bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient effective dose resulting from radiographic examinations
Authors: Okkalides D , Fotakis M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
To assess the risk involved, an attempt was made to calculate the effective dose delivered to patients undergoing radiographic examinations. The examination parameters of 704 radiographs were used to calculate the average effective dose for each one of 40 different types of radiographic examinations and the results were tabulated. A sample of 2571 radiographs representing 1586 patients, obtained over a period of 2 weeks, was used to calculate the dose administered to this group. It was found that the average effective dose/ radiograph was 549 μSv and the average effective dose/patient was 890 μSv, taking into account the fact that, on average, there were 1.62 exposures per patient. These figures were extrapolated to the total number of patients going through the radiology department giving a total dose of 59.4 Sv each year, causing an average annual risk of about three malignancies.
Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine in two neuroblastoma xenografts
Authors: Gaze M N , Hamilton T G , Mairs R J 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and efficacy of the radiopharmaceutical 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (131I-mIBG) were determined in murine xenografts of two human neuroblastoma cell lines, SK-N-SH and SK-N-BE(2c). These lines have similar capacities in vitro for active uptake of 131I-mIBG, but different radiobiological characteristics. Groups of four mice were killed after injection of 131I-mIBG, and retained radioactivity in the tumour and normal tissues was measured at 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. Within each type there was heterogeneity of tumour uptake, although average values were similar for both. The per cent injected dose per gram of tumour retained at 24 h was (mean and 95%confidence interval) 0.95 (0.67–1.23) for SK-N-SH and 0.76 (0.47–1.05) for SK-N-BE(2c). The growth of tumours in groups of seven animals following injection of 35, 70 or 105 MBq 131I-mIBG was compared with that of controls. The specific regrowth delay (median and 95% confidence intervals) caused by 105 MBq 131I-mIBG was 4.2 (0.9–5.9) in SK-N-SH and 5.6 (0–11.3) in SK-N-BE(2c) bearing mice. SK-N-BE(2c) xenografts were significantly more sensitive to external beam irradiation than SK-N-SH xenografts.
Splenic vein aneurysm—report of a lesion that progressively expanded
Authors: Ohhira Mo , Ono M , Ohhira Ma , Matsumoto A , Ohta H , Namiki M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A case of splenic vein aneurysm is reported. The patient was diagnosed as having a cirrhotic liver with portal hypertension. Computed tomography and angiography demonstrated a splenic vein aneurysm with saccular dilatation. The splenic vein aneurysm increased in size as the hepatic cirrhosis deteriorated; however, there were no complications such as rupture or thrombosis. To our knowledge this is the first report describing the development of a portal system aneurysm.
The pulmonary lesions of chickenpox pneumonia—revisited
Authors: Picken G , Booth A J , Williams M V 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Infection with the varicella zoster virus can include pulmonary complications. These may cause such minor symptomatology as to go unrecognized and unimaged. We describe a case of active chickenpox pneumonia that mimicked pulmonary metastases and was detected incidentally by means of computed tomography in a man with a past history of testicular teratoma.
Quantification of atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries by three-dimensional ultrasound
Authors: Delcker A , Diener H C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging of the carotid arteries in order to reduce intraexaminer and interexaminer variabilities of volume measurements in follow-up scans of atherosclerotic plaques. The non-invasive quantification of human atherosclerosis by 3D ultrasound was performed using a three-dimensional computer based image reconstruction. The linear movements of the transducer were driven by a motor triggered by electrocardiography. The method included an option to change angle of insonation and a correction of skin contact adaptation. Repeated measurements were performed at weekly intervals in 70 patients. Variabilities and ranges of three newly developed evaluation procedures of plaque volumes (manual tracing, threshold procedure, watershed algorithm) were used. Intraexaminer variability varied between 2.8% (watershed algorithm) and 4.1% (threshold procedure). Interexaminer variability ranged from 4.2% (manual tracing) to 7.6% (threshold procedure), follow-up measurements from 5.2% (watershed algorithm) to 9.4% (threshold procedure). Pearson correlation coefficients of interexaminer agreement and also those between all three measurement procedures were highly significant (p &lt; 0.01). We conclude that the newly developed 3D computer based image reconstruction allows repeated quantification of moderate atherosclerosis with a high reliability.
The radiosensitizer nicotinamide inhibits arterial vasoconstriction
Authors: Hirst D G , Kennovin G D , Flitney F W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Nicotinamide (NA) is currently entering clinical trials as a radiosensitizer. A major component of its activity is the improvement of tumour oxygenation resulting from a reduction in microregional ischaemia. NA is known to reduce arterial blood pressure in rodents, suggesting a vascular component in its mechanism of action. We have used an ex vivo system to study the direct action of NA on the contractile properties of vascular smooth muscle. Isolated pieces of rat tail artery were internally perfused with Krebs' solution at a constant flow rate so that constriction of the arterial smooth muscle could be measured as an increase in perfusion pressure. Transient vasoconstrictor responses lasting up to 1O min were induced with bolus injections (10 μl) of phenylephrine, at concentrations ranging from 10−5 to 10−2 M, into the internal perfusate whereas a constant increase in vasoconstrictor tone, giving perfusion pressures of 43–84 mmHg, was induced by constantly perfusing with PE (5 × 10−6M) or raising the K+ concentration of the Krebs' solution to 122 mM. The addition of NA to the perfusate significantly reduced the size of the transient vasoconstrictor responses in a dose-dependent manner and induced the precontracted vessels to relax. This action of NA could not be blocked either by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), indomethacin or propranolol. We conclude that direct effects on supplying blood vessels probably contribute to the oxygenating action of NA in tumours, though the precise mechanism remains obscure.
Does degenerative disease of the lumbar spine cause arachnoiditis? A magnetic resonance study and review of the literature
Authors: Jackson A , Isherwood I 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The magnetic resonance appearances in 165 patients with symptoms suggestive of degenerative lumbar spine disease were reviewed. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between abnormalities of nerve root distribution and degenerative disease of the lumbar spine in the absence of other known risk factors for arachnoiditis. Central clumping of nerve roots was present in 16 patients (9.7%) and was associated with spinal stenosis at one of the affected levels in all (p &lt; 0.001). Spinal stenosis was present in 44 patients giving an incidence of abnormal nerve root distribution of 36% in this group. Nerve root clumping occurred in association with pure spinal stenosis (10 cases), stenosis secondary to disc prolapse (four cases) and degenerative spondylolisthesis (two cases). Nerve root clumping was confined to one vertebral level in nine cases and extended over two to four levels in seven. In five of the latter spinal stenosis was present at multiple levels. The appearance of nerve root clumping described here may result entirely from mechanical apposition of nerve roots but is indistinguishable from the central pattern of nerve root adhesions which occurs in adhesive lumbar arachnoiditis. No abnormalities of nerve root distribution were seen in association with any indicator of degenerative disk disease in the absence of stenosis. We have been unable to demonstrate the previously reported relationship between lumbar disk degeneration and arachnoiditis and discuss this with a critical review of the literature. Abnormal central clumping of nerve roots as described in arachnoiditis may occur in association with spinal stenosis in the absence of other risk factors although the cause for this appearance remains unexplained. Arachnoiditis-like changes extending over more than one vertebral level are rare (7%) except in the presence of spinal stenosis at multiple levels (29%). Awareness of this appearance may avoid a possibly incorrect diagnosis of arachnoiditis in the presence of a treatable stenosis.
Entrance surface and ovarian doses in hysterosalpingography
Authors: Fife I A J , Wilson D J , Lewis C A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A survey of entrance surface doses on 40 patients undergoing hysterosalpingography (HSG) has been undertaken. HSG is performed on women primarily of child-bearing age, with the dose to the gonads of these patients being of significant interest. Four lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were attached to anatomical landmarks on the patient's skin to measure entrance surface doses. The results ranged from 0.5 mGy to 38.6 mGy with an average entrance surface dose of 13.3 mGy measured at the symphysis pubis. A correlation was observed between the entrance surface dose and imaging technique. Higher doses were measured when 24 × 30 cm film–screen radiography was used as opposed to fluoroscopy using 100 mm cut film for hard copy. Estimates of the organ does to the ovaries were derived for both techniques yielding 2.8 mGy for 24 × 30 cm film–screen radiography and 1.7 mGy for 100 mm cut film.
Sicca syndrome due to primary amyloidosis
Authors: Schima W , Amann G , Steiner E , Steurer M , Vormittag W , Steurer L 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSicca syndrome consists of two major clinical findings: keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia due to destruction of the lacrimal and salivary gland parenchyma. Although it is most often due to Sjögren's syndrome, a variety of other diseases causes sicca syndrome. We report the rare case of a patient with gland infiltration in primary amyloidosis. Sonographic, computed tomographic and magnetic resonance findings are presented.
Reporting of fracture radiographs by radiographers: the impact of a training programme
Authors: Loughran C F 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In order to determine what influence training would have on their ability to interpret skeletal radiographs from the accident and emergency department, a 6 months training programme was established for three radiographers in various aspects of the radiology of orthopaedics and skeletal trauma. During the study the radiographers reported on radiographs from the accident and emergency department and each month an evaluation of their accuracy was undertaken. The overall radiographer error rate for fracture detection (false positive and false negative) declined during the training period. This was highly significant (p &lt; 0.001). The sensitivity for fracture detection improved from 81.1% at the commencement of the trial to 95.9% at the end. This was also highly significant (p &lt; 0.001). Radiographer specificity for the exclusion of fractures also improved from 94.4% during the first 2 months to 96.6% in the final 2 months, and this was also significant (p &lt; 0.05). The overall error rate of two of the three radiographers improved significantly (p &lt; 0.001) but for one radiographer the improvement did not reach a level of statistical significance. The difference in sensitivity for fracture detection at the commencement of the trial period between radiologist and radiographer was highly significant (p &lt; 0.001), but there was no statistically significant difference during the last two months of the trial. The difference in specificity between radiologist and radiographer remained highly significant both at the beginning and the end of the trial (p &lt; 0.001). Experienced radiographers who receive supplementary training in the radiology of skeletal trauma can significantly improve their diagnostic skills and can report such radiographs with a high degree of accuracy. A programme of training and certification of radiographers in fracture reporting could help alleviate the diagnostic radiologists' workload of plain film reporting.
Patient radiation doses from enteroclysis examinations
Authors: Hart D , Haggett P J , Boardman P , Nolan D J , Wall B F 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Data relating to patient dose have been acquired for enteroclysis examinations (small bowel enemas) performed at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, on 23 adult patients. Dose–area products, fluoroscopy times and the number of radiographs taken are used to compare the examination procedure at the John Radcliffe Hospital with enteroclysis and barium follow-throughs performed elsewhere. The mean dose–area product for the 23 examinations was 6.8 Gy cm2 and the mean effective dose was estimated to be 1.5 mSv. These doses are intermediate between those arising from barium meals and barium enemas performed in the same room.
Radiation protection in dental radiology
Authors: Horner K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Dental radiology represents the most frequent diagnostic radiological investigation in the industrialized world, with over 16 million examinations performed annually in England and Wales alone. Although individual doses and risks are low in dental radiography, the collective dose is not inconsiderable and many examinations are performed in younger age groups. Radiation protection of patients in dental radiology is achieved in three ways: by appropriate selection criteria for patients and equipment, methods of dose limitation and quality assurance procedures. There is a lack of agreed radiographic selection criteria to guide British dentists and this may lead to overuse of certain techniques, principally panoramic radiography. In intraoral radiography the use of fast (E-speed) film and rectangular collimation offer dose reductions of approximately 50% and 60%, respectively. Constant potential X-ray units and rare-earth filtration permit further reductions. In panoramic and cephalometric radiography, improved collimation offers a simple means of dose limitation, while doses can be reduced by up to one-eighth by combining the use of constant potential X-ray units, rare-earth intensifying screens and rare-earth filtration. Lead protection of the abdomen has little relevance to radiation protection; however, thyroid shielding has some value. Concern has been expressed about the poor diagnostic quality of radiographs taken in the general dental services. Consequently a quality assurance programme plays an essential part in dental radiation protection by improving diagnostic yield and limiting repeat examinations.
Estimation of fetal volume by magnetic resonance imaging and stereology
Authors: Roberts N , Garden A S , Cruz-Orive L M , Whitehouse G H , Edwards R H T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The current methods to monitor fetal growth in utero are based on ultrasound image measurements which, lacking a proper sampling methodology, may be biased to unknown degrees. The Cavalieri method of stereology guarantees the accurate estimation of the volume of an arbitrary object from a few systematic sections. Non-invasive scanning methods, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in particular, are valuable tools to provide the necessary sections, and therefore offer interesting possibilities for unbiased quantification. This paper describes how to estimate fetal volume in utero with a coefficient of error of less than 5% in less than 5 min, from three or four properly sampled MRI scans. MRI was chosen because it does not use ionizing radiations on the one hand, and it offers a good image quality on the other. The impact of potential sources of bias such as fetal motion, chemical shift and partial voluming artefacts is discussed. The methods are illustrated on four subjects monitored between weeks 28 and 40 of gestation.
Single breath-holding three-dimensional magnetic resonance portography with bolus injection of Gd-DTPA in subjects with normal liver: a comparison with two-dimensional time-of-flight technique
Authors: Suto Y , Ohuchi Y , Kimura T , Takizawa O , Ohta Y 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Two-dimensional time-of-flight (2D-TOF) magnetic resonance (MR) portography tends to produce general image degradation owing to the phase discrepancy caused by multiple breath-holding. To solve this problem, three-dimensional (3D)-MR portographies were reconstructed from image data acquired with a bolus injection of Gd-DTPA with single breath-holding in 20 subjects with normal liver function. 2D-TOF MR portographies were obtained beforehand for the comparison. All the images were displayed in a cine mode for the two MR angiographic techniques. Visualization was assessed as positive when the vessel was visualized without disruption. 3D-MR portography produced a positive rate of over 80% for all but the left first-order branch. With the 2D-TOF techniques, however, only the portal trunk and left second-order branches were visualized at this rate. The positive rate for most portal branches was significantly higher with 3D-MR portography than with the 2D-TOF technique. In conclusion, 3D-MR portography makes it possible to depict the portal venous system without disruption using a short measurement time with single breath-holding and has the potential to become a powerful method for abdominal MR angiography.
Absorbed dose distribution measurements in brachytherapy using ferrous sulphate gel and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Olsen D R , Hellesnes J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Measurements of spatial dose distribution by means of Fricke gel dosimetry and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are reported for two different brachytherapy applications: a configuration of three parallel linear high dose-rate (HDR) microSelectron 192Ir source trains and a low dose-rate (LDR) 106Ru eye applicator. The presented results verify that sufficient radiation induced change in spin-lattice relaxation time (T 1) is obtained within the gel dosimeter to achieve satisfactory resolution for both the HDR 192Ir source train and the LDR 106Ru applicator. Satisfactory spatial resolution is also obtained, so that the large dose gradients of the brachytherapy sources can be visualized by MRI of irradiated dosimetry gels. A reliable representation of the relative dose level is achieved by calculated T 1 images. The presented study supports the use of dose distribution measurements by means of gel dosimetry and MRI in complex brachytherapy applications.
Benign urachal neoplasm
Authors: Dawson J S , Crisp A J , Boyd S M , Broderick N J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Benign urachal neoplasms have been rarely reported. We describe a case of a large benign mesenchymal neoplasm (21 × 19 × 14 cm) arising from the urachus, with imaging by computed tomography and ultrasound.
Pulled elbow in childhood
Authors: Bretland P M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In this injury, a sudden pull on the pronated, extended arm of a child up to 5 years of age is followed by refusal to use the arm. After a simple flexion, supination and extension manoeuvre the child starts using the arm in minutes. Radiographs are said to be normal. At least 13 theories of the mechanism have been advanced. Anterior subluxation of the radial head has never been proved radiographically or experimentally. Available evidence favours momentary distraction of the radiocapitellar joint in pronation which allows upward slip of the annular ligament upon the radial head at its shortest diameter and interposition of part of the anterior capsule between the two bones. Radiography is difficult, usually producing oblique views in pronation which are not easy to interpret. The main differential diagnosis is from epiphyseal rotation. In any doubtful case early repeat radiography is essential taking matched views of both elbows, even if non-standard. A collection of 28 radiographs has been analysed, two recent typical contrasting cases are presented, two signs to identify an oblique view of a normal elbow are described and the literature is reviewed. If the best radiograph available in an injured elbow in a child is a normal oblique view in pronation, pulled elbow is a likely diagnosis.
The “aurora sign”—a new sonographic sign of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis
Authors: Kohzaki S , Hayashi K , Fukuda T , Uetani M , Kawano Y , Iriarte W L Z 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is a rare condition characterized by multiple gas-filled cysts of varying size within the intestinal wall. Although the characteristic findings on plain abdominal radiograph, computed tomography (CT), and barium enema have been well described, the sonographic findings have not. We recently encountered a case of PCI in which abdominal sonography disclosed a unique finding. We were able to reproduce the finding experimentally and have coined it the “aurora sign”.
Mackenzie Davidson Memorial Lecture 1994: Imaging of treated cancer
Authors: Husband J E S 
Published: July 2009

Sir James Mackenzie Davidson was a radiologist of international repute and indeed, the leading radiologist in the United Kingdom in the early 1900s. Sir James was knighted for his contribution to radiology in 1912, his career being highlighted by his work in the localization of foreign bodies using X-rays and in this connection he gave of himself unsparingly during the first World War. Throughout his career, Sir James emphasized the fundamental value of physics to radiology, being particularly interested in the designing of new equipment and methods of measurement. In this review, I would like to discuss the various methods of measurement available to us today in the assessment of treated cancer.
Imaging of treated cancer is a topic which has, until recently, received only limited attention, but is now becoming both increasingly important and relevant to everyday practice for three major reasons. First, the overall incidence of cancer is increasing and secondly, there have been important advances in treatment. Thirdly, and equally important, the advances in imaging over the last two decades now enable us to obtain information not only on changes in tumour morphology, but also on changes in tumour composition and physiology. These issues will be discussed in more detail under the broad categories of: incidence of cancer and the future cancer burden; imaging strategies for service and research; information derived from imaging and its clinical significance in cancer management.
Intravascular ultrasound imaging of peripheral arteries as an adjunct to atherectomy: preliminary experience
Authors: Korogi Y , Hirai T , Sakamoto Y , Harada M , Yamamoto H , Hamatake S , Takahashi M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
12 atherosclerotic lesions in nine patients, including four restenoses after balloon angioplasty, were treated by atherectomy under the guidance of intravascular ultrasound (US). Echogenicities of the plaques and morphological alterations in the arterial walls produced by atherectomy were evaluated. The two-layered appearance of post-angioplasty restenoses was found to be inner fibrous intimal thickening with proliferation of smooth muscle cells and outer residual collagen-rich plaque. The deep cut surfaces were shown as concave U-shaped defects. Medial tissues were present in all cases where intravascular US demonstrated the disruption of a thin hyperechoic layer of the internal elastic lamina. Intravascular US imaging may provide valuable information on the degree, eccentricity and histological type of stenosis, the presence of calcification before atherectomy, and on the extent of excision and the morphological changes in the arterial wall after atherectomy.