bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemoautotrophic function of bacterial symbionts in small Pogonophora
Authors: Southward A. J. , Southward Eve C. , Dando P. R. , Barrett R. L. , Ling R. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe small species of Pogonophora that are widely distributed in sediments along the Continental Slope and in the Norwegian fjords (Webb, 1965; Southward & Southward, 1967; Southward, 1971,1979) carry Gram-negative bacteria in the posterior part of the body (Southward, 1982). In this they resemble the giant pogonophores (Vestimentifera) that live around hydrothermal vents in the Pacific ocean floor (Cavanaughet al.1981; Cavanaugh, 1983). The bacteria in both groups are autotrophic (Felbeck, 1981; Southwardet al.1981), capable of synthesizing organic matter from carbon dioxide. The bacteria inRiftiaand other vent pogonophores appear to obtain energy by oxidation of reduced sulphur compounds (Felbeck, 1981; Felbeck, Childress & Somero, 1981). Hydrothermal vent waters may contain as much as 6 nut dissolved sulphide (Edmondet al.1982; Edmond & Von Damm, 1983), which is diluted to about 200-300 μM near the giant pogonophores, whose blood can transport sulphide without affecting the affinity of its haemoglobin for oxygen (Arp & Childress, 1983; Powell & Somero, 1983; Childress, Arp & Fisher, 1984).
Bass nurseries on the west coast of the U.K.
Authors: Kelley Donovan 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONPresence of O-group bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), has been recorded for a number of estuaries and tidal backwaters in the south of the United Kingdom, including the tidal Thames (Wheeler, 1979), the outer Thames at Southend (Murie, 1903), the Medway (Van den Broek, 1979), Langstone Harbour (Reay, 1973), the Dart (Dando & Demir, 1985), and the Tamar (Hartley, 1940). The author has found them, additionally, in Chichester Harbour and in the Cuckmere (Sussex), Teign and Tavy estuaries. Correspondents have reported them from the estuaries of the Blackwater (Cox), Crouch (Wiggins), Lynher (Gee) and Fal (Melhuish); also from the Fleet backwater in Dorset (Fear). It may be inferred that all estuaries and tidal backwaters on the south and south-east coasts of the U.K. constitute bass nurseries, in some degree.*
An in vivo fluorescence response in the Bay of Biscay in June
Authors: Pingree R. D. , Harris R. P. 
Published: May 2009

CONCLUSION AND SUMMARYSurface fluorescence measurements in June in the Bay of Biscay showed little correlation with chlorophyll a measurements due to the presence of a marked diurnal fluorescence rhythm although satisfactory correlations have been obtained at other times of year in the same region (see Fig. 10 of Pingree et al. 1982). By contrast, the beam attenuation coefficient values showed a good correlation with the chlorophyll a measurements and can be used to map the sea surface distribution of chlorophyll a when the diurnal rhythm is present, particularly when the phytoplankton is dominated by a single species. This conclusion may be of considerable practical significance when contemplating synoptic surveys in such situations. As Prezlin & Ley (1980) have observed there is growing awareness that fluorescence per unit chlorophyll a is not a constant that can be used reliably in mixed phytoplankton biomass estimates based on in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence, and the problem is clearly compounded if some species exhibit a marked diurnal fluorescence rhythm. Furthermore, the present observations support the caveats of Falkowski & Kiefer (1985), that in situ moored fluorometers, the use of air-borne laser-induced fluorescence, or satellite-received passive, solar-induced fluorescence, only measure fluorescence, not chlorophyll per se.The fluorescence response near the shelf-break over a 24 h period following a drogued dahn buoy showed a variation of about a factor of 5 between the day and night fluorescence levels. Beam attenuation coefficient measurements and Coulter Counter analyses showed that these results could not be attributed to the migration of the phytoplankton.
Notes on the Young of Blennius galerita, L
Authors: Byrne L. W. 
Published: May 2009

No description of the young of this species seems to exist, with the exception of that given by Emery (1) of some examples from Naples.The specimens here described were captured at Newquay, on the north coast of Cornwall, in September, 1898, and have been preserved in formol. They were caught in sandy pools surrounding or surrounded by rocks in the shelter of which they seemed to be fond of lying. When disturbed they darted with considerable rapidity from place to place, and in doing so were seemingly assisted by the large pectoral fins which were carried nearly at right angles to the body by the fish when at rest.
The Fishes collected by the “Huxley” from the North Side of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906
Authors: Byrne L. W 
Published: May 2009

Only one species met with on this cruise appears to have been previously undescribed.Although all the other species were already known from similar localities in the North-east Atlantic, attention may be called to an interesting series of the young of Synaphobranchus pinnatus and to the capture of numerous young examples of Onus biscayensis.When compared with the results of the hauls taken by H.M.S. Research, a little farther south and over very much deeper soundings, the list of species taken by the Huxley is chiefly remarkable for the entire absence of Stomias boa, Gonostoma microdon, and G. bathyphilum, the range of none of which seems to extend into waters as shallow as those fished by the Huxley.
A New Species ofChaperiopsis(Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) From South Africa
Authors: Pulpeiro E. Fernández , Gil O. Reverter 
Published: May 2009

A new South African species of the genusChaperiopsisis described from material deposited in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.Chaperiopsis stephensoniis redescribed and figured from the original material.The genusChaperiopsisUttley, 1949 is widely distributed in the southern hemisphere. Numerous species of this genus have been described in different works; notable amongst these are the works of Busk (1854, 1884), Kluge (1914), Uttley (1949), Gordon (1984), Hayward & Thorpe (1988), Reverter Gil & Fernández Pulpeiro (1995) and Hayward (1995). Some previous records ofChaperiopsisspp. from South Africa are included in the works of Jullien (1881), Busk (1884), O'Donoghue & De Watteville (1935), O'Donoghue (1957) and Hayward & Cook (1983).
First Record of the Cornich Blackfish Schedophilus Medusophagus (Pisces: Centrolophidae) Larvae from the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Dulčić Jakov 
Published: May 2009

The capture of the cornich blackfish, Schedophilus medusophagus, larvae from the Adriatic Sea represents an easterly extension in range of this species, and the first larval record in Adriatic waters.Schedophilus medusophagus Cocco, 1839, is a mesopelagic species from temperate waters of the north-eastern and north-western Atlantic and the western Mediterranean (Bini, 1968; Tortonese, 1975; Haedrich, 1986). The first record of this fish from the Adriatic Sea was reported in 1880 according to Ninni (1912). The second record was during the invasion of medusae Pelagia noctiluca (Malej, 1982; Rottini-Sandrini & Stravisi, 1982; Vučetić, 1982,1983) in Pelješac channel near the town of Korčula-island Koršula (central Adriatic) in 1982 (Onofri, 1986). Ten juvenile specimens, from 10·0 to 20·0cm total length (TL), were collected with medusae at 2m depth. This record Onofri (1986) connected with the ingression of inter-median waters (50–100 m) in the central Adriatic influenced the increase of salinity and temperature in 1982. Jardas (1996) noted that S. medusophagus is a very rare species in the Adriatic Sea.
The Organic Metabolism of Sea-water with Special Reference to the Ultimate Food Cycle in the Sea
Authors: Keys Ancel , Christensen E. H. , Krogh August 
Published: May 2009

Studies are reported of the behaviour of stored sea-water with regard to oxygen, ammonia, and bacteria content in relation to the conditions of storage and to the effect of various filtration procedures.When sea-water is sterilised by filtration and stored in the dark, the oxygen content remains constant or diminishes only by less than 0·07c.c. per litre in several hundred hours.In non-sterile experiments there is always an oxygen consumption roughly parallel to a bacterial multiplication which begins very suddenly after collection of the water. These effects are greatest in “raw” water, less in paper-filtered water and least in water which is doubly filtered.
The Biology of Balanus balanoides. IV. Relation to Environmental Factors
Authors: Moore Hilary B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Vertical traverses down the shore were worked at four localities in the Isle of Man, with varying degrees of wave-exposure, for which factor a coefficient is given.2. The upper limit of distribution is high water neaps in a sheltered place, and up to high water of extreme spring tides at greater waveexposure. The lower limit similarly drops with increasing exposure.3. Barnacles are largest and most abundant in a wave-exposed locality. The effect of wave-exposure may be reproduced by a current.4. In sheltered localities the optimum level for growth, mean size, etc., is at low water for newly settled barnacles, but moves progressively up to high water as they grow older. In a very exposed situation, however, the optimum is always at low water.5. In an exposed situation the gonads mature in their first year below about half-tide level, and in their second year above this level. With decreased wave-exposure the age of maturation rises, especially at high water until in a very sheltered place few barnacles mature at all.
On the Value of Certain Plankton Animals as Indicators of Water Movements in the English Channel and North Sea
Authors: Russell F. S. 
Published: May 2009

The possibility that certain plankton organisms retained by a stramin net may prove of value as indicators in elucidating the water movements at the mouth of the English Channel is shown.The water populated by Sagitta setosa is shown to be clearly demarked from that in which S. elegans lives, the latter living to the west of the Channel mouth south of Ireland. The water in which S. elegans lives has here been called “western” water.It is shown that the planktonic indicators for “western” water are Sagitta elegans, Sagitta serratodentata, Aglantha rosea, Stephanomia bijuga, Clione limacina, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, Thysanoessa inermis, and Cosmetira pilosella (in spring and summer only). Sagitta setosa is regarded as an indicator of “Channel” water. Muggiæa, Salps, Doliolids, Liriope exigua and Euchœa hebes are regarded as indicators of “south-western” water.The geographical distribution of S. setosa is discussed. It is shown that it is probably a neritic species mainly confined to the English Channel and North Sea.S. setosa predominates off Plymouth when the easterly element in the Dover Straits current is suppressed and the flow of Atlantic water into the North Sea from the north is strong (Carruthers' Theory). The two Sagitta populations swing to and fro off Plymouth so that, with a strong flow of Atlantic water into the North Sea from the north, the S. elegans population is pushed westward to the mouth of the Channel and S. setosa occurs off Plymouth.During the course of the five years, 1930 to 1934, an agreement has been found between the occurrence or absence of concentrations of the diatom Rhizosolenia styliformis in the southern North Sea and the variations in the composition of the Sagitta population off Plymouth In the years in which Ehizosolenia, an indicator of Atlantic water, was abundant in the southern North Sea S. setosa predominated off Plymouth; when Rhizosolenia was absent S. elegans predominated.These diatom concentrations have been shown by Savage and Hardy t o have an apparent influence on the movements of the Herring which is reflected in the landings at Yarmouth and Lowestoft.
Plankton production off Plymouth and the mouth of the English Channel in 1939
Authors: Mare Molly F. 
Published: May 2009

A quantitative seasonal survey of the phytoplankton and small zooplankton has been made from the end of January to the end of August 1939, at a station, L4, with supplementary observations at a station off Rame Head, both near Plymouth. The results are compared with those of a fuller survey made in 1934.The spring maximum in numbers of plant cells was late, not being reached until the middle of April.The monthly means of the total numbers of animals caught were of the same order in the two years, but the numbers of copepods plus copepodites in 1939 were only two-thirds of those in 1934.
The mantle cavity of some of the Erycinidae, Montacutidae and Galeommatidae with special reference to the ciliary mechanisms
Authors: Popham Mary Leyborne 
Published: May 2009

The habitat, external appearance and habits of members of the Erycinidae, Montacutidae and Galeommatidae, three families included in the order Leptonacea, have been investigated and are described.The ciliary currents of the gills, palps, visceral mass, foot and mantle are described in detail.There is some reduction in the shell in this order. In Kellia, Lasaea, Montacuta and Mysella the shell is external and the adductor muscles are well developed. In Galeomma the shell and adductors are reduced, and in Devonia the shell is also partially covered by the mantle.The foot is modified, and all members of this order progress on the flattened ventral surface of the foot which forms a creeping sole. The burrowing habit is lost.
The fecundity of the herring of the southern North Sea
Authors: Hickling C. F. 
Published: May 2009

The number of eggs produced by the herrings of the East Anglian shoals increases with the length of the fish at a rate equal to the 3·465 power of the length, and with the age of the fish to the 0·66 power of the age. This fecundity is compared with that found in other races of herrings.The number of eggs produced is closely correlated with the mean weight of the ovary, and it is found that the weight of the ovary increases with length at a rate equal to the fourth power of the length, and that a slightly higher rate applies to the testis.The weight of the gutted fish, however, increases in relation to the length at a much slower rate, namely, as the 2·3 power of the length in the males, and the 1·5 power of the length in the females.
Tidal flow around an island with a regularly sloping bottom topography
Authors: Pingree R. D. , Maddock Linda 
Published: May 2009

A numerical model of the tides in the neighbourhood of Portland Bill (Pingree & Maddock, 1977; Maddock & Pingree, 1978) indicated that there was some asymmetry in the flood and ebb tidal patterns due to the effects of the Earth's rotation. Thus, in addition to the generation of vorticity due to the bottom frictional torque which becomes large in the high-velocity shoaling region near the promontory, vorticity is generated as columns of water with planetary vorticity are stretched or squashed as they move across water depth contours.In order to examine the Portland Bill situation in more detail, a model was developed in plane polar coordinates (Pingree & Maddock, 1979). This model allowed the flow to be taken around the promontory without the numerical difficulties associated with corners in rectangular grid meshes and gives increased resolution near the headland where the major changes in tidal structure occur. The regular geometry of the polar model also allows the use of an idealized submarine topography and therefore changes in tidal flow due to imposed beach gradients can readily be examined.The polar model has now been developed to derive the tidal flow around an idealised circular island surrounded by a uniformly sloping beach gradient. In the absence of effects due to the Earth's rotation the derived tidal structure and the associated patterns of residual flow possess twofold symmetry. In a rotating reference frame, however, some asymmetry in these flow patterns can be detected. In this paper some numerical results showing the hourly tidal streams around an island are derived.
An Ecological Study on Laminaria Ochroleuca
Authors: John D. M. 
Published: May 2009

The distribution of Laminaria ochroleuca along the south-west coast of England and the Isles of Stilly is brought up to date. The pattern of distribution is discussed with reference to certain factors controlling the ‘ performance’ and success of the species on the northernmost edge of its range. The performance of individuals of the species (measured as net stipe production) sampled from populations growing on the coast of south-west England is compared with populations from north-west Spain, where it is growing in the centre of its geographical range.The degree of exposure to direct onshore wave action appears to govern the upper limit of its bathymetric range as well as its distribution along the south-west coast of England.It was found possible to age this species using the method and precautions described by Kain for Laminaria hyperborea.The stipe material sampled from the English populations had a higher ash content per gram dry weight and a higher calorific content per gram of organic material than that from the Spanish populations.Individuals from the English population had a lower weight per unit length of stipe in all age-classes than those from Spain.It is suggested that incident radiation may be a more important factor than temperature in controlling the northward limit of the species.
The Vertical Distribution of Marine Macroplankton. XII. Some Observations on the Vertical Distribution of Calanus finmarchicus in Relation to Light Intensity.
Authors: Russell F. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Observations are given on the vertical distribution of adult Calanus finmarchicus in the daytime off Plymouth in July and August, 1931, as a result of collections made simultaneously with the photo-electric measurement of submarine illumination.2. A series of nets, usually six, was towed simultaneously in such a manner that the depth of each net was known approximately.3. The female Calanus in July preferred higher intensities of light than did the females in August; this change was coincident with a change in the Calanus population as shown by size measurements. A similar change in distribution and in population was shown by the males.4. The females in July were living in intensities of 20,000 m.c. and more; but those in August were avoiding such high intensities. The males in July avoided intensities of 40,000 m.c. and over, while in August their upper limit was about 10,000 m.c.
On the Biology ofCalanus finmarchicus. Part IV. Seasonal Changes in the Weight and Chemical Composition in Loch Fyne
Authors: Orr A. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. The dry weight of 100 male, female and Stage V Calanus in Loch Fyne fluctuated throughout the year. 100 Stage V Calanus in May weighed only about ⅓ of what they did in December. Male and female Calanus also fluctuated considerably in weight.2. Stage V Calanus is usually largest and heaviest when it is most abundant. With male and female Calanus size and weight are related.3. Stage V Calanus, in spite of being smaller than female Calanus, was from the beginning of June till the end of August considerably heavier (over 100%). When Stage V Calanus was at its lightest and smallest, it weighed less than female Calanus at the same time.4. The weight of Stage V Calanus fell during the spring and did not increase again till after the end of the first breeding period.5. The fat and protein content of Calanus depends chiefly on dry weight. The values obtained for fat content were considerably higher than those hitherto recorded for zooplankton and those of protein lower.6. The ash content is about 3·6% and the chitin content about 3% of the dry weight.7. Stage V Calanus accounted for by far the most important part of the total weight of the catch throughout the year.8. The total food value of the Calanus in Loch Fyne probably varies very considerably from year to year.
On the Biology of Calanus finmarchicus. V. Seasonal Distribution, Size, Weight and Chemical Composition in Loch Striven in 1933, and their Relation to the Phytoplankton
Authors: Marshall S. M. , Nicholls A. G. , Orr A. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. The seasonal changes in the population of Calanus in Loch Striven in 1933 have been investigated.2. There were three main breeding periods. The first was in February and March, an unsuccessful beginning of the second in April, the true second brood in May to June, the third in July, and subsidiary broods in August and September.3. Numbers were very low until April when the copepodites of the first brood caused a large increase; there was a second increase in May consisting mainly of the eggs of the second brood, and the maximum for the year came in July. The last and subsidiary broods provided the stock for the autumn and winter of 1933.
Notes on the Swimming Methods and Habits of Certain Crustacean Larvæ
Authors: Foxon G. E. H. 
Published: May 2009

The swimming methods and habits of certain Decapod larvse have been observed. The first larva ofMunida bamfficawas chosen for special attention. Such a study shows the importance of (1) orientation, (2) the presence of a reversal mechanism.Observations on other types show these factors to be of great importance and also show that there are a great variety of attitudes in which larvæ swim.Points in the relation of the larvæ to their environment were next considered; orientation is again important here, but whereas in Munida larvæ a “resting” orientation is found no such attitude is seen in Brachyurous zoeas.
Seasonal and temporal aspects of recruitment and succession in an intertidal estuarine fouling assemblage
Authors: Underwood A.J. , Anderson M.J. 
Published: May 2009

The recruitment and succession of fouling organisms was examined on four substrata (concrete, plywood, fibreglass and aluminium) in Quibray Bay of Botany Bay in New South Wales, Australia. Eighteen 10×10 cm panels of each substratum were submersed in each of four seasons: January (summer), March (autumn), May (winter) and October (spring) 1992. Six of each substratum were retrieved after 1 month, 2 months and 4–5 months. Thus in this study, as a methodological improvement over many other studies of succession, samples were taken independently with regard to time.Seasonal recruitment was important in determining the pattern of succession and the composition of the assemblage. Sydney Rock oysters,Saccostrea commercialis(Iredale & Roughley), recruited in large numbers on panels submersed in January and, by their rapid growth, dominated the available space after 4–5 months. The greatest recruitment of the barnacleHexaminiussp. and the greatest percentage cover of algae (six species) occurred on panels submersed from October to March. While panels submersed in January for a period of 4–5 months resulted in a single outcome, an oyster-dominated assemblage, panels submersed in October for the same period of time resulted in a set of alternative outcomes depending on the relative abundance of barnacles and algae.