bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Changes in Group Composition on the Dominant Behaviour of Young Children*
Authors: GELLERT ELIZABETH 
Published: July 2011

In order to assess the stability of young children's social behaviour, the following questions were posed:

To what extent do children remain self consistent in amount of attempted domination when they interact with different peers?
If particular changes in social setting affect the amount of dominance individuals exhibit, are such effects consistent in direction?

Fifty‐five pre‐school‐age children were observed in paired interaction while playing for a series of 20‐minute sessions in a constant setting. The variability of individuals' dominance behaviour during three sessions wherein the partner remained constant, was compared with their variability during two sessions wherein the identity of the playmate was varied. It was found that varying the identity of the playmate tended to decrease the stability of the test children's dominance behaviour significantly. There was also a significant tendency for individuals to display more dominance when paired with the less assertive of two playmates.
The Response of Chronic Female Schizophrenics to Monetary Incentives
Authors: THORPE J. G. 
Published: July 2011

A group of non‐paranoid chronic female schizophrenics worked at a factory‐type task for a period of eight weeks. The experimental design permitted the following conclusions to be drawn:

The incentives used had no significant effect on production.
The learning curve was a straight line.
Productivity was higher in the afternoons than in the mornings.
The Nature of Intellectual Deficit in Schizophrenia
Authors: FOULDS G. A. , DIXON PENELOPE 
Published: July 2011

One hundred and eighty‐six of the original 270 schizophrenics were re‐tested on Progressive Matrices (1938) and the Mill Hill Vocabulary after a two year interval.Acute cases in all sub‐groups showed powers of recovery, particularly catatonics.The overall conclusions were that all types of schizophrenics showed intellectual impairment—a reversible type of deficit, that this impairment was more or less completed by the time of first admission and that any further decrement was brought about by age, not by a progressive deficit and not mediated by hospitalization or related to length of illness.
A Study of Neuroticism and Casual Arterial Blood Pressure*
Authors: ROBINSON J. O. 
Published: July 2011

Tests of neuroticism were given to a random sample of 167 individuals from a geographically defined population, whose blood pressures had been measured under standard conditions. No significant correlation was found between blood pressure and a combined test score for neuroticism except in the 41–50 age group. In this group there was a significant correlation between systolic blood pressure and the combined test score, but the numbers were small and the correlation could have been fortuitous.A group of 56 out‐patient neurotics made significantly higher scores on the combine measure than did the random sample. A group of 43 out‐patients with diastolic blood pressures of more than 100 mm Hg (in whom secondary hypertension was not suspected) also made significantly higher scores than the random sample. Since, in most age groups, the correlation between blood pressure and neuroticism was low, it is possible that the data could have resulted from selection of patients, probably by the general practitioner. Such selection could have had the effect of presenting to the hospital only those hypertensives who also had high neuroticism scores.
A Cross‐cultural Investigation of the Relationship Between Introversion‐Extraversion, Social Attitudes and Anti‐social Behaviour
Authors: SIEGMAN ARON WOLFE 
Published: July 2011

This paper describes a number of studies which were undertaken in order to test Eysenck's theory that the introversion‐extraversion factor is a significant source of variance in (1) authoritarian or ‘tough‐minded’ attitudes, (2) religiosity, and (3) anti‐social behaviour.There was no support for the hypothesized positive correlation between extraversion and tough‐minded or authoritarian attitudes. Introversion‐extraversion was a significant source of variance in subjects' religious behaviour but the direction of the relationship varied with religious background (Protestant and Jewish) and sex. Finally, the predicted positive correlation between extraversion and anti‐social behaviour was confirmed in a group of male students, but not in a comparable female group. This finding was interpreted in terms of a sex‐role identification theory of anti‐social behaviour.
Neuroticism and Extraversion in the MMPI: Empirical Validation and Exploration*
Authors: CORAH NORMAN L. 
Published: July 2011

The present study was an attempt to test the hypothesis that the two recurring MMPI factors are neuroticism (N) and introversion—extraversion (I‐E). An initial factor analysis of several MMPI scales was carried out using college student Ss. Factor scores for the first two factors were obtained for seven groups of neurotics and sociopaths and two groups of normals. The scores on the first factor significantly differentiated neurotics from normals and sociopaths from normals. These scores did not differentiate the neurotic groups from each other.The scores estimating the second factor were used in relation to Eysenck's hypothesis that patient groups differ in I‐E. If the second factor dimension were I‐E, these scores should differentiate dysthymic neurotics from hysterics and sociopaths, and normals should fall in the middle of the two extremes. This hypothesis was confirmed and it was concluded that the two factors were N and I‐E. It was also found that when neurotic groups were selected on the basis of extreme scores on the second factor, their clinical diagnoses differed significantly in line with Eysenck's hypothesis.An additional hypothesis that extraverted neurotics would be characterized more by somatic symptoms of anxiety while introverted neurotics are characterized by cognitive anxiety symptoms was tested by selecting two groups of neurotics with extreme I‐E scores and comparing their reported symptoms. This hypothesis was also confirmed.
The Clinical Usefulness of some tests of Over‐inclusive Thinking in Psychiatric Patients*
Authors: HAWKS D. V. 
Published: July 2011

A retrospective study of fifty‐eight psychiatric patients, who had been given three tests of over‐inclusive thinking as part of their psychological examination, is reported. Clinical information relating to these patients was correlated with their test performance with a view to testing certain predictions made concerning the association of abnormal over‐inclusion with specific symptoms and with clinical outcome. None of the expected relationships attained statistical significance.In addition, the legitimacy of summing the three individual test scores to obtain a single composite over‐inclusion score is considered and the conclusion arrived at that in their present form the tests used are not sufficiently reliable to recommend their clinical use.
Some Moral Concepts and Judgments of Junior School Children*
Authors: PRINGLE M. L. KELLMER , EDWARDS J. B. 
Published: July 2011

The following three devices were used with a sample of 226 children: (1) The 'Ideal Person' Test, where the child names the person he would most wish to be like and gives reasons for his choice; (2) The 'Moral Wickedness' Test, where the subject describes what he considers to be the most 'wicked' deeds; (3) The 'Moral Incidents' Test, where ten hypothetical situations, involving honesty, loyalty, responsibility and punishment, are presented together with alternative methods of meeting them. The results were analysed in relation to sex and intelligence as assessed by the Stanford‐Binet Scale.The majority of children chose as their ideal characters personally unknown to them. Both sexes tended to choose male figures but boys mentioned a relatively greater proportion of characters associated with war, adventure, politics and sport, whereas girls chose a higher proportion of people distinguished because of moral or religious qualities. Less able children more often named as their ideal someone from their immediate circle of relatives or friends and gave fewer reasons for their choice than the more intelligent group.The most frequently mentioned 'wicked deeds' were murder, physical cruelty, stealing and cruelty to animals. Though the sexes showed considerable unanimity in their list of wicked actions, a higher proportion of girls than boys considered stealing, cruelty to animals, lying and swearing to be wicked. The most intelligent group produced a greater number and variety of morally wicked actions.The findings from the 'Moral Incidents' Test suggest that straightforward moral issues are readily understood by children but that the duller child's moral judgment is prone to become confused or blurred in the face of complexity or subtlety.
Climate and Intelligence
Authors: McEWAN PETER J. M. 
Published: July 2011

A study of the pattern and causes of I.Q. distribution among European children in Southern Rhodesia, born in 1949, lent support to the hypothesis that a relationship exists between a climatic factor and intelligence. When language, age, socio‐economic status, type and location of school were all held constant, a significant difference in I.Q. score remained between children according to country of origin, and also to length of ancestral span in Africa: the colder the country of origin the higher the I.Q. Evidence was produced to discountenance the relevance of either selective migration or greater test‐sophistication, in the case of children from Britain, in producing these results.These findings are discussed, with particular reference to two possible critical alternatives, optimum climatic conditions and adjustment to climatic difference. An attempt has been made to relate these findings to other work that, starting from a different position, also purported to demonstrate an association between climate and intelligence. Suggestions are made for further research.
Some Adolescents' Perceptions of Adolescent Personality
Authors: HALLWORTH H. J. , DAVIES H. , GAMSTON C. 
Published: July 2011

Peer ratings were obtained on fourteen personality traits within each of six fourth‐year classes selected from co‐educational secondary schools. Boys and girls were treated as separate groups, but were rated by members of both sexes. For each class a correlation matrix was computed for boys' ratings of boys, the matrices were combined over the six classes, a principal components analysis was obtained for the combined matrix and the axes were rotated to the Varimax criterion. The process was repeated for girls' ratings of girls and for cross‐sex ratings.There were therefore four sets of Varimax factors which were found to be in general comparable. Each set contained factors of social extraversion, good manners, self‐assertion and ability in games. In the case of the cross‐sex ratings, the factor of social extraversion divided into two correlated factors labelled sociability and popularity, and cheerfulness and popularity. It was found that when either boys or girls made ratings of boys, the greatest variance was extracted by the factor of good manners. When either sex made ratings of girls, the greatest variance was extracted by the factor of extraversion.
Asthma and Aggression: The Investigation of a Hypothetical Relationship Employing a New Procedure
Authors: BEECH H. R. , NACE E. P. 
Published: July 2011

An attempt was made to examine, in children, the relation between asthma and the tendency to express aggression. A sentence‐completion test was constructed to assess overt aggression and was validated on three groups of child‐psychiatric patients differing in the degree to which aggression appeared in their behaviour.The test involved asking the subject to choose one of a pair of 'starters' and then to complete the sentence. Of each pair of 'starters' one would contain an 'aggressive' verb and the other a 'non‐aggressive' verb.A group of asthmatic children were, in terms of their scores on the sentence‐completion test, found to be significantly differentiated from the sample of 'non‐aggressive' children, but were not differentiated from the 'aggressive' or 'intermediate‐aggressive' groups.
National and Professional Factors in Psychological Consultation
Authors: TALLENT NORMAN , RAFI A. A. 
Published: July 2011

British and American psychiatric team members, psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers were asked to judge the acceptability of various content categories which commonly appear in psychological reports. Both agreements and disagreements were noted within and between national groups, with both professional affiliation and nationality being apparent contributors to opinion. These findings may be understood in relation to differences in the orientation of psychiatrists, in the legal code of the two countries and in concepts of the psychologist's role. These observations pose theoretical and applied problems.Tallent & Reiss (1959) published a study which reported on the acceptability to members of the psychiatric team of a number of content categories which commonly appear in psychological reports. The results showed a high degree of variability among members within the three professional groups sampled, namely, psychiatrists, psychologists and psychiatric social workers. There were also differences in preferences between professions.The present study compares the American data with the preferences of psychiatric team members in Great Britain. Do national, as well as professional, differences exist?
Differences between Verbal and Non‐Verbal Ability in Relation to Personality Scores among Part‐time Day Release Students
Authors: VENABLES ETHEL C. 
Published: July 2011

The relationship between the MPI scores and five other measures obtained by a group of part‐time day release students are examined in the light of Eysenck's theory of personality. On one measure (social attitudes) the theory was confirmed, and in three—body build, persistence, level of aspiration—the evidence was inconclusive. In the fifth case—the connection between introversion and a low Matrices/vocabulary difference—the prediction is not confirmed.It is suggested that within this particular social group verbal/non‐verbal ratios are perhaps better explained by reference to drive level (or motivation) and to rewards (or incentives) than by the theory linking conditionability with introversion.
Studies of the I.P.A.T.* Neuroticism Scale Questionnaire (NSQ)
Authors: KEAR‐COLWELL J. J. 
Published: July 2011

The NSQ was administered to three groups of subjects: sixty neurotic patients, sixty patients with diagnoses other than that of neurosis and sixty normal controls. The groups were defined in terms of age, sex, intelligence and social class. The study was to investigate the validity of the questionnaire. It was found that the test separated the neurotic patients from the other two groups at a high level of confidence (p < 0.01). However, it misclassified one in 7.2 subjects at 8.5 sten the most efficient cut‐off point for identifying neurotics.Secondly the NSQ and the MPI were given to 106 subjects and product moment correlations carried out between the two sets of test scores. All the NSQ factors showed significant positive correlations with the MPI N‐scale. The MPI E‐scale displayed positive relationships with the NSQ F and E factors. It is shown that the two tests measure the same variables but the NSQ measures other factors, one of which is Tendermindedness.
Attitudes to discharge among Long‐Stay Mental Hospital Patients and Their Relation to Social and Clinical Factors
Authors: FREEMAN JANET , MANDELBROTE BERTRAM , WALDRON JOHN 
Published: July 2011

Attitudes to discharge are examined among 58 long‐stay schizophrenic patients by long informal interviews. Information was collected on their age, length of stay, employment level, degree of contact with relatives, degree of social withdrawal and severity of illness. Preference to leave hospital decreased significantly with length of stay, confirming previous studies. Attitude to discharge was more frequently correlated with the patient's degree of illness and of social withdrawal than with other factors. When the number of handicaps a patient had was compared with his attitude to discharge, a highly significant relationship was found: those with the fewest handicaps were the most willing to leave, though patients with many handicaps varied widely in their attitudes to discharge.Problems of methodology in attitude evaluation are discussed.
Authoritarianism, Moral Realism, and President Kennedy's Death
Authors: SHERWOOD JOHN J. 
Published: July 2011

Questionnaire data were gathered on two questions: What are the characteristics of those who are most interested in ‘justice being served’ when a strongly held common value is violated? Are the attitudes toward morality and justice of the authoritarian adult the same as those of the young child? Forty‐nine high authoritarian adult leaders in conservative organizations expressed more concern for affixing blame and meting out punishment following President Kennedy's death, than did 65 low authoritarian (F scale) liberal arts undergraduates. When compared to the low authoritarian student sample, the responses of high authoritarian adults were more similar to 9 statements which Piaget has found to characterize the conceptions of morality and justice of the young child.A second study showed that those scoring high in authoritarianism tended to recommend the use of punishment as a problem‐solving technique, and they recommended expiatory punishment more than punishment by reciprocity.
Alcoholism, Avoidance Learning and Emotional Responsiveness*
Authors: PARKE ROSS D. , WALTERS RICHARD H. 
Published: July 2011

Two groups of alcoholics, one consisting of clinic patients and one of chronic drunkenness offenders, were compared with two groups of nonalcoholic subjects (students and unemployed workers) in respect to their ability to learn to avoid pain‐producing stimuli. Ss were set a four choice probability‐learning task in which they were required to select one of four levers on each of 200 trials, each lever being associated with a predetermined probability of producing shock for S or of being correct. Ss were also given a battery of personality tests.In comparison to the control groups, the alcoholics secured high scores on the MAS, the N‐scale of the MPI, and the MMPI Pd scale. On the learning task, they gave fewer pain‐avoidance responses.
Beatlemania—A Study in Adolescent Enthusiasm
Authors: TAYLOR A. J. W. 
Published: July 2011

This research was conducted shortly after the visit of the Beatles to New Zealand, and it was supported by a grant from the Research Committee of Victoria University of Wellington. It was an attempt to unravel some of the complex factors that underly the Beatle stimulus and the response of ‘Beatlemania’.Three hundred and forty‐six subjects between the ages of 15 and 20 were given a series of psychological tests in a search for relationships between their personality factors and their enthusiasm for the Beatles. The 50 who were most enthusiastic formed the ‘high’ group, 122 moderately interested formed the ‘middle’ group, and the 50 least interested formed the ‘low’ group or resisters. The groups were then divided further into males and females and their test data was examined. Statistically significant differences were found between the three groups of females on factors of ‘Beatlemania’, age, and various factors of personality. Only the factor of ‘Beatlemania’ and one factor of personality were statistically different among the male groups. However, there was no evidence from the Hysteria Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to support the popular opinion that the enthusiasts were hysterics, and there was no supporting clinical evidence for the neuroticism that was marked on the Maudsley Scale. Nor were there any significant social factors between the groups. It was concluded that ‘Beatlemania’ is the passing reaction of predominantly young adolescent females to group pressures of such a kind that meet their special emotional needs.
The Nature and Origin of Feeling Feminine*
Authors: WRIGHT BENJAMIN , TUSKA SHIRLEY 
Published: July 2011

Two thousand, six hundred and fifty middle‐class college and university women rated themselves on a semantic differential. Of these, 1892 rated themselves ‘very feminine’ on the ‘feminine/masculine’ item, and were identified as the ‘Feminine’ group; 210 rated themselves ‘slightly feminine’ or ‘masculine’ and were identified as the ‘Masculine’ group.The nature of feeling ‘feminine’ was examined by comparing average self‐descriptions of the ‘feminine’ women with those of the ‘masculine’ women on twenty‐five word‐pairs. The possible origins of these feelings were examined by comparing the two groups on per cent nominations of parent most important in nineteen parent‐child relationships. The ‘Feminine’ women rated themselves more Narcissistic, Confident and Comfortable. The ‘Masculine’ women rated themselves more Forceful, Intelligent and Responsive. Recollections of an emotionally satisfying mother and a successful father characterized the ‘Feminine’ woman. Recollections of an emotionally satisfying father, but a frustrating, unsympathetic mother characterized the ‘Masculine’ woman.
Adolescent Personality Trends in Primary Factors measured on the 16 PF and the HSPQ Questionnaires through ages 11 to 23*
Authors: SEALY A. P. , CATTELL R. B. 
Published: July 2011

The High School Personality Questionnaire and the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, which measure 12 personality dimensions in common, were administered to 1,995 male and 2,409 female subjects distributed with some regularity from 11 through 23 years of age. The below 18's were largely tested by the HSPQ and the above 17's by the 16 PF.Age trend analyses are made with and without correction for selection on the college sample of adults and with and without combination of HSPQ and 16 PF results in a single plot. Significant linear regressions of score on age were found on seven factors, and consistent but non‐significant and slight trends on four others.Practical and theoretical consequences of the trends (which in some source traits amount to half a standard deviation shift of the mean over 20 years) are very briefly discussed.
‘Psychic: Somatic’ Symptoms and Hostility
Authors: FOULDS G. A. 
Published: July 2011

Women, diagnosed by psychiatrists as schizophrenics, paranoid states, psychotic depressives, hysterics, anxiety states or neurotic depressives, were dichotomized within each group on the basis of the Psychic v. Somatic Scale of the Symptom‐Sign Inventory. Male neurotics and character neurotics were similarly dichotomized.The ‘psychic’ group scored higher than the ‘somatic’ group in 10 out of 13 instances on General Hostility and in 12 out of 13 instances on Direction of Hostility (i.e. more intropunitively). It is suggested that somatization of symptoms might be a substitute form of intropunitiveness.
Personality and Social Status
Authors: CHILD DENNIS 
Published: July 2011

Children of parents from all social classes represented in four schools were given the Junior Maudsley Personality Inventory (JMPI). The social class was determined using the Registrar‐General's Classification of Occupations (1960). The samples were tested for (a) distribution of extraversion scores between the social classes, (b) the comparison of status for promoted and demoted children (one school only), (c) irregular JMPI response frequencies of introverts in class I and class V.The children of parents from both class I and class V proved to be significantly introvert when compared with class III manual. Promoted children were significantly introvert and of higher social status (generally) when compared with the sample means. Response analysis did not reveal any significant trends.