bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gestational IV nicotine produces elevated brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system of adolescent rat offspring
Authors: Harrod Steven B. , Lacy Ryan T. , Zhu Jun , Hughes Benjamin A. , Perna Marla K. , Brown Russell W. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMaternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with enduring psychopathology, such as increased likelihood of substance use, in offspring. Various animal models demonstrate that continuous nicotine exposure produces teratogenic effects in offspring, as well. In this experiment, a novel intravenous (IV) exposure model was used to determine if gestational nicotine (GN) treatment produced alterations in methamphetamine‐induced sensitization and the expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system of adolescent offspring. Dams were injected with IV saline or nicotine (0.05 mg/kg/injection) three times per day on gestational days 8–21. Habituation was measured on postnatal day (PND) 25–27 and baseline activity on PND 28. On PND 29–35, offspring were injected with saline or methamphetamine (0.3 mg/kg) and locomotor activity was measured after the first and seventh injections. On PND 36, brains were removed, flash frozen, and BDNF protein levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), dorsal striatum (Str), frontal cortex (FC), and hippocampus (Hipp) were analyzed. GN did not affect habituation or the induction of methamphetamine‐induced sensitization. Interestingly, GN, but not adolescent methamphetamine treatment, elevated levels of BDNF in the NAcc and Str; however, the GN‐induced increase in BDNF in the FC was attenuated by adolescent methamphetamine treatment. Both GN and adolescent methamphetamine treatment increased BDNF in the Hipp. These findings indicate that GN exposure will result in increased levels of BDNF protein throughout the mesocorticolimbic DA system during adolescent development and suggests that methamphetamine abuse will modulate the expression of BDNF in motivational circuitries of adolescent offspring exposed to GN. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advantages of the population‐based approach to pregnancy dating: results from 23 020 ultrasound examinations
Authors: Økland I. , Nakling J. , Gjessing H. K. , Grøttum P. , Eik‐Nes S. H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo confirm the results from two previous evaluations of term prediction models, including two sample‐based models and one population‐based model, in a third population.MethodsIn a study population of 23 020 second‐trimester ultrasound examinations, data were prospectively collected and registered over the period 1988–2009. Three different models for ultrasonically estimated date of delivery were applied to the measurements of fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) and two models were applied to the femur length (FL) measurements; the resulting term estimations were compared with the actual time of delivery. The difference between the actual and the predicted dates of delivery (the median bias) was calculated for each of the models, for three BPD/FL‐measurement subgroups and for the study population as a whole.ResultsFor the population‐based model, the median bias was + 0.4 days for the BPD‐based predictions and − 0.4 days for the FL‐based predictions, and the biases were stable over the inclusion ranges. The biases of the two traditional models varied with the size of the fetus at examination; median biases were − 0.87 and + 2.2 days, respectively, with extremes − 4.2 and + 4.8 days for the BPD‐based predictions, and the median bias was + 1.72 days with range − 0.8 to + 4.5 days for FL‐based predictions. The disagreement between the two sample‐based models was never less than 2 days for the BPD‐based predictions.ConclusionThis study confirms the results from previous studies; median biases were negligible with term predictions from the population‐based model, while those from the traditional models varied substantially. The biases, which have clinical implications, seem inevitable with the sample‐based models, which, even if overall biases were removed, will perform unsatisfactorily. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Left ventricular midwall mechanics at 24 weeks' gestation in high‐risk normotensive pregnant women: relationship to placenta‐related complications of pregnancy
Authors: Novelli G. P. , Vasapollo B. , Gagliardi G. , Tiralongo G. M. , Pisani I. , Manfellotto D. , Giannini L. , Valensise H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectivesMost studies during pregnancy have assessed maternal left ventricular (LV) function by load‐dependent indices, assessing only chamber function. The aim of this study was to assess afterload‐adjusted LV myocardial and chamber systolic function at 24 weeks' gestation and 6 months postpartum in high‐risk normotensive pregnant women.MethodsA group of 118 high‐risk women with bilateral notching of the uterine arteries underwent an echocardiographic examination to evaluate midwall mechanics (midwall shortening (mFS%) and stress‐corrected midwall shortening (SCmFS%)) of the LV at 24 weeks' gestation and 6 months postpartum. Patients were followed until delivery and pregnancies were classified retrospectively as uneventful (uncomplicated outcome) or complicated. A control group of 54 low‐risk women with uneventful pregnancies without bilateral notching was also enrolled.ResultsThe pregnancy was uneventful in 74 (62.7%) women, whereas 44 (37.3%) developed complications. At 24 weeks' gestation, mFS% and SCmFS% were greater in the uncomplicated‐outcome compared with the complicated‐outcome group (25.9 ± 4.8 vs 18.8 ± 5.0%, P < 0.001 and 107.9 ± 18.4 vs 77.9 ± 20.7%, P < 0.001, respectively). At 6 months postpartum, SCmFS% remained greater in the uncomplicated‐outcome compared with the complicated‐outcome group (100.4 ± 21.6 vs 87.8 ± 19.1, P < 0.05). In the uncomplicated‐outcome group, SCmFS% was higher during pregnancy than it was postpartum, whereas in the complicated‐outcome group, it was lower during pregnancy than it was postpartum (P < 0.05).ConclusionsMaternal cardiac midwall mechanics appear to be enhanced (SCmFS% increased compared with controls) during pregnancy compared with postpartum in high‐risk patients with uncomplicated pregnancy, whereas midwall mechanics are depressed both during pregnancy and postpartum in patients with pregnancy complications. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of hybrid transmit antenna selection/maximal‐ratio transmission in Nakagami‐m fading channels
Authors: Coşkun Ahmet F. , Kucur Oğuz 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTHybrid diversity systems have been of great importance because they provide better diversity orders and robustness to the fading effects of wireless communication systems. This paper focuses on the performance analysis of multiple‐input gle‐output systems that employ combined transmit antenna selection (TAS)/maximal‐ratio transmission (MRT) techniques (i.e., hybrid TAS/MRT). The probability density function, the moment generating function and the nth order moments of the output signal‐to‐noise ratio of the investigated diversity scheme are derived for independent identically distributed flat Nakagami‐m fading channels. The system capacity of the hybrid TAS/MRT scheme is examined from the outage probability perspective. Exact bit/symbol error rate (BER/SER) expressions for binary frequency shift keying, M‐ary phase shift keying and square M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation signals are derived by using the moment generating function‐based analysis method. By deriving the upper bounds for BER/SER expressions, it is also shown that the investigated systems achieve full diversity orders at high signal‐to‐noise ratios. Also, by Monte Carlo simulations, analytical performance results are validated and the effect of feedback delay, channel estimation error and feedback quantization error on BER/SER performances are examined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerodynamic optimization of wind turbine rotors using a blade element momentum method with corrections for wake rotation and expansion
Authors: Døssing Mads , Madsen Helge Aa. , Bak Christian 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe blade element momentum (BEM) method is widely used for calculating the quasi‐steady aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines. Recently, the BEM method has been expanded to include corrections for wake expansion and the pressure due to wake rotation (), and more accurate solutions can now be obtained in the blade root and tip sections. It is expected that this will lead to small changes in optimum blade designs. In this work, has been implemented, and the spanwise load distribution has been optimized to find the highest possible power production. For comparison, optimizations have been carried out using BEM as well. Validation of shows good agreement with the flow calculated using an advanced actuator disk method. The maximum power was found at a tip speed ratio of 7 using , and this is lower than the optimum tip speed ratio of 8 found for BEM. The difference is primarily caused by the positive effect of wake rotation, which locally causes the efficiency to exceed the Betz limit. Wake expansion has a negative effect, which is most important at high tip speed ratios. It was further found that by using , it is possible to obtain a 5% reduction in flap bending moment when compared with BEM. In short, allows fast aerodynamic calculations and optimizations with a much higher degree of accuracy than the traditional BEM model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of wake measurements from the ECN Wind Turbine Test Site Wieringermeer, EWTW
Authors: Schepers J. G. , Obdam T. S. , Prospathopoulos J. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper describes an analysis of wake measurements from the research farm at the ECN Wind Turbine Test Site Wieringermeer. This research farm is owned and operated by the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands. The farm consists of five research turbines that are oriented in a single line with a mutual distance of 3.8D(iameter). The turbines are variable speed and pitch controlled, and they have a diameter and a hub height of 80 m. The rated power of the turbines is 2.5 MW. Extensive machine measurements (power, loads, yaw angle and pitch angles) are carried out on these turbines. In parallel, meteorological measurements are done on a 108 m mast that is instrumented at three heights (hub height and hub height ± 70% span) with sonic anemometers and cups and wind vanes. This mast is located at a shortest distance of 2.5D from one of the turbines. Data have been collected over a period of almost 5 years, and they are used to study several phenomena mainly related to wake aerodynamics, e.g. power losses in the wake of up to four wind turbines and meteorological wake phenomena at different distances behind the turbines. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can restoring wolves aid in lynx recovery?
Authors: Ripple William J. , Wirsing Aaron J. , Beschta Robert L. , Buskirk Steven W. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHerein, we examine the hypothesis that relatively low densities of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and the imperiled status of lynx (Lynx canadensis) may be partially due to an ecological cascade caused by the extirpation of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in most of the conterminous United States decades ago. This hypothesis focuses on 2 plausible mechanisms, one involving “mesopredator release” of the coyote (C. latrans), which expanded its distribution and abundance continentally following the ecological extinction of wolves over the temperate portion of their geographic range. In the absence of wolves, coyotes may have affected lynx via increased predation on snowshoe hares, on which the lynx specializes, and/or by direct killing of lynx. The second mechanism involves increased browsing pressure by native and domestic ungulates following the declines in wolves. A recovery of long‐absent wolf populations could potentially set off a chain of events triggering a long‐term decrease in coyotes and ungulates, improved plant communities, and eventually an increase in hares and lynx. This prediction, and others that we make, are testable. Ecological implications for the lynx may be dependent upon whether wolves are allowed to achieve ecologically effective populations where they recolonize or are reintroduced in lynx habitat. We emphasize the importance of little‐considered trophic and competitive interactions when attempting to recover an endangered carnivore such as the lynx. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The rhetoric and reality of youth mentoring
Authors: Rhodes Jean E. , Grossman Jean B. , Roffman Jennifer 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEnduring and supportive mentoring relationships can powerfully influence the course and quality of adolescent lives. As mentoring continues to expand, community agencies are implementing alternatives to the traditional one‐on‐one mentoring mode. Such efforts may help to reach youth who might otherwise fall through the cracks.
Enhanced cytokine‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia in skeletal muscle produced by a novel mechanism in rats exposed to unpredictable sound stress
Authors: Dinal Olayinka A. , Levinel Jon D. , Greenl Paul G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractStress exacerbates both experimental and clinical pain, most well‐characterized in irritable bowel and fibromyalgia syndromes. Since it has been hypothesized that cytokines play an etiopathogenic role in fibromyalgia and other chronic widespread pain conditions, we investigated the relationship between stress and cytokines in a model of stress‐induced chronic somatic pain. A series of experiments were performed to evaluate the impact of stress on the hyperalgesia‐induced by endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and the role of two pro‐inflammatory cytokines, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis α (TNFα). Fourteen days after exposure to a 4‐day protocol of unpredictable sound stress, the ability of systemic LPS (100μg/kg, i.p) to elicit cytokine‐mediated mechanical hyperalgesia was measured in gastrocnemius muscle. LPS‐induced hyperalgesia was significantly greater in stressed rats, but when rats were treated intrathecally with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), to decrease either the gp130 subunit of the IL‐6 receptor or the TNFα receptor, in nociceptors, skeletal muscle hyperalgesia in sound stressed, but not control, rats was prevented. These data suggest that chronic stress alters signaling in the primary afferent nociceptor for the hyperalgesia induced by endogenously produced pro‐inflammatory cytokines.
A record of late-Holocene environmental change from southern New England, USA
Authors: Oswald W. Wyatt , Foster David R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAnalyses of a sediment core from Little Pond, located in the town of Bolton, Massachusetts, provide new insights into the history of environmental and ecological changes in southern New England during the late Holocene. Declines in organic content and peaks in the abundance of Isoetes spores indicate reduced water depth at 2900–2600, 2200–1800, and 1200–800 calibrated years before present (cal yr BP), generally consistent with the timing of dry conditions in records from elsewhere in the northeastern United States. The Little Pond pollen record features little change over the last 3000 yr, indicating that the surrounding vegetation was relatively insensitive to these periods of drought. The 1200–800 cal yr BP dry interval, however, coincides with increased abundance of Castanea pollen, suggesting that the expansion of Castanea in southern New England may have been influenced by late-Holocene climatic variability.
An experimental study of boundary layer transition induced by a cylinder wake
Authors: Mandal A. C. , Dey J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBoundary layer transition induced by the wake of a circular cylinder in the free stream has been investigated using the particle image velocimetry technique. Some differences between simulation and experimental studies have been reported in the literature, and these have motivated the present study. The appearance of spanwise vortices in the early stage is further confirmed here. A spanwise vortex appears to evolve into a$ \mrm{\Lambda} $/hairpin vortex; the flow statistics also confirm such vortices. With increasing Reynolds number, based on the cylinder diameter, and with decreasing cylinder height from the plate, the physical size of these hairpin-like structures is found to decrease. Some mean flow characteristics, including the streamwise growth of the disturbance energy, in a wake-induced transition resemble those in bypass transition induced by free stream turbulence. Streamwise velocity streaks that are eventually generated in the late stage often undergo sinuous-type oscillations. Similar to other transitional flows, an inclined shear layer in the wall-normal plane is often seen to oscillate and shed vortices. The normalized shedding frequency of these vortices, estimated from the spatial spacing and the convection velocity of these vortices, is found to be independent of the Reynolds number, similar to that in ribbon-induced transition. Although the nature of free stream disturbance in a wake-induced transition and that in a bypass transition are different, the late-stage features including the flow breakdown characteristics of these two transitions appear to be similar.
“Little Moscows” in Western Europe: The Ecology of Small-Place Communism
Authors: Knotter Ad 
Published: September 2011

SummarySmall communist strongholds were commonly nicknamed “Little Moscow”, both in Britain and in Europe. Small-place communism has been widespread since the interwar period, often in distinctly hostile surroundings. In this article, based on research into a number of cases in western Europe, I try to identify common characteristics which might explain their receptiveness to communist policies and ideas. My aim is to present a taxonomy for further research. Most of the places that I researched were isolated, recently developed, and mono-industrial. They were populated by a wave of migrants who had formed mono-occupational, pioneer societies. Second-generation migrants turned to communism and built “occupational communities” based on trade unions and other associational activities. Often they continued militant traditions of earlier socialism, anarchism, or syndicalism; others had a tradition of irreligiousness or religious indifference.
CMC-based projects and L2 learning: confirming the importance of nativisation
Authors: Grosbois Muriel 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDespite the spread of reliable desktop audio and videoconferencing facilities, some CMC-based projects still rely on asynchronous written environments, if only because of the temporal constraints of synchronicity (Guichon, 2009; Develotte, Guichon & Vincent, 2010). Yet speaking is usually the skill students most need to improve when learning a second language (L2). This paper therefore sets out to measure the impact of distant written exchanges between Native Speakers (NS) and Non Native Speakers (NNS) on the development of NNS L2 oral output, focusing specifically on the effect of phonological nativisation. The context of this study is a teacher training programme for future primary school teachers in France. During their L2 course aiming to help them improve their mastery of English, they were given the opportunity to take part in a CMC-based project with PGCE (Postgraduate Certificate in Education) students from King's College, London. Action research was thus carried out to examine the potential of this project in the development of the participants’ L2 oral output.The L2 course being task-oriented, the trainee teachers’ L2 oral output was evaluated by means of pre- and post-tests based on tasks. The results show that stability prevails over progress, which is in keeping with the fact that interlanguage development is a long process (Chapelle, 2003: 119). The results also confirm the importance of phonological nativisation when learners have access only towrittenauthentic input.
Guidelines for Teaching Speech-Language Pathologists About the AAC Assessment Process
Authors: Fishman Iris 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Although students may not become augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) clinical specialists, they often will work with individuals demonstrating complex communication needs who benefit from AAC. This necessitates knowledge of some basic principles of assessment including AAC assessment as a team process involving planning and implementing interventions for current and future communication needs; the inclusion of no-tech, low-tech, and high-tech communication systems; and assessing communication needs with partners in the individual's social network. The assessment also must include a capability profile and feature matching to select the appropriate components of the AAC system. Because the system we provide for today will become the system we use tomorrow, assessment must be considered an ongoing process throughout the lifespan of the individual.
Special issue: overview reports from the Fusion Energy Conference (FEC) (Daejeon, South Korea, 2010)
Authors: Paul Thomas  
Published: September 2011

The group of 27 papers published in this special issue of Nuclear Fusion aims to monitor the worldwide progress made in the period 2008–2010 in the field of thermonuclear fusion. Of these papers, 22 are based on overview reports presented at the 23rd Fusion Energy Conference (FEC 2010) and five are summary reports. The conference was hosted by the Republic of Korea and organized by the IAEA in cooperation with the National Fusion Research Institute and the Daejeon Metropolitan City. It took place in Daejeon on 11–16 October 2010. The overviews presented at the conference have been rewritten and extended for the purpose of this special issue and submitted to the standard double-referee peer-review of Nuclear Fusion. The articles are placed in the following sequence:
Conference summaries of the sessions devoted to:

Tokamak and stellarator experiments, experimental divertor physics and plasma wall interaction experiments, stability experiments and waves and fast particles;

ITER activities, fusion technology, safety and economics;

Magnetic confinement theory and modelling;

Inertial confinement fusion;

Innovative confinement concepts, operational scenarios and confinement.

Overview articles, presented in programme order, are as follows:

Tokamaks

Overview of KSTAR initial experiments;

Recent progress in RF heating and long-pulse experiments on EAST;

Overview of JET results;

DIII-D contributions toward the scientific basis for sustained burning plasmas;

Overview of JT-60U results toward the resolution of key physics and engineering issues in ITER and JT-60SA;

Overview of physics results from NSTX;

Overview of ASDEX Upgrade results;

Overview of physics results from MAST;

Contribution of Tore Supra in preparation of ITER;

Overview of FTU results;

Overview of experimental results on the HL-2A tokamak;

Progress and scientific results in the TCV tokamak;

Overview of the JT-60SA project;

Recent results of the T-10 tokamak;

The reconstruction and research progress of the TEXT-U tokamak in China.

Other MCF

Overview of results from the Large Helical Device;

Overview of TJ-II experiments;

Overview of the RFX fusion science program.

ICF

Progress toward ignition on the National Ignition Facility;

Studying ignition schemes on European laser facilities;

Cross device or cross programme topical overviews

Effects of 3D magnetic perturbations on toroidal plasmas;

Toroidal momentum transport.

We trust that, as usual, this issue will be a useful resource for the community and we thank all of the authors and referees for their hard work in preparing the papers for publication. Whilst the number of overview reports is the same as for the Geneva FEC special issue (2009 Nucl. Fusion

49 100201), we are pleased to note that we have a complete set of summaries in this issue.