bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REPRODUCTION AND POPULATION GROWTH OF THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY AND FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Campbell A. , Mackauer M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effect of temperature on the age-specific fecundity and the survival of apterous and alate virginoparous pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), from Kamloops, B.C., was measured. Demographic statistics were estimated for 10.3°, 14.8°, 19.7°, 26.1°, and 27.8°C constant and for fluctuating field temperatures. On a 24-h-day time-scale, temperature and longevity were inversely related in both morphs; total fecundity was highest at average and low constant temperatures. On a physiological time-scale, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was insensitive to changes in constant temperature in the range between 10° and 20°C; temperatures above 25°C were detrimental to aphid population growth and survival. Alate virginoparae generally had a longer pre-reproductive period and achieved a lower mean total fecundity than apterae maintained under identical conditions. The usefulness of laboratory measurements for the prediction of population growth under variable field temperatures is discussed. Differences in the reproductive patterns of alate and apterous pea aphids are considered in the context of the r- and K-hypothesis of selection.
FRASS CHARACTERISTICS FOR IDENTIFYING INSECT BORERS (LEPIDOPTERA: COSSIDAE AND SESIIDAE; COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN LIVING HARDWOODS
Authors: Solomon J. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA key for classifying the frass of 24 species of cossid, sesiid, and cerambycid borers describes the presence, texture, form, size, and color of such frass components as excrement pellets, wood chips, finely pulverized wood, granular wood pieces, fibrous shreds, and excelsior-like shreds. Descriptions are based largely upon fresh frass produced by mid- to late-instar larvae. Host tree species, stem diameter, and portion of tree infested are used in conjunction with frass descriptions to identify the borers.
CONFIRMATIONS EXPERIMENTALES DU POTENTIEL DU COMPLEXE BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ET CHITINASE POUR LA REPRESSION DE LA TORDEUSE DES BOURGEONS DE L’EPINETTE, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Smirnoff W.A. 
Published: December 2009

RésuméDes études intensives et systématiques qui ont été conduites en laboratoire en tenant compte de l’âge et de l’état physiologique de l’insecte, ainsi que des conditions de température, ont démontré que Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner non cristallogène ainsi que Bacillus cereus Frankland et Frankland étaient aussi pathogènes pour les larves de Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens que la souche de B. thuringiensis cristallogène testé. Ainsi, à 20°C, B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki provoquait chez les larves de 3e âge de C. fumiferana une lente septicémie causant la mortalité de 90% des larves en 27 jours. Dans des conditions expérimentales identiques, une souche de B. thuringiensis non cristallogène (n° 17) et deux souches de B. cereus entomopathogènes isolées chez C. fumiferana et chez un tachinidé causaient également une lente septicémie chez C. fumiferana et provoquaient 90% de mortalité des larves de 3e âge après une période de 30 à 32 jours.Les expériences ont démontré par ailleurs que l’addition de quantités minimes de chitinase, soit l’équivalent de 10,000 UN/ha augmentait considérablement l’efficacité des préparations commerciales de B. thuringiensis contre C. fumiferana. Ainsi, la préparation bacillaire Sandoz-Wander (E.U.) 26B, dispersée à raison de 16.8 × 109 IU/ha, n’entraînait pas plus de 80% de mortalité des larves de 3e et de 4e âges après 30 jours, tandis que, avec l’addition de chitinase N.B.C., la mortalité était de 100% entre 9 et 27 jours selon les conditions expérimentales. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus avec la préparation Dipel 36B; un taux de 100% de mortalité chez les larves de 3e âge a été atteint en 9 jours avec l’addition de chitinase et en 24 jours sans l’apport de cet enzyme. Dans un programme de lutte contre C. fumiferana à l’aide de B. thuringiensis, l’addition de chitinase s’avère donc essentielle.
PARASITOIDS OF THE INTRODUCED PINE SAWFLY, DIPRION SIMILIS (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE), IN MINNESOTA
Authors: Weber Barbara C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParasitoids of the overwintering generation of the introduced pine sawfly were surveyed in Minnesota. The parasitization rate was greatest in cocoons collected from foliage in fall 1971, but there was nearly complete mortality of sawflies and parasitoids in cocoons above the snowline by April 1972. Monodontomerus dentipes (Dalm.) most commonly emerged from cocoons collected from trees and shrubs in fall 1971. Exenterus amictorius (Panz.) was the most common parasitoid of cocoons collected from duff in both 1971 and 1972.
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN THE BLISTER BEETLE GENUS CYSTEODEMUS (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)
Authors: Pinto John D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSexual behavior in the two species of Cysteodemus LeConte consists of: (1) a simple form of courtship that lacks an elaborate tactual display, (2) a prolonged mating period during which the male remains mounted on the female, (3) high levels of female receptivity regardless of previous mating, and (4) postcopulatory behavior. This behavior represents a condition intermediate between that found in the Meloinae and Nemognathinae, the two major subfamilies of blister beetles.
MECHANISMS DETERMINING THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF BRINE FLIES (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) IN YELLOWSTONE THERMAL SPRING EFFLUENTS
Authors: Collins Nicholas C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOf the three large ephydrid flies of Yellowstone’s thermal springs, Ephydra thermophila numerically dominates acidic springs because only it can tolerate their water. Alkaline spring effluents are shared by Ephydra bruesi and Paracoenia turbida. E. bruesi is excluded from alkaline high productivity springs, probably because its larval maturation time is long, relative to the short life of patches of larval habitat. Consequently, such springs support only P. turbida. Proportions of the two species in alkaline low-productivity springs are apparently determined by the proportions of available larval food occurring in still versus flowing water. P. turbida is superior in still water, and E. bruesi wins in flowing water. The analysis leads to predictions (i) that E. bruesi should be relatively abundant in low-productivity springs with pulsating flows, and (ii) that E. bruesi adults should prefer ovipositing in low-productivity effluents, while P. turbida adults should be less particular.
SYNOPSIS OFHEORTIALEDERER, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW SPECIES AND A NEW SUBSPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: ODONTIINAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe known species of the Indo-Australian genusHeortiaare reviewed. The genus and its species are characterized; its distribution and relationships are discussed; the species are keyed and figured and their genitalia are described.H.iridian. sp., from Celebes [Sulawesi], andH.dominalis restrictan. subsp., from New Britain and Rooke Island, are described.
AN EVALUATION OF THE FUNGAL INOCULATION METHOD OF DETERMINING THE RESISTANCE OF LODGEPOLE PINE TO MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ATTACKS
Authors: Peterman Randall M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractField tests were made of the fungal inoculation method of Reid et al. which assesses the potential of individual lodgepole pine trees (Pinus contorta Dougl var. latifolia Engelm.) to resist attacks by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.). Four hundred and eighty-four trees were inoculated with one of the beetle’s mutualistic blue-staining fungi (Europhium clavigerum Robinson and Davidson), tree responses were determined, and the potential of each tree to resist D. ponderosae was predicted. Two months later, after mountain pine beetles had attacked some of these same trees, most of the predictions based on the fungal assay system proved to be incorrect. Most of the trees which were attacked and which had been rated potentially resistant did not prevent successful bark beetle reproduction. These results, contrary to those of Shrimpton and Reid, suggest that some improvement is needed in the fungal assay method of assessing resistance of lodgepole pine to mountain pine beetle. Measures of tree resistance based on success of mountain pine beetle reproduction showed no difference in the proportion of non-resistant trees between epidemic and endemic areas.
ESTABLISHMENT AND SPREAD OF TETRASTICHUS JULIS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE IN ONTARIO
Authors: Harcourt D. G. , Guppy J. C. , Ellis C.R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTetrastichus julis (Walker), a European larval endoparasite of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L), has become widely established in southern Ontario. In 1975, rates of parasitism in 14 counties varied from 15% in the east to 95% in the west Dispersal into Ontario was natural and is attributed to extensive colonization of the parasitoid in Michigan and other parts of the U.S. midwest. Reasons for its success in Ontario are suggested.
ENERGY DYNAMICS OF MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS AND M. FEMURRUBRUM (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN A GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM,
Authors: Bailey C. G. , Mukerji M. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBioenergetic studies on populations of the two-striped grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), and the red-legged grasshopper, M. femurrubrum (De Geer), at a natural grassland site in Ottawa in 1971 and 1972 indicated that the former species ingested 0.42% and the latter 0.44% of the green shoot primary production (3057 kcal/m2). An additional 1.22 and 1.30% of this production were cut and dropped by the grasshoppers, so that a total of 1.64 and 1.74% of the green vegetation was removed by M. bivittatus and M. femurrubrum, respectively. These two species assimilated 41 and 35% of the ingested food, the remainder being voided as faeces. Respiration accounted for 62% of the energy assimilated by M. bivittatus and for 63% of that assimilated by M. femurrubrum. Approximately 0.06% of the energy of primary production was converted by each species into body and was available to higher trophic levels. However, 94% of the potential energy of the green vegetation removed by the grasshoppers was returned to the "decomposer compartment" of the ecosystem, with only 6% removed or lost from the system.
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES OF LARVAL PARASITOIDS OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Dowell Robert V. , Horn David J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree species of Hymenoptera comprise the guild of parasitoids utilizing alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, larvae in Ohio. Where all three coexist, there has been a yearly increase in parasitization by Bathyplectes anurus and concomitant decreases in Bathyplectes curculionis and Tetrastichus incertus. We conclude that B. anurus dominance is due to its precise synchronization with peak host numbers, its high reproductive capacity, competitive superiority, and rapid search and handling. Domination of ephemeral hosts by such a parasitoid is in agreement with the general conclusions of Force, and Ehler and van den Bosch. B. curculionis and T. incertus compensate for imperfect synchrony with multivoltism and vagility (both spp.), aggregation and rapid search (B. curculionis), or random search and gregarious development (T. incertus).
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES FROM SIX FOREST INSECTS
Authors: Hughes Kenneth M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObservations on the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses affecting six different insects are reported. Of these, one has not been previously reported, and three others have had only minimal mention in the literature with no details given. In this paper, the viruses are illustrated by electron micrographs. The dimensions of the virus particles and other pertinent details are reported.
ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY IN THE APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), IN QUEBEC
Authors: Cameron P. J. , Morrison F. O. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLife tables were constructed for populations of R. pomonella (Walsh) in two abandoned, heavily infested apple orchards near Como, Quebec. All life stages were sampled and the results expressed in terms of the apple as a unit. Twenty-five life tables, each based on one tree, covered two successive generations on both early and late maturing varieties.Natality was of no value in predicting variation in numbers of emerging adults, whereas the early pupal stage estimates explained over 80% of the variation. Parasitism of larvae and pupae was more common than previously recorded but parasites were not significant in the population dynamics of their host. Nutritionally based larval mortality, predation on mature larvae and pupae, and movements of adults between trees were key factors in population variation. Early variety trees appeared to maintain apple maggot population levels. These results were supported by experimental studies on the effects of temperature treatments and predation on larval and pupal mortality.
POPULATION MORTALITY AND CYCLICITY AS AFFECTED BY INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION,
Authors: Stinner R. E. , Jones J. W. , Tuttle C. , Caron R. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA model for intraspecific competition that incorporates the effects of inter- and intra-stage survival rates, spatial distribution, and variation in growth is developed using basic probability theory. Simulation results for cannibalism in Heliothis zea (Boddie) are presented and intraspecific competition is shown to have effects on population cyclicity and on mortality.
TOBACCO BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY OF STERILIZED AND NONSTERILIZED INSECTS OF A LABORATORY STRAIN AND A FIELD STRAIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF SPERM IN THE FEMALE
Authors: Robinson S. H. , Wolfenbarger D. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCertain aspects of the reproductive ability of sterilized and unsterilized tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), of a laboratory strain and a field strain, tested as single pairs, were studied; special attention was given to those females of pairs that mated but did not reproduce and to the distribution of sperm in the reproductive tract at various times after mating. Most of the sperm from the first two successful matings reached the spermatheca, but after three or more matings, substantial amounts were also present in the bursa copulatrix and(or) seminal duct. Ca. 18% and 35% of the unsterilized laboratory strain and field strain pairs, respectively, did not reproduce; 4.6% and 20.6%, respectively, locked or failed to mate. The percentage of mated pairs was reduced by the presence of a field strain female in crosses of the strains. Exposure to irradiation and chemosterilants reduced fertility but had little effect on mating frequency in either strain. Percentage egg hatch was the same for the untreated insects of both strains.
OCCURRENCE AND ACTIVITY OF GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) IN A PEST MANAGEMENT APPLE ORCHARD
Authors: Holliday N. J. , Hagley E. A. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPitfall trapping was carried out in a southern Ontario apple orchard for 3 years. The three commonest carabids collected wereHarpalus affinisSchr.,Pterostichus melanariusIll., andAmaraspp. Variation in activity was related to mean air temperatures inP.melanariusbut not in the other two species. The use of pitfall traps in enclosures showed that none of the above species use flight as the principal means of locomotion. ImmatureH.affinisadults probably undergo a dispersal flight in July.Amaraspp. andP.melanariusboth fly within the orchard to some extent.
THE NUMBER OF LARVAL STAGES OF THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: McNeil Jeremy N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUsing Dyar’s Law the number of larval stages in the life cycle of the European skipper, Thymelicus lineola, was determined in Quebec (1974, 1975, 1976), Ontario (1976), and Prince Edward Island (1976). In all regions five larval stages were observed, as in Europe, and not six as previously reported in Ontario. Apparently in this latter case an erroneous interpretation of the significant differences existing between the sexes (relating to head capsule width and developmental time) resulted in male and female fifth stage larvae being considered as fifth and sixth stages respectively.
OVIPOSITION BY NABIS ALTERNATUS (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE) IN ALFALFA
Authors: Richards L. A. , Harper A.M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe eggs of Nabis alternatus Parshley, which are laid in the stems of alfalfa plants, can be identified by their opercula, which protrude from the stem. Most eggs were laid in the upper portion of the main stem where the mean widths of the stems were 1.5 to 1.7 mm, and the hardness averaged 7.4 kg. The mean and minimum heights of oviposition increased with increasing total height of stem and the number of eggs laid also increased. Eggs laid in alfalfa stems that were subsequently allowed to dry had low percentage hatch.
PREBLOOM PETROLEUM OIL APPLICATIONS FOR DELAYING PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) OVIPOSITION
Authors: Zwick R. W. , Westigard P. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractApplication of petroleum oils prior to oviposition by overwintering pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, reduced oviposition by 98% for up to 5 weeks. The delay of oviposition and reduction in subsequent egg and nymph densities were inversely proportional to the rate of oil used. The reduced oviposition rate was due primarily to inhibition of oviposition by oil deposits on the host, not adult mortality. No commercially important deleterious effects of oil treatments were detected on several pear varieties.
TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF AMITUS (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, PLATYGASTRIDAE) OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
Authors: MacGown M. W. , Nebeker T. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCollections of Amitus (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea, Platygastridae) from the Western Hemisphere are referred to the following species: from Canada and the United States, A. aleurodinis Haldeman, A. granulosus n. sp., and A. gibbosus n. sp.; from Mexico and South America, A. spiniferus (Brethes), A. pigeanus n. sp., A. hesperidum Silvestri, and A. fuscipennis n. sp.A lateral plate-like process on the male fourth antennal segment is regarded as a phenocline, characteristic of species or species groups.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE CONTACT TOXICITY AND ACTIVITY IN SOIL OF FOUR PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES
Authors: Harris C. R. , Turnbull S. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe spectrum of contact toxicity and activity in soil of four pyrethroid insecticides was assessed in the laboratory. Pyrethroids tested were: FMC 33297 (3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-3-(2, 2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate); Shell WL 41706 (alpha-cyano-3 phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate); Shell WL 43467 (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-3,3-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate); and Shell WL 43775 (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-1-butyrate). Chlorpyrifos and carbofuran, two broad spectrum contact and soil insecticides were included for comparative purposes. Spectrum of contact toxicity was determined using 24–48 h nymphs of the common field cricket, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), 24–48 h onion maggot adults, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), 3rd instar dark sided cutworms, Euxoa messoria (Harris), northern corn rootworm adults, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), and honeybees, Apis mellifera L. Crickets were used to assess insecticidal activity in soil relative to soil moisture, type, and temperature. The pyrethroids were effective contact insecticides comparable in toxicity and spectrum of activity to chlorpyrifos and carbofuran. They were particularly toxic to the darksided cutworm. They were less effective in mineral soil than chlorpyrifos. WL 43467 showed activity in mineral soil close to that of carbofuran, while the other pyrethroids were less active. Activity in soil was influenced by soil moisture and type. In contrast to the standard insecticides the pyrethroids generally showed a negative temperature coefficient of toxicity in soil.
SOME EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND FOOD ON EMERGENCE IN THREE SPECIES OF CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Danks H. V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNewly hatched larvae of Chironomus decorus, Endochironomus nigricans, and Chironomus staegeri mostly from a single shallow eutrophic pond near St. Catharines, Ont., were reared to the adult stage at 15°C and 20°C and 16 and 8 h daily photoperiods. Normal development to EM50 took 26 days at 20°C and 37 days at 15°C in C. decorus; 35 and 48 days in E. nigricans; and 68 days at 20°C in C. staegeri. The 8 h daily photoperiod inhibited emergence, by preventing pupation of final instar larvae, in E. nigricans and C. staegeri at both temperatures, and in C. decorus at 15°C. Nevertheless, a few individuals emerged even under these conditions; such individuals may be important in insuring field populations against environmental variation.Food supply was normally adjusted to permit only partial emergence even in non-inhibiting regimes. After initial emergence was complete, more food was added to some replicates. In suitable regimes, remaining larvae then completed metamorphosis. Larvae undergoing delayed metamorphosis (for whatever reason) suffered mortality at low food levels; this suggests that food was required for maintenance even by individuals in which metamorphosis was inhibited by photoperiod/temperature combinations alone.After a further period, when any food-induced emergence had been completed, transfers to higher temperatures or longer photoperiods were made. Transfer after initial inhibition to regimes that normally permitted emergence resulted in emergence; and in E. nigricans transfer at 8 h photoperiod from 15 °C to 20 °C also resulted in emergence, suggesting that the cues for induction and termination of dormancy are not the same, since 8 h photoperiod normally induces dormancy at both temperatures. Emergence after such transfers was more highly synchronized than in the initial period, but protandry was generally retained.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING OVIPOSITION OF TRICHOGRAMMA CALIFORNICUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) IN ARTIFICIAL MEDIA
Authors: Rajendram G. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOviposition by Trichogramma californicum Nagaraja and Nagarkatti into physiological saline encapsulated in paraffin droplets is influenced by the concentration of the liquid, population density of the parasite, and the addition of sugars, vitamins, and amino acids. Oviposition occurred within a concentration range of 0.43–1.28% NaCl, but there was no significant difference in the number of eggs deposited. Chances of oviposition generally increased with the increase of population density of the parasite and a minimum density of T. californicum females was required for oviposition. A phenomenon of enhancement, such that oviposition in any one vial is confined to one of the three droplets exposed, is recorded for certain media. However, this phenomenon was removed by addition of RNA, casein hydrolysate, or by use of Grace’s tissue culture medium without insect plasma and Grace’s modified medium with bovine and egg derivatives. Eggs deposited into 2 paraffin droplets containing modified Grace’s medium developed to the second instar larval stage.