bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Topotactic Transformation of Ti2AlC into a Ti–C–O–F Cubic Phase by Heating in Molten Lithium Fluoride in Air
Authors: Naguib Michael , Presser Volker , Tallman Darin , Lu Jun , Hultman Lars , Gogotsi Yury , Barsoum Michel W. 
Published: October 2011

Herein we report on the formation of a Ti–C–O–F phase via the topotactic transformation of Ti2AlC by immersion in molten lithium fluoride, LiF, at 900°C in air for 2 h. The Al diffuses out of the structure and reacts with LiF to form Li3AlF6. X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, showed the selective etching of Al from the structure and the formation of a cubic, rock‐salt, Ti–C–O–F phase. The transformation is topotaxial, involves de‐twinning of the hexagonal Ti2AlC structure and results in domains that are of the order of 10 nm. The reaction rate is significantly higher when the reaction is carried out in air than when it is carried out in vacuum.
Uscana lariophaga, West‐African egg parasitoid of the cowpea bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus: photoperiod, parasitization and eclosion interactions
Authors: van Huis A. , Appiah S.O. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe diurnal pattern of parasitization and eclosion of the trichogrammatid Uscana lariophaga Steffan, egg parasitoid of the cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) was studied for L12:D12 photoperiods. The wasp parasitized eggs throughout each 24‐h period with about 70% of the parasitization taking place during the first 12 h regardless whether it was the photophase or the scotophase. More female progeny was produced when the first 12‐h period was photophase instead of scotophase. Eclosion of wasps took place over a period of 4 days and occurred during the second half of the scotophase and the first half of the photophase. The number of wasps eclosed during the photophase was similar to that eclosed during the scotophase. Average development time was 8.9 days at 30°C. Male development was completed 6 to 8 h before the females, hence a higher percentage of females emerged in the later eclosion peaks. During scotophases more females eclosed than during photophases. Although the results indicate that the wasp is able to perform under dark storage conditions the effect of permanent low light intensity remains to be studied.
Dosage reduction to improve the selectivity of deltamethrin between aphids and coccinellids in cereals
Authors: Wiles John A. , Jepson Paul C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin to a cereal aphid and a coccinellid beetle predator was assessed. Deltamethrin gave effective aphid control in winter wheat at dose‐rates of 6.25, 3.13 and 1.56 g a.i./ha. The direct exposure of adult Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to spray drops was estimated at a range of positions in a cereal crop canopy from volumetric analysis of fluorescent tracer deposits. These measurements were used to calculate exposure to deltamethrin at the three experimental dose‐rates. Observations of coccinellid beetle distribution through a cereal crop canopy permitted a realistic range of direct contact doses to be calculated and the toxic effects of these levels of exposure to be predicted from laboratory dose‐response data. Estimated beetle mortalities from direct exposure were 19, 8 and 3% at the three experimental dose‐rates. In situ bioassays with adult C. septempunctata which exposed beetles continuously to deltamethrin residues on flag leaves, resulted in 100, 94 and 39% mortality respectively at these dose‐rates during the 10 days after spray application. Additional in situ bioassays exposed beetles to deltamethrin residues on flag leaves for 24 h and then transferred surviving beetles to the soil under the cereal crop canopy for a further 9 days. This resulted in 89, 69 and 29% beetle mortality respectively at the three dose‐rates. Mortality predictions combining both direct contact and residual exposure were made for the three dose‐rates to determine the maximum impact of summer sprays of deltamethrin on adult coccinellid populations in cereals. These worst case predictions suggested that a reduction in dose‐rate by as much as three quarters of the recommended application rate in UK cereals may be necessary to preserve approximately 60% of adult C. septempunctata in the crop over the 10 days after a deltamethrin spray application. The methodology described may be appropriate for estimating selective dose‐rates for key enemies in a range of crops.
A case of cutaneous Scedosporium infection in an immunocompromised patient
Authors: Harrison Melody K. , Hiatt Kim H. , Smoller Bruce R. , Cheung Wang L. 
Published: October 2011

Scedosporium apiospermum, the asexual stage of Pseudoallescheria boydii, is a fungus ubiquitous in soil as well as organically polluted areas, where nitrogen‐containing compounds are abundant. It is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that can range from cutaneous to disseminated infection and can be fatal within months of diagnosis. Here we present a case of disseminated S. apiospermum infection with cutaneous manifestations in a 59‐year‐old woman with myelodysplastic syndrome, in remission from chronic lymphocytic leukemia, presented with pneumonia and deteriorating mental status. An X‐ray computed tomography scan showed three non‐contrast‐enhancing hypodensities affecting the brain. Many erythematous, indurated skin lesions, measuring 3–5 mm in diameter, were noted on her chest, shoulders and arms. Biopsies were submitted for culture and histology. Histopathologic examination revealed superficial and deep perivascular and periadnexal inflammatory infiltrates of lymphocytes and neutrophils. Scattered collections of fungal organisms were noted near the eccrine glands. The periodic acid Schiff with diastase stain showed the presence of variable sized spores and hyphae with some acute angle branching. Both tissue and blood cultures were positive for a single Scedosporium species. Histologically, eccrine or peri‐eccrine involvement by fungi may be an important finding for Scedosporium infection of the skin.Harrison MK, Hiatt KH, Smoller BR, Cheung WL. A case of cutaneous Scedosporium infection in an immunocompromised patient.
Where's the naevus? Inter‐operator variability in the localization of melanocytic lesion border
Authors: Fortina Anna Belloni , Peserico Enoch , Silletti Alberto , Zattra Edoardo 
Published: October 2011

Background: The first step in the analysis of a dermatoscopically imaged melanocytic lesion is segmentation – informally, isolating those points in the image belonging to the lesion from those belonging to the surrounding non‐lesional skin. Although typically studied in the context of automated analysis, segmentation is a necessary step even for human operators who plan to evaluate quantitative features of a lesion (such as diameter or asymmetry).Methods: In a double blind evaluation of the segmentation of 77 digital dermatoscopic images, we observed a significant inter‐operator variability.Results: The area of the disagreement region was on average 15.28% of the area of the lesion itself, and in 10% of the cases it was more than 28%. More experienced dermatologists showed greater agreement among themselves than with less experienced dermatologists, and a slight tendency toward ‘tighter’ segmentations.Conclusion: The evaluation methodology addresses a number of crucial difficulties encountered in previous studies and may be of independent interest. Our results underscore the necessity of taking into account inter‐operator variability in large epidemiological studies, in particular those involving less experienced dermatologists, and of striving toward techniques allowing greater standardization and replicability in the evaluation of the fundamental visual parameters of lesions.
Shifts in plant community structure of a threatened sandy grassland over a 9‐yr period under experimentally induced nutrient regimes: is there a lag phase?
Authors: Faust Christopher , Storm Christian , Schwabe Angelika 
Published: October 2011

AbstractQuestionsDoes nutrient addition to nutrient‐poor pioneer grassland lead to altered successional pathways after a lag phase? Are there shifts in plant functional types with time after nutrient addition? Is phytodiversity negatively affected by a 9‐yr nutrient addition? Is succession affected by local seed availability?LocationUpper Rhine valley, Germany.MethodsA five‐fold replicated randomized block design was used for addition of phosphorus, organic carbon, nitrogen (low and high dose) or combined applications of high‐dose N with P (NP), potassium (NPK) or other essential nutrients (NPKM) for 9 yr. Seed limitation was assessed as local seed rain. Data were analysed by ordination (DCA) and linear mixed models.ResultsDCA revealed two successional pathways: one typical for sandy grassland, and another on plots with high‐dose N, which was accelerated and clearly separated from the typical one after a distinct ‘lag phase’ of about 5 yr. As a general trend, phytodiversity diminished on all plots during succession, but the decrease was significantly stronger on plots with high‐dose N, which had higher turnover ratios. Habitat‐typical species from pioneer stages (‘stress tolerators’ and ‘ruderals’) and Red Data species decreased with nutrient addition. There was an increase in cover of tall plants, geophytes and hemicryptophytes, ‘competitor/stress tolerator/ruderal’ strategists and competitive graminoids on plots with high‐dose N. Above‐ground phytomass production of phanerogams increased three‐fold, but was significantly lower for cryptogams. Litter accumulation increased five‐fold on high‐dose N plots. In contrast, low‐dose N and P plots only showed responses for legumes, predominantly facilitated by P. Seed rain consisted of autochthonous and allochthonous species, but most abundant species were non‐target species.ConclusionsCommunity structure, plant strategies and general successional trajectories of the studied system changed on plots with high‐dose N after 5 yr. A threatened vegetation type was gradually replaced by one with competitive drivers of succession. These findings emphasize the importance of long‐term observations for studying nutrient effects.
Did historical tree removal promote woody plant encroachment in Australian woodlands?
Authors: Ross Karen A. , Lunt Ian D. , Bradstock Ross A. , Bedward Michael , Ellis Murray V. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractQuestionWoody plants have increased in density in many ecosystems, but the factors promoting encroachment are often debated. Since European colonization,Callitris glaucophyllahas recruited abundantly in manyEucalyptus–Callitriswoodlands in eastern Australia following changes to disturbance regimes analogous to changes in many other ecosystems globally. We used a dynamic stand model to disentangle effects of disturbances on Callitris encroachment and asked, to what extent wasCallitrisencroachment enhanced by historical removal of pre‐settlement trees and subsequent thinning of regrowth?LocationWoodlands dominated byEucalyptussp. andC. glaucophylla, which originally occupied ca. 100 000 km2in easternAustralia.MethodsWe used a process‐driven stand simulation model to simulate tree demography, with growth, survival and recruitment mediated by annual rainfall, competition and disturbance. Following parameter calibration and model testing, we orthogonally manipulated historical removal of pre‐settlement trees and thinning of regrowth to identify how both processes may have influenced structural changes over 120 yr ofEuropean settlement.ResultsRemoval of pre‐settlement trees had little effect on modelled encroachment, as trees increased to comparable densities whether pre‐settlement trees were retained or removed. In unthinned scenarios,Callitrisregeneration formed ‘locked’ stands of high density but low basal area. Thinning promoted growth of retainedCallitris, increased total stand basal area, and together with direct removal of large pre‐settlementEucalyptusand thinning ofEucalyptusregrowth, transformed stands fromEucalyptustoCallitrisdominance.ConclusionsRemoval of pre‐settlement trees does not appear to have been a necessary precursor to modelled encroachment inEucalyptus–Callitriswoodlands in easternAustralia, perhaps because initial tree cover was low andCallitriscan regenerate beneath isolated trees. Manual thinning was required to effect major structural change becauseCallitrisself‐thins extremely slowly; thinning will be less important in other ecosystems that self‐thin more rapidly. The impact of historical tree removal on encroachment is likely to vary according to initial tree cover, with greatest impacts in dense ecosystems with high tree cover. These results highlight the value of simulation models for disentangling the effects of multiple disturbances on tree encroachment and other ecosystem dynamics.
Framing literacy policy: power and policy drivers in primary schools
Authors: Mills Colin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article is linked to the theme of the special issue through its focus on micropolitical analysis of the changing role of ‘policy drivers’, mediating national policy through interactions with primary school heads and teachers. The central arguments draw on case studies undertaken in two primary schools where changes related to literacy teaching were being enacted at a particular historical moment (in 2008–2009). Conceptual tools are drawn from the work of Goffman on frame analysis to examine how an increasingly diverse range of drivers, representing new forms of marketisation (Local Authority (LA) consultants; a regional director responsible for the travel of literacy policy; one ‘bought in’ from a private company) interacted with practitioners. Differences in the framing of policy between heads, teachers and policy drivers are identified and analysed as significant features of new kinds of ‘assemblages’ in public policy. Insights from the analysis are drawn on to propose a research agenda for policy research in the literacy field in a shifting political era in England (and the rest of the United Kingdom). This agenda incorporates critical perspectives, giving voice to practitioners, and building on international work, as well as work on policy drivers in other educational areas, and from other disciplines.
Policy and the search for explanations for the gender gap in literacy attainment
Authors: Moss Gemma 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper considers how policy‐led processes of education reform have reshaped the space in which to think about gender and literacy, both in England and elsewhere. In many jurisdictions, the discourse on quality in education now focuses almost exclusively on numerical outcomes, whether they derive from the school, and/or at local or national level. A heightened focus on performance data has brought new attention to the contrasts in the relative patterns of girls’ and boys’ attainment in literacy, whilst also changing expectations about what should be done about them. This paper highlights the politics that ensue as these data enter public discourse using examples of policy texts published in England, Ontario and Wales. It examines how these documents mobilise different explanations for the gender gap in the performance data that are then used to guide future action. What kinds of explanations for gender differences in literacy attainment have most purchase in different policy contexts? Which are most useful from a feminist perspective? These issues are considered in relation to the changing policy context in England, which is rapidly moving from a highly centralised system of directed support for school improvement to much more fragmented provision. This creates new conditions in which to act.
Measuring quality, framing what we know: a critical discourse analysis of the Common Inspection Framework
Authors: Dennis Carol 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn “Measuring quality: framing what we know” I offer a critique of Success in Adult Literacy, Numeracy and ESOL provision (Success in ALNE) – a contextualised reworking of the common inspection framework. This document offers a government‐sponsored account of what quality means when applied to the teaching of adult language, literacy and numeracy. The paper draws on critical discourse analysis to argue that the writers of Success in ALNE imagine an ideal reader, inviting the actual reader to fall in with the characteristics ascribed to this positioning. I argue that Success in ALNE adopts a series of positionings regarding quality, practitioners, learners and learning, each of which require the actual reader to adopt a relational stance. Central to the argument developed is that government‐sponsored discourses around quality in adult literacy have effectively marginalised or silenced other discourses. The artefacts associated with quality – the individual learning plan – are argued to exert an agentic power; they are invested with the capacity, indeed they are required, to redefine literacy learning. Compliant with the requirements of the quality regime, they co‐opt practitioners in an act of translation and an act of betrayal in which the actuality of literacy learning is fitted to prescribed lexical categories until it coheres with the abstractions of what quality requires.
Critical and social literacy practices from the Scottish adult literacy experience: resisting deficit approaches to learning
Authors: Crowther Jim , Tett Lyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractScotland provides an interesting context for studying adult literacy in that it is one of the few countries that explicitly acknowledge the idea of literacy as a social practice. By drawing on two initiatives we illustrate literacy learning derived from a mixture of social practice and critical literacy perspectives. Together they provide insights into how literacy may develop to challenge relationships of inequality and oppression. The role of the literacy tutor is critical to this process and needs to begin from a position which challenges the idea of literacy as a decontextualised, skill. To help learners question what it means to be literate, and to create genuinely empowering experiences, it is important to locate literacy in the wider social and political relations in which it is embedded.
Globalising literacy: the challenge of ethnolinguistic diversity in New Zealand
Authors: Haworth Penny 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper positions local literacy issues against a backdrop of increasing global ethnolinguistic diversity. National language choices are generally influenced by wider debates on the politics of location, so decisions about language(s) associated with teaching literacy in schools tend to occur at the intersection of national and international interests. The tensions that exist at this intersection may underlie the fact that, while schools in New Zealand have been keen to embrace the multimodal literacy opportunities offered by new technologies and greater global connectivity, increased ethnolinguistic diversity has been slower to impact on literacy pedagogy. As a result, New Zealand's educational policies have tended to reinforce literacy practices that are largely English dominant, and New Zealand teachers are often found to be negotiating literacy‐related pedagogy within intercultural classrooms by trial and error. This paper provides insights into this situation and presents three literacy scenarios involving young English language learners to illuminate some of the critical literacy challenges that face New Zealand education. Ultimately, it is argued that more emphasis on transliteracy experiences will be required to meet the educational aim of greater participation in future global contexts.
Ageing well: Improving the management of patients with multiple chronic health problems
Authors: Gilbert Andrew L , Caughey Gillian E , Vitry Agnes I , Clark Alice , Ryan Philip , McDermott Robyn A , Shakib Sepehr , Luszcz Mary A , Esterman Adrian , Roughead Elizabeth E 
Published: October 2011

Aim:  To identify and evaluate the management and care of older people with multiple chronic health problems (MCHP).Methods:  Administrative health data from the Department of Veterans' Affairs and bio‐social data from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing are used to determine prevalence of MCHP, treatment patterns and patient outcomes. Focus groups and semistructured interviews are used to gain patient and health practitioner perspectives.Results:  The prevalence of MCHP in older people is high (65%) and is associated with increased use of health services, mortality and poorer self‐rated health. Australian disease‐specific guidelines fail to address MCHP, and treatment conflicts with the potential to cause harm, were common.Conclusion:  Improvements in the care and management of older people with MCHP requires: a multifaceted approach, across the health‐care system; better coordination of holistic, patient‐centred multidisciplinary care; and effective communication and education of all stakeholders. The Health reform agenda in Australia provides an opportunity for change.
Fates beyond traits: ecological consequences of human‐induced trait change
Authors: Palkovacs Eric P. , Kinnison Michael T. , Correa Cristian , Dalton Christopher M. , Hendry Andrew P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHuman‐induced trait change has been documented in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. These trait changes are driven by phenotypic plasticity and contemporary evolution. While efforts to manage human‐induced trait change are beginning to receive some attention, managing its ecological consequences has received virtually none. Recent work suggests that contemporary trait change can have important effects on the dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Therefore, trait changes caused by human activity may be shaping ecological dynamics on a global scale. We present evidence for important ecological effects associated with human‐induced trait change in a variety of study systems. These effects can occur over large spatial scales and impact system‐wide processes such as trophic cascades. Importantly, the magnitude of these effects can be on par with those of traditional ecological drivers such as species presence. However, phenotypic change is not always an agent of ecological change; it can also buffer ecosystems against change. Determining the conditions under which phenotypic change may promote vs prevent ecological change should be a top research priority.
BEING A PARENT ON DIALYSIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Wadd Kaylene , King Lindy , Bennett Paul , Grant Julian 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYAim: This literature review explored the extant literature to further our understanding of the experience of being a parent on dialysis.Methods: Keywords used to search the literature were haemodialysis, hemodialysis, chronic kidney disease, end stage renal disease, parent and experience. Databases searched included CINAHL, Medline, Wiley/Blackwell, EBSCOHost, Web of Science, Pubmed and ProQuest. Years included were 1999–2009. Seventeen primary research articles (sixteen qualitative, one mixed methods) met the search criteria with only one on parents undergoing dialysis.Findings: The experience of the parent on dialysis has rarely been explored in the literature. Related research has indicated important themes including: restricted lives; relationships; adjustment; consequences and future outlook.Conclusions: More should be known about challenges that face parents who receive dialysis. This review established an urgent need for further research to determine the experiences and needs of this population to provide empirical, person‐centred nursing care.