bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chimpanzees prey on army ants with specialized tool set
Authors: Sanz Crickette M. , Schöning Caspar , Morgan David B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSeveral populations of chimpanzees have been reported to prey upon Dorylus army ants. The most common tool‐using technique to gather these ants is with “dipping” probes, which vary in length with regard to aggressiveness and lifestyle of the prey species. We report the use of a tool set in army ant predation by chimpanzees in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo. We recovered 1,060 tools used in this context and collected 25 video recordings of chimpanzee tool‐using behavior at ant nests. Two different types of tools were distinguished based on their form and function. The chimpanzees use a woody sapling to perforate the ant nest, and then a herb stem as a dipping tool to harvest the ants. All of the species of ants preyed upon in Goualougo are present and consumed by chimpanzees at other sites, but there are no other reports of such a regular or widespread use of more than one type of tool to prey upon Dorylus ants. Furthermore, this tool set differs from other types of tool combinations used by chimpanzees at this site for preying upon termites or gathering honey. Therefore, we conclude that these chimpanzees have developed a specialized method for preying upon army ants, which involves the use of an additional tool for opening nests. Further research is needed to determine which specific ecological and social factors may have shaped the emergence and maintenance of this technology. Am. J. Primatol. 72:17–24, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technology survey indicates big case management problems from arbitration E‐discovery are spreading, growing more expensive
Authors: Rothman Deborah , Brewer Thomas J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHandling discovery requests for electronic records has troubled judges, and is hitting arbitration processes hard. Deborah Rothman, of Los Angeles, and Thomas J. Brewer, of Seattle, surveyed members of a professional arbitrators' group to get a handle on how tribunals are dealing with the pervasive issues. In a concluding Part II next month, the authors predict E‐discovery practices.
Sonia on settling: The new justice emphasizes agreement
Authors: Bleemer Russ , Gange Andrew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCPR intern Andrew Gange expands on his summer reporting at www.cpradr.org about how new U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor views early settlement practices. Also, the latest on the Arbitration Fairness Act of 2009: What's in and what's out?
One‐Dimensional Polymers Based on Silver(I) Cations and Organometalliccyclo‐P3Ligand Complexes
Authors: Gregoriades Laurence J. , Wegley Brian K. , Sierka Marek , Brunner Eike , Gröger Christian , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Virovets Alexander V. , Zabel Manfred , Scheer Manfred 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of the first supramolecular aggregates incorporating the organometalliccyclo‐P3ligand complexes [CpRMo(CO)2(η3‐P3)] (CpR=Cp (C5H5;1a), Cp* (C5(CH3)5;1b)) as linking units is described. The reaction of the Cp derivative1awith AgX (X=CF3SO3, Al{OC(CF3)3}4) yields the one‐dimensional (1D) coordination polymers [Ag{CpMo(CO)2(μ,η3:η1:η1‐P3)}2]n[Al{OC(CF3)3}4]n(2) and [Ag{CpMo(CO)2(μ,η3:η1:η1‐P3)}3]n[X]n(X=CF3SO3(3a), Al{OC(CF3)3}4(3b)). The solid‐state structures of these polymers were revealed by X‐ray crystallography and shown to comprise polycationic chains well‐separated from the weakly coordinating anions. If AgCF3SO3is used, polymer3ais obtained regardless of reactant stoichiometry whereas in the case of Ag[Al{OC(CF3)3}4], reactant stoichiometry plays a decisive role in determining the structure and composition of the resulting product. Moreover, polymers3a, bare the first examples of homoleptic silver complexes in which AgIcenters are found octahedrally coordinated to six phosphorus atoms. The Cp* derivative1breacts with Ag[Al{OC(CF3)3}4] to yield the 1D polymer [Ag{Cp*Mo(CO)2(μ,η3:η2:η1‐P3)}2]n[Al{OC(CF3)3}4]n(4), the crystal structure of which differs from that of polymer2in the coordination mode of thecyclo‐P3ligands: in2, the Ag+cations are bridged by thecyclo‐P3ligands in a η1:η1(edge bridging) fashion whereas in4, they are bridged exclusively in a η2:η1mode (face bridging). Thus, one third of the phosphorus atoms in2are not coordinated to silver while in4, all phosphorus atoms are engaged in coordination with silver. Comprehensive spectroscopic and analytical measurements revealed that the polymers2,3a, b, and4depolymerize extensively upon dissolution and display dynamic behavior in solution, as evidenced in particular by variable temperature31P NMR spectroscopy. Solid‐state31P magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR measurements, performed on the polymers2,3b, and4, demonstrated that the polymers2and3balso display dynamic behavior in the solid state at room temperature. The X‐ray crystallographic characterisation of1bis also reported.
Energy, feed and land‐use balances of refining winter wheat to ethanol
Authors: Bentsen Niclas S. , Thorsen Bo J. , Felby Claus 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFive conversion routes in winter wheat to first‐ and second‐generation ethanol production systems under north European conditions are analyzed subject to energy efficiency, feed energy production, feed protein production and land use. The impact of integrating a bioethanol plant with combined heat and power generation, taking advantage of excess heat available, is analyzed for the same five scenarios. They are based on empirical data from large‐scale processing of starch and lignocellulose to ethanol. We show that integrating technologies can improve the system energy efficiency by more than 30 percentage points. A technology‐integrated wheat‐to‐ethanol system may exhibit energy efficiencies almost comparable to those seen for conversion of petroleum into gasoline. We also show that it is possible to utilize crops for energy purposes without substantially changing the global appropriation of land for agriculture. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Electromagnetic and thermal evaluation of an applicator specialized to permit high‐resolution non‐perturbing optical evaluation of cells being irradiated in the W‐band
Authors: Pickard William F. , Moros Eduardo G. , Shafirstein Gal 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTo permit epi‐illuminated, high‐resolution optical microscopy of cells in monolayer culture during unperturbed W‐band (75–110 GHz) irradiation, a new class of applicator has been developed based upon WR10 rectangular waveguide components: the cells are normally plated onto the underside of a coverslip which is then placed against the under side of a waveguide flange and receives a roughly circular exposure pattern, with the ±1 dB central spot roughly 1 mm in diameter. Constructed and tested with 94 GHz millimeter waves, water‐immersion optics, and free‐convection cooling, the applicator works robustly and permits SARs at the cell layer as high as 4500 W/kg before the steady‐state temperature rise at the cell layer exceeds 0.5 K. Bioelectromagnetics 31:140–149, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of ATP and autoinducer‐2 in aerobic granulation
Authors: Xiong Yanghui , Liu Yu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAerobic granulation represents an important bacterium‐to‐bacterium self‐immobilization process that has been exploited for the treatment of a wide spectrum of wastewaters, but the mechanism behind still remains unclear in a microbiological sense. This study investigated the possible involvement of ATP and autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2) in aerobic granulation. Results revealed that initiation of microbial aggregation is closely associated with the ATP content of biomass, whereas AI‐2 of biomass would be essential for maturation of aerobic granules. Furthermore, it was found that the AI‐2‐associated coordination of microorganisms in microbial aggregates would be biomass density dependent. This study clearly shows the involvement of ATP and autoinducer‐2 in aerobic granulation, and may be exploited further for enhancement or prevention of microbial aggregation in general, for example, rapid granulation for wastewater treatment or inhibition of biofouling in membrane bioreactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 51–58. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering of a high‐throughput screening system to identify cellulosic biomass, pretreatments, and enzyme formulations that enhance sugar release
Authors: Studer Michael H. , DeMartini Jaclyn D. , Brethauer Simone , McKenzie Heather L. , Wyman Charles E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe recalcitrance of cellulosic biomass, the only abundant, sustainable feedstock for making liquid fuels, is a primary obstacle to low cost biological processing, and development of more easily converted plants and more effective enzymes would be of great benefit. Because no single parameter describes recalcitrance, superior variants can only be identified by measuring sugar release from plants subjected to pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. However, genetic modifications of plants coupled with molecular engineering of deconstruction proteins and definition of pretreatment conditions create a very large sample set, and previous methods for biomass pretreatment at elevated temperatures and pressures prevented use of a fully integrated high‐throughput (HTP) screening pipeline. Herein, we report on the engineering of a novel HTP pretreatment system employing a 96 well‐plate format that withstands extreme pretreatment conditions for rapid screening of biomass–enzyme‐pretreatment combinations. This includes the development of new approaches to steam heating and water quenching the system that result in much faster heat up and cool down than previously possible and show consistent temperature histories across the multiwell plate. Coupled pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis performance of the well plate pretreatment system is shown to be consistent among the many wells in the device and also with performance of conventional tubular reactors. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 231–238. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Process analytical technology (PAT) for biopharmaceutical products: Part I. concepts and applications
Authors: Read E.K. , Park J.T. , Shah R.B. , Riley B.S. , Brorson K.A. , Rathore A.S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractProcess analytical technology (PAT) has been gaining momentum in the biotech community due to the potential for continuous real‐time quality assurance resulting in improved operational control and compliance. In this two part series, we address PAT as it applies to processes that produce biotech therapeutic products. In the first part, we address evolution of the underlying concepts and applications in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. We also present a literature review of applications in the areas of upstream and downstream processing to illustrate how implementation of PAT can help realize advanced approaches to ensuring product quality in real time. In the second part, we will explore similar applications in the areas of drug product manufacturing, rapid microbiology, and chemometrics as well as evolution of PAT in biotech processing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 276–284. Published 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Process analytical technology (PAT) for biopharmaceutical products: Part II. Concepts and applications
Authors: Read E.K. , Shah R.B. , Riley B.S. , Park J.T. , Brorson K.A. , Rathore A.S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractImplementing real‐time product quality control meets one or both of the key goals outlined in FDA's PAT guidance: “variability is managed by the process” and “product quality attributes can be accurately and reliably predicted over the design space established for materials used, process parameters, manufacturing, environmental, and other conditions.” The first part of the paper presented an overview of PAT concepts and applications in the areas of upstream and downstream processing. In this second part, we present principles and case studies to illustrate implementation of PAT for drug product manufacturing, rapid microbiology, and chemometrics. We further present our thoughts on how PAT will be applied to biotech processes going forward. The role of PAT as an enabling component of the Quality by Design framework is highlighted. Integration of PAT with the principles stated in the ICH Q8, Q9, and Q10 guidance documents is also discussed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 285–295. Published 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of an Ibuprofen‐releasing biodegradable PLA/PGA electrospun scaffold for tissue regeneration
Authors: Cantón Irene , Mckean Robert , Charnley Mirren , Blackwood Keith A. , Fiorica Calogero , Ryan Anthony J. , MacNeil Sheila 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOur aim was to develop a biodegradable fibrous dressing to act as a tissue guide for in situ wound repair while releasing Ibuprofen to reduce inflammation in wounds and reduce pain for patients on dressing changes. Dissolving the acid form of Ibuprofen (from 1% to 10% by weight) in the same solvent as 75% polylactide, 25% polyglycolide (PLGA) polymers gave uniformly loaded electrospun fibers which gave rapid release of drug within the first 8 h and then slower release over several days. Scaffolds with 10% Ibuprofen degraded within 6 days. The Ibuprofen released from these scaffolds significantly reduced the response of fibroblasts to major pro‐inflammatory stimulators. Fibroblast attachment and proliferation on scaffolds was unaffected by the addition of 1–5% Ibuprofen. Scaffolds loaded with 10% Ibuprofen initially showed reduced cell attachment but this was restored by soaking scaffolds in media for 24 h. In summary, addition of Ibuprofen to electrospun biodegradable scaffolds can give acute protection of adjacent cells to inflammation while the scaffolds provide an open 3D fibrous network to which cells can attach and migrate. By 6 days, such scaffolds will have completely dissolved into the wound bed obviating any need for dressing removal. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 396–408. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement of the organic solvent‐stability of the LST‐03 lipase by directed evolution
Authors: Kawata Takuya , Ogino Hiroyasu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLST‐03 lipase from an organic solvent‐tolerant Pseudomonas aeruginosa LST‐03 has high stability and activity in the presence of various organic solvents. In this research, enhancement of organic solvent‐stability of LST‐03 lipase was attempted by directed evolution. The structural gene of the LST‐03 lipase was amplified by the error prone‐PCR method. Organic solvent‐stability of the mutated lipases was assayed by formation of a clear zone of agar which contained dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tri‐n‐butyrin and which overlaid a plate medium. And the organic solvent‐stability was also confirmed by measuring the half‐life of activity in the presence of DMSO. Four mutated enzymes were selected on the basis of their high organic solvent‐stability in the presence of DMSO. The organic solvent‐stabilities of mutated LST‐03 lipase in the presence of various organic solvents were measured and their mutated amino acid residues were identified. The half‐lives of the LST‐03‐R65 lipase in the presence of cyclohexane and n‐decane were about 9 to 11‐fold longer than those of the wild‐type lipase, respectively. Some substituted amino acid residues of mutated LST‐03 lipases have been located at the surface of the enzyme molecules, while some other amino acid residues have been changed from neutral to basic residues. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Quantitative determination of glucose transfer between cocurrent laminar water streams in a H‐shaped microchannel
Authors: van Leeuwen Michiel , Li Xiaonan , Krommenhoek Erik E. , Gardeniers Han , Ottens Marcel , van der Wielen Luuk A. M. , Heijnen Joseph J. , van Gulik Walter M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTo explore the applicability of a laminar fluid diffusion interface (LFDI) for the controlled feeding of microbioreactors, glucose diffusion experiments were carried out in a rounded H‐shaped microstructure etched in a glass substrate. The diffusion channel of the microstructure had a length of 4 mm and a depth of 50 μm with a trapezoidal cross section with a width of 100 μm at the bottom and 200 μm at the surface of the channel. The microchannel was operated at residence times of less than 1 s ensuring high‐mass‐transfer rates. It was confirmed, both by microscopic observations as well as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies that the flow characteristics in the microchannel were fully laminar. Special attention was paid to flow splitting at the end of the channel, because the CFD simulations indicated that the performance of the device was sensitive to unequal flow splitting. The difference in outflow volume of the two streams was measured to be small (1.25% ± 0.6%). The measured glucose concentration in both exit ports at a fixed residence time was found to be stable in time and reproducible in multiple experiments. CFD simulation was shown to be a powerful tool for estimating the mass transfer in the LFDI, even at very short residence times. The results obtained in this work show the applicability of LFDI for the controlled diffusive supply of a solute to a water stream, with as possible application substrate and/or precursor feeding to microreactors. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Investigating microbial fuel cell bioanode performance under different cathode conditions
Authors: Borole Abhijeet P. , Hamilton Choo Y. , Aaron Douglas S. , Tsouris Costas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA compact, three‐in‐one, flow‐through, porous, electrode design with minimal electrode spacing and minimal dead volume was implemented to develop a microbial fuel cell (MFC) with improved anode performance. A biofilm‐dominated anode consortium enriched under a multimode, continuous‐flow regime was used. The increase in the power density of the MFC was investigated by changing the cathode (type, as well as catholyte strength) to determine whether anode was limiting. The power density obtained with an air‐breathing cathode was 56 W/m3 of net anode volume (590 mW/m2) and 203 W/m3 (2160 mW/m2) with a 50‐mM ferricyanide‐based cathode. Increasing the ferricyanide concentration and ionic strength further increased the power density, reaching 304 W/m3 (3220 mW/m2, with 200 mM ferricyanide and 200 mM buffer concentration). The increasing trend in the power density indicated that the anode was not limiting and that higher power densities could be obtained using cathodes capable of higher rates of oxidation. The internal solution resistance for the MFC was 5–6 Ω, which supported the improved performance of the anode design. A new parameter defined as the ratio of projected surface area to total anode volume is suggested as a design parameter to relate volumetric and area‐based power densities and to enable comparison of various MFC configurations. Published 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Application of a Supramolecular‐Ligand Library for the Automated Search for Catalysts for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Industrially Relevant Substrates
Authors: Meeuwissen Jurjen , Kuil Mark , van der Burg Alida M. , Sandee Albertus J. , Reek Joost N. H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA procedure is described for the automated screening and lead optimization of a supramolecular‐ligand library for the rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of five challenging substrates relevant to industry. Each catalyst is (self‐) assembled from two urea‐functionalized ligands and a transition‐metal center through hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The modular ligand structure consists of three distinctive fragments: the urea binding motif, the spacer, and the ligand backbone, which carries the phosphorus donor atom. The building blocks for the ligand synthesis are widely available on a commercial basis, thus enabling access to a large number of ligands of high structural diversity. The simple synthetic steps enabled the scale‐up of the ligand synthesis to multigram quantities. For the catalyst screening, a library of twelve new chiral ligands was prepared that comprised substantial variation in electronic and steric properties. The automated procedures employed ensured the fast catalyst assembly, screening, and direct acquisition of samples for analysis. It appeared that the most selective catalyst was different for every substrate investigated and that small variations in the building blocks had a major impact on the catalyst performance. For two substrates, a catalyst was found that provided the product with outstanding enantioselectivity. The subsequent automated optimization of these two leads showed that an increase of catalyst loading, dihydrogen pressure, and temperature had a positive effect on the catalyst activity without affecting the catalyst selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Characterization of the Weak SS Bonds in the OSSSO and O2SSSO2 Molecules
Authors: Chestnut D. B. , Bartolotti L. J. , Harcourt R. D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Well‐Crystallized Layered Rare‐Earth Hydroxide Nitrates from Homogeneous Precipitation.
Authors: Geng Fengxia , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Ma Renzhi , Xin Hao , Tanaka Masahiko , Iyi Nobuo , Sasaki Takayoshi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: AsUF3 Molecule with a Weak Triple Bond to Uranium.
Authors: Andrews Lester , Wang Xuefeng , Roos Bjoern O. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Molten‐Salt Synthesis and Characterization of Bisubstituted Yttrium Garnet Nanoparticles.
Authors: Wu Y. J. , Hong R. Y. , Wang L. S. , Di G. Q. , Li H. Z. , Xu B. , Zheng Y. , Wei D. G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Separation of the Oxide and Halide Part in the Oxohalide Fe3Te3O10Cl Due to High Lewis Acidity of the Cations.
Authors: Zhang Dong , Johnsson Mats , Berger Helmuth , Kremer Reinhard K. , Wulferding Dirk , Lemmens Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.