bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complications of radiotherapy in laryngopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Zevallos Jose P. , Mallen Michael J. , Lam Cho Y. , Karam‐Hage Maher , Blalock Jan , Wetter David W. , Garden Adam S. , Sturgis Erich M. , Cinciripini Paul M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Radiotherapy (XRT) is effective as the primary treatment modality for laryngopharyngeal cancer; however, complications of XRT can result in significant morbidity. Few previous studies have examined the effect of continued smoking on complications of XRT. The authors of this report hypothesized that patients with laryngopharyngeal cancer who successfully quit smoking would have fewer complications of primary XRT.METHODS:All patients with head and neck cancer who were smokers at the time of diagnosis were referred prospectively to the Tobacco Treatment Program (TTP). From this group, the patients with laryngopharyngeal cancer who received XRT as the primary treatment modality were retrospectively selected and studied.RESULTS:Eighty‐six patients were identified and were divided into 3 groups: Seventeen patients attended TTP and quit smoking before the start of XRT (Group 1), 33 patients attended TTP but continued to smoke during XRT (Group 2), and 37 patients refused TTP (Group 3). On the basis of a review of medical records for patients in Group 3, 20 patients quit smoking before starting XRT and were included in Group 1 (abstainers), 11 patients continued to smoke and were included in Group 2 (continued smokers), and 6 patients had incomplete data and were omitted from further analysis. Analyses both with and without Group 3 patients yielded similar results. Abstainers and continued smokers had similar demographic and clinical characteristics. With the exception of skin changes, all complications (mucositis, need for feeding tube, duration of feeding tube, need for hospitalization, pharyngeal stricture, and osteoradionecrosis) were more common in the patients who continued to smoke, although the only complications that were significantly more common were the need for hospitalization (P = .04) and osteoradionecrosis (P = .03). Patients who continued to smoke were more likely to develop osteoradionecrosis (relative risk [RR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09‐1.6; P = .03) and to require hospitalization during treatment (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.05‐2.02; P = .04).CONCLUSIONS:Continued smoking during treatment appeared to increase the risk for complications of XRT for patients with laryngopharyngeal cancer and possibly increased hospitalizations. This hypothesis‐generating study emphasized the importance of smoking cessation programs in the management of patients with head and neck cancer patients who receive XRT. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
The impact of cytomorphology, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and immunophenotyping in a comprehensive diagnostic workup of myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Bacher Ulrike , Haferlach Torsten , Kern Wolfgang , Weiss Tamara , Schnittger Susanne , Haferlach Claudia 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Because of limited reproducibility of morphologic features, the morphological categorization of initial myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) cases remains a major task in a diagnostic setting.METHODS:To further evaluate the role of additional diagnostic methods for suspected early MDS, the authors analyzed 1965 cases with unclear cytopenia where at least cytomorphology and immunophenotyping were performed in parallel, combined with cytogenetics and molecular genetics.RESULTS:In 353 patients, both methods diagnosed malignant/nonmalignant disease other than MDS, and 557 patients had MDS‐refractory anemia with excess of blasts/chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. The remaining 1055 patients (53.7%), where early MDS/reactive cytopenia had to be assumed, were categorized into 6 groups depending on cytomorphology/immunophenotyping results for or against MDS. In 659 of 1055 cases (62.4%) with suspected initial MDS, cytomorphology and immunophenotyping were concordant in the categorization of MDS/non‐MDS. Cytogenetics, available in 951 of 1055 patients, revealed the highest frequency of aberrant karyotypes when both cytomorphology and immunophenotyping proposed MDS (63 of 227; 27.8%). But also in the groups where either cytomorphology or immunophenotyping showed evidence of MDS, aberrant karyotypes were found in 6% to 14% of patients. Even when both morphology and immunophenotyping showed no MDS, 11 of 208 (5.3%) had cytogenetic aberrations. RUNX1/AML1 mutation screening was positive in 15% in the latter group. NRAS, MLL‐PTD, NPM1, and JAK2V617F were detected in low frequencies, confirming MDS diagnosis in the respective cases.CONCLUSIONS:This report outlines the power of a combined diagnostic approach for suspected initial cases of MDS including immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics with selected markers in addition to cytomorphology. Diagnostic algorithms should be developed, and immunophenotyping should be further validated for this specific indication. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Prognostic impact of extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer
Authors: Buergy Daniel , Fuchs Tina , Kambakamba Patryk , Mudduluru Giridhar , Maurer Gabriele , Post Stefan , Tang Yi , Nakada Marian T. , Yan Li , Allgayer Heike 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (EMMPRIN) induces matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, tumor‐stroma cell interaction, and invasion/angiogenesis. The objectives of the current study were to find the first evidence of a prognostic impact of total and relative EMMPRIN expression in colorectal cancer cells and to analyze EMMPRIN in bone marrow‐disseminated tumor cells and normal cells from 2 different gastrointestinal cancer entities.METHODS:Tumors and normal tissues from 40 patients with colorectal cancer who were followed prospectively (median follow‐up, 31 months) were analyzed for EMMPRIN by immunohistochemistry. Bone marrow from 51 patients (13 patients with gastric cancer and 38 patients with colorectal cancer) with evidence of disseminated tumor cells was screened for EMMPRIN in tumor cells and normal cells (cytokeratin 18/EMMPRIN double immunocytochemistry).RESULTS:A significant correlation between poor disease‐specific survival (P = .037; Kaplan‐Meier method; Mantel‐Cox log‐rank tests) and an increased ratio of EMMPRIN in tumor cells versus corresponding normal epithelial cells were observed. Furthermore, the relative increase of EMMPRIN was associated with a trend toward poor overall and recurrence‐free survival. High relative EMMPRIN expression was associated significantly with positive metastasis status (M1) (P = .001) and with a trend towards advanced pathologic tumor classification. Sixteen percent of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow samples from patients with colorectal cancer and 48.5% of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow samples from patients with gastric cancer stained positive for EMMPRIN, and EMMPRIN on micrometastatic cells was associated significantly with parameters of tumor progression (M status, noncurative resectability). A minority of normal bone marrow cells were stained for EMMPRIN, suggesting their suitability for molecular targeting.CONCLUSIONS:To the authors' knowledge, this study was the first to indicate that increased relative EMMPRIN protein in tumor‐specific cells compared with normal cells predicts poor disease‐specific survival in patients with colorectal cancer and that EMMPRIN in primary and bone marrow‐disseminated tumor cells is associated with clinical markers of tumor progression in patients with colorectal/gastric cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Temozolomide for recurrent intracranial supratentorial platinum‐refractory ependymoma
Authors: Chamberlain Marc C. , Johnston Sandra K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:To the authors' knowledge, there currently is no standard therapy for platinum‐resistant ependymoma; hence, a need exists for new therapies. In the current study, a retrospective evaluation of temozolomide (TMZ) in adults with recurrent, supratentorial, platinum‐refractory, World Health Organization grade 2 ependymoma was performed, with an objective of determining 6‐month progression‐free survival (PFS).METHODS:A total of 25 patients, ages 28 to 63 years, with recurrent ependymoma were treated. All patients had previously been treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and platinum‐based chemotherapy (cisplatin in 15 patients and carboplatin in 10 patients). Nine patients underwent repeat surgery. Patients were treated at the time of second recurrence with TMZ (5 consecutive days), once every 4 weeks, which was defined as a single cycle. Neurologic evaluation was performed every 4 weeks and neuroradiographic assessment every 8 weeks.RESULTS:A total of 68 cycles of TMZ (median, 2 cycles; range, 1‐6 cycles) was administered. TMZ‐related toxicity included leukopenia (7 patients; 1 with grade 3 [grade was determine according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria [version 3.0]), constipation (6 patients; none with grade 3), fatigue (5 patients; none with grade 3), anemia (2; none with grade 3), thrombocytopenia (2; none with grade 3), and deep vein thrombosis (2; none with grade 3). One patient (4%) demonstrated a partial radiographic response, 9 (36%) had stable disease, and 15 (60%) developed progressive disease after 2 cycles of TMZ. Time to tumor progression ranged from 1 to 7 months (median, 2 months). Survival ranged from 2 to 8 months (median, 3 months). The 6‐month and 12‐month PFS were 2% and 0%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:TMZ in this dose schedule demonstrated little efficacy in a cohort of adults with recurrent, intracranial, platinum‐refractory ependymoma. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
The morphology and spatial arrangement of astrocytes in the optic nerve head of the mouse
Authors: Sun Daniel , Lye‐Barthel Ming , Masland Richard H. , Jakobs Tatjana C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe evaluated the shapes, numbers, and spatial distribution of astrocytes within the glial lamina, an astrocyte‐rich region at the junction of the retina and optic nerve. A primary aim was to determine how the population of astrocytes, collectively, partitions the axonal space in this region. Astrocyte processes labeled with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) compartmentalize ganglion cell axons into bundles, forming “glial tubes,” and giving the glial architecture of the optic nerve head in transverse section a honeycomb appearance. The shapes of individual astrocytes were studied by using transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein in isolated astrocytes (hGFAPpr‐EGFP). Within the glial lamina the astrocytes were transverse in orientation, with thick, smooth primary processes emanating from a cytoplasmic expansion of the soma. Spaces between the processes of neighboring astrocytes were spatially aligned, to form the apertures through which the bundles of optic axons pass. The processes of individual astrocytes were far‐reaching—they could span most of the width of the nerve—and overlapped the anatomical domains of other near and distant astrocytes. Thus, astrocytes in the glial lamina do not tile: each astrocyte participates in ensheathing approximately one‐quarter of all of the axon bundles in the nerve, and each glial tube contains the processes of about nine astrocytes. This raises the mechanistic question of how, in glaucoma or other cases of nerve damage, the glial response can be confined to a circumscribed region where damage to axons has occurred. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:1–19, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectroscopic Characteristics of Differently Produced Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Li Zhongrui , Zheng Liqiu , Yan Wensheng , Pan Zhiyun , Wei Shiqiang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSingle‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) synthesized with different methods are investigated by using multiple characterization techniques, including Raman scattering, optical absorption, and X‐ray absorption near edge structure, along with X‐ray photoemission by following the total valence bands and C 1s core‐level spectra. Four different SWNT materials (produced by arc discharge, HiPco, laser ablation, and CoMoCat methods) contain nanotubes with diameters ranging from 0.7 to 2.8 nm. The diameter distribution and the composition of metallic and semiconducting tubes of the SWNT materials are strongly affected by the synthesis method. Similar sp2 hybridization of carbon in the oxygenated SWNT structure can be found, but different surface functionalities are introduced while the tubes are processed. All the SWNTs demonstrate stronger plasmon resonance excitations and lower electron binding energy than graphite and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. These SWNT materials also exhibit different valence‐band X‐ray photoemission features, which are considerably affected by the nanotube diameter distribution and metallic/semiconducting composition.
Density Functional Characterization of the Electronic Structure and Visible‐Light Absorption of Cr‐Doped Anatase TiO2
Authors: Yang Kesong , Dai Ying , Huang Baibiao 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo evaluate the electronic and optical properties of Cr‐doped anatase TiO2, three possible Cr‐doped TiO2 models, including Cr at a Ti site (model I), Cr at a Ti site with an oxygen vacancy compensation (model II), and an interstitial Cr site (model III), are studied by means of first principles density functional theory calculations. In model I, the splitting behavior of the Cr 3d states and the insulating properties are successfully depicted by the GGA+U method, from which it is proposed that Cr at a Ti site should exist as Cr4+ instead of the generally believed Cr3+. As a result, the electron transitions between these impurity states, the conduction band (CB), and the valence band (VB), as well as the d–d transitions between occupied and unoccupied Cr 3d states, provide a reasonable explanation for the experimentally observed major and minor absorption bands. In models II and III, the impurity states and associated optical transition processes—as well as the corresponding electron configurations—are examined.
Intrinsic Activity and Poisoning Rate for HCOOH Oxidation at Pt(100) and Vicinal Surfaces Containing Monoatomic (111) Steps
Authors: Grozovski Vitali , Climent Víctor , Herrero Enrique , Feliu Juan M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPulsed voltammetry is used to study formic acid oxidation on Pt(2n−1,1,1) surfaces and determine the effects of the size of the (100) terrace and the (111) step density on the reaction mechanism. The intrinsic activity of the electrode through the active intermediate reaction path (jθ=0), as well as the rate constant for the CO formation (kads), are calculated from the current transients obtained at different potentials. For surfaces with wide terraces, jθ=0 and kads are almost insensitive to the step density, which suggests that step and terrace sites have a similar activity for this reaction. For narrow terraces (n<6), the intrinsic activity diminishes. The dependence of the reaction rates on the electrode potential is also elucidated. The CO formation only takes place in a narrow potential window, very close to the potential of zero total charge, while the direct oxidation takes place even when the surface is covered by anions. The different behavior for both reactions suggests that the adsorption mode of formic acid is different for each path.
Depression and eating pathology: Prospective reciprocal relations in adolescents
Authors: Presnell Katherine , Stice Eric , Seidel Anke , Madeley Mary Clare 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe association between disordered eating and depression has been established, but less is known about the temporal relations between these two disturbances. Accordingly, the current study examined the reciprocal relations between depressive and bulimic symptoms over an 8‐year period, with longitudinal data from a community sample of 496 female adolescents. Depressive symptoms predicted future increases in bulimic symptoms, and bulimic symptoms likewise predicted increases in depressive symptoms, controlling for earlier levels of symptoms for each outcome. These results provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that the two disorders contribute reciprocally to each other, and indicate that successful prevention or treatment of one disorder may yield effects for the other. However, the relatively small predictive effect sizes imply that some third variable may contribute to both conditions (e.g., temperamental negative affectivity). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:• Depression and bulimia contribute reciprocally to each other.• Successful treatment or prevention of one disorder may yield effects for the other.• Third variable may also contribute to both conditions.
An exploration of emotion regulation in psychosis
Authors: Livingstone Karen , Harper Sean , Gillanders David 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe emotional experience of individuals who experience psychosis has historically been neglected, possibly due to the divide between the psychoses and neuroses. This study examined emotional experience and regulation in individuals who had experienced psychosis, individuals experiencing anxiety or mood disorders, and non‐patient controls. Participants completed validated measures of emotional experience and emotion regulation. Both clinical groups were found to experience similar levels of emotions, and in comparison to the non‐patient controls, they experienced greater levels of negatively valenced emotions and lower levels of happiness. Both clinical groups also used similar emotion regulation strategies, and in comparison to non‐patient controls, they used significantly more dysfunctional and less functional strategies, suggesting that the emotional experience and emotion regulation strategies of people who have experienced psychosis are more similar to non‐psychotic disorders than have previously been thought to be the case. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:• Individuals with psychosis experience similar emotions as individuals with anxiety and mood disorders, namely more unhappiness, fear and less happiness.• People with psychosis attempt to regulate these emotions in similar ways to people with mood and anxiety problems, by using more dysfunctional emotional regulation strategies such as ruminating.• Clinicians may want to pay closer attention to assessing the emotion regulation strategies of those who experience psychosis and consider the implications of these in therapy.• They may also want to consider the role emotional dysregulation may play in the development, maintenance and course of psychosis.• An emotion regulation approach to psychosis may be characterised by focussing on emotional experiences and the individual's response to these, as opposed to psychotic symptoms.
Noninsulin‐Dependent diabetes mellitus in black and white Americans
Authors: Harris Maureen I. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis report presents an overview of the prevalence, characteristics, morbidity, mortality, and risk factors for noninsulin‐dependent diabetes (NIDDM) in Blacks and Whites in the United States. Data are drawn primarily from national surveys, but the report also includes the few clinical studies that have differentiated the two races. NIDDM constitutes 90‐95% of all diabetes in the United States and is more prevalent in Black Americans than in Whites. Diabetes prevalence increases with age for both races and reaches 26% among Blacks aged 65‐74 years compared with 18% among Whites. Rates of diabetes among persons aged 20‐74 years are 30% higher in White women, 70% higher in Black men, and 100% higher in Black women, compared with White men. Approximately half of diabetes is undiagnosed in both races. White and Black diabetics are similar with regard to age, duration of diabetes, and diabetes therapies, although Blacks of both sexes are more obese than their White counterparts. Rates of vision loss, amputations, and renal disease are 1.5‐4 times higher in Blacks than in Whites, although prevalence of hypertension is about equal in the two races. Blacks and Whites see the same physician specialists for their diabetes, but Whites have approximately 40% more visits to office‐based physicians each year. Diabetes‐specific mortality has declined significantly in the past decade and may now be lower in Black than in White diabetics. Risk factors for diabetes, including age, sex, obesity, and family history of diabetes, all operate within both race groups and probably interact with each other. The effect of gender and family history on rates of diabetes is similar in Blacks and Whites. Blacks have higher rates of diabetes at each obesity level, indicating that obesity alone cannot explain the differential in prevalence between the races. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), a strong risk factor for development of diabetes, increases with age in all race/sex groups except for Black women older than 54 years in whom rates of IGT decline, possibly because of conversion of IGT to diabetes.
Intervention at diagnosis of type I diabetes using either antioxidants or photopheresis
Authors: Ludvigsson Johnny 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTwo main hypotheses support the contention that type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease, namely “the cytokine hypothesis” and “the T‐lymphocyte hypothesis”. Various strategies can be used at diagnosis with a view to stopping β‐cell destruction or at least attenuating the process. This review discusses the use of antioxidants based on the idea that free oxygen radicals are important mediators. Experimental animal models have indicated that several antioxidants may prevent diabetes, although in humans only nicotinamide has been shown to have some effect on preventing the disease in high‐risk individuals and to produce a slight effect on residual insulin secretion in newly diagnosed patients. Bearing in mind these considerations, we tried a cocktail of several antioxidants at high dosage. As the code of this randomized double‐blind study is not broken, results cannot be given, but preliminary observation indicates that there has been no dramatic increase of complete remission.Based on the hypothesis that type I diabetes is a T‐lymphocyte‐mediated disease, lymphocyte photopheresis may be useful. Photopheresis, comprising the treatment of lymphocytes by a combination of the light‐activated drug methoxyp‐soralen and UVA irradiation, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of some other autoimmune disease. One hypothesis regarding its efficacy holds that the method causes changes in the antigenicity of the treated lymphocyte clones which cause a vaccination‐like effect when these cell lines are retransfused at repeated intervals into the patient. Nothing to date is known about its effect in diabetes, although a double‐blind randomized placebo‐controlled study has been commenced.