bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE TYPE OF AGRIA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW NEARCTIC SPECIES (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Shewell G. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe history of Agria Robineau-Desvoidy (1830) and its relationship to Pseudosarcophaga Kramer (1908) are briefly reviewed. The original descriptions of Musca affinis Fallen 1817 (type of Pseudosarcophaga) and of the closely related Musca latifrons Fallén and Musca ruralis Fallén, are analyzed by comparison with each other and with authentic material, and the results of this analysis are applied to the original descriptions of Desvoidy’s species of Agria in an attempt to identify the type, Agria punctata R.-D., in the absence of a type specimen. It is concluded that Agria punctata has been identified correctly with Musca affinis and incorrectly with Musca latifrons.Agria affinis (Fall.) is replaced in the Nearctic Region by a sibling species, Agria housei n. sp., described herein. The relationship of Agria and related genera with the rest of the Sarcophaga complex is summarized with reference to the main literature sources.
THE "PHENOLOGICAL DATE" AS AN INDICATOR OF THE FLIGHT PERIOD OF NOCTUID MOTHS
Authors: Hardwick D. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractClimatic factors which may control the time of occurrence of seasonal phenomena are discussed, and in particular the role of temperature in initiating periodic cycles in animals in continental North America. The seasonal flight periods of nine species of noctuid moths at two localities in western North America are considered in terms of the lengths of the summer season at these localities. Among the species discussed, those that are in flight prior to midsummer fly earlier, and those that are in flight after midsummer fly later, in the area with a long summer than in the area with a short summer. A factor termed the "phenological date," which is based on the number of days above 42°F in a given area, is proposed as a measure of seasonal development. The factors of photoperiod and temperature that may have a controlling influence on periodic events are discussed. Variance analysis suggests that the phenological date has greater predictive value in estimating the periods of flight of the species considered than have the other factors.
PHYSICAL AND BIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING EUXOA SPECIES ABUNDANCE IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA: A REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Authors: Hardwick D. F. , Lefkovitch L. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn an attempt to evaluate the importance of physical and biotic factors affecting the distribution of species of the cutworm genus Euxoa, a multivariate regression analysis, as based on a light-trapping survey in western North America, has been conducted. The possible contributory factors have been grouped into four major categories relating to geography, habitat, period of flight, and sample size. Sample size is a composite value reflecting both suitability of habitat and suitability of weather conditions at the time the sample was taken. Geographic factors considered were latitude, altitude, and longitude; habitat factors were mean annual temperature, mean July temperature, mean January temperature, mean annual rainfall and plantform; factors relating to period of flight were calendar date, mean temperature on date of sample, photoperiod, and the phenological date. Except for photoperiod, the variables listed were considered in a quadratic as well as a natural function in the regression analysis. With the number of species of Euxoa as the dependent variable and the factors listed above as the independent variables a total reduction of 76.0% in the residual variance was obtained. When only four variables, sample size, mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall, and phenological date were employed in a similar regression analysis, however, a reduction of 68.7% in the residual variance was obtained. On the basis of present evidence, it appears that temperature and rainfall are primary factors governing the abundance of species of Euxoa in a given habitat.
NOTES ON GENERAL MORPHOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY OF THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Saether Ole A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSome morphological terms and characters of Chironomidae are discussed. The proposed terminology of the head chaetotaxy is more in accordance with that of other Diptera. The term flagellomere is preferred instead of flagellar segment. The morphology and terminology of tentorium, cibarial pump, maxillary palp, ocelli, and thorax including humeral pit are given special attention. Suggested terminology for the male hypopygium is as follows:gonocoxiteandgonostylusfor the major genital claspers,volsellae(consisting ofclaspetteandendomere) for the appendices,phallapodeme,sternapodeme, andcoxapodemefor the endoskeleton andaedeagal lobefor the "Dritte Spange". The term seta is preferred to such terms as hair, bristle, etc. It is suggested that in the larvae the name premandible be retained for the moment. There seems to be strong evidence for applying the termmentuminstead of "hypostomial plate", "hypochilum", or "labial plate". The mentum seems to consist of two plates for which the termsventromentumanddorsomentumare proposed. The "paralabial plates" are parts of the ventromentum and can be termedventromental plates. A more correct name for the "glossa" seems to beligula.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE TINGID PARASITE HOLDAWAYELLA IN ONTARIO (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE, EUPHORINAE)
Authors: Loan C. C. , Gerber G. H. , Reid D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHoldawayella juglandis Loan, a new species, and some aspects of the anatomy of the final-instar larva of the only other known species of this genus, H. tingiphaga Loan, are described. Host records and field data are reported for both species for Ontario. Though the adults of the two species are very similar morphologically, H. juglandis lacks parthenogenesis, is restricted to the tingid Corythucha juglandis Fitch that breeds only on species of Juglans L., and has specific phenological characteristics. In both species, the head sclerites of the final-instar larva are typically euphorine, and the abdomen bears 3 unpaired, medial, teat-like appendages on segments 5, 6, and 7 whose function is unknown and which do not seem to have homologues in other insect larvae. Both species are single-brooded, lay their eggs in late-instar nymphs and possibly also teneral adults of Corythucha, overwinter as first-instar larvae in adults of these tingids, and complete their endoparasitic and cocoon development in about 90 days during the following spring and summer so that adults of H. tingiphaga begin to emerge from the soil about mid-July and those of H. juglandis about 8 days later. New host records for H. tingiphaga are C. coryli O. & D., C. heidmanni Drake, and C. ulmi O. & D.
A SAMPLING DESIGN FOR THE EGG AND FIRST INSTAR LARVAL POPULATIONS OF THE WESTERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS BREVICOMIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Dudley Cornell O. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe distributions of attack, gallery length, eggs, and first instar larvae of an endemic population of the western pine beetle in ponderosa pine are described.Mean gallery length (GL) and larval (L) densities of mature populations are significantly correlated with attack (A) density. The associations are adequately described by the simple linear regressionsThe ratios E/GL and L/GL are stable over a wide range of gallery length densities and consequently egg-gallery length and larval-gallery length correlations are highly significant. The regression equations areAll four equations predict values within 10% of observed values.An 88 cm2 sampling unit is satisfactory for sampling either egg or first instar larval populations. Taking four paired sampling units, evenly spaced along the infested bole, from each of four trees per generation, provided a sampling precision of 15%. Increasing the number of paired units to 10 and the number of trees sampled per generation to 9 improved the precision to 10%. If the trees are sampled before oviposition is complete, the number of sampled trees per generation should be increased by 1 for each level of precision.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN THE FORCIPOMYIINAE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)
Authors: Chan K. L. , LeRoux E. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships between species groups and subgenera in the Forcipomyiinae are presented for the first time, from a consideration primarily of male genitalic structures and comparative morphology of all stages. A dendrogram showing the phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily and a figure showing the evolutionary trends in claspette development in the subfamily are given.The genitalia of Atrichopogon are considered as plesiomorphic and the genus a possible living prototype of all Ceratopogonidae.
XYSTICUS ARCHAEOPALPUS (ARACHNIDA: THOMISIDAE), A NEW SPECIES OF CRAB SPIDER FROM PLIOCENE SEDIMENTS IN WESTERN ALASKA
Authors: Leech Robin , Matthews John V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe palpus of a fossil crab spider, Xysticus archaeopalpus new species, is described. It was found in peat beds of the Lava Camp Mine near Deering, Alaska. This species belongs in the loculpes group, and is closely related to the extant species, Xysticus britcheri Gertsch. The peats are overlaid by basalt dating 5.7 million years old by the K/Ar method. Regional and local paleo-environmental conditions, based on evidence provided by plant and insect fossils, are discussed.
A MICROENVIRONMENT CABINET FOR TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: Timbers G. E. , Hocking R. P. , Batth S. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA small microenvironment cabinet was constructed to facilitate studies on the influence of temperature, humidity, and light on the efficacy of chemical pesticides. The semi-jacketed system operated in the ranges of 4°–36 °C, 20–90% relative humidity, and 0–180 ft-c.
AN ELECTRICAL CAUTERIZER FOR INSECT LARVAE
Authors: Syme Paul D. , Bodley C. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWhen Rhyacionia buoliana larvae were confined with adults of the parasite Hyssopus thymus in gelatin capsules, the larvae regurgitated on the parasites and/or chewed out of the capsules. Instructions for constructing and using an electrical device for cauterizing the mouthparts of the larvae and a suction accessory for holding them are given.
SEQUENTIAL EGG-BAND SAMPLING AND PROBABILITY METHODS OF PREDICTING DEFOLIATION BY MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LASIOCAMPIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Shepherd R. F. , Brown C. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA sequential egg-band sampling system for predicting defoliation of aspen by the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) is described and its accuracy assessed. A probability method of predicting defoliation from the stage of the outbreak in each local area is also established. A third method, which promises to be the most accurate and consistent, is proposed. In this last system, egg-mass density is established and related to defoliation levels which are adjusted depending upon age of outbreak.
GENETIC INSECT CONTROL METHODS INVOLVING THE RELEASE OF RELATIVELY FEW LABORATORY-REARED INSECTS
Authors: Wehrhahn C. F. , Klassen W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeveral genetic insect control methods are currently available, but they are practicable only when population densities are low.In this paper we describe ways of increasing the frequencies of dominant conditional lethal genes in populations. The proposed methods should be particularly valuable for the eradication of major agricultural pests controlled at present by frequent applications of insecticide.Eradication of boll weevil populations could be accomplished by the release of relatively small numbers of artificially reared insects. The number required can be less than it is for other proposed methods by a factor of 100 or more¡¡
THE TRACHEAL SYSTEM OF THE LARVAE OF HYPODERMA (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE) LINEATUM AND H. BOVIS
Authors: Murray V. I. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe tracheal system of all three larval instars of Hypoderma is metapneustic. The arrangement generally resembles that in the Cyclorrhapha except for reduction of the dorsal anastomoses, lateral, longitudinal, and spiracular tracheae and the apparent absence of ventral cervical tracheae. The transverse connectives consist mainly of secondary and tertiary branches, but the dorsal anastomoses have only secondary branches, if any. The transverse connectives extend to the ventral and lateral somatic musculature and to the alimentary canal. The dorsal anastomoses supply mainly the heart and dorsal somatic musculature.
UNDERSTORY VEGETATION ASSOCIATED WITH SARATOGA SPITTLEBUG DAMAGE IN MICHIGAN RED PINE PLANTATIONS
Authors: Kennedy Patrick C. , Wilson Louis F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe amount of sweet-fern was significantly related to the degree of Saratoga spittlebug adult injury to red pine on study plots in Lower Michigan. Other host plants supporting spittlebugs must be extremely abundant before populations increase enough to cause heavy injury. A spittlebug risk-rating device is presented that specifies hazard in a red pine stand by plotting per cent sweet-fern against per cent other suitable hosts.
ON CAPRIC ACID AND POTASSIUM CAPRICATE AS MOSQUITO LARVICIDES IN LABORATORY AND FIELD
Authors: Maw M. G. , House H. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFor 100% mortality, concentrations of potassium capricate, 0.0009 to 0.005 M, are very effective insecticides against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), particularly larvae, in the laboratory (23.00° ± 0.1 °C) within 1 to 5 days. And likewise potassium capricate, 0.001 to 0.002 M, and variously applied capric acid per se are effective against native mosquitoes in water pools in the field (5°–16 °C). With dosage–mortality tests of potassium capricate in the laboratory, larval mortality in A. aegypti was directly dependent on concentration, time, and age, tolerance increasing with age of the larvae. Although pupae seemed little affected, about 60% of the adults formed died during eclosion in 0.003 to 0.005 M mostly within 3 days. Admittedly these substances kill fish, crustaceans, and other insects, but in the field, treated pools soon regained living inhabitants. Some evidence shows that capric acid may be the least liable to endanger fish. Advantageous properties of these long-recognized insecticides include that both kill mosquitoes, both are easily biodegraded to harmless simple components, and both are readily metabolized by mammals.
INSECT PESTS OF CARROTS IN ORGANIC SOILS OF SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CARROT WEEVIL, LISTRONOTUS OREGONENSIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Perron J. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA survey of the insect pests of carrots was conducted in the organic soils of southwestern Quebec with a view to establishing the presence of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (Lec.), in this province as well as to confirm the importance of other pests damaging carrot crops. Four different methods were used to capture adults, and the root sampling method was used for establishing larval populations.The carrot weevil was captured by light trap for the first time in Quebec on 1 June 1967, but was neither recognized nor identified until June 1970 when a few specimens were obtained again by light trap set at Ste. Clotilde and by colour traps placed in the experimental fields used for the survey in 1970. Damage caused by this new pest on carrots ranged from 2.0% to 22.0% root injuries throughout the carrot growing areas of the organic soil regions of Sherrington, St. Michel, and Ste. Clotilde representing several thousands of acres. The carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (F.), was the only other carrot pest captured, but has been found to be of no importance in these areas.
FIVE UNUSUAL GENERA OF NEW WORLD SCARABAEIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Howden H. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFive genera, Annegialia new genus, Bdelyropsis Pereira, Vulcano, and Martinez, Callosides new genus, Fossocarus Howden, and Scarabaeinus Silvestri, are discussed. Four are monotypic, Annegialia ataeniformis n. sp. from the western United States, Callosides campbelli n. sp. from Colombia, Fossocarus creoleorum Howden from the southern United States, and Scarabaeinus termitophilus Silvestri from Brazil. In the last two genera, the male of Fossocarus is described for the first time, and in Scarabaeinus information on the range and host is given. A second species of Bdelyropsis, newtoni n. sp., is described from Veracruz, Mexico, and a brief discussion of B. bowditchi (Paulian) is included.
AN APPRAISAL OF INDIGENOUS ANTS AS LIMITING AGENTS OF FOREST PESTS IN QUEBEC
Authors: Finnegan R. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCriteria is presented for selecting ant species as predators of insect pests, and a comparison is made between species occurring in Quebec and central Europe. In conclusion it is stated that none of the ants found in Quebec are promising as control agents against forest pests.
ASSOCIATION OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH BLUE STAIN FUNGI AND YEASTS DURING BROOD DEVELOPMENT IN LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Whitney H. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe physical association between Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. and its associated blue stain fungi Ceratocystis montia Rumb. and Europhium clavigerum Robinson and Davidson and the yeasts Pichia pini (Holst) Phaff, Hansenula capsulata Wickerham, and H. holstii Wickerham is described in single broods reared in bolts of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm. Eggs just prior to hatch and first-instar larvae were always in contact with the microorganisms whereas newly laid eggs, second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae were not. During pupation, blue stain fungi and yeasts colonized pupal chamber walls. Transfer of these microorganisms to the new generation of insects was ensured when tenerals contacted the microorganisms lining the pupal chamber. Ensured physical contact between these organisms supports the hypothesis of a symbiosis between them.
REVISION OF THE CHIGGER-LIKE LARVAE OF THE GENERANEOTROMBIDIUMLEONARDI ANDMONUNGUISWHARTON, WITH A REDEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY NEOTROMBIDIINAE FEIDER IN THE TROMBIDIIDAE (ACARINA: PROSTIGMATA)
Authors: Lindquist E. E. , Vercammen-Grandjean P. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe trombidiid subfamily Neotrombidiinae Feider is re-established and redefined, based primarily on larval characters but also on adult characters. It is closely related to the trombidiid Trombellinae on the one hand and to the Leeuwenhoekidae on the other. It consists of two genera, namelyMonunguisWharton, which is monobasic and known only from the larva, andNeotrombidiumLeonardi, with 13 described species of which 7 are known from the larva and 8 from the adult (the larva and adult of 2 species are correlated by rearings).The history of the family-level placement of this group, and the controversy over whether or not to recognize two genera, are reviewed. The characters that justify the separate recognition ofMonunguisandNeotrombidiumare enumerated.The larva of each of the following species of Neotrombidiinae is described, illustrated and keyed:Monunguis streblidaWharton from the Caribbean area,Neotrombidium barringunenseHirst from Australia,N.tricuspidumBorland from North America,N.tenuipes(Womersley) from Malaya,N.samsinaki(Daniel) new combination from central Europe,N.anuroporumnew species from Central America,N.bengalensenew species from India, andN.tenebrionenew species from eastern North America. Six other species of this group, known only from the adult, are listed separately but are not treated taxonomically here.The larvae of Neotrombidiinae parasitize adult insects: those ofMonunguisare hyperparasites on streblid flies whereas those ofNeotrombidiumare ectoparasites of cerambycid, clerid, elaterid, and tenebrionid beetles that pass part of their life history under the bark of trees.In the Microtrombidiinae,CamerotrombidiumThor is noted as the valid replacement name for the preoccupiedOttoniaKramer.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF ATTACKS BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), ON LODGEPOLE PINE: APPENDIX: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE "HOLE-PAIRS" EXPERIMENT
Authors: Safranyik L. , Vithayasai C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEvidence is given in support of the hypothesis that the spatial arrangement of attacks by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.) on its host, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), is largely determined by the pattern of bark niches suitable for attack initiation. Density of attack sites and bark thickness are important in determining the attack-harbouring potential of the bark and in determining the upper limit of attacks, thus, the potential area available for attack on the bark surface of lodgepole pine trees. At fixed levels on the clear bole of naturally infested trees, attack pattern tends to be regular owing to the regular spatial pattern of suitable attack sites. The regularity of the attack pattern is disturbed by the presence of an attack-density gradient around the stem circumference. The vertical attack-density gradient over the host is well described in terms of a relation between attack density and bark thickness. This relation is asymptotic and rests on the assumption that the density of bark niches suitable for attack initiation approaches an upper limit with increasing bark thickness on lodgepole pine trees.
THE IDENTITY OF SOME HOLARCTIC AND OLD WORLD SPECIES OF SPHAEROPHORIA (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNotes are given on type material of 25 nominal species either referable to the genus Sphaerophoria or described in that genus and referable to the genus Ischiodon. Lectotypes are designated for 15 of these species. New synonymy is indicated for 13 nominal species on the basis of examination of type material and for three other nominal species on the basis of published figures of male terminalia of type material. One species frequently referred to the genus Sphaerophoria is transferred to the genus Allograpta.
HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN THE ADULT BRAIN OFTRIPHAENA PRONUBA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Hinks C. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFour major categories of neurosecretory cells (A, B, C, D) were distinguished in the brain ofTriphaena pronubaL. by staining sections with paraldehyde fuchsin and counterstains. These comprised nine types of cells, seven of which were recognizable for analysis of their secretory products. Histochemical tests indicate that the lepidopteron brain has a multiplicity of neurosecretory cells, each type producing chemically different secretions.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN NEW YORK
Authors: Richardson R. Larry , Nelson Dean E. , York Alan C. , Gyrisco George G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo hymenopterous parasites Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) and Tetrastichus incertus (Ratzeburg) parasitized 16.5% of their principal host the alfalfa weevil Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) in 1970. A total of 2703 parasites was reared and released in localities where their activity was reported low or non-existent prior to this study. Maximum parasitism by T. incertus and B. curculionis occurred later than periods of peak weevil larvae activity; however, T. incertus emerged earlier in several areas possibly as a natural adjustment of its life cycle, and B. curculionis persisted in multiple non-diapausing generations until late fall. The braconid parasite Microtonus aethiops (Nees) shows promise in becoming a very effective control agent through its ability to prevent weevil oviposition now that it is rapidly dispersing throughout New York. Having parasites established statewide through both releases and natural dispersal has lowered weevil populations below critical levels, and will increase parasite effectiveness in dealing with future alfalfa weevil generations.