bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A million africans a year dying from cancer by 2030: What can cancer research and control offer to the continent?
Authors: Sylla Bakary S. , Wild Christopher P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn Africa, there were an estimated 681,000 new cancer cases and 512,000 deaths in 2008. Projections to 2030 show a startling rise, with corresponding figures of 1.27 million cases and 0.97 million deaths resulting from population growth and aging alone. The figures make no assumptions about incidence rates which may increase due to the further introduction of tobacco and a more westernized lifestyle. The current situation in many parts of Africa with respect to health care systems suggests that improved cancer treatment would be an insufficient response to this increasing burden. Much could be achieved through cancer prevention by applying current knowledge about major risk factors and the natural history of the disease. For example, vaccination against hepatitis B virus and human papilloma viruses would prevent the occurrence of two of the most common cancers in Africa, liver and cervix, respectively, in the long‐term. Strong measures to prevent the widespread introduction of tobacco must be a priority. Early detection and treatment of cervical and breast cancers using approaches applicable now in Africa would provide immediate value, as would the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in respect to HIV‐associated malignancies. In parallel, further research is needed into the causes of cancer and the barriers to implementation of promising prevention strategies. Underpinning all is the need for African governments to look forward and prioritize cancer through national cancer control plans, to invest in public health infrastructure and to ensure the adequate training and support for people in cancer prevention and control. Given this core commitment from within Africa, international partners can provide complementary support in a cooperation that permits action now to mitigate the impending tragedy of cancer in the continent of Africa.
Novelties That Change Carrying Capacity
Authors: Erwin Douglas H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractComparative developmental studies have revealed a rich array of details about the patterns and processes of morphological change in animals and increasingly in plants. But, applying these insights to the study of major episodes of evolutionary innovation requires understanding how these novel morphologies become established and sufficiently abundant (either as individuals within a species or as a clade of species) to be preserved in the fossil record, and, in many cases, to influence ecological processes. Evolutionary novelties may: (1) disappear without changing the species; (2) be associated with the generation (through selection or drift) of a new species; and if the latter (3) may or may not become ecologically significant. Only the latter are commonly preserved in the fossil record. These alternatives mirror the distinction among historians of technology between innovation and invention. Here, I argue that specific sorts of evolutionary inventions drive ecological transformation, essentially constructing an environment for themselves and ancillary organisms through ecological spillover effects, increasing the “carrying capacity” of an ecosystem. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 318B:460–465, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new conjugated addition of trialkyl phosphites and alkylidenephosphoranes to 3‐ω‐azideoacetyl coumarin synthesis of some 1,2,3,4‐triazaphospholes, triazoles, and azido‐coumarin derivatives
Authors: Sediek Ashraf A. , Shaddy Abeer A. , Abdou Wafaa M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA new and efficient conjugate addition of trimethyl and triethyl phosphites to 3‐ω‐azidoacetylcoumarin (1) has been studied. The reaction proceeded smoothly at r.t. furnishing 1,2,3,4‐triazaphosphole coumarin derivatives 4a, 4b in ∼75% yields. Linear substituted triazoles 10b, 11a were also obtained from the reactions of 1 with α‐keto ylides, acetyl‐ and benzoylmethylene triphenylphosphoranes. Contrary to these results, Wittig reaction was occurred when 1 was allowed to react with α‐alkoxycarbonylmethylene‐ and cyanomethylenetriphenylphosphoranes 7c, 7d, 7e as well as with methylidene‐ and benzylidenetriphenylphosphoranes 8b, 10a resulting in the formation of the corresponding olefins either as an intermediate 14b or as final products 11b, 11c, 12a. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Sexual orientation harassment in the workplace: When do observers intervene?
Authors: Ryan Ann Marie , Wessel Jennifer Leah 
Published: July 2011

SummaryLittle is known about when and why observers of harassment incidents choose to intervene. On the basis of a model of observer intervention by Bowes‐Sperry and O'Leary‐Kelly (2005), we examined situational (directness of harassment, relationship to target, knowledge of target orientation, recurrence beliefs) variables as potential predictors of observer decisions to intervene when witnessing sexual orientation harassment. We also examined how costs and benefits analysis and recurrence beliefs relate to the level and immediacy of involvement. Relationship to the target, directness of the harassment, recurrence beliefs, knowledge of target orientation, and costs evidenced some connections to the nature of intervention. We discussed implications for organizations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth potential of different zones of the growth plate—an experimental study in rabbits
Authors: Hajdu Stefan , Schwendenwein Elisabeth , Kaltenecker Gerhard , László Ilonka , Lang Susanna , Vécsei Vilmos , Sarahrudi Kambiz 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDespite clinical efforts to treat growth disturbances only little is known about the growth potential of the different zones of the growth plate. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth potential of different zones of the growth plate. A total of 20 New Zealand White rabbits were used for this experiment. The right and left ulna of each animal were used resulting in a total of 40 ulnae. Animals were assigned into five groups. In groups I and II resection of the metaphyseal (n = 12) or the epiphyseal (n = 6) segment of the growth plate was performed. In group III resection of the growth plate and re‐implantation was performed (n = 6). In group IV the growth plate was resected and re‐implanted after a 180° rotation (n = 6). Animals in group V served as controls. Histologic and radiologic examinations were performed to evaluate the growth process at 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks following surgery. In group I, III, and IV temporary growth disturbance which was compensated within a short time was observed. Resection of the epiphyseal part resulted in growth arrest of the distal ulna in combination with normal growth of the radius which led to and valgus deformity of the limb. The results of this study indicate the importance of the reserve zone for the functioning of the growth plate. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:162–168, 2012
Effectiveness of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil and grape seed extract impregnated chitosan film on ready‐to‐eat mortadella‐type sausages during refrigerated storage
Authors: Moradi Mehran , Tajik Hossein , Razavi Rohani Seyed Mehdi , Oromiehie Abdul Rasoul 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The effectiveness of chitosan films containing Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (ZEO) (5 and 10 g kg−1) and grape seed extract (GSE) (10 g kg−1) on lipid oxidation and microbial (lactic acid bacteria, aerobic mesophiles and inoculated Listeria monocytogenes) characteristics of mortadella sausage at 4 °C for 21 days was evaluated. The release of total phenolics (TPs) into sausage was also assessed.RESULTS: All films exhibited antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes on agar culture media. Chitosan films containing ZEO were the most effective on the growth of bacteria. The growth of L. monocytogenes was significantly inhibited by ZEO‐GSE containing films especially during storage of the sausages for 6 days. Aerobic mesophiles and lactic acid bacteria were the most sensitive and resistant groups to films by 0.1–1.1 and 0.1–0.7 log cycles reduction, respectively. Sausages wrapped by 10 g kg−1 GSE + 10 g kg−1 ZEO films had the lowest degrees of lipid oxidation, which was 23% lower than the control. The TPs of ZEO films decreased to zero after 6 days, whereas TPs of GSE films followed a slight decrease during the storage.CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial/antioxidant chitosan film could be developed by incorporating GSE and ZEO for extending the shelf life of mortadella sausage. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of fertilisation regimes on a nosZ‐containing denitrifying community in a rice paddy soil
Authors: Chen Zhe , Hou Haijun , Zheng Yan , Qin Hongling , Zhu Yijun , Wu Jinshui , Wei Wenxue 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Denitrification is a microbial process that has received considerable attention during the past decade since it can result in losses of added nitrogen fertilisers from agricultural soils. Paddy soil has been known to have strong denitrifying activity, but the denitrifying microorganisms responsible for fertilisers in paddy soil are not well known. The objective of this study was to explore the impacts of 17‐year application of inorganic and organic fertiliser (rice straw) on the abundance and composition of a nosZ‐denitrifier community in paddy soil. Soil samples were collected from CK plots (no fertiliser), N (nitrogen fertiliser), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilisers) and NPK + OM (NPK plus organic matter). The nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ) community composition was analysed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, and the abundance was determined by quantitative PCR.RESULTS: Both the largest abundance of nosZ‐denitrifier and the highest potential denitrifying activity (PDA) occurred in the NPK + OM treatment with about four times higher than that in the CK and two times higher than that in the N and NPK treatments (no significant difference). Denitrifying community composition differed significantly among fertilisation treatments except for the comparison between CK and N treatments. Of the measured abiotic factors, total organic carbon was significantly correlated with the observed differences in community composition and abundance (P < 0.01 by Monte Carlo permutation).CONCLUSION: This study shows that the addition of different fertilisers affects the size and composition of the nosZ‐denitrifier community in paddy soil. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
High‐sensitivity capillary and microchip electrophoresis using electrokinetic supercharging
Authors: Dawod Mohamed , Chung Doo Soo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractElectrokinetic supercharging (EKS) is considered as one of the most powerful online preconcentration techniques in electrophoresis. It combines the efficient preconcentration power of field‐amplified sample injection and the exceptional selective nature of transient isotachophoresis. It has a wide range of applications to different types of analytes ranging from small ions to large proteins and DNA fragments. This comprehensive review — up to date — provides listing for all the works, developments, and advances in EKS. The review will pay particular attention to innovations, new methodologies for manipulation, challenges for improving the detection sensitivity, and various applications of EKS in capillaries and microchips.
Grizzly bear selection of avalanche chutes: Testing the effectiveness of forest buffer retention
Authors: Serrouya Robert , Mclellan Bruce N. , Pavan Gary D. , Apps Clayton D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn mountainous areas with sufficient snowfall, avalanche chutes are an important component of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) habitat. Therefore, regional land‐use plans have recommended retaining adjacent forest buffers to maintain security and thus reduce potential impacts of clearcut forest harvesting. Our objective was to determine if forest buffers affected selection of avalanche chutes by grizzly bears, while accounting for factors such as vegetation composition and other physical attributes. We used radio‐location data from 61 grizzly bears collected between 1994 and 2000 in southern British Columbia, mapped a sample of avalanche chutes (1,045), and quantified the amount of forb, shrub, tree, and non‐vegetated cover within each chute. We also measured forested buffer width on each side of the chute, solar radiation, chute size, chute frequency (no. of chutes/km), and the area of clearcut logging adjacent to chutes. Each avalanche chute was the sample unit and the number of grizzly bear radiolocations was the dependent variable. We found that natural biophysical attributes were the strongest factors predicting the level of avalanche chute use by bears. Frequency of large chutes (>100 m wide), chute area, forb content, and solar radiation all positively affected use by bears. Larger avalanche chutes had a higher proportion of forb cover than smaller chutes, and more of these large chutes per unit area provided increased forage opportunities. Based on multivariate analyses, forested buffer width or the amount of clearcut logging were not strong factors predicting the level of use. However, a post hoc univariate analysis revealed that clearcut logging reduced the amount of bear use of the best avalanche chutes (large and abundant chutes). Furthermore, because a portion of our study area contained logging but no vehicle traffic, we concluded that it was the removal of tree cover, rather than displacement by vehicles, that caused the observed pattern. Although our multivariate models did not perform well using independent validation in a different geographic area, 4 factors were consistently important (large and abundant chutes, forb content, with a negative but weaker influence of clearcutting), suggesting broad applicability of these factors in mountainous ecosystems. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Cell‐free fetal DNA testing: a pilot study of obstetric healthcare provider attitudes toward clinical implementation
Authors: Sayres Lauren C. , Allyse Megan , Norton Mary E. , Cho Mildred K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a preliminary assessment of obstetric healthcare provider opinions surrounding implementation of cell‐free fetal DNA testing.MethodsA 37‐question pilot survey was used to address questions around the translation and use of non‐invasive prenatal testing using cell‐free fetal DNA. The survey was distributed and collected at a Continuing Medical Education course on obstetrics and gynecology.ResultsOf 62 survey respondents, 73% were female and 87% held MD/DO degrees. Respondents generally agreed that patients want prenatal diagnostic information to help make decisions about a pregnancy and that cell‐free fetal DNA testing would encourage the testing of more patients for more conditions. However, there was an overall lack of knowledge or conviction about using this technology. Genetic counseling and professional society approval were deemed important to implementation, whereas the possibility of direct‐to‐consumer testing and government regulation produced mixed responses. Respondents indicated that they would be more likely to offer cell‐free fetal DNA testing for chromosomal abnormalities and single‐gene disorders, but would be cautious with respect to determination of sex and behavioral or late‐onset conditions.ConclusionPreliminary assessment indicates uncertainty among obstetric providers about the details of implementing cell‐free fetal DNA testing and suggests expanded research on perspectives of this stakeholder group. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodological challenges in the coding and adjudication of sudden deaths in a large simple trial with observational follow‐up: the ziprasidone observational study of cardiac outcomes (ZODIAC)
Authors: Geier Jamie L. , Karayal Onur N. , Lewis Michael , Camm John A. , Keane Martin , Kremer Charlotte ME. , Kolluri Sheela , Reynolds Robert , Eng Sybil , Strom Brian L. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeThe Ziprasidone Observational study of car DIAC Outcomes (ZODIAC), a large simple trial comparing ziprasidone versus olanzapine in real‐world use, showed no difference in risk of sudden death. Upon the request of the US Food and Drug Administration, 205 fatal events were readjudicated applying ICD‐10 coding rules for sudden death.MethodsA readjudication committee coded three domains (witness to death, time of symptom onset to death, and most likely cause of death) for use within algorithms consistent with ICD‐10 rules. Relative risks (RR) and corresponding 95%CI were calculated for persons randomized to ziprasidone versus olanzapine, comparing 1‐year incidence of sudden death, using multiple definitions.ResultsData on symptom onset to death and diagnosis of specific cardiac arrhythmias required by the ICD‐10 rules were often lacking. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the impact of cases suggestive of cardiac origin but missing data required by ICD‐10 sudden death codes. Overall, the readjudicated data matched the study's initial findings, with no significant difference in 1‐year mortality between ziprasidone and olanzapine for sudden death not otherwise specified and sudden cardiac death (R96.0 or R96.1 or I46.1; RR = 1.11, 95%CI 0.45– 2.77).ConclusionsAfter outcome readjudication, ZODIAC found no difference in the risk of sudden death among those randomized to ziprasidone versus olanzapine. However, unlike hospital‐based studies, fatal events in general population studies often occur outside hospital and often lack the clinical detail needed for the exact determination of symptom onset and event. Epidemiological evaluations of sudden death need to consider the limitations of the available data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is less more? Patients' preferences for drug information leaflets
Authors: Schwappach David L.B. , Mülders Verena , Simic Dusan , Wilm Stefan , Thürmann Petra A. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTPurposePresent package information leaflets do not fulfil the needs of many patients. The objective of this study was to investigate patients' preferences towards content and presentation of drug information leaflets using prepared medication brochures in a discrete choice experiment.Methods6 binary attributes relating to content and presentation of drug information were used to define and design alternative leaflets. Choice sets between alternative leaflets were created based on an orthogonal design. 1,000 participants aged at least 50 years were presented 8 choice sets of drug information leaflets in a personal interview. The reliability of choices was assessed with a duplicate of one original choice. Regression analysis was used to model the impact of attributes on choices and interactions with responders' age and education.ResultsParticipants slightly preferred colored over black‐white leaflets, no visual presentation of side effects by the use of smilies, the provision of a brief summary, and general health tips, but no information on what‐to‐do in case of side‐effects. All attributes except the " extent of side‐effects presented" significantly affected participants' choices. Older and less educated participants preferred less information. Of the repeated (duplicate) choices, 84% were replicates of the original choice. Interrater agreement was moderate (K = 0.67, CI 0.6 ‐ 0.7). 235 subjects (23.5%) followed an optimization strategy and did not trade attributes, i.e., exhibited dominant preferences.ConclusionsIn general, participants preferred condensed, plain information in a clear and moderately colored design, but preferences towards drug information are affected by age and level of education. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polypharmacy of potentially addictive medication in the older persons—quantifying usage
Authors: Ineke Neutel C. , Skurtveit Svetlana , Berg Christian 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeThe use of restricted medications, for example, opioids, benzodiazepines (BZD), and z‐hypnotics, in the older persons continues to increase. Little is known about usage practices or about the extent of polypharmacy within this group. The objectives of this study were (i) to describe polypharmacy and (ii) to develop a medication usage index (MUI) to quantify usage patterns.MethodsData for 2008 were obtained from the Norwegian Prescription Database containing all prescriptions filled in Norwegian pharmacies. The study population included people aged 70–89 years who filled prescriptions for weak opioids, strong opioids, anxiolytic BZD, hypnotic BZD, and/or z‐hypnotics. A MUI was developed based on Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes, defined daily doses, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical subgroups, and number of prescribers.ResultsForty‐two percent of elderly Norwegians filled at least one prescription in one of the medication subgroups in 2008. MUI Level 1 (least) usage was shown by 56.6% of users (23.8% of the general population), Level 2 by 29.7% (12.5%), Level 3 by 11.3% (4.8%), and Level 4 (most) by 2.4% (1.0%). People using strong opioids were the most likely to use other restricted medications. In addition, female participants had a higher MUI than did male participants, and older users higher than younger users. Cancer or palliative care patients attained twice the MUI points than did the others.ConclusionsPolypharmacy was found to be common within these restricted drug categories for the older persons. MUI provides a convenient approach to summarizing drug usage and will be useful in detecting trends and regional differences and determining the impact of interventions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Amorphous Boron Granulated With Hydroxyl‐ Terminated Polybutadiene in Fuel‐Rich Solid Propellant
Authors: Pang Weiqiang , Fan Xuezhong , Zhang Wei , Xu Huixiang , Li Jizhen , Li Yonghong , Shi Xiaobing , Li Yang 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAmorphous boron powder granulated with HTPB, whose particle diameter could be controlled, was prepared by mechanical mill method. It was found that amorphous boron powder could be granulated with HTPB binder to form B‐HTPB particles, whose median particle diameter (d50) and specific surface area are in the range of 125.0–431.0 µm and 0.02–0.1 m2 g−1, respectively. The B‐HTPB particles could be dispersed in the HTPB binder with relatively low viscosity compared with direct addition of amorphous boron powder to the HTPB binder. The experimental results showed that the content of boron particles in a fuel‐rich propellant could be increased by addition of B‐HTPB particles and the combustion characteristics of the fuel‐rich solid propellant could be improved.
Investigation on the Thermal Expansion and Theoretical Density of 1,3,5‐Trinitro‐1,3,5‐Triazacyclohexane
Authors: Sun Jie , Shu Xiaoyan , Liu Yu , Zhang Haobin , Liu Xiaofeng , Jiang Yan , Kang Bin , Xue Chao , Song Gongbao 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe CTE and the theoretical density are important properties for energetic materials. To obtain the CTE and the theoretical density of 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (RDX), XRD, and Rietveld refinement are employed to estimate the dimensional changes, within the temperature range from 30 to 170 °C. The CTE of a, b, c axis and volume are obtained as 3.07×10−5 K−1, 8.28×10−5 K−1, 9.19×10−5 K−1, and 20.7×10−5 K−1, respectively. Calculated from the refined cell parameters, the theoretical density at the given temperature can be obtained. The theoretical density at 20 °C (1.7994 g cm−3) is in close match with the RDX single‐crystal density (1.7990 g cm−3) measured by density gradient method. It is suggested that the CTE measured by XRD could perfectly meet with the thermal expansion of RDX.