bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can mental health commissions really drive reform? Towards better resourcing, services, accountability and stakeholder engagement
Authors: Rosenberg Sebastian , Rosen Alan 
Published: June 2012

Objective: In this second and final part of this series about mental health commissions, we consider the extent to which it is possible to find hard evidence that these new structures really can drive mental health reform. Four key domains of improvement are established for the purposes of this review: do commissions lead to better resources, better services, better accountability and better stakeholder engagement? A review of the evidence from both Australia and overseas is presented. The article also considers how the commissions, federal and state, will organise their relationships productively to avoid duplication and promote synergy. What of those jurisdictions without commissions? Is this genuine national reform or merely more piecemeal activity in mental health? The authors have been informed by the varying structures and functions of mental health commissions internationally and were part of the New South Wales taskforce to establish a mental health commission. They had the opportunity to visit the Western Australian and New Zealand Commissions as part of this process. Conclusion: Addressing mental illness requires a joined up approach to government and services. Commissions offer a new organisational structure designed to deliver this contiguity. There is also evidence that nascent and established commissions are delivering real reforms, including in terms of additional resources and influence. Without concerted efforts to coordinate activity, the intersection between federal and state commissions will be confused and duplications might arise. The paper calls for a new network of commissions to be established across Australia and New Zealand, to share resources and common tasks, clarify roles and build common approaches.
‘Theory of Mind’ I: a theory of knowledge?
Authors: Plastow Michael 
Published: June 2012

Objective: ‘Theory of mind’ is a cognitive notion introduced by Simon Baron-Cohen and colleagues to explain certain deficits in autistic disorders. It has, however, been extended beyond this, and applied more broadly. It proposes a means of knowing the mind of others, and suggests that this means fails in autism. The epistemological basis of ‘theory of mind’ will be examined critically, not just in terms of its endeavour as a theory of knowledge, but also in regard to the principles that underlie it. Conclusions: The proponents of ‘theory of mind’ eschew the rich field of psychological and phenomenological research, privileging only the biological sciences into which they endeavour to place their theorizations. In doing this, they fail to recognize the epistemological problems involved. This leads to the theory remaining hamstrung by the very Cartesian ontological problems that it seeks to avoid. For some, ‘theory of mind’ is but an artefact of the cognitive approach that it employs. It is argued that these difficulties are compounded by the failure of ‘theory of mind’ to take account of the place of language in the interpersonal encounters it attempts to describe.
A comparison of the effects of Angiotensin IV on androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines
Authors: Domińska Kamila , Piastowska-Ciesielska Agnieszka W , Płuciennik Elżbieta , Lachowicz-Ochędalska Agnieszka , Ochędalski Tomasz 
Published: June 2012

Introduction: Angiotensin IV is one of the biologically active peptides of the renin–angiotensin system. Limited data suggests that this hexapeptide could contribute to cancer development and/or progression. Materials and methods: Using the MTT reduction assay as an indicator of cell viability, and the bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay as an indicator of cell proliferation, the influence of Angiotensin IV was evaluated on two human prostate cancer lines: androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (DU-145). The potential effect of Angiotensin IV classic angiotensin receptors was examined by using the selective antagonists losartan and PD123319. Finally, the changes in expression levels of AT1 and AT2 receptors were compared, before and after angiotensin treatment. Results: Angiotensin IV caused significant changes in cell viability and proliferation in LNCaP cells but not in DU-145. It was found that AT2 receptor blocker (PD123319) was able to diminish the suppressor effect of Angiotensin IV on bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into the DNA of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Simultaneously, it was reported that Angiotensin IV is the factor that modulates the density of AT1 and AT2 receptors in prostate cancer cells. Conclusions: These findings suggested that Angiotensin IV can modulate tumour cell proliferation in the early stage of androgen-dependent prostate cancer. The effect might be promoted by the change of the angiotensin receptor level.
Triumph of hope over experience: learning from interventions to reduce avoidable hospital admissions identified through an Academic Health and Social Care Network
Authors: Woodhams Victoria , de Lusignan Simon , Mughal Shakeel , Head Graham , Debar Safia , Desombre Terry , Hilton Sean , Al Sharifi Houda 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundInternationally health services are facing increasing demands due to new and more expensive health technologies and treatments, coupled with the needs of an ageing population. Reducing avoidable use of expensive secondary care services, especially high cost admissions where no procedure is carried out, has become a focus for the commissioners of healthcare.MethodWe set out to identify, evaluate and share learning about interventions to reduce avoidable hospital admission across a regional Academic Health and Social Care Network (AHSN). We conducted a service evaluation identifying initiatives that had taken place across the AHSN. This comprised a literature review, case studies, and two workshops.ResultsWe identified three types of intervention: pre-hospital; within the emergency department (ED); and post-admission evaluation of appropriateness. Pre-hospital interventions included the use of predictive modelling tools (PARR – Patients at risk of readmission and ACG – Adjusted Clinical Groups) sometimes supported by community matrons or virtual wards. GP-advisers and outreach nurses were employed within the ED. The principal post-hoc interventions were the audit of records in primary care or the application of the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP) within the admission ward. Overall there was a shortage of independent evaluation and limited evidence that each intervention had an impact on rates of admission.ConclusionsDespite the frequency and cost of emergency admission there has been little independent evaluation of interventions to reduce avoidable admission. Commissioners of healthcare should consider interventions at all stages of the admission pathway, including regular audit, to ensure admission thresholds don’t change.
Determining bathymetric distributions of the eelgrass Zostera marina L. in three turbid estuaries on the eastern North Pacific coast
Authors: Young David , Clinton Patrick , Specht David , Collura T. Chris Mochon , Lee II Henry 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Improved methods for determining bathymetric distributions of dominant intertidal plants throughout their estuarine ranges are needed. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is a seagrass native to estuaries of the northeastern Pacific and many other marine regions of the northern hemisphere. The techniques described here employed large-format aerial photography using false color near-infrared film with digital image classification, and the production of digital bathymetric models of shallow estuaries, such as those occurring in turbid waters of the United States Pacific Northwest. Application of geographic information system procedures to Z. marina classifications and estuarine bathymetries yielded intertidal eelgrass bathymetric distributions based on a very large number of data points. Similar bathymetric patterns were obtained for the three estuaries surveyed, and approximately 90% of the classified Z. marina occurred within the depth range -1.0 m to +1.0 m (mean lower low water). Comparison of these depth distributions with ground surveys of Z. marina lower depth limits indicated that the area of undetected subtidal eelgrass constituted <10% of the areal distributions classified (with ≥86% overall accuracy) in each estuary. Zostera marina areal distribution in one estuary was distinctly different from those in the other two systems, which illustrated the potential usefulness of this technique in exploring causal factors for such differences in areal distributions of estuarine intertidal vegetation.
Algicidal activity and potential antifouling defenses in macroalgae from the western Antarctic Peninsula including probable synergistic effects of multiple compounds
Authors: Sevak Hamel P. , Amsler Charles D. , McClintock James B. , Maschek J. Alan , Amsler Margaret O. , Aumack Craig F. , Peters Kevin J. , Baker Bill J. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Insoluble crude extract fractions of 11 species of Antarctic macroalgae were screened for algicidal activity against sympatric diatoms. Medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) fractions of soluble extracts of four species were also screened. Levels of activity in insoluble fractions were lower than in previously examined corresponding soluble fractions. Combined MPLC fractions had lower activity than unfractionated extracts in three species, but in two, specific fractions with activity were identified. Combined soluble fractions of a fourth species retained strong activity but no individual fraction had activity even at tenfold higher concentrations, indicating that activity probably results from synergistic interactions between multiple compounds.
Risk factors for preeclampsia in twin pregnancies: a population-based matched case-control study
Authors: Lučovnik Miha , Tul NataŠa , Verdenik Ivan , Novak Živa , Blickstein Isaac 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate associated factors for preeclampsia in twin gestations and to compare incidences of pregnancy complications among twin pregnancies with vs. without preeclampsia.

Patients and methods: We performed a case-control study using a population dataset of twin pregnancies delivered after 24 weeks of gestation, in Slovenia, between 1997 and 2009. Cases were twin gestations complicated by preeclampsia and controls were cases matched by gestational age, parity, and chorionicity.

Results: We identified 181 cases (4.7%) of preeclampsia among 3885 twins and 542 matched controls. High pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational diabetes were significantly associated with preeclampsia [odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95% CI 1.26, 2.77 for overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9); OR 4.72, 95% CI 2.83, 7.89 for obese (BMI≥30), and OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.03, 4.68 for gestational diabetes]. The association was not significant for preexisting hypertension, maternal age, smoking, and pregnancy following assisted reproduction. Placental complications (previa, abruption, or adherent placenta) were more common, and low birth weight less common in the preeclampsia group (P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively).

Conclusions: High pre-pregnancy BMI carries an especially high risk for the development of preeclampsia and its complications in twin gestation.
Knowledge gap of recommendations in ACOG practice bulletins: A survey of members of the Central Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Authors: Siddiqui Danish , Sakhel Khaled , Lewis David F. , Chauhan Suneet P. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this survey was to assess the knowledge gap of recommendations in practice bulletins (PBs). A survey consisting of three questions for 12 selected PBs (six obstetric and six gynecologic) was developed and sent to members of the Central Association. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Of the 385 active members, 100 (26%) returned the survey. The overall correct score was 49%. Respondents were significantly more likely to know recommendations in obstetric PBs (60%) than gynecologic PBs (39%; OR 2.45, 95% CI 2.12–2.81). Maternal-fetal medicine sub-specialists (n=27), compared with obstetricians-gynecologists (n=66), did significantly better with obstetric PBs (67% vs. 59%; OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.32–1.77) and substantially worse with gynecologic topics (34% vs. 39%; OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63–0.98). In conclusion, since members of the Central Association have a substantial knowledge gap, there are ample opportunities to educate and reinforce PB recommendations.
Transformation plasmonics
Authors: Kadic Muamer , Guenneau Sébastien , Enoch Stefan , Huidobro Paloma A. , Martín-Moreno Luis , García-Vidal Francisco J. , Renger Jan , Quidant Romain 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Surface plasmons polaritons (SPPs) at metal/dielectric interfaces have raised lots of expectations in the on-going quest towards scaling down optical devices. SPP optics offers a powerful and flexible platform for real two-dimensional integrated optics, capable of supporting both light and electrons. Yet, a full exploitation of the features of SPPs is conditioned by an accurate control of their flow. Most efforts have so far focused on the extrapolation of concepts borrowed from guided optics. This strategy has already led to many important breakthroughs but a fully deterministic control of SPP modes remains a challenge. Recently, the field of optics was stimulated by a novel paradigm, transformation optics, which offers the capability to control light flow in any desired fashion. While it has already significantly contributed to the design of metamaterials with unprecedented optical properties, its versatility offers new opportunities towards a fully deterministic control of SPPs and the design of a new class of plasmonic functionalities. Here, we review recent progress in the application of transformation optics to SPPs. We first briefly describe the theoretical formalism of transformation plasmonics, focusing on its specificities over its three-dimensional optical counterpart. Numerical simulations are then used to illustrate its capability to tame SPP flows at a metal interface patterned with a dielectric load. Finally, we review recent experimental implementations leading to unique SPP functionalities at optical frequencies.
Mechanical properties and mechanical behavior of (SiO2)f/SiO2 composites with 3D six-directional braided quartz fiber preform
Authors: Liu Yong , Chen Zhaofeng , Zhu Jianxun , Jiang Yun , Li Binbin 
Published: June 2012

Abstract(SiO2)f/SiO2 composites reinforced with three-dimensional (3D) six-directional preform were fabricated by the silicasol-infiltration-sintering method. The nominal fiber volume fraction was 47%. To characterize the mechanical properties of the composites, mechanical testing was carried out under various loading conditions, including tensile, flexural, and shear loading. The composite exhibited highly nonlinear stress-strain behavior under all the three types of loading. The results indicated that the 3D six-directional braided (SiO2)f/SiO2 composites exhibited superior flexural properties and good shear resistant as compared with other types of preform (2.5D and 3D four-directional)-reinforced (SiO2)f/SiO2 composites. 3D six-directional braided (SiO2)f/SiO2 composite exhibited graceful failure behavior under loading. The addition of 5th and 6th yarns resulted in controlled fracture and hence these 3D six-directional braided composites could possibly be suitable for thermal structure components.
Catabolic FDA microbial activity as site-dependent monitoring tool in soils of an industrial town
Authors: Biró B. , Domonkos M. , Kiss E. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The degree of soil pollutants in the Dunaújváros area has been monitored regularly at 10 sampling points of the town from the upper 0–20 cm and lower 20–40 cm layers of the soils. The quantity of some organic (PAH, TPH) and inorganic (toxic metal) pollutants were determined by GC-MS and ICP analyzation. Microbial status, such as the total cultivable bacteria (CFU) and total catabolic enzyme activity, measured by fluorescein diacetate analysis (FDA) were also estimated. The area of the industrial town could be divided into more and less contaminated regions, although the measured pollutants were far below the estimated permissible limits. However, at some of the more polluted soils even triple amounts of contaminants could be measured compared to the lesscontaminated sites. Among inorganics the Zn microelement reached the highest levels (average is about 100 mg·kg−1 soil), which could be related to the heavy industrial activity. A positive correlation appeared among the organic and inorganic pollutants and also between the pollutants and the measured enzymatic values. The enhanced FDA activity was found at the most contaminated sites preceding the potential “loss of function” on a long-term basis. The fast and reliable microbial parameter could be suggested as further regular monitoring tool.
Surveillance Models of Large-Scale ESP Performance with High Viscosity Fluids and Gas
Authors: Barrios Lissett , Scott Stuart , Rivera Robert , Prado Mauricio 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe ESP system is an important artificial lift method commonly used for medium- to high-flow-rate wells for subsea developments. Multiphase flow and viscous fluids can cause severe problems in pump applications. Free gas inside an ESP causes operational problems and lead to system failures. Under two-phase flow conditions, loss of pump performance or gas lock condition can be observed. Under viscous fluids, the pump performance degrades as well. This paper provides a model on the effects of viscosity and two phase (liquid & gas) fluids on electric submersible pumps (ESPs), which are multistage centrifugal pumps for deep boreholes. The theoretical study includes a mechanistic model based on Barrios (2011) for the prediction of the degradation due to bubble accumulation. The model comprises a one-dimensional force balance to predict occurrence of the stagnant bubbles at the channel intake as a main cause of deviation from homogeneus flow model.The testing at Shell's Gasmer facility revealed that the ESP system performed as theoretical over the range of single flowrates and light viscosity oils up to Gas Volume Fractions (GVF) around 25%. ESP performance observed gas lock condition at gas fraction higher than 45%. Homogeneous Model has a fairly good agreement with pump performance up to 30% GVF. Pump flowrate can be obtained from electrical current and boost for all range of GVF and speed. Correlation depends strongly in fluid viscosity and pump configuration.The main technical contributions of this study are the determination of flow patterns under two important variables, high viscosity and two-phase flow inside the ESP to predict operational conditions that cause pump head degradation and the beginning of bubble accumulation that lead to surging Barrios (2011). For similar applications, pump performance degradation can be predicted in viscous environment and two-phase flow conditions.
Characterization of Surfactant Stabilized Nanoemulsion and Its Use in Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Mandal Ajay , Bera Achinta , Ojha Keka , Kumar T.. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Nanoemulsions are a class of emulsions with a droplet size in the range of 50-500 nm and have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years because of its unique characteristics. The physicochemical properties of nanoemulsion suggests that it can be successfully used to recover the residual oil which is trapped in the fine pore of reservoir rock by capillary forces after primary and secondary recovery. Oil-in-water nanoemulsion which can be formed by high-energy emulsification techniques using specific surfactants can reduce oil-water interfacial tension (IFT) by 3-4 orders of magnitude. The present work is aimed on characterization of oil-in-water nanoemulsion in terms of its phase behavior, morphological studies; interfacial energy; ability to reduce the interfacial tension and understanding the mechanisms of mobilization and displacement of entrapped oil blobs by lowering interfacial tension both at the macroscopic and microscopic level.
In order to investigate the efficiency of oil-water nanoemulsion in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), experiments were performed to characterize the emulsion in terms of their physicochemical properties and size distribution of the dispersed oil droplet in water phase. Synthetic mineral oil and a series of nonionic ethoxylated surfactants were used to prepare oil-in-water emulsions. Characterization of emulsion shows that it follows pseudo-plastic behaviour and drop size of dispersed oil phase follows lognormal distribution. Flooding experiments were also carried out in a sandpack system to evaluate the effectiveness of the nanoemulsion as displacing fluid for enhanced oil recovery. Substantial additional recoveries (more than 30% of original oil in place) over conventional water flooding were obtained in the present investigation.
Nano-engineered Oil Well Cement Improves Flexibility and Increases Compressive Strength: A Laboratory Study
Authors: de La Roij R.. , Egyed C.. , Lips J. P. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDespite recent technological advances with elastomers, polymers, fibers and reactive components that self-heal micro fissures, the cement sheath is not always able to deliver an acceptable long-term solution for today's demanding drilling environment. Changes in downhole conditions with pressure and temperature fluctuations impose stresses on the cement sheath. Consequently, shrinking and debonding of the cement sheath creates very small microannuli allowing fluid migration. Besides these external forces that cause cement sheath damage an evaluation of conventional oil well cement sheath on the nano scale from 1–100 nm reveals that the chemical bond between components is relatively brittle. This paper discusses an active nanotechnology with proven commercial track record that has been specifically developed as a crossover technology for the oil & gas industry.The measured values from the investigation at molecule level reveal that API Class G cement mixed with patented active nanotechnology provides unique properties. The crystallization process of the cement sheath at a scale of 1 -100 nanometers shows that elements cross-link and create long needle crystalline structures that interlock, block the capillary pores, enhance dynamics and chemistry of the cement hydration process. As a result, the molecule structure changes with hydrogen bridges in stable, locked position. It is important to recognize that the mechanical properties of a cement bound material are determined during the first hours of the binding and during the first 48 hours of the hardening stage. Consequently, if a modification of the cement hydration process is required to enhance the structural, mechanical and chemical resistance behavior of the cement sheath, it has to take place within 72 hours.The result of this comparative research shows major differences between the samples of API Class G and nano-engineered API Class G cement. Test data shows higher bending forces from the nano enhanced oil well cement as well as significantly stronger values for compressive strength.