bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Engineering Psychologists Can Improve Night Driving Safety: Automobile Headlighting Research
Authors: Mortimer Rudolf G. , Becker Judith M. , Olson Paul L. 
Published: January 2012

Vehicle headlamps do not provide adequate seeing distances in night driving conditions in which fixed (street) lighting is not provided. This may partly account for the greater accident rate at night than in daytime. Therefore, there is a need for improved vehicle headlighting. This paper describes an integrated approach toward the investigation of various problems that detract from the effectiveness of current headlighting and the development of experimental and analytical procedures that can be used to develop improved vehicle headlighting systems. Studies were conducted of a number of factors which affect the aim of headlamps, including the ability of persons in the service trade to aim lamps, the effectiveness of factory aim, the effects of vehicle service and of vehicle loading on headlamp aim. In this way the major factors that contribute to poor aiming of headlamps were discerned. Since numerous testing procedures are currently being used to evaluate the effectiveness of headlamp beams which make it difficult to generalize findings from one procedure to another, effort was devoted toward the development of an acceptable field testing method. A dynamic field test method, using driver subjects, was devised, including the development of suitable vision targets. Test-retest reliability of the approach was about 0.97. The procedure was used to determine visibility distances, in night driving, for various headlamp beams, as well as to provide basic data for the development of an analytical model to predict seeing distances. An analytical model was developed and verified against the field test data, and found to provide a valid means of predicting seeing distances in a variety of test conditions, including different headlamp beams. The use of the model is illustrated by showing the effects of the aim of headlamps, as well as comparisons between different meeting beams, including comparisons between the present U.S. and European beams and a proposed mid beam. It is found that the mid beam concept will provide increased seeing distances for drivers in the lane being traveled and to the right of the lane when meeting another vehicle on a two-lane road and on divided highways. A procedure for the development of an appropriate control/display configuration for switching between low, mid and high beams is also described. It is believed that the use of these tools will assist lighting engineers in the development of improved vehicle headlighting systems.
Incorporating Knowledge that Data will be Missed in the Design of Human Factors Experiments
Authors: Herrin Gary D. 
Published: January 2012

Experiments with humans invariably have missing data; i.e., equipment fails, subjects may become ill, the weather turns unseasonable. This prior knowledge is seldom incorporated explicitly into the design of experiments. This paper examines the influence of missing data on the quality of empirical research. A simple approximation function for the expected information content of an experiment is presented. Decision rules for choosing between complete randomization and blocking of subjects are presented. The results are applied to a sequential study of carbon monoxide and alcohol effects on drivers.
Man Machine Interactive Imaging and Data Processing Using High Speed Digital Mass Storage
Authors: Alsberg H. , Nathan R. 
Published: January 2012

The role of vision in teleoperation has been recognized as an important element in the man-machine control loop. In most applications of remote manipulation, direct vision cannot be used. To overcome this handicap, the human operator's control capabilities are augmented by a “tele”-vision system. This medium provides a practical and useful link between workspace and the control station from which the operator performs his tasks. The function of the video system is to reproduce the original scenes in pictorial form. Systematic errors in terms of photometry, resolution, geometry and perhaps color can be removed by decalibration procedures. Human performance deteriorates when the images are degraded as a result of instrumental and transmission limitations. Recovering images from various degradation effects is commonly referred to as restoration. Image enhancement is used to bring out selected qualities in a picture to increase the perception of the observer. At the Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL, we employ a general purpose digital computer (IBM 360/44) utilizing an extensive special purpose software system (VICAR) to perform an almost unlimited repertoire of processing operations. This approach has proven to be most flexible, versatile and suitable for experimental work. Guided by the experience of the IPL and the recent advances in LSI technology, we are reporting on special hardwired algorithms which have speeded up the processing by several orders of magnitude. Although quantum limited imaging was made possible by noise removal and contrast enhancement as part of a development in electron microscopy, these methods and experiences are transferrable to other teleoperator applications. The processing and enhancement of images are controlled by the operator/scientist matching his perceptual needs to optimally adjust the instrument. Central to the near real time image processing is a high speed digital solid state mass memory operating at input/output speeds compatible with standard TV rates. Thus, the operator, as the most important link in the loop, is provided with a real time interactive display which enables him to perceive the remote workspace as required to execute remote manipulation tasks.
Effects of Lens Color on Target Visibility for Air-Sea Rescue
Authors: MacLeod S. , Hilgendorf R. L. , Searle R. G. 
Published: January 2012

Visual detection of life rafts in the sea presents a difficult task which might be aided by use of appropriate sunglasses designed to reduce glare and atmospheric attenuation while enhancing target-to-background contrast. To evaluate this possibility, target acquisition performance associated with the following types of sunglass lenses was compared with that of the unaided eye: Hazemaster, Oakley Doc, Cosmetan and N-15. A circular 1:1000 scale terrain model was used to simulate an air-sea rescue operation under conditions of relatively low daylight illumination. Observers searched for targets while making simulated banking turns. Performance measures were response time and number of targets found. Results showed the Oakley Doc to be the best and the Cosmetan to be the worst of the lens alternatives. However, no filter was found to be superior to the unaided eye. The data agree with recent target acquisition studies in showing no advantage for yellow sunglass lenses. The results are also consistent with the assumption that supposed enhancement properties of colored lenses may well be offset by losses in light transmission associated with their use.
Human Factors Role in Equipment Definition and Facility Layout for the Space Computational Center and the Norad Computer System Improvement Program
Authors: Van Arsdel John H. 
Published: January 2012

The purpose of the 427M Improvement Program is to replace and update the computer, communications, and display facility used to support the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) and the Aerospace Defense Command in accomplishing their assigned missions, through 1980. The interface between the human operators and the several complete computer systems of the Space Computational Center (SCC) and NORAD is the Interactive Display Console. The SCC/NCS (NORAD Computer System) Graphic Display Console must meet specific Air Force readability, look-angle, accessibility, and maintenance requirements, as well as the restrictive space, weight, and power requirements. Both the SCC and NCS display presentations require extensive use of display vectors to construct maps and backgrounds in addition to presenting the data. The problems of legibility require evaluating the advantages of stroke-generation techniques over the raster-scan technology in producing straight, clearly defined vectors. Also, the system requires a highly reliable, modularly expandable, high-throughput system which would apply to both the SCC and NCS man/machine interface requirements. To effectively maintain the display console hardware, it should be identical for both the SCC and NCS segments; however, the segments must be addressable for different functional operations and displayed information. Thus the operational parameters were assigned to software programs. Functions of the SCC include space catalog maintenance, space sensor system status, space weapons support, system control and support, programming support, and personnel subsystem support. To perform these functions within the allowable time constraints, a highly automated and highly interactive computer system is needed. The Human Factors role in console definition, man/computer interface considerations, and facility layout problems will be discussed in the paper.
Toward a Criterion of Training Device Acceptance
Authors: Mackie Robert R. 
Published: January 2012

A composite criterion of training device acceptance was developed on the basis of users' ratings of: 10 simulation factors; the felt importance of each simulation factor; 12 effectiveness and convenience factors; the relative number of positive statements volunteered about each trainer to a series of open-end questions; and two objective measures of actual trainer usage. Sixteen training devices were classified as having “high”, “moderate,” or “low” acceptance on the basis of this composite criterion. Various design features found to be common to trainers in these three categories are then examined. Certain characteristics of the users themselves, and the manner in which the trainer is used, are also related to the level of acceptance. The significant role of a “trainer advocate” in enhancing trainer acceptance is emphasized.
A Monte Carlo Algorithm for Workplace Optimization and Layout Planning - Wolap
Authors: Rabideau Gerald F. , Luk Rickie H. 
Published: January 2012

In this paper, a computer algorithm for the design and optimization of workplace layout is presented. Known as WOLAP ( Workplace Optimization and LAyout Planning), this algorithm attempts to include many, if not all, relevant human factors variables and design-constraining factors, and it utilizes a unified Monte Carlo approach. The results obtained to date with WOLAP appear to be as valid and accurate as those obtained with other promising approaches. One obvious advantage of WOLAP is that many quantitatively optimized solutions can be obtained at the same time. This permits designers to consider and evaluate various mathematically optimal alternatives against any pertinent qualitative criteria, e.g. human engineering principles of arrangement, to come up with the best possible and technically feasible design in a relatively short time. Currently, WOLAP is capable of handling up to thirty instrument-components. Its program and data can easily be handled by most small computers.
Integrating Human Factors Models into Statistical Quality Control
Authors: Drury C. G. 
Published: January 2012

Recent progress in the Statistical Quality Control field has led to the design of Sampling plans which do not assume perfect inspection. Simple methods now exist for analyzing the effect of inspector error on the operating characteristic (OC) curve of a plan and further for re-designing the plan so that a predetermined OC curve is obtained. However, the usual assumption made about human inspection error is that it is constant. Many studies show that Type 1 and Type 2 inspector error change systematically with many variables such as input quality, complexity of item inspected, type of fault, standards, individual differences, etc. This paper develops a methodology for including an explicit human inspector model into the sampling plan design. A particular model integrating visual search and decision making (proposed earlier by the author) is used to demonstrate the feasibility of including explicit human inspector data in the design process. The applications of this model to single and double sampling plans are discussed, together with evidence for the validity of the model under laboratory and field conditions.
Operator-Oriented Evaluation Methods for Medical Emergency Radio Systems
Authors: Schiro S. G. , Drury C. G. 
Published: January 2012

Ambulance to hospital radio communications systems are becoming increasingly part of the emergency health care delivery system. Their aim is to forewarn the hospital emergency department of patient arrival and to make possible medical input whilst the patient is being transported. An evaluation of one such system is reported. Reliability of the communications equipment was found to improve to a high level after an initial “shake down” period, both in terms of component and human reliabilty. Thus, the major evaluation effort was at the human/system interface. Evaluation methods included testing knowledge of use of radio operators, recordi and analysis of radio messages and detailed observation of the time history of emergency department operations by physician-observers. Observation of almost 400 emergency ambulance runs showed that the emergency departments were usually well prepared, although this was not always perceived by the ambulance staff. One third of all radio calls from ambulance to hospital were answered by non-medical staff. On 70% of all calls the ambulance staff was judged to have provided adequate information on the patient. The knowledge of use test showed that training programs need revision. There were significant differences between (a) types of ambulance companies (Hospital Based, Commercial, Volunteer, etc.), (b) frequency of use levels of the radio, and (c) age levels of ambulance personnel. More frequent radio users and younger personnel scored more highly. Recommendations for changes included eliminating non-emergency use of the radio, removing particular areas of local poor reception, institution of planned check-out and back-up procedures for radio equipment and changes in the radio layout within vehicles and hospitals.
The Development of a Portable Non-Invasive System for Analysing Human Movement
Authors: O'Brien C. , Paradise M.G.A. 
Published: January 2012

In the study of human movements, subjects are usually constrained by trailing wires or by having to remain within the field of view of a camera or other optical device. This paper describes the development of a fully portable system which allows the subject to move about quite freely in carrying out their normal daily activities. Compact straingauge electrical transducers are used to detect postural changes and to measure angular displacements at joints. The output from these transducers are fed into a battery operated miniature cassette tape recorder worn by the subject. The cassette tapes, which have a recording capacity of several hours, are played back at high speed and the output fed directly into a computer for analysis. In addition to data on angular displacements, velocities and accelerations associated with particular movements, statistical information can be obtained about a person's movement and posture throughout the day.
The Effect of Altitude on Absolute Hearing Threshold Levels
Authors: Mekjavic I. B. , Sinclair D. , Steele D. , Longridge N. S. 
Published: January 2012

The present study investigates the effect of hypobaric environments on absolute hearing thresholds for pure tones at octave frequencies between 250 Hz and 8 kHz. Absolute hearing thresholds were obtained for ten subjects at ambient pressure (732 mmHg) and at an altitude of 6500 feet (582 mmHg), relative to the laboratory. Subjects were decompressed in a hypobaric chamber at a rate of 500 ft./min. and were subjected to the low pressure environment for one hour before being compressed to a normobaric environment, at a rate of 300 ft./min. Absolute hearing threshold levels obtained at altitude, after the one hour exposure to the hypobaric ambient and on descent to normobaric conditions, were compared with scores obtained prior to the hypobaric exposure. In order to compare the frequency averaged threshold shifts at octave frequencies of 250 Hz, 500 Hz and 1 kHz, for the altitude and normobaric conditions, the audiometer was calibrated at ambient pressures of 732, 582 and 512 mmHg. The results of the study indicate a slight increase in sensitivity of the audiometer headphones with altitude and an insignificant difference between the mean frequency averaged threshold shifts for the pre-exposure test and the three experimental conditions (at the onset of hypobaria, after a one hour exposure to the altitude and on descent to surface).
Computer System Response Time and Psychophysiological Stress II
Authors: Weiss Stuart Martin , Boggs George , Lehto Mark , Shodja Sogand , Martin David J. 
Published: January 2012

With the advent of time-shared interactive systems, the psychological impact of system response time (SRT) and SRT variability (SRTV) has become an important issue. Carbonell, et. al. (1968) have suggested that both SRT and SRTV may influence system user performance and satisfaction. A number of studies have been reported that address this issue, but results have been mixed. In this experiment, twenty subjects ( Ss) executed keyboard entries to control the temperature of a simulated industrial process via time-shared process control computer. Temperature was displayed in analog form on a CRT. The task was to maintain the temperature within upper and lower bounds that were clearly indicated on the display. The experimental design consisted of repeated measures with SRT and SRTV as experimental factors. Three SRT's were employed (2, 6 and 10 seconds) with two levels of SRTV (σ2 = 0 and σ2 = 0.33 seconds). Mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored during experimental conditions. Task errors were defined as temperature excursions beyond the displayed bounds. Significant main effects were not obtained for MBP or HR. Significant differences for error rate (performance) were noted for SRT ( F(2, 15) = 23.10, p < .05), subjects x SRT ( F37, 15) = 1.66, p < .001), and SRT x SRTV ( F(1, 15) = 13.14, p < .05). Error data are consistent with the Carbonell et. al. suggestion that long and variable SRT may affect user performance. The results are discussed in terms of their incongruity with current literature.
Facility Requirements for Cockpit Traffic Display Research
Authors: Chappell Sheryl L. , Kreifeldt John G. 
Published: January 2012

There is a great deal of research being conducted on the efficacy of a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI). The facilities used in this research vary from elaborate combinations of simulators to one piloted simulator with additional aircraft controlled by a person at a keyboard. This study examined the facility requirements to adequately research the implementation of CDTI's in terms of simulator fidelity and the number of CDTI-equipped simulators. The facility was used in two configurations. There were three air carrier simulator cabs and four general aviation (GA) pilots with continuous analog autopilot control. In the lower-fidelity configuration, there were two single-piloted simulator cabs and five GA aircraft controlled by one keyboard operator. The number of CDTI-equipped simulators was zero, two, or seven. All aircraft flew an instrument approach in terminal airspace under full control of an air traffic controller. Comparisons across conditions of simulator fidelity and the number of CDTI-equipped aircraft were made. Differences were found due to the presence of a CDTI. With a CDTI in their aircraft, there were more pilot/controller communications, the variance of intercrossing times at the middle marker was greater, and GA pilots made more speed and altitude changes. The horizontal flight path was longer without CDTI. The number of communications went up as the number of CDTI-equipped aircraft increased. However, this was the only measure showing a difference due to the number of aircraft with CDTI. Measures showing a difference due to simulator type were: altitude and localizer error at the outer marker, intercrossing time at the outer and middle marker, horizontal path length, number of communications, aircraft separation violations, and GA pilots' speed, heading and altitude changes. Differences due to the facility simulation configuration were the number of GA pilot speed, heading and altitude changes and the aircraft intercrossing times at the outer and middle marker. The latter suggests a difference in the air traffic control of the simulators and may have an inplication in CDTI research.
An Evaluation of Nuclear Power Plant Operator Performance Using a Safety Parameter Display System
Authors: Kershner Robert L. , Gebhard Jack W. , Silverman Eugene B. , Pannel George 
Published: January 2012

An applied experimental project is presently underway to evaluate the Analog Safety Parameter Display System (ASPOS) and the Engineered Safety Features (ESF) developed by Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO). These systems and displays were designed in response to U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission guidelines to aid reactor operators in the efficient performance of their duties. Advanced Resource Development (ARD) Corporation, in conjunction with VEPCO, compared human performance during real-time control room operations with and without the ASPDS-ESF configuration to test the efficacy of the system. During the testing, varied simulated emergency conditions were given to shifts of trained operators in a high-fidelity computer-controlled simulator at the VEPCO Training Center in Surry, Virginia. A multi-channel audio recorder and a video camera system were used to record operator responses during the simulation. Seven scenarios containing realistic multi-event plant abnormalities were used. Included in the evaluation are operator briefings and debriefings, pilot runs, and before and after (ASPDS - ESF) installation emergency scenario trials. The data for all events is presently undergoing analysis; a final report will be available upon completion of this analysis project.
Advantages and Limitations of Various Methods Used to Study Occupational Fall Accident Patterns
Authors: Cohen H. Harvey 
Published: January 2012

This paper presents a discussion of over six years of research performed by the author and funded principally by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the United States. Three major studies have thus far looked at falls on level working surfaces, falls on stairs, and falls from ladders. To a lesser extent, in other studies, falls from other elevated workstations have been looked at. A combination of case history, epidemiologically-based, and experimentally controlled, retrospective and prospective, field study approaches have been used, including: 1. Review of existing injury records, 2. Detailed accident investigations, involving both interviews and site observations, 3. Comprehensive, case-control, retrospective interview and site observation surveys, 4. Prospective longitudinal studies involving both setting up and operating for several years safety and health information systems for specific high risk industries, and 5. Video recorded observations of critical incidents as they actually occurred over extended periods at high risk worksites. Findings to date are discussed in light of the types of data best obtainable from each approach, as well as ergonomics principles for controlling workplace accidents resulting from falls.