bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
p16 and pRb immunohistochemical expression increases with increasing tumour grade in mammary phyllodes tumours
Authors: Karim Rooshdiya Z , Gerega Sebastien K , Yang Y H , Spillane Andrew , Carmalt Hugh , Scolyer Richard A , Lee C Soon 
Published: May 2010

Karim R Z, Gerega S K, Yang Y H, Spillane A, Carmalt H, Scolyer R A & Lee C S (2010) Histopathology 56, 868–875 p16 and pRb immunohistochemical expression increases with increasing tumour grade in mammary phyllodes tumoursAims:  Control of cell cycling and proliferation is critical to the development of neoplasia and may play a role in the pathogenesis of phyllodes tumours (PTs). This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of certain proteins from the G1/S transition of the cell cycle in a cohort of PTs, to determine their role in tumour pathogenesis and to identify any associations with patient outcome.Methods and results:  Sixty‐five PTs (34 benign, 23 borderline and eight malignant) diagnosed at a single institution between 1990 and 2006 were analysed. Immunohistochemistry for p16, pRb, cyclin D1 and Ki67 was performed. Expression of the following markers increased significantly with tumour grade: stromal nuclear and cytoplasmic p16 (P = 0.01 and 0.002, respectively), stromal and epithelial pRb (P = 0.000 000 06 and 0.004, respectively), and stromal and epithelial Ki67 (P = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). Epithelial pRb scores of 7 (range 0–7) were significantly associated with reduced disease‐free survival (DFS) compared with scores of <7 (P = 0.0009). No relationship was found between cyclin D1 expression in either the epithelium or the stroma, and grade or DFS.Conclusions:  The results suggest that alterations at the G1/S transition of the cell cycle play an important role in the progression of PTs.
Comparison of post‐obturation pain experience following one‐visit and two‐visit root canal treatment on teeth with vital pulps: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wang C. , Xu P. , Ren L. , Dong G. , Ye L. 
Published: May 2010

Wang C, Xu P, Ren L, Dong G, Ye L. Comparison of post‐obturation pain experience following one‐visit and two‐visit root canal treatment on teeth with vital pulps: a randomized controlled trial. International Endodontic Journal.AbstractAim  To compare the incidence and intensity of post‐obturation pain after one‐ or two‐visit root canal treatment (RCT) on anterior teeth with vital pulps and a single root and canal in a randomized controlled trial.Methodology  One hundred patients requiring RCT on permanent anterior teeth with vital pulps preoperatively were included. The patients were assigned randomly into two groups of 50 patients each. After local anaesthesia, isolation, access and pulp extirpation, the canals of all teeth were prepared using engine‐driven rotary ProTaper nickel–titanium instruments in a crown‐down technique and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl. The teeth in group 1 (n = 50) were filled with AH Plus sealer and gutta‐percha using a lateral compaction technique at the first visit, whilst those in group 2 (n = 50) were medicated with a calcium hydroxide paste, a sterile dry cotton pellet and Caviton and scheduled for a second visit 7 days later. A modified verbal descriptor scale was used to measure preoperative pain and post‐obturation pain at 6, 24, 48 h and 1 week after operation. Chi‐square tests and independent‐sample T‐tests were used to compare the incidence and intensity of post‐obturation pain of two groups at each interval.Results  Eleven patients were excluded from the study as they failed to follow the scheduled revisit or their selected teeth had more than one root canal. Data were obtained from the remaining 89 patients. Forty‐three patients were undergoing one‐visit treatment (group 1) and 46 undergoing two‐visit treatment (group 2). Most patients in both groups reported no pain or only slight pain within each post‐obturation interval, only one in group 1 and one in group 2 had flare‐ups and slight swelling. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence and intensity of post‐obturation pain experienced by two groups.Conclusions  The incidence and intensity of post‐obturation pain experience following one‐ or two‐visit RCT on teeth with vital pulps and a single canal were not significantly different.
The power of potential natural vegetation (and of spatial‐temporal scale): a response to Carrión & Fernández (2009)
Authors: Farris Emmanuele , Filibeck Goffredo , Marignani Michela , Rosati Leonardo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA commentary by Carrión & Fernández (Journal of Biogeography, 2009, 36, 2202–2203) compared Holocene pollen records with models of potential natural vegetation (PNV) proposed in the phytosociological literature and concluded that the predicted PNV resulted from anthropogenic disturbance. However, the authors misinterpreted PNV, leading to two serious flaws in their assumptions: (1) PNV is not defined as a pre‐anthropic or climax plant community; and (2) PNV is not a concept restricted to the phytosociological method. Therefore we criticize the conclusions expressed in the commentary, and we stress the need for an interdisciplinary approach based on multi‐temporal and multi‐spatial scales to achieve a modern framework for the study of plant communities.
A remote CheZ orthologue retains phosphatase function
Authors: Lertsethtakarn Paphavee , Ottemann Karen M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAspartyl‐phosphate phosphatases underlie the rapid responses of bacterial chemotaxis. One such phosphatase, CheZ, was originally proposed to be restricted to beta and gamma proteobacter, suggesting only a small subset of microbes relied on this protein. A putative CheZ phosphatase was identified genetically in the epsilon proteobacter Helicobacter pylori (Mol Micro 61:187). H. pylori utilizes a chemotaxis system consisting of CheAY, three CheVs, CheW, CheYHP and the putative CheZ to colonize the host stomach. Here we investigate whether this CheZ has phosphatase activity. We phosphorylated potential targets in vitro using either a phosphodonor or the CheAY kinase and [γ‐32P]‐ATP, and found that H. pylori CheZ (CheZHP) efficiently dephosphorylates CheYHP and CheAY and has additional weak activity on CheV2. We detected no phosphatase activity towards CheV1 or CheV3. Mutations corresponding to Escherichia coli CheZ active site residues or deletion of the C‐terminal region inactivate CheZHP phosphatase activity, suggesting the two CheZs function similarly. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that CheZ phosphatases are found in all proteobacteria classes, as well as classes Aquificae, Deferribacteres, Nitrospira and Sphingobacteria, demonstrating that CheZ phosphatases are broadly distributed within Gram‐negative bacteria.
The σE stress response is required for stress‐induced mutation and amplification in Escherichia coli
Authors: Gibson Janet L. , Lombardo Mary‐Jane , Thornton Philip C. , Hu Kenneth H. , Galhardo Rodrigo S. , Beadle Bernadette , Habib Anand , Magner Daniel B. , Frost Laura S. , Herman Christophe , Hastings P. J. , Rosenberg Susan M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryPathways of mutagenesis are induced in microbes under adverse conditions controlled by stress responses. Control of mutagenesis by stress responses may accelerate evolution specifically when cells are maladapted to their environments, i.e. are stressed. Stress‐induced mutagenesis in the Escherichia coli Lac assay occurs either by ‘point’ mutation or gene amplification. Point mutagenesis is associated with DNA double‐strand‐break (DSB) repair and requires DinB error‐prone DNA polymerase and the SOS DNA‐damage‐ and RpoS general‐stress responses. We report that the RpoE envelope‐protein‐stress response is also required. In a screen for mutagenesis‐defective mutants, we isolated a transposon insertion in the rpoE P2 promoter. The insertion prevents rpoE induction during stress, but leaves constitutive expression intact, and allows cell viability. rpoE insertion and suppressed null mutants display reduced point mutagenesis and maintenance of amplified DNA. Furthermore, σE acts independently of stress responses previously implicated: SOS/DinB and RpoS, and of σ32, which was postulated to affect mutagenesis. I‐SceI‐induced DSBs alleviated much of the rpoE phenotype, implying that σE promoted DSB formation. Thus, a third stress response and stress input regulate DSB‐repair‐associated stress‐induced mutagenesis. This provides the first report of mutagenesis promoted by σE, and implies that extracytoplasmic stressors may affect genome integrity and, potentially, the ability to evolve.
Functional analysis of the highly antigenic outer capsid protein, Hoc, a virus decoration protein from T4‐like bacteriophages
Authors: Sathaliyawala Taheri , Islam Mohammad Z. , Li Qin , Fokine Andrei , Rossmann Michael G. , Rao Venigalla B. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryBacteriophage T4 is decorated with 155 copies of the highly antigenic outer capsid protein, Hoc. The Hoc molecule (40 kDa) is present at the centre of each hexameric capsomer and provides a good platform for surface display of pathogen antigens. Biochemical and modelling studies show that Hoc consists of a string of four domains, three immunoglobulin (Ig)‐like and one non‐Ig domain at the C‐terminus. Biochemical data suggest that the Hoc protein has two functional modules, a capsid binding module containing domains 1 and 4 and a solvent‐exposed module containing domains 2 and 3. This model is consistent with the dumbbell‐shaped cryo‐EM density of Hoc observed in the reconstruction of the T4 capsid. Mutagenesis localized the capsid binding site to the C‐terminal 25 amino acids, which are predicted to form two β‐strands flanking a capsid binding loop. Mutations in the loop residues, ESRNG, abolished capsid binding, suggesting that these residues might interact with the major capsid protein, gp23*. With the conserved capsid binding module forming a foothold on the virus and the solvent‐exposed module able to adapt to bind to a variety of surfaces, Hoc probably provides survival advantages to the phage, such as increasing the virus concentration near the host, efficient dispersion of the virus and exposing the tail for more efficient contact with the host cell surface prior to infection.
Murine nematode immunology in Australasia
Authors: DENT L. A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA relatively small number of laboratories in Australia and New Zealand have consistently published on murine models of nematode immunology, and the parasite species principally used are Heligmosomoides bakeri (previously Heligmosomoides polygyrus), Strongyloides ratti, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Toxocara canis. These research groups have made significant contributions to both fundamental immunology and more specialized issues in host–parasite relationships. Topics addressed include immune regulation, including the expression and control of Type 2 cytokines and the responses induced, innate and adaptive host‐protective mechanisms, antigen expression and immune evasion strategies utilized by parasitic helminths. This review addresses the last 30 years of research and identifies areas in which major progress can be made, given appropriate resources.
Expression of aNeurospora crassazinc transporter gene in transgenicNicotiana tabacumenhances plant zinc accumulation without co‐transport of cadmium
Authors: DIXIT PRACHY , SINGH SUDHIR , VANCHEESWARAN RAMACHANDRAN , PATNALA KIRANMAYI , EAPEN SUSAN 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTZinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient required for growth and development of all organisms. Deficiency of Zn in humans is widespread, affecting 25% of world population and efforts are underway to develop crop plants with high levels of Zn in their edible parts. When strategies for enhancing Zn in crop plants are designed, it is essential to exclude cadmium (Cd), a toxic analogue of Zn. In the present work, a high affinity and high specificity zinc transporter gene (tzn1) fromNeurospora crassawas cloned and introduced intoNicotiana tabacumwith the objective of enhancing the potential of plants for zinc acquisition. When grown in hydroponic medium spiked with65Zn, transgenic plants showed enhanced accumulation of Zn (up to 11 times) compared to control plants, which was confirmed further by environmental scanning electron microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X‐ray analysis. More importantly, no significant difference in uptake of Cd2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Mn2+and Pb2+between the transgenic and control plants was observed. The present studies have shown thatNeurospora crassa tzn1 is a potential candidate gene for developing transgenic plants for improving Zn uptake, without co‐transport of Cd and may have implications in Zn phytofortification and phytoremediation.
Physicochemical and biological influences on sedimentary‐fabric formation in a salinity and oxygen‐restricted semi‐enclosed sea: Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea
Authors: VIRTASALO JOONAS J. , LEIPE THOMAS , MOROS MATTHIAS , KOTILAINEN AARNO T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTwo ca 8000 year long sediment cores from the Gotland Deep, the central sub‐basin of the Baltic Sea, were studied by means of digital images, X‐radiographs and scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray mineralogical analysis to gain understanding of the physicochemical and biological influences on sedimentary‐fabric formation in modern and ancient seas with a high flux of organic carbon, and associated oxygen stress and depauperate ichnofauna. Four lithofacies were recognized: (i) sharply laminated mud; (ii) biodeformed mud; (iii) burrow‐mottled mud; and (iv) sedimentation‐event bed. The sharply laminated and burrow‐mottled facies dominate the cores as alternating long intervals, whereas the biodeformed and sedimentation‐event facies occur as thin interbeds within the sharply laminated intervals. The sharply laminated mud comprises alternating diatom‐rich and lithic laminae, with occasional Mn‐carbonate laminae. Lamination discontinuity horizons within the laminites, where the regular lamination is overlain sharply by gently inclined lamination, challenge the traditional view of mud accumulation by settling from suspension, but indicate localized accumulation by particle‐trapping microbial mats and, potentially, by the rapid lateral accretion of mud from bedload transport. The biodeformed interbeds record brief (few years to few decades) oxic–dysoxic conditions that punctuated the anoxic background conditions and permitted sediment‐surface grazing and feeding by a very immature benthic community restricted to the surface mixed tier. The likely biodeformers were meiofauna and nectobenthic pioneers passively imported with currents. The sedimentation‐event interbeds are distal mud turbidites deposited from turbidity currents probably triggered by severe storms on the adjacent coastal areas. The turbidite preservation was favoured by the anoxic background conditions. The long burrow‐mottled intervals are characterized by intensely bioturbated fabrics with discrete Planolites, rare Arenicolites/Polykladichnus and very rare Lockeia trace fossils, as well as bivalve biodeformational structures which represent shallowly penetrating endobenthic feeding and grazing strategies and permanent dwellings. These burrowed intervals represent longer periods (several years to few centuries) of oxic–dysoxic conditions that permitted maturation in the benthos by means of larval settling of opportunistic worm‐like macrofauna and bivalves, resulting in the development of a transition tier. These observations imply more dynamic and oxic depositional conditions in Gotland Deep than previously thought. Comparison to previous zoobenthic studies in the area allowed discussion of the benthic dynamics, and the identification of probable biodeforming and trace‐producing species. Implications for current biofacies and trace‐fossil models are discussed.
Initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy among pregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Stinson Kathryn , Boulle Andrew , Coetzee David , Abrams Elaine J. , Myer Landon 
Published: May 2010

SummaryObjective  To investigate highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation among pregnant women and the optimum model of service delivery for integrating HAART services into antenatal care.Methods  We analysed clinic records to reconstruct a cohort of all HIV‐infected pregnant women eligible for HAART at four antenatal clinics representing three service delivery models in Cape Town, South Africa. To assess HAART coverage, records of women determined to be eligible for HAART in pregnancy were reviewed at corresponding HIV treatment services.Results  Of 13 208 pregnant women tested for HIV, 26% were HIV‐infected and 15% were HAART‐eligible based on a CD4 cell count of ≤ 200 cells/μl. Among eligible women, 51% initiated HAART before delivery, 27% received another prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT) intervention and 22% did not receive any antiretroviral intervention before delivery. The proportions of women initiating HAART between the different service delivery models were comparable. The median gestational age at first presentation was 26 weeks, and early gestational age at first presentation was the strongest predictor of being on HAART by delivery. Of the women who did not initiate HAART in pregnancy, 24% started treatment within 2 years postpartum.Conclusions  In this setting with clear PMTCT and HAART protocols, services failed to prioritize and initiate a high proportion of eligible pregnant women on HAART. The initiation of HAART in pregnancy requires strengthened antenatal and HIV services that target women with advanced stage disease.
Nasal swelling due to plasma cell infiltrate in a cat without plasma cell pododermatitis
Authors: Declercq Jan , De Bosschere Hendrik 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA cat with an upper respiratory infection was presented for examination. Close examination of the face revealed a firm, haired rounded swelling on the bridge of the nose. Serum protein electrophoresis demonstrated a mild hypergammaglobulinaemia. The cat tested negative for feline immunodeficiency virus. Skin biopsy of the nasal lesion revealed nodular angiocentric infiltrates in the deep dermis and subcutis. The mixed infiltrate had numerous plasma cells. Presence of calicivirus antigen could not be demonstrated within the skin lesion by immunohistochemical staining. The cat was treated for upper respiratory infection and 1 month later the nasal lesion had resolved. A firm and rounded swelling over the bridge of the nose may be a feline cutaneous plasmacytic reaction pattern.
Genetic variation in tolerance of competition and neighbour suppression in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: WILLIS C. G. , BROCK M. T. , WEINIG C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIntraspecific competitive interactions can profoundly influence phenotypic evolution. However, prior studies have rarely evaluated the evolutionary potential of the two components of competitive ability, tolerance of competition and suppression of neighbours. Here, we grow a set of 20 Arabidopsis thaliana recombinant inbred lines in three competitive treatments (noncompetitive, intra‐genotypic competition and inter‐genotypic competition) to examine if there is genetic variation for the components of competitive ability and whether neighbour relatedness has an effect on fitness. We find evidence for genetic variation in tolerance of competition and neighbour suppression and that these two competitive strategies are correlated, such that genotypes that tolerate competition will also strongly suppress neighbours. We further observe that the effect of neighbour relatedness on fitness of target individuals depends on neighbour identity, i.e. whether target individuals perform better when competing against self vs. nonself individuals depends on the genotypic identity of the nonself neighbour. The results are particularly relevant to evolutionary responses under multi‐level selection.
Honest olfactory ornamentation in a female‐dominant primate
Authors: BOULET M. , CRAWFORD J. C. , CHARPENTIER M. J. E. , DREA C. M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSexual selection theory predicts that potential mates or competitors signal their quality to conspecifics. Whereas evidence of honest visual or vocal signals in males abounds, evidence of honest signalling via scent or by females is scarce. We previously showed that scent marks in male lemurs seasonally encode information about individual heterozygosity – a reliable predictor of immunocompetence and survivorship. As female lemurs dominate males, compete over resources, and produce sexually differentiated scent marks that likely evolved via direct selection, here we tested whether females also advertise genetic quality via olfactory cues. During the breeding season specifically, individual heterozygosity correlated negatively with the diversity of fatty acids (FAs) expressed in labial secretions and positively with the diversity of heavy FA esters. As odour–gene relationships predictive of health and survivorship emerged during a period critical to mate choice and female competition, we posit that genital scent marks function as honest olfactory ornaments in females.
The shape of things to come: linking developmental plasticity to post‐metamorphic morphology in anurans
Authors: GOMEZ‐MESTRE I. , SACCOCCIO V. L. , IIJIMA T. , COLLINS E. M. , ROSENTHAL G. G. , WARKENTIN K. M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDevelopment consists of growth and differentiation, which can be partially decoupled and can be affected by environmental factors to different extents. In amphibians, variation in the larval environment influences development and causes changes in post‐metamorphic shape. We examined post‐metamorphic consequences, both morphological and locomotory, of alterations in growth and development. We reared tadpoles of two phylogenetically and ecologically distant frog species (the red‐eyed treefrog Agalychnis callidryas and the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis) under different temperatures with ad libitum food supply and under different food levels at a constant temperature. Low temperature and low food levels both resulted in similarly extended larval periods. However, low temperature yielded relatively long‐legged frogs with a lower degree of ossification than warm temperature, whereas low food yielded relatively short‐legged frogs with a higher degree of ossification than high food levels. Such allometric differences had no effect on locomotor performance of juveniles. Our results provide a basis for understanding the relationship between growth, differentiation and post‐metamorphic shape in anurans and help explain many of the discrepancies reported in previous studies.
Parental effort and response to nestling begging in the house sparrow: repeatability, heritability and parent–offspring co‐evolution
Authors: DOR R. , LOTEM A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractParental effort has a direct impact on individual fitness. Theoretical models exploring how parental effort evolves to cope with offspring demand and sexual conflicts may differ in the assumptions they make in respect to the genetic heritability of parental behaviours. Only a few attempts, however, have been made to estimate the heritability of parental behaviours and their possible co‐evolution with offspring solicitation behaviour. Analysing parent and offspring behaviours in four generations of cross‐fostered broods of house sparrows, we found that parental effort (food delivery rate) was repeatable across consecutive broods and heritable across generations. In contrast, parental response to experimentally induced changes in nestling begging was neither repeatable across broods nor heritable across generations or correlated to nestling begging. Thus, the results give no indication for genetic covariance between begging intensity and parental response, but provide the first cross‐fostering‐based evidence for the heritability of parental investment levels across generations.