bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A compensated/uncompensated independent mechanism of exchange anisotropy appearance using a model with loose coupling in the antiferromagnetic region
Authors: Sakurai Yutaka 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSince its discovery, unidirectional anisotropy appearing in exchange coupled ferromagnetic (F)/antiferromagnetic (AF) layers has been used to pin ferromagnetic layers of various spin devices. However, a fundamental understanding is still lacking. The author has already demonstrated a mechanism based on simply assuming a loosely coupled layer in the AF region, without imposing any restrictions on the classical Heisenberg spins, with perfect compensated and uncompensated AF interfaces on the simple cubic (sc) lattice. The difference between compensated and uncompensated is only the F/AF coupling form (spin flop or collinear) interaction, and unidirectional anisotropy does not depend on the compensated or uncompensated case, but appears as a result of introducing loose coupling in the AF region. The unidirectional anisotropy energy does not come from the F/AF interfaces, but from the inner AF coupling defects. As reported in our previous papers, a large decrease in AF interaction from 1/10 to 1/1000 of the usual AF interaction was necessary in order to obtain unidirectional anisotropy in the systems. Correspondence between loose coupling and the defect mode, cell size dependency in the fcc system, and thickness dependency are topics for future investigation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(9): 36–44, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10352
Ablation of silica glass induced by laser plasma soft X‐ray irradiation
Authors: Makimura Tetsuya , Fujimori Takashige , Torii Shuichi , Niino Hiroyuki , Murakami Kouichi 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSilica glass can be ablated using focused laser plasma soft X‐rays. The ablation technique enables us to fabricate trenches with a width as narrow as 50 nm. In the present paper, we have investigated the nano‐ablation process. The soft X‐ray irradiation causes a silica surface broken into almost atomic species. Ionic species have kinetic energies higher than that gained by heating to the boiling point. We measured the ablation depth as a function of the soft X‐ray fluence. The depth analysis revealed that soft X‐rays are absorbed in a silica surface with an effective absorption depth of 10 nm. The result indicates that the energy density of the soft X‐rays per unit volume at the threshold fluence is comparable to that required for breaking silica glass into atomic species. Further, the results suggest that ablation occurs before diffusion of absorbed energy into the surrounding region. In addition to energy absorption, repulsive forces between ionic species may cause ablation of the silica surface by soft X‐ray irradiation. These properties of soft X‐ray ablation may make possible the nano‐ablation of silica glass. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(9): 30–35, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10354
Discrimination of breast tumors in ultrasonic images by classifier ensemble trained with AdaBoost
Authors: Takemura Atsushi , Shimizu Akinobu , Hamamoto Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a novel method for accurate automated discrimination of breast tumors (carcinoma, fibroadenoma, and cyst). We defined 199 features related to diagnostic observations noticed when a doctor judges breast tumors, such as internal echo, shape, and boundary echo. These features included novel features based on a parameter of log‐compressed K distribution, which reflect physical characteristics of ultrasonic B‐mode imaging. Furthermore, we propose a discrimination method of breast tumors by using an ensemble classifier based on the multiclass AdaBoost algorithm with effective features selection. Verification by analyzing 200 carcinomas, 30 fibroadenomas, and 30 cysts showed the usefulness of the newly defined features and the effectiveness of the discrimination by using an ensemble classifier trained by AdaBoost. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(9): 18–29, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10356
Counting passing people with different ways of movement in horizontal view
Authors: Terada Yoshiki , Saitoh Fumihiko 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCounting of passing people in a passage or corridor is considered important for security and in various kinds of investigations. This paper proposes a method for automatic counting of moving people with the different ways of movement in a horizontal view. The centers of gravity of motion detection blocks are plotted in the plotting space, and the movement of people can be detected by the Hough transform without motion tracking. The intercept and the slope of a detected line represent the starting time when a person enters the scene and the speed of movement of the target. The ways of movement also can be recognized by using the difference in the speeds of movement of detected persons. Experimental results showed that reliable detection and counting of passing people were realized by the proposed method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(9): 1–9, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10363
Alkali Metal/Lanthanoid Heterobimetallic Complexes of 8‐Hydroxyquinolines Accessed by Pseudo‐Solid‐State Reactions
Authors: Deacon Glen B. , Dierkes Tobias , Hübner Marcel , Junk Peter C. , Lorenz Yvonne , Urbatsch Aron 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe heterobimetallic 1D‐polymeric alkali metal/lanthanoid [AMLn(Q)4]n [Q = OQ (8‐quinolinolate): AM = Li, Ln = Tb, Ho, Er; AM = K, Ln = Er; Q = MQ (2‐methyl‐8‐quinolinolate): AM = Rb; Ln = Tb, Er] complexes were obtained after rearrangement reactions between AM(Q) and Ln(Q)3 in a 1,2,4,5‐tetramethylbenzene flux at elevated temperatures. In these compounds, the eight‐coordinate lanthanoid ion is surrounded by four (O, N) chelating Q ligands, which bridge to the adjacent alkali metal through their oxygen atoms to form the linear polymers. Dimeric [Cs2(MQ)2(HMQ)2] was obtained from an attempt to prepare [CsEr(MQ)4]n, and the caesium atoms are each ligated by one terminal HMQ and one chelating‐bridging MQ ligand. In addition, the chelating‐bridging ligands in [Cs2(MQ)2(HMQ)2] and in the rubidium derivatives [RbLn(MQ)4]n (Ln = Tb, Er) exhibit bonding of the π‐electron system to coordination saturate the large ionic alkali metal ion. The reaction of Yb(MQ)3 in the presence of K2C2O4·H2O afforded the monomeric heterobimetallic [KYb2(MQ)7] complex in which the three metal atoms are arranged in a triangular fashion. They are surrounded by seven MQ ligands, which display the previously encountered chelating (O, N) and the chelating‐bridging μ‐κ2(N,O):κ1(O) and μ3‐κ2(N,O):κ1(O):κ1(O) ligation modes. Heating K(OQ) in 1,2,3,4‐tetrachlorobenzene gave crystals of 8‐hydroxyquinolinium chloride. The structure of [Na4(OQ)4(H2O)8]n, obtained by neutralisation, has sodium ions coordinated by one chelating OQ and four aqua ligands, the latter bridge to adjacent sodium ions to give a double stranded 2D‐polymer.
Treatment of dyeing wastewater by activated carbons derived from municipal sewage sludge
Authors: Chen Yao , Jiang Wenju , Jiang Li , Ji Xiujuan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractActivated carbons derived from municipal sewage sludge with pyrolusite modification were prepared. The impact of pyrolusite amount on the activated carbons' characteristics was evaluated by methylene blue tests. The results showed that activated carbons modified with certain amount of pyrolusite (ACP) had better performance than the ones without pyrolusite addition. These activated carbons prepared were effective in COD and color removal in treating an industrial dyeing wastewater. The significant increase of mesopores in the adsorbents was identified as the reason. The optimum pH value for dye adsorption was pH = 3.0 and it took a relatively long contact time to reach equilibrium (≥8 h). Temperature had no obvious effect on dye removal in this study. The regeneration efficiency for three ACPs after two adsorption/regeneration cycles was above 70%. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Recycling solar panel waste glass sintered as glass‐ceramics
Authors: Lin Kae‐Long , Chu Tien‐Chun , Cheng Ching‐Jung , Lee Ching‐Hwa , Chang Tien‐Chin , Wang Kuen‐Sheng 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe mass of waste solar panels in Taiwan is 1000 tons per year. The recycling of waste glass from solar panels, therefore, is an important issue. Solar panel waste glass is a potentially valuable source of major oxides, including SiO2 and Na2O. This investigation evaluated the feasibility of converting solar panel waste glass into new glass‐ceramic materials using DTA and XRD. The crystallized phases were cordierite, anorthite, parawollastonite, and pyroxene. As the material was heated to 600°C and then to 850°C, the hardness and degree of crystallization of the glass‐ceramic samples slowly increased. Experimental results demonstrate that the degree of crystallization of the glass‐ceramic samples increased with hardness. The activation energy of crystal growth was 22.42 kJ mol−1. Density, hardness, and flexural strength were strongly correlated with each other and increased with the degree of crystallization of all sintered samples. The solar panel waste glass that was fired at 850°C had a dense and homogeneous well‐sintered microstructure and contained large glass‐like zones. The nuclei grew slowly to form crystallites when the samples were heated. This indicates that solar panel waste glass is indeed suitable for the glass‐ ceramic materials. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Fate of perchlorate in a man-made reflecting pond following a fireworks display in Albany, New York, USA
Authors: Wu Qian , Oldi John F , Kannan Kurunthachalam 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Perchlorate is a widespread contaminant in aquatic environments. Despite this, the aquatic environmental fate of perchlorate released from fireworks displays is not well known. In the present study, we examined the fate of perchlorate in man-made reflecting ponds, from 2008 to 2010, following three fireworks displays in Albany, New York, USA. Immediately after the fireworks display, perchlorate in pond waters increased significantly, with concentrations from 30 to 1,480 times higher than the baseline values. Perchlorate concentrations in pond water increased from 0.11 µg/L to up to 519 µg/L, following the fireworks display in 2008. Perchlorate concentrations in pond water decreased at a first-order kinetic degradation rate, with a mean kobs value of 0.026 d−1 and an average half-life of 29 d. The rate of perchlorate deposition into water bodies following fireworks displays was estimated to range from 670 to 2,620 g/ha. We also estimated the perchlorate ingestion rate by the inhalation of aerosols of pond water by people frequently near the ponds. The estimated daily intake of perchlorate through the ingestion of aerosols was 32% (226 ng/kg body wt), 13% (92 ng/kg body wt), and 6% (42 ng/kg body wt) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's reference dose for infants, children, and adults, respectively. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2449–2455. © 2011 SETAC
Matched cohort analysis of the effect of pretreatment positron emission tomography on clinical outcomes of patients with head and neck cancer treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Fried David , Khandani Amir , Shores Carol , Weissler Mark , Hayes Neil , Hackman Trevor , Rosenman Julian , Chera Bhishamjit S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundPretreatment positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown to be useful for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) after definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of a matched cohort of 116 patients with HNSCC that underwent CRT treatment at our institution. Pretreatment PET was performed in 58 patients and omitted in the other 58 patients. The 2 cohorts were matched for T classification, N classification, primary site, and smoking history. Kaplan–Meier 2‐year estimates of local control (LC), regional control (RC), freedom from distant metastasis (FFDM), cause‐specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) were compared with log‐rank tests.ResultsThere were no differences between the 2 cohorts for 2‐year endpoints of LC, RC, FFDM, CSS, and OS. On multivariate analysis pretreatment PET imaging did not influence any endpoint.ConclusionsPET imaging before definitive CRT may not significantly improve outcomes in patients with HNSCC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Correlation of lymphatic vessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor with nodal metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Authors: Chung Man Ki , Kim Joon Ho , Ko Young‐Hyeh , Son Young‐Ik 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate not only the intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (ILD and PLD) but also the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and to test their correlation with regional lymph nodal metastases in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).MethodsA clinicopathologic data review was performed in 60 patients with PTMC treated with total thyroidectomies involving neck dissections. The patterns of lymphatic vessels, the expression of VEGFs, and their correlation with neck metastases were assessed.ResultsPLD was significantly higher than ILD (p < .001). Patients with high PLD (>8.0) showed higher rates of neck metastases than low PLD (≤8.0) (74.0% vs 46.8%, p = .03). Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed high PLD as the only independent variable predictive of neck metastasis. The expression of VEGFs did not correlate with either lymphatic density or neck metastasis.ConclusionsPLD may be of potential benefit in the prediction of neck metastasis in PTMC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Narrow band imaging endoscopy for unknown primary tumor sites of the neck
Authors: Shinozaki Takeshi , Hayashi Ryuichi , Ebihara Mitsuru , Miyazaki Masakazu , Daiko Hiroyuki , Saikawa Masahisa , Ebihara Satoshi 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundExaminations used to search for unknown primary tumors of squamous cell carcinomas of the neck include CT, MRI, laryngoscopy, gastrointestinal endoscopy, and positron‐emission tomography (PET). Narrow band imaging (NBI) endoscopy in which an optical color‐separation filter is used to narrow the bandwidth of spectral transmittance is also used.MethodsTwenty‐eight patients in whom primary squamous cell carcinomas could not be detected with conventional white light laryngoscopy underwent NBI endoscopy and PET.ResultsPrimary lesions were detected with NBI endoscopy in 3 patients, but no primary lesions were detected with PET. However, PET was used to detect a lower gingival cancer and a palatine tonsillar cancer.ConclusionBoth PET and NBI endoscopy is effective for detecting unknown primary tumors of squamous cell carcinomas of the neck. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Cannabinoids disrupt hippocampal sharp wave‐ripples via inhibition of glutamate release
Authors: Maier Nikolaus , Morris Genela , Schuchmann Sebastian , Korotkova Tatiana , Ponomarenko Alexey , Böhm Claudia , Wozny Christian , Schmitz Dietmar 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCannabis consumption results in impaired learning. The proper synchronization of neuronal activity in the mammalian hippocampus gives rise to network rhythms that are implicated in memory formation. Here, we have studied the impact of cannabinoids on hippocampal sharp waves and associated ripple oscillations using field‐ and whole‐cell voltage‐clamp recordings. We demonstrate that the activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 suppresses sharp wave‐ripples (SWRs) in mice in vivo and in vitro. This suppression was paralleled by a selective reduction of SWR‐associated inward but not outward charge transfer, demonstrating an impairment of excitation due to cannabinoid exposure. Adenosine, a presynaptic modulator of glutamate release, mimicked and occluded the observed consequences of cannabinoids on SWRs. We conclude that inhibition of glutamatergic feed‐forward excitation can explain cannabinoid‐mediated disruption of SWRs and may account for cannabinoid‐induced impairment of hippocampus‐dependent memory. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential effects of strain, circadian cycle, and stimulation pattern on LTP and concurrent LTD in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats
Authors: Bowden Jared B. , Abraham Wickliffe C. , Harris Kristen M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBecause long‐term potentiation (LTP) and long‐term depression (LTD) are thought to be involved in learning and memory, it is important to delineate factors that modulate their induction and persistence, especially as studied in freely moving animals. Here, we investigated the effects of rat strain, circadian cycle, and high‐frequency stimulation (HFS) pattern on LTP and concurrently induced LTD in the dentate gyrus (DG). Comparison of two commonly used rat strains revealed that medial perforant path field EPSP‐population spike (E‐S) coupling and LTP were greater in Long‐Evans than Sprague‐Dawley rats. Circadian cycle experiments conducted in Long‐Evans rats revealed greater E‐S coupling and enhanced LTP during the dark phase. Interestingly, concurrent LTD in the lateral perforant path did not significantly differ across strains or circadian cycle. Testing HFS protocols during the dark phase revealed that theta burst stimulation (100 Hz bursts at 5 Hz intervals) was ineffective in eliciting either LTP or concurrent LTD in DG, whereas 400 Hz bursts delivered at theta (5 Hz) or delta (1 Hz) frequencies produced substantial LTP and concurrent LTD. Thus, these natural and experimental factors regulate granule cell excitability, and differentially affect LTP and concurrent LTD in the DG of freely moving rats. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Utility of population models to reduce uncertainty and increase value relevance in ecological risk assessments of pesticides: An example based on acute mortality data for daphnids
Authors: Hanson Niklas , Stark John D 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Traditionally, ecological risk assessments (ERA) of pesticides have been based on risk ratios, where the predicted concentration of the chemical is compared to the concentration that causes biological effects. The concentration that causes biological effect is mostly determined from laboratory experiments using endpoints on the level of the individual (e.g., mortality and reproduction). However, the protection goals are mostly defined at the population level. To deal with the uncertainty in the necessary extrapolations, safety factors are used. Major disadvantages with this simplified approach is that it is difficult to relate a risk ratio to the environmental protection goals, and that the use of fixed safety factors can result in over- as well as underprotective assessments. To reduce uncertainty and increase value relevance in ERA, it has been argued that population models should be used more frequently. In the present study, we have used matrix population models for 3 daphnid species (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, and D. pulex) to reduce uncertainty and increase value relevance in the ERA of a pesticide (spinosad). The survival rates in the models were reduced in accordance with data from traditional acute mortality tests. As no data on reproductive effects were available, the conservative assumption that no reproduction occurred during the exposure period was made. The models were used to calculate the minimum population size and the time to recovery. These endpoints can be related to the European Union (EU) protection goals for aquatic ecosystems in the vicinity of agricultural fields, which state that reversible population level effects are acceptable if there is recovery within an acceptable (undefined) time frame. The results of the population models were compared to the acceptable (according to EU documents) toxicity exposure ratio (TER) that was based on the same data. At the acceptable TER, which was based on the most sensitive species (C. dubia), the maximum reduction in population size was 13% and the maximum time to recovery was 4 d (both for D. magna). This information is clearly more informative for risk management than a risk ratio. For one of the species, D. pulex, a more complex model, which included sublethal effects on reproduction, was set up. The results of this model were in good agreement with a previous microcosm study and indicated that a traditional TER was overprotective. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 262–270. © 2011 SETAC
Rational application of chemicals in response to oil spills may reduce environmental damage
Authors: Tamis Jacqueline E , Jongbloed Ruud H , Karman Chris C , Koops Wierd , Murk Albertinka J 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Oil spills, for example those due to tanker collisions and groundings or platform accidents, can have huge adverse impacts on marine systems. The impact of an oil spill at sea depends on a number of factors, such as spill volume, type of oil spilled, weather conditions, and proximity to environmentally, economically, or socially sensitive areas. Oil spilled at sea threatens marine organisms, whole ecosystems, and economic resources in the immediate vicinity, such as fisheries, aquaculture, recreation, and tourism. Adequate response to any oil spill to minimize damage is therefore of great importance. The common response to an oil spill is to remove all visible oil from the water surface, either mechanically or by using chemicals to disperse the oil into the water column to biodegrade. This is not always the most suitable response to an oil spill, as the chemical application itself may also have adverse effects, or no response may be needed. In this article we discuss advantages and disadvantages of using chemical treatments to reduce the impact of an oil spill in relation to the conditions of the spill. The main characteristics of chemical treatment agents are discussed and presented within the context of a basic decision support scheme. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 231–241. © 2011 SETAC
SO NEAR AND YET SO FAR: VALUES AND MENTAL MODELS ALONG THE AID CHAIN IN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Williamson Virginia 
Published: August 2011

AbstractExploration of the perception and practice of participation, particularly in evaluation, elicited a range of values expressed by respondents along the aid chains of three bilateral donors with programmes in Ethiopia. The paper is developed from doctoral fieldwork, which sought to understand the mechanisms that constrain or enable participation. It raises three issues arising from analysis using a ‘shared mental models’ framework: differential values, ability to access and utilise information and conceptual (and physical) proximity/distance. During the research period (2004–2005), Ethiopia was a pilot country for aid harmonisation and these findings have implications for the congruence agenda (harmonisation and alignment) of the New Aid Architecture. The paper calls for a deeper understanding of the role that values and contextual information play in development management practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.