bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agricultural injury among rural California public high school students
Authors: McCurdy Stephen A. , Xiao Hong , Kwan Jonathan A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe University of California, Davis Youth Agricultural Injury Study characterized the farm work and agricultural injury experience among rural California Central Valley public high school students enrolled in an agricultural sciences curriculum.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional survey of agricultural injury among students from 10 California Central Valley high schools during the 2001–2005 school years.ResultsOf 1,783 subjects, 946 (53.1%) reported farm work in the previous year, including 97 (10.3%) reporting at least one farm work‐related injury in the preceding year. After adjustment for sex, ethnicity, and hours spent in farm work, injury risk was associated with large‐animal operations (OR 4.15; 95%CI: 1.18, 14.65), feeding large animals (OR 2.38; 95%CI: 1.15, 4.96), mixing chemicals (OR 1.86; 95%CI: 1.15, 3.03), welding (OR 2.09; 95%CI: 1.17, 3.72), non‐use of seatbelts, and frequent riding in the back of an uncovered pick‐up truck. Risky attitudes toward farm safety were significantly associated with injury. Girls were more likely to suffer an animal‐related injury and boys to suffer injury related to motor vehicles, machinery, or tool use.ConclusionsAdolescents are at similar risk to adults for agricultural injury. Although limitations on hazardous tasks and time spent on farm work are likely to be the most efficacious means for reducing injury, education will play an important role. Educational measures should include inculcating healthy safety‐related attitudes and focus on hazardous tasks, such as those involving animals (for girls) and motor vehicles and machinery (for boys). Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:63–75, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A molecular phylogeny of the tamarins (genusSaguinus) based on five nuclear sequence data from regions containingAluinsertions
Authors: da Cunha Divino Bruno , Monteiro Eliene , Vallinoto Marcelo , Sampaio Iracilda , Ferrari Stephen F. , Schneider Horacio 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study presents a molecular phylogeny of theSaguinusgenus, based on the analysis of the DNA sequences of five nuclear loci withAluinsertions in 10 species. The concatenated alignment produced a polytomic arrangement with four main groups, although only two clades—the Amazonian (S. midas,S. niger, andS. bicolor) and the Colombian (S. leucopusandS. oedipus) tamarins—were statistically significant. The emergence of themidas‐bicolorclade was estimated at about 5 million years ago (mya), and that of the Colombian clade, at 4.6 mya. The phylogenetic relationships among the mustached tamarins (S. mystax,S. imperator, andS. labiatus) remained unresolved, as did the internal arrangement of themidasgroup. The lack of a clear consensus on the phylogeny of this group may be related to rapid bursts of evolutionary change within the context of a highly dynamic environment, which may be difficult to resolve using the available quantitative approaches. On the other hand, the discrepancies between mtDNA and nDNA in resolving phylogenies strongly indicate the role of reticulated evolution in the evolutionary history of this group. We hope that the advance of whole genome sequencing technology and increasing information on nuclear markers and SNPs, coupled with a better understanding of the geological phenomena that took place in western Amazonia over the past 20 million years, will shed further light on the phylogenetic history of these New World primates. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathogenic protein seeding in alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Jucker Mathias , Walker Lary C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe misfolding and aggregation of specific proteins is a seminal occurrence in a remarkable variety of neurodegenerative disorders. In Alzheimer disease (the most prevalent cerebral proteopathy), the two principal aggregating proteins are β‐amyloid (Aβ) and tau. The abnormal assemblies formed by conformational variants of these proteins range in size from small oligomers to the characteristic lesions that are visible by optical microscopy, such as senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Pathologic similarities with prion disease suggest that the formation and spread of these proteinaceous lesions might involve a common molecular mechanism—corruptive protein templating. Experimentally, cerebral β‐amyloidosis can be exogenously induced by exposure to dilute brain extracts containing aggregated Aβ seeds. The amyloid‐inducing agent probably is Aβ itself, in a conformation generated most effectively in the living brain. Once initiated, Aβ lesions proliferate within and among brain regions. The induction process is governed by the structural and biochemical nature of the Aβ seed, as well as the attributes of the host, reminiscent of pathogenically variant prion strains. The concept of prionlike induction and spreading of pathogenic proteins recently has been expanded to include aggregates of tau, α‐synuclein, huntingtin, superoxide dismutase‐1, and TDP‐43, which characterize such human neurodegenerative disorders as frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Parkinson/Lewy body disease, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Our recent finding that the most effective Aβ seeds are small and soluble intensifies the search in bodily fluids for misfolded protein seeds that are upstream in the proteopathic cascade, and thus could serve as predictive diagnostics and the targets of early, mechanism‐based interventions. Establishing the clinical implications of corruptive protein templating will require further mechanistic and epidemiologic investigations. However, the theory that many chronic neurodegenerative diseases can originate and progress via the seeded corruption of misfolded proteins has the potential to unify experimental and translational approaches to these increasingly prevalent disorders. Ann Neurol 2011;70:532–540
Transformation of Carbon Dioxide with Homogeneous Transition‐Metal Catalysts: A Molecular Solution to a Global Challenge?
Authors: Cokoja Mirza , Bruckmeier Christian , Rieger Bernhard , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kühn Fritz E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA plethora of methods have been developed over the years so that carbon dioxide can be used as a reactant in organic synthesis. Given the abundance of this compound, its utilization in synthetic chemistry, particularly on an industrial scale, is still at a rather low level. In the last 35 years, considerable research has been performed to find catalytic routes to transform CO2 into carboxylic acids, esters, lactones, and polymers in an economic way. This Review presents an overview of the available homogeneous catalytic routes that use carbon dioxide as a C1 carbon source for the synthesis of industrial products as well as fine chemicals.
Silver nanoparticle deposition on hydrophilic multilayer film surface and its effect on antimicrobial activity
Authors: Sánchez‐Valdes S. , Ramírez‐Vargas E. , Ortega‐Ortiz H. , Ramos‐deValle L. F. , Méndez‐Nonell J. , Mondragón‐Chaparro M. , Neira‐Velázquez G. , Yañez‐Flores I. , Meza‐Rojas D. E. , Lozuno‐Ramirez T. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSilver nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of the external polyamide 6 (PA6) layer of a multilayer film, by spraying and ultrasound‐assisted methods. The effect of silver nanoparticles content and deposition method on the mechanical and optical properties of the multilayered films as well as the efficiency of silver ion release and their fungicidal characteristics were evaluated. Itaconic (IA) and Maleic anhydride (MA) were used as adhesion promoter agents for preventing the agglomeration of the silver nanoparticles and for improving the adhesion to the PA6 polymer surface. With IA, a homogeneous distribution of silver nanoparticles on the PA6 surface was achieved. The silver ion release and biocide effect of the multilayered films was found to be dependent on the anhydride type and on the deposition method used. The multilayer films with a layer of PA6‐silver nanocomposite demonstrated good fungicidal activity, specifically against fungus Aspergillius niger. The observed results could be applied in the design of industrial films for packaging. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis of epoxy‐functionalized hyperbranched poly(phenylene oxide) and its modification of cyanate ester resin
Authors: Huang Pingzhen , Gu Aijuan , Liang Guozheng , Yuan Li 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHigh curing temperature is the key drawback of present heat resistant thermosetting resins. A novel epoxy‐functionalized hyperbranched poly(phenylene oxide), coded as eHBPPO, was synthesized, and used to modify 2,2′‐bis (4‐cyanatophenyl) isopropylidene (CE). Compared with CE, CE/eHBPPO system has significantly decreased curing temperature owing to the different curing mechanism. Based on this results, cured CE/eHBPPO resins without postcuring process, and cured CE resin postcured at 230°C were prepared, their dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties were systematically investigated. Results show that cured CE/eHBPPO resins not only have excellent stability in dielectric properties over a wide frequency range (1–109Hz), but also show attractively lower dielectric constant and loss than CE resin. In addition, cured CE/eHBPPO resins also have high glass transition temperature and storage moduli in glassy state. These attractive integrated performance of CE/eHBPPO suggest a new method to develop high performance resins. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and methyl (meth)acrylates initiated with poly(dimethylsiloxane) macroinitiator: Synthesis and characterization of triblock copolymers
Authors: Semsarzadeh Mohammad Ali , Abdollahi Mahdi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPoly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS)‐based triblock copolymers were successfully synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated with bis(bromoalkyl)‐terminated PDMS macroinitiator (Br‐PDMS‐Br). First, Br‐PDMS‐Br was prepared by reaction between the bis(hydroxyalkyl)‐terminated PDMS and 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionyl bromide. PSt‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PSt, PMMA‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PMMA and PMA‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PMA triblock copolymers were then synthesized via ATRP of styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methyl acrylate (MA), respectively, in the presence of Br‐PDMS‐Br as a macroinitiator and CuCl/PMDETA as a catalyst system at 80 oC. Triblock copolymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR and GPC techniques. GPC results showed linear dependence of the number‐average molecular weight on the conversion as well as the narrow polydispersity indicies (PDI < 1.57) for the synthesized triblock copolymers which was lower than that of Br‐PDMS‐Br macroinitiator (PDI = 1.90), indicating the living/controlled characteristic of the reaction. Also, there was a very good agreement between the number‐average molecular weight calculated from 1HNMR spectra and that calculated theoretically. Results showed that resulting copolymers have two glass transition temperatures, indicating that triblock copolymers have microphase separated morphology. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Influence of heat treatment on the heat distortion temperature of poly(lactic acid)/bamboo fiber/talc hybrid biocomposites
Authors: Shi Q. F. , Mou H. Y. , Li Q. Y. , Wang J. K. , Guo W.H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInfluence of heat treatment and fillers on the heat distortion temperature (HDT) of poly(lactic acid) hybrid biocomposites was intensively studied through HDT testing, polarizing microscope (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). With loading 20 wt % BF or 20 wt % talc, improvement of HDT in PLA composite was about 10°C comparing with neat PLA after heat treatment. Moreover, there was a great improvement (above 45°C) of HDT in PLA composites with loading 20 wt % BF and 20 wt % talc simultaneously after heat treatment. Transcrystallization was observed during heat treatment and isothermal crystallization of PLA composites with loading BF and talc simultaneously. There was no similar phenomenon in other PLA composite with loading only one filler. The possible mechanism of forming transcrystallization was proposed. DSC and DMA were also used to clarify the variation in HDT before and after heat treatment, and the results suggest that the crystallinity, modulus and glass transition changed, especially formation of transcrystallization played a key role in improvement of HDT in PLA composites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) graft copolymers and their application as carriers for drug delivery system
Authors: Quynh Tran Minh , Yoneyamab Masaru , Maki Yasuyuki , Dobashi Toshiaki 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPoly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [P(NIPAM‐co‐HEMA)] copolymer was synthesized by controlled radical polymerization from respective N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomers with a predetermined ratio. To prepare the thermosensitive and biodegradable nanoparticles, new thermosensitive graft copolymer, poly(L‐lactide)‐graft‐poly(N‐isoporylacrylamide‐co‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [PLLA‐g‐P(NIPAM‐co‐HEMA)], with the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) near the normal body temperature, was synthesized by ring opening polymerization of L‐lactide in the presence of P(NIPAM‐co‐HEMA). The amphiphilic property of the graft copolymers was formed by the grafting of the PLLA hydrophobic chains onto the PNIPAM based hydrophilic backbone. Therefore, the graft copolymers can self‐assemble into uniformly spherical micelles ò about 150–240 nm in diameter as observed by the field emission scanning electron microscope and dynamic light scattering. Dexamethasone can be loaded into these nanostructures during dialysis with a relative high loading capacity and its in vitro release depends on temperature. Above the LCST, most of the drugs were released from the drug‐loaded micelles, whereas a large amount of drugs still remains in the micelles after 48 h below the LCST. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of polylactic acid toughened with an impact modifier
Authors: Taib R. Mat , Ghaleb Z. A. , Mohd Ishak Z. A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPolylactic acid (PLA) was melt‐blended with different amount (0 to 50 wt %) of a commercially available ethylene acrylate copolymer impact modifier. PLA/impact modifier blends were prepared via an internal mixer and compression molded into test specimens. The thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of the blends were investigated. The addition of impact modifier decreased the ability of PLA to crystallize and/or recrystallize. The degree of crystallinity of PLA decreased while the cold crystallization temperature shifted to higher temperatures with increasing the impact modifier content. PLA/impact modifier blends were partially miscible. This was confirmed by the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests. With increasing the impact modifier content, the blends showed some improvement in the elongation at break and notched impact strength indicating the toughening effects of the impact modifier. In contrast, the yield stress and tensile modulus decreased with the increase in the impact modifier content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed that the toughening mechanisms among others involved shear yielding or plastic deformation of the PLA matrix induced by interfacial debonding between the PLA and the impact modifier domains. PLA with 30 wt % impact modifier showed comparable yield stress and tensile modulus and better elongation at break and impact strength (+90%) than those of polypropylene (PP). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123:2715–2725, 2012
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of new siloxane grafted copolyimides
Authors: Ghosh Anindita , Banerjee Susanta , Wang De‐Yi , Komber Hartmut , Voit Brigitte 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThree new siloxane containing grafted copolyimides have been prepared by one‐pot solution imidization technique. The polymers are made by the reaction of 4,4′‐(4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride) (BPADA) with commercially available diamine 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA) with variation of silicon containing diamine, namely 3,5‐diaminobenzoate terminated polydimethylsiloxane (DBPDMS), as a comonomer to 10, 20, and 30 wt %. The films of the polymers were prepared by casting the polymer solution in dichloromethane. The polymers have been well‐characterized by GPC, IR, and NMR techniques. Thermal stabilities and decomposition behavior of the copolyimides were studied by DSC and TGA. The water contact angle values of the films indicate hydrophobic nature of the polymers. Thermal, flame retardant, mechanical, and surface properties of these polymers have been compared with the homopolyimide and with polyimides where polysiloxane is incorporated in the main chain. DSC revealed melting of the grafted siloxane chain at sub‐ambient temperature and a glass transition corresponding to the main polymer chain above 200°C. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Metabolic detoxification of capsaicin by UDP‐glycosyltransferase in three Helicoverpa species
Authors: Ahn Seung‐Joon , Badenes‐Pérez Francisco R. , Reichelt Michael , Svatoš Aleš , Schneider Bernd , Gershenzon Jonathan , Heckel David G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCapsaicin β‐glucoside was isolated from the feces of Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa assulta, and Helicoverpa zea that fed on capsaicin‐supplemented artificial diet. The chemical structure was identified by NMR spectroscopic analysis as well as by enzymatic hydrolysis. The excretion rates of the glucoside were different among the three species; those in the two generalists, H. armigera and H. zea, were higher than in a specialist, H. assulta. UDP‐glycosyltransferases (UGT) enzyme activities measured from the whole larval homogenate of the three species with capsaicin and UDP‐glucose as substrates were also higher in the two generalists. Compared among five different larval tissues (labial glands, testes from male larvae, midgut, the Malpighian tubules (MT), and fat body) from the three species, the formation of the capsaicin glucoside by one or more UGT is high in the fat body of all the three species as expected, as well as in H. assulta MT. Optimization of the enzyme assay method is also described in detail. Although the lower excretion rate of the unaltered capsaicin in H. assulta indicates higher metabolic capacity toward capsacin than in the other two generalists, the glucosylation per se seems to be insufficient to explain the decrease in capsaicin in the specialist, suggesting that H. assulta might have another important mechanism to deal with capsaicin more specifically. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prostaglandin D2 regulates joint inflammation and destruction in murine collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Maicas Nuria , Ibáñez Lidia , Alcaraz María José , Úbeda Amalia , Ferrándiz María Luisa 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveProstaglandin D2 (PGD2) may exert proinflammatory or antiinflammatory effects in different biologic systems. Although this prostanoid and the enzymes responsible for its synthesis are up‐regulated by interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in human chondrocytes in vitro, the role of PGD2 in arthritis remains unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of PGD2 in the inflammatory response and in joint destruction during the development of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in mice.MethodsPGD2 and cytokine levels in mice with CIA were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of hematopoietic PGD synthase (h‐PGDS), lipocalin‐type PGD synthase (l‐PGDS), and DP1 and DP2 receptors was analyzed by immunohistochemical methods. PGE2 levels were determined by radioimmunoassay.ResultsThe arthritic process up‐regulated the expression of h‐PGDS, l‐PGDS, DP1, and DP2 in articular tissue. PGD2 was produced in the joint during the early phase of arthritis, and serum PGD2 levels increased progressively throughout the arthritic process, reaching a maximum during the late stages of CIA. Treatment of arthritic mice with the DP1 antagonist MK0524 soon after the onset of disease increased the incidence and severity of CIA as well as the local levels of IL‐1β, CXCL‐1, and PGE2, whereas IL‐10 levels were reduced. The administration of the DP2 antagonist CAY10595 did not modify the severity of arthritis. The injection of PGD2 into the paw, as well as the administration of the DP1 agonist BW245C, significantly lowered the incidence of CIA, the inflammatory response, and joint damage.ConclusionOur findings indicate that PGD2 is produced in articular tissue during the development of CIA and plays an antiinflammatory role, acting through the DP1 receptor.
Complex concepts into basic concepts
Authors: Szostak Rick 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInterdisciplinary communication, and thus the rate of progress in scholarly understanding, would be greatly enhanced if scholars had access to a universal classification of documents or ideas not grounded in particular disciplines or cultures. Such a classification is feasible if complex concepts can be understood as some combination of more basic concepts. There appear to be five main types of concept theory in the philosophical literature. Each provides some support for the idea of breaking complex into basic concepts that can be understood across disciplines or cultures, but each has detractors. None of these criticisms represents a substantive obstacle to breaking complex concepts into basic concepts within information science. Can we take the subject entries in existing universal but discipline‐based classifications, and break these into a set of more basic concepts that can be applied across disciplinary classes? The author performs this sort of analysis for Dewey classes 300 to 339.9. This analysis will serve to identify the sort of ‘basic concepts’ that would lie at the heart of a truly universal classification. There are two key types of basic concept: the things we study (individuals, rocks, trees), and the relationships among these (talking, moving, paying).