bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increase in matrix metalloproteinase‐2 level in the chicken retina after laser photocoagulation
Authors: Takeyama Masayuki , Yoneda Masahiko , Takeuchi Makoto , Isogai Zenzo , Ohno‐Jinno Akiko , Kataoka Takuya , Li Huili , Sugita Iichiro , Iwaki Masayoshi , Zako Masahiro 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveWe investigated the levels of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2), which has been implicated in various vitreoretinal diseases, in the retina after laser photocoagulation (LPC).Materials and MethodsThe time course of MMP‐2 expression in 2‐day‐old chicken retinas before and 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 8 days, 16 days, and 32 days after LPC was determined by real‐time PCR and gelatin zymography. The basal level of MMP‐2 in the retina and vitreous was also measured by gelatin zymography. MMP‐2 localization in the retina was examined by immunohistochemistry. The localization of MMP‐2 mRNA was determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. The internal limiting membrane (ILM) was observed by scanning electron microscopy.ResultsMMP‐2 mRNA expression in the retina peaked at day 4, but gelatin zymography showed that MMP‐2 peaked 6 hours after LPC and the significant increase in the level of active MMP‐2 lasted for more than 4 days. The concentration of MMP‐2 in the vitreous was significantly higher than that in the retina. A distinct MMP‐2 signal around the ILM was identified 6 hours after LPC, but MMP‐2 mRNA was not detected there. Electron microscopy showed a damaged retinal surface after LPC.Conclusion and OutlookThe significant increase in retinal MMP‐2 which lasted for more than 4 days after LPC may be induced by influx from the vitreous into the retina. This MMP‐2 dynamics may contribute to pathological processes in the retina after LPC. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:433‐441, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New technique using combined pulsed dye laser and fractional resurfacing for treating facial angiofibromas in tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Weiss Elliot T. , Geronemus Roy G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveTuberous sclerosis (TS) is a well‐described genetic disorder that is classically associated with up to hundreds of facial angiofibromas. Due to the progressive nature of the skin lesions and the early clinical presentation, a safe and effective technique for treating these disfiguring skin lesions is needed.Study Design/Patients and MethodsWe report a combinatorial technique for treating the angiofibromas of TS. We present a case series of three TS patients treated with this technique combining pinpoint electrosurgery, pulsed‐dye laser treatment, and ablative fractional resurfacing (AFR).ResultsIn all presented cases, improvement in the number and appearance of facial angiofibromas and erythema is noted. No scarring or adverse events were reported.ConclusionThe technique of electrosurgery, pulsed‐dye laser treatment, and AFR represents a new and safe therapeutic option for treating facial angiofibromas associated with TS. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:357–360, 2010. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Discovery and verification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarkers by proteomics
Authors: Ryberg Henrik , An Jiyan , Darko Samuel , Lustgarten Jonathan Llyle , Jaffa Matt , Gopalakrishnan Vanathi , Lacomis David , Cudkowicz Merit , Bowser Robert 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRecent studies using mass spectrometry have discovered candidate biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, those studies utilized small numbers of ALS and control subjects. Additional studies using larger subject cohorts are required to verify these candidate biomarkers. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 100 patients with ALS, 100 disease control, and 41 healthy control subjects were examined by mass spectrometry. Sixty‐one mass spectral peaks exhibited altered levels between ALS and controls. Mass peaks for cystatin C and transthyretin were reduced in ALS, whereas mass peaks for posttranslational modified transthyretin and C‐reactive protein (CRP) were increased. CRP levels were 5.84 ± 1.01 ng/ml for controls and 11.24 ± 1.52 ng/ml for ALS subjects, as determined by enzyme‐linked immunoassay. This study verified prior mass spectrometry results for cystatin C and transthyretin in ALS. CRP levels were increased in the CSF of ALS patients, and cystatin C level correlated with survival in patients with limb‐onset disease. Our biomarker panel predicted ALS with an overall accuracy of 82%. Muscle Nerve 42: 104–111, 2010
History of outcome measures for myasthenia gravis
Authors: Burns Ted M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis review illustrates how measurements of clinical status in patients with myasthenia gravis have evolved from clinical descriptions and estimates of mortality rates to more sophisticated evaluative instruments, including numerical rating scales that measure strength, endurance, quality of life, and activities of daily living. The rationale and use of weighting and the importance of patient‐reported outcomes are also discussed. The measurement of the steroid‐sparing effect of an immunosuppressant is also reviewed. Muscle Nerve 42: 5–13, 2010
Prioritizing research: Patients, carers, and clinicians working together to identify and prioritize important clinical uncertainties in urinary incontinence
Authors: Buckley Brian S. , Grant Adrian M. , Tincello Douglas G. , Wagg Adrian S. , Firkins Lester 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAimsResearch often neglects important gaps in existing evidence. Throughout healthcare, clinicians and patients face avoidable “clinical uncertainties” daily, making decisions about treatments without reliable evidence about their effects. This partnership of patients and clinicians aimed to identify and prioritize “clinical uncertainties” relating to treatment of urinary incontinence (UI).MethodsUK clinician and patient organizations whose remit includes UI were invited to participate. Participating organizations consulted memberships to identify “uncertainties” affecting treatment decisions. “Uncertainties” were also identified in published research recommendations. Prioritization involved two phases: shortlisting of “uncertainties” by organizations; patient‐clinician prioritization using established consensus methods. Prioritized “uncertainties” were verified by checking any available relevant up‐to‐date published systematic reviews.ResultsThirty organizations were invited; 8 patient and 13 clinician organizations participated. Consultation generated 417 perceived “uncertainties,” research recommendations 131. Refining, excluding and combining produced a list of 226. Prioritization shortlisted 29 “uncertainties,” then a “top ten” (5 submitted by clinicians, 4 by patients, 1 from research recommendations).ConclusionsThe partnership successfully developed and tested a systematic and transparent methodology for patient–clinician consultation and consensus. Through consensus, unanswered research questions of importance to patients and clinicians were identified and prioritized. The final list reflects the heterogeneity of populations, treatments and evidence needs associated with UI. Some prioritized “uncertainties” relate to treatments that are widely used yet whose effects are not thoroughly understood, some to access to care, some to precise surgical questions. Research needs to address the uncertainties range from systematic reviewing to primary research. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:708–714, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stromal and epithelial predominant Wilms tumours have an excellent outcome: The SIOP 93 01 experience
Authors: Verschuur Arnauld C. , Vujanic Gordan M. , Van Tinteren Harm , Jones Kathy Pritchard , de Kraker Jan , Sandstedt Bengt 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundWilms tumour (WT) has various subtypes that are correlated with prognosis and require distinct therapy. Stromal predominant (SpWT) and epithelial WT (EpWT) have previously been associated with a good outcome. The current analysis describes the outcome and (tumour) characteristics of all patients with SpWT, EpWT, including highly differentiated epithelial type (HDET), treated according to the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93‐01 study.ProcedureAll children older than 6 months and below 18 years of age with localized or metastatic WT and intermediate risk (IR) histology or HDET treated with pre‐operative chemotherapy were included in the present analysis.ResultsA total of 1,389 eligible patients had IR or HDET histology: 1% HDET, 4% EpWT, 10% SpWT, and 85% other IR. For EpWT/HDET, 93% had stage I/IIN−, 5‐year EFS was 90.2% and overall survival of (OS) 98.4%, as compared to 84.0% and 92.5% in other IR histology (NS). Stage I EpWT/HDET had a significant better outcome than stage I of other IR. In SpWT 82% of cases had stage I/IIN−; 5‐year EFS was 94.3% and OS 99.2%, significantly better compared to other IR histology. All patients with stage I are alive (2/149 relapses); 3/52 stage IIN−, 2/21 stage IIN+/III, and 6/12 stage IV patients relapsed (1 deceased per stage group).ConclusionsThe good outcome for EpWT and SpWT generally is very good which may be related to low age and low stage in most cases. A reduction of treatment intensity and/or duration may be justified especially for low stage SpWT that has an EFS close to 100%. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55:233–238. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Effect of Relaxation on Spin Wave Resonance in Thin Ferromagnetic Films
Authors: Chartoryzhskii D. N. , Kaliniko A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractForced nonuniform oscillations of the magnetic moment in a ferromagnetic film are considered, taking into account relaxation, dipole, and exchange interactions under various boundary conditions for the magnetization. Equations of the resonance frequencies of the spin wave oscillations are obtained, taking into account the losses for normally and tangentially magnetized films. Some criteria of the diecernibility of the resonance absorption maxima depending on spin wave resonance phenomena have been found. The concept of the film critical thickness L, has been introduced. The film properties at L > Lc are shown to have practically no differences from those of bulk ferrite slabs on microwave frequencies.
The Hole Mobility in a‐Edge‐Dislocated Tellurium Crystals
Authors: Doukhan J. C. , Drope R. , Farvacque J. L. , Gerlach E. , Geosse P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe conductivity and the Hall effect are measured in the temperature range 4 to 300 K on pure tellurium crystals before and after a homogeneous plastic deformation. No remarkable change was found of the carrier concentration by the deformation. However, a strong anisotropic contribution to the hole scattering is induced by the dislocations. A theoretical treatment is given to explain this scattering mechanism by considering dislocations as charged lines. To explain the observed anisotropy which leads to the lowest mobility for the current parallel to the glide direction, it is assumed, that the dislocations are charged like a linear dipole and, furthermore, are arranged in a substructure.
Quenching Effects and Vacancy Characteristics in Zinc
Authors: Simon J. P. , Vostry P. , Hillairet J. , Vajda P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractZinc single crystals and polycrystalline strips containing less than 10 ppm metallic impurities have been quenched from temperatures ranging between 20 and 240 °C to 4.2 K. Resistivity changes upon annealing were studied in the temperature range 70 to 450 K. The recovery spectrum is complicated by a cold work effect which is induced by the quenching and by the thermal cycling and superimposes on the elimination of the supersaturation concentration of vacancies. It was possible, however, to isolate the stage for the migration of single vacancies (around 180 K) and to measure the corresponding activation energy, (0.44 ± 0.03) eV. It is shown that, at low temperature, their migration proceeds essentially by nonbasal jumps. Furthermore, the vacancy formation energy has been determined to be (0.45 ± 0.05) eV.
The Application of X‐ray Diffuse Scattering to the Calculation of the FeAl Equilibrium Diagram
Authors: Semenovskaya S. V. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAbsolute intensity measurements of diffuse X‐ray scattering on single crystals of disordered equilibrium FeAl alloys are made at (000), (111), and (1/2,1/2,1/2) points of the reciprocal lattice of b.c.c crystals. These measurements give the opportunity of obtaining the three corresponding Fourier transforms of the interchange energies. According to Khachaturyan's theory these Fourier transforms are the energetic parameters which completely determine the thermodynamics of FeAl alloys in a self‐consistent field approximation. For the case of long‐range interactions each of the three parameters obtained includes all of the interchange energies. The contribution to the free energy of the exchange interactions of the set of the local spins (So = 1) placed on Fe‐atoms was evaluated. This result and obtained experimental values of the three energetic parameters allowed to calculate the FeAl diagram. The calculated diagram is in a very good agreement with the most recent diagram by Swann, Duff, and Fisher obtained by an electron microscopic method (discrepancies with respect to absolute temperature and compositions are everywhere less than 11%) though “adopt” parameters are nowhere used to “tie” the calculated and observed diagram to each other. It is shown that the equilibrium diagram depends essentially on the magnetic contribution to the total free energy.
Magnetic Properties of Two‐Dimensional Iron Chloride Intercalated in Graphite
Authors: Hohlwein D. , Readman P. W. , Chamberod A. , Coey J. M. D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSusceptibility and Mössbauer measurements have been made on a saturated FeCl3‐ graphite intercalation compound with alternating graphite and FeCl3,‐layers. It orders magnetically at 4 K. Extreme broadening of the Mössbauer spectrum is found in the critical region, and there is no anomaly in the sucseptibility. The moments lie in planes which are antiferromagnetic. Anisotropy of the susceptibility is ascribed t o the presence of Fez+ ions a t low temperatures, but a t room temperature there is rapid electron hopping between the iron sites.
Amorphous Antiferromagnetism: The Cluster Approach in Doped Semiconductors
Authors: Marko J. R. , Quirt J. D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA simple method is outlined for the calculation of the paramagnetic spin susceptibility χs appropriate t o a random spatial distribution of antiferromagnetically coupled spins. This method considers the microscopic sample to be a collection of decoupled clusters each containing three spins. It is specifically applied t o the n‐type silicon system with donor impurity concentrations in the range 1017 donors,/cm3 ≦ ND, ≦ 4 × 1018 donors/cm3. The resulting theoretical susceptibilities were of the Curie‐Weiss form for temperatures T > 5 K, but exhibited steepening of the xs−1 vs. T curves a t low temperatures and high concentrations. Both of these features have been observed in amorphous antiferromagnetic systems.
57 Fe Mössbauer Lineshapes in Disordered Ni3/Mn
Authors: Ray J. , Radhakrishnan T. S. , Bansal C. , Chanura G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMössbauer studies of 57Co doped disordered Ni3Mn are presented in the temperature range 77 to 500 K. The spectra consist of a well resolved six‐line pattern a t 77 K, becoming complex and showing hyperfine structure at higher temperatures, and finally collapsing t o a single line around 473 K. 57Fe Mössbauer line shapes in disordered Ni3Mn have been computed in this temperature range using a model which assigns an average exchange integral to an atom depending on its nearest neighbour (nn) atoms. Owing to the distribution of Tc of the various nn configuration clusters for a given central atom, there is a distribution in hyperfine fields, and the spectrum a t any temperature is the superposition of the different fields suitably weighted. The spectra simulated basing on this model agree with the experimental spectra.
The Advantages of Using Spherical Harmonics to Analyse Data on Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy and Other Non‐Linear Anisotropic Properties
Authors: Birss R. R. , Keeler G. J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIt is important, in considering certain physical properties, to allow for the existence of non‐linear anisotropy. Using magnetocrystalline anisotropy as an example, the role of symmetry is discussed in relation t o the description of non‐linear anisotropy and to the analysis of the corresponding experimental data (with particular reference to uniaxial and cubic symmetry). The advantages of using orthonormal functions, such as spherical harmonics, are demonstrated, both in general terms and also by specific application t o experimental data on magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
Influence of Plasmons on X‐Ray Emission Bands of Some Simple Metals
Authors: Pimpale A. , Mande C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe appearance of plasmon satellites in the X‐ray emission spectra should give rise to a reduction in free electron conduction band widths according to the intensity conservation rule. A simple method is suggested to study this reduction by modifying the Sommerfeld formula for the phase space available to the single‐particle excitations and the effective electronic mass due to the existence of the plasmons. It is found that the calculated band widths agree fairly well with corresponding experimental values for some simple metals. The inclusion of the exchange and correlations, however, removes the agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the band width. This is attributed to the fact that the long‐ and short‐wavelength tails are avoided in experimental measurements, whereas their effects are included in the exchange and correlation corrections.
Theory of Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Anharmonic Crystals with Impurities
Authors: Altukhov V. I. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe correlation function method (Kubo's formula) is used to investigate the lattice thermal conductivity of a disordered anharmonic crystal. It is shown that in the one‐particle approximation the thermal conductivity coefficient may be expressed by the dynamical Green's function. The latter is calculated for the anharmonic lattice containing a small amount of impurities with a random distribution. The theory suggested describes the simultaneous action of anharmonic and impurity mechanisms of the phonon scattering and may thus be used for the investigation of the interference of these scattering mechanisms.
Scanning electron microscopy studies of double‐layer silicon structures prepar by epitaxy and direct bonding
Authors: Govorkov A. V. , Enisherlova K. L. , Milvidskii M. G. , Chervyakova E. N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe electrical properties of multilayer structures obtained by direct bonding of silicon wafers and epitaxial growth have been investigated. The measurements were made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in either secondary electron or electron beam‐induced current (EBIC) regime, using cross sections of the structures with a p‐n junction formed in the subsurface region of the active layer. The measurements of defect recombination activity were made using Schottky diodes formed on the active layer surfaces. Parasitic p‐n junctions in some samples under a small direct voltage have been observed and the reason for the appearance of such parasitic junctions has been established. Two types of defects with different distribution densities and amplitudes of EBIC contrast have been detected.
Microanalysis using secondary electrons in scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Mil'shteinand S. , Joy D. C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA recent study of secondary electron (SE) spectra in an Auger spectrometer demonstrated unique features indicative of the chemical nature of the tested material. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) naturally generates SEs; therefore, in this paper, we combine the concept of using differential voltage contrast (DVC) with SE spectroscopy to identify the chemical nature of a material. It is demonstrated that this method reveals the uniqueness of electron energy distribution in the conduction band of a solid or, what is the same, the uniqueness of a build‐up of the outer electron shell system, and avoids errors due to the changes in the angular distribution oryield of the SE in the SEM. A theory of this new microanalytical method is developed. The experimental limitations of the SEM for this type of study are examined as well.
Simulations of scanning electron microscopy imaging and charging of insulating structures
Authors: Grella Luca , Lorusso Gian , Adler David L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe present a three‐dimensional simulation of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and surface charging. First, the field above the sample is calculated using Laplace's equation with the proper boundary conditions; then, the simulation algorithm starts following the electron trajectory outside the sample by using electron ray tracing. When the electron collides with the specimen, the algorithm keeps track of the electron inside the sample by simulating the electron scattering history with a Monte Carlo code. During this phase, secondary and backscattered electrons are emitted to form an image and primary electrons are absorbed; therefore, a charge density is formed in the material. This charge density is used to recalculate the field above and inside the sample by solving the Poisson equation with the proper boundary conditions. Field equation, Monte Carlo scattering simulation, and electron ray tracing are therefore integrated in a self‐consistent fashion to form an algorithm capable of simulating charging and imaging of insulating structures. To maintain generality, this algorithm has been implemented in three dimensions. We shall apply the so‐defined simulation to calculate both the global surface voltage and local microfields induced by the scanning beam. Furthermore, we shall show how charging affects resolution and image formation in general and how its characteristics change when imaging parameters are changed. We shall address magnification, scanning strategy, and applied field. The results, compared with experiments, clearly indicate that charging and the proper boundary conditions must be included in order to simulate images of insulating features. Furthermore, we shall show that a three‐dimensional implementation is mandatory for understanding local field formation.
Pathways toward improving teaching and learning in higher education: International context and background
Authors: Lewis Karron G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPeople are drawn to the field of improving teaching and learning in higher education from a variety of disciplines and backgrounds, but before we look at these “pathways,” we need to delve into the history, international variations, and similarities of the field of faculty/educational/academic development to provide a context for what has happened to make this field important to the vitality of teaching and learning in higher education all over the world.