bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Being there’: multidimensionality, reflexivity and the study of emotional lives1
Authors: Brownlie Julie 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEmotional lives tend to be untidy. Yet despite a growing recognition of this, sociological research designs rarely mirror the multidimensionality they are striving to represent. This article takes as its starting point a recent study of beliefs and practices about emotional support and emotions talk in Britain, to illustrate how a methodologically mixed approach offers particular purchase on what passes between us in our everyday emotional lives and in research about these lives. The notion of ‘being there’ is drawn on to help make this argument. Moving between ‘being there’ as topic, a form of emotional support, and ‘being there’ as a methodological resource, the article concludes that the analytical claims we make about our emotional lives are strengthened through a methodologically mixed – and by necessity, reflexive – approach which explores, rather than smooths out, the ragged, sometimes indeterminate, edges between methods.
Review Essay: Empires, ancient and modern
Authors: Hall John A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis essay drews attention to two books on empires by historians which deserve the attention of sociologists. Bang's model of the workings of the Roman economy powerfully demonstrates the tributary nature of per‐industrial tributary empires. Darwin's analysis concentrates on modern overseas empires, wholly different in character as they involved the transportation of consumption items for the many rather than luxury goods for the few. Darwin is especially good at describing the conditions of existence of late nineteenth century empires, noting that their demise was caused most of all by the failure of balance of power politics in Europe. Concluding thoughts are offered about the USA.
Determinants of the Formation of a European Identity among Children: Individual‐ and School‐Level Influences
Authors: AGIRDAG ORHAN , HUYST PETRA , VAN HOUTTE MIEKE 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWhile a growing number of studies have been conducted on European identification, very few of them have examined how children form their sense of European identity. This article investigates the impact of individual‐ and school‐level characteristics on children's formation of a European identity. Multi‐level analyses of data from 2,845 pupils (aged 10–14) in 68 Belgian primary schools revealed that family socio‐economic status (SES), ethnicity, gender and the school's SES make‐up influence the extent to which children identify as European; age, religion and school sector do not. The study clarifies the importance of examining how children form their European identity.
Responses to deviants are modulated by subthreshold variability of the standard
Authors: Daikhin Luba , Ahissar Merav 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAuditory mechanisms automatically detect both basic features of sounds and the rules governing their presentation. In the oddball paradigm, the auditory system detects the sameness (or no‐variability) rule when the same reference tone is consistently repeated. We used two oddball protocols, the classical one with a fixed reference and a modified one with a jittered reference, to determine whether the auditory system can detect subthreshold violations of sameness. We found that the response to the repeated standard was not modified by the small jitter. However, the response to the frequency oddball was smaller under the jittered protocol, indicating hypersensitivity to sameness. The sensitivity to jitter was largest when the oddball deviated by 8%, was smaller for 40%, and disappeared at 100% deviation, indicating that sensitivity to sameness is context dependent; namely, it is scaled with respect to the overall range of stimuli.
A Historical Institutionalist Approach to Political Party Organization: The Case of South Korea
Authors: Hellmann Olli 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe existing literature on party organization is deeply divided over the question of how much freedom of choice decision-makers in a party enjoy in relation to their environment. Although the resulting theoretical deadlock seriously weakens our understanding of party formation and change, no attempt has been made to reconcile the different approaches. This article aims to do just that by offering a historical institutionalist perspective on party organization. Studying the development of political parties in South Korea, it argues that party organizations are best understood as strategic responses to electoral markets. Party organizations reproduce and change, as advantaged factions defend the status quo, while disadvantaged factions work towards organizational reform.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection 2011
Authors: O’Connor Anthony , Gisbert Javier P. , McNamara Deirdre , O’Morain Colm 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article reviews the literature published pertaining to Helicobacter pylori eradication over the last year. The general perception among clinicians and academics engaged in research on H. pylori has been that eradication rates for first‐line therapies are falling, although some data published this year have cast doubt on this. The studies published this year have therefore focussed on developing alternative strategies for the first‐line eradication of H. pylori. In this regard, clear evidence now exists that both levofloxacin and bismuth are viable options for first‐line therapy. The sequential and “concomitant” regimes have also been studied in new settings and may have a role in future algorithms also. In addition, data have emerged that the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii may be a useful adjunct to antibiotic therapy. Other studies promote individualized therapies based on host polymorphisms, age, and other such demographic factors.
Helicobacter pylori in Pediatrics
Authors: Sýkora Josef , Rowland Marion 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article reviewed the important publications on Helicobacter pylori research with children between April 2010 and March 2011. The most interesting studies in the last year lend further weight to the evidence for vertical transmission of H. pylori. The discovery of a potential role for jhp0562, the gene which encodes for the cell envelope protein glycosyltransferase, in the progression to peptic ulcer disease is also very interesting as it may provide a novel way to distinguish children at risk of peptic ulcer disease from those who are not, and so determine those who requires treatment to eradicate H. pylori. The rise in non‐H. pylori‐associated ulcers and erosions continues to be reported with no apparent risk factors for these ulcers identified to date. High levels of treatment failure continue to be reported, and there remains an urgent need for more effective treatment regimes for children.
String‐Of‐Pearls Locking Plate and Cerclage Wire Stabilization of Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures after Total Hip Replacement in Six Dogs
Authors: Fitzpatrick Noel , Nikolaou Christos , Yeadon Russell , Hamilton Michael 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveTo report use of, and outcome after, string‐of‐pearls (SOP™) plate and multiple cerclage wire fixation for treatment of periprosthetic femoral fractures (PFF) associated with total hip replacement (THR) in dogs.Study DesignCase series.AnimalsDogs (n=6) with PFF after THR.MethodsClinical records (2005–2010) and radiographic evaluations of dogs that had PFF associated with THR, treated with a SOP™ plate and cerclage wires were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical and radiographic postoperative assessments were performed 4, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively. Telephone follow‐up was performed >12 months postoperatively.ResultsThree fractures occurred intraoperatively and 3 occurred postoperatively. One SOP™ failed at 2 weeks necessitating revision using 2 parallel SOP™ implants. One dog was euthanatized because of quadriceps muscle tie‐down at 6 weeks. Other dogs were free of lameness with full range of motion of the stifle and hip joints at final clinical examination, and positive outcomes were maintained at >12 month telephone questionnaire. There was no evidence of implant failure and positive evidence of fracture healing at final radiographic follow‐up.ConclusionsStabilization resulted in bone healing in 5 dogs; failure in 1 dog may be attributable to technical error. Optimal technical guidelines for use of the SOP™ in this circumstance are unknown, particularly where fracture configuration varies.
Standing Ovariectomy in Mares Using a Transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES®) Approach
Authors: Pader Karine , Lescun Timothy B. , Freeman Lynetta J. 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveTo develop and assess the feasibility of standing transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES®) ovariectomy in the mare.Study DesignDescriptive study.AnimalsMares (n=10).MethodsThe technique was developed in 6 mares and then evaluated in a short‐term study in 4 mares. Abdominal access was developed using controlled access vaginal cannula placement under endoscopic guidance. With viewing provided by a flexible endoscope, hemostasis, and transection of ovarian pedicles was performed using a customized bipolar vessel‐sealing device. The ovaries were retrieved and the colpotomy was sutured. Surgical time, intra‐, and postoperative complications were recorded. Necropsy was performed immediately after surgery in 6 mares and 15 days after surgery in 4 mares to assess short‐term complications.ResultsAfter the instruments and techniques were developed, transvaginal NOTES® ovariectomy was successfully performed. Analgesia during the procedure was adequate in all cases. The visual field provided by the endoscope was acceptable. The customized 60 cm vessel‐sealing device provided good hemostasis and a comfortable working length. Intraoperative complications included difficult viewing that prolonged operative time and inability to remove the second ovary in 1 mare. Postoperative recovery was excellent. Postmortem findings of 1 true positive microbial culture, elevated cell counts in abdominal fluid, and adhesion formation raise questions that must be addressed in future studies.ConclusionUsing specialized instruments, transvaginal NOTES® ovariectomy is technically feasible in mares.
Reversible Vasoconstriction Syndrome with Bilateral Basal Ganglia Hemorrhages
Authors: Westover M. Brandon , Cohen Adam B. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTReversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is an increasingly recognized acute cerebrovascular condition that may produce myriad transient and sustained neurologic deficits as well as a host of radiologic features. We report the case of a woman with RCVS and a severe clinical syndrome with bilateral basal ganglia hemorrhages, cerebral infarctions, and marked vascular abnormalities. The patient made a near complete clinical recovery, representing an extreme and illustrative form of RCVS.
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand antagonists inhibit tissue inflammation and bone loss in experimental periodontitis
Authors: Yuan Huaiping , Gupte Rohit , Zelkha Sami , Amar Salomon 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to assess the role of anti‐bone resorptive agents and an anti‐inflammatory compound in murine Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis)‐induced periodontitis.Material and MethodsSix randomly assigned groups were administered vehicle (saline, control) (n = 6), P. gingivalis infection only (untreated) (n = 6), human‐Fc (n = 4), Kavain (n = 6), OPG‐Fc (n = 6) and Receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B (RANK)‐Fc (n = 6) intraperitoneally at day 0, 3 and 7. Animals were euthanized on day 10 and subjected to comprehensive histomorphometric analysis. To capture the progress of inflammation, serum samples were collected at days 0, 3, 7 and 10 for levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines.ResultsCompared with control group, OPG‐Fc, RANK‐Fc and Kavain treatment showed significant bone loss reduction with OPG‐Fc performing better than RANK‐Fc or Kavain. Epithelial down‐growth showed significant reduction in treatment groups with OPG‐Fc performing better than RANK‐Fc or Kavain. Finally, Kavain, OPG‐Fc and RANK‐Fc‐treated mice displayed reduced inflammatory cell counts and cytokine expression particularly at day 7 postinfection.ConclusionsRANKL antagonists and Kavain effectively reduced alveolar bone loss in P. gingivalis‐induced periodontitis in our mice model. Compared with RANK‐Fc, Kavain‐treated animals showed milder improvement of bone and connective tissue inflammation. Therapeutic implications in the prevention of periodontal bone loss are discussed.
Genitogluteal porokeratosis involving the scrotum: an unusual presentation of an uncommon disease
Authors: Wanat Karolyn A. , Gormley Rachel H. , Bennett Daniel D. , Kovarik Carrie L. 
Published: September 2011

Porokeratosis represents a heterogeneous group of keratinization disorders typified by the presence of annular plaques with distinct, raised borders that include cornoid lamellae. Histopathologically, a cornoid lamella is a column of parakeratotic scale overlying an epidermal invagination that displays nearby dyskeratotic keratinocytes and loss of the granular layer. Porokeratosis ptychotropica constitutes a rare variant that classically presents as a plaque in the gluteal cleft that mimics a dermatitis and microscopically contains numerous cornoid lamellae. We report a 28 year‐old man with a two‐month history of scrotal burning and itching associated with the development of multiple thin red plaques with distinct elevated borders and a pebbled appearance. Histopathological examination revealed psoriasiform acanthosis and multiple cornoid lamellae, which is consistent with a diagnosis of porokeratosis ptychotropica. Our patient's presentation may represent a distinct variant with clinical features of verrucous porokeratosis and histopathological features of porokeratosis ptychotropica which may suggest that the finding of multiple cornoid lamellae is not unique to porokeratosis ptychotropica.Wanat KA, Gormley RH, Bennett DD, Kovarik CL. Genitogluteal porokeratosis involving the scrotum: an unusual presentation of an uncommon disease.
Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and mangiferin reduce the airway inflammation and Th2 cytokines in murine model of allergic asthma
Authors: Rivera Dagmar García , Hernández Ivones , Merino Nelson , Luque Yilian , Álvarez Alina , Martín Yanet , Amador Aylin , Nuevas Lauro , Delgado René 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to study the effects of Mangifera indica extract and its major component mangiferin on lung inflammation response and Th2 cytokine production using a murine experimental model of allergic asthma.

Methods
BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitized with 10 µg of ovoalbumin (OVA) adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide on days 0, 7 and 14. Seven days after the last injection, the mice were challenged with 2% aerosolized OVA inhalation for 30 min beginning on day 21 and continuing until day 24. To evaluate the protective effect, mice were orally treated with M. indica extract (50, 100 or 250 mg/kg) or mangiferin (50 mg/kg) from days 0 to 24. Anti-OVA immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 were determined by ELISA and lungs were analysed by histology.

Key findings
M. indica extract and mangiferin produced a marked reduction of airway inflammation around vessels and bronchi, inhibition of IL-4 and IL-5 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lymphocyte culture supernatant, IgE levels and lymphocyte proliferation.

Conclusion
This is the first pre-clinical report of the anti-inflammatory properties of M. indica extract and mangiferin in experimental asthma and it could be an important part of pre-clinical requirement necessary for its use to complement the treatment of this complex disease.
Reliability-Based Design Optimization With Confidence Level for Non-Gaussian Distributions Using Bootstrap Method
Authors: Noh Yoojeong , Choi Kyung K. , Lee Ikjin , Gorsich David , Lamb David 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
For reliability-based design optimization (RBDO), generating an input statistical model with confidence level has been recently proposed to offset inaccurate estimation of the input statistical model with Gaussian distributions. For this, the confidence intervals for the mean and standard deviation are calculated using Gaussian distributions of the input random variables. However, if the input random variables are non-Gaussian, use of Gaussian distributions of the input variables will provide inaccurate confidence intervals, and thus yield an undesirable confidence level of the reliability-based optimum design meeting the target reliability βt. In this paper, an RBDO method using a bootstrap method, which accurately calculates the confidence intervals for the input parameters for non-Gaussian distributions, is proposed to obtain a desirable confidence level of the output performance for non-Gaussian distributions. The proposed method is examined by testing a numerical example and M1A1 Abrams tank roadarm problem.
Pharmacokinetic Mismatch Does Not Lead to Emergence of Isoniazid- or Rifampin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis but to Better Antimicrobial Effect: a New Paradigm for Antituberculosis Drug Scheduling
Authors: Srivastava Shashikant , Sherman Carleton , Meek Claudia , Leff Richard , Gumbo Tawanda 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Multidrug resistant-tuberculosis is a pressing problem. One of the major mechanisms proposed to lead to the emergence of drug resistance is pharmacokinetic mismatch. Stated as a falsifiable hypothesis, the greater the pharmacokinetic mismatch between rifampin and isoniazid, the higher the isoniazid- and rifampin-resistant subpopulation sizes become with time. To test this, we performed hollow-fiber-system studies for both bactericidal and sterilizing effects in experiments of up to 42 days. We mimicked pharmacokinetics of 600-mg/day rifampin and 300-mg/day isoniazid administered to patients. Rifampin was administered first, followed by isoniazid 0, 6, 12, and 24 h later. The treatment was for drug-susceptible
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
in some experiments and hollow fiber systems with inoculum preseeded with isoniazid- and rifampin-resistant isogenic
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strains in others. Analysis of variance revealed that the 12-h and 24-h-mismatched regimens always killed better than the matched regimens during both bactericidal and sterilizing effects (
P
< 0.05). This means that either the order of scheduling or the sequential administration of drugs in combination therapy may lead to significant improvement in microbial killing. Rifampin-resistant and isoniazid-resistant subpopulations were not significantly higher with increased mismatching in numerous analysis-of-variance comparisons. Thus, the pharmacokinetic mismatch hypothesis was rejected. Instead, sequential administration of anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs (i.e., deliberate mismatch) following particular schedules suggests a new paradigm for accelerating
M. tuberculosis
killing. We conclude that current efforts aimed at better pharmacokinetic matching to decrease
M. tuberculosis
resistance emergence are likely futile and counterproductive.
Zanamivir Pharmacokinetics and Pulmonary Penetration into Epithelial Lining Fluid following Intravenous or Oral Inhaled Administration to Healthy Adult Subjects
Authors: Shelton Mark J. , Lovern Mark , Ng-Cashin Judith , Jones Lori , Gould Elizabeth , Gauvin Jennifer , Rodvold Keith A. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
Zanamivir serum and pulmonary pharmacokinetics were characterized following intravenous (i.v.) or oral inhaled administration. I.v. zanamivir was given as intermittent doses of 100 mg, 200 mg, and 600 mg every 12 h (q12h) for two doses or as a continuous infusion (6-mg loading dose followed by 3 mg/h for 12 h). Oral inhaled zanamivir (two 5-mg inhalations q12h for two doses) was evaluated as well. Each zanamivir regimen was administered to six healthy subjects with serial pharmacokinetic sampling. In addition, a single bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid sample was collected at various time points and used to calculate epithelial lining fluid (ELF) drug concentrations for each subject. For intermittent i.v. administration of 100 mg, 200 mg, and 600 mg zanamivir, the median zanamivir concentrations in ELF collected 12 h after dosing were 74, 146, and 419 ng/ml, respectively, each higher than the historic mean 50% inhibitory concentrations for the neuraminidases of wild-type strains of influenza A and B viruses. Median ELF/serum zanamivir concentration ratios ranged from 55 to 79% for intermittent i.v. administration (when sampled 12 h after the last dose) and 43 to 45% for continuous infusion (when sampled 6 to 12 h after the start of the infusion). For oral inhaled zanamivir, the median zanamivir concentrations in ELF were 891 ng/ml for the first BAL fluid collection and 326 ng/ml for subsequent BAL fluid collections (when sampled 12 h after the last dose); corresponding serum drug concentrations were undetectable. This study demonstrates zanamivir's penetration into the human pulmonary compartment and supports the doses selected for the continuing development of i.v. zanamivir in clinical studies of influenza.
Inhibition of HIV-1 by Octadecyloxyethyl Esters of (S)-[3-Hydroxy-2-(Phosphonomethoxy)Propyl] Nucleosides and Evaluation of Their Mechanism of Action
Authors: Magee Wendy C. , Valiaeva Nadejda , Beadle James R. , Richman Douglas D. , Hostetler Karl Y. , Evans David H. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT(S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (HPMPC [cidofovir]) and (S)-9-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (HPMPA) are potent inhibitors of a variety of DNA viruses. These drugs possess a 3′-hydroxyl equivalent which could support chain extension from an incorporated drug molecule. HPMPC and HPMPA were initially reported to lack activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1); more recent results have shown that the octadecyloxyethyl (ODE) and hexadecyloxypropyl (HDP) esters of HPMPA are potent inhibitors of the virus. We have synthesized the ODE esters of a series of (S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] (HPMP) nucleosides, including HPMPC, HPMP-guanine (HPMPG), HPMP-thymine (HPMPT), and HPMP-diaminopurine (HPMPDAP), as well as the ODE ester of the obligate chain terminator (S)-9-[3-methoxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)-propyl]adenine (MPMPA). All compounds except ODE-HPMPT were inhibitors of HIV-1 replication at low nanomolar concentrations. These compounds were also inhibitors of the replication of HIV-1 variants that are resistant to various nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors at concentrations several times lower than would be expected to be achievedin vivo. To investigate the mechanism of the antiviral activity, the active metabolites of HPMPC and HPMPA were studied for their effects on reactions catalyzed by HIV-1 RT. Incorporation of HPMPC and HPMPA into a DNA primer strand resulted in multiple inhibitory effects exerted on the enzyme and showed that neither compound acts as an absolute chain terminator. Further, inhibition of HIV-1 RT also occurred when these drugs were located in the template strand. These results indicate that HPMPC and HPMPA inhibit HIV-1 by a complex mechanism and suggest that this class of drugs has a broader spectrum of activity than previously shown.