bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological processes in a hormetic framework
Authors: Costantini David , Metcalfe Neil B. , Monaghan Pat 
Published: September 2010

Ecology Letters(2010) 13: 1435–1447AbstractThere is increasing evidence that some non‐essential substances or environmental stressors can have stimulatory or beneficial effects at low exposure levels while being toxic at higher levels, and that environmental ‘priming’ of certain physiological processes can result in their improved functioning in later life. These kinds of nonlinear dose–response relationships are referred to as hormetic responses and have been described across a wide range of organisms (from bacteria to vertebrates), in response to exposure to at least 1000 different chemical and environmental stressors. Although most work in this area has been in the fields of toxicology and human health, the concept of hormesis also has general applicability in ecology and evolutionary biology as it provides an important conceptual link between environmental conditions and organism function – both at the time of initial exposure to stressors and later in life. In this review, we discuss and clarify the different ways in which the term hormesis is used and provide a framework that we hope will be useful for ecologists interested in the fitness consequences of exposure to stressors. By using ecologically relevant examples from the existing literature, we show that hormesis is connected with both acclimation and phenotypic plasticity, and may play an important role in allowing animals to adjust to changing environments.
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli gains a competitive advantage by using ethanolamine as a nitrogen source in the bovine intestinal content
Authors: Bertin Yolande , Girardeau J. P. , Chaucheyras‐Durand F. , Lyan Bernard , Pujos‐Guillot Estelle , Harel Josée , Martin Christine 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe bovine gastrointestinal tract is the main reservoir for enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) responsible for food‐borne infections. Characterization of nutrients that promote the carriage of these pathogens by the ruminant would help to develop ecological strategies to reduce their survival in the bovine gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we show for the first time that free ethanolamine (EA) constitutes a nitrogen source for the O157:H7 EHEC strain EDL933 in the bovine intestinal content because of induction of the eut (ethanolamine utilization) gene cluster. In contrast, the eut gene cluster is absent in the genome of most species constituting the mammalian gut microbiota. Furthermore, the eutB gene (encoding a subunit of the enzyme that catalyses the release of ammonia from EA) is poorly expressed in non‐pathogenic E. coli. Accordingly, EA is consumed by EHEC but is poorly metabolized by endogenous microbiota of the bovine small intestine, including commensal E. coli. Interestingly, the capacity to utilize EA as a nitrogen source confers a growth advantage to E. coli O157:H7 when the bacteria enter the stationary growth phase. These data demonstrate that EHEC strains take advantage of a nitrogen source that is not consumed by the resident microbiota, and suggest that EA represents an ecological niche favouring EHEC persistence in the bovine intestine.
Zooplankton and aggregates as refuge for aquatic bacteria: protection from UV, heat and ozone stresses used for water treatment
Authors: Tang Kam W. , Dziallas Claudia , Grossart Hans‐Peter 
Published: September 2010

SummaryAggregates and zooplankton may provide refuge for aquatic bacteria against external hazards. The ability of attached bacteria to survive and recover from stressors commonly used for water treatment was tested in the laboratory. Without zooplankton or aggregates, both UV and ozone significantly reduced abundance of free‐living bacteria in both freshwater and marine medium. The presence of zooplankton carcasses and aggregates, however, allowed some of the attached bacteria to survive and recover quickly within 3 days. Heat exposure was the least effective as both free‐living and attached bacteria were able to recover quickly. Selective survival of bacterial phylotypes led to large changes in bacterial community composition after stress exposures, and some of the bacteria that recovered belonged to groups with known pathogens. This study demonstrates that zooplankton and aggregates protected various aquatic bacteria from external stressors, and organic remains generated from zooplankton and aggregates after stress exposure even enabled the surviving bacteria to quickly regrow and subsequently be released into the surrounding water. Hence, water disinfection treatments that overlooked the potential persistence of bacteria associated with organisms and aggregates may not be effective in preventing the spread of undesirable bacteria.
Streptomyces associated with a marine sponge Haliclona sp.; biosynthetic genes for secondary metabolites and products
Authors: Khan Shams Tabrez , Komaki Hisayuki , Motohashi Keiichiro , Kozone Ikuko , Mukai Akira , Takagi Motoki , Shin‐ya Kazuo 
Published: September 2010

SummaryTerrestrial actinobacteria have served as a primary source of bioactive compounds; however, a rapid decrease in the discovery of new compounds strongly necessitates new investigational approaches. One approach is the screening of actinobacteria from marine habitats, especially the members of the genus Streptomyces. Presence of this genus in a marine sponge, Haliclona sp., was investigated using culture‐dependent and ‐independent techniques. 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis showed the presence of diverse Streptomyces in the sponge sample. In addition to the dominant genus Streptomyces, members of six different genera were isolated using four different media. Five phylogenetically new strains, each representing a novel species in the genus Streptomyces were also isolated. Polyphasic study suggesting the classification of two of these strains as novel species is presented. Searching the strains for the production of novel compounds and the presence of biosynthetic genes for secondary metabolites revealed seven novel compounds and biosynthetic genes with unique sequences. In these compounds, JBIR‐43 exhibited cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines. JBIR‐34 and ‐35 were particularly interesting because of their unique chemical skeleton. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study detailing the isolation of actinobacteria from a marine sponge and novel secondary metabolites from these strains.
Pharmacokinetics of topically applied ciprofloxacin in tears of mesocephalic and brachycephalic dogs
Authors: Hendrix Diane V. H. , Cox Sherry K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective  To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ophthalmic ciprofloxacin in the tear film of normal mesocephalic and brachycephalic dogs.Animals studied  Twenty mesocephalic dogs and 15 brachycephalic dogs.Procedures  Thirty‐five microliters of ciprofloxacin were placed on the cornea of both eyes of each dog. Five brachycephalic dogs were used twice. A tear‐test strip placed in the ventral cul de sac for 30 s was used to obtain samples. The tear film of each eye was sampled once at eight time‐points post administration, resulting in five samples at each time‐point. Samples were evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography. Data from the two skull types were compared using the unpaired two‐tailed t‐test.Results  The mean concentration of ciprofloxacin in the tears of mesocephalic dogs was 192.8 ± 269.97, 140.6 ± 91.06, 56.60 ± 28.47, 13.6 ± 6.3, 43.25 ± 59.71, 16.6 ± 10.62, 15.6 ± 13.16 and 6.25 ± 9.84 µg/g at 5, 10, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h, respectively. The mean concentration of ciprofloxacin in the tears of brachycephalic dogs was 272.6 ± 106.21, 144.4 ± 142.32, 131.2 ± 147.07, 75 ± 80.07, 40.8 ± 30.35, 35 ± 21.98, 52.75 ± 51.87 and 8.6 ± 12.10 µg/g at 5, 10, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h, respectively. There was no statistical difference in tear concentration at any time‐point between skull types.Conclusions  Topical application of ciprofloxacin resulted in a mean tear concentration of ciprofloxacin that remained above the MIC90 levels for most pathogenic bacteria for 6 h in normal mesocephalic and brachycephalic dogs.
Evaluation of canine heat shock transcription factor 4 (HSF4) as a candidate gene for primary cataracts in the Dachshund and the Entlebucher Mountain dog
Authors: Müller Christina , Wöhlke Anne , Distl Ottmar 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective  Testing of the cataract‐causing insertion/deletion mutation in the canine HSF4 gene for its linkage and association with primary cataracts (CAT) in Dachshunds and Entlebucher Mountain dogs.Materials  Exon 9 with flanking intronic regions of the canine HSF4 gene was sequenced in 24 Dachshunds and 20 Entlebucher Mountain dogs. The HSF4 cDNA sequence of lens tissue was analyzed in a CAT‐unaffected mixed‐breed dog and in three CAT‐affected dogs of different breeds, including a Wire‐haired Dachshund, a Dachshund‐mix and a German Shepherd dog.Results  In all dogs investigated here, the previously reported CAT‐causing mutation did not exist. We found a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron 9, which was neither associated nor linked with the CAT phenotype in the two dog breeds.Conclusion  The CAT phenotype in the two dog breeds investigated here was not caused by the same mutation found to be associated with early‐onset CAT in the Staffordshire Bull Terrier and Boston Terrier. The intronic SNP may be useful to test HSF4 for linkage with CAT in further dog breeds.
Population Ageing and House Prices in Australia
Authors: Guest Ross , Swift Robyn 
Published: September 2010

Abstract This article assesses the effect of population ageing on housing consumption and house prices. Using two approaches, this article finds that the ageing of the population may cause average real house prices to be between 3 and 27 per cent lower than they otherwise would be over the period 2008–2050. The first approach is an econometric estimation of house prices for Australia over the period 1980–2008. The second approach is a simulation of a life cycle‐optimising model with representative overlapping generations.
Ricardian Equivalence and the Efficacy of Fiscal Policy in Australia
Authors: Brittle Shane 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Events surrounding the global financial and economic crises of 2008 and 2009 have sparked a renewed interest in discretionary fiscal policy. This article considers whether private saving in Australia behaves in a manner that is consistent with Ricardian equivalence, thus mitigating the effects of fiscal policy, or conversely, if fiscal policy has some ability to influence the real economy. Results indicate that, while there is not a full Ricardian response to changes in the fiscal stance, there is some partial offsetting behaviour—implying that fiscal policy does elicit some (limited) impact on economic activity.
Structural Estimation of Variety Gains from Trade Integration in Asia
Authors: Kancs D’Artis 
Published: September 2010

Abstract This article studies the variety gains of trade integration in Asia. Adopting a heterogeneous firm model of trade of monopolistic competition allowed us to estimate not only the welfare gains because of country specialisation, but also the variety gains arising from trade integration. The underlying structural parameters were estimated econometrically, based on a large panel of firm‐level data for the Asian economies (ORIANA). Our empirical findings suggest that, when relaxing the assumption of firm homogeneity and accounting for export market entry costs, the gains from trade integration are higher than in conventional models with representative firms.
Trustworthiness: the Commentators
Authors: LE GRAND JULIAN , WILSON RICHARD , FRANKS SUZANNE , BURNS ANDREW , MOORE MARTIN , BARNETT STEVEN 
Published: September 2010

Mark Thompson deplores the decline in the public trust of government and of public service institutions such as the BBC. But there has also been a decline in another form of trust: government's trust in the ability of professionals such as doctors and teachers to deliver high quality public services. And, unlike Thompson's type of trust, this decline was inevitable, because it was based on untenable assumptions concerning professional motivation.The author discusses the importance of trust in an unwritten constitution, including trust in the use made of public resources, trust that appointments are being made on merit, trust that the civil service is ‘speaking truth unto power’ behind the scenes and ultimately trust that it retains the ability to serve future governments.In a world where trust in institutions is diminishing, there are still surprising levels of trust in the world of private philanthropy. The public are only too ready to give donations without seeking to question, especially in the wake of major disasters. Yet the nature of aid agencies has changed dramatically in the past thirty years into major global enterprises with sophisticated media and marketing operations. In this case a greater degree of scepticism from those who donate and paradoxically less trust might actually result in better outcomes from aid and better use of funding.Trust is critical to the mission of the FCO. The public needs to trust the competence and sound judgment of the professional diplomats. The diplomats themselves need to be able to rely on the commonsense of their fellow colleagues. Ministers and diplomats need to trust each other. And other governments need to have confidence in the discretion of their British counterparts. This is an increasing challenge in the world of instant news. Trust can be quickly lost by indiscreet or self‐serving revelations. But the key is to be as open and transparent as possible about the processes of diplomacy.A new survey commissioned by the British Journalism Review demonstrates that public confidence in journalism has collapsed over the last five years. This is particularly true for the commercial broadcasters ITV and Channel 4, whose journalism has traditionally commanded as much public esteem as the BBC. Trust in the BBC and print journalists has also declined, and journalism suffered more than any of the other 16 occupational groups being assessed. This is partly due to the cumulative effect of various “fakery” scandals that have afflicted broadcasters over the last 18 months and partly down to a more widespread cynicism directed at those in authority.
RELIGION ON WHICH THE DEVOUT AND SKEPTIC CAN AGREE
Authors: Rossano Matt J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.A starting point for a constructive exchange between two groups, devout religionists and scientific skeptics, is that they can hold certain religious ideas in common. These ideas, however, must preserve the compelling nature of religious commitment without unduly compromising rational sensibilities. In the histories of both science and religion progress has been made by synthesis. The definition of religion is a key issue for the success or failure of synthesis, and I propose a new definition. Both devout religionists and scientific skeptics must make compromises if synthesis is to be successful. For the devout these compromises include waiving the prerequisite of belief in the supernatural and placing behavior above belief. For the skeptic they include abandoning explanatory exclusivity, acknowledging the authority of moral experts, and recognizing the necessity of community in achieving moral excellence. I defend each of these compromises as reasonable and tolerable costs of integration.
Believers and Their Disbelief
Authors: King Thomas M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Several recent Roman Catholics who were known for their devotion have left accounts of their troubled faith. I consider three of these: St. Therese of Lisieux, Mother Teresa of Calcutta, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Then I tell of the troubled atheism of Jean‐Paul Sartre. Finally, I use texts of Sartre and Teilhard to understand the unsettled nature of belief.
ASSERTION AND CAPITULATION
Authors: KENYON TIM 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe context or manner of an utterance can alter or nullify the speech‐act that would normally be performed by utterances of that sort. Coercive contexts have this effect on some kinds of seeming assertions: they end up being non‐assertoric, and are merely capitulations. An earlier version of this view is clarified, defended, and extended partly in response to a useful critique by Roy Sorensen. I examine some complications that arise regarding resistance to speaking under coercion when ideological or religious commitments are implicated.
CHANGE AND THE ETERNAL PART OF THE MIND IN SPINOZA
Authors: LEBUFFE MICHAEL 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSpinoza insists that we can during the course of our lives increase that part of the mind that is constituted by knowledge, but he also calls that part of the mind its eternal part. How can what is eternal increase? I defend an interpretation on which there is a sense in which the eternal part of the mind can become greater without changing intrinsically at all.
THE DESIRES OF OTHERS
Authors: MARUŠIĆ BERISLAV 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn influential view, defended by Thomas Scanlon and others, holds that desires are almost never reasons. I seek to resist this view and show that someone who desires something does thereby have a reason to satisfy her desire. To show this, I argue, first, that the desires of some others are reasons for us and, second, that our own desires are no less reason‐giving than those of others. In concluding, I emphasize that accepting my view does not commit one to a desire‐based account of reasons. Desires can be simply one kind of reasons alongside many others.
On the Structure of the Gut of the Ascoglossan Nudibranchs.
Authors: Fretter Vera 
Published: September 2010

Summary.As regards anatomy and histology the alimentary canals of Elysia viridis, Limapontia capitata and Hermæa dendritica are very similar and exhibit specializations for manipulating their filamentous algal food. The mouth leads through an oral tube to a small vestibule ventral to the anterior tip of the odontophore. Into the vestibule and the tube open subepithelial glands which secrete mucus and adhesive substances. The vestibule leads into the dorsal part of the buccal cavity containing the odontophore. This is lined by a cuticularized epithelium and muscles—‐striped in Hermæα—radiate from the basement membrane or from the cuticle. The buccal cavity with its thick muscular walls acts as an organ for sucking into the alimentary canal the contents of plant‐cells. The salivary glands open by ducts into its posterior part, behind the opening each duct swelling into a muscular vesicle which acts as a pump. The saliva probably contains enzymes.The œsophagus, ciliated and glandular, passes to the stomach. In Elysia and Herma a muscular œsophageal pouch is developed which assists in the transport of food along the gut.The small stomach, of little physiological significance, receives the wide ducts of the digestive gland. In Elysia these open into the left and mid‐posterior walls. In Limapontia and Hermæa the posterior part of the stomach opens freely into the main tubules of the gland, which are sufficiently wide to accommodate sudden inflows of food pumped from the œsophagus. Owing to the type of food, from which the fæcal matter is inconsiderable, and the total absence of a mantle‐cavity, there is no necessity for extensive arrangements to elaborate the fæccess; consequently the intestine is short and, except in Hermæa, without glands.The gut and the nervous system show greater resemblances to those of the Lophocercidæ and Diaphanidcæ than to those of the other groups of nudibranchs. It is therefore in the primitive groups of the tectibranchs that the origin of the Ascoglossa is to be sought.
A Revision of African and Asiatic Forms of the Genus Duthiersia (Cestoda)
Authors: Woodland W. N. F. 
Published: September 2010

Summary.A more extended acquaintance with the African forms of Duthiersia (altogether 254 examples from Uganda, the Sudan, the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Portuguese East Africa, Orange Free State, and Transvaal) appears to show that, on account of intermediate conditions, all these forms must be regarded as varieties of one species, Duthiersia fimbriata (Diesing, 1854). Differences of specific value are present in this material, but are not associated to constitute species. Duthiersia elegans Perrier, 1873, and the two species instituted by me in 1938—‐D. robusta and D. latissima—cannot therefore be maintained.The study of the original 78 and of 48 additional specimens—126 altogether— of Duthiersia, mostly from the United Provinces in India, but also, in the case of a few specimens, from Calcutta and Madras and, outside India, from Sarawak and Java, leads to a similar conclusion for non‐African forms, viz., that all are to be included in one species, Duthiersia expansa Perrier, 1873, the differences in structure not being segregated so as to form species.The scoleces of African forms of Duthiersia appear, in large part, to assume shapes distinct from those of Asiatic forms, but, apart from this, the sole distinction which can at present be adduced to separate Duthiersia fimbriata from Duthiersia expansa, i. e., the African from the Asiatic forms, is the uniform absence in the former and the uniform presence in the latter of posterior pore‐openings of the bothrial grooves. This statement is based on serial sections of 74 scoleces cut by me (47 African and 27 Asiatic) and on some additional evidence quoted in my original paper from Monticelli and Crety, Lühe (E. Africa), Shipley (Ceylon), Southwell (India), Klaptocz (Sudan), and Beddard. This distinction is thus founded upon a very small and inconvenient feature, but it is perfectly definite and is the only one I know of at present.
The Skull of the Chameleon, Lophosaura ventralis (Gray); some Developmental Stages.
Authors: Brock Gwendolen Trude 
Published: September 2010

Summary.Graphic reconstructions are given of ne cnondrocranium and membrane bone structures of embryos of Lophsaura ventralis (Gray), head‐lengths 4.5 and 6.5 mm.; also of the temporal region of an embryo near hatching stage, and a sketch is given of the temporal region of an adult Lophosaura.The chondrocranium of Lophosaura conforms in essentials to the general lacertilian plan, but has very obvious specializations which appear to be correlated with the large size of the orbit and with the adaptations of the feeding mechanism with its large tongue. The specializations are the telescoping of the ethmoidal region, the exceptional height of the interorbital septum and the reduction of the supraseptals, the vestigial condition of the ascending process, and the degeneration of the joint between the basitrabeeular process and the pterygoid bone.Although the basitrabecular joint is akinetic, yet tho quadrate is fully streptastylic and widely separated from the jugal.The bony casque structure at the back of the skull is formed by the parietal processes which meet in the dorsal median line and extend backwards in a prominent roof or crest. The squamosals are also elongated and the superior temporal fossa enlarged, but Lophosaura differs from Chameleo in that the squamosals are separated by the parietal crest instead of extending with the parietal rod; in Chameleo they almost meet in the median dorsal line.The casque structure seems to be correlated with the increased jaw muscle development associated with the streptostylism of the quadrate; with the rigid upper jaw and the akinetism of the akinetism joint these muscles give a rapid snapping action to the jaws which is associated with the tongue mechanism. Lophosaura has a tiny tabular (supratemporal) wedged between the squamosal, the quadrate, and the paroccipital process; it is a bone of the occiput.The problem of the temporal bones in lizards is fully discussed and the differing view‐points of Broom, de Beer and Parrington, Gaupp, and Watson (1914) are tabulated.