bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viagens e Turismo
Authors: Sá Alberto Diana Priscila 
Published: June 2024

As viagens na região Amazônica trazem Ã tona muitas perspectivas de pesquisa emdiferentes áreas do conhecimento. Estudos na História, principalmente, mostram-secomo janelas para a noção desse espaço que sempre tomou conta do imaginárioeurocêntrico. E o Turismo também tem buscado ampliar as investigações sobre aregião, com base nas teorias das viagens. Os viajantes e naturalistas foram osprincipais personagens que vieram e aqui desembarcaram para escrever, pintar eestudar os componentes naturais e humanos da região. Esses viajantes, nomasculino, formavam maioria. Mas, as mulheres também se fizeram presentes aqui,explorando e pesquisando a Amazônia, especificamente o Estado do Pará. A ciênciafoi um dos principais pilares para que a exploração da Amazônia se tornasse parte davivência desses e dessas, talvez, “primeiros e primeiras turistas”. O objetivo destapesquisa é o de apresentar como duas cientistas, uma alemã Emília Snethlage e umabrasileira Heloísa Alberto Torres desenvolveram pesquisas na Amazônia paraense e apartir de seus estudos apontar uma possível conexão com a História do Turismo naregião. Essas duas cientistas tornaram-se nomes importantes das ciências naturais esociais, respectivamente, no Brasil e no mundo. Abordagem teórica desse artigo estáconstruída na História da Ciência e no Turismo. Passando pelo estudo do Gênero,pois o foco são duas mulheres cientistas. A metodologia abalizada na História, ondeas fontes em bibliotecas como Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, e em sites daBiblioteca Nacional Digital e do acervo do Arquivo Nacional do Rio de Janeiro são osobjetos de análise das viagens dessas cientistas. Instrumentos utilizados são osrelatórios de viagens, cartas, recortes dos jornais, publicações em que surgem asincursões dessas pesquisadoras. Dentre os principais resultados até o presentemomento tem-se que as viagens dessas mulheres cientistas contaram com elementosque hoje entende-se como equipamentos turísticos, tais como: hospedagem,transportes, alimentação, redes de guias. Interessante notar como essas pesquisasDiana Priscila Sá AlbertoCenário ”“ Revista Interdisciplinar em Turismo e Território, Brasília,V9(1), Jan/abr. 2021 105Keywords:Travel;Tourism;Travelers;Tourists;Amazon.Palabras clave:Viajes;Turismo;Viajeros;Turistas;Amazonas.aproximam-se de compreender como a região foi investigada por elas. E mais aindasuas cartas e relatórios apontam como essas viagens além de científicas,vislumbraram a compreensão de como a História e o Turismo podem unir-se enquantodisciplinas para se entender como a atividade turística desenvolveu-se na regiãoamazônica.
THE RESETTLEMENT POLICY OF GERMANY IN THE COLONIES. THE RESETTLEMENT OF THE BOERS TO EAST AFRICA
Authors:   University of Regensburg, Schmidt Waldemar 
Published: June 2024

The proposed article on the history of the Boer resettlement movement to the colonial possessions of Kaiser Germany in East Africa is of undoubted interest, first of all in terms of exposing completely previously unknown	archival	materials	of	the	Federal	Archive	of	Germany,	as	well	as	periodical press materials addressing the issue. The emergence of Boer migration was caused by their defeat in the Anglo–Boer War, which the colonial circles of Germany	took	advantage	of. In addition, the author of the article tried to analyze historical events, as well as the activities of the colonial office of Kaiser Germany and the colonial administration of the East African colonies on the issue of the resettlement of Boers from various regions of South Africa: Natal, Transvaal, as well as Rhodesia and their use primarily for economic purposes to strengthen German colonial rule in East Africa. Archival materials reveal the specifics of the resettlement of migrant Boers to East Africa, the attitude of the colonial circles of Germany and the departmental employees of the colony to that process. The author of the article tried to show the features of Boer resettlement and their involvement in the creation of farms in the northern regions of East Africa. In addition, he considered the Schutze project as a basis for large-scale resettlement of Boers from the South African Boer republics to the colony of Kaiser Germany in East Africa.
BASIC SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN GERMANY (2005–2023)
Authors:   Belarusian State University, Savateyeva Daria V. 
Published: June 2024

Ensuring the basic social needs of the population, especially the most vulnerable groups of society, is an important area of social policy. The paper is dealing with the study of basic social security in Germany in 2005–2023, identifying the structure and special system for providing social benefits to the population. The chronological scope of the research is defined by significant changes in the structure and legislative regulation of basic	assistance.	Since	2005,	the	Twelfth	Book	of	the	Social	Code	has	come	into force, regulating the allocation of the first element of basic social security – social assistance. It consists of livelihood assistance, basic security for old age and disability, health aids, care assistance, assistance in overcoming certain social difficulties and assistance in other life situations. In 2023, the second element of the system, unemployment benefits-2, was replaced by a citizen benefit. In the course of the research, the author came to the conclusion that the features of the basic social security system in Germany at the present stage of development are its continuous process of reform and adaptation to the challenges of modern times, annual indexation of payments in accordance with socio-economic development, modernization in accordance with demographic factor and expansion of categories of applicants for social benefits.
DYNAMICS OF ADAPTATION OF SOCIETY IN CONDITIONS OF GLOBAL DISTRESS. ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION FROM FEBRUARY 2022 - FEBRUARY 2023
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Ershova Galina G. , Kuleshova Anna A. ,   Russian State University for the Humanities
Published: June 2024

The article considers the public reaction to the Special Military Operation	launched	in	February	2022,	which	certainly	became	a	stress	for	the	Russian population. The data from different companies, that conducted polls between	March	and	november,	were	collected	and	the	subsequent	analysis	of the polling materials showed a curious dynamics of public opinion change. The reaction of the population, characterized by anxiety and fears and initially quite	inert,	gradually	began	to	transform	towards	more	and	more	support	–	both	verbal	and	effective	–	for	the	Special	Operation	and	the	State.	In	addition,	the phenomenon of individual self-organization of citizens to provide various kinds	of	assistance	to	combatants,	the	wounded,	residents	of	new	territories,	institutions, animals, etc. has emerged. Active participation in providing assistance becomes an adaptive factor that relieves stress. In addition, active assistance	to	the	Special	Operation	on	the	part	of	citizens	becomes	a	model	and	an incentive for others, who until a certain time were in a state of waiting, to be included in that process. The positive tendencies of the process are obvious. Such	reactions	are	anthroposystemic	in	nature	and	require	special	approaches	to preserve social stability and consolidation of society as a whole
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Senin Alexandr S. 
Published: June 2024

The article gives description of the transport system of Novorossia and Crimea at the beginning of the 20-th century: the state and functioning	of	horse-drawn,	rail	and	river	transport	in	the	Ekaterinoslav,	Taurida,	Kherson	and	southeastern	parts	of	the	Kharkov	provinces.	It	shows	the	influence of natural and climatic conditions on transport development. Based on a wide range of sources and scientific literature the author considers plans for highway construction, improvement of navigation along the Dnieper, Southern	Bug,	Seversky	Donets,	projects	for	new	railways,	the	bridge	across	the Kerch Strait. He notes the role of transport in the transformation of the south of Russia into the second mining and metallurgical base of the country, into one of the leading industrial centers of the Russian Empire. The results of	the	discussion	of	the	state	of	the	road	network	and	the	protection	of	the	country’s	water	resources	in	the	work	of	the	Special	Council	on	the	needs	of	the agricultural industry, the role of zemstvo institutions in the construction and	operation	of	the	local	road	network,	and	the	importance	of	the	special	Road Fund are noted. The article also characterizes technical condition of the river and railway infrastructure.
NAZI CRIMES AGAINST THE SOVIET POPULATION ON THE TERRITORY OF THE OCCUPIED DONBASS, 1941-1943
Authors:   Donetsk State University, Saenko Anton S. 
Published: June 2024

The article, based on archival materials, considers the crimes of the Nazis and their accomplices against the civilian population living in the Donbass in 1941–1943. Based on the Acts of the Extraordinary State Commission for the identification and investigation of atrocities of the Nazi invaders and other historical sources, it analyzes the crimes of the Nazis against representatives of the Slavic, Jewish and Gypsy nationalities in the region under consideration during the Great Patriotic War. The article presents the atrocities	of	the	nazis	committed	in	the	cities	of	Stalino,	Makeevka,	Enakievo,	Mariupol,	Artemovsk,	Kramatorsk,	also	in	the	Gorlovsky,	Avdeevsky	districts	of	the	Stalino	(Donetsk)	region,	the	cities	of	Voroshilovgrad,	Krasny	Luch	of	the	Voroshilovgrad	(Lugansk)	region.	Following	the	sources	studied,	the	author	comes to a conclusion that the Nazis and their accomplices carried out a policy of exterminating the population of Donbass during the Great Patriotic War racially motivated.
FORCED LABOR OF FINNISH CONCENTRATION CAMP PRISONERS
Authors:   Petrozavodsk State University, Eloshin Dmitrii A. 
Published: June 2024

The purpose of the article is to study the organization organization by the Eastern Karelia Military Administration (EKMA) of forced labor of concentration camp prisoners in the occupied territory of Karelia in 19411944. Based on an analysis of available sources, such as protocols of interrogations of concentration camp prisoners, Soviet intelligence reports and reports of the Eastern Karelia Military Administration, various areas of the use of forced labor for the most intensive development of the resources of the occupied territory of the KFSSR were considered. The relevance of the topic is caused by the	creation	of	an	interdepartmental	working	group	at	the	Prosecutor’s	Office	of the Republic of Karelia to form an evidence base in order to recognize the policy of Finland in the occupied territory of Karelia in 1941–1944 genocide against the non-Finno-Ugric population. It implies the necessity to consider the attitude of the Eastern Karelia Military Administration towards prisoners of concentration camps. The forced labor is one of the most common subjects in the memories of prisoners. In memoirs and historiography, the terror policies of the Finnish authorities and slave labor are divided into two separate topics. In this article, the author argues that the policy of terror served as the sole motivating factor for increasing the efficiency of prisoners in the logging industry, both	in	relation	to	non-combatants	and	prisoners	of	war	alike.
A MODERN APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF RUSSIAN NATIONAL POLICY
Authors:   Russian State University, Arkhipova Tatiana G. 
Published: June 2024

The review analyzes the content of one of the latest monographs by the famous Soviet and Russian historian N.F. Bugai, on the status of study and experience of regulating ethnic processes in Russia during one of the most difficult periods of history – from the nineties of the last century to the early 20s of the present century. The author, having analyzed in detail the historiography of the issue that exists today, considers in chronological order the national policy in the Russian Federation carried out at different levels of the government and institutions of civil society. The retrospective presentation of information allows understanding the complexity of the issues accumulated by the	end	of	the	90s,	requiring	not	only	optimal,	but	also	quick	solutions.	The	monograph contains a huge amount of information not only about the life of the indigenous peoples of Russia, but also representatives of other ethnic groups	who	have	historically	found	themselves	on	its	territory.	Of	particular	interest are the conclusions and suggestions of the author concerning both the actual state national policy and the issues of its further study, although not all of them can be agreed with.
MASS PROTESTS IN IRAN IN THE AUTUMN OF 2022. FACTORS, DYNAMICS, REACTION OF THE AUTHORITIES
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Filin Nikita A. , Koklikov Vladimir O. ,   Russian State University for the Humanities, Khodunov Alexander S. ,   Russian State University for the Humanities
Published: June 2024

The protests in the autumn of 2022 began after the death of the Kurdish woman Mahsa Amini, for which the opposition blamed the Islamic regime’s morality police. The initial demands for the abolition of the morality	police	very	quickly	gave	way	to	radical	demands	for	the	elimination	of	the	Islamic	regime	and	the	resignation	of	the	Supreme	Leader.	The	protests	quickly	spread to hundreds of cities and villages in all provinces of the country. Up to	2	million	people	took	part	in	them.	The	protests	were	emphatically	secular	in nature, and the main slogan of the protesters was the slogan “Woman, life, freedom”. By and large, the mass protests in the autumn of 2022 proved to be the most intense, radical and bloody since the Islamic revolution, as the regime officials themselves admit. Despite the fact that the regime was able hold on, there	are	the	risks	of	recurrence	of	similar	mass	actions	in	the	coming	years.	If	Iran manages to reach an agreement with the United States to lift sanctions, it will have a positive impact on economic development, but political reasons for discontent will remain. Therefore, Iran needs serious domestic political and economic reforms. The protest movement in Iran is in many ways similar to the mass protests in the Arab East during the Arab Spring, which indicates similar socio-political issues.
THE “INITIATIVE” FIELD OF TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY AT THE PRESENT STAGE. THE CASE OF SOMALIA
Authors:   Ural Federal University, named after the first President of Russia, B.N. Yeltsin, Vafina Margarita R. 
Published: June 2024

The article attempts to comprehensively analyze a new phase of transformation	of	Turkish	foreign	policy	at	the	present	stage,	using	Ankara’s	policy towards Somalia as an example. By using a significant source base of materials	in	Turkish,	including	the	program	documents	of	the	Turkish	Foreign	Ministry “Towards a foreign policy...”, as well as academic literature, the author defines a relatively new concept of “initiative and humanitarian” foreign policy	of	Turkey,	identifies	tools	and	assesses	the	effectiveness	of	the	implementation	of	its	“initiative”	field	on	the	example	of	Somalia,	where	Turkey	managed	to	strengthen	its	influence	in	a	short	period	of	time	and	take	one	of	the	key	positions	among	non-regional	actors.	The	author	comprehends	Ankara’s	experience	of	applying	the	“Turkish	model”	of	the	foreign	policy	cooperation	and	identifies	the	key	lines	for	applying	the	model	in	an	“initiative	field”	within	the	framework	of	promoting	Turkish	national	interests	in	Somalia	and	on	the	African	continent	on	the	whole.	The	author	concludes	that	the	Turkish	model	of cooperation, as demonstrated by the example of Somalia, in the mid-term and	long-term	perspective	may	quite	provide	Turkey	in	the	future	with	the	necessary strategic advantages in comparison with other non-regional players due to the effectiveness in the organization of coordinated multi-vector and multi-level	work	of	state	structures	and	non-governmental	organizations.
SAUDI ARABIA AND STATE OF ISRAEL IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI CONFRONTATION
Authors:   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Ryzhov Igor V. , Komakha Anna A. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod,, Borodina Maria Yu. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
Published: June 2024

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Israel are very significant	players	in	the	Middle	East	region	and	influence	the	regional	agenda.	Officially,	the	countries	have	never	had	diplomatic	relations,	and	Saudi	Arabia	denies Israel’s right to exist at all. The official reason for the refusal to establish contacts between the countries is the disagreement of the States on the settlement	of	the	Palestinian-Israeli	conflict.	The	Kingdom	of	Saudi	Arabia,	which has the status of the protector of the entire Islamic world, systematically advocates the return of Israel to the 1967 borders, considering assistance to the Palestinians its sacred duty. However, the current realities of the regional political agenda have made their own adjustments to the irreconcilable position of the KSA, which suggests that Saudi-Israeli relations will soon warm up, not without the participation of the United States. Such a factor cannot but affect the state of affairs of the entire Middle East region, which gives extreme relevance to the topic under consideration. The authors investigate the evolution of the position of the Saudi authorities towards the Palestinian-Israeli confrontation, analyze informal bilateral contacts, as well as statements by officials on the issue. The contribution of the United States to the possible normalization of bilateral relations is analyzed, and a forecast for the short-term perspective is made.
ON THE QUESTION OF THE RUSSIAN ULTIMATUM OF 1911 AND ITS IMPACT ON THE INTERNAL POLITICAL SITUATION IN PERSIA
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Nakhaei Mohammad 
Published: June 2024

In 1910, the Persian government appointed an American adviser, Morgan Schuster, head of the Treasury to reform the country’s financial system.	Schuster’s	actions	endangered	the	position	of	some	influential	politicians	in Persia from the very beginning and also antagonized Russia, which had significant interests in Persia. The contradictions between the American adviser and the Russian government were growing until in 1911 Russia presented an ultimatum to the Persian government, with a demand for the dismissal of Schuster. The Russian ultimatum led to a split among the former pro-constitutional forces and provided an opportunity for Shuster’s opponents to remove him and strengthen their position in the Majlis, which actively supported the American adviser. In the end, under pressure from Russia and with the support of the government and some top Persian politicians, the Persian government accepted the ultimatum, Shuster was forced to end his mission in Persia and the Majlis was dismissed by supporters of the ultimatum
GERMAN-JAPANESE BILATERAL RELATIONS GENESIS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Authors:   Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Semenov Oleg Yu. 
Published: June 2024

The paper provides a retrospective historical overview of forming and developing bilateral relations between Germany and Japan in the second half of the 19th century on the basis of documents and materials, previously	largely	not	introduced	into	Russian	scientific	discourse.	Taking	as	an	example	the	commemorative	events	marking	the	160th	anniversary	of	the	f irst diplomatic treaty, the relevance of the research subject which allows a clearer logic and features understanding of the modern dialogue between the two	countries.	The	prerequisites	and	historical	conditions	for	the	interaction	genesis as well as the contractual and factual basis of cooperation are studied. The article highlights the preparatory stage, negotiation process, practical results	and	strategic	consequences	of	the	expedition	of	Friedrich	zu	Eulenburg	in 1859–1862 as well as the Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation conclusion	between	Prussia	and	Japan,	the	contribution	of	Iwakura	1871–1873	mission in the political and cultural rapprochement between Japan and Germany,	the	role	of	Major	Clemens	Meckel	in	the	modernization	of	the	Japanese	army, the assistance of lawyer Hermann Roesler in forming Japanese Meiji statehood,	government	institutions	and	legal	framework.	The	influence	of	German military doctors on the development of Japanese military medicine is	shown	as	well	as	the	reflection	of	Japanese	topics	in	German	public	life	and	art is illustrated.
ELECTORAL SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION IN EGYPT. PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 2015-2020
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Burova Anna N. 
Published: June 2024

The author analyzes the transformation of the electoral system and electoral legislation in the Arab Republic of Egypt after the events of the Arab Spring. The article reveals electoral preparation, process and results of the 2015	and	2020	parliamentary	elections	that	took	place	under	the	new	political	circumstances resulting from the 2011–2013 revolutionary developments. It considers the relevant provisions of the 2014 Constitution, as well as the fundamental electoral laws and the amendments thereto, the political and the party landscape and the current parliament composition. The electoral system, which has a long history in Egypt, has undergone major changes in the last decade; in particular, the electoral legislation has been changed several times. It was due to the political development of this country that has been affected by revolutionary upheavals since 2011. Currently, a new electoral system is being	formed,	and	the	process,	which	is	still	far	from	completion,	is	taking	place	in difficult socio-economic conditions. Along with the search for new advanced electoral models, there is maintenance of historical continuity and traditions specific to the political life of Egypt.
NOT ALONGSIDE WITH ISIS. ABOUT THE BOOK BY N. MELLOR “VOICE OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD: DA’WA, DISCOURSE, AND POLITICAL COMMUNICATION” (L.; N.Y.: ROUTLEDGE, 2018. 240 P.)
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Samoilova Elena E. 
Published: June 2024

The article deals with the issues that were posed in Noha Mellor’s monograph “Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood**: Da’wa, discourse, and political Communication”. Despite the large amount of literature about the Muslim	Brotherhood	(MB	or	Brotherhood)	knowledge	about	the	organization	is	still	quite	limited.	In	particular,	little	information	is	available	about	their	communication strategy. Research into that aspect of the organization’s activities explains why Egyptians continued to support the Brotherhood even in years of opposition and repression. “Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood**: Da’wa, discourse, and political communication” is a first analysis of the Brotherhood’s early media, tracing its media discourse from the late 1920s to the overthrow of Mohammed Morsi in 2013. The author considers the movement’s media strategy	looking	beyond	publications	in	periodicals,	works	or	biographies	of	prominent figures but also by studying the Brotherhood’s Internet products. It makes	the	research	important	not	only	for	the	history	of	modern	Egypt	but	also	the study of the Muslim Brotherhood**. Mellor provides a noteworthy analysis of how MB’s personal brand was shaped throughout decades. The study contributes to a broader understanding of the relationship between the secular and the religious in contemporary discourses.