bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cassini in Titan's tail: CAPS observations of plasma escape
Authors: Coates A. J. , Wellbrock A. , Lewis G. R. , Arridge C. S. , Crary F. J. , Young D. T. , Thomsen M. F. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Sittler E. C. , Johnson R. E. , Szego K. , Bebesi Z. , Jones G. H. 
Published: April 2012

We present observations of CAPS electron and ion spectra during Titan distant tail crossings at 5,000–10,000 km altitude by the Cassini spacecraft. In common with closer tail encounters, we identify ionospheric plasma in the tail. Some of the electron spectra indicate a direct magnetic connection to Titan's dayside ionosphere due to the presence of ionospheric photoelectrons. Ion observations reveal heavy (m/q∼ 16 and 28) and light (m/q = 1–2) ion populations streaming into the tail. Using the distant tail encounters T9, T75 and T63, we estimate total plasma loss rates from Titan via this process of (4.2, 0.96 and 2.3) × 1024 ions s−1 respectively for the three encounters, values which are in agreement with some simulations but slightly lower than earlier estimates based on non‐differential techniques. Using the mass‐separated data, this corresponds to mass loss rates of (8.9, 1.6, 4.0) × 1025 amu s−1 for T9, T75 and T63 respectively, an average loss rate of ∼7 tonnes per Earth day. Remarkably, all of the tail encounters studied here indicate a split tail feature, indicating that this may be a common feature in Titan's interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere.
Moderate-to-high-intensity training and a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet enhance endothelial progenitor cells and fitness in subjects with the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Fernández Juan Marcelo , Rosado-Álvarez Daniel , Da Silva Grigoletto Marzo Edir , Rangel-Zúñiga Oriol Alberto , Landaeta-Díaz Leslie Lorena , Caballero-Villarraso Javier , López-Miranda José , Pérez-Jiménez Francisco , Fuentes-Jiménez Francisco 
Published: April 2012

A reduction in EPC (endothelial progenitor cell) number could explain the development and progression of atherosclerosis in the MetS (metabolic syndrome). Although much research in recent years has focused on the Mediterranean dietary pattern and the MetS, the effect of this diet with/without moderate-to-high-intensity endurance training on EPCs levels and CrF (cardiorespiratory fitness) remains unclear. In the present study, the objective was to assess the effect of a Mediterranean diet hypocaloric model with and without moderate-to-high-intensity endurance training on EPC number and CrF of MetS patients. Thus 45 MetS patients (50–66 years) were randomized to a 12-week intervention with the hypocaloric MeD (Mediterranean diet) or the MeDE (MeD plus moderate-to-high-intensity endurance training). Training included two weekly supervised sessions [80% MaxHR (maximum heart rate); leg and arm pedalling] and one at-home session (65–75% MaxHR; walking controlled by heart rate monitors). Changes in: (i) EPC number [CD34+KDR+ (kinase insert domain-containing receptor)], (ii) CrF variables and (iii) MetS components and IRH (ischaemic reactive hyperaemia) were determined at the end of the study. A total of 40 subjects completed all 12 weeks of the study, with 20 in each group. The MeDE led to a greater increase in EPC numbers and CrF than did the MeD intervention (P≤0.001). In addition, a positive correlation was observed between the increase in EPCs and fitness in the MeDE group (r=0.72; r2=0.52; P≤0.001). Body weight loss, insulin sensitivity, TAGs (triacylglycerols) and blood pressure showed a greater decrease in the MeDE than MeD groups. Furthermore, IRH was only improved after the MeDE intervention. In conclusion, compliance with moderate-to-high-intensity endurance training enhances the positive effects of a model of MeD on the regenerative capacity of endothelium and on the fitness of MetS patients.
Weaning Ages of Bluegill and Redear Sunfish Fry in Indoor Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Dudenhoeffer Gregory A , Wetzel James E , Omara-Alwala Thomas R 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Weaning fry indoors to commercial starter feed reduces the feeding labor and risks related to live food production. Limited work has been done in determining the ideal weaning age in Lepomis species. Our objective was to determine the optimum weaning ages for bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and redear sunfish L. microlophus. Four age-weaning treatments with four replicates of 300 fish per unit were randomly assigned in 32 tanks. Treatments were initiated at 2, 6, 10, and 14 d post–nest exodus by co-feeding a commercial feed with live prey for 6 d. Thereafter, fish received only commercial feed until the experiment was terminated at 35 d. Production and survival at 35 d increased as weaning age increased. The production weights (means ± SEs) of bluegills weaned at 2, 6, 10, and 14 d were 4.3 ± 0.3, 18.9 ± 2.2, 27.3 ± 4.6, and 39.0 ± 1.1 g, and those for redear sunfish were 6.5 ± 1.2, 23.6 ± 3.0, 43.7 ± 2.7, and 56.5 ± 4.2 g. Survival rates were 31.3 ± 1.5, 50.2 ± 3.0, 59.8 ± 2.8, 78.9 ± 2.3% and 12.7 ± 2.2, 32.0 ± 1.4, 52.8 ± 2.5, 71.9 ± 2.8% for bluegills and redear sunfish, respectively. Reported feed conversion ratios and individual weights and lengths tended to increase with weaning age, and no differences were observed between fish weaned at 10 d and those weaned at 14 d. Terminal mean weights were 45.8 ± 1.8, 125.9 ± 12.9, 150.6 ± 19.9, and 165.3 ± 8.0 mg for bluegills and 171.9 ± 8.7, 246.4 ± 31.8, 275.9 ± 12.3, and 262.9 ± 21.5 mg for redear sunfish weaned at 2, 6, 10, and 14 d. Abnormal fish were mostly restricted to fish weaned at 2 and 6 d. This study indicated that delayed weaning times improved the production weights of both species owing mainly to increased survival rates.
Rainbow Smelt Weaning and the Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Juvenile Growth
Authors: Colburn Heidi R , Walker Abigail B , Berlinsky David L 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax is a small anadromous fish that has potential as an aquaculture species because of its value as a premium baitfish. Three studies were conducted to establish a weaning protocol for larval rainbow smelt and to define the temperature and salinity ranges that support growth during their juvenile stages. In the first study, larvae were randomly assigned to one of two five-phase weaning protocols that lasted for 2 or 3 d per phase (designated P2 and P3, respectively) and a control group that was fed Artemia metanauplii throughout the study (n = 3 tanks per treatment). In the second study, weaned juveniles (approximately 67 d posthatch) were cultured in triplicate tanks at 16, 20, and 24°C and 15 g/L salinity. In the third study, weaned juveniles (approximately 180 d posthatch) were cultured in triplicate tanks at 0, 5, and 15 g/L salinity and at 17°C. Survival in the P2 (20.3%) and P3 (28.4%) treatment groups did not differ, but survival in the P2 group was lower than that in controls (46%). Survival did not differ in weaned juveniles raised at different salinities or temperatures, but growth declined at temperatures higher than 16°C. A high degree of cannibalism was noted in the postmetamorphosed juveniles, and procedures must be developed to minimize this problem in commercial operations.
Field- and time-dependent, local and global magnetization behaviour of out-of-plane textured SmCo5 thin films
Authors: Seifert M , Knittel I , Hartmann U , Schultz L , Neu V 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This work presents an investigation of the magnetization processes in out-of-plane textured SmCo5 thin films by means of domain observations with magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Starting from the thermally demagnetized state, an applied field was increased stepwise until saturation, and the magnetic domain pattern was recorded at the respective field. Additionally, the change in the domain structure was investigated for the demagnetization branch to observe the full reversal process from positive to negative saturation. In a second experiment, various opposite fields were applied to the film after previous saturation and the time-dependent domain evolution was measured. The directly observed domain behaviour specifies the influence of pinning and nucleation on the magnetizing and demagnetizing process.
From these time-dependent domain images, magnetization curves were constructed and the resulting viscosity is compared with data from global magnetization measurements. The viscosity as determined from MFM data is measurably larger than that deduced from global relaxation measurements, which demonstrates the influence of the tip's magnetization on the reversal mechanism.
Control of the charge/orbital ordering transition in epitaxial La7/8Sr1/8MnO3 thin films through compressive strain
Authors: Hu Ling , Sheng Zhigao , Hu Xinbo , Zhang Ranran , Wang Bo , Song Wenhai , Sun Yuping 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The effect of compressive strain on charge/orbital ordering (COO) transition in epitaxial La7/8Sr1/8MnO3 (LSMO) thin films was investigated. The compressive strain of LSMO thin films grown on LaAlO3 substrates can be modified by varying the film thickness which was verified by x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements. It was found that both the COO transition and magnetic transition of LSMO thin films could be suppressed by the compressive strain and their transition temperatures could be tuned by strain relaxation. The variation of COO transition with compressive strain can be explained by the strain-dependent lattice deformation by structural phase transition. These results indicate that the lattice degree of freedom plays a crucial role in the stabilization of COO phase in LSMO, and will be beneficial to the understanding of the microscopic origin of the COO phase in lightly doped manganites.
Thermoelastic laser generated ultrasound using a ring source
Authors: Dixon S , Harrison T , Fan Y , Petcher P A 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A pulsed Nd : YAG laser is focused to a sharp ring on an aluminium sample in the thermoelastic regime. This is achieved by firstly expanding the collimated laser beam before passing it through a bi-convex lens and an axicon lens. The addition of the extra convex lens provides a significant focusing improvement. On thick samples, this shape of acoustic source generates simultaneously a surface Rayleigh wave and bulk waves. The surface waves generated by the ring source travel outwards from the ring and also inwards to focus at a point in the centre of the ring. Large amplitude Rayleigh waves are thus generated at the centre of the ring. The absolute, out-of-plane displacement caused by the acoustic waves travelling along a sample surface is measured using a Michelson interferometer with a bandwidth of approximately 80 MHz. The experimental results have been correlated with those obtained by numerical modelling to show good agreement and less successfully with finite element modelling. The ring acoustic source has various applications for defect detection and measurement, and material characterization.
Investigation of physical processes in CAMILA Hall thruster using electrical probes
Authors: Kronhaus Igal , Kapulkin Alexander , Balabanov Vladimir , Rubanovich Maksim , Guelman Moshe , Natan Benveniste 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The CAMILA (co-axial magneto-isolated longitudinal anode) concept was developed to improve the anode efficiency in low-power Hall thrusters. Previous measurements, performed in Asher Space Research Institute, have shown that the thruster has the highest efficiency for its class. This paper presents an analysis of the discharge structure in an effort to improve understanding of the physical processes in CAMILA type thrusters. Internal measurements of the discharge parameters were performed using an emissive probe, a biased probe and a Faraday cup. The probes were mounted on a positioning system capable of mapping the channel in two dimensions. Maps for the plasma potential, the ion current density and the electron temperature were obtained. In addition, a one-dimensional fluid model was developed in order to compute the distribution of the plasma density and the ion velocity. The experimental investigations confirmed the basic assumptions used in the physical model of the CAMILA concept and revealed phenomena related to the radial non-uniformity of the discharge. In particular, focusing equipotentials were discovered in the area of intense ionization, reducing ion loss to the walls of the channel. This mechanism is principal in obtaining the high efficiency of the thruster. When operated with strengthened longitudinal magnetic field, the plasma density inside the anode cavity was significantly higher in the middle than near the anodes. The fraction of ion current generated inside the anode cavity was greater than in the simplified case, 19% compared with 13% respectively. In addition, it was shown that electrons in the cusp region, the region between predominately radial to predominately axial magnetic fields, were not well confined, however, no potential hump is created and ions are able to cross this region to the acceleration channel.
An application of the advanced high-accuracy universal polarimeter to the chiroptical measurement of an intercalated compound K4Nb6O17 with high anisotropy
Authors: Tanaka Masahito , Nakamura Naomichi , Koshima Hideko , Asahi Toru 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The advanced high-accuracy universal polarimeter (HAUP) method was applied to observe anisotropic and chiroptical properties of an intercalated azobenzene derivative compound into K4Nb6O17 crystals. Prior to the HAUP measurement of the intercalated compound, we extended the HAUP method employing a conventional light source system composed of Xe or D2 lamps and a monochromator instead of a laser system. The performance of the advanced HAUP system was evaluated and we determined the parasitic ellipticities of the cross polarizers, which are essential for obtaining accurate values. The optical system was applicable to simultaneously measure the linear dichroism (LD), circular dichroism (CD), linear birefringence (LB) and circular birefringence (CB) spectra of an intercalated compound in the ultraviolet and visible regions. We found the Kramers–Kronig relation between CB and CD as well as in the case of LB and LD. Changes in LB and LD signals as obtained from HAUP measurements originated from the molecular orientation of guest molecules by the intercalation. Moreover, CB and CD signals indicated the appearance of induced chirality in the intercalated azobenzene derivative compound. These results demonstrated the usefulness of the HAUP system for evaluating the molecular conformation of chiral anisotropic specimens.
Improved properties of barium strontium titanate thin films grown on copper foils by pulsed laser deposition using a self-buffered layer
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Ma Beihai , Narayanan Manoj , Chao Sheng , Koritala Rachel , Balachandran Uthamalingam 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on copper foils with low-temperature self-buffered layers. The deposition conditions included a low oxygen partial pressure and a temperature of 700 °C to crystallize the films without the formation of secondary phases and substrate oxidation. The results from x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the microstructure of the BST films strongly depended on the growth temperature. The use of the self-buffered layer improved the dielectric properties of the deposited BST films. The leakage current density of the BST films on the copper foil was 4.4 × 10−9 A cm−2 and 3.3 × 10−6 A cm−2 with and without the self-buffered layer, respectively. The ferroelectric hysteresis loop for the BST thin film with buffer layer was slim, in contrast to the distorted loop observed for the film without the buffer layer. The permittivity (7 0 0) and dielectric loss tangent (0.013) of the BST film on the copper foil with self-buffered layer at room temperature were comparable to those of the film on metal and single-crystal substrates.
High-temperature properties of lithium tetraborate Li2B4O7
Authors: Senyshyn A , Boysen H , Niewa R , Banys J , Kinka M , Burak Ya , Adamiv V , Izumi F , Chumak I , Fuess H 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
High-temperature coherent neutron powder diffraction experiments were carried out on Li2B4O7 with boron isotope ratio 11B : 10B as high as 99.6 : 0.4%. Neither traces of phase transformations nor discontinuous changes of physical properties were observed. Anomalies in the thermal expansion of lithium tetraborate were considered in terms of first-order Grüneisen approximation. Extended bond length analysis revealed significant modifications of the boron–oxygen framework which is supplemented by dynamic lithium disorder. Impedance spectroscopy studies revealed a complicated conduction mechanism in single crystalline lithium tetraborate. The lithium diffusion pathway for bulk conductivity along the polar axis was established using both maximum entropy and anharmonic refinement techniques.
Incidence and estimated annual cost of emergency laparotomy in England: is there a major funding shortfall?*
Authors: Shapter S. L. , Paul M. J. , White S. M. 
Published: April 2012

SummarySignificant recent interest has focussed on improving outcomes after emergency laparotomy. This retrospective database analysis estimated the annual incidence and associated inpatient costs of emergency laparotomy in England. Demographic, process and outcome data were collected for all patients undergoing emergency laparotomy in Brighton for two calendar years (2009–2010). Cost analysis assumed £16 per minute theatre time, and £282 per day ward bed and £1382 per day critical care bed costs. National incidence was confirmed from Hospital Episode Statistics and Office of National Statistics mid‐year population data. In total, 768 patients underwent 850 emergency laparotomies. The incidence of emergency laparotomy was estimated as ∼1:1100 population. Thirty‐six percent (276 patients) were admitted for a median (IQR [range]) of 5 (3–11 [1–76]) days of critical care. Postoperative median (IQR [range]) length of stay was 13 (8–24 [1–176]) days. Our estimated annual inpatient cost of emergency laparotomy for Brighton was ∼£5 million, equivalent to ∼£13 000 per patient, and for England, an annual estimated cost of ∼£650 million. However, ‘Payment by Results’ reimbursement amounted to a mean (SD) hospital income of just £6905 (2639) per patient, a net financial loss of ∼£6100 per patient, equivalent to a reimbursement shortfall nationally of ∼£300 million. We also found that patients > 70 years (46%) had significantly higher 30‐day postoperative mortality (18% vs 6%, p < 0.0001), significantly prolonged median (IQR [range]) length of stay (15 (10–26 [1–123]) days vs 12 (7–22 [1–176]) days, p < 0.001) and incurred higher costs (median (IQR [range]) £9667 (6620–15 732 [1920–103 624]) vs £7467 (4975–14 251 [1178–118 060]), p < 0.001). Emergency laparotomy is a common procedure associated with considerable cost, particularly among elderly patients. A National Emergency Laparotomy Database will help provide an evidence base on which to improve clinical outcome and cost efficiency.
Developing an intervention to promote young people’s participation in asthma review consultations with practice nurses
Authors: Milnes Linda J. , McGowan Linda , Campbell Malcolm , Callery Peter 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAim.  The article is a report of a study to develop an evidence‐based pre‐consultation guide for young people to use prior to an asthma review with a practice nurse.Background.  The participation of young people aged 13–19 in consultations with health professionals can be limited by the lack of opportunity to learn the appropriate skills in triadic consultations. Evidence‐based interventions to promote participation of adults in consultations have been developed but young people’s needs have not been specifically addressed.Design.  Multiple methods design informed by guidelines for the development of complex interventions.Methods.  A pre‐consultation guide for young people was developed in 2007 by application of a model of health behaviour change, development of criteria by an expert panel and in consultation with young people using a nominal group technique.Results.  The concepts of the Health Action Process Approach model were applied to the development of criteria underpinning the pre‐consultation guide. In the nominal groups young people agreed that they had different needs to other children and adults. The consensus was that the preconsultation guide should include disease‐specific information, realistic photographs rather than Clip Art, consistent styles of fonts, bullet points and colours, short words and mature language. Statements and example questions written by young people were included in the evidence‐based guide.Conclusion.  Young people’s views can contribute to the development of interventions designed to promote communication in consultations with nurses. There is potential for this approach to be used to develop interventions in primary and secondary care of a range of long‐term conditions.
Dignity Therapy for older people in care homes: a qualitative study of the views of residents and recipients of ‘generativity’ documents
Authors: Goddard Cassie , Speck Peter , Martin Pauline , Hall Sue 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAim.  To report the findings of a study exploring the views and experiences of care home resident’s family on Dignity Therapy.Background.  As the proportion of older people dying in care homes increases, it is important to enhance their dignity, reduce distress at the end‐of‐life, and provide bereavement support to their families. Pilot studies show that hospice patients and care home residents feel Dignity Therapy had or would help their families; however, there are no qualitative studies of their views.Design.  Qualitative exploration.Methods.  Qualitative interviews were conducted between January 2009–March 2010 with 14 family members of care home residents who had received Dignity Therapy. The Framework approach to qualitative analysis was used.Findings.  Four categories are reported: views on the document: impact on residents; impact on family; and potential impact on care homes. While contact with the therapist provided much needed company for residents, Dignity Therapy helped residents reappraise aspects of their lives positively, while enjoying the opportunity to reminisce. Concerns focused on resident’s anxiety over document content. Memory problems and perceived lack of distress in some residents were viewed as factors affecting delivery and impact of Dignity Therapy. Family discovered new information and were prompted to discuss the content with them. For bereaved family members, documents provided comfort during their grief. If made available to carers, documents could enhance care delivery in homes.Conclusion.  Family members felt Dignity Therapy had helped them and the residents. Findings suggest that Dignity Therapy may be useful for enhancing the end‐of‐life experience for residents and their families.