bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial heterogeneity in snow water equivalent induced by forest canopy in a mixed beech–fir stand in the Pyrenees
Authors: Ignacio López-Moreno J. , Latron J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effect of forest canopy on snow water equivalent during two consecutive snow seasons in a mixed beech–fir stand in the Pyrenees. The results confirm that the forest canopy is a dominant influence on snowpack distribution during the accumulation and melting periods. In general, a noticeable decrease in snow water equivalent and an increase in variability among observations are detected with increasing density of the forest canopy. The influence of the forest canopy on melting rates is complex and highly dependent on the dominant climatic conditions. Similar conclusions are reached for both of the snow seasons for which measurements are available, but several differences are also recorded. This study highlights the important influence of climatic conditions observed during the snow season on the relationship between stand characteristics and snowpack dynamics.
Site-specific analog weather-forecast system for northwest Himalaya, India
Authors: Singh Dan , Singh Amreek , Ganju Ashwagosha 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn an analog weather-forecasting procedure, recorded weather in the past analogs corresponding to the current weather situation is used to predict future weather. Consistent with the procedure, a theoretical framework is developed to predict weather at a specific site in the Pir Panjal range of the northwest Himalaya, India, using surface weather observations of the past ten winters (1991/92 to 2001/02) 3 days in advance. Weather predictions were made as snow day with quantitative snowfall category or no-snow day, for day1 through day3. As currently deployed, the procedure routinely provides a 3 day point weather forecast as guidance information to a weather and avalanche forecaster. Forecasts by analog model are evaluated by the various accuracy measures achieved for an independent dataset of three winters (2002/03 to 2004/05). The results indicate that weather forecasts by analog model are quite reliable, in that forecast accuracy corresponds closely to the relative frequencies of observed weather events. Moreover, qualitative weather (snow day or no-snow day) and quantitative categorical snowfall forecasts (quantitative snowfall category for snow day) are better than reference forecasts based on persistence and climatology for day1 predictions. Site-specific snowfall forecast guidance may play a major role in assessing avalanche danger, and accordingly formulating an avalanche forecast for a given area in advance.
Characteristics of Solution‐Processed Small‐Molecule Organic Films and Light‐Emitting Diodes Compared with their Vacuum‐Deposited Counterparts
Authors: Lee Tae‐Woo , Noh Taeyong , Shin Hee‐Won , Kwon Ohyun , Park Jong‐Jin , Choi Byoung‐Ki , Kim Myeong‐Suk , Shin Dong Woo , Kim Yong‐Rok 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough significant progress has been made in the development of vacuum‐deposited small‐molecule organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), one of the most desired research goals is still to produce flexible displays by low‐cost solution processing. The development of solution‐processed OLEDs based on small molecules could potentially be a good approach but no intensive studies on this topic have been conducted so far. To fabricate high‐performance devices based on solution‐processed small molecules, the underlying nature of the produced films and devices must be elucidated. Here, the distinctive characteristics of solution‐processed small‐molecule films and devices compared to their vacuum‐deposited counterparts are reported. Solution‐processed blue OLEDs show a very high luminous efficiency (of about 8.9 cd A–1) despite their simplified structure. A better hole‐blocking and electron‐transporting layer is essential for achieving high‐efficiency solution‐processed devices because the solution‐processed emitting layer gives the devices a better hole‐transporting capability and more electron traps than the vacuum‐deposited layer. It is found that the lower density of the solution‐processed films (compared to the vacuum‐deposited films) can be a major cause for the short lifetimes observed for the corresponding devices.
Organic Photovoltaic Cells Based On Solvent‐Annealed, Textured Titanyl Phthalocyanine/C60 Heterojunctions
Authors: Placencia Diogenes , Wang Weining , Shallcross R. Clayton , Nebesny Kenneth W. , Brumbach Michael , Armstrong Neal R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOrganic photovoltaic cells (OPV) with good near‐IR photoactivity are created from highly textured titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc)/C60 heterojunctions. Vacuum deposited TiOPc thin films are converted to the near‐IR absorbing “Phase II” polymorph using post‐deposition solvent annealing. The Phase I → Phase II transition broadens the absorbance spectrum of the Pc film producing absorptivities (α ≈ 105 cm−1) from 600–900 nm, along with substantial texturing of the Pc layer. Atomic force microscopy and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy of the solvent annealed films show that the surface roughness of the Pc layers is increased by a factor of greater than 2× as a result of the phase transformation. Current–voltage (J–V) responses for white light illumination of ITO (100 nm)/TiOPc (20 nm)/C60 (40 nm)/BCP (10 nm)/Al (100 nm) OPVs show a near doubling of the short‐circuit photocurrent (JSC), with only a small decrease in open‐circuit photopotential (VOC), and a concomitant increase in power conversion efficiency. Incident photon current efficiency (IPCE) plots confirmed the enhanced near‐IR OPV activity, with maximum IPCE values of ca. 30% for devices using Phase II‐only TiOPc films. UV‐photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) of TiOPc/C60 heterojunctions, for both Phase I and Phase II TiOPc films, suggest that the Phase II polymorph has nearly the same HOMO energy as seen in the Phase I polymorph, and similar frontier orbital energy offsets, EHOMOPc–ELUMOC60, leading to comparable open‐circuit photovoltages. These studies suggest new strategies for the formation of higher efficiency OPVs using processing conditions which lead to enhance near‐IR absorptivities, and extensive texturing of crystalline donor or acceptor films.
Scheduling dispensing and counting in secondary pharmaceutical manufacturing
Authors: Ciavotta Michele , Meloni Carlo , Pranzo Marco 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this article, we describe a general methodology for operations scheduling in dispensing and counting departments of pharmaceutical manufacturing plants. The departments are modeled as a multiobjective parallel machines scheduling problem under a number of both standard and realistic constraints, such as release times, due dates and deadlines, particular sequence‐dependent setup times, machine unavailabilities, and maximum campaign size. Main characteristics of the methodology are the modularity of the solution algorithms, the adaptability to different objectives and constraints to fulfill production requirements, the easiness of implementation, and the ability of incorporating human experience in the scheduling algorithms. Computational experience carried out on two case studies from a real pharmaceutical plant shows the effectiveness of this approach. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Microcephaly, microtia, preauricular tags, choanal atresia and developmental delay in three unrelated patients: A mandibulofacial dysostosis distinct from Treacher Collins syndrome
Authors: Wieczorek Dagmar , Gener Blanca , González Ma Jesús Martínez , Seland Saskia , Fischer Sven , Hehr Ute , Kuechler Alma , Hoefsloot Lies H. , de Leeuw Nicole , Gillessen‐Kaesbach Gabriele , Lohmann Dietmar R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTreacher Collins syndrome (TCS, OMIM 154500) is a well‐defined mandibulofacial dysostosis characterized by symmetric facial anomalies consisting of malar hypoplasia, coloboma of the lower eyelid, dysplastic ears, micrognathia, cleft palate and deafness. Other mandibulofacial dysostoses (MDs) such as Toriello (OMIM 301950), Bauru (OMIM 604830), Hedera–Toriello–Petty (OMIM 608257), and Guion‐Almeida (OMIM 610536) syndromes are less well characterized and much rarer. Here we describe three unrelated patients showing clinical features overlapping with TCS, but who in addition have developmental delay, microcephaly and a distinct facial gestalt. Because of the distinct ear anomalies and the hearing loss a HOXA2 mutation was taken into account. CHARGE syndrome was discussed because of ear anomalies, choanal atresia, and developmental delay in our patients. But mutational analyses including sequencing of the TCOF1, the HOXA2, and the CHD7 genes, deletion screening of the TCOF1 gene as well as genomewide array analyses revealed normal results. We suggest that these three patients have a new type of mandibulofacial dysostosis. As all three cases are sporadic and both sexes are affected the pattern of inheritance might be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. Identification of additional patients will allow to further delineate the phenotype, to assign the inheritance pattern and to identify the molecular basis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome in two African‐American brothers
Authors: Merideth Melissa A. , Vincent Lisa M. , Sparks Susan E. , Hess Richard A. , Manoli Irini , O'Brien Kevin J. , Tsilou Ekaterina , White James G. , Huizing Marjan , Gahl William A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, a bleeding disorder, and, in some patients, granulomatous colitis and/or a fatal pulmonary fibrosis. There are eight different subtypes of HPS, each due to mutations in one of eight different genes, whose functions are thought to involve intracellular vesicle formation and trafficking. HPS has been identified in patients of nearly all ethnic groups, though it has primarily been associated with patients of Puerto Rican, Northern European, Japanese and Israeli descent. We report on the diagnosis of HPS type 1 in two African‐American patients. Both brothers carried compound heterozygous mutations in HPS1: previously reported p.M325WfsX6 (c.972delC) and a novel silent mutation p.E169E (c.507G > A), which resulted in a splice defect. HPS may be under‐diagnosed in African‐American patients and other ethnic groups. A history of easy bruising or evidence of a bleeding disorder, combined with some degree of hypopigmentation, should prompt investigation into the diagnosis of HPS. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Click Chemistry for the Identification of G‐Quadruplex Structures: Discovery of a DNA–RNA G‐Quadruplex
Authors: Xu Yan , Suzuki Yuta , Komiyama Makoto 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDie Falle schließt mit einem „Klick“: G‐Quadruplexstrukturen können durch Kupfer‐katalysierte Azid‐Alkin‐Cycloaddition (Klick‐Reaktion) fixiert und dann getrennt und analysiert werden (siehe Schema). Ein hybrider DNA‐RNA‐Quadruplex bestehend aus humaner telomerer DNA und RNA wurde mit dieser Methode entdeckt.magnified image
Preparation and characterization of a solid polymer electrolyte PEO‐ENR50 (80/20)‐LiCF3SO3
Authors: Noor S. A. M. , Ahmad A. , Rahman M. Y. A. , Talib I. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe preparation and characterization of a polymer electrolyte films containing 80 wt % of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and 20 wt % epoxidized natural rubber (ENR50) complexed with LiCF3SO3 has been reported. The ac impedance data showed good conducting properties of the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films. The greatest room temperature ionic conductivity of 7.5 × 10−5 S cm−1 was obtained at 25 wt % of LiCF3SO3 salt. This result has been supported by differential scanning calorimeter and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Analysis differential scanning calorimetry showed the relative percentage of crystallinity and Tm of PEO decreased with the increasing wt % of LiCF3SO3. Analysis with X‐ray diffraction suggested that the semicrystalline nature of PEO turned to amorphous due to the presence of LiCF3SO3. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Application of urea/H2O2 activation‐oxidation system in degradation of PVA and desizing of polyester/cotton fabric
Authors: Shan Juchuan , Guan Yu , Zheng Qingkang , Han Jinshi , Liu Qingshu , Pu Zhongyao 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe viscosity and the UV–vis spectrum of PVA degradation aqueous solutions, the FTIR, and DSC spectrums of degradation products were measured to investigate and compare the effect of Fenton's reagent and urea/H2O2 activate oxidation systems on the degradation of PVA. The results showed that the viscosity of PVA aqueous solution decreased and the degradation rate of PVA increased with the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in both activate oxidation systems. The FTIR and DSC spectrum of degradation products showed that the degradation products contained aldehyde, ketone groups. The aldehyde compounds and carbon dioxide produced in the degradation systems were validated by Fehling reagents and clarifying limewater. When the urea/H2O2 system was applied in the one‐bath and one‐step desizing and scouring process of polyester/cotton 65/35 fabric, the results of 94.7% degradation rate of PVA, the 99.0% desizing rate of PVA, the whiteness, and wicking height of the fabric were obtained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and photopolymerization kinetics of multifunctional aliphatic urethane acrylates containing the tertiary amine group
Authors: Zhang Jing , Xiao Pu , Shi Suqing , Nie Jun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwo multifunctional aliphatic urethane acrylates, based on isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), β‐hydroxyethyl arcylate (HEA), and synthetic multifunctional hydroxyl compounds, were synthesized by classical condensation reaction. FTIR was used to monitor the process of the reaction. The photopolymerization kinetics of the urethane acrylates with different photoinitiators was studied by real‐time infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that compared with the commercial hexa‐functional urethane acrylate CN 9010, the synthetic multifunctional urethane acrylates could be initiated by benzophenone more efficiently without the addition of any coinitiators because they have tertiary amine structures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Condensation on vertical porous metal fins
Authors: Sarma P. K. , Mayinger Franz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe problem of condensation of vapors on a porous plate fin is formulated and the dimensionless heat transfer coefficients are found to be dependent on two system variables, viz., the fin and the porosity parameters. Numerical simulations indicated that the condensation heat transfer coefficients for a porous fin are larger than those for a non‐porous one of similar cross‐section. For design purposes, a dimensionless equation for predicting the mean condensation heat transfer coefficient is proposed.The significant increase in the condensation heat transfer coefficient suggests that the condenser section of a flat plate heat pipe can be made more efficient in operation with the use of porous plate fins instead of impermeable fins of similar cross‐section.
Aerodynamics and heat transfer during coating of tablets in two‐dimensional spouted bed
Authors: Rocha S. C. S. , Taranto O. P. , Ayub G. E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe two‐dimensional spouted bed has been pointed out in recent research works as an improved configuration of spouted beds. The main advantages in relation to the conventional spouted beds are the easy construction and scale‐up. In this work we begin the study of coating of tablets in two‐dimensional spouted beds. An experimental system was constructed and the data obtained were used to determine the values of maximum pressure drop, minimum spout flowrate and gas‐to‐particle heat transfer coefficient, for 36 process conditions. The experimental results have been correlated with process and geometrical parameters.
Liquid‐Solid mass transfer in a slurry bubble column and a gas‐liquid‐solid three‐phase fluidized bed
Authors: Kikuchi Ken‐Ichi , Takahashi Hiroshi , Sugawara Takuo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMass transfer coefficients between particles and liquids in a slurry bubble column and a three‐phase fluidized bed containing small size particles were obtained with two mass transfer systems: (1) K+ –Na+ ion‐exchange in cation‐exchange resin bead beds, including anion‐exchange resin beads as inert particles; (2) zinc dissolution by HCl in zinc‐plated glass bead beds, and in beds of non‐plated glass beads. Operating parameters were gas velocity, liquid velocity, particle diameter, and particle concentration. The dependence of mass transfer coefficients on these parameters is discussed from the viewpoint of the energy supplied into the systems. Correlations of the experimental data using dimensionless groups are compared to previous correlations.
Improving membrane performance for nitrogen production from air
Authors: Spagnolo D. A. , Chuang K. T. , Pan C. Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUsing a portion of the product N2 to purge the permeate side of a membrane module in order to reduce the membrane area for the separation of air for nitrogen production is considered. A simulation program was developed and used to compare a purge system to a conventional non‐purge permeator. Both the selectivity of the membrane and the feed/permeate pressure ratio were found to affect the ability of the purge stream to reduce the membrane area. The purge stream reduces the recovery of nitrogen, which results in a minimum in the membrane area per unit of product flow.
Comparative reactivity of treated FBC‐ and PCC‐Fly ash for SO2 removal
Authors: Al‐Shawabkeh Ali , Maisuda Hitoki , Hasatani Masanobu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwo types of fly ash from fluidized bed (FBC) and pulverized coal combustors (PCC) were treated with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) to produce reactive SO2 sorbents. Treatment was performed using 28.6 mass% Ca(OH)2/fly ash mixtures slurried at 350 K for 8 h. Sulfation experiments were carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at SO2 concentration ranging from 0.11 to 0.67 vol% and 10(53–1153 K temperature range. At conditions close to those prevailing in an atmospheric FBC (1123 K, 3000 ppmv ami 20 vol% excess air), about 92% and complete conversion of CaO to CaSO4 within 1 h reaction could be achieved with treated PCC and FBC fly ashes, respectively.Based on pore structural measurements for both sorbents, treatment enhanced the specific surface area (by about 8 times) as well as pore volume (by about 5 times). The shape of the N2‐adsorption/desorption isotherms, specific pore area, and pore volume distribution curves remained unchanged.Study of the intrinsic kinetics of the reaction between treated fly ash and S02 indicated a first order reaction with respect to SO2 concentration up to 0.31 vol% SO2 (3.36 × 10−8 mol/cm3). Activation energies of 82.3 and 89.0 kJ/mol were calculated for treated PCC and FBC fly ashes, respsctively.
Preparation and testing of polyvinyl alcohol composite membranes for reverse osmosis
Authors: Lang K. , Matsuura T. , Chowdhury G. , Sourirajan S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThin film composite membranes were prepared by coating porous polysulfone membranes with a polyvinyl alcohol layer and further cross‐linking its surface. The thin layer of cross‐linked polyvinyl alcohol served as a selective membrane. The membranes were prepared under various conditions and tested for sodium chloride separation. A high sodium chloride separation was achieved but the permeation rate was low compared with commercially available thin film composite membranes. Resistance against the flow of solvent water and sodium chloride solute were determined for individual component barrier layers.
Particle mixing/segregation in gas‐solid fluidized bed of ternary mixtures
Authors: Wang Rong‐Chi , Chou Ching‐Chang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe particle concentration profiles and minimum fluidizing velocity of ternary mixtures were investigated experimentally. All the experiments were carried out in an 88 mm I.D. transparent acrylic column containing fluidized beds of ternary particles of different sizes, densities and shape. Mixing/segregation patterns were visualized under different operating conditions. The experimental results are compared with empirical relationships for mixing index and take‐off velocity. A new definition of the mixing index, including particle minimum fluidizing velocity and density predicted the mixing/segregation behaviour reliably. The proposed correlation of take‐off velocity agrees with the experimental results very well.
Model discrimination by unsteady‐state operation: Application to the reduction of no with co on iron oxide
Authors: Randall H. , Doepper R. , Renken A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe steady‐state catalytic reduction of NO with CO on iron oxide was described with three different models, which all fit the experimental data equally well. By applying the transient method to this reaction, it has been shown that for reduced catalysts without adsorbed CO, the N2O reduction step is well described qualitatively by two of the models, whereas only one of them can describe the NO reduction step. In the presence of adsorbed CO, however, none of these models can explain the observed transient behaviour. Therefore, a modification of the best model was proposed and tested via computer simulation, which showed good agreement with transient experiments.
Identification of heat load loops and downstream paths in heat exchanger networks
Authors: Zhu J. , Han Z. , Rao M. , Chuang K. T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo achieve the optimal trade‐off between economies and operability, simplifications of heat exchanger networks (HENs) are required. To do so, identifications of heat load loops and downstream paths are necessary. This paper proposes new methods for identifications of independent and dependent loops as well as downstream paths in HENs, respectively. Stream table and node adjacency matrix are defined in this paper to represent the structures of HENs. Based on graph theory, identification of loops in HENs is decomposed into three procedures: (a) finding a maximal tree, (b) identifying a maximal set of independent loops and (c) searching all loops. Locating the downstream paths in HENs is accomplished by finding directed trees which are generated by modifying the procedure for finding a maximal tree. A complex network with a splitting stream is used for detailed illustrations of the procedures.
Calcium carbonate deposit formation under isothermal conditions
Authors: Andritsos N. , Kontopoulou M. , Karabelas A. J. , Koutsoukos P. G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractScale formation of calcium carbonate on tube walls is studied in a once‐through flow system under isothermal conditions. The effects of supersaturation ratio, flow velocity and liquid temperature on the deposition rates are investigated. For relatively small supersaturation ratios (in the range 3.5 to 8) the deposition rate tends to increase with increasing supersaturation. For higher fluid supersaturations with respect to calcium carbonate, the deposition rates remain roughly constant but they are influenced strongly by the fluid velocity. This dependence of the deposition rate on fluid flow suggests a mass transfer‐controlled process.
A contribution to the modeling of kraft pulping
Authors: Agarwal Niraj , Gustafson Rick 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a mathematical model for pulping that considers the effect of alkali diffusion and chemical reaction. An approximation for 3‐dimensional diffusion in wood chips is tested against pulping data. A method for predicting pulp viscosity is also presented. The model simulates the effect of key pulping variables on pulp kappa number, viscosity, yield, residual alkalinity and pulping uniformity. Experimental data from a number of sources are successfully predicted by the model.