bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae
Authors: Oxelman Bengt , Kornhall Per , Olmstead Richard G. , Bremer Birgitta 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA phylogenetic study of plastid DNA sequences (ndhF,trnL/F, andrps16) in Lamiales is presented. In particular, the inclusiveness of Scrophulariaceae sensu APG II is elaborated. Scrophulariaceae in this sense are mainly a southern hemisphere group, which includes Hemimerideae (includingAlonsoa, with a few South Americanspecies), Myoporeae, the Central American Leucophylleae (includingCapraria),Androya, Aptosimeae, Buddlejeae, Teedieae (includingOftia,Dermatobotrys, andFreylinia), Manuleeae, and chiefly Northern temperate Scrophularieae (includingVerbascumandOreosolen).CamptolomaandPhygeliusgroup with Buddlejeae and Teedieae, but without being well resolved to any of these two groups.Antherothamnusisstrongly supported as sister taxon to Scrophularieae. African Stilbaceae are shown to include Bowkerieae andCharadrophila. There is moderate support for a clade of putative Asian origin and including Phrymaceae,Paulownia,Rehmannia,Mazus,Lancea, and chiefly parasitic Orobanchaceae, to whichBrandisiais shown to belong. A novel, strongly supported, clade of taxa earlier assigned to Scrophulariaceae was found. The clade includesStemodiopsis,Torenia,Micranthemumand probablyPicriaand has unclear relationships to the restof Lamiales. This clade possibly represents the tribe Lindernieae, diagnosed by geniculate anterior filaments, usually with a basal swelling.
Chaenothecopsis in a molecular phylogeny based on nuclear rDNA ITS and LSU sequences
Authors: Tibell Leif , Vinuesa Maria 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBayesian inference analyses of nuclear LSU rDNA sequences showed Verrucariales and Eurotiales to form the sistergroup of Mycocaliciales. A more detailed analysis of ITS rDNA sequences showed Sphinctrinaceae to be embedded in Mycocaliciaceae. Mycocaliciales contain two major lineages. Intron occurrence and phylogeny was partly congruent with the ITS‐based phylogeny. Chaenothecopsis is paraphyletic with respect to Phaeocalicium, Mycocalicium, Sphinctrina and Stenocybe. Some morphological features traditionally used for characterising Chaenothecopsis and other genera in Mycocaliciales, such as ascus apex structure and stalk anatomy, were found to be homoplasious, while others, such as spore septation, intron distribution and nutritional biology, were consistent with major clades in the analysis. Within the two major clades of Mycocaliciales some subclades are strongly supported and well characterized by anatomical, nutritional and intron features.
Towards a digital African Flora
Authors: Kirkup Don , Malcolm Patricia , Christian Graham , Paton Alan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractModern approaches to Flora writing are increasingly being built around database technology. Databases allow for great flexibility in the range of questions that can be asked of the Flora, and consequently greatly enhance the utility of the Flora in the core roles of identification of species and nomenclatural queries. There are, however, few examples where existing floristic works have been converted into database format, so that much of our legacy of floristic texts still rests in the form of the printed page. In this paper we address the problem of the digitisation of legacy texts (see www. kew. org/efloras/). We describe a method that we used to create an online database of the Flora Zambesiaca for identification and nomenclatural queries. We assert that the method we used can be generalised to cope with most standard taxonomic formats. We conclude that on a costbenefit basis Flora digitisation compares very favourably to other digitisation approaches, such as specimen databasing and interactive key construction, and could be used with good effect to direct digitisation in these other areas.
A review of the typification ofMetasequoia glyptostroboides(Taxodiaceae)
Authors: Ma Jinshuang , Barringer Kerry , Clemants Steve 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA review is presented of the original material cited in the protologue ofMetasequoia glyptostroboides. It is determined that there were two syntypes and seven paratypes. One of the syntypes is designated as lectotype.
Revised lectotypification of Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. (Convolvulaceae)
Authors: García Miguel A. , Cafferty Steve 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe original lectotype for the name Cuscuta europaea var. epithymum L. was based on a specimen from LINN that is not original material. The sole extant original element for the name is deposited in the Burser herbarium in UPS. The previous lectotype is here superseded with the designation of the Burser specimen. Comments on the valid publication of the combination C. epithymum (L.) L. are also included.
Nomenclatural problems in Pleurozia (Pleuroziaceae): the lectotypification of Pleurozia Dumort., Jungermannia sphagnoides Schwägr., Pleurozia sphagnoides Dumort., P. purpurea Lindb., Mnium jungermannia L. and Jungermannia undulata L. (Hepaticae)
Authors: Grolle Riclef , Long DavidG. , McNeill John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA review is presented of nomenclatural problems in the genus Pleurozia Dumort. including the typification of five binomials relevant to the study of the genus. It is shown that the first lectotypification of Pleurozia by P. sphagnoides Dumort. 1874 can be maintained and that this preserves traditional usage of Pleurozia. The earlier Jungermannia sphagnoides Schwägr. 1814 is shown to be nomenclaturally independent and is newly lectotypified confirming its application to a species of the unrelated genus Schistochila. A new lectotype for Pleurozia purpurea Lindb. 1877 was found necessary, and this is designated from the previously overlooked herbarium of John Lightfoot (K). Mnium jungermannia L. is a heterogeneous element, in the past considered by some to include Pleurozia purpurea ; it is lectotypified by a Dillenian illustration, supported by an epitype from Dillenius’s herbarium that belongs to Scapania undulata (L.) Dumort. Mnium jungermannia and all names based on it, none of which are in current use, therefore become synonyms of S. undulata. Jungermannia undulata L. [≡ Scapania undulata (L.) Dumort.], also typified by a Dillenian illustration, is further stabilised in its current application by designation of an epitype in Dillenius’s herbarium.
Phylogenetic relationships of Stereocaulaceae based on simultaneous analysis of beta‐tubulin, GAPDH and SSU rDNA sequences
Authors: Myllys Leena , Högnabba Filip , Lohtander Katileena , Thell Arne , Stenroos Soili , Hyvönen Jaakko 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships of the lichenised ascomycete family Stereocaulaceae were investigated with partial beta‐tubulin, partial glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and SSU rDNA sequence data. Due to the marked length variation in the SSU rDNA sequences, the analyses were performed with direct optimization. The combined analysis of the beta‐tubulin, GAPDH and SSU rDNA sequences as well as the separate analyses of beta‐tubulin and GAPDH data recognized the monophyletic group comprising Lepraria, Muhria and Stereocaulon. In the combined analysis Stereocaulon tornense appears as a basal taxon in the Stereocaulon clade, suggesting that the crustose growth form and the absence of cephalodia are primitive features within the genus. Muhria is nested in Stereocaulon and groups with the crustose S. cumulatum and S. leucophaeopsis. The genus Lepraria is monophyletic if Leproloma is included, but species that were represented by several specimens in our study, i.e., Lepraria jackii and Leproloma membranaceum, do not appear as monophyletic entities. The genus Pilophorus is included in Cladoniaceae. Combined analysis of the three datasets clearly led to an increase in support values compared to the separate analyses, showing high support for the monophyly of families Cladoniaceae and Stereocaulaceae and for the sistergroup relation for the two families. The relationships between higher groupings did not reach high support values probably due to the incongruencies among the three datasets.
Bat pollination in the NE Brazilian endemic Mimosa lewisii: an unusual case and first report for the genus
Authors: Vogel Stefan , Lopes Ariadna Valentina , Machado Isabel Cristina 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMimosa lewisii (Section Batocaulon), a shrub of the NE‐Brazilian Caatinga, presents huge (pseudo‐)racemes that form a separate storey overtopping the foliage. Racemes persist, developing intermittently pedunculate capitula over a period of more than one year. The brush‐type, whitish flower heads are nocturnal in anthesis and active only a single night. Florets are relatively large and stout for the genus, hermaphroditic, with stiff filaments and style, and converge towards the periphery of the raceme. When expanding at dusk, the heads produce large nectar drops (up to 173 μl per head), that averages 25–29% sucrose. Production starts sequentially among florets of a capitulum. The drops are freely exposed, held between the filaments. The glossophagine bat Lonchophylla mordax was observed as the only legitimate visitor; hummingbirds exploited worn capitula at daytime, but did not pollinate. The bats lapped the nectar while hovering without apparently putting out their tongues. Pollen transmission was by the snout and probably by touching neighbouring flower heads with the wings. The blossoms, of a genus predominantly entomophilous, reveal habitual adaptation to bat pollination in most of their features. Small size (14 mm in diam.) and lack of a perceptible scent suggest that an evolutionary shift towards chiropterophily is still incomplete. A brief survey of the known distribution of bat pollination in Mimosaceae is appended.
The Prometheus Description Model: an examination of the taxonomic description‐building process and its representation
Authors: Pullan Martin R. , Armstrong Kate E. , Paterson Trevor , Cannon Alan , Kennedy Jessie B. , Watson Mark F. , McDonald Sarah , Raguenaud Cédric 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA model for representing taxonomic descriptive data is presented. The model has been developed in response to the growing requirement for the global exchange of descriptive data. Meaningful exchange of data requires that data be represented in a form that can be consistently parsed and interpreted, requiring a common data model and the constrained and explicitly defined use of descriptive terms. The model presented here is divided into two parts that address both of these issues. A new data model for the representation and storage of taxonomic descriptive data is proposed that builds on and extends the best features of current descriptive data models and formats. An ontology‐based model for defining and constraining the use of descriptive terms is also presented. The model is based on an analysis of current taxonomic working practices and the processes involved in generating a description. The model takes a specimen‐oriented approach allowing descriptive data to be represented through a range of levels of abstraction from actual measurements of structures on a specimen to abstract descriptions of the features expected to be found on a specimen that is a member of a particular taxon. A comparison and discussion of the important aspects of the new model relative to existing models is presented.
Making the first step: practical considerations for the isolation of low‐copy nuclear sequence markers
Authors: Schlüter Philipp M. , Stuessy Tod F. , Paulus Hannes F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn many plant groups, the use of low‐copy nuclear sequence markers for phylogenetics and population genetics has been hindered by their limited availability. Although it may be possible to PCR amplify low‐copy markers using primers designed for use with other plant groups, this does not always yield the desired results. Here, we suggest several alternative approaches to begin the isolation and characterisation of novel low‐copy markers when there is little or no sequence information available. These alternatives are: (1) the design of new primers from information in the sequence databases; (2) isolation of homologous DNA using a gene probe from another organism; (3) characterisation of sequence markers from DNA fingerprints; and (4) obtaining novel sequences via cDNA cloning.
Comparison of the Munsell and Royal Horticultural Society’s color charts in describing flower color
Authors: Griesbach Robert J. , Austin S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe flower color of daylily (Hemerocallis L.) cultivars at the U. S. National Arboretum, Washington, D.C. was documented using the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (RHSCC) and the Munsell Book of Color (MBC). The RHSCC descriptions did not allow discrimination between cultivars that were distinguishable by eye. The MBC, however, allowed the description of colors that fell between color chart chips, and had the ability to compare the specific color attributes of different cultivars of similar color. The ability to interpolate colors with the MBC allows a greater accuracy in documentation and discrimination of floral color.
Typification and synonymization in Primula sect. Auricula (Primulaceae)
Authors: Zhang Li-Bing , Zhang Li-Bing , Kadereit Joachim W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSupplementing a recent systematic study of Primula sect. Auricula, we here lectotypify or neotypify 27 names applicable to taxa in this section and the name of one related genus. These are P. auricula var. widmerae Pax, P. balbisii Lehm., P. ciliata Moretti, P. cottia Widmer, P. crenata Lam., P. oenensis Thomas ex Gremli, P. glaucescens Moretti, P. glutinosa Wulfen, P. integrifolia L., P. latifolia var. cynoglossifolia Widmer, P. laevigata Duby ex Rchb., P. longobarda Parta, P. lutea Vill., P. marginata Curtis, P. microcalyx Lehm., P. minima L., P. parlatorii Porta ex Caruel, P. villosa Wulfen, P. villosa var. daonensis Leyb., P. viscosa Vill., P. [unranked] Brevibracteae Widmer, P. [unranked] Rufiglandulae Widmer, P. [unranked] Longibracteatae Widmer, P. [unranked] Cartilagineo‐marginatae Widmer, P. [unranked] Luteae Widmer, P. [unranked] Nothobritanica Schott and P. [unranked] Saniculina Schott. We also publish two new combinations: P. lutea subsp. widmerae (Pax) L. B. Zhang and P. lutea subsp. tatriaca (L. B. Zhang) L. B. Zhang. We further synonymize 233 names referable to P. sect. Auricula, including P. glaucescens subsp. longobarda (Porta) Widmer, P. grignensis D. M. Moser and P. pedemontana subsp. iberica Losa et P. Monts. Through extensive herbarium and literature surveys, we further located the types of an additional 32 names in the section, many of which had been thought to be lost or unclear to science.
The basionym of Eucladium verticillatum (Pottiaceae)
Authors: Ochyra Ryszard , Zijlstra Gea 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEvidence is provided that the first person to validly publish a name for the species that Linnaeus termed “Bryum verticillatum” in 1753 was Withering in 1801, and that his name actually constitutes the basionym of the well‐known moss name, correctly cited as Eucladium verticillatum (With.) Bruch & Schimp. (Bryophyta, Pottiaceae). “Weissia verticillata (Hedw.) ex Brid.” of 1801, which has hitherto been considered the basionym of this binomial, is a nomen nudum; the combination Weissia verticillata was validly published by Bridel in 1806. Bryum verticillatum With. is lectotypified here with a specimen from Cumberland, England, that is preserved at BM.
Neotypification of Potamogeton ×fluitans Roth and the distribution of this hybrid
Authors: Kaplan Zdenek 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe identity of the name Potamogeton fluitans Roth has for a long time been uncertain. An analysis of the history of the name and its use is presented and the identity of the extant material ascribed to Roth discussed. The name P. fluitans is neotypified with a specimen from a population of the hybrid P. lucens L. × P. natans L. recently studied morphologically, anatomically and electrophoretically. Nomenclature of the hybrid is summarized and lectotypes for a further four names designated. Distribution of the hybrid is described and a list of representative specimens given.
Evolutionary trends in the simple thalloid liverworts (Marchantiophyta, Jungermanniopsida subclass Metzgeriidae)
Authors: Crandall-Stotler Barbara J. , Forrest Laura L. , Stotler Raymond E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe phylogenetic history of and evolutionary trends within the simple thalloid liverworts (Jungermanniopsida, subclass Metzgeriidae) are reconstructed in a combined analysis of molecular and morphological data. The molecular dataset comprises loci from all three genomes, including trnL-F, rps4, rbcL, atpβ and psbA from the chloroplast, SSU rRNA and LSU rRNA from the nucleus, and nad5 from the mitochondrion, and 65 characters are scored in the morphological dataset. An initial analysis of a molecular dataset that included 16 outgroup and 50 ingroup taxa resolved a Haplomitrium/Treubiaceae clade as the earliest diverging lineage of the ingroup. Subsequent analyses of ingroup only datasets, rooted on this clade, resolve Metzgeriidae as paraphyletic, with Blasiaceae sister to Marchantiopsida in all analyses. A combined analysis of morphological and molecular datasets resolves basically the same clades as analyses of the molecular dataset alone, except for the resolution of a weak sister group relationship between Metzgeriineae and the leafy liverworts. Reconstructions of morphological character evolution on the combined analysis topology confirm that there is substantial homoplasy in the morphology dataset, even in characters that have been traditionally considered diagnostic of hierarchial relationships, such as apical cell geometry, calyptral type and capsule wall thickness. Ancestral state reconstructions contradict many prevailing hypotheses of character evolution in hepatics, including the model of the ancestral liverwort prototype as an erect, radially symmetric plant. Instead, a more likely model is a prostrate, bilaterally symmetric plant with the diagnostic features of a simple thalloid liverwort.
Spatio‐temporal relationships of the Macaronesian endemic flora: a relictual series or window of opportunity?
Authors: Carine Mark A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractConvolvulus is represented in Macaronesia by two endemic clades. The first (Clade I) has a predominantly western Mediterranean sister group whilst the second (Clade II) is nested within a predominantly eastern Mediterranean clade. The Relictual Series Hypothesis (RSH) predicts that degree of geographical disjunction between Macaronesian groups and their sister taxa is related to time available for continental extinction to occur and this would provide a possible explanation for the observed pattern in Convolvulus if Clade I is younger than Clade II. To test this hypothesis, mean relative divergence times for the two Macaronesian Convolvulus clades are estimated using a nrITS dataset. The results do not support the age‐disjunction hypothesis and indicate that the mean divergence time for Clade I predates that of Clade II, although the difference between mean divergence times is small and the standard deviations are large. The inconsistency between this result and the RSH might be explained by the stochastic nature of evolution: with continental extinction events occurring during a similar time period, there may have been inadequate time for a clear spatio‐temporal pattern to develop. An alternative explanation, termed the "Colonisation Window Hypothesis" (CWH), is also presented. This hypothesis emphasises island establishment rather than continental extinction as the prime determinant of spatio‐temporal relationships of Macaronesian groups and predicts that opportunities for colonisation into Macaronesia has been temporally constrained to discrete waves of colonisation. Whilst the Convolvulus results are consistent with both RSH and CWH, a framework for establishing the ability of these two hypotheses to explain the spatial relationships of the Macaronesian endemic flora is presented.
Phylogenetic patterns and polyploid evolution within the Mediterranean genusCentaurium(Gentianaceae ‐ Chironieae)
Authors: Mansion Guilhem , Zeltner Louis , Bretagnolle François 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe genusCentaurium(centauries) comprises ca. 27 annual species and subspecies primarily distributed in the Mediterranean basin. Phylogenetic relationships, inferred from sequences of both nrDNA (internal transcribed spacer, ITS) and cpDNA (trnLintron andtrnL‐Fspacer) regions, confirm the monophyly ofCentauriumand reveal the importance of polyploidy within the genus. In each ITS clade, diploid to hexaploid species of centauries occur. Furthermore, polyploidization is often associated with hybridization events, as suggested by the importance of additive polymorphic sites detected in the ITS region. Hence, reticulation appears to be the main cause of phylogenetic incongruence—and resulting systematic controversies—detected in the genus. Based on molecular and cytological evidence, the origin of several polyploid systems is discussed. Allopolyploidy, associated or not with introgression, appears to be the main evolutionary trend inCentaurium, and only a few autopolyploid taxa have been detected so far.
Temporal and spatial diversification of Circum‐Mediterranean Compositae‐Anthemideae
Authors: Oberprieler Christoph 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA combination of dispersal‐vicariance analysis (DIVA) and molecular clock dating of a calibrated, ratesmoothed maximum‐likelihood tree based on sequence information from the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal repeat (nrDNA ITS) was used to reconstruct the biogeographical history of the Circum‐Mediterranean clade of Compositae‐Anthemideae. The reconstructions suggest that the ancestor of this clade diverged from the basal African lineages in the late Early Miocene (18 Myr), presumably in conjunction with the collision of the African and Eurasian platform through the Arabian plate. Recurrent dispersal/vicariance events during the Middle and Late Miocene (16–11 Myr) both between the eastern and western Mediterranean regions and (in the latter region) between the northern and southern Peri‐Tethys platforms caused the further diversification of the clade and may have been triggered by episodes of marine regression/transgression events on the Eurasian platform and in the area of the Strait of Gibraltar, respectively. The analyses further show that both the western part of the North African platform and the Anatolian region played a paramount role in the radiation of different subclades of the Circum‐Mediterranean Anthemideae, leading to the present day genus‐richness of the western subclade and to the species‐richness in the large genera (Achillea, Anthemis, Cota, Tanacetum, Tripleurospermum) of the eastern subclade. Whereas in the present analyses these radiations are reconstructed as sympatric speciation events, they may actually correspond to allopatric speciation events on a finer geographical scale within the two main centres of diversification (NW Africa, Anatolia). The Messinian salinity crisis (5.96–5.33 Myr) and the following re‐inundation of the Mediterranean basin (Early Pliocene) triggered dispersal/vicariance events observable today on the level of species or species groups, as did the climatic changes during the Pleistocene.