bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the non‐recombining Y chromosome defines polymorphisms in domestic pig breeds: ancestral bases identified by comparative sequencing
Authors: Cliffe K. M. , Day A. E. , Bagga M. , Siggens K. , Quilter C. R. , Lowden S. , Finlayson H. A. , Palgrave C. J. , Li N. , Huang L. , Blott S. C. , Sargent C. A. 
Published: May 2010

SummarySequences from 20 amplicons representing nine different loci and 11369bp from the short arm of the pig Y chromosome were compared using pools of DNA from different European and Chinese breeds. A total of 33 polymorphic sites were identified, including five indels and 28 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Three high frequency SNPs within the coding regions of SRY were further analysed across 889 males representing 25 European and 25 Asian breeds or Lines, plus a European Line of Meishan. Two haplotypes seen to be associated with ‘European’ or ‘Chinese’ origin in the initial SNP discovery phase were found to be the most common in their respective groups of breeds in a more detailed genotyping study. Two further SRY haplotypes are relatively rare. One was found exclusively within Tamworth, at low frequency in Retinto, and in three Chinese breeds (Huai, Sahwutou and Xiaomeishan). The other uncommon haplotype is found exclusively in Bamajiang, two further Chinese breeds (Hangjiang Black and Longling) and two European rare breeds (Mangalica and Linderödssvin), but appears based on comparison with other suids to represent an ancestral sequence.
The use of digital images to evaluate the interobserver agreement on cervical smear readings in Italian cervical cancer screening
Authors: Tinacci G. , Biggeri A. , Pellegrini A. , Cariaggi M. P. , Schiboni M. L. , Confortini M. 
Published: May 2010

G. Tinacci, A. Biggeri, A. Pellegrini, M.P. Cariaggi, M.L. Schiboni and M. ConfortiniThe use of digital images to evaluate the interobserver agreement on cervical smear readings in Italian cervical cancer screeningObjective:  The aim of this study was to measure interobserver agreement among cytologists on using a set of digital images.Methods:  A set of 90 selected Papanicolaou‐stained cervical smears were digitalized and the digital images circulated among 117 readers, from laboratories spread across almost all Italian regions. Three representative fields of each smear were displayed at 20× and 40× magnification (overall six images for each case). The diagnoses made by the cytologists who provided the images were taken as target diagnoses.Results:  The κ values were: very low for the categories atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC‐US), and atypical squamous cells – cannot exclude high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC‐H); poor for the categories atypical glandular cells (AGC), high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and invasive cancer; and fair to good for the categories negative and low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). However, we found a cluster of 42 best concordant readers. The overall κ value and overall weighted κ with the target diagnosis for these 42 readers were 0.45 and 0.66, respectively. This finding is in contrast with the overall κ value and overall weighted κ for the other readers of 0.39 and 0.59, respectively.Conclusions:  As this finding is an estimate of the accuracy of the readers, we can infer that it will be very important to reach this level of concordance for all the participating readers. Future effort will facilitate common experiences in order to improve the reproducibility of diagnostic criteria. Digital images could be the key to reach this aim.
Cervical cytology/histology discrepancy: a 4‐year review of patient outcome
Authors: Moss E. L. , Moran A. , Douce G. , Parkes J. , Todd R. W. , Redman C. W. E. 
Published: May 2010

E. L. Moss, A. Moran, G. Douce, J. Parkes, R. W. Todd and C. E. W. Redman Cervical cytology/histology discrepancy: a 4‐year review of patient outcome Objective:  To investigate the diagnosis, review and management of women identified as having a cytology/histology discrepancy.Methods:  A review of all patients diagnosed with a discrepancy between referral smear and cervical histology was performed between January 2003 and December 2004. Cases were followed for a minimum of 4 years and patient management and outcome reviewed.Results:  A significant discrepancy was identified in 79 cases, 0.1% of all smears (n = 80 926) analysed during the study period. A discrepancy between cytology and histology, obtained from large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ), was confirmed by multidisciplinary review in 42 cases (53.2%). In 37 cases (46.8%) the cytological and/or histological diagnosis was revised; the cytology was significantly more likely than the histology to be amended (chi square P = 0.005), most often because cytology had been overcalled. Of the confirmed discrepancy cases, 33 (78.6%) were due to high‐grade squamous cell or glandular abnormalities on cytology with a negative, inflammatory or human papillomavirus (HPV) infection on histology (HGC/NH). HGC/NH cases were managed by cytological follow‐up in 29 (87.9%), of which 72.4% of the smears were negative when performed at least 6 months post‐excision. During the 4‐year follow‐up period six women with a confirmed HGC/NH underwent a repeat cervical excision (hysterectomy or LLETZ), and of these, HPV effect was seen in two cases but no cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was detected in any of the histological specimens.Conclusion:  Cytology overcall was responsible for the majority of cytology/histology discrepancies. A confirmed discrepancy is not an indication for a further excisional biopsy but follow‐up is essential because a small percentage of patients may have disease that has been missed.
Assessing effects of flow alteration on macroinvertebrate assemblages in Australian dryland rivers
Authors: CHESSMAN BRUCE C. , JONES HUGH A. , SEARLE NIRVANA K. , GROWNS IVOR O. , PEARSON MARITA R. 
Published: May 2010

Summary1. Possible impacts of water‐resource development on assemblages of freshwater macroinvertebrates were investigated in the upper Darling River and some of its tributaries in north‐western New South Wales (Australia), an arid and semi‐arid region of low relief where alteration of river flows has intensified through expansion of irrigated agriculture.2. Study sites were grouped into four hydrological regimes resulting from impoundment, flow regulation, water abstraction and natural variation, namely (i) intermittent flow with relatively little hydrological alteration from water‐resource development, (ii) intermittent flow with substantial alteration, (iii) near‐perennial flow with substantial alteration but unimpounded and (iv) near‐perennial flow with substantial alteration plus impoundment by weirs that stabilise water levels.3. Macroinvertebrates were sampled with three methods (a quantitative cylinder sampler, handnet sampling and baited traps) in three periods with differing hydrology (recessional low flow in June 2003, high flow in March 2004 and increasing flow after drought in December 2004).4. Taxonomic richness, assemblage composition and catch per unit effort of the crayfish Cherax destructor differed significantly among the site groups, but total macroinvertebrate density and the AUSRIVAS O/E (Australian River Assessment System observed‐over‐expected) index did not. The principal spatial differences were between the intermittent and near‐perennial rivers, and apparent effects of water‐resource development and impoundment were more subtle. Temporal differences in richness, abundance and composition were substantial and appeared to be related mainly to variations in discharge and temperature.5. Current macroinvertebrate‐based methods for assessing the ‘condition’ or ‘health’ of Australian dryland rivers are inadequate. Such assessments might be improved with (i) reference data that take adequate account of antecedent hydrological conditions, (ii) consideration of long‐term taxonomic richness as well as richness on individual sampling occasions, (iii) evaluation of invertebrate population sizes, (iv) analysis of assemblage data by trait composition and (v) adoption of the genus as the default level of taxonomic resolution.
How a bottom‐dweller beats the canopy: inhibition of an aquatic weed (Potamogeton pectinatus) by macroalgae (Chara spp.)
Authors: HIDDING BERT , BREDERVELD ROBERT J. , NOLET BART A. 
Published: May 2010

Summary1. Bottom‐dwelling charophytes have been observed to replace canopy‐forming pondweeds within a few years in de‐eutrophied shallow lakes. Competition for bicarbonate (HCO3−) may explain this shift in vegetation dominance but inhibition of pondweeds by Chara spp. through direct competition has not been shown experimentally.2. We tested whether charophytes inhibited growth of fennel pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) in the absence of belowground competition by growing plants in pots in mesocosms following a replacement series experimental design. To further understand the role of bicarbonate, we studied main and interactive effects of Chara, light and bicarbonate on P. pectinatus growth in a laboratory study.3. Early in the mesocosm experiment, high charophyte densities had a negative effect on P. pectinatus cover at a time when bicarbonate levels were low. However, bicarbonate levels eventually converged to low levels in all treatments. At final harvest, both species exhibited lower biomasses at higher densities of conspecific pots, indicating that ultimately intraspecific competition was limiting. In a laboratory study, Chara inhibited P. pectinatus the most under a combination of high light and high bicarbonate concentrations, suggesting that Chara may negatively affect P. pectinatus by acting as a general nutrient sink.4. Our results suggest that Chara growth can reduce bicarbonate levels, delaying but not preventing a P. pectinatus growth pulse. Given the recorded inhibition under ample bicarbonate supply, Chara’s ability to act as nutrient sink may contribute to the decline of P. pectinatus under Chara recovery in shallow lakes.
Metabolic cold adaptation and developmental plasticity in metabolic rates among species in the Fundulus notatus species complex
Authors: Schaefer Jacob , Walters Ashley 
Published: May 2010

Summary 1. In ectotherms, temperature and body size are the most influential and well studied variables affecting metabolic rate. Understanding mechanisms driving the evolution of metabolic rates is crucial to broader ecological theory. The metabolic cold adaptation hypothesis (MCA) makes predictions about the evolution of ectotherm metabolic rates and temperature‐metabolic rate reaction norms. 2. We examined intra and interspecific patterns in metabolic rate among populations in the Fundulus notatus species group (F. notatus, F. olivaceus and F. euryzonus). We ask if patterns of intra and interspecific variability in metabolic rate are consistent with the MCA and if metabolic rates in general are developmentally plastic. 3. Support for the MCA was mixed among intra and interspecific tests. The northern population of F. olivaceus had increased metabolic rate and no difference in temperature sensitivity (slope of temperature‐metabolic rate reaction norm). Northern populations of F. notatus had lower temperature sensitivity and no difference in overall metabolic rate. The southern coastal drainage endemic (F. euryzonus) had intermediate metabolic rates compared to southern populations of the other two more broadly distributed species. Metabolic rates were also developmentally plastic. Adults reared at warmer temperatures had lower metabolic rates after accounting for body size and temperature. 4. Differences in thermal regimes explain some variability in metabolic rates among populations consistent with MCA. However, interspecific comparisons are not consistent with MCA and are likely influenced by species differences in ecology and life history strategies.
Infection control in clinical placements: experiences of nursing and midwifery students
Authors: Ward Deborah J. 
Published: May 2010

ward d.j. (2010) Infection control in clinical placements: experiences of nursing and midwifery students. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(7), 1533–1542.AbstractTitle.  Infection control in clinical placements: experiences of nursing and midwifery students. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study of the experiences of nursing and midwifery students in relation to infection control in their clinical placements and how these affect their learning.Background.  Compliance with infection control precautions has been found to be low in many areas. Reasons for non‐compliance include factors relevant to nursing and midwifery students, such as lack of knowledge and lack of a positive role model. However, there is little in the literature about how students experience infection control in placements and how this affects their own practice.Methods.  Semi‐structured interviews were undertaken in 2009 with 40 nursing and midwifery students. Analysis of transcripts was by Framework analysis.Findings.  Students identified practices that they had observed and benchmarked these against what they had been taught at university and what was demonstrated by staff perceived as positive role models. Observing inappropriate practice affected student practice both positively and negatively. Students were reluctant to report poor practice due to fear of failing placements and not wanting to be identified negatively by staff. Students believed that practice supported by theory was important to provide them with a rationale for their activities and to support any complaints that they had.Conclusion.  Poor practice in clinical placements can have a negative impact on student learning and practice and may therefore have implications for the practice of future nurses and midwives. In order to maintain patient safety, there needs to be more support for students who wish to identify poor practice.
Health checks in primary care for adults with intellectual disabilities: how extensive should they be?
Authors: Chauhan U. , Kontopantelis E. , Campbell S. , Jarrett H. , Lester H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground Routine health checks have gained prominence as a way of detecting unmet need in primary care for adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) and general practitioners are being incentivised in the UK to carry out health checks for many conditions through an incentivisation scheme known as the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF). However, little is known about the data being routinely recorded in such health checks in relation to people with ID as practices are currently only incentivised to keep a register of people with ID. The aim of this study was to explore the additional value of a health check for people with ID compared with standard care provided through the current QOF structure.Methods Representative practices were recruited using a stratified sampling approach in four primary care trusts to carry out health checks over a 6‐month period. The extracted data were divided into two aggregated informational domains for the purpose of multilevel regression analysis: ‘ID‐specific’ (containing data on visual assessment, hearing assessment, behaviour assessment, bladder function, bowel function and feeding assessment) and financially incentivised QOF targets (blood pressure, smoking status, ethnicity, body mass index, urine analysis and carer details) which are incentivised processes.Results A total of 651 patients with ID were identified in 27 practices. Only nine practices undertook a health check on 92 of their patients with ID. Significant differences were found in the recorded information, between those who underwent a health check and those who did not (P < 0.001, χ2 = 56.3). In the group that had health check, recorded information was on average higher for the ‘QOF targets’ domain, compared with the ‘ID‐specific’ domain, by 58.7% (95% CI: 54.1, 63.3,P < 0.001).Conclusions If incentives are to be used as a method for improving care for people with ID through health checks a more targeted approach focused on ID‐specific health issues might be more appropriate than an extensive health check.
A comparison of intellectual assessments over video conferencing and in‐person for individuals with ID: preliminary data
Authors: Temple V. , Drummond C. , Valiquette S. , Jozsvai E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground  Video conferencing (VC) technology has great potential to increase accessibility to healthcare services for those living in rural or underserved communities. Previous studies have had some success in validating a small number of psychological tests for VC administration; however, VC has not been investigated for use with persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). A comparison of test results for two well known and widely used assessment instruments was undertaken to establish if scores for VC administration would differ significantly from in‐person assessments.Method  Nineteen individuals with ID aged 23–63 were assessed once in‐person and once over VC using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) and the Beery‐Buktenica Test of Visual‐Motor Integration (VMI).Results  Highly similar results were found for test scores. Full‐scale IQ on the WASI and standard scores for the VMI were found to be very stable across the two administration conditions, with a mean difference of less than one IQ point/standard score.Conclusion  Video conferencing administration does not appear to alter test results significantly for overall score on a brief intelligence test or a test of visual‐motor integration.
Flexibility in the Foraging Behavior of Blue Tits in Response to Short‐Term Manipulations of Brood Size
Authors: García‐Navas Vicente , Sanz Juan José 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPrevious work suggests that short‐term changes in feeding rate are usually produced by the parent‐offspring interaction. However, few studies have properly tested this assumption. In this study, we attempt to explore the short‐term consequences of daily (within‐pair) brood size manipulations (reduced, original, and enlarged) on feeding behavior (provisioning rates, prey size, and prey type) of Mediterranean blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus. Total provisioning rates were lowest when broods were reduced in size and greatest when broods were enlarged. Mean prey size was also affected by the brood size changes: parents tended to bring larger prey when confronted with low brood demand reinforcing the view that a trade‐off exists between minimizing foraging time and maximizing food quantity. Such differences in feeding frequencies and the load sizes delivered may be explained by changes in the parents’ foraging tactic. Increase of brood size compelled parents to work harder and be less selective in prey choice; we found that stressed birds with a high level of feeding responsibility (hungry nestlings) opted to concentrate on more readily available food items (Tortricids). On the other hand, their immediate reaction when faced with a low level of feeding responsibility was to decrease this prey type in the diet, so that the percentage of other preys (Noctuids) in the diet increased. There was no intersexual difference in the way in which parents responded to the manipulation. In sum, our results revealed a flexibility in foraging strategies of blue tits to cope with changing scenarios, which supports the idea that provisioning behavior is largely governed by nestling demand.
Rectovaginal Constriction in Jersey Cattle
Authors: Troyer D. , Leipold H.W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis study identified and analysed differences between 3 Jersey cows with recto vaginal constriction and 3 normal Jersey animals. Microscopic studies did not any reveal differences in the connective tissue content in the viscera but did show differences in the perineal and head regions.Fibroblasts from affected and normal individual animals were grown in vitro and were not markedly different when examined microscopically.ZusammenfassungRektovaginale Konstriktion bei Jersey‐Kühen II. Lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Geweben und ZellkulturenAn je 3 normalen bzw. an RVC erkrankten Jersey‐Kühen wurden Unterschiede identifiziert und analysiert. Die mikroskopischen Untersuchungen ergaben im Gehalt an Bindegewebe in den Eingeweiden keine Unterschiede, wohl aber in der Perineal‐ und in der Kopfregion.Fibroblasten von normalen und erkrankten Tieren ließen in der Zellkultur keine auffälligen mikroskopischen Unterschiede erkennen.RésuméConstriction rectovaginale chez des vaches Jersey II. Recherches au microscope optique sur des tissus et des cultures cellulairesDes différences ont été identifiées et analysées chez 3 vaches Jersey normales et 3 vaches atteintes de constriction rectovaginale (RVC). Les recherches microscopiques n'ont donné aucune différence pour le taux de tissu conjonctif dans les viscères, mais une différence a été constatée dans la région périnéale et de la tête.Des fibroblastes d'animaux normaux et malades n'ont fait apparaître aucune différence dans les cultures cellulaires.ResumenLa constricción rectovaginal en el ganado vacuno Jersey II. Estudios in vitro con el microscopio óptico de los tejidos y cultivos celularesEn cada vez 3 vacas Jersey normales y enfermas de CRV, se identificaron y analizaron las desigualdades. Los estudios microscópicos no arrojaron diferencias en el tejido conectivo de las vísceras, más si en las regiones perineal y cefálica.Los fibroblastos de los animales normales y enfermos no permitieron reconocer in vitro, en el cultivo celular, ninguna diferencia microscópica que saltase a la vista.
Rectovaginal Constriction in Jersey Cattle
Authors: Troyer D. , Minocha H. , Leipold H. W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe hydroxyproline content of the tissues of three‐year‐old and five‐year‐old Jersey cattle with rectovaginal constriction (RVC) and of normal and carrier cows, and also affected and normal five‐year‐old and five‐year‐old animals was measured. There were no significant differences in tissue hydroxyproline levels between affected, carrier, and normal animals.ZusammenfassungRektovaginale Konstriktion bei Jerseykühen III. Hydroxyprolinspiegel in GewebenUntersuchungen über den Hydroxyprolingehalt in den Geweben von dreijährigen und fünfjährigen Jerseykühen ergaben keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Tieren mit klinischer Manifestation einer rektovaginalen Konstriktion, Trägertieren und normalen Tieren.ResumenConstricción rectovaginal en vacas Jersey III. Niveles de hidroxiprolina en los tejidosLos estudios sobre el contenido de hidroxiprolina en los tejidos de vacas Jersey de tres y cinco años de edad no revelaron ninguna diferencia significante entre los animales con una manifestación clínica de constricción rectovaginal (CRV), los portadores y los normales.