bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Summary of ‘Impact of tuberculosis preventive therapy on tuberculosis and mortality in HIV‐infected children’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Gray D. M. , Young T. , Zar H. J. , Cotton M. , van Dalen E.C. , Kremer L.C.M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials, of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Gray DM, Young T, Cotton M. Zar H, Impact of tuberculosis preventive therapy on tuberculosis and mortality in HIV‐infected children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD006418. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006418.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Tips and tricks for understanding and using SR results—no 15: clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Kremer Leontien C. , Sieswerda Elske , van Dalen Elvira C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis 15th article for ‘Tips and tricks for understanding and using SR results’ in Evidence‐Based Child Health is, like the previous ones, aimed at helping readers to understand the results of systematic reviews and to use the results in clinical practice. This time, we focus on the development and pitfalls of Clinical Practice Guidelines and the relevance of systematic reviews to them. Information in this article is based on earlier papers on the topic and the collective experience of the authors in the development of Clinical Practice Guidelines. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis’, with a response from the review authors
Authors: Pollitt Rodney , Southern K. W. , Mérelle M. E. , Dankert‐Roelse J. E. , Nagelkerke A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Southern KW, Mérelle ME, Dankert‐Roelse JE, Nagelkerke A. Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001402. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001402.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
The Cochrane library and the treatment of major depression in children and youth: an overview of reviews
Authors: Zinck Suzanne , Bagnell Alexa , Bond Kenneth , Newton Amanda S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundMajor depression (MDD) in children and adolescents is a mood disorder that has up to 25% lifetime prevalence by the end of adolescence. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments are recommended to reduce symptoms, increase psychosocial functioning, and prevent relapse. Traditionally, decisions for these treatments were made based on reported effects for adults, but a body of pediatric‐based evidence is now emerging to inform treatment decisions.ObjectivesTo synthesize the evidence currently in the Cochrane Library Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) related to the question: ‘In children and youth with diagnosed major depression, do pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic treatments improve symptom response, response rates, functional capacity, adherence and persistence, and decrease cost and adverse events?’.MethodsCDSR was searched using the term ‘depression’ in the title for all systematic reviews examining pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for the treatment of depression in children ⩽18 years. Data were extracted and entered into tables; data were synthesized using qualitative and quantitative methods.Main ResultsOf the studies included in the CDSR, there was no significant improvement in treatment outcomes in depressed children and adolescents treated with pharmacological (tricyclic antidepressant [TCA] or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [SSRI]) or nonpharmacological (exercise) interventions.Author's ConclusionsAlthough this overview indicates no clear evidence for pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for treatment of depression in this age group, the CDSR does not include several recent research publications in this area that demonstrate beneficial effects of treatment. In context of existing research there may be a moderate effect of SSRI in moderate to severe depression in children and youth. Best practice recommendations are consideration of treatment with SSRI (fluoxetine first line) in moderate to severe depression with close monitoring and weighing risk/benefit profile based on individual assessment. Psychotherapeutic interventions not in this overview, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), have some evidence of effectiveness in mild to moderate depression. Although exercise remains an important part of healthy living, there is no evidence to support its use in treatment of depression in children and adolescents. This overview in the context of recent research indicates the need for ongoing study in this important area of child and youth mental health. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
The role of age‐structured education data for economic growth forecasts
Authors: Cuaresma Jesús Crespo , Mishra Tapas 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper utilizes for the first time age‐structured human capital data for economic growth forecasting. We concentrate on pooled cross‐country data of 65 countries over six 5‐year periods (1970–2000) and consider specifications chosen by model selection criteria, Bayesian model averaging methodologies based on in‐sample and out‐of‐sample goodness of fit and on adaptive regression by mixing. The results indicate that forecast averaging and exploiting the demographic dimension of education data improve economic growth forecasts systematically. In particular, the results are very promising for improving economic growth predictions in developing countries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Oxygen‐Reduction‐Activity and Methanol‐Tolerance Cathode Catalyst Cu/PtFe/CNTs for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Wang H. , Liang J. , Zhu L. , Peng F. , Yu H. , Yang J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA novel nanocomposite Cu/PtFe/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was designed, prepared and examined as a cathode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The effects of Fe and Cu on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and methanol tolerance were investigated by varying their amounts or their configurations in the nanocomposite. The experimental results show that PtFe alloy on CNTs could not enhance methanol tolerance, but could improve the ORR activity. Cu was deposited on PtFe/CNTs to obtain better methanol tolerance. The optimum molar ratio of Cu/Pt/Fe in Cu/PtFe/CNTs is 2.1:1:0.7. After 500 cycles in 1 M HClO4 solution, the Cu/PtFe/CNTs catalyst is fairly stable with 92% of its original ORR activity and 89.6% of its original electrochemical active surface areas (EAS) maintained.
Aggression is related to frontal serotonin‐1A receptor distribution as revealed by PET in healthy subjects
Authors: Veronica Witte A. , Flöel Agnes , Stein Patrycja , Savli Markus , Mien Leonhard‐Key , Wadsak Wolfgang , Spindelegger Christoph , Moser Ulrike , Fink Martin , Hahn Andreas , Mitterhauser Markus , Kletter Kurt , Kasper Siegfried , Lanzenberger Rupert 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe article to which this erratum refers was published in Hum Brain Mapp 2008, DOI:
. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Liver tumor ablation: Percutaneous and open approaches
Authors: Padma Srikanth , Martinie John B. , Iannitti David A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe global incidence of liver cancer is greater than a million cases a year. Surgical resection where applicable is still the standard of care for these patients. Various liver‐directed regional therapies have been developed in an effort to treat the vast majority of unresectable liver tumors. This article reviews the principles behind various ablation therapies currently available for malignant liver tumors and their outcomes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:619–634. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wood/plastic composites co‐extruded with multi‐walled carbon nanotube‐filled rigid poly(vinyl chloride) cap layer
Authors: Jin Shan , Matuana Laurent M 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWood/plastic composites (WPCs) can absorb moisture in a humid environment due to the hydrophilic nature of the wood in the composites, making products susceptible to microbial growth and loss of mechanical properties. Co‐extruding a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)‐rich cap layer on a WPC significantly reduces the moisture uptake rate, increases the flexural strength but, most importantly, decreases the flexural modulus compared to uncapped WPCs. A two‐level factorial design was used to develop regression models evaluating the statistical effects of material compositions and a processing condition on the flexural properties of co‐extruded rigid PVC/wood flour composites with the ultimate goal of producing co‐extruded composites with better flexural properties than uncapped WPCs. Material composition variables included wood flour content in the core layer and carbon nanotube (CNT) content in the cap layer of the co‐extruded composites, with the processing temperature profile for the core layer as the only processing condition variable. Fusion tests were carried out to understand the effects of the material compositions and processing condition on the flexural properties. Regression models indicated all main effects and two powerful interaction effects (processing temperature/wood flour content and wood flour content/CNT content interactions) as statistically significant. Factors leading to a fast fusion of the PVC/wood flour composites in the core layer, i.e. low wood flour content and high processing temperature, were effective material composition and processing condition parameters for improving the flexural properties of co‐extruded composites. Reinforcing the cap layer with CNTs also produced a significant improvement in the flexural properties of the co‐extruded composites, insensitive to the core layer composition and the processing temperature condition. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The developmental expression profile of PAX2 in the murine prostate
Authors: Chen Qian , DeGraff David J. , Sikes Robert A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDNine transcription factors comprise the PAX gene family that regulate organogenesis. The urogenital system of PAX2 null male mice fails to develop properly. PAX2 is overexpressed in PC3 cells. Therefore, PAX2 is implicated in both prostate organogenesis and cancer. However, the expression pattern/profile of PAX2 in the prostate is unknown.METHODSPAX2/5/8 expression was surveyed in E16.5 male urogenital sinus (UGS) by RT‐PCR. Prostate samples from 10 developmental stages in C3H male mice were used in quantitative reverse‐transcript PCR (Q‐PCR) and Western blotting (WB). RT‐PCR and WB measured PAX2 expression in prostatic lobes or UGS layers, to identify local‐regional expression patterns. Cytoplasmic versus nuclear expression was examined by WB. A castration series in adult C3H male mice and R1881 treatment in serum‐free LNCaP cells examined androgen control of PAX2.RESULTSPAX2 mRNA levels are higher in early developmental stages as compared to postpubertal prostates. RT‐PCR and/or WB indicated a dorsal epithelial–nuclear localization of PAX2. PAX2 mRNA and protein increase postcastration. R1881 decreases expression of PAX2 mRNA in LNCaP cells as compared to controls.CONCLUSIONSThe expression profile of PAX2 indicates that it may regulate early, androgen‐independent stages of murine prostate development, particularly for dorsally derived prostate glands. PAX2 expression appears to be associated with a dorsally localized epithelial cell population that is castration insensitive and retains proliferative and differentiative potential. Such a population of cells may represent a subset of stem‐like cells having some characteristics in common with castrate‐resistant prostate cancer cells. Prostate 70: 654–665, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Doing the project and learning the content: Designing project‐based science curricula for meaningful understanding
Authors: Kanter David E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractProject‐based science curricula can improve students' usable or meaningful understanding of the science content underlying a project. However, such curricula designed around “performances” wherein students design or make something do not always do this. We researched ways to design performance project‐based science curricula (pPBSc) to better support the meaningful understanding of science content. Using existing curriculum design frameworks, we identified the learner's need to “create the demand” for the science content, anticipating how to use it in the performance, and to “apply” the science content, both being necessary to ensure meaningful understanding. Designing the pPBSc I, Bio we discovered how these guiding principles manifested as curriculum design challenges. We generalized from the design of I, Bio and related literature design approaches for addressing each challenge. Finally, we measured the extent to which a pPBSc incorporating these design approaches developed meaningful understanding. 652 middle grades students using I, Bio completed pre‐ and posttests on the science content behind the I, Bio performance. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that a pPBSc that incorporates these design approaches is consistent with gains in meaningful understanding. We discuss how the results of this work can be used to improve systematic experiments on instructional supports. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:525–551, 2010
Symbolic decision procedure for termination of linear programs
Authors: Xia Bican , Yang Lu , Zhan Naijun , Zhang Zhihai 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Tiwari proved that the termination of a class of linear programs is decidable in Tiwari (Proceedings of CAV’04. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3114, pp 70–82, 2004). The decision procedure proposed therein depends on the computation of
Jordan forms
. Thus, people may draw a wrong conclusion from this procedure, if they simply apply floating-point computation to compute Jordan forms. In this paper, we first use an example to explain this problem, and then present a symbolic implementation of the decision procedure. Thus, the rounding error problem is therefore avoided. Moreover, we also show that the symbolic decision procedure is as efficient as the numerical one given in Tiwari (Proceedings of CAV’04. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3114, pp 70–82, 2004). The complexity of former is max{
O
(
n
6
),
O
(
n

m
+3

)}, while that of the latter is
O
(
n

m
+3

), where
n
is the number of variables of the program and
m
is the number of its Boolean conditions. In addition, for the case when the characteristic polynomial of the assignment matrix is irreducible, we design a more efficient symbolic algorithm whose complexity is max(
O
(
n
6
),
O
(
mn
3
)).
Anisotropies in a charged particle beam
Authors: SIMEONI WILSON 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the anisotropies of a charged particle beam moving into a linear focusing channel. Considering a high-intensity ion beam in space-charge-dominated regime and large mismatched root mean square (RMS) initial beam size, a fast increase in spatial beam anisotropy is observed. Calculations presented here are strong evidence that this anisotropy is responsible for the beam's equipartition. It is shown that particle–particle resonances and wave-particle resonances lead to anisotropization of the beam, i.e. both the envelope and emittance ratios different from unity. It indicates that this anisotropy is responsible for the beam's equipartitioning and suggest that the beam remains equipartitioned even when exhibiting a macroscopic anisotropy, which is characterized by the following properties: the development of an elliptical shape with increasing size along one axis, the presence of a coupling between transversal emittances and halo formation along a preferential direction.
Marketization, Centralization and Globalization of Cadre Training in Contemporary China
Authors: Pieke Frank N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStrengthening the ideological and professional training of cadres is a cornerstone of the socialist modernization of the Chinese party-state. On the basis of long-term field research in Party schools, this article shows that this effort entails much more than the upgrading of existing institutions. The CCP has embarked on a simultaneous marketization, centralization and globalization that has integrated cadre training into the larger market for higher education and training. This new approach privileges China's richer areas. Poorer places such as Yunnan province struggle to meet the ever higher demands of the centre from their local budgets. The article concludes that the gap between rich and poor areas in China is about more than wealth alone. Poorer areas cannot take part in China's new, glossy socialism, and will be not only economically but also politically and administratively left behind.
The Political Economy of Earmarked Transfers in a State-Designated Poor County in Western China: Central Policies and Local Responses
Authors: Liu Mingxing , Wang Juan , Tao Ran , Murphy Rachel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn order to improve the effectiveness of redistributive policies, in 2002 the Chinese government increased fiscal transfers and imposed more stringent regulations on the use of earmarked funds. This article evaluates the impact this had on K county in a north-western province. The case study finds that the misappropriation of earmarked transfers did decrease but this did not necessarily indicate an improvement in the local government's compliance in the usage of transfers. Instead, the county governments found ways to sabotage central policies by exporting fiscal burdens to the subordinate bureaus that received the earmarked subsidies. In some bureaus this was done by reducing the amount of funds allocated for operating expenses. In others it involved increasing staff numbers. These findings provide a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of using earmarked funds and internal supervisory mechanisms to achieve policy objectives in an authoritarian regime.
The China Quarterly and China
Authors: Wilson Dick 
Published: December 2009

My first impression of The China Quarterly was its extraordinary efficiency. As I was about to enter the editor's office on my first day, I noticed that they had anticipated making my name plate and had already mounted it on the door. It was only later that I realized that the real cause for congratulation was the School's parsimony in making do with an old name plate to serve a new editor. So I shared a name plate with my predecessor, another D. Wilson. In more imaginative mood I could even toy with the idea that my candidacy had been approved over other applicants precisely because they would save money on a new name plate.
Against Bolshevism: Georg Werthmann and the Role of Ideology in the Catholic Military Chaplaincy, 1939–1945
Authors: FAULKNER LAUREN N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFrom 1939 to 1945, Georg Werthmann worked tirelessly to preserve the Catholic military chaplaincy of the German armed forces from Nazi Party interference. He and the men who worked under him valued their service as integral to the Catholic German soldiers in need of spiritual help; they also viewed the war in which they were engaged as a crusade against Bolshevism, an enemy to be beaten at any cost. The article focuses on the reactions of Werthmann and select chaplains and seminarians to two military regulations concerning the chaplaincy, and on their understanding of Bolshevism, revealing that Nazi and Catholic ideologies shared significant commonalities that encouraged their wartime service.
Effects of GIK (glucose–insulin–potassium) on stress-induced myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Di Marco Stefano , Boldrini Beatrice , Conti Umberto , Marcucci Gabriella , Morgantini Cecilia , Ferrannini Ele , Natali Andrea 
Published: December 2009

Despite the evidence in experimental animal models that insulin, or GIK (glucose–insulin–potassium), improves left ventricular function and perfusion during both acute and chronic ischaemia, clinical studies have generated conflicting results. We tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with GIK attenuates the vascular and functional effects of stress-induced myocardial ischaemia in humans. Twenty-two patients with evidence of inducible myocardial ischaemia were enrolled; 11 patients with normal ventricular function underwent two dipyridamole echocardiography tests, and 11 with regional contractility defects from previous myocardial infarction were submitted to two ECG exercise tests combined with 201Tl myocardial perfusion scintigraphy; the tests were preceded by 60 min of either normal saline or an isoglycaemic GIK infusion. On a stress echocardiogram, a 30% reduction in the severity of ischaemia was observed. On ECG ergometry, GIK infusion slightly increased the time to ischaemia (+0.6 min, P=0.07); however, the higher workload (+8%, P=0.07) was achieved at a similar rate–pressure plateau. On scintigraphy, an increase in ischaemic segments (+48%, P&lt;0.001) was imaged mainly at the expense of viable (but non-ischaemic) and non-viable segments, which were reduced by 60%. GIK affected stress-induced left ventricular underperfusion only marginally (GIK: 39.7±2.5 compared with saline: 35.4±2.2 units, P&lt;0.05), but significantly improved its acute reversibility (−42±4 compared with −25±4%, P&lt;0.001). We conclude that GIK pretreatment attenuates the effect of ischaemia on myocardial contractility, slightly improves exercise tolerance and causes a more rapid and diffuse recovery of post-ischaemic reperfusion.
Prudence and Plagiarism in the 1740 Continuation of Defoe's Roxana
Authors: Seager Nicholas 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A number of spurious continuations of Defoe’s Roxana (1724) were published up to the end of the nineteenth century. One unjustly neglected later version is that which appeared in 1740, attributed to Elizabeth Applebee. At least seven different texts are worked into the Applebee edition, making it a complex production, the major source being William de Britaine’s seventeenth-century conduct manual, Humane Prudence. This article recovers the complicated publication history of the latter work and traces its modification and use in the 1740 Roxana. It concludes by asking why the continuations of Defoe’s novel have been neglected, asserting that their history can reveal much about the opportunism of eighteenth century publishers, the commercial pressures on print culture of the time, and shifting expectations about narrative closure.
Ownership of Shakespeare First Folios over Four Centuries
Authors: West Anthony James 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This note provides an account of the provenance (who owned, bought, sold, and received a copy or copies) of the Shakespeare First Folio, summarizing overall shifts in ownership from 1623 to the present. It is striking how few institutions owned a First Folio in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. A marked shift to institutional ownership is observable in the nineteenth century.