bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organization of the LEE1 operon regulatory region of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and activation by GrlA
Authors: Islam Md. Shahidul , Bingle Lewis E. H. , Pallen Mark J. , Busby Stephen J. W. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryExpression of the genes in the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli is primarily co‐ordinated by expression of the LEE1 operon. GrlA is a LEE‐encoded transcription regulator that has been proposed to be involved in the regulation of expression of the LEE1 operon. We describe a simple plasmid‐based system to investigate the LEE1 operon regulatory region and to study GrlA‐dependent effects. We report that GrlA can activate transcription initiation at the LEE1 P1 promoter by binding to a target located within the 18‐base‐pair spacer between the promoter −10 and −35 elements, which were defined by mutational analysis. Shortening this spacer to 17 base pairs increases P1 promoter activity and short‐circuits GrlA‐dependent activation. Hence, at the P1 promoter, the action of GrlA resembles that of many MerR family transcription activators at their target promoters.
The effect of mating system on growth of Arabidopsis lyrata in response to inoculation with the biotrophic parasite Albugo candida
Authors: HOEBE P. N. , STIFT M. , HOLUB E. B. , MABLE B. K. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe effects of variation in host reproductive systems on response to pathogens are not well understood. We inoculated individuals from outcrossing and inbreeding populations of North American Arabidopsis lyrata with Albugo candida (white blister rust) to test the effect of mating system and heterozygosity on disease response. We observed three host infection phenotypes, classified as fully resistant, partially resistant and fully susceptible. Overall, inbreeding populations had more susceptible and fewer partially resistant individuals than outcrossing populations, but the highest proportion of resistant individuals was found in two of the inbreeding populations. Mating system did not affect relative growth rate of inoculated plants, but there were strong effects of population and infection phenotype. We conclude that mating system per se does not determine the resistance of natural A. lyrata populations to infection by Albugo, but that the increased variability in responses among inbreeding populations may be due to reduced effective population size.
Exclusive Male Egg Care and Determinants of Brooding Success in a Millipede
Authors: Kudo Shin‐Ichi , Akagi Yoshinobu , Hiraoka Shuichiro , Tanabe Tsutomu , Morimoto Gen 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe evolution of exclusive male parental care is a major and controversial issue in behavioural ecology. Although arthropods practicing paternal care are thought to be key taxa for investigating this issue, few studies have attempted to clarify the selection factors associated with male behaviour and fitness consequences in arthropods. In the millipede Brachycybe nodulosa, males curl their bodies around egg masses on the undersides of decaying logs. Male‐removal experiments in the laboratory strongly suggest that males defend the eggs against fungal infection. Orphaned eggs were soon covered by hyphae and no eggs hatched, whereas almost all eggs brooded by males successfully hatched. The egg‐brooding males showed no aggressive responses when disturbed. Only some mature males bred in the field. Furthermore, the number of eggs brooded varied greatly among the males. Selected generalized linear models revealed that males with a wide seventh body segment, which possesses gonopods (genital legs), tended to succeed in brooding; and males with a wider body also obtained more eggs. Colony attributes had no significant effects on male brooding. We discuss the possible sexual selection mechanisms that could accomplish this pattern of brooding success among male B. nodulosa.
Symptoms and signs differentiating croup and epiglottitis
Authors: Tibballs James , Watson Tom 
Published: November 2010

Aim:  To determine differentiating symptoms and signs of epiglottitis and laryngotracheobronchitis (croup).Methods:  Contemporaneous interview of parents and clinical examination of children with acute upper airway obstruction presenting to the intensive care unit of a paediatric hospital.Results:  Two hundred and three children were examined over a 40‐month period. One hundred and two had croup, of whom 49 had the diagnosis confirmed at intubation and another six by direct laryngeal inspection without intubation. One hundred and one had epiglottitis of whom 95 were diagnosed by direct inspection of the larynx at intubation, five by a lateral X‐ray of the neck and one on direct inspection without intubation. One child with epiglottitis died. Although both illnesses presented with stridor, the additional presence of drooling had a high sensitivity (0.79, 95% CI 0.70–0.86) and specificity (0.94, 95% CI 0.88–0.97) for epiglottitis while coughing had a high sensitivity (1.00, 95% CI 0.96–1.00) and high specificity (0.98, 95% CI 0.93–0.99) for croup. Coughing predicted croup but drooling predicted epiglottitis. Additional reliable signs of epiglottitis were a preference to sit, refusal to swallow and dysphagia. Thirty‐seven percent of children with epiglottitis and 16% with croup were treated as having another respiratory illness at least once before definitive diagnosis.Conclusions:  Epiglottitis and croup are often confused because they share symptoms and signs including stridor. However, differentiation in early illness is possible by additional observation of coughing and absence of drooling in croup and by the additional observation of drooling with absence of coughing in epiglottitis.
Neonatal resuscitation capacity in Nepal
Authors: Nelson Christina A , Spector Jonathan M 
Published: November 2010

Aim:  Perinatal asphyxia is a major contributor to the nearly 4 million neonatal deaths worldwide each year in resource‐limited settings. Neonatal resuscitation, a proven method for preventing newborn deaths, is effective only when local caregivers have proper training and access to essential supplies. There are few published data describing neonatal resuscitation capacity in Nepal, where neonatal mortality rates are high. The goal of this study was to quantify neonatal resuscitation capacity at birthing sites in urban and rural Nepal.Methods:  Seventeen birth centres ranging from tertiary care hospitals to rural health posts were evaluated. Assessments included standardised interviews of health‐care workers and evaluation of newborn resuscitation areas. The availability of essential resuscitation tools was recorded.Results:  Eleven of the 17 health centres conducted deliveries on‐site. Of those, 45% had posted and visible resuscitation algorithms; 72% had infant warmers; 91% had mechanical suction machines; 36% had bulb suctions and 82% had bag‐mask ventilation devices available. Tertiary hospitals were much better equipped compared with smaller health centres. None of the health‐care workers who attended home deliveries had access to algorithms, warming devices, suction or bag‐mask ventilation devices.Conclusions:  Availability of appropriate resuscitation supplies was variable in health centres providing delivery services on‐site and was severely deficient among health staff attending to home deliveries. Limited availability of resuscitation equipment may contribute to the high neonatal mortality rates seen in Nepal. Sustainable training programmes and distribution of neonatal resuscitation equipment are critical priorities in this region.
Correlation between developmental quotients (DASII) and social quotient (Malin's VSMS) in Indian children aged 6 months to 2 years
Authors: Bhave Anupama , Bhargava Roli , Kumar Rashmi 
Published: November 2010

Aim:  To determine correlation between developmental quotients (DQ) (DASII) and social quotients (SQ) (Malin's Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS)).Methods:  Malin's VSMS and DASII were done in 135 children aged 6 months to 2 years. SQ and DQ motor and mental were correlated using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). Mean SQ and DQ and age equivalent scores were compared.Results:  Correlation coefficients between SQ and DQ (mental and motor were 0.849 and 0.791, respectively. Social age correlated highly with mental age (r= 0.906). Mean SQ was higher than mean DQa.Conclusion:  SQ tends to be higher than DQ and correlates best with DQ mental.
Closing the evidence‐practice gap for newborn pain using clinical networks
Authors: Spence Kaye , Henderson‐Smart David 
Published: November 2010

Aim:  The Australian New Zealand Neonatal Network undertook a project to close the evidence practice gap for the management of newborn pain in neonatal units within Australia. The aim was to establish a process for using evidence to support practice change and in doing so close the existing practice evidence gap for newborn pain.Method:  An implementation model using a clinical network with state facilitators, local champions and project teams was used in 24 tertiary units and six district hospitals throughout Australia. The process included audit and feedback, benchmarking, educational workshops on critical appraisal and audit of family awareness of pain. Multiple types of data were collected to enable changes in practices for pain management to be evaluated.Results:  There was a 21% overall improvement in the number of infants receiving breastfeeding or sucrose for procedural pain, however, breastfeeding rates remain poorly utilised. The use of a pain assessment tool increased from 14% to 22%, with 56% of units introducing the use of an assessment tool into their practice. Families became more aware that their infant can experience pain and strategies to manage the pain (from 19% to 57%) project through distribution of information.Conclusion:  The networks for the uptake of evidence program have enabled the topic of procedure pain in neonates to be evaluated. We have shown that through a well planned program of coordination, facilitation and using local champions and project teams a change in practice can occur.
Preterm infants with chronic lung disease: Are protein and energy intakes after discharge sufficient for optimal growth?
Authors: McLeod Gemma , Simmer Karen , Benninger Helen , Mitoulas Leon , Doherty Dorota , Sherriff Jill 
Published: November 2010

Aim:  To document post‐discharge feeding practices of preterm infants with chronic lung disease (CLD) and determine if sufficient protein and energy is consumed for optimal growth.Method:  Protein and energy intakes of preterm infants with CLD were quantified through detailed analysis of measured food and fluid intakes at four corrected age (CA) assessments, post‐discharge. Most of the infants were in hospital for the term assessment. Milk intake from breastfeeding was determined by test weighing. Protein and energy intakes were compared with the Australian and New Zealand Nutrient Reference Values (NRV) for healthy term‐born infants, and CA z‐scores for weight, length and head circumference were calculated using Australian national gestational growth data and Centre for Disease Control 2000 growth data.Results:  Ten of the 28 CLD infants who were exclusively receiving expressed breast milk in hospital were transitioned to infant formula within 1 month of discharge. Complementary foods were introduced at a median CA of 3.6 months. Protein intakes almost always exceeded the NRV for healthy term‐born infants, and at each assessment, at least 63% of infants met the energy NRV. Longitudinal growth data are available for 20 infants, four of whom had been small for gestational age. At the 12‐month assessment, 10 of these infants weighed less than the 10th percentile.Conclusion:  Preterm infants who develop CLD do not always achieve reference growth in their first year following discharge, despite protein and energy intakes being mostly comparable to those recommended for healthy term‐born infants.
Serial measurements of serum alkaline phosphatase for early prediction of osteopaenia in preterm infants
Authors: Hung Yi‐Li , Chen Pau‐Chung , Jeng Suh‐Fang , Hsieh Chia‐Jung , Peng Steven Shinn‐Forng , Yen Rouh‐Fang , Chou Hung‐Chieh , Chen Chien‐Yi , Tsao Po‐Nien , Hsieh Wu‐Shiun 
Published: November 2010

Aim:  Osteopaenia commonly occurs in preterm infants; however, its diagnosis is often delayed when based on radiological findings. The aim of this study was to examine whether serial measurements of bone turnover markers are useful for early prediction of osteopaenia in preterm infants.Methods:  Premature infants of ≤34 weeks gestation were enrolled. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone form ALP (BALP), calcium and inorganic phosphate were concurrently measured biweekly from 3 weeks post‐natal age until 40 weeks post‐conceptional age. Radiographic examination of the forearm was performed at term age. Osteopaenia was defined as positive radiographic findings according to Koo's criteria.Results:  Of the 46 premature infants completing the follow‐up study at term age, 18 showed osteopaenia in radiographic examination. Serum ALP was highly correlated with BALP (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.001). Infants who had osteopaenia showed a higher level of ALP and BALP after 3 weeks post‐natal age than those who had no osteopaenia. ALP concentration exceeding 700 IU/L at 3 weeks post‐natal age was predictive of osteopaenia at term age (sensitivity 73% and specificity 73%) and so did for the predictive value of BALP concentration exceeding 95 ug/L (sensitivity 73% and specificity 80%). BALP measures provided no greater benefit of diagnostic performance than ALP in early detection of osteopaenia. Furthermore, premature infants with osteopaenia showed similar levels of calcium and inorganic phosphatase concentration compared with those without.Conclusion:  Serum ALP concentration exceeding 700 IU/L at 3 weeks post‐natal age can predict the risk of osteopaenia in preterm infants.
Should what we know about neurobehavioral development, complex congenital heart disease, and brain maturation affect the timing of corrective cardiac surgery?
Authors: DiNardo James A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryDespite remarkable improvements in perioperative care, adverse neurobehavioral outcomes following neonatal and infant cardiac surgery are commonplace and are associated with substantial morbidity. It is becoming increasingly clear that complex congenital heart disease is associated with both abnormalities in neuroanatomic development and a delay in fetal brain maturation. Substantial cerebral ischemic/hypoxic injury has been detected in neonates with complex congenital heart disease both prior to and following corrective cardiac surgery. The brain of the neonate with complex congenital heart disease appears to be uniquely vulnerable to the types of ischemic/hypoxic injury associated with perioperative care. It remains to be determined whether delaying surgical correction to allow for brain maturation will be associated with improvements in neurobehavioral outcomes.
Buprenorphine TTS for children – a review of the drug’s clinical pharmacology
Authors: Michel Erik , Anderson Brian J , Zernikow Boris 
Published: November 2010

SummaryObjective: The transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) with buprenorphine is currently being used ‘off‐label’ to treat chronic pediatric pain. We compiled available pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and clinical pediatric data on buprenorphine to rationalize treatment regimens.Methods: We conducted a systematic biomedical literature review focusing on pediatric buprenorphine data.Results: There are few relevant pediatric buprenorphine data, particularly in children suffering chronic pain. There are no pediatric PK and PD data for children with chronic pain given sublingual or TTS formulations. Children given single dose buprenorphine have increased drug clearance referenced to bodyweight with a possible paradoxical longer duration of action. Buprenorphine metabolism is independent of renal function, which is advantageous in renal insufficiency. The risk of respiratory depression after buprenorphine is difficult to quantify. A concentration‐response relationship for respiratory effects has not been described and it is unknown whether children have a ceiling effect similar to that described in healthy adult volunteers.Conclusions: Buprenorphine is of interest in pediatric postoperative pain and cancer pain control because of its multiple administration routes, long duration of action, and metabolism largely independent of renal function. There is little reason to expect buprenorphine effects in children out of infancy are fundamentally different to those in adults. From the limited pediatric data available, it appears that buprenorphine has no higher adverse potential than the more commonly used opioids. There is an urgent need for focused PK, PD, and safety studies in children before use in children becomes more widespread.
Cardiac arrest in anesthetized children: recent advances and challenges for the future
Authors: Morray Jeffrey P. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryOver the past 50 years the incidence of anesthesia‐related cardiac arrest has declined, despite increased patient co‐morbidities, the most significant determinant of anesthetic risk. Multiple factors have contributed to this improvement including safer anesthetic agents, better monitoring devices and the development of a specialized pediatric environment. Provider skill has benefitted from improved training and recognition of high‐risk situations. Further improvements will depend on international, multispecialty efforts to standardize terminology and analyze large numbers of these infrequent adverse events.
Cloning of the unculturable parasite Pasteuria ramosa and its Daphnia host reveals extreme genotype–genotype interactions
Authors: Luijckx Pepijn , Ben‐Ami Frida , Mouton Laurence , Du Pasquier Louis , Ebert Dieter 
Published: November 2010

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 125–131AbstractThe degree of specificity in host–parasite interactions has important implications for ecology and evolution. Unfortunately, specificity can be difficult to determine when parasites cannot be cultured. In such cases, studies often use isolates of unknown genetic composition, which may lead to an underestimation of specificity. We obtained the first clones of the unculturable bacterium Pasteuria ramosa, a parasite of Daphnia magna. Clonal genotypes of the parasite exhibited much more specific interactions with host genotypes than previous studies using isolates. Clones of P. ramosa infected fewer D. magna genotypes than isolates and host clones were either fully susceptible or fully resistant to the parasite. Our finding enhances our understanding of the evolution of virulence and coevolutionary dynamics in this system. We recommend caution when using P. ramosa isolates as the presence of multiple genotypes may influence the outcome and interpretation of some experiments.
EMBEDDEDNESS OF ENTREPRENEURS IN RURAL AREAS: A COMPARATIVE ROUGH SET DATA ANALYSIS
Authors: AKGÜN ALIYE AHU , NIJKAMP PETER , BAYCAN TÜZIN , BRONS MARTIJN 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThis study aims to identify the critical factor(s) that determine the embeddedness level (EL) of rural entrepreneurs. In order to achieve this aim, existing applied studies on the embeddedness of entrepreneurs undertaken in different rural areas were systematically collected to create a database in order to provide the material for a systematic comparative analysis. This was done in order to highlight common and contrasting findings from a set of selected studies for different ELs. As many results of these studies were largely qualitative in nature and only partially comparable, a specific tool for analysing categorical data based on artificial intelligence methods, namely, rough set data analysis (RSDA), was employed. This experimental study is the first RSDA approach that compares the results of several rural case studies and infers general induction rules for the different ELs. The results of our analysis show that using and benefiting from local resources are the key factors that explain how entrepreneurs become embedded in rural areas.
SOCIAL CAPITAL THROUGH NETWORKS: THE CASE OF UNIVERSITY SPIN‐OFF FIRMS IN DIFFERENT STAGES
Authors: SOETANTO DANNY P. , VAN GEENHUIZEN MARINA 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTUniversity spin‐off firms in their first, often critical, years face a shortage of basic resources needed for growth. A major way of gaining such resources is through knowledge derived from social networks. However, social networks may be quite different in nature such that the influence of these networks on growth of university spin‐offs may vary, like according to tightness, strength, social heterogeneity and spatial proximity of network partners. In this paper, we first examine theoretical ideas on social capital and the role of social networks. This is followed by an empirical study of university spin‐off firms to explore differences in social networks between two development stages and to estimate the influence of network characteristics on growth in these stages. Early stage spin‐offs tend to employ networks dominated by tightness, strong relationships, more homogeneous partners and local partners, whereas networks of spin‐offs in later stages tend to face clearly contrasting features. Furthermore, network characteristics tend to influence growth mainly in years following the early stage, with a positive influence of social capital in networks that are relatively open to new knowledge and information.
SUBJECTIVE MAPPING METHODOLOGIES FOR INCORPORATING SPATIAL VARIATION IN RESEARCH ON SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SENSE OF PLACE
Authors: JORGENSEN BRADLEY S. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTIn a number of areas of research concerning community sustainability, there is an emerging appreciation of the spatial component of social processes. One foremost spatial issue in community research involves variations in the level of scale of a number of social concepts including social capital. An appreciation of this issue highlights conceptual and empirical overlaps across research in community sustainability. Moreover, it provides an opportunity to contribute to urban and regional planning in meaningful ways through the development of existing place‐based methodologies which are capable of defining spatial scales of relevance to policy and research. This paper seeks to provide a level of methodological integration so that research can incorporate spatial variation in analyses of social capital and other concepts relevant to community sustainability. First, the importance of the spatial dimension of social capital and the methodological limitations of existing approaches is highlighted. Next, a number of methodologies for generating spatial data are noted as a basis for presenting a mapping method capable of capturing the individual‐level spatial variation in social capital. Finally, a data analysis approach is presented so that spatial data can be incorporated in place‐based analyses of social capital and community dynamics.