bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refugee settlement workers’ perspectives on home safety issues for people from refugee backgrounds
Authors: Campbell Emma Jean , Turpin Merrill June 
Published: October 2010

Background/aim:  Refugees experience higher levels of emotional, psychological and physical distress than the general migrant population during settlement in a new country. Safety in the home can be a major concern and is an issue of which occupational therapists should be aware. Occupational therapists working with refugees in many contexts feel unprepared and overwhelmed. As refugee settlement workers attend to home safety of refugees during the settlement process, this study aimed to develop an in‐depth understanding of their perceptions of this issue. Such information can contribute to occupational therapists’ knowledge and practice when working with refugees.Methods:  An exploratory qualitative case study approach used 16 semi‐structured interviews and observation of a settlement worker assisting newly arrived refugees. Participants were settlement service staff (an occupational therapist, case coordinators and cultural support workers).Results:  Three themes are reported: considerations for safety in the homes of refugees; factors influencing home safety for refugees; and sensitivity to culture. Participants described tailoring home safety‐related services to each individual based on factors that influence home safety and sensitivity to culture.Conclusion:  Awareness of home safety issues can increase cultural competence and inform practice and policy.
Understanding crossmatch testing in organ transplantation: A case‐based guide for the general nephrologist
Authors: MULLEY WILLIAM R , KANELLIS JOHN 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTCrossmatching of potential renal donors against potential renal transplant recipients has been performed for over 40 years and is a mandatory component of the transplant work‐up process. However, gone are the days when all that was available was the T‐cell complement‐dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch. There are now many more options available for determining the likelihood of donor‐specific antibody‐mediated responses including flow crossmatching and the ‘virtual’ crossmatch. In addition, assays to determine the extent of sensitization of cell‐mediated responses are being examined. This article builds an understanding of modern day crossmatch interpretation using a case‐based approach in order to provide a framework for the general nephrologist to determine the likely immune consequences of a particular donor–recipient pairing.
Outcome of different post‐orchiectomy management for stage I seminoma: Japanese multi‐institutional study including 425 patients
Authors: Kamba Tomomi , Kamoto Toshiyuki , Okubo Kazutoshi , Teramukai Satoshi , Kakehi Yoshiyuki , Matsuda Tadashi , Ogawa Osamu 
Published: October 2010

Objectives:  To clarify the contemporary clinical outcome of stage I seminoma and to provide information on treatment options to patients.Methods:  A retrospective analysis of 425 patients who underwent orchiectomy for stage I seminoma between 1985 and 2006 at 25 hospitals in Japan. Relapse‐free survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and clinicopathological factors associated with relapse were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards model.Results:  A total of 30 out of 425 patients had relapsed. Relapse‐free survival rates at 10 years were 79, 94 and 94% in the surveillance, chemotherapy and radiotherapy groups, respectively. Post‐orchiectomy management and rete testis invasion were identified as independent predictive factors associated with relapse. Rete testis invasion remained to be an independent predictive factor, even if the cases with relapses in the contralateral testis were censored. Only one patient, who relapsed after adjuvant radiotherapy, died of the disease. Overall survival at 10 years was 100, 100 and 99% in the surveillance, chemotherapy and radiotherapy groups, respectively. More than half of the patients were lost to follow up within 5 years.Conclusions:  The outcome of Japanese patients with stage I seminoma is similar to previously published Western reports. Surveillance policy is becoming a popular option in Japan, although the relapse rate in patients opting for surveillance policy is higher than those opting for adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Rete testis invasion is an independent predictive factor associated with relapse regardless of the post‐orchiectomy management. Long‐term follow up is mandatory for detection of late relapse.
Dopamine attenuates evoked inhibitory synaptic currents in central amygdala neurons
Authors: Naylor Jennifer C. , Li Qiang , Kang‐Park Maeng‐hee , Wilson Wilkie A. , Kuhn Cynthia , Moore Scott D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) plays a critical role in regulating the behavioral, autonomic and endocrine response to stress. Dopamine (DA) participates in mediating the stress response and DA release is enhanced in the CeA during stressful events. However, the electrophysiological effects of DA on CeA neurons have not yet been characterized. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the effect of DA application on electrophysiological responses of CeA neurons in coronal brain sections of male Sprague–Dawley rats. We used whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiological techniques to record evoked synaptic responses and to determine basic membrane properties of CeA neurons both before and after DA superfusion. DA (20–250 μm) did not significantly alter membrane conductance over the voltage range tested. However, DA significantly reduced the peak amplitude of evoked inhibitory synaptic currents in CeA neurons. Pretreatment with the D2receptor antagonist eticlopride failed to significantly block the inhibitory effects of DA. In contrast, pretreatment with the D1receptor antagonist SCH‐23390 significantly reduced the effects of DA on evoked inhibitory neurotransmission in these neurons. Moreover, bath superfusion of the specific D1receptor agonist SKF‐39393, but not the D2receptor agonist quinpirole, significantly reduced peak amplitude of evoked inhibitory synaptic events. DA reduced the frequency of miniature IPSCs without altering the amplitude, while having no effect on the amplitude of IPSCs elicited by pressure application of GABA. These results suggest that DA may modulate inhibitory synaptic transmission in CeA through D1receptor activation primarily by a presynaptic mechanism.
Neurotrophin receptors TrkB.T1 and p75NTR cooperate in modulating both functional and structural plasticity in mature hippocampal neurons
Authors: Michaelsen K. , Zagrebelsky M. , Berndt‐Huch J. , Polack M. , Buschler A. , Sendtner M. , Korte M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTropomyosin‐related kinase (Trk) receptors modulate neuronal structure and function both during development and in the mature nervous system. Interestingly, TrkB and TrkC are expressed as full‐length and as truncated splice variants. The cellular function of the kinase‐lacking isoforms remains so far unclear. We investigated the role of the truncated receptor TrkB.T1 in the hippocampus of transgenic mice overexpressing this splice variant by analyzing both neuronal structure and function. We observed an impairment in activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity as indicated by deficits in long‐term potentiation and long‐term depression in acute hippocampal slices of transgenic TrkB.T1 mice. In addition, dendritic complexity and spine density were significantly altered in TrkB.T1‐overexpressing CA1 neurons. We found that the effect of TrkB.T1 overexpression differs between subgroups of CA1 neurons. Remarkably, overexpression of p75NTR and its activation by chemical induction of long‐term depression in slice cultures rescued the TrkB.T1‐dependent morphological alterations specifically in one of the two subgroups observed. These findings suggest that the TrkB.T1 and p75NTR receptor signaling systems might be cross‐linked. Our findings demonstrate that TrkB.T1 regulates the function and the structure of mature pyramidal neurons. In addition, we showed that the ratio of expression levels of p75NTR and TrkB.T1 plays an important role in modulating dendritic architecture and synaptic plasticity in the adult rodent hippocampus, and, indeed, that the endogenous expression patterns of both receptors change reciprocally over time. We therefore propose a new function of TrkB.T1 as being dominant‐negative to p75NTR.
The musculature of Squatinella rostrum (Milne, 1886) (Rotifera: Lepadellidae) as revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy with additional new data on its trophi and overall morphology
Authors: Wilts Eike F. , Wulfken Diana , Ahlrichs Wilko H. , Martínez Arbizu Pedro 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWilts, E.F., Wulfken, D., Ahlrichs, W.H. and Martínez Arbizu, P. 2012. The musculature of Squatinella rostrum (Milne, 1886) (Rotifera: Lepadellidae) as revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy with additional new data on its trophi and overall morphology.—Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 93: 14–27.The monogonont rotifer Squatinella rostrum was investigated with light, scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy to reveal new morphological data on its inner and outer anatomy. In total, the visualized somatic musculature displays five paired longitudinal muscles (musculi longitudinales I–V) and nine circular muscles (musculi circulares I–IX). Compared to other species, S. rostrum is characterized by the absence of several longitudinal and circular muscles (e.g. musculus longitudinalis capitis, corona sphincter and pars coronalis). A reconstruction of the mastax musculature revealed a total number of seven paired and two unpaired mastax muscles. Possibly homologous somatic and mastax muscles in other, thus far investigated rotifers are discussed. Moreover, we provide a phylogenetic evaluation of the revealed morphological characters and suggest possible autapomorphic characters supporting Squatinella and Lepadellidae. Finally, we refer to some striking similarities in the morphology, ecology and way of movement of Squatinella and Bryceella that may indicate a closer relationship of both taxa.
Central and peripheral neuronal pathways revealed by backfilling with neurobiotin in the optic, tentacular and small labial nerves ofLymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Tuchina Oksana P. , Zhukov Valery V. , Meyer‐Rochow V. Benno 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTuchina, O.P., Zhukov, V.V. and Meyer‐Rochow, V.B. 2012. Central and peripheral neuronal pathways revealed by backfilling with neurobiotin in the optic, tentacular and small labial nerves ofLymnaea stagnalis. —Acta Zoologica(Stockholm)93: 28–47.The TOLm complex inLymnaea stagnaliscontains nervesn. tentacularis, n. opticusandn. labialis minor. Ligatures close to where the complex enters the central nervous system (CNS) did not prevent penetration of retrograde‐transported neurobiotin into fibres of an adjacent nerve. Axonal bifurcation within the common nerve trunk or tight junctions may be involved, providing a basis for peripheral axon reflexes. Peripheral terminations ofn. tentacularis,n. labialis minorandn. opticusrevealed numerous cell bodies in the tentacular epithelium, some in the tentacle and lip region, and some in the retina. These cell bodies’ central projections were mapped by neurobiotin and verified by dissections of the cerebro‐cerebral commissure and cerebro‐pleural connective. Afferent fibres of the nerves form dense sensory neuropils in the ipsilateral cerebral ganglia. Direct connections betweenn. tentacularisand some visceral as well as parietal nerves were demonstrated by backfillings throughn. pallialis dexter internus et externus,n. pallialis sinisterandn. intestinalis. Labelling ofn. tentacularisrevealed neuronal bodies in every ganglion and stained fibres in most of the peripheral nerves. Fewer neurons were identified throughn. labialis minorandn. opticus. We discuss our results in relation to different behavioural forms like defence and feeding reactions inL. stagnalis.
Hubs and bottlenecks in plant molecular signalling networks
Authors: Dietz Karl‐Josef , Jacquot Jean‐Pierre , Harris Gary 
Published: October 2010

SummaryConditional control of plant cell function and development relies on appropriate signal perception, signal integration and processing. The development of high throughput technologies such as proteomics and interactomics has enabled the identification of protein interaction networks that mediate signal processing from inputs to appropriate outputs. Such networks can be depicted in graphical representations using nodes and edges allowing for the immediate visualization and analysis of the network’s topology. Hubs are network elements characterized by many edges (often degree grade k ≥ 5) which confer a degree of topological importance to them. The review introduces the concept of networks, hubs and bottlenecks and describes four examples from plant science in more detail, namely hubs in the redox regulatory network of the chloroplast with ferredoxin, thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin, in mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase signal processing, in photomorphogenesis with the COP9 signalosome, COP1 and CDD, and monomeric GTPase function. Some guidance is provided to appropriate internet resources, web repositories, databases and their use. Plant networks can be generated from existing public databases and this type of analysis is valuable in support of existing hypotheses, or to allow for the generation of new concepts or ideas. However, intensive manual curating of in silico networks is still always necessary.

Contents

Summary
919

I.
Introduction
920

II.
The emergence of the concept of the hub and bottleneck
921

III.
General properties of protein–protein interaction hubs and bottlenecks
922

IV.
Date vs party hubs in networks
923

V.
Structural basis for multiple interactions of hub proteins
923

VI.
Bottlenecks in networks
923

VII.
Global network analysis of protein–protein interactions in plants
924

VIII.
Protein hubs in the cellular redox signalling network
928

IX.
Mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases as signalling hubs
929

X.
Hubs in photomorphogenesis
930

XI.
Monomeric GTPases
932

XII.
Towards quantitative characterization of signalling hubs
933

XIII.
Outlook
933

Acknowledgements
934

References
934
Psychophysiological and behavioral measures for detecting concealed information: The role of memory for crime details
Authors: Nahari Galit , Ben‐Shakhar Gershon 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis study examined the role of memory for crime details in detecting concealed information using the electrodermal measure, Symptom Validity Test, and Number Guessing Test. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: guilty, who committed a mock theft; informed‐innocents, who were exposed to crime‐relevant items; and uninformed‐innocents, who had no crime‐relevant information. Participants were tested immediately or 1 week later. Results showed (a) all tests detected the guilty in the immediate condition, and combining the tests improved detection efficiency; (b) tests' efficiency declined in the delayed condition, mainly for peripheral details; (c) no distinction between guilty and informed innocents was possible in the immediate, yet some distinction emerged in the delayed condition. These findings suggest that, while time delay may somewhat reduce the ability to detect the guilty, it also diminishes the danger of accusing informed‐innocents.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of the anticonvulsant drug levetiracetam on electrophysiological properties of astroglia are mediated via TGFβ1 regulation
Authors: Stienen Martin N , Haghikia Aiden , Dambach Hannes , Thöne Jan , Wiemann Martin , Gold Ralf , Chan Andrew , Dermietzel Rolf , Faustmann Pedro M. , Hinkerohe Daniel , Prochnow Nora 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The involvement of astrocytes as immune‐competent players in inflammation and the pathogenesis of epilepsy and seizure‐induced brain damage has recently been recognized. In clinical trials and practice, levetiracetam (LEV) has proven to be an effective antiepileptic drug (AED) in various forms of epileptic seizures, when applied as mono‐ or added therapy. Little is known about the mechanism(s) of action of LEV. Evidence so far suggests a mode of action different from that of classical AEDs. We have shown that LEV restored functional gap junction coupling and basic membrane properties in an astrocytic inflammatory model in vitro.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Here, we used neonatal rat astrocytes co‐cultured with high proportions (30%) of activated microglia or treated with the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1β to provoke inflammatory responses. Effects of LEV (50 µg·mL−1) on electrophysiological properties of astrocytes (by whole cell patch clamp) and on secretion of TGFβ1 (by elisa) were studied in these co‐cultures.KEY RESULTS LEV restored impaired astrocyte membrane resting potentials via modification of inward and outward rectifier currents, and promoted TGFβ1 expression in inflammatory and control co‐cultures. Furthermore, LEV and TGFβ1 exhibited similar facilitating effects on the generation of astrocyte voltage‐gated currents in inflammatory co‐cultures and the effects of LEV were prevented by antibody to TGFβ1.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that LEV is likely to reduce the harmful spread of excitation elicited by seizure events within the astro‐glial functional syncytium, with stabilizing consequences for neuronal–glial interactions.
Comparative bioactivation of the novel anti‐tuberculosis agent PA‐824 inMycobacteriaand a subcellular fraction of human liver
Authors: Dogra M , Palmer BD , Bashiri G , Tingle MD , Shinde SS , Anderson RF , O'Toole R , Baker EN , Denny WA , Helsby NA 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEPA‐824 is a 2‐nitroimidazooxazine prodrug currently in Phase II clinical trial for tuberculosis therapy. It is bioactivated by a deazaflavin (F420)‐dependent nitroreductase (Ddn) isolated fromMycobacterium tuberculosisto form a des‐nitro metabolite. This releases toxic reactive nitrogen species which may be responsible for its anti‐mycobacterial activity. There are no published reports of mammalian enzymes bioactivating this prodrug. We have investigated the metabolism of PA‐824 following incubation with a subcellular fraction of human liver, in comparison with purified Ddn,M. tuberculosisandMycobacterium smegmatis.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHPA‐824 (250 µM) was incubated with the 9000×gsupernatant (S9) of human liver homogenates, purified Ddn,M. tuberculosisandM. smegmatisfor metabolite identification by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis.KEY RESULTSPA‐824 was metabolized to seven products by Ddn andM. tuberculosis,with the major metabolite being the des‐nitro product. Six of these products, but not the des‐nitro metabolite, were also detected inM. smegmatis. In contrast, only four of these metabolites were observed in human liver S9; M3, a reduction product previously proposed as an intermediate in the Ddn‐catalyzed des‐nitrification and radiolytic reduction of PA‐824; two unidentified metabolites, M1 and M4, which were products of M3; and a haem‐catalyzed product of imidazole ring hydration (M2).CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSPA‐824 was metabolized by des‐nitrification in Ddn andM. tuberculosis,but this does not occur in human liver S9 andM. smegmatis. Thus, PA‐824 was selectively bioactivated inM. tuberculosisand there was no evidence for ‘cross‐activation’ by human enzymes.
Critical role of the JNK‐p53‐GADD45α apoptotic cascade in mediating oxidative cytotoxicity in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Choi Hye Joung , Kang Ki Sung , Fukui Masayuki , Zhu Bao Ting 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEGlutamate‐induced oxidative stress plays a critical role in the induction of neuronal cell death in a number of disease states. We sought to determine the role of the c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK)‐p53‐growth arrest and DNA damage‐inducible gene (GADD) 45α apoptotic cascade in mediating glutamate‐induced oxidative cytotoxicity in hippocampal neuronal cells.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHHT22 cells, a mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line, were treated with glutamate to induce oxidative stressin vitro. Kainic acid‐induced oxidative damage to the hippocampus in rats was used as anin vivomodel. The signalling molecules along the JNK‐p53‐GADD45α cascade were probed with various means to determine their contributions to oxidative neurotoxicity.KEY RESULTSTreatment of HT22 cells with glutamate increased the mRNA and protein levels of GADD45α, and these increases were suppressed by p53 knock‐down. Knock‐down of either p53 or GADD45α also prevented glutamate‐induced cell death. Glutamate‐induced p53 activation was preceded by accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and co‐treatment withN‐acetyl‐cysteine prevented glutamate‐induced p53 activation and GADD45α expression. Knock‐down of MKK4 or JNK, or the presence of SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor), each inhibited glutamate‐induced p53 activation and GADD45α expression. In addition, we also confirmed the involvement of GADD45α in mediating kainic acid‐induced hippocampal oxidative neurotoxicityin vivo.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSActivation of the JNK‐p53‐GADD45α cascade played a critical role in mediating oxidative cytotoxicity in hippocampal neurons. Pharmacological inhibition of this signalling cascade may provide an effective strategy for neuroprotection.
Down‐regulation of some miRNAs by degrading their precursors contributes to anti‐cancer effect of mistletoe lectin‐I
Authors: Li Lin‐Na , Zhang Hua‐Dong , Zhi Run , Yuan Shou‐Jun 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mistletoe lectin‐I (ML‐I), the main anti‐cancer component of mistletoe extracts, was originally thought to act exclusively on 28S rRNA. Here, we investigate the down‐regulating effect and mechanism of CM‐1, an ML‐I isolated from Chinese mistletoe, on some miRNAs.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The anti‐cancer effects of CM‐1 were assessed in vitro and in vivo in colorectal cancer cells. The miRNAs down‐regulated by CM‐1 were identified by miRNA microarray assay and validated by qRT‐PCR analysis. The suppression of host gene transcription or by degradation of precursors was determined by qRT‐PCR and enzyme activity assays respectively. The qRT‐PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the expression of their target gene and related downstream effector. Cell proliferation was assayed in stably transfected HEK‐293 cells with different levels of these miRNAs.KEY RESULTS CM‐1 showed prominent anti‐neoplastic activity towards CLY and HT‐29 cells both in vitro and in vivo. The miR‐135a&b were the miRNAs most down‐regulated by CM‐1. Their host gene transcription was largely up‐regulated, while their precursors were degraded directly by CM‐1. The expression of their target gene adenomatous polyposis coli and the phosphorylation of related effector β‐catenin were both significantly up‐regulated. The IC50 values of CM‐1 on derivative HEK‐293 cells with high miR‐135a&b levels were 2–4 times lower than that of control cells.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CM‐1 down‐regulated some miRNAs by degrading their precursors, which contributes to its prominent anti‐cancer activity.LINKED ARTICLE This article is commented on by Rushworth, pp. 346–348 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.01075.x