bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hysterical traits and variability of mood in normal men
Authors: Rabins Peter V. , Slavney Phillip R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a study of 40 normal men it was found that self-ratings on variability of mood were positively correlated with self-ratings on hysterical traits. These results are similar to those found in normal women and lend support both to the validity of the concept of hysterical personality and to the idea that men and women experience fluctuations of mood in a similar way.
Classification of depression and response to amitriptyline therapy
Authors: Rao V. A. Rama , Coppen Alec 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisFifty-four patients suffering from primary depressive illness were rated on the Newcastle diagnostic scale while taking part in a pharmacokinetic study of amitriptyline therapy, and their clinical response was assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression. Patients with a Newcastle score of 4−8 showed the best response to amitriptyline. Patients with low Newcastle scores, representing the non-endogenous or neurotic group, responded poorly. Patients with high scores on the Newcastle scale, representing those with marked endogenous features, also responded poorly.
Tranylcypromine (‘Parnate’) overdose: measurement of tranylcypromine concentrations and MAO inhibitory activity and identification of amphetamines in plasma
Authors: Youdim M. B. H. , Aronson J. K. , Blau K. , Green A. R. , Grahame-Smith D. G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA case of tranylcypromine overdose is reported. Tranylcypromine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and phenylethylamine were detected in the plasma by gas chromatography and their identity confirmed by mass spectrometry. The data suggested that the amphetamines were metabolic products of tranylcypromine. Platelet monoamine oxidase activity was more than 95% inhibited during the 72 h after the overdose despite complete clinical recovery by that time. The possible role of amphetamines and phenylethylamine in causing the clinical manifestations of tranylcypromine overdose is discussed.
Psychiatric aspects of railway fatalities
Authors: Symonds R. L. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisNational statistics for railway fatalities in England and Wales show a reduction of train crashes and a fluctuating level of deaths, of which an increasing proportion is from suicide. A closer examination of a two-year sample from the South of England revealed a large proportion of probable suicides and a small proportion of pure accidents. The remainder appeared to have medical, mainly psychiatric, contributions to their death, of which alcohol was an important factor in single young men. Rail suicides appear to be younger, the men less often married, the women more often married, and both sexes less often widowed than other suicides. They included more cases of major psychosis and neurosis, but fewer and less severe alcoholics. Characteristic patterns of this method of suicide are described with examples. Hypotheses to explain the choice of method suggest that it is not related to either volume of traffic, or residence in a rail-dense area or in an area with a high suicide rate, or the proximity of a psychiatric hospital.
The construction, development and testing of a self-report questionnaire to identify social problems
Authors: Corney Roslyn H. , Clare Anthony W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe construction and testing of a short self-report questionnaire identifying social problems, difficulties and dissatisfactions is described. The questionnaire covers housing, occupation, finance, social and leisure activities, child/parent and martial relationships, relationships with relatives, friends, neighbours and workmates, and legal problems. The results of the administration of the questionnaire in a number of settings are provided and discussed, and a final version is included in the Appendix.
The relevance of the multiple criterion screen to an adolescent population
Authors: Place Maurice , Kolvin Israel , Macmillan Angus , Nicol Rory 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe 4th- and 5th-year pupils of four large comprehensive schools, which were broadly typical of the schools serving an urban population, were screened using a multiple criterion approach. The screen results were compared with those found in a younger population drawn from the same area, and a similar rate of efficiency was found. However, in the adolescent age group the screen was more accurate at detecting true negative cases (specificity) but less able to identify true positive cases (sensitivity). Overall, the multiple criterion screen proved more efficient than a variety of single screen criteria, and the findings also suggest that certain screen measures used in adolescence may be more effective at identifying disturbed girls while others are more effective at identifying disturbed boys. This confirms the principle that the choice of screening instruments must be made with reference to their proposed use.
Medical students' attitudes towards psychiatry: a conceptual shift
Authors: Augoustinos Martha , Schrader Geoffrey , Chynoweth Ray , Reid Mark 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisBased on the Nevid & Morrison Libertarian Mental Health Ideology Scale, the present study shows a conceptual/ideological shift in medical students' attitudes towards psychiatry after a 6-week psychiatry course. The resultant attitudes were more in line with those of teaching staff than those of the clinical team. Overall, the students developed a more positive view of psychiatry.
Parental pressure for tonsillectomy: attitudes and knowledge of parents accompanying their children to an ear, nose and throat clinic
Authors: Long Clive G. , Smith Derek H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe parents of 120 children referred for possible tonsillectomy to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgeon were studied. There was no evidence that a desire for the operation fulfilled ‘psychological needs’ for parents or was a means of coping with a ‘deviant’ child. Parents favouring tonsillectomy were less well informed, and the educational role of the general practitioner in reducing the small number of those who inappropriately pressurize medical services is highlighted.
Plasma cortisol levels in depression and other psychiatric disorders: a study of newly admitted psychiatric patients
Authors: Swigar M. E. , Kolakowska T. , Quinlan D. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisMorning and evening plasma cortisol levels were checked in 123 consecutively newly admitted psychiatric patients with a variety of diagnoses. Questions asked were whether there were differences among groups with more severe illness, type of depression, alcohol abuse, or particular symptoms. Morning cortisol elevation was found in 33% of patients and was not associated with any particular diagnostic category. Evening cortisol elevation occurred in 85% of the subjects. It was significantly higher in those with unipolar depression and organic brain syndrome, also in those patients who abused alcohol regardless of diagnosis. Evening cortisol elevation was twice as common in patients with diagnoses of more severe psychiatric illness than in those with minor disorders. Further study is suggested to see if these patterns of cortisol elevation are sustained beyond the stress-of-admission period.
Tryptophan disposition in psychiatric patients before and after stress
Authors: Curzon G. , Kantamaneni B. D. , Lader M. H. , Greenwood M. H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisNon-esterified fatty acid and total and free tryptophan were determined in the plasma of psychiatric patients unselected with respect to psychiatric diagnosis and in the plasma of normal subjects before and after physiological and psychiatric tests. Retarded patients had significantly low total and free tryptophan values which correlated negatively with agitation. Total tryptophan fell significantly after testing in the non-retarded subjects. The only biochemical abnormality significantly associated with a diagnosis of primary depression was the rise of plasma non-esterified fatty acid after testing. Thus, tryptophan abnormalities were associated more with psychiatric rating scores than with diagnoses.
Parasuicide in young Edinburgh women, 1968–75
Authors: Kreitman Norman , Schreiber M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisBetween 1968 and 1975 there was a marked, non-artefactual rise in the numbers of young female parasuicides admitted to the Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre in Edinburgh. The greatest increase in rates occurred among girls aged 15–19 (for events, persons and ‘first-ever’ episodes). Among teenagers the most marked increase occurred for those who were married: this group also reported a greater increase than did the non-married in the frequency of physical violence and Serious debt. ‘Marginal’ social-sexual roles have also become progressively more common in this age group. The 20- to 24-year group showed a more modest increase in rates, similar for the married and the non-married. In this age group there was no consistent pattern of change for reported violence or debt over the study period, nor were changes in these variables related to marital status. An increase in consumption of alcohol before parasuicide was noted for both age groups.
Patterns of health care in non-fatal deliberate self-harm
Authors: Turner Richard J. , Morgan H. Gethin 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA series of 80 patients who had deliberately but not fatally harmed themselves and had been admitted to hospital was examined with special reference to their use of available services during the period of distress prior to the episode. They were followed up for 4 months and the ways in which they subsequently made use of helping agencies were also monitored.Three broad groups of patient attitudes to help and its utilization are described. ‘General practitioner help-seekers’ (29) defaulted least often and appeared to have more positive attitudes towards seeking help for their problem. The ‘psychiatric help-seekers’ (17) appeared to be a chronically disorganized group who, though previously often in treatment, seemed unable to cooperate: they defaulted frequently and apparently gained little. ‘Non-help-seekers’ (34) had been reluctant to ask for help concerning psychological problems and subsequently defaulted just as frequently as did the ‘psychiatric help seekers’.The need to take into account variation in patient attitude to help and its utilization in designing services for the primary prevention of non-fatal deliberate self-harm is emphasized.
Psychiatric diagnosis in self-poisoning patients
Authors: Urwin P. , Gibbons J. L. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe Present State Examination was administered to 539 patients who attended a casualty department after an act of self-poisoning during the course of a year. Computer analysis by means of the Catego program showed that 30% of the patients had insufficient symptoms to be considered as psychiatric ‘cases’. Fewer than 4% had symptoms of functional psychosis. About 60% of the patients were classed as depressed: on several indices this group was less severely ill than a group of depressives receiving psychiatric treatment. It is suggested that psychiatric treatment is essential for only a small proportion of self-poisoning patients. The effectiveness of psychiatric treatment for the large group of patients with depressive disorders of minor severity and probably short duration has still to be evaluated.
The prevalence of psychiatric illness among patients on home haemodialysis
Authors: Farmer C. J. , Snowden S. A. , Parsons V. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAn entire population of 32 patients on regular dialysis treatment (RDT) in their own homes were ranked according to their present mental state as assessed by a standardized semi-structured interview. The point-prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was 31 % which compares closely with that of patients attending a general practitioner's surgery who were assessed by the same method. The 10 patients who were psychiatrically ill had more organic symptoms and their spouses were less able to tolerate RDT in the home.
Accumulating long-stay in-patients in Salford: monitoring further progress
Authors: Fryers T. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisData derived from a psychiatric case-register are presented on the accumulation of new long-stay cases in Salford from 1967 to 1976. The analysis supports the general decline reported in an earlier shorter-term study except for the over 65s, where the trend was reversed. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Distribution of CCK binding sites in the human hippocampal formation and their alteration in schizophrenia: a post-mortem autoradiographic study
Authors: Kerwin R. , Robinson P. , Stephenson J. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe distribution of cholecystokinin binding sites has been visualized and quantified by quantitative autoradiography in the human hippocampus from post-mortem brains of 11 controls and 11 schizophrenics. CCK receptors were localized to subiculum and parahippocampal gyrus. In the cortical areas there was a particularly dense lamination of receptors.In the schizophrenic material a similar overall pattern was seen, but there were significant losses of receptors in CA1 subiculum and cortex. These findings confirm the distribution of CCK receptors in the retrohippocampal areas in man and also provide further support for earlier homogenate studies which have also shown a loss of CCK binding sites in schizophrenia. This effect was localized primarily to parahippocampal gyrus suggesting that CCK plays some role in the genesis of developmental abnormalities in this region.
The acute and chronic effects of (+) and (−) oxaprotiline upon melatonin secretion in normal subjects
Authors: Palazidou E. , Skene D. , Arendt J. , Everitt B. , Checkley S. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISTen healthy male subjects were treated for three weeks with (+)oxaprotiline, a selective inhibitor of noradrenaline (NA) uptake and with (−)oxaprotiline which does not inhibit NA uptake. Plasma melatonin concentrations were measured throughout the night at 0, 1, 7 and 21 days and were higher during treatment with (+)oxaprotiline than with (−)oxaprotiline for the entire three weeks of treatment. Since NA stimulates the production and secretion of melatonin, these results are consistent with a sustained increase in noradrenergic activity within the pineal, during 21 days of treatment with an effective NA uptake inhibitor.
Memory impairment in schizophrenia: its extent, affiliations and neuropsychological character
Authors: Tamlyn D. , McKenna P. J. , Mortimer A. M. , Lund C. E. , Hammond S. , Baddeley A. D. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn a sample of 60 schizophrenic patients encompassing all grades of severity and chronicity memory impairment was found to be prevalent, often substantial, and disproportionate to the overall level of intellectual impairment. The deficits were not easily attributable to poor cooperation, attention or motivation; nor were they related to neuroleptic or anticholinergic medication. Memory impairment was significantly associated with severity and chronicity of illness and also with negative symptoms and formal thought disorder. There was evidence from the sample as a whole, and from a more detailed examination of five patients with relatively isolated deficits, that schizophrenic memory impairment conformed to the pattern seen in the classical amnesic syndrome. Additionally, there was preliminary evidence for a marked deficit in semantic memory.
Memory and hedonic tone: ‘personality’ or ‘mood’ congruence?
Authors: Desrosiers Gabriel , Robinson David 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISFour groups of healthy women matched for age and IQ were reliably classified on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire as being either high or low in extraversion or neuroticism. As part of a larger research project, each participant was administered a range of psychometric measures together with three paired-associate learning lists varying in hedonic tone and difficulty levels together with the Beck Depression Inventory. Performance on the hedonic lists covaried with personality categories but, unlike what typically obtains in clinical patients, less association emerged between performance and mood states. Performance was particularly polarized in women scoring high in neuroticism but low in extraversion. Speculations about the apparent correlates of so-called mood congruence in healthy subjects are put forward and parallels are drawn with studies reporting the phenomenon in clinically depressed patients.
Diagnostic disclosure: a tale in two cultures
Authors: McDonald-Scott Patricia , Machizawa Shizuo , Satoh Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISDiagnostic communication between doctors and patients is thought to differ radically between Japan and Western countries. To understand diagnostic disclosure to psychiatric patients, a questionnaire with six case vignettes was sent to practising psychiatrists in Japan (N= 166) and North America (N= 112). While over 90% of both groups would inform patients with affective and anxiety disorders of their diagnoses, only 70% of North Americans and less than 30% of Japanese would similarly inform patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorders. The Japanese preferred alternative was to give a vague alternative diagnosis such as neurasthenia. North Americans would discuss differential diagnoses with the patient instead. Nearly all in both groups would inform the family, but North Americans would do so only with patient consent. For disorders for which there are effective treatments, diagnostic disclosure is common to both cultures; when prognosis is uncertain or the diagnosis is feared, as in schizophrenia, culturally constructed views of patienthood govern disclosure practice.
Self-reported psychotropic drug use and associated factors in a French community sample
Authors: Pariente P. , Lépine J. P. , Lellouch J. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISDrug use was examined in a French general population adult sample from a household survey conducted in 1987–8 in a newly built town near Paris. Psychotropic drug use was measured by the percentage of subjects reporting their use during the past week. It was prominently represented by benzodiazepines (90% of psychotropic users), differed strongly between genders (4·6% in men, 10·2% in women) and age groups (higher after 40 years). A lifetime history of major depressive episode (MDE) or of anxiety disorders was associated with a higher proportion of psychotropic drug use. Psychotropic drug use also went with a current well-being questionnaire score. Using a logistic analysis, the following set of variables held for women: well-being score, history of both MDE and anxiety disorder, age, and marital status. Making allowance for the cross-sectional nature of this retrospective survey, these finding confirmed the relatively high level of benzodiazepine drug use in an urban French community sample and emphasized its association with mental health status.
The order effect: reflections on the validity of multiple test presentations
Authors: Lucas Christopher P. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe effect of order has been previously addressed in test–retest studies but its effect on the presentation of more than one test, in the same time, is often underestimated. This study has shown that when two rating scales were given sequentially, each scored lower if received second in the pair, and that this particular form of order effect (occasion effect) was enough to affect markedly agreement on caseness when utilizing standard cut-off scores. It is therefore important that research workers not only adopt design strategies such as counterbalanced presentation, but also analyse their data for the effects of test order and position within such designs.
A psychometric analysis of the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale
Authors: Schwartz Carolyn E. , Daltroy Lawren H. , Brandt Ursula , Friedman Richard , Stolbach Leo 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThis paper describes a psychometric replication study of a British coping scale, the Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale, on 239 USA cancer patients. The internal consistency and construct validity were similar to the original validation study. However, the factor structure was different. Cultural differences between the British and USA patient populations are discussed.
The Present Behavioural Examination (PBE): the development of an interview to measure current behavioural abnormalities
Authors: Hope Tony , Fairburn Christopher G. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISBehavioural problems are an important feature of dementia and other neuropsychiatric conditions. This paper describes the development and performance of an investigator-based interview (the PBE) for the detailed assessment of the behaviour of subjects over the preceding four weeks. The interview is designed to be administered to carers.A test–retest reliability study was carried out on the penultimate edition of this interview; and the inter-rater reliability of the final edition was measured. These studies show that the reliability of the PBE is comparable with that of other investigator-based interviews.
Immunological variability associated with experimentally-induced positive and negative affective states
Authors: Futterman Ann D. , Kemeny Margaret E. , Shapiro David , Polonsky William , Fahey John L. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISFunctional and phenotypic immunological parameters were examined immediately before, after, and 30 minutes after experimentally-induced short-term positive (happiness) and negative (anxiety, depression) affective states and a neutral state, in five healthy subjects. Results indicated that all affective states induced more immune fluctuations (regardless of the direction) than the neutral state. Furthermore, among the affective states, anxiety induced the most immunological variability and depression the least.
Filters on the pathway to mental health care I. Incident mental disorders
Authors: Marino S. , Gallo J. J. , Ford D. , Anthony J. C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis study investigates health and mental health services use by adults with and without newly incident mental disorders and uses prospectively gathered data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program, a multi-site interview survey of adult household residents in the United States. Study subjects were 13400 participants who completed interviews in the initial survey and also in a follow-up 1 year later, and who reported no contact with mental health services in either the specialized mental health sector or in the general medical sector in the 6 months prior to the initial survey. Case ascertainment was by means of a standardized interview method, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Separately, and before the mental health assessments were made, respondents were asked about their use of health and mental health services. ‘Hierarchical’ and ‘filter’ models of mental health services provide frameworks useful in understanding the possible effects of specific categories of psychiatric disturbances on use of health services. Only a minority of individuals with newly incident psychiatric disorder report discussion of mental health issues in a health care setting. Persons who developed a mental disorder during the follow-up interval were just as likely to consult a non-psychiatrist physician for their mental health problems as to consult a specialist in mental health, even accounting for other factors known to be associated with differential use of health care services. This large community study of incident psychiatric disorders strengthens prior evidence on the importance of the general medical sector in the care of individuals with psychiatric disturbances.