bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proline Oxidase Functions as a Mitochondrial Tumor Suppressor in Human Cancers
Authors: Liu Yongmin , Borchert Gregory L. , Donald Steven P. , Diwan Bhalchandra A. , Anver Miriam , Phang James M. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Tumor metabolism and bioenergetics have become important topics for cancer research and are promising targets for anticancer therapy. Although glucose serves as the main source of energy, proline, an alternative substrate, is important, especially during nutrient stress. Proline oxidase (POX), catalyzing the first step in proline catabolism, is induced by p53 and can regulate cell survival as well as mediate programmed cell death. In a mouse xenograft tumor model, we found that POX greatly reduced tumor formation by causing G2 cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining showed decreased POX expression in tumor tissues. Importantly, HIF-1α signaling was impaired with POX expression due to the increased production of α-ketoglutarate, a critical substrate for prolyl hydroxylation and degradation of HIF-1α. Combined with previous in vitro findings and reported clinical genetic associations, these new findings lead us to propose POX as a mitochondrial tumor suppressor and a potential target for cancer therapy. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6414–22]
Biomarkers of Dietary Energy Restriction in Women at Increased Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: Ong Kai Ren , Sims Andrew H. , Harvie Michelle , Chapman Mary , Dunn Warwick B. , Broadhurst David , Goodacre Royston , Wilson Mary , Thomas Nicola , Clarke Robert B. , Howell Anthony 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDietary energy restriction (DER) reduces risk of spontaneous mammary cancer in rodents. In humans, DER in premenopausal years seems to reduce risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Markers of DER are required to develop acceptable DER regimens for breast cancer prevention. We therefore examined markers of DER in the breast, adipose tissue, and serum.Nineteen overweight or obese women at moderately increased risk of breast cancer (lifetime risk, 1 in 6 to 1 in 3) ages between 35 and 45 were randomly allocated to DER [liquid diet, 3,656 kJ/d (864 kcal/d); n = 10] or asked to continue their normal eating patterns (n = 9) for one menstrual cycle. Biopsies of the breast and abdominal fat were taken before and after the intervention. RNA was extracted from whole tissues and breast epithelium (by laser capture microdissection) and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChips. Longitudinal plasma and urine samples were collected before and after intervention, and metabolic profiles were generated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.DER was associated with significant reductions in weight [−7.0 (±2.3) kg] and in alterations of serum biomarkers of breast cancer risk (insulin, leptin, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides). In both abdominal and breast tissues, as well as isolated breast epithelial cells, genes involved in glycolytic and lipid synthesis pathways (including stearoyl-CoA desaturase, fatty acid desaturase, and aldolase C) were significantly down-regulated.We conclude that reduced expressions of genes in the lipid metabolism and glycolytic pathways are detectable in breast tissue following DER, and these may represent targets for DER mimetics as effective chemoprophylactic agents.
Did Rabbinic Culture Conceive of the Category of Folk Narrative?
Authors: Hasan-Rokem Galit 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe article addresses the question whether the late Antique Rabbinic texts disclose an awareness of the categories of folklore and folktale. Initially, the parallel and varied emergence of these categories in various intellectual traditions of modernity and post-modernity is presented with special reference to a new conceptual framework correlating the categories of magic, miracle and sorcery. Subsequently, the narrative traditions recounting the tales of Hanina ben Dosa and especially the chain of tales from the third chapter of the Babylonian Talmud tractate Ta'anit are presented and analyzed referring to earlier scholarship, manuscript variations and the conceptual framework of folk narratives and folklore. By analytically pointing out formal as well as contextual elements, a meta-folkloric awareness of the rabbis is argued.
Mediation in Marital Discord in Islamic Law: Legislative Foundation and Contemporary Application
Authors: Shah Sayed Sikander 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMediation as a method of marriage conflict resolution has recently emerged as one of the most workable institutionalized techniques in Western jurisdictions. In Islamic law, although ipso facto, it was given legislative recognition centuries ago under the principle of tahkim; its potential as a viable reconciliation technique was somewhat obscured by juridical technicalities. Indisputably, mediation was the underlying ratio legis for the institution of hakam (arbitration). In practice, however, mediation was not the sole prerogative of the arbitration. It was instituted and carried out through numerous culturally specific methods, both formal and informal. In the Malaysian scene, mediation in family dispute is part of the ongoing daily job of Shari'ah lawyers, judges and officers in religious departments. However, critiques believe that neither the agents under traditional hakam nor Shari'ah practitioners of Shari'ah bodies have the necessary training and soft skills to act as effective go-betweens in resolving marital conflicts in the contemporary setting. The alternative, therefore, is to create a body such as a “Conciliatory Committee” using the pattern for a Western mediation model. Thus this paper, while agreeing with this idea, proposes an integrated method of doing this within the hybrid framework of both arbitration and modern mediation techniques consistent with Islamic legal methodology.
Developing an Online Information System Prototype for Global Satellite Precipitation Algorithm Validation and Intercomparison
Authors: Liu Zhong , Rui Hualan , Teng William , Chiu Long , Leptoukh Gregory , Kempler Steven 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Over the decades, significant progress has been made in satellite precipitation product development. In particular, temporal resolution and timely availability have been improved by blended techniques. The resulting products, including near-real-time precipitation products, are widely used in various research and applications. However, the lack of support for user-defined areas or points of interest poses a major obstacle to quickly gaining knowledge of product quality and behavior on a local or regional scale. Current online operational intercomparison and validation services have not addressed this issue adequately. This paper describes an ongoing work to develop an online information system prototype for global satellite precipitation algorithm validation and intercomparison, to overcome current shortcomings by providing dynamic and customized information to users on the expected bias and accuracy of the products, and to give algorithm developers a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of different algorithmic approaches and data sources. An example is provided to illustrate the functionality and capabilities of the system, and future plans are discussed. The system being developed complements and accelerates the existing and ongoing validation activities in the community and contributes to the current NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and the future NASA Global Precipitation Mission.
Estimating the Diapycnal Transport Contribution to Warm Water Volume Variations in the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Authors: Brown Jaclyn N. , Fedorov Alexey V. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Variations in the warm water volume (WWV) of the equatorial Pacific Ocean are considered a key element of the dynamics of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. WWV, a proxy for the upper-ocean heat content, is usually defined as the volume of water with temperatures greater than 20°C. It has been suggested that the observed variations in WWV are controlled by interplay among meridional, zonal, and vertical transports (with vertical transports typically calculated as the residual of temporal changes in WWV and the horizontal transport divergence). Here, the output from a high-resolution ocean model is used to calculate the zonal and meridional transports and conduct a comprehensive analysis of the mass balance above the 25 kg m−3 σθ surface (approximating the 20°C isotherm). In contrast to some earlier studies, the authors found that on ENSO time scales variations in the diapycnal transport across the 25 kg m−3 isopycnal are small in the eastern Pacific and negligible in the western and central Pacific. In previous observational studies, the horizontal transports were estimated using Ekman and geostrophic dynamics; errors in these approximations were unavoidably folded into the estimates of the diapycnal transport. Here, the accuracy of such estimates is assessed by recalculating mass budgets using the model output at a spatial resolution similar to that of the observations. The authors show that errors in lateral transports can be of the same order of magnitude as the diapycnal transport itself. Further, the rate of change of WWV correlates well with wind stress curl (a driver of meridional transport). This relationship is explored using an extended version of the Sverdrup balance, and it is shown that the two are correlated because they both have the ENSO signal and not because changes in WWV are solely attributable to the wind stress curl.
Spatial Patterns of NDVI Variation over Indonesia and Their Relationship to ENSO Warm Events during the Period 1982–2006
Authors: Erasmi Stefan , Propastin Pavel , Kappas Martin , Panferov Oleg 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The present study is based on the assumption that vegetation in Indonesia is significantly affected by climate anomalies that are related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm phases (El Niño) during the past decades. The analysis builds upon a monthly time series from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) gridded data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and two ENSO proxies, namely, sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTa) and Southern Oscillation index (SOI), and aims at the analysis of the spatially explicit dimension of ENSO impact on vegetation on the Indonesian archipelago. A time series correlation analysis between NDVI anomalies and ENSO proxies for the most recent ENSO warm events (1982–2006) showed that, in general, anomalies in vegetation productivity over Indonesia can be related to an anomalous increase of SST in the eastern equatorial Pacific and to decreases in SOI, respectively. The net effect of these variations is a significant decrease in NDVI values throughout the affected areas during the ENSO warm phases. The 1982/83 ENSO warm episode was rather short but—in terms of ENSO indices—the most extreme one within the study period. The 1997/98 El Niño lasted longer but was weaker. Both events had significant impact on vegetation in terms of negative NDVI anomalies. Compared to these two major warm events, the other investigated events (1987/88, 1991/92, 1994/95, and 2002/03) had no significant effect on vegetation in the investigated region. The land cover–type specific sensitivity of vegetation to ENSO anomalies revealed thresholds of vegetation response to ENSO warm events. The results for the 1997/98 ENSO warm event confirm the hypothesis that the vulnerability of vegetated tropical land surfaces to drought conditions is considerably affected by land use intensity. In particular, it could be shown that natural forest areas are more resistant to drought stress than degraded forest areas or cropland. Comparing the spatially explicit patterns of El Niño–related vegetation variation during the major El Niño phases, the spatial distribution of affected areas reveals distinct core regions of ENSO drought impact on vegetation for Indonesia that coincide with forest conversion and agricultural intensification hot spots.
Evidence for Two Distinct Modes of Large-Scale Ocean Circulation Changes over the Last Century
Authors: Dima Mihai , Lohmann Gerrit 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Through its nonlinear dynamics and involvement in past abrupt climate shifts the thermohaline circulation (THC) represents a key element for the understanding of rapid climate changes. The expected THC weakening under global warming is characterized by large uncertainties, and it is therefore of significant importance to identify ocean circulation changes over the last century. By applying various statistical techniques on two global sea surface temperature datasets two THC-related modes are separated. The first one involves relatively slow adjustment of the whole conveyor belt circulation and has an interhemispherically symmetric pattern. The second mode is associated with the relatively fast adjustment of the North Atlantic overturning cell and has the seesaw structure. Based on the separation of these two patterns the authors show that the global conveyor has been weakening since the late 1930s and that the North Atlantic overturning cell suffered an abrupt shift around 1970. The distinction between the two modes provides also a new frame for interpreting past abrupt climate changes.
Impacts of Ocean Surface on the Northward Propagation of the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation in the NCEP Climate Forecast System
Authors: Wang Wanqiu , Chen Mingyue , Kumar Arun 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Impacts of the ocean surface on the representation of the northward-propagating boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (NPBSISO) over the Indian monsoon region are analyzed using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) coupled atmosphere–ocean Climate Forecast System (CFS) and its atmospheric component, the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS). Analyses are based on forecasts of five strong NPBSISO events during June–September 2005–07.
The inclusion of an interactive ocean in the model is found to be necessary to maintain the observed NPBSISO. The atmosphere-only GFS is capable of maintaining the convection that propagates from the equator to 12°N with reasonable amplitude within the first 15 days, after which the anomalies become very weak, suggesting that the atmospheric internal dynamics alone are not sufficient to sustain the anomalies to propagate to higher latitudes. Forecasts of the NPBSISO in the CFS are more realistic, with the amplitude of precipitation and 850-mb zonal wind anomalies comparable to that in observations for the entire 30-day target period, but with slower northward propagation compared to that observed. Further, the phase relationship between precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST), and surface latent heat fluxes associated with the NPBSISO in the CFS is similar to that in the observations, with positive precipitation anomalies following warm SST anomalies, which are further led by positive anomalies of the surface latent heat and solar radiation fluxes into the ocean.
Additional experiments with the atmosphere-only GFS are performed to examine the impacts of uncertainties in SSTs. It is found that intraseasonal SST anomalies 2–3 times as large as that of the observational bulk SST analysis of Reynolds et al. are needed for the GFS to produce realistic northward propagation of the NPBSISO with reasonable amplitude and to capture the observed phase lag between SST and precipitation. The analysis of the forecasts and the experiments suggests that a realistic representation of the observed propagation of the oscillation by the NCEP model requires not only an interactive ocean but also an intraseasonal SST variability stronger than that of the bulk SST analysis.
Limitation of One-Dimensional Ocean Models for Coupled Hurricane–Ocean Model Forecasts
Authors: Yablonsky Richard M. , Ginis Isaac 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Wind stress imposed on the upper ocean by a hurricane can limit the hurricane’s intensity primarily through shear-induced mixing of the upper ocean and subsequent cooling of the sea surface. Since shear-induced mixing is a one-dimensional process, some recent studies suggest that coupling a one-dimensional ocean model to a hurricane model may be sufficient for capturing the storm-induced sea surface temperature cooling in the region providing heat energy to the hurricane. Using both a one-dimensional and a three-dimensional version of the same ocean model, it is shown here that the neglect of upwelling, which can only be captured by a three-dimensional ocean model, underestimates the storm-core sea surface cooling for hurricanes translating at &lt;∼5 m s−1. For hurricanes translating at &lt;2 m s−1, more than half of the storm-core sea surface cooling is neglected by the one-dimensional ocean model. Since the majority of hurricanes in the western tropical North Atlantic Ocean translate at &lt;5 m s−1, the idealized experiments presented here suggest that one-dimensional ocean models may be inadequate for coupled hurricane–ocean model forecasting.
Risk Assessments for Mental Health Service Users
Authors: Littlechild Brian , Hawley Christopher 
Published: August 2009

• Summary: This article considers the nature and basis of risk assessments in mental health services, based on empirical research on the tools used within NHS Mental Health Trusts in England which found a wide variety of such tools in use within them. • Findings: The article examines the problems and potential benefits in the use of such tools, and argues for an inclusive and holistic approach to risk assessments which incorporate our knowledge of the risks of risk assessments. The article pays particular attention to risk assessment procedures as relevant to social workers who have to uphold the requirements of the General Social Care Council Code of Practice, which provides particular emphasis on issues of risk, and service user and carer involvement in assessments. Potential biases and limitations of risk assessment approaches, it is proposed, need to be taken into account in order to have a balanced view of the value of such approaches. • Applications : The article provides a critique of the validity and effectiveness of current risk assessment tools, focusing in upon one key area in mental health work, the assessment and management of potential violence.
Proliferation of Street Children in Nigeria
Authors: Oyeniyi Aransiola Joshua , Bamiwuye Olusina , Ibukun Akinyemi Akanni , Olusegun Ikuteyijo Lanre 
Published: August 2009

• Summary: The study examined the implications of the Nigerian Child Right Acts, 2003 on checking the proliferation of street children in Nigeria, focusing on such government institutions as the police and Social Welfare Department using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. • Findings: It is clear that the street children are the major targets by the government agencies but these children have no cordial relationship with the police. Their vision of the police is that of ‘punishment’ rather than ‘help’. Also, the government through the Social Welfare Department provides some assistance to street children, but their programmes were not attractive enough to the children, hence, the street children’s concept of approved schools is that of a typical ‘Nigerian prison yard‘. • Applications : It is argued that the global paradigm shift from eradication of street children to providing support for street children has a very weak root in Nigeria. Therefore, there is the need for proper implementation of the Nigeria Child Rights Act promulgated in the year 2003, which could improve the standard of practice presently obtainable in Social Welfare Department and in other government agencies such as the Police Department as a possible solution to this social menace.
The derivation of diagnostic markers of chronic myeloid leukemia progression from microarray data
Authors: Oehler Vivian G. , Yeung Ka Yee , Choi Yongjae E. , Bumgarner Roger E. , Raftery Adrian E. , Radich Jerald P. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Currently, limited molecular markers exist that can determine where in the spectrum of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) progression an individual patient falls at diagnosis. Gene expression profiles can predict disease and prognosis, but most widely used microarray analytical methods yield lengthy gene candidate lists that are difficult to apply clinically. Consequently, we applied a probabilistic method called Bayesian model averaging (BMA) to a large CML microarray dataset. BMA, a supervised method, considers multiple genes simultaneously and identifies small gene sets. BMA identified 6 genes (NOB1, DDX47, IGSF2, LTB4R, SCARB1, and SLC25A3) that discriminated chronic phase (CP) from blast crisis (BC) CML. In CML, phase labels divide disease progression into discrete states. BMA, however, produces posterior probabilities between 0 and 1 and predicts patients in “intermediate” stages. In validation studies of 88 patients, the 6-gene signature discriminated early CP from late CP, accelerated phase, and BC. This distinction between early and late CP is not possible with current classifications, which are based on known duration of disease. BMA is a powerful tool for developing diagnostic tests from microarray data. Because therapeutic outcomes are so closely tied to disease phase, these probabilities can be used to determine a risk-based treatment strategy at diagnosis.
Myeloma cell line–derived, pooled heat shock proteins as a universal vaccine for immunotherapy of multiple myeloma
Authors: Qian Jianfei , Hong Sungyoul , Wang Siqing , Zhang Liang , Sun Luhong , Wang Michael , Yang Jing , Kwak Larry W. , Hou Jian , Yi Qing 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTumor cell–derived heat shock proteins are used as vaccines for immunotherapy of cancer patients. However, current approaches require the generation of custom-made products and are clinically ineffective. To improve the applicability of heat shock protein–based immunotherapy in cancers and to enhance clinical efficacy, we explored combinational treatments in a myeloma setting using pooled heterogeneous or allogeneic myeloma cell line–derived glycoprotein 96 (gp96) as universal vaccines, and clearly demonstrated that pooled but not single gp96 from heterogeneous or allogeneic myeloma cell lines was as effective as autologous gp96 in protecting mice from tumor challenge and rechallenge and in treating established myeloma. We showed that interferon γ and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were required for gp96-induced antimyeloma responses and that pooled gp96 induced broader immune responses that protected mice from developing different myeloma. Furthermore, pooled gp96 plus CpG in combination with anti-B7H1 or anti–interleukin-10 monoclonal antibodies were effective in treating mice with large tumor burdens. Thus, this study strongly suggests that pooled gp96 vaccines from myeloma cell lines can replace gp96 vaccines from autologous tumors for immunotherapy and induce immune responses against broader tumor antigens that may protect against tumor recurrence and development of unrelated tumors in vaccinated myeloma patients.