bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of modified starches on the adsorption of cigarette mainstream smoke composition
Authors: Guo Li , Zhu Yu , Du Xianfeng 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this work modified starches such as porous starch (PS) and cross‐linked phosphorylated porous starch (PPS) were used as tobacco filter to investigate their adsorption efficiency on the tar, ammonia (NH3), hydrocyanic acid (HCN), crotonaldehyde, and total particulate matter (TPM) in mainstream cigarette smoke. The pore properties and structural stability of the modified starches have been evaluated and the adsorption relationship between the modified starches and the main toxicants in tobacco smoke has also been established. Analytes of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes show reductions in yields of some measured constituents in mainstream cigarette smoke, such as tar, HCN, NH3, crotonaldehyde, and TPM. The largest reductions are for NH3 levels, up to 35.93% in one case, observed from the tobacco filter containing PPS. The largest reductions in mainstream yields of HCN (13.04%) and crotonaldehyde (31.06%) smoke toxicants were also observed. These results indicate that reducing exposure to some smoke toxicants is possible using the modified starches such as PS and PPS as tobacco filter.
Grafted Neuronal Precursor Cells Differentiate and Integrate in Injured Hippocampus in Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
Authors: Hofer Sandra , Magloire Vincent , Streit Jürg , Leib Stephen L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBacterial meningitis (BM) frequently causes persisting neurofunctional sequelae. Autopsy studies in patients dying from BM show characteristic apoptotic brain injury to the stem cell niche in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), and this form of brain damage is associated with learning and memory deficits in experimental BM. With an eye to potential regenerative therapies, the survival, migration, and differentiation of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) were evaluated after engraftment into the injured hippocampus in vitro and in vivo in an infant rat model of pneumococcal meningitis. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing NPCs were grafted into the DG of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures injured by challenge with live Streptococcus pneumoniae. Seven days after engraftment, NPCs had migrated from the site of injection into the injured granular layer of the DG and electro-functionally integrated into the hippocampal network. In vivo, GFP-expressing NPCs migrated within 1 week from the injection site in the hilus region to the injured granular layer of the hippocampal DG and showed neuronal differentiation at 2 and 4 weeks after transplantation. Hippocampal injury induced by BM guides grafted NPCs to the area of brain damage and provides a microenvironment for neuronal differentiation and functional integration.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Reading Comprehension: What Every Teacher Needs to Know
Authors: McLaughlin Maureen 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this article, the author proposes ten principles through which she examines the essentials of teaching reading comprehension. Topics explored include the nature of reading comprehension and the roles of good readers and influential teachers. Related issues include motivation, comprehension strategies, explicit instruction, and vocabulary. Finally, multiple representations of thinking, assessment, and comprehending at deeper levels are discussed.
Dialogic Teaching: Rethinking Language Use During Literature Discussions
Authors: Reznitskaya Alina 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDialogic teaching ‐ a pedagogical approach that involves students in a collaborative construction of meaning and is characterized by shared control over the key aspects of classroom discourse ‐ has been largely advocated by contemporary research and theory. However, studies in the US and UK continue to document the persistence of monologic instruction in today's classrooms. This paper reviews empirically‐supported features of dialogic teaching and relates them to relevant theoretical models. It describes the Dialogic Inquiry Tool (DIT), an observational rating scale designed to engage elementary school teachers in a systematic and deliberate examination of their interactions during group discussions of assigned readings. The paper uses excerpts of classroom discussions to demonstrate the use of the DIT and to discuss its potential for informing teacher practice and encouraging reflection on the relationship between language and pedagogy.
Young Children's Limited and Narrow Exposure to Informational Text
Authors: Yopp Ruth Helen , Yopp Hallie Kay 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDespite arguments for more fully including informational text in early childhood classrooms, research suggests that young children's exposure to the genre is quite limited. This article focuses on the informational books that children do encounter, specifically through read‐alouds, and describes the narrow focus of those books. Informational read‐alouds are overwhelmingly on topics of life science. The authors advocate for both increasing and broadening the informational books read aloud to young children and provide recommendations for ensuring productive read‐aloud experiences.
Mammary gland development
Authors: Macias Hector , Hinck Lindsay 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe mammary gland develops through several distinct stages. The first transpires in the embryo as the ectoderm forms a mammary line that resolves into placodes. Regulated by epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, the placodes descend into the underlying mesenchyme and produce the rudimentary ductal structure of the gland present at birth. Subsequent stages of development—pubertal growth, pregnancy, lactation, and involution—occur postnatally under the regulation of hormones. Puberty initiates branching morphogenesis, which requires growth hormone (GH) and estrogen, as well as insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1), to create a ductal tree that fills the fat pad. Upon pregnancy, the combined actions of progesterone and prolactin generate alveoli, which secrete milk during lactation. Lack of demand for milk at weaning initiates the process of involution whereby the gland is remodeled back to its prepregnancy state. These processes require numerous signaling pathways that have distinct regulatory functions at different stages of gland development. Signaling pathways also regulate a specialized subpopulation of mammary stem cells that fuel the dramatic changes in the gland occurring with each pregnancy. Our knowledge of mammary gland development and mammary stem cell biology has significantly contributed to our understanding of breast cancer and has advanced the discovery of therapies to treat this disease. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:533–557. doi: 10.1002/wdev.35This article is categorized under:

Vertebrate Organogenesis > From a Tubular Primordium: Branched
A Novel Fatty Acid, 12,17‐Dimethyloctadecanoic Acid, from the Extremophile Thermogemmatispora sp. (Strain T81)
Authors: Vyssotski M. , Ryan J. , Lagutin K. , Wong H. , Morgan X. , Stott M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe major fatty acids of a novel species of Thermogemmatispora sp. (strain T81) from the phylum Chloroflexi were identified as i18:0 (42.8 % of total fatty acids), i19:0 (9.7 %), and i17:0 (5.9 %). Also observed was a number of unidentified fatty acids, including a major acid (16.3 %) with ECL of 19.04 (BP1), and 18.76 (TG‐WAXMS A). GCMS revealed that this compound is a saturated 20‐carbon atom fatty acid. 1H– and 13C–NMR, with 1H–1H–COSY and 1H–13C–HSQC experiments suggested the structure of dimethyl octadecanoic acid with iso‐branching, and an extra middle‐chain methyl group. A pyrrolidide derivative demonstrated the characteristic gaps in GCMS indicating methyl branching at C12 and C17, which was eventually confirmed by a 1H–13C–HSQC–TOCSY experiment. This 12,17‐dimethyloctadecanoic acid has not been previously detected or described in these organisms. However, a recent description of a phylogenetically related species of Thermogemmatispora (Yabe et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61:903–910, 2010), noted an unidentified 20:0 fatty acid with matching GC behavior and GCMS data to that of strain T81. These data suggest that Thermogemmatispora share an ability to synthesize the same fatty acid. A number of other dimethyl‐branched fatty acids, namely 8,14‐diMe 15:0; 12,15‐diMe 16:0; 10,15‐diMe 16:0; 12,16‐diMe 17:0; 10,16‐diMe 17:0; 12,17‐diMe 18:0; 12,18‐diMe 19:0; 14,19‐diMe 20:0, were also identified in strain T81.
What actually makes bullying stop? Reports from former victims
Authors: Frisén Ann , Hasselblad Tove , Holmqvist Kristina 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTSchool bullying is a serious, worldwide problem which is not easily counteracted. The present study focuses on the perspective of former victims, asking them what it was that made the bullying stop in their case. Participants were 273 18‐year‐old former victims in Sweden, a country in which schools are doing extensive work against bullying and the bullying prevalence is relatively low. Results showed that although support from school personnel was the most common reason that the former victims gave to why the bullying had ended, it was only mentioned by a fourth of them. In fact, it was almost equally as common that the bullying had ended in that the victims transitioned to a new school level or changed their way of coping with the bullying. Very few of the adolescents reported that the bullying had stopped due to support from peers.
Valuing time in supply chains: Establishing limits of time‐based competition
Authors: Blackburn Joseph 
Published: April 2012

Highlights► The marginal value of time defines the limits of time‐based advantage in supply chains. ► In supply chains the time value measures the marginal inventory cost of longer lead‐times. ► We show that the time‐value for a make‐to‐stock supply chain is surprisingly small. ► The low time‐value is consistent with the observed growth in global supply chains with long lead‐times.Over the past two decades the growth in international trade and the offshore migration of US manufacturing have created global supply chains with longer lead‐times and slower response. This suggests that traditional supply chains have encountered limits to time‐based competition in which the cost of faster replenishment exceeds the benefits. This paper explores and quantifies those limits to time‐based competition in make‐to‐stock supply chains for functional products (products with stable demand over relatively long life cycles).The marginal value of time is used to define the limits of time‐based competition in a supply chain, and we define it as the change in total inventory costs per unit change in supply chain lead‐time. To calculate the value of time, we develop a set of simple analytical expressions that apply to most standard reorder‐point inventory policies under deterministic and variable lead‐times. By not requiring optimal inventory policies and expressing the value of time in terms of the unit cost of the product, we obtain very general results that are essentially product‐free. We validate the analytical expressions using data from actual supply chains to simulate the inventory cost effects of changes in the lead‐time. The results show that the marginal value of time in a supply chain is surprisingly low; it generally falls within a range of 0.4–0.8% of product unit cost per week.Our analytical models explain why there has been expansive growth in global supply chains for functional products. The key tradeoff in outsourcing is between reduced variable production cost and the increased inventory cost of longer supply chain lead‐times. The models show analytically that the incremental inventory cost is extremely small relative to the cost benefit. The growth in global supply chains with long lead‐times is cost, rather than time, driven.
Incidence and clinical significance of zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture involving the temporomandibular joint with emphasis on trismus
Authors: Chang Chia‐Ming , Ko Edward C. , Kao Chu‐Chiang , Chang Pei‐Ying , Chen Michael Y.C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTrismus is frequently a sequel of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement in a zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fracture. Although trismus is commonly observed in patients with ZMC fracture, continuous follow‐up examinations of their degree of mouth opening have rarely been documented. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the incidence and clinical significance of ZMC fracture involving the glenoid fossa or articular eminence of the TMJ with an emphasis on trismus. The medical and computed tomography (CT) imaging data of 28 patients with ZMC fracture treated by oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFSs) (OMFS group) and 174 patients with ZMC fracture treated by surgeons other than OMFSs (non‐OMFS group) between May 2002 and May 2006 were reviewed. Maximal interincisal opening (MIO) less than 35 mm or three‐finger width was considered limited mouth opening and indicative of trismus. Preoperative CT imaging data indicated that about 64% (18/28) and 50% (87/174) of the patients in the OMFS and non‐OMFS groups, respectively, had a ZMC fracture involving the TMJ. Among these OMFS patients, 17 (94.40%) patients had limited mouth opening (MIO range, 7–33 mm) preoperatively, which improved markedly postoperatively. Among the non‐OMFS patients with such fractures, 42 (48.3%) patients had trismus preoperatively and two retained trismus postoperatively. Lack of proper preoperative CT images, inadequate postoperative follow‐up protocol, and/or neglect by patients and medical staff could influence the outcomes of ZMC fracture involving the TMJ. We make recommendations for reducing the risk of complications subsequent to ZMC fracture involving the TMJ.
PRACTICAL REASONING, DECISION THEORY AND ANTI-INTELLECTUALISM
Authors: Brown Jessica 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this paper, I focus on the most important form of argument for anti-intellectualism, one that exploits alleged connections between knowledge and practical reasoning. I first focus on a form of this argument which exploits a universal principle, Sufficiency, connecting knowledge and practical reasoning. In the face of putative counterexamples to Sufficiency, a number of authors have attempted to reformulate the argument with a weaker principle. However, I argue that the weaker principles suggested are also problematic. I conclude that, so far, there is no good argument for anti-intellectualism that rests on connections between knowledge and practical reasoning.
Prolonged magma emplacement as a mechanism for the origin of the marginal reversal of the Fongen–Hyllingen layered intrusion, Norway
Authors: EGOROVA VERA , LATYPOV RAIS 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe ~100 m thick marginal zone of the Fongen–Hyllingen Intrusion (FHI) consists of non-layered, highly iron-enriched ferrodiorites that are overlain by a ~ 6 km thick layered sequence of gabbroic to dioritic rocks of the Layered Series. From the base upwards the marginal zone becomes more primitive as exemplified by a significant increase in whole-rock MgO, Mg-number and normative An. The reverse trends are also evident from an upward increase in An-content of plagioclase (from ~ 30 to ~ 43 at.%) and Mg-number of amphibole (from ~ 9 to ~ 23 at.%) and clinopyroxene (from ~ 23 to ~ 33 at.%). The marginal zone is abruptly terminated at the contact with the overlying Layered Series as is evident from a step-like increase in Mg-number of mafic minerals and An-content of plagioclase, as well as a sharp increase in whole-rock MgO and Mg-number in overlying olivine gabbronorites of the Layered Series. Based on these features the marginal zone of the FHI can be interpreted as an aborted marginal reversal. Reverse trends in whole-rock and mineral compositions, as well as a sharp break in these parameters are indicative of its formation in an open system with the involvement of the prolonged emplacement of magma that became increasingly more primitive. Such development of the marginal reversal was interrupted by the emplacement of a major influx of more primitive magma that produced the Layered Series. The open system evolution of a basaltic magma chamber may represent a general mechanism for the origin of marginal reversals in mafic sills and layered intrusions.
Proteomics and theTrypanosoma bruceicytoskeleton: advances and opportunities
Authors: PORTMAN NEIL , GULL KEITH 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYTrypanosoma bruceiis the etiological agent of devastating parasitic disease in humans and livestock in sub-saharan Africa. The pathogenicity and growth of the parasite are intimately linked to its shape and form. This is in turn derived from a highly ordered microtubule cytoskeleton that forms a tightly arrayed cage directly beneath the pellicular membrane and numerous other cytoskeletal structures such as the flagellum. The parasite undergoes extreme changes in cellular morphology during its life cycle and cell cycles which require a high level of integration and coordination of cytoskeletal processes. In this review we will discuss the role that proteomics techniques have had in advancing our understanding of the molecular composition of the cytoskeleton and its functions. We then consider future opportunities for the application of these techniques in terms of addressing some of the unanswered questions of trypanosome cytoskeletal cell biology with particular focus on the differences in the composition and organisation of the cytoskeleton through the trypanosome life-cycle.
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of 104Clostridium difficilestrains isolated from China
Authors: YAN Q. , ZHANG J. , CHEN C. , ZHOU H. , DU P. , CUI Z. , CEN R. , LIU L. , LI W. , CAO B. , LU J. , CHENG Y. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYThe phylogenetic and epidemic relationships of 104 clinical isolatesof Clostridium difficilefrom three hospitals of different geographical and population sources in China were investigated by multilocus sequence typing. Twenty-two sequence types (STs) were identified, four of which, ST117, ST118, ST119 and ST129, were novel. No geographically specific and host population-specific phylogenetic lineages were found and there was no correlation between geographical origin or host population and strain genotype. ST37 was the dominant type in our survey but the four novel STs underline the high genetic diversity and unique polymorphisms inC. difficilefrom China.
Climate variations and salmonellosis in northwest Russia: a time-series analysis
Authors: GRJIBOVSKI A. M. , BUSHUEVA V. , BOLTENKOV V. P. , BUZINOV R. V. , DEGTEVA G. N. , YURASOVA E. D. , NURSE J. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYAssociations between monthly counts of all laboratory-confirmed cases of salmonellosis in Arkhangelsk, northern Russia, from 1992 to 2008 and climatic variables with lags 0–2 were studied by three different models. We observed a linear association between the number of cases of salmonellosis and mean monthly temperature with a lag of 1 month across the whole range of temperatures. An increase of 1 °C was associated with a 2·04% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·25–3·84], 1·84% (95% CI 0·06–3·63) and 2·32% (95% CI 0·38–4·27) increase in different models. Only one of the three models suggested an increase in the number of cases, by 0·24% (95% CI 0·02–0·46) with an increase in precipitation by 1 mm in the same month. Higher temperatures were associated with higher monthly counts of salmonellosis while the association with precipitation was less certain. The results may have implications for the future patterns of enteric infections in northern areas related to climate change.
The persisting burden of visceral leishmaniasis in Iraq: data of the National Surveillance System, 1990–2009
Authors: MAJEED B. , SOBEL J. , NAWAR A. , BADRI S. , MUSLIM H. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an endemic parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of sand flies. To describe trends and demographics of reported VL cases, we reviewed surveillance data from 1990–2009. Reported VL incidence per 100 000 population was 2·6 in 2007, 3·1 in 2008, and 4·8 in 2009, mostly in children aged <5 years. The number of cases varied greatly in step with prevailing economic and security conditions, raising concerns about the completeness and quality of surveillance data. Nevertheless, we conclude that VL remains an important endemic disease in Iraq and that surveillance system is recovering the capacity to detect cases as the country experiences greater stability. We recommend conducting formal entomological investigations, and evaluating existing control measures.
Process evaluation of an environmental and educational nutrition intervention in residential drug-treatment facilities
Authors: Cowan Jennifer A , Devine Carol M 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the implementation of a controlled, 6-week, environmental and educational intervention to improve dietary intake and body composition, and to study the association of implementation fidelity with diet and body composition outcomes.DesignA process evaluation documented participation, dose of nutrition education delivered, participant satisfaction, fidelity and completeness of the food environment intervention implementation, and context through observations and interviews with staff and residents. Intervention sites were scored and categorized as high or low participation and implementation and compared on essential elements of the food environment and on diet and body composition outcomes.SettingSix urban residential drug-treatment facilities in Upstate New York.SubjectsFifty-five primarily black and white men in residential drug-treatment programmes.ResultsParticipants were exposed to 94 % and 69 % of the educational and environmental elements, respectively. High implementation sites were significantly more likely to provide water and 100 % juice, offer fruit or vegetable salad, offer choices of fruits and vegetables, and limit fried foods. Mixed-model analysis of covariance revealed that participants in the high participation and implementation sites reported greater reductions in total energy, percentage of energy from sweets, daily servings of fats, oils and sweets, and BMI over the intervention period. Participants in low participation and implementation sites reported greater reductions in percentage of energy from fat. Differential implementation of environmental elements limited the intervention impact.ConclusionsThese findings document the contribution of changes in eating environments to facilitate dietary behaviour change in community residential substance-abuse settings.