bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of an iridium porphyrin amido complex
Authors: Tsang Jenkins Yin Ki , Chan Kin Shing 
Published: December 2011

A synthetic route for iridium porphyrin amido complexes has been established. Treatment of a THF solution of Ir(ttp)(CO)Cl (1) (ttp = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-tolyl)porphyrinato dianion) with an aqueous mixture of NaOH and NaBH4, followed by 2-iodoethanol leads to the clean formation of the β-hydroxyethyl complex Ir(ttp)(C2H4OH) (2) in 92% yield. Heating a pyridine solution of complex 2 in the presence of ca. 5–10 equiv. of phthalimide (HNC8H4O2; HPhth) leads to the formation of Ir(ttp)(C5H5N)(CH2CH2Phth) (3). The replacement of pyridine by THF as the reaction solvent leads to the formation of the THF adduct Ir(ttp)(THF)(Phth) (4), which has been characterized spectroscopically. Heating a solution of 4 in pyridine leads to the formation of Ir(ttp)(C5H5N)(Phth) (5), which has been isolated in 72% yield. Complexes 3 and 5 have been characterized by X-ray crystallographic studies. Complexes 4 and 5 are rare examples of monomeric late transition metal-amido complexes and are the first examples of iridium-amido complexes featuring a porphyrin as a supporting ligand.
Modulation of indium–tin oxide work function by a versatile self-assembled monolayer measured with the scanning Kelvin nanoprobe
Authors: Blaszykowski Christophe , Cheran Larissa-Emilia , Thompson Michael 
Published: December 2011

In molecular optoelectronics, high-quality contacts at electrode|organics interfaces are crucial for charge carriers to efficiently flow through and therefore play a critical role on device performance. Electrode surface morphology, adhesibility, wettability, and work function are thus many parameters that must be accurately controlled, which is achievable using self-assembling monolayer (SAM) surface chemistry. Herein, we employ this technique to alter the electronic and surface energy-related properties of indium–tin oxide (ITO). In comparison to unmodified ITO, the newly introduced SAM-derivatized surface exhibits limited wettability and considerably higher work function (ΔΦ = ~1.2 eV). Several applications are proposed for this organic coating, notably at the anode of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices for decreasing the hole injection barrier or as an atmospherically stable protective layer in the coatings industry.
Diet and energetic constraints of an earthworm specialist, the Mesa Central Blotched Garter Snake (Thamnophis scaliger)
Authors: Reguera S. , Santos X. , Feriche M. , Mociño-Deloya E. , Setser K. , Pleguezuelos J.M. 
Published: December 2011

Optimal diet theory predicts that predators optimize energy intake by balancing costs and benefits of foraging. One extreme strategy of snake foraging ecology is shown by specialist species that forage on low-energy prey, such as Thamnophis scaliger (Jan, 1863) which feeds almost exclusively on earthworms. Compared with other prey types such as small mammals, lizards, or arthropods, earthworms are low-energy prey because of their small size and high water content. Given the importance of energy acquisition for fueling snake reproduction, we expect that a low-energy dietary specialist such as T. scaliger needs to forage frequently to store enough fat to reproduce. The high frequency of snakes containing prey, the presence of multiple earthworms in snakes, and the fact that females continue to feed when gravid suggest that T. scaliger is a voracious consumer of earthworms. Despite these foraging behaviours, females did not reproduce in sequential years, suggesting constraints in energy input to reproduce more frequently. A meta-analysis of the diet, body size, and reproductive frequency of some species of the genus Thamnophis Fitzinger, 1843 confirms that consumption of invertebrate prey is associated with small snake size, but not with biennial reproductive frequency within the genus.
In the shallow end: diving behaviour of recolonising female New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) around the Otago Peninsula
Authors: Augé Amélie A. , Chilvers B. Louise , Davis Lloyd S. , Moore Antoni B. 
Published: December 2011

Female New Zealand sea lions ( Phocarctos hookeri (Gray, 1844)) at the Auckland Islands (remnant populations) are the deepest and longest diving otariids. These remnant populations are found at the margin of the historical range of the species. We hypothesized that diving behaviours of animals in the core of their historical range is less extreme owing to a better marine habitat. All female New Zealand sea lions (n = 13, aged 2–14 years) born on the Otago Peninsula (initial recolonising population) were equipped with time–depth recorders during April and May 2008, 2009, and 2010. The mean dive depth was 20.2 ± 24.5 m and mean dive duration was 1.8 ± 1.1 min, some of the lowest values reported for otariids. Otago female New Zealand sea lions did not exhibit two distinct diving specialisations as reported at the Auckland Islands. Otago adult females exceeded calculated aerobic dive limits in 7.1% of dives compared with 68.7% at the Auckland Islands. The contrasting differences in diving behaviour between Otago and the Auckland Islands suggest that Otago represents a better marine habitat for New Zealand sea lions, with food easily accessible to animals of all ages.
An experimental test of facilitation between non-native earthworms
Authors: Cameron Erin K. , Bayne Erin M. 
Published: December 2011

Invasional meltdowns, in which facilitation between species causes an accelerating increase in the number of introduced species or impacts, can cause large impacts in invaded systems. Earthworm invasion of northern forests has been suggested as a meltdown, with litter-dwelling species altering soil structure and facilitating mineral-soil or deep-burrowing earthworms that may be less capable of invading intact forest floors. We examined facilitation and synergistic effects of a litter-dwelling species ( Dendrobaena octaedra Savigny, 1826) and a deep-burrowing species ( Lumbricus terrestris L., 1758). Boreal forest soil cores were inoculated with D. octaedra, L. terrestris, both species, a higher density of L. terrestris, or no worms. After 4.5 months, we found no differences in survival or biomass between treatments for either species. Cocoon production did not differ for L. terrestris, but D. octaedra produced significantly fewer cocoons with L. terrestris. The two species had an additive effect on organic horizon depths and bulk densities. Thus, they did not appear to facilitate each other or have synergistic effects as would be predicted in an invasional meltdown.
Geology of the earthquake source: an introduction
Authors: Fagereng Åke , Toy Virginia G. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Earthquakes arise from frictional ‘stick–slip’ instabilities as elastic strain is released by shear failure, almost always on a pre-existing fault. How the faulted rock responds to applied shear stress depends on its composition, environmental conditions (such as temperature and pressure), fluid presence and strain rate. These geological and physical variables determine the shear strength and frictional stability of a fault, and the dominant mineral deformation mechanism. To differing degrees, these effects ultimately control the partitioning between seismic and aseismic deformation, and are recorded by fault-rock textures. The scale-invariance of earthquake slip allows for extrapolation of geological and geophysical observations of earthquake-related deformation. Here we emphasize that the seismological character of a fault is highly dependent on fault geology, and that the high frequency of earthquakes observed by geophysical monitoring demands consideration of seismic slip as a major mechanism of finite fault displacement in the geological record.
Petrological evidence for co-seismic slip in extending middle–lower continental crust: Heier's zone of pseudotachylyte, north Norway
Authors: Moecher D. P. , Steltenpohl M. G. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Multiple generations of pseudotachylyte occur in the normal, shallowly dipping (30°NW) Eidsfjord and Fiskfjord shear zones, northern Norway, which developed during late- to-post-Caledonian crustal extension of Precambrian crystalline basement. Garnet-bearing amphibolite-facies mineral assemblages occur in metamorphosed pseudotachylyte and in sheared meta-anorthosite. Similar mineral assemblages (+clinopyroxene) occur in mylonitized pseudotachylyte cut by normal shear bands at Fiskfjord. These assemblages permit calculation via geothermobarometry of pressure and temperature for the crustal level at which pseudotachylyte was repeatedly generated by co-seismic slip during crustal extension. Equilibration conditions at Eidsfjord of 700±50 MPa and 650±25 °C correspond to
z
=22–29 km; conditions for Fiskfjord of 950±200 MPa and 640±50 °C correspond to
z
=30–40 km. Both ranges are significantly greater than the standard depth of the seismogenic zone. Creep at depth in the normal fault accumulated elastic strain in the shallower levels of the fault, which upon release initiated rupture downwards into the ductile regime at high strain rates resulting in frictional sliding and the generation of pseudotachylyte. Garnet-bearing ultramylonitic pseudotachylytes attest to a return to steady-state creep following co-seismic slip at depths well below the standard seismogenic zone.
Evolution of fluid chemistry and fluid-flow pathways during folding and faulting: an example from Taemas, NSW, Australia
Authors: Barker Shaun L. L. , Cox Stephen F. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In the Taemas area, New South Wales, Australia, a swarm of hydrothermal calcite and quartz veins is hosted in upright, open to close folded limestones and shales. Overprinting relationships and vein geometries demonstrate that the vein swarm formed progressively during fold growth and associated reverse faulting. Textures preserved in veins reveal that veins formed via hundreds to thousands of individual dilation and mineral precipitation events. Bedding-parallel flexural slip during fold growth was associated with laminated vein development, and limb-parallel stretching during fold growth was associated with the formation of bedding-orthogonal extension veins. The presence of subhorizontal extension fractures and severely misoriented reverse faults imply that fluid pressures exceeded lithostatic levels, at least transiently, during the development of the vein swarm.

Vein δ
18
O compositions increase upwards through the Murrumbidgee Group in response to a progressive reaction of an externally derived, upwards-flowing low-δ
18
O fluid (of probable meteoric origin) with host limestones. Vein δ
18
O and
87
Sr/
86
Sr compositions vary spatially and temporally within the same outcrop, and within individual veins. These variations are inferred to be caused by the ascent of packages of fluid along constantly changing flow pathways caused by multiple permeability creation–destruction cycles associated with fault slip and fault sealing. Vein trace and rare earth element (REE) concentrations are more variable, probably reflecting rapid rock buffering along fluid pathways on length scales of less than 10 m. Our results indicate that fluid-flow pathways change dynamically during crustal shortening, with pathways switching between states of low and high permeability during episodic fault slip and associated fracture development.

Supplementary material:

Two appendices are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18492
.
Classifying Human Brain Tumors by Lipid Imaging with Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Eberlin Livia S. , Norton Isaiah , Dill Allison L. , Golby Alexandra J. , Ligon Keith L. , Santagata Sandro , Cooks R. Graham , Agar Nathalie Y.R. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Brain tissue biopsies are required to histologically diagnose brain tumors, but current approaches are limited by tissue characterization at the time of surgery. Emerging technologies such as mass spectrometry imaging can enable a rapid direct analysis of cancerous tissue based on molecular composition. Here, we illustrate how gliomas can be rapidly classified by desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging, multivariate statistical analysis, and machine learning. DESI-MS imaging was carried out on 36 human glioma samples, including oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma, and oligoastrocytoma, all of different histologic grades and varied tumor cell concentration. Gray and white matter from glial tumors were readily discriminated and detailed diagnostic information could be provided. Classifiers for subtype, grade, and concentration features generated with lipidomic data showed high recognition capability with more than 97% cross-validation. Specimen classification in an independent validation set agreed with expert histopathology diagnosis for 79% of tested features. Together, our findings offer proof of concept that intraoperative examination and classification of brain tissue by mass spectrometry can provide surgeons, pathologists, and oncologists with critical and previously unavailable information to rapidly guide surgical resections that can improve management of patients with malignant brain tumors. Cancer Res; 72(3); 645–54. ©2011 AACR.
Chromogranin A Regulates Tumor Self-Seeding and Dissemination
Authors: Dondossola Eleonora , Crippa Luca , Colombo Barbara , Ferrero Elisabetta , Corti Angelo 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Cancer progression involves the seeding of malignant cells in circulation and the colonization of distant organs. However, circulating neoplastic cells can also reinfiltrate the tumor of origin. This process, called “tumor-self seeding,” can select more aggressive cells that may contribute to cancer progression. Here, using mouse mammary adenocarcinoma models, we observed that both tumor self-seeding and organ colonization were inhibited by chromogranin A (CgA), a protein present in variable amounts in the blood of cancer patients. Mechanism studies showed that CgA inhibited the shedding of cancer cells in circulation from primary tumors, as well as the reinfiltration of tumors and the colonization of lungs by circulating tumor cells. CgA reduced gap formation induced by tumor cell–derived factors in endothelial cells, decreased vascular leakage in tumors, and inhibited the transendothelial migration of cancer cells. Together, our findings point to a role for circulating CgA in the regulation of tumor cell trafficking from tumor-to-blood and from blood-to-tumor/normal tissues. Inhibition of the multidirectional trafficking of cancer cells in normal and neoplastic tissues may represent a novel strategy to reduce cancer progression. Cancer Res; 72(2); 449–59. ©2011 AACR.
Excess of Rare Variants in Non–Genome-Wide Association Study Candidate Genes in Patients With Hypertriglyceridemia
Authors: Johansen Christopher T. , Wang Jian , McIntyre Adam D. , Martins Rebecca A. , Ban Matthew R. , Lanktree Matthew B. , Huff Murray W. , Péterfy Miklós , Mehrabian Margarete , Lusis Aldons J. , Kathiresan Sekar , Anand Sonia S. , Yusuf Salim , Lee Ann-Hwee , Glimcher Laurie H. , Cao Henian , Hegele Robert A. 
Published: December 2011

Background—
Rare variant accumulation studies can implicate genes in disease susceptibility when a significant burden is observed in patients versus control subjects. Such analyses might be particularly useful for candidate genes that are selected based on experiments other than genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We sought to determine whether rare variants in non-GWAS candidate genes identified from mouse models and human mendelian syndromes of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) accumulate in patients with polygenic adult-onset HTG.

Methods and Results—

We resequenced protein coding regions of 3 genes with established roles (
APOC2, GPIHBP1
,
LMF1
) and 2 genes recently implicated (
CREB3L3
and
ZHX3
) in TG metabolism. We identified 41 distinct heterozygous rare variants, including 29 singleton variants, in the combined sample; in total, we observed 47 rare variants in 413 HTG patients versus 16 in 324 control subjects (odds ratio=2.3;
P
=0.0050). Post hoc assessment of genetic burden in individual genes using 3 different tests suggested that the genetic burden was most prominent in the established genes
LMF1
and
APOC2
, and also in the recently identified
CREB3L3
gene.

Conclusions—
These extensive resequencing studies show a significant accumulation of rare genetic variants in non-GWAS candidate genes among patients with polygenic HTG, and indicate the importance of testing specific hypotheses in large-scale resequencing studies.
Molecular Imaging of Mesenchymal Stem Cell
Authors: Wang Jingxiong , Najjar Amer , Zhang Sui , Rabinovich Brian , Willerson James T. , Gelovani Juri G. , Yeh Edward T.H. 
Published: December 2011

Background—
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into endothelial cells in vivo. However, it is unknown if the differentiated MSCs persist in vivo and if this potential persistence contributes to functional improvement after experimental myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results—

We generated a lentivector encoding 2 distinct reporter genes, one driven by a constitutive murine stem cell virus promoter and the other driven by an endothelial-specific Tie-2 promoter. The endothelial specificity of the lentivector was validated by its expression in endothelial cells but not in human MSCs (hMSCs). The lentivirus-transduced hMSCs were injected into peri-infarct areas of the hearts of severe combined immune-deficient mice. Persistence of injected cells was tracked by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and verified by immunohistochemical staining. The BLI signal from the endothelial-specific reporter revealed that hMSCs differentiated into endothelial cells 48 hours after injection. However, both the constitutive and endothelial-specific BLI signals disappeared by day 50. Nonetheless, the improvement in left ventricle ejection fraction with hMSC therapy persisted for up to 6 months. Immunohistochemical staining showed that hMSC-derived endothelial cells integrated into endogenous CD31
+
vessels. Furthermore, hMSC-transplanted hearts had more CD31
+
vessels and a lesser degree of cardiac fibrosis compared with the controls at 6 months.

Conclusions—
hMSCs differentiated into endothelial cells and integrated into blood vessels after experimental myocardial infarction. The differentiated hMSCs only lasted for up to 50 days in vivo, but improvement in cardiac function persisted for up to 6 months. Increased angiogenesis and decreased fibrosis were associated with cardiac functional improvement after hMSC transplantation.
Impact of Prosthesis-Patient Mismatch on the Regression of Secondary Mitral Regurgitation After Isolated Aortic Valve Replacement With a Bioprosthetic Valve in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Angeloni Emiliano , Melina Giovanni , Pibarot Philippe , Benedetto Umberto , Refice Simone , Ciavarella Giuseppino M. , Roscitano Antonino , Sinatra Riccardo , Pepper John R. 
Published: December 2011

Background—
Secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) is generally reduced after isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR), but there is important interindividual variability in the magnitude of this reduction. Prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) may hinder normalization of left ventricular geometry and pressure overload following AVR, therefore we aimed to investigate the relationship between PPM and regression of SMR following AVR for aortic valve stenosis.

Methods and Results—

A total of 419 patients with AS who underwent isolated AVR at 2 institutions and presenting moderate SMR (mitral regurgitant volume 30 to 45 mL/beat) not considered for surgical correction were included in this study. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up were completed at a median follow-up time of 37 months. PPM was defined as an indexed effective orifice area ≤0.85 cm
2
/m
2
and was found in 170/419 patients (40.6%). There were no significant differences in baseline and operative characteristics between patients with or without PPM. Patients with PPM had less regression of SMR following AVR compared with those with no PPM (change in mitral regurgitant volume:−11±4 versus −17±5 mL, respectively;
P
<0.0001). Variables significantly associated with postoperative change in mitral regurgitant volume on univariable analysis were entered in a multivariable linear regression model, which showed indexed effective orifice area (
P
<0.0001) and left atrial diameter (
P
=0.006) to be independently associated with mitral regurgitant volume improvement. Patients with PPM also had less postoperative improvement in 6-minute walking test distance (80±78 versus 42±41 m,
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—
PPM is associated with lesser regression of SMR following AVR. This unfavorable effect was associated with worse functional capacity. These findings emphasize the importance of operative strategies aiming to prevent PPM in patients with aortic valve stenosis and concomitant SMR.
Aortic Event Rate in the Marfan Population
Authors: Jondeau Guillaume , Detaint Delphine , Tubach Florence , Arnoult Florence , Milleron Olivier , Raoux Francois , Delorme Gabriel , Mimoun Lea , Krapf Laura , Hamroun Dalil , Beroud Christophe , Roy Carine , Vahanian Alec , Boileau Catherine 
Published: December 2011

Background—
Optimal management, including timing of surgery, remains debated in Marfan syndrome because of a lack of data on aortic risk associated with this disease.

Methods and Results—
We used our database to evaluate aortic risk associated with standardized care. Patients who fulfilled the international criteria, had not had previous aortic surgery or dissection, and came to our center at least twice were included. Aortic measurements were made with echocardiography (every 2 years); patients were given systematic β-blockade and advice about sports activities. Prophylactic aortic surgery was proposed when the maximal aortic diameter reached 50 mm. Seven hundred thirty-two patients with Marfan syndrome were followed up for a mean of 6.6 years. Five deaths and 2 dissections of the ascending aorta occurred during follow-up. Event rate (death/aortic dissection) was 0.17%/y. Risk rose with increasing aortic diameter measured within 2 years of the event: from 0.09%/y per year (95% confidence interval, 0.00–0.20) when the aortic diameter was <40 mm to 0.3% (95% confidence interval, 0.00–0.71) with diameters of 45 to 49 mm and 1.33% (95% confidence interval, 0.00–3.93) with diameters of 50 to 54 mm. The risk increased 4 times at diameters ≥50 mm. The annual risk dropped below 0.05% when the aortic diameter was <50 mm after exclusion of a neonatal patient, a woman who became pregnant against our recommendation, and a 72-year-old woman with previous myocardial infarction.

Conclusions—
Risk of sudden death or aortic dissection remains low in patients with Marfan syndrome and aortic diameter between 45 and 49 mm. Aortic diameter of 50 mm appears to be a reasonable threshold for prophylactic surgery.