bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BIRD DROPPINGS COMPETE WITH BAIT SPRAYS FOR RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (WALSH) FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Cooley Sylvia S. , Galarza Luis , Bergweiler Christopher , Lauzon Carol R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPublished studies have shown inconsistent effects of proteinaceous bait sprays against apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Explanations of inconsistency could involve the presence of natural food such as bird droppings competing with bait sprays for attraction of flies. Under field, semi-field, or laboratory conditions, we found that: (1) aqueous solutions of 10% proteinaceous bait (Nulure) were significantly more attractive than water to protein-denied but not to protein-provided apple maggot flies; (2) addition of 2% toxicant (malathion 50 EC) did not affect attractiveness of Nulure droplets but did significantly deter feeding by arriving protein-provided flies (though not protein-denied flies); (3) droppings collected from barn swallows, chickens, and unidentified birds on apple trees were significantly more attractive than solutions or droplets of Nulure to protein-denied flies; (4) droppings that were freshly deposited or fresh from cold storage were significantly less attractive than droppings held under ambient conditions for 1 or 2 days; (5) droppings allowed to dry for 1 day at 25 °C, 60% RH were no less attractive than droppings that received water to simulate dew or rainfall; and (6) droppings treated with antibiotics were significantly less attractive than droppings not treated with antibiotics, indicating that bacteria may be involved in generating attractive volatiles. Together, these findings suggest that in situations where natural sources of protein such as bird droppings or insect honeydew are abundant, apple maggot flies may be relatively unaffected by addition of proteinaceous bait to insecticide sprays.
THE NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY OF A PARASITOID WASP, EPHEDRUS CALIFORNICUS BAKER (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Sequeira R. , Mackauer M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that the pattern of development and growth of a generalist parasitoid wasp varies in different hosts. We reared Ephedras californicus Baker (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), a solitary parasitoid of aphids, under controlled laboratory conditions on five kinds of hosts: nymphal instar 1 (24 h old), 2 (42 h), 3 (96 h), and 4 (144 h) of apterous virginoparae of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and nymphal instar 1 (24 h) of Macrosiphum creelii Davis (Homoptera: Aphididae). Parasitoid dry mass increased with the host instar at parasitization. Females were larger than males although the degree of sexual size dimorphism declined with increased host size. Development time from oviposition to adult eclosion varied non-linearly with the host instar at parasitization, and was shortest in first and fourth nymphal instars. Parasitoids developing in M. creelii gained more mass in less time than their counterparts developing in A. pisum of the same initial size. In low-quality hosts, parasitoids apparently trade off increased development time for a gain in adult mass. A possible explanation of sexual size dimorphism in E. californicus is that large females may be able to overcome aphid defensive behaviours better than small ones.
A POPULATION STUDY OFCULICOIDES OBSOLETUSMEIGEN (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE), AND OTHERCULICOIDESSPECIES IN THE FRASER VALLEY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Anderson G.S. , Belton P. , Belton E.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA seasonal light-trapping study ofCulicoidesspecies, in particularC.obsoletusMeigen, was conducted in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia to determine seasonal peaks and first and last appearance of these insects.Culicoides obsoletusis the causal agent ofCulicoidesHypersensitivity (CH), an allergic dermatitis in horses, in British Columbia. Trapping at two sites in 1987 showed thatC.obsoletuswas first trapped in late March, and peaked in early May and again in late June. Small numbers were collected into mid-November. This coincided with the appearance and regression of clinical signs associated with CH in horses in the area. Stabling horses during the peak activity ofCulicoidesspp. has been recommended to prevent the development of CH. Light-trappingCulicoidesboth inside and outside stables showed that although fewer insects were caught inside, some (6%) were trapped indoors. A horse kept in an unscreened stable will not be protected from being bitten.
SELECTION OF TERRESTRIAL GASTROPOD PREY BY CYCHRINE AND PTEROSTICHINE GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Digweed Scott C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractI examined the relative feeding preferences of five carabid beetle species for terrestrial gastropod prey.Scaphinotus marginatusFischer, thought to be a snail specialist, discriminated among seven species of potential prey by size and species, with the slugDeroceras reticulatum(Müller) being the most preferred.Scaphinotus marginatusappears to use its elongated and narrowed mouthparts, head, and thorax to prey upon terrestrial snails without having to crush their shells. The relative feeding preferences of four pterostichine generalist predators (Pterostichus adstrictusEschscholtz,P.pensylvanicusLeConte,P.protractusLeConte, andP.surgensLeConte) for two species of small snails [Discus cronkhitei(Newcomb) andEuconulus fulvus(Müller)] also were examined. Although all four carabids ateE.fulvusin varying proportions, onlyP.protractusconsumedD.cronkhitei. I suggest that snail shell thickness and differing feeding preferences affect which snail species are eaten by these pterostichines.
ELYTRAL PUNCTURES: A RAPID, RELIABLE METHOD FOR MARKING COLORADO POTATO BEETLE
Authors: Unruh T.R. , Chauvin R.L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA simple, inexpensive, permanent method for individually marking Colorado potato beetle is presented. The method consists of puncturing the elytra within the cream-colored longitudinal bands using a minuten nadeln; the wound response produces intense melanization at the point of puncture. Division of a band into three zones, each potentially receiving a dot, produces an octal digit. If all eight bands are employed, more than 16 million beetles can be uniquely marked. No significant survival effects of marking were seen in teneral, post-teneral, or post-diapause adult beetles. Propensity to fly in mid-summer beetles was generally unaffected by marking. Probabilities of mismarking and misreading are negligible if sufficient care is employed.
HOSTS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SPRUCE CONE MAGGOTS (STROBILOMYIA SPP.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) AND FIRST RECORD OF STROBILOMYIA APPALACHENSIS MICHELSEN IN CANADA
Authors: Turgeon Jean J. , Sweeney Jon D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo species of cone maggots, Strobilomyia Michelsen, are known to attack seed cones of spruces in North America. Seed cones of black, red, and white spruce from Newfoundland to Alberta were collected to determine the number of host species and the distribution of these maggots. Strobilomyia appalachensis Michelsen was obtained only from seed cones of black and red spruce, whereas S. neanthracina Michelsen was obtained only from white spruce seed cones. Our observations represent the first record of S. appalachensis in Canada. We conclude that, like S. neanthracina, S. appalachensis has a transcontinental distribution, but exploits different hosts, namely black and red spruce. We also observed that S. appalachensis was capable of extended diapause.
EVALUATION OF INFRARED THERMOMETRY AS A NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD TO DETECT FEEDING ON CORN ROOTS BY THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Schaafsma A.W. , Whitfield G.H. , Gillespie T.J. , Ellis C.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInfrared thermometry was investigated as a diagnostic tool to detect root injury in corn caused by feeding of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Plots were infested with 50–1000 eggs per plant, and the study was conducted over 2 years. Differences (P < 0.05) in canopy temperatures were detected in severely infested plots in 6 out of 13 days and 7 out of 11 days on which measurements were made during the period of feeding by rootworm larvae in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Temperature differences between the air and leaves from infested plants were never greater than 3.5 °C and usually occurred within ± 1 °C. Feeding by rootworm larvae at infestation levels of less than 200 eggs per plant could not be detected with infrared thermometry. Above densities of 200 eggs per plant, increases in canopy temperatures corresponded with increases in the level of infestation with rootworm eggs, and with reduced plant height, and lower grain yield. Losses in grain yield due to rootworm infestation were manifested through smaller cobs and fewer seeds per cob. Kernel weight was not affected by rootworm feeding. Crop maturity was delayed at infestation levels of 1000 eggs per plant.Elevated canopy temperatures induced by rootworm feeding were detected through infrared thermometry in commercial corn fields, however differences (P < 0.05) in canopy temperatures were noted only after 10 July. Although these data show that elevated canopy temperatures induced by rootworm feeding can be detected with infrared thermometry, some inconsistency in results was observed. Various reasons for why the technique was not more reliable are discussed.
WITHIN- AND AMONG-TREE VARIATION OF THE INDUCED RESPONSE OF LOBLOLLY PINE TO A FUNGUS ASSOCIATED WITH DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS ZIMMERMANN (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND STERILE WOUNDING
Authors: Paine T.D. , Stephen F.M. , Cates R.G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe variation in response to fungal inoculation and sterile wounding within and among Pinus taeda L. was evaluated. The mean fungal-induced lesion size among the 20 trees sampled was 105.8 mm (coefficient of variation of 49.19), compared with a mean lesion size of 19.4 mm (coefficient of variation of 36.40) for the sterile control treatment. Mean lesion size for the fungal inoculation of individual trees ranged from 61 to 192 mm with a range in variances from 10 368.48 to 166.64, and the mean lesion size produced in response to sterile wounding varied from 16 to 26 mm with a range in variances from 254.28 to 0.35. The variance in response to the fungal treatment was on average 16.39-fold greater than the mean compared with only 1.97-fold greater than the mean for the control. There was no relationship between size of responses to either treatment and the position of the sample site on the tree. We suggest that intra-tree variation of the kind demonstrated in earlier studies for the chemical constituents and for physical size of the tree response to invasion may make it very difficult for arriving beetles to assess actual tree susceptibility or suitability for colonization. This may be critical as a component of tree defense in this system where successful reproduction by the insect is dependent on death of the host tree.
STUDIES OF LATHROMEROIDEA SP.NOV. (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE), A PARASITOID OF GERRID EGGS
Authors: Henriquez Nidia Priscila , Spence John R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractUse of gerrids (Hemiptera: Gerridae) as primary hosts by the solitary egg parasitoid Lathromeroidea sp.nov. is established and parasitoid reproductive behaviour is described. Four species of Limnoporus (L. dissortis Drake and Harris, L. notabilis Drake and Hottes, L. rufoscutellatus Latreille, and L. esakii Miyamoto) and two of Gerris (G. buenoi Kirkaldy and G. pingreensis Drake and Hottes) were successfully parasitized in the laboratory. A greater proportion of wasps eclosed successfully from eggs of Gerris than from Limnoporus. Host size was directly proportional to both weight and body length of adult parasitoids. Sex ratios were female-biased, with males emerging before females.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLE GNATHOTRICHUS RETUSUS (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Liu Yong-Biao , McLean John A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is primarily univoltine. The development of brood from eggs to adult took a minimum of 40 days in Douglas-fir logs. Brood production was proportional to gallery length. Boring activities shifted from shallow sapwood to deep sapwood over time. Gallery abandonments were mainly made by females on warm days in June and July.Gnathotrichus retusus can use both Douglas-fir and western hemlock stumps equally well for brood production. Brood emergence began in late April, peaked in late May, and ceased, with rare exceptions, in late June. The seasonal flight began in late April and had one major peak in June, with occasional catches through October when the weekly mean maximum temperature dropped below 15 °C. Brood emergence, seasonal flight, and the sex ratios of captured beetles varied with temperature. Diurnal flight showed a small peak in morning and a large peak at dusk, probably entrained mainly by light intensity and also influenced by temperature and relative humidity.
TECHNIQUES FOR SEXING LIVE ADULTS OF THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL PISSODES STROBI PECK (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Lavallée R. , Albert P.J. , Kapoor N.N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo techniques for sexing adults of the white pine weevil Pissodes strobi Peck are described. Both techniques are based on the external anatomy of the terminal segments of the abdomen as viewed with a dissecting microscope.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS MAMERSELLIDES LUNDBLAD, 1937 (ACARI: HYDRACHNIDA) WITH REMARKS ON THE FAMILY ANISITSIELLIDAE
Authors: Cramer Cristina , Smith Ian M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLarvae and adults of Mamersellides costenius sp.nov., from Mexico and Florida, USA, are described. The resulting new morphological data are incorporated into revised diagnoses for the genus Mamersellides, the subfamily Anisitsiellinae, and the family Anisitsiellidae. Preliminary assessment of character states exhibited by larvae and adults of Mamersellides and other genera of Lebertioidea, and by those of genera of the family Limnesiidae, suggests that a comprehensive cladistic analysis would provide a phylogenetic basis for extensive revision of the classification of these mites.
THE EFFECTS OF ALFALFA PLANT BUG (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) FEEDING LATE IN THE SEASON ON ALFALFA SEED YIELD IN NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Soroka Juliana J. , Murrell Dorothy C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA 4-year field cage study was conducted to determine what effects feeding of alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), late in the season had on alfalfa seed yields. When zero, one, two, or four alfalfa plant bugs were placed in sleeve cages containing stems of alfalfa at the green pod stage of growth, there was a significant decrease in the number of pods per cage and per raceme, the number of healthy seeds, and the weight of seeds with two or four bugs per cage. Increasing the duration of infestation resulted in significant increases in the number of damaged seeds per cage. An insecticide field trial was conducted in north central Saskatchewan in 1988 to determine what effects the occurrence of plant bugs had on seed yields of alfalfa. Alfalfa plant bug, lygus bug (Lygus spp.), pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)], and beneficial arthropod populations were monitored from 23 June to 1 September 1988. Seed yields were significantly greater in plots that were treated with trichlorfon in June and in June and August than in plots that were treated in August alone. The implications of a large alfalfa plant bug population late in the season to alfalfa seed production in the area are discussed.
DIAPAUSE INITIATION AND PUPATION SITE SELECTION OF THE BRACONID PARASITOID MICROPLITIS MEDIATOR (HALIDAY): A CASE OF MANIPULATION OF HOST BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Pivnick Kenneth A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMicroplitis mediator (Haliday), a braconid parasitoid reared on the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Walker), entered diapause at 16 °C and a 12L:12D (100%) or 14L:10D photoperiod (99%) but not at 16 °C or 21 °C under a 16L:8D photoperiod or at 21 °C and a 12L:12D photoperiod. Diapause development was accelerated by cold treatment; adults emerged from diapause more rapidly with increasing duration of cold exposure at least up to 120 days. The main pupation site was found to be on senescent canola leaves which formed a leaf litter on or near the plants. Nearly all unparasitized fourth-instar hosts (98–100%) were found on host plants, whether the conditions induced diapause or not. Only 16–23 and 0% of parasitoids pupated on host plants under conditions of non-diapause or diapause induction, respectively. Because the pupation site of the parasitoid depends on movement of the host, these results suggest that mature parasitoid larvae modify movement of their host.
DYNAMICS OF PYRETHROID RESISTANCE IN HORN FLY, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), POPULATIONS ON TAGGED AND UNTAGGED CATTLE IN MANITOBA
Authors: Mwangala Felix S. , Galloway Terry D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInitially, fenvalerate and permethrin tags at two tags per animal and one tag for every other animal nearly eliminated horn flies [Haematobia irritons (L.)] at Glenlea Research Station, Manitoba. However, fly numbers increased 8 weeks post-treatment in 1987 and 6 weeks post-treatment in 1988. LC50 values of the flies to fenvalerate and permethrin increased toward the end of each season but the slope of regression lines decreased in 1987. In 1988, initial LC50 values were lower compared with those observed at the end of the 1987 season. When tags were applied in 1988, LC50 values increased from 0.42 to 3.14 μg per cm2 for fenvalerate and from 2.06 to 10.76 μg per cm2 for permethrin. Mortality observed at discriminating concentrations of fenvalerate (0.625 μg per cm2) and permethrin (5 μg per cm2) during the season decreased from 67.9 to 2.8% and from 66.8 to 5.7%, respectively. Cattle at Glenlea and in a second herd at Libau were not treated in 1989; susceptibility of flies resistant to pyrethroids did not change significantly during the season in these herds. Discontinuing use of pyrethroid-impregnated ear tags for one season was not long enough for substantial reduction in resistance to occur.
THE EFFECT OF SPRING BURNING OF SEED ALFALFA FIELDS ON LEAF CHARACTERISTICS AND ON MANDIBULAR WEAR OF FEMALE LEAFCUTTER BEES [MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (F.)] (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Schaber B.D. , Kokko E.G. , Entz T. , Richards K.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIncreased seed yields often result when alfalfa fields are burned in spring. The main pollinator of seed alfalfa in Alberta is the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), that cuts pieces of leaves to build thimble-like cells. One hypothesis for increased seed yield is that alfalfa leaves from burned fields may be easier for the bees to cut. Cutting of leaf pieces causes progressive wear to the mandibles, which could decrease bee efficiency, resulting in reduced pollination and lower seed yields. An image analysis method was used to measure the mandibular wear of leafcutter bees from burned and unburned alfalfa fields. No consistent difference in the amount of wear between bees foraging in burned or unburned fields was found.
WOUND-INDUCED ANTIXENOTIC RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN CRUCIFERS
Authors: Palaniswamy P. , Lamb R.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of wounding the cotyledons of Sinapis alba L. cv. Ochre, Brassica napus L. cv. Westar, B. rapa L. cv. Tobin, and C8711, a selection from Tobin, on subsequent feeding damage by the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Cotyledons of 7-day-old seedlings were wounded either by puncturing them with needles (mechanical wounding) or by exposing them to flea beetles. One, 2, or 9 days following wounding, the wounded and unwounded seedlings were exposed to flea beetles and the feeding damage was estimated as a measure of antixenosis. Mechanical wounding of one of the cotyledons with 96 needle punctures induced a significant reduction in the damage of the unwounded cotyledons of S. alba, 1 or 2 days following wounding. True leaves of the wounded seedlings also showed consistently less damage than unwounded controls, 9 days following wounding. In S. alba, all three levels of mechanical wounding (i.e. 6, 24, or 96 punctures per cotyledon) reduced subsequent flea beetle damage to a similar extent. Wrapping a cotyledon of S. alba with a plastic film produced an effect similar to wounding it with needles. As with mechanical wounding, flea beetle wounding also reduced subsequent flea beetle damage in S. alba. Other plant species (B. napus and B. rapa) tested showed no measurable induced effects on subsequent feeding damage.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT AND PREDICTION OF HATCH OF OVERWINTERED EGGS OF THE FRUITTREE LEAFROLLER, ARCHIPS ARGYROSPILUS (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Judd Gary J.R. , Gardiner Mark G.T. , Thomson Donald R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThermal responses and temperature-dependent development of laboratory- and field-overwintered eggs of the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), were described using data from constant-temperature laboratory experiments. The time required for completion of hatch of overwintering eggs declined throughout winter until the end of January, after which increasing exposure to natural or artificial cold conditions had minimal effect on median hatching time. There was little year to year variation in response to cold treatments, and thus it was concluded that diapause is terminated by 1 February. Time to hatch decreased with increasing temperature. Distributions of hatch times were near normal, with mean and median development times similar at any given temperature. Development time (days ± SD) at a mean temperature of 20 °C was similar under constant (10.7 ± 1.1) and fluctuating (9.1 ± 1.4) temperature regimes. A nonlinear, six-parameter, biophysical model, fitted (r2 = 0.99) to median hatching rates at 11 temperatures (0.5–30 °C) indicated development was nonlinear below 10 °C, increased linearly between 10 and 25 °C, was maximal at 27.5 °C, and decreased above 27.5 °C. The lower developmental threshold (± SE), estimated to be 4.95 ± 0.54 °C by linear regression (r2 = 0.98) and the x-intercept method, was used to construct a degree-day (DD) model for predicting egg hatch. Median egg development required 154 DD above 4.95 °C. Observed median egg hatch in two different field sites and years was within ± 3 days of the predicted date, using max–min air temperatures, a base temperature of 5 °C, and a starting date of 1 February for accumulating DD. This model should prove useful for scheduling management actions against fruittree leafroller on apples and pears.