bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a Single Exercise Bout on Insulin Sensitivity in Black and White Individuals
Authors: Hasson Rebecca E. , Granados Kirsten , Chipkin Stuart , Freedson Patty S. , Braun Barry 
Published: July 2010

Background: Previous research suggests non-Hispanic blacks (blacks) are more insulin resistant than non-Hispanic whites (whites). Physical activity can play an important role in reducing insulin resistance. However, it is unknown whether racial differences exist in response to exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare metabolic responses to a single bout of exercise in blacks and age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched whites.
Methods: Whole-body insulin sensitivity, glucose storage, glucose oxidation, and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were assessed during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in normoglycemic blacks (n = 11) and whites (n = 10). Outcome measures were evaluated in a sedentary control condition and 12 h after treadmill walking at 75% of maximal heart rate for 75 min.
Results: In the control condition, there were no differences in insulin sensitivity between blacks and whites (P = 0.54). During the clamp, glucose oxidation and insulin-stimulated RER values were significantly higher in blacks compared with whites (P = 0.04 and P &lt; 0.01, respectively). Despite similar RER values during exercise, RER values at 60, 90, and 120 min after exercise in blacks were also significantly higher compared with whites (P &lt; 0.05). After exercise, there were no significant improvements in insulin sensitivity (P = 0.57) or glucose storage (P = 0.42) in blacks or whites; however, glucose oxidation was significantly lower in both racial groups (P &lt; 0.05).
Conclusions: These data suggest that insulin sensitivity is similar in blacks and age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched whites, but the glucose disposal pathways (storage vs. oxidation) are somewhat different. Compared with whites, blacks appear to have a greater capacity to increase glucose oxidation immediately after exercise and during insulin stimulation.
New Heteroaromatic Azo Compounds Based on Pyridine, Isoxazole, and Benzothiazole for Efficient and Highly Selective Amidation and Mono-N-Benzylation of Amines under Mitsunobu Conditions
Authors: Iranpoor Nasser , Firouzabadi Habib , Khalili Dariush 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
4,4′-Azopyridine (2c) is used in conjunction with triphenylphosphine for the efficient conversion of carboxylic acids into amides via Mitsunobu reaction with primary and secondary aliphatic and aromatic amines. The highly selective amidation of only primary aromatic amines with new heterogeneous azo compounds based on benzothiazole 2d and isoxazole 2e is also described. These azo compounds 2c–2e can also be applied for selective mono-N-benzylation of primary aromatic amines. The solid side product heteroaromatic hydrazines obtained under the developed Mitsunobu conditions are easily separated by simple filtration and can be reoxidized to azo compounds for further use.
Quasiclassical Trajectory Calculations of the Isotope Effect: Chemical Stereodynamics for the H(D) + FCl (v = 0–3,j = 0–3) → HCl(DCl) + F Reactions
Authors: Peng Yanrong 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A comparative quasiclassical trajectory study of the H + FCl (v = 0–3,j = 0–3) → HCl + F reaction and its isotope variant has been carried out to investigate the isotope effect from a chemical stereodynamics view point. Employing the recent DHTSN PES of the ground 12A′ electronic state [Deskevich et al., J. Chem. Phys.2006, 124, 224303], the present study calculated the angular distributions and the four polarization-dependent differential cross sections characterizing the vector correlations among the product angular momentum j′ and the reagent and the product initial relative velocities k and k′. The investigated collision energies are 20 and 40 kcal mol−1. The study revealed stronger product polarization behaviors in the heavier isotope variant which can be explained with the proposed impulse model for triatomic collision systems.
Systemic hemodynamics during cough induced and vasovagal syncope
Authors: Csillik A. , Boros I. , Rudas László , Zöllei É. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Common faint and the so-called situational syncope are usually listed together in the category of “neurally mediated syncope”. Although vasovagal syncope has been subject of extensive research in the past years, its mechanism is not fully understood. Much less information is available about situational syncope. Numerous entities in this heterogeneous group are related to excessive straining (e.g. weight lifter's or trumpet player's syncope). Cough syncope is also associated with tremendous intrathoracic, intravascular, and even intracranial pressure fluctuations. Although reflex responses are certainly triggered during cough, their relative role, and their analogy with the classical vasovagal reaction are not clear. We report a case of vasovagal syncope and cough reaction occurring in the same subject during laboratory testing.
Pubcreds: Fixing the Peer Review Process by “Privatizing” the Reviewer Commons
Authors: Fox Jeremy , Petchey Owen L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe peer review system is breaking down and will soon be in crisis: increasing numbers of submitted manuscripts mean that demand for reviews is outstripping supply. This is a classic “tragedy of the commons,” in which individuals have every incentive to exploit the “reviewer commons” by submitting manuscripts, but little or no incentive to contribute reviews. The result is a system increasingly dominated by “cheats” (individuals who submit papers without doing proportionate reviewing), with increasingly random and potentially biased results as more and more manuscripts are rejected without external review. Because this is a classic tragedy of the commons, we propose a classic solution: privatizing the commons. Specifically, we propose that instead of being free to exploit the reviewer commons at will, authors should have to “pay” for their submissions using a novel “currency” called PubCreds, earned by performing reviews. We discuss how this simple, powerful idea could be implemented in practice, and describe its advantages over previously proposed solutions. While our proposal may seem radical, doing nothing will lead to a system in which external review becomes a thing of the past, decision‐making by journals is correspondingly stochastic, and the most selfish among us are the most rewarded.
This Time Is Different: An Example of a Giant, Wildly Speculative, and Successful Investment Mania
Authors: Odlyzko Andrew 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The literature on manias and bubbles is dominated by spectacular collapses and the question of whether they could have been foreseen. What is not widely known, though, is that there was at least one giant and wildly speculative investment episode that was successful in that it produced above-market profits for original investors. The British railway mania of the 1830s involved real capital investment comparable, as a fraction of GDP, to about $2 trillion for the U.S. today. It faced withering skepticism and criticism, much of it very reasonable, as its supposedly rosy prospects were based on extrapolation from the brief experience of just a couple of successful early railways. Yet by the mid-1840s, it was seen as a success.The example of the railway mania of the 1830s serves as a useful antidote to claims that bubbles are easy to detect or that all large and quick jumps in asset valuations are irrational. This episode also suggests the need to reexamine much of the work on business cycles and the diffusion of technologies. The standard literature in this area, starting from Juglar and continuing through Schumpeter to more recent authors, almost uniformly ignores large investment mania, whose nature does not fit the stereotypical pattern.
Valuing Foreign Lives and Settlements
Authors: Dana David A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCost-benefit analysis in the United States for policy and legal purposes traditionally has been highly parochial, excluding not just losses or gains of welfare to non-U.S. residents from a given policy but also excluding any losses or gains in welfare U.S. residents would experience as a result of impacts to foreigners and foreign settlements. In the climate change context, this approach has meant that cost-benefit analyses for the costs of unmitigated climate change to the United States value at zero the losses that U.S. residents will bear as a result of the direct, adverse impacts of climate change to foreign lives and settlements. This article argues that there are sound theoretical reasons to include such welfare losses in a cost-benefit analysis, and that doing so requires going beyond revealed preference data to consider stated preference surveys. The article presents the findings of internet-based surveys that strongly suggest that the implicit assumption of the current approach to cost-benefit analysis in the United States—that U.S. residents value foreign lives and settlements that may be destroyed by climate change at zero—is untenable.
An Assessment of Important Issues Concerning the Application of Benefit-Cost Analysis to Social Policy
Authors: Vining Aidan , Weimer David L 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBenefit-cost analysis (BCA) provides a framework for systematically assessing the efficiency of public policies. Increasingly, BCA is being applied to social policies, ranging from preschool interventions to prison reentry programs. These applications offer great potential for helping to identify policies that offer the best returns on public investments aimed at helping the disadvantaged or otherwise improving social life. However, applying BCA to social policies pose a number of challenges. The need for a comprehensive approach to assessing social policies generally requires making predictions based on data from multiple sources and using available shadow prices. As these predictions and shadow prices are inherently uncertain, special effort must be made to explicitly address the resulting uncertainty of predictions of net benefits. Prediction and valuation are complicated by behaviors, such as addiction, that do not clearly satisfy the assumptions of neoclassical welfare economics. As distributional goals are often an explicit motivation for social policies, BCA may be an incomplete framework for public policy purposes unless analysts can find ways to incorporate people's willingness to pay for changes in the distribution of consumption across society. If BCA is to reach its potential for contributing to good social policy, analysts must be aware of these challenges and researchers must help address them.
The Science of a “Seal” for PICC Line Management: BioSeal CVC Powder
Authors: Blough Lauren , Hinson Kathy , Hen John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Science of a “Seal” for PICC Line Management: BIOSEAL CVC Powder As An Alternative Hemostatic Agent That Keeps Sites Dry And IntactPurposeTo assess the ability of BIOSEAL CVC™ Powder (Biolife, LLC, Sarasota, FL) to achieve hemostasis for Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) line insertions; to eliminate the 48-hour dressing change prescribed by Centers for Disease Control.
Assessment of oxygen transport and utilization in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis
Authors: Butler Amy L. , Campbell Vicki L. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Objective—To compare cardiac index (CI), oxygen delivery index (o2I), oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER), oxygen consumption index (o2I), and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis with published values for healthy dogs; compare those variables in dogs with sepsis that did or did not survive; and compare CI and o2I in dogs with sepsis with values in dogs with nonseptic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (nSIRS).
Design—Cohort study.
Animals—10 dogs with naturally occurring sepsis and 11 dogs with nSIRS.
Procedures—Over 24 hours, CI, o2I, O2ER, o2I, and SVRI were measured 4 and 5 times in dogs with sepsis and with nSIRS, respectively. The mean values of each variable in each group were compared over time and between groups; data for dogs with sepsis that did or did not survive were also compared.
Results—Mean o2I was significantly decreased, and mean CI, O2ER, o2I, and SVRI were not significantly different in dogs with sepsis, compared with published values for healthy dogs. Mean CI and o2I in dogs with sepsis were significantly greater than values in dogs with nSIRS. Among dogs with sepsis that did or did not survive, values of CI, o2I, O2ER, o2I, and SVRI did not differ significantly.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Compared with values in healthy dogs, only o2 was significantly lower in dogs with sepsis. Values of CI and o2I were significantly higher in dogs with sepsis than in dogs with nSIRS, suggesting differing degrees of myocardial dysfunction between these groups.
Hyperphosphatasemia and concurrent adrenal gland dysfunction in apparently healthy Scottish Terriers
Authors: Zimmerman Kurt L. , Panciera David L. , Panciera Roger J. , Oliver Jack W. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Binder Ellen M. , Randall Daniel C. , Kinnarney Joseph H. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine causes of hyperphosphatasemia (high serum alkaline phosphatase [ALP] activity) in apparently healthy Scottish Terriers.
Design—Prospective case-controlled study.
Animals—34 apparently healthy adult Scottish Terriers (17 with and 17 without hyperphosphatasemia).
Procedures—Serum activities for 3 isoforms (bone, liver, and corticosteroid) of ALP were measured. Concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, estradiol, and aldosterone were measured before and after cosyntropin administration (ie, ACTH; 5 μg/kg [2.27 μg/lb], IM). Liver biopsy specimens from 16 dogs (11 with and 5 without hyperphosphatasemia) were evaluated histologically.
Results—In dogs with hyperphosphatasemia, the corticosteroid ALP isoform comprised a significantly higher percentage of total ALP activity, compared with the percentage in dogs without hyperphosphatasemia (mean ± SE, 69 ± 5.0% and 17 ± 3.8%, respectively). In 6 dogs with hyperphosphatasemia, but none without, serum cortisol concentrations exceeded reference intervals after ACTH stimulation. Six dogs with and 15 without hyperphosphatasemia had increased concentrations of ≥ 1 noncortisol steroid hormone after ACTH stimulation. Serum ALP activity was correlated with cortisol and androstenedione concentrations (r = 0.337 and 0.496, respectively) measured after ACTH stimulation. All dogs with and most without hyperphosphatasemia had abnormal hepatocellular reticulation typical of vacuolar hepatopathy. Subjectively, hepatocellular reticulation was more severe and widespread in hyperphosphatasemic dogs, compared with that in nonhyperphosphatasemic dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hyperphosphatasemia in apparently healthy Scottish Terriers was most likely attributable to hyperadrenocorticism on the basis of exaggerated serum biochemical responses to ACTH administration and histologic hepatic changes, but none of the dogs had clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism.
Cystoscopic diagnosis and treatment of ectopic ureters in female dogs: 16 cases (2005–2008)
Authors: Smith Andrea L. , Radlinsky MaryAnn G. , Rawlings Clarence A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine outcome of cystoscopic-guided transection for treatment of ectopic ureters in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—16 female dogs.
Procedures—Medical records of dogs that underwent cystoscopic-guided transection of the membrane separating unilateral or bilateral ectopic ureters from the urethra and bladder between May 2005 and May 2008 were reviewed. Postoperative outcome was determined by use of telephone interviews conducted 1 to 36 months after the procedure.
Results—4 dogs had complete resolution of urinary incontinence with cystoscopic-guided transection alone, an additional 5 dogs had complete resolution with a combination of cystoscopic-guided transection and phenylpropanolamine administration, and an additional 4 dogs had an improvement in urinary control, although urinary incontinence persisted. Outcome could not be assessed in the remaining 3 dogs because of collagen injections in the urethra at the time of ureteral transection (n = 2) or nephrectomy secondary to unilateral hydronephrosis (1).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that cystoscopic-guided transection may be an acceptable alternative to traditional surgical correction of ectopic ureter in dogs. Most complications associated with the cystoscopic procedure were minor and easily managed.
Oxidation of hexafluoropropylene to hexafluoropropylene oxide using oxygen
Authors: Łągiewczyk Monika , Czech Zbigniew 
Published: July 2010

Oxidation of hexafluoropropylene to hexafluoropropylene oxide using oxygen
A method for pressure oxidation of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) to hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO), using oxygen, is presented. Oxidation was achieved in a batch-fed reactor at temperature range between 130 to 170°C. The influence of temperature and kind of solvents, such as 1,2,2-trichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113) and carbon tetrachloride on the yield of HFPO and the course of oxidation was investigated in preliminary studies. The maximum HFPO yield of approximately 83% was noticed.
Acidic ionic liquids based on phosphonium chloride and metal chlorides-recyclable media and catalysts in the Diels-Alder reaction
Authors: Janus Ewa 
Published: July 2010

Acidic ionic liquids based on phosphonium chloride and metal chlorides-recyclable media and catalysts in the Diels-Alder reaction
Acidic ionic liquids based on trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride-P6.6.6.14 Cl and six different metal chlorides (YCl3, YbCl3, MgCl2, ZnCl2, CuCl2, InCl3) were prepared. The molar fraction of metal chloride (XMClx) used for the formation of acidic ionic liquids with P6.6.6.14 Cl was changed in the range from 0.3 to 0.5. The high catalytic activity in the Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene and various αβ-unsaturated carbonyl compounds showed ionic liquids at XMClx≤0.4. In general, the highest product yields and endo:exo ratios were achieved in the acidic ionic liquids formed from MgCl2, YCl3 and YbCl3. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the prepared ionic liquids were thermally stable up to nearly 400°C. Additionally, they could be reused with only little loss of catalytic activity after the 4th recycle.
Physico-chemical and dispersive characterisation of magnesium oxides precipitated from the Mg(NO3)2 and MgSO4 solutions
Authors: Pilarska Agnieszka , Paukszta Dominik , Ciesielczyk Filip , Jesionowski Teofil 
Published: July 2010

Physico-chemical and dispersive characterisation of magnesium oxides precipitated from the Mg(NO3)2 and MgSO4 solutions
An attempt was made to synthesise magnesium oxide of a high degree of dispersion permitting its use as adsorbent or catalyst. The synthesis method proposed was precipitation with the use of magnesium nitrate or magnesium sulfate. The influence of temperature, the mode and the rate of dosing, the concentration and the ratio of the reagents on the properties of the final product was analysed. Magnesium oxides were obtained by thermal decomposition of magnesium hydroxides and subjected to thorough analysis. The results permitted selection of the reaction systems ensuring synthesis of the final products of the desired properties.
Biological assessments of streams that have been adversely impacted by sediment runoff in Idaho, USA
Authors: Mahler Robert , Barber Michael 
Published: July 2010

Biological assessments of streams that have been adversely impacted by sediment runoff in Idaho, USA
Sediments are the major source of pollution in surface waters of the Pacific Northwest Region of the USA. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between SMI water quality scores at 76 sampling sites in eight watersheds and the observed soil erosion rates on adjacent landscapes. The water quality SMI scores in streams were obtained using stream macro invertebrates as an indicator of water quality, while soil erosion rates were determined by observation on adjoining landscapes during periods of maximum precipitation. Soil erosion rates of >2, 2-5, 5-15, 15-25 and <25 mt/ha/yr were observed at 9, 20, 45, 14 and 12% of the sampling sites, respectively. Landscapes with erosion rates of less than 5 mt/ha/yr generally resulted in good water quality in adjacent streams; however, when soil erosion rates on adjacent landscapes exceeded 5 mt/ha/yr SMI water quality scores were less than good 86% of the time. Strong significant relationships were observed between SMI water quality rating and observed soil erosion rates. Consequently, land management or rehabilitation practices that reduce soil erosion rates to levels below 5 mt/ha//yr should improve stream water quality.
Sediment segregation on weirs of lowland rivers
Authors: Bajkowski Sławomir 
Published: July 2010

Sediment segregation on weirs of lowland rivers
Erosion and accumulation processes in the vicinity of water structures develop depending on the life of the facility, hydrological regime and morphology of the riverbed. Diversification of flow characteristics affects the segregation of bed sediment on section of period of weirs. Knowledge of factors determining granulometric diversity of bottom material allows for more appropriate bed and riverbanks protections design. It also enables estimation of the conditions of sediment transport down the watercourse and its participation in the balance of the transport of bottom material in the watercourse. Areas where sediment accumulates on the water structures are up water and down water positions, stilling basin and other cavities of the structure. The article presents an analysis of granulometric composition of bottom material in selected lowland weirs. Research facilities are weirs located on lowland rivers. Segregation of sediment material was observed on weir sections. Thickest sediment is piled in up water, smallest in down water.
In vitro Propagation of Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Reichb.f.  A Rare Orchid of High Medicinal Value
Authors: Kaur Saranjeet , Bhutani K.K. 
Published: July 2010

Foliar explants of Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Reichb. f. were cultured on Mitra (M) medium with 1.0 mg/l BAP, Kn each and 1.0 mg/l NAA individually and in combination for initiation of regeneration response, proliferation of regenerants and subsequent development of plantlets. Juvenility of the tissues and chemical stimulus were important factors in initiating the regeneration response in the explants. The relatively older leaf explants (>1cm in length) remained recalcitrant to regeneration the representing younger ones (<1cm in length) responded to certain chemical regimes. BAP, Kn individually in the medium should direct PLB regeneration whereas when used with NAA, the explants showed callus proliferation and further differentiated into PLBs. An individual treatment with NAA (1.0 mg/l) impaired the response frequency and delayed further morphogenetic processes leading to plantlet development. The best response in the explants (in terms of high regeneration frequency, early initiation, PLB proliferations, and plantlet development) was observed in 1.0 mg/l BAP alone/with 1.0 mg/l NAA + activated charcoal. Plantlets were transferred to pots containing epiphytic compost (1 charcoal : 1 brick pices : 1 bats). Nearly 75% of plantlets survival was recorded. Key words: In vitro, Orchid, Vanda testacea, Micropropagation, Protocorm-like bodies, callus D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v19i1.4077 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 19(1): 1-7, 2009 (June)