bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical maturational period of new neurons in adult dentate gyrus for their involvement in memory formation
Authors: Aasebø Ida E. J. , Blankvoort Stefan , Tashiro Ayumu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAdult dentate gyrus produces new neurons continuously throughout life. Multiple lines of evidence have pointed to the possibility that young neurons during a certain maturational stage mediate an important role in memory processing. In this review, we highlight the existing evidence of a ‘critical period’ for new neurons in their involvement in memory formation, describe the unique properties of young neurons as potential mechanisms underlying the critical period, and discuss the implications of the critical period for the function of adult neurogenesis.
Developmental dysregulation of adult neurogenesis
Authors: Georg Kuhn H. , Blomgren K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRather than a singular event that suddenly appears during adulthood, adult neurogenesis has long been recognized as the continuation of postnatal neurogenic activity. During the first postnatal weeks, significant cellular changes occur within and adjacent to germinal matrices of the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus. The majority of granule cells are generated during this period. In addition, radial glia are transformed into astrocyte‐like stem cells, the ependymal layer is formed, and the highest rates of angiogenesis, gliogenesis and myelination are observed. The first postnatal weeks are critical as the brain growth rate is maximal, and changes during this period can have a great impact on neurogenesis levels and overall brain function later in life. This review chronicles cellular changes and some of the clinically relevant dysregulations that can occur during the postnatal period, and discusses the possible impact of these changes on neurogenesis and cognitive function later in life.
Neurotransmitters couple brain activity to subventricular zone neurogenesis
Authors: Young Stephanie Z. , Taylor M. Morgan , Bordey Angélique 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAdult neurogenesis occurs in two privileged microenvironments, the hippocampal subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) along the lateral ventricle. This review focuses on accumulating evidence suggesting that the activity of specific brain regions or bodily states influences SVZ cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Neuromodulators such as dopamine and serotonin have been shown to have long‐range effects through neuronal projections into the SVZ. Local γ‐aminobutyric acid and glutamate signaling have demonstrated effects on SVZ proliferation and neurogenesis, but an extra‐niche source of these neurotransmitters remains to be explored and options will be discussed. There is also accumulating evidence that diseases and bodily states such as Alzheimer’s disease, seizures, sleep and pregnancy influence SVZ cell proliferation. With such complex behavior and environmentally‐driven factors that control subregion‐specific activity, it will become necessary to account for overlapping roles of multiple neurotransmitter systems on neurogenesis when developing cell therapies or drug treatments.
Seizure‐induced neurogenesis in the adult brain
Authors: Kokaia Merab 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIt is well established that seizures increase adult neurogenesis in the subventricular and subgranular zones, the most neurogenic regions of the adult rodent and apparently human brain. However, the role of increased neurogenesis in these areas in seizure generation (ictogenesis) and epileptogenesis remains elusive. It is of utmost importance to explore how the cells that are born in response to epileptic seizures are functionally integrated into the existing neuronal networks, and how this integration would contribute to the excitability of this network. This will determine whether increased neurogenesis is beneficial or counteractive to ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. Some of the crucial factors affecting the functional integration of newborn cells seem to be excessive neuronal activity and/or inflammatory microenvironment, both associated with acute, as well as chronic, epileptic conditions. This review will focus on aspects of the functional integration of newborn cells in animal models of epilepsy with various degrees of seizure severity and associated microenvironmental alterations in the brain tissue.
Neurodegenerative disease and adult neurogenesis
Authors: Winner Beate , Kohl Zacharias , Gage Fred H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe generation and cell death of newly generated cells have critical roles in brain development and maintenance in the embryonic and adult brain. Alterations in these processes are also seen in neurodegenerative diseases. Genes that are key players in neurodegenerative diseases (α‐synuclein, presenilin‐1, tau, huntingtin) are also physiologically involved in modulating brain plasticity. Interestingly, in some neurodegenerative diseases, the specific alterations in neurogenic areas such as the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone/olfactory bulb system parallel the early or premotor symptoms that are seen in the early stages of these diseases, such as depression, anxiety or olfactory dysfunction. We will review the modulation of neurogenesis in animal models and human brains of Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
The effect of induction of anesthesia and intubation on end‐expiratory lung level and regional ventilation distribution in cardiac children
Authors: Humphreys Susan , Pham Trang M.T. , Stocker Christian , Schibler Andreas 
Published: March 2011

SummaryBackground:  During the induction of anesthesia, changes in functional residual capacity and ventilation distribution (VD) occur. Although these physiological changes are well investigated in adults, little data are available in infants and children.Aim:  To describe continuous changes in lung physiology during the induction of anesthesia in infants and children using electrical impedance tomography (EIT).Methods:  Lung mechanics and volume changes in 38 infants and children undergoing elective cardiac surgery were assessed using EIT before, during, and after the induction of anesthesia. End‐expiratory level (EEL as an equivalent to FRC) and VD were measured with EIT and referenced to a period of spontaneous breathing prior to induction.Results:  EEL changed significantly during induction with the lowest during the intubation phase and normalized with the application of positive end‐expiratory pressures (PEEP) after induction. Ventilation prior to induction was preferentially distributed toward the dependent lung, whereas after induction, the nondependent lung was better ventilated. PEEP during mechanical ventilation did not improve ventilation inhomogeneity.Conclusion:  Lung volume and mechanics deteriorate significantly during the induction of anesthesia and remain altered during mechanical ventilation.
Retroperitoneal laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty with a novel technique of JJ stenting in children
Authors: Yu Jianhua , Wu Zhonghua , Xu Youming , Li Zhuo , Wang Jiansong , Qi Fan , Chen Xiang 
Published: March 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty may be performed via a transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach. Retroperitoneal access is less popular because of the limited working space, especially in children.This study shows that retroperitoneal laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty with a novel technique of JJ stenting is a feasible and effective alternative to open pyeloplasty with a relatively minimal complication rate in children.OBJECTIVE• To report our experience with retroperitoneal laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty for pelvi‐ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction in children.PATIENTS AND METHODS• Between March 2007 and December 2009, 38 children with PUJ obstruction (mean age 8.3 years, range 3–14) underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty.• A ureteric catheter was inserted into the mid‐ureter cystoscopically. During pyeloplasty, the proximal end of the ureteric catheter was extracorporeally sutured to the distal end of the JJ stent with silk.• The ureteric catheter was then pulled down and the stent was pulled antegrade into the ureter and bladder.RESULTS• The approach was retroperitoneal in all patients except one who required open conversion. The overall mean operative time was 162 min (range 145–210 min) and this appeared to decrease with experience. Mean hospital stay was 4 days (range 3–7 days).• Mean follow‐up was 20.2 months (range 6–32 months). Satisfactory drainage with decreased hydronephrosis was documented in all patients on ultrasonography and intravenous urography.CONCLUSION• Our study shows that retroperitoneal laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty is a feasible and effective alternative to open pyeloplasty with a relatively minimal complication rate in children 3 years of age and older, but it should be undertaken by experienced laparoscopic surgeons.
Firms’ performance under different bankruptcy systems: a Europe–USA empirical analysis
Authors: Gutiérrez Carlos Lopez , Olmo Begoña Torre , Azofra Sergio Sanfilippo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study empirically analyses the effect that the bankruptcy law has on firms’ performance based on its financial situation. To do this, we considered the different types of efficiency and their influence on firms’ value. The study was carried out for Germany, Spain, the United States, France and the United Kingdom. We applied System‐GMM estimation to dynamic panel data. The main results show that under creditor‐oriented systems, there is a decrease in the value of both financially distressed firms and those filing for bankruptcy.
CONSTRUCTING MORE POWERFUL EXACT TESTS OF EQUIVALENCE FROM BINARY MATCHED PAIRS
Authors: Lloyd Chris J. , Moldovan Max V. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryIn randomized clinical trials, it is often necessary to demonstrate that a new medical treatment does not substantially differ from a standard reference treatment. Formal testing of such ‘equivalence hypotheses’ is typically done by combining two one‐sided tests (TOST). A quite different strand of research has demonstrated that replacing nuisance parameters with a null estimate produces P‐values that are close to exact (Lloyd 2008a) and that maximizing over the residual dependence on the nuisance parameter produces P‐values that are exact and optimal within a class (Röhmel & Mansmann 1999; Lloyd 2008a). The three procedures – TOST, estimation and maximization of a nuisance parameter – can each be expressed as a transformation of an approximate P‐value. In this paper, we point out that TOST‐based P‐values will generally be conservative, even if based on exact and optimal one‐sided tests. This conservatism is avoided by applying the three transforms in a certain order – estimation followed by TOST followed by maximization. We compare this procedure with existing alternatives through a numerical study of binary matched pairs where the two treatments are compared by the difference of response rates. The resulting tests are uniformly more powerful than the considered competitors, although the difference in power can range from very small to moderate.
Social Capital and Union Revitalization: A Study of Worker Networks in the UK Audio‐Visual Industries
Authors: Saundry Richard , Stuart Mark , Antcliff Valerie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article examines Jarley's contention that trade union revitalization is conditional upon the generation of social capital through the systematic creation of networks. It draws on a qualitative study of freelance workers in the UK audio‐visual industry to consider two propositions. The first, that ‘social capital within networks is forged on “bonds” that are conducive to trade union identity’ was not sustained by the data, which instead suggested that social capital is more likely to be generated by networks outside trade union structures. However, the data did support the second proposition that ‘trade unions can harness social capital in order to achieve concrete industrial relations outcomes’ by linking networks to reservoirs of expertise and influence.
Conceptualizing Work, Family and Community: A Socio‐Ecological Systems Model, Taking Account of Power, Time, Space and Life Stage
Authors: Pocock Barbara , Williams Philippa , Skinner Natalie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA large body of empirical research now exists about ‘work and family’, much of it in agreement on critical issues. However, it is under‐conceptualized, it over‐researches professional and managerial workers and it under‐attends the larger terrain of work, family and community. This contribution argues the case for a stronger analytical framework around work, family and community and the ways in which they intersect, drawing on concepts commonly used in the field of employment relations. The article utilizes a body of empirical research about work, family and community in Australia to develop Voydanoff's ecological systems model of work, home and community, arguing that it is vital to unpack the ‘black box’ of ‘work’ in a multi‐layered way, to give appropriate weight to various sources of power, and to avoid an individualistic approach to the reconciliation of work, home and community life by locating analysis in a larger social and political context. The contribution proposes a ‘socio‐ecological systems’ model of work, home and community that delineates the four issues of power, time, space and life stage.
The Role of the AFL‐CIO in Regime Change: The Case of Guyana
Authors: Manroop Laxmikant , Singh Parbudyal 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations has been implicated in political interference and/or regime change in many countries, including the Dominican Republic, Chile, South Africa and Nicaragua. While its espoused objective has been to promote democracy and workers' rights, the results in some cases have been the opposite. This study focuses on one such case, Guyana, a small country in South America, which was perceived as a threat to US and British national interests in the 1950s and 1960s. Using archival data and interviews, we trace the nature and consequences of this intervention and discuss lessons for the future.
Ethics and God
Authors: Goodman Lenn E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPhilosophers like to speak of a “Euthyphro Dilemma” pitting divine fiat against a moral realism that soon fades to personal or social preferences. But Plato targets no such dilemma. The Euthyphro hints a complementarity of divine commands with human moral insights. Values are constitutive in ideas of divinity, and monotheism affirms only goodness in God. So, pace James Rachels, worship is not surrender of autonomy, as Saadiah and Maimonides' biblical and rabbinic ethics reveal. Chimneying more fairly models the dialectic of religion with ethics than does the contrived conflict between putatively arbitrary divine commands and presumptively self‐certifying human moral creativity.
Ethics and Religion: Two Kantian Arguments
Authors: Hare John E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper describes and defends two arguments connecting ethics and religion that Kant makes in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. The first argument is that the moral demand is too high for us in our natural capacities, and God's assistance is required to bridge the resulting moral gap. The second argument is that because humans desire to be happy as well as to be morally good, morality will be rationally unstable without belief in a God who can bring happiness and virtue together. The paper states and replies to three objections to each argument.
Is Nothing Sacred? A Secular Philosophy of Incarnation
Authors: McGhee Michael 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChristian thinkers have recently expressed concern about the “silencing” or marginalisation of religion in public life, have affirmed the desirability of dialogue between the world of faith and the world of reason but have raised doubts about the feasibility of a moral language that refers to unconditional moral claims or human rights or the intrinsic dignity of human beings if it is not grounded in a transcendent or supernatural source of value. The present paper is an attempt to open a conversation about these themes from the point of view of a non‐theistic humanism inspired by a notion of incarnation.
Morality, Religion, and Cosmic Justice
Authors: Oderberg David S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractI argue for a connection between morality and religion on the basis of a need for cosmic justice – a comprehensive system of rewards and punishments for good and bad behaviour, respectively. I set out the Argument for Cosmic Justice, discussing the nature of reward and punishment and how they differ from mere benefit and loss. A world without cosmic justice would be absurd and unacceptable to anyone who takes morality seriously in the way identified by George Mavrodes. I also consider a number of objections to the argument.
Morality and Religion: Some Questions about First Principles
Authors: Rist John 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChallenged by moral nihilism we have three options: some sort of “Protagorean” conventionalism, a transcendentally rooted version of “naturalism” originally identified by Plato and fleshed out by Augustine, and a “virtual” morality cynically marketed as objective. Conventionalism, however, fails to ground obligation, which could thus be justified only by “Augustine's” alternative, which he developed from its original in three ways: by proposing a personal first principle, thus emphasising respect for every individual; by deepening our awareness of evil in reinforcing the notion of “crime” by that of “sin” against the nature and consequent commands of a personal God; and by locating us in no timeless sphere of pure rationality but in our particular historical space. Religion (so understood) and moral obligation stand or fall together.
Shyness as a moderator of the link between advanced maturity and early adolescent risk behavior
Authors: ZALK NEJRA VAN , KERR MARGARET , TILTON‐WEAVER LAUREE 
Published: March 2011

Van Zalk, N., Kerr, M. & Tilton‐Weaver, L. (2011). Shyness as a moderator of the link between advanced maturity and early adolescent risk behavior. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 341–353.Advanced maturity in early adolescence has previously been linked with several risk behaviors. In this study, we examine whether shyness and gender might moderate this link. The participants were 750 early adolescents (Mage = 13.73; 390 girls and 360 boys), followed for one year. We conducted analyses with shyness and gender as moderators of the links between advanced maturity and different types of risk behavior, and between one risk behavior and another. Despite differential patterns for boys and girls, the results suggest that being shy or not being shy modifies the links between advanced maturity and risk behavior primarily for boys. For boys, shyness reduces relationships between advanced maturity and risk behavior, whereas not being shy exacerbates the relationships between advanced maturity and high‐risk behavior. Controlling for romantic involvement and peer victimization did not alter the moderating effects, thus failing to support the idea that the weaker links for shy youths were due to shy youths not being drawn into advanced peer groups by romantic partners or peers. Thus, shyness might serve as a buffer against risk behavior in early adolescence.
Towards more Accessible Conceptions of Statistical Inference
Authors: Wild C. J. , Pfannkuch M. , Regan M. , Horton N. J. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThere is a compelling case, based on research in statistics education, for first courses in statistical inference to be underpinned by a staged development path. Preferably over a number of years, students should begin working with precursor forms of statistical inference, much earlier than they now do. A side benefit is giving younger students more straightforward and more satisfying ways of answering interesting real world questions. We discuss the issues that are involved in formulating precursor versions of inference and then present some specific and highly visual proposals. These build on novel ways of experiencing sampling variation and have intuitive connections to the standard formal methods of making inferences in first university courses in statistics. Our proposal uses visual comparisons to enable the inferential step to be made without taking the eyes off relevant graphs of the data. This allows the time and conceptual distances between questions, data and conclusions to be minimized, so that the most critical linkages can be made. Our approach was devised for use in high schools but is also relevant to adult education and some introductory tertiary courses.
Forecasting Mortality in the Event of a Structural Change
Authors: Coelho Edviges , Nunes Luis C. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryIn recent decades, life expectancy in developed countries has risen to historically unprecedented levels driven by unforeseen declines in rates of mortality. The prospects of further reductions are of fundamental importance in various areas. In this context, we consider the problem of forecasting future mortality and life expectancy in the event of a structural change. We show how recent advances in statistical testing for structural changes can be used to arrive at properly specified models for the general level of mortality in the context of the Lee–Carter model. Specifically, the results of tests for a change in the trend of the index of mortality and for the presence of a unit root are used to identify appropriate forecasting models. The methodology proposed is applied to post-1950 mortality data for a set of developed countries to test the usual assumption that is made in the literature of a sustained decline in mortality at roughly constant rates in this period. Structural changes in the rate of decline in overall mortality are found for almost every country, especially in male populations. We also illustrate how accounting for such a change can lead to a major effect in mortality and life expectancy forecasts over the next decades.
Financing welfare regimes: mapping heterogeneous revenue structures
Authors: Gough Ian , Abu Sharkh Miriam 
Published: March 2011

Gough I, Abu Sharkh M. Financing welfare regimes: mapping heterogeneous revenue structuresInt J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 280–291 © 2011 United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.This article studies how the composition of public revenues in terms of sources (such as taxation, social insurance contributions, mineral rents, foreign aid) is associated with different welfare regimes and social policy outcomes. It is divided into two halves: a review of literature and research, and a cross‐national data analysis. The first half reviews literature on the emergence of tax and revenue systems in the West, and on the relevance of these frameworks and findings to developing countries. The second half uses cluster analysis to identify groups of developing countries with contrasting revenue systems in 2000, and then compares these with our previous analysis of welfare regimes in the global South. We conclude that higher tax or revenue levels are not associated with more advanced or effective welfare systems. It is only the scope of social security contributions that correlates with proto‐welfare states in the developing world.