bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional comparison of the proboscis between tapirs and other extant and extinct vertebrates
Authors: MILEWSKI Antoni V. , DIERENFELD Ellen S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTapirs (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) are the only living vertebrates, beyond the order Proboscidea, found to possess a true proboscis, defined as a flexible tubular extension of the joint narial and upper labial musculature that serves, at least in part, to grasp food. Tapirs show only partial homology and analogy with elephants in the narial and upper labial structures, as well as in the skull bones and teeth. However, superficially similar extensions in other extant vertebrates differ greatly in anatomy and function. Therefore, they deserve new names: prorhiscis (e.g. Mammalia:Saiga tatarica), prorhinosis (e.g. Chondrichthyes:Callorhinchusspp.), prorhynchis (e.g. Osteichthyes:Campylomormyrusspp.) and progeneiontis (e.g. Osteichthyes:Gnathonemusspp.). Among non‐mammalian vertebrates, no bird or reptile is known to possess a proboscis. Among fishes, there are various extensions of the rostrum, jaws, ‘nose’ and ‘chin’ that lack the required narial involvement. The skulls of extinct mammals within (e.g. deinotheres) and beyond (e.g. astrapotheres) the Proboscidea confirm that a proboscis evolved independently in several mammalian lineages before the Pliocene. This convergence with tapirs presumably reflects, in part, the advantages of concentrating the olfactory sensor on what is, effectively, the tip of a long mobile upper lip. However, the proboscis does not appear to have arisende novoin any vertebrate post‐Pliocene, and its continued evolution has apparently depended on the further development of its length, flexibility and innervations, as epitomized by elephants.
Guinea Pig Skin, a Model for Epidermal Cellular and Molecular Changes Induced by UVR in vivo and in vitro: Effects on Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Vaccination
Authors: Jeevan Amminikutty , Formichella Cathryn R. , Russell Karen E. , Dirisala Vijaya R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPreviously, we reported that ultraviolet B‐radiation (UVR) suppressed Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine‐induced resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in guinea pigs (GP). Herein, we investigated the cellular and molecular changes within the irradiated GP epidermis and the in vivo effect of supernatants from UV‐irradiated (200 J m−2) epidermal cells (UV‐sup) on M. bovis BCG vaccination. UVR increased the number of nucleated keratinocytes in the skin, but caused a decrease in the proportions of CD25+T cells. In the spleen, UVR resulted in a decrease in the proportions of T‐cell subsets including CD25+T cells, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ and CD14+ cells. Similarly, significant up‐regulation of several cytokine mRNAs including IL‐10 was also observed. Furthermore, UV‐sup significantly reduced the MHC class II expression in peritoneal cells and reduced T‐cell proliferation to ConA. The proliferation to purified protein derivative (PPD) was restored to normal levels by anti‐IL‐10 antibody. The UV‐sup when injected into BCG‐vaccinated GP significantly diminished the skin test response and T‐cell proliferation to PPD and up‐regulated the expression of IL‐10, IL‐4, IL‐1β and Foxp3 mRNAs in the lymph node or spleen. Thus, whole body UVR induces profound cellular and molecular changes and injection of UV‐sup from epidermal cells mimics the effect of whole body UVR in BCG‐vaccinated GP.
Motivational interviewing training to promote Head Start children's adherence to oral health care recommendations: results of a program evaluation
Authors: Cook Paul F. , Richardson Gloria , Wilson Anne 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectives: Motivational interviewing (MI) is a research‐supported, patient‐centered counseling technique to support health behavior change. We evaluated training to help teachers use MI for oral health promotion in a multi‐site, diverse, urban Head Start organization.Methods: MI training was evaluated based on the intervention's reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance.Results: MI was introduced to 150 Head Start staff and 32 received intensive training. Trainees had greater knowledge and willingness to use MI 6 months after training than non‐trained staff, and reported increased use of MI‐consistent counseling techniques. Additionally, the rate of completed dental visits improved slightly across all families served by this Head Start program after teachers used MI with a subset of families. Maintenance is likely based on ongoing organizational interest.Conclusions: Trainees reported successfully using MI techniques in this community‐based educational setting. Additional efforts are needed to increase the reach of training and to ensure sustainability.
Wicked problems: policy contradictions in publicly financed dental care
Authors: Quiñonez Carlos 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectives: To review two policy issues that define publicly financed dental care as a “wicked policy problem.”Methods: Historical review.Results: By demonstrating how governments have shifted their funding focus from direct delivery care, to public third‐party financing arrangements in private dental offices, and by their willingness to fund composite restorations in public fee schedules, it is clear that the logic and sustainability of public programming needs reconsideration.Conclusions: The current contradictions in public dental care programs speak to the need for policy makers to reassess their goals, and ask whether decisions are based more on political necessity than on a logical evidence‐informed approach to the delivery of publicly financed dental care.
New Macroscopic Problematic Fossil from the Early Cambrian Yanjiahe Biota, Yichang, Hubei, China
Authors: Junfeng GUO , Yong LI , Huiping HAN , Qiang OU , Jianren ZHOU , Yajuan ZHENG 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Yanjiahella gen. nov., a distinctive fossil taxon from the Early Cambrian Yanjiahe Biota in Yichang, Hubei Province, is characterized by: 1) an overall body plan composed of a stalk and a calyx (also arms in some species); 2) a stalk with closely spaced, transverse wrinkles and a medial, longitudinal ridge; and 3) a calyx preserved with three‐dimensional radiating striations, as well as a probable madreporite in some specimens. Three species that can be assigned to this genus, which are Y. ancarpa sp. nov., Y. monocarpa sp. nov., and Y. biscarpa sp. nov. Yanjiahella is comparable to certain echinoderm taxa in terms of morphology and some biological structures, which might indicate the early evolution and diversification of ancestral echinoderm lineages from the early Early Cambrian Yangtze Platform. The discovery of putative echinoderms in the Yanjiahe Biota provides significant clues about the origination and evolution of the deuterostome phylum Echinodermata.
Structural Traps in Detachment Folds: a Case Study from the ‘Comb‐ and Trough‐like’ Deformation Zone/s, East Sichuan, China
Authors: Zongxiu WANG , Jin ZHANG , Tao LI , Xingui ZHOU , Zongjin MA , Liangjie TANG , Weifeng XIAO , Xili YAN 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Detachment structures occur widely in the crust, and it is the commonest and most important deformation type developed in the region between erogenic belts and basins. The ‘comb‐like’ and ‘toughlike’ fold belts in eastern Sichuan are caused by multi‐layer detachment. The duplex structure is the most important deformation style in the region, exhibiting different characteristics from typical detachment structures. Different deformation styles, scales, and shortenings resulting from independent deformations of various detachment systems would lead to the phenomenon whereby most of the topographical heights in the region do not correspond to the structural heights in depth. Based on systematic structural analysis and combined with practical oil/gas prospecting, four types of structural traps are described from eastern Sichuan Province, which are: detachment and thrust trap; detachment folding trap; fault‐flat blocking trap; and detachment layer trap. Meticulous studies on the deformation and distribution of detachment layers in the eastern Sichuan Province will contribute to oil/gas prospecting and selection of potential regions of marine‐origin oil/gas prospecting in South China.
SHRIMP Zircon U‐Pb Dating of Alkaline Dykes in the Pobei Area, Beishan Rift, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China: Implications for Tectonic Setting and Mantle Plume Events
Authors: Jingwen MAO , PIRAJNO Franco , Zuoheng ZHANG , Yusheng WAN 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:In the Beishan rift in the eastern Tianshan orogen, Xinjiang Province, a N‐S‐trending dyke swarm is present in the Pobei area. The swarm cuts through the 270–290 Ma mafic‐ultramafic intrusions associated with Ni‐Cu sulphide mineralization. These mafic‐ultramafic intrusions are typically found along E‐W major faults in the Tianshan orogenic belts. We report SHRIMP U‐Pb dating of zircons from a dyke of alkaline composition, which yielded a mean age of 252±9 Ma. Alkaline dykes of the same age are found in the Altay region of Siberia. This age is younger than the 270–290 Ma intraplate magmatic events that produced the mafic‐ultramafic intrusions in the region, but in general agreement with the 250–260 Ma Permian plume event that gave rise to the Siberian traps and the Emeishan flood basalts in SW China. We suggest that there is a link between the Emeishan event and the dyke swarm in the Beishan rift and that the intraplate magmatism at 270–290 Ma reflects an early stage of mantle plume activity. The N‐S trending dyke swarm in the Beishan rift may represent a later stage in the evolution of mantle plume activity in the NW and SW of China. We also speculate that in Beishan rift and possibly elsewhere in the Tianshan region, the dykes fed basaltic volcanism, whose products have since been eroded due to the strong uplift of the Tianshan orogen as a result of the India‐Eurasia collision in the Cenozoic.
Hydrodynamic Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Dabashan Foreland Thrust Belt, China
Authors: Jianhui ZENG , Kai GUO , Kun TIAN , Tianwu XU 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:There are two plays in the Dabashan foreland tectonic belt: the upper and the lower plays. The lower play experienced one sedimentary hydrodynamic stage, two burial hydrodynamic stages, two tectonic hydrodynamic stages and two infiltration hydrodynamic stages from the Sinian to the Cenozoic, while the upper play had one sedimentary hydrodynamic stage, one burial hydrodynamic stage, two tectonic hydrodynamic stages and one infiltration hydrodynamic stage from the Permian to the Cenozoic. Extensive flows of both sedimentary water, including hydrocarbons, and deep mantle fluid occurred in the Chengkou faults during collision orogeny in the Middle‐Late Triassic Indosinian orogeny, and fluid flow was complicated during intracontinental orogeny in the Middle‐Late Jurassic. In addition to these movements, infiltration and movement of meteoric water took place in the Chengkou faults, whereas in the covering‐strata decollement tectonic belt, extensive sedimentary water flow (including hydrocarbons) occurred mainly in the Zhenba and Pingba faults. During the stage of rapid uplift and exhumation from the Cretaceous to the Cenozoic, the fluid flow was characterized mainly by infiltration of meteoric water and gravity‐induced flow caused by altitude difference, whereas sedimentary water flow caused by tectonic processes was relatively less significant. Sedimentary water flow was more significant to the lower play in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation during collision orogeny in the Middle‐Late Triassic Indosinian orogeny, but its influence is relatively slight on the upper play. On one hand, hydrodynamics during intracontinental orogeny in the Middle‐Late Jurassic adjusted, reformed or oven destroyed oil reservoirs in the lower play; on the other hand, it drove large amounts of hydrocarbons to migrate laterally and vertically and is favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Infiltration hydrodynamics mainly adjusted and destroyed oil reservoirs from the Cretaceous to the Cenozoic.
Bicarbonate Daily Variations in a Karst River: the Carbon Sink Effect of Subaquatic Vegetation Photosynthesis
Authors: Cheng ZHANG , Jinliang WANG , Junbing PU , Jun YAN 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Using the Guancun River, an underground stream‐fed river, in Rong'an County of Guangxi, China as a case study, the daily biochemical cycle was examined in this paper based on the data collected a weeklong via high resolution data logger monitoring and high‐frequency sampling. Furthermore, the loss of inorganic carbon along its flow path was estimated. Results show that chemical components of the groundwater input are quite stable, showing little change extent; while all of the chemical parameters from two downstream monitoring stations show diel variation over the monitoring period, suggesting that plant activity in the river has a strong influence on water chemistry of the river. The comparison of the input fluxes from the groundwater with the output fluxes of HCO–3 estimated at the downstream monitoring station during the high‐frequency sampling period shows a strong decrease of HCO–3, indicating that the river is losing inorganic carbon along its flow path. The loss is estimated to be about 1,152 mmol/day/m of HCO–3 which represent about 94.9 kg/day of inorganic carbon along the 1,350 m section of the Guancun River. It means that HCO–3 entering the river from karst underground stream was either consumed by plants or trapped in the authigenic calcite and thus constitutes a natural sink of carbon for the Guancun karst system.
Quantitative Zoning Assessment of Crustal Stability Along the Yunnan–Tibet Railway Line, Western China
Authors: Yongshuang ZHANG , Xin YAO , Daogong HU , Changbao GUO , Tanyu XIONG 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:The planned Yunnan–Tibet railway goes through the northwest of Yunnan Province and the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Because of its location near the collision belt of the Eurasian and Indian plates, complex engineering geological conditions and difficult engineering geological problems are encountered. The study is aimed at making the zoning assessment of crustal stability along the railway line so as to provide a better base for its construction, especially its line selection. For this purpose, the following seven influencing factors of crustal stability were selected and quantified by grading and scoring: active fault, seismic activity, geo‐stress field, geo‐strain field, geothermal field, geo‐hazard, and lithologic character. Of these factors, the active fault, seismic activity and geo‐hazard are the three most prominent factors influencing the railway construction. Along the railway line there are 1731703 calculation units to be divided. The zoning assessment calculation was completed by ArcGIS‐based information fusion method. The assessment results aid railway line selection and show that there are 10 stable sectors, 28 relatively stable sectors, 23 relatively unstable sectors, and 20 unstable sectors along the Yunnan–Tibet railway line.
Multi‐scale Decomposition of Co‐seismic Deformation from High Resolution DEMs: a Case Study of the 2004 Mid‐Niigata Earthquake
Authors: Yu ZHAO , Kazuo KONAGAI , Tomohiro FUJITA 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Decomposing co‐seismic deformation is an immediate need for researchers who are interested in earthquake inversion analysis and geo‐hazard mapping. However, conventional InSAR or digital elevation models (DEMs) imagery analyses only provide the displacement in the Line‐of‐Sight (LOS) direction or elevation changes. The 2004 Mid‐Niigata earthquake in Japan provides lessons on how to decompose co‐seismic deformation from two sets of DEMs. If three adjacent points undergo a rigid‐body‐translation movement, their co‐seismic deformation can be decomposed by solving simultaneous equations. Although this method has been successfully used to discuss tectonic deformations, the algorithm needed improvement and a more rigorous algorithm, including a new definition of nominal plane, DEMs comparability improvement and matrix condition check is provided. Even with these procedures, the obtained decomposed displacement often showed remarkable scatter prompting the use of the moving average method, which was used to determine both tectonic and localized displacement characteristics. A cut‐off window and a pair of band‐pass windows were selected according to the regional geology and construction activities to ease the tectonic and localized displacement calculations, respectively. The displacement field of the tectonic scale shows two major clusters of large lateral components, and coincidently major visible landslides were found mostly within them. The localized displacement helps to reveal hidden landslides in the target area. As far as the Kizawa hamlet is concerned, the obtained vectors show down‐slope movements, which are consistent with the observed traces of dislocations that were found in the Kizawa tunnel and irrigation wells. The method proposed has great potential to be applied to understanding post‐earthquake rehabilitation in other areas.
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping and Evaluation along a River Valley in China
Authors: Yanrong LI , AYDIN Adnan , Xiqiong XIANG , Nengpan JU , Jianjun ZHAO , OZBEK Ahmet 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Landslide susceptibility evaluation at regional scale is commonly performed based dominantly on the analysis of geological and geomorphological conditions of historical landslide cases. The main content of this type of evaluation covers identifying key casual factors, their critical groupings and relative importance. The present study demonstrates an application of the above concept to a 90 km long segment of Jinshajiang River valley in China. Correlations of landslide occurrence with potential causative factors are derived according to interpretation of field investigation. Lithology, orientation of bedding planes, slope angle, stream action, rainfall and earthquake intensity are selectively recognized as identifiable/measurable causative factors to establish a factor domain. The membership grades, for field values of quantitative factors, to the susceptibility classes are determined based on the construction of fuzzy sets, while those for descriptive factors are assigned from a fuzzy score table. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is adopted for assigning weights to each individual factor. Subsequently, the evaluation is implemented in a GIS program IDRISI, where four classes of landslide susceptibility are identified and delineated in the subject area. The approach described in the present paper showed consistence with the nature and availability of data for evaluating landslide susceptibility at regional scale. The methodology presented can be effectively employed by relevant authorities to identify risky areas for dislocating major infrastructural project, and develop management strategies for land use.
Spotted Fever Group – Rickettsiae in the Tyrols: Evidence by Seroepidemiology and PCR
Authors: Sonnleitner S. T. , Simeoni J. , Lang S. , Dobler G. , Speck S. , Zelger R. , Schennach H. , Lass‐Flörl C. , Walder G. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe aim of our study was to assess the occurrence of Rickettsia in the inner‐alpine valleys of the Eastern Alps and to determine the amount of seroreaction among the local human population. Ticks were investigated by PCR and the percentage of seropositives was determined among local blood donors by an in‐house immunofluorescence assay. The local cut‐off titre for screening of IgG was set at 1 : 128 with a well‐characterised low‐risk collective according to WHO‐guidelines. Positive sera were confirmed by independent re‐testing. Rickettsia is present in ticks north and south of the continental divide. Of 259 ticks investigated, 12.4% are positive for Rickettsia. Of over 1200 blood donors tested so far, 7.7% bear IgG at a titre of 1 : 128 or higher against R. helvetica. R. helvetica is present in the study area, causes immunoreaction among local residents and is associated with anamnestic erythema. Furthermore, screening with a second Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia indicates that significant parts of the Tyrolean population are exposed to a Rickettsia other than R. helvetica.
Case–control study of high‐speed exercise history ofThoroughbred andQuarterHorse racehorses that died related to a complete scapular fracture
Authors: Vallance S. A. , Entwistle R. C. , Hitchens P. L. , Gardner I. A. , Stover S. M. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryReasons for performing study:Identification of exercise history patterns that are related to catastrophic scapular fracture will facilitate prevention of racehorse fatalities.Objectives:To determine if exercise patterns are associated with scapular fracture inThoroughbred (TB) andQuarterHorse (QH) racehorses.Methods:High‐speed exercise histories for 65TBand 26QHracehorses that had a complete scapular fracture (cases) and 2 matched control racehorses were retrospectively studied. Exercise variables were created from lifetime race and official timed workout reports. Associations between exercise variables and scapular fracture were investigated using conditional logistic regression.Results:Thoroughbreds with a scapular fracture had a greater number of workouts, events (combined works and races), and mean event distances thanQHs with a scapular fracture. Quarter Horses worked less frequently and accumulated distance at a lower rate thanTBs. Breed differences were not found for career race number or length, time between races or lay‐up variables for horses with ≥1 lay‐up. For both breeds, cases had fewer events, lower recent accumulated distance and fewer active days in training than controls; however, a subset ofTBcases with >10 events since lay‐up had a longer active career than controls. ForQHs that had a lay‐up, total and mean lay‐up times were greater for cases than controls. Multivariable models revealed that odds ratios (OR) of scapular fracture were greater forTBs that had not yet raced (OR= 23.19; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.03–177.38) and lower forQHs with more events (OR= 0.71; 95% CI 0.54–0.94).Conclusions and clinical relevance:Racehorses that are in early high‐speed training but behind that of their training cohort should be examined for signs of scapular stress remodelling. Quarter Horses that had a prolonged lay‐up andTBs that have endured high‐speed training for a longer duration than that of their training cohort also were at greater risk.