bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ASTIGMATISM AND SURFACE PHENOMENA IN PTERYGIUM
Authors: HANSEN ANDERS , NORN MOGENS 
Published: May 2009

Examination of 39 eyes with pterygium and 17 contralateral eyes revealed increased astigmatism with the rule (> 0.5 D in 46%, ≥ 4 D in 13%) without associated impairment of vision.Intensified vital staining was seen to be provoked over the pterygium by tetrazolium and rose bengal, whereas this was not the case with fluorescein or alcian blue. There were no signs of desiccation (Break up time normal). Stocker's line in front of the pterygium was observed in 46%. In 13% this was continuous with Hudson Stähli's line.A quantitative cytologic study disclosed keratinisation in 5%. Increased desquamation was seen in 10%.The central thickness of the cornea was the same as in normal eyes.
SPHEROID DEGENERATION OF CONJUNCTIVA AND CORNEA
Authors: NORN MOGENS 
Published: May 2009

Twenty‐six subjects with spheroid degeneration were followed up after two years. The number of colourless conjunctival droplets was seen to have increased by on an average 46% (2α = 0.05) and that of autofluorescent conjunctival droplets by 223% (2α < 0.01).Counting within the individual sites disclosed that some droplets will disappear (not less than 30 and 21% respectively), while recently formed will constitute at least 76 and 243%.The number of areas with band‐shaped keratopathy was found to rise from 3 to 26 (P < 0.001) out of 104 possibilities, (nasally and temporally of right and left eye).Vital staining (fluorescein, rose bengal, tetrazolium, alcian blue) showed the epithelium above the droplets to be intact, and the droplet‐containing eyes were found not to be abnormally dry (break up time, tear production).
GALACTOSAEMIA WITH CATARACT AND PERSISTENT HYALOID ARTERY
Authors: VANGSTED P. 
Published: May 2009

A boy with galactosaemia and bilateral cataract developed large intraocular haemorrhages in the left eye which was enucleated.Histologically a persistent hyaloid artery was demonstrated. This combination with galactosaemia seems not to have been described in the literature before. The haemorrhages are most likely secondary to the persistant hyaloid artery system. In addition, some foci of extramedullary haemopoiesis were demonstrated in the retina.
INDOCYANINE GREEN FLUORESCENCE ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: HYVÄRINEN LEA , FLOWER ROBERT W. 
Published: May 2009

Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography has been further refined for use in both laboratory and clinical investigations. In the present modification of the Zeiss fundus camera all lenses except the aspherical objective lens have been specially antireflection coated to increase light transmission in the spectral region around 800 nm. A 300 watt indium iodide lamp continuous light source has replaced the conventional xenon flash lamp. This light source produces a retinal irradiance of 265 mw, and therefore restricts retinal exposure time to 11.9 seconds, but that time is more than adequate to record passage of dye through the choroid. Spatial resolution of the fundus on the film has been increased from 11.7 microns to 7.4 microns.With these technical refinements the choroidal circulation can be studied at 20 frames per second, which is adequate to document the very rapid movement of blood through the vasculature. ICG angiography may change our interpretations of choroidal circulatory phenomena which are now based on fluorescein angiography, and it clearly is an effective tool in laboratory (experimental) investigations.
SLOW‐RELEASE ARTIFICIAL TEARS (SRAT) IN DRY EYE DISEASE
Authors: HØVDING GUNNAR , AASVED HENRY 
Published: May 2009

Twelve patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca were treated with soluble inserts of a dehydrated cellulose polymer placed in the inferior conjunctival fornix. Compared with their previous use of liquid tear substitutes burning, photophobia and foreign body sensation were reduced in 7 patients. An increased tear film break up time (BUT) (P < 0.002) and a decreased rose bengal staining of cornea and conjunctiva (P <0.002) were recorded. The mean visual acuity did not change. Simultaneous use of 0.9% NaCl eye drops was necessary for comfort. The main disadvantage of the inserts was their tendency to dislocate.The hydroxy propyl cellulose inserts were supplied in an individual foil pack (Merck Sharp & Dohme‐Chibret Laboratories).
The anatomy of the rabbit aqueous outflow pathway
Authors: Bergmanson Jan P. G. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The morphology of the filtration angle and pathway of aqueous outflow was studied in 10 pigmented rabbits using light and electron microscopic techniques. The following conclusions were arrived at:1. Numerous pectinate ligaments were found to cross the rabbit filtration angle. However, large spaces between these ligaments allows aqueous access to the peripheral portion of the angle and then to the trabeculum. The drainage of aqueous filtered through the meshwork is served by a plexus of 1 to 4 channels, which contain giant vacuoles along their internal and external walls.2. A single layer of endothelial cells was found covering all meridians of the entire trabeculum from the termination of the cornea to the filtration angle recess. This layer, here termed the trabecular endothelial layer, is a continuation of the corneal endothelium, and it is accompanied by the posterior limiting lamina (Descemet's membrane) for its full length.3. The aqueous passes through the trabecular endothelial layer by an intracellular route that possibly requires energy.4. The presence of the trabecular endothelial layer in the rabbit may explain the variation that is known to exist between human and rabbit in responses to pharmaceutical agents. The physiology of the rabbit trabecular endothelial layer needs to be investigated to determine the suitability of this species as an animal model for the human glaucomatous conditions caused by the presence of such a layer.
Glaucomatous disc haemorrhages photographed at short intervals
Authors: Bo Sonnsjö  
Published: May 2009

Abstract Fundus photography was performed at an interval of 1–2 weeks on two glaucoma patients with disc haemorrhages (hh). It was shown that1. Haemorrhages (hh) appear again and again at the same place over a long period, which may, if the observations are made at long intervals, give the false impression of one, very slowly resorbed h. The opinion that hh are caused by a singular vascular acute disorder is not supported.2. The blood is seen propagating peripherically along the nerve fibres. After resorption of the papillary part the h may remain only outside the disc, thus giving the impression of a completely extrapapillary h.3. The resorption of blood occurs probably more rapidly over the papillary tissue than in regions outside the disc.
Corneal elasticity and ocular rigidity in normal and keratoconic eyes
Authors: Edmund Carsten 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe elastic properties of a given tissue may be characterized by Youngs Modulus (Y) which relates the stress (force per unit cross sectional area) and the resultant strain (the relative linear deformation). Cornea and sclera react to stress by a biphasic viscoelastic response consisting of a quick immediate deformation followed by a further slow deformation. Thus, it is necessary to distinguish between Y determined from the immediate elastic response (Yi) and Y determined in steady state (Ys). In a normal (n = 29) and a keratoconic group (n = 27) the ocular rigidity (E) was determined as estimate of Yi of the ocular tunics. Further based on measurements of intraocular pressure, corneal diameter, corneal shape and thickness profile that value of Ys which represents elastic minimum energy content in the actual corneal membrane was estimated in the two groups. E as well as Ys were found to be significantly lower in keratoconic eyes compared with normals and uncorrelated to each other in the two groups.
Postoperative prognostic indicators following trabeculectomy
Authors: Stewart William C. , Pitts Rebecca A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We evaluated prognostic indicators for longterm filtration from the ocular examination within the first three months following primary trabeculectomy without antimetabolite therapy.We found that in patients who were more easily controlled at one year postoperatively (intraocular pressure ≥ 16 mmHg and using 0–2 medications), compared to those who were more difficult to control (≥ 16 mmHg or on three medications), the intraocular pressure became significantly different between groups at three months and the number of glaucoma medications at eight weeks postoperatively. More easily controlled patients had greater bleb elevation by one month and extent of bleb formation at two weeks postoperatively. The presence of microcysts, anterior chamber depth, and avascularity did not differ between the two groups.This study suggests that differences in the ocular examination exist within the first three months following trabeculectomy which reflect the postoperative intraocular pressure control at one year.
The αGal HyperAcute® Technology: Enhancing Immunogenicity of Antiviral Vaccines by Exploiting the Natural αGal‐Mediated Zoonotic Blockade
Authors: Mandell R. B. , Flick R. , Staplin W. R. , Kaniewski L. D. , Carzoli A. K. , Manuszak R. P. , Wang J. , Rossi G. R. , Vahanian N. N. , Link C. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe αGal HyperAcute® Technology exploits a robust zoonotic blockade to enhance potency of antiviral vaccines. Naturally acquired immunity against the common αGal epitope [galactose‐alpha(1,3)‐galactose‐beta(1,4)N‐acetylglucosamine‐R (Gal‐α(1,3)‐Gal‐β(1,4)‐GlcNAc‐R)] is facilitated by the loss of a key enzyme in the epitope’s biosynthetic pathway. As human cells are devoid of this epitope, chronic stimulus from gut flora leads to high levels of circulating anti‐αGal antibodies and the development of a robust immune pathway. As the αGal epitope is immediately recognized as foreign, the naturally acquired αGal immune pathway in humans serves as a strong barrier to zoonotic infection. The αGal HyperAcute® Technology takes advantage of this natural process to facilitate the rapid presentation of modified antigens to antigen‐presenting cells, leading to a strong immune response. The evolutionary immunity to αGal ensures that the presence of αGal epitopes on antigens will lead to a robust immune response involving cross‐activation of TH1 immunity, characterized by cytokine secretion and increased phagocytic activity, and TH2 immunity characterized by high antibody titres. αGal epitopes can be applied to antiviral vaccines by biological, enzymatic or chemical means. Several detection methods that directly and indirectly verify αGal addition are discussed. Enhanced immunogenicity (humoral and cellular) of αGal‐modified vaccines is shown for several antiviral vaccine candidates. αGal modification of antiviral vaccine components leads to enhanced immunogenicity. The existing body of literature describing the utility of αGal epitopes as a safe and robust immunostimulatory and ‐modulatory agent in humans supports the basis for applying the αGal HyperAcute® Technology to the improvement of antiviral vaccines, both new and currently approved.
West Nile Virus in the New World: Trends in the Spread and Proliferation of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere
Authors: Artsob H. , Gubler D. J. , Enria D. A. , Morales M. A. , Pupo M. , Bunning M. L. , Dudley J. P. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe observed patterns and variations in the ecology, epidemiology, distribution and prevalence of the West Nile Virus (WNV) in different areas of the Western Hemisphere make this pathogen of particular importance as a model for understanding the potential risk factors associated with emerging pathogens worldwide, particularly those involving zoonotic pathogens whose epidemiology involves the potential for vertical transmission in arthropod vector species, and horizontal and vertical transmission within and among vertebrate host species. Record numbers of human WNV cases were recorded in Canada during 2007, with >50% more cases than documented in any previous year. Although overall numbers of human infections recorded in the United States were not exceptionally high during 2007 relative to epidemic levels reported in 2002 and 2003, the state of Oklahoma reported that the highest‐ever number of human WNV cases and the numbers of human cases recorded in Canada were 50% higher than previous record levels recorded in 2003. The record and near‐record numbers of human WNV infections recorded in several regions of North America during 2007 have important implications for the future management and surveillance of WNV vectors and reservoirs in North America. The spatiotemporal distribution of WNV infections in humans and animals recorded during 2007 in North America and South America have important implications for the surveillance and management of public health threats from WNV in the Western Hemisphere. Serological surveys conducted in areas of intense WNV transmission in the United States have reported low prevalence of antibodies to WNV in human s populations, indicating that additional epidemic outbreaks of human disease from WNV can be expected in the future.
Genetic Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Hantaviruses in Russia
Authors: Garanina S. B. , Platonov A. E. , Zhuravlev V. I. , Murashkina A. N. , Yakimenko V. V. , Korneev A. G. , Shipulin G. A. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryHaemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is the most prevalent zoonotic disease in Russia. It is caused by several hantavirus species hosted by small rodents. We describe spatial and temporal patterns of HFRS incidence in the Russian Federation, and the geographic distribution of prevalent hantavirus species: Puumala (PUUV) and Dobrava (DOBV). Partial sequencing of nucleocapsid and glycoprotein genes of 117 PUUV strains and 78 DOBV strains revealed several distinct genetic subgroups. The RNA of Volga PUUV subgroup was detected in patients with HFRS and bank voles Myodes glareolus in the Volga Federal District, where the highest HFRS incidence rate has been registered yearly. The RNA of Siberian PUUV subgroup was found in M. glareolus in the trans‐Ural Tyumen and Omsk Provinces, where human HFRS cases have been rare. During an HFRS outbreak in 2007 in the Central Federal District, when more than 1000 patients were affected, specific subgroups of DOBV were discovered in patients and rodents, mainly in the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius. DOBV strains might have 8–9% of nucleotide difference although they were collected at places separated by 30–100 km. The RNA of a unique DOBV subgroup was discovered in the southern semi‐desert Astrakhan Province, mainly in A. agrarius and tamarisk jird Meriones tamariscinus. No human HFRS cases were diagnosed in this province. Russian PUUV and DOBV strains have no close homologues among European strains. Our DOBV strains might be genetically grouped together with Central European DOBV strains isolated from A. agrarius, but not from Apodemus flavicollis. The Volga PUUV subgroup is to some extent similar to Baltic PUUV strain, and Finnish PUUV strains resemble the strains from the Siberian PUUV subgroup. Thus, PCR‐based monitoring and typing provided the opportunity to delineate and expand the area of hantaviruses in Russia and to identify their new genetic variants.
The Role of Swine in the Generation of Novel Influenza Viruses
Authors: Ma W. , Lager K. M. , Vincent A. L. , Janke B. H. , Gramer M. R. , Richt J. A. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe ecology of influenza A viruses is very complicated involving multiple host species and viral genes. Avian species have variable susceptibility to influenza A viruses with wild aquatic birds being the reservoir for this group of pathogens. Occasionally, influenza A viruses are transmitted to mammals from avian species, which can lead to the development of human pandemic strains by direct or indirect transmission to man. Because swine are also susceptible to infection with avian and human influenza viruses, genetic reassortment between these viruses and/or swine influenza viruses can occur. The potential to generate novel influenza viruses has resulted in swine being labelled ‘mixing vessels’. The mixing vessel theory is one mechanism by which unique viruses can be transmitted from an avian reservoir to man. Although swine can generate novel influenza viruses capable of infecting man, at present, it is difficult to predict which viruses, if any, will cause a human pandemic. Clearly, the ecology of influenza A viruses is dynamic and can impact human health, companion animals, as well as the health of livestock and poultry for production of valuable protein commodities. For these reasons, influenza is, and will continue to be, a serious threat to the wellbeing of mankind.
Efficacy of Triazoles in a Murine Disseminated Infection by
Candida krusei
Authors: Mariné Marçal , Pastor F. Javier , Serena Carolina , Guarro Josep 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the efficacies of posaconazole and voriconazole in comparison with that of amphotericin B in a systemic murine infection by
Candida krusei.
Posaconazole at 50 mg/kg/day and voriconazole at 40 and 60 mg/kg/day prolonged survival and reduced the fungal tissue burden in the kidneys of mice similarly to amphotericin B at 1.5 mg/kg/day and liposomal amphotericin B at 10 mg/kg/day. None of the treatments tested completely resolved the infection.
Curcumin Modulates Efflux Mediated by Yeast ABC Multidrug Transporters and Is Synergistic with Antifungals
Authors: Sharma Monika , Manoharlal Raman , Shukla Suneet , Puri Nidhi , Prasad Tulika , Ambudkar Suresh V. , Prasad Rajendra 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Curcumin (CUR), a natural product of turmeric, from rhizomes of
Curcuma longa
, is a known agent of reversal of drug resistance phenotypes in cancer cells overexpressing ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, viz., ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1. In the present study, we evaluated whether CUR could also modulate multidrug transporters of yeasts that belong either to the ABC family or to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). The effect of CUR on multidrug transporter proteins was demonstrated by examining rhodamine 6G (R6G) efflux in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
cells overexpressing the
Candida albicans
ABC transporters Cdr1p and Cdr2p (CaCdr1p and CaCdr2p, respectively) and the MFS transporters CaMdr1p and
S. cerevisiae
Pdr5p. CUR decreased the extracellular concentration of R6G in ABC transporter-expressing cells but had no effect on methotrexate efflux mediated through the MFS transporter CaMdr1p. CUR competitively inhibited R6G efflux and the photolabeling of CaCdr1p by [
125
I]iodoarylazidoprazosin, a drug analogue of the substrate prazosin (50% inhibitory concentration, 14.2 μM). Notably, the mutant variants of CaCdr1p that displayed abrogated efflux of R6G also showed reduced modulation by CUR. Drug susceptibility testing of ABC protein-expressing cells by spot assays and checkerboard tests revealed that CUR was selectively synergistic with drug substrates such as R6G, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and miconazole but not with fluconazole, voriconazole, anisomycin, cycloheximide, or FK520. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence that CUR modulates only ABC multidrug transporters and could be exploited in combination with certain conventional antifungal drugs to reverse multidrug resistance in
Candida
cells.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Chemolithoautotrophic Marine Magnetotactic Coccus Strain MC-1
Authors: Schübbe Sabrina , Williams Timothy J. , Xie Gary , Kiss Hajnalka E. , Brettin Thomas S. , Martinez Diego , Ross Christian A. , Schüler Dirk , Cox B. Lea , Nealson Kenneth H. , Bazylinski Dennis A. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe marine bacterium strain MC-1 is a member of the alpha subgroup of the proteobacteria that contains the magnetotactic cocci and was the first member of this group to be cultured axenically. The magnetotactic cocci are not closely related to any other known alphaproteobacteria and are only distantly related to other magnetotactic bacteria. The genome of MC-1 contains an extensive (102 kb) magnetosome island that includes numerous genes that are conserved among all known magnetotactic bacteria, as well as some genes that are unique. Interestingly, certain genes that encode proteins considered to be important in magnetosome assembly (mamJandmamW) are absent from the genome of MC-1. Magnetotactic cocci exhibit polar magneto-aerotaxis, and the MC-1 genome contains a relatively large number of identified chemotaxis genes. Although MC-1 is capable of both autotrophic and heterotrophic growth, it does not appear to be metabolically versatile, with heterotrophic growth confined to the utilization of acetate. Central carbon metabolism is encoded by genes for the citric acid cycle (oxidative and reductive), glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis. The genome also reveals the presence or absence of specific genes involved in the nitrogen, sulfur, iron, and phosphate metabolism of MC-1, allowing us to infer the presence or absence of specific biochemical pathways in strain MC-1. The pathways inferred from the MC-1 genome provide important information regarding central metabolism in this strain that could provide insights useful for the isolation and cultivation of new magnetotactic bacterial strains, in particular strains of other magnetotactic cocci.
Dictyostelium discoideum
CenB Is a Bona Fide Centrin Essential for Nuclear Architecture and Centrosome Stability
Authors: Mana-Capelli Sebastian , Gräf Ralph , Larochelle Denis A. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Centrins are a family of proteins within the calcium-binding EF-hand superfamily. In addition to their archetypical role at the microtubule organizing center (MTOC), centrins have acquired multiple functionalities throughout the course of evolution. For example, centrins have been linked to different nuclear activities, including mRNA export and DNA repair.
Dictyostelium discoideum
centrin B is a divergent member of the centrin family. At the amino acid level, DdCenB shows 51% identity with its closest relative and only paralog, DdCenA. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that DdCenB and DdCenA form a well-supported monophyletic and divergent group within the centrin family of proteins. Interestingly, fluorescently tagged versions of DdCenB were not found at the centrosome (in whole cells or in isolated centrosomes). Instead, DdCenB localized to the nuclei of interphase cells. This localization disappeared as the cells entered mitosis, although
Dictyostelium
cells undergo a closed mitosis in which the nuclear envelope (NE) does not break down. DdCenB knockout cells exhibited aberrant nuclear architecture, characterized by enlarged and deformed nuclei and loss of proper centrosome-nucleus anchoring (observed as NE protrusions). At the centrosome, loss of DdCenB resulted in defects in the organization and morphology of the MTOC and supernumerary centrosomes and centrosome-related bodies. The multiple defects that the loss of DdCenB generated at the centrosome can be explained by its atypical division cycle, transitioning into the NE as it divides at mitosis. On the basis of these findings, we propose that DdCenB is required at interphase to maintain proper nuclear architecture, and before delocalizing from the nucleus, DdCenB is part of the centrosome duplication machinery.