bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twitch responses with acetylcholine in the isolated innervated and chronically denervated rat diaphragms and their modification by neuromuscular blocking agents
Authors: Paterson Gavin 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The increased sensitivity to acetylcholine after chronic denervation was investigated by retrograde injection of the acetylcholine into the venous drainage of the isolated diaphragm of the rat set up in Krebs solution at 38°. Supersensitivity of the twitch response was observed 3 days after nerve section and developed further to reach a peak at the eighth to tenth day after denervation and then slowly declined with atrophy of the muscle. At the time of the onset of supersensitivity the degenerating peripheral nerve stump failed to respond to electrical stimulation and fibrillation of the muscle was observed. The muscle also responded to acetylcholine and other depolarising drugs by giving a contracture. After denervation, the response to injected acetylcholine was more sensitive to block by depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents but not to block by competitive blocking drugs. Tubocurarine did not cause a stimulation on injection into denervated muscle, while decamethonium gave an acetylcholine-like response. The significance of the observations is discussed.
Chemical fractionation of phosphorus-32 labelled cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus treated with chlorhexidine
Authors: Rye R M , Wiseman David 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method for the chemical fractionation of Micrococcus lysodeikticus into “cold trichloroacetic acid soluble”, alcohol soluble, ribonucleic acid and residual fractions is described. The results of applying this method to untreated and chlorhexidine-treated 32P labelled cells are discussed. In untreated cells the 32P content of the “cold trichloroacetic acid soluble” fraction, which constitutes the metabolic pool, increases at a rate dependent on temperature increase and there is a corresponding decrease in the 32P content of the ribonucleic acid fraction. At the highest temperature, 40°, the increase of 32P in the pool is followed by a decrease due to leakage from the pool. The release of 32P from chlorhexidine-treated cells maintained at 1 °, 20°, 30° and 40° has been measured after 0.5, 2 and 13 hr. There is an initial rapid release which is entirely from the “cold trichloroacetic acid soluble” fraction and a slower secondary release from the ribonucleic acid fraction. This secondary release is almost completely inhibited at 1° and by high (64 and 128 μ.g/ml) chlorhexidine concentrations.
The mechanism underlying potentiation of the pressor action of noradrenaline by some drugs which depress sympathetic tone
Authors: Karim S M M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The potentiation of the action of noradrenaline on the blood pressure of spinal cats by intravenously injected hexamethonium or bretylium and intrathecally injected procaine, all of which depress sympathetic tone, was accompanied by an increase in cardiac output but no significant change in total peripheral resistance. Acute cardiac sympathectomy itself caused increases in cardiac output and in the pressor action of noradrenaline which were similar to those produced by the drugs. After cardiac sympathectomy or after treatment of spinal cats with pronethalol, the blood pressure responses to noradrenaline were not further modified by bretylium, hexamethonium, or intrathecal procaine. It is concluded that potentiation of the pressor action of noradrenaline by these drugs in the spinal cat results from inhibition of cardiac sympathetic tone.
Potential reserpine analogues. Derivatives of reduced isoquinolines and of meconine
Authors: Khan Noorul Haq , Sharp L K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The syntheses of a series of eight 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methylisoquinolines substituted in positions 5 and 7 are described. In addition meconine-3-acetanilide and meconine-3-acetmorpholide have been prepared. None of the compounds caused any appreciable potentiation of barbiturate hypnosis in mice. Other tests for reserpine-like activity were not made.
Infrared identification of pharmaceutically important steroids with particular reference to the occurrence of polymorphism
Authors: Mesley R J , Johnson C A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The infrared absorption spectra of steroids, when compared with the spectra of Authentic Specimens, provide a simple and complete means of identification, provided that the effects of polymorphism are precluded. Of 35 substances examined, 16 showed no evidence of polymorphism and a further twelve were sufficiently soluble to be examined in solution. Specific solvent treatments, details of which are given, may be necessary with the remaining seven substances if the spectra of the sample and of the Authentic Specimen are not identical when first examined.
Simplified gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides from blood
Authors: Jain N C , Fontan C R , Kirk P L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A rapid method for the extraction and identification of 23 pesticides present in blood is described. The pesticides are extracted from blood with a mixture of acetone and ethyl ether in equal volumes. The extracts are evaporated to dryness, the residue dissolved in a known quantity of hexane and an aliquot injected directly into the gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. No purification of the acetone-ether extract is required. A glass column packed with 5% SE 52 on hexamethyldisilizane-treated chromosorb W 60/80 is used at a temperature of 190°. The method was successfully applied to blood from laboratory animals to which acute doses of six of the most common pesticides were given orally. The quantity of pesticides found is reported.
Diuretic effect of some adrenocortical steroids in the rat
Authors: D’Arcy P F , Howard E M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Cortisone, hydrocortisone and some of their Δ1- and fluorinated analogues have a pronounced diuretic effect in the rat; this is accompanied by increased urinary excretion of both Na+ and K+. Diuresis is maximal some 4 hr after oral administration, and in acute studies, the diuretic potency of some of the newer corticosteroids exceeds 100 times that of chlorothiazide.
Estimation of 1,3-dibenzyl-2-phenyl-tetrahydroimidazole in NN‘-dibenzylethylenediamine diacetate
Authors: Archer A W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A simple spectrophotometric method is described for the estimation of 1,3-dibenzyl-2-phenyltetrahydroimidazole in NN’-dibenzylethylenediamine diacetate. The imidaole is quantitatively hydrolysed by dilute sulphuric acid to benzaldehyde and NN’-dibenzylethylenediamine; the benzaldehyde is estimated spectrophotometrically after extraction into n-hexane.
Method for evaluating spasmolytic activity of drugs on the bile duct
Authors: Crema A , Benzi G , Frigo G M , Berté F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method has been described for examining the spasmolytic activity of drugs on the bile duct of the guinea-pig in situ. The terminal bile duct was pulled away from its insertion into the duodenum and perfused with Tyrode solution containing either carbachol or barium chloride to produce spasm. Injected intravenously, atropine methonitrate, oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride, tropenziline bromide, phenetamine, papaverine hydrochloride or diprophylline were spasmolytic.
Bacteriostatic actions of some tetracyclines
Authors: Benbough J , Morrison G A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
6-Demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline, 6-methyleneoxytetracycline, 7-chlortetracycline and 7-chlor-6-demethyltetracycline inhibit Aerobacter aerogenes in glucose-mineral salt media, by two modes of action, I and II, shown by tetracycline and oxytetracycline (Jones & Morrison, 1962; 1963): Mode II by 6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline is not detected by inhibition of growth of the organism but by inhibition of the anaerobic consumption of pyruvate which is also a consequence of Mode II. The chlorine-containing tetracyclines also inhibit the growth of the organism by a third mode of action (III) which is probably an interference with the provision of d-glutamate during aerobic growth. The inhibitions produced by a tetracycline are linearly related to the amount of the antibiotic in the molecular form present in the cultures. All three modes of action so far described are probably interferences with hydrogen transfer reactions. The bacteriostatic activities of six tetracyclines are compared.
Antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea-pigs by 8β-carbobenzyloxy-aminomethyl-1-methyl-10α-ergoline
Authors: Beretta C , Glässer A H , Nobili M B , SILVESTRI R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The drug 8β-carbobenzyloxyaminomethyl-1-methyl-10α-ergoline (mce) has been shown to have a potent and prolonged antagonism to 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea-pigs. 4–5 hr after 2 μg/kg of mce, given intraveneously, the effects of the 5-ht were still markedly inhibited (dose ratio more than 1:300). A subcutaneous dose of 150 μg/kg of the drug partially counteracted the effects of 5-ht for 4–7 days. Comparison between mce and l-methyl-(+)-lysergic acid butanolamide tartrate (methysergide, uml 491) revealed that the antagonism to 5-ht by mce developed more slowly but lasted longer than that elicited by methysergide. The results show that mce is a specific antagonist of 5-ht-induced bronchospasm in guinea-pigs as it does not antagonise the bronchospasm-inducing effects of acetylcholine, histamine and eledoisin.
Estimation of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine from single rat brains
Authors: Brownlee George , Spriggs T L B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A solvent extraction method was used to extract dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine from single rat brains. Spectrophotofluorimetric estimations of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine were completed 5½ hr after beginning the extraction procedure. The method was applied to the routine estimation of brain amines.
A preliminary investigation of the pharmacology of longitudinal muscle strips from human isolated jejunum
Authors: Whitney B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of drugs on longitudinal muscle strips of human jejunum were studied in vitro. The muscarinic site of action of acetylcholine was demonstrated. The sympathomimetic amines phenylephrine, noradrenaline and isoprenaline each produced only a relaxation by an action on adrenergic α- and β-receptors. The presence of both types of receptor was demonstrated by selective adrenergic blockade with pronethalol or Hydergine. The ganglion stimulating agent dimethylphenyl-piperazinium produced a contraction by an action on intramural cholinergic nervous tissue. When the contractile response was blocked by hyoscine, a relaxation occurred, due to the stimulation of an adrenergic mechanism which could be either the sympathetic nerves of the intrinsic nerve plexus or adrenergic stores in the bowel wall. The contraction produced by histamine was not inhibited by hyoscine or hexamethonium but was blocked by mepyramine, thus indicating a direct effect of the drug on the smooth muscle. 5-Hydroxytryptamine produced a contraction by a direct action on the muscle, since the response was not inhibited by hyoscine or hexamethonium but was blocked by methysergide (UML 491).
Effect of choline on the release of acetylcholine and on its tissue stores in the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation treated with dyflos
Authors: Ledda F , Baldi Vanna 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The release of acetylcholine from the guinea-pig phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation treated with different concentrations of dyflos during four successive stimulation periods, was detected. At 38°, after 50 and 200 μg/ml of dyflos, the amount of acetylcholine released fell abruptly after the first stimulation period; a less evident decrease in the output was observed from the preparations preincubated with 500 and 1,000 μg/ml of dyflos. A reasonably constant release was detected at 28° after 1,000 μg/ml of dyflos; at this temperature the initial output was about 40% of that at 38°. Choline chloride (3 μg/ml) added to the perfusion fluid prevented the decreasing output only in the preparations incubated with the anticholinesterase at concentrations of 500 and 1,000 μg/ml. Dyflos did not affect the time course of acetylcholine release at 28°, the initial output of acetylcholine and the release at rest under any experimental conditions or the tissue stores of acetylcholine at the end of the fourth period of stimulation. A probable impairment by dyflos of the choline transfer system is discussed.
The effect of humidity and temperature on the equilibrium moisture content of powders
Authors: Shotton E , Harb N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The equilibrium moisture content of maize, wheat and potato starches, alginic acid, tragacanth, acacia, lactose, dextrose, sucrose and hexamine has been determined at different relative humidities and temperatures. Samples were exposed to an atmosphere of controlled temperature and humidity until equilibrium was attained. The moisture content was determined by drying. The moisture content of each powder at equilibrium was dependent on the relative humidity.
Pharmacological properties of 3-dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-o-tolylpropanol (SK&F 70463-A)
Authors: Barron D I , Hall G H , Natoff I L , Vallance D K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
3-Dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-o-tolylpropanol hydrochloride (SK&F 70463-A) produces both stimulant and depressant effects in laboratory animals. In particular, it possesses marked anticonvulsant activity. Diuretic effects have also been observed.
Effect of storage on the heat resistance of bacterial spore papers
Authors: Cook A M , Brown M R W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Papers impregnated with 104 Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in water and subsequently stored on the bench can lose heat resistance and viability. This loss of viability was accelerated with storage over silica gel. Papers containing more than about 106 spores retained significant heat resistance over long periods. The pH of the broth significantly affected recovery from heated spore papers.
Effect of concentration and temperature on the inactivation of a bacteriophage by phenol
Authors: Brown W R L , Cook A M , Oduro-Yeboah J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The concentration of phenol affects not only the rate of inactivation of phage but also the shape of the survivor-time curves. The shape of the curves obtained indicates that phenol may inactivate phage in two suggested stages involving different components of the phage protein. The concentration exponent for the inactivation depends on the level of inactivation chosen. The temperature coefficient is independent of the level of inactivation. The temperature of incubation of phenol treated phage does not obviously affect the recovery of the phage.
Datura sanguinea R. and P., its seeds
Authors: Wallis T E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The seeds of the Peruvian plant Datura sanguinea R. and P. contain hyoscine and are used in Peru as stramonium is used in Britain. Their structure is described and is compared with that of the seeds of stramonium and of D. fastuosa with a view to their identification either unground or in powder.
Carvone in the developing fruits of Anethum graveolens L. and Carum carvi L.
Authors: Betts T J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The carvone content of the developing fruits of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) and Carum carvi L. (caraway) has been determined spectrophotometrically over three seasons. Three or four weeks after pollination, carvone in the fruits attains a level of 11–20 mg per 100 caraway fruits, or 4–9 mg per 100 dill fruits. Variations in the carvone content of the essential oils distilled from these fruits are probably due to variable quantities of limonene.
A limit test for p-chloroacetanilide and other impurities in paracetamol and phenacetin using thin-layer chromatography
Authors: Savidge R A , Wragg J S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A thin-layer chromatography procedure is described suitable as a limit test for p-chloroacetanilide in paracetamol and phenacetin. The sample is chromatographed on silica gel together with a standard using the solvent mixture cyclohexane: acetone: diisobutylketone: methanol: water (100:80:30:5:1) and detection is by irradiation with ultraviolet light 253.7 mμ followed by examination in light of wavelength 365 mμ. The procedure may be used to limit the p-chloroacetanilide content of tablets containing paracetamol or phenacetin. Other possible impurities in paracetamol and phenacetin are also detected and may be limited by similar procedures.
A comparison of tablet lubricant efficiencies for a sucrose granulation using an instrumented tablet machine
Authors: Lewis C J , Shotton E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Thirteen materials have been assessed as lubricants when added to a sucrose granulation and compressed on an instrumented tablet machine. Values of ejection force, force lost to die wall, and punch force ratio for each lubricated sample were compared, and the order of efficiency as lubricants was compared with the shear of lubricant powder compacts. The most efficient lubricants are those materials of lowest melting point, and not those with the smallest shear strength value as measured in a punch penetration test.
Identification and determination of ephedrine and its congeners in urine by gas chromatography
Authors: Beckett A H , Wilkinson G R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A sensitive and specific assay for ephedrine-type compounds in urine is described. The procedure involves the removal of neutral and acidic compounds, then extraction of the bases with ether. This extract, after concentration, is injected into a flame ionisation gas chromatograph equipped with a 2% polyethylene glycol 6000, alkaline treated, column at 165°. Linear detector response between 5 and 100 μg base/ml urine was observed (peak height with respect to an internal marker) and replicate analyses indicated good reproducibility. No interfering compounds have been encountered nor any “on column” decomposition. The amines were further identified by chromatography of their acetone derivatives.
Urinary excretion kinetics of methylamphetamine in man
Authors: Beckett A H , Rowland M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The urinary excretion of methylamphetamine and its metabolite, amphetamine, was studied after oral administration of (+)- and (–)-methylamphetamine hydrochloride to three male subjects. Fluctuations in the excretion rate of both amines occurred and were associated with changes in urinary pH. The fluctuations were abolished when the urine was maintained either acid or alkaline, by administration of ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate respectively. The total amount of both amines excreted was lower under alkaline than acid urine conditions. N-Demethylation of methylamphetamine was small, but greater for the (+)- than the (–)-isomer.
Molecular interactions of caffeine with benzoic acid, o- and p- methoxybenzoic acids and o- and p- nitrobenzoic acids
Authors: Donbrow M , Jan Z A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The solubility of the complexes formed by caffeine with benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acids has been studied. An insoluble complex is formed by o-methoxybenzoic acid, whereas p-methoxy-, o- and p-nitrobenzoic acids and benzoic acid itself form soluble complexes. The phase diagrams have been analysed to evaluate the approximate stability constants for 1:1 interaction. The stabilities increase as the electron-withdrawing power of the benzoic acid substituent decreases, and there is a correlation between log K values and pKa values (or σ constants) of the acids. This indicates that the binding strength is related either to the polarity of the carboxyl group or to the electron density of the aromatic ring. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of complex-formation.
Adsorption studies on steroid powders
Authors: Chapman J H , Neustadter E L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The adsorption of hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polysorbate 80, glucose and sucrose, by steroid powders has been examined. Hydroxyethylcellulose and polysorbate 80 were adsorbed, but glucose, sucrose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose were not. Hydroxyethylcellulose, which can cross-link with the sedimented particles, caused most caking of the sediment.
The antifungal activity of some thiocyanatoaniline derivatives
Authors: CROSHAW BETTY , DAVIDSON J S , SPOONER D F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A series of derivatives of p-thiocyanatoaniline has been synthesised and tested in vitro for activity against dermatophytes; some structure-activity relationships are discussed. One of the more highly active compounds, 2,6-dichloro-4-thiocyanatoaniline, showed some activity against experimental dermatophyte infections when applied topically, was of low toxicity to animals, and did not sensitise them. In a clinical trial the compound also showed some therapeutic activity but caused skin sensitisation.
Evidence for a persistent central depressant action seen after recovery from anaesthesia
Authors: THURÁNSZKY K , RABLOCZKY G , KÉKES-SZABÓ A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The fate of the classical adrenaline reversal in anaesthetised and in conscious cats was investigated. It seems that anaesthesia has some late effects on pharmacological responses that can be demonstrated for up to 72 hr after recovery of consciousness. The adrenaline reversal typical of the anaesthetised cat persisted for up to 72 hr after recovery of consciousness, thereafter the response to intravenous adrenaline was entirely pressor.
Histidine decarboxylase in experimental tumours
Authors: HÅKANSON ROLF 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Histidine decarboxylase activity has been demonstrated in some experimental tumours by direct enzyme assay. The kinetic properties of semi-purified preparations of the histamine-forming enzyme from Rous rat sarcoma and Walker rat mammary carcinoma were similar to those of the “specific” histidine decarboxylase of the foetal rat. Transplants from a malignant hamster melanoma had no “specific” histidine decarboxylase but high dopa decarboxylase activity. The lack of histidine decarboxylase in this tumour seems to indicate that a high histamine-forming capacity is not indispensable for tumour growth.
The effects of acetates of aliphatic alcohols on the cholinergic nerve structures and the acetylcholine receptor of the guinea-pig ileum
Authors: TAKAGI K , TAKAYANAGI I 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Isoamyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, n-amyl acetate and n-propyl acetate produced contractions of the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig. These were inhibited by atropine, procaine and by cooling. These acetates and also s-butyl, t-butyl and n-octyl acetate behaved as inhibitors of acetylcholine at 14 ± 1°. The acetylcholine content in the organ bath fluid increased after 60 min incubation of the ileum with isoamyl acetate. The results indicated that the agonistic acetates produced contraction of ileum through the liberation of acetylcholine from the cholinergic nerve-endings. All the acetates behaved as inhibitors of acetylcholine when they combined with the acetylcholine receptor on the muscle.
Complexation of penicillins and penicilloic acids by cupric ion
Authors: CRESSMAN W A , SUGITA E T , DOLUISIO J T , NIEBERGALL P J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A kinetic method was developed to study the interactions between cupric ion and penicillins G and V. Complexation was found to occur with the intact penicillins, followed by rapid hydrolysis of the complex into the corresponding penicilloic acid-cupric ion complex. The logarithmic stability constants for the interaction between cupric ion and penicillins G and V were found to be 2·61 and 2·24, respectively. In addition, the method of continuous variation was used to determine the logarithmic stability constants for the cupric ion-penicilloic acid complexes. These were found to be 4·20 and 4·50, for penicilloic V and G acids respectively.