bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mode of origin of some late diagenetic sandstone concretions from the Scottish Carboniferous
Authors: Deegan C. E. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Field observations and textural analysis suggest that the carbonate concretions in the fluviatile Wall Hill Sandstones of southern Scotland are late diagenetic in origin since the carbonate of the concretions has clearly replaced a secondary silica cement in the enclosing sandstones.
Carbonate crystallization seems to be mainly dependent on pH conditions and the problem of producing localized areas of varying pH within a sediment is discussed. Decaying organic material can produce local variations of pH and thus promote localized carbonate crystallization but this is considered an unlikely explanation in the present case. A possible mode of concretion formation is advanced involving fluctuation in pH around the threshold value necessary for carbonate crystallization which governs the number of nuclei of crystallization formed.
Geology and the museum
Authors: Waterston C. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A brief historical review of geology and museums in Edinburgh is given to illustrate the opinion that until the Second World War the growth and function of geological museums reflected the state of the science which they have been active in promoting. The place of museums in the Earth sciences should now be reassessed in view of the revolution in techniques, manpower and thought patterns which has taken place since the war. It is concluded that museums will continue to provide three important services to geological science: acquisition and conservation of reference collections; publication of data provided by research based on these collections; and the promotion of a greater public understanding of the work of geologists through exhibition and museum educational services.
Dating events in the Metamorphic Caledonides: impressions of the symposium held in Edinburgh, September 1971
Authors: Dunning F. W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The symposium comprised seventeen contributions on the following subjects: palaeontological evidence for the age of the Dalradian, the Ordovician of western Ireland and other formations relevant to the dating of events (2 papers); the sequence of tectonothermal events in parts of the Moine Thrust Belt and the Moine Nappe (4 papers); deformation rates (1 paper); isotope ages and their relation to events in the Moinian and Dalradian areas (4 papers); early events in the Scandinavian Caledonides and their isotope dating (3 papers); and wider geotectonic aspects, including a plate tectonics synthesis (1 paper), a comparison of Newfoundland and Ireland (1 paper), and new palaeomagnetic evidence for the location of the main continental masses in the Palaeozoic (1 paper).
The symposium failed to settle the question of the significance of the Precambrian isotope ages obtained from various parts of the Moine outcrop. Several new Precambrian ages were put forward to augment those already published, but at the same time further geological evidence was adduced to show that the earliest tectonic structures in the Moinian were post-Arenig.

Evidence was presented to show that Dalradian sedimentation in Scotland and Ireland north of the Highland Boundary Fault lasted from perhaps 700 m.y. ago (top of the Lower Dalradian = 660 m.y.) through the Cambrian into the Lower Ordovician (Arenig or Llanvirn). The main folding and metamorphism of the Dalradian north of the Highland Boundary Fault occurred around 500–505 m.y. ago. In western Ireland south of the Highland Boundary Fault, Dalradian sedimentation ceased before the Arenig and the main polyphase folding and metamorphism occurred about 520 m.y. ago. The younger D
3
dedformation phase in the Scottish Dalradian may be about 460 m.y. old and possibly equivalent to the pre-Silurian deformation of the Ordovician of western Ireland.

It now seems probable that early Caledonian folding in the Scandinavian Caledonides is confined to the North Cape and Bergen regions and may be about 530 m.y. old. Elsewhere in Scandinavia the main Caledonian folding is of Upper Silurian date; K-Ar ages around 435 m.y. are reported in the Trondheim area. The Varanger Tillite is 660 m.y. old.
Palaeomagnetic evidence was put forward which demonstrated the existence of a vast Hercynian ocean which closed around the beginning of the Carboniferous, but there is no evidence for a Caledonian ocean between the presently exposed forelands in Britain that could have been wider than 2000 km.
Microcline porphyroblasts in the Moinian rocks of the Western Highlands
Authors: Smith D. I. , Harris A. L. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
In the Moinian rocks of western Inverness-shire microcline porphyroblasts are widely developed in the pelitic and semipelitic schists outside the zone of regional migmatisation. Field evidence and textural relationships indicate that microcline crystallised in segregations prior to the formation of the local F2 folds and also as post-F2 porphyroblasts. Both types were rotated by F3 folds. Associated mineral assemblages show that the porphyroblasts were stable in the lower amphibolite or greenschist/amphibolite transition facies of regional metamorphism. A contrast is drawn between such potash-rich (garnet-) biotite-bearing pelites which are widespread in the Moinian, and potash-deficient Dalradian pelites which, according to other workers, commonly lack biotite.
The structural development of the Lewisian rocks on the north shore of Loch Torridon, Ross-shire.
Authors: Cresswell D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Nine phases of deformation, D1–D9, are recognised in the Lewisian complex of Torridon. D1–D5 pre-date the Scourie dykes and are thus of Scourian age, whilst D6–D9 post-date the dykes and belong to the Laxfordian.

The N.-S. to NE.-SW. S3 foliation which is dominant in the north of the area has been affected by NW.-SE. large-scale (F3A) and subsequent small-scale (F4) folds and related axial-planar foliation (S4). S4 was originally regarded as Laxfordian by Sutton (
in
Sutton and Watson 1951), but has been assigned here to the late Scourian or Inverian. In D5 both large and small scale F5 folds were produced with SE.-plunging axes, affecting sub-horizontal belts of S4. L5 is co-axial with L4.

The earliest Laxfordian structure S6 is usually parallel or sub-parallel to dyke margins. In D7 were formed F7 folds, S7 axial-planar foliation and L7 lineation which increase in intensity towards the south. S7 is co-planar with S4 and S6, and L7 is co-axial with L4. The D8 structures are restricted to narrow NW.-SE. belts in which F8 small-scale folds and L8 lineations were formed. The last penetrative structure is the S9 mylonite banding affecting certain NW.-SE. belts and is co-planar with S4 and S7.
Correlations are made with other areas in the southern Laxfordian belt.
Miospores of Triassic age and organic-walled microplankton from the Auchenhew Beds, south-east Arran
Authors: Warrington G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Miospores indicative of a late Early or early Middle Triassic (late Scythian or Anisian) age have been obtained from the lower part of the Auchenhew Beds (upper lithostratigraphical unit of the ‘New Red Sandstone’ sequence) of Arran. Organic-walled microplankton, occurring with the miospores, may indicate that the depositional environment of the Auchenhew Beds was marine or in connection with a marine source.
The age of the Cuttie's Hillock Sandstone (Permo-Triassic) of the Elgin area
Authors: Walker A. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Cuttie's Hillock Sandstone is of non–marine origin and caps hills of Upper Old Red Sandstone. It is thus stratigraphically isolated and has to be dated by comparing its fossil reptiles with allied forms from Permo–Triassic sequences elsewhere, particularly Russia and South Africa, on the bases of presumed phylogeny and degree of specialization. Its age lies within the range late Permian to early Triassic, the evidence tending to favour the latter alternative, that is, equivalent to a position low in the Lystrosaurus Zone of South Africa.
Precambrian sediments of western Islay
Authors: Stewart A. D. , Hackman B. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
An upward-facing succession 2 km thick and comprising ten newly-defined formations is described. The lower half is built of well-sorted, cross-bedded arkoses with interleaved slates and phyllites (deltaic facies). The upper half is built of turbidite greywackes, becoming more distal upwards, with interleaved mudstones and phyllites. The succession is continued upwards in Oronsay and Colonsay where the turbidites revert abruptly to deltaic facies. The sediments are tentatively correlated with the Dalradian.
Three deformation phases are recognized, the second accounting for the major folds plunging gently north-east.
Basin margin deposits of the Middle Old Red Sandstone at Dirlot Caithness
Authors: Donovan R. N. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Complex stromatolites and tufa-coated breccias of Middle Old Red Sandstone age, overlying two inliers of Moine gneiss are described and shown to be lacustrine shore deposits in a lake of variable salinity and fluctuating water level.
Observed beach modifications, Kiloran Bay, Isle of Colonsay, Argyll
Authors: Jardine W. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Observation of marked changes in beach configuration occurring over a short time period was possible during July and August 1971 at Kiloran Bay, Isle of Colonsay, Argyll. A semi-permanent lagoon situated behind a beach bar of calcareous sand, having survived periods of both neap and spring tides accompanied by offshore winds, was transformed to a tidal lagoon by the events of a single spring flood tide accompanied by a strong onshore wind. The tidal lagoon survived for only three days, being eliminated in the course of shoreward migration of the beach bar by the action of large waves resulting from Atlantic swell.
A seismic reflection survey of the Clyde Plateau Lavas in North Ayrshire and Renfrewshire
Authors: Hall Jeremy 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Studies of surface geology and of the results of recent gravity and magnetic surveys have yielded limited information about the development of the Clyde Plateau Lavas south-west of Glasgow. Seismic reflection velocity surveys linked by continuous reflection profiles were carried out to determine the depth of the base of the lavas, the recognition of which is based on the probability of a velocity reversal below it and on correlation with borehole and surface geological evidence. Operational methods, results and interpretation of the surveys are described.
The survey was designed to discriminate between two models of the lava pile: post-extrusion folding of a fairly uniform pile and an original maximal development of the lavas along their NW.–SE. trending outcrop. The results of the survey support the latter model, with compaction dips of later sediments banked against the pile and the whole modestly accentuated by later folding. More rapid, but smaller-amplitude variations of thickness occur across NE.–SW. trending faults with long histories of repeated movement.
The survey provides further evidence of the gradual diminution of activity of NE.–SW. faults, allied to the emergence of increasingly significant NW.–SE. trending, extensional structures. The inferred change of stress during Carboniferous times is thought to be related to the initiation of Atlantic rifting.
Oblique fold axes in the Dalradian rocks of the Southwest Highlands
Authors: Roberts John L. , Sanderson David J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The development of folds with axes oblique to the northwest-southeast stretching-direction during the first two stages in the deformational history of Dalradian rocks in the Southwest Highlands is considered in terms of a quantitative model recently proposed by Sanderson (1973). This model allows the distribution of fold axes within the axial planes of the folds to be related to (1) the initial variability of the individual fold axes about a mean fold axis, (2) the initial attitude of the mean fold axis relative to the stretching-direction and (3) the amount of subsequent deformation within the axial planes of the folds. The various patterns of distribution shown by the fold axes in the Southwest Highlands are related to regional variations in (1) the initial attitude of the mean fold axis relative to the stretching-direction and (2) the amount of deformation within the axial planes of the folds. Measurement of strain indicators such as breccia fragments confirms that the strain ratios determined from the distribution of fold axes provide a reasonable estimate of the strain. Previous ideas concerning the development of these oblique folds are discussed in the light of the present work.
An interpretation of the structural evolution of the Laxford Front, north-west Scotland
Authors: Beach A. , Coward M. P. , Graham R. H. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Laxford Front is a zone of complex rotational deformation which separates intensely deformed Laxfordian migmatites from heterogeneously deformed pyroxene granulites. The dominant sense of movement shown by shear zones is sinistral and north side upwards, implying that the migmatites were moving upwards from beneath the Scourian granulites.
The main rock types are, from south to north: a zone of relatively undeformed pyroxene granulite; a zone of regularly folded amphibolite facies gneisses with metagabbro-anorthosites and metasediments; a planar zone of granite sheets, and a zone of migmatites.

The post granulite facies structural history of the Laxford Front can be adequately described in terms of three phases (
F
1
to
F
3
) of deformation. The first and second phases are separated by a phase of dyke intrusion, the ‘Scourie dykes’. The Scourian zone of granulites acted as a competent body throughout each phase of deformation, though the southern limit of ductile deformation occupied a more northerly position for each successive phase. A model for the
F
2
strain trajectories is proposed.

There is no evidence to indicate that the migmatites were folded into a basement of pyroxene granulites as suggested by Bowes (1962) and Holland (1966). The Laxfordian migmatites were on the same tectonic level as, or possibly lower than, the Scourian granulites prior to the
F
1
deformation.
The Upper Old Red Sandstone of Fife and Kinross: a fluviatile sequence with evidence of marine incursion
Authors: Chisholm J. I. , Dean J. M. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Arenaceous redbeds in the eastern part of the Stirlingshire-Fife Upper Old Red Sandstone basin are described, and a new system of nomenclature is proposed for the lithostratigraphical units recognized. Sedimentological features, including palaeocurrent data, indicate that deposition was controlled by an eastward-dipping palaeoslope, and that most of the sequence was laid down in fluviatile environments. Evidence is put forward to show that a wedge of sandstone up to about 110 m thick near the top of the sequence represents the deposits of a marine transgression that advanced westwards into the basin, beginning not long after the deposition of a distinctive faunal horizon of Famennian or Tournaisian age. The transgression did not penetrate into the Stirlingshire part of the basin, and the regression, which was accompanied by uplift of the source areas, allowed fluviatile conditions to spread back eastwards into the Fife and Kinross area once more. There may locally be a disconformable relationship between the Upper Old Red Sandstone and the overlying Calciferous Sandstone Measures, but there is no detectable angular unconformity between the two sets of strata.
Lower Carboniferous vulcanicity in the northern part of the Clyde plateau
Authors: Whyte F. , MacDonald J. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Studies of lavas and vents of Lower Carboniferous age in the Campsie and Kilpatrick Hills of the western Midland Valley of Scotland show that the earlier flows tend to be microporphyritic and were erupted largely from vents lying along a pronounced NE.–SW. trend. Later flows include a much larger proportion of feldspar-phyric basalts many of which may have been erupted from fissures now seen as dykes. A varied sequence of lavas in the Campsie Fells indicates the formation of differentiated magma possibly in association with the major central volcano Meikle Bin.
The origin of the Northumberland basin
Authors: Leeder M. R. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Northumberland basin was initiated after eruption of alkali basalts onto the alluvial plains of the Upper Old Red Sandstone Scottish Border basin. The Birrenswark and Kelso Lavas are postulated as of upper mantle origin, produced by partial melting. Partial melting gave rise to slight upwarp and to areas of non-deposition with calcrete formation. Tensional stress in the upper crust arose locally from this upwarp and also from the regional effects of upper-mantle flow, as postulated by Bott (1964). Downfaulting along the Stublick/Ninety Fathom hinge line and basalt eruption along the pivot line of an incipient half graben led to basin initiation, Tournaisian marine transgression and southerly drainage from the Southern Uplands horst. Further volcanism, tending towards explosive central-vent activity with time, occurred along the northern basin margin in the Visean.
The Lochnagar granitic ring complex, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Oldershaw W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Lochnagar granitic ring complex consists of nine concentric annular and crescentic masses of adamellite and granodiorite. The successive members of the complex were emplaced in order of increasing potassium and silica content and decreasing size and grain size from the margin towards the centre of the complex. The early members of the complex, the granodiorites and the first adamellite, are foliated and crowded with inclusions of the contiguous wall rocks. They are partly circumscribed by an adamellite cone sheet and appear to have been forcibly intruded into the complex. The later finer-grained adamellites appear to have been emplaced into the central part of the complex by cauldron-subsidence; the last two phases, the smallest, finest-grained and most felsic adamellites, being emplaced into the centre of the complex under flat roofs of earlier adamellite.
Triassic sedimentation and palaeogeography in Central Skye
Authors: Steel R. J. , Nicholson R. , Kalander L. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Triassic sediments are described including a number of new localities which extend the known area of cover.
A new map shows the Mesozoic/Palaeozoic boundary at Camas Malag on Loch Slapin, where the basal Mesozoic sediments provide some critical evidence about the position of the latest Triassic and/or earliest Jurassic upland areas in central Skye.

Lateral and vertical variation in the Triassic facies, pebble size and composition of the conglomerates are plotted and show that there were two distinct physiographic environments:

an alluvial fan system which drained local Palaeozoic and Torridonian areas between Beinn an Dubhaich and Ben Suardal, and dispersed eastwards.

a floodplain system which drained a metamorphic region north-east of Broadford and dispersed south-westwards.

Their age relationship is uncertain, but local evidence suggests that they may have been penecontemporaneous.

The succession is seen to represent the youngest and the most easterly Triassic sedimentation in the Minch region. Regional thickness changes suggest that the Minch basin-complex enlarged eastwards, towards the Scottish mainland, through the Triassic Period.
Organic remains and traces from the Dalradian of Benderloch, Argyll
Authors: Litherland M. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Organic remains from Dalradian slumped deposits, identified as oncolites, catagraphs and possible Bryozoa, are described. Correlation with organic forms from U.S.S.R. is noted. Borings into organic limestone clasts are mentioned and regarded as being due to parasitic algae.
The stratigraphy of the Callovian and Oxfordian stages (Middle-Upper Jurassic) in northern Scotland
Authors: Sykes Richard M. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Outcrops of Middle-Upper Jurassic rocks in northern Scotland are restricted to two sedimentary basins. In the east exposures at Brora (Sutherland) and Balintore (Ross-shire) are part of the Moray Firth basin. In the west major exposures at Staffin and in Strathaird (Isle of Skye) belong to the Minch basin. A formal lithostratigraphy is erected with five formations and twenty-six members, which have been correlated with the standard ammonite zone. Each basin presents a pair of sections, with thick sandy onshore sequences at Brora and Strathaird and condensed argillaceous offshore sequences at Balintore and Staffin. The two onshore/offshore localities show marked facies similarities, but are affected by different transgressions in the Oxfordian.

A new species of
Longaeviceras
is described. It is the first authenticated record of this genus from the Oxfordian.
Lower Border Group (Tournaisian) limestones from the Northumberland Basin
Authors: Leeder Michael 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Limestones in the Lower Border Group form parts of deltaic clastic-carbonate cycles. They contain a variety of grain types, including ooliths, algal grains and their derivatives and invertebrate bioclastic debris. A Q-mode cluster analysis of samples defines six facies: oolite–intraclast–peloid; oolite; bivalve–ostracod–peloid; intraclast; oncolite and brachiopod–crinoid–bivalve. An additional micrite facies is subjectively defined. The sediments were deposited in nearshore and offshore environments of the gulf-like Northumberland basin. Those of shallow subtidal origin are associated with stromatolites. Northward shelving of the gulf sea and bathymetric changes subsequent to periodic delta abandonments were the major controls upon the lateral and vertical successions of facies. Cements are dominantly of ferroan calcite composition, reflecting mudstone intercalations between carbonate members. Patchy ferroan dolomite is of late-diagenetic origin.
A re-interpretation of the deglaciation of Abernethy Forest, Inverness-shire
Authors: Young J. A. T. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Field investigations of the Abernethy Forest area, including large-scale geomorphological mapping, show that ice sheet wastage has produced meltwaters that have eroded and deposited sequences of fluvioglacial landforms whose patterns reflect the local topography and changing condition of the wasting glacier ice. Successively lower drainage outlets were utilised as the meltwaters sought out the most direct escape routes. Marginal drainage was never widespread and there is no evidence of former ice-dammed lakes.
Potassium-Argon evidence of a Permian age for the camptonite dykes: Orkney
Authors: Brown John Flett 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Potassium-argon whole rock ages on three camptonite dykes from the west coast of the Orkney Mainland yield an average age of 245 ± 12 my. A possible correlation is suggested between these intrusions and the Permian alkalic intrusions of Oslo Fjord.
Sediment and macrofaunal distributions in the eastern Malin Sea, as determined by side-scan sonar and sampling
Authors: Pendlebury D. C. , Dobson M. R. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A bathymetric, sediment and macrofaunal analysis has been made of the eastern Malin Sea off the west coast of Scotand using shallow seismic, side-scan sonar, and the results from 53 bottom samples.
The distributions of the sediment types and the mobile bed-forms which reflect the prevailing hydrodynamic regime are presented in chart form.
An assessment of the relative contributions of the shelly macrofauna to the sediment has been made; in addition four major benthonic fauna/associations have been recognized.
The quantitative and qualitative details of the bottom fauna are summarized in table form. Total sediment analyses reveal that cool water limestones may be currently forming within the area.