bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term relationships between symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and self‐esteem in a prospective longitudinal study of twins
Authors: Edbom Tobias , Lichtenstein Paul , Granlund Mats , Larsson Jan‐Olov 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: To study the long‐term relationship between symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the developing self‐esteem in a population‐based sample of twins. Methods: The cohort is all twin pair families born in Sweden between May 1985 and December 1986 (n = 1.480). Wave 1 took place in 1994 when the twins were 8 years old and wave 2 in 1999 when the children were 13 years old. In wave 1 and 2 the parents completed questionnaires regarding ADHD‐symptoms about their children. In wave 2 the twins completed a questionnaire about self‐esteem and Youth Self Report (YSR). ADHD‐symptoms and self‐esteem were analyzed in the total study group. Results: There was a long‐term relationship between high scores of parental‐reported ADHD‐symptoms at 8 and 13 years of age and low scores in measures of self‐reported self‐esteem at 13 years of age. In the cotwin control method controlling for YSR internalizing problem, paired comparisons within the twin pairs revealed that a high score of ADHD‐symptoms at age 8 was related to significantly lower scores at age 13 in the self‐esteem. Conclusions: The long‐term relationships between ADHD‐symptoms and a low self‐esteem in a population‐based sample were confirmed by the co‐twin analyses.
Health complaints in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Holmberg Kirsten , Hjern Anders 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: To assess recurrent subjective health complaints in Swedish schoolchildren with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Cohort study of 577 fourth‐graders (10‐y‐olds) in one municipality in Stockholm County. All children were screened for attention and behaviour problems through interviews with their parents and teachers. Children with high scores underwent further clinical and cognitive assessments. Information about health complaints was collected from the children themselves in a classroom questionnaire. The 516 children for whom there was information from all three data sources were included in the final study population. Hypotheses were tested in multivariate analyses with adjustment for sex and parental education. Results: Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), sleeping problems and tiredness were associated with ADHD (stratified relative risks: 2.2 [1.4–3.4], 1.7 [1.1–2.7] and 2.7 [1.7–4.1], respectively), while there was no association with headache. Conclusion: This study indicates that treatment strategies for children with ADHD need to include an effective evaluation and treatment of RAP, tiredness and sleeping disturbances. Evaluation of ADHD should be considered in children with recurrent health complaints.
Fatal infant nasal seawater spray instillation
Authors: Novak Milivoj , Cvitkovic Miran , Galic Slobodan , Saric Dalibor , Cadez Josip , Dorcic Dorotea 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe use of seawater nasal spray is considered safe and sold as a non‐prescription medicine. However, it is well known that nasal manipulations can provoke vagal reaction leading to acute life‐threatening events. A case of fatal seawater nasal spray application in an infant is presented. Conclusion: We do not consider the use of seawater nasal spray to be absolutely safe, especially among infants with disordered autonomic function.
Secular change in adult stature has come to a halt in northern Europe and Italy
Authors: Larnkjær Anni , Attrup Schrøder Stine , Maria Schmidt Ida , Hørby Jørgensen Marianne , Fleischer Michaelsen Kim 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: To investigate whether the increase in adult stature in European countries is continuing.Methods: The secular trend in growth after 1990 for various European countries was assessed by national conscript data. Results: In Scandinavia and the Netherlands, the height has reached a plateau at 179–181 cm, and in Italy a plateau at 174 cm. In Belgium, Portugal and Spain, height continued to increase. Conclusion: Only in the northern European countries and Italy height has ceased to increase.
General vaccination of children against influenza?
Authors: Trollfors Birger 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDue to the high incidence of influenza in children, general vaccination has been discussed. There are, however, reasons to believe that general vaccination of children will not solve the influenza problem because influenza vaccines induce type‐specific immunity of short duration. Conclusion: Vaccination of several cohorts of children will be a tremendous commitment, probably with little hope of success in decreasing the morbidity and spread of influenza.
Urological complications and copper replacement therapy in childhood Menkes syndrome
Authors: Zaffanello Marco , Maffeis Claudio , Fanos Vassilios , Franchini Massimo , Zamboni Giorgio 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Background: Urological complications are frequent in Menkes syndrome, a very rare X‐linked recessive disorder of copper (Cu) metabolism. Aim: To evaluate the role of Cu therapy in preventing the progression of urological complications. Subjects and methods: We retrospectively enrolled 57 patients with Menkes syndrome (55 published case reports and two of our own unpublished cases) and investigated the reported urological complications, distinguishing the patients with or without Cu replacement therapy and evaluating the efficacy of this therapy in the prevention of urological complications. Results: The most frequent urological complication was bladder diverticulum (38.6% of the total patients); obstruction bladder outflow and rupture of the kidney were less frequent (both 1.8% of the total). The number of congenital urological complications increased progressively by age category; in fact, 77.8% of patients did not report urological complications at the age of 0.4±0.2 y, and 28.6% of them displayed ≥ two congenital urological complications at the age of 9.3±2.6 y. The percentage of urological complications found in younger patients not on Cu therapy did not differ from that of older patients treated with Cu therapy. A comparison between patients of the same age interval, who were or were not treated with Cu, showed that treated children had fewer urological complications than untreated children. Conclusion: Our investigation suggests that Cu therapy in patients with Menkes syndrome does not prevent the progression of urological complications; however, it might delay their worsening.
Pleural effusions in the neonate
Authors: Rocha Gustavo , Fernandes Paula , Rocha Paula , Quintas Conceição , Martins Teresa , Proença Elisa 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Introduction: Pleural effusions are rare in the neonate and may be associated to several clinical conditions. Only a few series of pleural effusions in the fetus and newborn are described in the literature. Aim: This study was undertaken to determine more accurately the causes and prognostic significance of pleural effusions in a population of high‐risk neonates. Materials and methods: A retrospective chart review of 62 neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of six medical centers in the north of Portugal, between 1997 and 2004, that presented the diagnosis of pleural effusion. Results: 33M/29F newborns; preterms 47 (76%); GA 33 (25–40) wk; BW 1830 (660–4270) g; C‐section 39 (63%). Pleural effusions were congenital in 20 (32%) newborns and acquired in 42 (68%). Congenital pleural effusions occurred as fetal hydrops in 11 (18%) patients and as chylothorax in 9 (15%). In four cases of hydrops, the cause was a congenital chylothorax. Congenital chylothorax (n=13) was the most common (65%) congenital pleural effusion in this study. The incidence of congenital chylothorax was 1:8.600 deliveries and male:female ratio was 2:1. Mortality occurred in five newborns due to pulmonary hypoplasia. Traumatic (iatrogenic) were the most frequent (n=31) acquired pleural effusions. These included 8 (13%) cases of hemothorax and 8 (13%) cases of total parenteral nutrition leakage. Pleural effusions after intra‐thoracic surgery were mainly (79%) chylothoraces. There were 11 (26%) non‐iatrogenic acquired pleural effusions. No mortality was associated with acquired pleural effusions. Conclusions: Congenital pleural effusions usually occur as hydrops or congenital chylothorax. Traumatic (iatrogenic) are the most frequent acquired pleural effusions in a tertiary NICU. Pleural effusions after intra‐thoracic surgery are mainly chylothoraces. Non‐iatrogenic acquired pleural effusions are associated to several clinical conditions, and mortality is usually associated to the underlying condition.
Decreasing ratio of plasma N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide and B‐type natriuretic peptide according to age
Authors: Koch Andreas M.E. , Rauh Manfred , Zink Stefan , Singer Helmut 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Background: B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the N‐terminal fragment of proBNP (NT‐proBNP) seem to be useful diagnostic tools also in children with cardiac disease. Recent data suggest that plasma levels of both peptides show different patterns from infancy to adolescence. Aim: To investigate the relationship of BNP and NT‐proBNP in children and adolescents according to age. Subjects and methods: In 46 individuals without cardiac disease (22 males, 24 females, aged 0.4–17.5 years) and 30 patients with congenital heart disease (17 males, 13 females, aged 0.2–18.4 years), plasma levels of BNP and NT‐proBNP were measured in the same sample (triage BNP assay, Biosite® and Elecsys NT‐proBNP assay, Roche Diagnostics®). Results: The range of BNP plasma levels was 5–32 pg/ml in individuals without heart disease and 5–1300 pg/ml in the patient group, the range of NT‐proBNP was 10–298 pg/ml and 30–18966 pg/ml, respectively. In both groups, the ratio NT‐proBNP/BNP decreased with increasing age (P<0.001). Conclusion: Although proBNP is cleaved into the two fragments NT‐proBNP and BNP, there is a decreasing ratio of NT‐proBNP/BNP with increasing age caused probably by age‐dependent differences in the metabolic clearance of both peptides. This has to be considered in comparison studies on BNP and NT‐proBNP regarding their benefit to paediatric cardiology.
Case‐control study of breast milk calcium in mothers of children with and without nutritional rickets
Authors: Thacher Tom D. , Pettifor John M. , Fischer Philip R. , Okolo Selina N. , Prentice Ann 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: Despite similarly low calcium intakes and normal vitamin D status, only some Nigerian children develop nutritional rickets. We hypothesized that mothers with children who had developed rickets might have lower breast‐milk calcium concentration than mothers with normal children and compared the breast‐milk calcium concentration of mothers who had had children with rickets with those who had not (controls). Methods: We collected breast milk from 35 Nigerian mothers who had previously had children with nutritional rickets. For each case mother, we collected breast milk from three matched control mothers at the same stage of lactation (±4 weeks) who had had no children with rickets. Data were collected about parity, stage of lactation, and the infant's intake. The mother's bone density was measured. Results: The mean breast milk calcium concentration of mothers of children with rickets (4.30±1.24 mmol/L) was less than that of control mothers (4.65±1.03 mmol/L; P=0.034 in multivariate regression controlling for duration of lactation and resumption of menses). Forearm bone mineral content was significantly related to breast milk calcium concentration (r = 0.20) after adjusting for height, weight, and bone area (P=0.028). Conclusion: : Reduced breast‐milk calcium concentration may contribute to a reduced calcium intake in infancy and predispose children to nutritional rickets.
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Radetti Giorgio , Kleon Wolfgang , Stuefer Joseph , Pittschieler Klaus 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: To investigate the prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a group of obese children (BMI> 97th %) and to establish correlations between the severity of hepatic fatty infiltration, auxological findings and parameters of insulin resistance. Methods: 44 obese children, aged 6–16 years, with a BMI above the 97th centile were selected for analysis. Hepatic fat content was assessed by phase contrast MRI. Demographic data included weight, height, body mass index, body fat mass and waist circumference. Blood tests included fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin and lipid profile. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated with QUICKI. Results: Elevated hepatic fat fraction (FF) was identified in 14 subjects (31.8%; 0.07 SEM). Children with fatty liver (FF > 9%) had higher ALT (P<0.0001), AST (P=0.002) and triglycerides (P=0.008) values compared to the children without NAFLD. All the children showed a decreased insulin sensitivity (P<0.0001), but no difference was found between children with or without NAFLD. The degree of liver fatty infiltration was positively correlated with ALT (P<0.0001), AST (P<0.002) and γGT (P<0.0001), with height (P<0.006) and BMI (P<0.05) but not with estimates of body fat mass or fat distribution.
Conclusion: Obese children are frequently affected by NAFLD, which cannot be predicted by clinical and/or anthropometrical findings. There is however a strict correlation between the degree of liver fatty infiltration and elevation of liver enzymes.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of fatty meal stimulated gallbladder contraction in the diagnosis of biliary dyskinesia in children
Authors: Çay Ali , İmamoğlu Mustafa , Sarihan Haluk , Ahmetoğlu Ali 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Aim: Biliary dyskinesia (BD) is characterized by symptoms of biliary disease, no evidence of gallstones on ultrasonography (USG), and diminished gallbladder ejection fraction. The diagnosis is based on findings of abnormal gallbladder ejection fraction diagnosed by hepatobiliary scintigraphy before and after stimulation of gallbladder contraction with cholecystokinin (CCK). We used an easier diagnostic technique defined as ultrasonographic evaluation of fatty meal stimulated gallbladder contraction, employing USG with the diagnosis of biliary dyskinesia in children. The study was conducted by USG to investigate the volume and contractility of the gallbladder (GB) in fasting conditions and 45 min after a standardized fatty meal (SFM) in normal children and in a group of BD patients, and to compare the diagnostic value of this test with scintigraphy and to evaluate its use as a new method in the diagnostic algorithm of BD. Methods: We assessed the volume changes and contractility of the GB in response to SFM by USG in 14 patients with BD diagnosed by cholecystokinin stimulated hepatobiliary scintigraphy (CCKs‐HBS); and compared them with 14 control patients matched for age and gender before cholecystectomy. After an overnight fasting, GB volume was measured by USG then the GB volume was again measured after the SFM ingestion. Using USG, length, width and height of GB were measured, and volume of the GB was calculated using the ‘Dodds’ formula. These volume measurements were used to calculate the percentage of gallbladder emptying (ejection fraction). Fasting, after SFM and EF values comparisons between groups were done with student's t‐test. Results: No statistically significant difference of fasting GB volumes were demonstrated between BD and control groups (14.1±6.7 cm3 and 13.4±4.0 cm3 respectively). GB volumes of the BD group after SFM were significantly greater than in healthy controls (13.1±1.8 cm3 and 3.4±0.9 cm3 respectively, P<0.0005). The calculated percentage of gallbladder contraction (ejection fraction) was found to be lower in BD patients than in healthy controls (7.1%±1.8% and 73.8%±6.4%, respectively, P<0.0005). Conclusion: Ultrasonographic evaluation of fatty meal stimulated gallbladder contraction provides relatively reliable and reproducible results. Thus it can be used for scanning in patients with biliary symptoms as a prior modality to CCK‐HBS since it is a relatively easier, safer and available method with which to make a definitive diagnosis of BD. The patients with symptoms of biliary disease and no evidence of gallstones on USG should be evaluated by the method proposed in this study before the routine laboratory and radiologic tests.
Reliability of motor development data in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study
Authors:   WHO MULTICENTRE GROWTH REFERENCE STUDY GROUP, de Onis Mercedes 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim:To describe the methods used to standardize the assessment of motor milestones in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) and to present estimates of the reliability of the assessments.Methods:As part of the MGRS, longitudinal data were collected on the acquisition of six motor milestones by children aged 4 to 24 mo in Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the USA. To ensure standardized data collection, the sites conducted regular standardization sessions during which fieldworkers took turns to examine and score about 10 children for the six milestones. Assessments of the children were videotaped, and later the other fieldworkers in the same site watched the videotaped sessions and independently rated performances. The assessments were also viewed and rated by the study coordinator. The coordinator's ratings were considered the reference (true) scores. In addition, one cross‐site standardization exercise took place using videotapes of 288 motor assessments. The degree of concordance between fieldworkers and the coordinator was analysed using the Kappa coefficient and the percentage of agreement.Results:Overall, high percentages of agreement (81–100%) between fieldworkers and the coordinator and “substantial” (0.61–0.80) to “almost perfect” (>0.80) Kappa coefficients were obtained for all fieldworkers, milestones and sites. Homogeneity tests confirm that the Kappas are homogeneous across sites, across milestones, and across fieldworkers. Concordance was slightly higher in the cross‐site session than in the site standardization sessions. There were no systematic differences in assessing children by direct examination or through videotapes.Conclusion:These results show that the criteria used to define performance of the milestones were similar and applied with equally high levels of reliability among fieldworkers within a site, among milestones within a site, and among sites across milestones.
WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age
Authors:   WHO MULTICENTRE GROWTH REFERENCE STUDY GROUP, de Onis Mercedes 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim:To describe the methods used to construct the WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age, and to present resulting growth charts.Methods:The WHO Child Growth Standards were derived from an international sample of healthy breastfed infants and young children raised in environments that do not constrain growth. Rigorous methods of data collection and standardized procedures across study sites yielded very high‐quality data. The generation of the standards followed methodical, state‐of‐the‐art statistical methodologies. The Box‐Cox power exponential (BCPE) method, with curve smoothing by cubic splines, was used to construct the curves. The BCPE accommodates various kinds of distributions, from normal to skewed or kurtotic, as necessary. A set of diagnostic tools was used to detect possible biases in estimated percentiles or z‐score curves.Results:There was wide variability in the degrees of freedom required for the cubic splines to achieve the best model. Except for length/height‐for‐age, which followed a normal distribution, all other standards needed to model skewness but not kurtosis. Length‐for‐age and height‐for‐age standards were constructed by fitting a unique model that reflected the 0.7‐cm average difference between these two measurements. The concordance between smoothed percentile curves and empirical percentiles was excellent and free of bias. Percentiles and z‐score curves for boys and girls aged 0–60 mo were generated for weight‐for‐age, length/height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐length/height (45 to 110 cm and 65 to 120 cm, respectively) and body mass index‐for‐age.Conclusion:The WHO Child Growth Standards depict normal growth under optimal environmental conditions and can be used to assess children everywhere, regardless of ethnicity, socio‐economic status and type of feeding.
Lysosomal dysfunction, cellular pathology and clinical symptoms: basic principles
Authors: Reuser Arnold J. J. , Drost Maarten R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBetween 40 and 50 lysosomal storage disorders are known at present. Fine details of the pathogenic process involved are in general not known. This overview highlights the basic principles of lysosomal pathogenesis and the clinical consequences of defective genes involved in lysosomal functions. The subject is discussed in the context of the possibility of prevention and reversal of cellular and organ damage by enzyme replacement therapy. Also presented is a mechanical model for the muscle pathology observed in Pompe disease. Direct mechanical effects of the non‐contractile inclusions – glycogen‐loaded lysosomes – seem to be a key factor in the loss of force during both early and late stages of the disease. Conclusion: Each lysosomal storage disorder and each patient with a given lysosomal disorder has unique molecular, pathological and clinical features. But, the order of pathological events is largely the same. Mutations in a gene cause lysosomal dysfunction which, in turn, results in cellular pathology affecting organ structure and function. Clinical symptoms are the ultimate manifestation. The reversibility of symptoms with enzyme replacement therapy will vary according to the disease, as well as the nature and stage of organ pathology.
FABRY DISEASE – CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND GENETICS
Authors: Karetova D. , Bultas J. , Linhart A. , Lubanda J.C. , Magage S. , Uklikova P. , Palecek T. , Ledvinova J. , Poupetova H. , Dobrovolny R. , Hrebicek M. , Elleder M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Background: The severity of organ impairment in heterozygous females with Fabry disease may be as serious as in males. It has been repeatedly shown that the incidence of affected organs increases with age and comes one decade later than in males. Besides age, the process of X inactivation also has an important influence. The ratio between inactivated normal and defective chromosomes could influence the level of the key enzyme: α‐galactosidase A. We have tried to prove this hypothesis. Methods and Results: Analysis of this relationship was carried out in a cohort of 54 heterozygous females (average age, 41.2 years) from 16 families. Diagnosis of Fabry disease was based on the identification of a chromosomal defect. We used the Mainz Severity Score Index to evaluate the extent of disease. To clarify the relationship between levels of α‐galactosidase A in leukocytes, age and organ impairment, we conducted multivariant analysis. The correlation coefficients were highly significant for age (r = 0.5765, p < 0.0001) and for α‐galactosidase A activity (r = − 0.4856, p < 0.05). For better demonstration of the relationship, the cohort of women was divided into tertiles according to age and α‐galactosidase A activity in leukocytes (Figure 1).Correlation between the Mainz Severity Score Index (MSSI), age and α‐galactosidase A activity in leukocytes (nmol/h/mg) in females with Fabry diseaseimage Conclusion: From the presented graph and correlation analysis it is clear that, in addition to age, the level of α‐galactosidase A in leukocytes is also an important predictor of the degree of organ involvement in heterozygous females with Fabry disease.