bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Heteroaromatic and other Organic Compounds in Ground Water at Creosote‐Contaminated Sites in Denmark
Authors: Johansen Sys Stybe , Hansen Asger B. , Mosbœk Hans , Arvin Erik 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe occurrence of heteroaromatic compounds (NSO) and their degradation products in ground water at creosote‐contaminated sites in Denmark was investigated. NSO are of special interest because of their high polarity, toxicity, and adverse organoleptic properties. In total, the content of about 50 organic tar compounds and the chemical redox parameters of ground water from three creosote‐contaminated sites were determined.The organic contamination of ground water varied considerably between sites and wells with concentrations up to mg/L level. The major organic contaminants were NSO, phenols, and monoaromatic hydrocarbons, which are among the most water‐soluble creosote compounds. High concentration (several μg/L) of these compounds were observed downgradient of the contamination source. Within a distance of 50 to 80 m from the source, the concentrations of most compounds were reduced significantly, often below detection limits. The NSO constituted from 0.1 percent to 73 percent of all organic compounds determined by gas chromatography (GC) with an increasing dominance downgradient of the source. Among the 17 studied NSO, carbazole, thiophene, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, benzofuran, and dibenzofuran were observed most frequently (detection frequency > 60 percent). High concentrations (>100 μ/L) of some NSO such as benzothiophene, carbazole, hydroxyquinolines, and basic N‐compounds were observed occasionally. Other recent studies on creosote contamination support the present observations of high ground water concentrations of basic N‐compounds and the high detection frequency of the aforementioned NSO. However, unlike the other studies, we did observe thiophene (1‐10 μg/L).
The impact of permanganate on the ability of granular iron to degrade trichloroethene
Authors: Okwi Geoffrey J. , Thomson Neil R. , Gillham Robert W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe primary goal of this study was to investigate the influence of permanganate (MnO4−) on the performance of granular iron permeable reactive barriers. The degradation of trichloroethene (TCE) was measured initially and then over time as a MnO4− solution was passed through laboratory columns packed with granular iron. Concentration profiles for MnO4−, TCE, and degradation products (dichloroethene isomers and vinyl chloride), as well as pH, were observed. The pH increased sharply after passing MnO4− through the column, from ~8 to 11. MnO4− rapidly oxidized the granular iron and formed insoluble precipitates and oxide films or coatings on the granular iron surfaces. The precipitates did not accumulate in sufficient quantity to cause a measurable decline in hydraulic conductivity; however, the surface films formed as a consequence of the addition of MnO4− caused the iron to become nonreactive with respect to both MnO4− and TCE.
Perchlorate occurrence in the Texas Southern High Plains Aquifer System
Authors: Andrew Jackson W. , Kumar Anandam Srinivasa , Anderson Todd , Lehman Tom , Rainwater Ken , Rajagopalan Srinath , Ridley Moira , Tock Richard 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn the spring of 2002, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality determined that perchlorate (ClO4−) was present in ground water from the McMillan and Paul Davis well fields that supply potable water for the city of Midland. Researchers began a large‐scale sampling program to determine the source(s) and distribution of perchlorate in the area's ground water. This document summarizes the findings of a large‐scale investigation in nine counties carried out from July to December 2002. This program included public water system (PWS) wells and private wells in Andrews, Borden, Dawson, Ector, Gaines, Glasscock, Howard, Martin, and Midland counties, which occupy a total area of 23,960 km2. Water samples were tested for perchlorate and a suite of common ions. From a total of 254 wells sampled in the nine counties, 179 wells (70%) had detectable perchlorate concentrations (>0.5 ppb) and 88 wells (35%) had perchlorate concentrations equal to or above 4 ppb. The highest perchlorate concentration found at a private well was 58.8 ppb in Dawson County, while the highest concentration detected for a well in PWS was 45.6 ppb in city of Midland, Midland County. Perchlorate positively correlated (α< 0.0001) with Cl−, F−, Br−, SO42−, Mg2+, and K+but not with NO2−, NO3−,Na+, or Ca2+. Research to date has identified the most likely sources to be (1) a natural mineralogical impurity; (2) agricultural fertilizers containing perchlorate; (3) in situ generation of perchlorate by electrochemical reactions; or (4) some combination of the three. This study suggests that there may be significant sources other than the traditional industrial processing of perchlorate, and the distribution of perchlorate in ground water is likely more widespread than previously suspected.
Process Considerations for Trolling Borehole Flow Logs
Authors: Oberlander Phil L. , Russell Charles E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHorizontal hydraulic conductivity with depth is often understood only as a depth‐integrated property based on pumping tests or estimated from geophysical logs and the lithology. A more explicit method exists for determining hydraulic conductivity over small vertical intervals by collecting borehole flow measurements while the well is being pumped. Borehole flow rates were collected from 15 deep monitoring wells on the Nevada Test Site and the Nevada Test and Training Range while continuously raising and lowering a high‐precision impeller borehole flowmeter. Repeated logging passes at different logging speeds and pumping rates typically provided nine unique flow logs for each well. Over 60 km of borehole flow logs were collected at a 6.1‐cm vertical resolution. Processing these data necessitated developing a methodology to delete anomalous values, smooth small‐scale flow variations, combine multiple borehole flow logs, characterize measurement uncertainty, and determine the interval‐specific lower limit to flow rate quantification. There are decision points in the data processing where judgment and ancillary analyses are needed to extract subtle hydrogeologic information. The analysis methodology indicates that processed measurements from a high‐precision trolling impeller flowmeter in a screened well can confidently detect changes in borehole flow rate of ∼0.7% of the combined trolling and borehole flow rate. An advantage of trolling the flowmeter is that the impeller is nearly always spinning as it is raised and lowered in the well and borehole flow rates can be measured at lower values than if measurements were taken while the flowmeter was held at a fixed depth.
The Chemical Quality of Self‐Supplied Domestic Well Water in the United States
Authors: Focazio Michael J. , Tipton Deborah , Dunkle Shapiro Stephanie , Geiger Linda H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractExisting water quality data collected from domestic wells were summarized to develop the first national‐scale retrospective of self‐supplied drinking water sources. The contaminants evaluated represent a range of inorganic and organic compounds, and although the data set was not originally designed to be a statistical representation of national occurrence, it encompasses large parts of the United States including at least some wells sampled in every state and Puerto Rico. Inorganic contaminants were detected in many of the wells, and concentrations exceeded the U.S. EPA maximum contaminant levels (MCLs; federal drinking water standards used to regulate public drinking water quality) more often than organic contaminants. Of the inorganic constituents evaluated, arsenic concentrations exceeded the MCL (10 μg/L) in ∼11% of the 7580 wells evaluated, nitrate exceeded the MCL (10 mg/L) in ∼8% of the 3465 wells evaluated, uranium‐238 exceeded the MCL (30 μg/L) in ∼4% of the wells, and radon‐222 exceeded 300 and 4000 pCi/L (potential drinking water standards currently under review by the U.S. EPA) in ∼75% and 9% of the wells, respectively. The MCLs for total mercury and fluoride were each exceeded in <1% of the wells evaluated. The MCL was exceeded in <1% of all wells for all anthropogenically derived organic contaminants evaluated and was not exceeded for many contaminants. In addition, 10 contaminants evaluated do not currently have an MCL. Atrazine, however, was detected in 24% of the wells evaluated and was the most frequently detected organic contaminant of the 28 organic contaminants evaluated in this study. Simazine and metolachlor each were detected in ∼9% of all wells and tied for second in frequency of detection for organic contaminants. The third and fourth most frequently detected organic contaminants were methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) (6%) and chloroform (5%), respectively. Because the water quality of domestic wells is not federally regulated or nationally monitored, this study provides a unique, previously nonexistent, perspective on the quality of the self‐supplied drinking water resources used by ∼45 million Americans in the United States.
Bioprospecting or Biopiracy?
Authors: Isaac Grant E. , Kerr William A. 
Published: August 2010

“We instruct the Council for Trips, in pursuing its work programme… to examine… the relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity, the protection of traditional knowledge and folklore and other relevant new developments… In undertaking this work, the TripsCouncil… shall take fully into account the development dimension.”Paragraph 19, Doha Ministerial Declaration.1
Evolutionary Characteristics of China's Intermediate Manufactures
Authors: Kang Minsung , Lee Jeong‐Dong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChina's economic development is characterized by progressive integration with international production chains as an assembly producer. Japan and South Korea are the major partners providing intermediate products to China. The present paper analyzes the Chinese intermediate sector's present condition and evolutionary characteristics revealed in bilateral trade with Japan and South Korea. The analysis uses the framework of new trade theory represented by “intra‐industry trade”. Trade statistics from 1997 to 2004 are analyzed using the database published by the OECD. Results show that China's inter‐industrial evolution is characterized by its expanding positioning in the manner of the flying geese development paradigm of Asian countries. Furthermore, intra‐industrial evolution is characterized by a concentration on price competitiveness. The framework and results of the industrial analysis presented in this paper assist in the understanding of China's manufacturing evolution and of the policy‐making decisions taken in the process.
China's Outward Direct and Portfolio Investments
Authors: Fung Hung‐Gay , Liu Qingfeng Wilson , Kao Erin H. C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper analyzes developments and trends related to China's outward direct and financial investments by examining Chinese firms’overseas acquisitions, China's holdings of US Treasury securities, and the recently formally launched Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor programs. Strategies should be developed to reach optimal decisions for both direct and portfolio investments. We argue that China should have a longer‐term view for both direct and portfolio investments, enabling China to become the leader in Asia while maintaining its sustainable growth objective. China should invest heavily in the development of the Asian bond market and the Asian Currency Fund when making both portfolio and direct investment decisions.
Structure of Comparative Advantage of China and India: Global and Regional Dynamics
Authors: Batra Amita 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates the extent of competition between China and India in the world and ASEAN markets. The analysis is undertaken using the concept of revealed comparative advantage, relative market shares, long‐term trend analysis and statistical tests of convergence. In the context of the ASEAN market the evaluation of competition between India and China has been undertaken with special reference to the prior implementation of the ASEAN‐China Free Trade Area relative to the ASEAN‐India Free Trade Area. The results suggest that threat perceptions at the product level might currently prevail for both economies from each other across all sectors in both markets even though the intensity of the competitive threat varies across products. However, long‐term trend analysis shows that the patterns of comparative advantage of India and China are evolving along divergent paths and, therefore, competition between the two economies might not be a major issue.
AN INTENSIVE CULTURE SYSTEM FOR PENAEID SHRIMP
Authors: Parker Jack C. , Conte Fred S. , MacGrath William S. , Miller Bruce W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA shrimp production module was constructed on a pilot scale at Corpus Christi, Texas and operated on a demonstration basis from 21 April through 10 November, 1973. The unit, consisting of three adjacent ponds of 0.05 ha (nursery), 0.1 ha (intermediate) and 0.2 ha (grow‐out) through which shrimp were rotated as they grew, provided a better utilization of space than previously realized in single pond units. Properly designed and operated, this module has production capabilities of 2,000 to 3,000 kg of shrimp during the 6 to 7 month growing season available in Texas and up to 6,000 kg in areas where year‐round operation is feasible.
COCCIDIOSIS IN THE GREEN TURTLE IN MARICULTURE (Chelonia mydas)
Authors: Rebell Gerbert , Rywlin Arkadi , Ulrich Glen 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAn epidemic of disease in recently hatched green turtles (Chelonia mydas) was found to be associated with a new coccidial intestinal parasite. The disease and associated mortality appeared in young turtles approximately 30 days after hatching, and ran a 60 day course through the stock hatchlings at the farm. Symptoms of the disease were emaciation and lethargy. Tube‐like casts of intestinal mucosa and impaction of the gut with caseous masses of oocysts occured late in the disease. Active patches of coccidial infection were found in the intestinal tract of surviving and apparently healthy turtles as late as 1 month after the end of the epidemic.
GRAM‐NEGATIVE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF SOME FISHES BEFORE AND AFTER CAGE CULTURE1
Authors: Williams Ernest H. , Phelps Ronald P. , Gaines John L. , Bunkley Lucy F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSamples of pompano (Trachinotus carolinus); striped bass (Morone saxatilis); striped mullet (Mugil cephalus); Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus); and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), were examined for bacteria before (pre‐culture) and after (post‐culture) stocking in cages used in a mariculture experiment at Dauphin Island, Alabama in 1971. In 1972 a similar experiment was conducted with samples of pompano; striped bass; striped mullet, tilapia (Tilapia aurea); and southern kingfish (Menticirrhus americanus).Bacterial cultures were presumptively identified as gramnegative pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Vibrio anguillarum) or as cultures not conforming (nonconforming) to presumptive tests for gram‐negative pathogenic bacteria. Bacteria presumptively identified as A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens were isolated from fishes sampled before confining in cages in 1971 and 1972. Incidence of infections of these two bacteria were very high in samples of spot. Nonconforming bacteria were also isolated from preculture samples. No bacteria were isolated from cultures taken after confinement in feeding cages from 165 fishes.During the summers of 1969–1972, mariculture experiments were conducted by the Marine Resources Division of the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources at th e Alabama Marine Resources Laboratory on Dauphin Island, Alabama to develop techniques for culturing marine fishesin floating cages (Swingle, 1970, 1971a, b, 1972; Swingle and Tatum, 1971; Powell, 1972; Tatum, 1972). Fishes were examined before mariculture experiments and at harvest to determine the abundance of parasites (Williams, 1972). During the third and fourth years (1971, 1972) of these mariculture studies, fishes were examined for bacterial in fections.To control and predict bacterial diseases in fishes, a knowledge of the normal changes in bacterial incidence is necessary. A study of the bacteria fauna of brackish and freshwater fishes of the region has been conducted (Johnson and Williams, 1970). The following study was conducted to obtain some in dication of the occurrence of known gram‐negative pathogenic bacteria in the preculture samples of wild, apparently healthy marine fishes before subjecting them to mariculture conditions and the occurrences in the fishes after being held in a mariculture situation.
REDUCTION OF AMMONIA TOXICITY BY SALINITY AND PH MANIPULATION
Authors: Sousa Robert J. , Meade Thomas L. , Wolke Richard E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe toxicity of un‐ionized ammonia (NH3) has severely limited development of high density salmonid culture. In the work described, an interrelationship between pH, salinity, and ammonia tolerance is established. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawtyscha) smolts will tolerate higher levels of ammonia under mildly acidic culture condi‐conditions. This is the result of shifting the NH3/NH4 + equilibrium in favor of the non‐toxic NH4+ ion. Intermediate salinities in water re‐use culture systems have also been shown to be beneficial in overcoming the toxic effects of ammonia. This may be related to an ionic exchange relationship between sodium and ammonium ions across the cellular membranes of the gill branchial cells.Environmental manipulation, leading to a reduction in ammonia toxicity, can decrease production costs in water re‐use culture systems. Such prodecures would also help to maintain cultured organisms should problems within water treatment components be encountered.
Development of Formula Foods Designed for Macrobrachium rosenbergii Larval and Juvenile Shrimp1
Authors: Sick Lowell V. , Beaty Helen 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSeveral types of food (differing in shape, form, type of binder, texture, and attractant quality) were developed and evaluated during a series of ingestion and growth studies using larval and juvenile stages of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The specific food requirements, in terms of physical characteristics, for each growth stage were emphasized.Calculating an energy budget, a caloric comparison was made of the ability of various foods at various concentrations to sustain larval growth. Among six formula diets prepared in three different forms, stage 7–8 Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae incorporated relatively higher amounts of freeze‐dried diet having 15% Artemia salina meat added.Of the various larval foods evaluated in a growth study, larvae grown on 5.5 mm Artemia salina and freeze dried catfish reached stage 8 significantly faster than groups of larvae fed other diets. Larvae reared on a formula freeze‐dried diet developed to stage 8 more rapidly than animals fed other forms of formula food.Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveiled fed a soybean meal diet bound with 5% collagen did not gain in weight, while animals fed the same diet with long chain amylose starch binder had a 1158% increase in weight. Soybean meal diets bound with cornstarch and agar also had relatively lower weight gains than animals ged diets bound with long chain amylose starch. Shrimp fed diets with freeze‐dried A. salina added had significantly higher weight gains than controls.
Light and fine Structural Studies of Natural and Artificially Induced Egg Growth of Penaeid Shrimp1
Authors: Duronslet M. J. , Yudin A. I. , Wheeler R. S. , Jr W. H. Clark 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEgg differentiation in penaeids induced to undergo gonad maturation by eyestalk ablation has been examined with light and electron microscopes.Controls consisted of both wild brown and white shrimp (Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus) caught in various stages of ovarian maturation. These animals were sacrificed and ovarian tissues were excised and fixed in a cold (4 C) aldehyde mixture, post‐fixed in osmic acid, dehydrated in acetone, and embedded in an epoxy resin. Experimental animals included laboratory‐reared, wild immature, and wild mature animals which had resorbed ovarian tissues. These animals were ablated with hot surgical clamps and sacrificed at various time intervals. Tissues were prepared as described for the controls.The development of ova from experimental animals was compared to control animals. In the stages early oocyte, cisternal phase, platelet phase, cortical rod phase, and mature oocyte, the experimental oocytes appeared the same as the control tissues. Though further studies (e.g., biochemical and zygote development) are needed, these preliminary fine structural studies are encouraging. While ablation, a mechanical process, may not be the technique of choice for maturing shrimp, it does indicate that manipulation of the endocrine system will be successful.
Studies on the Lethal Dissolved Oxygen Levels for Young Brown Shrimp, Penaeus Aztecus Ives
Authors: Kramer Gary L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe effects of sudden salinity changes and rates of reduction in dissolved oxygen content on the lethal dissolved oxygen levels for brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) juveniles (51 mm mean length) and subadults (91 mm mean length) were determined by direct transfer from an acclimation salinity of 10 ppt to test salinities of 2.5, 5, 10, and 36 ppt at rates of reduction in dissolved oxygen content of 0.7, 1.4, and 2.6 ppm/hr. Behavioral responses to these environmental changes were observed and the relations of size and sex to lethal levels of dissolved oxygen were analyzed.The lethal dissolved oxygen concentrations for juveniles appear to be affected by sudden salinity changes, while those for subadults remain the same. In the acclimation salinity, subadults died over wider ranges and at higher mean oxygen levels than juveniles. Sex does not appear to significantly modify the lethal dissolved oxygen concentrations for either of these stages of the shrimp life cycle. Behavioral responses indicate that young brown shrimp can detect and therefore possibly avoid low levels of dissolved oxygen. Close monitoring of pond dissolved oxygen and maintenance above 2.0 ppm appears essential to good shrimp husbandry.
Continuous Spat Production of Fiat Oyster: Ostrea Edulis in Running Water1
Authors: Flassch J. P. , L'Herroux M. , Laubier L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe breeding of bivalve larvae has up to now always been conducted in closed systems. This method requires great care and consequently much labor.Using running water systems, we intended to exclude handling and avoid infestations and diseases without the use of antibiotics. Primarily, we used two cylindrical 20 m3 tanks, both with a filtering sand bottom and air‐lift system. The flow was about 400 liters/hr. The temperature was 20 C. One tank was used as the filter, the second as our breeding unit in which circulation was maintained by adapted aeration. Newly released larvae of Ostrea edulis were introduced at four times. Larvae were fed daily at a rate of from 10 Isochrysis galbana, 10 Monochrysis lutheri and 2 Tetraselmis suecica per microliter to 25 I.g., 25 M. 1. and 5 T. s. per microliter.The best results were obtained at the end of experiment using a stocking density of 220 larvae/liter. We observed a shorter larval period than usual records. Metamorphosis took place from day 9 to day 11. Five percent of the larvae were collected as spat on plates at an early stage (24 to 48 the hours), without considering the high number of spat settled on the tank itself. Total number of settled spat was about 15 to 20% of last larval density. These preliminary results need to be studied thoroughly. Nevertheless, the experiment shows that continuous oyster spat production is feasible in running water systems.