bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilising Metal Melts of Low‐Melting Metals as a Novel Approach for MOF Synthesis: The 3D‐Imidazolate 3∞[Ga2(Im)6ImH] from Gallium and Imidazole
Authors: Zurawski Alexander , Hintze Frauke , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMetals with low melting points like gallium (mp. 30 °C) prove a new approach for the synthesis of MOFs. As the melting point of gallium is even lower than of the linker ligand imidazole, formation of the MOF ${}^3_\infty[\textrm{Ga}_2(\textrm{Im})_6\textrm{ImH}]$, Im– = imidazolate anion, ImH = imidazole, can be achieved by reaction of a melt of the referring metal with a melt of the ligand. Gallium is oxidised in the reaction, and hydrogen gas and the imidazolate amide as colourless single crystalline product are formed. At the melting point of imidazole (mp. 88–90 °C) two liquid phases are observed. Phase separation lasts until the reaction, starting at 120 °C, consumes the liquid reagents. We consider this a reaction on the phase border between the liquid phases as no mixing is observed. ${}^3_\infty[\textrm{Ga}_2(\textrm{Im})_6\textrm{ImH}]$ constitutes of a three‐dimensional framework structure with a 3,6 topology that is built of two Kagome nets sharing common connectivity points. Each Ga3+ ion is octahedrally coordinated by six nitrogen atoms of imidazolate and imidazole ligands. The framework exhibits a limited porosity of 8.5 % of accessible space and a diameter of 376–509 pm for the pore windows.
Solid Solutions in the System Fe1–xO/ZnO at Low Oxygen Partial Pressure
Authors: Moll Sebastian , Weber Sven‐Ulf , Becker Klaus‐Dieter , Mader Werner 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe maximum solubilities of Zn2+ in Fe1–xO and of Fe2+ in ZnO at temperatures from 1173–1473 K in the presence of metallic iron were determined. Mixed crystals Fe1–x–zZnzO with 0.04 ≤ z ≤ 0.19 were prepared at 1273 K. All samples were characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The solubility of Fe2+ in wurtzite ZnO as well as the lattice parameter a of Zn1–yFeyO increases with reaction temperature whereas c remains virtually constant. The solubility of Zn2+ in Fe1–xO increases with temperature. The lattice parameter a of Fe1–x–zZnzO for 0.04 ≤ z ≤ 0.13 increases with zinc content. For0.13 ≤ z ≤ 0.19 a is constant, whereas for higher zinc contents a decreases. Mössbauer spectroscopy of the mixed crystal Fe1–x–0.09Zn0.09O yields a reduced amount of 6 % Fe3+ compared to wüstite Fe1–0.04O with 9 % Fe3+. Such reduction of Fe3+ content was previously observed in the mixed crystal systems Fe1–xO/MgO and Fe1–xO/MnO too. The increase of the lattice parameter a of Fe1–x–zZnzO for low concentrations is explained by removal of Fe3+ ions. At higher zinc contents the occupation with Zn2+ ions – with smaller radius than Fe2+ – balances or exceeds the effect of Fe3+ removal.
A Biomimetic Copper Corrole – Preparation, Characterization, and Reconstitution with Horse Heart Apomyoglobin
Authors: Bröring Martin , Brégier Frédérique , Burghaus Olaf , Kleeberg Christian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA copper corrole with biomimetic propionate side chains was prepared as a novel heme analog by metalation of the respective ligand as the dimethylester with copper(II) acetate hydrate and subsequent saponification with LiOH. The metalated dimethylester was characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic means and shown by comparison to contain a divalent copper ion, antiferromagnetically coupled to the radical‐dianionic organic ligand. The molecular structure of this complex is characterized by a saddled macrocycle conformation. In addition, the methylpropionate side chains are not stretched out but bent to the same side of the mean copper corrole plane. In buffered solution, the saponified propionate complex slowly forms an equilibrium mixture with small, insoluble aggregates. The compound cleanly binds in 1:1 stoichiometry to horse heart apomyoglobin without a support by proximal histidine binding. The binding in the protein pocket is rather weak, and the biohybrid compound tends to decompose under the slightly acidic conditions of mass spectrometry. Reduction of the copper corrole was achieved with sodium dithionite inside the protein pocket and yielded an air‐ and buffer stable, monoanionic, and protein bound copper corrolate complex, which could be identified by its EPR spectrum.
Non‐invasive monitoring of glucocorticoid metabolites in brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea) feces
Authors: Hulsman A. , Dalerum F. , Ganswindt A. , Muenscher S. , Bertschinger H.J. , Paris M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea) is the least known of the large predators of southern Africa. The current IUCN status of the brown hyaena is “Near Threatened”, and there are conservation concerns related to a general lack of biological knowledge of the species. For instance, a better knowledge of the responses to environmental and social stressors would improve our abilities to sustainably manage brown hyaena populations in both captive and free‐ranging environments. We conducted adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) challenges in one female and one male adult brown hyaena at Lion Park Zoo, South Africa, to validate measurements of glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM) in brown hyaena feces via an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). We also measured gastrointestinal transit times (GIT times) and the GCM degradation in feces left in ambient temperature for up to 32 hr to more reliably assess the use of this assay as a tool for non‐invasive glucocorticoid measurements. Intramuscular injections of synthetic ACTH yielded GCM levels of 388% (female) and 2,682% (male) above baseline with peak increases occurring 25‐ to 40‐hr after injection. The time delay of fecal GCM excretion approximately corresponded with food transit time in the brown hyaenas. Fecal GCM levels declined significantly over time since defecation. Our results provided a good validation that fecal GCMs accurately reflect circulating glucocorticoid stress hormones in brown hyaenas, but we highlight that samples have to be frozen immediately after defecation to avoid bias in the measurements as a result of bacterial degredation. Zoo Biol 30:451–458, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genes and alcohol
Authors: Ösby U. , Liljenberg J. , Kockum I. , Gunnar A. , Terenius L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe negative effects of excessive alcohol use include dependence, psychiatric co-morbidity and increased risk for suicide. A dominating risk factor is heritage. A large number of studies have addressed the genetic basis, either “candidate genes” in the brain reward system, or searched for unknown genes in family studies by linkage analysis. It is clear that no single gene polymorphism is of use in preventive medicine. A consistent finding, however, is that polymorphism in the alcohol dehydrogenase cluster and other metabolic pathways are of some relevance on a population basis, suggesting a link between alcohol toxicity in general and dependence. An emerging concern is potential gender differences as women, who are generally more sensitive, acquire male drinking habits.
Timing is critical: Gene, environment and timing interactions in genetics of suicide in children and adolescents
Authors: Zalsman G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSuicidal behavior runs in families and is prevalent in adolescence. Case-control and family-based studies in this age group failed to find a genetic association that survived replications. Gene environment approach gave new hope for possible associations especially with the short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). However, a recent meta-analysis raised doubts about the consistency of these findings. Some new structural and functional imaging data may shade light on the age-related and gender-related development of the brain. This review suggests a new approach to gene by environment and timing interaction to understand the interplay that leads to suicidality in adolescents and young adults.
Absence of intestinal microbiota does not protect mice from diet-induced obesity
Authors: Fleissner Christine K. , Huebel Nora , Abd El-Bary Mohamed Mostafa , Loh Gunnar , Klaus Susanne , Blaut Michael 
Published: May 2010

The gut microbiota has been implicated in host nutrient absorption and energy homeostasis. We studied the influence of different diets on body composition in germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) mice. GF and CV male adult C3H mice were fedad libituma semi-synthetic low-fat diet (LFD; carbohydrate–protein–fat ratio: 41:42:17; 19·8 kJ/g), a high-fat diet (HFD; 41:16:43; 21·4 kJ/g) or a commercial Western diet (WD; 41:19:41; 21·5 kJ/g). There was no difference in body weight gain between GF and CV mice on the LFD. On the HFD, GF mice gained more body weight and body fat than CV mice, and had lower energy expenditure. GF mice on the WD gained significantly less body fat than GF mice on the HFD. GF mice on both HFD and WD showed increased intestinal mRNA expression of fasting-induced adipose factor/angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Fiaf/Angptl4), but they showed no major changes in circulating Fiaf/Angptl4 compared with CV mice. The faecal microbiota composition of the CV mice differed between diets: the proportion of Firmicutes increased on both HFD and WD at the expense of the Bacteroidetes. This increase in the Firmicutes was mainly due to the proliferation of one family within this phylum: the Erysipelotrichaceae. We conclude that the absence of gut microbiota does not provide a general protection from diet-induced obesity, that intestinal production of Fiaf/Angptl4 does not play a causal role in gut microbiota-mediated effects on fat storage and that diet composition affects gut microbial composition to larger extent than previously thought.
Can I Cease to be a Person?
Authors: Mackenzie Nollaig 
Published: May 2010

Patricia Kitcher has argued that there is an anomaly in our thought about ourselves. Her thesis turns on a claim concerning our attitude toward an imagined case, and on an argument that the attitude is irrational.The example, E, is as follows. Suppose you are told today that tomorrow you will lose those capacities, whatever they may be, in virtue of which you are a person. After this happens, the body which is now yours will be tortured. Pain will be felt.
Explaining Complexity in Evolution
Authors: Thompson R. Paul 
Published: May 2010

Rolf Gruner (1977) has argued that natural selection plus time does not entail, and hence does not explain, evolution. This according to Gruner is the result of the undeniable fact that evolution involves an increase in the complexity of organisms:Since increase in complexity is part of the concept of evolution, evolution is not explained by the theory of natural selection. The Darwinian or Neo-Darwinian affirms the reality of evolution and seems to believe that it can be accounted for in terms of natural selection. But it could be accounted for in this way only if the assumption were justified that generally the more complex organism is better adapted to its environment, and thus stands a better chance to survive and breed, than the less complex organism. And this assumption is not justified. “The more complex, the better adapted” will not do even as a rule of thumb, as most biologists today will be prepared to admit (711).
Fichte's Early Thought
Authors: Rabb J. Douglas 
Published: May 2010

Josiah Royce relates the following story concerning the writing and publication of Johann Gottlieb Fichte's first major work, the Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation.Fichte … called upon Kant at Königsberg, in July, 1791. The aged, prudent, and … highly economical philosopher regarded this reverent, fiery, but obviously impecunious young disciple with a certain suspicion, and received his confidences coolly. The rebuff only heated Fichte the more. He tarried in Königsberg two months, in order … to write, for presentation to Kant, a work on religious philosophy, which, once finished, proved to be so thoroughly in Kant's spirit that, when in the spring of the next year the book was published anonymously, it was very generally hailed by Kant's admirers as a new production of the master's own genius. Kant himself had to correct this misapprehension, and in doing so named, and now with warm praise, the real author.
Langages actantiels et sciences humaines: commentaire sur un texte de Nicolas Kaufmann
Authors: Panaccio Claude 
Published: May 2010

Je me sens en très grande sympathie avec la démarche de mon collègue Kaufmann, mais je ne puis en partager toutes les conclusions et j'essaierai de dire brièvement pourquoi. Plus précisément: je partage l'ascriptivisme de Kaufmann, mais je ne crois pas que soit irrémédiablement compromise toute utilisation nomologique ou empirique du langage de l'action. Un tel langage peut être employé pour la production d'énoncés partiellement empiriques dont certains peuvent très bien avoir la forme de lois générales. Soit par exemple le schéma suivant:ceux qui posent habituellement des actions de type A1 dans des circonstances C1 ont tendance à poser des actions de type A2 dans des circonstances C2.
Graham Nerlich: The Shape of Space
Authors: Hooker C.A. 
Published: May 2010

Space (better: space-time) is a particular, the particular thing structuring our world. It has shape. And size. And reference to space and its properties is fundamental to physical explanation. This, in a nutshell, is Nerlich's position. Espousing it Nerlich marches against the tide of philosophical opinion which dominated the first half or more of this century.His arguments are laid out in a wholly enjoyable book: clearly and simply written, ‘meaty’ in argument and lucid in explanation. The book does not have the same technical scope in theoretical physics as do its relevant companions (e.g., Earman et al. [2], Grunbaum [3], Sklar [16], Winnie [18]). Rather, the book is a sustained argument aimed at establishing the theses with which I began and its content has been selected accordingly. But the clarity of presentation and consistency of argument recommend it as a major contribution to the field. It is especially to be recommended to the non-technical philosopher. And there is another important reason for commending it: much of the argumentation of the book is not to be found elsewhere, it fills an important gap in the field. I need hardly add that I find myself in sympathy with Nerlich's position.
Why Animals Don't Talk
Authors: Hunter J. F. M. 
Published: May 2010

Why don't animal talk? Wittgenstein was more than usually enigmatic on this question, in § 25 of the Philosophical Investigations:It is sometimes said that animals do not talk because they lack the mental capacity. And this means: “They do not think, and that is why they do not talk.” But — they simply do not talk. Or to put it better: they do not use language — if we except the most primitive forms of language. — Commanding, questioning, recounting, chatting are as much a part of our natural history as walking, eating, drinking, playing.
Freedom and Moral Responsibility: A Reply to Hunter's Reply
Authors: Gosselin P. 
Published: May 2010

In the preceding article John Hunter attempts to show that my criticisms of his position on freedom and responsibility are defective.Hunter believes that (what he calls) my first criticism is directed against his explanation of why so many people have come to believe in the freedom principle (i.e. the principle that freedom is necessary for moral responsibility). But at no point in my paper do I even consider the merit of that explanation. What Hunter calls my first criticism is in fact merely a preliminary point I make before attacking his arguments against the freedom principle itself. The preliminary point is that in evaluating Hunter's arguments one must bear the following in mind: in some of the examples of unfreedom he provides it is doubtful that the actions are unfree at all; they are at best borderline cases of unfree acts.
Le réalisme essentiel de Guillaume d'Occam: réponse à M. Panaccio: I
Authors: Valcke Louis 
Published: May 2010

On aura lu dans le présent numéro de Dialogue une longue étude critique, où Claude Panaccio analyse la traduction, par Roland Galibois, du Commentaire d'Occam sur le Livre des Prédicables de Porphyre, ainsi que mon introduction à ce texte.On nous permettra sans doute d'y répondre, et on trouvera ci-après l'excellente justification que R. Galibois donne de sa traduction.
Ignorance and Equiprobability
Authors: Odegard Douglas 
Published: May 2010

Keynes introduces three different principles under the single title “the principle of indifference”. The first is Bernoulli's princple of non-sufficient reason.If there is no known reason for predicating of our subject one rather than another of several alternatives, then relatively to such knowledge the assertions of each of these alternatives have an equal probability. Thus equal probabilities must be assigned to each of several arguments, if there is an absence of positive ground for assigning unequal ones.
Identité et personnalité
Authors: Ortigues Edmond 
Published: May 2010

Nous avons l'habitude de dire «le moi», «le soi». Nous utilisons l'article pour nominaliser le pronom personnel. Quel sens peut avoir l'expression nominale ainsi obtenue?Elle paraît très ambiguë. Car en disant «le moi» nous transformons le mot indicateur en être indiqué, le signe en objet, le signifiant en signifié, comme si le geste de se désigner soi-même devenait à son tour un nouvel être. Il ne faut pas confondre la mention et l'usage du pronom personnel. Il peut être allégué par un tiers sans être assumé par le locuteur.
Selective confirmation and the Ravens
Authors: Vincent R. H. 
Published: May 2010

A Qualitative concept of selective dyadic confirmation — not Scheffler's and Goodman's —can be readily defined piggy-back upon the qualitative concepts of dyadic confirmation and dyadic disconfirmation as follows:Dl ‘E selectively confirms H’ = df ‘E confirms H and E disconfirms H1for every H1that is a contrary of H relative to E’.
Le retour à l'expérience perceptive et le sens du primat de la perception
Authors: Geraets Théodore 
Published: May 2010

L'effort principal de Merleau-Ponty, au début de son cheminement philosophique, consiste à amener l'expérience perceptive à l'expression de son propre sens.Pourquoi fallait-il commencer par le retour à l'expérience perceptive? Pour deux raisons qui finalement n'en font qu'une, mais dont la première fut plus explicitement reconnue par Merleau-Ponty au moment où il décida de consacrer ses thèses au problème de la perception. Il lui était évident, dès les années 1933–1934, que la perception est une forme d'expérience particulièrement mutilée et faussée par les philosophies d'inspiration criticiste qui l'interprétaient «comme une opération intellectuelle par laquelle des données inextensives (les «sensations») sont mises en relation et expliquées de telle sorte qu'elles finissent par constituer un univers objectif». Il est clair déjà que cette interprétation intellectualiste se base, par un côté, sur la conception empiriste des «sensations», et que la critique de l'intellectualisme devra être tout à la fois une critique de l'empirisme.
L'histoire et sa théorie
Authors: Miguelez Roberto 
Published: May 2010

À Quelles conditions générales doit s'astreindre une épistémologie de l'histoire si elle veut réellement construire une théorie adéquate à la complexité de son objet? Dans l'énoncé même de cette question s'exprime, bien entendu, un jugement sur ce que les analyses épistémologiques de l'histoire ont, jusqu'à présent, généralement fourni. Ces analyses renvoient à des conceptions différentes des conditions générales d'une épistémologie de l'histoire. Nous nous proposons:(1) d'examiner ces conceptions;(2) d'avancer quelques propositions concernant les conditions générales d'une épistémologie de l'histoire plus féconde et plus adéquate à son objet.
Belief, Values, and the Will
Authors: Govier Trudy 
Published: May 2010

In this paper I shall presuppose that:(1) logic and epistemology are disciplines which supply us with normative statements pertaining to states of belief.(2) as such, logic and epistemology have implications concerning what we ought and ought not to believe.(3) as such, logic and epistemology presuppose that there is some sense in which a person controls what he believes — some sense in which ‘can’ has a place in contexts where one comes to believe things.
Études sur la rhétorique aristotélicienne et médiévale
Authors: Leroux Georges 
Published: May 2010

Trois parutions récentes sur la rhétorique aristolélicienne et médiévale ont fourni le contenu de cette recension. Il s'agit des livres suivants:Keith V. ERICKSON, Editor.Aristotle: The Classical Heritage of Rhetoric. Metuchen, New-Jersey, The Scarecrow Press, 1974; VIII-315pp. Joseph M. Miller, Michael H. PROSSER & Thomas W. Benson. Editors.Readings in Medieval Rhetoric. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1973; XX-299pp.James J. MURPHY.Rhetoric in the Middle Ages. AHistory of Rhetorical Theory from saint Augustine to the Renaissance. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1974; XIV-395 pp.
Hasards et Probabilités
Authors: Largeault J. 
Published: May 2010

L'occasion de réfléchir sur le hasard m'a été indirectement fournie par le programme universitaire français pour l'agrégation (1978), qui comportait «l'idée d'ordre». Par antithèse je me suis demandé ce qu'est le désordre. Il est assez commun d'expliquer le désordre par le hasard. Dans notre pays il n'est pas rare que des ouvrages à prétention scientifique roulent sur le hasard. Il n'y avait donc qu'à lire …En y regardant de plus près, on voit que hasard se dit de deux choses: soit (a) d'événements apparemment dépourvus de finalité ou qui nous frappent par la disproportion apparente des causes et des effets (cf. la tuile dont la chute tue un passant, l'accident automobile « idiot », etc.), soit (b) de phénomènes aléatoires (randomness) caractérisés par une irrégularité qui à la longue cède place à un ordre (cf. la chance au sens anglo-saxon).
En guise d'introduction à l'utopie
Authors: Roy Jean 
Published: May 2010

L'Utopie est le «negro spiritual» des intellectuels de l'Occident moderne. J. Ellul.Je me propose de brosser ici, à grands traits, une sorte de petite histoire raisonnée de l'utopie. Bien entendu, elle ne peut être que trop rapide. Néanmoins, les quelques jalons que je pose peuvent, je crois, guider un itinéraire jusqu'au renouveau actuel de Futopisme par delà la mort de l'utopie.
Singular subjects
Authors: Slater B. H. 
Published: May 2010

Consider the following argument.(i) ‘Fa’ and ‘a’ (or ‘-Fa’) are contradictories.(ii) So one or other of ‘Fa’ and ‘a’ must be true.(iii) Now ‘Fa’ entails ‘(x)Fx’,(iv) And ‘a’ entails ‘(x)x’,(v) So one or other of ‘(x)Fx’ and ‘(x)x’ must be true.(vi) But both of ‘(x)Fx’ and ‘(x)x’ say there is something.(vii) So, either way, there is something, i.e. something exists.
St. Thomas, Ideas, and Immediate Knowledge
Authors: Dewan Lawrence 
Published: May 2010

John Locke, in his Essay, poses the following problem:It is evident the mind knows not things immediately, but only by the intervention of the ideas it has of them. Our knowledge, therefore, is real only so far as there is a conformity between our ideas and the reality of things. But what shall be here the criterion? How shall the mind, when it perceives nothing but its own ideas, know that they agree with things themselves?