bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sticks, Stones, and Stigma: A Study of Students' Use of the Derogatory Term “Retard”
Authors: Siperstein Gary N. , Pociask Sarah E. , Collins Melissa A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The present study explored the prevalence of the derogatory invective “retard” (i.e., “r-word”) in everyday speech among American youth. A total of 1,169 youth between the ages of 8 and 18 years old participated in the present study. Results showed high prevalence of the r-word, as 92% of youth had heard someone use the word as a slang invective. Results also indicated that youth responded differently depending on who the word was directed toward (i.e., person with or without an intellectual disability), who said the word (i.e., friend vs. nonfriend), and who heard the word (i.e., females vs. males; younger vs. older youth). Implications for eliminating the r-word from everyday use are discussed.
Lowering the Risk of Secondary HIV Transmission: Insights From HIV‐Positive Youth and Health Care Providers
Authors: Leonard Amy D. , Markham Christine M. , Bui Thanh , Shegog Ross , Paul Mary E. 
Published: April 2010

CONTEXT: Both perinatally and behaviorally infected HIV‐positive youth engage in sexually risky behaviors, and a better understanding of the perceptions of these youth and of health care providers regarding disclosure of HIV status and risk reduction would aid in the development of behavioral interventions for such youth.
METHODS: In spring 2007, some 20 HIV‐positive inner‐city youth (aged 13–24) and 15 health care providers who work with HIV‐infected youth participated in in‐depth, semistructured interviews. Youth were recruited at an HIV clinic, AIDS clinics and an AIDS service organization, and had received care from participating providers. Detailed contextual and thematic discourse analysis was performed on interview transcriptions.
RESULTS: Eighteen of the 20 youth had disclosed their HIV status to another individual at least once. Eleven reported being sexually active, and three of these had been perinatally infected. Qualitative analysis revealed four subthemes related to disclosure: stigma and emotions, trust issues, reasons for disclosing and strategies for addressing disclosure. Five subthemes were identified related to sexual risk reduction: dating challenges, attitudes toward condom use, self‐efficacy for condom use negotiation, pregnancy attitudes and sexual risk reduction strategies. Providers reported that access to more engaging and interactive educational tools within the clinic setting could enhance their risk reduction counseling with HIV‐positive youth.
CONCLUSIONS: HIV‐positive youth experience multiple challenges regarding disclosure and sexual risk reduction, and health care providers need innovative tools that can be used in clinic settings to improve adolescents' skills in reducing risky sexual behavior.
Identifying Medication Misadventures: Poor Agreement Among Medical Record, Physician, Nurse, and Patient Reports
Authors: Kaboli Peter J. , Glasgow Justin M. , Jaipaul C. Komal , Barry William A. , Strayer Jill R. , Mutnick Barbara , Rosenthal Gary E. 
Published: April 2010

Study Objective. To analyze and compare four different methods of detecting medication misadventures in order to determine the optimal system for reporting clinically observed medication misadventures.Design. Prospective cohort study.Setting. Forty‐eight‐bed general internal medicine inpatient ward at a large academic teaching hospital with a decentralized pharmacy system.Patients. One hundred twenty‐six patients (54% male, mean age 54 yrs) with 133 consecutive admissions to the ward (mean length of stay 7.8 days) over an 8–week period from December 2001–February 2002.Intervention. Medication misadventures were detected by four methods: house staff (resident physicians) report during their morning conference, nursing report during shift change, patient report at the discharge interview, and standardized medical record review. All methods of reporting medication misadventures were compared with the hospital's existing electronic medication misadventure reporting system.Measurements and Main Results. Overall, 63 patients (47% of 133 admissions) experienced at least one medication misadventure. Thirty‐seven adverse drug events (ADEs) and 69 medication errors were observed over 1035 patient bed‐days. Little overlap was noted among the four intervention methods, with nearly 80% of all 106 events detected by only a single method (medical record review 51% [54 events], patient interview 11% [12], house‐staff report 9% [10], nurse report 8% [9]). Of the 37 ADEs, 6 (16%) were due to medication errors and 10 (27%) were preventable. Of five life‐threatening ADEs, all were preventable, and all were reported in the medical record and the electronic reporting system; however, only two were reported by a nurse, two by a resident physician, and one by a patient.Conclusion. Little overlap was noted among the individual medication misadventure reporting methods, suggesting the need to use multiple complementary methods to identify medication misadventures in hospitalized patients. These findings have important implications for development of surveillance systems, design of prevention initiatives, and future medication safety research.
The Holocene transgression as recorded by incised-valley infilling in a rocky coast context with low sediment supply (southern Brittany, western France)
Authors: Menier David , Tessier Bernadette , Proust Jean-Noël , Baltzer Agnès , Sorrel Philippe , Traini Camille 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A combination of morphobathymetric studies, very high-resolution seismics, core sampling and radiocarbon age data is used to investigate the latest stage of the sedimentary infilling of incised valleys in southern Brittany, related to the Holocene transgression. Owing to the bedrock morphology of this highly irregular rocky coast, two main types of valleys are defined by topographic rocky highs parallel to the coastline: 1) wide and rather shallow incised valleys offshore from a topographic sill, 2) narrow and relatively deep valleys between the sill and the coast (ria-type valley). The sedimentary infilling in both types of valleys becomes highly differentiated as the transgression advances onto the coastal area. In the wide valley seaward of the topographic sill, the infilling consists mainly of offshore heterolithic facies while, in the ria-type valley, most of the infill is composed of brackish mudflat deposits and estuarine tidal muddy sands. As the transgression proceeds, the rocky highs are flooded and the whole area is finally covered by the offshore facies. Radiocarbon dating indicates that: 1) the marine ravinement surface is highly diachronous (a few thousand years cross-shore); 2) the top of the offshore facies, coarser and very shelly, represents an episode of condensed sedimentation from about 3000 to 4000 years ago, amalgamating the maximum flooding surface (MFS) and the highstand systems tract (HST). However, we observe a muddy drape, strongly bioturbated in places, in the most proximal areas, overlying the offshore facies. It is thought to represent the modern and most recent stage of sedimentary infilling. This mud cover is made of fine-grained sediments of fluvial and biological origin, and is interpreted as a prograding HST. It reflects an increased influx, partly due to human activities. Finally, the main features of incised valley sedimentary infilling in a rocky coast context with low sediment supply can be characterized by (i) the very strong control of bedrock morphology, (ii) the diachronous character of the transgression, (iii) the late position of the MFS, and (iv), the highly reduced volume of the HST.
Holocene evolution of a Languedocian lagoonal environment controlled by inherited coastal morphology (northern Gulf of Lions, France)
Authors: Raynal Olivier , Bouchette Frédéric , Certain Raphaël , Sabatier Pierre , Lofi Johanna , Seranne Michel , Dezileau Laurent , Briqueu Louis , Ferrer Pierre , Courp Thierry 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The Maguelone shore extends along the northern coast of the Gulf of Lions margin, West of the Rhône delta and East of some high gradient coastal streams that have been providing most of the clastic sediments to the Gulf of Lions margin since the early Miocene. This 10 km wide area comprises an onshore small coastal watershed (15 km long) in low-lying carbonate hills, kilometer wide marshes, sandy beach and shoreface featuring local low sedimentation. Deposit architecture in such a coastal zone records dynamics of incised valley fill under the influence of rivers and wave/current hydrodynamics in a microtidal environment during an eustatic cycle.
A detailed analysis of about 250 km of very high resolution seismic profiles, tens of cores and outcrops data revealed the evolution of the Maguelone coastal system from Late-Quaternary to present-day. It highlighted also dominant denudation processes in the upstream catchments associated to the formation of incised valley seaward during Quaternary. Combination of this inherited morphology together with hydrodynamics controlled the lagoonal environment evolution since the last transgression. In particular, the Maguelone shore is characterized by the formation of built-over-rias lagoonal systems and records an evolution from partially protected lagoon to isolated lagoon environment. These two stages of lagoon evolution correspond to distinct deposit environments. Correlation of fauna contents with deposit geometry improves lagoonal environment models.
Stratigraphic organisation of a composite macrotidal wedge: the Holocene sedimentary infilling of the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay (NW France)
Authors: Tessier Bernadette , Billeaud Isabelle , Lesueur Patrick 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The Mont-Saint-Michel Bay (NW France) is a composite macrotidal environment that was filled up in the course of the Holocene transgression and sea-level highstand. Three main sub-environments constitute the present-day landscape of the bay: 1) a wide embayment with extensive mud to sandflats in the south, 2) a sandy to muddy channel-and-shoal estuarine system in the east, 3) a wave-dominated sandy coast composed of beach and dune barrier in the north.
The Holocene infill of this composite macrotidal basin has been studied thanks to a set of vibrocores and VHR seismic data. The main results are summarized as follows: the TST is composed by a low-energy aggradational unit in the axis of the estuarine valley, and by high-energy sediment bodies (tidal dunes and banks) outside the valley; the HST (post 6500 yr B.P.) constitutes the main component of the infill. In the north, it is characterised by an aggradational unit made of back-barrier tidal lagoonal infill successions. In the embayment, it is represented by an aggradational unit composed of tidal-flat deposits. In the estuarine axis, the HST is constituted by a sand-dominated tidal channel-and-shoal belt.
The rate of the Holocene sea-level rise appears to be the main factor of control of the infill architecture of the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay since the most significant change occurred around 6500 yr B.P. when the transgression slowed down. The interaction between hydrodynamic agents and sediment supply exerts as well a key control, especially during the late Holocene, when transgression is slow. The impact of climate changes is recorded in the infill during this period. The rocky substrate hypsometry should be considered also as a major forcing parameter as it determines the potential of preservation of the infill in relation with the depth of ravinement by tidal currents.
Examining the Role and Methodology of Strategic Culture
Authors: Greathouse Craig B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractStrategic culture has become a concept of significant debate within security studies over the last decade. It represents an attempt to integrate cultural influences about how actors within the international system made decisions regarding the use of force. Learning more about how and why actors use force in the system is an important topic to which strategic culture may provide some answers but the process of applying it is difficult. This article examines some of the trends in the work on strategic culture including definitional and methodological and proposes some approaches which may make the concept more accessible for researchers within the field.
Climate Change: The Hottest Issue in Security Studies?
Authors: Parsons Rymn J 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSecurity studies in the 21st Century have broadened to encompass a variety of transnational phenomena newly defined as threats. Climate change is one of these phenomena. In theoretical terms, climate change is being securitized. Climate change, in which man‐made global warming is a major factor, is an internationally recognized phenomenon that is projected to produce dramatic, accelerating, and long‐lasting human, economic, and political consequences with profound security implications. These will be most pronounced in places where the effects of climate change are greatest, particularly affecting weak states already especially vulnerable to environmental destabilization. National security establishments in the United States and elsewhere are hurriedly attempting to come to grips with climate change and how to respond to its strategic challenges. This paper, in the context of securitization theory, human security, and sustainable security, discusses the phenomena of global warming and climate change, examines the destabilizing effects of climate change, describes how such effects are being perceived as transnational threats to security, and argues that securitization of climate change is necessary, timely, and irreversible.
Identification of Body Fat Mass as a Major Determinant of Metabolic Rate in Mice
Authors: Kaiyala Karl J. , Morton Gregory J. , Leroux Brian G. , Ogimoto Kayoko , Wisse Brent , Schwartz Michael W. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
Analysis of energy expenditure (EE) in mice is essential to obesity research. Since EE varies with body mass, comparisons between lean and obese mice are confounded unless EE is normalized to account for body mass differences. We 1) assessed the validity of ratio-based EE normalization involving division of EE by either total body mass (TBM) or lean body mass (LBM), 2) compared the independent contributions of LBM and fat mass (FM) to EE, and 3) investigated whether leptin contributes to the link between FM and EE.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used regression modeling of calorimetry and body composition data in 137 mice to estimate the independent contributions of LBM and FM to EE. Subcutaneous administration of leptin or vehicle to 28 obese ob/ob mice and 32 fasting wild-type mice was used to determine if FM affects EE via a leptin-dependent mechanism.

RESULTS
Division of EE by either TBM or LBM is confounded by body mass variation. The contribution of FM to EE is comparable to that of LBM in normal mice (expressed per gram of tissue) but is absent in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. When leptin is administered at physiological doses, the plasma leptin concentration supplants FM as an independent determinant of EE in both ob/ob mice and normal mice rendered leptin-deficient by fasting.

CONCLUSIONS
The contribution of FM to EE is substantially greater than predicted from the metabolic cost of adipose tissue per se, and the mechanism underlying this effect is leptin dependent. Regression-based approaches that account for variation in both FM and LBM are recommended for normalization of EE in mice.
Ethnic Variation in Adiponectin and Leptin Levels and Their Association With Adiposity and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Mente Andrew , Razak Fahad , Blankenberg Stefan , Vuksan Vlad , Davis A. Darlene , Miller Ruby , Teo Koon , Gerstein Hertzel , Sharma Arya M. , Yusuf Salim , Anand Sonia S. ,   for the Study of Health Assessment and Risk Evaluation (SHARE) and SHARE in Aboriginal Peoples (SHARE-AP) Investigators
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To investigate ethnic differences in adiponectin and leptin concentration and to determine whether these adipokines and a high–glycemic index diet account for ethnic variation in insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 1,176 South Asian, Chinese, Aboriginal, and European Canadians, fasting blood samples were drawn, and clinical history and dietary habits including glycemic index/glycemic load were recorded using standardized questionnaires. Insulin resistance was defined using homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

RESULTS
Adiponectin concentrations were significantly higher in Europeans (adjusted mean 12.94 [95% CI 2.27–13.64]) and Aboriginal people (11.87 [11.19–12.59]) than in South Asians (9.35 [8.82–9.92]) and Chinese (8.52 [8.03–9.03]) (overall P &lt; 0.001). Serum leptin was significantly higher in South Asians (11.82 [10.72–13.04]) and Aboriginal people (11.13 [10.13–12.23]) than in Europeans (9.21 [8.38–10.12]) and Chinese (8.25 [7.48–9.10]). BMI and waist circumference were inversely associated with adiponectin in every group except the South Asians (P &lt; 0.001 for interaction). Adiponectin was inversely and leptin was positively associated with HOMA-IR (P &lt; 0.001). The increase in HOMA-IR for each given decrease in adiponectin was larger among South Asians (P = 0.01) and Aboriginal people (P &lt; 0.001) than among Europeans. A high glycemic index was associated with a larger decrease in adiponectin among South Asians (P = 0.03) and Aboriginal people (P &lt; 0.001) and a larger increase in HOMA-IR among South Asians (P &lt; 0.05) relative to that in other groups.

CONCLUSIONS
South Asians have the least favorable adipokine profile and, like the Aboriginal people, display a greater increase in insulin resistance with decreasing levels of adiponectin. Differences in adipokines and responses to glycemic foods parallel the ethnic differences in insulin resistance.
Leisure-Time Physical Activity and the Metabolic Syndrome in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
Authors: Ilanne-Parikka Pirjo , Laaksonen David E. , Eriksson Johan G. , Lakka Timo A. , Lindstr Jaanaöm , Peltonen Markku , Aunola Sirkka , Keinánen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Uusitupa Matti , Tuomilehto Jaakko 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To assess the effects of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and resistance training on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in a post hoc analysis of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, a randomized controlled lifestyle counseling trial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cohort of 486 middle-aged overweight men and women with impaired glucose tolerance were followed for an average of 4.1 years. The intervention and control groups were combined in the analyses. LTPA was assessed by questionnaires, dietary intake by food records, and features of the MetS by anthropometric and biochemical measures annually. Resistance training sessions were documented for 137 participants.

RESULTS
Increased moderate-to-vigorous LTPA, even after adjustments for changes in dietary intakes of total and saturated fat, fiber, and energy, and change in BMI was associated with a greater likelihood for resolution (29.7 vs. 19.1%; P = 0.004 in the upper versus lower third of change) and a lesser likelihood for development (23.5 vs. 44.7%; P = 0.041) of the MetS. Of the components of the MetS, the increase in moderate-to-vigorous LTPA was associated most strongly with improvement of glycemia. Among the 137 participants who participated in resistance training, MetS components were favorable in individuals who were in the upper third of participation rate (median 51 times/year) compared with individuals in the lowest third (median 8.5 times/year).

CONCLUSIONS
Increased moderate-to-vigorous LTPA was associated with a decreased likelihood of developing the MetS and an increased likelihood of its resolution in individuals at high risk for type 2 diabetes.
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial on Benfotiamine Treatment in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Alkhalaf Alaa , Klooster Astrid , van Oeveren Willem , Achenbach Ulrike , Kleefstra Nanne , Slingerland Robbert J. , Mijnhout G. Sophie , Bilo Henk J.G. , Gans Reinold O.B. , Navis Gerjan J. , Bakker Stephan J.L. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of benfotiamine on urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and the tubular damage marker kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients with type 2 diabetes and UAE equivalent to 15–300 mg/24 h, despite ACE inhibitors (ACE-Is) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of benfotiamine (900 mg/day) (n = 39) or placebo (n = 43).

RESULTS
Compared with placebo, benfotiamine treatment resulted in significant improvement of thiamine status (P &lt; 0.001). Benfotiamine treatment did not significantly decrease 24-h UAE or 24-h KIM-1 excretion.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy, high-dose benfotiamine treatment for 12 weeks in addition to ACE-Is or ARBs did not reduce UAE or KIM-1 excretion, despite improvement of thiamine status.
Prevalence and Determinant Factors of Sarcopenia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kim Tae Nyun , Park Man Sik , Yang Sae Jeong , Yoo Hye Jin , Kang Hyun Joo , Song Wook , Seo Ji A. , Kim Sin Gon , Kim Nan Hee , Baik Sei Hyun , Choi Dong Seop , Choi Kyung Mook 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
We examined prevalence of sarcopenia in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes and compared body compositional parameters between subjects with and without type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS) included 810 subjects (414 patients with diabetes and 396 control subjects) who were examined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Prevalence of sarcopenia was defined using the skeletal muscle index (SMI).

RESULTS
Prevalence in patients with diabetes and in the control group was 15.7 and 6.9%, respectively. In both men and women, SMI values were significantly decreased in patients with diabetes compared with subjects without diabetes. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that type 2 diabetes was independently associated with sarcopenia.

CONCLUSIONS
Type 2 diabetes was associated with increased risk of sarcopenia. These characteristics may contribute to physical disability and metabolic disorders in older adults with diabetes.