bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary Blair Fusion in Displaced Comminuted Fracture Neck of Talus
Authors: Chaudhary P , Karn NK , Shrestha BP , Khanal GP , Maharjan R 
Published: March 2011

Background: Fracture-dislocation of the talus is one of the most severe injuries of the ankle. Opinion varies widely as to the proper treatment of this injury. Objective: To assess effectivness modifed blair technique-retention of the talar body white performing arthrodetis with anterion sliging grafl. Subjects and methods: It was an interventional prospective study. The cases & displaced tala necle fracture were included. They were treated using modifid Blair technique. The treatment and couses was anemed. Results: Tibiotalar fusion was acluwead is all the ankles at an average of 18 weeks. The results in 4 cut of 6 were encellent, and 2 had grand results. Conclusion: A good long-term result with tibiotalar arthrodesis with modification in blair technique was achived. Keywords: Anterior tibial sliding graft; arthrodesis; avascular necrosis of talus; Fracture dislocation of talus DOI: 10.3126/hren.v9i1.4357Health Renaissance, 2011: Vol.9 No.1:20-23
Microstructural evolution of ferritic steel powder during mechanical alloying with iron oxide
Authors: Wen Yuren , Liu Yong , Liu Donghua , Tang Bei , Liu C. T. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Mechanical alloying of mixed powders is of great importance for preparing oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels. In this study, the microstructual evolution of ferritic steel powder mixed with TiHx, YH2 and Fe2O3 in the process of mechanical alloying is systematically investigated by using X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and microhardness tests. It is found that titanium, yttrium hydrides and iron oxide are completely dissolved during milling, and homogeneous element distribution can be achieved after milling for 12 h. The disintegration of the composite powder particles occurs at 24 h and reaches the balance of welding and fracturing after 36 h. The oxygen content increases sharply with the disintegration of powder particles due to the absorption of oxygen at the solid/gas interface from the milling atmosphere, which is the main source of extra oxygen in the milled powder. Grain refinement down to nanometer level occurs due to the severe plastic deformation of particles; however, the grain size does not change much with further disintegration of particles. The hardness increases with milling time and then becomes stable during further milling. The study indicates that the addition of iron oxide and hydrides may be more beneficial for the dispersion and homogenization of chemical compositions in the powder mixture, thus shortening the mechanical alloying process.
Texture and mechanical properties of strip cast and hot rolled magnesium AZ31
Authors: Zi Aikaterini , Brokmeier Heinz-Günter , Palkowski Heinz 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Strips of AZ31 were produced by Direct Strip Casting and subsequent hot rolling at 400°C. The texture and microstructure of the strips in as cast and hot rolled condition were investigated. The cast strip exhibited a random distribution of the grain orientations while a strong basal-type texture was observed in the hot rolled sheets. The flow curves of the Direct Strip Cast material were obtained by hot compression experiments and dynamic recrystallization was found to occur at all studied temperatures and strain rates. The tensile properties of strip cast and hot rolled magnesium were examined by tests at room temperature. Grain refinement and the development of the basal texture during hot rolling resulted in high strength of the hot rolled magnesium sheet.
Phase behavior of Ni- and Co-doped SnO2 via reactive sintering and solution annealing
Authors: Lin Hsin-Yi , Pan Ching-Yu , Shen Pouyan 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
SnO2–NiO and SnO2–CoO powders mixed in a molar ratio of 92: 8 were reactively sintered for up to 200 h at 1400 °C to form composites having NiO and Co2SnO4 particles embedded in Ni- and Co-doped SnO2 grains, respectively. Analytical electron microscopic observations indicated the embedded particles remained nonepitaxial with respect to the host grains despite prolonged holding at a high homologous temperature, owing to a rather limited solid solubility and vague interfacial energy cusp. Upon cooling or solution annealing at 900 °C, the Niand Co-doped SnO2 formed {100}, {110}, {101} and/or (001)-specific Guinier–Preston zone plates and dislocations. The formation of additional commensurate superstructure in Ni- but not Co-doped SnO2 indicated a coupled atom clustering and ordering process for the former during solution annealing.
Discussion on the computational algorithms of stress inside nano-scale solid material
Authors: Zhang Wenfei , Chen Ming 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
This paper describes the definitions and differences of the computational methods of virial stress and engineering stress in nano-scale problems. According to simulation results of tensile testing of a single-crystalline nano-scale copper bar, the average stresses in a cross-section of the copper bar, calculated with different methods, are compared. The values and distributions of local tensile stresses reveal further insights into these two methods. The advantages and disadvantages of these two methods are also discussed in detail.
Nucleation of Polypropylene Homo- and Copolymers
Authors: Gahleitner M. , Grein C. , Kheirandish S. , Wolfschwenger J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The combination of moderately slow crystal growth at large undercoolings together with the practical absence of sporadic nucleation makes isotactic polypropylene (iPP) an ideal material for controlled nucleation. In this review the different types of nucleating agents – inorganic and organic, particulate and soluble – for the different crystal modifications of iPP (α, β and γ) are presented together with their working mechanism and criteria for activity. The interaction between polymer type, nucleating agent and processing conditions in determining mechanical and optical properties conclude the survey.
Intraoperative patellar kinematics following resection of the central one-third of the patellar tendon in the ovine stifle joint
Authors: Bell D. J. , Walsh W. R. , Bertollo N. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryObjectives: The bone-patellar tendon-bone complex is routinely harvested for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in humans. Patella infera may ensue. However, the contribution from resection of the central one-third of the patellar tendon (PT) to potentially altered patellofemoral kinematics, in addition to those induced by a positional shift of the patella, are yet to be distinguished. Objectives of this study were to characterize changes in intraoperative patellar kinematics and PT length in nine sheep immediately following unilateral resection of the central one-third PT, and again at six, 12 and 24 weeks postoperatively.Methods: Following implantation of bone-screws into the patella and tibia, electromagnetic receivers were anchored to these, and then passively-induced, unloaded patellar kinematics were captured. Patellar kinematics were referenced to the tibial coordinate frame and analysed using non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test).Results: Resection alone did cause significant alteration in kinematics at the time of surgery (p <0.05). Postoperatively, a mean increase in PT length of 2.6 mm was detected in the operated stifles, reflected partly as a net 2.8 mm proximal patellar shift (p <0.001). This was accompanied by a mean net six degree medial shift in the patellar tilt pattern (p <0.001). Significant changes to patellar spin in the latter parts of flexion were also observed (p <0.005). Kinematic and length changes did not recover up to 24 weeks postoperatively.Clinical significance: The data obtained in this study suggests that both the patellar height and integrity of the PT are important determinants of patellar kinematics in the ovine stifle joint.
Article Commentary: Transmitted Resistance to HIV Integrase Strand-Transfer Inhibitors: Right on Schedule
Authors: Hurt Christopher B 
Published: March 2011

Transmitted drug resistance (TDR), the primary acquisition of an HIV variant already resistant to antiretrovirals, affects approximately 15% of all new infections in the United States. Historically, from the time initial agents in the reverse transcriptase, protease and entry inhibitor classes were introduced, it took 3–5 years before the first case reports of TDR appeared. With the description of the first two cases of transmitted integrase stand-transfer inhibitor resistance, it is only a matter of time before the prevalence of TDR affecting this newest antiretroviral class reaches a level warranting baseline resistance testing for all patients entering care.
A Modular Quintic Calabi-Yau Threefold of Level 55
Authors: Lee Edward 
Published: March 2011

Abstract In this note we search the parameter space of Horrocks–Mumford quintic threefolds and locate a Calabi–Yau threefold that is modular, in the sense that the L-function of its middle-dimensional cohomology is associated with a classical modular form of weight 4 and level 55.
Worksite Physical Activity Policies and Environments in Relation to Employee Physical Activity
Authors: Crespo Noe C. , Sallis James F. , Conway Terry L. , Saelens Brian E. , Frank Lawrence D. 
Published: March 2011

Purpose. Examine associations between worksite physical activity promotion strategies and employees' physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Design. Cross-sectional. Setting. Seattle–King County, Washington and Baltimore, Maryland–Washington, D.C. regions. Subjects. Adults working outside the home (n = 1313). Mean age was 45 ± 10 years, 75.8% of participants were non-Hispanic white, 56% were male, and 51% had income ≥$70,000/year. Measures. Participants reported demographic characteristics and presence/absence of nine physical activity promotion environment and policy strategies in their work environment (e.g., showers, lockers, physical activity programs). A worksite physical activity promotion index was a tally of strategies. Total sedentary and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) min/d were objectively assessed via 7-day accelerometry. Total job-related physical activity minutes and recreational physical activity minutes were self-reported with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Analysis. Mixed-effects models and generalized estimating equations evaluated the association of the worksite promotion index with physical activity and sedentary behavior, adjusting for demographics. Results. A higher worksite promotion index was significantly associated with higher total sedentary behavior (β = 3.97), MVPA (β = 1.04), recreational physical activity (β = 1.1 and odds ratio = 1.39; away from work and at work, respectively) and negatively with job-related physical activity (β = .90). Conclusions. Multiple worksite physical activity promotion strategies based on environmental supports and policies may increase recreational physical activity and should be evaluated in controlled trials. These findings are particularly important given the increasingly sedentary nature of employment. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[4]:264–271.)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing and Risk Behaviors among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men in Los Angeles County
Authors: Schrager Sheree M. , Wong Carolyn F. , Weiss George , Kipke Michele D. 
Published: March 2011

Purpose. This study investigated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and risk behaviors in a longitudinal sample of young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Design. Data came from the Healthy Young Men's study, comprising five waves of nonexperimental survey data collection every 6 months between February 2005 and January 2008. Setting. Participants were recruited from public venues in Los Angeles County in which YMSM spend time. Subjects. A total of 526 participants (24% African-American, 37% white, 39% Latino; mean age, 20.14 years; range, 18–24 years) were enrolled. Retention was 93%. Measures. Testing recency was assessed with a four-point ordinal scale. HIV risk behaviors were operationalized as binary measures of unprotected anal intercourse with multiple partners or partners with unknown or discordant serostatus, club drug use, and illicit drug use over the prior 3 months. Analysis. Correlations, Cochran's Q tests, and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed in SPSS. Analyses included all data available at each wave. Results. No significant correlations emerged between testing recency and sex risk at any wave. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant positive, linear change in HIV testing recency over time, but no significant changes emerged for sex risk or drug use. Conclusion. Although participation in testing increased, there was no corresponding change in HIV risk behavior. Initiatives may need to target risk behavior separately and specifically to reduce these behaviors among YMSM. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[4]:244–247.)
A Telephone-Delivered Physical Activity and Dietary Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: Does Intervention Dose Influence Outcomes?
Authors: Goode Ana D. , Winkler Elisabeth A. H. , Lawler Sheleigh P. , Reeves Marina M. , Owen Neville , Eakin Elizabeth G. 
Published: March 2011

Purpose. To examine associations of intervention dose with behavior change outcomes in a telephone counseling intervention for physical activity and dietary change. Design. Secondary analysis of intervention participants from a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Setting. Primary care practices in a disadvantaged community in Queensland, Australia. Subjects. Adult patients with type 2 diabetes or hypertension. Intervention. Patients (n = 228) received telephone counseling over a 12-month period. The initiation phase (1–4 months) consisted of up to 10 weekly or fortnightly calls; the maintenance-enhancement phase (5–12 months) consisted of up to eight monthly calls. Measures. Intervention dose was defined as the number of calls completed in total and during each phase and was categorized into tertiles. Diet and physical activity were measured using validated self-report instruments. Analysis. Multivariate analyses of call completion and change in health behaviors. Results. Those completing a high number of calls were more likely to be female, white, older than 60 years, retired, and earning less than an average weekly Australian wage. Relative to low call completion, high completion during the maintenance-enhancement phase was associated with significantly greater (least squares mean [SE]) behavioral improvement for the following: total fat intake as percentage of calories (–3.58% [.74%]), saturated fat intake (–2.51% [.51%]), fiber intake (4.23 [1.20] g), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (187.82 [44.78] minutes). Conclusion. Interventions of longer duration may be required to influence complex behaviors such as physical activity and fat and fiber intake. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[4]:257–263.)
Symptomatic Giant Adrenal Myelolipoma
Authors: Anderson Blake B , Hampton Lance J , Johnson Corey M , Guruli Georgi E 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT
In this article, we review the management of giant adrenal myelolipoma and review the literature in regard to incidence and management. Patient presented with abdominal fullness and discomfort with CT revealing a large, well-circumscribed right-sided suprarenal mass. A thoracoabdominal incision allowed exploration and removal of the mass together with the right adrenal gland. Pathology revealed the mass to be a giant adrenal myelolipoma, a benign but rare tumor.
Room‐Temperature Phase Demixing in Bulk Heterojunction Layers of Solution‐Processed Organic Photodetectors: the Effect of Active Layer Ageing on the Device Electro‐optical Properties
Authors: Keivanidis Panagiotis E. , Laquai Frédéric , Howard Ian A. , Friend Richard H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHerein, we address the reduction in the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of solution‐processed organic photodetectors caused by the room temperature phase demixing of components in the composite material of the photoactive layer. The reduction takes place under ambient conditions and after the completion of device fabrication. As a model system, we study photoactive blend films that consist of the electron acceptor N,N’‐bis(alkyl)‐3,4,9,10‐perylene tetracarboxylic diimide) (PDI) and the electron donor polymer poly(9,9’‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT). The ambient ageing of these photo­active layers is a consequence of the PDI component segregation; however, the final PDI domain size remains smaller than the resolution limit of optical microscopy. We find that the photophysical properties of the aged F8BT:PDI layer and the EQE of the aged device are significantly altered. The fabrication of F8BT:PDI layers from solvents of increasing boiling point allows for the spectroscopic monitoring of the ageing‐induced phase segregation (a‐PSG) process. For each solvent used, the extent of a‐PSG is correlated with the PDI dispersion in the F8BT matrix as received immediately after layer deposition. The tendency for room temperature phase demixing becomes stronger as PDI is more finely dispersed in the freshly spun F8BT:PDI layer. The evolution of the room temperature phase segregation of PDI has a negative impact on the photophysical processes that are essential for charge photogeneration in the F8BT:PDI photoactive layer.
Evolution of Structure, Optoelectronic Properties, and Device Performance of Polythiophene:Fullerene Solar Cells During Thermal Annealing
Authors: Wang Tao , Pearson Andrew J. , Lidzey David G. , Jones Richard A. L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe use spectroscopic ellipsometry to study the evolution of structure and optoelectronic properties of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) photovoltaic thin film blends upon thermal annealing. Four distinct processes are identified: the evaporation of residual solvent above the glass transition temperature of the blend, the relaxation of non‐equilibrium molecular conformation formed through spin‐casting, the crystallization of both P3HT and PCBM components, and the phase separation of the P3HT and PCBM domains. Devices annealed at 150 °C for between 10 and 60 min exhibit an average power conversion efficiency of around 4.0%. We find that the rate at which the P3HT/PCBM is returned to room temperature is more important in determining device efficiency than the duration of the isothermal annealing process. We conclude that the rapid quenching of a film from the annealing temperature to room temperature hampers the crystallization of the P3HT and can trap non‐equilibrium morphological states. Such states apparently impact on device short circuit current, fill factor and, thus, operational efficiency.
Novel Synthesis of Difluoromethyl‐Containing 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles via a Click–Multicomponent Reaction and Desulfanylation Strategy
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wu Jingjing , Shen Li , Jin Guanyi , Cao Song 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFourteen difluoromethyl‐containing 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles were synthesized via a novel copper‐catalyzed click‐multicomponent reaction of 2,2‐difluoro‐2‐phenylsulfanylethanol, sodium azide and terminal alkynes in the presence of N‐ (p‐toluenesulfonyl)imidazole, tetrabutylammonium iodide and triethylamine, followed by reductive cleavage of the phenylsulfanyl group using tributyltin hydride and azobisisobutyronitrile.
Asymmetric Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts Reactions of Indoles with Cyclic Imines ‐ Efficient Generation of Nitrogen‐Substituted Quaternary Carbon Centers
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Raja Sadiya , Núñez Alberto 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new enantioselective Brønsted acid‐catalyzed Friedel–Crafts reaction of indole with cyclic imines has been develeoped. This organocatalytic reaction provides for the first time optically active indolindolinone derivatives in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 91% ee) under mild reaction conditions.
Experimental study on the extractive desulfurization of model fuel using hydroxyl ammonium ionic liquids
Authors: Taib Malyanah Mohd , Murugesan Thanapalan 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis work involves the extraction of sulfur from model fuel using four ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents. For this purpose, a mixture of hexane and xylene (1:1 v/v) was used as model fuel with thiophene (1000 µg/mL). Four hydroxyl ammonium ILs, namely 2‐hydroxyethanaminium formate, 2‐hydroxyethanaminium acetate (HEA), 2‐hydroxyethanaminium propionate and 2‐hydroxyethanaminium lactate, were used and found to be effective for the extraction/removal of sulfur from model fuel. The effect of contact time and the mass ratio of IL to the model fuel were also studied. A maximum of 72% extraction was achieved in single stage, whereas > 99% was achieved in four‐stage cocurrent extraction using HEA as solvent. The regeneration and recycling possibility of the ILs for the extraction has proved their potential application for commercialization. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological behavior of carbon nanotube and polytetrafluoroethylene filled polyimide composites under different lubricated conditions
Authors: Yijun Shi , Liwen Mu , Xin Feng , Xiaohua Lu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe friction and wear behavior of polyimide (PI) composites reinforced with carbon nanotube (CNT) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were comparatively evaluated under dry sliding, water‐, oil‐ or alkali‐lubricated condition. The wear mechanisms of the composites were also discussed. Results indicate that, when comparison with the dry friction situation, PI‐based composites results lower friction coefficients and wear rates under oil‐ or alkali‐lubricated condition. The lowest wear rate of the CNT/PTFE/PI composite is recorded as 1.2 × 10−6 mm3/Nm during the composite sliding in alkali, which is only about 40% of the value sliding under dry friction condition. The worn surface of neat PI under dry sliding is characterized by severe adhesive wear, whereas abrasive wear is the main character for CNT/PTFE/PI composites. The worn surfaces of CNT/PTFE/PI composites sliding in oil or alkali lubricated condition are smoother than those under dry or water condition. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of encapsulated disperse dye dispersion for polyester inkjet printing ink
Authors: Fu Shaohai , Zhang Guifang , Du Changsen , Tian Anli 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEncapsulated C.I. disperse dye blue 60 (disperse dye) was prepared with poly(styrene‐maleic acid) via phase separation method, followed by the preparation of dispersion and inkjet printing ink. The results showed that the encapsulated disperse dye dispersion had a small particle size, narrow particle size distribution, and excellent stability to centrifugal force, freeze‐thaw treatment, polyols and alkali and its rheological behavior belong to Newtonian fluid. The ink that prepared using this dispersion satisfied with the requirement of Mimaki JV4‐180 and showed an excellent printing performance at room temperature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011