bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity and human biology: Toward a global perspective
Authors: Brewis Alexandra A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOverweight bodies will soon be the modal human form. In this special issue of American Journal of Human Biology, authors use varied approaches to examine the expansion of obesity globally, particularly what shape variability in people's vulnerability to weight gain and its negative effects. The contributions together highlight how complex pathways between biology and health related to excess weight are strongly medicated, at multiple levels, by both socio‐ecological context and life history. A systems approach, which can place human biological and biocultural variation iteratively within the broader contexts of developing and globalizing adiposity, will be a useful next step to informing effective prevention and intervention efforts. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A qualitative evaluation of owner and worker health and safety beliefs in small auto collision repair shops
Authors: Parker David L. , Bejan Anca , Brosseau Lisa M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundAbout 223,000 people are employed in approximately 34,500 auto collision repair businesses. In general, employees and owners in these establishments lack knowledge of health and safety practices and do not have the technical expertise to make their place of work safer.MethodsThree employee and three owner focus groups were conducted. The goal of these focus groups was to characterize health and safety beliefs of owners and employees and to determine the best methods for motivating safety improvements in collision repair shops.ResultsA total of 11 owners and 19 workers participated in these focus groups. Employees and owners were aware of a wide range of hazards. Both groups noted difficulty in staying informed. Employers were hesitant to set and enforce safety and health rules. Employees perceive owners to be unwilling to dedicate the resources to make the workplace safer and provide personal protective equipment. Both groups felt insurance reimbursement practices placed undue pressure on employees.ConclusionsFocus groups provide important insights into intervention development in very small enterprises in general and auto collision shops in specific. Employers were conflicted about allowing employees a certain level of independence while also maintaining a safe workplace. From the employee perspective, owners frequently fail to provide adequate personal protective equipment and make improvements needed to ensure safe work. The unique managerial needs of very small enterprises must be accounted for if health and safety programs are to be implemented in these establishments. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:474–482, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pre‐surgery disability compensation predicts long‐term disability among workers with carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Spector June T. , Turner Judith A. , Fulton‐Kehoe Deborah , Franklin Gary 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundWe sought to identify early risk factors for work disability compensation prior to and after carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) surgery, and to determine whether pre‐surgery disability compensation is associated with long‐term disability.MethodsWashington State workers' compensation administrative data and data from interviews with workers 18 days (median) after submitting new workers' compensation claims for CTS were examined. Baseline risk factors for pre‐surgery disability compensation and for long‐term disability (>365 days of work disability compensation prior to 2 years after claim filing) were evaluated for workers who underwent CTS surgery and had at least 1 day of disability compensation (N = 670).ResultsAfter adjustment for baseline long‐term disability risk factors, workers with pre‐surgery disability compensation had over five times the odds of long‐term disability. Baseline factors in multiple domains, including job, psychosocial, clinical, and worker pain and function, were associated with both pre‐surgery disability compensation and long‐term disability.ConclusionsRisk factors for work disability prior to and after CTS surgery are similar, and early work disability is a risk factor for long‐term CTS‐related disability. An integrated approach to CTS‐related disability prevention could include identifying and addressing combined risk factors soon after claim filing, more efficient use of conservative treatments and appropriate work modifications to minimize early work loss, and, when indicated, timely surgical intervention. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:816–832, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐Assembled Hexanuclear Organometallic Cages: Synthesis, Characterization, and Host–Guest Properties
Authors: Han Ying‐Feng , Li Hao , Zheng Zhi‐Fang , Jin Guo‐Xin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA series of iridium‐ and rhodium‐based hexanuclear organometallic cages containing 2,5‐dichloro‐3,6‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzoquinone, 9,10‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐anthraquinone, and 6,11‐dihydroxynaphthacene‐5,12‐dione ligands were synthesized from the self‐assembly of the corresponding molecular “clips” and 2,4,6‐tri(4‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine ligands in good yields. These organometallic cages can form inclusion systems with a wide variety of π‐donor substrates, including coronene, pyrene, [Pt(acac)2], and hexamethoxytriphenylene. The 1:1 complexation of the resulting supramolecular assemblies was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Large complexation shifts (Δδ>1 ppm) were observed in the 1H NMR spectra of guests in the presence of cage [Cp*6M6(μ‐DHNA)3(tpt)2](OTf)6 (6a; M=Ir, tpt=2,4,6‐tri(4‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine). The formation of discrete 1:1 donor–acceptor complexes, pyrene⊂6 b (M=Rh), coronene⊂6 a, coronene⊂6 b, and [Pt(acac)2]⊂6 a was confirmed by their single‐crystal X‐ray analyses. In these systems, the most important driving force for the formation of guest–host complexes is clearly the donor–acceptor π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interaction, including charge‐transfer interactions between the electron‐donating and electron‐accepting aromatic components. These structures provide compelling evidence for the existence of strong attractive forces between the electron‐deficient triazine core and electron‐rich guest. The results presented here may provide useful guidance for designing artificial receptors for functional biomolecules.
TGF‐β1 gene‐engineered mesenchymal stem cells induce rat cartilage regeneration using nonviral gene vector
Authors: He Cai‐Xia , Zhang Tian‐Yuan , Miao Pei‐Hong , Hu Zhong‐Jie , Han Min , Tabata Yasuhiko , Hu Yu‐Lan , Gao Jian‐Qing 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis study evaluated the potential of utilizing transfected pTGFβ‐1 gene‐engineered rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using nonviral vector to promote cartilage regeneration. Pullulan–spermine was used as the nonviral gene vector and gelatin sponge was used as the scaffold. MSCs were engineered with TGF‐β1 gene with either the three‐dimensional (3D) reverse transfection system or the two‐dimensional (2D) conventional transfection system. For the 3D reverse transfection system, pullulan–spermine/pTGF‐β1 gene complexes were immobilized to the gelatin sponge, followed by the seeding of MSCs. Pullulan–spermine/pTGF‐β1 gene complexes were delivered to MSCs cultured in the plate to perform the 2D conventional transfection system, and then MSCs were seeded to the gelatin sponge. Then, TGF‐β1 gene‐transfected MSC seeded gelatin sponge was implanted to the full‐thickness cartilage defect. Compared with the control group, both groups of TGF‐β1 gene‐engineered MSCs improved cartilage regeneration through optical observation and histology staining. So, with pullulan–spermine as the nonviral vector, TGF‐β1‐gene engineered MSCs can induce cartilage regeneration in vivo.
Strain‐specific modifier genes governing craniofacial phenotypes
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Partha , Brock Guy , Webb Cynthia , Pisano M. Michele , Greene Robert M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe presence of strain‐specific modifier genes is known to modulate the phenotype and pathophysiology of mice harboring genetically engineered mutations. Thus, identification of genetic modifier genes is requisite to understanding control of phenotypic expression. c‐Ski is a transcriptional regulator. Ski−/− mice on a C57BL6J (B6) background exhibit facial clefting, while Ski−/− mice on a 129P3 (129) background present with exencephaly.METHODSIn the present study, oligonucleotide‐based gene expression profiling was used to identify potential strain‐specific modifier gene candidates present in wild type mice of B6 and 129 genetic backgrounds. Changes in gene expression were verified by TaqMan quantitative real‐time PCR.RESULTSSteady‐state levels of 89 genes demonstrated a significantly higher level of expression, and those of 68 genes demonstrated a significantly lower level of expression in the developing neural tubes from embryonic day (E) 8.5, B6 embryos when compared to expression levels in neural tubes derived from E 8.5, 129 embryos.CONCLUSIONSBased on the results from the current comparative microarray study, and taking into consideration a number of relevant published reports, several potential strain‐specific gene candidates, likely to modify the craniofacial phenotypes in various knockout mouse models have been identified. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective recognition of acetate ion based on fluorescence enhancement chemosensor
Authors: Hosseini Morteza , Ganjali Mohammad Reza , Veismohammadi Bahareh , Faridbod Farnoush , Abkenar Shiva Dehghan , Salavati‐Niasari Masoud 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTFluorescence study of the complexation between uranyl salophen (L) and some common anions in acetonitrile–water (90:10, v/v) solution showed a tendency of L toward acetate ion (AcO−). The fluorescence enhancement of L is attributed to a 1:1 complex formation between L and acetate ion which was utilized as the basis for the selective detection of AcO−. The association constant of the 1:1 complex formation of L–AcO− was calculated as 6.60 × 106. The linear response range of the fluorescent chemosensor covers a AcO− concentration range of 1.6 × 10−7 to 2.5 × 10−5 mol/L, with a detection limit of 2.5 × 10−8 mol/L. L showed a selective and sensitive fluorescence enhancement response toward acetate ion over I3−, NO3−, CN−, CO32−, Br−, Cl−, F−, H2PO4− and SO42−, which was attributed to the higher stability of inorganic complex between acetate and L. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peer review in class: Metrics and variations in a senior course
Authors: Yankulov Krassimir , Couto Richard 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPeer reviews are the generally accepted mode of quality assessment in scholarly communities; however, they are rarely used for evaluation at college levels. Over a period of 5 years, we have performed a peer review simulation at a senior level course in molecular genetics at the University of Guelph and have accumulated 393 student peer reviews. We have used these to generate a summary of the metrics of this exercise. Our calculations show that student peer marks are highly variable and not suitable for numerical performance evaluation at the university level. On the other hand, student peer reviews can clearly recognize substandard performance. Hence, peer reviews can be used for the assessment of “pass/fail” type of assignments. Interestingly, student peers struggle to distinguish between good and excellent performance. These finding provide provocative insight on the process of peer review in general. We comment on the implications of this in‐class simulation for research communities and on potential pitfalls of peer reviews.
The arduous journey to find a portrait of Beauchêne fils
Authors: Spinner Robert J. , Wolanskyj Alexandra P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractEarlier publications by our group have reported the major contributions of Beauchêne fils, Edme François Chauvot de Beauchêne (1778–1830), a prosector, and surgeon in Paris. These included a variety of firsts: the finding of an intraneural ganglion cyst, the description of the exploded skull (Beauchêne) technique, and the case of air pulmonary embolism. This article describes the exhaustive efforts necessary to locate a portrait of him. Information obtained along the circuitous journey through 13 generations over five centuries will clarify the important medical accomplishments by individuals of a noble family. The discovered portraits will allow scholars to honor accurately the individuals, particularly Beauchêne fils, in the future. Clin. Anat. 25:683–686, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transmetallation Versus β‐Hydride Elimination: The Role of 1,4‐Benzoquinone in Chelation‐Controlled Arylation Reactions with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Sköld Christian , Kleimark Jonatan , Trejos Alejandro , Odell Luke R. , Nilsson Lill Sten O. , Norrby Per‐Ola , Larhed Mats 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe formation of an atypical, saturated, diarylated, Heck/Suzuki, domino product produced under oxidative Heck reaction conditions, employing arylboronic acids and a chelating vinyl ether, has been investigated by DFT calculations. The calculations highlight the crucial role of 1,4‐benzoquinone (BQ) in the reaction. In addition to its role as an oxidant of palladium, which is necessary to complete the catalytic cycle, this electron‐deficient alkene opens up a low‐energy reaction pathway from the post‐insertion σ‐alkyl complex. The association of BQ lowers the free‐energy barrier for transmetallation of the σ‐alkyl complex to create a pathway that is energetically lower than the oxidative Heck reaction pathway. Furthermore, the calculations showed that the reaction is made viable by BQ‐mediated reductive elimination and leads to the saturated diarylated product.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations of the Light Induced Formation of Gold Nanoparticles on the Surface of TiO2
Authors: Mohamed Hanan H. , Dillert Ralf , Bahnemann Detlef W. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe kinetics of the formation of gold nanoparticles on the surface of pre‐illuminated TiO2 have been investigated using stopped‐flow technique and steady state UV/Vis spectroscopy. Excess electrons were loaded on the employed nanosized titanium dioxide particles by UV‐A photolysis in the presence of methanol serving as hole scavenger, stored on them in the absence of oxygen and subsequently used for the reduction of AuIII ions. The formation of gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 5 nm was confirmed after mixing of the TiO2 nanoparticles loaded with electrons with aqueous solution of tetrachloroaureate (HAuCl4) by their surface plasmon absorbance band at 530 nm, as well as by XRD and HRTEM measurements. The rate of formation of the gold nanoparticles was found to be a function of the concentration of the gold ions and the concentration of the stored electrons, respectively. The effect of PVA as a stabilizer of the gold nanoclusters was also studied. The observed kinetic behavior suggests that the formation of the gold nanoparticles on the TiO2 surface is an autocatalytic process comprising of two main steps: 1) Reduction of the gold ions by the stored electrons on TiO2 forming gold atoms that turn into gold nuclei. 2) Growth of the metal nuclei on the surface of TiO2 forming the gold particles. Interestingly, at higher TiO2 electron loading the excess electrons are subsequently transferred to the deposited gold metal particles resulting in “bleaching” of their surface plasmon band. This bleaching in the surface plasmon band is explained by the Fermi level equilibration of the Au/TiO2 nanocomposites. Finally, the reduction of water resulting in the evolution of molecular hydrogen initiated by the excess electrons that have been transferred to the previously formed gold particles has also been observed. The mechanism of the underlying multistep electron‐transfer process has been discussed in detail.
Construction of a Graphene Oxide Based Noncovalent Multiple Nanosupramolecular Assembly as a Scaffold for Drug Delivery
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhang Ying‐Ming , Chen Yong , Zhao Di , Chen Jia‐Tong , Liu Yu 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA multiple supramolecular assembly, in which a folic acid‐modified β‐cyclodextrin (1) acted as a target unit, an adamantanyl porphyrin (2) acted as a linker unit, and graphene oxide acted as a carrier unit, was successfully fabricated through non‐covalent interactions and comprehensively investigated by means of UV/Vis, fluorescence, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies, and electron microscopy. Significantly, the graphene oxide unit could associate with the anticancer drug doxorubicin through π–π interactions, and the folic acid‐modified β‐cyclodextrin unit could recognize the folic acid receptors in cancer cells. Owing to the cooperative contribution of these three units, the resulting multiple supramolecular assembly, after association with doxorubicin, exhibited better drug activity and much lower toxicity than free doxorubicin in vivo.
Tautomerisation of 2‐Substituted Pyridines to N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Induced by the 16 e− Unsaturated [TpMe2IrIII(C6H5)2] Moiety
Authors: Conejero Salvador , López‐Serrano Joaquín , Paneque Margarita , Petronilho Ana , Poveda Manuel L. , Vattier Florencia , Álvarez Eleuterio , Carmona Ernesto 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe complex [TpMe2Ir(C6H5)2(N2)] reacts with several 2‐substituted pyridines to generate N‐heterocyclic carbenes resulting from a formal 1,2‐hydrogen shift from C6 to N. In this paper we provide a detailed report of the scope and the mechanistic aspects (both experimental and theoretical) of the tautomerisation of 2‐substituted pyridines.
A unique approach to predict accurate heavy oil density with new three parameter cubic equation of state
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Henni Amr 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA unique approach is proposed to predict the heavy oil density using a recently developed three parameter cubic equation of state for heavy pure components. It predicts the heavy oil density with an AAD of 2.5%. The new model does not require any experimental density data for its tuning. The basic assumption in this work is that heavy oil is a mixture of n‐alkanes and aromatics as the most prominent groups. Critical pressure characterisation for pseudo fractions is done by tuning a perturbation factor (fc), also representing the aromaticity, to match the predicted saturation pressure with the experimental pressure. The parameter ‘u’ for the pseudo fractions is adjusted using another parameter ‘S’ which was found to vary linearly with fc.
The Morphology and Stability of Nanoscopic Gas States at Water/Solid Interfaces
Authors: Zhang Lijuan , Wang Chunlei , Tai Renzhong , Hu Jun , Fang Haiping 
Published: February 2012

AbstractNanoscale gas bubbles have surprising stability at water/solid surfaces. Herein, we summarize progress made on investigating gases at the water/solid interfaces on the nanometer scale. The gas states include nanobubbles, micropancakes, multiple gas layers and their coexistence; these were investigated from experimental and theoretical aspects. The stability of nanoscale gas bubbles may be attributed to high inner density, as observed in molecular dynamic simulations and theoretical analysis. Moreover, it was found that there were maximal length scales for stable nanobubbles, namely, 100 nm high and a curvature radius of 2 μm.
Analysis of Nascent Rotational Energy Distributions and Reaction Mechanisms of the Gas‐Phase Radical–Radical Reaction O(3P)+(CH3)2CH→C3H6+OH
Authors: Park Min‐Jin , Kang Kyoo‐Weon , Choi Jong‐Ho 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper reports on the gas‐phase radical–radical dynamics of the reaction of ground‐state atomic oxygen [O(3P), from the photodissociation of NO2] with secondary isopropyl radicals [(CH3)2CH, from the supersonic flash pyrolysis of isopropyl bromide]. The major reaction channel, O(3P)+(CH3)2CH→C3H6 (propene)+OH, is examined by high‐resolution laser‐induced fluorescence spectroscopy in crossed‐beam configuration. Population analysis shows bimodal nascent rotational distributions of OH (X2Π) products with low‐ and high‐N′′ components in a ratio of 1.25:1. No significant spin–orbit or Λ‐doublet propensities are exhibited in the ground vibrational state. Ab initio computations at the CBS‐QB3 theory level and comparison with prior theory show that the statistical method is not suitable for describing the main reaction channel at the molecular level. Two competing mechanisms are predicted to exist on the lowest doublet potential‐energy surface: direct abstraction, giving the dominant low‐N′′ components, and formation of short‐lived addition complexes that result in hot rotational distributions, giving the high‐N′′ components. The observed competing mechanisms contrast with previous bulk kinetic experiments conducted in a fast‐flow system with photoionization mass spectrometry, which suggested a single abstraction pathway. In addition, comparison of the reactions of O(3P) with primary and tertiary hydrocarbon radicals allows molecular‐level discussion of the reactivity and mechanism of the title reaction.
Carbon‐Based Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Ghosh Arunabha , Lee Young Hee 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSupercapacitors are one of the key devices for energy‐storage applications. They have energy densities much higher than those of conventional capacitors and possess much better power delivery capabilities than batteries. This makes them unique devices that can outperform both batteries and conventional capacitors under special circumstances. Nanocarbons are the main electrode materials for supercapacitors. Abundant sources of nanocarbons and facile processes of modification have led to the fabrication of cheap electrodes. In this review, we focus on the capacitance performance of highly porous activated carbons and attempt to determine the role of different pores. Elaborate discussions are presented on individual contributions from micro‐ and mesopores and their mutual dependence. This article also presents a comparative performance report for both random and ordered porous nanocarbons. Novel carbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, and their contributions in this context are discussed. We summarize key techniques for the functionalization of nanocarbons and their pseudocapacitive charge‐storage mechanisms. Nanocarbon composites with redox‐active transition‐metal oxides and conducting polymers are highlighted along with their impact as electrode materials. Ideal composite structures are highlighted and an attempt is made to determine an ideal future electrode structure for capacitors with high energy and power density.
Physical Features of Binary Coulomb Crystals: Madelung Energy, Collective Modes and Phonon Heat Capacity
Authors: Kozhberov A. A. , Baiko D. A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractElectrostatic energy, collective modes, and thermodynamic functions of a Coulomb crystal with equal number of ions of two different types and uniform charge‐compensating electron background are studied using harmonic lattice model. Simple cubic and hexagonal lattices with two different ions in the elementary cell (we denote these lattices sc2 and h2, respectively) are considered. The static sc2 lattice is more tightly bound than the h2 one at any charge ratio of the constituent ions. The phonon spectra depend on the ion charge and mass ratio. An analysis shows that these binary Coulomb crystals are stable, if the charge ratio is not too different from 1 (about 3.6 for sc2 and 1.3 for h2 lattices) regardless of the mass ratio. Heat capacity of the sc2 lattice is obtained by numerical integration over the first Brillouin zone as a function of temperature and charge and mass ratios. Well known classic and quantum asymptotes of the heat capacity are reproduced, and the dependence of the coefficient in the Debye T3 law on charge and mass ratios is presented (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)