bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinically compatible MRI strategies for discriminating bound and pore water in cortical bone
Authors: Horch R. Adam , Gochberg Daniel F. , Nyman Jeffry S. , Does Mark D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAdvances in modern magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequences have enabled clinically practical cortical bone imaging. Human cortical bone is known to contain a distribution of T1 and T2 components attributed to bound and pore water, although clinical imaging approaches have yet to discriminate bound from pore water based on their relaxation properties. Herein, two clinically compatible MRI strategies are proposed for selectively imaging either bound or pore water by utilizing differences in their T1s and T2s. The strategies are validated in a population of ex vivo human cortical bones, and estimates obtained for bound and pore water are compared to bone mechanical properties. Results show that the two MRI strategies provide good estimates of bound and pore water that correlate to bone mechanical properties. As such, the strategies for bound and pore water discrimination shown herein should provide diagnostically useful tools for assessing bone fracture risk, once applied to clinical MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Avoidant adjustment predicts lower information seeking in people with lung cancer
Authors: Mulcare Hunter , Kashima Yoshihisa , Milgrom Jeannette , Wheeler Greg , Wirth Andrew , Bishop Michelle , Schofield Penelope 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have examined the factors that predict information seeking by cancer patients. This study investigated the influence of different styles of adjustment to cancer, information goals and information needs on the information seeking by lung cancer patients.MethodLung cancer patients were recruited at their first appointment with their radiation oncologist and completed two questionnaires, one month apart, containing the Patient Information Needs Questionnaire, Mini‐Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale, the number of information sources accessed and a purpose‐built measure of cancer‐related personal goals.ResultsFifty‐nine participants completed two questionnaires. The average number of information sources accessed by participants increased over the 1‐month period, from 7.2 to 9.1 sources (p = 0.026). Information goals at time 1 predicted information seeking at time 2 (p = 0.014). Information needs at time 1 did not predict information seeking at time 2 (Disease Orientated information need p = 0.084, Action Orientated information need p = 0.229). Cognitive Avoidance at time 1 was negatively associated with the number of information sources accessed at time 2 (p = 0.046). This relationship became a non‐significant trend (p = 0.066) when baseline information seeking was controlled for. No other adjustment style (at time 1) exhibited a significant relationship with information seeking at time 2.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that information seeking may vary as a function of adjustment to cancer. Consequently, information provision to patients could be more appropriately tailored by attending to how a patient is adjusting to their diagnosis of cancer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and elevational variation in fruiting phenology of a deciduous oak (Quercus crispula) and its effect on foraging behavior of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus)
Authors: Nakajima Ami , Koike Shinsuke , Masaki Takashi , Shimada Takuya , Kozakai Chinatsu , Nemoto Yui , Yamazaki Koji , Kaji Koichi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn habitats with elevational gradients, differences in the fruiting phenology of a single key food resource may affect the feeding behavior of an animal. The objectives of the present study were to assess (1) whether or not fruiting phenology and characteristics of Quercus crispula acorns differed with changes in altitude (900–1,400 m asl) and area; (2) when bears foraged acorns in relation to their phenological development; and (3) where bears engaged in acorn foraging behavior with respect to acorn phenology. No difference in the fruiting phenology of acorns at various altitudes and locations was found, with the exception of changes in color and abscission period. Acorn abscission period occurred later at a site with an elevation of 1,200 m in Tochigi and at another with an elevation of 1,400 m in Gunma, making the available energy of acorns in the tree canopy (AET) greater and available for a longer time period at those two sites. Foraging of acorns by bears was observed at sites of moderate to high altitude between late September and mid‐October. A threshold date when acorns became suitable for foraging by bears could not be identified, as the size and nutritional value of acorns increased continuously. Foraging activity of bears observed at moderate and high altitude sites corresponded with locations where AET was available in greater amounts and for a longer period of time for some sites; however, the small sample size precluded accurate assessment.
Enzymatic Synthesis of an Isopropyl Ester by Alcoholysis of Camellia Oil
Authors: Liu Liping , Qin Xiaoli , Ning Zhengxiang , Wang Yonghua , Yang Bo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA camellia oil‐based isopropyl ester (CO‐IPE) was successfully synthesized by enzymatic alcoholysis with camellia oil (CO), and its physiochemical properties were analyzed. Three commercial immobilized lipases (Lipozyme RM IM, Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435) were screened, and Novozym 435 was the best one. The optimal reaction conditions were achieved at 240 U/g of Novozym 435 loading, a substrate molar ratio of 5:1 (isopropanol/CO), and 24 h of reaction time at 55 °C. Under the above conditions, the content of CO‐IPE was obtained as 89.83%. Purity of CO‐IPE further increased to be 96.95% after separation by rotary evaporation and molecular distillation. The viscosity of the synthesized CO‐IPE showed itself to be about six times lower than that of CO, and the refractive index of the CO‐IPE (1.449) was nearer to 1 in contrast to that of CO. It suggested that CO‐IPE could be more intensively applied in the cosmetic industry.
Effect ofLactobacillus acidophilusNCDC 13 supplementation on the progression of obesity in diet-induced obese mice
Authors: Arora Tulika , Anastasovska Jelena , Gibson Glen , Tuohy Kieran , Sharma Raj Kumar , Bell Jimmy , Frost Gary 
Published: January 2012

There is an increased interest in investigating the relationship between the gut microbiota and energy homeostasis. Probiotics are health beneficial microbes mainly categorised under the genusLactobacillusandBifidobacterium, which when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits to the host, and have been implicated in various physiological functions. The potential role of probiotics in energy homeostasis is a current and an emerging area of research. In the present study,Lactobacillus acidophilusNCDC 13 was used to evaluate its anti-obesity potential in diet-induced obese (C57BL/6) mice. The probiotic bacterial culture was administered in Indian yogurt preparation called ‘dahi’, prepared using native starter cultures, and compared with control dahi containing only dahi starter cultures. The dietary intervention was followed for 8 weeks, and whole-body fat composition, and liver and muscle adiposity were measured using MRI. Changes in gut microbiota were assessed by fluorescentin situhybridisation in faeces and caecal contents. The feeding of the probiotic brought no changes in body-weight gain, food and dahi intake when compared with the control dahi-fed animals. No significant changes in body fat composition, liver and muscle adiposity were also observed. At the end of the dietary intervention, a significant increase (P < 0·05) in the number of totalBifidobacteriumwas observed in both faeces and caecal contents of mice as a result of probiotic dahi administration. Thus,L. acidophilusNCDC 13 supplementation could be beneficial in shifting the gut microbiota balance positively. However, its anti-obesity potential could not be established in the present study and warrants further exploration.
Interplant movement and spatial distribution of alate and apterous morphs of Nasonovia ribisnigri (Homoptera: Aphididae) on lettuce
Authors: Diaz B.M. , Barrios L. , Fereres A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractKnowledge on colonization modes and interplant movement of Nasonovia ribisnigri can contribute to the development of optimal control of this pest. The aim of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal distribution and the mode of spread between adult morphs of Nasonovia ribisnigri, comparing spring and autumn lettuce protected crops. The spatial and temporal pattern was analyzed using the spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) methodology and other related displacement indices.The population size of N. ribisnigri was greater in the autumn than in the spring growing seasons due to milder temperatures. The percentage of plants colonized by aphids was higher in spring than in autumn, showing the great dispersal potential of this aphid species independent of their population size. Differential propensity for initial displacement from the central plant was observed between adult morphs in spring, resulting in a greater ability of apterous than alate aphids to spread far away from the source plant. In autumn, both adult morphs showed an initial reduced displacement; however, the number of plants infested (≈20%) with at least one aphid at this initial time (seven days) was similar for both adult morphs and both growing seasons. Analysis of the spatial pattern of both adult morphs revealed a predominantly random distribution for both spring and autumn trials. This pattern was achieved by a prevalent random movement over the area (γ≈0.5). These results highlight the ability of the apterous N. ribisnigri to spread within greenhouse lettuce crops early in the spring, suggesting that detection of the pest by deep visual inspection is required after lettuce emergence.
What we need is theory of human cooperation (and meta-analysis) to bridge the gap between the lab and the wild
Authors: Van Lange Paul A. M. , Balliet Daniel P. , IJzerman Hans 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis commentary seeks to clarify the potential discrepancy between lab-based and field data in the use and effectiveness of punishment to promote cooperation by recommending theory that outlines key differences between the lab and field, such as the shadow of the future and degree of information availability. We also discuss a recent meta-analysis (Balliet et al. 2011) that does not support all conclusions outlined in Guala's target article.
Special human vulnerability to low-cost collective punishment
Authors: Ross Don 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGuala notes that low-cost punishment is the main mechanism that deters free-riding in small human communities. This mechanism is complemented by unusual human vulnerability to gossip. Defenders of an evolutionary discontinuity supporting human sociality might seize on this as an alternative to enjoyment of moralistic aggression as a special adaptation. However, the more basic adaptation of language likely suffices.
Parasite-stress, cultures of honor, and the emergence of gender bias in purity norms
Authors: Vandello Joseph A. , Hettinger Vanessa E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOf the many far-reaching implications of Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) theory, we focus on the consequences of parasite stress for mating strategies, marriage, and the differing roles and restrictions for men and women. In particular, we explain how examination of cultures of honor can provide a theoretical bridge between effects of parasite stress and disproportionate emphasis on female purity.
Intra-regional assortative sociality may be better explained by social network dynamics rather than pathogen risk avoidance
Authors: Vigil Jacob M. , Coulombe Patrick 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) model is not entirely supported by common patterns of affect behaviors among people who live under varying climatic conditions and among people who endorse varying levels of (Western) religiosity and conservative political ideals. The authors' model is also unable to account for intra-regional heterogeneity in assortative sociality, which, we argue, can be better explained by a framework that emphasizes the differential expression of fundamental social cues for maintaining distinct social network structures.
Assessing possible dynamical effects of condensate in high resolution climate simulations
Authors: Bacmeister J. T. , Lauritzen P. H. , Dai A. , Truesdale J. E. 
Published: January 2012

In areas of heavy precipitation, condensed water species can add significant mass to an atmospheric column. This mass can create positive pressure anomalies of up to several hPa at the surface. This pressure is expected to force a divergent component in the low‐level flow that may have an impact on the evolution of the precipitating system. In this study we examine results from a cloud resolving model simulation of tropical convection to estimate the pressure induced by condensates. A simple parameterization of this condensate loading as a function of surface rain rate is derived and implemented in the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). Our results suggest that at horizontal resolutions of 25 km condensate loading is an important factor in controlling the frequency of intense rain rates in the model.
Preface
Authors: Johnson Alan , Reeves David 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics have been available for some 40 years. During that time they have proved to be invaluable for treating specific infections and have displayed, in particular, a low level of serious adverse effects. Unfortunately, in recent years there has been an accelerating rise in acquired resistance in some bacterial pathogens which has now reached a level that threatens the usefulness of existing macrolides. Newer macrolides have been introduced that have greater inherent activity and enhanced pharmacokinetic properties, but these have shown crossresistance with the older macrolides and with one another. Modification of the ring structure of erythromycin has produced a new class of antibiotics, the ketolides, which is a novel addition to the macrolidelincosamide-streptogramin group of antibiotics. These new agents show activity against strains of pathogens with acquired resistance to erythromycin, due either to erm-mediated modification of the ribosomal target site or to mef-mediated macrolide efflux. This supplement contains four reviews that give a comprehensive overview of the structure–activity relationships of members of the ketolides, and explore in detail the in vitro activity of the first member of this class to undergo clinical development, telithromycin. If the promise from its initial clinical trials is borne out, the ketolides may prove a valuable new resource, particularly for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, which remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality around the world.
Activity of telithromycin, a new ketolide antibacterial, against atypical and intracellular respiratory tract pathogens
Authors: Hammerschlag M. R. , Roblin P. M. , Bébéar C. M. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Atypical respiratory pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and intracellular pathogens such as Legionella spp. and Chlamydia spp. form a significant proportion of the aetiological agents underlying community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The clinical signs or radiological features of atypical pneumonia are generally insufficient to predict accurately the pathogen involved; in addition, high costs and a considerable length of time are involved in the identification of atypical pathogens. Treatment is, therefore, most often empirical, and it is important that the activity of antibacterial agents available to treat CAP is sufficiently broad to eradicate infection with both common and atypical bacterial pathogens. Telithromycin (HMR 3647) is the first of a new family of antibacterials, the ketolides, and has been designed specifically for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections (RTIs). The excellent activity of telithromycin against the respiratory tract bacterial pathogens most commonly associated with community-acquired RTIs, including resistant strains, is well established. This review examines the considerable body of evidence showing that telithromycin also has a high level of activity against atypical and intracellular respiratory tract bacterial pathogens.
Activity of the ketolide antibacterial telithromycin against typical community-acquired respiratory pathogens
Authors: Felmingham D. , Zhanel G. , Hoban D. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Community-acquired respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most prevalent infectious diseases in the developed world. They cause considerable morbidity, resulting in a major impact on public health both clinically and socioeconomically. The bacterial pathogens most commonly associated with community-acquired RTIs are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, with Streptococcus pyogenes predominating in pharyngitis. Over the past years, each of these pathogens has developed mechanisms to evade susceptibility to antibacterials, leading to an alarming global increase in antibacterial resistance among these pathogens. There is great concern that currently available antibacterials are insufficient to treat community-acquired RTIs and there is an urgent requirement for new agents with activity against all strains of common community-acquired RTI pathogens. Telithromycin (HMR 3647) belongs to a new family of antibacterials, the ketolides, and has been specifically designed for the treatment of community-acquired RTIs. This review covers the potent in vitro activity of telithromycin against the most common community-acquired RTI pathogens compared with other currently available antimicrobial agents.
Overcoming antimicrobial resistance: profile of a new ketolide antibacterial, telithromycin
Authors: Leclercq Roland 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance amongst common respiratory pathogens has increased worldwide at an alarming rate and now threatens the clinical usefulness of a number of antibacterial agents. A major concern is the selection of resistance in the community, which tends to parallel the (often inappropriate) overuse of such agents. Such problems highlight the need for new antibacterial agents that retain activity against bacterial strains resistant to existing agents, and have a low potential to select for resistance or induce cross-resistance. Telithromycin is the first of a new family of antibacterials—the ketolides—and has been designed specifically for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Numerous in vitro studies confirm the potent activity of telithromycin against pathogens commonly implicated in community-acquired RTIs, irrespective of their β-lactam, macrolide or fluoroquinolone susceptibility. Against pneumococci, for example, MICs were ≤ 1 mg/L irrespective of penicillin susceptibility, with ≥ 98% of macrolide-resistant strains inhibited at ≤ 0.5 mg/L, regardless of the underlying mechanism of resistance (including erm, mef and ribosomal L4 mutations). Against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, including β-lactamase-positive strains, telithromycin is at least as potent as azithromycin. In addition, telithromycin has a very low potential for selection of resistant isolates or induction of cross-resistance. Importantly, and unlike existing macrolides, telithromycin does not induce MLSB resistance, a finding explained by the presence of the innovative 3-keto group in its chemical structure. Telithromycin therefore represents an important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, with an expected low likelihood of the development of resistance in clinical use.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral β-lactam antibiotics as a two-dimensional approach to their efficacy
Authors: Auckenthaler Raymond 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters are increasingly recognized as important determinants of the therapeutic efficacy of an antibiotic. For β-lactam antibiotics, the most important determinant of the antimicrobial efficacy, and hence predictor of therapeutic efficacy, is the length of time that serum concentrations exceed the MIC. Dosing schedules for β-lactam antibiotics should maintain serum concentrations above the MIC for the bacterial pathogen for at least 50% of the dosing interval to achieve therapeutic efficacy and prevent the development of resistance. This is a basic criterion for the clinical efficacy of β-lactams. A combination of microbiological activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics was applied to calculate the time that serum antibiotic concentrations exceed the MIC for the major respiratory tract pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae . In contrast with some other oral β-lactam antibiotics, cefpodoxime 200 mg bd maintains serum concentrations above the MIC for each organism for at least 50% of the dosing interval and may therefore be an attractive choice for empirical therapy of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.
Clinical efficacy of cefpodoxime in respiratory tract infection
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM), sinusitis and tonsillopharyngitis are respiratory tract infections frequently encountered by primary-care physicians. Increasing bacterial resistance, particularly in Streptococcus pneumoniae , which is one of the most important respiratory tract bacteria implicated in community-acquired respiratory tract infections, has led to concern about the current options for empirical antibiotic treatment and has prompted a search for effective alternative treatments. Data from in vitro studies show that cefpodoxime has good activity against the main respiratory tract pathogens, S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes . Clinical studies confirm the efficacy of cefpodoxime in AOM, sinusitis and tonsillopharyngitis. As with all broad-spectrum antibiotics, there is the risk of promotion of bacterial resistance associated with overuse. However, if used with care, cefpodoxime can be considered as an alternative for empirical treatment of bacterial respiratory tract infections encountered in general practice, particularly where penicillins and macrolides have reduced efficacy against the main bacterial pathogens.