bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Crop Temperature and the Physiological and Phenological Development of Differentially Irrigated Corn1
Authors: Gardner B. R. , Blad B. L. , Maurer R. E. , Watts D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractQuantitative data relating crop temperature under different water stress conditions to the phenological and physiological development of corn (Zea mays L.) over a growing season are lacking. This study was motivated by the need to obtain quantitative information which can be beneficially utilized by those involved in predicting crop yields and to assist those who assess the economic impact of drought on crop production.Infrared canopy temperatures and physiological and phenological measurements were made on differentially irrigated corn throughout the 1978 growing season. Irrigation treatments were designed to evaluate the effects of moisture stress on these measurements. The soil type in the experiment area is Valentine fine sand (Typic Ustipsamment).The effect of moisture stress on vegetative growth was demonstrated by an average height difference of 50 cm between fully irrigated and nonirrigated plants.There was a tendency for plants which had been subjected to moisture stress during the grain filling stage to mature faster than plants fully irrigated during that period.Yield reductions were greatest when stress occurred during the pollination or grain filling periods. Canopy temperature increases between the onset of tasseling and the end of grain fill were related to reduced yields.Five crop temperature indices were tested for their relationship to phenological stage of growth. Three were highly correlated, one had a low correlation, and one was not correlated with phenological development.
Tall Wheatgrass and Russian Wildrye Growth on Natrustoll Horizons Treated with Phosphate and Calcium Amendments1
Authors: Bowman R. A. , McGinnies W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe central Great Plains of Colorado and Wyoming contain over 500,000 ha of saltgrass [Distichlis stricta (Torr.) Rydb.] meadows. In many places these meadows are subirrigated by a shallow, nonsaline water table. Rehabilitation of these meadows with palatable, salt‐tolerant species would greatly increase the grazing capacity. We conducted a greenhouse study to evaluate the effects of three levels of phosphate (P) and two levels of Ca on herbage growth and on the root development of tall wheatgrass [Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv.] and Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.) when grown in a mixed horizon and in a simulated profile of Typic Natrustoll soils. Both species showed significant increases in herbage production with P and substantial increases in P uptake. Calcium treatments and P ✕ Ca interactions were significant only in the second and third herbage harvests and in roots of tall wheatgrass. Tall wheatgrass absorbed considerable quantities of Na* (>1%), while Russian wildrye absorbed appreciably less, which suggests an exclusion mechanism for Na* by Russian wildrye. No direct enhancement effect was noted in plant vigor due to fertility‐salinity interactions. In the mixed horizon treatment, which simulates plowing to a depth that would mix saline C horizon material with the A and B horizons, tall wheatgrass responded to both P and Ca, and Russian wildrye responded to P. One should avoid plowing into the saline C horizon, but if this cannot be avoided, applications of P and Ca fertilizer may help ameliorate the effects of the salinity. In the simulated horizon treatment, which simulates cultural practices that do not mix the C horizon with the A and B horizons, the addition of P and Ca was neither necessary nor beneficial.
Cultural Methods to Increase Sucrose and Energy Yields of Sugarcane1
Authors: Gascho G. J. , Shih S. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSugarcane (Saccarum spp.) is widely grown in the tropics and sub‐tropics for sucrose production. The higher sugar yield make sugarcane an attractive candidate as a feedstock for producing ethanol for fuel. To increase yields of either sucrose or ethanol, information is needed on the effects of row spacing and chemical ripening.Sugarcane (cv. CP 65‐357) was grown at narrow interrow spacings on Pahokee muck (Lithic Medisaprist) and Riviera sand (Arenic Glossaqualf) in Florida to determine the effect of high plant populations on yields of biomass, cane, sucrose, total sugars, and ethanol. A narrow interrow spacing of 0.5 m resulted in increased yields in comparison to the standard commercial spacing of 1.5 m. Differences in yields between row spacings tended to be larger in ratoons than in the plant crop (first growth). Increased yields were mainly due to an increased stalk population at the 0.5 m row spacing for all crops. Stalk population differences were large early, decreased with time, but still remained significantly different at harvest. Rapid canopy cover which reduced weed competition was an advantage of narrow interrows. An intermediate spacing of 1.0 m resulted in only slightly higher yields than the 1.5 m spacing on sand. Applications of glyphosine [N,N‐bis(phosphonomethyl) glycine] increased potential yields of sucrose, total sugars, and ethanol. The photosynthetic efficiency for the narrow rows was 1.5 to 1.6% of total short wave radiation; for the standard rows, 0.9 to 1.0% and for commercial cane in Florida during the period 1977–1978,0.7%. Fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh stalks, sucrose, total sugar and fiber yields averaged 182, 53, 149, 21.2, 25.2 and 25.0 metric tons ha‐1 year‐1 over five harvests with a 0.5 m inter‐row spacing. If only the stalks were processed, the potential ethanol yield would have averaged about 10,000 liters ha‐1 year‐1. The dry matter (trash and bagasse) for burning to fire the ethanol plant averaged 25 metric tons ha‐1 year‐1. Such high yields make sugarcane a potential energy source in areas suitable for its growth.
Water Management and Nitrogen Fertilization of Ratoon Crop Rice1
Authors: Mengel D. B. , Wilson F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRatoon cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) offers the opportunity to obtain an additional grain crop with minimal input on land which may otherwise not be utilized during that period of time.Field experiments were conducted for 3 years to determine the effect of two water management systems and N fertilization on the yield and milling quality of ratoon crop rice. The experiments were conducted on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualf) soil.Applying a shallow (5 to 8 cm) continuous flood immediately after harvest of the planted crop was superior to a series of short‐term floodings to provide adequate moisture for regrowth, followed by a continuous flood when the ratoon tillers were 10 to 15 cm tall (approximately 4 weeks after planting). Grain yield averaged 68% higher where the immediate flood was applied. Under both water management regimes a significant increase in plant height and grain yield was observed when N fertilizer was applied. No significant effects of water management or N on grain milling quality were observed.
Effect of Leaf Area, Incident Radiation, and Moisture Stress on Reflectance of Near Infrared Radiation from a Corn Canopy1
Authors: Dale R. F. , Schreeringa K. L. , Hodges H. F. , Housley T. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant moisture stress is a major limiting factor in crop production. Remote sensing of moisture stress in crops would allow definition of the environmental conditions causing stress and timely use of management practices to avoid it. The reflectance of solar radiation, however, may be more affected by plant cover and meteorological factors than by moisture stress. The objectives of this research were to monitor continuously incident near infrared radiation (IR ↓) and reflectance (IR ↑ ) from corn (Zea mays L.) and to relate the reflectance ratio (IR ↑ /IR ↓ ) to green leaf area index (LAI), IR ↓ , and moisture stress indices. The experiment was conducted at West Lafayette, Indiana on a Typic Argiaquoll (Chalmers silt loam) in 1973 and 1974 and on dune sand in 1975 and 1976. Under non‐moisture stress (ns) conditions, LAI was used in a function (FLAI) to identify the ratio of green plant cover (RGPC). Linear regressions showed that as FLAI or RGPC increased from 0 to 1, (IR ↑ /IR ↓ )‐ increased an average of 9%. For each cal cm‐2 hr‐1 increase in IR ↓, (IR ↑ / IR ↓ )ns decreased an average of 0.6% for every hour ending at 0900 to 1800 EST. Differences (DIFR) between measured IR ↑ /IR ↓ and that predicted with the ns regressions for each hour were regressed on a characteristic soil moisture potential (Ψsm) for the dune sand and on a ratio of calculated actual to potential evapotranspiration (ET/ PET) for the Typic Argiaquoll. Correlations of DIFR on Ψsm or ET/ PET were low. Differences in reflectance first appeared to increase with increasing moisture stress, and then decreased with further increase in moisture stress, as leaf rolling reduced the RGPC. These findings suggest one reason for different IR reflectance‐plant moisture stress results reported in the literature, and clearly show that without accurate measures of LAI (or RGPC) and IR ↓ plant moisture stress cannot be detected with measurements of IR ↑
Insect Control on Seedling Alfalfa by Cultivars and Soil and Foliar Insecticides1
Authors: Kehr W. R. , Manglitz G. R. , Ogden R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractControl of insects on seedling alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is often desirable for stand establishment and forage production. The objective of these studies was to determine the use of cultivars and soil and foliar insecticides in controlling insects on seedling alfalfa. Three field studies were conducted on the use of preplant soil application of carbofuran (2,3‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐7‐benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) in spring seedings on a Typic Arguidoll soil. The studies also included foliar application of carbofuran alone and in combination with soil application, and cultivars that varied, in resistance to insect species. Insecticide was applied at 1.1 kg a.i./ha.Neither soil nor foliar insecticide application increased forage yield, protein and carotene concentration of seedling alfalfa. Potato leafhopper [Empoasca fabae (Harris)], pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)], spotted alfalfa aphid [Therioaphis maculata (Buckton)], and plant bugs [Lygus lineolaris (Beauv.)] and [Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze)] were controlled by carbofuran.The pea aphid resistance of ‘Arc,’ ‘Baker,’ and ‘Perry’ and spotted alfalfa aphid resistance of Baker were effective in controlling aphid populations. ‘Buffalo,’ susceptible to potato leafhopper, pea aphid, and spotted alfalfa aphid, was lower than Arc, Baker, and Perry in forage yield, protein and carotene concentrations.No residual effects of soil insecticide application prior to seeding were apparent on insect numbers in the second and third cuttings.
Effect of a Nitrification Inhibitor on the K, Ca, and Mg Composition of Winter Wheat Forage1
Authors: Mathers A. C. , Stewart B. A. , Grunes D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWinter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important forage for cattle in much of the Southern Great Plains. However, death losses in wheat pastures due to grass tetany of nursing and pregnant older cattle, and frothy bloat of younger cattle, often occur. Forages from fields moderately or heavily fertilized with N are generally more hazardous than forages from unfertilized fields. As regards grass tetany, high rates of N fertilization are particularly hazardous when soil K is high. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin (N‐serve) on the relative uptake of K, Ca, and Mg by winter wheat growing in pots in the greenhouse. When nitrapyrin was added, the plants took up less NO−3‐N because nitrapyrin inhibited nitrification of the added NH+4. The plants also had lower concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg. However, the depression effect was greater for the divalent cations Ca and Mg, than for the monovalent cation K, so the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio was increased. Therefore, when nitrapyrin was added, the forage was more likely to cause grass tetany. Nitrapyrin also decreased plant organic acid concentrations and this probably decreased Mg and Ca uptake. The concentration of K was higher and Mg and Ca was lower during periods of rapid growth. Therefore, the forage was more likely to cause tetany during these periods. Nitrapyrin was effective in delaying nitrification, and this could be useful for supplying N to wheat later in the growing season. However, other steps might have to be taken to avoid an increased incidence of grass tetany.
Seed‐borne Fungi, Quality, and Yield of Soybeans Treated with Benomyl Fungicide by Various Application Methods1
Authors: Jeffers D. L. , Schmitthenner A. F. , Reichard D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are often damaged by the seedborne fungi Phomopsis sp., Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cke. and Ell.) Sacc. var. sojae (Lehman) Wehm. and D. phaseolorum var. caulivora Athow and Caldwell which inhibit germination and sometimes cause moldy seed. These fungi can be controlled with benomyl (methyl 1‐[(butylamino)carbonyl]‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate) fungicide when applied at the R4‐R5 stage in relatively large, illegal, quantities, >1.1 kg/ha (a.i.), and in large volumes of spray solution, >230 liters/ha. The purpose of this research was to determine if Phomopsis and Diaporthe seed contamination and seed rot can be effectively controlled with legal rates of benomyl applied by aircraft or ground equipment at reduced volumes.Aircraft application of benomyl at 0.56 kg/ha resulted in no overall improvement in seed germination, and on only 4 of 14 farms were there significant reductions in Phomopsis and Diaporthe seed contamination following benomyl application, but these were not large enough to be economical.Ground application was with a backpack mistblower, a tractor‐mounted Myers Downdraft sprayer, a high‐clearance powered unit using hydraulic broadcast application with flat‐fan nozzles, and the high‐clearance unit with a special boom using a directed hydraulic spray.Phomopsis + Diaporthe seed contamination in the controls ranged from 34 to 94% and germination, 10 to 71%. Benomyl decreased Phomopsis + Diaporthe seed contamination 20 to 67% and increased germination 16 to 61%. Incidence of these fungi in seed decreased and germination percentage increased with increasing spray volume where hydraulic flat‐fan nozzles were used, but not with the other methods. With equal volumes (230 liters/ha) the mistblower and downdraft sprayer were superior to the hydraulic flat‐fan broadcast method, and equal to a directed hydraulic spray for controlling Phomopsis and Diaporthe. Improvement in germination was sufficient to warrant application of benomyl with ground equipment.
Soil Coring Method for Sites with Restricted Access1
Authors: Foale M. A. , Upchurch D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA hand method of rapidly collecting soil cores to 2 m depth is described. The components of the system are adaptable and modified from previously published accounts. The system fills a gap in coring technology between shallow hand corers and large machine‐mounted coring rigs.Tests have shown that this system will be of great use where site and administrative factors prevent the use of a large coring rig.
Nitrogen Management for Irrigated Annual Ryegrass in Southwestern United States1
Authors: Ehlig C. F. , Hagemann R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnnual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lamb.) is becoming an important winter and spring pasture crop in the irrigated southwestern USA. A field study was conducted to determine the optimum N fertilization rates for producing maximum dry matter yields within tolerable NO−3‐N concentrations for livestock and to develop a diagnostic test using plant and/or soil NO−3‐N concentrations for recommending rates and frequency of N applications to ryegrass pastures. The cv. ‘Ucivex’ was seeded in an Imperial silty clay [fine, montmorillonitic (calcareous), hyperthermic Vertic Torrifluvents] in October, first harvested in December, and cut about monthly thereafter. In seven treatments, NH4NO3 was applied at seasonal rates of 0, 224, 448, 676, 896, and 1,120 kg N/ha, in five equal applications, or 90 kg N/ ha preplant plus 112 kg N/ha after each harvest.Seasonal dry matter yield (Y) was related to N application rate (X) by the equation Y = 2.37 + 0.0272X + 0.0000118X2 (r = 0.999). Hay nitrate concentration increased with N application rate and was excessive, for animal tolerance, with single N applications above 112 kg/ha for the second test. Protein, ash, and fiber content of the hay increased, N‐free extract and total digestible nutrients decreased, and fat was unaffected by increase in N application rate. Soil nitrate concentrations of 10 to 20 ppm in the upper 60 cm ensured near maximal yields at next cutting without excessive hay nitrate concentrations. A hay content of 2,000 to 3,000 ppm NO−3‐N was not adequate for satisfactory yield at the next cutting without additional N application. Multiple N applications at 112 kg/ha at about monthly intervals were recommended.
Yield of Indeterminate Soybeans in Response to Multiple Periods of Soil‐Water Stress During Reproduction1
Authors: Snyder R. L. , Carlson R. E. , Shaw R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYield potential of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], which are grown under nonlimiting soil‐moisture conditions, has been greatly improved through breeding and management practices in recent years. Much improvement, however, is still needed in the development of high yielding soybeans grown under suboptimal soil‐moisture conditions. To better understand limiting soil‐water effects on yield, four indeterminate soybean cultivars were grown in restricted rooting mediums of Nicollet Loam soil (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludolls) in the field, and single and multiple periods of soil‐moisture stress were induced during the reproductive stage by withholding hand watering at appropriate times and covering the plots during periods of rainfall.Seed yield reductions for all soil‐water treatments and cultivars varied from 2% (NS) to 27% (α = 0.01). Two of the cultivars, ‘Ottilie 7270’ and ‘Beeson’, were less affected by soil‐water stress (12% yield loss) than the other cultivars (18% yield loss), ‘Hodgson’ and ‘Corsoy’, averaged over stress treatments. Soil‐water stress during the first of three stress periods reduced yield by 12% (α = 0.01). A second and third period of soil‐water stress reduced yield additionally 5% (NS) and 4% (NS), respectively. Treatments receiving soil‐water stress for the first time during period 2 or period 3 had 11% (α = 0.01) or 12% (α = 0.01) yield reductions, respectively. The plants subjected to three periods of soil‐water stress produced fewer but heavier seeds than plants stressed only during the third period. The response of yield components, nodes/plant, pods/node, seeds/pods, and weight per seed, varied extensively between cultivars and treatments. The magnitude of individual decrements in these parameters was dependent on the timing of soil‐water treatments and the state of development of the soybeans.Under the conditions of this experiment, all the cultivars exhibited similar yield response to single periods of stress. Preconditioning soybeans for later stress resulted in less yield reduction than if the plants were unconditioned. Seed yields of later maturing cultivars, Ottilie 7270 and Beeson, were greater and were less affected by multiple stress during reproductive growth than the cvs. Corsoy and Hodgson. Soil‐water stress imposed on plants early in their reproductive periods appeared to change dry matter partitioning by increasing their harvest index, and this was most notable with the later maturing cultivars.
Effect of Calcium Sulfate on Iron and Zinc Uptake in Sorghum1
Authors: Bowman R. A. , Olsen S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a recent report, Olsen and Watanabe found significant increases in uptake of Fe and Zn in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. var. RS‐610) due to calcium sulfate treatments in four of six soils. Our research extended this sulfate × micronutrient interaction study to evaluate the possible ameliorative effect of sulfate on Fe and Zn as influenced by P and CaCO3 levels. A greenhouse factorial experiment was designed using two levels of P, sulfate, and CaCO3 in a Nunn loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic mesic Aridic Argiustoll) with sorghum as the test plant. Plants were grown for 60 days, and then sectioned into top leaves, bottom leaves, and stems. Data collected included dry matter, and P, Fe, and Zn concentrations in the various parts.Dry matter yields and P concentrations were increased with added P treatments. Phosphorus with added CaCO3 resulted in the lowest Fe and Zn concentrations in the top leaves while P with added sulfate resulted in the highest. These treatment effects were generally reversed in the bottom leaves. Phosphorus, and Fe and Zn, showed different mobility relationships. Total Fe uptake was increased 20% and Zn uptake also tended to increase with added sulfate. Apparently, the top leaves were supplied with Fe through internal transfer of Fe from bottom to top leaves, and external transfer (soil), while the Zn transfer was largely through internal transfer processes.
First Crop Seed Yield of Selected Cool‐Season Grasses as Influenced by Weed Control1
Authors: Morrow L. A. , Canode C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPerennial grass grown for seed is an important part of the economy of Pacific Northwest agriculture, both as a crop and as an integral part of the rotation practices for control of soil erosion. Annual weeds are often difficult to control and extremely damaging to grass seedlings in the year of stand establishment. A 3‐year field study was conducted on a Palouse soil (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic pachic Ultic Haploxerolls) to determine the influence of control of witchgrass (Panicum capillare L.) and annual broadleaf weeds in the year of establishment on first seed crop yield of ‘Sherman’ big bluegrass (Poa ampla Merv.), ‘Whitmar’ bluebunch wheatgrass [Agropyron inerme (Scribn. and Smith) Rydb.], ‘Durar’ hard fescue [Festuca ovina var. duriuscula (L.) Koch.], ‘Pennlawn’ red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and ‘Manchar’ smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.). Bromoxynil (3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile) was applied to these grasses at 0.56, 1.12, or 1.68 kg/ha at the single leaf stage and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) was applied at 3.36, 4.48, 5.60, or 6.72 kg/ha when perennial grasses had five tillers and witchgrass was at the four‐ to eight‐tiller stage of development. Bromoxynil applied at 0.56 kg/ha controlled annual broadleaf weeds and, except for red fescue, there was no effect from increased bromoxynil rates on first crop seed yields. Pennlawn red fescue yield was increased with 1.68 kg/ha bromoxynil. Applications of MSMA generally increased grass seed yields because witchgrass was controlled. Except for smooth brome, control of witchgrass and annual broadleaf weeds aided grass seedling establishment and increased first crop seed yield. Apparently, the larger‐seeded grasses such as smooth brome have the ability to establish rapidly and to effectively compete with annual weeds.