bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcrossing in Early‐Stage Spring Wheat Breeder Seed Development
Authors: Hucl P. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTOutcrossing (OC) during the initial stages of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeder seed development (“head‐rowing”) may lead to off‐types appearing in later generations of pedigreed seed. The objective of this research project was to measure OC in a simulated short (1.3 m) breeder row nursery of spring wheat. Rows of four cultivars known to differ in OC potential were grown at up to 12 distances (30–360 cm) from a blue aleurone pollen source in two directions in each of 2 yr. Pollen flow barriers consisted of varying numbers of border rows of wheat or the use of four rows of spring triticale (Triticosecale). The blue aleurone trait was used to estimate OC frequency. Triticale was equivalent to wheat as a pollen trap. Based on the results from this study, it would appear prudent to use a pollen barrier of at least 3.6 m between wheat germplasm of a low to moderate OC potential. Wider pollen barriers (>10 m) probably will be required for germplasm prone to OC.
Optimizing Dosages of Seaweed Extract‐Based Cytokinins and Zeatin Riboside for Improving Creeping Bentgrass Heat Tolerance
Authors: Zhang Xunzhong , Wang Kehua , Ervin E. H. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTSeaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum Jol.) extract‐based cytokinins (SWEC) have been used to improve turfgrass stress tolerance, but optimum dosages for improving creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) heat tolerance are lacking. This study was designed to examine effects of SWEC at various dosages on creeping bentgrass heat tolerance and to compare their effects to a trans‐zeatin riboside (t‐ZR)‐standard in a growth chamber. The SWEC and t‐ZR were applied to the foliage of ‘L‐93’ creeping bentgrass four times (14‐d interval) at 1, 10, and 100 μM. After the second application, the grass was subjected to heat stress for 49 d at 35/25°C (day/night) in the initial experiment or 38/28°C (day/night) in the second experiment. The SWEC and t‐ZR treatments at 10 and 100 μM alleviated the decline of turfgrass quality and chlorophyll content. They also increased leaf t‐ZR content and nitrate reductase (NR) activity, relative to the control, especially under 38/28°C (day/night). These data indicate that improvements under heat stress may be associated with an increase in plant t‐ZR levels and NR activity due to SWEC or t‐ZR application. Results suggest that repeated foliar application of SWEC at 10 μM may be an effective approach for improving turfgrass performance and heat stress tolerance.
Intake, Digestibility, and Nitrogen Balance of Steers Fed Gamagrass Baleage Topdressed at Two Rates of Nitrogen and Harvested at Sunset and Sunrise
Authors: Sauvé A. K. , Huntington G. B. , Whisnant C. S. , Burns J. C. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTMaximum diurnal accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in warm‐season grasses is an economic way of increasing hay quality; however, in the humid East, haymaking is difficult. This study evaluated gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.), topdressed with either 56 (LO) or 168 (HI) kg N ha−1, direct baled after mowing in the afternoon (PM/LO and PM/HI) or morning (AM/LO and AM/HI), wrapped with plastic film, and conserved as baleage. The four baleage treatments were evaluated by steers for dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, and N retention. Neither harvest time nor N rate altered DMI (mean = 1.87 kg 100−1 kg body weight). Digestion was similar between PM and AM baleage but greater (P = 0.05) for HI vs. LO N rate (536 vs. 506 g kg−1) as was cellulose digestion (P = 0.02; 656 vs. 617 g kg−1). The digestion of crude protein was greater (P = 0.01) in the AM vs. PM baleage (519 vs. 443 g kg−1) and greater (P = 0.02) in HI vs. LO N rate (520 vs. 441 g kg−1). Fermentations differed (P < 0.01) between PM and AM baleage, as pH averaged 5.4 and 4.5, respectively. Greatest (P < 0.01) amounts of alcohols and least fatty acids occurred in PM baleage and N rate reduced (P < 0.01) alcohols but increased fatty acids. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) prebaling was 120 g kg−1 in the PM and 97 g kg−1 in the AM, but baleage averaged <38 g kg−1 and explains the lack of steer response to the PM harvest. Gamagrass preserved well as baleage and was readily consumed, but the TNC fraction was not preserved.
Ozone Impacts on Assimilation and Allocation to Reproductive Sinks in the Vegetatively Propagated C4 Weed, Yellow Nutsedge
Authors: Grantz David A. , Shrestha Anil , Vu Hai‐Bang 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTCrop production in many irrigated agricultural regions is challenged by both air pollution and weed pressure. Impacts of ozone (O3) on C4 plants have received little attention. Yet many important crops and weeds utilize the C4 pathway, including yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). A previous study suggested that this species may respond to O3 exposure with enhanced allocation of biomass below ground, including potentially to reproductive tubers, an apparent exception to the general weakening of belowground sink strength. This hypothesis was not supported by the current experiments, as exposure to 60 nL L−1 and 115 nL L−1 O3 (12‐h daylight mean O3 concentration) reduced biomass allocation to tubers, relative to 4 nL L−1 Chlorophyll content, specific leaf weight, and carbon assimilation were reduced, while intercellular CO2 concentration increased, reducing water use efficiency. We conclude that (i) this C4 species exhibits substantial sensitivity to ambient O3; (ii) O3–inhibition of allocation belowground is not limited to roots but also applies to tubers; and (iii) the O3 component of global change will increase the competitiveness of nutsedge with respect to specific crops as shown previously, but will decrease tuber production and degrade water use efficiency of this challenging C4 weed.
Fine Root Distributions in Oilseed and Pulse Crops
Authors: Liu Liping , Gan Yantai , Bueckert Rosalind , Van Rees Ken , Warkentin Thomas 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTFine roots are of great importance in the uptake of water and nutrients from, and input of, carbon to the soil. This study determined the proportion of extra fine (<0.4‐mm diameter) to fine (0.4‐ to 2.0‐mm diameter) roots and their distribution patterns for important oilseed and pulse crops. Crops were grown in 150‐mm diameter, 1‐m long lysimeters in the field near Swift Current, SK, in 2006–2007. For oilseeds (Brassica napus L. canola, Brassica juncea L. mustard, Linum usitatissimum L. flax), roots in the 0.0‐ to 0.2‐mm diameter class comprised about 60% of the total root length, roots in the 0.2‐ to 0.4‐mm diameter about 30%, and those in the diameter class >0.4 mm contributed a small proportion to the total. For pulses (Cicer arietinum L. chickpea, Pisum sativum L. dry pea, and Lens culinaris Medik. lentil), the proportion of roots in the 0‐ to 0.2‐mm diameter was much smaller than that for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), whereas the proportions of roots in the thicker (0.4 to 0.6, 0.6 to 0.8, and 0.8 to 2.0 mm) diameters were greater than those for wheat. The relative distribution patterns of extra fine and fine roots in oilseeds, pulses, and wheat may provide a guide for further study of detailed rooting systems for oilseeds and pulses.
Intake and Digestibility of Improved Selections of Tall Fescue and Orchardgrass Hays
Authors: Burns J. C. , Fisher D. S. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTImproved cool‐season grass cultivars may add production potential to ruminant enterprises across the North–South transition zone. Quality among hays of ‘MaxQ’ (‘Jesup’ with novel endophyte), HM4 (‘HiMag’ with novel endophyte No. 4) and ‘Cajun’ (without endophyte) tall fescues [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] and ‘Persist’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was evaluated. Forage was harvested in the flag‐leaf stage in three of 4 yr and a regrowth (late flag‐leaf to heads‐emerging stage) in 1 yr. Goats (four trials) consumed MaxQ, HM4, and Persist similarly (P = 0.12; mean = 2.49 kg 100−1 kg body weight [BW]) and Cajun least (P < 0.01; mean = 1.62 kg × 100−1 kg BW). Apparent digestibility was similar among tall fescues (P ≥ 0.07; mean = 609 g kg−1), but MaxQ and Cajun were greater than Persist (P ≤ 0.05; mean = 610 and 623 vs. 582 g kg−1). Digestible dry matter intake (DMI) was similar among MaxQ, HM4, and Persist (P ≥ 0.09; mean 1.49 kg 100−1 kg BW). Steers (three trials and Cajun not evaluated) consumed more Persist than MaxQ (P = 0.01; 2.40 vs. 2.14 kg 100−1 kg BW) or HM4 (P = 0.01; 1.98 kg 100−1 kg BW). MaxQ had greater apparent digestibility than HM4 (P = 0.01) or Persist (P = 0.04; 626 vs. 585 vs. 597 g kg−1, respectively) but digestible DMI of MaxQ and Persist was similar (P = 0.12; mean = 1.39 kg 100−1 kg BW). Improved tall fescue cultivars, with novel endophyte, offer the ruminant producer a cool‐season forage of similar quality as orchardgrass for their enterprise.
Hormonal Changes Caused by the Xenia Effect during Grain Filling of Normal Corn and High‐Oil Corn Crosses
Authors: Liu Yue‐E , Liu Peng , Dong Shu‐Ting , Zhang Ji‐Wang 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThe xenia effect results from the cross‐fertilization of nonrelated lines of crops, which causes a grain to produce a germ or embryo that is much larger than average. It is a significant genetic component in TopCross grain production systems, which can affect grain yield and quality. This study measured hormone variations during grain filling of normal corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids, and normal corn crossed with a high‐oil corn. Two normal corn hybrids, Nongda 108 (ND108) and Liaoyu 20 (LY20), were used as the females. A high‐oil corn hybrid, HOC115, was used as the male. Compared with self‐fertilization, the cross between ND108 and HOC115 resulted in higher yield, while the cross of LY20 with HOC115 had lower yield. The changes in grain yield were mainly due to grain weight. Both hormone levels and endosperm cell division rates increased rapidly during the early stage of grain development, and then declined gradually until maturity. The levels of indole‐3‐acetic acid, gibberellin (GA3), zeatin riboside, and abscisic acid at an early developmental stage were closely related to the grain weight at maturity. Higher endosperm cell division rates and cell numbers were associated with lower levels of GA3, and higher filling rates were associated with higher GA3 The xenia effect was mainly mediated through changes of hormone contents, which affected endosperm cell division, grain sink strength, and, therefore, changed grain weight and grain yield.
Recommendations of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) on Education in Biomedical and Health Informatics
Authors: Ammenwerth E. , Demiris G. , Hasman A. , Haux R. , Hersh W. , Hovenga E. , Lun K. C. , Marin H. , Martin-Sanchez F. , Wright G. , Mantas J. 
Published: January 2010

Summary
Objective: The International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) agreed on revising the existing international recommendations in health informatics /medical informatics education. These should help to establish courses, course tracks or even complete programs in this field, to further develop existing educational activities in the various nations and to support international initiatives concerning education in biomedical and health informatics (BMHI), particularly international activities in educating BMHI specialists and the sharing of courseware.
Method: An IMIA task force, nominated in 2006, worked on updating the recommendations’ first version. These updates have been broadly discussed and refined by members of IMIA’s National Member Societies, IMIA’s Academic Institutional Members and by members of IMIA’s Working Group on Health and Medical Informatics Education.
Results and Conclusions: The IMIA recommendations center on educational needs for health care professionals to acquire knowledge and skills in information processing and information and communication technology. The educational needs are described as a three-dimensional framework. The dimensions are: 1) professionals in health care (e.g. physicians, nurses, BMHI professionals), 2) type of specialization in BMHI (IT users, BMHI specialists), and 3) stage of career progression (bachelor, master, doctorate). Learning outcomes are defined in terms of knowledge and practical skills for health care professionals in their role a) as IT user and b) as BMHI specialist. Recommendations are given for courses /course tracks in BMHI as part of educational programs in medicine, nursing, health care management, dentistry, pharmacy, public health, health record administration, and informatics /computer science as well as for dedicated programs in BMHI (with bachelor, master or doctor degree).To support education in BMHI, IMIA offers to award a certificate for high-quality BMHI education. It supports information exchange on programs and courses in BMHI through its Working Group on Health and Medical Informatics Education.
Incomplete Seating of a Metal-backed Alumina Liner in Ceramic-on-Ceramic Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Carvajal Alba Jaime A. , Schiffman Eric D. , Scully Sean P. , Parvataneni Hari K. 
Published: January 2010

Metal-backed modular ceramic bearing systems using a recessed alumina liner in a titanium sleeve were developed to decrease ceramic chipping or fracture due to femoral neck impingement after total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, malseating of the metal-backed ceramic liner has recently been described. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence, etiology, and clinical relevance of this event.
Between 2005 and 2008, 51 consecutive patients (61 hips) underwent THA with a metal-backed alumina liner housed in a titanium shell. The metal-backed ceramic liner was aligned, seated, and impacted into the shell, and satisfaction in terms of liner stability and seating was confirmed intraoperatively. Postoperative assessment of seating was assessed with standard radiographs. Liner seating was classified as well seated, suspicious, or malseated.
Seven liners (11.5%) were found to be malseated and 4 (6.5%) were considered suspicious. Radiographically, there was a gap between the liner and the shell located inferomedially in 4 patients and superolaterally in 3 patients. Two liners subsequently seated at 1 and 3 months postoperatively, respectively. No dislodgement, failures, or adverse events were identified. There were no revision surgeries. The significant percentage of malseated liners were potentially attributed to poor exposure, bony/soft tissue interposition, and surgeon learning curve.
The Strength and Effects of Humeral Rotation on Single-Versus Double-Row Repair Techniques in Small Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Shah Anup A. , Milos Steven , Deutsch Allen 
Published: January 2010

With advanced surgical techniques, instrumentation, and implants, arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has become increasingly popular. As the techniques continue to evolve, so do the methods by which the repairs are tested. Cyclic loading has shown to better replicate postoperative motion after cuff repair. Recently, cyclic loading with dynamic external rotation has been studied for large rotator cuff repairs. Our study applies this concept to small, isolated supraspinatus tears, comparing single- vs double-row repair techniques.
A 1.5-cm rotator cuff tear was created in cadaveric specimens and repaired with single-and double-row repair techniques. With cyclic loading and dynamic external rotation, gap formation and ultimate pullout strength were determined and found to be equivalent. This study demonstrates no significant difference in single- vs double-row repairs for small, isolated supraspinatus tears when tested with cyclic loading and dynamic external rotation.
Curvature of Synthetic and Natural Surfaces Is an Important Target Feature in Classical Pathway Complement Activation
Authors: Pedersen Martin Bjerregård , Zhou Xingfei , Larsen Esben Kjær Unmack , Sørensen Uffe Skov , Kjems Jørgen , Nygaard Jens Vinge , Nyengaard Jens Randel , Meyer Rikke Louise , Boesen Thomas , Vorup-Jensen Thomas 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe binding of Abs to microbial surfaces followed by complement activation constitutes an important line of defense against infections. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between complement activation and the binding of human IgM Abs to surfaces with different curvatures. IgM Abs to dextran were shown to activate complement potently on dextran-coated particles having a diameter around 250 nm, whereas larger (600 nm) particles were less potent activators. This selectivity regarding particle dimension was also found for complement activation by colloidal substances of microbial origin. Peptidoglycan (PGN) is the major chemical component in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Fragments of purified PGN with sizes of ∼100 nm promoted complement activation effectively through the classical pathway. By contrast, larger or smaller fragments of PGN did not activate complement strongly. A careful analysis of PGN fragments released during planctonic growth of Staphylococcus aureus showed that these include curvatures that would permit strong IgM-mediated complement activation, whereas the curvature of intact cells would be less effective for such activation. Consistently, we found that the suspended PGN fragments were strong activators of complement through the classical pathway. We suggest that these fragments act as decoy targets for complement activation, providing protection for S. aureus against the host immune response to infection.
Charge‐Transporting Polymers based on Phenylbenzoimidazole Moieties
Authors: Debeaux Marc , Thesen Manuel W. , Schneidenbach Daniel , Hopf Henning , Janietz Silvia , Krüger Hartmut , Wedel Armin , Kowalsky Wolfgang , Johannes Hans‐Hermann 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA series of novel styrene functionalized monomers with phenylbenzo[d]imidazole units and the corresponding homopolymers are prepared. These side‐chain polymers show high glass‐transition temperatures that even exceed the corresponding value for the common electron‐transporting material 1,3,5‐tris(1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)benzene (TPBI). Similar electronic behavior between the polymers and TPBI is shown. The polymers are used as matrices for phosphorescent dopants. The fabricated devices exhibit current efficiencies up to 38.5 cd A−1 at 100 cd m−2 and maximum luminances of 7400 cd m−2 at 10 V with a minimum turn‐on voltage as low as 2.70 V in single‐layer devices with an ITO/PEDOT:PSS anode (ITO = indium tin oxide, PEDOT:PSS = poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate)) and a CsF/Ca/Ag cathode.
Highly Extensible Bio‐Nanocomposite Films with Direction‐Dependent Properties
Authors: Gaharwar Akhilesh K. , Schexnailder Patrick , Kaul Vikas , Akkus Ozan , Zakharov Dmitri , Seifert Soenke , Schmidt Gudrun 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe structure and mechanical properties of bio‐nanocomposite films made from poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) that is physically cross‐linked with silicate nanoparticles, Laponite, are investigated. Direction‐dependent mechanical properties of the films are presented, and the effect of shear orientation during sample preparation on tensile strength and elongation is assessed. Repeated mechanical deformation results in highly extensible materials with preferred orientation and structuring at the nano‐ and micrometer scales. Additionally, in vitro biocompatibility data are reported, and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts are observed to readily adhere and proliferate on silicate cross‐linked PEO while maintaining high cell viability.
Orientation Control of Linear‐Shaped Molecules in Vacuum‐Deposited Organic Amorphous Films and Its Effect on Carrier Mobilities
Authors: Yokoyama Daisuke , Setoguchi Yousuke , Sakaguchi Akio , Suzuki Michio , Adachi Chihaya 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe molecular orientation of linear‐shaped molecules in organic amorphous films is demonstrated to be controllable by the substrate temperature. It is also shown that the molecular orientation affects the charge‐transport characteristics of the films. Although linear‐shaped 4,4′‐bis[(N‐carbazole)styryl]biphenyl molecules deposited on substrates at room temperature are horizontally oriented in amorphous films, their orientation when deposited on heated substrates with smooth surfaces becomes more random as the substrate temperature increases, even at temperatures under the glass transition temperature. Another factor dominating the orientation of the molecules deposited on heated substrates is the surface roughness of the substrate. Lower carrier mobilities are observed in films composed of randomly oriented molecules, demonstrating the significant effect of a horizontal molecular orientation on the charge‐transport characteristics of organic amorphous films.
Macromolecular Scaffolding: The Relationship Between Nanoscale Architecture and Function in Multichromophoric Arrays for Organic Electronics
Authors: Palermo Vincenzo , Schwartz Erik , Finlayson Chris E. , Liscio Andrea , Otten Matthijs B. J. , Trapani Sara , Müllen Klaus , Beljonne David , Friend Richard H. , Nolte Roeland J. M. , Rowan Alan E. , Samorì Paolo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe optimization of the electronic properties of molecular materials based on optically or electrically active organic building blocks requires a fine‐tuning of their self‐assembly properties at surfaces. Such a fine‐tuning can be obtained on a scale up to 10 nm by mastering principles of supramolecular chemistry, i.e., by using suitably designed molecules interacting via pre‐programmed noncovalent forces. The control and fine‐tuning on a greater length scale is more difficult and challenging. This Research News highlights recent results we obtained on a new class of macromolecules that possess a very rigid backbone and side chains that point away from this backbone. Each side chain contains an organic semiconducting moiety, whose position and electronic interaction with neighboring moieties are dictated by the central macromolecular scaffold. A combined experimental and theoretical approach has made it possible to unravel the physical and chemical properties of this system across multiple length scales. The (opto)electronic properties of the new functional architectures have been explored by constructing prototypes of field‐effect transistors and solar cells, thereby providing direct insight into the relationship between architecture and function.
Impact of renewable fuels standard ethanol mandates on the corn market
Authors: Anderson John D. , Coble Keith H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSince 2002, the Renewable Fuels Standard has established mandated levels of ethanol blending in gasoline. Mandated ethanol use represents an important component of ethanol demand. Thus, the ethanol mandates influence derived demand for corn. This work investigates the potential impact of ethanol mandates on equilibrium corn prices and quantities, focusing on how the mandates influence market participant expectations. Results illustrate that due to the stochastic nature of supply and demand shocks, even a mandate that is technically nonbinding can have a substantial impact on corn prices and quantities through the mandate's impact on the price‐responsiveness of demand from the ethanol sector. [JEL classifications: Q13, Q42, Q48]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.