bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Definition and Impact of Pathologic Complete Response on Prognosis After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Various Intrinsic Breast Cancer Subtypes
Authors: von Minckwitz Gunter , Untch Michael , Blohmer Jens-Uwe , Costa Serban D. , Eidtmann Holger , Fasching Peter A. , Gerber Bernd , Eiermann Wolfgang , Hilfrich Jörn , Huober Jens , Jackisch Christian , Kaufmann Manfred , Konecny Gottfried E. , Denkert Carsten , Nekljudova Valentina , Mehta Keyur , Loibl Sibylle 
Published: April 2012

Purpose The exact definition of pathologic complete response (pCR) and its prognostic impact on survival in intrinsic breast cancer subtypes is uncertain. Methods Tumor response at surgery and its association with long-term outcome of 6,377 patients with primary breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant anthracycline-taxane–based chemotherapy in seven randomized trials were analyzed. Results Disease-free survival (DFS) was significantly superior in patients with no invasive and no in situ residuals in breast or nodes (n = 955) compared with patients with residual ductal carcinoma in situ only (n = 309), no invasive residuals in breast but involved nodes (n = 186), only focal-invasive disease in the breast (n = 478), and gross invasive residual disease (n = 4,449; P < .001). Hazard ratios for DFS comparing patients with or without pCR were lowest when defined as no invasive and no in situ residuals (0.446) and increased monotonously when in situ residuals (0.523), no invasive breast residuals but involved nodes (0.623), and focal-invasive disease (0.727) were included in the definition. pCR was associated with improved DFS in luminal B/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –negative (P = .005), HER2-positive/nonluminal (P < .001), and triple-negative (P < .001) tumors but not in luminal A (P = .39) or luminal B/HER2-positive (P = .45) breast cancer. pCR in HER2-positive (nonluminal) and triple-negative tumors was associated with excellent prognosis. Conclusion pCR defined as no invasive and no in situ residuals in breast and nodes can best discriminate between patients with favorable and unfavorable outcomes. Patients with noninvasive or focal-invasive residues or involved lymph nodes should not be considered as having achieved pCR. pCR is a suitable surrogate end point for patients with luminal B/HER2-negative, HER2-positive (nonluminal), and triple-negative disease but not for those with luminal B/HER2-positive or luminal A tumors.
Patrícias, Patriarchy, and Popular Demobilization: Gender and Elite Hegemony in Brazil at the End of the Paraguayan War
Authors: Ipsen Wiebke 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This essay examines the role of upper-class Brazilian women (patrícias) in the public sphere during and after the Paraguayan War (1864–70). Barred from formal citizenship by the Constitution of 1824, upper-class women developed a form of “delicate citizenship” through which they projected themselves onto the national stage. In support of the war effort, they organized fund drives and sent uniforms and other supplies to the front. Following Brazil’s victory, they sponsored parades and other public festivities in honor of the returning troops. While hailing the army’s achievements in Paraguay, the victory celebrations also stressed the theme of peacetime demobilization and the return of the troops to their civilian roles and identities. Such demobilization would reduce or eliminate the potential political role of the veterans, drawn overwhelmingly from the country’s working-class and slave populations, and reaffirm the principles of monarchical rule and social inequality. Particularly important in the symbolism of the victory celebrations was Ana Néri, an upper-class widow and mother from Bahia who served as a nurse in Paraguay. Publicly embraced as the “mãe dos brasileiros” (mother of Brazilians), her embodiment of the female virtues of tenderness, caring, and self-sacrifice made her the perfect exemplar of the patricias’ movement and of delicate citizenship.
Rearrangements between differentiating hair cells coordinate planar polarity and the establishment of mirror symmetry in lateral-line neuromasts
Authors: Mirkovic Ivana , Pylawka Serhiy , Hudspeth A. J. 
Published: April 2012

Summary
In addition to their ubiquitous apical-basal polarity, many epithelia are also polarized along an orthogonal axis, a phenomenon termed planar cell polarity (PCP). In the mammalian inner ear and the zebrafish lateral line, PCP is revealed through the orientation of mechanosensitive hair cells relative to each other and to the body axes. In each neuromast, the receptor organ of the lateral line, hair bundles are arranged in a mirror-symmetrical fashion. Here we show that the establishment of mirror symmetry is preceded by rotational rearrangements between hair-cell pairs, a behavior consistently associated with the division of hair-cell precursors. Time-lapse imaging of trilobite mutants, which lack the core PCP constituent Vang-like protein 2 (Vangl2), shows that their misoriented hair cells correlate with misaligned divisions of hair-cell precursors and an inability to complete rearrangements accurately. Vangl2 is asymmetrically localized in the cells of the neuromast, a configuration required for accurate completion of rearrangements. Manipulation of Vangl2 expression or of Notch signaling results in a uniform hair-cell polarity, indicating that rearrangements refine neuromast polarity with respect to the body axes.
Drosophila Syncrip binds the gurken mRNA localisation signal and regulates localised transcripts during axis specification
Authors: McDermott Suzanne M. , Meignin Carine , Rappsilber Juri , Davis Ilan 
Published: April 2012

Summary
In the Drosophila oocyte, mRNA transport and localised translation play a fundamental role in axis determination and germline formation of the future embryo. gurken mRNA encodes a secreted TGF-α signal that specifies dorsal structures, and is localised to the dorso-anterior corner of the oocyte via a cis-acting 64 nucleotide gurken localisation signal. Using GRNA chromatography, we characterised the biochemical composition of the ribonucleoprotein complexes that form around the gurken mRNA localisation signal in the oocyte. We identified a number of the factors already known to be involved in gurken localisation and translational regulation, such as Squid and Imp, in addition to a number of factors with known links to mRNA localisation, such as Me31B and Exu. We also identified previously uncharacterised Drosophila proteins, including the fly homologue of mammalian SYNCRIP/hnRNPQ, a component of RNA transport granules in the dendrites of mammalian hippocampal neurons. We show that Drosophila Syncrip binds specifically to gurken and oskar, but not bicoid transcripts. The loss-of-function and overexpression phenotypes of syncrip in Drosophila egg chambers show that the protein is required for correct grk and osk mRNA localisation and translational regulation. We conclude that Drosophila Syncrip is a new factor required for localisation and translational regulation of oskar and gurken mRNA in the oocyte. We propose that Syncrip/SYNCRIP is part of a conserved complex associated with localised transcripts and required for their correct translational regulation in flies and mammals.
Embodied motivations for metaphorical meanings
Authors: Johansson Falck, Marlene , Gibbs, Jr., Raymond W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between people's mental imagery for their experiences of paths and roads and the metaphorical use of path and road in discourse. We report the results of two studies, one a survey examining people's mental imagery about their embodied experiences with paths and roads, with the second providing a corpus analysis of the ways path and road are metaphorically used in discourse. Our hypothesis is that both people's mental imagery for path and road, and speakers' use of these words in metaphorical contexts are strongly guided by their embodied understandings of real-world events related to travel on paths and roads. The results of these studies demonstrate how bodily experiences with artifacts partly constrains not only how specific conceptual metaphors emerge, but how different metaphorical understandings are applied in talk about abstract entities and events.
Phonetic and lexical gradience in Polish prefixed words
Authors: Kraska-Szlenk, Iwona , Żygis, Marzena 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe article focuses on the gradient phonetic effects occurring at the prefix-stem boundary in Polish and their phonological interpretation. The environment of a consonant-final prefix followed by a vowel-initial stem exhibits remarkable variation as to the presence of specific phonetic cues, ranging from their being completely absent or very weak to the presence of strong ones, such as the occurrence of a glottal stop combined with partial devoicing of the prefix-final consonant and full glottalization of the stem-initial vowel. A significant correlation is observed between the number of the phonetic cues marking the morphological boundary and the lexical frequency, as well as certain other factors. The gradient character of the prefix-stem juncture in Polish is independently motivated by the speakers' attitudes as revealed in a psycholinguistic test, which demonstrates that the low-level phonetic features contribute to the mental representation of language grammar. The discussion of the data is conducted in the larger context of Polish sandhi, phonotactics and neighbourhood density effects, providing a functional explanation of the analysed problem and of certain prefix-suffix asymmetries. All the evidence in the article points to the importance of language usage criteria in shaping a language grammar and to the necessity of recognizing this fact in linguistic analysis.
Towards a constructional account of high and low frequency binominal quantifiers in Spanish
Authors: Verveckken, Katrien 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper aims to provide a clearer understanding of the widely discussed topic of grammaticalization of constructions. One unresolved problem concerns the identification of the relevant constructional level of language change, i.e., either the substantial level of specific occurrences or the schematic level of generalizations. Another issue addressed in many current analyses is the degree of schematicity of analogical forces.The present case study addresses these questions in the context of Spanish binominal quantifiers, basing its claims on synchronic and diachronic corpus analysis. The synchronic layering of uses in Present-Day Spanish—which encompasses quantifying and premodifying uses in addition to literal head uses—will be argued to reflect the outcome of grammaticalization. The synchronic as well as diachronic semantic clustering of binominal quantifiers and the prototype function of high-frequency montón de ‘heap of’ are hypothesized to result from the close interaction between analogical thinking and conceptual persistence. In line with the usage-based approach to language change, the dramatic increase in frequency observed for quantifying montón de will lead me to distinguish several constructional levels of change and to establish a schematic ‘N1 de N2’ pattern linked to quantity as a driving force. The strong collocational preferences characterizing the individual binominal constructions, the systematicity of the premodifying use and the tendency to reinforce conceptual elements of the original head use will be accounted for by considering the quantity assessment of the (schematic) binominal string as just one possible realization of co-extensiveness, in addition to quality assessment.
The molecular basis of progesterone receptor action in breast carcinogenesis
Authors: Elizalde Patricia V. , Proietti Cecilia J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Progesterone plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in the mammary gland. In addition, experimental and clinical evidence points to a critical role of progesterone and the nuclear progesterone receptor (PR) in controlling mammary gland tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms of progesterone action in breast cancer still remain elusive. In its classical mechanism of action, PR acts as a ligand-induced transcription factor (TF) interacting directly with specific progesterone response elements (PREs) in the promoter of target genes. In addition to its transcriptional effects, PR activates signal transduction pathways through a rapid or non-genomic mechanism. Interestingly, progestin induces the expression of key genes involved in breast cancer growth, which lack PREs in their promoters, via a non-classical PR transcriptional mechanism through PR tethering to other TFs. Recent findings on steroid hormone receptor modulation of target genes raise the most exciting possibility that progestin may also induce long-range transcriptional control of gene expression via PR binding to cis-regulatory elements (PREs or half PREs) located far upstream or downstream from the trascriptional start site. This review will focus on the involvement and interplay of the different PR actions in breast cancer.
Aromatase inhibitors and breast cancer
Authors: Chumsri Saranya , Brodie Angela 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the second leading cause of death among women worldwide. The advent of hormonal therapy has revolutionized the treatment for breast cancer for a century. In the 1960s, an important advance was the development of the antiestrogen tamoxifen. While this drug has had a major impact on breast cancer treatment, its partial agonist activity is associated with increased risk of stroke and endometrial cancer as well as drug resistance. One of the breakthroughs in breast cancer treatment is the discovery of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in the early 1970s. AIs have proven to be effective in treating hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and lack the estrogenic effects of tamoxifen. They are now considered to be the standard treatment for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. While AIs are effective in treating hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, resistance to AIs inevitably occurs in metastatic setting after prolonged suppression of estrogen production. This chapter summarizes the evolution of AIs, clinical efficacy of AIs, mechanisms of AI resistance, and the strategies to overcome resistance.
Effective Analgesia Using Physical Interventions for Infant Immunizations
Authors: Harrington John W. , Logan Stacey , Harwell Courtney , Gardner Jessica , Swingle Jessica , McGuire Erin , Santos Rosemarie 
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND:
To measure the analgesic effectiveness of the 5 S’s (swaddling, side/stomach position, shushing, swinging, and sucking) alone and combined with sucrose, during routine immunizations at 2 and 4 months.

METHODS:
We conducted a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with 2- and 4-month-old infants during well-child visits. Patients were assigned into 4 groups (2 × 2) receiving either 2 mL of water or 2 mL of 24% oral sucrose and then either standard-of-care comfort measures by parents or intervention with the 5 S’s immediately postvaccination. The Modified Riley Pain Score was used to score the infants’ pain at 15-second intervals for 2 minutes, then every 30 seconds up to 5 minutes postvaccination. Repeated-measures analysis of variance examined between group differences and within-subject variability of treatment effect on overall pain scores and length of crying.

RESULTS:
Two hundred thirty infants were enrolled. Results revealed significantly different mean pain scores between study groups with the exception of the 5S’s and 5S’s with sucrose groups. These 2 groups had lower similar mean scores over time, followed by sucrose alone, then control. The same trend was found with the proportion of children crying as with the mean pain score outcome measure.

CONCLUSIONS:
Physical intervention of the 5 S’s (swaddling, side/stomach position, shushing, swinging, and sucking) provided decreased pain scores on a validated pain scale and decreased crying time among 2- and 4-month-old infants during routine vaccinations. The use of 5S’s did not differ from 5S’s and sucrose.
Risk Factors for Hospitalization With Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children in Rural Alaska
Authors: Bulkow Lisa R. , Singleton Rosalyn J. , DeByle Carolynn , Miernyk Karen , Redding Gregory , Hummel Kimberlee Boyd , Chikoyak Lori , Hennessy Thomas W. 
Published: April 2012

OBJECTIVE:
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are a major cause of morbidity for children worldwide and particularly for children from developing and indigenous populations. In this study, we evaluated risk factors for hospitalization with LRTI in a region in southwest Alaska.

METHODS:
The study was conducted from October 1, 2006, to September 30, 2007, in the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta region of Alaska. Cases were recruited from children &lt;3 years of age hospitalized with LRTI. Controls were recruited during visits to the surrounding communities in the region and matched posthoc to cases on the basis of subregion, season, and age. Parents were interviewed for potential risk factors, and medical records were reviewed. Participants had a nasopharyngeal swab sample taken for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for a panel of respiratory viruses. Samples positive for respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, or parainfluenza type 3 were quantitated by reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR.

RESULTS:
One hundred twenty-eight cases were matched to 186 controls. In a multivariable conditional logistic regression model, significantly (P &lt; .05) increased risk of hospitalization was associated with medically high-risk status, having a woodstove in the house, being bottle fed, and vomiting after feeding; living in a house that had 2 or more rooms with sinks was a protective factor. Viral loads in hospitalized cases were significantly higher than those in controls, but a strict cutoff level was not observed.

CONCLUSIONS:
Several risk factors for LRTI hospitalization were identified in this high risk population. Some factors are amenable to environmental and behavioral interventions.
Antenatal Glucocorticoid Exposure and Long-Term Alterations in Aortic Function and Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Kelly Brenda A. , Lewandowski Adam J. , Worton Stephanie A. , Davis Esther F. , Lazdam Merzaka , Francis Jane , Neubauer Stefan , Lucas Alan , Singhal Atul , Leeson Paul 
Published: April 2012

OBJECTIVE:
Animal studies have demonstrated long-term effects of in utero glucocortcoid exposure on vascular development and glucose metabolism. We hypothesized that there would be a similar impact in humans.

METHODS:
One hundred and two young adults born preterm aged 23 to 28 years, with prospective data collection from birth, and 95 adults born term after uncomplicated pregnancies underwent cardiovascular MRI. We compared cardiac and aortic structure and function, as well as cardiovascular risk profile, in a nested case-control study of 16 participants exposed to antenatal steroids and 32 who were not, but with otherwise similar perinatal care. Outcomes were compared with normal ranges in those born term.

RESULTS:
Adults whose mothers had received antenatal steroids had decreased ascending aortic distensibility (9.88 ± 3.21 vs 13.62 ± 3.88 mm Hg−1 × 103, P = .002) and increased aortic arch pulse wave velocity (5.45 ± 1.41 vs 4.47 ± 0.91 m/s, P = .006). The increase in stiffness was equivalent to that of term adults a decade older. Those who had in utero exposure to antenatal steroids also had significant differences in homeostatic model assessments for β-cell function (P = .010), but in multiple regression analysis this did not explain the impact of steroids on aortic function.

CONCLUSIONS:
Antenatal glucocorticoid exposure in preterm infants is associated with increased aortic arch stiffness and altered glucose metabolism in early adulthood.
A Nonzero Gap Two-dimensional Carbon Allotrope from Porous Graphene
Authors: Brunetto Gustavo , Santos Bruno I. , Autreto Pedro A. S. , Machado Leonadro D. , dos Santos Ricardo P. B. , Galvao Douglas S. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTGraphene has been one of the hottest topics in materials science in the last years. Because of its special electronic properties graphene is considered one of the most promising materials for future electronics. However, in its pristine form graphene is a gapless semiconductor, which poses some limitations to its use in some transistor electronics. Many approaches have been tried to create, in a controlled way, a gap in graphene. These approaches have obtained limited successes. Recently, hydrogenated graphene-like structures, the so-called porous graphene, have been synthesized. In this work we show, based on ab initio quantum molecular dynamics calculations, that porous graphene dehydrogenation can lead to a spontaneous formation of a nonzero gap two-dimensional carbon allotrope, called biphenylene carbon (BC). Besides exhibiting an intrinsic nonzero gap value, BC also presents well delocalized frontier orbitals, suggestive of a structure with high electronic mobility. Possible synthetic routes to obtain BC from porous graphene are addressed.
Structure and Field Electron Emission of Carbon Nanotubes Dependent on Growth Temperature
Authors: Huh Yoon , Lee Jeong Yong , Lee Tae Jae , Lyu Seung Chul , Lee Cheol Jin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis present work deals with the temperature dependence on the growth and structure of CNTs grown by thermal CVD. The vertically aligned CNTs are synthesized on iron (Fe)-deposited silicon oxide (SiO2) substrate by thermal CVD using acetylene gas at temperatures in the range 750-950°C. Configuration and structural characteristics of CNTs have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As the growth temperature increases from 750 to 950°C, the growth rate and the average diameter increase while the density decreases by a factor of about 2. TEM images show that the relative amount of crystalline graphitic sheets increases with increasing the growth temperature and a higher degree of crystalline perfection can be achieved at 950°C. The HRTEM images reveal consistently that the degree of crystalline perfection increases progressively as the growth temperature increases. This result demonstrates that the growth rate, diameter, density, and crystallinity of carbon nanotubes can be controlled with the growth temperature.