bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Orientalism, Self-Consciousness and History
Authors: Hallaq Wael B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn engaging with my work on the early formation of Islamic law, David Powers has in effect reproduced a paradigmatic account that exemplifies the dearth of theory and hermeneutical self-consciousness in the field of legal Orientalism. This article proffers, first and foremost, a prolegomenon to some of the fundamental theoretical issues with which this field has yet to reckon; and, secondarily, a response to the concrete claims that Powers has made.
Differences in the Use of Cheliped Autotomy by the Mud Fiddler Crab Uca Pugnax (Smith, 1870) (Decapoda, Ocypodidae) When Escaping Predation by the Blue Crab Callinectes Sapidus (Rathbun, 1896)
Authors: Mace III M. M. , Curran M. C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAutotomy of limbs has been observed for a variety of organisms and in some taxa has been shown to be an effective strategy for escaping predation. We investigated differences in the use of cheliped autotomy by small and large male fiddler crabs during predation events, and also assessed if autotomy of the major cheliped allowed male fiddler crabs to escape predation more often than females. The blue crab Callinectes sapidus was presented with 5 small and 5 large male mud fiddler crabs Uca pugnax (n = 60), and in a second experiment, 5 male and 5 female U. pugnax were presented to C. sapidus (n = 60). Large U. pugnax autotomized their major cheliped more often and survived compared to small U. pugnax (n = 22 pools, S = 96.5, p < 0.0001), although this difference was not significant when adjusted for the total number of attacks on each size (n = 22 pools, S = 45, p = 0.1467). There was no significant difference (n = 29 pools, S = 30.5, p = 0.4988) between the total number of unsuccessful attacks on male versus female U. pugnax. At least half of the males autotomized their major cheliped in unsuccessful attacks during the first (69%) and second (53%) experiments. The major cheliped of male U. pugnax is a prominent visual stimulus that may have initially attracted C. sapidus to this prey; however, autotomization potentially enabled male fiddler crabs to escape predation in over half of all unsuccessful attacks.
Some Reproductive Aspects of Latreutes Fucorum (Fabricius, 1798) (Decapoda, Hippolytidae) from Bahía De La Ascensión, Quintana Roo, Mexico
Authors: Martínez-Mayén Mario , Román-Contreras Ramiro 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Latreutes fucorum (Fabricius, 1798) has a distribution that includes the American Atlantic coast from Canada to Brazil and part of the Antilles, as well as the Azores Islands and Cape Verde in the eastern Atlantic; however, there is little published information on the reproduction of this species. The aim of this study is to provide data on some reproductive characteristics of L. fucorum as fecundity, egg volume, sex ratio, and size at sexual maturity (CL50). The shrimps were collected on Thalassia testudinum Banks & Solander ex König meadows in Bahía de la Ascensión, Quintana Roo, Mexico during May 2002 by means of a Coleman-Seagrove sledge net with 800 μm mesh opening. We analysed 1097 specimens, from which was obtained a sex ratio of 1.59 males per female. The size interval of ovigerous females was 1.80 to 3.88 mm cephalothoracic length (CL), and we estimated a size at sexual maturity in the population of 2.55 ± 0.79 mm CL. Average fecundity was 96.25 ± 53.16, with 25 eggs as minimum and a maximum of 323, with a correlation coefficient of 0.72 between cephalothorax length and fecundity. Average egg volume varied from 0.013 mm3 in the first stage of development to 0.025 mm3 in embryos near hatching, which represents an increase of 92.3%. This is the first study about reproductive characteristics of L. fucorum for the Atlantic coast of Mexico.
The Contested Politics of Asian Responses to Indigenous Rights
Authors: He Baogang 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA growing literature has examined various issues concerning indigenous rights in Asia. Yet the most urgent question is why, how and under what conditions the state recognises it. Why do some countries accept the international call for indigenous right but others reject it? Without the state's recognition, the cause of indigenous peoples and their rights looks dim. This paper examines the politics of the varied Asian responses to the international call for indigenous rights. It discusses reasons and conditions under which states or other actors endorse or deny indigenous people and their rights. The conclusion of the paper raises the issue of human agency in the politics of recognition.
European schools: A subject of International Law Integrated into the European Union
Authors: Gruber Joachim 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe European Schools were established on the basis of the Statute of the European School of 12 April 1957 and the Protocol of 13 April 1962 on the setting up of the European Schools with reference to the Statute of the European School. The Statute of 12 April 1957 and the Protocol thereto of 13 April 1962 were cancelled and replaced by the Convention of 21 June 1994 defining the Statute of the European Schools. The author describes the application by the courts of these agreements. He further explains the convergence process of the European Schools in the European Union.
From the 'not yet' to the 'now and the not yet': Charismatic Kingdom Theology 1960-2010
Authors: Scotland Nigel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article examines recent developments in charismatic theologies of the kingdom indicating the ways in which the focus has changed from an imminent futuristic spiritualised kingdom in the 1960s to a kingdom which is now largely held to be both present and future with an emphasis on social concern and philanthropy.
Temperature, Precipitation, and Lightning Modification in the Vicinity of the Athabasca Oil Sands
Authors: Brown Daniel M. , Reuter Gerhard W. , Flesch Thomas K. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Athabasca oil sands development in northeast Alberta, Canada, has disturbed more than 500 km2 of boreal forest through surface mining and tailings ponds development. In this paper, the authors compare the time series of temperatures and precipitation measured over oil sands and non–oil sands locations from 1994 to 2010. In addition, they analyzed the distribution of lightning strikes from 1999 to 2010. The oil sands development has not affected the number of lightning strikes or precipitation amounts but has affected the temperature regime. Over the past 17 years, the summer overnight minimum temperatures near the oil sands have increased by about 1.2°C compared to the regional average. The authors speculate that this is caused by a combination of the industrial addition of waste heat to the atmosphere above the oil sands and changing the surface type from boreal forest to open pit mines with tailings ponds.
Changes in Stratospheric Temperatures and Their Implications for Changes in the Brewer–Dobson Circulation, 1979–2005
Authors: Young Paul J. , Rosenlof Karen H. , Solomon Susan , Sherwood Steven C. , Fu Qiang , Lamarque Jean-François 
Published: November 2011

Seasonally and vertically resolved changes in the strength of the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) were inferred using temperatures measured by the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU), Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU), and radiosondes. Linear trends in an empirically derived “BDC index” (extratropical minus tropical temperatures), over 1979–2005, were found to be consistent with a significant strengthening of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) branch of the BDC during December throughout the depth of the stratosphere. Trends in the same index suggest a significant strengthening of the Southern Hemisphere branch of the BDC during August through to the midstratosphere, as well as a significant weakening during March in the NH lower stratosphere. Such trends, however, are only significant if it is assumed that interannual variability due to the BDC can be removed by regression of the tropics against the extratropics and vice versa (i.e., exploiting the out-of-phase nature of tropical and extratropical temperatures as demonstrated by previous studies of temperature and the BDC). The possibility that the apparent lower-stratosphere BDC December strengthening and March weakening could point to a change in the seasonal cycle of the circulation is also explored. The differences between a 1979–91 average and 1995–2005 average tropical temperature seasonal cycle in lower-stratospheric MSU data show an apparent shift in the minimum from February to January, consistent with a change in the timing of the maximum wave driving. Additionally, the importance of decadal variability in shaping the overall trends is highlighted, in particular for the suggested March BDC weakening, which may now be strengthening from a minimum in the 1990s.
Male Violence, Male Fantasy and the Commodification of Women through the Internet
Authors: Cunneen Chris , Stubbs Julie 
Published: November 2011

This article considers the construction of particular forms of masculinity and femininity in the context of a new global market for sex and marital trade via the Internet. The work arose from research conducted on disproportionate levels of violence against Filipino women in Australia; in particular, high victimisation rates in cases of spousal homicides compared to other Australian women. The research led to a consideration of the intersection between gender, ethnicity and first world/third world relations. Violence against Filipino women in Australia is examined with reference to the material and symbolic dimensions which shaped their experiences as immigrants and their postcolonial identities. The gendered and racialised nature of the movement of women across national boundaries, and their subsequent exposure to more extreme levels of violence, gives the research a broader focus than simply the experiences of Filipino women in Australia. We pay particular attention to the Internet as a site for the representation of Filipino women and as a marketplace for buying and selling women. The Internet now represents a significant international site through which Filipino women are represented as partners for sex or marriage. The Internet also exemplifies the manner in which economic privilege and access to technological knowledge and resources reinforce hierarchies based in ‘race’ and gender and reproduce inequality within and through cyberspace.
Immigrants and Law Enforcement: A Comparison of Native-Born and Foreign-Born Americans' Opinions of the Police
Authors: Davis Robert C. , Hendricks Nicole J. 
Published: November 2011

As the immigrant population continues to grow, law enforcement agencies face increasing demands to provide services and reach out to groups that are subject to victimization and reluctant to become involved with authorities. The current paper provides a quantitative look at how immigrants perceive the police, how they evaluate their experiences with police, and their willingness to engage in voluntary contacts with the police, relative to native-born Americans. Data come from a telephone survey with a community sample of residents of Seattle commissioned by the city officials to identify possible friction points in police-public interactions. After controlling for ethnicity and other demographic factors, we found that immigrants rated the police more positively than native-born Americans on measures of police effectiveness, police misconduct, and satisfaction with both voluntary and involuntary contacts. However, we found that immigrants were far less likely than native-born Americans to contact the police for assistance. On measures from reporting crimes and other problem situations to participating in police anti-crime programs, immigrants were less likely to seek contact with the police.
Minimum 10-Year Follow-up of Arthroscopic Intra-articular Bankart Repair Using Bioabsorbable Tacks
Authors: Privitera David M. , Bisson Leslie J. , Marzo John M. 
Published: November 2011

Background: There are few long-term studies evaluating functional outcomes and rates of arthrosis after arthroscopic Bankart repair with bioabsorbable tacks. Purpose: We evaluated the clinical and radiographic results of arthroscopic Bankart repair using intra-articular bioabsorbable tacks at a minimum of 10 years’ follow-up. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Thirty-two consecutive patients were retrospectively identified. Twenty patients (63%) were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 13.5 years (range, 10.75-17.5 years) and average age of 43 years (range, 28-73 years). The surgical shoulder (SS) was compared with a healthy control shoulder (CS) in 15 of 20 patients. Outcome tools included the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) and Disabilities of the Shoulder, Arm, and Hand (DASH). Blinded, independent evaluators performed physical examinations and reviewed radiographs. Results: Thirteen patients (65%) had stable shoulders, 5 of 7 (25%) failed by dislocation, and 2 of 7 (10%) failed by signs of anterior instability on examination. Three patients underwent revision stabilization surgery. Average time to failure was 4.2 years (range, 0.25-14.7 years). Average WOSI and DASH scores were 80% and 7.3, respectively. The CS faired better than SS in WOSI scores (97% vs 83%, respectively; P = .008), main DASH scores (0.39 vs 6.79, respectively; P = .024), and the DASH sports module (0.00 vs 10.94, respectively; P = .043). Patients lost 5.9° of passive forward flexion ( P = .031) and 4.3° of passive external rotation ( P = .001). Forty percent returned to their preoperative sports level. Higher grades of arthrosis were seen in the SS (20% absent, 40% mild, 25% moderate, and 15% severe) versus CS ( P = .002). Conclusion: At long-term follow-up, 65% of patients treated with an arthroscopic Bankart repair using bioabsorbable tacks had a well-functioning, stable shoulder. Disability scores were greatest with sports; however, the majority of patients had well-preserved ranges of motion and good functional WOSI scores. Despite this, 40% had evidence of moderate to severe glenohumeral arthrosis.
Acoustic emission monitoring of abrasive particle impacts on carbon steel
Authors: Droubi M G , Reuben R L , White G 
Published: November 2011

The estimation of energy dissipation during particle impact is a key aspect in evaluating the abrasive potential of impact process. Whereas numerous numerical and analytical approaches exist, aimed at explaining observed wear phenomena, few researchers have attempted to measure the energy dissipation during impact. This article reports the results of systematic acoustic emission (AE) energy measurements aimed at detecting the amount of energy dissipated in a carbon steel target during airborne particle impact. Three experimental arrangements were used to investigate three impact regimes; low velocity–low mass (impact speeds of 1–2.5 m/s and masses of 4.9 × 10−6 to 2.3 × 10−4 g), low velocity–high mass (sphere masses of 0.001–2 g), and high velocity–low mass (impact speeds of 4–16 m/s). Within each of these regimes, both single-particle and multiple-particle impacts were studied in order to investigate the effect of overlapping events. Two parameters, particle diameter and particle impact speed, both of which affect the energy dissipated into the material were investigated and correlated with AE energy. The results show that AE increases with the third power of particle diameter, i.e. the mass, and with the second power of the velocity, as would be expected. The diameter exponent was only valid up to particle sizes of around 1.5 mm, an observation which was attributed to different energy dissipation mechanisms with the higher associated momentum. The velocity exponent, and the general level of the energy were lower for multiple impacts than for single impacts, and this was attributed to particle interactions in the guide tube and/or near the surface leading to an underestimate of the actual impact velocity in magnitude and direction.
Global analysis of gene expression in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons identifies molecular pathways associated with cell death
Authors: Kristiansen Mark , Menghi Francesca , Hughes Rosie , Hubank Mike , Ham Jonathan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Developing sympathetic neurons depend on nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival and die by apoptosis after NGF withdrawal. This process requires de novo gene expression but only a small number of genes induced by NGF deprivation have been identified so far, either by a candidate gene approach or in mRNA differential display experiments. This is partly because it is difficult to obtain large numbers of sympathetic neurons for in vitro studies. Here, we describe for the first time, how advances in gene microarray technology have allowed us to investigate the expression of all known genes in sympathetic neurons cultured in the presence and absence of NGF.

Results
We have used Affymetrix Exon arrays to study the pattern of expression of all known genes in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons. We identified 415 up- and 813 down-regulated genes, including most of the genes previously known to be regulated in this system. NGF withdrawal activates the mixed lineage kinase (MLK)-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-c-Jun pathway which is required for NGF deprivation-induced death. By including a mixed lineage kinase (MLK) inhibitor, CEP-11004, in our experimental design we identified which of the genes induced after NGF withdrawal are potential targets of the MLK-JNK-c-Jun pathway. A detailed Gene Ontology and functional enrichment analysis also identified genetic pathways that are highly enriched and overrepresented amongst the genes expressed after NGF withdrawal. Five genes not previously studied in sympathetic neurons - trib3, ddit3, txnip, ndrg1 and mxi1 - were validated by real time-PCR. The proteins encoded by these genes also increased in level after NGF withdrawal and this increase was prevented by CEP-11004, suggesting that these genes are potential targets of the MLK-JNK-c-Jun pathway.

Conclusions
The sympathetic neuron model is one of the best studied models of neuronal apoptosis. Overall, our microarray data gives a comprehensive overview of, and provides new information about, signalling pathways and transcription factors that are regulated by NGF withdrawal.
Comprehensive analysis of RET common and rare variants in a series of Spanish Hirschsprung patients confirms a synergistic effect of both kinds of events
Authors: Núñez-Torres Rocio , Fernández Raquel M , Acosta Manuel Jesus , Enguix-Riego Maria del Valle , Marbá Martina , Carlos de Agustín Juan , Castaño Luis , Antiñolo Guillermo , Borrego Salud 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background

RET is the major gene associated to Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) with differential contributions of its rare and common, coding and noncoding mutations to the multifactorial nature of this pathology. In the present study, we have performed a comprehensive study of our HSCR series evaluating the involvement of both RET rare variants (RVs) and common variants (CVs) in the context of the disease.

Methods

RET mutational screening was performed by dHPLC and direct sequencing for the identification of RVs. In addition Taqman technology was applied for the genotyping of 3 RET CVs previously associated to HSCR, including a variant lying in an enhancer domain within RET intron 1 (rs2435357). Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS v.17.0 to analyze the distribution of the variants.

Results
Our results confirm the strongest association to HSCR for the "enhancer" variant, and demonstrate a significantly higher impact of it in male versus female patients. Integration of the RET RVs and CVs analysis showed that in 91.66% of cases with both kinds of mutational events, the enhancer allele is in trans with the allele bearing the RET RV.

Conclusions
A gender effect exists on both the transmission and distribution of rare coding and common HSCR causing mutations. In addition, these RET CVs and RVs seem to act in a synergistic way leading to HSCR phenotype.
Treatment guided by rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in Tanzanian children: safety and alternative bacterial diagnoses
Authors: Mtove George , Hendriksen Ilse CE , Amos Ben , Mrema Hedwiga , Mandia Victor , Manjurano Alphaxard , Muro Florida , Sykes Alma , Hildenwall Helena , Whitty Christopher JM , Reyburn Hugh 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
WHO guidelines for the treatment of young children with suspected malaria have recently changed from presumptive treatment to anti-malarial treatment guided by a blood slide or malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT). However, there is limited evidence of the safety of this policy in routine outpatient settings in Africa.

Methods
Children 3-59 months of age with a non-severe febrile illness and no obvious cause were enrolled over a period of one year in a malaria endemic area of Tanzania. Treatment was determined by the results of a clinical examination and RDT result, and blood culture and serum lactate were also collected. RDT-negative children were followed up over 14 days.

Results
Over the course of one year, 965 children were enrolled; 158 (16.4%) were RDT-positive and treated with artemether-lumefantrine and 807 (83.4%) were RDT-negative and treated with non-anti-malarial medicines. Compared with RDT-positives, RDT-negative children were on average younger with a lower axillary temperature and more likely to have a history of cough or difficulty in breathing. Six (0.6%) children became RDT-positive after enrolment, all of whom were PCR-negative for Plasmodium falciparum DNA at enrolment. In addition, 12 (1.2%) children were admitted to hospital, one with possible malaria, none of whom died. A bacterial pathogen was identified in 9/965 (0.9%) children, eight of whom were RDT-negative and one was RDT-positive, but slide-negative. Excluding three children with Salmonella typhi, all of the children with bacteraemia were ≤12 months of age. Compared to double-read research slide results RDTs had a sensitivity of 97.8% (95%CI 96.9-98.7) and specificity of 96.3% (95%CI 96.3-98.4).

Conclusions
Use of RDTs to direct the use of anti-malarial drugs in young children did not result in any missed diagnoses of malaria although new infections soon after a consultation with a negative RDT result may undermine confidence in results. Invasive bacterial disease is uncommon in children with non-severe illness and most cases occurred in infants with a current fever.
Site-specific endometrial injury improves implantation and pregnancy in patients with repeated implantation failures
Authors: Huang Shang Yu , Wang Chin-Jung , Soong Yung-Kuei , Wang Hsin-Shih , Wang Mei Li , Lin Chieh Yu , Chang Chia Lin 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
To test whether a site-specific hysteroscopic biopsy-induced injury in the endometrium during the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycle improves subsequent embryo implantation in patients with repeated implantation failure, a total of 30 patients who have had good responses to controlled ovulation stimulation but have failed to achieve pregnancy after two or more transfers of good-quality embryos were recruited in this prospective study.

Methods
A single, site-specific hysteroscopic biopsy-induced injury was generated on the posterior endometrium at midline 10-15 mm from the fundus during the D4-D7 period of the ongoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycle in six patients.

Results
Patients received endometrial biopsy protocol achieved a pregnancy rate of 100%. By contrast, only 46% of patients with similar clinical characteristics (N = 24) achieved pregnancy without the hysteroscopic biopsy-induced endometrium injury (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Our proof-of-concept study demonstrates that a site-specific hysteroscopic endometrium injury performed during the ongoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle, instead of injuries received during prior cycles, significantly improves clinical outcomes in patients with repeated implantation failure.