bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color and Luminescence Stability of Selected Dental Materials In Vitro
Authors: Gawriołek Maria , Sikorska Ewa , Ferreira Luis F. V. , Costa Alexandra I. , Khmelinskii Igor , Krawczyk Alina , Sikorski Marek , Koczorowski Prof. Ryszard 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPurpose: To study luminescence, reflectance, and color stability of dental composites and ceramics.Materials and Methods: IPS e.max, IPS Classic, Gradia, and Sinfony materials were tested, both unpolished (as‐cast) and polished specimens. Coffee, tea, red wine, and distilled water (control) were used as staining drinks. Disk‐shaped specimens were soaked in the staining drinks for up to 5 days. Color was measured by a colorimeter. Fluorescence was recorded using a spectrofluorometer, in the front‐face geometry. Time‐resolved fluorescence spectra were recorded using a laser nanosecond spectrofluorometer.Results: The exposure of the examined dental materials to staining drinks caused changes in color of the composites and ceramics, with the polished specimens exhibiting significantly lower color changes as compared to unpolished specimens. Composites exhibited lower color stability as compared to ceramic materials. Water also caused perceptible color changes in most materials. The materials tested demonstrated significantly different initial luminescence intensities. Upon exposure to staining drinks, luminescence became weaker by up to 40%, dependent on the drink and the material. Time‐resolved luminescence spectra exhibited some red shift of the emission band at longer times, with the lifetimes in the range of tens of nanoseconds.Conclusions: Unpolished specimens with a more developed surface have lower color stability. Specimens stored in water develop some changes in their visual appearance. The presently proposed methods are effective in evaluating the luminescence of dental materials. Luminescence needs to be tested in addition to color, as the two characteristics are uncorrelated. It is important to further improve the color and luminescence stability of dental materials.
A Technique for Fabrication of an Extracoronal Attachment‐Retained Removable Partial Denture to Fit an Existing Fixed Partial Denture
Authors: Uludag Bulent , Polat Serdar , Sahin Volkan , Tokar Emre , Goktug Gurkan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPrecision attachments have been used for many years to retain removable partial dentures (RPDs). Common reasons for a failed attachment‐retained RPD are fracture of the framework, fracture of the roots or teeth, and irretrievable decrease of retention. When an RPD framework major connector has been fractured, it should be remade. This article describes a technique to remake a fractured mandibular RPD using cast round profile attachment analogs without the need for replacement of the fixed partial denture.
Prosthetic Requirements for Immediate Implant Loading: A Review
Authors: Ghoul Wiam El , Chidiac José Johann 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this article is to review the current literature with regard to prosthetic considerations and their influence on the outcome of immediately loaded implants.Materials and Methods: A broad search of the published literature was performed using MEDLINE and PubMed to identify pertinent articles.Results: One hundred fifty six references were selected. They were mainly descriptive, prospective, follow‐up studies. They were reviewed and were categorized with respect to 6 factors that influence immediate loading: cross‐arch stability and micromovements, interim prostheses, definitive restorations inserted immediately, screw‐ or cement‐retained prostheses, occlusion, and number and distribution of implants in overdentures and fixed prostheses.Conclusion: Immediate loading seems to be a relatively safe procedure. From the prosthodontic point of view, there are specific guidelines to follow. They are: implants should be splinted with a metallic bar and acrylic interim prostheses until full osseointegration occurs. To have a successful outcome, screw‐retained interim prostheses are recommended. CAD/CAM systems can improve the placement of implants with minimum risk. Regarding occlusion, there is a disagreement on when and how to provide occlusal contacts, but all authors agree on keeping centric contacts only. Finally, concerning the number of implants required for an immediate overdenture, no conclusive evidence could be found.
Immigration and the New Racial Diversity in Rural America*
Authors: Lichter Daniel T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article highlights the new racial and ethnic diversity in rural America, which may be the most important but least anticipated population shift in recent demographic history. Ethnoracial change is central to virtually every aspect of rural America over the foreseeable future: agro‐food systems, community life, labor force change, economic development, schools and schooling, demographic change, intergroup relations, and politics. The goal here is to plainly illustrate how America's racial and ethnic transformation has emerged as an important dimension of ongoing U.S. urbanization and urbanism, growing cultural and economic heterogeneity, and a putative “decline in community” in rural America. Rural communities provide a natural laboratory for better understanding the implications of uneven settlement and racial diversity, acculturation, and economic and political incorporation among Hispanic newcomers. This article raises the prospect of a new racial balkanization and outlines key impediments to full incorporation of Hispanics into rural and small town community life. Immigration and the new ethnoracial diversity will be at the leading edge of major changes in rural community life as the nation moves toward becoming a majority‐minority society by 2042.
Designing Dreams or Constructing Contradictions? European Union Multifunctional Policies and the Polish Organic Farm Sector*
Authors: De Master Kathryn 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAnalysts have heralded the principle of “multifunctionality” undergirding the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy “Second Pillar” support mechanisms as a “new . . . and strong paradigm” for agriculture (van der Ploeg and Roep 2003), with the potential to re‐embed social, environmental, and ethical concerns into the structure of the agricultural system. Multifunctionality‐inspired agrienvironmental policies arguably represent an alternative to the productivist‐focused structural forces driving global industrialized agriculture. Yet few empirical studies interrogate the links between the assumed benefits of these policies and farmer experiences. This article examines the introduction of European Union multifunctional agrienvironmental policies in Poland, specifically incentives and supports for certified organic farming, and demonstrates that while favorable incentive subsidies have promoted increased entry into the organic farming sector, inattention to contextual factors has generated barriers to entry and access, creating unanticipated vulnerabilities for Poland's organic farmers and subsequent contradictions in policy implementation. Furthermore, this article demonstrates that, although specific organic certification standards have changed little since Poland's accession to the European Union, the processes associated with new EU multifunctional policies have shifted toward greater institutionalization and bureaucratization, potentially thwarting the efficacy of multifunctional incentives for organic agriculture in the Polish context.
Process evaluation of an integrated, multidisciplinary intervention programme for hand eczema
Authors: van Gils Robin F. , Groenewoud Karin , Boot Cécile R. L. , Rustemeyer Thomas , van Mechelen Willem , van der Valk Pieter G. M. , Anema Johannes R 
Published: March 2012

Background. Over the last decade, few randomized controlled trials of high methodological quality have been carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for patients with hand eczema. Little to no attention has been paid to the feasibility of these interventions. This process evaluation was carried out to gain insight in the barriers to and facilitators for implementation of an intervention for hand eczema. The aims of this process evaluation were to examine the feasibility and the satisfaction of the patients and the professionals with the integrated care programme, and the perceived barriers to and facilitators for the use of the programme.Methods. Eligible for this study were patients with moderate to severe chronic hand eczema who completed the integrated care programme. This programme is an intervention provided by a multidisciplinary team, consisting of a dermatologist, a specialized nurse, and a clinical occupational physician. Data were collected from the patients and the healthcare professionals, by means of semistructured telephone interviews, questionnaires, and a patient tracking system. Implementation, satisfaction and expectations were investigated.Results. Ninety‐three patients completed the integrated care programme. Compliance with the integrated care programme was good. The results indicate good satisfaction of both patients and healthcare professionals with the integrated care programme. However, with regard to the process and feasibility of the integrated care programme, there is room for improvement. The clinical occupational physician was only involved in a very limited number of cases, the protocol was not flexible, and the intervention period was too compact. Most of the perceived barriers in the present study are at the organizational level.Conclusion. Satisfaction with the integrated care programme was high among both patients and healthcare professionals. The involvement of the clinical occupational physician in the treatment, when indicated, should be optimized. With the multidisciplinary approach and good communication as a basis for the programme, and a more flexible protocol to avoid unnecessary consultations by the healthcare professionals, integrated care could be a useful treatment from a process evaluation perspective.
Epidemiology of infections in children with acquired aplastic anaemia: a retrospective multicenter study in Italy
Authors: Quarello Paola , Saracco Paola , Giacchino Mareva , Caselli Desirèe , Caviglia Ilaria , Longoni Daniela , Varotto Stefania , Rana Ippolita , Amendola Angela , Misuraca Aldo , Licciardello Maria , Paolucci Paolo , Ladogana Saverio , Rivetti Elisa , Dufour Carlo , Castagnola Elio 
Published: March 2012

AbstractInfection is a significant cause of death in patients with aplastic anaemia (AA). However, few studies have examined the characteristics of infections in patients with AA, especially in children. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the incidence and types of infections in a large cohort of paediatric patients with AA referred to eight AIEOP (Italian Association of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology) centres in Italy. The study included 78 patients, 45 boys and 33 girls, median age 9.29 yrs (1st–3rd quartile 3.59–13.09) diagnosed with AA. During the study period, 111 infectious episodes were observed in 42 (54%) patients. Fifty‐one (46%) episodes were fever of unknown origin and 60 (54%) were documented infections (DI). In this group, microbiologically documented infection (MDI) with bacteremia accounted for 23 (38%) episodes, MDI without bacteremia for 7 (12%), clinically documented infection for 25 (42%) and invasive fungal diseases for 5 (8%). The rate (episodes/1000 d at risk) was similar in severe aplastic anemia and very severe aplastic anemia both before and after day 120. During the first 120 d from diagnosis, the cumulative risk of a DI was 21% (95% CI 12–29) with the last episode at day 117, but the 50% of episodes were observed in the first 24 d. After day 120, the cumulative risk of DI was again 21% (95% CI 12–29), with the last episode at day 445 of follow‐up, with 50% of episodes observed in the first 120 d of observation (240 d from the diagnosis of AA). We found a statistically significant association between the grade of aplasia at diagnosis and the incidence of IEs (P = 0.0002). No association was found between gender, age at diagnosis, response at day +120 and at day +180, use of G‐CSF and occurrence of IEs. The actuarial overall survival at 5 yrs was 90% ± 3.6. The mortality rate attributable to infection complication was 9%. This is a large paediatric cohort study reporting the epidemiology of infectious complications in children with AA and that allow us to compare the epidemiological data in this diseases with that of the most recent studies in neutropenic children with cancer. Our findings confirm that infections represent the main cause of death in patients with AA and they are important for the design of management strategies of febrile neutropenia in these patients.
Prion infected rhesus monkeys to study differential transcription of Alu DNA elements and editing of Alu transcripts in neuronal cells and blood cells
Authors: Kiesel P. , Bodemer W. , Gibson T. , Zischler H. , Kaup F.‐J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground  Rhesus monkeys were used as a non‐human primate model to study small non‐coding RNA after infection with human sporadic and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob prions.Methods  Tissue‐specific Alu DNA element transcription and editing of transcripts were assessed in neuronal – and blood cells (Buffy Coat).Results  Tissue/cell‐specific transcription and editing patterns were obtained. Active Alu DNA elements belonged to several Alu DNA families, they could be located on several chromosomes, and their genomic sites were identified. Deamination by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA and apolipoprotein B editing complex was found.Conclusions  Different Alu transcription and editing programmes exist and may depend on the infection status.
Marathon of eponyms: 24 Xmas (Christmas) disease
Authors: Scully C , Langdon J , Evans J 
Published: March 2012

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 315–316The use of eponyms has long been contentious, but many remain in common use, as discussed elsewhere (Editorial: Oral Diseases. 2009: 15; 185). The use of eponyms in diseases of the head and neck is found mainly in specialties dealing with medically compromised individuals (paediatric dentistry, special care dentistry, oral and maxillofacial medicine, oral and maxillofacial pathology, oral and maxillofacial radiology and oral and maxillofacial surgery) and particularly by hospital‐centred practitioners. This series has selected some of the more recognised relevant eponymous conditions and presents them alphabetically. The information is based largely on data available from MEDLINE and a number of internet websites as noted below: the authors would welcome any corrections. This document summarises data about Christmas disease.
ATTITUDES TOWARD RICE COMPARED WITH POTATOES AND PASTA AMONG BRITISH, FRENCH, DUTCH AND BELGIAN CONSUMERS
Authors: SUPAKORNCHUWONG CHATBOVON , SUWANNAPORN PRISANA 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTEuropean citizens are eating more rice nowadays, and their rice consumption is expected to continue to increase. This indicates the possibility of further penetration of the rice market in the European Union by countries such as Thailand. Four European countries – the U.K., France, Belgium and the Netherlands – were the focus of our study, because they imported more than U.S.$140 million worth of rice from Thailand in 2010. This study aimed to investigate the beliefs and attitudes in those four target European countries toward rice compared with their typical main starchy foods (e.g., potatoes and pasta) in order to ascertain the possibility of rice serving as a substitute. A quantitative questionnaire was designed to assess consumer attitudes toward rice, potatoes and pasta with respect to taste, health aspects, price, calorie content, harmful substances, trustworthiness, digestibility, allergenicity and perceived specialty food. Attitudes about rice's taste, health benefits and low price were among the highest, whereas its specialty received the lowest ratings. Rice was rated more positively than potatoes and pasta for almost every attitude. Consumers' intentions to increase rice consumption in the near future were significantly associated with perceptions regarding four attributes of rice: good taste, healthfulness, low calorie content and specialty.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSPositive attitudes about rice have increased markedly among consumers in the four target European countries. Perceptions of rice – either in terms of healthfulness, price, calorie content, harmful substance content, trustworthiness, digestibility and allergenicity – were superior to those of potatoes and pasta. As rice consumption per capita in Europe is still comparatively lower than consumption of potatoes and pasta, Thai rice has a potentially large demand to fill. Superior quality of rice should be differentiated and promoted to help increase consumer demand and preferences in rice. Good taste, health benefits, low calorie content and status as a specialty food could be promoted as the beneficial characteristics of rice, because in consumer surveys, these perceptions were key factors affecting consumer intention to buy more rice.
A REVIEW OF STATISTICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF CORRELATED PREDICTORS AND IDENTIFICATION OF DRIVERS OF CONSUMER LIKING
Authors: BI JIAN 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis article attempts to deliver the following message to the researchers and practitioners in the sensory field. (1) Theoretically, drivers of consumer liking is based on relative importance of explanatory variables in a linear model. The problem is complicated when the variables involve linear dependence, which is the common situation in sensory and consumer data. (2) The commonly used methodologies, e.g., conjoint analysis, preference mapping and Kano's model, have serious limitations for determination of relative importance of correlated attributes and identification of drivers of consumer liking. (3) The conventional statistics, e.g., correlation coefficient, standard regression coefficient andPvalues of tests for regression parameters, etc., are inadequate and invalid measures of relative importance of correlated attributes. (4) There are three state‐of‐the‐art methods for determination of relative importance of correlated attributes. They are the Lindeman, Merenda and Gold's method, Breiman's Random Forest and Johnson's relative weight.This article also provides statistical background and almost exhaustive main references on the topic of relative importance of variables scattered in various academic journals in different fields. The information will help the sensometricians and researchers with more statistical knowledge to embrace the mainstream of the research on the topic and to pursue advanced methods for drivers of consumer liking.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis article reviews some new methods for determination of relative importance of correlated explanatory variables to response variable in a regression model. The methods can be used for identification of drivers of consumer liking. The article also provides the sources of the corresponding computer packages and codes implementing the new methods. The packages and codes are freely available and easy to use. The R packages “relaimpo” for the LMG method, “randomForest” and “party” for the original and modified Breiman's Random Forest method are available athttp://cran.r‐project.org. The R or S‐Plus code “johnson” for Johnson's relative weight is available from the online supplementary Appendix S1 of this article.
ODOR EVALUATION AND DISCRIMINATION OF CAR CABIN AND ITS COMPONENTS: APPLICATION OF THE “FIELD OF ODORS” APPROACH IN A SENSORY DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: VERRIELE MARIE , PLAISANCE HERVE , VANDENBILCKE VIRGINIE , LOCOGE NADINE , JAUBERT JEAN NOËL , MEUNIER GUILLAUME 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe various synthetic raw materials used into car cabins are potential sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Consequently, the odors commonly present in the interior of the car could be assigned to these sources, especially in new and parked cars. Sensory analysis remains the obvious tool for evaluation of perceived indoor air quality, despite of the development of new state‐of‐art chemical analysis. The aim of the current study is to present a sensorial tool, an odor evaluation method for car parts and car cabins. The selection of 13 standards among the 45 basic standards of the Field of Odors, as well as seven “custom” standards, was established. All of these standards are used as a common language to describe the nature of odor in a sensory descriptive analysis approach. The setup of these standards provides us objective and comparative data. Odorous fingerprints from car parts have been found, explaining the dominant odors perceived in car cabins. The experimental setup applied for a particular case indicates that mainly foam parts have the major impact on car cabin smell and present a masking effect on the odor of the other parts.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe use of polymer materials (such as foams, plastics, carpets, etc.), paints and adhesives into the car cabin implies the emission of numerous VOCs in the interior of the vehicle. These compounds are responsible for the “new car smell.” This research provides sensory terms and an odor intensity scale that can be used to describe the ambient smell in the car cabin, but also the odor from car parts or car raw materials. This information is useful to the manufacturers in understanding the odorous characteristics of their car cabins assembly, according to the raw materials used, and also to the car part suppliers, submitted to some requirements in terms of odor's intensity and nature.
Assessment of wastewater pollution in pig leather industry in China
Authors: Zhou Houzhen , Tan Zhouliang , Li Xudong 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPig leather industry contributed significantly to the life of people all over the world, but serious water environmental problems have arisen. Investigation in tanneries with green pig hides in China showed that pollution resulted mainly from beamhouse operations. Assessment indicated that wastewater from pig‐hides processing had: (1) wide variations of pH, (2) high levels of sulfide (S2−) and chromium, (3) high levels of neutral salts and ammonia nitrogen (NH
4+‐N), (4) high levels of suspended solids (TSS) and oil & grease, and (5) low biodegradability. A tannery processing 10 000 pig hides per day generated chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 3.81–12.31 tonnes and NH
4+‐N 0.27–1.06 tonnes, respectively. The pollution loads were equivalent to those of a city of 60 000–120 000 inhabitants, which has a COD of 3.9–10.56 tonnes/day and NH
4+‐N of 0.462–1.164 tonnes/day, respectively (SEPAC). And nearly 30% of the tanneries discharged their wastewater by screening only or by primary treatment like coagulation–sedimentation, while the rest of them discharged directly into surface waters without any treatment.
The Decline and Fall of the West? Debates about the Trinity in Contemporary Christian Theology
Authors: Ables Travis E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article traces the development of discussion about the Trinity in 20th century Christian theology. It details how contemporary theologians have understood the doctrine to function, and highlights the influence and reception of key thinkers such as Karl Barth, Karl Rahner, and Vladimir Lossky. It examines the function of the “standard narrative” as a critique of the psychological analogy of Augustine and Aquinas, through an opposition between Eastern and Western thinking about the Trinity, that dates to the work of Théodore de Régnon. It shows the distinct stages of development in modern trinitarian theology, as well as critiques of the standard narrative in current historical scholarship. It reflects on the use of Trinity for thinking about the history of salvation, and for developing ideas about divine and human persons as relational, before asking critical questions about the state of the discussion.