bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed germination ecology of the endemic Iberian winter annualsIberis pectinataandZiziphora aragonensis
Authors: Copete Miguel Á. , Herranz José M. , Ferrandis Pablo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe germination ecology of the winter annual Iberian endemicsIberis pectinataandZiziphora aragonensiswas investigated in order to better understand adaptations of rare species to their natural habitat and to improveex-situpropagation techniques and management of their habitat. Specifically, we analysed the following aspects: (1) influence of temperature, light conditions and seed age on germination patterns; (2) phenology of germination; (3) germinative response of buried seeds to seasonal temperature changes; and (4) temperature requirements for induction and breaking of secondary dormancy. Germination was substantially lower in darkness than with a photoperiod in both taxa, with this difference being more pronounced inZ. aragonensis. Freshly matured seeds showed conditional physiological dormancy, germinating at low and medium temperatures but not at high temperatures (28/14 and 32/18°C). Germination capability increased with time of dry storage in both species, suggesting the existence of non-deep physiological dormancy. Under greenhouse conditions, germination of both taxa was mostly concentrated in autumn (October–November), while spring percentages were less than 1% of total accumulated germination recorded during the study.I. pectinataandZ. aragonensisseeds buried and exposed to natural seasonal temperature variations in an unheated greenhouse came out of conditional dormancy in summer and re-entered it in winter, thus exhibiting an annual conditional dormancy/non-dormancy cycle. Dormant seeds of both species which were stratified at 28/14 or 32/18°C during an 8-week period, were non-dormant when they were subsequently incubated over a range of temperatures from 5 to 25/10°C. Non-dormant seeds were induced into dormancy when stratified at 5 or 15/4°C for 8 weeks, showing a particularly low germination response at high temperatures. Recommendations for wild-population reinforcement programmes and for the management of the natural habitat of both endemics are discussed.
Hautpflege und Hautschutz beim unreifen Frühgeborenen. Eine systematische Literaturübersicht
Authors: Körner Astrid , Dinten-Schmid Barbara , Stoffel Lilian , Hirter Kathrin , Käppeli Silvia 
Published: August 2009

Aufgrund der Unreife von Organsystemen und Organfunktionen bestehen bei der Haut des Frühgeborenen physiologische und anatomische Besonderheiten. Die unterentwickelte Haut des sehr kleinen Frühgeborenen sowie die Notwendigkeit der Intensivpflegeüberwachung und der Intensivpflegemaßnahmen erhöhen das Verletzungsrisiko und den Verlust der Hautintegrität. Der unreifen Haut muss in den ersten zwei bis drei Lebenswochen eine hohe Beachtung geschenkt werden – insbesondere bei Kindern, die vor der 28. Schwangerschaftswoche (SSW) geboren wurden. Ritualisierte Handlungen müssen hinterfragt werden. Die vorliegende systematische Literaturübersicht geht der Frage nach der Effektivität pflegerischer Interventionen zur Hautschutzbehandlung des Frühgeborenen unterhalb der 32. Gestationswoche nach. Eine Literatursuche erfolgte in verschiedenen Datenbanken zu folgenden Themen: Assessment der Hautbeschaffenheit, Auswahl und Anwendung von Pflasterprodukten, Hautpflege mit Emulsion und Körperreinigung (Waschintervall). Obwohl die analysierten Studien einige methodologische Mängel aufweisen, lassen sich folgende Ergebnisse formulieren: Aufgrund des veränderten kindlichen Verhaltens und der gleichbleibenden Keimbesiedlung der Haut soll das Waschintervall auf vier Tage erhöht werden. Als Emulsionstherapie wird in den ersten 2 bis 4 Lebenswochen die Anwendung von Sonnenblumenöl empfohlen. Es wirkt desinfizierend und ist ein relatives kostengünstiges Produkt. Allfällige präventive und therapeutische Hautschutzverbände werden unter Berücksichtigung des Gestationsalters befürwortet. Die Einschätzung der Hautbeschaffenheit mittels eines validen Assessment-Instrumentes und prophylaktischen Maßnahmen sind unerlässlich. Schlussfolgerung: Fundiertes Wissen, Verständnis bezüglich der Prinzipien der Hautpflege bei den Frühgeborenen und eine einheitliche Vorgehensweise in der Hautpflege während der neonatalen Intensivpflege können die Risiken und die Kosten der Behandlung dieser speziellen Population senken. Die Implementierung einer standardisierten, forschungsgestützten Hautpflegerichtlinie kann das Bewusstsein des Neonatologie-Pflegefachpersonals bezüglich der Hautpflegebedürfnisse dieser vulnerablen Patientengruppe erhöhen.
Burnout-Symptome bei österreichischen PflegeschülerInnen im dritten Ausbildungsjahr
Authors: Hausmann Clemens 
Published: August 2009

Das Burnout-Syndrom gilt als schwere Belastungsfolge in helfenden Berufen, insbesondere in der Pflege. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden 179 PflegeschülerInnen im dritten Ausbildungsjahr sowie 47 Diplompflegepersonen im Bundesland Salzburg mittels Maslach Burnout Inventory und Satisfaction With Life Scale befragt. Die Burnout-Belastung der PflegeschülerInnen entspricht regional sowie national jener von Diplompflegepersonen und vergleichbaren Beschäftigten in Sozial- und Pflegeberufen. Die spezifischen Stressoren der Pflegeausbildung führen zu etwa gleich großen Belastungsfolgen wie langjährige Berufserfahrung und Belastungsexposition von berufstätigen Pflegepersonen. Die relativ hohe Lebensqualität der PflegeschülerInnen weist auf besondere Ressourcen und Kompensationsmöglichkeiten hin, die noch weiter untersucht werden sollten. Stadt-Land-Unterschiede (geringere Burnout-Werte und höhere Lebenszufriedenheit im ländlichen Raum) sind bei PflegeschülerInnen besonders deutlich ausgeprägt. Im internationalen Vergleich ist die Burnout-Belastung der untersuchten PflegeschülerInnen und Diplompflegepersonen relativ gering. Von allen zum Vergleich herangezogenen Gruppen weisen die Diplompflegepersonen im ländlichen Raum die geringste emotionale Erschöpfung und die PflegeschülerInnen im ländlichen Raum die geringste Depersonalisierung überhaupt auf.
Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase transition
Authors: Mörschel Michael , Dutschmann Mathias 
Published: August 2009

Control of the timing of the inspiratory/expiratory (IE) phase transition is a hallmark of respiratory pattern formation. In principle, sensory feedback from pulmonary stretch receptors (Breuer–Hering reflex, BHR) is seen as the major controller for the IE phase transition, while pontine-based control of IE phase transition by both the pontine Kölliker–Fuse nucleus (KF) and parabrachial complex is seen as a secondary or backup mechanism. However, previous studies have shown that the BHR can habituatein vivo. Thus, habituation reduces sensory feedback, so the role of the pons, and specifically the KF, for IE phase transition may increase dramatically.Pontine-mediated control of the IE phase transition is not completely understood. In the present review, we discuss existing models for ponto-medullary interaction that may be involved in the control of inspiratory duration and IE transition. We also present intracellular recordings of pontine respiratory units derived from anin situintra-arterially perfused brainstem preparation of rats. With the absence of lung inflation, this preparation generates a normal respiratory pattern and many of the recorded pontine units demonstrated phasic respiratory-related activity. The analysis of changes in membrane potentials of pontine respiratory neurons has allowed us to propose a number of pontine-medullary interactions not considered before. The involvement of these putative interactions in pontine-mediated control of IE phase transitions is discussed.
The Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera): A Model for Studies of Development and Pest Biology: Figure 1.
Authors: Brown Susan J. , Shippy Teresa D. , Miller Sherry , Bolognesi Renata , Beeman Richard W. , Lorenzen Marcé D. , Bucher Gregor , Wimmer Ernst A. , Klingler Martin 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONTribolium castaneum is a small, low-maintenance beetle that has emerged as a sophisticated model system for studying the evolution of development and that complements (in some cases, even rivals) Drosophila for functional genetic analysis of basic biological questions. Although Tribolium and Drosophila are both holometabolous insects, they differ fundamentally in larval and adult morphology. Even generally conserved developmental features, such as body segmentation, are achieved by quite different means. Thus, comparison of developmental mechanisms between these two insects can address many interesting questions concerning the evolution of morphology and other characters. Genetic tools available for Tribolium include genetic maps for visible and molecular markers, chromosomal rearrangements that enable lethal mutations to be balanced in true-breeding stocks, transposon-based transformation systems, a completed and annotated genome sequence, and systemic RNA interference (RNAi), which makes it possible to knock down any given gene and even particular splice variants in the offspring or in any tissue of the injected animal. Inactivating gene functions at various developmental stages provides new opportunities to investigate post-embryonic development, as well as larval and adult physiology, including hormonal control, host-parasite interactions, and pesticide resistance.
Ambystoma mexicanum, the Axolotl: A Versatile Amphibian Model for Regeneration, Development, and Evolution Studies
Authors: Voss S. Randal , Epperlein Hans H. , Tanaka Elly M. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONAdult salamanders are best known for their capacity to regenerate an astounding range of body structures including the whole limb and tail, the central nervous system, and tissues of the eye and heart. The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) represents the salamander species that is most easily bred in the laboratory, and for which the most comprehensive genetic, genomic, and transgenesis tools have been developed. As such, it serves as an important vertebrate model for studying regeneration and tissue repair. Beyond regeneration, axolotls have a deep and rich history as primary amphibian models, especially in research areas concerning embryonic development--most notably the inductive mode of germ cell formation. The easily obtained oocytes, high quantities of embryos produced by each spawning, large size of the embryo, and ability to graft tissues from individual to individual at any stage without rejection make the axolotl an advantageous model system for the study of development, electrophysiology, and regeneration.
Concurrent In Situ Hybridization and Antibody Staining in Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium) Embryos
Authors: Shippy Teresa D. , Coleman Cassondra M. , Tomoyasu Yoshinori , Brown Susan J. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, has emerged as an important model system for studying the evolution of development. Studies with Tribolium complement the vast amount of research done with Drosophila. Developmental features that are conserved between Drosophila and Tribolium, such as body segmentation, are achieved by quite different means, and thus comparison of developmental mechanisms between these two insects can address many interesting questions concerning the evolution of morphology and other characters. Most in situ and antibody staining protocols used for Tribolium have been adapted from Drosophila studies, and to date, few antibodies have been raised specifically against Tribolium antigens. Whole-mount in situ hybridization allows detection of mRNA expression patterns, while immunohistochemical staining detects protein expression patterns. This protocol allows both procedures to be performed concurrently in the same Tribolium embryo. Such double staining is particularly useful for comparing the expression pattern of a new gene to that of a known protein.
In Situ Hybridization of Large Milkweed Bug (Oncopeltus) Tissues
Authors: Liu Paul , Kaufman Thomas C. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONIn this protocol, double-label in situ hybridization of large milkweed bug (Oncopeltus) embryos is performed using labeled probes. Dual antibody staining is followed by detection with two different chromagens.
Grafting Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Limb Skin and Cartilage from GFP+ Donors to Normal Hosts
Authors: Kragl Martin , Tanaka Elly M. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONA remarkable property of axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) is their amenability to grafting at any stage of the life cycle. In addition to the ease of transplantation in embryonic axolotls, the graftability of tissues extends to larval, juvenile, and adult tissues. Amazingly, there seems to be no rejection of tissue grafts from individual to individual. Grafting techniques have been important for studying tissue contributions to the blastema and other cellular aspects of blastema formation, growth, and patterning. This protocol describes grafting of axolotl limb skin and cartilage from green fluorescent protein (GFP)+ donors to normal hosts.
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Limb and Tail Amputation
Authors: Kragl Martin , Tanaka Elly M. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONAppendage regeneration is a well-known and well-studied trait in salamanders including the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Depending on the size of the animal, functional regeneration of the limb or tail can occur within 3 wk (in 2-cm-long animals) to several months (in >10-cm-long animals). After appendage amputation, epithelial wound healing is followed by formation of a progenitor cell zone called the blastema that first undergoes expansion and then morphogenesis and differentiation to replace the appendage. To obtain reproducible, morphologically perfect regeneration, it is important to cut the appendage so that the wound site is evenly open over its surface. This allows cells from the basal layer of the surrounding epidermis to crawl over the cut end. This protocol describes limb amputation in 3- to 5-cm and 5- to 8-cm axolotls, as well as tail amputation in 3- to 8-cm axolotls.
Induction of Metamorphosis in Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum)
Authors: Page Robert B. , Voss S. Randal 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) follows a very different pattern of development from other closely related tiger salamanders. Whereas many tiger salamanders undergo an obligatory metamorphosis, axolotls rarely if ever transform in the lab. As a consequence, axolotls retain larval features into adulthood and therefore require aquatic husbandry procedures throughout life. However, it is possible to induce metamorphosis in axolotls by simply adding thyroid hormone to the rearing water. If thyroid hormone is provided at an appropriate concentration and at a time during development that related tiger salamanders normally transform, healthy and robust terrestrial axolotls can be generated. The procedure is useful for studying molecular mechanisms of tissue-specific developmental programs that depend upon thyroid hormone. Also, because thyroid hormone brings about the maturation of tissues, the axolotl model can be used to study the molecular correlates of aging. Finally, the axolotl model can be used to study ecotoxicological factors that disrupt thyroid hormone signaling and tissue remodeling. The ability to precisely activate metamorphosis in the axolotl provides an advantage over anuran models that are always developing toward a metamorphic outcome. The protocol described here induces metamorphosis in axolotls using the less active form of thyroid hormone called T4 (tetraiodothyronine).
Dissection, Plating, and Maintenance of Cortical Astrocyte Cultures
Authors: Albuquerque Cristóvão , Joseph Donald J. , Choudhury Papiya , MacDermott Amy B. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONSurvival of central nervous system neurons in culture is usually greatly improved if the neurons are plated on top of a layer of confluent astrocytes. Under these conditions, neurons attach more firmly and develop a more readily identifiable bidimensional neuritic tree than in culture conditions where primary cells are plated on top of collagen, laminin, or other cell-free substrates. Although dissociated cells from any central nervous system region will include astrocytes and other glia, these generally do not support the survival of the primary neurons as well as preplated astrocyte feeder layers. For example, plating dorsal root ganglion (DRG)/dorsal horn (DH) cocultures directly onto collagen or laminin results in a very low number of attached DH neurons, and those have stunted neurites. Furthermore, although a higher number of DRG neurons do attach without astrocytes, this attachment is weaker, as demonstrated by the tendency of those neurons (or at least their neurites) to blow off the coverslip when a local superfusion system is directed at them. Neonatal rat cortex provides abundant astrocytes that can be cultured readily. The protocol presented here selects for type I astrocytes that grow in a monolayer with contact inhibition.
A comparison of drug overdose deaths involving methadone and other opioid analgesics in West Virginia
Authors: Paulozzi Leonard J. , Logan Joseph E. , Hall Aron J. , McKinstry Edna , Kaplan James A. , Crosby Alexander E. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To describe all people dying from unintentional overdoses of methadone or other opioid analgesics (OOA) in West Virginia in 2006.Design  We analyzed medical examiner data supplemented by data from the state prescription drug monitoring program. We compared people whose deaths involved methadone with those whose deaths involved OOA.Findings  The methadone group included 87 decedents, and the OOA group included 163 decedents. Most were male. Decedents in the methadone group were significantly younger than those in the OOA group: more than a quarter were 18–24 years of age. For both groups, approximately 50% had a history of pain, and 80% had a history of substance abuse. There was no intergroup difference in the prevalence of benzodiazepines at post‐mortem. Methadone was significantly less likely to have ever been prescribed than OOA. Among those with prescriptions, the proportion prescribed within 30 days of death was significantly greater for methadone than for hydrocodone, but not for oxycodone. Ten (11.5%) of the methadone decedents were enrolled in an opiate treatment program (OTP) at the time of death.Conclusions  The high prevalence of a substance abuse history and lack of prescriptions suggest that most of the deaths in both groups are related to substance abuse. There was no indication of a harmful effect from methadone's metabolic interaction with benzodiazepines, but provider or patient unfamiliarity with methadone may have been a risk factor. Prescribing methadone, especially to young males, requires extra care. Providers, OTPs and coroners/medical examiners should use state prescription drug monitoring programs to monitor the use of controlled substances by their patients.
Cognitive functioning in substance abuse and dependence: a population‐based study of young adults
Authors: Latvala Antti , Castaneda Anu E. , Perälä Jonna , Saarni Samuli I. , Aalto‐Setälä Terhi , Lönnqvist Jouko , Kaprio Jaakko , Suvisaari Jaana , Tuulio‐Henriksson Annamari 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate whether substance use disorders (SUDs) are associated with verbal intellectual ability, psychomotor processing speed, verbal and visual working memory, executive function and verbal learning in young adults, and to study the associations of SUD characteristics with cognitive performance.Participants  A population‐based sample (n = 466) of young Finnish adults aged 21–35 years.Measurements  Diagnostic assessment was based on all available information from a structured psychiatric interview (SCID‐I) and in‐ and out‐patient medical records. Established neuropsychological tests were used in the cognitive assessment. Confounding factors included in the analyses were comorbid psychiatric disorders and risk factors for SUDs, representing behavioural and affective factors, parental factors, early initiation of substance use and education‐related factors.Findings  Adjusted for age and gender, life‐time DSM‐IV SUD was associated with poorer verbal intellectual ability, as measured with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS‐R) vocabulary subtest, and slower psychomotor processing, as measured with the WAIS‐R digit symbol subtest. Poorer verbal intellectual ability was accounted for by parental and own low basic education, whereas the association with slower psychomotor processing remained after adjustment for SUD risk factors. Poorer verbal intellectual ability was related to substance abuse rather than dependence. Other SUD characteristics were not associated with cognition.Conclusions  Poorer verbal intellectual ability and less efficient psychomotor processing are associated with life‐time alcohol and other substance use disorders in young adulthood. Poorer verbal intellectual ability seems to be related to parental and own low basic education, whereas slower psychomotor processing is associated with SUD independently of risk factors.
Employment‐based abstinence reinforcement as a maintenance intervention for the treatment of cocaine dependence: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: DeFulio Anthony , Donlin Wendy D. , Wong Conrad J. , Silverman Kenneth 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTContext  Due to the chronic nature of cocaine dependence, long‐term maintenance treatments may be required to sustain abstinence. Abstinence reinforcement is among the most effective means of initiating cocaine abstinence. Practical and effective means of maintaining abstinence reinforcement programs over time are needed.Objective  To determine whether employment‐based abstinence reinforcement can be an effective long‐term maintenance intervention for cocaine dependence.Design  Participants (n = 128) were enrolled in a 6‐month job skills training and abstinence initiation program. Participants who initiated abstinence, attended regularly and developed needed job skills during the first 6 months were hired as operators in a data entry business and assigned randomly to an employment‐only (control, n = 24) or abstinence‐contingent employment (n = 27) group.Setting  A non‐profit data entry business.Participants  Unemployed welfare recipients who used cocaine persistently while enrolled in methadone treatment in Baltimore.Intervention  Abstinence‐contingent employment participants received 1 year of employment‐based contingency management, in which access to employment was contingent upon provision of drug‐free urine samples under routine and then random drug testing. If a participant provided drug‐positive urine or failed to provide a mandatory sample, then that participant received a temporary reduction in pay and could not work until urinalysis confirmed recent abstinence.Main outcome measure  Cocaine‐negative urine samples at monthly assessments across 1 year of employment.Results  During the 1 year of employment, abstinence‐contingent employment participants provided significantly more cocaine‐negative urine samples than employment‐only participants [79.3% and 50.7%, respectively; P = 0.004, odds ratio (OR) = 3.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.60–8.69].Conclusions  Employment‐based abstinence reinforcement that includes random drug testing is effective as a long‐term maintenance intervention, and is among the most promising treatments for drug dependence. Work‐places could serve as therapeutic agents in the treatment of drug dependence by arranging long‐term employment‐based contingency management programs.