bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peroxide‐Containing Chitosan Derivative for Hydrogel Synthesis
Authors: Solomko Nadiya , Budishevska Olga , Voronov Andriy , Kohut Ananiy , Popadyuk Andriy , Voronov Stanislav 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSummary: Peroxide‐containing chitosan was synthesized using a polymer‐analogous reaction between chitosan and tert‐butylperoxymethyl ester of maleic acid. Peroxide‐containing chitosan macromolecules cross‐link into a polymeric hydrogel network in the presence of 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone upon heating. Polymeric hydrogels are formed due to reactions of radical chain transfer and recombination. Reacting radical species are chitosan macroradicals and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) macroradicals formed by decomposition of peroxide‐containing fragments. Synthesized hydrogels are pH‐responsive and facilitate drug release.
Cavitation during Drawing of Crystalline Polymers
Authors: Galeski Andrzej , Rozanski Artur 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSummary:Cavitation in low molecular weight liquids under tension and in crystalline polymers during tensile drawing was recapitulated. The review indicated that the amorphous phase of crystalline polymers at temperature above its glass transition temperature differs markedly from low molecular weight liquids. Cavitation in polymers seemingly is not of a heterogeneous character, unlike in unpurified low molecular weight liquids. The most probable reasons are: confinements of amorphous layers between crystalline lamellae and macromolecular chain entanglements, the factors that are absent in low molecular weight liquids.
Kinetic Modeling of Semi‐Interpenetrating Polymer Network (SIPN) Process ‐ A Comprehensive Study on the Case of Polyethylene/Polystyrene Semi‐I IPN
Authors: Lin Weijie , Biegler Lorenz T. , Jacobson Annette M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA comprehensive kinetic model is developed for a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) process, which involves simultaneous crosslinking, grafting, and degradation. Computational expense has been reduced considerably through a new component decomposition strategy, where a continuous variable approximation and a fixed pivot technique are applied for modeling each component. The inter‐polymer formulation is then reconstructed by a statistical approach. Based on the kinetic parameters obtained from the literature and a series of experiments, the model provides consistent agreement for gel fraction, joint molecular weight distribution (MWD) and polymer composition predicted in the studied cases, showing promising capability for the SIPN industrial application as well as for other polymer composite systems. magnified image
Herbert simon appreciation and aspiration
Authors: Hunt Norman C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe award of the Nobel Prize in Economics to a Professor of Computer Sciences and Psychology is surprising but refreshing. Unlike many economists, Simon is more concerned with how decisions are made than with what decisions are made. His writings, although academic and theoretical, are concerned with the real world and are of practical value to the administrator. He is willing to accept evidence from any relevant source and has ranged widely over not only the disciplines of the social sciences but also the philosophies. Simon is well aware of the value of quantitative methods, but remains convinced of the great importance of value judgements in decision‐making. In view of the trends in modern society towards greater concern with aspects of welfare which are difficult to quantify, and the growing importance of the public sector, Simon's work is highly relevant to our times. It is in the best traditions of political economy, and is not remote from reality.
Models of changes in managerial salaries in five economies
Authors: Newbould Gerald D. , Sparkes John R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInternational comparisons of many kinds are hindered by the lack of data that are consistent between countries. This has been the case particularly with comparisons of managerial remuneration and, along with the lack of consistent data, there has been no satisfactory theory of differentials in managerial remuneration either in absolute terms for example, as between a given‐status manager in, say, Canada and the UK – or in relative terms ‐ for example, the differential between two managers of different status in each country. This article uses some recently published, and expensively gathered, data on managerial remuneration in five countries with the purpose of extending the usage of the data, which were published more or less merely as information, and introducing some tentative steps towards a better understanding of absolute and relative differences in managerial salaries.
The crumbling of apartheid: An application of managerial economics
Authors: Horwitz Ralph 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe thesis of this examination of Apartheid in the Republic of South Africa is that the sophistication of capital structure, whether viewed macro‐economically or at the level of the firm, passes nigh‐irrestible power to even unorganized workers. This non‐Marxist social system model is empirically substantiated by South African economic history but, more particularly, from managerial decisions in respect of the production function – especially in the critical gold‐mining industry – over time. This leads to the logical conclusion that the dynamic intensification of foreign capital investment in the Republic alone can end that country's system of Apartheid.
Economic misconceptions in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Teeling‐Smith George 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe pharmaceutical industry has failed to defend itself effectively against criticisms of its economic behaviour, because it has largely failed to understand the factors affecting its own economic structure. These concern the importance of competitive research and pricing, and the need to protect and nurture the fruits of its innovation by the use of patents, brand names and sales promotion. There is still need for a better understanding of the importance of these factors both outside the industry and amongst its own staff, if its contribution to modern medical technology is not to be stifled by irrational criticisms and controls.
Data sources for managerial economists
Authors: Lind Harold 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMost people think they know what market research is, and generally have a picture of a girl with a clip‐board asking about voting intentions. In fact, the term ‘market research’ covers a widely varied family of activities, using different techniques to achieve different purposes. This paper describes the various combinations of research types into which a survey can fall (large sample/small sample, quantitative/qualitative, industrial/consumer, etc.) and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the different methodologies. It then provides information about the size and structure of the market research industry in the United Kingdom.
Appraising world energy prospects
Authors: Clarke A. W. , Hart T. F. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe authors begin by outlining a multi‐scenario technique for coping with future uncertainty in assessments of the business environment for energy planning. The discussion then leads to a quantification of world energy demand under two exploratory scenarios, whose results are compared with published forecasts. Analysis of the components of demand highlights the importance of the Third World. After a review of the world's fossil fuel resources, the likely effective availability of oil and other energy sources (including nuclear power and the renewables) is set against the scenario levels of energy demand. The paper ends with a summary of the implications for action in the field of energy.
Factors influencing the export potential of the british offshore supplies industry
Authors: Gregory P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAfter establishing exporting in its context as a strategic alternative in corporate planning, and explaining its apparent appropriateness given the anticipated decline in the domestic market and the supposed technological lead held by British offshore suppliers, a wide range of factors influencing the export potential of the industry are identified, emphasizing in particular that the United Kingdom's technological superiority (and its relevance with respect to exports) has in the past been exaggerated, while inept marketing continues to be a problem.
Returns to research and development in the us pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Virts John R. , Weston J. Fred 
Published: January 2011

AbstractResearch concerning the pharmaceutical industry rate of return has concentrated on two policy issues: (1) possible resource misallocation and (2) the drug innovation environment. Accounting returns are suspect for policy purposes, requiring attention to the role of, and impact on, expectations of returns. This paper uses evidence about expectations and about resource flows into R&D consistent with those expectations to infer the level of economic returns. Our results provide evidence of a decline in expected returns, with exit of firms and resources. Regulation may be one of the major causes of the adverse shift in prospective returns from R&D investments.
A microeconomic planning model for the new york times newspaper
Authors: Forman Leonard 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe New York Times model is a large‐scale model which forecasts sales and earnings for the New York Times newspaper. Sturcturally, it is composed of two major blocks; a demand module, and a production, cost and revenue module. The demand module, the heart of the model, is a set of simultaneous nonlinear econometric equations which forecast physical volume, approximately 35 categories of advertising lines and 10 categories of circulation. The second block is recursive and contains roughly 300 equations, some of which are stochastic behavioral equations. This block converts the volume forecasts into paging, newsprint consumption, newsprint distribution and manning requirements. These physical flows are then monetized, using price and wage forecasts, to produce estimates of revenue, fixed and variable costs, and operating profit. This paper summarizes the development of the model, with emphasis on the advertising and circulation model. It should be noted that the structure of the model is constantly evolving. Consequently, emphasis is placed on the conceptual underpinnings of the model not on a detailed presentation of the current structure.
Lease finance in industrial markets
Authors: Lowe J. F. , Morgan E. J. , Tomkins C. R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFinancial leasing is being used increasingly to acquire items of industrial equipment where use is more crucial than ownership. Its advantages over traditional forms of finance are straightforward and to a large degree appear to be based on the utilization of a cost advantage deriving from the fiscal system. In view of this, it might be expected that price would be a dominant marketing variable since the ‘product’ is relatively homogeneous, even though the industry structure is oligopolistic. This has been the case to a certain extent but policies of product differentiation and market segmentation have enabled firms to avoid some of the rigours of price competition.
Suppression of EGF‐induced tumor cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 expression by capsaicin via the inhibition of EGFR‐mediated FAK/Akt, PKC/Raf/ERK, p38 MAPK, and AP‐1 signaling
Authors: Hwang Yong Pil , Yun Hyo Jeong , Choi Jae Ho , Han Eun Hee , Kim Hyung Gyun , Song Gye Yong , Kwon Kwang‐il , Jeong Tae Cheon , Jeong Hye Gwang 
Published: January 2011

AbstractScope: Capsaicin is a cancer‐suppressing agent. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of capsaicin on tumor invasion and migration; the possible mechanisms involved in this inhibition were investigated in human fibrosarcoma cells.Methods and results: We employed invasion, migration and gelatin zymography assays to characterize the effect of capsaicin on HT‐1080 cells. Transient transfection assays and immunoblot analysis were performed to study its molecular mechanisms of action. Capsaicin inhibited the epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 and MMP‐2, and further inhibited cell invasion and migration. Capsaicin decreased the EGF‐induced expression of MMP‐9, MMP‐2, and MT1‐MMP, but did not alter TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 levels. Capsaicin suppressed EGF‐induced c‐Jun and c‐Fos nuclear translocation, and also abrogated the EGF‐induced phosphorylation of EGF receptor (EGFR), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase (PI3K)/Akt, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and JNK1/2, an upstream modulator of AP‐1. Furthermore, the EGFR inhibitor inhibited EGF‐induced MMP‐9 expression, as well as AP‐1 activity and cell migration.Conclusion: Capsaicin inhibited the EGF‐induced invasion and migration of human fibrosarcoma cells via EGFR‐dependent FAK/Akt, PKC/Raf/ERK, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and AP‐1 signaling, leading to the down‐regulation of MMP‐9 expression. These results indicate the role of capsaicin as a potent anti‐metastatic agent, which can markedly inhibit the metastatic and invasive capacity of fibrosarcoma cells.
Optimal control of harvesting in a stochastic metapopulation model
Authors: Collins C. , Lenhart S. , Nanda S. , Xiong Jie , Yakovlev K. , Yong J. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYWe consider a metapopulation model for a single species inhabiting two bounded contiguous regions where movement of the population across the shared boundary is allowed. The population in one of the bounded regions can be harvested. We introduce stochastic growth rates for the two populations in a system of ordinary differential equations that model the population dynamics in these two regions. We derive the resulting stochastic control problem with harvesting in the one region as the control. The existence of an optimal control is established by solving an associated quasi‐linear–quadratic optimal control problem. We present numerical simulations to illustrate several scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Landscape of the SOX2 protein–protein interactome
Authors: Fang Xuefeng , Yoon Jae‐Geun , Li Lisha , Tsai Yihsuan S. , Zheng Shu , Hood Leroy , Goodlett David R. , Foltz Gregory , Lin Biaoyang 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSOX2 is a key gene implicated in maintaining the stemness of embryonic and adult stem cells that appears to re‐activate in several human cancers including glioblastoma multiforme. Using immunoprecipitation (IP)/MS/MS, we identified 144 proteins that are putative SOX2 interacting proteins. Of note, SOX2 was found to interact with several heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein family proteins, including HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPA3, HNRNPC, HNRNPK, HNRNPL, HNRNPM, HNRNPR, HNRNPU, as well as other ribonucleoproteins, DNA repair proteins and helicases. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the SOX2 interactome was enriched for GO terms GO:0030529 ribonucleoprotein complex and GO:0004386 helicase activity. These findings indicate that SOX2 associates with the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex, suggesting a possible role for SOX2 in post‐transcriptional regulation in addition to its function as a transcription factor.
Quality assessments of peptide–spectrum matches in shotgun proteomics
Authors: Granholm Viktor , Käll Lukas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe peptide identification process in shotgun proteomics is most frequently solved with search engines. Such search engines assign scores that reflect similarity between the measured fragmentation spectrum and the theoretical spectra of the peptides of a given database. However, the scores from most search engines do not have a direct statistical interpretation. To understand and make use of the significance of peptide identifications, one must thus be familiar with some statistical concepts. Here, we discuss different statistical scores used to show the confidence of an identification and a set of methods to estimate these scores. We also describe the variance of statistical scores and imperfections of scoring functions of peptide–spectrum matches.
Quality meets quantity – quality control, data standards and repositories
Authors: Eisenacher Martin , Schnabel Anke , Stephan Christian 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn recent years, standardization and quality control have become important key points in industry, e.g. in drug discovery and for developing medical products. Is quality control in academic Proteomics a minor problem nowadays, where standard data formats and public repositories for data sharing exist? In this article, it is discussed how standard formats and repositories already support the documentation of quality control criteria in protein identification and quantification, and what has to be improved in the future: It is stated that the Proteomics community (represented by a group like the Proteomics Standards Initiative) will have to define a minimum document regarding quality control and to extend existing standards with additional quality control criteria enabling a substantial and standardized quality control process.
Generic workflow for quality assessment of quantitative label‐free LC‐MS analysis
Authors: Sandin Marianne , Krogh Morten , Hansson Karin , Levander Fredrik 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAs high‐resolution instruments are becoming standard in proteomics laboratories, label‐free quantification using precursor measurements is becoming a viable option, and is consequently rapidly gaining popularity. Several software solutions have been presented for label‐free analysis, but to our knowledge no conclusive studies regarding the sensitivity and reliability of each step of the analysis procedure has been described. Here, we use real complex samples to assess the reliability of label‐free quantification using four different software solutions. A generic approach to quality test quantitative label‐free LC‐MS is introduced. Measures for evaluation are defined for feature detection, alignment and quantification. All steps of the analysis could be considered adequately performed by the utilized software solutions, although differences and possibilities for improvement could be identified. The described method provides an effective testing procedure, which can help the user to quickly pinpoint where in the workflow changes are needed.
A stringent approach to improve the quality of nitrotyrosine peptide identifications
Authors: Ghesquière Bart , Helsens Kenny , Vandekerckhove Joël , Gevaert Kris 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTyrosine nitration is the consequence of a complex machinery of formation and merging of oxygen and nitrogen radicals, and has been associated with both physiological pathways as well as with several human diseases. The latter turned this posttranslational protein modification into an interesting biomarker, being either a consequence of the disease or a factor contributing to the disease onset. However, the interpretation of MS and MS/MS data of peptides containing nitrotyrosine has proven to be very challenging and consequently, the risk of linking MS/MS spectra to incorrect peptide sequences exists and has been reported. Here, we discuss the causes of data misinterpretation and describe a general method to avoid mistakes of MS/MS spectrum misinterpretation. Central in our approach is the reduction of nitrotyrosine into aminotyrosine and the use of the Peptizer algorithm to inspect MS/MS quality‐related assumptions.
Mass spectrometry‐based immuno‐precipitation proteomics – The user's guide
Authors: ten Have Sara , Boulon Séverine , Ahmad Yasmeen , Lamond Angus I. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractImmuno‐precipitation (IP) experiments using MS provide a sensitive and accurate way of characterising protein complexes and their response to regulatory mechanisms. Differences in stoichiometry can be determined as well as the reliable identification of specific binding partners. The quality control of IP and protein interaction studies has its basis in the biology that is being observed. Is that unusual protein identification a genuine novelty, or an experimental irregularity? Antibodies and the solid matrices used in these techniques isolate not only the target protein and its specific interaction partners but also many non‐specific ‘contaminants’ requiring a structured analysis strategy. These methodological developments and the speed and accuracy of MS machines, which has been increasing consistently in the last 5 years, have expanded the number of proteins identified and complexity of analysis. The European Science Foundation's Frontiers in Functional Genomics programme ‘Quality Control in Proteomics’ Workshop provided a forum for disseminating knowledge and experience on this subject. Our aim in this technical brief is to outline clearly, for the scientists wanting to carry out this kind of experiment, and recommend what, in our experience, are the best potential ways to design an IP experiment, to help identify possible pitfalls, discuss important controls and outline how to manage and analyse the large amount of data generated. Detailed experimental methodologies have been referenced but not described in the form of protocols.
A retinal proteomics‐based study identifies αA‐crystallin as a sex steroid‐regulated protein
Authors: D'Anna Claudia , Cascio Caterina , Cigna Diego , Galizzi Giacoma , Deidda Irene , Bianchi Laura , Russo Domenica , Passantino Rosa , Bini Luca , Guarneri Patrizia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSex steroids influence the structural and functional organization of ocular tissues, promote survival in several pathological conditions including retinal neurodegeneration and have a prominent role in age‐related eye diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases. However, their underlying mechanisms are still elusive. We explored proteomic profiling of rat retinas following intravitreal injection of the bioactive 17β‐estradiol or androgen dihydrotestosterone. Using narrow range 2‐DE gels and MALDI‐TOF‐MS analysis, we identified three sex steroid‐regulated proteins: the galectin‐related‐inter‐fiber (GRIFIN) which is a galectin family member protein of unknown function, the fatty acid‐binding protein epidermal‐5 (FABP5) protein responsible for the fatty acid uptake and transport and the small heat shock αA‐crystallin (CRYAA) protein involved in preventing aggregation of denatured or unfolded proteins. Changes in the expression of these proteins revealed a predominant estrogenic effect and the multiple CRYAA protein species reflected posttranslational modifications. Sex steroid‐mediated modifications of CRYAA were confirmed by Western blotting analysis. This study provides new target proteins for sex steroids with a potential link to age‐related diseases associated with proteotoxic stress.