bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Androstenediol reverses steroid‐inhibited wound healing
Authors: Feeser V. Ramana , Menke Nathan B. , Ward Kevin R. , Loria Roger M. , Diegelmann Robert F. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTIt is well recognized that stress of any nature will cause a delay in the wound healing response. This delayed healing response appears closely associated with immune regulators. In this study, CD‐1 mice were injected with a long acting form of methyl prednisolone to cause a steroid‐induced immune suppression. After 24 hours, two 6‐mm full thickness wounds were placed on the animals' backs and one group of animals received the immune‐regulating hormone, androstenediol. Wound contraction was quantified by planimetry for the subsequent 14 days. Animals that were stressed with methyl prednisolone but receiving androstenediol contracted their open wounds at faster rates compared with methyl prednisolone‐stressed animals treated with the vehicle alone. These findings suggest that restoration of immune regulation by androstenediol can reverse the delayed open wound contraction secondary to steroid stress.
Wound healing in oral mucosa results in reduced scar formation as compared with skin: Evidence from the red Duroc pig model and humans
Authors: Wong Joyce W. , Gallant‐Behm Corrie , Wiebe Colin , Mak Karen , Hart David A. , Larjava Hannu , Häkkinen Lari 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTScar formation is a common, unwanted result of wound healing in skin, but the mechanisms that regulate it are still largely unknown. Interestingly, wound healing in the oral mucosa proceeds faster than in skin and clinical observations have suggested that mucosal wounds rarely scar. To test this concept, we created identical experimental wounds in the oral mucosa and skin in red Duroc pigs and compared wound healing and scar development over time. We also compared the pig oral mucosal wound healing to similar experimental wounds created in human subjects. The findings showed significantly reduced scar formation at both clinical and histological level in the pig oral mucosa as compared with skin 49 days after wounding. Additionally, the skin scars contained a significantly increased number of type I procollagen immunopositive cells and an increased fibronectin content, while the oral mucosal wounds demonstrated a prolonged accumulation of tenascin‐C. Furthermore, the pig oral mucosal wounds showed similar molecular composition and clinical and histological scar scores to human oral mucosal wounds. Thus, the reduced scar formation in the pig oral mucosa provides a model to study the biological processes that regulate scarless wound healing to find novel approaches to prevent scar formation in skin.
Multivariable Model‐building: A Pragmatic Approach to Regression Analysis Based on Fractional Polynomials for Modelling Continuous Variables by ROYSTON, P. and SAUERBREI, W.
Authors: Hosmer David W. 
Published: September 2009

Multivariable Model‐building: A Pragmatic Approach to Regression Analysis Based on Fractional Polynomials for Modelling Continuous Variables(P. Royston and W. Sauerbrei)David W. HosmerModern Multivariate Statistical Techniques: Regression, Classification, and Manifold Learning(A. J. Izenman)Debashis GhoshA Primer on Linear Models(J. F. Monahan)Muni S. SrivastavaMixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R(A. F. Zuur, E. N. Ieno, N. J. Walker, A. A. Saveliev, and G. M. Smith)Carl James SchwarzRandom Effect and Latent Variable Model Selection(D. B. Dunson, Editor)Kenneth RiceMissing Data in Clinical Studies(G. Molenberghs and M. G. Kenward)Suzanne R. DubnickaFunctional and Operatorial Statistics(S. Dabo‐Niang and F. Ferraty, Editors)Jason D. NielsenStatistical Analysis and Modelling of Spatial Point Patterns(J. Illian, A. Penttinen, H. Stoyan, and D. Stoyan)Jesper MøllerSolved Problem in Geostatistics(O. Leuangthong, K. D. Khan, and C. V. Deutsch)Ole F. ChristensenStatistical Methods for Environmental Epidemiology with R: A Case Study in Air Pollution and Health(R. D. Peng and F. Dominici)David BuckeridgeCorrespondence Analysis in Practice, Second Edition(M. Greenacre)Willem HeiserIntroduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis(D. P. MacKinnon)Tyler J. VanderWeeleBrief Reports by the EditorThe EM Algorithm and Extensions, 2nd edition(G. J. McLachlan and T. Krishnan)Probability Models for DNA Sequence Evolution, 2nd edition(R. Durrett)Bayesian Methods for Data Analysis, 3rd edition(B. P. Carlin and T. A. Louis)Nonlinear Regression with R(C. Ritz and J. C. Streibig)Cancer Mortality and Morbidity Patterns in the U.S. Population: An Interdisciplinary Approach(K. G. Manton, I. Akushevich, and J. Kravchenko)
Role of AKT‐glycogen synthase kinase axis in monocyte activation in human beings with and without type 2 diabetes
Authors: Nandy Debashis , Asmann Yan W. , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata , Basu Ananda 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMonocyte activation by chemokines is a vital trigger for initiation of atherosclerotic process. Circulating levels of platelet activating factor (PAF), a recognized chemokine, is known to be increased in type 2 diabetes that is linked to accelerated atherosclerosis. To explore the molecular basis we examined the signalling pathways involved in PAF induced monocyte activation. PAF increased migration in monocytes obtained from THP‐1 cells, nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. This effect was blocked by AKT inhibition. It did so by phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3βS9, which was completely blocked by AKT inhibition. Additionally, PAF induced GSK‐3β phosphorylation was linked to Rac‐1 activation and Rho‐A inactivation leading to migration. Paradoxically, inhibition of GSK‐3β phosphorylation also augmented monocyte migration in THP‐1, ND and diabetic monocytes through phosphorylation of AKT and activation of Rho‐A that was independent of GSK. This was validated when (i) overexpression of dominant negative mutants of Rho‐A reversed GSK inhibitor induced monocyte migration and (ii) AKT inhibition blocked GSK inhibitor induced Rho‐A activity. Constitutively active ARAP3 (Rho‐GAP) appears to have a regulatory role in monocyte activity during GSK inhibition. Finally, inhibition of monocyte GSK‐3β activity (by inhibitors and genetic manipulation) led to enhanced migration in diabetes compared to persons without diabetes. We conclude that diabetic monocytes show increased migratory capacity in response to GSK‐3β inhibition. GSK inhibitors developed to treat the metabolic complications of diabetes should therefore be used with caution.
Clinical Parameters That Predict Successful Outcome in Men with Premature Ejaculation and Inflammatory Prostatitis
Authors: Zohdy Wael 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common sexual problem, and chronic prostatitis is an important cause of PE.

Aim
The aim of this study was to determine which clinical parameters predict successful outcomes following treatment of men with PE and chronic prostatitis (category II and IIIa).

Main Outcome Measure
Change in intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) and its relation to different clinical parameters.

Methods
This study included 210 heterosexual men with PE and inflammatory prostatitis. PE was found to be acquired in 155 men (A-PE) and lifelong in 55 (LL-PE). All participants were asked to complete the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). Sequential microbiologic specimens were obtained. Antibiotics were given to 184 men for 4 weeks, guided by sensitivity tests. Twenty-six men refused or did not comply with the antimicrobial therapy and were used as the untreated group. Clinical reevaluation was conducted after 28 days.

Results
Two of the 26 men (7.7%) from the untreated group experienced an increase in their ejaculatory latency compared with 109 of the184 men (59.0%) who received antimicrobial therapy (P = 0.0001). After treatment, 90 of 155 men (58.0%) with A-PE reported ILET &gt; 2 minutes compared with 21 of 55 men (38.2%) with LL-PE (P = 0.012). Based on a receiver operating characteristic curve, antimicrobial therapy is most effective if there are ≥19 pus cells per high-power field (HPF) in the expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) analysis, with a sensitivity of 85.6% and a specificity of 70.7% (area under the curve 0.783, 95% CI 0.716–0.850). Other clinical parameters were not useful in predicting outcomes.

Conclusions
Antimicrobial therapy is useful in the treatment of PE associated with inflammatory prostatitis. The treatment is most effective in men with A-PE and when there are ≥19 pus cells per HPF in an EPS analysis.
4C 02.27: a quasar with episodic activity?
Authors: Jamrozy M. , Saikia D. J. , Konar C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Striking examples of episodic activity in active galactic nuclei are the double–double radio galaxies (DDRGs) with two pairs of oppositely directed radio lobes from two different cycles of activity. Although there are over about a dozen good examples of DDRGs, so far no case of one associated with a quasar has been reported. We present Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope observations of a candidate double–double radio quasar, J0935+0204 (4C 02.27), and suggest that radio jets in this source may also have been intrinsically asymmetric, contributing to the large observed asymmetries in the flux density and location of both pairs of radio lobes.
Numerical Investigation of Collision-Induced Breakup of Raindrops. Part I: Methodology and Dependencies on Collision Energy and Eccentricity
Authors: Schlottke Jan , Straub Winfried , Beheng Klaus Dieter , Gomaa Hassan , Weigand Bernhard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBinary collisions of large raindrops moving with terminal fall velocity are numerically investigated using FS3D, a direct numerical simulation (DNS) code based on the “volume of fluid” method. The result of this process can be a permanent coalescence or a temporal coalescence followed by a breakup of the coalesced system into smaller-sized remnants of the original raindrops and a number of fragment droplets of different sizes. In total, 32 drop pairs are studied with sizes chosen to cover nearly completely the entire size parameter range relevant to breakup. This is an important extension of investigations performed in 1982 by Low and List, who studied 10 drop pairs only. Moreover, eccentricity has been introduced as an additional parameter controlling the collision outcome. Eccentricity is defined as the horizontal distance of the initial drops’ centers with values equal to approximately 0 for centric and 1 for grazing collisions.The main results include numerically calculated data of coalescence efficiencies and fragment size distributions with emphasis on eccentricity effects. It is shown that eccentricity largely determines the appearance of specific breakup modes and consequently the respective fragment size distributions. Comparisons are made with the main findings of Low and List. Coalescence efficiency values larger than those derived by Low and List show up for very small Weber numbers. Additionally, the existence of their definite limit value of collision kinetic energy necessary for coalescence could not be confirmed. The fragment size distributions are in some cases similar to those measured by Low and List but there are also major differences for other cases. The presented results are used for parameterizations of coalescence efficiencies and fragment size distributions as well as for calculations of stationary drop spectra shown in Part II of this study.
Diurnal Variations of Global Thunderstorms and Electrified Shower Clouds and Their Contribution to the Global Electrical Circuit
Authors: Liu Chuntao , Williams Earle R. , Zipser Edward J. , Burns Gary 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The long-standing mainstay of support for C. T. R. Wilson’s global circuit hypothesis is the similarity between the diurnal variation of thunderstorm days in universal time and the Carnegie curve of electrical potential gradient. This rough agreement has sustained the widespread view that thunderstorms are the “batteries” for the global electrical circuit. This study utilizes 10 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations to quantify the global occurrence of thunderstorms with much better accuracy and to validate the comparison by F. J. W. Whipple 80 years ago. The results support Wilson’s original ideas that both thunderstorms and electrified shower clouds contribute to the DC global circuit by virtue of negative charge carried downward by precipitation. First, the precipitation features (PFs) are defined by grouping the pixels with rain using 10 years of TRMM observations. Thunderstorms are identified from these PFs with lightning flashes observed by the Lightning Imaging Sensor. PFs without lightning flashes but with a 30-dBZ radar echo-top temperature lower than −10°C over land and −17°C over ocean are selected as possibly electrified shower clouds. The universal diurnal variation of rainfall, the raining area from the thunderstorms, and possibly electrified shower clouds in different seasons are derived and compared with the diurnal variations of the electric field observed at Vostok, Antarctica. The result shows a substantially better match from the updated diurnal variations of the thunderstorm area to the Carnegie curve than Whipple showed. However, to fully understand and quantify the amount of negative charge carried downward by precipitation in electrified storms, more observations of precipitation current in different types of electrified shower clouds are required.
On the Relationships between the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Precipitation Variability in Southern Iran and the Arabian Peninsula: Atmospheric Circulation Analysis
Authors: Nazemosadat M. J. , Ghaedamini H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The influence of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on daily, monthly, and seasonal precipitation was investigated for southern Iran and the Arabian Peninsula using November–April data for the period of 1979–2005. The positive MJO phase is considered to be the periods for which the enhanced convection center was placed over the south Indonesian–north Australian region. On the other hand, the convection center shifts over the western Indian Ocean tropics and most of the study area as the negative MJO phase prevails.
Seasonal precipitation and the frequency of wet events were significantly increased during the negative phase. The ratios of the precipitation amount during the negative phase to the corresponding values during the positive phase were about 1.75–2.75 and 2.75–4.00 for the southwestern and southeastern parts of Iran, respectively. This ratio reached to about 3.00 for Riyadh, 4.20 and 5.50 for Masqat and Doha, 2.10 for Kuwait, and 1.20 for Bahrain. The results of the seasonal and monthly analysis were generally found to be consistent, although because of the smaller sample size the outcomes of the monthly investigations were less statistically significant. While the negative MJO phase does not have a consistent effect on March precipitation over some parts of southern Iran, it has consistently enhanced precipitation over the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula in Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.
During the negative MJO phase, while enhanced low-level southerly winds transfer a substantial amount of moisture to the study area, upward motion increases in the middle layers of the atmosphere. Synchronized with the prevalence of these rain-bearing southerly winds, the existence of a strong horizontal wind speed gradient at the exit region of the North Africa–Arabian jet enhances precipitation. The jet exit, which was mostly located over Egypt in November, moved westward into the study area in Iran and Saudi Arabia during the rainy period of January–March. The direction of near-surface wind anomalies changed from mostly southeasterly in November to southwesterly in March and April, influencing precipitation pattern during various months of the rainy season. In contrast to the negative phase, an enhanced low-level dry northerly wind and suppressed horizontal wind speed gradient at the jet exits are the main characteristics of atmospheric circulation over the study area during the positive MJO phase. Furthermore, an increased downward air motion at the middle levels of the atmosphere and a significant shortage in precipitation are the other climatic components of the southwest Asian region during such a period.
Coherence between the Great Salt Lake Level and the Pacific Quasi-Decadal Oscillation
Authors: Wang Shih-Yu , Gillies Robert R. , Jin Jiming , Hipps Lawrence E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The lake level elevation of the Great Salt Lake (GSL), a large closed basin lake in the arid western United States, is characterized by a pronounced quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO). The variation of the GSL elevation is very coherent with the QDO of sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical central Pacific (also known as the Pacific QDO). However, such coherence denies any direct association between the precipitation in the GSL watershed and the Pacific QDO because, in a given frequency, the precipitation variation always leads the GSL elevation variation. Therefore, the precipitation variation is phase shifted from the Pacific QDO. This study investigates the physical mechanism forming the coherence between the GSL elevation and the Pacific QDO. Pronounced and coherent quasi-decadal signals in precipitation, streamflow, water vapor flux, and drought conditions are found throughout the Great Basin. Recurrent atmospheric circulation patterns develop over the Gulf of Alaska during the warm-to-cool and cool-to-warm transition phases of the Pacific QDO. These circulation patterns modulate the water vapor flux associated with synoptic transient activities over the western United States and, in turn, lead to the QDO in the hydrological cycle of the Great Basin. As the GSL integrates the hydrological responses in the Great Basin, the hydrological QDO is then transferred to the GSL elevation. Because the GSL elevation consistently lags the precipitation by a quarter-phase (about 3 yr in the quasi-decadal time scale), these processes take an average of 6 yr for the GSL elevation to eventually respond to the Pacific QDO. This creates a half-phase delay of the GSL elevation from the Pacific QDO, thereby forming the inverse, yet coherent, relationship between them. Tree-ring reconstructed precipitation records confirm that the quasi-decadal signal in precipitation is a prominent feature in this region.
A 10-Year Climatology of Tropical Radiative Heating and Its Vertical Structure from TRMM Observations
Authors: L’Ecuyer Tristan S. , McGarragh Greg 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This paper outlines recent advances in estimating atmospheric radiative heating rate profiles from the sensors aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The approach employs a deterministic framework in which four distinct retrievals of clouds, precipitation, and other atmospheric and surface properties are combined to form input to a broadband radiative transfer model that simulates profiles of upwelling and downwelling longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes in the atmosphere. Monthly, 5° top of the atmosphere outgoing longwave and shortwave flux estimates agree with corresponding observations from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) to within 7 W m−2 and 3%, respectively, suggesting that the resulting products can be thought of as extending the eight-month CERES dataset to cover the full lifetime of TRMM.
The analysis of a decade of TRMM data provides a baseline climatology of the vertical structure of atmospheric radiative heating in today’s climate and an estimate of the magnitude of its response to environmental forcings on weekly to interannual time scales. In addition to illustrating the scope and properties of the dataset, the results highlight the strong influence of clouds, water vapor, and large-scale dynamics on regional radiation budgets and the vertical structure of radiative heating in the tropical and subtropical atmospheres. The combination of the radiative heating rate product described here, with profiles of latent heating that are now also being generated from TRMM sensors, provides a unique opportunity to develop large-scale estimates of vertically resolved atmospheric diabatic heating using satellite observations.
Why Does the North Brazil Current Regularly Shed Rings but the Brazil Current Does Not?
Authors: Zharkov Volodymyr , Nof Doron 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Both the North Brazil Current (NBC) and the Brazil Current (BC) are western boundary currents (WBCs) that separate from the western Atlantic coast. The NBC retroflects and sheds several rings per year (at the retroflection region), whereas the BC rarely sheds rings near its separation point. Traditionally, the difference between these two WBCs has been attributed to the Malvinas Current (MC), whose momentum flux opposes the poleward momentum flux of the BC, thus preventing rings shedding at the point where the current leaves the coast. Even in the absence of the MC, rings from the separating BC would have never been regularly generated because of the relatively large slant of the coastline relative to the zonal direction.
Using the recently proposed theory of Zharkov and Nof, it is demonstrated that the large inclination of the coastline between 20° and 45°S (approximately 50°) lies within the regime that does not allow the BC a continuous shedding of rings. In contrast, the inclination of the coastline between 5° and 8°N is sufficiently small to allow the NBC a continuous and smooth shedding of rings. The importance of the coastline inclination comes about through a ring β-induced westward propagation rate. In the small inclination case, the alongshore migration is fast, allowing the newly formed rings to quickly escape from their generation zone (i.e., before they are recaptured by the newly born rings generated behind).
In contrast, in the high inclination case, the alongshore speed is so small that the rings spend a long time in the generation area and, consequently, are usually recaptured by the new rings generated just behind them. The authors argue, paradoxically, that the rings occasionally shed by the BC are probably due to the MC that advects the rings away from the generation area, preventing their recapture by the current behind them. Although no new analytical solutions are presented, the authors elaborate on the application of the recapturing condition to the NBC and BC and show new numerical simulations for both the NBC and the BC.