bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early assessment of visual acuity after cataract surgery in rural Indonesia
Authors: Bani Anna , Wang Dandan , Congdon Nathan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackground:  The accuracy and impact on service uptake of early examination after cataract surgery is not known.Design:  Prospective cohort study.Participants:  Cataract patients in rural IndonesiaMethods:  Visual acuity was measured preoperatively, 1 day, 1–3, 4–6 and >12 weeks after surgery, and 6–8 months postoperatively at an outreach examination. Acceptance of second‐eye surgery and spectacles was evaluated.Main outcome measure:  Presenting visual acuity in the operated eye.Results:  Among 241 subjects (extracapsular surgery 84%), examinations at 1 day, 1–3, 4–6 and >12 weeks and 6–8 months were completed for 100% (241), 90.9% (219), 67.6% (163), 22.0% (53) and 80.0% (193), respectively. Among subjects at the final examination (mean age 65.8 ± 10.6 years, 51.8% male), 73.6% had bilateral preoperative presenting visual acuity ≤ 6/60. By 4–6 weeks, the proportion with good (≥6/18) or poor (≤6/60) visual acuity did not differ significantly from the final examination. Among 49 persons accepting free second‐eye surgery, 69.4% (34) and 16.3% (8) returned to clinic at 4–6 and >12 weeks, respectively. Among 131 patients (67.9%) paying US$7 for glasses, 94 (71.8%) and 30 (22.9%) attended 4‐ to 6‐ and >12‐week examinations, respectively.Conclusion:  Even with large‐incision surgery, early assessment of postoperative vision is representative of final vision, and may help deliver postoperative services to more of those needing them.
Small interfering RNA targeting for infected‐cell polypeptide 4 inhibits herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: Duan Fang , Ni Shiming , Nie Yuhong , Huang Qiang , Wu Kaili 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackground:  This study sought to inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 replication using small interfering RNA which targeting infected‐cell polypeptide 4 genes to mediate transcription of early and late viral genes in herpes simplex virus type 1 lytic (productive) infection in retina epithelial cells.Methods:  After pre‐ or post‐infecting with herpes simplex virus type 1, small interfering RNAs were transfected into retina epithelial cells. The antiviral effects of small interfering RNA were evaluated by Western blot, plaque assays, indirect immunofluorescence and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The viral titre was detected by the 50% tissue culture infective dose method.Results:  Small interfering RNA decreased infected‐cell polypeptide 4 expression in retina epithelial cells that were infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 before or after small interfering RNA transfection. Compared with herpes simplex virus type 1 infection alone or transfection with negative control small interfering RNA, the viral titre and the retina epithelial cell cytopathic effect were significantly decreased in retina epithelial cells transfected with infected‐cell polypeptide 4‐targeting small interfering RNA (50 and 100 nM) (P < 0.05). The small interfering RNA effectively silenced herpes simplex virus type 1 infected‐cell polypeptide 4 expression on both mRNA and the protein levels (P < 0.05). The inhibition of infected‐cell polypeptide 4‐targeting small interfering RNA on infected‐cell polypeptide 4 protein expression was also verified by Western blot in herpes simplex virus type 1 infected human cornea epithelial cell, human trabecular meshwork cells and Vero cells.Conclusions:  Infected‐cell polypeptide 4‐targeting small interfering RNA can inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in retina epithelial cells, providing a foundation for development of RNA interference as an antiviral therapy.
Effects of the alpha‐2 adrenoceptor agonist guanfacine on attention and working memory in aged non‐human primates
Authors: Decamp Emmanuel , Clark Kathryn , Schneider Jay S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAlpha‐2 adrenergic receptors are potential targets for ameliorating cognitive deficits associated with aging as well as certain pathologies such as attention deficit disorder, schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. Although the alpha‐2 agonist guanfacine has been reported to improve working memory in aged primates, it has been difficult to assess the extent to which these improvements may be related to drug effects on attention and/or memory processes involved in task performance. The present study investigated effects of guanfacine on specific attention and memory tasks in aged monkeys. Four Rhesus monkeys (18–21 years old) performed a sustained attention (continuous performance) task and spatial working memory task (self‐ordered spatial search) that has minimal demands on attention. Effects of a low (0.0015 mg/kg) and high (0.5 mg/kg) dose of gunafacine were examined. Low‐dose guanfacine improved performance on the attention task [i.e. decreased omission errors by 50.8 ± 4.3% (P = 0.001) without an effect on commission errors] but failed to improve performance on the spatial working memory task. The high dose of guanfacine had no effects on either task. Guanfacine may have a preferential effect on some aspects of attention in normal aged monkeys and in doing so may also improve performance on other tasks, including some working memory tasks that have relatively high attention demands.
Marginal Tax Rates and Tax‐Favoured Pension Savings of the Self‐Employed: Evidence from Sweden*
Authors: Selin Håkan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn recent years, the study of how individuals respond to policies that aim at promoting pension savings has emerged as a vital area of economic research. This paper adds to this body of literature by estimating the tax price elasticity of contributions to tax‐favoured pension‐savings accounts on a population of self‐employed individuals. I exploit a unique total database over the Swedish population that covers the years 1999–2005. Using instrumental variables, I obtain a tax price elasticity estimate of −0.51 and an income elasticity estimate of 0.13, whereas ordinary least‐squares (OLS) produces estimates that conflict with consumer theory.
Intergenerational Earnings Mobility Revisited: Estimates Based on Lifetime Earnings*
Authors: Nilsen Øivind Anti , Vaage Kjell , Aakvik Arild , Jacobsen Karl 
Published: August 2011

AbstractUsing Norwegian intergenerational data, which include a substantial part of the life‐cycle earnings for children and almost the entire life‐cycle earnings for their fathers, we present new estimates of intergenerational mobility. Extending the length of fathers’ earnings window from 5 to 25 years increases estimated elasticities. Increasing the age at which fathers’ earnings are observed has the opposite effect. Biases in the estimated elasticities are related to both transitory earnings variation and life‐cycle measurement error; the former appear to be more important than the latter. Estimation bias stemming from persistence in transitory innovations plays only a minor role. Our findings indicate that intergenerational earnings mobility in Norway might have been strongly overstated in many earlier studies with shorter earnings histories. Some of our new estimates are twice as large as earlier estimates.
Anger Expression and Persistence in Young Children
Authors: He Jie , Xu Qinmei , Degnan Kathryn Amey 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis study investigated anger expression during toy removal (TR) in 92 young Chinese children, two to five years of age, and its relations to their persistence in responding to obstacles during two challenging tasks with highly desirable goals [TR and locked box (LB)] and one challenging task with a less desirable goal [impossible perfect circles (IPC)]. Anger expression during TR was positively associated with persistence during TR and LB but not during IPC. The results highlighted the positive effects of anger in the development of persistence.
Sexually Transmitted Infections and Unintended Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Analysis of Risk Transmission Through Friends and Attitudes
Authors: Henry David B. , Deptula Daneen P. , Schoeny Michael E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractData from 1,087 adolescent participants in three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to examine the effects of peer selection and socialization processes in adolescence on later reports of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and unintended pregnancies. Friends' attitudes and behavior were assessed with friends' reports. Among male adolescents, there was evidence for selection effects on STI diagnoses and socialization effects on reports of unintended pregnancy, both involving friends' attitudes. Among female adolescents, there was evidence for long‐term effects of both socialization and selection processes involving same‐sex friends' attitudes. Discussion focuses on the importance of peer and individual attitudes as potential intervention targets.
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Incidence and treatment outcome in a single institution in Korea
Authors: LIM Taekyu , LEE Jeeyun , KIM Jae J , LEE Jong Kyun , LEE Kyu Taek , KIM Young Ho , KIM Kwang‐Won , KIM Sung , SOHN Tae Sung , CHOI Dong Wook , CHOI Seong Ho , CHUN Ho‐Kyung , LEE Woo Young , KIM Kyoung‐Mee , JANG Kee‐Taek , PARK Young Suk 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim:  We studied to identify the clinicopathological features, treatment outcome, and prognostic factors for patients with gastrointestinal and hepatopancreaticobiliary neuroendocrine tumor (NET).Method:  Between February 2001 and May 2006, a total of 470 patients were diagnosed with NET arising from the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and hepatobiliary system. The retrospective patient cohort was obtained and analyzed.Results:  The male to female ratio was 1.5:1, and the median age was 55 years (range, 16–81). The most common primary site was the rectum (55.8%). Overall 29 (6.2%) originated from the hepatobiliary system. At initial presentation, 60 patients (12.8%) showed distant metastases. Curative surgery or endoscopic resection was performed in 401 patients. Histopathological distributions were as follows: well differentiated tumor (82.1%), well differentiated carcinoma (10.2%) and poorly differentiated carcinoma (7.7%). The frequency of the poorly differentiated type was somewhat higher in the hepatobiliary system than in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract (44.8, 15.4 and 2.8%, respectively, P < 0.05). The estimated 5‐year overall survival rate for all patients was 89.6%. Multivariate analysis showed that distant metastases (P = 0.018), origin from the hepatobiliary system (P < 0.001) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (P < 0.001) were independent predictors for poor survival outcome.Conclusion:  Patients with locoregional NET had a favorable long‐term survival after curative resection. Distant metastases, hepatobiliary localization and a poor degree of tumor cell differentiation were poor prognostic factors. Further investigational approaches for treatment of advanced disease are needed.
Small Cell Lung Cancer: Patterns of care and their influence on survival – 25 years experience of a single Australian oncology unit
Authors: BISHNOI Sarwan , PITTMAN Kenneth , COLBECK Margaret , TOWNSEND Amanda , HARDINGHAM Jennifer , SUKUMARAN Shawgi , HOOPER Beverley , TUCK Margaret , RODER David , LUKE Colin , PRICE Timothy 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim:  Evidence supporting improved outcomes for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in recent decades is limited. This study aimed to identify patterns of care and survival over two time periods; 1 January 1987 to 31 December 1996 (cohort A) and 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006 9 (cohort B).Methods:  Patients' characteristics, management and outcome data were extracted from the Hospital Cancer Registry and clinical records. Survival analysis was determined using the Kaplan–Meier method and the log–rank test. Factors influencing survival outcome were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression.Results:  The total number of patients was 392 (224 in cohort A, 168 in cohort B). Overall 38% patients in cohort A and 24% in cohort B had limited stage (LS) disease at diagnosis. Combined chemoradiotherapy for LS increased from 5% in cohort A to 65% in cohort B. Overall 19% of patients in cohort A and 24% in cohort B received symptomatic treatment alone (STA). Median survival for LS in cohort B was significantly higher (19.5 months), than in cohort A (11.8 months) (P = 0.03). In extensive stage (ES) disease, median survival was 6.2 months in cohort A and 4.3 months in cohort B (P = 0.7). Variables for poorer outcome were STA, male gender, poor performance status, ES and whether the diagnosis was made in the earlier time period in cohort A.Conclusion:  Outcomes for LS SCLC have improved with combined chemoradiotherapy, in keeping with worldwide data. The trends may also reflect recent improvements in staging and standardization of treatment. The outcome for ES‐SCLC remains poor.
Dietetic care of hip fracture patients across Australia: Are we doing enough?
Authors: MILTE Rachel , MILLER Michelle 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim:  To determine the composition of usual nutrition care provided by Australian dietitians to patients with a falls related femoral neck fracture.Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey administered via the World Wide Web using SurveyMonkey to dietitians across Australia.Results:  One hundred and sixty‐eight dietitians working with patients with a femoral neck fracture in Australia responded to the survey. Few dietitians (n = 7) indicated they worked in the community setting. Nutritional screening was used among respondents (n = 93), but 32/93 indicated they did not use a validated tool. Most commonly used interventions included strategies to increase intake of nutrients, such as provision of nourishing meals, snacks and oral supplements.Conclusions:  Some concerns remain regarding provision of optimal nutritional care of femoral neck fracture patients in Australia. There were few respondents working in the community with falls related femoral neck fracture patients, with a greater number of dietitians working in the metropolitan area responding to the survey. The Dietitians working in this area are implementing a great variety of screening methods, with a large number using non‐validated screening tools. Clearer guidelines for health professionals involved in femoral neck fracture aftercare would be beneficial to standardise care in this area. A useful first step for dietitians would be to advocate for the use of evidence‐based practice resources in selection of site and age appropriate nutrition screening tools.
Detecting sweet and umami tastes in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Iwatsuki K. , Ichikawa R. , Uematsu A. , Kitamura A. , Uneyama H. , Torii K. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractInformation about nutrients is a critical part of food selection in living creatures. Each animal species has developed its own way to safely seek and obtain the foods necessary for them to survive and propagate. Necessarily, humans and other vertebrates have developed special chemosensory organs such as taste and olfactory organs. Much attention, recently, has been given to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as another chemosensory organ. Although the GI tract had been considered to be solely for digestion and absorption of foods and nutrients, researchers have recently found taste‐signalling elements, including receptors, in this tissue. Further studies have revealed that taste cells in the oral cavity and taste‐like cells in the GI tract appear to share common characteristics. Major receptors to detect umami, sweet and bitter are found in the GI tract, and it is now proposed that taste‐like cells reside in the GI tract to sense nutrients and help maintain homeostasis. In this review, we summarize recent findings of chemoreception especially through sweet and umami sensors in the GI tract. In addition, the possibility of purinergic transmission from taste‐like cells in the GI tract to vagus nerves is discussed.
The Role of Autophagy in Cancer: Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Yang Zhineng J. , Chee Cheng E. , Huang Shengbing , Sinicrope Frank A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic, catabolic degradation process whereby cellular proteins and organelles are engulfed by autophagosomes, digested in lysosomes, and recycled to sustain cellular metabolism. Autophagy has dual roles in cancer, acting as both a tumor suppressor by preventing the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles and as a mechanism of cell survival that can promote the growth of established tumors. Tumor cells activate autophagy in response to cellular stress and/or increased metabolic demands related to rapid cell proliferation. Autophagy-related stress tolerance can enable cell survival by maintaining energy production that can lead to tumor growth and therapeutic resistance. As shown in preclinical models, inhibition of autophagy restored chemosensitivity and enhanced tumor cell death. These results established autophagy as a therapeutic target and led to multiple early phase clinical trials in humans to evaluate autophagy inhibition using hydroxychloroquine in combination with chemotherapy or targeted agents. Targeting autophagy in cancer will provide new opportunities for drug development, because more potent and specific inhibitors of autophagy are needed. The role of autophagy and its regulation in cancer cells continues to emerge, and studies aim to define optimal strategies to modulate autophagy for therapeutic advantage. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(9); 1533–41. ©2011 AACR.
Activation of the Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Induces Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antagonism in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Jameson Mark J. , Beckler Andrew D. , Taniguchi Linnea E. , Allak Amir , VanWagner Lisa B. , Lee Nora G. , Thomsen William C. , Hubbard Matthew A. , Thomas Christopher Y. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have poor efficacy in head and neck squamous carcinoma cells (HNSCC). Because the IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) generates potent prosurvival signals and has been implicated in therapeutic resistance, its ability to induce resistance to EGFR-TKIs was studied in vitro. Five HNSCC cell lines showed reduced sensitivity to the EGFR-TKI gefitinib when the IGF1R was activated. In SCC-25 and Cal27 cells, gefitinib inhibited basal and EGF-stimulated EGFR, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (Erk), and Akt phosphorylation and reduced cell number. This correlated with initiation of apoptosis based on a 4-fold increase in PARP cleavage and a 2.5-fold increase in Annexin V positivity. The apoptotic response and reduction in cell number were blocked by IGF1R activation, which resulted in phosphorylation of both Erk and Akt. In both the cell lines, IGF1R-induced Erk, but not Akt, activation was eliminated by gefitinib. IGF1R-induced gefitinib resistance was unaffected by MAP/Erk kinase inhibition with U0126 but was partially impaired by inhibition of phosphoinositide-3-kinase with LY294002. The IGF1R-TKI PQ401 inhibited growth of SCC-25 and Cal27 cells alone and also acted synergistically with gefitinib. Thus, the IGF1R can make HNSCC cells resistant to EGFR-TKI treatment via a prosurvival mechanism. Of the 8 HNSCC tumor samples studied, all samples expressed the IGF1R and 5 showed detectable IGF1R phosphorylation, suggesting that this receptor may be relevant in vivo, and thus, combined EGFR/IGF1R inhibition may be necessary in some patients for effective targeted molecular therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(11); 2124–34. ©2011 AACR.
Effects of Age on the Neural Correlates of Familiarity as Indexed by ERPs
Authors: Wang Tracy H. , de Chastelaine Marianne , Minton Brian , Rugg Michael D. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
ERPs were recorded from samples of young (18–29 years) and older (63–77 years) participants while they performed a modified “remember–know” recognition memory test. ERP correlates of familiarity-driven recognition were obtained by contrasting the waveforms elicited by unrecollected test items accorded “confident old” and “confident new” judgments. Correlates of recollection were identified by contrasting the ERPs elicited by items accorded “remember” and confident old judgments. Behavioral analyses revealed lower estimates of both recollection and familiarity in older participants than in young participants. The putative ERP correlate of recollection—the “left parietal old–new effect”—was evident in both age groups, although it was slightly but significantly smaller in the older sample. By contrast, the putative ERP correlate of familiarity—the “midfrontal old–new effect”—could be identified in young participants only. This age-related difference in the sensitivity of ERPs to familiarity was also evident in subgroups of young and older participants, in whom familiarity-based recognition performance was equivalent. Thus, the inability to detect a reliable midfrontal old–new effect in older participants was not a consequence of an age-related decline in the strength of familiarity. These findings raise the possibility that familiarity-based recognition memory depends upon qualitatively different memory signals in older and young adults.
Brain lesion location and clinical status 20 years after a diagnosis of clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Dalton CM , Bodini B , Samson RS , Battaglini M , Fisniku LK , Thompson AJ , Ciccarelli O , Miller DH , Chard DT 
Published: August 2011

Background/Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate associations between the spatial distribution of brain lesions and clinical outcomes in a cohort of people followed up 20 years after presentation with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Brain lesion probability maps (LPMs) of T1 and T2 lesions were generated from 74 people who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical assessment a mean of 19.9 years following a CIS. One-tailed t-test statistics were used to compare LPMs between the following groups: clinically definite (CD) MS and those who remained with CIS, with an abnormal MRI; people with MS and an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤3 and >3; people with relapsing–remitting (RR) and secondary progressive (SP) MS. The probability of each voxel being lesional was analysed adjusting for age and gender using a multiple linear regression model. Results: People with CDMS were significantly more likely than those with CIS and abnormal scan 20 years after onset to have T1 and T2 lesions in the corona radiata, optic radiation, and splenium of the corpus callosum (periventricularly) and T2 lesions in the right fronto-occipital fasciculus. People with MS EDSS >3, compared with those with EDSS ≤3, were more likely to have optic radiation and left internal capsule T2 lesions. No significant difference in lesion distribution was noted between RRMS and SPMS. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that lesion location characteristics are associated with CDMS and disability after long-term follow-up following a CIS. The lack of lesion spatial distribution differences between RRMS and SPMS suggests focal pathology affects similar regions in both subgroups.