bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Soil Moisture and Rubidium Concentration on Diffusion and Uptake of Rubidium‐86
Authors: Place Gerald A. , Barber Stanley A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn autoradiographic technique was used to study the effect of soil moisture and Rb concentration on Rb86 diffusion and uptake by corn plants. Changes in soil moisture influenced the rate of diffusion, rate of root elongation, and the incidence of root hairs. The self‐diffusion of Rb86 was linearly correlated (R2 = 0.89) positively with soil mositure, Rb concentration, and interaction of these two factors.The correlation of Rb86 uptake from the soil was positively correlated with Rb86 diffusion values approximated from measurements made of the depleted areas about the roots. When the root diameter used in the calculation included the length of the root hairs, the r2 was 0.70 and when the root hairs were not included the r2 was 0.56. The correlation of uptake with the values of Dp/b from self‐diffusion studies gave an r2 of 0.99.Uptake by roots without root hairs was linearly correlated (r2 = 0.98) with soil moisture, Rb concentration, and their interaction. Since the uptake relationships were similar whether or not the roots possessed root hairs, it was concluded that moisture's effect on rate of diffusion was of greater significance in its effect on Rb86 uptake than was its effect on root hair incidence in these experiments.
An Experiment in the Numerical Classification of Some Kansas Soils
Authors: Bidwell O. W. , Hole F. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThirty soil characteristics were used to calculate numerical indices of similarity for 29 Kansas soils. The indices varied from 90 for Ladysmith and Irwin soils (100 = perfect similarity) to 34 for Bates and Colby. In general, the numerical classification substantiated the present classification and the concepts of these soils and their interrelationships.This experiment suggests that the numerical classification of soils, like that of plants, animals, and insects, is possible. The necessary information for this kind of analysis is available for many of our soils. The major obstacle appears to be the selection and weighting, if any, of the characteristics to be considered. Once the characteristics are selected, the determination of numerical relationships is objective and repetitive.
Isolation and Characterization of Some Soil Allophanes
Authors: DeMumbrum L. E. , Chesters G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA fractionation procedure based on H‐dispersion was used to concentrate inorganic amorphous colloidal materials from several soils. Concentrate was evaluated by use of X‐ray diffraction, infrared absorption, electron microscopy, and chemical techniques. The allophanes were shown to be metallic silicates, largely hydrous aluminum silicate, which may be a residue of chemical weathering within the soil profiles. In the B and C horizons examined, microcrystalline particles of halloysite were shown to be intimately mixed with the amorphous residues. The presence of amorphous Al(OH)3 (or related polymers) in the allophanes is suggested.
The Use of Liquid Scintillation for the Assay of Carbon‐14 in Clay and Soil Suspensions
Authors: Page A. L. , Sims James R. , Bingham F. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of liquid scintillation for the assay of C14 in layer silicate and soil suspensions is evaluated by various procedures with several scintillator media. The effects of sample weight, color, settling time, and the level of activity on the counting characteristics of scintillator media which contain soils and layer silicates are presented.Highly statistically significant linear regressions, which differed for each solid tested, were obtained between the level of activity added and the observed activity. The differences between the materials tested were related predominantly to the color which the solid imparted to the scintillator medium.A procedure for the determination of the retention of carbon compounds by layer silicates and soils is presented. The procedure described is specific, but can easily be modified to fit the needs of related studies.
Factors Influencing the Availability of Sulfur Fertilizers to Alfalfa and Corn
Authors: Fox R. L. , Atesalp H. M. , Kampbell D. H. , Rhoades H. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField and greenhouse experiments indicated that 8‐mesh elemental S was frequently inferior to sulfate forms of S for alfalfa and corn production on S deficient, acid, sandy soils in Nebraska. There was a marked increase in utilization of S from the elemental form during the second year compared with the first year after application.Sulfur flour mixed with the soil was as effective as gypsum either mixed with the soil or side‐banded at planting time for supplying S to young corn plants in the greenhouse. A sidebanded application of the S at planting time was much less effective than the same material mixed with the soil unless a small amount of CaCO3 was also applied in the band. Sulfur utilization by young corn plants was linearly related to approximate specific surface of S particles obtained from 8‐mesh material. The smallest particles, < 0.05 mm. in diameter, were slightly less effective than either S flour or gypsum applied at the same rate. The largest particles, 2.0 to 1.0 mm. in diameter, were relatively ineffective even at high rates of application. Superiority of S flour over 8‐mesh material, at least under some conditions, appears to be associated largely with relative sizes of particles in the two materials.
Earthworms and the Development of Coprogenous A1 Horizons in Forest Soils of Wisconsin
Authors: Nielsen Gerald A. , Hole Francis D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChanges in weight, thickness, and distribution of litter were observed in forest stands of Wisconsin. The study included manipulations of litter over 5 years. Observations disclosed the influence of casting and midden‐building activities of earthworms on the course and the rate of development of the coprogenous A1 horizon of forested soils.
Tree Growth as Affected by Soil Moisture Availability
Authors: Bassett John R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMerchantable volume growth in a managed southern pine forest was measured every 3 years from 1940 through 1960. Available soil moisture in the surface foot was estimated for each day of the 21 growing seasons. The soil‐moisture estimates were combined with estimates of potential evapotranspiration to calculate indexes of potential growth. Linear regressions of measured growth on calculated potential growth explained 95 to 97% of the variation about the regression lines. With sufficient soils information and past measurements of growth, foresters may be able to estimate current annual growth in timber stands.
Determination of Thermal Conductivity and Volumetric Heat Capacity of Soils Near the Surface
Authors: Van Wijk W. R. , Bruijn P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of a soil near its surface are in situ simultaneously determined using a heat flux plate on the soil surface and thermocouples in the soil. The rise of the temperature caused by a heat pulse of short duration is recorded. The time involved in numerical calculations is greatly reduced by the use of Laplace transforms of heat flux density and rise of temperature. The heat flux into the soil under natural conditions can be calculated from the temperature recorded in the absence of the heat flux plate using the thermal conductivity as it has been determined. The method is applied to a sand soil and to a peat mulch on sand, which were at uniform initial temperature. Theory is emphasized. A discussion of some experimental problems, met in in situ determinations, will be given in a subsequent paper.
Water Vapor Diffusion in Relatively Dry Soil: III. Steady‐State Experiments
Authors: Jackson Ray D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSteady‐state water vapor diffusion coefficients were measured for sorption and desorption on Adelanto loam and Pachappa loam at 27°C. The sorption diffusivities for both soil materials increase, and then decrease, with increasing water content. The desorption diffusivities for Adelanto loam are constant throughout the water content range studied, whereas the desorption diffusivities for the Pachappa loam exhibit a maximum similar to the sorption diffusivities. For both soil materials the transient and the steady‐state diffusivity‐water content curves have nearly the same shape and magnitude. Diffusivities calculated from adsorption isotherm data are similar to the measured diffusivities. Comparison of data from the three methods indicates that liquid diffusion becomes noticeable at water contents corresponding to relative pressures of 0.5 to 0.7 for Adelanto and 0.8 to 0.9 for Pachappa.
Influence of Sorbed Hydroxyl and Sulfate on Neutralization of Soil Acidity
Authors: Mehlich A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoils of varying clay mineral characteristics were treated with anion‐exchange resin to obtain systems containing either sorbed OH‐ or SO42‐. They were then equilibrated with Ca(OH)2, and the neutralization of acidity consisting of permanent charge (Hp), variable charge (Hv) and anion‐exchange (Han, principally SO42‐ absorbed) evaluated. The order of neutralization was Hp (consisting principally of Al3+ except in the case of the muck) first, followed virtually simultaneously by Hv and Han. Sorbed SO42‐ resulted in more strongly acidic systems. Hv is postulated to arise from covalently‐bonded H of aquo groups in the coordination sphere of hydrated Al (or possibly Fe3+ atoms). The source of Han is postulated to be acid radicals substituted for OH groups, likewise in the coordination sphere of Al and Fe3+ associated with clay surfaces or in hydrous oxide crystals. The magnitude of Han, the soil acidity due to sorbed acid radical anions, may be an appreciable part of the total acidity of Red‐Yellow Podzolic and Reddish‐Brown Lateritic soils.
Respiration Studies on Soil Treated with Some Hydrocarbons
Authors: Dobson Ann L. , Wilson H. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRespiration studies, as measured by the uptake of O2, were made upon oil‐free and oil‐impregnated soils. A modified Haldane apparatus was used. Composite soil samples of oil‐impregnated soil obtained around oil wells showed greater biological activity than samples of oil‐free soil. The respiration rate was greater, however, in oil‐free soil cores than with oil‐impregnated soil cores. Crude oil, kerosene, and mineral oil were added at 2, 10, and 20% on a volume‐weight basis levels to a soil. Each percentage addition resulted in its own biological activity pattern but in general the trends were similar. In all cases, the soil with added hydrocarbon had a greater respiration rate than the untreated soil.
Effects of Ridges on Erosion of Soil by Wind
Authors: Armbrust D. V. , Chepil W. S. , Siddoway F. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of ridges on soil erosion by wind was studied under laboratory conditions with wind tunnels. Smoothed soil surface and 1.3, 2.5, 5.1, 10.2, and 20.3 cm. high ridges constructed of dune sand and three simulated cultivated soils were exposed to six wind velocities ranging from 47 to 83 miles per hour. Ridges 5.1 to 10.2 cm. high eroded little due to trapping of soil particles between ridges and average wind velocity decrease. Ridges less than 5.1 cm. high were not as effective in trapping soil particles and reducing wind velocities. Extensive erosion on ridges higher than 10.2 cm. resulted from higher wind velocities at the ridge crests and increased wind eddying.
Physical Artifices and Formulas for Approximating Water Table Fall in Tile‐Drained Land
Authors: Kirkham Don 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo physical artifices are used to simplify the mathematics of the falling water table in tile‐drained land. One artifice is to insert in the soil rigid frictionless, infinitesimally thin, impervious membranes along the natural soilwater seepage streamlines, or along approximate streamlines. The second artifice [one used previously by the author (4)] is to replace soil by gravel in the region above the level of the drain tube centers. The gravel is subsequently, for final derived formulas, replaced by soil. The formulas are shown, theoretically, to be “on the safe side” for drainage design. The formulas agree with experimental data.
Soil Water Relations During Rain Infiltration: III. Water Uptake at Incipient Ponding
Authors: Rubin J. , Steinhardt R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRain‐induced ponding onset was analyzed theoretically, by using a diffusion‐type equation of soil moisture flow and was investigated experimentally, by employing laboratory columns of a sandy soil. Equations for the lower and upper bounds of water uptakes at incipient ponding were derived. These expressions seemed to represent well the experimentally established relation between rain intensity R and cumulative rain uptake by a soil on the surface of which isolated puddles just started to form. In every case observed, such an uptake was significantly smaller than one of a flood‐wetted column which reached an infiltration rate equal to R. On the other hand, at identical water entry fluxes, similar uptakes were exhibited by flooded columns and rain‐wetted soil which had just become completely covered by a mantle of ponded rain‐water.
The Effect of Soil Moisture Tension on Carbon Dioxide Evolution, Nitrification, and Nitrogen Mineralization
Authors: Miller Richard D. , Johnson D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour soils were incubated at 30°C. for 14 days under soil moisture conditions varying from zero tension to airdry soil after which NO3‐N and NH4‐N were measured. Carbon dioxide evolved from the soils was collected continuously and measured at the end of the 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days. Carbon dioxide production during the first day increased from a minimum in air‐dry soil to a maximum at tensions of from 0.50 to 0.15 bars, and then decreased with further increase in soil moisture. At the end of the incubation period there was little difference in the CO2 evolved in the tension range from zero to 0.15 bar. Maximum nitrification occurred in the tension range of 0.50 to 0.15 bars. There was a peak in both N mineralized and N nitrified in this tension range followed by a decline in NH4‐N and NO3‐N to about zero tension where there was another peak in N mineralization. Nitrification was shown to proceed at tensions above 15 bars tension but at a very slow rate. Ammonification took place at a faster rate at both high and low tensions, indicating that NH4‐N can accumulate in soil at high tensions (up to air‐dry) and low tensions (near zero bars).
Effect of Cultivation on the Nitrogen Distribution in Soils
Authors: Keeney D. R. , Bremner J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of cultivation on the nitrogen distribution in soils was studied by determining total N, nonexchangeable ammonium N, nonhydrolyzable N, and hydrolyzable (total, ammonium, hexosamine, amino acid, unidentified) N in 10 virgin soils and their cultivated analogues.Cultivation led to a marked decrease in all forms of N, excepting nonexchangeable ammonium N, but, on the average, had little effect on the percentage distribution of N. The average percent loss of total N on cultivation was 36.2%, and the average losses of different forms of N, calculated as percentages of the loss in total N, decreased in the order: hydrolyzable N (70.5%) > amino acid N (29.8%) > nonhdrolyzable N (29.5%) > unidentified hydrolyzable N (20.0%) > hydrolyzable ammonium N (17.1%) > hexosamine N (3.5%) > nonexchangeable ammonium N (0.5%).On the average, cultivation led to small increases in the proportions of total N as nonexchangeable ammonium N, Hydrolyzable N, hexosamine N, and hydrolyzable ammonium N, and to small decreases in the proportions as nonhydrolyzable N, amino acid N, and unidentified hydrolyzable N. The average percent losses of different forms of N on cultivation decreased in the order: amino acid N (43.0%) > nonhydrolyzable N (39.4%) > total N (36.2%) > total hydrolyzable N (35.2%) > unidentified hydrolyzable N (34.5%) > hydrolyzable ammonium N (28.6%) > hexosamine N (27.6%) > nonexchangeable ammonium N (0.2%).
Differential Response of Orchardgrass Varieties (Dactylis glomerata L.) to Nitrogen and Phosphorus under Controlled Soil Temperature and Moisture Conditions
Authors: Finn B. J. , Mack A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a greenhouse experiment, the growth and nutrient uptake of four varieties of orchardgrass were differentially affected by soil temperature and moisture. The yield of tops, for all varieties, was increased by a rise in soil temperature from 10°C. to 20°C. and by a rise in soil moisture from 25% to 75% of the available soil moisture capacity. The yield of roots was increased by a decrease in soil temperature from 20°C. to 10°C. when associated with the high soil moisture level. Under warm soil conditions a rise in available soil moisture generally produced similar increases in top yields for all varieties; whereas, under cool soil temperature a rise in soil moisture increased top yields in the following order: Frode > Rideau > S‐143 = Chinook. Under the same moisture and temperature condition root yields were in the order of Frode > Chinook = Rideau.The influence of N fertilization on herbage yield and on N uptake was only slightly affected by soil temperature and moisture. A rise in soil temperature and soil moisture increased the uptake of soil P and decreased the effect of applied P on yield and P uptake. Under P fertilization the uptake of P by the varieties differed with environment: the order was S‐143 > Frode = Rideau > Chinook at 20°C. and 75% moisture, and Frode = Rideau > S‐143 = Chinook at 10°C. and 25% moisture.
Surfaces of Peds from B Horizons of Illinois Soils
Authors: Grossman R. B. , Odell R. T. , Beavers A. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurfaces of peds from B horizons of several Illinois soils were studied. Concepts of “structural specific surface” and of “disparity” between the ped surface and ped interior are presented. The ped surfaces are described in terms of accretive (accumulation) and degradational (removal) alteration classes. Aspects of the moisture regime at the ped surface are discussed.Ped surfaces were sampled by washing kerosene‐saturated peds with Calgon solution. Clay in the ped surface generally has more fine clay (<0.04µ) and more coarse clay (>0.5µ) than clay from bulked (whole) peds. Collapse from 14Å to 10Å is less complete on heating to 450°C. for the clay from the ped surface. In samples of peds with significant percentages of both montmorillonite and nonexpanding 2:1 lattice clays, the predominantly accretive ped surfaces have more mortmorillonite than the bulked peds, whereas predominantly degradational ped surfaces have less.
Sorption of Cesium from Dilute Solutions
Authors: Sawhney B. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSorption of Cs by a synthetic cation‐exchange resin and by several clay minerals, over a range of low Cs concentrations, was studied in the presence of different counter‐ions. An ionexchange equation was used to predict the sorption of Cs from dilute solutions. Exchange isotherms showed that the sorption of Cs by the resin followed these predictions: Exchange isotherms were straight lines with unit slope. Sorption of Cs by clay minerals, however, did not follow these predictions except when K+ was the competing cation. When Ca2+ and Al3+ were the competing cations, the exchange isotherms for montmorillonite were straight lines with less than unit slope, showing that a larger proportion of Cs was sorbed with decreased Cs concentrations. The exchange isotherms of illite and vermiculite, on the other hand, had at least two distinct slopes suggesting that more than one type of exchange site is involved in the sorption of Cs by these minerals. These conclusions were also supported by estimates of the equilibrium constants calculated from Vanselow's equation.
Extraction of Potassium from Soils with Sodium Tetraphenylboron
Authors: Schulte E. E. , Corey R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe amounts of K extracted from several soils of different K supplying power with solutions containing NaTPB were compared with the amounts taken up by intensive greenhouse cropping and with the amounts extracted with 1N NH4OAc (exchangeable K). The best estimate of plant available K was the amount of K extracted from 2‐g samples of nondried soil with 10 ml of 0.3N NaTPB in 15 min (r = 0.991). The decrease in the amount of K extracted by the same reagent in 16 hours, as a result of cropping, likewise was closely correlated with available K (r = 0.984). Exchangeable K determined in nondried soil samples was more closely correlated with available K (r = 0.971) than was exchangeable K determined in dried soil samples (r = 0.788).
Studies on the High Pressure Hydrogenolysis of the Organic Matter from a Muck Soil
Authors: Felbeck George T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAbout 80% (on the basis of C content) of the organic matter from a muck soil was degraded by a combination of acid hydrolysis and high pressure hydrogenolysis. Approximately 31% of the total organic C was dissolved by hydrolysis with dilute H2SO4 at 90 C. Hydrogenolysis rendered 47% of the total organic C soluble in benzene, with the remainder either converted to a gaseous form (1%) or to an insoluble residue (21%). Particular interest was given to the fraction soluble in benzene as it was thought to represent the breakdown products of the skeletal structure of the nonhydrolyzable fraction of the organic matter.A normal hydrocarbon of about C25 length, representing 1.2% of the total organic matter carbon, was isolated from the hydrogenation products.From these observations and other data it is suggested that part of the nonhydrolyzable organic fraction of a muck soil representing the source of the normal C25 hydrocarbon consisted of chains of unsaturated, O‐containing heterocyclic compounds connected by a‐a′ C‐C bonds. Part of the nonhydrolyzable N in the organic matter possibly exists in the tertiary amine state, and it is probably protected from attack by steric hindrance.
Plant Recovery of Immobilized Nitrogen in Greenhouse Experiments
Authors: Broadbent F. E. , Nakashima T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of greenhouse pot experiments was conducted to measure plant uptake of fertilizer N in the presence and absence of straw. Soils were incubated with straw for periods up to 12 weeks to overcome the depressing effect of straw and then cropped. Two or more crops were evaluated for each treatment. In spite of preincubation, plant recovery of N was invariably lower where straw had been added, even when the level of fertilizer N added was equivalent to 2.5% of the weight of straw.The presence of growing plants on the soil during the period immediately following application of fertilizer N resulted in more efficient utilization of fertilizer than where planting was delayed several weeks after fertilizer application. This was true whether straw was added or not.A tracer experiment lasting nearly 2 years indicated progressive stabilization of fertilizer N after incorporation into the soil organic fraction.
Phosphorus Fertilizer Residual Effects on Irrigated Crops in Rotation
Authors: Campbell R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResidual effects for 8 years of 0, 26, 52, 105, and 210 lb of P per acre applied for barley were measured in a 6‐year rotation of barley, alfalfa (3 years), corn, and sugar beets grown on Thurlow clay loam. Amounts of P removed by crops in 9 years totaled 96, 109, 124, 136, and 179 lb, respectively. Corresponding recoveries of applied P were 49, 54, 38, and 40%. Most of the 26 pounds of P was used in 4 years. Residual response over the entire period increased with higher rates.Residual P soluble in NaHCO3 decreased with continued crop removal of applied P.The results of this experiment which was located in Montana agreed well with similar experiments run concurrently in New Mexico, Oregon, and South Dakota. The differences among them can be reconciled on the basis of soil textural differences as they affect P adsorption and availability.