bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translating potential improvement in the precision and accuracy of lung nodule measurements on computed tomography scans by software derived from artificial intelligence into impact on clinical practice—a simulation study
Authors: Patel Mubarak , Auguste Peter , Madan Jason , Ghiasvand Hesam , Geppert Julia , Asgharzadeh Asra , Helm Emma , Chen Yen-Fu , Gallacher Daniel 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Accurate measurement of lung nodules is pivotal to lung cancer detection and management. Nodule size forms the main basis of risk categorization in existing guidelines. However, measurements can be highly variable between manual readers. This article explores the impact of potentially improved nodule size measurement assisted by generic artificial intelligence (AI)-derived software on clinical management compared with manual measurement.

Methods
The simulation study created a baseline cohort of people with lung nodules, guided by nodule size distributions reported in the literature. Precision and accuracy were simulated to emulate measurement of nodule size by radiologists with and without the assistance of AI-derived software and by the software alone. Nodule growth was modelled over a 4-year time frame, allowing evaluation of management strategies based on existing clinical guidelines.

Results
Measurement assisted by AI-derived software increased cancer detection compared to an unassisted radiologist for a combined solid and sub-solid nodule population (62.5% vs 61.4%). AI-assisted measurement also correctly identified more benign nodules (95.8% vs 95.4%); however, it was associated with over an additional month of surveillance on average (5.12 vs 3.95 months). On average, with AI assistance people with cancer are diagnosed faster, and people without cancer are monitored longer.

Conclusions
In this simulation, the potential benefits of improved accuracy and precision associated with AI-based diameter measurement is associated with additional monitoring of non-cancerous nodules. AI may offer additional benefits not captured in this simulation, and it is important to generate data supporting these, and adjust guidelines as necessary.

Advances in knowledge
This article shows the effects of greater measurement accuracy associated with AI assistance compared with unassisted measurement.
Under pressure: the interplay of hypertension and white matter hyperintensities with cognition in chronic stroke aphasia
Authors: Hannan Jade , Busby Natalie , Roth Rebecca , Wilmskoetter Janina , Newman-Norlund Roger , Rorden Chris , Bonilha Leonardo , Fridriksson Julius 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
While converging research suggests that increased white matter hyperintensity load is associated with poorer cognition, and the presence of hypertension is associated with increased white matter hyperintensity load, the relationship among hypertension, cognition and white matter hyperintensities is not well understood. We sought to determine the effect of white matter hyperintensity burden on the relationship between hypertension and cognition in individuals with post-stroke aphasia, with the hypothesis that white matter hyperintensity load moderates the relationship between history of hypertension and cognitive function. Health history, Fazekas scores for white matter hyperintensities and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Matrix Reasoning subtest scores for 79 people with aphasia collected as part of the Predicting Outcomes of Language Rehabilitation study at the Center for the Study of Aphasia Recovery at the University of South Carolina and the Medical University of South Carolina were analysed retrospectively. We found that participants with a history of hypertension had increased deep white matter hyperintensity severity (P &lt; 0.001), but not periventricular white matter hyperintensity severity (P = 0.116). Moderation analysis revealed that deep white matter hyperintensity load moderates the relationship between high blood pressure and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale scores when controlling for age, education, aphasia severity and lesion volume. The interaction is significant, showing that a history of high blood pressure and severe deep white matter hyperintensities together are associated with poorer Matrix Reasoning scores. The overall model explains 41.85% of the overall variation in Matrix Reasoning score in this group of participants. These findings underscore the importance of considering cardiovascular risk factors in aphasia treatment, specifically hypertension and its relationship to brain health in post-stroke cognitive function.
The Impact of the ‘Coding Girls’ Program on High School Students’ Skills, Awareness and Aspirations
Authors: Basiglio Stefania , Del Boca Daniela , Pronzato Chiara 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This article evaluates the impact of the ‘Coding Girls’ educational enrichment program designed to address the underrepresentation of women and girls in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Implemented in Italy, the program seeks to stimulate the interest of young female students in programming and science, encouraging them to consider STEM-related fields of study. Through a randomized controlled trial involving twenty-eight classes across ten secondary schools in Turin, Italy, we assess the program’s effectiveness. Our results show that Coding Girls significantly enhances the programming skills of both male and female students. Moreover, it raises awareness among students about gender disparities in STEM-related professions. While the program positively influences boys’ aspirations to pursue higher education in STEM disciplines, it does not have a similar effect on girls. (JEL codes: J16 I23)
Sexually Transmitted Infection/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (STI/HIV) Testing, STIs, and HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Men Who Have Sex With Men and Women in the United States, 2019–2022
Authors: Tao Guoyu , Patel Chirag G , He Larry , Workowski Kimberly 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Routine sexually transmitted infection and human immunodeficiency virus (STI/HIV) testing and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use are recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM) at increased risk of HIV.

Methods
Using HealthVerity, a large administrative dataset in the United States, we assessed STI/HIV testing, chlamydia and gonorrhea positivity by specimen type, and HIV PrEP use among MSM and men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) at their first visits (index date) for those at increased risk of HIV and STIs from 2019 through 2022.

Results
Among 81 716 MSM and MSMW aged 15–64 years at their index date visit, STI testing rates were 57.9% for chlamydia, 58.1% for gonorrhea, and 52.2% for syphilis testing, respectively; 55.5%, 30.9%, and 18.1% had HIV testing, HIV PrEP use, and PrEP initiation, respectively, among the patients who did not have HIV. Of patients with chlamydia and gonorrhea testing, 48% were tested from the genital site only and 25% from 3 anatomic sites (rectal, pharyngeal, and urogenital). Chlamydia and gonorrhea positivity was 9.8% for chlamydia rectal infection, 7.3% for gonorrhea rectal infection, and 5.3% for gonorrhea pharyngeal infection.

Conclusions
Our results present current medical services provided during initial clinic visits for MSM and MSMW in private outpatient settings. Our study suggests that the assessment of STI/HIV testing is periodically needed due to the high prevalence of infection, and efforts to promote HIV PrEP for MSM and MSMW in private settings are urgently needed.
How well do large language model-based chatbots perform in oral and maxillofacial radiology?
Authors: Jeong Hui , Han Sang-Sun , Yu Youngjae , Kim Saejin , Jeon Kug Jin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objectives
This study evaluated the performance of four large language model (LLM)-based chatbots by comparing their test results with those of dental students on an oral and maxillofacial radiology examination.

Methods
ChatGPT, ChatGPT Plus, Bard, and Bing Chat were tested on 52 questions from regular dental college examinations. These questions were categorized into three educational content areas: basic knowledge, imaging and equipment, and image interpretation. They were also classified as multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and short-answer questions (SAQs). The accuracy rates of the chatbots were compared with the performance of students, and further analysis was conducted based on the educational content and question type.

Results
The students’ overall accuracy rate was 81.2%, while that of the chatbots varied: 50.0% for ChatGPT, 65.4% for ChatGPT Plus, 50.0% for Bard, and 63.5% for Bing Chat. ChatGPT Plus achieved a higher accuracy rate for basic knowledge than the students (93.8% vs. 78.7%). However, all chatbots performed poorly in image interpretation, with accuracy rates below 35.0%. All chatbots scored less than 60.0% on MCQs, but performed better on SAQs.

Conclusions
The performance of chatbots in oral and maxillofacial radiology was unsatisfactory. Further training using specific, relevant data derived solely from reliable sources is required. Additionally, the validity of these chatbots’ responses must be meticulously verified.
Atrial septal defect closure in children at young age is beneficial for left ventricular function
Authors: Sjöberg Pia , Clausen Henning , Arheden Håkan , Liuba Petru , Hedström Erik 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Aims
Atrial septal defects (ASDs) lead to volume-loaded right ventricles (RVs). ASD closure does not always alleviate symptoms or improve exercise capacity, which is possibly explained by impaired left ventricular (LV) haemodynamics. This study evaluated the effect of ASD closure in children using non-invasive LV pressure–volume (PV) loops derived from cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and brachial blood pressure, compared with controls.

Methods and results
Twenty-three children with ASD underwent CMR, and 17 of them were re-examined 7 (6–9) months after ASD closure. Twelve controls were included. Haemodynamic variables were derived from PV loops by time-resolved LV volumes and brachial blood pressure. After ASD closure, LV volume increased [76 (70–86) vs. 63 (57–70) mL/m2, P = 0.0001]; however, it was still smaller than in controls [76 (70–86) vs. 82 (78–89) mL/m2, P = 0.048]. Compared with controls, children with ASD had higher contractility [2.6 (2.1–3.3) vs. 1.7 (1.5–2.2) mmHg/mL, P = 0.0076] and arterial elastance [2.1 (1.4–3.1) vs. 1.4 (1.2–2.0) mmHg/mL, P = 0.034]. After ASD closure, both contractility [2.0 (1.4–2.5) mmHg/mL, P = 0.0001] and arterial elastance [1.4 (1.3–2.0) mmHg/mL, P = 0.0002] decreased.

Conclusion
Despite the left-to-right atrial shunt that leads to low LV filling and RV enlargement, the LV remains efficient and there is no evidence of impaired LV haemodynamics in children. Closure of ASD at young age while the ventricle is compliant is thus beneficial for LV function. LV volumes, however, remain small after ASD closure, which may impact long-term cardiovascular risk and exercise performance.
The reference genome of an endangered Asteraceae, Deinandra increscens subsp. villosa, endemic to the Central Coast of California
Authors: McEvoy Susan L , Meyer Rachel S , Hasenstab-Lehman Kristen E , Guilliams C Matt 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We present a reference genome for the federally endangered Gaviota tarplant, Deinandra increscens subsp. villosa (Madiinae, Asteraceae), an annual herb endemic to the Central California coast. Generating PacBio HiFi, Oxford Nanopore Technologies, and Dovetail Omni-C data, we assembled a haploid consensus genome of 1.67 Gb as 28.7 K scaffolds with a scaffold N50 of 74.9 Mb. We annotated repeat content in 74.8% of the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) covered 44.0% of the genome with Copia families predominant at 22.9% followed by Gypsy at 14.2%. Both Gypsy and Copia elements were common in ancestral peaks of LTRs, and the most abundant element was a Gypsy element containing nested Copia/Angela sequence similarity, reflecting a complex evolutionary history of repeat activity. Gene annotation produced 33,257 genes and 68,942 transcripts, of which 99% were functionally annotated. BUSCO scores for the annotated proteins were 96.0% complete of which 77.6% was single copy and 18.4% duplicates. Whole genome duplication synonymous mutation rates of Gaviota tarplant and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) shared peaks that correspond to the last Asteraceae polyploidization event and subsequent divergence from a common ancestor at ∼27 MYA. Regions of high-density tandem genes were identified, pointing to potentially important loci of environmental adaptation in this species.
Hidden Links Between Skin Microbiome and Skin Imaging Phenome
Authors: Cheng Mingyue , Zhou Hong , Zhang Haobo , Zhang Xinchao , Zhang Shuting , Bai Hong , Zha Yugo , Luo Dan , Chen Dan , Chen Siyuan , Ning Kang , Liu Wei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Despite the skin microbiome has been linked to skin health and diseases, its role in modulating human skin appearance remains understudied. Using a total of 1244 face imaging phenomes and 246 cheek metagenomes, we first established three skin age indices by machine learning, including skin phenotype age (SPA), skin microbiota age (SMA), and skin integration age (SIA) as surrogates of phenotypic aging, microbial aging, and their combination, respectively. Moreover, we found that besides aging and gender as intrinsic factors, skin microbiome might also play a role in shaping skin imaging phenotypes (SIPs). Skin taxonomic and functional α diversity was positively linked to melanin, pore, pigment, and ultraviolet spot levels, but negatively linked to sebum, lightening, and porphyrin levels. Furthermore, certain species were correlated with specific SIPs, such as sebum and lightening levels negatively correlated with Corynebacterium matruchotii, Staphylococcus capitis, and Streptococcus sanguinis. Notably, we demonstrated skin microbial potential in predicting SIPs, among which the lightening level presented the least error of 1.8%. Lastly, we provided a reservoir of potential mechanisms through which skin microbiome adjusted the SIPs, including the modulation of pore, wrinkle, and sebum levels by cobalamin and heme synthesis pathways, predominantly driven by Cutibacterium acnes. This pioneering study unveils the paradigm for the hidden links between skin microbiome and skin imaging phenome, providing novel insights into how skin microbiome shapes skin appearance and its healthy aging.
Timing of exposure assessment in studies on Group B streptococcus colonization and preterm birth
Authors: Procter Simon R , Paul Proma , Horváth-Puhó Erzsébet , Gonçalves Bronner P 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Maternal colonization by the bacterium Group B streptococcus (GBS) increases risk of preterm birth, a condition that has an important impact on the health of children. However, research studies that quantify the effect of GBS colonization on preterm birth have reported variable estimates of the effect measure.

Methods
We performed a simulated cohort study of pregnant women to assess how timing of exposure (GBS colonization) assessment might influence results of studies that address this question. We used published data on longitudinal maternal GBS colonization and on the distribution of preterm births by gestational age to inform parameters used in the simulations.

Results
Assuming that the probability of preterm birth is higher during weeks when pregnant women are colonized by GBS, our results suggest that studies that assess exposure status early during pregnancy are more likely to estimate an association between GBS colonization and preterm birth that is closer to the null, compared with studies that assess exposure either at birth or during gestational weeks matched to preterm births. In sensitivity analyses assuming different colonization acquisition rates and diagnostic sensitivities, we observed similar results.

Conclusions
Accurate quantification of the effect of maternal GBS colonization on the risk of preterm birth is necessary to understand the full health burden linked to this bacterium. In this study, we investigated one possible explanation, related to the timing of exposure assessment, for the variable findings of previous observational studies. Our findings will inform future research on this question.
Copper stress shapes the dynamic behavior of amoebae and their associated bacteria
Authors: Shi Yijing , Ma Lu , Zhou Min , He Zhili , Zhao Yuanchen , Hong Junyue , Zou Xinyue , Zhang Lin , Shu Longfei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Amoeba-bacteria interactions are prevalent in both natural ecosystems and engineered environments. Amoebae, as essential consumers, hold significant ecological importance within ecosystems. Besides, they can establish stable symbiotic associations with bacteria. Copper plays a critical role in amoeba predation by either killing or restricting the growth of ingested bacteria in phagosomes. However, certain symbiotic bacteria have evolved mechanisms to persist within the phagosomal vacuole, evading antimicrobial defenses. Despite these insights, the impact of copper on the symbiotic relationships between amoebae and bacteria remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of copper stress on amoebae and their symbiotic relationships with bacteria. Our findings revealed that elevated copper concentration adversely affected amoeba growth and altered cellular fate. Symbiont type significantly influenced the responses of the symbiotic relationships to copper stress. Beneficial symbionts maintained stability under copper stress, but parasitic symbionts exhibited enhanced colonization of amoebae. Furthermore, copper stress favored the transition of symbiotic relationships between amoebae and beneficial symbionts toward the host’s benefit. Conversely, the pathogenic effects of parasitic symbionts on hosts were exacerbated under copper stress. This study sheds light on the intricate response mechanisms of soil amoebae and amoeba-bacteria symbiotic systems to copper stress, providing new insights into symbiotic dynamics under abiotic factors. Additionally, the results underscore the potential risks of copper accumulation in the environment for pathogen transmission and biosafety.
Unlocking insights: text mining analysis on the health, welfare, and behavior of cows in automated milking systems
Authors: Gislon Giulia , Bava Luciana , Zucali Maddalena , Tamburini Alberto , Sandrucci Anna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Automated Milking Systems (AMS) have undergone significant evolution over the past 30 yr, and their adoption continues to increase, as evidenced by the growing scientific literature. These systems offer advantages such as a reduced milking workload and increased milk yield per cow. However, given concerns about the welfare of farmed animals, studying the effects of AMS on the health and welfare of animals becomes crucial for the overall sustainability of the dairy sector. In the last few years, some analysis conducted through text mining (TM) and topic analysis (TA) approaches have become increasingly widespread in the livestock sector. The aim of the study was to analyze the scientific literature on the impact of AMS on dairy cow health, welfare, and behavior: the paper aimed to produce a comprehensive analysis on this topic using TM and TA approaches. After a preprocessing phase, a dataset of 427 documents was analyzed. The abstracts of the selected papers were analyzed by TM and a TA using Software R 4.3.1. A Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) technique was used to assign a relative weight to each term. According to the results of the TM, the ten most important terms, both words and roots, were feed, farm, teat, concentr, mastiti, group, SCC (somatic cell count), herd, lame and pasture. The 10 most important terms showed TFIDF values greater than 3.5, with feed showing a value of TFIDF of 5.43 and pasture of 3.66. Eight topics were selected with TA, namely: 1) Cow traffic and time budget, 2) Farm management, 3) Udder health, 4) Comparison with conventional milking, 5) Milk production, 6) Analysis of AMS data, 7) Disease detection, 8) Feeding management. Over the years, the focus of documents has shifted from cow traffic, udder health and cow feeding to the analysis of data recorded by the robot to monitor animal conditions and welfare and promptly identify the onset of stress or diseases. The analysis reveals the complex nature of the relationship between AMS and animal welfare, health, and behavior: on one hand, the robot offers interesting opportunities to safeguard animal welfare and health, especially for the possibility of early identification of anomalous conditions using sensors and data; on the other hand, it poses potential risks, which requires further investigations. TM offers an alternative approach to information retrieval in livestock science, especially when dealing with a substantial volume of documents.
The symbiosome—a transient organelle in evolution
Authors: Adema Kelvin , Kohlen Wouter 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This article comments on:
Casaes PA, Ferreira dos Santos JM, Silva VC, Rhem MFK, Teixeira Cota MM, de Faria SM, Rando JG, James EK, Gross E. 2024. The radiation of nodulated Chamaecrista species from the rainforest into more diverse habitats has been accompanied by a reduction in growth form and a shift from fixation threads to symbiosomes. Journal of Experimental Botany 75, 3643–3662.
Focal leptomeningeal vascular anomalies on brain MRI: A mimic of leptomeningeal metastatic disease
Authors: Boutet Alexandre , Malik Mikail , Yang Andrew Z , Germann Jurgen , Haile Samuel S , Son Hyo Jin , Vetkas Artur , Pai Vivek , Mason Warren P , Zadeh Gelareh , Mandell Daniel M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
The diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastatic disease has major prognostic and therapeutic implications. We report 13 patients with a radiologically distinct kind of focal, enhancing leptomeningeal lesion on brain MRI that mimics leptomeningeal metastatic disease.

Methods
These patients were assessed at University Health Network (Toronto, Canada) between January 2001 and December 2023.

Results
Median age was 68 years (range, 55–78 years) and 10 patients were women. All patients had brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including contrast-enhanced T2-weighted fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted spin echo sequences. MRI in all 13 patients showed a focal enhancing lesion located along the leptomeningeal surface of the brain. The MRI exams were reported as possible or likely leptomeningeal metastatic disease for the majority (9/13) of patients. Each lesion was curvilinear rather than sheet-like, and some lesions consisted of multiple connected/branching curvilinear structures with the appearance of abnormal vessels. The lesions were distinct from normal blood vessels. Some lesions had a visible connection with a nearby cortical vein. Follow-up contrast-enhanced brain MRI for 8/13 (62%) patients at a median of 3.9 years (IQR 2.4–6.6 years) showed all lesions were unchanged over time. Another 2/13 (15%) patients had clinical and CT brain follow-up after one year with no evidence of metastatic disease.

Conclusions
We describe a distinct kind of focal, enhancing leptomeningeal lesion on brain MRI that mimics metastatic disease. These lesions are likely a type of low-flow vascular anomaly. Their curvilinear/branching shape and intense enhancement particularly on T2-weighted FLAIR images distinguish these lesions from tumors.