bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
William Perceval Hunter (1812–1878), forgotten English student of dinosaurs-to-be and of Wealden rocks
Authors: Torrens H. S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the tragic life of William Perceval (wrongly Percival) Hunter (1812–1878), who was active right across natural history in the period 1828–1841. He was a nephew of the ‘father of American Geology’, William Maclure, but, despite this, has been completely forgotten. He produced a number of books and papers, some of which discussed what were to become dinosaurs in 1842, and the Wealden, and adjoining rocks, which had produced so many of them. Hunter was, notably, one of the first to draw attention to the Isle of Wight as a favoured fossil locality for these, among the many other natural history topics he covered. His problems were initially his itinerancy, then his failure to complete projects, coupled with their publication privately, obscurely and abroad. But the major problem comes from his forgotten end; first, in a Scottish medical ‘confinement’ from 1841 and, finally, within a major asylum there, until 1878. This left him unable to complete his projects and with an indelible mark on any reputation he might have acquired.
Life and ideas of Giovanni Capellini (1833–1922): a palaeontological revolution in Italy
Authors: Fanti Federico 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDuring the nineteenth century Europe and then America were the focal points for major advances in the study of palaeontology and the great, often acrimonious, debate on evolutionary theory. Natural history was one of the great educational disciplines of the day and those involved were part of an educated elite who practised as medics, clergymen, chemists and anatomists. Some were shy and retiring, others forceful even bombastic, sometimes evil by intent. Many were driven by fame and it was their wish to discover the best, the biggest and the most important specimens they could get their hands on. Others were great orators who could defend a cause; some were the first of many who became diligent and careful in the collection and storage of material or brilliant field scientists who taught us the importance of observation, data gathering and interpretation of sedimentary successions worldwide. Being considered worthy of joining such an elite social, scientific circle was an immense tribute to their contribution to the natural sciences. It was an honour denied William Smith who lacked the educational background of the middle classes of the time, but given in abundance to the Italian scientist Giovanni Capellini who was born into an upper middle-class Italian family and who received a classic ecclesiastical training before venturing into the natural sciences.Supplementary material:A list of selected publications by Giovanni Capellini (1858–1907) is available athttp://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18417.
Alan Jack Charig (1927–1997): an overview of his academic accomplishments and role in the world of fossil reptile research
Authors: Moody Richard T. J. , Naish Darren 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Alan Jack Charig was Curator of Fossil Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds at the British Museum (Natural History) from 1961 to 1987. We here review his academic accomplishments and the impact of his work within vertebrate palaeontology. His position gave him considerable influence in the discussion of emerging theories and in how vertebrate palaeontology was portrayed to the public. His main areas of scientific interest included biogeography and faunal provinces, the evolution of an erect gait in archosaurs, the systematics and diversity of Triassic proterosuchians, erythrosuchians and their relatives, and the origin of dinosaurs. Besides Triassic archosaurs, ornithischian, theropod and sauropodomorph dinosaurs, he published on gastropods, amphisbaenians and plesiosaurs. While he did produce some lasting contributions to the literature, it is telling that he failed to publish the specimen-based analyses he apparently planned to, despite citations of ‘in press’ manuscripts. Between the 1970s and 1990s Alan opposed or offered alternatives to many emerging theories and schools of thought. He is best described as ‘conservative’ in terms of his views on palaeontological controversies and his opinions would not conform with those favoured by the majority of palaeontologists today. He was highly critical of the concept of dinosaur monophyly, the dinosaurian origin of birds, of the division of archosaurs into a crocodilian and bird-dinosaur clade, and of cladistics. Several of his papers are ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) submissions, published in order to clear up taxonomic problems, and they served to bring nomenclatural stability. Contradicting views exist of him as a scientist and a popularist. He has, not without contradiction, been described as intellectually arrogant, most clubbable, humorous, charming, an academic snob, political and meticulous. His lasting fame, however, is that very few of us live to be referred to as the ‘Carl Sagan of the BBC’ or have the good fortune to describe a dinosaur as important as
Baryonyx
.
Forgotten women in an extinct saurian (man's) world
Authors: Turner Susan , Burek Cynthia V. , Moody Richard T. J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Despite dinosaurs becoming significant ‘icons’ in our culture, few women have made major contributions to the study of fossil vertebrates, especially reptilian taxonomy, by specializing in the dinosaurs and related ‘saurians’. Most who were involved over the first 150 years were not professional palaeontologists but instead wives, daughters and pure (and usually unpaid) amateurs. Here we salute some 40 of them, showing how some kept alive childhood dreams and others fell into the subject involuntarily. As usual nineteenth-century female practitioners are virtually unknown in this area except for one icon, Dorset girl Mary Anning of Lyme Regis, who significantly contributed to the palaeontology. Only in the early twentieth century did women such as Tilly Edinger conduct research with an evolutionary agenda. Before the modern post-1960s era, beginning with Mignon Talbot, few were scientists or conducting research; others such as Mary Ann Woodhouse, Arabella Buckley, the Woodward sisters, Nelda Wright were artists, photographers and/or writers, scientifically illustrating and/or popularizing dinosaurs. Like many other women, they often battled to get from first base to job, appear fleetingly in the literature then disappear; or exist as anonymous presences behind eminent men. In contrast, the modern era offers better prospects for those wanting to pursue dinosaurs and their relatives, even if it means volunteering for a dino dig, watching a live ‘Time team’-type dinosaur dig on TV or entering the Big Virtual Saurian World now on the Internet. This paper considers the problems and highlights the achievements of the oft-forgotten women.

Supplementary material:

Additional references and list of books and publications by or about deceased women related to ‘saurians’, including these mentioned in the text, are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18419
.
Wilhelm (Guillermo) Schulz and the earliest discoveries of dinosaurs and marine reptiles in Spain
Authors: Suberbiola Xabier Pereda , Ruiz-Omeñaca José-Ignacio , Bardet Nathalie , Piñuela Laura , García-Ramos José-Carlos 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Wilhelm Schulz (1805–1877), known in Spain as Guillermo Schulz, was one of the most outstanding representatives of the geology and mining industry in Spain during the nineteenth century. Schulz is, likewise, the author detailing the first discoveries of dinosaurs and marine reptiles in Spain. In 1858 Schulz described a supposed dinosaur tooth from the Jurassic of Ruedes (Asturias) as belonging to a shark. Schulz's description, mainly the occurrence of crenulated edges, suggests that the tooth was that of a large theropod. It probably comes from the altered grey marls of the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) Lastres Formation. Although the exact year of the discovery before 1858 is not known, the Ruedes tooth (currently lost) is presumably the earliest known discovery of a dinosaur body fossil in the Iberian Peninsula. Moreover,
Schulz mentioned in 1858
the discovery of plesiosaur remains from the Liassic near Villaviciosa (Asturias). The material probably comes from the Pliensbachian marls and limestone rhythmites (Jamesoni zone) of the Rodiles Formation. As no figure was provided and the specimen is currently lost, we have no definitive certainty about its affinities. However, it represents the earliest marine reptile fossil found in Spain.
The history of dinosaur collecting in central India, 1828–1947
Authors: Carrano Matthew T. , Wilson Jeffrey A. , Barrett Paul M. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The history of dinosaur collecting in central India (former Central Provinces and Central India Agency) began in 1828 when W. H. Sleeman discovered isolated sauropod caudal vertebrae in the Lameta Formation near Jabalpur. Subsequently, the area became a focal point for fossil collection, leading to a series of further discoveries that continues today.
The earliest discoveries were made by numerous collectors for whom palaeontology was a secondary pursuit, and who were employed in the armed forces (W. H. Sleeman and W. T. Nicolls), medicine (G. G. Spilsbury) or as geologists (T. Oldham, H. B. Medlicott, T. W. H. Hughes and C. A. Matley). Most of their finds were concentrated around Jabalpur or farther south near Pisdura and often consisted of isolated, surface-collected bones.
Charles Matley undertook the two most extensive collecting efforts, in 1917–1919 and 1932–1933 (Percy Sladen Trust Expedition). As a result he discovered significant deposits of dinosaurs on Bara Simla and Chhota Simla, revisited Pisdura, and mapped the Lameta Formation. Many new dinosaur taxa resulted from Matley's studies, which still represent most of the known Lameta Formation dinosaur fauna. Current scientific understanding places these fossils among the Sauropoda (as titanosaurians) and Theropoda (as abelisaurids and noasaurids). Early reports of armoured ornithischians were erroneous; these materials also pertain to sauropods and theropods.

Supplementary material:

A list of the archival documents in the Natural History Museum, London that were used for this study is available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18418
.
Design of the Coronary ARtery DIsease Genome-Wide Replication And Meta-Analysis (CARDIoGRAM) Study
Authors: Preuss Michael , König Inke R. , Thompson John R. , Erdmann Jeanette , Absher Devin , Assimes Themistocles L. , Blankenberg Stefan , Boerwinkle Eric , Chen Li , Cupples L. Adrienne , Hall Alistair S. , Halperin Eran , Hengstenberg Christian , Holm Hilma , Laaksonen Reijo , Li Mingyao , März Winfried , McPherson Ruth , Musunuru Kiran , Nelson Christopher P. , Susan Burnett Mary , Epstein Stephen E. , O'Donnell Christopher J. , Quertermous Thomas , Rader Daniel J. , Roberts Robert , Schillert Arne , Stefansson Kari , Stewart Alexandre F.R. , Thorleifsson Gudmar , Voight Benjamin F. , Wells George A. , Ziegler Andreas , Kathiresan Sekar , Reilly Muredach P. , Samani Nilesh J. , Schunkert Heribert 
Published: October 2010

Background—
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of myocardial infarction (MI) and other forms of coronary artery disease (CAD) have led to the discovery of at least 13 genetic loci. In addition to the effect size, power to detect associations is largely driven by sample size. Therefore, to maximize the chance of finding novel susceptibility loci for CAD and MI, the Coronary ARtery DIsease Genome-wide Replication And Meta-analysis (CARDIoGRAM) consortium was formed.

Methods and Results—

CARDIoGRAM combines data from all published and several unpublished GWAS in individuals with European ancestry; includes >22 000 cases with CAD, MI, or both and >60 000 controls; and unifies samples from the Atherosclerotic Disease VAscular functioN and genetiC Epidemiology study, CADomics, Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology, deCODE, the German Myocardial Infarction Family Studies I, II, and III, Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Heath Study/AtheroRemo, MedStar, Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium, Ottawa Heart Genomics Study, PennCath, and the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genotyping was carried out on Affymetrix or Illumina platforms followed by imputation of genotypes in most studies. On average, 2.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms were generated per study. The results from each study are combined using meta-analysis. As proof of principle, we meta-analyzed risk variants at 9p21 and found that rs1333049 confers a 29% increase in risk for MI per copy (
P
=2×10
−20
).

Conclusion—
CARDIoGRAM is poised to contribute to our understanding of the role of common genetic variation on risk for CAD and MI.
Mehran Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Risk Score Predicts Short- and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients With ST-Elevation–Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Sgura Fabio A. , Bertelli Luca , Monopoli Daniel , Leuzzi Chiara , Guerri Elisa , Spartà Ilaria , Politi Luigi , Aprile Alessandro , Amato Andrea , Rossi Rosario , Biondi-Zoccai Giuseppe , Sangiorgi Giuseppe M. , Modena Maria G. 
Published: October 2010

Background—
The Mehran Risk Score (MRS) has been demonstrated to be clinically useful for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after nonurgent percutaneous coronary intervention. We aim to validate the MRS in the setting of Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for prediction of both CIN and short- and long-term clinical outcomes.

Methods and Results—

We assigned 891 consecutive patients with ST-elevation–myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention to 4 groups of risk of CIN (RC) according to MRS (low, medium, high, and very high risk). We evaluated CIN, death, and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events after 25 months' mean follow-up. At multivariable analysis, mortality in very high-risk group was more than 10-fold higher (hazard ratio [HR], 10.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.83 to 21.1;
P
<0.001) when compared with the low-risk group and was also increased in the high-risk group (HR, 6.31; 95% CI, 3.28 to 12.14;
P
<0.001) and medium-risk group (HR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.83 to 5.51;
P
<0.001). Similarly, an increasing effect was seen across MRS strata for major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events both in the very high-risk group (HR, 3.79; 95% CI, 2.27 to 6.6.32;
P
<0.001), high-risk group (HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.31 to 2.75;
P
=0.001), and medium-risk group (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.85;
P
=0.007). In addition, the HR for rehospitalization increased with the increasing RC groups (HR, 3.32; 95%CI, 1.96 to 5.63;
P
<0.001; HR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.35 to 7.20;
P
=0.008; HR, 7.73; 95% CI, 2.97 to 20.10;
P
<0.001, respectively). The odds ratio for CIN was 2.84 (95% CI, 1.16 to 6.92;
P
=0.021) in the very high RC group, 1.33 (95% CI, 0.68 to 2.61;
P
=0.398) in the high RC group, and 1.10 (95% CI, 0.67 to 1.79;
P
=0.699) in the medium RC group, as compared with the lower one.

Conclusions—
The MRS may be applied in the primary angioplasty setting population and is able to predict CIN and to stratify patients for poor clinical outcomes both in the short- and long-term follow-up.
Population Impact of Heart Failure and the Most Common Forms of Cancer
Authors: Stewart Simon , Ekman Inger , Ekman Tor , Odén Anders , Rosengren Annika 
Published: October 2010

Background—
The contemporary impact of heart failure (HF) versus the most common forms of cancer as reflected by related first-ever hospitalizations and subsequent case-fatality rates is unknown.

Methods and Results—
Using a national registry in Sweden, we compared the rate of first-ever hospitalization and associated short- and long-term survival for HF, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and the most common forms of cancer on an age and sex-specific basis during 1988 to 2004 in 949 733 Swedish patients (1 162 309 hospital admissions in total). Annual incidence of first-ever hospitalization for HF, AMI, and cancer in Sweden were 484, 424, and 373 (lung, colorectal, prostate, and bladder cancer combined) per 100 000 men and 470, 280, and 350 (lung, colorectal, bladder, breast, and ovarian cancer combined) per 100 000 women age >20 years. The ratio of individual cases of HF to cancer was 1.37:1 (465 998 versus 340 738). Despite improvements in 30-day and 5-year survival (adjusted 7% and 6% increase per calendar year for men and women, respectively), HF was associated with unadjusted case-fatality rate of 59% within 5 years and 196 400 deaths versus 58% and 131 000 deaths in patients with cancer. During 10-year follow-up, HF was associated with 66 318 versus 55 364 premature life-years lost than all common forms of cancer in men. In women, the equivalent figures were 59 535 versus 64 533 premature life-years lost.

Conclusions—
These data confirm that, like most common forms of cancer combined, HF exerts a major health burden in respect to age-adjusted rates of first hospitalization, poor overall survival, and premature life-years lost.
Impact of Elevated Cystatin C Level on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Predominantly High Cardiovascular Risk Populations
Authors: Lee Meng , Saver Jeffrey L. , Huang Wen-Hung , Chow Jessica , Chang Kuo-Hsuan , Ovbiagele Bruce 
Published: October 2010

Background—
Chronic kidney disease is a growing public health problem that carries substantial risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Single studies have differentially examined the role of cystatin C, a novel renal index, with varying cut-point use. We undertook a meta-analysis of prospective studies to properly assess the link between cystatin C (dichotomized and continuous) versus CVD.

Methods and Results—

Systematic literature search for studies reporting a multivariate-adjusted estimate, represented as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), of the association between cystatin C and subsequent risk of (1) any CVD event and (2) specific CVD events. Data were collated from 14 studies, with 13 high cardiovascular risk population cohorts and 1 general population cohort, involving 22 509 subjects with 2321 CVD events, 741 coronary heart disease events, and 828 stroke events. Highest cystatin C category versus lowest was associated with greater risk of CVD (RR, 2.62; 95% CI, 2.05 to 3.37,
P
<0.001), coronary heart disease (RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.27 to 2.34;
P
<0.001), and stroke (RR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.12 to 3.00;
P
=0.02) after adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors. Each standard deviation rise in cystatin C concentration boosted CVD risk (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.51;
P
<0.001). Highest cystatin C category was also independently linked to greater risk of all-cause mortality and heart failure.

Conclusions—
The meta-analysis, mostly derived from high cardiovascular populations, showed that cystatin C is strongly and independently associated with subsequent CVD risk. Further investigation is warranted to clarify whether measurement of cystatin C can usefully enhance CVD stratification beyond established predictors already in clinical use.
Trends in Mortality of Acute Myocardial Infarction After Discharge From the Hospital
Authors: Kostis William J. , Deng Yingzi , Pantazopoulos John S. , Moreyra Abel E. , Kostis John B. ,   for the Myocardial Infarction Data Acquisition System (MIDAS14) Study Group
Published: October 2010

Background—
We assessed trends in the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction hospitalized in New Jersey hospitals. In recent decades, in-hospital mortality has declined markedly but the decline in longer-term mortality is less pronounced, implying that mortality after discharge has worsened.

Methods and Results—

Using the Myocardial Infarction Data Acquisition System (MIDAS), we examined the outcomes of 285 397 patients hospitalized for a first acute myocardial infarction between 1986 and 2007. Mortality at discharge decreased by 9.4% from 16.9% to 7.5% (annual change, −0.44; 95% confidence interval, −0.49 to −0.40), but the decrease at 1 year was less pronounced (6.4%) because of an increase in mortality from discharge to 1 year after discharge (from 12.1% to 13.9%; annual change, +0.15; 95% confidence interval, +0.10 to +0.20). Mortality from 30 days after discharge to 1 year, a measure not affected by length of stay, increased by 1.2% (annual change, +0.10; 95% confidence interval, +0.06 to +0.23). The effect was more evident in the older age groups and was due to noncardiovascular mortality, especially from respiratory and renal diseases, septicemia, and cancer. All effects remained statistically significant (
P
<0.0001) after adjustment for demographics, comorbidities, infarction type, complications, and interventions. Piecewise linear regressions confirmed these trends.

Conclusions—
Postdischarge mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction is increasing, primarily because of higher noncardiovascular mortality in the older age groups.
An ANZAC1-Indo-Russian Alliance?
Authors: Bolton Kerry R. 
Published: October 2010

Since the implosion of the Soviet bloc, a ‘unipolar’ world has emerged around the USA, challenged by an Islamic bloc. The USA takes advantage of this Islamic opposition to vigorously pursue its world policies in the name of ‘the war on terrorism’ this being the guise by which President George H.W. Bush announced the intention of leading the United Nations into a ‘new world order’. Russia and China have attempted to confront this mono-polar post-Cold War situation by forming a pact between each other and bordering states, the Central Asia and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. This holds out the prospect of a Eurasian bloc to confront the world hegemony of the USA, which seeks to draw to it the European Union and return Europe to the subordinate role she played vis-é-vis the USA during the Cold War, pushed into coming under the US orbit by the fear of Warsaw Pact invasion. It is by no means clear that the USA has a long-range commitment to containing China, despite its anti-China lobby. There has for decades existed a pro-China lobby, including some of the USA’s leading political and business figures, one of whose public manifestations is the Trilateral Commission created by David Rockefeller. These ‘Trilateralists’, et al. see the creation of regional blocs as the prelude to a ‘new world order’, and one such bloc is envisaged as being that of an Asian economic community along similar lines to that of the European Union. The expanding economic, military and diplomatic influence of China and the recent emergence of India as a rival power in Asia have wide geopolitical implications that involve Russia. Between these powers and the possibility of military confrontation over water resources, the traditionally ‘Western’ societies of Australia and New Zealand have placed their futures in a China-dominated Asian bloc, in the belief that their export-driven economies can only thrive in such a vast market. This article proposes a radical new alliance away from a China-dominated Asia and towards an Indo-Russian orientation. The methodology, including points of difference, is inspired by Professor Alexander Dugin’s ‘Eurasian’ geopolitical paradigm.