bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criteria for improving the properties of ZnGeAs2 solar cells
Authors: Peshek Timothy J. , Zhang Lei , Singh Rakesh K. , Tang ZhiZhong , Vahidi Mahmoud , To Bobby , Coutts Timothy J. , Gessert Timothy A. , Newman Nathan , van Schilfgaarde Mark 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTWe explore the potential utility of the II‐IV‐V semiconductor ZnGeAs2 as the absorber material in solar cells. As‐deposited ZnGeAs2 films prepared by pulsed laser deposition are amorphous because of the limited substrate temperature that can be used without the rapid loss of volatile Zn and As. Thermal processing above 450 °C results in crystallization and improved electrical properties with hole mobilities as high as 58 cm2/V s. The annealed films were used to fabricate p‐type ZnGeAs2: n‐type CdS cells on SnO2‐buffered borosilicate glass substrates in the so‐called superstrate geometry. Light‐induced currents of up to ~2 mA/cm2 and open‐circuit voltages of up to 470 mV were observed using backside illumination, indicating that these nascent devices hold potential for realizing high performance solar cells from earth‐abundant elements. The performance of the devices fabricated to‐date is degraded by conduction through shorts resulting from the presence of micron‐sized pinholes in the absorber layer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overview of the West African Monsoon 20111
Authors: Cornforth Rosalind 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe 2011 West African monsoon (WAM) season was, overall, near normal but rainfall was patchy. The irregularity of the rainfall during the crucial July‐August‐September (JAS) season proved difficult to predict because of conflicting signals and this highlights the significant challenges we continue to face for this region. The vagaries of the rainfall in sub‐Saharan Africa have profound and often dire effects on African society and economy as the people of the region depend on it for food and water. To reduce the vulnerability of these communities to variations in the strength of the WAM, we desperately need to improve the reliability of forecasts so as to enable them to plan ahead, and national governments need to adopt coordinated policies in order to increase their capacity to cope with extended periods of water shortages due to drought. With the launch of the Africa Climate Exchange (Afclix), the UK climate community is working with the humanitarian sector and African policy‐makers with the aim of channeling the latest climate science into policies to help build resilience and in‐country capacity for climate compatible development in sub‐Saharan Africa. The emphasis is on ‘feet on the (African) ground’ mechanisms of knowledge‐sharing activities at the science‐policy interface. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The Right and Wrong of Growing Old: Assessing the Argument from Evolution
Authors: Foddy Bennett 
Published: February 2012

AbstractOne argument which is frequently levelled against the enhancement of human biology is that we do not understand the evolved function of our bodies well enough to meddle in our biology without producing unintended and potentially catastrophic effects. In particular, this argument is levelled against attempts to slow or eliminate the processes of human ageing, or ‘senescence’, which cause us to grow decrepit before we die. In this article, I claim that even if this argument could usefully be applied against attempts to enhance other human traits, it cannot be valid in the case of attempts to enhance the various processes that constitute senescence. I begin by reviewing the biology of ageing to show how it consists of a number of unrelated traits. Then, following the arguments of a number of evolutionary biologists, I explain that every one of these traits is a product of evolutionary ‘neglect’ rather than ‘intent’. Finally, I consider the strongest version of the argument against enhancing senescence, which acknowledges these facts about the evolution of ageing but insists that we have nevertheless have prudential reasons to avoid enhancement wherever there is some uncertainty about the genetics or evolutionary function of a trait. I provide two reasons for rejecting this version of the argument as well, even in the case of human senescence, where such uncertainty is currently significant.
Prenatal Health, Educational Attainment, and Intergenerational Inequality: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study
Authors: Härkönen Juho , Kaymakçalan Hande , Mäki Pirjo , Taanila Anja 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
In this article, we study the effects of prenatal health on educational attainment and on the reproduction of family background inequalities in education. Using Finnish birth cohort data, we analyze several maternal and fetal health variables, many of which have not been featured in the literature on long-term socioeconomic effects of health despite the effects of these variables on birth and short-term health outcomes. We find strong negative effects of mother’s prenatal smoking on educational attainment, which are stronger if the mother smoked heavily but are not significant if she quit during the first trimester. Anemia during pregnancy is also associated with lower levels of attained education. Other indicators of prenatal health (pre-pregnancy obesity, mother’s antenatal depressed mood, hypertension and preeclampsia, early prenatal care visits, premature birth, and small size for gestational age) do not predict educational attainment. Our measures explain little of the educational inequalities by parents’ class or education. However, smoking explains 12%—and all health variables together, 19%—of the lower educational attainment of children born to unmarried mothers. Our findings point to the usefulness of proximate health measures in addition to general ones. They also point to the potentially important role played by early health in intergenerational processes.
Miscible displacement flows in near-horizontal ducts at low Atwood number
Authors: Taghavi S. M. , Alba K. , Seon T. , Wielage-Burchard K. , Martinez D. M. , Frigaard I. A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe study buoyant displacement flows with two miscible fluids of equal viscosity in the regime of low Atwood number and in ducts that are inclined close to horizontal. Using a combination of experimental, computational and analytical methods, we characterize the transitions in the flow regimes between inertial- and viscous-dominated regimes, and as the displacement flow rate is gradually increased. Three dimensionless groups largely describe these flows: densimetric Froude number $\mathit{Fr}$, Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}$ and duct inclination $\ensuremath{\beta} $. Our results show that the flow regimes collapse into regions in a two-dimensional $(\mathit{Fr}, \mathit{Re}\cos \ensuremath{\beta} / \mathit{Fr})$ plane. These regions are qualitatively similar between pipes and plane channels, although viscous effects are more extensive in pipes. In each regime, we are able to give a leading-order estimate for the velocity of the leading displacement front, which is effectively a measure of displacement efficiency.
The Ivory Tower: the history of a figure of speech and its cultural uses
Authors: SHAPIN STEVEN 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis is a historical survey of how and why the notion of the Ivory Tower became part of twentieth- and twenty-first-century cultural vocabularies. It very briefly tracks the origins of the tag in antiquity, documents its nineteenth-century resurgence in literary and aesthetic culture, and more carefully assesses the political and intellectual circumstances, especially in the 1930s and 1940s, in which it became a common phrase attached to universities and to features of science and in which it became a way of criticizing practices and institutions deemed to be ‘irrelevant’. The paper concludes by reflecting on the tag's relationship to pervasive cultural tropes and how its modern history may be used to appreciate better where science and its academic setting now stand in the ancient debate between the active and contemplative lives.
Metabolite movement across the schistosome surface
Authors: Da'dara A. , Krautz-Peterson G. , Faghiri Z. , Skelly P.J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntravascular schistosome parasites are covered by an unusual double lipid bilayer. Nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, as well as other metabolites, are known to be transported across this surface via specific transporter proteins. For instance, the glucose transporter protein SGTP4 is found in the host-interactive tegumental membranes. A second glucose transporter, SGTP1, localizes to the tegumental basal membrane (and internal tissues). Following expression inXenopusoocytes, SGTP1 and SGTP4 both function as facilitated-diffusion sugar transporters. Suppressing the expression of SGTP1 and SGTP4 in juvenile schistosomes using RNA interference (RNAi) impairs the parasite's ability to import glucose and severely decreases worm viability. Amino acids can also be imported into schistosomes across their surface and an amino acid transporter (SPRM1lc) has been localized in the parasite surface membranes (as well as internally). InXenopusoocytes, SPRM1lc can import the basic amino acids arginine, lysine and histidine as well as leucine, phenylalanine, methionine and glutamine. To function, this protein requires the assistance of a heavy-chain partner (SPRM1hc) which acts as a chaperone. Water is transported across the tegument of schistosomes via the aquaporin protein SmAQP. Suppressing SmAQP gene expression makes the parasites less able to osmoregulate and decreases their viability. In addition, SmAQP-suppressed adult parasites have been shown to be impaired in their ability to excrete lactate. Analysis of tegumental transporter proteins, as described in this report, is designed to generate a comprehensive understanding of the role of such proteins in promoting parasite survival by controlling the movement of metabolites into and out of the worms.
CO2 Laser acceleration of forward directed MeV proton beams in a gas target at critical plasma density
Authors: TSUNG F. , TOCHITSKY S. YA. , HABERBERGER D. J. , MORI W. B. , JOSHI C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe generation of 1–5 MeV protons from the interaction of a 3 ps TW CO2 laser pulse with a gas target with a peak density around the critical plasma density has been studied by 2D particle-in-cell simulations. The proton acceleration in the preformed plasma with a symmetric, linearly ramped density distribution occurs via formation of sheath of the hot electrons on the back surface of the target. The maximum energy of the hot electrons and, hence, net acceleration of protons is mainly defined by Forward Raman scattering instability in the underdense part of the plasma. Forward directed ion beams from a debris free gaseous target can find an application as a high-brightness ion source-injector to a conventional accelerator operating up to kHz pulse repetition frequency.
On unstable electromagnetic radiation through nonlinear wave–particle interactions in presence of drift wave turbulence
Authors: DEKA P. N. , BORGOHAIN A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA study on the generation of unstable electromagnetic wave through nonlinear wave–particle interactions in an inhomogeneous plasma has been presented. Drift wave turbulence, which is one of the common features of inhomogeneous plasma, is found to be strongly in phase relation with thermal particles. The plasma particles, accelerated by drift wave turbulence field, may transfer their energy to electromagnetic O-mode through a modulated field. This process has been described by Vlasov Maxwell system of equations. From the nonlinear dispersion relation for O-mode the growth rate has been estimated. It has been observed that growth of unstable O-mode may predict magnetospheric electromagnetic radiation phenomena.
Payments for ecosystem services in an African protected area: exploring issues of legitimacy, fairness, equity and effectiveness
Authors: Gross-Camp Nicole D. , Martin Adrian , McGuire Shawn , Kebede Bereket , Munyarukaza Joseph 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe explore the potential for payments for ecosystem services (PES) to reconcile conservation and development goals, using a case study of an experimental PES intervention around the Nyungwe National Park in Rwanda. The scheme involves the purchase of biodiversity conservation services from local communities in four selected locations. Although a portion of the payment is awarded at the household level, it is the collective action of the community that determines the level of the payment. Contracts are negotiated annually and include performance indicators within each participating community. We examine the ability of PES to achieve conservation and development objectives, through three sub-questions: Is the PES scheme effective? Is it legitimate and fair? Is it equitable? Our findings indicate that the relationship between these evaluation criteria is complex, with both trade-offs and synergies. In this case study the effectiveness of PES is dependent on the equitable distribution of the payment, participants’ belief and acceptance of the service being paid for, institutional histories that aid in the establishment of legitimacy and fairness, and the complementary nature of PES to more conventional enforcement methods.
Gold for the Barbarians? Uniface Gold Medallions of the House of Constantine Found in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Bland Roger 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe paper discusses a hitherto neglected group of five uniface gold medallions in the names of Constantine I and II, issued betweenc.a.d.318 and 337, found in Britain and Ireland. These have been found either beyond the frontier (three examples are from Ireland and one from Scotland) or close to it (one example is from Cumbria). It is suggested that they may have been produced as diplomatic gifts for peoples beyond the frontier or as payment forlaeti.
Revealing the shape of knowledge using an intersectionality lens: results of a scoping review on the health and health care of ethnocultural minority older adults
Authors: KOEHN SHARON , NEYSMITH SHEILA , KOBAYASHI KAREN , KHAMISA HAMISH 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper uses an intersectionality theoretical lens to interrogate selected findings of a scoping review of published and grey literature on the health and health-care access of ethnocultural minority older adults. Our focus was on Canada and countries with similar immigrant populations and health-care systems. Approximately 3,300 source documents were reviewed covering the period 1980–2010: 816 met the eligibility criteria; 183 were Canadian. Summarised findings were presented to groups of older adults and care providers for critical review and discussion. Here we discuss the extent to which the literature accounts for the complexity of categories such as culture and ethnicity, recognises the compounding effects of multiple intersections of inequity that include social determinants of health as well as the specificities of immigration, and places the experience of those inequities within the context of systemic oppression. We found that Canada's two largest immigrant groups – Chinese and South Asians – had the highest representation in Canadian literature but, even for these groups, many topics remain unexplored and the heterogeneity within them is inadequately captured. Some qualitative literature, particularly in the health promotion and cultural competency domains, essentialises culture at the expense of other determinants and barriers, whereas the quantitative literature suffers from oversimplification of variables and their effects often due to the absence of proportionally representative data that captures the complexity of experience in minority groups.
The Fibonacci groups. II
Authors: Chalk C. P. , Johnson D. L. 
Published: February 2012

SynopsisSince the appearance of the article [15] to which this is a sequel, considerable progress has been made in the study of the groups F(r, n) of the title. It is therefore our intention to give a brief account of these developments before proceeding to our main theme, which is to apply the elegant and powerful methods of small cancellation theory to these groups. This has a variety of consequences, perhaps the most important of which is the generalisation to arbitrary r of Lyndon's proof that F(2, n) is infinite for n ≧ 11.
Transmission and strain variation of Shigella flexneri 4a after mass prophylaxis in a long-stay psychiatric centre
Authors: KO C. F. , WANG L. Y. , LIN N. T. , CHIOU C. S. , YEH H. C. , RENN J. H. , LEE Y. S. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYShigella flexneri 4a caused sustained outbreaks in a large long-stay psychiatric centre, Taiwan, 2001–2006. Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (SXT) prophylaxis was administered in 2004. We recovered 108 S. flexneri 4a isolates from 83 symptomatic (including one caregiver) and 12 asymptomatic subjects (11 contacts, one caregiver). The isolates were classified into eight antibiogram types and 15 genotypes (six clusters) by using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of NotI-digested DNA, respectively. These characteristics altered significantly after SXT prophylaxis (P < 0·05), with concomitant emergence of SXT-resistant isolates in two antibiogram types. P01 (n = 71), the predominant epidemic genotype, caused infection in two caregivers and five patients under their care; two P01 isolates were recovered from the same patient 6 months apart. These results indicate the importance of sustained person-to-person transmission of S. flexneri 4a by long-term convalescent, asymptomatic or caregiver carriers, and support the emergence of SXT-resistant strains following selective pressure by SXT prophylaxis.
L'ANGLE DE CONTINGENCE: UN PROBLÈME DE PHILOSOPHIE DES MATHÉMATIQUES
Authors: Rashed Roshdi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFrom Euclid to the second half of the 17th century, mathematicians as well as philosophers continued to raise the question of the angle of contact and, generally, of the concept of angle. This article is the first essay devoted to this subject in Arabic mathematics. It deals with Greek writings translated into Arabic on the one hand, and contributions of Arabic mathematicians on the other hand: al-Nayrīzī, Ibn al-Haytham, al-Samawʾal, al-Shīrāzī, al-Fārisī, al-Qūshjī, among others. Most of these contributions are hitherto unknown.
CREATIO EX NIHILO– A GENUINELY PHILOSOPHICAL INSIGHT DERIVED FROM PLATO AND ARISTOTLE? SOME NOTES ON THETREATISE ON THE HARMONY BETWEEN THE TWO SAGES
Authors: Gleede Benjamin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe article aims at demonstrating that in attributing thecreatio ex nihiloto both Plato and Aristotle as their unanimous philosophical conviction theTreatise on the Harmony between the Two Sagesdeeply depends upon the Neoplatonic reading of those two philosophers. The main obstacles for such a view in the works of the two sages are Plato's assumption of a precosmic chaos in theTimaeusand Aristotle's denial of any efficient causality to the unmoved mover in theMetaphysics. Both of these points had been, however, done away with by the Neoplatonist commentators already, especially by Ammonius in his lost treatise on efficient and final causality in Aristotle the use of which in theHarmonyis shown by a comparison with Simplicius. Christian and Muslim readers just had to transfer those arguments and hermeneutical techniques into an anti-eternalist context in order to make the two philosophers agree with one of the basic tenents of their face, a hermeneutical technique considerably different from the one employed by al-Fārābī in his exposition of Plato's and Aristotle's philosophy which is compared to theHarmonyin a briefly sketched concluding section.
Bayesian over-dispersed Poisson model and the Bornhuetter & Ferguson claims reserving method
Authors: England Peter D. , Verrall Richard J. , Wüthrich Mario V. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe consider the Bayesian over-dispersed Poisson (ODP) model for claims reserving in general insurance. We choose two different types of prior distributions for the parameters and then study the different Bayesian predictors. This study leads, on the one hand, to the classical chain ladder predictor and, on the other hand, to Bornhuetter & Ferguson predictors. We highlight (either analytically or numerically) how these predictors are obtained and how their prediction uncertainty can be determined.
Controls on in situ oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics in peats of a temperate fen
Authors: Estop‐Aragonés Cristian , Knorr Klaus‐Holger , Blodau Christian 
Published: February 2012

Changes in hydrological conditions are expected and may alter carbon cycling in peatlands. Peat aeration with water table change has not commonly been investigated, and the water table is often assumed to constitute the oxic‐anoxic boundary in peat. We analyzed temperature, moisture, oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in profiles of a temperate fen during two seasons. A drying‐rewetting cycle and flooding were induced and compared to controls. The response of moisture and water table position varied greatly and was related to gradients of peat compaction and ash content. Background drought raised air‐filled porosity (AFP) to a maximum of 15%–38% in shallow peat and experimental drought up to 50%. Decline in water table and soil moisture broadly led to O2 penetration and CO2 degassing, and rewetting and flooding led to anoxic conditions and CO2 accumulation in peat pore water. In dense peat with ≥20% ash content the unsaturated zone remained partly low in oxygen, however, and up to 5% AFP and 20 cm above water table O2 concentrations frequently remained below 50 μmol L−1. Moderately intense and short drying did not induce substantial oxygen penetration in the compacted soil profiles. The likelihood of the presence of oxygen in the peat was predicted by logistic regression using water table and ash content or bulk density as predictors (p < 0.0005). The model is potentially useful for predicting the position of the redoxcline in peat deposits and may assist in improving statistical models of trace gas emission from peatlands.