bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of gestures in the transition from one‐ to two‐word speech in a variety of children with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Vandereet Joke , Maes Bea , Lembrechts Dirk , Zink Inge 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground: Over the past decades the links between gesture and language have become intensively studied. For example, the emergence of requesting and commenting gestures has been found to signal the onset of intentional communication. Furthermore, in typically developing children, gestures play a transitional role in the acquisition of early lexical and syntactic milestones. Previous research has demonstrated that, particularly supplementary, gesture–word combinations not only precede, but also reliably predict the onset of two‐word speech. However, the gestural correlates of two‐word speech have rarely been studied in children with intellectual disabilities.Aims: The primary aim was to investigate developmental changes in speech and gesture use as well as to relate the use of gesture–word combinations to the onset of two‐word speech in children with intellectual disabilities. A supplementary aim was to investigate differences in speech and gesture use between requests and comments in children with intellectual disabilities.Methods & Procedures: Participants in this study were 16 children with intellectual disabilities (eight girls, eight boys). Chronological ages at the start of the study were between 3;1 and 5;7 years; mental ages were between 1;5 and 3;3 years. Every 4 months within a 2‐year period children's requests and comments were sampled during structured interactions. All gestures and words used communicatively to request and comment were transcribed.Outcomes & Results: Although children's use of spoken words as well as the diversity in their spoken vocabularies increased over time, gestures were used with a constant rate over time. Temporal tendencies similar to those described in typically developing children were observed: gesture–word combinations typically preceded, rather than followed, two‐word speech. Furthermore, gestures (deictic gestures in particular) were more often used to request than to comment.Conclusions & Implications: Overall, gestures were used as a transitional tool towards children's first two‐word utterances. This result highlights gesture use as a robust phenomenon during the early stages of syntactic development across populations. The observed differences in gesture use between requests and comments might be explained by differences in interactional as well as in procedural context.
Communication difficulties and the use of communication strategies: from the perspective of individuals with aphasia
Authors: Johansson Monica Blom , Carlsson Marianne , Sonnander Karin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground: To enhance communicative ability and thereby the possibility of increased participation of persons with aphasia, the use of communication strategies has been proposed. However, little is known about how persons with aphasia experience having conversations and how they perceive their own and their conversation partner's use of communication strategies.Aims: To explore how people with aphasia experience having conversations, how they handle communication difficulties, and how they perceive their own and their communication partners’ use of communication strategies.Methods & Procedures: Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with four women and seven men with chronic aphasia (n = 11). Interviews were video‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed by qualitative content analysis.Outcomes & Results: Informants appreciated having conversations despite the fact that they perceived their aphasia as a serious hindrance. Different factors related to the informants, the conversation partners, the conversation itself and the physical environment were perceived to impact on conversations. The importance of the communication partners’ knowledge and understanding of aphasia and their use of supporting conversation strategies were acknowledged by the informants. The informants’ views on using communication aid devices or strategies varied considerably. Four themes that characterized the informants’ narratives were: loss and frustration, fear and uncertainty, shared responsibility based on knowledge, and longing for the past or moving forward.Conclusions & Implications: The informants longed to regain their former language ability and role as an active participant in society. To enhance participation of persons with aphasia, it is suggested that communication partner training should be an important and integral part of aphasia rehabilitation. Important elements of such training are reflecting on communication behaviours, training in real‐life situations, and acknowledging each individual's special needs and preferences. To deal with the consequences of aphasia, counselling and psychological support may be needed.
Factors that influence emotional disturbance in adults living in extreme poverty
Authors: PALOMAR‐LEVER JOAQUINA , VICTORIO‐ESTRADA AMPARO 
Published: October 2011

Palomar‐Lever, J. & Victorio‐Estrada, A. (2012). Factors that influence emotional disturbance in adults living in extreme poverty.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology53, 158–164.Living in poverty conditions implies exposure to severe circumstances of social disadvantage, associated with greater propensity to contract illnesses. A negative correlation has consistently been observed between health and poverty. The chronic exposure to stress affects people’s well‐being through the development of symptoms of anxiety and depression. The suffering of these symptoms for a long time period may be considered as part of a more general syndrome of emotional disturbance, in detriment to a person’s mental health. The objective of this study is to identify psychological factors that influence emotional disturbance, measured as symptoms of anxiety and depression, in adults living in poverty conditions in Mexico’s central region. A total of 913 adults, 65.2% female, were surveyed. The mean age of the participants was 43.71 (±12.58) years and the mean number of years of schooling was 4.04 (±3.36). Variables corresponding to personal characteristics were measured. The results indicate that the most important risk factor for depression is anxiety and vice versa. Additionally, gender, negative self‐esteem, lack of adequate strategies for confronting and resolving difficulties, and lack of self‐regulation predicted depression, whereas stress, lack of self‐regulation, and coping style predicted anxiety. These variables were better predictors than optimism, locus of control, sense of humor or religiosity.
Introducing the electronic patient record (EPR) in a hospital setting: boundary work and shifting constructions of professional identities
Authors: Håland Erna 
Published: October 2011

AbstractToday’s healthcare sector is being transformed by several ongoing processes, among them the introduction of new technologies, new financial models and new ways of organising work. The introduction of the electronic patient record (EPR) is representative and part of these extensive changes. Based on interviews with health personnel and office staff in a regional hospital in Norway, and with health administrators and information technology service‐centre staff in the region, the article examines how the introduction of the EPR, as experienced by the participants, affects the work practices and boundaries between various professional groups in the healthcare system and discusses the implications this has for the understanding of medical practice. The article shows how the EPR has become part of the professionals’ boundary work; expressing shifting constructions of professional identities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RETENTION RATIO IN A KALECKIAN MODEL WITH DEBT ACCUMULATION
Authors: Sasaki Hiroaki , Fujita Shinya 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTBy using a Kaleckian model with debt accumulation, Hein (2007; Metroeconomica, 56 (2), pp. 310–39) found that the long‐run equilibrium value of the debt–capital ratio is positive and stable only if interest rates are extremely high and if the short‐run equilibrium exhibits the ‘debt‐led’ growth regime. However, this conclusion crucially depends on the assumption that the retention ratio of firms is equal to unity. By relaxing this assumption, we show that there exists a positive and stable long‐run equilibrium even under the ‘debt‐burdened’ regime without any constraint on the nominal interest rate.
Emotion regulation predicts attention bias in maltreated children at‐risk for depression
Authors: Romens Sarah E. , Pollak Seth D. 
Published: October 2011

Background:  Child maltreatment is associated with heightened risk for depression; however, not all individuals who experience maltreatment develop depression. Previous research indicates that maltreatment contributes to an attention bias for emotional cues, and that depressed individuals show attention bias for sad cues.Method:  The present study examined attention patterns for sad, depression‐relevant cues in children with and without experience of maltreatment. We also explored whether individual differences in physiological reactivity and emotion regulation in response to a sad emotional state predict heightened attention to sad cues associated with depression.Results:  Children who experienced high levels of maltreatment showed an increase in attention bias for sad faces throughout the course of the study, such that they showed biased attention for sad faces following the initiation of a sad emotional state. Maltreated children who had high levels of trait rumination showed an attention bias toward sad faces across all time points.Conclusions:  These data suggest that maltreated children show heightened attention for depression‐relevant cues in certain contexts (e.g. after experience of a sad emotional state). Additionally, maltreated children who tend to engage in rumination show a relatively stable pattern of heightened attention for depression‐relevant cues. These patterns may identify which maltreated children are most likely to exhibit biased attention for sad cues and be at heightened risk for depression.
Equilibrium or not? Modelling potential distribution of invasive species in different stages of invasion
Authors: Václavík Tomáš , Meentemeyer Ross K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim  The assumption of equilibrium between organisms and their environment is a standard working postulate in species distribution models (SDMs). However, this assumption is typically violated in models of biological invasions where range expansions are highly constrained by dispersal and colonization processes. Here, we examined how stage of invasion affects the extent to which occurrence data represent the ecological niche of organisms and, in turn, influences spatial prediction of species’ potential distributions.Location  Six ecoregions in western Oregon, USA.Methods  We compiled occurrence data from 697 field plots collected over a 9‐year period (2001–09) of monitoring the spread of invasive forest pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Using these data, we applied ecological‐niche factor analysis to calibrate models of potential distribution across different years of colonization. We accounted for natural variation and uncertainties in model evaluation by further investigating three hypothetical scenarios of varying equilibrium in a simulated virtual species, for which the ‘true’ potential distribution was known.Results  We confirm our hypothesis that SDMs calibrated in early stages of invasion are less accurate than models calibrated under scenarios closer to equilibrium. SDMs that are developed in early stages of invasion tend to underpredict the potential range compared to models that are built in later stages of invasion.Main conclusions  A full environmental niche of invasive species cannot be effectively captured with data from a realized distribution that is restricted by processes preventing full occupancy of suitable habitats. If SDMs are to be used effectively in conservation and management, stage of invasion needs to be considered to avoid underestimation of habitats at risk of invasion.
Prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Northeastern Iran
Authors: Rezvan Farhad , Khabazkhoob Mehdi , Fotouhi Akbar , Hashemi Hassan , Ostadimoghaddam Hadi , Heravian Javad , Azizi Elham , Khorasani Abbas Azimi , Yekta Abbas Ali 
Published: October 2011

Citation information: Rezvan F, Khabazkhoob M, Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Ostadimoghaddam H, Heravian J, Azizi E, Khorasani AA & Yekta AA. Prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Northeastern Iran. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2011.00879.xAbstractPurpose:  To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren in Northeastern Iran by age and gender.Methods:  Using multistage random cluster sampling, 2020 schoolchildren 6–17 years of age were selected for this cross‐sectional study. The participants totalled 1551 (response rate 76.8%) elementary and junior high school children (41.5% boys and 58.5% girls) from the northeast of Iran. Cycloplegic autorefraction was used to determine refractive error. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) of −0.50 dioptre (D) or worse, hyperopia as a SE of +2.00 D or more, and astigmatism as cylinder equal to or worse than −0.75 D.Results:  The prevalence of uncorrected, habitual and optimal visual acuity of 6/12 (0.30 logMAR) or worse in the better eye was 2.2%, 1.0%, and 0.2% respectively. The prevalence rates of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism were 4.3% (95%CI: 3.3–5.3), 5.4% (95%CI: 4.3–6.5) and 11.5% (95%CI: 9.9–13.1) respectively and were not related to gender. The prevalence of myopia and against‐the‐rule astigmatism increased significantly with age (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of hyperopia significantly decreased with age (p < 0.0001).Conclusions:  The prevalence of myopia in schoolchildren in Northeastern Iran is considerably lower than that of East Asian populations, but similar to many other populations, including South Africa, Chile and other countries of the Middle East. Whilst comparisons with other studies show that the prevalence of hyperopia and astigmatism in Northeastern Iran is higher than that of some countries, it is lower compared with others.
Iron deficiency in blood donors: the REDS‐II Donor Iron Status Evaluation (RISE) study
Authors: Cable Ritchard G. , Glynn Simone A. , Kiss Joseph E. , Mast Alan E. , Steele Whitney R. , Murphy Edward L. , Wright David J. , Sacher Ronald A. , Gottschall Jerry L. , Tobler Leslie H. , Simon Toby L. ,   for the NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II)
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: Blood donors are at risk of iron deficiency. We evaluated the effects of blood donation intensity on iron and hemoglobin (Hb) in a prospective study.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Four cohorts of frequent and first‐time or reactivated (FT/RA) blood donors (no donation in 2 years), female and male, totaling 2425, were characterized and followed as they donated blood frequently. At enrollment and the final visit, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and Hb were determined. Models to predict iron deficiency and Hb deferral were developed. Iron depletion was defined at two levels: iron deficiency erythropoiesis (IDE) [log(sTfR/ferritin) ≥ 2.07] and absent iron stores (AIS; ferritin < 12 ng/mL).RESULTS: Among returning female FT and RA donors, 20 and 51% had AIS and IDE at their final visit, respectively; corresponding proportions for males were 8 and 20%. Among female frequent donors who returned, 27 and 62% had AIS and IDE, respectively, while corresponding proportions for males were 18 and 47%. Predictors of IDE and/or AIS included a higher frequency of blood donation in the past 2 years, a shorter interdonation interval, and being female and young; conversely, taking iron supplements reduced the risk of iron depletion. Predictors of Hb deferral included female sex, black race, and a shorter interdonation interval.CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of iron depletion in frequent blood donors. Increasing the interdonation interval would reduce the prevalence of iron depletion and Hb deferral. Alternatively, replacement with iron supplements may allow frequent donation without the adverse outcome of iron depletion.
Rethinking the Effect of Immigration on Wages
Authors: Ottaviano Gianmarco I. P. , Peri Giovanni 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This paper calculates the effects of immigration on the wages of native US workers of various skill levels in two steps. In the first step we use labor demand functions to estimate the elasticity of substitution across different groups of workers. Second, we use the underlying production structure and the estimated elasticities to calculate the total wage effects of immigration in the long run. We emphasize that a production function framework is needed to combine own-group effects with cross-group effects in order to obtain the total wage effects for each native group. In order to obtain a parsimonious representation of elasticities that can be estimated with available data, we adopt alternative nested-CES models and let the data select the preferred specification. New to this paper is the estimate of the substitutability between natives and immigrants of similar education and experience levels. In the data-preferred model, there is a small but significant degree of imperfect substitutability between natives and immigrants which, when combined with the other estimated elasticities, implies that in the period from 1990 to 2006 immigration had a small effect on the wages of native workers with no high school degree (between 0.6% and +1.7%). It also had a small positive effect on average native wages (+0.6%) and a substantial negative effect (−6.7%) on wages of previous immigrants in the long run.
Streptococcus mitis/human gingival fibroblasts co‐culture: the best natural association in answer to the 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate release
Authors: DI GIULIO MARA , D’ERCOLE SIMONETTA , ZARA SUSI , CATALDI AMELIA , CELLINI LUIGINA 
Published: October 2011

Di Giulio M, D’Ercole S, Zara S, Cataldi A, Cellini L. Streptococcus mitis/human gingival fibroblasts co‐culture: the best natural association in answer to the 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate release. APMIS 2011.One of the major components of dental polymerized resin‐based restorative materials is 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and its release in monomeric form interferes with the oral cavity environment. This study aimed to evaluate HEMA monomeric effects on the co‐culture of Streptococcus mitis and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Streptococcus mitis DS12 and S. mitis ATCC 6249 were co‐cultivated with HGF in the presence of HEMA (3 mM), for 48 and 72 h; the amount of sessile and planktonic cells, as well as the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell viability were analyzed in treated and untreated samples. The treatment of S. mitis/HGFs with HEMA did not produce significant effects on the bacterial adhesion and induced an increase in planktonic S. mitis ATCC 6249 population after 48 and 72 h. HEMA increased significantly the planktonic S. mitis ATCC 6249 viability when co‐cultured with HGFs, while a cytotoxic effect on HGFs, without bacteria, was recorded. An increase of bacterial aggregation on HGFs was also detected with HEMA. Data obtained in this study suggest that HEMA exhibits a toxic effect mainly on eukaryotic cells and this effect can be modulated by co‐cultivation with the S. mitis cells which, in the presence of the monomer, enhance their aggregation rate on HGFs.
An analysis of the decision‐making process for single implant treatment in general practice
Authors: Cosyn Jan , Raes Stefanie , De Meyer Stefanie , Raes Filiep , Buyl Ronald , Coomans Danny , De Bruyn Hugo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurposeTo study the frequency of and factors associated with the decision to perform single implant treatment after tooth extraction by general practitioners in a private, fee‐for‐service setting.Material and methodsOne hundred practitioners with a general dental practice in Ghent were randomly selected. Clinicians were asked to fill in a study form for every single extraction they performed during an 8‐week period. The form related to the treatment decision and a number of patient‐ and clinician‐related factors.ResultsNinety‐four general dentists (52 men, 42 women; mean age 49; range 24–68) agreed to participate and extracted 1180 single teeth. After exclusion of third molars and cases where the reason for tooth loss would generally prohibit replacement, 900 cases were identified. In 24% of these patients, there was no treatment decision and in 18% replacement was deemed unnecessary. When replacement was necessary (n = 526), removable partial denture (RPD), fixed partial denture (FPD), single implant treatment and resin‐bonded bridge were chosen in 54%, 24%, 21% and 1% of the patients, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate the decision‐making process for single implant treatment against RPD and FPD. In relation to RPD, single implant treatment was more likely in highly educated patients with few missing teeth and no bone loss at adjacent teeth. In relation to FPD, single implant treatment was more likely in patients with intact adjacent teeth and when the tooth was extracted by a female dentist. Experience in implant prosthetics was positively associated with single implant treatment in all analyses.ConclusionsSingle implant treatment is not the most common procedure in daily practice to restore a single tooth gap. Patient's education, oral factors and clinician‐related factors may affect the decision‐making process, whereas medical factors may not.
Risk variables in the association between frequency of alcohol consumption and periodontitis
Authors: Lages Eugênio J. P. , Costa Fernando O. , Lages Elizabeth M. B. , Cota Luís O. M. , Cortelli Sheila C. , Nobre‐Franco Gilson C. , Cyrino Renata M. , Cortelli José R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveInvestigate the association between the frequency of alcohol consumption and periodontitis. Moreover, evaluate the influence of biological, behavioural, and social risk variables in this association.MethodsSample was comprised by 542 subjects of both genders, 35–55 years of age, who underwent a complete periodontal examination, and was divided into four groups according to the frequency of alcohol use, based on alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) and Cut‐down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye‐opener (CAGE) instruments: (1) no or occasional alcohol use (NA), (2) moderate alcohol use (MA), (3) intense alcohol use (IA) and (4) alcohol dependence (DA). Associations between the occurrence of periodontitis and potential risk variables were analysed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression stratified by smoking status when appropriate.ResultsThe prevalence of periodontitis in NA, MA, IA and DA groups were 17.2%, 24.0%, 29.6% and 53%, respectively. Alcohol odds ratio (OR) estimates significantly increased with an increase in consumption frequency (DA>IA>MA>NA) and were approximately two times higher in smokers (OR = 3.43 to 7.91) compared to non‐smokers (OR = 1.22 to 3.02).ConclusionOccurrence of periodontitis among alcohol users were high and the frequency of alcohol consumption increased the odds of periodontitis incrementally mainly in smokers.