bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Numerical Study of Sea-Breeze-Driven Ocean Poincare Wave Propagation and Mixing near the Critical Latitude
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqian , Smith David C. , DiMarco Steven F. , Hetland Robert D. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Near the vicinity of 30° latitude, the coincidence of the period of sea breeze and the inertial period of the ocean leads to a maximum near-inertial ocean response to sea breeze. This produces a propagating inertial internal (Poincare) wave response that transfers energy laterally away from the coast and provides significant vertical mixing. In this paper, the latitudinal dependence of this wave propagation and its associated vertical mixing are investigated primarily using a nonlinear numerical ocean model. Three-dimensional idealized simulations show that the coastal oceanic response to sea breeze is trapped poleward of 30° latitude; however, it can propagate offshore as Poincare waves equatorward of 30° latitude. Near 30° latitude, the maximum oceanic response to sea breeze moves offshore slowly because of the near-zero group speed of Poincare waves at this latitude. The lateral energy flux convergence plus the energy input from the wind is maximum near the critical latitude, leading to increased local dissipation by vertical mixing. This local dissipation is greatly reduced at other latitudes. The implications of these results for the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) at ∼30°N is considered. Simulations with realistic bathymetry of the GOM confirm that a basinwide ocean response to coastal sea-breeze forcing is established in form of Poincare waves. Enhanced vertical mixing by the sea breeze is shown on the model northern shelf, consistent with observations on the Texas–Louisiana shelf. Comparison of the three-dimensional and one-dimensional models shows some significant limitations of one-dimensional simplified models for sea-breeze simulations near the critical latitude.
Changes in the Sociocultural Reality of Chinese Immigrants: Challenges and Opportunities in Help-Seeking Behaviour
Authors: Chung Irene 
Published: August 2009

Introduction: This paper uses fi ndings from a larger study to present a nuanced depiction of the interplay of informal and formal help-seeking processes of a sample of Chinese immigrants in their mental healthcare in New York City. Method: Thirty one participants who were receiving mental health treatment were interviewed with regard to their experiences preceding their suicide attempt. Their narratives were coded for thematic analysis. Findings: Acculturation difficulties, inaccessibility to services and stigma associated with mental illness were major obstacles in the participants’ help-seeking process, which was consistent with other studies of immigrants of ethnic minority groups in the USA. In addition, the findings showed how changes in this sample of Chinese immigrants’ socio-cultural reality disrupted familiar help-seeking pathways, and perpetuated and amplified the aforementioned stressors. Issues of human connection, immigrants’ resiliency and missed opportunities were also identified as potential resources to modify cultural stigmas and help-seeking behaviour. Conclusion: There are varied socio-cultural factors that need to be considered in mental health outreach services in immigrant communities.
Tattooing and Body Piercing - What Motivates You To Do It?
Authors: Antoszewski Bogusław , Sitek Aneta , Fijałkowska Marta , Kasielska Anna , Kruk-Jeromin Julia 
Published: August 2009

Background: Body ornamentation is becoming more and more popular, especially among young people. Aims: To establish the sociodemographic characteristics of people with tattoos or body piercing and to analyze the motivations for body ornamentation. Methods: The questionnaire studies were undertaken in Lodz — one of the largest cities in Poland. The data was collected from a group of 968 people, 476 of whom had a piercing and 492 a permanent tattoo. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that in the group of people with a tattoo, 36.8% were female and 63.2% were male. Contrary proportions were noted among people with a piercing: 78.8% female and 21.2% male. Conclusions: Body piercing is significantly more popular among women while tattooing is more popular in men. Among adolescents, body piercing is performed considerably earlier than tattooing. The main reasons for body ornamenting in the Polish population are the desire to enhance one’s individuality and the need to increase sexual attractiveness.
Perceptions of Illness in Self and in Others Among Patients With Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Mathew Anandit J. , Samuel Beulah , Jacob K.S. 
Published: August 2009

Aim: The study aimed to examine the perceptions of illness in self and among others in patients with bipolar disorder in remission. The effect of a structured educational programme on the perceptions of illness was also tested. Method: We examined the perceptions of illness in self and in others (using a vignette) among patients with bipolar disorder in remission attending the Department of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. We also examined the effect of a structured educational programme on explanatory models in a randomized controlled trial. Explanatory models were assessed using the Tamil version of the Short Explanatory Model Interview. Results: Eighty two subjects were recruited for the trial; half of them received structured education while the other half received treatment as usual. There was agreement between perceptions related to the individual’s own illness and their opinion of illness in others as assessed using a vignette at baseline and at follow-up. There were no significant differences in explanatory models between patients who received education and those who did not. Conclusions: The results of this study show that during periods of remission, patients can clearly see the relationship between their own illness and that described in others, suggesting that insight is state dependent and may be related to psychopathology with good recovery of insight during periods of remission. These findings also argue for the fact that the current multi-dimensional models of insight which focus on biomedical explanations and treatments are not culturally sensitive. The assessment of insight demands universal conventions with comparison to the local cultural standards rather than universal defi nitions and yardsticks which employ Western and biomedical perspectives.
Applying "Intelligent" Materials to Materials Education
Authors: Scheer R. J. , Andrade J. D. 
Published: August 2009

A very large number of science and engineering courses taught in colleges and universities today do not involve laboratories. Although good instructors incorporate class demonstrations, hands-on homework, and various teaching aids, including computer simulations, the fact is that students in such courses often accept key concepts and experimental results without discovering them for themselves. The only partial solution to this problem has been increasing use of class demonstrations and computer simulations. We feel strongly that many complex concepts can be observed and assimilated through experimentation with properly designed materials. We propose the development of materials and specimens designed specifically for education purposes. "Intelligent" and "communicative" materials are ideal for this purpose. Specimens which respond in an observable fashion to new environments and situations provided by the student/experimenter provide a far more effective materials science and engineering experience than readouts and data generated by complex and expensive machines, particularly in an introductory course. Modern materials can be designed to literally communicate with the observer. Although some such materials can be obtained from commercial and research sources and are suitable for experiencing and learning certain materials phenomena and behavior, there has been no concerted effort to develop materials specifically for education application. We are embarked on a project to develop a series of explorations we call the Labless Labs® utilizing various degrees and levels of intelligence in materials. It is expected that such Labless Labs® would be complementary to textbooks and computer simulations and would be used to provide a reality for students in courses and other learning situations where access to a laboratory is non-existent or limited. Our initial project will center around a Lables Lab® for Polymer Science.
On the Interaction of Two Piezoelectric Fibers Embedded in an Intelligent Material
Authors: Honein T. , Honein B. V. , Honein E. , Herrmann G. 
Published: August 2009

In this paper we are concerned with the problem of two circular piezoelectric fibers of different radii and distinct material properties, perfectly bonded to a host intelligent material, of infinite extent. The matrix material may be piezoelectric or nonpiezoelectric but, together with the fibers' materials, it possesses the symmetry of a hexagonal crystal in the 6 mm class. The system is subjected to electromechanical loadings (singularities) which produce out-of-plane displacement and in-plane electric fields, but are otherwise arbitrary. Within the framework of the procedure of heterogenization, recently developed by the authors, the solution is sought as a transformation applied to the solution of the corresponding homogeneous problem (i.e., the problem of the host material occupying the full space and subjected to the same sources). The solution is formulated in a manner which leads to some exact results. Universal formulae are derived for the electromechanical field at the point of contact of two piezoelectric fibers. Some quantities which are invariant under the transformation, i.e., quantities which take the same values in the heterogeneous as in the corresponding homogeneous problems, are also discovered. The ramifications of this discovery are investigated. Moreover, the asymptotic behavior of the electromechanical field at the closest points of two plated circular holes or rigid conductors, approaching each other in an intelligent matrix material is also studied and given by universal formulae, i.e., formulae which are independent of the electromechanical sources. The interaction of the fibers with host-material microdefects, such as dislocations, electric line charges and microvoids, is scrutinized. The possibility of manipulating the electrical potential to reduce the high stress level is also discussed.
Active Mechanical Components as a Step towards Adaptive Structures in Space
Authors: Charon Willy , Baier Horst 
Published: August 2009

Space missions require higher and higher performance such as high pointing accuracy and stability, and high shape precision. As a consequence the damping of in orbit vibraxtions induced, e.g., by the spacecraft manoeuvres on satellite appendages is mandatory. Passive damping becomes insufficient. More and more active technologies have to be considered. However project responsibles somewhat distrust these active technologies because of the technological risks which are still involved. This is the purpose of this paper to address the need for developing active mechanical components as a necessary step towards adaptive structures in space. The role of active interfaces is addressed in connection with typical applications will be particularly outlined. Two examples implementing an active interface are then more detailed: • damping augmentation of solar arrays • increasing the pointing stability of an inter satellite communication terminal The improvement of the static and dynamics behaviour of large reflectors is addressed in order to show the technological risk that requires intermediate development steps.
Determination of Design of Optimal Actuator Location and Configuration Based on Actuator Power Factor
Authors: Liang C. , Sun F. P. , Rogers C. A. 
Published: August 2009

In this paper, a new design algorithm is proposed for optimization of the inducedstrain actuator location and configuration for active vibration control based on an actuator performance index, namely the actuator power factor. The concept of actuator power factor, developed recently by the authors, describes the capability of an integrated induced strain actuator, such as PZT or Terfenol, to transfer the supplied electrical energy into structural mechanical energy (kinetic or potential energy of the mechanical system). A system optimized based on the actuator power factor will guarantee the highest energy efficiency for single frequency and broad-band applications. This paper will also show that a higher energy efficiency corresponds to higher mechnical performance. The approach introduced in this paper is much more convenient to use than the conventional modal domain optimization approach. Furthermore, since the power factor approach can include the electrical parameters from the power system, it will allow a system optimization design including the power electronics and energy consumption. The basic concept of the actuator power factor will be introduced first in this paper. Its utility in the system optimization will be discussed using a PZT actuator-driven simply-supported beam. The optimization of actuator location, length, and thickness will be discussed through numerical examples. This paper will also discuss how to use the actuator energy density and actuator power factor to estimate the dynamic response of a system.
Efficient Integration of the Time Varying Closed-Loop Optimal Control Problem
Authors: Smith H. Allison , Chase J. Geoffrey , Wu Wen-Hwa 
Published: August 2009

Much of the research done in recent years towards the development of the smart or adaptive structure focuses on the application of active control to alleviate undesirable structural responses. However, classical optimal control algorithms are not directly applicable to most structural engineering applications because the control gains, obtained by solving the matrix differential Riccati equation (DRE), neglect the effects of the external forcing function and assume a time invariant system (which allows the DRE to be reduced to an algebraic Riccati equation). Due to these simplifications, the control algorithm loses its optimality and consequently may induce significant control inefficiency. In this study, a matrix-valued integration procedure is formulated for and applied to the differential Riccati equation with time variant plant and weighting matrices. The ability to effectively integrate the time variant differential Riccati equation allows the control algorithm to adapt to changing structural parameters. Examples are presented which apply this new procedure to solve the control equations associated with a five story, tendon-controlled shear building with time variant stiffness and damping matrices.
Experimental Investigations on Tension and Compression Properties of an Electro-Rheological Material
Authors: Haiqing Gong , King Lim Mong 
Published: August 2009

This work is concerned with experimental investigation on properties of an electrorheological fluid subjected to static and dynamic tensile and compression loading. The electric voltage is kept constant during the tests and the initial electric field strength ranging from 0.5-5 kV/mm is generated to observe its influence on the stress-strain curves in compression and tension. Glass fibre is also added to investigate its effect on strength of the ER fluid. In addition, strain rates of 0.5 mm/min and 1 mm/min are imposed to investigate behaviors of ER fluid under the dynamic tensile loading condition. Experimental results from this work reveal that the yield strength in tension and peak stress level in compression are an order of magnitude higher than those in shear. The results also show that the yield stress and Young's modulus of the ER fluid in the absence of the fiber increase with electric field strength in the tensile test with a dynamic load. Beyond the yield point in a tensile test with the fiber, the stress is maintained at a significantly high level over a large range of strain, which indicates a high toughness of the ER fluid in tension. Addition of the fiber content also helps to increase significantly the yield stress and tensile strength. In addition, with addition of the fiber to the ER fluid, the Young's modulus becomes insensitive to electric field.
Powder Particle Manipulation and Assemblage Using Microprobe
Authors: Egashira Mitsuru , Konno Takeshi , Shinya Norio 
Published: August 2009

Powder particle manipulation and welding techniques using a microprobe have been developed for use of microassembling. These techniques were applied to fabrication of microstructures by assembling powder particles. For the microprobe, a needle with a tip of 2 Am in diameter was prepared. Au and Ni alloy powder particles of about 60-100 Jim diameter were used for the manipulation and welding experiments. The experiments showed that Au powder particles can be easily picked up, moved to a predetermined point and deposited at the point by controlling the voltage between the W microprobe and the substrate. Furthermore, the powder particle can be welded into the substrate or other powder particles on the substrate by glow discharge between the tip of the probe and the substrate. By utilization of the powder particle manipulation and welding, microstructures composed of Au and Ni alloy powder particles were fabricated. It was demonstrated that the microprobe technique is very useful for the fabrication of micromachines and microdevices. Also, the technique is thought to be useful for the creation of intelligent materials.
Control of Temperature Distribution at Cylinder Surface by Magnetic Fluid
Authors: Krakov Mikhail S. , Kamiyama Shinichi 
Published: August 2009

The present study deals with the influence of a magnetic fluid coating, held onto a circular cylinder surface by a magnetic field, on the temperature distribution at the surface of a cylinder heated by a constant heat flux. The temperature distribution over the cylinder surface in the fluid is determined by the heating power of the cylinder and the incoming flow structure. The flow structure near the cylinder can be changed by applying a magnetic fluid coating over its surface and by holding it with a magnetic field. In this case, heat from its surface to the external flow is removed by two modes. First, the heat is transferred to the external flow due to heat conduction of the magnetic fluid. Second, the heated layers of the magnetic fluid are entrained due to circulation and give up their heat to the external flow at the interface. Thus, there are two mechanisms of removing the heat inside the magnetic-fluid coating: conductive and convective. The balance of these two mechanisms is determined by the circulation intensity inside the coating and by the value of magnetic fluid thermal conductivity. A steady laminar flow of viscous fluid past a circular cylinder with magnetic fluid kept on its sur-face under a magnetic field is investigated numerically by finite-element method. A grid of 5751 nodes is used. The cases of Reynolds number Re = 10, 30, 100 are considered. The role of heat conduction ratio is determined for the meanings A = 0.1, 1, 10. The great influence of magnetic fluid coating on surface temperature distribution is discovered in the paper. The distribution can be profitably varied by the magnetic fluid properties and flow velocity: it can be nonmonotonic, and the temperature of a solid can increase in the direction opposite to the direction of fluid flow.
Recent Research on Intelligent Materials
Authors: Takagi Toshinori 
Published: August 2009

Intelligent materials are the materials possessing functions in themselves such as the sensing function which detects the environmental change or their inner anomaly, the processor function which can judge the situation to lead the conclusion, and the actuating function which activates the materials within themselves to take action or give instruction. The structural and functional materials simply utilize the native properties and functions of their own. On the other hand, the intelligent materials are based on a new concept where the information science will be united with their own properties and functions. The intelligent materials are very important and useful in many fields and the interdisciplinary fields such as the medicine, pharmacy, bioengineering, polymer, metallurgy, semiconductor, ceramics, electronics, and machinery. It is also an extremely important material in human engineering, safety engineering, environmental research, and for study of the resources. In this report, the category of the intelligent material and the recent activities of research on the intelligent materials are discussed.
Experimental Evaluation of Segmented Active Constrained Layer Damping Treatments
Authors: Kapadia Rajiv K. , Kawiecki Grzegorz 
Published: August 2009

The objective of this research is to demonstrate the effect of Active Constrained Layer segmentation on the enhancement of low frequency vibrations damping in flexible beams. The Active Constrained Layer Damping treatment, under consideration, consists of a viscoelastic layer sandwiched between two piezoelectric layers. The shear deformation of the viscoelastic layer causes loss of energy and thus the damping of vibration. This paper focuses on the effects of constraining layer segmentation. Experimental results obtained for slender beams partially treated with segmented and unsegmented Active Constrained Layer Damping treatments are presented. Tested specimens have low natural frequencies typical. e.g., for long span floors, moment frames, or flexible robotic manipulator arms. The performance of segmented and unsegmented treatments, as well as active and passive treatments are compared. The presented results demonstrate that significant improvement in Active Constrained Layer Damping treatment performance can be achieved by an appropriate segmentation of the constraining layer.