bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of etch pit density for gallium nitride layer grown by HVPE and MOCVD
Authors: Oh Hae‐Kon , Kim Jung‐Gyu , Hwang Hyun‐Hee , Choi Young Jun , Lee Hae‐Yong , Lee Won‐Jae , Shin Byoung‐Chul , Hwang Jonghee 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe investigated the characterization of dislocations for GaN epilayers grown by HVPE and MOCVD methods through wet‐chemical etching method, cathodoluminescence (CL) and high resolution X‐ray diffraction (HR‐XRD). The thickness of GaN epilayers grown by HVPE and MOCVD was prepared 15 μm and 5 μm, respectively. To evaluate etch pits density (EPD) of GaN epilayers by wet‐chemical etching, samples were etched in molten KOH at 400 °C. The EPD for GaN grown by HVPE and by MOCVD was measured in close agreement with the respective dislocation density obtained by CL and HR‐XRD. In case of GaN grown by HVPE, dislocation densities were 6.9x107/cm2 by EPD, 6.5x107/cm2 by CL, and 2.9x107/cm2 by HR‐XRD. For GaN grown by MOCVD, dislocation density was 4.7x108/cm2 by EPD, 5.8x108/cm2 by CL, and 1.4x108/cm2 by HR‐XRD. For GaN grown by MOCVD on patterned sapphire substrate, dislocation density was 1.0x108/cm2 by EPD, 2.2x108/cm2 by CL and 7.2x107/cm2by HR‐XRD. Dislocation density of GaN grown by HVPE showed the lower value among these samples. Also we could expect that the wet‐etching method at proper etching condition and time might be accurate determination method to investigate the dislocations in GaN epilayers. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Accuracy and speed trade‐off in robot‐assisted surgery
Authors: Chien Jung Hung , Tiwari Manish M. , Suh Irene H. , Mukherjee Mukul , Park Shi‐Hyun , Oleynikov Dmitry , Siu Ka‐Chun 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundControlling surgical task speed and maintaining accuracy are vital components of robotic surgical skills. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between accuracy and speed for robot‐assisted surgical skills.MethodsTen participants were asked to alternately touch two circular targets with various dimensions and distances between two targets, using the da Vinci Surgical System. The design of this study was based on Fitt's law. Statistical correlations between the index of difficulty (ID) and the movement time (MT), as well as the ID and the smoothness of the movement, were analysed.ResultsA significant linear correlation between MT and ID was shown. Speed was reduced to maintain accuracy as the level of task difficulty increased. There was no significant correlation between the smoothness of the movement and ID.ConclusionsThe trade‐off between speed and accuracy plays an important role in robot‐assisted surgical proficiency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐way satellite platform with ACM/QoS integration for the delivery of TV‐centric triple‐play services
Authors: Boccolini Gabriele , Luise Marco , Mignone Vittoria , Vignaroli Luca 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSatellite‐based telecom systems probably represent the easiest solution to reduce the digital divide in less‐favoured areas owing to their wide geographical coverage and the speed and ease of deployment of terminal equipment. However, a satellite system must be efficient, cost‐effective and capable of full inter‐working with state‐of‐the‐art terrestrial broadband networks. This paper presents the architecture and the main performance results of a two‐way broadband satellite‐based system that was developed in the framework of the European Commission's FP6 UNIC project (UNIversal satellite home Connection). The aim of UNIC was twofold: on one side, it addressed the urban–rural digital divide by exploiting at best the features of existing advanced two‐way satellite technologies; on the other, the project also investigated how to bridge the ‘social divide’ that arises from the lack of computer ownership or computer literacy of certain classes of end‐users, by providing interactive services on a standard TV set through an ad‐hoc Set‐Top‐Box. The UNIC system architecture is based on DVB‐S2 and DVB‐RCS technologies in the forward and the return link, respectively, possibly paired by a local terrestrial wireless network (e.g. Wi‐Fi) for the distribution of connectivity to end‐users. The UNIC set‐top box is fed by the satellite gateway via a standard IP connection either through the local terrestrial network or directly to the satellite network. Management of the satellite bandwidth is optimized by the UNIC platform through the adoption of an adaptive resource allocation technique based on the flexible framing structure of DVB‐S2: the key factor in this respect turns out to be the feature of adaptive coding and modulation (ACM), together with a suited quality of service (QoS) policy to control the amount of data that are fed into the network. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Who are you callin' expert?”: Using student narratives to redefine expertise and advocacy lower track science
Authors: Yerrick Randy , Schiller Jennifer , Reisfeld Jennifer 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to construct an interpretation of lower track science students' notions of expertise in science teaching. Data were collected and transcribed from focus groups, teacher journals, classrooms events, and student artifacts. Students responded to focus group prompts over the course of a years regarding how and why they chose to learn science from their teachers based on affective attributes, advocacy/impedance, and identity. Results showed that lower track science students closely associate affective teacher attributes with effective teaching strategies. In addition, students identified advocacy or impedance in academic success based on personal experience rather than other more overt characteristics such as race or gender as a major determinant for their successful science learning. Implications for research and teacher education in diverse settings are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 13–36, 2011
Alvimopan for the Management of Postoperative Ileus After Bowel Resection: Characterization of Clinical Benefit by Pooled Responder Analysis
Authors: Ludwig Kirk , Viscusi Eugene R. , Wolff Bruce G. , Delaney Conor P. , Senagore Anthony , Techner Lee 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundA pooled post hoc responder analysis was performed to assess the clinical benefit of alvimopan, a peripherally acting mu‐opioid receptor (PAM‐OR) antagonist, for the management of postoperative ileus after bowel resection.MethodsAdult patients who underwent laparotomy for bowel resection scheduled for opioid‐based intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia received oral alvimopan or placebo preoperatively and twice daily postoperatively until hospital discharge or for 7 postoperative days. The proportion of responders and numbers needed to treat (NNT) were examined on postoperative days (POD) 3–8 for GI‐2 recovery (first bowel movement, toleration of solid food) and hospital discharge order (DCO) written.ResultsAlvimopan significantly increased the proportion of patients with GI‐2 recovery and DCO written by each POD (P < 0.001 for all). More patients who received alvimopan achieved GI‐2 recovery on or before POD 5 (alvimopan, 80%; placebo, 66%) and DCO written before POD 7 (alvimopan, 87%; placebo, 72%), with corresponding NNTs equal to 7.ConclusionsOn each POD analyzed, alvimopan significantly increased the proportion of patients who achieved GI‐2 recovery and DCO written versus placebo and was associated with relatively low NNTs. The results of these analyses provide additional characterization and support for the overall clinical benefit of alvimopan in patients undergoing bowel resection.
Outcomes of Robot‐Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy in Patients Older Than 70 Years: A Comparative Study
Authors: Buchs Nicolas C. , Addeo Pietro , Bianco Francesco M. , Gangemi Antonio , Ayloo Subhashini M. , Giulianotti Pier C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundMinimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remains one of the most challenging abdominal procedures and its application in the elderly population is poorly reported in the literature so far. The goal of this study was to demonstrate that robot‐assisted PD can be safely performed in patients aged 70 years and older.MethodsForty‐one consecutive robot‐assisted PD performed between April 2007 and January 2010 were prospectively entered in a dedicated database. Patients were stratified into two groups: group 1, aged ≥70 years (n = 15, 36.6%); and group 2, aged <70 years (n = 26, 63.4%). The data were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsIndications for surgery and patient characteristics were the same in both groups, with the exception of age. There was no statistical difference in terms of operative time (P = 0.376), blood loss (P = 0.989), conversion rate (P = 0.52), mortality (P = 0.36), or overall morbidity rate (P = 0.74). The mean hospital stay was 14.3 days in group 1 and 11.2 days in group 2. This was not statistically significant (P = 0.136).ConclusionsRobot‐assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy can be performed safely in elderly patients with comparable mortality, morbidity, and outcomes compared with a younger population. Age alone should not be a contraindication for robotic pancreatic resection.
The Paradox of Ethnic Equality
Authors: Sutterlüty Ferdinand 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis essay deals with the findings of an ethnographic study carried out in two urban neighborhoods in Germany. Although the German residents felt bound by the norms of ethnic equality, they used negative classifications to stigmatize upwardly mobile members of the Turkish community. In doing so, they undermined these equality norms without explicitly calling them into question. This paradox can be explained by a latently active, primordial belief in kinship, which is ultimately rooted in a symbolic order of ethnic inequality.
Analytical Sociology and Its Critics
Authors: Manzo Gianluca 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn reaction to the criticisms to which analytical sociology has been subject with increasing frequency, the article attempts an overall assessment of this research program by addressing the following questions: where does contemporary analytical sociology come from? what are the differences between the “old” and “new” analytical sociology? what does analytical sociology really consist of? do the critics of analytical sociology have good reasons to be critical? Gross’s 2009 ASR article is deeply discussed in order to answer the last question.
n-6 Fatty acids and cardiovascular health: a review of the evidence for dietary intake recommendations
Authors: Czernichow Sébastien , Thomas Daniel , Bruckert Eric 
Published: June 2010

n-6 PUFA are well known for their critical role in many physiological functions and seem to reduce risks of CHD. However, some argue that excessive consumption ofn-6 PUFA may lead to adverse effects on health and therefore recommend reducing dietaryn-6 PUFA intake or fixing an upper limit. In this context, the present work aimed to review evidence on the link betweenn-6 PUFA and risks of CVD. Epidemiological studies show thatn-6 PUFA dietary intake significantly lowers blood LDL-cholesterol levels. In addition,n-6 PUFA intake does not increase several CVD risk factors such as blood pressure, inflammatory markers, haemostatic parameters and obesity. Data from prospective cohort and interventional studies converge towards a specific protective role of dietaryn-6 PUFA intake, in particular linoleic acid, against CVD.n-6 PUFA benefits are even increased when SFA intake is also reduced. In regards to studies examined in this narrative review, recommendation forn-6 PUFA intake above 5 %, and ideally about 10 %, of total energy appears justified.
Listener reliability in assigning utterance boundaries in children's spontaneous speech
Authors: STOCKMAN IDA J. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTResearch and clinical practices often rely on an utterance unit for spoken language analysis. This paper calls attention to the problems encountered when identifying utterance boundaries in young children's spontaneous conversational speech. The results of a reliability study of utterance boundary assignment are described for 20 females with graduate professional education in speech–language pathology. They judged audiorecorded spontaneous speech samples that were elicited from 4-year-old children. Their agreement with each other (interobserver) was significantly lower than their self-agreement (intraobserver). Interobserver agreement varied with the length/grammatical complexity of response turns, and the number and types of selective boundary cues presented in the speech stimuli. The findings have research and clinical implications for the utterance as a conceptual notion and its use constraints.
“Um, I can tell you're lying”: Linguistic markers of deception versus truth-telling in speech
Authors: ARCIULI JOANNE , MALLARD DAVID , VILLAR GINA 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTLying is a deliberate attempt to transmit messages that mislead others. Analysis of language behaviors holds great promise as an objective method of detecting deception. The current study reports on the frequency of use and acoustic nature of “um” and “like” during laboratory-elicited lying versus truth-telling. Results obtained using a within-participants false opinion paradigm showed that instances of “um” occur less frequently and are of shorter duration during lying compared to truth-telling. There were no significant differences in relation to “like.” These findings contribute to our understanding of the linguistic markers of deception behavior. They also assist in our understanding of the role of “um” in communication more generally. Our results suggest that “um” may not be accurately conceptualized as a filled pause/hesitation or speech disfluency/error whose increased usage coincides with increased cognitive load or increased arousal during lying. It may instead carry a lexical status similar to interjections and form an important part of authentic, effortless communication, which is somewhat lacking during lying.
Manuel Colmeiro y la propiedad de la tierra en Galicia
Authors: Torron Xose Cordero 
Published: June 2010

Manuel Colmeiro Penido fue el primer economista gallego en vislumbrar la vía que debía de seguir la agricultura gallega para su modernización. Era ésta una vía de ruptura con la herencia del Antiguo Régimen y con la forma en que se desarrollaba en Galicia la revolución liberal.En la Galicia del Antiguo Régimen la figura jurídica predominante en la articulación de las relaciones entre los rentistas, propietarios agrarios, y los campesinos era el foro. En las relaciones sociales articuladas por esta figura jurídica existía una divergencia de intereses entre foristas y subforistas, facciones ambas de la clase dominante gallega. Una divergencia que era una consecuencia de la existencia de una contradicción surgida en torno a la participación que cada una de ellas tenía, o habría de tener en el futuro, en la apropiación del excedente agrícola. Debido a ello, va a existir una fuerte polémica que conduciría a que se dictase la Real provisión de 11 de mayo de 1763, en la que se recogían las alegaciones de los subforistas y se ordenaba, si bien mientras no se adoptase una resolución definitiva que, por otra parte, nunca llegaría, la renovación obligatoria de los foros «con el canon y pensión que actualmente y hasta ahora han satisfecho a los dueños».
Progress without order: mexican economic history in the 1990s
Authors: Maurer Noel 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENEste artículo revisa el desarollo más reciente en el campo de la historia económica mexicana. Argumenta que en los últimos diez años ha ocurrido un cambio significativo en la metodología, se ha pasado de la teoría de la dependencia y el analisis institucional tradicional, hacia el uso extensivo de técnicas cliométricas e hipótesis tomadas de la Nueva Economía Institucional. Este cambio ha aumentado nuestro conocimiento de diversas claves de la historia ecónomica de México. Ciertamente el área ha experimentado un progreso importante, pero todavía falta un cierto ordenamiento.
Real wages, inequality and globalization in latin america before 1940
Authors: Williamson Jeffrey G. 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENHacia 1914 existían notables diferencias económicas entre los países del Cono Sur y Cuba y el resto de América Latina. El artículo indaga las razones de estas diferencias, cuando aparecieron, así como la distancia existente entre los países latinoamericanos, los de la cuenca mediterránea y el líder industrial. Se ocupa de examinar el papel que desempeñaron las fuerzas demográficas, la localización geográfica y el grado de globalización e integracion económica. El trabajo utiliza nuevos datos de salarios reales y precios relativos de los factores de siete países latinoamericanos y de tres regiones mediterráneas. Estos datos se comparan con la información disponible para Gran Bretaña y los Estados Unidos.
La historiografía sobre el desarrollo económico italiano en los últimos treinta años
Authors: Federico Giovanni 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENEste ensayo analiza la historiografía del crecimiento económico italiano moderno, distinguiendo entre los enfoques que consideran a Italia como un caso más en el proceso general de industrialización europea y aquellos que identifican unas características específicas y únicas del caso italiano. Se pasa revista también en este trabajo a los intentos de hallar una cronología del desarrollo en Italia y de establecer sus causas y condiciones.
La transición de la vela al vapor en la flota mercante española: cambio técnico y estrategia empresarial
Authors: Valdaliso Jesus M.a 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENEn España los pocos trabajos que analizan la transición de la vela al vapor en la flota mercante española lo hacen en términos de fracaso y decadencia. Sin embargo, esa impresión no concuerda bien con las magnitudes cuantitativas internacionales disponibles que sitúan a la flota mercante española como una de las primeras en cuanto al grado de difusión del buque de vapor en las tres últimas décadas del siglo XIX. El objetivo de este articulo es analizar el proceso de cambio técnico, institucional y organizativo de la marina mercante española durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la estrategia empresarial de los navieros españoles ante el mismo.
La decadencia de la ganaderia trashumante en la Sierra de Cameros (1780–1821)
Authors: Hernandez Maria Angeles Herrero 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENEl trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental analizar las causas de la crisis y decadencia de la cabaña ovina trashumante de ganaderos de la Sierra de Cameros, ejemplificado en el caso de don Mariano Antonio Manso de Velasco, que vendió sus rebaños, como pane de los demáqs, hacia 1821. El motivo principal fue la subida de los costes de la propia cabaña, y muy especialmente la del precio de los pastos en Extremadura, antes de que otros factores como las dificultades en el comercio exterior les pudieran influir. Los factores institucionales, derivados de la toma del poder por los liberates en 1821, también desempenarn un importante papel.
El sector privado de la economia sovietica en los años veinte
Authors: Borodkin Leonid , Svischov Mijail 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENEl artículo estudia la movilidad social de los propietarios privados bajo la NEP (Nueva Política Económica) en la Unión Soviética durante los anos veinte. La cuestión planteada es si era posible un rápido crecimiento de los sectores capitalistas bajo las condiciones sociales y económicas existentes. Más precisamente, se propone contrastar la idea de si la economía de mercado conlleva la diferenciación entre los propietarios privados y la formación de grupos sociales antagónicos a partir de una masa homogénea de pequeños productores de mercancías. Para ello se emplea un modelo de simulación basado en las cadenas de Markov y los resultados muestran la dirección y entidad de la diferenciación social y sugieren que, de haber prevalecido la NEP, los propietarios privados no se habrían desintegrado en grupos opuestos.
Los precios en europa durante los siglos XVI y XVII: Estudio comparativo
Authors: Aceña Pablo Martin 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENEl objetivo principal de este trabajo ha sido proporcionar una medición lo más precisa posible del crecimiento de los precios en Europa entre 1500 y 1700. En primer lugar, se calcula un índice ponderado de precios para Castilla la Nueva homogéneo con el de otras regiones europeas, y así poder incorporar a nuestro estudio una de las áreas en las que tradicionalmente se ha centrado el examen de la revolución de los precios. A continuación, y empleando los instrumentos que suministra la moderna teoria monetaria, he tratado de ofrecer una interpretación del comportamiento de los precios sustentada en la teoría cuantitativa del dinero que, a mi entender, sigue proporcionando la mejor explicación de los cambios a largo plazo en el nivel absoluto de precios.
Los juros de eclesiásticos. Participación de los conventos andaluces en la Deuda Publica Castellana
Authors: Martinez Antonio Luis Lopez 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENDurante los siglos XVI y XVII en la Iglesia española predominó una mentalidad de carácter marcadamente rentista. Sus inversiones iban dirigidas a la adquisición de propiedades inmobiliarias, para ser cedidas en arrendamiento, o a la concesión de créditos, tanto privados (censos consignativos) como públicos (juros). A lo largo del siglo XVII, las instituciones eclesiásticas terminaron por convertirse en las principales acaparadoras de títulos de deuda pública. Los privilegios concedidos por la Corona permitieron a los eclesiásticos situarse en una posición ventajosa a la hora de adquirir nuevos títulos mediante operaciones especulativas que rozaban lo fraudulento. Sin embargo, la quiebra de la monarquía española acabó por afectar también a la Iglesia, situando algunas instituciones en graves dificultades financieras.
Analisis de gastos publicos discrecionales: La politica presupuestaria de la Segunda Republica española
Authors: Andreu Juan Hernandez 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENEste estudio tiene como objetivo ofrecer una interpretación de la política presupuestaria de los gobiernos republicanos. Para poder evaluar la política económico-fiscal de la Segunda República se necesita comparar el déficit real del presupuesto con el déficit calculado, considerando el supuesto de una liquidación presupuestaría hipotética obtenida de unos ingresos públicos calculados en base a una renta hipotética, la real de un año determinado, que se atribuye a todo el período, y con la ratio ingresos/renta efectiva de cada año y una estructura hipotética de gastos públicos, calculados mediante la sustracción de determinados gastos públicos discrecionales. El déficit real de 1931 tiene como contrafactual la nivelación presupuestaría y su importe obedece a la política de fomento económico y social de los gobiernos republicanos.
Una nueva evaluacion macroeconomica de la Revolucion Industrial
Authors: Harley C. Knick 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAggregate estimates of British growth during the classical Industrial Revolution have been reassessed in the past decade and present a significantly revision of earlier views of British growth. Growth was slower dian previously believed and industrial change more localized and with a smaller impact Agricultural improvement and die relative ease with which labour moved to urban industry seems central to the experience. Although industry's impact now seems less than previously believed, industrial cities transformed society because die cotton textile industry expanded to exploit the advantage of its new technology and labour moved to the cities. But while exports expanded the share of industry and caused urbanization, they did not raise per capita income much because competition ensured that the benefits went to consumers. Finally, die specific features of die British industrial revolution seem to provide only weak guide to die growth process elsewhere.