bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maxillofacial Trauma in Central Karnataka, India: An Outcome of 95 Cases in a Regional Trauma Care Centre
Authors: Kamath Rajay A. D. , Bharani Shiva , Hammannavar Reshma , Ingle Sumit P. , Shah Ankit G. 
Published: July 2012

Materials and Methods A 6-year retrospective analysis of 111 patients treated for maxillofacial fractures in Davangere, Karnataka from January 2004 to December 2009 was performed. Variables like age, gender, occupation, type of fracture and mechanism of injury, concomitant injury, mode of treatment, and complications were recorded and assessed. Results Men between 21 and 30 years were mostly affected (male-to-female ratio = 10:1; age range = 17.60 years; mean 31.7±9.8 [standard deviation]). Most fractures were caused by road traffic accidents (RTAs; 74.7%), followed by interpersonal violence (IPV; 15.8%), falls (4.2%), industrial hazards and animal attacks (2.1% each), and self-inflicted injury (1.1%). Forty-two cases were isolated zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. The total number of facial fractures documented was 316, of which 222 were purely related to the ZMC; however, 11 were confined only to the midface. Fifty-three cases had concomitant lower jaw fractures, totaling 83. Ophthalmic injuries occurred in 30.52% of cases. Ninety-two cases were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and three cases were managed conservatively. The complication rate observed was 25.26%. Conclusion RTA continues to be the chief etiological factor in maxillofacial injury with males being affected predominantly. IPV and falls next contribute significantly to the incidence of such injuries. Concomitant injuries, however, require prompt recognition and appropriate management. ORIF still remains the mainstay of treatment; however, fixation devices are constantly being improved upon in an attempt to reduce immobilization time thereby facilitating early return to function with minimal morbidity. Nevertheless, future advances in maxillofacial trauma diagnosis and management are likely to reduce associated morbidity.
Liquid-infused structured surfaces with exceptional anti-biofouling performance
Authors: Epstein Alexander K. , Wong Tak-Sing , Belisle Rebecca A. , Boggs Emily Marie , Aizenberg Joanna 
Published: July 2012

Bacteria primarily exist in robust, surface-associated communities known as biofilms, ubiquitous in both natural and anthropogenic environments. Mature biofilms resist a wide range of antimicrobial treatments and pose persistent pathogenic threats. Treatment of adherent biofilm is difficult, costly, and, in medical systems such as catheters or implants, frequently impossible. At the same time, strategies for biofilm prevention based on surface chemistry treatments or surface microstructure have been found to only transiently affect initial attachment. Here we report that Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) prevent 99.6% ofPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilm attachment over a 7-d period, as well asStaphylococcus aureus(97.2%) andEscherichia coli(96%), under both static and physiologically realistic flow conditions. In contrast, both polytetrafluoroethylene and a range of nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces accumulate biofilm within hours. SLIPS show approximately 35 times the reduction of attached biofilm versus best case scenario, state-of-the-art PEGylated surface, and over a far longer timeframe. We screen for and exclude as a factor cytotoxicity of the SLIPS liquid, a fluorinated oil immobilized on a structured substrate. The inability of biofilm to firmly attach to the surface and its effective removal under mild flow conditions (about 1 cm/s) are a result of the unique, nonadhesive, “slippery” character of the smooth liquid interface, which does not degrade over the experimental timeframe. We show that SLIPS-based antibiofilm surfaces are stable in submerged, extreme pH, salinity, and UV environments. They are low-cost, passive, simple to manufacture, and can be formed on arbitrary surfaces. We anticipate that our findings will enable a broad range of antibiofilm solutions in the clinical, industrial, and consumer spaces.
Deep architectures for protein contact map prediction
Authors: Di Lena Pietro , Nagata Ken , Baldi Pierre 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Residue–residue contact prediction is important for protein structure prediction and other applications. However, the accuracy of current contact predictors often barely exceeds 20% on long-range contacts, falling short of the level required for ab initio structure prediction.
Results: Here, we develop a novel machine learning approach for contact map prediction using three steps of increasing resolution. First, we use 2D recursive neural networks to predict coarse contacts and orientations between secondary structure elements. Second, we use an energy-based method to align secondary structure elements and predict contact probabilities between residues in contacting alpha-helices or strands. Third, we use a deep neural network architecture to organize and progressively refine the prediction of contacts, integrating information over both space and time. We train the architecture on a large set of non-redundant proteins and test it on a large set of non-homologous domains, as well as on the set of protein domains used for contact prediction in the two most recent CASP8 and CASP9 experiments. For long-range contacts, the accuracy of the new CMAPpro predictor is close to 30%, a significant increase over existing approaches.
Availability: CMAPpro is available as part of the SCRATCH suite at http://scratch.proteomics.ics.uci.edu/.
Contact: pfbaldi@uci.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
An integrated approach to reduce the impact of minor allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium on variable importance measures for genome-wide data
Authors: Walters Raymond , Laurin Charles , Lubke Gitta H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMotivation: There is growing momentum to develop statistical learning (SL) methods as an alternative to conventional genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Methods such as random forests (RF) and gradient boosting machine (GBM) result in variable importance measures that indicate how well each single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) predicts the phenotype. For RF, it has been shown that variable importance measures are systematically affected by minor allele frequency (MAF) and linkage disequilibrium (LD). To establish RF and GBM as viable alternatives for analyzing genome-wide data, it is necessary to address this potential bias and show that SL methods do not significantly under-perform conventional GWAS methods.Results: Both LD and MAF have a significant impact on the variable importance measures commonly used in RF and GBM. Dividing SNPs into overlapping subsets with approximate linkage equilibrium and applying SL methods to each subset successfully reduces the impact of LD. A welcome side effect of this approach is a dramatic reduction in parallel computing time, increasing the feasibility of applying SL methods to large datasets. The created subsets also facilitate a potential correction for the effect of MAF using pseudocovariates. Simulations using simulated SNPs embedded in empirical data—assessing varying effect sizes, minor allele frequencies and LD patterns—suggest that the sensitivity to detect effects is often improved by subsetting and does not significantly under-perform the Armitage trend test, even under ideal conditions for the trend test.Availability: Code for the LD subsetting algorithm and pseudocovariate correction is available at http://www.nd.edu/∼glubke/code.html.Contact: glubke@nd.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Autonomic markers and cardiovascular and arrhythmic events in heart failure patients: still a place in prognostication? Data from the GISSI‐HF trial
Authors: La Rovere Maria Teresa , Pinna Gian Domenico , Maestri Roberto , Barlera Simona , Bernardinangeli Marino , Veniani Marco , Nicolosi Gian Luigi , Marchioli Roberto , Tavazzi Luigi ,   for the GISSI‐HF Investigators
Published: July 2012

AimsTo investigate the prognostic value of autonomic variables in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure (HF) treated according to current recommendations.Methods and resultsWe analysed 24 h time‐domain [standard deviation of all normal‐to‐normal RR intervals (SDNN)], frequency‐domain [very low frequency and low frequency power (VFLP and LFP)], and non‐linear [detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA)] heart rate variability, deceleration capacity (DC), and heart rate turbulence (HRT) in 388 sinus rhythm HF patients enrolled in the GISSI‐HF Holter substudy [82% males, age 65 ±10 years, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III–IV 20%, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 33 ±8%]. Cardiovascular (CV) mortality and combined sudden death + implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) discharge were assessed as a function of continuous variables in the entire population and in patients with LVEF >30% in univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. After a median of 47 months, 57 patients died of CV causes and 47 experienced the arrhythmic endpoint. For CV mortality, VLFP, LFP, and turbulence slope (TS) improved predictive discrimination (c‐index) and risk classification [integrated discrimination improvement (IDI)] when added to clinical variables [age ≥70 years, LVEF, non‐sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), serum creatinine], while for arrhythmic mortality although the c‐index increased in all three autonomic markers, the results of the IDI were statistically significant only for TS when added to NSVT, serum creatinine, and ischaemic aetiology. In 194 patients with LVEF >30% (20 arrhythmic events), the hazard ratio of an impaired TS (<2.5 msper RR interval) was 3.81 (95% confidence interval 1.35–10.7,P = 0.012) after adjustment for serum creatinine.ConclusionsAutonomic indexes still have independent predictive value on long‐term outcome in HF patients. HRT may help in identifying patients with LVEF >30% at increased arrhythmic risk.Trial registration NCT00336336
Depressive-like States Heighten the Aversion to Painful Stimuli in a Rat Model of Comorbid Chronic Pain and Depression
Authors: Bravo Lidia , Mico Juan Antonio , Rey-Brea Raquel , Pérez-Nievas Beatriz , Leza Juan Carlos , Berrocoso Esther 
Published: July 2012

Background
Chronic pain and depression are two complex states with sensory/somatic and emotional components, and they may mutually exacerbate one another in conditions of comorbidity, leading to a poorer prognosis.

Methods
The authors have evaluated the sensory and emotional components in a rat model combining chronic constriction injury (CCI, a model of chronic neuropathic pain) with unpredictable chronic mild stress (CMS, an experimental model of depression). In addition, the phosphorylation/activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and neuronal density was also evaluated in the anterior cingulate cortex. Four groups were tested: sham-control, sham-CMS, CCI-control, and CCI-CMS.

Results
CMS selectively heightens aversion to painful experiences in animals subjected to CCI, as measured in the place escape/avoidance test at 20, 25, and 30 min (CCI-CMS (mean±SEM): 75.68±3.32, 66.75±4.70, 77.54±3.60 vs. CCI-control: 44.66±6.07, 43.17±6.92, 52.83±5.92, respectively), in conjunction with an increase in the accumulation of phosphorylation/activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (CCI-CMS: 4.17±0.52 vs. sham-control: 0.96±0.05) and a decrease in neuronal density in the anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, chronic pain did not exacerbate the characteristic profile of depression (anhedonia and behavioral despair) in rats subjected to CMS. Furthermore, depression enhances the perception of some specific modalities of sensorial pain such as cold allodynia but has no influence on mechanical threshold.

Conclusions
These findings support the theory that depression leads to emotional dysfunction in the interpretation of pain in patients suffering chronic pain. In addition, combined animal models of pain-depression may provide a valuable tool to study the comorbidity of pain and depression.
Antimetastatic Potential of Amide-linked Local Anesthetics
Authors: Piegeler Tobias , Votta-Velis E. Gina , Liu Guoquan , Place Aaron T. , Schwartz David E. , Beck-Schimmer Beatrice , Minshall Richard D. , Borgeat Alain 
Published: July 2012

Background
Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing cancer surgery suggests the use of regional anesthesia may reduce cancer recurrence and improve survival. Amide-linked local anesthetics have antiinflammatory properties, although the mechanism of action in this regard is unclear. As inflammatory processes involving Src tyrosine protein kinase and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 are important in tumor growth and metastasis, we hypothesized that amide-linked local anesthetics may inhibit inflammatory Src-signaling involved in migration of adenocarcinoma cells.

Methods
NCI-H838 lung cancer cells were incubated with tumor necrosis factor-α in absence/presence of ropivacaine, lidocaine, or chloroprocaine (1 nM-100 μM). Cell migration and total cell lysate Src-activation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 phosphorylation were assessed. The role of voltage-gated sodium-channels in the mechanism of local anesthetic effects was also evaluated.

Results
Ropivacaine treatment (100 μM) of H838 cells for 20 min decreased basal Src activity by 62% (P=0.003), and both ropivacaine and lidocaine coadministered with tumor necrosis factor-α statistically significantly decreased Src-activation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 phosphorylation, whereas chloroprocaine had no such effect. Migration of these cells at 4 h was inhibited by 26% (P=0.005) in presence of 1 μM ropivacaine and 21% by 1 μM lidocaine (P=0.004). These effects of ropivacaine and lidocaine were independent of voltage-gated sodium-channel inhibition.

Conclusions
This study indicates that amide-, but not ester-linked, local anesthetics may provide beneficial antimetastatic effects. The observed inhibition of NCI-H838 cell migration by lidocaine and ropivacaine was associated with the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced Src-activation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 phosphorylation, providing the first evidence of a molecular mechanism that appears to be independent of their known role as sodium-channel blockers.
Effects of Muscle Relaxants on Mask Ventilation in Anesthetized Persons with Normal Upper Airway Anatomy
Authors: Ikeda Aya , Isono Shiroh , Sato Yumi , Yogo Hisanori , Sato Jiro , Ishikawa Teruhiko , Nishino Takashi 
Published: July 2012

Background
Recent studies suggest advantages of muscle relaxants for facemask ventilation. However, direct effects of muscle relaxants on mask ventilation remain unclear because these studies did not control mechanical factors influencing ventilation. We tested a hypothesis that muscle relaxants, either rocuronium or succinylcholine, improve mask ventilation.

Methods
In anesthetized adult persons with normal upper airway anatomy, tidal volumes during facemask ventilation were measured while maintaining the neutral head and mandible positions and the airway pressures of a ventilator before and during muscle paralysis induced by either rocuronium (n=14) or succinylcholine (n=17). Tidal volumes of oral and nasal airway routes were separately measured with a custom-made oronasal portioning full facemask. Behavior of the oral airway was observed by an endoscope in six additional subjects receiving succinylcholine.

Results
Total, oral, and nasal tidal volumes did not significantly change at complete muscle paralysis with rocuronium. In contrast, succinylcholine significantly increased total tidal volumes at 60 s after its administration (mean±SD; 4.2±2.1 vs. 5.4±2.6 ml/kg, P=0.02) because of increases of ventilation through both airway routes. Abrupt tidal volume increase occurred more through oral airway route than nasal route. Dilation of the space at the isthmus of the fauces was endoscopically observed during pharyngeal fasciculation in all six subjects.

Conclusions
Rocuronium did not deteriorate facemask ventilation, and it was improved after succinylcholine administration in association with airway dilation during pharyngeal fasciculation. This effect continued to a lesser degree after resolution of the fasciculation.
Nebulized Lidocaine Prevents Airway Inflammation, Peribronchial Fibrosis, and Mucus Production in a Murine Model of Asthma
Authors: Serra Magda F. , Anjos-Valotta Edna A. , Olsen Priscilla C. , Couto Gina C. , Jurgilas Patricia B. , Cotias Amanda C. , Pão Camila R. , Ferreira Tatiana P. T. , Arantes Ana C. S. , Pires Ana L. A. , Cordeiro Renato S. B. , Silva Patricia M. R. , Martins Marco A. 
Published: July 2012

Background
Evidence suggests that nebulized lidocaine is beneficial in asthma therapy, but to what extent and the mechanisms underlying this effect remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of lidocaine treatment using a murine model of allergic asthma characterized by expression of pivotal features of the disease: inflammation, mucus production, and lung remodeling.

Methods
A/J mice sensitized with ovalbumin were treated with inhaled lidocaine or vehicle immediately after ovalbumin intranasal challenges. Lung function, total and differential leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, peribronchial eosinophil density, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and eotaxin-1 levels, epithelial mucus, collagen, extracellular-matrix deposition, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, and GATA-3 expression were evaluated. Between five and eight animals per group were used.

Results
Inhaled lidocaine inhibited ovalbumin-induced airway hyperreactivity to methacholine, and accumulation of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 24 h after the last allergen provocation. Lidocaine administration also prevented other pathophysiological changes triggered by ovalbumin in lung tissue, including peribronchial eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration, subepithelial fibrosis, increased content of collagen and mucus, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, and increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin-1. Furthermore, inhaled lidocaine inhibited lung tissue GATA-3 expression in ovalbumin-challenged mice. We also demonstrated that lidocaine inhibited the expression of GATA-3 in ovalbumin-stimulated T cells in vitro.

Conclusions
Inhaled lidocaine prevents eosinophilic inflammation, overproduction of mucus, and peribronchial fibrosis in a murine model of asthma, and impaired airway hyperreactivity, possibly by inhibiting allergen-evoked GATA-3 expression and the subsequent up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
Who Is at Risk for Postdischarge Nausea and Vomiting after Ambulatory Surgery?
Authors: Apfel Christian C. , Philip Beverly K. , Cakmakkaya Ozlem S. , Shilling Ashley , Shi Yun-Ying , Leslie John B. , Allard Martin , Turan Alparslan , Windle Pamela , Odom-Forren Jan , Hooper Vallire D. , Radke Oliver C. , Ruiz Joseph , Kovac Anthony 
Published: July 2012

Background
About one in four patients suffers from postoperative nausea and vomiting. Fortunately, risk scores have been developed to better manage this outcome in hospitalized patients, but there is currently no risk score for postdischarge nausea and vomiting (PDNV) in ambulatory surgical patients.

Methods
We conducted a prospective multicenter study of 2,170 adults undergoing general anesthesia at ambulatory surgery centers in the United States from 2007 to 2008. PDNV was assessed from discharge until the end of the second postoperative day. Logistic regression analysis was applied to a development dataset and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated in a validation dataset.

Results
The overall incidence of PDNV was 37%. Logistic regression analysis of the development dataset (n=1,913) identified five independent predictors (odds ratio; 95% CI): female gender (1.54; 1.22 to 1.94), age less than 50 yr (2.17; 1.75 to 2.69), history of nausea and/or vomiting after previous anesthesia (1.50; 1.19 to 1.88), opioid administration in the postanesthesia care unit (1.93; 1.53 to 2.43), and nausea in the postanesthesia care unit (3.14; 2.44-4.04). In the validation dataset (n=257), zero, one, two, three, four, and five of these factors were associated with a PDNV incidence of 7%, 20%, 28%, 53%, 60%, and 89%, respectively, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.72 (0.69 to 0.73).

Conclusions
PDNV affects a substantial number of patients after ambulatory surgery. We developed and validated a simplified risk score to identify patients who would benefit from long-acting prophylactic antiemetics at discharge from the ambulatory care center.
Transgenic RNA interference (RNAi)‐derived field resistance to cassava brown streak disease
Authors: Ogwok Emmanuel , Odipio John , Halsey Mark , Gaitán‐Solís Eliana , Bua Anton , Taylor Nigel J. , Fauquet Claude M. , Alicai Titus 
Published: July 2012

SummaryCassava brown streak disease (CBSD), caused by the Ipomoviruses Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan Cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV), is considered to be an imminent threat to food security in tropical Africa. Cassava plants were transgenically modified to generate small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from truncated full‐length (894‐bp) and N‐terminal (402‐bp) portions of the UCBSV coat protein (ΔCP) sequence. Seven siRNA‐producing lines from each gene construct were tested under confined field trials at Namulonge, Uganda. All nontransgenic control plants (n = 60) developed CBSD symptoms on aerial tissues by 6 months after planting, whereas plants transgenic for the full‐length ΔCP sequence showed a 3‐month delay in disease development, with 98% of clonal replicates within line 718‐001 remaining symptom free over the 11‐month trial. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) diagnostics indicated the presence of UCBSV within the leaves of 57% of the nontransgenic controls, but in only two of 413 plants tested (0.5%) across the 14 transgenic lines. All transgenic plants showing CBSD were PCR positive for the presence of CBSV, except for line 781‐001, in which 93% of plants were confirmed to be free of both pathogens. At harvest, 90% of storage roots from nontransgenic plants were severely affected by CBSD‐induced necrosis. However, transgenic lines 718‐005 and 718‐001 showed significant suppression of disease, with 95% of roots from the latter line remaining free from necrosis and RT‐PCR negative for the presence of both viral pathogens. Cross‐protection against CBSV by siRNAs generated from the full‐length UCBSV ΔCP confirms a previous report in tobacco. The information presented provides proof of principle for the control of CBSD by RNA interference‐mediated technology, and progress towards the potential control of this damaging disease.