bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2024
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey , Zhou Yadi , Lee Garam , Zhong Kate , Fonseca Jorge , Cheng Feixiong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractINTRODUCTIONNew therapies to prevent or delay the onset of symptoms, slow progression, or improve cognitive and behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are needed.METHODSWe interrogated clinicaltrials.gov including all clinical trials assessing pharmaceutical therapies for AD active in on January 1, 2024. We used the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO) to classify the targets of therapies in the pipeline.RESULTSThere are 164 trials assessing 127 drugs across the 2024 AD pipeline. There were 48 trials in Phase 3 testing 32 drugs, 90 trials in Phase 2 assessing 81 drugs, and 26 trials in Phase 1 testing 25 agents. Of the 164 trials, 34% (N = 56) assess disease‐modifying biological agents, 41% (N = 68) test disease‐modifying small molecule drugs, 10% (N = 17) evaluate cognitive enhancing agents, and 14% (N = 23) test drugs for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms.DISCUSSIONCompared to the 2023 pipeline, there are fewer trials (164 vs. 187), fewer drugs (127 vs. 141), fewer new chemical entities (88 vs. 101), and a similar number of repurposed agents (39 vs. 40).Highlights
In the 2024 Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline, there are 164 clinical trials assessing 127 drugs.
The 2024 Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline has contracted compared to the 2023 Alzheimer pipeline with fewer trials, fewer drugs, and fewer new chemical entities.
Drugs in the Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline target a wide array of targets; the most common processes targeted include neurotransmitter receptors, inflammation, amyloid, and synaptic plasticity.
The total development time for a potential Alzheimer's disease therapy to progress from nonclinical studies to FDA review is approximately 13 years.
Dietary intervention for a growing Australian Kelpie with intestinal lipid malabsorption
Authors: Lucke Annegret , Wichert Brigitta , Liesegang Annette 
Published: April 2024

AbstractA 12‐week‐old male Australian Kelpie was referred for nutritional consultation after being diagnosed with autosomal recessively inherited intestinal lipid malabsorption (ILM). At the timepoint of referral, the dog's bodyweight was below the ideal growth curve, the faecal quality was poor and the patient received a pancreatic enzyme supplement. The patient's diet at referral was based on a commercial dry food for all age groups and contained approximately 20% fat in dry matter (DM). We formulated a highly digestible homemade diet with a low‐fat content (10% DM) while meeting the recommendations for linoleic acid, α‐linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which supported the nutritional requirements of a growing dog with impaired fat absorption. The diet was adapted according to the different growth phases.To our knowledge, this is the first case report highlighting the nutritional management of an Australian Kelpie with ILM. After diet adaptation, the patient reached his growth potential.
From pulpit to marketplace: The evolution of religious political parties in Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Kashif 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis article analyzes the extent of involvement of religious political leaders and their apparent, rather reluctant, acceptance by the Pakistani public seen in recent times. The study also analyzes the role of religious leaders in giving way to right‐wing extremism or Islamic militarism and how this challenges the writ of the state. I hope to shed light on the state‐religious scholars' nexus, forging a lasting impression in the minds of the public of their coexistence. Religious leaders have been seen to support or gain currency at the time of autocratic rulers, which is evident in the history of the martial law regimes of General Zia ul Haq and General Pervez Musharraf. This study also examines the compromise of weak democratic parties in the intervening period between the two dictatorships as well as the recent rise of political as well as religious extremism. I examine the coexistence of the state‐religious scholars' nexus where religious sentiments, often leading to extremist views, are being played for political gains by the religious political leaders.
Exploring Quaternion Neural Network Loss Surfaces
Authors: Bill Jeremiah , Cox Bruce 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis paper explores the superior performance of quaternion multi-layer perceptron (QMLP) neural networks over real-valued multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural networks, a phenomenon that has been empirically observed but not thoroughly investigated. The study utilizes loss surface visualization and projection techniques to examine quaternion-based optimization loss surfaces for the first time. The primary contribution of this research is the statistical evidence that QMLP models yield smoother loss surfaces than real-valued neural networks, which are measured and compared using a robust quantitative measure of loss surface “goodness” based on estimates of surface curvature. Extensive computational testing validates the effectiveness of these surface curvature estimates. The paper presents a comprehensive comparison of the average surface curvature of a tuned QMLP model and a tuned real-valued MLP model on both a regression task and a classification task. The results provide strong support for the improved optimization performance observed in QMLPs across various problem domains.
Steel surface roughness parameter prediction from laser reflection data using machine learning models
Authors: Milne Alex , Xie Xianghua 
Published: April 2024

AbstractControl of surface texture in strip steel is essential to meet customer requirements during galvanizing and temper rolling processes. Traditional methods rely on post-production stylus measurements, while on-line techniques offer non-contact and real-time measurements of the entire strip. However, ensuring accurate measurement is imperative for their effective utilization in the manufacturing pipeline. Moreover, accurate on-line measurements enable real-time adjustments of manufacturing processing parameters during production, ensuring consistent quality and the possibility of closed-loop control of the temper mill. In this study, we formulate the manufacturing issue into a Time Series Extrinsic Regression problem and a Machine Vission problem and leverage state-of-the-art machine learning models to enhance the transformation of on-line measurements into a significantly more accurate Ra surface roughness metric. By comparing a selection of data-driven approaches, including both deep learning such as convolutional, recurrent, and transformer networks and non-deep learning methods such as Rocket and XGBoost, to the close-form transformation, we evaluate their potential using Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and correlation for improving surface texture control in temper strip steel manufacturing.
Multilevel analysis of six species of Phyllostachys bamboo and Arundo donax: preliminary survey on Italian grown stands
Authors: Greco Silvia , Molari Luisa , Valdrè Giovanni , Garcia Jose Jaime 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe paper focuses on a multilevel analysis considering six species of bamboo of the Phyllostachys family (P. bambusoides, edulis, iridescens, viridiglaucescens, violacescens, and vivax) and Arundo donax grown in temperate climates, most of them not already studied in the literature. The analysis is divided into three levels. The analysis at the first level (the microscopic scale) includes an anatomical study to assess the shapes and dimensions of the vascular bundles and the sclerenchymatic and parenchymatic tissues. At the second mesoscale level, the percentage and distribution of the fibres, voids and parenchyma are calculated. At the third level, the macroscopic one, a discussion of the influence of the microscopical properties on mechanical properties is carried out. Despite the limited number of specimens analysed at the microscale level, differences between species emerged from the analysis and influenced the macroscopic characteristic values. In particular, the morphology of the components differs, especially in the case of Arundo donax, which presents a unique distribution of its components along the culm wall. Different contents of each component are observed for the species analysed. Moreover, an innovative analysis that focuses on the presence and distribution of voids is presented, which have a fundamental role in the mechanical behaviour of this material. The analysis did not account for the influence of the environment on composition or anatomical and physical characteristics.
Motivations, changes and challenges of participating in food-related social innovations and their transformative potential: three cases from Berlin (Germany)
Authors: Zoll Felix , Harder Alexandra , Manatsa Lerato Nyaradzo , Friedrich Jonathan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDominant agri-food systems are increasingly seen as unsustainable in terms of environmental degradation, mass production or high food waste. In an attempt to counteract these developments and foster sustainability transitions in agri-food systems, a variety of actors are engaging in socially innovative models of food production and consumption. Using a multiple case study approach, our study examines three contrasting alternative economic models in the city of Berlin: community gardens, the app Too Good To Go (TGTG), and a cooperative supermarket. Based on 15 qualitative interviews, we provide insights into their transformative potential by exploring participants' underlying motivations, the changes they have experienced, and the challenges and potential for future development of these models. We find that participation in community gardens and the cooperative supermarket is similarly motivated by social aspects and dissatisfaction with existing food access options, while TGTG users are more motivated by financial reasons. Our study shows that change is experienced mainly at the individual level, e.g. by building new relationships, changing cognitive framings, and learning (new) practices, especially in community-oriented settings. The individualization of change shows that these models have a rather low potential to lead to more systemic accounts of changes. Yet, they can prefigure regime change, describe resistance, and foster cumulative incremental change that may spill over into society. We conclude that in order to sustain this role and drive transitions, it is important to up- and outscale these models; and we provide recommendations on how these models can mutually support their development, establishment, and protection.
Urban food governance without local food: missing links between Czech post-socialist cities and urban food alternatives
Authors: Pixová Michaela , Plank Christina 
Published: April 2024

AbstractFood is becoming an increasingly important issue in the urban context. Urban food policies are a new phenomenon in Czechia, where urban food alternatives to the current food regime are promoted by food movements or take the form of traditional self-provisioning. This paper examines how urban food governance in Prague and Brno is constituted based on the municipalities’ relations with actors engaged in urban food alternatives. We argue that prioritizing aspects of local food system transformation compliant with the status quo is non-systemic and implies a fragmentation of urban food alternatives based on different levels of social capital and radicality. We conceptualize urban food alternatives as values-based modes of production and consumption and focus on values that guide urban food governance in its participatory and territorial interplay with the actors of urban food alternatives. Our analysis reveals that the values underpinning the two cities’ progressive food policies do not match reality on the ground. We propose four types of relations between the two examined cities and aspects of the local food system transformation. Aspects compliant with the status quo, such as food waste reduction and community gardening are embraced, whereas those requiring more public intervention, such as public procurement, short supply chains, or the protection of cultivable land are disregarded, degraded, or, at most, subject to experimentation as part of biodiversity protection. Chances for a successful transformation of the local food system under such governance are low but can be increased by strengthening social capital and coalition work among urban food alternatives.
Effect of diel light cycles on vertical migration patterns of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) copepodids measured in an in situ mesocosm
Authors: Hagemann Andreas , Kvæstad Bjarne , Venås Birger 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe ectoparasitic salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer, 1837) persists as a major hindrance for continued growth of the Norwegian salmon industry. Shielding technologies or management strategies are being used to reduce the likelihood of contact in the net pens between the salmon and the sea lice’s infectious copepodid stage. Knowledge about the vertical distribution and diel migration patterns of the planktonic sea lice stages are inevitably a premise for such water-depth-dependent avoidance technologies to be efficient; however, not many studies have investigated diel vertical migration patterns of sea lice in situ or in relevant scales. In this work, we aimed to monitor the diel migration of L. salmonis copepodids in the vertical plane without the influence of hydrographical forces, using sufficient water column depth of 11 m, natural thermoclines, and natural exogenous light conditions. We followed a cohort of copepodids over the course of 4 days and measured their vertical distribution in the water column twice per hour in a custom made mesocosm, using automatic particle detection and machine learning to analyse position and migration patterns. The L. salmonis copepodid population displayed reverse diel migration, and we found a statistically significant interaction between depth and time. During the day, copepodids were found in the upper 1 m of the water column, before the majority of the population descended to 1–2 m depth during night-time. A small fraction of the population remained in the upper part of the water column also during night-time. A significantly higher fraction of the copepodid population resided in the upper metre during daylight hours compared to other depths. These results could be utilised as input in sea lice dispersal models which are important management tools in today’s sea lice prevention strategies and regulatory frameworks.
Design tactics for tailoring transformer architectures to cybersecurity challenges
Authors: Avci Cigdem , Tekinerdogan Bedir , Catal Cagatay 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn the rapidly evolving landscape of cyber threats, effective defense strategies are crucial for safeguarding sensitive information and critical systems. Deep learning methods, notably the Transformer architecture, have shown immense potential in addressing cybersecurity challenges. However, customizing, and adapting Transformer architectures for cybersecurity applications presents a challenge, demanding the utilization of effective strategies to achieve optimal performance. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of design tactics employed in tailoring Transformer architectures specifically for cybersecurity problems. Design tactics, defined as strategic solutions to architectural challenges based on well-justified design decisions, are explored in-depth within the context of cybersecurity. By examining the modifications and adaptations made to the original Transformer architecture, this study unveils the design decisions and strategies crucial for successful implementation in diverse cybersecurity domains. The findings emphasize the significance of aligning design tactics with the unique business requirements and quality factors of each specific application domain. This study contributes valuable insights into the utilization of design tactics for customizing Transformer architectures in cybersecurity, paving the way for enhanced defense strategies against the dynamic and evolving nature of cyber threats.
Everyday Diagnostic Work in the Histopathology Lab: CSCW Perspectives on the Utilization of Data-Driven Clinical Decision Support Systems
Authors: Procter Rob , Rouncefield Mark , Tolmie Peter , Verrill Clare 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this paper we present an ethnographic study of the work of histopathologists as they grapple with the twin innovations of transitioning to digital biopsy images and the prospective adoption of an AI-based clinical decision support system (CDSS). We explore how they are adapting to the former and their expectations of the latter. The study’s ethnomethodologically-informed ethnography approach brings to light some key issues regarding the nature of diagnostic work, and accountability and trust that are central to the successful adoption of technological innovations in clinical settings.
Meta-thematic synthesis of research on early childhood coding education: A comprehensive review
Authors: Başaran Mehmet , Metin Şermin , Vural Ömer Faruk 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe growing significance of coding in 21st-century early childhood education extends beyond technical proficiency, encompassing cognitive development, problem-solving, and creativity. Coding is being integrated globally into educational curricula to prepare students for the digital era. This research examines coding’s potential impact on cognitive and socio-emotional development and emphasizes the need for evidence-based analysis. A meta-thematic analysis synthesizes qualitative data from various studies in a study on coding’s effects on preschool children’s cognitive and socio-emotional development. It focuses on two themes: cognitive contributions and socio-emotional contributions. Thirteen suitable studies were identified from 942 visualized using the PRISMA flow diagram. Coding education enhances cognitive and socio-emotional skills in preschoolers, with implications for curriculum integration. In summary, coding’s holistic benefits in early childhood education are explored, and a meta-thematic analysis investigates its influence on cognitive and socio-emotional domains in preschoolers, emphasizing the need for rigorous evidence-based research.
Next-generation learning experience: The effect of technology-assisted and printed context-based vocabulary activities on vocabulary knowledge and learning motivation
Authors: Çoban Sural Ülkü , Yaşar Sağlık Zehra 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis study aims to compare and analyse the effects of context-based vocabulary activities with technology-assisted tools and printed materials on fourth-grade primary school students’ vocabulary knowledge and learning motivation. One of the quasi-experimental designs, the “pretest-posttest control group design”, was used in the study. There were two experimental groups and one control group. Technology-assisted context-based vocabulary activities were used in one of the experimental groups, and printed materials with context-based vocabulary activities were used in the other experimental group. The implementation was carried out in the control group according to the current Turkish curriculum. It was planned to teach vocabulary by utilising sentence and text context in context-based vocabulary activities. The research was conducted with students studying in three different fourth grade classes of a primary school, which were equivalent to each other according to the pre-tests. A total of 91 students from three groups (experimental-1: 30, experimental-2: 30, control: 31) participated in the study. The Vocabulary Knowledge Achievement Test (VKAT) developed by Yaşar-Sağlık (2022) and the Vocabulary Learning Motivation Scale (VLMS) developed by Genç-Ersoy and Belet-Boyacı (2018) were used in the study. After the pre-tests were applied, 14 lesson hours of interventions were carried out over 7 weeks. After the implementation, the process was finalised by applying post-tests. The data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the difference in scores (post-test – pre-test). Also, the Tukey post hoc test was used to determine the source of the difference. In addition, partial eta squared (η2) values were calculated to determine effect sizes. As a result, it was found that context-based vocabulary activities conducted with technology-assisted tools and printed materials were significantly more effective in improving students’ vocabulary knowledge than the current Turkish curriculum. In addition, it was also revealed that technology-assisted activities were more effective in improving students’ vocabulary knowledge than the activities carried out using printed materials. In terms of vocabulary learning motivation, the results are slightly different. It was found that context-based vocabulary activities conducted with technology-assisted tools were significantly more effective in improving students’ vocabulary learning motivation than the current Turkish curriculum and the context-based vocabulary activities conducted with printed materials. In line with these results, it is recommended that technology-assisted context-based vocabulary activities be used to increase students’ vocabulary knowledge and learning motivation.
Eliminativism and the QCD $$\theta _{\text {YM}}$$-Term: What Gauge Transformations Cannot Do
Authors: Gomes Henrique , Riello Aldo 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe eliminative view of gauge degrees of freedom—the view that they arise solely from descriptive redundancy and are therefore eliminable from the theory—is a lively topic of debate in the philosophy of physics. Recent work attempts to leverage properties of the QCD $$\theta _{\text {YM}}$$

θ
YM

-term to provide a novel argument against the eliminative view. The argument is based on the claim that the QCD $$\theta _{\text {YM}}$$

θ
YM

-term changes under “large” gauge transformations. Here we review geometrical propositions about fiber bundles that unequivocally falsify these claims: the $$\theta _{\text {YM}}$$

θ
YM

-term encodes topological features of the fiber bundle used to represent gauge degrees of freedom, but it is fully gauge-invariant. Nonetheless, within the essentially classical viewpoint pursued here, the physical role of the $$\theta _{\text {YM}}$$

θ
YM

-term shows the physical importance of bundle topology (or superpositions thereof) and thus counts against (a naive) eliminativism.