bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helminth Protection against Autoimmune Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice Is Independent of a Type 2 Immune Shift and Requires TGF-β
Authors: Hübner Marc P. , Shi Yinghui , Torrero Marina N. , Mueller Ellen , Larson David , Soloviova Kateryna , Gondorf Fabian , Hoerauf Achim , Killoran Kristin E. , Stocker J. Thomas , Davies Stephen J. , Tarbell Kristin V. , Mitre Edward 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Leading hypotheses to explain helminth-mediated protection against autoimmunity postulate that type 2 or regulatory immune responses induced by helminth infections in the host limit pathogenic Th1-driven autoimmune responses. We tested these hypotheses by investigating whether infection with the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis prevents diabetes onset in IL-4–deficient NOD mice and whether depletion or absence of regulatory T cells, IL-10, or TGF-β alters helminth-mediated protection. In contrast to IL-4–competent NOD mice, IL-4–deficient NOD mice failed to develop a type 2 shift in either cytokine or Ab production during L. sigmodontis infection. Despite the absence of a type 2 immune shift, infection of IL-4–deficient NOD mice with L. sigmodontis prevented diabetes onset in all mice studied. Infections in immunocompetent and IL-4–deficient NOD mice were accompanied by increases in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell frequencies and numbers, respectively, and helminth infection increased the proliferation of CD4+Foxp3+ cells. However, depletion of CD25+ cells in NOD mice or Foxp3+ T cells from splenocytes transferred into NOD.scid mice did not decrease helminth-mediated protection against diabetes onset. Continuous depletion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β, but not blockade of IL-10 signaling, prevented the beneficial effect of helminth infection on diabetes. Changes in Th17 responses did not seem to play an important role in helminth-mediated protection against autoimmunity, because helminth infection was not associated with a decreased Th17 immune response. This study demonstrates that L. sigmodontis-mediated protection against diabetes in NOD mice is not dependent on the induction of a type 2 immune shift but does require TGF-β.
Upregulation of IL-23 Expression in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Is Mediated by the HBx/ERK/NF-κB Pathway
Authors: Xia Limin , Tian Dean , Huang Wenjie , Zhu Hongwu , Wang Jing , Zhang Yongguo , Hu Hao , Nie Yongzhan , Fan Daiming , Wu Kaichun 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
IL-23 is a newly discovered proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to the maintenance and expansion of Th17 cells. IL-23 has recently been identified as playing a critical role in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of IL-23 in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains largely unknown. The aims of this study were to detect the expression of IL-23 in CHB patients and to explore the molecular mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced IL-23 expression. Serum levels and hepatic expression of IL-23 were significantly upregulated in CHB patients. A positive correlation was found between IL-23 expression and the histological activity index score, HBV DNA load, and serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. HBx protein increased IL-23 expression in a dose-dependent manner. It also aided in the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which directly bound to the promoters of IL-23 subunits p19 and p40 to facilitate their transcription. NF-κB inhibitors blocked the effect of HBx on IL-23 induction, and NF-κB subunits p65 and p50 increased the augmented IL-23 expression. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation and transfection with ERK dominant-negative plasmid significantly blocked the HBx-induced IL-23 expression. Furthermore, PI3K and Ras–MEK–MAPK inhibitors significantly decreased the ERK1/2 activation and IL-23 expression. Thus, we report a new molecular mechanism for HBV-induced IL-23 expression, which involves the activation of the ERK/NF-κB pathway by HBx, leading to the transactivation of the IL-23 p19 and p40 promoters.
Shifting of Immune Responsiveness to House Dust Mite by Influenza A Infection: Genomic Insights
Authors: Al-Garawi Amal , Husain Mainul , Ilieva Dora , Humbles Alison A. , Kolbeck Roland , Stampfli Martin R. , O’Byrne Paul M. , Coyle Anthony J. , Jordana Manel 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Respiratory viral infections have been associated with an increased incidence of allergic asthma. However, the mechanisms by which respiratory infections facilitate allergic airway disease are incompletely understood. We previously showed that exposure to a low dose of house dust mite (HDM) resulted in enhanced HDM-mediated allergic airway inflammation, and, importantly, marked airway hyperreactivity only when allergen exposure occurred during an acute influenza A infection. In this study, we evaluated the impact of concurrent influenza infection and allergen exposure at the genomic level, using whole-genome microarray. Our data showed that, in contrast to exposure to a low dose of HDM, influenza A infection led to a dramatic increase in gene expression, particularly of TLRs, C-type lectin receptors, several complement components, as well as FcεR1. Additionally, we observed increased expression of a number of genes encoding chemokines and cytokines associated with the recruitment of proinflammatory cells. Moreover, HDM exposure in the context of an influenza A infection resulted in the induction of unique genes, including calgranulin A (S100a8), an endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern and TLR4 agonist. In addition, we observed significantly increased expression of serum amyloid A (Saa3) and serine protease inhibitor 3n (Serpina3n). This study showed that influenza infection markedly increased the expression of multiple gene classes capable of sensing allergens and amplifying the ensuing immune-inflammatory response. We propose that influenza A infection primes the lung environment in such a way as to lower the threshold of allergen responsiveness, thus facilitating the emergence of a clinically significant allergic phenotype.
Cutting Edge: A TLR9 Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Motif Is Selectively Required for Proinflammatory Cytokine Production
Authors: Chockalingam Annapoorani , Rose William Alfred , Hasan Maroof , Ju Chia-Hsin , Leifer Cynthia Anne 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Compartmentalization of nucleic acid sensing TLR9 has been implicated as a mechanism to prevent recognition of self nucleic acid structures. Furthermore, recognition of CpG DNA in different endosomal compartments leads to the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, or type I IFN. We previously characterized a tyrosine-based motif at aa 888–891 in the cytoplasmic tail of TLR9 important for appropriate intracellular localization. In this article, we show that this motif is selectively required for the production of TNF, but not IFN. In response to CpG DNA stimulation, the proteolytically processed 80-kDa fragment is tyrosine phosphorylated. Although Y888 is not itself phosphorylated, the structure of this motif is necessary for both TLR9 phosphorylation and TNF-α production in response to CpG DNA. We conclude that bifurcation in TLR9 signaling is regulated by a critical tyrosine motif in the cytoplasmic tail.
Ultraviolet/Visible Spectroscopy in Process Analyses
Authors: Saltzman Robert S. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Process analyzers based on ultraviolet and visible radiation absorption can provide reliable and high‐speed composition analyses throughout the process industries and are frequently used in closed loop control. This chapter reviews the history and designs of process UV/VIS analyzers, as well as some of their important applications for process and environmental monitoring and control.
Microwave Plasma Systems in Optical and Mass Spectroscopy
Authors: Jankowski Krzysztof J. , Reszke Edward , Broekaert Jose A.C. , Engel Ulrich 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe art and science of microwave plasma (MWP) optical and mass spectroscopy is briefly presented including very recent advances in the field up to 2011. The use of MWPs as radiation sources for optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) and as atom reservoirs for atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS), and laser‐enhanced ionization spectroscopy (LEIS) as well as ion sources for mass spectrometry (MS) is treated.Devices for producing both E‐type capacitively coupled microwave plasma (CMP)‐electrode and microwave‐induced plasma (MIP)‐electrodeless MWPs, including inductively coupled plasma (ICP)‐like H‐type plasmas, are classified and discussed, in addition to methods of their diagnostics, and results for the analytically relevant plasma parameters are presented. The means of generation of symmetrical plasmas and uses of microplasma devices are also presented with an effort to comment on general classification of microwave (MW) cavities. Further, the use of MWs for boosting of glow discharges (GDs) is treated along with other tandem sources. Methods for the introduction of gaseous, liquid, and solid samples into the MWP are discussed. They include direct vapor sampling (DVS), chemical vapor generation (CVG), and hydride generation (HG) techniques; dry aerosol generation techniques (electrothermal vaporization (ETV); spark ablation (SA); laser ablation (LA); and continuous powder introduction (CPI) as well as wet aerosol generation techniques using both solution and slurry nebulization. Special reference is made to coupling with gas chromatography (GC) and also with various separation techniques for liquids including high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analytical figures of merit in the case of OES with low‐power and high‐power MIP, CMP, microwave plasma torch (MPT), MWP‐electrode sources including rotating field sustained plasma and H‐type MWP as well as microplasmas are given. There are also described cases of atomic absorption, fluorescence, and laser ionization with these sources. The developments in MS in the case of both low‐power and high‐power MWPs and in the case of various types of sample introduction techniques are discussed.Applications of MWP analytical spectroscopy are in the fields of biological samples with special reference to microanalysis, and of environmental and industrial samples with special emphasis on element speciation, on‐line monitoring, particle sizing, and direct solids analysis. A critical comparison of the methodology with other spectroscopic methods for the determination of the elements and their species is given.
Fluorescence Imaging MicroscopyUpdate based on original article by John J. Lemasters, Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, ©2000, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Authors: Lemasters John J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Fluorescence imaging microscopy is a powerful tool to localize specific molecular components with lateral resolution of 0.2 µm. New techniques of confocal and multiphoton microscopy also permit submicrometer axial resolution even in thick specimens, and novel superresolution techniques that improve resolution to 0.1 µm and less are emerging. The number of specific parameter‐indicating fluorophores useful for nondestructive live cell imaging continues to increase, including markers of cell shape and volume, organelles, membrane potentials, ions, and other chemical constitutents. Moreover, virtually, any cellular protein can be tagged with a fluorescent protein in the living state. These developments make fluorescence microscopy an indispensable tool for the molecular biologist, cell biologist, physiologist, and others both in and not in the life sciences.
Expert Testimony: Limitation on Scope—“Improper Bolstering” Rule
Authors: Moenssens Andre A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article discusses the “bolstering” limitation that the law places on the ability of a witness to provide potentially relevant information in a legal controversy tried in a US court. The testimonial limitation is called improper bolstering, or the “no bolstering” rule, and applies to civil as well as criminal actions.
Voice: Biometric Analysis and Interpretation of
Authors: Drygajlo Andrzej 
Published: December 2011

AbstractForensic speaker recognition (FSR) is the process of determining if a specific individual (suspected speaker) could be the source of a questioned voice recording (trace). Results of FSR‐based investigations may be of pivotal importance at any stage of an inquiry. The expert's role is to testify to the worth of the voice evidence by using, if possible, a quantitative measure of this worth.This article aims at presenting advances in European research on forensic automatic speaker recognition (FASR), including data‐driven tools and related methodology that provide a coherent way of quantifying and presenting recorded voice as biometric evidence, as well as the assessment of its strength in the Bayesian interpretation framework, compatible with interpretations in other forensic disciplines.FSR has proved an effective tool, yet there is a constant need for more research because of the difficulties involved in real‐life environment (within‐speaker variability, between‐speaker variability, ambient noise, other sounds, transmission channels, and mismatched recording conditions).
DNA
Databases–The Significance of Unique Hits and the Database Controversy
Authors: Meester Ronald 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We discuss the database controversy, which deals with the evaluation of the evidential value of a unique match in database search. We conclude that in principle, the case against a suspect is stronger in a database match than in a so‐called “cold” case, but contrary to a popular idea, this is not because the likelihood ratio increases when compared to a cold case, but because the posterior odds are higher in the database case.
fMRIand Deception Detection
Authors: Ganis Giorgio , Moriarty Jane Campbell 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTo date, fMRI studies are beginning to define which part of the brain may be implicated in deception. However, the science is in its nascent stage, and many more large‐scale studies are needed to assess the reliability of the evidence, especially when used to detect deception in single individuals.Although there have been efforts to introduce such evidence into court, courts have been resistant to these efforts as there remain numerous questions involving evidentiary reliability, constitutional implications, and jurisprudential concerns that must be considered before such evidence should become admissible in trials.
Organotellurium Compounds as Chain Transfer agents for Living Radical Polymerization
Authors: Yamago Shigeru , Nakamura Yasuyuki 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSynthetic and mechanistic aspects of organotellurium‐mediated living radical polymerization (TERP), which utilizes divalent organotellurium compounds as controlling agents, are discussed. TERP predominantly proceeds by the degenerative chain transfer mechanism for the activation/deactivation of the dormant/radical species, while reversible termination by thermolysis and photolysis of carbon‐tellurium bonds also contributes to a small extent. The high reactivity of organotellurium compounds towards polymer‐end radicals in the degenerative chain transfer reaction ensures the high control of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the resulting polymers. Addition of ditellurides considerably increases the control of the polymerization by altering the activation/deactivation mechanism. TERP possesses several synthetic advantages, such as high versatility of monomer families, high versatility of block copolymer synthesis, high compatibility of polar functional groups and solvents, high versatility for selective synthesis of end‐functionalized polymers, and high reliability for scale up for the industrial applications. These characteristics offer excellent opportunities for macromolecular engineering in the synthesis of new polymeric materials for various applications.
Substituent Constants and Substituent Effects in Organoselenium and Organotellurium Compounds
Authors: Logan Margaret E. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Substituent constants and substituent effects in organoselenium and organotellurium compounds help chemists both explain and predict properties and reactivity ofthese organochalcogen compounds. In this chapter, recently reported substituent constants of selenium and tellurium‐containing groups are described, as are structure‐property and structure‐reactivity relationships in organoselenium and organotellurium compounds, particularly as they relate to the electronic and steric effects of substituents. The more quantitative examples of substituent effects on the properties and reactivity of chalcogen‐containing groups and molecules are presented, as are related papers that may lack the quantitative aspects, but still provide insight into the chemistry and properties of molecules. Selected series of compounds in which differences across the chalcogens can be seen are also included, where relevant.
The Chemistry of Selenocysteine
Authors: Metanis Norman , Beld Joris , Hilvert Donald 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSelenocysteine is a redox active amino acid. It is inserted co‐translationally into a number of natural proteins, providing them with a range of interesting enzymatic activities; it can also be incorporated into artificial peptides and proteins as a structural and mechanistic probe. In this chapter, the chemistry and biochemistry of this novel amino acid is reviewed. In addition to the (bio)synthesis of selenocysteine, selenopeptides and selenoproteins, the roles selenium plays in enzyme catalysis and its utility for diverse biotechnological applications are discussed.
One‐Step Vital Staining of Presynaptic Terminals and Post‐Synaptic Receptors at Neuromuscular Junctions in Mouse Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Ribchester Richard R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis protocol describes vital staining of neuromuscular junctions in the mouse triangularis sterni muscle in one incubation step, combining presynaptic, motor nerve terminal staining with the styryl dye FM1‐43, which labels recycling synaptic vesicles, and TRITC‐α‐bungarotoxin, which labels acetylcholine receptors in the motor endplate membrane. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:489‐496 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brief Exposure to Misinformation Can Lead to Long‐Term False Memories
Authors: Zhu Bi , Chen Chuansheng , Loftus Elizabeth F. , He Qinghua , Chen Chunhui , Lei Xuemei , Lin Chongde , Dong Qi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDo false memories last? And do they last as long as true ones? This study investigated whether experimentally created false memories would persist for an extended period (one and a half years). A large number of subjects (N = 342) participated in a standard three‐stage misinformation procedure (saw the event slides, read the narrations with misinformation, and then took the memory tests). The initial tests showed that misinformation led to a significant amount of false memory. One and a half years later, the participants were tested again. About half of the misinformation false memory persisted, which was the same rate as for true memory. These results strongly suggest that brief exposure to misinformation can lead to long‐term false memory and that the strength of memory trace was similar for true and false memories. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrospective Frequency Formats Promote Consistent Experience‐Based Bayesian Judgments
Authors: Obrecht Natalie A. , Anderson Britta , Schulkin Jay , Chapman Gretchen B. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryOn the basis of their experiences with pregnant patients in their practice, obstetrician/gynecologists estimated the posterior probability of Down syndrome given a positive screening result. They also estimated the base rate of Down syndrome in their practice, along with the hit and false alarm rates for the screening test; for each subject, these numbers were combined to calculate a posterior probability to which the initial estimated posterior probability could be compared. Physicians gave highly consistent estimates when asked to think about their past experiences in terms of event frequencies. However, those told to respond using single event probabilities or to use past experiences to predict prospective frequencies gave inconsistent Bayesian estimates. Thus, when making Bayesian judgments based on real life experience, natural frequency formats only lead to better judgments, compared with single event probability formats, if people think retrospectively, not when using past experiences to make prospective predictions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polypyrrole‐Derived Activated Carbons for High‐Performance Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors with Ionic Liquid Electrolyte
Authors: Wei Lu , Sevilla Marta , Fuertes Antonio B. , Mokaya Robert , Yushin Gleb 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAs electrical energy storage and delivery devices, carbon‐based electrical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) have attracted much attention for advancing the energy‐efficient economy. Conventional methods for activated carbon (AC) synthesis offer limited control of their surface area and porosity, which results in a typical specific capacitance of 70–120 F g−1 in commercial EDLCs based on organic electrolytes and ionic liquids (ILs). Additionally, typical ACs produced from natural precursors suffer from the significant variation of their properties, which is detrimental for EDLC use in automotive applications. A novel method for AC synthesis for EDLCs is proposed. This method is based on direct activation of synthetic polymers. The proposed procedure allowed us to produce ACs with ultrahigh specific surface area of up to 3432 m2 g−1 and volume of 0.5–4 nm pores up to 2.39 cm3 g−1. The application of the produced carbons in EDLCs based on IL electrolyte showed specific capacitance approaching 300 F g−1, which is unprecedented for carbon materials, and 5–8% performance improvement after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles at the very high current density of 10 A g−1. The remarkable characteristics of the produced materials and the capability of the fabricated EDLCs to operate safely in a wide electrochemical window at elevated temperatures, suggest that the proposed synthesis route offers excellent potential for large‐scale material production for EDLC use in electric vehicles and industrial applications.
The Different Designs of Molecule Logic Gates
Authors: Joachim Christian , Renaud Nicolas , Hliwa Mohamed 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFrom the bottom, it is demonstrated how all the known intramolecular single‐molecule logic gate architectures – semi‐classical circuits, quantum Hamiltonian circuits, and qubit circuits – are different versions of the quantum control of intramolecular processes. They only differ in the way the classical input data are encoded on the quantum molecular system and how the quantum‐to‐classical conversion proceeds to read the output.