bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organization and metamorphosis of glia in the Drosophila visual system
Authors: Edwards Tara N. , Nuschke Andrea C. , Nern Aljoscha , Meinertzhagen Ian A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe visual system of Drosophila is an excellent model for determining the interactions that direct the differentiation of the nervous system's many unique cell types. Glia are essential not only in the development of the nervous system, but also in the function of those neurons with which they become associated in the adult. Given their role in visual system development and adult function we need to both accurately and reliably identify the different subtypes of glia, and to relate the glial subtypes in the larval brain to those previously described for the adult. We viewed driver expression in subsets of larval eye disc glia through the earliest stages of pupal development to reveal the counterparts of these cells in the adult. Two populations of glia exist in the lamina, the first neuropil of the adult optic lobe: those that arise from precursors in the eye‐disc/optic stalk and those that arise from precursors in the brain. In both cases, a single larval source gives rise to at least three different types of adult glia. Furthermore, analysis of glial cell types in the second neuropil, the medulla, has identified at least four types of astrocyte‐like (reticular) glia. Our clarification of the lamina's adult glia and identification of their larval origins, particularly the respective eye disc and larval brain contributions, begin to define developmental interactions which establish the different subtypes of glia. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2067–2085, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐level laser therapy alleviates neuropathic pain and promotes function recovery in rats with chronic constriction injury: Possible involvements in hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α)
Authors: Hsieh Yueh‐Ling , Chou Li‐Wei , Chang Pei‐Lin , Yang Chen‐Chia , Kao Mu‐Jung , Hong Chang‐Zern 
Published: February 2012

AbstractNerve inflammation plays an important role in the development and progression of neuropathic pain after chronic constrictive injury (CCI). Recent studies have indicated that hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) is crucial in inflammation. Low‐level laser therapy has been used in treating musculoskeletal pain, but rare data directly support its use for neuropathic pain. We investigated the effects of low‐level laser on the accumulation of HIF‐1α, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in controlling neuropathic pain, as well as on the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in promoting functional recovery in a rat CCI model. CCI was induced by placing four loose ligatures around the sciatic nerve of rats. Treatments of low‐level laser (660 nm, 9 J/cm2) or sham irradiation (0 J/cm2) were performed at the CCI sites for 7 consecutive days. The effects of laser in animals with CCI were determined by measuring the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold, as well as the sciatic, tibial, and peroneal function indices. Histopathological and immunoassay analyses were also performed. Low‐level laser therapy significantly improved paw withdrawal threshold and the sciatic, tibial, and peroneal functional indices after CCI. The therapy also significantly reduced the overexpressions of HIF‐1α, TNF‐α, and IL‐1β, and increased the amounts of VEGF, NGF, and S100 proteins. In conclusion, a low‐level laser could modulate HIF‐1α activity. Moreover, it may also be used as a novel and clinically applicable therapeutic approach for the improvement of tissue hypoxia/ischemia and inflammation in nerve entrapment neuropathy, as well as for the promotion of nerve regeneration. These findings might lead to a sufficient morphological and functional recovery of the peripheral nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2903–2916, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of G protein‐coupled receptor 56 protein expression in the mouse developing neocortex
Authors: Jeong Sung‐Jin , Luo Rong , Li Shihong , Strokes Natalie , Piao Xianhua 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGPR56, one of the adhesion G‐protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), plays an important role in the development of the cerebral cortex. Mutations in GPR56 cause a severe human cortical malformation called bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP), characterized by a global malformation of the cerebral cortex that most severely affects the frontal and parietal regions. To characterize the expression pattern of GPR56 in the developing cerebral cortex, we developed a mouse monoclonal antibody against mouse GPR56. We revealed that GPR56 is expressed in multiple cell types in the preplate, marginal zone, subventricular zone (SVZ), and ventricular zone (VZ). Most interestingly, the expression of GPR56 in preplate neurons showed an anterior‐to‐posterior gradient at embryonic day (E) 10.5–11.5. In contrast, the expression pattern of the GPR56 ligand, collagen III, revealed no visible gradient pattern. With the widespread expression of GPR56 in the developing cortex, it is difficult to draw a specific conclusion as to which of the GPR56‐expressing cells are critical for human brain development. However, the correlation between GPR56 expression in neurons at E10.5–E11.5 and the anatomic distribution of the cortical malformation in both humans and mice suggests that its function in preplate neurons is indispensible. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2930–2940, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonregenerative Natural Resources in a Sustainable System of Energy Supply
Authors: Bradshaw Alex M. , Hamacher Thomas 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFollowing the lead of the European Union in introducing binding measures to promote the use of regenerative energy forms, it is not unreasonable to assume that the global demand for combustible raw materials for energy generation will be reduced considerably in the second half of this century. This will not only have a favourable effect on the CO2concentration in the atmosphere, but will also help preserve fossil fuels—important as raw materials in the chemical industry—for future generations. Nevertheless, associated with the concomitant massive shift to regenerative energy forms, there will be a strong demand for other exhaustible raw materials, in particular metals, some of which are already regarded as scarce. After reviewing the debate on mineral depletion between “cornucopians” and “pessimists”, we discuss the meaning of mineral “scarcity”, particularly in the geochemical sense, and mineral “exhaustion”. The expected drastic increase in demand for mineral resources caused by demographic and societal pressures, that is, due to the increase in in‐use stock, is emphasised. Whilst not discussing the issue of “strong” versus “weak” sustainability in detail, we conclude that regenerative energy systems—like nearly all resource‐consuming systems in our society—do not necessarily satisfy generally accepted sustainability criteria. In this regard, we discuss some current examples, namely, lithium and cobalt for batteries, rare earth‐based permanent magnets for wind turbines, cadmium and tellurium for solar cells and copper for electrical power distribution.
Exploiting scheduling and free‐riding for offline downloading in BitTorrent networks
Authors: Teng Wei‐Guang , Cheng Wei‐Hao 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYRecently, the peer‐to‐peer (P2P) architecture has become a popular scheme for Internet users to rapidly exchange files. As reported in previous studies, P2P traffic accounts for a significant portion of overall Internet traffic. Many computing resources, for example, network bandwidth and disk space, may be consumed by P2P clients. Accordingly, in this paper, we devise a novel scheme that integrates advantageous features of both the conventional client–server and the P2P architectures to create an offline downloading service. Specifically, the proposed service acts as an agent that downloads required files from the BitTorrent network without consuming local computing resources. In other words, users can stay offline during the download process. Because the proposed scheme aims to provide service to numerous users at the same time, a proper scheduling technique is adopted to achieve better download performance. Moreover, a free‐riding mechanism is seamlessly incorporated with the proposed priority queuing to facilitate more effective bandwidth utilization. Empirical studies show that our scheme is promising in practical applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal determinants of genetic structure in Gentianella bohemica
Authors: Königer Julia , Rebernig Carolin A. , Brabec Jiří , Kiehl Kathrin , Greimler Josef 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe biennial plant Gentianella bohemica is a subendemic of the Bohemian Massif, where it occurs in seminatural grasslands. It has become rare in recent decades as a result of profound changes in land use. Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) fingerprint data, we investigated the genetic structure within and among populations of G. bohemica in Bavaria, the Czech Republic, and the Austrian border region. The aim of our study was (1) to analyze the genetic structure among populations and to discuss these findings in the context of present and historical patterns of connectivity and isolation of populations, (2) to analyze genetic structure among consecutive generations (cohorts of two consecutive years), and (3) to investigate relationships between intrapopulational diversity and effective population size (Ne) as well as plant traits. (1) The German populations were strongly isolated from each other (pairwise FST= 0.29–0.60) and from all other populations (FST= 0.24–0.49). We found a pattern of near panmixis among the latter (FST= 0.15–0.35) with geographical distance explaining only 8% of the genetic variance. These results were congruent with a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and analysis using STRUCTURE to identify genetically coherent groups. These findings are in line with the strong physical barrier and historical constraints, resulting in separation of the German populations from the others. (2) We found pronounced genetic differences between consecutive cohorts of the German populations (pairwise FST= 0.23 and 0.31), which can be explained by local population history (land use, disturbance). (3) Genetic diversity within populations (Shannon index, HSh) was significantly correlated with Ne (RS= 0.733) and reflected a loss of diversity due to several demographic bottlenecks. Overall, we found that the genetic structure in G. bohemica is strongly influenced by historical periods of high connectivity and isolation as well as by marked demographic fluctuations in declining populations.
Possible effects of global environmental changes on Antarctic benthos: a synthesis across five major taxa
Authors: Ingels Jeroen , Vanreusel Ann , Brandt Angelika , Catarino Ana I. , David Bruno , De Ridder Chantal , Dubois Philippe , Gooday Andrew J. , Martin Patrick , Pasotti Francesca , Robert Henri 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBecause of the unique conditions that exist around the Antarctic continent, Southern Ocean (SO) ecosystems are very susceptible to the growing impact of global climate change and other anthropogenic influences. Consequently, there is an urgent need to understand how SO marine life will cope with expected future changes in the environment. Studies of Antarctic organisms have shown that individual species and higher taxa display different degrees of sensitivity to environmental shifts, making it difficult to predict overall community or ecosystem responses. This emphasizes the need for an improved understanding of the Antarctic benthic ecosystem response to global climate change using a multitaxon approach with consideration of different levels of biological organization. Here, we provide a synthesis of the ability of five important Antarctic benthic taxa (Foraminifera, Nematoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda, and Echinoidea) to cope with changes in the environment (temperature, pH, ice cover, ice scouring, food quantity, and quality) that are linked to climatic changes. Responses from individual to the taxon‐specific community level to these drivers will vary with taxon but will include local species extinctions, invasions of warmer‐water species, shifts in diversity, dominance, and trophic group composition, all with likely consequences for ecosystem functioning. Limitations in our current knowledge and understanding of climate change effects on the different levels are discussed.
Declaring the existence of human germ‐cell mutagens
Authors: DeMarini David M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAfter more than 80 years of searching for human germ‐cell mutagens, I think that sufficient evidence already exists for a number of agents to be so considered, and definitive confirmation seems imminent due to the application of recently developed genomic techniques. In preparation for this, an assessment panel of internationally recognized experts in germ‐cell biology and genomics is required to consider either the current evidence now, or impending genomic evidence later, to declare whether an agent is a human germ‐cell mutagen. I propose that such a panel be organized under the aegis of the World Health Organization and constructed similarly to the working groups assembled by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for the evaluation of human carcinogens. Support from prominent national and international organizations would be important. Many regulatory agencies already have procedures in place for assessing potential human germ‐cell mutagens, and the time is approaching when definitive genomic data in humans will obligate such evaluations. In my view, application of an IARC‐type of assessment using available evidence leads to the conclusion that ionizing radiation, cancer chemotherapy, cigarette smoking, and air pollution are “Group 1” human germ‐cell mutagens. Consideration of the potential adverse health effects to the unexposed offspring of an exposed parent will usher in an entirely new realm of environmental health assessment. I suggest that the long search for human germ‐cell mutagens is about to end, and a demonstration of the much‐anticipated linkage between heritable disease and environmental factors is poised to begin. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MicroRNA dysregulation in cancer: diagnostics, monitoring and therapeutics. A comprehensive review
Authors: Iorio Marilena V. , Croce Carlo M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractEarly studies have shown how aberrantly expressed microRNAs are a hallmark of several diseases like cancer. MicroRNA expression profiling was shown to be associated with tumour development, progression and response to therapy, suggesting their possible use as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Moreover, based on the increasing number of studies demonstrating that microRNAs can function as potential oncogenes or oncosuppressor genes, with the goal to improve disease response and increase cure rates, miRNA‐based anticancer therapies have recently been exploited, either alone or in combination with current targeted therapies. The advantage of using microRNA approaches is based on its ability to concurrently target multiple effectors of pathways involved in cell differentiation, proliferation and survival. Here, we review our current knowledge about the involvement of microRNAs in cancer, and their potential as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic tools.
Effect of lead core heating on the seismic performance of bridges isolated with LRB in near‐fault zones
Authors: Ozdemir Gokhan , Dicleli Murat 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, the effect of lead core heating and associated strength deterioration on the seismic response of bridges isolated with lead rubber bearings (LRB) is investigated as a function of the characteristics of the isolator and near fault ground motions with forward rupture directivity effect. Furthermore, the ability of bounding analyses to provide a design envelope for maximum isolator force and maximum isolator displacement is verified. For this purpose, a series of nonlinear dynamic analyses are conducted for LRB isolated bridges where both deteriorating and non‐deteriorating force‐deformation relationship of LRB were employed. The analyses are performed for both simulated and recorded ground motions. It is found that while the temperature rise in the lead core generally increases with increasing magnitude and number of near fault ground motion velocity pulses, it decreases with larger distances from the fault. It is also found that bounding analysis method provides conservative (envelope) estimates of maximum isolator displacement and maximum isolator force for design purposes that fulfill its intended purpose. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postglacial sediment budget of Chilliwack Valley, British Columbia
Authors: Tunnicliffe Jon , Church Michael , Clague John J. , Feathers James K. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe paraglacial reworking of glacial sediments by rivers and mass wasting is an important conditioning factor for modern sediment yields in mountainous catchments in formerly glaciated regions. Catchment scale and patterns of sediment storage are important influences in the rate of postglacial adjustment. We develop a quantitative framework to estimate the volume, sediment type, and fractional size distribution of legacy glacial materials in a large (1230 km2) watershed in the North Cascade Mountains in south‐western British Columbia, Canada. Chilliwack Valley is exceptional because of the well‐dated bounds of deglaciation. Interpolation of paleo‐surfaces from partially eroded deposits in the valley allows us to estimate the total evacuated sediment volume. We present a chronology of sediment evacuation from the valley and deposition in the outlet fan, based on infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and14 C dating of river terraces and fan strata, respectively. The effects of paraglacial sedimentation in Chilliwack Valley were intensified through a major fall in valley base‐level following ice retreat. The steepened mainstem valley gradient led to deep incision of valley fills and fan deposits in the lower valley network. The results of this integrated study provide a postglacial chronology and detailed sediment budget, accounting for long‐term sorting of the original sediments, lag deposit formation in the mainstem, deposition in the outlet fan, and approximate downstream losses of suspended sediment and wash load. The mass balance indicates that a bulk volume of approximately 3.2 km3of glacial material has been evacuated from the valley. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MORAL HAZARD AND SUPPLIER‐INDUCED DEMAND: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE IN GENERAL PRACTICE
Authors: van Dijk Christel E. , van den Berg Bernard , Verheij Robert A. , Spreeuwenberg Peter , Groenewegen Peter P. , de Bakker Dinny H. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTChanges in cost sharing and remuneration system in the Netherlands in 2006 led to clear changes in financial incentives faced by both consumers and general practitioner (GPs). For privately insured consumers, cost sharing was abolished, whereas those socially insured never faced cost sharing. The separate remuneration systems for socially insured consumers (capitation) and privately insured consumers (fee‐for‐service) changed to a combined system of capitation and fee‐for‐service for both groups. Our first hypothesis was that privately insured consumers had a higher increase in patient‐initiated GP contact rates compared with socially insured consumers. Our second hypothesis was that socially insured consumers had a higher increase in physician‐initiated contact rates. Data were used from electronic medical records from 32 GP‐practices and 35 336 consumers in 2005–2007. A difference‐in‐differences approach was applied to study the effect of changes in cost sharing and remuneration system on contact rates. Abolition of cost sharing led to a higher increase in patient‐initiated utilisation for privately insured consumers in persons aged 65 and older. Introduction of fee‐for‐service for socially insured consumers led to a higher increase in physician‐initiated utilisation. This was most apparent in persons aged 25 to 54. Differences in the trend in physician‐initiated utilisation point to an effect of supplier‐induced demand. Differences in patient‐initiated utilisation indicate limited evidence for moral hazard. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast Thermal Evaporation in Purification of 1,4‐Di(pyren‐1‐ly)benzene
Authors: Hsu Chung‐Yi , Lin Hung‐Yin , Yan Xuan‐You , Huang Tsung‐Syun , Su Yan‐Kuin , Whang Thou‐Jen 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis work presents a fast purification system that involves a vertical quartz tube and vacuum sublimation for separation without dilution. This system produced re‐crystallized 1,4‐di(pyren‐1‐yl)benzene (DPB) in a few hours following the synthesis of pyrene derivatives with a mole yield ratio of 1,4‐di(pyrene‐1‐yl)benzene to 1‐phenylpyrene (1PP) of 5:1. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) were utilized to identify the products. Finally, the lifetimes of pyrene derivatives DPB and 1PP were determined by exponential regression to be 10.0 ± 0.14 and 3.3 ± 0.15 ns, respectively. From the lifetime measurements, the purity of the photo‐responsive materials could be easily determined. To prevent red‐shift of electro‐luminescence (EL) spectra by the energy transfer mechanism, it has acquired to elect transfer layers for pure electroluminescence. A co‐catalytic reaction reduced the amount of impurities and eliminated the need for the use of a solvent in the purification step.
Fed‐batch fermentation of olive mill wastewaters for lipase production
Authors: Gonçalves Cristiana , Oliveira Felisbela , Pereira Carina , Belo Isabel 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn the Mediterranean basin countries, huge amounts of olive mill wastewaters (OMW) are produced by the olive oil industry. It constitutes a serious environmental problem, nevertheless its composition turns OMW into a potential growth medium to lipolytic microorganisms. The aim of this work was to study lipase production as well as OMW degradation in fed‐batch cultures of Candida cylindracea CBS 7869, Candida rugosa CBS 2275 and Yarrowia lipolytica W29 (ATCC 20460). Besides the improvement of lipase production, the fed‐batch approach enhanced the effluent degradation, since it led to good COD and lipids reduction, both higher than 50%. C. rugosa achieved the highest value of lipase productivity (130 U L−1 h−1), in parallel with highest lipids reduction (77%). This study demonstrates that OMW are becoming a competitive and valuable growth medium in fermentation processes with lipolytic microorganisms. The fed‐batch strategy used proved to be an efficient approach to enhance lipase production from OMW and to reduce significantly the final organic load of the medium. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Heterogeneously catalyzing C–C coupling reactions with precious metal nanoparticles
Authors: Beaumont Simon K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractC–C coupling reactions are ubiquitous in synthetic chemistry, joining together fragments of larger molecules within overall synthetic schemes. Many obvious operational advantages would result from catalyzing such processes heterogeneously, however, there has been much controversy over whether metal nanoparticles (typically Pd) can be used in this role, or if catalysis in such cases occurs instead on metal ions leached into solution. In this mini‐review selected examples of attempts to distinguish the homo‐ or hetero‐geneity of such reactions, using Pd and Au nanoparticles, are highlighted. In particular, several interesting recent results are explored that demonstrate such metal nanoparticle catalyzed reactions can occur in a heterogeneous mode. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry