bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microsatellite markers show decreasing diversity but unchanged level of clonality inDryas octopetala(Rosaceae) with increasing latitude
Authors: Vik Unni , Jørgensen Marte H. , Kauserud Håvard , Nordal Inger , Brysting Anne K. 
Published: May 2010

•Premise of the study:Average arctic temperatures have increased at almost twice the global average in the past 100 years. Most studies on biodiversity along latitudinal gradients have focused on species richness or genetic diversity at lower latitudes, and only a few studies have inferred genetic diversity within a species along a latitudinal gradient at higher latitudes, even though these areas might be most affected by recent climate changes. Here, intraspecific genetic diversity of the arctic‐alpineDryas octopetala(Rosaceae) is studied along a latitudinal gradient to test the hypotheses that genetic diversity decreases and vegetative clonal growth increases with latitude.•Methods:Ten microsatellite markers have been developed forD. octopetalaand analyzed with population genetic methods in five populations along a latitudinal transect spanning from 59.0°N to 79.9°N.•Key results:The nine microsatellites that were used in the final analyses resulted in a resolution high enough to distinguish between ramets while providing useful information at a larger geographical scale. Three genetic clusters were indicated, a southern Norway group, a northern Norway group, and a Svalbard group, with corresponding decreasing genetic diversity. No trend was found with regard to clonality along the gradient.•Conclusions:The newly developed microsatellite markers provide a useful tool for further genetic studies ofD. octopetalaand its close relatives, addressing population structure as well as phylogeographic patterns. The results of this study support the hypothesis of decreasing genetic diversity with increasing latitude, which may have implications for future adaptability to climate change.
Breeding system variation in 10 evening primroses (Oenothera sections Anogra and Kleinia; Onagraceae)
Authors: Theiss Kathryn E. , Holsinger Kent E. , Evans Margaret E. K. 
Published: May 2010

• Premise of the study: We examined two accounts of the relationship between breeding system and life history variation in a clade of evening primroses (Oenothera, Onagraceae): (1) selection for reproductive assurance should generate an association between self‐compatibility and monocarpy and (2) phylogenetic conservatism leads to retention of breeding system and life history traits among closely related taxa.• Methods: We performed over 4000 hand pollinations under greenhouse conditions to determine the compatibility of 10 Oenothera taxa (sections Anogra [17 taxa] and Kleinia [2 taxa)] for which breeding systems had not previously been reported. We used generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the influence of pollination treatment, parents, and population on fruiting success.• Key results: Among the taxa tested, six were self‐incompatible, two were variable in compatibility, and two were self‐compatible. We combined these data with published studies in Anogra and Kleinia and mapped breeding system and life history onto a published phylogeny.• Conclusions: We found no evidence for phylogenetic conservatism, but detected considerable evolutionary lability in both traits. Additionally, we found no evidence for a consistent relationship between breeding system and life history. Only eight of 19 taxa followed the predicted association between self‐incompatibility and polycarpy vs. self‐compatibility and monocarpy. Instead, many taxa have retained self‐incompatibility, regardless of monocarpy or polycarpy.
Reconstructing Dryopteris “semicristata” (Dryopteridaceae): Molecular profiles of tetraploids verify their undiscovered diploid ancestor
Authors: Stein Diana B. , Hutton Cynthia , Conant David S. , Haufler Christopher H. , Werth Charles R. 
Published: May 2010

• Premise of the study: Discovering missing ancestors is essential to understanding the evolutionary history of biodiversity on Earth. Evidence from extinct species can provide links for reconstructing intricate patterns of reticulate relationships among extant descendents. When fossils are unavailable and other evidence yields competing hypotheses to explain species ancestry, data from proteins and DNA can help resolve conflicts and generate novel perspectives. The identity of a parent shared by two tetraploid species in the cosmopolitan fern genus Dryopteris has remained elusive for more than 50 years. Based on available data, four hypotheses were developed previously, each providing a different resolution to this uncertainty.• Methods: New molecular evidence from studies of isozymes and restriction site analysis of chloroplast DNA tested the competing hypotheses about the diploid ancestors of these two extant Dryopteris polyploids.• Key results: The results falsify two of the hypotheses, resolve the uncertainty in the third, and support the fourth.• Conclusions: Our data validate the prior existence of Dryopteris “semicristata,” which was proposed 38 years ago as a diploid progenitor of the allotetraploids D. cristata and D. carthusiana but has never been collected. After developing a phylogeny using the new molecular data, we describe a plausible morphology for D. “semicristata” by extrapolating likely character states from related extant species.
Photosynthetic and growth responses of reciprocal hybrids to variation in water and nitrogen availability
Authors: Campbell Diane R. , Wu Carrie A. , Travers Steven E. 
Published: May 2010

• Premise of the study: Fitness of plant hybrids often depends upon the environment, but physiological mechanisms underlying the differential responses to habitat are poorly understood. We examined physiological responses of Ipomopsis species and hybrids, including reciprocal F1s and F2s, to variation in soil moisture and nitrogen.• Methods: To examine responses to moisture, we subjected plants to a dry‐down experiment. Nitrogen was manipulated in three independent experiments, one in the field and two in common environments.• Key results: Plants with I. tenuituba cytoplasmic background had lower optimal soil moisture for photosynthesis, appearing better adapted to dry conditions, than plants with I. aggregata cytoplasm. This result supported a prediction from prior studies. The species and hybrids did not differ greatly in physiological responses to nitrogen. An increase in soil nitrogen increased leaf nitrogen, carbon assimilation, integrated water‐use efficiency, and growth, but the increases in growth were not mediated primarily by an increase in photosynthesis. In neither the field, nor in common‐garden studies, did physiological responses to soil nitrogen differ detectably across plant types, although only I. aggregata and hybrids increased seed production in the field.• Conclusions: These results demonstrate differences in photosynthetic responses between reciprocal hybrids and suggest that water use is more important than nitrogen in explaining the relative photosynthetic performance of these hybrids compared to their parents.
Development of a novel set of EST‐SSR markers and cross‐species amplification in Tamarix africana (Tamaricaceae)
Authors: Terzoli Serena , Beritognolo Isacco , Sabatti Maurizio , Kuzminsky Elena 
Published: May 2010

• Premise of the study: Tamarix plants are resistant to abiotic stresses and have become invasive in North America. Their taxonomy is troublesome, and few molecular makers are available to enable species identification or to track the spread of specific invasive genotypes. Transcriptome sequencing projects offer a potential source for the development of new markers.• Methods and Results: Thirteen polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers derived from Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) from Tamarix hispida, T. androssowii, T. ramosissima, and T. albiflonum were identified and screened on 24 samples of T. africana to detect polymorphism. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to eight, with an average of 4.3 alleles per locus, and the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.453.• Conclusions: Amplification products of these 13 loci were also generated for T. gallica. These new EST‐SSR markers will be useful in genetic characterization of Tamarix, as additional tools for taxonomic clarification, and for studying invasive populations where they are a threat.
Human Airway Eosinophils Respond to Chemoattractants with Greater Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin Release, Adherence to Fibronectin, and Activation of the Ras–ERK Pathway When Compared with Blood Eosinophils
Authors: Bates Mary Ellen , Sedgwick Julie B. , Zhu Yiming , Liu Lin Ying , Heuser Rose G. , Jarjour Nizar N. , Kita Hirohito , Bertics Paul J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Human blood eosinophils exposed ex vivo to hematopoietic cytokines (e.g., IL-5 or GM-CSF) subsequently display enhanced responsiveness to numerous chemoattractants, such as chemokines, platelet-activating factor, or FMLP, through a process known as priming. Airway eosinophils, obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage after segmental Ag challenge, also exhibit enhanced responsiveness to selected chemoattractants, suggesting that they are primed during cell trafficking from the blood to the airway. Earlier work has shown that chemoattractants stimulate greater activation of ERK1 and ERK2 following IL-5 priming in vitro, thus revealing that ERK1/ERK2 activity can be a molecular readout of priming under these circumstances. Because few studies have examined the intracellular mechanisms regulating priming as it relates to human airway eosinophils, we evaluated the responsiveness of blood and airway eosinophils to chemoattractants (FMLP, platelet-activating factor, CCL11, CCL5, CXCL8) with respect to degranulation, adherence to fibronectin, or Ras–ERK signaling cascade activation. When compared with blood eosinophils, airway eosinophils exhibited greater FMLP-stimulated eosinophil-derived neurotoxin release as well as augmented FMLP- and CCL11-stimulated adherence to fibronectin. In airway eosinophils, FMLP, CCL11, and CCL5 stimulated greater activation of Ras or ERK1/ERK2 when compared with baseline. Ras activation by FMLP in blood eosinophils was also enhanced following IL-5 priming. These studies are consistent with a model of in vivo priming of eosinophils by IL-5 or related cytokines following allergen challenge, and further demonstrate the key role of priming in the chemoattractant-stimulated responses of eosinophils. These data also demonstrate the importance of the Ras–ERK signaling pathway in the regulation of eosinophil responses to chemoattractants in the airway. Human airway eosinophils respond to several chemoattractants with increased activation of the Ras–ERK cascade, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin release, and adherence to fibronectin relative to blood eosinophils.
Analysis of Complex Biomarkers for Human Immune-Mediated Disorders Based on Cytokine Responsiveness of Peripheral Blood Cells
Authors: Davis John M. , Knutson Keith L. , Strausbauch Michael A. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Therneau Terry M. , Wettstein Peter J. , Matteson Eric L. , Gabriel Sherine E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The advent of improved biomarkers promises to enhance the clinical care for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other immune-mediated disorders. We have developed an innovative approach to broadly assess the cytokine responsiveness of human PBMCs using a multistimulant panel and multiplexed immunoassays. The objective of this study was to demonstrate this concept by determining whether cytokine profiles could discriminate RA patients according to disease stage (early versus late) or severity. A 10-cytokine profile, consisting of IL-12, CCL4, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 release in response to stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28, CXCL8 and IL-6 in response to CMV and EBV lysate, and IL-17A, GM-CSF, and CCL2 in response to human heat shock protein 60, easily discriminated the early RA group from controls. These data were used to create an immune response score, which performed well in distinguishing the early RA patients from controls and also correlated with several markers of disease severity among the patients with late RA. In contrast, the same 10-cytokine profile assessed in serum was far less effective in discriminating the groups. Thus, our approach lays the foundation for the development of immunologic “signatures” that could be useful in predicting disease course and monitoring the outcomes of therapy among patients with immune-mediated diseases.
CD8+ Cell Depletion Accelerates HIV-1 Immunopathology in Humanized Mice
Authors: Gorantla Santhi , Makarov Edward , Finke-Dwyer Jennifer , Gebhart Catherine L. , Domm William , Dewhurst Stephen , Gendelman Howard E. , Poluektova Larisa Y. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Stable engraftment of human lymphoid tissue in NOD/scid–IL-2Rγcnull mice after CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell reconstitution permits the evaluation of ongoing HIV-1 infection for weeks to months. We demonstrate that HIV-1–infected rodents develop virus-specific cellular immune responses. CD8+ cell depletion, 2 or 5–7 wk after viral infection, resulted in a significant increase of HIV-1 load, robust immune cell activation, and cytopathology in lymphoid tissues but preserved CD4/CD8 double-positive thymic T cell pools. Human CD8+ cells reappeared in circulation as early as 2–3 wk. These data support a role of CD8+ cells in viral surveillance and the relevance of this humanized mouse model for the studies of HIV-1 pathobiology and virus-specific immunity.
PLZF Induces the Spontaneous Acquisition of Memory/Effector Functions in T Cells Independently of NKT Cell-Related Signals
Authors: Kovalovsky Damian , Alonzo Eric S. , Uche Olisambu U. , Eidson Maggie , Nichols Kim E. , Sant’Angelo Derek B. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The broad complex, tramtrack, bric-a-brac–zinc finger (BTB-ZF) transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) is required for development of the characteristic innate/effector functions of NKT cells. In this study, we report the characterization and functional analysis of transgenic mouse T cells with forced expression of PLZF. PLZF expression was sufficient to provide some memory/effector functions to T cells without the need for Ag stimulation or proliferation. The acquisition of this phenotype did not require the proliferation typically associated with T cell activation. Furthermore, PLZF transgenic cells maintained a diverse TCR repertoire, indicating that there was no preferential expansion of specific clones. Functionally, PLZF transgenic CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes were similar to wild type memory cells, in that they had similar requirements for costimulation and exhibited a similar pattern of cytokine secretion, with the notable exception that transgenic T cells produced significantly increased levels of IL-17. Whereas transgene-mediated PLZF expression was not sufficient to rescue NKT cell development in Fyn- or signaling lymphocytic activation-associated protein (SAP)-deficient mice, the acquisition of memory/effector functions induced by PLZF in conventional T cells was independent of Fyn and SAP. These data show that PLZF is sufficient to promote T cell effector functions and that PLZF acts independently of SAP- and Fyn-mediated signaling pathways.
Actuator fault‐tolerant control based on set separation
Authors: Ocampo‐Martinez C. , De Doná J. A. , Seron M. M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this paper, an actuator fault‐tolerant control (FTC) strategy based on set separation is presented. The proposed scheme employs a standard configuration consisting of a bank of observers which match the different fault situations that can occur in the plant. Each of these observers has an associated estimation error with a distinctive behaviour when a estimator matches the current fault situation of the plant. With this information from each observer, a fault diagnosis and isolation (FDI) module is able to reconfigure the control loop by selecting the appropriate stabilising controller from a bank of precomputed control laws, each of them related to one of the considered fault models. The control law consists of a reference feedforward term and a feedback gain multiplying the state estimate provided by the matching observer. A novel feature of the proposed scheme resides in the decision criteria of the FDI, which is based on the computation of sets towards which the output estimation errors related to each fault scenario and for each control configuration converge. Conditions for the design of the FDI module and for fault tolerant closed‐loop stability are given, and the effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by means of a numerical example. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Three‐Dimensional and Sensitive Bioassay Based on Nanostructured Quartz Combined with Viral Nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Jong‐Hwan , Kim Jung Suk , Park Jin‐Seung , Lee Wonbae , Lee Kyung Eun , Han Sung‐Sik , Lee Kyu Back , Lee Jeewon 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn effective mask‐free method for fabricating high‐aspect‐ratio pillarlike nanostructures over a large area of a quartz surface via a simple O2 and CF4 two‐step reactive ion etching (RIE) procedure is developed. The nanostructured quartz surfaces are successfully combined with the engineered viral particles derived from hepatitis B virus capsid, yielding a novel 3D assay system with attomolar sensitivity, which has great potential for use in sensitive and early detection of various disease markers.
A Controllable Self‐Assembly Method for Large‐Scale Synthesis of Graphene Sponges and Free‐Standing Graphene Films
Authors: Liu Fei , Seo Tae Seok 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA simple method to prepare large‐scale graphene sponges and free‐standing graphene films using a speed vacuum concentrator is presented. During the centrifugal evaporation process, the graphene oxide (GO) sheets in the aqueous suspension are assembled to generate network‐linked GO sponges or a series of multilayer GO films, depending on the temperature of a centrifugal vacuum chamber. While sponge‐like bulk GO materials (GO sponges) are produced at 40 °C, uniform free‐standing GO films of size up to 9 cm2 are generated at 80 °C. The thickness of GO films can be controlled from 200 nm to 1 µm based on the concentration of the GO colloidal suspension and evaporation temperature. The synthesized GO films exhibit excellent transparency, typical fluorescent emission signal, and high flexibility with a smooth surface and condensed density. Reduced GO sponges and films with less than 5 wt% oxygen are produced through a thermal annealing process at 800 °C with H2/Ar flow. The structural flexibility of the reduced GO sponges, which have a highly porous, interconnected, 3D network, as well as excellent electrochemical properties of the reduced GO film with respect to electrode kinetics for the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox system, are demonstrated.
pH‐Responsive Nanoporous Silica Colloidal Membranes
Authors: Schepelina Olga , Poth Nils , Zharov Ilya 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFree‐standing colloidal membranes (nanofrits) with varied thickness and nanopore size are fabricated and modified with pH‐responsive poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) brushes. The polymer‐modified nanofrits demonstrate excellent gating behavior for molecular diffusion: in the presence of acid, the diffusion rate of positively charged species significantly decreases. Increasing the polymer length and membrane thickness and decreasing the nanopore size leads to the complete acid‐controlled gating of the membranes.
Discrete element method‐based models for the consolidation of particle packings in paper‐coating applications
Authors: Pianet G. , Bertrand F. , Vidal D. , Mallet B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper concerns the use of the discrete element method (DEM) for the three‐dimensional simulation of the consolidation of particle packings in a surrounding liquid such as those in paper‐coating applications. The accuracy of DEM is first assessed using X‐ray microtomography experiments in the case of polydisperse particle distributions. It is shown that simulations that only account for gravitational and contact forces are in excellent agreement with literature data. However, paper‐coating applications involve more complex mechanisms governing the transient particle/pigment consolidation: compression effects during metering and calendering operations, and drag forces during the drainage of the liquid into the basesheet. To simulate the deposition of particles on the basesheet under drainage conditions more realistically, three modelling strategies are considered in this work, which respectively take into account: (1) gravity, (2) mechanical compression and (3) uniform drag. The results show that the first two strategies yield stratified structures and similar bulk porosities, and that the use of a uniform drag leads to significant changes in the particle dynamics and packing properties. Finally, exploratory results with a model for the two‐way coupling between the dynamics of the liquid and solid phases reveal its potential for predicting the compression of wet granular media. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the ambient air quality at the Integrated Industrial Estate‐Pantnagar through the air quality index (AQI) and exceedence factor (EF)
Authors: Banerjee Tirthankar , Srivastava Rajeev Kumar 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn the last few decades, global concerns have been raised about the health impacts caused by deterioration in the air quality mainly due to large‐scale industrialization and urbanization. In order to assess the extent of impacts due to rapid industrialization and commercial activities at the Integrated Industrial Estate‐Pantnagar (IIE‐Pantnagar), the ambient air quality was continuously monitored from June 2007 to May 2008. The measured 24‐h average criteria pollutants, namely, sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NO2), respirable suspended particulate matter (RPM) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were used for the development of the air quality index (AQI). Among the monitored air quality variables, SPM revealed as the major pollutant followed by RPM with annual average concentrations of 281.8 and 137.6 µg/m3, respectively. However, the average concentrations of gaseous pollutants (SO2 and NO2) were 21.1 and 21.7 µg/m3 respectively, which were lower than the prescribed national standards. The computed AQI reveals a gradual increasing trend with a range of 48.02–79.25, signifying the prevalence of moderate to heavy pollution levels. A comparison of the exceedence factors (EFs) divulges that suspended and respirable particulate matters are the most significant polluting agents, causing maximum deterioration in the ambient air quality. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial properties of raw and degummed silk with nanosilver in various conditions
Authors: Moazami Atousa , Montazer Majid , Rashidi Abousaied , Rahimi Mohammad Karim 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article is concerned with the effects of nanosized silver colloids on the antibacterial properties of silk fibers against two kinds of bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs; 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm) were applied to silk fibers by an exhaust method. The effect of medium pH on the Ag NP uptake on the fibers was studied. Also, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were added to the liquor as auxiliaries. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the silk fibers. The antibacterial activity was examined by a bacterial counting method. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy was also used to show the elements on the surface of the silk fibers. We observed that the antibacterial activity increased with silver treatment. It also increased with decreasing pH, especially for the raw silk. The use of NaCl improved the uniformity of the Ag NPs on the fiber surface and increased the antibacterial activities. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010