bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect on milk production of vaccination with a bovine herpesvirus 1 gene‐deleted vaccine
Authors: Bosch J. C. , Frankena K. , van Oirschot J. T. 
Published: October 2010

A field trial was conducted to determine the effect of vaccination with an inactivated bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) gE‐negative marker vaccine on the milk production of dairy cows. The daily milk yield of 455 cows in six herds was measured electronically from six days before vaccination until 14 days after vaccination. The treatment consisted of two injections with either vaccine or placebo, both at an interval of four weeks. There was a small, but significant (P<0.05), decrease of about 1.4 litres per cow in milk production after a double vaccination, the negative effect being slightly greater after the second vaccination.
Hypobiosis in the ostertagids of red deer and the efficacy of ivermectin and fenbendazole against them
Authors: Connan R. M. 
Published: October 2010

An abattoir survey was carried out during the 1991 to 1992 slaughter season to examine the structure of the ostertagid populations in red deer. Most of the animals were 15‐ to 22‐month‐old stags, but there were also hinds on two occasions and calves on one. Ostertagids of mixed species were present in all of the animals, and 43 of 120 (35.8 per cent) stags and 10 of 17 (58.8 per cent) hinds, but no calves, also carried small numbers of Trichostrongylus axei. Most animals carried adult and developing ostertagids and after September they all contained hypobiotic larvae (EL4). EL4 were present in three of nine stags in September and they increased in number through the autumn. In stags killed between November and February the group mean numbers of EL4 represented 62 to 94 per cent of the total burdens present, compared with 37 and 55 per cent on April 1 and 7, respectively. In the hinds, the number and the structure of the ostertagid populations was similar to that in the stags. Of 14 calves killed on October 9, only two contained a few EL4. Subcutaneous ivermectin at 400 μg/kg removed 100 per cent of the adult and developing worms, but although it also removed 95 per cent of EL4, some larvae remained in every treated animal. The efficacy of fenbendazole at 15 mg/kg given over five days was 75 per cent against EL4 and although the long interval after treatment obscured the result, it was probably much higher against later stages.
Preliminary study of the effect of iron dextran on a non‐regenerative anaemia of housed lambs
Authors: Green L. E. , Graham M. , Morgan K. L. 
Published: October 2010

A study of the effects of iron dextran supplementation on anaemia in indoor lambs was carried out on one commercial flock of 525 lambs from January to June 1993. The lambs were randomly allocated into two groups, one of which was given a parenteral injection of 300 mg iron dextran and the other was left untreated. Blood was collected from 22 12‐dayold lambs and 106 24‐day‐old lambs, in each case half treated and half untreated. The supplemented lambs had significantly improved haematological values than the unsupplemented lambs. There were also significant differences i'n the total serum iron concentration, the unsaturated iron binding capacity and the percentage serum saturation with iron between the treated and untreated lambs. At 12 days, the untreated lambs had a total serum iron below the accepted normal range for sheep whereas the treated lambs had values within the normal range. At weaning, lambs injected with iron dextran were significantly heavier (1.0 kg) than those not injected. The daily liveweight gain to slaughter was greater and the proportion of deaths was lower in the treated lambs but these differences were not statistically significant.
Exploratory study on the economic value of a closed farming system on Dutch dairy farms
Authors: van Schaik G. , Dijkhuizen A. A. , Benedictus G. , Barkema H. W. , Koole J. L. 
Published: October 2010

A closed farming system may prevent the introduction of infectious diseases on to dairy farms and could be a good starting point for the eradication of these diseases. In order to introduce a closed farming system, farmers need to be made aware of how these diseases are introduced into the herd. Farmers will be more likely to implement a closed farming system when the economic value is quantified and attractive. An exploratory study was carried out to investigate the technical and economic results of closed dairy farms. Farms that purchased cattle and/or shared pasture (dermed as ‘open’ farms) differed in technical results from farms that did not (‘closed’ farms). The results of the discriminant analysis showed that the ‘closed’ farms incurred lower costs for veterinary services, had a lower average age at first calving and a higher birth rate per 100 dairy cows. A linear regression analysis was carried out to investigate the influence of the farming system on economic performance. Being ‘closed’ was found to increase the net profit by £0.31 per 100 kg of milk, or approximately £25 per cow per year or 5 per cent of the typical net return to labour and management (£1 = Dfl 2.80 in November 1996).
Pre‐transport loading of farmed red deer: effects of previous overnight housing environment, vehicle illumination and shape of loading race
Authors: Grigor P. N. , Goddard P. J. , Littlewood C. A. , Deakin D. W. 
Published: October 2010

The behaviour of farmed red deer was studied while they were being loaded on to a transporter. In experiment 1, the effects of previous overnight housing conditions (indoors, at a space allowance of either 4 or 8 m2 per deer, or in an outdoor raceway) on the ease of loading were investigated. The number of attempts required to load the deer was not significantly affected by their housing conditions or their sex, but there was a significant increase in the number of attempts required after the first day (P<O.05), suggesting that some aspect of the loading procedure was aversive to the deer. In experiment 2, the effects of illumination inside the vehicle (bright or dim) and the shape of the loading race (straight or curved) were examined. Neither factor significantly influenced the time taken by deer to enter the trailer. However, deer took significantly (P<O.05) less time to load as the number of trials increased. It is concluded that the loading of deer may be facilitated if the loading raceway is wide enough to allow the deer to move as a group, but narrow enough to prevent the deer from turning round.
Ultrasonographic appearance of normal superficial cervical and subiliac lymph nodes in cattle
Authors: Kofler J. , Schilcher F. , Buchner A. 
Published: October 2010

The superficial cervical and the subiliac lymph nodes of 18 healthy, non‐pregnant Simmental cows with a mean (sd) age of 5.6 (1.6) years were examined ultrasonographically in transverse and longitudinal planes with a real‐time B.mode unit equipped with a 7.5 MHz linear‐transducer. The position, demarcation and echogenicity of the lymph nodes were examined, and the craniocaudal and lateromedial diameters of each lymph node were measured three times within a period of six weeks. The pole to pole length of the lymph nodes was determined with a tape measure on the surface of the skin because the whole length could not be imaged in a single scan field. The gross anatomical and histological results showed that the lymph nodes were normal. Ultrasonographically, they were well demarcated from the adjoining muscular and subcutaneous tissue. Their internal structure was characterised by an anechoic to hypoechoic cortical zone corresponding to the lymphoid tissue, and an echogenic medullary zone, where the lymphatic sinuses converge towards the hilus and produce numerous acoustic interfaces. In all the lymph nodes, the hilar area had an echoic to hyperechoic appearance. The mean (sd) pole to pole length of the superficial cervical lymph nodes was 15.5 (3.2) cm and of the subiliac lymph nodes 13.5 (2.4) cm. The mean craniocaudal and lateromedial diameters of the superficial cervical lymph nodes were 2.8 (0.3) cm and 1.6 (0.3) cm, and those of the subiliac lymph nodes were 2.4 (0.4) cm and 1.1 (0.3) cm. The ultrasonographic morphology of these normal lymph nodes was consistent and provides basic reference data for the investigation of lymphadenopathies in cattle.
Acute phase toxoplasma abortions in sheep
Authors: Owen M. R. , Clarkson M. J. , Trees A. J. 
Published: October 2010

Within 13 days of the experimental infection of 15 oestrussynchronised ewes with 2000 sporulated oocysts ofToxoplasma gondiiat 80 to 90 days of gestation 11 had aborted. The infection induced pyrexia and specific antibody in all the ewes. One ewe resorbed its fetus, 11 ewes aborted and three delivered, at full term, live congenitally infected lambs whose pre‐colostral serum was antibody‐positive. Tissues from the aborted fetuses and placentae from the live lambs were examined for toxoplasma infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the B1 gene and by mouse inoculation. The live lambs were all shown to be infected by both methods, but there was no evidence of infection in any of the tissues from the acute phase abortions, suggesting that these fatalities occurred before the placenta or the fetus had been invaded byT gondii. Such toxoplasma‐induced, acutephase abortions are likely to be impossible to diagnose from fetal tissues. These results have implications not only for the diagnosis of naturally occurring ovine abortions but also for the understanding of the pathogenesis of toxoplasma‐induced abortion.
Effects of stocking density on lambs being transported by road
Authors: Knowles T. G. , Warriss P. D. , Brown S. N. , Edwards J. E. 
Published: October 2010

Lambs were transported for 24 hours during summer and winter at a range of stocking densities. Shorn lambs of mean liveweight 39.5 kg were transported at densities of 0.448, 0.513, 0.602 and 0.769 m2 /100 kg in July and fully‐fleeced lambs of 37.3 kg mean liveweight were transported at densities of 0.613, 0.680, 0.775 and 0.909 m2 /100 kg in February. Fewer lambs lay down and rested at high stocking densities and there was a marked increase in the plasma levels of creatine kinase at the highest stocking density in winter. All other measured effects of stocking density were small when compared with the overall effects of transport. There was a decrease in body temperature during transport, especially in the lambs that were recently shorn, even though they were transported during warm summer conditions. At the highest stocking density there was a smaller decrease in body temperature.
Attempted elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from a seedstock farm by vaccination of the breeding herd and nursery depopulation
Authors: Dee S. A. , Joo H. S. , Park B. K. , Molitor T. W. , Bruna G. 
Published: October 2010

An attempt was made to eliminate the virus of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome from a seedstock farm by using the combined strategies of vaccination and nursery depopulation. The breeding herd was vaccinated with a modified‐ live virus vaccine; all breeding and lactating adult animals were vaccinated twice, with a 30‐day interval between vaccinations. All the sows were vaccinated in this way except for those in the third trimester of gestation (66 to 114 days) which were vaccinated on day 7 of lactation and 30 days later. A serological profiling system was developed to assess when the piglets became infected. Pigs from vaccinated sows were profiled at weekly intervals after weaning, using immunofluorescence tests for the detection of IgM and IgG, a serum neutralising antibody test, and virus isolation. After completion of the protocol, the nursery and finishing sites were monitored for 15 months. Evidence of reinfection in the finishing stage was detected 16 months after depopulation, but not in the nursery or the breeding herd. The source of the virus was not determined, but suspected origins included a lack of biosecurity, aerosol transmission from another infected farm or a persistently infected pig.
Evaluation of the canine tympanic membrane by positive contrast ear canalography
Authors: Trower N. D. , Gregory S. P. , Renfrew H. , Lamb C. R. 
Published: October 2010

Positive contrast ear canalography was described briefly in 1973 as a method for detecting rupture of the tympanic membrane in dogs with otitis media. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and usefulness of the technique. The ears of 10 normal canine cadavers and 31 dogs with clinical signs of ear disease were examined using otoscopy, radiography and contrast radiography after infusing 2 to 5 ml of positive contrast medium into the ear canals. These examinations were repeated in the cadavers after the tympanic membrane had been punctured with a Spreull needle. In the cadavers 14 of 19 (74 per cent) of the tympanic membranes were visible otoscopically; contrast medium did not enter the tympanic bulia of any of the ears before the tympanic membrane was ruptured, but was visible in the bulia in every ear after rupture. In the clinical study, 40 of 61 (66 per cent) of the tympanic membranes were visible otoscopicaily, and 12 appeared to be ruptured. Radiographic signs of otitis media (increased opacity and/or thickening of the tympanic bulla) were identified in seven ears. Canalography was positive for rupture of the tympanic membrane in 13 ears, including four in which it appeared to be intact otoscopically. In normal canine ears, canalography was a more accurate method for detecting iatrogenic tympanic membrane rupture than otoscopy. In dogs with ear disease, canalography may be more sensitive for otitis media than either otoscopy or survey radiography.
Persistence of the efficacy of doramectin againstOstertagia ostertagiandCooperia oncophorain cattle
Authors: Vercruysse J. , Claerebout E. , Dorny P. , Demeulenaere D. , Agneessens J. , Smets K. 
Published: October 2010

The persistence of the efficacy of doramectin injectable againstOstertagia ostertagiandCooperia oncophorawas evaluated in two studies in calves. In both, the calves were allocated to six groups of six. Calves in the first control group (c1) and first treated group (Ti) received a daily infection of 200 L3 ofO ostertagiand 200 L3 ofC oncophora; the calves in groups C2 and T2 received a daily infection of 1000 L3 of each species, and groups C3 and T3 received 10,000 L3 of each species per day. The calves in the three treated groups each received 0.2 mg/kg doramectin injectable on day 0. In the first study, the calves were infected for 21 days withCooperiaand for 28 days withOstertagia, and they were slaughtered on day 33. In the second study, the calves were infected for 21 days with both species, the infections withCooperiaandOstertagiastarting from eight and 15 days, respectively, after the treatment, and the animals were slaughtered on day 40. The calculation of the persistence of the activity of doramectin was based on its efficacy against the different developmental and adult stages of the two parasites. The data from both studies indicated that the efficacy of doramectin againstOstertagiapersisted for at least five weeks, but no conclusions could be drawn about the effect of the size of the infective doses on the persistence of the activity. In contrast, theCooperiaworm counts from the second study suggested that the efficacy of doramectin againstCooperiapersisted for at least four weeks when the calves were exposed to a low or moderate infection level, whereas at the highest infection level it persisted for between three and four weeks.
Variability of serum antibody responses of goat kids to a commercial Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxoid vaccine
Authors: Uzal F. A. , Bodero D. A. V. , Kelly W. R. , Nielsen K. 
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐nine Angora goats were used in a trial of a commercial enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney disease) vaccine. The animals were allocated to four groups, of which three received an initial dose of vaccine, two also received a booster of the same vaccine either 28 or 42 days after the first vaccination, and the fourth remained as an unvaccinated control group. An indirect ELISA technique was used to measure the titres of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon antitoxin in serum samples taken before vaccination and 17, 28, 42, 59, 70, 86, 98 and 128 days after vaccination. There was a wide range of antibody titres after vaccination, and the great majority of the vaccinated animals had titres below the protective level, arbitrarily set at 0.25 iu/ml, by day 98.
Reversal of sedative and clinicophysiological effects of epidural xylazine and detomidine with atipamezole and yohimbine in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Tiwari S. K. , Kumar A. , Vainio O. 
Published: October 2010

The sedative and clinicophysiological effects of either xylazine (0.1 mg/kg) or detomidine (50 μg/kg) administered epidurally to groups of five buffaloes were reversed by the intravenous administration of either yohimbine (0.125 mg/kg) or atipamezole (10 μg/kg). Epidural xylazine or detomidine produced bradycardia, respiratory depression, ruminal stasis and hypothermia and these effects were completely reversed within five to 15 minutes after the intravenous administration of atipamezole or yohimbine, with no signs of excitement or resedation. Atipamezole reversed the effects of xylazine or detomidine more rapidly than yohimbine.
Efficacy of a 2 per cent moxidectin gel against gastrointestinal parasites of ponies
Authors: Bauer C. , Çirak V. Y. , Hermosilla C. , Okoro H. 
Published: October 2010

The efficacy of moxidectin was evaluated in young ponies naturally infected with gastrointestinal parasites. Eight animals were treated orally with moxidectin at 0.4 mg/kg bodyweight and eight received only the vehicle. They were all necropsied two weeks later. Faecal samples were examined daily for egg counts and larval cultures. Parasites were recovered from total faecal samples collected daily and from the gastrointestinal tracts at necropsy. Moxidectin reduced the strongyle egg counts by >99 per cent from three days after treatment but some individuals remained positive for 10 days. The drug had little or no ovicidal activity. As evaluated in the critical‐controlled test, moxidectin was 99 to 100 per cent effective (P<0.05) against luminal stages of Parascaris equorum, Strongylus vulgaris, Triodontophorus species, Craterostomum acuticaudatum, 19 cyathostome species and Oxyuris equi. Adult S edentatus were also completely removed. Its efficacy against third stage larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis was 95 per cent (P<0.05). Luminal nematode stages were removed within a few days, and bots continued to be eliminated for at least two weeks after treatment. No activity was observed against Anoplocephala perfoliata. As evaluated in the controlled test, moxidectin was 100 per cent effective against Habronema muscae (P<0.05) and had a 76 per cent but not significant efficacy against encysted small strongyle larvae.
Development of snake antivenom antibodies in chickens and their purification from yolk
Authors: Almeida C. M. C. , Kanashiro M. M. , Rangel Filho F. B. , Mata M. F. R. , Kipnis T. L. , Dias da Silva W. 
Published: October 2010

Adult white leghorn hens hyperimmunised with Brazilian snake venoms of the genus Bothrops and/or Crotalus produced antibodies capable of recognising, combining with and neutralising the toxic and lethal components of the venoms. The antibodies were first detected by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay two weeks after starting the immunisation schedule, reached the highest titres by the third week and remained high for at least 24 weeks. These antibodies are transferred to the egg yolk from which they were isolated as enriched IgY preparations by a combination of methods using positive and negative precipitation with sodium sulphate and/or caprylic acid. The yolk‐derived IgY preparations contained antibodies which blocked the phospholipase A2 ‐dependent haemolytic activity of both venoms and the haemorrhagic activity of Bothrops venom, and neutralised the toxic lethal activities of the venoms with good efficacy. The median effective dose (ED50) of the IgY anti‐Bothrops venom was 592.5 μl/2LD50 and, 1.0 ml neutralised 0.0675 mg of venom. The ED50 of the IgY anti‐Crotalus venom was 457.5 μl/3LD50 and 1.0 ml neutralised 0.075 mg of venom.
Use of phenytoin to treat digitalis‐induced cardiac arrhythmias in a miniature Shetland pony
Authors: Wijnberg D. , van der Kolk J. H. , Hiddink E. G. 
Published: October 2010

Two miniature Shetland ponies showing clinical signs ofDigitalis purpurea(foxglove) poisoning were examined. One animal died shortly afterwards, but the second was treated successfully with the antiarrhythmic agent, phenytoin, and was discharged after 16 days.
Acute phase protein response of ewes and the release of PGFM in relation to uterine involution and the presence of intrauterine bacteria
Authors: Regassa F. , Noakes D. E. 
Published: October 2010

The rate of uterine involution postpartum was monitored in 13 suckling mule ewes by using radio‐opaque markers and radiography, and each ewe was also monitored for intrauterine bacterial contamination during the first week, using a sterile guarded swab. Peripheral plasma or serum concentrations of haptoglobin, seromucoid, ceruloplasmin and 15‐keto‐13,14‐dihydro‐prostaglandin F2α(PGFM) were measured up to six weeks postpartum. The maximum reduction in the length of the uterine tody and in the diameters of the homs occurred by 28 days postpartum, except in one ewe in which the size of the uterus continued to decrease for 42 days. Four ewes were positive for intrauterine bacterial contamination;Escheichia coli, clostridial species,Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberisandEnterococcusspecies were isolated in pure or mixed culture. The presence of intrauterine bacteria did not affect the time for the completion of uterine involution. No bacteria were isolated from the ewe in which involution was delayed, but it had a different acute phase protein response and was therefore excluded from further analyses. In the remaining 12 ewes the mean postpartum haptoglobin response increased, with peak concentrations occurring on day 1, and decreased slowly as uterine involution progressed, but the four contaminated ewes had a significantly greater response. There was no difference between the prepartum and postpartum concentrations of seromucoid in the eight sterile ewes, but significant increases were observed in the contaminated group; the concentrations of ceruloplasmin did not vary in either group. The concentrations of PGFM were higher during the early postpartum period in the ewes with contaminated uteri.
Nematode control practices and anthelmintic resistance in dairy calves in the south west of England
Authors: Stafford K. , Coles G. C. 
Published: October 2010

A postal survey of worming practices on West Country dairy farms was undertaken and farmers were requested to send faecal samples for nematode egg counts. The majority of the farmers who responded had a nematode control policy which was based on a mixture of anthelmintics and pasture rotation. Sixty‐five per cent tumed out calves on to the same paddock each year and 57 per cent treated their stock with anthelmintics during the second year. Ninety farms submitted samples for analysis but only 16 samples contained sufficient eggs to justify repeat egg counts and only eight of these produced enough eggs for in vitro tests. The small number of positive samples, even into the latter part of the year suggests a heavy use of anthelmintics with relatively clean pasture. One Somerset farm had larvae which developed in high concentrations of ivermectin, and eggs were still being passed after two treatments with ivermectin at the manufacturer's recommended dose seven days apart. Of 100 male nematodes isolated from two of the calves, 88 were Cooperia species and 12 were Nematodirus species. A controlled trial with this isolate in eight Friesian male calves showed a 44 per cent reduction in egg counts at day 7 but no significant reduction in worm burden postmortem. This is the first reported case of ivermectin‐resistant Cooperia species in cattle in the United Kingdom.