bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desorption of copper from a copper‐chitosan complex
Authors: McKay Gordon , Blair Henry S. , Grant Stuart 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChitoson, a high molecular weight polymer, has the ability to sorb metals and form chitosan‐metal complexes. A complex using copper has been prepared and its desorption characteristics have been studied. The slow release of copper is of potential use in anti‐fouling paints and therefore the desorption of copper has been studied under various environmental conditions. Desorption rates were high in distilled water but low in sea water, and after further comparative tests with commercial marine paints, it was concluded that copper‐chitosan complexes are not as effective as the cuprous oxide anti‐fouling agent currently used in marine paint formulations.
Activated sludge treatment of wine‐distillery wastewaters
Authors: Sales D. , Valcárcel M. J. , Pérez L. , Martinez‐Ossa E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWine alcohol distilleries produce eight volumes of high‐strength waste from every volume of ethanol. This waste has an acidic character, an average COD of 21 g dm−‐3 and an average BOD of 13 g dm−‐3.This paper examines aerobic treatment as an alternative to anaerobic digestion for the reduction of waste strength. The process from the start‐up of the digestors until attainment of steady‐state conditions, and the optimization of the process to achieve an adequate purifying performance were studied.Once optimum operation conditions had been attained (at 8 days retention time), COD and BOD removals of 78% and 88%, respectively, were achieved.A Substrate Utilization Model predicted accurately the performance of the purifying process, except at retention times of less than 3 days, where the system works in unsteady conditions.
The conversion of polysaccharides to hydrogen gas. Part I: The palladium catalysed decomposition of formic acid/sodium formate solutions
Authors: Hill S. P. , Winterbottom J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe palladium catalysed decomposition, to H2+CO2, of solutions containing formic acid and sodium formate, in various proportions, has been studied in a stirred reactor in the temperature range 60–90°C. The production of hydrogen gas was at its optimum in the pH range 3.8–6.5 and the order of reaction varied with the solution composition from 0.33 (100 mol % formic acid) to 1.07 (100 mol% formate ion). Energies of activation lay in the range 20±9.5 kJ mol−1–41.8±7 kJ mol−1, the larger values occurring at the ends of the composition range. Electrode potential measurements were also performed and these were helpful in explaining the (i) cessation of hydrogen production at low HCOO− ion concentrations before completion of reaction and (ii) the possible nature of catalyst poisons. In no case was the theoretical quantity of hydrogen obtained, although yields >90% can be achieved.It is proposed that reaction proceeds via a surface formate intermediate with different rate determining steps operating at high and low HCOO− ion concentrations. A number of reversible catalyst poisons are discussed including carbon monoxide and methyl formate, which appear to be the most likely.
The conversion of polysaccharides to hydrogen gas. Part III
Authors: Hill S. P. , Winterbottom J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCellulose has been subjected to alkaline degradation at temperatures between 100 and 200°C. The resulting products, after filtration and treatment with activated charcoal, yielded solutions containing formic acid, with conversions up to 7–8% by weight with respect to cellulose. The solutions were then reached in the presence of a palladium catalyst at 80°C at pH 4 and the hydrogen gas evolved was measured. A limited number of experiments were performed with cellulose containing waste materials and these were also converted to formic acid and hence to hydrogen gas. Additional studies with glyceraldehyde revealed that the latter is a possible intermediate in the formation of formic acid from cellulose and a speculative mechanism is proposed indicating how formate ions and formic acid may be generated from cellulose.
Removal of tetramethyl thiuram disulphide from aqueous solution by chemically modified bentonite
Authors: Pradas E. González , Sánchez M. Villafranca , Garcia A. Valverde , Viciana M. Socias , Bueno F. del Rey , Rodríguez A. García 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of tetramethyl thiuram disulphide (thiram) on bentonite, acid‐treated with H2SO4 (over a concentration range between 0.25 mol dm−3 and 2.00 mol dm−3), and heat‐treated at 110°C or at 200°C, from aqueous solution at 20°C has been studied. In general, the adsorption isotherms may be classified as L type of the Giles classification which suggests that there is no strong competition from the solvent for adsorption sites.The experimental data points have been fitted to the Freundlich equation in order to calculate the adsorption capacities (K) of the samples; K values range from 230 μg g−1 for the sample acid‐treated with 0.25 mol dm−3 H2SO4 and heat‐treated at 110°C up to 2010 μg g−1 for the sample acid‐treated with 1.00 mol dm−3 H2SO4 and heat‐treated at 200°C. In all cases the K values for samples heat‐treated at 200°C were higher than those heat‐treated at 110°C. The removal efficiency (R) has also been calculated for all the samples; R values range from 42.8% up to 89.9%.
The adsorption of causticized cassava starch on coal‐washery effluent solids in relation to flocculation
Authors: Eligwe Christian A. , Okorie Boniface A. , Chukwudorue Cornelius O. , Orumwense Friday F. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of causticized cassava starch on coal‐washery effluent (‘blackwater’) solids was investigated with a view to establishing how such factors as pH, starch concentration, aging and presence of complexing agent affect the extent and nature of the adsorption process. Also, the effect of starch concentration on the flocculation behavior of the blackwater slurry was studied.The adsorption process does not exhibit a Langmuir type behavior but produces a characteristic S‐shaped curve and is essentially unaffected by pH except in the highly alkaline range (pH > 10.0), where a marked decrease in adsorption density occurs. Based on the data generated in this study and the results of studies on the electrokinetic properties of starch and blackwater solids reported in the literature, it is postulated that the adsorption mechanism is predominantly controlled by hydrogen bonding aided by hydrophobic interactions.The flocculation studies established that high reagent (starch) concentration leads to low settling rates and the reasons for this phenomenon are discussed.
Infrared studies of the interaction between dihydroxybenzenes and their ethers with the surfaces of γ‐Al2O3, MoS2 and a CoMo/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst
Authors: Bredenberg Johan B‐Son , Sarbak Zenon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHydroquinone and resorcinol are strongly chemisorbed on alumina by their oxygen atoms and form a flat adsorption mode. Catechol may be chemisorbed, but very weakly in a flat mode on molybdenum sulfide. On alumina it is adsorbed in an inclined mode through the oxygen atoms. For the CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst an inclined mode is preferred at lower temperatures although a flat mode may be competitive at higher temperatures.The monomethyl ethers are chemisorbed through the phenyl oxygen. The mode of adsorption for the ring is probably flat for the meta and para compounds and inclined for the ortho compound. The ortho compound shows demethoxylation at 250°C followed with the para compound 300°C. Steric constraints evidently hinder to a part adsorption of the ortho compound on the catalyst surface.The dimethyl ethers are chemisorbed in a flat mode on the supports. The adsorbed compounds react by demethylation on the alumina type supports with the para compound reacting at the lowest temperature, around 200°C, and the meta compound only at the highest temperature used, 300°C. The ortho compound has an intermediate reactivity.Adsorption of all ethers on molybdenum sulfide is very weak.
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some quinazolin containing oxadiazolin‐5‐thione moieties
Authors: Ahmed Abd El‐Hamid N. , Abd‐Alla Mohamed A. , El‐Zohry Maher F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral new quinazolin‐4‐one containing oxadiazolin‐5‐thione moieties were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Esterification of 2‐substituted phenyl‐3‐carboxyalkyl‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydroquinazolin‐4‐ones (I) with absolute ethyl alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid afforded the corresponding esters (II). Hydrazinolysis of (II) with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol gave the acid hydrazides (III). Refluxing (III) with equimolar amounts of potassium hydroxide and slight excess of carbon disulfide afforded the corresponding oxadiazolin‐5‐thione derivatives (IV). The thiones undergo Mannich reaction using a formaldehyde/secondary amines mixture whereby the 4‐substituted amino‐methyl derivatives (V) were obtained. Microanalysis, IR, NMR spectra were used to elucidate the structures of the newly synthesized compounds. All the designed compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity. The morpholino derivatives showed an encouraging antibacterial activity.
Biological regeneration of nitrate‐loaded anion‐exchange resins by denitrifying bacteria
Authors: van der Hoek Jan Peter , Griffioen Anton B. , Klapwijk Abraham 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor regeneration of nitrate‐loaded anion‐exchange resins large quantities of salt are needed while the voluminous concentrated brine, produced during regeneration, is difficult to dispose of. These problems can be avoided by using denitrifying bacteria in the regeneration process of the resins. Experiments showed that resins could be regenerated by a denitrifying sludge suspension containing 7 g dm−3 NaCl. However, the process proceeded slowly compared with conventional regeneration. After 24 h of regeneration the resin still contained 18% nitrate, relative to the total capacity. The breakthrough curve of a biologically regenerated ion‐exchange resin was characterized by nitrate leakage whereas nitrate breakthrough started sooner, resulting in a nitrate capacity which was only 72% as compared with a conventionally regenerated ion‐exchange column.
The development of a new food
Authors: Edelman J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMycoprotein (trade name Quorn) is a new food developed via a fermentation process by Ranks Hovis McDougall PLC (RHM) after some 20 years of R&D. RHM is now in partnership with ICI for its further development. Mycoprotein has been fully cleared toxicologically and nutritionally and a ‘Certificate of Free Sale’ was given by the UK Government in 1985; it appears that this is the first ever formal Government clearance of a new food. Much of the testing procedure required for food additives or drugs is unsuitable, even impossible, for food, and both the company and the Ministry had a learning curve to follow during the development of an appropriate safety‐testing programme.Perception of safety by consumers is also vital to commercial success. Some hundreds of thousands of people have now bought and eaten Quorn products from supermarkets and in restaurants. So far there has not been a single reported case of imagined hazard relating to this totally novel foodstuff.
New medicines from industry
Authors: Finkle Bryan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is a considerable history of natural and biosynthetic biologics used as drugs, and their development, evaluation, and regulation serves as a useful guide to the risks and safety of recombinant drugs in the context of medicine. These agents are human gene products or their analogs, and like traditional pharmaceuticals, have the potential for toxicity. They are purer and better characterized, have a known spectrum of bioactivity, but they are not to be assumed safe because they are components of natural self. The reality is they have their own risk‐to‐benefit ratios. They are made by very complex, large‐scale biochemical engineering capable of producing very pure product, but with the possibility of greater variation than occurs in small organic molecules synthesized by medicinal chemistry methods.Many toxicology position papers have been published, but no firm guidelines have yet been established by Government Regulatory Agencies. At present, it is the combined judgment of the toxicologist, pharmacologist, and clinician that determines the rational progress of a protein (drug) from the gene to patient. This long, difficult journey in which toxicology plays such an important part can be illustrated by the development of human growth hormone and tumor necrosis factor, the former a recombinant product to replace a natural hormone extracted from human tissue, and the latter a previously unavailable cytokine with poorly defined biological effects, for the treatment of selected cancers. The history, hard work and hope for these and other protein drugs presents a clear story of how benefit‐to‐risk can be studied and understood.
EEC policy for regulation of biotechnology products
Authors: Scheibner Eckardt , Bass Rolf 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe most important regulative EEC decisions concerning biotechnology products are the creation of the ‘concertation procedure’ for EEC‐wide registration (Council Directive 87/22/EEC), and the authorization of the CPMP to adapt test requirements according to technical progress (Council Directive 87/19/EEC).Test requirements (Notes to Applicants) on pharmaceutical quality (MAB's, rDNA‐derived products‐cell substrates in preparation) and on preclinical safety testing have been published.The pre‐clinical notes to applicants seek to overcome the current case‐by‐case procedure, which is unsatisfactory both for industry and regulatory authorities, by structuring the heterogeneous variety of products into product related test schemes, thus giving better orientation for applicants for marketing authorizations.There is a horizontal structure (4 product groups: hormones, cytokines, regulatory peptides/blood products, MAB/immunizing agents) and a vertical structure (depending on the biochemical deviation from the naturally occurring product). Allocation of a given product horizontally will determine the strategy, and vertically the depth of testing. Additional remarks concerning methods allow for deviations from test schemes developed for chemical products, in relation to species‐restricted lack of response and immunotolerance. The concept of deriving test schemes from product characteristics has proved successful, but is subject to further improvement (e.g. including as additional structuring elements the generic familiarity, and use‐related criteria spanning from substitution to pharmacodynamic effectuation with supraphysiological dose regimes), and making better use of the present knowledge of sera, vaccines and other biologicals (and their regulation), thus facilitating easier planning and performance of relevant pre‐clinical safety testing.
Hydration kinetics of calcium sulphate hemihydrate: A comparison of models
Authors: Beretka Julius , Van Der Touw John W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetic equations derived by Schiller, Ridge, Taplin and, Combe, Smith and Braden, for the hydration of calcium sulphate hemihydrate, based on crystallisation theory, are compared in order to establish which model describes the reaction best. Schiller's, Ridge's and Combe's models show considerable departures from the data, whereas Taplin's model fits the data extremely well. A simple Product model also fits well if the rate is assumed to be temperature dependent.
Adsorption of gold‐thiourea complex on activated carbon
Authors: Soto Ana M. , Machuca Ruth A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption kinetics of the gold‐thiourea complex on activated charcoal was studied. Experimental runs were made in a batch reactor at constant temperatures and stirred by a magnetic system. Samples were taken at different periods of time and were analyzed for gold in a Perkin‐Elmer Model 360 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The samples were prepared with synthetic solution of gold with thiourea, sulfuric acid, and iron sulfate with concentrations similar to the ones in the leaching process. The gold adsorbed on activated charcoal was 99% at 20°C. The adsorption behavior was characterized by the Freundlich model at different temperatures (20°C, 35°C and 50°C).
Kinetic studies of adsorption of bitter principles and titratable acid from grapefruit juice
Authors: Johnson Robert L. , Chandler Bruce V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurement of the initial rates of removal of limonin and naringin from grapefruit juices by several polystyrene and polyacrylic adsorbents has allowed these adsorbents, in the forms as supplied, to be ranked in their order of kinetic effectiveness for removal of the two bitter principles. Partition coefficients of bitter principles between juice and polystyrene adsorbent resins show that the capacity of such resins for naringin increases with specific surface area, but the capacity for limonin appears to increase with specific pore volume. With respect to titratable acid, the two weak base resins, Amberlite IRA‐93 and Duolite A378, were equally effective both kinetically and in their capacity for titratable acid; both adsorbed somewhat less than 1 mol of titratable acid from grapefruit juice per equivaient of weak base resin.
7H‐pyrazolo[5, 1‐a]benz[d,e]isoquinolin‐7‐ones: Yellow to orange dyes for synthetic‐polymer fibres
Authors: Peters A. T. , Saidi K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractN‐Amino‐1,8‐naphthalimides were condensed with ketones containing an α‐methylene group and the resulting hydrazones ring closed to afford derivatives of 7H‐pyrazolo(5,1‐a)benz(d,e)isoquinolin‐7‐one. These compounds coloured synthetic‐polymer fibres, particularly polyester, in brilliant fluorescent greenish‐yellow to orange hues of good fastness to light and sublimation. The colour of the dyes is discussed with respect to substituent effects in the pyrazole and naphthalene rings, and in relation to analogous 7H‐benzimidazo(2,1‐a)benz(d,e)isoquinolin‐7‐ones.
Axial dispersion and oxygen transfer in the transition from bubble column to airlift‐loop reactor
Authors: Verlaan Paul , Vos Jan‐Chris , Van T Riet Klaas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAxial dispersion and oxygen transfer were investigated in a bubble column (BC) with a circulation loop. A butterfly valve, situated at the bottom of the loop enabled the above‐mentioned physical characteristics in the transition regime between typical airlift‐loop‐reactor (ALR) flow and BC flow to be studied. The Bodenstein number was found to decrease when the liquid velocity was reduced, implicating a less established plug‐flow character. The number of circulations required to achieve complete mixing in the reactor was diminished if the liquid circulation was hampered and appeared to be proportional to the Bodenstein number. The volumetric oxygen‐transfer coefficient was estimated by an ideally stirred‐tank‐reactor (STR) model and a plug‐flow model. The STR model yielded reliable results for the whole range of operation while the plug‐flow model only appeared to be appropriate for the ALR operation mode. The kLa values obtained were included in a generalized correlation for the transition flow regime and were found to increase gradually when the circulation velocity was reduced.
Sodium bicarbonate effects on the anaerobic digestion of refuse
Authors: Kasali George B. , Senior Eric , Watson‐Craik Irene A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory column and bottle cultures were used to examine the efficacy of NaHCO3 additions (1%, 2.5% and 5% w/v) to promote the solid‐state refuse fermentation. Buffering capacity increase, by addition of 2.5% NaHCO3, equivalent to 84 mg NaHCO3 g dry weight refuse‐1, promoted both acidogenesis and methanogenesis, with the latter accelerating by a factor of six, compared with glass‐distilled water controls. Increased addition, with 5% NaHCO3, however, mediated partial suppression of methanogenesis and acidogenesis with cation toxicity the most likely cause. Promotion of the refuse fermentation by NaHCO3 addition, therefore, necessitates careful control of the concentration applied.
The inhibitive action of dimethyltin dichloride towards the corrosion of aluminium in hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions
Authors: Mourad M. Y. , Seliman S. A. , Ibrahim E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dissolution of aluminium in hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions in the presence of dimethyltin dichloride as corrosion inhibitor has been studied using hydrogen evolution and thermometric methods. The two methods gave consistent results. The higher inhibition efficiency of this compound in acidic than in alkaline media may be due to the less negative potential of aluminium in hydrochloric acid solution, favouring adsorption of the additive. The adsorption of this compound was found to obey Frumkin adsorption isotherm.
Effects of natural oils and surfactants on cellulase production and activity
Authors: Suha Sukan S. , Güray Ayse , Vardar‐Sukan Fazilet 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEmulsification of natural oils by a surfactant increases their efficiency as chemical antifoams. The presence of low concentrations of fatty acids or other surfactants have been reported to inhibit or stimulate microbial growth and/or product formation.The effects of different natural oils, Tween 80 and saponin on growth and cellulase production by T. reesei and S. pulverulentum have been investigated. It was found that in general, emulsification leads to higher cellulase activities in both cultures, though there are variations in enzyme levels depending on the presence or absence of Tween 80 and of different oils in growth media as well as the substrates used for cellulase assay.
Liquid circulation time in concentric‐tube airlift columns with non‐newtonian fermentation broths
Authors: Kawase Yoshinori , Moo‐Young Murray 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid circulation times were measured in a 40‐dm3 concentric‐tube airlift fermenter with simulated media over a wide range of rheological properties. Circulation times decreased with increasing shear‐thinning, and the influence of draft‐tube geometry on circulation time was found to depend on the shear‐thinning of the media. A semi‐theoretical correlation for both Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fermentation media was developed.
Stability of 1,4‐dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and ethanol under hydrogenation conditions over various catalysts
Authors: Schumann Werner K. , Kut Oemer M. , Baiker Alfons , Gut Late Günther 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe stability of 1,4‐dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and ethanol under hydrogenation conditions was investigated over six different catalysts. The reactions occurring in a fixed‐bed reactor in the temperature range between 150 and 350°C were characterized by chemical analysis of the reactor effluent stream and by measurement of the temperature—time profiles within the catalyst bed. On nickel catalysts, dioxane showed a runaway reaction with ignition at about 190°C (Mozingo, Org. Synth., 21 (1941)). (Ignition is referred to as the temperature where the initiation of the runaway reaction is observed.) Similar reactions were observed with tetrahydrofuran and ethanol over nickel, and with dioxane and ethanol over rhodium and cobalt. The predominant reaction was hydrogenolysis and the main products formed were methane and water. Under some conditions small amounts of ethane, propane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were also observed. Dioxane did not show methane formation on platinum, palladium and copper chromite catalysts.