bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New and interesting lichenicolous fungi at the Botanische Staatssammlung München
Authors: Etayo J. , Triebel D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPronectria rolfianaEtayo sp. nov. is described onSolorinasp. from Austria and Germany. The new species has been confused withXenonectriella lutescens, a species hitherto reported from one locality in Bavaria.Scutula pseudocyphellariaeEtayo & Triebel is described onPseudocyphellaria berberinaandP. flavicansfrom southern Chile andUnguiculariopsis fasciculataEtayo onRamalina stenosporafrom Florida. The new combinationClypeococcum psoromatis(A. Massal.) Etayo comb. nov. is introduced for the common Mediterranean lichenicolous fungus hitherto namedClypeococcum epicrassum(H. Olivier) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux.
Buellia nordinii, a new triseptate species from Venezuela
Authors: GIRALT Mireia , KALB Klaus , ELIX John A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBuellia nordinii, a new muscicolous or lignicolous species characterized by a blastidiate thallus containing atranorin, apothecia with a fine granular surface, markedly enlarged paraphyses tips and large triseptate ascospores is described from Venezuela. The species grows in very humid situations near the ground in open paramo vegetation at high elevations. It is compared with other known asexually reproducing and triseptateBuelliataxa.
An enlarged concept ofLlimoniella(lichenicolousHelotiales), with a revised key to the species and notes on related genera
Authors: DIEDERICH Paul , ERTZ Damien , ETAYO Javier 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe new lichenicolousLlimoniella phaeophysciae, known from Italy, Spain and the USA (Arizona) onPhaeophyscia, resemblesGeltingia associatain the subcylindrical asci with uniseriate, shortly ellipsoid ascospores, but is distinguished by several important characters.Gelatinopsis acarosporicola,G. heppiae,Geltingia groenlandiaeandPsorotichia terricola(syn. nov.Gelatinopsis leptogii) are considered to be congeneric withL. phaeophysciae, although some of them have elongate clavate and not subcylindrical asci and they are consequently combined inLlimoniella. These five species are distinguished fromLlimoniellas.str. by a different excipular and epihymenial pigmentation not reacting with KOH and are treated as the informalL. phaeophysciaegroup. The newL. placopsidisis described fromPlacopsisin New Zealand. More complex pigmentation patterns are documented forL. pyrenulaeandL. ramalinae. A revised key to the species ofLlimoniellais presented.Gelatinopsis ericetorumandG. roccellaeare combined inRhymbocarpus. A redescription ofGeltingia associatais given.
Lichenostigma rupicolae(Lichenotheliaceae), a new lichenicolous species growing onPertusaria rupicola
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-BRIME Samantha , LLIMONA Xavier , NAVARRO-ROSINÉS Pere 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe lichenicolous fungusLichenostigma rupicolaeFdez.-Brime & Nav.-Ros., collected in France, Spain and Turkey, is described as new to science. It is found growing on the surface of the thalli and apothecia ofPertusaria rupicola, where it forms black patches of radiating plurihyphal strands connecting the fertile stromata. An updated key of the species of subgenusLichenogrammais included.
Violent crime runs in families: a total population study of 12.5 million individuals
Authors: Frisell T. , Lichtenstein P. , Långström N. 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundEtiological theory and prior research with small or selected samples suggest that interpersonal violence clusters in families. However, the strength and pattern of this aggregation remains mostly unknown.MethodWe investigated all convictions for violent crime in Sweden 1973–2004 among more than 12.5 million individuals in the nationwide Multi-Generation Register, and compared rates of violent convictions among relatives of violent individuals with relatives of matched, non-violent controls, using a nested case–control design.ResultsWe found strong familial aggregation of interpersonal violence among first-degree relatives [e.g. odds ratio (OR)sibling 4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.2–4.3], lower for more distant relatives (e.g. ORcousin 1.9, 95% CI 1.9–1.9). Risk patterns across biological and adoptive relations provided evidence for both genetic and environmental influences on the development of violent behavior. Familial risks were stronger among women, in higher socio-economic strata, and for early onset interpersonal violence. There were crime-specific effects (e.g. ORsibling for arson 22.4, 95% CI 12.2–41.2), suggesting both general and subtype-specific familial risk factors for violent behavior.ConclusionsThe observed familiality should be accounted for in criminological research, applied violence risk assessment, and prevention efforts.
Constructing the Empire: English Governors, Imperial Policy, and Inter-imperial Trade in New York City and the Leeward Islands, 1650–1689
Authors: Koot Christian J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstrsctThis article uses a comparative perspective to consider the role that English governors played in facilitating inter-imperial trade with the Dutch in New York City and the ports of the English Leeward Islands, including Bridgetown, Barbados, during the seventeenth century. As governors struggled to establish viable colonies these men worked to supply needed trade goods, often allowing their colonists to turn to Dutch colonies and the Netherlands as trading partners, understanding the ways in which these executives negotiated between imperial policies, primarily the Navigation Acts, and the needs of their charges is crucial to understanding how colonies developed. Further, investigating the ways in which governors fostered, regulated, or prevented inter-imperial trade with the Dutch illustrates how governors and colonists implemented and adapted mercantile policy in different colonies, places that depended upon the transfer of culture, goods and entrepreneurial activities across imperial boundaries. Complementing recent scholarship describing the extent of inter-imperial and cross-national trade in the seventeenth-century Atlantic, this article examines the impact English governors had on local merchant communities and their efforts to trade with the Dutch.
Negotiation, Trade and the Rituals of Encounter: An Examination of the Slave-Trading Voyage of De Zon, 1775–1776
Authors: Alexander Andrew 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe intention of this paper is to fill a gap in a rich yet underrepresented aspect of Indian Ocean slave history. I have elected to found this study on a close reading of a journal from a slave-trading vessel that sought slaves for the Cape in Madagascar in the mid-1770s. This vessel, De Zon, conducted a slave-trading operation on behalf of the VOC along the west coast of Madagascar from May 1775 to January 1776. I have undertaken a close reading of the journal maintained by the merchant of De Zon, so as to write a history sensitive to the daily experiences of the slave traders in Madagascar, as well as to the codes and discourse through which this experience was filtered.This paper is primarily concerned with the experience of negotiation and trading as it was recorded by the VOC merchants on the vessels, and is drawn predominantly from the first trading encounter of the crew of De Zon when they arrived in Madagascar in 1775. In contrast to the surveys that comprise the majority of the English-language scholarship on slave trading in Madagascar, this paper is founded on a close reading of particular episodes; it thus represents an attempt at a micronarrative that illustrates and details the historical experience of VOC slave trading on the island at a particular juncture.
Mare Liberumin the West Indies?: Hugo Grotius and the Case of theSwimming Lion, a Dutch Pirate in the Caribbean at the Turn of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: van Ittersum Martine Julia 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article reconstructs the voyage of theSwimming Lionto the Caribbean in 1595 and the court battle to which it gave rise. The Master mariner Gillis Dorenhoven was accused of piracy by Pedro d'Arana,contadorof Havana, who sued his employers before the Middelburg Admiralty Court in 1609–1610. Johan Boreel, the eldest son of one of the defendants, sought expert advice from his friend Hugo Grotius. The author ofMare Liberum, published in April 1609, became involved in the case at various levels. Pressure was put on the States General to revise their instructions for the Admiralty Court. Grotius also tried to convince the Admiralty judges that freedom of trade and navigation was a fundamental right of Dutch merchants in the West Indies and that Dorenhoven's actions should be seen in this light. For political reasons, he could not refer to the Americas inMare Liberum. Yet the case of theSwimming Lionreveals just how expansive his notion of freedom of trade and navigation really was.
Parental numeric language input to Mandarin Chinese and English speaking preschool children
Authors: CHANG ALICIA , SANDHOFER CATHERINE M. , ADELCHANOW LAUREN , ROTTMAN BENJAMIN 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the number-specific parental language input to Mandarin- and English-speaking preschool-aged children. Mandarin and English transcripts from the CHILDES database were examined for amount of numeric speech, specific types of numeric speech and syntactic frames in which numeric speech appeared. The results showed that Mandarin-speaking parents talked about number more frequently than English-speaking parents. Further, the ways in which parents talked about number terms in the two languages was more supportive of a cardinal interpretation in Mandarin than in English. We discuss these results in terms of their implications for numerical understanding and later mathematical performance.
Morphosyntactic annotation of CHILDES transcripts
Authors: SAGAE KENJI , DAVIS ERIC , LAVIE ALON , MACWHINNEY BRIAN , WINTNER SHULY 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTCorpora of child language are essential for research in child language acquisition and psycholinguistics. Linguistic annotation of the corpora provides researchers with better means for exploring the development of grammatical constructions and their usage. We describe a project whose goal is to annotate the English section of the CHILDES database with grammatical relations in the form of labeled dependency structures. We have produced a corpus of over 18,800 utterances (approximately 65,000 words) with manually curated gold-standard grammatical relation annotations. Using this corpus, we have developed a highly accurate data-driven parser for the English CHILDES data, which we used to automatically annotate the remainder of the English section of CHILDES. We have also extended the parser to Spanish, and are currently working on supporting more languages. The parser and the manually and automatically annotated data are freely available for research purposes.
Campylobacteriosis outbreak associated with ingestion of mud during a mountain bike race
Authors: STUART T. L. , SANDHU J. , STIRLING R. , CORDER J. , ELLIS A. , MISA P. , GOH S. , WONG B. , MARTIQUET P. , HOANG L. , GALANIS E. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYOne of the largest reported campylobacteriosis outbreaks in Canada occurred in June 2007 in British Columbia, associated with a mountain bike race that took place in muddy conditions. A retrospective cohort study was conducted and environmental samples were collected and tested. There were 537 racers included in the study and 225 racers (42%) reported diarrhoeal illness after the race.C. jejuniclinical isolates (n=14) were found to be identical by multi-locus sequence typing. Although univariate analysis suggested water consumption and mud exposure as significant risk factors, multivariate analysis revealed that on direct ingestion mud was significantly associated with illness (OR 4·08, 95% CI 2·03–8·21). Contaminated mud was thus the most likely source ofCampylobacterinfection. We identified other unpublished reports of outbreaks associated with bike races in rainy or muddy conditions; these underscore the importance of educating racers and raising public awareness of the risks of mud ingestion.
Characteristics of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in a psychiatric centre
Authors: TSENG C. Y. , CHEN C. H. , SU S. C. , WU F. T. , CHEN C. C. , HSIEH G. Y. , HUNG C. H. , FUNG C. P. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYNoroviruses are an important aetiological agent of acute gastroenteritis. They are responsible for large outbreaks of disease in the community, hospitals and long-term-care facilities. The clinical manifestations of norovirus outbreaks in psychiatric units are rarely described. The disease burden and impact highlight the importance of timely notification and investigation of these outbreaks. We analysed the characteristics of four norovirus outbreaks which occurred during a 3-year period in an in-patient psychiatric care unit. A total of 184 patients were affected which included 172 hospitalized patients, seven healthcare workers (HCWs) and five psychiatric nursing-home residents. The mean incidence rate of norovirus gastroenteritis (NVG) in hospitalized patients during these outbreaks was 12·7%. These outbreaks were characterized by higher incidence in middle-aged male patients, predominant sickness of diarrhoea, short duration of illness, peaks in late winter and early spring, and higher susceptibility in acute psychiatric patients. HCWs had longer duration of illness than psychiatric patients. More than 10% of affected patients experienced ⩾2 infections. Infection control measures were instituted and a comprehensive, responsive standard operating procedure for NVG and outbreak management was developed. After implementation of these measures, no further outbreaks of NVG occurred during the study period.
Human papillomavirus vaccination and social inequality: results from a prospective cohort study
Authors: ROBERTS S. A. , BRABIN L. , STRETCH R. , BAXTER D. , ELTON P. , KITCHENER H. , McCANN R. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYWe investigated the effect of social inequalities on the uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, combining data from a feasibility study conducted in 2007–2008 in 2817 secondary schoolgirls in two UK primary-care trusts, with census and child health records. Uptake was significantly lower in more deprived areas (P<0·001) and in ethnic minority girls (P=0·013). The relatively small proportion of parents who actively refused vaccination by returning a negative consent form were more likely to come from more advantaged areas (P<0·001). Non-responding parents were from more deprived (P<0·001) and ethnic minority (P=0·001) backgrounds. Girls who did not receive HPV vaccination were less likely to have received all their childhood immunizations particularly measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). Different approaches may be needed to maximize HPV vaccine uptake in engaged and non-responding parents, including ethnic-specific approaches for non-responders.
SMALE’S PROBLEM FOR CRITICAL POINTS ON CERTAIN TWO RAYS
Authors: HINKKANEN AIMO , KAYUMOV ILGIZ 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLet f be a polynomial of degree n≥2 with f(0)=0 and f′(0)=1. We prove that there is a critical point ζ of f with ∣f(ζ)/ζ∣≤1/2 provided that the critical points of f lie in the sector {reiθ:r>0,∣θ∣≤π/6}, and ∣f(ζ)/ζ∣<2/3 if they lie in the union of the two rays {1+re±iθ:r≥0}, where 0<θ≤π/2.
A NOTE ON SIMULTANEOUS CONGRUENCES, II: MORDELL REVISED
Authors: WOOLEY TREVOR D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWhen p is a prime number, and k1,…,kt are natural numbers with 1≤k1<k2<⋯<kt<p, we show that the simultaneous congruences ∑ t1xkji≡∑ t1ykjimod p (1≤j≤t) possess at most k1⋯ktpt solutions with 1≤xi,yi≤p (1≤i≤t). Analogous conclusions are provided when one or more of the exponents ki is negative.
Food security in the context of energy and resource depletion: Sustainable agriculture in developing countries
Authors: Flora Cornelia Butler 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFood insecurity remains high in most of sub-Saharan African. That insecurity is made even more acute by the increasing scarcity and degradation of natural resources. Low soil fertility is a consistent problem faced by agriculturalists and herders. The dominant international thrust to increase food production has been to stimulate trade, enhanced by technology and its transfer. While international bodies acknowledge the importance of small farmers, they operate as if improving the technologies, trade regimes and value chains that are characteristic of industrial agriculture will have the same results in local ecosystems in developing countries. Price volatility makes access to purchased inputs more risky for smallholders and the governments that subsidize those inputs. The diverse local contexts that serve as the base of African agriculture are thus assumed to be overridden by technology. In contrast, a systems approach that focuses on sustainability of the local ecosystem, social and cultural relationships and economic security can be as, or more productive than industrial agriculture and have a much better opportunity to increase food security in developing countries. Such a systems-based shift in practices, such as the application of conservation agriculture and integrated systemic approaches in Millennium Villages, have potential of addressing household livelihood strategies and production issues in a sustainable, farmer-based way. Resource-conserving agriculture has been shown to increase yields in developing countries. Priority should be given to developing technologies that follow the systems principles of sustainable agriculture, integrating biological and ecological processes (such as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, soil regeneration and biodiversity) into the production processes; minimizing use of non-renewable inputs that cause harm to the environment or to the health of farmers and consumers; and making productive use of the knowledge and skills of farmers and their collective capacities to work together to solve common problems. A variety of models are on the ground in Africa, and there is political will in the African Union to increase investment in agriculture. What sort of investments, policy interventions and capacity building are more effective in increasing productivity and the well-being of agricultural producers? Are strategies aimed at reducing the number of people involved in farming and herding viable in the context of a stagnant world economy?
Composition and genetic diversity of picoeukaryotes in subtropical coastal waters as revealed by 454 pyrosequencing
Authors: Cheung Man Kit , Au Chun Hang , Chu Ka Hou , Kwan Hoi Shan , Wong Chong Kim 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Information on genetic diversity of picoeukaryotes (&lt;2–3 μm) comes mainly from traditional gene cloning and sequencing, but this method suffers from cloning biases and limited throughput. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using the cloning-independent and massively parallel 454 pyrosequencing technology to study the composition and genetic diversity of picoeukaryotes in the coastal waters of the subtropical western Pacific using the hypervariable V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene. Picoeukaryote assemblages between two sites with different hydrography and trophic status were also compared. The approach gave a high coverage of the community at genetic difference ⩾5% but still underestimated the total diversity at a genetic difference ⩽2%. Diversity of picoeukaryotes was higher in an oligomesotrophic bay than in a eutrophic bay. Stramenopiles, dinoflagellates, ciliates and prasinophytes were the dominant groups comprising approximately 27, 19, 11 and 11%, respectively, of the picoeukaryotes. Water samples collected from the two bays contained different high-level taxonomic groups and phylotype operational taxonomic units of picoeukaryotes. Our study represents one of the first and most comprehensive examinations of marine picoeukaryotic diversity using the 454 sequencing-by-synthesis technology.
Bacterial diversity in the oral cavity of 10 healthy individuals
Authors: Bik Elisabeth M , Long Clara Davis , Armitage Gary C , Loomer Peter , Emerson Joanne , Mongodin Emmanuel F , Nelson Karen E , Gill Steven R , Fraser-Liggett Claire M , Relman David A 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The composition of the oral microbiota from 10 individuals with healthy oral tissues was determined using culture-independent techniques. From each individual, 26 specimens, each from different oral sites at a single point in time, were collected and pooled. An 11th pool was constructed using portions of the subgingival specimens from all 10 individuals. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified using broad-range bacterial primers, and clone libraries from the individual and subgingival pools were constructed. From a total of 11 368 high-quality, nonchimeric, near full-length sequences, 247 species-level phylotypes (using a 99% sequence identity threshold) and 9 bacterial phyla were identified. At least 15 bacterial genera were conserved among all 10 individuals, with significant interindividual differences at the species and strain level. Comparisons of these oral bacterial sequences with near full-length sequences found previously in the large intestines and feces of other healthy individuals suggest that the mouth and intestinal tract harbor distinct sets of bacteria. Co-occurrence analysis showed significant segregation of taxa when community membership was examined at the level of genus, but not at the level of species, suggesting that ecologically significant, competitive interactions are more apparent at a broader taxonomic level than species. This study is one of the more comprehensive, high-resolution analyses of bacterial diversity within the healthy human mouth to date, and highlights the value of tools from macroecology for enhancing our understanding of bacterial ecology in human health.
Activation of human pro-urokinase by unrelated proteases secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Beaufort Nathalie , Seweryn Paulina , de Bentzmann Sophie , Tang Aihua , Kellermann Josef , Grebenchtchikov Nicolai , Schmitt Manfred , Sommerhoff Christian P. , Pidard Dominique , Magdolen Viktor 
Published: March 2010

Pathogenic bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, interact with and engage the host plasminogen (Plg) activation system, which encompasses the urokinase (uPA)-type Plg activator, and is involved in extracellular proteolysis, including matrilysis and fibrinolysis. We hypothesized that secreted bacterial proteases might contribute to the activation of this major extracellular proteolytic system, thereby participating in bacterial dissemination. We report that LasB, a thermolysin-like metalloprotease secreted by Ps. aeruginosa, converts the human uPA zymogen into its active form (kcat=4.9 s−1, Km=8.9 μM). Accordingly, whereas the extracellular secretome from the LasB-expressing pseudomonal strain PAO1 efficiently activates pro-uPA, the secretome from the isogenic LasB-deficient strain PDO240 is markedly less potent in pro-uPA activation. Still, both secretomes induce some metalloprotease-independent activation of the human zymogen. The latter involves a serine protease, which we identified via both recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli and purification from pseudomonal cultures as protease IV (PIV; kcat=0.73 s−1, Km=6.2 μM). In contrast, neither secretomes nor the pure proteases activate Plg. Along with this, LasB converts Plg into mini-Plg and angiostatin, whereas, as reported previously, it processes the uPA receptor, inactivates the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and activates pro-matrix metalloproteinase 2. PIV does not target these factors at all. To conclude, LasB and PIV, although belonging to different protease families and displaying quite different substrate specificities, both activate the urokinase-type precursor of the Plg activation cascade. Direct pro-uPA activation, as also reported for other bacterial proteases, might be a frequent phenomenon that contributes to bacterial virulence.