bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New findings on acid rain
Authors: Katzoff Judith A. 
Published: October 2011

Increases in acidity by 1 pH unit in the Adirondack lakes of New York—changes that normally occur over hundreds or thousands of years—occurred during 2 to 4 decades in some New York lakes in the middle of this century, according to a study released March 14, 1986, by a committee of the National Research Council (NRC). On the basis of their analyses, the Committee on Monitoring and Assessment of Trends in Acid Deposition concluded that there is a cause and effect relationship between sulfur emissions produced by the burning of fossil fuels and acid rain.At the same time, the committee found that “lake acidification is not a uniform problem,” according to committee chairman James H. Gibson. Individual lakes vary widely in their responses to acid deposition, and some of the northeastern U.S. lakes that the committee studied have even become more alkaline in recent decades, said Gibson, who is coordinator of the National Resources Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. “Differences in the geologies of watersheds and in the histories of land use practices within watersheds can cause surface waters in a region to respond differently even when they are receiving equivalent amounts of acidity from atmospheric inputs,” the report said.
AGU joins AIP
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

AGU was formally elected a member of the American Institute of Physics (AIP) on March 14, 1986, at the AIP corporation meeting. Other member societies are the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America, the Acoustical Society of America, the Society of Rheology, the American Association of Physics Teachers, the American Crystallographic Association, the American Astronomical Society, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, and the American Vacuum Society.Membership in AIP will bring AGU members direct benefits and will strengthen the community of scientific societies. Of immediate interest to some members will be Pi‐NET (described in the item “Electronic Network Links Physicists,” p. 151), which provides electronic access to abstracts and tables of contents, meeting information, and other services of AIP and all member societies.
1986 Ocean Sciences Meeting report
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The 1986 Ocean Sciences Meeting, sponsored by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), was held January 13–17 in New Orleans, La. There were 700 papers presented at the meeting, which had 989 registered attendees. This meeting had a 40% increase in exhibitors and an increase in the number of poster papers presented in comparison to the 1984 Ocean Sciences Meeting.This meeting, as did the two previous Ocean Sciences Meetings, proved to be a great success. Many of the sessions held were devoted to topics that involve new technologies and new directions in oceanographic research. Highlights of the meeting included the following:

An informal but well‐attended workshop entitled “Ocean Telemetry: Resources and Needs” was held.
There were successful sessions on marginal ice zones, estuaries, low‐oxygen environments, and effects of seamounts on physical and biological processes. These multidisciplinary sessions included contributions from physical, chemical, and biological oceanographers.
The “Global Ocean Flux” sessions addressed the extension of the understanding of the factors that control ocean production and the fate of biogenic particles on regional to global scales.
Augustine Volcano: Awake again:
Authors: Kienle Juergen 
Published: October 2011

Editor's Note: The question posed in the title of the following item, which was written on March 20, was answered in the affirmative at 12:30 A.M. (Alaska time, equal to UT−9 h) on March 27, 1986. As of March 31, the eruption had produced numerous pyroclastic flows, and the eruptive column had reached a maximum altitude of 14 km (see Figure 1). Air traffic in and out of Anchorage was disrupted. The 1976 dome is presumed to have been destroyed.The first microearthquake activity since the spectacular eruptions of 1976 is occurring on Augustine Volcano, Cook Inlet, Alaska. Activity began in July 1985 and now averages 30—50 events of greater than 0.5 magnitude per day. The events are shallow, less than 1000 m deep, and occur within the 1976 lava dome. Beginning in mid‐February 1986, numerous pilot reports have documented a dramatic increase in fumarolic activity, with associated melting of snow, light ashfalls, and plumes extending as far as 10 km from the summit.
Uniform strain may cause eastern quakes
Authors: Katzoff Judith A. 
Published: October 2011

Recent measurements made with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) have revealed a compression of the eastern part of the United States that could provide more than a sufficient amount of strain energy to account for all of the earthquakes that occur there. Steven A. Musman of the National Geodetic Survey in Rockville, Md., and Tom Schmitt of the Georgia Geologic Survey in Atlanta will discuss these findings on Tuesday, May 20, at the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.Recent measurements made with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) have revealed a compression of the eastern part of the United States that could provide more than a sufficient amount of strain energy to account for all of the earthquakes that occur there. Steven A. Musman of the National Geodetic Survey in Rockville, Md., and Tom Schmitt of the Georgia Geologic Survey in Atlanta will discuss these findings on Tuesday, May 20, at the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.
Sulfate, nitrate declines noted
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

An analysis of more than 4000 samples of precipitation that were collected weekly from 1978 through 1983 at 19 sites in 13 states showed no clear pattern of changes in overall acidity, according to a recent report by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of the Department of the Interior. The analysis did, however, reveal significant declines in sulfate and nitrate concentrations during that 5‐year period.USGS hydrologists said that sulfate and nitrate, sometimes used as indirect indicators of the acidity of precipitation, showed widespread and substantial downward trends in the eastern United States. (All but three of the 19 stations are located east of the Mississippi River.) At the five stations in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, for example, sulfate concentrations declined 25% to 40% during the 5‐year period. Only two of those five stations showed statistically significant trends in pH; these were decreases in acidity comparable to the decreases in sulfate.
High pressure experiments at 5.5 Mbar
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The range of laboratory experimentation has been extended recently to pressures of 5.5 Mbar (0.55 TPa) in diamond anvil studies by J.A. Xu, H.‐K. Mao, and P.M. Bell at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. This pressure range encompasses the entire earth from surface to core (central core pressures are estimated to be 3.5 Mbar), as well as pressures equivalent to the upper mantles of the giant planets. This enhanced ability to synthesize mineral phases, measure their properties, and observe their behavior will result in improved evaluation of models of earth and planetary interiors.The high‐pressure experiments to 5.5 Mbar involved implementation of new design concepts for the diamond anvil apparatus. In a previous experiment the maximum pressure achieved was approximately 2.8 Mbar, but the pressure calibration had to be done indirectly from load calculations. The shift of the fluorescent line of ruby crystals placed in the sample, which is normally employed as an internal pressure standard, could not be used in the earlier experiment because of strong interference from diamond anvil fluorescence at pressures above 2.7 Mbar. In the new experiments the overlapping diamond emission was found to disappear at pressures above 3 Mbar, and the ruby pressure calibration scale could be employed once again. The apparatus is suitable for experiments with silicates, metals, and solidified gases. These new methods will facilitate the study of mineral physics under experimental conditions that duplicate the natural conditions of the earth's interior.
Comments on “The cut and recorrelated gravity map of the United States”
Authors: Huggins Ian 
Published: October 2011

G. L. Kinsland (Eos, August 28, 1984, p. 490) proposed that a late Proterozoic transcontinental right‐lateral strike‐slip fault system with approximately 600 km of offset exists in the United States, striking northwest from southeastern Alabama to northwestern Montana. After Kinsland corrected the proposed displacement, two aligned gravity features were noted: first, the Central North American Rift System (CNARS) and the Hartville Uplift and second, the Late Proterozoic rift passive margins of the Ouachita Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains. However, significant displacement along the proposed trace of the fault is precluded by the disruption of various terranes that would result (Figures 1a and lb). Some of these terranes include

The northwestern corner of the Wyoming province (feature 4 in the figures; Dutch [1983]).
The North American Central Plains conductive anomaly (NACPCA)‐Mullen Creek‐Nash Fork shear zone (feature 3; Camfield and Gough [1977]).
The CNARS (feature 2), which Yarger and Lam [1983] and Yarger [1982] extended through Kansas to the Oklahoma border. Danbom et al. [1980] found gravity and magnetic evidence for a probable extension of the CNARS into northern Oklahoma.
H.W. Menard 1920”1986
Authors: Revelle Roger 
Published: October 2011

A photograph of Bill Menard was on the cover of the January 7, 1986, issue of Eos, and on pages 8 and 9 of that issue, Marcia McNutt's citation in presenting the 1985 Bowie Medal and Bill's response were published. Only a month later, on February 9, Bill died of cancer. Today we remember in joy and sorrow the life of our friend: joy because he was able to do so much and live so intensely throughout the 40 years of his career as a seagoing scientist, and sorrow because we miss his warm, loving presence.Bill was an explorer, a scientist, a scholar, and a poet. He had the seeing eye, the powerful imagination, and the hard‐working energy that are necessary to be either a scientist or a poet or, as in his case, both. He was a scholar because unlike many scientists, he was self‐conscious and introspective about his science. Consequently, he was interested not only in the discovery of new scientific facts and the development of hypotheses to explain them but also in the history of his science, the individuals living and dead who had contributed to it, and the romance and adventure of life as a scientific sailor. His book Anatomy of an Expedition (McGraw‐Hill, 1969) and his manuscript, about to be published by Princeton University Press, called Ocean of Truth are both poetic evocations of an oceanographer's life at sea and on the beach. In all that he did, he was generous to his colleagues and honest with them and with himself.
GALE data to be discussed
Authors: Katzoff Judith A. 
Published: October 2011

The scientific community will soon have the opportunity to share data from one of the largest weather experiments ever conducted. The Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) field program, carried out from January 15 through March 15 of this year, was intended to advance knowledge about the birth and progress of the winter storms that can affect the East Coast of the United States (Eos, February 4, 1986, p. 57). A group from Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pa., where the GALE Data Center is based, will present a paper that summarizes the types of data collected during the program and the GALE observations on Wednesday, May 21, at the AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.In his talk at the meeting, Carl Kreitzberg, director of the data center, will focus on observations made during the GALE program of mesoscale structures in East Coast winter storms. Mesoscale structures are features of temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind fields on distance scales of about 100 km and time scales of about 3 h. Structures of this magnitude produce most of the heavy precipitation in storms, Kreitzberg said.
Helmut Landsberg 1906”1985
Authors: Droessler E. G. 
Published: October 2011

When Dr. Helmut Erich Landsberg died on December 6, 1985, just 2 months before his 80th birthday, AGU lost an outstanding leader and one of its biggest contributors. He died suddenly in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was participating in the ninth session of the Commission for Climatology of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).Landsberg had received AGU's highest honor, and Past President A.E. Maxwell, in informing Helmut that he was to be the recipient of the 1978 Bowie Medal, wrote the following: “You were selected for your outstanding contribution to fundamental geophysics and your unselfish cooperation in research. Recognizing your enormous contributions to the AGU over many years, a society that is very much yours is going to take great pride in honoring you…”
Planetary rings: Of doughnuts and shepherds
Authors: Katzoff Judith A. 
Published: October 2011

Voyager 2's recent encounter with Uranus has brought about a renewed interest in the nature of planetary rings. It has been difficult to explain, for example, how such rings can remain narrow and discrete and not expand as a result of the dissipation of energy from collisions of particles within them. A paper in the May issue of Geophysical Research Letters offers an enthusiastic restatement of one view on this question, first proposed in 1981. Advocates of the “shepherd satellite” idea, however, are far from swayed.The new paper, by F. Curtis Michel of Rice University (Houston, Tex.), restates his idea that particles in rings may exhibit a “coherent, rolling‐type motion” such that significant collisions do not occur. Michel suggests that the ring “particles” (probably better visualized as boulders) may be so densely packed that they may be treated as a fluid. In Michel's model, each individual particle would follow an inclined, elliptical orbit that would not intersect with any other such orbit. Together, the motions of all the particles would generate a toroidal surface (Figure 1). The absence of collisions would account for the apparent paucity of small particles in the rings of Uranus, Michel says.
Great Salt Lake sets record
Authors: Katzoff Judith A. 
Published: October 2011

The level of the Great Salt Lake, Utah, broke its 1873 record on May 12, 1986, rising to 1283.7 m above mean sea level, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Heavy snowpack remains in the lake's drainage basin, and the lake is likely to continue rising into June. “It could well go up another foot [i.e., ∼0.3 m],” this season, according to Ted Arnow, USGS district chief in Utah.The Utah state legislature convened a special session on May 13 to discuss measures to control the flooding. Last year, the legislature began to consider funding a plan to pump water from the Great Salt Lake to form a large, shallow pond in the desert 48 km to the west. Because the lake's level was predicted to drop this year, however, the lawmakers postponed action on the issue (Eos, September 10, 1985, p. 641). The Rose Park area of Salt Lake City, which lies below the lake's current level, has been diked, but groundwater is backing up into Rose Park and has to be pumped out over the dikes, Arnow said. Also, trains that use the Southern Pacific railroad causeway, which crosses the lake, have had to be temporarily rerouted south of the lake during storms. The causeway has been progressively raised since 1983, but engineers now say that they can raise it no further because the added weight will make it sink into the lake, Arnow said. If the lake rises much higher, the interstate highway that runs by it might also have to shut down temporarily during storms, he added.
Is Venus alive?
Authors: Taylor Harry A. 
Published: October 2011

Apart from the earth, the near environment of only one other planet, Venus, has been the subject of sustained in situ investigations from space. Owing to the similarity in the physical characteristics of the two bodies, this is most appropriate in that it provides the opportunity to test the credo that through comparative analysis, planetary exploration holds the promise for better understanding of our earth environment.The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was placed into orbit about Venus in December 1978 and has provided a wealth of observations of the planet surface, its atmosphere and clouds, the ionosphere, and the interaction of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field with the planetary environment. Among these observations, perhaps the most potentially significant and yet controversial result has been the claimed evidence of extensive lightning and the coupled assertion that the lightning is stimulated by volcanic activity. This lightning‐ volcanism scenario has become widely publicized in films, books, and numerous journal and magazine articles. Also, these results have had considerable influence in stimulating ongoing research on the basis that active volcanic output might explain otherwise unanswered questions in wide‐ranging disciplines, including atmospheric and cloud physics, geology, and plasma physics. Quite naturally, the question of whether Venus is geologically either living or dead is fundamentally significant for comparative planetary analysis.
Waterman Award nominations open
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Nominations are now being accepted for the Alan T. Waterman Award, which annually recognizes an outstanding young scientist in the forefront of science. The award, named for the first director of the National Science Foundation (NSF), was established by Congress in 1975 to mark the agency's silver anniversary.Candidates for the 1987 award must be U.S. citizens and must be 35 years old or younger (or not be more than 5 years beyond receipt of the Ph.D. degree) by December 31, 1986. Candidates should have completed sufficient scientific or engineering research to have demonstrated, through personal accomplishments, outstanding capability and exceptional promise for significant future achievement, the award committee says. In addition, those nominated should exhibit quality, innovation, and potential for discovery in their research.
Interagency Workshop on Sensing From Aircraft
Authors: Nolan Bernard T. 
Published: October 2011

In August 1985, 115 scientists and managers gathered in Boulder, Colo., for the Interagency Workshop on Sensing from Aircraft. This event marked a significant first for both interagency and interdisciplinary cooperation in airborne science.The workshop was jointly sponsored by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with participation of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Department of Defense (the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory (AFGL)), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Of the 115 people in attendance, 96 were scientists who use airborne platforms in conducting their research tasks. The objective was to provide both an interagency and interdisciplinary forum for discussing scientific results, plans, and requirements. It was organized around the following major disciplines:

Atmospheric Processes
Atmospheric Chemistry
Ocean Processes
Land Processes
Wet trend continues for lakes
Authors: Katzoff Judith A. 
Published: October 2011

About 20% of the United States, including the regions of the Great Lakes and the Great Salt Lake, has entered a fourth year of record and near‐record streamflow and lake levels, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). From June 3 until June 8, 1986, the Great Salt Lake stood at 1283.77 m above sea level, 0.076 m above the previous record, which was set in 1873. (Records have been kept for the lake since 1847.) On June 8, a dike south of the lake gave way during a windstorm, causing flooding of evaporation ponds used for mineral recovery.As a result of the breach, the lake's level dropped to 1283.65 m above sea level by June 10 but rose to 1283.68 m by June 20. The latest official reading, made on June 30, showed that the lake's level had dropped to 1283.63 m above sea level. According to Tom Ross, chief of the Current Water Conditions Group at the USGS National Center in Reston, Va., this drop represents “a normal seasonal decline brought on by evaporation.”
June streamflow
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Record and near‐record low streamflows continued throughout much of the mid‐Atlantic and southeastern states in June and early July, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).Record low flows for June were recorded at eight key USGS gaging stations in the mid‐ Atlantic and southeastern region. Streamflows in the most affected area—which includes Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and parts of Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, and eastern Alabama—ranged from 50—80% below long‐term June averages.
[Comment on “Is Venus alive?”]
Authors: Scarf Frederick 
Published: October 2011

The June 3, 1986 issue of Eos contains a Forum by Harry Taylor (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Laboratory, Greenbelt, Md.) with a report on his latest speculations regarding Venus lightning and on his interpretation of certain measurements from the plasma wave investigation on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter. The same views have also been announced as recent discoveries by Taylor and an associate in interviews in Science News (April 5, 1986) and in New Scientist (May 15, 1986). In fact, many of the statements and interpretations in Taylor's letter (and in the interviews) are demonstrably wrong, and I want to correct the record for Eos readers.Taylor's discussion refers to a number of Pioneer Venus publications that appeared in various journals between 1979 and 1986. In these papers, my colleagues and I identified as whistler mode plasma waves certain low‐frequency impulses detected with an electric antenna at low altitudes during the Venus night. These Venus noise bursts have all the characteristics of whistlers from lightning, and this connection was discussed in all of the published papers.
Special GRL issue: Viking and the Aurora
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The editors of Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) invite the submission of manuscripts on auroral physics to accompany a set of papers presenting first results from the Swedish Viking satellite for a special issue.Manuscripts should be sent in accordance with the usual rules for manuscript submission to GRL coeditor Gerhard Haerendel (Max‐Planck‐Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik 8046, Garching b. München, Federal Republic of Germany) or to any other appropriate GRL editor before December 1, 1986. The papers will undergo the usual rapid GRL review procedure.
Awards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The first presentation of the newly approved Charles A. Whitten Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Research on the Form and Dynamics of the Earth and Planets was made to Charles A. Whitten at the 1985 Spring Meeting. In addition, the first presentation of the Harry H. Hess Medal for Outstanding Achievements in Research in the Constitution and Evolution of Earth and Sister Planets was made to Gerald J. Wasserburg at the 1985 Fall Meeting.A full program of honors and awards recognizes AGU members and other outstanding geophysicists who make significant contributions to geophysical knowledge and understanding. In addition to the presentation of the medals and awards listed below, a select committee annually confers the designation of Fellow on AGU members who have distinguished themselves in geophysics.