bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Liberalisation of Trade in Services
Authors: Park Innwon , Park Soonchan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper investigates quantitatively the trade‐enhancing effect of regional trade agreements (RTAs) under the General Agreement on Trade in Services Article V (services RTAs) by applying a gravity regression analysis to four major services sectors – financial, business, communication and transportation services – while controlling for both country‐specific and time‐varying importer and exporter fixed effects. The regression analysis covers bilateral imports in services consisting of 20,986 country‐pairs in total over six years (2000–05). Our results indicate that sector‐specific trade‐creating effects of services RTAs are significantly positive without incurring trade‐diverting effects, excluding transportation services. Moreover, we find that there is a significant cumulative effect of services RTAs, excluding communication services and a complementary relationship between goods and services imports. In addition, the trade‐creating effect of services RTAs is stronger between developed members compared with between developed and developing countries.
The Global Financial Crisis: Understanding the Global Trade Downturn and Recovery1
Authors: Anderton Robert , Tewolde Tadios 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper aims to shed light on why the downturn in global trade during the intensification of the financial crisis in 2008Q4–2009Q1 was so severe and synchronised across the world and also examines the subsequent recovery in global trade during 2009Q2–2010Q1. The paper finds that a structural imports function which captures the different and time‐varying import‐intensities of the components of total final expenditure – consumption, investment, government expenditure, exports, etc. – can explain the sharp decline in global imports of goods and services. By contrast, a specification based on aggregate total expenditure cannot fully capture the global trade downturn. In particular, panel estimates for a large number of OECD countries based on the individual components of expenditure suggest that the high import‐intensity of exports at the country‐level can explain a significant proportion of the decline in world imports during the crisis, while declines in the highly import‐intensive expenditure category of investment also contributed to the remaining fall in global trade. At the same time, the high and rising import‐intensity of exports also reflects and captures the rapid growth in ‘vertical specialisation’, suggesting that widespread global production chains may have amplified the downturn in world trade and partly explains its high degree of synchronisation across the globe. In addition, the estimates find that stockbuilding, business confidence and credit conditions also played a role in the global trade downturn. Meanwhile, the global trade recovery (2009Q2–2010Q1) can only be partially explained by differential elasticities for the components of demand (although the results confirm that the upturn in OECD imports was also driven by strong export growth and the reactivation of global production chains, as well as the recovery in stockbuilding and the fiscal stimulus). This may be in part because of the many policy measures that were implemented to boost global trade at that time and which cannot be captured by the specification. The paper is also a pseudo‐real‐time robustness test of the specification in that the first analysis of the global trade downturn is based on the data available at the time (i.e. October 2009 vintage), while an updated analysis of the global downturn as well as the trade upturn is based on a more recent dataset (i.e. October 2010 vintage). The results for the global downturn remain robust regardless of which vintage of the dataset is used.
Transition of China’s Financial System after the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Yao Xianguo , Wu Xin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis study focuses on whether China’s financial system still needs market‐oriented transition after the recent global financial crisis, which suggests financial liberalisation may weaken financial stability. We analyse the structure of the financial system and highlight the fact that the current system is not well configured for dealing with fluctuation. The good economic performance over the crisis is mainly built on the administrative resources deployed that counterbalanced the negative effect of short‐term fluctuation. The high cost of this makes market liberalisation reform imperative. We take the German financial model as an example to indicate how financial liberalisation and stability can coexist under certain conditions.
World Financial Crisis and Efficiency of Chinese Commercial Banks
Authors: Luo Dan , Yao Shujie , Chen Jian , Wang Jianling 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe US credit crunch generated substantial turmoil in the global financial markets and directly caused the collapse of several world banking giants. Nonetheless, Chinese commercial banks, decoupled from the rest of the world, achieved remarkable results because of their risk‐averse nature and banking reform during the past 10 years. To improve corporate governance and efficiency, the latest reform was focused on ownership transformation via foreign participation and stock listing. Employing data of 14 listed Chinese banks during the period 1999–2008, this paper tests whether IPO was an effective way to enhance banks’ efficiency using two frontier approaches, data envelopment analysis and SFA. The results confirm our hypothesis and suggest that restructuring banks into shareholding companies improves both technical efficiency and scale economies. This conclusion is further confirmed by the technical inefficiency effects model which found that efficiency rating of listed banks was about 5 per cent higher than their prior IPO level. Facing tougher economic condition and increased competition, banks not only need to broaden income sources, cut expenditures, but more importantly, to strengthen their risk management to become more resistant to a volatile business environment.
Prevalence, comorbidity and course of trauma reactions in young burn‐injured children
Authors: De Young Alexandra C. , Kenardy Justin A. , Cobham Vanessa E. , Kimble Roy 
Published: June 2011

Background:  Infants, toddlers and preschoolers are the highest risk group for burn injury. However, to date this population has been largely neglected. This study examined the prevalence, onset, comorbidity and recovery patterns of posttrauma reactions in young children with burns.Methods:  Parents of 130 unintentionally burned children (1–6 years) participated in the study. The Diagnostic Infant Preschool Assessment was conducted with parents at 1 and 6 months postinjury.Results:  The majority of children were resilient. However, 35% were diagnosed with at least one psychological disorder, there was a high rate of comorbidity with posttraumatic stress disorder, and 8% of children did not experience recovery in distress levels over the course of 6 months.Conclusions:  These outcomes are likely to have serious repercussions for a young child’s medical and psychosocial recovery as well as their normal developmental trajectories. It is recommended that screening, prevention and early intervention resources are incorporated into paediatric health care settings to optimise children’s psychological adjustment following burn injury.
Exploring age differences in reasons for nonattendance for cervical screening: a qualitative study
Authors: Waller J , Jackowska M , Marlow L , Wardle J 
Published: June 2011

Please cite this paper as: Waller J, Jackowska M, Marlow L, Wardle J. Exploring age differences in reasons for nonattendance for cervical screening: a qualitative study. BJOG 2012;119:26–32.Objectives  To explore differences in barriers to attendance at cervical screening across age groups because coverage of the cervical screening programme in England has been falling, particularly among women in the youngest age group (25–29 years).Design  A qualitative study.Setting  A university in London.Sample  Professionals working in the screening field (n = 12) and women of varying ages who had either never attended for cervical screening or did not attend regularly (n = 46).Methods  In Study 1 we interviewed professionals to elicit their views on the reasons for lower screening attendance in young women. In Study 2, we carried out four focus groups (n = 27) and 19 individual interviews with under‐screened women to explore their barriers to attendance. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using Framework Analysis.Results  Reasons for nonattendance were many and varied. Health professionals identified population‐level factors, service provision issues, time pressures, risk perceptions, lack of knowledge and psychological barriers. The nonattenders fell into two groups: those who had made an active decision not to take part (who tended to be older), and those who intended to be screened but did not attend (predominantly younger women). Practical barriers were raised more often by younger women whereas older women had more negative attitudes to screening.Conclusion  This study provides rich data on the complex reasons why women do not attend for cervical screening. It points to age differences in barriers to screening, and suggests that addressing practical issues such as appointment systems and clinic times may have a positive impact on attendance in young women.
Characterization of 1‐(2‐[18F]fluoro‐3‐pyridyl)‐4‐(2‐isopropyl‐1‐oxo‐ isoindoline‐5‐yl)‐5‐methyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole, a PET ligand for imaging the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 in rat and monkey brains
Authors: Fujinaga Masayuki , Maeda Jun , Yui Joji , Hatori Akiko , Yamasaki Tomoteru , Kawamura Kazunori , Kumata Katsushi , Yoshida Yuichiro , Nagai Yuji , Higuchi Makoto , Suhara Tetsuya , Fukumura Toshimitsu , Zhang Ming‐Rong 
Published: June 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 115–124.AbstractWe developed 1‐(2‐[18F]fluoro‐3‐pyridyl)‐4‐(2‐isopropyl‐1‐oxo‐isoindoline‐5‐yl)‐5‐methyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole ([18F]FPIT) as a promising positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for in vitro and in vivo imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1) in rat and monkey brains. In vitro autoradiography with [18F]FPIT was used to determine the distribution of radioactivity in rat and monkey brains. In vivo experiments were performed using dissection and small‐animal PET on rats, and PET on monkey. Metabolite analysis was performed on rat plasma and brain, and monkey plasma. Autoradiography of rat and monkey brains showed that [18F]FPIT binding is aligned with the reported distribution of mGluR1 with high specific binding in the cerebellum and thalamus. PET study on rat and monkey showed high brain uptake and distribution patterns consistent with those seen in the autoradiographic studies. The radioactivity in the brain was significantly decreased by pre‐treatment with unlabeled FPIT, indicative of a specific signal for mGluR1 that was inhibited by mGluR1‐selective ligand JNJ‐16259865 in the brain. Metabolite analysis showed that the percentage of unchanged [18F]FPIT was 89% in the brain homogenate of rat at 90 min after injection. In the monkey plasma, the percentage of unchanged form was 50% at 90 min. [18F]FPIT produced in vitro and in vivo signals to visualize mGluR1 expression in rat and monkey brains, suggesting the usefulness of [18F]FPIT for imaging mGluR1 in human brain.
Home on the range: spatial ecology of loggerhead turtles in Atlantic waters of the USA
Authors: Hawkes Lucy A. , Witt Matthew J. , Broderick Annette C. , Coker John W. , Coyne Michael S. , Dodd Mark , Frick Michael G. , Godfrey Matthew H. , Griffin DuBose B. , Murphy Sally R. , Murphy Thomas M. , Williams Kris L. , Godley Brendan J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim  Although satellite tracking has yielded much information regarding the migrations and habitat use of threatened marine species, relatively little has been published about the environmental niche for loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta in north‐west Atlantic waters.Location  North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, USA.Methods  We tracked 68 adult female turtles between 1998 and 2008, one of the largest sample sizes to date, for 372.2 ± 210.4 days (mean ± SD).Results  We identified two strategies: (1) ‘seasonal’ migrations between summer and winter coastal areas (n = 47), although some turtles made oceanic excursions (n = 4) and (2) occupation of more southerly ‘year‐round’ ranges (n = 18). Seasonal turtles occupied summer home ranges of 645.1 km2 (median, n = 42; using α‐hulls) predominantly north of 35 ° latitude and winter home ranges of 339.0 km2 (n = 24) in a relatively small area on the narrow shelf off North Carolina. We tracked some of these turtles through successive summer (n = 8) and winter (n = 3) seasons, showing inter‐annual home range repeatability to within 14.5 km of summer areas and 10.3 km of winter areas. For year‐round turtles, home ranges were 1889.9 km2. Turtles should be tracked for at least 80 days to reliably estimate the home range size in seasonal habitats. The equivalent minimum duration for ‘year‐round’ turtles is more complex to derive. We define an environmental envelope of the distribution of North American loggerhead turtles: warm waters (between 18.2 and 29.2 °C) on the coastal shelf (in depths of 3.0–89.0 m).Main conclusions  Our findings show that adult female loggerhead turtles show predictable, repeatable home range behaviour and do not generally leave waters of the USA, nor the continental shelf (< 200m depth). These data offer insights for future marine management, particularly if they were combined with those from the other management units in the USA.
Alternative splicing factor or splicing factor‐2 plays a key role in intron retention of the endoglin gene during endothelial senescence
Authors: Blanco Francisco J. , Bernabeu Carmelo 
Published: June 2011

SummaryAlternative splicing involving intron retention plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression. We previously reported that the alternatively spliced short isoform of endoglin (S‐endoglin) is induced during the aging or senescence of endothelial cells by a mechanism of intron retention. In this work, we demonstrate that the alternative splicing factor or splicing factor‐2 (ASF/SF2) is involved in the synthesis of endoglin. Overexpression of ASF/SF2 in endothelial cells switched the balance between the two endoglin isoforms, favoring the synthesis of S‐endoglin. Using a minigene reporter vector and RNA immunoprecipitation experiments, it was shown that ASF/SF2 interacts with the nucleotide sequence of the endoglin minigene, suggesting the direct involvement of ASF/SF2. Accordingly, the sequence recognized by ASF/SF2 in the endoglin gene was identified inside the retained intron near the consensus branch point. Finally, the ASF/SF2 subcellular localization during endothelial senescence showed a preferential scattered distribution throughout the cytoplasm, where it interferes with the activity of the minor spliceosome, leading to an increased expression of S‐endoglin mRNA. In summary, we report for the first time the molecular mechanisms by which ASF/SF2 regulates the alternative splicing of endoglin in senescent endothelial cells, as well as the involvement of ASF/SF2 in the minor spliceosome.
Programming as Design: The Role of Programming in Interactive Media Curriculum in Art and Design
Authors: Amiri Faramarz 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe number of university undergraduate courses in the area of interactive media is increasing. Many of these courses are based in the schools of art and design that have traditionally valued and focused on developing the aesthetic and artistic design skills of their students. However, because of the rapid changes in new technology the relation between the technology and design has become complex. This poses new challenges for the educators in this field. The main challenge is defining the role of programming in the curriculum and the relationship between ‘coding’ skills and ‘design’ skills. The article examines different conceptual models of programming and suggests that the concept of programming as artistic and creative practice and ‘programming as design’ would be more suitable for the art and design curriculum.
Curiositas and Studiositas: Investigating Student Curiosity and the Design Studio
Authors: Smith Korydon 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCuriosity is often considered the foundation of learning. There is, however, little understanding of how (or if) pedagogy in higher education affects student curiosity, especially in the studio setting of architecture, interior design and landscape architecture. This article provides a brief cultural history of curiosity and its role in the design studio. The study also used quantitative and qualitative research methods to investigate curiosity among design students. Findings showed no significant relationship between curiosity and academic achievement, no significant difference in curiosity levels between female and male design students, and no significant difference in curiosity levels across various year levels or age groups. Results also revealed that the studio environment played a minor role in the origin and influence of student interests; student curiosities were affected more by travel, internships, family and non‐studio courses.
Ecological Mural as Community Reconnection
Authors: Kang Song Young Imm , Gammel Jo Ann 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMurals are particularly visually captivating forms of public art due to their size and accessibility. Mural images also capture public attention and provoke viewers to explore layers of meaning and find hidden stories. They are often in places that people come to visit, study, play, congregate and discuss matters that may relate to the content of the mural. To this end, murals can be effective tools for helping communities think about their environmental issues. This article discusses the Mystic River mural project in Somerville, Massachusetts, USA. It addresses how the local art councils, mural artists, local students, community members and non‐profit organisations collaborated to carry out this ongoing mural project. The purpose of this research is to examine how Mystic River eco‐murals were created, what challenges and benefits the eco‐murals provided, how local social concerns were represented through the eco‐murals, how eco‐murals can continue to promote environmental awareness and inspire youth about their community and the local environment, and how the mural can continue to reflect or affect the meaning of the place. This process can serve as an example for other communities that seek to address their environmental concerns through public art.
Intercultural Identities: Addressing the Global Dimension through Art Education
Authors: Bianchi June 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRecent educational policy and practice have established an extended role for all subjects in addressing children and young peoples' academic and interpersonal development, with strategies facilitating key skills and wider learning across areas of Citizenship and Personal, Social and Health education providing an integrated approach to education and welfare. The significance of global development education within a holistic curriculum acknowledges the increased awareness of the interconnected nature of our relationship with each other and with the planet we share as world citizens. The arts have a strong track‐record in addressing such key issues – challenging hierarchical paradigms which reinforce prejudice and stereotyping, the arts encourage reflexive processes and critical engagement with diversity and pluralist perspectives. This article investigates curricular approaches to the global dimension within education in relation to theoretical perspectives and policies, presenting an intercultural art case study as a model of practice in engaging diverse participants in reflection on their own and others' experiences across a range of socio‐cultural contexts. Current political shifts reaffirming the centrality of the discrete disciplines over cross‐curricular practice could potentially undermine a more holistic approach to education. The article argues that policy and practice, implemented in response to changing political and philosophical ideology, must nevertheless maintain a commitment to fostering interdisciplinary values of cultural awareness. Such practice must form part of an inclusive internationalist educational vision, impacting on social cohesion.
Transformative Partnerships: Designing School‐Based Visual Arts Outreach Programmes
Authors: Eckhoff Angela 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPartnerships between informal learning environments and schools have been cited as an innovative, effective way for museums, galleries and schools to work together to enrich classroom curricula, support student success, and facilitate the utilisation of available community museum and cultural resources. This article reports on findings from a multi‐year, exploratory arts outreach programme for 31 elementary and secondary visual art educators from a rural school district in the American South. The outreach programme was conceived in partnership with faculty from the neighbouring university's art department, school of education and university art gallery. Utilising a partnership framework, the travelling exhibit was developed through a collaborative research relationship with the participating visual art educators. Findings from this programme indicate that travelling exhibits can be an effective mode of programme delivery for informal learning environments while also supporting the content needs for classroom arts educators if the programme stresses transformative partnerships across all invested parties.
Depression and Functional Recovery After a Disabling Hospitalization in Older Persons
Authors: Barry Lisa C. , Murphy Terrence E. , Gill Thomas M. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between depression and functional recovery in community‐living older persons who had a decline in function after an acute hospital admission.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.SETTING: General community in greater New Haven, Connecticut, from March 1998 to December 2008.PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred fifty‐four persons aged 70 and older.MEASUREMENTS: Hospitalization and disability in essential activities of daily living (ADLs) and mobility were assessed each month for up to 129 months, and depressive symptoms were assessed every 18 months using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression Scale (CES‐D). Functional recovery was defined as returning to the community within 6 months at or above the prehospital level of ADL function and mobility.RESULTS: A decline in ADL function and mobility was observed after 42% and 41% of the hospitalizations, respectively. After controlling for several potential confounders, clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES‐D score ≥20) was associated with a lower likelihood of recovering mobility function (hazard ratio (HR)=0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.63–0.98) but not ADL function (HR=0.91, 95% CI=0.75–1.10) within 6 months of hospitalization.CONCLUSION: After a disabling hospitalization, community‐living older persons with preexisting depression may be less likely to recover their prehospitalization level of mobility function but not ADL function, although the reasons remain to be elucidated.