bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moisture Transmission Through Peanut Oil Films
Authors: Tiemstra Peter J. , Tiemstra John P. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The rate of moisture transfer through a peanut oil film was measured. It was found that the rate can be expressed by the equation:
r = [k a1 (Δ a)]/t
where r is the rate in g water/cm2/day, a1 is the higher water activity, Δ a is the difference in the water activity across the barrier, t is the film thickness and k is a constant.
This principle was extended to fat-humectant systems where the lower water activity phase is intimately distributed through the fatty medium such as peanut butter and chocolate liquor. Doubling the fat content should increase the film thickness around each particle by 2 and halve the transmission rate as was found experimentally.
Storage of Prepackaged Fresh “Green” Peanuts
Authors: Hoover M. W. , Miller Norman C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Raw ‘green’ peanuts were treated with combinations of hot water and fungicides. Portions of the variously treated peanuts were surface dried in 110°F. moving air for 10 minutes prior to packaging. The visible microbial infection of the packaged peanuts was greatly reduced by treating the raw, washed product in a 120°F. water bath containing 500 ppm of either Botran or benomyl. Treating the raw peanuts by submerging them in 120°F. water for 2.5 to 5 minutes was effective in retarding microbial growth; however, this was greatly improved by the addition of Botran or Benomyl. Reducing the surface moisture of the peanuts in 110°F. moving air for 10 minutes enhanced the effectiveness of all treatments.
Contents of Eight Nutrients in Central Stem Leaf Segments of Ten Peanut Cultivars and Lines1
Authors: Hallock D. L. , Martens D. C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Petioles and blades of central stem leaves of 10 peanut (Arachis bypogaea L.) cultivars or lines grown in fertilized field plots in 1972 and 1973 and the last of four consecutive crops grown in pots during 1971 to 1973 were analyzed for evidence of relative differences in nutritional requirements. Runner-types included were Florigiant, Florunner, Va. 72R, NC 5, Avoca 11, and Va. 61R and bunch-types were NC 17, NC-Fla. 14, Va. 68 Composite, and Va. 70 Composite. The peanuts were grown in Woodstown (Aquic Hapludult) loamy fine sand.
Significant (5% level) differences among cultivars or lines occurred in the K, Ca, and Mg contents and not in the P, B, Mn, Zn, and Cu contents of leaf portions of peanuts grown in the field. However, none of the cultivars or lines contained markedly higher or lower contents of any nutrient-considered. Lines Va. 68 Composite and Va. 70 Composite and the cultivar Avoca 11 had not been evaluated in similar previous research. These generally were intermediate or higher in contents of the nutrients, except the Mg content of Va. 70 Composite petioles was lower than in most cultivars or lines but equivalent to NC 5 and Va. 72R. Petioles were higher in K and Mg contents, whereas the blades were higher in P, Ca, B, Mn, Zn, and Cu contents.
Continuous cropping of soil in the pots did not develop any apparent restrictive levels of nutrient availability. Hence, the fourth crop was not subjected to nutritional conditions for elucidation of abnormal nutrient-uptake capabilities among cultivars or lines.
Florigiant, Va. 72R, and NC-Fla. 14 cultivars were labeled as superior in yield potential in Virginia in previous research. Portions of these cultivars were highest 25%, intermediate 50% and lowest 25% of the cases, in contents of one or more of the eight nutrients of both field and pot-grown plants.
The average contents of the nutrients in leaf portions of the bunch or runner type cultivars or lines were similar.
Composition Changes of Peanut Fruit Parts During Maturation1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Johns Elizabeth B. , Singleton John A. , Sanders Timothy H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Studies are reported which follow the changes in starch, sugar, fresh and extraction residue weights of peanut fruit parts during maturation. Observations are also reported on the lipid content of the seed. Starch and sugar contents reached maximum levels first in the pericarp (hull) and then the seed coat (testa). Starch maxima occurred at early and middle maturity (stages 3 [10 mg] and 7 [10 mg]) and sugar maxima at a stage approaching middle maturity and at middle maturity (stage 6 [47 mg] and 8[9 mg]), respectively. In the seed, starch reached a maximum just beyond middle maturity (stage 9 [55 mg]) and then remained constant. Sugar content increased throughout maturation and lipid content became maximum at full maturity (stage 13 [415 mg]) then declined to 385 mg at over-maturity (stage 15). The role of regulating substrate supply to the developing seed seemed to shift from the pericarp to the seed coat with increasing maturity. Observed increases in fruit residue weight suggest that the pericarp is competing with the seed for metabolic resources during the late maturity stages.
Effects of Dolomitic Limestone, Gypsum, and Potassium on Yield and Seed Quality of Peanuts1
Authors: Sullivan G. A. , Jones G. L. , Moore R. P. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The interactive effects of dolomitic limestone, gypsum, and potassium on yield and seed quality of a Virginia-type peanut was investigated. Responses were assessed in field experiments using a split-plot design with varying rates and combinations of dolomitic limestone and gypsum as the main plots. Two rates of potassium applied at planting were used as the split plots. Treatment effects were measured by changes in soil mineral composition, mineral content of the plant and fruit, yield, seed maturity, and seed quality.
Applications of dolomitic limestone increased soil pH and soil calcium levels, but did not improve seed quality or increase yields or kernel content of the fruits. Applications of gypsum improved seed germination, seedling survival, seedling vigor, and root growth. Dark plumule abnormality was reduced by addition of gypsum. Soil pH was reduced and chemical composition of peanut leaves, hulls, and seed was influenced more by gypsum than by either dolomitic limestone or potassium. Potassium was less detrimental to fruit yield and seed quality when applied in combination with gypsum. Two seedling abnormalities, watery hypocotyl and physiological root breakdown, were associated with low levels of seed calcium.
Laboratory Device for Peanut Skin Removal1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Mozingo R. W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A laboratory device for peanut skin removal was designed and constructed to give maximum blanchability with a minimum of split kernels. Skin removal was accomplished by directing a stream of air into a 250 g. mass of peanuts held in an inclined-screen container rotating inside a plastic cylinder. The mechanical, electrical, and pneumatic components that make up the sample blancher were described. The operational features were discussed and results were presented relative to the blanching factors, split kernels, unblanched kernels, whole blanched kernels, blanching loss, and preheating loss.
The effects of air pressure, blanching time, and preheating time on the blanching factors provided a basis for selecting the proper pressure and time to give maximum blanchability with a minimum of split kernels. Virginia-type peanut breeding lines were evaluated for blanchability with this device.
Factors Affecting Aspergillus flavus Lk. ex Fr. Colonization of Resistant and Susceptible Genotypes of Arachis hypogaea L.1
Authors: Mixon Aubrey C. , Rogers Kenneth M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Two Arachis hypogaea L. genotypes (P. I. 337–394F and P. I. 337409) resistant to seed colonization by aflatoxin-producing strains of Aspergillus flavus Lk ex. Fr., were used to study the effects of initial adjusted seed moisture, incubation and storage time, seed maturity, harvest time and seed handling on seed colonization by the fungus. Under conditions highly favorable to the growth of the fungus, seed colonization (P.I. 337394F) was greater at 20% adjusted seed moisture than at 25% seed moisture. Colonization was least at 15 and 30% adjusted moisture. Aspergillus flavus colonized a low percentage (17%) of the cotyledons of P.I. 337409 genotype after 48 hours of incubation, whereas, 100% of the cotyledons of P.I. 331326 (a susceptible genotype) were colonized. Colonization of P.I. 337394F seed with intact seed coats increased with each increase in storage time from 0 to 6 and 12 weeks, and for each increase in temperature from 5 to 20 and 35C. Immature and overmature seed of both resistant genotypes with intact seed coats were more susceptible to colonization than sound-mature seed. However, seed of the resistant genotypes were colonized at a low level, with no difference for seed harvested at 4 successive 2-week intervals, whereas P.I. 331326 had greater colonization for each successive harvest date. Seed coat abrasion, soaking for 5 min. in a H2SO4 solution, machine picking or machine-shelling increased colonization of seed over check treatments.
Differences in Plant and Pod Reaction of Peanut Lines to Infection by Diplodia gossypina1
Authors: Porter D. M. , Hammons R. O. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In greenhouse inoculation tests we screened peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars Florigiant and Florispan Runner and breeding lines Tifton 8, F393–9–5–1–2–3, F420–100 and F334A-B-14 for resistance to Diplodia gossypina, using a low and a high level of inoculum. Thirty days after inoculation at the low inoculum level, all of the F393–9–5–1–2–3 and 50% of the Florigiant plants were infected. Thirty days after inoculation at the high inoculum level, all plants of F393–9–5–1–2–3, F420–100, Florigiant, and Tifton 8 were infected. Sixty days after inoculation, 50% of the Florispan Runner plants were infected. Ninety days after inoculation, 60% and 35% of Florispan Runner and F334A-B-14 plants, respectively, were infected. Pods of F393–9–5–1–2–3, F420–100, Tifton 8, and Florigiant were severely rotted 30 days after inoculation. During this time, only 3% of the Florispan Runner pods were rotted, whereas pods of F334A-B-14 remained free of rot. D. gossypina was isolated from all seed from nonrotted pods of F393–9–5–1–2–3, F420–100, Florigiant, and Tifton 8 after inoculation. Only 10% of Florispan Runner seed yielded isolates of this fungus. D. gossypina was not isolated from F334A-B-14 seed.
Accuracy of Peanut Moisture Determinations by Using the Official AOCS Method1
Authors: Brusewitz G. H. , Whitaker T. B. , Young J. H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted using Spanish peanuts at Oklahoma State University and Virginia peanuts at North Carolina State University regarding the variability in moisture determination using the official AOCS method. The variability among 30 samples was estimated at 5 moisture levels for each of the two peanut types. No difference could be detected between the two types and the data were combined. The standard deviation was linearly related to the mean moisture. Data provided information necessary to compute the number of samples required for a desired precision.
Effect of Curing Method on Peanut Seed Quality1
Authors: Norden A. J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Moisture removal is a major function of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) curing process. While commercial peanut production in the United States has become largely mechanized, peanut breeders must often resort to the stackpole method of curing. This two year study evaluates the effects of alternative curing methods on seed quality of experimental peanuts. Three cultivars were harvested at two maturities, and after 0, 1 or 2 days exposure in inverted windrows, fruit from each treatment were then cured on stackpoles or in circulating air ovens at 38°, 54° or 66°C. Analyses were made on weight/seed and percentages of moisture, shelling, shrivels. germination, and extra large kernels.
While year of production affected seed weight and germination, harvest date within years did not affect the characteristics studied. Days in the windrow affected moisture content. Drying temperatures affected shelling, shrivels and germination percentages.
Harvesting a week earlier than optimum resulted in more shriveled seed but better germination. This indicates that it may be advantageous to dig a crop used for seed earlier than that dug for edible use.
The % shriveled seed increased somewhat with increased drying temperatures. Stack curing had the lowest % of shriveled seed. Peanuts that were not placed in windrows had heavier seed if stack-cured than if oven-dried, indicating that the seeds continue to mature while attached to the vine.
Seed from pods cured in ovens at temperatures below 54°C, especially when left in windrows a day or more, germinated as well or better than those stack-cured. At high oven temperatures, germination increased with number of days in windrows indicating that viability is impaired at high temperatures when moisture content is high.
The results indicate that peanut researchers could improve their harvesting efficiency by picking from the windrow and utilizing mechanical dryers adjusted to a somewhat higher temperature than that recommended for edible peanuts. The stackpole method results in high quality seed with less risk of loss than from windrow curing.
Resistance of Peanut Germplasm to Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum1
Authors: Porter D. M. , Beute M. K. , Wynne J. C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Several peanut cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions were screened in the field for susceptibility to Sclerotinia blight, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Differences in susceptibility ranged from slight to severe. Of the cultivars screened, Florigiant appeared to be the most resistant to S. sclerotiorum. Florigiant and NC 17165 pod yields were significantly greater and plants were killed less frequently than plants of other cultivars. Breeding lines with Spanish and Valencia pedigrees were more resistant to S. sclerotiorum than Florigiant.
Effect of Plowing Date and Certain Crop Rotations on Peanut Productivity1
Authors: Hallock D. L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The relationship of certain land management systems to productivity and pod breakdown disease incidence in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) was studied in Virginia during 1971–74. Main treatments were three dates of moldboard plowing prior to planting peanuts in the rotations. Splitplot treatments were 2-year rotations: (I) peanuts followed by rye (Secale cereale) winter cover crop then corn (Zea mays) followed by rye winter cover crop; (II) peanuts followed by rye winter cover crop then soybeans (Glycine max) followed by no winter cover crop (except weeds); (III) peanuts followed by rye winter cover crop then no summer crop (residue of unharvested rye) nor cover crop planted; (IV) peanuts followed by rye winter cover crop then corn followed by fallow in winter, weeds prevented.
Dates of plowing treatments affected peanut productivity most. Gross crop values and yields in plots plowed in December were 7%, and 18-to-20%, respectively, higher than when plots were plowed in March or May. Sound mature kernel contents also were lower for the later plowing dates.
Differences among rotation treatment means occurred only when plots were plowed in May. Gross crop values were higher for rotation I than for rotation III and IV. In 1974, gross crop values obtained from plots plowed in March in rotation IV were equivalent to those from plots plowed in December.
None of the treatments differentially affected pod breakdown disease significantly. However, the percentage of rotted pods averaged somewhat lower in plots plowed in December.
Effects of Time of Application of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on Yields and Associated Characteristics of Peanuts1
Authors: Daughtry C. S. , Brown R. H. , Ethredge W. J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Experiments were conducted during 3 years to evaluate the effects of applying succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at various times during the growing season on yield and other characteristics of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plants in field plots were treated with 0.95 kg/ha of SADH at 6, 8, 10 or 12 weeks after planting. SADH was applied as a foliar spray to the ‘Starr’ cultivar in 1970 and ‘Tifspan’ and ‘Florunner’ cultivars in 1971 and 1972. In 1970 and 1972 an “as needed” treatment was included to keep plants shorter than 34 cm. Pod yields were not significantly (P &lt; .05) increased by SADH. Weight per pod, pod length, pod diameter and kernel size were decreased by early applications. There were trends toward increased pod and kernel size with 12 week SADH application, but the trends were significant (P &lt; .05) only for Florunner pod length and the percentage of Tifspan kernels larger than 7.5 mm diameter in 1972. Multiple SADH application in the “as needed” treatment tended to increase pods per plant and decrease pod and kernel size.
Incidence and Distribution of Peanut Mottle Virus in Peanut in the United States1
Authors: Demski J. W. , Smith D. H. , Kuhn C. W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Peanut mottle virus (PMV) was isolated from commercially grown peanuts in New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. This is the first report of PMV in the Southwestern United States and shows PMV to be present in all states with major peanut production. The incidence of PMV in Texas and Oklahoma was low in comparison to New Mexico and the Southeastern states. PMV was found in both seed and leaves of plants grown in the various states. The mild strain of PMV is the predominant strain in the United States. Since the source of primary inoculum is infected plants that have grown from infected seeds, it is theorized that the use of seed grown in areas with little or no PMV (Texas and Oklahoma) gives the greatest possibility of eliminating or delaying PMV epidemics.
Effects of Lipid Peroxidation During Storage on Raw and Roasted Peanut Proteins1
Authors: St. Angelo Allen J. , Ory Robert L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The development of peroxidation in several varieties of peanuts stored for 12 months at 4°C was measured spectrophotometrically. Samples of raw and roasted peanuts were extracted with two solvent systems: hexane and chloroform/methanol. Proteins were extracted from the meals with buffered sodium chloride; protein recoveries, solubilities, and electrophoretic mobilities were compared. Intact raw peanuts were stored for at least 5 months at 4°C without appreciable peroxidation, but thereafter, peroxidation proceeds slower than that of roasted peanuts.
An Immunochemical Survey of Proteins In Species of Arachis
Authors: Neucere Navin J. , Cherry John P. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A comparative immunological survey of the proteins in 36 species accessions of the genus Arachis as grouped by Gregory et al. (1973) conducted by using immune sera from cultivated peanuts showed both quantitative and qualitative differences in protein contents. Sections I (Axonomorphae) and II (Erectoides) contained higher concentartions of the major peanut globulin, α-arachin than sections III (Caulorhizae), IV (Rhizomatosae), V (Extranervosae), VI (Pseudoaxonomorphae) and VII (Triseminalae). The precipitin patterns of total proteins in sections I, II, and IV appeared very similar to the precipitin pattern of the cultivar Virginia 61R. In general, the total precipitin patterns of sections III, V, VI, and VII showed relatively higher quantities of the albumins and the conarachins than did precipitin patterns of the other sections and their total patterns were less similar to the total pattern of Virginia 61R. Both intraspecific and interspecific polymorphism of proteins existed throughout the seven sections as evidenced by immunochemistry.
Physiology of Oil Seeds. V. Germination of NC-13 Virginia-type Peanut Seeds in the Presence of Inhibitors and Ethylene.1,2
Authors: Ketring D. L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Control dormant seeds that imbibed water for 16 hr germinated 100% after 10 μ 1/1 C2H4 was applied for 24 hr. Dormant seeds that imbibed cycloheximide (100 μg/ml), 6-methylpurine (50 μ g/ml) and 6-azauracil (50 μ g/ml) for 16 hr did not germinate at either 24 or 48 hr after 10 μ 1/1 ethylene treatment. Both protein- and nucleic acid-synthesis ihhibitors prevented germination induced by ethylene in these dormant seeds.
Imbibition of 20 μ M ABA by dormant seeds prevented germination, but this effect was reversed by ethylene. Tracer studies with 14C-amino acids indicate that ABA does not inhibit total protein synthesis, but it does inhibit emergence in the absence of ethylene. In the presence of ABA plus ethylene, emergence occurred, but no change in total protein synthesis was detected. At 8 weeks after harvest, both germination and incorporation of 2–14C-uracil into RNA were inhibited by ABA and stimulated by ethylene. By 17 weeks after harvest, only the inhibition of germination and its reversal by ethylene were notable. However, at 17 weeks after harvest, ethylene enhanced RNA synthesis when germination and protein synthesis were inhibited by cycloheximide. Development of isocitritase activity in the seeds was inhibited by ABA and the inhibition was reversed by ethylene, indicating that de novo synthesis of protein is inhibited by ABA and activated by ethylene in these seeds. The opposite effects of ABA and ethylene on germination, RNA synthesis and isocitritase activity suggest that germination is controlled at the level of RNA and/or protein synthesis in these seeds. The prevention of germination of dormant seeds in the presence of ethylene by protein- and RNA-synthesis ihhibitors supports this suggestion, but the data do not preclude an action of ABA or ethylene prior to detectable affects on RNA or protein synthesis.
Photosynthesis in Peanut (Arachis) Genotypes1
Authors: Bhagsari A. S. , Brown R. H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Research was undertaken to assess the variation in photosynthetic capacity within the genus Arachis and to determine associations between photosynthesis and other leaf characteristics. Photosynthetic rates of attached leaves of thirty-one peanut genotypes, including six wild (Arachis L.) species and twenty-four genotypes of the cultivated species, Arachis hypogaea L., were measured by gas exchange. Genotypes of A. hypogaea showed a range in photosynthetic rates from 24 to 37 mg CO2 dm-2 hr-1. Florunner, a recently developed US cultivar, consistently had higher photosynthetic rates than most other peanut genotypes. The rates were approximately 41 and 30 mg CO2 dm-2 hr-1 in two pot experiments and a field test, respectively. Wild species had generally lower photosynthetic rates than did A. hypogaea. A. pintoi Krap. et Greg. had the lowest rate of photosynthesis and the lowest specific leaf weight in the three experiments. Photosynthetic rate was positively correlated, though weakly, with percent nitrogen and chlorophyll content of leaves in two out of three experiments. Specific leaf weight was positively correlated with photosynthesis in only one out of three experiments. Stomatal frequency and photosynthetic rates were negatively correlated. The relationship between photosynthesis and leaf characteristics is discussed.
Resistance of Peanuts to the Potato Leafhopper1
Authors: Campbell W. V. , Emery D. A. , Wynne J. C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
More than 700 peanut (Arachis hypogaea) lines from the North Carolina germplasm collection were evaluated for resistance to the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae Harris, from 1961 to 1972. Twelve lines were selected as being highly resistant to the potato leafhopper. The lines represent two diverse sources of germplasm resistant to the potato leafhopper.
A study of the nature of resistance using standard histological techniques revealed leafhopper resistance was associated with a thick epidermis, long trichomes, and with a high percentage of straight trichomes on leaves. Leafhopper susceptible peanuts have leaves with an appressed surface texture.