bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Figurative language understanding in LCCM Theory
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
While cognitive linguists have been successful at providing accounts of the stable knowledge structures (conceptual metaphors) that give rise to figurative language, and the conceptual mechanisms that manipulate these knowledge structures (conceptual blending), relatively less effort has been thus far devoted to the nature of the linguistic mechanisms involved in figurative language understanding. This paper presents a theoretical account of figurative language understanding, examining metaphor and metonymy in particular. This account is situated within the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models (LCCM Theory). LCCM Theory (Evans, Cognitive Linguistics 17: 491–534, 2006, How words mean: Lexical concepts, cognitive models and meaning construction, Oxford University Press, 2009b) is a cognitively realistic model of lexical representation and semantic compositionality, providing, it is argued, an account of figurative language which complements the ‘backstage’ cognition perspective of Conceptual Blending Theory. It also integrates the notion of conceptual metaphor within the account provided of figurative language understanding. The paper introduces the key mechanisms involved in figurative language understanding arising from language use. The paper also provides a programmatic account of how conceptual metaphors are integrated with linguistic knowledge in figurative language use. It is argued the present proposals flesh out a key aspect of the conceptual integration perspective promoted by Fauconnier and Turner, with which LCCM Theory is continuous. In part, the paper attempts to advance the prospect of a ‘joined up’ cognitive linguistic account of figurative language understanding.
Using corpus methodology for semantic and pragmatic analyses: What can corpora tell us about the linguistic expression of emotions?
Authors: Oster Ulrike 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to explore some of the possibilities, advantages and difficulties of corpus-based analyses of semantic and pragmatic aspects of language in one particular field, namely the linguistic expression of emotion concepts. For this purpose, a methodological procedure is proposed and an exemplary analysis of the emotion concept “fear” in English is performed. The procedure combines Kövecses' lexical approach and Stefanowitsch's metaphorical pattern analysis with additional concepts from corpus linguistics such as semantic preference and semantic prosody. The results of the study show that such a corpus-based analysis of emotion words offers several advantages. Firstly, by exploring the surroundings of the search word in a vast amount of text, we are not only able to find evidence of conceptual metaphor and metonymy that structure the emotion concept and of related emotion concepts, but also we can enrich the description of the emotion concept with information from a series of dimensions and add a pragmatic viewpoint by revealing an explicit or implicit evaluation of the emotion. The second advantage offered by a corpus-based approach lies in the possibility of quantifying results, i.e., comparing the frequency, productivity and creative use of individual metaphors and metonymies, which is especially interesting in view of contrastive studies.
Humor appreciation and sensation seeking: Invariance of findings across culture and assessment instrument?
Authors: Carretero-Dios Hugo , Ruch Willibald 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIt was hypothesized that sensation seeking (SS) is able to predict both the structure and content of jokes and cartoons. Five hypotheses were derived and tested in two samples from Spain and Germany comprising a total of 434 participants. The basic pattern of correlations was replicated for the two samples, and for the different measures of humor appreciation (3-WD, EAHU) and sensation seeking (AISS, SSS). Experience Seeking and Novelty were predictive of low appreciation of incongruity-resolution humor and high appreciation of nonsense humor. Disinhibition and Intensity were positively correlated with funniness of sexual, black, man-disparagement and woman-disparagement humor, and negatively with their aversiveness. When the structure variance from the content categories was removed, the correlations between appreciation of humor contents and sensation seeking increased. This confirmed that structure and content have to be separated both theoretically and empirically in studies of appreciation of content categories.
Humor in intimate relationships: Ties among sense of humor, similarity in humor and relationship quality
Authors: Barelds Dick P. H. , Barelds-Dijkstra Pieternel 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe present study examined relations between different aspects of humor and relationship quality. Participants, 114 married or cohabiting heterosexual couples from the general community, with a mean relationship length of 22 years, completed a number of measures assessing these two themes. We expected different aspects of humor of both partners to be positively related to relationship quality. In addition, we expected partners to resemble each other with regard to the different aspects of humor, and similarity with regard to humor to be related positively to relationship quality. The hypotheses were partially confirmed. APIM analyses revealed only one significant actor and one significant partner effect of sense of humor. Partners did resemble each other with regard to sense of humor, but couple similarity with regard to sense of humor was unrelated to relationship quality.
The faces of humor: Humor as catalyst of face in the context of the British and the Spanish Parliament
Authors: Márquez Aurelia Carranza 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis study analyzes the use of humor in specific political contexts following different linguistic perspectives that deal with politeness (Leech, Principles of pragmatics, Longman, 1983; Brown and Levinson, Politeness: Some universals in language use, Cambridge University Press, 1987; Fraser, Journal of Pragmatics 14: 219–236, 1990; Givón, English grammar: A function-based introduction, John Benjamins, 1993) under a “social practices” view (Chouliaraki and Fairclough, Discourse in late modernity: Rethinking critical discourse analysis, Edinburg University Press, 1999; Harri, Discourse & Society, 12: 451–472, 2001). Humor is not inherently polite or impolite, but rather, it can be viewed as a discursive strategy used by the speaker to achieve a particular goal in a particular context. However, the speaker is not completely free. S/he is conditioned by certain social and cultural factors that are not negotiable. The main aim of this study is to arrive at some of these cultural factors through the analysis of the use of humor and its application to the concept of face (Goffman, Interaction ritual: Essays in face to face behaviour, Doubleday, 1967; Brown and Levinson, Politeness: Some universals in language use, Cambridge University Press, 1987) in the context of a Parliamentary debate in Spain and Great Britain on a common topic: domestic violence.
Juristisches Übersetzen zwischen Sprachvergleich und Rechtsvergleich
Authors: Arntz Reiner 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLinguistic and conceptual differences between legal languages are closely related to the distance between the corresponding legal systems. This is illustrated by a comparison of Anglo-American law texts on the one hand and texts and terminology from continental systems like French and German law on the other hand. Special problems arise in officially multilingual states like Switzerland which has one common legal system and four different legal languages. All legal documents in these languages are considered as original texts, not as translations. The same principle applies to the European Union where all documents have to be absolutely equivalent and linguistically authentic in each of the 23 official languages.
Quasi das Gleiche mit anderen Worten – einige terminologische und translatologische Allusionen und Illusionen
Authors: Schmitt Peter A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTerminology theory aims at unambiguous communication. However, as this article shows, even some established terms and concepts of terminology theory leave room for interpretation. The author, chairman of DIN standardization committee NA 105.00-01 AA (principles of terminology theory), addresses standardization (in DIN 2342) and usage of the German terms “Terminologie”, “Terminus”, “Polysemie”, “Quasisynonymie”, and “Homonymie”.
GaAs/AlGaAs photonic crystals for VCSEL-type semiconductor lasers
Authors: Kruszka R. , Ekielski M. , Gołaszewska K. , Korwin-Mikke K. , Sidor Z. , Wzorek M. , Pierścińska D. , Sarzała R. , Czyszanowski T. , Piotrowska A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe results of modelling of the influence of photonic crystal on the performance of VCSEL-type semiconductor laser structure are shown and indicate that the use of those structures would significantly improve the working parameters of the devices. The method of fabrication of photonic crystals in the Bragg mirrors of GaAs/AlGaAs-based VCSELs is presented.
The Tailless Complex Polypeptide-1 Ring Complex of the Heat Shock Protein 60 Family Facilitates Cross-Priming of CD8 Responses Specific for Chaperoned Peptides
Authors: Vatner Ralph E. , Srivastava Pramod K. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The tailless complex polypeptide-1 ring complex (TRiC) is a eukaryotic heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) molecule that has been shown to bind N-terminally extended precursors of OVA-derived SIINFEKL in vivo. Binding of peptides to TRiC was shown to be essential for their presentation on MHC class I. We demonstrate in this study that purified TRiC binds antigenic peptides in vitro as well; however, such binding is not restricted to N-terminally extended peptides, suggesting that the results obtained in vivo reflect the availability of peptides in vivo rather than structural constraints of TRiC-peptide binding. Immunization of mice with noncovalent complexes of peptides (derived from OVA or β-galactosidase) and TRiC results in cross-priming of CD8+ T lymphocytes specific for Kb/SIINFEKL or Ld/TPHPARIGL. Mechanistic dissection of this phenomenon shows that TRiC binds APC, and TRiC-chaperoned peptides are processed within the APC and presented on their MHC class I. Immunogenicity of TRiC purified from OVA- or β-galactosidase–expressing cells, that is, of endogenously generated TRiC-peptide complexes, was investigated, and such preparations were observed not to be immunogenic. Consistent with this observation, SIINFEKL or its precursors were not observed to be associated with TRiC purified from cells expressing a fusion GFP-OVA protein. In contrast, immunization with TRiC purified from a tumor elicited specific protection against a challenge with that tumor. These results are interpreted with respect to the cell biological properties of TRiC and suggest that in vivo, TRiC binds a limited proportion of peptides derived from a limited set of intracellular proteins.
Patient Satisfaction in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Individualized Patient-centered Communication
Authors: Yeh John , Nagel Eryn E. 
Published: November 2010

Background Patient satisfaction is becoming an increasingly prevalent topic in medicine, but little is known about patient satisfaction in women's health and other specialties. We review current methods of improving patient satisfaction in the field of obstetrics and gynecology with the intent to increase patient satisfaction even further by enhancing and combining previously used strategies. Methods A search from inception to June 2010 for electronic literature was performed using Medline. The search strategy used the medical subject heading terms “patient satisfaction”, “obstetrics”, “gynecology”, “patient-centered communication”, “communication training”, and “malpractice”. The company websites for Press Ganey Associates, Inc and Integrated Health Associates' were also reviewed. Studies in both general medicine and the field of obstetrics and gynecology were reviewed to emphasize disparities between patients' satisfaction in diverse medical specialties. Results Studies indicating the importance of patient satisfaction, the factors contributing to patient satisfaction, and an evaluation of current, evidence-based methods of increasing patient satisfaction were reviewed. The studies included suggest that current methods of assessing/improving patient satisfaction are effective, but may not be the most productive. Conclusions We expect that the combination of previously successful methods of improving patient satisfaction to allow physicians to employ individualized patient-centered communication may improve patient satisfaction even further. Studying the use of our proposed enhancements in physician-patient communication may be worthwhile tools to increase patient satisfaction and optimize the quality of women's healthcare.
Simultaneous Isolation of Ixodidae and Bacterial (Borrelia spp.) Genomic DNA
Authors: Jutras Brandon L. , Liu Zhiwei , Brissette Catherine A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTick and tick‐borne diseases have become widely distributed throughout the United States. As a result, the interest associated with tick allocation and the potential threat they may pose has increased. Efforts have expanded to understand biotic and abiotic factors which may influence tick/pathogen distribution. Thus, we have developed a procedure which allows the simultaneous isolation of both tick and bacterial DNA. Downstream applications are diverse; however, we describe the use of multiplex PCR to confirm the presence of spirochete DNA from tick samples. We suspect that this procedure is not limited to tick‐bacteria systems and may be applied to a variety of arthropod‐related endeavors. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 19:1E.2.1‐1E.2.11. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What Happened to Ecology? John McHale and the Bucky Fuller Revival
Authors: Vidler Anthony 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSince the early 20th century, the environmental impulse in architecture has waxed and waned. Anthony Vidler considers this cyclical phenomenon, particularly in relation to the Independent Group in Britain during the 1950s, which culminated in John McHale's discovery of Richard Buckminster Fuller in 1955 and the full‐blown Bucky Fuller revival of the 1960s. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of epoxy resins from alcohol‐liquefied wood and the mechanical properties of the cured resins
Authors: Kishi Hajime , Akamatsu Yuki , Noguchi Masayuki , Fujita Akira , Matsuda Satoshi , Nishida Hirofumi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNew wood‐based epoxy resins were synthesized from alcohol‐liquefied wood. Wood was first liquefied by the reaction with polyethylene glycol and glycerin. The alcohol‐liquefied wood with plenty of hydroxyl groups were precursors for synthesizing the wood‐based epoxy resins. Namely, the alcoholic OH groups of the liquefied wood reacted with epichlorohydrin under alkali condition with a phase transfer catalyst, so that the epoxy groups were put in the liquefied wood. The wood‐based epoxy resins and the alcohol‐based epoxy resins as reference materials were cured with polyamide amine. The glass transition temperature (Tg), the tensile strength, and the modulus of elasticity of the wood‐based epoxy resin were higher than those of the alcohol‐based epoxy resin. Also, the shear adhesive strength of the wood‐based epoxy resin to steel plates was higher than those of the alcohol‐based epoxy resins, which was equivalent to the level of petroleum‐based bisphenol‐A type epoxy resins. The higher Tg of the wood‐based epoxy resin than that of the alcohol‐based epoxy resin is one of the evidences that the wood‐derived molecules were chemically incorporated into the network structures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Ab initio Study of Mechanism of Forming Germanic Hetero‐Polycyclic Compound between Germylene Carbene (H2GeC:) and Formaldehyde
Authors: Lu Xiuhui , Che Xin , Shi Leyi , Han Junfeng 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction of forming germanic hetero‐polycyclic compound between singlet germylene carbene and formaldehyde has been investigated with MP2/6‐31G* method, including geometry optimization and vibrational analysis for the involved stationary points on the potential energy surface. The energies of the different conformations are calculated by CCSD (T)//MP2/6‐31G* method. From the potential energy profile, we predict that the cycloaddition reaction of forming germanic hetero‐polycyclic compound between singlet germylene carbene and formaldehyde has two competitive dominant reaction pathways. First dominant reaction pathway consists of four steps: (1) the two reactants (R1, R2) first form an intermediate (INT1) through a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 117.5 kJ/mol; (2) intermediate (INT1) then isomerizes to a four‐membered ring compound (P2) via a transition state (TS2) with an energy barrier of 25.4 kJ/mol; (3) four‐membered ring compound (P2) further reacts with formaldehyde (R2) to form an intermediate (INT3), which is also a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 19.6 kJ/mol; (4) intermediate (INT3) isomerizes to a germanic bis‐heterocyclic product (P3) via a transition state (TS3) with an energy barrier of 5.8 kJ/mol. Second dominant reaction pathway is as follows: (1) the two reactants (R1, R2) first form an intermediate (INT4) through a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 197.3 kJ/mol; (2) intermediate (INT4) further reacts with formaldehyde (R2) to form an intermediate (INT5), which is also a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 141.3 kJ/mol; (3) intermediate (INT5) then isomerizes to a germanic bis‐heterocyclic product (P5) via a transition state (TS5) with an energy barrier of 36.7 kJ/mol.
Reforming of CH4 with CO2 over Rh/H‐Beta: Effect of Rhodium Dispersion on the Catalytic Activity and Coke Resistance
Authors: Qian Linping , Yue Bin , Pei Supeng , Zhang Li , Ye Lin , Cheng Jifang , Tsang Shik Chi , He Heyong 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe effect of Rh dispersion on reforming of CH4 with CO2 over H‐Beta supported Rh catalysts has been investigated. The CH4 and CO2 conversion over the catalysts increase with increasing Rh loading from 0.5 wt% to 4.0 wt% in the reaction temperature range of 823–1123 K. The high TOF of CH4 over 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt% Rh/H‐beta may be attributed to high dispersion of rhodium species. The catalysts before and after the reaction were characterized by XRD, TEM, and TG‐DTA and the results indicate the catalysts with Rh loading of 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt% exhibiting high resistance to coke. Under controllable conditions, we confirm that the coke is originated from methane dissociation and can be substantially oxidized by active oxygen species dissociated from the adsorbed carbon dioxide on the catalyst with high dispersion of Rh species.
Bulk and Interfacial Properties for CO2‐SO2 Binary Mixtures
Authors: Fu Dong , Feng Jiazi , Lu Jianyi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe perturbed‐chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC‐SAFT) and density‐gradient theory (DGT) were used to construct an equation of state (EOS) for the phase behaviors of carbon dioxide (CO2)‐sulfur dioxide (SO2) binary mixtures. The p‐x diagrams at 263 and 333 K, and the p‐T diagrams corresponding to x=0.8871 and 0.6213 were satisfactorily calculated as compared to the experimental data. With the influence parameters of pure components and the equilibrium bulk properties of mixtures as input, the interfacial properties of CO2‐SO2 binary mixtures in a wide temperature range were predicted, and the influences of temperature, pressure and bulk properties on the surface tension were discussed.
Synthesis of Hollow Gold Nanospheres and Their Applications in Surface‐enhanced Raman Scattering and DNA Biosensor
Authors: Meng Qi , Li Hui , Yang Haifeng , Li Hexing 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHollow gold nanospheres (HGNs) with nanopinholes were prepared by chemical reduction of HAuCl4 with aqueous KBH4 in the presence of the Bu4PBr template. The HGNs could be served as substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which exhibited much higher surface enhancement than the solid gold nanoparticles in case of Rhodamine 6G as a molecule probe. Moreover, the HGNs could also be used in the modified electrode to detect DNA and superior to the solid counterpart of the similar size. Based on the detailed characterizations by transmission electron micrograph (TEM), field emission scanning electron micrograph (FESEM) and UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy, a plausible mechanism for forming HGNs was proposed. Meanwhile, the promoting effect of the hollow gold nanospheres on the SERS was discussed briefly.
Polymerization of n‐Octylallene with Rare Earth Catalyst Composed of Ln(P204)3/Al(i‐Bu)3
Authors: Ni Xufeng , Zhu Weiwei , Shen Zhiquan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPolymerization of n‐octylallene was successfully carried out using a conventional binary rare earth catalytic system composed of rare earth tris(2‐ethylhexylphosphonate) (Ln(P204)3) and tri‐isobutyl aluminum (Al(i‐Bu)3) for the first time. The effects of catalyst, solvent, reaction time and temperature on the polymerization of n‐octylallene were studied. The resulting poly(n‐octylallene) has weight‐average molecular weight of 11000, molecular weight distribution of 1.4 and 96% yield under the moderate reaction conditions: [Al]/[Y] =50 (molar ratio), [n‐octylallene]/[Y] =100 (molar ratio), polymerized at 80°C for 20 h in bulk. The poly(n‐octylallene) obtained consisted of 1,2‐ and 2,3‐polymerized units, and was characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR and GPC. Further investigation shows that the polymerization of n‐octylallene has some living polymerization characteristics, preparing the polymer with controlled molecular weight and narrower molecular weight distribution.
Intact landmark control and angular path integration by head direction cells in the anterodorsal thalamus after lesions of the medial entorhinal cortex
Authors: Clark Benjamin J. , Taube Jeffrey S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) occupies a central position within neural circuits devoted to the representation of spatial location and orientation. The MEC contains cells that fire as a function of the animal's head direction (HD), as well as grid cells that fire in multiple locations in an environment, forming a repeating hexagonal pattern. The MEC receives inputs from widespread areas of the cortical mantle including the ventral visual stream, which processes object recognition information, as well as information about visual landmarks. The role of the MEC in processing the HD signal or landmark information is unclear. We addressed this issue by neurotoxically damaging the MEC and recording HD cells within the anterodorsal thalamus (ADN). Direction‐specific activity was present in the ADN of all animals with MEC lesions. Moreover, the discharge characteristics of ADN HD cells were only mildly affected by MEC lesions, with HD cells exhibiting greater anticipation of future HDs. Tests of landmark control revealed that HD cells in lesioned rats were capable of accurately updating their preferred firing directions in relation to a salient visual cue. Furthermore, cells from lesioned animals maintained stable preferred firing directions when locomoting in darkness and demonstrated stable HD cell tuning when locomoting into a novel enclosure, suggesting that MEC lesions did not disrupt the integration of idiothetic cues, or angular path integration, by HD cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that the MEC plays a limited role in the formation and spatial updating of the HD cell signal. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.