bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Retinas Synthesize and Release Acetylcholine
Authors: Hutchins James B. , Hollyfield Joe G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHuman retinas have the capacity to synthesize and release [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) after an incubation in [3H]choline ([3H]Ch). Synthesis of [3H]Ch by retinal homogenates was determined using either high‐voltage paper electrophoresis (HVPE) or a two‐step enzymatic/extraction assay for separating [3H]ACh from pH]Ch. The enzymatic/extraction assay is shown to be accurate over a wide range of concentrations (10‐6‐10‐12M). Homogenates of human retina synthesize [3H]ACh from [3H]Ch. We find an approximate Km of 50 μM and a Vmax of about 20 nmol/mg protein/h (at 37°C) for the synthesis of labeled ACh by retinal homogenates. Human retinas also release [3H]ACh after a pulse of [3H]Ch. Release of labeled transmitter is stimulated by potassium depolarization. The potassium‐stimulated release is partially blocked by magnesium or cobalt ions. Release data were analyzed by both the enzymatic/extraction assay and HVPE; the results are qualitatively identical in both cases. The data reported here provide additional evidence for cholinergic neurotransmission in the human retina.
A methodological framework of preparing economic evidence for selection of medicines in the Chinese setting
Authors: Sun Xin , Faunce Thomas Alured 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMedicines are becoming a major component of health expenditure in China. Selection of effective and cost‐effective medicines represents an important effort to improve medicines use. A guideline on cost‐effectiveness studies has been available in China. This guideline, however, fails to be a practical tool to prepare and critically appraise economic evidence. This article discusses, in the Chinese context, the approach to integrating economic component into the medicines selection, and elaborates the methods of producing economic evidence, including conducing economic reviews and primary economic studies.
The demography of space occupancy: measuring plant colonization and survival probabilities using repeated pin‐point measurements
Authors: Damgaard Christian , Merlin Amandine , Mesléard François , Bonis Anne 
Published: July 2010

Summary1. The study of plant demography has long been an important component of plant ecological studies. However, in plant communities, e.g. grasslands, where individual plants are not easily distinguished and often vary in size, a convenient method of describing the demography and its ecological consequences has been lacking.2. The aim of this study was to discuss the potential for using the change in the probability of space occupancy as a measure of ecological success in plant population biology. This will be done by demonstrating how the change in the probability of space occupancy depends on the processes of colonization and survival, and demonstrating how colonization and survival probabilities may be estimated from repeated pin‐point recordings at the same pin‐position. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated how to calculate the sensitivity and elasticity of the change in the probability of space occupancy to colonization and survival probabilities.3. The method is applied to a case of repeated pin‐point data of the perennial grassBrachypodium phoenicoïdesthat underwent different grazing regimes from 2001 to 2008 on xero‐halophytic grasslands.4. It was demonstrated that grazing affected both plant survival and colonization probabilities so that the estimated colonization and survival probabilities ofB. phoenicoïdeswere highest in the non‐grazed regime. Furthermore, using the calculated elasticity of the change in space occupancy, we found that survival was more important than colonization events in determining the ecological success ofB. phoenicoïdesin the non‐grazed regime, whereas colonization events were more important than survival in the grazed regime.5. Synthesis and applications. We expect that the relatively simple method may be widely used on existing and future repeated pin‐point recordings from the same pin‐position and, consequently, that plant demographic questions may be addressed with larger precision in plant communities where individual plants are not easily distinguished.
Glioblastoma-Specific Protein Interaction Network Identifies PP1A and CSK21 as Connecting Molecules between Cell Cycle–Associated Genes
Authors: Ladha Jayashree , Donakonda Sainitin , Agrawal Shipra , Thota Balaram , Srividya Mallavarapu R. , Sridevi Sambandam , Arivazhagan Arimappamagan , Thennarasu Kandavel , Balasubramaniam Anandh , Chandramouli Bangalore A. , Hegde Alangar Sattiyaranjandas , Kondaiah Paturu , Somasundaram Kumaravel , Santosh Vani , Rao Satyanarayana M.R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM; grade IV astrocytoma) is a very aggressive form of brain cancer with a poor survival and few qualified predictive markers. This study integrates experimentally validated genes that showed specific upregulation in GBM along with their protein-protein interaction information. A system level analysis was used to construct GBM-specific network. Computation of topological parameters of networks showed scale-free pattern and hierarchical organization. From the large network involving 1,447 proteins, we synthesized subnetworks and annotated them with highly enriched biological processes. A careful dissection of the functional modules, important nodes, and their connections identified two novel intermediary molecules CSK21 and protein phosphatase 1 α (PP1A) connecting the two subnetworks CDC2-PTEN-TOP2A-CAV1-P53 and CDC2-CAV1-RB-P53-PTEN, respectively. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed CSK21 to be moderately upregulated and PP1A to be overexpressed by 20-fold in GBM tumor samples. Immunohistochemical staining revealed nuclear expression of PP1A only in GBM samples. Thus, CSK21 and PP1A, whose functions are intimately associated with cell cycle regulation, might play key role in gliomagenesis. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6437–47. ©2010 AACR.
Cutaneous Papillomavirus E6 Proteins Must Interact with p300 and Block p53-Mediated Apoptosis for Cellular Immortalization and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Muench Peter , Probst Sonja , Schuetz Johanna , Leiprecht Natalie , Busch Martin , Wesselborg Sebastian , Stubenrauch Frank , Iftner Thomas 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The binding of the papillomavirus E6 protein to E6AP and the induction of p53 degradation are common features of high-risk genital human papillomaviruses (HPV); cutaneous HPVs, on the other hand, lack these capacities. Nevertheless, several cutaneous HPV types of the β-genus, such as HPV38 are associated with tumor formation when combined with genetic predisposition, immunosuppression, or UV exposure. In an animal model system, the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) rapidly induces skin cancer without additional cofactors, and CRPVE6 and E7 immortalize rabbit keratinocytes in vitro. However, CRPVE6 neither interacts with E6AP and p53 nor does it induce p53 degradation. In this study, we show that the interaction of CRPVE6, or HPV38E6, with the histone acetyltransferase p300 is crucial to inhibit the ability of p53 to induce apoptosis. Strikingly, E6 mutants deficient for p300 binding are incapable of preventing p53 acetylation, p53-dependent transcription, and apoptosis induction. Moreover, E6 mutants deficient for p300 binding cannot contribute to HPV38-induced immortalization of human keratinocytes or CRPV-induced tumor formation. Our findings highlight changes in the p53 acetylation status mediated by the viral E6 protein as a crucial requirement in the ability of high-risk cutaneous papillomaviruses to immortalize primary keratinocytes and induce tumors. Cancer Res; 70(17); 6913–24. ©2010 AACR.
Overexpression of CD133 Promotes Drug Resistance in C6 Glioma Cells
Authors: Angelastro James M. , Lamé Michael W. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is an extremely aggressive and clinically unresponsive form of cancer. Transformed neoplastic neural stem cells, resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, are thought to be responsible for the initial tumor formation and the recurrence of disease following surgical resection. These stem cells express multidrug resistance markers along with CD133. We show that ectopic overexpression of CD133 in rat C6 glioma cells leads to significant reluctance to undergo apoptosis from camptothecin and doxorubicin. Although p53 was upregulated in CD133-overexpressing glioma cells treated with DNA-damaging agents, apoptosis seems to be p53 independent. At least one ABC transporter, rat P-glycoprotein/ABCB1, was upregulated by 62% in CD133+ cells with a corresponding increase in activity. Thus, the combination of higher P-glycoprotein mRNA transcription and elevated transporter activity seems to contribute to the protection from cytotoxic reagents. In conclusion, previous investigators have reported that resilient cancer stem cells coexpress CD133 and ABC transporters with increased reluctance toward apoptosis. Our data suggest that CD133 may contribute to the observed resistance to apoptosis of CD133+ cancer stem cells. Mol Cancer Res; 8(8); 1105–15. ©2010 AACR.
Chemoprevention of Head and Neck Cancer with Green Tea Polyphenols
Authors: Kim Joseph W. , Amin A.R.M. Ruhul , Shin Dong M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Recently, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck chemoprevention research has made major advances with novel clinical trial designs suited for the purpose, use of biomarkers to identify high-risk patients, and the emergence of numerous molecularly targeted agents and natural dietary compounds. Among many natural compounds, green tea polyphenols, particularly (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), possess remarkable potential as chemopreventive agents. EGCG modulates several key molecular signaling pathways at multiple levels and has synergistic or additive effects when combined with many other natural or synthetic compounds. This review will provide an update of the potential of green tea polyphenols, particularly EGCG, for the chemoprevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Prev Res; 3(8); 900–9. ©2010 AACR.
Estrogen Stimulates the Expression of Mismatch Repair Gene hMLH1 in Colonic Epithelial Cells
Authors: Jin Peng , Lu Xiao-juan , Sheng Jian-qiu , Fu Lei , Meng Xiao-ming , Wang Xin , Shi Tai-ping , Li Shi-rong , Rao Jianyu 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Estrogen is reported to have a protective effect on colon cancer; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Impaired mismatch repair plays an important role in colonic carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of estrogen on regulating mismatch repair expression in colonic epithelial cells. In cultured COLO205 cells, the effect of estradiol (E2) and antagonist ICI182.780 on the expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 was studied using reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting. The correlation between serum level E2 and the expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 in colonic mucosal tissue of 42 healthy individuals was also examined using reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. E2 increased the expression of hMLH1 in COLO205 cells, which was suppressed by ICI182.780. However, the effect of E2 on hMSH2 expression was not significant in COLO205 cells. In healthy individuals, a strong positive correlation of E2 level with hMLH1 expression in normal colonic epithelial cell was observed when serum E2 level was &gt;45 pg/mL, but no correlation was seen between E2 and hMSH2 expression. E2 affects the expression of hMLH1 but not hMSH2 in vitro, and high serum E2 level correlates with hMLH1 expression in vivo. These findings suggest that the anticolonic cancer effect of estrogen may be related to hMLH1 regulation. Cancer Prev Res; 3(8); 910–6. ©2010 AACR.
Neural Precursors of Delayed Insight
Authors: Darsaud Annabelle , Wagner Ullrich , Balteau Evelyne , Desseilles Martin , Sterpenich Virginie , Vandewalle Gilles , Albouy Geneviève , Dang-Vu Thanh , Collette Fabienne , Boly Melanie , Schabus Manuel , Degueldre Christian , Luxen Andre , Maquet Pierre 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The solution of a problem left unresolved in the evening can sometimes pop into mind as a sudden insight after a night of sleep in the following morning. Although favorable effects of sleep on insightful behavior have been experimentally confirmed, the neural mechanisms determining this delayed insight remain unknown. Here, using fMRI, we characterize the neural precursors of delayed insight in the number reduction task (NRT), in which a hidden task structure can be learned implicitly, but can also be recognized explicitly in an insightful process, allowing immediate qualitative improvement in task performance. Normal volunteers practiced the NRT during two fMRI sessions (training and retest), taking place 12 hours apart after a night of sleep. After this delay, half of the subjects gained insight into the hidden task structure (“solvers,” S), whereas the other half did not (“nonsolvers,” NS). Already at training, solvers and nonsolvers differed in their cerebral responses associated with implicit learning. In future solvers, responses were observed in the superior frontal sulcus, posterior parietal cortex, and the insula, three areas mediating controlled processes and supporting early learning and novice performance. In contrast, implicit learning was related to significant responses in the hippocampus in nonsolvers. Moreover, the hippocampus was functionally coupled with the basal ganglia in nonsolvers and with the superior frontal sulcus in solvers, thus potentially biasing participants' strategy towards implicit or controlled processes of memory encoding, respectively. Furthermore, in solvers but not in nonsolvers, response patterns were further transformed overnight, with enhanced responses in ventral medial prefrontal cortex, an area previously implicated in the consolidation of declarative memory. During retest in solvers, before they gain insight into the hidden rule, significant responses were observed in the same medial prefrontal area. After insight, a distributed set of parietal and frontal areas is recruited among which information concerning the hidden rule can be shared in a so-called global workspace.
Asymmetry of visual function in migraine with aura: Correlation with lateralisation of headache and aura
Authors: Khalil Nofal M , Nicotra Alessia , Wilkins Arnold J 
Published: July 2010

Background: Asymmetry of visual phenomena and headache is an important feature of migraine with aura. Methods: This asymmetry was explored by assessment of visual illusions, hemifield spatial contrast detection (HCD) and hemifield pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (HVEPs) in 47 migraineurs with aura (MA), who were not taking prophylactic medications, and 62 controls with the same age range (16–59). Results: Illusions were greater and HCD was poorer in MA than in controls. There were no group differences with respect to P100 amplitude. The longer the duration of migraine the poorer the HCD. When the aura was consistently unilateral it was associated with greater illusions, reduced HCD and reduced hemifield P100 amplitude. These findings were not related to the side of headache. Conclusion: The lateralised changes suggest that the visual dysfunction occurs at a cortical level, and the correlation with the side of the aura suggests that dysfunction is most likely to occur in an area of preexisting anomaly of neural function.
TRAIL sensitize MDR cells to MDR-related drugs by down-regulation of P-glycoprotein through inhibition of DNA-PKcs/Akt/GSK-3β pathway and activation of caspases
Authors: Seo Suk-Bin , Hur Jung-Gu , Kim Mi-Ju , Lee Jae-Won , Kim Hak-Bong , Bae Jae-Ho , Kim Dong-Wan , Kang Chi-Dug , Kim Sun-Hee 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe development of new modulator possessing high efficacy, low toxicity and high selectivity is a pivotal approach to overcome P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer treatment. In this study, we suggest a new molecular mechanism that TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) down-regulates P-glycoprotein (P-gp) through inhibition of DNA-PKcs/Akt/GSK-3β pathway and activation of caspases and thereby sensitize MDR cells to MDR-related drugs.ResultsMDR variants, CEM/VLB10-2, CEM/VLB55-8and CEM/VLB100cells, with gradually increased levels of P-gp derived from human lymphoblastic leukemia CEM cells, were gradually more susceptible to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity than parental CEM cells. The P-gp level of MDR variants was positively correlated with the levels of DNA-PKcs, pAkt, pGSK-3β and c-Myc as well as DR5 and negatively correlated with the level of c-FLIPs. Hypersensitivity of CEM/VLB100cells to TRAIL was accompanied by the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as well as the activation of initiator caspases. In addition, TRAIL-induced down-regulation of DNA-PKcs/Akt/GSK-3β pathway and c-FLIP and up-regulation of cell surface expression of death receptors were associated with the increased susceptibility to TRAIL of MDR cells. Moreover, TRAIL inhibited P-gp efflux function via caspase-3-dependent degradation of P-gp as well as DNA-PKcs and subsequently sensitized MDR cells to MDR-related drugs such as vinblastine and doxorubicin. We also found that suppression of DNA-PKcs by siRNA enhanced the susceptibility of MDR cells to vincristine as well as TRAIL via down-regulation of c-FLIP and P-gp expression and up-regulation of DR5.ConclusionThis study showed for the first time that the MDR variant of CEM cells was hypersensitive to TRAIL due to up-regulation of DR5 and concomitant down-regulation of c-FLIP, and degradation of P-gp and DNA-PKcs by activation of caspase-3 might be important determinants of TRAIL-induced sensitization of MDR cells to MDR-related drugs. Therefore, combination of TRAIL and chemotherapeutic drugs may be a good strategy for treatment of cancer with multidrug resistance.
Studies in the Genetics of Triticum vavilovi Jakub
Authors: Singh H. B. , Anderson Edgar , Pal B. P. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisTriticum vavilovi, a lesser known hexaploid wheat, was successfully crossed reciprocally with T. sphaero‐coccum and with 3 strains of T. vulgare to aid in determining its taxonomic status and genetic relationships. The F1 plants were comparatively normal in appearance and fertility. Most F2 plants had highly fertile pollen though sterility was observed in some. A few F2 plants of the sphaerococcum cross were highly to completely seed sterile. In general the data suggest that T. vavilovi is more closely related to T. vulgare than its superficial appearance might indicate.
Joint Effects of Maximum Temperatures and Rainfall on Corn Yields, Experiment, Georgia1
Authors: Stacy S. V. , Steanson Oscar , Jones L. S. , Foreman W. J. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisMaximum daily temperatures and rainfall averaged by 5‐day periods for 18 periods during each growing season of a 38 year span were related to corn yields at Experiment, Georgia, using a set of second‐degree orthogonal polynomials as regression integrals. Results indicated that high temperatures near the end of the growing season are beneficial if rainfall is adequate. High temperatures when no rainfall occurs causes greatest damage in the first half of June. The value of an inch of rainfall declines for a time after the usual planting date and then increases sharply during the later part of the growing season, especially when associated with the higher temperatures which are normal for that period.
Heritability In Standard Units1
Authors: Frey K. J. , Horner T. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisA comparison was made between heritability percentages calculated by two regression methods, the conventional, and the standard unit or correlation. Their comparative reliability was determined by comparing predicted and actual gains in hypothetical selection experiments for date of heading in oat crosses. In an F3—F4 selection experiment, the mean actual and predicted gain in days was 2.8 and 1.5 respectively when conventional heritabilities were used. With the standard unit method, the predicted and actual gains were both 0.9 standard deviation units. In an F2‐F4 comparison, both methods showed satisfactory agreement between actual and predicted gains.
Effect of Various Sources of Nitrogen on Rice Paddy Yield1
Authors: Wahhab A. , Bhatti H. M. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisAmmonium nitrogen gave much better rice yields than nitrate nitrogen. Calcium cyanamide and urea were also more effective than nitrate nitrogen. Nitrate nitrogen applied just before heading proved more beneficial to rice than that applied at the early stage of plant growth. Generally, ammonium sulphate increased rice yields more than the other nitrogen fertilizers tested.
Establishment of Birdsfoot Trefoil as Influenced by Competition from Weeds and Companion Crops1
Authors: Scholl J. M. , Staniforth D. W. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisSeeding without a companion crop, reducing competition from companion crop by grazing and the use of selective herbicides are means of increasing chances of successful establishment of birdsfoot trefoil. Pre‐emergence applications of TCA or post‐emergence dalapon have controlled grassy weeds and enhanced survival and vigor of trefoil seedlings. A combination of dalapon and 4(2,4‐DB) has shown promise of controlling grasses and many broadleaf weeds without serious injury to the trefoil.
Effect on Loaf Volume of High Temperatures During the Fruiting Period of Wheat1
Authors: Finney Karl F. , Fryer H. C. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe effect of temperature during the wheat fruiting period on dough mixing time and loaf volume of bread was studied graphically and statistically for 513 samples of hard winter and spring wheat varieties grown under a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Loaf volume and mixing time decreased, in general, with increasing accumulated degrees F. above 90 during the last 15 days of die fruiting period.
Influence of Inorganic Nitrogen on Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes as Revealed by N151
Authors: McAuliffe Clayton , Chamblee D. S. , Uribe‐Arango H. , Woodhouse W. W. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisN15‐labeled fertilizer was used to determine the ratio of absorption of fixed vs. applied nitrogen by two legumes. Seedlings of both Ladino clover and alfalfa as well as established Ladino clover plants absorbed applied N fertilizer. Nitrogen fixation was reduced by nitrogen application, with the degree of reduction being definitely related to the amount of nitrogen applied.
Reduction of Self‐pollination by High Night Temperature in Naturally Self‐fertilized Poa Annua L1
Authors: Hovin Arne W. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisHigh night temperature arrested the normal development of Poa annua anthers without noticeably damaging the pistillate organs when plants with emerging panicles were transferred to a glasshouse with controlled night temperature. Pistillate panicles emerged 11 to 19 days after initiation of a treatment characterized by 29° C. maximum day temperature and 20° C. minimum night temperature. Following controlled pollination, approximately 96% of 274 seeds resulted in definite F1 hybrids in this naturally self‐pollinated species.
The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Duration of Clipping Period on Forage and Grain Yields of Oats, Wheat, and Rye1
Authors: Morris H. D. , Gardner F. P. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisHigh nitrogen fertilization was effective in maintaining grain yields of oats and rye clipped to mid‐February. Clipping to March 15 resulted in 75% or more reduction in grain yields of oats, wheat, and rye.