bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Athletic Field Paint Impacts Light Spectral Quality and Turfgrass Photosynthesis
Authors: Reynolds William Casey , Miller Grady L. , Rufty Thomas W. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTAthletic field paints are applied to turf surfaces with little or no acute injury. However, field managers notice chronic declines in turfgrass health after repeated applications. This study examines athletic field paint impacts on spectral quality and associated turfgrass photosynthesis. Growth chamber experiments evaluated effects of red and white athletic field paint as well as one, two, three, and four repeated weekly applications on total canopy photosynthesis (TCP) of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Paint treatments were applied weekly for 6 wk with TCP recorded 24 h after each application using a gas exchange system. Spectroradiometry experiments evaluated reflection, absorption, and transmission of light at various wavelengths based on paint color, dilution, and thickness. Over a six week period all treatments reduced TCP based on color (P ≤ 0.0001) and dilution (P ≤ 0.0001). Red no‐dilution paint produced a 75% reduction in TCP over 6 wk while white 1:1 diluted paint only produced a 19% reduction. Spectroradiometry data suggests this is likely due to reductions in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) with red paint absorbing 51% of incident PAR while transmitting and reflecting 6 and 43%, respectively. White paint transmitted 5% of PAR while reflecting 95%. Alterations in light spectral quality resulting from athletic field paint applications can impact PAR, which may result in reduced turfgrass health.
Growth and Physiological Recovery of Kentucky Bluegrass from Drought Stress as Affected by a Synthetic Cytokinin 6‐Benzylaminopurine
Authors: Hu Longxing , Wang Zhaolong , Huang Bingru 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTCytokinins (CKs) influence plant adaptation to environmental stresses. The objectives of this study were to (i) examine effects of foliar application of a synthetic CK, 6‐benzylaminopurine (6‐BA), on postdrought recovery and (ii) determine physiological factors involved in postdrought recovery affected by CKs in a perennial grass species. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars Midnight (drought tolerant) and Brilliant (drought sensitive) were subjected to drought by withholding irrigation for 15 d and were then rewatered for 10 d in growth chambers. Plants were treated with 25 μM 6‐BA at the time of rewatering. Applying 6‐BA significantly increased endogenous zeatin riboside and isopentenyl adenosine content and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) content in both cultivars previously exposed to drought stress. Foliar 6‐BA application enhanced physiological recovery of plants from drought stress, as demonstrated by the increased leaf relative water content and visual turf quality and decreased electrolyte leakage. The 6‐BA application also significantly improved photosynthetic recovery from drought, as manifested by the increase in net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Foliar application of 6‐BA promoted the production of new tillers. Postdrought recovery affected by 6‐BA application was more pronounced in Midnight than Brilliant, probably because the latter experiences a more sustained leaf water deficit. Our results suggested that CK‐enhanced postdrought recovery of Kentucky bluegrass, particularly in the drought‐tolerant cultivar, was associated with the alteration of CK:ABA balance and promotion of stomatal reopening, resumption of photosynthesis, and new tiller formation on rewatering.
Intake and Digestibility of Big Bluestem Hay and Baleage
Authors: Burns J. C. , Fisher D. S. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTBig bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman) has potential to be a source of preserved forage for the mid‐Atlantic Region. This 3‐yr study compares its preservation as hay, direct‐cut (DC) baleage, and wilted (WT) baleage when harvested in the late‐boot to heading stage. The DC baleage averaged 373 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) and WT averaged 536 g kg−1 DM. The DC baleage had a pH of 5.2 vs. 5.6 (P = 0.06) for the WT. Steer (Bos taurus) intakes of the DC and WT baleage were similar (1.72 kg per 100 kg body weight) and greater (P = 0.07) than intake of hay (1.52 kg per 100 kg body weight). Apparent total tract DM digestibility was greater (P = 0.03) for hay (545 g kg−1) than the similar (504 g kg−1) baleage treatments. Steers selected a diet with greater in vitro true DM disappearance (71 g kg−1) and not altered by preservation method. Rumination chews per day and chews per minute and total number of boluses per day were greater (P ≤ 0.10) for DC baleage, reflecting its greater (P = 0.07) DM intake. Big bluestem dried rapidly providing an advantage for conservation in humid regions. Forage cut by 0900 h reached 800 g kg−1 DM by 1700 h when tedded and by 1100 h the second day in narrow swath. Forage cut at 1700 h reached 800 g kg−1 DM by 1500 h the next day when tedded but not until 1100 h the third day in narrow swath. Big bluestem harvested at early heading is of moderate quality when preserved as hay or DC baleage and dries rapidly giving it a role in beef production systems in the humid mid‐Atlantic Region.
Integrating Empirical and Analytical Approaches to Investigate Genotype × Environment Interactions in Sugarcane
Authors: Ramburan Sanesh , Zhou Marvellous , Labuschagne Maryke 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe causes of genotype × environment (G × E) interactions in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) are unclear. The objectives of this study were to (i) investigate the G × E interactions and site similarity in two selection programs in South Africa, (ii) identify factors responsible for G × E interactions, and (iii) illustrate the integrated use of crop models and climatic data to better understand G × E interactions. Data from eight series of trials were analyzed using variance components, genotype plus genotype × environment (GGE) biplots, and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI). Crop model simulations helped summarize environmental covariates before and after canopy closure. Environmental covariates and genotypic traits were correlated to AMMI scores and superimposed on biplots. The G × E interaction accounted for more variation than the main effect of genotype and the repeatable component of G × E was dominant across all series. Two sites were identified as redundant and were recommended for removal. Sites from one program were characterized by higher rainfall and lower water stress compared with sites from the other. The enriched AMMI2 biplots allowed for identification of factors that influenced genotypic traits and permitted biological interpretations and trait relations to be studied. This study has illustrated new approaches to integrate G × E studies with environmental data for comprehensive sugarcane G × E interpretations.
Genetics of Leaf Rust Resistance in the Winter Wheat Line CI13227
Authors: Kolmer J. A. , Lin M. , Bai G. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) line CI13227 with slow rusting resistance to leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., was crossed and backcrossed to ‘Thatcher’ (Tc) wheat. Backcross F2 families were tested for seedling resistance and segregated in a 1:1 ratio for families that segregated for resistance and families that were homozygous susceptible. The BC1F2 resistant seedlings were progeny tested for infection type (IT) as BC1F3 lines and compared for IT with near‐isogenic lines of Tc with alleles at the Lr3 locus. The BC1F3 lines and the Tc line with Lr3ka had nearly identical IT. The F2 progeny of a resistant BC1F3 plant and a Tc line with Lr3ka did not segregate for IT confirming that CI13227 had an allele at the Lr3 locus. The BC1F2 plants from families that were homozygous susceptible as seedlings were tested as adults for leaf rust IT. Resistant BC1F2 adult plants were selected and advanced to BC1F6 by single seed descent. A single BC1F6 plant was crossed with Tc, and the Tc*3/CI13227 population advanced to F6. The F6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were tested for leaf rust resistance at two locations. Molecular mapping with Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers detected a major locus for resistance on chromosome 1BL. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) marker specific for Lr46 also mapped in the 1BL region associated with resistance. Quantitative trait loci on 2DS, 2B, and 7BL for slow rusting resistance in CI13227 detected in previous experiments were not detected in this study. CI13227 has seedling resistance gene Lr3ka and likely has the adult plant resistance gene Lr46.
An Improved Wheat Microspore Culture Technique for the Production of Doubled Haploid Plants
Authors: Santra Meenakshi , Ankrah Nii , Santra Dipak K. , Kidwell Kimberlee K. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTMicrospore culture is used to generate completely homozygous plants in a single generation, thereby reducing cost and time required for the production of doubled haploid (DH) plants for breeding and genetic studies. Many factors are known to influence green plant recovery including composition of regeneration media, donor plant genotype, microspore developmental stage, and pretreatment conditions. The objectives of this study were to: (i) develop an improved regeneration medium for wheat microspore culture and (ii) determine the optimal pretreatment conditions and regeneration media combination for increasing green plant recovery rates. Four wheat cultivars, two pretreatment methods (0.4 M mannitol at 4°C and solution B containing 0.3 M mannitol with inorganic components at room temperature), and five regeneration media were tested. Green plant recovery rates from each treatment combination were analyzed using the Proc Logistic model in SAS. Regeneration medium fortified with ascorbic acid produced the highest number of green plants across the different pretreatment conditions, regeneration media, and cultivars tested. Pretreating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spikes with 0.4 M mannitol at 4°C followed by embryoid induction and regeneration in a medium fortified with ascorbic acid resulted in the recovery of the highest number of green plants. This high‐efficiency method may prove useful for producing DH populations for wheat improvement efforts.
Genetic Mapping Analysis of Bread‐Making Quality Traits in Spring Wheat
Authors: Simons Kristin , Anderson James A. , Mergoum Mohamed , Faris Justin D. , Klindworth Daryl L. , Xu Steven S. , Sneller Clay , Ohm Jae‐Bom , Hareland Gary A. , Edwards Michael C. , Chao Shiaoman 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTIn this study we assess the genetic architecture of bread‐making quality traits in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A mapping population derived from BR34 and ‘Grandin’ was used to measure 20 end‐use quality traits including six kernel, seven milling and flour, four dough mixing strength, and three bread‐making traits. A total of 31 quantitative trait loci (QTL) significantly associated with all but two traits were identified. These QTL were clustered in five chromosomal regions, namely 1BS, 1DL, 4BL, 5BL, and 6AS, and explained a large proportion of trait variation with favorable alleles contributed by both parents. The 1DL cluster containing the high molecular weight glutenin gene, Glu‐D1, had a large genetic influence on dough mixing strength and bread‐making performance. Most of the QTL affecting kernel traits were clustered on 6AS. Inconsistency of QTL locations detected from different environments was observed for the flour and milling traits and was likely due to genotype × environment interaction (G × E) effects. Despite high heritabilities estimated for the 20 quality traits evaluated, no QTL were found for flour brightness and bake water absorption, suggesting that these traits may be controlled by QTL with small effects that could not be detected due to the small population size. Because of the complex inheritance of these traits, it will be necessary to validate these QTL in different spring wheat backgrounds evaluated in similar growth conditions as used in this study before the marker information can be used for breeding applications.
The Influence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes on Periodontal Disease Progression
Authors: Demmer Ryan T. , Holtfreter Birte , Desvarieux Moïse , Jacobs David R. , Kerner Wolfgang , Nauck Matthias , Völzke Henry , Kocher Thomas 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE
To explore associations between diabetes etiology (type 1 diabetes mellitus [T1DM] vs. T2DM) and glycemic control in the prediction of 5-year periodontal status change.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) is a population-based stratified sample of German men and women. Healthy participants and those determined to have T2DM arose from the SHIP cohort, and T1DM participants were recruited from diabetes clinics in the catchment area that gave rise to SHIP. Dentate participants (n = 2,626; 53% women; 20–81 years of age) were included. Diabetes was determined via physician diagnosis and/or HbA1c ≥6.5% (uncontrolled diabetes &gt;7.0%). Examiners blinded to diabetes status performed random half-mouth periodontal examinations, assessing probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL) (four sites/tooth) at baseline and follow-up. Participants were categorized into six groups as follows: 1) diabetes free (n = 2,280), 2) incident T2DM (n = 79), 3) controlled T2DM (n = 80), 4) uncontrolled T2DM (n = 72), 5) controlled T1DM (n = 43), and 6) uncontrolled T1DM (n = 72). In multivariable regressions, mean PD change (ΔMPD), mean AL change (ΔMAL), or incident tooth-loss values were regressed across the aforementioned diabetes categories.

RESULTS
Mean (SD) ΔMPD and ΔMAL values among all participants were −0.08 ± 0.5 mm and 0.08 ± 1.03 mm, respectively, and 34% lost one or more teeth. Relative to diabetes-free participants, those with uncontrolled T2DM experienced greater ΔMPD ± SE (P &lt; 0.05), whereas participants with either uncontrolled T1DM or uncontrolled T2DM realized greater ΔMAL (P &lt; 0.05). Uncontrolled T1DM and T2DM were both associated with an increased risk of future tooth loss (P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes control, but not etiology, was associated with future tooth loss and accelerated AL progression.
Effects of Surface Treatments, Thermocycling, and Cyclic Loading on the Bond Strength of a Resin Cement Bonded to a Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic
Authors: Guarda GB , Correr AB , Gonçalves LS , Costa AR , Borges GA , Sinhoreti MAC , Correr-Sobrinho L 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARY

Objectives
The aim of this present study was to investigate the effect of two surface treatments, fatigue and thermocycling, on the microtensile bond strength of a newly introduced lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS e.max Press, Ivoclar Vivadent) and a dual-cured resin cement.

Methods
A total of 18 ceramic blocks (10 mm long × 7 mm wide × 3.0 mm thick) were fabricated and divided into six groups (n=3): groups 1, 2, and 3—air particle abraded for five seconds with 50-μm aluminum oxide particles; groups 4, 5, and 6—acid etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20 seconds. A silane coupling agent was applied onto all specimens and allowed to dry for five seconds, and the ceramic blocks were bonded to a block of composite Tetric N-Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent) with RelyX ARC (3M ESPE) resin cement and placed under a 500-g static load for two minutes. The cement excess was removed with a disposable microbrush, and four periods of light activation for 40 seconds each were performed at right angles using an LED curing unit (UltraLume LED 5, Ultradent) with a final 40 second light exposure from the top surface. All of the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. Groups 2 and 5 were submitted to 3,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C, and groups 3 and 6 were submitted to a fatigue test of 100,000 cycles at 2 Hz. Specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the bonding area to obtain beams with a cross-sectional area of 1 mm2 (30 beams per group) and submitted to a microtensile bond strength test in a testing machine (EZ Test) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test (p≤0.05).

Results
The microtensile bond strength values (MPa) were 26.9 ± 6.9, 22.2 ± 7.8, and 21.2 ± 9.1 for groups 1–3 and 35.0 ± 9.6, 24.3 ± 8.9, and 23.9 ± 6.3 for groups 4–6. For the control group, fatigue testing and thermocycling produced a predominance of adhesive failures. Fatigue and thermocycling significantly decreased the microtensile bond strength for both ceramic surface treatments when compared with the control groups. Etching with 10% hydrofluoric acid significantly increased the microtensile bond strength for the control group.
Effect of Delaying Toothbrushing During Bleaching on Enamel Surface Roughness: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Navimipour EJ , Mohammadi N , Mostafazadeh S , Ghojazadeh M , Oskoee PA 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARY
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of toothbrushing on enamel surface roughness at three different intervals after daily bleaching treatment. Eighty enamel slabs were initially evaluated for surface roughness and then randomly divided into four groups. The bleaching procedure was carried out for 21 days, six hours daily. In the control group (group 1), the specimens were not brushed after bleaching, but in groups 2–4, they were brushed with toothpaste immediately, one hour, or two hours after bleaching, respectively. Then the specimens were stored in artificial saliva. Enamel surface roughness was reevaluated at the end of the period. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests showed statistically significant differences in the means of surface roughness values between the immediately brushed group and the three other groups (p&lt;0.001). Daily toothbrushing immediately after bleaching increased enamel surface roughness; however, postponing the procedure for one or two hours after daily bleaching and exposing the specimens to artificial saliva during the study period resulted in enamel surface roughness comparable to that of the control group.
Wear Rates of Resin Composites
Authors: Barkmeier WW , Erickson RL , Latta MA , Wilwerding TM 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARY
A laboratory study was conducted to examine the wear of resin composite materials using a generalized wear simulation model. Ten specimens each of five resin composites (Esthet•X [EX], Filtek Supreme Plus [SP], Filtek Z250 [Z2], Tetric EvoCeram [EC], and Z100 Restorative [Z1]) were subjected to wear challenges of 100,000, 400,000, 800,000, and 1,200,000 cycles. The materials were placed in cylinder-shaped stainless-steel fixtures, and wear was generated using a flat stainless-steel antagonist in a slurry of polymethylmethacrylate beads. Wear (mean facet depth [μm] and volume loss [mm3]) was determined using a noncontact profilometer (Proscan 2000) with Proscan and ProForm software. Statistical analysis of the laboratory data using analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test showed a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) for mean wear facet depth and volume loss for both the number of cycles and resin composite material. Linear regression analysis was used to develop predictive wear rates and volume loss rates. Linear wear was demonstrated with correlation coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.914 to 0.995. Mean wear values (mean facet depth [μm]) and standard deviations (SD) for 1200K cycles were as follows: Z1 13.9 (2.0), Z2 26.7 (2.7), SP 30.1 (4.1), EC 31.8 (2.3), and EX 67.5 (8.2). Volume loss (mm3) and SDs for 1200K cycles were as follows: Z1 0.248 (0.036), Z2 0.477 (0.044), SP 0.541 (0.072), EC 0.584 (0.037), and EX 1.162 (0.139). The wear rate (μm) and volume loss rate (mm3) per 100,000 cycles for the five resin composites were as follows: wear rate Z1 0.58, EC 1.27, Z2 1.49, SP 1.62, and EX 4.35, and volume loss rate Z1 0.009, EC 0.024, Z2 0.028, SP 0.029, and EX 0.075. The generalized wear model appears to be an excellent method for measuring relative wear of resin composite materials.
Coexistence and population genetic structure of the whooper swan Cygnus cygnus and mute swan Cygnus olor in Lithuania and Latvia
Authors: Butkauskas Dalius , Švažas Saulius , Tubelytė Vaida , Morkūnas Julius , Sruoga Aniolas , Boiko Dmitrijs , Paulauskas Algimantas , Stanevičius Vitas , Baublys Vykintas 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Two closely related swan species, the mute swan Cygnus olor and the whooper swan Cygnus cygnus, were formerly allopatric throughout their breeding ranges, but during the last decades a sympatric distribution has become characteristic of these species in the Baltic Sea region. The whooper swan has gradually replaced the mute swan in many suitable habitats in Lithuania and Latvia. Marked differences in the genetic population structure of both species may partially explain the dominance of the whooper swan, as genetic population divergence can be a major factor affecting inter-specific competition. A homogenous genetic population structure was defined for mute swans breeding in Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Belarus. Breeding mute swans in this region are mostly of naturalised origin. A diverse population genetic structure characterizes whooper swans breeding in Lithuania and Latvia.
Biotechnological methods of in vitro propagation in willows (Salix spp.)
Authors: Skálová Dagmar , Navrátilová Božena , Richterová Lenka , Knit Michal , Sochor Michal , Vašut Radim 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Many populations of high-mountainous relic dioecious willows in Central Europe only consist of female individuals and are thus limited in their reproductive potential. We completed micropropagation experiments with shoot apexes and nodal segments of common and endangered willow (Salix) species, which can help to reintroduce autochthonous genotypes to their natural sites. Until recently, cultivation of green young shoot apexes of S. alba and S. lapponum showed the highest percentage of regeneration. We successfully applied the two-times-sterilisation due to high contamination of natural explants. The OK medium was the most efficient culture medium. In vitro propagation of willows with unisexual catkins, anther and ovule cultures were tested and optimised. Isolated anthers were cultivated on selected media and then microcallus and calluses of S. caprea and calluses of S. viminalis were formed on the A medium. Among various tested and optimised media for the ovule culture, the CP medium was the most efficient one. In this case, only the microcalluses of S. viminalis were observed. We developed biotechnological procedures that can be useful in conserving fragmented populations of high-mountainous willows.