bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To Prosecute or Not to Prosecute, That is the Question: Agency Litigation under the Influence of Appellate Courts
Authors: Li Quan 
Published: May 2012

Abstract.This article examines how institutional uncertainty within the US federal circuit courts influences regulatory agencies' enforcement choices of prosecution or non-prosecution. I argue that the circuits' random assignment of judges and cases creates institutional uncertainty in terms of variation in each circuit's possible rulings with respect to the bureaucracy's policy position. This, in turn, affects agencies' probability of prosecution because the high degree of uncertainty will discourage prosecution, given its cost. In other words, agencies reduce their exposure to judicial review by avoiding prosecution. I use ideological variance within the circuits as a proxy for measuring the circuit courts' internal group dynamics. Large ideological variance indicates high institutional uncertainty and consequently leads to fewer numbers of prosecutions by the bureaucracy. The empirical results based on the prosecution record of the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice from 1950 to 1994 strongly support the theory.Résumé.L'article analyse comment l'imprévisibilité des décisions judiciaires au niveau des cours d'appel fédérales de circuit influence les décisions par les agences publiques de poursuivre les contrevenants à la règlementation. Je montre que l'attribution des juges et des causes par loterie crée de l'incertitude quant à l'issue des poursuites. L'incertitude réduit la probabilité que les agences publiques entament des poursuites judiciaires étant donné le coût élevé de celles-ci. En d'autres termes, les agences publiques atténuent l'implémentation de la règlementation par crainte de perdre devant des tribunaux imprévisibles. J'utilise une mesure de variance idéologique pour quantifier la dynamique de groupe à l'intérieur des circuits judiciaires. Une grande variance idéologique signifie un résultat incertain et mène à un nombre réduit de poursuites initiées par les agences publiques. Les données empiriques, provenant des registres de la Division Anti-trust du Ministère de la Justice des États-Unis pour la période s'étendant de 1950 à 1994, soutiennent fortement la théorie.
Identités ethnoculturelles et politique étrangère : le cas de la politique française du Canada
Authors: Massie Justin 
Published: May 2012

Résumé.Cet article propose, grâce à la notion de culture stratégique, une articulation du lien entre identité et politique étrangère. Il met plus particulièrement l'accent sur les effets des identités ethnoculturelles (anglophone et francophone) sur la politique de sécurité internationale du Canada, et soutient l'hypothèse qu'il en résulte une culture stratégique atlantiste et biculturelle, laquelle accorde une importance particulière à la France (de même qu'à la Grande-Bretagne et aux États-Unis). Il ressort de l'analyse historique de celle-ci que la centralité des identités ethnoculturelles canadiennes permet de mieux comprendre l'importance particulière dont jouit la France sur les limites normatives du multilatéralisme et de la légitimité de recourir à la force militaire par le Canada.Abstract.This article seeks to provide a constructivist account of Canadian foreign policy, linking identity and policy, through the concept of strategic culture. It focuses on Canada's dual ethnocultural identities (Anglophone and Francophone) and the bicultural and Atlanticist strategic culture that stems from it. It argues that this strategic culture helps explain France's significant importance (together with the United Kingdom and the United States) in defining the normative boundaries of Canada's multilateralism and legitimacy to use of military force abroad.
Terahertz generation by the high intense laser beam
Authors: HASSAN MUNTHER B. , AL-JANABI A. H. , SINGH MONIKA , SHARMA R. P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe terahertz (THz) frequency radiation produced as a result of nonlinear interaction of high intense laser beam with low-density ripple in collisionless magnetoplasma has been studied under the paraxial ray approximation. The relativistic change of electron mass leads to self-focusing of laser beam when the initial power of laser beam is greater than its critical power. The self-focused laser beam couples with the pre-existing density ripple to produce a nonlinear current driving the THz radiation at different frequency. The applied magnetic field enhances the nonlinear coupling efficiency. Appropriate expressions for the beam width parameter of the laser beam and the electric vector of the THz wave have been evaluated. Theory and numerical simulations show that this THz source is capable of providing power of Giga watt level.
Sensitivity study in a compact accelerator for laser-generated protons
Authors: ANTICI P. , MIGLIORATI M. , MOSTACCI A. , PICARDI L. , PALUMBO L. , RONSIVALLE C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA sensitivity study is presented here on a compact hybrid postacceleration scheme coupling laser-generated protons to a high frequency Linac based on the use of a SCDTL (Side Coupled Drift Tube Linac) structure. The study analyzes the main laser-generated beam characteristics and the most important parameters linked to the accelerating structure. We show that the required tolerances regarding alignment and field uniformity, although challenging, are within the reach of actual technology. Regarding the laser-generated proton beam parameters (spot size and divergence), we show that they have only a little influence on the final emittance that is mainly determined by the capturing and accelerating structure. However, these parameters can sensitively affect the final transmission of the proton beam current.
Intermittent transport of nonlinear reduced models in tokomak plasmas turbulence
Authors: BELGHERRAS S. , BENOUAZ T. , BEKKOUCHE S. M. A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUnderstanding the origin and nature of turbulent transport in tokomak plasmas is one of the major challenges of a successful magnetic confinement fusion. The aim of this work is to study instability associated with the ion-temperature gradient (ITG)-driven turbulence in the core of the plasma, which is the seat of fusion reactions. We used a low degree of freedom model composed of 18 ordinary differential equations. When the system is slightly above the stability threshold of the ITG mode, it is considered to be in the convection regime and convective heat transport of the system is time-independent, or oscillates periodically. As ITG is increased further, the system bifurcates to the turbulent regime. In a strongly turbulent regime, intermittent bursts (the so-called avalanches) are observed. This intermittency is a result of the competition among the following three factors: generation of sheared flows and suppression of ITG turbulence, gradual reduction of the sheared flows due to viscosity, and rapid regrowth of ITG modes due to reduction of sheared flows.
Role of static inductance on ion beam emission in plasma focus devices
Authors: AGHAMIR FARZIN M. , BEHBAHANI REZA A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe role of static inductance on ion beam emission in plasma focus devices, based on anomalous resistivity, is reported. The effect of gas pressure variation on the process of energy transfer into plasma is investigated and discussed by using Lee's model. The dependence of ion beam production on filling gas pressure along with change in static inductance is studied. The results show that increase of static inductance in a specific range of operating pressure can enhance the efficiency of dense plasma focus device.
Variations in eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) sex-ratios from three Virginia estuaries: protandry, growth and demographics
Authors: Harding Juliana M. , Powell Eric N. , Mann Roger , Southworth Melissa J. 
Published: May 2012

Oyster population reproductive capacity and dynamics are controlled at the most basic level by the observed sex-ratios. Since oysters are sequential, protandric hermaphrodites the population sex-ratio is related to the demographics (shell length, age, and biomass). Oysters were collected from June through to August 2008 at twelve bars in the James, Rappahannock and Great Wicomico Rivers, Virginia, USA. Bars were aggregated into five groups on the basis of similar age–length relationships. Sex-ratios (fraction female), age–length, and biomass–length relationships were determined for each group. The fraction female increased within increasing shell length, age, and biomass at all sites. Simultaneous hermaphrodites were rarely observed. Group specific differences in shell length (SL, mm) and age (yr) for the timing of the protandric shift were observed with the earliest shift from male to female occurring at ~60 mm SL and ~1.6 yr. The proportion of females observed in the larger or older individuals was at least 70–80%. Sex-ratios from summer 2008 were used to develop sex–length, sex–age, and sex–biomass keys that were applied to autumn-survey data from 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. In these years, sex-ratios by shell length and age were strongly biased towards males while the sex-ratio by biomass was strongly biased towards females. Disease mortality compounds natural and fishing mortality resulting in age/size specific cropping yielding truncated population demographics and an earlier protandric shift in populations on the extremes of the range examined. Regardless of location, market (>76 mm SL) oysters are predominantly female.
Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of ascarid nematodes from twenty-one species of captive wild mammals based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences
Authors: LI YAN , NIU LILI , WANG QIANG , ZHANG ZHIHE , CHEN ZHIGANG , GU XIAOBIN , XIE YUE , YAN NING , WANG SHUXIAN , PENG XUERONG , YANG GUANGYOU 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYAlthough ascarid nematodes are important parasites of wild animals of public health concern, few species of ascarids from wild animals have been studied at the molecular level so far. Here, the classification and phylogenetic relationships of roundworms from 21 species of captive wild animals have been studied by sequencing and analysis of parts of the ribosomal 18S and 28S genes and the mitochondrial (mt) 12S gene. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred by 3 methods (NJ/MP/ML) based on the data of single gene sequences and concatenated sequences. Homology analysis indicated that the 18S sequences were conserved among roundworms from all 21 species and that 28S showed interspecies variability. Divergence levels displayed in 12S suggested that 12S appears to be either intra- or interspecifically variable. Evolutionary trees indicated that the ascarids split into 2 families, 4 genera and 7 species, with high bootstrap support for each clade. Combined trees suggested that Baylisascaris ailuri is more closely related to B. transfuga than to B. schroederi. This study provides useful molecular markers for the classification, phylogenetic analysis and epidemiological investigation of roundworms from wild animals.
Development of a real-time PCR assay with fluorophore-labelled hybridization probes for detection of Schistosoma mekongi in infected snails and rat feces
Authors: SANPOOL O. , INTAPAN P. M. , THANCHOMNANG T. , SRI-AROON P. , LULITANOND V. , SADAOW L. , MALEEWONG W. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYSchistosoma mekongi, a blood-dwelling fluke, is a water-borne parasite that is found in communities along the lower Mekong River basin, i.e. Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic. This study developed a real-time PCR assay combined with melting-curve analysis to detect S. mekongi in laboratory setting conditions, in experimentally infected snails, and in fecal samples of infected rats. The procedure is based on melting-curve analysis of a hybrid between an amplicon from S. mekongi mitochondrion sequence, the 260 bp sequence specific to S. mekongi, and specific fluorophore-labelled probes. This method could detect as little as a single cercaria artificially introduced into a pool of 10 non-infected snails, a single cercaria in filtered paper, and 2 eggs inoculated in 100 mg of non-infected rat feces. All S. mekongi-infected snails and fecal samples from infected rats were positive. Non-infected snails, non-infected rat feces, and genomic DNA of other parasites were negative. The method gave high sensitivity and specificity, and could be applied as a fast and reliable tool for cercarial location in water environments in endemic areas and for epidemiological studies and eradication programmes for intermediate hosts.
Phylogeography helps with investigating the building of human parasite communities
Authors: MORAND SERGE 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYPhylogeography of parasites and microbes is a recent field. Phylogeographic studies have been performed mostly to test three major hypotheses that are not mutually exclusive on the origins and distributions of human parasites and microbes: (1) the “out of Africa” pattern where parasites are supposed to have followed the dispersal and expansion of modern humans in and out of Africa, (2) the “domestication” pattern where parasites were captured in the domestication centres and dispersed through them and (3) the “globalization” pattern, in relation to historical and more recent trade routes. With some exceptions, such studies of human protozoans, helminths and ectoparasites are quite limited. The conclusion emphasizes the need to acquire more phylogeographic data in non-Occidental countries, and particularly in Asia where all the animal domestications took place.
No-trawl area impacts: perceptions, compliance and fish abundances
Authors: BLOOMFIELD H.J. , SWEETING C.J. , MILL A.C. , STEAD S.M. , POLUNIN N.V.C. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYMPAs are being established worldwide at an increasing rate, however empirical evidence for benefits to mobile species of small areas closed to fishing in temperate regions are little known. Using two North Sea prohibited trawling areas (PTAs) established > 80 years ago, social (fishers’ perceptions), management (fishing effort and compliance) and ecological (fish abundance and size) data were combined to assess the PTAs against their primary societal (conflict resolution) and secondary ecological (stock protection) objectives. Fishers perceived that the PTAs resolved conflicts between static and mobile gear sectors, despite evidence of non-compliance. However, few fishers perceived that they personally benefited from the PTAs. Fish abundance and size data from baited traps (BT) and video (BV) provided no evidence of PTA effects, but trawling effort was a significant predictor of BT fish abundance data and improved the model of BV fish abundance data. The absence of PTA effects on fish is attributable to non-compliance, the high mobility of the fish involved and their continued exploitation within the PTAs using static gear. This points to the need for greater understanding of the behaviour of fishers in relation to closures. The study also highlights the challenges of quantifying possible fishery benefits of small temperate closed areas and questions whether widely advocated fishery benefits may have enhanced initial support, but failure to deliver them may erode faith in such closures as a fisheries management tool.
Further Reflections on Sociology in Japan
Authors: YOSHINO KOSAKU 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe aim of this short essay is to further reflect on sociology in Japan by supplementing discussions on the three sociological papers compiled in this volume and adding critical perspectives. Discussions, and arguments, will be provided on the three thematic categories, namely, ‘international sociology’, sociology of culture as well as language use, and the global academic market, the latter addressing not merely sociology but also other social sciences.
The role of the inner tail to midtail plasma sheet in channeling solar wind power to the ionosphere
Authors: Hamrin M. , Marghitu O. , Norqvist P. , Buchert S. , André M. , Klecker B. , Kistler L. M. , Dandouras I. 
Published: May 2012

In this article we use Cluster power density (E · J) data from 2001, 2002, and 2004 to investigate energy conversion and transfer in the plasma sheet. We show that a southward IMF Bz is favorable for plasma sheet energy conversion, and that there is an increased particle and Poynting flux toward the Earth at times when Cluster observes an enhanced energy conversion in the plasma sheet. Conversion from electromagnetic to kinetic energy is increasingly dominant farther down‐tail, while the generation of electromagnetic power from kinetic energy becomes important toward the Earth with a maximum at roughly 10 RE. By linking observations of the key quantity E · J to observations of the solar wind input and earthward energy flux, our results demonstrate the role of the inner tail to midtail plasma sheet as a mediator between the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere and the auroral dissipation in the ionosphere.
Bioavailability and preliminary toxicity evaluations of alumina nanoparticles in vivo after oral exposure
Authors: Yang Sheng-Tao , Wang Tiancheng , Dong Erya , Chen Xin-Xin , Xiang Kun , Liu Jia-Hui , Liu Yuanfang , Wang Haifang 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Alumina nanoparticles (NPs) are among the most important nanomaterials and are widely used in diverse areas. In this study, we evaluated the bioavailability and toxicity of alumina NPs in mice after oral exposure, compared with traditional alumina powder. Our results indicated that negligible alumina NPs were absorbed post-exposure and alumina NPs did not influence the balance of essential trace elements, including Fe, Cu and Zn. Preliminary toxicological evaluations suggested that alumina NPs were of low toxicity. The body weights were similar among the mice exposed to alumina NPs, alumina powder and 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution. The low toxicity was also indicated by the unchanged serum biochemical parameters. The implications related to the ongoing safety evaluations and applications of alumina NPs are discussed.
Deciphering the role of GLUT4 N-glycosylation in adipocyte and muscle cell models
Authors: Zaarour Nancy , Berenguer Marion , Le Marchand-Brustel Yannick , Govers Roland 
Published: May 2012

GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) is responsible for the insulin-induced uptake of glucose by muscle and fat cells. In non-stimulated (basal) cells, GLUT4 is retained intracellularly, whereas insulin stimulation leads to its translocation from storage compartments towards the cell surface. How GLUT4 is retained intracellularly is largely unknown. Previously, aberrant GLUT4 N-glycosylation has been linked to increased basal cell-surface levels, while N-glycosylation-deficient GLUT4 was found to be quickly degraded. As recycling and degradation of GLUT4 are positively correlated, we hypothesized that incorrect N-glycosylation of GLUT4 might reduce its intracellular retention, resulting in an increased cell-surface recycling, in increased basal cell-surface levels, and in enhanced GLUT4 degradation. In the present study, we have investigated N-glycosylation-deficient GLUT4 in detail in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myoblasts. We have found no alterations in retention, insulin response, internalization or glucose transport activity. Degradation of the mutant molecule was increased, although once present at the cell surface, its degradation was identical with that of wild-type GLUT4. Our findings indicate that N-glycosylation is important for efficient trafficking of GLUT4 to its proper compartments, but once the transporter has arrived there, N-glycosylation plays no further major role in its intracellular trafficking, nor in its functional activity.
ANTISEMITISM IN FRANCE
Authors: Altglas Véronique 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
This article discusses the so-called newness of today's antisemitism through the historical and social specificities of antisemitism in French society. It casts light on the continuities of antisemitic discourse in France, but also its transformation in relation to the French colonial heritage and the recent ‘communitarianisation’ of France's social life. This analysis of antisemitism is furthered by the presentation of two case-studies: the controversial discourses of comedian Dieudonné and Kémi Séba, leader of a black supremacist movement called Tribu KA which stirred controversies in the 2000s. These two examples emphasise the fact that antisemitic discourse is better understood as a narrative about downward social mobility and status, which hardly makes antisemitism new.
Effect of Perioperative Systemic α2 Agonists on Postoperative Morphine Consumption and Pain Intensity
Authors: Blaudszun Grégoire , Lysakowski Christopher , Elia Nadia , Tramèr Martin R. 
Published: May 2012

Background
Systemic α2 agonists are believed to reduce pain and opioid requirements after surgery, thus decreasing the incidence of opioid-related adverse effects, including hyperalgesia.

Methods
The authors searched for randomized placebo-controlled trials testing systemic α2 agonists administrated in surgical patients and reporting on postoperative cumulative opioid consumption and/or pain intensity. Meta-analyses were performed when data from 5 or more trials and/or 100 or more patients could be combined.

Results
Thirty studies (1,792 patients, 933 received clonidine or dexmedetomidine) were included. There was evidence of postoperative morphine-sparing at 24 h; the weighted mean difference was -4.1 mg (95% confidence interval, -6.0 to -2.2) with clonidine and -14.5 mg (-22.1 to -6.8) with dexmedetomidine. There was also evidence of a decrease in pain intensity at 24 h; the weighted mean difference was -0.7 cm (-1.2 to -0.1) on a 10-cm visual analog scale with clonidine and -0.6 cm (-0.9 to -0.2) with dexmedetomidine. The incidence of early nausea was decreased with both (number needed to treat, approximately nine). Clonidine increased the risk of intraoperative (number needed to harm, approximately nine) and postoperative hypotension (number needed to harm, 20). Dexmedetomidine increased the risk of postoperative bradycardia (number needed to harm, three). Recovery times were not prolonged. No trial reported on chronic pain or hyperalgesia.

Conclusions
Perioperative systemic α2 agonists decrease postoperative opioid consumption, pain intensity, and nausea. Recovery times are not prolonged. Common adverse effects are bradycardia and arterial hypotension. The impact of α2 agonists on chronic pain or hyperalgesia remains unclear because valid data are lacking.
Ultrasensitive detection of scrapie prion protein derived from ARQ and AHQ homozygote sheep by interspecies in vitro amplification
Authors: Murayama Yuichi , Imamura Morikazu , Masujin Kentaro , Shimozaki Noriko , Yoshioka Miyako , Mohri Shirou , Yokoyama Takashi 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTPrions, infectious agents causing TSEs, are composed primarily of the pathogenic form (PrPSc) of the PrPC. The susceptibility of sheep to scrapie is determined by polymorphisms in the coding region of the PRNP, mainly at codons 136, 154, and 171. The efficiency of in vitro amplification of sheep PrPSc seems to be linked also to the PrP genotype. PrPSc derived from sheep with V136R154Q171‐associated genotypes can be amplified efficiently by PMCA in the presence of additional polyanion such as poly A, but there are no reports that cite ultrasensitive detection of PrPSc derived from sheep of other PrP genotypes. We report here that sheep PrPSc derived from ARQ and AHQ homozygotes was amplified efficiently by serial PMCA using mouse brain homogenate as PrPC substrate. ARQ/ARQ PrPSc was detected in infected brain homogenates diluted up to 10−10 after five rounds of amplification, and AHQ/AHQ PrPSc was detected in samples diluted up to 10−8 after four rounds of amplification. On the other hand, amplification of PrPSc from VRQ/ARQ sheep seemed to be less efficient under the experimental conditions used. The interspecies PMCA developed in this study may be useful in the detailed analysis of PrPSc distribution in classical scrapie‐infected ARQ and AHQ homozygote sheep.