bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catches of tsetse (Glossina spp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) from traps and targets baited with large doses of natural and synthetic host odour
Authors: Hargrove J.W. , Holloway M.T.P. , Vale G.A. , Gough A.J.E. , Hall D.R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Zimbabwe, catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen, at an odour source produced by up to 60 tonnes of cattle, fell by 90% from April to October 1987. With the time effect removed, the catches were: positively correlated with daily maximum temperature; up to twice as high with a trap as with an electrified target; and unaffected by the presence of an incomplete ring of electrified netting (11.5 m diameter) around the catching site. Catches increased as a power of bait mass in accord with the theory of odour dispersal. The power was ca. 0.32–0.44 for G. pallidipes, ca. 0.15 for post-teneral G. m. morsitans, 0.67 for Stomoxyinae and 0.48 for non-biting muscids. Earlier results from dose-response studies accord with the new model. Tsetse catches were 1.7–4.5 times higher with 20 tonnes of cattle as bait than with a synthetic simulate of this dose, consisting of carbon dioxide, acetone, butanone, octenol and phenolic residues. Important olfactory components thus remain to be identified. Trap efficiency for G. m. morsitans rose from 10–20% to 40% with increasing bait mass between 0 and 5 tonnes; thereafter bait mass had no effect. Increased efficiencies were also seen in Stomoxyinae (5 to 60%;) and in post-teneral G. pallidipes (45 to 70–80%). Increases in catch for bait mass greater than five tonnes were due to increased attraction rather than increased efficiency. Targets were 60–66% efficient for G. pallidipes, regardless of dose; for G. m. morsitans the efficiency was ca. 54% when unbajted and 24–35% when 60 tonnes of cattle were used as bait. The probability that G. pallidipes landed on the cloth part of the target, rather than colliding with the flanking nets, increased as the square of the bait mass for both sexes—from 0.11 to 0.22 for males and from 0.06 to 0.15 for females. There was no effect of bait mass on landing probability for G. m. morsitans and no difference between the sexes; ca. 11% of the catch landed on the cloth portion of the target. Efficiency and landing behaviour were independent of climate and season.
Trioza vitreoradiata, a New Zealand jumping plant louse (Homoptera: Psylloidea), causing damage to Pittosporum spp. in Britain
Authors: Martin J.H. , Malumphy C.P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTrioza vitreoradiata (Maskell), a native of New Zealand, has recently been noted feeding on Pittosporum spp. (Pittosporaceae) in south-western Britain, where it causes damage to windbreaks and nursery plants. Its economic impact and nomenclatural history are discussed, and modifications to published keys to adults and nymphs of British Psylloidea are suggested to enable its recognition.
DDT-resistance inAnopheles gambiae(Diptera: Culicidae) from Zanzibar, Tanzania, based on increased DDT-dehydrochlorinase activity of glutathione S-transferases
Authors: Prapanthadara La-aied , Hemingway Janet , Ketterman Albert J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDDT-resistantAnopheles gambiaeGiles from Zanzibar, Tanzania, had increased levels of DDT-dehydrochlorination compared to a DDT-susceptible strain. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are responsible for conversion of DDT to DDE in both the susceptible and resistant strains. Sequential column chromatography, including Q-Sepharose, S-hexylglutathione agarose, hydroxylapatite and phenyl Sepharose, allowed the partial purification of seven GSTs. All seven GSTs possessed different degrees of DDTase activity. There was an eight-fold increase in total DDTase activity in the resistant compared to the susceptible enzymes. Characterization with three substrates, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) and DDT, revealed the different substrate specificity for each isolated GST indicating different isoenzymes. GST Va possessed 60% of total DDTase activity suggesting that it contributed most to DDT-metabolism in this insect species. The DDTase activity of the GSTs in both strains ofA. gambiaewere found to be correlated with the GST activities toward DCNB. Preliminary studies on DDT-resistant and susceptibleA. gambiaeshowed that both DDT-resistance and the increased levels of GST activity were stage specific which suggested that different GSTs may be involved in DDT-resistance in adults and larvae ofA. gambiae.
The effect of the green ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), on insect pests of cashew trees in Australia
Authors: Peng R. K. , Christian K. , Gibb K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe influence of green ants, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius), on insect pests of cashew, Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus, in tropical northern Australia was investigated using field surveys and field observations. Oecophylla smaragdina was abundant in the native vegetation of the area, and it was a dominant predator when found in cashew plantations. Oecophylla smaragdina significantly reduced the numbers of the four most important species of insect pests (Helopeltis pernicialis Stonedahl, Malipatil & Houston, Penicillaria jocosatrix (Guenée), Amblypelta lutescens (Distant) and Anigraea ochrobasis Hampson) on cashew trees, and trees with higher numbers of O. smaragdina produced higher quality nuts than trees with fewer numbers of O. smaragdina. Other ant species also reduced pest numbers, but not as much as O. smaragdina. The possibility of using O. smaragdina to control insect pests of cashew in the future is discussed.
Population dynamics and foraging behaviour ofDiaeretus leucopterus(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and its potential for the biological control of pine damagingEulachnusspp. (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Murphy S.T. , Völkl W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Palaearctic pine aphids,Eulachnus agilis(Kaltenbach) andEulachnus rileyi(Williams) have both been introduced into other continents where they have been reported causing damage to economically important pines. In Euorpe, they are attacked by the specialist parasitoidDiaeretus leucopterus(Haliday) which has been suggested as a possible biological control agent. Here we report on several aspects of the ecology of the parasitoid, conducted onE. agilisin Germany in 1993–94, to provide a more scientific basis for judging its potential for use in biological control. Parasitism of all instars in the field rarely exceeded 10% and was independent of host density. A high percentage of parasitized aphids were hyperparasitized. Measurements of the impact over 16 weeks in a greenhouse-release experiment showed that parasitism rates increased from 2 to 19% but were insufficient to suppress the aphid population below a damaging level. There was evidence of a density-dependent response. Studies on foraging behaviour showed that female parasitoids searched pines by quite extensive walks. There was no relationship between the number of aphids per tree and number of ovipositions, and the mean number of ovipositions per female per tree was 2.5 ± 0.4 eggs. The majority (55.1%) of encountered aphids did not respond to the parasitoids. However, female parasitoids attacked a much higher proportion of aphids that did respond but oviposition success on this group was poor. The number of aphid-infested needles on seedlings increased significantly owing to the parasitoid's foraging activity. On the basis of these results, it is suggested thatD. leucopterusis only likely to be of benefit in biological control if used in conjunction with other complementary natural enemies.
Hymenopterous parasitoids associated with the bagworms Metisa plana and Mahasena corbetti (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) on oil palms in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Kamarudin Norman H. , Walker Annette K. , Wahid Mohd. Basri , LaSalle John , Polaszek Andrew 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Peninsular Malaysia, 18 species of hymenpterous parasitoids were reared either from the oil palm bagworms, Metisa plana Walker and Mahasena corbetti Tams, or from their parasitoids. Both Metisa plana and Mahasena corbetti share the common parasitoids Goryphus bunoh Gauld, Aulosaphes psychidivorus Muesebeck, Brachymeria carinata Joseph, Narendran & Joy, Eupelmus catoxanthae (Ferrière), Eurytoma sp., Sympiesis sp., Tetrastichus sp., and Aphanogmus thylax Polaszek & Dessart. Other parasitoids are associated with only one of the bagworm species: Paraphylax varius (Walker), Dolichogenidea metesae (Nixon), Elasmus sp., Nesolynx flavipes Ashmead, Pediobius anomalus (Gahan), Pediobius imbreus (Walker) and Teleopterus sp. from M. plana; and B. lasus (Walker), B. lugubris (Walker) and P. elasmi Ashmead from Mahasena corbetti. A key to species is included and a table summarizing the host range and distribution records are listed from the Indo-Australasian region.
Influence of moonlight on light-trap catches of the malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) in central India
Authors: Mishra Neeru Singh A.K. , Curtis C.F. , Sharma V.P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA significant effect of moon phase on light-trap catches of Anopheles species was observed during a longitudinal study carried out in a forested belt of Madhya Pradesh, India, inhabited by tribal people. However, moon phase does not seem to have any effect on the proportion of adult Anopheles culicifacies Giles in the total catch, or the parity rate in this species, which is the vector responsible for perennial transmission of malaria in the area.
Some new injurious Phytophaga from South Africa
Authors: Bryant G. E. 
Published: July 2009

Rhembastus pomorum, sp. n. (fig. l).Oblong-ovate, metallic dark blue ; clypeus, antennae and legs fulvous ; prothorax finely and remotely punctured ; elytra finely punctate-striate, with the interstices glabrous. Length, 4 mm.
New Chalcidoid Egg-parasites from South Asia
Authors: Ferrière Ch. 
Published: July 2009

Acroclisoides indicus, sp. n. (fig. l).♂. Head and thorax dark metallic green ; abdomen with bluish reflections ; the short petiole black, the 2nd segment brown or more or less yellow. Antennae brown, scape and pedicel yellow. Mandibles yellowish with dark teeth. Tegulae and legs yellow, only the anterior and posterior coxae (except tip of posterior) green.
On the Anatomy of the Larva of Laccifer lacca, Kerr (Hem. Coccidae)
Authors: Misra Awadh Behari 
Published: July 2009

In order to follow the changes appertaining to the post-embryonic development of the larva of the Indian lac-insect of the genus Laccifer a knowledge of its externaland internal anatomy was a desideratum. A study of its external and internal anatomy was, therefore, undertaken in order to obtain a knowledge of its organography, and the following account is based on the results of such a study.
The Effect of Climate on the Migrations and Breeding of Locusta migratorioides in Nigeria
Authors: Lean Owen B. 
Published: July 2009

The locust infestation in Nigeria, from December 1929 to April 1931, is studied in relation to the climate and the following preliminary conclusions are made.1. Humidity, precipitation and wind are the relevant climatic elements. Temperature does not seem of importance.2. It is considered that the area of dispersal is limited by the humidity factor. With very few exceptions swarms remain where the mean relative humidity (9 a.m., L.M.T.) is not more than 85 per cent. and not less than 40 per cent., while most swarms are found where the humidity is from 60 per cent. to 80 per cent.3. This humidity belt is similar to the area covered by three main types of vegetation and the swarms move across the belt according to the humidity changes.4. Movement along the belt is largely caused by the prevailing wind.5. Breeding does not commence after the dry season until the humidity rises to 60 per cent. and the degree of wetness, calculated from the monthly rainfall, reaches 2. Breeding does not occur if the humidity is above 80 per cent.6. Through the dry season the adults seem unable to live much more than 22 weeks, and if optimum breeding conditions are not reached within that period death may occur.7. Breeding towards the end of the rainy season follows some 11 to 15 weeks after the locusts become adult, so long as the humidity is not more than 80 per cent., and high humidity may cause a diapause.8. Suitable local conditions during the dry season may allow a third breeding season.These conclusions may be utilised in the following ways :—1. To delimit the total area likely to be infested.2. To forecast when the different zones will be infested by flying swarms.3. To forecast whether and when breeding is likely to occur in each locality.4. To check whether unidentified swarms were of this species of locust.5. To test the possibility of one suspected breeding ground having been infested from another.
Morphological variation in spring migrants ofMyzus persicae(Sulz.) (Hemiptera, Aphididae): comparison of alatae from peach and mangold
Authors: Woodford J. A. T. , Lerman P. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSpring migrants ofMyzus persicae(Sulz.) may be produced either by parthenogenetic aphids derived from fertilised eggs laid on the primary host, or by parthenogenetic aphids overwintering on secondary hosts. Five variates, based1 on eight morphological characters of alateM. persicae, are examined to investigate how to distinguish between alatae derived from populations that have overwintered by these two means. No single variate is adequate to identify correctly all specimens, although two of them, number of abdominal tubercles, and shape of the fenestra in the central abdominal patch, may each correctly assign as many as 90%.
Effects of juvenoids on the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera, Tephritidae)
Authors: Daoud D. S. , Sehnal F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractScreening of 38 selected juvenoids on Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) revealed that several aromatic compounds, mostly ethers of 6,7-epoxygeraniol and of 6,7-epoxycitronellol, inhibited hatching when administered to freshly laid eggs as 0·1% acetone solution. Application of juvenoids within 24 h before and after puparium formation caused disturbances in imaginal differentiation. Treated insects developed either into pupa-adult intermediates failing to emerge or into defective adults whose fecundity was severely decreased. Both earlier and later applications of juvenoids were less effective. The most active compound in topical assay on fully grown larvae was ethyl 10,11-epoxy-5-oxa-3,7,11-trimethyl-2-dodecenoate, which inhibited emergence of 50% of treated insects at 0·01 μg/specimen and caused external deformities in 50% of emerged adults at 0·00001 μ/g/specimen. Four other aliphatic compounds (methyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6-dodecadienoate; ethyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2-dodecenoate; isopropyl 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate; and isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2, 4-dodecadienoate) and l-ethyl-4[(6,7-epoxy-3,7-dimethyloctyl)oxy] benzene were about five times less active. A concentration of 33 parts /106 of ethyl 10,ll-epoxy-5-oxa-3,7,11-trimethyl-2-dodecenoate in larval food caused deformities in 60% of emerged adults.
Development of DNA probes for the identification of sibling species A of the Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) complex
Authors: Gunasekera Maya B. , de Silva B.G.D.N.K. , Abeyewickreme W. , Subbarao S.K. , Nandadasa H.G. , Karunanayake E.H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThree highly repetitive DNA sequences Rp36, Rp217 and Rp234, have been isolated from Anopheles culicifacies Giles sensu lato. The cloned DNA sequences were found at a higher copy number in species B and C, than in species A of the A. culicifacies complex. These sequences may therefore be used as DNA probes to distinguish species A from the other two species, using a 200-fold dilution of a single mosquito DNA extract in a dot-blot hybridization assay. Rp36 and Rp217 have been completely sequenced. Internal repeats were absent in Rp36. Two related core sequences of 13 and 16 bp were found tandemly repeated in Rp217. These probes enable the rapid detection of species A of A. culicifacies in field investigations.
Population growth of Cryptolestes ferrugineus and C. pusillus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) alone, or in competition in stored wheat or maize at different temperatures
Authors: White Noel D.G. , Demianyk Colin J. , Kawamoto Hitoshi , Sinha Ranendra N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and C. pusillus (Schönherr) were reared separately at initial densities of 20 or 40 adults each and together at an initial density of 20 adults/100 g cracked wheat or cracked maize at 35, 30, 25, and 20°C and 70% r.h. for developmental periods of 10, 11, 16, or 40 weeks, respectively. Intraspecific competition in the 40-adult treatments restricted population growth to levels similar to 20-adult treatments for each species; impact was greatest for C. pusillus on maize at 30°, where the population of the 40-adult treatment was less than half that of the 20-adult treatment. Both species produced larger populations on wheat than on maize, except for C. pusillus at 35°C; mortality for both species was high on wheat at 35°C. Interspecific competition resulted in significantly reduced populations relative to single species populations for both C. ferrugineus at 30, 25, and 20°C and C. pusillus at 35, 30, and 25°C on wheat and for C. ferrugineus at 25 and 20°C and C. pusillus at 35, 30, and 25°C on maize. During interspecific competition, C. ferrugineus was more successful in multiplying at 35 and 30°C on wheat and 35°C on maize; both species multiplied equally well at 25°C on wheat or 30 and 25°C on maize; C. pusillus multiplied best at 20°C on both wheat and maize. Cryptolestes pusillus reproduces more effectively alone or in interspecific competition under cool conditions, although C. ferrugineus occurs with much greater frequency in cool Canadian stored grain, probably because of cold-hardiness and winter survival
Economic threshold levels for Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) control on resistant and susceptible sorghum plants
Authors: van den Berg J. , van Rensburg G. D. J. , van der Westhuizen M. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of various infestation levels of Chilo partellus Swinhoe on resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes was assessed under artificial infestation in two field trials, conducted over two seasons. In the first season, infestation levels were 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 larvae per 2 m plot row. In the second season, additional treatments of one and two larvae per plot were included. A series of all infestation levels on susceptible plants was also included with an insecticide application 5 days after inoculation. Non-linear relationships between infestation level and yield loss were observed. In susceptible plants, small increases in initial larval infestation levels resulted in sharp increases in yield loss. An opposite tendency was observed in resistant plants where a tolerant reaction at lower infestation levels was observed. Gain threshold (GT) value, indicating the yield increase necessary to compensate for control costs, economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold level (ETL) at which control actions should be initiated were determined for each genotype. Insecticide application on susceptible plants resulted in a 10% reduction in yield loss. However, the yield was still less than that of unsprayed resistant plants. The GT values indicated that insecticide application was economically warranted at an ETL of 20% and 2% of plants with visible symptoms of whorl damage, for the resistant and susceptible genotypes respectively.
Some Insects injurious to Cacao plants in the Belgian Congo
Authors: Arrow Gilbert J. 
Published: July 2009

Aserica variegata, sp. nov.Ferruginea, subopaca, fronte, pronoti macula magna tripartita elytrorumque plagis tessellatis viridinigris; sat longe ovalis, corpore supra et subtus irregulariter albo-setoso, scutelli lateribus elytrorumque basi densius setosis, partibus obscuribus fere nudis, hic et illic dorso squamis nonnullis majoribus ornato; clypeo grosse et rugose punctato, antice leviter emarginato, fronte et pronoto parce punctatis, hujus lateribus leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis acutis, posticis rectis, elytris profunde striatis, intervallis convexis; pygidio parce punctato et setoso, linea mediana laevi; pedibus haud brevibus, tibiis anticis fortiter bidentatis, posticis modice latis.
Notes on Lygus simonyi, Reut. (Capsidae), a Cotton Pest in Uganda
Authors: Hancock G. L. R. 
Published: July 2009

Lygus simonyi has been found to cause serious damage to cotton in Uganda, by sucking the young leaves and apical buds, by retarding the growth of the branches, and by sucking the young bolls.There are indications that soil and climatic factors are of importance in controlling this insect ; excessive succulence of the plant appears to be one factor associated with severe damage.
Notes on Pristiphora glauca Benson
Authors: Kirkland R. C. , Styles J. H. 
Published: July 2009

A new species of larch-feeding sawfly, Pristiphora glauca Benson, was first observed in 1950. The activities of this insect appear to be confined to the spring and early summer, and it would appear that it is one of the least widespread of the larch sawflies.Notes on the biology of this species, including larval descriptions, are given, and field characteristics and distribution discussed. Differences in feeding habits from those of Pristiphora wesmaeli (Tischb.), with which it may be confused, are mentioned.
Observations on the Biting-habits of African Mosquitos in the GenusEretmapoditesTheobald
Authors: Haddow A. J. 
Published: July 2009

The biting-habits of mosquitos in the genusEretmapoditesTheobald, as shown by 24-hour catches, display a certain uniformity in that all the species studied are essentially diurnal and bite very close to the ground, in shade. They do not enter dwellings.When, however, two localities are compared (the Entebbe area and Bwamba County) it is found that there is a fundamental difference in behaviour. At Entebbe there is an exceedingly well-marked wave of activity before sunset. This does not occur in Bwamba, where the cycle shows no pronounced characteristics apart from its generally diurnal nature. It is shown that this difference arises from the fact that in Bwamba the first hour of biting-activity tends to be the most intense (no matter when it occurs) whereas in Entebbe the hour before sunset is almost always preferred.One group (theE. chrysogastergroup) is present in both localities. In Entebbe it shows an activity curve of the one type, and in Bwamba a curve of the other type.It is concluded that some environmental influence must be involved. At the moment, however, no suggestion can be made concerning the nature of this influence, beyond the fact that the activity-patterns concerned are not easily explained in terms of microclimate.
The Biology of the Dermestid Beetles,Trogoderma granariumEverts andTrogoderma versicolor(Creutz.)
Authors: Hadaway A. B. 
Published: July 2009

Two Dermestid beetles,Trogoderma granariumEverts andT. versicolor(Creutz.) have been recorded on a variety of stored products. In England,T. granariumis a serious pest only in maltings. The life-history is described. The larvae are responsible for the damage to stored products, and their hairy nature facilitates the spread of infestations on sacking and clothing.All stages in the life-cycle are resistant to heat and dryness.