bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structured Markovian models for discrete spatial mobile node distribution
Authors: Luís Dotti Fernando , Fernandes Paulo , Nunes Cristina M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe study and characterization of node mobility in wireless networks is extremely important to foresee the node distribution in the network, enabling the creation of suitable models, and thus a more accurate prediction of performance and dependability levels.In this paper we adopt a structured Markovian formalism, namely SAN (Stochastic Automata Networks), to model and analyze two popular mobility models for wireless networks: the Random Waypoint and Random Direction.Our modeling considers mobility over a discrete space, i.e., over a space divided in a given number of slots, allowing a suitable analytical representation of structured regions. We represent several important aspects of mobility models, such as varying speed and pause times, and several border behaviors that may take place. One, two, and three-dimensional models are presented. For the two-dimensional models, we show that any regular or irregular convex polygon can be modeled, and we describe several routing strategies in two dimensions.In all cases, the spatial node distribution obtained from the steady state analysis is presented and whenever analogous results over continuous spaces were available in the literature, the comparison with the ones obtained in this paper is shown to be coherent.Besides showing the suitability of SAN to model this kind of reality, the paper also contributes to new findings for the modeled mobility models over a noncontinuous space.
Images crossing borders: image and workflow sharing on multiple levels
Authors: Ross Peeter , Pohjonen Hanna 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Digitalisation of medical data makes it possible to share images and workflows between related parties. In addition to linear data flow where healthcare professionals or patients are the information carriers, a new type of matrix of many-to-many connections is emerging. Implementation of shared workflow brings challenges of interoperability and legal clarity. Sharing images or workflows can be implemented on different levels with different challenges: inside the organisation, between organisations, across country borders, or between healthcare institutions and citizens. Interoperability issues vary according to the level of sharing and are either technical or semantic, including language. Legal uncertainty increases when crossing national borders. Teleradiology is regulated by multiple European Union (EU) directives and legal documents, which makes interpretation of the legal system complex. To achieve wider use of eHealth and teleradiology several strategic documents were published recently by the EU. Despite EU activities, responsibility for organising, providing and funding healthcare systems remains with the Member States. Therefore, the implementation of new solutions requires strong co-operation between radiologists, societies of radiology, healthcare administrators, politicians and relevant EU authorities. The aim of this article is to describe different dimensions of image and workflow sharing and to analyse legal acts concerning teleradiology in the EU.
Genetic structure and long-distance dispersal in populations of the wingless pest springtail,Sminthurus viridis(Collembola: Sminthuridae)
Authors: ROBERTS JOHN M. K. , WEEKS ANDREW R. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe lucerne flea,Sminthurus viridis(Collembola: Sminthuridae) (L.) is a major pest of broadacre agriculture across southern Australia. Few molecular studies have been conducted onS. viridisand none have examined its population genetics, despite the importance for developing effective control strategies. Here, we characterize the genetic structure of Australian populations using three allozyme and eight microsatellite loci, as well as sequencing a fragment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene. We found thatS. viridisin Australia are diploid, sexually reproducing and exhibit significant population structure as a result of limited gene flow. Despite significant differentiation between populations, there was very low cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequence variation, indicating the presence of a single species in Australia. The observed structure only marginally complied with an ‘isolation by distance’ model with human-mediated long-distance dispersal likely occurring. Allozymes and microsatellites gave very similarFSTestimates, although differences found for novel alternative estimates of differentiation suggest that the allozymes did not capture the full extent of the population structure. These results highlight that control strategies may need to vary for locally adaptedS. viridispopulations and strategies aimed at limiting the spread of any future pesticide resistance will need to manage the effects of human-mediated dispersal.
Balancing generations: on the strength and character of family norms in the West and East of Europe
Authors: DAATLAND SVEIN OLAV , HERLOFSON KATHARINA , LIMA IVAR A. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThis article explores the strength and character of responsibility norms between older parents and adult children in a European context. Data from the ‘Generations and Gender Survey’ are analysed to compare seven countries from the North West to the South East of Europe: Norway, Germany, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia and Georgia. Norm strength is measured as the level of support for filial and parental responsibility norms. Character differences are indicated by how conditional the norms are, and how they are balanced between the younger and older generations. The general findings are in line with the family culture hypothesis – family norms are stronger towards the East and South of the continent, with Norway and Georgia as the extreme cases. National differences are considerable for filial norms, but moderate for parental norms. Parental responsibility is relatively stronger in the North West, filial responsibility in the South East. Family norms have a more open character in the West, where the limits to responsibility are widely recognised. Women are less supportive of family obligations than men. It is suggested that where the welfare state is more developed, it has moderated the demanding character of family obligations and allowed a more independent relationship between the generations to form. The level of support for filial obligation is for these reasons a poor indicator for family cohesion in more developed welfare states.
Monte Carlo study on mucosal dose in oral and naval cavity using photon beams with small field
Authors: Chow James C.L. , Owrangi Amir M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe study how mucosal dose in the oral or nasal cavity depends on the irradiated small segmental photon fields varying with beam energy, beam angle and mucosa thickness. Dose ratio (mucosal dose with bone underneath to dose at the same point without bone) reflecting the dose enhancement due to the bone backscatter was determined by Monte Carlo simulation (EGSnrc-based code), validated by measurements. Phase space files based on the 6 and 18 MV photon beams with small field size of 1 × 1 cm2, produced by a Varian 21 EX linear accelerator, were generated using the BEAMnrc Monte Carlo code. Mucosa phantoms (mucosa thickness = 1, 2 and 3 mm) with and without a bone under the mucosa were irradiated by photon beams with gantry angles varying from 0 to 30°. Doses along the central beam axis in the mucosa and the dose ratio were calculated with different mucosa thicknesses. For the 6 MV photon beams, the dose at the mucosa-bone interface increased by 44.9–41.7%, when the mucosa thickness increased from 1 to 3 mm for the beam angle ranging from 0 to 30°. These values were lower than those (58.8–53.6%) for the 18 MV photon beams with the same beam angle range. For both the 6 and 18 MV photon beams, depth doses in the mucosa were found to increase with an increase of the beam angle. Moreover, the dose gradient in the mucosa was greater for the 18 MV photon beams compared to the 6 MV. For the dose ratio, it was found that the dose enhancement due to the bone backscatter increased with a decrease of mucosa thickness, and was more significant at both the air-mucosa and mucosa-bone interface. Mucosal dose with bone was investigated by Monte Carlo simulations with different experimental configurations, and was found vary with the beam energy, beam angle and mucosa thickness for a small segmental photon field. The dosimetric information in this study should be considered when searching for an optimized treatment strategy to minimize the mucosal complications in the head-and-neck intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
Physical weed control in processing tomatoes in Central Italy
Authors: Raffaelli Michele , Fontanelli Marco , Frasconi Christian , Sorelli Francesca , Ginanni Marco , Peruzzi Andrea 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTomato is a very important vegetable crop in Italy. Improving the means of production for processing organic tomatoes could help guarantee better profits for farmers and, at the same time, enhance environmental management and safeguard consumers’ health. Weed control, in particular within crop rows, is one of the main problems in organic farming, and thus also for the organic cultivation of tomato. The aim of this study was to develop innovative strategies and equipment for effective physical weed control in processing tomatoes. A conventional weed management system incorporating herbicides was compared with an alternative system relying exclusively on physical control during three growing seasons (2006–2008) on a farm located near Pisa, Italy. The crop was transplanted mechanically onto paired rows. The conventional strategy consisted of three different chemical treatments, two post-transplanting PTO-powered rotary hoe passes and several hand-weeding treatments on the paired rows. The alternative system included a stale seedbed technique (performed by a rolling harrow pass and one flaming treatment), two post-transplanting precision hoeing treatments and several hand-weeding treatments. All the machines for the alternative system were adjusted and set up for processing tomatoes transplanted in paired rows. Each physical treatment (mechanical and thermal) within the alternative system allowed an ‘instantaneous’ (just before/just after) weed control from 50 to 100%, while the alternative strategy as a whole achieved values of weed dry biomass at harvest ranging from 22 to 126 g m−2. However, the alternative system required a total labor input that averaged 50% higher than the conventional strategy. The conventional system had on average more effective weed control than the alternative system, but both strategies controlled weeds effectively. Weed biomass at harvest averaged 36 and 68 g m−2 for conventional and alternative strategies, respectively. On the other hand, the alternative system generally led to a significant increase in fresh crop yield (+13% average yield for the 3 years).
Urban Areas and Climate Change
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie 
Published: January 2011

Half of the world's population lives in urban areas today, and 80% of the world's population is predicted to be city dwelling by 2030. The urban heat island effect, in which cities are several degrees warmer than their surrounding areas, is therefore likely to increase along with increasing urbanization.Scientists at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting last week discussed new research on urban areas and climate change. A.‐L. Beaulant of Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM), Météo‐France, used modeling studies to predict characteristics of future heat waves in the Paris metropolitan area. In a scenario in which emissions continue torise, she found that there could be three heat waves per year on average between 2075 and 2099. With some emissions mitigation, there might be two heat waves per year during that time, compared with only one heat wave every 4 years on average now
A new view of solar flares
Authors: Showstack Randy , Tretkoff Ernie 
Published: January 2011

Results from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) spacecraft provide new insights that could establish a link between explosions that occur at different areas of the solar surface at the same time. Previously, it had been thought that explosions on the Sun were caused by changes in the local magnetic field at the area where the flare occurred, but for decades researchers have observed “sympathetic flares” that erupt at the same time but are not obviously connected.The new research, described at a press conference at the AGU Fall Meeting last week, shows that the complicated changes of the Sun's magnetic field connect activity over large areas of the Sun's surface, so that solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) erupting from distant areas of the Sun may be linked by the same magnetic field activity. In the case of an event observed by SDO on 1 August 2010, eruptions as far apart as the diameter of the Sun were found to be connected.
Forests at risk
Authors: Showstack Randy , Tretkoff Ernie 
Published: January 2011

The forests of the southwestern United States are especially vulnerable to climate change, according to studies presented at the AGU Fall Meeting. Park Williams of the University of California, Santa Barbara and colleagues compared tree ring growth records from the Southwest to climate records. The records show a clear correlation between growth rate and temperature and growth rate and precipitation, with tree growth rates slowing during hotter and drier years. The researchers concluded that southwestern United States forests are particularly sensitive to heat and drought.A global overview of tree death presented at the meeting showed that the American Southwest is not the only vulnerable region. Craig Allen of the U.S. Geological Survey reported that there have been episodes of significant tree death around the world in recent decades and suggested that these die‐offs are likely linked to climate‐induced stress. Such losses could increase as warming continues. “No forest type on this planet is immune to drought and heat‐induced mortality,” said Allen.
Prioritizing Global Observations Along Essential Climate Variables
Authors: Bojinski Stephan , Richter Carolin 
Published: January 2011

The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Secretariat, housed within the World Meteorological Organization, released in August 2010 updated guidance for priority actions worldwide in support of observations of GCOS Essential Climate Variables (ECVs). This guidance states that full achievement of the recommendations in the 2010 Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos‐138.pdf) is required to ensure that countries are able to understand and predict climate change and its impacts and manage their response throughout the 21st century and beyond.GCOS is sponsored by the United Nations and the International Council for Science (ICSU) and is an internationally coordinated network of observing systems and a program of activities that support and improve the network, which is designed to meet evolving national and international requirements for climate observations. One of the main objectives of GCOS is to sustain observations into the future to allow evaluation of how climate is changing, so that informed decisions can be made on prevention, mitigation, and adaptation strategies. GCOS priorities are based on the belief that observations are crucial to supporting the research needed to refine understanding of the climate system and its changes, to initialize predictions on time scales out to decades, and to develop the models used to make these predictions and longer‐term scenario‐based projections. Observations are also needed to assess social and economic vulnerabilities and to support related actions needed across a broad range of societal sectors by underpinning emerging climate services.
Diagnosis of deep‐seated lymphomas by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration combined with flow cytometry
Authors: Stacchini A. , Carucci P. , Pacchioni D. , Accinelli G. , Demurtas A. , Aliberti S. , Bosco M. , Bruno M. , Balbo Mussetto A. , Rizzetto M. , Bussolati G. , De Angelis C. 
Published: January 2011

A. Stacchini, P. Carucci, D. Pacchioni, G. Accinelli, A. Demurtas, S. Aliberti, M. Bosco, M. Bruno, A. Balbo Mussetto, M. Rizzetto, G. Bussolati and C. De Angelis  Diagnosis of deep‐seated lymphomas by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration combined with flow cytometryObjective:  Although endoscopic ultrasound combined with fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) is rapidly becoming the preferred diagnostic approach for the sampling and diagnosis of gastrointestinal and mediastinal malignancies, there are limited data as to its use in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders. Therefore, we carried out a retrospective evaluation of the performance of EUS‐guided FNA combined with flow cytometry (FC) as a tool to improve overall sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of lymphoma.Methods:  Of 1560 patients having EUS‐guided FNA during the period of the study, a total of 56 patients were evaluated by cytology with FC after EUS‐FNA. There was adequate material to perform FC analysis for all but one case.Results:  EUS‐FNA‐FC gave a diagnosis of lymphoma in 11 cases and of reactive lymphadenopathy in 20. A specific histological type was defined by FC alone in eight cases. The remaining cases were diagnosed later by cytology and cell block sections: 13 carcinomas, nine granulomatous lymphadenopathies and one mediastinal extramedullary haematopoiesis. One case was considered only suspicious for lymphoma on cytology and FC but was not confirmed on molecular analysis and one had insufficient material for FC.Conclusions:  Our results show that a combination of EUS‐FNA‐FC is a feasible and highly accurate method, which may be used for the diagnosis and subtyping of deep‐seated lymphoma, providing a significant improvement to cytomorphology alone both for diagnosis and treatment planning, as long as immunocytochemistry is available for non‐lymphoma cases.
A systematic review of randomised controlled trials of the effects of warmed irrigation fluid on core body temperature during endoscopic surgeries
Authors: Jin Yinghui , Tian Jinhui , Sun Mei , Yang Kehu 
Published: January 2011

Aims and objectives.  The purpose of this systematic review was to establish whether warmed irrigation fluid temperature could decrease the drop of body temperature and incidence of shivering and hypothermia.Background.  Irrigation fluid, which is used in large quantities during endoscopic surgeries at room temperature, is considered to be associated with hypothermia and shivering. It remains controversial whether using warmed irrigation fluid to replace room‐temperature irrigation fluid will decrease the drop of core body temperature and the occurrence of hypothermia.Design.  A comprehensive search (computerised database searches, footnote chasing, citation chasing) was undertaken to identify all the randomised controlled trials that explored temperature of irrigation fluid in endoscopic surgery. An approach involving meta‐analysis was used.Method.  We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, SCI, China academic journals full‐text databases, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese scientific journals databases and Chinese Medical Association Journals for trials that meet the inclusion criteria. Study quality was assessed using standards recommended by Cochrane Library Handbook 5.0.1. Disagreement was resolved by consensus.Results.  Thirteen randomised controlled trials including 686 patients were identified. The results showed that room‐temperature irrigation fluid caused a greater drop of core body temperature in patients, compared to warmed irrigation fluid (p < 0·00001; I2 = 85%). The occurrence of shivering [odds ratio (OR) 5·13, 95% CI: 2·95–10·19, p < 0·00001; I2 = 0%] and hypothermia (OR 22·01, 95% CI: 2·03–197·08, p = 0·01; I2 = 64%) in the groups having warmed irrigation fluid were lower than the group of studies having room‐temperature fluid.Conclusions.  In endoscopic surgeries, irrigation fluid is recommended to be warmed to decrease the drop of core body temperature and the risk of perioperative shivering and hypothermia.Relevance to clinical practice.  Warming irrigating fluid should be considered standard practice in all endoscopic surgeries.
Workplace mentor support for Foundation degree students: a hermeneutic phenomenological study
Authors: Wareing Mark 
Published: January 2011

Aims and objectives.  This paper presents findings from a small piece of interpretive research into the lived experience of trained nurses who fulfilled the role of workplace mentors for Foundation degree students. The interprofessional landscape of workplace learning is also examined.Background.  The participants were all employed in acute care settings in a large UK National Health Service hospital and provided mentorship to Healthcare Assistants studying the adult pathway of a Foundation degree in Health and Social Care; in preparation for the role of the Assistant Practitioner.Design.  A purposive sample of eight workplace mentors (who had supported at least one Foundation degree student) were interviewed using a semi‐structured questionnaire.Method.  All interviews were audio recorded and subsequently transcribed. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to uncover the lived experience of workplace mentors and 10 major themes were generated from the data.Results.  The findings suggest that the mentorship of work‐based learners presents mentors with a range of challenges that are quite different from pre‐registration students given the situatedness of the learner in their clinical team.Conclusion.  While the mentorship of work‐based learners in busy clinical environments is challenging, the relationship between mentor and mentee appears to have greater equality due to the situatedness of the student in the clinical team. As a result workplace mentors seem to benefit from a relationship lacking in the hierarchical features that characterise traditional mentoring. Awareness of the unique experience of work‐based learners and mentors needs to be raised, particularly where students are seeking to complete their Foundation degree to emerge as Assistant Practitioners.Relevance to clinical practice.  Trained nurses undertaking the role of workplace mentor in support of Foundation degree students, do so to provide coaching that (in a developmental relationship), places them in the vanguard of an emerging professional group; the Assistant Practitioner.