bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ranking "White space" Frontier Regions - An Arctic Example Illustrating the Power of Integrating Plate Tectonic Reconstructions into Regional Evaluations
Authors: Winefield Peter , Steffens Gary Scott , Bergman Steven , Bishop Andrew , Wannier Mario , Dimarco Michael , van Oosterhout Cees , Ross Malcolm , Hafkenscheid Edith 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The incorporation of robust plate tectonic reconstructions into regional evaluations has the power to identify potential ‘white-space’ basins where significant prospectivity is possible but where there is relatively limited current knowledge and or available data. This enables decision-makers to make judicious decisions when entering new frontier regions with minimal exposure and can also influence data acquisition strategy. This paper documents a basin ranking workflow applied to the vast Circum-Arctic region. Integration of regional geological mapping along with seismic and potential fields data in a digital format provides a consistent framework upon which to reconstruct the geological history of the region through time and to extrapolate key petroleum system elements from known calibrated areas into relatively poorly known regions. Using a set of criteria based on the elements required for a working petroleum system, a schematic basin ranking of ~140 Arctic basins was completed highlighting opportunities in ‘white-space’ basins and also areas that may be high-graded pending further evaluation.

Introduction
The Circum-Arctic (north of ~60º latitude) is an immense region spanning approximately 1/6th of the Earth's surface area beneath which significant petroleum and mineral resources have already been discovered or are awaiting discovery. Due to its remote location and extreme climate, the region remains relatively lightly explored by both industry and academia, and then only along selected margins. Hence, many of the sedimentary basins (~140) and physiographic features within the region are poorly understood (Figure 1). This situation is rapidly changing due to:renewed awareness of the resource potential of the region;increased activity in the delineation of UN Law of the Sea international boundaries;recent improved maritime access to large parts of the Circum-Arctic that were previously ice-bound for significant parts of the year; andavailability of new geological and geophysical datasets in selected regions.
In such a challenging physical, operational and political environment for exploration, a robust model for the plate tectonic evolution of the region provides a solid basis from which explorers can make rapid decisions about what areas have the highest potential. This applies to both placing existing proven regions into a wider context and also for providing the basis upon which to rank those ‘white-space’ areas where significant new opportunities may reside. This paper documents one approach to the identification of such regions in the Arctic and provides an example that can be replicated and applied elsewhere.
GIS Technology Development for Sediment Characterisation of Angolan Deepwater Soil Conditions
Authors: Hamon Michel , Enjaume pierre , Epalanga Katia , Mackenzie Brian 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The first deepwater geotechnical site investigations in Angola were conducted in 1998 on the Kuito and Girassol fields. Since that date, geotechnical data have been gathered in a large number of deepwater sites to support safe and economic design of many types of subsea infrastructures (anchors, sealines, subsea foundations …). The deepwater operators in Angola (BP Angola, CABGOC, Esso Exploration Angola, Total E&P Angola) set up an expert committee to agree on how to improve understanding of seabed soil conditions and their interaction with foundation structures for the deepwater Angola. The expert committee agreed on how the factual data collected would be combined in a single database and the task devoted to Angola Deepwater Consortium (ADC) to develop a Geographic Information System (GIS) containing information on geotechnical data against a background representing high resolution bathymetry and as-built facilities in the deepwater blocks. Fugro Geoconsulting Limited was chosen to construct the database and install it on the internationally well-known ArcGIS software which has been customized for this project.
The Angolan GIS database represents an unprecedented gathering of factual data which can then be viewed, accessed and queried through a map-based user friendly interface. It helps experts for an improved region-wide understanding of soil conditions. In the early stage of future field developments, it helps making a preliminary assessment of soil data trends, seabed landscape and features and planning soil investigations.
Currently, the database contains 40 site investigation projects and represents around 1000 information points (in-situ testing and borehole) and more than 70,000 individual measurements. It has been used to support a regional-wide geological desktop study and a preliminary analysis of soil conditions in deepwater Angola.
The database is the result of exceptional cooperation between Angolan deepwater operators and a further objective is, for Sonangol, to operate and maintain this database in Angola which will provide a comprehensive, updatable and evolving repository of hard-won soils data relevant to future deepwater field developments offshore Angola.

Introduction

Background
As part of a general effort to improve oil development in deepwater offshore Angola, Angola Deepwater Consortium (ADC) was formed in 2000 by Sonangol with industrial partners Doris Engineering and Pride Foramer. ADC has performed a number of studies under the guidance of a JIP Steering Committee composed of representatives and experts of BP, CABGOC, Esso Exploration Angola and Total E&P Angola (Da Costa & al., 2005).
Developing And Using A Deepwater Predictive Soil Model To Optimize The Parque das Conchas (BC-10) FPSO Mooring Layout
Authors: Campbell Kerry J. , Newlin Jason , Gisler Evan P. , Alhayari Samy 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper provides a methodology for optimizing a deepwater mooring layout with respect to ground conditions and gives limitations of the method. Specifically, this paper:describes development of a predictive soil model based on integration of AUV geophysical survey and geotechnical data in an area characterized by complex and discontinuous sand strata interbedded with clays;describes using the predictive model to help optimize a FPSO mooring layout to meet design criteria;presents as-installed results for the suction anchors and demonstrates reliability of the predictive soil model;describes learnings from this project; anddiscusses limitations of the methodology.
Suction-anchor installation was completed successfully and no problems were encountered with respect to soil conditions. The as-installed results thus confirmed the general reliability of the predictive soil model. Sand strata as thin as about 30 cm thick were predicted by the model and their presence was confirmed by increased pump underpressures recorded during anchor installation. The fact that the 5-m-diameter suction anchors " felt?? such thin sands was instructive. We demonstrate that, by using appropriate geophysical survey data calibrated with geotechnical information, a model of soil conditions can be developed and used as a tool to predict soil conditions away from geotechnical control points. Confidence in the predictions depends on the amount, type, spatial distribution, and quality of the data available and on the geology of the site.
This case history is useful as a model approach for optimizing mooring layout with respect to ground conditions or for other applications where shallow soil conditions are sufficiently complex and variable to affect layout of foundation elements or design. Integrated study of the geophysical/geotechnical data was concurrent with mooring system design in a collaborative effort that directly influenced design iterations. Use of the integrated and iterative approaches described here will help future project teams develop more reliable mooring or other foundation solutions faster and thereby reduce costs.

Introduction
Background. The Parque das Conchas development is located off the coast of Brazil in the Campos Basin in Block BC-10 (Figure 1). Shell is the operator of BC-10 with 50% equity share with co-venturers Petrobras (35%) and ONGC (15%). The site is on the continental slope and is characterized by hummocky topography (Figures 2 and 3a) caused by buried mass-transport deposits (MTDs). Water depths across the mooring spread range from about 1740 m to 1800 m (Figure 3a). Production facilities feature the FPSO Espirito Santo with a clustered 3x3 suction-anchor mooring system; the mooring layout is shown in Figure 3a. Mooring radius varies slightly from cluster-to-cluster and ranges between about 2500 to 2700 meters. More details and other aspects of the FPSO Espirito Santo are discussed by Howell and others (2010).
The Offshore Vital Link for Tandem Transfer of LNG
Authors: Devehat Renaud L.E. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
With a number of Floating LNG Production projects now materializing to make use of the massive remote gas reserves available offshore, it is now required to overcome in a safe and reliable manner the associated technical challenges. Although FMC Technologies already opened the way to offshore receiving terminals with side-by-side Chiksan® loading arms, the cryogenic tandem offshore transfer operations required for export terminals were recognized to be, by far, the most critical link in the whole offshore LNG chain. FMC Technologies Chiksan® Articulated Tandem Offshore Loader (ATOL) now closes this gap and brings to the industry a straightforward solution relying only on field proven components and on a nearly 50 years leadership in cryogenic transfer of LNG.
There are a number of vital features any tandem LNG transfer system must be able to achieve in order to meet today's requirements for safety, performance, reliability and cost efficiency. Amongst those, the ability to operate under highly dynamic condition, the long term reliability all along the FLNG lifetime, the safety requirements like fire safety and reliable position monitoring, the low pressure loss challenge, the coexistence of sea water and cryogenic conditions, the maintainability as well as the tolerance of the system to unexpected operational events are some of the key characteristics ensured by the FMC Chiksan® ATOL based on fully field proven and sound technology and engineering practices.
Over the past few years, intensive developments at detailed engineering level for both mechanical and control system parts, advanced but realistic structural and dynamic calculation, and finally actual prototypes comprehensive testing supporting the qualification of the ATOL have placed FMC in a position to offer today the most competitive solution with the most advanced development level and based exclusively on field proven components. With the appropriate technology fully developed, FMC is ready to engage now concretely to make the upcoming FLNG projects a reality.
Application of High Resolution Zero-Offset and Walkaway VSP in Reservoir Delineation
Authors: Zhu Guang-Ming , Cao Song 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
To more finely delineate reservoirs and estimate more reliable oil and gas reserves, we have carried out one high-resolution zero-offset VSP(ZVSP) survey and two 2-D cross walkaway VSP (WVSP) surveys, based on available well log and 3-D surface seismic data, in L oil field. For each shot of VSP data acquisition, the depth of seismic source was selected carefully and the source was exploded with a small charge of dynamites in a single source well. Seismic signals were recorded in a denser 2.5m receiver spacing by eleven-level borehole geophones with clamping devices. The frequency bandwidth of recorded data is 8~120Hz. High resolution VSP data processing mainly consists of a first consistency processing, a subsequent estimate of absorption and attenuation coefficient Q from VSP and then the use of the Q value to increase the resolution of 3-D surface seismic data. The high-resolution-improved VSP data modify the depths of tops of three dominant reservoirs inferred from well log and add a new reservoir by a comparison of seismic events and geological layers. Finely delineating reserves by a joint use of WVSP images and the high-resolution-improved 3-D surface seismic data enhance the reliability of reservoir estimate of L oil field.

1 Introduction
L oil field is a significant oil and gas developing area. Totally 49 wells have finished drilling and 22 of which have obtained industrial oil flowing. But the oil layers in the area are thin and the oil-water relations are complex, that results in high adventure for further developing. Although 3-D surface seismic survey has been carried out in the area to emphasize geological responds of core reservoirs and improve the identification ability of thin layers by frequency increasing processing, the processed 3-D surface data are a bit suspicious. Therefore one high resolution zero-offset VSP(ZVSP) survey and two 2-D cross walkaway VSP(WVSP) surveys for a well in the area have been carried out complementarily, in order to calibrate horizons of 3-D surface data more accurately, to describe lateral variation of reservoirs in the vicinity of borehole and to enhance the reliability and accuracy of processing and interpretation of surface seismic data though a bridge between well and surface 3-D seismic data constructed by VSP.
Application of a New Wire Carcass Design for Prevention of Singing Behavior in Flexible Risers
Authors: Nielsen Karsten Gorm , Bendiksen Erik , Belfroid Stefan , Korst Harry 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The flow of fluid over the inner surface of rough bore flexible pipes may create vortex induced pulsations. For gas risers these pulsations can in some cases be the source of a high amplitude tonal sound. This phenomenon is in the industry referred to as " singing risers?? Under certain circumstances these pulsations can result in large structural vibrations with potential fatigue failure of the connected topside or subsea pipe systems. Such damage has occurred in practice in a few cases, for instance on Statoil's Åsgard B platform.
The singing behaviour is dependent on the operating conditions such as product density and viscosity as well as the piping layout of the topside and subsea piping, however, the most important factor is the geometry of the corrugations. In traditional designs the carcass is made from a folded metallic strip. NKT Flexibles has developed a novel approach to carcass manufacturing originally intended for deep and ultra deepwater applications wherein the carcass is made of helically wound wires rather than a folded strip. Although the main focus for this development was to devise a carcass of superior strength compared to conventional systems, the new carcass design provides a very smooth inner surface, thus mitigating vortex formation which will reduce or eliminate the formation of flow induced pulsations.
The development of the new carcass concept is presented together with the benefits in response to the reverse end cap effect at large water depth, and the increase in collapse strength. Examples of manufacturing and testing of pipes using the new carcass design are shown.
The susceptibility to singing of the new carcass design is compared to that of a traditional carcass design. This includes the onset of the singing and the flow pressure drop. Due to the much smaller cavities in the new design, the singing tendency is shown to be significantly reduced. In particular, the expected onset velocity is 5-9 times that of a classic rough bore design with 20%-50% of the amplitude. An additional benefit of the new design is that the pressure drop for the pipe is close to that of a smooth bore pipe. Therefore, it is expected that for many applications, the new design will not lead to the generation of high amplitude tonal noise within the desired operating envelope.

Introduction

General
Un-bonded flexible pipes are used successfully throughout the world in connection with offshore oil and gas production, including floating production facilities. As the oil and gas production moves into deeper and deeper waters the flexible pipe technology becomes challenged with respect to:Collapse resistanceResistance to cope with the axial compression due to the reverse end cap effectThermal performanceHigh tension at hang off (extreme and fatigue loading).
Control System Upgrades for Tordis and Vigdis Field - A Project Case Study of Revitalising Brownfield Developments with Next Generation Subsea Controls
Authors: Frantzen Karl Herman , Kent Ian , Phillips Ray 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Since the 1980s, multiplexed electro-hydraulic control systems have been successfully employed in subsea oil and gas production. With field lives extending, and the original equipment becoming more difficult to maintain, particularly because of electronic component obsolescence, it is possible by applying new generations of control system equipment to bring enhanced controls capabilities into brownfield developments.
From the inception of the Tordis/Vigdis Controls upgrade & Modification programme (TVCM), it was seen that a number of the design limitations of the legacy system could be overcome when upgrading to a modern and flexible communications system with standard comms interfaces.
There were some specific limitations of the installed system, and in addition, for the legacy system, electronic component obsolescence was becoming an increasing burden in support of continuing production.
Following the completion of the upgrade under the TVCM programme, the new system will deliver significant step-changes in the performance envelope of the overall Control and Instrumentation System, including improved reliability, a new configuration employing ‘Open’ communications protocols between topsides and subsea with the communications bandwidth available to the Tordis producer wells upgraded to 1Mbit/s.
A novel feature, and a key success factor for the project, is the use of Subsea Control Module interface adapters.

Background
The Tordis and Vigdis oil fields lie in block 34/7 in the Tampen area of the Norwegian North Sea, and came on stream in 1994 and 1997 respectively, developed with subsea installations and operating in water depths from 200m to 280m.
In addition to the main Tordis structure, the development embraces the Tordis East (1998), and Tordis South East (2001) fields.
Versatility in Answering the Challenge of Deepwater Field Developments
Authors: Bullock Jackson D. , Geertse Eduard , Landwehr Marcel 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The paper will address the application of a versatile asset in the execution of a multifaceted deepwater installation project. An asset equipped such as the Borealis supporting heavylift, S-lay, J-lay and Flex-lay can allow the project to design installation scenarios which address very specific permanent equipment qualifications while promoting cost effective installation and schedule advantages.
Most deepwater projects include several permanent components which require intense engineering focus and special capabilities to facilitate installation. The complexities of the installation exposes the offshore operation to risks and opens opportunities for innovation in design and methodology of installation as mitigation measures. The combination of the thorough onshore installation engineering, the asset capabilities, and the flexibility of installation methodologies available can allow the project to take the full benefits surrounding complex issues.
The paper builds case studies in which the application of the various installation methodologies could provide significant flexibility benefits in the execution of a deepwater project. The case studies will review the technical considerations related to vessel capabilities and the challenges of several project scenarios. Focus will be direct towards advantages derived from specific operations such as:–Installation Sequence: S-lay to J-lay–Installation Sequence: J-lay to S-lay–Installation by J-lay and S-lay with pipeline structures–Complex existing infrastructure scenario–Full Field development scenario
Brief method statements and risk/opportunity reviews are provided for each case study.
The Borealis has the capabilities required to address challenges presented in the execution of a multifaceted deepwater installation project. With heavylift capabilities of over 5,000Te, including extended subsea reach, the asset is well suited for surface and subsurface lifts. The S-lay capability allows for higher production rates and economical installations over longer pipeline lengths. Capabilities in J-lay makes the vessel versatile in the installation of SCRs, ultra-deepwater pipelines significant Inline Structures/PLETs/PLEMs and subsea manifolds. The vessel will be prepared for installation of flexibles using a 500 T flexlay tower.

Introduction
Differing from shallow water field developments, deepwater field developments have specific technical challenges both in design as well as installation of the offshore infrastructure.
In recent years the boundaries of technical capabilities in design and installation techniques have expanded and field developments are moving into ever deeper water depths, further away from existing infrastructure.
Examples of existing deepwater developments are: Chevron Tahiti, Anadarko Independence Hub / Trail development, Chevron Blind Faith, Chevron Jack & St. Malo, etc. etc. Future developments could include: Hess Tubular Bells, Exxon Hadrian, Hess Pony, Anadarko Lucius, etc.