bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BAYESIAN APPROACH TO SENSORY PREFERENCE, DIFFERENCE AND EQUIVALENCE TESTS
Authors: BI JIAN 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTBayesian theory provides another philosophy of statistics and reasoning for data analysis. It offers an alternative to classical statistical inference. Bayesian approach is of theoretical and methodological significance to sensory discipline and has potentially wide application in sensory and consumer research. This paper discusses Bayesian approach to nonreplicated sensory preference, difference and equivalence tests based on proportions. Bayesian approach to the tests involves Bayesian inference for one proportion with and without background effect (i.e., guessing probability) and for two proportions. Thurstonian discriminal distance d′ is used for measure of sensory difference in Bayesian approach. A set of R and S‐Plus codes implementing the Bayesian estimates and tests introduced in the paper is available from the supporting information in the online version of this paper.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSensory preference, difference and equivalence tests are widely used in sensory analysis and consumer research. Bayesian approach provides an alternative to classical statistical inference for the tests. If sample size is large enough or prior distribution is less informative, the results from classical statistical inference and Bayesian approach may not differ greatly; while if sample size is small and prior distribution is more informative, the results may be dramatically different.
Change of Volatile Compounds in Fresh Fish Meat during Ice Storage
Authors: Miyasaki Taiko , Hamaguchi Makiko , Yokoyama Shiho 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The change of volatile compounds in fresh fish meat during 3‐ to 4‐d ice storage was investigated for several fishes using an electronic nose system and a gas chromatography‐mass spectrometer (GC/MS) with headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction (SPME). Principal component analyses for samples using the electronic nose system revealed that the increase of some volatile compounds during storage was rapid in sardine (Sardinops melanostictus), jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus), and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus); moderate in yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), and young oriental bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). In contrast to these fishes, the change was little in “white meat” fishes such as red seabream (Chrysophrys major), Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus), flatfish (Paralichthys olivaceus), puffer (Lagocephalus wheeleri), and bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus). SPME‐GC/MS analysis showed that some aldehydes and alcohols such as 1‐heptanol, (E)‐2‐octenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, 1‐pentanol, (E,E)‐2,4‐heptadienal,2,4‐hexadienal, 1‐hexanol, 4‐heptenal, and so forth increased rapidly in jack mackerel and chub mackerel, slowly in skipjack, and a little in red seabream and puffer during the storage. The increase of these compounds was considered to have an effect on the change of electronic nose response. Hexanal was a dominant compound increased from the beginning of the storage in jack mackerel. The increase of volatile compounds was little in red seabream and puffer. The increase of these aldehydes and alcohols was thought to be an appropriate marker for monitoring the freshness of “fresh” fish except for white meat fish.Practical Application:  The results of this study are ready to apply for preventing fishy off‐flavor of fisheries products. Lipid oxidative derivatives other than trimethylamine contributed to fresh fish flavor; therefore, to prevent lipid oxidation seemed important.
Two Unsaturated Fatty Acids with Potent α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity Purified from the Body Wall of Sea Cucumber (Stichopus japonicus)
Authors: Nguyen The Han , Um Byung Hun , Kim Sang Moo 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  One therapeutic approach for preventing diabetes mellitus and obesity is to retard the absorption of glucose via inhibition of α‐glucosidase. Two unsaturated fatty acids with strong α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity, 7(Z)‐octadecenoic acid (1) and 7(Z),10(Z)‐octadecadienoic acid (2), were purified from the body wall of Stichopus japonicus. IC50 values of compounds 1 and 2 were 0.51 and 0.67 μg/mL against Saccharomyces cerevisiae α‐glucosidase and 0.49 and 0.60 μg/mL against Bacillus stearothermophilus α‐glucosidase, respectively. These compounds mildly inhibited rat‐intestinal sucrase and maltase. In addition, both compounds showed a mixed type of inhibition against S. cerevisiae α‐glucosidase and were very stable under thermal and acidic conditions up to 60 min. The KI and KIS values of compounds 1 and 2 were 0.44 and 0.22 μg/mL, and 0.39 and 0.13 μg/mL, respectively.Practical Application:  One therapeutic approach for preventing diabetes mellitus is to retard the absorption of glucose via inhibition of α‐glucosidase. In this study, 2 fatty acids with strong α‐glucosidase‐inhibitory activity, 7(Z)‐octadecenoic acid and 7(Z),10(Z)‐octadecadienoic acid, were purified and identified from sea cucumber. Therefore, sea cucumber fatty acids can potentially be developed as a novel natural nutraceutical for the management of type‐2 diabetes.
Serratia Infections: from Military Experiments to Current Practice
Authors: Mahlen Steven D. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYSerratiaspecies, in particularSerratia marcescens, are significant human pathogens.S. marcescenshas a long and interesting taxonomic, medical experimentation, military experimentation, and human clinical infection history. The organisms in this genus, particularlyS. marcescens, were long thought to be nonpathogenic. BecauseS. marcescenswas thought to be a nonpathogen and is usually red pigmented, the U.S. military conducted experiments that attempted to ascertain the spread of this organism released over large areas. In the process, members of both the public and the military were exposed toS. marcescens, and this was uncovered by the press in the 1970s, leading to U.S. congressional hearings.S. marcescenswas found to be a certain human pathogen by the mid-1960s.S. marcescensandS. liquefacienshave been isolated as causative agents of numerous outbreaks and opportunistic infections, and the association of these organisms with point sources such as medical devices and various solutions given to hospitalized patients is striking.Serratiaspecies appear to be common environmental organisms, and this helps to explain the large number of nosocomial infections due to these bacteria. Since many nosocomial infections are caused by multiply antibiotic-resistant strains ofS. marcescens, this increases the danger to hospitalized patients, and hospital personnel should be vigilant in preventing nosocomial outbreaks due to this organism.S. marcescens, and probably other species in the genus, carries several antibiotic resistance determinants and is also capable of acquiring resistance genes.S. marcescensandS. liquefaciensare usually identified well in the clinical laboratory, but the other species are rare enough that laboratory technologists may not recognize them. 16S rRNA gene sequencing may enable better identification of some of the less commonSerratiaspecies.
Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mycobacterium haemophilum Infections
Authors: Lindeboom Jerome A. , Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet Lesla E. S. , van Soolingen Dick , Prins Jan M. , Kuijper Eduard J. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYMycobacterium haemophilumis a slowly growing acid-fast bacillus (AFB) belonging to the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) frequently found in environmental habitats, which can colonize and occasionally infect humans and animals. Several findings suggest that water reservoirs are a likely source ofM. haemophiluminfections.M. haemophilumcauses mainly ulcerating skin infections and arthritis in persons who are severely immunocompromised. Disseminated and pulmonary infections occasionally occur. The second at-risk group is otherwise healthy children, who typically develop cervical and perihilar lymphadenitis. A full diagnostic regimen for the optimal detection ofM. haemophilumincludes acid-fast staining, culturing at two temperatures with iron-supplemented media, and molecular detection. The most preferable molecular assay is a real-time PCR targeting anM. haemophilum-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS), but another approach is the application of a generic PCR for a mycobacterium-specific fragment with subsequent sequencing to identifyM. haemophilum. No standard treatment guidelines are available, but published literature agrees that immunocompromised patients should be treated with multiple antibiotics, tailored to the disease presentation and underlying degree of immune suppression. The outcome ofM. haemophilumcervicofacial lymphadenitis in immunocompetent patients favors surgical intervention rather than antibiotic treatment.
Raw Sewage Harbors Diverse Viral Populations
Authors: Cantalupo Paul G. , Calgua Byron , Zhao Guoyan , Hundesa Ayalkibet , Wier Adam D. , Katz Josh P. , Grabe Michael , Hendrix Roger W. , Girones Rosina , Wang David , Pipas James M. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
At this time, about 3,000 different viruses are recognized, but metagenomic studies suggest that these viruses are a small fraction of the viruses that exist in nature. We have explored viral diversity by deep sequencing nucleic acids obtained from virion populations enriched from raw sewage. We identified 234 known viruses, including 17 that infect humans. Plant, insect, and algal viruses as well as bacteriophages were also present. These viruses represented 26 taxonomic families and included viruses with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), positive-sense ssRNA [ssRNA(+)], and dsRNA genomes. Novel viruses that could be placed in specific taxa represented 51 different families, making untreated wastewater the most diverse viral metagenome (genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples) examined thus far. However, the vast majority of sequence reads bore little or no sequence relation to known viruses and thus could not be placed into specific taxa. These results show that the vast majority of the viruses on Earth have not yet been characterized. Untreated wastewater provides a rich matrix for identifying novel viruses and for studying virus diversity.

IMPORTANCE
At this time, virology is focused on the study of a relatively small number of viral species. Specific viruses are studied either because they are easily propagated in the laboratory or because they are associated with disease. The lack of knowledge of the size and characteristics of the viral universe and the diversity of viral genomes is a roadblock to understanding important issues, such as the origin of emerging pathogens and the extent of gene exchange among viruses. Untreated wastewater is an ideal system for assessing viral diversity because virion populations from large numbers of individuals are deposited and because raw sewage itself provides a rich environment for the growth of diverse host species and thus their viruses. These studies suggest that the viral universe is far more vast and diverse than previously suspected.
Understanding how rapid response systems may improve safety for the acutely ill patient: learning from the frontline
Authors: Mackintosh Nicola , Rainey Helen , Sandall Jane 
Published: October 2011

IntroductionRapid response systems (RRSs) have been introduced to facilitate effective ‘rescue’ of seriously ill patients on hospital wards. While research has demonstrated some benefit, uncertainty remains regarding impact on patient outcomes. Little is known about the relationship between social contexts and the application of the RRS.DesignThis comparative case study of the RRS within the medical services of two UK hospitals used ethnographic methods over a 12-month period in 2009, including observation (ward work and shadowing medical staff = 150 h), interviews with doctors, ward and critical care nurses, healthcare assistants, safety leads and managers (n=35), documentary review and analysis of routine data. Data were analysed using NVivo software.ResultsThe RRS reduced variability in recording, recognition and response behaviour. The RRS formalised understandings of deterioration and provided a mandate for escalating care across professional and hierarchical boundaries. However, markers of deterioration not assimilated into risk scores were marginalised and it was harder for staff to escalate care without the ‘objective evidence’ provided by the score. Contextual features (eg, leadership, organisational culture and training) shaped implementation, utilisation and impact of the RRS. Reporting and feedback of audit data enabled learning about ‘selected’ escalation work on the wards. Difficulties with referral upwards and across medical boundaries were reported by junior medical staff.ConclusionLocating a RRS within a pathway of care for the acutely ill patient illustrates the role of these safety strategies within the social organisation of clinical work. There is a need to broaden the focus of inquiry from detection and initiation of escalation (where the strategies are principally directed) towards team response behaviour and towards those medical response practices which to date have escaped scrutiny and monitoring.
Co-cyprindiol prescribing in a large, rural general practice in England: Figure 1
Authors: Tandy Rosalind M 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesTo describe current co-cyprindiol prescribing in a large, rural general practice in England. To specifically investigate whether co-cyprindiol is prescribed within its license and Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) guidelines. To investigate the effect of a simple, low-cost intervention on the number and appropriateness of co-cyprindiol prescriptions.MethodsThe computerised medical record system in a 17 435 patient general practice was examined to identify individuals prescribed co-cyprindiol. The medical records for each individual identified were examined to see if they satisfied the MHRA guidelines in co-cyprindiol use. Prescribers were then contacted and sent copies of the MHRA guideline. All patients were invited to attend for review. Prescriptions for co-cyprindiol were then re-audited.ResultsCo-cyprindiol comprised 3.4% of total combined oral contraceptive prescriptions. The most common indication was acne (69%).At baseline, the majority of prescriptions did not meet the MHRA guidelines. Prescriptions that did not meet guidelines tended to have been for longer (32 vs 19.5 months). After the intervention, the number of individuals prescribed co-cyprindiol fell (26 vs 12) and the number of prescriptions that met the guidelines increased (30.7% vs 75%). The largest change was a decrease in inappropriate prescriptions for acne.ConclusionsIn this population, co-cyprindiol was rarely prescribed, though its use often contravened guidelines. Simple interventions can increase appropriateness of prescribing.
The near disappearance of genital warts in young women 4 years after commencing a national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme
Authors: Read Tim R H , Hocking Jane S , Chen Marcus Y , Donovan Basil , Bradshaw Catriona S , Fairley Christopher K 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundAustralia provided free quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccines to 12–18-year-old girls and women aged ≤26 years from mid-2007 until the end of 2009. After this time, only girls aged 12–13 years had access to free vaccines.MethodsBefore and after the study, of the proportion of new patients attending Melbourne Sexual Health Centre from mid-2004 to mid-2011, diagnosed with genital warts (GW) by risk group.ResultsFrom July 2004 to June 2011, 52 454 new patients were seen at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and 5021 (9.6%, 95% CI 9.3% to 9.8%) were diagnosed with GW. From July 2004 to June 2007, the proportions with GW either increased or did not change in all groups. Comparing the two 12-month periods of 2007/2008 and 2010/2011, GW declined in women under 21 years from 18.6% to 1.9% and in heterosexual men under 21 years from 22.9% to 2.9%. The ORs per year for diagnosis of GW adjusted for number of sexual partners from July 2007 until June 2011 in women and heterosexual men <21 years were 0.44 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.58) and 0.42 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.60), respectively. There was no significant change in GW in women ≥30 years (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.12), heterosexual men ≥30 years (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.06) or in homosexual men (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.07).ConclusionThe dramatic decline and near disappearance of GW in women and men under 21 years of age, 4 years after commencing this programme, suggest that the basic reproductive rate has fallen below one.
Blockade of Fatty Acid Synthase Induces Ubiquitination and Degradation of Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Signaling Proteins in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Tomek Katharina , Wagner Renate , Varga Franz , Singer Christian F. , Karlic Heidrun , Grunt Thomas W. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Aberrations within the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway occur in greater than 45% of ovarian carcinomas. The PI3K cascade transmits signals from ErbB receptors downstream to S6 and 4EBP1, which are involved in protein biosynthesis. Many ovarian carcinomas reveal hyperactivation of ErbB1 (epidermal growth factor receptor) or ErbB2 (HER2/neu). Unfortunately, the benefit of anti-ErbB drugs is yet rather limited in ovarian carcinomas. Thus, novel targeting strategies are needed for ovarian carcinomas. The lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) is overexpressed in approximately 80% of ovarian carcinomas. It stimulates cell growth and signifies poor prognosis. FASN inhibition impedes (ErbB) membrane receptor signaling and sensitizes cells against anti-ErbB drugs. Here, we show that the FASN inhibitor C75 and FASN-targeting siRNAs abrogate growth, induce apoptosis, and downregulate phosphorylation/expression of the PI3K effectors AKT, mTOR, p70S6K, S6, and 4EBP1. In contrast, FASN inhibition impairs expression but only weakly affects phosphorylation of ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases in ovarian carcinoma cells. Cycloheximide-mediated blockade of protein translation reveals that C75- or FASN siRNA–induced shutdown of FASN accelerates decomposition of signaling proteins. This effect is caused by C75- or FASN siRNA–dependent stimulation of ubiquitination followed by lysosomal-autophagosomal proteolysis. In contrast, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocks phosphorylation but does not reduce expression/stability of PI3K effectors. Forced expression of hyperactive (HA) AKT1, unlike HA-MEK1, impairs the growth-inhibitory action of C75. We provide first evidence that the anticancer action of FASN inhibitors is at least partially mediated by drug-dependent proteolysis of PI3K effectors. FASN is a promising cancer target, whose inhibition not only abrogates lipogenesis, which is indispensable for cancer growth, but also downregulates oncogenic PI3K signaling. Mol Cancer Res; 9(12); 1767–79. ©2011 AACR.
Loss of Trop2 Promotes Carcinogenesis and Features of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wang Jianbo , Zhang Kaihua , Grabowska Dorota , Li Aimin , Dong Yiyu , Day Ryan , Humphrey Peter , Lewis James , Kladney Raleigh D. , Arbeit Jeffrey M. , Weber Jason D. , Chung Christine H. , Michel Loren S. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Trop2, an oncogenic cell surface protein under investigation as a therapeutic target, is commonly overexpressed in several epithelial tumor types yet its function in tumor biology remains relatively unexplored. To investigate the role of Trop2 in epithelial carcinogenesis, we generated Trop2−/− mice, which are viable and possess a normal lifespan. Contrary to expectations, Trop2 loss fails to suppress keratinocyte transformation. Instead, ras-transformed Trop2−/− keratinocytes preferentially pass through an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and form tumors with spindle cell histology. Furthermore, Trop2 loss renders Arf-null mice susceptible to the formation of biphasic sarcomatoid carcinomas containing both squamous and spindle cell components upon carcinogen exposure in an otherwise skin cancer–resistant strain (C57BL/6). Immortalized keratinocytes derived from Trop2−/−Arf−/− mice exhibit enhanced proliferative and migratory capacity as well as increased activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Src prior to transformation. The clinical relevance of these findings was supported by studying the molecular epidemiology of Trop2 in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. This analysis revealed that Trop2 mRNA levels are decreased in a subset of tumors with features of EMT, and total loss of Trop2 protein expression is observed in the spindle cell component of sarcomatoid carcinomas. Therefore, while previous studies have emphasized the potential importance of Trop2 gain of function, these results uncover a role for Trop2 loss in tumorigenesis and the mesenchymal transdifferentiation observed in a subset of squamous cell carcinomas. Mol Cancer Res; 9(12); 1686–95. ©2011 AACR.
Bleeding Risk Comparing Targeted Low-Dose Heparin With Bivalirudin in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Bangalore Sripal , Cohen David J. , Kleiman Neal S. , Regev-Beinart Tal , Rao Sunil V. , Pencina Michael J. , Mauri Laura 
Published: October 2011

Background—
Prior randomized trials have shown reduced bleeding with bivalirudin compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, it is not known if this benefit is also present when UFH doses are more tightly controlled (as measured by activated clotting time, ACT).

Methods and Results—
Patients enrolled in the EVENT (Evaluation of Drug-Eluting Stents and Ischemic Events) registry, were divided into 3 groups, based on the antithrombotic drug used during PCI (UFH monotherapy, UFH+glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor inhibitor [GPI], or bivalirudin alone). Propensity score matching was used to adjust for measured covariates (89 variables) and to compare bivalirudin versus UFH monotherapy and bivalirudin versus UFH+GPI groups. The UFH groups were stratified based on ACT achieved (optimal ACT defined as 250–300 for UFH monotherapy and 200–250 when GPI was also used). The primary bleeding outcome was in-hospital composite bleeding, defined as events of access site bleeding, Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction major/minor bleeding, or transfusion. Primary (in-hospital death/myocardial infarction) and secondary ischemic outcomes (death/MI/unplanned repeat revascularization at 12 months) were also evaluated. Propensity score matching yielded 3022 patients for the UFH monotherapy versus bivalirudin comparison and 3520 patients for the UFH+GPI versus bivalirudin comparison. Bivalirudin use was associated with numerically lower bleeding rates at all categories of achieved ACT when compared with UFH (low, optimal, high ACT: 2.5% versus 4.7%, 1.9% versus 6.0%, 3.1% versus 4.8%, respectively) or heparin+GPI groups (low, optimal, high ACT: 0.0% versus 2.7%, 2.7% versus 5.2%, 2.4% versus 6.1%, respectively) and was not associated with any statistically significant increase in either primary or secondary ischemic outcomes.

Conclusions—
Among unselected patients undergoing PCI, bivalirudin use during PCI was associated with a lower risk of bleeding at all comparator ACT levels without an increase in ischemic outcomes.