bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct in situ sensing of the fugacity of hydrophobic chemicals in natural waters
Authors: Sproule J. W. , Shiu W. Y. , Mackay D. , Schroeder W. H. , Russell R. W. , Gobas F. A. P. C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Two sparging devices have been designed, built, and tested. They can be used to estimate the concentration of truly dissolved chemical in water and thus the potential for diffusive transfer by volatilization. Samples of air, and air contacted to achieve equilibrium with the water, are analyzed to give an unequivocal determination of the displacement of equilibrium between air and water. Essentially, the chemical's fugacity or partial pressure is measured. A theoretical treatment is presented. Exploratory test results in a wind-wave tank and in the field are described and discussed. It is believed that these devices are of value for assessing the sorbed vs. dissolved condition of hydrophobic chemicals in natural waters that influences not only volatilization but also other diffusive processes such as bioconcentration.
Use of respiratory-cardiovascular responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in identifying acute toxicity syndromes in fish: Part 4. Central nervous system seizure agents
Authors: Bradbury Steven P. , Carlson Richard W. , Niemi Gerald J. , Henry Tala R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe respiratory-cardiovascular responses of spinally transected rainbow trout to acutely lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, endosulfan, endrin, and strychnine were examined. Common to all six toxicants, the most striking change in respiratory-cardiovascular parameters was an increased cough frequency. Ventilation frequency and volume dropped in strychnine-exposed trout, but both remained near predose levels (frequency) or elevated (volume) in the pyrethroid- and cyclodiene-exposed trout. In chlorpyrifos-intoxicated trout, ventilation frequency decreased while volume increased. Oxygen consumption remained near predose levels in the chlorpyrifos-, pyrethroid-, and strychnine-exposed trout, but increased dramatically in the cyclodiene-exposed trout. Arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH declined in all the toxicant groups. In the pyrethroid- and strychnine-exposed trout, hematocrit and hemoglobin levels tended to increase or remain constant during intoxication. Conversely, in the chlorpyrifos- and cyclodiene-exposed trout, values for these parameters decreased. The responses for these pesticides (N= 23 fish) were combined with five fish acute toxicity syndromes (FATS) (N = 52 fish) previously described (non-polar narcosis syndrome, polar narcosis syndrome, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor syndrome, respiratory uncoupler syndrome, and respiratory irritant syndrome) and assessed using discriminant function analyses. The final analysis resulted in 93% correct classification of the trout.
Multibiological-level responses of freshwater phytoplankton to pesticide stress
Authors: Kent Robert A. , Weinberger Pearl 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Axenic batch cultures of freshwater algae were used to study the molecular, cellular and population effects of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion on freshwater phytoplankton. The unicellular chlorophytes Chlamydomonas segnis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus obliquus, Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Selenastrum capricornutum were exposed to three treatment levels (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/L) of fenitrothion. The monitored response parameters represent three levels of biological organization and included total cellular protein, carbohydrate, RNA and DNA levels, cell dry weight, cell volume, growth estimates and cell size distribution. Growth curves revealed differential algistasis among the species following 24 h exposure to fenitrothion, with induction of an extended lag phase in all cases. Levels of 10.0 mg/L elicited reductions in the maximum growth rate and standing crop of up to 62 and 96%, respectively. Biomolecular indicators of phytotoxicity were manifested in the significant augmentation of macromolecular fractions. This biochemical accrual together with elevated dry weight and reduction in cell density was a common response pattern. It was postulated that fenitrothion prevented normal mitotic divisional processes from occurring. Uninhibited biomolecular synthesis resulted in an accumulation of macromolecules and subsequent cell weight augmentation. Modal cell volumes increased and normalized cell distribution spectra displayed a shift toward larger cells in treated algal populations.
Toxicity of trimethyltin and triethyltin to mallard ducklings
Authors: Fleming W. James , Hill Elwood F. , Momot Jeffrey J. , Pang Victor F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Trimethyltin chloride (TMTC) and triethyltin chloride (TETC) were fed to mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings for 73 to 75 d, beginning when ducklings were 3 to 4 d old. Diets were mixed to contain 0, 0.5, 5 or 50 ppm Sn as either TMTC or TETC. Mortality occurred only in the 5 ppm (2/5 ducklings) and 50 ppm (5/5 ducklings, all dying within 5 d) TMTC groups. Death was preceded by cephalic tremors, lethargy and ataxia; these clinical signs also were observed in surviving ducklings from the 5 ppm TMTC group, but not the 0.5 ppm TMTC group. Ducklings fed 5 and 50 ppm Sn as TMTC exhibited degeneration of the large neurons of the pons, medulla oblongata, gray matter of the spinal cord and pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex. TETC-fed ducklings showed few signs of clinical toxicosis. Ducklings fed 50 ppm Sn as TETC exhibited mild to severe vacuolization of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord; these lesions were not present in ducklings fed 5 ppm Sn as TETC. Liver, spleen, kidney, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and skeletal muscle presented no abnormal histopathology for either organotin compound. Hematocrit, hemoglobin and plasma aspartate aminotransferase; alanine aminotransferase; lactate dehydrogenase; alkaline phosphatase; and cholinesterase values were determined for the 5- and 50- ppm TMTC and TETC groups, and were not different from those of controls (p &lt; 0.05). Lesions and clinical signs of toxicosis in ducklings were consistent with those described for mammals exposed to TMTC and TETC. The effect threshold for TMTC in ducklings appears to exceed current environmental concentrations. Environmental concentrations of TETC have not been reported.
Evaluation of effects associated with an oil platform, using the sediment quality triad
Authors: Chapman P. M. , Power E. A. , Dexter R. N. , Andersen H. B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Sediment Quality Triad concept, which incorporates components of sediment chemistry, toxicity (= bioassay tests) and benthic community structure, was applied to the area immediately surrounding a commercial oil and gas production site in the Gulf of Mexico. The results of this study indicated that stations within a 25-m radius of a central platform and at a remote platform had high levels of sediment chemical enrichment and high toxicity, as determined in laboratory sediment toxicity tests. Benthic community structure at those stations was different from that at more distant stations, where chemical enrichment and toxicity were low; the differences included some examples of greater taxa richness, total abundance and specific taxa abundance in the vicinity of the platforms. There was no evidence of depauperate fauna near the platforms, such as might be expected if significant adverse effects were manifest in situ. Although chemical enrichment from the platforms had the potential to cause adverse environmental effects within the immediate vicinity of source (the 25-m stations in the present study), this potential was not manifest in the benthos, possibly due to offsetting factors that could have included the physical habitat provided by the platforms, grain-size effects and adaptation.
Structure-activity relationships for osteolathyrism: IV. Para-substituted benzoic acid hydrazides and alkyl carbazates
Authors: Dawson Douglas A. , Schultz T. Wayne , Baker Leslie L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Nine benzoic acid hydrazides and carbazates were assayed for toxicity and teratogenicity by using early embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. The results of the 96-h static tests were used for quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses. Each compound induced the connective tissue defect osteolathyrism. Regression analyses indicated toxicity (LC50) and teratogenicity (EC50) were best correlated with the STERIMOL width parameter B1, but due to redundancy in B1 values for the test chemicals and the relatively low r2 for the models, those equations should be used with caution. The mortality/malformation index (MMI) was negatively correlated with molar refractivity (MR). The relationships indicate that steric interactions may be important in explaining the variation in biological activity due to changes in chemical structure. Frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX) may be useful in aquatic toxicology hazard assessment, evaluating developmental malformation.
The contribution of ammonia, metals and nonpolar organic compounds to the toxicity of sediment interstitial water from an illinois river tributary
Authors: Schubauer-Berigan Mary K. , Ankley Gerald T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Toxicity of Illinois River bulk sediment, sediment interstitial (pore) water and elutriates to the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and the amphipod Hyalella azteca was compared to determine the most representative aqueous fraction for toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) studies. Toxicity of pore water corresponded better than elutriates to bulk sediment toxicity. Subsequent TIE procedures conducted with the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia indicated that ammonia, metals and nonpolar organic compounds (nonylphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzenes, long-chain hydrocarbons) were responsible for toxicity of the sediment pore water. Results of TIE manipulations also suggested that methods for recovering pore water that include filtration may eliminate, a priori, a major component of the sediment contaminants responsible for toxicity.
A sediment bioassay using the tubificid oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex
Authors: Reynoldson Trefor B. , Thompson Sherri P. , Bamsey Jennifer L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A new technique using the tubificid oligochaete Tubifex tubifex as a standard sediment bioassay is described. The various factors affecting quality assurance and control have been examined, such as the appropriate number of replicates; the sensitivity, discriminatory power, and repeatability of the test; and the effects of temperature, animal size, organic content, density, and duration on the test. The proposed bioassay is simple and straightforward and can be done with readily available and inexpensive equipment. It utilizes reproduction, the most ecologically relevant and sensitive life stage, as an end point and has been shown in the laboratory to be both repeatable and discriminatory. The technique can be recommended for further investigation in field trials and for consideration as part of a suite of assays for use in sediment assessment.
The acute and chronic toxicity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) to three freshwater invertebrates
Authors: Peters Gregory T. , Burton Dennis T. , Paulson Robert L. , Turley Steven D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The acute and chronic toxicities of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) to adaphnid (Ceriodaphnia dubia), a hydra (Hydra littoralis), and a midge (Paratanytarsus parthenogeneticus) were examined. RDX concentrations at the solubility limit of the compound under specific test conditions (17.0 mg RDX/L, Ceriodaphnia dubia at 25°C; 32.3 mg RDX/L, Hydra littoralis at 22°C; and 29.2 mg RDX/L, Paratanytarsus parthenogeneticus at 22°C) were not acutely toxic to any of the three tested invertebrates. In a 7-d survival and reproduction test with Ceriodaphnia dubia, RDX caused no significant effect on survival, but reduced reproductive success. The no-observed-effect concentration, lowest-observed-effect concentration, and chronic value for Ceriodaphnia dubia were 3.64, 6.01, and 4.68 mg/L, respectively. In an egg-to-egg life cycle test with Paratanytarsus parthenogeneticus, survival, growth, egg production, and hatching success were unaffected by RDX. Although not statistically significant, reductions in emergence success were observed at concentrations as low as 6.78 mg/L.
Inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase activity by acetylenic and allylic alcohols: Concordance with in vivo electrophile reactivity in fish
Authors: Bradbury Steven P. , Christensen Glenn M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Acetylenic and allylic alcohols have been reported to be 20 to 5,000 times more acutely toxic to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) than would be expected from a narcosis-based mechanism of action. The greater-than-expected toxicity of these alcohols has been proposed to be a result of metabolic activation to the corresponding reactive α,β-unsaturated aldehydes or allene derivatives. Using purified horse liver and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatic cytosol alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) preparations, the propensity of a series of acetylenic and allylic alcohols to inhibit enzyme activity, in both the presence and the absence of reduced glutathione, was ascertained. Those alcohols classified as reactive toxicants in acute toxicity tests were generally effective inhibitors of ADH activity, whereas those alcohols classified as narcotics were generally ineffective inhibitors. The results from this study suggest that (a) acetylenic and allylic alcohols may be metabolically activated to reactive species and (b) to compare and ultimately predict the toxicity of these unsaturated alcohols, their rates of metabolic activation and the reactivity of the subsequently produced aldehydes must be quantified.
A statistical bias in the derivation of hardness-dependent metals criteria
Authors: Newman Michael C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Log-transformed values of lethal effect and hardness are often employed to predict metal effects. For example, they are used to develop water quality criteria. A statistical bias encountered with backtransformed, least-squares regression models can compromise the accuracy of associated predictions. A description and method of estimating this bias are discussed herein. In a selected data set, the bias was as high as 57%.
Xenobiotic compounds in blue crabs from a highly contaminated urban subestuary
Authors: Mothershead Robert F. , Hale Robert C. , Greaves John 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), collected from the industrialized Elizabeth River, Virginia, contained residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides. The Elizabeth River possesses PAH sediment loadings that are among the highest ever reported. Despite these loadings, commercial fishing for blue crabs continues in this river. Muscle and hepatopancreas from the crabs were analyzed for the xenobiotic compounds. Analytical procedures involved dichloromethane extraction of lyophilized tissue, followed by molecular size and polarity-based purification of the extract. Capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization and electrolytic conductivity detection was used for quantitation and tentative identification of the xenobiotic compounds. Mass spectrometry was used for confirmation of these identities. Contaminant concentrations were greater in hepatopancreas than in muscle in crabs from every site examined. Hepatopancreas PAH burdens were as high as 11 mg/kg dry weight, with an accompanying muscle level of 3.1 mg/kg. The PAHs present consisted mainly of alkylated low-molecular-weight compounds (e.g., acenaphthenes and naphthalenes), except near a creosote-impacted site. At the latter location, unsubstituted, higher-molecular-weight PAHs (e.g., pyrene and chrysene) dominated. Organochlorines, which included PCBs, 4,4′-DDE, and chlordane, were found in lower concentrations.
Predicting the toxicity of bulk sediments to aquatic organisms with aqueous test fractions: Pore water vs. elutriate
Authors: Ankley Gerald T. , Schubauer-Berigan Mary K. , Dierkes Joseph R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the acute toxicity of bulk sediment vs. pore water or elutriate to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus). A total of 29 different samples from seven sites were used for this analysis. In most instances, pore water was more toxic than corresponding elutriate. Based on the results of these assays, pore water, but not elutriate, was an effective test fraction for predicting the presence of bulk sediment toxicity; however, there were a number of observations of pore water toxicity in the absence of bulk sediment toxicity. Data from this study concerning the sensitivity of Pimephales promelas, Hyalella azteca, and Lumbriculus variegatus to bulk sediment vs. pore water or elutriate suggest that upper-water-column species are inappropriate organisms for use in bulk sediment tests focused on evaluating in situ toxicity to benthic species. Hyalella azteca was the most sensitive and Lumbriculus variegatus the least sensitive species evaluated.
Solid-phase extraction of carbaryl and malathion from pond and well water
Authors: Beyers Daniel W. , Carlson Clarence A. , Tessari John D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An analytical method was developed using C8 solid-phase extraction columns to extract carbaryl and malathion from well and pond water. Mean percent recovery over a concentration range of 1 μg/L to 10,000 μg/L was consistently between 80 and 100. Well-water samples fortified with carbaryl and malathion were solid-phase extracted, and analytes were stored on solid-phase extraction columns at —4°C for 30 d without significant decomposition. The method was field-tested by collecting pond water before and after an application of malathion. It provided significantly higher recovery of malathion than a liquid-liquid extraction procedure.
Effects of dissolved humic material on the toxicity of selected pyrethroid insecticides
Authors: Ortego Lisa S. , Benson William H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effect of different sources of dissolved humic material on the acute toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticides fenvalerate (Pydrin®) and permethrin (Ambush®) was examined by using the Microtox® bioassay. Toxicity of the insecticides was examined in the presence of commercially available humic acid (HA) as well as aquatic HA and fulvic acid (FA) at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5.0, 50, and 100 mg/L. The toxicity of fenvalerate was significantly decreased in the presence of 50 and 100 mg/L of commercially available HA and 100 mg/L of aquatic HA. Aquatic FA had no significant influence on the toxicity of fenvalerate. For permethrin, toxicity was significantly decreased at 50 and 100 mg/L of commercially available HA and at all examined concentrations of aquatic HA and FA. However, the magnitude of toxicity amelioration by aquatic HA and FA was not as great as it was with commercially available HA. These results indicate that interactions between HA or FA and pyrethroid insecticides can alter the toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides. Furthermore, the extent of alteration was dependent on the source of dissolved humic material (DHM).
QSARs for predicting reductive transformation rate constants of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in anoxic sediment systems
Authors: Peijnenburg Willie J. G. M. , Hart Maarten J. 't , Den Hollander Henri A. , van de Meent Dik , Verboom Hans H. , Lee Wolfe N. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) are developed relating initial and final pseudo-first-order disappearance rate constants of 45 halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in anoxic sediments to four readily available molecular descriptors: the carbon-halogen bond strength, the summation of the Hammett sigma constants of the additional substituents, the summation of the inductive constants of these substituents, and the steric factors of the additional substituents. Comparison of the “initial” and “final” QSARs suggests that the same agent is involved as the reductant in both processes. The rate constants for reduction of seven haloaromatics obtained in 10 different sediment samples are correlated with the organic carbon content of the samples. The correlations are enhanced by taking into account the fraction of the compounds sorbed to the solid phase.
Biotransformation
Phenolic content and antibacterial activity of olive oil waste waters
Authors: Pérez J. , Dela Rubia T. , Moreno J. , Martínez J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The antibacterial effects of olive oil wastes from traditional installations (TM), wastes from modern installations (CM), and wastes from an evaporation pool (EP) were assayed with a soil bacterium (Bacillus megaterium ATCC 33085). Irrespective of the origin, fresh wastes showed higher antimicrobial activity than those from evaporation pools. Among several extractants, ethyl acetate and n-propanol were the most effective organic solvents in the recovery of the antimicrobial activity from wastes. No antimicrobial activity was recovered by hexane extraction. Extracts from evaporation pool wastes showed no antibacterial activity. A good correlation between phenolic content and antimicrobial activity was found.
Application of the group contribution method for predicting the toxicity of organic chemicals
Authors: Gao Chao , Govind Rakesh , Tabak Henry H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A group contribution method has been developed that uses the LC50 values (measured for fathead minnow) for 130 diverse organic compounds. The 130 selected compounds were constituted from 16 chemical groups with —log(LC50) values ranging from 0.85 to 6.09. The method was then used to predict the LC50 values for 10 additional compounds, not in the training set, with good agreement between the predicted and measured values.
Rapid characterization of pesticide residues in contaminated soils by passive sampling devices
Authors: Zabik John M. , Aston Linda S. , Seiber James N. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Waste sites contain a wide variety of toxic compounds that can vary greatly in concentration and distribution throughout an area This presents logistical problems in providing an accurate characterization of the site Passive sampling devices (PSDs), which consist of polymeric bags containing 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, C18 bonded-phase silica sorbent, or XAD-4 resin, are easily deployed by burying in soil They require no power source, and only a simple extraction or dilution before GC analysis As a result, personnel time and study costs are minimized These PSDs were evaluated in both lab and field studies using pesticide wastes as a model Although the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane PSDs accumulated the pesticides to the highest level, they were subject to solvent loss, making them unacceptable for use in soils C18 and XAD-4 PSDs were similar in their abilities to accumulate the pesticides Of these two, the C18 PSDs were easier and faster to analyze
Environmental effects of saline oil-field discharges on surface waters
Authors: Boelter Ann M. , Lamming Fred N. , Farag Aida M. , Bergman Harold L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Ambient water samples from streams receiving discharges of coproduced brines from the Salt Creek oil field in Wyoming were collected and tested for toxicity from 1988 to 1990. Exposure to waters downstream from the oil field significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced survival and reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia compared to the upstream control, but fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) did not appear to be sensitive to the test conditions. Toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia increased as stream flow decreased. Toxicity could not be attributed to H2S, trace metals, or nonpolar organic compounds based on toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) methods. Major inorganic ions (Na+, K+, Cl−, HCO−3, and CO23) appeared to account for the observed toxicity.