bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corumination, interpersonal stress generation, and internalizing symptoms: Accumulating effects and transactional influences in a multiwave study of adolescents
Authors: Hankin Benjamin L. , Stone Lindsey , Ann Wright Patricia 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis multiwave longitudinal study investigated potential transactional and accumulating influences among corumination, interpersonal stressors, and internalizing symptoms among a sample of early and middle adolescents (N= 350; 6th–10th graders). Youth completed self-report measures of corumination at Times 1, 2, and 4, and negative life events, internalizing symptoms (general depressive, specific anhedonic depressive, anxious arousal, general internalizing), and externalizing problems at all four time points (5 weeks between each assessment across 4 months). Results supported hypotheses. First, baseline corumination predicted prospective trajectories of all forms of internalizing symptoms but not externalizing problems. Second, baseline corumination predicted generation of interpersonal-dependent, but not interpersonal-independent or noninterpersonal stressors. Third, interpersonal-dependent events partially mediated the longitudinal association between baseline corumination and prospective internalizing symptoms. Fourth, a transactional, bidirectional set of associations was supported in that initial internalizing symptoms and stressors predicted later elevations in corumination, and in turn, corumination predicted later symptoms through the mediating role of interpersonal stressors to complete both streams in the transactional chain of influence. Fifth, girls and older adolescents exhibited higher corumination, but neither age nor sex moderated any associations. These findings are discussed within a transactional, developmental cascade model.
The arrow calculus
Authors: LINDLEY SAM , WADLER PHILIP , YALLOP JEREMY 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe introduce the arrow calculus, a metalanguage for manipulating Hughes's arrows with close relations both to Moggi's metalanguage for monads and to Paterson's arrow notation. Arrows are classically defined by extending lambda calculus with three constructs satisfying nine (somewhat idiosyncratic) laws; in contrast, the arrow calculus adds four constructs satisfying five laws (which fit two well-known patterns). The five laws were previously known to be sound; we show that they are also complete, and hence that the five laws may replace the nine.
“Little language” project modules
Authors: CLEMENTS JOHN , FISLER KATHI 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMany computer science departments are debating the role of programming languages in the curriculum. These discussions often question the relevance and appeal of programming-languages content for today's students. In our experience, domain-specific, “little languages” projects provide a compelling illustration of the importance of programming-language concepts. This paper describes projects that prototype mainstream applications such as PowerPoint, TurboTax, and animation scripting. We have used these exercises as modules in non-programming languages courses, including courses for first year students. Such modules both encourage students to study linguistic topics in more depth and provide linguistic perspective to students who might not otherwise be exposed to the area.
Development and validation of a new simple Healthy Meal Index for canteen meals
Authors: Lassen Anne D , Biltoft-Jensen Anja , Hansen Gitte L , Hels Ole , Tetens Inge 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveNutrition evaluation tools should be developed both for scientific purposes and to encourage and facilitate healthy nutritional practices. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a simple food-based Healthy Meal Index (HMI) reflecting the nutritional profile of individual canteen meals.DesignThe development process included overall model selection, setting nutritional goals and defining scoring systems and thresholds. Three index components were included: (i) contents of fruit and vegetables, (ii) fat content and quality and (iii) contents of wholegrain products and potatoes. The development was built on the principles embodied by the Plate Model, but providing more specificity in some areas. The simple HMI was validated against weighed and chemically analysed food and nutrient content of a representative sample of canteen meals. The sample was split into four categories according to the total index score and compared across categories.SettingA total of 180 meals from fifteen worksite canteens.ResultsAverage energy density decreased significantly across categories (from 876 kJ/100 g to 537 kJ/100 g, P < 0·001). Also, the content of total and saturated fat, carbohydrate and fruit and vegetables varied across categories with higher score values being closer to dietary guidelines (P < 0·001).ConclusionsThe simple HMI was successful in ranking canteen meals according to their nutritional quality. The index provides a valuable tool to both researchers and food and nutrition professionals, e.g. caterers and dietitians, who wish to evaluate nutritional quality of meals in line with the recommendations for healthier eating without the use of nutrition calculation programs.
Health motivation and product design determine consumers’ visual attention to nutrition information on food products
Authors: Visschers Vivianne HM , Hess Rebecca , Siegrist Michael 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveIn the present study we investigated consumers’ visual attention to nutrition information on food products using an indirect instrument, an eye tracker. In addition, we looked at whether people with a health motivation focus on nutrition information on food products more than people with a taste motivation.DesignRespondents were instructed to choose one of five cereals for either the kindergarten (health motivation) or the student cafeteria (taste motivation). The eye tracker measured their visual attention during this task. Then respondents completed a short questionnaire.SettingLaboratory of the ETH Zurich, Switzerland.SubjectsVideos and questionnaires from thirty-two students (seventeen males; mean age 24·91 years) were analysed.ResultsRespondents with a health motivation viewed the nutrition information on the food products for longer and more often than respondents with a taste motivation. Health motivation also seemed to stimulate deeper processing of the nutrition information. The student cafeteria group focused primarily on the other information and did this for longer and more often than the health motivation group. Additionally, the package design affected participants’ nutrition information search.ConclusionsTwo factors appear to influence whether people pay attention to nutrition information on food products: their motivation and the product’s design. If the package design does not sufficiently facilitate the localization of nutrition information, health motivation can stimulate consumers to look for nutrition information so that they may make a more deliberate food choice.
NMR and XAS reveal an inner-sphere metal binding site in the P4 helix of the metallo-ribozyme ribonuclease P
Authors: Koutmou Kristin S. , Casiano-Negroni Anette , Getz Melissa M. , Pazicni Samuel , Andrews Andrew J. , Penner-Hahn James E. , Al-Hashimi Hashim M. , Fierke Carol A. 
Published: January 2010

Functionally critical metals interact with RNA through complex coordination schemes that are currently difficult to visualize at the atomic level under solution conditions. Here, we report a new approach that combines NMR and XAS to resolve and characterize metal binding in the most highly conserved P4 helix of ribonuclease P (RNase P), the ribonucleoprotein that catalyzes the divalent metal ion-dependent maturation of the 5′ end of precursor tRNA. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy reveals that the Zn
2+
bound to a P4 helix mimic is six-coordinate, with an average Zn-O/N bond distance of 2.08 Å. The EXAFS data also show intense outer-shell scattering indicating that the zinc ion has inner-shell interactions with one or more RNA ligands. NMR Mn
2+
paramagnetic line broadening experiments reveal strong metal localization at residues corresponding to G378 and G379 in
B. subtilis
RNase P. A new “metal cocktail” chemical shift perturbation strategy involving titrations with

, Zn
2+
, and

confirm an inner-sphere metal interaction with residues G378 and G379. These studies present a unique picture of how metals coordinate to the putative RNase P active site in solution, and shed light on the environment of an essential metal ion in RNase P. Our experimental approach presents a general method for identifying and characterizing inner-sphere metal ion binding sites in RNA in solution.
Trace‐element compositions of single fluid inclusions in the Kofu granite, Japan: Implications for compositions of granite‐derived fluids
Authors: Kurosawa Masanori , Ishii Satoshi , Sasa Kimikazu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFluid inclusions in quartz from miarolitic cavities, pegmatites, and quartz veins in Miocene biotite‐granite plutons, Kofu, Japan, were analyzed by particle‐induced X‐ray emission to examine chemistries and behaviors of granite‐derived fluids in island‐arc granite. Most inclusions are aqueous two‐phase inclusions, and halite‐bearing polyphase inclusions are also observed in quartz veins in the upper part of the plutons. From element contents of fluid inclusions in the miarolitic cavities, the original fluid released from the granite plutons during solidification is inferred to have concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ge, Br, Rb, Pb, and Ba of several tens to hundreds of parts per million by weight (ppm) and a salinity of about 10 wt% NaCl equivalent. We estimated the formation conditions of the fluid to have been at about 1.3–1.9 kb and 530–600°C on the basis of the homogenization temperatures of the inclusions and the solidification conditions of the plutons. The polyphase inclusions probably originated from hypersaline fluid by boiling of part of the released fluid during its ascent in the plutons. The polyphase inclusions contain several hundreds to tens of thousands of ppm of Fe and Mn, and tens to several hundreds of ppm of Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, and Pb. The salinities are about 35 wt% NaCl equivalent. Compositional variations in two‐phase inclusions from the miarolitic cavities and quartz veins are primarily explained by mineral precipitation with dilution by surface water exerting a secondary influence. Thus, chemistries and behaviors of the granite‐derived fluids in the plutons can be explained by mineral precipitation, boiling, and dilution of the originally released fluid.
Perianal abscess and fistula‐in‐ano in children: Aetiology, management and outcome
Authors: Ezer Semire Serin , Oğuzkurt Pelin , Ince Emine , Hiçsönmez Akgün 
Published: January 2010

Aim:  We aimed to assess our experience in treatment and outcome of perianal abscess and/or fistula‐in‐ano in children.Method:  The patients who were treated for perianal abscess and/or fistula‐in‐ano from January 2000 to December 2005 were included. Age, sex, duration of symptoms, number and site of the perianal abscess and/or fistula‐in‐ano, treatment modality and recurrences were recorded.Results:  The study consisted of 39 patients (36 boys) with a mean age of 29 ± 49.1 months. At first examination the diagnosis was perianal abscess in 20 patients, perianal abscess with fistula in five patients and fistula‐in‐ano in 14 patients. No patients had an underlying illness. The primary local treatment of perianal abscess with or without fistula was incision and drainage (with or without antibiotic therapy) in 21 patients, and local care with antibiotic therapy was given to four patients. Of 20 patients with perianal abscess, 17 developed fistula‐in‐ano and three healed. One patient in the perianal abscess group who developed fistula‐in‐ano and two patients in the fistula group were lost to follow‐up. Thirty‐three patients with fistula‐in‐ano underwent surgical treatment either through a fistulotomy or through a fistulectomy. Five (15.1%) patients who experienced recurrent fistula‐in‐ano underwent fistulotomy were completely cured after the second operation.Conclusion:  Treatment of a perianal abscess either through incision and drainage with antibiotics or through antibiotics alone resulted in a high rate (85%) of fistula formation. Fistula‐in‐ano can be treated either by fistulotomy or by fistulectomy, both of which are associated with a reasonable chance of recurrence of fistula‐in‐ano formation. We obtained good results in our patients through surgical approach (fistulotomy or fistulectomy), for fistula‐in‐ano formed following treatment of perianal abscess.
Does a standardised scoring system of clinical signs reduce variability between doctors' assessments of the potentially dehydrated child?
Authors: Roland Damian , Clarke Colin , Borland Meredith L , Pascoe Elaine M 
Published: January 2010

Aims:  Clinical assessment of dehydration in children is often inaccurate. We aimed to determine if a scoring system based on standardised clinical signs would reduce the variability between doctors' assessment of dehydration.Methods:  A clinical scoring system was developed using seven physiological variables based on previously published research. Estimated percentage dehydration and severity scores were recorded for 100 children presenting to a Paediatric Emergency Department with symptoms of gastroenteritis and dehydration by three doctors of different seniority (resident medical officer, registrar and consultant). Agreement was measured using intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) for percentage ratings and total clinical scores and kappa for individual characteristics.Results:  Estimated percentage dehydration ranged from 0–9%, mean 2.96%, across the three groups. Total clinical scores from 0–10, mean 2.20. There was moderate agreement amongst clinicians for the percentage dehydration (ICC 0.40). The level of agreement on the clinical scoring system was identical (ICC 0.40). Consultants gave statistically lower scores than the other two groups (Consultant (Con) vs. Resident P = 0.001, Con vs. Registrar P = 0.013). There was a marked difference in agreement across characteristics comprising the scoring system, from kappa 0.02 for capillary refill time to 0.42 for neurological status.Conclusion:  The clinical scoring system used did not reduce the variability of assessment of dehydration compared to doctors' conventional methods. In order to reduce variability improving education may be more important than production of a scoring system as experience appears to be a key determinant in the assessment of a potentially dehydrated child.
The role of nasal CPAP in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome due to mandibular hypoplasia
Authors: MILLER Stanley D.W. , GLYNN Senan F. , KIELY John L. , McNICHOLAS Walter T. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTMelnick Needles syndrome (MNS), Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) and Pierre Robin syndrome (PRS) are congenital abnormalities with characteristic facial appearances that include micrognathia. A 20‐year‐old girl with MNS, a 16‐year‐old boy with TCS and a 12‐year‐old girl with PRS attended the sleep apnoea clinic at our institution at different times. Diagnostic sleep studies were initially performed on all three patients to confirm the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). They subsequently commenced nasal CPAP (nCPAP) treatment and their progress was followed. A limited sleep study on the patient with MNS demonstrated moderate/severe OSAS with an AHI of 33 events/h. Commencement of nCPAP resulted in symptomatic improvement. Overnight oximetry in the patient with TCS showed repeated desaturation to SpO2 <90%. Subsequent treatment by nCPAP almost completely abolished the desaturation events. Overnight polysomnography in the patient with PRS demonstrated severe OSAS with an AHI of 49 events/h. After 3 years of nCPAP therapy, this patient requested discontinuation of treatment. Subsequent polysomnography without nCPAP revealed an AHI of <5 events/h. The use of nCPAP in the patients with MNS and TCS resulted in effective control of their sleep abnormalities. Mandibular growth and enlargement of the posterior airway space led to resolution of OSAS in the patient with PRS. There is a definite role for nCPAP therapy in patients with congenital micrognathia and OSAS. The use of nCPAP may obviate the need for more invasive corrective surgery for OSAS and is not necessarily a life‐long requirement.
Oxidative stress in non‐small cell lung cancer patients after chemotherapy: Association with treatment response
Authors: GUPTA Abhilasha , SRIVASTAVA Shruti , PRASAD Rajendra , NATU Shanker M. , MITTAL Balraj , NEGI Mahendra P.S. , SRIVASTAVA Anand N. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  The aim of this study was to assess the level of oxidative stress after chemotherapy in non‐small cell lung cancer patients, and its association with treatment response and survival.Methods:  Two hundred and three previously untreated non‐small cell lung cancer patients and 150 healthy subjects were selected for the study. Patients received cisplatin + etoposide, and were followed for up to six cycles, for evaluation of oxidative stress. Blood levels of lipid peroxidation products (LPO), glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured at day 0 and after the third and sixth cycles of chemotherapy. Response and survival were measured at the end of follow up. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method using the log–rank test.Results:  In the patients, pretreatment levels of LPO and NO were low, while GSH and SOD levels were high compared with those after the third and sixth cycles of chemotherapy. Among the 203 patients, there were 51 deaths, 82 non‐responders and 70 responders at the end of the sixth cycle. Overall mean survival was higher among responders than non‐responders (24.6 vs 21.2 weeks, P < 0.01). The hazard ratio was 2.4 (95% CI: 1.3–3.77). Pretreatment levels of oxidative stress were similar among responders and non‐responders (P > 0.05). After the third and sixth cycles of chemotherapy, LPO and NO levels were low (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) and GSH levels and SOD activity were high (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) in responders as compared with non‐responders.Conclusions:  In lung cancer patients, oxidative stress increased and anti‐oxidant enzymes decreased as the disease progressed. Chemotherapy may suppress oxidative stress and decreased anti‐oxidant enzyme activity in responders as compared with non‐responders. These effects may contribute to improved survival among responders.
Stress and coping in Singaporean nurses: A literature review
Authors: Lim Joanne , Bogossian Fiona , Ahern Kathy 
Published: January 2010

AbstractStress is ubiquitous in the nursing profession and is also prevalent in Asian countries, particularly the “four tigers of Asia”: Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea. Based on the theoretical framework of Lazarus and Folkman (1984), the present review of the nursing literature aims to identify sources and effects of stress in Singaporean nurses and the coping strategies they use. Nurses reported major stressors including shortage of staff, high work demands and conflict at work. Common coping strategies included problem orientation, social support and relaxation techniques. Several studies reported nurses' intent to leave the profession. Recommendations to minimize the impact of stress include in‐service programs to facilitate a problem‐solving approach to resolving work‐related issues such as conflict. Relaxation therapy and debriefing sessions may also help in reducing negative effects of work stressors. Finally, nurses' emotional coping can be enhanced by strengthening sources of social support, particularly from family.
Clinical feature and DYT1 mutation screening in primary dystonia patients from South‐West China
Authors: Zhang S.‐S. , Fang D.‐F. , Hu X.‐H. , Burgunder J.‐M. , Chen X.‐P. , Zhang Y.‐W. , Shang H.‐F. 
Published: January 2010

Background:  Clinical presentation and DYT1 status amongst Chinese patients with primary dystonia have not been well studied.Methods:  One hundred and twenty patients with primary dystonia from South‐West China were studied in a prospective survey for 3.5 years. Severity and the resulting disability were assessed using the Burke–Fahn–Marsden dystonia rating scale (BFMDRS). Health related quality of life (HRQL) was measured through the 36‐item short‐form (SF‐36). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was utilized to identify and quantify depression and anxiety. Mutations in the DYT1 exon 5 were screened by direct sequencing.Results:  Cervical dystonia was found to be the most frequent form of focal dystonia and was discovered to occur at an early age. Pain and tremor were the common associated symptoms. Family history was positive in 19.5% of the cases, with a trend of earlier onset. Depression (14.5%) and anxiety (6.6%) were the main HRQL impairments. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that gender, depression, anxiety and functional disability were amongst the principal determinants of lower HRQL. Only one instance of DYT1 GAG deletion (1.4%) was detected in 71 patients.Conclusion:  Our data on a cohort of Chinese patients show some difference from descriptions in other ethnic groups. This includes an earlier age of onset, a lower incidence of depression and female serving as a predictor factor of a HRQL. Similar to other cohorts, DYT1 gene mutations are rare.
On the Ordinary Concept of Death
Authors: HOLLAND STEPHEN 
Published: January 2010

abstractWhat is death? The question is of wide‐ranging practical importance because we need to be able to distinguish the living from the dead in order to treat both appropriately; specifically, the permissibility of retrieving vital organs for transplantation depends upon the potential donor's ontological status. There is a well‐established and influential biological definition of death as irreversible breakdown in the functioning of the organism as a whole, but it continues to elicit disquiet and rejoinders. The central claims of this paper are that the best way to address the question as to what death is, is to attend closely to our ordinary concept of death; doing so reveals that, whilst our ordinary understanding accommodates the biological definition, it also includes the thought that, for someone who has died, there will never again be anything it is like to be that person. Support for these claims is provided, and their academic and practical implications traced. The important practical implication is that we are left in quandary as to whether certain potential organ donors — for example, anencephalic babies and the permanently vegetative — are dead, a quandary that has serious implications for the relevance of the dead donor rule in transplant ethics.