bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Characterization of CB-183,315, a Novel Lipopeptide Antibiotic for Treatment of Clostridium difficile
Authors: Mascio Carmela T. M. , Mortin Lawrence I. , Howland Karen T. , Van Praagh Andrew D. G. , Zhang Shuxin , Arya Anu , Chuong Cun Lan , Kang Chunfeng , Li Tongchuan , Silverman Jared A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT

CB-183,315 is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic structurally related to daptomycin currently in phase 3 clinical development for
Clostridium difficile
-associated diarrhea (CDAD). We report here the
in vitro
mechanism of action, spontaneous resistance incidence, resistance by serial passage, time-kill kinetics, postantibiotic effect, and efficacy of CB-183,315 in a hamster model of lethal infection.
In vitro
data showed that CB-183,315 dissipated the membrane potential of
Staphylococcus aureus
without inducing changes in membrane permeability to small molecules. The rate of spontaneous resistance to CB-183,315 at 8× the MIC was below the limit of detection in
C. difficile
. Under selective pressure by serial passage with CB-183,315 against
C. difficile
, the susceptibility of the bacteria changed no more than 2-fold during 15 days of serial passages. At 16× the MIC, CB-183,315 produced a ≥3-log reduction of
C. difficile
in the time-kill assay. The postantibiotic effect of CB-183,315 at 8× the MIC was 0.9 h. At 80× the MIC the postantibiotic effect was more than 6 h. In the hamster model of CDAD, CB-183,315 and vancomycin both demonstrated potent efficacy in resolving initial disease onset, even at very low doses. After the conclusion of dosing, CB-183,315 and vancomycin showed a similar dose- and time-dependent pattern with respect to rates of CDAD recurrence.
A thermoresponsive amphiphilic dendron — Synthesis, characterization, and self-assembled micelles for controlled drug release
Authors: Xu Li , Shao Lidong , Hu Minqi , Chen Lin , Bi Yunmei 
Published: July 2012

A new third-generation thermoresponsive amphiphilic dendron consisting of a hydrophobic poly(benzyl ether) dendritic core and hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) peripheries was synthesized by an efficient convergent approach. Its structure was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, GPC, MALDI-TOF MS, and elemental analysis. Turbidity and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements demonstrated that the dendron showed a reversible temperature-dependent phase-transition behavior in aqueous solution and its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was lower than that of the corresponding second-generation dendron, indicating the dependence of LCSTs on the generation of dendrons. Fluorescent spectroscopy and TEM studies revealed that the dendron would self-assemble into nanospherical micelles with a very low critical micelle concentration (CMC) in water. The core-shell structure of the micelles was proved by 1H NMR analyses of the micelles in D2O. The drug-loading capacity of the dendron micelles is about 29 wt % for podophyllotoxin (POD) used as a model drug, and in vitro release tests showed a desired thermoresponsive drug-release behavior. These results indicate that the dendron is promising as stimuli-responsive material for biomedical applications.
Towards a formal foundation of behavioral types for UML state-machines
Authors: Blech Jan Olaf , Schätz Bernhard 
Published: July 2012

Behavioral types for model-based development comprise abstract behavioral aspects of the models they are associated with. Behavioral types allow checking that a model fulfills these behavioral aspects. Furthermore, as types can be related with each other, they support more complex checks and guarantees like compatibility in composition and refinement of models in a model based development process.
We propose a behavioral type system and explain its properties, specically targeting a subset of UML state-machines. We present an early implementation that generates behavioral type definitions out of an Eclipse-based modeling environment. These type definitions are generated for the higher-order proof assistant Coq as files. We present checking and comparison techniques based on these files for behavioral aspects that can be derived from the model definition.
AMIP Simulation with the CAM4 Spectral Element Dynamical Core
Authors: Evans K. J. , Lauritzen P. H. , Mishra S. K. , Neale R. B. , Taylor M. A. , Tribbia J. J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The authors evaluate the climate produced by the Community Climate System Model, version 4, running with the new spectral element atmospheric dynamical core option. The spectral element method is configured to use a cubed-sphere grid, providing quasi-uniform resolution over the sphere and increased parallel scalability and removing the need for polar filters. It uses a fourth-order accurate spatial discretization that locally conserves mass and total energy. Using the Atmosphere Model Intercomparison Project protocol, the results from the spectral element dynamical core are compared with those produced by the default finite-volume dynamical core and with observations. Even though the two dynamical cores are quite different, their simulated climates are remarkably similar. When compared with observations, both models have strengths and weaknesses but have nearly identical root-mean-square errors and the largest biases show little sensitivity to the dynamical core. The spectral element core does an excellent job reproducing the atmospheric kinetic energy spectra, including fully capturing the observed Nastrom–Gage transition when running at 0.125° resolution.
The Role of Vortex and Environment Errors in Genesis Forecasts of Hurricanes Danielle and Karl (2010)
Authors: Torn Ryan D. , Cook David 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAn ensemble of Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) forecasts initialized from a cycling ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) system is used to evaluate the sensitivity of Hurricanes Danielle and Karl’s (2010) genesis forecasts to vortex and environmental initial conditions via ensemble sensitivity analysis. Both the Danielle and Karl forecasts are sensitive to the 0-h circulation associated with the pregenesis system over a deep layer and to the temperature and water vapor mixing ratio within the vortex over a comparatively shallow layer. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the 0-h ensemble kinematic and thermodynamic fields within the vortex indicate that the 0-h circulation and moisture fields covary with one another, such that a stronger vortex is associated with higher moisture through the column. Forecasts of the pregenesis system intensity are only sensitive to the leading mode of variability in the vortex fields, suggesting that only specific initial condition perturbations associated with the vortex will amplify with time. Multivariate regressions of the vortex EOFs and environmental parameters believed to impact genesis suggest that the Karl forecast is most sensitive to the vortex structure, with smaller sensitivity to the upwind integrated water vapor and 200–850-hPa vertical wind shear magnitude. By contrast, the Danielle forecast is most sensitive to the vortex structure during the first 24 h, but is more sensitive to the 200-hPa divergence and vertical wind shear magnitude at longer forecast hours.
Discontinuous Galerkin Transport on the Spherical Yin–Yang Overset Mesh
Authors: Hall David M. , Nair Ramachandran D. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A discontinuous Galerkin (DG) transport scheme is presented that employs the Yin–Yang grid on the sphere. The Yin–Yang grid is a quasi-uniform overset mesh comprising two notched latitude–longitude meshes placed at right angles to each other. Surface fluxes of conserved scalars are obtained at the overset boundaries by interpolation from the interior of the elements on the complimentary grid, using high-order polynomial interpolation intrinsic to the DG technique. A series of standard tests are applied to evaluate its performance, revealing it to be robust and its accuracy to be competitive with other global advection schemes at equivalent resolutions. Under p-type grid refinement, the DG Yin–Yang method exhibits spectral error convergence for smooth initial conditions and third-order geometric convergence for C1 continuous functions. In comparison with finite-volume implementations of the Yin–Yang mesh, the DG implementation is less complex, as it does not require a wide halo region of elements for accurate boundary value interpolation. With respect to DG cubed-sphere implementations, the Yin–Yang grid exhibits similar accuracy and appears to be a viable alternative suitable for global advective transport. A variant called the Yin–Yang polar (YY-P) mesh is also examined and is shown to have properties similar to the original Yin–Yang mesh while performing better on tests with strictly zonal flow.
Effects of intensity of arm training on hemiplegic upper extremity motor recovery in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Han Chao , Wang Qiang , Meng Ping-ping , Qi Ming-zhu 
Published: July 2012

Objective: To investigate the effects of different intensities of arm rehabilitation training on the functional recovery of hemiplegic upper extremity. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Interventions: Thirty-two stroke patients meeting the enrolment criteria were randomly divided into three groups: group A ( n = 11), group B ( n = 10) and group C ( n = 11). Each group received arm training for 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours a day respectively, 5 days per week, for a period of six weeks. Main measures: Motor function was assessed by Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Action Research Arm Test and Barthel Index, carried out before treatment, two weeks, four weeks and six weeks after treatment. Results: When comparing the three groups, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment improvement was more significant in group C (20.50 ± 7.84) than that in group A (11.90 ± 6.52 ) and group B (13.80 ± 6.41) after four weeks of treatment ( P < 0.05). The Action Research Arm Test score improvement was more significant in group C (7.30 ± 2.95) than in group A (3.30 ± 2.91 ) ( P < 0.05). After six weeks of treatment, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment and Action Research Arm Test score improvements were more significant in group C (24.50 ± 7.96, 10.90 ± 3.60) and group B (19.70 ± 7.09, 8.70 ± 4.62) than in group A (13.00 ± 6.38, 5.30 ± 3.40) ( P < 0.05). There were no significant differences of Barthel Index among the three groups ( P > 0.05). In each group, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Action Research Arm Test and Barthel Index scores increased significantly after six weeks of treatment ( P < 0.05). Conclusions: An increase in the intensity of arm training might improve the motor function of the arm after stroke.
Structural basis of LaDR5, a novel agonistic anti-death receptor 5 (DR5) monoclonal antibody, to inhibit DR5/TRAIL complex formation
Authors: Qiao Chunxia , Hu Meiyun , Guo Leiming , Lv Ming , Lin Zhou , Geng Jing , Lang Xiaoling , Li Xinying , Li Yan , Ma Yuanfang , Feng Jiannan , Shen Beifen 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackgroundAs a member of the TNF superfamily, TRAIL could induce human tumor cell apoptosis through its cognate death receptors DR4 or DR5, which can induce formation of the death inducing signaling complex (DISC) and activation of the membrane proximal caspases (caspase-8 or caspase-10) and mitochondrial pathway. Some monoclonal antibodies against DR4 or DR5 have been reported to have anti-tumor activity.ResultsIn this study, we reported a novel mouse anti-human DR5 monoclonal antibody, named as LaDR5, which could compete with TRAIL to bind DR5 and induce the apoptosis of Jurkat cells in the absence of second cross-linkingin vitro. Using computer-guided molecular modeling method, the 3-D structure of LaDR5 Fv fragment was constructed. According to the crystal structure of DR5, the 3-D complex structure of DR5 and LaDR5 was modeled using molecular docking method. Based on distance geometry method and intermolecular hydrogen bonding analysis, the key functional domain in DR5 was predicted and the DR5 mutants were designed. And then, three mutants of DR5 was expressed in prokaryotic system and purified by affinity chromatograph to determine the epitope of DR5 identified by LaDR5, which was consistent with the theoretical results of computer-aided analysis.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated the specific epitope located in DR5 that plays a crucial role in antibody binding and even antineoplastic bioactivity. Meanwhile, revealed structural features of DR5 may be important to design or screen novel drugs agonist DR5.
Acupuncture for the treatment of tinnitus: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Kim Jong-In , Choi Jun-Yong , Lee Dong-Hyo , Choi Tae-Young , Lee Myeong Soo , Ernst Edzard 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has frequently been used to treat tinnitus, and acupuncture is a particularly popular option. The objective of this review was to assess the evidence concerning the effectiveness of acupuncture as a treatment for tinnitus.

Methods
Fourteen databases were searched from the dates of their creation to July 4th, 2012. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included if acupuncture was used as the sole treatment. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the risk of bias.

Results
A total of 9 RCTs met all the inclusion criteria. Their methodological quality was mostly poor. Five RCTs compared the effectiveness of acupuncture or electroacupuncture with sham acupuncture for treating tinnitus. The results failed to show statistically significant improvements. Two RCTs compared a short one-time scalp acupuncture treatment with the use of penetrating sham acupuncture at non-acupoints in achieving subjective symptom relief on a visual analog scale; these RCTs demonstrated significant positive effects with scalp acupuncture. Two RCTs compared acupuncture with conventional drug treatments. One of these RCTs demonstrated that acupuncture had statistically significant effects on the response rate in patients with nervous tinnitus, but the other RCT did not demonstrate significant effects in patients with senile tinnitus.

Conclusions
The number, size and quality of the RCTs on the effectiveness of acupuncture for the treatment of tinnitus are not sufficient for drawing definitive conclusions. Further rigorous RCTs that overcome the many limitations of the current evidence are warranted.
Traditional knowledge among Zapotecs of Sierra Madre Del Sur, Oaxaca. Does it represent a base for plant resources management and conservation?
Authors: Luna-José Azucena de Lourdes , Aguilar Beatriz Rendón 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTraditional classification systems represent cognitive processes of human cultures in the world. It synthesizes specific conceptions of nature, as well as cumulative learning, beliefs and customs that are part of a particular human community or society. Traditional knowledge has been analyzed from different viewpoints, one of which corresponds to the analysis of ethnoclassifications. In this work, a brief analysis of the botanical traditional knowledge among Zapotecs of the municipality of San Agustin Loxicha, Oaxaca was conducted. The purposes of this study were: a) to analyze the traditional ecological knowledge of local plant resources through the folk classification of both landscapes and plants and b) to determine the role that this knowledge has played in plant resource management and conservation. The study was developed in five communities of San Agustín Loxicha. From field trips, plant specimens were collected and showed to local people in order to get the Spanish or Zapotec names; through interviews with local people, we obtained names and identified classification categories of plants, vegetation units, and soil types. We found a logic structure in Zapotec plant names, based on linguistic terms, as well as morphological and ecological caracteristics. We followed the classification principles proposed by Berlin [6] in order to build a hierarchical structure of life forms, names and other characteristics mentioned by people. We recorded 757 plant names. Most of them (67%) have an equivalent Zapotec name and the remaining 33% had mixed names with Zapotec and Spanish terms. Plants were categorized as native plants, plants introduced in pre-Hispanic times, or plants introduced later. All of them are grouped in a hierarchical classification, which include life form, generic, specific, and varietal categories. Monotypic and polytypic names are used to further classify plants. This holistic classification system plays an important role for local people in many aspects: it helps to organize and make sense of the diversity, to understand the interrelation among plants–soil–vegetation and to classify their physical space since they relate plants with a particular vegetation unit and a kind of soil. The locals also make a rational use of these elements, because they know which crops can grow in any vegetation unit, or which places are indicated to recollect plants. These aspects are interconnected and could be fundamental for a rational use and management of plant resources.
The analysis of densitometric and geometric parameters of bilateral proximal phalanges in horses with the use of peripheral quantitative computed tompgraphy
Authors: Dzierzęcka Małgorzata , Charuta Anna 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
Proximal phalanges in horses are among bones that are most prone to injuries. So far, the detailed analysis of densitometric and geometric parameters of both front legs proximal phalanges in horses has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the densitometric and geometric parameters between proximal phalanges in equine both front legs with the use of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT).

Methods
The study material comprised isolated both front legs proximal phalanges derived from 22 horses. The structure analysis of the proximal phalanges was conducted with the pQCT. The following bone parameters were determined: bone mineral content, volumetric bone mineral density, total bone area, trabecular area, cortical area, cortical thickness, periosteal circumference, endocortical circumference, Strength Strain Index. Tomographic analysis of proximal phalanges was conducted at three levels: at 15%, 50% and 85% of the bone length.

Results
The statistical analysis showed that both the densitometric and geometric parameters of the bone at 50% and 85% of its length, did not present any statistically significant differences for the left or right proximal phalanges of the forelimb. At the same time, all examined parameters measured at 15% of the bone length, in the vicinity of the proximal metaphysis revealed significant statistical differences between both front legs proximal phalanges.

Conclusions
The proximal phalanx parameters in the forelimbs are significantly different for the left and right proximal phalanx at 15% of the length and they indicate higher Strength Strain Index of the left bone in this location. The densitometric and geometric parameters of the bone at 50% and 85% of its length, did not present any statistically significant differences for the left or right proximal phalanges of the left and right forelimbs. The most serious changes caused by asymmetrical load of the thoracic limbs in horses occur near the proximal metaphysis, where the spongious substance is most abundant. This may happen because the metabolism of the spongious bone tissue is eight times faster compared to the compact bone tissue. Thus, any changes, including those caused by asymmetrical strain exerted on the right and left thoracic limbs, are the earliest to be observed.
Optical characterization of Cu3N thin film with Swanepoel method
Authors: Dorranian Davoud , Dejam Laya , Mosayebian Gelareh 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Swanepoel method is employed for spectroscopic determination of optical properties of Cu3N thin film using transmittance data. Investigated films have been deposited using reactive magnetron sputtering system. Deposition time was 9 to 21 min. Refractive index, absorption coefficient, and bandgap energy of the samples are determined. Thickness of the films is calculated by Swanepoel method, and result is compared with the thickness of the films measured by profilmeter. It is shown that Swanepoel method is a reliable way to calculate the optical constants of thin films when the transmittance spectrum of the film is influenced by wavelike patterns due to reflection of the probe beam from different interfaces.
Quality of Life and Anxiety in Adolescents with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Oren Asaf , Benoit Melissa Anne , Murphy Anne , Schulte Fiona , Hamilton Jill 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Context:
Adolescents with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) require lifelong monitoring with a high possibility of reoperation or radioactive iodine. Although adult DTC survivors have similar or slightly worse quality of life (QOL), this has not been evaluated in the pediatric population.

Objective:
Our objective was to compare QOL and anxiety in adolescents with DTC to patients with acquired autoimmune hypothyroidism.

Design, Setting, and Patients:
In this cross-sectional pilot study, three validated questionnaires were administered to 16 adolescents with DTC and 16 controls for assessment of QOL and anxiety levels. These included teen and parent PedsQL, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, and Coddington Life Events Scales for Adolescents. The contribution of age, time since diagnosis, and biochemical variables were compared with the outcome measures.

Results:
There were 16 DTC patients (seven males); 13 had papillary carcinoma, one had follicular carcinoma, and two had mixed type. At diagnosis, five DTC patients had lymph node involvement and two had lung metastases, although at time of assessment, only one DTC patient had lymph node involvement. DTC patients were older than control subjects (P = 0.004) and had lower TSH levels than control subjects at time of assessment (P = 0.013). QOL and anxiety levels did not differ between DTC patients compared with control subjects and with previously reported scores in a healthy cohort. QOL and anxiety level parameters were not influenced by age, time since diagnosis, or free T4 levels measured at the time of assessment.

Conclusions:
Adolescents with DTC have similar QOL and anxiety levels compared with autoimmune hypothyroidism patients and with a healthy normative population.