bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Outcomes Following Heart Transplantation
Authors: Murphy Laura , Pinney Sean P. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSince its first performance in 1967, cardiac transplantation has emerged from a medical curiosity to become the treatment of choice for advanced heart failure. Refinements in surgical technique, development of a standardized endomyocardial biopsy grading system, and the discovery of newer immunosuppressive medications have improved the outlook for today's heart‐transplant recipients. For the most recent era, median survival has increased to 10 years and median survival conditional upon surviving the first transplant year is now >14 years. Quality of life is excellent. This article will concisely review the major clinical outcomes following transplantation including survival, quality of life, immunosuppression, and short‐ and long‐term complications. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21311
Innovations in Organ Donation
Authors: Goldstein Michael J. , Lubezky Nir , Yushkov Yuriy , Bae Coney , Guarrera James V. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe growing disparity between organ availability for transplantation and the number of patients in need has challenged the donation and transplantation community of practice to develop innovative processes, ideas, and techniques to bridge the gaps. Advances in the sharing of best practices in the donation community have contributed greatly over the last 8 years. Broader sharing of updated guidelines for declaration of brain death in conjunction with improvements in deceased donor management have increased opportunities for organ donation. New techniques for organ preservation and organ resuscitation have allowed for better utilization of the potential donor pool. This review will highlight processes, ideas, and techniques in organ donation. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21312
Transplantation in Obese Patient
Authors: Killackey Mary T. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObesity is a worldwide epidemic leading to severe comorbidity that damages end‐organ function. Overall transplant outcomes in this population are inferior to those in nonobese patients. Large population studies show decreased patient and graft survival in obese kidney transplant patients. Despite the poorer outcomes, kidney transplantation is considered because of the survival benefit as compared with the wait‐listed dialysis patients. In liver transplantation, the benefit to transplantation as compared with remaining on the list is obvious, as there is no viable liver dialysis at this time. Obesity in potential organ donors impacts both medical and surgical issues. Obesity‐related kidney disease affects both the remaining and transplanted kidney. Pancreas donor organs are associated with decreased early graft survival. Liver donor organs with significant steatosis lead to an increased risk for delayed or nonfunction of the organ. Immunosuppressive drugs with variable lipophilicity and altered volume of distribution can greatly affect the therapeutic usefulness of these drugs. Transplant candidates benefit from a multidisciplinary team approach to their care. As the epidemic progresses and less‐invasive treatments for metabolic surgery evolve, we are likely to require more patients to lose weight prior to transplantation as we continue to strive for improved outcomes. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21315
Computed Tomography Dataset Postprocessing: From Data to Knowledge
Authors: Johnson Pamela T. , Fishman Elliot K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe introduction of spiral computed tomography from the days of single‐slice spiral to today's 64‐row multidetector computed tomography and beyond creates datasets with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The key to computed tomography imaging in the big picture is not in the acquisition of data, but in the use of the data acquired. By supplementing traditional axial interpretation with 3‐dimensional rendering of the computed tomography volume, the greatest amount of information available is extracted. The information provided by a comprehensive postprocessed study, which includes multiplanar reconstruction in the coronal, sagittal, and oblique plane, as well as 3‐dimensional maps of both the arterial and venous phase datasets using volume rendering and maximum intensity projection techniques, allows for key clinical decisions to be made with a high degree of accuracy. Postprocessing of computed tomography data is thus no longer an option, but a true requirement in this era of 64‐row multidetector computed tomography and beyond. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21316
Analytical integration of elasto‐plastic uniaxial constitutive laws over arbitrary sections.
Authors: Marmo Francesco , Rosati Luciano 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYWe present the preliminary results of a novel approach to the state determination of polygonal sections of arbitrary shape endowed with elasto‐plastic uniaxial constitutive laws.By means of a suitable application of Gauss theorem, we prove that the normal stress resultants can be computed analytically as sum of finite quantities evaluated solely at the vertices of the section. For this reason, the proposed approach has been termed fiber‐free to emphasize the fact that it does not require any subdivision of the section in fibers.Numerical results show that the fiber approach is grossly inaccurate and that the number of fibers required to achieve a degree of accuracy comparable with that entailed by the fiber‐free approach is at least one order of magnitude greater than the one commonly suggested in commercial software for nonlinear frame analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stabilized Runge–Kutta, Taylor smoothed particle hydrodynamics algorithm for large deformation problems in dynamics
Authors: Blanc Thomas , Pastor Manuel 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYNumerical simulation of large deformation and failure problems present a series of difficulties when solved using mesh based methods. Meshless methods present an interesting alternative that has been explored in the past years by researchers. Here we propose a Runge–Kutta Taylor SPH model based on formulating the dynamic problem as a set of first‐order PDEs. Two sets of nodes are used for time steps n and n + 1 ∕ 2, resulting on avoiding the classical tensile instability of some other SPH formulations. To improve the accuracy and stability of the algorithm, the Taylor expansion in time of the advective terms is combined with a Runge–Kutta integration of the sources. Finally, as boundaries change during the process, a free surface detection algorithm is introduced. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale design optimization of lithium ion batteries using adjoint sensitivity analysis
Authors: Golmon Stephanie , Maute Kurt , Dunn Martin L. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYThe capacity of lithium ion batteries can be improved through the use of functionally graded electrodes. Here, we present a computational framework for optimizing the layout of electrodes using a multiscale lithium ion battery cell model. The model accounts for nonlinear transient transport processes and mechanical deformations at multiple scales. A key component of the optimization methodology is the formulation of the adjoint sensitivity equations of the multiscale battery model. The efficient solution of the adjoint equations relies on the decomposition of the multiscale problem into multiple, computationally small problems associated with the individual realizations of the microscale model. This decomposition method is shown to significantly reduce the computational time needed for sensitivity analysis versus numerical finite differencing. The potential of the proposed optimization framework is illustrated with numerical problems involving both macroscale and microscale performance criteria and design variables. The usable capacity of a lithium ion battery cell is maximized while limiting the stress level in the electrode particles through manipulation of the local porosities and particle radii. The optimization results suggest that optimal functionally graded electrodes improve the performance of a battery cell over using uniform porosity and particle radius distributions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Governance networks: Interlocking directorships of corporate and nonprofit boards
Authors: Vidovich Lesley , Currie Jan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study describes the interlocking networks of corporate directors serving on publicly listed corporate boards and those on the boards of nonprofit organizations in Western Australia in 2006. When this study was undertaken, the state was the beneficiary of a booming economy in resource development prior to the global financial crisis, yielding a substantial number of resource companies with their headquarters in Perth, the capital city of Western Australia. Through social network analysis using NetDraw, we trace the extent of interpersonal connections of prominent individuals who serve on these boards in this relatively isolated state in Australia. The network figures demonstrate the inner circle of companies and nonprofits with their interlocking directorships that suggest the growing interpenetration among the state, the market, and civil society. As a result of reduced government funding during the last two decades in Western Australia, nonprofit organizations have had to use market strategies to increase their revenues, which is one factor that has led to this greater interdependence between previously separate groups. Thus, market forces have blurred the boundaries that once separated private companies from nonprofit organizations, increasing the interlocking nature of their board directors.
Application of Chemometrics in Authentication of Herbal Medicines: A Review
Authors: Gad Haidy A. , El‐Ahmady Sherweit H. , Abou‐Shoer Mohamed I. , Al‐Azizi Mohamed M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIntroductionHerbal medicines (HM) and their preparations have been widely used for hundreds of years all over the world. However, they have not been officially recognised due to a lack of adequate or accepted research methodology for their evaluation.ObjectiveTo present a concise overview of the recent applications of chemometrics in solving the ambiguity of herbal medicine authentication during the last two decades.MethodologyStudies involving the applications of chemometric analysis in combination with different analytical methods were classified according to the method of analysis used including chromatographic (HPLC, GC and CE), spectroscopic (NMR, IR, UV and ICP) and genetic analysis (RAPD). The purpose of each of these studies was classified into one of three main categories: taxonomic discrimination, quality assessment or classification between plants of different geographic origins.ResultsThis review comprises over 150 studies, covering the past two decades, emphasising the significance of chemometric methods in the discrimination of many herbs from closely related species and from adulterants, based on the principal bioactive components and phytochemical diversity. Furthermore, the differentiation between varieties and hybrids was achieved in addition to the prediction of the active components by quantitative methods of analysis. Discrimination according to geographical origin and localities, processing methods, DNA profiling and metabolomics were also efficiently investigated.ConclusionChemometric methods have provided an efficient and powerful tool for the quality control and authentication of different herbs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physicians' age and sex influence breaking bad news to elderly cancer patients. Beliefs and practices of 50 Italian oncologists: the G.I.O.Ger study
Authors: Locatelli C. , Piselli P. , Cicerchia M. , Repetto L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPurposeWe attempt to shed light on the truth‐telling attitudes and practices of oncologists working with a geriatric population in Italy.Participants and methodPhysicians caring for cancer patients were asked to complete a specific survey centred on their beliefs, attitudes and practices towards truth telling to elderly cancer patients.ResultsOf 50 physicians surveyed, 68% were men. Physicians practising in the south of Italy were significantly older and more likely to be of male gender in comparison with physicians practising from the north and central areas. Eighty‐four per cent of physicians consider the family to be an obstacle to a direct communication with the elderly. Forty‐four per cent of male physicians who are faced with a family's request of nondisclosure talk with the patient, whereas 37.5% of female physicians talk with the family. For 60% of interviewed physicians, the reason underpinning the caregiver's choice of nondisclosure is to delay the emotional confrontation.ConclusionsWe observed that variability of disclosure is related not only to the patient's age but also to the physicians' age and sex and to the geographic area where physicians work. The results also show that both caregivers and physicians are concerned by the emotional aspects related to clinical information. Italian oncologists have to learn and implement ‘comprehensive’ communication skills and have to promote an integration of the information needs of patient and caregivers, according to their socio‐cultural affiliation, within the communication techniques. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards the development of a robust model hierarchy: investigation of dynamical limitations at low resolution and possible solutions
Authors: Sanchez Claudio , Williams Keith D. , Shutts Glenn J. , McDonald Ruth E. , Hinton Tim J. , Senior Cath A. , Wood Nigel 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn order to investigate questions concerning changes in the atmosphere and other components of the Earth system, it is desirable to have a seamless modelling system that operates across a wide range of time‐scales and horizontal resolutions. The development of a low‐resolution configuration of the model would greatly assist in addressing these scientific questions whose long time‐scales or complexity are computationally demanding—a cost that cannot be sustained by higher resolutions. However, in order to be confident that results remain robust to changes in resolution, it is essential that such models include the same underlying fundamental processes as those at higher resolution.Some resolution‐dependent biases are found to grow (notably when horizontal resolution decreases below ∼150 km) as a result of the lack of transient eddy kinetic energy (TEKE). The advection scheme used by many of the current general circulation models follows the semi‐Lagrangian (SL) dynamics approach. Because of the need for interpolation to the departure point, the scheme is highly diffusive when low‐order interpolation schemes are used. We analyse how the impact of the high diffusivity of SL schemes leads to a lack of TEKE, which inhibits the development of mid‐latitude variability phenomena such as synoptic cyclones or blocking events. Conversely, some examples where the performance of the low resolution is acceptable are provided.We investigate two different traceable solutions to partially offset the misrepresentation of dynamical features in the low‐resolution version: a change of the interpolation scheme from quasi‐cubic to quintic interpolation; and vorticity confinement: a parametrization designed to preserve vorticity features in dissipative numerical schemes. Both solutions are found to increase TEKE and improve many of the mid‐latitude metrics considered. Copyright © 2012 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Threshold amounts of organic carbon needed to initiate reductive dechlorination in groundwater systems
Authors: Chapelle Francis H. , Thomas Lashun K. , Bradley Paul M. , Rectanus Heather V. , Widdowson Mark A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAquifer sediment and groundwater chemistry data from 15 Department of Defense facilities located throughout the United States were collected and analyzed with the goal of estimating the amount of natural organic carbon needed to initiate reductive dechlorination in groundwater systems. Aquifer sediments were analyzed for hydroxylamine and NaOH‐extractable organic carbon, yielding a probable underestimate of potentially bioavailable organic carbon (PBOC). Aquifer sediments were also analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC) using an elemental combustion analyzer, yielding a probable overestimate of bioavailable carbon. Concentrations of PBOC correlated linearly with TOC with a slope near one. However, concentrations of PBOC were consistently five to ten times lower than TOC. When mean concentrations of dissolved oxygen observed at each site were plotted versus PBOC, it showed that anoxic conditions were initiated at approximately 200 mg/kg of PBOC. Similarly, the accumulation of reductive dechlorination daughter products relative to parent compounds increased at a PBOC concentration of approximately 200 mg/kg. Concentrations of total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA) in sediments also increased at approximately 200 mg/kg, and bioassays showed that sediment CO2 production correlated positively with THAA. The results of this study provide an estimate for threshold amounts of bioavailable carbon present in aquifer sediments (approximately 200 mg/kg of PBOC; approximately 1,000 to 2,000 mg/kg of TOC) needed to support reductive dechlorination in groundwater systems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iron‐mediated abiotic degradation of RDX in a contaminated aquifer
Authors: Thomas Tiffany , Caldwell Brian , Britto Ronnie , Arnseth Rick 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe influence of aqueous‐ and mineral‐phase iron on royal demolition explosive (RDX) destruction has been previously investigated in theoretical settings and bench‐scale tests by various practitioners. The feasible use of in situ redox manipulation to create reactive Fe(II) is contingent upon the aquifer containing enough iron oxides and iron‐bearing clay minerals for the treated zone to remain effective. The following is a summary of a bench‐scale assessment of this relationship using aquifer material from an ongoing groundwater remediation effort at the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant (IAAP). A bench‐scale study was designed to determine the relative contributions of the biotic and iron‐mediated abiotic degradation processes to the net decrease in RDX observed at the site using saturated aquifer samples collected from within the RDX plume. Sterilized samples with a sufficient stoichiometric excess of both soluble and mineral‐phase iron reduced concentrations of RDX in both the soil and water fractions to the same extent as the samples containing native biota. These results indicate that in situ, abiotic degradation of RDX is feasible in areas unsuitable to biotic degradation processes, yielding an additional alternative for in situ RDX remediation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ERI evaluation of injectates used at a dry‐cleaning site
Authors: Halihan Todd , McDonald Stuart W. , Patey Phil , Stonecipher Marcy 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA former dry‐cleaning site in Jackson, Tennessee, has undergone remediation to treat dense nonaqueous‐phase liquid (trichloroethene [TCE] and tetrachloroethene [PCE]) contamination in the subsurface. The dry cleaning operation closed in 1977. In 2002, a series of injections were made at the site consisting of corn syrup, vegetable oils, and Simple Green®. In 2004, approximately 200 cubic yards of contaminated soil were excavated, and the bottom of the excavation was covered with sodium lactate.In 2009, the site was characterized using proprietary electrical resistivity imaging (ERI; commercially available as Aestus GeoTrax SurveysTM). Follow‐up confirmation soil borings targeted anomalies detected via the geophysical work. The results indicate an extremely electrically conductive (less than 1 ohm‐m) vadose zone downgradient from the injection wells, and extremely electrically resistive areas (greater than 10,000 ohm‐m) in the phreatic zone near the injection area.The sample data indicate that the electrically resistive anomalous zones contain moderate to high concentrations of undegraded dry‐cleaning compounds. Electrically conductive anomalous zones are interpreted to be areas of biological activity generated by the amendments injected into the subsurface based on the extreme conductivity values detected, the chemical composition (i.e., PCE degradates are present), and the dominant vadose‐zone location of the conductive zones. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
All the right moves: How entrepreneurial firms compete effectively
Authors: Katila Riitta , Chen Eric L. , Piezunka Henning 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this article, we examine competitive moves by which firms achieve superior performance. In contrast to prior work that has focused on moves and the related competitive advantages of large firms, we draw attention to entrepreneurial firms. Based on 32 runs of a multi‐round experiential simulation and in‐depth participant interviews, we find that entrepreneurial firms require competitive strategies that are different from those of a control group of comparable large firms. Entrepreneurial firms that stay below the radar in established markets and are quick to explore in new markets perform better. They succeed in established markets with a strategy that works around large firm competition but ultimately surprises them, and in new markets with a strategy that sets the standards of competition swiftly by continuously creating and destroying new strongholds ahead of large firms. Overall, successful entrepreneurs use a combination of selective, invisible, and asynchronous strategies that vary depending on whether the market is established or new. Our findings contribute to literatures on evolutionary learning, exploration and exploitation, and competitive dynamics. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
Aspirations, innovation, and corporate venture capital: A behavioral perspective
Authors: Gaba Vibha , Bhattacharya Shantanu 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study takes an organizational decision‐making perspective to examine when firms are likely to utilize CVC units as a mechanism for externalizing R&D. We draw insights from the behavioral theory of the firm to argue that managerial aspirations for innovation‐related goals are an important driver of CVC initiatives within firms. We test our argument by examining both the adoption and termination of CVC units for a sample of information technology firms from 1992 to 2003. Results show that a firm is more likely to adopt and less likely to terminate a CVC unit when its innovation performance is closest to its social aspirations. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.