bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The quiet crisis and the emergence of La Relève: A study of crisis perception and executive leadership within the Canadian federal public service, 1997–2002
Authors: Johnson David , Molloy Andrew 
Published: June 2009

Abstract: In 1997, then‐clerk of the Privy Council Jocelyne Bourgon reported to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien that a “quiet crisis” existed within the ranks of the federal public service. After years of restraint, privatization, deregulation, downsizing, pay freezes, salary cutbacks, hiring moratoriums and staff reductions, the clerk reported that the members of the public service were suffering from a crisis of identity and purpose. To address this problem, the Privy Council Office launched La Relève, a program of crisis management designed to resolve the immediate tensions faced by the public service and to promote the renewal and rejuvenation of the public service at the beginning of the 21st century as it dealt with a variety of mega‐trends affecting public‐service delivery. La Relève marked the beginning of a decade of close attention to human resource management within the federal public service. But was there actually a crisis within the federal government in 1997? Using in‐depth interviews with a wide variety of senior public‐service insiders, this article explores three schools of thought found in Ottawa respecting “the crisis” and assesses the use of crisis management in this case for framing public‐sector modernization policy.Sommaire: En 1997, Jocelyne Bourgon, alors greffière du Conseil privé, signalait au Premier ministre Jean Chrétien qu'il existait une «crise silencieuse» au sein de la fonction publique fédérale. Après des années de restriction, de privatisation, de déréglementation, de compression d'effectifs, de gel des salaires, de réductions de salaires, de suspension du recrutement et de réductions d'effectifs, la greffière signalait que les membres de la fonction publique souffraient d'une crise d'identité et de raison d'être. Pour s'attaquer à ce problème, le Bureau du Conseil privé a lancé La Relève, programme de gestion de crise conçu pour résoudre les tensions immédiates auxquelles faisait face la fonction publique et pour promouvoir le renouveau et le rajeunissement de cette dernière au début du XXIe siècle alors qu'elle subissait diverses tendances majeures qui exerçaient une influence sur la prestation des services publics. La Relève a marqué le début d'une décennie au cours de laquelle on a porté une grande attention à la gestion des ressources humaines au sein de la fonction publique fédérale. Mais est‐ce qu'une crise régnait véritablement au sein du gouvernement fédéral en 1997? Grâce à des entrevues approfondies avec une grande variété de hauts fonctionnaires, le présent article examine trois écoles de pensée prévalant à Ottawa au sujet de «la crise», et évalue l'utilisation de la gestion de crise dans ce cas pour formuler une politique de modernisation du secteur public.
Parallel universes: Canadian and U.S. public administration study
Authors: Henderson Keith M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract:In this article, the discipline/profession of Canadian public administration is compared to its American counterpart. As parallel universes of inquiry and application, both have evolved from administration to management to governance. In spite of this and other similarities, possibilities for greater collaboration and cross‐fertilization have been overlooked and impeded by what the author calls an American attitude of “benign neglect.” The Canadian study of public administration reciprocates with self‐sufficiency and an enviable coherence in spite of similar divisions in the two countries between political science/policy and generic management approaches. To confirm the neglect, the author conducted a mini‐survey of Canadian content in the journalPublic Administration Reviewand in papers presented at U.S. conferences and – for contrast – of American content in the journalCanadian Public Administrationand at Canadian conferences. Modest proposals for rectifying the evident parallel but separate trajectories are suggested through greater interaction that would enrich both study and practice. Exploring some of the overlooked successes in Canadian administration would be useful for students of public administration in the U.S.Sommaire :Le présent article établit une comparaison entre la discipline/la profession de l'administration publique canadienne et son homologue aux États‐Unis. En tant qu'univers parallèles d'enquêtes et d'application, les deux ont évolué, passant de l'administration au management, puis à la gouvernance. Malgré cela et d'autres similarités, les possibilités d'une plus grande collaboration et d'enrichissement mutuel ont été ignorées et empêchées par une attitude américaine qualifiée par l'auteur de «négligence bienveillante ». L'étude canadienne de l'administration publique a réagi par l'autosuffisance et une cohérence enviable malgré des divisions similaires dans les deux pays entre les approches de sciences politiques et de gestion générique. Pour confirmer cette négligence, l'auteur a entrepris un mini sondage sur le contenu canadien dans la revuePublic Administration Reviewet lors de conférences américaines et, par contraste, sur le contenu américain dansAdministration publique du Canadaet lors de conférences canadiennes. De modestes propositions sont faites pour rectifier les trajectoires évidentes, parallèles, et cependant distinctes, suggérant une plus grande interaction qui enrichirait à la fois la théorie et la pratique. Il serait utile pour les étudiants américains en administration publique d'examiner en profondeur certains des succès ignorés de l'administration canadienne.
Essays on Transforming Security and Development in an Unequal World
Authors: Bagayoko Niagalé , McLean Hilker Lyndsay 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThese two papers add further dimensions to the discussions inIDS Bulletin40.2 (March 2009) on ‘Transforming Security and Development in an Unequal World’ edited by Robin Luckham, Niagalé Bagayoko, Lucia Dammert, Claudio Fuentes and Michael Solis. Like the contributions to the latter, they were first discussed at the founding Colloquium of the Global Consortium for Security Transformation held at Kandalama, Sri Lanka in September 2007.Niagalé Bagayoko's paper on ‘State, Non‐State and Multilateral Logics of Action in Post‐Conflict Environments’ considers the complexities of Northern policymaking and their impacts in post‐conflict countries. It thus differs from but complementsIDS Bulletin40.2, which focuses mostly on security and development from a Southern perspective.She argues that a number of different policy logics are at work in the security, development, humanitarian and media etc domains, which are sometimes coordinated – but often in tension with – each other. Her approach thus differs from that of certain critical voices in the NGO and academic worlds, which hold that there is a danger that Northern security priorities might ‘securitise’ the humanitarian and development agendas, particularly in post‐conflict environments. While these dangers are real, nevertheless one should not stereotype all international actors as ‘Northern’ or as promoting Northern security (e.g. anti‐terrorist) agendas. It is instead more fruitful to view such actors as diverse players with conflicting interests that operate according to different policy logics.Lyndsay McLean Hilker's paper on ‘Why Identity Politics Matters for Security and What Follows for Research and Policy’ spells out a general framework for analysis of identity‐based violent conflict, drawing upon empirical examples, including Rwanda, where she has focused her own research. It is unique in its focus on the implications of analysis and research on identity politics for development policy.She contends that identity politics matter both to the persistence of insecurity and to the achievement of greater security. Evidence from multiple contexts demonstrates that identity provides an effective basis for group mobilisation into collective action – both violent and non‐violent in nature. If we are to work to combat insecurity at the local as well as the global level, we need to look in more depth at the processes leading to violence in the name of identity in specific contexts, and explore the types of interventions that can prevent and respond to such violence. It is especially important to understand under what circumstances identity politics can be exercised in ways that are inclusive and empowering rather than exclusionary or violent.
Recent psychopathology, suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts in households with and without firearms: findings from the National Comorbidity Study Replication
Authors: Miller M , Barber C , Azrael D , Hemenway D , Molnar B E 
Published: June 2009

Objective:To assess the relationship between firearm ownership and possible psychiatric confounders of the firearm–suicide relationship.Methods:Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the association between living in a home with firearms and 12-month occurrence of majorDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(DSM)-IV disorders and suicidal behaviour among respondents to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a household survey of 9282 adults aged 18+. Analyses controlled for sociodemographic characteristics including age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment and poverty.Results:Approximately one in three Americans reported living in a home with firearms. People living in a home with firearms were no more or less likely than people in homes without firearms to have recent (past year) anxiety disorders (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.2), mood disorders (OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.1) or substance dependence and/or abuse (OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.3). Past year suicidal ideation (OR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.3) and suicide planning (OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2 to 1.4) were also not associated with living in households with firearms. Having made a suicide attempt over the previous year was the only outcome more common among participants reporting that they currently lived in a home with firearms.Conclusions:The previously reported association between household firearm ownership and heightened risk of suicide is not explained by a higher risk of psychopathology among gun-owning families. As there are Americans with suicidal ideation and/or significant and recent psychiatric disorders currently living in homes with firearms, future work should focus on understanding the impediments to effectively communicating the suicide risk associated with household firearms.
THE INFORMATIONAL CONTENT OF CANONICAL DISJOINT NP-PAIRS
Authors: GLAßER CHRISTIAN , SELMAN ALAN L. , ZHANG LIYU 
Published: June 2009

We investigate the connection between propositional proof systems and their canonical pairs. It is known that simulations between propositional proof systems translate to reductions between their canonical pairs. We focus on the opposite direction and study the following questions. Q1: For which propositional proof systems f and g does the implication [Formula: see text] hold, and for which does it fail? Q2: For which propositional proof systems of different strengths are the canonical pairs equivalent? Q3: What do (non-)equivalent canonical pairs tell about the corresponding propositional proof systems? Q4: Is every NP-pair (A, B), where A is NP-complete, strongly many-one equivalent to the canonical pair of some propositional proof system? In short, we show that Q1 and Q2 can be answered with 'for almost all', which generalizes previous results by Pudlák and Beyersdorff. Regarding Q3, inequivalent canonical pairs tell that the propositional proof systems are not "very similar," while equivalent, P -inseparable canonical pairs tell that they are not "very different." We can relate Q4 to the open problem in structural complexity that asks whether unions of disjoint NP-complete sets are NP-complete. This demonstrates a new connection between propositional proof systems, disjoint NP-pairs, and unions of disjoint NP-complete sets.
Comparative Analysis of the Membrane Proteome of Closely Related Metastatic and Nonmetastatic Tumor Cells
Authors: Roesli Christoph , Borgia Beatrice , Schliemann Christoph , Gunthert Maja , Wunderli-Allenspach Heidi , Giavazzi Raffaella , Neri Dario 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The identification of proteins that are preferentially expressed on the membrane of metastatic tumor cells is of fundamental importance in cancer research. Here, we report the systematic comparison of the membrane proteome of two closely related murine teratocarcinoma cell lines (F9B9 and F9DR), of which only one (F9DR) is capable of forming liver metastases in vivo. The proteomic methodology used in this study featured the surface protein biotinylation on tumor cells followed by protein purification on streptavidin resin and relative quantification of corresponding tryptic peptides by mass spectrometric procedures. The study allowed the identification of 998 proteins and the determination of their relative abundance. Proteins previously known to be associated with metastatic spread were found to be either up-regulated (e.g., synaptojanin-2) or down-regulated (e.g., Ceacam1) in F9DR cells. A dramatic increase in abundance at the cell membrane was observed for a broad variety of proteins (e.g., high-mobility group protein B1), which were mainly thought to reside in intracellular compartments, a finding that was confirmed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and immunochemical analysis of cell cultures. Furthermore, we showed by microautoradiographic analysis that certain target proteins can readily be reached by intravenously administered radiolabeled antibodies. Finally, we showed that the most promising antigens for antibody-based pharmacodelivery approaches are strongly and selectively expressed on the surface of tumor cells in three different syngeneic mouse models of liver metastases. Taken together, our results indicate that the expression of intracellular proteins on the membrane of metastatic cells is a feature much more common than previously expected. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5406–14]
Efficacy of Levo-1-Methyl Tryptophan and Dextro-1-Methyl Tryptophan in Reversing Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase–Mediated Arrest of T-Cell Proliferation in Human Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Qian Feng , Villella Jeannine , Wallace Paul K. , Mhawech-Fauceglia Paulette , Tario Joseph D. , Andrews Christopher , Matsuzaki Junko , Valmori Danila , Ayyoub Maha , Frederick Peter J. , Beck Amy , Liao Jianqun , Cheney Richard , Moysich Kirsten , Lele Shashikant , Shrikant Protul , Old Lloyd J. , Odunsi Kunle 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
It has been reported that levo-1-methyl tryptophan (L-1MT) can block indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expressed by human dendritic cells (DC), whereas dextro-1-methyl tryptophan (D-1MT) is inefficient. However, whether L-1MT or D-1MT can efficiently reverse IDO-induced arrest of human T-cell proliferation has not been clarified. Here, we show a marked immunosuppressive effect of IDO derived from INDO-transfected 293 cell, IDO+ ovarian cancer cells, and monocyte-derived DCs on CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells derived from peripheral blood, ascites, and tumors of ovarian cancer patients. We found that, whereas L-1MT and D/L-1MT can restore proliferation of tumor-derived and peripheral blood T-cell subsets, D-1MT does not effectively restore IDO-induced arrest of T-cell proliferation. Although D-1MT inhibited kynurenine production at high concentrations, L-1MT was more effective in abrogating kynurenine generation and tryptophan depletion, whereas tryptophan was completely depleted by IDO even in the presence of high amounts of D-1MT. Together, the results indicate that, whereas the generation of tryptophan metabolites (kynurenines) by IDO is important in mediating suppression of T-cell proliferation, the degree to which tryptophan depletion is restored by 1MT is also critical in overcoming IDO-induced arrest of T-cell proliferation. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5498–504]
Donor CD4 T Cells Are Critical in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation against Murine Solid Tumor
Authors: Kamiryo Yoriyuki , Eto Masatoshi , Yamada Hisakata , Yajima Toshiki , Harano Masahiko , Takeuchi Ario , Tatsugami Katsunori , Hamaguchi Masumitsu , Naito Seiji , Yoshikai Yasunobu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) has been used for various malignancies, although detailed mechanisms of antitumor effects remain unclear. We showed that a nonmyeloablative allogeneic SCT regimen, which consists of mixed chimerism induced by an injection of donor spleen and bone marrow cells followed by cyclophosphamide treatment and a donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), exerted antitumor effects on established murine bladder tumor, MBT-2. An expansion of donor CD4 T cells accompanied by transient but vigorous IFN-γ production was detected shortly after DLI. In vivo neutralization of IFN-γ or depletion of CD4 T cells from DLI abolished the antitumor effects, indicating an indispensable role of donor CD4 T cells producing IFN-γ. Donor as well as host CD8 T cells accumulated in the tumor region with time. Importantly, depletion of CD8 T cells from DLI did not reverse the suppression of tumor growth, indicating that CD4 T cells play a more essential role in mediating early antitumor effects. Furthermore, tumor-specific response of host CD8 T cells was suggested. These results not only provide the first evidence of nonmyeloablative allogeneic SCT for the treatment of bladder tumor but also elucidate detailed mechanisms of antitumor effects provoked by DLI. [Cancer Res 2009;69(12):5151–8]
Regulation of DNA Polymerase β by the LMP1 Oncoprotein of EBV through the Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway
Authors: Faumont Nathalie , Le Clorennec Christophe , Teira Pierre , Goormachtigh Gauthier , Coll Jean , Canitrot Yvan , Cazaux Christophe , Hoffmann Jean-Sébastien , Brousset Pierre , Delsol Georges , Feuillard Jean , Meggetto Fabienne 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe repair DNA polymerase β (Polβ), when overexpressed, plays a critical role in generating genetic instability via its interference with the genomic replication program. Up-regulation of Polβ has been reported in many tumor types that exhibit genetic aberrations, including EBV-related B-cell lymphomas. However, the mechanisms responsible for its overexpression have never been examined. Here, we report that both expression and activity of Polβ, in EBV-immortalized B cells, are induced by several natural genetic variants of LMP1, an oncoprotein associated with the vast majority of EBV-related tumors. Conversely, we found that the expression of Polβ decreased when LMP1 signaling was down-regulated by a dominant negative of LMP1 or an inhibitor of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, the main transduction pathway activated by LMP1, strongly supporting a role of NF-κB in the LMP1-mediated Polβ regulation. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments from several EBV-immortalized B-cell nuclear extracts, we identified an LMP1-dependent p50/c-Rel heterodimer on a proximal κB binding site (−211 to −199nt) of the Polβ promoter. This result was correlated with a specific Polβ κB transcriptional activity. Taken together, our data enlighten a new mechanism responsible for Polβ overexpression in EBV-infected cells, mediated by LMP1 and dependent on NF-κB activation. [Cancer Res 2009;69(12):5177–85]
Estrogen-Related Receptor α Expression and Function Is Associated with the Transcriptional Coregulator AIB1 in Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Heck Stefanie , Rom Joachim , Thewes Verena , Becker Natalia , Blume Beatrix , Sinn Hans Peter , Deuschle Ulrich , Sohn Christof , Schneeweiss Andreas , Lichter Peter 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The significance of the estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) as prognostic marker for poor clinical outcome in breast carcinoma has recently been reported. Transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors such as ERRα depends on coregulatory proteins. Thus, we compared the expression of different receptors, coregulators, and target genes on RNA and protein level in identical primary breast tumor samples (n = 48). We found a positive correlation between the transcripts of ERRα and AIB1 (amplified in breast cancer-1), a coactivator overexpressed in breast cancers and associated with resistance to antihormone treatment. These data were confirmed on protein level, studying an independent patient collection (n = 257). Expression of the estrogen-regulated gene pS2 was associated with ERRα only in tumors, where estrogen receptor (ERα) expression was low or absent. In ERα high expressing tumors, no correlation of ERRα and pS2 was observed. AIB1 interacts directly with ERRα as shown by fluorescence-resonance energy transfer, mammalian two-hybrid, and coimmunoprecipitation assays with endogenous proteins. It enhances ERRα transcriptional activity in ERα-negative breast cancer cell lines as shown in functional reporter gene assays. Blocking ERRα with an inverse agonist abolished interaction and coactivation by AIB1. Recruitment of both proteins to ERRα target gene promoters further supports the significance of their interaction. Our findings identify AIB1 as functionally relevant cofactor for ERRα in breast carcinoma. ERRα/AIB1 complexes may control estradiol-regulated genes in a hormone-independent manner. Accordingly, ERRα might be a rewarding target for treatment of endocrine-resistant tumors. [Cancer Res 2009;69(12):5186–93]
The Activated Notch1 Signal Pathway Is Associated with Gastric Cancer Progression through Cyclooxygenase-2
Authors: Yeh Tien-Shun , Wu Chew-Wun , Hsu Kai-Wen , Liao Wan-Jung , Yang Min-Chieh , Li Anna Fen-Yau , Wang An-Ming , Kuo Min-Liang , Chi Chin-Wen 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is one of the most common cancers and lethal malignancies worldwide. Thus far, the regulatory mechanisms of its aggressiveness are still poorly understood. To understand the pathogenesis and to develop new therapeutic strategies, it is essential to dissect the molecular mechanisms that regulate progression of gastric cancer. Herein, we sought to address whether Notch1 signal pathway is involved in the control of progression in gastric cancer. We found that expression of Notch ligand Jagged1 was correlated with aggressiveness of human gastric cancer. Patients with Jagged1 expression in gastric cancer tissues had a poor survival rate compared with those without Jagged1 expression. The Notch1 receptor intracellular domain (N1IC), the activated form of Notch1 receptor, promoted the colony-forming ability and xenografted tumor growth of human stomach adenocarcinoma SC-M1 cells. Migration and invasion abilities of SC-M1 cells were enhanced by N1IC. Furthermore, N1IC and C promoter–binding factor 1 (CBF1) bound to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoter and elevated COX-2 expression in SC-M1 cells through a CBF1-dependent manner. The colony-forming, migration, and invasion abilities enhanced by N1IC were suppressed in SC-M1 cells after treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 or knockdown of COX-2. These cellular processes inhibited by Notch1 knockdown were restored by prostaglandin E2 or exogenous COX-2. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of Notch1 signal pathway promotes progression of gastric cancer, at least in part through COX-2. [Cancer Res 2009;69(12):5039–48]