bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Longitudinal Study of the Relationship between Work Engagement and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Innstrand Siw Tone , Langballe Ellen Melbye , Falkum Erik 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis longitudinal study examined the dynamic relationship between work engagement (vigour and dedication) and symptoms of anxiety and depression. A sample of 3475 respondents from eight different occupational groups (lawyers, physicians, nurses, teachers, church ministers, bus drivers, people working in advertising and people working in information technology) in Norway supplied data at two points in time with a 2‐year time interval. The advantages of longitudinal design were utilized, including testing of reversed causation and controlling for unmeasured third variables. In general, the results showed that the hypothesized normal causal relationship was superior to a reversed causation model. In other words, this study supported the assumption that work engagement is more likely to be the antecedent for symptoms of depression and anxiety than the outcome. In particular, the vigour facet of work engagement provides lower levels of depression and anxiety 2 years later. However, additional analyses modelling unmeasured third variables indicate that unknown third variables may have created some spurious effects on the pattern of the observed relationship. Implications of the findings are discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amaranth, millet and buckwheat flours affect the physical properties of extruded breakfast cereals and modulates their potential glycaemic impact
Authors: Brennan Margaret A. , Menard Carine , Roudaut Gaëlle , Brennan Charles S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThree non‐traditional pseudo‐cereal flours (amaranth, buckwheat and millet) were used in the manufacture of extruded breakfast cereal products as a replacement for wheat and maize flour. The use of these flours altered the physical and nutritional quality of extruded breakfast cereals. Extruded products made using the flours exhibited an increased product and bulk density. However the extruded products were not significantly different compared to the control sample in terms of expansion ratio (excepting Amaranth at the 65% inclusion rate). All of the extruded products made with the inclusion of pseudo‐cereals showed a significant reduction in readily digestible carbohydrates and slowly digestible carbohydrates compared to the control product during predictive in vitro glycaemic profiling. The results illustrate the potential use of these non‐traditional cereal flours in lowering the glycaemic response to the ingestion of extruded breakfast cereals.
Cortical rotation and messenger RNA localization in Xenopus axis formation
Authors: Houston Douglas W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn Xenopus eggs, fertilization initiates a rotational movement of the cortex relative to the cytoplasm, resulting in the transport of critical determinants to the future dorsal side of the embryo. Cortical rotation is mediated by microtubules, resulting in activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway and expression of organizer genes on the dorsal side of the blastula. Similar cytoplasmic localizations resulting in β‐catenin activation occur in many chordate embryos, suggesting a deeply conserved mechanism for patterning early embryos. This review summarizes the experimental evidence for the molecular basis of this model, focusing on recent maternal loss‐of‐function studies that shed light on two main unanswered questions: (1) what regulates microtubule assembly during cortical rotation and (2) how is Wnt/β‐catenin signaling activated dorsally? In addition, as these processes depend on vegetally localized molecules in the oocyte, the mechanisms of RNA localization and novel roles for localized RNAs in axis formation are discussed. The work reviewed here provides a beginning framework for understanding the coupling of asymmetry in oogenesis with the establishment of asymmetry in the embryo. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:371–388. doi: 10.1002/wdev.29This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling
Early Embryonic Development > Fertilization to Gastrulation
Child Mobility, Maternal Status, and Household Composition in Rural South Africa
Authors: Madhavan Sangeetha , Schatz Enid , Clark Samuel , Collinson Mark 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article examines the influence of maternal status, socioeconomic status of the household, and household composition on the mobility of children aged 0–14 in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, from 1999 to 2008. Using data from the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System, we found that children whose mothers were temporary migrants, living elsewhere, or dead had higher odds of moving than children whose mothers were coresident. Older children and children living in richer households faced lower odds of mobility. For children whose mothers were coresident, there was no effect of maternal substitutes on child mobility. However, among children whose mothers were temporary migrants or living elsewhere, the presence of prime-aged and elderly females lowered the odds of mobility. For maternal orphans, the presence of elderly women in the household lowered their odds of mobility. The results underscore the importance of examining the conditions under which children move in order to strengthen service delivery targeted at safeguarding children’s well-being.
MONEY-GO-ROUND: PERSONAL ECONOMIES OF WEALTH, ASPIRATION AND INDEBTEDNESS
Authors: James Deborah 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTConsiderable attempts to create a single economy of credit, in part through regularizing microlenders (especially the much-demonized loansharks or mashonisas), have been made by the South African government, notably through the National Credit Act. This article explores how borrowing and indebtedness are seen from the point of view of consumers and of those who aim to protect them. It suggests that we should speak of moneylending rather than moneylenders; that lending is often done by groups rather than by individuals (in a variant of the well-known stokvel); and that it may represent a response to so-called ‘formalization’ (Guyer 2004) of financial arrangements by those who have considerable experience of this, rather than being a bulwark against it. Based on research in Gauteng and Mpumalanga, the article critically explores prevalent stereotypes of the ‘overindebted consumer’ and the ‘black diamond’, seeking evidence both in support and in refutation of them. It discusses those factors which are conducive to and those which obstruct the achieving of the status of upwardly mobile – and simultaneously overindebted – person; demonstrates that aspiration and upward mobility, and the problems of credit or debt that accompany these, have much longer histories; and that these matters can give us insights into the contradictory character of the South African state. Its ‘neo-liberal’ dimension allows and encourages free engagement with the market and advocates the freedom to spend, even to become excessively acquisitive of material wealth. But it simultaneously attempts to regulate this in the interests of those unable to participate in this dream of conspicuous consumption. Informalization intensifies as all manner of means are devised to tap into state resources. Neo-liberal means are used to ensure the wide spread of redistribution.
The human small intestinal microbiota is driven by rapid uptake and conversion of simple carbohydrates
Authors: Zoetendal Erwin G , Raes Jeroen , van den Bogert Bartholomeus , Arumugam Manimozhiyan , Booijink Carien C G M , Troost Freddy J , Bork Peer , Wels Michiel , de Vos Willem M , Kleerebezem Michiel 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) harbors a complex community of microbes. The microbiota composition varies between different locations in the GI tract, but most studies focus on the fecal microbiota, and that inhabiting the colonic mucosa. Consequently, little is known about the microbiota at other parts of the GI tract, which is especially true for the small intestine because of its limited accessibility. Here we deduce an ecological model of the microbiota composition and function in the small intestine, using complementing culture-independent approaches. Phylogenetic microarray analyses demonstrated that microbiota compositions that are typically found in effluent samples from ileostomists (subjects without a colon) can also be encountered in the small intestine of healthy individuals. Phylogenetic mapping of small intestinal metagenome of three different ileostomy effluent samples from a single individual indicated that Streptococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium sp. and high G+C organisms are most abundant in the small intestine. The compositions of these populations fluctuated in time and correlated to the short-chain fatty acids profiles that were determined in parallel. Comparative functional analysis with fecal metagenomes identified functions that are overrepresented in the small intestine, including simple carbohydrate transport phosphotransferase systems (PTS), central metabolism and biotin production. Moreover, metatranscriptome analysis supported high level in-situ expression of PTS and carbohydrate metabolic genes, especially those belonging to Streptococcus sp. Overall, our findings suggest that rapid uptake and fermentation of available carbohydrates contribute to maintaining the microbiota in the human small intestine.
Inhibition of protein kinase B activity induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis during early G1 phase in CHO cells
Authors: van Opstal Angélique , Bijvelt José , van Donselaar Elly , Humbel Bruno M. , Boonstra Johannes 
Published: January 2012

AbstractInhibition of PKB (protein kinase B) activity using a highly selective PKB inhibitor resulted in inhibition of cell cycle progression only if cells were in early G1 phase at the time of addition of the inhibitor, as demonstrated by time‐lapse cinematography. Addition of the inhibitor during mitosis up to 2 h after mitosis resulted in arrest of the cells in early G1 phase, as deduced from the expression of cyclins D and A and incorporation of thymidine. After 24 h of cell cycle arrest, cells expressed the cleaved caspase‐3, a central mediator of apoptosis. These results demonstrate that PKB activity in early G1 phase is required to prevent the induction of apoptosis. Using antibodies, it was demonstrated that active PKB translocates to the nucleus during early G1 phase, while an even distribution of PKB was observed through cytoplasm and nucleus during the end of G1 phase.
COPICAT: a software system for predicting interactions between proteins and chemical compounds
Authors: Sakakibara Yasubumi , Hachiya Tsuyoshi , Uchida Miho , Nagamine Nobuyoshi , Sugawara Yohei , Yokota Masahiro , Nakamura Masaomi , Popendorf Kris , Komori Takashi , Sato Kengo 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Summary: Since tens of millions of chemical compounds have been accumulated in public chemical databases, fast comprehensive computational methods to predict interactions between chemical compounds and proteins are needed for virtual screening of lead compounds. Previously, we proposed a novel method for predicting protein–chemical interactions using two-layer Support Vector Machine classifiers that require only readily available biochemical data, i.e. amino acid sequences of proteins and structure formulas of chemical compounds.
In this article, the method has been implemented as the COPICAT web service, with an easy-to-use front-end interface. Users can simply submit a protein–chemical interaction prediction job using a pre-trained classifier, or can even train their own classification model by uploading training data. COPICAT's fast and accurate computational prediction has enhanced lead compound discovery against a database of tens of millions of chemical compounds, implying that the search space for drug discovery is extended by &gt;1000 times compared with currently well-used high-throughput screening methodologies.
Availability: The COPICAT server is available at http://copicat.dna.bio.keio.ac.jp. All functions, including the prediction function are freely available via anonymous login without registration. Registered users, however, can use the system more intensively.
Contact: yasu@bio.keio.ac.jp
The sva package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments
Authors: Leek Jeffrey T. , Johnson W. Evan , Parker Hilary S. , Jaffe Andrew E. , Storey John D. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Summary: Heterogeneity and latent variables are now widely recognized as major sources of bias and variability in high-throughput experiments. The most well-known source of latent variation in genomic experiments are batch effects—when samples are processed on different days, in different groups or by different people. However, there are also a large number of other variables that may have a major impact on high-throughput measurements. Here we describe the sva package for identifying, estimating and removing unwanted sources of variation in high-throughput experiments. The sva package supports surrogate variable estimation with the sva function, direct adjustment for known batch effects with the ComBat function and adjustment for batch and latent variables in prediction problems with the fsva function.
Availability: The R package sva is freely available from http://www.bioconductor.org.
Contact: jleek@jhsph.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Comparative Effectiveness of the C-MAC Video Laryngoscope versus Direct Laryngoscopy in the Setting of the Predicted Difficult Airway
Authors: Aziz Michael F. , Dillman Dawn , Fu Rongwei , Brambrink Ansgar M. 
Published: January 2012

Background
Video laryngoscopy may be useful in the setting of the difficult airway, but it remains unclear if intubation success is improved in routine difficult airway management. This study compared success rates for tracheal intubation with the C-MAC® video laryngoscope (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany) with conventional direct laryngoscopy in patients with predicted difficult airway.

Methods
We conducted a two arm, single-blinded randomized controlled trial that involved 300 patients. Inclusion required at least one of four predictors of difficult intubation. The primary outcome was successful tracheal intubation on first attempt.

Results
The use of video laryngoscopy resulted in more successful intubations on first attempt (138/149; 93%) as compared with direct laryngoscopy (124/147; 84%), P = 0.026. Cormack-Lehane laryngeal view was graded I or II in 139/149 of C-MAC attempts versus 119/147 in direct laryngoscopy attempts (P < 0.01). Laryngoscopy time averaged 46 s (95% CI, 40-51) for the C-MAC group and was shorter in the direct laryngoscopy group, 33 s (95% CI, 29-36), P < 0.001. The use of a gum-elastic bougie and/or external laryngeal manipulation were required less often in the C-MAC intubations (24%, 33/138) compared with direct laryngoscopy (37%, 46/124, P = 0.020). The incidence of complications was not significantly different between the C-MAC (20%, 27/138) versus direct laryngoscopy (13%, 16/124, P = 0.146).

Conclusion
A diverse group of anesthesia providers achieved a higher intubation success rate on first attempt with the C-MAC in a broad range of patients with predictors of difficult intubation. C-MAC laryngoscopy seems to be a useful technique for the initial approach to a potentially difficult airway.
Funding source and conflict of interest disclosures by authors and editors in gastroenterology specialty journals revisited
Authors: Qureshi J. , Sud A. , Vakil N. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBackgroundA survey of journals published in the field of Gastroenterology conducted 5 years ago showed marked variability in reporting of conflicts of interest or funding sources in these journals.AimTo re‐examine reporting of conflicts of interest and funding sources for original articles and editorials in Gastroenterology and Hepatology journals.MethodsWe evaluated all original articles and editorials in 15 leading journals (determined by impact factor‐Thomson Reuter Science Citation Index) devoted to Gastroenterology and Hepatology for disclosures of conflicts and for editor's self disclosures. We examined each journal's editorial policy by contacting the journal directly if the information was not revealed on the Web site or print versions of the journal.ResultsOf the 1574 articles evaluated, a total of 1207 (77%) reported the presence or absence of a potential conflict of interest and 1047 (67%) reported the presence or absence of funding sources. A total of 3 of the 15 (20%) journals (American Journal of Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology, and Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics reported the presence or absence of funding sources in all their published original articles. Only 5 of 15 (33%) journals (Gut, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, American Journal of Gastroenterology, Neurogastroenterology & Motility and Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics) publicly disclosed the conflicts of interest of the editors.Conclusions(i) Funding sources and conflicts of interest are still reported variably in the GI literature. (ii) Editorials and review articles are influential, but have poor reporting of conflicts of interest. (iii) Editors of many journals still do not report their conflicts of interest.
Harvester ants modify seed rain using nest vegetation and granivory
Authors: NICOLAI NANCY , BOEKEN BERTRAND R. 
Published: January 2012

1. In annual plant communities, the seed bank determines each generation's potential emergence and any factor that influences it could alter community structure. Harvester ants are common seed predators that may cause seed sources and seed rain composition to vary.2. In semi‐arid shrubland of the Negev desert of Israel, we hypothesised that the positive effects of dense vegetation on nests of the harvester ant Messor ebeninus Sant. would outweigh reduction by granivory.3. To test whether nests were seed sources, we removed vegetation on 10 of 20 sampled nests prior to seeding. We tested the interaction between seed sources and granivory by locating seed traps at three locations: nests, foraging trails, and unvisited areas. Trapped seeds were recorded during spring and summer dispersal. Plant recruitment from the altered seed bank was recorded the following spring.4. During April, seeds were more abundant near nests than the other locations and at uncut compared with cut nests. Foraging trails had fewer species and higher equitability compared with nests or unvisited areas. May and June to August had highest species richness at nests, but richness of cut and uncut nests were similar. Ordination of plant recruitment showed slightly lower vegetation community variation by diminished species in the cut seed bank.5. While intact nest vegetation initially had high abundance of locally deposited seeds, it apparently blocked wind‐dispersed seeds later in the summer. Conversely, granivory reduced seed species richness only on trails and decreased dominance structure by preferential removal of some species.
Entomopathogenic fungi stimulate transgenerational wing induction in pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: HATANO EDUARDO , BAVERSTOCK JASON , KUNERT GRIT , PELL JUDITH K. , WEISSER WOLFGANG W. 
Published: January 2012

1. Aphid natural enemies include not only predators and parasitoids but also pathogens, of which fungi are the most studied for biological control. While wing formation in aphids is induced by abiotic conditions, it is also affected by biotic interactions with their arthropod natural enemies. Wing induction via interactions with arthropod natural enemies is mediated by the increase in their physical contact when alarmed (pseudo‐crowding). Pathogenic fungi do not trigger this alarm behaviour in aphids and, therefore, no pseudo‐crowding occurs.2. We hypothesise that, while pathogenic fungi will stimulate maternally induced wing formation, the mechanism is different and is influenced by pathogen specificity. We tested this hypothesis using two entomopathogenic fungi, Pandora neoaphidis and Beauveria bassiana, an aphid specialist and a generalist respectively, on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris.3. We first demonstrate that pea aphids infected with either pathogen and maintained in groups on broad bean plants produced a higher proportion of winged morphs than uninfected control aphids. We then show that, when maintained in isolation, aphids infected with either pathogen also produced higher proportions of winged offspring than control aphids. There was no difference between P. neoaphidis and B. bassiana in their effects on wing induction in either experiment.4. Unlike the effect of predators and parasitoids on pea aphid wing induction, the effect of pathogens is independent of physical contact with other aphids, suggesting that physiological cues induce wing formation in infected aphids. It is possible that aphids benefit from wing induction by escaping infected patches whilst pathogens may benefit through dispersion. Possible mechanisms of wing induction are discussed.
Variation in performance of two co‐occurring mosquito species across diverse resource environments: insights from nutrient and stable isotope analyses
Authors: WINTERS ANNE E. , YEE DONALD A. 
Published: January 2012

1. Inputs of animal and plant detritus are the main energy sources for food webs in a number of isolated container systems, including discarded automobile tyres and tree holes. Containers are dominated by mosquitoes in the generaCulexandAedes, which among other differences often engage in different foraging behaviours. We hypothesised that becauseAedesfeed more by browsing surfaces, whereasCulexoften filter the water column, these mosquitoes would show variation in performance and differentially affect detritus. Effects of different ratios of animal and plant detritus on survival, mass, and development time for two common container mosquito species,Culex restuansL. andAedes albopictusSkuse, were examined. We also quantified detrital contribution to biomass via isotopic and nutrient analysis and the effect of larvae on detrital decay.2. Adult male and female mass of both species was highest with some animal detritus and lowest in only leaf detritus.Aedes albopictussurvival was higher thanC. restuansacross most detritus ratios.3.Aedes albopictushad higher values of15N and in some cases13C across all detritus ratios compared withC. restuans;A. albopictushad lower nitrogen in tissue.Aedes albopictusappeared to be more efficient at obtaining potentially limiting nutrients and had a greater overall effect on detrital decay – a possible consequence of greater foraging effort.4. Findings further support the view that mosquito performance can be influenced by detritus type, and provide a more precise hypothesis (i.e. lower need for nitrogen) that may explain the superior competitive ability ofA. albopictusover other container mosquitoes.