bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine in male rats
Authors: Krishnan Kannan , Crouse Lee C.B. , Bazar Matthew A. , Major Michael A. , Reddy Gunda 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for simulating the kinetics of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) in male rats was developed. The model consisted of five compartments interconnected by systemic circulation. The tissue uptake of RDX was described as a perfusion‐limited process whereas hepatic clearance and gastrointestinal absorption were described as first‐order processes. The physiological parameters for the rat were obtained from the literature whereas the tissue : blood partition coefficients were estimated on the basis of the tissue and blood composition as well as the lipophilicity characteristics of RDX (logP = 0.87). The tissue : blood partition coefficients (brain, 1.4; muscle, 1; fat, 7.55; liver, 1.2) obtained with this algorithmic approach were used without any adjustment, since a focused in vitro study indicated that the relative concentration of RDX in whole blood and plasma is about 1 : 1. An initial estimate of metabolic clearance of RDX (2.2 h−1 kg−1) was obtained by fitting PBPK model simulations to the data on plasma kinetics in rats administered 5.5 mg kg−1 i.v. The rat PBPK model without any further change in parameter values adequately simulated the blood kinetic data for RDX at much lower doses (0.77 and 1.04 mg −1 i.v.), collected in this study. The same model, with the incorporation of a first order oral absorption rate constant (Ka 0.75 h−1), reproduced the blood kinetics of RDX in rats receiving a single gavage dose of 1.53 or 2.02 mg kg−1. Additionally, the model simulated the plasma and blood kinetics of orally administered RDX at a higher dose (100 mg kg−1) or lower doses (0.2 or 1.24 mg kg−1) in male rats. Overall, the rat PBPK model for RDX with its parameters adequately simulates the blood and plasma kinetic data, obtained following i.v. doses ranging from 0.77 to 5.5 mg kg−1 as well as oral doses ranging from 0.2 to 100 mg kg−1. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐vitro and in‐vivo evaluation of a new Ti‐15Mo‐1Bi alloy
Authors: Lee Jing‐Wei , Lin Dan‐Jae , Ju Chien‐Ping , Yin Hsiang‐Shu , Chuang Cheng‐Chung , Lin Jiin‐Huey Chern 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe newly developed Ti‐15Mo‐1Bi alloy not only possesses all the desirable mechanical properties inherent to β‐Ti Mo alloys, but may even enjoy better clinical applicability with the addition of bismuth element, which has long been administered as antibacterial and antitumor medicines. A significantly higher viability of 3T3 cells was demonstrated when they were grown on Ti‐15Mo‐1Bi alloy than on Ti‐15Mo and Ti‐6Al‐4V. Cells incubated in the medium conditioned by Bi powder at 37°C for 96 h exhibited viability similar to that in the blank group and higher than that in the Ni conditioned group. In vivo experiments using 6 mm × 2 mm metal pin implanted into the epicondyle of rabbit femur revealed superior potential of new bone growth and better persistence of the deposited bony tissue with the Ti‐15Mo‐1Bi alloy in contrast to that with Ti‐6Al‐4V. The difference is evident at 12th week and become even more prominent after 26 weeks, with the new bone area measuring 249% of that around Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy. In summary, Ti‐15Mo‐1Bi alloys show no cytotoxicity in the in‐vitro test and demonstrates superior ability to retain bone in the in‐vivo implantation experiment as compared with Ti‐6Al‐4V alloys. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Optimization of kinetic data for two‐stage batch adsorption of Pb(II) ions onto tripolyphosphate‐modified kaolinite clay
Authors: Unuabonah E.I. , Adebowale K.O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Most adsorption studies consider only the adsorption of pollutants onto low cost adsorbents without considering how equilibrium and kinetic data can be optimized for the proper design of adsorption systems. This study considers the optimization of kinetic data obtained for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by a tripolyphosphate modified kaolinite clay adsorbent.RESULTS: Modification of kaolinite clay with pentasodium tripolyphosphate increases its cation adsorption capacity (CEC) and specific surface area (SSA) from 7.81 to 78.9 meq (100 g)−1 and 10.56 to 13.2 m2 g−1 respectively. X‐ray diffraction patterns for both unmodified and tripolyphosphate‐modified kaolinite clay suggest the modification is effective on the surface of the clay mineral. Kinetic data from the batch adsorption of Pb(II) onto the tripolyphosphate‐modified kaolinite clay adsorbent were optimized to a two‐stage batch adsorption of Pb(II) using the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Mathematical model equations were developed to predict the minimum operating time for the adsorption of Pb(II). Results obtained suggest that increasing temperature and decreasing percentage Pb(II) removal by the adsorbent enhanced operating time of the adsorption process. The use of two‐stage batch adsorption reduces contact time to 6.7 min from 300 min in the single‐stage batch adsorption process for the adsorption of 2.5 m3 of 500 mg L−1 Pb(II) under the same operating conditions.CONCLUSION: Results show the potential of a tripolyphosphate‐modified kaolinite clay for the adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution and the improved efficiency of a two‐stage batch adsorption process for the adsorption of Pb(II) even at increased temperature. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
From the end of the world to the top of the world
Authors: Borg Douglas J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractI've been on the road a bit this summer. Because of the kind generosity of my London broker, Lloyd and Partners, Ltd., I've been allowed the unique opportunity to have an insider's view of the London market. I observed an interesting renewal situation and sat with underwriters in their boxes amid the hallowed (at least to us insurance geeks) trappings of Lloyd's. I spent several lovely days in Hanover with my long‐time lead reinsurer, Hanover Re, while trying desperately to keep up with my own work back home. It's been stimulating and thought‐provoking, and I know I won't ever view the purchase of insurance in the same way.
Detection and characterization of focal hepatic tumors: A comparison of T2‐weighted MR images before and after the administration of gadoxectic acid
Authors: Kim Young Kon , Kwak Hyo Sung , Kim Chong Soo , Han Young Min 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate if T2‐weighted images (T2WI) after administration of gadoxetic acid have diagnostic capability comparable to precontrast T2WI in the detection and characterization of focal liver lesions.Materials and MethodsEighty patients with 128 liver lesions (71 hepatocellular carcinomas, 35 metastases, and 22 hemangiomas) underwent gadoxetic acid‐enhanced T1WI and precontrast and postcontrast turbo spin echo‐short tau inversion recovery (TSE‐STIR) and respiratory triggered (RT)‐TSE. The sensitivity for malignancy with combining T2WIs and enhanced T1WIs was evaluated and percentage of signal intensity loss (PSIL) and lesion‐liver contrast to noise ratio (CNR) were calculated for T2WIs. Lesion characterization with T2WIs as solid and nonsolid was evaluated using kappa statistics.ResultsThe PSIL was higher with TSE‐STIR than with RT‐TSE (P = 0.0001). The malignancy‐liver CNRs on postcontrast T2WIs were higher than on precontrast T2WIs (P = 0.0001). Sensitivity for malignancy by combining postcontrast T2WIs and T1WIs (93.0% [hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC]; 97.1% [metastases]) was comparable to sensitivity of combining precontrast T2WIs and postcontrast T1WIs (91.6% [HCC]; 88.6% [metastases]). Kappa values for T2WIs indicated excellent agreement (k = 0.935).ConclusionGadoxetic acid‐enhanced T2WIs showed a comparable diagnostic capability to precontrast T2WIs for the detection and characterization of hepatic tumors. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:437–443. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using RAPD markers to predict polyphenol content in aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea plants
Authors: Chen Chung Li , Chuang Su Jean , Chen Junne Jih , Sung Jih Min 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench is in increasing demand worldwide owing to its medicinal value, resulting from the combined effects of several phytochemicals. In the present study, the polymerase chain reaction‐amplified randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers generated from 45 pre‐selected primers were used to predict the contents of total phenol, caffeoyl phenol and alkamide8 + 9 (alkamide 8+ alkamide 9) in aerial parts of 70 E. purpurea accessions through stepwise regression analysis. The contents of these phytochemicals were also analyzed chemically.RESULTS: In the first trial, 16 polymorphic fragments generated by pre‐selected RAPD primers showed significant correlations with the examined phytochemical traits in 59 accessions. Phytochemical traits in leaves and florets of another 11 accessions were further analyzed chemically, and the data were compared to the phytochemical data predicted using the regression equations derived from first trial. Statistical analyses revealed significant correlations in total phenol level between predicted and actual values for leaves and florets in these 11 accessions.CONCLUSION: RAPD markers coupled with stepwise regression analysis can be considered as an initial screening method for identifying E. purpurea accessions with high total phenol content in aerial parts of the plants prior to assessing their agronomic performance in the field. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Alternating Copolymerization of Carbon Dioxide and Propylene Oxide Catalyzed by Cobalt Schiff Base Complex
Authors: Niu Yongsheng , Li Hongchun , Chen Xuesi , Zhang Wanxi , Zhuang Xiuli , Jing Xiabin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCobalt 2,4‐dinitrophenolate (complex 1) based upon a N,N,O,O‐tetradentate Schiff base ligand framework was prepared. X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed that complex 1 was triclinic species with a six‐coordinated central cobalt octahedron in the solid. Asymmetric alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide (CO2) with racemic propylene oxide (rac‐PO) proceeded effectively by complex 1 in conjunction with (4‐dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), yielding a perfectly alternating and bimodal molecular weight distribution PO/CO2 poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with a small amount of cyclic carbonate byproducts.magnified image
Branched Base‐Amplifying Oligomers Enhancing UV‐Curing of Epoxy Resins
Authors: Aoki Ken'ichi , Ichimura Kunihiro 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the preparation and the enhancing effect on anionic UV‐curing of epoxy resins of three and four‐armed oligomers bearing 9‐fluorenylmethyl carbamate residues, which displayed the autocatalytic formation of primary amino residues triggered by a photogenerated amine. The branched oligomers were readily synthesized by the Michael addition of the corresponding polythiol with 9‐fluorenylmethyl 2‐acryloyloxyethylcarbamate, which were obtained from 9‐fluorenylmethanol and commercially available 2‐isocyanatoethyl acrylate. Films of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) and a glycidylated novolac resin doped with a photobase generator exhibited boosted photosensitivity leading to photoinsolubilization in the presence of the base‐amplifying oligomers. The more marked effect of the branched oligomers on UV‐curing of epoxy resins was demonstrated by using films of a fluid epoxy, which were converted into hard films after UV exposure and post‐exposure baking, whereas no hardening occurred in the absence of the oligomers.magnified image
Magnetic Latex Particles in Nanobiotechnologies for Biomedical Diagnostic Applications: State of the Art
Authors: Elaissari Abdelhamid 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSummary: The main objective of this short state‐of‐the art is to report on the preparation of reactive magnetic latexes for biomedical applications. The main advantage of colloidal magnetic particles is their separation upon applying an external permanent magnetic field. Then magnetic particles bearing reactive groups or specific receptors are used in biomedical diagnosis such as immunoassay, molecular diagnosis for specific capture and detection of nucleic acids, viruses extraction and detection, cell sorting and more recently in numerous biotechnological applications. The preparation of magnetic latexes requires the use of well‐defined iron oxide nanoparticles in appropriate medium. In this direction, aqueous ferrofluids were largely used to prepare functional magnetic latexes, whereas few approaches have been devoted to the use of organic ferrofluids.
Phase Transitions in Pure and Hybrid Hydrogels: A Fluorescence Study
Authors: Aktaş Demet Kaya , Evinguür Gülşen Akın , Pekcan OÖnder 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSummary: Recent observations on phase transitions around the critical point showed that the critical exponents differed drastically from percolation results and classical results for pure hydrogel systems, depending on monomer concentration. In addition to pure hydrogels, the sol‐gel phase transition during radical crosslinking copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) and N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) hybrid was studied by using the steady state fluorescence (SSF) technique. N,N′‐methylenebis(acrylamide) (BIS) and ammonium persulfate (APS) were used as crosslinker and initiator, respectively. Pyranine (trisodium 8‐hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonate acid, HPTS) was added as a fluoroprobe for monitoring the polymerization. It was observed that pyranine binds to AAm and NIPA chains on the initiation of the polymerization, thus the fluorescence spectra of the bonded pyranines shift to shorter wavelengths. Fluorescence spectra of the bonded pyranines allowed to monitor the sol‐gel phase transition without disturbing the system mechanically and to test the universality of the sol‐gel transition as a function of polymer concentration ratios. The observations around the gel point of PAAm‐PNIPA hybrid show that the gel fraction exponent β obeyed the percolation result.
Swelling Behavior of Chemically Ion‐Doped Hydrogels
Authors: Alveroglu Esra , Gelir Ali , Yilmaz Yasar 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSummary: Poly(acrylamide‐co‐N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide) gels were synthesized in the presence of pyranine fluoroprobe (trisodium 8‐hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonate). Pyranine binds to polymer chains through its OH group via radical addition. Thus, the final gels were doped with the pyranines having SO ions as side groups and Na+ as counter‐ions. The swelling behavior of gels prepared with varying amounts of pyranine and monomer concentrations were studied. The swelling ratio of the synthesized gels did not exceed 35 except the 2 M gel containing 10−2 M pyranine which are the concentrations for the abnormal swelling behavior. At this particular concentration of monomer (acrylamide) and pyranine, the mass ratio m/m0, the mass of the swollen gel to the mass of the dried gel, reaches about 1300; a stepwise behavior was observed in the swelling kinetics. The swelling kinetics of polyacrylamide gels containing unbound (free) pyranine were compared with the swelling behavior of the gels containing chemically bound pyranine.
Adhesives for Low‐Energy Surfaces
Authors: Agirre Amaia , Nase Julia , Creton Costantino , Asua José M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSummary:The wetting and adhesive properties of model pressure‐sensitive adhesives synthesised by miniemulsion polymerization were investigated. Wetting experiments of aqueous solutions of three different emulsifiers showed that Silwet L‐77 (nonionic ethoxylated trisiloxane) was the best wetting agent. Probing adhesive properties, two different structure modifications of the polymer were investigated: a change in the polymer microstructure by the addition of a chain transfer agent and the introduction of a hydrophobic monomer into the polymer backbone. An addition of chain transfer agent was sufficient to obtain a polymer with a significantly different microstructure and, consequently, enhanced adhesion energy but reduced shear resistance. On the other hand, stearyl acrylate (SA) was employed as the hydrophobic monomer and the synthesis was carried out in miniemulsion polymerization which enables the incorporation of hydrophobic compounds without any diffusion limitations. There were almost no differences in the polymer microstructure, whereas, some differences were observed in adhesion properties.
Extraction mechanism study of the microwave cardio‐graph (MCG)
Authors: Zheng Jun , Huang Yong , Qian Jian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe developed a sensitive microwave cardio‐graph (MCG) meter that can extract time‐domain heart moving signals. In this article, we first describe the structure of the system, and then analyze the extracting principle focusing on the key step: the carrier‐wave cancellation and its effect, and finally present the graphs captured by this apparatus under various conditions. From the experiment results, we can see that (1) the MCG signals captured in this way are characteristic, steady, and repeatable; (2) there is no obvious correspondence in position between the peak and valley points of MCG and the P, Q, and R points of ECG; (3) if the distance between the two antennas changes, the MCG waveform tends to repeat periodically. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2348–2354, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24598
Application of microgenetic algorithm for nonuniform mesh artificial anisotropy alternating‐direction‐implicit‐finite‐difference time‐domain method
Authors: Zhang Yan , Lü Shan‐Wei , Zhang Jun 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new method to reduce the numerical dispersion of the conventional alternating‐direction‐implicit finite‐difference time‐domain (ADI‐FDTD) method is proposed. First, the numerical formulations are modified with the artificial anisotropy, and the numerical dispersion relation is derived. Second, the relative permittivity tensor of the artificial anisotropy can be obtained by the microgenetic algorithm (MGA), which is a genetic algorithm with a very small population. Then, the capabilities and potentialities of this new method are demonstrated numerically using two nonuniform‐mesh examples. The numerical results of the proposed method are compared with those of the FDTD method and the conventional ADI‐FDTD method, respectively. Furthermore, the reduction of the numerical dispersion is investigated as the objective function of the MGA. It is found that this new method is accurate and efficient by choosing proper objective function. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2301–2304, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24601
An improved formalism for the Crank‐Nicolson finite‐difference time‐domain by conformal mapping method
Authors: Yang Yang , Chen Ru Shan , Ye Zhenbao 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this article, a three‐dimensional (3‐D) Crank‐Nicolson finite‐difference time‐domain (CN‐FDTD) method combined with conformal mapping method is used to analyze the cavities with curved surface. The improved formalism in the CN‐FDTD is described and both time‐domain waveforms and resonant frequencies are presented. The numerical simulations of the typical examples show that the time step with this CN‐FDTD method is 10 times larger than the Courant‐Friedrich‐Levy condition without the large loss of accuracy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2378–2382, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24613
Compact miniaturized stepped impedance low‐pass filter with sharp cutoff characteristic
Authors: Fu Shu‐Hong , Tong Chuang‐Ming , Li Xi‐Min , Zhang Wei , Shen Kai 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA novel compact miniaturized stepped impedance low‐pass filter using an improved split ring resonator defected ground structure is proposed. This filter has the advantages of compact size, easy fabrication. When compared with conventional SIR, it has a sharp cutoff characteristic with low insertion loss. It is quite useful for common planar circuits and devices. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2257–2258, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24619
Sampled long‐period fiber grating filters with narrow stop bands
Authors: Dong Xinyong , Pan Ningning , Shum Ping , Chan Chi Chiu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBand‐stop fiber‐optic filters based on sampled long‐period gratings (S‐LPGs) have been fabricated and studied experimentally. Comparison between transmission spectra of the proposed S‐LPGs and normal LPGs have been carried out. It has been found that S‐LPGs possess much narrower stop bands than the corresponding normal LPGs, though their transmission spectra are similar. Experimental results also show that S‐LPGs have the same strain and temperature sensitivities as normal LPGs written in the same fiber. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2401–2403, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24627
Analytical and numerical computation of prolate spheroidal shell capacitance
Authors: Momoh Omonowo D. , Sadiku Matthew N. O. , Akujuobi Cajetan M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article presents analytical and numerical methods of computing the capacitance of a prolate spheroidal shell. Detailed and comprehensive equations for determining the exact results were developed. Also, an explicit finite difference (FD) numerical technique for solving Laplace's equation in prolate spheroidal coordinates systems for an axially symmetric geometry has been developed. Consequently, the FD results were used to compute the capacitance of the spheroidal shell in an easy to understand manner. This was achieved using the Dirichlet boundary conditions on the prolate spheroidal surfaces. The capacitance results obtained using FD did agree with those obtained using analytical method. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2361–2365, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24630
On the convergence of the ACA
Authors: Laviada Jaime , Mittra R. , Pino Marcos R. , Las‐Heras Fernando 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article deals with the issue of convergence of the Adaptive Cross Algorithm (ACA) and argues that the stopping criterion used in this algorithm can lead to a premature stop, and yield inaccurate results as a consequence. A multiple restart, which is simple and effective, is proposed to improve the robustness. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2458–2460, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24637
Low power wide‐locking range CMOS quadrature injection‐locked frequency divider
Authors: Jang Sheng‐Lyang , Chang Chia‐Wei , Yang Sheng‐Ming 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis letter presents a new low power and wide‐locking range divide‐by‐2 injection‐locked frequency divider (ILFD). The ILFD consists of a new 5.35 GHz quadrature voltage controlled oscillator (QVCO) and two NMOS switches, which are in parallel with the QVCO resonators for signal injection. The proposed CMOS ILFD has been implemented with the TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology and the core power consumption is 5.72 mW at the supply voltage of 0.8 V. The free‐running frequency of the QILFD is tunable from 5.24 to 5.55 GHz. At the input power of 0 dBm, the divide‐by‐2 locking range is from 8.2 to 13.3 GHz as the tuning voltage is biased at 0.8 V. The phase noise of the locked output spectrum is lower than that of free running ILFD in the divide‐by‐2 mode. The phase deviation of quadrature output is about 1.28°. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2420–2423, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24640