bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergence of protein kinase CK2 as a key target in cancer therapy
Authors: Trembley Janeen H. , Chen Zhong , Unger Gretchen , Slaton Joel , Kren Betsy T. , Van Waes Carter , Ahmed Khalil 
Published: April 2010

AbstractProtein kinase CK2, a protein serine/threonine kinase, plays a global role in activities related to cell growth, cell death, and cell survival. CK2 has a large number of potential substrates localized in diverse locations in the cell including, for example, NF‐κB as an important downstream target of the kinase. In addition to its involvement in cell growth and proliferation it is also a potent suppressor of apoptosis, raising its key importance in cancer cell phenotype. CK2 interacts with diverse pathways which illustrates the breadth of its impact on the cellular machinery of both cell growth and cell death giving it the status of a “master regulator” in the cell. With respect to cancer, CK2 has been found to be dysregulated in all cancers examined demonstrating increased protein expression levels and nuclear localization in cancer cells compared with their normal counterparts. We originally proposed CK2 as a potentially important target for cancer therapy. Given the ubiquitous and essential for cell survival nature of the kinase, an important consideration would be to target it specifically in cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Towards that end, our design of a tenascin based sub‐50 nm (i.e., less than 50 nm size) nanocapsule in which an anti‐CK2 therapeutic agent can be packaged is highly promising because this formulation can specifically deliver the cargo intracellularly to the cancer cells in vivo. Thus, appropriate strategies to target CK2 especially by molecular approaches may lead to a highly feasible and effective approach to eradication of a given cancer.
Trichloroethene and cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene concentration‐dependent toxicity model simulates anaerobic dechlorination at high concentrations: I. batch‐fed reactors
Authors: Sabalowsky Andrew R. , Semprini Lewis 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA model was developed to describe toxicity from high concentrations of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) on reductively dechlorinating cultures under batch‐growth conditions. A reductively dechlorinating anaerobic Evanite subculture (EV‐cDCE) was fed trichloroethene (TCE) and excess electron donor to accumulate cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene (cDCE) in batch‐fed reactors. A second Point Mugu (PM) culture was also studied in the cDCE accumulating batch‐fed experiment, as well as in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent cDCE exposure experiment. Both cultures accumulated cDCE to concentrations ranging from 9,000 to 12,000 µM before cDCE production from TCE ceased. Exposure to approximately 3,000 and 6,000 µM cDCE concentrations for 5 days during continuous TCE dechlorination exhibited greater loss in activity proportional to both time and concentration of exposure than simple endogenous decay. Various inhibition models were analyzed for the two cultures, including the previously proposed Haldane inhibition model and a maximum threshold inhibition model, but neither adequately fit all experimental observations. A concentration‐dependent toxicity model is proposed, which simulated all the experimental observations well. The toxicity model incorporates CAH toxicity terms that directly increase the cell decay coefficient in proportion with CAH concentrations. We also consider previously proposed models relating toxicity to partitioning in the cell wall (KM/B), proportional to octanol–water partitioning (KOW) coefficients. A reanalysis of previously reported modeling of batch tests using the Haldane model of Yu and Semprini, could be fit equally well using the toxicity model presented here, combined with toxicity proportioned to cell wall partitioning. A companion paper extends the experimental analysis and our modeling approach to a completely mixed reactor and a fixed film reactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 529–539. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electricity generation from the treatment of wastewater with a hybrid up‐flow microbial fuel cell
Authors: Katuri Krishna P. , Scott K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe performance of a prototype up‐flow single‐chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) for electrical power generation using brewery wastewater as fuel is reported. The designed reactor consisted of three zones, namely a lower anaerobic digestion zone, a central MFC zone, and an upper effluent clarifier zone. Tests were conducted in batch mode using a beer wastewater as the fuel/electron donor (COD concentration: 430 mg/L) and mixed consortia (both sewage microflora and anaerobic sludge) as a source of electrogenic bacteria. A stable current density of ∼2,270 mA/m2 was generated under continuous polarization with a constant external resistance (0.01 kΩ) and cell polarization gave a peak power density of 330 mW/m2 at a current density of 1,680 mA/m2. Electrochemical impedance analysis showed that the overall internal resistance of the reactor was quite low, that is, 8.0 Ω. Cyclic voltammetric analysis of the anodic biofilm at low scan rate revealed quite complex processes at the anode, with three redox peaks, at potentials of 116, 214, and 319 mV (vs. NHE). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 52–58. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanisms of unintended amino acid sequence changes in recombinant monoclonal antibodies expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells
Authors: Guo Donglin , Gao Albert , Michels David A. , Feeney Lauren , Eng Marian , Chan Betty , Laird Michael W. , Zhang Boyan , Yu X. Christopher , Joly John , Snedecor Brad , Shen Amy 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAn amino acid sequence variant is defined as an unintended amino acid sequence change and contributes to product heterogeneity. Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are primarily expressed from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using stably transfected production cell lines. Selections and amplifications with reagents such as methotrexate (MTX) are often required to achieve high producing stable cell lines. Since MTX is often used to generate high producing cell lines, we investigated the genomic mutation rates of the hypoxanthine–guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT or HPRT) gene using a 6‐thioguanine (6‐TG) assay under various concentrations of MTX selection in CHO cells. Our results show that the 6‐TG resistance increased as the MTX concentration increased during stable cell line development. We also investigated low levels of sequence variants observed in two stable cell lines expressing different MAbs. Our data show that the replacement of serine at position 167 by arginine (S167R) in the light chain of antibody A (MAb‐A) was due to a genomic nucleotide sequence change whereas the replacement of serine at position 63 by asparagine (S63N) in the heavy chain of antibody B (MAb‐B) was likely due to translational misincorporation. This mistranslation is codon specific since S63N mistranslation is not detectable when the S63 AGC codon is changed to a TCC or TCT codon. Our results demonstrate that both a genomic nucleotide change and translational misincorporation can lead to low levels of sequence variants and mistranslation of serine to asparagine can be eliminated by substituting the TCC or TCT codon for the S63 AGC codon without impacting antibody productivity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 163–171. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Establishing benchmarks for the outcome of herniotomy in children
Authors: Vogels H D E , Bruijnen C J P , Beasley S W 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
Although complication rates following herniotomy in children are low, reported rates vary. The aim of this study was to propose desirable outcome measures that can be used by surgeons to assess the quality of their service.

Methods
A review of prospectively collected data on all hernias operated on by the Christchurch-based paediatric surgical service was undertaken. Complication rates were determined and compared with those reported in the literature. Rates for children aged 1 year or above were compared with those in children aged less than 1 year.

Results
There were 3128 herniotomies performed, with an overall recurrence rate of 0·6 per cent. Wound infections occurred in 0·9 per cent, but were confined to infants aged less than 12 months. The rate of acquired cryptorchidism was 0·4 per cent and testicular atrophy 0·8 per cent in boys. Injury to the vas deferens was recognized in 0·1 per cent. Children under 1 year of age were more likely to develop recurrence than older children (0·9 versus 0·2 per cent respectively; odds ratio 4·56, P = 0·013).

Conclusion
Complication rates were relatively low compared with those reported previously, but were considered achievable in most paediatric surgical units. Specific attention should be paid to the youngest infants, as this group has the highest complication rate. Minimum standards can be proposed based on these and other published outcomes.
Effect of parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women
Authors: Sitges-Serra A , García L , Prieto R , Peña M J , Nogués X , Sancho J J 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
The bone mineral density (BMD) response to parathyroidectomy is heterogeneous and difficult to predict. Available data come from mixed populations of men and women, of different age and degrees of disease severity, and preoperative BMD loss.

Methods
This was a longitudinal, prospective cohort study of 103 postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis at the femoral neck site, successfully operated on for primary hyper parathyroidism. BMD and metabolic variables were recorded before and 1 year after parathyroidectomy.

Results
After surgery, there was a 1·3 per cent increase in the median BMD at the femoral neck site (0·615 versus 0·623 g/cm2; P = 0·001). Overall, positive responses were also observed at total hip (0·4 per cent) and lumbar spine (2·3 per cent) sites. Analysing the individual responses, however, only 45 (46 per cent) of 97 patients showed a significant (at least 3·7 per cent) increase in BMD at the femoral neck site compared with the preoperative value and 52 had a decreased (15) or unchanged (37) femoral neck BMD. Patients who gained BMD were younger, had more severe hyperparathyroidism and better renal function.

Conclusion
Almost half of the postmenopausal women with hyperparathyroidism and low BMD have a significant remineralization response 1 year after parathyroidectomy. Differential mineralization responses of BMD after surgery appear to be related to severity of primary hyperparathyroidism, age and renal function.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide promotes profibrotic activation of intestinal fibroblasts
Authors: Burke J P , Cunningham M F , Watson R W G , Docherty N G , Coffey J C , O'Connell P R 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
Fibroblasts play a critical role in intestinal wound healing. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell wall component of commensal gut bacteria. The effects of LPS on intestinal fibroblast activation were characterized.

Methods
Expression of the LPS receptor, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, was assessed in cultured primary human intestinal fibroblasts using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Fibroblasts were treated with LPS and/or transforming growth factor (TGF) β1. Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathway activation was assessed by inhibitory κBα (IκBα) degradation and NFκB promoter activity. Fibroblast contractility was measured using a fibroblast-populated collagen lattice. Smad-7, a negative regulator of TGF-β1 signalling, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression were assessed using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The NFκB pathway was inhibited by IκBα transfection.

Results
TLR-4 was present on the surface of intestinal fibroblasts. LPS treatment of fibroblasts induced IκBα degradation, enhanced NFκB promoter activity and increased collagen contraction. Pretreatment with LPS (before TGF-β1) significantly increased CTGF production relative to treatment with TGF-β1 alone. LPS reduced whereas TGF-β1 increased smad-7 expression. Transfection with an IκBα plasmid enhanced basal smad-7 expression.

Conclusion
Intestinal fibroblasts express TLR-4 and respond to LPS by activating NFκB and inducing collagen contraction. LPS acts in concert with TGF-β1 to induce CTGF. LPS reduces the expression of the TGF-β1 inhibitor, smad-7.
Adverse effects of polyvinylidene fluoride-coated polypropylene mesh used for laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay repair of incisional hernia
Authors: Fortelny R H , Petter-Puchner A H , Glaser K S , Offner F , Benesch T , Rohr M 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
Polyvinylidene fluoride-coated polypropylene meshes have been developed specifically for intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair. They combine a macroporous design with biomechanical characteristics compatible with the abdominal wall and are reported to have favourable antiadhesive properties. This retrospective study reports complications related to one of these materials, DynaMesh®.

Methods
Twenty-nine patients underwent intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair with DynaMesh® at one of two hospitals. Patients characteristics, surgical procedures and postoperative analgesia were comparable at both sites.

Results
Six patients developed DynaMesh®-related complications that required surgical reintervention by laparotomy within 1 year of operation. Surgical reintervention was for adhesions in five patients and the mesh had to be explanted in three. One mesh was explanted because of early infection. Adhesions to DynaMesh® were found in two patients who had surgery for unrelated reasons.

Conclusion
Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay DynaMesh® repair was associated with a high rate of complications.
Monte carlo simulation of bacterial disinfection: Nonlinear and time‐explicit intensity of transition
Authors: Argoti Andres , Fan L. T. , Chou S. T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBacteria being disinfected in fluid media are discrete entities and mesoscopic in size; moreover, they are incessantly as well as irregularly in motion and in collision among themselves or with the surrounding solid surfaces. As such, it is highly likely that some of the attributes of the bacterial population, for example, their number concentration, will fluctuate randomly. This is especially the case at the tail‐end of disinfection when the population of bacteria is sparse. It might be effectual, therefore, to explore the resultant random fluctuations via a stochastic paradigm. Proposed herein is a Markovian stochastic model for the rate of bacterial disinfection, whose intensity of transition takes into account the contact time of the bacteria with the disinfecting agent to eliminate any given percentage of the bacteria in terms of a nonlinear function of time. The model's master equation has been simulated by resorting to the Monte Carlo method to circumvent the undue complexities in solving it analytically or numerically via conventional numerical techniques. For illustration, the mean, the variance (standard deviation), and the coefficient of variation of the number concentration of bacteria during disinfection have been estimated through Monte Carlo simulation. The results of simulation compare favorably with the available experimental data as well as with those computed from the corresponding deterministic model. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Diffusion properties of bacteriophages through agarose gel membrane
Authors: Hu Jun , Miyanaga Kazuhiko , Tanji Yasunori 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA simple two‐chamber diffusion method was developed to study the diffusion properties of bacteriophages (phages). The apparent diffusion coefficients (Dapp) of Myoviridae phage T4 and filamentous phage fNEL were investigated, and the diffusion of the phages was found to be much slower than the diffusion of three antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, penicillin G, and tetracycline. Dapp of T4 and fNEL in water through filter paper were calculated to be 2.8 × 10−11 m2/s and 6.8 × 10−12 m2/s, respectively, and Dapp of fNEL through agarose gel membrane, an artificial biofilm, was also calculated to be smaller than that of T4. In addition, Dapp of phages through agarose gel was dependent on agarose concentration due to the similar size of phage and agarose gel mesh. We concluded that Dapp of phages through an artificial biofilm is dependent on both phage morphology and biofilm density, and suggest the use of this method to study diffusion properties through real biofilms. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Metabolic flux analysis of embryonic stem cells using three distinct differentiation protocols and comparison to gene expression patterns
Authors: Sepúlveda Darío E. , Andrews Barbara A. , Papoutsakis Eleftherios Terry , Asenjo Juan A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMetabolic flux analysis (MFA) was performed on mouse embryonic stem cells cultured under three distinct differentiation conditions: classical embryoid body formation (EB), and on surfaces coated with either gelatin (GEL) or matrigel (MAT). MFA was based on 15 metabolic reactions and eight transport steps, and was carried out based on measurements of four substrates and/or metabolites: glucose, lactate, glutamine, and glutamate. Fluxes representing biomass production remained fairly constant for all three culture conditions with at most a 40% variation. In contrast, major temporal variations, up to 500%, were observed for all other major central metabolic fluxes across all culture conditions. Fluxes were compared to gene‐expression patterns measured by microarray analysis. Particularly interesting is the correlation between the metabolic fluxes with expression patterns of the corresponding genes of the pyruvate to lactate reaction, whereby the genes for several isoforms of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme were examined. The patterns of this flux were notably different in the EB cultures compared to the GEL and MAT cultures and reflected differences in oxygen and nutrient transport in EB vs. the GEL and MAT cultures. Another novel finding of this study is an event occurring between Days 4 and 5 of differentiation, which was identified by a notable change in both the metabolic fluxes and gene‐expression patterns. This suggests that metabolic patterns can be used as effective beacons of changes in differentiating stem cells. Overall, and qualitatively, core metabolic fluxes, under the three culture conditions examined, correlated well with gene‐expression patterns. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Findings of unique small muscle fibers at the superficial portion of the orbicularis oculi in the lateral canthal region of Japanese adult cadavers
Authors: Tamatsu Yuichi , Tsukahara Kazue , Shimada Kazuyuki 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study reports the existence of previously unknown muscle fascicles in Japanese adult cadavers. A bundle of these muscle fascicles diverged from the pretarsal portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle and coursed in a lateral direction superficial to this muscle. When observed with the naked eye, the bundle seemed to originate at the medial canthus and run along or near the edge of the upper eyelid. However, its boundary with the orbicularis oculi muscle was indistinguishable until it crossed superficial to this muscle. Throughout our observations, the thin muscle bundle was identified with high frequency (94%, 49 of 52 individual cadavers), and is thus unlikely to be an artifact. Light microscopy revealed that, in sagittal sections, the thin muscle bundle was located on the superficial side of the lateral portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle, while in horizontal sections, it ran in a superficial plane to the orbicularis oculi muscle in a medial to lateral direction. Despite having some similarity to a muscular raphe, the lateral canthal band, and to one of the previously known inferior muscles of the orbicularis oculi muscle, the results of our anatomical study suggest that the bundle is none of these. Rather, it is a previously unreported muscle that likely contributes to the surface morphology at the lateral canthus. Clin. Anat. 23:637–641, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct measurement of tibial cortical bone surface area
Authors: Cattrysse E. , Scafoglieri A. , Louis O. , De Mey J. , Clarys J.P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCortical bone surface area estimation is generally performed by analysis of medical images but its accuracy has not yet been verified by direct bone measurements. This study was performed to evaluate the reproducibility of direct ex vivo estimations of cross sectional tibial cortical bone surface area. Ten tibiae were evaluated by two observers using direct 3D‐digitization at 38 and 66% of total tibial length using a ‘critical’ and a ‘general’ criterion for differentiation between cortical and cancellous bone. The results of the analysis using the more severe ‘critical’ differentiation criterion yielded high intra and interobserver agreement. Mean intraobserver reliability was demonstrated by R = 0.98 (Spearman rank correlation between 0.98 and 0.97; P < 0.01) and inter observer reliability by R = 0.91 (Spearman rank correlation between 0.95 and 0.88; P < 0.01). When using strict criteria to differentiate between cortical and cancellous bone, intra and interobserver reliability of the presented method of direct cortical bone surface area estimation is very high. The results indicate that cross‐sectional cortical bone surface estimation by direct 3D‐digitization can serve as a gold standard for validation of other estimations methods. Clin. Anat. 23:720–725, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereoselection in the binding of Ln DOTA to γ‐cyclodextrin: A near infrared circular dichroism study
Authors: Di Bari Lorenzo , Pintacuda Guido , Salvadori Piero 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe formation of an inclusion complex between γ‐cyclodextrin and Ln DOTA has been reported in the literature. All Ln DOTA complexes in solution give rise to a network of equilibria between different stereoisomers, which are pairs of enantiomers. By means of near infrared circular dichroism of the Yb derivative, we demonstrate that upon the formation of the host–guest complex, there is a complete stereoselection and that only the Λ(δδδδ) binds. Chirality 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trennung von Enantiomeren mittels Mikroemulsionen
Authors: Dimitrova P. , Bart H.‐J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractUnter dem Gesichtspunk der Prozessintensivierung werden Öl/Wasser‐Mikroemulsionen als reaktives Medium für enantioselektive Trennungen eingesetzt. Für die Mikroemulsion wurden das nichtionische Tensid Igepal CO‐630 und Cylohexan verwendet. Dabei wurden die chiralen Selektoren N‐Heptyl‐L‐hydroxyprolin und N‐Decyl‐L‐hydroxyprolin in den Öltröpfchen immobilisiert und ein chirales Umfeld erzeugt, mit dessen Hilfe sich die Enantiomerenpaare DL‐Leucin und DL‐Methionin trennen lassen. Für die Kreislaufführung der Tenside wurde ein Vergleich zwischen Trübungspunktextraktion und mizellarer Extraktion durchgeführt.