Characterization of Reservoir Heterogeneity Based on Performance of Infill Wells in Waterfloods
Authors: Singhal A.K. , Springer S.J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Reservoir heterogeneities are known to influence success or failure of infill wells in waterfloods, but no satisfactory ways currently exist for their characterization, quantification, or prediction. In 1950, Dykstra and Parsons(1) presented empirical correlation for waterfloods in certain California reservoirs based on observed variations in permeability.
In general, procedures for most reservoir engineering predictions could be greatly improved if heterogeneity could be characterized by one or more terms. However, it is painfully obvious that because of the multitude of reservoir descriptions encountered in any oil prone basin, a single parameter (or a small number of parameters) may not be adequate. This is because of different ways in which heterogeneity impacts the performance of vertical or horizontal infill wells placed to enhance production/ reserves in a variety of waterflood situations.
It is postulated that reservoirs are divided into predominantly horizontal or vertical "compartments" due to spatial variations in reservoir attributes such as permeability, thickness, environment of deposition, and post-depositional changes. Oil contained in these compartments, though often not strictly isolated, is not easily contacted or displaced by the injected water. Alternately, flow within the reservoir might be predominantly through certain pathways, some of which might involve cross-flow between various regions or intervals. Horizontal wells do a better job of draining oil than vertical wells in certain situations and vice versa.
This paper proposes a method for characterizing reservoir heterogeneity and illustrates its application via four case studies of infill wells in waterfloods in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). Comparative performance is presented for infill horizontal and vertical wells placed in these projects during the past 15 years.

Introduction
In waterflood recovery projects, recovery at any point in time is a product of displacement efficiency, conformance (vertical sweep efficiency), and areal sweep efficiency. Whereas conformance can be estimated using Dykstra-Parson's procedures(1), sweep efficiency largely depends on areal heterogeneity in different intervals, besides factors such as mobility ratio, injected fluid throughput, and flood pattern geometry(2). Effects of areal heterogeneity have largely been approximated by "fudge factors," in the absence of a quantitative methodology for estimating them. Here, we propose an alternate method of characterizing areal or lateral heterogeneity in waterflood projects, based on performance of infill vertical and/ or horizontal wells.
Areal or lateral heterogeneity can be characterized using the following data (whenever available):Suitable geological analogs (outcrops or sub-crops as revealed in quarries or mines(3), or logs/cores);Results of pulse/interference tests between various injectors and producers;Inter-well tracer returns data for the specific waterflood project, provided sufficient amount of data are available for various injectors and producers(4); and,Performance of different production wells (vertical and horizontal).
Infill vertical or horizontal wells are drilled to reduce interwell spacing and modifying flooding patterns in drive situations, thereby accelerating production, improving volumetric sweep, and recovering some of the otherwise unrecoverable oil(5–7) from individual target locations.