bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymerization Processes, 2. Modeling of Processes and Reactors
Authors: Hamielec Archie E. , Tobita Hidetaka 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Processes and Reactor Modeling for Step‐Growth Polymerization2.1.Types of Reactors and Reactor Modeling2.2.Specific Processes3.Processes and Reactor Modeling for Chain‐Growth Polymerization3.1.Material Balance Equations for Batch, Semi‐Batch, and Continuous Reactors3.1.1.Rates of Reaction and Copolymer Composition3.1.2.Molecular Masses, Long‐Chain Branching, and Cross‐Linking3.2.Examples of Free‐Radical Polymerization3.2.1.Homopolymerization ‐ Linear Chains3.2.2.Copolymerization ‐ Linear Chains3.2.3.Copolymerization ‐ Long‐Chain Branching3.3.Polymerization Processes3.3.1.Solution Polymerization3.3.1.1.Polymer Soluble in Monomer3.3.1.2.Addition of a Solvent in which both Monomer and Polymer are Miscible3.3.1.3.Polymer ‐ Polymer Demixing during Polymerization3.3.2.Precipitation Polymerization3.3.2.1.Polymer Insoluble in its Monomer3.3.2.2.Monomer Functioning as Solvent for the Polymer3.3.3.Suspension Polymerization3.3.3.1.Qualitative Description3.3.3.2.Dispersants3.3.3.3.Mechanism of Particle Formation3.3.3.4.Industrial Applications3.3.4.Emulsion Polymerization3.3.4.1.Theories of Emulsion Polymerization3.3.4.2.Physicochemical Parameters of Dispersions3.3.4.3.Inverse Emulsion Polymerization3.3.4.4.Semi‐Batch Emulsion Polymerization3.3.4.5.Continuous Emulsion Polymerization3.4.Miscellaneous Processes3.5.Ionic Polymerization Modeling3.5.1.Introduction3.5.2.Heterogeneous Coordination Polymerization3.6.Process Variables, Reactor Dynamics/ Stability, On‐Line Monitoring and Control3.6.1.Influence of Reactor Type and Configuration on Molecular Mass and Copolymer Composition Distributions, and on Long‐Chain Branching and Cross‐Linking3.6.1.1.Monomer Coupling with Bimolecular Termination Plug Flow and Batch Reactors (CPFR/BR)3.6.1.2.Monomer Coupling Without Termination Plug Flow and Batch Reactors (CPFR/BR)3.6.1.3.Polymer Coupling3.6.1.4.Copolymerization3.6.1.5.Long‐Chain Branching and Cross‐Linking3.6.2.Reactor Dynamics and Stability3.6.3.On‐Line Monitoring and Control4.Acknowledgement
Polypropylene
Authors: Heggs T. Geoffrey 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Historical Survey2.Polymer Structure2.1.Molecular and Chain Structure2.2.Crystallization and Morphology3.Raw Materials3.1.Propene3.2.Polymerization Diluents3.3.Catalyst Preparation3.3.1.TiCl3‐Based Catalysts3.3.2.Supported Catalysts3.3.3.Homogeneous Catalysts3.3.4.Aluminum Alkyl Cocatalysts3.4.Hydrogen4.Polymerization Mechanism5.Industrial Processes5.1.Suspension Homopolymerization (Early Diluent Processes)5.2.Bulk Polymerization in Liquid Propene5.3.Solution Polymerization5.4.Spheripol Process5.5.Hypol Process5.6.Gas‐Phase Processes5.7.Copolymerization5.7.1.Random Copolymerization5.7.2.Impact (Block) Copolymerization5.8.Product Finishing5.9.Additives6.Compounding7.Properties7.1.Homopolymer7.2.Copolymers7.3.Elastomer Blends with Polypropylene8.Uses8.1.Injection Molding8.2.Blow Molding8.3.Fibers and Flat Yarns8.4.Film8.5.Foil and Sheet8.6.Extruded Pipe9.Environmental Aspects9.1.Recycling9.2.Pyrolysis9.3.Incineration9.4.Environmental Interactions
Soil, 2. Damage and Soil Pollution
Authors: Auerswald Karl , Litz Norbert , Mayer Robert , Stoy Alexander , Alef Kassem , Kerndorff Helmut 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:4.Physical Damage to Soils4.1.Compaction4.2.Erosion4.3.Building Over and Sealing5.Effects of Anthropogenic Substances on Soil5.1.Persistent Pollutants5.1.1.Definition and Criteria5.1.2.Sources and Entry Paths5.1.3.Processes in Terrestrial Soils5.1.4.Persistent Organic Compounds5.1.4.1.Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons5.1.4.2.Aromatics and Chlorinated Aromatics5.1.4.3.Nitroaromatics and Aromatic Amines5.1.4.4.Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PCDFs)5.1.4.5.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)5.1.4.6.Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)5.2.Acid Precipitation5.2.1.Definitions5.2.2.Sources of Acidity in Atmospheric Deposition5.2.3.Source and Sink Processes for Acidity in the Atmosphere and in the Soil Environment5.2.4.Direct Effects of Acid Deposition on Soils5.2.5.Effects Mediated by Organisms (Indirect Effects)5.2.5.1.Soil Acidification by Canopy Leaching5.2.5.2.Acidification by Uptake of Nitrogen Compounds5.2.5.3.Acidification by Accumulation of Organic Matter5.2.5.4.Acidification by Humus Disintegration5.2.6.Consequences of Soil Acidification5.2.7.Field Observations of Soil Acidification5.3.Fertilizers and Agricultural Chemicals5.3.1.Fertilizers5.3.1.1.Development of Fertilization5.3.1.2.Legal Framework of Fertilization5.3.1.3.Forms of Fertilizers5.3.1.4.Effects of Fertilizers in the Soil5.3.1.4.1.Nutrient Contents and Nutrient Losses5.3.1.4.2.Soil Reaction5.3.1.4.3.Humus Content5.3.1.4.4.Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants5.3.2.Pesticides5.3.2.1.Introduction5.3.2.2.Side‐Effects5.4.Effects of Abandoned Waste Disposal Sites5.4.1.Introduction5.4.2.Material Contents in Groundwater Affected by Abandoned Waste Disposal Sites5.4.3.Contamination Criteria and their Quantification5.4.3.1.Contamination Factor5.4.3.2.Emission Detection Frequency5.4.3.3.Mean Emission Concentration
Soil, 3. Measurement and Evaluation of Soil Pollution
Authors: Crössmann Gerd , Eikmann Thomas 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Sampling and Investigation of Soil Pollutants1.1.Introduction1.2.Sampling1.3.Sample Pretreatment1.4.Sample Preparation1.5.Measurement1.6.Evaluation1.7.Quality Assurance1.8.Analytical Procedures for Selected Inorganic and Organic Soil Pollutants1.8.1.Analysis of Cadmium and Thallium1.8.1.1.Sample Preparation1.8.1.2.Measurement1.8.2.Analysis of Organic Soil Pollutants1.8.2.1.Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons1.8.2.2.Petroleum Hydrocarbons2.Evaluation Concept2.1.Uptake Paths to Humans2.1.1.Inhalation Uptake2.1.2.Oral Uptake2.1.3.Uptake via the Skin2.2.Relevant Soil Uses2.3.Evaluation Criteria
Soil, 4. Remediation of Soil and Land
Authors: Franzius Volker , Grimsky Detlef , Möhlenbruch Norbert , Dworshak Ulf 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Remediation Methods1.1.Introduction1.2.Methods and Processes for Remediation1.2.1.Overview1.2.2.Soil Treatment Processes1.2.2.1.Thermal Soil Treatment1.2.2.2.Physicochemical Soil Treatment/Soil Washing1.2.2.3.Microbiological Soil Treatment1.2.2.4.Soil Vapor Extraction Processes1.2.3.Safeguarding Technologies1.3.Costs for Soil Remediation1.4.Outlook2.Recultivation2.1.Definition2.2.Demands on Recultivation2.2.1.Recultivation Goals2.2.2.Initial Substrata2.3.Soil‐Physical Properties2.3.1.Silvicultural Recultivation2.3.2.Agricultural Recultivation2.4.Soil‐Chemical Properties2.4.1.Silvicultural Recultivation2.4.2.Agricultural Recultivation2.5.Soil Biology
Soil, 5. Legal Aspects and Soil Protection
Authors: Storm Peter‐Christoph 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Foundations of Soil Protection Law1.1.Land Law1.2.Soil Protection Law2.Foundations of Soil Protection Policy2.1.Soil Protection in Germany2.2.International Soil Protection3.Constitutional Soil Protection4.Soil Protection under Administrative Law5.Soil Protection Goals5.1.Soil5.2.Protection of Soil Functions5.3.Impairments of the Soil5.4.Soil Protection by Provision and Aftercare5.5.Direct and Indirect Soil Protection5.6.Relative and Absolute Soil Protection6.Soil Protection Measures6.1.Types of Measure6.2.Classification of Soil Protection Measures6.3.Measures against Material Soil Impairments6.4.Measures against Nonmaterial Soil Impairments7.Development Trends7.1.Further Development of German Soil Protection Law since 19857.2.The German Soil Protection Act 19987.3.Soil Protection in the Draft of an Environmental Code (UGB)
Steel, 2. Crude Steel Production
Authors: Steffen Rolf , Janke Dieter , Schäfer Klaus , Jacobi Hatto , Hammer Rudolf , Hentrich Robert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Raw Materials1.1.Hot Metal1.2.Scrap1.3.Sponge Iron1.4.Lime2.Physical and Chemical Fundamentals2.1.Thermodynamics2.1.1.Metallic Systems Based on Iron2.1.2.Slag Systems2.1.3.Metal ‐ Slag Reactions2.1.3.1.Refining Reactions2.1.3.2.Dephosphorization2.1.3.3.Desulfurization2.1.3.4.Deoxidation2.1.4.Metal ‐ Gas Reactions2.2.Kinetics and Mass Transfer2.2.1.Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reactions2.2.2.Flow and Mass Transfer Coefficients2.2.2.1.Metal ‐ Glas Phase Boundaries with Nonturbulent Flow2.2.2.2.Metal ‐ Slag Phase Boundaries with Nonturbulent Flow2.2.2.3.Solid (Metal or Slag) ‐ Liquid Phase Boundaries with Nonturbulent Flow2.2.2.4.Mass Transfer with Turbulent Flow3.Production Processes3.1.Oxygen‐Blowing Processes3.1.1.LD and OBM Processes3.1.2.Other Developments3.2.Electric Steel Process3.2.1.Special Processes3.2.2.The Siemens ‐ Martin Open Hearth Process3.3.Production of Stainless Steels4.Secondary Metallurgy4.1.Steel Treatment at Atmospheric Pressure4.1.1.Deoxidation4.1.2.Desulfurization4.1.3.Dephosphorization4.1.4.Temperature Control4.2.Vacuum Treatment4.2.1.Decarburization4.2.2.Nitrogen Removal4.2.3.Dehydrogenation5.Casting and Solidification5.1.Fundamentals5.2.Ingot Casting5.3.Continuous Casting5.3.1.The Growth of Strand Casting5.3.2.Productivity5.3.3.Mold Oscillation and Shell Formation5.3.4.Control of Molten Steel Level and Gap Lubrication5.3.5.Support Roller Apron and Secondary Cooling Zone5.3.6.Automation5.3.7.Quality5.3.8.Horizontal Strand Casting5.3.9.Hot Charging or Direct Rolling5.3.10.Casting Thin Slabs5.3.11.New Processes for Hot Steel Strip Production5.3.12.Rationalization5.4.Consumable Electrode Remelting Processes5.4.1.Remelting Processes5.4.2.General Aims of Remelting5.4.3.Remelting Apparatus5.4.4.Results and Applications
Steel, 3. Forming
Authors: Wiegels Herbert , Aichinger Horst M. , Sänger Friedhelm , Walter Harold , Kümmerling Rolf , Uhl Ulrich , Decker Werner , Pankert Roger 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Fundamentals1.1.Causes of Plasticity1.2.Workability1.3.Cold Forming1.4.Hot Forming1.5.Forming Processes1.6.Aims of Forming Technology1.6.1.Combination of Casting and Forming1.6.2.Thermomechanical Treatment1.6.3.Simulation of Forming Processes1.6.4.Quality Information Systems2.Hot Working2.1.Reheating Furnaces2.2.Hot Rolling2.2.1.Semifinished Products2.2.2.Flat Products2.2.3.Long Products2.2.4.Tubes2.3.Forging2.3.1.Open Die Forging2.3.2.Closed Die Forging3.Cold Rolling3.1.Introduction3.2.Pickling3.3.Rolling3.4.Annealing3.5.Skin‐Pass Rolling3.6.Stainless Steels3.7.Future Developments
Steel, 5. Microstructures, Properties, and Adjustment of Properties
Authors: Hougardy Hans , Dahl Winfried , Grabke Hans Jürgen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Microstructure1.1.Introduction1.2.Phase Diagrams of Iron Alloys1.3.Definitions1.4.Microstructures in Plain Carbon Steels1.5.Microstructures of Alloy Steels2.Properties2.1.Mechanical Properties2.1.1.Behavior Under Unidirectional Loads, at and Below Room Temperature2.1.2.Behavior Under Cyclic Loading2.1.3.Behavior at Higher Temperatures2.2.Chemical Properties2.2.1.Introduction2.2.2.Uniform Corrosion2.2.3.Atmospheric Corrosion2.2.4.Passivation2.2.5.Pitting Corrosion2.2.6.Crevice Corrosion2.2.7.Intergranular Corrosion of Stainless Steels2.2.8.Stress Corrosion Cracking2.2.9.Hydrogen Adsorption and Hydrogen Embrittlement2.2.10.Oxidation of Iron2.2.11.Oxidation of Carbon Steels and Low‐Alloy Steels2.2.12.High‐Temperature Steels2.2.13.Effects of Chlorine in Oxidation2.2.14.Sulfidation of Iron and Steel2.2.15.Carburization2.2.16.Nitriding2.2.17.Decarburization, Denitriding, and Hydrogen Attack2.3.Physical Properties2.3.1.Pure Iron2.3.2.α‐Iron Solid Solutions2.3.3.γ‐Iron Solid Solutions2.3.4.Other Effects of Structure3.Heat Treatment3.1.Time ‐ Temperature Transformation Diagrams3.2.Heat Treatment of Transformable Steels3.2.1.Austenitizing3.2.2.Transformations3.2.3.Effect of Dimensions3.2.4.Quenching and Tempering3.2.5.Spheroidized Annealing3.2.6.Thermomechanical Treatment3.2.7.Surface Hardening3.3.Heat Treatment Without Transformation3.3.1.Recrystallization3.4.Simulation of Heat Treatment
Surface and Thin‐Film Analysis, 3. Ion Detection
Authors: Rivière John C. , Fabry Laszlo , Pahlke Siegfried , Quentmeier Alfred , Hinrichs Karsten , Hill Wieland , Gruska Bernd , Röseler Arthur , Friedbacher Gernot 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry1.1.Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SSIMS)1.1.1.Principles1.1.2.Instrumentation1.1.2.1.Ion Sources1.1.2.2.Mass Analyzers1.1.3.Quantification1.1.4.Spectral Information1.1.5.Applications1.1.5.1.Oxide Films1.1.5.2.Interfaces1.1.5.3.Polymers1.1.5.4.Biosensors1.1.5.5.Surface Reactions1.1.5.6.Imaging1.1.5.7.Ultrashallow Depth Profiling1.2.Dynamic SIMS1.2.1.Principles1.2.2.Instrumentation1.2.2.1.Ion Sources1.2.2.2.Mass Analyzers1.2.2.3.Detectors1.2.3.Spectral Information1.2.4.Quantification1.2.5.Mass Spectra1.2.6.Depth Profiles1.2.7.Imaging1.2.8.Applications1.2.8.1.Implantation Profiles1.2.8.2.Layer Analysis1.2.8.3.3D Bulk Element Distribution2.Secondary Neutral Mass Spectrometry (SNMS)2.1.General Principles2.2.Electron‐Beam and HF‐Plasma SNMS2.2.1.Principles2.2.2.Instrumentation2.2.3.Spectral Information2.2.4.Quantification2.2.5.Element Depth Profiling2.2.6.Applications2.3.Laser‐SNMS2.3.1.Principles2.3.1.1.Nonresonant Laser‐SNMS2.3.1.2.Resonant Laser‐SNMS2.3.1.3.Experimental Setup2.3.1.4.Ionization Schemes2.3.2.Instrumentation2.3.3.Spectral Information2.3.4.Quantification2.3.5.Applications2.3.5.1.Nonresonant Laser‐SNMS2.3.5.2.Resonant Laser‐SNMS3.Ion‐Scattering Techniques3.1.Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS)3.1.1.Principles3.1.2.Instrumentation3.1.3.Spectral Information3.1.4.Quantification3.1.5.Applications3.2.Low‐Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS)3.2.1.Principles3.2.2.Instrumentation3.2.3.Information3.2.4.Quantification3.2.5.Applications4.Other Ion‐Detecting Techniques4.1.Desorption Methods4.1.1.Electron‐Stimulated Desorption (ESD) and Electron‐Stimulated Desorption Ion Angular Distribution (ESDIAD)4.1.2.Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS)4.2.Glow Discharge Mass Spectroscopy (GDMS)4.3.Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectroscopy (FABMS)4.4.Atom Probe Microscopy4.4.1.Atom Probe Field‐Ion Microscopy (APFIM)4.4.2.Position‐Sensitive Atom Probe (POSAP)
Surface and Thin‐Film Analysis, 5. Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Hunger Klaus , Mischke Peter , Rieper Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

2.1.

Principles

2.2.

Instrumentation

2.3.

Applications

3.

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)

3.1.

Principles

3.2.

Instrumentation

3.3.

Lateral and Spectroscopic Information

3.4.

Applications
Textile Auxiliaries, 2. Auxiliaries for Fiber Production and Processing
Authors: Marquardt Kurt 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Economic Aspects3.Use of Fiber Preparations3.1.Use of Fiber Preparations in Primary Spinning3.2.Use of Antistatic or Lubricating Agents in Secondary Spinning3.3.Use of Antistatic and Lubricating Agents in Dyeing4.Physical Properties5.Chemical Properties6.Fiber Preparations for Special Applications7.Additives for Spinning Solutions, Spinning Baths, and Spinning Melts8.Environmental Aspects9.Commercial Products
Textile Auxiliaries, 4. Pretreatment Auxiliaries
Authors: Gebert Karlheinz 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Processes and Auxiliaries for the Pretreatment of Textile Materials2.Preparation of Textile Material made of Cellulose Fibers2.1.Pretreatment Processes2.2.Pretreatment Part Processes2.2.1.Desizing2.2.2.Alkaline Extraction2.2.3.Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide2.2.4.Bleaching with Sodium Hypochlorite2.2.5.Bleaching with Sodium Chlorite2.2.6.Mercerization and Causticizing3.Preparation of Woolen Textiles4.Ecological Aspects of Fabric Pretreatment
Textile Auxiliaries, 5. Deying Auxiliaries
Authors: Borschel Eva‐Marie , Heimann Sigismund , Kromm Erich 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Dye Solubilizing and Hydrotropic Agents3.Dye Protecting Agents and Boildown Protecting Agents4.Wetting and Deaerating Agents5.Dispersants and Protective Colloids5.1.Dispersants in Dye Production5.2.Dispersants for Dyeing (Batch and Continuous Processes)5.3.Testing6.Complexing Agents7.Levelling Agents7.1.Levelling Agents for Dyeing Cellulose Fibers7.2.Levelling Agents for Wool Dyeing7.3.Levelling Agents for Dyeing Polyamide Fibers7.4.Levelling Agents for Dyeing Polyester Fibers7.5.Levelling Agents for Dyeing Polyacrylonitrile Fibers7.6.Levelling Agents for Dyeing Other Synthetic Fibers and Fiber Blends7.7.pH Regulators (Acid‐ and Alkali‐Releasing Agents)7.8.Testing8.Dyeing Accelerants (Carriers)9.Anticreasing Agents10.Auxiliaries for Continuous Dyeing10.1.Antimigration Agents10.2.Antifrosting Agents10.3.Products to Increase Liquor Uptake11.Aftertreatment Agents to Improve Fastness12.Reducing Agents13.Oxidizing Agents14.Stripping Agents15.Resist Agents for Dyeing and Printing
Textile Auxiliaries, 7. Finishing Agents
Authors: Lee Wayland Rosser 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Easy Care Finishes2.1.Cross‐Linking Agents2.2.Catalysts2.3.Testing2.4.Hand Builders2.5.Softeners3.Water Repellents3.1.Historical Aspects3.2.Reactive Quaternary Repellents3.3.Organometallic Repellents3.4.Wax‐Based Repellents3.5.Resin‐Based Repellents3.6.Silicone Repellents3.7.Fluorochemical Repellents3.8.Testing for Water Repellency4.Soil‐Repellent and Soil‐Release Agents4.1.Historical Aspects4.2.Factors Influencing Soil Release; Testing4.3.Soil‐Release Finishes5.Flame Retardants5.1.Flammability of Fibers5.2.Nondurable Flame Retardants5.3.Semidurable Flame Retardants5.4.Durable Flame Retardants5.5.Flammability Testing6.Wool Finishing6.1.Setting6.2.Scouring6.3.Milling6.4.Carbonizing6.5.Shrink‐Resistant Finishes6.6.Mothproofing
Textile Auxiliaries, 8. Auxiliaries for Technical Textiles
Authors: Fischer Klaus 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Technical Textiles—an Overview2.Auxiliaries2.1.Polymers2.2.Cross‐Linking Agents2.3.Nonslip Agents2.4.Water Repellents2.5.Oleophobic Agents2.6.Flame Retardants2.7.Antistatic Agents2.8.Plasticizers2.9.Coupling Agents2.10.Thickeners2.11.Surfactants2.12.Antifoams2.13.Antimicrobial Agents2.14.Light Stabilizers2.15.Fillers2.16.Pigments2.17.Producers and Trade Names
Vitamins, 2. Vitamin A (Retinoids)
Authors: John Michael , Hähnlein Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Historical Aspects3.Physical Properties4.Chemical Properties5.Occurrence6.Biosynthesis7.Production7.1.Isolation and Purification from Natural Raw Materials7.2.Industrial Synthesis8.Metabolism and Physiological Functions8.1.Preformed Vitamin A8.2.β‐Carotene9.Deficiency Symptoms and Requirements10.Analysis and Standardization11.Trade Names and Economic Aspects12.Tolerance
Vitamins, 4. Vitamin E (Tocopherols, Tocotrienols)
Authors: Baldenius Kai‐U. , von dem Bussche‐Hünnefeld Linda , Hilgemann Eckhard , Hoppe Peter , Stürmer Rainer 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.History3.Physical Properties4.Chemical Properties5.Metabolism and Importance in the Organism6.Deficiency, Requirement, and Application7.Analysis and Standardization8.Occurrence9.Economic Aspects10.Biosynthesis11.Production11.1.Semisynthetic Vitamin E: Isolation from Plant Oils and Methylation11.2.Totally Synthetic Vitamin E: Industrial Synthesis11.3.Trimethylhydroquinone11.4.Phytol and Isophytol11.5.Stereoselective Syntheses of α‐Tocopherol
Vitamins, 5. Vitamin K
Authors: Weber Fritz , Rüttimann August 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction; History2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Occurrence5.Biosynthesis6.Chemical Synthesis7.Analysis8.Metabolism9.Importance for the Organism9.1.Function9.2.Antagonists and Anticoagulants9.3.Relative Activity10.Deficiency Symptoms10.1.Causes10.2.Evaluation of Vitamin K Status11.Requirement12.Application13.Tolerance14.Trade Names and Economic Aspects
Wastewater, 2. Aerobic Biological Treatment
Authors: Mann Theo , Berger Michael , Kern Günther , Lemke Joachim , Klockner Dieter , Neuber Elmhardt , Hebbel Gerhard‐Wilhelm , Werthmann Ulrich , Klinsmann Günter , Lawson John F. , Meyer Hans Georg , Müller Manfred , Balser Klaus , Maier Walter , Frieser Joachim , Thüer Markus , Malaszkiewicz Jürgen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Biological Principles2.1.Organisms2.2.Biocenosis2.3.Metabolism3.Basic Biotechnological Considerations4.Technology and Operation of a Wastewater‐Treatment Plant5.Examples of Industrial Wastewater‐Treatment Plants Based on a Variety of Centralized Processes5.1.Single‐Stage and Multistage Activated‐Sludge Plants5.2.Oxygen‐Based Facilities5.3.Treatment Facilities with Selective Carbon and Nitrogen Elimination5.4.Trickling‐Filter Facilities5.5.Biofilter Systems5.6.Indirect‐Discharge Facilities
Wastewater, 3. Anaerobic Biological Treatment
Authors: Aivasidis Alexander 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Basic Principles3.Thermodynamics4.Kinetics5.Mass and Heat Transfer6.Reactor Design7.Biomass Retention/Recycling7.1.The Anaerobic Contact Process7.2.Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactors7.3.Fixed‐Bed Reactors (Anaerobic Filters)7.4.Fluidized‐Bed Reactors7.5.Fixed‐Bed Loop Reactors7.6.Engineering Considerations8.Control
Water, 6. Treatment by Oxidation Processes
Authors: Glaze William H. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Chemical Oxidants

2.

Production of Chemical Oxidants

3.

Uses of Chemical Oxidants

3.1.

Drinking Water Treatment

3.1.1.

Disinfection

3.1.2.

Chemical Oxidation

3.2.

Wastewater Treatment

3.3.

Oxidation in Pulp and Paper Treatment

3.4.

Advanced Oxidation Processes

4.

Toxicology and Environmental Health

5.

Acknowledgement
Recent Progress in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Using Nanocrystallite Aggregates
Authors: Zhang Qifeng , Park Kwangsuk , Xi Junting , Myers Daniel , Cao Guozhong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNanocrystallite aggregates are spherical assemblies of nanometer‐sized crystallites and feature a size on the order of sub‐micrometers. This paper reports and summarizes recent progress in nanocrystallite aggregates for applications in dye‐sensitized solar cells. It emphasizes that nanocrystallite aggregates are a promising class of materials with the capability to generate light scattering, enhance electron transport, retain high specific surface area for dye adsorption, and facilitate electrolyte diffusion while serving as the photoelectrode film of a dye‐sensitized solar cell. In the Perspectives section, it is suggested that optimization of the porosity of the aggregates, the facets of nanocrystallites forming the aggregates, and the structure of photoelectrode film could possibly lead to breakthroughs in improving the power conversion efficiency of the current state‐of‐the‐art dye‐sensitized solar cells.