bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Local and Nonlocal Observation Operators for the Assimilation of GPS RO Data with the NCEP GSI System: An OSSE Study
Authors: Ma Zaizhong , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Wang Bin , Wu Wan-Shu , Sokolovskiy Sergey 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In this study, an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) is performed to evaluate the performance of a nonlocal excess phase operator and a local refractivity operator for a GPS radio occultation (RO) sounding that passes through the eye of Hurricane Katrina as simulated by a high-resolution model, with significant horizontal refractivity gradients. Both observation operators are tested on the NCEP gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI) data assimilation system at 12- and 36-km horizontal resolution. It is shown that the shape and magnitude of the analysis increments for sea level pressure, temperature, and water vapor mixing ratio exhibit significant differences between the use of local and nonlocal operators. The nonlocal operator produces more accurate analyses when verified against the “truth” derived from the ground truth run. It is found that the improvements of the analysis with the use of the nonlocal operator over that of the local operator are essentially the same at 12- and 36-km horizontal resolution. An additional experiment is performed over a region with small horizontal gradients. As expected, the use of both nonlocal and local operators produces similar results over such a region.
Selective Si–C Bond Cleavage on a Diorganosilicon Porphyrin Complex Bearing Different Axial Ligands
Authors: Ishida Shintaro , Yoshimura Kimio , Matsumoto Hideyuki , Kyushin Soichiro 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Tetraphenylporphyrinato methylphenylsilicon complex (abbreviated to Si(TPP)MePh) was synthesized and structurally characterized. Although the Si–Ph bond of Si(TPP)MePh is much longer than the Si–Me bond, photolysis and chemical oxidation of Si(TPP)MePh cleaved the Si–Me bond selectively and gave new phenyl-substituted silicon porphyrins. Theoretical studies of a model compound showed that significant σ–π orbital interaction raised the HOMO and is responsible for the silicon–carbon bond cleavage. The instability of phenyl radical to methyl radical caused selective bond cleavage.
One-step Synthesis of LiVPO4F/C Cathode Material with High Performance
Authors: Zhong Shengkui , Wang Jian , Li Yanwei , Liu Letong , Liu Jiequn , Yang Jiangwen 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
LiVPO4F/C cathode material was synthesized by a novel one-step solid-state reaction method using humic acid as both reduction agent and carbon sources. The SEM image showed that the particles merged with each other to form a porous structure. Electrochemical test showed that the initial discharge capacity of LiVPO4F/C powder was 139 mA h g−1 and the capacity was 132 mA h g−1 after 30 cycles.
Interventions for uncomplicated varicose veins
Authors: Bachoo P 
Published: March 2009

Objective To review the evidence regarding interventions (compression, sclerotherapy, surgery and endoluminal) for uncomplicated venous disease. Method A literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed. In addition, bibliographies of published data and the Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Review Group Specialist Register were examined. Publications describing an intervention for uncomplicated venous disease or trials comparing one intervention against another were considered. Results Uncomplicated but symptomatic varicose veins are associated with a significant reduction in quality of life (QoL). Evaluation must include a detailed history and examination supported by non-invasive imaging. Although HHD is useful, its utility is limited in the popliteal fossa. It can not provide morphological/anatomical detail when considering an endoluminal treatment option. Regardless of intervention, all treatments considered are associated with a significant improvement in QoL at acceptable cost. Conclusion Uncomplicated symptomatic varicose veins lead to a reduced QoL, which can be significantly improved by all interventions considered.
Endovenous laser treatment for uncomplicated varicose veins
Authors: Darwood R J , Gough M J 
Published: March 2009

Objective Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of incompetent truncal veins has been proposed as a minimally invasive alternative to conventional surgery for varicose veins. Various strategies have been proposed for successful treatment and this study reviews the evidence for these. Method A Medline and ‘controlled trials online database’ search was performed to identify original articles and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting outcomes for EVLA. Information on patient selection, equipment, technique and outcomes were recorded. Results Ninety-eight original studies, including five RCTs, were identified. RCT data indicate short-term outcomes (abolition of reflux, improvement in quality of life [QOL], patient satisfaction) were equivalent to those for surgery. Long-term follow-up is not available. A further RCT showed superior outcomes for ablation commencing at the lowest point of superficial venous reflux rather than at an arbitrary point (fewer residual varicosities, greater improvement in QOL). Non-randomized series suggest that laser energy of >60 J/cm results in reliable truncal vein occlusion and that longer wavelength lasers may be associated with less post-treatment discomfort. Conclusion In the short-term EVLA is a safe and effective treatment for patients with varicose veins. Long-term follow-up is still required.
Foam and liquid sclerotherapy for varicose veins
Authors: Smith P Coleridge 
Published: March 2009

Objective The objective of this study is to review the methods and outcome of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) for the treatment of superficial venous incompetence. Method Medical literature databases including Medline were searched for recent literature concerning UGFS. Papers describing methods and outcome have been assessed and their main findings included in this summary. A detailed description of the methods used by the author has been included as an example of how successful the treatment may be achieved. Results A diverse range of practice is described in published literature in this field. Each group of authors used their own variation of the methods, described in the published literature, with good results. It is clear that foam sclerotherapy is far more effective than liquid sclerotherapy and that ultrasound imaging allows the treatment to be delivered accurately to affected veins. There is evidence that 3% policocanol foam is no more effective than 1% polidocanol foam. The optimum ratio of gas to liquid is 4:1, although a range of ratios is reported in published work. There is a wide variation in the volume used as well as the method by which it is injected. The use of carbon dioxide foam reduces the systemic complications, particularly visual disturbance, when compared with air foams. Very few serious adverse events have been reported in the literature despite the widespread use of this method. Rates of recanalization of saphenous trunks following UGFS are similar to those observed after endovenous laser and endovenous radiofrequency ablation of veins, as well as the residual incompetence after surgical treatment. Conclusions UGFS is a safe and effective method of treating varicose veins. The relative advantages or disadvantages of this treatment in the longer term are yet to be published.
Higher Milk Requirements for Bone Mineral Accrual in Adolescent Girls Bearing Specific Caucasian Genotypes in the VDR Promoter
Authors: Esterle Laure , Jehan Frederic , Sabatier Jean-Pierre , Garabedian Michele 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Low milk intakes hamper bone mineral acquisition during adolescence, especially in European girls. We hypothesized that ethnic-specific polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene promoter (VDRp) influence this milk/bone association. We evaluated lumbar spine BMC and BMD, milk/dairy products and calcium intakes, markers of P-Ca metabolism, and VDRp polymorphisms at the Cdx-2 binding (rs11568820) and −1012 (rs4516035) loci in 117 healthy European peri- and postmenarcheal girls (14.9 ± 1.6 yr) during a 4-yr follow-up. Calcium intakes from milk, nonmilk dairy products, and nondairy products averaged 199, 243, and 443 mg/d at the initiation of the study. Results show no association between milk intakes and bone mass accrual in girls bearing an A/A genotype at the −1012 VDRp locus (30% of the cohort). In contrast, A/G or G/G girls had lower spine BMC (−13%, p = 0.031), BMD (−10%, p = 0.004), and BMD Z-score (−0.84 SD, p = 0.0003) when their milk intakes were &lt;260 ml/d compared with genotype-matched girls with higher milk intakes and with girls with an A/A genotype. The negative impact of low milk intake persisted up to 19.0 ± 1.7 yr. These findings suggest that European girls bearing a −1012 A/G or G/G VDRp genotype should have higher milk/calcium intakes for optimal vertebral mass accrual during adolescence than girls bearing an A/A genotype, a genotype found in 30% of European and 98% of Asian and Sub-Saharan African populations. VDRp genotype diversity may contribute to the ethnic differences observed in milk requirements for bone health during adolescence.
Adhesion Development of Organic and Silicone Sealants on Wet and Dry Concrete
Authors: Gubbels Frederic , Calvet Clementine 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Reliability of a sealed joint is directly related to the durability of its adhesion to the substrate. The presence of moisture on the surface of porous substrates caused by changing weather conditions prior to the application of sealants, such as the wetting of concrete by rainfall, can lead to poor sealed joint durability due to adhesion loss. In an attempt to better understand this mechanism, a method of testing adhesion of sealants on wet concrete has been developed and the effect of changes in surface conditions on sealant adhesion has been evaluated during the various drying phases identified for concrete. In the first 2 h of drying, a significant reduction of the pH at the surface is observed, which is mirrored with a reduction of the surface humidity. Both of these properties seem to have reached their plateau value within that timeframe, but in the following hours of the drying process the concrete continues to lose weight through water evaporation. Sealants based on different chemistries have been applied at various stages of the drying process (t = 0, 0.33, 2, 8, 24, 56 h) showing that the critical time period affecting the development of adhesion is within the first 2 h of concrete drying. This indicates that the alkalinity, surface moisture, on both, are the major factors responsible for the poor adhesion obtained on wet porous substrates and this is also the same for adhesion development of a primer on the substrate. The different sealant technologies evaluated in this program were silicones, urethanes, acrylics, silyl-terminated polyether, and silyl-terminated polyurethanes. In terms of adhesion development on wet concrete, the results highlight that the differences are more related to formulation within a sealant family than to the binder chemistry itself.
Optimierte Modellierung von Füllständen in Regenüberlaufbecken mittels CI-basierter ParameterselektionOptimized Modelling of Fill Levels in Stormwater Tanks Using CI-based Parameter Selection Schemes
Authors: Konen Wolfgang , Zimmer Tobias , Bartz-Beielstein Thomas 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
Ziel dieses Beitrags ist die Prognose der Füllstände in Regenüberlaufbecken aufgrund von Regeneintrag und Bodenbeschaffenheit. Wir vergleichen verschiedene Prognoseverfahren und nutzen die Sequentielle Parameteroptimierung (SPO), um für jedes Verfahren in vergleichbarer Weise bestmögliche Parameter zu finden. Es zeigt sich, dass diverse Standard- und CI-basierte Verfahren der Modellierung mit intermittierenden Regenmessdaten als Input nicht gut zurecht kommen. Problemspezifische Modellierungen, die kausale Effekte erster Ordnung berücksichtigen, erzielen wesentlich kleinere Prognosefehler. Wichtige Resultate dieser Arbeit sind: (i) SPO lässt sich auf verschiedene Modellierungsverfahren gleichermaßen anwenden und automatisiert das manuell zeitaufwendige Parameter-Tuning, (ii) das beste manuell erzielte Ergebnis wurde mit SPO nochmals um ca. 30% verbessert und (iii) SPO analysiert in konsistenter Weise den Einfluss von Parametern und erlaubt so oftmals eine zielgerichtete Vereinfachung oder Verbesserung des Modellentwurfs.
Modellierung dynamischer Systeme mit zeitkontinuierlichen rekurrenten Fuzzy-SystemenModeling of Dynamical Systems Using Continuous-time Recurrent Fuzzy Systems
Authors: Adamy Jürgen , Schwung Andreas 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird die Anwendung zeitkontinuierlicher rekurrenter Fuzzy-Systeme (KRFS) zur Modellbildung technischer Systeme beschrieben. Ausgehend von der Systembeschreibung rekurrenter Fuzzy-Systeme werden Verfahren vorgestellt, mit denen das KRFS das Verhalten des Prozesses anhand von Messdaten und qualitativem Prozesswissen erlernen kann. Die Leistungsfähigkeit wird anhand der Modellierung eines biotechnologischen Prozesses gezeigt.
Multikriterielle Optimierung mit λ-geregelten modellgestützten EvolutionsstrategienModel Assisted Multiobjective Optimization with λ-Control
Authors: Braun Jan , Hoffmann Frank , Krettek Johannes , Bertram Torsten 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
Evolutionäre Algorithmen benötigen für die Optimierung eine hohe Anzahl an Auswertungen der Gütefunktion. Dieser Aufwand limitiert ihre Anwendbarkeit bei der Hardware-in-the-Loop Optimierung und bei auf zeitaufwändigen Simulationen und Berechnungen basierenden Optimierungsaufgaben. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert einen neuartigen Ansatz zur Fitnessmodellierung, welcher die Anzahl an Güteauswertungen mit Hilfe einer Vorselektion deutlich reduziert. Die Innovation des Ansatzes besteht in der gezielten Regelung des Selektionsdrucks innerhalb der Vorselektion anhand der geschätzten Modellgüte. Diese sogenannte λ-Regelung garantiert gegenüber einer rein statischen Vorselektion eine effiziente Optimierung bezüglich der benötigten Güteauswertungen. Zudem erweitert die hier vorgestellte Methode die bekannten Ansätze zur modellgestützten, skalaren, evolutionären Optimierung auf multikriterielle Probleme. Die Optimierungsergebnisse an Benchmarkproblemen weisen eine verbesserte Konvergenz gegenüber herkömmlichen multikriteriellen Evolutionsstrategien auf und belegen die Effizienz der λ-geregelten Variante.
Zuordnen von linguistischen Ausdrücken zu Motiven in ZeitreihenMatching of Labeled Terms to Time Series Motifs
Authors: Moewes Christian , Kruse Rudolf 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Aufsatz geht es um die Problematik, von Experten entworfene Versuche realen Beobachtungen anzunähern. Dazu wird dieses Problem in zwei kleinere Teilprobleme zerlegt: 1.) die Suche von wiederkehrenden Mustern in temporalen Sequenzen, sogenannten Motiven, die es gilt sowohl in den Versuchen als auch in der Realität zu entdecken, und 2.) das Zuordnen der Motive zu linguistischen Ausdrücken, die als Domänenwissen eventuell vorhanden sind. Dabei wird eine effektive Repräsentation von Zeitreihen beschrieben, welche die Suche nach diesen Motiven enorm beschleunigt. Einige Ansätze werden dargestellt, um mit den gefundenen Motiven die entworfenen Versuche zu korrigieren.
Larval Fish Transport and Retention and the Importance of Location for Juvenile Fish Recruitment in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon
Authors: Markle Douglas F. , Reithel Susan A. , Crandall John , Wood Tammy , Tyler Torrey J. , Terwilliger Mark , Simon David C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the Upper Klamath Lake basin of Oregon, we applied the member‐vagrant hypothesis to larval lake fishes, documented marsh and hydrographic retention for larval shortnose suckersChasmistes brevirostrisand Lost River suckersDeltistes luxatus, and examined the effect of larval retention on the shoreline abundance of the juveniles of five species of fish in August. Emigration of larval suckers was highest from natal rivers, and immigration was highest in nonnatal areas downstream of the lake. Lake retention was facilitated by a wind‐generated gyre and advection by an eastern boundary current. Marshes and other shoreline irregularities acted as traps that slowed river and eastern boundary current advection and retained larvae, especially for shortnose suckers, for up to 3 weeks. The interaction of behavior, seasonal spawning, and seasonal system dynamics appears to drive retention patterns. For both species of suckers and three minnow species (fathead minnowPimephales promelas, blue chubGila coerulea, and tui chubG. bicolor), the abundance of juveniles along the shoreline increased with distance from the lake outlet and was weakly related to lake elevation, a surrogate for available habitat. For these five species, 45.5% of the variation in August juvenile abundance was determined by distance from the lake outlet. This work suggests that the nonbehavioral component of freshwater retention is complex and depends on hydrographic features, the boundary conditions of hydrographic features, and shoreline habitat.
Impact of Kerogen Heterogeneity on Sorption of Organic Pollutants. 2. Sorption Equilibria
Authors: Yang Chen , Yu Zhiqiang , Xiao Baohua , Huang Weilin , Fu Jiamo , Dang Zhi 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Phenanthrene and naphthalene sorption isotherms were measured for three different series of kerogen materials using completely mixed batch reactors. Sorption isotherms were nonlinear for each sorbate-sorbent system, and the Freundlich isotherm equation fit the sorption data well. The Freundlich isotherm linearity parameter n ranged from 0.192 to 0.729 for phenanthrene and from 0.389 to 0.731 for naphthalene. The n values correlated linearly with rigidity and aromaticity of the kerogen matrix, but the single-point, organic carbon-normalized distribution coefficients varied dramatically among the tested sorbents. A dual-mode sorption equation consisting of a linear partitioning domain and a Langmuir adsorption domain adequately quantified the overall sorption equilibrium for each sorbent-sorbate system. Both models fit the data well, with r2 values of 0.965 to 0.996 for the Freundlich model and 0.963 to 0.997 for the dual-mode model for the phenanthrene sorption isotherms. The dual-mode model fitting results showed that as the rigidity and aromaticity of the kerogen matrix increased, the contribution of the linear partitioning domain to the overall sorption equilibrium decreased, whereas the contribution of the Langmuir adsorption domain increased. The present study suggested that kerogen materials found in soils and sediments should not be treated as a single, unified, carbonaceous sorbent phase.
Interpreting the Hazardous Air Pollutants Area Source Rule
Authors: Holliday G. H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
On 3 January 2007 at 72 FR 26, EPA promulgated revisions to 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart HH to include Area Sources within the rule. This rule applies to emissions of benzene from triethylene glycol (TEG) dehydrators located at upstream oil and gas producing facilities and gas plants, which are not Major Sources. Area Source TEG dehydrators are placed into one of four groupings. 1) Black oil facilities, exempted from the rule. 2) Exempted facilities, not controlled because of low volume throughput. 3) Facilities Within UA plus offset and UC, e.g., TEG dehydrators located in Urbanized Areas (UA), plus a two-mile buffer zone (Offset) around each Urbanized Area, plus Urban Clusters (UC) containing ≤ 10,000 people, and 4) TEG dehydrators located outside of UA plus offset and UC.
For purposes of compliance, the term, Urban-1 County, appears in the rule and defined as a county containing a large Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most existing TEG dehydrators must implement the rule by January 2007. New TEG dehydrators must implement the rule before startup.
U.S. Census Bureau defines Urban Cluster as an urban area containing 2500 persons. Accordingly, the U.S. Census Bureau does not provide maps for Urban Cluster data in the "EPA 10,000 person" format. Therefore, API developed a computer program for locating dehydrators relative to the UA plus offset and UC. The computer method has not been implemented, because; no operator was willing sponsor the website. Accordingly, this paper provides a manual method of determining if a dehydrator is within or outside an UA plus offset and UC.
Area Source dehydrator emissions controls depend on facility location and throughput or emissions. Emissions controls range from doing nothing, to optimizing TEG flow rates, to add-on control equipment. Affected TEG dehydrators within UA plus offset and UC areas are required to install benzene emission control equipment and provide automatic surveillance recording. TEG dehydrators outside of the UA plus offset and UC areas must operate dehydrators at or less than the optimum glycol flow rates developed by EPA or decrease emissions to below 1-ton per year. It is doubtful if small operators are in compliance. The paper demonstrates the EPA "optimum glycol flow rate" proposal is so impractical as to be impossible to implement in the field.
Improving Equipment Safety While Reducing Diesel Exhaust during Well Service Operations
Authors: Neal Greg , Ingram Donald 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Wellhead isolation tools (WIT) are used during frac jobs to protect the wellhead from excessive pressure and damage from proppant-chemical-laden fluids. Typically, these tools are installed onto the wellhead by a crane truck built for this purpose. There is usually a hydraulic system on the crane truck to operate the tool and to open and close the master valve on top of the tool. The controls for operating the crane, WIT, and master valve are typically all in the same area so that one operator can control the whole process. However, having all the controls in one place increases the likelihood that the operator might operate the wrong control. It is important that the master valve be opened and closed at the correct times to avoid injuring personnel working on the high-pressure manifold and to avoid equipment damage caused by closing the master valve during pumping. The current system also requires the operator to leave the crane truck engine running during the frac job to have the hydraulic system available to open and close the master valve as required. This prolonged idling of the truck engines can cause problems with the diesel particulate filter on newer truck diesel-engine emissions systems and adds CO2 to the atmosphere.
A new hydraulic system to actuate the valves was designed to eliminate some of the problems of the current system. The new system uses an electric motor to drive a hydraulic pump to open and close the master valve. The electric motor is powered from the truck batteries. This allows the engine to be shut down for the majority of the frac job, reducing the diesel exhaust emitted to the atmosphere and extending maintenance intervals for the engine. Having an electric system also allows the master-valve controls to be placed on the other side of the truck, greatly reducing the chance the master valve will be accidentally actuated during WIT installation and removal. Typically, this also places the operator on the side of the truck away from the wellhead, which is a safer position (Fig. 1).