bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correct site surgery — are we up to standard?
Authors: Owers Corinne , Lees Emily , Roberts Julian 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
To examine the impact made on safe surgical practice by the introduction of correct site surgery documentation in a children’s hospital containing a surgical unit in South Yorkshire. A retrospective audit of randomly selected case notes of children attending the hospital for an ENT/Plastic surgery/Orthopaedic/General surgical procedure during a period in 2006 or 2008. Outcome measures included the total, correct and legible completion of correct site surgery documentation pre-operatively. Significant improvement was noted between the 2006 and 2008 audits in the amount of patients being correctly marked (33% vs. 91%), however there were no forms in either study that were fully and correctly completed. Legibility of the forms also improved markedly between the studies (33% vs. 98%). The completion of correct site surgery forms improved with greater publicisation of the forms, however the practicality of the numbers of people required to complete the forms needs to be reviewed. The international introduction of such forms will generate valuable data as to the future utility of these checklists.
Hydrolase Activity in Transgenic Peanut
Authors: Chenault K. D. , Burns J. A. , Melouk H. A. , Payton M. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Fungal diseases of peanut are responsible for increased production costs and yield losses of up to 50% for peanut producers in the U.S. Few cultivars with disease resistance have been developed through traditional breeding practices. There is an urgent need for developing cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars that are resistant to the broad spectrum of fungal pathogens that pose a recurring threat to peanut health. Hydrolases such as chitinase and β-1-3-glucanase are known to degrade the cell walls of many fungi that attack plants, making them likely candidates for over-expression through genetic engineering to produce disease-resistant crops. Somatic embryos of the peanut cultivar Okrun were transformed with a chitinase gene from rice, and/or a β-1-3-glucanase from alfalfa via microprojectile bombardment. Regenerated Okrun lines were tested for the presence of the transgenes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot and for transgene expression by colorimetric assays. Transgenic lines exhibited hydrolase activities 0-37% above levels observed in nontransformed Okrun plants.
Genetic Relationships Among Peanut Cultivars and Breeding Lines in Shandong Province, PRC
Authors: Xue H. Q. , Isleib T. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Shandong province is the leading peanut-producing province in China which in turn is the leading peanut-producing country in the world. Shandong Peanut Research Institute (SPRI), an institute of the Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, has had an ongoing breeding program for more than 40 yr and is the source of the peanut cultivars that dominate production in Shandong province and northern China. About 75 peanut cultivars and breeding lines have been released in Shandong by SPRI and other institutions. The genetic base of Shandong peanut cultivars has been described as narrow. The objective of this study was to (a) determine the genetic contribution of main ancestors to the genetic base of Shandong peanut cultivars and (b) study the genetic relationships among the peanut cultivars released in Shandong province during 1950-1999. Twentysix ancestors were identified in the pedigrees of 69 improved lines, 24 ancestors of Chinese origin contributed 96.1% of the Shandong peanut genetic base, and two exotic introductions contributed only 3.6%. The four most important ancestors based on average coancestry with the 69 improved lines are Fu Hua Sheng (PI 436545), Shi Tou Qi (PI 430227 and PI 461435), Jianggezhuang Ban Man (PI 433351), and Shuyang Da Zhan Yang from which 67, 28, 27 and 19 lines were derived, respectively. Among the 20 dominant cultivars of Shandong province, recently released cultivars Lu Hua 14 and Lu Hua 15 have the lowest average coancestry with the others which means those two new cultivars' have the high genetic divergence. In contrast, the very popular cultivars Fu Hua Sheng, Baisha 1016, Xuzhou 68-4, Lu Hua 9, and the new cultivar 8130 were closely related to the other cultivars. The results suggest that the genetic base of Shandong peanut cultivars released before 1990 is narrow, but that cultivars released after 1990 have broadened the genetic base due to introduction and use of new germplasm in the pedigrees. This information will be used as a guide for peanut breeders in choosing parents and avoiding genetic vulnerability to pests. For new cross combinations, parents with low coefficients of coancestry should be chosen in order to keep enlarging the gene pool of the new cultivars.
Consumer Acceptability and Physicochemical Properties of Haitian Peanut Butter-Type Products (Mambas) Compared with U.S. Peanut Butter
Authors: Hinds M. J. , Jolly C. M. , Nelson R. G. , Donis Y. , Prophete E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Small-scale food processors in Haiti manufacture peanut butter-type products, locally called mambas. Mambas are prepared from ground, roasted peanuts, and may be flavored with sugar or pimiento peppers, but contain no stabilizers. This study compared acceptability by Haitian consumers and some physicochemical properties of mambas and U.S. peanut butter. Three types of mambas—Plain (no sugar or salt added), Sucre (with sugar and salt), and Pimente (with crushed pimiento peppers and salt)—and U.S. Crystal® smooth peanut butter were evaluated by 199 panelists ranging in age from 14 to 77 yr, and from three urban districts in Haiti. A randomized complete block design was used for the study. Samples in souffle cups were labeled with three-digit random codes. Panelists indicated their feelings about intensity levels of color, oily appearance, peanut flavor, sweetness, spiciness, and smooth mouth feel of the samples on five-point Just-About-Right scales. Color of the U.S. peanut butter (U.S., h° = 73.1 ± 0.70, L value = 58.9 ± 0.60) and mamba sucre (MS, h° = 74.0 ± 0.72, L value = 57.6 ± 0.74) was considered Just-Right (JR) by 67 and 57% of panelists, respectively, but the mamba pimente (MP, h° = 78.0 ± 1.27, L value = 60.4 ± 2.21) was too pale (63%). Oily appearance of all products was acceptable to 51-59% of the participants. The peanut flavor of U.S., MS, and MP was JR for 77, 80, and 74% of panelists, respectively, whereas it was too low in the plain mamba (M) for 41% of the panelists. Sixty-six and 67%, respectively, of panelists liked the sweetness of U.S. and MS, but M and MP were not sweet enough for 72 and 68%, respectively, of the panelists. Products U.S., MS, M, and MP contained 9.4 ± 0.29, 11.6 ± 0.30, 4.7 ± 0.08, and 3.7 ± 0.34% sugar, respectively. Fifty-five percent of panelists indicated that the spiciness of MP was JR, whereas 82-92% felt that the other products were not spicy enough. Panelists (63-75%) felt that the products had an acceptable mouth feel, but MS and MP were liked the most (75%). Results indicate that Haitian consumers prefer mambas that have sweet and pimiento flavors to unflavored products.
Sensory Quality Evaluation of Market-Grade-Sized Red Testa Seed Associated With TSWV Infection from Peanut Genotypes of Varying Resistance Levels1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G. , Gorbet D. W. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
With the increasing impact of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) on peanut production, concerns have been voiced by peanut processors that this disease has a negative impact on roasted peanut flavor quality. A descriptive sensory panel evaluated selected TSWV-resistant [Florida MDR 98, C-99R, UF97318] and susceptible (Florunner) genotypes for sensory quality differences by comparing market-grade sized (jumbo, medium, and No. 1 runner) red testa and normal seed from plants grown at two sites—Lewiston, NC and Marianna, FL. The triangle difference test and descriptive evaluation were performed on roasted peanut paste samples. Panelists were able to discern differences between pastes from normal and red testa seeds which most often were discerned in UF97318. Discernment became more pronounced as the market-grade size decreased from jumbo to medium to No. 1. Intensity of roasted peanut and sweet attributes was highest in Florida MDR 98 and lowest in UF97318. It was more difficult to achieve a constant roasted paste color in red testa than in normal samples. However, this difference had no effect on panelist's evaluation of sensory attributes. A specific factor enabling the panelists to discern differences between red testa and normal roasted paste samples was not identified. It is probable that the ability to discern differences between red testa and normal samples was the result of an accumulation of minor flavor differences.
Soil Temperature in the Peanut Pod Zone with Subsurface Drip Irrigation
Authors: Sorensen R. B. , Wright F. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Maintaining soil temperatures at specified levels (below 29 C) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is vital to crop growth, development, and pod yield. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems are not designed to wet the soil surface. Possible lack of moisture in the pod zone could result in elevated soil temperatures that could be detrimental to the peanut crop. The objective of this study was to document the response of pod zone soil temperature when irrigated with a SDI system. Thermocouple sensors were inserted at 5-cm soil depth in the crop row and at specified distances from the crop row in SDI and nonirrigated (NI) treatments. Maximum hourly and daily soil temperature data were measured at three locations, one in Virginia and two in Georgia. The maximum daily soil temperature decreased as plant canopy increased. During the first 50 d after planting (DAP), the average maximum soil temperature was 1 to 2 C cooler for both the SDI and NI treatments than the average maximum air temperature. From 50 DAP to harvest, the average maximum soil temperatures for SDI and NI treatments were 6 C cooler than the average maximum air temperature. During pod filling and maturation, the average maximum soil temperature was about 5 C cooler (27 C) for SDI treatments than the maximum air temperature and 2 C cooler than the recommended 29 C. Soil temperature in the NI treatments did exceed 29 C during periods of drought but decreased to values similar to SDI treatments immediately following a rainfall event. Overall, SDI can maintain maximum soil temperatures below critical values (29 C) during peanut fruit initiation to crop harvest.
Tolerance of Virginia-Type Peanut to Different Application Timings of 2,4-DB
Authors: Baughman T. A. , Grichar W. J. , Jordan D. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of 2,4-DB application timings on yield and market quality of virginia-type peanut. Trials were conducted at three locations in Texas and one location in North Carolina in 1997, 1998, and 1999. 2,4-DB at 0.45 kg ae/ha was applied 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 d after planting (DAP). Additional timings included combinations of 30 DAP followed by (fb) 60, 90, or 120 DAP; 60 DAP fb 90 or 120 DAP; and 90 DAP fb 120 DAP. Peanut yield, market grade factors, and pod and seed weight were not influenced by various application timings of 2,4-DB.
Market System Model to Predict the Effects of Regulatory and Processing Practices on the Removal of Aflatoxin from Peanuts1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Giesbrecht F. G. , Slate A. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A spreadsheet model was developed to predict the aflatoxin distribution among peanut lots in the market system from farmer stock marketing through storage, shelling, and blanching. The model calculates the aflatoxin distribution among lots after each major regulatory and processing stage in the market system from the buying point to the manufacturer. Model development is based on statistical and mathematical relationships derived from previous research on the effects of sampling plans and processing methods on the change in aflatoxin levels in peanuts. The USDA and the peanut industry can use the model as a tool to compare and evaluate the efficacy of proposed new regulations and processing methods on removing aflatoxin without actual costly implementation. The model also points out potential areas where information is missing and research is needed to better manage aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts. The model is used to evaluate the peanut market system where farmers' stock peanuts are chemically tested for aflatoxin.
Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum) Control in Strip-Tillage Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Production
Authors: Johnson W. C. , Prostko E. P. , Mullinix B. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Studies were conducted from 1999 through 2001 in Georgia to develop Texas panicum management systems in strip-tillage peanut production into a killed rye cover crop. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replications. Main plots were preemergence (PRE) herbicides for annual grass control—ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, metolachlor, alachlor, dimethenamid, and a nontreated PRE control. All plots were irrigated immediately after PRE applications to activate herbicides. Subplots were postemergence (POST) graminicides applied 28 d after peanut emergence—sethoxydim, clethodim, and a nontreated POST control. POST graminicides were applied with a crop oil concentrate. None of the PRE herbicides alone adequately controlled Texas panicum in strip-till peanut production, even with optimum activation with irrigation. Sethoxydim and clethodim controlled Texas panicum at least 91%, regardless of PRE treatments. Peanut yields were greater where ethalfluralin or pendimethalin PRE were applied sequentially with a POST graminicides, compared to PRE herbicides or POST graminicides alone. This suggests that, while POST graminicides effectively control Texas panicum, the reduced efficacy of dinitroaniline herbicides is still beneficial. The additional cost of a POST graminicide needs to be factored into production budgets for strip-tillage peanut production.
Sensory Comparison of Runner Peanut Market Grades from Selected Varieties1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G. , Gorbet D. W. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut processors have often inquired about the sensory quality difference between market grades. A literature search indicates that information on this subject is not directly available nor uniformly presented. Where statistical tests were applied, larger size grades of peanuts generally were measurably superior in flavor to those of the smallest size grade (Jumbo Runner or virginia extra large kernels and medium versus No. 1). However, in none of the cited studies did panelists make paired comparisons of different grades of peanuts to determine whether the difference in flavor was discernable. In this study, a triangle comparison testing was used to determine if trained panelists could discern a flavor difference between adjacent grades of runner peanuts and the sensory attributes that might contribute to discernment. Discernment was attained in four out of 10 combinations: Jumbo Runner versus medium kernels of Florida MDR 98 and all three comparisons of medium versus No. 1. When the flavor data were pooled across combinations, panelists were able to correctly discern the difference between Jumbo Runner and Medium kernels 49% of the time (P &lt; 0.05) and between medium and No. 1 kernels 90% of the time (P &lt; 0.01). The adjusted mean sensory scores were significantly different among the three grades for fruity and sweet attributes but not for roasted peanut or bitter due to the presence of interaction between kernel size and genotype. The flavor intensity range between medium and No. 1 kernels for fruity and sweet was greater than 0.5 units. This difference is probably the reason why panelists were able to correctly discern between them 90% of the time. The basis for this discernment between Jumbo Runner and medium kernels appeared to be differences in bitterness, but the direction of the difference was not consistent across genotypes.
Influence of Preplant Applications of 2,4-D, Dicamba, Tribenuron, and Tribenuron Plus Thifensulfuron on Peanut
Authors: Prostko E. P. , Grey T. L. , Johnson W. C. , Jordan D. L. , Grichar W. J. , Besler B. A. , Brewer K. D. , Eastin E. F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field trials were conducted in Georgia, North Carolina, and Texas to evaluate the effects of preplant applications of 2,4-D, dicamba, tribenuron, and tribenuron plus thifensulfuron on peanut yield. Herbicides were applied 30, 15, 7, or 0 d before planting (DBP) in conventional production systems in Georgia and Texas, and 28, 21, 14, 7, and 0 DBP in no- and strip-tillage systems in North Carolina. Amine and ester formulations of 2,4-D did not affect peanut yield at any time of application in any state. Dicamba reduced peanut yield when applied at 0 DBP in two of seven trials. Tribenuron did not affect peanut yield regardless of preplant interval. However, tribenuron plus thifensulfuron reduced yields when applied at 7 DBP in one of five trials. These data suggest that 2,4-D, tribenuron, and tribenuron plus thifensulfuron can be safely used for preplant weed control in peanut when applied 7 DBP. Dicamba should be applied a minimum of 15 DBP.
Residual Weed Control with Imazapic, Diclosulam, and Flumioxazin in Southeastern Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Grey T. L. , Bridges D. C. , Prostko E. P. , Eastin E. F. , Johnson W. C. , Vencill W. K. , Brecke B. J. , MacDonald G. E. , Ducar J. A. Tredaway , Everest J. W. , Wehtje G. R. , Wilcut J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Imazapic, diclosulam, and flumioxazin have been registered for use in peanut since 1996. These herbicides provide substantial residual control of broadleaf weeds in peanut. A comprehensive review was conducted for these residual herbicides to determine their role in future weed control systems in peanuts. Weed control data for research from over 100 experiments conducted from 1990–2000 by Georgia, Florida, and Auburn Universities and USDA-ARS scientists were compiled. Residual herbicide systems evaluated were imazapic postemergence (POST) at 71 g ai/ha, flumioxazin preemergence (PRE) at 70, 87, and 104 g ai/ha, diclosulam preplant incorporated (PPI) and PRE at 18 and 26 g ai/ha, and paraquat plus bentazon early POST (EPOST). Other treatments included the residual herbicides used in combination with paraquat plus bentazon EPOST, for a total of 17 treatments. Regionally important weeds were selected and included: sicklepod, Florida beggarweed, purple and yellow nut-sedge, Ipomoea morningglory species, and smallflower morningglory. Sicklepod control with imazapic alone was 86% (50 tests), 73% (25 tests) with paraquat plus bentazon, and 63% or less with diclosulam and flumioxazin regardless of rate. Florida beggarweed control was 90% (29 tests) with flumioxazin (104 g/ha PRE); 78% (50 tests) with diclosulam 26 g/ha PPI; 72% (72 tests) with imazapic; and 70% (40 tests) with paraquat plus bentazon. Purple and yellow nutsedge control was 90% with imazapic. Yellow nutsedge control was 78% (18 tests) with diclosulam (26 g/ha PRE) and less than 69% with flumioxazin and paraquat plus bentazon. Paraquat plus bentazon increased weed control over residual herbicides alone.
Impact of Application Rate and Treatment Interval on the Efficacy of Pyraclostrobin in Fungicide Programs for the Control of Early Leaf Spot and Southern Stem Rot on Peanut1
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Campbell H. L. , Bowen K. L. , Wells L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In 1999, 2000, and 2001, efficacy of the strobilurin fungicide pyraclostrobin (Headline F500) for the control of early leaf spot and southern stem rot was compared to that of standard fungicide programs on peanut cv. Georgia Green produced under irrigation. When applied at 2 wk intervals in 1999 and 2001, programs that included pyraclostrobin at rates ranging from 0.08 to 0.22 kg ai/ha gave better control of early leaf spot than the recommended season-long chlorothalonil program and were at least as efficacious against this disease as tebuconazole and azoxystrobin. The level of early leaf spot control provided by 0.08 to 0.16 kg ai/ha of pyraclostrobin applied every 3 wk and by chlorothalonil at the recommended 2 wk interval was similar. In all 3 yr, incidence of southern stem rot on peanut treated with pyraclostrobin alone, tank-mixed with flutolanil, or alternated with tebuconazole was significantly below damage levels recorded in plots treated with chlorothalonil alone and was usually comparable to the level of disease control obtained with recommended tebuconazole, flutolanil, or azoxystrobin programs. Compared to chlorothalonil alone, yields of the pyraclostrobin-treated peanuts were significantly greater in 2000 and 2001 and generally did not significantly differ from those yields recorded with the tebuconazole, flutolanil, or azoxystrobin programs. While pyraclostrobin often gave similar southern stem rot control over a range of treatment intervals, the most consistent yield gains were obtained when this fungicide was applied every 2 wk.
Response of Strip-Tilled Peanut to Broiler Litter, Starter Fertilizers, and Fungicide in an Irrigated Cropping System
Authors: Gascho G. J. , Brenneman T. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production in the Southern Coastal Plain of the U.S. is being impacted by increased use of broiler litter and by conservation tillage. There are no studies on the use of broiler litter for peanut grown in strip tillage and very little information on the use of starter fertilizers. Runner-type peanut was included in a 3 yr, double-cropped, irrigated rotation to determine the effects of broiler litter rates and starter fertilizers on disease development, pod yield, market grade, and gross economic value of runner market type peanut. Broiler litter rates of 0, 4.5, 9.0, and 13.5 Mg/ha were applied to the soil surface without incorporation prior to seeding. Within each broiler litter rate there were three starter fertilizer regimes (none, 93 L10–34–0/ha, and 93 L 12–22–5/ha) each with and without flutolanil {N-[3-(1-methylethoxy) phenyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide}applied twice at 1.12 kg ai/ha/application. Over 4 yr, broiler Utter either decreased or did not affect pod yield, market grade, or gross economic value of peanut. Southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) incidence was not affected by broiler litter, but Rhizotonia limb rot (Rhizoctonia solani, AG-4) incidence increased with broiler litter rate, possibly accounting for some of the decreases in production variables. Broiler litter application was neither an agronomic nor economic best management practice for peanut in this strip-tilled study. Flutolanil increased pod yield, market grade, and gross economic value of peanut regardless of broiler litter rate by decreasing the incidence of southern stem rot and Rhizotonia limb rot. Starter fertilizer had little effect on any of the measured parameters.