bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological Activity of Some Cyanobiphenyl Derivatives
Authors: Yoshizawa Atsushi , Takahashi Yuuka , Nishizawa Ayumi , Takeuchi Kazuhito , Sagisaka Masanobu , Takahashi Kenji , Hazawa Masaharu , Kashiwakura Ikuo 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
We investigated biological activity of a homologous series of 4-cyano-4′-(ω-hydroxyalkyloxy)biphenyl. The amphiphilic compounds with a nematic phase were found to exhibit marked inhibition of cell proliferation of A549 human lung carcinoma cell lines, although they showed no such inhibition against WI-38 normal fibroblast cell lines under identical conditions.
Pulsed Ultrasound Effect on DNA Polymerase Reaction Monitored on a QCM
Authors: Kawasaki Takayoshi , Toyoda Momoko , Hoshino Yu , Okahata Yoshio 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
DNA polymerase reaction under pulsed ultrasound irradiation was investigated on a DNA-immobilized quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM), and the 240-kHz ultrasound irradiation pulsed at 20 s−1 increased the polymerization reactivity owing to the increase of the stability of the DNA/polymerase/monomer complex, although the continuous irradiation decreases the stability.
Innovations in coaching and mentoring: implications for nurse leadership development
Authors: Fielden Sandra L , Davidson Marilyn J , Sutherland Valerie J 
Published: April 2009

This longitudinal study sought to examine ways in which coaching and mentoring relationships impact on the professional development of nurses in terms of career and leadership behaviours, and evaluating the differences and similarities between those coaching and mentoring relationships. According to the UK government, leadership in nursing is essential to the improvement of service delivery, and the development and training of all nurses is vital in achieving effective change. A coaching and mentoring programme was used to explore the comparative advantages of these two approaches for the leadership development of nurses in acute, primary care and mental health settings. A longitudinal in-depth study was conducted to measure differences and similarities between the mentoring and coaching process as a result of a six-month coaching/mentoring programme. Five nurses from six UK Health Care Trusts were allocated to a coaching group ( n = 15) or a mentoring group ( n = 15), these were coached or mentored by a member of the senior directorate from their own Trust. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected at three time points (T1 = baseline, T2 = 4 months and T3 = 9 months) using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. While mentoring was perceived to be ‘support’ and coaching was described as ‘action’, descriptions of the actual process and content were quite similar. However, while both groups reported significant development in terms of career development, leadership skills and capabilities, mentees reported the highest level of development with significantly higher scores in eight areas of leadership and management and in three areas of career impact. Implications for nurses and health services are discussed.
Effect of enzymatic digestion on thallus degradation and extraction of hydrosoluble compounds from Grateloupia turuturu
Authors: Denis Claire , Morançais Michèle , Gaudin Pierre , Fleurence Joël 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The extraction of metabolites of industrial interest from seaweed tissue is difficult due to the presence of anionic polysaccharides in the cell walls. We studied enzymatic digestion of Grateloupia turuturu (Rhodophyta) to facilitate extraction of the desired metabolites from this seaweed. Four polysaccharidases (Onozuka R-10 cellulase, agarase, κ- and ι-carrageenases) were used alone and in combination. We studied the efficiency of the enzymatic process in degrading the seaweed thallus; we also investigated the effect of the enzymatic treatment on solubilization of R-phycoerythrin and reducing sugars. The best degradation conditions for Grateloupia thalli were obtained with cellulase alone (0.48 U ml-1), or with a combination of cellulase/κ-carrageenase. However, only the combination cellulase (0.08 U ml-1)/κ-carrageenase (0.01 U ml-1), or the individual enzymes [agarase or ι-carrageenase at low concentration (0.55 U ml-1 and 2.5×10-3 U ml-1)] improved solubilization of R-phycoerythrin compared to the control conditions. The simultaneous use of polysaccharidases enabled solubilization of a large quantity of reducing sugars (40 mg glu g-1 dw). Therefore, this condition appears suitable for the production of oligosaccharides. This result also confirms indirectly the presence of agar, cellulose, κ- and ι-carrageenans in the cell wall of Grateloupia turuturu.
Critical Evaluation of Determining Swelling Pressure by Swell-Load Method and Constant Volume Method
Authors: Nagaraj H. B. , Munnas M. Mohammed , Sridharan A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
For any construction activity in expansive soils, determination of swelling pressure/heave is an essential step. Though many attempts have been made to develop laboratory procedures by using the laboratory one-dimensional oedometer to determine swelling pressure of expansive soils, they are reported to yield varying results. The main reason for these variations could be heterogeneous moisture distribution of the sample over its thickness. To overcome this variation the experimental procedure should be such that the soil gets fully saturated. Attempts were made to introduce vertical sand drains in addition to the top and bottom drains. In this study five and nine vertical sand drains were introduced to experimentally find out the variations in the swell and swelling pressure. The variations in the moisture content at middle, top, and bottom of the sample in the oedometer test are also reported. It is found that swell-load method is better as compared to zero-swell method. Further, five number of vertical sand drains are found to be sufficient to obtain uniform moisture content distribution.
Considering the Body-Centered Cubic Lattice Parameter of α-Fe Alloys versus Concentrations of Solved Elements
Authors: Filippova V. P. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The present work considers possibilities of mathematics for separating roles of certain solved elements in influencing the body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice period of α-Fe alloys. The used approach is based on the Vegard’s law describing a lattice parameter of a solid solution as a linear function of its components concentrations. Binary and ternary α-Fe alloys involving low concentrations of alloying elements and impurities were prepared without expensive and extensive metallurgical methods of purification. Based on equilibrium phase diagrams of binary systems, conditions of quenching from a single-phase field were chosen for each alloy to provide maximum solubility of its components. The lattice period of the alloys was investigated by standard X-ray analysis and then approximated by linear function of several variables. As a result, there were obtained linear coefficients characterizing the influence of P, S, Si, Sn, Al, Ni, Cr, Mo, B on the period of the BCC lattice of α-Fe.
Measurement and Simulation of Thermal Stability of Poly(Lactic Acid) by Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Yang Mu-Hoe , Lin Yeuh-Hui 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The thermal degradation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biopolymer was studied as used by the thermogravimetry analyzer in a nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature range of 100–500°C. The reaction was found under these experimental conditions to be of first order with an activation energy of 94.0 and 105.3 kJ/mole and pre-exponential factor 6.43×105 and 1.91×106 1/s, respectively. Slight differences have been found in activation energy depending on the analytical methods used and reported in other previous articles. It was found that the activation energy of thermal degradation increased with increasing the molecular weight of PLA. Moreover, the behaviors involved in the thermal degradation of PLA in nitrogen atmosphere were studied by using the numerical simulation of the kinetic model to dynamical thermogravimetric data. The maximum decomposition temperature, shape index for dynamic condition and life, and degree of decomposition for the isothermal condition of thermal behavior of PLA are predicted via mathematical simulation in this study.
In situ synthesis and crystal growth of copper(I) carbonyl trifluoroacetate: a dinuclear [Cu2(O2CCF3)2(CO)2] core structure confirmed
Authors: Sevryugina Yulia , Petrukhina Marina A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The solid state structure of the long known but inadequately characterized compound, namely the mixed ligand copper(I) carbonyl trifluoroacetate, [Cu2(O2CCF3)2(CO)2] (1), has been determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Instead of the previously assigned tetranuclear core structure, its main building block is now confirmed to be a dinuclear copper(I) unit that is cis-bridged by two trifluoroacetate ligands. The Cu · · · Cu separation within the unit is 3.1382(6) Å. Additionally, each copper center has one terminally bound carbonyl with a Cu–C distance of 1.806(3) Å. In the solid state, 1 displays a 1D chain structure comprised of the [Cu2(μ
2-O2CCF3)2(CO)2] units held by axial Cu · · · O interactions at 2.2181(13) Å.
Neutron and synchrotron X-ray powder study of copper(II) chloride complex with deuterated 1-ethyltetrazole
Authors: Ivashkevich Ludmila S. , Lyakhov Alexander S. , Degtyarik Michail M. , Efimov Vadim V. , Gaponik Pavel N. , Tiutiunnikov Sergey I. , Voitekhovich Sergei V. , Ivashkevich Oleg A. , Yusupov Roman V. , Trots Dmytro M. , Sikolenko Vadim V. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The structure of the copper(II) chloride complex with deuterated 1-ethyltetrazole has been investigated in the temperature range of 2–290 K using neutron and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. The compound was found to exhibit structural transformation at ca. 180 K, without change of space group and main structural motif. At higher temperatures, the complex reveals positional disorder of the ethyl group, whereas no disorder is observed at lower temperatures. Temperature dependence of the lattice parameters, obtained from synchrotron X-ray data, showed main lattice changes at the transformation, explained by structural features of the complex. From the magnetic measurements, the effect of the disorder on paramagnetic behaviour of the compound was found. Detailed structural data of the compound at 2 and 290 K, obtained from neutron powder diffraction data, are reported.
Snf1 Controls the Activity of Adr1 Through Dephosphorylation of Ser230
Authors: Ratnakumar Sooraj , Kacherovsky Nataly , Arms Erin , Young Elton T 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The transcription factors Adr1 and Cat8 act in concert to regulate the expression of numerous yeast genes after the diauxic shift. Their activities are regulated by Snf1, the yeast homolog of the AMP-activated protein kinase of higher eukaryotes. Cat8 is regulated directly by Snf1, but how Snf1 regulates Adr1 is unknown. Mutations in Adr1 that alleviate glucose repression are clustered between amino acids 227 and 239. This region contains a consensus sequence for protein kinase A, RRAS230F, and Ser230 is phosphorylated in vitro by both protein kinase A and Ca++ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Using an antiphosphopeptide antibody, we found that the level of Adr1 phosphorylated on Ser230 was highest in glucose-grown cells and decreased in a Snf1-dependent manner when glucose was depleted. A nonphosphorylatable Ser230Ala mutant was no longer Snf1 dependent for activation of Adr1-dependent genes and could suppress Cat8 dependence at genes coregulated by Adr1 and Cat8. Contrary to expectation, neither protein kinase A (PKA) nor Ca++ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase appeared to have an important role in Ser230 phosphorylation in vivo, and a screen of 102 viable kinase deletion strains failed to identify a candidate kinase. We conclude that either Ser230 is phosphorylated by multiple protein kinases or its kinase is encoded by an essential gene. Using the Ser230Ala mutant, we explain a long-standing observation of synergy between Adr1 constitutive mutants and Snf1 activation and conclude that dephosphorylation of Ser230 via a Snf1-dependent pathway appears to be a major component of Adr1 regulation.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Homicides Among Children in Urban Canada
Authors: Birken Catherine S. , Parkin Patricia C. , To Teresa , Wilkins Russell , Macarthur Colin 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. We sought to determine the influence of neighborhood income on homicides among children living in urban Canada.
METHODS. Homicides among children &lt;15 years of age living in any of Canada's census metropolitan areas in 1996, 1997, or 1998 were identified on the basis of vital statistics death registration data, by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Deaths were assigned to census tracts through postal codes, and the tracts were then assigned to neighborhood income quintiles on the basis of the proportions of the population below the Statistics Canada low-income cutoff values. Census population counts and intercensal population interpolations were used to estimate person-years at risk for rate calculations. Interquintile rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Poisson regression was used to model the effects of neighborhood income quintiles on homicide rates, after adjustment for age.
RESULTS. During the 3-year study period, there were 87 homicides among children &lt;15 years of age in Canada's census metropolitan areas (0.82 cases per 100 000; not statistically different according to gender). The age-adjusted relative risks for the lowest versus highest neighborhood income quintiles were 2.95 for all children &lt;15 years of age and 3.39 for children &lt;5 years of age.
CONCLUSION. Effective child homicide-prevention strategies should be focused on children &lt;5 years of age living in low-income areas.
Prospective Validation of a Clinical Prediction Model for Lyme Meningitis in Children
Authors: Garro Aris C. , Rutman Maia , Simonsen Kari , Jaeger Jenifer L. , Chapin Kimberle , Lockhart Gregory 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. Lyme meningitis is difficult to differentiate from other causes of aseptic meningitis in Lyme disease–endemic regions. Parenteral antibiotics are indicated for Lyme meningitis but not viral causes of aseptic meningitis. A clinical prediction model was developed to distinguish Lyme meningitis from other causes of aseptic meningitis. Our objective was to prospectively validate this model.METHODS. Children between 2 and 18 years of age presenting to Hasbro Children's Hospital from April through October of 2006 and 2007 were enrolled if a lumbar puncture for meningitis showed a cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count of &gt;8 cells per μL. Cerebrospinal fluid was sent for Lyme antibody testing. The probability of Lyme meningitis was calculated by using the percentage of cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells, duration of headache, and presence of cranial neuropathy by using the prediction model. Definite Lyme meningitis cases were defined as cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis with (1) positive Lyme serology confirmed by immunoblot or (2) erythema migrans rash. Possible Lyme meningitis cases were defined as cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis with positive cerebrospinal fluid Lyme antibody. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for definite and possible Lyme meningitis were determined by using 10% increments of calculated probability of Lyme meningitis.RESULTS. Fifty children were enrolled, including 14 children with definite Lyme meningitis, 6 with possible Lyme meningitis, and 30 with aseptic meningitis. A calculated probability of &lt;10% for Lyme meningitis had a negative likelihood ratio of 0.006 for definite and possible Lyme meningitis cases. A calculated probability of &gt;50% for Lyme meningitis had a positive likelihood ratio of 100 using these definitions.CONCLUSIONS. A clinical prediction model using the percentage of cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells, headache duration, and presence of cranial neuropathy can differentiate children with Lyme meningitis from children with aseptic meningitis. Our findings suggest categories of low (&lt;10%), indeterminate (10%–50%), and high (&gt;50%) probability of Lyme meningitis.
Permanent Bilateral Sensory and Neural Hearing Loss of Children After Neonatal Intensive Care Because of Extreme Prematurity: A Thirty-Year Study
Authors: Robertson Charlene M. T. , Howarth Tanis M. , Bork Dietlind L. R. , Dinu Irina A. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. We present population-based, childhood prevalence rates of and neonatal risk factors for permanent hearing loss among extremely premature infants.METHODS. By using an inception-cohort, longitudinal study design for 1974–2003, we studied permanent hearing loss among 1279 survivors with gestational age of ≤28 weeks and birth weight of &lt;1250 g (mortality rate: 42.7%; lost to follow-up monitoring: 4.7%) Newborn hearing screening, performed by experienced pediatric audiologists, used click-evoked auditory brainstem response testing after 1975. Survivors underwent repeated behavioral audiologic testing and multidisciplinary follow-up monitoring. Permanent hearing loss was defined as mild/moderate (26–70 dB hearing level), severe/profound (71 to &gt;90 dB hearing level), delayed-onset (diagnosed after previously normal hearing), or progressive (increase in loss of ≥15 dB hearing level). Permanent hearing loss rates were established at 3 years of age, with newborn, infant, and &gt;5-year final hearing outcomes being recorded. Risk factors were compared for children with and without hearing loss, odds ratios were calculated, and prediction performance was determined through area under the curve analysis.RESULTS. Forty (3.1%) of 1279 survivors 3 years of age had permanent hearing loss and 24 (1.9%) had severe/profound loss, with no changes over time. Bilateral delayed-onset loss occurred for 4 children (10%) and progressive loss for 11 children (28%). One child had auditory neuropathy, and 29 (73%) had multiple disabilities. Prolonged oxygen use, gastrointestinal surgery, patent ductus arteriosus ligation, and low socioeconomic index yielded good prediction of permanent hearing loss; oxygen use was the most significant predictor of severe/profound loss.CONCLUSIONS. Permanent hearing loss remains an adverse outcome of extreme prematurity, complicated by significant delayed-onset and progressive loss. Prolonged supplemental oxygen use is a marker for predicting permanent hearing loss; this requires detailed analysis of the pathophysiologic features, to reduce the prevalence of permanent hearing loss.
Neonatal Blue-Light Phototherapy Does Not Increase Nevus Count in 9-Year-Old Children
Authors: Mahé Emmanuel , Beauchet Alain , Aegerter Philippe , Saiag Philippe 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. One of the most important risk factors for melanoma is the number of acquired common and atypical nevi in childhood. The role played by neonatal blue-light phototherapy in the increasing incidence of common and atypical melanocytic nevi in childhood or adolescence has been discussed recently with discordant results.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. We designed a multicenter study to assess the effects of neonatal blue-light phototherapy on nevus count in a cohort of 9-year-old children. We counted back and arm nevi as a function of size in 828 children included in a French photoprotection educational campaign. History of neonatal phototherapy, phototype, skin, hair and eye color, and sunburn were assessed through questionnaires to which both parents and children responded, and a nevus count was performed by trained nurses blinded to phototherapy history.
RESULTS. Mean nevus count was 16.7 per child. Twenty-two percent of the children had received neonatal blue-light phototherapy. Neonatal phototherapy had no effect on the nevus count irrespective of nevi location, nevi size, or phototype of the children. A light phototype, skin, and hair color; blue/green eyes; and history of sunburn were closely correlated with an increase in nevus count.
CONCLUSIONS. This study found no evidence for a major role of blue-light phototherapy on nevus count in 9-year-old children. It underlines the dominant effect of phototype characteristics and history of sunburn in childhood on the early development of melanocytic nevi.
CHARGE (Coloboma, Heart Defect, Atresia Choanae, Retarded Growth and Development, Genital Hypoplasia, Ear Anomalies/Deafness) Syndrome and Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Comparison of Immunologic and Nonimmunologic Phenotypic Features
Authors: Jyonouchi Soma , McDonald-McGinn Donna M. , Bale Sherri , Zackai Elaine H. , Sullivan Kathleen E. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES. CHARGE (coloboma, heart defect, atresia choanae, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomalies/deafness) syndrome and chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are known to have significant clinical overlap including cardiac anomalies, ear abnormalities, hearing loss, developmental delay, renal abnormalities, and cleft palate. Immunodeficiency has been well documented in 22q11.2 deletion, but there has been limited recognition of this potentially serious complication in CHARGE syndrome. The goals of our study were to identify clinical features unique to CHARGE syndrome or 22q11.2 deletion and to describe the spectrum of immunodeficiency found in patients with CHARGE syndrome.
METHODS. This study included 25 children diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome with positive CHD7 mutations through the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia genetics program. Clinical features and laboratory findings were reviewed retrospectively. We compared our findings to data available for a large cohort of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome followed in our clinical genetics program.
RESULTS. Features found more commonly in CHARGE syndrome included coloboma, choanal atresia, facial nerve palsy, tracheoesophageal fistula, and genital hypoplasia in boys. A high incidence of marked hypocalcemia was observed in our study group (72%). We found a spectrum of cell-mediated immunodeficiency in our study group, which ranged from lymphopenia (60%) to severe combined immunodeficiency (8%). Defects in humoral immunity were documented in 4 patients and included severe hypogammaglobulinemia with decreased T-cell numbers, transient hypogammaglobulinemia during infancy, and immunoglobulin A deficiency.
CONCLUSIONS. The presence of coloboma, choanal atresia, facial nerve palsy, tracheoesophageal fistula, or genital hypoplasia in boys should alert the clinician to the possibility of CHARGE syndrome rather than the 22q11.2 deletion. Molecular testing for CHD7 mutations may help to confirm the diagnosis. In this study, significant hypocalcemia and lymphopenia occurred more frequently in patients with CHARGE syndrome than in those with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Early inclusion of immunologists to the multidisciplinary care team (as with 22q11.2 deletion) may be of great benefit to affected patients.