bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissemination of systematic reviews in a hospital setting: a comparative survey for spreading use of the Cochrane Library
Authors: Weng Yi-Hao , Hsu Chih-Cheng , Shih Ya-Hui , Lo Heng-Lien , Chiu Ya-Wen , Kuo Ken N 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Introduction
The Cochrane Library is the most important online evidence retrieval database of systematic reviews. Since 2007, the National Health Research Institutes has offered Taiwan's regional hospitals free access to the Cochrane Library. This study investigated how these hospitals disseminate its utilisation.

Methods
The usage rate of Cochrane reviews was measured in the participating hospitals from January 2008 to December 2009. Thereafter, a questionnaire survey was conducted for each regional hospital disseminator at the beginning of 2010 to analyse their methods of disseminating Cochrane reviews.

Results
The hospitals were stratified into three groups according to the relative rate of access: high (n=15), medium (n=16) and low (n=13). In comparison with the low-usage hospitals, the high-usage hospitals tended to assign a disseminator of evidence-based medicine to take charge of the dissemination of Cochrane reviews (p&lt;0.001). In addition, the high-usage hospitals more often used the following six methods: providing relevant information via email (p&lt;0.05), investing in early adopters (p&lt;0.05), using assistance from designated personnel (p&lt;0.05), highlighting the activity of early adopters (p&lt;0.05), conducting workshops (p=0.001), and inviting experts to speak (p&lt;0.001). There was no significant difference between high- and low-usage hospitals in organisational barriers.

Conclusion
This study has identified several helpful strategies used by Taiwan's hospitals to enhance dissemination of the Cochrane Library, including raising of awareness, active delivery of information, mentoring relationships, and educational training. The data suggest that disseminating evidence-based medicine simultaneously is a key element.
Propositions sur la théorie de la police
Authors: Jobard Fabien 
Published: May 2012

Cet article revient sur les débats que Jean-Paul Brodeur avait développés durant au moins deux décennies autour de la place de la force dans la définition et la théorie de la police. L’auteur expose d’abord le projet théorique de The Policing Web, son dernier ouvrage, et la place qu’occupe dans celui-ci « l’illégalisme policier », qui constitue la pierre fondatrice de la théorie de la police avancée par Jean-Paul Brodeur. Il esquisse ensuite une approche sociologique de cet illégalisme policier, en montrant pour quelles raisons la méthode retenue par Jean-Paul Brodeur ne pouvait être qualifiée de sociologique, avant de formuler une « théorie sociologique de la police », fondée sur la notion de souveraineté. L’emploi de cette notion le conduit à préciser son acception, avant de formuler une proposition de « théorie politique de la police ».
Study on thermal degradation and flame retardant property of halogen‐free polypropylene composites using XPS and cone calorimeter
Authors: Tsai Kuang‐Chung , Kuan Chen‐Feng , Chen Chia‐Hsun , Kuan Hsu‐Chiang , Hsu Shu‐Wei , Lee Fang‐Mei , Chiang Chin‐Lung 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this study, the kind of halogen‐free flame‐retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen was blended with polypropylene (PP) by hot melt to improve the flame‐retardant property of the composites. The cone calorimeter was used to investigate flame‐retardant property of the composites. The formation mechanism of the char obtained from the combustion under air atmosphere at 700° was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results demonstrated that the PP composite containing nitrogen and phosphorus showed good flame retardancy from cone calorimeter. According to XPS results, it had been found that the intumescent char produces phosphorus and polyphosphorus acid during drastic decomposition, which act as dehydration agents to drive the formation of the heat‐resistant carbonaceous char by carbonization. There are also some glass materials, such as P2O5 compound, which can benefit the flame retardance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Melt processing and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol and polyhydroxyalkanoate multilayer films
Authors: Thellen Christopher , Cheney Sarah , Ratto Jo Ann 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMultilayer films for food packaging applications composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) as the core layer and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) as the outer skin layers were produced by the co‐extrusion process. Rheological properties of PVOH and PHA were performed and analyzed before co‐extruding into a cast film. Analysis of the rheological data indicated the processing temperatures and grades of the PVOH and PHA polymers that would produce similar viscosity and melt flow properties. To improve adhesion of the layers, PHA was grafted with maleic anhydride using a dicumyl peroxide initiator to provide a tie layer material, which improved the peel strength of the PHA and PVOH layers by over 2×. Oxygen transmission rate (OTR) testing showed that the multilayer sample provided an OTR of 27 cc/m2‐day at 0% relative humidity (RH) and rates of 41 and 52 cc/m2‐day at relative humidity values of 60% and 90% RH, respectively. This indicates significant barrier performance enhancement over monolayer PVOH that provided an OTR of 60 cc/m2‐day at 0% RH and 999 cc/m2‐day at 60% RH. Biodegradation testing of the films in the marine environment showed that both the unmodified and maleated PHA polymers displayed high levels of mineralization, whereas the PVOH material did not. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Elongational rheology of biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/poly[(butylene succinate)‐co‐adipate] binary blends and poly(lactic acid)/poly[(butylene succinate)‐co‐adipate]/clay ternary nanocomposites
Authors: Eslami Hassan , Kamal Musa R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA series of blends based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly[(butylene succinate)‐co‐adipate] (PBSA) as well as their nanocomposites with nanoclay (PLA/PBSA/Clay ternary nanocomposites) were prepared using the twin‐screw extruder. The blends were prepared for PBSA contents ranging from 25 to 75 wt % and their corresponding nanocomposites were prepared at a single‐clay concentration. The morphology and structure of the blends and the nanocomposites were examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Rheological properties (dynamic oscillatory shear measurements and elongational viscosities) of the blends, nanocomposites, and pure components were studied in detail. The strain hardening intensity of different blends and nanocomposites was compared with the behavior of the pure components. Strong strain hardening behavior was observed for blends composed of 50 wt % and higher PBSA content. However, the effect of PBSA content on the elongational viscosity was less pronounced in PLA/PBSA/Clay ternary nanocomposites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Influence of oxygen on the stabilization reaction of polyacrylonitrile fibers
Authors: Xiao Shijie , Wang Bin , Zhao Chun , Xu Lianghua , Chen Biaohua 
Published: May 2012

AbstractStabilized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers pretreated under N2 and air atmospheres were prepared and their thermal behaviors were compared by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry methods. The results indicated that the subsequent stabilization reaction of PAN pretreated in air was more obvious than that in N2. In addition, the thermal stability of PAN pretreated in air is better than that in N2. The structural analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance implied that oxygen promoted dehydrogenation and a compact conjugated structure was formed in PAN. In addition, the CO structures were generated in air and increased gradually with temperature. The contents of oxygen in PAN fibers studied by elemental analysis corresponded with the structural evolution. Further investigation indicated that the CO structures helped dehydration and also promoted formation of the cross‐linked structures. A mechanism for structural evolution in PAN during stabilization in air was proposed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
One‐Pot Fabrication of Noble‐Metal Nanoparticles That Are Encapsulated in Hollow Silica Nanospheres: Dual Roles of Poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Du Xin , Yao Lin , He Junhui 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn efficient and facile one‐pot method was developed to fabricate noble‐metal nanoparticles (NMNs; Au, Pt, PdO and Ag) that were encapsulated within hollow silica nanospheres (HSNs; NMNs@HSNs) with a size of about 100 nm. NMNs@HSNs were afforded in very high yields between 85–95 %. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polyelectrolyte played a dual role in the fabrication process, both as a core template of the HSNs and as a captor of the NMNs through coordination interactions between the COO− groups on the ammonium polyacrylate (APA) polyanionic chains and the empty orbital of the Au atom. The amount of Au loading in Au@HSNs was easily regulated by varying the volume of the HAuCl4 solution added. In addition, these rattle‐type particles were successfully applied in the catalytic reduction of 2‐nitroaniline (2‐NA) as a model reaction, thus indicating that the micropores in the silica shell could achieve the transport of small species—with a size smaller than that of the micropores—into the cavity. Thus, these fabricated NMNs@HSNs have promising applications in catalysis.
On the Electrochemistry and Spectroelectrochemistry of Small Model Star‐Shaped Compounds: 1,3,5‐Triaryl‐1‐Methoxybenzenes and 2,4,6‐Triaryl‐1,3,5‐Trimethoxybenzenes
Authors: Rapta Peter , Lukeš Vladimír , Idzik Krzysztof R. , Beckert Rainer , Dunsch Lothar 
Published: May 2012

AbstractModel structures of 1,3,5‐triarylbenzenes with a substituted benzene core linked to thienyl or 3,4‐ethylenedioxythienyl (EDOT) terminal groups are studied by electrochemical and in situ ESR/UV/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemical techniques. Oxidative polymerization of the monomers results in CC coupling of the thiophene moieties in the 5‐position, forming dimeric structures with bithiophene linkers as the first step. Both the doubly charged protonated dimer and the new dimer formed after proton release are studied in detail for 2,4,6‐tris[2‐(3,4‐ethylenedioxythienyl)]‐1‐methoxybenzene. Quite high stability of the doubly charged σ dimer formed on oxidation with unusual redox behavior at the electrode is observed. Density functional calculations of the molecular structure as well as spectroscopic and electronic properties of charged states in 1,3,5‐triarylbenzene derivatives in the monomeric, dimeric, and oligomeric form are presented. The complex spectroelectrochemical response of a thin solid film formed on the electrode surface upon potentiodynamic polymerization indicates the existence of different charge states of oligomeric structures within the solid matrix.
Electrogenerated Polymers as Efficient and Robust Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Terminal Epoxides
Authors: Hong Xiang , Mellah Mohamed , Bordier Franck , Guillot Régis , Schulz Emmanuelle 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThiophene‐ and pyrrole‐modified chiral cobalt–salen complexes were found to be efficient, enantioselective homogeneous catalysts for the dynamic hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of epibromohydrin. Their corresponding electrogenerated thiophene–salen–cobalt polymers were prepared by anodic oxidation and could be recovered as insoluble powders for heterogeneous catalysis. Their activity and selectivity were evaluated according to the polymerization conditions. A polymer that was formed from the direct oxidation of a CoII complex in a CH2Cl2/AcOH/nBu4NBF4 electrolytic mixture promoted the most‐efficient synthesis of the expected bromoacetal (up to >99 % yield and 87 % ee). This heterogeneous catalyst was easily recovered, could be reused without the need for a reactivation step, and was highly stable, even after 11 consecutive catalytic runs. Moreover, this catalyst was engaged in a multi‐substrate recovery procedure with various terminal epoxides, thereby demonstrating its usefulness for the transformation of diverse substrates.
Evidence of Higher Complexes Between Cucurbit[7]uril and Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Pessêgo M. , Moreira J. A. , Garcia‐Rio L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe host–guest assembly of CB7 with a series of alkyl(trimethyl)ammonium (CnTA+) surfactants of different chain lengths (n=6–18) has been studied. The complexation behaviour was investigated by NMR spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry and kinetics measurements. The combined results of these techniques provided evidence for the formation of 1:1 inclusion and 2:1 external complexes in the cases of CnTA+ with n=12–18. The binding constants for the 1:1 complexes are independent of the alkyl chain length of the surfactant, whereas a relationship between K2:1 and the chain length of the surfactant was found for the 2:1 complexes.
Proposition on the theory of policing
Authors: Jobard Fabien 
Published: May 2012

Cet article revient sur les débats que Jean-Paul Brodeur avait développés durant au moins deux décennies autour de la place de la force dans la définition et la théorie de la police. L’auteur expose d’abord le projet théorique de The Policing Web, son dernier ouvrage, et la place qu’occupe dans celui-ci « l’illégalisme policier », qui constitue la pierre fondatrice de la théorie de la police avancée par Jean-Paul Brodeur. Il esquisse ensuite une approche sociologique de cet illégalisme policier, en montrant pour quelles raisons la méthode retenue par Jean-Paul Brodeur ne pouvait être qualifiée de sociologique, avant de formuler une « théorie sociologique de la police », fondée sur la notion de souveraineté. L’emploi de cette notion le conduit à préciser son acception, avant de formuler une proposition de « théorie politique de la police ».
The “High Policing” Privatization Hypothesis, and How to Explore It
Authors: Ocqueteau Frédéric 
Published: May 2012

L’article prend au pied de la lettre la remarque de Jean-Paul Brodeur en réplique au travail de deux chercheurs britanniques sur la privatisation de la « haute police » (ou police des renseignements). À partir de travaux empiriques menés en France, il discute des connaissances engendrées par le regard jeté sur la diversité des clientèles des agences de sécurité privée et des services internes de sûreté d’entreprises sensibles pouvant faire appel à leurs services. Il argumente sur le caractère délicat de l’hypothèse d’une privatisation de l’information détenue par les diverses agences de renseignements de l’État, attribut de souveraineté non véritablement entamé. La révolution qui convertirait le coût du renseignement public (militaire ou policier) protégeant les institutions en prix à payer au renseignement privé protégeant la sécurité de l’entreprise et celle de ses clients n’a pas véritablement commencé. On peut néanmoins en repérer quelques prémisses parmi les agences dites « d’intelligence économique », bien que la plupart de leurs contrats soient liés aux industries de l’armement contrôlées par les états-majors du ministère de la Défense.
White Electrofluorescence Switching from Electrochemically Convertible Yellow Fluorescent Dyad
Authors: Seo Seogjae , Kim Yuna , Zhou Qing , Clavier Gilles , Audebert Pierre , Kim Eunkyoung 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA fluorescent naphthalimide‐tetrazine dyad (NITZ) was examined for electrofluorochromism. The reversible electrochemistry of the tetrazine was accompanied by the fluorescence change through a quasi‐complete energy transfer in an electrochemical cell prepared by the mixture of polymer electrolyte and naphthalimide‐tetrazine dyad. Owing to the energy transfer within the dyad (naphthalimide and tetrazine), the fluorescence efficiency of NITZ was much enhanced and the effective fluorophore concentration in this system was much less than other tetrazine based electrofluorochromic device (EFD). Thus the yellow fluorescence of NITZ was switched on and off remarkably even with small quantity of NITZ (1 wt.%) in an EFD upon application of step potentials for different redox state. Furthermore, multi‐color fluorescence switching was achieved by blending a naphthalimide to the electrofluorochromic layer, to show white‐blue‐dark state of fluorescence. Since the tetrazine and naphthalimide units have their emission quenched at different potentials, the emission color could be tuned by quenching emission at selected wavelengths, reversibly, under low working potentials.
Hydrogen Selective NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) MOF Membranes with High Permeability
Authors: Zhang Feng , Zou Xiaoqin , Gao Xue , Fan Songjie , Sun Fuxing , Ren Hao , Zhu Guangshan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHydrogen‐based energy is a promising renewable and clean resource. Thus, hydrogen selective microporous membranes with high performance and high stability are demanded. Novel NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) membranes are evaluated for hydrogen separation for this goal. Continuous NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) membranes have been prepared successfully on macroporous glass frit discs assisted with colloidal seeds. The gas sorption ability of NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) materials is studied by gas adsorption measurement. The isosteric heats of adsorption in a sequence of CO2 > N2 > CH4 ≈ H2 indicates different interactions between NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) framework and these gases. As‐prepared membranes are measured by single and binary gas permeation at different temperatures. The results of singe gas permeation show a decreasing permeance in an order of H2 > CH4 > N2 > CO2, suggesting that the diffusion and adsorption properties make significant contributions in the gas permeation through the membrane. In binary gas permeation, the NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) membrane shows high selectivity for H2 with separation factors of 20.7, 23.9 and 30.9 at room temperature (288 K) for H2 over CH4, N2 and CO2, respectively. In comparison to single gas permeation, a slightly higher separation factor is obtained due to the competitive adsorption effect between the gases in the porous MOF membrane. Additionally, the NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) membrane exhibits very high permeance for H2 in the mixtures separation (above 1.5 × 10−6 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1) due to its large cavity, resulting in a very high separation power. The details of the temperature effect on the permeances of H2 over other gases are investigated from 288 to 353 K. The supported NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) membranes with high hydrogen separation power possess high stability, resistance to cracking, temperature cycling and show high reproducibility, necessary for the potential application to hydrogen recycling.
Inorganic Solids of CdSe Nanocrystals Exhibiting High Emission Quantum Yield
Authors: Khon Elena , Lambright Scott , Khon Dmitry , Smith Bryan , O'Connor Timothy , Moroz Pavel , Imboden Martene , Diederich Geoffrey , Perez‐Bolivar Cesar , Anzenbacher Pavel , Zamkov Mikhail 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA general strategy for the assembly of all‐inorganic light‐emitting nanocrystal films with emission quantum yield in the 30–52% range is reported. The present methodology relies on solution‐processing of CdSe nanocrystals into a crystalline matrix of a wide band gap semiconductor (CdS, ZnS), which replaces the original molecular ligands on nanocrystal surfaces with an inorganic medium. Such matrices efficiently protect nanoparticles from the surrounding environment and preserve the quantum confinement of electrical charges in embedded CdSe NCs. In addition to strong emission, fabricated films show excellent thermal and chemical stability, and a large refractive index, which avails their integration into emerging solid‐state nanocrystal devices, including light‐emitting diodes, solar concentrators, and quantum dot lasers.
Zn2+ Binding‐Enabled Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer: A Step toward New Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Imaging Applications
Authors: Xu Yongqian , Liu Qin , Dou Bairui , Wright Brian , Wang Jingyun , Pang Yi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn order to facilitate the in vivo study of zinc‐related biology, it is essential to develop a zinc‐selective sensor that exhibits both near‐infrared (NIR) emission and larger Stokes shift. A fluorescent sensor, Zinhbo‐5, has been constructed by using bis(benzoxazole) ligand with 2, 2'‐dipicolylamine (DPA) as metal ion receptor. In aqueous solution, Zinhbo‐5 exhibits high sensitivity (Kd = 2.58 nM2) and selectivity for Zn2+ cation, revealing about 14‐fold fluorescence enhancement upon zinc binding to give green emission. Remarkably, Zn2+ binding to Zinhbo‐5 switches on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), producing the desirable near‐infrared region (over 710 nm) with large Stokes shift (ca. 240 nm). The new probe is demonstrated to be useful for in vivo imaging of the intracellular Zn2+ ion. The Zinhbo‐5 is also useful for detecting zinc ion distribution during the development of living zebrafish embryos.
Multiscale Experimental Mechanics of Hierarchical Carbon‐Based Materials
Authors: Espinosa Horacio D. , Filleter Tobin , Naraghi Mohammad 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInvestigation of the mechanics of natural materials, such as spider silk, abalone shells, and bone, has provided great insight into the design of materials that can simultaneously achieve high specific strength and toughness. Research has shown that their emergent mechanical properties are owed in part to their specific self‐organization in hierarchical molecular structures, from nanoscale to macroscale, as well as their mixing and bonding. To apply these findings to manmade materials, researchers have devoted significant efforts in developing a fundamental understanding of multiscale mechanics of materials and its application to the design of novel materials with superior mechanical performance. These efforts included the utilization of some of the most promising carbon‐based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphene, together with a variety of matrix materials. At the core of these efforts lies the need to characterize material mechanical behavior across multiple length scales starting from nanoscale characterization of constituents and their interactions to emerging micro‐ and macroscale properties. In this report, progress made in experimental tools and methods currently used for material characterization across multiple length scales is reviewed, as well as a discussion of how they have impacted our current understanding of the mechanics of hierarchical carbon‐based materials. In addition, insight is provided into strategies for bridging experiments across length scales, which are essential in establishing a multiscale characterization approach. While the focus of this progress report is in experimental methods, their concerted use with theoretical‐computational approaches towards the establishment of a robust material by design methodology is also discussed, which can pave the way for the development of novel materials possessing unprecedented mechanical properties.