bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy density, energy costs and income – how are they related?
Authors: Waterlander Wilma E , de Haas Wendy E , van Amstel Inge , Schuit Albertine J , Twisk Jos WR , Visser Marjolein , Seidell Jacob C , Steenhuis Ingrid HM 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between energy density and energy costs in single food items and composed diets, and to explore differences in energy density and energy cost between income levels.DesignA cross-sectional study using data from two Dutch cohort studies and recent national food prices. Food prices were retrieved from two market leader supermarkets. Data on dietary intake were measured using a computerized face-to-face interview (cohort 1) and 24 h recalls (cohort 2).SettingThe Netherlands.SubjectsA sample of 373 young adults from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study (AGHLS, measured in 2000) and a sample of 200 community-dwelling elderly from the Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam (LASA, measured in 2007).ResultsWe found significant inverse associations between energy density and energy costs in single food items (r= −0·436,P< 0·01) and composed diets (AGHLS menr= −0·505, womenr= −0·413,P< 0·001; LASA menr= −0·559, womenr= −0·562,P< 0·001). Furthermore, we found that people stratified into higher energy density quartiles consumed significantly more energy per day, less fruits and vegetables, and had significantly lower diet costs. Explorative analyses on income did not reveal significant differences regarding energy density, costs, or fruit and vegetable intake.ConclusionsIn the Netherlands also, energy density was inversely related with energy costs, implying that healthier diets cost more. However, we could not find differences in energy density or costs between income levels. Future research, using precise food expenditures, is of main importance in studying the economics of obesity and in the aim of making the healthier choice easier.
Red/green Dual Fluorescence Detection of Both the Nucleus and Nucleolus in Living Cells
Authors: Coleman Jack , Cox Hilary , Li Zaiguo , Pande Praveen , Shen Dee , Gatica Divina , Patton Wayne F 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The nucleolus represents a highly dynamic nuclear domain arising from an equilibrium between the level of ribosomal RNA synthesis and the efficiency of ribosomal RNA processing [1, 2]. Although the nucleolus is primarily associated with ribosome biogenesis, several lines of evidence now demonstrate that it has additional functions, such as regulation of mitosis, cell-cycle progression and proliferation, many forms of stress response, and biogenesis of multiple ribonucleoprotein particles. Ribosome biogenesis is regulated throughout interphase and ceases during mitosis (Figure 1). Thus, there is a direct relationship between cell growth and nucleolar activities. Nucleoli are well known to be dramatically modified in cancer cells. Additionally, a large number of key proteins from both DNA- and RNA-containing viruses are localized in the nucleolus, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 Rev and Tat proteins. Targeting of viral proteins to the nucleolus not only facilitates virus replication, but may also be required for pathogenic processes. The nucleolus can also be considered a sensor of stress due to the redistribution of the ribosomal proteins in the nucleoplasm through its disruption.
Applications of Multibeam SEM/FIB Instrumentation in the Integrated Sciences
Authors: McMahon G , Rybczynski J , Wang Y , Gao Y , Cai D , Dhakal P , Argenti N , Kempa K , Ren ZF , Erdman N , Naughton MJ 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Hague, Netherlands, 1690. Christiaan Huygens and Sir Isaac Newton, at odds with their competing wave/particle theories of light, today reached a compromise with their unveiling of a new multibeam SEM/FIB instrument featuring an SEM column designed by Huygens that uses electromagnetic lenses to focus the beam of electrons and a FIB column employing electrostatic lenses to focus the beam of ions devised by Newton. Onlookers were dazzled by its extensive capabilities and range of applications.
The Long Shot: Multiphoton Microscopy Offers Deeper, Sharper, Safer Imaging Than Ever Before
Authors: Tesfai Sam , Jordan John , Donely Dennis 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When living cells are far below the surface, they pose particularly complex problems for researchers trying to view dynamic life activities in the laboratory. Many fluorescence imaging systems rely on short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) or blue light, which is then absorbed by the specimen and emitted as visible light. But living tissue scatters so much short-wavelength light that some of the emitted fluorescence from the region of interest does not reach the detector. The deeper the area of interest, the more severe this problem becomes. Indeed, for every specimen, there is a point at which so much scatter occurs that traditional fluorescence imaging techniques are no longer effective. Raising the intensity of the excitation light in order to get more light out of the system can itself be lethal for living systems, as it causes increased photobleaching and phototoxicity. Adding to the problem is the fact that in deep imaging, regions of the specimen above and below the focal plane that are not of interest are exposed to light, causing unwanted fluorescence. Finally, excessive scattering of the excitation light when imaging deep below the specimen's surface results in an image with poor signal-to-noise ratio. These images tend to look soft and dull instead of crisp and full of contrast. Assuming that the scientist's research protocol will not allow the use of thinner-cut sections, deep imaging is still possible via multiphoton microscopy.
The Otto Scherzer Memorial Symposium on Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscopy
Authors: Smith David J , Dahmen Uli 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The year 2009 marks the centenary of the birth of Otto Scherzer, one of the early pioneers of electron microscopy. Scherzer, shown in Figure 1, was the originator of the famous microscopy theorem that the spherical and chromatic aberrations of rotationally symmetric electron lenses were unavoidable [1]. In honor of this centennial occasion, we organized a special memorial symposium during the Microscopy & Microanalysis 2009 meeting, which was held in Richmond, Virginia, in late July. The introductory talks of the symposium presented a fascinating mix of firsthand accounts about working with Scherzer in Darmstadt and descriptions of the correction concepts and the early corrector prototypes that emerged from his group. Placed in this historical context, the latest advances in aberration correction for scanning and fixed-beam instruments that were presented in this symposium were all the more impressive and conveyed a vivid sense of history in the making. Representative applications of aberration correction to a broad range of materials were also highlighted in platform and poster presentations. Here we give a short account of the emergence of aberration-corrected electron microscopy (ACEM) and very briefly summarize some of the prospects and challenges for this burgeoning field. Further information about these developments, including details of applications, will be found in selected papers from the symposium, which will be published in a forthcoming issue of the journal Microscopy and Microanalysis due to appear in mid-2010.
New Ion Probe for Next Generation FIB, SIMS, and Nano-Ion Implantation
Authors: Smith N S , Tesch P P , Martin N P , Boswell R W 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
HyperionTM is a newly developed high-performance ion source that significantly advances the capabilities of many ion beam techniques used by material scientists and engineers. Hyperion has been developed to provide focused beams as small as 10 nm, beam currents up to several micro-Amps, and a broad range of ion species that include He+, O2 +, Xe+ and H3 +.
Benefits of Microwave-Assisted Processing Go Beyond Time Savings
Authors: Giberson Richard T , Sanders Mark A 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Microwave-assisted processing of biological specimens, from its inception, has been a methodology that promised time savings over conventional processing methods [1]. It has taken almost 30 years to define and control the significant variables associated with microwave processing [2]. Recent research combined with improved technology have helped in the identification and control of the experimental variables associated with microwave-assisted processing [2–7]. Stated simply they are: (1) constant sample temperature control in conjunction with continuous microwave irradiation [3–4], (2) control of wattage in the microwave device (the ability to control microwave power in the same manner as a dimmer switch controls a light) [2–5], and (3) energy uniformity in the microwave cavity [3–4].
Embrittled Ancient Silver and Iron Objects and Their Conservation
Authors: Wanhill Russell 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Embrittlement of ancient metals is often complex. The details of embrittlement should be investigated in order to select the best remedial measures for restoration and conservation. This article surveys the techniques used for investigating several ancient embrittled silver artifacts and an iron pile-shoe from a Roman bridge. The possibilities for preserving such objects are also discussed.
Challenges and Opportunities for Focused Ion Beam Processing at the Nano-Scale
Authors: Gierak J , Schiedt B , Lucot D , Madouri A , Bourhis E , Patriarche G , Ulysse C , Lafosse X , Auvray L , Bruchhaus L , Jede R 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
There is a solid consensus that new methods of structure fabrication, placement, and organization within the sub-10-nm resolution gap are urgently required to meet existing challenges in condensed matter, semiconductors, and biotechnologies. Standard top-down methods such as resist-based lithographies even used at the shortest available wavelengths have clearly identified limitations. On the other hand, bottom-up approaches, like scanning probe manipulation techniques, remain challenging when trying to generate reproducible, functional, and addressable nano-structures. Therefore, at the laboratory level new routes must be explored.
Design and Validation of a Low-Cost Microscope for Diagnostics in the Developing World
Authors: Cline B , Luo R , Kuhlmann K 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Many infectious diseases prevalent in the developing world, including malaria and tuberculosis, are difficult to diagnose on the basis of symptoms alone but can be accurately detected using microscope examination. Currently the expense, size, and fragility of optical microscopes impede their widespread use in resource-limited settings. Addressing these obstacles facing microscopy in the developing world is a pressing need; over 800,000 people, primarily children in Africa, die annually of malaria, and more than 1,500,000 people die annually of tuberculosis [1][2]. The aim of this study is to design and validate a microscope for use in the developing world that combines high-resolution imaging, extreme affordability, and long-term durability.
Imaging Motile Pathogens with Light Microscopy and Cryogenic Electron Tomography
Authors: Frischknecht Freddy , Cyrklaff Marek 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The most prominent vector-transmitted diseases in the first and third world are Lyme disease and malaria, respectively. In both cases the transmitted agents are introduced into the skin from where they eventually disseminate into the blood using active motility. We are interested in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the motility of these pathogens and how they relate to the ultrastructure of the pathogens. Here we provide an overview of the microscopy techniques that we use to achieve these goals.
World Ocean Database
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: January 2010

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) World Ocean Database 2009, released in November as an update to the 2005 version, provides about 9.1 million temperature profiles and 3.5 million salinity reports, with some information dating as far back as 1800. The updated database includes scientific information about the oceans that can be sorted in various ways, including geographically or by year.“There is now more data about the global oceans than ever before,” according to Sydney Levitus, director of the World Data Center for Oceanography, part of NOAA's National Oceanographic Data Center. “Previous databases have shown the world ocean has warmed during the last 53 years, and it's crucial we have reliable, accurate monitoring of our oceans into the future,” he said. The database is a part of the Integrated Ocean Observing System and the Global Earth Observation System of Systems.
David J. Hofmann (1937–2009)
Authors: Deshler Terry , Butler James H. , Solomon Susan , Barnes John E. , Schnell Russell C. 
Published: January 2010

David J. Hofmann, a pioneer in stratospheric aerosol and ozone research, passed away in Boulder, Colo., on 11 August 2009. He was 72. Dave, a frequent contributor to AGU publications and meetings, was elected an AGU Fellow in 2006.His long and prolific scientific career was, as he would say, simple in concept: Make a long‐term commitment to specific measurements, pay attention to the details, and focus on the important issues that the measurements raise. This is simple in concept yet challenging to maintain in a world of short‐term contracts and budgets. That Dave sustained and led key measurement programs through 25 years at the University of Wyoming (UW), in Laramie, and 17 years with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL, which became the Global Monitoring Division (GMD) of NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory) in Boulder, speaks volumes about the scientific and societal benefits that have resulted from his work.
Earth Science in the Anthropocene: New Epoch, New Paradigm, New Responsibilities
Authors: Ellis Erle C. , Haff Peter K. 
Published: January 2010

We live in the Anthropocene: For better or for worse, the Earth system now functions in ways unpredictable without understanding how human systems function and how they interact with and control Earth system processes. Regardless of whether this transition from the Holocene (generally thought of as the past 12,000 years) to the new epoch of the Anthropocene will ultimately be for the better or for the worse, the Earth system will not be returning to a preanthropogenic state for the foreseeable future.Human involvement in the Earth system has now gone far beyond mere interference with “natural” processes. Human systems have emerged as new primary Earth systems, not only by dramatically altering preexisting natural processes but also, more important, by introducing a host of new Earth system processes entirely novel to the Earth system. As a result, the classic paradigm of “Earth systems with humans disturbing them” is obsolete. Human systems have become as integral and defining a component of this planet's processes as are biological, atmospheric, hydrologic, and geologic systems. As with the rise of photosynthetic organisms and the emergence of the biosphere, human systems have driven the Earth along a new and unprecedented path.
p63, p73, & p53 are Negative Regulators of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), Invasion & Metastasis
Authors: Boominathan Lakshmanane 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIt has recently been shown that microRNAs, such as miRs-145,192, and 215, are regulated by the tumor suppressor p53 through their p53REs. Considering miRs-145, 192, and 215 promoters contain p53REs suggests that they could be transcriptional targets of p63 and p73 as well. Remarkably, bioinformatics analysis of miRs-145, 192, and 215 targets suggests that they target ZEB2, suggesting that p53, p63, and p73 by increasing the expression of miRs-192, 215, & 145, they could inhibit the expression of ZEB2. ZEB2 has been shown to function as a repressor of the tumor suppressor E-cadherin, suggesting that p53, p73, and p63 by suppressing the expression of ZEB2 through their transcriptional target miRs, they could increase the expression of E-cadherin. E-cadherin inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby functions as a suppressor of metastasis. Remarkably, ZEB2 appears to be a common target of p53/p63/p73-induced three different miRs 145, 192, and 215. Further, p53/TA-p63-miRs appear to target transcription factors--STAT3, CEBPβ, bHLHB2, Fosl2 & AML-1-- responsible for mesenchyme phenotype. p53/TA-p63-miRs also appear to target α5/β1 integrin, EGFR, and Rab coupling protein, thereby prevent invasion. This data suggests a well-conserved mechanism mediating p53/p63/p73-dependent inhibition of EMT, invasion, and metastasis. Considering p63 and p73 heterozygous mice are more prone to metastasis compared to p53 null mice suggests that both p63 and p73 could function as negative regulators of the EMT and metastasis. Together, this bioinformatics/computational study suggests that p63, p73, and p53 regulate the expression of E-cadherin/integrins/metastatic transcription factors through their target miRs, thereby they could inhibit EMT, invasion, and metastasis. Finally, this study provides molecular insight into p73 and p63’s ability to function as suppressors of EMT, invasion and metastasis.
Impact of catheter insertion using the radial approach on vasodilatation in humans
Authors: Dawson Ellen A. , Rathore Sudhir , Cable N. Timothy , Wright D. Jay , Morris John L. , Green Daniel J. 
Published: January 2010

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of catheter sheath insertion, a model of endothelium disruption in humans, on the conventional FMD (flow-mediated dilatation) response in vivo. Seventeen subjects undergoing transradial catheterization were recruited and assessed prior to, the day after, and 3–4 months postcatheterization. The catheter sheath's external diameter was 2.7 mm, and the average preprocedure internal radial artery diameter was 2.8 mm, indicating a high likelihood of endothelial denudation as a consequence of sheath placement. Radial artery flow-mediated and endothelium-derived NO (nitric oxide)-dependent function (FMD) was assessed within the region of sheath placement (sheath site) and also above the sheath (catheter site). GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) endothelium-independent NO-mediated function was also assessed distally. Measurements were made in both arms at all time points; the non-catheterized arm provided an internal control. Neither sheath (4.5±0.9%) nor catheter (4.4±0.9%) insertion abolished FMD, although both significantly decreased FMD from preintervention levels (9.0±0.8% sheath segment; 8.4±0.8% catheter segment; P&lt;0.05). The impact of sheath and catheter placement on FMD was no longer evident after ~ 3 months recovery (8.0±1.5 and 8.1±1.7%, sheath and catheter, respectively). GTN responses also decreased from 14.8±1.7 to 7.9±1.0% (P&lt;0.05) as a result of sheath placement, but values returned to baseline at ~ 3 months (13.0±1.8%). These results suggest that the presence of an intact, functional endothelial layer and consequent NO release may not be obligatory for some component of the FMD response. This raises the possibility of an endothelium-independent contribution to the flow-induced vasodilatation in humans.
A dose–response perspective on college drinking and related problems
Authors: Gruenewald Paul J. , Johnson Fred W. , Ponicki William R. , LaScala Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTAims  In order to examine the degree to which heavy drinking contributes to risks for problems among college drinkers this paper develops and tests a dose–response model of alcohol use that relates frequencies of drinking specific quantities of alcohol to the incidence of drinking problems.Methods  A mathematical model was developed that enabled estimation of dose–response relationships between drinking quantities and drinking problems using self‐report data from 8698 college drinkers across 14 campuses in California, USA. The model assumes that drinking risks are a direct monotone function of the amount consumed per day and additive across drinking days. Drinking problems accumulate across drinking occasions and are the basis for cumulative reports of drinking problems reported by college drinkers.Results  Statistical analyses using the model showed that drinking problems were related to every drinking level, but increased fivefold at three drinks and more gradually thereafter. Problems were associated most strongly with occasions on which three drinks were consumed, and more than half of all reported problems were related to occasions on which four or fewer drinks were consumed. There were some important differences in dose–responsiveness between men and women and between different groups of ‘light’, ‘moderate’ and ‘heavier’ drinkers.Conclusion  Many problems among college students are associated with drinking relatively small amounts of alcohol (two to four drinks). Programs to reduce college drinking problems should emphasize risks associated with low drinking levels.
Community alcohol outlet density and underage drinking
Authors: Chen Meng‐Jinn , Grube Joel W. , Gruenewald Paul J. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTAim  This study examined how community alcohol outlet density may be associated with drinking among youths.Methods  Longitudinal data were collected from 1091 adolescents (aged 14–16 at baseline) recruited from 50 zip codes in California with varying levels of alcohol outlet density and median household income. Hierarchical linear models were used to examine the associations between zip code alcohol outlet density and frequency rates of general alcohol use and excessive drinking, taking into account zip code median household income and individual‐level variables (age, gender, race/ethnicity, personal income, mobility and perceived drinking by parents and peers).Findings  When all other factors were controlled, higher initial levels of drinking and excessive drinking were observed among youths residing in zip codes with higher alcohol outlet densities. Growth in drinking and excessive drinking was, on average, more rapid in zip codes with lower alcohol outlet densities. The relation of zip code alcohol outlet density with drinking appeared to be mitigated by having friends with access to a car.Conclusion  Alcohol outlet density may play a significant role in initiation of underage drinking during early teenage, especially when youths have limited mobility. Youth who reside in areas with low alcohol outlet density may overcome geographic constraints through social networks that increase their mobility and the ability to seek alcohol and drinking opportunities beyond the local community.