bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Matrix metalloproteinase 28, a novel matrix metalloproteinase, is constitutively expressed in human intervertebral disc tissue and is present in matrix of more degenerated discs
Authors: Gruber Helen E , Ingram Jane A , Hoelscher Gretchen L , Zinchenko Natalia , Norton H James , Hanley Edward N 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Introduction
The regulation and elevation in expression of the catabolic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is of high importance in the human intervertebral disc since upregulation of these matrix-degrading enzymes results in matrix destruction associated with disc degeneration. MMP28 (epilysin) is a newly discovered MMP believed to play a role in matrix composition and turnover in skin. It is present in basal keratinocytes where its expression is upregulated with wound repair, and in cartilage and synovium where it is upregulated in osteoarthritis. Recent work has shown that mechanical compression can act to modulate expression of MMP28. The expression of MMP28 is unexplored in the intervertebral disc.

Methods
Following approval by our human subjects institutional review board, we employed microarray analyses to evaluate in vivo expression of MMP28 and the MMP28 precursor in human disc tissue, and utilized immunohistochemistry to determine cellular and extracellular matrix localization of MMP28 in 35 human disc tissue specimens. The percentage of cells positive for MMP28 immunocytochemical localization was also determined.

Results
The present work documents the expression and presence of MMP28 in cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) of the human intervertebral disc. Gene expression levels in human disc tissue were detectable for both MMP28 and the MMP28 precursor. MMP28 cytoplasmic localization was present in cells of the outer annulus; it was also present in some, but not all, cells of the inner annulus and nucleus. MMP28 was not found in the ECM of healthier Grade I to II discs, but was identified in the ECM of 61% of the more degenerated Grade III to V discs (P = 0.0018). There was a significant difference in cellular MMP28 distribution in the disc (P = 0.008): the outer annulus showed the largest percentage of cells positive for MMP28 immunolocalization, followed by the inner annulus and then the nucleus. Herniated discs showed a significantly greater proportion of MMP28-positive cells compared with nonherniated discs (P = 0.034).

Conclusions
Findings presented here show the first documentation of intervertebral disc expression and production of MMP28. MMP28 was found in both disc cell cytoplasm and in the ECM of more degenerated specimens, with greater cellular localization in the outer annulus and in herniated disc specimens. These findings are important because of the key role of MMPs in disc turnover and homeostasis, and previous indications of a role for this MMP in matrix repair and matrix turnover in other tissues. Our data, which show the presence of MMP28 in human disc tissue, suggest that MMP28 may have a potentially important role in ECM modulation in the healthy and degenerating disc.
Estimation of the diameter and cross-sectional area of the internal jugular veins in adult patients
Authors: Tartière Déborah , Seguin Philippe , Juhel Charlotte , Laviolle Bruno , Mallédant Yannick 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Unawareness of an asymmetry between the right and left internal jugular vein (IJV) and methodological pitfalls in previous studies raise concerns about such asymmetry. Hence the aim of this prospective non-interventional study was to validate the hypothesis that right IJV diameter is greater than those of left IJV and to determine the cross-sectional area of the IJVs using computed tomography (CT)-scans and original automatic software.

Methods
All consecutive adult outpatients who underwent a thoracic contrast-enhanced (TCE) helical CT-scan during a 5-month period were included. To determine diameter and cross sectional area of the IJVs, we used Advanced Vessel Analysis software integrated in a CT-scan (Advanced Vessel Analysis on Advantage Workstation Windows 4.2; General Electrics) allowing automatic segmentation of vessels and calculation of their diameters and cross-sectional areas.

Results
A total of 360 TCE CT-scans was performed; 170 were excluded from the analysis. On the remaining 190 CT scans, the diameter and cross-sectional area of the right IJV were significantly greater than those of the left IJV (17 ± 5 mm [median: 17 mm, range: 13 to 20 mm] vs. 14 ± 5 mm [median: 13 mm, range: 10 to 16 mm], P < 0.001; and 181 ± 111 mm2 [median: 160 mm2, range: 108 to 235 mm2] vs. 120 ± 81 mm2 [median: 102 mm2, range: 63 to 168 mm2], P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions
In a general population of adult outpatients, the diameter and cross-sectional area of the right IJV were significantly greater than those of the left IJV. This could be an additional argument to prefer right over left IJV cannulation.
Pharmacokinetics and lung delivery of PDDS-aerosolized amikacin (NKTR-061) in intubated and mechanically ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia
Authors: Luyt Charles-Edouard , Clavel Marc , Guntupalli Kalpalatha , Johannigman Jay , Kennedy John I , Wood Christopher , Corkery Kevin , Gribben Dennis , Chastre Jean 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Aminoglycosides aerosolization might achieve better diffusion into the alveolar compartment than intravenous use. The objective of this multicenter study was to evaluate aerosol-delivered amikacin penetration into the alveolar epithelial lining fluid (ELF) using a new vibrating mesh nebulizer (Pulmonary Drug Delivery System (PDDS), Nektar Therapeutics), which delivers high doses to the lungs.

Methods
Nebulized amikacin (400 mg bid) was delivered to the lungs of 28 mechanically ventilated patients with Gram-negative VAP for 7-14 days, adjunctive to intravenous therapy. On treatment day 3, 30 minutes after completing aerosol delivery, all the patients underwent bronchoalveolar lavage in the infection-involved area and the ELF amikacin concentration was determined. The same day, urine and serum amikacin concentrations were determined at different time points.

Results
Median (range) ELF amikacin and maximum serum amikacin concentrations were 976.1 (135.7-16127.6) and 0.9 (0.62-1.73) μg/mL, respectively. The median total amount of amikacin excreted in urine during the first and second 12-hour collection on day 3 were 19 (12.21-28) and 21.2 (14.1-29.98) μg, respectively. During the study period, daily through amikacin measurements were below the level of nephrotoxicity. Sixty-four unexpected adverse events were reported, among which 2 were deemed possibly due to nebulized amikacin: one episode of worsening renal failure, and one episode of bronchospasm.

Conclusions
PDDS delivery of aerosolized amikacin achieved very high aminoglycoside concentrations in ELF from radiography-controlled infection-involved zones, while maintaining safe serum amikacin concentrations. The ELF concentrations always exceeded the amikacin minimum inhibitory concentrations for Gram-negative microorganisms usually responsible for these pneumonias. The clinical impact of amikacin delivery with this system remains to be determined.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01021436.
The murine IL-8 homologues KC, MIP-2, and LIX are found in endothelial cytoplasmic granules but not in Weibel-Palade bodies
Authors: Hol Johanna , Wilhelmsen Linn , Haraldsen Guttorm 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Some human chemokines are stored for regulated secretion in endothelial cells but such sorting has not been described until now in the mouse.
Rapid translocation of P-selectin from WPB to the surface of endothelial cells is crucial for early neutrophil recruitment to acute inflammatory lesions. Likewise, the chemokine CXCL8/IL-8 is sorted to WPB in human endothelial cells, but little is known about its functional importance in lack of a suitable animal model. Here, we explored the distribution of the functional IL-8 homologues CXCL1/KC, CXCL2/MIP-2, and CXCL5-6/LIX in resting and inflamed murine vessels by confocal microscopy and paired immunostaining with markers of WPB, discovering that these chemokines did not localize to WPB but displayed a granular pattern in a subset of vessels in healthy skin compatible with sorting to the type 2 endothelial compartment for regulated secretion. Moreover, all chemokines colocalized with VWF and P-selectin in platelets, suggesting that their storage in platelet α-granules might represent an alternative source of rapidly available, neutrophil-recruiting chemokines. In conclusion, WPB appear not to be involved in regulated secretion of chemokines in the mouse, and instead, the possible existence of type 2 granules and the role of platelets in rapid leukocyte adhesion deserve further attention.
Dendritic cells transmit HIV-1 through human small intestinal mucosa
Authors: Shen Ruizhong , Smythies Lesley E , Clements Ronald H , Novak Lea , Smith Phillip D 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Human intestinal dendritic cells take up, transport, and transmit HIV-1 to lamina propria and peripheral blood lymphocytes.
To dissect the early events in the transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child, we investigated whether DCs participate in HIV-1 entry into human small intestinal mucosa. We isolated human MNLs from jejunal lamina propria and identified a subpopulation of CD11c+HLA-DR+ MNLs that expressed DC-SIGN, CD83, CD86, CD206, and CCR7, indicating a DC phenotype. Jejunal DCs also expressed the HIV-1 receptor CD4 and coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 and in suspension rapidly took up cell-free HIV-1. HIV-1 inoculated onto the apical surface of explanted jejunum was transported by lamina propria DCs through the mucosa and transmitted in trans to blood and intestinal lymphocytes. These findings indicate that in addition to intestinal epithelial cells, which we showed previously transcytose infectious HIV-1 to indicator cells, intestinal DCs play an important role in transporting HIV-1 through the intestinal mucosa and the subsequent transmission to T cells.
Lack of host SPARC enhances vascular function and tumor spread in an orthotopic murine model of pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Arnold Shanna A. , Rivera Lee B. , Miller Andrew F. , Carbon Juliet G. , Dineen Sean P. , Xie Yang , Castrillon Diego H. , Sage E. Helene , Puolakkainen Pauli , Bradshaw Amy D. , Brekken Rolf A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYUtilizing subcutaneous tumor models, we previously validated SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) as a key component of the stromal response, where it regulated tumor size, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix deposition. In the present study, we demonstrate that pancreatic tumors grown orthotopically in Sparc-null (Sparc−/−) mice are more metastatic than tumors grown in wild-type (Sparc+/+) littermates. Tumors grown in Sparc−/− mice display reduced deposition of fibrillar collagens I and III, basement membrane collagen IV and the collagen-associated proteoglycan decorin. In addition, microvessel density and pericyte recruitment are reduced in tumors grown in the absence of host SPARC. However, tumors from Sparc−/− mice display increased permeability and perfusion, and a subsequent decrease in hypoxia. Finally, we found that tumors grown in the absence of host SPARC exhibit an increase in alternatively activated macrophages. These results suggest that increased tumor burden in the absence of host SPARC is a consequence of reduced collagen deposition, a disrupted vascular basement membrane, enhanced vascular function and an immune-tolerant, pro-metastatic microenvironment.
Macroscopic Phase Separation in a Tetraethoxysilane–Water Binary Sol–Gel System
Authors: Kajihara Koichi , Kuwatani Shungo , Maehana Ryohei , Kanamura Kiyoshi 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A procedure to prepare macroporous silica gels from an acid-catalyzed tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)–water binary system was developed, and the macroscopic morphology formation was examined at a range of conditions under controlled reaction temperature. This procedure involves two-step mixing of TEOS and water containing pH control agents. The gel morphology is significantly influenced by the solution composition in each mixing step, even if the overall solution composition is unchanged. The macroscopic morphology is formed by phase separation between hydrophobic silica oligomers modified by unhydrolyzed ethoxy groups and hydrophilic solvent mixture consisting of water and ethanol generated from TEOS. The morphology can be described as an aggregation of macroscopic particles, which are most likely formed by the spinodal decomposition and subsequent fragmentation of the silica-rich phase occurring at the solvent-rich side of a miscibility gap. The resultant macroporous gels are dried in a relatively short time to obtain crack-free monolithic silica xerogels, which are useful as silica glass precursors.
The Dialectal Survey: A Critical Revision of Some Methodological Aspects
Authors: Aurrekoetxea Gotzon , Perea Maria-Pilar 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The methodological aspects that characterize any dialectal survey were defined in Jules Gilliéron's Atlas Linguistique de la France (Champion, 1902–1910) and they were the starting point for later dialectal works. From then on, the number of informants interviewed, the qualities of the researcher or the typology of the questionnaire are characteristics that determine the design and the realization of any atlas. This paper examines different methodological aspects related to the dialectal survey and proposes a method that gives account of the progressive variation observed in the speakers of a cohesive dialectal territory.
The Influence of the Grammatical Category of Number on Neuter Nouns in Slovene Dialects
Authors: Jakop Tjaša 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses the gender changes that can take place in neuter nouns in Slovene dialects on the basis of number (singular, plural and dual). Using linguistic geography methods and material collected for the ongoing ‘Slovene Linguistic Atlas’ (SLA), the forms of a selected neuter noun are presented on three linguistic maps, which show the geographical spread of the gender changes. The paper also draws a comparison with earlier syntheses of these phenomena in Slovene.
Year of first attestation of Standard Japanese Forms and Gravity Centre by Railway Distance
Authors: Inoue Fumio 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In this paper two simplification techniques are used in order to represent geographical distribution patterns of standard Japanese. The first technique is a representation of two-dimensional geographical distribution patterns in one dimension. The second is the plotting of geographical locations making use of railway distances from cultural centres. By simplifying the two-dimensional geographical distribution into one by railway distance, another dimension on a sheet of paper can show one other characteristic of standard Japanese forms. In order to see the patterns of distribution of Japanese standard forms, numerical data based on the Linguistic Atlas of Japan are utilized. Gravity centres of railway distance are calculated for each standard Japanese form, and correspondence with the degree of nationwide usage and the year of first attestation in historical documents is considered. Two-dimensional graphs (scattergrams) of the three factors are considered.
Simultaneous eicosanoid profiling and identification by liquid chromatography and hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry for metabolomic studies in human plasma / Multiparametrische Bestimmung und Identifizierung von Eikosanoiden mit Flüssigchromatographie in Kombination mit Hybrid-Quadrupol/lineare Ionenfallen Massenspektrometrie für Metabolom-Studien in Humanplasma
Authors: Kortz Linda , Geyer Roland , Ludwig Ute , Planert Mathis , Bruegel Mathias , Leichtle Alexander , Fiedler Georg Martin , Thiery Joachim , Ceglarek Uta 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Eicosanoids play a key role in many physiological and pathological processes and might therefore serve as interesting diagnostic targets. Methods for the analysis of arachidonic acid metabolites in cells and body fluids require high sensitivity and specificity because of the very low concentrations, similar chemical structures and short half-lives of these metabolites. We established a mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of arachidonic acid metabolites in human plasma samples using solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography (LC) and hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap (QqLIT) mass spectrometry. Quantitative analysis was performed using the 4000 QTrap tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. As part of an independent data acquisition experiment MRMs were used as survey scans, which dependently triggered enhanced product ion (EPI) scans. Compound identification was carried out by library search using a library based on EPI spectra of standard components (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and isoprostanes). The newly developed compound library enables the verification of known and structural elucidation of unknown eicosanoid metabolites in human plasma. In conclusion, our mass spectrometric method allows the simultaneous identification and quantification of arachidonic acid metabolites in one single LC-MS/MS run.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in bacterial meningitis / Biomarker im Liquor cerebrospinalis bei bakterieller Meningitis
Authors: Hegen Harald , Deisenhammer Florian 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a serious infectious disease that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Brain damage is mainly caused by the inflammatory reaction to the invading pathogen. This inflammation leads to the release of biomarkers into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Here we review the literature on CSF biomarkers in BM between 1990 and 2008 and discuss it with regard to its clinical relevance to act as a surrogate for diagnostic purposes, estimation of disease severity as well as prediction of treatment response and clinical outcome. We classify recommendations for these markers as levels A–C according to the scheme approved for the European Federation of Neurological Societies guidelines (EFNS). In conclusion, we identified significantly elevated levels of several inflammatory mediators, acute phase proteins, blood-brain barrier associated proteins and markers for oxidative stress and neuronal damage in the CSF of BM patients compared to aseptic meningitis patients and controls. Furthermore, several biomarkers correlated with disease severity, clinical outcome, and response to antibiotic treatment.
Comparing Two Methods Used to Mark Juvenile Chinook Salmon: Automated and Manual Marking
Authors: Hand David M , Brignon William R , Olson Douglas E , Rivera Jesse 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Hatcheries in the U.S. Pacific Northwest are increasingly implementing programs that use an adipose fin clip and coded wire tag to mark a large number of juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. Traditionally, fin-clipping and tagging were done by hand, but the need to mass-mark large numbers of fish has led to the development of an automated tagging trailer system (Northwest Marine Technology, Inc.). We compared the adipose fin clip quality, coded wire tag retention, and injury rates of juvenile stream-type spring Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha marked and tagged at automated and manual tagging trailers at Warm Springs National Fish Hatchery (NFH) and Carson NFH, two hatcheries located in the Columbia River basin. Clip quality (99% good clips), tag retention (&gt;98%), and injury rates (&lt;7%) were similar between the two types of trailers at Carson NFH, where the manual markers had several years' experience clipping and tagging fish. At Warm Springs NFH, where the majority of manual markers had no previous experience, injury rates were similar (&lt;14%) but the fish marked and tagged in the automated trailer had significantly higher clip quality (95% good clips) and tag retention (98%) than those marked and tagged in the manual trailer (70% good clips, 87% retention), where the clip quality and tag retention were poorest during the first day of tagging. Our results show that automated and manual trailers can perform similarly with regard to fin clip quality, tag retention rate, and injury rate when staffed by experienced markers. We recommend focusing efforts on training and quality control during the initial days of tagging and incorporating postmarking clip quality and coded wire tag retention sampling into all marking programs.
Production Characteristics and Body Composition of Juvenile Cobia Fed Three Different Commercial Diets in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Weirich Charles R. , Wills Paul S. , Baptiste Richard M. , Riche Marty A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effect of feeding three commercial diets on production characteristics and body composition of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum reared using recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) was assessed in a 56‐d growth trial. Juvenile cobia (mean weight ± SE, 29.2 ± 0.7 g) were stocked into three 8‐m3 tanks in each of four RASs at an initial density of 1.2 kg/m3. After stocking, fish were fed one of three commercial diets: Hybrid Striped Bass diet (HSB; 44% protein, 12% lipid), Finfish Gold diet (GOLD; 42% protein, 16% lipid), or Marine Grower diet (MG; 50% protein, 15% lipid), all at a targeted feed rate of 3–5% of body weight per day. At 2‐week intervals, 10% of the population of each tank was collected to determine mean weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), and biomass. At the end of the rearing trial, the entire population of each tank was harvested to determine production characteristics and survival. In addition, fish were sampled to determine whole‐body composition, hepatosomatic index, intraperitoneal fat ratio, energy retention (ER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein productive value (PPV). Final weight (311.0 g), weight gain (281.8 g), SGR (4.23% per day), FCE (85.7%), biomass (11.20 kg/m3), and ER (32.7%) of fish fed the MG diet were significantly greater than those of fish fed the HSB and GOLD diets. No differences in survival, gross energy, ash, or crude lipid content existed among fish fed the three diets. Lowest dry matter content, lowest PPV, and highest protein content were observed in fish fed the HSB diet. Highest PER was observed in fish fed the GOLD diet. Although the cost of production per kilogram for rearing juvenile cobia with the MG diet would be greater, this cost could be offset by the 15% reduction in rearing time required as compared with the HSB and GOLD diets.