bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro assessment of laser efficiency for caries prevention in pits and fissures
Authors: Correa‐Afonso Alessandra M. , Ciconne‐Nogueira Juliane C. , Pécora Jesus D. , Palma‐Dibb Regina G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the in vitro efficacy of the lasers Er:YAG, Nd:YAG, and CO2 operating in the low energy mode for caries prevention in pits and fissures. Forty‐five caries‐free enamel occlusal sections were randomly divided into three groups: G1 − Er:YAG (80 mJ/2Hz); G2 − Nd:YAG Laser (1W and 10 Hz); and G3 − CO2 Laser (0.4 W and 20 Hz). After surface treatment, the samples were submitted to challenge with acid consisting of a 10‐day immersion in demineralizing (6 h) and remineralizing solution (18 h). Next, enamel demineralization was quantitatively evaluated by subsurface microhardness test and polarized‐light microscopy (PLM, mm2) and qualitatively assessed by scanning electron microscopy. The Wilcoxon test was used for comparison of each group with its own control. ANOVA (α = 5%) was employed for comparison among groups, and Fisher's LSD multiple comparison test was applied, to check the difference in means. Concerning the microhardness analyses, statistical difference between control, and experimental areas was only detected for the CO2 group. Experimental values were higher than the controls. As for PLM analyses, smaller demineralized areas were measured for G2 (Nd:YAG) and G3 (CO2) compared with the control areas. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that the CO2 laser should be selected in order to increase the enamel resistance to acid in pits and fissures. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fixed‐point and stratified analysis of the fine structure and composition of five gallstones with Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) specular reflection spectroscopy
Authors: Suo Tao , Peng Pinwei , Feng Min , Liu Houbao , Ai Zhilong , Tong Saixiong , Yang Xiaoyong , Qin Xinyu 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBy investigating the identities, amounts, and distributions of the major components of human gallstones, the formation mechanism of calculi may be elucidated. Using FT‐IR specular reflection spectroscopy, the compositions of five common types of gallstones, including cholesterol calculus, bile pigment calculus, cholesterol‐bilirubin calculus, mixed calculus, and black stones, were positionally, qualitatively, and quantitatively analyzed. Several organic and inorganic substances were found in human gallstones, including cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and calcium stearate. Among them, cholesterol and calcium bilirubinate were the main components. The amounts of these substances varied in different types of gallstone. The distributions of cholesterol and calcium salts (with the exception of calcium bilirubinate) were also closely associated with location. In the various calculi, the amounts of cholesterol and calcium bilirubinate in the cores, the layered structures outside the cores, and the outer shells were higher than those of other substances. The identities of the major components of calculi were similar in different types of gallstones, but their amounts and distributions were significantly different. The analytical method used in this study, which was able to accurately determine the location, quality, and quantity of the major components of gallstones, would be an effective tool to study the formation mechanism of calculi. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overview of the transcriptome profiles identified in hagfish, shark, and bichir: current issues arising from some nonmodel vertebrate taxa
Authors: Takechi Masaki , Takeuchi Masaki , Ota Kinya G. , Nishimura Osamu , Mochii Makoto , Itomi Kazu , Adachi Noritaka , Takahashi Maiko , Fujimoto Satoko , Tarui Hiroshi , Okabe Masataka , Aizawa Shinichi , Kuratani Shigeru 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBecause of their crucial phylogenetic positions, hagfishes, sharks, and bichirs are recognized as key taxa in our understanding of vertebrate evolution. The expression patterns of the regulatory genes involved in developmental patterning have been analyzed in the context of evolutionary developmental studies. However, in a survey of public sequence databases, we found that the large‐scale sequence data for these taxa are still limited. To address this deficit, we used conventional Sanger DNA sequencing and a next‐generation sequencing technology based on 454 GS FLX sequencing to obtain expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of the Japanese inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri; 161,482 ESTs), cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame; 165,819 ESTs), and gray bichir (Polypterus senegalus; 34,336 ESTs). We deposited the ESTs in a newly constructed database, designated the “Vertebrate TimeCapsule.” The ESTs include sequences from genes that can be effectively used in evolutionary developmental studies; for instance, several encode cartilaginous extracellular matrix proteins, which are central to an understanding of the ways in which evolutionary processes affected the skeletal elements, whereas others encode regulatory genes involved in craniofacial development and early embryogenesis. Here, we discuss how hagfishes, sharks, and bichirs contribute to our understanding of vertebrate evolution, we review the current status of the publicly available sequence data for these three taxa, and we introduce our EST projects and newly developed database.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:526–546, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A GSM analysis of E‐plane waveguide junctions filled with piecewise homogeneous dielectric
Authors: Chumachenko Vitaliy , Vashchenko Vadym 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYA specific generalized scattering matrix (GSM) approach to the analysis of a piecewise homogeneous E‐plane waveguide junction with plane interfaces is presented. The object is cascaded into homogeneously filled regions, whose GSMs are found in solving two uncoupled scalar problems related to longitudinal section electric and magnetic modes, and interfaces responsible for interaction of the said modes. The GSMs of irregular constituents are determined with the help of triangular blocks. Scattering parameters of the last ones are obtained by means of the domain‐product technique. The approach was successfully verified via test problems and was applied to the analysis of scattering of the TE10 mode by an E‐plane slant interface between two dielectric media. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localization of vascular endothelial growth factor during the early stages of osteochondral regeneration using a bioabsorbable synthetic polymer scaffold
Authors: Sakata Ryosuke , Kokubu Takeshi , Nagura Issei , Toyokawa Narikazu , Inui Atsuyuki , Fujioka Hiroyuki , Kurosaka Masahiro 
Published: August 2011

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in chondrogenic differentiation in the growth plate of the epiphysis. This function is necessary for chondrocyte survival in cartilage development. We investigated the localization of VEGF in the osteochondral regeneration process using a bioabsorbable polymer scaffold. Osteochondral defects (5 mm in diameter and 5 mm in depth) were made on the femoral condyle of forty‐eight skeletally mature female Japanese white rabbits. In total, twenty‐four defects were filled with poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) scaffolds and the others were left untreated. The regeneration process was investigated macroscopically, histologically, immunohistochemically, and by gene expression analysis. In the early stages of osteochondral regeneration, bone ingrowth was observed in the deep zone of the scaffold with continuous VEGF expression; cartilage regeneration was observed in the superficial zone of the scaffold with decreased VEGF expression. In contrast, when the defect was left untreated, VEGF localization was observed throughout the entire defect area, and cartilage regeneration at the articular surface was delayed. We conclude that decrease in localization of VEGF at the articular surface in the postoperative early stage is closely related to the progression of cartilage regeneration in osteochondral defects. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:252–259, 2012
Comparison of gene expression patterns in articular cartilage and dedifferentiated articular chondrocytes
Authors: Cheng Tiffany , Maddox Nicole C. , Wong Andrew W. , Rahnama Ruyan , Kuo Alfred C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDuring monolayer culture, articular chondrocytes dedifferentiate into fibroblast‐like cells. The mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. We sought to further characterize dedifferentiation by identifying an extended panel of genes that distinguish articular cartilage from dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Thirty‐nine candidate marker‐genes were identified from previous studies on articular‐cartilage gene‐expression. Real‐time PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA levels for these candidates in calf articular cartilage and dedifferentiated articular chondrocytes. Twenty‐two of the candidate marker genes exhibited at least a two‐fold difference in gene expression in the two cell types. Twelve of these genes had at least a ten‐fold difference in gene expression. Tenascin C (TNC), type I collagen (COL1A1), and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) showed the highest relative expression levels in dedifferentiated chonodrocytes. Type II collagen (COL2A1), type XI collagen (COL11A2), and superficial zone protein (SZP) showed the highest relative expression levels in articular cartilage. In contrast to previous findings, fibromodulin mRNA, and protein levels were higher in dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Compared to smaller subsets of markers, this panel of 12 highly differentially expressed genes may more precisely distinguish articular cartilage from dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Since many of the genes up‐regulated in dedifferentiated chondrocytes are also expressed during cartilage development, dedifferentiated chondrocytes may possess features of cartilage precursor cells. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:234–245, 2012
Unreliable knowledge about economic impacts of large carnivores on bovine calves
Authors: Hebblewhite Mark 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSommers et al. (2010) reported that recolonizing predators increased bovine calf mortality rates in the Upper Green River Cattle Allotment in western Wyoming. However, Sommers et al. (2010) failed to consider multiple competing hypotheses explaining calf loss rates, increasing the likelihood that their results are actually spurious. I reanalyzed their data using a multiple competing hypotheses framework that considered effects of livestock density, summer precipitation, bias in reporting rates, and whether mortality by different predator species was compensatory. I found support for a confounded web of factors influencing calf losses. Calf losses increased with livestock density (which increased during the study), but also during drier summers and with increasing rancher reporting rates. Although both wolves (Canis lupus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) did increase calf losses, the presence of just grizzly bears alone did not significantly increase calf losses. Unconditional estimates of the effects of wolves and grizzly bears on calf losses were only 2.0% (95% CI 0.53–3.81), compared to 3.6% reported by Sommers et al. (2010). Most importantly, however, I report bias in favor of livestock producers in the authors' assumptions that cast further doubt on the rigor of their results. In conclusion, I recommend managers not consider the spurious predator compensation factors reported by Sommers et al. (2010) to be reliable. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
An experimental assessment of shotgun discharge on aluminum legband retention
Authors: Alisauskas Ray T. , Zimmerman Guthrie S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAlthough metal legbands have been an important scientific tool, their use for estimation of harvest and survival relies on samples of dead birds harvested by hunters using shotguns. We hypothesized that the force of steel pellets discharged from a shotgun, within the range of conditions normally experienced by goose hunters, was sufficient to reduce probability of band retention. We conducted 8 experimental trials to estimate retention per round fired at aluminum bands normally applied to arctic‐nesting geese in relation to effects of 1) target range (20 m vs. 40 m), 2) steel pellet size (4.57 mm [BB] vs. 3.81 mm [number 2]), 3) cartridge size (76.2 mm [3 in.] vs. 69.9 mm [2.75 in.]), and 4) number of rounds fired (up to 25). There was nearly complete band retention (0.999/round) at 40 m regardless of shot size or shell size used. Retention per round fired at 20 m declined to between 0.984 and 0.987 for number 2 shot and between 0.968 and 0.974 for BB shot. Our conclusions apply to unworn bands, so we recommend further simulations to assess how retention may change with age of bands as they erode or corrode on free‐ranging geese. Bias in estimates associated with loss of older bands from shotgun discharge could be adjusted if bias is estimated as done in this article. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The Influence of a Potential Diffusion Control on the Outcome of Modular Polymer–Polymer Click Conjugations
Authors: Preuss Corinna M. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe only reliable factors for assessing if a polymer–polymer click conjugation is successful are an assessment of the number average $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ of the resulting molecular weight distribution (MWD) and the shape of the number, respectively, concentration distribution as was demonstrated earlier. The present contribution explores if a potential chain length dependence (CLD) of the conjugation reaction—caused by a potential diffusion control—can affect the outcome of the polymer–polymer click ligation process. The CLD of the click rate coefficient, $k_{{\rm click}}^{{\rm i},{\rm j}} $, was implemented via a geometric mean approximation for chain length dependent termination, employing α‐values from 1.0 to 0.2. The number averages $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ and weight averages $\overline {M} _{{\rm w}} $ (and thus the PDIs) of the initial distributions were varied widely to explore under which conditions CLD effects have the largest impact. The present study clearly demonstrates that—if diffusion effects and thus a CLD of $k_{{\rm click}}^{{\rm i},{\rm j}} $—play a role in polymer–polymer ligation, the MWDs generated through conjugation display a marked conversion dependence, i.e., $M_{{\rm n}}^{{\rm click}} (x)$, with the maximum $M_{{\rm n}}^{{\rm click}} $ being reached at quantitative conversions. While the $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ reached at quantitative conversions coincides with the $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ obtained under CL‐independent conditions, the final $\overline {M} _{{\rm w}} $ of both the CLD and non‐CLD differs significantly. While the present theoretical study cannot replace the actual experiment, it unambiguously demonstrates that polymer–polymer click conjugations can be influenced by CLD effects. Given the larger α‐values for smaller chain length, broad distributions in the range up to approximately 3 000 Da are especially affected.magnified image
The Impact of Band Broadening on Molar‐Mass Determination of Narrow‐Distribution Polymer by Size‐Exclusion Chromatography
Authors: Wolpers Arne , Russell Gregory T. , Vana Philipp 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA systematic study of the effects of band broadening (BB) in size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) on Poisson molar‐mass distributions (MMDs) is carried out. Such distributions apply for polymer standards used for SEC calibration, and they are a good model for the MMD from any quasi‐living polymerization, including reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP). BB is simulated using the exponentially modified Gaussian model, which is shown to work excellently for actual polymer standards. A series of simulations with this model revealed how BB parameter values affect number‐average degree of polymerization and polydispersity index from SEC. It is shown that the skewness parameter is particularly important in these considerations. Many of the obtained trends echo ones from RDRP, suggesting that BB has been making a hitherto unsuspected – indeed uninvestigated – contribution to deviations from ideal behavior in such systems.magnified image
Expression level of miR‐34a rather than P53 gene status correlates with mutability in related human lymphoblast cell lines
Authors: Chen Xinrong , Yan Jian , Chen Tao 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe P53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene and can prevent mutation and tumor induction though apoptosis and DNA repair when it is activated by genotoxic stress. miR‐34a expression is regulated by the P53 gene and might be required for cell response to DNA damage. TK6 cells are human lymphoblast cells with normal P53 function while WTK1 and NH32 cells derived from the same progenitor as TK6 cells are P53‐deficient. Previous mutation research showed an unexpected result that NH32 cells were much less mutable than WTK1 cells, although the P53 gene in both the cell lines is not functional. To explore the possible mechanisms involved in the different mutability of the cell lines and relationship between P53 and miR‐34a, we investigated the expression levels of miR‐34a in the cells. The basal and X‐ray‐induced expression levels of miR‐34a in TK6 and NH32 cells were much higher than those in WTK1 cells. The miR‐34a was also able to be up‐regulated to respond to X‐ray exposure without a functional P53 gene in both of the NH32 and WTK1 cells. In addition, the expression levels of miR‐34a in these three cell lines are inversely correlated well with their mutability: higher levels of miR‐34a correspond with less mutable cells. These results suggest that alteration of miR‐34a expression is at least partially independent of P53 regulation and its expression levels are closely related to cells' mutability regardless of P53 status. 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Dynamic Assessment Method for Urban Eco‐environmental Quality Evaluation
Authors: Kou Gang , Wu Wenshuai , Zhao Yiyi , Peng Yi , Yaw Nti Emmanuel , Shi Yong 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTWith the rapid development of urbanization, urban environmental problems become a big challenge for urban socio‐economic development planning. In this paper, a new Dynamic Assessment method, which integrates technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, Entropy weight for time series data analysis, Grey relational analysis and Clustering, is proposed for urban eco‐environmental quality assessment of the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta in China. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to identify the influence of weight or value changes of factors. The urban eco‐environmental quality ranking by the proposed method is consistent with the Chinese city competitiveness rankings in 2009 by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. It is much easier and more efficient to obtain the urban eco‐environmental quality ranking by the proposed method than by field studies and surveys. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein modification by acrolein: Relevance to pathological conditions and inhibition by aldehyde sequestering agents
Authors: Aldini Giancarlo , Orioli Marica , Carini Marina 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAcrolein (ACR) is a toxic and highly reactive α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde widely distributed in the environment as a common pollutant and generated endogenously mainly by lipoxidation reactions. Its biological effects are due to its ability to react with the nucleophilic sites of proteins, to form covalently modified biomolecules which are thought to be involved as pathogenic factors in the onset and progression of many pathological conditions such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Functional impairment of structural proteins and enzymes by covalent modification (crosslinking) and triggering of key cell signalling systems are now well‐recognized signs of cell and tissue damage induced by reactive carbonyl species (RCS). In this review, we mainly focus on the in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrating the ability of ACR to covalently modify protein structures, in order to gain a deeper insight into the dysregulation of cellular and metabolic pathways caused by such modifications. In addition, by considering RCS and RCS‐modified proteins as drug targets, this survey will provide an overview on the newly developed molecules specifically tested for direct or indirect ACR scavenging, and the more significant studies performed in the last years attesting the efficacy of compounds already recognized as promising aldehyde‐sequestering agents.
Reload cost trees and network design
Authors: Gamvros Ioannis , Gouveia Luis , Raghavan S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this article, we consider the notion of “reload costs” in network design. Reload costs occur naturally in many different settings including telecommunication networks using diverse technologies. However, reload costs have not been studied extensively in the literature. Given that reload costs occur naturally in many settings, we are motivated by the desire to develop “good” models for network design problems involving reload costs. In this article, and as a first step in this direction, we propose and discuss the reload cost spanning tree problem (RCSTP). We show that the RCSTP is NP‐complete. We discuss several ways of modeling network design problems with reload costs. These involve models that expand the original graph significantly—to a directed line graph and a colored graph—to model reload costs. We show that the different modeling approaches lead to models with the same linear programming bound. We then discuss several variations of reload cost spanning tree and network design problems, and discuss both their complexity and models for these variations. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed models to solve RCSTP instances, we present results taken from instances with up to 50 nodes, 300 edges, and nine technologies for several variations of the problem. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2011
An adaptive approach to denoising tandem mass spectra
Authors: Lin Wenjun , Wu Fang‐Xiang , Shi Jinhong , Ding Jiarui , Zhang Wenjun 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn our recent work on denoising, a linear combination of five features was used to adjust the peak intensities in tandem mass spectra. Although the method showed a promise, the coefficients (weights) of the linear combination were fixed and determined empirically. In this paper, we proposed an adaptive approach for estimating these weights. The proposed approach: (i) calculates the score for each peak in a data set with the previous empirically determined weights, (ii) selects the training data set based on the scores of peaks, (iii) applies the linear discriminant analysis to the training data set and takes the solution of linear discriminant analysis as the new weights, (iv) calculates the score again with the new weights, (v) repeats (ii)–(iv) until the weights have no significant change. After getting the final weights, the proposed approach follows the previous methods. The proposed approach was applied to two tandem mass spectra data sets: ISB (with low resolution) and TOV‐Q (with high resolution) to evaluate its performance. The results show that about 66% of peaks (likely noise peaks) can be removed and that the number of peptides identified by MASCOT increases by 14 and 23.4% for ISB and TOV‐Q data set, respectively, compared to the previous work.