bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liberal Man
Authors: Mendus Susan 
Published: November 2010

I begin with two quotations: one from Anthony Crosland's Socialism Now, the other from Thucydides' account of the Peloponnesian War. Crosland says:experience shows that only a small minority of the population wish to participate [in politics]. I repeat what I have often said—the majority prefer to lead a full family life and cultivate their gardens. And a good thing too … we do not necessarily want a busy, bustling society in which everyone is politically active and fussing around in an interfering and responsible manner, and herding us all into participating groups. The threat to privacy and freedom would be intolerable.
‘The darkness of this time’: Wittgenstein and the Modern World
Authors: Bouveresse J. 
Published: November 2010

In the preface to the Philosophical Investigations, written in 1945, Wittgenstein remarks that: ‘It is not impossible that it should fall to the lot of this work in its poverty and in the darkness of this time, to bring light into one brain or another—but, of course, it is not likely’ (PI, viii). There was quite obviously no question for him of endeavouring to dissipate the darkness of the age itself, but at the most of introducing light into a small number of receptive minds, the existence of which he considered, moreover, as problematical. In a rough draft of the preface to the Philosophical Remarks that he wrote in 1930 he says:I realize … that the disappearance of a culture does not signify the disappearance of human value, but simply of certain means of expressing this value, yet the fact remains that I have no sympathy for the current of European civilization and do not understand its goals, if it has any. So I am really writing for friends who are scattered throughout the corners of the globe. (CV, 6)
Awe and Humility: Intrinsic Value in Nature. Beyond an Earthbound Environmental Ethics
Authors: Lee Keekok 
Published: November 2010

This paper will argue for a conception of intrinsic value which, it is hoped, will do justice to the following issues:(1) that Nature need not and should not be understood to refer only to what exists on this planet, Earth;(2) that an environmental ethics informed by features unique to Earth may be misleading and prove inadequate as technology increasingly threatens to invade and colonize other planets in the solar system;(3) that a comprehensive environmental ethics must encompass not only our attitude to Earth, but to other planets as well—in other words, it must not simply be an Earthbound but virtually an astronomically bounded ethics.
Rationality and Higher-Order Intentionality
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: November 2010

According tothe rationality thesis, the possession of propositional attitudes is inextricably tied to rationality. How in this context should we conceive of rationality? In one sense, being rational is contrasted with being non-rational, as when human beings are described as rational animals. In another sense, being rational is contrasted with being irrational. I shall call rationality in this latter senseevaluative rationality. Whatever else it might involve, evaluative rationality surely has to do with satisfying requirements of rationality such as, presumably, the following:(1) That one avoid inconsistency in beliefs.(2) That one not adopt new beliefs unless what one knows entails or is evidence for the truth of those beliefs.(3) That one not have φing as a goal yet do nothing necessary for one to φ. (Means/end requirement.)
Conditional Belief and the Ramsey Test
Authors: Sturgeon Scott 
Published: November 2010

Consider the frameS believes that—.Fill it with a conditional, sayIf you eat an Apple, you'll drink a Coke.what makes the result true? More generally, what facts are marked by instances ofS believes (A→C)?In a sense the answer is obious: beliefs are so marked. Yet that bromide leads directly to competing schools of thought. And the reason is simple.Common-sense thinks of belief two ways. Sometimes it sees it as a three-part affair. When so viewed either you believe, disbelieve, or suspend judgment. This take on belief is coarse-grained. It says belief has three flavours: acceptance, rejection, neither. But it's not the only way common-sense thinks of belief. Sometimes it's more subtle: ‘How strong is your faith?’ can be apposite between believers. That signals an important fact. Ordinary practice also treats belief as a fine-grained affair. It speaks of levels of confidence. It admits degrees of belief. It contains a fine-grained take as well. There are two ways belief is seen in everyday life. One is coarse-grained. The other is fine-grained.
A New Look at Lunar Soil Collected from the Sea of Tranquility during the Apollo 11 Mission
Authors: Kiely Carol , Greenberg Gary , Kiely Christopher J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractComplementary state-of-the-art optical, scanning electron, and X-ray microscopy techniques have been used to study the morphology of Apollo 11 lunar soil particles (10084-47). The combination of innovative lighting geometries with image processing of a through focal series of images has allowed us to obtain a unique collection of high-resolution light micrographs of these fascinating particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) stereo-pair imaging has been exploited to illustrate some of the unique morphological properties of lunar regolith. In addition, for the first time, X-ray micrographs with submicron resolution have been taken of individual particles using X-ray ultramicroscopy (XuM). This SEM-based technique lends itself readily to the imaging of pores, cracks, and inclusions and allows the internal structure of an entire particle to be viewed. Rotational SEM and XuM movies have also been constructed from a series of images collected at sequential angles through 360°. These offer a new and insightful view of these complex particles providing size, shape, and spatial information on many of their internal features.
Microphotometry of Underwater Shadowing by a Moss from a Niagara Escarpment Waterfall
Authors: Swatland Howard J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMicroscope and fiber-optic spectrophotometry of transmittance and backscattering both showed moss leaves to be capable of casting strong shadows, with a single leaf blocking approximately 90% of incident light from a point source. In leaves with only one layer of cells, the transmittance through the cytoplasm of single cells was similar to that for whole leaves. Analysis of cell wall birefringence by polarized-light interferometry indicated that cell walls might normally scatter rather than transmit light. Spectra transmitted through, or backscattered from, the upper green layers of moss were dominated by selective absorbance from chlorophyll, but there was also evidence of wavelength-dependent scattering, as detected in the lower layers of brown, dead moss. Specular reflectance from moss leaves was detected by polarimetry and may have contributed to the relatively high macroscopic transmittance of stationary moss in water. Shadowing by moss leaves was confirmed by dynamic measurements of mosses in turbulent water without bubbles. Flicker patterns from leaves were superimposed on the underwater flicker pattern created at the air-water interface, thus flecks of light were reduced in intensity, increased in frequency, and decreased in duration. This was detected with both point source and diffuse illumination of samples.
Basic volcanism contemporaneous with the Sturtian glacial episode in NE Scotland
Authors: Chew David M. , Fallon Nicola , Kennelly Christine , Crowley Quentin , Pointon Michael 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe Dalradian Supergroup contains three distinct glacigenic units, formerly termed ‘Boulder Beds’, which are correlated with widespread Neoproterozoic glaciations. The oldest and thickest unit, the Port Askaig Formation, marks the Appin–Argyll group boundary of the Dalradian Supergroup and has been correlated with the Middle Cryogenian (Sturtian) glaciation. The Auchnahyle Formation, a diamictite-bearing sequence near Tomintoul in NE Scotland, exhibits strong lithological similarities to the Port Askaig Formation. Both these glacigenic ‘Boulder Bed’ units contain abundant dolomite clasts in their lower parts and more granitic material at higher levels. Both metadiamictite units are overlain by thick shallow-marine quartzite units. C isotope data from Appin Group carbonate strata below the Auchnahyle Formation support this correlation. U–Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) detrital zircon data from the Auchnahyle Formation metadiamictite differ slightly from the Port Askaig Formation, but are similar to detrital zircon spectra obtained from the Macduff Formation, a diamictite unit in the younger Southern Highland Group of the Dalradian Supergroup; both apparently reflect derivation from local basement rocks. No detritus younger than 0·9 Ga is observed, so the data do not constrain significantly the depositional age of the glacial strata. A thin tholeiitic pillow basalt unit in the lower part of the Auchnahyle Formation is geochemically distinct from pre-tectonic metadolerite sills and from basic metavolcanic rocks up-section. A Sturtian (c. 720–700 Ma) age for the Auchnahyle Formation metadiamictite would imply that this basaltic volcanism represents the oldest recorded volcanic activity in the Dalradian Supergroup and is inferred to represent an early, local phase of proto-Iapetan rifting within the Rodinian supercontinent.
Research Priorities for Neotropical Dry Forests1
Authors: Sánchez‐Azofeifa G. Arturo , Quesada Mauricio , Rodríguez Jon Paul , Nassar Jafet M. , Stoner Kathryn E. , Castillo Alicia , Garvin Theresa , Zent Egleé L. , Calvo‐Alvarado Julio C. , Kalacska Margaret E.R. , Fajardo Laurie , Gamon John A. , Cuevas‐Reyes Pablo 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTOur understanding of the human and biophysical dimensions of tropical dry forest change and its cumulative effects is still in the early stages of academic discovery. The papers in this special section on Neotropical dry forests cover a wide range of sites and problems ranging from the use of multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing platforms to the impact of hurricanes on tropical dry forest regeneration. Here, we present to the scientific community the results of a workshop on which research priorities for tropical dry forests were discussed. This discussion focuses on the need to develop linkages between remote sensing, ecological, and social science research. The incorporation of social sciences into ecological research could contribute dramatically to our understandings of tropical dry forests by providing important contextual information to ecologists, and by helping to develop an important science–policy–public nexus on which environmental management can succeed.
Maternal ethnic origin and fetal nasal bones at 11–14 weeks of gestation
Authors: Prefumo Federico , Sairam Shanthi , Bhide Amarnath , Penna Leonie , Hollis Brian , Thilaganathan Baskaran 
Published: November 2010

Objectives  Failure to visualise the fetal nasal bones at 11–14 weeks of gestation is associated with a significant increase in the risk for trisomy 21. However, it is not known whether the ethnic origin of the mother has any effect on the fetal profile and the prevalence of this marker.Design  Prospective study.Setting  London Teaching Hospital.Population  Four thousand and four hundred and ninety‐two consecutive fetuses undergoing routine first trimester ultrasound scanning at 11–14 weeks of gestation in a multiethnic population.Methods  Examination of the nasal bones was attempted in the fetuses.Main outcome measure  Rate of visualisation of the fetal nasal bones.Results  Five hundred fetuses were excluded from the analysis because of chromosomal abnormalities or a technically unsatisfactory examination. In the remaining 3992 fetuses, the maternal ethnic origin was African in 13.0%, Asian in 15.3% and Caucasian in 66.0%. Compared with Caucasians, the failure to visualise the fetal nasal bones was significantly higher in women of African (P= 0.0001) but not Asian origin (P= 0.24). A multivariable logistic regression model showed that having a mother of African origin is still significantly associated with an increased likelihood of absent fetal nasal bones compared with Caucasians (odds ratio 2.33), even after correcting for maternal age, parity and crown–rump length.Conclusion  There is a significant difference in the rate of visualisation of the fetal nasal bones in the first trimester in mothers of different ethnic origin. This suggest that corrections for maternal ethnicity will be required to ensure equity of fetal nasal bone screening in multiracial populations. Whether corrections are required for the father's ethnic origin remains to be determined.
Mifepristone and misoprostol versus dilation and evacuation for midtrimester abortion: a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Grimes David A. , Smith M. Susan , Witham Angela D. 
Published: November 2010

Objective  To test the feasibility of mounting a randomised controlled trial comparing mifepristone–misoprostol versus dilation and evacuation (D&E) for midtrimester abortion.Design  Pilot randomised controlled trial.Setting  University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.Population  Women aged 18 years or older and without prior uterine operations who requested abortion at 14–19 menstrual weeks of gestation from January 2002 to January 2003.Methods  Participants received either mifepristone 200 mg by mouth followed in two days by vaginal then oral misoprostol (Aberdeen regimen) or D&E after one or two days of laminaria preparation. Care was provided by residents under faculty supervision.Main outcome measures  Enrolment rate and acceptability of and adverse events associated with methods.Results  The trial was stopped at one year because of slow enrolment. Of 47 women eligible for the trial, 29 (62%) declined participation, primarily because of a preference for D&E abortion. Among the 18 participants enrolled, nine were randomised to treatment with mifepristone–misoprostol and 9 to D&E. Compared with D&E, mifepristone–misoprostol abortion caused more pain and adverse events, although none was serious.Conclusions  Our findings concerning acceptability and adverse events should be considered hypothesis‐generating; they may prove useful in planning a larger randomised controlled trial. Such a trial will be difficult to mount in the US. Hence, we suggest that it be done in a setting where labour‐induction abortion is the norm.
PETcofold: predicting conserved interactions and structures of two multiple alignments of RNA sequences
Authors: Seemann Stefan E. , Richter Andreas S. , Gesell Tanja , Backofen Rolf , Gorodkin Jan 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Predicting RNA–RNA interactions is essential for determining the function of putative non-coding RNAs. Existing methods for the prediction of interactions are all based on single sequences. Since comparative methods have already been useful in RNA structure determination, we assume that conserved RNA–RNA interactions also imply conserved function. Of these, we further assume that a non-negligible amount of the existing RNA–RNA interactions have also acquired compensating base changes throughout evolution. We implement a method, PETcofold, that can take covariance information in intra-molecular and inter-molecular base pairs into account to predict interactions and secondary structures of two multiple alignments of RNA sequences.
Results: PETcofold's ability to predict RNA–RNA interactions was evaluated on a carefully curated dataset of 32 bacterial small RNAs and their targets, which was manually extracted from the literature. For evaluation of both RNA–RNA interaction and structure prediction, we were able to extract only a few high-quality examples: one vertebrate small nucleolar RNA and four bacterial small RNAs. For these we show that the prediction can be improved by our comparative approach. Furthermore, PETcofold was evaluated on controlled data with phylogenetically simulated sequences enriched for covariance patterns at the interaction sites. We observed increased performance with increased amounts of covariance.
Availability: The program PETcofold is available as source code and can be downloaded from http://rth.dk/resources/petcofold.
Contact: gorodkin@rth.dk; backofen@informatik.uni-freiburg.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Efficient change point detection for genomic sequences of continuous measurements
Authors: Muggeo Vito M. R. , Adelfio Giada 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMotivation: Knowing the exact locations of multiple change points in genomic sequences serves several biological needs, for instance when data represent aCGH profiles and it is of interest to identify possibly damaged genes involved in cancer and other diseases. Only a few of the currently available methods deal explicitly with estimation of the number and location of change points, and moreover these methods may be somewhat vulnerable to deviations of model assumptions usually employed.Results: We present a computationally efficient method to obtain estimates of the number and location of the change points. The method is based on a simple transformation of data and it provides results quite robust to model misspecifications. The efficiency of the method guarantees moderate computational times regardless of the series length and the number of change points.Availability: The methods described in this article are implemented in the new R package cumSeg available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network at http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=cumSeg.Contact: vito.muggeo@unipa.itSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 2A Resulting From Homozygous G2338C Transversion Mutation in the Calpain-3 Gene
Authors: Peddareddygari Leema Reddy , Surgan Victoria , Grewal Raji P 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy represents a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of myopathies. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy Type 2A, which is transmitted in an autosomal-recessive pattern, is caused by mutations in the calpain-3 (CAPN3) gene. A number of mutations have been reported in patients from throughout the world but not in the Asian-Indian population. We describe a genotype/phenotype analysis of an Asian-Indian patient with a history, neurologic examination, and investigations consistent with muscular dystrophy. Genetic analysis of this patient showed a homozygous G2338C transversion resulting in an amino acid change from aspartic acid 780 histidine in the CAPN3 gene confirming Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy Type 2A. Subsequent testing of the patient's family revealed that his parents and sister were heterozygous unaffected carriers. The G2338C transversion was detected as a compound heterozygous mutation in one patient in Germany. We report a homozygous case and expand the clinical spectrum of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy Type 2A to include Asian-Indians.
Claudin‐7 down‐regulation is an important feature in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lourenço Silvia Vanessa , Coutinho‐Camillo Cláudia Malheiros , Buim Marcilei Elisa Cavicchioli , De Carvalho Ana Carolina , Lessa Roberta Cardim , Pereira Cláudia Maria , Vettore André Luiz , Carvalho André Lopes , Fregnani José Humberto , Kowalski Luiz Paulo , Soares Fernando Augusto 
Published: November 2010

Lourenço S V, Coutinho‐Camillo C M, Buim M E C, de Carvalho A C, Lessa R C, Pereira C M, Vettore A L, Carvalho A L, Fregnani J H, Kowalski L P & Soares F A  (2010) Histopathology57, 689–698  Claudin‐7 down‐regulation is an important feature in oral squamous cell carcinomaAims:  Claudins, a large family of essential tight junction (TJ) proteins, are abnormally regulated in human carcinomas, especially claudin‐7. The aim of this study was to investigate claudin‐7 expression and alterations in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Methods and results:  Expression of claudin‐7 was analysed in 132 cases of OSCC organized in a tissue microarray. Claudin‐7 mRNA transcript was evaluated using real‐time polymerase chain reaction and the methylation status of the promoter was also assessed. Claudin‐7 was negative in 58.3% of the cases. Loss of claudin‐7 protein expression was associated with recurrence (P = 0.019), tumour size (P = 0.014), clinical stage of OSCC (P = 0.055) and disease‐free survival (P = 0.015). Down‐regulation of the claudin‐7 mRNA transcripts was observed in 78% of the cases, in accordance with immunoexpression. Analysis of the methylation status of the promoter region of claudin‐7 revealed that treatment of O28 cells (that did not express claudin‐7 mRNA transcripts) with 5‐Aza‐2′‐Deoxycytidine (5‐Aza‐dC) led to the re‐expression of claudin‐7 mRNA transcript.Conclusion:  Loss of claudin‐7 expression is associated with important subcellular processes in OSCC with impact on clinical parameters.
Cytoplasmic expression of survivin is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with salivary gland cancer
Authors: Stenner Markus , Weinell Antje , Ponert Tobias , Hardt Aline , Hahn Moritz , Preuss Simon F , Guntinas‐Lichius Orlando , Klussmann Jens Peter 
Published: November 2010

Stenner M, Weinell A, Ponert T, Hardt A, Hahn M, Preuss S F, Guntinas‐Lichius O & Klussmann J P (2010) Histopathology 57, 699–706  Cytoplasmic expression of survivin is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with salivary gland cancerAims:  The expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin has been shown to be a significant prognostic indicator in various human cancers. The aim was to assess its expression and prognostic value in salivary gland adenocarcinoma and muco‐epidermoid carcinoma.Methods and results:  Survivin expression was analysed in 48 patients with parotid gland cancer (21 muco‐epidermoid, 27 adenocarcinomas) by means of immunohistochemistry. The experimental findings were correlated with clinicopathological and survival parameters. A high cytoplasmic expression of survivin was found in 30% of the examined tumours without any significant correlation with the patients’ clinicopathological characteristics (P > 0.05). Within all patients, the estimated overall survival rate of muco‐epidermoid carcinomas was significantly better than that of adenocarcinomas (P = 0.013). A high cytoplasmic survivin expression significantly indicated a poor 5‐year disease‐free survival rate compared to patients with a low cytoplasmic survivin expression in the whole group (P = 0.001) and in adenocarcinomas (P = 0.004). In a multivariate analysis, a high cytoplasmic survivin expression was the only independent prognostic indicator for a significantly poorer 5‐year disease‐free survival rate (P = 0.001).Conclusions:  The correlation between cytoplasmic survivin expression and survival in salivary gland malignancies might make this an effective tool in patient follow‐up, prognosis and targeted therapy in future.