bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lithological and faunal stratigraphy of the Aptian and Albian (Lower Cretaceous) of the type Speeton Clay, Speeton, north-east England
Authors: Mitchell Simon F. , Underwood Charlie J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Study of the Aptian and Albian parts of the Speeton Clay Formation at Speeton, North Yorkshire, has produced a detailed stratigraphy and a large collection of stratigraphically constrained fossils, despite the general poor state of exposure. This has allowed the development of a readily applicable bed numbering scheme and detailed faunal (macrofossil, foraminifera and ostracod) range charts. The Barremian-Aptian boundary is marked by the appearance of abundant examples of the ammonite
Prodeshayesites
and a marked lithological change from black shale to sandy mudstone. Higher parts of the Aptian have yielded abundant faunas, including ammonites of the
fissicostatus, forbesi
and
deshayesi
zones; the base of the
forbesi
Zone marked by the incoming of Ewaldi Marl facies. Poorly fossiliferous silty shales of the Albian
tardefurcata
Zone are succeeded by a bed with glauconite and phosphate pebbles, interpreted as marking the base of the
mammillatum
Superzone. This is overlain by fossiliferous clays of the Lower Albian and part of the Middle Albian. Range charts for macrofossils and microfossils from the Upper Barremian to Middle Albian of Speeton are constructed and biozones indicated. Aptian and Lower Albian successions inland of Speeton are highly variable, probably due to intra mid-Cretaceous fault movements. The same general stratigraphy as at Speeton, however, may be seen across much of the southern North Sea.
An epibiont and the functional morphology of the column of a platycrinitid crinoid
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. , Lewis David N. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The columns of the Upper Palaeozoic, monobathrid platycrinitid crinoids are generally considered to be highly flexible due to the presence of well developed synarthrial articulations. However, in some species these are modified to symplectial or syzygial articulations of unusual geometry. That the latter are essentially inflexible is suggested by a unique specimen from the Brigantian of Coverdale, Yorkshire, intimately encrusted during life by the tabulate coral
Cladochonus.
Such rigid articulations are associated with the attachment structure, giving these crinoids a particularly xenomorphic column with respect to articulation, despite a conservative external appearance which may lead to erroneous deductions concerning function.
Palaeocurrent direction and velocity in the Great/Main Limestone on the Alston and Askrigg blocks of northern England
Authors: Fairbairn R. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Productids, corals and crinoid stems have been used to determine the palaeocurrent direction and velocity in the ‘Fossil Posts’ of the Great/Main Limestone of the Alston and Askrigg Blocks. In Yorkshire the predominant current direction was from the south. In Teesdale and Weardale the current was from the south-east, becoming more from the east in the head of Weardale. The current velocity, as determined by the presence of orientated corals,
Latiproductus, Gigantoproductus
or crinoids, falls within the narrow range of 15 to 30 cm/s.
Correlation between the nannofossil and macrofossil biostratigraphies and the lithostratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous of NE England
Authors: Burnett Jackie A. , Whitham Felix 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

To supplement the recent documentation of the stratigraphy of the Ferriby, Welton, Burnham and Flamborough Chalk formations by Whitham, a study of the nannofloras of this region was undertaken, allowing correlation between the lithostratigraphical units, the macrofossil zones and the recently revised standard nannofossil zonation scheme for the Upper Cretaceous. Attention is draw to the sequence of integrated nannofossil and macrofossil events around the stage boundaries, and some preliminary comparisons of the nannofossil events are made with those of southern England and northern Germany. It is suggested that further biostratigraphical work needs to be carried out through the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary interval, in order to determine the precise relationship between the nannofossil events and the boundary event. The view that the nannofossil
Marthasterites furcatus
is a suitable marker for the Turonian/Coniacian boundary is reiterated as being erroneous. Documentation of the nannofloras of NE England have proved them to have been influenced by a northern high-latitude (boreal) palaeobiogeographical setting during the Late Cretaceous.
Reconnaissance hydrogeochemical evaluation of an abandoned Pb – Zn orefield, Nent Valley, Cumbria, UK
Authors: Nuttall C. A. , Younger P. L. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Nent Valley is underlain by cyclic successions of Carboniferous rocks unconformably resting upon Lower Palaeozoic basement rocks intruded by Lower Devonian granites. Mineralization of this sequence created a large, once productive ore-field. Two centuries of intense lead and zinc ore extraction have created over 90 adits in the Nent Valley, five of which presently discharge metal-rich water to the River Nent with serious consequences for the flora and fauna. High aquatic zinc concentrations are toxic to fish and cause a depletion in invertebrate food supply, consequently decreasing fish populations. Mine waters are rich in several ecotoxic metals (lead, zinc and cadmium). By computer modelling the speciation of these elements and the phases in which they occur it is hoped that a mechanism for the removal of metals as mineral phases can be devised. The effect of passing mine waters through an aerobic system such as a constructed wetland was modelled and no change in species distribution or mineral phase saturation was observed. Modelling showed that a small pH rise would remove zinc from the mine waters as the carbonate (smithsonite). If active treatment were considered, the mine waters could be diverted and treated together by making full use of the Nent Force Level, a feature that was created during the mining era.
Lower Carboniferous sponges from the Craven Reef Belt of North Yorkshire
Authors: Rigby J. Keith , Mundy D. J. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Fossil sponges are significant elements in framework facies of Late Visean Cracoean reefs of northern England. In the Craven Reef Belt (North Yorkshire), lithistid demosponges, including
Scheiia castletonense
(Wolfenden 1959),
Haplistion carbonaria
(Wolfenden 1959) and
Haplistion mega
sp. nov., occur along with the less abundant, sphinctozoid demosponge
Sollasia ramosa
sp. nov. in this facies.
Scheiia castletonense
is an irregular globose to mound-shaped tricranocladinid hindiid sponge with irregular secondary branchlike growths in which the canal and skeletal structure are continuous with those of the globular part of the sponge. Both species of
Haplistion
are rhizomorinid lithistid sponges.
Haplistion mega
is a lobate sponge characterized by moderately coarse skeletal tracts that are relatively far apart, in contrast to the fine tracts and closer spacing in the more common globose to subspherical
Haplistion carbonaria
. The aporate ‘sphinctozoan’
Sollasia ramosa,
commonly appears in the available sections as isolated spherical chambers because of its relatively loose branching habit and the beadlike to moniliform series of spherical chambers in each branch.
An outline of the lithostratigraphy and depositional history of Quaternary deposits in the Sellafield district, west Cumbria
Authors: Merritt J. W. , Auton C. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A lithostratigraphical framework has been erected for Quaternary deposits of the Sellafield district in west Cumbria. It has enabled a sequence of glacial and deglacial events to be established that is one of the most detailed for the last glacial-inter-glacial cycle onshore in Britain and provides new constraints on models of the evolution of the Irish Sea basin during the last 120 000 years. The products of at least one major pre-Devensian (Oxygen Isotope Stage 6 or older) glaciation have been recorded in cored boreholes around Drigg and Nether Wasdale. Ice flowing from Wasdale terminated in proglacial lakes on two occasions during OIS 3 and 4 and an intervening cold-water marine incursion occurred that reached a height of at least 20 m below present sea level, probably during OIS 3. Glaciers emerged again from the Lake District during the build-up of the main Late Devensian ice sheet, which appears to have reached its maximum extent early in OIS 2, when the whole district was glaciated. Scottish ice flowing into the northern Irish Sea basin eventually deflected local ice southwards. The Irish Sea ice stream became dominant again during several readvances that followed a significant deglacial event. The first readvance (Gosforth Oscillation) over-rode most of the coastal plain. The last major one (Scottish Readvance) proglacially tectonized the glacigenic sequence along the coast, forming a push moraine at St Bees. Thick sequences of glaciolacustrine sediment accumulated within the major valleys of the district, both before and after the Gosforth Oscillation, when ice at the coast caused considerable ponding of meltwater inland.
Devensian Lateglacial and early Holocene floral and faunal records from NE Northumberland
Authors: Jones R. L. , Keen D. H. , Robinson J. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYRadiocarbon-dated Late Devensian and early Holocene pollen, molluscan and ostracod assemblages, from the sediments of an infilled kettle-hole lake near Wooler in north-eastern Northumberland, are described and discussed in both a local and a wider context. During the Lateglacial interstadial, open birch woodland developed for a short time after herbaceous vegetation had first dominated the surrounding landscape. Scrub was present for the remainder of the interstadial. Mollusca and Ostracoda immigrated into the lake during the pre-woodland phase of the interstadial, then disappeared, perhaps due to a climatic deterioration. A depauperate fauna returned in the latter part of the interstadial, when a less hostile aquatic environment may have existed. In the succeeding Loch Lomond Stadial, a periglacial climate led to tundra-like vegetation and to the extirpation once again of the lacustrine fauna. In the early Holocene,Betula-thenCorylus-dominated woodland was preceded by scrub and heath. Mollusca and Ostracoda recolonized the water body at the start of the Holocene, with the former quickly developing a diverse fauna. Two episodes of increased lake level with an intervening fall are suggested by the faunal assemblages. The second rise in water level was accompanied by vegetation changes in its environs, which may have been linked to a wetter and cooler climate than that which preceded it, and which occurred between 8000 and 7000 BP.
Emplacement of the Great Whin Dolerite Complex and the Little Whin Sill in relation to the structure of northern England
Authors: Johnson G. A. L. , Dunham K. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
By definition, sills are concordant, tabular sheet-like bodies of igneous rock with the Great Whin Sill of northern England often quoted as a primary example. Analysis of surface and subsurface records of the Great Whin shows that it is seldom concordant over wide areas and usually rises and falls in the stratigraphical succession in gentle transgressions and abrupt jumps to new levels. The term ‘sill’ is not used here for the Great Whin complex, but is used for the related Little Whin Sill of Weardale, Co. Durham. Studies of the petrology of the dolerite Whin complex have brought out significant differences between the Little Whin and the Great Whin. The Little Whin Sill is olivine-bearing and believed to be composed of an early differentiate of the Whin dolerite magma. The Great Whin, non-olivine-bearing and slightly density graded, is a later differentiate of the Whin magma. Two separate periods of Whin dolerite injection are confirmed by studies of vitrinite reflectance over the Alston Block where two periods of Whin contact metamorphism have been recognized. The two periods of Whin dolerite emplacement form part of the end-Carboniferous earth movements in northern England. They can be shown to have occurred between a period of compression from a W-SW direction and later gentle doming of the Alston Block near the Westphalian-Stephanian boundary, dated about 300-295 Ma.
Supergene processes in galena-replacement mineralization from the Longstone Edge vein system, Derbyshire
Authors: Jeffrey C. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The occurrence of an unusual galena-rich replacement flat with a well developed supergene assemblage, from the South Pennine Orefield, has been investigated. The reason for a galena-rich flat at this location has not been ascertained but the form of the deposit demonstrates a combination of lithological and structural controls. The main factors in producing a sulphate-dominant supergene assemblage have been the presence of a quartz and fluorite replacement halo to prevent buffering of weakly acidic meteoric solutions, an absence of primary calcite mineralization and the downward, within-the-vein, as opposed to in-limestone, flow of meteoric water. The deposit has initially evolved more like a ‘silicate rock-hosted’ than a carbonate-hosted deposit. The coarse anglesite crystal size, and its isolation from the associated galena, indicates unusually high and prolonged mobility of lead due to the long term stability of the supergene system during the presence of the Namurian shale cover. The deposit reverted to a more typical cerussite stability field on removal of the shale cover as limestone-equilibrated fluids, rich in dissolved carbonate, entered the flat.
An assessment of copper mineralization from the Great Orme Mine, Llandudno, North Wales, as ore in the Bronze Age
Authors: Ixer R. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Spoil heap and
in situ
mineralization from the Great Orme Mines, North Wales, have been classified into six mineral associations. By applying mineralogical, mining and beneficiation criteria, their probable exploitation as copper ores in the Bronze Age have been assessed. Major veins and open voids within dolostones are infilled by saddle dolomite–chalcopyrite–pyrite–calcite–malachite. The tonnage, estimated copper grade of 10% and continuity of the veins, plus the coarse grain-size of the copper-bearing minerals, suggest that the veins were mined in the Bronze Age possibly accompanied by contributions from adjacent void-infilling mineralization. Two minor types of mineralization, namely ‘copper ddu ore’, a very fine-grained, friable, limonitic vein-infilling, and disseminated,
c.
1 cm diameter, azurite nodules in mudstones, may have been taken as a by-product of other mining operations. Neither the fine-grained, disseminated, Cu-, Pb-, Fe-, Co-, Ni-rich, polymetallic sulphides, which are only found in dolostones from the spoil, nor the single, copper-poor, but galena-rich assemblage found as a vein-infilling, can be considered to be Bronze Age copper ores. These last two associations belong to the Mississippi Valley-style lead–zinc mineralization of the North-east Wales Orefield that is older in age and differently sourced from the copper–dolomite association ores that produced Bronze Age copper metal. The recognition and sampling of ores, rather than mineralized specimens, from a mine site, have implications for geochemical or isotopic provenance studies that lie far beyond the Great Orme. This is because only run-of-the-mill ores should be treated as having any importance to archaeometallurgists.
Mineral assemblages formed in Oxford Clay fired under different time–temperature conditions with reference to brick manufacture
Authors: Dunham A. C. , McKnight A. S. , Warren I. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Time–temperature–transformation (TTT) diagrams have been determined for high-lime (10.2%) and moderate-lime (5.2%) bulk raw materials from the Peterborough Member of the Oxford Clay Formation of King’s Dyke [TL 525 297] and Orton [TL 517 293] brickworks. Study of the chemistry and mineralogy of the brickclays provides the starting point for 79 firing experiments on each raw material, at temperatures between 800 and 1100°C, and for firing times at maximum temperature from 15 minutes to 336 hours. Quantified X-ray diffraction of each fired briquette enables individual TTT diagrams to be constructed for each phase. Finally, a summary diagram shows the distribution of mineral phase assemblages in time–temperature space. The original mineralogy (quartz, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, calcite, aragonite, K-feldspar, albite, pyrite, gypsum, anatase and apatite) changes on heating to a mixture of calc-silicates (anorthite, melilite and pyroxene) with quartz, hematite, anhydrite and glass in commercial bricks and also wollastonite and cordierite when longer firing times and temperatures are used. The mineralogical changes can be followed in quantified equations using the actual compositions and quantities of the phases. The calc-silicates are produced by lime (from calcite) reacting with the clay minerals or their breakdown products such as metakaolinite. The glass has granitic affinities. The data provide a case for considering shorter commercial firing times.
Origin of some slope-foot debris accumulations in the Skiddaw upland, northern Lake District
Authors: Clark R. , Wilson P. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Descriptions and interpretations of two previously unrecorded slope-foot debris accumulations in the Skiddaw upland of the northern Lake District are presented. Debris ridges below Ling Thrang Crags in the River Caldew valley are considered to be part of a terminal moraine constructed by a Loch Lomond Stadial (LLS) (11-10 k
14
C years BP) glacier. Acceptance of a glacial origin increases the number of identified glaciers and area covered by LLS ice in this part of the Lake District. Immediately west of the glacier site there are periglacial boulder accumulations, regarded as contemporary with the glacier. A debris bench in Grainsgill valley is interpreted as a composite feature consisting of alluvial valley-fill sediments and debris supplied from the flanking hillside. Later, fluvial incision also helped to shape the bench. Construction of the bench followed removal of Dimlington Stadial ice (by 14.5-13.5 k
14
C years BP) and probably continued throughout the Windermere Interstadial (14-11 k
14
C years BP) and LLS. The bench is regarded as a paraglacial phenomenon. Similar composite forms have yet to be reported from elsewhere in the uplands of the British Isles, although the bench is unlikely to be unique.
The graptolitic age of the type Ashgill Series (Ordovician), Cumbria, UK
Authors: Rickards R. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The Rawtheyan Stage of the type Ashgill Series, in Westerdale, Cumbria, is shown to be of
linearis
Biozone age, largely on the basis of extensive new graptolite collections. This is the only reliable graptolite dating of the type Ashgill, although it is possible that the underlying Cautleyan Stage is also of
linearis
Biozone age. There is no direct evidence for the
complanatus, anceps, extraordinarius
and
persculptus
biozones, although these could equate roughly with the top of Ingham’s (1966) zone 7 and his zone 8, the latter embracing the Ashgill (Shales) Formation. A total of 26 graptolite taxa have been identified in the type Ashgill Series, from 26 localities, many of them new.
Dicellograptus praeanceps
sp. nov. is described.
Late Devensian glaciation, ice-dammed lake and river diversion, Stiffkey, north Norfolk, England
Authors: Brand D. , Booth S. J. , Rose J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A sequence of disturbed and undisturbed samples from a borehole drilled at Warham, near Stiffkey in north Norfolk, is described and sub-divided into three lithofacies on the basis of sedimentary structures, particle size distribution, calcium carbonate content, selected heavy mineral composition and indicator lithologies. These properties are used to determine the environment of deposition and establish correlation with glaciogenic deposits elsewhere. The basal sands and gravels (Lithofacies A) overlie the Chalk bedrock and are interpreted as having formed by a braided River Stiffkey that flowed northward through the site in pre-Late Devensian periglacial conditions. Lithofacies B consists of >8 m of laminated sands, silts and clays that were formed in a proglacial lake created by the obstruction of the River Stiffkey when the Late Devensian (Dimlington Stadial) glaciation reached the north Norfolk coast. These sediments are covered by gravelly sands (Lithofacies C), which were deposited as an ice-marginal river deposit as part of the Late Devensian end moraine-ridge complex. Finally, the lake drained and the sediments were dissected as the diverted River Stiffkey adopted a new course to the north-east and the lower, incised section of the present Stiffkey valley was formed.
A well-preserved early Namurian ammonoid fauna with
Cravenoceras leion
Bisat 1930 from Backdale Mine, Hassop, Derbyshire, England
Authors: Korn D. , Tilsley J. W. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The
Cravenoceras leion
Marine Band at Backdale Mine has yielded a stratigraphically important ammonoid fauna consisting of the species
Cravenoceras leion
Bisat 1930,
Edmooroceras medusa
(Yates 1961) and
Girtyoceras
sp.
C. leion,
in particular, is represented by well preserved material, allowing the description of the entire ontogeny. It is demonstrated that the conch geometry of this species undergoes major transformations, and that the suture line is characteristic of the genus
Cravenoceras.
Based on the ontogenetic development of the suture line, a clear separation can be made from the Rhenish species
Emstites schaelkensis
(Brüning 1923).
Ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs from the Lower Spilsby Sandstone Member (Upper Jurassic), north Lincolnshire
Authors: Forrest R. , Oliver N. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Lower Spilsby Sandstone Member (Upper Jurassic, Portlandian) of the Spilsby Sandstone Formation, north Lincolnshire, has yielded an assemblage of small marine reptiles, including an ichthyosaur and several plesiosaur taxa. All the specimens are from a small area of a quarry near Nettleton, possibly from beds deposited in a small lagoon cut off from the open sea. The fauna is characterized by the small size of the individual animals, and by morphological characteristics that are closer to those of Lower Cretaceous Wealden taxa than to the better known Upper Jurassic fauna that is typically found in deeper water environments.
Reference sections of faunal bands in the Lower Coal Measures Formation at Elland, west Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Wilson A. A. , Chisholm J. I. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Three former quarries and a working quarry near Elland, west Yorkshire, have recently provided detailed sections in the lowest part of the Coal Measures Group. Exposure extends from about 24 m above the Subcrenatum Marine Band to the lower beds of the Elland Flags. There are eight marine bands, four of which are new records for the Elland area. Numerous non-marine bivalve beds (‘mussel bands’) are also present in the succession, including one below the Hard Bed Coal that is new to the area. The composition of each faunal band is listed, together with a summary of earlier findings by other authors.