bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recombinant protein production in a variety of Nicotiana hosts: a comparative analysis
Authors: Conley Andrew J. , Zhu Hong , Le Linda C. , Jevnikar Anthony M. , Lee Byong H. , Brandle Jim E. , Menassa Rima 
Published: October 2010

SummaryAlthough many different crop species have been used to produce a wide range of vaccines, antibodies, biopharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes, tobacco has the most established history for the production of recombinant proteins. To further improve the heterologous protein yield of tobacco platforms, transient and stable expression of four recombinant proteins (i.e. human erythropoietin and interleukin‐10, an antibody against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a hyperthermostable α‐amylase) was evaluated in numerous species and cultivars of Nicotiana. Whereas the transient level of recombinant protein accumulation varied significantly amongst the different Nicotiana plant hosts, the variety of Nicotiana had little practical impact on the recombinant protein concentration in stable transgenic plants. In addition, this study examined the growth rate, amount of leaf biomass, total soluble protein levels and the alkaloid content of the various Nicotiana varieties to establish the best plant platform for commercial production of recombinant proteins. Of the 52 Nicotiana varieties evaluated, Nicotiana tabacum (cv. I 64) produced the highest transient concentrations of recombinant proteins, in addition to producing a large amount of biomass and a relatively low quantity of alkaloids, probably making it the most effective plant host for recombinant protein production.
The role of transgenic crops in sustainable development
Authors: Raymond Park Julian , McFarlane Ian , Hartley Phipps Richard , Ceddia Graziano 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe concept of sustainable development forms the basis for a wide variety of international and national policy making. World population continues to expand at about 80 M people per year, while the demand for natural resources continues to escalate. Important policies, treaties and goals underpin the notion of sustainable development. In this paper, we discuss and evaluate a range of scientific literature pertaining to the use of transgenic crops in meeting sustainable development goals. It is concluded that a considerable body of evidence has accrued since the first commercial growing of transgenic crops, which suggests that they can contribute in all three traditional pillars of sustainability, i.e. economically, environmentally and socially. Management of herbicide‐tolerant and insect‐resistant transgenic crops to minimize the risk of weeds and pests developing resistance is discussed, together with the associated concern about the risk of loss of biodiversity. As the world population continues to rise, the evidence reviewed here suggests it would be unwise to ignore transgenic crops as one of the tools that can help meet aspirations for increasingly sustainable global development.
Regulation of amino acid/carnitine transporter B0,+(ATB0,+) in astrocytes by protein kinase C: independent effects on raft and non‐raft transporter subpopulations
Authors: Samluk Łukasz , Czeredys Magdalena , Nałęcz Katarzyna A. 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115,1386–1397.AbstractNeutral and basic amino acid transporter B0,+belongs to a Na,Cl‐dependent superfamily of proteins transporting neurotransmitters, amino acids and osmolytes, known to be regulated by protein kinase C (PKC). The present study demonstrates an increased phosphorylation of B0,+on serine moiety after treatment of rat astrocytes with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate, a process correlated with an augmented activity ofl‐leucine transport and an enhanced presence of the transporter at the cell surface. After solubilization with Triton X‐100 and sucrose gradient centrifugation, B0,+was detected in non‐raft as well as in detergent‐resistant raft fractions under control conditions, while phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate treatment resulted in a complete disappearance of the transporter from the raft fraction. B0,+was observed to interact with caveolin‐1 and flotillin‐1 (reggie‐2) proteins, the markers of detergent‐resistant microdomains of plasma membrane. As verified in immunocytochemistry and immunoprecipitation experiments, modification of PKC activity did not affect these interactions. It is proposed that PKC reveals different effects on raft and non‐raft subpopulations of B0,+. Phorbol ester treatment results in trafficking of the transporter from the intracellular pool to non‐raft microdomains and increased activity, while B0,+present in raft microdomains undergoes either internalization or is transferred laterally to non‐raft domains.
GAD65 is essential for synthesis of GABA destined for tonic inhibition regulating epileptiform activity
Authors: Walls Anne B. , Nilsen Linn Hege , Eyjolfsson Elvar M. , Vestergaard Henrik T. , Hansen Suzanne L. , Schousboe Arne , Sonnewald Ursula , Waagepetersen Helle S. 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1398–1408.AbstractGABA is synthesized from glutamate by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which exists in two isoforms, that is, GAD65 and GAD67. In line with GAD65 being located in the GABAergic synapse, several studies have demonstrated that this isoform is important during sustained synaptic transmission. In contrast, the functional significance of GAD65 in the maintenance of GABA destined for extrasynaptic tonic inhibition is less well studied. Using GAD65−/− and wild type GAD65+/+ mice, this was examined employing the cortical wedge preparation, a model suitable for investigating extrasynaptic GABAA receptor activity. An impaired tonic inhibition in GAD65−/− mice was revealed demonstrating a significant role of GAD65 in the synthesis of GABA acting extrasynaptically. The correlation between an altered tonic inhibition and metabolic events as well as the functional and metabolic role of GABA synthesized by GAD65 was further investigated in vivo. Tonic inhibition and the demand for biosynthesis of GABA were augmented by injection of kainate into GAD65−/− and GAD65+/+ mice. Moreover, [1‐13C]glucose and [1,2‐13C]acetate were administered to study neuronal and astrocytic metabolism concomitantly. Subsequently, cortical and hippocampal extracts were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, respectively. Although seizure activity was induced by kainate, neuronal hypometabolism was observed in GAD65+/+ mice. In contrast, kainate evoked hypermetabolism in GAD65−/− mice exhibiting deficiencies in tonic inhibition. These findings underline the importance of GAD65 for synthesis of GABA destined for extrasynaptic tonic inhibition, regulating epileptiform activity.
Cellular organization of adult neurogenesis in the Common Marmoset
Authors: Bunk Eva C. , Stelzer Sandra , Hermann Sven , Schäfers Michael , Schlatt Stefan , Schwamborn Jens C. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryAdult neurogenesis within the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle (LV) has been most intensely studied within the brains of rodents such as mice and rats. However, little is known about the cell types and processes involved in adult neurogenesis within primates such as the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Moreover, substantial differences seem to exist between the neurogenic niche of the LV between rodents and humans. Here, we set out to use immunohistochemical and autogradiographic analysis to characterize the anatomy of the neurogenic niches and the expression of cell type–specific markers in those niches in the adult common marmoset brain. Moreover, we demonstrate significant differences in the activity of neurogenesis in the adult marmoset brain compared to the adult mouse brain. Finally, we provide evidence for ongoing proliferation of neuroblasts within both the SGZ and SVZ of the adult brain and further show that the age‐dependent decline of neurogenesis in the hippocampus is associated with a decrease in neuroblast cells.
Pyruvate imbalance mediates metabolic reprogramming and mimics lifespan extension by dietary restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Mouchiroud Laurent , Molin Laurent , Kasturi Prasad , Triba Mohamed N. , Dumas Marc Emmanuel , Wilson Marieangela C. , Halestrap Andrew P. , Roussel Damien , Masse Ingrid , Dallière Nicolas , Ségalat Laurent , Billaud Marc , Solari Florence 
Published: October 2010

SummaryDietary restriction (DR) is the most universal intervention known to extend animal lifespan. DR also prevents tumor development in mammals, and this effect requires the tumor suppressor PTEN. However, the metabolic and cellular processes that underly the beneficial effects of DR are poorly understood. We identified slcf‐1 in an RNAi screen for genes that extend Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan in a PTEN/daf‐18‐dependent manner. We showed that slcf‐1 mutation, which increases average lifespan by 40%, mimics DR in worms fed ad libitum. An NMR‐based metabolomic characterization of slcf‐1 mutants revealed lower lipid levels compared to wild‐type animals, as expected for dietary‐restricted animals, but also higher pyruvate content. Epistasis experiments and metabolic measurements support a model in which the long lifespan of slcf‐1 mutants relies on increased mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism coupled to an adaptive response to oxidative stress. This response requires DAF‐18/PTEN and the previously identified DR effectors PHA‐4/FOXA, HSF‐1/HSF1, SIR‐2.1/SIRT‐1, and AMPK/AAK‐2. Overall, our data show that pyruvate homeostasis plays a central role in lifespan control in C. elegans and that the beneficial effects of DR results from a hormetic mechanism involving the mitochondria. Analysis of the SLCF‐1 protein sequence predicts that slcf‐1 encodes a plasma membrane transporter belonging to the conserved monocarboxylate transporter family. These findings suggest that inhibition of this transporter homolog in mammals might also promote a DR response.
Spinal or systemic TY005, a peptidic opioid agonist/neurokinin 1 antagonist, attenuates pain with reduced tolerance
Authors: Largent‐Milnes TM , Yamamoto T , Nair P , Moulton JW , Hruby VJ , Lai J , Porreca F , Vanderah TW 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe use of opioids in treating pain is limited due to significant side effects including somnolence, constipation, analgesic tolerance, addiction and respiratory depression. Pre‐clinical studies have shown that neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists block opioid‐induced antinociceptive tolerance and may inhibit opioid‐induced rewarding behaviours. Here, we have characterized a bifunctional peptide with both opioid agonist and NK1antagonist pharmacophores in a rodent model of neuropathic pain.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHRats were evaluated for behavioural responses to both tactile and thermal stimuli in either an uninjured, sham‐ or nerve‐injured state. TY005 (Tyr‐DAla‐Gly‐Phe‐Met‐Pro‐Leu‐Trp‐O‐3,5‐Bn(CF3)2) was delivered spinally or systemically to assess the antinociceptive effects after acute exposure. Motor skills were evaluated using the rotarod test to determine potential sedative effects. Spinal TY005 was given chronically to sham‐ or nerve‐injured animals to determine the development of tolerance.KEY RESULTSBolus injections of TY005 produced dose‐dependent antinociception in non‐injured animals and alleviated nerve injury‐induced thermal and tactile hypersensitivities (i.e. antihyperalgesia) more effectively than morphine. Sedative effects were not evident from the rotarod test at doses that were antihyperalgesic, nor at doses threefold higher. Repeated administration of TY005 did not lead to the development of antihyperalgesic tolerance or alter sensory thresholds.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSCollectively, the data suggest that opioid agonist/NK1antagonist bifunctional peptides represent a promising novel approach to the management of chronic pain without the development of tolerance, reducing the need for escalation of doses and unwanted side effects associated with opiates alone.
An evaluation of enteral feeding practices in critically ill children
Authors: Tume Lyvonne , Latten Lynne , Darbyshire Andy 
Published: October 2010

Background: Establishing and sustaining enteral feeding in critically ill children is challenging and has met with many problems. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate (a) how actual calorie intake compared with estimated caloric requirements and (b) whether feeding guideline adherence resulted in improved nutritional intake. Design and methods: A prospective observational study was undertaken over 1 month in a tertiary referral paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in the northwest of England. Results: Forty‐seven children were studied, with a wide range of diagnoses in a 1‐month period. Only 47% of the children had enteral feeds started within our 6 h post‐admission target. Over half (55%) of the children received less than half of their estimated calorie requirements, but if feeding guidelines were followed, this resulted in a significantly higher (p = 0·004) delivery of the child's estimated requirements. Conclusions: This study found that many children are not receiving adequate nutrition in PICU and that the use of feeding guidelines significantly improves calorie delivery in PICU patients. Relevance to clinical practice: This paper highlights the dearth of research related to enteral feeding in critically ill children. We found that the use of feeding guidelines improved calorie delivery and so units should be encouraged to develop their own guidelines based on the best evidence available.
Progress in linking accessory mineral growth and breakdown to major mineral evolution in metamorphic rocks: a thermodynamic approach in the Na2O‐CaO‐K2O‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O‐TiO2‐ZrO2 system
Authors: KELSEY D. E. , POWELL R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractActivity‐composition (a–x) models have been generated for zirconium‐bearing haplogranitic silicate melt and garnet from experimental data on zircon dissolution and natural rock data, respectively. Additionally including the recently proposed a–x model for Zr‐bearing rutile [Tomkins et al., Journal of Metamorphic Geology25 (2007) 401], calculated phase diagrams that explicitly include ZrO2 in the bulk composition predict the growth and dissolution of zircon at sub‐ and supra‐solidus conditions. This occurs within the context of the evolution of major metamorphic minerals and mineral assemblages in pressure‐temperature‐composition space for a metapelitic rock composition. The stability of zircon is a function of the bulk ZrO2 content. Garnet contains insufficient Zr to affect the stability of zircon whereas rutile does contain sufficient Zr that zircon stability can be curtailed in rocks with significant rutile. Silicate melt contains appreciable Zr and zircon abundance varies inversely with melt abundance. Thermometers based on the Zr‐content of rutile (and potentially garnet) can be graphically portrayed as compositional contours in mineral assemblage fields on the phase diagrams, thereby potentially adding to the utilization of such thermometers. The ability to calculate phase diagrams explicitly including Zr is a major step towards more systematically linking zircon growth – and zircon geochronology – and accessory phase thermometry in a readily adaptable way to the metamorphic evolution of major silicate minerals in a wide range of rocks.
Origin of felsic granulite microstructure by heterogeneous decomposition of alkali feldspar and extreme weakening of orogenic lower crust during the Variscan orogeny
Authors: FRANĚK J. , SCHULMANN K. , LEXA O. , ULRICH S. , ŠTÍPSKÁ P. , HALODA J. , TÝCOVÁ P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis study answers the question of origin and evolution of a granulitic microstructure typically developed in felsic granulites of the European Variscan belt. It shows that the precursor of the Variscan felsic granulites was a high‐pressure alkali feldspar‐rich coarse‐grained layered orthogneiss. Its S1 subhorizontal layering is defined by the alignment of alkali feldspar porphyroclasts alternating with monomineralic bands of quartz and bands rich in plagioclase and garnet. The alkali feldspar porphyroclasts contain inclusions of quartz, garnet, kyanite, biotite and rutile, reflecting peak P–T conditions of 1.6–1.8 GPa and 850 °C during S1 formation. Superimposed steep folds and steep cleavage, S2, are associated with recrystallization of alkali feldspar, plagioclase and quartz, and garnet chemistry modifications that correspond to 0.9–1.0 GPa and 800 °C. During exhumation, involving 0.8 GPa decompression and cooling, the probably perthitic alkali feldspar underwent an unusual process of heterogeneous decomposition along irregular reaction fronts forming a fine‐grained matrix composed of plagioclase and K‐feldspar grains. Regular grain distributions in the matrix, nucleation‐dominated crystal size distribution and preservation of lattice orientation of the parental perthite crystals are all explained by a discontinuous precipitation process. This heterogeneous decomposition of alkali feldspar solid solution is controlled by chemically and strain induced grain‐boundary migration. During exhumation and decompression, the fine‐grained matrix underwent viscous deformation, forming the typical microstructure of the Variscan granulites. Random phase distributions, minor coarsening and feldspar textures are interpreted as a result of strain softening due to diffusion creep‐accommodated grain‐boundary sliding. Subordinate large quartz ribbons were rheologically stronger than the feldspar‐dominated matrix due to the activity of different deformational mechanisms. Finally, in mid‐crustal levels, the subvertical structure was overprinted by a perpendicular steep fabric associated with the growth of sillimanite, heterogeneous hydration and local partial melting, development of aggregate phase distributions and significant coarsening. This evolution is accompanied with the development of a strong lattice preferred orientation of quartz, K‐feldspar and plagioclase, reflecting a switch to dislocation creep mechanism and a general hardening of the granulites under amphibolite facies conditions.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Operational Electricity Use in the ICT and Entertainment & Media Sectors
Authors: Malmodin Jens , Moberg Åsa , Lundén Dag , Finnveden Göran , Lövehagen Nina 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe positive and negative environmental impacts of information and communication technology (ICT) are widely debated. This study assesses the electricity use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to the ICT and entertainment & media (E&M) sectors at sector level, including end users, and thus complements information on the product level. GHGs are studied in a life cycle perspective, but for electricity use, only the operational use is considered. The study also considers which product groups or processes are major contributors. Using available data and extrapolating existing figures to the global scale for 2007 reveals that the ICT sector produced 1.3% of global GHG emissions in 2007 and the E&M sector 1.7%. The corresponding figures for global electricity use were 3.9% and 3.2%, respectively. The results indicate that for the ICT sector, operation leads to more GHG emissions than manufacture, although impacts from the manufacture of some products are significant. For the E&M sector, operation of TVs and production of printed media are the main reasons for overall GHG emissions. TVs as well as printed media, with the estimations made here, led to more GHG emissions on a global level in 2007 than PCs (manufacture and operation). A sector study of this type provides information on a macro scale, a perspective easily lost when considering, for example, the product‐related results of life cycle assessments. The macro scale is essential to capture changes in total consumption and use. However, the potential of the ICT sector to help decrease environmental impacts from other sectors was not included in the assessment.
Industrial Ecology 2.0
Authors: Davis Chris , Nikolic Igor , Dijkema Gerard P.J. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryIndustrial ecology (IE) is an ambitious field of study where we seek to understand systems using a wide perspective ranging from the scale of molecules to that of the planet. Achieving such a holistic view is challenging and requires collecting, processing, curating, and sharing immense amounts of data and knowledge.We are not capable of fully achieving this due to the current state of tools used in IE and current community practices. Although we deal with a vastly interconnected world, we are not so good at efficiently interconnecting what we learn about it. This is not a problem unique to IE, and other fields have begun to use tools supported by the World Wide Web to meet these challenges.We discuss these sets of tools and illustrate how community driven data collection, processing, curation, and sharing is allowing people to achieve more than ever before. In particular, we discuss standards that have been created to allow for interlinking of data dispersed across multiple Web sites. This is currently visible in the Linking Open Data initiative, which among others contains interlinked datasets from the U.S. and U.K. governments, biology databases, and Wikipedia. Since the types of technologies and standards involved are outside the normal scope of work by many industrial ecologists, we attempt to explain the relevance, implications, and benefits through a discussion of many real examples currently on the Web.From these, we discuss several best practices, which can be enabling factors for how IE and the community can more efficiently and effectively meet its ambitions—an agenda for Industrial Ecology 2.0.
Greater Three‐Dimensional Ventricular Lead Tip Separation is Associated with Improved Outcome after Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: ARIGA RINA , TAYEBJEE MUZAHIR H. , BENFIELD ANNE , TODD MICHELLE , LEFROY DAVID C. 
Published: October 2010

Background: Effective cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is more likely with widely separated left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) pacing leads tips. We hypothesized that lead separation is an important factor in determining the clinical response to CRT.
Methods: A retrospective study of 86 consecutive patients age 71 ± 10 years, male (74%), coronary disease (71%), atrial fibrillation (23%), LV ejection fraction (22 ± 9%), QRS duration (160 ± 27 ms), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III (81%), NYHA class IV (19%) undergoing CRT from January 2006 to September 2008. The median follow‐up was 12 months and clinical response to CRT was defined as reduction of NYHA class by one or more. The three‐dimensional separation between RV and LV pacing lead tips was calculated using measurements obtained from orthogonal posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs performed the day after implantation.
Results: Fifty‐nine patients (69%) responded to CRT. There was a statistically significant association between increased three‐dimensional lead separation and clinical response to CRT (P= 0.005). Stronger association was obtained when lead separation was corrected for cardiac size (P= 0.001). A significantly higher response rate of 88% was achieved in patients with QRS duration of 160 ms or more, and lead separation of 100 mm or more compared with 60% when lead separation was less than 100 mm and QRS duration remained the same (P = 0.027).
Conclusions: Greater three‐dimensional separation of LV‐to‐RV leads is associated with improved response to CRT. A prospective multicenter trial is needed to assess lead separation as a predictor for response. (PACE 2010; 33:1490–1496)