bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Risk Management of E&P Operations in the Barents Sea: Environmental Indicators and Thresholds Levels
Authors: Buffagni M. , Pinturier L. , Bracco L. , Moltu U. E. , Cova C. A. , Jonsson H. , Sanni S. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Marine polar ecosystems are often claimed being sensitive and having low tolerance toward external stress. In the Norwegian sector of the Barents Sea, this assumption has caused the implementation of a zero physical discharge policy. This policy is preventing an empirical definition of tolerance limits in relation to petroleum activities and the application of tailored and effective mitigation measures.
Eni E&P, its subsidiary Eni Norge, TOTAL E&P and its subsidiary TOTAL E&P NORGE, have launched the BIOSEA JIP in cooperation with IRIS-Biomiljø. The aim of the project was to build a scientific platform for risk based environmental management of Arctic E&P offshore activities. The BIOSEA initiative, developed over a 6 years period, aimed at establishing a suitable set of tools for environmental monitoring in offshore areas, and at adding knowledge on the sensitivity of Arctic species to dispersed crude oil and produced water. The project finished in December 2009 and the main achievements are presented in this paper.
Controlled laboratory exposure experiments and on site field surveys clearly demonstrated the relevance of typical oil exposure parameters (biomarkers) as valuable tools for oil exposure monitoring in different Arctic species. The monitoring toolbox was refined based on sensitivity and response patterns of individual biomarkers. Biomarker field reference levels were also established for the same species, as some biomarkers may be influenced by environmental and seasonal conditions. Based on data obtained from laboratory exposure experiments and field baseline monitoring, biomarker threshold levels were estimated. By establishing such biomarker threshold levels, BIOSEA has significantly contributed to the definition of assessment criteria to be used for monitoring of the environmental quality in the marine environment, as required by the Integrated Management Plan for the Barents Sea and Lofoten areas.
Lessons Learned by an Oilfield Services Company in the Development of a Chemical Management System Toward Compliance with REACH
Authors: Kirchof C. , Romijn H. , Danican S. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
On 1 June 2007, a new era of chemical regulations began. The European Union (EU) consolidated approximately 40 pieces of existing chemical legislation and transformed them into one comprehensive chemical regulation called REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals). This new approach to chemical management puts a greater burden on importers and manufacturers. It also changes how the oilfield and gas service industry conducts business in not only the EU but also in the global chemical products marketplace.
For the oilfield and gas service industry, REACH poses significant challenges requiring the reexamination of current practices in the import and manufacturing of oilfield service products. The regulatory requirements go far beyond the function of the HSE manager. Continuous interaction between the business functions of supply chain, logistics, HSE, IT, trade control, product development, sales and marketing, legal, and field operations is imperative to comply with this complicated, vastly encompassing piece of legislation.
Lessons learned during the pre-registration phase in 2008 offered a clearer perspective on future registration requirements under REACH and have necessitated the reevaluation of chemical formulations in oilfield service products. This effort also requires the development and implementation of an ongoing chemical management system that continuously tracks the import and manufacturing of chemical substances found in numerous oilfield service products. Additional variables further complicate this tracking of substances are legal entities, management of chemical suppliers, communication between internal databases, and protection of confidential business information.
This paper shares the process currently being developed and implemented by an oilfield services company towards compliance with REACH.
Improving HSE Performance by Humanizing the Management System
Authors: López Juan Carlos , Fox Chris , Bordage Pierre , Villarreal Gonzalo , Moya Erick Jose , Mejia A. , Revelo J , Palacios L. , Arce L. , Ayala A. , Moreno F. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The oil and gas industry has reached a plateau in many of its health, safety, and environment (HSE) indicators. Statistics show that over the last five years the industry has not experienced a significant reduction in either the number or severity of accidents, despite the investment of considerable effort and money. Influencing employee behavior has been identified as the key factor for resuming performance improvement, with several organizations adopting systems to tackle the challenge using behavior-based safety programs. In the opinion of the authors, most of these programs have had limited effectiveness due their being implemented in isolation, rather than integrated into an overall management system.
This paper shows how a corporate program in an oilfield services company has been fully integrated into the organization's HSE culture with an innovative approach: humanizing the management system. The paper describes the vision and strategy to bring implementation of the management system to a more mature level by measuring changes in managers' leadership styles and by using a bottom-up approach that allows employees to participate in the system and, at the same time, feel accountable for the actions they take. This approach requires putting tactical programs in place to make managers believe in the change and make employees believe in the system. The paper shows examples of these programs, such as a commitment and leadership key performance indicator (KPI) for managers; a weekly positive message to create an "it's possible" way of thinking across the organization; and a program to build a bridge between the families of employees and the system.
The paper also describes the key principles that make the approach of humanizing the management system effective, and shows how it is improving HSE performance in the operations of the oilfield services company in Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador.
Prioritising and Partnering to Tackle HIV/AIDS
Authors: Donnelly Robin P , Arvanitidis Nina 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Objective
To maximise the impact of a private sector HIV/AIDS programme, a multinational corporation needs to prioritise what it chooses to do and with whom to partner. This paper describes the evolution, over a seven-year period, of such a system into a risk-based approach.

Background
Despite the progress made on HIV/AIDS, the global pandemic is far from over and continues to present an enormous threat for humanity. Multinational companies are faced with the complex challenge of educating and protecting their workforces and participating, where appropriate, in global and regional programmes run by governments, non-governmental organisations and the private sector. The private sector needs to decide where to focus its efforts, not only geographically, but also on how it participates in a programme, to maximise the unique contribution, they can make.

Method
A multinational energy company initiated an HIV/AIDS programme in 2001 focusing initially on 5 Sub-Saharan countries with operational interests. Since then the programme has expanded to 70 countries globally with activity on all continents. An initial road map approach advocated a stepwise development of activity. No particular distinction was made between different countries in terms of the ultimate goals of the programme. A health check after 5 years suggested that the programme was effective. There were, however, opportunities to improve prioritisation, such that the greatest effort was placed on the greatest areas of risk and also that suitable partnerships could greatly add to the effectiveness of the programme. A revised strategy was developed which required a risk prioritisation of activity to direct the appropriate level of response.

Results
Two years after its introduction, the risk-prioritised approach has led to the diversion of activity and spend to the areas of highest risk. In addition, greater emphasis has been placed on partnering with suitable programmes to add to the sustainability of the programmes and ensure that the private sector contribution focuses on their area of unique contribution.

Conclusions
Prioritising the activity and partnering with the right organisations are both effective strategies to maximise the impact of a private sector programme for HIV/AIDS.
Regulatory Challenges of Drill Cuttings Waste Management in Indonesia
Authors: Permata E. , McBride S. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The oil & gas industry has taken substantive steps toward reducing its environmental footprint from drilling activities. The implementation of a drill cuttings waste management strategy in the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia includes the use of thermal desorption technology. Oily drill cuttings are collected and treated using thermal desorption unit resulting an efficient, recovery and reuse of base oil and reducing the oil on the treated cuttings from 20 wt% to an average of 0.3 wt%.
The solid treated cuttings have potential to be reused as a raw material for civil construction such as road base or backfill material. However, Indonesian hazardous waste regulation enlists drill muds and cuttings as a specific source of hazardous waste. Subsequent to treatment, the treated cuttings are still considered as hazardous even though laboratory analysis demonstrates that the chemical concentrations do not exceed those used to identify materials with hazardous characteristics.
The company generates approximately 65 000 tons of treated cuttings annually.
The hazardous waste regulations require that the oil & gas industry dispose of this material in an appropriate manner. Therefore the post treated, inert material, that is in compliance with drilling waste management regulation, is disposed in a non-sensitive offshore location.
The company is searching for ways to convince the authorities of the benefit of reusing treated cuttings for alternative uses including road base and backfill material.
New Classification Rules for Offshore Floating Gas Terminals
Authors: Gourdet Guillaume , Toderan Catalin 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Offshore gas terminals are today broadly considered by the industry to respond to the world thirst of energy in a rapid and efficient manner. In order to match these technical developments, Bureau Veritas has completed, in May 2009, the first phase of a rule development project for the classification of floating offshore gas terminals. Combining BV experience with the classification of Liquefied gas carriers and FPSOs, this resulting guidance note provides requirements for structural safety and cargo containment system assessment. These requirements are applicable for LNG FPSOs, FSRU, gas production units or FSOs.
For the end of the year 2009, BV will complete this guidance note with specific requirements for subdivision and stability, electrical installations, piping systems, equipment, fire safety and topsides of offshore gas terminals.
This paper describes the work and conclusions of the guidance note and focus on two main challenges faced during the work: One one hand, culture differences between shipping, gas and offshore industries. Although modern design techniques are largely using sophisticated numerical calculation tools for both ships and offshore units, there is still a notable cultural difference between the shipping and the offshore industries in the fact that the design of offshore platforms has historically been inclined to be based on first principles and direct risk analysis as opposed to ships, the design of which integrates, to a large extent, the return of experience in service in a more empirical way.
On the other hand, the difficulty to build standards for a new technology. Despite the long experience in gas transportation at sea and in offshore units, LNG FPSO projects need to identify the risk induced by transferring new technologies from shipping or from onshore industry to offshore floating gas projects.
Use of Integrated HSE Audits and Legal Compliance Environmental Audits in the Brazilian Oil Industry
Authors: Amaral S. P. , Lima G. B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Integrated Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) audits and legal environmental audits are important tools to assess and monitor the HSE performance of business or operating units. This article discusses how the Brazilian oil industry, represented by Petrobras, has been conducting audits in the last 15 years. Several types of audit are presented such as integrated HSE management system audits, legal compliance environmental audits, based on the Guideline DZ-056/1995 of the current Environment Institute of the State of Rio de Janeiro (INEA) and Resolution 306/2002 of the Brazilian National Environmental Council (CONAMA). The article discusses also the assessments of the HSE Management Assessment Process (PAG-HSE) and the HSE Due Diligence Audits, upon the acquisitions and mergers of new businesses. A comparison is made between management system audits and legal environmental audits in Brazil. A table is also presented with the evolution of compulsory legislation on environmental audit in several Brazilian states. Finally, examples are shown of elements to be audited in integrated HSE and legal compliance environmental audits used in the Brazilian oil industry. It is concluded that HSE audits and legal compliance environmental audits are excellent tools to help companies in preventing, reducing and controlling their Health, Safety and Environment impacts.
The Effectiveness of Immunizing BP Indonesia West Java Workers Using Influenza Vaccination to Prevent Influenza-Like Illnesses
Authors: Ojong Anton , Basuki Endang , Hendrawan Handoyo , Kamal Kasyunnil 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Influenza-like illnesses are often found among staff members. The influenza immunization program just covered 30% of the total number of workers. This research was therefore carried out to observe the effectiveness of immunizing BP Indonesia – West Java workers against the symptoms of influenza-like illnesses.
This research used a case-control design of 1:1. The number of random samples per group was 88 people.
Influenza-like illnesses were influenced by vaccinations (OR=4.83), workers' locations (OR=3.94), exercise activities (OR=3.86), smoking (OR=2.86) and Body Mass Index (OR=0.44). The average length of illness for workers who were immunized was 3 (3-5) days, while those who were not immunized experienced an average length of 4 (2-7) days. This difference was significant, with a p value of 0.008. The effectiveness of the influenza vaccination against influenza-like illness symptoms was 69.4%.
This influenza vaccination program was the main determinant factor in reducing the incidence of influenza-like illnesses, with an effectiveness rate of 69.4%.
Working with Stakeholders to Develop a Toolkit to Guide Planning and Implementation of Decommissioning and Closure Schemes in Resource-Rich Countries
Authors: Rawa A. D. , Alba E. Mayorga , Sheldon C. C. , Aramburu R. , Rodriguez F. D. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A recent World Bank survey of oil producing countries suggests that governments around the world have a limited capacity to plan environmental, health, safety and socioeconomic issues associated with the end of a project's life. At the same time, global projections indicate a steep increase in decommissioning of oil fields in the next two decades. Consequently, since early 2009, the World Bank has been leading an Initiative, "Towards Sustainable Decommissioning and Closure of Oil Fields [and Mines] 2: A Toolkit to Assist Government Agencies," to contribute to sustainable development by assisting governments in resource-rich countries in undertaking earlier and more systematic planning of the decommissioning and closure phase of upstream (onshore and offshore) oil and gas production operations.
The World Bank worked with representatives of oil and gas sector companies, regulatory agencies, industry organizations, non government organizations, as well as experts and other stakeholders to generate consensus on key issues and to lead the development of a Toolkit containing high level, simple and user-friendly guidance designed to contribute to an increased level of awareness and understanding of decommissioning and closure among government authorities’ staff in resource rich countries. The Initiative is funded under the environmental pillar of the Petroleum and Governance Initiative, collaboration between the World Bank and the Government of Norway.
An initial Issues Paper and input received during a workshop in April 2009 indicated that priority issues which needed to be addressed included: the need for increased government capacity and involvement; the absence of a regulatory framework related to decommissioning and closure, cleanup standards and environmental best practice, and enforcement and monitoring; as well as the need to mainstream financial assurance, include socioeconomic considerations in planning the closure and post closure phase of operations, and stakeholder engagement throughout the Project's lifecycle. A draft Toolkit was developed incorporating guidance on these issues and shared with a small but diverse group of stakeholders in London and then with government representatives during a World Bank event in Ghana. A revised Toolkit was then prepared and can be accessed at http://go.worldbank.org/PLYX4SKSB0. This paper highlights the collaborative approach that the World Bank undertook as part of this work and describes key outputs, including the Toolkit and its contents. The approach used and guidance developed may be of interest to governments and private sector companies in context of planning and/or implementing sustainable decommissioning and closure schemes.
Sustainable Development: Rainwater Capture and Exploitation in a Macaé Facility
Authors: Tinoco T. , De Souza E. R. , Araujo L. V. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Within the concept of sustainable development, the management of water use and the search for new forms of exploitation are important tools for using natural resources in a balanced way and for avoiding the depletion of resources for future generations. Specifically, rainwater can be used in various processes and does not require advanced previous treatment.
During the design stage of the expansion of its facility in Macaé, Brazil, our company considered the development of a rainwater use program. An assessment of the internal operational process was performed to determine the opportunities for use and the facility's demands for water.
With this information, the regional rainfall data, and the new rain capture area, it was possible to prepare a technical feasibility study for the construction of a new system to collect and store rainwater. There was also an interest in the preparation of an economic feasibility study because the expansion of the facility would almost double its area.
The additional costs of the project were also studied, including the cost decrease associated with the water supplied by a third party. Other factors that were taken into consideration were the inability of the water supplier to fully meet the demand, which had led the company to search for alternatives, including the purchase of water trucks, which increased the costs of the water. The objective was to estimate the reduction of water provided by an external company and the amount of time required to achieve a return on investment.
This paper describes how these studies led to the company's decision to create the capture area and its determination of the volume of water to be stored to address the difficulties encountered with domestic supply. It also describes the costs involved and the environmental aggregated value by the decision to implement the sustainable development concept.
Cost of Accidents at Work, an Ecuadorian Approach
Authors: Romero Joaquin , Romero Fabricio 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This paper explain the costs considerations took to produced a preliminary software model to estimate incidents costs at country level by a number of variables. The model was based on cost data from international models and was adjusted to local requirements of Ecuador, South America.
The accident cost estimation proved difficult both for the companies and the victims to exactly estimate the various costs of accidents at work. This task was further complicated by the fact that many of the expenses are at least partly reimbursed by insurance. For some types, the exact amount could still be retrieved from documents related to the insurance, while for others neither the company nor the victims were in a position to provide an accurate estimate. A typical example of this problem is related to one major element of total costs, i.e. the costs of health care and rehabilitation.
In the estimates, the labor costs were calculated based on the labor cost and the lost working time. This is a theoretical approach. There are important differences between countries on how the costs of lost working time are actually dealt with between the society, the employer, the victim and the private/public insurance handling the reimbursements. Depending on the insurance system, the validity of the theoretical approach used may also vary according to whether the accident resulted in a short or long incapacity or full or partial permanent incapacity or death.
The final result of the software is an approach to evaluate the cost-benefit application of corrective action to avoid that the accident recurs.
Taking two established costing methods as reference, they were changed to tailor for the particular considerations so that it can be as accurate as possible in determining accident costs of this company in Ecuador. This led to the creation of the software named CIA-SYS (Accident and Incident Cost Calculator) with the aim implements it. Furthermore, this software also intends to be a decision-making aid for managers to implement preventative and corrective measures in the company.