bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Efficient and Ultra‐small Volume Separation by Pressure‐Driven Liquid Chromatography in Extended Nanochannels
Authors: Ishibashi Ryo , Mawatari Kazuma , Kitamori Takehiko 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe rapidly developing interest in nanofluidic analysis, which is used to examine liquids ranging in amounts from the attoliter to the femtoliter scale, correlates with the recent interest in decreased sample amounts, such as in the field of single‐cell analysis. For general nanofluidic analysis, the fact that a pressure‐driven flow does not limit the choice of solvents (aqueous or organic) is important. This study shows the first pressure‐driven liquid chromatography technique that enables separation of atto‐ to femtoliter sample volumes, with a high separation efficiency within a few seconds. The apparent diffusion coefficient measurement of the unretentive sample suggests that there is no increase in the viscosity of toluene in the extended nanospace, unlike in aqueous solvents. Evaluation of the normal phase separation, therefore, should involve only the examination of the effect of the small size of the extended nanospace. Compared to a conventionally packed high‐performance liquid chromatography column, the separation here results in a faster separation (4 s) by 2 orders of magnitude, a smaller injection volume (100 fL) by 9 orders, and a higher separation efficiency (440 000 plates/m) by 1 order. Moreover, the separation behavior agrees with the theory showing that this high efficiency was due to the small and controlled size of the separation channel, where the diffusion through the channel depth direction is fast enough to be neglected. Our chip‐based platform should allow direct and real‐time analysis or screening of ultralow volume of sample.
Head in the clouds or feet on the ground? CEO perspectives and the international business research agenda
Authors: Pendergast William , Geringer J. Michael 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn response to recent articles examining the current state and future direction of international business (IB) research, this article directly surveys CEOs of the largest Fortune 500 companies to solicit their views about university‐based IB research and to identify the most significant IB problems their firms encounter. Results suggest a consistently low appreciation by CEOs for university‐based IB research over an extended period of time. Data also suggest a window of opportunity to capture a constituency among those companies that anticipate a significant increase in their international activity. To capture a practitioner constituency, however, research should focus on key problem areas that have been identified in this article, and the findings should be presented in accessible forms and venues. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
International business research and the new role of universities (there is sunshine above the clouds)
Authors: Czinkota Michael R. , Pinkwart Andreas 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPendergast and Geringer juxtapose the need for more theory with the requirement for immediate and direct benefits of international business education. Concurrently, they address the linkage between business and academia and demonstrate, with the help of data, the changes that have occurred since an earlier study of these topics by Ricks and Czinkota (1979). We analyze the reasons for changes during this time period and offer a broad perspective on what universities should do in order to remain leading institutions in this century. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
19F magnetic resonance imaging of endogenous macrophages in inflammation
Authors: Temme Sebastian , Bönner Florian , Schrader Jürgen , Flögel Ulrich 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this article, we review the use of 19F MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) for in vivo tracking of monocytes and macrophages in the course of tissue inflammation. Emulsified perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are preferentially phagocytized by monocytes/macrophages and are readily detected by 19F MRI. Because of the lack of any 19F background in the body, observed signals are robust and exhibit an excellent degree of specificity. As a consequence of progressive infiltration of the labeled immunocompetent cells into inflamed areas, foci of inflammation can be localized as hot spots by simultaneous acquisition of morphologically matched proton (1H) and fluorine (19F) MRI. The identification of inflammation by 19F MRI—at a time when the inflammatory cascade is initiated—opens the possibility for an early detection and more timely therapeutic intervention. Since signal intensity in the 19F images reflects the severity of inflammation, this approach is also suitable to monitor the efficacy of pharmaceutical treatment. Because PFCs are biochemically inert and the fluorine nucleus exhibits high magnetic resonance (MR) sensitivity, 19F MRI may be applicable for clinical inflammation imaging. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:329–343. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1163This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Comparison of aerial surveys and pellet‐based distance sampling methods for estimating deer density
Authors: Urbanek Rachael E. , Nielsen Clayton K. , Preuss Timothy S. , Glowacki Gary A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWildlife biologists require density estimates for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to facilitate management. Aerial surveys are often used to obtain density estimates, but are subject to problems necessitating the consideration of novel techniques. During winters 2008 and 2009, we estimated deer density on 6 forest preserves near Chicago, Illinois, USA, using aerial surveys and pellet‐based distance sampling (PBDS) methods to provide a comparison of these 2 density‐estimation techniques. Density estimates from aerial surveys were obtained by dividing both the raw count of deer observed on each preserve (unadjusted aerial density) and the raw count divided by 0.75 (i.e., assuming a 75% detection rate; adjusted aerial density) by the area of the preserve. We calculated deer densities from PBDS methods using Program DISTANCE 5.0 (PBDS density) and used paired t‐tests to compare density estimates between PBDS and aerial survey techniques. Unadjusted aerial density (10–29 deer/km2) and adjusted aerial density (13–39 deer/km2) estimates did not differ (t11 = −1.99–0.44, P = 0.071–0.666) from PBDS density estimates (12–36 deer/km2). We also compared costs and found PBDS (US$85/survey) was 88% cheaper than aerial surveys (US$722/survey). Problems with bias and precision exist with both methods, and managers should give them serious consideration when choosing which method to use to estimate deer densities. Given accurate pellet decay and deposition rates and a large sample size of pellet groups, PBDS may be advantageous due to less bias in density estimates, no dependence on continuous snow cover, cheaper survey costs, and no need for elaborate equipment or for professional biologists to conduct surveys. However, future research needs to address how to reduce coefficient of variations and confidence intervals for PBDS so that differences among years can be better differentiated. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Post‐dispersal seed removal in four Mediterranean oaks: species and microhabitat selection differ depending on large herbivore activity
Authors: González‐Rodríguez Victoria , Villar Rafael 
Published: February 2012

AbstractQuercus forest regeneration is limited by different factors, post‐dispersal predation being one of the most critical stages. We analysed seed removal of four coexisting Quercus species (Q. ilex, Q. suber, Q. faginea and Q. pyrenaica) in a Mediterranean forest located in Southern Spain. Marked and weighed acorns from each of the species were placed in experimental units with or without exclusion of large herbivores and in two microhabitat types (Q. ilex shade or open). Acorn removal was monitored for 120 days in order to test the effect of exclusion of large herbivore and microhabitat type on seed removal rates and species selection. Interestingly, the results of microhabitat and species selection differed depending on the presence of large herbivores. Removal was faster in sites without exclusion, where most seeds (≈85%) disappeared during the first 9 days. In these sites, no differences in seed removal were found between different microhabitats, but seeds of two species, those with higher seed mass (Q. suber and Q. pyrenaica) were most preferred. However, under exclusion of large herbivores, seed removal was affected by the microhabitat, this being greater in Q. ilex shaded microhabitats, which showed a higher structural diversity. Also, species selection was completely different under exclusion of large herbivores, and seeds of Q. ilex and Q. faginea were removed faster. These results highlight the importance of large herbivore activity on seed removal and its effect on microhabitat and species selection. Therefore, specific selection by seed consumers may modify seedling recruitment and may have an important influence on the relative abundance of coexisting Quercus species.
Fears for the future among Finnish adolescents in 1983–2007: From global concerns to ill health and loneliness
Authors: Lindfors Pirjo , Solantaus Tytti , Rimpelä Arja 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTWe examined how Finnish adolescents’ fears for their future changed over a quarter of a century and how these changes reflect transformations of the adolescents’ key contexts from the late‐modernist perspective. Nationally representative samples of 12‐, 14‐, 16‐, and 18‐year‐olds in 1983, 1997, and 2007 were surveyed using mailed questionnaires regarding health behaviours (N = 17,750). Over 1900 fears to open‐ended questions were reported. Inductive content analysis was used to construct 19 fear categories. The percentage of adolescents reporting fears in each study year is presented for the entire study population and by age and sex with tests for statistical significance. Fears concerning global and societal issues declined from 1983 to 2007. The emphasis on future work remained stable, but uneasiness about making wrong decisions has increased. Fears regarding health, death, loneliness, and relationships gained importance. Our findings indicate that the perceptions of risks have become more individualized, thus providing strong support for the late‐modernist theory.
Anaerobic Power and Muscle Strength in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Preadolescents
Authors: Ramos Edwardo , Guttierrez‐Teissoonniere Suzanne , Conde Jose G. , Baez‐Cordova Jose A. , Guzman‐Villar Brenda , Lopategui‐Corsino Edgar , Frontera Walter R. 
Published: February 2012

ObjectiveTo determine the anaerobic power and muscle strength of preadolescents with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).DesignCross‐sectional design.SettingHuman performance laboratory at the University District Hospital at the Puerto Rico Medical Center.ParticipantsFifteen preadolescents (8 girls and 7 boys) with a classification of HIV A and B attending an investigational treatment program at the University Pediatric Hospital. Fifteen seronegative control subjects matched by age and gender also were included.Main Outcome MeasuresThe power of the lower extremities was measured with use of the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test on a MONARK cycle ergometer (mean power in watts). Local muscle strength of the dominant knee extensors (peak torque/body weight × 100) was tested with an isokinetic dynamometer set at 60 deg/s. Statistical analysis was performed with the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, and statistical significance was accepted at an α level of <.05.ResultsNo significant differences between the control group and study group were detected on muscle strength testing. The study group presented a lower anaerobic power (mean power) compared with control subjects (P = .04).ConclusionsThis exploratory study suggests that HIV‐infected preadolescents present lower anaerobic power compared with uninfected control subjects. Our findings of impaired anaerobic capacity can have clinical implications in this population because most of the activities of daily living, such as play, leisure, and sport activities, are short term and high intensity (anaerobic) in nature.
Power relations and risk allocation in the governance of public private partnerships: A case study from China
Authors: Chen Cheng , Hubbard Michael 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This article examines the power relations between the government, the private sector and citizens/users, which underlie the risk allocation process in public private partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure. It argues that the institutional environment and resource dependency determine power relations, and hence risk allocation. The approach is applied to analyse risk allocation in a PPP toll road in Zhejiang province, China. The analysis reveals the dynamic of power relations among the parties. The findings show how the party with more power (in this case, the local government) was able to shift costs to the weaker parties (in this case, the users and the private sector). The implication of the study is that more effective courts and greater accountability of government to citizens are required to enhance the governance of such PPPs in China.
ON THE EXPONENTIAL DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONx2+p2m=2yn
Authors: ZHU HUILIN , LE MAOHUA , TOGBÉ ALAIN 
Published: February 2012

AbstractLetpbe an odd prime. In this paper, we consider the equationand we describe all its solutions. Moreover, we prove that this equation has no solution (x,y,m,n) whenn>3 is an odd prime andyis not the sum of two consecutive squares. This extends the work of Tengely [On the diophantine equationx2+q2m=2yp,Acta Arith.127(1) (2007), 71–86].
Zooplankton respiration and the export of carbon at depth in the Amundsen Gulf (Arctic Ocean)
Authors: Darnis Gérald , Fortier Louis 
Published: February 2012

In arctic seas, lipids accumulated by zooplankton migrants in the surface layer in spring‐summer are respired at depth during the winter. The resulting active downward transport of carbon by the 200–1000 and >1000 μm mesozooplankton fractions was quantified based on 41 biomass and respiration profiles from October 2007 to July 2008 in the Amundsen Gulf (Canadian Arctic Ocean). The small fraction, dominated by CII‐CIII Calanus glacialis, represented on average 12% of the overall zooplankton biomass and contributed little to the active transport of carbon by respiration. From April to July, total zooplankton ingested 17–28% of the estimated gross primary production (GPP) in the surface 100 m, and 36–59% of GPP over the entire water column. The large fraction, comprised mainly of CIV, CV and adults Calanus hyperboreus and C. glacialis that accumulate large lipid reserves, was responsible for 89% of grazing. The downward migration of large zooplankton in late summer coincided with a sharp decline in specific respiration rates signaling the start of diapause and the endogenous fuelling of metabolism. From October to April, Calanus migration‐respiration actively transported 3.1 g C m−2 beyond 100 m, a flux that represented 85 to 132% of the gravitational POC fluxes at 100 m from October to July. Our results stress the importance of including active transport by large zooplankton migrants in carbon budgets of the Arctic Ocean.
Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid‐latitudes
Authors: Francis Jennifer A. , Vavrus Stephen J. 
Published: February 2012

Arctic amplification (AA) – the observed enhanced warming in high northern latitudes relative to the northern hemisphere – is evident in lower‐tropospheric temperatures and in 1000‐to‐500 hPa thicknesses. Daily fields of 500 hPa heights from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis are analyzed over N. America and the N. Atlantic to assess changes in north‐south (Rossby) wave characteristics associated with AA and the relaxation of poleward thickness gradients. Two effects are identified that each contribute to a slower eastward progression of Rossby waves in the upper‐level flow: 1) weakened zonal winds, and 2) increased wave amplitude. These effects are particularly evident in autumn and winter consistent with sea‐ice loss, but are also apparent in summer, possibly related to earlier snow melt on high‐latitude land. Slower progression of upper‐level waves would cause associated weather patterns in mid‐latitudes to be more persistent, which may lead to an increased probability of extreme weather events that result from prolonged conditions, such as drought, flooding, cold spells, and heat waves.
Modeling of Dough Mixing Profile Under Thermal and Nonthermal Constraint for Evaluation of Breadmaking Quality of Hard Spring Wheat Flour
Authors: Ohm Jae‐Bom , Simsek Senay , Mergoum Mohamed 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThis research was initiated to investigate associations between flour breadmaking traits and mixing and empirical dough rheological properties under thermal stress. Thirty hard spring wheat flour samples were analyzed by a Mixolab standard procedure. Mixolab profiles were divided into six different stages, and torque measurements of individual stages were modeled by nonlinear curve fitting using a compound of two solution searching procedures, multidimensional unconstrained nonlinear minimization and genetic algorithm. Mixing patterns followed exponential equations. Dough torque patterns under heat constraint, specifically dough thermal weakening and pasting profiles, were described by a sigmoid logistic equation as a function of time. Dough stability during heating appeared important for bread loaf volume increase from significant correlations between bread loaf volume and parameters generated from models of a dough thermal weakening stage. Multivariate continuum regression was employed to calibrate prediction models of baking traits using Mixolab parameters. Coefficients of determination estimated from prediction models and cross‐validation were greater than 0.98 for bake water absorption, mixing time, and bread loaf volume, indicating that the Mixolab parameters have a potential to enhance evaluation of flour breadmaking quality.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an independent risk factor for peptic ulcer bleeding: a nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Huang K.‐W. , Luo J.‐C. , Leu H.‐B. , Lin H.‐C. , Lee F.‐Y. , Chan W.‐L. , Lin S.‐J. , Chen J.‐W. , Chang F.‐Y. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryBackgroundPeptic ulcer bleeding remains a major healthcare problem despite decreasing prevalence of peptic ulcer disease. The role of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the risk of peptic ulcer bleeding has not yet been established.AimTo determine if COPD patients have a higher risk of peptic ulcer bleeding than the general population and to identify the risk factors of peptic ulcer bleeding in COPD patients.MethodsFrom Taiwan's National Health Insurance research database, 62 876 patients, including 32 682 COPD and 30 194 age‐gender‐matched non‐COPD controls, were recruited. Cox proportional hazard regression was performed to evaluate independent risk factors for ulcer bleeding in all patients and to identify risk factors in COPD patients.ResultsDuring the 8‐year follow‐up, COPD patients had a significant higher rate of peptic ulcer bleeding than the control group (P < 0.001, by log‐rank test). By Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, COPD [hazard ratio (HR) 1.93, 95% CI 1.73–2.17] was an independent risk factor after adjusting for age, gender, underlying comorbidities and ulcerogenic medication. Age > 65 years, male, comorbidities of hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, history of peptic ulcer disease, and chronic renal disease and use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs were risk factors of ulcer bleeding in COPD patients.ConclusionPatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a higher risk of peptic ulcer bleeding after adjustments for possible confounding factors like underlying comorbidities and ulcerogenic medication.
Development and validation of a novel tool to estimate peri‐operative blood loss*
Authors: Stahl D. L. , Groeben H. , Kroepfl D. , Gautam S. , Eikermann M. 
Published: February 2012

SummarySurgical blood loss predicts peri‐operative outcomes. We have developed and validated Blood Loss Scores to estimate peri‐operative blood loss during major abdominal surgery. Surgical blood loss and changes in haemoglobin concentration were recorded intra‐ and postoperatively for 48 h in 100 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Data from the first group (n = 50) were used to derive the Blood Loss Scores which were validated against the data from a second group (n = 50) at three time points (immediately postoperative and 24‐ and 48‐h later). The score, taking into account suction fluid volume and haemoglobin concentration, explained more of the variance in the measured blood loss than the experts’ assessment (77% vs 54%, p = 0.05) or the change in haemoglobin concentration (77% vs 11%, p < 0.0001). Addition of the change in haemoglobin concentration improved the estimate for the 24‐ and 48‐h postoperative Blood Loss Scores to explain 78% and 80% of the variance of measured blood loss.
Pathogenesis of severe asthma
Authors: Poon A. H. , Eidelman D. H. , Martin J. G. , Laprise C. , Hamid Q. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryPatients with severe asthma have asthma symptoms which are difficult to control, require high dosages of medication, and continue to experience persistent symptoms, asthma exacerbations or airflow obstruction. Epidemiological and clinical evidences point to the fact that severe asthma is not a single phenotype. Cluster analyses have identified subclasses of severe asthma using parameters such as patient characteristics, and cytokine profiles have also been useful in classifying moderate and severe asthma. The IL‐4/IL‐13 signalling pathway accounts for the symptoms experienced by a subset of severe asthmatics with allergen‐associated symptoms and high serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, and these patients are generally responsive to anti‐IgE treatment. The IL‐5/IL‐33 signalling pathway is likely to play a key role in the disease pathogenesis of those who are resistant to high doses of inhaled corticosteroid but responsive to systemic corticosteroids and anti‐IL5 therapy. The IL‐17 signalling pathway is thought to contribute to ‘neutrophilic asthma’. Although traditionally viewed as players in the defence mechanism against viral and intracellular bacterial infection, mounting evidence supports a role for Th1 cytokines such as IL‐18 and IFN‐γ in severe asthma pathogenesis. Furthermore, these cytokine signalling pathways interact to contribute to the spectrum of clinical pathological outcomes in severe asthma. To date, glucocorticoids are the most effective anti‐asthma drugs available, yet severe asthma patients are typically resistant to the effects of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoid receptor dysfunction and histone deacetylase activity reduction are likely to contribute to glucocorticoid resistance in severe asthma patients. This review discusses recent development in different cytokine signalling pathways, their interactions and steroid resistance, in the context of severe asthma pathogenesis.