bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality and Sensory Characteristics of Hard Red Wheat after Residential Storage for up to 32 Y
Authors: Rose Devin J. , Ogden Lynn V. , Dunn Michael L. , Jamison Rachel G. , Lloyd Michelle A. , Pike Oscar A. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Samples of hard red wheat packaged for long‐term storage, ranging in age from 0 to 32 y, were obtained from donors in residential households. All samples had been stored under nonabusive conditions (7% to 10% moisture, 13 to 27 °C). Selected quality parameters of the wheat (moisture, thiamin, free fatty acids, flour extraction rate, bread loaf volume, and bread firmness) and sensory properties of bread made from the stored wheat (aroma, appearance, texture, flavor, overall liking, acceptance for use as part of the regular diet, and acceptance for use in emergency situations) were evaluated. Free fatty acids increased significantly from 0.897 to 11.8 μmol/g, and flour extraction rate decreased significantly from 76.5% to 69.9% over time. None of the other quality parameters measured (moisture, thiamin, bread loaf volume, and bread firmness) were significantly correlated with wheat storage time. Panelists who frequently or occasionally consume whole wheat bread rated all breads made from the stored wheat with hedonic scores (9‐point scale) of at least 6.4 (like slightly to moderately). Consumer ratings of bread texture, flavor, and overall acceptability were negatively correlated with storage time (P < 0.001); however, at least 70% of panelists indicated that they would consume the bread as part of their regular diet even after 32 y of wheat storage, while over 97% would do so in an emergency. These data indicate that wheat maintains nutritional quality and makes acceptable bread when stored up to 32 y at 13 to 27 °C and 7% to 10% moisture.Practical Application:  Wheat stored for the purposes of disaster relief has the potential of being stored for extremely long periods of time, which may result in undesirable changes in milling and baking quality. Therefore, we tested wheat that had been stored under residential conditions for up to 32 y to determine its functional quality and consumer acceptability. Our results indicate that wheat of low moisture (7% to 10%) packaged in sealed cans and stored for up to 32 y at or below typical room temperature retains quality and can be made into bread that is well accepted by consumers. Thus, whole wheat has good long‐term storage stability and can be recommended for emergency food supplies.
Introduction: Representing Animals
Authors: RIDLEY GLYNIS 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWhy devote a volume to the representation of animals in the eighteenth century? One answer lies in the doubling of known quadruped species classified at the time, a development that suggested a previously unsuspected richness of the natural world and which fuelled debates about competing taxonomic systems. During the eighteenth century the ‘exotic’ (for example, elephants and rhinoceroses) became more familiar, even as the range of known exotica increased; and domesticated animals became the focus of a more sympathetic artistic gaze, even as the bodies of livestock became the site of genetic manipulations that could be seen as heralding modern agri‐business.
Creating Animal Experience in Late Eighteenth‐Century Narrative
Authors: SPENCER JANE 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLate eighteenth‐century children's fiction with animal protagonists played a part in the period's rethinking of animal–human relations. Writers including Dorothy Kilner, Sarah Trimmer, Anna Letitia Barbauld, John Aikin and, most notably, Edward Augustus Kendall represented animal characters in new ways. A combination of influences from the philosophy of sympathy and from contemporary natural history shaped their enactment of a partial shift in animal representation from the fabular, the allegorical and the satirical to the naturalistic and empathetic. Drawing on new narrative techniques for the representation of mind in fiction, they pioneered attempts to imagine the experience of non‐human animals.
Animals in British and French Encyclopaedias in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: LOVELAND JEFF 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis survey of the treatment of animals in eighteenth‐century British and French encyclopaedias will argue that taxonomy and alphabetical encyclopaedias were compatible, despite the reputation of the latter as being antithetical to traditional hierarchies. At the same time, I will point to an evolution in the treatment of animals in encyclopaedias, one that suggests specialisation on the part of readers. My chronology proposes four overlapping stages: one involving intermixed discourses; one involving neglect; one involving separation of the practical and learned aspects of animals; and one involving treatises on animals and sciences of animals.
‘Strange and Wonderful’: Encountering the Elephant in Britain, 1675‐1830
Authors: PLUMB CHRISTOPHER 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper follows in the footsteps of the three live elephants that came to Britain in 1675, 1683 and 1720, before charting the changing cultural taxonomy of the elephant from the second half of the eighteenth century. The shifting understandings of what constituted an elephant's anatomy and character are significant to interpreting divergent and overlapping taxonomies in the long eighteenth century. In a period when different classification systems were rigorously debated, this paper proposes an understanding of the elephant that is not essentialist but rather understands ‘species’ as cultural, historically made and transformed.
Sovereign Violence and the Figure of the Animal, from Leviathan to Windsor‐Forest
Authors: MENELY TOBIAS 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHobbes identifies sovereign violence as the force that constitutes the crucial figurative distinction between man and beast. Since animals are susceptible to this unjustifiable yet justifying violence, however, it remains possible for animals to metamorphose into political subjects. In his depiction of the royal hunting ground in Windsor‐Forest, Pope is unable to sustain the distinction between just and unjust violence or between human and animal. While the trope of the animal as exception is implicated in dominion, such tropes, in their sylleptic literalising of creaturely life as vulnerability, anticipate a figure on whom violence may not be justly exercised.
Sentient Genetics: Breeding the Animal Breeder as Fundamental Other
Authors: MILNE ANNE 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article discusses some aspects of the discourses of genetics in eighteenth‐century animal breeding as they affected animals, agricultural labourers and breeders, with a specific focus on the work of the yeoman farmer and master breeder Robert Bakewell. Bakewell's celebrity as an agricultural innovator is discussed in the context of his class position. While the potential malleability of animals appeared limitless in the light of new breeding methods, the opportunities for the social mobility of humans remained subject to the apparently naturalised boundaries of their class position.
Oysters for Hodge, or, Ordering Society, Writing Biography and Feeding the Cat
Authors: BERGLUND LISA 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn their biographies of Samuel Johnson, Hester Lynch Piozzi and James Boswell both recount with concern Johnson's willing violation of hierarchies of race, class and gender in personally buying oysters to feed his cat Hodge, so that, Piozzi reports, ‘Francis the Black's delicacy might not be hurt, at seeing himself employed for the convenience of a quadruped’. Piozzi also uses the story of Hodge's oysters to justify her own labours as Johnson's nurse and confidante, while Boswell's Life depicts Hodge, Johnson's privileged intimate, as a rival to the man most anxious to claim that title for himself.
Scott and the Romantic Dog
Authors: CARSON JAMES P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNoting the centrality of dogs in Walter Scott's life and novels, this article argues that animal metaphors mark the transgression of the boundary between human and animal. In Guy Mannering, Scott makes a conventional use of animal metaphor when the hierarchy of dog breeds serves as a model for and rationalisation of inequality in human society. In The Black Dwarf, however, Scott questions the project of founding a vision of society on a conception of the natural order. For Scott, dogs provide access to affect and, owing to their connections with memory, help to construct human subjectivity.
Integrins: versatile receptors controlling melanocyte adhesion, migration and proliferation
Authors: Pinon Perrine , Wehrle‐Haller Bernhard 
Published: November 2010

SummaryFrom the onset of melanocyte specification from the neural crest, throughout their migration during embryogenesis and until they reside in their niche in the basal keratinocyte layer, melanocytes interact in dynamic ways with the extracellular environment of the growing embryo. To recognize and to adhere to their environment, melanocytes depend on heterodimeric cell surface receptors of the family of integrins. In addition to the control of adhesive interactions between melanocytes and the extracellular matrix scaffold secreted by fibroblasts and keratinocytes, the integrin receptors allow cells also to sense the mechanical condition of the extracellular environment, responding by intracellular signaling, triggering cell survival, proliferation or migration events. In this review, we summarize the recently emerged concepts that explain integrin‐dependent adhesion and how this adhesion system interfaces with integrin‐dependent signaling events. The gained information will help to understand melanocyte behavior in pathological situations such as melanoma growth and metastasis formation.
Use of Herd Information for PredictingSalmonellaStatus in Pig Herds
Authors: Baptista F. M. , Alban L. , Nielsen L. R. , Domingos I. , Pomba C. , Almeida V. 
Published: November 2010

SummarySalmonellasurveillance‐and‐control programs in pigs are highly resource demanding, so alternative cost‐effective approaches are desirable. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a tool for predicting theSalmonellatest status in pig herds based on herd information collected from 108 industrial farrow‐to‐finish pig herds in Portugal. A questionnaire including known risk factors forSalmonellawas used. A factor analysis model was developed to identify relevant factors that were then tested for association withSalmonellastatus. Three factors were identified and labelled: general biosecurity (factor 1), herd size (factor 2) and sanitary gap implementation (factor 3). Based on the loadings in factor 1 and factor 3, herds were classified according to their biosecurity practices. In total, 59% of the herds had a good level of biosecurity (interpreted as a loading below zero in factor 1) and 37% of the farms had good biosecurity and implemented sanitary gap (loading below zero in factor 1 and loading above zero in factor 3). This implied that they, among other things, implemented preventive measures for visitors and workers entering the herd, controlled biological vectors, had hygiene procedures in place, water quality assessment, and sanitary gap in the fattening and growing sections. In total, 50 herds were tested forSalmonella. Logistic regression analysis showed that factor 1 was significantly associated withSalmonellatest status (P = 0.04). Herds with poor biosecurity had a higher probability of testingSalmonellapositive compared with herds with good biosecurity. This study shows the potential for using herd information to classify herds according to theirSalmonellastatus in the absence of good testing options. The method might be used as a potentially cost‐effective tool for future development of risk‐based approaches to surveillance, targeting interventions to high‐risk herds or differentiating sampling strategies in herds with different levels of infection.
Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) Farm Program: Results from Finisher Pig Surveillance
Authors: Deckert A. , Gow S. , Rosengren L. , Léger D. , Avery B. , Daignault D. , Dutil L. , Reid‐Smith R. , Irwin R. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryIn 2006, the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) Farm Program was implemented in sentinel grower‐finisher swine herds in Québec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Herds were visited 1–3 times annually. Faecal samples were collected from pens of close‐to‐market (CTM) weight (>80 kg) pigs and antimicrobial use (AMU) data were collected via questionnaires. Samples were cultured for generic Escherichia coli and Salmonella and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. This paper describes the findings of this program between 2006 and 2008. Eighty‐nine, 115 and 96 herds participated in this program in 2006, 2007 and 2008 respectively. Over the 3 years, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) levels remained consistent. During this period, resistance to one or more antimicrobials was detected in 56–63% of the Salmonella spp. isolates and 84–86% of E. coli isolates. Resistance to five or more antimicrobials was detected in 13–23% of Salmonella and 12–13% of E. coli. Resistance to drugs classified as very important to human health (Category I) by the Veterinary Drug Directorate (VDD), Health Canada, was less than or equal to 1% in both organisms. AMU data were provided by 100 herds in 2007 and 95 herds in 2008. Nine herds in 2007 and five herds in 2008 reported no AMU. The most common route of antimicrobial administration (75–79% of herds) was via feed, predominantly macrolides/lincosamides (66–68% of herds). In both 2007 and 2008, the primary reasons given for macrolide/lincosamide use were disease prevention, growth promotion and treatment of enteric disease. The Category I antimicrobials, ceftiofur and virginiamycin were not used in feed or water in any herds in 2008, but virginiamycin was used in feed in two herds in 2007. Parenteral ceftiofur was used in 29 herds (29%) in 2007 and 20 herds (21%) in 2008. The reasons for ceftiofur use included treatment of lameness, respiratory disease and enteric disease.
Evaluation of the Risk Factors for Shedding Salmonella with or without Antimicrobial Resistance in Swine Using Multinomial Regression Method
Authors: Farzan A. , Friendship R. M. , Dewey C. E. , Poppe C. , Funk J. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryA multinomial logistic regression method was used to investigate the risk factors for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella isolated from faecal samples collected on 80 Ontario swine farms in Canada. The samples were classified into three groups including Salmonella‐negative samples (S−), Salmonella‐positive samples without AMR (S+AMR−) and Salmonella‐positive samples with AMR (S+AMR+). The samples collected directly from pigs had a greater chance to be positive for Salmonella with AMR compared to those samples collected from the pen floor. The odds of culturing Salmonella with or without AMR was higher if pelleted feed was used compared with mash or liquid feed (P < 0.001). The faecal samples collected on farrow‐to‐finish farms had a significant lower chance of testing positive for Salmonella with multidrug resistance than the samples from grow‐finisher farms (P = 0.004). The chance of culturing Salmonella without AMR on farms with a continuous system was higher than on farms with an all‐in/all‐out system (P = 0.009). However, there was no significant association between the flow system and recovery of Salmonella with AMR. The larger farms were more likely to be in S+AMR+ group than in S− group (P < 0.001) whereas herd size did not appear as a risk factor for being in S+AMR− group compared with S− group. These findings indicate that although on‐farm antimicrobial use is one component of resistance, there might be other farm management factors that also affect the development of emerging resistant bacterial foodborne pathogens on swine farms. Finding different risk factors for shedding Salmonella with or without antimicrobial resistance would help to take the appropriate approach to each group if a control programme were to be implemented or an intervention applied.
Analysis of Meat Juice ELISA Results and Questionnaire Data to Investigate Farm‐Level Risk Factors for Salmonella Infection in UK Pigs
Authors: Smith R. P. , Clough H. E. , Cook A. J. C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe study set out to explore risk factors for Salmonella infection in pigs, based on seroprevalence amongst slaughtered pigs, using a large study population of holdings and a comprehensive list of farm characteristics. Farm data were collected from pig quality assurance schemes and supplemented by a postal questionnaire. These data were used with meat juice serology results from ongoing abattoir Salmonella surveillance, for a multivariable risk factor analysis, modelling the ELISA sample to positive ratio directly (ELISA ratio). The study population contained 566 farms, covering a geographically representative spread of farms within the United Kingdom, with a mean average of 224 sample results per holding over a 4‐year period. The model highlighted that temporal factors (quarterly and yearly cycles) and monthly meteorological summaries for rainfall, sunshine and temperature were associated with Salmonella presence (P < 0.01). The ELISA ratio was found to be highest in autumn and lowest in spring and summer, whereas yearly averages showed a greater degree of variation than seasonal. Two feed variables (homemix and barley) were found to be protective factors, as was a conventional, rather than organic or freedom foods, farm enterprise type. The number of annual pig deliveries and dead stock collections, and the main cause of pig mortality on the farm were found to be associated with Salmonella infection. Scottish farms had a lower ELISA ratio than other regions, and an increased number of pig farms within a 10‐km radius was associated with a higher ELISA ratio. The study demonstrated that the analysis of routinely collected data from surveillance and quality assurance schemes was cost‐effective, with sufficient power to detect modest associations between Salmonella and exposure variables. The model results can be used to inform on‐farm Salmonella control policies and could target‐specific geographical regions and seasons to assist the efficiency of surveillance.
Comparison of Bacterial Culture and Real‐Time PCR for the Detection ofSalmonellain Grow–Finish Pigs in Western Canada Using a Bayesian Approach
Authors: Wilkins W. , Waldner C. , Rajić A. , McFall M. , Muckle A. , Mainar‐Jaime R. C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe study objective was to evaluate the accuracy of a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and a culture protocol used to detectSalmonellain the faeces of grow–finish pigs using a Bayesian approach. The RT‐PCR wasinvA‐gene‐based assay, while the culture protocol included pre‐enrichment in buffered peptone water, selective enrichment in tetrathionate and Rappaport‐Vassiliadis broths, and isolation on semi‐solid (modified semi‐solid RV) or solid (XLT4, Rambach) agar plates. Bayesian analysis was performed using a two‐test, two‐population model with dependence between culture and RT‐PCR and compared to a second model with conditional independence between these two tests. Two hundred and ninety three individual faecal and 294 pooled pen samples from grow–finish pig collected from 10 farms were tested and results were divided into two groups according to herd size (five herds <250 sows, five herds with >400 sows). In the dependence model, RT‐PCR sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) were estimated to be 90% (95% probability interval 74, 97) and 99% (98, 99), respectively. Culture Se was 92% (75, 99), while culture Sp was considered 100% as all culture‐positive samples were confirmed by serotyping. In the conditional independence model, RT‐PCR Se and Sp, and culture Se, were 96% (93, 98), 99% (98, 100) and 97% (94, 100), respectively. The dependence model resulted in posterior estimates of Se that were lower and with broader probability intervals than the independence model, indicating that when RT‐PCR and culture are evaluated relative to each other, the correlation between these tests is an important source of bias and should be adjusted for during analysis. The RT‐PCR evaluated in this study performed almost comparably to culture; given the cost savings associated with using this test and more timely results, the RT‐PCR may be a useful alternative to culture for screening large numbers of samples, particularly whenSalmonellaprevalence is low.
Examining Heterogeneity in the Diagnostic Accuracy of Culture and PCR forSalmonellaspp. in Swine: A Systematic Review/Meta‐Regression Approach
Authors: Wilkins W. , Rajić A. , Parker S. , Waddell L. , Sanchez J. , Sargeant J. , Waldner C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe accuracy of bacterial culture and PCR forSalmonellain swine was examined through systematic review of existing primary research in this field. A replicable search was conducted in 10 electronic databases. All steps of the review were conducted by two reviewers: to identify relevant publications, to assess their methodological soundness and reporting, and to extract raw data or reported test accuracy estimates. Meta‐analyses and meta‐regression were performed: to evaluate pooled estimates of test sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp), to identify variables explaining the variation in reported test estimates, and to evaluate the association between these variables and reported test Se and Sp. Twenty‐nine studies were included in the review. Unique test evaluations reported in these 29 studies were categorized according to the type of test comparison: culture versus culture (n = 134 test evaluations) and PCR versus culture (n = 21). We identified significant heterogeneity among evaluations for each test category. For culture, more heterogeneity was caused by differences in individual test protocols (52%) than overall differences between studies (16%). Enrichment temperature, study population, agar and enrichment type were significantly associated with variation in culture Se. Furthermore, interaction between enrichment temperature and enrichment type was detected. For PCR, most of the heterogeneity was caused by overall differences between studies (65–70%); sample type and study size were associated with variation in reported PCR Se and Sp. The overall methodological soundness and/or reporting of primary studies included in this review were poor, with variable use of reference standards, and consistent lack of the use or reporting of blinding, randomization and subject (sample) selection criteria. Consequently, the food safety and veterinary public health research community should formally consider ways for standardizing the conduct and reporting of this type of research.