bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTENSIVE REARING OF POSTLARVAL MALAYSIAN PRAWNS (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) IN A CLOSED CYCLE NURSERY SYSTEM1
Authors: Sandifer Paul A. , Smith Theodore I. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAn intensive nursery concept incorporating artificial habitats, aquatic plants and recirculation of the rearing water was tested with juvenile Malaysian prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Two replicate systems were set up; each consisted of three interconnected tanks, one of which served as the biological filter for all three. A total of 24,150 juvenile prawns (mean weight 0.31 g) was used to examine three treatments: (I) stocking density of 1,617 prawns m‐2 (150 ft‐2) of tank floor; (2) density of 1,078 prawns m‐2 (100 ft‐2); and (3) density of 1,078 prawns m‐2 (100 ft‐2) with gravel biological filter in tank. Each treatment appeared once in each tank series.No differences in mean size or survival were detected among the treatments during the eight‐week study. Survival averaged 81.5% on day 30 and 62.0% on day 56. Overall mean standing crops of 1,022 prawns 0.61 g in mean weight and 771 prawns 1.11 g in mean weight m‐2 of tank floor were recorded on days 30 and 56, respectively. These data suggest that a nursery system of 200 m2 tank area could possibly produce sufficient 0.5‐1 g juveniles to stock approximately 1.5‐2 ha of ponds at a density of 10 prawns m‐2. Coupling such nursery systems with grow‐out ponds in temperate areas like South Carolina might markedly increase total production and mean prawn size. thereby increasing the value of the prawn crop.
DESIGN AND PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF A CLOSED SYSTEM FOR SHRIMP CULTURE
Authors: Mock C. R. , Ross L. R. , Salser B. R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA closed system for intensive culture of penaeid shrimp was designed and tested. Details of construction of tanks and filters are presented along with a description of some equipment and procedures tested during the evolution of the system.The system is evaluated in terms of its usefulness in rearing shrimp at high densities. Water chemistry parameters are presented to aid in evaluation of overall system performance.It was demonstrated that the system has practical applications in rearing postlarval and juvenile penaeid shrimp at high densities.
SELECTION AND HYBRIDIZATION IN QUAHOG CLAMS (Mercenaria spp.)1
Authors: Menzel Winston 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDuring the period from 1972–1975, northern (M. mercenaria) and southern (M. campechiensis) quahog clams, original parents from Maine to Louisiana, were reared, including F1 and F2 hybrids and backcrosses, to determine what crosses gave the best growth rate. Limited selection was done by crossing faster growing laboratory‐reared clams, along with some progeny testing. During the four‐year study, 46 crosses were reared through to termination size. Southern quahogs have a faster growth rate in this area than northerns and the best growth rates were the F1 hybrid between the two species that were backcrossed with the southern. The clams with the best growth rates reached minimum commercial size in 30–40% less time than in previous observations in the area. It is not known whether a strain can be produced with a certified fast growth rate that is genetically stable.
CAPTIVE BREEDING OF THE GREEN SEA TURTLE (Chelonia mydas)
Authors: Wood James R. , Wood Fern E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCaptive breeding and nesting activity of the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) occurring at a commercial sea turtle farm in the Cayman Islands is described. Isolation of reproductively active pairs facilitates successful mounting among the captive breeding population. A minimum sustained period of mounting (200 or more minutes) appears necessary for fertilization, although there is no quantitated correlation between length of mounting and hatchability. Ovulation appears to be independent of copulation as females that have had no observed mounting will lay infertile nests. Infertility is the primary cause for low hatchabilities rather than embryonic death. Females reared in captivity, from egg to sexual maturity, have laid eggs producing hatchlings. Management of the breeding stock to achieve the maximum productivity will enable all commercial stock to be obtained from eggs laid and hatched on the farm by 1980.
THE ROLE OF NATURAL POPULATIONS IN THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF SPECIES USED IN AQUACULTURE.
Authors: Newkirk G. F. , Haley L. E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOne of the potential sources of genetic variation to be used by the breeder working in aquaculture lies in the heterogeneity of natural populations of the species to be cultured. Work on many species, not necessarily aquatic or marine, has shown that there is considerable inter‐ and intrapopulation genetic variation. The work reported here on oyster and mussel populations supports this concept. Results of crosses between populations are presented and provide some idea of the magnitude of the heterosis obtainable. The importance of using natural populations as cultured strains is discussed.
SUBMERGED CAGE CULTURE OF FISH IN SUPERSATURATED THERMAL EFFLUENT
Authors: Chamberlain George , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA primary drawback for cage culture in heated effluent has been extensive mortalities due to gas bubble disease. This malady, endemic to power plant effluent, is caused by supersaturation of atmospheric gases in water. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of hydrostatic pressure as a possible remedy for gas bubble disease in the discharge canal of a Galveston Bay, Texas, steam‐electric plant. Seven estuarine fishes, pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus), black drum (Pogonias cromis), red drum (?Sciaenops ocellata), Atlantic spade‐fish (Chaetodipterus faber), and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), were caged at the surface and bottom of the 3 m‐deep discharge canal where total gas saturation frequently exceeded 120% during winter months. Survival in surface cages averaged 1% after 2 weeks, while survival in bottom cages averaged 81% after 12 weeks. No supplemental food was allotted, but an abundance of small organisms was continually sluiced down the discharge canal through the cages. Winter growth rates generally surpassed those of comparable species cultured elsewhere in the cooling water system at ambient temperature and fed a prepared ration. As discharge water temperature approached 35°C, growth rates declined. Other factors affecting growth were cage mesh size, species type, and size of individuals. All fish were maintained in the heated effluent until thermal death to determine the upper lethal temperature limits. These results indicate that submerged cage culture in power plant effluent might offer a significant savings to the culturist by increasing winter growth rates without the expense of feeding.
VENTURE ANALYSES FOR INTENSIVE WASTE HEAT AQUACULTURE
Authors: Godfriaux Bruce L. , Guerra Carlos R. , Resh Robert E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPotential economic viability of diseasonal aquaculture of the shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii and rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri during the warmer and colder months, respectively in heated effluents, is examined for a proposed commercial aquaculture facility located at an electric generating station near Trenton, New Jersey, where land cost and availability are at a premium. These conditions are representative of many power plant sites in the United States. Analyses assume a fixed acquisition cost for the aquaculture facility and different possible production levels per raceway for rainbow trout. In addition, impact of a waste heat aquaculture industry on the [J.S. fish market is examined assuming 10% of all fossil‐fired electric generating stations within the U.S. developed this industry.Economic analyses indicate that a concrete raceway 30.5 m long, 3.1 m wide, and 2.4 m deep is the most economical production unit. This unit will be evaluated during the next 2.5 years at a demonstration aquaculture facility located at the Mercer Generating Station owned by Public Service Electric and Gas Company. Other participants in this research project are Trenton State College, Rutgers University, and Long Island Oyster Farms. The project is jointly sponsored by the National Science Foundation (Research Applied to National Needs Program) and Public Service Electric and Gas Company.
CURRENT ECONOMIC STATUS OF LOBSTER CULTURE RESEARCH1
Authors: Botsford Louis W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe current status of lobster culture research is presented in an economic context by describing culture cost projections and their sensitivity to parameter variation. The current state of the mathematical model is described and related to recent research results. Examples of culture costs with heat recovery, thermal effluent, warmer ambient temperatures and complete recirculation as alternatives to fossil fuel heating are presented. Sensitivity analysis reveals two important areas of research: 1) development of artificial foods with higher growth rates and description of their impact on metabolism, and 2) description of excretion rates and tolerances of ammonia. Economic feasibility of communal rearing is evaluated and economically more attractive approaches suggested. The impacts of increased growth rate due to genetic selection and eyestalk ablation on culture costs are presented. Results show that the maximum cost savings due to increased growth rate when metabolic rate is increased by the same factor is 25% of total culture costs.
SOCIO‐ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDIES OF (Macrohrachium rosenbergii) FARMING IN PALAU(A Preliminary Report)1
Authors: Blommestein E. , Deese H. , McVey J. P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe economy of Palau is characterized by a large trade deficit, a large government sector, consumption higher than income, and virtually no commercial agriculture. The new Indicative Five Year Plan put a high priority on development of marine resources and agriculture. Aquaculture can be considered as a combination of both.The Micronesian Mariculture Demonstration Center operates a freshwater prawn hatchery (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) with a production capacity of 3–6 million juveniles a year. This initial production level will he able to serve 16 to 36 ha of ponds. The first part of this paper determines a minimum price for juveniles in the culture systems being used, while the second part concerns the economic feasibility of prawn farming. This compares the minimum price per kilo of prawns using farming close to subsistence level (e.g. small farms, family labor and low productivity) with a medium scale commercial farm. The preference of one over the other is dependent on government policies, e.g. subsidies, land lease, and foreign investment.Ultimately, any final conclusion about the feasibility of prawn farming is subject to the prices in the markets. Since this is still under research, marketing does not form a part of this study.
USE OF ANIMAL FAT IN FORMULATED DIETS FOR YELLOW PERCH (Perca flavescens)
Authors: Heck Nancy E. , Calbert Harold E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe standard formulated diet used to grow yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in a controlled environment aquaculture system contains vegetable fats in addition to naturally occurring lipids in fish meal. Normal market prices make animal fat financially advantageous over vegetable fat. To determine if animal fat can be substituted for vegetable fat in formulated feed for perch, diets containing 15% (control) and 11.25% added soybean oil; 15% and 11.25% added animal fat; and a 50/50 mixture of 11.25% animal fat and soybean oil were fed to replicate lots of perch fingerlings for 100 days. During feeding trials fish were held in 20°C water with a photoperiod of 16 hr light and 8 hr darkness.The diet containing 11.25% added animal fat produced significantly higher weight gains than the other diets tested. All diets were readily accepted. Both soybean oil and animal fat diets produced fish with approximately the same percentage of body fat (9.1%). Animal fat resulted in a feed pellet that was less oily and easier to handle than pellets made with soybean oil.
THE PROTEIN REQUIREMENT OF PENAEID SHRIMP AT VARIOUS LIFE‐CYCLE STAGES IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS
Authors: Colvin L. B. , Brand C. W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTInvestigations into the nutrient requirements of penaeid shrimp in controlled environment systems using extruded diets compounded from practical ingredients have shown that the protein requirement of the early postlarval animal exceeds 40% crude protein, but decreases to less than 30% crude protein in the later life‐cycle stages. Studies of the importance of protein quality, i.e., source and amino acid balance, indicate that when marine protein sources, e.g., fish meal and shrimp meal, exceed 40% of the finished ration performance of the animal suffers. The improbability of lysine and methionine being limiting amino acids in practical rations is discussed.In addition, the protein requirements of the Gulf of California brown shrimp, (Penaeus californiensis) is compared to non‐grooved shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris and Penaeus vannamei.
THE GROWTH RATE OF OYSTERS HELD IN THE INTAKE AND DISCHARGE CANALS OF AN ELECTRIC GENERATING STATION AND IN NATURAL WATERS
Authors: Margraf F. Joseph 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOysters (Crassostrea virginica) were held during the spring of 1976 in the intake and discharge canals at the P. H. Robinson Generating Station, Bacliff, Texas and in Galveston Bay at San Leon, Texas. Oysters in the discharge canal increased in weight significantly faster than in the intake canal or Galveston Bay. There was no significant difference between the weight increases in the intake canal and in Galveston Bay. No clear pattern of increase in length could be detected at the three stations. Although oysters in the discharge canal exhibited some degree of greening, the condition of the oysters from all three stations was good. The level of infection of Labyrinthomyxa was relatively low in oysters from all three stations; however, the incidence of infection was significantly greater in the discharge canal. Fouling organisms increased in weight in the discharge canal at a rate about twice that in the intake canal and Galveston Bay. Fouling could be controlled by exposing the oysters to air once each week for a period of 4–8 hr. Mortality, which was low at all stations, occurred early in the experiment and was probably due to initial culling stress. However, oysters held in the discharge canal beyond the study period died when water temperatures reached 37.5–39°C. The results of this experiment indicate that the growth rate of oysters can be significantly increased in a power plant discharge canal, provided that some means, such as cooling towers, are applied to keep high summer temperatures below lethal values.
DEPLETION/REPLETION OF ASCORBIC ACID IN TWO SPECIES OF PENAEID: Penaeus californiensis AND Penaeus stylirostris
Authors: Magarelli P. C. , Colvin L. B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDepletion/repletion of ascorbic acid in whole body tissue was studied in 2 populations of shrimp (Penaeus californiensis and Penaeus stylirostris) using potentiometric titration. Biological half‐life (T1/2) for ascorbic acid (AsA) in P. californiensis and P. stylirostris was 12.5 days and 4 days, respectively. Depletion values for both species were in the range of 0.03 to 0.04 mg AsA g whole body tissue, while the repletion rate, given feed containing 9 and 14 g AsA/kg feed, was 0.01 mg AsA/g tissue per day. A supersaturation or “flush” phenomenon (0.06 mg AsA/g tissue per day and 0.04 mg AsA/g tissue per dayl followed by a swift depletion was observed when the shrimp were fed high doses of ascorbic acid (90 and 141 g AsA/kg feed for P. californiensis and P. stylirostris, respectively). Swift repletion of ascorbic acid tissue levels (0.08 mg AsA/g tissue per day) was also observed in P. stylirostris with access to algae.The shrimp were maintained in flow‐through fiberglass aquaria containing no primary productivity or in a controlled environment aquacell which supported a flora of predominantly Enteromorpha sp.
GROWTH OF Homarus americanus ON Artemia salina DIETS WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: Rosemark R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAquaculturists rely heavily on the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) as a food source for fish larvae, decapods and cephalopods. Besides the difficulty in obtaining these cysts, they are costly. This study was designed to determine if an A. salina diet supplemented with macro algae and various scrap foods could obtain the same or better growth rate on juvenile lobsters than live A. salina fed as a single source diet.The hepatopancreas of the lobster has been used as a criterion for determining the animal's general health. During this study, gross morphological examinations were made of the hepatopancreas of animals fed on both diets. This was done in order to determine if the characteristic color, size and firmness of the A. salina fed juveniles' hepatopancreases were accurate indicators of a “healthy” animal or characteristic of only the diet. After 90 days, the animals on the supplemented diet showed a significantly greater weight gain and increase in carapace length than the animals fed only A. salina. The hepatopancreas varied in color in the animals on the different feeding regimes. Though the size and firmness may be important criteria, the color cannot be used as a true indicator for a “healthy” animal.The results of this study show that a supplemented diet can be an important economical factor in the application of practical aquaculture.
BRACKISH WATER POND POLYCULTURE OF ESTUARINE FISHES IN THERMAL EFFLUENT
Authors: Branch M. R. , Strawn K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThree species of fish were cultured in 0.1 ha ponds from August 1976 to May 1977. Each pond received a constant flow of thermal effluent from the discharge canal of the Cedar Bayou Generating Station, Houston Lighting & Power Company. Striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) were maintained in polyculture with black drum (Pogonias cromis) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus). These fish were also raised in mnoculture. Survival of mullet in polyculture with drum averaged 91.8%; in polyculture with croaker, 96.4%; in monoculture, 96.8%. Black drum survival averaged 95.5% in polyculture and 96.3% in monoculture. Croaker survived slightly better in monoculture at 39.3% compared to 33.5% in plyculture with mullet. Poor croaker survival was attributed to low cool season temperatures and handling mortalities. Growth of all species was improved in polyculture. Mean daily length and weight gains for mullet in monoculture were 0.22 mm/day and 0.35 g/day. These increased to 0.25 mm/day and 0.46 g/day in polyculture with drum, and 0.26 mm/day and 0.60 g/day in polyculture with croaker. Similarly, rates for black drum increased from 0.39 to 0.41 mm/day and from 0.76 to 0.90 g/day when raised with mullet. Monocultured croaker grew 0.21 mm/ day and 0.60 g/day, while in polyculture with mullet these increased to 0.28 mm/day and 0.69 g/day. Competition values indicated that daily yield of mullet and black drum was increased 30% and 20% respectively through polyculture. Growth of croaker was largely unaffected by addition of mullet into the system, but mullet growth was raised 78% through this association. Thermal additions to these ponds proved critical when seasonal grmth trends were examined.
UNITED STATES MARICULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ECONOMIC EVOLUTION OF CATFISH SYSTEMS AS PARADIGMS OF RELEVANCE
Authors: Roberts K. , Bauer L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCommercial catfish systems are frequently referred to as systems to be emulated in the public process of developing mariculture plans and legislation for the United States. The economic evolution of catfish culture is reviewed to identify the role of the public sector and market forces. An examination of catfish production operations of approximately 65 ha reveals near zero growth in returns on investment over the past 7 years. Following some technological improvements in the latter part of the last decade, the economic impact of technological change is not evident. High level managerial skill applied to the ponds and business are of paramount importance. A conclusion is that publicly supported pilot‐scale demonstrations should find justification in the testing and development of managerial skills as well as technologies. Thus, a training role for pilot‐scale facilities is worthy of public sector consideration.
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND FARM MANAGEMENT ECONOMICS IN SHRIMP FARMING
Authors: Stamp N. H. E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAgricultural economists and computer programmers have tended to overlook the practical managerial needs of aquacultural farmers and managers. As a result, the latter have been unable to tap the potential made available by dramatically reduced computer costs, by new programming languages, micro‐computers and simple economic optimization techniques.This paper describes a computer system developed to aid the management of a moderate size shrimp farm. In addition to being useful and relatively inexpensive, this system is designed so as to be understood and used by non‐programmer managers and their staff.
A POPULATION DYNAMICS MODEL FOR PRAWN AQUACULTURE
Authors: Polovina J. , Brown H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe have used a stochastic population model to simulate the prawn size distribution in the grow‐out ponds as a function of time. The model allows for growth and mortality parameters which are dependent on size class and pond biomass. We have written a computer program based on this model in which the user inputs a stocking number, a stocking size distribution, a stocking schedule, the harvest size classes, and a harvest schedule. The computer then computes the number of prawns and the prawn size distribution in the pond at specified time increments and a quarterly production economics summary.We compare simulated growth and harvest data generated by the program to actual growth and harvest data from Hawaii and Florida. We also use the program to evaluate the effects of stocking number, stocking schedule and stocking size on annual yields from a prawn grow‐out pond.
A PRELIMINARY PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC DESCRIPTION OF A PACIFIC SALMON HATCHERY IN SOUTHERN CHILE
Authors: Combs E. R. , Mayo R. D. , Nash C. E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Southern Ocean Salmon project under study by ICLARM (International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management) and under consideration by Chile has as a major element a salmon hatchery tentatively located on the Salto Chico in southern Chile. This discussion, in the form of a progress paper, describes the physical concept on which this hatchery is based and develops a preliminary economic analysis for its operation. This analysis is, of course, very preliminary in nature although much of the cost information is taken from recent detailed studies of salmon enhancement in Washington State and Alaska.