bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
8 The English Subject
Authors: Butterfield Ardis 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter investigates the role widely ascribed to The Book of the Duchess, Chaucer's first surviving narrative poem, as a polemically ‘English’ work. It sees it instead as the product of a francophone reader working within a multilingual, international environment. Rather than see Chaucer as ‘English’ in resistance to ‘French’, we can develop a more subtle appreciation of the ways in which cultural meanings pass from one language into another. The Book of the Duchess is compared with Machaut and Froissart, the Rose, and the Anglo‐Franco‐Italian transpositions of Boethius in Troilus and Criseyde. What modern critics conventionally herald as the new subjectivity of Chaucer's love vision is reassessed in terms of an overt, and long‐standing debate about English and its capacity to express a discourse of subjective desire in the face of French's acknowledged subtlety. It concludes with the hybrid Anglo‐French poet Charles d'Orléans.
Human Rights and International Investment Arbitration
Authors: Clara Reiner , Christoph Schreuer 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of human rights in international investment arbitration, focusing on issues such as jurisdiction, applicable law, and invocation of human rights during proceedings. It highlights certain similarities among human rights law and investment law, e.g. regarding substantive norms such as prohibition of discrimination and protection of property, that are common to both investment and human rights law. It also describes how human rights and investment law differ dramatically. The chapter points out that the role of human rights in investment arbitration is likely to increase; yet, it remains controversial whether the arbitral system is the best suited for dealing with breaches of human rights, for example in view of the lack of transparency and legitimacy of confidential arbitration proceedings without adequate legal safeguards for third parties and general citizen interests that may be adversely affected by investment disputes.
Limits of Commercial Investor-State Arbitration: The Need for Appellate Review
Authors: Werner Jacques 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter explains why investor-state arbitration is often wrongfully likened to international commercial arbitration among private parties. Investor-state arbitrations involve not only private business interests but also public policies of the host state and citizen rights. Arbitral awards on investor-state disputes risk lacking credibility and democratic acceptability if they overrule, in non-transparent proceedings, democratically legitimate government decisions on grounds of investor-state contracts. Similar to the introduction of appellate review in the GATT/WTO dispute settlement system, the transparency, legitimacy, and legal coherence of investor-state arbitration could be enhanced by introduction of an appellate instance.
The Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard and Human Rights Norms
Authors: Knoll-Tudor Ioana 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter scrutinizes the possible interactions between human rights and investor-state arbitration focussing on the role that the fair and equitable treatment (FET) standard might play in such interaction. The FET standard is found in most of the 2,000 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) signed between more than 170 countries in the world as well as in some multilateral and regional conventions, it is therefore important to first establish the sources and content of this standard. The first part of this chapter inquires into the conventional and customary sources of the FET and discusses the concrete situations in which the FET standard has already been applied. The second part focuses on the relationship between FET and HR norms. It enquires into the rationale of applying human rights norms in international investment law cases since most BITs do not contain a specific reference to HR. It then specifically focuses on the scenarios in which FET may interact with HR norms.
Human Rights Dimensions of Corporate Environmental Accountability
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the impact of environmental human rights on foreign investors' operations and the role of intergovernmental organizations in ensuring that such operations respect internationally agreed minimum standards. In the context of international practice related to corporate environmental accountability, the chapter scrutinizes the preventive role of intergovernmental organizations vis-à-vis foreign investors' actual or potential negative impacts on environmental human rights in the country in which they are operating. It explores the growing international practice spearheaded by international organizations of ‘translating’ inter-state obligations into normative benchmarks adapted to the reality of private operators, mainly foreign investors, based upon the interpretation and implementation of a combination of international soft and hard law instruments. The contribution therefore assesses the relevance for foreign investment of corporate environmental accountability.
EC Free Trade Agreements: An Alternative Model for Addressing Human Rights in Foreign Investment Regulation and Dispute Settlement?
Authors: Dimopoulos Angelos 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores whether EC Free Trade and Investment Agreements (FTAs) present a new, alternative model for addressing human rights in foreign investment regulation and dispute settlement. It provides an overview of the scope of foreign investment regulation in EC FTAs, highlighting their limited, but innovative approach to foreign investment. It then describes the dispute settlement mechanisms in the EC's FTAs and doubts their suitability for investment disputes in view of their failure to fully address the demands of investors, home and host countries. It considers the effectiveness and suitability of EC FTAs for addressing the human rights implications of foreign investment regulation, and emphasizes the importance given to human rights as an objective of EC FTAs and as an ‘essential element’ of the agreements. The chapter concludes with the future challenges and perspectives for FTAs, notably in view of the EC's willingness to deal with the challenges posed by the interaction between foreign investment and human rights.
12 The Management of Capital Flows and Financial Vulnerability in Asia1
Authors: Akyüz Yılmaz 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe author deals with the management of capital flows and financial vulnerability in Asia by focusing on the crisis and developing countries. There is a growing consensus that vulnerability of emerging markets to financial contagion and shocks depends in large part on how capital inflows are managed, since options are limited during sudden stops and reversals. Vulnerabilities associated with surges in capital flows lie in four areas: (i) currency and maturity mismatches in private balance sheets, especially of financial institutions; (ii) credit, asset and investment bubbles; (iii) unsustainable currency appreciations and external deficits; and (iv) reliance on help and policy advice from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) rather than self‐insurance against sudden stops and reversals of capital flows. Crisis prevention should thus aim at preventing fragility in private balance sheets and external payments, checking financial and investment bubbles, and building adequate self‐insurance against reversal of capital inflows.
4 Sublime Marvel
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The modern theory of particle physics, called the Standard Model, describes electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces and all known forms of matter in terms a single conceptual principle. This chapter gives a short overview of the events that led to the discovery of this theory. It first explains the meaning of quantum field theory, which is the language used to describe the particle world. It then presents QED, the theory which describes the electromagnetic phenomena in the domain of particle physics. Finally, the Standard Model emerges from the synthesis of three intertwined stories: the discovery of quarks, the unification of electromagnetism with the weak force, and the understanding of the strong force in terms of QCD.
11 From Extra Dimensions to New Forces
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter starts with a description of the intellectual investigations in worlds with extra spatial dimensions. It briefly introduces the idea of Kaluza–Klein theories and space compactification. Recent research has shown that extra dimensions may provide a solution to the naturalness problem. The most promising proposals are those of large extra dimensions and warped extra dimensions. The conceptual foundations of these theories are discussed, explaining the role of branes as a way of confining matter and forces. Finally, the chapter describes how LHC experiments can obtain empirical evidence in favour of the existence of extra spatial dimensions.
The performance of junior doctors in applying clinical pharmacology knowledge and prescribing skills to standardized clinical cases
Authors: Harding Sam , Britten Nicky , Bristow David 
Published: February 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Safe prescribing is a core competency in undergraduate medical education.• A large proportion of undergraduate medical students and recently graduated doctors in the UK are not confident in their ability to prescribe effectively and safely.• Errors are common in all healthcare settings and prescribing errors are the most common type. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study produced twelve valid and statistically reliable assessments of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) knowledge and prescribing skills in areas that pose a high risk to patient safety.• The findings show that a large proportion of foundation year 1 (FY1) doctors fail to demonstrate the level of CPT knowledge and prescribing ability judged by a subject matter expert (SME) panel to be required at this stage of their careers.• We suggest strategies and areas where teaching can be focused to improve the safety and effectiveness of prescribing by FY1 doctors.AIMS Recent studies suggest a worryingly high proportion of final year medical students and new doctors feel unprepared for effective and safe prescribing. Little research has been undertaken on UK junior doctors to see if these perceptions translate into unsafe prescribing practice. We aimed to measure the performance of foundation year 1 (FY1) doctors in applying clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) knowledge and prescribing skills using standardized clinical cases.METHODS A subject matter expert (SME) panel constructed a blueprint, and from these, twelve assessments focusing on areas posing high risk to patient safety and deemed as essential for FY1 doctors to know were chosen. Assessments comprised six extended matching questions (EMQs) and six written unobserved structured clinical examinations (WUSCEs) covering seven CPT domains. Two of each assessment types were administered over three time points to 128 FY1 doctors.RESULTS The twelve assessments were valid and statistically reliable. Across seven CPT areas tested 51–75% of FY1 doctors failed EMQs and 27–70% failed WUSCEs. The WUSCEs showed three performance trends; 30% of FY1 doctors consistently performing poorly, 50% performing around the passing score, and 20% performing consistently well. Categorical rating of the WUSCEs revealed 5% (8/161) of scripts contained errors deemed as potentially lethal.CONCLUSIONS This study showed that a large proportion of FY1 doctors failed to demonstrate the level of CPT knowledge and prescribing ability required at this stage of their careers. We identified areas of performance weakness that posed high risk to patient safety and suggested ways to improve the prescribing by FY1 doctors.
Rupatadine does not potentiate the CNS depressant effects of lorazepam: randomized, double‐blind, crossover, repeated dose, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: García‐Gea Consuelo , Ballester Maria Rosa , Martínez Juan , Antonijoan Rosa Maria , Donado Esther , Izquierdo Iñaki , Barbanoj Manuel‐José 
Published: February 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Although one defining characteristic of second generation H1‐antihistamines is their lack of CNS effects, it has been proved that some compounds of this group are not devoid of such effects.• There is evidence that second generation H1‐antihistamine compounds without relevant CNS effects at therapeutic doses could increase the behavioural impairment produced by sedating drugs when both are taken concomitantly.• The evaluation of possible drug interactions is crucial, especially when both compounds could have CNS effects, due to the possible consequences at the patient safety level.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• The study demonstrates the lack of CNS effects after repeated administration at therapeutic doses of the unique second generation H1‐antihistamine with anti‐PAF activity.• The study demonstrates the lack of interaction between repeated administration of rupatadine 10 mg and a single oral dose of lorazepam 2 mg.• The study presents a useful design to evaluate the interaction between two compounds saving time and the exposure of the volunteers to medication.AIMThe main objective was to assess whether benzodiazepine intake when rupatadine plasma concentrations were at steady‐state would increase the CNS depressant effects. Rupatadine is a new H1‐antihistamine which also inhibits platelet activating factor (PAF) release and has been shown to be clinically effective at doses of 10 mg.METHODSSixteen healthy young volunteers took part in a crossover, randomized, double‐blind, placebo controlled trial comprising two experimental periods (repeated administration for 7 days of rupatadine 10 mg or placebo as single oral daily doses, separated by a washout of 14 days). On days 5 and 7, according to a fully balanced design, a single oral dose of lorazepam 2 mg or placebo was added. CNS effects were evaluated on these days by seven objective tests of psychomotor performance and eight subjective visual analogue scales (VAS) at pre‐dose and several times after drug intake. Four treatment conditions were evaluated: placebo, rupatadine 10 mg, lorazepam 2 mg and rupatadine 10 mg + lorazepam 2 mg.RESULTSSignificant CNS effects, either impairment of psychomotor performance or subjective sedation, were observed when lorazepam was administered, either alone or in combination with steady state concentrations of rupatadine. No significant differences were found between these two conditions. In addition, rupatadine was not different from placebo. All treatments were well tolerated.CONCLUSIONRepeated doses of rupatadine (10 mg orally) did not enhance the CNS depressant effects of lorazepam (2 mg orally, single dose) either in objective psychomotor tasks or in subjective evaluations.
Omeprazole preferentially inhibits the metabolism of (+)‐(S)‐citalopram in healthy volunteers
Authors: Rocha Adriana , Coelho Eduardo B. , Sampaio Stefânia A. , Lanchote Vera L. 
Published: February 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Citalopram (CITA) pharmacokinetics are enantioselective in healthy volunteers and the metabolism of (+)‐(S)‐CITA to (+)‐(S)‐DCITA is dependent on CYP2C19. Omeprazole is a potent CYP2C19 inhibitor. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study indicates that omeprazole induces a loss of enantioselectivity in the CITA pharmacokinetics because of the selective inhibition of (+)‐(S)‐CITA metabolism.AIMThe study assessed the influence of omeprazole on the kinetic disposition of the (+)‐(S)‐citalopram (CITA) and (−)‐(R)‐CITA enantiomers in healthy volunteers.METHODSIn a cross‐over study, healthy volunteers (n= 9) phenotyped as extensive metabolizers of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 and with an oral midazolam clearance ranging from 10.9 to 149.3 ml min−1 kg−1 received a single dose of racemic CITA (20 mg orally) in combination or not with omeprazole (20 mg day−1 for 18 days). Serial blood samples were collected up to 240 h after CITA administration. CITA and demethylcitalopram (DCITA) enantiomers were analyzed by LC‐MS/MS using a Chiralcel® OD‐R column.RESULTSThe kinetic disposition of CITA was enantioselective in the absence of treatment with omeprazole, with the observation of a greater proportion of plasma (−)‐(R)‐CITA [AUC S : R ratio of 0.53 (95% CI 0.41, 0.66) for CITA and 1.08 (95% CI 0.80, 1.76) for DCITA] than (+)‐(S)‐CITA. Racemic CITA administration to healthy volunteers in combination with omeprazole showed a loss of enantioselectivity in CITA pharmacokinetics with an increase of approximately 120% in plasma (+)‐(S)‐CITA concentrations [AUC S : R ratio of 0.95 (95% CI 0.72, 1.10) for CITA and 0.95 (95% CI 0.44, 1.72) for DCITA].CONCLUSIONSThe administration of multiple doses of omeprazole preferentially inhibited (+)‐(S)‐CITA metabolism in healthy volunteers. Although omeprazole increased plasma concentrations of (+)‐(S)‐CITA by approximately 120%, it is difficult to evaluate the clinical outcome because the range of plasma CITA concentrations related to maximum efficacy and minimum risk of adverse effects has not been established.
Applying the light : nutrient hypothesis to stream periphyton
Authors: FANTA SHARI E. , HILL WALTER R. , SMITH TIMOTHY B. , ROBERTS BRIAN J. 
Published: February 2010

Summary1. The light : nutrient hypothesis (LNH) states that algal nutrient content is determined by the balance of light and dissolved nutrients available to algae during growth. Light and phosphorus gradients in both laboratory and natural streams were used to examine the relevance of the LNH to stream periphyton. Controlled gradients of light (12–426 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP, 3–344 μg L−1) were applied experimentally to large flow‐through laboratory streams, and natural variability in canopy cover and discharge from a wastewater treatment facility created gradients of light (0.4–35 mol photons m−2 day−1) and DRP (10–1766 μg L−1) in a natural stream.2. Periphyton phosphorus content was strongly influenced by the light and DRP gradients, ranging from 1.8 to 10.7 μg mg AFDM−1 in the laboratory streams and from 2.3 to 36.9 μg mg AFDM−1 in the natural stream. Phosphorus content decreased with increasing light and increased with increasing water column phosphorus. The simultaneous effects of light and phosphorus were consistent with the LNH that the balance between light and nutrients determines algal nutrient content.3. In experiments in the laboratory streams, periphyton phosphorus increased hyperbolically with increasing DRP. Uptake then began levelling off around 50 μg L−1.4. The relationship between periphyton phosphorus and the light : phosphorus ratio was highly nonlinear in both the laboratory and natural streams, with phosphorus content declining sharply with initial increases in the light : phosphorus ratio, then leveling off at higher values of the ratio.5. Although light and DRP both affected periphyton phosphorus content, the effects of DRP were much stronger than those of light in both the laboratory and natural streams. DRP explained substantially more of the overall variability in periphyton phosphorus than did light, and light effects were evident only at lower phosphorus concentrations (≤25 μg L−1) in the laboratory streams. These results suggest that light has a significant negative effect on the food quality of grazers in streams only under a limited set of conditions.
Responses of macroinvertebrate communities to long‐term flow variability in a Sonoran Desert stream
Authors: SPONSELLER RYAN A. , GRIMM NANCY B. , BOULTON ANDREW J. , SABO JOHN L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCurrent global models predict a hotter and drier climate in the southwestern United States with anticipated increases in drought frequency and severity coupled with changes in flash flood regimes. Such changes would likely have important ecological consequences, particularly for stream and riparian ecosystems already subject to frequent hydrologic disturbance. This study assessed the potential response of aquatic macroinvertebrates to interannual variation in hydrology in a spatially intermittent desert stream (Sycamore Creek, AZ). We compiled data on the recovery of macroinvertebrate communities following spring floods, with successional sequences captured 11 times over a 16‐year period (1983–1999). This period encompassed a transition from perennial to intermittent flow in this system, and included a record drought in 1989–1990. Results show that while the size of floods initiating sequences had little explanatory power, changes in macroinvertebrate community structure during postflood succession were closely associated with antecedent flooding and drought. Year‐to‐year differences in benthic communities integrated taxon‐specific responses to antecedent disturbance, including differential resistance to channel drying, use of hyporheic refugia, and variable rates of recovery once stream flow resumed. The long‐term consequences of drying on community structure were only evident during later stages of postflood succession, illustrating an interaction between flood and drought recovery processes in this system. Our observations highlight the potential for predicted climate changes in this region to have marked and long‐lasting consequences for benthic communities in desert streams.
Carbon exchange in biological soil crust communities under differential temperatures and soil water contents: implications for global change
Authors: GROTE EDMUND E. , BELNAP JAYNE , HOUSMAN DAVID C. , SPARKS JED P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBiological soil crusts (biocrusts) are an integral part of the soil system in arid regions worldwide, stabilizing soil surfaces, aiding vascular plant establishment, and are significant sources of ecosystem nitrogen and carbon. Hydration and temperature primarily control ecosystem CO2 flux in these systems. Using constructed mesocosms for incubations under controlled laboratory conditions, we examined the effect of temperature (5–35 °C) and water content (WC, 20–100%) on CO2 exchange in light (cyanobacterially dominated) and dark (cyanobacteria/lichen and moss dominated) biocrusts of the cool Colorado Plateau Desert in Utah and the hot Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico. In light crusts from both Utah and New Mexico, net photosynthesis was highest at temperatures >30 °C. Net photosynthesis in light crusts from Utah was relatively insensitive to changes in soil moisture. In contrast, light crusts from New Mexico tended to exhibit higher rates of net photosynthesis at higher soil moisture. Dark crusts originating from both sites exhibited the greatest net photosynthesis at intermediate soil water content (40–60%). Declines in net photosynthesis were observed in dark crusts with crusts from Utah showing declines at temperatures >25 °C and those originating from New Mexico showing declines at temperatures >35 °C. Maximum net photosynthesis in all crust types from all locations were strongly influenced by offsets in the optimal temperature and water content for gross photosynthesis compared with dark respiration. Gross photosynthesis tended to be maximized at some intermediate value of temperature and water content and dark respiration tended to increase linearly. The results of this study suggest biocrusts are capable of CO2 exchange under a wide range of conditions. However, significant changes in the magnitude of this exchange should be expected for the temperature and precipitation changes suggested by current climate models.