bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
El Chichon as seen from Project Airstream
Authors: Chieco Nancy 
Published: October 2011

In April 1982, and again in July, while flying at 17–19 km on regularly scheduled missions, DOE's WB‐57F aircraft (flown by NASA/Johnson Space Center) successfully intercepted the plume from the April 1982 eruption of El Chichon in Mexico. These flights are part of DOE's high‐altitude sampling program (HASP), which provides data three times a year—April, July, and October—on the distribution of radioactivity and various nonnuclear compounds in the troposphere and the stratosphere.Project Airstream, the aircraft part of HASP, is a cooperative effort, with Robert Leifer of DOE's Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) as the scientific director. On the April and July missions the aircraft had aboard instruments from four laboratories: EML, Los Alamos, NASA/Johnson Space Center, and the Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada. The samples collected are being analyzed at each laboratory, and the results will be presented at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco.
Ocean sciences peer review in NSF
Authors: Wall Robert E. 
Published: October 2011

Someone—I believe it was a German statesman—once said that there were two questions to which most people did not really want answers: What goes in to sausage? and How are government decisions made? I am sure there is some truth here. Although I'm not familiar with what has been happening in the area of sausage making, there have been many discussions and several recent studies about the use and effectiveness of peer review in federal agencies deciding what research to support.This article is precipitated by these recent studies, by the availability of quantitative peer review data in the Ocean Sciences Research Section (OSRS) of the National Science Foundation (NSF), and by continuing questions and statements concerning the peer review process that suggest some misunderstanding about what it is and how it works. My intent in this article is to describe the general process of peer review used in OSRS and to explain some of the variations in that process. Data and statistics on proposals considered for support with Fiscal Year (FY) 1981 funds help illustrate the process.
Herculaneum: Clues to Vesuvius eruption
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

More than 80 skeletons have been unearthed in the ancient Mediterranean town of Herculaneum, west of Italy's Mount Vesuvius. This anthropological find corroborates a reinterpretation by three University of Rhode Island scientists of the sequence of the August A.D. 79 eruption of Vesuvius. In addition, the discovery is the first proof that large numbers of people perished as they tried to flee from the eruption, estimated to have been about 10 times more powerful than the May 1980 Mount St. Helens blast.‘Who says dead men don't talk? Their bones have something to say about them and their everyday lives,’ says Sara C. Bisel, a physical anthropologist who analyzed the skeletons. Among the remains are a cluster of skeletons from six adults, four children, and two infants trying to shield themselves from the volcanic onslaught; the skeleton of a sailor, still clutching an oar, lying on his back beside an 8‐m‐long capsized boat; a woman whose now bony hand was still graced with gem‐encrusted gold rings; and a soldier (see Figure 1). From these and other finds the anthropological team was able to discern that the ancient Romans, on average, were shorter than modern citizens and, judging from the condition of some of the teeth, probably had a low‐sugar diet.
Gulf ring algae
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Although they rank among the tiniest of the microspcopic phytoplankton, coccolithophore algae aid oceanographers studying the Gulf Stream rings and the ring boundaries. The algal group could help to identify more precisely the boundary of the warm rings of water that spin off from the Gulf Stream and become independent pools of warm water in the colder waters along the northeastern U.S. coast.Coccolithophore populations in the Gulf Stream rings intrigue oceanographers for two reasons: The phytoplankton are subjected to an environment that changes every few days, and population explosions within one coccolithophore species seem to be associated with changes in the characteristics of ocean water, said Pat Blackwelder, an associate professor at the Nova Oceanographic Center in Dania, Fla. She is one of many studying the physics, chemistry, and biology of warm core rings. A special oceanography session on these rings was held at the recent AGU Fall Meeting/ASLO Winter Meeting.
Tropical Cyclones: Their Evolution, Structure, and Effects
Authors: Cadet D. 
Published: October 2011

This book gives the state of knowledge about tropical cyclones. After the introduction, which stresses the socioeconomic importance of these phenomena, the reader becomes excited to know more about one of the most powerful perturbations of the atmosphere. All the aspects of the phenomenon are treated. Thus, an entire chapter is devoted to the interaction between storm and ocean.The introduction begins with some history about the first descriptions and understanding of tropical cyclones. It is followed by their socioeconomic impact. Their influence can be illustrated with numbers taken from the book: Each year an average number of 20,000 deaths and economic loss of $6–7 billion
Geochemists seek input
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The U.S. National Committee for Geochemistry (USNC/Geochemistry) was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1967 to provide a liaison between the Academy's working arm—the National Research Council—and the national and international community of geochemists. The USNC/Geochemistry wishes to enhance its visibility in the geochemical community by detailing here the structure and functions of the committee and by inviting direct communications from interested persons.Some projects that give a sense of the activities of the committee include the following items. A symposium on Multiple Fluid Flow in Crystalline Rocks at Elevated Temperatures is being planned by Maria Luisa Crawford at the fall 1983 annual Geological Society of America meeting. The symposium will bring together some overviews of fluid flow processes and the physical, chemical, and kinetic factors governing flow, as well as provide an opportunity for presentations of current research in this broad area.
Council sets pace for '82–'84 action
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The December 1982 meeting of the AGU Council, the first in the 1982–1984 biennium, has set a new pace. It is the first Council Meeting in the memory of any of those participating at which every Council member was present in person. This record attests to the importance Section presidents and president‐elects place on their responsibilities as representatives of their sections and as members of what in effect is AGU's Board of Directors; and it is a further tribute to the value they place on AGU.Both the Council and the AGU Executive Committee held their meetings on December 9, 1982, during the Fall Meeting in San Francisco. President Van Allen, President‐elect Drake, General Secretary Meredith, Foreign Secretary Kisslinger, and Executive Director Spilhaus constitute the Executive Committee. The full Council includes the Executive Committee and the President and President‐elect of each Section. At its meetings the Council usually addresses administrative matters such as budgeting, examines existing operations, and considers proposed new programs. The Executive Committee acts on behalf of the Council between Council meetings; it is specifically charged with approving Chapman conferences, the cosponsorship of other meetings, and several other largely administrative actions.
Mn solubility tested in seawater
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

It has been known for the past 2 or 3 years that the concentration of manganese in the upper several hundred meters of ocean water is unlike that of other trace metals such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and nickel. Trace metals are needed as a sort of ‘vitamin supplement’ by marine plants and animals; the surface supply is biologically scavenged and regenerated at depth. Thus ocean concentrations of trace metals increase with depth.Manganese, by contrast, appears to be concentrated in the photic zone and becomes relatively depleted in the depth interval 50–100 m from the surface. W. Landing and K. Bruland (Ear. Planet. Sci. Lett. 49, 45–56, 1980) described their observations of vertical distributions of manganese in a study of samples from the north Pacific. Recently, W. Sunda, S. A. Huntsman, and A. Harvey, in a study supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have found similar behavior of manganese in samples of coastal seawater and offshore seawater collected off North Carolina (Nature, 20, January 1983). They suggest on the basis of experiments conducted with these samples that the marine biological community itself serves to condition the surface seawater and, with the assistance of photoreduction, cause manganese to dissolve in the otherwise oxygenated zones.
New hydrology program set
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A hydrology program leading to a bachelor of science in hydrology will begin this fall at Tarleton State University, a part of the Texas A&M University system. The 4‐year program aims to prepare students for entry‐level positions leading to professional, hydrology‐related careers and for appropriate graduate academic programs.Included in the program's core curriculum are courses in calculus, statistics, chemistry, biology, physics, geology, soil science, computer science, and water‐related courses in mechanics, hydraulics, hydrology, groundwater, water treatment, water quality, and water resource management. The program will be guided by a director in conjunction with an external advisory board of professionals knowledgeable about and concerned with the responsible use and management of water resources.
New NAE head
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Robert M. White, president of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and an AGU Fellow, has been elected president of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). White's 4‐year term begins July 1. He succeeds Courtland D. Perkins, who has been NAE president since 1975.As NAE president, White will serve as vice chairman of the National Research Council (NRC). Frank Press, president of the National Academy of Sciences and former AGU president, is NRC chairman.
Advanced Techniques for Clay Mineral Analysis
Authors: Roberson Herman E. 
Published: October 2011

Advanced Techniques for Clay Mineral Analysis is a collection of review articles dealing with nine analytical techniques: thermoanalytical methods, high resolution electron‐microscopy studies, neutron scattering techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance, Mossbauer spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, ultraviolet and visible light spectroscopy, far infrared spectroscopy, and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA).Each chapter includes some discussion of theory as it relates to a particular technique, but the main emphasis according to J. J. Fripiat, the editor, was to be directed toward summarizing recent developments of clay research applications. In fact there is an unevenness in this regard. Some authors (e.g., P. L. Hall on neutron scattering and J. P. Eberhart on high resolution electron‐microscopy) have devoted a significant proportion of their articles to theoretical discussion, while other authors (T.J. Pinnavaia on electron spin resonance studies of clay minerals and R. D. Mackenzie on thermoanalytical methods) have no general discussion of theory.
Bird demise tied to El Ni˜o
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The first massive disappearance of a total bird population from a tropical atoll has been credited to the 1982 El Niño.Roughly 17 million seabirds—virtually the entire adult bird population on Christmas Island in the mid Pacific—either perished or fled, leaving behind thousands of nestlings to starve, according to a report from the National Science Foundation. Among those birds that either abandoned the world's largest coral atoll or died are 14 million sooty terns, at least 1.5 million wedge‐tailed shear‐waters, and 1 million birds comprising 16 other species.
Dynamical Meteorology: An Introductory Selection
Authors: Quinet A. 
Published: October 2011

This volume contains 15 articles written by 10 different authors. As the preface states, it is aimed to simplify some of the most difficult concepts in dynamical meteorology so that this science might become understandable to the nonprofessional meteorologist.After introducing the fundamentals of atmospheric hydrodynamics and thermodynamics—which is presumably the most difficult part to write in view of the goal of the publication—the book defines vorticity and divergence and discusses their uses in several fairly well chosen examples. Next, the problem of the analysis of meteorological fields is dealt with. Here, not only simple methods are presented but also some applications to actual cases. This leads to an approach of the geostrophic balance.
Knapp confirmed as NSF Director
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Edward A. Knapp was confirmed by the Senate in a voice vote on April 15 as the director of the National Science Foundation (NSF). The Senate vote followed a confirmation hearing by the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee. Knapp, who was nominated by President Reagan to head the foundation in November, had been assistant director for NSF's mathematical and physical sciences (MPS) directorate since July 1982.Allegations that he has been politicizing NSF have beleaguered Knapp since he asked for resignations or firm commitments to leave from three NSF top administrators in December (two of these administrators had been planning to leave, though no resignation dates had been set). Knapp assured the Senate committee during the April 13 confirmation hearings that he made the decision to ask for the resignations and that, although he had discussed his plan with Office of Science and Technology Policy officials, they did not request that certain people be removed in exchange for particular increases in the NSF budget. Knapp consistently has defended himself against the allegations by saying that he wants his own team at the agency.
Antarctic atmosphere
Authors: Lanzerotti Louis J. 
Published: October 2011

The January 1983 issue of the Bulletin of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) contains information on the activities of the Working Group on Upper Atmosphere Physics that are of interest to U.S. scientists. This working group met during the 17th Meeting of SCAR held in Leningrad in July 1982. The working group noted that the southern polar region is uniquely significant in relation to the structure and dynamics of the middle atmosphere and therefore SCAR endorsed the coordinated, international Middle Atmosphere Program (MAP) in Antarctica.With regard to Antarctic data obtained during the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS), SCAR urged scientists to initiate international, bilateral, collaborative programs to extract important new results relevant to the IMS. The Secretary of the IAGA Interdivisional Commission on Antarctic Research (T. Hirasawa, National Institute for Polar Research, Tokyo) has available tabular information on IMS Antarctic data and programs. Similar information is contained on the 1982 IMS Source Book, published by AGU.
Magnetospheric and interplanetary physics 1979–1982
Authors: Stern David P. 
Published: October 2011

The quadrennium 1979–1982 witnessed notable advances in magnetospheric and interplanetary physics and demonstrated some major trends. Examples of both will be listed below, followed by an evaluation of the state of the discipline and of its future.Standing out among the advances is the enormous volume of data about the magnetospheres of the giant planets collected by Voyagers 1–2 and by Pioneer 11. At the start of 1979 the very existence of Saturn's magnetic field was uncertain, and the role of the satellite Io in Jupiter's magnetosphere was only dimly guessed. Four years later we have extensive information on both magnetospheres, on their underlying planetary fields, ring currents, radio emissions, plasma composition, and nightside configuration, and about such matters as Io's plasma torus and the current filament linking Io to Jupiter, Saturn's inner radiation belt (from neutron albedo), and Titan's wake.During the same interval great strides were also made toward tracing the behavior of different ion species in the earth's magnetosphere, charting the variability of different ions, and deducing their sources. The effort included widespread international collaboration, with key observations coming from European experiments. Much has been learned, but the data must still be extended to the 20–200 keV energy range, where most of the energy resides. Details have also come to light about the global distribution of ‘beams’ and ‘conies,’ and about the relative abundances of O+, He+, He++, H+ and O+ +. Further properties of field‐aligned voltage drops have been noted, including a suggestion of very narrow electric field structures, observable only with a millisecond time resolution.
Coalinga quakes
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A magnitude 6.5 (Richter scale) earthquake hit the city of Coalinga, Calif., about 520 km southeast of San Francisco, at 4:42 p.m. (PDT) on May 2. The earthquake, the largest to strike the region in at least 100 years, occurred on the extreme eastern edge of the 105‐km‐wide zone of active faults that form the San Andreas system in central California, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). More than 1,500 aftershocks, including two that struck May 8 and registered magnitude 5.5, have continued to jolt the area.No deaths were reported, but injuries exceed 45, according to James Brady of the U.S. Disaster Field Office in Coalinga. Damage, estimated at more than $30 million, has resulted in the displacement of more than 1,000 persons.
Fulbright update
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Opportunities to teach or perform postdoctoral research in the earth and atmospheric sciences under the Senior Scholar Fulbright awards program for 1984–1985 (Eos, March 1, 1983, p. 81) are available in 14 countries, according to the Council for International Exchange of Scholars.The countries and the specialization opportunities are Algeria, any specialization; Australia, mineral processing research; India, any specialization in geology or geophysics; Israel, environmental studies; Korea, any specialization; Lebanon, geophysics, geotectonics, and structural geology; Morocco, research methods in science education; Pakistan, geology, marine biology, and mineralogy; Poland, mining technology; Sudan, geology and remote sensing; Thailand, planning and environmental change; USSR, any specialization; Yugoslavia, any research specialization; and Zimbabwe, exploration geophysics and solid earth geophysics.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 8(4), April 30, 1983, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete Ulawun report is included; reports on Mount St. Helens and earthquakes are excerpted. The Asama report appeared in the May 10, 1983, Eos.The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E83–005 at $2.50 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give volume and issue numbers and issue date) through AGU Separates; $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price is $18.00 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a United States address; $28.00 (U.S.) if mailed elsewhere. Order must be prepaid.
GALE
Authors: Hobbs Peter V. 
Published: October 2011

A cooperative research project to study winter cyclonic development on the east coast of the United States is being planned by an informal consortium of universities and federal research laboratories. Known by the acronym GALE (Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment), the project is designed to provide detailed information on the role of air‐sea interaction, boundary layer, and mesoscale processes in cyclogenesis and frontogenesis off the Carolina coast.Rapid cyclogenesis off the Carolina coast often leads to severe weather in the heavily populated northeast corridor. Recent examples include the Presidents' Day snowstorm of February 18–19, 1979, which deposited 60 cm of snow on the Middle Atlantic States; the April 6–7, 1982, snowstorm and windstorm in which more than 50 people lost their lives; and the February 11–12, 1983, blizzard that paralyzed the northeast with record‐breaking snowfall and freezing rain that caused 70 deaths. It is hoped that the detailed studies to be carried out in GALE will help improve the forecasting of such east coast cyclones.
Streamflows at record highs
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Streamflow was reported well above average in more than half the country during May, with flows at or near record levels for the month in 22 states, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Department of the Interior.USGS hydrologists said that above average flow was reported at 98 of the 173 USGS key index gauging stations used in their monthly check on surface‐ and ground‐water conditions. High flows were most prevalent in the Mississippi River basin states and in the east, with the exception of Maine, South Carolina, and Georgia. Below‐average streamflow occurred in the Pacific northwest and in small scattered areas in Colorado, Kansas, Texas, and Minnesota.
1983 AGU Fellows
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Peter L. Bender—For his innovative work in the development and exploitation of new advanced systems for generation of precise data for a variety of geophysical applications: variations in the earth's rotational rate; lunar orbit and lunar mass distributions; tectonic plate motion; crustal movements in seismic zones; global gravity field; and precise geometric positioning.Marx Brook—For extensive and original contributions to physics that have resulted in increased understanding of electrification and severe storm dynamics and their effect in the atmospheric processes.
Cyprus Crustal Study Project
Authors: Hall James M. 
Published: October 2011

The Cyprus Crustal Study Project is a joint venture of the International Crustal Research Drilling Group (ICRDG) and the Government of Cyprus through its Geological Survey Department. The aim of the project is to carry out a detailed reexamination of the Troodos, Cyprus, ophiolite, using high speed diamond drilling combined with extensive surface geological and geophysical studies. The ICRDG group, comprising about 100 geoscientists from eight countries, includes many participants familiar with ophiolites and with in situ ocean crust through work from Glomar Challenger, thus allowing the ophiolite to be viewed from a new perspective.Studies are being concentrated on a section through the north flank of the ophiolite between the villages of Agrokipia and Palekhori. Research drilling and associated mapping in this segment are aimed at providing a continuous sample through the upper 4 km of the ophiolite and at sampling the stockworks beneath the sulfide deposits located within the extrusive section. The Troodos massive sulfide deposits are considered to be close analogs of the deposited being formed by active hydrothermal circulation on the crest of the East Pacific Rise.