bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parent Management Training
Authors: Forehand Rex , Kotchick Beth A. , Shaffer Anne , McKee Laura Gale 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Parent management training (PMT) employs a therapist as a consultant who works directly with a parent (mediator) to alleviate the problem behavior of a child (target). The basic PMT format consists primarily of instruction by the therapist in parenting techniques, structured modeling, role plays and practice sessions, and homework assignments for the parent to practice skills with the child (see McMahon & Forehand, 2003; Patterson & Forgatch, 2005). This format is based on the assumption that the interactions between parent and child contribute to the development and/or maintenance of child problem behaviors; PMT targets problematic parenting strategies and replaces them with a repertoire of skills that effectively manage, and eventually improve, the child's behavior, as well as improve broader parent–child interactional patterns.
Parental Alienation Syndrome
Authors: Venzke Beth A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Richard Gardner (1985) first defined parental alienation syndrome (PAS) as a conscious effort on the part of one parent to purposely disrupt and destroy his or her child's relationship with the other biological parent. This process is related to divorce, and Gardner suggested that it was an effort on the part of one parent (according to Gardner, the biological mother in the vast majority of cases) to denigrate the other parent in a way that the child would no longer wish to maintain a relationship with the denigrated parent.
Participant Observation
Authors: Preissle Judith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Participant observation is a qualitative research method for collecting data that depends on direct, firsthand sensory experience of human events, activities, and interactions. Researchers record and interpret what they see, hear, smell, touch, and taste in the course of watching, listening, and often, but not always, asking about what is occurring. Participant observation is often equated with sociological field research or field study and with anthropological ethnography, because methodologists in these two disciplines are most associated with the method's development and articulation. Field sociologists and sociocultural anthropologists pioneered methods of participant observation for several purposes. First, early‐twentieth‐century social scientists wanted to document the ways of living of non‐Western societies before modernization changed them. Second, scholars in industrialized nations studied people and groups in their own nations about which little was publicly known. Some of this work focused on representing people's lives in particular times and places as they themselves experienced and understood it. Other work aimed to use the material to develop universals, abstractions, and generalizations about humans and their societies. Research also was formulated around social problems, such as how to improve the lives of the urban poor.
Pastoral Counseling
Authors: Pargament Kenneth I. , Rosmarin David H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPastoral counseling (also known as pastoral care) is the provision of psychotherapy by ordained ministers, priests, rabbis, and other religious leaders. Religious communities have turned to clergy in times of crisis for millennia, and pastoral counseling remains today a vital resource for many people dealing with significant emotional, relational, physical, and spiritual concerns.
Patient Adherence
Authors: Morrow Daniel G. , Insel Kathleen C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Patient adherence
is defined as the extent to which patients follow prescribed treatment regimens (Haynes et al., 2008). Adherence supports health promotion (e.g., exercise and diet), treatment of disease, symptom management, and efficient health care delivery. The term
adherence
is used rather than
compliance
because its meaning is more consistent with views of patients as active participants in health care rather than passive recipients of services. Although this article is limited to medication adherence, the issues are relevant for adherence to other prescribed regimens.
Peer Status
Authors: Browne Caroline B. , Prinstein Mitchell J. , Heilbron Nicole 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Within the first few years of life, children establish relatively stable social positions among their peers. Research has demonstrated longitudinal associations between peer status and a variety of developmental outcomes. However, the correlational nature of this research leaves open the question of whether peer status exerts a unique, causal impact on psychological adjustment. Presented here is a brief synthesis of existing research in the field of peer status, including current definitions of the constructs of peer status and a review of key developmental outcomes often associated with peer status.
Perfectionism
Authors: Hewitt Paul L. , Flett Gordon L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPerfectionism is a broad and multifaceted personality construct that involves the requirement of perfection or the appearance of perfection for the self or for others. This personality style is thought to incorporate both trait components that reflect a stable and enduring need for the self or others to be perfect and self‐presentational facets that reflect the interpersonal expression of perfection or the need to appear perfect (Hewitt & Flett, 1991; Hewitt et al., 2003). It is generally thought that perfectionism is composed of motivational, interpersonal, behavioral, and cognitive processing features (Flett & Hewitt, 2002). At the same time, it is important to clarify what perfectionism is not: it is not obsessiveness, orderliness, rigidity, conscientiousness, or achievement motivation. Although some of these features can at times coexist with perfectionism, they do not constitute perfectionism.
Personal Construct Theory
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A. , Bridges Sara K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Personal construct theory (PCT) represents a coherent, comprehensive psychology of personality that has special relevance for psychotherapy. Originally drafted by the American psychologist George Kelly in 1955, PCT has been extended to a variety of domains, including organizational development, education, business and marketing, and cognitive science. However, its predominant focus remains the study of individuals, families, and social groups, with particular emphasis on how people organize and change their views of self and world in the counseling context.
Personality and Illness
Authors: Matheny Kenneth B. , Kern Roy M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The belief that some personalities may predispose persons to illness has had a long history. Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, wrote around 400
B.C.
, “There is no illness apart from the mind.” Perhaps with a bit of exaggeration, the ancient English physician, Parry of Bath, wrote: “It is more important to know what sort of person has a disease than what sort of disease a person has.” In 1917, Alfred Adler, a contemporary of Sigmund Freud, maintained that one's lifestyle—that is, an organized set of beliefs about oneself and the world—determines both the onset and severity of certain physical illnesses or disabilities.
Personality Assessment Inventory
Authors: Morey Leslie C. , Lowmaster Sara E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) is a 344‐item self‐report inventory that assesses various domains of personality and psychopathology among adults and was designed for use in professional and research settings. Items are answered on a 4‐point Likert‐type scale according to the extent to which they reflect true descriptions of client experiences. These items are then combined into 22 nonoverlapping full scales, including 4 validity scales, 11 clinical scales, 5 treatment consideration scales, and 2 interpersonal scales (see Table 1). As shown in Table 1, 10 of the full scales contain conceptually derived subscales that were designed to facilitate interpretation and coverage of the clinical constructs. Administration of the inventory takes approximately 50–60 minutes, and test takers should have a reading ability at the fourth‐grade level.
Personality Disorders
Authors: Magnavita Jeffrey J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Personality disorders represent a clinical condition encompassing various patterns of behaving, feeling, perceiving, managing impulses, and relating to others that are ingrained and habitual.
Personality
is a term used by psychologists to organize a set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from another (Magnavita, 2002). Although each person is unique, there are certain personality adaptations or styles that psychological scientists use to classify people, and research has shown through factor analysis that most people can be categorized on the basis of just three to five different dimensions.
Personality, Genetic Bases of
Authors: South Susan C. , Krueger Robert F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Personality is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This statement may seem self‐evident, but in fact, demonstrating genetic influence on variation across major domains of personality was an important breakthrough, as many twentieth‐century models of human behavior attributed personality solely to environmental influences. Even more recently, biometric approaches (approaches to modeling genetic and environmental influences on human behavior) have gone beyond simple estimates of heritability (the magnitude of genetic influence) to examine the different forms of gene‐environment interplay—that is, how genetic and environmental factors interact and correlate—on the etiology of personality. Findings from biometric modeling of gene‐environment interplay have also stimulated new work in molecular genetics, which has to date struggled to find replicable results linking measured genes to personality domains. We first briefly review biometric models, particularly using twin sample methodology, and the results from decades of research into behavior genetic studies of personality. We then present more recent work into the molecular basis of personality.
Personality, Interpersonal Theories of
Authors: Pincus Aaron L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The origins of the interpersonal tradition in personality and clinical psychology are found in Harry Sullivan's highly generative interpersonal theory of psychiatry, which considered interpersonal relations and their impact on the self‐concept to be core emphases in understanding personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. The interpersonal legacy that emerged from Sullivan's work is now in its fourth generation and has dramatically evolved over a nearly 60‐year history, increasing in level of theoretical integration, methodological sophistication, and scope. Throughout this history, interpersonal theories of personality have had a reciprocally influential history with research programs that have culminated in well‐validated, empirically derived, circular (or circumplex) models and methods that are used to describe individual differences in interpersonal motives, dispositions, and behaviors. The integration of interpersonal theory and the interpersonal circle provides a coherent nomological net for the integrative study of personality, personality assessment, psychopathology, psychotherapy, health psychology, and behavioral medicine (Pincus & Cain, 2008; Pincus, Lukowitsky, & Wright, in press). Thus interpersonal theories of personality (IPC) include multiple methods to assess the interpersonal constructs associated with circumplex structural models, and they tie operational definitions of reciprocal interpersonal processes and patterns of validity in interpersonal behavior directly to these models. Figure 1 presents a contemporary version of the interpersonal circumplex model.
Personality, Psychodynamic Models of
Authors: Bornstein Robert F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMore than a century after its birth, the psychodynamic model of the mind remains one of the most influential theoretical perspectives in psychology. Although psychodynamic ideas are often criticized within academia, and psychodynamic treatments face numerous challenges in today's managed care environment, the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, remains the most widely cited author in contemporary psychology, both in journal articles and textbooks (Haggbloom et al., 2002). Some psychologists love the psychodynamic model, others hate it, but few ignore it.
Personality, Trait Theories of
Authors: McCrae Robert R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPersonality traits are familiar to laypersons as enduring characteristics of individuals that distinguish them from others. Jane may be exuberant, energetic, and overbearing, whereas Jack is sober, steady, and reserved. Such distinctions are routinely made in everyday life and in literature, and they are facilitated by an enormous vocabulary of trait terms in English and other languages. Trait psychology consists of the scientific study of these characteristics, and trait theories of personality attempt to explain the development and functioning of the person primarily in terms of traits. Personality research is currently dominated by trait approaches, and much has been learned about traits in the past 30 years.
Phantom Limb Pain
Authors: Molton Ivan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Phantom limb sensation refers to the perception of a variety of physical feelings in a part of the body that has been removed. Although this is generally associated with limb amputation, phantom sensations have also been reported in women following mastectomy and in certain spinal cord injuries. Phantom limb sensations can include an “awareness” of the missing limb in its usual position or a sense that the affected limb is an unusual size (either too large or too small), is moving, is in an unusual position, is wrapped in cotton, or is wet. Phantom pain, or phantom limb pain, is a subtype of phantom limb sensation in which these perceptions are perceived as noxious. Although there are numerous historical examples of phantom limb pain, the term itself is generally credited to the U.S. Army physician Silas Weir Mitchell, who in 1872 described that “thousands of spirit limbs were haunting as many good soldiers, every now and then tormenting them.”
Phenylketonuria
Authors: Christ Shawn E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by an inability to metabolize phenylalanine, a common amino acid. Although its incidence and prevalence may vary based on geographical area, PKU occurs in approximately one in 15,000 individuals. The most common variation of PKU (often termed “classic” PKU) is an autosomal recessive condition with a locus on chromosome 12q.
Phineas Gage
Authors: Tranel Daniel , Cordry David 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOn September 13, 1998, a group of brain scientists, including neurologists, neuropsychologists, and neurosurgeons, gathered in the hamlet of Cavendish, Vermont, to commemorate a bizarre anniversary. It was the 150th anniversary of an accident in which a young man named Phineas Gage suffered a brain injury when an iron bar was shot through the front part of his head. The accident itself was remarkable enough—immediately afterward, despite a gruesome wound to the front of his head and brain, Gage was conscious, alert, and talkative, and it seemed rather a miracle that he had even survived. But what followed over the next few decades, and then over the many years since, is what put Cavendish, Vermont, on the scientific map and became the reason for scientists to travel from around the world that late summer day in 1998 to commemorate the anniversary (see Macmillan, 2000).
Phonemes
Authors: Gaskell Gareth , Tamminen Jakke 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLinguistic analyses have traditionally represented the form of speech in terms of phonemes. The wordcat,for instance, can be represented by a sequence of three phonemes: /k/, /æ/, and /t/. Changes in the phonemic construction of a word result in different words or nonsense words. For example, reordering the phonemes incatproduces other words, such asact(/ækt/) andtack(/tæk/), whereas replacing the /k/ with a /p/ results in a new word,pat.Words likecatandpatthat differ on the identity of a single phoneme are referred to as minimal pairs and provide a useful source of evidence for defining the phonemic inventory of a language. In an alphabetic language such as English, the phonemic nature of speech is made explicit by the close correspondence between letters and the phonemes they represent. Logographic languages (e.g., Chinese) do not share this correspondence; instead, characters are used to represent whole words.
Physiological Psychology
Authors: King Bruce M. , Cantalupo Claudio 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
If psychology is defined as the study of behavior, then physiological psychology (also known as biological psychology) is the study of the physiological bases of behavior. It differs from many disciplines of neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, in its emphasis on behavior. The goal of physiological psychology is to understand how the brain functions to control our learned and unlearned behaviors, as well as our hopes, dreams, emotions, and cognitive processes.
P
iaget,
J
ean (1896–1980)
Authors: Haynie N. A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Piaget published his first scientific paper at the age of 10 and received his doctorate in 1917, at the age of 21, from the University of Neuchatel, for his research studies on mollusks. After working in a psychology laboratory in Zurich, he went to Paris and to Geneva, where he studied the psychology of thought and was appointed Professor of Psychology in 1940. In 1952, he was named Professor of child psychology at the Sorbonne in Paris. He was actively involved in UNESCO and in educational activities in Switzerland.
Piaget's Theory
Authors: Murray Frank B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Over the course of some 60 years, Jean Piaget (1896–1980), a Swiss biologist and philosopher, formulated a theory of the development of intellectual competence that continues to influence contemporary theories in this domain. Piaget maintained that logical thought depended on learning, social cooperation, biological maturation, and development
,
by which he meant a series of fundamental changes such that the later ways of thinking are dependent on, yet qualitatively distinct from, the earlier ones, always moving in the direction of greater logical consistency and coherence. He formulated subsidiary theories of the development of moral judgment and reasoning, perception, images, and memory, but always from the perspective of how each was constrained by various levels of intellectual competence.
Pick's Disease
Authors: Irwin David , Lippa Carol F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Pick's disease is a neurodegenerative dementing illness first described by Arnold Pick in 1892. Pick's original description, as reviewed by Kertsez (2007), was based on clinical cases of aphasia and behavioral abnormalities that corresponded to focal atrophy of the temporal and frontal lobes. The description of focal neurodegeneration was a new concept, as atrophy was felt to be a diffuse process at the time (Kertsez, 2007). Pick's original studies were limited to gross examination. Alois Alzheimer was the first to describe histological features of these patients in 1911 (Rossor, 2001). He found argyrophilic intraneuronal inclusion bodies, composed of the microfilament protein tau, in affected brain regions in these patients and “ballooned” achromatic cells, with relative sparing of the hippocampus and lack of neurofibrillary tangles or plaques (Rossor, 2001). These inclusion bodies, thought to be characteristic of all patients fitting Pick's original description, were named Pick bodies, and the degenerating neurons were named Pick cells (see Figure 1). Onari and Spatz outlined criteria for diagnosis in 1926 with a strong emphasis on macroscopic features, including frontal atrophy and neuronal depletion in superficial cortical layers, with occasional presence of Pick bodies or Pick cells (Uchihara, Ikeda, & Tsuchiya, 2003). As it became apparent that not all clinical cases of Pick's disease contained the Pick bodies or Pick cells, characterization and nomenclature became problematic.
Pituitary Gland
Authors: Thorne B. Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The small gland beneath the brain's hypothalamus received the name
pituitary
in the early seventeenth century because of the mistaken notion that the structure made phlegm. Pituitary comes from the Latin
pituita,
which means “phlegm.” The pituitary gland is also called the
hypophysis,
which is Greek for “undergrowth.”
Placebo
Authors: Steer Rebecca Y. , University Emory , Ritschel Lorie A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A placebo is a substance that has little or no active pharmacological effect on the symptoms for which it is administered. The placebo effect occurs when inert substances, such as sugar pills, are given in place of active medications and the recipient's condition changes in the desired direction. Placebo treatments may also include the prescription of substances with known physiological effects but a mechanism of action that is unrelated to the patient's presenting problem (e.g., prescribing vitamins for a chronic pain condition). In this case, the placebo is given with the hope of promoting improved health through increased positive expectancies on the part of the patient. Because the recipient is not aware of the inactive nature of the placebo, the observed changes are often attributed to positive expectations about the treatment.
Play
Authors: Elkind David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The concept
play
is much like an inkblot, open to many different and quite varied interpretations. Nonetheless, the idea that play is a basic and vital human disposition has been recognized by a wide variety of writers. Philosopher Friedrich Schiller regarded play as crucial to the human experience (Schiller, 1967). For Schiller, play is the activity that allows humans to realize their highest aspirations and ideals. Johan Huizinga titled his book
Homo Ludens
(Huizinga, 1950) and argued that play was a defining human characteristic. Play, he contended, is the driving force in the evolution of civilization. Other writers on play make the case that it as a major dynamic in linguistics (Derrida, 2007), in literature (Wilson, 1990), and in game theory (Callois, 1961/2001). These diverse approaches to the meaning and purpose of play help to explain why psychologist Brian Sutton‐Smith (Sutton‐Smith, 1997) titled a book
The Ambiguity of Play.
The present article, however, will concern only those theories that have direct psychological implications and relevance.
Play Assessment
Authors: Russ Sandra W. , Cordiano Tori Sacha 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Play assessment can tell us a great deal about a child's cognitive and emotional functioning. Pretend play is often a part of a clinical assessment, because play is such a natural form of expression for young children (age 4–10 years). Clinicians often infer much about a child's functioning from their observations of pretend play. Standardized play tasks and measures are being developed that can be used in a formal assessment battery. Play assessment can contribute to treatment planning and outcome evaluation.