bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Geology of Southern Morocco and the Atlas Mountains
Authors: Thomson Joseph 
Published: October 2009

A
mong
the curious facts of the 19th century there are few things more notable than our comparative ignorance of the geography and geology of the Empire of Morocco. Here is an extensive country within sight of Europe, and even within sound of the guns of a British garrison-town, about which we in many respects know less than about many districts in the remotest depths of the African Continent. Within recent years something has been done to dispel our ignorance of the geography of Morocco, but geologically our knowledge of it remains almost at a standstill.

Previous to the expedition of Sir Joseph Hooker to the Great Atlas in 1871, hardly a single ray of light had been thrown upon the stratigraphical constitution of Southern Morocco, and since that time barely one trustworthy fact has been added to the sum total. Practically the geological literature of Southern Morocco consists of a paper by Mr. Maw, who accompanied Sir Joseph, entitled ‘Notes on the Geology of the Plain of Marocco & the Great Atlas,’ and published as an appendix to Hooker & Ball's ‘Tour in Marocco & the Great Atlas.’
In the beginning of 1888 I conceived the idea of attempting the exploration of the less known parts of the Moorish Empire, and especially of the Atlas Mountains. In pursuit of this enterprise I left England on March 9th, returning home towards the end of October, successful beyond my expectations so far as the Atlas and Southern Morocco are concerned. I was
On a Sill and Faulted Inlier in Tideswell Dale (Derbyshire)
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose H. H. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
object of this paper is to describe an interesting series of igneous rocks, about ½ mile south of Tideswell, and between that village and the valley of the Wye (Geol. Surv. 1-inch map, 81 S.E.).

The old marble-quarry in Tideswell Dale has been known to geologists for many years, on account of the baked columnar clay underlying the toadstone, which was at one time well exposed. Numerous excursions have been made to the quarry, and several papers have been written on it, but no detailed work appears to have been done with the view of ascertaining the relation of the toadstone to the clay and the limestone-beds. The quarry was worked about 50 years ago for its fine coralline marble, but was abandoned because of the unavoidable expense of removing a great thickness of toadstone, in order to get at the limestone below it.
In 1870 a paper was read before this Society by the Rev. J. M. Mello, describing the section exposed in the quarry. In the same year Mr. Edward Wilson and Mr. Edwin Brown each contributed a paper on the same subject to the Geological Magazine. According to these observers, a bed of clay, which was often columnar, rested on the coralline marble. It varied in thickness from 5 to 12 feet, and the columns in it sometimes attained a length of 8 or 9 feet, and a breadth of 6 inches. Above the clay was a band of vesicular and amygdaloidal toadstone from 1 to
Relations of the Chalk and Drift in Möen and Rügen
Authors: Bonney T. G. , Hill Edwin 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

Möen, one of the Danish islands, lies on the south-east of Seeland Rügen, belonging to Germany, is very near the northern coast of Pomerania. They are separated in a north-westerly to a south-easterly direction by about 35 miles of sea, and on clear days are visible one from the other. Both districts have been for long—one of them more than half a century—classic ground in the annals of glacial geology. Our past work in England and elsewhere had made us for some time anxious, if only for comparative purposes, to undertake a persons examination of sections so diversely interpreted, and an opportunity of gratifying this desire occurred last summer. We first visited M6en, and about a fortnight later landed in Rügen, remaining in each a sufficient time to examine all the more important sections, with the results which will be found in this paper.
The ground in each island is generally low, but it becomes more undulating towards the east, and rises on that side into a range of Chalk-downs capped with Drift and covered by beech-woods. Each of these tracts ends abruptly in a line of lofty Chalk-cliffs, and these, in both cases, exhibit at many spots that rock and the Drift in relations which are peculiar and abnormal.
Many geologists have examined the islands and published explanations of the phenomena which they present. Some maintain that the Glacial beds have been included in the Chalk by a series of acute folds ; others, that these beds
On the Distal End of a Mammalian Humerus from Tonbridge (
Hemiomus major
)
Authors: Seeley H. G. 
Published: October 2009

M
r
. R. D'A. A
nderson
, of the Royal Indian Engineering College, has submitted to me the distal end of the right humerus of a mammal for determination. The bone was found in August 1898 by Mr. Grenville Anderson, on the bank of the River Medway near Tonbridge (at a time when the river was running very low), when it was seen projecting from the reconstructed rock. The locality is not far from Messrs. Curtis & Harvey's gunpowder-mills, at a point between a broken and disused lock-basin and an old bridge near the ballast-pit. On visiting the spot I found fragments of flints among the materials which form the river-banks; but although this might support a reference of the specimen to any geological period of subsequent date, there are conditions of mineral structure and osteological character which incline me to believe that the bone has been derived from the Weald Clay.

When the fossil came under my notice, the distal end was broken from the shaft; and the shaft was split, showing the very thin condition of the bone of the shaft, and the hard, sandy, calcareous matter which filled the medullary cavity. Traces of matrix at the distal end show that the specimen has been derived from quartz-sand bound together with limonite, such as might occur in the Hastings Sand, Weald Clay, or Lower Greensand, but the character of this matrix is opposed to the possibility of the specimen being of post-Tertiary age.
The fossil, as preserved, is 4 inches long
On Evidence of a Bird from the Wealden Beds of Ansty Lane, near Cuckfield
Authors: Seeley H. G. 
Published: October 2009

O
n
a visit to Ansty Cross made by the London Geological Field Class, I identified a fragment of bone found embedded in the sandstone by Mr. Neville Jones, as probably the distal end of the femur of a bird. It was unfortunately extracted from the matrix, and subsequently it was left with me for determination.

The fragment is ¾ inch long, compressed from back to front, with the bone of the shaft
thick and enclosing a small medullary cavity. At the proximal fracture the bone is ¼inch wide
and ⅕inch thick. The width at the distal
articulation is nine-twentieths inch; and the bone becomes bent downward and is
thickened inferiorly with development of the condyles, though not to quite the extent seen in most
existing birds.
The inner side of the bone is narrower than the outer side. As the narrow, rounded inner side
of the shaft is prolonged distally, it becomes flattened, with a slight median convexity; and is
thickened, partly owing to a superior marginal ridge, and partly in consequence of the thickening
of the inner condyle.

The outer side of the bone is thicker, but not so thick as in the femur of
Enaliornis
; nor is the external side flattened so much as in that genus. An
inflation on its middle part defines a superior lateral oblique area, below which there is an
imperfect groove. This defines a thickening of the outer side of the large external condyle,
quite on the type of
Notes on the Rhyolites of the Hauraki Goldfields (New Zealand)
Authors: Park J. , Rutley F. 
Published: October 2009

N
ew
Zealand
, during the Secondary period, seems to have been singularly free from volcanic disturbances, but after the advent of the Eocene it again became the scene of outbursts which have prevailed, with only short periods of cessation, up to the present time. The eruptions of Tertiary date were generally more widespread than those of recent times, their ejections sometimes affecting many hundreds of square miles.

The ejections of the early Tertiary eruptions were principally basic; those of the middle Tertiary, semi-basic; of the older Pliocene, acidic; and of the newer Pliocene and recent, acidic, semi-basic, and basic.
The Pliocene acidic eruptions devastated a wide area in the central portion of the North Island, smothering thousands of square miles with rhyolitic lavas, tuffs, and pumice, which now form barren plains and bare, flat-topped ranges. The chief centres of eruption lay in the Taupo, Rotorua, and Tauranga districts and the Hauraki peninsula. It is in connexion with the rhyolites of the last-named district that these notes are written.
The Hauraki peninsula is situated in the province of Auckland, and lies between the Firth of Thames, on the west, and the Pacific Ocean on the east. Altogether it covers an area of about 1,000 square miles. Its surface is diversified with rugged, forest-clad mountain-ranges, cut by deep ravines.
The basement-rocks consist of Palaeozoic (probably Devonian) slates and grauwacke, which generally occur in rapidly alternating thin beds or layers. Near Cabbage Bay a small isolated patch of richly fossiliferous marly clays, and limestone
Appendix on the Petrography of the Rocks of Congleton Edge
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose H. H. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
, following specimens from the agglomerate in the quarry were collected by the writer and examined microscopically :—Two of hard and three of softer agglomerate, one block of vesicular rock, and two blocks of limestone embedded in the agglomerate.

A hard agglomerate (978) consists of lapilli of irregular shape, set in a brown matrix, containing a few minute lapilli and probably Monticulilaora. The lapilli are very rarely vesicular, and then only contain few vesicles. The fragments with few or no vesicles contain altered felspar-laths and olivine iu a dark base, which is almost isotropic. The lapilli are often surrounded by a vein-like fibrous calcite.
In another specimen of hard agg1omerate (979) the lapilli: are in a remarkably fresh state of preservation. They contain olivinephenocrysts altered to calcite and sometimes to serpentine, with augite and felspar in a yellow isotropie base. The augite is fresh, and occurs in idiomorphic crystals and prisms, often arranged in groups or clusters. The felspars are fresh and clear, and have a sharply-defined outline. A few small vesicular and non-crystalline lapilli are present. The lapilli are cemented together by a limestone-paste, in which occur foraminifera and other organisms, together with a few fragments of augite and felspar and a subangular quartz-grain. The rock may be described as abasalt-tuff.
A piece of the softer agglomerate (981) consists of fragments of dolerite in a limestone-paste, containing veins of calcite and l races of organisms. The igneous fragments consist of pseudomorphs of felspar and olivine in a reddish matrix,
Appendix—On the Microscopic Study of some of the Rocks of Northern Anglesey
Authors: Watts W. W. 
Published: October 2009

The following notes are based on the examination of about 100 slides made from rocks collected by Mr. Matley during his work in Northern Anglesey, and examined by me at his request. These rocks may be classed under the following heads:—

(1)
The Green Series.

(2)
The Ordovician Rocks.

(3)
The Quartzites and ‘Quartz-knobs.’

(4)
The Results of Earth-movement; Crush-Conglomerates.

(1) The Green Series.
These rocks usually show their original clastic structure distinctly, although they are often considerably altered. They vary from coarse quartzose grits, through finer grits, to close-grained phyllites. The fragments consist of quartz-grains, clastic mica, and felspar, the first constituent, being present in greatest quantity. Secondary chlorite and sericite are usually developed, the latter becoming more abundant as the evidences of earth-movement increase, and certain bands in the fine grits are schists consisting of little but sericite. More usually the groundmass is made up of fine chlorite-flakes embedded in granulitic quartz. Epidoto in veins and isolated crystals is usually present. Secondary chalcedonic silica has often been deposited along planes and lenticles produced by the movement. In the finer-grained rocks strain-slip is present, and not infrequently the rock is brecciated and contains fragments derived from itself; one example (ST.A. 43, from the Craig Wen ‘quartz-knob’)has the structure of a mylonite. One rock (N.A. 18, near Taldrws, Cemlyn) has been detected in the Green Series which contains, in addition to angular grains of quartz, several fragments of
On the Geological Structure of Portions of the Malvern and Abberley Hills
Authors: Groom T. T. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction. In a former communication 1 an account was given of the structure of the southern portion of the Malvern Rauge; it is now proposed to supplement this account by a description of the rest of the Malverh Range and of certain portions of the Abberley Range, which were selected with the view of throwing light upon the geological history of the Western Midlands. The structure will be traced from south to north, beginning with Swinyard Hill, which is situated immediately to the north of the area described in the writer's former paper.
II. Swinyard Hill. The mlrrow ridge of Swinyard Hill is separated from Midsummer Hill on the south by the Gullet Pass, and from the Herefordshire Beacon by the depression termed by Phillips the ‘Silurian Pass.’
It has been pointed out on a former occasion 2 that the Gullet Pass is traversed by a line of fault. North of this line the width of the Archæean massif suddenly narrows, so that the deposits which flank the hill abut on the south directly against the Archæan mass of Midsummer Hill. The Archzean rocks of Swinyard Hill are well foliated towards the south, and show a marked plaoiocliual disposition. The ridge is flanked on each side by May Hill Sandstone, forming ground with a slope decidedly less steep than that of the ridge itself, especially on the eastern side. The change of slope is usually somewhat sudden, and probably marks lines of faulting on each side; but the May
On the Geology of Northern Anglesey: Part II.
Authors: Matley Charles A. 
Published: October 2009

In a recent communication
1
I discussed the stratigraphical relationships of the rocks of Northern Anglesey, and showed that the region had been profoundly affected by earth-movements. Having now completed the mapping of that part of the district which I called the ‘Northern Complex’ that is to say the area between Cemaes and Bull Bay, I venture to bring the results before the Society, with map and sections. It has been ascertained that some of the dykes of Northern Anglesey are composite in character, and a short account of these and of the other intrusive rocks is also given.

I. Stratigraphy of the Northern Complex.
In my previous paper the Northern Complex was stated to contain rocks of undoubted Ordovician age, rocks of the Green Series, and a third group characterized by limestones and quartzites. The last-mentioned group will be here referred to as the Llanbadrig Series, from its development in the neighbourhood of Llanbadrig Church. The succession, in descending order, is as follows:—

C
.

The Llandeilo Rocks—conglomerates, grits, sandy and argillaceous shales and slates, and ironstone.

B
.

The Llanbadrig Series—quartzites, limestones, slates, gritty slates with bands of grit, and pebbly slates.

A
.

The Green Series—represented in the ‘Northern Complex’ mainly by greenish and bluish slates.

The rocks strike in an east-south-easterly direction, and the dip, almost always northerly, is usually high. A well-marked transverse fault runs south-westward from Hell's Mouth, dividing the Complex into western and eastern portions.

(
a
) The Llandeilo
Foraminifera from an Upper Cambrian Horizon in the Malverns; together with a Note on some of the Earliest-known Foraminifera
Authors: Chapman Frederick 
Published: October 2009

Occurrence.

The foraminifera here described were found in a shaly limestone which Prof. Groom obtained —from the débris of a small ridge composed of black shales, with intercalated basalts, which forms a spur on the north-west side of Chase End Hill. The locality is a short distance south of the village of Whiteleaved Oak. In the same specimens of limestone were found traces of Oboloid brachiopoda, and of what appear to be minute gasteropoda, bivalved crustacea or mollusca, and other fossils. The rock belongs to the well-known and widely-spread zone of
Sphærophthalmus, Peltura
, and
Ctenopyge
, which in Britain forms the upper half of the Dolgelly Beds or Upper
Lingula
-Flags.—
1

So far Prof. Groom has been unable to find the rock in place, although there can be no doubt, he informs me, that it occurs not many yards away from the spot where it is now found.
On examining the limestone with a pocket-lens, Prof. Groom noticed a number of small bodies, some of which, when looked at under a high power, had the appearance of foraminifera. Thereupon a thin slice of the rock was prepared, which revealed to him the presence of undoubted foraminifera.

The specimens, courteously placed in my hands by Prof. Groom for description, have been sliced; and they have yielded a few forms other than
Spirillina
, which was the first one seen. Some pieces of the limestone are dark or nearly black, while others are whitish and speckled over with minute dark-blue spots. When thin sections of
Additional Notes on some Eruptive Rocks from New Zealand
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

The rocks described in this paper were, with two or three exceptions, collected by Mr. James Park, F.G.S., and reached me just before the completion of the paper on the rhyolites of the Hauraki Goldfields, read last year before this Society? A few of these specimens came from the area dealt with in that paper, but a con siderable number of them are from other localities in the North Island, including several from Rotorua, which are interesting as affording recent examples of solfataric action.
For the estimations of the total silica in these rocks I have to thank my friend Mr. Philip Holland, F.I.C., F.C.S., by whom they were made. Lantern-slides of some of the more typical rock-sections have been very kindly prepared for me by Mr. Frederick Chapman, A.L.S., F.R.M.S., of the Royal College of Science, South Kensington.
The present paper may, to some extent, be regarded as a continuation of that on the Hauraki rhyolitcs, but although certain specimens, about to be described, bear a tolerably close resemblance to some of those dealt with in the last paper, many of them, when examined microscopically, are found to present points of interest which render them worthy of special notice.
These rocks vary so much in their structural details that no attempt will be made to adopt any systematic order in their description, except that the specimens from Rotorua will be treated consecutively at the end of the paper.

H
21
. Waihi.—A pale-grey, lithoidal rhyolite, with little dark-green crystals suggestive of
On the Discovery and Occurrence of Minerals containing Rare Elements
Authors: Nordenskiöld Baron Adolf Erik 
Published: October 2009

The remarkable discoveries of recent years with regard to the composition of the air, and the discovery of several new gaseous elements, have again unexpectedly directed general attention to those Scandinavian minerals which contain rare earths and acids. It will, therefore, be the more proper to give here a brief sketch of the discovery of these minerals, as most of them were not only first found in Sweden, Norway, Finland, or Greenland, but also first described by Swedish observers in the Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In doing this I shall have an opportunity of correcting some mistakes and inadvertencies of foreign investigators as to the history of these discoveries, and of showing the groundlessness of certain geological or cosmological speculations which have been induced by the unexpected observation that the new gases, when occurring in the crust of our planet, seem to be particularly associated with minerals containing rare earths.
A mineral containing earths of this kind is mentioned for the first time in mineralogical literature in a paper by Axel Fr. Cronstedt, entitled ‘Experiments & Trials made on Three Iron-ores,’ and printed in the K. Svenska Veteuskapsakademiens Handlingar in 1751. One of these supposed iron-ores consisted of a substance in which there is no iron at all, namely, the greyish-white heavy mineral from Bispberg in Dalecarlia which is now called schee1ite, and from which, thirty years later, Seheele first separated the oxideof the important element wolfram. This element is still called tungstène by French chemists,
On Ceylon Rocks and Graphite
Authors: Coomára-Swámy A. K. 
Published: October 2009

I. The Physical Geography of the Area.
Ceylon is almost connected with India by the Manaar and Rames-waram Islands and the reef known as Adam's Bridge : there is no channel deep enough for large steamers to pass. Nearly four-fifths of its area is a flat ‘low country’ forming a maritime belt in the south, and covering a greater area in the north. The main mountain-massif, consisting of ancient crystalline rocks, is situated a little south of the centre of Ceylon in the South Central, Uva, and Sabaragamuwa provinces. In this area rise lofty and often precipitous mountains, of which the highest is Pidurutalagalla, 8296 feet above sea-level ; while Adam's Peak reaches 7353 feet: In between these peaks stretch considerable tracts of tableland or rolling grassy plains (Patanas), such as the Newera Eliya Plain, at an altitude of 6200 feet, or the Elk and Herren Plains, over 7000 feet. The rainfall in these districts may exceed 280 inches per annum, while it is only 50 inches in the northern flat, dry country. The rivers rise in the mountainous districts, running at first through rocky gorges, forming striking waterfalls, but meandering slowly through alluvial flats when they reach the low country.

Ceylon is essentially a continental island, and, as we should expect, shares to a great extent the flora and fauna of India. It is, however, remarkable that nearly 30 per cent. of Ceylon phanerogains are endemic, and the same is true of 2 per cent. of the genera [13].
1
Fossils in the Oxford University Museum, IV: Notes on some undescribed Trilobites
Authors: Thomas H. H. 
Published: October 2009

In the course of arrangement of the Trilobites in the Oxford University Museum, a few forms came under notice which might be considered worthy of description. They are two species of
Dalmania
from the Wenlock Shales, and one of
Olenus
from the Shineton Shales.

Phacops (Dalmania) coronatus, sp. nov. (Pl. XXXV, figs. 1-4.)
This species does not attain any considerable size, its total length
being from ⅜ to ⅝ inch, while the ratio of its greatest breadth to length exclusive of the caudal spine is as 3 : 5.
The head-shield is semicircular and moderately convex, the genal angles being produced posteriorly into two long spines extending to the sixth thoracic segment. The external border is a flattened margin, narrowing in front of the glabella, and produced on its external edge into a series of spines, seemingly sixteen ill number, symmetrically arranged. They are more or loss equidistant one from the other and are of the same length, excepting those two that are immediately in front of the eyes, which seem to be about twice the length of the others.
The glabella is coarsely tubercular with smaller granules interspersed, and it widens anteriorly to more than one-third of the width of the head-shield. The forehead-lobe is more or less rhomboidal in outline, its width however being greater than its length, the latter being equal to half that of the total glabella. The inferior lobes diminish ill size posteriorly, being separated by deep