bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
10 Years of Hurricane Synoptic Surveillance (1997–2006)
Authors: Aberson Sim D. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In 1997, the National Hurricane Center and the Hurricane Research Division began operational synoptic surveillance missions with the Gulfstream IV-SP jet aircraft to improve the numerical guidance for hurricanes that threaten the continental United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Hawaii. During the first 10 yr, 176 such missions were conducted. Global Positioning System dropwindsondes were released from the aircraft at 150–200-km intervals along the flight track in the environment of each tropical cyclone to obtain wind, temperature, and humidity profiles from flight level (about 150 hPa) to the surface. The observations were processed and formatted aboard the aircraft and sent to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the Global Telecommunications System to be ingested into the Global Forecast System, which serves as initial and boundary conditions for regional numerical models that also forecast tropical cyclone track and intensity. The results of an observing system experiment using these data are presented.
Instability in Leapfrog and Forward–Backward Schemes
Authors: Sun Wen-Yih 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper shows that in the linearized shallow-water equations, the numerical schemes can become weakly unstable for the 2Δx wave in the C grid when the Courant number is 1 in the forward–backward scheme and 0.5 in the leapfrog scheme because of the repeated eigenvalues in the matrices. The instability can be amplified and spread to other waves and smaller Courant number if the diffusion term is included. However, Shuman smoothing can control the instability.
Evaluation of Regional Aircraft Observations Using TAMDAR
Authors: Moninger William R. , Benjamin Stanley G. , Jamison Brian D. , Schlatter Thomas W. , Smith Tracy Lorraine , Szoke Edward J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A multiyear evaluation of a regional aircraft observation system [Tropospheric Aircraft Meteorological Data Reports (TAMDAR)] is presented. TAMDAR observation errors are compared with errors in traditional reports from commercial aircraft [aircraft meteorological data reports (AMDAR)], and the impacts of TAMDAR observations on forecasts from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) over a 3-yr period are evaluated. Because of the high vertical resolution of TAMDAR observations near the surface, a novel verification system has been developed and employed that compares RUC forecasts against raobs every 10 hPa; this revealed TAMDAR-related positive impacts on RUC forecasts—particularly for relative humidity forecasts—that were not evident when only raob mandatory levels were considered. In addition, multiple retrospective experiments were performed over two 10-day periods, one in winter and one in summer; these allowed for the assessment of the impacts of various data assimilation strategies and varying data resolutions. TAMDAR’s impacts on 3-h RUC forecasts of temperature, relative humidity, and wind are found to be positive and, for temperature and relative humidity, substantial in the region, altitude, and time range over which TAMDAR-equipped aircraft operated during the studied period of analysis.
Designing and Delivering an English for Hospitality Syllabus
Authors: Su Shao-Wen 
Published: December 2009

The paper illustrates an English for Specific Purposes design for English listening and speaking for students in hospitality fields, accompanied by an educational inquiry into its implementation in a bid to hold accountability to the course takers. The subject was 82 juniors and seniors at a national hospitality college in Southern Taiwan. Questionnaires, achievement tests and classroom observation were research instruments in the inquiry. The statistical evidences of the study have demonstrated the effectiveness of the ESP listening and speaking course. This ESP class, characterized by a synthesis of language-oriented, skills-oriented and learning-oriented approaches to ESP syllabus design is harvested with fruitful achievements: incremental gain in their ESP content knowledge and skills (the outcome of the language-oriented syllabus), strengthening the ability of searching for and organizing information for conducting English presentations (the outcome of the skills-oriented syllabus) and, above all, the achievement in cooperative team spirit build up (the outcome of the learning-oriented syllabus). The study also provides valuable reference for subsequent design and implementation of related ESP courses in the future.
A structural model for charoite
Authors: Rozhdestvenskaya I. V. , Kogure T. , Abe E. , Drits V. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe crystal structure of charoite was investigated mainly by using selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). SAED and XRD patterns indicate that the structure has a monoclinic cell: a = 32.296, b = 19.651, c = 7.16 Å, β = 96.3° and V = 4517 Å3. The space group inferred from systematic absences and HREM images is P21/m. A model of the charoite structure is proposed that is based on the features of related Ca-alkaline silicate structures and HREM images. The structure of charoite consists of three different silicon-oxygen radicals (polymerized SiO4 tetrahedra) which are located between Ca polyhedra. Two of these radicals form continuous tubular structures comprising pectolite-like tetrahedral chains. Calcium polyhedra are joined to form blocks, each of which consists of four columns sharing edges and apices. Potassium and H2O molecules are probably located inside the tubular silicate radicals. From these results, a general formula is derived: K6-7(Ca,Na)18[(Si6O17)(Si12O30)(Si18O45)](OH,F)2.nH2O with two formula units in the unit cell (Z = 2).
Characterization of the states and diffusivity of intergranular water in a chalcedonic quartz by high-temperature in situ infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Fukuda J. , Yokoyama T. , Kirino Y. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInfrared spectroscopy was performed on a thin section of a chalcedonic quartz at high temperature in order to investigate the states and diffusivity of intergranular water. The sample contained 0.3 wt.% of silanol (Si—OH) and 0.3 wt.% of molecular H2O, located mainly at intergranular regions but also as fluid inclusions. We monitored the diffusion of molecular H2O associated with dehydration by in situ analyses at 350—500°C and determined the bulk-diffusion coefficients as expressed by an Arrhenius relationship: Dbulk (m2 sec—1) = 10—4.5 exp(—107±17/RT), where R is the gas coefficient and T the temperature. The activation energy for our sample is similar to those previously reported for diffusion in quartz aggregates with incompletely-connected grain boundaries. This result and our previous measurements of electrical conductivity imply that diffusion of molecular H2O at incompletely- connected intergranular regions is the main mechanism for the dehydration. The diffusion coefficients in chalcedony are larger than those previously reported for rhyolitic glass and other granular aggregates. Intergranular regions, inherent larger pores and cracks created during heating can act as efficient diffusion paths within the chalcedony.
Effects of Intrauterine Exposure to Synthetic Glucocorticoids on Fetal, Newborn, and Infant Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Humans: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tegethoff Marion , Pryce Christopher , Meinlschmidt Gunther 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground: Synthetic glucocorticoids are commonly used in reproductive medicine. Fetal organ systems are highly sensitive to changes in the intrauterine environment, including overexposure to glucocorticoids. Structural and functional alterations resulting from such changes may persist throughout life and have been associated with diverse diseases. One system that could be particularly sensitive to fetal glucocorticoid overexposure is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis. Many human studies have investigated this possibility, but a systematic review to identify consistent, emergent findings is lacking.Methods: We systematically review 49 human studies, assessing the effects of intrauterine exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids on fetal, neonate, and infant hpa function.Results: Study quality varied considerably, but the main findings held true after restricting the analyses to higher-quality studies: intrauterine exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids reduces offspring hpa activity under unstimulated conditions after pain but not pharmacological challenge. Although reduced unstimulated hpa function appears to recover within the first 2 wk postpartum, blunted hpa reactivity to pain is likely to persist throughout the first 4 months of life. There is some evidence that the magnitude of the effects is correlated with the total amount of glucocorticoids administered and varies with the time interval between glucocorticoid exposure and hpa assessment.Conclusions: This systematic review has allowed the demonstration of the way in which intrauterine exposure to various regimens of synthetic glucocorticoids affects various forms of hpa function. As such, it guides future studies in terms of which variables need to be focused on in order to further strengthen the understanding of such therapy, whilst continuing to profit from its clinical benefits.
9,9-Diarylfluorene Moiety Incorporated into Polymer Main Chains: An Essential Skeleton Exhibiting Prominent Physical, Chemical, and Optical Properties
Authors: Koyama Yasuhito , Nakazono Kazuko , Hayashi Hideki , Tataka Toshikazu 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The present review summarizes the prominent properties, in particular, the unique optical properties, generated by 9,9-diarylfluorene moiety introduced into polymer main chains in addition to the synthesis of polymers containing diarylfluorene moieties on the basis of results of the studies reported mainly in this decade. Polymers usually show both high refractive index and low birefringence besides many other physical and chemical properties. This review focuses not only on the polymers but also the composite materials, and discloses excellent polymer materials. In addition, synthesis and properties of novel related monomers and their corresponding polymers are also described.
Tether-assisted Synthesis of [3]Rotaxane by Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Iwamoto Hajime , Yawata Yukimi , Fukazawa Yoshimasa , Haino Takeharu 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The tether-assisted synthesis of [3]rotaxane by olefin metathesis is described. The bis(crown ether)s, in which two crown ethers are connected by a linker, were converted to tethered rotaxanes, followed by removal of the linkers to produce [3]rotaxane. The biscrown structures promoted the formation of the tethered rotaxane, resulting in a notable improvement in the yield of the [3]rotaxane.
11B–11B Two-dimensional Correlation Nuclear Magnetic Resonance on Sodium Borosilicate Glass
Authors: Murakami Miwa , Shimizu Tadashi , Tansho Masataka , Akai Tomoko , Yazawa Tetsuo 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
To study microstructure of Na2O–B2O3–SiO2–Al2O3 glass, which is a starting material for preparing porous glass, 11B one-dimensional (1D) magic-angle spinning (MAS) spectra and results of two-dimensional (2D) 11B–11B homonuclear correlation experiment under MAS are examined at 21.8 T. We conclude that two of the four peaks observed for 11B are assigned to borate rings, which we assign as the main components in the boron-rich phase to be removed by acid leaching.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of BaSiF6 Hexagonal Needles
Authors: Jeong Hye-Li , Huh Young-Duk 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Hexagonal needles of BaSiF6 microcrystals have been prepared by using a hydrothermal method with Ba(NO3)2, SiO2, and HF in the presence of NH4Cl or ethylenediamine dihydrochloride as the metal chelating agent. The metal chelating agent plays an important role in controlling the aspect ratios of the BaSiF6 microcrystals. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm that the axes of the hexagonal needles of BaSiF6 are aligned along the c axis.
Identification of the Fe–O2 and the Fe=O Heme Species for Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase during Catalytic Turnover
Authors: Yanagisawa Sachiko , Yotsuya Keiko , Hashiwaki Yumi , Horitani Masaki , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Shiro Yoshitsugu , Appelman Evan H , Ogura Takashi 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been applied to two distinct temporal species of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase during catalytic turnover. We have identified two oxygen-isotope-sensitive Raman modes at 569 and 798 cm−1 for the two respective species. The 16O18O analysis of the 798 cm−1 band indicates the existence of a ferryl-oxo heme, which is inconsistent with the previously proposed reaction mechanism. The present study thus provides a physical basis for the structures of the possible reaction intermediates.
Association between serum uric acid and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Korean adults
Authors: Lee Yong-Jae , Lee Hye-Ree , Lee Jung-Hyun , Shin Youn-Ho , Shim Jae-Yong 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background: Increased uric acid is associated with the metabolic syndrome, conditions linked to oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now considered a hepatic manifestation of insulin resistance. However, little has been written regarding the association between uric acid and NAFLD.

Methods: We examined the association between uric acid and the presence of NAFLD in 3768 Koreans (2133 men, 1635 women; aged 20–75 years) in a health examination program. Uric acid quartiles were categorized separately as follows: Q1: ≤291.5, Q2: 291.6–333.1, Q3: 333.2–380.7, and Q4: ≥380.8 μmol/L for men; Q1: ≤202.2, Q2: 202.3–232.0, Q3: 231.1–267.7, and Q4: ≥267.8 μmol/L for women. Hepatic steatosis was diagnosed based on abdominal ultrasonographic findings by hyperechogenicity of liver tissue, difference of echogenicity between the liver and diaphragm, and visibility of vascular structures. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for NAFLD were calculated across each quartile of serum uric acid.

Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was 25.8% (32.2% in men and 17.4% in women). After adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, regular exercise, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the ORs (95% CIs) for NAFLD according to each quartile of uric acid were 1.00, 1.55 (1.13–2.14), 1.77 (1.30–2.41), and 2.01 (1.45–2.78) for men and 1.00, 0.69 (0.40–1.20), 1.12 (0.67–1.88), and 1.94 (1.21–3.13) for women.

Conclusions: Serum uric acid is independently associated with the presence of NAFLD, and uric acid may be a useful additional measure in assessing the risk of NAFLD in the clinical setting.
Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:175–80.
Use of flow cytometry (Sysmex® UF-100) to screen for positive urine cultures: in search for the ideal cut-off
Authors: Brilha Sara , Proença Helena , Cristino José Melo , Hänscheid Thomas 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background: Cultures for urinary tract infections (UTI) constitute a large workload in the clinical microbiology laboratory, although up to 80% are usually negative. Several automated methods are available to screen urines for UTI, one being the flow cytometry-based Sysmex® UF-100.

Methods: The performance of the UF-100 was evaluated over a 16-month period using urine culture as the reference method.

Results: During this period, a total of 5356 urine samples were studied (469 children; 3229 women and 1658 men), of which 706 were culture positive (593 grew Gram negative bacilli). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83 for leukocytes and 0.85 for bacterial count. Applying cut-off values reported in the literature gave sensitivities ranging from 75% to 90%, resulting in 73–174 false negatives (FN). Using a logical combination (leukocytes ≥15×106/L OR bacteria ≥500×106/L) gave a sensitivity of 98%. However, the specificity dropped to 25%, resulting in 15 FN.

Conclusions: Screening urine samples for UTI detects a large number of culture positive samples. However, the rather large number of FN observed precludes the use of the UF-100 as a routine screening method to exclude urine samples from culture.
Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:289–92.
Mean leukocyte telomere length and risk of incident colorectal carcinoma in women: a prospective, nested case-control study
Authors: Lee I-Min , Lin Jennifer , Castonguay Amy J. , Barton Nathaniel S. , Buring Julie E. , Zee Robert Y.L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background: To date, no prospective epidemiological data are available, particularly in women, on mean leukocyte telomere length as a risk predictor.

Methods: Using leukocyte DNA samples collected at baseline in a prospective cohort of over 28,000 initially healthy women, we examined the relationship between mean leukocyte telomere repeat copy number to single gene copy number (TSR) in 134 incident cases of colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and 357 matched controls; all were Caucasian.

Results: The observed loge-transformed TSRs were similar between cases and controls (p=0.79). Using an adjusted analysis, we found no evidence for an association of the loge-TSRs with CRC risk [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=0.943, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.647–1.376, p=0.762]. Stratified analysis by median follow-up time, or postmenopausal status also showed similar null findings.

Conclusions: In concordance with our previous findings in Caucasian men, the present study in Caucasian women found no evidence for an association of mean leukocyte telomere length with risk of incident CRC, further suggesting that leukocyte telomere length may not be a useful indicator for risk assessment.
Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:259–62.
Abfractions and Attachment Loss in Teeth With Premature Contacts in Centric Relation: Clinical Observations
Authors: Reyes Elio , Hildebolt Charles , Langenwalter Eric , Miley Douglas 
Published: December 2009

Background: It has been suggested that eccentric occlusal forces may be an etiologic factor for abfraction lesions. It has also been suggested that traumatic occlusal forces may have a damaging effect on the periodontal tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine whether associations were present between premature contacts in centric relation (PCCR), clinical attachment loss, and abfraction lesions.Methods: Forty‐six subjects were examined. Within subjects, the mean attachment loss was determined for teeth with and without PCCR and for teeth with and without abfractions. In addition, teeth with PCCR (experimental group) were matched with contralateral teeth without PCCR (control group). Comparisons between groups were made with the Wilcoxon signed rank test, Wilcoxon rank sums test, and the Spearman ρ correlation coefficient.Results: The results demonstrated that attachment loss increased with age. Within subjects, teeth with abfraction lesions had significantly more buccal attachment loss than teeth without abfraction lesions (P <0.01). The majority of abfractions and PCCR occurred in premolars. The presence of PCCR had no influence on the appearance of an abfraction lesion or increased attachment loss. Similarly, subjects who exhibited abfractions had similar attachment loss as those subjects without abfraction lesions.Conclusions: Within the same patient, teeth with abfractions presented more attachment loss than those without abfractions. However, associations were not demonstrated between PCCR and the presence of abfractions or increased attachment loss. Future studies are needed to improve the knowledge regarding interactions among occlusal factors, attachment loss, and abfractions.
The Role of Toll‐Like Receptor 2 in the Recognition of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Gelani Valéria , Fernandes Ana Paula , Gasparoto Thaís Helena , Garlet Thiago Pompermaier , Cestari Tânia Mary , Lima Hayana Ramos , Ramos Erivan Schnaider , de Souza Malaspina Tatiana Salles , Santos Carlos Ferreira , Garlet Gustavo Pompermaier , da Silva João Santana , Campanelli Ana Paula 
Published: December 2009

Background: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) is a Gram‐negative bacterium present in the oral cavity and is usually associated with localized aggressive periodontitis. Isolated antigens from A. actinomycetemcomitans can activate innate immune cells through Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), which are molecules that recognize structural components conserved among microorganisms. In this study, we evaluate the role of TLR2 in the recognition of A. actinomycetemcomitans.Methods: Macrophages and neutrophils from knockout mice with targeted disruption of TLR2 (TLR2−/− mice) and wild‐type mice were collected and used for the subsequent assays. The production of cytokines and chemokines was evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the presence of apoptotic cells was determined by flow cytometry. In addition, the mechanisms that modulate the outcome of A. actinomycetemcomitans‐induced periodontal disease in TLR2−/− mice were examined.Results: The results show that TLR2‐deficient mice developed more severe periodontitis after A. actinomycetemcomitans infection, characterized by significantly higher bone loss and inflammatory cell migration to periodontal tissues. The inflammatory cell influx into the peritoneal cavities of TLR2−/− mice was three‐fold lower than that observed for the littermate controls. A significantly diminished production of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐1β as well as the chemokine CC‐ligand‐5 in the peritoneal cavities of TLR2−/− mice was observed. In addition, a high frequency of apoptotic cells in the inflammatory exudates from TLR2−/− mice was observed. Phagocytosis and nitric oxide production was diminished in cells from TLR2−/− mice, facilitating the dissemination of the pathogen to the spleen.Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the involvement of TLR2 in recognizing A. actinomycetemcomitans and its essential role in controlling A. actinomycetemcomitans infection.
Oral Malodorous Compound Inhibits Osteoblast Proliferation
Authors: Imai Toshio , Ii Hisataka , Yaegaki Ken , Murata Takatoshi , Sato Tsutomu , Kamoda Takeshi 
Published: December 2009

Background: Oral malodorous compounds including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are causative agents of periodontitis because the toxicities are similar to that of cyanate. Previous studies demonstrated that volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) were highly toxic to periodontal tissues, causing a large reduction in the amount of collagen in human gingival fibroblasts and extracellular matrix as well as, for example, apoptosis, immunologic responses, and matrix metalloproteinase production. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of H2S on the proliferation of osteoblasts and a signaling transduction pathway through the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK).Methods: Normal human osteoblasts (NHOst) and murine osteoblasts (cell line MC3T3‐E1) were incubated with H2S. Cell proliferation was assessed by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation. The effects of H2S on the signal transduction pathways, the MAPK cascade, that control cell proliferation were evaluated in NHOst by determining extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and p38 phosphorylation with a Western blot analysis.Results: After incubating NHOst with H2S for 24 hours, [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA significantly decreased dose‐dependently with H2S. At a concentration of 100 ng/ml H2S, [3H]thymidine incorporation decreased 79% compared to the control. Similar results were obtained from MC3T3‐E1. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 was increased by H2S at 10 minutes after starting the treatment and then decreased time dependently. The activation of ERK1/2 and p38 induced by H2S was inhibited by the specific inhibitor of MAPK/ERK kinase ([MEK]; U0126) or p38 (SB203580).Conclusion: H2S inhibited the proliferation of human osteoblastic cells through the MAPK pathway.