bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of NAD+ biosynthesis from the salvage pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Sporty Jennifer , Lin Su‐Ju , Kato Michiko , Ognibene Ted , Stewart Benjamin , Turteltaub Ken , Bench Graham 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is synthesized via two major pathways in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems: the de novo biosynthesis pathway from tryptophan precursors, or the salvage biosynthesis pathway from either extracellular nicotinic acid or various intracellular NAD+ decomposition products. NAD+ biosynthesis via the salvage pathway has been linked to an increase in yeast replicative lifespan under calorie restriction (CR). However, the relative contribution of each pathway to NAD+ biosynthesis under both normal and CR conditions is not known. Here, we have performed lifespan, NAD+ and NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) analyses on BY4742 wild‐type, NAD+ salvage pathway knockout (npt1Δ) and NAD+ de novo pathway knockout (qpt1Δ) yeast strains cultured in media containing either 2% glucose (normal growth) or 0.5% glucose (CR). We have utilized 14C labelled nicotinic acid in the culture media combined with HPLC speciation and both UV and 14C detection to quantitate the total amounts of NAD+ and NADH and the amounts derived from the salvage pathway. We observed that wild‐type and qpt1Δ yeast exclusively utilized extracellular nicotinic acid for NAD+ and NADH biosynthesis under both the 2% and 0.5% glucose growth conditions, suggesting that the de novo pathway plays little role if a functional salvage pathway is present. We also observed that NAD+ concentrations decreased in all three strains under CR. However, unlike the wild‐type strain, NADH concentrations did not decrease and NAD+: NADH ratios did not increase under CR for either knockout strain. Lifespan analyses revealed that CR resulted in a lifespan increase of approximately 25% for the wild‐type and qpt1Δ strains, while no increase in lifespan was observed for the npt1Δ strain. In combination, these data suggest that having a functional salvage pathway is required for lifespan extension under CR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structure Characterization, Catalytic Property of Four Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Phosphomolybdates
Authors: Chen Qi , Cui Yan , Sun Qi , Pan Wenjun , Chen Qiang , Xu Yan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFour new inorganic‐organic hybrid polyoxometalate compounds based on the {Mo6P4} unit have been hydrothermally synthesized from the reaction of MoO3, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O, triethylenetetramine (TETA) and 50 % phosphorus acid, and characterized by IR, TG, ICP and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compound 1 (H4TETA)2[(CoIITREN)2CoIIMoV12P8O52(OH)10]·4H2O [TREN = tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine], which is obtained at pH = 8.9, represents a {Mo6P4} unit supported transition metal complex, in which the CoII atom is pentacoordinate by four nitrogen atoms from TREN and one oxygen atom from PO4 tetrahedron, and the other CoII atom joins two {Mo6P4} units together to form a dimer by sharing six μ3‐O atoms. Compound 2 (H4TETA)2(C6H18N3)2[CoIIMoV12P8O54(OH)8]·5H2O [C6H15N3 = N‐(2‐aminoethyl)piperazine] obtained at pH = 6.4 shows a dimer anion [CoIIMoV12P8 O54(OH)8]14–, two fully protonated TETA and two protonated N‐(2‐Aminoethyl)piperazine. Compounds 3 [H4TREN]4[CoIIMoV12P8O56(OH)6]·4H2O and 4 [H4TETA]2[CoIIMoV12P8O48 (OH)14]·4H2O obtained from lower pH conditions (4.5 for 3 and 3.1 for 4) exhibit the same dimer anion as compound 2 only different cations. As the secondary building unit, the discrete dimer anions in compound 1–4 and the TETA (or its derivatives) construct 3D structures by hydrogen bonding interaction. The guest water molecules are filled in the channels, and also involved in the hydrogen bonding with oxygen atoms from inorganic‐organic hybrid framework, which makes the structures more stable. The catalytic properties of the four compounds are also tested in the styrene oxidation with H2O2.
Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles from Single and Multi‐Component Precursor Systems
Authors: Mathur Sanjay , Cavelius Christian , Moh Karsten , Shen Hao , Bauer Jürgen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHighly crystalline CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (<d> ∼ 5.6 nm) were synthesized by thermal decomposition of (i) single molecular precursor CoFe2(OtBu)8 and (ii) stoichiometric mixture of individual metal precursors. The precursors were thermolyzed in a high‐boiling solvent (Docosane, bp. 369 °C) to produce uniformly dispersed cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in the case of molecular precursor, whereas bimodal distribution of nanoparticles was obtained in the multi‐source synthesis. TG/DSC and HR‐TEM reveraled single‐ and multi‐step decomposition profiles and differential nucleation steps in the two cases, which influence size dispersion and phase purity.
Effects of Early Oral Feeding on Surgical Outcomes and Recovery After Curative Surgery for Gastric Cancer: Pilot Study Results
Authors: Hur Hoon , Si Yoon , Kang Won Kyung , Kim Wook , Jeon Hae Myung 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to determine whether early oral feeding after curative resection for gastric cancer can be tolerated and whether it has an effect on recovery.MethodsFrom September 2007 to January 2008, we provided early postoperative oral feeding for 35 patients who underwent curative distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. These patients began a liquid diet on the second postoperative day (POD), followed by a soft diet beginning on the third POD until they were discharged. From April to August 2007, we enrolled 31 patients with a conventional diet schedule as a control group. We compared the clinicopathologic features and surgical outcomes, including morbidity, laboratory results, and hospitalized days between the two groups.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the clinical and operative factors between the two groups. Although there was no difference in the morbidity rate (P = 0.331), the early group was hospitalized for fewer days (8.03 ± 1.43 vs. 9.97 ± 2.07 days; P < 0.001) and had a faster onset of flatus (1.96 ± 0.58 vs. 2.97 ± 0.66 day; P < 0.001) than the control group. The laboratory findings showed that the early feeding group tended to have a lymphocyte count that recovered faster than the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionsEarly oral feeding following a gastrectomy for gastric cancer is feasible and can result in faster recovery of bowel function and a shorter hospitalization.
Proanthocyanidin Protects Intestine and Remote Organs Against Mesenteric Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Sizlan Ali , Guven Ahmet , Uysal Bulent , Yanarates Omer , Atim Abdulkadir , Oztas Emin , Cosar Ahmet , Korkmaz Ahmet 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundIntestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) induces a systemic inflammatory response and releases harmful substances that may affect the function and integrity of distant organs such as lung, liver, and kidney. We conducted this study to find out if proanthocyanidins (PA) has protective effects against mesenteric IR injury and mesenteric IR‐induced intestinal and distant organ injury.Materials and methodsThirty‐two Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, control + PA, IR, IR + PA. The IR and IR + PA groups were subjected to mesenteric arterial ischemia for 60 min and reperfusion for 6 h. The Control + PA and IR + PA groups were administered PA (100 mg/kg/day via oral gavage) for 7 days prior to injury insult. We collected ileal and distant organ tissues, such as pulmonary, hepatic, and kidney specimens to measure tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and nitrite plus nitrate (NOx), and we then evaluated histological changes.ResultsIn the IR group, significant increases in MDA and NOx levels and significant increases in SOD and GPx activities of intestine, liver, kidney, and lung were observed. The MDA and NOx levels were significantly lower, as were the SOD and GPx activities in the IR + PA group than that in the IR group. Although the intestine and distant organs damage scores were significantly higher in the IR group, these injuries were prevented by PA in the IR + PA group.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that PA has a significant effect in the protection of the intestine and the remote organs against mesenteric IR injury.
Bed site selection of red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) and sambar (Rusa unicolor) in a tropical seasonal forest
Authors: Brodie Jedediah F. , Brockelman Warren Y. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe selection of bedding sites is important for the ecology of ruminants, but has mainly been described for temperate species. Here we assessed the bed site selection of two Southeast Asian tropical deer, red muntjac and sambar, in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. We surveyed transects weekly for 10 weeks each in 2003 and 2004 to locate bed sites, and compared the slope, aspect, and forest canopy cover of bed site locations between the two species and with available habitat. As with most temperate deer, muntjac and sambar both avoided sites with low levels of cover for their bed site locations; this could be for concealment or thermoregulation. Sambar also selected flatter sites than would be expected by the availability of topographic slopes; this could be to reduce the energy associated with getting to and from bed sites, or to increase long‐range visibility from sites. Muntjac and sambar differed in their choice of aspects for bed sites; muntjac disproportionately chose west‐facing areas, while sambar chose east‐facing locations. This could represent a strategy by which one species avoids the other, or else differential resource requirements between the two species.
Marinen-3 fatty acids promote size reduction of visceral adipose depots, without altering body weight and composition, in male Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet
Authors: Rokling-Andersen Merethe H. , Rustan Arild C. , Wensaas Andreas J. , Kaalhus Olav , Wergedahl Hege , Røst Therese H. , Jensen Jørgen , Graff Bjørn A. , Caesar Robert , Drevon Christian A. 
Published: April 2009

We evaluated the effects of partly substituting lard with marinen-3 fatty acids (FA) on body composition and weight, adipose tissue distribution and gene expression in five adipose depots of male Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet. Rats were fed diets including lard (19·5 % lard) orn-3 FA (9·1 % lard and 10·4 % Triomar™) for 7 weeks. Feed consumption and weight gain were similar, whereas plasma lipid concentrations were lower in then-3 FA group. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed smaller visceral (mesenteric, perirenal and epididymal) adipose depots in then-3 FA-fed animals (35, 44 and 32 % reductions, respectively).n-3 FA feeding increased mRNA expression of cytokines as well as chemokines in several adipose depots. Expression ofAdipoqandPpargwas enhanced in the mesenteric adipose depots of then-3 FA-fed rats, and fasting plasma insulin levels were lowered. Expression of the lipogenic enzymesAcacaandFasnwas increased in the visceral adipose depots, whereasDgat1was reduced in the perirenal and epididymal depots.Cpt2mRNA expression was almost doubled in the mesenteric depot and liver. Carcass analyses showed similar body fat (%) in the two feeding groups, indicating thatn-3 FA feeding led to redistribution of fat away from the visceral compartment.
Dietary diacylglycerol oil has no effect on hypertriacylglycerolaemia in lipoprotein lipase-deficient cats
Authors: Datz Craig A. , Backus Robert C. , Fritsche Kevin L. 
Published: April 2009

A commercially available vegetable oil containing a high concentration (87 %, w/w) of diacylglycerol (DAG) has been investigated in humans and animals for potential beneficial effects in reducing serum TAG concentrations in fasting and postprandial states. Effects of DAG oil as a sole dietary fat source (25 % metabolisable energy) were evaluated in a feline model of hypertriacylglycerolaemia. Eleven adult (1·5 (sem0·1) years) male cats deficient of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) catalytic activity from a heritable point mutation of theLPLgene were acclimatised to a semi-purified diet containing TAG oil for 21 d. After assignment into two groups, pair-matched by serum TAG concentrations (range 6·1–31·6 mmol/l), the cats were fed the diet with either TAG or DAG oil for 8 d. The dietary fat source was crossed-over and presented for 8 d more. Non-fasting serum concentrations of TAG, cholesterol and NEFA were measured on days 6–8 and days 14–16. Dietary fat source (DAGv.TAG) did not significantly affect food intake (491 (sem16)v.486 (sem14) kJ/kg0·67), body weight or serum concentrations (mmol/l) of TAG (37·1 (sem4·5)v.33·9 (sem3·4)), cholesterol (4·8 (sem0·3)v.4·8 (sem0·2)) and NEFA (1·4 (sem0·2)v.1·4 (sem0·2)). The results show that for a feeding trial of 8 d, DAG oil was well accepted and tolerated by cats but did not reduce hypertriacylglycerolaemia resulting from a deficiency of LPL catalytic activity.
Cosmopolitan Globalism and Human Community
Authors: Noonan Jeff 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article argues that the normative foundations and political implications of David Held's cosmopolitan social democracy are insufficient as solutions to the moral and social problems he criticizes. The article develops a life-grounded alternative critique of globalization that roots our ethical duties towards each other in consciousness of our shared needs and capabilities. These ethical duties are best realized in political projects aimed at fundamental long-term transformations in the principles that govern major socio-economic institutions.
Function and Structure in Aristotle
Authors: Butler Travis 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTAristotle is sometimes committed to a pattern of inference that moves from complexity offunctioning to complexity in the entity's metaphysical structure. This article argues that Aristotle rejects this inference in the case of the basic essence, the ultimate differentia that determines the kind to which the entity belongs. Specifically, the functional difference between active and passive reasoning in humans is not matched in the structure of the basic human essence. The basic essence is an immediate unity in the strong sense that it is wholly without structural parts. Complex rational functioning emerges from a metaphysically simple basic essence.
Virtue Ethics, Politics, and the Function of Laws: The Parent Analogy in Plato's Menexenus
Authors: Berges Sandrine 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTCan virtue ethics say anything worthwhile about laws? What would a virtue-ethical account of good laws look like? I argue that a plausible answer to that question can be found in Plato's parent analogies in the Crito and the Menexenus. I go on to show that the Menexenus gives us a philosophical argument to the effect that laws are just only if they enable citizens to flourish. I then argue that the resulting virtue-ethical account of just laws is not viciously paternalistic. Finally, I refute the objection that the virtue-ethical account I am proposing is not distinct from a consequentialist account.
Réforme politique et éducation: un dialogue Godwin-Helvétius sur perfectibilité
Authors: Audidière Sophie 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the relation between Godwin (1756–1836), Republican and author of Politcal Justice (1793), and French philosophers, particularly Helvétius. Both Godwin and Helvétius were in favour of a political understanding of the theory of knowledge as opposed to an intellectual treatment of policy. They continually questioned the links between policy, history of the human understanding, and moral science from the perspective of the question of education. After the September Massacres (1792), Godwin's thought changed radically and began to revolve around the notion of perfectibility. The final disagreement marked a distinction between French reformers, who advocated state control, and English writers, influenced by dissent and reformation, who held the idea of perfectibility.
Platon, critique du matérialisme: le cas de l'Hippias majeur
Authors: McNeil Raphaël Arteau 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is twofold: first, to show that, in Plato'sHippias Major,Hippias is the mouthpiece of a materialist ontology; second, to discuss the critique of this ontology. My argument is based on an interpretation ofHippias Major300b4–301e3. I begin by revealing the shortcomings of P. Woodruff's and I. Ludlam's interpretations. Next, I define the concept of materialism as it was understood in ancient Greece (Democritus) in order to outline the specificity of Hippias' materialism. Finally, I argue that the opposition between the two characters of theHippias Majorrepresents in fact an ontological opposition between two conceptions of what a unity is, i.e., Hippias' elementary corporal unities and Socrates' “formal unity.”
Meyerson critique ou héritier de Comte?
Authors: Bensaude-Vincent Bernadette 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTEven though Émile Meyerson is rightly seen as an opponent of Comte's positivism, analyzing passages of his works with the help of his correspondence shows the ambiguity of his relation to Comte's philosophy. Drawing on Meyerson's remarks about his relation to Comte's philosophy, this article offers a new perspective on the notion of influence, which is too often perceived as passive or unassimilated reception of a stream of ideas. I argue that Meyerson treated Comte's ideas as a sort of raw matter he transformed into a finished product.
L'intervention humanitaire peut-elle être conçue comme un «devoir parfait»?
Authors: Courtois Stéphane 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article examines the claim recently put forward by Terry Nardin, Kok-Chor Tan, and Carla Bagnoli that humanitarian intervention ought to be conceived, not as an imperfect duty (a duty of assistance to the victims of crimes against humanity left to the discretion of the members of the international community), but—assuming that the permissibility conditions have been satisfied—as a perfect duty (an unconditional obligation demanded by justice). After explaining why such a position can be considered as legitimate, it underlines some of its difficulties and provides the elements of a response in order to overcome them.
Hybrid Varieties of Pleasure and the Complex Case of the Pleasures of Learning in Plato'sPhilebus
Authors: Ionescu Cristina 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article addresses two main concerns: first, the relation between the truth/falsehood and purity/impurity criteria as applied to pleasure, and, second, the status of our pleasures of learning. In addressing the first, I argue that Plato keeps the truth/falsehood and purity/impurity criteria distinct in his assessment of pleasures and thus leaves room for the possibility of hybrid pleasures in the form of true impure pleasures and false pure pleasures. In addressing the second issue, I show that Plato's view is perfectly able to accommodate an understanding of our pleasures of learning as pure pleasures even if such pleasures are preceded by awareness of a lack (ignorance).
Logical Space and the Space of Sight: The Relevance of Wittgenstein's Arguments to Recent Issues in the Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Soutif Ludovic 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTIn this article, I show and discuss the relevance of Wittgenstein's arguments as to the spatial structure of sight to recent issues in the philosophy of mind. The first, bearing upon the dimensionality of the manifolds at play in depiction, plays a critical role in Clark's attempt to provide an independent account ofqualiaand of their differentiative properties. The second, pertaining to the properly spatial structure formed by the data of sight, is explicitly appealed to in the debate on the realistic character of any genuinely spatial scheme. I argue that if Wittgenstein rightly assumes that the simultaneous presence of sensible places in vision is a key condition for objectivity, he fails nevertheless to warrant the allegedly realistic character of the scheme employed in his own search for a phenomenological description of the visual field.
A Pragmatic Phenomenalist Account of Knowledge
Authors: Lee Byeong D. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTRobert Brandom argues for a “pragmatic phenomenalist account” of knowledge. On this account, we should understand our notion of justification in accordance with a Sellarsian social practice model, and there is nothing more to the phenomenon of knowledge than the proprieties of takings-as-knowing. I agree with these two claims. But Brandom's proposal is so sketchy that it is unclear how it can deal with a number of much-discussed problems in contemporary epistemology. The main purpose of this article is to develop and defend a pragmatic phenomenalist account of knowledge by resolving those problems. I argue, in particular, that this account can accommodate both the lesson of the Gettier problem and the lesson of reliabilism simultaneously.
Hume's Impression of Succession (Time)
Authors: Miller Jon Charles 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTIn this article I argue that Hume's empiricism allows for time to exist as a real distinct impression of succession, not, as many claim, merely as a nominal abstract idea. In the first part of this article I show how for Hume it is succession and not duration that constitutes time, and, further, that only duration is fictional. In the second part, I show that according to the way Hume describes the functions of the memory and imagination, it is possible to explain how we are able to perceive a distinct impression of succession.
What do artificial neural networks tell us about the genetic structure of populations? The example of European pig populations
Authors: NIKOLIC NATACHA , PARK YOUNG-SEUK , SANCRISTOBAL MAGALI , LEK SOVAN , CHEVALET CLAUDE 
Published: April 2009

SummaryGeneral and genetic statistical methods are commonly used to deal with microsatellite data (highly variable neutral genetic markers). In this paper, the self-organizing map (SOM) that belongs to the unsupervised artificial neural networks (ANNs) was applied to analyse the structure of 58 European and two Chinese pig populations (Sus scrofa) including commercial lines, local breeds and cosmopolitan breeds. Results were compared with other unsupervised classification or ordination methods such as factorial correspondence analysis, hierarchical clustering from an allele sharing distance and the Bayesian genetic model and with principal components analysis and neighbour joining from allelic frequencies and genetic distances between populations. Like other methods, SOMs were able to classify individuals according to their breed origin and to visualize similarities between breeds. They provided additional information on the within- and between-population diversity, allowed differences between similar populations to be highlighted and helped differentiate different groups of populations.