bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training the workforce following a serious case review: lessons learnt from a death by fabricated and induced illness
Authors: Horwath Jan , Tidbury Wade 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn England, when a child dies as a result of suspected maltreatment, the Local Safeguarding Children Board is required to establish whether lessons can be learnt about collaborative working to safeguard children. These reviews usually include recommendations for both inter and intra‐agency training. In this paper, the authors argue that it is crucial, when planning and delivering training in this situation, to recognise the emotional impact on the workforce of the death of a child from maltreatment. This is particularly important when the child has died as a result of fabricated and induced illness (FII) by a carer and professionals may have inadvertently contributed to the child's suffering. Drawing on a case example of training following the death of a child from FII, this paper considers the challenges encountered by those responsible for commissioning and providing training. Attention is given to managing logistics, such as time delays between the death of the child and the eventual publication of the serious case review. The particular knowledge and skills required by trainers, not only in relation to the subject matter but also in managing complex group processes, are discussed. The support required by course participants and the trainers themselves is explored. The paper concludes with a checklist for those commissioning and providing training. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parenting groups for parents whose children are in care
Authors: Salveron Mary , Lewig Kerry , Arney Fiona 
Published: May 2009

AbstractExcluding very severe child abuse cases, biological parents are usually encouraged to maintain contact with their children in care. Parent‐child contact is often considered important because it can maintain the child's psychological identity and well‐being. It can also maintain parent‐child attachment and in some cases facilitate reunification. Improving parenting skills is viewed as an important method by which contact between children and their biological parents can be enhanced. However, mainstream parenting groups are often unsuitable for parents whose children are in care for a number of reasons. There is stigma involved with having children in care, such parents have very complex lives and there are reduced opportunities to practise skills learnt with their children. Groups designed specifically for parents whose children are in care appear to be a promising approach to improving the quality of contact between these parents and their children. This paper will review group‐based approaches to working with biological parents whose pre‐school‐aged children have been placed in care. The paper will also report the findings of a research project designed to identify key facilitators and barriers to parental involvement in a group‐based programme which includes contact between parents and their children who have been placed in care. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of social categorization and identity threat in the perception of migrants
Authors: van Rijswijk Wendy , Hopkins Nick , Johnston Hannah 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates how the categorization of migrant workers shapes their reception. In an experiment with Northern Irish Protestants we manipulated the representation of Poland to make the Catholicism of Polish migrants either more, or less, salient. Furthermore, judgements of Polish migrants were obtained under conditions designed to encourage participants to believe that sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland was either resolved, or still a strong feature of the present social landscape. Overall, results showed that when Poland's Catholicism was salient, participants were less welcoming of Polish migrants. Furthermore, this effect was mediated by increases in the level of symbolic threat participants believed the migrants posed to participants' (Protestant) community identity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and in vitro Activity of Heterocyclic Inhibitors of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13, Two Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Present in the Respiratory Tract
Authors: Chougnet Antoinette , Woggon Wolf‐D. , Locher Esther , Schilling Boris 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTo be sniffed at: Several 1‐ and 2‐substituted 1H‐imidazoles and 2‐substituted oxazoles, oxazolines and pyrazines have been synthesized and tested as inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2A6 and CYP2A13. 1‐Substituted 1H‐imidazoles bearing short chains (pentyl, hexyl or hexenyl) were found to be potent inhibitors of both enzymes, and showed IC50values of about 2 μM.magnified imageThe synthesis of several heterocyclic compounds (1‐ or 2‐substituted1H‐imidazoles and 2‐substituted oxazoles, oxazolines and pyrazines) has been achieved. These compounds were tested as inhibitors of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13—two cytochrome P450 enzymes present in the respiratory tract—with a view to preventing the formation of carcinogenic metabolites of nicotine and inhibiting the metabolism of fragrances. 1‐Substituted imidazoles bearing short alkyl chains displayed IC50values of around 2 μMfor both enzymes, together with high vapour pressures.
Proteolysis of Peptide Dendrimers
Authors: Sommer Peter , Fluxa Viviana S. , Darbre Tamis , Reymond Jean‐Louis 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHappy tree‐like friends. Using trypsin and α‐chymotrypsin cleavage sites as models, we show that the protease reactivity of peptide dendrimers, such as the structure illustrated in the figure, can be controlled by the degree of branching. Such a control provides a novel possibility to tune the biological properties of peptide dendrimers, and should be generally useful for their employment as functional biomolecule analogues, for example, in drug delivery applications.magnified imageThe ability of proteins and peptides to undergo proteolysis is essential to their biological function. Herein, we report the first detailed study of the protease reactivity of peptide dendrimers. Dendrimers are regularly ramified, tree‐like synthetic macromolecules with promising application in technology and medicine. Using trypsin and α‐chymotrypsin cleavage sites as models, we show that the protease reactivity of peptide dendrimers can be controlled by the degree of branching. Dendrimers with two or three amino acids between branching points were readily cleaved by trypsin irrespective of the position of the reactive sequence within the dendrimers, for example in D1, (Ac‐Gly‐Phe‐Pro)4(Dap‐Hyp‐Arg↓Met)2Dap‐Ser‐Gly‐βAla‐NH2, and D12, (Ac‐Ser‐Ala)8(Dap‐Ala‐Arg↓)4(Dap‐Ala‐Asp)2Dap‐Phe‐Ala‐Lys*‐NH2 (Dap: (S)‐2,3‐diaminopropionic acid branching point, Hyp: hydroxyproline, Lys*: FITC‐labeled lysine, ↓: cleavage site). On the other hand cleavage was blocked in more compact dendrimers with only one amino acid between branching points, for example in D18B, (Ac‐Glu)8(Dap‐Phe)4(Dap‐Arg)2Dap‐Leu‐NH2). The control of proteolysis by topology provides a novel possibility to tune the biological properties of peptide dendrimers not available in linear peptides, and should be generally useful for their use as functional biomolecule analogues, for example, in the context of drug delivery applications.
Deviations from linearity in statistical evaluation of linearity in assay validation
Authors: Liu Jen‐pei , Chow Shein‐Chung , Hsieh Tsung‐Cheng 
Published: May 2009

AbstractLinearity and linear range are the key evaluations of the accuracy in assay validation. The average deviation from linearity (ADL) and the sum of squares of deviations from linearity (SSDL) have been proposed for assessment of the linearity. However, both ADL and SSDL do no consider the variability of the assay for evaluation of linearity. Therefore, we proposed the coefficient of variation of deviations from linearity (CVDL) as an alternative measure for the linearity assessment. For the inference of evaluation of linearity, we proposed testing procedures based on generalized pivotal quantities (GPQ) of ADL and CVDL for evaluation of linearity. The simulation studies were conducted to empirically investigate the size and power between the three methods. The simulation results show that all three methods adequately control size. However, the ADL method is uniformly more powerful than the other two methods. A numeric example illustrates the proposed methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical characterization of RF phase‐cycled balanced steady‐state free precession
Authors: Lauzon M. Louis , Frayne Richard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBalanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) techniques, commonly called True‐FISP, FIESTA, or balanced FFE, are rapid, efficient, high signal‐to‐noise ratio sequences used in angiographic, cardiac and abdominal MR imaging. One of their major drawbacks is their sensitivity to off‐resonance effects arising from Bo inhomogeneities, which can produce the familiar dark bands in the images. Radio frequency (RF) phase cycling is known to minimize this artifact. Although RF phase‐cycled bSSFP is an accepted and firmly established technique, a simple and intuitive analytical signal equation has not yet been provided. Here, a complete theoretical framework is developed from which insightful characterizations such as signal uniformity, optimal flip angle, SNR efficiency, and banding effect minimization are provided. The analytical predictions and guidelines are substantiated via direct numerical simulations for clinically relevant tissues (e.g., water‐like organs and lipids) using various acquisition conditions, and also verified experimentally with phantoms. We demonstrate that the banding artifact can be virtually eliminated, even for phantoms immersed in significantly nonuniform magnetic fields. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 133–143, 2009.
Undesired gradients in low‐field magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Ullah Rafi , Anwar Muhammad Sabieh 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a beautiful application of the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Classically, the field strength is regarded as one measure of its quality because high field strength gives higher signal to noise ratios, better resolution and reduced scan times. So high field MRI has historically drawn a lot of attention. However, high‐field MRI has some disadvantages like reduced relaxation times and high susceptibility gradients. Furthermore, high‐field MRI systems are bulky, immovable, and very expensive. These reasons have motivated interest in the subject of low field MRI. The downside is that in the low field regime, we encounter the problem of undesired gradients appearing along with the desired ones. The presence of these additional gradients, generally known as concomitant gradients, directly follows from the fundamental Maxwell equations. The undesired gradients cause strong image distortions. In this article we discuss undesired gradients and work out their quantitative contribution towards the resulting image distortion. The gradient field is expressed in terms of a consistent tensorial description, including terms to arbitrary order. It is explored that the exact form of the undesired gradients can have an impact even in certain high‐field MRI cases. Finally, we also appreciate the effects of these gradients in other physical systems such as the Stern‐Gerlach experiment and the steering of magnetic species in solution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 173–190, 2009.
Solid‐state NMR for the analysis of high‐affinity ligand/receptor interactions
Authors: Williamson P.T.F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe rational development of drugs which target integral membrane proteins relies intimately on our understanding of their interactions with their binding sites. Advances in solid‐state NMR methodology coupled to improved expression and purification strategies for membrane proteins now enable us to probe the structure, dynamics, and binding modes of these drugs with ever‐increasing resolution. This article seeks to highlight these advances demonstrating how improvements in protein expression and purification can be coupled with recent developments in instrumentation and pulse sequences in magic‐angle spinning, static, and oriented sample solid‐state NMR to reveal structural and dynamic information of high‐affinity drugs/ligands within their binding sites on membrane proteins. Furthermore, we will highlight some of the major experimental considerations associated with performing these studies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 144–172, 2009.
Carcinoma of the upper urinary tract
Authors: Inman Brant A. , Tran Viet‐Tan , Fradet Yves , Lacombe Louis 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Carcinomas of the upper urinary tract are uncommon tumors that usually occurred in elderly patients. Competing causes of mortality should be considered when treating these patients.METHODS:All patients with upper urinary tract tumors who were treated surgically at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and affiliated hospitals from 1978 to 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical and pathologic variables were assessed from both the preoperative and postoperative periods of management, and clinical outcomes were tracked. Competing risks regression, Cox proportional hazards modeling, and multiple imputation were used to assess predictors of cancer‐related and competing risks‒related mortality in both preoperative and postoperative settings.RESULTS:Competing risks were responsible for 46% of deaths in this cohort of 168 patients. Preoperatively, the most important predictor of cancer‐related mortality was a clinically invasive tumor (hazards ratio [HR], 3.97; P < .001), whereas increasing age (HR, 1.07; P < .001) was found to be the most important predictor of competing mortality. Postoperatively, tumor grade was the most important predictor of cancer‐related mortality (HR, 3.92; P < .001) whereas constitutional symptoms (HR, 1.91; P = .015) and increasing age (HR, 1.06; P < .001) were found to be predictive of competing mortality.CONCLUSIONS:In the current study, stage and grade were found to be the 2 most important independent predictors of survival in patients with tumors of the upper urinary tract and were highly correlated. Pain or weight loss was found to be a novel predictor of survival in this cancer. Although a survival disadvantage was not noted for women, nephron‐sparing surgery, ureteral tumors, or older patients with respect to cancer, competing causes of mortality were found to be responsible for greater than one‐third of observed deaths and age was the best predictor of this occurrence. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
The 59th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry in Seville
Authors: Baltruschat Helmut 
Published: May 2009

AbstractElectrochemistry down to the molecular level was the main theme of the 59th annual meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE, see logo). Around 1400 scientists from all over the world met in Seville to discuss modern aspects, progress in methods and new mechanistic insights.magnified image
Complex dynamic behavior during transition in a solid combustion model
Authors: Yu Jun , Gross Laura K. , Danforth Christopher M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThrough examples in a free‐boundary model of solid combustion, this study concerns nonlinear transition behavior of small disturbances of front propagation and temperature as they evolve in time. This includes complex dynamics of period doubling, and quadrupling, and it eventually leads to chaotic oscillations. Within this complex dynamic domain we also observe a period six‐folding. Both asymptotic and numerical solutions are studied.We show that for special parameters our asymptotic method with some dominant modes captures the formation of coherent structures. Finally,we discuss possible methods to improve our prediction of the solutions in the chaotic case. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
Are complex systems hard to evolve?
Authors: Adamatzky Andy , Bull Larry 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEvolutionary complexity is measured here by the number of trials/evaluations needed for evolving a logical gate in a nonlinear medium. Behavioral complexity of the gates evolved is characterized in terms of cellular automata behavior. We speculate that hierarchies of behavioral and evolutionary complexities are isomorphic up to some degree, subject to substrate specificity of evolution, and the spectrum of evolution parameters. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
In first presentation adolescent anorexia nervosa, do cognitive markers of underweight status change with weight gain following a refeeding intervention?
Authors: Hatch Ainslie , Madden Sloane , Kohn Michael R. , Clarke Simon , Touyz Stephen , Gordon Evian , Williams Leanne M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjective:To determine the nature and severity of cognitive functioning impairment in adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN) when underweight and following weight gain.Method:In 37 first admission adolescent (12–18 years) AN patients and 45 matched controls, general cognitive functions were assessed at baseline and follow‐up using the IntegNeuro‐computerized battery. AN participants were tested between days 3 and 10 of their admission when underweight, with retesting conducted after weight restoration.Results:When underweight, AN participants performed more poorly than controls on sensori‐motor speed tasks and exhibited a susceptibility to interference, but had superior working memory. Once the weight is restored, individuals significantly improved relative to their own performance. Relative to controls, they were significantly faster on attention and executive function tasks, exhibited superior verbal fluency, working memory, and a significantly superior ability to inhibit well‐learnt responses.Discussion:Cognitive impairments in adolescent AN appear to normalize with refeeding and weight gain. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Polynuclear Complexes Containing the Redox Noninnocent Schiff Base Ligand 2‐[(E)‐2‐Mercaptophenylimino]methyl‐4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenolate(2–)
Authors: Roy Nabarun , Sproules Stephen , Bothe Eberhard , Weyhermüller Thomas , Wieghardt Karl 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe N,O,S‐donor Schiff base ligand 2‐[(E)‐(2‐mercaptophenylimino)methyl]‐4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenolate(2–) (H2L) was deprotonated with triethylamine (2 equiv.) and treated with equimolar amounts of Cu(OAc)2·H2O, PtCl2, Pd(OAc)2, and CoCl2, respectively. The versatility of L2– is realized in the self‐assembly of four polynuclear complexes: dimeric [CuII2(L)2] (1), trimeric [PtII3(L)3] (2), and the two tetrameric complexes [PdII4(L)4] (3) and [CoIII4(L)6] (4), all characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Electronic structure calculations (DFT) on dimeric 1 show that the two singly occupied Cud orbitals are antiferromagnetically coupled, and the calculated J = –724 cm–1 agrees well with the experimental data. Complexes 3 and 4 possess several reversible one‐electron, ligand‐centered oxidations with electronic absorption and EPR spectroscopy displaying all the hallmarks of coordinated phenoxyl radicals. This feature further endorses our assignment of the generation of phenoxyl radicals upon oxidation and underscores the redox noninnocence of this Schiff base ligand.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
An Electron‐Poor Host Receptor for Electron‐Rich Guests Involving Anion–π and Lone‐Pair–π Interactions
Authors: de Hoog Paul , Robertazzi Arturo , Mutikainen Ilpo , Turpeinen Urho , Gamez Patrick , Reedijk Jan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe binding of the ligand N,N′,N″,N″′‐tetrakis{2,4‐bis[(dipyridin‐2‐yl)amino]‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl}‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane (azadendtriz) to four copper(II) ions generates two electron‐deficient cavities formed by four coordinated pyridine rings that are capable of hosting electron‐rich guests. The molecular structures of [Cu4(azadendtriz)Cl4](Cl)4(H2O)13 (1) and [Cu4(azadendtriz)Br4](Br)4(H2O)28 (2), determined from single‐crystal X‐ray data, reveal that the π‐acidic receptor binds a chloride anion through anion–π interactions in 1, whereas it hosts a water molecule through lone‐pair–π interactions in 2. This differentiation between Br– and Cl– may be explained by the different size of the (hydrated) anions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Egg yolk conjugated linoleic acid alters phospholipid molecular species in chick tissues
Authors: Cherian Gita 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe effects of egg conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on chick yolk sac and liver phospholipid composition and molecular species were determined. Fertile eggs with no (control), low (CLA1) or high (CLA2) levels of CLA were incubated. Upon hatching, total lipid in the remnant yolk sac constituted 11.5, 18.9 and 15.3% in control, CLA1 and CLA2, respectively (p <0.05). Maternal CLA led to a decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) and an increase in lysophosphatidylcholine (LPtdCho) in the yolk sac and liver tissues of CLA1 and CLA2 when compared to control (p <0.05). The effect of maternal dietary CLA was very prominent in yolk sac PtdCho (34:1) where 13 and 38% reductions were observed in CLA1 and CLA2, respectively, when compared to control. Among different liver PtdCho species, the highest difference was found in 36:2, where a 41% increase was observed in CLA2 when compared with control chicks. The liver LPtdCho of CLA1 and CLA2 chicks had a 92% increase in 16:0 and 18:0 when compared to control. Over 80% increase was observed for 18:2 and 20:4 in the liver LPtdCho of CLA2 chicks compared to control. These results suggest that the yolk CLA content alters the proportions of phospholipids in the progeny during avian embryogenesis.
Influence of silica gel in production of diacylglycerol via enzymatic glycerolysis of palm olein
Authors: Yeoh Chiou Moi , Choong Thomas Shean Yaw , Abdullah Luqman Chuah , Yunus Robiah , Siew Wai Lin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEnzymatic glycerolysis was explored in this paper for the production of diacylglycerol (DAG) oils from palm olein. Three commercial enzymes, Lipozyme TL IM, Lipozyme RM IM and Novozym 435 were used for their ability to synthesize DAG in a solvent‐free system. Novozym 435 was found to be the more effective enzyme, resulting in a high DAG production even in the absence of an adsorbent such as silica gel. The yields of DAG were between 43 and 50 wt‐%. Lipozyme TL IM and RM IM, being supported on hydrophilic materials, require an adsorbent to allow slow release of glycerol for reaction with the enzyme and oil. In the absence of silica, no reaction was observed. The success of the reaction is therefore very dependent on the amount of silica used. The yields of DAG using Lipozyme TL IM and RM IM were 52 and 45 wt‐%, respectively. In addition, the degree of reduction in tocopherols and tocotrienols appeared correlated with the efficacy of the glycerolysis reaction. Changes in the slip melting points and solid fat contents of the products are indicative of the reaction occurring.