bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Gangs a Substitute for Legitimate Employment? Investigating the Impact of Labor Market Effects on Gang Affiliation
Authors: Seals Alan 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThis paper adds to the literature estimates of local labor market effects on gang participation. The local unemployment rate is a proxy for the availability of legitimate employment. I use data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) to model the probability of gang involvement. The effect of the local unemployment rate is statistically significant and positive. Robustness checks reveal gang participation of individuals less than sixteen years of age (the legal minimum age for most jobs) is not responsive to the local unemployment rate. However, the effect of the local unemployment rate on sixteen‐ and seventeen‐year‐olds is statistically significant and positive, which suggests juvenile gang participation depends on economic incentives. Gang participation among individuals with lower ASVAB scores is more sensitive to the local unemployment rate.
Depression in patients with HIV is under‐diagnosed: a cross‐sectional study in Denmark
Authors: Rodkjaer L , Laursen T , Balle N , Sodemann M 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundInternational studies suggesting that 20–37% of HIV‐positive patients have diagnosable depression may underestimate the prevalence of this condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depression among HIV‐positive patients in an out‐patient clinic in Denmark and to detect factors of importance for the development of depression.MethodsIn 2005, a population of 205 HIV‐positive patients was included in a questionnaire‐based study. The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI‐II) was used to assess the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms. Patients with a BDI score of 20 or above were offered a clinical evaluation by a consultant psychiatrist.ResultsSymptoms of depression (BDI>14) were observed in 77 (38%) patients and symptoms of major depression (BDI≥20) in 53 (26%). Eighteen patients subsequently started treatment with anti‐depressants. In a reduced logistic regression model, self‐reported stress, loneliness, constant thoughts about HIV and being in a difficult financial situation were associated with risk of depression. Patients at risk of major depression were nearly six times more likely to have missed at least one dose of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the 4 days prior to assessment (odds ratio 5.7, 95% confidence interval 1.7–18.6). There was a dose–response trend in relation to unsafe sex (P=0.03).ConclusionsThe study found that depression was under‐diagnosed among HIV‐positive patients and was associated with stress, loneliness, a difficult financial situation, low adherence and unsafe sex. Screening for depression should be conducted regularly to provide full evaluation and relevant psychiatric treatment. This is particularly important at the time of diagnosis and before initiating HAART.
Old‐time militancy and the economic realities: towards a reassessment of the dockers' experience
Authors: Coffey Dan 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis article makes the case for a fundamental reassessment of an important stage in the history of industrial relations in the UK port transport sector vis‐à‐vis the regulation of employment and the controversial demise of the National Dock Labour Scheme. It argues that the popular view that state regulation combined with trade union organisation and restrictive working practices in the 1970s and 1980s to undermine the competitiveness of the port transport sector lacks convincing empirical foundations. It notes some implications for wider debates around Britain's variety of capitalism.
The representation gap and the future of worker representation
Authors: Heery Edmund 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT The Representation Gap was one of the finest achievements of Brian Towers's academic life. In this important book he described the extent of the representation gap in Britain and the United States and examined attempts to close the gap through public policy, the revitalisation of trade unions and the development of new institutions of worker representation. On the sad occasion of Brian's death, this article returns to the main themes of the book and examines how academic analysis and developments in the real world of industrial relations have progressed since its publication.
New Labour and the commonsense of neoliberalism: trade unionism, collective bargaining and workers' rights
Authors: Smith Paul 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe assumptions and values of neoliberalism came to dominate the Conservative governments, 1979–97, inspiring a range of policies that included industrial relations and employment law. Inasmuch as New Labour has adopted many of these policies then it can be presumed to have accepted their neoliberal underpinnings. Moreover, New Labour's policies owe much to neoliberalism. Wedderburn's exposition of the relationship between the writings of Hayek and the policy of Conservative governments, 1979–88, is utilised and extended to display the continuity and distinctiveness of New Labour's policy on industrial relations and employment law in relation to its Conservative predecessors. New Labour's neoliberal assumptions and values are evaluated. The conclusion argues for a fundamental rebuttal of New Labour's values as an integral component of a campaign to re‐establish trade union rights and liberties, and effective employment protection.
Residential carers’ knowledge and attitudes towards physiotherapy interventions for adults with learning disabilities
Authors: Stewart Stephen , Macha Ruth , Hebblethwaite Amy , Hames Annette 
Published: July 2009

Accessible summary

When physiotherapists work with patients, they usually have to ask patients’ carers to carry out the physiotherapy.
Physiotherapy by carers is often not completed.
Carers have lots of work to do with patients and physiotherapy is often a low priority for them.
Interviews with carers showed that they want more follow‐up and support from physiotherapists.

SummaryThrough the use of face‐to‐face interviews, this article explores residential carers’ perceptions and understanding of a physiotherapy service provided to patients with a learning disability, with the aim of highlighting potential areas for improvement in the service. Carers involved in the study reported a good relationship with the physiotherapists, possessed a clear understanding of physiotherapy, and made positive commends regarding training they received. However, they reported a lack of follow‐up by the physiotherapists to be a problem, and their responses indicated a perceived lack of support from the physiotherapy team. Carers also rated physical management programmes as being low on their daily priority list for patients’ care. A lack of observable rewards for both carers and patients was hypothesised as a contributory factor, and following discussion with the team a structured follow‐up protocol was suggested to support carers when carrying out physical management programmes.
Apodemus sylvaticus infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda) in an arable ecosystem: epidemiology and effects of infection on the movements of male mice
Authors: Brown E. D. , Macdonald D. W. , Tewand T. E. , Todd I. A. 
Published: July 2009

We studied the epidemiology of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematodd) in the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) in an arable ecosystem, and investigated any association between infection and the movement patterns of male mice by manipulating worm burdens. Methods included the live‐trapping of mice, estimation of worm burdens by faecal analysis, administration of either an anthelminthic or water (as a control) and the radio‐tracking of selected animals.Heligmosomoides polygyrus showed an overdispersed distribution pattern, with prevalence tending to be higher in males and heavier mice. Prevalence and intensity peaked in spring and declined in autumn both in the entire population and in adults. This seasonality in the arable ecosystem in comparison to woodland may arise due to the direct and indirect impact of agricultural practice.To investigate the link between infection and movements, radio‐tracked mice were classed as either‘Uninfected’or‘Infected’; mice were also classed as either‘Control’or‘Dosed’. There were no significant differences in movement parameters between‘Infected/Dosed’and‘Infected/Control’, possibly because treatment was not administered sufficiently frequently. Both‘Infected’classes of mice moved significantly faster than‘Uninfected’ones, and‘Infected/Dosed’mice moved significantly further than‘Uninfected’ones. The percentage of time spent moving was also greater, and the home range area was larger, for‘Infected/Dosed’and‘Infected/Control’than for‘Uninfected’mice. The observed differences in movement may have been the result of either the behaviour of mice influencing their parasite load or the parasite manipulating its host.
Epidemiology of low bone mineral density and fractures in children with severe cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: MERGLER SANDRA , EVENHUIS HELEEN M , BOOT ANNEMIEKE M , DE MAN STELLA A , B BINDELS‐DE HEUS KAREN G C , HUIJBERS WIM A R , PENNING CORINE 
Published: July 2009

Aim  Children with severe cerebral palsy (CP) are at risk for developing low bone mineral density (BMD) and low‐impact fractures. The aim of this study was to provide a systematic literature review of the epidemiology of fractures and low BMD in children with severe CP, with an emphasis on risk factors. Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels IV and V were criteria for severe cerebral palsy.Method  The literature (PubMed) was searched and eligible studies were given a level of evidence score using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria.Results  Seven studies were found concerning epidemiology of fractures, 11 studies described epidemiology of low BMD, and 14 studies concerned risk factors. The methodological quality of most of these studies was poor. Five studies were considered well‐conducted with low risk of confounding and bias. In these studies, the incidence of fractures in children with moderate to severe CP approached 4% per year, whereas the prevalence of low BMD in the femur was 77%. Limited ambulation, feeding difficulties, previous fractures, anticonvulsant use, and lower body fat mass were associated with low BMD z‐scores.Interpretation  There is only a limited amount of high‐quality evidence on low BMD and fractures in children with severe CP.
Retrieving randomized controlled trials from medline: a comparison of 38 published search filters
Authors: McKibbon Kathleen Ann , Wilczynski Nancy Lou , Haynes Robert Brian ,   for the Hedges Team
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground:  People search medline for trials of healthcare interventions for clinical decisions, or to produce systematic reviews, practice guidelines, or technology assessments. Finding all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with little extraneous material is challenging.Objective:  To provide comparative data on the operating characteristics of search filters designed to retrieve RCTs from medline.Methods:  We identified 38 filters. The testing database comprises handsearching data from 161 clinical journals indexed in medline. Sensitivity, specificity and precision were calculated.Results:  The number of terms and operating characteristics varied considerably. Comparing the retrieval against the single term ‘randomized controlled trials.pt.’ (sensitivity for retrieving RCTs, 93.7%), 24 of 38 filters had statistically higher sensitivity; 6 had a sensitivity of at least 99.0%. Four other filters had specificities (non retrieval of non‐RCTs) that were statistically not different or better than the single term (97.6%). Precision was poor: only two filters had precision (proportion of retrieved articles that were RCTs) statistically similar to that of the single term (56.4%)—all others were lower. Filters with more search terms often had lower specificity, especially at high sensitivities.Conclusion:  Many RCT filters exist (n = 38). These comparative data can direct the choice of an RCT filter.
Neuroprotective mesenchymal stem cells are endowed with a potent antioxidant effect in vivo
Authors: Lanza Cristina , Morando Sara , Voci Adriana , Canesi Laura , Principato Maria Cristina , Serpero Laura Domenica , Mancardi Gianluigi , Uccelli Antonio , Vergani Laura 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for human multiple sclerosis, is characterized by demyelination, inflammation and neurodegeneration of CNS in which free radicals play a role. Recently, the efficacy of murine mesenchimal stem cells (MSCs) as treatment of EAE induced in mice by the encephalitogenic peptide MOG(35–55) was demonstrated. The present study analyzed some markers of oxidative stress, inflammation/degeneration and apoptosis such as metallothioneins (MTs), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione‐S‐transferase), poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 and p53 during EAE progression and following MSC treatment. Expression of the three brain MT isoforms increased significantly in EAE mice compared with healthy controls, but while expression of MT‐1 and MT‐3 increased along EAE course, MT‐2 was up‐regulated at the onset, but returned to levels similar to those of controls in chronic phase. The changes in the transcription and activity of the antioxidant enzymes and in expression of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 and p53 showed the same kinetics observed for MT‐1 and MT‐3 during EAE. Interestingly, i.v. administration of MSCs reduced the EAE‐induced increases in levels/activities of all these proteins. These results support an antioxidant and neuroprotective activity for MSCs that was also confirmed in vitro on neuroblastoma cells exposed to an oxidative insult.
Elevated metals compromise repair of oxidative DNA damage via the base excision repair pathway: implications of pathologic iron overload in the brain on integrity of neuronal DNA
Authors: Li Hui , Swiercz Rafal , Englander Ella W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTissue‐specific iron content is tightly regulated to simultaneously satisfy specialized metabolic needs and avoid cytotoxicity. In the brain, disruption of iron homeostasis may occur in acute as well as progressive injuries associated with neuronal dysfunction and death. We hypothesized that adverse effects of disrupted metal homeostasis on brain function may involve impairment of DNA repair processes. Because in the brain, the base excision repair (BER) pathway is central for handling oxidatively damaged DNA, we investigated effects of elevated iron and zinc on key BER enzymes. In vitro DNA repair assays revealed inhibitory effects of metals on BER activities, including the incision of abasic sites, 5′‐flap cleavage, gap filling DNA synthesis and ligation. Using the comet assay, we showed that while metals at concentrations which inhibit BER activities in in vitro assays, did not induce direct genomic damage in cultured primary neurons, they significantly delayed repair of genomic DNA damage induced by sublethal exposure to H2O2. Thus, in the brain even a mild transient metal overload, may adversely affect the DNA repair capacity and thereby compromise genomic integrity and initiate long‐term deleterious sequelae including neuronal dysfunction and death.
Cyclic AMP‐mediated long‐term facilitation of glycinergic transmission in developing spinal dorsal horn neurons
Authors: Choi In‐Sun , Nakamura Michiko , Cho Jin‐Hwa , Park Hye‐Mi , Kim Sang‐Jung , Kim Jun , Lee Jong‐Ju , Choi Byung‐Ju , Jang Il‐Sung 
Published: July 2009

AbstractcAMP is known to regulate neurotransmitter release via protein kinase A (PKA)‐dependent and/or PKA‐independent signal transduction pathways at a variety of central synapses. Here we report the cAMP‐mediated long‐lasting enhancement of glycinergic transmission in developing rat spinal substantia gelatinosa neurons. Forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator, elicited a long‐lasting increase in the amplitude of nerve‐evoked glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), accompanied by a long‐lasting decrease in the paired‐pulse ratio in immature substantia gelatinosa neurons, and this forskolin‐induced increase in glycinergic IPSCs decreased with postnatal development. Forskolin also decreased the failure rate of glycinergic IPSCs evoked by minimal stimulation, and increased the frequency of glycinergic miniature IPSCs. All of these data suggest that forskolin induces the long‐lasting enhancement of glycinergic transmission by increasing in the presynaptic release probability. This pre‐synaptic action of forskolin was mediated by hyperpolarization and cyclic nucleotide‐activated cation channels and an increase in intraterminal Ca2+concentration but independent of PKA. The present results suggest that cAMP‐dependent signal transduction pathways represent a dynamic mechanism by which glycinergic IPSCs could potentially be modulated during postnatal development.
Age‐dependent dysregulation of brain amyloid precursor protein in the Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse model
Authors: Choi Jennifer H. K. , Berger Jason D. , Mazzella Matthew J. , Morales‐Corraliza Jose , Cataldo Anne M. , Nixon Ralph A. , Ginsberg Stephen D. , Levy Efrat , Mathews Paul M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIndividuals with Down syndrome develop β‐amyloid deposition characteristic of early‐onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in mid‐life, presumably because of an extra copy of the chromosome 21‐located amyloid precursor protein (App) gene. App mRNA and APP metabolite levels were assessed in the brains of Ts65Dn mice, a mouse model of Down syndrome, using quantitative PCR, western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation, and ELISAs. In spite of the additional App gene copy, App mRNA, APP holoprotein, and all APP metabolite levels in the brains of 4‐month‐old trisomic mice were not increased compared with the levels seen in diploid littermate controls. However starting at 10 months of age, brain APP levels were increased proportional to the App gene dosage imbalance reflecting increased App message levels in Ts65Dn mice. Similar to APP levels, soluble amino‐terminal fragments of APP (sAPPα and sAPPβ) were increased in Ts65Dn mice compared with diploid mice at 12 months but not at 4 months of age. Brain levels of both Aβ40 and Aβ42 were not increased in Ts65Dn mice compared with diploid mice at all ages examined. Therefore, multiple mechanisms contribute to the regulation towards diploid levels of APP metabolites in the Ts65Dn mouse brain.
Species–area relationships of red‐listed species in old boreal forests: a large‐scale data analysis
Authors: Tikkanen Olli‐Pekka , Punttila Pekka , Heikkilä Raimo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim  Species–area relationships are often applied, but not generally approved, to guide practical conservation planning. The specific species group analysed may affect their applicability. We asked if species–area curves constructed from extensive databases of various sectors of natural resource administration can provide insights into large‐scale conservation of boreal forest biodiversity if the analyses are restricted only to red‐listed species.Location  Finland, northern Europe.Methods  Our data included 12,645 records of 219 red‐listed Coleoptera and Fungi from the whole of Finland. The forest data also covered the entire country, 202,761 km2. The units of species–area analyses were 224 municipalities where the red‐listed forest species have been observed. We performed a hierarchical partitioning analysis to reveal the relative importance of different potential explanatory variables. Based on the results, for all red‐listed species, species associated with coniferous trees and for Fungi, the area of economically over‐aged forests explained the best the variation in data. For species associated with deciduous trees and Coleoptera, the forest area explained better variation in data than the area of old forests. In the subsequent log–log species–area regression analyses, we used the best variables as the explanatory variable for each species group.Results  There was a strong relationship between the number of all red‐listed species and the area of old forests remaining, with a z‐value of 0.45. The area explained better the number of species associated with conifer trees and Fungi than the number of species associated with deciduous trees and Coleoptera.Main conclusions  The high z‐values of species–area curves indicate that the remaining old‐growth patches constitute a real archipelago for the conifer‐associated red‐listed species, since lower values had been expected if the surrounding habitat matrix were a suitable habitat for the species analysed.
Drug Prescribing in Child and Adolescent Eating Disorder Services
Authors: Gowers Simon , Claxton Mary , Rowlands Laura , Inbasagaran Anandhi , Wood David , Yi Irene , Hugo Philippa , Clark‐Stone Sam , Bryant‐Waugh Rachel , Nicholls Dasha , Ayton Agnes 
Published: July 2009

Background:  Psychotropic drugs are not recommended for child and adolescent eating disorders, though they are used empirically for symptomatic treatment and co‐morbid conditions. Little is known about rates of prescribing or the beneficial and adverse effects.Objective:  To ascertain rates and outcomes of psychotropic drug prescribing in child and adolescent eating disorder services.Method:  Retrospective case note study of eating disorder cases (n = 308), seen in one year in seven specialist UK services, covering indications, response to treatment, beneficial and adverse effects.Results:  Drugs were prescribed for 27%, (mainly anorexia nervosa), 12% before referral to specialist services. The most commonly prescribed drugs were fluoxetine and olanzapine, but 26 different drugs were used. The most common indications were depression, anxiety and ‘pseudo‐psychotic’ concerns about weight. Drugs were generally well tolerated, but their effectiveness was uncertain.Conclusions:  Non‐specialists commonly prescribe psychotropic medication to this vulnerable group without reference to specialist services. Specialists prescribe regularly on empirical grounds, without apparent undue consequences, though these may be under‐reported. A prospective clinical trial would further clarify risks and benefits.
Comparing Safety Climate between Two Populations of Hospitals in the United States
Authors: Singer Sara J. , Hartmann Christine W. , Hanchate Amresh , Zhao Shibei , Meterko Mark , Shokeen Priti , Lin Shoutzu , Gaba David M. , Rosen Amy K. 
Published: July 2009

Objective. To compare safety climate between diverse U.S. hospitals and Veterans Health Administration (VA) hospitals, and to explore the factors influencing climate in each setting.Data Sources. Primary data from surveys of hospital personnel; secondary data from the American Hospital Association's 2004 Annual Survey of Hospitals.Study Design. Cross‐sectional study of 69 U.S. and 30 VA hospitals.Data Collection. For each sample, hierarchical linear models used safety‐climate scores as the dependent variable and respondent and facility characteristics as independent variables. Regression‐based Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition examined differences in effects of model characteristics on safety climate between the U.S. and VA samples.Principal Findings. The range in safety climate among U.S. and VA hospitals overlapped substantially. Characteristics of individuals influenced safety climate consistently across settings. Working in southern and urban facilities corresponded with worse safety climate among VA employees and better safety climate in the U.S. sample. Decomposition results predicted 1.4 percentage points better safety climate in U.S. than in VA hospitals: −0.77 attributable to sample‐characteristic differences and 2.2 due to differential effects of sample characteristics.Conclusions. Results suggest that safety climate is linked more to efforts of individual hospitals than to participation in a nationally integrated system or measured characteristics of workers and facilities.