bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why do flamingos stand on one leg?
Authors: Anderson Matthew J. , Williams Sarah A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA series of observational studies of captive Caribbean flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber were conducted to determine why flamingos rest on one leg. While frequently asked by the general public, this basic question has remained unanswered by the scientific community. Here we suggest that the latency of flamingos to initiate forward locomotion following resting on one leg is significantly longer than following resting on two, discounting the possibility that unipedal resting reduces muscle fatigue or enhances predatory escape. Additionally, we demonstrate that flamingos do not display lateral preferences at the individual or group levels when resting on one leg, with each bird dividing its resting time across both legs. We show that while flamingos prefer resting on one leg to two regardless of location, the percentage of birds resting on one leg is significantly higher among birds standing in the water than among those on land. Finally, we demonstrate a negative relationship between temperature and the percentage of observed birds resting on one leg, such that resting on one leg decreases as temperature rises. Results strongly suggest that unipedal resting aids flamingos in thermoregulation. Zoo Biol 29:365–374, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cognitively normal PDH‐deficient 18‐year‐old man carrying the R263G mutation in the PDHA1 gene
Authors: Bachmann‐Gagescu R. , Merritt J. Lawrence , Hahn S. H. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryPyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is a crucial multienzyme system linking glycolysis to the tricarboxylic acid cycle by catalysing the decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl‐CoA. Deficiency in pyruvate dehydrogenase is most commonly secondary to mutations in the X‐linked PDHA1 gene encoding the E1 alpha subunit. There is a wide range of clinical presentations from severe neonatal lactic acidosis to chronic encephalopathy (Leigh syndrome). In recent years, a small subset of patients was recognized with less severe involvement, presenting initially only with intermittent symptoms, mainly of ataxia. Most of these patients remain stable for a number of years before developing progressive neurological deterioration around puberty at the latest. There does not appear to be a reliable correlation between genotype, phenotype, or enzyme activity. This makes counselling in a clinical setting challenging. We report a case with a previously known common mutation in PDHA1 (R263G) with an excellent outcome at 18 years of age. Previous patients with this mutation have presented with mental retardation and/or Leigh syndrome, while our patient's clinical outcome is exceptional. He is cognitively normal and has normal brain MRI. His management includes a stringent carbohydrate‐free diet, as well as supplementation with thiamine, carnitine and vitamin E. This case further broadens the clinical spectrum, including now an example of a cognitively normal adult with PDH deficiency.
Treatment of Tönnis type II hip dysplasia with or without open reduction in children older than 18 months: A preliminary report
Authors: Akman Budak , Ozkan Korhan , Cift Hakan , Akan Kaya , Eceviz Engin , Eren Abdullah 
Published: July 2009

Purpose In this study, we aim to investigate whether the hip with Tönnis type II dysplasia in children older than 18 months can be treated without open reduction. Methods In our study, 47 hips (47 patients) with type II developmental dysplasia of the hip according to the Tönnis classification were treated by a combination of open reduction through an anterolateral approach with iliopsoas tenotomy followed by innominate osteotomy and capsulorrhaphy or iliopsoas tenotomy followed by innominate osteotomy. The patients with open reduction constitute the open Salter group (32 hips), while the rest of the patients with innominate osteotomy alone constitute the closed Salter group (15 hips). The acetabular index (AI) and Smith's c–b and h–b index were assessed on the preoperative, immediate postoperative and final follow-up hip X-rays. Results There were no statistically significant differences related to sex distribution, age and postoperative follow-up time between the patients of each group. There was also no statistically significant difference between the preoperative AI of the open and closed Salter osteotomy groups. Overall, 80% of hips with open reduction had Smith's c–b ratio greater than the value of 1 and h–b ratio lower than the value of 0.05. Conclusion The preoperative c–b index of the open osteotomy group was statistically greater than the c–b index of the closed osteotomy group and the preoperative h–b index of the open Salter group was statistically smaller than the h–b index of the closed Salter group, which means that most of the hips in the open osteotomy group are more in a lateralised and superior position compared to the closed osteotomy group. To us, there exists a subgroup of hips with less lateralisation and superior displacement according to the Smith's c–b and h–b ratio in Tönnis type II hip dysplasia. These hips might be less amenable to capsulorrhaphy because of the lower capsular instability and treatment may be done with closed reduction after iliopsoas tenotomy with Salter osteotomy in this select group of patients.
Jehoshaphat and His Prayer among Sixteenth-Century Lutherans
Authors: Haemig Mary Jane 
Published: July 2009

Martin Luther, writing in his Betbuchlein in 1522, declared:Among the many harmful books and doctrines which are misleading and deceiving Christians and give rise to countless false beliefs, I regard the personal prayer books as by no means the least objectionable. They drub into the minds of simple people such a wretched counting up of sins and going to confession, such un-Christian tomfoolery about prayers to God and his saints! Moreover, these books are puffed up with promises of indulgences. … These books need a basic and thorough reformation if not total extermination.… But I just don't have the time to undertake such a reformation; it is too much for me alone.
The Opposition to Caesar Worship
Authors: Scott E. F. 
Published: July 2009

It was on the question of Caesar worship that Christianity and Paganism joined battle. They were radically opposed, but the conflict broke out on this definite issue; and its real nature has commonly been misunderstood.There is no occasion, in this brief paper, to discuss the origin and history of the imperial cult. Enough to say that its motive was at once political and religious. On the one hand it was nothing but a civic ritual, by means of which the diverse races could express their common loyalty to the empire. It did not seek to displace any existing religion. It was not so much a mode of worship as a patriotic gesture, like the salutation of the flag. Yet it did, in some measure, answer to a religious need. The old religions were all associated with the tribes or cities which practised them, and had lost their purpose when these were absorbed in the composite empire. What was to be the religion of the empire itself, which was now being organised as a single corporate state? To the ancient mind a political system was unthinkable apart from a religious sanction, and since there was no traditional cult on which all the races could unite, a new one had to be devised. It found its object of worship in the state itself, as represented by its supreme ruler.
National Elements in the Career of St. Athanasius
Authors: Hardy Edward Rochie 
Published: July 2009

It has been recognized for some time that nationalism is a factor to be reckoned with in the ecclesiastical history of the later Roman Empire. Certainly the history of the Monophysites after Chalcedon is largely the story of the struggle of Egyptian and Syrian national feeling against the Empire. In all probability the bishops of Alexandria who in the two generations before Chalcedon combatted the rise of the imperial church at Constantinople— Theophilus, Cyril, and Dioscorus—were supported by the patriotism of the Egyptian nation as well as by the pride of the Alexandrian see. But there has not yet been any answer to the question, when did this union of Christianity and nationalism in Egypt begin?The discussion of this problem involves interrogating our sources on a subject they do not consciously treat and must be a matter of interpretation rather than merely of quotation of evidence. The problem could be stated in two ways; the church historian asks, when did Egyptian Christianity become nationalist? while for Egyptian history the problem is, when did Egyptian nationalism become Christian? The Egyptian nation, with its language, its religion, and some remnants of its literature and culture, had continued to exist through the whole period of Greco-Roman dominance. In the Coptic church it was to find once more the means to vigorous self-expression.
Anglicanism on the Eve of the Oxford Movement
Authors: McNeill John T. 
Published: July 2009

1. The Erastian Bondage of the Church:The promise of Magna Charta “that the English Church shall be free and have her rights entire and her liberties inviolate,” went largely unfulfilled. The autonomy of the Church was dreamt of by men like Stephen Langton and Robert Grosseteste, but it was never realized. In the Middle Ages it was restricted by the assertion of the jurisdiction of the Pope on the one hand, and of the King on the other. Magna Charta marked the humiliation of the King and met with the prompt condemnation of the Pope. By a long series of events between ca. 1350 and ca. 1570, the Pope's cause in England was lost, and in the same course of events the royal power was greatly enhanced. So far as constitutional autonomy was concerned the Church was now in a weaker state than before. The gates of a prison-house of Erastianism closed about her. A blight fell upon her governing institutions. Her Convocations were not permitted to function, and after 1718 were discontinued, except for pro forma meetings held for the purpose, as Edmund Burke phrased it, “of making some polite ecclesiastical compliments to the King.” Burke spoke for the politicians of his century when he added: “It is wise to permit its legal existence only.” Because Convocation's last acts had been attended by strife, the fear that its revival would mean a renewal of unseemly contention was habitually invoked as an answer to the few who ventured to suggest that step.
Trading on faith: religious movements and informal economic governance in Nigeria
Authors: Meagher Kate 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe pressures of economic crisis and reform that have gripped African societies have been accompanied by a proliferation of new religious movements. Amid concerns about the political impact of religious revivalism, little attention has been devoted to their economic implications. Focusing on the remarkable coincidence between the withdrawal of the state, the rise of religious movements, and the dramatic expansion of the informal economy, this paper examines the role of religious revivalism in processes of informal economic governance and class formation in contemporary Africa. Against the background of the historical role of religion in the development of market institutions across the continent, it traces the dynamics of religious revivalism and informal economic regulation in two regions of Nigeria. Rather than representing a return to occultist or patrimonial impulses, new religious movements reveal distinctly Weberian tendencies. However, modernising tendencies fostered within the informal economy by popular religious revivalism are being stunted by the relentless pressures of liberalisation, globalisation and pseudo-democratisation. Progressive religious tendencies among the poor are being instrumentalised by religious entrepreneurs and political elites, undermining fragile processes of entrepreneurial class formation taking place within the informal economy.
An Ontology-Based Framework for Clinical Research Databases
Authors: Scheuermann Richard H. , Kong Megan , Dahlke Carl , Karp David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Ontology-Based eXtensible data model (OBX) was developed to serve as a framework for the development of a clinical research database in the Immunology Database and Analysis Portal (ImmPort) system. OBX was designed around the logical structure provided by the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI). By using the logical structure provided by these two well-formulated ontologies, we have found that a relatively simple, extensible data model could be developed to represent the relatively complex domain of clinical research. In addition, the common framework provided by the BFO should make it straightforward to utilize OBX database data dictionaries based on reference and application ontologies from the OBO Foundry.
An exercise on developing an ontology-epistemology about schizophrenia and neuroanatomy
Authors: Freire Rodolpho , Santos Danilo Nunes , Vinicius dos Santos Marcos , Eduardo Santos Paulo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper describes preliminary ideas on formalizing some concepts of neuroanatomy into ontological and epistemological terms. We envisage the application of this ontology on the assimilation of facts about medical knowledge about neuroimages from schizophrenic patients.
A Nonword Repetition Task for Speakers With Misarticulations: The Syllable Repetition Task (SRT)
Authors: Shriberg Lawrence D. , Lohmeier Heather L. , Campbell Thomas F. , Dollaghan Christine A. , Green Jordan R. , Moore Christopher A. 
Published: July 2009

PurposeConceptual and methodological confounds occur when non(sense) word repetition tasks are administered to speakers who do not have the target speech sounds in their phonetic inventories or who habitually misarticulate targeted speech sounds. In this article, the authors (a) describe a nonword repetition task, the Syllable Repetiton Task (SRT), that eliminates this confound and (b) report findings from 3 validity studies.MethodNinety-five preschool children with speech delay and 63 with typical speech completed an assessment battery that included the Nonword Repetition Task (NRT; C. Dollaghan & T. F. Campbell, 1998) and the SRT. SRT stimuli include only 4 of the earliest occurring consonants and 1 early occurring vowel.ResultsStudy 1 findings indicated that the SRT eliminated the speech confound in nonword testing with speakers who misarticulate. Study 2 findings indicated that the accuracy of the SRT to identify expressive language impairment was comparable to findings for the NRT. Study 3 findings illustrated the SRT’s potential to interrogate speech processing constraints underlying poor nonword repetition accuracy. Results supported both memorial and auditory–perceptual encoding constraints underlying nonword repetition errors in children with speech-language impairment.ConclusionThe SRT appears to be a psychometrically stable and substantively informative nonword repetition task for emerging genetic research and other research with speakers who misarticulate.
Speech Perception Abilities of Adults With Dyslexia: Is There Any Evidence for a True Deficit?
Authors: Hazan Valerie , Messaoud-Galusi Souhila , Rosen Stuart , Nouwens Suzan , Shakespeare Bethanie 
Published: July 2009

Purpose
This study investigated whether adults with dyslexia show evidence of a consistent speech perception deficit by testing phoneme categorization and word perception in noise.

Method
Seventeen adults with dyslexia and 20 average readers underwent a test battery including standardized reading, language and phonological awareness tests, and tests of speech perception. Categorization of a pea/bee voicing contrast was evaluated using adaptive identification and discrimination tasks, presented in quiet and in noise, and a fixed-step discrimination task. Two further tests of word perception in noise were presented.

Results
There were no significant group differences for categorization in quiet or noise, across- and within-category discrimination as measured adaptively, or word perception, but average readers showed better across- and within-category discrimination in the fixed-step discrimination task. Individuals did not show consistent poor performance across related tasks.

Conclusions
The small number of group differences, and lack of consistent poor individual performance, suggests weak support for a speech perception deficit in dyslexia. It seems likely that at least some poor performances are attributable to nonsensory factors like attention. It may also be that some individuals with dyslexia have speech perceptual acuity that is at the lower end of the normal range and exacerbated by nonsensory factors.
Closed-Hub Systems with Protected Connections and the Reduction of Risk of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection in Pediatric Patients Receiving Intravenous Prostanoid Therapy for Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Ivy D. Dunbar , Calderbank Michelle , Wagner Brandie D. , Dolan Susan , Nyquist Ann-Christine , Wade Michael , Nickels William M. , Doran Aimee K. 
Published: July 2009

Background.Intravenous prostanoids (epoprostenol and treprostinil) are effective therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension but carry a risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI). Prevention of CR-BSI during long-term use of indwelling central venous catheters is important.Objective.To evaluate whether using a closed-hub system and waterproofing catheter hub connections reduces the rate of CR-BSI per 1,000 catheter-days.Design.Single-center open observational study (January 2003-December 2008).Patients.Pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension who received intravenous prostanoids.Methods.In July 2007, CR-BSI preventive measures were implemented, including the use of a closed-hub system and the waterproofing of catheter hub connections during showering. Rates of CR-BSI before and after implementing preventive measures were compared with respect to medication administered and type of bacterial infection.Results.Fifty patients received intravenous prostanoid therapy for a total of 41,840 catheter-days. The rate of CR-BSI during the study period was 0.51 infections per 1,000 catheter-days for epoprostenol and 1.38 infections per 1,000 catheter-days for treprostinil, which differed significantly (P < .01 ). CR-BSIs caused by gram-negative pathogens occurred more frequently with treprostinil than with epoprostenol (0.91 infections per 1,000 catheter-days vs 0.08 infections per 1,000 catheter-days; P <.01). Patients treated with treprostinil after the implemented changes had a significant decrease in CR-BSI rate (1.95 infections per 1,000 catheter-days vs 0.19 infections per 1,000 catheter-days; P <.01).Conclusion.The closed-hub system and the maintenance of dry catheter hub connections significantly reduced the incidence of CR-BSI (particularly infections caused by gram-negative pathogens) in patients receiving intravenous treprostinil.
Active Surveillance for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Sarda Vanessa , Molloy Anne , Kadkol Shirahi , Janda William M. , Hershow Ronald , McGuinn Marcella 
Published: July 2009

Background.We describe our experience using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) during a period of active surveillance in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from March 2007 until November 2007.Objective.TO compare PCR with bacterial culture methods and find the screening algorithm that most successfully ensures appropriate isolation of colonized patients.Methods.Patients in the NICU were screened for MRSA on admission and weekly thereafter until discharge. Healthcare workers (HCWs) were also screened as part of an outbreak investigation. A total of 599 individuals were screened for MRSA with both a PCR assay and selective bacterial culture. Strain typing was performed on all MRSA isolates to determine clonal relatedness.Results.Twenty-one of 435 infants (4.8%) screened positive for MRSA with the PCR assay. Only 11 patients (52.4%) had concomitant bacterial cultures positive for MRSA. Compared to bacterial culture, the PCR assay had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97.6%, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 52.4%. Infants that tested positive for MRSA by both culture and PCR were more likely to have a positive PCR assay result when retested than were those who tested positive by PCR alone (80% vs 20%; P = .02). Strain typing of MRSA isolates identified a common clone in only 2 colonized infants.Conclusion.Our data show that, in our neonatal population, the reproducibility of PCR assay results for culture-negative patients was low compared with the reproducibility of results for culture-positive Patients. Furthermore, the low PPV suggests that for nearly half of individuals who were PCR-positive, the result was falsely positive, which argues against the use of PCR assays alone for MRSA screening in the NICU.
Testing children for inherited thrombophilia: more questions than answers
Authors: Raffini Leslie , Thornburg Courtney 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThrombotic events in children have become an increasingly common problem, particularly in paediatric tertiary care hospitals. The prevalence of inherited thrombophilia in children who develop thrombosis varies substantially depending on the population. Children who develop thrombosis, as well as those who have not but have a positive family history, are frequently tested for inherited thrombophilia. The clinical utility of performing such tests has been questioned, in both adults and children. This review will examine the practise of testing for inherited thrombophilia in children, focusing on the rationale for testing and highlighting areas in which more evidence is needed prior to making strong recommendations. Future studies, many of which are currently being performed or proposed, are necessary to address many of the unanswered questions.
Evaluation of glycaemic status in young people with clinical insulin resistance; fasting glucose, fasting insulin or an oral glucose tolerance test?
Authors: Garnett Sarah P. , Srinivasan Shubha , Birt Stewart G. , Ambler Geoffrey R. , Lawrie Elizabeth A. , Cowell Chris T. , Craig Maria E. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryObjective  It is important to identify young people with prediabetes for early intervention. However, it is unclear how to best screen overweight and obese young people for prediabetes. The objective of this study was to compare fasting indices with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in diagnosing prediabetes.Design  Retrospective review.Patients  A total of 224 young people, aged 12·0 years (range: 3·2–17·3 years), with clinical features of insulin resistance, who had an OGTT between 2000 and 2007 at a tertiary children’s hospital, Sydney, Australia.Measurements  Oral glucose tolerance test.Results  A total of 168 (75%) participants had normal glucose tolerance, 45 (20%) had prediabetes and 11 (5%) had type 2 diabetes; 29 of those with prediabetes and 10 with type 2 diabetes were identified by fasting glucose criteria alone. Young people with normal fasting glucose and fasting insulin ≤180 pmol/l had lower insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment median 1·9 vs. 4·2, P < 0·001), higher insulin sensitivity index (2·4 vs. 1·0, P < 0·001) and a lower early insulin response (insulinogenic index 2·5 vs. 4·1, P < 0·001) compared to those with normal fasting glucose and higher fasting insulin levels. If a fasting insulin cut point (≤180 pmol/l) was used in addition to fasting glucose to determine the need for an OGTT, 114 (68%) young people with normal glucose tolerance would have avoided the test. By contrast, the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance, identified by an OGTT, would have been missed in three children.Conclusion  Fasting glucose and insulin levels should be measured in young people with insulin resistance before undertaking a time‐ and resource‐intensive OGTT.