and maternal related effects in F1 offspring
Authors: Wang Mingyong , Chen Jiangfei , Lin Kuanfei , Chen Yuanhong , Hu Wei , Tanguay Robert L , Huang Changjiang , Dong Qiaoxiang 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is an organic contaminant ubiquitous in the environment, wildlife, and humans. Few studies have assessed its chronic toxicity on aquatic organisms. The present study defined the effects of long-term exposure to PFOS on zebrafish development and reproduction. Specifically, zebrafish at 8 h postfertilization (hpf) were exposed to PFOS at 0, 5, 50, and 250 µg/L for five months. Growth suppression was observed in the 250 µg/L PFOS-treated group. The sex ratio was altered, with a significant female dominance in the high-dose PFOS group. Male gonad development was also impaired in a dose-dependent manner by PFOS exposure. Although female fecundity was not impacted, the F1 embryos derived from high-dose exposed females paired with males without PFOS exposure developed severe deformity at early development stages and resulted in 100% larval mortality at 7 d postfertilization (dpf). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid quantification in embryos indicated that decreased larval survival in F1 offspring was directly correlated to the PFOS body burden, and larval lethality was attributable to maternal transfer of PFOS to the eggs. Lower-dose parental PFOS exposure did not result in decreased F1 survival; however, the offspring displayed hyperactivity of basal swimming speed in a light-to-dark behavior assessment test. These findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to PFOS adversely impacts embryonic growth, reproduction, and subsequent offspring development. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2073–2080. © 2011 SETAC
Application of AI supported optimal controller for automatic generation control of a restructured power system with parallel AC–DC tie lines
Authors: Sinha Sanjay , Patel Ramnarayan , Prasad Rajendra 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYAn optimal controller has been designed for automatic generation control (AGC) of two‐area restructured power system. The performance of the controller has been studied for two cases: (a) when the tie line connecting the two areas consists of parallel EHVAC and HVDC lines and (b) when HVDC link is absent and only ac tie line acts as interconnection. The comparison has been done for the two cases in terms of time taken to damp out oscillations of frequency in each area, tie‐line power exchange between the two areas and power generated by each generator when there is change in load. The simulation results indicate that control performance improves when HVDC link is connected in parallel with EHVAC tie line and output of the dc block is considered as additional state for the optimal controller. Detailed simulation studies were carried out for load demand by DISCOs as per cotracted condition as well as for bilateral contract violation condition. Optimal controller gives better dynamic response compared to conventional PI controller. AGC dynamic response is further improved by using combined optimal fuzzy controller. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique has been used for tuning the fuzzy controller. The results of the two area thermal–thermal system indicate better control performance in terms of peak overshoot and settling time by PSO tuned combined optimal fuzzy controller as compared to the un‐tuned controller. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumor imaging using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Brindle Kevin M. , Bohndiek Sarah E. , Gallagher Ferdia A. , Kettunen Mikko I. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDynamic nuclear polarization is an emerging technique for increasing the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, particularly for low‐γ nuclei. The technique has been applied recently to a number of 13C‐labeled cell metabolites in biological systems: the increase in signal‐to‐noise allows the spatial distribution of an injected molecule to be imaged as well as its metabolic product or products. This review highlights the most significant molecules investigated to date in preclinical cancer models, either in terms of their demonstrated metabolism in vivo or the biological processes that they can probe. In particular, label exchange between hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled pyruvate and lactate, catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase, has been shown to have a number of potential applications. Finally, techniques to image these molecules are also discussed as well as methods that may extend the lifetime of the hyperpolarized signal. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging have shown great promise for the imaging of cancer in preclinical work, both for diagnosis and for monitoring therapy response. If the challenges in translating this technique to human imaging can be overcome, then it has the potential to significantly alter the management of cancer patients. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI of tumor hypoxia
Authors: Egeland Tormod A.M. , Gulliksrud Kristine , Gaustad Jon‐Vidar , Mathiesen Berit , Rofstad Einar K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPatients with highly hypoxic primary tumors show increased frequency of locoregional treatment failure and poor survival rates and may benefit from particularly aggressive treatment. The potential of gadolinium diethylene‐triamine penta‐acetic acid‐based dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI in assessing tumor hypoxia was investigated in this preclinical study. Xenografted tumors of eight human melanoma lines were subjected to dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI and measurement of the fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells and the fraction of pimonidazole‐positive hypoxic cells. Tumor images of Ktrans (the volume transfer constant of gadolinium diethylene‐triamine penta‐acetic acid) and ve (the fractional distribution volume of gadolinium diethylene‐triamine penta‐acetic acid) were produced by pharmacokinetic analysis of the dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI data, and Ktrans and ve frequency distributions of the non‐necrotic tumor tissue were established and related to the extent of hypoxia. Tumors showing high Ktrans values and high ve values had low fractions of hypoxic cells, whereas tumors showing both low Ktrans values and low ve values had high hypoxic fractions. Ktrans differentiated better between tumors with low and high hypoxic fractions than did ve. This study supports the current attempts to establish dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI as a method for assessing the extent of hypoxia in human tumors, and it provides guidelines for the clinical development of valid assays. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optic neuropathy associated with CANOMAD: Description of 2 cases
Authors: Sanvito Lara , Rajabally Yusuf A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCANOMAD is a chronic ataxic neuropathy associated with IgM paraproteinemia and reactivity against disialosyl gangliosides. Ophthalmoplegia is a typical feature, but optic pathway involvement has not been reported previously. We describe 2 cases of CANOMAD associated with optic neuropathy. Severe visual loss was present in 1 case. We postulate that optic nerve damage may be related to antibody reactivity against gangliosides. Our report broadens the spectrum of cranial nerve involvement in this rare entity. Muscle Nerve 44: 451–455, 2011
Fetal therapy: practical ethical considerations
Authors: Ville Yves 
Published: June 2011

AbstractProgress in prenatal diagnosis can lead to the diagnosis of severe fetal abnormalities for which natural history anticipates a fatal outcome or the development of severe disability despite optimal postnatal care. Intrauterine therapy can be offered in these selected cases. Prenatal diagnosis is the only field of medicine in which termination is an option in the management of severe diseases. Fetal therapy has therefore developed as an alternative to fatalist expectant prenatal management as well as to termination of pregnancy (TOP). There are few standards of fetal care that have gone beyond the stage of equipoise and even fewer have been established based on appropriate studies comparing pre‐ and postnatal care. Several ethical questions are being raised as fetal surgery develops, including basic Hippocratic principles of patients' autonomy and doctors' duty of competence moving the boundaries between experimental surgery, therapeutic innovation and standard care. In addition, the technical success of a fetal intervention can only rarely fully predict the postnatal outcome. Managing uncertainty regarding long‐term morbidity and the possibility for fetal therapy to change the risk of perinatal death into that of severe handicap remains a critical factor affecting women's choice for TOP as an alternative to fetal therapy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 2‐D gel reference map of the basic human heart proteome
Authors: Polden Julie , McManus Ciara A. , Dos Remedios Cris , Dunn Michael J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe have undertaken the identification of basic proteins (pH 6–11) of the human heart using 2‐DE. Tissue from the left ventricle of human heart was lysed and proteins were separated in the first dimension on pH 6–11 IPG strips using paper‐bridge loading followed by separation on 12% SDS polyacrylamide gels in the second dimension. Proteins were then identified by mass spectrometry and analysed using Proline, a proteomic data analysis platform that was developed in‐house. The proteome map contains 176 identified spots with 151 unique proteins and has been made available as part of the UCD‐2DPAGE database at http://proteomics‐portal.ucd.ie:8082. The associated mass spectrometry data have been submitted to PRIDE (Accession number ♯10098). This reference map, and the other heart reference maps available through the UCD‐2DPAGE database, will aid further proteomic studies of heart diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy and ischaemic heart disease.
REGIONAL FRAMEWORKS APPLIED TO HYDROLOGY: CAN LANDSCAPE‐BASED FRAMEWORKS CAPTURE THE HYDROLOGIC VARIABILITY?
Authors: McManamay R. A. , Orth D. J. , Dolloff C. A. , Frimpong E. A. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTRegional frameworks have been used extensively in recent years to aid in broad‐scale management. Widely used landscape‐based regional frameworks, such as hydrologic landscape regions (HLRs) and physiographic provinces, may provide predictive tools of hydrologic variability. However, hydrologic‐based regional frameworks, created using only streamflow data, are also available and have been created at various scales; thus, relating frameworks that share a common purpose can be informative. In addition, identifying how the relative importance of variables change in governing streamflow with respect to scale can also be informative. The purpose of this study was to determine whether landscape‐based frameworks could explain variation in streamflow classifications and in the hydrologic variables used in their creation. We also evaluated how climate and watershed‐based variables govern the divergence of different flow classifications at two different scales. HLRs and physiographic provinces poorly predicted flow class affiliation within our study and for the entire USA, although physiographic provinces explained more variability. We also found that HLRs explained very little variation in individual hydrologic parameters. Using variables summarized at the watershed scale, we found that climate will play a larger role in influencing hydrology across the entire US, whereas soils may govern variation in hydrology at smaller scales. Our results suggest that predictor variables, developed at the watershed scale, may be the most appropriate at explaining hydrology and that the variables used in creating regional landscape‐based frameworks may be more useful than the frameworks themselves. In addition, managers should be careful when using landscape‐based regional classifications for stream management because the scale of their construction may be too broad to capture differences in flow variability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Godly choice: Puritan Decision-Making in Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: Donagan Barbara 
Published: June 2011

[We] should … set upon our affairs with looking up to heaven for permission, power, and sufferance. … Let us therefore in all our affairs be holy, and not bind or limit our holiness only to coming to church; but seeing at all times and in all places we are Christians, and ever in the presence of God, let us place ourselves still in his eye, and do nothing but that we would be willing God shall see. … [We] ought not to set upon anything, wherein we cannot expect God's guidance.Richard SibbesIn Cromwell's rebellion the cause was managed by whining hypocrites, and no wonder if they cheated.Roger North