bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examinations of Female Pheromone use in Two Praying Mantids,Stagmomantis limbataandTenodera Aridifolia Sinensis(Mantodea: Mantidae)
Authors: Maxwell Michael R , Barry Katherine L , Johns Philip M 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFemale pheromones were examined in two species of praying mantids: Stagmomantis limbata Hahn and the Chinese mantid, Tenodera aridifolia sinensis Saussure. As in other mantids, females of both of these species are poor flyers or flightless, whereas males are flight-capable. Yet, they differ in ecology and biogeography, with the study population of S. limbata (native to Nearctic region) occurring at low density in desert habitat, and the study population of T. aridifolia sinensis (native to Indomalaya region) occurring at high density in humid woodlands. For both species, we designed field experiments to allow for the attraction of males via chemical signals while controlling for visual cues. Both species show evidence of female-emitted pheromones. In S. limbata, females in covered field cages attracted males, whereas large insects (cockroaches) in covered cages and covered empty cages failed to attract any males. In a second experiment with S. limbata, males were preferentially attracted to well-fed females over poorly-fed females, suggesting that pheromone emission is an “honest” signal of female receptivity in this species. Male arrivals in S. limbata were significantly clustered in the first few hours after sunrise. In T. aridifolia sinensis, covered females (female chemical cues) attracted more males than paired covered controls (empty), and attracted more males than uncovered conspecific males (male chemical and visual cues). Females in uncovered cages (female chemical and visual cues) attracted more males than covered females and more than uncovered controls (empty). This last result highlights the dual importance of chemical and visual information in mantid mating behavior. Female-emitted pheromones are certainly important in long-distance attraction in mantids, whereas visual cues and signals become important at shorter range.
Money Laundering in a Microfounded Dynamic Model: Simulations for the U.S. and the EU-15 Economies
Authors: Bagella Michele , Busato Francesco , Argentiero Amedeo 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This paper explores the ability of a class of two-sector dynamic general equilibrium models to generate equilibrium time series for Money Laundering (ML), through numerical simulations in accordance with the works of Ingram, Kocherlakota and Savin (1997), Busato, Chiarini and Di Maro (2006), and Argentiero, Bagella and Busato (2008). The paper adopts this approach for the US and the EU-15 economies. The simulations show that ML accounts for 19 percent of GDP in the EU-15 economy, while it accounts for 13 percent in the US economy over the sample 2000:01-2007:04. Moreover, the ML simulated for the EU-15 is less volatile (relative standard deviation to GDP is 0.288 compared to a figure of almost 0.4 for the US economy), and negatively correlated with respect to GDP. The latter statistic is positive for the US economy.
How to Dodge Drowning in Data? Rule- and Risk-Based Anti Money Laundering Policies Compared
Authors: Unger Brigitte , van Waarden Frans 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the past decade, anti-money laundering policy has switched both in the US and in Europe from a rule- to a risk-based reporting system in order to avoid over-reporting by the private sector. However, reporting instead increased in most countries, while the quality of information decreased. Governments were drowned in data because private agents feared sanctions for not reporting. However, unlike in other countries, this “crying wolf problem” (Takats, 2007) did not happen in the Netherlands, where the number of reports diminished, but information quality improved. The reasons for this can be found in differences in legal institutions and legal culture, notably the contrast between US adversarial legalism and Dutch cooperative informalism. The established legal systems also provide for resistance to change. Thus, lowering sanctions in order to reduce over-reporting may not be a realistic option in a legal system which traditionally uses deterrence by fierce criminal and private legal sanctions. Furthermore, a risk-based approach may not be sustainable in the long run, as litigation may eventually replace a risk-based approach again by a rule-based one, now with precise rules set by the courts.
Downy Chess Grass as a Host of the Pear Psylla
Authors: Wilde W. H. A. 
Published: January 2010

Pear and quince are primary hosts of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster (Smith, 1941; Wilde, 1962), but the scarcity of quince in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia eliminates it as an important host in that area.In 1962 suspicious chlorotic streaking, symptomatic of feeding by sucking insects, was seen on downy chess grass, Bromus tectorum L., growing in two pear orchards heavily infested with pear psylla. As a result, greenhouse and field trials were conducted to ascertain if pear psylla, on occasion, feeds on this grass and causes phytotoxic symptoms. Cages, enclosing small, potted Anjou pear trees and clumps of downy chess grass growing around the base of these trees, were used in the greenhouse for confining 30 adult pear psyllids. An equal number of potted trees and clumps of grass were maintained under the same greenhouse conditions but without adult psyllids. Observations on feeding and phytotoxic symptoms produced in downy chess grass by the pear psylla were made between July 12 and October 19.
Host Specificity of Calophasia lunula (Hufn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Harris P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis report shows: (1) by starvation tests on representative economic plants that none of them is a suitable host for C. lunula, (2) by feeding tests on plants in the Scrophulariaceae that only plants in the tribe Antirrhineae are potential hosts of the larvae, (3) by feeding tests with plant extracts that plants in the tribe Antirrhineae contain an unidentified feeding stimulant, (4) by preference tests with adults and larvae that, although the moths can be raised with difficulty in the laboratory on snapdragon and other ornamentals in the susceptible tribe, they are unlikely to attack these plants in nature.
Wing Base Structure in Lepidoptera I. Fore Wing Base
Authors: Sharplin J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe fore wing bases of Monotrysia can be homologized with the plan for a generalized insect wing base (Snodgrass, 1935). The wing bases of advanced Lepidoptera are very different from those of primitive forms. An evolutionary series can be traced through the order showing how the changes may have taken place.The positions of the bending cuticle areas vary very little within the order. Within each superfamily the axillary region is surprisingly constant. It is impossible to distinguish between the wing bases of many related ditrysian families.The jugum is particularly interesting; it is present in all the members of the old group “Microlepidoptera” and not only in the Monotrysia or “Jugatae”.
A Survey of the Sucking Insects of the Birches in the Maritime Provinces
Authors: Varty I. W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA survey of the sucking insect fauna of the birches has been conducted in the Maritime Provinces, and a check-list of 75 species of Homoptera and Hemiptera, with tabulated data on host relationships, is presented. The bulk of the population on any of the three birches (Betula alleghaniensis Britt., B. papyrifera Marsh., and B. populifolia Marsh.) has three major components: the Oncopsis leafhoppers, Psylla striata Patch, and the phyllaphidine aphids. The many other species present occur at much lower density but often have a broader dependence upon other hosts. The main homopterous families and their relationships to birch and the forest communities are discussed.
Methods of Sexing and Sex Ratios of the Southern Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm
Authors: Osgood E. A. , Clark E. W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSeveral criteria for determining the sex of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., were investigated. The combination of the prominence of the frontal tubercles and depth of frontal groove was 100% accurate and was chosen as the best criterion. Data on sex ratios at different points in the beetle's life history are given.
Wing Base Structure in Lepidoptera II. Hind Wing Base
Authors: Sharplin J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWhen the Zeugloptera are compared with advanced Lepidoptera three major changes in the hind wing base are noticed:1) The apparent loss of the prescutal arm which is fused to the second basalare in Ditrysia.2) The separation of the prescutal apodeme from the prescutum by membrane so that the third tergopleural muscle appears to insert on the mesopostnotum.3) The reduction of the median plates and the development of cubital plates.
Laboratory Emergence of Adults from Overwintering Pupae of the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Stevenson A. B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEmergence in the laboratory at 80°F. of apple maggot adults from pupae overwintering outdoors was compared at different times of the dormant period and with emergence from pupae stored at 37-40° for all or varying parts of the dormant period. Shorter incubation times were required for emergence when pupae from outdoors were placed in incubation in autumn, one to three months after larval maturity, than during winter or early spring. Exposure for at least six weeks to low temperatures, either outdoors or in the laboratory, at first increased the incubation time required for emergence. Later the required incubation times of insects overwintering outdoors or in the refrigerator decreased as the duration of exposure to low temperature (or duration of dormancy) increased. But no such decrease was evident in samples of pupae held at 37-40°F. for periods longer than six months. Comparison of emergence from pupae from outdoors with those stored at 37-40°F. when incubated in spring and early summer showed that outdoor temperatures before June 1, in 1959-61 at least, had no effect on the subsequent emergence from pupae overwintering outdoors. When incubation at 70°, 75°, 80°, 85° and 90°F. was compared, the times required for emergence decreased with increased incubation temperature up to 85°F. However incubation at 90°F. resulted in a decrease in the percentage of incubated insects that emerged as adults.
A Taxonomic Review of the Genus Hoploseius Berlese (Acarina: Blattisocidae)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe genus Hoploseius is redefined on the basis of H. cometa (Berlese), H. drosophili (Chant) new combination, and H. bakeri new species, which are described, keyed, and illustrated. Fragmentary ecological data with specimens of Hoploseius make it apparent that the mites are associated with polyporous bracket fungi and have a phoretic relationship with adult drosophilid flies.
Larval Habitats, Development, and Parasites of some Tabanidae (Diptera) in Southern Ontario
Authors: James H. G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBlood-sucking horse flies and deer flies of the family Tabanidae are important pests of livestock and man in Hastings County, Ontario. In a survey made during 1951-56, immatures of 29 species were collected and reared to obtain information on their insect parasites and other biotic control agents in different habitats. Most of the tabanid specimens were found at five sites where populations were high. The periods of pupation and emergence of Chrysops and of the larger tabanids are shown. The most numerous biotic agents found were two egg parasites, Trichogramma minutum Riley and Telenomus emersoni Girault. Parasites of the larva were a tachinid, Phorostoma novaeangliae (West) and Bathymermis sp., a nematode parasite of Chrysops spp. There were two pupal parasites: Diglochis occidentalis (Ashm.) (Pteromalidae) and Trichopria sp., probably tabanivora Fouts (Diapriidae). There is evidence that both these parasites attack the mature larva of the host.
The World Rhyparochrominae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) III. New Rhyparochrominae from the Ethiopian region
Authors: Scudder G. G. E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper contains the description of seven new genera and 26 new species of Ethiopian Lygaeidae. Keys to species are given where possible and a key to the genera of the Clerada complex of Cleradini is provided. The genus Mahisa Distant is resurrected from synonymy and Migdilybs furcifer var. capensis Hesse is raised to specific status.
The Infestation of Canadian Produce Inspected in United Kingdom Ports Between 1953 and 1959
Authors: Hurlock E. T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOver 5,000 cargoes of grain, grain products, oilseeds, oilseed products and pulses from Canada were examined between 1953 and 1959. Only a few cargoes were found to be infested and there was a general decline in infestation over this period. Many of the insects recorded were acquired from the structure of the ships but mites were more frequently introduced with the grain. The miles which occurred most frequently were Acarus sira, Glycyphagus spp. and Cheyletus spp.; the commonest insects were Psoeopreri and Cryptolestes spp. Including those species derived from residues in ships, the total of species and species groups recorded was 77. Cases where insects have been derived from infested residues in the ships are described. A greater variety of species is to be found on Western Canadian, than on Eastern Canadian grain. This appears to foe due to the damp conditions brought about by overstowage of the grain with lumber and the consequent high proportion of mycetophagous species. The incidence of most grain-infesting insects and mites declined steadily during the examination period
Studies on the Canadian and Alaskan Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera). I. The Genera Achrotile Fieber and Laccocera Van Duzee (Delphacidae)
Authors: Scudder G. G. E. 
Published: January 2010

This is the first of a series of papers which will consider the systematics of the Canadian and Alaskan Fulgoromorpha. The aim is to produce eventually a work on the Fulgoromorpha similar to that on the Cicadellidae of the same area by Beirne (1 956).The two Delphacid genera Achrotile Fieber and Laccocera Van Duzee can be recognized by the presence of distinct pits on the frons, notum and abdominal dorsum. The frons in Achrotile has two median parallel carinae whilst only one is present in Laccocera.
Some Ecological Attributes of a Pteromalid Parasite and its Housefly Host
Authors: Nagel W. P. , Pimentel David 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe habits and dispersal of the pteromalid parasite Nasonia vitripennis and its housefly host, Musca domestica, and their density relationships were investigated. Male parasite longevity averaged 1.62 days and female longevity 6.96 days. The average number of progeny per female parasite was 139.8. When 25 pairs of parasites were placed with 300 housefly pupae of three sizes, the percentage parasitism was 45.0 for the small (less than 2.0 mm. in diameter), 72.8 for the medium (from 2.0 to 2.5 mm.), and 65.7 for the large (greater than 2.5 mm.). The number of parasites produced per parasitized pupa was 2.20 for the small, 4.30 for the medium, and 6.11 for the large pupae. Increasing the extent of superparasitism produced significantly smaller parasite progeny. A significantly greater normal mortality occurred in small housefly pupae (21.5 per cent) compared with either the medium (6.3 per cent) or the large (5.2 per cent).The parasite dispersed significantly faster when unfed than when fed. Housefly pupae which had been previously exposed to parasites also stimulated the tendency for subsequent parasite emigration. Housefly dispersal was found to be density-dependent under the experimental conditions of the multi-cell population cage.With an increasing parasite-host ratio the rate of parasitization increased until all hosts at a 1 to 1 ratio were parasitized in 24 hours; percentage of parastized hosts producing parasites reached a peak of 71 per cent at the 1 to 2 ratio; and above the 10 to 1 ratio all parasite progeny died due to super-parasitism.
A Fruit-Piercing Moth of Samoa and the South Pacific Islands
Authors: Comstock John Adams 
Published: January 2010

During four months of 1961 I had the opportunity of investigating and illustrating numerous species of Lepidoptera on the Island of Tutuila, American Samoa.This was made possible through the cooperation of Mr. and Mrs. M. T. Hollingsworth of the Educational Division of the Samoan Government, the Director of Agriculture, Mr. Noel Bayless, and the Governor, Mr. H. Rex Lee.Quarters and laboratory facilities were made available at the newly leased Agricultural Experiment Station of Mulinu'u, an 18-acre tract richly covered by native vegetation and cocoanut palms. The residence, formerly owned by the previous Governor, Peter Tali Coleman, was supplied with electricity, which made possible the use of neon and black light.
The Rearing of European Red Mite under Controlled Environmental Conditions
Authors: Specht H. B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA method has been described for the rearing of European red mite wherein the temperature, light, and air humidity were controlled. It consisted of a sealed glass tube containing an apple twig with a mite infested leaf. The tube was ventilated with air of the desired humidity and the leaf was kept alive by inserting the end of the twig into daily-changed tap water.
Laboratory Evaluation of DDT and Phosphamidon on the Western Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst)
Authors: Randall A. P. , Jackson C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSpray tower application of DDT in fuel oil at 0.2 lb. DDT/acre, proved to be highly toxic to the larvae of the western hemlock looper. Tolerance to DDT appeared to vary directly with larval age. Phosphamidon applied in aqueous solution to hemlock foliage showed a high order of contact and systemic toxicity to larvae placed on the treated foliage.
The Role of Disease and Desiccation in the Population Dynamics of the Gypsy Moth Porthetria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Campbell Robert W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe population dynamics of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), are being studied on 10 sites in the Town of Glenville, New York. This paper discusses the role of disease and a condition here termed “desiccation” in the dynamics of these populations during a 4-year period, 1958-1961 inclusive.The term “desiccation” refers to dead pre-pupae that appeared shriveled, and were stiff to the touch, and which had a solid mass of food in their gut. The incidence of desiccation among pre-pupae was closely related to the number of eggs per egg mass produced at the end of the generation (a measure of relative insect density).Disease incidence among larval gypsy moth populations was directly related to insect density. Disease incidence was also related to site conditions, with higher mortality occurring in wet sites.When larval populations reached high densities, they always declined from the dense level within a few generations. These declines ranged from a sudden drastic reduction to a much more gradual decline. The former was preceded by virtual food exhaustion, while the latter was not usually preceded by exhaustion of the food supply.Disease and desiccation were primary factors in producing the sudden type of population reduction noted above. Pathogens may also play an important part in the more gradual type of decline, but this point remains to be clarified.
The Aphididae of the Canadian Arctic (Homoptera)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEighteen species are listed of which eight are described as new. Most of these species were collected in the more southerly parts of the Canadian Arctic, but two species were collected at Lake Hazen which is situated in the extreme northeastern portion of Ellesmere Island. The majority of the species belong to well known Holarctic genera. Characteristically Palaearctic groups are represented by five species, but exclusively Nearctic groups are represented by a single species. The most conspicuous biological feature is the apparent reversal of the switch mechanism governing the production of sexuales since, in spite of the excessively long photoperiod, oviparae are common.
Growth of Red Pine Trees After Chemical Suppression of the European Pine Shoot Moth
Authors: Talerico Robert L. , Heikkenen Herman J. , Miller William E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHeight growth and number of side branches developing the first growth season after chemical suppression of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), were measured on 40 treated and nontreated plots of red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., in Michigan. Some plots had been treated during the summer-treatment period and some during the spring-treatment period. Summer treatment increased the height growth and number of side branches over no treatment; the degree of chemical suppression was useful in estimating tree growth during the following growing season. In contrast, spring suppression had no effect on height growth and number of side branches.
Kendall's “Tau” Coefficient as an Index of Similarity in Comparisons of Plant or Animal Communities
Authors: Ghent A. W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractComparisons of ecologic communities are often limited to presentations of frequency lists in tabular or bar-graph form. Kendall's “Tau” coefficient is appropriate as a measure of rank correlation between such numerical profiles. A special problem arises where species in one community are absent from the other. Such species may either be assigned zero frequency and last-place ranking in the community where they are absent, or they may be dropped from both rankings, depending on which method yields the more conservative correlation. Tau has the same limits (± 1) as the familiar product-moment correlation coefficient. Moreover, as a nonparametric statistic it is free of considerations of distribution. Comparisons between soil-fauna communities from the Quetico-Superior forest area are used to illustrate the method. The problems of tied rankings, variance and significance of Tau, confidence limits for Tau, and the significance of a difference between Tau coefficients, are also considered.
Interspecific Territoriality in Hetaerina americana (Fabricius) and H. titia (Drury) (Odonata: Calopterygidae) with a Preliminary Analysis of the Wing Color Pattern Variation
Authors: Johnson Clifford 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn its territorial behavior, the “tricolor” form of Hetaerina titia differs markedly from both typical H. titia and H. americana. Territoriality between “tricolor” and americana males is initiated only by the latter, and affects the spatial structure of a breeding population of “tricolor” males. Territoriality between americana and typical titia is initiated by either species, and usually leads to displacement of the americana male; this has no visible effect however on the population structure of americana.H. titia and the “tricolor” form are suggested as separate species because of: (1) differences in breeding and territorial behavior (in both intra- and interspecific flights), and differential habitat selection by females for opposition. (2) existence of different and consistent female body color patterns and the breeding of these females with their specific male type. (3) the strong likelihood that the male wing color patterns are genetically governed with the implication that genes are not interchanged between titia and “tricolor”.