bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Parameters of Selection on Nonsynonymous Mutations inDrosophila pseudoobscuraandD. miranda
Authors: Haddrill Penelope R , Loewe Laurence , Charlesworth Brian 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe present the results of surveys of diversity in sets of &gt;40 X-linked and autosomal loci in samples from natural populations of Drosophila miranda and D. pseudoobscura, together with their sequence divergence from D. affinis. Mean silent site diversity in D. miranda is approximately one-quarter of that in D. pseudoobscura; mean X-linked silent diversity is about three-quarters of that for the autosomes in both species. Estimates of the distribution of selection coefficients against heterozygous, deleterious nonsynonymous mutations from two different methods suggest a wide distribution, with coefficients of variation greater than one, and with the average segregating amino acid mutation being subject to only very weak selection. Only a small fraction of new amino acid mutations behave as effectively neutral, however. A large fraction of amino acid differences between D. pseudoobscura and D. affinis appear to have been fixed by positive natural selection, using three different methods of estimation; estimates between D. miranda and D. affinis are more equivocal. Sources of bias in the estimates, especially those arising from selection on synonymous mutations and from the choice of genes, are discussed and corrections for these applied. Overall, the results show that both purifying selection and positive selection on nonsynonymous mutations are pervasive.
Long-Term Results of Immediately Loaded Fast Bone Regeneration–Coated Implants Placed in Fresh Extraction Sites in the Upper Jaw
Authors: Malchiodi Luciano , Corrocher Giovanni , Cucchi Alessandro , Ghensi Paolo , Bissolotti Guido , Nocini Pier Francesco 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Recently, many authors have investigated the results of immediately loaded implants in fresh extraction sites, reporting favorable success rates, but only a few studies have included a long-term follow-up in the maxilla with analysis of clinical and radiographic data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictability of the immediate loading protocol with fast bone regeneration (FBR)-coated implants placed in postextractive sites in the maxilla, considering the success rate after at least 5 years of follow-up. Moreover, the clinical and radiographic results are evaluated in terms of soft tissue conditions and crestal bone loss values. One hundred fifty-eight implants were inserted following dental extraction in 70 consecutively operated patients. Each implant was immediately prosthesized. The data were collected before surgical planning, at the time of insertion, and after 3 and 5 years of occlusal loading. Specific success criteria were used to assess the success rate of immediately loaded postextraction implants. Clinical and radiographic examinations were used to determine long-term results. After a 5-year follow-up, 2 implants were lost, with a cumulative success rate of 98.7%. The radiographic and clinical data revealed well-maintained hard and soft tissues, with acceptable long-term results. The use of immediately loaded FBR-coated implants in fresh extraction sockets is shown to be a predictable technique if implants are inserted in selected cases and positioned with great care, following thorough preoperative analysis.
Investigation of Mixing in Field-Scale Miscible Displacements Using Particle-Tracking Simulations of Tracer Floods With Flow Reversal
Authors: John Abraham K. , Lake Larry W. , Bryant Steven L. , Jennings James W. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Dispersivity data compiled over many lengths show that values at typical interwell distances are approximately two to four factors of 10 larger than those measured on cores. Such large dispersivities may represent significant mixing in the reservoir, or they may be a result of convective spreading driven by permeability heterogeneity. The work in this paper uses the idea of flow reversal to resolve the ambiguity between convective spreading and mixing. We simulate flow-reversal tests for tracer transport in several permeability realizations using particle-tracking simulations (free from numerical dispersion) on 3D, high-resolution models at the field scale.
We show that convective spreading, even without local mixing, can result in dispersion-like mixing-zone growth with large disper- sivities because of permeability heterogeneity. But, for such cases, the dispersivity estimated on flow reversal is zero. With local mixing (diffusion or core-scale dispersion), the dispersivity value on flow reversal is nonzero and much larger than typical core values. Layering in permeability, while increasing the convective contribution to transport, also enhances mixing by providing larger area in the transverse direction for diffusion to act. This suggests that in-situ mixing is an important phenomenon affecting the transport of solutes in permeable media even at large scales. Dispersivity values increase with scale mainly because of the increase in the correlation in the permeability field, but they could also apparently appear to do so because the Fickian model fails to capture the mixing-zone growth correctly at early times.
The results and approach shown here could be used to differentiate between displacement and sweep efficiency in field-scale displacements, to ensure accurate representation of dispersive mixing in reservoir simulation, and to guide upscaling workflows. The flow-reversal concept motivates a new line of inquiry for laboratory- and field-scale experiments.
Incidence and Trend of a Metabolic Syndrome Phenotype Among Tehranian Adolescents
Authors: Afkhami-Ardekani Mohammad , Zahedi-Asl Saleh , Rashidi Maryam , Atifah Mitra , Hosseinpanah Farhad , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVETo assess the incidence and trend of the metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study during 3.6 years of follow-up.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA total of 932 adolescents, aged 10–19 years, who had complete data and returned for reassessment 3.6 years later were investigated.RESULTSPrevalence of metabolic syndrome at baseline and after 3.6 years was 7.4 and 6.7%, respectively, based on the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III definitions; 3.5 and 8.0%, respectively, based on the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions; 4.1 and 9.4%, respectively, based on the American Heart Association (AHA) definitions; and 13.6 and 13.4%, respectively, based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) definitions. Incidence rates were 5.2% (95% CI 3–6) based on ATP III, 6.8% (5–8) based on IDF, 8.3% (6–10) based on AHA, and 8.8% (6–10) based on NHANES definitions.CONCLUSIONSIncidence of metabolic syndrome is high in Tehranian adolescents.
Type 2 Diabetes and Cognitive Decline in Middle-Aged Men and Women
Authors: Nooyens Astrid C.J. , Baan Caroline A. , Spijkerman Annemieke M.W. , Verschuren W.M. Monique 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes is associated with greater decline in cognitive function in middle-aged individuals.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In the Dutch prospective Doetinchem Cohort Study, cognitive functioning was measured twice within a 5-year time interval in 2,613 men and women. Participants were aged 43–70 years at baseline (1995–2002), and no one had a history of stroke. Change in scores on global cognitive function as well as on specific cognitive function domains (memory, speed of cognitive processes, and cognitive flexibility) were compared for respondents with and without type 2 diabetes (verified by the general practitioner or random plasma glucose levels ≥11.1 mmol/l).

RESULTS
At the 5-year follow-up, the decline in global cognitive function in diabetic patients was 2.6 times greater than that in individuals without diabetes. For individuals aged ≥60 years, patients with incident and prevalent diabetes showed a 2.5 and 3.6 times greater decline, respectively, in cognitive flexibility than individuals without diabetes. For most cognitive domains, the magnitude of cognitive decline in patients with incident diabetes was intermediate between that of individuals without diabetes and that of patients with diabetes at baseline.

CONCLUSIONS
Middle-aged individuals with type 2 diabetes showed a greater decline in cognitive function than middle-aged individuals without diabetes.
Evolution of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Diabetes
Authors: Rana Jamal S. , Venkitachalam Lakshmi , Selzer Faith , Mulukutla Suresh R. , Marroquin Oscar C. , Laskey Warren K. , Holper Elizabeth M. , Srinivas Vankeepuram S. , Kip Kevin E. , Kelsey Sheryl F. , Nesto Richard W. ,   for the NHLBI-sponsored PTCA and Dynamic Registries Investigators
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association of successive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) modalities with balloon angioplasty (BA), bare-metal stent (BMS), drug-eluting stents (DES), and pharmacotherapy over the last 3 decades with outcomes among patients with diabetes in routine clinical practice.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined outcomes in 1,846 patients with diabetes undergoing de novo PCI in the multicenter, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–sponsored 1985–1986 Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) Registry and 1997–2006 Dynamic Registry. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate the adjusted risk of events (death/myocardial infarction [MI], repeat revascularization) over 1 year.

RESULTS
Cumulative event rates for postdischarge (31–365 days) death/MI were 8% by BA, 7% by BMS, and 7% by DES use (P = 0.76) and for repeat revascularization were 19, 13, and 9% (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. Multivariable analysis showed a significantly lower risk of repeat revascularization with DES use when compared with the use of BA (hazard ratio [HR] 0.41 [95% CI 0.29–0.58]) and BMS (HR 0.55 [95% CI 0.39–0.76]). After further adjustment for discharge medications, the lower risk for death/MI was not statistically significant for DES when compared with BA.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with diabetes undergoing PCI, the use of DES is associated with a reduced need for repeat revascularization when compared with BA or BMS use. The associated death/MI benefit observed with the DES versus the BA group may well be due to greater use of pharmacotherapy.
Lung Function and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Fatal and Nonfatal Major Coronary Heart Disease Events: Possible Associations With Inflammation
Authors: Wannamethee S. Goya , Shaper A. Gerald , Rumley Ann , Sattar Naveed , Whincup Peter H. , Thomas Mary C. , Lowe Gordon D. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
We prospectively examined the relationship between lung function and risk of type-2 diabetes and fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD) events and investigated the hypothesis that inflammation may underlie these associations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A prospective study of 4,434 men aged 40–59 years with no history of cardiovascular disease (CHD or stroke) or diabetes drawn from general practices in 24 British towns and followed up for 20 years.

RESULTS
There were 680 major CHD events (276 fatal, 404 nonfatal) and 256 incident type 2 diabetes during the 20 years follow-up. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) but not FEV1-to-FVC ratio were significantly and inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes and fatal CHD events (not nonfatal events) after adjustment for age, potential confounders, and metabolic risk factors. The adjusted relative risk (RR) for type 2 diabetes (Quartile 1 vs. Quartile 4) were 1.59 (1.07–2.56) and 1.74 (1.16–2.61) for FVC and FEV1, respectively (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04 for trend). The corresponding RR for fatal CHD were 1.48 (1.00–2.21) and 1.81 (1.19–2.76) (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0003 for trend). Lung function was significantly and inversely associated with C-reactive protein and interleukin-6; the inverse associations with type 2 diabetes for FVC and FEV1 were attenuated after further adjustment for these factors (P = 0.14 and P = 0.11 for trend) but remained significant for fatal CHD (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Restrictive rather than obstructive impairment of lung function is associated with incident type 2 diabetes (and fatal CHD) with both associations partially explained by traditional and metabolic risk factors and inflammation.
The Presence of GAD and IA-2 Antibodies in Youth With a Type 2 Diabetes Phenotype
Authors: Klingensmith Georgeanna J. , Pyle Laura , Arslanian Silva , Copeland Kenneth C. , Cuttler Leona , Kaufman Francine , Laffel Lori , Marcovina Santica , Tollefsen Sherida E. , Weinstock Ruth S. , Linder Barbara ,   for the TODAY Study Group
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
To determine the frequency of islet cell autoimmunity in youth clinically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and describe associated clinical and laboratory findings.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Children (10–17 years) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were screened for participation in the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study. Measurements included GAD-65 and insulinoma-associated protein 2 autoantibodies using the new National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health (NIDDK/NIH) standardized assays, a physical examination, and fasting lipid, C-peptide, and A1C determinations.

RESULTS
Of the 1,206 subjects screened and considered clinically to have type 2 diabetes, 118 (9.8%) were antibody positive; of these, 71 (5.9%) were positive for a single antibody, and 47 were positive (3.9%) for both antibodies. Diabetes autoantibody (DAA) positivity was significantly associated with race (P &lt; 0.0001), with positive subjects more likely to be white (40.7 vs. 19%) (P &lt; 0.0001) and male (51.7 vs. 35.7%) (P = 0.0007). BMI, BMI z score, C-peptide, A1C, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and blood pressure were significantly different by antibody status. The antibody-positive subjects were less likely to display characteristics clinically associated with type 2 diabetes and a metabolic syndrome phenotype, although the range for BMI z score, blood pressure, fasting C-peptide, and serum lipids overlapped between antibody-positive and antibody-negative subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
Obese youth with a clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes may have evidence of islet autoimmunity contributing to insulin deficiency. As a group, patients with DAA have clinical characteristics significantly different from those without DAA. However, without islet autoantibody analysis, these characteristics cannot reliably distinguish between obese young individuals with type 2 diabetes and those with autoimmune diabetes.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Clinical Diabetes in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Rajpathak Swapnil N. , Wassertheil-Smoller Sylvia , Crandall Jill , Liu Simin , Ho Gloria Y.F. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between circulating levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a mesenchymal-derived pleiotrophic factor that is elevated in obesity, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cross-sectional analysis among 892 postmenopausal women within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS).

RESULTS
HGF levels positively correlated with BMI and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance. In the multivariable analysis comparing the highest tertile with the lowest tertile of HGF, the odds ratio for prevalent diabetes was 2.47 (95% CI [1.12–5.47], P for trend = 0.014) after accounting for age, race, BMI, and other risk factors for diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
HGF levels are associated with the presence of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women. Future studies should consider the prospective evaluation of the association of HGF with the development of type 2 diabetes.
Evaluation of Distribution Network Customer Outage Costs
Authors: Zemīte Laila , Gerhards Jānis 
Published: June 2010

Evaluation of Distribution Network Customer Outage CostsCustomer outage cost criteria are considered, collected and analyzed outage costs in Latvia distribution network, as well as distribution network outage elimination structure, the most common outage causes, are proposed outage costs estimation model. Finally the discussion of results of expected customer outage costs and interrupted energy assessment rate calculation results in Latvia distribution network in 2007 are presented, based on customers' mean value of incomes, outcomes and profitability.
Single Phase Earth Fault Location in the Medium Voltage Distribution Networks
Authors: Linčiks Jevgēnijs , Baranovskis Dzintars 
Published: June 2010

Single Phase Earth Fault Location in the Medium Voltage Distribution NetworksThis paper gives a description of the single phase earth fault location methods in the medium voltage networks. The single phase earth fault location in the medium voltage distribution networks is problematic now. The technical devices which are using in Latvia now do not allow to detect the single phase earth faults fast and high accuracy. Fast earth fault location should be possible by using the equipments which are calculating distance to earth faults. But precisely calculate the distance to the single phase earth faults in the medium voltage networks is very difficult. The paper presents the single earth fault location methods including the calculation methods for fault distance.
Selection of schemes of switchgears for new 110 kV substations
Authors: Ļvovs Aleksandrs , Staltmanis Armands 
Published: June 2010

Selection of schemes of switchgears for new 110 kV substationsRapid growth of Latvian economy before crisis resulted in rapid growth of electricity demand and reliability requirements are also increased. It's well known that object's influence on reliability of power supply increases growing nearer to power producing centre. This article gives analysis of reliability of switchgears for 110kV substations.
The generated power of multipole induction generator with secondary winding on the stator
Authors: Diļevs Guntis , Jakobsons Edgars 
Published: June 2010

The generated power of multipole induction generator with secondary winding on the statorThis paper posses the construction of induction generator, which has the ability to operate at a low rotation speed. This generator can be applied for directly driven turbine without using the gearbox. The generator is multi pole with all of the windings placed on the stator. Rotor is tooth-like and has no windings on it. Primary winding is three phase, secondary winding is two phase.
The Causes of the Parameters Changes of Soil Resistivity
Authors: Kižlo Marina , Kanbergs Arvīds 
Published: June 2010

The Causes of the Parameters Changes of Soil ResistivityThe grounding of electrical installations is primarily concerned with safety; in particular, the prevention of electrical shock risks of human life. As such, a grounding system must be designed, tested and maintained to satisfy this primary aim. This scientific paper presents a survey of soil resistivity and how its value varies from geological and meteorological factors. Soil resistivity is not only a useful measurable that reflects subsurface structure, but also a basic parameter to the design of effective grounding and lightening prevention / protection system. The most significant variations occur from such parameters of soil resistivity as moisture content, chemical composition, porosity, conductivity, temperature, vertical thickness and divisions, etc. Knowledge of soil resistivity at the intended site provides a valuable insight into how the desired ground resistance value can be achieved and maintained over the life of the installation with the minimum cost and effort.
Finding of the rational approach at the decision of a compensation in high-voltage networks
Authors: Georgiev G. , Zicmane I. , Antonov E. 
Published: June 2010

Finding of the rational approach at the decision of a compensation in high-voltage networksThe aim of the present work is to find a computational model, sufficiently simplified for practical use which determines the sensitivity of the complex high-voltage electrical networks when switching compensatory powers. We show how this model can be used as a basis for creating practical criteria for a one-valued choice in the two situations. First, switching the compensatory power does not lead to leaving the permissible range of voltage. In this case the power which minimizes the power losses is used. Second, the compensatory power is switched in order to return the voltage to the permissible range. Then that compensatory medium is chosen which is sensitive enough in addition to causing the minimal increase in electrical power losses.
Price of Water
Authors: Survilo Josifs , Boreiko Dmitrijs 
Published: June 2010

Price of WaterThere are watercourses on the globe which as yet do not deliver up their energy to the needs of the people. How much energy their waters bear, is it worth to take away this energy? Those and alike questions must be (and they are) answered before start to build hydro power station. Similar problems must be solved to control hydro power plants in most gainful way which is known as hydrothermal coordination. The notion of price of water can be met lately in technical literature as one of numerical indices of these issues. The gross price of water and net price of water are considered in this paper. Gross price of 1 t water is the price of electric energy obtained by conversion of potential energy of 1 t of water, lifted to a height of power station water head. Net price of water is the difference between gross price and total expenses determined by hydro power station building and its exploitation costs in a year related to 1 m3of water. If net price of water is positive, it is worth building power station. The greater net price is, the more urgent is the building. Net price of water grows with water head but it continues only to some height of the dam because further increase of head sharply increases capital outlay and other exploitation expenses. To maximize net price of water, optimization of net price function can be done. Net price of water diminishes when some amount of water is diverted for other needs. When amount of diverted water is out of discussion, no controversy can emerge. However when by diverted water some goods with some monetary worth can be obtained, the task must be solved how much water can be diverted so that the water of watercourse be used to the maximum benefit. The environmental issues must be taken into account as well.
Voltage Monitoring on Capacitor of Modular Multilevel Converter
Authors: Steiks Ingars , Ribickis Leonids 
Published: June 2010

Voltage Monitoring on Capacitor of Modular Multilevel ConverterA modular multilevel converter is an attractive solution for power conversion without transformers. As modular multilevel converter consists of cascade connections and floating dc capacitors, it requires continuous voltage monitoring. This paper represents voltage measurement circuit of a DC-storage capacitor including power supply with results of experiments.