bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analysis of sexual health information on radical prostatectomy websites
Authors: Mulhall John P. , Rojaz‐Cruz Cesar , Müller Alexander 
Published: July 2009

Study Type – Therapy (content analysis)Level of Evidence 3OBJECTIVETo define the nature of information posted on websites related to radical prostatectomy (RP), specifically its accuracy and comprehensiveness, as RP is associated with erectile dysfunction (ED).METHODSWe reviewed 70 robotic RP (RARP) and 20 open RP (ORP) medical centres. Their websites were reviewed for various factors, by two separate reviewers whose reviews were not seen by each other. Websites were graded based on accuracy and comprehensiveness of information by the senior investigator.RESULTSOf the academic and community‐based RARP centres, 55% and 79% had specific websites (P < 0.05); 45% of RARP sites had generic information copied directly from the website of Intuitive Surgical (Sunnyvale, CA, USA; the manufacturer of the robotic system). ED was mentioned by only 54% of RARP sites and 45% of ORP sites; 17% of RARP sites were deemed accurate, compared with 30% of ORP sites (P < 0.05). Just over 1% of RARP sites were considered comprehensive, vs 10% of ORP sites (P < 0.05). A third of RARP sites had a direct link to the Intuitive Surgical website (16% academic vs 53% community, P < 0.05), compared to 10% of open sites (P < 0.05). Of most interest was that half of the RARP sites suggested that ED rates were lower for RARP than for ORP; this compared to ED rates being cited as lower for ORP on 5% of the ORP sites (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSDespite the stature of RP as a treatment option for men with prostate cancer, and the recent increase in the use of RARP, the accuracy of information pertaining to sexual health on RP websites is poor, with many making false statements about the long‐term outcomes for erectile function. This inadequacy appears to be greater on RARP than on ORP websites.
Was Wittgenstein an Anti‐Realist?
Authors: Scheer Richard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWilliam Child has said that Wittgenstein is an anti‐realist with respect to a person's dreams, recent thoughts that he has consciously entertained and other things. I discuss Wittgenstein's comments about these matters in order to show that they do not commit him to an anti‐realist view or a realist view. He wished to discredit the idea that when a person reports his dream or his thoughts, or past intentions, the person is reading off the contents of his mind or memory. Reporting what one dreamt or recently thought is not like reporting what one has just read. The language is different, and the criterion of truth is different.The anti‐realist is able to explain why the reports of thoughts, for instance, are “guaranteed” to be true (PI II, 222) by stipulating that the character and existence of the past thought is constituted by an inclination to assert that one had that past thought so the assertion could not be false. This could not be Wittgenstein's view. What does “guarantee” the truth of such an assertion is the fact that the person himself is the principle authority on what he dreamt, thought, and intended, something which “stands fast” for us.I next consider Crispin Wright's account of Wittgenstein's ideas about intentions and point out that his assumption that person always makes a judgement as to whether his action conforms to his intention is clearly false. And he is wrong in attributing to Wittgenstein the idea that an intention does not have a determinate content prior to its author's judgement about whether the action conforms to the intention, an idea that is obscure. If this were accurate, it would be a mystery why we do anything, or, at least, why our actions ever conform to our intentions.
ON BEING RATIONAL
Authors: Rorty Amelie 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo be rational is to be engaged in collaborative, corrigible, historically informed inquiry and deliberation. Critical intelligence is merely the beginning of rationality. Substantive rationality also requires reflective and imaginative inquiry. Its active exercise presupposes trust and mandates a commitment to the common good, to responsible attempts to create the political institutions and social conditions on which intellectual and political trust can flourish. Without these, formal and calculative intelligence are – however brilliant – mere cleverness; and without these, rationality can undo itself.
Latent Transition Models with Latent Class Predictors: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Subtypes and High School Marijuana Use
Authors: Reboussin Beth A. , Ialongo Nicholas S. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which is most often diagnosed in childhood with symptoms often persisting into adulthood. Elevated rates of substance use disorders have been evidenced among those with ADHD, but recent research focusing on the relationship between subtypes of ADHD and specific drugs is inconsistent. We propose a latent transition model (LTM) to guide our understanding of how drug use progresses, in particular marijuana use, while accounting for the measurement error that is often found in self-reported substance use data. We extend the LTM to include a latent class predictor to represent empirically derived ADHD subtypes that do not rely on meeting specific diagnostic criteria. We begin by fitting two separate latent class analysis (LCA) models by using second-order estimating equations: a longitudinal LCA model to define stages of marijuana use, and a cross-sectional LCA model to define ADHD subtypes. The LTM model parameters describing the probability of transitioning between the LCA-defined stages of marijuana use and the influence of the LCA-defined ADHD subtypes on these transition rates are then estimated by using a set of first-order estimating equations given the LCA parameter estimates. A robust estimate of the LTM parameter variance that accounts for the variation due to the estimation of the two sets of LCA parameters is proposed. Solving three sets of estimating equations enables us to determine the underlying latent class structures independently of the model for the transition rates and simplifying assumptions about the correlation structure at each stage reduces the computational complexity.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO DIET AT THE SITE OF YARNTON, OXFORDSHIRE, USING STABLE CARBON AND NITROGEN ISOTOPES
Authors: LIGHTFOOT EMMA , O'CONNELL TAMSIN C. , STEVENS RHIANNON E. , HAMILTON JULIE , HEY GILL , HEDGES ROBERT E.M. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThis paper reports the results of stable isotopic analyses conducted upon animal and human bones recovered from Yarnton, Oxfordshire. Spanning the Neolithic to Saxon periods, it is in many ways a typical site, but is unusual in that a small Middle Iron Age cemetery was discovered.All of the data presented here lie within the expected isotopic ranges for the European Holocene, although both faunal and animal δ15N values are higher than is commonly found. The faunal data show the expected pattern for the animals studied (horse, cattle, sheep/goat, pig and dog), with pigs being more omnivorous than ruminants, and dogs eating an isotopically similar diet to humans. The animals' diets had higher δ15N values during the Roman period as compared to the Iron Age, although it is unclear if this reflects an environmental change or alteration in animal management practices. Despite the site's riverine location, there is no isotopic evidence for fish consumption. No distinctions were found based on gender or burial position within the Iron Age cemetery. Age‐based distinctions were found in δ13C values, although these cannot be fully explained. As expected, infants have a higher nitrogen isotopic value than other individuals, reflecting the consumption of their mother's milk.
The last days of dying stroke patients referred to a palliative care consult team in an acute hospital
Authors: Mazzocato C. , Michel‐Nemitz J. , Anwar D. , Michel P. 
Published: July 2009

Background and purpose:  Needs of patients dying from stroke are poorly investigated. We aim to assess symptoms of these patients referred to a palliative care consult team, and to review their treatment strategies.Methods:  All charts of patients dying from stroke in a tertiary hospital, and referred consecutively to a palliative care consultant team from 2000 to 2005, were reviewed retrospectively. Symptoms, ability to communicate, treatments, circumstances and causes of death were collected.Results:  Forty‐two patients were identified. Median NIH Stroke Scale on admission was 21. The most prevalent symptoms were dyspnoea (81%), and pain (69%). Difficulties or inability to communicate because of aphasia or altered level of consciousness were present in 93% of patients. Pharmacological respiratory treatments consisted of anti‐muscarinic drugs (52%), and opioids (33%). Pain was mainly treated by opioids (69%). During the last 48 h of life, 81% of patients were free of pain and 48% of respiratory distress. The main causes of death were neurological complications in 38% of patients, multiple medical complications in 36%, and specific medical causes in 26%.Conclusions:  Patients dying from stroke and referred to a palliative care consult team have multiple symptoms, mainly dyspnoea and pain. Studies are warranted to develop specific symptoms assessment tools in non‐verbal stroke patients, to accurately assess patients’ needs, and to measure effectiveness of palliative treatments.
‘Survival Employment’: Gender and Deskilling among African Immigrants in Canada
Authors: Creese Gillian , Wiebe Brandy 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRecent research points to a growing gap between immigrant and native‐born outcomes in the Canadian labour market at the same time as selection processes emphasize recruiting highly educated newcomers. Drawing on interviews with well‐educated men and women who migrated from countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, this paper explores the gendered processes that produce weak economic integration in Canada. Three‐quarters of research participants experienced downward occupational mobility, with the majority employed in low‐skilled, low‐wage, insecure forms of “survival employment”. In a gendered labour market, where common demands for “Canadian experience”, “Canadian credentials” and “Canadian accents” were uneven across different sectors of the labour market, women faced particular difficulties finding “survival employment”; in the long run, however, women’s greater investment in additional post‐secondary education within Canada placed them in a somewhat better position than men. The policy implications of this study are fourfold: first, we raise questions about the efficacy of Canadian immigration policies that prioritize the recruitment of well‐educated immigrants without addressing the multiple barriers that result in deskillling; second, we question government policies and settlement practices that undermine more equitable economic integration of immigrants; third, we address the importance of tackling the “everyday racism” that immigrants experience in the Canadian labour market; and finally, we suggest the need to re‐think narrowly defined notions of economic integration in light of the gendered nature of contemporary labour markets, and immigrants’ own definitions of what constitutes meaningful integration.
Monogamy in Hypogeomys antimena, an endemic rodent of the deciduous dry forest in western Madagascar
Authors: Sommer S. 
Published: July 2009

Hypogeomys antimena, the largest endemic rodent of Madagascar, is exclusively found in a restricted area of less than 1000 km2 in the deciduous dry forest near the western coast. The facts so far known about its biology, like pair bonds, 1–2 offspring, lack of sexual dimorphism, and the results of a nine‐week trapping and radiotracking field study (Cook et al, 1991) suggest monogamy, a rare social system occurring in only 3% of mammals. By using the same methods of trapping and radiotracking during different seasons, investigations in the proposed social system were carried out and provided a medium‐term view of the social structure. The data on Hypogeomys antimena were then used to test hypotheses about the evolution of monogamy in rodents by comparing spacing behaviour and the size of home ranges of males and females before (dry season) and after (rainy season) the birth of offspring.Males and females from neighbouring burrows have similarly‐sized but mutually exclusive home ranges. Home ranges of pairs trapped at the same burrows, however, always overlapped extensively. The morphological correlates (no sexual differences in the body measurements, small testes in relation to body size) are those of monogamous species. Pairs remain associated during both breeding and non‐breeding periods and pair bonds seem to continue for more than one reproductive season. Offspring stay together with their parents for at least one more year, implying that sexual maturation is probably not reached before the age of two years. The results are consistent with the previous suggestion that Hypogeomys antimena lives in a monogamous social system.Home ranges are larger during the dry season before birth than during the rainy season after the birth of offspring. Pairs with offspring had smaller home ranges than those without. Males tended to stay closer to the offspring than females. This suggests that the protection of the offspring against infanticidal conspecifics and/or predators could explain the male's assistance in rearing the young and the evolution of monogamy in Hypogeomys.
Functional co‐expression of two insect nicotinic receptor subunits (Nlα3 and Nlα8) reveals the effects of a resistance‐associated mutation (Nlα3Y151S) on neonicotinoid insecticides
Authors: Yixi Zhang , Liu Zewen , Han Zhaojun , Song Feng , Yao Xiangmei , Shao Ying , Li Jian , Millar Neil S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNeonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid, are selective agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and are used extensively to control a variety of insect pest species. Previously, we have identified a nAChR point mutation (Y151S) associated with insecticide resistance in the brown planthopperNilaparvata lugens. Although this mutation has been identified in two differentN. lugensnAChR subunits (Nlα1 and Nlα3) because of difficulties in heterologous expression of Nlα3; its influence on agonist potency has been examined only in Nlα1‐containing nAChRs. Here we describe the cloning of a novel nAChR subunit fromN. lugens(Nlα8), together with evidence for its co‐assembly with Nlα3 in native and recombinant nAChRs. This has, for the first time, enabled the functional effects of the Nlα3Y151Smutation to be examined. The Nlα3Y151Smutation has little effect on agonist potency of acetylcholine but has a dramatic effect on neonicotinoid insecticides (reducingImaxvalues and increasing EC50values). The apparent affinity of neonicotinoids was higher and the effect of the Y151S mutation on neonicotinoid agonist potency was more profound in Nlα3‐containing, rather than Nlα1‐containing nAChR. We conclude that Nlα3‐ and Nlα1‐containing nAChRs may be representative of two distinct insect nAChR populations.
Aging‐dependent upregulation of IL‐23p19 gene expression in dendritic cells is associated with differential transcription factor binding and histone modifications
Authors: El Mezayen Rabab , El Gazzar Mohamed , Myer Rebecca , High Kevin P. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryAge‐associated changes in immune response increase the risk of infection and promote inflammation and autoimmunity in older adults. The newly discovered cytokine IL‐23 contributes to the maintenance and expansion of Th‐17 cells, which promote proinflammatory responses. Our preliminary findings suggested that Th‐17 responses are increased in aged mice. IL‐23 consists of p40 and p19 subunits. Expression of the p19 subunit is regulated at the transcriptional level by NF‐κB p65 and c‐Rel transcription factors. Using bone‐marrow‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) from C57BL/6 mice, we show that IL‐23 protein production and p19 subunit mRNA levels are significantly increased in DCs from aged mice after activation with TLR ligands (LPS + R848) when compared with DCs of young adult mice. We found that the increase in p19 expression in aged cells is associated with chromatin remodeling characterized by di‐ and tri‐methylation of histone H3K4 and binding of mainly c‐Rel at the p19 promoter. In young DCs, the promoter is tri‐methylated only at H3K4 and bound by both p65 and c‐Rel. C‐Rel knockdown restores p65 binding in aged cells but does not activate p19 expression, suggesting that c‐Rel is critical for p19 expression. In addition, p65 knockdown significantly increases c‐Rel binding and p19 expression in young DCs to levels close to those detected in old cells. Furthermore, the decrease in p65 binding at the p19 promoter in old DCs was specific to the p19 gene since p65 binding to the IL‐12p40 promoter was not significantly different between old and young DCs. Our results demonstrate that selective changes in H3K4 methylation, and c‐Rel and p65 binding at the p19 promoter occur in DCs and contribute to the upregulation of the p19 subunit expression and IL‐23 protein production observed in aged mice. This suggests epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms contribute to dysregulated inflammatory and autoimmune responses associated with aging.
Molecular identification of the extinct mountain goat, Oreamnos harringtoni (Bovidae)
Authors: CAMPOS PAULA F. , WILLERSLEV ESKE , MEAD JIM I. , HOFREITER MICHAEL , GILBERT M. THOMAS P. 
Published: July 2009

Campos, P. F., Willerslev, E., Mead, J. I., Hofreiter, M. & Gilbert, M. T. P. 2009: Molecular identification of the extinct mountain goat, Oreamnos harringtoni (Bovidae). Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00111.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.Harrington's mountain goat (Oreamnos harringtoni), an extinct North American herbivore, is one of the least known mammals of the Pleistocene. Fossil specimens are predominantly known from dry cave localities throughout the arid American west – the Grand Canyon, Colorado Plateau, Nevada and Mexico. Morphological analysis of the recovered fossils suggests a close phylogenetic relationship between Harrington's mountain goat and the extant mountain goats from the American northwest (Oreamnos americanus). However, the degree of genetic similarity between the two species, and their overall placement within the Caprinae, is not clear. In this study, we recovered and sequenced the first DNA fragments from O. harringtoni in order to investigate these relationships. Genetic analysis further supports the morphological hypothesis that O. harringtoni and O. americanus are two distinct species.
Complete brain‐type creatine kinase deficiency in mice blocks seizure activity and affects intracellular calcium kinetics
Authors: Streijger Femke , Scheenen Wim J.J.M. , Van Luijtelaar Gilles , Oerlemans Frank , Wieringa Bé , Van der Zee Catharina E.E.M. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryPurpose:  Brain‐type creatine kinase (CK‐B) and ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (UbCKmit) act as components of local phosphocreatine ATP shuttles that help in the compartmentalization and maintenance of pools of high‐energy phosphate molecules in both neurons and glial cells. We investigated the role of these brain‐type creatine kinases during extreme energy‐demanding conditions in vivo (generalized tonic–clonic seizures) and in vitro.Methods:  The physiologic response of wild‐types and mice lacking both CK‐B and UbCKmit (CK‐‐/‐‐mice) to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)–induced seizures was measured using electroencephalography (EEG) recordings and behavioral monitoring. In vitro intracellular Ca2+ kinetics in hippocampal granule neurons were monitored upon single and repetitive depolarizations.Results:  PTZ induced in only a few CK‐‐/‐‐ mice PTZ seizure‐like behavior, but in all wild‐types a full‐blown seizure. EEG analysis showed that preseizure jerking was associated with high‐amplitude discharges. Wild‐type EEG recordings showed continuous runs of rhythmic 4–6 Hz activity, whereas no rhythmic EEG activities were observed in the few CK‐‐/‐‐ mice that developed a behavioral seizure. All other CK‐‐/‐‐ mice displayed a sudden postictal depression without any development of a generalized seizure. Hippocampal granule neurons of CK‐‐/‐‐ mice displayed a higher Ca2+ removal speed following repetitive KCl‐induced depolarizations.Discussion:  Deficiency for creatine kinase is affecting brain energy metabolism and will likely contribute to the disturbance of seizure development. Because CK‐‐/‐‐ hippocampal neurons exhibited an increase in Ca2+ removal rate of elevated intracellular levels, we conclude that altered Ca2+ clearance in CK‐‐/‐‐ neurons could play a role in the abnormal EEG and seizure activity.
Progressive multifocal cystlike cortical tubers in tuberous sclerosis complex: Clinical and neuropathologic findings
Authors: Chu‐Shore Catherine J. , Frosch Matthew P. , Grant Patricia E. , Thiele Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disease characterized by the presence of hamartomatous lesions in multiple organs and cortical tubers in the brain. The majority of patients with TSC have epilepsy, although the mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis remain unknown. Tubers are traditionally thought to be stable lesions that result from abnormal corticogenesis in early fetal development. Recently, cystlike tubers have been identified in nearly half of patients with TSC, although the spectrum and natural history of these lesions remains unknown. Herein we report eight children with a high burden of cystlike tubers and present detailed clinical information on two children with documented progression. We also report neuropathologic findings of one of the cystlike cortical tubers resected in epilepsy surgery. These cases support the notion that cystlike tubers in TSC are not static lesions and can exhibit evolving characteristics over time. Further work evaluating how these lesions relate to epileptogenesis needs to be done.
Effect of Rectal Diclofenac in Reducing Postoperative Pain and Rescue Analgesia Requirement after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Dhawan Naresh , Das Shambhunath , Kiran Usha , Chauhan Sandeep , Bisoi Akshay K. , Makhija Neeti 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground:  Adequate analgesic medication is mandatory after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the analgesic efficacy, side effects, and need for rescue analgesia after CABG surgery comparing diclofenac and placebo rectal suppository.Methods:  Thirty‐seven consenting adults undergoing elective CABG surgery were randomly assigned in a double‐blind fashion to receive either rectal diclofenac 100 mg (Group 1, n = 19) or placebo suppository (Group 2, n = 18) postoperatively, just after extubation. Both groups were given intravenous tramadol as a rescue analgesic. Pain scores in the two groups were assessed on a 10‐cm visual analog scale at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after suppository administration. Rescue analgesic consumption, sedation, nausea, and vomiting in both the groups were also recorded.Results:  Twenty‐four‐hour tramadol consumption in Group 1 was 92.5 ± 33.5 mg compared to 157.5 ± 63.4 mg in Group 2 (P = 0.002). Patients in the placebo group had significantly greater pain scores 1.5 to 12 hours after extubation. Group 1 patients were significantly more awake compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative nausea was less in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P = 0.001). Though not statistically significant, three patients in Group 2 each had a single episode of vomiting, whereas no patient had vomiting in Group 1.Conclusion:  Rectal diclofenac suppository with tramadol provides adequate pain relief after cardiac surgery, and also reduces tramadol consumption and side effects commonly associated with tramadol.