bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the correlation between thermal and kinematic parameters in various multiplicity classes within 7 and 13 TeV pp collisions
Authors: Waqas Muhammad , Bietenholz Wolfgang , Bouzidi Mohamed , Ajaz Muhammad , Haj Ismail Abd Al Karim , Saidani Taoufik 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We investigate the transverse momentum spectra of identified particles at 7 and 13 TeV in pp collisions in the framework of the blast wave model with Tsallis statistics (TBW). Based on experimental data by ALICE Collaboration, we observe that the model describes the p

T
spectra well with the common Tsallis temperature (T) and flow velocity (β

T
) but separate non-extensive parameters (q) for baryons and mesons. The parameter dependence on multiplicity as well as on collision energy is investigated, and a strong dependence on the former while a weak dependence on the latter is reported. The extracted parameters in this work consist of the initial temperature (T

i
), the average transverse momentum (〈p

T
〉), the Tsallis temperature (T), the flow velocity (β

T
), and the non-extensive parameter (q). These parameters are found to increase a little with increasing energy, however, they (except the parameter q) decrease significantly with decreasing multiplicity. We observe that β

T
drops to zero at high multiplicity , while, T and q do not change their behavior. Furthermore, our analysis explore the correlations among different parameters, including associations with the charged particle multiplicity per unit pseudorapidity (

〈
d

N
ch

/
d
η
〉

). The correlations between T and β

T
, T and

〈
d

N
ch

/
d
η
〉

, β

T
and

〈
d

N
ch

/
d
η
〉

, T

i
and 〈p

T
〉 and T

i
and

〈
d

N
ch

/
d
η
〉

demonstrates a positive relationship, while, the correlation between T and q − 1, and q − 1 and

〈
d

N
ch

/
d
η
〉

is negative. Finally, we implement an extra flow correction on the T parameter. Our findings reveal that the Doppler-corrected temperature parameter aligns closely with the T in scenarios with lower multiplicities. However, as the multiplicity increases, a noticeable divergence emerges between these parameters, indicating a widening separation between them.
Calibration and validation of a bleeding detector for beveled PMMA applicators in electron intraoperative radiotherapy
Authors: Garcia-Gil Rafael , Casans Silvia , Navarro-Antón A Edith , Martos Julio , Giompliaki Malamati , Pérez-Calatayud Ignacio , Sanchis Enrique , Pérez-Calatayud José , Sanchis-Sánchez Enrique 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to calibrate and validate a capacitive-sensor bleeding detector, originally designed for flat applicators, with beveled applicators (bPMMA), which are among the most commonly used applicators in intraoperative radiotherapy with electron mobile linacs. The detector will help prevent dose misadministration during irradiation in the event of fluid accumulation in the applicator, thus allowing for appropriate intervention. The handicap with employing this detector for bPMMA stems from the fact that the level of accumulated fluid depends on both the tilting angle and orientation of the applicator. Furthermore, the fluid remains accumulated at the bottom corner of the applicator, reducing the sensitivity of the sensor. A 5-strip capacitive sensor has been used, attached to a 4 cm diameter 30° beveled applicator with a tilting angle range from 0° to 30°. The sensor is read out using dedicated electronics, including a Wheatstone bridge circuit, amplifier, filter stages, and microcontroller. To calculate the sensitivity of the sensor, a prior calibration of the circuit has been carried out in order to obtain the relationship between the output voltage of the conditioning circuit and the height of the fluid present in the applicator for different inclinations. Using the average sensitivity over the inclination range of interest can provide accurate measurements of the estimated fluid height up to 12 mm, with a maximum deviation of approximately 2.0 mm and less than 1.0 mm for the 5 mm clinic threshold. The use of the mean sensitivity is a practical approach for detecting bleeding in beveled applicators because it simplifies the measurement process by avoiding the need to obtain detector sensitivity for each inclination and orientation of the applicator, which would be complex if not impractical in clinical use.
Comment on ‘Composition-based aluminum alloy selection using an artificial neural network’
Authors: Wanhill Russell 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This article comments on the article ‘Composition-based aluminum alloy selection using an artificial neural network previously published in this journal. It is shown that the input information of the modelling is much too limited and the selection procedure is simplistic and not applicable or relevant to the actual selection procedures for aerospace aluminum alloys. The modelling has been done without sufficient engineering knowledge (almost none) about the properties, selection criteria, alloy compositions and processing of aerospace structural aluminum alloys.
Characterization of selected additive manufacturing materials for synchrotron monochromatic imaging and broad-beam radiotherapy at the Australian synchrotron-imaging and medical beamline
Authors: Bustillo John Paul O , Paino Jason , Barnes Micah , Cameron Matthew , Rosenfeld Anatoly B , Lerch Michael L F 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective. This study aims to characterize radiological properties of selected additive manufacturing (AM) materials utilizing both material extrusion and vat photopolymerization technologies. Monochromatic synchrotron x-ray images and synchrotron treatment beam dosimetry were acquired at the hutch 3B and 2B of the Australian Synchrotron-Imaging and Medical Beamline. Approach. Eight energies from 30 keV up to 65 keV were used to acquire the attenuation coefficients of the AM materials. Comparison of theoretical, and experimental attenuation data of AM materials and standard solid water for MV linac was performed. Broad-beam dosimetry experiment through attenuated dose measurement and a Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation were done for the studied materials to investigate its attenuation properties specific for a 4 tesla wiggler field with varying synchrotron radiation beam qualities. Main results. Polylactic acid (PLA) plus matches attenuation coefficients of both soft tissue and brain tissue, while acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate, and Draft resin have close equivalence to adipose tissue. Lastly, PLA, co-polyester plus, thermoplastic polyurethane, and White resins are promising substitute materials for breast tissue. For broad-beam experiment and simulation, many of the studied materials were able to simulate RMI457 Solid Water and bolus within ±10% for the three synchrotron beam qualities. These results are useful in fabricating phantoms for synchrotron and other related medical radiation applications such as orthovoltage treatments. Significance and conclusion. These 3D printing materials were studied as potential substitutes for selected tissues such as breast tissue, adipose tissue, soft-tissue, and brain tissue useful in fabricating 3D printed phantoms for synchrotron imaging, therapy, and orthovoltage applications. Fabricating customizable heterogeneous anthropomorphic phantoms (e.g. breast, head, thorax) and pre-clinical animal phantoms (e.g. rodents, canine) for synchrotron imaging and radiotherapy using AM can be done based on the results of this study.
Cooperative states and shift in resonant scattering of an atomic ensemble
Authors: Hsu Ting , Lin Kuan-Ting , Lin Guin-Dar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We investigate the spectral shift known as the collective Lamb shift in forward scattering for a cold dense atomic cloud. The shift results from resonant dipole–dipole interaction mediated by real and virtual photon exchange, forming many-body states displaying various super- and subradiant behaviour. However, the scattering spectrum reflects the overall contributions from these states but also averages out the radiative details associated with the underlying spin orders, causing ambiguity in determination and raising controversy on the scaling property of this shift. We employ a Monte–Carlo simulation to study how the collective states contribute to emission. We thus distinguish two kinds of collective shift that follow different scaling laws. One results from dominant occupation of the near-resonant collective states. This shift is usually small and insensitive to the density or the number of participating atoms. The other comes from large spatial correlation of dipoles, associated with the states of higher degree of emission. This corresponds to larger collective shift that is approximately linearly dependent on the optical depth. We further demonstrate that the spatial spin order plays an essential role in superradiant emission. Our analysis provides a novel perspective for understanding collective scattering and cooperative effects.
Rotational disturbance in laser-interferometric gravity gradiometry
Authors: Shiomi Sachie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Laser interferometers have been used for precise measurements of gravity and related effects. These include experiments to search for a fifth force and absolute ballistic gravimeters, which use a Michelson-type laser interferometer to measure the acceleration of a free-falling test mass. In these methods of instrumentation, the motion of free-falling test masses is measured using corner-cube laser interferometers, in which at least one retroreflector is embedded in each test mass. However carefully each of such test masses is released into free fall, a small amount of rotation is unavoidable which changes the optical path length and causes acceleration disturbance. This rotational disturbance could ultimately limit the measurement sensitivity of the laser interferometers. Various experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to minimise the rotational disturbance in absolute ballistic gravimeters. This paper focuses on the rotational disturbance in laser-interferometric gravity gradiometers (LIGGs) that measure differential acceleration between two test masses freely falling at different heights in a vacuum. LIGGs can be configured to measure not only vertical gravity gradients, but also horizontal gradients, or gradients in both horizontal and vertical directions. However, only those to measure vertical gravity gradients have been constructed so far. Hence, in this paper, the term LIGGs specifically indicates the gravity gradiometers that measure vertical gravity gradients. Unlike absolute ballistic gravimeters, the LIGGs are, in principle, insensitive to ground vibrations; they can potentially detect some effects that are buried in seismic noise in absolute gravity data. To fully leverage this advantage of the LIGGs, it is crucial to keep the rotational disturbance to a minimum. Expressions for the rotational disturbance are derived and its magnitude is estimated based on available experimental data. The results show that the magnitude would not be more than 0.1

μ
Gal

/m in the measurement of vertical gravity gradients in a compact LIGG. Alternative designs and requirements for increasing the sensitivity of the LIGGs are also discussed.
Modulating spin current induced effective damping in β–W/Py heterostructures by a systematic variation in resistivity of the sputtered deposited β–W films
Authors: Aon Soumik , Pal Sayani , Manna Subhadip , Mitra Chiranjib , Mitra Partha 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Utilizing the spin-induced pumping from a ferromagnet (FM) into a heavy metal (HM) under the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) condition, we report an enhancement in effective damping in β- W/Py bilayers by systematically varying resistivity (ρ

W
) of β-W films. Different resistivity ranging from 100 μΩ-cm to 1400 μΩ-cm with a thickness of 8 nm can be achieved by varying the argon pressure (P

Ar
) during the growth by the method of sputtering. The coefficient of effective damping α

eff
is observed to increase from 0.010 to 0.025 with ρ

W
, which can be modulated by P

Ar
. We observe a modest dependence of α

eff
on the sputtering power (p

S
) while keeping the P

Ar
constant. α

eff
dependence on both P

Ar
and p

S
suggests that there exists a strong correlation between α

eff
and ρ

W
. It is thus possible to utilize ρ

W
as a tuning parameter to regulate the α

eff
, which can be advantageous for faster magnetization dynamics switching. The thickness dependence study of Py in the aforementioned bilayers manifests a higher spin mixing conductance (

g

eff

↑
↓

) which suggests a strong spin pumping from Py into the β-W layer. The effective spin current (J

S(eff)) is also evaluated by considering the spin-back flow in this process. Intrinsic spin mixing conductance (

g

W

↑
↓

) and spin diffusion length (λ

SD
) of β-W are additionally investigated using thickness variations in β-W. Furthermore, the low-temperature study in β-W/Py reveals an intriguing temperature dependence in α

eff
which is quite different from α

b
of single Py layer and the enhancement in α

eff
at low temperature can be attributed to the spin-induced pumping from Py layer into β-W.
Anisotropic stellar structures admitting Karmakar condition in f(R, φ, χ) theory
Authors: Sharif M , Gul Muhammad Zeeshan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This article employs the Karmarkar condition to study the geometry of compact stars experiencing anisotropy in the context of f(R, φ, χ) gravity. The unknown constants involved in Karmarkar condition are calculated by matching the internal and external regimes at the hypersurface. We investigate the acceptable behavior of matter variables and anisotropy. The viability of all the resulting models is checked using energy bounds. We also discuss some important factors such as mass, compactness and redshift parameters. Finally, we investigate the stable aspect of considered stars through causality condition and Herrera cracking technique. We conclude that all the discussed stellar structures in this theory satisfy the required constraints.
Structural properties controlled magnetisation of Ni/Al multilayers sputtered on flexible polymer substrate: Impact of Ni deposition rates
Authors: Kaplan Nadir , Karpuz Ali , Köçkar Hakan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The goal of this work is to determine how the rate of Ni deposition rates affect the structural characteristics that regulate the magnetization of Ni/Al multilayer thin films sputtered on flexible acrylic acetate polymer substrates. The films with a 5[Ni(20 nm)/Al(10 nm)] structure were gradually sputtered as different Ni deposition rates in the total thickness of 150 nm. With an increase in the rate of Ni deposition, the Ni contents increased from 61.5% to 69.6%. And, X-ray diffraction analysis verified that the films featured a face-centered cubic structure with variable peak intensities. Also, the scanning electron microscopy surface morphology analyses revealed that variations in the film surfaces were a result of the deposition rates. For magnetic measurements, the differences in the structural analysis were observed to cause a notable variation in saturation magnetization, MS, and coercivity, HC values. Accordingly, MS values increased consistently between 359.0 and 389.7 emu cm−3, but HC values decreased from around 34–32 to 28 Oe with the increase in Ni deposition rate from 0.02 to 0.10 nm s−1. It is also observed that when the Ni layers are generated at very fast deposition rates, the Ni/Al multilayer films have a high MS/HC ratio, which is significant for magnetic sensors. It has been concluded that the magnetisation of Ni/Al multilayer thin films can be controlled by the structural properties adjusting the Ni deposition rate.
Processing of shape memory alloys research, applications and opportunities: a review
Authors: Mehta Amrinder , Singh Gurbhej , Vasudev Hitesh 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are metallic materials with unique thermomechanical characteristics that can regain their original shape after deformation. SMAs have been used in a range of industries. These include consumer electronics, touch devices, automobile parts, aircraft parts, and biomedical equipment. In this work, we define the current state of the art in SMA manufacturing and distribution across the aerospace, healthcare, and aerospace industries. We examine the effect of manganese on the structure and mechanical and corrosive properties of SMA Cu-Al-Ni and discuss the importance of incorporating small and medium-sized enterprises in the study of cu-Al luminum. This research outlines a fundamental example of SME integration in the analysis of superelasticity, a critical instance of SMA activity. It can also serve as a reference for activities such as medical, aerospace, and other industries that target SMA-based equipment and systems. Also, they can be used to look at SMA activation and material upgrade mechanisms. These FEM simulations are advantageous in optimizing and promoting design in fields such as aerospace and healthcare. FEM simulations identify the stress and strength of SMA-based devices and structures. This would result in minimizing cost and usage and lowering the risk of damage. FEM simulations can also recognize the weaknesses of the SMA designs and suggest improvements or adjustments to SMA-based designs.
Effect of calcination temperature on structure evolution of hematite nanoparticles
Authors: Husain H , Adi W A , Subaer S , Taryana Y , Setiawan A , Putri S E , Klyusubun W , Wannapaiboon S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the transition structure of iron oxide, specifically the change from magnetite to hematite, as well as the influence of calcination temperature on the structural growth of hematite nanoparticles. The magnetite was extracted from the native iron sand in Indonesia using the coprecipitation procedure. To generate hematite, magnetite was calcined at various temperatures (350, 500, 650, and 800 °C). The structural changes resulting from the effect of calcination temperature were investigated by combining a number of characterisation methods. The crystal structure was examined using synchrotron x-ray diffraction (SRD) and the local structure was examined using x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Crystallite size was calculated using the Debye-Schrerrer equation at the most dominant SRD peak. Surface morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SRD data revealed that the sample calcined at 350 °C displayed both the Fe3O4 and α-Fe2O3 phases, while higher temperatures revealed the single-phase α-Fe2O3. Furthermore, an increase in calcination temperature was shown to be associated with an increase in crystallinity and crystallite size. For the samples H350 and H800, the crystallinity increased from 95.56 to 98.17%. In the magnetite, H350, H500, H650, and H800 samples, the crystallite size increased from 9.57 to 29.55, 16.40, 28,48, 29.26, and 29.55 nm. Higher calcination temperatures, on the other hand, increase the interatomic distance while decreasing the Debye–Waller factor, according to XAS fitting data. It can be inferred that around 500 °C, the transition from Fe3O4 to single-phase α-Fe2O3 was observed. While a greater calcination temperature of at least 800 °C would alter the structural parameters, it would not affect the phase.
n-Lüders channels: a novel class of rebit channels, their properties and applications
Authors: Berthier Michel , Provenzi Edoardo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In a very recent paper, the complete classification of rebit channels has been achieved. Here, we exploit that result to show how the classification can be used to perform an exhaustive analysis of a novel class of rebit channels induced by effects called n-Lüders channels. In the final part of the paper we propose a concrete application of these channels within the mathematical framework of a quantum theory of color perception that originated the interest about a rebit channels classification.
QCA-based fault-tolerant XOR Gate for reliable computing with high thermal stability
Authors: Naz Syed Farah , Shah Ambika Prasad , Ahmed Suhaib 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The XOR gate is an essential element in the design of digital circuits due to its versatility and usefulness. The design of XOR gate in this paper is based on Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) 2D planner technology with no line-to-line intersections. The output amplitude is improved by redundant cell-based design, which also helped reliability and fault tolerance outperform. The proposed XOR gate achieves fault tolerance to single-cell addition and missing-cell defects from 68.48% to 95.33%. In addition, the proposed XOR gate is also fault-tolerant against multiple-cell missing defects, as verified from the simulations. Furthermore, high thermal stability makes the circuit reliable for QCA-based digital design applications. The digital design applications such as 4-bit B2G code converter and a 4-bit parity checker are designed from this XOR gate, utilizing 438 and 414 cells, respectively. This demonstrates its effectiveness in designing fault resilient and reliable circuit designs for various applications.
Anatomy of astrophysical echoes from axion dark matter
Authors: Todarello Elisa , Calore Francesca , Regis Marco 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
If the dark matter in the Universe is made of μeV axion-like particles (ALPs), then a rich phenomenology can emerge in connection to their stimulated decay into two photons. We discuss the ALP stimulated decay induced by electromagnetic radiation from Galactic radio sources. Three signatures, made by two echoes and one collinear emission, are associated with the decay, and can be simultaneously detected, offering a unique opportunity for a clear ALP identification. We derive the formalism associated with such signatures starting from first principles, and providing the relevant equations to be applied to study the ALP phenomenology.
We then focus on the case of Galactic pulsars as stimulating sources and derive forecasts for future observations, which will be complementary to helioscopes and haloscopes results.
The price of abandoning dark matter is nonlocality
Authors: Deffayet C. , Woodard R.P. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We consider the classic question posed by Pardo and Spergel about the
price of abandoning dark matter in the context of an invariant,
metric-based theory of gravity. Our answer is that the price is
nonlocality. This has been known for some time in the context of the
quasi-static regime. We show that it also applies for cosmology and
we exhibit a model which reproduces standard CDM successes such as
perturbations in the cosmic microwave background, baryon acoustic
oscillations and structure formation.
Unifying inflationary and reheating solution
Authors: Kaur Manjeet , Nandi Debottam , B Sharath Raghavan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The conventional background solution for the evolution of a single canonical inflaton
field performs admirably in extreme scenarios such as the slow-roll phase (where the slow-roll
parameter is much less than one) and the deep reheating era (where the Hubble parameter is much
smaller than the effective mass of the potential and the field oscillates around the minimum of
the potential), but fails to accurately depict the dynamics of the Universe around the end of
inflation and the initial oscillatory phases. This article proposes a single, unified,
model-independent, parametrized analytical solution for such models that bridges the gap between
these two extremes, providing a near-accurate comprehensive description of the evolution of the
Universe. This novel strategy has the potential to substantially enhance both quantitative and
qualitative cosmological observational predictions, and, as a consequence, can further constrain
the inflationary models more effectively using future observations.