bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ooencyrtus submetallicus Howard in an Extraordinary Host-relationship with Hippelates pusio Loew.
Authors: Legner E. F. , Bay E. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHippelates pusio Loew. pupae in Puerto Rico were parasitized internally by Ooencyrtus submetallicus Howard, egg parasite of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula var. smaragdula Fab. Another case of divergent host preference is noted for Eupteromalus hemipterus (Walker), and the importance of soil-breeding Diptera in the propagation of beneficial organisms is demonstrated.
A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Megetra (Coleoptera: Meloidae) with Ecological and Behavioral Notes
Authors: Selander Richard B. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract>Three species are recognized in the North American genus Megetra LeConte. The most distinctive of these anatomically and ecologically is M. cancellata (Brandt and Erichson), which ranges discontinuously from Arizona and New Mexico to the state of Hidalgo in México and occurs in limited sympatry with both of its congeners. Megetra vittata (LeConte) ranges from northern Arizona to western Texas. It appears to be strictly allopatric with, and similar ecologically to, M. punctata, new species, which ranges from southern Arizona and New Mexico to Durango, México. Specific diagnoses are made on the basis of characters of adult and, for M. cancellata and M. punctata, larval anatomy. Intraspecific variation in several adult characters is analyzed. Notes on the seasonal distribution, habitat, and behavior of the adult beetles are included.
Description of the Larva ofOrygmophora mediofoveataHampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Eidt D. C. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract>The larva ofOrygmophora mediofoveataHampson is described. It has an unusual combination of features, including modifications of the spinneret, spiracles, thoracic and abdominal setae, and the tenth abdominal tergum. The most striking of these, the heavily armored anal plate, permits ready field identification.
The Bionomics and Population Density of Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) (Tachinidae: Diptera) in Nova Scotia
Authors: Embree D. G. , Sisojevic P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract>Investigations of the bionomics and populations of Cyzenis albicans (Fall.), in relation to its principal host, Operophtera brumata (L.), were carried out during 1962–1963 in two stands of red oak in Nova Scotia. C. albicans was well synchronized with its host and oviposited only on leaves damaged by the host or by other defoliators. C. albicans was found experimentally to develop in larvae of a native species, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst). The distributions per leaf cluster of parasite eggs and host larvae were of the negative binomial type and it sampling technique employing 12 leaf clusters per tree produced standard errors which varied between 18 and 33% of the mean for average densities of 12 to 2 eggs per cluster. Parasite eggs per leaf cluster and percentage parasitism increased as host density increased. An associated defoliator, Pseudexentera cressoniana Clem., because it apparently stimulated parasite oviposition but was not itself susceptible to parasitism, had a detrimental effect on the efficiency of the parasite.
Weather and the Success of Parasites in Population Regulation
Authors: DeBach Paul 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExamples and data based on the host-parasite complex of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and its parasites in untreated test plots in the citrus areas of southern California, not including the San Joaquin Valley and the desert areas, show the following: (1) Weather does not impose upper limits to host population increase. (2) In areas of favorable weather, certain parasites regulate host population densities at very low levels, other factors also being favorable. (3) The parasite Aphytis lingnanensis Compere is affected by weather differentially with respect to the host, and to varying degrees in different localities. The effects of field weather for each 2-week period of the year on all stages of this parasite individually as well as on population growth in held experimental cages are discussed. Adverse effects of weather on the parasite preclude successful population regulation of the host by the parasite at certain times or in particular areas but the range of the parasite is not restricted. (4) Another parasite, Comperiella bifasciata Howard, has its range restricted by weather and not by competition with other parasites to intermediate and interior citrus growing areas. It is never found along the coast. (5) Yet another parasite, Prospaltella perniciosi Tower, has its range restricted by competition and not by weather although it gives the appearance of being restricted by weather because it occurs only in coastal districts. (6) Examples are discussed of interactions between weather and dust, ants, or chemicals with parasites and hosts which result in various modifications of the abundance of the host and parasites. (7) Examples are discussed of the effect of weather on interactions between competing species of parasites and the host which have resulted in striking modifications of the previous distribution of certain parasites.
Sampling Populations of Pine Leaf Adelgid Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch): I. The Gall and Associated Insects
Authors: Howse Gordon M. , Dimond John B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn population studies of the pine leaf adelgid, sampling techniques are required. Procedures for sampling galls on spruce and for associated adelgid stages are described. Gall distributions both within trees and between trees are non-random, following the negative-binomial series. Aggregation within trees arises from a disproportionate number of galls occurring on the upper crown branches. Between trees, gall populations are more dense on the larger trees, and red spruce is more heavily infested where red spruce and black spruce are mixed. The proposed sampling unit is composed of one branch from each of the upper two vertical crown quarters, and one longitudinally halved branch from each of the lower crown quarters. The examination of sample units from 50 trees will provide a reliable estimate of stand populations except where low gall densities or heterogeneous spruce stands make a larger sample mandatory. Additional details of sampling and the biological significance of the findings are discussed.
Some Possible Effects of the Pleistocene on the Distributions of North American Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Howden Henry F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFactors, i.e., time, climate, and isolation, that have or may possibly have influenced the distribution and speciation of Scarabaeidae in North America are discussed. Specific examples of present distributional patterns in the genera Phyllophaga, Serica, Diplotaxis, Onthophagus, Geotrupes and Trox are mapped and described. A general comparison of the distributional patterns is made, and inferences are drawn concerning centers of dispersal and (or) areas of survival of the insect inhabitants of deserts and temperate forests during the various climatic changes of the Pleistocene.
Survival and Development ofOryzaephilus surinamensis(L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) on Wheat-flour Diets and on Casein Diets Supplemented With Biotin and Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Davis G. R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNewly hatched larvae ofOryzaephilus surinamensis(L.) developed quickest on untreated flour plus 3% of wheat germ, but survived best on commercial vitamin-enriched flour. They developed as quickly on a synthetic casein diet containing 1.25 γ of biotin per gram as on vitamin-enriched flour, and survived as well on the synthetic casein diet as on untreated flour plus 3% of wheat germ. They developed slower and survived less well on a synthetic casein diet containing biotin at a concentration of 7.50 γ per gram than on untreated flour plus 3% of wheat germ. They also developed slower and survived less well on a casein diet containing ascorbic acid at a concentration of 0.025 g. per gram than on untreated flour plus 3% of wheat germ. Adults did not always emerge in the shortest time on diets on which the larvae pupated most quickly.
Behavioural Variation Among Scolytids in Relation to Their Habitat
Authors: Atkins M. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMost scolytids occupy temporary habitats. Migration, therefore, forms an important part of adult behaviour. Since the extent of migratory movement is positively correlated with the degree of impermanence of the species’ habitat, differences in the behaviour associated with migration must be expected to occur between species. Furthermore, the behaviour of individuals must change in relation to changes in physiology associated with migration and reproduction. These changes have been demonstrated in laboratory studies, and the results suggest that the phenomenon of secondary attraction observed among scolytids may have evolved in conjunction with their utilization of transitory habitats.
Ecology of Species of Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Alberta. IV. Subgenus Fervidobombus Skorikov
Authors: Hobbs G. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo of the four Nearctic species of Fervidobombus occur in southern Alberta. One, Bombus californicus, is confined to the wooded areas whereas the other, B. fervidus, is confined to the prairie. When given a choice, B. fervidus nested in underground hives and B. californicus mostly in surface hives. Queens of B. fervidus sometimes made false nests at tunnel entrances. Both established nests late but were not the latest species to establish in their respective habitats.B. californicus made 10 ± 3 and B. fervidus 8 ± 1 cells in the first broods. Both constructed pollen-pockets beside and beneath the broods of young larvae destined to become workers. Queens required about 27 days to rear the first workers. The workers of succeeding broods were progressively larger, the last ones produced being almost as large as queens. B. fervidus produced more broods of workers than B. californicus; colonies of B. fervidus averaged 247 individuals, the largest being 287, whereas those of B. californicus averaged only 52, the largest being 97.Males of B. fervidus were attracted to nests containing new queens. New queens of B. californicus dug about 1.5 in. into the ground to hibernate.Females of the cuckoo bee, Psithyrus insularis, succeeded in having their young reared to maturity in nests of B. californicus. The big-headed fly, Physocephala texana, parasitized founding queens of B. fervidus.
A Laboratory-rearing Method for Observing Adult Bark Beetles and Their Developing Broods
Authors: Beanlands G. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA method is described for the laboratory rearing of adult bark beetles and their broods in whole bark. A Petri dish rearing chamber is described, which maintains bark moisture at a relatively constant level for periods of up to two months and permits observation of adults and immature stages.
Systematics of Sciadoceridae and Relatives With Descriptions of Two New Genera and Species From Canadian Amber and Erection of Family Ironomyiidae (Diptera: Phoroidea)
Authors: McAlpine J. F. , Martin J. E. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe systematic relationships of Sciadoceridae and of the other families of the superfamily Phoroidea, i.e., Platypezidae, Ironomyiidae and Phoridae, are reviewed. A new family, Ironomyiidae, is proposed for Ironomyia nigromaculata White from Tasmania. Two fossil flies in Canadian (Cretaceous) amber, representing two new genera and species of Sciadoceridae, are described and figured. These constitute the first record of the family in North America. The supposed phylogenies of the families of the Phoroidea and of the genera and species of Sciadoceridae are outlined; the evolution and biogeography of the latter family is treated in detail. Keys to the families of the Phoroidea and to the genera and species of Sciadoceridae are provided.
The Black-headed Budworm in Eastern Canada
Authors: Miller C. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.), is a forest pest native to North America. Periodic outbreaks have been recorded since the late 1920's in eastern Canada, where the preferred host is balsam fir. An outbreak generally causes 2 years of severe defoliation but no tree mortality and only a slight loss in radial increment.Color patterns and measurements of the immature stages are given and limited data on age-interval survival rates are discussed. A key-factor analysis of 17 years’ data shows that population release is associated with years of low parasitism and favorable weather, while population decline is largely determined by late larval parasitism.
A Description of the Immature Stages of Steremnius carinatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Condrashoff S. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe eggs, larvae, and pupae of Steremnius carinatus (Boh.) are described and characters given to distinguish them from those of Steremnius tuberosus Boh. A key separates the larvae and pupae of S. carinatus from those of S. tuberosus, species of Pissodes, and Scolytidae. The relationship of Steremnius to Pissodes and Hylobius is discussed briefly.
The Emergence and Sex Ratio of Anax junius Drury (Odonata: Aeshnidae) in Canada
Authors: Trottier Robert 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe temporal pattern of emergence of Anax junius Drury was studied by making standardized exuvial collections in a farm pond near Montreal. Supports available to emerging larvae were restricted artificially in order to standardize the collecting area. Emergence lasted for 30 days (29 July to 27 August 1965), the peak lying between days 10 and 15; A. junius thus behaved as a “summer species” (sensu Corbet 1954). The emerging population comprised about 48% males. No adults were seen flying over the pond except during the maiden flight.
A New Species of Allantus Panzer on Birch (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Wong Horne R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new species of sawfly, Allantus umbonatus, that occurs on Betula papyrifera Marsh, in central Canada is described and compared with A. cinctus (Linnaeus) and A. basalis (Klug).
DETERMINATION OF PREMATURE LARVAL DROP AND OTHER CAUSES OF LARCH SAWFLY MORTALITY
Authors: Ives W. G. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFifth-instar larvae of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), of different weights, were deprived of food and placed in containers with moist moss. A low percentage of the early fifth-instar larvae were able to spin cocoons, but the percentage rapidly increased to a plateau as the larval weight increased. All but the heaviest larvae suffered appreciable mortality before first-year adult emergence was complete. A curvilinear relationship between larval weight and survival to the adult stage or to larvae in prolonged diapause is evident. The percentage of mature ova in adult females was reduced at the lower larval weights, with corresponding increases in the percentages of near-mature and large immature ova. There were linear relationships between larval weights, adult weights, and numbers of oöcytes. A method for assessing premature larval drop and other causes of mortality under field conditions is described and data for a number of years and plots are presented. Variations in the percentages of unparasitized normal late fifth-instar larvae were large. Data indicate that parasitism by Olesicampe (Holocremnus) sp. nr. nematorum (Tschek) and Bessa harveyi (Townsend) is the most important factor, probably a key factor, contributing to this variation.
RESPONSE BEHAVIOUR OF SCOLYTID BEETLES AND ODOUR METEOROLOGY
Authors: Chapman John A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTransport and dispersal of odours by air currents is considered an important factor in scolytid response to attractant sources. This viewpoint provides explanations for some puzzling field observations and data, and helps identify significant questions about scolytid flight behaviour. There is a need for "odour meteorology", which would be concerned with the rates and types of odour distribution near the ground, and would provide a basis for the most effective use of chemical attractants in natural environments.
HEAT TOLERANCE OF LAST-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE LARCH SAWFLY,PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII(HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Heron R. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaboratory tests of heat tolerance of last-instar larvae of the larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii(Htg.), were made to provide information for the evaluation of the role of high temperature as a mortality factor in field populations.Test larvae were reared from eggs at 21 ± 1.5 °C and 50 ± 10% relative humidity. LT50's were determined at 37°, 39°, 40°, and 41 °C for larvae conditioned at 30 °C and 75% relative humidity.Larvae were less heat resistant during the first 24 hours after molting than they were 24 to 48 hours after molting. The conditioning temperature and the duration of conditioning had very significant effects on heat tolerance. Differences in acclimation due to heat treatment could not be accounted for by differences in free water content.Temperature acclimation will occur in field populations and must be considered in evaluating the role of high temperature as a natural mortality factor.Larvae may encounter lethal temperatures when wandering on branches or tree trunks or crawling on dry ground in open sunshine.
SUITABILITY OFANAITIS PLAGIATA(GEOMETRIDAE) FOR BIOCONTROL OFHYPERICUM PERFORATUMIN DRY GRASSLAND OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Harris P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe suitability of a European mothAnaitis plagiata(L.) for the biological control of the weedHypericum perforatumL. in British Columbia is evaluated. It is concluded that the introduction of the moth is justified as it offers prospects of reducing the weed density without damage to economic plants.A.plagiatais preadapted to dry habitats and ecologically restricted to them. Its high fecundity and two generations a year should enable it to reach an effective population level rapidly and the early spring feeding by the overwintered larvae should damage the weed when it is most vulnerable. It was shown by feeding tests that the larvae are restricted to plants in the genusHypericum. Furthermore, all the known hosts of the genusAnaitisare restricted to the genusHypericumwhich indicates that the insect-host plant relationship is an old and highly stable one. Larval feeding was found to be partly in response to a chemical compound present in the cuticular waxes of the host plant.
THE PINE SEEDWORM,LASPEYRESIA PIPERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), IN CONES OF PONDEROSA PINE
Authors: Hedlin A. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe pine seedworm,Laspeyresia piperana(Kft.), is a common pest in cones ofPinus ponderosaLaws. in British Columbia and may destroy up to 50% of the seed.Moths emerge in May, mate, and lay eggs on second-year pine cones. Immediately after hatching, the larvae migrate to the centre of the cone and feed on seeds throughout the summer. In autumn, larvae tunnel into the cone axis to overwinter. Pupation occurs in spring.
ORIENTATION OF AEDES AEGYPTI IN VERTICAL AIR CURRENTS
Authors: Daykin P. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe orientation of Aedes aegypti in an upward or downward vertical air current was studied. The vertical movements of A. aegypti which have been activated by CO2 are always against the air flow and toward the inlet end, where the insects alight and probe. With sufficient illumination A. aegypti locate an invisible artificial host whether it is at the top with air moving down or at the bottom with air moving up. They do not attempt to locate a visible, black, artificial host placed downstream. Body attitude is similar in upward or downward air flow. The mosquitoes follow the vertical movement of a surrounding spiral stripe pattern, whether stripe movement is upward or downward, whether air is still or moving vertically with or against the stripes. They will not fly against stripe movement to reach an upstream host, real or artificial. Repellent vapor destroys the upstream orientation when air flow is vertical but not when the flow is horizontal. The stripe-following action is not affected by repellent. The experiments indicate that A. aegypti possesses a vertical-air-speed sensor, of a mechanical type, to direct movement up or down in a vertical air stream. The cybernetic system must be complex and requires cooperative use of mechanical and optical sensory information channels. The initial action of repellent vapor appears to be peripheral rather than central to the nervous system, and to affect only the mechano-, chemo-, and thermo-receptors.
THE STATUS OFNASONIA VITRIPENNISAS A NATURAL PARASITE OF THE HOUSE FLY,MUSCA DOMESTICA
Authors: Legner E. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInferences regarding the value ofNasonia vitripennisin the natural control ofMusca domesticabased on laboratory research should consider the general absence of this parasite on that host in nature. Predominant natural parasites ofM.domesticaare listed.
NEW SPECIES OF NEW WORLD LEPTOHYPHINAE (EPHEMEROPTERA: TRICORYTHIDAE)
Authors: Allen Richard K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe genera Leptohyphes Eaton and Tricorythodes Ulmer are confined to the New World, and the Nearctic limits of Leptohyphes has been extended from Texas to Maryland and Utah. Useful nymphal characters are presented for both genera, and descriptions and figures are included for 22 new species of Leptohyphes Eaton, and 7 new species of Tricorythodes Ulmer.
THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF C6- TO C14-SATURATED FATTY ACIDS INPSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS(DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: House H. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNone of the saturated C6–C14 fatty acids fed free as components of a chemically-defined diet to larvae ofPseudosarcophaga affinisAuct. nec Fallén (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) improved the rate of growth and development, but several were toxic. In descending order of toxicity, the fatty acids were capric (C10), caprylic (C8), caproic (C6), and lauric (C12); myristic (C14) had no apparent effect. The ED50was 0.00025Mof capric acid, 0.054Mof caprytic acid, and 0.155Mof caproic acid, respectively. Even at 2.5% of the diet lauric acid was not very toxic. The effects of fatty acids onP.afjinisare similar to those on other insects, though the order and degree of toxicity varied in some cases. Of course, certain fatty acids were widely used as insecticides: their activities varied with molecular configuration and physical–chemical properties. Present insight, however, is that certain fatty acids when eaten may be beneficial to some species and harmless or injurious to others. This suggests that perhaps fatty acids may be useful selective insecticides or substitutes for more dangerous chemicals.
A Field Study of Diapause inCoccinella novemnotata(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),
Authors: McMullen R. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThere are two generations ofCoccinella novemnotataHerbst per year in central California. The adults of the spring generation aestivate and those of the fall generation hibernate. A field study of the physical and biological factors possibly influencing induction of diapause in the adult was conducted. All stages of the spring generation arc subject to a regime of long, increasing photoperiods and increasing mean temperatures, while all stages of the fall generation are subject to a regime of short, decreasing photoperiods and decreasing mean temperatures. In non-irrigated areas with native vegetation the reproductive cycle of this species is synchronized with the availability of prey species. In irrigated agricultural areas prey species are relatively abundant throughout the summer but the adults of the spring generation still aestivate. It is hypothesized that diapause is induced in the adult by both short and long photoperiods and that intermediate photoperiods are required for reproduction.The biology ofC.novemnotatais described briefly with emphasis on the aggregational behavior of the adult.