bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flocculation, Retention and Drainage in Papermaking: A Comparative Study of Polymeric Additives
Authors: Cadotte Myriam , Tellier Marie‐Eve , Blanco Angeles , Fuente Elena , van de Ven Theo G. M. , Paris Jean 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFibre and filler flocculation, filler retention and drainage, induced by several polymeric retention aids, were compared in laboratory experiments on mixtures of kraft fibres and two calcium carbonate fillers. Some experiments were also performed on thermomechanical pulp and de‐inked pulp fibres. Flocculation was measured by a focused beam reflectance measurement probe. It was found that flocs induced by polyethylene‐oxide (PEO) and cofactor broke up with time and shear and could not be reformed subsequently. Floc strength was the highest for PEO and the weakest for polyethylenimine and polyaluminium chloride. When comparing filler retention under optimal flocculation conditions, we found similar filler retention for all retention aids. Salt did not affect drainage for cationic retention aids, but reduced the drainage rate for PEO. Drainage with PEO was considerably slower than for other retention aids.
Energy Efficiency of Two‐Phase Mixing in a Modified Bubble Column
Authors: Majumder Subrata Kumar , Kundu Gautam , Mukherjee Dibyendu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEnergy efficiency for gas liquid mixing in a modified downflow bubble column reactor has been analyzed in this paper. Efficiencies of the different parts of the bubble column have been assessed on the basis of energy dissipation. Prediction of the energy dissipation coefficient as well as energy utilization efficiency due to gas‐liquid mixing as a function of different physical, geometric and dynamic variables of the system has been done by correlation method. The distribution of energy utilization in the different zones of the column has also been analyzed. Experiments were carried out with air‐water and air‐aqueous solutions of carboxy methyl cellulose with different concentrations.
Using Dynamic Optimization Technique to Study the Operation of Batch Reactors
Authors: Sun Daim‐Yuang , Lin Pi‐Min , Lin Shu‐Ping 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHow to apply the global optimization technique, simulated annealing, and to explore the operation of batch reactors is addressed in this study. Based on the operating purposes and the imposed constraints, the batch reactor operations are first formulated as two optimal control problems: the maximal yield (or conversion) problem and the minimal operating time problem. The problems are then converted into non‐linear programming problems by the concept of control vector parameterization. The converted problems are solved by the algorithm derived from simulated annealing to determine the optimal operating policy and the performance index. These results are useful in assessing design and operation of batch reactors. In this article, the CSTR model is used to demonstrate the convenience and robustness of the proposed algorithm. Two typical reaction models are used to discuss the operations based on the optimal solutions.
On Measuring Closed‐Loop Non‐Linearity: A Topological Approach
Authors: Tan Guan Tien , Huzmezan Mihai , Kwok K. Ezra 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe focal point of this paper is to develop a measure of closed‐loop non‐linearity. In this work, the Vinnicombe metric and the Quasi‐Linear Parameter Varying representation of a non‐linear system are exploited for this purpose. It is expected that the proposed measure can serve as a decision making tool for control engineers when considering whether a linear or a non‐linear control strategy should be employed to close the loop for a non‐linear system operating in a prescribed range.
Non‐Uniform Distribution of Two‐Phase Flows through Parallel Identical Paths
Authors: Grace John R. , Cui Heping , Elnashaie Said Seh 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen a single‐phase fluid splits, passes through identical paths in parallel, and then recombines, the flow distributes itself uniformly among the multiple paths. However, when multi‐phase suspensions travel through identical parallel paths, the flow distribution can be significantly non‐uniform. Although the uniform distribution is a solution of the governing equations, this solution may be an unstable steady‐state solution between two or more stable solutions, or one of an array of possible steady‐state solutions. This multiplicity has arisen in practice for multiple vertical channels within fluidized beds, for cyclones in parallel, and for distributed feed suspension flows. Simple theories are employed to explain the principles involved for two cyclones and for a pair of risers in parallel.
Comparative Analysis of Single‐Cascade Five‐Zone and Two‐Zone SMB Systems for the Separation of a Ternary Amino Acid Mixture
Authors: Jo Se‐Hee , Kim Jeung Kun , Yoo Chang Geun , Kim Jin‐Il , Koo Yoon‐Mo , Mun Sunyong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA ternary separation usually requires the use of two simulated moving bed (SMB) units in series. Since an increase in the number of SMB units leads to a significant increase in capital and operational costs, the use of a single SMB unit is preferred if its structure can be modified to treat a ternary separation. Such a modified single SMB unit has been typified by a five‐zone SMB or a two‐zone SMB so far. The separation performances‐of a five‐zone SMB and a two‐zone SMB are compared in this paper by using the ternary amino acid mixture as a model system. A five‐zone SMB is designed with the safety margin method while a two‐zone SMB is optimized using genetic algorithm. A five‐zone SMB based on the maximum allowable safety margin, although it may not guarantee the global optimum solution, results in much better separation performance than a two‐zone SMB at its global optimum state.
Influence of spectrophotometer slits on tristimulus calculations
Authors: Stearns E. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe importance of the slit function is discussed in connection with the calculation of tristimulus values by the weighted‐ordinate method. The influence of slit‐function shape on wavelength calibration is shown. The influence of slit‐function range on photometric accuracy is discussed. It is shown how slit‐function range affects the choice of optimum radiance‐factor measurement interval and vice versa.
A CuIINiII Complex with Ethylenediamine: Crystal Structure and Ferromagnetic Behaviour of an Aqua‐Bridged Heterometallic Chain Containing Ambidentate Ni(OAc)42– Blocks
Authors: Nesterova Oksana V. , Petrusenko Svitlana R. , Nesterov Dmytro S. , Kokozay Vladimir N. , Skelton Brian W. , Jezierska Julia , Linert Wolfgang , Ozarowski Andrew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA one‐pot reaction of copper powder and nickel and ammonium acetates in a CH3OH solution of ethylenediamine (en) yields a unique 1D aqua‐bridged polymer [Cu(en)2(μ2‐H2O)2Ni(OAc)4]n·4nH2O (1) with an ambidentate Ni(OAc)42– fragment that has not been previously characterized. The basic structural motif of 1 contains a previously unreported heterometallic M(μ2‐H2O)M′ aqua‐bridge chain with alternating metal atoms. A complex system of N/O–H···O hydrogen bonds strengthens the polymeric chains and links them into a supramolecular three‐dimensional network. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements of 1 revealed a weak ferromagnetic coupling (J = 1.1 cm–1) between the paramagnetic copper(II) and nickel(II) ions, which is transmitted through the oxygen bridges.
Dual Luminescent Dinuclear Gold(I) Complexes of Terpyridyl‐Functionalized Alkyne Ligands and Their Efficient Sensitization of EuIII and YbIII Luminescence
Authors: Li Xiu‐Ling , Zhang Ke‐Juan , Li Juan‐Juan , Cheng Xin‐Xin , Chen Zhong‐Ning 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReaction of (tpyC6H4C≡CAu)n {tpyC6H4C≡CH = 4′‐(4‐ethynylphenyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine} with diphosphane ligands Ph2P(CH2)xPPh2 (x = 2 dppe, 3 dppp, 4 dppb, 5 dpppen, 6 dpph) in CH2Cl2 afforded the corresponding dual luminescent binuclear gold(I) complexes [(tpyC6H4C≡CAu)2(μ‐dppe)] (1), [(tpyC6H4C≡CAu)2(μ‐dppp)] (2), [(tpyC6H4C≡CAu)2(μ‐dppb)] (3), [(tpyC6H4C≡CAu)2(μ‐dpppen)] (4), [(tpyC6H4C≡CAu)2(μ‐dpph)] (5). Crystal structural analysis of complexes 1·2CH2Cl2 and 2·2CH2Cl2 show that the terpyridine moieties are free of coordination in these gold(I)‐acetylide‐phosphane complexes. Spectrophotometric titration between complex 1 and [Eu(tta)3] (Htta = 2‐thenoyltrifluoroacetone) or [Yb(hfac)3(H2O)2] (Hhfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone) gave a 2:1 ratio between Ln(β‐diketonate)3 (Ln = Eu, Yb) units and the complex 1 moiety, indicating the formation of Au2Ln2 complexes. Both the luminescence titrations and the luminescence quantum yields of Au2Ln2 (Ln = Eu, Yb) solutions show that the energy transfer occurs efficiently from the binuclear gold(I) antennas 1–5 to EuIII and YbIII centers, and all complexes 1–5 are good energy donors for sensitization of visible and NIR luminescence of EuIII and YbIII ions.
Zur Abgrenzung von Chamaecyparis SPACH und Cupressus L. (Cupressaceae) und die systematische Stellung von Cupressus nootkatensis D. DON [= Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. DON) SPACH]
Authors: Jagel A. , Stützel Th. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie Samenzapfen der Gattungen Chamaecyparis und Cupressus (Cupressaceae) werden morphologischen Untersuchungen zum Zeitpunkt der Blüte sowie morphogenetischen Untersuchungen unterzogen und Unterschiede zwischen den Gattungen herausgearbeitet. Zapfendiagramme von neun Arten werden gegeben. Chamaecyparis hat am distalen Zapfenende immer mindestens ein steriles Paar Zapfenschuppen und ein gut ausgebildetes Terminalstück. Zusammen mit den distalen, sterilen Zapfenschuppen nimmt dieses am Aufbau des reifen Zapfens teil. Die Samenanlagen stehen auf den Zapfenschuppen scheinbar in einer Reihe und werden von innen nach außen angelegt. Dem zuerst angelegten Paar von Samenanlagen können nach beiden Seiten weitere Paare von Samenanlagen folgen. Nur bei Ch. obtusa tritt häufiger eine einzelne mediane Samenanlage in der Ontogenese auf, welche später als die mittleren beiden Samenanlagen der Zapfenschuppen angelegt wird. In reifen Zapfen ist diese seltener zu finden. Dieser Sachverhalt führt zu der Hypothese, dass die Samenanlagen nicht in einer Reihe, sondern in ein bis vier Reihen, die jeweils nur zwei Samenanlagen tragen, stehen. Die mediane Samenanlage bei Ch. obtusa stellt die ausnahmsweise gebildete mediane Samenanlage der ersten Reihe in zentripetaler Anlegung dar, die dann drei Samenanlagen enthält. Die Bestäubungstropfen bei Chamaecyparis stehen einzeln und verlaufen nicht miteinander. Bei der Gattung Cupressus tritt am Zapfenende nirgends ein auffälliges Terminalstück auf. Am distalen Ende stehen entweder sterile oder fertile Zapfenschuppen. Letztere kommen bei allen Arten vor, bei einigen Arten (z. B. C. arizonica, C. duclouxiana, C. nootkatensis) sogar über‐.
Magmatic pulses in the emplacement of plutons
Authors: Harry W. T. , Richey J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDoubt is cast on the general assumption that individual plutonic units were each emplaced in one intrusive act. Lack of internal contacts does not prove this assumption. It is suggested that all plutonic units may well have been intruded as a series of magmatic pulses, a number of temporally distinct injections that succeeded each other in such a way that none could develop clearly intrusive contacts against its immediate predecessor. This mechanism would ease the difficulty of explaining how plutons made room for themselves.
PT‐diagram of the system SiO2‐H2O
Authors: Ostrovsky I. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe high‐temperature and medium‐pressure part of the PT‐diagram of the system SiO2‐H2O has been investigated experimentally. The equilibrium diagram is discussed in the light of Schreinemakers general theory of PT‐diagrams.The triple invariant point cristobalite + tridymite + quartz lies at 1190°C and 1430 atm. Neither cristobalite nor tridymite are stable at high pressure. Quartz may precipitate from the melt at a very high temperature (1360°C and higher), if the pressure is great enough, and if the water content is low.Using new experimental and published data a PT‐diagram of the system SiO2‐H2O in the large PT‐region is given.
Joints and other structures in the silurian rocks of the southern Shap Fells, Westmorland
Authors: Moseley F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Coniston Grits and Bannisdale Slates south of Shap are folded into the major Bannisdale Syncline, an asymmetrical fold with a longer northwest limb, a half wave length exceeding 5 miles, and numerous minor parasitic folds with half wave lengths ranging from 200 yds to 2 or 3 yds. These minor folds generally plunge from 5° to 10° to the northeast and occur in belts of tight folds which alternate with belts of steeply, uniformly dipping strata. It is notable that the axial planes of the folds are not parallel to the cleavage and in fact the trend of the former (005°) is about 5° oblique to the latter (060°). There are also complementary dextral and sinistral wrench faults and numerous sets of joints related both to the folds and the faults. The joints present distinctly different patterns on opposing limbs of the minor folds and it is suggested that they formed at different stages of the orogeny. The earliest phase, shortly after initiation of folding, is thought to have been “wrench type” joints, subsequently folded and succeeded by post folding dextral and sinistral “wrench” joints accompanied by Reidel shear and kink bands, and then finally by high and low angle tension joints at a late stage in the orogeny.
A geological interpretation of the aeromagnetic maps of the continental shelf around Orkney and Shetland
Authors: Flinn Derek 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution of eleven different patterns of magnetic anomalies over the maps is shown. The individual patterns overlying the land are correlated with the underlying geology, and on the basis of this correlation a geological interpretation of the sea areas of the aeromagnetic survey is proposed. The outcrops of crystalline rocks are largely confined to the present land areas, so that in most places the sea floor is composed of Devonian or younger rocks. The Newer Granites are classified into three types based on their magnetic properties. The Great Glen fault passes through Shetland where it causes a 65 km dextral displacement of the Devonian rocks and an unknown but possibly much larger displacement of the older rocks.
Trilobite tracks and other trace fossils from the Upper Cambrian of North Wales
Authors: Crimes T. P. , Herdman Jane 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTrace fossils are recorded from eight localities within Upper Cambrian (Ffestiniog Stage) strata in North Wales. Trilobite furrows (Cruziana), resting impressions (Rusophycus), walking and striding tracks (Diplichnites), sideways grazing tracks (Dimorphichnus) and swimming grazing marks (Monomorphichnus, gen. nov.) are described, largely on the basis of over 500 collected specimens, and are figured together with examples of other trace fossil genera includingRouaultia, PhycodesandMonocraterion.The trilobite traces are used to investigate the varied methods of locomotion of the animais. They also indicate the morphology of some of the trilobite hard and soft parts from which it is inferred that most of these traces were probably made by a population consisting of a small number of closely allied species of trilobites belonging to the Olenid family.
The structural geology of the North Roe area of Shetland
Authors: Pringle I. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe metamorphic rocks forming the area are divided into four groups separated by easterly dipping shear zones. The two western groups are orthogneisses and the eastern two are metasediments. The structures indicate movements from east to west with the most westerly group of gneisses having been a stable block during the movements. The metamorphic and structural events in the area are considered to be part of the Caledonian Orogeny. A Devonian granophyre is intruded into the metamorphic rocks. Small areas of Devonian type sediments occur overlying the metamorphic rocks.
A magnetic fabric study of Late Whitcliffian (U. Silurian) siltstones from the Welsh Borderland
Authors: Bailey R. J. , Rees A. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe uppermost Whitcliffian strata of the Welsh Borderlands record the final phase of marine sedimentation in the Silurian basin and shelf environments. They give way transitionally to the succeeding non‐marine Lower Old Red Sandstone. As a contribution to the understanding of the change from marine to continental facies, the magnetic fabric method was used to obtain palaeocurrent data for the uppermost Whitcliffian. The results confirm that the uppermost Whitcliffian palaeocurrent pattern is essentially “Silurian” in character and does not foreshadow the deltaic and littoral patterns of sediment distribution observed in the basal Old Red Sandstone.
Carboniferous Bryozoa from County Tyrone
Authors: Owen D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix species of Bryozoa, three new, of Upper Visean age are described from Tullaghoge, County Tyrone, Ireland. The assemblage suggests shallow water conditions subject to wave action. The new species areDyscritella tyronei, Stenophragmidium incrustans, andSulcoretepora? ramosa.
Slaty cleavage associated with sandstone dykes in the Harlech Dome, North Wales
Authors: Bates D. E. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSlaty cleavage in the Llanbedr Slates (Lower Cambrian, North Wales) is developed parallel to a number of sandstone and grit dykes, entrained both upwards and downwards from arenaceous layers. The implications of these observations are discussed and compared with modem and fossil analogues.
Magnetic properties of Precambrian pillow lavas of the Mona Complex and a related dyke swarm, Anglesey, Wales
Authors: Piper J. D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour palaeomagnetic sites in Monian pillow lavas of the Gwna Group from Llanddwyn Island, Anglesey, yield statistically‐significant groups of magnetic directions after demagnetising in low fields. A palaeomagnetic pole of 57°E, 16° S is derived after dip correction assuming no plunge components, and is believed to apply to the time of formation of the pillow lavas (ca. 600 m.y.). By contrast to young pillow lavas these rocks have poor magnetic stability and low Köenigsberger ratios although petrologic features are comparable; this is believed to be due to replacement of the finer grain size fractions of the titanomagnetite. Five of the seven dolerite dykes cutting the Monian rocks here yield pole positions close to those of Upper Silurian to Lower Devonian rocks from elsewhere in Britain confirming that they are Palaeozoic in age.
A structural cross‐section from the Aureole of the Main Donegal Granite
Authors: Hutton D. H. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeven phases of deformation are recognised in Dalradian metasediments within the NW aureole of the Main Donegal Granite. Major NW facing F2 folds (the Aghla Anticline and Errigal Syncline) refold an originally NW facing slaty cleavage, which is usually parallel to bedding. D3 structures cross‐cut the major F2 folds and verge and face to the SE on their normal limbs. A fourth phase of deformation intensifies towards the granite contact and is shown to be broadly coeval with intrusion and responsible for a major structure in the aureole. Three later phases are variably developed throughout the aureole. The kinematics of F4 folds in relation to the granite intrusion are briefly discussed.
The envjronment of deposition of the caradoc alternata limestone and contiguous deposits of salop
Authors: Hurst J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe middle Caradoc rocks of Salop are a mosaic of sedimentary facies deposited in nearshore environments. The uppermost Horderley Sandstone in the Onny Valley is interpreted as formed by migrating marine bars and proximal and distal stonn deposits. The time equivalent Chatwall Sandstone of the Chatwall district is interpreted as a beach sequence. The overlying Alternata Limestone is a product of both proximal and distal storm deposits, associated with marine bars, in which different faunal assemblages are mized. Correlation of local sections is difficult due to facies and faunal changes and non‐deposition events. Based on a sedimentary model and palaeoecological information it is suggested that the Alternata Limestone in the Chatwall area is older than elsewhere, and that the base of the Cheney Longville Flags youngs southwards. Four faunal events are defined based on transect collecting, discriminant function and cluster analysis. These are theHowellites antiquior, Dalmanella leptaandBancroftina robusteAssociations and theHeterorthis alternatainterregnum.
Jointing and minor tectonics of the N. Crop of the South Wales coalfield between kidwelly and black mountain, S. Wales
Authors: Roberts J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractJoints, minor faults and mineral veins were recorded at 334 stations between Kidwelly and Black Mountain, S. Wales. A systematic pattern occurs with joint sets striking at 360°, 340°, 290°, 250°, and 210°. Minor faults and shear planes exhibit both strike and dip‐slip displacements. The jointing is considered to have formed quite early during folding, and both joints and faults can be attributed to a principal compression acting almost N‐S and subparallel to bedding. Phases of dilation are recorded by sets of mineral veins. All the deformational structures are considered to be of Armorican age.
Old red sandstone sedimentation—an example from the brownstones (highest lower old red sandstone) of south central wales
Authors: Tunbridge Ian P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Brownstones form the highest Lower Old Red Sandstone in South Wales and the Welsh Borderlands. Sections from the Brecon Beacons of Central South Wales consist of laterally extensive sheets of interbedded sandstone and siltstone. Facies sequence A consists of parallel laminated sheet sandstones and siltstones and is interpreted as a sandy sheetflood and distal muddy floodflat association. Facies sequence B comprises sheet sandstones composed of multistorey channel fills, small calcrete‐clast filled channels and massive siltstones with thin interbedded sandstones. This sequence is interpreted as low sinuosity channel deposits merging laterally and downslope into a muddy flood‐basin, with calcrete clasts infilling intrabasinal channel systems. Facies sequence C consists of multistorey sandstones and is interpreted as a proximal low sinuosity channel system. The Brownstones of the Brecon Beacons formed on an extensive alluvial plain with low sinuosity sand‐bed channels merging downslope into sheetfloods and muddy floodflats, in a system broadly analogous to that of the Eyre Basin of South Australia.
Ashgill trilobite faunas from the Llŷn Peninsula, North Wales, U.K.
Authors: Price David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Crugan Mudstone Formation is formalized and the Dwyfor Mudstone Formation proposed for restricted Ashgill outcrops respectively near Llanbedrog and Llanystwmdwy in the Llŷn Peninsula. These mudstones contain brachiopods of the Foliomena fauna and a total of 26 determined genera of trilobites, one, Pseudosphaeroxochus represented by a new species, P. seabornei sp. nov. Elements of the trilobite fauna are used to demonstrate a Rawtheyan age for the mudstones. The generic assemblages both of brachiopods and of trilobites present in the mudstones indicate relatively deep water environments of deposition, that of the Dwyfor Mudstones probably being the deeper. The trilobites belong to what is here described as the Nankinolithus‐Opsimasaphus association.