bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Undiagnosed diabetes in the over‐60s: performance of the Association of Public Health Observatories (APHO) Diabetes Prevalence Model in a general practice
Authors: Hayes L. , Hawthorne G. , Unwin N. 
Published: July 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 115–120 (2012)AbstractAim  The Association of Public Health Observatories (APHO) Diabetes Prevalence Model has been interpreted to suggest that a substantial number of people with diabetes are ‘missed’. An affluent suburb of Newcastle upon Tyne has a low known diabetes prevalence. We aimed to determine the true prevalence of diabetes in the practice population aged over 60 years and compare our prevalence estimate with that of the Association of Public Health Observatories Diabetes Prevalence Model (18.0%; uncertainty limit 10.7–27.7%). At baseline, the known prevalence of diabetes in this group was 7.4%.Methods  All individuals aged 60 years and over registered with one general practice in Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne, not known to have diabetes (n = 1375), were invited for a standard oral glucose tolerance test and measurement of HbA1c. Standard World Health Organization cut points for fasting and post‐challenge glucose on oral glucose tolerance test or HbA1c≥ 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) were used to identify diabetes.Results  Five hundred and eighty‐four individuals (42.5%) attended for screening. Using oral glucose tolerance test criteria, 4.5% were identified with undiagnosed diabetes. Using HbA1c, 3.1% had undiagnosed diabetes. The estimated prevalence of total diabetes for the practice population aged 60 years and older is 11.8 (10.5–13.2%) and 10.3 (9.3–11.6) for oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c criteria, respectively.Conclusions  The prevalence of diabetes in those aged 60 years and older registered with this practice is lower than the point estimate of the Association of Public Health Observatories Diabetes Prevalence Model, but within its uncertainty limits. Application of the Association of Public Health Observatories model must take into account its uncertainty limits.
L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channels facilitate acetylation of histone H3 through PKCγ phosphorylation in mice with methamphetamine‐induced place preference
Authors: Shibasaki Masahiro , Mizuno Koji , Kurokawa Kazuhiro , Ohkuma Seitaro 
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 1056–1066.AbstractThe present study investigated regulation of histone acetylation by L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), one of the machineries to provide Ca2+ signals. Acetylation of histone through the phosphorylation of protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ) in the development of methamphetamine (METH)‐induced place preference was demonstrated in the limbic forebrain predominantly but also in the nucleus accumbens of α1C subunit knockout mice. Chronic administration of METH produced a significant place preference in mice, which was dose‐dependently inhibited by both chelerythrine (a PKC inhibitor) and nifedipine (an L‐type VDCC blocker). Protein levels of acetylated histone H3 and p‐PKCγ significantly increased in the limbic forebrain of mice showing METH‐induced place preference, and it was also significantly attenuated by pre‐treatment with chelerythrine or nifedipine. METH‐induced place preference was also significantly attenuated by deletion of half the α1C gene, which is one of the subunits forming Ca2+ channels. Furthermore, increased acetylation of histone H3 was found in specific gene‐promoter regions related to synaptic plasticity, such as Nrxn, Syp, Dlg4, Gria1, Grin2a, Grin2b, Camk2a, Creb, and cyclin‐dependent kinase 5, in wild‐type mice showing METH‐induced place preference, while such enhancement of multiple synaptic plasticity genes was significantly attenuated by a deletion of half the α1C gene. These findings suggest that L‐type VDCCs play an important role in the development of METH‐induced place preference by facilitating acetylation of histone H3 in association with enhanced expression of synaptic plasticity genes via PKCγ phosphorylation following an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
Effect of Liposome‐Encapsulated Hemoglobin on Antigen‐Presenting Cells in Mice
Authors: Kawaguchi Akira T. , Aokawa Junko , Yamada Yuko , Yoshiba Fumiaki , Kato Shunichi , Kametani Yoshie 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLiposome‐encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) is removed from the circulation and degraded in the reticuloendothelial system, including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Therefore, LEH at a large dose may overload the system, cause a competitive inhibition in antigen‐presenting activity, and impair the immune response of the host. Changes in cellularity of immunocompetent cells were monitored serially up to 4 weeks by flow cytometry in wild‐type mice receiving 20 mL/kg of LEH, syngeneic red blood cells (RBCs), or saline. DCs were collected from the host spleen 1, 7, and 28 days after receiving the solution and were cocultured with naïve cluster of differentiation 4 T cells from T‐cell receptor transgenic mice in the absence or presence of third‐party antigens. After LEH administration, the cellularity of DCs and macrophages in the recipient spleen remained unchanged from control mice receiving RBCs or saline. While subset populations and costimulatory molecule expressions were different, DCs from LEH‐administered mice expressed high levels of interleukin‐2 production and helper T‐cell activation in response to a third‐party antigen and superantigens, as did the DCs from control mice receiving RBCs or saline. The results suggest that 20 mL/kg of LEH does not greatly alter antigen‐presenting activity to third‐party antigens.
Limited Therapeutic Effect of N‐Acetylcysteine on Hepatic Insulin Resistance in an Experimental Model of Alcohol‐Induced Steatohepatitis
Authors: Setshedi Mashiko , Longato Lisa , Petersen Dennis R. , Ronis Martin , Chen William C. , Wands Jack R. , de la Monte Suzanne M. 
Published: July 2011

Background:  Alcohol‐related steatohepatitis is associated with increased oxidative stress, DNA damage, lipotoxicity, and insulin resistance in liver. As inflammation and oxidative stress can promote insulin resistance, effective treatment with antioxidants, for example, N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), may restore ethanol‐impaired insulin signaling in the liver.Methods:  Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed for 130 days with liquid diets containing 0 or 37% ethanol by caloric content, and simultaneously treated with vehicle or NAC. Chow‐fed controls were studied in parallel. Liver tissues were used for histopathology, cytokine activation, and insulin/IGF‐1 signaling assays.Results:  We observed significant positive trends of increasing severity of steatohepatitis (p = 0.016) with accumulation of neutral lipid (p = 0.0002) and triglycerides (p = 0.0004) from chow to control, to the ethanol diet, irrespective of NAC treatment. In ethanol‐fed rats, NAC reduced inflammation, converted the steatosis from a predominantly microvesicular to a mainly macrovesicular histological pattern, reduced pro‐inflammatory cytokine gene expression, ceramide load, and acid sphingomyelinase activity, and increased expression of IGF‐1 receptor and IGF‐2 in liver. However, NAC did not abrogate ethanol‐mediated impairments in signaling through insulin/IGF‐1 receptors, IRS‐1, Akt, GSK‐3β, or p70S6K, nor did it significantly reduce pro‐ceramide or GM3 ganglioside gene expression in liver.Conclusions:  Antioxidant treatments reduce the severity of chronic alcohol‐related steatohepatitis, possibly because of the decreased expression of inflammatory mediators and ceramide accumulation, but they do not restore insulin/IGF‐1 signaling in liver, most likely due to persistent elevation of GM3 synthase expression. Effective treatment of alcohol‐related steatohepatitis most likely requires dual targeting of oxidative stress and insulin/IGF resistance.
Partisan Joiners: Associational Membership and Political Polarization in the United States (1974–2004)*
Authors: Baldassarri Delia 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. Associational life may foster political integration or amplify division, depending on how individuals partition themselves into groups and whether their multiple affiliations embed them into concentric or cross‐cutting social circles. Starting from this premise, I relate trends in associational membership to political partisanship, and ask if there is any evidence of increased political polarization in the associative patterns of Americans.Methods. Using GSS data (1974–2004) on affiliations to 16 types of groups, I plot trends and run multilevel models to examine changes over time in the partisan allegiances of group members and patterns of overlapping memberships.Results. The often‐lamented decline in group membership affects primarily the category of single‐group members and is limited to a few types of groups. The density of the network of overlapping memberships has remained stable over time and there are no real changes in the patterns of shared memberships between group types, nor do Republicans and Democrats differ in their patterns of preferential affiliation. Although political partisanship does not drive patterns of group affiliation, group members, especially those affiliated with multiple groups, are more radical in their partisan identification than nonmembers, and most types of groups have become politically more heterogeneous over time.Conclusion. The puzzling finding that group types are not becoming more partisan, while group members are, leads to the hypothesis (to be tested in future research) that civil society polarization is occurring at the level of actual groups, and not group types.
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and relationship with fracture risk in older women presenting in Australian general practice
Authors: Robinson Penelope J , Bell Robin J , Lanzafame Alfred , Kirby Catherine , Weekes Andrew , Piterman Leon , Davis Susan R 
Published: July 2011

Aim:  To investigate vitamin D status among older women and to explore relationships between vitamin D and fracture risk and vertebral fractures.Methods:  A total of 267 general practitioners recruited 2466 women aged >70 years with no known osteoporosis or fragility fracture. Serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), bone mineral density by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and vertebral fracture on thoracolumbar X‐ray were determined.Results:  A total of 2368 women, median age 76 years, provided data and of these 13% were on vitamin D supplements. 25(OH)D levels were available for 907 (44.1%) of those not taking vitamin D. 88.3% of these had a level below 75 nmol/L. Serum 25(OH)D was negatively associated with age (P = 0.003) and body mass index (P < 0.001), and positively associated with lower latitude, femoral neck DXA T‐score (P = 0.044) and being Caucasian (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  The vitamin D status of community‐dwelling older Australian women is inadequate, yet the use of supplements is low.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in the Differentiation of Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Pericardial Effusion
Authors: Boddy K.N. , Sleeper M.M. , Sammarco C.D. , Weisse C. , Ghods S. , Litt H.I. 
Published: July 2011

Background:Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the imaging modality of choice for cardiac tumors in people. Although neoplastic pericardial effusion (PE) carries a poor prognosis, benign idiopathic pericardial effusion does not. Definitive diagnosis is critical for surgical intervention, but currently available diagnostic techniques such as echocardiography and pericardial fluid cytology often are inconclusive.Hypothesis/Objective:Describe CMR findings associated with PE and determine whether CMR aids in differentiation of benign and neoplastic causes of PE.Animals:Eight client‐owned dogs with PE diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).Methods:CMR was performed with a 1.5 T, including dark blood, steady‐state free procession cine, pre‐ and postcontrast T1‐weighted imaging, and delayed inversion recovery prepped imaging.Results:CMR confirmed a cardiac mass and supported suspected tumor type in 4 dogs with suspected hemangiosarcoma. In 1 equivocal TTE case, CMR did not demonstrate a mass, but neoplasia was later diagnosed. In another equivocal case, CMR did not demonstrate a mass but showed findings consistent with a pericardiocentesis complication. In 1 dog without evidence of cardiac neoplasia, abdominal magnetic resonance imaging identified presumptive hepatic and splenic metastases. On reevaluation of the original CMR study, the 2 equivocal cases that were interpreted as tumor negative were reassessed as tumor positive.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:CMR did not substantially improve diagnosis of cardiac tumors compared with TTE in these 8 cases, but it yielded useful descriptive information regarding extent, anatomic location, and potential tumor type and confirmed that CMR requires extensive additional training for tumor identification.
Influence of mechanical manipulations on the local inflammatory reaction in the equine colon
Authors: HOPSTER‐IVERSEN C. , HOPSTER K. , STASZYK C. , ROHN K. , FREEMAN D. , RÖTTING A. K. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:Large intestinal diseases in horses are characterised by inflammation, which could arise from the disease process with some contribution from intestinal manipulation. The effects of the latter are unknown but important to surgeons and could contribute to post operative complications.Objectives:To characterise type and degree of intestinal inflammation induced by various mechanical stimuli in the equine ascending colon.Methods:Laparotomy was performed in 12 horses, the left dorsal colon exteriorised and 3 segments randomly exposed to different mechanical manipulations: 1) enterotomy, 2) enterotomy and mucosal irritation and 3) serosal irritation. Intestinal biopsies were harvested before, immediately after and 30 min after each manipulation for histological evaluation. Eosinophils were detected with Luna's stain and neutrophils identified by immunohistochemical staining for calprotectin. Additionally, left dorsal colon samples from 14 horses from a jejunal ischaemia‐reperfusion study were collected immediately after laparotomy (7 horses) and at the end of the experiment without previous manipulation of the colon (7 horses). Horses were subjected to euthanasia at the end of both studies.Results:Redistribution of mucosal neutrophils and eosinophils towards the luminal surface and increased neutrophilic infiltration of the submucosa were demonstrated after serosal and mucosal irritation. All manipulations resulted in serosal infiltration with neutrophils. Laparotomy and small intestinal manipulation increased mucosal eosinophilic infiltration.Conclusions and potential relevance:Mechanical intestinal manipulation caused a rapid local inflammatory reaction in the mucosa, submucosa and serosa including a mucosal eosinophilic response. These changes could exacerbate existing inflammation in horses with large colon disease. Colic surgery can lead to intestinal inflammation in nonmanipulated intestine and this could contribute to a higher morbidity rate in horses after prolonged colic surgery. An intestinal biopsy should be collected at the beginning of surgery to avoid false interpretations.
Is there a statistical correlation between ultrasonographic findings and definitive diagnosis in horses with acute abdominal pain?
Authors: BECCATI F. , PEPE M. , GIALLETTI R. , CERCONE M. , BAZZICA C. , NANNARONE S. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReason for performing study:Abdominal ultrasonography has become a part of the diagnostic investigation for the acute abdomen in many equine clinics. There is limited information on the correlation between abnormalities detected on abdominal ultrasonography and the specific category of small intestine (SI) and large intestine (LI) diseases.Objectives:To investigate the relationship between abdominal ultrasonographic findings and disease categories that cause abdominal pain requiring surgery.Methods:Medical records were reviewed for horses undergoing surgery orpost mortemexamination for colic. The ultrasound examination was performed to assess free peritoneal fluid, the left kidney, stomach, appearance and motility of the duodenum, identification, appearance, motility and thickness of small intestine loops, and the appearance and motility of the colon. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations between disease categories and ultrasonographic findings; a Chi‐squared test was used to test for associations between each variable and disease categories.Results:The study included 158 horses. Distended and nonmotile SI loops were associated with strangulated obstruction (n = 45); increased free peritoneal fluid, completely distended SI loops with abnormal motility and thickened loops were associated with definitive diagnosis involving SI (n = 58). Failure to visualise the left kidney was associated with renosplenic entrapment (n = 16); thickened large colon (LC) was associated with LC strangulating volvulus (n = 9).Conclusion:The use of abdominal ultrasonography can be used for the accurate definitive diagnosis involving SI and LI diseases.Potential relevance:This retrospective study may be used as a basis for prospective studies to assess the ultrasonographic findings in horses with medical colic and to compare these with surgical findings.
Concentrations of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine in Saliva: Implications for Preexposure Prophylaxis of Oral HIV Acquisition
Authors: de Lastours Victoire , Fonsart Julien , Burlacu Ruxandra , Gourmel Bernard , Molina Jean-Michel 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT
To prevent acquisition of HIV through oral sex, drugs used for preexposure prophylaxis (Prep) need to diffuse in saliva. We measured tenofovir (TFV) and emtricitabine (FTC) concentrations simultaneously in the plasma and saliva of 41 HIV-infected patients under stable antiretroviral treatment. Mean ratios of saliva/plasma concentration were 3% (±4%) and 86.9% (±124%) for TFV and FTC, respectively. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) should be used in combination with FTC to prevent oral acquisition of HIV.
Pneumolysin with Low Hemolytic Activity Confers an Early Growth Advantage to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Blood
Authors: Harvey Richard M. , Ogunniyi Abiodun D. , Chen Austen Y. , Paton James C. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus pneumoniae
is a leading cause of human diseases such as pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, and otitis media. Pneumolysin (Ply) is an important virulence factor of
S. pneumoniae
and a promising future vaccine target. However, the expansion of clones carrying
ply
alleles with reduced hemolytic activity has been observed in serotypes associated with outbreaks of invasive disease and includes an allele identified in a highly virulent serotype 1 isolate (
ply
4496). The virulence of Ply-deficient and
ply
allelic-replacement derivatives of
S. pneumoniae
D39 was compared with that of wild-type D39. In addition, the protective immunogenicity of Ply against pneumococci with low versus high hemolytic activity was also investigated. Replacement of D39
ply
with
ply
4496 resulted in a small but statistically significant reduction of virulence. However, both native Ply- and Ply4496-expressing strains were significantly more virulent than a Ply-deficient mutant. While the numbers of both Ply- and Ply4496-expressing isolate cells were higher in the blood than the numbers of Ply-deficient mutant cells, the growth of the Ply4496-expressing strain was superior to that of the wild type in the first 15 h postchallenge. Ply immunization provided protection regardless of the hemolytic activity of the challenge strain. In summary, we show that low-hemolytic-activity Ply alleles contribute to systemic virulence and may provide a survival advantage in the blood. Moreover, pneumococci expressing such alleles remain vulnerable to Ply-based vaccines.
Comparison of fixed and focal point seed transfer systems for reforestation and assisted migration: a case study for interior spruce in British Columbia
Authors: Ukrainetz Nicholas K. , O’Neill Gregory A. , Jaquish Barry 
Published: July 2011

In forestry, science-based seed transfer systems, the foundation of effective reforestation programs, will likely be used in some form to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. In this study, we developed fixed and focal point seed transfer systems for interior spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., and their hybrids) in British Columbia, Canada, and compared the effectiveness of both systems. Growth, phenology, and physiology traits were measured for 112 populations, and population means were transformed to principal components that were modeled using climate variables and multiple regression analysis. Compared with the fixed seed zone system, the focal point system had a greater area of seed use for a given risk of maladaptation. The relationship between growth and adaptive distance (i.e., adaptive similarity between test populations and populations local to test sites) was used to calculate critical seed transfer distances for focal point seed zones, which were defined according to expected forfeiture of growth. Changes in climate observed over the past 100 years and predicted in the next one third of a rotation were used to calculate appropriate assisted migration distances and develop methods for incorporating assisted migration into a focal point seed transfer system.
Consensus Document: Antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary stenting
Authors: Eikelboom John , Berger Peter , Holmes David , Bhatt Deepak , Becker Richard , Angiolill Dominick , Faxon David , Moliterno David 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe optimal regimen of the anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies in patients with atrial fibrillation who have had a coronary stent is unclear. It is well recognised that “triple therapy” with aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin is associated with an increased risk of bleeding. National guidelines have not made specific recommendations given the lack of adequate data. In choosing the best antithrombotic options for a patient, consideration needs to be given to the risks of stroke, stent thrombosis and major bleeding. This document describes these risks, provides specific recommendations concerning vascular access, stent choice, concomitant use of proton-pump inhibitors and the use and duration of triple therapy following stent placement based upon the risk assessment.
Euphemisms in the Samaritan Targum of the Pentateuch
Authors:   Tal
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Samaritan Aramaic version of the Pentateuch in general, and its later manuscripts in particular, are replete with euphemistic expressions of all kinds, seeking to 'purify' the language from embarrassing utterances, especially where the original was too candid in expressing matters in which discreetness is required, according to contemporary standards. This study focuses on four fields in which euphemism is common in the Samaritan Targum: 1. the dignity of the ancestors, 2. taboo expressions, 3. fear of death, 4. abomination and disgust. The means by which euphemism is achieved is also scrutinized.
A New Dictionary of Samaritan Aramaic
Authors: Sokoloff Michael 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Samaritan Aramaic was the spoken and literary language of the Samaritan community in Eretz Israel in the first millennium C.E. until it was replaced by Arabic. The major literary remains of the dialect are a Targum to the Pentateuch, liturgical poetry, and a collection of midrashim. Tal's dictionary is the first attempt to organize the vocabulary of these texts, and his work should be commended. Unfortunately, in spite of the long period during which it was written, the dictionary suffers from a variety of defects which make its use difficult for the reader: Order of entries by roots; only partial use of English as target language along side Hebrew; inconsistencies in translation of quotations in parallel entries; inordinate number of errors in orthography; insufficient use of existing dictionaries of other Aramaic dialects.