bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'utilite sociale de la banque en question. Quelques reflexions pour l'apres-crise
Authors: Barbot Gildas 
Published: March 2011

Résumé : Longtemps perçu comme un agent économique spécifique, dont la mission était de fluidifier les échanges, le rôle des banques est aujourd’hui mal compris du grand public, voire contesté. Par ses excès, le secteur bancaire n’a-t-il pas engendré la crise de 2007 ? Les cols blancs de la finance sont au cœur de multiples polémiques (salaires mirobolants, spéculation débridée,... ) Ce n’est pas tant le bien-fondé de ce sentiment qui nous intéresse que la remise en cause du pacte social entre les banquiers et la société et la question de la responsabilité sociétale des banques, qui en découle. Autant de questions dont l’enjeu ultime n’est rien moins que la restauration de la confiance entre la banque et les particuliers. Par delà les efforts de communication, la capacité du secteur bancaire à faire reconnaître sa légitimité constitue un préalable à la sortie de crise. Cette réflexion sur l’utilité sociale du secteur bancaire ouvre sur un débat plus vaste qui interroge les objectifs et les instruments de mesure de l’analyse économique.
Crise financiere et gouvernance des banques
Authors: Richard Bertrand , Masmoudi Inès 
Published: March 2011

Résumé : La crise financière a provoqué, dans les conseils d’administration des banques, une prise de conscience d’un nouvel enjeu de gouvernance : Comment concilier l’intérêt immédiat des dirigeants et des opérateurs financiers avec l’intérêt à long terme de la banque et de ses actionnaires ? Comment rendre cohérent le devoir citoyen de la banque et son intérêt à profiter de toutes les distorsions de marché ? Comment maîtriser les risques engendrés par le développement d’activités financières de plus en plus complexes lorsque l’on est un administrateur non spécialiste ? Tel est l’objet de cet article qui plaide pour un engagement plus fort des conseils d’administration en analysant les conséquences et les exigences.
Impairment of Regulatory Capacity of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Mediated by Dendritic Cell Polarization and Hyperthyroidism in Graves’ Disease
Authors: Mao Chaoming , Wang Shu , Xiao Yichuan , Xu Jingwei , Jiang Qian , Jin Min , Jiang Xiaohua , Guo Hua , Ning Guang , Zhang Yanyun 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Graves’ disease (GD) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases. The immune dysfunction in GD involves the generation of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies that presumably arise consequent to interactions among dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and regulatory T (Treg) cells. However, the immunological mechanisms of interactions between them that lead to the induction and regulation of this autoimmune disease are poorly defined. In this study, we investigated whether DCs are the main cause of the defective activity of Treg cells in GD patients. We found a significant decrease in the percentage of circulating CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells in untreated GD patients (uGD), which was negatively correlated with the concentration of TSHR autoantibodies. uGD-derived DCs were polarized to increase the number of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and conferred the ability to abrogate the suppressive function of Treg cells through inducing apoptosis of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in an IFN-α–dependent manner, and elevated thyroid hormones further exacerbated the effect. The nucleotide UDP, which inhibits IFN-α secretion of pDCs through P2Y6 receptor signaling, restored the suppressive function of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. Collectively, uGD-derived DCs through pDC polarization and elevated thyroid hormones act in concert to impair the regulatory capacity of Treg cells, facilitating the production of TSHR autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of GD.
Decreased Leukocyte Accumulation and Delayed Bordetella pertussis Clearance in IL-6−/− Mice
Authors: Zhang Xuqing , Goel Tania , Goodfield Laura L. , Muse Sarah J. , Harvill Eric T. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
IL-6, a pleiotropic cytokine primarily produced by the innate immune system, has been implicated in the development of acquired immune responses, though its roles are largely undefined and may vary in the context of different diseases. Using a murine model of infection, we established that IL-6 influences the adaptive immune responses against the endemic human respiratory pathogen Bordetella pertussis. IL-6 was induced in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice by B. pertussis. IL-6−/− mice showed a protracted infectious course and were less efficiently protected by B. pertussis vaccination than wild-type mice. Abs from IL-6−/− mice, though lower in titer, efficiently reduced B. pertussis numbers in IL-6–sufficient mice. Pulmonary leukocyte recruitment and splenic or pulmonary T cell cytokine responses to B. pertussis, including Th1 and Th17 cytokine production, were lower in IL-6−/− mice than in wild-type mice. Adoptive transfer of immune wild-type CD4+ cells ameliorated the defect of IL-6−/− mice in the control of B. pertussis numbers. Together, these results reveal the dysregulation of multiple aspects of adaptive immune responses in B. pertussis-infected IL-6−/− mice and suggest that IL-6 is involved in regulating Ab generation, pulmonary leukocyte accumulation, and T cell cytokine production in response to B. pertussis as well as the generation of effective vaccine-induced immunity against this pathogen.
Mechanism of Endosomal TLR Inhibition by Antimalarial Drugs and Imidazoquinolines
Authors: Kužnik Alenka , Benčina Mojca , Švajger Urban , Jeras Matjaž , Rozman Blaž , Jerala Roman 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Endosomal TLRs play an important role in innate immune response as well as in autoimmune processes. In the therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus, antimalarial drugs chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and quinacrine have been used for a long time. Their suppression of endosomal TLR activation has been attributed to the inhibition of endosomal acidification, which is a prerequisite for the activation of these receptors. We discovered that chloroquine inhibits only activation of endosomal TLRs by nucleic acids, whereas it augments activation of TLR8 by a small synthetic compound, R848. We detected direct binding of antimalarials to nucleic acids by spectroscopic experiments and determined their cellular colocalization. Further analysis revealed that other nucleic acid-binding compounds, such as propidium iodide, also inhibited activation of endosomal TLRs and colocalized with nucleic acids to endosomes. We found that imidazoquinolines, which are TLR7/8 agonists, inhibit TLR9 and TLR3 even in the absence of TLR7 or TLR8, and their mechanism of inhibition is similar to the antimalarials. In contrast to bafilomycin, none of the tested antimalarials and imidazoquinolines inhibited endosomal proteolysis or increased the endosomal pH, confirming that inhibition of pH acidification is not the underlying cause of inhibition. We conclude that the direct binding of inhibitors to nucleic acids mask their TLR-binding epitope and may explain the efficiency of those compounds in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Anergic Responses Characterize a Large Fraction of Human Autoreactive Naive B Cells Expressing Low Levels of Surface IgM
Authors: Quách Tâm D. , Manjarrez-Orduño Nataly , Adlowitz Diana G. , Silver Lin , Yang Hongmei , Wei Chungwen , Milner Eric C. B. , Sanz Iñaki 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
B cell anergy represents an important mechanism of peripheral immunological tolerance for mature autoreactive B cells that escape central tolerance enforced by receptor editing and clonal deletion. Although well documented in mice, the extent of its participation in human B cell tolerance remains to be fully established. In this study, we characterize the functional behavior of strictly defined human naive B cells separated on the basis of their surface IgM (sIgM) expression levels. We demonstrate that cells with lower sIgM levels (IgMlo) are impaired in their ability to flux calcium in response to either anti-IgM or anti-IgD cross-linking and contain a significantly increased frequency of autoreactive cells compared with naive B cells with higher levels of sIgM. Phenotypically, in healthy subjects, IgMlo cells are characterized by the absence of activation markers, reduction of costimulatory molecules (CD19 and CD21), and increased levels of inhibitory CD22. Functionally, IgMlo cells display significantly weaker proliferation, impaired differentiation, and poor Ab production. In aggregate, the data indicate that hyporesponsiveness to BCR cross-linking associated with sIgM downregulation is present in a much larger fraction of all human naive B cells than previously reported and is likely to reflect a state of anergy induced by chronic autoantigen stimulation. Finally, our results indicate that in systemic lupus erythematosus patients, naive IgMlo cells display increased levels of CD95 and decreased levels of CD22, a phenotype consistent with enhanced activation of autoreactive naive B cells in this autoimmune disease.
Hematopoietic Lineage Cell-Specific Protein 1 Functions in Concert with the Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome Protein To Promote Podosome Array Organization and Chemotaxis in Dendritic Cells
Authors: Klos Dehring Deborah A. , Clarke Fiona , Ricart Brendon G. , Huang Yanping , Gomez Timothy S. , Williamson Edward K. , Hammer Daniel A. , Billadeau Daniel D. , Argon Yair , Burkhardt Janis K. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that reside in peripheral tissues and survey the body for pathogens. Upon activation by inflammatory signals, DCs undergo a maturation process and migrate to lymphoid organs, where they present pathogen-derived Ags to T cells. DC migration depends on tight regulation of the actin cytoskeleton to permit rapid adaptation to environmental cues. We investigated the role of hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1 (HS1), the hematopoietic homolog of cortactin, in regulating the actin cytoskeleton of murine DCs. HS1 localized to lamellipodial protrusions and podosomes, actin-rich structures associated with adhesion and migration. DCs from HS1−/− mice showed aberrant lamellipodial dynamics. Moreover, although these cells formed recognizable podosomes, their podosome arrays were loosely packed and improperly localized within the cell. HS1 interacts with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp), another key actin-regulatory protein, through mutual binding to WASp-interacting protein. Comparative analysis of DCs deficient for HS1, WASp or both proteins revealed unique roles for these proteins in regulating podosomes with WASp being essential for podosome formation and with HS1 ensuring efficient array organization. WASp recruitment to podosome cores was independent of HS1, whereas HS1 recruitment required Src homology 3 domain-dependent interactions with the WASp/WASp-interacting protein heterodimer. In migration assays, the phenotypes of HS1- and WASp-deficient DCs were related, but distinct. WASp−/y DCs migrating in a chemokine gradient showed a large decrease in velocity and diminished directional persistence. In contrast, HS1−/− DCs migrated faster than wild-type cells, but directional persistence was significantly reduced. These studies show that HS1 functions in concert with WASp to fine-tune DC cytoarchitecture and direct cell migration.
Evidence for an Anti-Inflammatory Loop Centered on Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Formyl Peptide Receptor 2/Lipoxin A4 Receptor and Operative in the Inflamed Microvasculature
Authors: Brancaleone Vincenzo , Dalli Jesmond , Bena Stefania , Flower Roderick J. , Cirino Giuseppe , Perretti Mauro 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The importance of proresolving mediators in the overall context of the resolution of acute inflammation is well recognized, although little is known about whether these anti-inflammatory and proresolving molecules act in concert. In this article, we focused on lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and annexin A1 (AnxA1) because these two very different mediators converge on a single receptor, formyl peptide receptor type 2 (FPR2/ALX). Addition of LXA4 to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) provoked a concentration- and time-dependent mobilization of AnxA1 onto the plasma membrane, as determined by Western blotting and flow cytometry analyses. This property was shared by another FPR2/ALX agonist, antiflammin-2, and partly by fMLF or peptide Ac2-26 (an AnxA1 derivative that can activate all three members of the human FPR family). An FPR2/ALX antagonist blocked AnxA1 mobilization activated by LXA4 and antiflammin-2. Analysis of PMN degranulation patterns and phospho-AnxA1 status suggested a model in which the two FPR2/ALX agonists mobilize the cytosolic (and not the granular) pool of AnxA1 through an intermediate phosphorylation step. Intravital microscopy investigations of the inflamed mesenteric microvasculature of wild-type and AnxA1−/− mice revealed that LXA4 provoked leukocyte detachment from the postcapillary venule endothelium in the former (&gt;50% within 10 min; p &lt; 0.05), but not the latter genotype (∼15%; NS). Furthermore, recruitment of Gr1+ cells into dorsal air-pouches, inflamed with IL-1β, was significantly attenuated by LXA4 in wild-type, but not AnxA1−/−, mice. Collectively, these data prompt us to propose the existence of an endogenous network in anti-inflammation centered on PMN AnxA1 and activated by selective FPR2/ALX agonists.
A Serine Proteinase Homologue, SPH-3, Plays a Central Role in Insect Immunity
Authors: Felföldi Gabriella , Eleftherianos Ioannis , ffrench-Constant Richard H. , Venekei István 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Numerous vertebrate and invertebrate genes encode serine proteinase homologues (SPHs) similar to members of the serine proteinase family, but lacking one or more residues of the catalytic triad. These SPH proteins are thought to play a role in immunity, but their precise functions are poorly understood. In this study, we show that SPH-3 (an insect non-clip domain–containing SPH) is of central importance in the immune response of a model lepidopteran, Manduca sexta. We examine M. sexta infection with a virulent, insect-specific, Gram-negative bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. RNA interference suppression of bacteria-induced SPH-3 synthesis severely compromises the insect’s ability to defend itself against infection by preventing the transcription of multiple antimicrobial effector genes, but, surprisingly, not the transcription of immune recognition genes. Upregulation of the gene encoding prophenoloxidase and the activity of the phenoloxidase enzyme are among the antimicrobial responses that are severely attenuated on SPH-3 knockdown. These findings suggest the existence of two largely independent signaling pathways controlling immune recognition by the fat body, one governing effector gene transcription, and the other regulating genes encoding pattern recognition proteins.
Memory CCR6+CD4+ T Cells Are Preferential Targets for Productive HIV Type 1 Infection Regardless of Their Expression of Integrin β7
Authors: Monteiro Patricia , Gosselin Annie , Wacleche Vanessa Sue , El-Far Mohamed , Said Elias A. , Kared Hassen , Grandvaux Nathalie , Boulassel Mohamed-Rachid , Routy Jean-Pierre , Ancuta Petronela 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
HIV type 1 infection is associated with a rapid depletion of Th17 cells from the GALT. The chemokine receptor CCR6 is a marker for Th17 lineage polarization and HIV permissiveness in memory CD4+ T cells. CCR6+ T cells have the potential to migrate into the GALT via the gut-homing integrin α4β7, a newly identified HIV-gp120 binding receptor. In this study, we investigated whether memory T cells coexpressing CCR6 and integrin β7 are selective HIV targets and whether retinoic acid (RA)-induced imprinting for gut-homing selectively increases CCR6+ T cell permissiveness to infection. We demonstrated that β7−R6+ and β7+R6+ compared with β7−R6− and β7+R6− T cells were highly permissive to HIV, produced Th17 cytokines, and their frequency was decreased in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected subjects. RA upregulated integrin α4 and β7 coexpression in both CCR6+ and CCR6− T cells, but increased HIV permissiveness selectively in CCR6+ T cells via entry (CCR5 upregulation) and postentry mechanisms. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that CCR6, but not the integrin β7, is a discriminative marker for memory T cells imprinted with a transcriptional program favorable to HIV replication. Nevertheless, given the ability of integrin β7 to regulate cell migration into the GALT and bind HIV-gp120, CCR6+ T cells coexpressing integrin β7 and CCR5 might have an extraordinary ability to disseminate HIV from the portal sites of entry. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of memory CCR6+ T cell differentiation is critical for the design of new therapeutic strategies that should interfere with viral permissiveness but not Th17 lineage commitment and gut-homing potential in CCR6+ T cells.
Auerbach Bases and Minimal Volume Sufficient Enlargements
Authors: Ostrovskii M. I. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLet BY denote the unit ball of a normed linear space Y. A symmetric, bounded, closed, convex set A in a finite dimensional normed linear space X is called a sufficient enlargement for X if, for an arbitrary isometric embedding of X into a Banach space Y, there exists a linear projection P: Y → X such that P(BY ) ⊂ A. Each finite dimensional normed space has a minimal-volume sufficient enlargement that is a parallelepiped; some spaces have “exotic” minimal-volume sufficient enlargements. The main result of the paper is a characterization of spaces having “exotic” minimal-volume sufficient enlargements in terms of Auerbach bases.
La anticipación del sonido y su relación con la estructura narrativa del mensaje audiovisual
Authors: Morales Morante Luis Fernando 
Published: March 2011

El retraso del sonido respecto de la imagen (overlapping) constituye un recurso expresivo del montaje audiovisual utilizado frecuentemente por los realizadores para remarcar el ingreso de una acción nueva o relevante en el desarrollo de las historias. Sin embargo, no existen estudios empíricos que avalen el efecto directamente asociado a este procedimiento en los discursos. En el presente artículo se efectúa un estudio cualitativo mediante el cual se analiza una muestra de 235 overlappings de secuencias de películas, noticias y anuncios de publicidad, registrados de vídeos de Internet. Se advierte un tratamiento fílmico propio del overlapping, la existencia de una estructura semántica coherente que define este tipo de mensajes y una eventual relación entre los cambios de la intensidad del sonido con efectos emocionales como la sorpresa. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser útiles para desarrollar un método de análisis y mejora de la efectividad de los discursos audiovisuales basados en la estimulación perceptiva, y para el diseño de sistemas eficientes de postproducción de video y sonido.
Decreased Expression of Decorin and p57(KIP2) Correlates with Poor Survival and Lymphatic Metastasis in Lung Cancer Patients
Authors: Biaoxue Rong , Xiguang Cai , Hua Liu , Hui Ma , Shuanying Yang , Wei Zhang , Wenli Shang , Jie Du 
Published: March 2011

Purpose Decorin, p57(KIP2), and TGF-beta 1 have been investigated as prognostic factors because they appear to be associated with tumorigenesis; however, the effect of decorin and p57(KIP2) in lung cancer remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of decorin, p57(KIP2), and TGF-beta 1 in 64 lung cancer specimens and 36 normal lung specimens, and to analyze the relationships with respect to clinicopathological features and patient survival in lung cancer. Methods The expression levels of decorin, p57(KIP2), and TGF-beta 1 were examined by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Results Normal tissues exhibited a higher expression level of decorin than tumor tissues (P<0.05) and tumor tissues exhibited a higher expression level of TGF-beta 1 than normal tissues (P<0.05). The expression levels of p57(KIP2) and TGF-beta 1 were significantly associated with histological types of lung cancer (P<0.05), and the expression levels of decorin and p57(KIP2) were significantly associated with lymphatic invasion (P<0.05). Moreover, increased expression of decorin and p57(KIP2) correlated with increased survival (decorin, p=0.018; p57(KIP2), p=0.012). Conclusion Decreased expression levels of decorin and p57(KIP2) were associated with poor postsurgical survival time and lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer patients; moreover, low expression was an adverse prognostic factor.
In Conversation with Steven Schweitzer, Reading Utopia in Chronicles (LHBOTS, 442; London: T. & T. Clark International, 2007)
Authors: Boda Mark J. , Lowe Matthew Forrest , Boer Roland , Schweitzer Steven 
Published: March 2011

This conversation with Steven Schweitzer, Reading Utopia in Chronicles (LHBOTS, 442; London: T. & T. Clark International, 2008) began in a special session of the Chronicles-Ezra-Nehemiah Section of the Society of Biblical Literature held at the SBL annual meeting in November 2007 in San Diego, California. It includes an introduction by the editor and two contributions, one by the editor and Matthew Forrest Lowe and another by Roland Boer, and concludes with a response by Steven Schweitzer.
The Contested History of a Book: The German Bible of the Later Middle Ages and Reformation in Legend, Ideology, and Scholarship
Authors: Gow Andrew C. 
Published: March 2011

The wide distribution and availability of German and other vernacular Bible translations in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, with 22 printed full Bible translations into German/Low German/Netherlandish appearing before Luther’s famous Bible translation, has been known to scholars since at least the early eighteenth century, when various works on German Bibles before the Reformation began to appear. However, the existence of such translations did not guarantee that scholars, especially church historians and historians of the Reformation took such Bible translations seriously. Luther himself had claimed (polemically) that the Bible had been entirely unknown and unavailable when he was a young man. The rather dispassionate scholarship of the eighteenth century, which included important works on pre-Reformation German Bibles by orthodox Lutheran divines, gave way in the second half of the nineteenth century to a rather bitter polemical discourse in the context of the Kulturkampf in Germany. Luther the linguistic genius and Luther the theological hero were the protagonists on one side; the late medieval Bible, on which Luther drew heavily for his own translation, was on the other. Not so much a Catholic-Lutheran debate as an ideological one about the place, value and influence of medieval piety and culture (and their relation to German national culture) was played out by prominent church historians. By the eve of WWII, German Bible scholarship had become a more clear-eyed exercise in historical evaluation--yet immediately after the war, in the context of the Cold War and the construction of a lineage of democratic and liberty-oriented values for Christian western Europe, the Luther Bible began to loom ever larger, especially in textbooks and general surveys, as a turning point in the history of western culture. Since the 1990s, more specialized and careful assessments of the importance of pre-Reformation German Bibles have prevailed, perhaps as part of a general re-evaluation of medieval culture and piety from perspectives informed more by anthropology and literary theory than by ideological polemic. These findings might shed light on the modes of history-writing in the contexts of both myth-making and source analysis.
Observations on Judah’s Social and Economic History and the Dating of the Laws in Deuteronomy
Authors: Knauf Ernst Axel 
Published: March 2011

Nadav Na’aman’s recent dating of the Deuteronomic Law by social history is methodologically seminal, even if I disagree with the substance of his argument. In this article, I advance the case that the care of Deuteronomy for the ‘displaced Judahite” (גר) fits the 6th century much better than the 7th, as Na’aman argues.