bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Glen Banvie igneous complex
Authors: Holgate Norman 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The Glen Banvie complex consists of appinitic diorites, tonalite and granodiorite, emplaced in that order in Moine type country rocks; they have mutual contacts at the present level of erosion. The appinitic diorites represent original pyroxene-mica-diorite modified in situ under the influence of later-intruded magmas, and are now dominantly hornblendic. The tonalite and granodiorite magmas appear to have engendered distinctive variants within the diorite, and have each suffered modification by reciprocal reaction and by gain of solid phases from the rocks already emplaced. All three masses were effectively fluid when intruded to the level exposed; their chemical compositions show near conformity to the trend of chemical composition revealed by the intrusive rock suites of the Scottish Caledonian province.
Observations on the geology of the northern part of North-East Land (Spitsbergen)
Authors: Sandford K. S. , Fairbaim P.E. 
Published: October 2009

From Mr. P. E. Fairbairn :—
Dr. Sandford's demonstration that in North-East Land a gneissic-granitic core is older than the Cape Hansteen Formation will come as a considerable relief to those Spitsbergen workers who have never felt quite comfortable about deriving all metamorphic types in the archipelago from the Hecla Hoek sediments by dynamic metamorphism and granitiz-ation.
During my brief visit to the upper portion of the Lomme Bay Glacier in 1932 I was struck by the same point that Dr. G. W. Tyrrell has raised in his contribution to the discussion (p. 491) on Dr. Sandford's paper: namely the close proximity (two miles) of the eastern sedimentary to the western metamorphic rocks without any sign of transition. It was tantalizing to find that, for as far north as I was able to search for it, the contact zone was effectively concealed by the glacier. Evidence in favour of a transitional relationship in this area rests on Odell's observations in the neighbourhood of Mt. Irvine, which agree with those of Fleming and Edmonds on the Gullfaxe Glacier, 30 miles to the north. That metamorphosed representatives of the Hecla Hoek sediments do occur is proved beyond doubt, but I agree with Dr. Tyrrell that until further detailed work has been carried out in the upper part of the Lomme Bay Glacier, and until continuity of structure along the west wall of the glacier has been proved, we are safer in assuming a faulted or unconformable contact there.
I wonder whether Dr.
The study of the world's plainlands
Authors: King L. C. , Arkell W. J. 
Published: October 2009

From
Dr. W. J. Arkell :—

Since a world-wide synthesis such as Professor King states that he has in preparation (the “ major work ” of which this paper is “ merely a preliminary statement ”) should depend on accurate, critical, and unbiased analysis of each individual area, I would like to ask for elucidation of some of the data mentioned in the preliminary statement. My questions all relate to North-East Africa, part of the “ central locking-piece of the Gondwana super-continent ”.
1. On p. 104 Professor King states that the same “ cyclic landscapes ” form the Abyssinian highlands and the mountains of western Arabia, and that these surfaces are of “ Gondwana ” age; i.e. they were above sea in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Since published maps show the high plateau of Abyssinia as consisting of hundreds of metres of lavas, which rest in places of thick water-laid sandstones probably Creataceous date and in other places of hundreds of metres of marine Jurassic sediments,beginning with Bathonian and probably earlier stages, would Professor King explain how he arrives at the conclusion that this “ cyclic landscape ” was above sea in the Jurassic and Cretaceous? Further, since published maps shows the mountains of all western Arabia north of the Yemen as consisting of crystalline Pre-Cambrian rocks,I would ask what basis there is for comparing the present surface with that of the Abyssinian highlands?
2. on p. 104 it is stated that “ In eastern Arabia a later, possibly
The tectonics of the area between Grantown and Tomintoul (Mid-Strathspey)
Authors: McIntyre Donald Bertram 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The region is homo-axial; the plunge of the fold-axes is to the south-east at nearly 30°. A profile nearly seven miles deep has been constructed by the use of the axial method of tectonic analysis developed by Lugeon, Argand, Wegmann, and others. This profile shows the tectonic relations of the Grantown Series, the Moine, and the Dalradian. Given the profile and the plunge, the general dips can be predicted; these coincide with the observed data. Metamorphism grades from phyllites to migmatites from the highest levels to the deepest. The majority, if not all, of the contacts are tectonic. Gigantic tectonic inclusions of Moine swim in the Dalradian; it is possible that similar inclusions of Dalradian occur in the Moine. The Moine and Dalradian suffered the same movement, the sense of which appears to have been towards the south-west. Lineation is perpendicular to this direction.
A revision of the sequence and correlation of the Lower Coal Measures west of Wigan
Authors: Eagar Richard Michael Cardwell 
Published: October 2009

Summary

The Geological Survey in 1938 concluded that the Lower Coal Measures westward of Wigan showed considerable expansion in their lower part, abnormal lithological developments and a number of new faunal horizons, including Gerrard's marine band. The present paper is based on numerous non-marine lamellibranch studies and on field-work in the drift-free areas of Parbold-Harrock Hill and Upholland. In both districts the author demonstrates the presence of the Bassy Mine faunal succession and the Six Inch Mine “ mussel ” band. Their positions permit a decisive interpretation of the Tunley borehole section and, with other new sections and evidence, necessitate a correlation of the Upholland sequence in which the Lower Coal Measures diminish slightly in thickness west of Wigan, notable attenuation taking place in their lowest part in the Harrock Hill area. There are shown to be neither new marine nor non-marine bands (except above the Sand Rock Mine) westward of Wigan, the lithological and palaeontological sequence remaining essentially the same. Minor differences are seen in the development and disappearance of grits, with phases of erosion below them both at Harrock Hill and Upholland. In the light of the recorrelation W. B. Wright's sequence of non-marine faunas in Lancashire is drastically revised, and the unsatisfactory position of
Gastrioceras
in the Lower Coal Measures of Lancashire and Yorkshire is briefly reviewed.
The distribution of coal volatiles in the South Wales Coalfield and its probable signifinance
Authors: Jones Owen Thomas 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The variation of volatile contents in seams in a horizontal sense is shown on an isovol map constructed by the Fuel Research Board following on a coal survey of the South Wales Coalfield. Nine vertical sequences of seams were also assembled, giving the volatile contents of each seam and its depth below a top seam assumed as a datum. For each of these sequences the constants and coefficients in each of four hypothetical relations were found by the least-squares method; these four hypotheses are: Hilt's law, the square-root relationship proposed by F. M. Trotter, the exponential relation suggested by H. W. Wellman between the ratio of the volatiles to fixed carbon and the depth, and another exponential relation between the volatiles and the depth. When applied to calculate the volatile contents of the other seams in the sequences all these relations gave results which did not differ significantly. The sequences cannot therefore give a verdict in favour of or against any one of the above hypotheses. The fact of greatest interest that emerged is that the coefficients for each expression vary so widely from one part of the field to another that no expression which uses a fixed value for its coefficient can be applied successfully to the coalfield as a whole. A surprising empirical relation was found, however, between these varying values and the mean volatile contents over which they hold, and from this expressions were derived which enable the volatile contents of any seam to be calculated or predicted if its depth below any other seam of known volatile content is given. These calculations are independent of any theory and the same value is obtained whichever of the above expressions is used if its coefficient and constant are determined by standard methods. The intimate relation between volatile contents and depth has been used to construct a contour map showing the depth of the Nine Feet Seam below an assumed datum of a seam with a 40 per cent volatile content. It is considered that this extremely intimate relation between volatile content and depth can be explained only by the hypothesis that the changing conditions which obtained when the seam was buried to varying depths are responsible for the variation of volatile contents.
These relations are applied to certain problematic areas in the coalfield.
The drainage systems of Wales and the adjacent regions
Authors: Jones Owen Thomas 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The streams of Wales have been incised in a surface of considerable relief. From the summit-levels shown on the one-inch Ordnance Survey map their means and standard deviations were calculated for each 10 kilometres square of the National Grid. From these data the main physiographic elements can be picked out, such as the mountain area, the high plateau and two major surfaces at lower levels. The numerical distribution of summits on each of these surfaces appears to be wholly random.
Strahan's hypothesis of superposition from a Cretaceous cover is adopted with some modifications, but certain difficulties in accepting it are discussed.
WALES and the adjacent regions are drained by many streams belonging to several systems; a map of these streams, based upon those shown on the quarter-inch map of the Ordnance Survey, is given as Pl. XII; it has the appearance of a complicated mosaic. A large part of the surface of the region consists of an extensive tableland in which the streams are deeply incised.
Ramsay (1876, p. 223) gave a graphic description of the great extent of this tableland, “ all intersected by unnumbered valleys,” and recognized that its relief was due to “ fluviatile erosions that have scooped out the valleys ”.
A gravimeter survey in the Bristol and Somerset coalfields
Authors: Cook Allan Hugh , Thirlaway Henry Ivison Shipley 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Gravity measurements in the Bristol and Somerset coalfields are described and discussed. Accounts are given of the methods of measuring gravity, of calculating the gravity anomalies and estimating the densities of rocks. It is shown that the variations of gravity correspond in a general way to the geological structure of the coalfields but that discrepancies in detail indicate that the anomalies are partly due to structures lying below the coalfields which may have controlled the development of sedimentation and deformation in the region. Detailed studies were made in the neighbourhoods of Bitton, Chew Stoke, Ston Easton and Avonmouth with a view to assisting the planning of a boring programme for the development of the coalfields in these areas.
The Stratigraphy of the Siwalik Series in the Northern Potwar, Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Gill William Daniel 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Detailed mapping of the Jhamat area in the west and of the Soan syncline in the east forms the basis of revision of the stratigraphy of the Siwalik Series in the northern Potwar region. The succession is here affected by facies changes of regional significance :—
1. Near the Indus River the uppermost 3000 feet of the Middle Siwalik sequence (Upper Nagri and Dhok Pathan stages) contain thick beds of conglomerate which die out eastwards and south-eastwards into sandstones and clays. Farther eastwards, across the Soan syncline, a clay facies develops at progressively lower horizons in the Nagri Stage, replacing a considerable portion of the massive sandstones of the type area. The facies change is accompanied by a reduction in thickness. The facies variation in the Middle Siwalik rocks is indicative of a channel environment in the west at Jhamat, clearly coinciding with the line of the present Indus River and grading eastwards into deposits of “ flood-plain ” type.
2. The Lower Siwalik rocks show a development of coarser facies in the opposite direction to that noted in the Middle Siwalik. At the eastern end of the Soan syncline the lowest 1500 feet of the Chinji Stage, which in the west is almost entirely of clay-shale facies, contain thick beds of hard sandstone and the sequence is very similar to that of the underlying Kamlial Stage.
In the Soan area, the complete Siwalik succession from the Kamlial Stage to the Pinjor Stage (Villafranchian) is free from any marked unconformities but is overlain with strong unconformity by post-Siwalik Pleistocene beds—the Lei Conglomerates. This interpretation differs greatly from that of de Terra (1936, 1939), who placed the first great unconformity of the area at the base of the Tatrot Stage. The revision explains Pilgrim's reluctance to include the Villafranchian in the Pleistocene, since in the Indian Siwalik belt this stage forms the highest member of a conformable succession which was intensely folded and subjected to peneplanation before the next deposition took place. The decision at the International Congress in 1948 to adopt the Villafranchian as the base of the Pleistocene places the Siwalik phase of Himalayan orogenesis within the Pleistocene System.
Acerocarina
, new name for
Cyclognathus
Linnarsson,
non
St. Hilaire
Authors: Poulsen Christian 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

The name
Cyclognathus
, proposed by Linnarsson for a monotypic genus of Cambrian trilobites (
Geol. Fören. Stockholm Förh
.
2
, 1875, 500), has been used by previously by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1833 for a mammalian genus. I therefore substitute for
Cyclognathus
Linnarsson,
non
St. Hilaire, the new generic name
Acerocarina
, the type species being
Cyclognathus micropygus
Linnarsson, 1875.
Foreland folding
Authors: Lees George Martin 
Published: October 2009

Summary

A study of foreland fold zones indicates that the cover of sedimentary rocks plays a passive role and accommodates itself to movements of the basement beneath. Lateral pressure exerted along a sedimentary cover from a thrust mountain front, such as is implied by the
Abscherung
theory of Buxtorf to explain the Jura Mountains structures, is not regarded as probable. Mountain building is the consequence of contraction of the interior of the earth and crustal compression from this cause has been dominant throughout revealed geological time. Examples of compression structures in shield areas far distant from active mountain fronts, as in Nigeria, are described. The Gulf of Suez and the Dead Sea rift valleys show evidence of both compressional and tensional features, but the former is the more important.

A crystalline basement complex can flexure and form the cores of anticlines with, in some cases, little or no faulting. Oil exploration borings in Venezuela, Sumatra and elsewhere have reached basement rocks in the core of anticlines and have shown that the active principle is movement of the basement and not sheared, rootless folding in the sedimentary cover produced by lateral pressure.
Examples of different types of foreland folding are described. The Jura Mountains structures are ascribed to steep folding or fault-slices in the basement below, the sedimentary cover having become detached as a result of the lubricating effect of the Triassic salt and folded into an independent pattern. The South-West Persian mountain belt is taken as an example of simple folding with long anticlines of up to 250 miles in individual length. Assam is described as an example of imbric folding— strongly thrust-faulted anticlines arising from thrust-folds in the basement below. The great flexure on the south flank of the Shillong plateau. between the Himalayan front and the Assam ranges, shows how an apparently rigid crystalline complex can be bent into a steep flexure and an erosion surface down-warped to a depth of about 30,000 feet.
Clay diapir anticlines in Trinidad are the surface expression of steep folding below a cover of soft incompetent clays, with high-pressure water and gas acting as agents to promote the upward extrusion of the clay core. Salt diapir anticlines, as distinct from circular salt plugs, also owe their origin to compressional movements in their substratum.
The degree to which basement rocks have been faulted, folded or flexed in some foreland zones is in marked contrast to more rigid behaviour in others. The great thrust-anticlines along the Rocky Mountain front in Alberta, such as Turner Valley, are the consequence of fault-slices in the basement. This complex zone is thrust on to the sedimentary cover of an unyielding foreland zone extending for hundreds of miles to the eventual outcrop of the basement rocks.
Some geological results from the exploration for potash in North-East Yorkshire
Authors: Raymond Leo Richard 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The paper deals with the geology of the Permian, Triassic and Jurassic rocks penetrated by the Eskdale No. 3 (Sleights), Eskdale No. 4 (Sneaton), Eskdale No. 5 (Eskdalegate), Eskdale No. 6 (Upgang) and Eskdale No. 7 (Rockhead) borings, put down by Imperial Chemical Industries Limited in search of workable deposits of potassium salts. An account of sedimentary structures in the Permian evaporite succession is given and this succession is shown to result from a series of cycles of evaporation. Correlation with the Permian succession of South-East Durham is attempted.
The structure of the granite massif of Flamanville, Manche, North-West France
Authors: Martin Norman Roy 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The present structural study of the small granite massif of Flamanville, based on the field technique originated by Hans Cloos, provides critical data from which to reconstruct the tectonic episodes, and the mode of emplacement of the granite.
The folding in the region results from two earth-movements. Firstly, the Caledonian (Mesodevonian in the Cotentin) on NE.–SW. axes, and secondly, the Hercynian (Sudeten?) on axes a few degrees south of due west. Superimposed on these tectonic trends are the folds due to the emplacement of the granite.
The granite appears to be diapiric in form, and to have risen into place by thrusting aside the country rocks. The primary flow-planes of the minerals in the granite and the foliation in the hornfels of the aureole are due to the same movements. Their form is consistent with the conception of a pluton expanding like a balloon, within its plastic cover. The joint patterns clearly demonstrate the tectonic unity of the granite with its immediate environment, and they cannot be envisaged as resulting from regional movements.
It is concluded that, though metamorphism, metasomatism, felspathization, and assimilation of the stoped country rocks have taken place along the contact, these processes were incidental to the emplacement of the magma. This is in contra-distinction to the previous conclusion, that the granite was created in situ by the granitization of the country rocks.
Early stages in the physiographic evolution of a portion of the East Midlands
Authors: Kellaway Geoffrey Arthur , Taylor James Haward 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The paper deals with an area of over 600 square miles falling largely within the drainage basins of the rivers Nene and Welland. Formations present comprise a succession from the Lower Lias to the Oxford Clay and Pleistocene-Recent drifts.
Six-inch mapping, supplemented by numerous borehole records, discloses differences between the present and the sub-boulder-clay topography. The significance of these differences is discussed. Relics of the surface on which the present cycle of erosion was initiated are preserved as bevels on the solid formation. This surface, which falls from 750 feet O.D. in the west to below 250 feet in the east, is believed to have been tilted toward the North Sea basin.
Study of the stages of river diversion and capture provides strong evidence of an original W.-E. consequent drainage. The controlling effect of structure on river development is clearly shown. Certain lines of drainage are believed to have existed as subsequent streams before the start of the present cycle of erosion.
The origin of the large-scale superficial structures of the region is reconsidered. It is claimed that they were produced under periglacial conditions. The authors suggest that an important part was played by perennially frozen ground in the physiographic evolution of the region.
The plutonic history of the district around Trawenach Bay, Co. Donegal
Authors: Gindy Amin Riad 
Published: October 2009

The metamorphic and granitic rocks of north-western Donegal are being investigated by a research group, mainly from the Geology Department of Imperial College, London. The present paper is the first of a series in which the detailed geology will be described and material assembled to provide eventually a synthesis of the geological history of one of the most interesting plutonic regions of the world. In these investigations all mapping is of outcrop type, the minimum scale being six inches to the mile.
This first communication gives the pattern of the plutonic history of a key-area characterized by a long sequence of granitic manifestations varying with time and crustal environment. The position of the area is shown in Fig. 1. It falls within sheet 15, published in 1890, of the one-inch Geological Survey map; the description of the geology of this sheet is included in the memoir for North-West and central Donegal, published in 1891. The rocks encountered are a varied series of folded metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, presumably Dalradian, with associated basic igneous intrusions that become involved in migmatitic and granitic complexes of diverse characters.
Earlier work on this small area will be most approriately dealt with in the final synthesis, where the development of ideas on the whole Donegal research field will be considered. Two aspects of this earlier work may, however, be mentioned. First, the attempts to determine the succession of the sedimentary strata are of little value in the absence of modern sedimentation techniques. Second, the opinions on
Seismic prospecting in the English Channel and its geological interpretation
Authors: Hill Maurice Neville , King William Bernard Robinson 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Recent geological information obtained by core sampling in the English Channel off the South Devon coast is set forth. This information has been combined with the results obtained from a seismic survey along a line southwards from Plymouth.
The evidence from these two sources points to the existence of a trough filled with New Red Sandstone deposits which extends from within a few miles of the English coastline to a point south of the middle of the Channel. The thickness of these deposits reaches approximately 3000 feet.
The line of reefs formed of metamorphic rocks extending from Bolt Tail to the west of the Eddystone projects through the New Red Sandstone formations, which appear to be swamping an irregular topography.
Southwards from the Eddystone the breccias and sandstones of the Permian and Trias are followed by Keuper Marl and a small thickness of Lower Jurassic formations. These in turn are covered unconformably by a few hundred feet of Chalk.