bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
German Intonation in Autosegmental-Metrical Phonology
Authors: Grice Martine , Baumann Stefan , Benzmüller Ralf 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter proposes a consensus system for the annotation of Standard German intonation within the framework of autosegmental-metrical phonology: GToBI. First, it provides a survey of existing studies of German intonation, including traditional auditory approaches as well as more recent phonological studies and instrumental analyses. It then gives a detailed exposition of GToBI, showing how the intonation contours considered to be distinctive in the surveyed works can be captured, and compares GToBI to three earlier autosegmental-metrical approaches to German intonation. Finally, it discusses a number of theoretical issues, such as whether pitch accents need to be represented with leading tones or not, how many levels of phrasing are required, and the status and distribution of phrase accents.
Strategies for Intonation Labelling across Varieties of Italian
Authors: Grice Martine , D’Imperio Mariapaola , Savino Michelina , Avesani Cinzia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the intonation of a number of varieties of Italian (those spoken in Naples, Bari, Palermo, and Florence) with the goal of establishing a common framework for annotating the prosodic phenomena that have been studied so far. In particular, it describes the pitch accent inventory for each variety, showing a number of common traits, such as the use of a specific nuclear pitch accent type used to mark contrastive narrow focus as opposed to broad focus in declaratives. It also discusses the evidence for two levels of phrasing and provides a non-positional definition for the nuclear pitch accent, which is marked with a special flag since it can be followed by further pitch accents and phrase accents. Finally, it discusses the issues of downstep and the partial realization, or truncation, of phrase-final pitch contours.
Building upon the Minimal Structure
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines modern property institutions, considering common law systems in general and English law in particular, as examples. It suggests that the basic features of the property superstructures of modern systems will differ in terminology and detail rather than in kind. Intellectual property, features of property institutions resulting from the separation of wealth from use, and non-ownership proprietary interests are discussed. It is argued that an item comes within the scope of a property institution if either it is the subject to specific trespassory protection or if it is separately transmissible as part of a person's private wealth.
Ownership as an Organizing Idea
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how ownership fits into the working of property institutions. Lawyers share the background assumptions about ownership interests which are prevalent in their societies and they build upon them when they construct other features of property institutions. The chapter demonstrates that trespassory rules evolve or are enacted in parallel with these assumptions, so that conceptions of ownership interests are not reducible to the trespassory rules which protect them. Juristic construction makes bricks out of the straw of shared ownership assumptions. This process is examined in the special common law contexts of estates in land the division between law and equity, since learning in these fields has produced much of the fuel for ownership-scepticism. The plurality and mobility of ownership interests are emphasized, and the sense in which ownership conceptions may be ‘contested’ is examined.
Alleged Dominating Principles
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers two other candidates for dominating principles: equality of resources and social convention. The advocate of equality of resources asks us to lift the totality of resources over which a property institution reigns out of its historical setting and to regard it as a cake sliceable into arithmetically equal divisions. The advocate of social convention, in contrast, recommends us to defer the property conventions by which people actually live. Either principle would yield moral property rights within the sixth of the seven categories of property rights.
8 Conclusion: Large Firms, Institutions, and Industrial Renewal
Authors: HANCKÉ BOB 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter attempts to use the perspective developed on the French political economy to make sense of other advanced capitalist nations (especially Germany), in practically all respects a type of capitalism that is very different from the French one which made up the core of the book. It then goes on to draw out conclusions of a more theoretical nature on the relationship between actors and institutions in processes of industrial readjustment.
Markets, Morals, and the Law
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book shows how traditional problems of philosophy can be understood more clearly when considered in terms of law, economics, and political science. The discussion is divided into four sections. The first offers a new version of legal positivism and an original theory of legal rights. The second critically evaluates the economic approach to law, while the third considers the relationship of justice to liability for unintentional harms and to the practice of settling disputes rather than fully litigating them. Finally, the book explores formal social choice in democratic theory, the relationship between market behaviour and voting, and the view that morality itself, like law, is a solution of the problem of market failure.
The foundations of constitutional economics
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the differences between James Buchanan's ‘constitutional economics’ and traditional efficiency analysis. Because a Pareto improvement makes no one worse off and at least one person better off, one could argue that everyone would consent to making Pareto improvements. Thus, Paretianism can be defended on consensual grounds. In an effort to avoid the pitfalls of the utilitarian defense of Paretianism, lawyer economists have turned to this sort of consent-based defense of efficiency. Buchanan stands this argument on its head. What makes a state of affairs efficient, he claims, is that everyone agrees or consents to it, S is efficient because it is consented to, rather than the other way round. Both lines of argument seek to provide a foundational connection between efficiency and autonomy. In traditional Paretianism, the link is justificatory; in Buchanan's work it is analytic.
The rational agreement
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter pursues a top-down approach to contract law. Markets involve large numbers of discrete transactions. Some of these occur among individuals who come together only for the purpose of exchange. Other transactions are embedded in long-term relationships, both contractual and other. It is suggested that a discrete transaction be viewed as an attempt to forge a contract, as a scheme of ‘local cooperation for mutual advantage’.
Religious Freedom in the Liberal State
Authors: Ahdar Rex , Leigh Ian 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
There is a growing recognition of the challenge that religions pose for pluralist, multicultural democracies. ‘Fundamentalist’ beliefs and practices test the limits of religious freedom, and seem to contradict the very basis on which liberal states protect religious liberty. Religions, moreover, are often associated with intolerance and persecution, yet insist upon religious liberty for themselves. This book inverts these stereotypes by presenting a sustained critique of how religious liberty ought to be understood in liberal legal systems and develops an alternative, Christian response. The prevailing liberal approach to religious freedom is compared with historic and contemporary understandings developed by Christian theorists, and an alternative principled basis for religious liberty, from a distinctively Christian position, is developed. The variety of stances the liberal state may take towards organised religions are analysed, and the nature of the guarantees for religious freedom in domestic and international law is explained. The difficult question of precisely when and how far religious liberty should be limited is also considered. This book also deals with concrete contemporary controversies involving the recognition and protection of religious beliefs and conduct, looking at issues such as family and parenting, medical treatment, education, employment, religious group autonomy, and freedom of expression and protest. Extensive reference is made throughout the analysis to UK law and the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as the laws of other jurisdictions such as the US, Canada, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
Christian Perspectives
Authors: AHDAR REX , LEIGH IAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines various theological, specifically Christian, justifications for religious freedom. The contemporary acceptance of religious freedom owes comparatively little to Christian theology. A series of overlapping convictions comprise the contemporary Christian case for freedom of religion, and these can be summarised in the form of eight principles: the principle of voluntariness; the Christological injunction; the persecution injunction; the fallibility principle; the eschatological or providential confidence; the ecumenical or universal principle; the principle of the unrestricted conscience; and the dual authority principle which maintains that the state’s delegated authority stops short of directing citizens’ souls.
Liberal Perspectives
Authors: AHDAR REX , LEIGH IAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines how liberalism approaches questions of religion and the implications of those approaches for religious liberty. The nature and contours of liberalism are discussed based on the premise that liberalism is the principal philosophical foundation for law in modern liberal democracy. Contemporary notions of religious freedom then are ones that have been indubitably shaped by liberal attitudes to religion, faith communities, and the call of conscience. The discussion then shifts to the building blocks of liberal theory — personal autonomy, equality, a public-private divide, neutrality, and John Rawls’ concept of ‘public reason’ — and their implications in this context. Although widely (and intuitively) appealed to in political discourse, each of those concepts is problematic and their application to religious liberty is equally contestable. Liberal concepts of neutrality plainly underlie two of the justifications for religious liberty discussed — those of advancing civil peace and (in relation to autonomy) the equal treatment of different religions.
Legal Protection of Religious Freedom
Authors: AHDAR REX , LEIGH IAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In liberal democracies, one is unlikely to hear a principled case for religious intolerance, disabilities, and persecution. However, state and societal practices in many contemporary Islamic states are a reminder that religious liberty in the most fundamental sense cannot be taken for granted as the birthright of modern societies — even those which have entered international legal commitments affirming freedom of religion. This chapter first considers the broad nature of religious freedom and briefly outlines the various constitutional laws that confer protection for religious liberty in different nations such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, as well as the guarantees in international law for religious rights. The chapter concludes by exploring the difficult question of how ‘religion’ is defined based on three approaches: the subjective-functional approach, the substantive-content approach, and the Strasbourg approach.
Medical Treatment
Authors: AHDAR REX , LEIGH IAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the many difficult issues arising in the medico-legal area insofar as they have a religious dimension or implicate the religious liberty of the persons seeking or refusing treatment. The law concerning medical treatment is discussed and the position of adults, adolescents or teenagers, and infants is examined. The chapter also looks at the underlying assumptions represented in the disputes between the law and certain religionists who spurn conventional medical treatment in favour of exclusive reliance upon prayer or other spiritual cures. A recent trilogy of cases involving the tragic deaths of children whose parents rejected conventional medicine for, in one case, alternative medicine, and, in the other two decisions, religious healing, is presented. The second example concerns the rights of parents to circumcise their male children, a traditional religious practice that is increasingly disfavoured by the medical profession. The discussion concludes with some observations on the extent to which a liberal state accommodates the wishes of believers when they seek to determine their own or their children’s health.
Herodotos (and others) on Pelasgians: Some Perceptions of Ethnicity
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the Greek construction of the Pelasgians. It focuses on the perceptions of the Pelasgians, not their historical reality, if any. In the past some scholars tried to reconstruct the Pelasgians' history, sometimes separating the ‘real Pelasgians’ from the theoretical Pelasgians. But such attempts are methodologically flawed, for what we have about the Pelasgians is myths; and even when material reflecting historical reality did go into the making of myths, it was radically reshaped and restructured, again and again, to serve the changing and multiform needs of the mythological discourses. If we knew whether the Pelasgians had existed, and what their history had been, we could have compared those realities to the Greek representations, and seen how the two related. But as we do not, speculating about possibilities simply produces circular arguments and invites by default the free deployment of modern culturally determined assumptions and judgements — instead of an attempt to block them as much as possible, and confine them to the irreducible minimum that should be our methodological ideal. For the only Pelasgians accessible to us are those in the mythological discourse; the Pelasgians are the constructions of the Pelasgians in the Greek (and eventually some Italic) imaginaire over many centuries. These constructions are closely connected with the definition of Greek ethnic identity. The chapter illustrates this connection by quoting a modern view on Herodotus' representation of the Athenians.
‘Tradition’ in Herodotus: The Foundation of Cyrene
Authors: Malkin Irad 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines Herodotus' treatment of Cyrene. It considers the following questions: How much trust can we place in what Herodotus tells us about Cyrene's foundation? How useful is the very concept of ‘tradition’ when applied to his reports? It argues that major historical outline becomes part of the collective memory, applicable to various genres of social and religious behavior. Its framework-elements are not flexible and fluid. It is not useful to stuff too much in the porous basket of ‘tradition’, which is not an undifferentiated concept. Nor is it helpful to regard tradition as completely fluctuating with changing political circumstances, such as a ‘pro- or anti-Battiad mood’ in Cyrene at any given time. ‘The last person’ speaking to Herodotus was probably constrained by a collective memory that depends on constants outside the frame of oral narrative. An approach which sees no difference between narrative patterns of telling history and the framework constants around which and within which such patterns evolve throws out the proverbial baby with the bath water. It remains to judge, in each individual case, what is to be included in these framework constants and what chance these had of surviving. A more nuanced approach to the concept of tradition in Herodotus is presented.
(Hdt. 6. 108. 1)
Authors: Matthaiou Angelos P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter re-examines the location of the Herakleion of Marathon on the basis of the find spot of two inscriptions related to the sanctuary, i.e., the regulations for the administration of the Herakleia contests (IG I3 3) and a dedication to Herakles (IG I3 1015bis). The nature of the monument bearing the epigrams of the Persian Wars (IG I3 503/4) and the original location of its erection are also discussed. The topography of the battle of Marathon is examined on the basis of the above mentioned epigraphical evidence.
Herodotos (8. 137–8), The Manumissions from Leukopetra, and the Topography of the Middle Haliakmon Valley
Authors: Hatzopoulos Miltiades 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Macedonian logos of Herodotus has for generations delighted simple readers, while fascinating and at the same time embarrassing historians, geographers, and ethnologists, for it is the most ancient but also the most allusive account of the origins of the Macedonians and of the foundation of the Temenid kingdom. Is it just a piece of antique folklore or, conversely, of late propaganda without any historical value, or does it preserve, albeit in mythical form, a unique record of early Macedonian history? And, if we are to give it any credence, whence came the three brothers? Where was Lebaia? Where was the ‘other land of Macedonia’, ‘close to the gardens, as they are called, of Midas’? Where was ‘the rest of Macedonia’? Such are the issues which Herodotus leaves in suspense. This chapter attempts to address these issues, examining them in reverse order.
The Polluter-pays Principle
Authors: DE SADELEER NICOLAS 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins by defining the polluter-pays principle as an economic rule of cost allocation whose source lies precisely in the theory of externalities, requiring the polluter to take responsibility for the external costs arising from his pollution. It then discusses two ways to ensure that prices reflect the true cost of production and consumption. It explains that the Coase theorem is as efficient to allow the victim of pollution a right to compensation as it is to recognize the polluter's right to pollute. It notes that the polluter-pays principle has been adopted and recognized by international organisations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Community (EC). It also discusses that this principle exercises a significant influence on the evolution of national law and clarifies the functions of the principle.
The Principle of Prevention
Authors: DE SADELEER NICOLAS 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins by explaining that the preventive principle forms a prudent complement to the polluter-pays principle by requiring the adoption of measures intended to prevent damage from arising. It then briefly reviews the evolution of the prevention principle in international law, EC law, and several national legal systems. It considers the various aspects of the principle in some depth. It examines the sometimes ambivalent nature of the instruments typical of the preventive principle, using three case studies.
The Precautionary Principle
Authors: DE SADELEER NICOLAS 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter explains that precaution is the end point of a range of public measures intended to counter ecological damage. It reviews the definitions given to the principle in various legal systems, as well as representative court decisions, in order to set out the problematic elements inherent in this norm. It considers the various thresholds for application of the precautionary principle. It sets out the difficulties that characterize the principle and recommends ways in which these weaknesses might be remedied. It assesses how the principle might fuel the evolution of environmental law by introducing uncertainty to an unparalleled extent in both rulings and sanctions. It shows that opposing science to precaution is unproductive and proposes practical solutions in the field of risk assessment and management. It also demonstrates how the principle could influence the elaboration of standards and civil liability.
The Evolving Function of Environmental Directing Principles in the Transition from Modern to Post-modern Law
Authors: DE SADELEER NICOLAS 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers the various functions that polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles may fulfil within a post-modern legal prospect, seeking to balance multiple and conflicting interests. It clarifies that recourse to directing principles such as the polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles described in Part I is often disparaged despite their usefulness, on the ground that they are not sufficiently definite to ensure legal certainty. It explains that these principles are generally described as having no perspective effect — until one fine day a court makes use of them, to the great surprise of the legislator. Thus, these principles may serve to conceal a return to judicial activism.
Abuse of Rights
Authors: TAGGART MICHAEL 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
For more than a century, the dispute between Edward Pickles and Bradford over water supply has been accepted as slamming the common law door shut on the civil law doctrine of abuse of rights. Although the litigation concerned real property and water law, and possibly could have been confined to that sphere, its simple and memorable facts, together with the generalised statements of principle to be found in the judgments of several of their Lordships, have meant that it is usually taken as authority for the much wider proposition that abuse of rights is unknown to English law. This chapter examines what the common law turned away from, and why. It also discusses the doctrine of abuse of rights in French and Scots laws, equity and abuse of rights, and why an abuse of rights doctrine did not develop.
Organizations, Markets, and Standardization
Authors: Brunsson Nils 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter compares standardization with three other basic social forms that are similar in their effect: formal organizations, markets, and normative communities. Similarities and differences between these social forms are analyzed, and the way they relate to and influence each other in society. The chapter argues that the present development towards increasing individualization and globalization tends to support standardization as a social form and to add to its importance. Some examples of mixed forms, to be found in practice, are given. The chapter also discusses the competition aspect and argues that the absence of one form opens the way for another. Thus, the extent and range of standardization partly depend on the prevalence and strength of the other institutions. The chapter also claims that standards and standardization are favored by two major contemporary trends, individualization and globalization.