bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Undouted Realities’: Clarendon on Sacrilege
Authors: Dzelzainis Martin 
Published: June 2009

The phrase in the title is Charles I's. Writing from Newcastle to Henry Jermyn, John Culpepper and John Ashburnham in September 1646, he voiced his ‘unexpressable greefe andastonishment’ at the advice on the church which he had received from them during the course of his negotiations with the parliamentary commissioners. For they had assured Charles that, if he was no doubt‘ obliged’ by his conscience ‘to doe all’ that was in his ‘power to support and maintain that function of Bishops’, then he had already discharged that obligation to the full, as ‘all the world can witness’. Conscience, in this sense, had no further claims on him, nor could it be more strictly interpreted:if by conscience is intended to assert that Episcopacy is jure divino exclusive, wherby no Protestant (or rather Christian) Church can be acknowledged for such without a Bishop, we must therin crave leave wholly to differ. And if we be in an errour, we are in good company; ther not being (as we have cause to believe) 6 persons of the Protestant Religion of the other opinion. Thus much we can add, that at the treaty of Uxbridge none of your Divines then present (though much provoked thereunto) would maintain that (we might say uncharitable) opinion, no not privatly amongst your commissioners. Nether doeth it follow that in this, or any the most riged, sence you are obliged to perish in company with Bishops meerly out of pitty (and certainly you have nothing els left to assist them with) or that monarchy ought to fall, because Episcopacy cannot stand.
Oldham Radicalism and the Origins of Popular Liberalism, 1830–52
Authors: Winstanley Michael 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe emphasis on class, industrial structure and workplace relations proffered by Foster and others as an explanation of the nature and development of popular politics in this period is rejected. Continuities in personnel, values, motivation, policies and strategies suggest that militant grass-roots liberalism of the 1850s, and the culture of self-improvement which pervaded it, were essentially continuations of a radical platform of the 1830s which was preserved, even enhanced, through the Chartist period. Radicals' emphasis on retrenchment, tax reform, democratic accountability and local self-government represented a commitment to a democratic, capitalist environment capable of sustaining material progress and promoting moral and spiritual self-improvement and individual responsibility. They sought, rather than rejected, cooperation with more moderate reformers, seeing no contradiction in combining support for Chartism with more limited campaigns to repeal the corn law or to reform local government. Radicals, however, were also divided amongst themselves. This was particularly evident in Oldham with Cobbettism drawing support from an extensive semi-rural hinterland and a more aggressive petit bourgeois artisan, nonconformist radicalism, associated with respectability and moral reform, based in the town itself. Cobbettism was progressively marginalized from the mid-1830s, however, drifting, for a variety of reasons, into the tory camp. For urban radicals, the liberalism of the 1850s represented a logical extension of their campaign, not a betrayal.
Queen Victoria's civil list: what did she do with it?
Authors: Kuhn William M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTQueen Victoria made important financial concessions to parliament over the course of her reign. She accepted a smaller civil list and a smaller annuity for her consort than had been paid to any of her predecessors. She disclosed the accounts of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, both of which had formerly been considered private property. She also reduced her income by subjecting it to the newly re-instituted income tax. Despite these concessions, she managed to acquire a considerable private fortune. The principal sources of this fortune were improving incomes from the two duchies and better management of the civil list. Both sources benefited from reforms imposed by the prince consort. The queen used her private fortune to pay for items formerly paid for from public funds. She built houses and erected monuments. She paid partly for the golden jubilee and wholly for the debts that accumulated when the civil list became inadequate from the 1880s. Parliament in turn used evidence of her private fortune to decrease the size and number of public grants to her offspring. Thus, increased parliamentary supervision and better regulation of the civil list improved the queen's private financial position, but also reduced the public burdens.
Morality and Politics: the free churches and the Labour Party between the wars
Authors: Catterall Peter 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:The inter-war period saw the decline of the Liberal party, the traditional political ally of the free churches, and the rise of the Labour party. This article traces the responses of the free churches to these developments. The relationship of the free churches with the Labour party in this period is examined at three different levels; that of the free church leadership, that of the chapels and the ordinary people in the pews and that of the nonconformists who became active in the Labour party. Whilst attitudes towards the Labour party changed within free church institutions during the inter-war years they did not become important supporters of the party, or greatly influence it. The number and proportion of individual nonconformists who were active and influential in the party in this period was however considerable. In the process not only did Labour M.P.s become the main carriers of the nonconformist conscience on issues such as drink and gambling. They also made a distinctive and important contribution to the development and ideals of the Labour party.
Anne Boleyn's Religion
Authors: Bernard G. W. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIt has become fashionable to characterize Henry VIII's second queen, Anne Boleyn, as evangelical in religion and as a patron of reformers. But this rests heavily on the later testimony of John Foxe and of one of Anne's chaplains, William Latimer. Contemporary evidence of Anne's activity, under critical scrutiny, turns out to offer a different impression, as does an analysis of episcopal appointments in the early 1530s. A remarkable sermon preached by John Skip, the queen's almoner, a few weeks before her death, casts further doubt on the claims for Anne's reformist zeal.
Reason of state and constitutional thought in the crown of Aragon, 1580–1640
Authors: Rubiés Joan-Pau 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe political significance of Spanish reason-of-state literature has been studied almost exclusively from the perspective of imperial institutions, in particular the monarchy. This article argues that there was a distinctive political perspective in the crown of Aragon, based on its constitutional traditions, which inspired a particular kind of ‘reason of state’. Focusing on the works of a Catalan nobleman, Don Francisco Gilabert, the argument goes on to show that this constitutional thought was able to articulate a project of reform alternative to that of the minister of Philip IV, the count-duke of Olivares, and that therefore it cannot be merely analysed (as it often has been) as an anachronistic form of aristocratic self-seeking. On the contrary, by denying the king the power of absolute sovereignty, and by insisting on the idea of a mixed constitution, Gilabert's approach was able to articulate republican ideals, even though at the cost of some fundamental ambiguities concerning the idea of empire. It is suggested that the recognition of this distinctive intellectual tradition has important implications for the overall interpretation of the course of Spanish history in the seventeenth century, before and after the Catalan revolt of 1640.
Britain, South Africa and the sterling area: gold production, capital investment and agricultural markets 1931–1961
Authors: Henshaw Peter J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSouth Africa was part of the sterling area (an international currency and payments system centred on Britain) from 1933 until the area itself collapsed in the early 1970s. This was despite the fact that throughout this period, and especially after 1948, Afrikaner nationalists were actively undermining other elements of the British connection. The South African government was compelled to enter and remain in the area above all because of its dependence on Britain both as a customer for South African agricultural goods (the production and export of which were disproportionately significant in South African politics) and as a source of capital funds and goods (particularly for the highly capital-intensive gold-mining industry which dominated the South African economy as a whole). The British government promoted South Africa's membership of the area not just for reasons of economics (the flow of South African gold to London facilitated the maintenance of sterling as an international currency; trade with South Africa could generate substantial net earnings of convertible currency which helped to sustain British trade on a largely multilateral basis) but also for reasons of strategy, geopolitics and prestige.
William Pitt and the origins of the Loyalist Association Movement of 1792
Authors: Duffy Michael 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis article presents new and conclusive evidence to resolve the long-running controversy over whether the loyalist association movement of 1792 was spontaneous or was crafted by government. It shows that Pitt and his colleagues did not know in advance of John Reeves's proposals for the Crown and Anchor association before they were published on 23 November and it suggests who Reeves's original collaborators probably were. It then goes on to show how Pitt and his cousin, Lord Grenville, confronted with many demands and proposals for associations at this time, quickly seized upon the Reeves project as the most adaptable to their own ends and produced a new draft, redefining his proposals in the directions they were prepared to see such a movement take. This they induced Reeves to publish as a second declaration on 26 November and they went on to promote as the example and inspiration for a wider association movement.
73. Phosphorus Compounds of Milk. VI. The Effect of Heat on Milk Phosphatase. A Simple Method for Distinguishing Raw from Pasteurised Milk, Raw from Pasteurised Cream, and Butter made from Raw Cream from that made from Pasteurised Cream
Authors: Kay H. D. , Graham W. R. 
Published: June 2009

A method is described for the quantitative determination of phosphatase in raw milk. Using this method, it has been found that phosphatase is sufficiently thermolabile to be destroyed completely by pasteurisation if this process is properly carried out. The absence of phosphatase from a sample of milk or cream indicates with a fair degree of certainty that the milk or cream has been heated sufficiently to destroy such pathogenic organisms as were originally present, though it is of course no guarantee that the product is free from these organisms at the time of testing.A simple, qualitative test-tube method is described which may be used for differentiating between raw and heated milk, or between raw and heated cream, and which with slight modifications may also be used for distinguishing between butters made from raw or from heated cream.
83. Observations on Sudden Changes in the Rate of Acid Formation in Milk by Cultures of Lactic Streptococci
Authors: Whitehead H. R. , Cox G. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Some cases of sudden failure in the growth of cheese starter cultures are described.2. It is shown that the cause lies in the method of pasteurisation of the milk in which the cultures are grown.3. Aeration of the milk immediately before the inoculation of the culture is shown with certain cultures to have an inhibitory efEect on the growth of the organisms. Normal starter cultures are not affected by aeration of the milk; they may, however, suddenly develop this sensitivity to aeration and may just as suddenly revert to the normal state.4. The mere absorption of atmospheric oxygen while milk is being cooled after pasteurisation in a wide-mouthed cylindrical vessel may constitute an aeration sufficient to inhibit sensitive cultures of lactic streptococci. Milk pasteurised and cooled in conical flasks plugged with cotton-wool does not reabsorb sufficient oxygen to lead to inhibition, provided that the flasks are not violently agitated.5. The possible mechanism of the inhibition of the sensitive streptococci is discussed. Evidence is brought forward which tends to show that the action is connected with the oxidation-reduction reactions by means of which the organisms normally obtain their growth energy.6. The practical significance of the phenomenon in the process of cheese manufacture is emphasised.
107. Studies On the Chemistry of Cheddar Cheese Making. I. The Mineral Content of Cheese and Whey
Authors: McDowall F. H. , Dolby R. M. 
Published: June 2009

1. Analyses have been made of the wheys obtained at various stages in the manufacture of Cheddar cheese.2. There is shown to be a steady rise in the concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in the wheys throughout the process up to salting. The calcium rises much more rapidly than the phosphorus.3. After salting there is a sudden temporary fall in the concentration of both calcium and phosphorus in the whey, the calcium fall being particularly pronounced.4. The concentration of calcium and phosphorus in the whey vary in accordance with the titratable acidity of the whey.5. In normal cheese making some 60 per cent, of the calcium and 57 per cent, of the phosphorus in the milk is retained in the cheese.6. Of the minerals lost in the whey some 86 per cent, of the calcium and 90 per cent, of the phosphorus escape before running.7. An increase in the acidity of the milk before renneting increases the loss of minerals in the whey and reduces the calcium content of the cheese.
156. The composition of milk and whey, with special reference to the partition of calcium and phosphorus
Authors: Ling E. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. The means and standard deviations of analytical data obtained from fifty-four samples of mixed milk (alternate a.m. and p.m.) and whey from the College herd of Dairy Shorthorns are presented in Table I. The samples were taken at intervals during the period late September 1935 to November 1936.2. While no outstanding differences in composition are evident between morning and evening samples, the time of rennet coagulation was appreciably greater with the evening's samples. Evidence is presented to show that the longer time of cold storage of these samples must be regarded as a contributory cause of this effect.3. In the discussion of the mean values, special treatment has been given to the partition of calcium and phosphorus between the four phases, soluble and insoluble, organic and inorganic. The caseinogen values are examined in the light of current theories.
185. The incidence of mastitis in cows yielding milk low in solids-not-fat
Authors: Foot A. S. , Shattock P. M. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. In a field investigation covering twenty-nine herds, an average of 19·5% of the animals in milk during the first three months of 1937 were yielding milk low in solids-not-fat, estimated by the routine method, at two consecutive milkings.2. Of the low solids-not-fat cows which were not stale, evidence of mastitis infection was found in an average of 61·5% of cases. Re-examination of some negative animals suggests that the total infection amounted to about 70%.3. There were apparently at least twice as many “subclinical” cases of mastitis as clinical cases.
222. Bacteriological studies of spraydried milk powder
Authors: Nichols Agnes A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Over 400 samples of spray-dried. milk powder from eight factories operating in England and Scotland have been examined. These samples were taken at different stages of the day's run and were obtained from several types of plant situated in widely different districts. Samples were taken in both the summer and winter months. The samples were, therefore, sufficiently representative to enable general conclusions to be drawn regarding the factors affecting bacteriological quality.2. In reconstituting milk powders for bacteriological examination it is necessary to ensure (i) that the sample is sufficiently large to be representative, and (ii) that external contamination is avoided during weighing and handling. The use of a 20 g. sample is advocated. Complete reconstitution of the powder is best obtained by shaking the sample with glass beads in a 180 ml. water blank which is contained in a screw-capped bottle. Details are also given of the methods used in bacteriological examination of the samples and for the isolation of pure cultures from them.
262. The microbiology of silage made by the addition of mineral acids to crops rich in protein
Authors: Cunningham A. , Smith A. M. 
Published: June 2009

1. The microflora of A.I.V. silage consists mainly of lactic acid bacteria—lactobacilli, streptococci, micrococci and sarcinae. Some samples also contain yeasts and yeast-like organisms.2. Among the lactobacilli, both homo- and heterofermentative types are represented. The former include strains ofLactobacillus plantarum(Orla- Jensen) Bergey et. al.; in the heterofermentative groupL. brevis(Orla-Jensen) Bergey et al. has been found.3. Cultures of a motile homofermentative lactobacillus were isolated; this appears to be a new type. Among the unidentified heterofermentative lactobacilli, forms which may prove to be similar to the inactive group of Pederson were encountered.4. The homofermentative streptococci were found to belong to the Streptococcus lactis group; the heterofermentative forms were identified withLeuconostoc mesenteroides(Cienkowski) van Tieghem.5. Strains of unidentified homofermentative micrococci and sarcinae were isolated and shown to possess characteristics not usually associated with organisms of these types.6. Streptococci, micrococci and motile lactobacilli were found mainly in fodder recently ensiled; the majority of the lactobacilli and sarcinae were associated with the older samples.7. The characteristics which proved to be most valuable for the differentiations of the organisms were ability to produce carbon dioxide, percentage of lactic acid formed and lactic-acetic acid ratio.
268. Subclinical staphylococcus mastitis in herds free from streptococcus mastitis, and its effect upon milk composition
Authors: Shattock P. M. F. , Mattick E. C. V. 
Published: June 2009

In the milk of herds “free” from streptococcus infection, the presence of staphylococci has been shown to accompany chemical changes in the composition and abnormalities of pH.In mastitis control schemes, based on Str. agalactiae infection, cases of staphylococcus infection are missed because of suppression of growth on the routine crystal violet blood agar of Edwards. Further, as clinical cases of staphylococcus mastitis causing serious disturbance are comparatively rare, the subclinical type may be present to a considerable extent and yet remain unsuspected. Thus in herds free from streptococcus mastitis, we have found that in 428 “cowtests” staphylococci werefound in 21 %. No clinical case was observed, although careful records of all abnormalities of udders and milks were kept.The data which we have obtained show that staphylococcus infection accompanies changes of chemical composition which may be of importance in the preparation of milk products, but before categorical statements can be made more observations are obviously necessary.
275. Starter cultures for cheese manufacture: Further attempts to eliminate failures due to bacteriophage
Authors: Whitehead H. R. , Hunter G. J. E. 
Published: June 2009

Bacteriophages for lactic streptococci were found to occur in the atmosphere of commercial cheese factories. Finely divided particles of whey emitted from the whey separator appeared to be the main vehicle for the air-borne phage although whey-contaminated dust probably also played a part. The concentration of air-borne phage was sometimes so great that, with the use of a normal bacteriological aseptic technique, it was impossible to prevent infection of the starter cultures for more than a few propagations. Protection of the starter from air-borne phage eliminated phage failures.The question of the origin of bacteriophage is discussed in the light of the recognition of the prevalence of air-borne phage. The occurrence of air-borne infection could account for most of the instances of starter failures which were previously thought to be due to spontaneous phage development within cultures.
306. A study ofBacillus subtilisand related organisms
Authors: Gibson T. 
Published: June 2009

A group of species, comprisingBacillus subtilisand related organisms, may be differentiated from other members of the genusBacillusby (a) morphology and (b) the production of acid and acetylmethylcarbinol from glucose. The group may be divided into three species:(1)B. subtilisCohnemend. Prazmowski, the synonyms of which includeB. aterrimus, B. globigii, B. mesentericus, B. niger, B. panis, andB. vulgatus.(2)B. pumilusGottheil, which resembles strains of (1) that produce a smooth glossy growth. It differs in failing to secrete diastase and in other features, but its separation as a distinct species is still an open question. It is sometimes identified asB. mesentericus.(3)B. licheniformis(Weigmann) Gibson, the synonyms of which includeB. subtilis(as used by Ford),B. globigiiandB. mesentericus ruber. This species may be differentiated from (1) and (2) by its cultural characters, slow proteolytic action, vigorous CO2production and ability to grow anaerobically.
333. The coliform flora of milk and dairy products
Authors: Crossley E. L. 
Published: June 2009

1. The sources of error and general significance of the presumptive coliform test have been studied, with special reference to manufactured dairy products.2. Eosine methylene blue agar has been found reasonably satisfactory for isolation of cultures but unsatisfactory as a direct plating medium.3. A wide survey of the coliform flora of raw milk and milk products has been made over a period of 11 years. The data were collected from 24,952 samples and include the incidence of presumptive positive tests at each stage of manufacturing processes, the occurrence of ‘false-positive’ tests, the detailed distribution of coliform types in individual dairy products, and some preliminary observations on ‘heat-resistant’ coliform strains.4. Material examined included raw milk, pasteurized milk, ice cream, milk powder, condensed milk, pasteurized cream, clotted cream, butter, soft cheese, Cheddar cheese, processed cheese, swabs of dairy plant, churn rinses, and the atmosphere of dairy factories.5. Detailed confirmatory tests were performed on 2490 presumptive positives, from which 2508 coliform cultures were isolated and classified.6. A general ecological survey of the frequency of individual coliform types in dairying operations as a whole has been attempted.7. Particular factors which may affect the distribution of coliform types in specific products or situations have been shown to include heat resistance, resistance to drying, chemical composition of the substrate, the effect of storage, and conditions prevailing on plant surfaces. It is suggested that the coliform flora may be partly the result of adaptation to conditions associated with each individual product.8. The value of the presumptive coliform test has been discussed in respect of public health requirements, as a plant-control method, and in relation to economic aspects. The test is believed to be of great utility in the plant-control laboratory but of little value for public health purposes.