bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Navigation of Tunnels
Authors: Kirkland C. J. 
Published: October 2009

A number of factors need to be understood initially.(1) Alignment is based upon the use of light, though not on being able to see where you are going!(2) The theory relies upon three dimensional co-ordinate geometry.(3) The knowledge that junction error will increase with distance, together with the commercial need to keep construction time short, normally means tunnelling from the ends towards a junction in the middle.(4) Difficulties arise because of short baselines and no intermediate fixes.(5) Terminology needs some explanation. Thus desired alignment is designed and then set out in the tunnel. Post-construction, a wriggle diagram is prepared and final alignment computed.
Magnetic Reference in Navigation – The Earth as a Magnet
Authors: Stuart W. F. , Barraclough D. R. , Preston J. 
Published: October 2009

The magnetic field of the Earth originates in the motions of the fluid core of the planet. By good fortune it is predominantly dipolar and so has a simple topography. The core motions cause the field to change with time, and once charted it has to be charted again and again. Mathematical models can be made which represent the geomagnetic field to an accuracy of about one degree globally. Higher accuracy demands advanced techniques such as satellite surveys, and also attention to the detail of external fields caused by solar activity which disturb the main field, restricting the accuracy of mapping and producing magnetic deviations from the mean value from day to day. Understanding such effects is essential in preparing magnetic reference data for navigation.Though now losing ground to other methods, magnetic compasses still have a valuable role to play in many situations, so long as the limitations are fully appreciated and taken into account. Modern technology in standard geomagnetic observatories offers ways of updating a datum very accurately in automatic navigational systems and even of forecasting disturbances, and may bring magnetic reference back to the forefront of many navigational systems.
Precise Navigation, Guidance and Control Services within the Agricultural Community
Authors: Palmer R. J. 
Published: October 2009

This paper was presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the US Institute of Navigation in Annapolis, June 1988.Navigational systems are usually thought of in terms of locating vehicles and craft over a range of hundreds or thousands of miles. There are, however, applications where navigation systems with a range of a few miles and an accuracy of inches can be very useful. Farming is one of these applications and this paper identifies the specific operational aspects that can benefit. Precise navigation could facilitate a lowering of input costs by an estimated jo per cent on a western dryland farm.
The Ship's Wheelhouse of the Nineties: the Navigation Performance and Mental Workload of the Officer of the Watch
Authors: Schuffel H. , Boer J. P. A. , van Breda L. 
Published: October 2009

The search for more efficient ship operation has increased over the last decade. One trend towards reducing operational costs is to conceive the wheelhouse as an operational centre for performing both navigational and supervisory tasks, such as monitoring the propulsion plant status and the condition of ship and cargo.Under contract to the National Foundation for the Coordination of Maritime Research in The Netherlands, a study was conducted on the feasibility of a highly automated wheelhouse for single-handed navigation. In a series of simulation experiments, and by analysis, the effects on efficiency and safety of performance were investigated.Results show that a careful function allocation can lead to an automated wheelhouse concept suitable for safe navigation in landfall conditions. Questions concerning the effects of monotonous watches on operator's alertness and the effects of the change in task structure on the operator's skill and interest in the job need further attention.
Benefits of ‘Area Navigation’ in Regional Aviation
Authors: Wallace D. M. 
Published: October 2009

This paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the US Institute of Navigation held in Annapolis, June 1988The following is an assessment of Area Navigation Systems, or RNAV, as they apply to regional aviation.Regional aviation, in this context, refers to that third sector of the airline industry which concentrates on short haul, high frequency, so-called ‘hub and spoke’ operations. Now amounting to over j per cent all airline passenger traffic, regional operations by their nature have more to gain from the use of RNAV than any other segment of the airline business. In particular we look at how RNAV systems provide business opportunities to regional operators, not only to manage aircraft more effectively, but in the process to improve a firm's viability.
Should Anesthesia Groups Advocate Funding of Clinics and Scheduling Systems to Increase Operating Room Workload?
Authors: O’Neill Liam , Dexter Franklin , Wachtel Ruth E. 
Published: October 2009

Background
Knowledge of patterns related to patient visits in a multispecialty group is important for helping anesthesia groups make strategic and tactical decisions relevant to increasing anesthesia workload.

Methods
The authors studied surgery at an outpatient surgery center over 6 months and analyzed every clinic visit that preceded surgery by 2 yr. They also studied surgery that occurred at either the outpatient center or a tertiary surgical suite over 3 months, including all preceding clinic visits.

Results
Results were similar whether data were analyzed by number of cases or by American Society of Anesthesiologists' Relative Value Guide units. The median number of visits to the surgeon before surgery was 2 (95% confidence interval 2-2). Most patients have one visit with the surgeon, decide to have surgery, and then have one preoperative visit. Fewer than 20% of American Society of Anesthesiologists' Relative Value Guide units for outpatient surgery arose from patients seen by a primary care or nonsurgical specialist before referral to the surgeon. Patients with more than one previous surgery at the facility accounted for less than 6% of American Society of Anesthesiologists' Relative Value Guide units.

Conclusion
Investment in outpatient primary care clinics, nonsurgical specialty clinics, or scheduling systems to facilitate patient appointments would not materially affect anesthesia workload. The workload of the anesthesia department depends on facilitating surgeon-dependent processes: (1) open access to operating room time on any future workday, (2) well-calculated blocks to permit high surgeon productivity, and (3) open access to surgeon clinics to reduce days from referral to first appointment.
Age-dependent Bupivacaine-induced Muscle Toxicity during Continuous Peripheral Nerve Block in Rats
Authors: Nouette-Gaulain Karine , Dadure Christophe , Morau Didier , Pertuiset Claire , Galbes Olivier , Hayot Maurice , Mercier Jacques , Sztark François , Rossignol Rodrigue , Capdevila Xavier 
Published: October 2009

Background
Regional blocks improve postoperative analgesia and postoperative rehabilitation in children and adult patients. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks have been proposed as safe and effective techniques for postoperative pain relief and chronic pain therapy, particularly in small children. Few clinical reports have described myotoxicity induced by bupivacaine in these young patients, in contrast with a larger number of observations in adults. Here, the authors addressed this issue by a comparative evaluation of bupivacaine-induced myotoxicity in young versus adult rats.

Methods
Femoral nerve block catheters were inserted in male Wistar rats. Young (3-week-old) and adult (12-week-old) rats were randomly assigned to received seven injections (1 ml/kg) of 0.25% bupivacaine (n = 6 per experiment) or isotonic saline (n = 6 per experiment) at 8-h intervals. Rats were killed 8 h after the last injection. Psoas muscle adjacent to the femoral nerve was quickly dissected. Oxygen consumption rates were measured in saponin-skinned fibers, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis rates were determined by bioluminescence, and citrate synthase activity was determined by spectrophotometry. Muscle ultrastructural damage was also examined and scored as normal, focal disruption, moderate disruption, or extreme disruption of the sarcomeres.

Results
Bupivacaine caused a reduction of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis rate, a decrease of citrate synthase activity, and muscle ultrastructural damages. Young rats treated with bupivacaine showed more severe alterations of mitochondrial bioenergetics and muscle ultrastructure.

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate that bupivacaine-induced myotoxicity can be explained by mitochondrial bioenergetics alterations, which are more severe in young rats.
Age-associated Changes in Cardiac Gene Expression after Preconditioning
Authors: Liu Lixin , Zhu Jiang , Glass Peter S. A. , Brink Peter R. , Rampil Ira J. , Rebecchi Mario J. 
Published: October 2009

Background
Cardiac protection afforded by ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and anesthetic preconditioning (APC) are significantly reduced in the senescent myocardium. The authors hypothesized that age would differentially modulate gene expression induced by IPC and APC in vivo.

Methods
Affymetrix RAT EXON ST 1.0 gene chips (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) were used to explore the transcriptional response to IPC and APC in Fisher 344 male rats (young, 3-5 months, and old, 20-24 months, respectively). Both cohorts, young and old, were divided into three groups: (1) sham control, (2) IPC, and (3) APC. After a total of 90 min, the heart was removed, and the total RNA and protein were extracted.

Results
Thirty-one transcripts were increased in the young animals subjected to IPC, particularly transcriptional regulators (Atf3, Egr-1, Btg2, Egr2), cytokines (interleukin 6, CSF1, Myd88), chemokines (Cxcl10, Ccl2, Ccl7), regulators of growth and inflammation (Reg3g, Hamp), remodeling and cell adhesion migration (Cyr61, Tfpi2, Timp1), regulators of apoptosis/cell death (Birc3, Arntl, Hamp, Phlda1), and cell cycle control/DNA repairs (Rrad, Gadd45b, Gadd45g). In contrast, only one transcript increased (Atf3) in the old animals subjected to IPC. No changes in gene expression were found in the young or the old animals subjected to APC.

Conclusions
Early-phase IPC and APC induced different genomic responses. The absence of detectable changes associated with early-phase APC suggests a posttranscriptional or posttranslational mechanism. The absence of a genomic response in the senescent myocardium (except for IPC-induced Atf3) could underlie the failure of IPC to provide any cardiac protective benefit to older animals.
DIE NEUTRALIS and LATE BLOOMER 1 Contribute to Regulation of the Pea Circadian Clock
Authors: Liew Lim Chee , Hecht Valérie , Laurie Rebecca E. , Knowles Claire L. , Vander Schoor Jacqueline K. , Macknight Richard C. , Weller James L. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The DIE NEUTRALIS (DNE) locus in garden pea (Pisum sativum) was previously shown to inhibit flowering under noninductive short-day conditions and to affect a graft-transmissible flowering signal. In this study, we establish that DNE has a role in diurnal and/or circadian regulation of several clock genes, including the pea GIGANTEA (GI) ortholog LATE BLOOMER 1 (LATE1) and orthologs of the Arabidopsis thaliana genes LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING PROTEIN EXPRESSION 1. We also confirm that LATE1 participates in the clock and provide evidence that DNE is the ortholog of Arabidopsis EARLY FLOWERING4 (ELF4). Circadian rhythms of clock gene expression in wild-type plants under constant light were weaker in pea than in Arabidopsis, and a number of differences were also seen in the effects of both DNE/ELF4 and LATE1/GI on clock gene expression. Grafting studies suggest that DNE controls flowering at least in part through a LATE1-dependent mobile stimulus, and dne mutants show elevated expression of a FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog under short-day conditions. However, the early flowering of the dne mutant is not associated with altered expression of a previously described CONSTANS-like gene. Collectively, our results characterize the clock system and reveal its importance for photoperiod responsiveness in a model legume.
Structural evolution of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey: temporal and spatial variation of the graben basin
Authors: Çiftçi N. B. , Bozkurt E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe structural evolution of the Miocene to Recent Gediz Graben is intimately related to the evolution of its southern margin. This margin is shaped by a time‐transgressive, composite structure that possesses flat‐ramp geometry with three separate dip domains: a low‐angle shallow segment; a steeper middle segment; and a low‐angle deeper segment. This geometry was probably produced by one of two mechanisms, which operated perpendicular to the general trend of the graben, resulting in gradual back‐rotation followed by abandonment of the shallow segment as it was dissected by the high‐angle normal fault(s). The geometry of the southern margin structure is not simple along‐strike. It includes broad undulations and discrete fault segments, developed by large‐scale fault growth processes through segment linkage. The along‐strike growth of the southern margin‐bounding structure is responsible for the composite character of the Gediz Graben and controls the observed stratigraphic variability. Two sub‐basins aligned with the major segments of the southern graben margin structure have been investigated. The Salihli and Alaşehir sub‐basins comprising 3000 m sedimentary thickness are separated by an intervening basement high, that is covered by a thin veneer of post‐Miocene sediments. The two sub‐basins, which evolved as isolated basins during most of the graben history, amalgamated during post‐Miocene time to form the composite configuration of the graben. There is a general east to west trend of growth for the Gediz Graben.
Heparin regulates colon cancer cell growth through p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalling
Authors: Chatzinikolaou G. , Nikitovic D. , Berdiaki A. , Zafiropoulos A. , Katonis P. , Karamanos N. K. , Tzanakakis G. N. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Heparin acts as an extracellular stimulus capable of activating major cell signalling pathways. Thus, we examined the putative mechanisms utilized by heparin to stimulate HT29, SW1116 and HCT116 colon cancer cell growth.Materials and methods:  Possible participation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade on heparin‐induced HT29, SW1116 and HCT116 colon cancer cell growth was evaluated using specific MAPK cascade inhibitors, Western blot analysis, real‐time quantitative PCR and FACS apoptosis analysis.Results:  Treatment with a highly specific p38 kinase inhibitor, SB203580, significantly (50–70%) inhibited heparin‐induced colon cancer cell growth, demonstrating that p38 MAPK signalling is involved in their heparin‐induced proliferative response. This was shown to be correlated with increased (up to 3‐fold) phosphorylation of 181/182 threonine/tyrosine residues on p38 MAP kinase. Furthermore, heparin inhibited cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 and p53 tumour suppressor gene and protein expression up to 2‐fold or 1.8‐fold, respectively, and stimulated cyclin D1 expression up to 1.8‐fold, in these cell lines through a p38‐mediated mechanism. On the other hand, treatment with heparin did not appear to affect HT29, SW1116 and HCT116 cell levels of apoptosis.Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that an extracellular glycosaminoglycan, heparin, finely modulates expression of genes crucial to cell cycle regulation through specific activation of p38 MAP kinase to stimulate colon cancer cell growth.
Component‐resolved diagnosis of pollen allergy based on skin testing with profilin, polcalcin and lipid transfer protein pan‐allergens
Authors: Barber D. , De La Torre F. , Lombardero M. , Antépara I. , Colas C. , Dávila I. , Tabar A. I. , Vidal C. , Villalba M. , Salcedo G. , Rodríguez R. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBackground
Allergy diagnosis needs to be improved in patients suffering from pollen polysensitization due to the existence of possible confounding factors in this type of patients.Objective
To evaluate new diagnostic strategies by comparing skin responses to pan‐allergens and conventional allergenic extracts with specific IgE (sIgE) to purified allergen molecules.Methods
One thousand three hundred and twenty‐nine pollen‐allergic patients were diagnosed by a combination of an in vitro method with a panel of 13 purified allergens, including major allergens and pan‐allergens, using a high‐capacity screening technology (ADVIA‐Centaur®) and skin prick test (SPT) to pan‐allergens and conventional extracts.Results
There was a high concordance (κ index) between in vitro (sIgE to major allergens) and in vivo (SPT to conventional extracts) methods in patients who were not sensitized to pan‐allergens, but SPT with conventional extracts failed to diagnose patients with sensitization to pan‐allergens. In patients who were simultaneously sensitized to polcalcins and profilins, there was a duplication both in the number of sensitizations to major allergens and in the years of disease evolution. There was a statistical association between sensitization to profilins and/or lipid transfer proteins and food allergy (P<0.0001).Conclusion
The novel diagnostic strategy has proven to be a valuable tool in daily clinical practice. Introduction of routine SPT to pan‐allergens is a simple and feasible way of improving diagnostic efficacy. Patients sensitized to pan‐allergens should be tested by an adequate panel of allergenic molecules in order to identify the allergens that are responsible for the allergic disease.
Quantitative measurement of venous invasion of colorectal cancer with metachronous liver metastasis
Authors: Mori Daisuke , Shibaki Masami , Masuda Masanori , Yamasaki Fumio 
Published: October 2009

Aims:  Many studies have proven the importance of venous invasion in colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastasis. The aim was to clarify the relationship between venous invasion and metachronous liver metastasis, which is not fully understood.Methods and results:  A histological study of venous invasion in colorectal carcinoma was performed using a total of 156 patients, of whom 52 survived without recurrence for 5 years (Group A); 47 had metachronous liver metastasis (Group B), and 57 had synchronous liver metastasis (Group C). The number and the maximum area of venous invasion were estimated in each case per ×40 field of cancerous lesions, which were divided into intramural and extramural lesions. A high incidence and high average number of foci of venous invasion appeared in Groups B and C. The average maximum areas of extramural venous invasion were much larger in Groups B and C than in Group A.Conclusions:  The average number of foci of venous invasion by colorectal cancer with metachronous liver metastasis did not differ significantly from that with synchronous ones. Furthermore, invasion into extramural large veins appeared to be associated with liver metastasis.
The delicate balance between male and female sex determining pathways: potential for disruption of early steps in sexual development
Authors: Koopman P. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryTestes and ovaries develop from the same primordial structures, the genital ridges, in the mammalian foetus. Male development depends critically on the correct functioning of the Y‐linked testis‐determining gene, Sry. However, Sry is highly vulnerable to mutation, and so does not provide a very robust sex‐determining mechanism. Both in testes and in ovaries, proper gonadal development involves co‐ordinated regulation of the bipotential fates of a number of different cell lineages, and is dependent on intercellular signalling mechanisms. If either the testicular or ovarian pathway stalls in the early stages, mechanisms operate to engage the alternative pathway. For these reasons, the early steps in mammalian sexual development are vulnerable to genetic and environmental perturbation, and represent possible points of action of endocrine disrupting compounds.
Development, validity and reliability of the food allergy independent measure (FAIM)
Authors: Van Der Velde J. L. , Flokstra‐de Blok B. M. J. , Vlieg‐Boerstra B. J. , Oude Elberink J. N. G. , DunnGalvin A. , Hourihane J. O’B. , Duiverman E. J. , Dubois A. E. J. 
Published: October 2009

To cite this article: van der Velde JL, Flokstra‐de Blok BMJ, Vlieg‐Boerstra BJ, Oude Elberink JNG, DunnGalvin A, Hourihane JO’B, Duiverman EJ, Dubois AEJ. Development, validity and reliability of the food allergy independent measure (FAIM). Allergy 2010; 65: 630–635.AbstractBackground:  The Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Child Form, ‐Teenager Form and ‐Adult Form (FAQLQ‐CF, ‐TF and ‐AF) have recently been developed. To measure construct validity in the FAQLQs, a suitable independent measure was needed with which FAQLQ scores could be correlated. However, in food allergy, no appropriate independent measure existed, which could be used for this purpose.Aims of the study:  The aim of this study was to describe the development of a Food Allergy Independent Measure Child‐Form, ‐Teenager Form and ‐Adult Form (FAIM‐CF, ‐TF and ‐AF) and to assess their validity and reliability.Methods:  The FAIMs were developed using previously established methodology to capture the patients’ expectation of outcome (EO). Face validity was determined by expert opinion. FAIM questions showing no correlation to any potential items in the FAQLQs were considered irrelevant and eliminated. To measure test‐retest reliability, one‐hundred and one patients were included and completed the FAIM twice with a 10–14 day interval. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland‐Altman plots were used to assess test‐retest reliability.Results:  Six FAIM questions were developed and considered relevant for the FAIM‐CF and ‐AF, and five questions were relevant for the FAIM‐TF. The FAIMs showed good reliability with ICCs and CCCs above 0.70 and with mean differences all close to zero.Conclusions:  Food allergy independent measures were developed for children, adolescents and adults and were shown to be valid, relevant and reliable. This supports the suitability of the FAIMs for evaluating construct validity.