bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RELIGION AND FRANCIS BACON'S SCIENTIFIC UTOPIANISM
Authors: McKnight Stephen A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Francis Bacon often is depicted as a patriarch of modernity who promotes human rational action over faith in divine Providence and as a secular humanitarian who realized that improvement of the human condition depended on human action and not on God's saving acts in history. Bacon's New Atlantis is usually described as a “scientific utopia” because its ideal order, harmony, and prosperity are the result of the investigations of nature conducted by the members of Solomon's House. I challenge these characterizations by showing that Bacon's so‐called scientific utopianism is grounded in his religious convictions that his age was one of Providential intervention and that he was God's agent for an apocalyptic transformation of the human condition. I examine the centrality of these religious themes in two of his philosophical works, The Advancement of Learning and The Great Instauration, which are well known for setting out Bacon's critique of the state of learning and for presenting the principles of his epistemology. Analysis of The Advancement of Learning demonstrates Bacon's conviction that his reform of natural philosophy was part of a Providentially guided, twofold restoration of the knowledge of nature and the knowledge of God. Examination of The Great Instauration reveals that Bacon sees his age as one of apocalyptic transformation of the human condition that restores humanity to a prelapsarian state. Analysis of the New Atlantis shows that utopian perfection can be achieved only through a combination of right religion and the proper study of nature. Moreover, when the “scientific” work of Solomon's House is recontextualized within the religious themes of salvation and deliverance that permeate the New Atlantis, the full scope of Bacon's “scientific utopianism” can be seen, and this project is not the one usually portrayed in scholarly treatments. Bacon's program for rehabilitating humanity and its relation to nature is not a secular, scientific advance through which humanity gains dominion over nature and mastery of its own destiny but rather one guided by divine Providence and achieved through pious human effort.
MIDWIFERY AS A MODEL FOR ECOLOGICAL ETHICS: EXPANDING ARTHUR PEACOCKE'S MODELS OF “MAN‐IN‐CREATION”
Authors: Schaab Gloria L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.In Creation and the World of Science (1979) scientist‐theologian Arthur Peacocke asks what the role of humanity might be in relation to creation if conceived within the scientific perspective that favors the theological paradigm of the panentheistic God‐world relationship. Deeming roles such as dominion and steward as liable to distortion toward a hierarchical understanding of humanity's relation to the rest of creation, Peacocke proposes seven other roles to express the proper relationship of humanity to the cosmos in panentheistic relation to its Creator. Although each of these models has merit within a panentheistic paradigm, Peacocke and the paradigm itself suggest that the panentheistic model of God in relation to an evolving cosmos may be most effectively imaged through a model of female procreativity. In keeping with this proposal, I develop the understanding of humanity's ecologically ethical role in relation to the evolving cosmos in terms of the midwife to the process of procreation. I evaluate the efficacy of the midwife as a paradigm for ecological ethics by means of several criteria, including the propositions of the Earth Charter, “a declaration of fundamental principles for building a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society in the 21st century” (Earth Initiative 2000).
ENLARGING THE INTERDISCIPLINARY CIRCLE: JOAN KOSS‐CHIOINO'S AND PHILIP HEFNER'S APPROACH TO SPIRITUAL TRANSFORMATION AND HEALING
Authors: Reich K. Helmut 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.In the current scientific age there exists in academia a certain reservation regarding, even a fear of contact with, controversial issues such as faith healing or shamanism or even spiritual transformation. Although classical medicine, neurobiology, and possibly even social circumstances and forces are recognized, researching the controversial issues evoked may be frowned upon and even be risky for one's academic career. Fortunately, Joan Koss‐Chioino, Philip Hefner, and their colleagues (anthropologists, artists, neuroscientists, physicians, psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, theologians, and others) have not shrunk from doing so. The result, reviewed here in some detail, goes beyond what is common knowledge and points the way to further beneficial insights via open‐minded interdisciplinary research.
Psychology of Science/Theology of Science: Reaching Out or Narrowing?
Authors: Glassman Robert B. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Formalizing a “psychology of science” today will constrain intellectual freedom in ways more likely stultifying than liberating. We should be more improvisational in seeking ideas from academic psychology to develop a more comprehensive purview. I suggest that a psychology of science should look at systematic theology and empirical theology. Liberal theologians have long experience trying to distill from religion those structural aspects that affirm openness in a search for truth. Science, as well as religion, has its myths and rituals, but theologians are more experienced than scientists at a large mythohistorical scale. There are distortions in the extreme degree to which psychological science has traditionally emphasized empiricism, positivism, hypothesis testing, and falsifiability. I argue for less critical reduction and more creative augmentation. This could include looking outside academia at cognitive competencies of people in trades. Exaggerated parsimony is an old story. This is illustrated by the opposition to David Hartley's 1749 theory of neural oscillations. There is an inexorable “margin of uncertainty” where scientific prediction and control can never outstrip the new uses to which human beings put ideas. Facts and values interact in this margin; theology has long made a home there, but scientists sometimes have been excessive in rejecting the “naturalistic fallacy.” There is also often a degree of disingenuousness in psychology's reluctance to take subjective phenomena seriously; here there may be lessons in how empirical theology has handled subjectivity, as well as in taking an honest look at the way much of the methodology of experimental psychology incorporates subjective assessments. Feist's book is a start, but these things need more thought before codifying a psychology of science.
Trinh Thuan and The Intersection of Science and Buddhism
Authors: Yong Amos 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Trinh Thuan, professor of astronomy at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, since 1976, has published a number of books over the years that have touched on topics in the science‐and‐religion discussion. This essay reviews these volumes in light of a recent book he coauthored with Matthieu Ricard, a monk in the Tibetan Mahayana tradition with previous background and training in the biological sciences. The shift is observed in Thuan's views from at one point being attracted to a form of theism based on inferences drawn from the anthropic principle to later being intrigued by Ricard's explanations of the cosmos based on Buddhist consciousness theories. Thuan's journey as a scientist seeking further understanding is a lesson to the religion‐and‐science dialogue that more of the world's religious traditions need to be engaged with their specificities so that what emerges is an expanded conversation.
Doxological Extended Cognition
Authors: Holland George Adam 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Many Christian theologians have proposed a universal knowledge of God implanted in all humans. Thomas Aquinas famously stated that all humans have some knowledge of God, confused though it may be. John Calvin developed this proposition in much more detail and concluded that there is a cognitive faculty in humans, thesensus divinitatis, committed to giving the cognizer knowledge of God. Independent of such theological concerns, a current movement in cognitive science proposes a radical change to the traditional boundaries drawn around the human mind. Proponents of mental extension, such as Andy Clark, argue that the mind extends well beyond the body and should be approached in a much broader conceptual analysis. This essay arises from the conviction that the Extended Mind (EM) framework offers new insights into developing a cognitive understanding of thesensus divinitatis.Drawing in equal parts on current arguments for mental extension and thesensus divinitatis, the essay establishes the compatibility between the two arguments and indicates how an integration of the two can yield significant benefits for both mental extension and thesensus divinitatis: the basing of thesensus divinitatisin a specific cognitive theory that offers explanations of its functions, and the introduction of theism to the EM argument as a potentially useful component in a collaborative cognitive science effort.
MINDFULNESS AND THE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF ATTENTION AND AWARENESS
Authors: Raffone Antonino , Tagini Angela , Srinivasan Narayanan 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Mindfulness can be understood as the mental ability to focus on the direct and immediate perception or monitoring of the present moment with a state of open and nonjudgmental awareness. Descriptions of mindfulness and methods for cultivating it originated in eastern spiritual traditions. These suggest that mindfulness can be developed through meditation practice to increase positive qualities such as awareness, insight, wisdom, and compassion. In this article we focus on the relationships between mindfulness, with associated meditation practices, and the cognitive neuroscience of attention and awareness. Mindful awareness is related to distributed attention, phenomenal consciousness, and momentary self‐awareness, as characterized by recent findings in cognitive psychology and neuroscience as well as in influential consciousness models. Finally, we outline an integrated neurocognitive model of mindfulness, attention, and awareness, with a key role of prefrontal cortex.
Evaluation of skin surface associated with morphology and coefficient of friction
Authors: NAKAJIMA K. , NARASAKA H. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisMorphology and coefficient of friction associated with water content in the skin were investigated by a combination method of profilometry and measurement of friction using a newly developed instrument placed on the flexor aspect of the forearm. It was shown that the number of domains enclosed by lines (sulci cutis) on the skin surface per unit area initially decreased rapidly, but then more gradually, with the advancing age of the subjects. Electron micrographs showed that the skin surface exhibited a pattern formed by thick and fine lines, each of which differed both in length and depth from the superficial surface of the skin. The pattern of the skin surface in advanced age is mainly formed by thick lines. The number of domains on the skin surface caused changes in the friction coefficient; that is, the increase in the static coefficient of friction varies with the decrease in the number of domains. The results are discussed from the point of view of the change in the elastic modulus of skin with the advancing age of subjects. We found that the number of domains (i.e., areas enclosed by lines) varied inversely with the square of the coefficient of friction.RésuméLe coefficient de morphologie et de friction associé avec le contenu en eau de la peau a été analysé en combinant 1 méthode de profilométrie et la mesure de la friction à l'aide d'un nouvel instrument placé sur la partie flexible de l'avant bras. Il est apparu que le nombre de sillons par ligne (sulci cutis) sur la surface cutanée par unité d'aire à d'abord diminué rapidement puis graduellement avec le vieillissement des individus. Les micrographes à électrons ont montré que la peau était formée de ligne fines ou épaisses, chacune d'entre elles différent par la longueur et la profondeur sur la surface de la peau. La surface cutanée de personnes plus âgées est formée principalement de lignes épaisses. Le nombre de sillons sur la peau modifiait le coefficient de friction, le coefficient de friction statique correspondant à la diminution du nombre de sillons. Les résultats ont été discutés du point de vue du changement d'élasticité de la peau avec le vieillissement des sujets. Nous avons découvert que le nombre de sillons c'est à dire les aires par ligne variait inversément par rapport au coefficient de friction.
Defence strategies against reactive oxygen species ‐ in vitro models
Authors: VOEGELI R. , MEIER J. , DOPPLER S. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisA simple in vitro test system was established to determine the degradation of hyaluronic acid induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS were selectively generated by exogenic and endogenic factors and the effects of directly and indirectly acting antioxidants with different modes of action were systematically examined. The proposed experimental strategy, simulating specific stress conditions, can be used for an easy and fast screening of putative antioxidant activity of water soluble compounds. Under the chosen test conditions, the antioxidant enzymes catalase and Cu/Zn‐superoxide dismutase revealed the most effective protection against the ROS‐induced depolymerization of hyaluronic acid, whereas individual tested compounds acted as prooxidants under certain circumstances.RésuméUn système expérimental simple a été mis au point in vitro pour déterminer la dégradation de l'acide hyaluronique induite par des espèces d'oxygène réactives (ROS, de l'anglais ‘reactive oxygen species’). On sait que les ROS influencent la viscosité de l'acide hyaluronique in vivo, ce qui explique le grand nombre de systèmes expérimentaux in vitro basés sur ce changement de viscosité. La combinaison des méthodes présentées pour la première fois dans cet article représente une approche pour l'étude comparative et systématique d'anti‐oxydants agissant différemment de manière directe et indirecte dans des systèmes produisant diverses ROS. Les anti‐oxydants peuvent capter ou éliminer les ROS de façon spécifique ou non, empêcher directement ou indirectement la formation de ROS ou même réparer les dommages causés par les ROS. Ainsi, il n'est pas surprenant qu'un anti‐oxydant dans un systéme agisse de manière entièrement différente dans un autre. Ceci n'est pas uniquement démontré dans nos modèles in vitro mais est également mentionné pour certains effets négatifs in vivo, révélant qu'il existe une cascade complexe de réactions dépendant des ROS et qu'il n'existe pas d'anti‐oxydant parfait. Ainsi, seule une action synergique de différents anti‐oxydants peut fournir une protection efficace. Ceci reflète la situation physiologique et doit être pris en compte lors du développement de tout concept topique contre les ROS. La stratégie expérimentale proposée, simulant des conditions de stress spécifiques, peut être utilisée pour évaluer aisément et rapidement l'activité anti‐oxydante putative de composés hydrosolubles. Dans les conditions de test choisies, ce sont les enzymes anti‐oxydantes catalase et Cu/Zn‐superoxyde dismutase qui ont assuré la meilleure protection contre la dépolymérisation de l'acide hyaluronique induite par les ROS, alors que des composés testés séparément ont agi comme des pro‐oxydants dans certaines circonstances.
A new method for testing removability of polymers in hair sprays and setting lotions
Authors: SENDELBACH G. , LIEFKE M. , SCHWAN A. , LANG G. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisRemovability by shampoo and water is one of the criteria to be met by polymers used in hair sprays or setting lotions. To obtain quantitative measures for removabilities, ample laboratory testing is required. Gravimetry is one method which serves this purpose, with the disadvantage of being very time‐consuming and depending on the individual handling of the materials. The new method to be presented in this paper is based on conductivity measurements of polymer‐coated electrodes in electrolyte solutions. The effect of polymer blending and the degree of neutralization on removability can be assessed readily. Several polymers commonly used in hair sprays or setting lotions and polymer mixtures were tested. Comparison of the results shows good correlation between the two methods. The new method is especially useful in screening experiments. Changes in polymer properties as a function of composition can be detected rapidly.RésuméElimination au lavage est l'un des critères que doivent posséder les polymères utilisés dans les laques capillaires et les lotions coiffantes. Pour obtenir des mesures quantitatives quant à ce critère, des tests approfondis sont nécessaires. La gravimétrie est une méthode qui permet d'atteindre cet objectif avec l'inconvénient d'être longue, fastidieuse et dépendant de la manière dont les individus manipulent les matériaux. La nouvelle méthode présentée dans cet article est basée sur les mesures de conductivité d'électrodes enduites de polymères dans des solutions d'électrolyte. Il est alors aisé d'analyser le degré de neutralisation et d'élimination des polymères. On a ainsi testé plusieurs polymères purs ou en mélange fréquemment utilisés dans les laques capillaires ou lotions coiffantes. La comparaison des résultats montre une bonne corrélation entre les deux méthodes. La nouvelle méthode est particulièrement utile dans les expériences de criblage. Les changements de propriétés des polymères peuvent être rapidement détectés.
Ranging behaviour, spatial organization and activity of the Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga) on Buton Island, Sulawesi
Authors: Jennings A. P. , Seymour A. S. , Dunstone N. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTo compare the morphometrics and ranging behaviour of the Malay civet Viverra tangalunga on Sulawesi with published data on Malay civets on Borneo, a trapping and a radio‐telemetry study was carried out in the Kakenauwe and Lambasango Forest Reserves on Buton Island, Sulawesi. From June to September in 2001, 2002 and 2003, we obtained morphometric measurements from 32 Malay civets captured in box traps. Ten civets were radio‐collared and home‐range size, minimum daily distance travelled and diel activity patterns were estimated. The mean overall capture rate was one capture per 32 trap‐nights. Trap capture rate varied between study sites, but there was no difference in trappability between sexes. Adult male civets were heavier, had larger neck circumferences and longer hind feet than adult females. Both sexes on Buton Island were found to have significantly smaller body sizes than their counterparts on Borneo. The mean home‐range size for adult civets was 70 ha, with a mean overlap of 4.0% between ranges. The home ranges of female civets on Buton were smaller than those in logged forests on Borneo. Malay civets were most active at night from 18:00 to 07:00 h, during which the mean activity was 94%. There was no difference in the minimum distance travelled by both sexes during a 24 h period. All rest sites were situated at ground level and were associated with dense cover.
The Azolla–Anabaena symbiosis: endophyte continuity in the Azolla life‐cycle is facilitated by epidermal trichomes †
Authors: PETERS G. A. , PERKINS S. K. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYLight, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy were used to document events tending to the re‐establishment of the Azolla mexicana–Anabaena azollae symbiosis during sexual reproduction. In mature megasporocarps. Anabaena akinetes occupy the space between the indusium and apical membrane, termed the inoculation chamber. Formation of the megagametophyte within the megaspore apparatus extends the floats but does not trigger akinete germination. The tatter is contingent upon embryogenesis. The embryo develops a cotyledonary leaf primordium bearing epidermal trichomes while within the archegonial chamber. Incipient akinete germination is discernible before the cotyledonary leaf with its four seriate trichomes, the cells of which exhibit TCU (transfer cull ultrastructure), and the shoot apex penetrate the apical membrane to enter the inoculation Chamber. Rapid development of the vase‐like cotyledonary leaf maintains and fosters the initial association of the Anabaena population, which includes akinetes, germinating akinetes and germlings, with the cotyledonary hairs and the shoot apex. It engulfs the Anabaena in the inoculation chamber as it surrounds the four trichomes and the shoot apes with its developing true leaves. The latter soon arch over the apes to further confine the Anabaena. The first four or five true leaves are unlobed. The first differentiates two multibranched epidermal trichomes while each of the others differentiate one. The cells of these distinctive trichomes exhibit TCU. They occur in a cavity‐like structure which forms in the unlobed leaves and are associated with Anabaena cells which appear to be degenerating. Oilier Anabaena cells entrapped in the region of the apical meristem yield vegetative filaments which provide the inoculum for the developing cavities of the normal, bilobed leaves. The possibility that akinete germination is initially triggered by diffusion of embryo‐produced oxygen and water vapour into the inoculation chamber is discussed as is the possibility that those Anabaena cells entrapped in the unlobed leaves arc cannabalized by the fern.
Freeze‐fracturing for low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy of Hartig net in synthesized Picea abies–Hebeloma crustuliniforme and –Tricholoma vaccinum ectomycorrhizas *
Authors: SCHEIDEGGER CHRISTOPH , BRUNNER IVANO 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYRapidly frozen ectomycorrhizal roots were freeze‐fractured under high vacuum in a dedicated cryo‐preparation unit and investigated in the frozen, partially freeze‐dried, or fully hydrated state. Tangential, radial and occasional transverse surface views of Hartig net were obtained after freeze‐fracturing. Protoplasmic and exoplasmic fracture faces of the fungal plasmalemma und occasional fractures between the fungal cell wall and the extracellular matrix were seen. Primary pit‐fields with plasmodesmata occurred in non‐ectomycorrhizal parts of the root as well as in small gaps of Hartig net. Septa with dolipores were observed in the finger‐like complexes of the Hartig net.