bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
« Radio free Europe » et « radio liberty » (1950-1994)
Authors: Lepeuple Anne-Chantal 
Published: July 2010

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (1950-1994), Anne-Chantal Lepeuple.
Set up in 1950 and 1953 because of the Cold War but carefully distinguished from the too official Voice of America, the two radio stations, which broadcast from Munich, waged for 40 years a clever battle against communism beyond the iron curtain (except Yugoslavia). They weakened the adversary without ever encouraging subversion openly, called for liberalization more than liberation, encouraged the centrifugal forces and, all things considered, demonstrated to oppressed East European public opinion a first exercise of the right to information.
Un « nazisme tropical » au Rwanda ? Image ou logique d'un génocide
Authors: Chrétien Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2010

"Tropical nazism" in Rwanda? Image or logic of a genocide, Jean-Pierre Chrétien.
The massacres in Rwanda between April and July 1994 were not synonymous with a spontaneous and uncontrollable "ethnie" outburst. On the contrary, prepared by previous ethnicist propaganda, organised by a corrupt political regime, the killing directed against — but not exclusively — the Tutsi minority had the features of a genuine genocide.
Du 14 juillet 1919 au 11 novembre 1920 mort, où est ta victoire ?
Authors: Becker Annette 
Published: July 2010

From 14 July 1919 to 11 November 1920. Death, where is your victory? Annette Becker.
From 14 July 1919 to 11 November 1920, from the victory celebrations to the burial of an unknown soldier under the Arch of Triumph, the French and particularly Parisians lived in the posthumous cuit of World War soldiers. Far from unanimity, the national manifestations were criticized by various sectors of public opinion. Some groups organized their own competing or complementary ceremonies: the socialists around the cuit of Jaurès, the Catholics for the consecration of the Sacred Heart Basilica in Montmartre. Beyond intrinsic differences, each manifestation displayed a fervor born from and in the war, and welded by the millions of dead and wounded.
La haute magistrature sous Vichy
Authors: Bancaud Alain 
Published: July 2010

The high bench under Vichy, Alain Bancaud.
Studying the judiciary under the Vichy regime makes it possible to understand its judicial policy, with inherited characteristics in its professional organization as well as innovations linked to the regime's ideology and to the German occupation. Judicial appointments and the judges' position with respect to the executive were complex and contradictory, combining dependence and distance vis-à-vis current events. The judiciary knows how to adapt to political events and lessen novelty so as to make it part of its own continuity. That is what judges call judicial independence from politics.
Autour des propositions de 1992 pour les programmes d'histoire
Authors: Martin Jean-Clément 
Published: July 2010

The 1992 [French high school] history program proposals, Jean-Clément Martin.
The former president of the technical disciplinary group responsible for drafting new programs for the teaching of history in high schools does not go over the reasons which led the Minister of Education to reject the conclusions of his work group, but presents the group's ambitions and describes, especially for the second high school year (classe de première), the place it gave to national, European, world, religious and cultural history.
Les nouveaux programmes d'histoire des lycées
Authors: Berstein Serge , Borne Dominique 
Published: July 2010

The new [French] high school history programs, Serge Berstein, Dominique Borne.
The two co-presidents of the technical disciplinary group responsible for drafting high school and middle school programs explain how the high school program is being worked out the spirit in which they work and the major outlines of the solutions retained applicable as of September 1996 in the first high school class (classe de seconde).
Déconstruire l'état-nation. Travaux et discussions
Authors: Roussellier Nicolas 
Published: July 2010

Deconstruct the nation-state. Work in progress and questions.
Before being verified or rejected by the reality of historical evolution, the deconstruction of the nation-state is first an intellectual operation. Whether it be celebrated or feared, the "nation-state crisis" deals with some presuppositions that have to be put in perspective: the presupposition of the end of empires, that of the splitting of the nation through identity politics or the idea of the entry in a new "post-national era".
La déconstruction de l'état-nation : le cas Belge
Authors: Stengers Jean 
Published: July 2010

The deconstruction of the nation-state : the Belgian example.
Since 1830, Belgium has offered the example of a constantly changing nation-state. After the unity period of the 19th century, the emergence of Flemish autonomism and the Walloon identity crisis during the 20th century skewed the institutional and intellectual basic data of the nation-state construction. The recent 1993 Constitution is a spectacular illustration of the political and legal complexity of Belgium today.
La spécificité française du chômage structurel de masse, des années 1930 aux années 1990
Authors: Baverez Nicolas 
Published: July 2010

The specifîty of French structural mass unemployment, 1930-1990, Nicolas Baverez.
Structural unemployment seems to apply specifically to France in the 1930s as well as today. But production System archaisms can not be the only explanation of the persistance of this plague. Disastrous national policies - obstinate defense of the franc, high interest rates, pressure from the farmers' lobby, the savers' lobby or, concerning the present time, the retired people's lobby - explain the high rates recorded by this country.
Psychanalyse des chocs boursiers
Authors: Rowley Anthony 
Published: July 2010

Psychoanalysis of market shocks, Anthony Rowley.
From a reading of the analyses following the two stock market crashes of 1929 and 1987, it would seem that the literature produced on the shock shows the difficulty of analyzing them with the methodological apparatus available. Thus, one enters an area in which it is no longer a question of proving but of understanding why people believe what they believe.
Les «vingt glorieuses». La croissance française des années 1970 à nos jours
Authors: Marseille Jacques 
Published: July 2010

The "Vingt Glorieuses". The growth of the French economy from 1970 to today, Jacques Marseille.
Since 1970, the French average annual GDP has been 2 % ; household consumption has grown more quickly than production in spite of the increase of prices ; the discrepancy in purchasing power between socio-professional categories has decreased; the rate of households purchasing appliances has leaped ; the French economy increased its trade with foreign countries from 17.5 % in 1973 to 22.8 % in 1994. Signs that, despite the virtual stagnation in investment volume, show these last 20 years as a period of exceptional economic dynamism and challenge the current reading of the crisis. Sectorial analyses indicate a deep change in the French economy, the emergence of the tertiary as the main producer of wealth contrasting with a relative decline of the secondary sector whose more detailed analysis illustrates its selective character. Growth, however, proves unable to deal with the increase of unemployment. The massive irruption of underemployment shows that the relationship of French society to work has changed at the same time as its consumption habits. Because officials talk about an imaginary crisis instead of grasping the change, they prevent themselves from understanding the basic causes of unemployment and solving it.
Théodore Roosevelt et l'avènement de la présidence médiatique aux États-Unis
Authors: Ricard Serge 
Published: July 2010

Theodore Roosevelt and the emergence of the media-dominated presidency in the United States, Serge Ricard.
American presidents did not wait for the invention of the radio or television to try to influence public opinion. As of the late 19th century, Theodore Roosevelt aimed at charming the increasingly powerful written press. Attempting to draw attention to his excentric personality rather than to his not very reformist home accomplishments, Roosevelt succeeded brilliantly in planting false confidences and discreet allusions, calculated leaks, and diversionary tactics. This strategy made public opinion an actor on the political stage, a given that later on has weighed heavily on the functioning of American democracy.
« Intellectuels catholiques » ? Réflexions sur une naissance différée
Authors: Fouilloux Étienne 
Published: July 2010

"Intellectual Catholics"? History of a Postponed Birth, Etienne Fouilloux.
How can it be explained that French catholic intellectuals did not have an official body before the 1945 creation of the Centre catholique des intellectuels français (CCIF) (Catholic Center of French Intellectuals) ? The first obstacle was French. At the time of the Dreyfus affair, the Catholics took objection to the word "intellectual, because it was associated with a Dreyfusard fight that the majority of them didn't share. This incompatibility continued in the period between the two wars, in spite of a renewal marked by the flowering of Catholic-inspired intellectual journals, in spite also of the waves of conversions from 1880 to 1930. On the Catholic side, the inheritance of the modernist crisis discredited any autonomy of Catholic thinkers with regard to the religious Catholic authorities. Theologians were relegated to the role of the training of Catholic elites and of the explanation of pontifical texts that kept them outside of intellectual debate. While the condemnation of the Action française in 1926 released the stranglehold and gave the floor to "civil theologians", it was after 1945 that the church became aware of the wrongs that this marginalization was subjecting it to. The involvement of Catholic intellectuals in public debate showed the interest of hearing a Christian voice without in-volving Rome directly. The intellectuals fully in the 1950 fights, but the reciprocal suspicion between them and the religious authorities inherited from previous decades never disappeared.
Tahiti, avec et sans la bombe
Authors: Regnault Jean-Marc 
Published: July 2010

Tahiti With and Without the Bomb, Jean-Marc Regnault.
Since 1963, French Polynesia has been a rich but undeveloped territory. Political autonomy, more and more widely granted since 1977, has not reduced economic dependence. With the stopping of nuclear testing (1996), there are two opposing approaches. One sees the key to development in independence. The other counts on aid from the mother country to succeed the post-bomb era and end an artificial wealth.
Le procès des protocoles des sages de sion, une tentative de riposte juive à l'antisémitisme dans les années 1930
Authors: Nicault Catherine 
Published: July 2010

The Trial of the Protocols of the Sages of Sion. An Attempt of Jewish Retaliation to the Anti-Semitism of the 1930s, Catherine Nicault.
In 1933, when the copies of the Protocols of the Sages of Sion began to proliferate around Germany, the Swiss Jewish leaders undertook a legal battle, counting that the proof of falsehood would hinder the Nazi offensive against the Jews and democracy.
1939-1940 : l'internement en temps de guerre les politiques de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Grynberg Anne 
Published: July 2010

1939-1940: Internment in wartime. French and British policies, Anne Grynberg.
At the beginning of the Second World War, France and Great Britain have both to face the question of aliens and refugges from the Third Reich who might be, according to some set ideas, dangerous spies of the Fifth Column. Since september 1939, internment camps are created but the British authorities decide in favour of a selective policy and most people are exempted. In France, on the other hand, the government doesn't make any difference at first between foreigners from these countries, whatever their origins or political opinions may be; sorting commissions are organized afterwards.
In May 1940, with the increasing military danger, the English population is panic stricken. As the inclusive internment of aliens appears as a goof pledge to allay it, thousands of inmates are sent to the Isle of Man. In France, most of the men who had been liberated during the winter and women are arrested as well. At this period, aliens and refugees function as easy scapegoats in the two countries.
Must this attitude be explained only in the context of war? It may be interesting to go ahead and to study it in the frame of the immigration policy of Great Britain and France during the thirties, clearly marked by nationalism and xenophobia.
La photo de presse et la libération des camps en 1945 : images et formes de la mémoire
Authors: Zeliger Barbie 
Published: July 2010

The press photo and the liberation of the camps in 1945. Images and Forms of memory, Barbie Zeliger.
At the liberation of the camps, the atrocity put language itself in question, and words were lacking to account for it usefully. The image alone became capable of transmitting the horror. The press photo in reportage or as a still played a decisive role in registering the Holocaust in universel consciences. It is a particularly rich aid for collective memory in construction and to which it has given some particular forms.
Les camps pour personnes déplacées juives en allemagne de 1945 à 1957
Authors: Wetzel Juliane 
Published: July 2010

Jewish displaced persons camps in Germany (1945-1957), Juliane Wetzel.
Among the populations given the "displaced persons" status after the liberation of Germany, the Jewish populations of Central and Southern Europe were not immediately given a specific status. They were grouped with others in "Lodging Centers" that sometimes used former Nazi concentration camps. It was only in the American occupation zone, after a February 1946 report revealed the painful conditions in which the former Jewish deportees were gathered, that they received a special status, without, however, obtaining the closing of the camps. In this milieu, Jewish "displaced persons" developed an intensive cultural activity, organized with the financial and moral aid of international Jewish organizations. The rupture with the German society and the old tradition of assimilation helped bring about the emergence of a new culture, of which the reprinting of the Babylon Talmud is the most important testimony. In spite of the bad relations with the German populations that by and large remained hostile, this intellectual life, that continued until 1957, date of the closing of the last camp, allowed the transition between the former Jewish communities of Central Europe and the identity that formed through the emigration towards the United States and the participation in the construction of the State of Israël.
Industrialisation, hiérarchies au travail et hiérarchies sociales au 20e siècle
Authors: Schweitzer Sylvie 
Published: July 2010

Industrialization, hierarchies at work and social hierarchies in the 20th century, Sylvie Schweitzer.
Social history of the 20th century hasn't focused enough on the role of the company in the education and diversification of hierarchies and social statuses. The second industrialization has modified the traditional association between bosses and workers by introducing new functions and a more complex hierarchy within the company. Shifting the center of analysis from the possession of capital towards the occupation of management jobs in the firm, one discovers the ambiguity of the words boss, business community, industrialist, entrepreneur or director and the variety of individual itineraries they cover. The term engineer designates a social status made complex by the variety of initial educational routes and the diversification of careers. Foremen, whose power used to be based on technical skill and their position of authority over the workers, have lost their autonomy by specializing and being subjected to the authority of engineers. At the bottom of the ladder, the same diversification affects worker status whose classification no longer resides on the inheritance of the dominant former trades. The deep modification of hierarchies, the consequence of internal changes in the company, affected all collective representations after the second world war. It substituted both a more opaque and a less fixed image of social groups for the traditional boss/worker opposition marked by the growing place of the "middle-classes", themselves fragmented in multiple roles.
Populismes français
Authors: Winock Michel 
Published: July 2010

French populisms, Michel Winock.
In taking up again the distinction proposed by Pierre-Andre Taguieff between protestation populism and identity populism, Michel Winock retraces the history of French populisms. While the end-of-century Boulangism and anti-Semitism represented respectively the protestation side and the identity side of populism, their 2Oth century successors, the leagues of the between-world-wars and Pouja- dism, merged. Lepenism is the result of these crossbred populisms.
L'appel au petit peuple selon Staline
Authors: Werth Nicolas 
Published: July 2010

The appeal to the "little people" according to Stalin, Nicolas Werth.
The cause seemed to have been heard. Victorious Bolshevism ruined Russian populism and only the need to defend the old fatherland, in 1941, could give a populist color to the Red Army and its glo- rious Chief. However, Nicolas Werth tells us, at the worst moment of the Great Terror of collectivization, Stalin had already begun to count on the hatred of the «little people» for their new «little leaders» and to play with impunity at being the good Czar righting wrongs. Stalinism and populism: to continue the comparison is fruitful.
Les quasi-populismes d'Asie du sud-est
Authors: Margolin Jean-Louis 
Published: July 2010

Quasi-populisms of South-East Asia?, Jean-Louis Margolin.
Only the regimes of President Sukarno has been able to be episodically but rightfully called populist. As for South-East Asia, it has other resources to impose moral order and to indoctrinate the people. Populisms have ebbed; a quasi-populism is vegetating: economic expansion is more profitable for a "neo-Bismackism". Here is the first overall study of a quasi-case.
Islamisme et populisme
Authors: Leveau Rémy 
Published: July 2010

Islamism and populism, Rémy Leveau.
The irruption of Islamist movements on front and Middle-East stage coincide with the wearing out of political slogans developed during decolonization. It is contemporary with the adoption of a free-market development model in which economic globalization has increased the social cost. By turning against the leaders who had supported them for a long time because they considered them as a useful counterweight to the Marxist opposition, the Islamicists recuperated the discontent of the young populations, frustrated in their hopes for prosperity. They proposed a just model founded on religion and community and offered an outlet for the despair of societies that felt like humiliated victims of foreign powers. This maximalist discourse doesn't exclude compromise with the powers in place, as shown by the example of Turkey or Algeria before the explosion of the present conflict. A political and cultural movement Islamism is also a "populist" response to economic policies of structural adjustment imposed from the exterior that the political and economic elites have used at the price of the exclusion of major parts of the society.
Changer le siècle
Authors: Prost Antoine 
Published: July 2010

Change the Century, Antoine Prost.
Unlike specific commitments born out of a particular cause to defend, the 20th century saw the emergence of commitment in the singular. This engagement characterized a relationship to the world and history in progress, a way of defining the human condition by its historicity.Thus committed writers, a literature and a cinema came into being. This com- mitment for which existentialism provided the theoretical underpinning at the Liberation and that culminated with the Communist Party's engagement was gradually worked out during the period between the two wars, by the intellectuals attracted by the Communist Party requiring from them a disciplined and global membership, but also by Catholic action movements and personalism whose role should be stressed. It was dissolved in the last third of the century with the rise of contemporary individualism and the denunciation of power at work in any militant organization.
Le syndicalisme : un horizon sans grandeur ?
Authors: Michel Joël 
Published: July 2010

Trade Unionism, a Limited Horizon ?, Joël Michel.
There is a gap that can't easily be reduced between intellectual engagement and trade union militantism. Commitment is an individual act taken in the name of a uniserval morality whereas trade union militantism is a collective act whose aim is to defend oneself and those like oneself. The former seeks the greatest immediate visibility whereas the latter's action exists in the long term and accepts the humility of the daily management of social relations. That the notion of commitment spread to social militantism was thanks to the political commitment model put into practice by the French Communist Party and the CGT after W.W.II. The accounts of militants' lives clarify the collective motivations of social commitment and highlight its spe- cificity. Today, however, the decline of the major unions and the wearing out of the traditional forms of worker militantism link the latter with the individual engagement of intellectuals.
Le parti et le don de soi
Authors: Lazar Marc 
Published: July 2010

The Party and self-sacrifice, Marc Lazar.
Engagement or commitment means not so much belonging to the Communist Party as a process whose end product is becoming communist. To understand this it's necessary to take into account the conception of the party, the constraints the French Communist Party decreed for its militants, and the type of activities and behavior demanded of them. Nevertheless, this ideal commitment pattern must not hide the varied forms of communist engagement. While the general meaning can be thought of as a special form of religion, it is true that it is going through decisive changes today.
Contestataires et compagnons : les formes de l'engagement gaulliste
Authors: Lachaise Bernard 
Published: July 2010

Protesters and Companions : The Patterns of Gaullist Involvement, Bernard Lachaise.
Since Free France, commitment to Gaullism means a total and personal belonging, a devotion to the exaltation of the figure of General de Gaulle. But from the adventure of the RPF up to post-de Gaulle Gaullism, Bernard Lachaise shows that the motivations as well as the forms of engagement in Gaullism have varied over time. Companionship was a strong and simple image, but it covers divergences and conflicts as well.
Les renouveaux de l'action politique
Authors: Perrineau Pascal 
Published: July 2010

Renewals in Political Action, Pascal Perrineau.
Conventional wisdom by the French themselves and even more foreigners think of political commitment in France as militantism on the model of its golden age in the 1950s and 1960s. But these representations are far from the realities covered by the word "engagement". It thus seemed necessary to review these old forms, to assess their durability and to detect the signs of a renewal. The most important seems to be the unsatisfied social demand for a "post-policy." The present crisis of political participation might be born from the difficulty of the political system to respond to citizens' new demands more than a subtle and deep depolitization of the social body.