bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding adolescent sport participation through online social media
Authors: O'Reilly Norm , Berger Ida E. , Hernandez Tony , Parent Milena M. , Seguin Benoit 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the potential role and use of online social media to influence sport participation in youth aged 12 to 17 years by responding to two specific research questions: what is the nature of the online “marketplace” among youth?; and what is the nature of adolescent sport behavior as revealed through activities on online social media?Design/methodology/approachThe paper outlines and then implements the research methodology of netnography to achieve its purpose. Netnography involves a researcher joining an online forum, e‐tribe or other open‐source social media to observe and record the discussions for analysis.FindingsThe overarching finding is that online discourse related to sport participation among youth is very limited. When discussion does take place, five themes emerge: benefits, advice‐seeking, finding common interests, learning new sports, and challenges.Research limitations/implicationsThis research provides impetus for future work in the content area and in the use of the netnography method. It is limited by the lack of online content on the topic area by the target group.Practical implicationsThe paper's results provide important understanding, direction and guidance to sport administrators working for government, sport organizations and organizations who market their products and services to youth through sport.Originality/valueThis paper is original in two respects: the use of netnography as the research method in this context, and the focus on social media and sport participation in youth.
Antitumor effect and pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal NK105, a nanomicellar paclitaxel formulation for peritoneal dissemination
Authors: Emoto Shigenobu , Yamaguchi Hironori , Kishikawa Junko , Yamashita Hiroharu , Ishigami Hironori , Kitayama Joji 
Published: March 2012

The intraperitoneal administration of paclitaxel has been shown to be a promising treatment strategy for peritoneal malignancy. The present study evaluated the effects of intraperitoneal administration of NK105, a paclitaxel‐incorporating micellar nanoparticle, which has been shown to have a remarkable effect in a mouse model of gastric cancer. Intraperitoneal NK105 significantly reduced peritoneal tumors in vivo compared with the conventional paclitaxel formulation of paclitaxel solubilized in Cremophor EL and ethanol (PTX‐Cre). Moreover, intraperitoneal NK105 significantly reduced the size of subcutaneously inoculated tumors, whereas no such effect was seen with PTX‐Cre. Similar systemic toxic effects were observed following the intraperitoneal administration of both NK105 and PTX‐Cre. Although NK105 disappeared rapidly almost within a day from the peritoneal cavity, the paclitaxel concentration in peritoneal nodules 4 h after intraperitoneal administration was significantly higher in the NK105 group than in the PTX‐Cre group (P < 0.05), whereas there were no significant differences in liver paclitaxel concentrations between the two groups. We also evaluated the pharmacokinetics following intraperitoneal administration of NK105 and PTX‐Cre. Serum paclitaxel concentrations 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after the intraperitoneal administration of the drugs were significantly higher in the NK105 than the PTX‐Cre group. Furthermore, the peak serum concentration was higher in the NK105 than PTX‐Cre group (24 100 ± 3560 vs 108 ± 25 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.001), as was the area under the concentration–time curve from 0 to 48 h (191 000 ± 32 100 vs 1500 ± 108 ng·h/mL, respectively; P < 0.001). Therefore, intraperitoneal chemotherapy with nanoparticulate paclitaxel NK105 may offer a novel treatment strategy for improving drug delivery in gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination because of enhanced drug penetration into peritoneal nodules and its prolonged presence in the systemic circulation. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 1304–1310)
Gene expression profiles of phaeochromocytomas with ERBB2 overexpression reveal a new molecular mechanism tumourigenicity
Authors: Qi Yan , Su Tingwei , Zhang Xia , Jiang Yiran , Yuan Wenqi , Wang Weiqing , Cui Bin , Ning Guang 
Published: March 2012

SummaryObjectivePhaeochromocytomas (PHEO) and functional paragangliomas (PGLs) are catecholamine‐secreting neuroendocrine tumours. Although most PHEO/PGLs are benign, 10–35% present as (or develop into) malignant tumours with a poor prognosis. Overexpression of ERBB2 (v‐erb‐b2 erythroblastic leukaemia viral oncogene homologue 2) has been reported to be associated with malignant PHEO. We used gene expression profiling of PHEO/PGLs to gain a better understanding of the tumourigenic pathways associated with ERBB2.MethodsWe used the Affymetrix Gene Chip U133 Plus 2·0 genome‐wide gene expression cDNA microarray of 18 PHEO/PGLs (12 benign and six malignant, divided into two groups depending on ERBB2 expression levels) to analyse the gene expression patterns.ResultsUnsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of transcription profiles of 18 samples identified two dominant expression clusters corresponding to samples belonging to the ERBB2+ and ERBB2− groups. According to the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) databases, the differentially expressed genes were classified into diverse functional categories and signalling pathways. In particular, the focal adhesion signalling pathway showed significant differences between the groups; specifically, the FAK‐Src‐MAPK pathway was prominently activated in the ERBB2+ group.ConclusionsIn summary, ERBB2+ PHEO/PGLs have a distinct expression pattern compared with the ERBB2− group. The focal adhesion signalling pathway may participate in ERBB2‐induced tumourigenesis in PHEO/PGLs.
Context modulates attention to social scenes in toddlers with autism
Authors: Chawarska Katarzyna , Macari Suzanne , Shic Frederick 
Published: March 2012

Background:  In typical development, the unfolding of social and communicative skills hinges upon the ability to allocate and sustain attention toward people, a skill present moments after birth. Deficits in social attention have been well documented in autism, though the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.Methods:  In order to parse the factors that are responsible for limited social attention in toddlers with autism, we manipulated the context in which a person appeared in their visual field with regard to the presence of salient social (child‐directed speech and eye contact) and nonsocial (distractor toys) cues for attention. Participants included 13‐ to 25‐month‐old toddlers with autism (autism; n = 54), developmental delay (DD; n = 22), and typical development (TD; n = 48). Their visual responses were recorded with an eye‐tracker.Results:  In conditions devoid of eye contact and speech, the distribution of attention between key features of the social scene in toddlers with autism was comparable to that in DD and TD controls. However, when explicit dyadic cues were introduced, toddlers with autism showed decreased attention to the entire scene and, when they looked at the scene, they spent less time looking at the speaker’s face and monitoring her lip movements than the control groups. In toddlers with autism, decreased time spent exploring the entire scene was associated with increased symptom severity and lower nonverbal functioning; atypical language profiles were associated with decreased monitoring of the speaker’s face and her mouth.Conclusions:  While in certain contexts toddlers with autism attend to people and objects in a typical manner, they show decreased attentional response to dyadic cues for attention. Given that mechanisms supporting responsivity to dyadic cues are present shortly after birth and are highly consequential for development of social cognition and communication, these findings have important implications for the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of limited social monitoring and identifying pivotal targets for treatment.
Impact of intensive upper limb rehabilitation on quality of life: a randomized trial in children with unilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: SAKZEWSKI LEANNE , CARLON STACEY , SHIELDS NORA , ZIVIANI JENNY , WARE ROBERT S , BOYD ROSLYN N 
Published: March 2012

Aim  The aim of this study was to determine whether constraint‐induced movement therapy is more effective than bimanual training in improving the quality of life of children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP).Method  Sixty‐three children (mean age 10y 2mo [SD 2y 6mo]; 33 males, 30 females) with CP of the spastic motor type (n=59) or with spasticity and dystonia (n=4) were randomly allocated to two groups. The children were assessed as Manual Ability Classification System level I (n=16), II (n=46), or III (n=1). Each group received 6 hours of daily intervention (either constraint‐induced movement therapy [CIMT] or bimanual training [BIM]) for 10 days over a 2‐week period (total intervention time 60h). Children aged 9 years and older completed the Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children (CPQOL‐Child) and those aged 8 years and older completed the KIDSCREEN‐52. All parents completed proxy versions of each measure. Assessments were made at baseline and at 3, 26, and 52 weeks after the end of the intervention.Results  Thirty‐five children completed the CPQOL‐Child and 41 completed the KIDSCREEN‐52. No changes in social or emotional well‐being were reported by children in either group. Children and parents from both groups reported a significant improvement in their or their child’s feelings about functioning as well as participation and physical health on the CPQOL‐Child. The parents of children receiving CIMT reported positive and sustained changes in their child’s social well‐being (CPQOL‐Child). The CIMT group showed significant improvements in physical well‐being, psychological well‐being, and moods and emotions (KIDSCREEN‐52) at 3 weeks post intervention, which were maintained over the study period.Interpretation  Intensive goal‐directed upper limb training programmes using either CIMT or BIM achieved domain‐specific changes in quality of life relating to feelings about functioning and participation and physical health. A condition‐specific quality of life compared with a generic measure may be better able to detect changes in quality of life in children with unilateral CP.
Species turnover in lake littorals: spatial and temporal variation of benthic macroinvertebrate diversity and community composition
Authors: Suurkuukka Heli , Meissner Kristian K. , Muotka Timo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAims  Despite wide consensus that ecological patterns and processes should be studied at multiple spatial scales, the temporal component of diversity variation has remained poorly examined. Specifically, rare species may exhibit patterns of diversity variation profoundly different from those of dominant taxa.Location  Southern Finland.Methods  We used multiplicative partitioning of true diversities (species richness, Shannon diversity) to identify the most important scale(s) of variation of benthic macroinvertebrate communities across several hierarchical scales, from individual samples to multiple littorals, lakes and years. We also assessed the among‐scale variability of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition by using measures of between‐ and within‐group distances at hierarchical scales.Results  On average, a single benthic sample contained 23% of the total regional macroinvertebrate species pool. For both species richness and Shannon diversity, beta‐diversity was clearly the major component of regional diversity, with within‐littoral beta‐diversity (β1) being the largest component of gamma‐diversity. The interannual component of total diversity was small, being almost negligible for Shannon index. Among‐sample (within‐littoral) diversity was related to variation of substratum heterogeneity at the same scale. By contrast, only a small proportion of rare taxa was found in an average benthic sample. Thus, dominant species among lakes and years were about the same, whereas rare species were mostly detected in a few benthic samples in one lake (or year). For rare species, the temporal component of diversity was more important than spatial turnover at most scales.Main conclusions  While individual species occurrences and abundances, particularly those of rare taxa, may vary strongly through space and time, patterns of dominance in lake littoral benthic communities are highly predictable. Consequently, many rare species will be missed in temporally restricted samples of lake littorals. In comprehensive biodiversity surveys, interannual sampling of littoral macroinvertebrate communities is therefore needed.
The challenge posed by newly discovered cryptic species: disentangling the environmental niches of long‐eared bats
Authors: Rutishauser Marianne D. , Bontadina Fabio , Braunisch Veronika , Ashrafi Sohrab , Arlettaz Raphaël 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAimThe discovery of cryptic species poses new challenges for species conservation. Species distributions and conservation status have to be re‐evaluated, and the ecological requirements within the species complex have to be re‐assessed to recommend adequate conservation guidelines. The recent discovery in Central Europe of the cryptic bat species Plecotus macrobullaris (Kuzjakin 1965) calls for a new appraisal of all three Plecotus species in that area.LocationSwitzerland.MethodsUsing mostly DNA‐identified records, we investigated the environmental niches (ecological niche factor analysis) of the three long‐eared bat species at the landscape scale and modelled their potential distributions. Discriminant analysis was used for interspecific niche comparisons.ResultsThe occurrence of all three species was best explained by proximity to rural settlements and warm summer temperature. Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) was positively associated with transition zones from forests to other habitats within heterogeneous landscapes; Plecotus austriacus (J. Fischer, 1829) was more frequently found in orchards and vineyards. Plecotus macrobullaris was linked mostly with deciduous forests. P. auritus had the broadest niche, with occurrence predicted in most forested regions throughout Switzerland. The slightly narrower niche of P. macrobullaris mainly encompassed areas in the Central and Southern Alps. P. austriacus showed a very narrow niche and was predicted mainly in the lowlands, with its habitat requirements overlapping those of P. macrobullaris. Although a range overlap was predicted between P. austriacus and P. macrobullaris, current observations suggest a mostly parapatric distribution in Switzerland.Main conclusionsThe projected distributions confirm previous knowledge for P. auritus, but shed new light on the other two species. In contrast to the newly discovered P. macrobullaris, which is actually widespread in the Southern Alps of Switzerland, P. austriacus is restricted to warmer cultivated lowlands and thus may have suffered from recent major land use changes. We suggest reclassifying P. austriacus to a higher conservation status.
Utilizing a multifaceted approach to assess the current distribution and conservation status of an uncommon species: the golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli) in Florida
Authors: Smiley Sarah A. , McCoy Earl D. , Schrey Aaron W. , Mushinsky Henry R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAimOur goal was to assess the conservation status of the understudied and naturally uncommon habitat specialist, the golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli), at the edge of its range where its historically fragmented habitat has been subjected to severe loss.LocationPeninsular Florida, north of approximately 27° latitude, USA.MethodsWe used data gathered from museum collections, regional biologists, geographic information systems (GIS) layers, field surveys and DNA sequencing to determine the habitats that best explain the distribution of the species, examine changes in the geographic extent of both the species and its habitats, and compare genetic differentiation between populations occupying disjunct regions. The results from these multiple analyses were combined to assess the conservation status of the species.ResultsGolden mouse occurrence records align well with the distribution of hardwood habitats in Florida. These habitats occur naturally as ‘islands’, but have become increasingly fragmented by anthropogenic land use. Despite habitat loss, the location of the southern range periphery has remained relatively unchanged in location over the past century. Genetic analysis reveals a history of limited dispersal of females among habitat ‘islands’ that likely predates anthropogenic landscape fragmentation. This pattern suggests that isolated populations that are extirpated will have little to no chance of successful recolonization.Main conclusionsThe combined results from multiple analyses produced a more complete picture of the threats faced by this previously data‐deficient species than any single analysis would have. Although the species' southern range limit cannot be shown to have retracted in the face of human expansion, habitat fragmentation clearly has put the species at increased risk. Conservation and management of hardwood habitats are critical to the persistence of the golden mouse at the edge of its range.
Native and introduced fish species richness in Chilean Patagonian lakes: inferences on invasion mechanisms using salmonid‐free lakes
Authors: Habit Evelyn , Gonzalez Jorge , Ruzzante Daniel E. , Walde Sandra J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAimGeographic patterns of species richness have been linked to many physical and biological drivers. In this study, we document and explain gradients of species richness for native and introduced freshwater fish in Chilean lakes. We focus on the role of the physical environment to explain native richness patterns. For patterns of introduced salmonid richness and dominance, we also examine the biotic resistance and human activity hypotheses. We were particularly interested in identifying the factors that best explain the persistence of salmonid‐free lakes in Patagonia.LocationChile (39° to 54°S).MethodsWe conducted an extensive survey of 63 lakes, over a broad latitudinal range. We tested for the importance of temperature, ecosystem size, current and historic aquatic connectivity as well as measures of human activity (road access and land use) in determining patterns of native and introduced richness.ResultsIntroduced species richness was positively correlated with native richness. Native and introduced richness declined with latitude, increased with temperature and ecosystem size. Variation in native richness was related to historic drainage connections, while introduced richness and salmonid dominance were significantly affected by current habitat connectivity. We found a total of 15 salmonid‐free lakes, all located in remote areas south of 45°S, and all upstream of major naturally occurring physical barriers.Main conclusionsTemperature, as a correlate of latitude, and lake size were key determinants of native and introduced species richness in Chilean lakes and were responsible for the positive correlation between native and introduced richness. We found no evidence for biotic resistance by native species to salmonid expansion, and although the original introductions were human‐mediated, current patterns of introduced richness were not related to human activity, as measured by road access or land use. Rather, environmental factors, especially habitat connectivity and temperature, appear to limit salmonid expansion within Chilean freshwaters.
Gauging the impact of management expertise on the distribution of large mammals across protected areas
Authors: Li Sheng , McShea William J. , Wang Dajun , Lu Zhi , Gu Xiaodong 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAimThe world's network of protected areas (PAs) plays a critical role in biodiversity conservation. The management expertise within PAs is a function of the training, support and depth of the staff tasked with protecting the resources and should be a significant factor determining the distribution of wildlife species. However, there are few measurable linkages between wildlife populations and management effectiveness. Here, we addressed whether the management expertise within a PA is an important covariate explaining the occupancy of large terrestrial mammals, and identify the attributes of mammal species that would be effective for comparative monitoring of management effectiveness within PAs of developing countries.LocationSix PAs within giant panda region, south‐west China.MethodsWe used systematic camera‐trapping as the primary field methodology to detect the presence of large mammals and used expert scoring to assess the management level of these PAs. Occupancy modelling and logistic regression were used to determine those mammal species with adequate detections to control for ecological covariates and to compare differences in management level between the sampled PAs.ResultsThirty‐eight mammal species were recorded with a total sampling effort of 16,521 camera‐days at 722 sample sites. Among the 14 examined mammals, Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) was the most detected mammal (333 detections at 153 locations), whereas Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) was estimated with the highest occupancy rate (ψ = 0.49) and leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) was estimated with the highest detection probability (P = 0.55). The independently assessed estimate of management expertise was a significant positive predictor for the occupancy of 11 of the 14 mammal species.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that there are measurable consequences for increasing PA patrolling and that standardized monitoring of large mammals is an adequate comparative measure of management effectiveness across diverse PAs that experience extensive poaching pressure.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Cumulative Risks, Cumulative Promotive Factors, and Adolescent Violent Behavior
Authors: Stoddard Sarah A. , Zimmerman Marc A. , Bauermeister José A. 
Published: March 2012

This study examined the effects of cumulative risk and promotive factors on violent behavior across the high school years of adolescence in a sample of predominatelyAfricanAmerican urban adolescents (N = 750). Cumulative risk and promotive factor indices represented individual characteristics, and peer, parental, and familial influences. Using growth curve modeling, we describe trajectories of cumulative risk and promotive factors and test the associations between the time‐varying cumulative risk and promotive factor indices and violent behavior. Higher risk was associated with higher levels of violent behavior. Higher levels of promotive factors were associated with less violent behavior and moderated the association between risk and violent behaviors. The results support the risk‐protective model of resiliency. Implications for prevention are discussed.