bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of the Standing Behavior for Managing Elevated Somatic Cell Count (SCC) in Dairy Cows
Authors: Chetri Dipesh Kumar , Devkota Naba Raj , Basnet Hom B. , Karki Dainik B. 
Published: May 2024

Aim: To examine the effect of feed-offer time on standing and lying behaviors to manage Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and reduce risk of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in tie stall dairy cows.
Study Design: Completely Randomized Design (5 treatments × 4 replications)
Place and Duration of the Study: National Cow Research Program, Chitwan, Nepal; from September, 2019 to March, 2020 for 180 days.
Methodology: Twenty SCM-free dairy cows were recruited on different feeding strategies (pre-milking, during milking, and post-milking feeding at varying intervals). Behavioral patterns (lying time, bout frequencies and duration, post-milking standing duration/PMSD) were obtained using pedometer and SCC by autoanalyzer fortnightly. The feeding strategy effect on behavioral outlines and SCC was analyzed for univariate ANOVA by SPSS packages (version 25). The relationship between behavioral patterns and SCC were performed by Pearsons Correlation analysis.
Results: Immediate post-milking feeding (+iPMF) cows showed higher lying time (P=.003) and bout duration (P=.001) while the number of lying bout was higher (P=.001) in pre-milking feeding (-10PMF). The PMSD was logged higher (P=.001) in +iPMF than in -10PMF and during-milking feeding cows but was similar with other post-milking feeding groups. Additionally, immediate and 15-minute post-milking feeding (+15PMF) resulted significantly lower SCC at both teat (P=.001, .005) and udder levels (P=.001) and are consistently associated with longer standing time after milking, suggesting decreased risk of SCM. Furthermore, post-milking standing duration showed significant but negative relationship with SCC of fore teats (P=.001; r=-0.26) and at udder level (P=.001; r=-0.298) while it was negative and non-significant with hind teats (r=-0.09 in LH and r=-0.06 in RH).
Conclusion: Post-milking feeding strategies, +iPMF and +15PMF, have the potential to improve dairy cow welfare and udder health by modulating behavioral patterns and reducing SCC. Further research is needed to optimize management practices for maximizing dairy cow welfare and udder health.
Effect of Different Sources of Nitrogen and Bio Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cherry Tomato [Solanum lycopersicum L.) Var. Cerasiforme] in Polyhouse Conditions
Authors: Peeyush . , Bahadur Vijay 
Published: May 2024

The present investigation was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Naini, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during the Kharif-2022 with a view to identify the effect of different sources of nitrogen and bio fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of cherry tomato” [Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. cerasiforme] in polyhouse conditions. The experiment was laid in Randomized block design (RBD) with 9 treatments and 3 replications with different combination in RDF and application of organic nutrition. Under this experiment, overall, 10 treatment were taken. From the above experimental finding it may be concluded that the treatment T9 (75% N through urea + 25% N through FYM + Azotobacter (4 kg ha-1) + PSB (4 Kg ha-1) was found to be best in the terms of growth parameters like highest plant height (283.35 cm) at 120 DAT, maximum number of branches per plant (72.33 branches) at 120 DAT. In terms of earliness, it was found to have minimum days to attain 50% flowering (55.93 DAT). In terms of yield T9 had highest number of fruits per cluster (5.57 fruits), and fruit yield per hectare (25.88 t ha-1).
An Investigation of Psychological Services of Mental Health of Student’s in Uzbekistan: A Critical Evaluation
Authors: Yunusovich Akhrorov Voris , Khan Azizuddin 
Published: May 2024

Mental health has become an important issue among students throughout the world especially after Covid-19. The present study is an attempt to investigate psychological services among students in higher educational institutions in Uzbekistan. The study also aimed to identify and assess psychological services of mental health in students in Uzbekistan. The study analysed the current state of the activities of psychological services aimed at ensuring the psychological health of students of higher educational institutions, as well as the introduction of the activities of psychological services in the system of higher education. The study also explored and assessed issues and problems of existing psychological services for mental health among students in higher education. To eliminate these problems, a model and description of improving the activities of psychological services in higher educational institutions are given, and conclusions and suggestions are presented.
Reoviruses
Authors: Coombs Kevin M 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Reoviruses are infectious agents, transmitted by respiratory and faecal – oral routes. The mammalian reoviruses (MRV) are the prototypic viruses of a large group of infectious agents, many of which are highly pathogenic to their natural hosts, although the MRV are not significant human pathogens. The MRV are distinguished by having a genome of 10 segments of double‐stranded
ribonucleic acid
(dsRNA) that is located inside a double‐layered, spherical nonenveloped protein capsid. The capsid is incompletely uncoated during viral replication and the inner capsid (core) serves as an enzymatic ‘machine’ producing progeny mRNA. The virus is being studied as a potential anticancer oncolytic therapy. The virus is also quite stable and therefore is useful as a ‘bio‐indicator’ for assessing water quality and wastewater disinfection.

Key Concepts:

The reoviruses have served as models for understanding biology of double‐stranded RNA and RNA transcription signals.

Mammalian reoviruses are ubiquitous in nature and virtually all mammalian species are infected by these agents.

Reoviruses have a segmented genome and different genome segments from different virus types can mix to create hybrid progeny viruses called ‘reassortants’.

Although most family members are highly pathogenic in their natural hosts, mammalian reoviruses are generally harmless to humans.

Because the viruses are generally harmless, and because they are unusually stable, they serve beneficially as anticancer agents and for monitoring water and wastewater disinfection.
Repetitive Elements: Bioinformatic Identification, Classification and Analysis
Authors: Jurka Jerzy , Bao Weidong , Kojima Kenji , Kapitonov Vladimir V 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Multicopy, or repetitive,
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) is routinely being detected and analysed by computer‐assisted comparison of genomic DNA with reference databases of repeats. The most representative collection of repetitive elements is ‘Repbase Update’ (RU), which currently contains >15 000 unique entries from diverse eukaryotic species. The majority of transposable elements (TEs) in RU are consensus sequences based on multiple alignments of individual repeats. Consensus sequences are approximations of active TEs responsible for generating multiple mutated copies in the genome. The current two major repeat detection and annotation programs, RepeatMasker and CENSOR, both use RU for annotation of repeats in eukaryotic genomes. RU is also increasingly being used as a master reference library to create custom libraries for detection of repeats in newly sequenced genomes. Finally, a combination of different routines can be used to detect repeats not similar to those already present in the reference libraries (

de novo

approach).

Key Concepts:

Active transposable elements (TEs) produce families and subfamilies of multiple copies in the genome, called ‘interspersed repetitive elements’ or ‘repeats’.

Consensus sequences derived from aligned families and subfamilies of repeats are excellent approximations of the active TEs from which they were derived.

Consensus sequences are also preferred reference sequences used in screening and annotation of repetitive elements, especially the most divergent ones.

RepeatMasker and CENSOR are basic repeat screening and annotation programs using reference sequence libraries.

In the absence of reference sequences, repetitive DNA can be detected by screening for multiple copies and characteristic structural features (
de novo
approach).
Comparative Genomics of the Major Chemosensory Gene Families in Arthropods
Authors: Sánchez‐Gracia Alejandro , Vieira Filipe G , Almeida Francisca C , Rozas Julio 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Chemoreception is the most important sense for the survival and reproduction of most animal species. In insects, the principal proteins involved in the recognition of chemical cues comprise moderately sized, multigene families. These families include (i) odorant‐binding (OBPs) and chemosensory (CSPs) proteins, which are involved in peripheral olfactory processing; (ii) the chemoreceptor super‐family, formed by the olfactory (OR) and gustatory (GR) receptors; and (iii) the ionotropic receptors (IR), a variant class of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR). Recent comparative genomic analyses of fully sequenced arthropod genomes support the birth‐and‐death model as the major evolutionary mechanism in determining the chemosensory repertoire size, and provide evidence of adaptive changes fostered by ecological shifts that might influence the current size of chemosensory families. These studies also advocate for the origin of olfactory gene families with the evolution of terrestriality in insects.

Key Concepts:

The chemosensory system mediates the detection of food, predators and mates, eliciting feeding behaviours and innate sexual and reproductive responses.

In arthropods, the most important proteins involved in the recognition of chemical cues comprise moderately sized multigene families.

The chemosensory system of arthropods relies on transmembrane receptors (OR, GR and IR gene families) and small globular proteins (OBP and CSP families).

The number of chemosensory genes is similar across the
Drosophila
genus, with little variation in the gene number among species.

New OBP and CSP genes appear by gene duplication in extant chromosomal clusters, and diverge independently from each other.

An unexpectedly high number of gene gains and losses occurred in the evolution of chemosensory families during the 40–60 Myr of divergence of the
Drosophila
genus.

The chemosensory families in insects evolve under a birth‐and‐death process, with lineage‐specific family size expansions and contractions at large time scale.

The selective constraints on chemosensory genes have varied over the evolution of the
Drosophila
genus, with some cases of positive selection.

Random genomic drift, assisted by eventual adaptation processes, is the principal determinant of the chemosensory family size of arthropods.
Chromatin Recognition Protein Modules: The
PHD
Finger
Authors: Lallous Nada , Ramón‐Maiques Santiago 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

The structure of chromatin controls the accessibility to
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) information. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histones modify the architecture of chromatin and provide docking platforms for proteins that control many DNA‐templated processes. The plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers are small protein domains found in nuclear factors that interact with chromatin. Recent studies have characterised two classes among the PHD fingers, which specifically bind to either unmodified or trimethylated K4 histone H3. A number of PHD finger structures in complex with histone peptides reveal the recognition mechanisms. The combination of multiple histone PTMs, the cooperation between different PHD fingers or between PHD fingers and other histone recognition proteins illustrate the plurality and versatility of this protein module. Mutations or translocations in PHD fingers that affect their interaction with histones have been related to immunological diseases, cancer or mental retardation.

Key Concepts:

Histone modifications form part of the chromatin control of DNA‐templated processes.

PHD fingers are small nuclear protein domains that bind two zinc ions in an interlaced topology.

Several PHD fingers specifically recognise the di‐ and trimethylated K4 histone H3 tail, and others bind specifically to unmethylated K4 histone H3.

Aromatic cages are cavities formed by the side chains of 2–4 aromatic residues used by PHD fingers and by other protein modules for binding to methylated lysines.

Alterations of the histone recognition by PHD fingers are related to immunological diseases, cancer and mental retardation.
Antioxidants
Authors: Dugo Laura , Negis Yesim , Azzi Angelo 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

In the human body, antioxidant functions (elimination of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS)) are primarily exerted by enzyme systems in cells and tissues or by antioxidant molecules produced by metabolism. A large number of molecules, chemically defined as antioxidants, present in fruits and vegetables (polyphenols, tocopherols and carotenoids) are provided with the property of delaying or inhibiting oxidations. They can exhibit additional functions such as of ligands to macromolecules (receptors, enzymes, etc.). The

in vitro

properties of antioxidants may not be present

in vivo

, if the antioxidant is not absorbed, or if it is modified, if it is inactivated or rapidly eliminated. Antioxidants may scavenge ROS in excess that can damage cell components, such as
deoxyribonucleic acid
, proteins, lipids and low‐molecular weight compounds. However, because ROS represent physiological components of cell metabolism and are used for cell signalling, antioxidants may interfere with physiological cell signalling. Although epidemiological studies have suggested a positive health impact of antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables, human interventions with antioxidants have not given till now encouraging results.

Key Concepts:

Antioxidants are a broad, heterogeneous group of chemicals provided with the property delaying or inhibiting oxidations.

Antioxidant functions are also exerted by enzyme systems, physiologically present in cells and tissues.

Antioxidants may possess properties additional to their redox reactivity.

A clear distinction should be made between
in vitro
and
in vivo
properties of antioxidants, because
in vivo
chemical antioxidants may be inactivated, modified or exhibit different, additional properties.

Reactive oxygen species are present as physiological components of cell metabolism and are used for cell signalling.

Reactive oxygen species in excess can damage cell components, such as DNA, proteins, lipids and low‐molecular weight compounds, and be the cause of disease.

Antioxidants may on one side prevent the damage produced by excess oxidants, but they may also interfere with the physiological signalling produced by reactive oxygen species.

Epidemiological studies have suggested a positive health impact of antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables.

Human interventions with antioxidants have not given till now encouraging results.
Dynamic Programming Via Linear Programming
Authors: Büyüktahtakin İSMET Esra 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Dynamic programming (DP) has been used to solve a wide range of optimization problems. Given that dynamic programs can be equivalently formulated as linear programs, linear programming (LP) offers an efficient alternative to the functional equation approach in solving such problems. LP is also utilized with DP to characterize the polyhedral structure of discrete optimization problems. In this article, we investigate the close relationship between the two traditionally distinct areas of DP and LP.
Wardrop Equilibria
Authors: Correa José R. , Stier‐Moses Nicolás E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWardrop equilibria are commonly used as a solution concept of network games when modeling transportation and telecommunication networks with congestion. This concept assumes that players select a route that minimizes the time or cost incurred in its traversal. This behavioral assumption admits convenient mathematical descriptions, and efficient algorithms for the computation of equilibria are available. For this reason, planners have been making use of this concept for decades for evaluating projects, optimizing tolls, estimating demands, and a myriad applications arising from extensions of the basic model. In this article, we introduce the basic model, explain strategies for computation of equilibria, and discuss the extent of the inefficiency arising from the selfish behavior of the players. In addition, we provide some generalizations of the basic model.
Bio‐inspired Heterostructured Bead‐on‐String Fibers That Respond to Environmental Wetting
Authors: Tian Xuelin , Bai Hao , Zheng Yongmei , Jiang Lei 
Published: February 2011

AbstractInspired by the geometric structure of ecribellate spider capture silk and its spinning characteristics, we propose a one‐step electrohydrodynamic method to fabricate bead‐on‐string heterostructured fibers (BSHFs). By combining electrospinning and electrospraying strategies using a sprayable outer fluid with low viscosity and a spinnable inner fluid with high viscosity in a coaxial jetting process, hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) beads are successfully imprinted on a hydrophobic polystyrene string. It is demonstrated that the BSHFs are capable of intelligently responding to environmental change. With a change in relative humidity, the fibers show a segmented swelling and shrinking behavior in the “bead” parts whereas the “string” parts remain the same. The elastic BSHFs with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface characteristics represent a type of mesoscale analogues that block copolymers and may bring about new properties and applications. Moreover, the combined electrohydrodynamic approach developed herein should open new routes to multifunctional one‐dimensional heterostructured materials.
Nanostructured Organic and Hybrid Solar Cells
Authors: Weickert Jonas , Dunbar Ricky B. , Hesse Holger C. , Wiedemann Wolfgang , Schmidt‐Mende Lukas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis Progress Report highlights recent developments in nanostructured organic and hybrid solar cells. The authors discuss novel approaches to control the film morphology in fully organic solar cells and the design of nanostructured hybrid solar cells. The motivation and recent results concerning fabrication and effects on device physics are emphasized. The aim of this review is not to give a summary of all recent results in organic and hybrid solar cells, but rather to focus on the fabrication, device physics, and light trapping properties of nanostructured organic and hybrid devices.
Hydro(trispyrazolyl)borato‐Ruthenium(II) Diphosphinoamino Complex‐Catalyzed Addition of β‐Diketones to 1‐Alkynes and Anti‐Markovnikov Addition of Secondary Amines to Aromatic 1‐Alkynes
Authors: Cheung Hung Wai , So Chau Ming , Pun Kwok Hung , Zhou Zhongyuan , Lau Chak Po 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe hydro(trispyrazolyl)borato‐ruthenium(II) diphosphinoamino complex TpRu[4‐CF3C6H4N(PPh2)2](OTf) (I) [Tp=hydro(trispyrazolyl)borate] catalyzes the Markovnikov addition of β‐diketones to unactivated 1‐alkynes in good to excellent yields. The reaction proceeds under solvent‐free and additive‐free conditions and the catalyst loading can be reduced down to 0.4 mol%. Complex I (1 mol%) also catalyzes the addition of secondary amines to aromatic terminal alkynes, unusual anti‐Markovnikov products are exclusively formed.
An Efficient Diphosphine/Hybrid‐Amine Combination for Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aryl Ketones
Authors: Li Yuehui , Zhou Yougui , Shi Qixun , Ding Kuiling , Noyori Ryoji , Sandoval Christian A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractReadily available and modular hybrid amine/benzimidazole‐based 1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐methanamine (BIMA) ligands in combination with 2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐2,3‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (DIOP) afford efficient catalytic systems for the ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation (AH) of a number of aryl ketones. The AH proceeds smoothly with substrate‐to‐catalyst (S/C) molar ratios of up to 100,000 (TOF of 6500 h−1, 8 atm) giving chiral alcohols in up to 99% ee.
An Easy, Stereoselective Synthesis of Hexahydroisoindol‐4‐ones under Phosphine Catalysis
Authors: Duvvuru Deepti , Betzer Jean‐François , Retailleau Pascal , Frison Gilles , Marinetti Angela 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA new synthetic approach to hexahydroisoindol‐4‐ones is reported, based on the formal [3+2] cyclization reaction between N‐arylsulfonylimines and cyclic conjugated dienes, under phosphine catalysis. Key substrates are 3‐vinylcyclohex‐2‐enones with electron‐withdrawing substituents (ester, amido, cyano, phosphoryl and keto groups) on the exocyclic double bond, which afford the three‐atom synthons for the construction of the pyrroline ring. Total syn stereoselectivity is observed in these annulations. The scope of the reaction has been demonstrated and mechanistic issues are considered, based on deuteration experiments and density function theory (DFT) calculations.
Work‐related asthma in health care in Ontario
Authors: Liss Gary M. , Buyantseva Larisa , Luce Carol E. , Ribeiro Marcos , Manno Michael , Tarlo Susan M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe health of workers in health care has been neglected in the past. There are few reports regarding occupational asthma (OA) in this group, and work‐exacerbated asthma (WEA) has rarely been considered.MethodsWe examined the frequency of claims for OA and WEA allowed by the compensation board in Ontario, Canada for which industry was coded as “health care” between 1998 and 2002, to determine the frequency of OA and WEA, causative agents, and occupations.ResultsDuring this period, five claims were allowed for sensitizer OA, two for natural rubber latex (NRL), and three for glutaraldehyde/photographic chemicals. The two NRL cases occurred in nurses who had worked for >10 years prior to “date of accident.” There were 115 allowed claims for WEA; health care was the most frequent industry for WEA. Compared to the rest of the province, claims in health care made up a significantly greater proportion of WEA claims (17.8%) than OA (5.1%) (odds ratio, 4.1, 95% CI 1.6–11.6;P = 0.002). The rate of WEA claims was 2.1 times greater than that in the rest of the workforce (P < 0.0001). WEA claims occurred in many jobs (e.g., clerk), other than “classic” health care jobs such as nurses, and were attributed to a variety of agents such as construction dust, secondhand smoke, and paint fumes.ConclusionsWEA occurs frequently in this industrial sector. Those affected and attributed agents include many not typically expected in health care. The incidence of OA claims in this sector in general was low; the continued low number of OA claims due to NRL is consistent with the successful interventions for prevention. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:278–284, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.