bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relatives' locus of control and expressed emotion in schizophrenia and related psychoses
Authors: Bentsen Håvard , Munkvold Ole Georg , Notland Tor Helge , Boye Birgitte , Lersbryggen Annette B. , Oskarsson Kirsti H. , Uren Gunvor , Ulstein Ingun , Bjørge Heidi , Berg‐Larsen Rolf , Lingjærde Odd , Malt Ulrik Fredrik 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. Knowledge of what predicts relatives' expressed emotion (EE) may contribute to improved family work in schizophrenia. In the present study we examined locus of control (LOC) beliefs as determinants of EE components.Design. This study is observational, prospective and partly cross‐sectional, partly longitudinal (stability of LOC).Methods. In a Norwegian sample of 47 recently hospitalized patients (schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder) and 70 relatives, the relatives' EE was assessed by the Camberwell Family Interview and LOC by Levenson's Internality, Powerful Others and Chance scales.Results. Confirmatory multiple regression analyses showed that Chance LOC was positively related to emotional overinvolvement (p < .005). Powerful Others LOC, especially ‘wish to ingratiate’ items, were positively linked to criticism and, among workers/lower grade employees only, to emotional overinvolvement. Internal LOC was not linked to any EE scale.Conclusions. This study indicates that LOC beliefs may be determinants of emotional overinvolvement and criticism, and should be taken into account in family work that aims at modifying relatives' EE.
Mothers, daughters and dieting: Investigating the transmission of weight control
Authors: Hill Andrew J. , Franklin Julie A. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. Research by Pike & Rodin (1991) found higher levels of weight concern and dissatisfactions with family functioning in mothers of eating disordered adolescent girls. The present study sought to extend this research by examining the maternal influences on weight and dieting concerns at a younger age.Design. A cross‐sectional comparison of high and low dietary restraint girls and their mothers was used.Methods. Two groups of 20 11‐year‐old girls and their mothers completed assessments of dietary restraint, body shape preference, self‐perception, family functioning and body weight and height.Results. Mothers of high restraint girls did not differ from comparison mothers in their current level of dieting, but did report more between‐meal snacking and fasting. In addition, they rated their daughters' attractiveness significantly lower than the other mothers. Furthermore, families with a highly restrained daughter scored significantly lower on perceived family cohesion, organization and moral‐religious emphasis.Conclusions. The parallel with the findings of Pike & Rodin supports the role that mothers may play in the transmission of cultural values regarding weight, shape and appearance. Importantly, it also places early dieting within a wider context of dissatisfaction with family functioning.
Do chronic pain patients ‘Stroop‘ on pain stimuli?
Authors: Pincus Tamar , Fraser Lindsay , Pearce Shirley 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. Two experiments investigating the presence of information‐processing biases on tasks of attention (Stroop task) and memory (free recall) in relation to mood states in chronic pain patients are reported. The first investigates whether previously reported attentional bias is a function of pain status or mood state. The second describes a more detailed examination of the roles of anxiety and depression in processing biases in chronic pain patients.Design and method. Both studies compared interference time on an emotional Stroop task between chronic pain patients and controls. Other measures included self‐report of pain, depression and anxiety.Results. Neither study found evidence for an attentional bias, although a memory recall bias was demonstrated.Conclusions. Interference in attending to emotionally salient stimuli appears to be related to measures of anxiety and depression rather than pain per se. When added to the findings of other investigators, these results suggest that the presence of attentional biases in chronic pain patients can best be accounted for as arising from mood state rather than pain‐patient status.
Behavioural effects of long‐term multi‐sensory stimulation
Authors: Martin N. T. , Gaffan E. A. , Williams T. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. Regular access to a multi‐sensory environment (MSE or Snoezelen room) was compared with a non‐complex sensory environment for individuals with learning disabilities. We also tested the prediction that those individuals whose challenging behaviour was maintained by sensory consequences would benefit most from exposure to the MSE.Design. The conditions were compared over 16‐week periods using a double crossover design, and were matched for social contact and attention from the enabler. Participants were randomly assigned to orders of treatments.Methods. Participants were 27 adults with severe/profound learning disabilities who exhibited challenging behaviour. Behaviour was assessed before and after each treatment phase using both direct observation and standardized assessments (the Functional Performance Record and the Problem Behaviour Inventory). The behavioural observations formed the basis of a functional analysis of each individual's challenging behaviour.Results. Some participants became more calm and relaxed while in the MSE, however, the objective measures of behaviour outside the treatment settings revealed no difference between the MSE and control conditions. Challenging behaviour maintained by sensory consequences showed no greater responsivity to the MSE than to the control condition.Conclusions. The multi‐sensory environment had no effects beyond those that could be ascribed to the social interaction between participant and enabler. Anecdotal evidence of favourable responses within the MSE itself could not be confirmed outside the environment.
Early attachment experience and recovery from psychosis
Authors: Drayton Michael , Birchwood Max , Trower Peter 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. Two studies were carried out to investigate the relationship between coping styles and co‐morbid depression in people adjusting to the onset of psychosis. Evaluative thinking and early attachment experiences were also examined.Methods and design. In Study 1, a 39‐item Recovery Style Questionnaire (RSQ) was developed to measure recovery style in people with psychosis, based on McGlashan, Levy & Carpenter's (1975) interview measure of recovery style. Fifty‐six participants completed both the RSQ and McGlashan's interview‐based measure. Study 2 explores the relationship between these styles of recovery, depression and early childhood attachment experiences. Thirty‐six people participated.Results The RSQ was both reliable and correlated highly with McGlashan's interview‐based measure. We found that the RSQ, in keeping with the interview‐based measure, was bimodally distributed, thus supporting McGlashan's contention that they define two distinct recovery styles termed ‘integration’ and ‘sealing over’. As predicted, 88 per cent of the ‘sealers’ were moderately to severely depressed compared to 52 per cent of the ‘integrators’ who were mildly depressed with no members of the ‘integration’ group experiencing moderate to severe depression (p < .0003). Patients who employed the sealing over recovery style also made significantly more negative self‐evaluations than did patients in the integration group and also perceived their parents to be significantly less caring than those in the integration group.Conclusions. These findings are explained in terms of a multi‐axial model incorporating personality structure and development as well as mental disorder. It is suggested that those individuals with a poorly developed sense of self defend against the threat of psychosis using denial. Clinical implications are discussed and more research is suggested to further investigate the links between evaluative and inferential thinking in co‐morbid depression, and how such thinking relates to early childhood experience.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder after subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Berry Elisabeth 
Published: July 2011

Objective. Draw attention to the presence of post‐traumatic stress disorder in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage patients.Design. Case review of 28 patients referred to clinical neuropsychology via a neurosurgery out‐patient clinic.Method. Clinical interview of patients presenting with anxiety related to their medical condition.Results. In 50 per cent of patients anxiety was found to be the main presenting problem and 32 per cent of referred patients met the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder.Conclusion. The case review identified significant psychological morbidity in patients with good physical recovery. This requires detailed scientific evaluation in future studies of outcome.
Recovery of positive future thinking within a high‐risk parasuicide group: Results from a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: MacLeod Andrew K. , Tata Philip , Evans Kathryn , Tyrer Peter , Schmidt Ulrike , Davidson Kate , Thornton Susan , Catalan Jose 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. The research examined: (i) whether high risk parasuicide patients showed a deficit in positive future thinking but no increase in negative future thinking; and (ii) whether such a deficit could be remedied by a brief, manual‐assisted psychological intervention (manual assisted cognitive‐behaviour therapy; MACT).Design. A cross‐sectional, mixed model design was used to assess differences between a sample of high risk parasuicide patients and matched controls on future thinking. A longitudinal mixed model design was used to assess changes in future thinking in the different groups over time.Methods. Parasuicide patients with a history of previous suicidal behaviour and personality disturbance were compared with a matched group of community controls on an adapted fluency measure of future thinking, which measured both quantitative and qualitative aspects of anticipated experiences. Patients were then randomly allocated to either the specific intervention (MACT) or treatment as usual (TAU) and assessed again at 6 month follow‐up.Results. Parasuicide patients showed reduced positive future thinking but no increased negative future thinking. Patients who received MACT showed a significant improvement in positive future thinking over the follow‐up period whereas the TAU group showed no such improvement. However, interpretation of this finding was made more difficult by the control group also showing a significant improvement in positive future thinking.Conclusion. The results confirm that parasuicide patients exhibit a relative deficit in positive future thinking and suggest that this lack of positive future thinking may be remedied, at least partly, by a brief intervention.
Reality negotiation in non‐depressed and depressed persons
Authors: Crowson J. Jeffrey , Cromwell Rue L. , Snyder C. R. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. Non‐depressed and depressed persons were hypothesized to input and recall self‐referential information that was consistent with their self theories.Design. Non‐depressed and depressed persons were compared.Methods. Non‐depressed (14) and depressed (14) students chose between positive or negative audio statements, and then recalled the statements.Results. Non‐depressed relative to depressed participants: (i) listened more to the positive than the negative tapes; and (ii) fabricated (i.e. incorrectly recalled) less negative messages.Conclusion. Partial support is given to reality negotiation processes.
The mental health of Muslim mothers in extended families living in Britain: The impact of intergenerational disagreement on anxiety and depression
Authors: Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J. S. , Mistry Minal , Qureshi Shazia 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. The study assessed the impact of intergenerational differences of opinion over child rearing on the mental health of Muslim mothers living in extended families.Design. The study adopted a correlational design in an attempt to identify factors that accounted for mental health problems.Methods. The child‐rearing attitudes of mothers and grandmothers, mothers' mental health, levels of family acculturation and a range of other background and demographic information was collected from 54 extended families living in two Muslim communities in London using Urdu versions of standard questionnaires.Results. Rates of depression and anxiety among the mothers in the study were high. Grandmothers had more traditional attitudes to child rearing than did mothers. Intergenerational discrepancy over child rearing was more marked in more acculturated families. Discrepancy was associated with higher levels of mothers' anxiety and depression.Conclusions. The unusually high levels of depression and anxiety displayed by Muslim mothers living in extended families can in part be accounted for by patterns of intergenerational discrepancy. These possibly reflect discordant world views within those families that have been assimilated into the dominant British culture.
The London‐East Anglia randomized controlled trial of cognitive‐behaviour therapy for psychosis IV: Self‐esteem and persecutory delusions
Authors: Freeman Daniel , Garety Philippa , Fowler David , Kuipers Elizabeth , Dunn Graham , Bebbington Paul , Hadley Clare 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. There has been a resurgence of interest in the view that persecutory delusions serve a function of defending self‐esteem. An alternative account of levels of self‐esteem in individuals with persecutory delusions is that they result from processes similar to those studied in people with depression (i.e. from the occurrence of a range of life experiences and how the individual interprets and copes with them). This study aimed to examine both hypotheses together for the first time, and, as the literature indicates that delusions may not share a common cause, attention was given to the possibility of the presence of subgroups.Design. Data were examined cross‐sectionally and longitudinally from a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for 60 people with drug‐resistant psychosis.Method. The study is based on the initial assessment of all participants on self‐esteem, delusional conviction and a large number of demographic, clinical and cognitive measures. Longitudinal analyses were also carried out, and are reported separately for those who received the therapy intervention and those in the control group.Results. Almost three‐quarters of participants with persecutory delusions reported low self‐esteem. Changes over time in total self‐esteem correlated with changes in measures of mood and social functioning, but not conviction in persecutory delusions. The individuals who initially had normal levels of self‐esteem displayed a different pattern of results from the majority of participants.Conclusion. Low self‐esteem in people with drug‐resistant persecutory delusions is common and, in most cases, can best be understood in terms of normal emotional processes. There was evidence that the majority of persecutory delusions do not fit either strong or weak formulations of the delusion‐as‐defence explanation and that there may be subgroups with differing aetiologies. These results need to be replicated, and extended to groups in which symptoms are not resistant to medication.
Attitudes of psychiatric patients to staff roles and treatment methods: A replication and extension
Authors: Trauer T. 
Published: July 2011

A questionnaire dealing with attitudes toward staff roles and treatment methods was administered to a group of 191 psychiatric patients and their responses subjected to a rotated principal components analysis. The first three components accounted for the same proportion of the overall variance as did those obtained in an earlier study. The first components, emphasizing high regard for physical treatments and formal interpersonal relationships, were essentially the same in both studies. The second and third components, however, showed important differences; our second component dealt with the psychological and social aspects of patienthood, and our third reflected a critical attitude toward doctors.Scores on the first component were significantly associated with age, score on the Hysteroid‐Obsessoid Questionnaire and social class. Women scored higher than men on the second component and scores on the third were related to total hostility scores on the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire and to schizophrenia. Differences between diagnostic groups on the first component could be attributed almost entirely to the groups' mean ages.
From object relations to attachment theory: A basis for family therapy
Authors: Heard D. H. 
Published: July 2011

This paper describes the essence of object relations theory as developed by Winnicott through his concepts of the transitional object, the good enough mother holding a situation for her child and play both solitary and mutual. These concepts are compared and contrasted with the essential features of attachment theory as put forward by Bowlby.It is suggested that Winnicott's object relations concepts and attachment theory each provide a framework to explain similar psychological and interpersonal phenomena. Reasons are put forward for the choice of attachment theory as a basis for family therapy and to suggest hypotheses to investigate the quality and quantity of intrafamilial social interaction and concomitant emotional states.The family in family therapy is described in terms of the interpersonal dynamic suggested by attachment theory. The family is seen as a homoeostatic system of relationships between individuals at different stages of development who share set goals aimed at terminating a specific form of proximity‐seeking attachment behaviour and promoting exploratory behaviour.
Therapeutic function of diagnostic label ‘hysteria’
Authors: Nishiura Kenshi , Yamada Muneyoshi 
Published: July 2011

Hysterics are not uncommonly believed by others to be deliberate malingerers; they may be accused of being sick for a purpose. Such an assumption has come to be considered as showing naivete on the part of the accusers from the formal psychiatric point of view.The case histories of two hysterical in‐patients who conducted themselves 'hysterically' on the ward are cited. It is a noteworthy paradox that their hysterical symptoms faded away when they were able to assume the role of a 'hysteric'. The current report explores the meaning of the diagnostic label of 'hysteria' and the possibility of taking advantage of the very fact that a 'hysteric' can develop into a 'malingerer' through therapy.The authors recommend that the diagnostic label of 'hysteria' be investigated not merely in terms of communication, but also in terms of its therapeutic function.
Psychological aspects of patients having multiple operations for low back pain
Authors: Bouras N. , Bartlett J. R. , Neil‐Dwyer G. , Bridges P. K. 
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate whether psychological abnormalities were present in patients still complaining of low back pain after more than one operation. It was found that these patients were more psychiatrically disturbed and socially disabled than a matched control group whose back pain responded to one operation.These results suggest that patients requiring assessment for a possible second laminectomy should also be psychiatrically examined.
Dependence and its relationship to depression
Authors: Birtchnell John 
Published: July 2011

Evidence is provided that dependence, either as a trait or a state, is closely related to depression. Theories to explain this fall into two broad categories: that some individuals make excessive demands for affection and become depressed when these are not met; and that some have persistently negative attitudes to life and an inclination to self‐blame. These correspond with Blatt's (1974) two sources of depression, the ‘anaclitic’ and the ‘introjective’. Self‐esteem forms a link in both theoretical approaches.It is proposed that there are three major components to dependence, which have been named affectional, ontological and deferential. The first corresponds with Bowlby's concept of anxious attachment and the psychoanalytic concept of the oral personality. The last is closely related to Beck's (1967) depression‐prone person. The second, originally described by Laing (1965), is concerned with a poorly established identity and causes the individual to relate to another by the imperfect process of fusion. Its part in predisposing the person to depression is less well recognized.Excessive independence, or detachment, may be as maladaptive as dependence and the opposite of both dependence and independence is autonomy. The autonomous person is truly separate and yet able to form intimate relationships.
Thought organization and primary process in the parents of schizophrenics
Authors: Meloy J. Reid 
Published: July 2011

The nature of the relationship between thought organization and primary process was explored by correlating clinical indicators of thought disorder on the Rorschach and formal primary process mechanisms in the dreams of 14 parents of schizophrenics recorded during a two‐week period. The relationship between variability of primary process intensity and the Thought Disorder Index produced a negative correlation at the 0.05 level of significance. Variability of primary process intensity was not found to be significantly related to the length or frequency of the dreams.This inverse relationship between formal thought disorder and variability over time of primary process in the dreams of biological relatives of schizophrenics suggested that dream constriction could be a regressive marker in the heritability of schizophrenia.
Facilitators and Regulators: Conscious and unconscious processes in pregnancy and early motherhood
Authors: Raphael‐Leff Joan 
Published: July 2011

A model is presented, based on clinical experience, mother‐child observations and survey data, delineating two different maternal orientations towards babies and motherhood. The essential difference in orientation is that the Facilitator mother adapts to her baby while the Regulator mother expects the baby to adapt. On a behavioural level these two orientations are manifest in differing maternal practices: the Facilitator mothers exclusively, responding spontaneously to her baby's needs as they arise, whereas the Regulator establishes a routine to foster predictability and shares mothering with her partner or other caretakers.This paper explores three areas within the different maternal orientations of the Facilitator and Regulator:(a) bconceptualization: conscious beliefs and expectations of motherhood and babies;(b) bpractice: observable differences in adaptation to pregnancy, labour, birth and early weeks of motherhood, and differential postnatal vulnerability to psychosocial provoking factors;(c) unconscious processes: identifications, phantasies and defences underlying these practices.The psychogenesis of the two maternal orientations is explored. It is suggested that unconscious identifications between various aspects of the mother's internal world and the foetus determine the maternal orientations, with the Facilitator mother employing idealization and manic reparation to sustain her maternal beliefs while the Regulator engages in manic defence and dissociation. Conscious and unconscious processes operate in conjunction with current socio‐economic circumstances to determine maternal practice.