bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning the way to blood: first evidence of dual olfactory conditioning in a blood-sucking insect, Rhodnius prolixus. II. Aversive learning
Authors: Vinauger Clément , Buratti Laura , Lazzari Claudio R. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY
After having demonstrated that blood-sucking bugs are able to associate a behaviourally neutral odour (l-lactic acid) with positive reinforcement (i.e. appetitive conditioning) in the first part of this study, we tested whether these insects were also able to associate the same odour with a negative reinforcement (i.e. aversive conditioning). Learned aversion to host odours has been repeatedly suggested as a determinant for the distribution of disease vectors among host populations. Nevertheless, no experimental evidence has been obtained so far. Adapting a classical conditioning approach to our haematophagous model, we trained larvae of Rhodnius prolixus to associate l-lactic acid, an odour perceived by bugs but behaviourally neutral when presented alone, with a mechanical perturbation (i.e. negative reinforcement). Naive bugs and bugs exposed to CS, punishment, or CS and punishment without contingency remained indifferent to the presence of an air stream loaded with l-lactic acid (random orientation on a locomotion compensator), whereas the groups previously exposed to the contingency CS–punishment were significantly repelled by l-lactic acid. In a companion paper, the opposite, i.e. attraction, was induced in bugs exposed to the contingency of the same odour with a positive reinforcement. These constitute the first pieces of evidence of olfactory conditioning in triatomine bugs and the first demonstration that the same host odour can be used by insects that are disease vectors to learn to recognize either a host to feed on or a potentially defensive one. The orientation mechanism during repulsion is also discussed in light of our results.
Knowledgeable individuals lead collective decisions in ants
Authors: Stroeymeyt Nathalie , Franks Nigel R. , Giurfa Martin 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY
Self-organisation underlies many collective processes in large animal groups, where coordinated patterns and activities emerge at the group level from local interactions among its members. Although the importance of key individuals acting as effective leaders has recently been recognised in certain collective processes, it is widely believed that self-organised decisions are evenly shared among all or a subset of individuals acting as decision-makers, unless there are significant conflicts of interests among group members. Here, we show that certain individuals are disproportionately influential in self-organised decisions in a system where all individuals share the same interests: nest site selection by the ant Temnothorax albipennis. Workers that visited a good available nest site prior to emigration (the familiar nest) memorised its location, and later used this memory to navigate efficiently and find that nest faster than through random exploration. Additionally, these workers relied on their private information to expedite individual decisions about the familiar nest. This conferred a bias in favour of familiar nests over novel nests during emigrations. Informed workers were shown to have a significantly greater share in both recruitment and transport to the familiar nest than naïve workers. This suggests that they were the main determinants of the collective preference for familiar nests, and thus contributed greatly to enhance collective performance. Overall, these results indicate that self-organised decisions are not always evenly shared among decision-makers, even in systems where there are no conflicts of interest. Animal groups may instead benefit from well-informed, knowledgeable individuals acting as leaders in decisions.
Structural characterization of arbidol®
Authors: Chernyshev Vladimir V. , Davlyatshin Dmitry I. , Shpanchenko Roman V. , Nosyrev Pavel V. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Crystal structures of two compounds – 1-methyl-2-phenylthiomethyl-3-carbethoxy-4-dimetylaminomethyl-5-hydroxy-6-bromoindole (1) and its hydrochloride monohydrate (2), known also as antiviral drug arbidol®, were determined from single-crystal and powder diffraction data, respectively. In 1, the hydroxyl and dimethyläamino groups are involved in a strong intramolecular O—H…N hydrogen bond [O…N 2.550(4) Å]. In 2, the protonation site is dimethylamino group but not the carbon bearing the ester group.
Application of the material flow analysis method for evaluating Strategic Sanitation Plan in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Fada N'Gourma–Burkina Faso
Authors: Yiougo Lydie , Koanda Halidou , Luethi Christoph , Wéthé Joseph 
Published: August 2011

In the context of rapid urbanization across Sub-Saharan Africa there is a critical need for more robust decision-making between different ways of providing sanitation services in existing and new peri-urban areas. In several countries, authorities tried to find solutions by developing strategies to address sanitation problems in the form of Strategic Sanitation Plans. In Burkina, Strategic Sanitation Plans have been elaborated and implemented since the 1990s. Fada N'Gourma, a secondary city in Burkina, also adopted a Strategic Plan for wastewater and excreta management in 2006. In this study we use material flow analysis as a decision making tool to verify technology options of the Plan. A model was developed and data was collected in order to assess material and nitrogen flows. The status quo situation was compared to scenario based on the proposals made in the Sanitation Plan.
Results show that the technology options which were recommended improved human health in the short term. However, the options led to groundwater pollution in the medium term. Compared to the current situation, matter and nitrogen flows would increase by 7% and 7.4% respectively in groundwater. It is thus concluded that the proposed options will not achieve the Plan's stated objectives of environmental protection.
The evolutionarily conserved MOS4-associated complex
Authors: Johnson Kaeli , Dong Oliver , Li Xin 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Recent work in plant immunity has shown that MOS4, a known intermediate in R protein mediated resistance, is a core member of the nuclear MOS4-associated complex (MAC). This complex is highly conserved in eukaryotes, as orthologous complexes known as the CDC5L-SNEVPrp19-Pso4 complex and the Nineteen complex (NTC) were previously identified in human and yeast, respectively. The involvement of these complexes in pre-mRNA splicing and spliceosome assembly suggests that the MAC probably has a similar function in plants. Double mutants of any two MAC components are lethal, whereas single mutants of the MAC core components mos4, Atcdc5, mac3, and prl1 are all viable and display pleiotropic defects. This suggests that while the MAC is required for some essential biological function such as splicing, individual MAC components are not crucial for complex functionality and likely have regulatory roles in other biological processes such as plant immunity and flowering time control. Future studies on MAC components in Arabidopsis will provide further insight into the regulatory mechanisms of the MAC on specific biological processes.
Linking diversity to function: highlight on the mineral weathering bacteria
Authors: Uroz Stéphane , Frey-Klett Pascale 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
What is the best way to identify new functions for which we currently know nothing? Here, we discuss the importance of combining cultivation-dependent and -independent approaches to identify new functions and new genes. We argue that although the cultivationdependent approach is presently viewed as an “old fashioned”, focusing only on a limited proportion of the total bacterial communities, it remains essential to the characterization as well as the discovery of new potential functions in bacteria. This will allow us to highlight potential model bacterial strains for further genomic and genetic studies and to identify genes of interest. By illustrating an example of a function for which our current knowledge is so far limited, mineral weathering, we highlight different steps necessary to study of the mineral weathering bacterial communities, decipher their respective role as well as their distribution in various ecological niches of the soil.
Non-erythroid beta spectrin interacting proteins and their effects on spectrin tetramerization
Authors: Sevinc Akin , Fung Leslie 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWith yeast two-hybrid methods, we used a C-terminal fragment (residues 1697–2145) of non-erythroid beta spectrin (βII-C), including the region involved in the association with alpha spectrin to form tetramers, as the bait to screen a human brain cDNA library to identify proteins interacting with βII-C. We applied stringent selection steps to eliminate false positives and identified 17 proteins that interacted with βII-C (IPβII-C s). The proteins include a fragment (residues 38–284) of “THAP domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 3, isoform CRA g”, “glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 2” (residues 1-478), a fragment (residues 74–442) of septin 8 isoform c, a fragment (residues 704–953) of “coatomer protein complex, subunit beta 1, a fragment (residues 146–614) of zinc-finger protein 251, and a fragment (residues 284–435) of syntaxin binding protein 1. We used yeast three-hybrid system to determine the effects of these βII-C interacting proteins as well as of 7 proteins previously identified to interact with the tetramerization region of non-erythroid alpha spectrin (IPαII-N s) [1] on spectrin tetramer formation. The results showed that 3 IPβII-C s were able to bind βII-C even in the presence of αII-N, and 4 IPαII-N s were able to bind αII-N in the presence of βII-C. We also found that the syntaxin binding protein 1 fragment abolished αII-N and βII-C interaction, suggesting that this protein may inhibit or regulate non-erythroid spectrin tetramer formation.
A commentary on the shape of loess particles assuming a spatial exponential distribution for the cracks in quartz
Authors: Howarth John 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAn important property of loess is a tendency to collapse on loading and wetting (hydroconsolidation) which can have serious consequences worldwide for civil engineering projects. Randomly generated particles are classified according to Zingg shape categories: disc, sphere, blade and rod. This paper differs from the previous by the same author [8] in that a uniform distribution is no longer assumed for the underlying spatial distribution. Randomly placed faults in the quartz mother-rock lead naturally to an exponential distribution for the linear dimension of the basic particle. Monte Carlo processes and analytical formulae are used to calculate the average dimensions for particles in the blade category, into which most loess has been shown to fall.
Women With Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction Have Diminished Ankle and Hip Muscle Performance
Authors: Kulig Kornelia , Popovich John M. , Noceti-Dewit Lisa M. , Reischl Stephen F. , Kim Dong 
Published: September 2011

Study Design Controlled laboratory study using a cross-sectional design. Objectives To characterize ankle and hip muscle performance in women with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) and compare them to matched controls. We hypothesized that ankle plantar flexor strength, and hip extensor and abductor strength and endurance, would be diminished in women with PTTD and this impairment would be on the side of dysfunction. Background Individuals with PTTD demonstrate impaired walking abilities. Walking gait is strongly dependent on the performance of calf and hip musculature. Methods Thirty-four middle-aged women (17 with PTTD) participated. Ankle plantar flexor strength was assessed with the single-leg heel raise test. Hip muscle performance, including strength and endurance, were dynamometrically measured. Differences between groups and sides were assessed with a mixed-model analysis of variance. Results Females with PTTD performed significantly fewer single-leg heel raises and repeated sagittal and frontal plane non-weight-bearing leg lifts, and also had lower hip extensor and abductor torques than age-matched controls. There were no differences between sides for hip strength and endurance measures for either group, but differences between sides in ankle strength measures were noted in both groups. Conclusion Women with PTTD demonstrated decreased ankle and hip muscle performance bilaterally. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(9):687–694. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3427
Clozapine Use and Outcomes among Patients with Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia
Authors: El-Badri Selim , Mellsop Graham 
Published: August 2011

Objective: The phenomenology of patients with schizophrenia is similar world-wide, regardless of culture. However, the prognosis is variable both internationally and within national groups of patients. Furthermore, despite advances in pharmacological treatment, a significant proportion of patients with schizophrenia continue to show residual symptoms and disabilities due to poor response to antipsychotic medication. This study retrospectively assessed differences in outcome by gender, ethnicity and age among a group of treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. Method: Patients in the catchment (350 000 people) of a single New Zealand public mental health provider (Waikato) formed the study group. Information concerning demographic profiles, Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) ratings and details of Clozapine usage were extracted from clinical records and the data base. Results: Gender, ethnicity and age did not emerge as significantly associated with any of the outcome variables except for the 30–40 year olds having more improvement on overactivity/aggression ratings than younger or older patients. Conclusions: Despite these negative results in the New Zealand context, there remain many unanswered questions about the higher rate of service use by Maori. Replication of this study on a larger cohort of patients may be indicated before discarding the idea of potential links between ethnicity, treatment choice and outcomes.
Dangerous “Spin”: the Probability Myth of Evidence-Based Prescribing – a Merleau-Pontyian Approach
Authors: Morstyn Ron 
Published: September 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine logical positivist statistical probability statements used to support and justify “evidence-based” prescribing rules in psychiatry when viewed from the major philosophical theories of probability, and to propose “phenomenological probability” based on Maurice Merleau-Ponty's philosophy of “phenomenological positivism” as a better clinical and ethical basis for psychiatric prescribing. Conclusions: The logical positivist statistical probability statements which are currently used to support “evidence-based” prescribing rules in psychiatry have little clinical or ethical justification when subjected to critical analysis from any of the major theories of probability and represent dangerous “spin” because they necessarily exclude the individual, intersubjective and ambiguous meaning of mental illness. A concept of “phenomenological probability” founded on Merleau-Ponty's philosophy of “phenomenological positivism” overcomes the clinically destructive “objectivist” and “subjectivist” consequences of logical positivist statistical probability and allows psychopharmacological treatments to be appropriately integrated into psychiatric treatment.
Chiari malformation associated with craniosynostosis
Authors: Strahle Jennifer , Muraszko Karin M. , Buchman Steven R. , Kapurch Joseph , Garton Hugh J. L. , Maher Cormac O. 
Published: September 2011

Object
Chiari malformation (CM) Type I is frequently associated with craniosynostosis. Optimal management of CM in patients with craniosynostosis is not well-established. The goal of this study was to report on a series of pediatric patients with both craniosynostosis and CM and discuss their management.

Methods
The authors searched the medical records of 383 consecutive patients treated for craniosynostosis at a single institution over a 15-year period to identify those with CM. They recorded demographic data as well as surgical treatment and outcomes for these patients. When MR imaging was performed, cerebellar tonsillar descent was recorded and any other associated findings, such as hydrocephalus or spinal syringes, were noted.

Results
A total of 29 patients with both CM and craniosynostosis were identified. Of these cases, 28% had associated occipital venous abnormalities, 45% were syndromic, and 52% also had hydrocephalus. Chiari malformation was more likely to be present in those patients with isolated lambdoid synostosis (55%), multisuture synostosis (35%), and pansynostosis (80%), compared with patients with coronal synostosis (6%) or sagittal synostosis (3%). All patients underwent surgical repair of craniosynostosis: 16 had craniosynostosis repair as well as CM decompression, and 13 patients did not undergo CM decompression. Of the 7 patients in whom craniosynostosis repair alone was performed, 5 had decreased tonsillar ectopia postoperatively and 5 had improved CSF flow studies postoperatively. Both patients with a spinal syrinx had imaging-documented syrinx regression after craniosynostosis repair. In 12 patients in whom CM was diagnosed after primary craniosynostosis repair, 5 had multiple cranial vault expansions and evidence of elevated intracranial pressure. In 5 cases, de novo CM development was documented following craniosynostosis repair at a mean of 3.5 years after surgery.

Conclusions
Chiari malformation is frequently seen in patients with both multi- and single-suture lambdoid craniosynostosis. Chiari malformation, and even a spinal cord syrinx, will occasionally resolve following craniofacial repair. De novo development of CM after craniosynostosis repair is not unusual.
Pseudo-spin Symmetry for Relativistic-Hyperbolic Problem and Tensor Potential
Authors: Eshghi M. 
Published: September 2011

We study the relativistic equation of spin-1/2 particles under the hyperbolic potential and a Coulomb-like tensor potential. By using the generalized parametric of the Nikiforov-Uvarov method and the pseudo-spin symmetry, we obtain the energy eigenvalues equation and the corresponding unnormalized wave functions. Some numerical results are given, too.Keywords: Dirac equation; Tensor potential; Pseudo-spin symmetry; Nikiforov-Uvarov.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserveddoi:10.3329/jsr.v3i3.8071 J. Sci. Res. 3 (3), 503-510 (2011
Effets des formations professionnelles et des aides à l'embauche : exploitation d'une enquête auprès d'employeurs belges
Authors: Van der Linden Bruno 
Published: September 2011

Effets des formations professionnelles et des aides à l'embauche :
exploitation d'une enquête auprès d'employeurs belges
par Bruno Van der Linden
Au départ d'une enquête auprès d'employeurs, cet article estime tout d'abord l'importance des effets de perte sèche et de substitution engendrés par les subsides à l'embauche et les formations professionnelles de chômeurs. Il s'intéresse ensuite à l'influence de ces politiques sur la durée d'embauché. La fréquence de l'effet de perte sèche s'élève à 53 % pour les subsides à l'embauche et 35 % pour les formations. Les subsides à l'embauche engendrent de la substitution dans 35 % des cas. L'effet des politiques sur la durée d'embauché est sensible au choix de la distribution de l'hétérogénéité non observée. La participation aux politiques favorise un allongement de la durée d'occupation mais seul l'effet des formations subsidiées en entreprise est significativement différent de zéro.
L'allocation de parent isolé : une prestation sous influences. Une analyse de la durée de perception
Authors: Afsa Cédric 
Published: September 2011

L'allocation de parent isolé : une prestation sous influences. Une analyse de la durée de perception
par Cédric Afsa
L'allocation de parent isolé (API) est un minimum social versé pour une durée limitée, destiné aux femmes enceintes ou aux parents (des mères, en règle générale) qui se retrouvent seul(e)s à élever leurs enfants. L'analyse des données extraites des fichiers des caisses d'allocations familiales (CAF), organismes versant l'API, montre une grande dispersion des durées effectives de perception de l'allocation. D'ailleurs, environ 60 % des femmes sortent de l'API de manière anticipée, sans atteindre le terme légal. De plus, la durée de perception est elle-même sensible à divers facteurs socio-démographiques, individuels ou de contexte (comme le taux de chômage local). À cette variabilité s'ajoute une hétérogénéité des comportements, non observable sur les données à notre disposition, et que des études qualitatives ont mis en évidence.
Les ONG : acteurs d'une « gestion disputée » des services de base dans les villes africaines ?
Authors: Dorier-Apprill Élisabeth , Meynet Cécilia 
Published: August 2011

Résumé Dans le cadre des principes de « bonne gouvernance », le système de gestion déléguée des services urbains de base auprès de petites ONG ou groupements s’est généralisé dans les villes africaines engendrant la multiplication de ces intervenants privés de type associatif. Dans les villes du Mali et du Bénin, après que les services municipaux en faillite en ont été dessaisis, des prestations de proximité comme la collecte des déchets ménagers ou l’entretien des rues sont systématiquement confiées à de petits opérateurs locaux sous contrat qui ont généralement le statut d’ONG. On s’intéressera ici à la complexité des trajectoires et du jeu d’acteurs de ces ONG et de la compétition qui en résulte sur les territoires urbains de leurs interventions, territoires d’intervention souvent âprement disputés et concurrentiels. Ces ONG sont à la fois fragiles et très souples, souvent extrêmement polyvalentes, capables de changer d’orientation, de domaine de spécialisation ou d’aire d’intervention au gré des grandes orientations des bailleurs de développement. Les tensions internes ne sont pas absentes de ces petits groupes locaux. Mais au-delà de ces péripéties, leur trajectoire montre de remarquables capacités d’adaptation au contexte, aux normes internationales et aux opportunités de financement, autant qu’une efficacité sociale indéniable dans la redistribution sociale du travail et des ressources et dans l’autopromotion de jeunes entreprenants qui parviennent ainsi à acquérir une visibilité et à s’insérer sur le marché de l’emploi formel.
Victimes dans l'ombre de la loi
Authors: Bumiller Kristin , Bereni Laure , Chappe Vincent-Arnaud , Lacalmontie Séverine , Corson Francis 
Published: August 2011

Résumé Initialement publié dans la revue Signs en 1987, l’article de Kristin Bumiller traduit dans le cadre de ce dossier combine une approche critique de l’idéologie du droit héritière des Critical legal studies avec une démarche de sociologie empirique et compréhensive qui préfigure certains aspects du courant des Legal consciousness studies . En s’appuyant sur une enquête par entretiens approfondis, Bumiller restitue finement le sens que revêt le droit pour des personnes qui estiment avoir subi des discriminations, et qui n’ont pas, pour la plupart, porté plainte devant les tribunaux. Elle livre une vision très pessimiste du « modèle de la protection juridique », incapable de protéger, selon elle, les victimes de discriminations, placées dans l’entrelacement des rapports sociaux de genre, de classe et de race. Elle montre que celles-ci anticipent les coûts psychologiques et matériels d’une plainte ainsi que leurs faibles chances d’obtenir gain de cause, et préfèrent se penser au prisme valorisant de « survivantes » de la discrimination, plutôt qu’à celui – socialement dégradant – de victimes.