bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Study of Adsorption of Iodine on Carbon Black by Inverse Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Maafa D. , Balard H. , Donnet J. B. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The study of iodine adsorption on carbon black samples was made using inverse liquid chromatographic frontal analysis (ILC). Unlike HPLC supports, the efficiency of the chromatographic column filled with a carbon black designed for rubber applications is low. Then the front boundaries of a non-adsorbed molecule, like heavy water (D2O) or acetone, was taken as reference for the calculation of the desorption isotherms. The monolayer capacity of adsorption, Langmuir's and Henry's constants were determined from the desorption isotherms. It was observed that 40% of the surface of the studied carbon black corresponds to a phenomenon of irreversible adsorption of the probe, and that the ILC also highlighted the heterogeneity of the studied carbon black. The adsorption energy distribution functions of iodine obtained by this method are similar to those which were already determined by IGC-FC with the heptane -like probe. The differences in behaviors between two families of carbon black could be attributed to the surface roughness.
Use of Benzene-1,3-Bis(Sulfonyl)Azide as Crosslinking Agent of TPVs Based on EPDM Rubber—Polyolefin Blends
Authors: López Manchado Miguel A. , Kenny† José M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The use of innovative crosslinking agents for the preparation of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) is investigated. In this preliminary study, the most common TPV systems, based on polypropylene (iPP) and ethylene—propylene—diene terpolymer rubber (EPDM) blends, are studied. Among typical vulcanization agents, only the peroxides are able to crosslink saturated elastomers, however, they present the disadvantage that give rise to chain scission of the thermoplastic matrix. For this reason, the main goal of the present study is to investigate a new vulcanization agent for elastomeric matrices, which also permit the dynamic vulcanization process in their blends with polyolefins. This agent is based on a diazide derivative, benzene-1,3-bis(sulfonyl)azide that, for the specific behavior of the sulfonyl azide group, allows its interaction with the carbon—hydrogen bonds of the elastomeric phase and of the polyolefin. The study includes the dynamic vulcanization of PP—EPDM blends and their rheological, mechanical and thermal characterization. A comparison with traditional TPVs prepared with sulfur as vulcanization agent is also presented.
Effect of Aluminum Powder on Filled Natural Rubber Composites
Authors: Vinod V. S. , Varghese Siby , Alex Rosamma , Kuriakose Baby 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The effect of aluminum powder on the properties of natural rubber composites containing high abrasion furnace black (HAF), general purpose furnace black (GPF), acetylene black, china clay and precipitated silica was studied. In all cases the total filler content including aluminum powder is fixed at 40 parts per hundred rubber (phr). Gradual replacement of these fillers by aluminum powder showed a marked increase in thermal conductivity. This increased thermal conductivity of aluminum powder filled composites decreased the vulcanization time and led to uniform curing throughout the material, especially for thick articles. Mechanical properties like tensile strength, tear strength, rebound resilience, heat build-up, hardness, compression set, etc., are comparatively better for these composites. Aluminum powder incorporated vulcanizates also showed good resistance against thermal aging and oxidative degradation. Thus, use of aluminum powder in rubber compounds can lead to energy saving in the vulcanization of thick rubber articles and enhance the service life of such rubber products.
Filler Dispersion, Network Density, and Tire Rolling Resistance
Authors: Nikiel Leszek , Gerspacher Michel , Yang Henry , O'Farrell Charles P. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The filler dispersion is an essential rubber compound characteristic. Traction, treadwear, and rolling resistance are affected by filler dispersion. The quantification of dispersion is a length scale phenomenon. The existing experimental tools, which are capable of measuring dispersion, for example transmission electron microscopy (TEM), mechanical scanning microscopy (MSM), optical microscopy, and reflectometry, have limitations and the information they provide may not probe the relevant scale length. The recent advance in instrumentation allows one to include electrical measurements in the arsenal of tools available to quantify the dispersion. This paper reviews the range of dispersion measurements and the correlation with compound dynamic properties is presented.
Coupled Response Model for Elastomeric Bushings
Authors: Kadlowec Jennifer , Wineman Alan , Hulbert Gregory 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Elastomeric bushings are essential components in tuning vehicle suspension systems. A nonlinear viscoelastic force—deformation relation, which is computationally convenient for use in multibody dynamics simulations of automotive suspensions, is presented. This force—deformation relation extends a single mode force—deformation relation to include coupling effects due to combined radial—torsional deformations. The relation contains a force relaxation function, which is dependent upon the radial displacements and angular rotations imposed on the bushing. The relaxation function is constructed using experimental results from bushing tests under radial, torsional and coupled radial—torsional deformation modes. It is shown that the predictions of the proposed relation are in good agreement with experimental results.
Micromechanical Testing of Polyisobutylene—Polystyrene Block-Type Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: St. Lawrence S. , Shinozaki D. M. , Gerchcovich M. , Myler U. , Puskas J. E. , Kaszas Gabor 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The mechanical properties of a variety of linear triblock copolymers (polysytrene-polyisobutylene-polystyrene, PS-PIB-PS) have been measured. The molecules were synthesized using living carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene, followed by the sequential addition of the second monomer, styrene. The microstructure of the resulting materials was examined as a function of mass fraction of PS using transmission electron microscopy of stained thin films. At small mass fractions, the reinforcing phase (PS) was distributed within the rubbery PIB phase, and the composite could be considered micromechanically using the Bard and Chung model. The comparison of experiment to theory revealed a strong mechanical dependence on Langley-Graessley intermolecular entanglement in the PIB phase. At higher mass fractions the microstructure was seen to consist of interpenetrating networks similar to the double gyroid morphology reported for block copolymers. The experimental approach involved the preparation of solution cast transmission electron microscopy specimens from which the undistorted size, distribution and arrangement of phases could be measured, and the similar preparation of thicker tensile specimens from which the accurate mechanical response could be measured. In this way the correlation between the microstructure and deformation was made accurately. The unique mechanical testing methods and instrumentation to measure tensile properties of thin samples were described.
A Fundamental Approach of the Cord Calendering Process
Authors: Nijman Gerard 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Calendering is one of the oldest rubber processing technologies. It is known that coating of fabrics has been done for almost 200 years. Steel cord and fabric cord topping is one of the processes in tire manufacturing. Specifications and tolerances for calendered cords are very tough. It is especially difficult to fulfill the thickness variation across the calendered ply and the cord density (end count). Modern calender lines are very complicated in order to fulfill these requirements. Despite that there is rather little research work done in the field of rubber calendering. The level of research was reduced when extruders started to become more common in the 1970s. The purpose of this paper is to present a calender model based on the flow in the nip of two rolls. The pressure build-up in the clearance explains the influence of roll deflection on geometrical parameters. It is also related to roll wear and therefore on long term consistency of the quality of calendered cord. Roll deflection compensating methods and their influence on quality are presented from the point of view of the presented model. Roll crowning specifications are explained and a discussion of why cord tension is needed to keep the end count constant is also given.
Effects of Time and Temperature on the Reaction of Tespt Silane Coupling Agent During Mixing with Silica Filler and Tire Rubber
Authors: Reuvekamp L. A. E. M. , ten Brinke J. W. , van Swaaij P. J. , Noordermeer J. W. M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The addition of a coupling agent to silica-rubber compounds enhances the filler-matrix compatibility. Under certain mixing conditions the surface of the filler may be only partly activated, which may have an adverse effect on the properties in the final product. Some coupling agents may also act as sulfur donor. The dump temperature employed during mixing and the length of time the compound is exposed to that temperature govern the reaction mechanisms of the coupling agent and determine whether the agent leads to the formation of a silica-rubber bond or acts as a curing agent. A temperature of at least 130 °C is necessary to ensure that the reaction between the coupling agent and the silica proceeds, whereas the coupling agent starts to react with the rubber or to donate sulfur, resulting in scorching, at temperatures above 160 °C. An increase in the 300% modulus and/or G' at 100% strain above 150 °C is an indication of scorching caused by the sulfur in the coupling agent. No scorching is observed when a coupling agent without sulfur is used. Another important parameter is the mixing time. It was observed that the coupling agent must be mixed with the silica for at least 10 minutes at 150 °C to obtain a sufficient degree of coupling.
Study of Rubber-Brass Adhesion Mechanism by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kim Jong Myoung , van Ooij Wim J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The sulfidization reaction of brass was studied in a squalene model system by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, TOF-SIMS. Fragments of the accelerator were observed on the surface of the brass and their concentration changed with reaction time. Copper sulfide formation in the brass panels was confirmed from the TOF-SIMS spectra. The composition of the brass panels could be studied by varying the analysis depth. TOF-SIMS spectra of copper sulfide layer showed a pattern of cluster formation. Cobalt was observed to exist in the sulfide film partly in combination with carbon. Evidence was found of covalent bonding between copper sulfides and squalene.
Sensitivities in the Production and Design of EPDM Rubber Springs
Authors: Naveh N. , Vittoser J. , Glikman Z. , Putter S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Modeling and robustness are two major concerns in the design and fabrication of rubber springs. This work is part of an extended program to investigate the relationships between rubber formulation, spring design, production variables, and spring performance throughout their useful life. The robustness of an EPDM compound to variations in composition or process parameters has been evaluated. The effect of crosslinker content, source of carbon black and mixing, was assessed in terms of standard mechanical properties. The elastic moduli were measured on lab size specimens and used to successfully model the behavior of a large toroidal rubber spring. Modeling included tailoring the cross-sectional shape and chamfering the corners to reduce strain levels, thus enabling spring compression up to 25% of its height with moderate strain. The spring behavior is unaffected by the scatter in friction at assembly stage or during service. The cross-sectional shape is shown to be a major factor in the spring behavior.
Synthesis and Rheological Characterization of Branched Versus Linear Solution Styrene-Butadiene Rubber
Authors: Kerns Michael L. , Henning Steven K. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
By mediating the reactivity of the initiator/modifier system toward metallation of the polymer backbone, we have developed synthetic strategies that effectively control the relative level of branching and polydispersity in SSBR. This development has allowed for the optimization of both the microstructure and macrostructure of solution elastomers to meet the demands of a given application. In this study, we have taken the approach of controlling the polymer macrostructure by adjusting our initiator/modifier system so as to mediate the propensity for backbone metallation to occur. Understanding it is from the metallated sites along the polymer backbone that branches tend to propagate, we have demonstrated the ability to produce varying degrees of branching. Several synthetic strategies were employed in order to impose control over the levels of branching in solution SBRs. The macrostructure is the independent variable in this study and subtle differences can have profound effects on the rheology and, thus, mixing, extruding and even physical properties of the resultant compound. Polymer samples were characterized by light scattering and several rheological tests to determine the relative levels of branching in order to verify the proposed synthetic mechanisms that underlie branching control.
Thermal Properties of Tire Cords and their Effects on Post-Curing Inflation of Tires
Authors: Lim Won Woo 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We simulated tensile properties of several heat-treated tire cords in a laboratory in order to know the carcass cords' properties in post-curing and non-post-curing inflated tires. We also compared the tensile properties of the simulated cords with those of carcass cords in tires and examined an optimum post-curing inflation condition. After curing tires, EASL (Elongation At Specified Load) of carcass cords in tires was higher than that of raw cords. Following the curing, the EASL decreased orderly depending on post-curing inflation time. Tensile properties of carcass cords in non-post-curing inflated tires were almost the same as compared to those of fully relaxed cords by heating at a curing temperature. Post-curing inflation had an effect on increasing modulus of carcass cords in tires. The effect can also be significant when tires are cooled down to glass transition temperature of the carcass cords.
Increase of Frictional Force of Rubber Block by Uniform Contact Pressure Distribution and its Application to Tire
Authors: Nakajima Y. , Takahashi F. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The theorem on the relationship between pressure distribution and the frictional force was derived: “The frictional force is maximized when the pressure distribution is uniform, if μ(P)P is convex with respect to P where μ(P) and P are friction coefficient and pressure.” In order to verify this theorem, the surface shape of the rubber block with the uniform pressure distribution was designed by the optimization technique. The surface shape of the optimized block was dependent on the friction coefficient of contact surface. The optimized block for dry surface increased the frictional force two to ten percent on dry steel and the optimized block for ice surface increased eight percent on ice. The technology of optimized block for dry surface was applied to a tire and verified to be effective for traction on dry asphalt road, maneuverability, comfort and wear.
Ultrasonically Treated Polypropylene/Ground Tire Rubber Blends
Authors: Oh Jeong Seok , Isayev A. I. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Compounding ground tire rubber (GRT) with commercial polyolefins such as polypropylene (PP) is a possible way of recycling GRT. These new blends can provide low cost materials. The present study describes new materials which are obtained by the ultrasonically treated PP/GRT blends. In order to improve the efficiency of the treatment process, a new ultrasonic reactor was built. In this reactor, two horns were placed in a slit die which is attached to a plastic extruder. PP/GRT blends mixed by using a twin screw extruder were passed through the reactor to devulcanize GRT. Then the blends were dynamically revulcanized using an internal mixer. Mechanical properties, rheology and morphology of the obtained blends were studied. Under optimal conditions of ultrasonic treatment, the mechanical properties of the blends were improved in comparison with our earlier experiments.
Contributions of Time Dependent and Cyclic Crack Growth to the Crack Growth Behavior of Non Strain-Crystallizing Elastomers
Authors: Busfield J. J. C. , Tsunoda K. , Davies C. K. L. , Thomas A. G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Engineering components are observed to fail more rapidly under cyclic loading than under static loading. This reflects features of the underlying crack growth behavior. This behavior is characterized by the relation between the tearing energy, T, and the crack growth per cycle, dc/dn. The increment of crack growth during each cycle is shown here to result from the sum of time dependent and cyclic crack growth components. The time dependent component represents the crack growth behavior that would be present in a conventional constant T crack growth test. Under repeated stressing additional crack growth, termed the cyclic crack growth component, occurs. For a non-crystallizing elastomer, significant effects of frequency have been found on the cyclic crack growth behavior, reflecting the presence of this cyclic element of crack growth. The cyclic crack growth behavior over a wide range of frequencies was investigated for unfilled and swollen SBR materials. The time dependent crack growth component was calculated from constant T crack growth tests and the cyclic contribution derived from comparison with the observed cyclic growth. It is shown that decreasing the frequency or increasing the maximum tearing energy during a cycle results in the cyclic crack growth behavior being dominated by time dependent crack growth. Conversely at high frequency and at low tearing energy, cyclic crack growth is dominated by the cyclic crack growth component. A large effect of frequency on cyclic crack growth behavior was observed for highly swollen SBR. The cyclic crack growth behavior was dominated by the time dependent crack growth component over the entire range of tearing energy and/or crack growth rate. The origin of the cyclic component may be the formation/melting of quasi crystals at the crack tip, which is absent at fast crack growth rates in the unswollen SBR and is absent at all rates in the swollen SBR.
Effect of MAH Modified Carbon Black Prepared by Solid State Grafting in situ on the Adhesion Between Nylon 66 Cords and Natural Rubber and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of the Vulcanizates
Authors: Jia Demin , Zhang Xiliang 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Effect of maleic anhydride (MAH) modified carbon black prepared by solid state grafting in situ on the adhesion between nylon 66 cords and natural rubber was investigated by H pull out and flat belts-determination of ply adhesion test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results, which are cords bulk failure and rubber bulk failure in the two tests for unaged and aged samples employing MAH modified carbon black respectively, shown that good adhesion between cords and rubber interfaces is formed for the samples and kept in the two tests. This indicates that MAH modified carbon black can effectively enhance RFL dipped nylon 66 cords to natural rubber adhesion. In our viewpoint, the reason of the results is that active reaction groups introduced onto the carbon black surface by modification reacted with RFL; hence, integration effect was formed between dipped RFL nylon 66 cords and natural rubber interfaces. DMA results show that the modification of carbon black with MAH can effectively lower the rolling resistance of natural rubber vulcanizates. Mechanical property studies indicate carbon black modified with MAH is beneficial to keep higher tensile strength and elongation, especially for the aged vulcanizates.
The Modification of Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubber with Vinylcyclohexyl Ketone
Authors: Resulov Niyazi Şahidoğlu , Sari Bekir , Talu Muzaffer 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Butadiene-acrylonitrile-vinylcyclohexyl ketone (BD-AN-VCHK) terpolymer was synthesized by radical polymerization. The structure of the synthesized terpolymer was elucidated by IR spectroscopy and physical and mechanical tests. BD-AN-VCHK terpolymer was stable at lower temperatures and exhibited good adhesive properties. It was also observed that the yield of terpolymer was dependent upon the initial concentration of VCHK and pH of the media. The percentage of conversion increased by increasing the initial concentration of VCHK. With addition of 10.8% VCHK to the BD-AN mixture, the glass transition temperature (Tg) value of the polymers decreased from −40 °C to −57 °C. However further increase of VCHK ratio (20.4%) resulted in the formation of the polymers with Tg value of −48 °C. It was shown that this was due to the fact that VCHK, entering the structure during polymerization process, converted the trans structure of butadiene sequences into the cis form.
Surface Morphology of Thermal, Furnace and Pyrolytic Carbon Blacks by Nitrogen Adsorption - Relation to the Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Pantea Dana , Darmstadt Hans , Kaliaguine Serge , Blacher Silvia , Roy Christian 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The surface morphology of various carbon blacks was studied by low-pressure nitrogen adsorption. The shape of their low-pressure nitrogen isotherm depends on the concentration of surface defects. This defect concentration on the surface is different for thermal blacks, even for those of the same grade. Different surface morphologies were also observed for carbon blacks obtained by pyrolysis of truck tires. The concentration of defects increased with pyrolysis pressure. For the various furnace blacks, however, similar surface morphologies were observed. The electrical conductivity of thermal and pyrolytic carbon blacks decreases with increasing defect concentration. However, in spite of a similar surface morphology, different conductivities were observed for furnace blacks. The carbon black surface morphology is therefore not a determining factor for the electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the graphitic character of the carbon black surface was studied by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). For thermal, furnace and pyrolytic carbon blacks, the conductivity increased with increasing graphitic character of the carbon black surface, thus underlining the importance of this parameter.
Insulation Materials for Wire and Cable Applications
Authors: Mead J. L. , Tao Z. , Liu H. S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A wide range of polymers has been used for wire and cable insulation. Older materials include natural, butyl, and styrene-butadiene rubber. Newer materials include crosslinked polyethylene, silicone rubber, ethylene-propylene elastomers, and thermoplastic elastomers. Properties of importance to electrical insulation ability include dielectric constant, resistivity, dielectric loss, and dielectric strength. Flame resistance is also important in certain applications. This paper reviews the different polymeric materials used in cable constructions and the important electrical properties for material selection.