bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF FUNGI AND MOISTURE ON THE LOCOMOTORY BEHAVIOR OF THE RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE)
Authors: Dolinski M. G. , Loschiavo S. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), were placed on the surface of grain in plastic cylinders. After 48 hours records were taken of the number passing through a perforated brass screen at the bottom of the cylinders and into petri dishes containing wheat inoculated with different species of fungi. More adults were found in dishes of spoiled grain containing a mixture of fungi than in empty (control) dishes or dishes with water. The largest number were found in dishes containing Penicillium corymbiferum and the second largest number in dishes with Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Fusarium sp., and spoiled grain. The least number occurred in dishes with Streptomyces sp., uninfected wet grain, or dry grain. The response to fungi is probably induced by olfactory stimuli from volatile compounds in the fungi or by-products of fungi.
SPECIES SEPARATION IN THE DECLARATA GROUP OF THE GENUS EUXOA, A COMPUTER ANALYSIS BASED ON STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS
Authors: Hardwick D. F. , Lefkovitch L. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA sample of 205 specimens of the declarata group of the genus Euxoa was subjected to clustering, principal components, and discriminant analyses. The analyses were based largely on male genitalic characters. Only the discriminant analysis was successful in segregating the three nominal components of the group.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF EFFECTS OF JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGUES ON ADULT EMERGENCE OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Cumming J. E. , McKague B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBreeding sites for Simulium venustum, Simulium arcticum, Simulium pugetense, Simulium hunteri, Simulium canadense, and Simulium decorum were found in the Vancouver area. Addition of juvenile hormone analogues to the rearing water of S. decorum resulted in virtually complete inhibition of adult emergence.
LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS PRODUCED BY THREE LASERS ON TWOTROGODERMASPECIES (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE): II. HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES
Authors: Kobylnyk Ronald W. , Wilde Walter H. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDorsal anterior abdomens of late instar larvae ofTrogoderma inclusumLe Conte andT.variabileBallion were exposed to six doses from each of three lasers. The effects were followed for 183 days after lasing. Ruby (1.6–9.5 j/cm2) and neodymium (4.3–24.9 j/cm2) lasing killed the darkerT.variabilelarvae at lower doses than those required to kill the palerT.inclusumlarvae. Dehydration through ruptured exocuticle and denatured cuticle was the main cause of death. Carbon dioxide (2.1–12.7 j/cm2) lasing killed larvae of both species at intermediate and high doses due to denaturation, degeneration of the fat body, and inhibition of moulting.At sublethal doses, subsequent instars bore lesions which lacked exocuticle and setae. Internally, the lesions consisted of wavy cuticle and thickened, vacuolated epidermis. These lesions were reversible because they regressed with moulting. Additional setae occurred in lesions of later instars where exocuticle had been initially lacking. In terms of irradiance, mortality, penetration, and persistence of lesions, the carbon dioxide laser was the most effective, the ruby laser was intermediate, and the neodymium laser the least effective.
THE STYLETS OF THE SIX-SPOTTED LEAFHOPPER, MACROSTELES FASCIFRONS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Forbes A. R. , Raine J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe morphology of the stylets of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), is described from light and transmission electron microscopy. The maxillary stylets are about 1/5 longer than the mandibular stylets. Both pairs of stylets contain central ducts running from their bases to their tips. The duct in the mandibular stylet is unbranched but that in the maxillary stylet bifurcates midway toward the tip. The mandibular duct contains 3 dendrites; the maxillary duct contains 5 dendrites. The fine structure of the dendrites is described.
OVICIDAL EFFECT IN THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), OF A SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE OF JUVENILE HORMONE
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTopical application of a synthetic juvenile hormone, 1-(4′-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-6,7-epoxy oct-2-ene, to the eggs of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, inhibits embryonic development. Both embryonic and post-embryonic mortality were observed. The construction of simulated ovipositional twigs used in collecting weevil eggs of known age is described. Possible physiological methods of controlling the weevil are discussed.
THE DIGESTIVE PROCESSES OF HAEMATOPHAGOUS INSECTS: IV. SECRETION OF TRYPSIN BY AEDES AEGYPTI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Gooding R. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThere is a correlation between the amount of blood ingested by Aedes aegypti (L.) and the trypsin activity (but not the chymotrypsin activity) in the midgut 16 and 24 hr after feeding. Puromycin and Dactinomycin ingested with a blood meal depress the level of midgut trypsin. Trypsin purified from the midguts of A. aegypti fed upon defibrinated blood containing 14C-amino acids contains radioactivity. Midguts from blood-fed mosquitoes did not produce significant amounts of trypsin when dissected from mosquitoes and maintained in a tissue culture medium for up to 50 hr.
ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Koehler Philip G. , Pimentel David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEconomic injury levels of the alfalfa weevil on alfalfa were investigated in New York State. The dry weight food consumption for the larval stage of the alfalfa weevil averaged 7.34 mg/larva. For every gram (dry weight) of alfalfa consumed, 1.59 g (live weight) in insect tissue was produced. In the laboratory, it was found that insect food consumption could account for only about 50% of the total weight loss in alfalfa plants after 10 days of larval feeding. Therefore, alfalfa weevil damage to alfalfa was more than the larval food consumption, and this was believed to be due to the loss of the plant’s photosynthetic potential. In the field on first growth alfalfa, the economic injury level was calculated to be 56 larvae/stem. First growth alfalfa was less severely injured by alfalfa weevil larvae than our second growth alfalfa infested with equal populations of alfalfa weevils. It was shown that first growth alfalfa was able to compensate for 87% of the insect feeding while second growth alfalfa could compensate for only 50%. Since the alfalfa plant’s capacity to compensate for alfalfa weevil feeding can vary due to environmental conditions and plant characteristics, economic injury levels must be adjustable. To provide more reliability to economic injury levels, we propose that in alfalfa the following seven measurements be made: (1) alfalfa weevil larval density; (2 and 3) parasites and predators of the weevil; (4) rainfall and moisture level; (5) plant nutrients; (6) alfalfa variety; and (7) stage and previous management of alfalfa stand.
THE NEMOBIINAE (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE) OF CANADA
Authors: Vickery V. R. , Johnstone D. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSix species of small crickets of the subfamily Nemobiinae are found in Canada. These are Allonemobius fasciatus (DeGeer), A. allardi (Alexander & Thomas), A. g. griseus (E. M. Walker), A. maculatus (Blatchley), Neonemobius palustris (Blatchley), and Eunemobius c. carolinus (Scudder). Synonymy is given and all distinctive taxonomic characters such as hind tibiae, concealed male genitalia, female ovipositors, male stridulatory veins, and audiospectrograms of stridulation are described and illustrated. A key to species is given and distribution maps are included.
NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE LIGHT BROWN APPLE MOTH, EPIPHYAS POSTVITTANA, IN THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
Authors: MacLellan C. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana Walker, is a highly polyphagous native pest of Australia that has recently caused widespread damage to pome, citrus, and vine crops in Victoria and Tasmania. Populations of the pest were followed in a young pesticide-free orchard for two seasons and showed a survival trend of less than 1% of the total eggs laid in each season. An evaluation of its natural enemies by numerical, serological, and forced feeding techniques showed that spiders, particularly the theridiid Achaearanea veruculata (Urquhart), were valuable predators and that they were supported by chrysopids and mirids for short periods of time. Egg, larval, and pupal parasites also contributed to mortality. Brief biological notes on some of the predators are given.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF TETROPIUM PARVULUM (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN ALBERTA
Authors: Raske A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe wood borer Tetropium parvulum Casey is an economically important borer of white and engelmann spruce logs in Alberta. It has a 1-year life cycle. The adults emerge in early summer, the larvae mature by September, overwinter in L-shaped galleries, and pupate in the spring. The L-shaped galleries penetrate the wood to an average of 25–35 mm. Four natural mortality factors were: a suspect disease, the parasite Rhimphoctona alaskensis (Ashmead), excess heat, and woodpeckers. Of these, the suspect disease was the most evident, killing 57% of the mature larvae in one sample.
HOST HEMOLYMPH CHEMICALS THAT INDUCE OVIPOSITION IN THE PARASITEITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Hegdekar B. M. , Arthur A. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA physiologically active fraction inducing oviposition inItoplectis conquisitor(Say), and isolated from the hemolymph of some insects, was studied in detail using hemolymph fromGalleria mellonella(L.) andCelerio euphorbiae(L.). The active fraction consisted of hexoses and some 19 common amino acids. The hexose component may act as a synergist in inducing oviposition while not all amino acids were necessary to induce oviposition.I.conquisitorlaid eggs in the hemolymph of species of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Trichoptera, but did not oviposit in the hemolymph of species belonging to Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Plecoptera, and Crustacea.
DIETARY REQUIREMENTS FOR MATING INCHRYSOPA OCULATA(NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe reproductive behaviour ofChrysopa oculataSay females shows a high degree of dependence on diet. Females remain unmated when maintained on a regimen of sugar and water, whereas they mate and produce fertile eggs when given pea aphids prior to pairing. In contrast, the males do not require a diet other than sugar and water in order to produce fertile matings. Pea aphids constitute suitable prey for continuous rearing.
THE EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL BLACKFLY (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) LARVICIDING WITH ABATE, DURSBAN, AND METHOXYCHLOR ON STREAM INVERTEBRATES
Authors: Wallace R. R. , West A. S. , Downe A. E. R. , Hynes H. B. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effects of Abate, Dursban, and Methoxychlor and their diluents on black-fly larvae and on “non-target” stream invertebrates were evaluated by means of cone, rock, Surber, and drift samples. Blackfly larvae were found in many post-treatment Surber samples, although concurrent cone and rock samples often indicated that blackfly larvae were either greatly reduced in numbers or eradicated from the streams. The insecticide diluents (H.A.N, and fuel oil) caused detachment of blackfly larvae from cones, but less than that obtained when insecticide was added.The heavy post-treatment drift of “non-target” invertebrates in treated streams is indicative of a considerable disturbance to the aquatic invertebrate community. However, post-treatment samples indicated that the “non-target” organisms studied were not eradicated from the streams.There were several indications that the catch of invertebrate drift was altered by pools, which possibly exerted a delaying action on drifters in the treated streams. Most of the drifting invertebrates found in post-treatment drift nets were dead.
SEASONAL EMERGENCE AND ACTIVITY OF MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN A HIGH-ARCTIC LOCALITY
Authors: Corbet Philip S. , Danks H. V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe emergence and adult activity ofAedes(Ochlerotatus)impigerandA. (O.)nigripesduring 1962–66 at Hazen Camp (81°49′ N., 71°18′ W.), Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., are described.The greater part of seasonal emergence (assayed by emergence traps) took place from shallow ponds during a period of 7–10 days, usually in early July. Emergence ofA.impigerbegan about 3 days earlier than that ofA.nigripes, and peak emergence of the two species was separated by about 4 days; males of both species normally emerged 1 or 2 days before the females. From each pond 80% of annual emergence usually occurred within 3 or 4 days. Pond-to-pond differences were correlated closely with water temperature, but delayed emergence occurred at the end of the emergence period in temporary ponds, as the ponds became dry. Year-to-year temperature differences altered both the seasonal position and the duration of emergence in a given pond by up to 10 days.The flight activity of adults (assayed by a Visual Attraction Trap and a Malaise Trap) was greatest shortly after the period of greatest emergence, but adults, especially females, were caught for more than a month after emergence had ended. Biting by females continued throughout this period, but swarming of males was more abbreviated, especially inA.impiger. The number of adults trapped fluctuated from day to day according to weather: flight was inhibited when maximum screen air temperatures were below about 5 °C. The interval required for ovarian maturation was about 9 days in both species, and some females completed at least three gonotrophic cycles. The successive cycles were detected in the population by analysis of sweep-net catches, the proportion of gravid females caught in the traps being affected considerably by weather. Successive gonotrophic cycles were well synchronized, like emergence, inA.nigripes; retention of eggs apparently obscured such synchrony inA.impiger.Feeding on nectar (of the flowerDryas integrifolia) was apparently needed by both sexes to maintain activity, at least upon emergence.Year-to-year differences in the numbers of adults emerging were correlated with the amount of flight, and hence reproductive activity, permitted by weather the previous year.These findings are summarized graphically (Fig. 21). Critical comments are made on the usefulness of some of the sampling methods employed. Some characteristic biological features of arctic mosquitoes, leading to prompt emergence in spring and permitting subsequent reproductive activity despite the low temperatures and variable weather of the summer, are discussed.
MATING BEHAVIOR OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): IV. COURTSHIP
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Bush Guy L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe results of systematically-conducted, mid- to late-season observations and experiments on large populations of apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), in apple and sour cherry trees revealed the following sequences in courtship behavior. When environmental conditions are favorable, sexually mature males and females fly to the host fruit, the site of assembly for mating and the site of oviposition. Either sex may initiate the flight which takes it to the particular fruit occupied by a member of the opposite sex. Such flights by males are often in response to the visual stimulus of a female (or male) moving about on a fruit, while such flights by females seem to be primarily in response to the fruit as a potential oviposition site. Once on the same fruit, a male and a female locate one another apparently solely through vision, particularly movement. They walk to within 1–3 cm of one another, but there is no tactile contact until such time as the male attempts copulation by jumping onto the back of the female from this distance.The position from which the copulatory jump is made is variable. Sometimes it is made from a face to face position, with one or both flies having waved its pictured wings at the other. Occasionally it is made from the side or from a flight from a nearby fruit directly onto a female’s abdomen. Most often however, it is made when a male is stimulated by the forward movement of a female, approaches her from the rear, and jumps onto her abdomen from the rear without the female having seen the male. Most copulation attempts, and especially most successful attempts, are initiated while the female is engaged in some phase of oviposition behavior. Males attempt copulation with other males just as often as with females, strongly suggesting that at least up until the time of tactile contact, males are unable to distinguish between the sexes. The fact that a number of male and female apple maggot flies was observed in copula with R. fausta flies in sour cherry trees suggests that neither sex may be able to discriminate too well between members of its own species and members of other species whose wing and body patterns are similar in appearance However males were usually, although not always, able to distinguish stable flies from apple maggot flies prior to tactile contact.We discuss the known and possible roles of various visual, chemical acoustical, and physical-tactile cues involved in the courtship behavior and suggest that the most important factor insuring reproductive isolation in apple maggot flies at the pre-copulatory stage may be the selection of the proper host plant for oviposition and hence for assembly for mating.
THE INCORPORATION OF LABORATORY-REARED GENETIC MATERIAL INTO A FIELD POPULATION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SHEEP BLOWFLY, LUCILIA CUPRINA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
Authors: Whitten M. J. , Foster G. G. , Kitching R. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCompetitiveness of laboratory-reared Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) has been examined under field conditions. The separate release of males and females each marked genetically and with fluorescent dust permitted estimates of dispersal, survival and mating competitiveness for both sexes. The ability of males to seek mates and introduce marker genes into a field population did not appear to be impaired as a result of several years of laboratory colonization. Released females were readily inseminated though suitable conditions did not exist for adequate assessment of their ability to produce offspring.
CONTROL OF OVERWINTERING STAGES OF MITES ON APPLES USING ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
Authors: Bond E. J. , Herne D. H. C. , Dumas T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOverwintering stages of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the McDaniel spider mite, Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor, on harvested apples were destroyed with ethylene dibromide using a dosage of 6 mg/l. for 4 h at 24 °C. Some control was achieved at lower temperatures but the dosage had to be increased accordingly. No injury of the fruit occurred. Taste tests showed that flavour of the apples was not adversely affected even after treatment with 10 mg/l. for 4 h.
SURVIVAL OF EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIAINA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), UNDER CAGED CONDITIONS IN A PONDEROSA PINE FOREST
Authors: Daterman G. E. , Carolin V. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe European pine shoot moth developed successfully on native lodgepole and ponderosa pines at central Oregon locations. Lodgepole and slow-growing ponderosa pine less than 6 ft in height were most susceptible to damage. Largely because of low winter temperatures, interior British Columbia, northern Washington, northeastern Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, and the Dakotas are not likely to experience Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) damage. In contrast, southern Oregon and northern California pine stands are highly susceptible.
A LABORATORY STUDY ON THE SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE OF FOUNDRESS ASSOCIATIONS IN POLISTES FUSCATUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)
Authors: Gibo David L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOverwintering adults of the social wasp Polistes fuscatus (Fabricius) were collected in the early spring and placed in nest boxes under controlled conditions. Colonies were initiated, and one-, two-, and three-foundress associations were formed. Successful single-foundress colonies were similar to successful multiple-foundress colonies in developmental time for immatures, nest size, and total production of offspring. Multiple-foundress colonies were more likely to produce offspring than were single-foundress colonies. Half of the foundress wasps failed to reproduce, either because the colony failed or because they were non-reproductive subordinates. Apparently, wasps that were likely to fail at reproduction tended to join colonies rather than to initiate colonies. The relevance of this data to hypotheses on the selective advantage of foundress associations is discussed.
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Reinhard H. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFive new genera and 27 new species of tachinid flies from North and South America are described as follows: Acemya favilla n. sp., Actinodoria argentata n. sp., Adoryphorophaga luxatura n. sp., A. secutoris n. sp., Aphantorhapha pulla n. sp., Belvosia naccina n. sp., Calolydella summatis n. sp., Catemophrys sororcula n. sp., Chaetona pictilis n. sp., Doliolomyia n. gen. (type-species D. thessa n. sp.), D. alactaga n. sp., Echinopyrrhosia arrogans n. sp., E. pellacis n. sp., Eomeigenielloides n. gen. (type-species E. segestris n. sp.), Euceromasia sobrina n. sp., Euempheremyia melotris n. sp., Eulasiopalpus mirimodis n sp., Eutrapelus n. gen. (type-species E. atlixcoensis n. sp.), Leucostoma fallax n. sp., L. politifrons n. sp., Lindigepalpus bogotensis n. sp, Lindigia oriunda n. sp., Melanepalpus meraculus n. sp., Myioclura n. gen. (type-species M. necopina n. sp.), M. melusina n. sp., Myiophasia harpi n. sp., Technamyia n. gen. (type-species T. cinereola n. sp.), Trichosaundersia callithrix n. sp.
POPULATION CHANGE IN AN OUTBREAK OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), IN CENTRAL ARIZONA
Authors: Mason Richard R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChanges in population density were evaluated over an outbreak cycle of the Douglas-fir tussock moth. Growth rate of populations was independent of larval density in the first year, but thereafter became a reciprocal function of density, terminated by complete population collapse at the end of the third year. Through correlation analyses, it was found that density of small larvae accounted for a large proportion of the change in population density between years. This suggests that the local infestations developed largely from resident populations of at least 2 years and not from spread of early instar larvae during the outbreak.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY, TRIALEURODES VAPORARIORUM (ALEYRODIDAE: HOMOPTERA), ON SHORT-TERM CROPS BY MANIPULATING BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS
Authors: Helgesen Robert G. , Tauber Maurice J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParasitized and unparasitized whitefly populations were sampled on a short-term crop (poinsettia) at 4–7 day intervals until crop harvest. Age-specific whitefly survivorship and parasite activity were evaluated in relation to various biotic and abiotic factors. Three critical factors influenced the outcome of the whitefly–Encarsia formosa interaction during short-term crop production. Commercially acceptable levels of control were achieved on poinsettia by (a) introducing parasites during the first 40 days of crop production, as pupae, when small scales were abundant, (b) introducing sufficient parasite pupae to develop a ratio of one adult parasite for every 30 large whitefly scales, and (c) maintaining an average temperature of 23.3 °C (74°F).