bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of the β-tubulin E198A Allele for Fungicide Resistance in Monilinia fructicola from South Carolina
Authors: Zhu F. X. , Bryson P. K. , Amiri A. , Schnabel G. 
Published: November 2010

Resistance to methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBCs) in Monilinia fructicola, the causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits, is known to be present in South Carolina peach orchards, but the molecular mechanism of resistance has not been investigated. Nine isolates were collected from peach in five counties in South Carolina and examined in petri dish assays on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for resistance to the MBC fungicide thiophanate-methyl (Topsin-M 70WP; Ceraxagri, King of Prussia, PA) at the discriminatory dose of 50 μg/ml. Isolates that grew on the fungicide-amended medium were considered highly resistant (HR). The β-tubulin gene from four sensitive (S) and five HR M. fructicola isolates was PCR-amplified with primer pair TubA and TubR1 as described previously (1). Sequence analysis revealed several silent mutations in introns and exons in S and HR isolates and the presence of the previously described E198A allele in HR but not S isolates (1). Nucleotide sequences of the β-tubulin gene from three S (BS, S2, MfEgpc1) and two HR isolates (MfPdt6 and BR2) were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers HM051379, HM051380, HM051381, HM051382, and HM051383, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the E198A in M. fructicola isolates from South Carolina and the East Coast. This allele is responsible for high levels of MBC resistance in M. fructicola (1). A previously reported PCR-based method using primers HRF+HRR designed to detect the E198A mutation in M. fructicola HR isolates (1) was improved by adding primer TR739 (5′-TCA CGA CGA ACA ACA TCA AGA-3′) to the PCR cocktail. This additional internal primer amplified a 222-bp fragment from all S and HR isolates and therefore provided a useful, additional control. The confirmation of the E198A allele in M. fructicola isolates provides another useful tool to detect MBC resistance in commercial peach orchards in South Carolina. Reference: (1) Z. H. Ma et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:7145, 2003.
Division of Labour and Extended Parenting in a Desert Tenebrionid Beetle
Authors: Rasa O. Anne E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractParastizopus armaticeps (Peringuey) is a nocturnal detritivorous desert tenebrionid beetle which can only reproduce after heavy rainfall. Both parents care for the young and excavate a breeding burrow together. They play similar roles in burrow excavation and protection until the eggs hatch, after which male and female roles diverge markedly Females collect detritus on the surface at night, depositing this at the burrow entrance, which they also clear of sand in the early evening. Males remain inside the burrow and dig to deepen and extend it, maintaining its moisture level as the sand desiccates They also pull the food dropped by the female down to the burrow base to form a food store for the offspring. Both sexes guard the burrow and attack same‐sex intruders, especially in the early phases of reproduction. The parents remain inside with the pupal cocoons until the teneral adults eclose. Males dig continually to maintain burrow humidity while females, which rarely forage during the pupal Period, recommence foraging for a further 16‐18d after pupal eclosure. They provide food for the newly eclosed beetles until the exoskeletons have hardened and melanization is almost complete, then the family disperses. Offspring over 10 d old pull down forage at the burrow entrance and later forage for food themselves and carry it to the burrow. This is the highest level of social and reproductive complexity described for beetles and the behavioural and ecological factors contributing to its evolution are discussed in the context of parental care known for other subsocial arthropods, especially coleopterans.
Basidiocarp formation by Inonotus obliquus on a living paper birch tree
Authors: Cha J. Y. , Lee S. Y. , Lee S. Y. , Chun K. W. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryBasidiocarps of Inonotus obliquus at the margin of a sterile conk were observed on the stem of a living paper birch tree (Betula papyrifera) in North America. The basidiocarps were small in size and similar in shape to basidiocarps formed on potato‐dextrose agar medium. This is the first report of basidiocarp formation on the stem of a healthy looking birch.
Biological observation during the daytime of elderly patients with advanced dementia cared for with and without artificial nutrition by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
Authors: Yamaguchi Kaori , Hoshiyama Minoru , Takano Masanori 
Published: November 2010

Aim:  To clarify the activity of demented patients cared for with and without artificial nutrition in a care facility, sequential biological observation was applied using electroencephalograms (EEG), electromyograms (EMG) and electro‐oculograms (EOG).Methods:  Awake and sleep patterns and spontaneous swallowing were measured during the daytime in 13 patients with advanced dementia who could orally intake meals (OR patients), and 13 patients with advanced dementia, who received artificial nutrition by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG patients).Results:  The awake/sleep pattern fluctuated during daytime in OR and PEG patients, but a fully awake state was relatively preserved around meal times in OR patients. The number of spontaneous swallowing was small in PEG patients (0.1 ± 0.3/h), and the value correlated with the Barthel Index in OR patients.Conclusion:  Continuous recording of biological activity in demented patients could be informative in providing an overview of their activities. The present results disclosed that meal times were the limited periods keeping OR patients awake consistently, while there was no opportunity for such periods for PEG patients. The number of spontaneous swallowing was especially small in PEG patients, although low Mini‐Mental State Examination and Barthel Index scores and poor awake state during daytime were considerable in those patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 221–228.
VISTA-Rehab: A Resource for Stroke Rehabilitation Trials
Authors: Ali Myzoon , Ashburn Ann , Bowen Audrey , Brodie Eric , Corr Susan , Drummond Avril , Edmans Judi , Gladman John , Kalra Lalit , Langhorne Peter , Lees Kennedy R. , Lincoln Nadina , Logan Pip , Mead Gillian , Patchick Emma , Pollock Alex , Pomeroy Val , Sackley Catherine , Sunnerhagen Katherina S. , van Vliet Paulette , Walker Marion , Brady Marian ,   on behalf of the VISTA-Rehab Investigators
Published: November 2010

Background Stroke rehabilitation is a complex intervention. Many factors influence the interaction between the patient and the elements of the intervention. Rehabilitation interventions are aimed at altering different domains of patient outcome including body functions, activity and participation. As a consequence, randomised clinical trials in this area are difficult to design. We developed an archive of stroke rehabilitation trials (VISTA-Rehab) to act as a resource to help trialists model and design future rehabilitation studies. Methods We developed specific eligibility criteria for the entry of stroke rehabilitation trials into the archive. We established a Steering Committee to oversee projects and publications and commenced the recruitment of rehabilitation trials into this resource. Results As of August 2009, VISTA-Rehab contains data from 23 stroke rehabilitation trials (>3400 patients). Demographic data, including age [median=73, interquartile range (63,79)], gender (male=53%) and initial dependency [median baseline Barthel index score=6, interquartile range ( 9 , 19 )], are available for all patients. Outcome measures include the modified Rankin Scale, Barthel Index, Rivermead Motor Assessment, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, General Health Questionnaire and Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale. Conclusion VISTA-Rehab expands the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive to include rehabilitation trials. Anonymised data can be used to examine questions specific to stroke rehabilitation and to generate novel hypotheses.
Measuring the Quality of Dysphagia Management Practices following Stroke: A Systematic Review
Authors: Luker Julie A. , Wall Kylie , Bernhardt Julie , Edwards Ian , Grimmer-Somers Karen 
Published: November 2010

Adherence to recommended clinical practices improves stroke outcomes. As a result, stroke clinicians are increasingly expected to evaluate the quality of the care they provide so that areas for improvement can be targeted. Finding the best method to evaluate the quality of dysphagia management can be challenging. Aim To systematically review process indicators used to assess the quality of care provided to patients with dysphagia following acute stroke and examine the level of evidence underpinning these indicators. Methods Databases were systematically searched to identify publications (January 2006–April 2009) that describe process indicators relating to the clinical management of acute stroke-related dysphagia. Relevant process indicators were extracted from the reviewed publications for detailed post hoc analysis including supporting evidence and alignment to the current Australian and English stroke guidelines. Results Title and abstract review found 150 potential studies. Full-text review resulted in 25 publications that met the study's inclusion criteria. Thirteen process indicators were identified in the literature that related to the initial assessment, clinical management, rehabilitation and discharge planning for patients with acute stroke-related dysphagia. These processes were supported by levels of evidence ranging from high ‘level 1’ (8%) down to ‘expert opinion’ evidence (46%). Two process indicators did not align to recommendations in the clinical guidelines. This systematic review underpins informed selection of process indicators for evaluating the quality of dysphagia management following stroke. The selection of quality indicators is complicated by equivocal supporting evidence; however, indicators should reflect expected local practices, align with national stroke guidelines and be feasible for clinical auditing.
Design of the China Epidemiology Research in Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (CHERISH) Study
Authors: Shiue Ivy , Zhang Jing Fen , Arima Hisatomi , Wang Ji Guang , Liu Guo Rong , Li Yue Chun , Wang Min , Cheng Guo Juan , Anderson Craig S. ,   for the CHERISH Collaborative Group
Published: November 2010

Rationale Limited epidemiological data exist on subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in China. Effective prevention requires knowledge of the rates and risk factors for SAH the most lethal type of stroke that most often affects younger adults. We report the methods and the initial experience of a new study to address this deficiency. Aims To determine the incidence, risk factors, management and outcomes of SAH. Design The CHina Epidemiology Research In Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (CHERISH) is a prospective, population-based, case–control study in a defined region (study population 1.7 million) of the city of Baotou in Inner Mongolia, China. Methods Cases of spontaneous SAH are identified using standard definitions through prospective surveillance of all major acute care hospitals with neurology/neurosurgery facilities, small hospitals/clinics, and the single city crematorium over a 2-year period. Verbal autopsy procedures are used to ascertain the probable causes of deaths outside of hospital. For each case, two nonrelative controls without SAH are matched by age (5-year strata), gender, and district of residence. Data are collected on socio-demography, lifestyle factors, and medical history, and blood is taken for the extraction and storage of DNA. Details of the clinical features, presentation, and management of SAH are obtained from cases, and survivors provide details on health care utilisation, physical function, health-related quality of life, and complications, at 6-months. Study outcomes The primary outcomes are overall, age- and gender-specific incidence, relative (odds ratios) and population-attributable risks for defined exposures, and 28-day and 6-month case fatality ratios and other outcomes. Conclusions Preliminary experience confirms the completeness of the surveillance methods, with no clear missed out-of-hospital cases of SAH with sudden death, and of high participation and reliable data collection procedures. CHERISH is well placed to provide reliable estimates of the burden of SAH in China.
Systems of Generalized Quasivariational Inclusion Problems with Applications in "Equation missing" -Spaces
Authors: Yang Ming-ge , Xu Jiu-ping , Huang Nan-jing 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe first prove that the product of a family of "Equation missing"-spaces is also an "Equation missing"-space. Then, by using a Himmelberg type fixed point theorem in "Equation missing"-spaces, we establish existence theorems of solutions for systems of generalized quasivariational inclusion problems, systems of variational equations, and systems of generalized quasiequilibrium problems in "Equation missing"-spaces. Applications of the existence theorem of solutions for systems of generalized quasiequilibrium problems to optimization problems are given in "Equation missing"-spaces.
Assessment of mtDNA genetic diversity within the terrapins Pelusios subniger and Pelusios castanoides across the Seychelles islands
Authors: Harris David James , Gerlach Justin , Rocha Sara , Silva Andreia , Dufrenne André , Rocamora Gérard 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTwo terrapin subspecies are currently considered Seychelles endemisms and Critically Endangered according to IUCN criteria, with several conservation measures having been proposed and actively initiated in the recent years. We use molecular data to examine their population diversity and structure across the archipelago and find a complete lack of variation at the mtDNA level. This can be explained by the strong founder effect associated with island colonisation, allied to the low evolution rate described for turtle mtDNA. However, a very recent arrival of Seychellois terrapins to the archipelago by human action cannot be discarded. The use of highly variable markers such as microsatellites and the clarification of their (native or not) status is therefore essential and should be implemented as an urgent priority in species management plans. Some differentiation between the Seychellois and Malagasy P. castanoides is observed but should be taken carefully until geographically broad level sampling across Madagascar is available.
The Avromani-speaking Area in Iran
Authors: Zolfaqari Ardashir 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOne of the difficult tasks of linguistic geography is the clear delimitation of dialectal borders in a multi-dialectal and multi-lingual environment. Western Iran is exactly such a region, hosting a number of Iranian and non-Iranian dialects: Kurdish, Avromani, Gurani, Laki, Kalhori, Luri, Azari Turkish, etc. The demographic situation is rather complicated here as well: along with the localities that are inhabited by a single ethnic group, there are many townships and rural settlements having mixed populations of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. In addition, the indiscriminate use of the ethnonym Kurd, applied as a common label to almost all Iranian-speakers of the area, except for, of course, Persians. This paper tries to identify the area populated by the Avromans in the abovementioned region, with possibly accurate statistical data on the number of inhabitants, obtained through the author's personal efforts during several fieldwork periods. This is a part of a larger project on Gurani dialects, including Avromani.
How to Feud and Rebel: 1. Violence-values among the Chechens and Albanians
Authors: Dam Caspar ten 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article focuses on so-called violence-values (a composite term coined by the author), the first variable of the author's Brutalisation theory, which combines elements from disciplines ranging from anthropology to military psychology. It forms part of my ongoing research, which explores the values (norms, customs, beliefs), aims (objectives, aspirations, ideologies) and methods (targets, tactics, techniques) of violence by Chechen and Albanian separatists during the last Cold War and first post-Cold war periods, i.e. between the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on 24 December 1979 and the attack by Osama Bin Laden's Al Qaeda (The Base) network on the United States on 11 September 2001. Through a meticulous exposition—and comparison with international norms—of traditional morals on violence that still are salient in the remarkably similar communities of Chechens and Albanians, the author hopes to underpin his post-constructivist position that a genuine “acting-out” of norms, values and beliefs in vendettas, battles and other contests can shape one's identity, irrespective of whether these attributes are primordial, i.e. factual, or constructed, i.e. invented.
Numerical optimization of gene electrotransfer into muscle tissue
Authors: Zupanic Anze , Corovic Selma , Miklavcic Damijan , Pavlin Mojca 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
Electroporation-based gene therapy and DNA vaccination are promising medical applications that depend on transfer of pDNA into target tissues with use of electric pulses. Gene electrotransfer efficiency depends on electrode configuration and electric pulse parameters, which determine the electric field distribution. Numerical modeling represents a fast and convenient method for optimization of gene electrotransfer parameters. We used numerical modeling, parameterization and numerical optimization to determine the optimum parameters for gene electrotransfer in muscle tissue.

Methods
We built a 3D geometry of muscle tissue with two or six needle electrodes (two rows of three needle electrodes) inserted. We performed a parametric study and optimization based on a genetic algorithm to analyze the effects of distances between the electrodes, depth of insertion, orientation of electrodes with respect to muscle fibers and applied voltage on the electric field distribution. The quality of solutions were evaluated in terms of volumes of reversibly (desired) and irreversibly (undesired) electroporated muscle tissue and total electric current through the tissue.

Results
Large volumes of reversibly electroporated muscle with relatively little damage can be achieved by using large distances between electrodes and large electrode insertion depths. Orienting the electrodes perpendicular to muscle fibers is significantly better than the parallel orientation for six needle electrodes, while for two electrodes the effect of orientation is not so pronounced. For each set of geometrical parameters, the window of optimal voltages is quite narrow, with lower voltages resulting in low volumes of reversibly electroporated tissue and higher voltages in high volumes of irreversibly electroporated tissue. Furthermore, we determined which applied voltages are needed to achieve the optimal field distribution for different distances between electrodes.

Conclusion
The presented numerical study of gene electrotransfer is the first that demonstrates optimization of parameters for gene electrotransfer on tissue level. Our method of modeling and optimization is generic and can be applied to different electrode configurations, pulsing protocols and different tissues. Such numerical models, together with knowledge of tissue properties can provide useful guidelines for researchers and physicians in selecting optimal parameters for in vivo gene electrotransfer, thus reducing the number of animals used in studies of gene therapy and DNA vaccination.
WWWW – Wer Wirbt Wie im Web?
Authors: Pieloth Franziska 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMore than 300 language professionals answered the survey “Self-marketing of Freelance Translators and Interpreters on the Internet”. Participants were asked if they own a website and how they use marketing-related Internet services such as networking platforms and online communities. Furthermore, respondents shared their opinions on which contents to publish online, including, for example, photos, work samples, prices and references. Results prove that many freelancers pursue an array of web marketing strategies. However, some find the effects hard to track and stress the continued importance of personal client contact and recommendations.
Die Negationsdistribution im spanischen Satz und ihre Konsequenzen für die Phraseografie des Spanischen
Authors: Becker Ulrike , Torrent-Lenzen Aina 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA Spanish negative sentence contains items and structures that create a suitable syntactic environment for items and item groups showing an inherent negative meaning. A large number of Spanish phraseologisms can only be used if a negation had been triggered in the same sentence or the same syntagma. The goal of this article is to analyse different cases and rules linked to the triggering of negation in the Spanish language in order to provide a basis for drawing conclusions about their systematic use in Spanish phraseography. This article will show entries taken out of the Diccionario español-alemán de locuciones del español de España, a work which is currently being elaborated by a team of students, linguists and translators, and evaluate their significance as an alternative to present phraseographic solutions.
Liquid Metal‐Printed Semiconductors
Authors: Song Yujia , Li Jingyi , Wang Ju , Du Bangdeng , Liu Jing 
Published: May 2024

Liquid metal (LM) electronic ink (e‐ink) is a promising new‐generation material for printed electronics. Extended from this ideal platform, such ink can be post‐processed or loaded with semiconductor nanoparticles to further make semiconductors in the forms of dots, wires, and films on its surface. In this way, targeted semiconductors can be quickly fabricated and patterned as desired with low cost at around room temperature. This leads to the unconventional bottom‐up strategy for direct manufacture of functional devices. Along this direction, a series of p–n junction diodes, field‐effect transistors, and light‐emitting devices have been developed. LM‐printed semiconductor would significantly innovate the classical processes of preparing integrated circuits and electronic devices. To push forward further progress of this cutting‐edge frontier, this article is dedicated to present an overview of LM‐printed semiconductor. The material category of LM semiconductor e‐inks and their synthesis approaches is introduced. Then the core strategies toward printing semiconductors are systematically outlined. Following that, the typical printed semiconductor materials and electronic devices thus constructed as well as their potential applications are summarized. Finally, scientific and technical challenges thus raised are interpreted. Perspective in the area is given.