bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Soil Moisture and Depth of Application on Retention of Anhydrous Ammonia
Authors: Stanley Frank A. , Smith G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA procedure for the accurate application of small quantities of anhydrous ammonia to soil and measurement of losses has been developed. Retention of ammonia was high when applied to soils of optimum moisture content, or when placed at least 6 inches deep in dry soil. Losses were much greater when applied to wet soils. The loss from wet soil was gradual, indicating the escape was not from the knife openings. When anhydrous ammonia equivalent to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre in 40‐inch spacings was applied, some soils could not adsorb this amount in the diffusion area. As moisture evaporated from the surface, the ammonia moved upward and was lost. When ammonia was released in the soil, movement upward was greater than to the side or below the point of release. Movement and retention were greater in cloddy soil than where there was good crumb structure. Anhydrous ammonia increased the availability of phosphorus, had little effect on exchangeable potassium, but depressed the availability of calcium. The magnitude of the effects of ammonia on these ions is probably of little practical importance.
Effect of Rainfall and Fertilization on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Alfalfa over a 10‐Year Period in North Central Oklahoma
Authors: Harper Horace J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClimatic environment had a greater influence than soil treatment on the quantity of nitrogen, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus in 26 cuttings of alfalfa hay grown on the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Perkins Farm, from 1937 to 1946. The protein content of the first cutting of alfalfa was equal to, or higher than, the protein content of the second or third cuttings of hay in 8 out of 9 years. The calcium content of the hay was usually high when soil moisture was low, and low when soil moisture was high during the growing period. The minimum and maximum percent of calcium in different cuttings varied nearly 100%. The potassium and phosphorus content of different alfalfa cuttings varied more than 100%. A luxury potassium consumption by alfalfa occurred on this soil. Lower phosphorus percentages usually were observed in the alfalfa hay when rainfall was low for several weeks before the crop was cut. Factors which increased or decreased the quantity of phosphorus obtained by the alfalfa plants from the natural phosphates in the soil had a similar influence on the uptake of applied phosphates. The average absorption of phosphorus from rock phosphate by alfalfa was similar to the quantity of phosphorus obtained from superphosphate on unlimed soil, but was slightly lower on the limed plots. A greater variation occurred in the nitrogen and phosphorus content of the stems than in the leaves of mature alfalfa plants grown on variously treated plots.
Relation of Soil Potassium and Magnesium to Magnesium Nutrition of Citrus
Authors: McColloch R. C. , Bingham F. T. , Aldrich D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil and leaf analyses were made in connection with six field experiments involving orange trees fertilized with potassium and/or magnesium. Experimental plots were located in 6 orchards in 4 southern California counties.The concentration of magnesium in spring‐cycle leaves was correlated with the degree of leaf symptoms characteristic of magnesium deficiency. Addition of magnesium fertilizer resulted in a marked increase in leaf magnesium and a disappearance of deficiency symptoms. Potassium fertilization accentuated magnesium deficiency. Deficiency symptoms were associated with leaf magnesium concentrations of 0.20% or less. The ratio of exchangeable K/Mg in the soil (particularly the 18‐ to 30‐inch depth) was highly correlated with the percent magnesium in the leaves.
Pedology of an Arctic Brown Profile near Point Barrow, Alaska
Authors: Drew J. V. , Tedrow J. C. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Arctic brown profile forms on the medium and coarse textured material of well‐drained sites in the Alaskan Arctic Slope. The profile shows an accumulation of organic matter in the A1 horizon, a weak translocation of Fe, Al, and Mn, and an accumulation of fines in the surface horizon, probably resulting from aeolian activity. Organic matter decreases from 11.48% in the A1 horizon to less than 1% in the A2, A3, and C horizons, and the strongly developed profile colors are thought to be due primarily to this organic matter distribution. C/N ratios of the organic matter vary between 16:1 and 18:1. Base saturation is very low in the surface layer but increases with depth, and free carbonates are present in the lower horizons. Clay composition consists mainly of 2:1 layer silicates with small quantities of kaolinite. No authigenic weathering of primary minerals was detected.Fragmental data indicate that Arctic brown soil forming processes may operate in other tundra and alpine regions of the world.
Water Content Changes Following Irrigation of Bare‐Field Soil That is Protected from Evaporation
Authors: Ogata Gen , Richards L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater content changes were measured in a field plot of sandy loam soil. Following basin irrigation with 35 cm. of water, the soil surface was sealed with a sheet of polyethylene and covered with 10 cm. of straw. The measurements were made over a 50‐day interval during the summer of 1955. It was found for this soil that the water content, WD, expressed in surface cm. of water in a surface layer of soil of depth D cm. could be closely related to the time T in days following irrigation by WD = (0.52 + 0.209 D + 0.00053 D2) T‐0.128. The downward flow rate dWD/dT = vD, expressed in cubic cm. per sq. cm. per day, as related to depth, and time is obtained by differentiation of the water content equation. Hydraulic head values in the field soil were measured. The capillary conductivity values calculated from the field data were found to be in agreement with values obtained previously by both laboratory and field methods for this soil.
Seedling Emergence of Wheat, Grain Sorghum, and Soybeans as Influenced by Soil Crust Strength and Moisture Content
Authors: Hanks R. J. , Thorp F. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique was devised for studying plant seedling emergence through soil crusts where soil crust strength, soil moisture content, and soil type could be varied independently. Wheat, grain sorghum, and soybeans were studied with crust strengths from 0 to 1,400 millibars (as measured by the modulus of rupture) and soil moisture content from field capacity to ¼ available (¼ of the available water remaining in the soil). Preliminary tests were made to determine the reliability of the modulus of rupture as a measure of crust strength with respect to seedling emergence.Wheat seedling emergence was not influenced by seed spacing or crust thickness for a wide range of crust strength as measured by the modulus of rupture. It was concluded from this study that the modulus of rupture is a good measure of crust strength as related to seedling emergence of wheat and similar plants.Soil crust strength limiting seedling emergence for the plants studied was dependent on the soil moisture content. At a given crust strength, seedling emergence was lowest where the soil moisture content was lowest. At constant moisture content, seedling emergence decreased with increasing crust strength for the plants and soils studied. However, partial seedling emergence occurred on all treatments even where crust strength was as high as 1,400 millibars.
Mineralogical Analyses of Soil Clays from Colorado Surface Soils
Authors: Schmehl W. R. , Jackson M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMinerals in the fine silt and clay were determined for six cultivated soils in Colorado. The clay fraction was segregated into coarse, medium, and fine particle size groups. By means of combined data from total potash, exchange capacity, water and hydroxyl content, surface measurements, and X‐ray diffraction analyses, the relative amounts of minerals in each size fraction were estimated.The sum of quartz and feldspar ranged from 55 to 70% in the fine silt and from 30 to 55% in the coarse clay. Small amounts of chlorite identified in the fine silt and coarse clay fractions were generally interlayered with 2:1 layer silicates. There was 20 to 36% illite and 4 to 11% kaolinite in the 2µ clay fraction. The total expanding mineral (montmorillonite plus vermiculite) content of the 2µ clay varied from 36 to 57%. The expanding minerals in the soil clays were more variable in properties than standard reference clay minerals. Interstratification of 2:1 layer lattice silicates was observed in all fine silt and clay samples.
The Comparative Rate of Nitrification of Anhydrous Ammonia, Urea, and Ammonium Sulfate in Sandy Soils
Authors: Eno Charles F. , Blue William G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree acid sandy soils, Arredondo, Leon, and Klej fine sands, were used in comparing the rates of nitrification for anhydrous ammonia, urea, and ammonium sulfate in the laboratory. Anhydrous ammonia stimulated the nitrification process more than equivalent applications of ammonium sulfate in limed and unlimed soil. The stimulating effect of urea was of the same general order as anhydrous ammonia. Anhydrous ammonia applied to the soil raises the pH into a more nearly optimum range for nitrification and initially provides a base for the neutralization of the nitric acid produced. This process can be effective only so long as high concentrations of ammonia are present in the soil; in these soils, which nitrified at low rates, this period of time was long enough to initiate a good rate of nitrification. The stimulating effect may also occur with field applications of anhydrous ammonia, since an adequate concentration of ammonia is retained in a relatively small volume of soil. The stimulation of nitrification by anhydrous ammonia has not been definitely shown under field conditions; this has probably been due to failure to properly delineate the retention zone into a central core where ammoniacal nitrogen was high enough to be initially toxic to the nitrifiers and an optimum zone between the toxic concentration and that in untreated soil.
Morphology and Genesis of Calcisols
Authors: Harper W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper outlines principal characteristics of a group of soils that occur mainly in the arid and semi‐arid regions. They have been derived from parent materials high in calcium carbonate. An outstanding characteristic of these soils is a prominent horizon of calcium carbonate accumulation at or near the depth of rainfall penetration. The term Calcisols is proposed for this group of soils. Field descriptions and laboratory data are presented for Calcisols and some closely related types. Genetic processes in the formation of the soils are discussed, especially the apparent effects of calcium carbonate in retarding weathering processes and precluding the formation of silicate clay minerals.
Mineralogical Composition of Glacial Materials as a Factor in the Morphology and Genesis of Some Podzol, Gray Wooded, Gray‐Brown Podzolic, and Humic‐Gley Soils in Michigan
Authors: Bailey H. H. , Whiteside E. P. , Erickson A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study the relatively unweathered glacial materials underlying 39 soil sites, representing 23 soil series, in Michigan were studied. The mineralogical compositions of the sand and silt fractions from those materials and some observations on the methods used in these determinations are reported here. The bulk densities, mechanical compositions, mineralogical compositions of the clay fractions, and acid soluble portions of each horizon of the soil profiles at these sites had been studied earlier. Some relationships of the mechanical to the mineralogical compositions of the glacial materials and their relations to the properties of the overlying soils are discussed.As the number of particles per gram of the materials studied increased, the percentages of quartz decreased and the unidentified portion of the sample—chiefly in the clay fraction—increased. The mineralogical composition of the materials under different toposequences of soils indicated that in most cases field observations had correctly grouped mineralogically similar materials.The calculated mechanical compositions and thicknesses of the sola that had apparently formed from materials similar to the glacial materials underlying them, were compared to those of their parent rocks, assuming that no net change had occurred in the mass of the acid insoluble portion. The sola had increased in thickness, except where the parent rocks contained more than 12% of acid soluble materials. In the latter cases, there had apparently been some collapse or shrinkage of the material associated with the removal of the soluble portion.The net increases in clay contents of the sola of mineral soils in Michigan, compared to their parent rocks, are apparently small and decreases in clay contents are common, particularly in the Podzol—Gray Wooded (or Gray‐Brown Podzolic) Intergrade or Humic‐Gley profiles and the Gray Wooded or Gray‐Brown Podzolic soils formed from fine‐textured materials. The percentage increases in clay contents relative to that in the parent rocks are small except in very sandy materials where most of the clay, even though small in amount, may be pedogenic in origin.
Preparation and Use of 3‐Dimension Projections in Teaching Soil Classification
Authors: Scholtes Wayne H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe study of relationships of geomorphology, soil parent materials, and soil type is greatly facilitated in classroom teaching through the use of 3‐dimension projections. Such projections can be prepared from existing photo flights already available in most areas by masking out identical photo areas in the overlap portion of adjacent photos. Separate negatives of each area placed in a stereo slide mount will enable a large group to view the topography in 3‐dimension through use of stereo equipment and polarized glasses.
Effects of Good Management Following Soil Erosion
Authors: Free G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been reported previously that corn yields for a 2‐year period on Bath flaggy silt loam, despite liberal fertilization, ranged from 17 to 88 bushels per acre depending upon past management and erosion during the preceding 11 years.By the ninth year of continued good management, including fertilization and rotation and with a low rate of erosion, there were still significant residual effects of past treatments on productivity and on soil characteristics. Under a fertilizer treatment comparable to that followed during the initial 2‐year period, corn yields ranged from 71 to 93 bushels per acre. This treatment provided nitrogen at the rate of 100 pounds per acre. Residual effects on yields were effectively masked when the rate was raised to 200 pounds per acre.
Cylinder Infiltrometers for Determining Rates of Irrigation
Authors: Slater C. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInfiltration rates on cultivated soils were determined by sprinkling and by means of water impoundment in small cylinder infiltrometers. Sprinkling procedures with a type FA infiltrometer, irrigation equipment, or manually controlled sprinkling were used in a manner that provided rate measurements. The cylinder infiltrometers were “single‐ring” type.Good correlation was obtained between sprinkler and cylinder infiltration rates by replication on cultivated soils. Correlation improved when median rates rather than mean rates, as measured with the cylinders, were used to reduce the effect of exceptionable intake values.
Root and Soil Relationships Associated with the Pole Blight Disease of Western White Pine
Authors: Leaphart Charles D. , Copeland Otis L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRoot density and mortality were determined in 30 healthy western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) stands ranging from 20 to 160 years old. Similar determinations were made in 16 stands of the 60‐ to 80‐year age class affected by pole blight, a disease of unknown cause. Various physical soil characteristics were measured in 26 healthy and diseased stands of the 60‐ to 80‐year age class in conjunction with the root study.Both rootlet mortality and density in the upper 1 foot of soil in the 60‐ to 80‐year age class are significantly correlated with the available water storage capacity in the soil depth occupied by a major portion of the root system. The available water storage capacity is dependent upon effective soil depth. As the severity of pole blight increases, rootlet mortality increases and available water storage capacity and effective soil depth become less. These results indicate an edaphic relationship to the pole blight disease.
A Modification of the Hydrometer Method of Mechanical Analysis for Certain Western Forest Soils
Authors: Youngberg C. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifficulty in getting complete dispersion of the sample for mechanical analysis has been experienced with many western forest soils. In this study four different methods of dispersing the samples were investigated. Samples were pretreated with hydrogen peroxide to destroy the organic matter. A 5% Calgon solution was used as the dispersing agent. Two methods of dispersion involved the use of a standard milkshake mixer and two methods the use of a reciprocating shaker. Dispersion methods were as follows: first, dispersing for 30 minutes with a standard mixer; second, dispersion with a mixer equipped with a larger paddle; third, shaking for 12 hours on a reciprocating shaker; and fourth, addition of sodium hydroxide to the dispersing agent and shaking on the reciprocating shaker. The data revealed that dispersion was poorest with the standard mixer, and best with the reciprocating shaker. The increase in the clay content of the soils that had been dispersed on the shaker resulted from a better dispersal of the silt and sand size aggregates. For latosolic soils the addition of sodium hydroxide gave better dispersion than shaking without sodium hydroxide. With Western Brown Forest soils there was no difference with or without sodium hydroxide.
Inositol Hexaphosphate: II. Synthesis by Soil Microorganisms
Authors: Caldwell A. G. , Black C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOrganic phosphorus was accumulated in different soil parent materials, quartz sand, clays, and clay‐sand mixtures by adding organic and inorganic nutrients, moistening, inoculating with soil microorganisms, and incubating the materials for several months. The presence of mesoinositol hexaphosphate and a supposed isomer of this compound was demonstrated in these materials after incubation but not before incubation. Both substances were found in soils, but only meso‐inositol hexaphosphate was found in crude corn phytate. These results indicate that soil microorganisms are capable of synthesizing inositol hexaphosphate and suggest that all the supposed isomer and part of the meso‐inositol hexaphosphate found in soils are synthesized by microorganisms. The remainder of the meso‐inositol hexaphosphate of soils presumably is synthesized by higher plants.
Colloidal Properties of Some Florida Soils
Authors: Fiskell J. G. A. , Gammon N. , Yuan T. L. , Zmeskal O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationships between the mineralogical nature of the colloid and the moisture equivalent, exchange capacity, and base saturation of several sandy loam and sandy soils are discussed. In profiles of Red Bay, Norfolk, and Tifton fine sandy loams exchange capacity, Ca, Mg, and K decreased with depth but clay content and aluminum saturation of these soils increased. In other Coastal Plain soils, namely Klej, Lakeland, and Bladen profiles, a low major base saturation was found with pH values above 5.0 and a high amount of exchangeable aluminum. Calcareous soils and montmorillonitic soils which also usually overlie calcareous material such as Pompano, Felda, and Sunniland sands contained appreciable aluminum extracted by neutral N NH4OAc. Titration curves were made of clays from several soils which differed in the vermiculite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, quartz, and gibbsite content and considerably different buffering capacities were observed. X‐ray diffraction patterns indicated that the mineralogical nature of the clay fraction is rather similar in all horizons of any particular soil profile with no consistent accumulation of one mineral over another. The significance of the exchange complex of these colloids is discussed in terms of major bases, aluminum, and pH. Examples of the accumulation of phosphate and heavy metals are given.
Soil Potassium‐Moisture Relations: III. Determining the Increase in Exchangeable Soil Potassium on Drying Soils
Authors: Hanway J. J. , Scott A. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA comparison was made of different extractants for determining the increase in exchangeable soil K which occurs on drying the soils. Moist and dry surface and subsoil samples of 10 Iowa soil profiles were used. The amount of K released on drying as determined by the different extractants was in the order:NH4OAc > 0.5N HCl > 0.1N HCl > Morgan's solution when 10 g. of soil was leached with 75 ml. of extractant. The amount of K removed by the different extractants was linearly related and highly correlated irrespective of the moisture status of the soil sample, except in the case of some oven‐dry subsoil samples extracted with Morgan's solution. Apparently, some of the K that had been released to an exchangeable form on drying reverted to a non‐exchangeable form during the extraction of some subsoil samples with Morgan's solution.
Nature of Residual Nitrogen in Iowa Soils
Authors: White W. C. , Pesek John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreased quantities of soil nitrogen resulting from nitrogen applied to corn 1 year previously were characterized as to the form and location in soil. Under the experimental conditions the residual soil nitrogen appeared to be chiefly in the form of nitrates in the 6‐ to 21‐inch layer. No appreciable quantities of residual ammonium nitrogen were found. Nitrification rate tests showed that effects of residual nitrogen on nitrifiable forms of nitrogen were negligible.Quantities of residual nitrates in soil layers 0 to 6, 6 to 12, and 12 to 21 inches deep were related to the nitrogen yield of oats. As much as 90% of the total variations in nitrogen yield of oats were accounted for by the multiple regression of nitrogen yield on nitrate nitrogen found in the 3 soil layers. Simple linear regressions showed a high correlation between effects of residual nitrogen on nitrogen yield of oats and measured residual soil nitrates at the beginning of the oat season. Results of isotopic nitrogen measurements obtained from a greenhouse experiment provided additional evidence of residual nitrogen being present mainly as nitrates below the plow layer.
Fragipan Soils of Illinois: I. General Characterization and Field Relationships of Hosmer Silt Loam
Authors: Grossman R. B. , Fehrenbacher J. B. , Beavers A. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBisequal soils with fragipans are common in southern Illinois. The purpose of this introductory paper is to set the general framework for understanding the nature and occurrence of these soils through the description of the morphology, chemical and physical properties, and field relationships of Hosmer silt loam, a soil with moderate fragipan expression.The bisequal nature and expression of the fragipan increase with decreasing loess thickness and with latitude from north to south. Maximal expression is in the low, moderately well‐drained, topographic positions. It is suggested that these soils in Illinois are part of an interstate sequence extending southward into Mississippi, within the loess‐derived soils of the Mississippi River Valley.