bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of and Barriers to Routine HIV Screening for Adolescents
Authors: Minniear Timothy D. , Gilmore Barry , Arnold Sandra R. , Flynn Patricia M. , Knapp Katherine M. , Gaur Aditya H. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES: We developed and implemented a process for routine HIV screening, and we report screening practices and acceptance among adolescents at a large, urban, pediatric emergency department (ED).
METHODS: We surveyed health care providers regarding their knowledge and beliefs about HIV and generated a protocol for routine HIV screening. Free, routine, opt-out, HIV screening was offered for all adolescents (13–18 years of age) presenting for care in the ED. We studied ED HIV screening rates, rates of test acceptance among patients/guardians, patients' reasons for opting out, and HIV prevalence. A computerized prompt in the electronic chart was introduced 5 months after initiation, to address low screening rates.
RESULTS: Of the 118 health care providers who responded to the preimplementation survey, 78% were unaware of the revised HIV testing guidelines and 58% predicted that routine screening would fail because of patient or guardian refusal. Of the 5399 patients who qualified for routine screening, 37% (2002) were offered opt-out screening. Of those, 13% opted out. Patients offered screening were more likely than patients not offered screening to be older (≥15 years; P = .002), female (P = .003), and nonwhite (P = .006). Older patients (≥15 years of age) who were approached for screening were less likely to opt out (P = .002). Computerized prompting improved screening rates. One of the 1735 tests (0.57 per 1000 tests) performed yielded positive results for HIV.
CONCLUSION: Adolescents and their guardians accept routine, opt-out, HIV screening, regardless of gender or race, and a computerized reminder enhances screening.
Black Greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), Gray Rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa), and Perennial Grass Response to Chlorsulfuron and Metsulfuron
Authors: Enloe Stephen F. , Kniss Andrew , Ferrell Mark , Lafantasie Jordana , Aagard Steven D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBlack greasewood (greasewood) and gray rabbitbrush are important shrub components of several plant communities throughout western North America. Land managers may view these species differently depending on their goals. Greasewood and gray rabbitbrush shrub communities may be invaded by several invasive plants including Russian knapweed, perennial pepperweed, hoary cress, halogeton, and several annual mustards. Metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron are commonly used for controlling these and other invasive plants, but little is known regarding their impacts on greasewood and gray rabbitbrush. Our objective was to quantify the impact of these herbicides on greasewood and gray rabbitbrush communities from both an efficacy and nontarget impact perspective. Field studies were established in the spring of 2004 and repeated twice in 2005 near Laramie, WY, in a pasture with mixed stands of greasewood and gray rabbitbrush. Treatments included metsulfuron applied at 21, 42, 63, 84, 126, and 168 g ai/ha (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 oz ai/A), chlorsulfuron applied at 52, 105, and 157 g ai/ha (0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 oz ai/A), and an untreated control. All treatments contained methylated seed oil at 2% v/v. Treatments were applied in mid-June to 3.3 by 9-m (10 by 30 ft) plots with a handheld broadcast sprayer delivering 187 L/ha (20 gal/ac) in a randomized complete block, with three blocks per study. Plots were sampled 12 and 24 mo after treatment (MAT), utilizing visual control estimates and point frame sampling for vegetative cover of greasewood, gray rabbitbrush, perennial grasses, and bare ground. Metsulfuron at 42 g/ha and chlorsulfuron at 105 g/ha provided > 75% visual control of greasewood 24 MAT. For gray rabbitbrush, metsulfuron at 63 g/ha provided approximately 60% control 24 MAT, while chlorsulfuron provided negligible control at any rate. These results suggest differential impacts of these herbicides on greasewood and gray rabbitbrush, and provide land managers with a decision tool for noxious and invasive weed control when managing for or against greasewood and gray rabbitbrush.
Update on Anemia Management in Nephrology, Including Current Guidelines on the Use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents and Implications of the Introduction of “Biosimilars”
Authors: Locatelli Francesco , Becker Harald 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Several million patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have benefited from the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to correct severe anemia. However, mortality data now suggest that treating CKD patients to achieve a hemoglobin (Hb) level &gt;13 g/dl can be harmful. For levels of 11.5–13 g/dl, there is no evidence of either harm or benefit compared with a lower Hb level. Quality of life studies are variable in quality but do suggest superior outcomes and functional status. In the 9 years following 1997, the target Hb level recommended by international guidelines tended to increase, especially for patients without accompanying cardiovascular disease. However, strangely enough, the most recent target level of the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative is 11–12 g/dl, which is exactly the range advocated by the same group a decade earlier. The relative importance of quality of life compared with other outcomes, the use of iron, and the impact of venous thrombotic events continue to be debated. In addition, new issues have arisen from the introduction of “biosimilar” erythropoietins, biopharmaceuticals that refer to the existing agents and are submitted for marketing authorization after the existing agents’ protection expires. Biosimilars can resemble the agents on which they are modeled but cannot fully copy their properties. The complexity in molecular structure, the possible presence of impurities (which may include bacterial endotoxins), and the inherent immunogenicity of such agents have required authorities to develop a sophisticated regulatory framework.
Effects of hay management and native species sowing on grassland community structure, biomass, and restoration
Authors: Foster Bryan L. , Kindscher Kelly , Houseman Greg R. , Murphy Cheryl A. 
Published: September 2009

Prairie hay meadows are important reservoirs of grassland biodiversity in the tallgrass prairie regions of the central United States and are the object of increasing attention for conservation and restoration. In addition, there is growing interest in the potential use of such low‐input, high‐diversity (LIHD) native grasslands for biofuel production. The uplands of eastern Kansas, USA, which prior to European settlement were dominated by tallgrass prairie, are currently utilized for intensive agriculture or exist in a state of abandonment from agriculture. The dominant grasslands in the region are currently high‐input, low‐diversity (HILD) hay fields seeded to introduced C3hay grasses. We present results from a long‐term experiment conducted in a recently abandoned HILD hay field in eastern Kansas to evaluate effects of fertilization, haying, and native species sowing on community dynamics, biomass, and potential for restoration to native LIHD hay meadow.Fertilized plots maintained dominance by introduced grasses, maintained low diversity, and were largely resistant to colonization throughout the study. Non‐fertilized plots exhibited rapid successional turnover, increased diversity, and increased abundance of C4grasses over time. Haying led to modest changes in species composition and lessened the negative impact of fertilization on diversity. In non‐fertilized plots, sowing increased representation by native species and increased diversity, successional turnover, and biomass production. Our results support the shifting limitations hypothesis of community organization and highlight the importance of species pools and seed limitations in constraining successional turnover, community structure, and ecosystem productivity under conditions of low fertility. Our findings also indicate that several biological and functional aspects of LIHD hay meadows can be restored from abandoned HILD hay fields by ceasing fertilization and reintroducing native species through sowing. Declines in primary production and hay yield that result from the cessation of fertilization may be at least partially compensated for by restoration.
Browsing and fire interact to suppress tree density in an African savanna
Authors: Staver A. Carla , Bond William J. , Stock William D. , van Rensburg Sue J. , Waldram Matthew S. 
Published: September 2009

Disturbances from fire and herbivory strongly affect savanna vegetation dynamics. In some savannas, fire especially may be instrumental in preserving the coexistence of trees and grasses. The role of herbivory by large mammals is less clear; herbivory has been shown variously to promote and to suppress tree establishment. Here we ask how interactions between herbivory and fire act to shape savanna vegetation dynamics via their effects on tree populations in Hluhluwe iMfolozi Park in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, a savanna with a full complement of native large mammals.We examined the effects of herbivore exclusion on tree growth, mortality, and seedling establishment from 2000 to 2007 at 10 sites located in areas of low and high herbivore pressure throughout the park. Results were analyzed statistically and using Leslie matrix models of population dynamics. Herbivory and fire acted primarily to suppress sapling growth rather than on sapling mortality or seedling establishment. This indicates that browsing, like fire, suppresses tree density by imposing a demographic bottleneck on the maturation of saplings to adults.Model results suggest that, while browsing and fire each alone impacted growth, a combination of browsing and fire had much greater effects on tree density. Only fire and browsing together were able to prevent increases in tree density. These results suggest that, while soil resources, including nutrients and moisture, are probably instrumental in determining tree growth rates, disturbances from fire and herbivory may be instrumental in limiting tree cover and facilitating the coexistence of trees and grasses in savannas.
Generalized Hydraulic Calculation Method for Axial Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids in Eccentric Annuli
Authors: Pilehvari Ali , Serth Robert 
Published: September 2009

Summary
The flow of non-Newtonian fluids through eccentric annuii is prevalent during drilling and cementing operations of directional and horizontal wells. The flow pattern in an eccentric annulus can differ greatly from that in a concentric annulus, and this difference affects both the pressure drop and the flow rate at which the laminar-turbulent transition occurs. Errors resulting from ignoring the effect of eccentricity on frictional pressure drop and equivalent circulating density can lead to formation fracture or well-control problems in some situations.
In this paper, a new method is presented for calculating pressure losses in eccentric annuli. The method is based on an effective diameter that accounts for the effects of both conduit geometry and fluid rheology. Predictions of the method are compared with an extensive set of data for drilling fluids obtained from a large-scale flow loop. The results demonstrate that the new method is capable of reliably predicting the pressure drop of most drilling fluids in both laminar and turbulent flow regimes for eccentric annular geometries of practical interest.
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2008
Authors: Blanton Jesse D. , Robertson Kis , Palmer Dustyn , Rupprecht Charles E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Summary—During 2008, 49 states and Puerto Rico reported 6,841 cases of rabies in animals and 2 cases in humans to the CDC, representing a 3.1% decrease from the 7,060 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2007. Approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. Relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,389 (34.9%) raccoons, 1,806 (26.4%) bats, 1,589 (23.2%) skunks, 454 (6.6%) foxes, 294 (4.3%) cats, 75 (1.1%) dogs, and 59 (0.9%) cattle. Compared with numbers of cases reported in 2007, numbers of cases reported in 2008 increased among cats, cattle, and skunks and decreased among dogs, raccoons, bats, and foxes. Numbers of rabid raccoons reported during 2008 decreased in 11 of the 20 eastern states where raccoon rabies was enzootic; overall number of rabid raccoons reported decreased by 8.6% during 2008, compared with 2007.
On a national level, the number of rabies cases involving skunks increased by 7.7% during 2008, compared with the number reported in 2007; this was the first increase in the number of reported rabid skunks since 2006. The total number of cases of rabies reported nationally in foxes decreased 1.7% in 2008, compared with 2007. The 1,806 cases of rabies reported in bats represented a 6.7% decrease, compared with the number reported in 2007. One case of rabies in a dog imported from Iraq was reported at a quarantine station in New Jersey during 2008. Follow-up of potentially exposed animals in the same shipment did not reveal any secondary transmission. The United States remained free from dog-to-dog transmission of canine rabies virus variants. Total number of rabid dogs reported decreased 19.4% in 2008, compared with 2007.
Two human rabies cases were reported from California and Missouri during 2008. The California case involved a recent immigrant from Mexico and was attributed to a newly identified rabies virus variant most likely associated with Mexican free-tailed bats. The case in Missouri was attributed to a rabies virus variant associated with eastern pipistrelle and silver-haired bats.
Rabies in vaccinated dogs and cats in the United States, 1997–2001
Authors: Murray Kristy O. , Holmes Kelly C. , Hanlon Cathleen A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Objective—To identify cases of rabies involving vaccinated dogs and cats in the United States.
Design—Retrospective data review.
Sample Population—41 states that reported ≥ 1 rabid dog or cat between 1997 and 2001.
Procedures—States were contacted to request information on numbers of dogs and cats tested for rabies between 1997 and 2001. For animals with a history of rabies vaccination, respondents were asked to provide details of the vaccination history, age, history of exposure to rabid animals, time between exposure and onset of clinical signs, clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, and whether the animal had died or was euthanatized.
Results—21 of the 41 (51%) states agreed to participate in the study. A total of 264 rabid dogs and 840 rabid cats were identified during the study period. Thirteen (4.9%) rabid dogs and 22 (2.6%) rabid cats had a history of rabies vaccination. Of these, 2 dogs and 3 cats were classified as currently vaccinated. Overall, 6 animals (1 dog and 5 cats) had a history of receiving 2 doses of rabies vaccine in their lifetime, including 2 cats that were classified as currently vaccinated.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that rabies is uncommon in vaccinated dogs and cats but can occur. Veterinarians should include rabies in the differential diagnosis for any dog or cat with clinical signs compatible with rabies regardless of vaccination history. Continued surveillance is imperative to document vaccination failure and identify trends related to vaccination failure.
Randomized, controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of fluoxetine for treatment of compulsive disorders in dogs
Authors: Irimajiri Mami , Luescher Andrew U. , Douglass Genefer , Robertson-Plouch Carol , Zimmermann Alan , Hozak Rebecca 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate efficacy of fluoxetine hydrochloride for treatment of compulsive disorders in dogs.
Design—Randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Animals—63 dogs with compulsive disorders.
Procedures—The diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of analysis of videotapes of the dogs' behavior by 3 veterinary behaviorists, results of physical examination and clinicopathologic testing, and, when necessary, telephone interviews with owners. Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment with fluoxetine (1 to 2 mg/kg [0.45 to 0.9 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h) or a placebo. Owners did not receive any advice regarding behavioral or environmental modifications. Severity of episodes was measured through telephone interviews every 2 weeks and on the basis of a daily diary kept by each owner.
Results—42 days after the initiation of treatment, the proportion of dogs with a decrease in severity of the compulsive disorder, as reported by the owners, was significantly higher for dogs treated with fluoxetine than for control dogs, and dogs treated with fluoxetine were significantly more likely (odds ratio, 8.7) to have a decrease in severity of the compulsive disorder. However, mean number and duration of compulsive episodes, as determined from daily diary entries, did not differ significantly between groups. The most common adverse effects were decreased appetite and mild lethargy.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that fluoxetine may be efficacious in the treatment of compulsive disorders in dogs, although results were equivocal. The present study did not examine whether fluoxetine was more efficacious than or synergistic with behavioral and environment modifications.
Evaluation of plasma ACTH, α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone, and insulin concentrations during various photoperiods in clinically normal horses and ponies and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
Authors: Beech Jill , Boston Raymond C. , McFarlane Dianne , Lindborg Sue 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Objective—To measure plasma ACTH, D-melanocyte–stimulating hormone (D-MSH), and insulin concentrations during various photoperiods between February and October in horses and ponies with and without pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID).
Design—Cohort study.
Animals—13 clinically normal (control) ponies, 14 clinically normal (control) horses, 7 ponies with PPID, and 8 horses with PPID.
Procedures—Blood samples were collected from February through October during 8 photoperiods: 1, February 13 through March 2; 2, April 4 through 6; 3, June 19 through 22; 4, August 6 through 7; 5, August 14 through 17; 6, September 4 through 6; 7, September 26 through 28; and 8, October 16 through 18. Plasma ACTH, D-MSH, and insulin concentrations at each photoperiod were compared among groups.
Results—Log ACTH concentration was increased during photoperiod 4 through 8, compared with photoperiod 1 through 3, in all groups. In photoperiod 3 through 7, log ACTH concentrations were higher in horses and ponies with PPID, compared with values for control horses and ponies. D-Melanocyte–stimulating hormone (log and raw value) concentration was higher in photoperiod 2 through 8, compared with photoperiod 1, in control horses and ponies. In horses and ponies with PPID, log D-MSH concentration was higher in photoperiod 3 through 8, and D-MSH concentration was higher in photoperiod 4 through 8, compared with photoperiod 1. In control horses and ponies, plasma insulin concentration was lower in photoperiod 3 than in photoperiod 1.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma D-MSH and ACTH concentrations increased as daylight decreased from summer solstice (maximum daylight hours) to 12 hours of daylight.
Partial resection of the plica salpingopharyngeus for the treatment of three foals with bilateral tympany of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch)
Authors: Sparks Holly D. , Stick John A. , Brakenhoff Jeffery E. , Cramp Phil A. , Spirito Micheal A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Case Description—3 foals were referred for treatment of tympany of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch).
Clinical Findings—Bilateral guttural pouch tympany was diagnosed in all 3 foals on the basis of clinical signs and results of radiographic and endoscopic evaluations and gutturocentesis. In each foal, previous medical or surgical interventions or both had failed to correct the problem.
Treatment and Outcome—Bilateral surgical resection of the plica salpingopharyngeus was performed. Follow-up telephone interviews with owners 8 months to 3 years after surgery revealed that long-term resolution of the tympany had been achieved in each foal, with few to no postsurgical complications.
Clinical Relevance—Surgical correction of refractory bilateral guttural pouch tympany can be accomplished by resection of the plica salpingopharyngeus within the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. In the foals of this report, permanent resolution of tympany was apparently achieved without interfering with upper airway function, providing support for the use of surgical resection of the plica salpingopharyngeus in the treatment of bilateral guttural pouch tympany.
Intermediate Term Outcome of the Agility™ Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Claridge Richard J. , Sagherian Bernard H. 
Published: September 2009

Background: Although ankle arthrodesis provides pain relief and improved function, newer generation total ankle arthroplasty designs, with improved kinematic properties, have emerged and showed encouraging results. The purpose of this study was to review the intermediate term outcome of the Agility™ Total Ankle Arthroplasty prosthesis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 28 total ankle arthroplasty procedures performed over a period of 5 years. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaire was used for evaluation. Pre-existing medical and surgical conditions that could potentially affect outcome were recorded. The mean age at surgery was 68.5 years with 39% males and 61% females. Results: The mean AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot score improved significantly from 34.9 to 76.4 ( p < 0.001). Pain relief was the main factor in improving the score followed by improved function. Complications varied from delayed wound healing, wound infection, painful hardware, iatrogenic malleolar fracture and arterial injury, to patients requiring free flap coverage. Despite the high rate of complications, which were successfully treated, most patients were satisfied at the last followup. Conclusion: Total ankle arthroplasty using the Agility™ Total Ankle Arthroplasty prosthesis has clinically encouraging outcomes; however the high complication rate should prompt surgeons to carefully select patients for this procedure. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Tumors of the Foot and Ankle: Experience with 153 Cases
Authors: Chou Loretta B. , Ho Yvette Y. , Malawer Martin M. 
Published: September 2009

Background: Both primary and metastatic tumors in the foot and ankle have been reported as rare. The purpose of this study was to describe 153 cases of foot and ankle tumors from a 20-year experience in a tertiary referral center specializing in orthopaedic oncology. It is the largest reported series of both bone and soft tissue tumors in the foot and ankle. Materials and Methods: Between 1986 and 2006, a retrospective chart review was performed of a total of 2,660 tumors surgically treated in all anatomic sites by a single surgeon at a musculoskeletal tumor referral center. Results: One hundred fifty-three patients (5.75%) with bone and/or soft tissue tumors of the foot and ankle were treated. There were 84 women and 69 men. The patients' ages ranged from 1 to 84, with a median age of 30 and mean of 33.2. The tissue types included 80 soft tissue and 73 bone tumors. Overall, 60 (39.2%) were malignant, and 93 (60.8%) were benign. The most common diagnosis was giant cell tumor. In addition, giant cell tumor was the most common bone tumor, while pigmented villonodular synovitis and giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath were the most common soft tissue tumors. Conclusion: The incidence of tumors of the foot and ankle in this series of a single surgeon over a 20-year practice was 5.75%. The results of this study reaffirm that awareness, correctly diagnosing, and appropriately treating or referring to an orthopaedic oncologist may help with an improved outcome for patients. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series