bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Andisols from Four Different Regions of Iceland
Authors: Arnalds Olafur , Hallmark C. T. , Wilding L. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLimited information has been published on Andisols in Iceland, but such data are important for understanding the erosional and periglacial processes that are intense in Iceland. The objectives of this research were to investigate Andisols that developed in tephra and eolian materials and that are highly susceptible to soil erosion, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the recently established Andisol order for providing meaningful classes in Iceland. Four soils that formed in 1‐ to 3‐m‐thick tephra and eolian materials of various origins were studied. The soils have low bulk density (<0.8 g cm−3), high −0.033 and −1.5 MPa water retention (0.27–1.18 and 0.17–0.85 kg kg−1, respectively, excluding tephra horizons), and Atterberg limits characteristic of field‐moist Andisols (plastic limits of 0.49–0.95 kg kg−1 and liquid limits of 0.54–0.97 kg kg−1). Soil reaction (H2O) ranges between pH 5.6 and 6.7. Organic C contents are high but erratic; they range from 21 to 90 g kg−1, excluding thick tephra horizons that are characteristically low in C. Soil color was not related to organic C content. The cation‐exchange capacity is generally high (22–46 cmolc kg−1) and is highly related to organic C, oxalate‐extractable Al + Fe, and precipitation (R2 = 0.92). The <0.002‐mm fraction is dominated by allophone and ferrihydrite represented by high oxalate‐extractable Al, Fe, and Si. High organic C content was not found to inhibit allophone formation in surface horizons. These Andisols developed from sediments of complex history consisting of tephra layers deposited during episodic volcanic events that are interstratified with eolian polycycled materials of glacial‐fluvial and andic origin. Assigning buried horizons and lithological discontinuities was difficult and often arbitrary and was not done for the eolian and tephra materials. All the pedons were classified as Haplocryands. More than 60 000 km2 of Andisols may occur in Iceland, which would constitute 5 to 6% of all Andisols in the world.
Municipal water demand and efficiency analysis: Case studies in Turkey
Authors: Burak Selmin , Mat Hakan 
Published: July 2010

The growing demand for municipal water due to population increase and urbanization impels water managers to reconsider the existing traditional supply-sided management approach. Strengthening of water demand management (WDM) policies by improving water use efficiency has been adopted as a key target in arid regions, in particular. Indeed, increasing the added value per m3 of water used is gaining importance, since it is a more environmentally-friendly strategy with regard to water resource management than expanding water infrastructure assets. Monitoring the water use efficiency index is the commonly applied method for assessing the performance of municipal water management that depends on physical (real) losses and non-physical (apparent) losses constituting non-revenue water (NRW).
In this paper, the results of the study conducted in three medium-size urban settlements, namely Ordu, Çarşamba and Ceyhan, are presented. Field surveys and evaluation of the data relating to municipal customer service have been carried out. In the light of the findings covering a four-year period between 2004–2007, the origin and reasons for NRW, and the means and tools for reducing it in order to improve water use efficiency are discussed.
Perspective actionnelle et approche par les tâches en classe de langue
Authors: Rosen Évelyne 
Published: July 2010

Résumé Cet article, introduction du numéro 45 du Français dans le monde / Recherches et applications, se propose tout d'abord de situer la perspective actionnelle et l'approche par les tâches tant du point de vue de l'actualité des réalisations que des perspectives pour la classe de FLE. L'organisation du numéro, ainsi que les articles qui le composent, sont ensuite présentés.
DNA as a Versatile Chemical Component for Catalysis, Encoding, and Stereocontrol
Authors: Silverman Scott K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material common to all of Earth’s organisms. Our biological understanding of DNA is extensive and well‐exploited. In recent years, chemists have begun to develop DNA for nonbiological applications in catalysis, encoding, and stereochemical control. This Review summarizes key advances in these three exciting research areas, each of which takes advantage of a different subset of DNA’s useful chemical properties.
Dendronizing and Metalating trans‐2 C60 Tetraaryl Porphyrins—A Versatile Approach Toward Water‐Soluble Donor–Acceptor Conjugates
Authors: Ruppert Michaela , Spänig Fabian , Wielopolski Mateusz , Jäger Christof M. , Bauer Walter , Clark Timothy , Hirsch Andreas , Guldi Dirk M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have realized for the first time a series of truly water‐soluble and tightly coupled porphyrin/C60 electron‐donor–acceptor conjugates in which the charge separation and charge recombination dynamics are controlled by modifying the nature of the dendrimer and/or the choice of the central metal atom.
Utility of oncotype DX risk estimates in clinically intermediate risk hormone receptor‐positive, HER2‐normal, grade II, lymph node‐negative breast cancers
Authors: Kelly Catherine M. , Krishnamurthy Savitri , Bianchini Giampaolo , Litton Jennifer K. , Gonzalez‐Angulo Ana M. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Pusztai Lajos 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Oncotype DX breast cancer assay (Genomic Health, Redwood City, Calif) stratifies patients with early breast cancer according to risk of distant recurrence. The authors hypothesized that the test is ordered when clinicopathological variables yield equivocal risk estimates. The current study also showed how often the test clarifies clinically ambiguous risk status.METHODS:The authors examined clinical/pathological characteristics and calculated risk of recurrence with Adjuvant! for 309 consecutive patients who underwent Oncotype DX testing at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.RESULTS:Of the patients comprising this study, most had stage I/II (n = 306, 99%) and grade I/II tumors (n = 236, 76%). The median risk of recurrence by Adjuvant! was 16% (IQR 11.2 to 20.4). Oncotype DX stratified 52% (n = 160), 40% (n = 122) and 9% (n = 27) of this clinically intermediate risk population into low, intermediate, and high risk groups, respectively. Correlation between projected risk of recurrence by Adjuvant! (Adjuvant!, online software and website) and Oncotype DX was minimal (r = 0.13). Recurrence score (P < .0001), but not age or tumor size, was higher in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy. In all 3 grade subsets, recurrence score was higher in those who received chemotherapy compared with those who did not (P = .02, P < .0001, and P = .0009, respectively). All lobular carcinomas (n = 40) were classified as low/intermediate risk.CONCLUSIONS:Oncotype DX yielded potentially informative risk assignments in patients considered indeterminate risk by routine clinical variables. However, 40% of the time test results reflected intermediate risk, with widely used recurrence score thresholds. This proportion increased to 66% using revised thresholds implemented by National Cancer Institute's Trial Assigning IndividuaLized Options for Treatment (Rx), or TAILORx. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Cerebral hyporesponsiveness and cognitive impairment 10 years after chemotherapy for breast cancer
Authors: de Ruiter Michiel B. , Reneman Liesbeth , Boogerd Willem , Veltman Dick J. , van Dam Frits S.A.M. , Nederveen Aart J. , Boven Epie , Schagen Sanne B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemotherapy is associated with cognitive impairment in a subgroup of breast cancer survivors, but the neural circuitry underlying this side effect is largely unknown. Moreover, long‐term impairment has not been studied well. In the present study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and neuropsychological testing were performed in breast cancer survivors almost 10 years after high‐dose adjuvant chemotherapy (chemo group, n = 19) and in breast cancer survivors for whom chemotherapy had not been indicated (control group, n = 15). BOLD activation and performance were measured during an executive function task involving planning abilities (Tower of London) and a paired associates task for assessment of episodic memory. For the chemo group versus the control group, we found hyporesponsiveness of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the Tower of London, and of parahippocampal gyrus in the paired associates task. Also, the chemo group showed significantly impaired planning performance and borderline significantly impaired recognition memory as compared to findings in the control group. Whole‐brain analyses demonstrated hyporesponsiveness of the chemo versus the control group in very similar regions of bilateral posterior parietal cortex during both the Tower of London and the paired associates task. Neuropsychological testing showed a relatively stable pattern of cognitive impairment in the chemo group over time. These results indicate that high‐dose adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with long‐term cognitive impairments. These impairments are underpinned by (a) task‐specific hyporesponsiveness of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus, and (b) a generalized hyporesponsiveness of lateral posterior parietal cortex encompassing attentional processing. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sunbed use during adolescence and early adulthood is associated with increased risk of early‐onset melanoma
Authors: Cust Anne E. , Armstrong Bruce K. , Goumas Chris , Jenkins Mark A. , Schmid Helen , Hopper John L. , Kefford Richard F. , Giles Graham G. , Aitken Joanne F. , Mann Graham J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSunbed use is associated with increased risk of melanoma. Younger people might be more susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet radiation. We investigated the association between sunbed use and risk of early‐onset cutaneous malignant melanoma. From the Australian Melanoma Family Study, a multicentre, population‐based, case‐control‐family study, we analysed data for 604 cases diagnosed between ages 18 and 39 years and 479 controls. Data were collected by interview. Associations were estimated as odds ratios (ORs) using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, city, education, family history, skin color, usual skin response to sunlight and sun exposure. Compared with having never used a sunbed, the OR for melanoma associated with ever‐use was 1.41 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.96), and 2.01 (95% CI 1.22–3.31) for more than 10 lifetime sessions (Ptrend 0.01 with cumulative use). The association was stronger for earlier age at first use (Ptrend 0.02). The association was also stronger for melanoma diagnosed when aged 18–29 years (OR for more than 10 lifetime sessions = 6.57, 95% CI 1.41–30.49) than for melanoma diagnosed when 30–39 years (OR 1.60, 95% CI 0.92–2.77; Pinteraction 0.01). Among those who had ever used a sunbed and were diagnosed between 18 and 29 years of age, three quarters (76%) of melanomas were attributable to sunbed use. Sunbed use is associated with increased risk of early‐onset melanoma, with risk increasing with greater use, an earlier age at first use and for earlier onset disease.
A population‐based assessment of mortality and morbidity patterns among patients with thymoma
Authors: Gadalla Shahinaz M. , Rajan Arun , Pfeiffer Ruth , Kristinsson Sigurdur Y. , Björkholm Magnus , Landgren Ola , Giaccone Giuseppe 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThymomas are rare tumors of the mediastinum; a limited number of small studies have evaluated the outcomes in these patients. We identified 668 patients with thymoma from the Swedish Cancer Registry, and 2,719 population‐based matched controls. We obtained information on autoimmunity from the nationwide inpatient/outpatient hospital discharge Registry. We constructed Kaplan‐Meier curves for survival analysis, conditional regression and Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the association between thymoma and autoimmune diseases, and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) to evaluate the risk for second cancers following thymoma. Compared with controls, patients with benign or malignant thymoma had a poorer (p < 0.001) 5‐year (79%, 53% vs. 91%), 10‐year (65%, 39% vs. 78%) and 20‐year (43%, 18% vs. 55%) overall survival. For thymoma patients, younger age at diagnosis and being diagnosed in recent years were associated with a better survival. Compared with controls, thymoma patients were more likely to have an autoimmune disease at some point during their lives (32.7% vs. 2.4%, respectively, p < 0.001), most frequently myasthenia gravis (24.5%), systemic lupus erythematosus (2.4%) and red cell aplasia (1.2%). Thymoma patients had twofold excess risk for second cancers compared with the general population, most notably: non‐melanoma skin cancer (SIR = 10.6, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 6.0–17.3), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 6.8, 95% CI = 3.00–13.0), and cervical (SIR = 6.9, 95% CI = 1.4–20.1), endocrine (SIR = 4.7, 95% CI = 1.3–12.0), and prostate cancer (SIR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.7–4.8). Despite the improved survival for thymoma patients over time, they have worse survival than controls. Thymoma patients are in need for follow‐up to detect and manage autoimmune diseases and cancer.
The multifaceted effects of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in immunomodulation and potential roles in intestinal immune homeostasis
Authors: Martins Andrew , Han Jiahuai , Kim Sung O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe three colony‐stimulating factors, granulocyte/macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF), and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF), have been regarded as immunostimulators because of their role in granulocyte and myeloid hematopoiesis and immune function. However, unlike GM‐CSF and M‐CSF, G‐CSF possesses immunosuppressive effects on other immune cells including monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes when exogenously administered. Given the immunomodulatory effects of exogenous G‐CSF, endogenous G‐CSF may also play an important role in maintaining local immune homeostasis in tissue in which it is highly and constitutively produced. This review highlights the potential role of G‐CSF in immunomodulation and intestinal immune homeostasis. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(8): 611–617, 2010.
Bisphenol‐A can bind to human glucocorticoid receptor as an agonist: an in silico study
Authors: Prasanth G. K. , Divya L. M. , Sadasivan C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBisphenol‐A (BPA) is a primary monomer in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. BPA may be released into the environment following its formation via hydrolysis of ester bonds of the polymers. It has been detected in human plasma, placenta, amniotic fluid, amniotic chord, urine and saliva. BPA disrupts normal cell function by acting as an estrogen agonist as well as an androgen antagonist. The present study was carried out to investigate whether BPA can bind to human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and elucidate its mode of interaction. BPA has been successfully docked in silico into the ligand binding site of GR using the program Discovery Studio 2.0. The structure has been compared with other agonist and antagonist bound structures of GR. It is found that the mode of interactions and binding energy of BPA were similar to that of DEXA and cortisol, two known agonists of GR. This reveals that BPA can bind to GR as an agonist. Hence, BPA may produce biological effects similar to that produced by glucocorticoids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olfactory impairment in Parkinson's disease and white matter abnormalities in central olfactory areas: A voxel‐based diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Ibarretxe‐Bilbao Naroa , Junque Carme , Marti Maria‐Jose , Valldeoriola Francesc , Vendrell Pere , Bargallo Nuria , Zarei Mojtaba , Tolosa Eduardo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOlfactory dysfunction is known to occur before the appearance of the classical motor signs in Parkinson's disease (PD) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in PD have reported fractional anisotropy (FA) reductions in the early disease stages. We aimed to investigate the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and white matter (WM) FA of central olfactory areas in early PD. Twenty‐four patients at Hoehn and Yahr stages I and II and 24 healthy controls matched by age, gender and years of education participated in this study. DTI was acquired at a 3 Tesla scanner and odor identification was assessed using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). We performed FA voxelwise group comparisons in the central olfactory structures using tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) and correlation analyses between FA values in these central olfactory areas and UPSIT scores. Patients with severe microsmia (UPSIT between 19 and 25) and anosmia (UPSIT lower or equal to 18) had lower FA values than PD patients with mild/moderate or no olfactory dysfunction (UPSIT between 26 and 40) and healthy controls in the WM adjacent to gyrus rectus. In addition, patients with anosmia had reduced FA in the WM surrounding primary olfactory areas in comparison with healthy controls. FA values in the WM adjacent to primary olfactory cortex and right gyrus rectus correlated with UPSIT scores in the PD group. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that microstructural WM reductions are present in the central olfactory system of early stage PD patients and that these reductions are associated with reduced ability to smell. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Functional brain imaging in glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers with and without Parkinsonism
Authors: Kono Satoshi , Ouchi Yasuomi , Terada Tatsuhiro , Ida Hiroyuki , Suzuki Makiko , Miyajima Hiroaki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) increase the risk for Parkinson's disease and are also associated with an earlier onset of the disease and an akinetic parkinsonian phenotype. To investigate the underlying pathogenesis of this condition, we assessed cerebral metabolism using positron emission tomography (PET) in GBA mutation carriers with and without parkinsonism. [18F]‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)‐PET using a three‐dimensional stereotactic surface projection analysis was used to measure the cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (CMRGlc) in a patient with parkinsonism and Gaucher disease (GD) and five subjects with a heterozygous GBA mutation, including three patients with parkinsonism and three asymptomatic carriers in comparison to 10 healthy controls in the same age range. Dopaminergic neuronal activity was investigated using [11C] CFT‐ and [11C] raclopride‐PET. All GBA mutation carriers displayed a significant CMRGlc decrease in the supplemental motor area (SMA). The carriers with parkinsonism showed additional hypometabolism in the parietooccipital cortices. The CFT and raclopride PET images in the asymptomatic carriers demonstrated the CFT binding to be within normal values in the putamen and a significant increase was observed in the caudate nucleus while raclopride binding in the striatum was in the normal range. An advanced parkinsonian carrier showed decreased CFT binding and increased raclopride binding in the striatum. The decreased CMRGlc in the SMA was characteristic of the GBA mutation carriers. The hypometabolism in the SMA may, therefore, be involved in the clinical characteristics of parkinsonism associated with GBA mutations when the carriers manifest parkinsonism. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Use of a reference tissue and blood vessel to measure the arterial input function in DCEMRI
Authors: Fan Xiaobing , Haney Chad R. , Mustafi Devkumar , Yang Cheng , Zamora Marta , Markiewicz Erica J. , Karczmar Gregory S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccurate measurement of the arterial input function is critical for quantitative evaluation of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging data. Use of the reference tissue method to derive a local arterial input function avoided large errors associated with direct arterial measurements, but relied on literature values for Ktrans and ve. We demonstrate that accurate values of Ktrans and ve in a reference tissue can be measured by comparing contrast media concentration in a reference tissue to plasma concentrations measured directly in a local artery after the 1–2 passes of the contrast media bolus—when plasma concentration is low and can be measured accurately. The values of Ktrans and ve calculated for the reference tissue can then be used to derive a more complete arterial input function including the first pass of the contrast bolus. This new approach was demonstrated using dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging data from rodent hind limb. Values obtained for Ktrans and ve in muscle, and the shape and amplitude of the derived arterial input function are consistent with published results. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RF coil considerations for short‐T2 MRI
Authors: Horch R. Adam , Wilkens Ken , Gochberg Daniel F. , Does Mark D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith continuing hardware and pulse sequence advancements, modern MRI is gaining sensitivity to signals from short‐T2 1H species under practical experimental conditions. However, conventional MRI coils are typically not designed for this type of application, as they often contain proton‐rich construction materials that may contribute confounding 1H background signal during short‐T2 measurements. An example of this is shown herein. Separately, a loop‐gap style coil was used to compare different coil construction materials and configurations with respect to observed 1H background signal sizes in a small animal imaging system. Background signal sources were spatially identified and quantified in a number of different coil configurations. It was found that the type and placement of structural coil materials around the loop‐gap resonator, as well as the coil's shielding configuration, are critical determinants of the coil's background signal size. Although this study employed a loop‐gap resonator design, these findings are directly relevant to standard volume coils commonly used for MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An in vivo verification of the intravoxel incoherent motion effect in diffusion‐weighted imaging of the abdomen
Authors: Lemke Andreas , Laun Frederik B. , Simon Dirk , Stieltjes Bram , Schad Lothar R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo investigate the vascular contribution to the measured apparent diffusion coefficient and to validate the Intra Voxel Incoherent Motion theory, the signal as a function of the b‐value was measured in the healthy pancreas with and without suppression of the vascular component and under varying echo times (TE = 50, 70, and 100 msec). The perfusion fraction f and the diffusion coefficient D were extracted from the measured DW‐data using the original Intra Voxel Incoherent Motion‐equation and a modified version of this equation incorporating relaxation effects. First, the perfusion fraction f in the blood suppressed pancreatic tissue decreased significantly (P = 0.03), whereas the diffusion coefficient D did not change with suppression (P = 0.43). Second, the perfusion fraction f increased significantly with increasing echo time (P = 0.0025), whereas the relaxation time compensated perfusion fraction f′ showed no significant dependence on TE (P = 0.31). These results verify a vascular contribution to the diffusion weighted imaging measurement at low b values and support the Intra Voxel Incoherent Motion‐theory. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.