bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Work on Updating and Extending the Nuclear Data Standards
Authors: Carlson A. D. , Pronyaev V. G. , Capote R. , Hambsch F. -J. , Käppeler F. , Lederer C. , Mannhart W. , Mengoni A. , Nelson R. O. , Schillebeeckx P. , Talou P. , Tagesen S. , Vonach H. , Vorobyev A. , Wallner A. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
An International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Data Development Project was initiated to provide a mechanism for allowing new experimental data and improvements in evaluation procedures to be incorporated into new evaluations of the standards. The work on this project is ongoing. In the past very long periods sometimes occurred between evaluations of the standards. Through the use of this Project, such long periods should not occur. Work on the cross section standards through this Project has included an update of the experimental data to be used in the cross section standards evaluations, a study of the uncertainties obtained in the international standards evaluation, and improvements in the smoothing procedure for capture cross sections. It was decided that this Project should have a broader range of activities than just the cross section standards and thus encompass standards related activities. The following are being investigated: improvements in the gold cross section at energies below where it is considered a standard and work on certain cross sections that are not as well known as the cross section standards but could be very useful as reference cross sections relative to which certain types of cross section measurements can be made. This work includes prompt gamma-ray production in fast neutron-induced reactions, and work on the 252Cf spontaneous fission neutron spectrum and the 235U thermal neutron fission spectrum. Most of the data investigated through this Project are used in dosimetry applications.
Updating and Extending the IRDF-2002 Dosimetry Library
Authors: Capote Roberto , Zolotarev Konstantin I. , Pronyaev Vladimir G. , Trkov Andrej 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The International Reactor Dosimetry File (IRDF)-2002 released in 2004 by the IAEA (see http://www-nds.iaea.org/irdf2002/) contains cross-section data and corresponding uncertainties for 66 dosimetry reactions. New cross-section evaluations have become available recently that re-define some of these dosimetry reactions including: (1) high-fidelity evaluation work undertaken by one of the authors (KIZ); (2) evaluations from the US ENDF/B-VII.0 and candidate evaluations from the US ENDF/B-VII.1 libraries that cover reactions within the International Evaluation of Neutron Cross-Section Standards; (3) European JEFF3.1 library; and (4) Japanese JENDL-4.0 library. Additional high-threshold reactions not included in IRDF-2002 (e.g.,59Co(n,3n) and 209Bi(n,3n)) have been also evaluated to characterize higher-energy neutron fields. Overall, 37 new evaluations of dosimetry reactions have been assessed and intercomparisons made with integral measurements in reference neutron fields to determine whether they should be adopted to update and improve IRDF-2002. Benchmark calculations performed for newly evaluated reactions using the ENDF/B-VII.0 235U thermal fission and 252Cf spontaneous fission neutron spectra show that calculated integral cross sections exhibit improved agreement with evaluated experimental data when compared with the equivalent data from the IRDF-2002 library. Data inconsistencies or deficiencies of new evaluations have been identified for 63Cu(n,2n), 60Ni(n,p)60m+g Co, 55Mn(n,γ), and 232Th(n,f) reactions. Compared with IRDF-2002, the upper neutron energy boundary was formally increased from the actual maximum energy of typically 20 MeV up to 60 MeV by using the TENDL-2010 cross sections and covariance matrices. This extension would allow the updated IRDF library to be also used in fusion dosimetry applications. Uncertainties in the cross sections for all new evaluations are given in the form of relative covariance matrices. Newly evaluated excitation functions should be considered as suitable candidates in the preparation of an improved version of the IRDF that was planned to be released for testing in December 2011.
Durability of Cold-Bent Insulating-Glass Units
Authors: Besserud Keith , Bergers Matt , Black Andrew J. , Carbary Lawrence Donald , Mazurek Arkadiusz , Misson Donald , Rubis Kenneth 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Architectural influences upon the commercial building industry have resulted in the design and development of high-performing complex curtain walls that may include bent or warped glass. Glass on modern day curtain-wall projects is mostly insulating glass (IG). When an IG is bent out of plane, a shearing action occurs to both the primary and secondary seals. The testing described in this paper was done to determine the effect on the durability of the IG as measured by argon retention, frost point change, and visual changes after aging in a displaced condition. Full-size IG units, 5 × 10 ft2 × 1 in. (1.52 × 3.05 m2 × 25.4 mm), were fabricated, bent out of plane at 2–12 in. (50–300 mm) in 2-in. (50-mm) increments, and placed under a 100-psf (4788-Pa) wind load. One unit was displaced 15 in. (380 mm) where breakage occurred. An assessment was made based on the data as to what would be a reasonable amount of bending to avoid excessive glass stress and to avoid breakage. This full-size unit was then modeled and measured to predict and validate the stresses and strains on the primary and secondary seals. Upon completion of the bending tests and the review of modeling, small IG units 14 × 20 in.2 (350 × 500 mm2) were tested according to the protocol specified in ASTM E2188-10 and E2190-10 with an equivalent amount of edge-seal displacement in X, Y, and Z directions. Argon-retention and frost-point measurements were taken before and after the durability testing and results reported. During the durability testing, the glass of several of the units broke in thermal cycling because of high local stresses in the glass. However, the units that did survive the aging protocol passed both frost-point and argon-retention tests, while maintaining their appearance. Additionally, the methodology developed in this research provides a strong foundation for future testing in the area of cold-bent glass durability.
Potential of Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis Toward a Complementary Material and System Testing Approach for Structural Glazing
Authors: Recknagel Christoph 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Dynamic-mechanical material analysis as a basis for a general performance exploration complemented by system testing under superimposed climatic and mechanical loading seems to be a promising interdependent test approach addressing the performance behavior of construction sealants under more realistic conditions. With this contribution an attempt is made to adapt dynamic-mechanical material analysis, which has been already successfully validated for different construction types of expansion joint systems in road and bridge engineering, to the field of construction sealants for building façades. Test results from dynamic-mechanical material analysis characterizing the temperature-dependent, deformation-dependent, and frequency-dependent behavior of structural sealant materials are presented and exemplarily discussed for three different sealant products. An attempt is made to address unknown material characteristics in the multi-dimensional loading matrix representing practical use conditions. Furthermore, the applicability of this test approach and its various complex test modes for the exploration of technological performance and especially estimation of fatigue behavior is verified in several examples. Based on this fundamental material exploration, it is planned to complement the dynamic-mechanical assessment methodology by means of system tests on a section of a structural glazing system subjected to a simplified but superimposed loading function. The technical fundamentals and the procedure proposed to develop an adequate system test mode are introduced. The motivation for these investigations is to identify the actual mechanical system behavior under load combinations and for specimens that both closer resemble reality. The objective is to achieve a consistent and interdependent test program complementary to the existing methodology. Finally, the study is meant to initiate further progress toward a performance-related methodology which considers the design, specification, material, and system selection.
VVER-440 and VVER-1000 Reactor Dosimetry Benchmark —BUGLE-96 Versus ALPAN VII.0
Authors: Duo J. I. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Analytical results of the vodo-vodyanoi energetichesky reactor- (VVER-) 440 and VVER-1000 reactor dosimetry benchmarks developed from engineering mockups at the Nuclear Research Institute Rez LR-0 reactor are discussed. These benchmarks provide accurate determination of radiation field parameters in the vicinity and over the thickness of the reactor pressure vessel. Measurements are compared to calculated results with two sets of tools: TORT discrete ordinates code and BUGLE-96 cross-section library versus the newly Westinghouse-developed RAPTOR-M3G and ALPAN VII.0. The parallel code RAPTOR-M3G enables detailed neutron distributions in energy and space in reduced computational time. ALPAN VII.0 cross-section library is based on ENDF/B-VII.0 and is designed for reactor dosimetry applications. It uses a unique broad group structure to enhance resolution in thermal-neutron-energy range compared to other analogous libraries. The comparison of fast neutron (E &gt; 0.5 MeV) results shows good agreement (within 10 %) between BUGLE-96 and ALPAN VII.0 libraries. Furthermore, the results compare well with analogous results of participants of the REDOS program (2005). Finally, the analytical results for fast neutrons agree within 15 % with the measurements, for most locations in all three mockups. In general, however, the analytical results underestimate the attenuation through the reactor pressure vessel thickness compared to the measurements.
Retrospective Dosimetry Analyses of Reactor Vessel Cladding Samples
Authors: Greenwood L. R. , Soderquist C. Z. , Fero A. H. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Reactor pressure vessel cladding samples for Ringhals Units 3 and 4 in Sweden were analyzed using retrospective reactor dosimetry techniques. The objective was to provide the best estimates of the neutron fluence for comparison with neutron transport calculations. A total of 51 stainless steel samples consisting of chips weighing approximately 100 to 200 mg were removed from selected locations around the pressure vessel and were sent to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for analysis. The samples were fully characterized and analyzed for radioactive isotopes, with special interest in the presence of Nb-93 m. The RPV cladding retrospective dosimetry results will be combined with a re-evaluation of the surveillance capsule dosimetry and with ex-vessel neutron dosimetry results to form a comprehensive 3D comparison of measurements to calculations performed with 3D deterministic transport code.
Mechanisms of Asphalt Blistering on Concrete Bridges
Authors: Hailesilassie Biruk W. , Partl Manfred N. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Blistering is a major problem in asphalt-covered concrete structures, such as multi-storage parking buildings, built-up roofs, tunnels, pedestrian areas, or concrete bridge decks. In this particular research, a linear viscoelastic finite-element model is developed to simulate time-dependent blister growth in an asphalt layer under uniformly applied pressure with and without temperature and pressure fluctuation. Indirect tensile tests on mastic asphalt (MA) are performed at three different temperatures to characterize and determine the material properties for the model. A three-dimensional thick-plate axisymmetric finite-element model is developed using ABAQUS with linear viscoelastic properties and validated with closed-form solution from first-order shear-deformation theory for thick plates. Elastic–viscoelastic analogy is used to find an analytic solution for the time-dependent deflection of the blister. In addition, the blister test is conducted on different samples of MA in the laboratory and digital image correlation measurement technique is used to capture the three-dimensional vertical deflection of the MA with time. Finally, the results from image correlation are compared with the finite-element simulation and thick-plate theory analytic solution. The finite-element model simulation shows that the daily temperature variations may have a significant influence on blister growth in asphalt pavements. It is found that the blister can grow continuously under repeated loading conditions over subsequent days. The study concludes that temperature fluctuation in the blister has more influence on blister growth than fluctuation of the pressure inside the blister.
Modernization of Existing VVER-1000 Surveillance Programs
Authors: Kochkin V. , Erak D. , Makhotin D. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
According to generally accepted world practice, evaluation of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) material behavior during operation is carried out using tests of surveillance specimens. The main objective of the surveillance program consists in insurance of safe RPV operation during the design lifetime and lifetime-extension period. At present, the approaches of pressure vessels residual life validation based on the test results of their surveillance specimens have been developed and introduced in Russia and are under consideration in other countries where vodo-vodyanoi energetichesky reactors- (VVER-) 1000 are in operation. In this case, it is necessary to ensure leading irradiation of surveillance specimens (as compared to the pressure vessel wall) and to provide uniformly irradiated specimen groups for mechanical testing. Standard surveillance program of VVER-1000 has several significant shortcomings and does not meet these requirements. Taking into account program of lifetime extension of VVER-1000 operating in Russia, it is necessary to carry out upgrading of the VVER-1000 surveillance program. This paper studies the conditions of a surveillance specimen’s irradiation and upgrading of existing sets to provide monitoring and prognosis of RPV material properties for extension of the reactor’s lifetime up to 60 years or more.
Evaluation of the Structural Sealant for Use in a Four-Sided Structural Sealant Glazing Curtain-Wall System for a Hospital Building
Authors: Memari A. M. , Fisher S. , Krumenacker C. , Broker K. A. , Modrich R. -U. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Cathedral Hill Hospital (the California Pacific Medical Center) is a 15-story building designed to be constructed in downtown San Francisco. The curtain-wall system for this building is primarily of unitized design employing a four-sided structural sealant glazing (SSG) system. This paper initially introduces the building and its curtain-wall design. Next, the summary of the results of full-scale racking tests on stick-built mockups of the curtain-wall system developed to evaluate the structural sealant performance are presented. Stick-built mockup, instead of unitized system, was chosen to initially evaluate the behavior of sealants under racking conditions. The mockups were designed to determine the behavior of the glass, framing, connections, and more importantly, the structural silicone under racking displacements following the AAMA 501.6 protocol. The test results (stress–strain relationships) on the structural sealant to determine tensile adhesion properties at selected temperatures and UV exposures are discussed and comparisons to the finite-element analysis results are presented. The wind load and seismic design of the sealants, including the finite-element modeling and analysis of a typical panel to evaluate the stresses in the structural sealants, are presented as well. The allowable stress issue in structural sealants for seismic design of four-sided SSG systems is discussed in light of the new information generated for this project.
Development of a Non-Destructive Evaluation Practice of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints Using a Rolling Device—An Introduction to ASTM C 1736
Authors: Huff Daniel N. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the development of standardized methodology to evaluate joint seal continuity, encompassed in the newly published ASTM C 1736-11, “Standard Practice for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Adhesion of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints Using a Rolling Device.” This standard practice was created under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C 24 on Building Seals and Sealants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee 30 on Adhesion; it was approved July 1, 2011. Fundamental details contributing to the successful usage of this practice are examined by answering the following questions: Where exactly do the stresses produced by this procedure have an effect upon the sealant-to-substrate bond-line? How does joint geometry impact this bond-line stress? What level of stress on a bond-line provides usable information without damaging the seal?
A Numerical Strip-Yield Model for the Creep Crack Incubation in Steels
Authors: Potirniche G. P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA numerical strip-yield model was developed to simulate creep crack incubation in heat-resistant steels. The model is based on a formulation proposed by Newman (Newman, J. C., Jr., “A Crack-Closure Model for Predicting Fatigue Crack Growth under Aircraft Spectrum Loading,” Methods and Models for Predicting Fatigue Crack Growth under Random Loading, ASTM STP 748, J. B. Chang and C. M. Hudson, Eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1981, pp. 53–84) for fatigue crack growth under variable amplitude loading. The time evolution of the plastic deformation ahead of a crack loaded in tension is modeled using the Norton law for secondary creep stage, and the primary and tertiary creep stages are neglected. The model assumes a pre-existing crack in a specimen and models the behavior of the material prior to the beginning of crack propagation due to creep loading. The evolution with time of the crack-tip plastic zone, crack-tip opening displacement, and yield strength in the plastic zone are computed at constant temperature for center crack panels. Comparison with two previous strip-yield models and experimental data is performed, and good correlation is obtained for several Cr-Mo-V steels. This approach to modeling creep crack incubation has the potential to be applied to other types of cracked specimens under constant or variable amplitude loading.
Testing Damping Performance and Bending Stiffness of Snowboarding Wrist Protectors
Authors: Schmitt Kai-Uwe , Michel Frank I. , Staudigl Florian 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Although wrist guards are available to prevent the wrist injuries that are frequently sustained in snowboarding, there is no mandated performance standard for these wrist guards as there is for other sports protection equipment. This study investigates whether the standard specified for safety gear in roller sports (EN 14120) can also be applied to snowboarding equipment. Representatives of the different designs of snowboarding wrist protectors available were tested in a manner similar to that defined in EN 14120. The damping characteristics of the products were investigated in drop tests, and wrist extension properties were studied using bending tests. In general the test results indicate that the roller sports standard is also applicable to snowboarding products; however, adjustments to the test conditions and the performance requirements need to be discussed. This relates, first of all, to the damping test conditions, because most products failed the performance criteria. In addition, a higher upper threshold value in the bending test (currently 55°) seems to be more related to falls observed in snowboarding. Furthermore, the influence of test conditions such as the temperature needs to be checked. Nevertheless, the introduction of a modified standard should be a reasonable undertaking to improve the protective potential of wrist guards.
Interlaboratory Study of ASTM F2731, Standard Test Method for Measuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of Firefighter Protective Clothing Systems
Authors: Deuser L. , Barker R. , Deaton A. S. , Shepherd A. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This paper describes an interlaboratory study conducted using ASTM F2731, Standard Test Method for Measuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of Firefighter Protective Clothing Systems. Five replications of six different composites representative of firefighting turnout gear materials were tested at six different laboratories equipped to conduct the test. Data collected were used to predict the time to second degree burn for each of the turnout composite test specimens. Statistical analysis showed good agreement between test sites. This interlaboratory study confirmed the repeatability and reliability of ASTM F2731, a test method used to measure an important property associated with the thermal protective performance of firefighter turnout materials.
Temperature and Load Interaction Effects on the Fatigue Crack Growth Rate and Fracture Surface Morphology of IN100 Superalloy
Authors: Adair Benjamin S. , Johnson W. Steven , Antolovich Stephen D. , Staroselsky Alexander 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A study was conducted to explore some of the load and temperature interaction effects on the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) of polycrystalline superalloy IN100. Load interaction testing in the form of single overloads was performed at 316°C and 649°C. Temperature interaction testing was performed by cycling between 316°C and 649°C in blocks of 1, 10, and 100 cycles. After compiling a database of constant temperature, constant amplitude FCGR for IN100, fatigue crack growth predictions assuming no load or temperature interactions were made. Experimental fatigue crack propagation data were then compared with these predictions to assess interaction effects. The fracture mechanisms observed during interaction testing using a scanning electron microscope were compared with the mechanisms present during constant temperature, constant amplitude testing. Overload interaction testing led to full crack retardation at 2.0 × overloads for both 316°C and 649°C testing. Overloading by 1.6 × at both temperatures led to retarded crack growth, whereas 1.3 × overloads at 649°C created accelerated crack growth and at 316°C the crack growth was retarded. One block alternating temperature interaction testing grew significantly faster than the non-interaction prediction, while 10 block alternating temperature interaction testing also grew faster but not to the same extent. One hundred block alternating testing grew slower than non-interaction predictions. Possible explanations for the interaction effects responsible for the observed crack growth acceleration and retardation are discussed.
Use of Cement-Treated Lightweight Soils Made from Dredged Clay
Authors: Watabe Yoichi , Noguchi Takatoshi , Mitarai Yoshio 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Recently, a new runway designated “D-runway” was constructed at Tokyo Haneda Airport. In this project, a large amount of cement treated lightweight soils made from very soft and mildly contaminated dredged clay was used. In this paper, a seawall structure using a cement treated lightweight soil made from dredged clay is introduced and the quality control of these soils in the construction work is discussed. Two types of lightweight soils, “pneumatic mixing cement treated soil” and “air-foam treated lightweight soil,” were used as backfill in the seawall structures. Design and quality control of the lightweight soils were carried out, and the seawall structures were successfully constructed. The shear strength and bulk density of the lightweight soils placed in the sites met the required specifications in design.