bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screen and confirmation of PEG‐epoetin β in equine plasma
Authors: Chang Y. , Maylin G. M. , Matsumoto G. , Neades S. M. , Catlin D. H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMethods have been developed to screen for and confirm darbepoetin alfa, recombinant human EPO, and methoxy polyethylene glycol‐epoetin ${\bf{\beta}}$ (PEG‐epoetin ${\bf{\beta}}$) in horse plasma. All three methods screen samples with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirm by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). This report focuses on PEG‐epoetin ${\bf{\beta}}$. The ELISA assay was able to detect PEG‐epoetin ${\bf{\beta}}$ at 0.02 ng/mL in 50 µL of horse plasma. Many samples had high background levels of immunoreactivity; however, introducing polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) into the samples before the ELISA assay removed the high background and increased the apparent concentrations of PEG‐epoetin ${\bf{\beta}}$. In samples collected following the administration of 100 µg of PEG‐epoetin ${\bf{\beta}}$ by the intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) routes, PEG‐epoetin ${\bf{\beta}}$ was detectable up to 72, 144, and 120 h, respectively. The samples were prepared for LC‐MS/MS analysis by extraction with anti‐rHuEPO‐antibodies‐coated Dynabeads followed by digestion with trypsin. The LC‐MS/MS confirmation method used the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan mode to monitor four precursor‐product ion transitions of the EPO‐derived peptide T6. All four transitions of T6 were detectable with S/N > 3. The limit of confirmation for PEG‐epoetin ${\bf{\beta}}$ was 1.0 ng/mL in 2 mL of horse plasma. The method successfully confirmed the presence of PEG‐epoetin ${\bf{\beta}}$ in a sample collected from a Mircera®‐treated horse. Compared to PEG‐epoetin ${\bf{\beta}}$, better sensitivity was achieved for darbepoetin alfa and recombinant human EPO. Darbepoetin alfa was detected in horse plasma four days after IM administration of 100 µg. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of diclofenac potassium and methocarbamol in binary mixture using chemometric techniques and artificial neural networks
Authors: Elkady Ehab F. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this study, the simultaneous determination of diclofenac potassium (DP) and methocarbamol (MT) by chemometric approaches and artificial neural networks using UV spectrophotometry has been reported as a simple alternative to using separate models for each component. Three chemometric techniques—classical least‐squares (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), and partial least‐squares (PLS)—along with radial basis function‐artificial neural network (RBF‐ANN) were prepared by using the synthetic mixtures containing the two drugs in methanol. A set of synthetic mixtures of DP and MT was evaluated and the results obtained by the application of these methods were discussed and compared. In CLS, PCR, and PLS, the absorbance data matrix corresponding to the concentration data matrix was obtained by the measurements of absorbances in the range 260–310 nm in the intervals with Δλ = 0.2 nm in their zero‐order spectra. Then, calibration or regression was obtained by using the absorbance data matrix and concentration data matrix for the prediction of the unknown concentrations of DP and MT in their mixtures. In RBF‐ANN, the input layer consisting of 251 neurons, 9 neurons in the hidden layer, and 2 output neurons were found appropriate for the simultaneous determination of DP and MT. The accuracy and the precision of the four methods have been determined and they have been validated by analyzing synthetic mixtures containing the two drugs. The proposed methods were successfully applied to a pharmaceutical formulation containing the examined drugs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PVC membrane sensor for potentiometric determination of iron (II) in some pharmaceutical formulations based on a new neutral ionophore
Authors: Abounassif M. A. , Al‐Omar M. A. , Amr A.‐G. E. , Mostafa G. A. E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA novel poly (vinyl chloride) PVC membrane sensor for Fe2+ ions is described. The sensor is based on the use of newly synthesized chiral 2,6‐bis‐(carboxamide methyl ester)pyridine derivative as neutral ionophore in plasticized PVC membrane. The sensor display a fast, stable and near‐Nernstian response over a relative wide ferrous concentration range (1 × 10−3 to 6 × 10−6 M), with cationic slope of 31.5 ± 0.5, mV per concentration decade over a pH range of 5.0–9.0. The direct determination of 0.25–56.0 µg/ml of ferrous in aqueous solution shows an average recovery of 98.5% and a mean relative standard deviation of 1.5% at 20.0 µg/ml. The sensor displays long life‐span, long‐term stability, high reproducibility, and short response time. Selectivity coefficients for Fe(II) relative to a number of interfering substances were investigated. The sensor shows high significantly for Fe2+ over Fe,3+ Cu,2+ Zn,2+ Cd,2+ Hg,2+ Pb,2+ Ni,2+ Co,2+ Mn,2+ Al,3+ alkaline earth and alkali metal ions. The sensor is successfully applied for measurement of ferrous in drug formulations. The results obtained for the determination of ferrous using the proposed sensor are comparable favourably with those obtained using the spectrophotometric method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 2‐Pyrazoline‐Functionalized Zinc Complex: Available N–AgI Interaction Modulating Its Fluorescence Properties
Authors: Zhang Hui‐hui , Dou Wei , Liu Wei‐sheng , Tang Xiao‐liang , Qin Wen‐wu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA readily available fluorescent sensor [Zn(1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐hydroxy‐4‐pyrazolyl phenyl ketone benzoyl hydrazone)2] (Zn‐PMPB) with simple and conformationally adaptable receptors for silver cation has been designed. The central Zn2+ ion and ligands in the complex have a synergistic effect on binding interactions with the Ag+ ion. Zn‐PMPB was characterized in detail by various spectroscopic techniques and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Its photochemical properties for detecting the Ag+ ion in HEPES buffered (10 mM, pH 7.1) MeOH/H2O (4:6) solution are described. This fluorescent sensor has a negligible quantum yield (0.0011) due to deactivation of solvent hydrogen bonding, whereas a significant increase in fluorescence is observed upon complexation with Ag+. NMR titration and UV/Vis spectroscopy suggest that the Ag+ ions bind to the N2 atom in the pyrazoline group in Zn‐PMPB, which facilitates the intramolecular charge transfer emission of pyrazoline.
Synthesis of Aminocyclitols and Trihydroxylated Indolizidinone from a D‐Mannitol‐Derived Common Building Block
Authors: Gupta Preeti , Pal A. P. John , Reddy Y. Suman , Vankar Yashwant D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of 4‐amino‐4‐deoxy‐muco‐quercitol (22), 4‐amino‐4‐deoxy‐(–)‐vibo‐quercitol (27) and also a trihydroxylated indolizidinone 38 from D‐mannitol is described using ring‐closing metathesis and diastereoselective dihydroxylation as the key steps.
Enantioselective Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Thiophenes with Ethyl Glyoxylate: Easy Access to Chiral Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Huang Zhong , Zhang Jingchang , Zhou Yuqiang , Wang Nai‐Xing 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFriedel–Crafts alkylation reactions of ethyl glyoxylate with various thiophenes to give the corresponding chiral secondary alcohols were demonstrated. The majority of these reactions proceeded with good enantioselectivities (up to 91 %) and satisfactory isolated yields. Notably, we found that 2‐substituted thiophenes underwent the reaction more smoothly than unsubstituted and 3‐substituted thiophenes.
Direct Nucleophilic SN1‐Type Reactions of Alcohols
Authors: Emer Enrico , Sinisi Riccardo , Capdevila Montse Guiteras , Petruzziello Diego , De Vincentiis Francesco , Cozzi Pier Giorgio 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn 2005, the ACS Green Chemistry Institute (GCI) and the global pharmaceutical corporations developed the ACS GCI Pharmaceutical Roundtable to encourage the development of green chemistry and green engineering in the pharmaceutical industry. The Roundtable has established a list of key research areas including the direct nucleophilic reactions of alcohols. The substitution of activated alcohols is a frequently used approach for the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Alcohols are transformed into the reactive halides or sulfonate esters, thereby allowing their reaction with nucleophiles. Although the direct nucleophilic substitution of an alcohol should be an attractive process, as one of the byproducts from the reaction yields water, hydroxide is a poor leaving group that hinders the reaction. Recently, the direct substitution of allylic, benzylic, and tertiary alcohols has been achieved through an SN1 reaction with catalytic amounts of Brønsted or Lewis acids. In this review, the approaches leading to a greener process are examined in detail, and the advances achieved to date in this important transformation are presented.
Hypertension is a potential risk factor for vascular dementia: systematic review
Authors: Sharp Sally I. , Aarsland Dag , Day Sarah , Sønnesyn Hogne ,   Alzheimer's Society Vascular Dementia Systematic Review Group, Ballard Clive 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study was to conduct a meta‐analysis of epidemiological and case control studies to determine whether arterial hypertension is specifically associated with an increased risk of vascular dementia (VaD).DesignLongitudinal and cross‐sectional prospective studies using operationalised criteria to define VaD and hypertension, with a normal control comparison group were systematically reviewed. Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, and PsycInfo data sources were searched along with reference lists of included articles and reviews. Original, prevalence or incidence studies were included if operationalised criteria for hypertension and VaD as well as number of cases with and without hypertension in VaD and non‐demented groups were provided. Intervention studies and post‐stroke and CADASIL studies were excluded.ResultsEleven studies recruiting either volunteers or clinical patients, or which were population‐based, examined a total of 768 people with VaD and 9857 control cases. A meta‐analysis of the six longitudinal studies showed that hypertension was significantly associated with increased risk of incident VaD (odds ratio, OR: 1.59, CI: 1.29–1.95, p < 0.0001). A similar association between hypertension and the risk of prevalent VaD was found in the five cross‐sectional studies (OR: 4.84, CI: 3.52–6.67, p < 0.00001).ConclusionsHypertension significantly increases the risk of vascular dementia. The current meta‐analysis highlights the potential importance of rigorous treatment of hypertension as a key measure to help prevent the development of VaD. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRI‐defined vascular depression: a review of the construct
Authors: Culang‐Reinlieb Michelle E. , Johnert Lauren C. , Brickman Adam M. , Steffens David C. , Garcon Ernst , Sneed Joel R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo review the construct of MRI‐defined vascular depression and to examine the substantive and methodological issues that bear on its validity as a distinct subtype of depression in late life.DesignLiterature review.ResultsWe identified three areas that are critical to establishing the validity of MRI‐defined vascular depression: (1) understanding and delineating the relationship between MRI hyperintensities, executive dysfunction, and antidepressant treatment outcome; (2) understanding the relationship between, and establishing the validity of, qualitative and quantitative approaches to the measurement of MRI hyperintensities (the primary feature of the proposed subtype); (3) establishing the clinical presentation and course of the subtype in the context of other late‐life disorders.ConclusionsDespite considerable data supporting the validity of MRI‐defined vascular depression, there are a number of critical issues that remain, including establishing a causal relationship between cerebrovascular disease and late‐life depression, establishing consistent diagnostic criteria, determining the importance of lesion type and location, and understanding the course of the disorder. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential effects between the loss of MMP-2 and MMP-9 on structural and tissue-level properties of bone
Authors: Nyman Jeffry S , Lynch Conor C , Perrien Daniel S , Thiolloy Sophie , O'Quinn Elizabeth C , Patil Chetan A , Bi Xiaohong , Pharr George M , Mahadevan-Jansen Anita , Mundy Gregory R 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are capable of processing certain components of bone tissue, including type 1 collagen, a determinant of the biomechanical properties of bone tissue, and they are expressed by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Therefore, we posit that MMP activity can affect the ability of bone to resist fracture. To explore this possibility, we determined the architectural, compositional, and biomechanical properties of bones from wild-type (WT), Mmp2−/−, and Mmp9−/− female mice at 16 weeks of age. MMP-2 and MMP-9 have similar substrates but are expressed primarily by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. Analysis of the trabecular compartment of the tibia metaphysis by micro–computed tomography (µCT) revealed that these MMPs influence trabecular architecture, not volume. Interestingly, the loss of MMP-9 improved the connectivity density of the trabeculae, whereas the loss of MMP-2 reduced this parameter. Similar differential effects in architecture were observed in the L5 vertebra, but bone volume fraction was lower for both Mmp2−/− and Mmp9−/− mice than for WT mice. The mineralization density and mineral-to-collagen ratio, as determined by µCT and Raman microspectroscopy, were lower in the Mmp2−/− bones than in WT control bones. Whole-bone strength, as determined by three-point bending or compression testing, and tissue-level modulus and hardness, as determined by nanoindentation, were less for Mmp2−/− than for WT bones. In contrast, the Mmp9−/− femurs were less tough with lower postyield deflection (more brittle) than the WT femurs. Taken together, this information reveals that MMPs play a complex role in maintaining bone integrity, with the cell type that expresses the MMP likely being a contributing factor to how the enzyme affects bone quality. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
miR‐21 downregulates the tumor suppressor P12CDK2AP1 and Stimulates Cell Proliferation and Invasion
Authors: Zheng Jun , Xue Hui , Wang Tao , Jiang Yuegui , Liu Bei , Li Jianhu , Liu Yanpu , Wang Wei , Zhang Bin , Sun Moyi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to investigate the regulation of P12CDK2AP1 by miRNAs. A conserved target site for miR‐21 within the CDK2AP1‐3′‐UTR at nt 349–370 was predicted by bioinformatics software and an inverse correlation of miR‐21 and CDK2AP1 protein was observed. Highly specific amplification and quantification of miR‐21 was achieved using real‐time RT‐PCR. Transfection of HaCaT cells with pre‐miR‐21 significantly suppressed a luciferase reporter including the CDK2AP1‐3′‐UTR, whereas transfection of Tca8113 with anti‐miR‐21 increased activity of this reporter. This was abolished when a construct mutated at the miR‐21/nt 349–370 target site was used instead. Anti‐miR‐21‐transfected Tca8113 cells showed an increase of CDK2AP1 protein and reduced proliferation and invasion. Resected primary tumors and tumor‐free surgical margins of 18 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas demonstrated an inverse correlation between miR‐21 and P12CDK2AP1. This study shows that P12CDK2AP1 is downregulated by miR‐21 and that miR‐21 promotes proliferation and invasion in cultured cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 872–880, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vitamin C down‐regulates VEGF production in B16F10 murine melanoma cells via the suppression of p42/44 MAPK activation
Authors: Kim Ha Na , Kim Hyemin , Kong Joo Myung , Bae Seyeon , Kim Yong Sung , Lee Naeun , Cho Byung Joo , Lee Seung Koo , Kim Hang‐Rae , Hwang Young‐il , Kang Jae Seung , Lee Wang Jae 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIt is known that vitamin C induces apoptosis in several kinds of tumor cells, but its effect on the regulation of the angiogenic process of tumors is not completely studied. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most well‐known angiogenic factor, and it has a potent function as a stimulator of endothelial survival, migration, as well as vascular permeability. Therefore, we have investigated whether vitamin C can regulate the angiogenic process through the modulation of VEGF production from B16F10 melanoma cells. VEGF mRNA expression and VEGF production at protein levels were suppressed by vitamin C. In addition, we found that vitamin C suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 and that decreased VEGF production by vitamin C was also restored by the administration of prostaglandin E2 which is a product of COX‐2. These results suggest that vitamin C suppresses VEGF expression via the regulation of COX‐2 expression. Mitogen‐activated protein kinases are generally known as key mediators in the signaling pathway for VEGF production. In the presence of vitamin C, the activation of p42/44 MAPK was completely inhibited. Taken together, our data suggest that vitamin C can down‐regulate VEGF production via the modulation of COX‐2 expression and that p42/44 MAPK acts as an important signaling mediator in this process. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 894–901, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of CFTR trafficking and gating by vasoactive intestinal peptide in human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Qu Fei , Liu Hui‐Jun , Xiang Yang , Tan Yu‐Rong , Liu Chi , Zhu Xiao‐Lin , Qin Xiao‐Qun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an apical membrane chloride channel critical to the regulation of fluid, chloride, and bicarbonate transport in epithelia and other cell types. The most common cause of cystic fibrosis (CF) is the abnormal trafficking of CFTR mutants. Therefore, understanding the cellular machineries that transit CFTR from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface is important. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) plays an important role in CFTR‐dependent chloride transport. The present study was designed to observe the affection of VIP on the trafficking of CFTR, and channel gating in human bronchial epithelium cells (HBEC). Confocal microscopy revealed CFTR immunofluorescence extending from the apical membrane deeply into the cell cytoplasm. After VIP treatment, apical extension of CFTR immunofluorescence into the cell was reduced and the peak intensity of CFTR fluorescence shifted towards the apical membrane. Western blot showed VIP increased cell surface and total CFTR. Compared with the augmented level of total CFTR, the surface CFTR increased more markedly. Immunoprecipitation founded that the mature form of CFTR had a marked increase in HBEC treated with VIP. VIP led to a threefold increase in Cl− efflux in HBEC. Glibenclamide‐sensitive and DIDS‐insensitive CFTR Cl− currents were consistently observed after stimulation with VIP (10−8 mol/L). The augmentation of CFTR Cl− currents enhanced by VIP (10−8 mol/L) was reversed, at least in part, by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H‐89 and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, H‐7, suggesting PKA and PKC participate in the VIP‐promoted CFTR Cl− currents. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 902–908, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metformin sensitizes insulin signaling through AMPK‐mediated pten down‐regulation in preadipocyte 3T3‐L1 cells
Authors: Lee Soo Kyung , Lee Jung Ok , Kim Ji Hae , Kim Su Jin , You Ga Young , Moon Ji Wook , Jung Jin Hee , Park Sun Hwa , Uhm Kyung‐Ok , Park Ji Man , Suh Pann‐Ghill , Kim Hyeon Soo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractInsulin resistance is the primary cause responsible for type 2 diabetes. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) plays a negative role in insulin signaling and its inhibition improves insulin sensitivity. Metformin is a widely used insulin‐sensitizing drug; however, the mechanism by which metformin acts is poorly understood. To gain insight into the role of PTEN, we examined the effect of metformin on PTEN expression. Metformin suppressed the expression of PTEN in an AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)‐dependent manner in preadipocyte 3T3‐L1 cells. Knock‐down of PTEN potentiated the increase in insulin‐mediated phosphorylation of Akt/ERK. Metformin also increased the phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK)‐c‐Jun and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)‐p70S6 kinase pathways. Both pharmacologic inhibition and knock‐down of AMPK blocked metformin‐induced phosphorylation of JNK and mTOR. Knock‐down of AMPK recovered the metformin‐induced PTEN down‐regulation, suggesting the involvement of AMPK in PTEN regulation. PTEN promoter activity was suppressed by metformin and inhibition of mTOR and JNK by pharmacologic inhibitors blocked metformin‐induced PTEN promoter activity suppression. These findings provide evidence for a novel role of AMPK on PTEN expression and thus suggest a possible mechanism by which metformin may contribute to its beneficial effects on insulin signaling. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1259–1267, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear protein isoforms: Implications for cancer diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Shen Fei , Kirmani Kashif Z. , Xiao Zhimin , Thirlby Benjamin H. , Hickey Robert J. , Malkas Linda H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPost‐translational modifications (PTMs) of nuclear proteins play essential roles in the regulation of gene transcription and signal transduction pathways. Numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between specific nuclear protein isoforms and cellular malignant process. This communication reviews the impact of major PTM events such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation on several important nuclear proteins including p53, histones, proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA), and retinoblastoma protein (Rb) in the process. In addition, the implications of the PTMs as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets are considered. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 756–760, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.