bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower Limb Functional Index: Development and Clinimetric Properties
Authors: Gabel Charles Philip , Melloh Markus , Burkett Brendan , Michener Lori A. 
Published: November 2011

Background
Existing lower-limb, region-specific, patient-reported outcome measures have clinimetric limitations, including limitations in psychometric characteristics (eg, lack of internal consistency, lack of responsiveness, measurement error) and the lack of reported practical and general characteristics. A new patient-reported outcome measure, the Lower Limb Functional Index (LLFI), was developed to address these limitations.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to overcome recognized deficiencies in existing lower-limb, region-specific, patient-reported outcome measures through: (1) development of a new lower-extremity outcome scale (ie, the LLFI) and (2) evaluation of the clinimetric properties of the LLFI using the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) as a criterion measure.

Design
This was a prospective observational study.

Methods
The LLFI was developed in a 3-stage process of: (1) item generation, (2) item reduction with an expert panel, and (3) pilot field testing (n=18) for reliability, responsiveness, and sample size requirements for a larger study. The main study used a convenience sample (n=127) from 10 physical therapy clinics. Participants completed the LLFI and LEFS every 2 weeks for 6 weeks and then every 4 weeks until discharge. Data were used to assess the psychometric, practical, and general characteristics of the LLFI and the LEFS. The characteristics also were evaluated for overall performance using the Measurement of Outcome Measures and Bot clinimetric assessment scales.

Results
The LLFI and LEFS demonstrated a single-factor structure, comparable reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [2,1]=.97), scale width, and high criterion validity (Pearson r=.88, with 95% confidence interval [CI]). Clinimetric performance was higher for the LLFI compared with the LEFS on the Measurement of Outcome Measures scale (96% and 95%, respectively) and the Bot scale (100% and 83%, respectively). The LLFI, compared with the LEFS, had improved responsiveness (standardized response mean=1.75 and 1.64, respectively), minimal detectable change with 90% CI (6.6% and 8.1%, respectively), and internal consistency (α=.91 and .95, respectively), as well as readability with reduced user error and completion and scoring times.

Limitations
Limitations of the study were that only participants recruited from outpatient physical therapy clinics were included and that no specific conditions or diagnostic subgroups were investigated.

Conclusion
The LLFI demonstrated sound clinimetric properties. There was lower response error, efficient completion and scoring, and improved responsiveness and overall performance compared with the LEFS. The LLFI is suitable for assessment of lower-limb function.
Delivery of Physical Therapy in the Acute Care Setting: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Freburger Janet K. , Heatwole Shank Kendra , Knauer Stefanie R. , Montmeny Richard M. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundPopulation-based studies on physical therapy use in acute care are lacking.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine population-based, hospital discharge data from North Carolina to describe the demographic and diagnostic characteristics of individuals who receive physical therapy and, for common diagnostic subgroups, to identify factors associated with the receipt of and intensity of physical therapy use.DesignThis was a cross-sectional, descriptive study.MethodsHospital discharge data for 2006–2007 from the 128 acute care hospitals in the state were examined to identify the most common diagnoses that receive physical therapy and to describe the characteristics of physical therapy users. For 2 of the most common diagnoses, logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the receipt and intensity of physical therapy.ResultsOf the more than 2 million people treated in acute care hospitals, 22.5% received physical therapy (mean age=66 years; 58% female). Individuals with osteoarthritis (admitted for joint replacement) and stroke were 2 of the most common patient types to receive physical therapy. Almost all individuals admitted for a joint replacement received physical therapy, with little between-hospital variation. Between-hospital variation in physical therapy use for stroke was greater. Demographic and hospital-related factors were associated with physical therapy use and physical therapy intensity for both diagnoses, after controlling for illness severity and comorbidities.LimitationsData from only one state were examined, and the studied variables were limited.ConclusionsThe use and intensity of physical therapy for stroke and joint replacement in acute care hospitals in North Carolina vary by clinical and nonclinical factors. Reasons behind the association of hospital characteristics and physical therapy use need further investigation.
Systematic Review of the Benefits of Physical Therapy Within a Multidisciplinary Care Approach for People With Schizophrenia
Authors: Vancampfort Davy , Probst Michel , Helvik Skjaerven Liv , Catalán-Matamoros Daniel , Lundvik-Gyllensten Amanda , Gómez-Conesa Antonia , Ijntema Rutger , De Hert Marc 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundAlthough schizophrenia is the fifth leading cause of disability-adjusted life years worldwide in people aged 15 to 44 years, the clinical evidence of physical therapy as a complementary treatment remains largely unknown.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effectiveness of physical therapy for people with schizophrenia.Data SourcesEMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and the Cochrane Library were searched from their inception until July 1, 2011, for relevant RCTs. In addition, manual search strategies were used.Study SelectionTwo reviewers independently determined study eligibility on the basis of inclusion criteria.Data ExtractionReviewers rated study quality and extracted information about study methods, design, intervention, and results.Data SynthesisTen RCTs met all selection criteria; 6 of these studies addressed the use of aerobic and strength exercises. In 2 of these studies, yoga techniques also were investigated. Four studies addressed the use of progressive muscle relaxation. There is evidence that aerobic and strength exercises and yoga reduce psychiatric symptoms, state anxiety, and psychological distress and improve health-related quality of life, that aerobic exercise improves short-term memory, and that progressive muscle relaxation reduces state anxiety and psychological distress.LimitationsThe heterogeneity of the interventions and the small sample sizes of the included studies limit overall conclusions and highlight the need for further research.ConclusionsPhysical therapy offers added value in the multidisciplinary care of people with schizophrenia.
Impact of Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Arya Awadhesh K , Pokharia Deepa , Kumar Hemant , Mishra Manish , Tripathi Kamlakar 
Published: November 2011

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder. It is the most common cause of blindness, kidney failure, and amputations in adults and a leading cause of heart disease and stroke. These patients are more prone to infection which shows that there is suppressed cell mediated immunity during diabetes progression. Lymphocytes play a crucial role in maintenance of cellular & humoral immunity both and its development requires cellular selection to remove potentially auto reactive cells via apoptosis. Apoptosis of lymphocyte clones play a pivotal role in purging the body of dangerous lymphocytes to maintain the development and regulation of the immune system. Indeed, inefficient elimination of lymphocytes can contribute in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases like insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Several clinical and experimental studies have revealed that uncontrolled diabetes leads to lymphocyte death which enhances susceptibility towards infections and creates a permissive environment for bacterial growth. The aim of this article is to review the findings that the high incidence of infection in poorly controlled diabetic states may be positively correlated with an increased proportion of apoptotic lymphocytes. Keywords: Lymphocyte; Infection; Programmed cell death; Autoantigens; Immunity DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v2i1.3516 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 1-6
Avoidance of wrong-level thoracic spine surgery: intraoperative localization with preoperative percutaneous fiducial screw placement
Authors: Upadhyaya Cheerag D. , Wu Jau-Ching , Chin Cynthia T. , Balamurali Gopalakrishnan , Mummaneni Praveen V. 
Published: November 2011

Object
The accurate intraoperative localization of the correct thoracic spine level remains a challenging problem in both open and minimally invasive spine surgery. The authors describe a technique of using preoperatively placed percutaneous fiducial screws to localize the area of interest in the thoracic spine, and they assess the safety and efficacy of the technique.

Methods
To avoid wrong-level surgery in the thoracic spine, the authors preoperatively placed a percutaneous 5-mm fiducial screw at the level of intended surgery using CT guidance. Plain radiographs and CT images with reconstructed views can then be referenced in the operating room to verify the surgical level, and the fiducial screw is easily identified on intraoperative fluoroscopy. The authors compared a group of 26 patients who underwent preoperative (often outpatient) fiducial screw placement prior to open or minimally invasive thoracic spine surgery to a historical group of 26 patients who had intraoperative localization with fluoroscopy alone.

Results
In the treatment group of 26 patients, no complications related to fiducial screw placement occurred, and there was no incidence of wrong-level surgery. In comparison, there were no wrong-level surgeries in the historical cohort of 26 patients who underwent mini-open or open thoracic spine surgery without placement of a fiducial screw. However, the authors found that the intraoperative localization fluoroscopy time was greatly reduced when a fiducial screw localization technique was employed.

Conclusions
The aforementioned technique for intraoperative localization is safe, efficient, and accurate for identifying the target level in thoracic spine exposures. The fiducial marker screw can be placed using CT guidance on an outpatient basis. There is a reduction in the amount of intraoperative fluoroscopy time needed for localization in the fiducial screw group.
Impact test comparisons of 20th and 21st century American football helmets
Authors: Bartsch Adam , Benzel Edward , Miele Vincent , Prakash Vikas 
Published: November 2011

Object
Concussion is the signature American football injury of the 21st century. Modern varsity helmets, as compared with vintage leather helmets, or “leatherheads,” are widely believed to universally improve protection by reducing head impact doses and head injury risk for the 3 million young football players in the US. The object of this study was to compare the head impact doses and injury risks with 11 widely used 21st century varsity helmets and 2 early 20th century leatherheads and to hypothesize what the results might mean for children wearing similar varsity helmets.

Methods
In an injury biomechanics laboratory, the authors conducted front, oblique front, lateral, oblique rear, and rear head impact tests at 5.0 m/second using helmeted headforms, inducing near- and subconcussive head impact doses on par with approximately the 95th percentile of on-field collision severity. They also calculated impact dose injury risk parameters common to laboratory and on-field traumatic neuromechanics: linear acceleration, angular acceleration, angular velocity, Gadd Severity Index, diffuse axonal injury, acute subdural hematoma, and brain contusion.

Results
In many instances the head impact doses and head injury risks while wearing vintage leatherheads were comparable to or better than those while wearing several widely used 21st century varsity helmets.

Conclusions
The authors do not advocate reverting to leather headgear, but they do strongly recommend, especially for young players, instituting helmet safety designs and testing standards, which encourage the minimization of linear and angular impact doses and injury risks in near- and subconcussive head impacts.
PATHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF LIVER FLUKE INFECTION OF SLAUGHTERED BLACK BENGAL GOAT IN A SELECTED AREA OF BANGLADESH
Authors: Talukder S , Bhuiyan MJ , Hossain MM , Uddin MM , Paul S , Howlader MMR 
Published: November 2011

This study was conducted in Sylhet district of Bangladesh to investigate the pathological effect of liver fluke in Black Bengal goats of different age groups, sex and in seasons. In this study, livers of male and female goats were collected randomly from slaughter house during a period of 1 (one) year (November, 2007 to October, 2008). A total of 325 Black Bengal goat livers were examined, of which 70 livers were found infected with Fasciola gigantica. The common histopathological changes found in this study were the migratory tract with lymphocytic infiltration, atrophy, necrosis and fatty changes in the liver. The study revealed that age of the animal has significant effect on Fascioliasis in goats. Significantly (P<0.01) highest infection rate was found in 2-2.5 years old animals (50%). The sex of the animal was also found as important determinants for Fascioliasis. In this study out of 219 male goat livers 30 (13.70%) were infected with Fasciola. On the other hand, out of 106 female goat livers, 40 (37.73%) were found positive with Fascioliasis. The data of origin of animals also collected which was not statistically significant. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.7717 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 35-40
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF ECTOPARASITIC INFESTATIONS IN BLACK BENGAL GOATS IN GAIBANDHA AND MYMENSINGH DISTRICTS OF BANGLADESH
Authors: Sarkar M , Rahman SA , Sarker BK , Anisuzzaman Anisuzzaman , Begum N , Mondal MMH 
Published: November 2011

Epidemiology and pathology of ectoparasitic infestations in Black Bengal goats were studied in different areas of Mymensingh and Gaibandha districts, Bangladesh from December, 2006 to November, 2007. A total of 125 Black Bengal goats were examined. Among them 91 (72.8%) were infested with one or more species of ectoparasites. Six species of ectoparasites were identified, of which four species were arachnids, namely Heamaphysalis bispinosa (34.4%), Boophilus microplus (27.2%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (7.2%), and Psoroptes cuniculi (5.6%) and two species belonged to the class Insecta namely Damalinia caprae (20.8%) and Linognathus stenopsis (18.4%). Overall mean parasitic burden was 2.36±1.49 per square inch of affected area. The highest parasitic burden was recorded in case of L. stenopsis (3.93±2.219), followed by D. caprae (3.00±2.424), H. bispinosa (2.32±1.278), P. cuniculi (2.00±1.414), B. microplus (1.59±1.098), and R. sanguinus (1.33±0.516). Significantly (p<0.01) higher prevalence of ectoparasites was recorded in the rainy season (90%), followed by winter (82.61%), and summer (53.06%). The ectoparasitic infestation was higher in case of kids (82%) and older goats (79.55%) than that of young (51.61%) goats. The female goats (77.63%) were more susceptible than male (65.31%) to ectoparasitic infestation. The prevalence of ectoparasites was higher in Mymensingh (87.5%) than that of Gaibandha region (57.38%). In the present study, pathological lesions produced by ectoparasites were also studied. In P. cuniculi infestation, alopecia, rough, dry and leathery skin was found. Microscopically, it was characterized by hyperkeratinization, ulceration, acanthosis and eosinophilic infiltration. In tick infestation, rough, reddened skin and loss of hair were observed. In lice infestation, the skin was red and slightly elevated. The ectoparasites produced pathological lesions on the skin which reduces the value and quality of skin. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.7718 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 41-50
CULTURAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SHEEP <i>Escherichia coli</i> ISOLATED FROM IN AND AROUND BAU CAMPUS
Authors: Purkayastha M , Khan MSR , Alam M , Siddique MP , Begum F , Mondal T , Choudhury S 
Published: November 2011

Pathogenic Escherichia coli remain as an important etiological agent of sheep diarrhoea in Bangladesh. The present study was designed for the cultural and biochemical characterization of Sheep E. coli from diarrhoeic and apparently healthy sheep in and around BAU campus for the period from January to October, 2007. Out of 90 faecal samples, 36 from diarrhoeic and 54 from apparently healthy sheep collected from different areas in and around BAU campus, 15 (41.67%) and 21 (38.38%) were found to be positive for E. coli. The cultural characterization of all positive sheep E. coli revealed greenish black colony with metallic sheen in Eosine methylene blue agar, bright pink color smooth transparent colony in MacConkey agar, green color colony in Brilliant green agar, slight pinkish smooth colony in Salmonella-Shigella agar and colorless colony with hemolysis in blood agar. In case of biochemical characterization, all of the isolates showed fermentation of dextrose, sucrose, fructose, maltose and mannitol with the production of acid and gas, negative result to Voges-Proskaure test, positive result to Methyl-red test and differential result to Indole test.The overall prevalence of E. coli was recorded as 80.05% through the cultural and biochemical characterization. The antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern showed that the isolates of sheep E. coli were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacine, co-trimoxazol, nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol but to the erythromycin the isolates were highly resistant. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.8350 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 51-55
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF NEEM (<i>AZADIRACHTA INDICA</i>) AND METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE (COMET<sup>&reg;</sup>) IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETES MELITUS IN RATS
Authors: Das AR , Mostofa M , Hoque ME , Das S , Sarkar AK 
Published: November 2011

The present study was investigated the comparative efficacy of extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Metformin hydrochloride (Comet®) in respect of their hypoglycemic activity in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Extract of Neem was administered @ 500 mg/kg body-weight (bwt) and 250 mg/kg bwt. Metformin hydrochloride @ 500 mg/kg bwt and 250 mg/kg daily orally for 21 days. Changes in the blood glucose level and body weight were measured and the results were compared statistically using Anova test. The extract of Neem leaves and Metformin hydrochloride showed significant (p<0.01) hypoglycemic effect and neem extracts at 250 mg/kg bwt showed more potent effects. The Neem extracts significantly (p<0.01) increased body weight @ 250 mg/kg. From this experiment it was observed that extracts of Neem leaves had hypoglycemic and body weight gain effect. For definite conclusion, details study is needed. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.8353 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 75-80
ANATOMICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR THE BLOCKING SITES OF PARAVERTEBRAL REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA IN BLACK BENGAL DOE
Authors: Sikder S , Ahmed SSU , Kibria ASMG , Pallab MS , Uddin MB , Basu J , Uddin MM 
Published: November 2011

The study was conducted in 25 black Bengal does to determine the exact site of infiltration of local anaesthetics for the last thoracic (T13), first lumbar (L1) and second lumbar (L2) paravertebral spinal nerve block at the Dept. of Anatomy and Histology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong. The animals were anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium @ 20 mg / kg body weight IM and bled to death by giving incision on the right common carotid artery and preserved by 10 % formalin and dissected carefully to visualize the spinal nerves for the determination of the exact site of infiltration of local anaesthetic at the perineural area for paravertebral nerve block. For the vertical or proximal approach, the T13 spinal nerve was located at 0.8 ± 0.17 cm caudally from head of the last rib, 0.7 ± 0.22 cm cranio-medially from cranio-lateral angle of L1 transverse process and 3.4 ± 0.20 cm laterally from dorsal midline; L1 spinal nerve was placed at 1.2 ± 0.40 cm medially from cranio-lateral angle of L2 transverse process and 3.5 ± 0.17 cm laterally from the dorsal midline; and L2 spinal nerve was situated at 1.6 ± 0.26 cm medially from cranio-lateral angle of L3 transverse process and 3.7 ± 0.14 cm laterally from the dorsal midline. In horizontal or distal approach, T13 spinal nerve was located at 0.5 ± 0.10 cm and 1.8 ± 0.63 cm cranially from the cranio-lateral and caudo-lateral angles of L1 transverse process respectively and 4.6 ± 0.30 cm laterally from dorsal midline at lateral border of L1 transverse process; L1 spinal nerve was placed at 0.4 ± 0.10 cm and 1.4 ± 0.28 cm caudally and cranially from the cranio-lateral and caudo-lateral angle of L2 transverse process respectively and 5.1 ± 0.20 cm laterally from dorsal midline at lateral border of L2 transverse process and L2 spinal nerve was situated at 2.5 ± 0.42 cm and 0.5 ± 0.10 cm caudally and cranially from the cranio-lateral and caudo-lateral angle of L3 transverse process respectively and 5.5 ± 0.28 cm laterally from dorsal midline at lateral border of L3 transverse process. These measurements will be helpful to determine of the exact site for the deposition of the local anaesthetic agent at the perineural area of the specific paravertebral spinal nerve during paravertebral regional anaesthesia in doe. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.8354 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 81-86
Matière linguistique et analyse de discours - Pièce à conviction
Authors: Verón Eliseo 
Published: November 2011

En laissant de côté les problèmes posés par des matières signifiantes non-linguistiques, ce travail part de l'hypothèse que la question cruciale d'une sociomiotique est toujours celle de ses rapports à l'ordre du linguistique.
Parmi les développements qui touchent au problème de la nature et des conditions de possibilité d'une sociosémiotique, cet article aborde trois d'entre eux; chacun illustre une stratégie particulière vis-à-vis du savoir linguistique. La sémiotique d'abord, caractérisée dans son histoire par une volonté d'indifférence à l'égard de la linguistique. L' "analyse du discours française" (ADF) ensuite : ayant choisi un modèle (celui de la linguistique distributionnelle harrisienne), l'analyse linguistique y apparaît comme un préalable à l'analyse du discours. La pragmatique des actes de langage, enfin, qui adopte la démarche et les techniques du linguiste, mais qui ne respecte plus les contraintes sous lesquelles ce dernier produit son objet.
Ces trois démarches (celle du sémioticien, celle de l'analyste du discours et celle du théoricien des actes de langage) s'avèrent incapables d'aboutir à la constitution d'une sociosémiotique, entendue comme science des discours sociaux.
L'article s'interroge alors sur la linguistique en tant que discursivité scientifique, c'est-à-dire, sur les conditions de production de son objet : la signification linguistique. A cette question, qui reste la question cruciale, la linguistique ne peut pas répondre. La linguistique n'a pas les moyens de fonder sa propre légitimité épistémologique. Une telle question ne peut pas être posée que dans le cadre d'une théorie du discours scientifique, qui est un chapitre d'une théorie des discours sociaux.
La seule façon d'articuler correctement linguistique et sociosémio tique c'est de produire, d'abord, la rupture conceptuelle nécessaire entre les deux.