bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host selection and strain occurrence in Apanteles flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its bearing on biological control of graminaceous stem-borers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Mohyuddin A. I. , Inayatullah C. , King E. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFemales of the Pakistan strain of Apanteles flavipes (Cam.) (which originates from Japan and is maintained on larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinh.) reared on maize) were readily attracted to maize stems but not to sugar-cane stems in the laboratory. Ovipositor probing occurred in the presence of unwashed host larvae, particularly of C. partellus and/or frass from host larvae fed on maize. Ovipositor probing did not occur in the presence of dried frass, dried frass that had been remoistened with water or frass from C. partellus fed on a diet of gram (Cicer arietinum) flour. The Pakistan strain of A. flavipes is morphologically identical to a strain of A. flavipes imported from India into Florida and established on Diatraea saccharalis (F.) fed on a soyabean flour-wheat germ diet. Reciprocal crosses between the two strains (Pakistan and USA) and between the F1, adults produced both male and female progeny. Nevertheless, behavioural differences between the strains were found in laboratory tests in that the USA strain responded more strongly to larvae of Acigona steniellus (Hmps.) fed on sugar-cane, was more attracted to sugar-cane stalks than to maize stalks and was not encapsulated by D. saccharalis larvae, whereas at least one-fifth of the Pakistan strain larvae were encapsulated. The existence of different strains of Apanteles flavipes adapted to different graminaceous crops suggests that parasite plant preference as well as host preference and suitability must be considered during attempts to introduce exotic parasites. It is recommended that A. flavipes strains adapted to sugar-cane be introduced into Pakistan for establishment on stem-borers of sugar“-cane.
Changes in colour of a secretion in the reproductive tract of adult males of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with age and mated status
Authors: Haines Linda C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe internal reproductive system of adult males of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) is described, and changes in colour of a secretion in the ductus ejaculatorius simplex with age and mated status are noted. Virgin males 0–7 days old and mated males 0–7 days after mating were killed and the colour of the secretion in the simplex compared with colour chips in the Munsell book of color (1929–1942). The results showed that the simplex of newly emerged males was colourless or pale yellow, but after two days an orange pigmented secretion had begun to accumulate in 61·3% of males examined. By four days this pigment had darkened to deep red in 96·4% of virgin males. On mating, a portion of this secretion was incorporated into the spermatophore while the rest was passed into the bursa copulatrix of the female, leaving the simplex of newly mated males colourless. There was. however, a gradual re-accumulation of the pigmented secretion after mating through yellow, orange and finally to deep red. This accumulation of the red pigment was slightly slower in the mated males than in virgins, and three days after mating only 29·6% of the males had a red simplex compared with 78·8% of three-day-old virgin males. The potential use of these changes in colour to determine the mated status of field-caught males is discussed.
Attractiveness of Manitoba traps to the headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera: Muscidae): the effects of short-term weather fluctuations, carbon dioxide and target temperature and size
Authors: Ball S. G. , Luff M. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe numbers of adults of Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) caught in Manitoba traps in north-eastern England varied greatly between successive 30-min periods. Weather variables accounted for 49·4% of this variation, but only wind speed and sunshine showed significant simple correlations with fly catch. Using principal component analysis of weather data, three principal components accounted for 67·3% of the variation in catch. The two components most highly correlated with catch were composed mainly of wind speed, sunshine, shade temperature and radiant temperature. These two principal components were used as covariates in an analysis of the effects of a heated target and carbon dioxide on trap effectiveness. Heating the target to blood temperature increased the catch of females 1·8-fold but had only a slight effect on the catch of males. The presence of CO2 increased the female catch nearly fivefold and the male catch more than fourfold. There was no interaction between the two stimuli of heat and CO2. A separate experiment showed no significant difference in catch between CO2-baited traps using spheres 0·6 or 0·3 m in diameter as the target.
A new matrix for toxic baits for control of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Jutsum A. R. , Cherrett J. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new easily-produced cheap compound for use as a bait matrix is described. The light-weight matrix of polyurethane is prepared from dense precursors into which suitable attractants and toxicants can be incorporated for the pest species in question. It has a high bait effectiveness/weight ratio, and so is very suitable for aerial application as large economically viable payloads can be achieved. When tested both in the laboratory and in the field on a small scale against the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich), the bait was highly acceptable to the ants. Some formulations, especially those coated with mirex gave excellent control of ants in the field in Trinidad, killing all occupants of nests within four days of baiting. The bait exhibited good weathering properties, was resistant to fungus attack, and allowed the slow release of pheromones. It was much cheaper than the citrus pulp baits normally used in Trinidad.
A new species of Coccus (Hemiptera: Coccidae) from mango in Israel, and A redescription of C. gymnospori (Green)
Authors: Ben-Dov Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA soft scale found infesting mango in Israel is described from the female as Coccus elatensis sp. n. It is morphologically related to C. gymnospori (Green), which is redescribed.
Notes on the biology of Ollarianus balli (Van Duzee) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), a newly-discovered leafhopper vector of plant mycoplasmas in Jamaica
Authors: Dabek A. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOllarianus balli (Van D.), a leafhopper vector of disease-associated mycoplasma-like organisms, was found to be rare in Jamaica. Its distribution and frequency were governed primarily by the distribution and density of its specific field host, the wild legume Rhynchosia minima on which it completes its life-cycle. Under suitable temperature conditions, O. balli was easily reared in captivity on R. minima and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), although the latter is not a natural host. It oviposited into the hypodermal tissues covering veins of sterns, petioles and the abaxial surfaces of older leaves. Eggs hatched 10–15 days after oviposition and there were five nymphal instars. Instar 1 was distinct from instars 2–5 which, except for size, were similar in appearance. The first adults matured some three weeks after the final moult. There appeared to be little difference in the average life-span of males and females of O. balli.
Post-fumigation productivity ofTrogoderma granariumEverts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)
Authors: Rajendran S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe productivity of adults ofTrogoderma granariumEverts was reduced following fumigation of the larvae with high dosages of carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dibromide or phosphine. Carbon dioxide, ethylene oxide, methyl bromide, methyl iodide and trichloroethylene had little influence on the productivity. From 0 to 23 % of surviving larvae diapaused compared with 3 % of untreated ones.
Food source orientation and activity inRhodnius prolixusStål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Núñez Josué A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLocomotor activity in an actograph and oriented locomotor movements in an olfactometer were recorded for fifth-instar nymphs ofRhodnius prolixusStål exposed to test stimuli expected to elicit food-seeking behaviour. A natural food source (hamster or human forearm) proved to be the most attractive stimulus. Warmth alone was least stimulating for long-range orientation. As with mosquitoes, carbondioxide and moisture proved to be attractive, as well as the odour of a hamster. Lactic acid did not seem to play an important role in orientation. Activation by the different stimuli was most pronounced during the scotophase of the circadian cycle. Circadian activity ran-free for two weeks in constant darkness. The results indicate that the stimuli that elicit locomotor activity in the actograph are in some way implicated in the switching of the taxis mechanisms that utilise the airstream for orientation.
The development and questing activity ofIxodes ricinus(L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) under field conditions in Ireland
Authors: Gray J. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDevelopment rates of engorged examples ofIxodes ricinus(L.) and the onset and duration of questing activity of unfed ticks were investigated in gauze cages in the field in the Irish Republic. Development rates of the various stages were broadly similar to those described in other studies but differed in small detail from most of them. It was found that larvae that fed during or after the first two weeks of August entered diapause. The activity periods of questing ticks were found to agree closely with observations made in the field, and the origins of the various peaks in tick activity in the field were thus elucidated. It was established that considerable interchange between autumn-feeding and spring-feeding populations of ticks can occur, and it is concluded that the extent of this is largely controlled by the weather, being accentuated by high summer temperatures.
Active and resting behaviour of virgin and pregnant females ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the laboratory
Authors: Rowcliffe C. , Finlayson L. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractActivity in virgin and pregnant females ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestw. was very low and mostly took the form of short bursts of flight. Recently-fed virgins and females in early and mid-pregnancy were least active. In late pregnancy, activity increased and more walking occurred. In all classes of females, activity was least around midday, but the V-shaped curve became less pronounced as parturition approached. There was evidence of a slight preference for black over white surfaces whenlandingbut a clear preference for blackrestingsites. Virgin females preferred to alight and rest on vertical surfaces at the borders of areas of visual contrast; pregnant females preferred to alight and rest on horizontal surfaces and showed no attraction to regions of contrast. In a horizontal light gradient, pregnant females selected lighter resting sites as the day progressed. In late pregnancy, there was an increasing tendency to rest in darker sites. Increasing the temperature in the light gradient caused an increase in activity around 34°C and a switch to photonegative behaviour. After larviposition, the females became strongly photopositive even at high temperature (38°C), but after a feed they reverted to the ‘normal’ photonegative response to high temperature.
Parasites of the Cotton leafroller, Sylepta derogata (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in south-western Nigeria
Authors: Odebiyi J. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSurveys of parasites of Sylepta derogata (F.) on cotton at Ibadan, Nigeria, in 1979–80 showed that there were three larval parasites: Apanteles syleptae Ferrière, A. sagax Wlkn. and Charops sp. An average of 17·7% parasitism was recorded, and A. syleptae accounted for 98·6% of this. There were three pupal parasites: the chalcidid Brachymeria feae Masi, the ichneumonid Xanthopimpla sp. and the tachinid Cadurcia auratocauda (Curr.). Together, they caused an average of 31·7% parasitism. Xanthopimpla was the most abundant, while B. feae was of secondary importance.
The behavioural ecology of host selection in Anopheles implexus (Theobald) (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: McCrae A. W. R. , Boreham P. F. L. , Ssenkubuge Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAnopheles implexus (Theo.) was studied at the Zika Forest near Entebbe, Uganda, from 1966 to 1971, with central reference to biting activities and host selection. Seasonal fluctuations of populations appeared to be correlated with lake levels, not with local rainfall. Results of biting, resting and nectar-feeding catches at various points across the forest floor indicated that diel activity patterns of man-biting were related primarily to the proximity of resting female A. implexus and only secondarily to the influence of environmental variables. Latent effects of moon phase on day-time man-biting activity patterns support this view. Blood-meal identifications showed that the great majority of blood-fed females resting in forest had fed on cattle, indicating that they left the forest at night. This was confirmed by direct catching from cattle outside forest, while the virtual absence of A. implexus resting near these bait animals, together with the fact that man is very seldom attacked away from forest, indicated that different kinds of host selection strategy were involved. The diel activity pattern of biting on cattle taken into forest was then found to be very different from that on man. Age-grading studies helped to substantiate these differences. Hourly sampling of A. implexus arriving at representative resting sites in forest indicated an exodus of most of the adult mosquito population from forest at dusk and a return shortly after sunrise. The two basic host selection strategies evidently involved (a) active or (in effect) ‘hunting’ flight, mainly outside forest with a tendency to restrict choice to most strongly attractive hosts, and (b) passive or opportunistic attack from rest, in which some of the unfed females sheltering may be activated by the proximity of a host which need not be strongly attractive. The latter situation was investigated further through analysis of short-term day-time patterns of attack on man in forest which are postulated to be a function of mosquito response delay (involving both resident and incoming elements of the sheltering population), which in turn determines depletion rates (involving only the resident element available at the time of the host's arrival). In A. implexus the response delay appears to vary according to time of day. Anomalous results are finally re-considered and it is concluded that the different patterns of active and passive host selection could arise from a single circadian rhythm of responsiveness, with flight characteristics and day-time inhibition modulating responses to specific and non-specific host stimuli in different ways.
The association between larval parasitic water mites (Hydracarina) and Anopheles implexus (Theobald) (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: McCrae A. W. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe parasitic larvae of two species of water mites were studied on resting and biting Anopheles implexus (Theo.) from the Zika Forest near Entebbe, Uganda. Details are given of the mites' morphology, positions of attachment, growth stages and visible effects on hosts. Living larvae of the more numerous mite species (designated as species F, Limnesiidae) were only moderately reliable indicators of the nulliparous state of female hosts, whereas those of the other species (species G, Arrenuridae) were more reliable nullipar indicators, evidently owing to their far more rapid development. The presence of living larvae of either species not completely full-grown denoted the nulliparous state of female hosts with certainty. Male mosquitoes showed consistently lower infestation rates than females from the same resting samples, but the incidence of the different growth classes of species F indicated that these mites departed from hosts of either sex with equal facility and therefore regardless of whether the hosts returned to oviposition sites or not. Frequency distributions of species F on each host sex fitted most closely to highly clumped negative binomials, and biological interpretation of patterns of decline in mite numbers on females in successive Sella's stage groups, and other data, provided evidence of there being at most a negligible amount of mite-mediated host mortality.The study confirms the usefulness as well as the limitations of the presence of parasitic water mites as a rapid means of age-grading female mosquitoes, and suggests several new applications.
Methods for detecting multiple blood-meals in mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Boreham P. F. L. , Lenahan J. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo techniques have been developed to investigate the incidence of multiple feeding by mosquitoes. One system detects the ABO blood group substances and can be used up to 24 h after feeding in the case of Anopheles stephensi List. and 30 h for Aedes aegypti (L.). It is limited by cross-reactions which develop between blood group substances as digestion occurs in the stomach of the mosquito. The second system detects the serum protein haptoglobins (Hp) and it is possible to detect the Hp type of blood in single feeds 20 h after feeding for Ae. aegypti and 16 h for A. stephensi. Multiple feeds taken within a short time of each other can be identified up to 16 h after completion of the meal. The minimum amount of blood necessary to effect an identification in a fresh two-part meal is 0·1 mg, which is approximately one-tenth of the total amount of blood taken. It is now therefore possible to measure multiple ‘cryptic meals’ taken from man, if they are of different Hp types. Identification of Hp from A. gambiae sp. A blood-meals has been successfully carried out using material sent from the tropics. Limitations of the techniques as applied to field collections are discussed.
Species distribution and abundance ofCulicoidesLatreille (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Nigeria
Authors: Dipeolu O. O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn a country-wide survey ofCulicoidesin Nigeria 31 species were caught in light-traps set on the eaves of livestock pens. Three species, namelyC. imicolaKieff.,C. schultzei(End.) andC. milneiAust., were most numerous and were found in all parts of the country.C. austeniC., I. & M. was predominant in mangrove swamps,C. schultzeiin the hot Sudan zone andC. milneiwas dominant on the plateaux.C. imicolaandC. milneiwere predominant in the forest zone whileC. schultzeiandC. imicolawere dominant in the savanna zones.C. quinquelineatusGoetgh. was a southern species and was replaced in the north byC. moreliClastrier. Peak catches of most species were between 01.00 and 05.00 h and a large proportion of theCulicoideswere engorged with blood. The presence of large numbers of engorgedCulicoides, especiallyC. imicolaand C.milnei, around livestock indicates the danger of bluetongue virus transmission.
The effects of selective elimination of hosts on a population of tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera, Glossinidae))
Authors: Vale G. A. , Cumming D. H. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMonthly observations were made of the numbers and nutritional state of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and the numbers of game animals in an 11 km2 block of woodland in Rhodesia. After 31 months the block was enclosed by a warthog-proof fence and nearly all of the warthog inside were removed rapidly. Tsetse diet switched from 80% warthog to 40–80% bovid (mainly kudu), 20–50% elephant and 0–20% warthog. Six months later elephants were driven from the block and bovids then formed about 90% of tsetse diet for the next year. Although the selective removal of hosts produced a clear stress, it had no drastic effect on the numbers and nutritional state of tsetse when compared to these features of a control population. Movement of tsetse into the enclosed area can account partly, but not fully, for this. The effects of routine hunting operations on a tsetse population are also reported.
Survival and behaviour of tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) released in the field: a comparison between wild flies and animal-fed and in vitro-fed laboratory-reared flies
Authors: Vale G. A. , Hargrove J. W. , Jordan A. M. , Langley P. A. , Mews A. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMale and female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. which emerged from puparia produced by animal-fed and in vitro-fed colonies in England were marked distinctively with non-toxic paint and released into a natural habitat of G. morsitans and G. pallidipes Aust. in Rhodesia. Concurrently, adults of both species which emerged from locally-collected puparia were marked and released. Recaptures from artificial refuges, odour attractants and mobile baits at periods up to 59 days after release and at distances up to 1800 m from the release site indicated no clear differences between native G. morsitans and the two laboratory-reared groups in respect of body size, amount of fat present at emergence, survival, dispersal, availability to a range of baits, diet, speed of taking a first meal, wing damage and insemination rate. Although the blood-meal identifications for marked female G. morsitans were similar to those for both sexes of unmarked flies, blood-meals from marked males showed a relatively high proportion of bovid identifications. Unmarked flies caught were generally older than marked catches. The ratio of females to males in unmarked samples (1:1 for G. morsitans, 2:1 for G. pallidipes) was roughly double that in marked catches.
Descriptions of two new species of Neotropical Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) of economic interest, with taxonomic notes on related species and genera
Authors: Bouček Z. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChrysocharis caribeasp. n., a parasite of agromyzid leaf miners, mainly ofLiriomyza sativaeBlanch, in the West Indies, andEmersonella palmaesp. n., parasite ofHispoleptis subfasciataPic, a hispine leaf miner on oil palms in Colombia, are described. New generic and specific synonymies and new combinations are established inChrysocharisFörster,ProacriasIhering (=DidymotropisDe Santis syn. n.),ChrysonotomyiaAshmead (=AchrysocharisGirault syn. n.),TeleopterusSilvestri,PediobiusWalker,EmersonellaGirault,EuplectrusWestwood,StenomesiusWest-wood,DiglyphomorphaAshmead,MiotropisThomson,ArdalusHoward andGrotiusomyiaGirault. Additional taxonomic comments onChrysocharodesAshmead andAstichusFörster and tentative keys to the species ofProacriasandEmersonellaare included. Lectotypes are designated for 24 specific names.
Taxonomy of the long brown scale Coccus longulus (Douglas), stat. n. (Homoptera: Coccidae)
Authors: BEN-DOV Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExamination of type specimens and other authentic material established that the earliest available name for the long brown scale is Coccus longulus (Douglas), stat. n. and that Lecanium elongation Signoret is a junior synonym of Parthenolecanium persicae (F.), syn. n. Detailed, illustrated descriptions of adult female C. longulus are given, based on collections from England, Australia, Israel and the U.S.A. Lectotypes are designated for C. longulus, Lecanium frontale Green and Lecanium acaciae Newstead. Coccus acaciae (Newstead), stat. n. is raised from synonymy and seven synonyms of C. longulus are listed.