bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of sediment size, relative grain size and channel slope on initiation of sediment motion in boulder bed rivers. A lichenometric study
Authors: Gob Frederic , Bravard Jean‐Paul , Petit François 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSediment transport of four boulder bed rivers is studied using lichenometry. The presence of lichens on boulders in the river channel is used to date the last mobilization of the blocks. Using size frequency diagrams and regional growth curves calibrated with dated reference points it is possible to determine the flood event responsible for the last mobilization of each boulder with lichens present. The specific stream power of flood events over the last 60 years is then calculated, and thresholds of sediment transport based on the sediment size are calculated. The results from the four studied rivers are compared to similar relationships in the literature. Sediment motion thresholds appear to be very variable within the same type of river (mountainous boulder bed rivers). The critical specific stream power necessary to mobilize a particle of a given diameter may vary by up to 10 times from one river to the next. Bed sediment size and river slope may explain this large range of stream powers. Calculation of the relative size of the transported particles (Di/D50) also shows that both hiding and protrusion effects, as well as channels slope, are important factors in sediment transport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photogrammetric monitoring of small streams under a riparian forest canopy
Authors: Bird Stephen , Hogan Dan , Schwab James 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe recent advent of digital photogrammetry has enabled the modeling and monitoring of river beds at relatively high spatial resolution (0·01 to 1 m) through the extraction of digital elevation models (DEMs). The traditional approach to image capture has been to mount a metric camera to an aircraft, although non‐metric cameras have been mounted to a variety of novel aerial platforms to acquire river‐based imagery (e.g. helicopters, radio‐controlled motorized vehicles, tethered blimps and balloons). However, most of these techniques are designed to acquire imagery at flying heights above the riparian tree canopy. In relatively narrow channels (e.g. <20 m bankfull width), streamside trees can obscure the channel and limit continuous photogrammetric data acquisition of both the channel bed and banks, while still providing useful information regarding the riparian canopy and even spot elevations of the channel. This paper presents a technique for the capture and analysis of close‐range photogrammetric data acquired from a vertically mounted non‐metric camera suspended 10 m above the channel bed by a unipod. The camera is positioned under the riparian forest canopy so that the channel bed can be imaged without obstruction. The system is portable and permits relatively rapid image acquisition over rough terrain and in dense forest. The platform was used to generate DEMs with a nominal ground resolution of 0·03 m. DEMs generated from this platform required post‐possessing to either adjust or eliminate erroneous cells introduced by the extraction process, overhanging branches, and by the effects of refraction at the air–water interface for submerged portions of the channel bed. The vertical precision in the post‐processed surface generally ranged from ± 0·01 to 0·1 m depending on the quality of triangulation and the characteristics of the surface being imaged. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconciled bedload sediment transport rates in ephemeral and perennial rivers
Authors: Cao Zhixian , Hu Peng , Pender Gareth 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt has been thought for some time that bedload sediment transport rates may differ markedly in ephemeral and perennial rivers and, supporting this thought, there has been observation of very high rates of bedload transport by flash floods in the ephemeral river Nahal Yatir. However, until now, there has been no quantitative model resolving the observation, nor a theory capable of explaining why bedload transport rates by unsteady flash floods can be reasonably well described by bedload transport capacity formulae initially derived for steady flows. Here a time scale analysis of bedload transport is presented as pertaining to Nahal Yatir, which demonstrates that bedload transport can adapt sufficiently rapidly to capacity determined exclusively by local flow regime, and accordingly the transport capacity formulations developed for steady flows can be applied even under unsteady flows such as flash floods. Complementing the time scale analysis, a series of computational exercises using a coupled shallow water hydrodynamic model are shown to adequately resolve the observation of the very high rates of bedload transport by flash floods in Nahal Yatir. While bedload transport rates in ephemeral and perennial rivers differ remarkably when evaluated against a pure flow parameter such as specific stream power, they are essentially reconciled if assessed with a physically sensible parameter incorporating not only the flow regime but also the sediment particle size. The present finding underpins the practice of fluvial geomorphologists relating measured bedload transport to local flow and sediment characteristics only, irrespective of whether the flow is unsteady or steady. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial analysis of sand dunes with a new global topographic dataset: new approaches and opportunities
Authors: Hugenholtz Chris H. , Barchyn Tom E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOn June 29, 2009, version 1 of the ASTER GDEM (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model) was made available at no cost or restrictions to users worldwide via electronic download. The ASTER GDEM provides expanded spatial coverage and better resolution than other global digital elevation models (DEMs). In this paper we demonstrate how the ASTER GDEM provides new opportunities for investigating large aeolian sand dunes in three‐dimensions. Two dune‐specific spatial analysis methods are presented to illustrate potential applications of these data for discriminating dune generations and quantifying spatial variations of sediment supply. Moreover, we review how existing and emerging fields of dune pattern analysis and simulation modeling will be able to make significant advances through application of these data, potentially leading to future progress in studies of dune morphodynamics, environmental controls, and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupled solid‐fluid FE‐analysis of geotechnical problems involving partially saturated soils
Authors: Hofmann Matthias , Pertl Michael , Hofstetter Günter 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA numerical model for coupled solid‐fluid FE‐analyses of geotechnical problems involving partially saturated soils is described. As constitutive model for partially saturated soil serves the Barcelona Basic Model, which is formulated in terms of net stress and capillary pressure. Different stress update algorithms are compared for this model regarding the accuracy and efficiency. The application of the numerical model is demonstrated by numerical simulations of the impoundment of an earth dam and of the injection of compressed air into water saturated soil (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Metallothionein‐3 regulates lysosomal function in cultured astrocytes under both normal and oxidative conditions
Authors: Lee Sook‐Jeong , Park Mi‐Ha , Kim Hyun‐Jae , Koh Jae‐Young 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCellular zinc plays a key role in lysosomal change and cell death in neurons and astrocytes under oxidative stress. Here, using astrocytes lacking metallothionein‐3 (MT3), a potential source of labile zinc in the brain, we studied the role of MT3 in oxidative stress responses. H2O2 induced a large increase in labile zinc in wild‐type (WT) astrocytes, but stimulated only a modest rise in MT3‐null astrocytes. In addition, H2O2‐induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and cell death were comparably attenuated in MT3‐null astrocytes. Expression and glycosylation of Lamp1 (lysosome‐associated membrane protein 1) and Lamp2 were increased in MT3‐null astrocytes, and the activities of several lysosomal enzymes were significantly reduced, indicating an effect of MT3 on lysosomal components. Consistent with lysosomal dysfunction in MT3‐null cells, the level of LC3‐II (microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3), a marker of early autophagy, was increased by oxidative stress in WT astrocytes, but not in MT3‐null cells. Similar changes in Lamp1, LC3, and cathepsin‐D were induced by the lysosomal inhibitors bafilomycin A1, chloroquine, and monensin, indicating that lysosomal dysfunction may lie upstream of changes observed in MT3‐null astrocytes. Consistent with this idea, lysosomal accumulation of cholesterol and lipofuscin were augmented in MT3‐null astrocytes. Similar to the results seen in MT3‐null cells, MT3 knockdown by siRNA inhibited oxidative stress‐induced increases in zinc and LMP. These results indicate that MT3 may play a key role in normal lysosomal function in cultured astrocytes. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered levels and distribution of amyloid precursor protein and its processing enzymes in Niemann‐Pick type C1‐deficient mouse brains
Authors: Kodam A. , Maulik M. , Peake K. , Amritraj A. , Vetrivel K. S. , Thinakaran G. , Vance J. E. , Kar S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNiemann‐Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intracellular accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in many tissues including the brain. The disease is caused by mutations of either NPC1 or NPC2 gene and is accompanied by a severe loss of neurons in the cerebellum, but not in the hippocampus. NPC pathology exhibits some similarities with Alzheimer's disease, including increased levels of amyloid β (Aβ)‐related peptides in vulnerable brain regions, but very little is known about the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) or APP secretases in NPC disease. In this article, we evaluated age‐related alterations in the level/distribution of APP and its processing enzymes, β‐ and γ‐secretases, in the hippocampus and cerebellum of Npc1−/− mice, a well‐established model of NPC pathology. Our results show that levels and expression of APP and β‐secretase are elevated in the cerebellum prior to changes in the hippocampus, whereas γ‐secretase components are enhanced in both brain regions at the same time in Npc1−/− mice. Interestingly, a subset of reactive astrocytes in Npc1−/− mouse brains expresses high levels of APP as well as β‐ and γ‐secretase components. Additionally, the activity of β‐secretase is enhanced in both the hippocampus and cerebellum of Npc1−/− mice at all ages, while the level of C‐terminal APP fragments is increased in the cerebellum of 10‐week‐old Npc1−/− mice. These results, taken together, suggest that increased level and processing of APP may be associated with the development of pathology and/or degenerative events observed in Npc1−/− mouse brains. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population neuroscience: Why and how
Authors: Paus Tomáš 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPopulation neuroscience endeavours to identify environmental and genetic factors that shape the function and structure of the human brain; it uses tools and knowledge of genetics, epidemiology, and cognitive neuroscience. Here, I focus on the application of population neuroscience in studies of brain development. By describing in some detail four existing large‐scale magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of typically developing children and adolescents, I provide an overview of their design, including population sampling and recruitment, assessments of environmental and genetic “exposures,” and measurements of brain and behavior “outcomes.” I then discuss challenges faced by investigators carrying out such MR‐based studies, including quality assurance, quality control and intersite coordination, and provide a brief overview of the achievements made so far. I conclude by outlining future directions vis‐à‐vis population neuroscience, such as design strategies that can be used to evaluate the presence of absence of causality in associations discovered by observational studies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bidirectional influences in mother–toddler dyads: an examination of the relative influence of mothers' and children's behaviours
Authors: Del Vecchio Tamara , Rhoades Kimberly A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study examined bidirectional relationship between mothers' lax and overreactive discipline and children's misbehaviour and negative effect. We examined the moment‐to‐moment stability of mothers' and children's behaviours (actor effects) and mothers' and children's influence on their partners' subsequent behaviours (partner effects). Participants were 71 mothers and their 24‐ to 48‐month‐old children observed during a 30‐min interaction. Both children and mothers exhibited stability in their own behaviours and influenced the subsequent behaviours of their partners. Additionally, a comparison of partner effects indicated that overreactive discipline more strongly predicted child's negative effect than child's negative effect predicted overreactive discipline. In contrast, although a child's negative effect predicted lax discipline, lax discipline did not predict subsequent child's negative effect. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurobehavioural integrity of chimpanzee newborns: comparisons across groups and across species reveal gene–environment interaction effects
Authors: Bard Kim A. , Brent Linda , Lester Barry , Worobey John , Suomi Stephen J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe aims of this article are to describe the neurobehavioural integrity of chimpanzee newborns, to investigate how early experiences affect the neurobehavioural organization of chimpanzees, and to explore species differences by comparing chimpanzee newborns with a group of typically developing human newborns. Neurobehavioural integrity related to orientation, motor performance, arousal, and state regulation of 55 chimpanzee (raised in four different settings) and 42 human newborns was measured with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), a semi‐structured 25‐min interactive assessment. Thirty‐eight chimpanzees were tested every other day from birth, and the analyses revealed significant developmental changes in 19 of 27 NBAS scores. The cross‐group and cross‐species comparisons were conducted at 2 and 30 days of age. Among the four chimpanzee groups, significant differences were found in 23 of 24 NBAS scores. Surprisingly, the cross‐species comparisons revealed that the human group was distinct in only 1 of the 25 NBAS scores (the human group had significantly less muscle tone than all the chimpanzee groups). The human group was indistinguishable from at least one of the chimpanzee groups in the remaining 24 of the 25 NBAS scores. The results of this study support the conclusion that the interplay between genes and environment, rather than genes alone or environment alone, accounts for phenotypic expressions of newborn neurobehavioural integrity in hominids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and anticoagulant activity of heparin immobilized “end‐on” to polystyrene microspheres coated with end‐group activated polyethylene oxide
Authors: Fry Allyson K. , Schilke Karl F. , McGuire Joseph , Bird Karyn E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThiol groups were introduced to unfractionated heparin (UFH) and end‐aminated heparin (HepNH2) by reaction with 2‐iminothiolane under conditions favoring selective modification of terminal over primary amines. End‐thiolated heparin retained anticoagulant activity as shown by the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and anti‐Factor Xa (anti‐FXa) assays. Thiolated heparins were linked to pyridyl‐disulfide activated poly(ethylene oxide)‐poly(propylene oxide)‐poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymers adsorbed to 1.15‐μm polystyrene microspheres. Surface loadings were similarly low for each type of thiolated heparin. No anticoagulant activity was observed with aPTT assays of heparinized microspheres, due either to the presence of an insufficient amount of immobilized heparin, or to steric constraints inhibiting the formation of a functional heparin‐antihrombin complex. However, immobilized heparin retained substantial anti‐FXa activity, with significantly greater activity exhibited by the end‐thiolated HepNH2 than the internally (randomly) thiolated UFH. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Tumor suppressors Sav/scrib and oncogene ras regulate stem‐cell transformation in adult Drosophila malpighian tubules
Authors: Zeng Xiankun , Singh Shree Ram , Hou David , Hou Steven X. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAn increasing body of evidence suggests that tumors might originate from a few transformed cells that share many properties with normal stem cells. However, it remains unclear how normal stem cells are transformed into cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here, we demonstrated that mutations causing the loss of tumor suppressor Salvador (Sav) or Scribble (Scrib) or activation of the oncogene Ras transform normal stem cells into CSCs through a multistep process in the adult Drosophila Malpighian Tubules (MTs). In wild‐type MTs, each stem cell generates one self‐renewing and one differentiating daughter cell. However, in flies with loss‐of‐function sav or scrib or gain‐of‐function Ras mutations, both daughter cells grew and behaved like stem cells, leading to the formation of tumors in MTs. Ras functioned downstream of Sav and Scrib in regulating the stem‐cell transformation. The Ras‐transformed stem cells exhibited many of the hallmarks of cancer, such as increased proliferation, reduced cell death, and failure to differentiate. We further demonstrated that several signal transduction pathways (including MEK/MAPK, RhoA, PKA, and TOR) mediate Ras' function in the stem‐cell transformation. Therefore, we have identified a molecular mechanism that regulates stem‐cell transformation, and this finding may lead to strategies for preventing tumor formation in certain organs. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 766–774, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oncological safety of skin sparing mastectomy followed by immediate reconstruction for locally advanced breast cancer
Authors: Lim Woosung , Ko Beom‐Seok , Kim Hee‐Jung , Lee Jong Won , Eom Jin Sup , Son Byung Ho , Lee Taik Jong , Ahn Sei‐Hyun 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSkin sparing mastectomy (SSM) has been demonstrated as an oncologically safe procedure for early breast cancer in several studies. But few studies concerned the safety of SSM for patients with locally advanced breast cancer; therefore, its safety for these patients is less clear. The purpose of this study is to examine the oncological safety of SSM followed by immediate reconstruction for locally advanced breast cancer.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 897 breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy for stage IIB (T3N0)‐III between 1996 and 2005. Of 897, 87 underwent SSM (n = 73) or nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM, n = 14). We compared the local recurrence (LR) rate, disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for SSM group with conventional mastectomy group.ResultsThe 5‐year DFS and OS of SSM group were not worse than those of CM group for all stages. LR rate was 3.0% (2/67) for IIB, 2.8% (1/36) for IIIA, 4.5% (1/22) for IIIC, and 5.0% (1/20) for T3 in SSM group. There was no difference in LR rates between SSM group and CM group for all stages.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that SSM followed by immediate reconstruction is oncologically safe for locally advanced breast cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:39–42. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intestinal complications after palliative treatment for asymptomatic patients with unresectable stage IV colorectal cancer
Authors: Seo Guh Jung , Park Ji Won , Yoo Sang Bum , Kim Sun Young , Choi Hyo Seong , Chang Hee Jin , Shin Aesun , Jeong Seung‐Yong , Kim Dae Yong , Oh Jae Hwan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe initial surgical management of asymptomatic patients with unresectable stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) is still controversy. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of major intestinal complications in asymptomatic patients who received palliative treatment for unresectable stage IV CRC, according to the type of treatment.MethodsBetween March 2001 and January 2008, we retrospectively analyzed 227 asymptomatic patients who underwent first‐line resection of the primary tumor followed by chemotherapy (144 patients, resection group) or those who underwent first‐line chemotherapy (83 patients, chemotherapy group).ResultsIn the resection group, the incidences of intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, fistula, and intestinal hemorrhage were 14.6%, 0%, 0.7%, and 4.8%, respectively. In the chemotherapy group, these incidences were 15.2%, 1.2%, 0%, and 3.5%, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of intestinal complications. In multivariate analysis of overall survival, treatment type (resection group vs. chemotherapy group) was not a significant prognostic factor (P = 0.076).ConclusionsIn asymptomatic patients with unresectable stage IV CRC, first‐line chemotherapy may be considered safe, with no increased risk of major intestinal complications compared with primary tumor resection plus chemotherapy. J. Surg. Oncol. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:94–99. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disparities in cancer care between the United States of America and India and opportunities for surgeons to lead
Authors: Are Chandrakanth , Colburn Lois , Rajaram Shireen , Vijayakumar Manavalan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe recent report from International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) predicted a threefold increase in the global cancer burden by 2030 with a disproportionate rise in cases from the developing world countries such as India. The aim of this study is to compare the cancer care between the developed and developing countries such as the United States of America and India and suggest avenues for surgeons to take a lead in addressing these disparities. J. Surg. Oncol. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:100–105. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.