bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Local Tissue and Regional Lymph Node IL‐2 and IFN‐γ Responses in Experimental Oral Mucosa and Skin Contact Sensitivity in Mice
Authors: Ahlfors E. E. , Lyberg T. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractUsing ELISA, we have quantified the levels of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ in the oral mucosa, ear skin and regional and distant lymph nodes in an experimental murine model of contact sensitivity (CS), induced by the hapten oxazolone (OXA). Compared to normal conditions, the levels of IL‐2 peaked early (4–6 h) after hapten exposure in the hapten‐exposed tissues analysed both during the first hapten exposure (sensitization) and the second (elicitation) phase, thereafter quickly to subside. The oral mucosa displayed maximal 24‐fold increase in IL‐2 levels after sensitization and 39‐fold increase after elicitation. Respective figures for ear skin were ×27 and ×35 and for regional lymph nodes ×8 and ×9, respectively. The distant lymph nodes displayed only minor cytokine increases at any time. IFN‐γ‐levels did not increase after sensitization with OXA. An increase in IFN‐γ was seen after the second exposure, peaking at 8–24 h, thereafter quickly subsiding. The oral mucosa IFN‐γ increased ×14 after elicitation, the ear skin ×8 and regional lymph nodes ×37. The weight of the four regional lymph nodes increased from 10 to 38 mg, and the total number of cells in these lymph nodes was increased ×11, peaking 48 h after the elicitation. We conclude that in CS reactions, tissue levels of IL‐2 increased in buccal mucosa, ear skin and in regional lymph nodes after hapten exposure and re‐exposure, IFN‐γ appeared only after re‐exposure to the hapten. The increased weight of the regional lymph nodes was mainly attributed to cell proliferation. The common ectodermal origin and the similarity of the CS reactions on skin and in buccal mucosa indicate that these tissues share common immunological patterns of Th1 cell reactivity, at least in dealing with haptens like OXA.
A comparison of the clinical manifestations of feeding whole and hydrolysed chicken to dogs with hypersensitivity to the native protein
Authors: Ricci Rebecca , Hammerberg Bruce , Paps Judy , Contiero Barbara , Jackson Hilary 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwenty‐six dogs with known adverse food reactions were fed whole chicken for 14 days. From this group, 12 dogs with cutaneous manifestations following exposure to chicken meat were selected and randomly divided into two groups (n = 6). Each group was then fed hydrolysed chicken or hydrolysed soy for 14 days in a blinded crossover design with a 17‐day washout period between each diet. Assessments of a CADESI (Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index) score and pruritus were performed throughout the entire study, and combined in a global score (GS). Serum was collected weekly for the measurement of chicken‐ and soy‐specific IgG and IgE. Dogs displayed the most severe clinical response when eating whole chicken compared to baseline (P < 0.001). The GS was significantly reduced in 11 of the 12 dogs when fed hydrolysed chicken were compared to those fed whole chicken (3.58 ± 2.81 versus 20.38 ± 14.65,P < 0.01). Serum immunoglobulin G and E responses were variable and did not show relationship with specific dietary exposure.
Amplification of feline sarcoid‐associated papillomavirus DNA sequences from bovine skin
Authors: Munday John S. , Knight Cameron G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFeline sarcoids are uncommon dermal neoplasms that are thought to be caused by papillomaviral (PV) infection. Feline sarcoid‐associated PV (FeSarPV) has been consistently detected in sarcoids from North American and New Zealand cats but has not been detected within any other feline sample. This suggests that feline sarcoids may develop due to cross‐species infection by a PV from an unidentified reservoir host. While there is some epidemiological evidence to suggest that cattle are the reservoir host of FeSarPV, this PV has never been identified within any bovine sample. In this study both consensus PCR primers and primers specific to FeSarPV were used to investigate the presence of PV DNA within five fibropapillomas and 18 samples of inflammatory skin disease from cattle. Consensus primers amplified bovine PV‐2 DNA from four fibropapillomas, but none of the dermatitis samples. However, specific primers amplified FeSarPV DNA from four fibropapillomas and five inflammatory skin lesions. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that FeSarPV has been detected within any sample other than a feline sarcoid. The ability of FeSarPV to asymptomatically infect bovine skin suggests that cattle are the reservoir host of this PV and feline sarcoids could be the result of cross‐species infection of a dead‐end host by a bovine PV.
Prevalence of viral infection detected by PCR and RT‐PCR in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD: A systematic review
Authors: MOHAN Anant , CHANDRA Subhash , AGARWAL Dipti , GULERIA Randeep , BROOR Shobha , GAUR Bharti , PANDEY Ravindra Mohan 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Viruses are important aetiological agents of acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). Their reported prevalence varies from region to region. This systematic review calculated the prevalence of respiratory viral infections in AECOPD.Methods:  A systematic search was performed using Medline, and references of relevant articles and conference proceedings were hand searched. Articles for review were selected based on the following criteria: (i) prospective or cross‐sectional study, (ii) original research, (iii) viral detection used the highly sensitive techniques of PCR and/or Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT‐PCR), (iv) viral prevalence in AECOPD defined, and (v) full paper available in English. We assessed the study quality and extracted data independently and in duplicate using a pre‐defined data extraction form. Weighted mean prevalence (WMP) was calculated and a forest plot was constructed to show the dispersion.Results:  Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The WMP of respiratory viral infection in AECOPD was 34.1% (95% CI: 23.9–44.4). picornavirus was the most commonly detected virus with WMP 17.3% (95% CI: 7.2–27.3), followed by influenza; 7.4% (95% CI: 2.9–12.0), respiratory syncytial virus; 5.3% (95% CI: 1.6–9.0), corona viruses; 3.1% (95% CI: 0.4–5.8), parainfluenza; 2.6% (95% CI: 0.4–4.8), adenovirus; 1.1% (95% CI: −1.1 to 3.3), and human metapneumovirus; 0.7% (95% CI: −0.3 to 1.8). Maximum WMP was observed in studies from Europe followed by the USA, Australia and Asia. Picorna was the most common virus detected in Western countries whereas influenza was most common in Asia.Conclusions:  This systematic review demonstrated that viruses are strongly associated with AECOPD, with the highest detection rates of viruses being in Europe. The geographical epidemiology of viruses may have important therapeutic implications for management of AECOPD.
The immunology of tuberculosis: From bench to bedside
Authors: DHEDA Keertan , SCHWANDER Stephan K. , ZHU Bingdong , Van ZYL‐SMIT Richard N. , ZHANG Ying 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTTuberculosis (TB) is an international public health priority and kills almost two million people annually. TB is out of control in Africa due to increasing poverty and HIV coinfection, and drug‐resistant TB threatens to destabilize TB control efforts in several regions of the world. Existing diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions for TB are suboptimal. Thus, new vaccines, immunotherapeutic interventions and diagnostic tools are urgently required to facilitate TB control efforts. An improved understanding of the immunopathogenesis of TB can facilitate the identification of correlates of immune protection, the design of effective vaccines, the rational selection of immunotherapeutic agents, the evaluation of new drug candidates, and drive the development of new immunodiagnostic tools. Here we review the immunology of TB with a focus on aspects that are clinically and therapeutically relevant. An immunologically orientated approach to tackling TB can only succeed with concurrent efforts to alleviate poverty and reduce the global burden of HIV.
Why are metabolic scaling exponents so controversial? Quantifying variance and testing hypotheses
Authors: Isaac Nick J. B. , Carbone Chris 
Published: March 2010

Ecology Letters(2010) 13: 728–735AbstractThe metabolic theory of ecology links physiology with ecology, and successfully predicts many allometric scaling relationships. In recent years, proponents and critics of metabolic theory have debated vigorously about the scaling of metabolic rate. We show that the controversy arose, in part, because researchers examined the mean exponent separately from the variance. We estimate both quantities simultaneously using linear mixed‐effects models and data from 1242 animal species. Metabolic rate scaling converges on the predicted value of 3/4 but is highly heterogeneous: 50% of orders lie outside the range 0.68–0.82. These findings are robust to several forms of statistical uncertainty. We then test competing hypotheses about the variation. Metabolic theory is currently unable to explain differences in scaling among orders, but the patterns are not consistent with competing explanations either. We conclude that current theories are inadequate to explain the full range of metabolic scaling patterns observed in nature.
Obese African‐Americans with prostate cancer (T1c and a prostate‐specific antigen, PSA, level of <10 ng/mL) have higher‐risk pathological features and a greater risk of PSA recurrence than non‐African‐Americans
Authors: Caire Arthur A. , Sun Leon , Polascik Thomas J. , Albala David M. , Moul Judd W. 
Published: March 2010

Study Type – Prognosis (retrospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2bOBJECTIVETo analyse the relationship between African American (AA) race and obesity in men with prostate cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 4196 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy from 1988 to 2008 were identified in the Duke Prostate Center database. A subset of 389 (AA 20.9% and non‐AA 79.1%) patients with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2, T1c disease and a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level of <10 ng/mL were stratified by race and analysed. Age at surgery, race, surgical margin status, pathological tumour stage (pT2, pT3/4), pathological Gleason sum (<7, 3 + 4, 4 + 3, >7), extracapsular extension (ECE), seminal vesicle invasion and tumour percentage were assessed by univariate analysis followed by Cox regression analysis.RESULTSIn the entire cohort, 143 (38.1%) AA men were obese, compared to 509 (25.0%) of the non‐AA men. AA men had a significantly higher tumour percentage (15% vs 10%, P= 0.002), and a greater proportion of pT3/4 disease (45.1% vs 26.2%, P= 0.039), pathological Gleason sum ≥7 (70.7% vs 50.5%, P= 0.003), positive ECE (37.8% vs 23.1%, P= 0.007), and positive surgical margin (52.4% vs 36.8%, P= 0.010) than non‐AA men. AA men had a greater risk of PSA recurrence on Kaplan Meier (P= 0.004) and Cox regression analysis (P= 0.040, hazard ratio 1.72)CONCLUSIONA greater proportion of AA men was obese in this cohort. Obese AA with impalpable cancer and a PSA level of <10 ng/mL have a higher risk of pathological features than obese non‐AA men, as well as a higher risk of PSA recurrence. Obesity might be responsible for the racial disparity seen in prostate cancer.
Variability of treatment selection among surgeons for patients with cT1 urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Dalbagni Guido , Kaag Matthew , Cronin Angel , Vora Kinjal , Bochner Bernard , Donat S. Machele , Herr Harry W. 
Published: March 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVESTo report the heterogeneity in the treatment of patients with cT1 urothelial carcinoma by different surgeons, and to report outcomes in patients with and without bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) treatment.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed 396 patients who had undergone a re‐staging transurethral resection (TUR) for cT1 bladder cancer. We assessed both differences in the treatment by surgeon, and the association of early treatment with BCG with recurrence, progression and bladder cancer‐specific death.RESULTSMuscle was captured in the re‐staging TUR specimen in a median of 76% of patients (range 50–94 when stratified by surgeon). On multivariable analysis there was significant heterogeneity among surgeons in the use of early cystectomy (P < 0.001), deferred cystectomy (P < 0.001), and BCG (P= 0.014). However, there was no significant heterogeneity between surgeons in clinical outcome for recurrence (P= 0.9) and overall survival (P= 0.3). Among 288 patients placed on surveillance, the 5‐year probability (95% confidence interval) of freedom from recurrence was 45 (36–54)% for those receiving and 54 (44–62)% for those not receiving early BCG. On multivariable analysis, early BCG was not significantly associated with recurrence (P= 0.14). The cumulative incidence of progression was ≈10% for both groups, and the cumulative incidence of bladder cancer‐specific death was ≈7% for both groups. The cumulative incidence of deferred cystectomy before progression was 14% for those receiving and 15% for those not receiving early BCG.CONCLUSIONSThere is a significant variability among surgeons in the management of patients with T1 disease. The similar outcome for the BCG‐treated and ‐untreated patients in our study is most likely confounded by patient selection.
On the Private Provision of Two or More Public Goods
Authors: CORNES RICHARD , ITAYA JUN‐ICHI 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe extend the simple model of voluntary public good provision to allow for two or more public goods, and explore the new possibilities that arise in this setting. We show that, when there are many public goods, voluntary contribution equilibrium typically generates, not only too low a level of public good provision, but also the wrong mix of public goods. We also analyze the neutrality property in the more general setting, and extend a neutrality proposition of Bergstrom, Blume, and Varian (1986).
Polarized targeting of DNER into dendritic plasma membrane in hippocampal neurons depends on endocytosis
Authors: Kurisu Junko , Fukuda Tetsuko , Yokoyama Seisuke , Hirano Tomoo , Kengaku Mineko 
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 1598–1610.AbstractThe targeting of membrane proteins into axons and dendrites is of critical importance for directional signal transmission within specific neural circuits. Many dendritic proteins have been shown to reach the somatodendritic membrane based on selective sorting and transport of carrier vesicles. Using rat hippocampal neurons in culture, we investigated the trafficking pathways of Delta/Notch‐like EGF‐related receptor (DNER), a transmembrane Notch ligand which is specifically expressed in CNS dendrites. Mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of DNER that abolished somatodendritic localization also increased its surface expression. Furthermore, inhibition of endocytosis resulted in disruption of the somatodendritic localization of DNER, indicating that the somatodendritic targeting of DNER is dependent on endocytosis. The DNER cytoplasmic domain binds to a clathrin adaptor protein complex‐2 via a proximal tyrosine motif and a 40 amino acid stretch in the mid‐domain, but not by the C‐terminal tail. Molecular and pharmacological inhibition revealed that the surface expression of DNER is regulated by clathrin‐dependent and ‐independent endocytosis. In contrast, the somatodendritic targeting of DNER is predominantly regulated by clathrin‐ and adaptor protein complex‐2‐independent endocytosis via the C‐terminal tail of DNER. Our data suggest that clathrin‐independent endocytosis is critical for the polarized targeting of somatodendritic proteins.
In vivo validation of quantitative SPECT in the heart
Authors: Willowson Kathy , Bailey Dale L. , Bailey Elizabeth A. , Baldock Clive , Roach Paul J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryBackground: We have previously developed and validated a method to achieve quantitative SPECT data based on CT‐derived corrections, for the radionuclide 99mTc in phantoms and in man for lung scanning. This clinical study was performed to investigate the accuracy of this method when applied to cardiac blood pool imaging. The study involves tagging the radionuclide 99mTc to erythrocytes in a sample of the subject’s blood before it is re‐injected. After a short time, the radiolabelled cells achieve an equilibrium concentration in the blood pool, such that SPECT imaging allows the radioactivity concentration of blood present in the left ventricle to be measured. Methods and results: Absolute concentration of radioactivity inside the left ventricle of the heart was compared to true concentrations measured directly from a peripheral venous blood sample taken from the subject at the time of scanning. In 12 subjects, the average difference between the measured and true concentrations was found to be within ∼1% of the true value with a range of (−6 to +5)%. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the accuracy of CT‐based quantitative SPECT in clinical cardiac blood pool imaging, and we anticipate that similar accuracy could be achieved in the myocardium.
Aldosterone‐receptor antagonism as a potential therapeutic option for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Lendeckel Uwe , Dobrev Dobromir , Goette Andreas 
Published: March 2010

Recent research provided important insights into the development of atrial fibrillation (AF)‐maintaining substrate and suggested targeting of the underlying molecular mechanisms, ‘upstream’ of the electrical aspects of AF, as a novel strategy for AF treatment (‘upstream’ therapy). Upstream therapies for AF include drugs targeting the renin‐angiotensin II‐aldosterone system (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and AT1 receptor antagonists and aldosterone antagonists), statins, steroids and ω‐3 fatty acids (fish oil). Aldosterone causes volume retention, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and systemic inflammation and coagulation that promote AF development and its complications and blockade of aldosterone receptors with spironolactone or eplerenone suppresses inducible AF. Although the clinical impact of spironolactone treatment requires validation in randomized clinical trials in AF patients, further understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which aldosterone causes atrial remodelling is likely to lead to development of novel therapeutic approaches to AF.This article is a commentary on Zhao et al., pp. 1584–1594 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2009.00551.x
PIBF: The Double Edged Sword. Pregnancy and Tumor
Authors: Szekeres‐Bartho Julia , Polgar Beata 
Published: March 2010

Citation Szekeres‐Bartho J, Polgar B. PIBF: The Double Edged Sword. Pregnancy and Tumor. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64: 77–86Problem  The role of progesterone‐dependent immunomodulation in the maintenance of normal pregnancy.Methods  In vitro and in vivo data on the effect that progesterone and its mediator progesterone‐induced blocking factor (PIBF) exert on the immune functions of pregnant women are reviewed, together with clinical findings.Results  Activated pregnancy lymphocytes express progesterone receptors, which enable progesterone to induce a protein called PIBF. PIBF increases Th2 type cytokine production by signaling via a novel type of IL‐4 receptor and activating the Jak/STAT pathway. PIBF inhibits phosholipase A2, thus reduces prostaglandin synthesis. PIBF inhibits perforin release in human decidual lymphocytes and reduces the deleterious effect of high NK activity on murine pregnancy. PIBF production is a characteristic feature of normal human pregnancy, and its concentration is reduced in threatened pregnancies. PIBF mRNA and protein are expressed in a variety of malignant tumors. Inhibition of PIBF synthesis increases survival rates of leukemic mice.Conclusion  Progesterone‐induced blocking factor is produced by pregnancy lymphocytes and also by malignant tumors. The PIBF‐induced Th2‐dominant immune response is favorable during pregnancy but might facilitate tumor growth by suppressing local antitumor immune responses.
Establishment of Long‐Term Model throughout Regular Menstrual Cycles in Immunodeficient Mice
Authors: Kikuchi‐Arai Maiko , Murakami Takashi , Utsunomiya Hiroki , Akahira Jun‐ichi , Suzuki‐Kakisaka Haruka , Terada Yukihiro , Tachibana Masahito , Hayasaka Shinichi , Ugajin Tomohisa , Yaegashi Nobuo 
Published: March 2010

Citation Kikuchi‐Arai M, Murakami T, Utsunomiya H, Akahira J, Suzuki‐Kakisaka H, Terada Y, Tachibana M, Hayasaka S, Ugajin T, Yaegashi N. Establishment of long‐term model throughout regular menstrual cycles in immunodeficient mice. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010Problem  The number of uterus natural killer (NK) cells change through the menstrual cycle, but the origin of uterus NK cell was not unclear. Our aims are to study whether we can reproduce repetition of menstrual cycle and to reveal the origin of uterus NK cells.Method of study  Endometrial samples were obtained from fertile women, and the tissues were transplanted into ovariectomized non‐obese diabetic (NOD)/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)/γCnull (NOG) mice. Mice were treated with sex hormones which were in accord with human menstrual cycle.Results  The replants showed similar histological changes as in eutopic endometrium repeatedly. CD56‐positive, CD16‐negative NK cells increased significantly during the treatment with estradiol and progesterone combination.Conclusion  Histological assessment demonstrated that this model of NOG mice repeatedly exhibited regular menstrual cycles, and this model mimicked not ‘ectopic endometrium’, but ‘eutopic endometrium’ in humans. Change in number of NK cells suggested that NK cell might be derived from the endometrium.
REVIEW ARTICLE: The Immune System in Pregnancy: A Unique Complexity
Authors: Mor Gil , Cardenas Ingrid 
Published: March 2010

Citation Mor G, Cardenas I. The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010AbstractPlacental immune response and its tropism for specific viruses and pathogens affect the outcome of the pregnant woman’s susceptibility to and severity of certain infectious diseases. The generalization of pregnancy as a condition of immune suppression or increased risk is misleading and prevents the determination of adequate guidelines for treating pregnant women during pandemics. There is a need to evaluate the interaction of each specific pathogen with the fetal/placental unit and its responses to design the adequate prophylaxis or therapy. The complexity of the immunology of pregnancy and the focus, for many years, on the concept of immunology of pregnancy as an organ transplantation have complicated the field and delayed the development of new guidelines with clinical implications that could help to answer these and other relevant questions. Our challenge as scientists and clinicians interested in the field of reproductive immunology is to evaluate many of the ‘classical concepts’ to define new approaches for a better understanding of the immunology of pregnancy that will benefit mothers and fetuses in different clinical scenarios.