bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of recombinant antibodies for detection of TNT and its derivatives
Authors: Simonoviíc Mladen , Milosević-Zlatanović Svetlana , Milosavić Nenad , Vrvić Miroslav , Simonović Branislav 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDiverse recombinant immunoreagents specific for TNT-derivatives were tested in different assay forms in order to analyze their specificity and sensitivity. Performance of immunoassays was based on TNP-protein conjugates immobilization on a solid surface. In this work, the detection limit for TNT-analog TNP-Tris was 250 fmol or 87 pg mL−1 (87 ppt), which represents the most sensitive assay published until now, regarding the detection of recombinant antibodies.
The Saxo-Danubian Granite Belt: magmatic response to post-collisional delamination of mantle lithosphere below the southwestern sector of the Bohemian Massif (Variscan orogen)
Authors: Finger Fritz , Gerdes Axel , René Miloš , Riegler Gudrun 
Published: May 2009

The Saxo-Danubian Granite Belt: magmatic response to post-collisional delamination of mantle lithosphere below the southwestern sector of the Bohemian Massif (Variscan orogen)On the basis of the synchronicity of geochronological data and the similarity of granite types, it is proposed that the mid-Carboniferous Fichtelgebirge/Erzgebirge Batholith in the Saxothuringian Zone of the central European Variscan Fold Belt and the South Bohemian Batholith in the Moldanubian Zone (including the intervening Oberpfalz and Bavarian Forest granite areas) belong to one coherent and cogenetic, ca. 400 km long plutonic megastructure. Unlike older (syn-collisional) plutonic structures in the Bohemian Massif, this Saxo-Danubian Granite Belt (nov. nom.) has developed discordant to the Devonian/Early Carboniferous collision-related tectonic architecture of the Bohemian Massif. It is argued that the Saxo-Danubian Granite Belt formed in response to a post-collisional detachment of lithospheric mantle below the south-western sector of the Bohemian Massif.
The Brodno section — a potential regional stratotype of the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary (Western Carpathians)
Authors: Michalík Jozef , Reháková Daniela , Halásová Eva , Lintnerová Otília 
Published: May 2009

The Brodno section — a potential regional stratotype of the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary (Western Carpathians)
Compared to coeval successions from the Carpathians, the continuous Jurassic-Cretaceous (J/K) pelagic limestone succession of the Brodno section offers the best possibility to document the J/K passage in a wide area. This section comprises a complete calpionellid, and nannofossil stratigraphic record, that supports the older paleomagnetic data. Moreover, the sequence stratigraphy and stable isotope (δ18O, δ13C) data gave important results, too, enabling comparison with known key sections from the Mediterranean Tethys area.
Ichnology of the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds (Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic)
Authors: Mikuláš Radek , Skupien Petr , Bubík Miroslav , Vašíček Zdeněk 
Published: May 2009

Ichnology of the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds (Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic)Large differences in the intensity and overall character of bioturbational structures were found in five facies containing hemipelagic red beds. Red beds (CORB) of the Godula facies of the Silesian Unit and their equivalents (mostly not red) in the Kelč facies of the Silesian Unit and the CORB in the non-calcareous sediments of the Rača Unit display a very low degree of bioturbation. The CORB facies of the Rača Unit, containing calcareous intercalations, displays a very high degree of bioturbation as expressed by a high ichnofabric index. They contain trace fossilsChondrites, Zoophycos, Planolites, Thalassinoides, Palaeophycus, TeichichnusandPhycosiphon.The supply of food obviously acted as the controlling factor. The "calcareous" facies of the CORB of the Rača Unit has a considerably higher proportion of sand-dominated interbeds and also carbonates than the non-calcareous facies. This (especially the presence of carbonates) suggests a relative proximity of food-rich environments and an easy transport of nutrition-rich substrate by turbidite currents into the basin directly, not only by periodical fall-out of dead plankton (which is probably responsible for the rhythmicity of poor colonization horizons in weakly bioturbated units).
Clay minerals from Weichselian glaciolimnic sediments of the Sępopolska Plain (NE Poland)
Authors: Dlugosz Jacek , Orzechowski Miroslaw , Kobierski Miroslaw , Smolczynski Slawomir , Zamorski Ryszard 
Published: May 2009

Clay minerals from Weichselian glaciolimnic sediments of the Sępopolska Plain (NE Poland)Glaciolimnic deposits sampled from three sedimentation reservoirs located on the Sępopolska Plain (northeastern Poland) were investigated. The material under study was deposited in the recession phase of the Pomeranian phase of Vistula (Weichselian) glaciation. The clay fraction was separated by centrifugation after preparation according to Jackson. Mineralogical investigations were done by X-ray diffraction. The analysed deposits had a similar complex composition of clay minerals. The main components were illites mixed with the illite/smectite mineral with percentages < 10 % S. Another part were minerals of the illite/smectite type which had differentiated content of smectite layers (mainly 80-90 % S). There were also chlorite minerals, probably as mixed layer minerals of the chlorite/vermiculite type or HIV with a negligible amount of chlorite layers. The results indicated that all the deposits were of the same age as well as similar deposited material and the samples are different from typical Pomeranian till and typical limnic material of the same age. Small differences observed among the deposits of specific sedimentation reservoirs were probably the result of later processes.
Kali Gandaki ‘A’ Hydroelectric Project in Environmental Perspectives
Authors: Thanju Rajendra P. 
Published: May 2009

Hydropower is one of the cleanest, renewable and environmentally benign sources of energy. Nepal is blessed with immense source of water resources and huge hydropower potential. The Kali Gandaki ‘A’ (KGA) Hydroelectric Project is the largest hydropower project constructed so far in Nepal. The project is a daily pondage type scheme with an installed capacity of 144 MW.
The KGA is one of the first largest hydropower projects that has been well studied environmentally and socially in the pre-project, construction and operation stages. A full team of multi-disciplinary professionals was involved during the construction phase to monitor environmental impacts and compliance with contract clauses, and to implement the mitigation measures.
Implementation of KGA in what was once considered as a remote area, has resulted in multifold beneficial impacts to the local community. Improvement of public infrastructure, enhanced educational facilities and employment of local populations, including affected families during project construction and operation phase, have enhanced the quality of rural lives. The KGA operation has contributed significantly to Nepal’s power system and has boosted the economic development of the country.

Key words: Hydropower; environmental monitoring; impacts; mitigation; resettlement; Nepal

Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. I No. 1, 2007 pp. 15-21
IRR: An Operational Risks Reduction Model for Population Resettlement
Authors: Cernea Michael M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The construction of hydropower dams and of other types of projects must plan also for the relocation of populations living in the project area, a process fraught with risks and difficulties. This paper describes an analytical, diagnostic, predictive, and planning tool for such projects, developed by the author, named the Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction (IRR) model. Derived from knowledge and lessons of many previous projects, this model can serve as predictor of risks and problems that will be encountered in forthcoming projects, and be used as guide in applying strategies to counter, overcome or mitigate these risks. Among these are the eight basic risks of impoverishment faced during displacement and resettlement, such as: 1) Landlessness; 2) Joblessness; 3) Homelessness; 4) Marginalization; 5) Food insecurity; 6) Increased morbidity and mortality; 7) Loss of access to common property resources; and 8) Community Disarticulation. Further, the counter-risks strategies and measures are ‘modeled’, to help early risk-elimination or risk-reduction actions.
The IRR Model is being used internationally. It was applied also in studies for Nepal’s Kali Gandaki project to monitor implementation and impacts, to explore what measures and management strategies can be employed against the common risks in resettlement, and to assist those affected in overcoming land or house loss and in deriving benefits from the project.

Key words: Risk model, resettlement, displacement, impoverishment, reconstruction

Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. I, Issue No. 1 (2007) pp. 35-39
Underground Space for Infrastructure Development and Engineering Geological Challenges in Tunneling in the Himalayas
Authors: Panthi Krishna Kanta 
Published: May 2009

Being topographically steep and consisting of many rivers originating from the glaciers of the Himalaya, Nepal is gifted in water resources. As a developing country, Nepal needs to accelerate to develop its crucial infrastructures for the economic prosperity of the nation. This is achievable by developing the enormous hydropower potential available, making short and efficient roads through the steep mountain topography, extracting mines for various purposes, and providing cost effective solutions for the storage facilities. These developments are not possible unless tunnels and underground caverns are used.
Due to tectonic activity, however, the rock mass in Nepal and across the Himalayan region is somewhat different in their engineering behaviour. These differences in mechanical behaviour are mainly caused by a high degree of folding, faulting, shearing, fracturing and deep weathering. As a result, severe instability problems associated with this complex geological setup have to be faced during tunnelling. This is the major challenge to be addressed in a scientific manner in order to make tunnel option more cost effective, feasible and safer.
This paper delineates the possible areas where tunnels and underground caverns are needed and may play an important role in the socio-economic development of the nation, discusses the major geological challenges faced while tunnelling, and briefly describes methodologies to be used for analysing geological uncertainties.

Key words: Himalayan geology, tunnelling, Nepal

Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. I, Issue No. 1 (2007) pp. 43-49
Three Gorges Dam Project: An Introduction
Authors: Acharya Pranav 
Published: May 2009

The Three Gorges Dam Project (TGDP) on the Yangtze River in Hubei Province is touted as the long term solution to China’s increasing energy and agricultural needs. TGDP, with a 1084 km2 reservoir of 39.3 billion m3 capacity, will be the largest multipurpose water conservancy project ever built in the world. The main structures of the project are dam, hydropower stations and navigation facilities. After studying fifteen alternative sites and approval of Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in February 1992, the construction of the dam began in 1994 with an expected duration of 17 years.
Annual reduction of 40-50 million tons of coal consumption by providing 85 billion kilowatt hours of electricity, protection of 1.6 million hectares of agricultural land from floods and considerable improvement of navigation and tourism sector are the major anticipated benefits of TGDP. However, the proposed benefits put significant pressure on ecological and socio-cultural environment of the TGDP area. Relocation and resettlement of over 1.3 million local populations, inundation of several sites of historical importance, deforestation and loss of biodiversity including several endangered species of flora and fauna across a region of 58,000 km2, increased sedimentation, water pollution and potential earthquake risks are the major adverse consequences of TGDP.

Key words: Three Gorges Dam Project (TGDP), environmental impacts, alternatives, resettlement, biodiversity, ecology, China

Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. I, Issue No. 1 (2007) pp. 54-56
An Opportunities-Based Approach to Mitigating Risks Associated with Infrastructure Development Projects
Authors: Messerschmidt Don 
Published: May 2009

‘Risk' is a major point of focus in the literature on resettlement and reconstruction associated with the impacts of major infrastructure development on project affected individuals and families. Previous approaches to risk appear to emphasize the negative consequences of development, and it is no wonder then that project affected people often emphatically resist development and change. This paper proposes that a more pro-active, positive opportunities and benefits approach be taken in dealing with resettlement and reconstruction associated with large scale infrastructure projects. The discussion is focused on the eight ‘risk factors' (or ‘opportunity factors'?) listed in the well known ‘Impoverishment Risk and Reconstruction' (IRR) Model. Three more such factors are added to the list based on field experience in South Asia. The point is that by emphasizing the potential opportunities and benefits, project affected people are more likely to be supportive of projects that may disrupt their lives. Key words: Resettlement, opportunities, risk, IRR model, South Asia, infrastructure development doi: 10.3126/hn.v3i0.1912 Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 3, January, 2008 Page 9-15
A 1- to 4-year follow-up review of treatment of sciatica using chemonucleolysis or laminectomy
Authors: Javid Manucher J. 
Published: May 2009

✓ To help clarify the comparative effects of chemonucleolysis and discectomy, the author studied 178 consecutive patients with sciatica who did not respond to conservative treatment. None had previously undergone laminectomy or chemonucleolysis or had spinal stenosis. All received postmyelography computerized tomography (CT) and, if the radiological interpretation was that of an extruded migrated disc, a laminectomy was performed; otherwise, the patient was given a choice of the two procedures. Of the 178 patients, 106 underwent chemonucleolysis and 72 laminectomy. Workers' compensation was being paid to 21.6% of the chemonucleolysis patients and 20.8% of the laminectomy patients.
Postoperatively, substantial improvement was noted in 82.7% of the chemonucleolysis patients and 92.5% of the laminectomy patients at 6 weeks and in 92.8% of the chemonucleolysis patients and 89.7% of the laminectomy patients at 6 months. The majority of patients in both groups had improved neurological signs. Follow-up questionnaires at 1 to 4 years postoperatively revealed an overall success rate of 86.5% for chemonucleolysis patients and 83.8% for laminectomy patients. In patients not receiving workers' compensation, 90.1% of the chemonucleolysis patients and 88.6% of the laminectomy patients had a successful outcome; in those receiving workers' compensation, 69.6% of the chemonucleolysis patients and 60.0% of the laminectomy patients had a successful outcome. No statistically significant differences in improvement rate in neurological symptoms or signs were identified between the two procedures. Overall, 85.1 % of the chemonucleolysis patients and 78.5% of the laminectomy patients were employed at follow-up review.
To achieve optimum results and eliminate noncandidates for chemonucleolysis, routine use of postmyelography CT is recommended. When properly used, chymopapain chemonucleolysis is an acceptable alternative to surgical discectomy.
The extended frontal approach to tumors of the anterior, middle, and posterior skull base
Authors: Sekhar Laligam N. , Nanda Anil , Sen Chandra N. , Snyderman Carl N. , Janecka Ivo P. 
Published: May 2009

✓ The extended frontal approach is a modification of the transbasal approach of Derome. The addition of a bilateral orbitofrontal or orbitofrontoethmoidal osteotomy improves the exposure of midline lesions of the anterior, middle, and posterior skull base, while minimizing the need for frontal lobe retraction. The authors present a 5-year experience with 49 patients operated on via the extended frontal approach. In seven patients, the extended frontal approach was used alone; in the remaining 42, it was combined with other skull base approaches. Highly malignant tumors were removed en bloc, whereas benign tumors and low-grade malignancies were removed either en bloc or piecemeal. Reconstruction was usually performed using fascia lata, a pericranial flap, and/or autologous fat. A temporalis muscle flap or a distant microvascular free flap was required for some patients.
One patient died 1 month postoperatively due to superior mesenteric artery thrombosis. Three patients had postoperative infections, two had cerebrospinal fluid leaks requiring reoperation, and four had brain contusions or hematomas. All but two patients recovered to their preoperative functional level. After an average follow-up period of 26 months (range 6 to 56 months), 64% of patients with benign lesions, 64% of patients with low-grade malignancies, and 44% of patients with high-grade lesions were alive with no evidence of disease.
Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in the acute phase of cervical spine injury
Authors: Schaefer Dale M. , Flanders Adam E. , Osterholm Jewell L. , Northrup Bruce E. 
Published: May 2009

✓ Fifty-seven patients with acute cervical spine injuries and associated major neurological deficit were examined within 2 weeks of injury by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. All patients had abnormal scans, indicating intramedullary lesions. This study was undertaken to determine if the early MR imaging pattern had a prognostic relationship to the eventual neurological outcome. Three different MR imaging patterns were observed in these patients: 21 patients had patterns characteristic of intramedullary hematoma (Group 1); 17 had intramedullary edema over more than one spinal segment, but no hemorrhage (Group 2); and 19 had restricted zones of intramedullary edema involving one spinal segment or less (Group 3).
The neurological state was determined using standard motor index scores at admission and at follow-up examination. Characteristically, the patients in Group 1 had admission motor scores significantly lower than the other two groups. At follow-up examination, the median percent motor recovery was 9% for Group 1, 41% for Group 2, and 72% for Group 3.
These studies suggest that the MR imaging pattern observed in the acutely injured human spinal cord has a prognostic significance in the final outcome of the motor system. It is only when an accurate prognosis can be given at the outset that useful treatment data might be collected for homogeneous injury groups, and accurately based long-term planning made for the best patient care.
Lobar intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Wakai Susumu , Kumakura Nahomi , Nagai Masakatsu 
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors operated consecutively on 50 patients with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage during a prospectively designed study period from January, 1986, to March, 1990. They investigated the correlations between the underlying causes and the clinicoradiographic features in 29 patients who showed no angiographic vascular abnormalities, in order to elucidate the operative indication for such cases. Patients with ruptured saccular aneurysm or trauma were not included in this study. There were 15 males and 14 females, ranging in age from 7 to 76 years (mean 52.4 years). Histological diagnoses of the surgical specimens were as follows: vascular malformation in nine cases (arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in six and cavernous malformation in three), microaneurysm in 11, cerebral amyloid angiopathy in six, and brain tumor in two; in the remaining case the cause was not verified histologically. The underlying cause was determined in 96.5% of cases. The mean patient age was lowest in the cavernous malformation group (27.0 years), followed by the AVM (45.8 years), microaneurysm (59.8 years), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (70.0 years) groups. Four patients with vascular malformation (three AVM's and one cavernous malformation) had previous episodes of bleeding at the same site, whereas none of those with microaneurysms or cerebral amyloid angiopathy had such episodes. On computerized tomography (CT) scans, the round to oval hematoma was related to the presence of an AVM or cavernous malformation in contrast to microaneurysms and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Upon infusion of contrast material, variable enhancement was seen in five (two AVM's and three cavernous malformations) of the nine vascular malformations while no enhancement was noted in any patient with microaneurysm or cerebral amyloid angiopathy at the acute stage. Subarachnoid extension of the hematoma was associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy significantly more frequently than with AVM's (p < 0.05) and microaneurysms (p < 0.01).
The results suggest that clinicoradiographic pictures in cases with negative angiography are quite different among the three major pathological categories; namely, vascular malformation (AVM and cavernous malformation), microaneurysm, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. It is suggested that the underlying etiology of a given lobar intracerebral hemorrhage with negative angiography may be predicted by a combination of patient age, history of previous bleeding at the same site, hematoma shape, and subarachnoid extension of the hematoma on CT scans. Based upon these findings, the authors discuss operative indications for such cases.
An analysis of the venous drainage system as a factor in hemorrhage from arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Miyasaka Yoshio , Yada Kenzoh , Ohwada Takashi , Kitahara Takao , Kurata Akira , Irikura Katsumi 
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors studied the venous drainage system and its impairment in relation to risk of hemorrhage in 108 cases of supratentorial arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The proportion of AVM's undergoing hemorrhage (hemorrhagic rate) was calculated in relation to: 1) the number of draining veins (one, two, or three or more); 2) the presence or absence of impairment in venous drainage (severe stenosis or occlusion in draining veins); and 3) the location of draining veins (deep venous drainage alone, superficial venous drainage alone, or a combination of the two). Statistical analysis demonstrated that AVM's with the following characteristics had a high risk of hemorrhage: 1) one draining vein (hemorrhagic rate 89% in 54 patients); 2) severely impaired venous drainage (hemorrhagic rate 94% in 18 patients); and 3) deep venous drainage alone (hemorrhagic rate 94% in 32 patients).
The present study suggests that the venous drainage system of AVM's is significantly associated with the risk of hemorrhage of these lesions. Therefore, careful preoperative angiographic evaluation of the venous drainage system is mandatory for decision making in the management of patients with AVM's.