bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ATM Substrate KAP1 Controls DNA Repair in Heterochromatin: Regulation by HP1 Proteins and Serine 473/824 Phosphorylation
Authors: White David , Rafalska-Metcalf Ilona U. , Ivanov Alexey V. , Corsinotti Andrea , Peng Hongzhuang , Lee Sheng-Chung , Trono Didier , Janicki Susan M. , Rauscher Frank J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The repair of DNA damage in highly compact, transcriptionally silent heterochromatin requires that repair and chromatin packaging machineries be tightly coupled and regulated. KAP1 is a heterochromatin protein and co-repressor that binds to HP1 during gene silencing but is also robustly phosphorylated by Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) at serine 824 in response to DNA damage. The interplay between HP1-KAP1 binding/ATM phosphorylation during DNA repair is not known. We show that HP1α and unmodified KAP1 are enriched in endogenous heterochromatic loci and at a silent transgene prior to damage. Following damage, γH2AX and pKAP1-s824 rapidly increase and persist at these loci. Cells that lack HP1 fail to form discreet pKAP1-s824 foci after damage but levels are higher and more persistent. KAP1 is phosphorylated at serine 473 in response to DNA damage and its levels are also modulated by HP1. Unlike pKAP1-s824, pKAP1-s473 does not accumulate at damage foci but is diffusely localized in the nucleus. While HP1 association tempers KAP1 phosphorylation, this interaction also slows the resolution of γH2AX foci. Thus, HP1-dependent regulation of KAP1 influences DNA repair in heterochromatin. Mol Cancer Res; 10(3); 401–14. ©2011 AACR.
Some aspects of social exclusion: Do they influence suicide mortality?
Authors: Yur’yev Andriy , Värnik Peeter , Sisask Merike , Leppik Lauri , Lumiste Kaur , Värnik Airi 
Published: December 2011

Background: The current study is aimed to assess the relationship between the ‘economic/employment’ and ‘social/welfare’ dimensions of social exclusion and suicide mortality in Europe. Methods: Suicide rates for 26 countries were obtained from the WHO. Data on social expenditure were obtained from the OECD database. Employment rates and GDP were obtained from the Total Economy Database. Questions about citizens’ attitudes towards different aspects of social exclusion were taken from the European Social Survey. Structural equation modelling was applied to research the theoretical structure of the variables. Results: All variables are statistically significant in male and female models except of the relationships between ‘economic/employment’ and ‘social/welfare’ dimensions and female suicides; and the relationship between ‘employment rates’ and ‘economic/employment’ dimension. Suicide mortality rates among both males and females are influenced negatively by ‘economic/employment’ and ‘social/welfare’ dimensions. Among females, the influence of ‘social/welfare’ dimension is stronger compared to the ‘economic/employment’ dimension. The remaining influence of GDP is positive in both models. Conclusions: Both ‘economic/employment’ and ‘social/welfare’ dimensions of social exclusion significantly influence suicide mortality among males. The influence of ‘economic/employment’ and ‘social/welfare’ dimensions of social exclusion on female suicide mortality is controversial. Social exclusion might be considered as a risk factor for suicide mortality in Europe.
Human virus-specific effector-type T cells accumulate in blood but not in lymph nodes
Authors: Remmerswaal Ester B. M. , Havenith Simone H. C. , Idu Mirza M. , van Leeuwen Ester M. M. , van Donselaar Karlijn A. M. I. , ten Brinke Anja , van der Bom-Baylon Nelly , Bemelman Fréderike J. , van Lier René A. W. , ten Berge Ineke J. M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
It is believed that the size of the CD8+ T-cell pool is fixed and that with every new viral challenge, the size of the pre-existing memory-cell population shrinks to make way for the new virus-specific cells. CMV-seropositive individuals have high numbers of CMV-specific resting-effector type CD8+ T cells in their peripheral blood (PB). This prompted us to investigate whether CMV infection limits immunologic space at sites where immune reactions are initiated, such as in the lymph nodes (LNs). LN and paired PB samples were analyzed for CMV-, EBV-, and influenza-specific CD8+ T cells. In marked contrast to blood, LNs contained significantly lower numbers of CX3CR1-expressing effector-type CD8+ T cells, whereas the CMV-specific cells that were found in the LNs resembled polyfunctional memory-type cells. In contrast, EBV- and influenza-specific CD8+ T cells were highly similar between PB and LNs both in number and function. Therefore, it is unlikely that CMV-specific CD8+ T cells in the LNs restrain the immunologic space of other virus-specific cells.
Influenza A/H1N1 septic shock in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. A case report
Authors: Tselios Konstantinos , Tsioka Ritsa , Sarantopoulos Alexandros , Mouloudi Eleni , Boura Panagiota 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
Immunocompromised patients, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sufferers have an increased risk of mortality, following influenza infection. In the recent pandemic, influenza A H1NI virus caused 18449 deaths, mainly because of adult respiratory distress syndrome or bacterial co-infections.

Case Presentation
In this case report, an SLE patient with viral-induced septic shock, without overt pulmonary involvement, is discussed. The patient was administered oseltamivir and supportive treatment, including wide-spectrum antibiotics, vasopressors and steroids, according to the guidelines proposed for bacterial sepsis and septic shock. She finally survived and experienced a lupus flare soon after intensive care unit (ICU) discharge.

Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first case to report severe septic shock from influenza A/H1N1 virus, without overt pulmonary involvement.
Ageing prolongs inflammatory marker expression in regenerating rat skeletal muscles after injury
Authors: van der Poel Chris , Gosselin Luc E , Schertzer Jonathan D , Ryall James G , Swiderski Kristy , Wondemaghen Meron , Lynch Gordon S 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
Some of the most serious consequences of normal ageing relate to its effects on skeletal muscle, particularly significant wasting and associated weakness, termed "sarcopenia". The underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia have yet to be elucidated completely but an altered muscle inflammatory response after injury is a likely contributing factor. In this study we investigated age-related changes in the expression of numerous inflammatory markers linked to successful muscle regeneration.

Methods
Right extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from young (3 month), adult (12 month) and old (24 month) male F344 rats were injected with bupivacaine hydrochloride to cause complete muscle fibre degeneration, then excised 12, 24, 36, and 72 hours later (n = 5/age group/time point). We used qRT-PCR to quantify the mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory markers TNFα, IFNγ, IL1, IL18, IL6, and CD18 as well as regenerative markers MyoD and myogenin.

Results
Inflammatory markers were all increased significantly in all age groups after myotoxic injury. There was a trend for expression of inflammatory markers to be higher in uninjured muscles of old rats, especially at 72 hours post injury where the expression levels of several markers was significantly higher in old compared with young and adult rats. There was also a decrease in the expression of regenerative markers in old rats at 72 hours post injury.

Conclusion
Our findings identify a prolonged inflammatory signature in injured muscles from old compared with young and adult rats together with a blunted expression of key markers of regeneration in muscles of old rats. Importantly, our findings identify potential targets for future therapeutic strategies for improving the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle during ageing.
A comparison of leg length and femoral offset discrepancies in hip resurfacing, large head metal-on- metal and conventional total hip replacement: a case series
Authors: Herman Katie A , Highcock Alan J , Moorehead John D , Scott Simon J 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
A discrepancy in leg length and femoral offset restoration is the leading cause of patient dissatisfaction in hip replacement surgery and has profound implications on patient quality of life. The aim of this study is to compare biomechanical hip reconstruction in hip resurfacing, large-diameter femoral head hip arthroplasty and conventional total hip replacement.

Method
Sixty patient's post-operative radiographs were reviewed; 20 patients had a hip resurfacing (HR), 20 patients had a Large Head Metal-on-metal (LHM) hip replacement and 20 patients had a conventional small head Total Hip Replacement (THR). The leg length and femoral offset of the operated and unoperated hips were measured and compared.

Results
Hip resurfacing accurately restored hip biomechanics with no statistical difference in leg length (P = 0.07) or femoral offset (P = 0.95) between the operated and non-operative hips. Overall HR was superior for reducing femoral offset discrepancies where it had the smallest bilateral difference (-0.2%, P = 0.9). The traditional total hip replacement was least effective at restoring the hip anatomy.

Conclusion
The use of a larger-diameter femoral head in hip resurfacing does not fully account for the superior biomechanical restoration, as LHM did not restore femoral offset as accurately. We conclude that restoration of normal hip biomechanics is best achieved with hip resurfacing.
Structural and functional plasticity of subcellular tethering, targeting and processing of RPGRIP1 by RPGR isoforms
Authors: Patil Hemangi , Guruju Mallikarjuna R. , Cho Kyoung-in , Yi Haiqing , Orry Andrew , Kim Hyesung , Ferreira Paulo A. 
Published: December 2011

Summary
Mutations affecting the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator-interacting protein 1 (RPGRIP1) interactome cause syndromic retinal dystrophies. RPGRIP1 interacts with the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) through a domain homologous to RCC1 (RHD), a nucleotide exchange factor of Ran GTPase. However, functional relationships between RPGR and RPGRIP1 and their subcellular roles are lacking. We show by molecular modeling and analyses of RPGR disease-mutations that the RPGR-interacting domain (RID) of RPGRIP1 embraces multivalently the shared RHD of RPGR1–19 and RPGRORF15 isoforms and the mutations are non-overlapping with the interface found between RCC1 and Ran GTPase. RPGR disease-mutations grouped into six classes based on their structural locations and differential impairment with RPGRIP1 interaction. RPGRIP1α1 expression alone causes its profuse self-aggregation, an effect suppressed by co-expression of either RPGR isoform before and after RPGRIP1α1 self-aggregation ensue. RPGR1–19 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas RPGRORF15 presents cytosolic distribution and they determine uniquely the subcellular co-localization of RPGRIP1α1. Disease mutations in RPGR1–19, RPGRORF15, or RID of RPGRIP1α1, singly or in combination, exert distinct effects on the subcellular targeting, co-localization or tethering of RPGRIP1α1 with RPGR1–19 or RPGRORF15 in kidney, photoreceptor and hepatocyte cell lines. Additionally, RPGRORF15, but not RPGR1–19, protects the RID of RPGRIP1α1 from limited proteolysis. These studies define RPGR- and cell-type-dependent targeting pathways with structural and functional plasticity modulating the expression of mutations in RPGR and RPGRIP1. Further, RPGR isoforms distinctively determine the subcellular targeting of RPGRIP1α1, with deficits in RPGRORF15-dependent intracellular localization of RPGRIP1α1 contributing to pathomechanisms shared by etiologically distinct syndromic retinal dystrophies.
Fetal Laboratory Medicine: On the Frontier of Maternal–Fetal Medicine
Authors: Geaghan Sharon M 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDEmerging antenatal interventions and care delivery to the fetus require diagnostic support, including laboratory technologies, appropriate methodologies, establishment of special algorithms, and interpretative guidelines for clinical decision-making.CONTENTFetal diagnostic and therapeutic interventions vary in invasiveness and are associated with a spectrum of risks and benefits. Fetal laboratory assessments are well served by miniaturized diagnostic methods for blood analysis. Expedited turnaround times are mandatory to support invasive interventions such as cordocentesis and intrauterine transfusions. Health-associated reference intervals are required for fetal test interpretation. Fetal blood sampling by cordocentesis carries substantial risk and is therefore performed only when fetal health is impaired, or at risk. When the suspected pathology is not confirmed, however, normative fetal data can be collected. Strategies for assurance of sample integrity from cordocenteses and confirmation of fetal origin are described. After birth, definitive assessment of prenatal environmental and/or drug exposures to the fetus can be retrospectively assessed by analysis of meconium, hair, and other alternative matrices. A rapidly advancing technology for fetal assessment is the use of fetal laboratory diagnostic techniques that use cell-free fetal DNA collected from maternal plasma, and genetic analysis based on molecular counting techniques.SUMMARYDevelopmental changes in fetal biochemical and hematologic parameters in health and disease are continually delineated by analysis of our collective outcome-based experience. Noninvasive technologies for fetal evaluation are realizing the promise of lower risk yet robust diagnostics; examples include sampling and analysis of free fetal DNA from maternal blood, and analysis of fetal products accessible at maternal sites. Application of diagnostic technologies for nonmedical purposes (e.g., sex selection) underscores the importance of ethical guidelines for new technology implementation.
Photoluminescence Study of Damage Introduced in GaN by Ar- and Kr-Plasmas Etching
Authors: Nakano Yoshitaka , Kawakami Retsuo , Niibe Masahito , Takeichi Atsushi , Inaoka Takeshi , Tominaga Kikuo 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTWe investigated, by employing a photoluminescence technique, the etching damage introduced in near-surface regions of GaN by Ar and Kr plasmas and clarified the differences between the damage characteristics of these regions for the two plasma etching cases. For Ar plasma, the shallow donor-acceptor pair emission at ~3.28 eV was significantly weakened; additionally, a broad blue luminescence band arose at approximately ~3.0 eV. In contrast, for Kr plasma under high gas pressure, we found the recovery of the damage to the same level as the as-grown crystallinity. These differences in the damage characteristics for the two plasma etching cases probably depend upon which atom (N or Ga) is preferentially etched in these cases.
Epitaxial growth and characterization of cubic GaN on BP/Si(100) substrates
Authors: Nishimura Suzuka , Hirai Muneyuki , Terashima Kazutaka 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTWe have focused to grow cubic GaN (c-GaN) on Si(100) substrates using boronmonophosphide (BP) buffer crystals. The growth of GaN was carried out by MOVPE on BP/Si(100) substrate of 2 inches in diameter. By the several evaluations, it was recognized that when the growth temperature is around 750˚C, c-GaN was dominant. The typical growth rate was about 0.5μm/h. We obtained c-GaN layer over 2.5μm thick without cracking.
Breaking the frontiers for effective Flow assurance using Integrated Asset Models (IAM)
Authors: Okafor Charles C. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
It’s no common news were pipelines/facility may be oversized or undersized, due to some certain traditional norms or nominal constraints imposed. When considered with the harsh subsea environments and long tie backs which the industry experiences these days, then it is highly important that the design of the production surface network is optimized efficiently. It could save remarkably millions of dollars. All thanks to advanced modelling approaches, where the concept of integrated modelling has shone brightly.
The traditional methods practiced by the flow assurance engineer involves obtaining reservoir simulation production profiles either uncertainty profiles (P10, P50 & P90) to early, mid and late field life for engineering design/debottlenecking of surface networks. These methods rely heavily on the assumption that those profiles which form the basis of design are healthy for providing boundary conditions for the surface network. In most cases the engineer does not contest/ understand how these profiles were obtained from reservoir simulation and what controls the wells were subjected to. As an example, a natural well could have been subjected to a nominal well tubing head pressure control (staying constant) for about three quarter of its life. This is a major limitation or "gap" in the traditional approach; it could lead to wrong design and estimations of the thermo-hydraulic responses.
In this paper we introduce the concept of integrated modelling for the flow assurance engineer and compare it to the traditional approach. We show three case studies. The first shows a real case where the IAM corrected a design for a North Sea gas condensate field saving millions of dollars. The second shows how IAM aids an engineer in sizing a line with known indicators such as (mean slug length, Erosion velocity) and the third uses the integrated model to identify wax, asphaltenes and corrosion possible areas.
Detection of Oil Below Ice in Arctic Scenario: Performance Analysis of Microwave Systems
Authors: Santovito M. R. , Adirosi D.. , Mattei S.. , Alberti G.. , Giordani F.. , Stolfi E.. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The remote sensing plays a crucial role in oil spill countermeasures. In case of wintertime, the problem of remote sensing oil spills beneath ice sheet is particularly challenging since an operational system will need to accommodate different kind of oil in ice configurations over an equally broad range of ice conditions and water depths.
TAS-I, one of the European leading engineering industry for the aerospace, and its research center CO.RI.S.T.A., involved into study and development of radar technologies and instrumentations, are conducting a study in the field of detection of oil below ice by means of microwave systems. In this paper a concept of satellite and airborne microwave systems (Radar Sounder and Synthetic Aperture Radar) devoted to the detection of oil below ice are presented. A suitable performance model has been developed and two different arctic scenarios have been simulated. The analysis has been conducted evaluating the Signal-to-Noise Ratio in presence and absence of oil for the two scenarios. Preliminary values of the instruments main parameters are proposed and the results of the study are described.
Drilling Waste Handling in Challenging Offshore Operations
Authors: Svensen Torgrim , Taugbøl Knut 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe paper presents Statoil experiences and status for drilling waste management and treatment in offshore operations, as well as the main challenges and a look ahead on technologies and possible applications.After 40 years of drilling on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, NCS, operators are now experiencing more challenging operations than ever. The wells are more complicated with long sections with high inclinations, years of production have depleted reservoir pressures making the hole stability limits tighter. High Pressure High Temperature, HTHP, fields are developed and the number of Extended Reach Wells, ERD, wells are increasing. Fields are also developed under more harsh environments such as deep waters and arctic climate, some in remote locations making logistics a challenge.Drilling wastes are unavoidable and often expensive by-products of all drilling operations. As drilling operations becomes more demanding and moves into environmentally sensitive areas attention should be paid to drilling waste management and handling when planning.This paper outlines current available waste management options as well as providing some suggestions for possible improvements based on future operational challenges and the corresponding environmental regulations.
Lessons Learned From Fifty Years of Operating in the Arctic
Authors: Wendler Curtis , Sharma Amit 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Oil and gas exploration in the Arctic is technically, physically, socially, and environmentally more challenging than in any other environment in the world due to its extreme cold, considerable darkness, mobility limitations, and remoteness, all of which increase operating costs. However, because this region contains approximately 24% of the world's hydrocarbon reserves, the industry will expend whatever effort is needed to overcome the challenges. Since methodologies that reduce environmental and social impacts will also be required, companies must develop strategies that will employ creative, long-term thinking; the disciplines to work with local communities, industry partners, and stakeholders; and the ability to generate safe technical solutions to enable hydrocarbon development.
To protect the personnel and environment will also require stringent adherence to regulatory standards. Therefore, a significant part of planning for this region also must be dedicated to dealing with these issues.
The difficulties specific to this environment and their mitigation, the merits and limitations of various solutions, and the basic considerations for equipment philosophy will be discussed in this paper. Lessons learned from actual cases will highlight the importance of adequate preparation.
Efficient operation in hostile and environmentally sensitive regions is only possible with the proper application of appropriate technologies. This paper explains why particular methods and equipment should be used and why others are less desirable. It lists the lessons learned by one service-company that has operated in arctic conditions for over 50 years. Those lessons involve:
Logistics Health and Safety Protection of the environment Sustainability Human factors.
The extreme environmental conditions make the discovery and exploitation of hydrocarbon reserves considerably more difficult, and the purpose of this paper is to identify proven solutions to help ensure that operations are safe and efficient. Case histories of the successes achieved and how they were facilitated will be discussed.