bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Lipbalm Tube Assay for Evaluation of Fungicide Sensitivity in Field Isolates of Monilinia fructicola
Authors: Amiri Achour , Brannen Phillip M. , Schnabel Guido 
Published: November 2009

Simple and rapid techniques for monitoring fungicide sensitivity of pathogen populations can be helpful to optimize spray programs. In this study, a lipbalm tube assay developed previously in our laboratory was investigated for shelf life duration, ability to differentiate M. fructicola from fungal contaminants, and ability to accurately determine the sensitivity offield isolates of Monilinia fructicola to sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI), benzimidazole (BZI), and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides. The sensitivity of isolates with different DMI, BZI, and QoI sensitivity phenotypes to the above-mentioned fungicide classes was not altered on agar disks sliced from 30-day-old, fungicide-amended potato dextrose agar (PDA) tubes stored at 4°C compared to disks from freshly prepared fungicide-amended PDA. At the storage temperature of 22°C, however, the sensitivity started to decrease after 10 days. Colony growth of M. fructicola on PDA disks was visually distinguishable from Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum, Gilbertella persicaria, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer but not Colletotrichum acutatum after 72 h of incubation at 22°C. The sensitivity of 40 M. fructicola field isolates to DMI, BZI, and QoI fungicides was determined by direct inoculation of lipbalm tube disks with conidia from field-derived peach fruit with toothpicks under semi-sterile conditions and by the traditional Petri dish assay. A strong correlation was observed between the two assays in determining fungicide sensitivity of M. fructicola field isolates. Because of its simplicity and reliability, the lipbalm tube assay will be a useful tool for trained crop consultants to determine orchard-specific resistance profiles outside a research laboratory for precision brown rot management. Accepted for publication 11 September 2009. Published 18 November 2009.
Relative Susceptibility of Selected Apple Cultivars to Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera leucotricha
Authors: Biggs Alan R. , Yoder Keith S. , Rosenberger David A. 
Published: November 2009

Apple powdery mildew thrives during dry spring and summer weather wherever apples are grown. The fungus perennates in buds, making it difficult to control and, although it can cause fruit russet, it primarily causes losses due to its chronic effect on tree vigor and yield. Data were collected over several years from 1995 (23 entries) and 1999 (22 entries) plantings of new apple cultivars and selections established at multiple locations as part of regional project NE-183. The cultivars Golden Delicious and McIntosh were the standards in both plantings. Incidence of powdery mildew on leaves and fruit was observed and data were analyzed to determine differences due to location and cultivar. One of the two planting group analyses indicated the significance of cultivar differences due to location. In general, the cultivars Ginger Gold, Suncrisp, GoldRush, Crimson Crisp, and Delblush, and the selection CQR10T17 were the most susceptible, whereas the cultivars Gala Supreme, Enterprise, Zestar, September Wonder, Hampshire, and the selections NY 75414-1 and NY 79507-72 exhibited the lowest incidences of mildew. Pinova was the most highly susceptible cultivar to mildew on fruit in Virginia, followed by Crimson Crisp and the selection NY 65707-19. Percent leaf area with mildew was related to incidence of mildew on leaves; however, fruit symptoms were not significantly related to disease incidence or severity on the foliage. Accepted for publication 11 September 2009. Published 19 November 2009.
A Study of New Arabidopsis Chloroplast RNA Editing Mutants Reveals General Features of Editing Factors and Their Target Sites
Authors: Hammani Kamel , Okuda Kenji , Tanz Sandra K. , Chateigner-Boutin Anne-Laure , Shikanai Toshiharu , Small Ian 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
RNA editing in higher plant organelles results in the conversion of specific cytidine residues to uridine residues in RNA. The recognition of a specific target C site by the editing machinery involves trans-acting factors that bind to the RNA upstream of the C to be edited. In the last few years, analysis of mutants affected in chloroplast biogenesis has identified several pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins from the PLS subfamily that are essential for the editing of particular RNA transcripts. We selected other genes from the same subfamily and used a reverse genetics approach to identify six new chloroplast editing factors in Arabidopsis thaliana (OTP80, OTP81, OTP82, OTP84, OTP85, and OTP86). These six factors account for nine editing sites not previously assigned to an editing factor and, together with the nine PPR editing proteins previously described, explain more than half of the 34 editing events in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. OTP80, OTP81, OTP85, and OTP86 target only one editing site each, OTP82 two sites, and OTP84 three sites in different transcripts. An analysis of the target sites requiring the five editing factors involved in editing of multiple sites (CRR22, CRR28, CLB19, OTP82, and OTP84) suggests that editing factors can generally distinguish pyrimidines from purines and, at some positions, must be able to recognize specific bases.
Propagule size effects across multiple life‐history stages in a marine invertebrate
Authors: Rius Marc , Turon Xavier , Dias Gustavo M. , Marshall Dustin J. 
Published: November 2009

Summary 1. Mothers must balance the fecundity costs of increasing propagule size with the fitness benefits of increased propagule performance, and the propagule size‐performance relationship is crucial for determining this trade‐off. 2. While many studies have examined the propagule size‐performance relationship in individual life‐history stages, very few have examined the relationship between propagule size and performance across multiple life‐history stages despite the ubiquity of complex life cycles. 3. We examined the consistency of the propagule size‐performance relationship across several life‐history stages in the marine invertebrate Microcosmus squamiger (Ascidiacea). 4. Propagule size had effects in some life‐history stages and not others: larger propagules hatched sooner as larvae and grew more as juveniles in the field. On the other hand, propagule size had no effect on cell cleavage rates, larval swimming time or post‐metamorphic survival in the field. 5. The effects of propagule size on juvenile size were persistent – juveniles that came from larger propagules were still larger than juveniles that came from smaller propagules after 11 weeks in the field. 6. We found no evidence of conflicting selection pressures on propagule size among life‐history stages. Rather, in this species at least, the selection on propagule size at both the larval and juvenile stage appeared to favour the production of larger propagules. Nevertheless, the slope of the relationship between propagule size and performance was highly variable among life‐history stages. 7. The effects of propagule size across multiple life‐history stages are determined by the strength of selection pressures, which can be highly variable in organisms with complex life‐cycles.
A multi‐trait test of the leaf‐height‐seed plant strategy scheme with 133 species from a pine forest flora
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. , Leppert Jessica J. , Moore Margaret M. , Sieg Carolyn Hull 
Published: November 2009

Summary1. Westoby’s [Plant and Soil(1998),199, 213] Leaf‐Height‐Seed (LHS) plant strategy scheme quantifies the strategy of a plant based on its location in a three‐dimensional space defined by three functional traits: specific leaf area (SLA), height, and seed mass. This scheme is based on aboveground traits and may neglect strategies of belowground resource capture if root functioning is not mirrored in any of the axes. How then do fine roots fit into the LHS scheme?2. We measured 10 functional traits on 133 plant species in a ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona, USA. This data set was used to evaluate how well the LHS scheme accounts for the variation in above and belowground traits.3. The three most important plant strategies were composed of multiple correlated traits, but SLA, seed mass, and height loaded on separate principle components. The first axis reflected the widely observed ‘leaf economics spectrum’. Species at the high end of this spectrum had high SLA, high leaf and fine root nitrogen (N) concentration, and low leaf dry matter content. The second axis reflected variation in seed mass and fine root morphology. Plants at the positive end of this spectrum were plants with large seeds and low specific root length (SRL). The third axis reflected variation in height and phenology. Plants at the positive end of this spectrum were tall species that flower late in the growing season.4. Leaf N concentration was positively correlated with fine root N concentration. SRL was weakly positively correlated with SLA. SRL was not correlated with fine root N concentration. Leaf litter decomposition rate was positively correlated with the leaf economics spectrum and was negatively correlated with the height and phenology spectrum.5. Leaf traits, seed mass, and height appear to be integrating properties of species that reflect much of the variation in plant function, including root function. Fine root N concentration was positively mirrored by the leaf economics spectrum, and SRL was inversely mirrored by seed mass. The leaf and height axes play a role in controlling leaf litter decomposability, indicating that these strategy axes have important consequences for ecosystem functioning.
Dendritic cells treated with resveratrol during differentiation from monocytes gain substantial tolerogenic properties upon activation
Authors: Švajger Urban , Obermajer Nataša , Jeras Matjaž 
Published: November 2009

SummaryResveratrol is a polyphenol that acts on multiple molecular targets important for cell differentiation and activation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a functionally diverse cell type and represent the most potent antigen‐presenting cells of the immune system. In this study, we investigated resveratrol‐induced effects on DCs during their differentiation and maturation. Our results show that resveratrol induces DC‐associated tolerance, particularly when applied during DC differentiation. Costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86 were down‐regulated, as was the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Surface expression of inhibitory immunoglobulin‐like transcript 3 (ILT3) and ILT4 molecules was induced, while human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐G expression was not affected. Resveratrol‐treated DCs lost the ability to produce interleukin (IL)‐12p70 after activation, but had an increased ability to produce IL‐10. Such DCs were poor stimulators of allogeneic T cells and had lowered ability to induce CD4+ T‐cell migration. Furthermore, treated cells were able to generate allogeneic IL‐10‐secreting T cells, but were not competent in inducing FoxP3 expression These tolerogenic effects are probably associated with the effect of resveratrol on multiple molecular targets through which it interferes with DC differentiation and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB translocation. Our data provide new insights into the molecular and functional mechanisms of the tolerogenic effects that resveratrol exerts on DCs.
Phenotypic correlates of hybridisation between red and sika deer (genus Cervus)
Authors: Senn Helen V. , Swanson Graeme M. , Goodman Simon J. , Barton Nicholas H. , Pemberton Josephine M. 
Published: November 2009

Summary 1. Hybridisation with an invasive species has the potential to alter the phenotype and hence the ecology of a native counterpart. 2. Here data from populations of native red deer Cervus elaphus and invasive sika deer Cervus nippon in Scotland is used to assess the extent to which hybridisation between them is causing phenotypic change. This is done by regression of phenotypic traits against genetic hybrid scores. 3. Hybridisation is causing increases in the body weight of sika‐like deer and decreases in the body weight of red‐like females. Hybridisation is causing increases in jaw length and increases in incisor arcade breadth in sika‐like females. Hybridisation is also causing decreases in incisor arcade breadth in red‐like females. 4. There is currently no evidence that hybridisation is causing changes in the kidney fat weight or pregnancy rates of either population. 5. Increased phenotypic similarity between the two species is likely to lead to further hybridisation. The ecological consequences of this are difficult to predict.
Worse blood pressure control in patients with cerebrovascular or peripheral arterial disease compared with coronary artery disease
Authors: Mechtouff L. , Touzé E. , Steg P. G. , Ohman E. M. , Goto S. , Hirsch A. T. , Röther J. , Aichner F. T. , Weimar C. , Bhatt D. L. , Alberts M. J. , Mas J.‐L. ,   on behalf of the REACH Registry Investigators
Published: November 2009

Abstract.  Mechtouff L, Touzé E, Steg PG, Ohman EM, Goto S, Hirsch AT, Röther J, Aichner FT, Weimar C, Bhatt DL, Alberts MJ, Mas J‐L, on behalf of the REACH Registry Investigators (Paris‐Descartes University; Université Paris 7; Paris, France, Duke University, Durham NC, USA, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, Academic Teaching Hospital Hannover Medical School, Minden, Germany, Academic Teaching Hospital Wagner‐Jauregg, Linz, Austria, University of Duisburg‐Essen, Essen, Germany, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA; and Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL; USA). Worse blood pressure control in patients with cerebrovascular or peripheral arterial disease compared with coronary artery disease. J Intern Med 2010; 267:621–633.Objectives.  Poor blood pressure (BP) control is common amongst patients with symptomatic atherothrombotic disease. It is unclear whether BP control and management differ across atherothrombotic disease subtypes.Methods.  We analysed the baseline data of 44 984 patients with documented coronary artery disease (CAD) only (n = 30 414), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) only (n = 11 359) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) only (n = 3211) from the international REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health Registry and investigated the impact of atherothrombotic disease subtype on BP control and use of antihypertensive drugs.Results.  The proportion of patients with BP controlled (<140/90 mmHg) was higher in CAD (58.1%) than in CVD (44.8%) or PAD (38.9%) patients (P < 0.001). Amongst patients with treated hypertension, CAD patients were more likely to have BP controlled than were CVD patients [odds ratio (OR) = 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.59–1.75] or PAD (OR = 2.30; 95% CI = 2.10–2.52). These differences were smaller in women than in men and decreased with age. Amongst treated patients, CAD patients were more likely to receive ≥3‐drug combination therapies than were CVD (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.64–1.83) or PAD (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.49–1.80) patients. Adjustment for age, gender, waist obesity, diabetes, education level and world region did not alter the results.Conclusions.  Coronary artery disease patients are more likely than CVD or PAD patients to have BP controlled and to receive antihypertensive drugs, particularly combination therapies. Promotion of more effective BP control through combination antihypertensive therapies could improve secondary prevention and therefore prevent complications in CVD and PAD patients.
Neuroimaging in acute ischaemic stroke: insights into unanswered questions of pathophysiology
Authors: Wardlaw J. M. 
Published: November 2009

Wardlaw JM (Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK). Neuroimaging in acute ischaemic stroke: insights into unanswered questions of pathophysiology (Review). J Intern Med 2010; 267: 172–190.Abstract.  The treatment of acute ischaemic stroke is based on the principle that there is ischaemic but still potentially salvageable tissue that could be rescued if blood flow could be restored quickly. It is assumed that salvage might only be possible in the first few hours, and that infarct expansion is a direct result of failed recanalization of the main artery. This concept arose from experimental work in the 1970s, supported more recently by studies using imaging to identify penumbral tissue. However, although magnetic resonance diffusion and perfusion imaging is a way of imaging penumbral tissue and has been around for over a decade, it is not an easy technique to apply in practice and its use has produced conflicting results. Computed tomography perfusion, and any other tissue perfusion imaging technique, is likely to encounter the same difficulties. Indeed many factors, other than the presence of a diffusion‐perfusion mismatch acutely, may determine or influence ultimate tissue fate even days after the stroke, and in turn, clinical outcome. Many of these potential influences are beginning to emerge from studies using different forms of imaging at later times after stroke. This review will explore the information now emerging from imaging studies in large artery ischaemic stroke to summarize knowledge to date and indicate unresolved issues for the future.
Electron microscopy investigations of V defects in multiple InGaN/GaN quantum wells and InGaN quantum dots
Authors: YANG J.R. , LI W.C. , TSAI H.L. , HSU J.T. , SHIOJIRI M. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe mechanism of high emission of InGaN‐based multiple quantum wells, which exhibit exceptionally high light emission efficiency despite their high defect density, is still not fully understood. Here, we deal with this problem, showing the details of structure and formation of V defects in the multiple quantum wells and reviewing interpretations proposed so far. Then, we show a structural investigation of three‐dimensional high‐density quantum dots, fabricated instead of quantum wells in the active layer. The shape and size of the InGaN quantum dots and the SiNx masks for the growth of the dots have been revealed using high‐angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy nanoanalysis and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Three‐dimensional analysis of intermediate filament networks using SEM tomography
Authors: LÜCK S. , SAILER M. , SCHMIDT V. , WALTHER P. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryWe identified tomographic reconstruction of a scanning electron microscopy tilt series recording the secondary electron signal as a well‐suited method to generate high‐contrast three‐dimensional data of intermediate filament (IF) networks in pancreatic cancer cells. Although the tilt series does not strictly conform to the projection requirement of tomographic reconstruction, this approach is possible due to specific properties of the detergent‐extracted samples. We introduce an algorithm to extract the graph structure of the IF networks from the tomograms based on image analysis tools. This allows a high‐resolution analysis of network morphology, which is known to control the mechanical response of the cells to large‐scale deformations. Statistical analysis of the extracted network graphs is used to investigate principles of structural network organization which can be linked to the regulation of cell elasticity.
The role of Bacillus anthracis germinant receptors in germination and virulence
Authors: Carr Katherine A. , Lybarger Suzanne R. , Anderson Erica C. , Janes Brian K. , Hanna Philip C. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryNutrient‐dependent germination of Bacillus anthracis spores is stimulated when receptors located in the inner membrane detect combinations of amino acid and purine nucleoside germinants. B. anthracis produces five distinct germinant receptors, GerH, GerK, GerL, GerS and GerX. Otherwise isogenic mutant strains expressing only one of these receptors were created and tested for germination and virulence. The GerH receptor was necessary and sufficient for wild‐type levels of germination with inosine‐containing germinants in the absence of other receptors. GerK and GerL were sufficient for germination in 50 mM L‐alanine. When mutants were inoculated intratracheally, any receptor, except for GerX, was sufficient to allow for a fully virulent infection. In contrast, when inoculated subcutaneously only the GerH receptor was able to facilitate a fully virulent infection. These results suggest that route of infection determines germinant receptor requirements. A mutant lacking all five germinant receptors was also attenuated and exhibited a severe germination defect in vitro. Together, these data give us a greater understanding of the earliest moments of germination, and provide a more detailed picture of the signals required to stimulate this process.
Autonomous plasmid‐like replication of Bacillus ICEBs1: a general feature of integrative conjugative elements?
Authors: Grohmann Elisabeth 
Published: November 2009

SummaryIntegrative conjugative elements (ICEs) occur frequently in Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. In contrast to plasmids, they are stably integrated in the bacterial genome, often inserted in a tRNA gene. They are excised from the host chromosome upon induction in order to be transferred to a recipient cell. When conjugative transfer is completed, they stably reintegrate in the chromosome. It is generally thought that ICEs are incapable of autonomous replication, instead relying on replication and segregation along with the host chromosome. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology Lee and co‐workers demonstrate that ICEBs1 from Bacillus subtilis is capable of autonomous plasmid‐like replication in its circular form after excision. The authors show that ICEBs1 replication is unidirectional; it initiates at oriTICEBs1 and requires the ICEBs1‐encoded conjugative relaxase NicK. Replication also requires the catalytic subunit of the host DNA polymerase PolC, the host processivity clamp DnaN and the host‐encoded alternative helicase PcrA. Autonomous replication of ICEBs1 appears to be important for its stable maintenance, but not for horizontal transfer of the element. Lee and co‐workers argue that plasmid‐like replication is likely a common property of ICEs, probably contributing to stability and maintenance of ICEs in bacterial populations. I discuss these findings in context with data on other ICEs from Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria and with respect to possible consequences of the findings for basic research on mobile genetic elements from Gram‐positive bacteria and their applications in biotechnology.