bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of flow and velocity during dynamic autoregulation testing in humans.
Authors: Newell D W , Aaslid R , Lam A , Mayberg T S , Winn H R 
Published: June 2011

We compared relative changes in middle cerebral artery velocity and internal carotid artery flow during autoregulation testing to test the validity of using transcranial Doppler recordings of middle cerebral artery velocity to evaluate cerebral autoregulation in humans.
Seven human volunteers had dynamic autoregulation tested during surgical procedures that included exposure of the internal carotid artery. The mean arterial blood pressure and middle cerebral artery velocity spectral outline (Vmax), using transcranial Doppler, and ipsilateral internal carotid artery flow, using an electromagnetic flowmeter, were continuously and simultaneously recorded during transient sharp decreases in blood pressure that were induced by rapid deflation of thigh blood pressure cuffs. The resulting responses of velocity in the middle cerebral artery and flow in the internal carotid artery were compared.
Moderate decreases in blood pressure evoked responses in cerebral autoregulation. There were no significant (P = .97) differences between the responses in middle cerebral artery velocity and internal carotid artery flow to the blood pressure decreases.
Relative changes in Vmax accurately reflect relative changes in internal carotid artery flow during dynamic autoregulation testing in humans. Therefore, alterations in middle cerebral artery diameter do not occur to the extent that they introduce a significant error in making these comparisons.
Postischemic administration of an anti-Mac-1 antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.
Authors: Chopp M , Zhang R L , Chen H , Li Y , Jiang N , Rusche J R 
Published: June 2011

Postischemic cerebral inflammation may contribute to ischemic cell damage. The CD11b/18 (Mac-1) integrin mediates stimulated neutrophil binding to endothelia. We therefore investigated the effect of administration of an anti-Mac-1 monoclonal antibody on cerebral ischemic cell damage in the rat.
Rats (n = 10) were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion; the anti-Mac-1 antibody was administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg i.v. at 1 hour of reperfusion and 1 mg/kg i.v. at 22 hours of reperfusion or an isotype-matched control antibody (n = 10) was administered using the same experimental protocol. Rats were killed at 46 hours of reperfusion, and brain sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological evaluation. In a separate population of rats given either vehicle (n = 8) or anti-Mac-1 antibodies (n = 9), intraparenchymal neutrophils were measured by means of a myeloperoxidase assay.
The lesion volume was significantly smaller (28%) in the anti-Mac-1 antibody group compared with the vehicle control group (P < .01). Numbers of intraparenchymal polymorphonuclear cells were significantly reduced (P < .05) in the cortex of the anti-Mac-1 antibody group compared with the vehicle control group.
Our data demonstrate that administration of anti-Mac-1 antibody 1 hour after onset of reperfusion results in significant reductions of ischemic cell damage and intraparenchymal neutrophils after transient (2-hour) focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.
Neurovascular manifestations of heritable connective tissue disorders. A review.
Authors: Schievink W I , Michels V V , Piepgras D G 
Published: June 2011

Heritable disorders of connective tissue are recognized in a small minority of patients with neurovascular diseases. In this report, we review the neurovascular manifestations of four heritable connective tissue disorders: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan's syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum, as well as two other systemic disorders with potential vascular manifestations: neurofibromatosis and polycystic kidney disease.
Typical neurovascular complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are carotid-cavernous fistulae, intracranial aneurysms, and cervical artery dissections. Arterial dissections and intracranial aneurysms cause the majority of neurovascular symptoms in Marfan's syndrome. Neurovascular disease is uncommon in osteogenesis imperfecta, although carotid-cavernous fistulae and vertebral artery dissections have been reported. Neurovascular disease in pseudoxanthoma elasticum is characterized by intracranial aneurysms and cerebral ischemia caused by premature arterial occlusive disease. Intracranial occlusive arterial disease is the most common neurovascular manifestation of neurofibromatosis, followed by cervical arteriovenous fistulae and aneurysms and intracranial aneurysms. Intracranial aneurysms are the hallmark of polycystic kidney disease.
Recognition of an underlying generalized connective tissue disorder may be of considerable importance, although marked phenotypic heterogeneity often complicates the diagnosis of these disorders. Conversely, the association of certain neurovascular anomalies with generalized connective tissue disorders and recognition of their basic molecular defect may offer clues to the etiology and pathogenesis of these neurovascular diseases in general.
Similar motor recovery of upper and lower extremities after stroke.
Authors: Duncan P W , Goldstein L B , Horner R D , Landsman P B , Samsa G P , Matchar D B 
Published: June 2011

This study examined the validity of the clinical tenet that poststroke recovery of the upper extremity is less rapid and complete than poststroke recovery of the lower extremity. Previous studies comparing upper and lower extremity recovery have evaluated disability rather than motor impairment. Individuals with lower extremity impairments may be more functional and appear less disabled than individuals with upper extremity impairments. Function of the upper extremity requires finer motor control, for which the patient can less readily compensate. Therefore, impairments and disability would predictably be more highly correlated in this area. We tested the hypothesis that upper and lower extremity motor recovery are similar.
The 95 patients selected for this study were enrolled in the Durham County Stroke Study and had been diagnosed with anterior circulation ischemic stroke. Each subject received Fugl-Meyer assessments within 24 hours of admission and then 5, 30, 90, and 180 days after stroke. We used these assessments to compare the time course and patterns of motor function of the upper and lower extremities.
Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that percent maximal motor recovery was significantly (P < .001) affected by time after stroke but not by extremity (upper extremity versus lower extremity) (P = .32). When stroke severity level is controlled, the upper and lower extremities continue to show no difference in percent motor recovery (P = .19).
In patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke, the severity of motor impairment and the patterns of motor recovery are similar for the upper and lower extremities. The most rapid recovery for both extremities occurs within 30 days.
Mechanisms of vasodilation of cerebral vessels induced by the potassium channel opener nicorandil in canine in vivo experiments.
Authors: Ishiyama T , Dohi S , Iida H , Akamatsu S , Ohta S , Shimonaka H 
Published: June 2011

Nicorandil, a potent antianginal agent characterized as a potassium channel opener, could produce cerebrovascular dilation in in vitro studies. Our aim was to investigate the pharmacologic response to the topical application of nicorandil on the vasomotor tone of pial vessels in vivo. To elucidate its mechanism, we also studied the inhibitory action of methylene blue and glibenclamide against nicorandil-induced vasodilation.
In 14 dogs prepared with a parietal cranial window, we administered five different concentrations of nicorandil solution (10(-7), 10(-6), 10(-5), 10(-4), and 10(-3) mol/L) under the window and measured pial arterial and venular diameters. After pretreating pial vessels with either 10(-5) mol/L methylene blue or 10(-5) mol/L glibenclamide, we examined inhibitory action after the application of 10(-5) mol/L nicorandil. In additional experiments with 9 dogs, we evaluated the effects of nitroglycerin and cromakalim on pial vessels in the absence or presence of 10(-5) mol/L methylene blue and 10(-5) mol/L glibenclamide, respectively.
Nicorandil produced significant, concentration-dependent dilation of pial vessels (P < .05). Methylene blue blocked nicorandil-induced dilation, whereas glibenclamide only attenuated such action of nicorandil. Nitroglycerin and cromakalim also produced a concentration-dependent increase in pial arteriolar and venular diameters (P < .05), and those effects were blocked in the presence of methylene blue or glibenclamide, respectively.
Our in vivo study demonstrates that topical application of nicorandil dilates both pial arterioles and venules in a concentration-dependent manner and suggests that the mechanisms of such actions are most likely due to both cyclic GMP-mediated vascular smooth muscle dilation and the regulation of K+ flux.
Reduced blood-brain barrier permeability after cardiac arrest by conjugated superoxide dismutase and catalase in piglets.
Authors: Schleien C L , Eberle B , Shaffner D H , Koehler R C , Traystman R J 
Published: June 2011

Cardiac arrest and resuscitation in immature piglets result in a delayed increase in blood-brain barrier permeability. We tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with oxygen radical scavengers reduces postischemic permeability.
Permeability was assessed by measuring the plasma-to-brain transfer coefficient of the small amino acid, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, in 2- to 3-week-old anesthetized piglets. Three groups were studied: (1) a nonischemic time control group (n = 5), (2) an ischemia group (n = 8) pretreated with 5 mL of polyethylene glycol vehicle, and (3) an ischemia group (n = 8) pretreated with polyethylene glycol conjugated to superoxide dismutase (10,000 U/kg) and to catalase (20,000 U/kg). The ischemia protocol consisted of 8 minutes of ventricular fibrillation, 6 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, defibrillation, and 4 hours of spontaneous circulation.
The mean +/- SEM of the transfer coefficient of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in cerebrum was (in microL/g per minute): 1.54 +/- 0.37 in the nonischemic group, 2.04 +/- 0.26 in the ischemia group treated with vehicle, and 1.29 +/- 0.25 in the ischemia group treated with oxygen radical scavengers. Postischemic values with scavenger treatment were significantly lower than those with vehicle treatment in cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla and cervical spinal cord.
Pretreatment with oxygen radical scavengers reduces postischemic blood-brain barrier permeability by a small amino acid. These data are consistent with oxygen radical-mediated dysfunction of cerebral endothelium in a pediatric model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
The Outcome for patients With Cerebrovascular Disease in University and Community Hospitals
Authors: CARPENTER ROBERT R. , REED DAVID E. 
Published: June 2011

Medical records form 1,117 cases of cerebrovascular disese from a university and four community hospitals contained data adequate to define the care process, case severity and rates of death and disability (outcome) for patients with certain stroke syndromes. Outcome for patients with "acute stroke" and "vague syndrome" attributed to stroke was different according to the patient's hospital and attending physician.
The more frequent case fatality among generalists' patients with vague syndrome was related to case severity; generalists' patients were older and more severely obtunded. Different fatality rates for acute stroke according to the patients's attending physician and hospital, and for vague syndrome according to hospital, were not explained by differences in case severity. Instead, these rates correlated with the care used to prevent, dagnose and treat pneumonia.
Examination of the care process for these stroke patients also suggested: (a)that the brain scan and electroencephalogram can be used less frequently in some hospitals in cases of acute stroke, (b) that a more careful neurological examination and other diagnostic work is needed for young or comatose patients with vague syndrome, (c) that oral papaverine is used with unnecessary frequency, and (d) that the indications for anticoagulation of stroke patients should be reviewed.
Impaired Neurogenic Cerebrovascular Control and Dysautoregulation After Stroke
Authors: MEYER JOHN STIRLING , SHIMAZU KUNIO , FUKUUCHI YASUO , OHUCHI TADAO , OKAMOTO SHIGEMICHI , KOTO ATSUO , ERICSSON ARTHUR DALE 
Published: June 2011

Cerebral autoregulation was tested in 32 patients with various anatomical locations and stages of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was raised or lowered in a standard manner by the use of head-up tilting (induced hypotension) and head-down tilting (induced hypertension). Any impairment of cerebral autoregulation was analyzed quantitatively by the ratio of the change in cerebral blood flow (CBF) over the change in CPP. There was significant correlation between the degree of dysautoregulation whether CPP was increased or decreased. An inverse correlation was shown between the degree of dysautoregulation and the duration after the ischemic episode during both induced hypotension and hypertension. Patients with brainstem lesions including those with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) showed a greater impairment of autoregulation which persisted longer than those with hemispheric lesions. Patients with severe cerebral hemispheric infarction showed greater impairment of autoregulation than those with minor hemispheric lesions. Dysautoregulation also was greater in patients with subcortical lesions compared to those with cortical lesions.
Hypertensive patients showed significantly greater decreases in CBF and effective MABP during induced hypotension than normotensive patients although autoregulation index was the same. Thus, symptoms are more frequent in hypertensives because of greater changes in CPP.
Paradoxical responses in CBF to changes in CPP occurred in six patients. These were noted in moderately severe lesions in relatively young patients with hypertension and deeply located cerebral or brainstem lesions in the subacute stage. The mechanisms which control cerebral autoregulation were discussed and the nervous structures situated in the deep cerebral regions and brainstem, possibly the central structures of the autonomic nervous system, were proposed to control autoregulation of CBF.
Middle Cerebral Artery Embolectomy and Prolonged Widespread Vasospasm
Authors: KHODADAD G. 
Published: June 2011

Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured aneurysms has been discussed extensively during the past decade. Spasm involving the cerebral arteries also has been described in severe head injuries, infections, hypertensive encephalopathy and migraine. However, it has not been reported in cerebral embolism or following reconstructive cerebrovascular operations.
Widespread and prolonged cerebral vasospasm was recently observed angiographically in a 40-year-old patient two weeks after a middle cerebral artery embolectomy. Although the repaired artery was patent, the patient's neurological recovery was slow and incomplete.
With the increasing interest in cerebral microvascular procedures, more examples of vasospasm may be seen in the future. Its frequency and possible ill effects on neurological recovery and patency of the repaired artery, nevertheless, cannot be evaluated with certainty unless early postoperative angiograms are carried out.
Amaurosis Fugax: A Clinical Comparison
Authors: SLEPYAN DAVID H. , RANKIN ROBERT M. , STAHLER CHRISTOPHER , GIBBONS GERALD E. 
Published: June 2011

Amaurosis fugax (transient monocular blindness) is a symptom of retinal ischemia just as contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss are symptoms of cerebral ischemia. These symptoms are produced by atherosclerotic stenosis of the carotid vessels at the ipsilateral carotid bifurcation and emboli from these areas causing focal, repetitive, retinal ischemia.
A study of 31 endarterectomy patients was undertaken to see if eight patients with amaurosis fugax (25%) could be differentiated from 22 patients with transient cerebral ischemia. The patients with amaurosis fugax were found to be younger. They all had 75% or greater stenosis of the internal carotid artery at the bifurcation on the symptomatic side. They all had unilateral visual symptoms and these symptoms were relieved by surgery. The patients with amaurosis fugax were devoid of cardiac disease, while 45% of the cerebral ischemic patients had documented myocardial disease.
Amaurosis fugax (transient monocular blindness) in the setting of clinically significant atheroslerosis of the carotid vessels is an indication for carotid endarterectomy.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and the Risk of Stroke
Authors: Wieberdink Renske G. , Ho Lintje , Ikram M. Kamran , Koudstaal Peter J. , Hofman Albert , de Jong Paulus T.V.M. , Vingerling Johannes R. , Breteler Monique M.B. 
Published: June 2011

Background and Purpose—
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and stroke are both frequent diseases in the elderly. A link between AMD and stroke has been suggested, because both disorders have many risk factors in common. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between AMD and stroke and the subtypes cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage in the general elderly population.

Methods—
This study was part of the population-based Rotterdam Study and included 6207 participants aged ≥55 years who were stroke-free at baseline (1990 to 1993). Signs of AMD were assessed on fundus photographs at baseline and at regular follow-up examinations and were categorized in 5 stages (0 to 4) representing an increasing severity. Late AMD (Stage 4) was subdivided into dry and wet AMD. Follow-up for incident stroke was complete up to January 1, 2007. Data were analyzed using time-dependent Cox regression models adjusted for age, sex, and potential confounders.

Results—
During a median follow-up of 13.6 years, 726 participants developed a stroke (397 cerebral infarction, 59 intracerebral hemorrhage, 270 unspecified). Late AMD was associated with an increased risk of any stroke (hazard ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.26) due to a strong association with intracerebral hemorrhage (hazard ratio, 6.11; 95% CI, 2.34 to 15.98). In contrast, late AMD was not associated with cerebral infarction. Earlier AMD stages were not associated with risk of stroke or any of its subtypes.

Conclusions—
We found that late AMD is strongly associated with intracerebral hemorrhage, but not with cerebral infarction, in the general elderly population.
The Trouble with the Inclusive Jesus
Authors: Bockmuehl Markus 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn the long-standing debate between universalist and particularist interpretations of Jesus, recent years have witnessed the relentless rise of the idea that his was a socially radical and subversive gospel ahead of its time, fully in keeping with contemporary cultural agendas of “inclusion” or “inclusiveness”. The present study attempts to contextualize this “inclusive Jesus” within New Testament studies by means of three angles of approach: (1) recent work on the “inclusive”ethics of Jesus, (2) Jacob Neusner’s critique of New Testament scholarship on Jewish particularism and Christian universalism, and (3) the reception in current debate of Joachim Jeremias’ interpretation of Jesus’ view of Gentiles. In view of the overwhelming evidence that Jesus was “inclusive” as well as “exclusive” in both theology and praxis, Concluding Observations stress the location of this problem within a wider understanding of the biblical view of Election, and identify the Israelite particularity of Jesus as essential to his mission on behalf of Israel as well as the nations.
Baptism “Into Christ Jesus” and the Question of Universalism in Paul
Authors: Wagner J. Ross 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis essay adopts Paul’s occasional theological reflections on the concrete social practice of baptism as a vantage point from which to investigate the question of universalism in the apostle’s thought, examining passages from 1 Corinthians, Galatians, Romans, and Colossians. In these texts, Paul variously conceptualizes salvation as incorporation into “the one body of Christ”; “the seed of Abraham”; “the children of God”; or “the new humanity,” whose representative is Christ, the last Adam. Despite the different metaphors, it is clear in each case that it is the singular identity of the man Jesus Christ that is determinative for the collective identity of redeemed humanity; it is precisely—and only—with respect to union with him that diverse human beings become “one.” The essay concludes by considering briefly the implications of Paul’s christologically determined anthropology for the question of universal salvation and for the idea of the enduring election of Israel as God’s peculiar possession.
Word Order in the War Scroll (1QM) and Its Implications for Interpretation
Authors: Screnock John 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn studies of Qumran Hebrew, syntax has been somewhat neglected. The present study attempts to help fill in our understanding of QH syntax, and word order specifically. The data of 1QM can best be explained using a Subject-Verb model. However, the model is not perfect. Consideration of the strange word order patterns of and leads to a revision of the SV model, which is better able to account for all the word order phenomena in 1QM. The basic word order of 1QM is best described as Subject-Verb, with inversion triggered by the fronting of a non-subject element or by the use of an intransitive main verb. A robust understanding of word order carries important ramifications for interpretation. In 1QM 1:1‐3, for example, word order supports an identification of the sons of Levi, Judah, and Benjamin as “violators of the covenant.”
Female Imagery in Proverbs 1-9 in the Light of Egyptian Sources
Authors: Shupak Nili 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe enigmatic figure of the personified Wisdom described in Proverbs 1 and 8, appears in contrast with the image of Folly in chapter 9. Both figures, the Wisdom and the Folly have common features with the Strange Woman mentioned in Proverbs 2, 5, 6 and 7. The purpose of the present paper is to clarify the identity of the Strange Woman in the light of recently published Egyptian sources and thus to throw light on the rest of the female imagery in the book of Proverbs.