bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrolecithus papilliger sp.nov. (Digenea: Allocreadiidae, Stossich, 1904) from Phoxinus phoxinus (L.). Morphology, histochemistry and egg capsule formation
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

Macrolecithus papilliger sp.nov. from the stomach and intestine of Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) is described and its systematic position discussed. The life span in the fish, in captivity during January, is 5–6 weeks. The sequence of events in release of oocytes from the ovary and egg capsule formation has been observed in living specimens. Mature oocytes, in the ovary, are enclosed in groups of eight in a transparent membrane which ruptures, releasing them singly into the ovicapt. The egg capsule is formed in two stages: a transparent membrane is secreted, probably by Mehlis's gland, around the oocyte and vitelline cells in the ootype; later this is reinforced by vitelline globules released from the vitelline cells. These coalesce on the inner side of the membrane. The operculum is formed in the ootype. Histochemical tests support the observations.I would like to express my gratitude to Mr S. Prudhoe, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), for helpful comments on this species and to Mr M. C. Bibby and Mrs M. Fisher for technical assistance.The work was supported by a grant from the Science Research Council, for which I am most grateful.
Studies on the host–parasite interface of strigeoid trematodes
Authors: Erasmus David A. 
Published: June 2009

The adhesive organ of Apatemon gracilis minor Yamaguti, 1933, consists of two lobes lying in a cup-shaped fore-body. The cytoplasmic tegument covering the apposing faces of the lobes is different from that covering their outer surfaces. The covering of the outer surface corresponds to the general tegument present on the rest of the body, whereas that on the inner surfaces is finely pitted and in certain regions is elevated to form a coarse reticulum. This specialized surface is covered externally by a plasma membrane and is in continuity with nucleated cell bodies lying below the basement layer. The cell bodies contain large quantities of granular endoplasmic reticulum as well as several Golgi complexes and numerous mitochondria. Masses of secretion bodies are present and these also occur in the extensions to the external tegument as well as within the external tegument of the lobes. When the parasite is attached the inner faces of the lobes come into contact with the vascular lamina propria of the host. The possible biological role of this specialized host–parasite interface is discussed and it is suggested that this surface specialization may form a morphological basis for the ‘placental’ function suggested for the adhesive organ by earlier workers.The author wishes to acknowledge the research grant provided by the S.R.C. for the purchase of a vacuum coating unit and an AEI EM 6 electron microscope. The progress of this study was greatly facilitated by the excellent assistance of Mr T. Davies and Miss C. Green. The Stereoscan micrographs are published by permission of the Cambridge Instrument Company.
The in vitro action of immune pig serum on second - and third-stage Ascaris suum larvae
Authors: Taffs L. F. 
Published: June 2009

Third and artificially hatched second-stage larvae of A. suum were exposed to the action of saline and normal and homologous immune pig serum. Precipitates developed at the mouth, excretory pore, anus and around the cuticle of third-stage larvae when they were placed in immune pig serum, but not in saline or normal serum. Precipitate was most evident at the excretory pore and was often the first precipitate to form. It is suggested that the excretory products may play an important role in stimulating the production of antibody in the host. A relationship was noted between the antibody titre of the serum and the amount of precipitate, the life span of the larvae, their activity, and the rate at which precipitates formed. It is concluded that the titre of the serum was in some degree a measure of the ability of the host to resist reinfection.Circumlarval precipitates did not form when second-stage larvae were placed in samples of the same immune serum. It is pointed out that this may be due to the lack of sufficient antigenic material available to react with antibody in the antisera. It is also suggested that an absence of sufficient larval antigen may also partly account for the small degree of resistance exhibited by the resistant host within the first 2 or 3 days of reinfection.The work, which is abstracted from a Ph.D. thesis, was carried out in 1957 under the tenure of an Animal Health Trust Wellcome Fellowship. I am grateful to Dr Soulsby, under whose guidance this work was carried out.
Physiological studies on trematodes—Fasciola giganticacarbohydrate metabolism
Authors: Goil Madan M. 
Published: June 2009

1. Studies have been made of carbohydrate metabolism inFasciola giganticaduring starvation and these are compared with data available about carbohydrate metabolism inF. hepatica.2. InF. giganticathe glycogen content before starvation was 5·4% of f.w. or 25·35% of D.W. of tissue, and the glycogen content after starvation was 3·5% of F.W. or 16·29% of D.W. of tissue.3. The medium in whichF. giganticawas incubated was analysed for lactic acid as one of the end products of glycogen consumption. The lactic acid given out in a period of 2 hr. was 0·46% of F.W. or 2·18% of D.W. of tissue.I wish to thank Professor K. Sahai for his generous help in the preparation of this manuscript.
Studies on the egg of the horse bot-fly,Gasterophilus intestinalis(De Geer)
Authors: Tatchell R. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. A description is given of the egg ofGasterophilus intestinalis.2. The chorion has been shown to consist of a number of tanned protein and lipoprotein layers.3. The waterproofing of the egg is shown to be dependent on a primary wax layer on the inner membrane of the endochorion and a secondary layer on the vitelline membrane.4. The respiratory requirements of the egg are supplied from a free-air space between the inner membrane and the tanned protein layer of the endochorion which communicates with the atmosphere by specialized pore canals opening into the follicular grooves.Thanks are due to Dr P. Tate for suggesting the subject of this work and for his advice and encouragement during its progress.
A study of resistance to cycloguanil inPlasmodium gallinaceumin chicks
Authors: Bishop Ann 
Published: June 2009

A cycloguanil-resistant strain ofPlasmodium gallinaceumwas produced relatively rapidly by passage through chicks treated with low but effective doses of the drug, the dose being increased as resistance developed.The strain was cross-resistant to proguanil but not to pyrimethamine or chloroquine.A strain highly resistant to proguanil was resistant to cycloguanil but only slightly resistant to pyrimethamine.A strain highly resistant to pyrimethamine was resistant to proguanil and cycloguanil.Passage for 20 months through birds treated with doses of cycloguanil which suppressed infection for relatively long periods failed to change the sensitivity of the strain to this drug or to proguanil. Although the relatively large dose did not eradicate the infection in any of the birds, subinoculations demonstrated that parasites were absent from the blood for a period in some of the birds, though infections finally developed.I am indebted to Parke Davis and Company for the supply of cycloguanil, to Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. for the proguanil hydrochloride and chloroquine phosphate and to Burroughs Wellcome and Company for the pyrimethamine base.
Studies on the structure and histochemistry of the male reproductive tract of Aspiculuris tetraptera (Nematoda: Oxyuridea)
Authors: Anya A. O. 
Published: June 2009

The histological anatomy of the male reproductive tract as well as the cytochemistry of the cells of different regions of the male tract in Aspiculuris tetraptera are described.It is shown that there are at least three different regions of the vas deferens, each of which releases one or more substances into the lumen of the male system and thus contributes to the composition of the semen. The histochemical nature of these secretions is given and it is suggested that the secretions of the distal vas deferens are oxytocic.My thanks are due to Professor J. D. Smyth of the Australian National University, Canberra, for the gift of RNA-ase (L. Light and Co.) and some other histochemical reagents, to Dr T. R. R. Mann, C.B.E., F.R.S., and Dr D. L. Lee, for helpful discussions during the course of this study and for reading the draft manuscript.
Malaria parasites of some Brazilian lizards
Authors: Walliker D. 
Published: June 2009

From lizards caught in the Codajaz region, Amazonas, Brazil, the following malaria parasites are described:Plasmodium rhadinurum Thompson & Huff, 1944 from Iguana iguana L.A species of Plasmodium from Ameiva ameiva L.A species of Plasmodium from Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Daudin).I wish to express my thanks to the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (I.N.P.A.) at Manaus for their help in the collection of material; to Professor P. C. C. Garnham, C.M.G., F.R.S., for assistance in identification, and to Mr P. E. Nesbitt for advice on staining procedures. This work was carried out during the tenure of a Medical Research Council Scholarship for Training in Research Methods.
On some interesting nematode parasites of fish from Pakistan
Authors: Rasheed Suraiya 
Published: June 2009

Two interesting and unusual Spiruroid parasites have been reported from the intestines of marine fish. These are referred to the new genera and species, namely, Bulbocephalus inglisi and Cestocephalus serratus. The former is characterized by a globular head and the muscular oesophagus has two bulbs in its most anterior part. The glandular portion of this oesophagus is 20–25 times as long as the muscular part. The diganosis of Cestocephalus serratus is mainly based on the presence of an oblong head which is covered anteriorly by lobe-like structures in the manner of bothridia in some Cestodes. A new subfamily (family Spiruridae) has been proposed to accommodate Bulbocephalus gen.nov. The family or subfamily diagnosis of Cestocephalus gen.nov. has been restricted at present due to the paucity of material.The writer wishes to express her gratitude to Professor J. J. C. Buckley for his interest throughout this work.
A new malaria parasite in Hylopetes alboniger Hodgson
Authors: Dasgupta B. , Pal Nandalal , Chatterjee Amal , Chatterjee Dipak 
Published: June 2009

Tissue stage and erythrocytic stages of a new malaria parasite Rayella hylopetei n.sp., is described from a Particoloured flying squirrel Hylopetes alboniger Hodgson encountered in Darjeeling. Tissue stages are represented by schizonts in the form of cystic bodies occurring in characteristic foci of infection occurringi n the liver. Schizonts are absent in the erythrocytes, and it appears that all immature stages in the erythrocytes directly develop into gametocytes. Haemozoin pigments occur in the form of black granules. The infected red blood cells are slightly enlarged and are without stippling.The investigation received financial support from the World Health Organization.
On the histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the cysticercoid of Raillietina cesticillus (Molin, 1858) Fuhrmann, 1920 (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)
Authors: Baron P. J. 
Published: June 2009

The structure of the cysticercoid of Raillietina cesticillus has been studied with the aid of light and electron microscopes. While the ultrastructure of the superficial parts of the scolex closely resembles that of other cestodes, the fine structure of the cyst wall differs from both these. The arrangement and functions of the tissues in the cyst wall are discussed and interpreted with reference to the tissues of the scolex of the cysticercoid of R. cesticillus and to the tissues of other cestodes. R. cesticillus cysticercoids, subjected to various histochemical tests, were shown to contain proteins and carbohydrate materials.The author wishes to thank the Principal and Governors of West Ham College of Technology, a constituent college of the North-east London Polytechnic, for their general and financial support of this work. Thanks are also due to the Directors and Governors of the several institutions whose electron microscopes the author used. The work described here forms part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the degree of Ph.D.
Parasitic mites of Surinam
Authors: Desch Clifford , Lebel Robert R. , Nutting W. B. , Lukoschus F. 
Published: June 2009

Demodex carolliae, a parasite of the bat Carollia perspicillata, is described for all stages of its life cycle. The sequences and adaptive features of this life cycle are detailed. Some information is presented on the population structure and the pathogenicity of this species.This research was supported in part by Grant W83–1 to Dr F. Lukoschus from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO).
Investigations into the free-living phase of the life-cycle of Nematodirus helvetianus
Authors: Rose J. H. 
Published: June 2009

The free-living phase of the life-cycle of Nematodirus helvetianus was studied out of doors on grass plots and the effects of temperature and humidity on the free-living stages were studied in the laboratory. The results of these observations are discussed in relation to the bionomics of N. battus and N. filicollis, and tentative deductions made regarding the epidemiology of N. helvetianus infection.I wish to thank Mr J. Bailey for technical assistance.
Infections of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., with the plerocercoid larvae of Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776), with special reference to pathological effects
Authors: Arme C. , Owen R. Wynne 
Published: June 2009

Infections are described of Gasterosteus aculeatus in a pond at Leeds with the plerocercoid larvae of Schistocephalus solidus.Very heavy infections were found in the summer of 1962 and early 1963; many fish harboured over 50 worms and the maximum was 130.For each individual host the relative percentage parasite-weight to host-weight has been determined (parasitization index). In more than 50% of the fish the P.I. exceeded 25; the maximum value was 68·5. The relationship between P.I., numbers of worms and weight of worms is described.Some effects of parasitization on the host are described; they include gross distension of the body, reduction of liver weight, reduction of packed cell volume of erythrocytes and delay in oocyte maturation. In some heavily parasitized individuals spawning is apparently inhibited.Concurrent infections with the microsporidian Glugea anomala are described.Our thanks are due to Mr A. Rennie, B.Sc., of the Yorkshire Ouse and Hull River Authority for drawing our attention to the source of infected sticklebacks, to Mr A. O. Holliday for the preparation of photographs and to Mr G. R. Standley for assistance in the preparation of the slide shown in PI. 1, fig. 3. We also wish to thank Dr J. N. Ball, Department of Zoology, University of Sheffield, for his helpful comments on the gonads of infected fish, and Professor J. M. Dodd, Department of Zoology, University of Leeds, for providing facilities and much helpful discussion. One of us (C. A.) gratefully acknowledges the receipt of a Science Research Council Research Studentship and Fellowship.
Immunity to Eimeria brunetti and Eimeria maxima infections in the fowl
Authors: Rose M. Elaine 
Published: June 2009

Fowls were completely resistant to a third inoculation with E. maxima oocysts given after two graded and spaced infections. Resistance was complete to a fourth inoculation of E. brunetti oocysts after a series of three infections.Birds made resistant to E. maxima and then inoculated with E. brunetti showed very little evidence of this infection when the intestines were examined on the sixth day and they passed very few oocysts in the faeces. The resistance of E. brunetti-immunized chickens to E. maxima infection was not quite so strong. The results indicate that, under the conditions of the experiment, infection with either of these species will protect in some degree against subsequent infection with the other. These results suggest that the species specificity of acquired resistance is not so complete as previously reported.I am indebted to my colleague, Mr P. L. Long, for his interest throughout the experiment and, in particular, for assistance with the examination of the intestines. The excellent technical assistance of other members of the Parasitology Department is also gratefully acknowledged. Mr Paul Rogers took the photographs.
The ecology of the tick Ixodes trianguliceps Birula (Arachnida; Acarina; Ixodoidea)
Authors: Cotton M. J. , Watts C. H. S. 
Published: June 2009

The ecology of the tick Ixodes trianguliceps Bir. is described from material collected at two localities in Wytham Estate near Oxford. The hosts examined were bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus Schr., field voles, Microtus agrestis (L.), and field mice, Apodemus sylvaticus (L.).The seasonal distribution of the tick is biannual, with spring and autumnal peaks as found in Ixodes ricinus (L.). Larvae occur throughout the year but principally in spring and autumn. Nymphs are found only from late spring until the autumn, and adults principally in the spring with a small peak in autumn.Larvae and nymphs of I. trianguliceps were more abundant on male than on female bank voles, but there was no significant difference in the infestation of males and females by adult ticks. Similarly there was no significant difference in the infestation of adult and juvenile bank voles.Larvae and nymphs occur principally on the ears, but the adult ticks are found mainly on the neck or body, although the ears were not excluded from infestation.The seasonal distribution and life-history is discussed with reference to similar studies made in the Soviet Union and in Poland. Male ticks were found in copula on the host, and both males and nymphs were collected from the nests of voles.A tentative summary of the life-history of I. trianguliceps is given based on known facts for the hedgehog tick, Ixodes hexagonus Leach, which has a similar seasonal occurrence.We wish to thank Professor Don Arthur for identification of much of the tick material, especially in the early stages of this study, and for useful criticism of the draft manuscript. The work was carried out while one of us (M.J.C.) was a research student in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford, and the other (C.H.S.W.) a research student at the Bureau of Animal Population, Oxford. For facilities in both departments we wish to express our gratitude.
On cyclical alterations in the Feulgen staining of nuclei during the development of nematodes
Authors: Monné L. 
Published: June 2009

In the Ascaroidea the germinal vesicle, the pronuclei and the nuclei of all the blastomeres prior to chromatin diminution are strongly Feulgen positive. The nuclei of the somatic cells, which become suddenly Feulgen negative upon chromatin diminution, gradually become strongly Feulgen positive again during subsequent development. The nuclei of the germ track cells which are not subjected to chromatin diminution remain strongly Feulgen positive during the whole development. In all the other metazoa, including the nematodes where chromatin diminution does not occur, the germinal vesicle, the synkaryon and the nuclei of the blastomeres during the earliest cleavage stages are Feulgen negative. The latter, however, become gradually strongly Feulgen positive again during the subsequent development. The nuclei of the female germ cells and the synkaryon of protozoa and plants have also been reported to be Feulgen negative. Thus, the Feulgen-positive nuclei of the definitive somatic cells always originate from Feulgen-negative nuclei, in the Ascaroidea from the Feulgen-negative nuclei of the blastomeres and in all other forms of life from the Feulgen-negative nuclei of the eggs. The Feulgen-positive nuclei of the germ cells also originate from Feulgen-negative nuclei except in the Ascaroidea, where they originate from Feulgen-positive nuclei. In the somatic track the sequence of Feulgen-positive nuclei is interrupted in all forms of life and during the germ track it is also interrupted in all forms of life except the Ascaroidea, where it is uninterrupted. These biologically important phenomena are discussed.These investigations have been supported by a grant from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg stiftelse. The author is indebted to Mrs. M. Wahlström and E. Nowak for their valuable technical assistance.
The hatching mechanism of the egg of Fasciola hepatica L.
Authors: Wilson R. A. 
Published: June 2009

The hatching mechanism of the liver fluke egg was investigated and a new interpretation put forward. Light stimulates the miracidium and, when fully activated, the miracidium is responsible for altering the permeability of the membrane on the internal concave surface of the viscous cushion. Prior to expansion the cushion (a fibrillar mucoprotein complex) is in a dehydrated or semihydrated state. The change in permeability of the enclosing membrane allows the fluid egg contents to permeate into the cushion. The fibrillar matrix becomes hydrated and an increase in volume occurs. This compresses the miracidium and sacs and an internal pressure is set up which gradually increases until the operculum finally ruptures and flies back violently. The cushion and miracidium are then expelled by the hypertonicity of the egg contents.I would like to thank Professor O. W. Richards, in whose department this work was carried out, also Dr F. Call and Professor B. G. Peters for their many helpful criticisms. I am also grateful to Miss Mary Morris for assistance with the electron microscopy.
The histopathology of Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep
Authors: Dow C. , Ross J. G. , Todd J. R. 
Published: June 2009

Experimental infections of lambs with Fasciola hepatica are described. The growth rate of the parasite, time of entry to the bile ducts, and time of patency are recorded and a preferential migration of the parasite in the liver parenchyma noted. The gross and histological lesions produced in the liver from 1 to 40 weeks after infection are described and compared with previous observations in cattle.The parenchymal migration of the parasite is shown to consist of two phases, a free migrating phase up to the 6th week, and a localized phase after the 6th week prior to entry into the bile ducts. Hepatic cell regeneration is observed and hepatic fibrosis is minimal. The localized phase of migration is associated with a unique peripheral palisade of giant cells in the fluke tracts and with the formation of pseudofollicular aggregation of lymphocytes. The presence of flukes in the bile ducts produces fibrosis of the duct walls. The walls, however, remain pliable and expanded to accommodate the parasites and calcification was never observed.