bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of the recycling and stability of flexographic photopolymer plates
Authors: Cordeiro Cristina C. , Bernardin Adriano M. , Da Silva Luciano , Fiori Márcio A. , Benavides R. , Oenning Leonardo W. , Paula Marcos M. S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFlexographic photopolymer plates have a wide range of commercial applications despite the fact that recycling of such materials is difficult. In consequence, there is a large bulk of leftover material around the world. In this research, the photopolymer plate waste products, identified as styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR)/polyester are blended into common polypropylene (PP) and ethylenevinylacetate (EVA) resins at different loading percentages. PP and EVA are used as the polymer matrix and the recovered styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) material as the filler. Evaluation of the mechanical, spectroscopic, thermal and chemical properties, as well as morphology, is done by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical results show that elongation strongly depends on the matrix polymer: the greater the amount of solid‐sheet photopolymer (SSP), the smaller the elongation. No specific interactions were detected; however, thermal degradation and transitions were displaced, suggesting some miscibility. More homogeneity is seen for EVA blends, with no significant chemical attack detected. It is possible to reuse these recycled materials in blends with PP and EVA resins. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of poly(1‐vinyl‐3‐propylimidazolium) iodide for quasi‐solid polymer electrolyte in dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Jin Xin , Tao Jie , Yang Yan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe synthesis conditions of ionic liquid 1‐vinyl‐3‐propylimidazolium iodide (ViPrIm+I−) and Poly(1‐vinyl‐3‐propylimidazolium) iodide [P(ViPrIm+I−)] were studied in this work. P(ViPrIm+I−) as a single‐ion conductor providing iodine was designed to develop a quasi‐solid polymer electrolyte based on PVDF/PEO film for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The samples were characterized respectively by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), etc. The results showed that the single‐ion conducting quasi‐solid polymer electrolyte (SC‐QPE) exhibited high ionic conductivity of 1.86 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature measured by CHI660C Electrochemical Workstation. Moreover, solar cells assembled using the SC‐QPE yielded an open‐circuit voltage of 0.83V, short‐circuit current of 8.01 mA cm−2 and the conversion efficiency of 2.42%. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of poly(3‐octylthiophene)/single wall carbon nanotube composites for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Kim Hee Jin , Koizhaiganova Raushan B. , Karim Mohammad Rezaul , Lee Gang Ho , Vasudevan Thiagarajan , Lee Mu Sang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn situ polymerization of P3OT with SWCNT is carried out in the presence of a FeCl3 oxidant in a chloroform medium. The characterization of the composites is performed with FTIR, Raman, 1H‐NMR, UV–Vis, PL spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM, and conductivity measurements. The change (if any) in CC symmetric and antisymmetric stretching frequencies in FTIR, the shift in G band frequencies in Raman, any alterations in λmax of UV–Vis and PL spectroscopic measurements are monitored with SWCNT loading in the polymer matrix. 1H‐NMR confirms the wrapping of the polymer on to the SWCNT indicating lack of mobility. The work function values and the optical band gap values also support this view. The in situ polymerization procedure of the donor polymer molecules and the acceptor carbon nanotubes has resulted in enhanced dispersibility and stability of the composites in organic solvents. However, the principal focus of the study is to understand the interaction between the polymer and the SWCNTs, as the interface plays an important role in its application in the photovoltaic cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Curing behavior and mechanical properties of hollow glass microsphere/bisphenol a dicyanate ester composites
Authors: Wang Jinhe , Liang Guozheng , He Shaobo , Yang Lianli 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHollow glass microsphere (HGS)/bisphenol A dicyanate ester (BADCy) composites have been prepared by mechanical mixing, followed by a stepped curing process. The effect of HGS on the curing behavior of BADCy was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical properties of the composites were examined by mechanical tests, and the improvements of the mechanical properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results show that HGS is catalytic for the polycyclomerization of the BADCy, which is advantageous to reduce the maximal processing temperature. The impact strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus and storage modulus of BADCy are improved. The improvements of the mechanical properties without sacrificing thermal properties, the ability of lowing processing temperature and the low cost make HGS good filler for cyanate ester resin. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Possibilities of polymer‐aided dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes at neutral pH
Authors: Agarwal B. J. , Bhattacharya S. D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWater‐soluble polymers have versatile application, viz., water‐soluble polyacrylates have been widely used in the reactive dyeing of cellulosic fibers and the related soaping as an important component of the leveling and washing agent. In this article, one such water‐soluble polymer, polyacrylic acid has been synthesized, characterized, and applied in conjunction with various types of reactive dyes, namely triazinyl, vinyl sulfone, high exhaustion, and bifunctional reactive dyes, along with crosslinking agents, namely glycerol 1,3‐dichlorohydrin and hexamethylene tetramine‐hydroquinone, respectively. One of the crosslinking agents (the former one) has been synthesized in the laboratory. Crosslinking agent is necessary to adhere the dye molecule onto the cellulose macromolecule. Different process sequences have been formulated and explored for dyeing purpose. All such dyeings were carried out at neutral pH. The dyed samples were assessed through color strength in terms of K/S values and their fastness properties were assessed by standard methods. All such dyeings were compared with conventional dyed samples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
New method for preparation of hydrophobic interaction chromatographic stationary phases based on polymer‐grafted silica and their chromatographic properties
Authors: Wang Fanghuan , Dai Xiaojun , Gong Bolin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA new “grafting to” method for the preparation of polymer‐grafted silica hydrophobic interaction (HIC) packings was used in following steps. Firstly, 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane was bonded on silica to obtain SH‐group modified silica. Secondly, glycidylmethacrylate (GMA) was coated on the surface of SH‐silica to obtain polymer‐grafted epoxide‐silica. Finally, the polymer‐grafted epoxide‐silica was dispersed in polyethylene glycol of dioxane solution to produce HIC stationary phase. The prepared HIC packings have advantages for biopolymer separation, high column efficiency and good resolution for proteins. The dynamic protein loading capacity of the synthesized packings was 36.0 mg/g. Six proteins were fast separated in less than 12.0 minutes using the synthesized HIC stationary phases. Then the stationary phase was evaluated in detail to determine the effects of pH of mobile phase, concentration of ammonium sulfate and the temperature on the retention of proteins. The thermodynamic parameters of these proteins are consistent with the entropically driven nature of hydrophobic interactions, The HIC column was used for purification of trypsin from a crude extract solution with only one step. The purity of the purified trypsin was more than 95%. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of electrically conducting copolymers based on biphenyl and thiophene
Authors: Simitzis Johannis , Triantou Despina , Soulis Spyridon 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNew electrically conducting copolymers based on biphenyl and thiophene in a form of film were synthesized by electropolymerization using potentiostatic conditions and the corresponding homopolymers, polyphenylenes, and polythiophenes, for comparison reasons. Different values of applied potential were used, to study its effect on the structure, morphology, and electrical conductivity of the films. From the analysis of the current‐time curves, it was found that the growth of the films follows layer by layer (2D) mechanism. The films were studied by FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM‐EDAX and their electrical conductivity was determined, as well as their energy gap (Eg) by cyclic voltammetry. The copolymers had higher conductivity (appr. 1 S/cm) and lower Eg (appr. 1.2 eV) than that of the corresponding homopolymers. These materials due to their high conductivity, high stability under repetitive potential cycling, and partial solubility are candidates for electronic applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Origin of double melting peaks of α‐form isotactic polypropylene: Recrystallization and lamellar thickness hierarchy
Authors: Yang Jinhai 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIsotactic polypropylene (iPP) shows both double melting peaks and single melting peak depending on cooling rates and crystallization temperatures. This manuscript reviews the related studies. These melting behaviors can be explained based on two types of spherulite structures. Type I Spherulites have predominant cross‐hatched lamellae with same thickness in both tangential and radial directions. They form at low crystallization temperatures and show one melting peak at fast heating rates, while double melting peaks at low heating rates because of recrystallization. Type II Spherulites have thinner cross‐hatched lamellae in center and thicker radial lamellae in peripheral part. They form at high crystallization temperatures and show double melting peaks that can not be eliminated by fast heating rates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of wood flour loading and thermal annealing on viscoelastic properties of poly(lactic acid) composite films
Authors: Hrabalova M. , Gregorova A. , Wimmer R. , Sedlarik V. , Machovsky M. , Mundigler N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) films filled with up to 50 wt % softwood flour were prepared by melt compounding and thermocompression. Thermal annealing of the melt was performed at temperatures from 90°C to 120°C, for 45 min. Responses on polymer‐filler interactions, viscoelastic properties, crystallinity of PLA as well as PLA‐wood flour‐filled films were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effectiveness of fillers on the storage moduli (C) was also calculated. The results reveal that wood flour (WF) in conjunction with thermal annealing affected the melting behavior of PLA matrix, and the glass transition temperature. It was further found that the effectiveness of the wood filler in biocomposites widely improved with thermal annealing as well as with higher WF concentration. Finally, it was found that the compatibility between WF and the PLA matrix can be improved when suitable annealing conditions are applied. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
PVA cryogel membranes as a promising tool for the retention and separation of metal ions from aqueous solutions
Authors: Papancea Adina , Valente Artur J. M. , Patachia Silvia 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sorption and transport of metal ions by poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel membranes (PVA HG), obtained by physical crosslinking through the freezing/thawing method, was analyzed using aqueous nitrate solutions of copper, lead, and nickel, at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 mM, at 25°C. The sorption of heavy metal by PVA HG has been characterized by swelling and loading degrees. The effect of the heavy metals incorporation on the chemical properties of PVA HG matrices has been studied using SEM, to observe changes in the surface morphology of PVA HG membranes, and FTIR–ATR, aiming to monitor the heavy metals ions sorption into PVA hydrogel membranes. The analysis of permeation and diffusion coefficients of 100 mM aqueous solutions of Cu2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+ show that the diffusion process may be mainly described by hydrodynamic models; however, the transport process shows that the distribution coefficient for the different heavy metals are always higher than one, in agreement, with the sorption studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Electrical and mechanical properties of bismuth oxide nanowire/poly(vinyl acetate)
Authors: Mahmoud Waleed E. , Al‐Ghamdi A. A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPoly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) loaded bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanowires was successfully prepared at low temperature and ambient pressure. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the final product. It was found that Bi2O3 nanowires were formed and the diameter of the rods was confined to within 8 nm. The diameter and length of formed rods was found increase by increasing the bismuth oxide concentration in the PVAc matrix. The current‐voltage (I‐V) characteristic curves revealed that the charge transport is mainly nonlinear due to grain boundary contribution. The complex impedance spectroscopy was confirmed that the grain boundary effect controls the charge transport mechanism through nanocomposites. The deformation behavior after preparing the nanocomposites, irrespective of Bi2O3 concentration, is similar to that of the unfilled elastomer, implying that the mechanism of large deformation is mainly governed by the matrix. The mechanical measurements confirmed that the bismuth oxide has rod‐like shape. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Reinforcing rubber with carbon nanotubes
Authors: Nah Changwoon , Lim Jee Young , Cho Baik Hwan , Hong Chang Kook , Gent Alan N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe suggest a new reinforcing mechanism for carbon nanotube (CNT)/rubber compounds, based on a comparison of CNT reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) with that by carbon black (CB). The mechanical properties of the NR/CNT compounds were significantly higher, but the amount of bound rubber, an indication of the level of filler‐rubber interaction, was lower than with CB. Moreover, the CNT‐filled compounds showed a greater degree of strain‐softening (Payne effect) and stress‐softening (Mullins effect) and higher permanent set than the CB‐filled compounds, indicating weaker bonding. In scanning electron microscope studies on cryogenically‐fractured surfaces, the CNT bundles were seen to protrude out of the surface when the sample was stretched and slid back in when the deformation was removed. We infer that interfacial interactions between CNT and NR are weak in comparison with the relatively strong adhesion between rubber and CB, as indicated by the high amount of bound rubber in that case. Thus, reinforcement by CNTs is attributed to their large aspect ratio and physical entanglement with rubber molecules, rather than to strong interfacial interaction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Halogen‐free intumescent flame retardant acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends
Authors: Zhao Guodong , Pan Zhiliang , Lu Chengxiang , Cai Xufu 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe influence of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with and without synergistic agents — aluminum hypophosphite (Al(H2PO2)3), epoxy resin (E‐44), and Zeolite 4A — in acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (ABS/PET) blends was investigated. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 tests were used to investigate flame properties. The results showed that APP with and without synergistic agents all improved the flame retardancy of ABS/PET systems. The ABS/PET/APP + 2 wt % Al(H2PO2)3, ABS/PET/APP + 2 wt % E‐44, and ABS/PET/APP + 3 wt % Zeolite 4A systems achieved the best flame retardancy rating of V0 and LOI values were 32, 34, and 30.5, respectively. The thermal degradation behaviors analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated APP mainly accelerated the degradation of PET and led to the increase of charring residues. Al(H2PO2)3 and E‐44 resulted in synergistic effects on the charring process of ABS/PET/APP. SEM revealed that the intact, dense, and strong char layer formed on the surface of the ABS/PET/APP/ Al(H2PO2)3 (or E‐44) system, which was significantly different from the loose and porous char layer of ABS/PET and ABS/PET/APP systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Cyclodextrin inclusion complex formation with butylated hydroxytoluene and its application in polyethylene film
Authors: Agrawal Manisha , Kim Young Teck , Tonelli Alan , Whang Hyun Suk 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe phenolic antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), is added during polymer processing to protect polymers from oxidative degradation. Because of its high‐volatility, it is susceptible to loss through volatilization in high‐temperature processing. Cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexation (IC) with volatile compounds can prevent losses of volatile compounds, because of volatilization. In this study, BHT was successfully included in β‐CD and its complex was confirmed using Wide‐Angle X‐ray Diffraction (WAXD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films with BHT itself and BHT‐β‐CD‐IC were produced on a pilot plant scale. After extrusion, it was found that 44 and 78% BHT was lost from the BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE and BHT LDPE films, respectively. Hence, the complex proved to be more efficient in preventing loss of BHT, because of encapsulation of volatile BHT. In addition, microscopy studies indicate that BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE film shows small aggregates, uniformly distributed in the LDPE matrix over a large range. The BHT efficiency of the complex in the film was measured using DSC for determining the oxidation induction time. The oxidation induction time (OITtime) was 35 min for the BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE film as compared with 16 min and 26 min values of LDPE and BHT LDPE films, respectively. Hence, the encapsulation of BHT in β‐CD maximizes the efficiency and stability to thermal degradation for BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE film. The viscoelastic behavior of the films was also studied using dynamic mechanical analysis. The results indicate increases in storage modulus (El) and loss modulus (Ell) of the complex and a shift in the maxima of tan δ (Ell/El) to lower temperature in the LDPE films processed with BHT, β‐CD, and BHT‐β‐CD‐IC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of temperature‐sensitive block copolymers from poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and 4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone or 4‐phenyl‐ε‐caprolactone
Authors: Lee Ren‐Shen , Huang Yi‐Ting , Chen Wen‐Hsin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study synthesizes thermally sensitive block copolymers poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone) (PNIPA‐b‐PMCL) and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(4‐phenyl‐ε‐caprolactone) (PNIPA‐b‐PBCL) by ring‐opening polymerization of 4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone (MCL) or 4‐phenyl‐ε‐caprolactone (BCL) initiated from hydroxy‐terminated poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) as the macroinitiator in the presence of SnOct2 as the catalyst. This research prepares a PNIPA bearing a single terminal hydroxyl group by telomerization using 2‐hydroxyethanethiol (ME) as a chain‐transfer agent. These copolymers are characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 1H‐NMR, FTIR, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thermal properties (Tg) of diblock copolymers depend on polymer compositions. Incorporating larger amount of MCL or BCL into the macromolecular backbone decreases Tg. Their solutions show transparent below a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and opaque above the LCST. LCST values for the PNIPA‐b‐PMCL aqueous solution were observed to shift to lower temperature than that for PNIPA homopolymers. This work investigates their micellar characteristics in the aqueous phase by fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The block copolymers formed micelles in the aqueous phase with critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) in the range of 0.29–2.74 mg L−1, depending on polymer compositions, which dramatically affect micelle shape. Drug entrapment efficiency and drug loading content of micelles depend on block polymer compositions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of a novel castor‐oil‐derived additive on the mechanical properties and oxygen diffusivity of polystyrene
Authors: Klinger Markus , Tolbod Lars Poulsen , Ogilby Peter R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMechanical properties, densities, and oxygen diffusion coefficients have been measured in polystyrene samples (PS) as a function of additive loading. The additive employed is based on castor oil, and is a desirable alternative to phthalates. Tensile strength measurements indicate the additive renders PS stronger at low loadings, i.e. it antiplasticizes the material. In contrast, the additive plasticizes PS at high loadings. Specific volumes and oxygen diffusion coefficients do not show this dual behavior. Rather, one observes a monotonic decrease in density and oxygen diffusivity with an increase in additive loading. This suggests that the larger segmental motions responsible for the macroscopic properties of the polymer are influenced by the additive in a different manner than the local motions and confined changes in free volume that govern the mobility of oxygen. These data indicate that antiplasticization cannot be predicted solely from diffusivity and density measurements and, vice versa, trends in diffusivity cannot be deduced from mechanical measurements alone. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Polymerization of ethylene by supported zirconium alkoxide complex
Authors: Basso Nara R. de S. , Galland Griselda B. , dos Santos João H. Z. , Fim Fabiana , Sauer Cíntia , Carone Carlos 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDichlorobis(3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4‐pyrone)Zr(IV) was grafted onto different inorganic supports, namely SiO2, MAO‐modified SiO2, MCM‐41, Al2O3, and MgO. The resulting supported catalysts were shown to be active in ethylene polymerization using methylaluminoxane (MAO) as the catalyst. Catalysts were characterized by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and nitrogen adsorption method. The highest catalyst activities were observed for the zirconium complex supported on MCM‐41. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of nano‐sized NiO and its surface catalytic effect on poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Gandhi S. , Nagalakshmi N. , Baskaran I. , Dhanalakshmi V. , Nair M. R. Gopinathan , Anbarasan R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNickel oxide (NiO) nano particle is synthesized by Ultrasound assisted one pot method and thus synthesized nano NiO is mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to prepare the PVA/NiO nanocomposite. The influence of the composition on the structural modification on the composite is evaluated. The particle size and morphology of NiO nano material is confirmed by HRTEM. The structure and properties of the PVA/NiO nanocomposite material are characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV–Visible spectroscopy, DSC, TGA, and HRTEM. The synthesized PVA nanocomposite underwent hydrolytic oxidation reaction assisted by the effect of nano‐sized NiO. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010