bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labeling Cytoskeletal F-Actin with Rhodamine Phalloidin or Fluorescein Phalloidin for Imaging: Figure 1.
Authors: Chazotte Brad 
Published: May 2010

INTRODUCTIONThe eukaryotic cell has evolved to compartmentalize its functions and transport various metabolites among cellular compartments. Therefore, in cell biology, the study of organization and structure/function relationships is of great importance. The cytoskeleton is composed of a series of filamentous structures, including intermediate filaments, actin filaments, and microtubules. Immunofluorescent staining has been most frequently used to study cytoskeletal components. However, it is also possible to fluorescently label isolated cytoskeletal proteins and either microinject them back into the cell or add them to fixed, permeabilized cells. Alternatively, it is possible to use the mushroom-derived fluorescinated toxins, phalloidin or phallacidin, to label F-actin of the cytoskeleton, as is described in this article. Phalloidin is available labeled with different fluorophores. The choice of the specific fluorophore should depend on whether phalloidin labeling for actin is part of a double-label experiment. In most cells, the abundance of actin filaments should provide a very strong signal. In double-label experiments, the fluorophore should be chosen to take this into account. In general, rhodamine labels are more resistant to photobleaching and can be subjected to the longer exposures required for finer structures.
Low-Magnification Live Imaging of Xenopus Embryos for Cell and Developmental Biology: Figure 1.
Authors: Wallingford John B. 
Published: May 2010

INTRODUCTIONBiological processes occur dynamically, so dynamic analyses are essential to further our understanding of them. Embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis are an ideal model system for time-lapse imaging of biological processes. Xenopus embryos are especially amenable to in vivo imaging of whole embryos, individual cells, and subcellular processes. Low-magnification imaging of intact Xenopus embryos can be combined effectively with manipulations of gene function and has provided key insights into the control of morphogenetic movements during gastrulation and neural tube closure. The utility of this approach is not limited to tissue movements, but rather extends to studies of cytokinesis, wound healing, and other dynamic events. This protocol describes methods for low-magnification time-lapse imaging of intact Xenopus embryos.
Variance Component Methods for Analysis of Complex Phenotypes
Authors: Almasy Laura , Blangero John 
Published: May 2010

INTRODUCTIONVariance component methods have a long history in human quantitative genetics as well as in agricultural genetics and animal breeding. They are designed for genetic analysis of continuously varying quantitative traits such as body mass index (BMI), cholesterol levels, or intelligence quotient. They can be used to assess the strength of genetic effects on a trait, to localize genes influencing a trait through either linkage or association methods, to assess whether associated variants are likely to be the functional variants behind a given localization signal, to explore whether related traits have shared genetic influences in multivariate analyses, and to characterize the genetic effects on a trait through analyses of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.
Stabilization of Proteins for Storage
Authors: Simpson Richard J. 
Published: May 2010

INTRODUCTIONFollowing isolation and purification, it is often necessary to store proteins and peptides for extended periods of time before performing detailed biophysical, enzymatic, and structural proteomics. Therefore, it is essential that the pure target protein maintain its original biological (or functional) behavior over an extended period of storage which may range from weeks to years. Protein pharmaceuticals must remain viable following extensive shipping and storage, and they must remain devoid of all possible inactivation processes. The shelf life of a protein depends on both the intrinsic nature of the protein and the storage conditions. Proteins (especially enzymes) must be stored at an appropriate temperature and pH range and frequently in the presence of concentrated (~1 M) glycerol, sucrose, or a similar substance, for the proteins to retain activity and prevent aggregation. This article discusses the major causes of protein inactivation and describes a range of measures that can be adopted to maintain the stability and solubility of proteins.
"SAFER ISLAND CONCEPT" DEVELOPED AFTER THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: A CASE STUDY OF MALDIVES
Authors: RIYAZ MAHMOOD , PARK KYUNG-HO 
Published: May 2010

This study deals with the "safer island concept" implemented for the reconstruction and rehabilitation works after the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in the Maldives. The safer island concept has been developed as an important adaptation strategy for tsunamis as well as the sea-level rise due to climate change. Reconstruction work in Dhuvaafaru Island to rehabilitate the entire population of Kandholhudhoo Island of Raa atoll is chosen as a case study. The appropriateness of the functionality of the redesigned island to provide security and safety for the island communities is evaluated using the digital elevation model. The study results show that the design enhanced mitigation measures of the island might show some resilience for less frequent natural disasters such as smaller tsunamis, while the implementation of the concept may create greater vulnerability for more frequent disasters, such as flash floods and storms. An integrated approach with appropriate risk assessment of floods, storms, and other physical aspects of the island is recommended for the future development of the safer island concept.
A Self-Determination Approach to Justifying Indigenous Peoples' Participation in International Law and Policy Making
Authors: Charters Claire 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper defends the legitimacy-positive impact of a “contextual-participation approach” to indigenous peoples' participation in international law-making. It argues that indigenous peoples' participation should be substantial where the issue being negotiated at the international level is of considerable interest to indigenous peoples and indigenous peoples have not consented to state representation. The “contextual-participation approach” to indigenous peoples' participation realises the justice in indigenous peoples' claims to remedial efforts to recognise their, mostly lost and historical, sovereignty, and to contemporary and evolving legal, and largely democratic, understandings of self-determination, as expressed, for example, in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. At the same time, it balances indigenous peoples' self-determination entitlements to full participation in international law making, as unjustifiably excluded sovereigns, with contemporary political realities.
Joining Forces or Reinventing the Wheel? The EU and the Protection of National Minorities
Authors: Guliyeva Gulara 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article explores a model of minority protection that the European Union (EU) could adopt. The discussion first assesses the possibility for the EU to join forces with the Council of Europe through internalising, or even acceding to, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM). This would provide numerous benefits, such as provision of consistent benchmarks of minority protection when applied to candidate States in the accession process to the EU, availability of mechanisms to resolve remaining issues relating to minorities within the EU post-accession and elimination of double standards between 'new' and 'old' Member States. Yet these developments are politically sensitive and prone to create procedural difficulties. The alternative option of an EU regime of minority protection is discussed next, focusing on the impact EU law may have on minority rights in Member States. Based on this analysis, the article concludes that an attempt by the EU to develop a coherent system of minority protection may result in reinventing the wheel. Therefore, it is suggested that the EU may be better placed to encourage candidate countries and Member States' implementation of the FCNM.
The Sanskritized Body
Authors: Coorlawala Uttara Asha 
Published: May 2010

As Bharatanatyam dancers across the world talk about what they do through listservs, websites, and performance publicity—in academia's world dance courses and amidst international cultural diplomats—I keep re-encountering the Orientalist representation of a “pan Indian transhistorical” devadāsī. Her history is a linear deterioration of aesthetic quality and personal agency, from temple to courts and from courts to streets and to (deserved) abandonment from where the dancer and the dance must be rescued (see Hanna 1993; Banerji 1983).The lifestyle of the sadir dancers of the early twentieth century was extensively researched by Amrit Srinivasan (1979–81) and documented in her ethnographic dissertation at Cambridge University 1984 and in subsequent articles.2 The devadāsī was selected for her talent. She was highly trained in dance, texts, and music, and she performed temple rituals. Her freedom from household responsibilities (grhastya) was made possible by the largesse of a patron, and bhakti theology legitimized “both the housewife and god's wife as parallel life-possibilities” both for women and for those men who could afford to support both kinds of liaisons. Temples frequently reimbursed devadāsī-s with bourses and land donations.Dancers today persist in maintaining that dancers had no “technique” since they danced only for God, that they knew nothing of music or theory, performed in a vulgar manner, and that contemporary dancers are much more beautiful, intelligent, and better trained.
Issues in Dance Reconstruction:Karaṇasas Dance Texts in a Cross-cultural Context
Authors: Royo Alessandra Lopez y 
Published: May 2010

TheNāṭyaśāstrais a Sanskrit work on drama, dance, and music of uncertain date, which has acquired the status ofUr-text of Indian classical dance. It was in the twentieth century, through the modernization process of bharatanatyam, that theNāṭyaśāstraand its related texts came to be regarded as setting out the grammar of Indian dance classicism (Coorlawala 1994; Meduri 1996; O'Shea 2001).Chapter 4 of theNāṭyaśāstradeals specifically with dance, here distinct from acting, and describes the 108 dance units—Karaṇas—of thetāṇḍavadance of Śiva and their combinations, dance phrases namedaṇgahāras(NS 1988–89, 4, w. 1–245). This particular chapter of theNāṭyaśāstrahas attracted attention ever since Naidu, Naidu, and Pantulu published its translation into English,Tānḍavalakṇaṣam, in 1936. Since then there have been other translations of theNāṭyaśāstra, among which the two volumes by Manmohan Ghosh, in 1951 and 1956 respectively, and different interpretations of theKaraṇasof chapter 4. Readings have drawn on the iconography of theKaraṇasas found at the temples at Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, and Chidambaram in southern India. Thekaranareliefs on the walls of Kumbakonam and Chidambaram have been identified by inscriptions found on eachkaraṇaslab, that give the Sanskrit name of thekaraṇaas recorded in theNāṭyaśāstra.
Total Masala Slammer/Heartbreak No. 5: A Case of Mistaken Identity for the Indian Classical Dancer?
Authors: Athreya Preethi 
Published: May 2010

Total Masala Slammer/Heartbreak no. 5, conceived and directed by Belgian director Michel Laub and visual artist Marina Abramovic, has been described as a European American Indian multimedia theater project combining dance, theater, video projection, art installation, and music. Laub and Abramovic draw on vastly mixed references to deal with themes of race and multiculturalism. A recurrent theme is women and their abuse in different cultural perspectives. Laub and Abramovic are fascinated by two extremes of Indian culture: on the one side the purity of classical Indian dance and art, kathak; on the other, the triviality of soap operas and kitschy TV serials produced by Bollywood (Archa Theatre 2001). Laub's theater is said to play with the conventions of theatrical representation, constantly bringing the rehearsal process onto the stage. Less interested in trained actors than in forceful personalities, Laub looks for a fusion of the autobiographical details of his performers with fictional situations. So, what happens when Michel Laub, a postmodernist with a tendency to parody order, system, and signification, collaborates with Kumudini Lakhia, a traditional reformist for whom art is about poetry, wonder, simplicity, and dignity?In Total Masala Slammer, unrequited love is “performed” in different performance traditions of kathak and bharatanatyam, Bollywood soap opera, and German theater. Actors, sometimes wearing period costumes, read out excerpts from a book with exaggerated melodrama or affected irreverence. Audition videos are screened, and there is much dancing—contemporary dance, cabaret, kathak, and bharatanatyam. It has a deliberately fragmented piece-by-piece approach with actors seated on stage, taking turns to perform their acts.
Phylogeny and classification of Pinus
Authors: Gernandt David S. , López Gretel Geada , García Sol Ortiz , Liston Aaron 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe used chloroplast DNA sequences from matK and rbcL to infer the phylogeny for 101 of the approximately 111 species of Pinus (Pinaceae). At the level of subsection and above, the cpDNA tree is congruent with phylogenies based on nuclear DNA with one notable exception: cpDNA sequences from subsect. Contortae are sister to all other North American hard pines rather than occupying a more derived position in the same clade. We used the cpDNA tree plus evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA and morphology to propose a new classification for the genus. The molecular phylogenies are symmetrical at the deepest branches of the genus, allowing for the delineation of two subgenera, each with two sections that form sister groups. Within sections, clades were slightly asymmetric and sometimes ambiguously resolved. To accomodate ambiguity in some interrelationships, avoid the creation of new ranks, and retain traditional names, we recognised up to three monophyletic subsections per section. Subgenus Pinus (the diploxylon, or hard pines) is divided into the predominantly Eurasian and Mediterranean section Pinus, composed of subsections Pinus and Pinaster, and the strictly North American section Trifoliae, composed of subsections Australes, Ponderosae, and Contortae. Subgenus Strobus (the haploxylon, or soft pines) is divided into the strictly North American section Parrya, composed of subsections Cembroides, Nelsoniae, and Balfourianae, and the Eurasian and North American section Quinquefoliae, composed of subsections Gerardianae, Krempfianae, and Strobus. Mapping of ten morphological and distributional characters indicates that two were diagnostic for infrageneric taxa: the number of vascular bundles per leaf distinguishes subgenus Pinus from subgenus Strobus, and a terminal­positioned umbo on the ovulate cone scale is diagnostic of subsect. Strobus.
Comparison of AFLPs with other markers for phylogenetic inference in wild tomatoes [Solanum L. section Lycopersicon (Mill.) Wettst.]
Authors: Spooner David M. , Peralta Iris E. , Knapp Sandra 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWild tomatoes (Solanum section Lycopersicon) are native to western South America. The delimitation and relationships of tomato species have differed widely depending upon whether morphological or biological species concepts are considered more important. Molecular data from mitochondrial, nuclear, and chloroplast DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), nuclear microsatellites, isozymes, and gene sequences of internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS; multiple­copy), the single­copy nuclear encoded Granule­bound Starch Synthase gene (GBSSI or waxy), and morphology, have been used to examine hypotheses of species relationships. This study is a companion to the previous GBSSI gene sequence study and to the morphological study of relationships of all ten wild tomato species (including the recently described S. galapagense), with a concentration on the most widespread and variable species S. peruvianum s. l. These new AFLP data are largely concordant with the GBSSI and morphological data and in general support the species outlined in the latest treatment by C. M. Rick, but demonstrate the distinct nature of northern and southern Peruvian populations of S. peruvianum, and suggest that their taxonomy needs revision. Solanum ochranthum is supported as sister to wild tomatoes, and S. habrochaites and S. pennellii reside in a basal polytomy in the tomato clade.
Two new species of the genus Isoetes L. (Isoetaceae­Lycopsida) from India
Authors: Shukla Pradeep Kumar , Srivastava Gopal Krishna , Shukla Santosh Kumar , Rajagopal P. K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTwo new, primitive quillwort species, I. udupiensis and I. divyadarshanii, are described from peninsular India. Cytologically both species are diploid and unique for India in having 22 chromosomes without fragments. Megaspores of both species are monomorphic, whereas in the previously described species, they are di­to polymorphic. Isoetes udupiensis is unique in having deltoid­shaped megaspores and dominant microspory. The similarity in morphology of both species to sub­genus Euphyllum and to the remaining Indian species of subgenus Isoetes, suggests that they may be connecting links between primitive and derived forms within the genus in India.
Lectotypification of Othonna sibirica L. and Cineraria glauca L. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Nordenstam Bertil , Illarionova Irina 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTwo Linnaean names, Othonna sibirica and Cineraria glauca, for species of Asteraceae tribe Senecioneae are lectotypified. The lectotype of the former name is a specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium in Stockholm (S), and the lectotype of the latter is a plate published by Gmelin in 1752, cited by Linnaeus. Both species belong now to the genus Ligularia Cass., as L. sibirica (L.) Cass. and L. glauca (L.) O. Hoffm., respectively.
Publication of the combination Spergularia diandra (Caryophyllaceae): discovery of an earlier indelible autographic label
Authors: Rabeler Richard K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe name Spergularia diandra, representing a plant native to the Mediterranean region of Europe and Africa eastward to central Asia and introduced sparingly to North America, was validly published via an autographic label distributed in 1851, predating other commonly seen citations of this combination.
Molecular phylogeny of Trichostomoideae (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) based on nrITS sequence data
Authors: Werner Olaf , María Ros Rosa , Grundmann Michael 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBayesian analysis of an alignment of 83 nrITS sequences belonging to 66 taxa of Pottiaceae revealed representatives of subfamily Trichostomoideae in a well supported monophyletic lineage. Two robust clades within Trichostomoideae include species of Tortella and Weissia, respectively. Eucladium verticillatum is part of Trichostomoideae, and Anoectangium, Gymnostomum, Hymenostylium, and Tuerckheimia form a robust basal clade. Affinities of Hyophila and Leptobarbula to Trichostomoideae are unclear. Within Trichostomoideae, Pleurochaete squarrosa is resolved in Tortella while Trichostomum tenuirostris, Pseudosymblepharis, and Chionoloma are placed as a separate genus or part of a broadly defined Tortella. The type species of Trichostomum, T. brachydontium, is nested in Weissia together with T. brittonianum, T. crispulum, and T. jamaicensis. Trichostomum unguiculatum and W. ayresii are resolved as closely related and separate from the rest of the Weissia clade. The genus Astomum, erected for cleistocarpous species of Weissia, is also nested within Weissia. Genetic divergence between selected accessions of Weissia controversa and Astomum is sometimes smaller than between accessions of Weissia controversa.
A molecular and morphological recircumscription of Brachytheciastrum (Brachytheciaceae, Bryopsida)
Authors: Vanderpoorten Alain , Ignatov Michael S. , Huttunen Sanna , Goffinet Bernard 
Published: May 2010

AbstractITS, rps4, and atpB-rbcL sequences were used to test recent taxonomic rearrangements in the moss genus Brachytheciastrum. A starting phylogenetic hypothesis of Brachytheciaceae was used to subsample representative genera of each subfamily to obtain a robust backbone phylogeny and circumscribe Brachytheciastrum within the family. The strongly supported monophyletic Brachytheciastrum clade includes B. bellicum Vanderpoorten, Ignatov, Huttunen & Goffinet, comb. nov., B. collinum, B. dieckei, B. falcatulum, B. fendleri Vanderpoorten, Ignatov, Huttunen & Goffinet, comb. nov., B. leibergii, B. olympicum Vanderpoorten, Ignatov, Huttunen & Goffinet, comb. nov., B. trachypodium, and B. velutinum. No morphological synapomorphy was found for Brachytheciastrum due to the high uncertainty associated with the reconstruction of character states at the ancestor node of the genus. The revised circumscription of Brachytheciastrum has several consequences for the taxonomy of Brachytheciaceae. New infrafamilial rearrangements and combinations are discussed.
Organellar inheritance in the allopolyploid moss Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum
Authors: Jankowiak Kamila , Rybarczyk Agnieszka , Wyatt Robert , Odrzykoski Ireneusz , Pacak Andrzej , Szweykowska-Kulinska Zofia 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEarlier isozyme studies have proved that the moss Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum is an allopolyploid species whose progenitors are the haploid species R. magnifolium and R. gracile. A sequence comparison of chloroplast tRNALeu (UAA) and tRNAGly (UCC) gene introns, as well as mitochondrial fragments of nad5 and nad4 gene introns and exons in all three species reveals that the nucleotide sequences studied are almost identical in R. magnifolium and R. pseudopunctatum but differ in R. gracile. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria of R. pseudopunctatum were therefore probably inherited from one parent: R. magnifolium. To our knowledge, this is the first report of uniparental transmission of organelles in mosses.
Untangling Gloxinieae (Gesneriaceae). I. Phylogenetic patterns and generic boundaries inferred from nuclear, chloroplast, and morphological cladistic datasets
Authors: Roalson Eric H. , Boggan John K. , Skog Laurence E. , Zimmer Elizabeth A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTribe Gloxinieae has been estimated to include 22 genera and approximately 290 species. This study presents maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions sequences, the chloroplast DNA trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region sequences, a morphological cladistic dataset, and combined analyses of these datasets. These analyses suggest that the genera Gloxinia, Phinaea, and (possibly) Diastema are polyphyletic; Kohleria is paraphyletic in relation to Capanea; Bellonia and Pheidonocarpa should be considered members of tribe Gesnerieae; and Lembocarpus is a member of tribe Episcieae. Furthermore, the historically recognized genus Seemannia, now included in Gloxinia, appears to form a strongly supported monophyletic group; several Gloxinia species from southern Brazil appear to be most closely related to Goyazia; Capanea, Kohleria, Pearcea s. l., and Diastema vexans appear to form a strongly supported clade; and Diastema, Monopyle, Phinaea (in part), and a few Gloxinia species (Gloxinia dodsonii, G. lindeniana, and G. racemosa) form a clade. Classification issues and generic boundaries of these lineages are discussed in detail.