bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
All‐wood biocomposites by partial dissolution of wood flour in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride
Authors: Shibata Mitsuhiro , Yamazoe Kentaro , Kuribayashi Masaya , Okuyama Yuto 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAfter cedar‐derived wood flour (WF) and bark flour (BF) were mixed with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (BMIC) at 100°C, the obtained compounds with BMIC content 40 wt % were compression‐molded at 210°C to give WF/BMIC and BF/BMIC composites, respectively. The BMIC contained in the composites was twice extracted with ethanol at 60°C to afford WF/BMIC‐E and BF/BMIC‐E biocomposites, which were subsequently annealed at 200°C for 24 h to produce WF/BMIC‐A and BF/BMIC‐A biocomposites. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed that WF has a higher content of cellulose and a lower content of lignin than BF does, and that the BMIC content diminished by the extraction process. The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that woody particles joined together by the compression molding of WF/BMIC and BF/BMIC compounds, and that the extraction of BMIC roughened the surface and the annealing again smoothed the surface due to the fusion of the residual BMIC and woody particles. The XRD measurements indicated that the annealing enhanced the crystallinity of cellulose component. The tensile properties and 5% weight loss temperature of the biocomposites were considerably improved by the extraction of BMIC and further by the annealing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Rheology and polymer flooding characteristics of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide for enhanced heavy oil recovery
Authors: Jung Jae Chul , Zhang Ke , Chon Bo Hyun , Choi Hyoung Jin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPolymer flooding characteristics of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) solution with the addition of NaOH were examined in homogeneous glass‐bead packs. The heavy oil recovery in unconsolidated sandstone formations by applying the alkali‐polymer flooding was observed. Experimental results showed that HPAM solution was sensitive to temperature, salinity, and alkali, finding that alkali‐polymer solutions are more effective in improving viscosity than conventional polymer solutions. The solution of 0.5 wt % NaOH mixed with 1500 ppm HPAM (12 mol % hydrolysis degree) was found to be the optimal choice, which gives rise to the highest viscosity on the rheological characterization. Flood tests using the alkali‐polymer solution showed an increase in oil recovery by 30% over water‐flooding when the water‐cut reached 95%, indicating that alkali‐polymer could be more effective in improving sweep efficiency than polymer flood. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
RAFT synthesis of cellulose‐g‐polymethylmethacrylate copolymer in an ionic liquid
Authors: Lin Chunxiang , Zhan Huaiyu , Liu Minghua , Habibi Youssef , Fu Shiyu , Lucia Lucian A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe demonstrate for the first time the feasibility in conducting the graft copolymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA) with cellulose by the means of the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in an ionic liquid [1‐N‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride] (BMIMCl). Cellulose was first converted to a macromolecular chain transfer agent to which MMA was grafted by RAFT in BMIMCl. The success of the occurrence of different reactions was validated by elemental analyses, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The results demonstrate that the MMA polymer chains were grafted onto the cellulose while the use of the ionic liquid as a reaction medium enhanced the polymerization rate to a moderate extent. Gel permeation chromatography analysis of poly(MMA) chains cleaved from the cellulose by acidic hydrolysis indicated low polydispersity indices (ca. 1.3) that were consistent with the “living” nature of the RAFT. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Application of a new unimolecular initiator in the synthesis of (α,ω) ketone functionalized polystyrene in nitroxide mediated polymerization
Authors: Megiel Elżbieta 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe ketone functionalized N‐alkoxyamine, a derivative of 4‐oxo‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl (4‐oxo‐TEMPO) was synthesized and applied as an initiator in the nitroxide mediated polymerization of styrene in bulk at 120°C. In the presence of the prepared initiator: 1‐phenyl‐1‐(4‐oxo‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinoxy)propanone polymers with well‐defined molecular weight were obtained. By contrast, when an accelerator such as acetic anhydride (10%) was added to the system, lower control of polymerization was observed. Additionally, the functionality of polymers was evaluated on the basis of a quantitative investigation of UV–visible spectra of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone formed from the polymers and the synthesized initiator. The UV–vis spectra of the hydrazone derivatives obtained from polymers by means of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone made it possible to confirm that the polymers prepared in the presence of the ketone functionalized N‐alkoxyamine retain the ketone functionality on the polymer chain. The functionality for the obtained polymers exceeded 1 significantly. The obtained (α, ω) telechelic polymers are of great importance in the synthesis of new biohybrid materials such as bioconjugates with proteins or peptides as well as new polymer nanostructures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Reactive blend of epoxy‐novolac resin and epoxide‐terminated low‐molecular‐weight poly(phenylene oxide)
Authors: Mo Jingzhao , Xia Lei , Pan Pengju , Shentu Baoqing , Weng Zhixue 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe epoxide‐terminated low‐molecular‐weight poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), EPPO, was synthesized by modifying the terminal hydroxyl group of PPO and it was reactively blended with epoxy‐novolac resin (EPN). The curing kinetics, phase morphology, thermal stability, dielectric property, and water absorption behavior of the cured EPN/EPPO blends were investigated and compared with the unmodified EPN/PPO blends. As revealed by the FTIR and DSC analysis, EPPO takes part in the curing reaction and forms a reactive blend with EPN. The curing rate of both EPN/PPO and EPN/EPPO blends first increases and then decreases with increasing the PPO or EPPO fraction. The blends have lower degree of curing than neat EPN, due to the steric hindrance effects of PPO or EPPO. Because of the reaction between blend components, EPN/EPPO blends show faster curing rate and higher degree of curing than the corresponding EPN/PPO blends. The reactive blending improves the dispersion of EPPO in EPN matrix and the EPN/EPPO blend forms a co‐continuous morphology even at a low EPPO content, compared to the typical sea‐island morphology of the EPN/PPO blend. The EPN/EPPO blend has remarkable smaller dielectric constant, dissipation factor, and water absorption than neat EPN. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
In‐line near‐infrared spectroscopy: A tool to monitor the preparation of polymer‐clay nanocomposites in extruders
Authors: Barbas Joana M. , Machado Ana V. , Covas José A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn‐line diffuse reflectance and on‐line transmission near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIR) measurements are performed at the same location of the barrel of a twin screw extruder during the preparation of a polypropylene/clay nanocomposite. Their performance is evaluated by means of a 7‐parameter chemometric model using off‐line rheological and structural (FTIR) data obtained from samples prepared under different screw speed, compatibilizer content and clay loading, as well as a process‐related thermomechanical index. Despite the higher variability of the diffuse reflectance signal, the two models present analogous high quality indices. The aptness of the reflectance measurements is thus validated, which has direct practical advantages, as this probe can be fixed in any typical melt pressure transducer port. The probe is then used for the real‐time in‐line monitoring of the production of the same nanocomposite but now using different throughputs, and the chemometric‐based predictions are compared with experimental off‐line characterization data. The nonlinear effect of throughput is correctly anticipated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Nanoindentation as a Probe for Mechanically‐Induced Molecular Migration in Layered Organic Donor–Acceptor Complexes
Authors: Varughese Sunil , Kiran Mangalampalli S. R. N. , Ramamurty Upadrasta , Desiraju Gautam R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNanoindentation and scratch experiments on 1:1 donor–acceptor complexes, 1 and 2, of 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene with pyrene and phenanthrene, respectively, reveal long‐range molecular layer gliding and large interaction anisotropy. Due to the layered arrangements in these crystals, these experiments that apply stress in particular directions result in the breaking of interlayer interactions, thus allowing molecular sheets to glide over one another with ease. Complex 1 has a layered crystal packing wherein the layers are 68° skew under the (002) face and the interlayer space is stabilized by van der Waals interactions. Upon indenting this surface with a Berkovich tip, pile‐up of material was observed on just one side of the indenter due to the close angular alignment of the layers with the half angle of the indenter tip (65.35°). The interfacial differences in the elastic modulus (21 %) and hardness (16 %) demonstrate the anisotropic nature of crystal packing. In 2, the molecular stacks are arranged in a staggered manner; there is no layer arrangement, and the interlayer stabilization involves CH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds and π⋅⋅⋅π interactions. This results in a higher modulus (20 %) for (020) as compared to (001), although the anisotropy in hardness is minimal (4 %). The anisotropy within a face was analyzed using AFM image scans and the coefficient of friction of four orthogonal nanoscratches on the cleavage planes of 1 and 2. A higher friction coefficient was obtained for 2 as compared to 1 even in the cleavage direction due to the presence of hydrogen bonds in the interlayer region making the tip movement more hindered.
Investigating the techno‐economic trade‐offs of hydrogen source using a response surface model of drop‐in biofuel production via bio‐oil upgrading
Authors: Wright Mark M. , Román‐Leshkov Yuriy , Green William H. 
Published: June 2012

This study presents a parametric fitting of the economics of bio‐oil stabilization and hydroprocessing to naphtha and diesel range blend fuel. The data is fit with a response surface model (RSM). Technical variables evaluated in this study are rate of bio‐oil upgrading and natural gas input rate. Economic variables considered include bio‐oil, natural gas, hydrogen, catalyst, capital, and fossil carbon costs.Our base case consists of a 1440 tonnes per day bio‐oil upgrading biorefinery concept design for the production of naphtha and diesel range blend stock fuels. The RSM represents variation around this base case. The process model includes reforming, stabilization, and hydroprocessing sections. Total project investment for this concept is $171.5 million or $2.34 per gallon of bio‐oil input capacity. This base case biorefinery generates 71.8 million gallons of fuel (5182 barrels per day) at a minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of $2.48 per gallon.We investigated the techno‐economic impacts of different hydrogen sources on the bio‐oil upgrading process. Hydrogen from bio‐oil reforming results in the lowest biofuel emissions but is not always economical. A portion of available bio‐oil should be converted to hydrogen under two main conditions: the cost of hydrogen from bio‐oil is lower than procuring hydrogen from other sources and the lost income due to a lower biofuel output; and/or when there is a market or policy constraint limiting fossil fuel use. Results indicate that to minimize fuel costs, the amount of bio‐oil upgraded should decrease from ≥90% to 80% as bio‐oil prices decline from $1.37 to $0.70 per gallon depending on market conditions. Carbon emission constrains such as those mandated by the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) could force bio‐oil upgrading rates to less than 90%.
Envisioning the transition to a next‐generation biofuels industry in the US Midwest
Authors: Dweikat Ismail , Weil Clifford , Moose Stephen , Kochian Leon , Mosier Nathan , Ileleji Klein , Brown Patrick , Peer Wendy , Murphy Angus , Taheripour Farzad , McCann Maureen , Carpita Nicholas 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCorn grain ethanol production is a mature industry built on a Midwestern agricultural infrastructure. Second‐ and third‐generation biofuels and bio‐based products industries could take advantage of this robust framework. Significant but not insurmountable barriers remain for grower acceptance of bioenergy crop plants and capital investment in transitioning from grain to lignocellulosic biomass at scale. The existing infrastructure in the Midwest provides a model for implementing an environmentally responsible and sustainable next‐generation biofuels industry into the agro‐economy. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Recovery modeling of tangential flow systems
Authors: Rao Suma , Gefroh Eva , Kaltenbrunner Oliver 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe demand for increased formulation concentrations for protein therapeutics puts a significant strain on already existing tangential flow filtration (TFF) systems that were constructed with lower protein concentration targets as part of their design criteria. TFF is commonly used to buffer exchange and concentrate the product to the appropriate drug substance concentration. Analyzing the ability of an existing TFF system to process under conditions outside its original design specifications can be challenging. In this analysis, we present a systematic approach to assess the operational limits of a TFF process with consideration of system performance parameters for changing process targets. In two new engineering diagrams, the recovery efficiency diagram and the operating space plot, all relevant operational constraints and parameters are related to allow rapid process fit evaluation. The engineering assessment of TFF systems presented in this article allows a rational review of system limitations during process fit evaluations of existing TFF systems. It also provides a rational basis for targeted system upgrades and setting system design specifications for the design of new systems if existing systems are found inadequate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3084–3092. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new large‐scale manufacturing platform for complex biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Vogel Jens H. , Nguyen Huong , Giovannini Roberto , Ignowski Jolene , Garger Steve , Salgotra Anil , Tom Jennifer 
Published: June 2012

AbstractComplex biopharmaceuticals, such as recombinant blood coagulation factors, are addressing critical medical needs and represent a growing multibillion‐dollar market. For commercial manufacturing of such, sometimes inherently unstable, molecules it is important to minimize product residence time in non‐ideal milieu in order to obtain acceptable yields and consistently high product quality. Continuous perfusion cell culture allows minimization of residence time in the bioreactor, but also brings unique challenges in product recovery, which requires innovative solutions. In order to maximize yield, process efficiency, facility and equipment utilization, we have developed, scaled‐up and successfully implemented a new integrated manufacturing platform in commercial scale. This platform consists of a (semi‐)continuous cell separation process based on a disposable flow path and integrated with the upstream perfusion operation, followed by membrane chromatography on large‐scale adsorber capsules in rapid cycling mode. Implementation of the platform at commercial scale for a new product candidate led to a yield improvement of 40% compared to the conventional process technology, while product quality has been shown to be more consistently high. Over 1,000,000 L of cell culture harvest have been processed with 100% success rate to date, demonstrating the robustness of the new platform process in GMP manufacturing. While membrane chromatography is well established for polishing in flow‐through mode, this is its first commercial‐scale application for bind/elute chromatography in the biopharmaceutical industry and demonstrates its potential in particular for manufacturing of potent, low‐dose biopharmaceuticals. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3049–3058. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human neuronal uncoupling proteins 4 and 5 (UCP4 and UCP5): structural properties, regulation, and physiological role in protection against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Ramsden David B. , Ho Philip W.‐L. , Ho Jessica W.‐M. , Liu Hui‐Fang , So Danny H.‐F. , Tse Ho‐Man , Chan Koon‐Ho , Ho Shu‐Leong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractUncoupling proteins (UCPs) belong to a large family of mitochondrial solute carriers 25 (SLC25s) localized at the inner mitochondrial membrane. UCPs transport protons directly from the intermembrane space to the matrix. Of five structural homologues (UCP1 to 5), UCP4 and 5 are principally expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Neurons derived their energy in the form of ATP that is generated through oxidative phosphorylation carried out by five multiprotein complexes (Complexes I–V) embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In oxidative phosphorylation, the flow of electrons generated by the oxidation of substrates through the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen at Complex IV leads to the transport of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space by Complex I, III, and IV. This movement of protons to the intermembrane space generates a proton gradient (mitochondrial membrane potential; MMP) across the inner membrane. Complex V (ATP synthase) uses this MMP to drive the conversion of ADP to ATP. Some electrons escape to oxygen‐forming harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). Proton leakage back to the matrix which bypasses Complex V resulting in a major reduction in ROS formation while having a minimal effect on MMP and hence, ATP synthesis; a process termed “mild uncoupling.” UCPs act to promote this proton leakage as means to prevent excessive build up of MMP and ROS formation. In this review, we discuss the structure and function of mitochondrial UCPs 4 and 5 and factors influencing their expression. Hypotheses concerning the evolution of the two proteins are examined. The protective mechanisms of the two proteins against neurotoxins and their possible role in regulating intracellular calcium movement, particularly with regard to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease are discussed.
Giant Vesicles “Colonies”: A Model for Primitive Cell Communities
Authors: Carrara Paolo , Stano Pasquale , Luisi Pier Luigi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCurrent research on the origin of life typically focuses on the self‐organisation of molecular components in individual cell‐like compartments, thereby bringing about the emergence of self‐sustaining minimal cells. This is justified by the fact that single cells are the minimal forms of life. No attempts have been made to investigate the cooperative mechanisms that could derive from the assembly of individual compartments. Here we present a novel experimental approach based on vesicles “colonies” as a model of primitive cell communities. Experiments show that several advantages could have favoured primitive cell colonies when compared with isolated primitive cells. In fact there are two novel unexpected features typical of vesicle colonies, namely solute capture and vesicle fusion, which can be seen as the basic physicochemical mechanisms at the origin of life.
ChemInform Abstract: Annealing Temperature Dependence of Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Fe2CrAl and Fe2CrGa Heusler Alloys.
Authors: Umetsu R. Y. , Morimoto N. , Nagasako M. , Kainuma R. , Kanomata T. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBy controlling the annealing temperature, single phase Fe2CrAl alloys with A2 (1573 K), B2 (873 K), and L21‐type structures (673 K) can be obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Facet‐Dependent Photoreactivity of BiOCl Single‐Crystalline Nanosheets.
Authors: Jiang Jing , Zhao Kun , Xiao Xiaoyi , Zhang Lizhi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBiOCl single‐crystalline nanosheets with exposed {001} and {010} facets are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous solutions of Bi(NO3)3 and KCl (autoclave, 160 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [H3O]+/M2+ (M: Fe, Zn, Cu, Hg) Salts with [AsF6]‐.
Authors: Mazej Zoran , Goreshnik Evgeny , Jaglicic Zvonko 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe title compounds are characterized by single crystal XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: “Zeoball” [Sn36Ge24Se132]24‐: A Molecular Anion with Zeolite‐Related Composition and Spherical Shape.
Authors: Lin Yumei , Massa Werner , Dehnen Stefanie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe new compounds [bmmim]24[Sn36Ge24Se132] (I) (bmmim: 1‐butyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium) and [bmim]24[Sn32.5Ge27.5Se132] (II) are ionothermally synthesized by heating SnCl4 and [K4(H2O)3][Ge4Se10] in [bmmim][BF4] or [bmim][BF4], respectively, in the presence of a small amount of 2,6‐dimethylmorpholine (sealed pyrex tube, 150 °C, 2 d, 34 and 28% yield for (I) and (II), respectively).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Assembly of 2‐Oxindole and α‐Angelica Lactone Units to Construct Vicinal Quaternary Chiral Centers.
Authors: Huang Xin , Peng Jin , Dong Lin , Chen Ying‐Chun 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAn oxygen‐bridged quinidine derivative is successfully used as a chiral catalyst for the allylic alkylation of Morita—Baylis—Hillman carbonates (I) with lactones (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiomerically Enriched trans‐Diols from Alkenes in One Pot: A Multicatalyst Approach.
Authors: Hrdina Radim , Mueller Christian E. , Wende Raffael C. , Wanka Lukas , Schreiner Peter R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA non‐natural oligopeptide with distinctly different catalytic moieties catalyzes a multistep one‐pot sequence starting from simple alkenes (I) yielding highly enantiomerically enriched trans‐diols (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Isochromanones and Isoquinolines via Yb(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Tandem Oxirane/Aziridine Ring Opening/Friedel—Crafts Cyclization.
Authors: Wei Lai , Zhang Junliang 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA general protocol for the catalytic ring opening/cyclization of aryl oxiranyl ketones (I), (V) and (VII) and aryl aziridinyl ketones (IX) through selective C—C bond cleavage rather than the labile C—O/N bond cleavage under mild conditions is explored.
ChemInform Abstract: Activator‐Free and One‐Pot C‐Allylation by Simple Palladium Catalyst in Water.
Authors: Shue Yi‐Jen , Yang Shyh‐Chyun 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe Pd‐catalyzed allylation of various types of cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with allylic alcohols is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: A Copper‐Based Catalytic System for Carboxylation of Terminal Alkynes: Synthesis of Alkyl 2‐Alkynoates.
Authors: Inamoto Kiyofumi , Asano Narumi , Kobayashi Koji , Yonemoto Misato , Kondo Yoshinori 
Published: June 2012

AbstractUnder ambient conditions, aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic alkynes undergo the CuI/PEt3 catalyzed carboxylation with CO2 and alkyl bromides or iodides to give the title esters.
ChemInform Abstract: A General and Selective Copper‐Catalyzed Reduction of Secondary Amides.
Authors: Das Shoubhik , Join Benoit , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn situ‐generated Cu(II)—pybox catalyst system allows for the selective reduction of secondary amides (I) to the corresponding amines (II) in good yields.