bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment and Re-cycling of Sludge from Urban Decentralized Sanitation Facilities
Authors: Schmidt Andreas 
Published: January 2011

Decentralized sanitation facilities like pit latrines, conservancy tanks, septic tanks or even decentralized wastewater treatment plants accumulating organic sludge hazardous to ground water resources and public health. Many municipalities around the world are challenged with the collection and environmental disposal of this urban sewage sludge or so called septage. The paper presents the frame condition and challenges of septage disposal in Indonesia and introduces a new treatment system with up to 4 years operational experiences of two running projects.
The presented projects are located in Mojokerto (East Java) and in Banda Ache (West Sumatra) and serving a catchment area of more than 100,000 households.
The treatment system has been developed by the German NGO BORDA in 2004 as a complementary DEWATS (decentralized wastewater treatment system) component for the disposal and processing of urban septage.
The system is modular and the treatment components are compiled according to the project requirements and after 4 years operation has been proven the developed technical conception and features as follows:– Robust and low maintenance requiring system– No electric energy required– It can treat and can be adapted to various types of septage– No or minimal odor emission which allows installation close to residential areas or in industrial areas– Production of sellable fertilizer– Land requirement 60-75 m2 per m3 septage per day– Operational cost 1.5 USD per m3
Facts, experiences and technical designs are presented and explained in the paper.
SANIMAS Approach and ISSDP's City-wide Sanitation Strategy (CSS)
Authors: Wibowo J. Sinarko , Legowo Handy B. 
Published: January 2011

Even tough decentralized wastewater treatment solutions have been initiated earlier by NGOs and individuals it was just around the year 2002 that it became a national program. It started with 7 pilot cities in Indonesia and is now (2010) expanded to more than 100 cities (kota) and regencies (kabupaten) in 22 provinces. This program is known as SANIMAS (Sanitasi oleh Masyarakat, or Sanitation by Communities). It can be considered as a response to the national policy for encouraging community involvement during planning and development of infrastructure facilities, including sanitation.
As demand for urban sanitation services development is increasing, the SANIMAS approach is considered as an option for a quick response to the need of providing sanitation services for low income communities in peri urban areas with population densities between 25 and 100 people/ha. In residential areas with higher population densities the SANIMAS approach would be a feasible first step towards the gradual implementation of community based simplified or condominium sewer networks. In rural and peri-urban areas (with population densities below 25 people/ha) more individual solutions would be applied. For the identification and subsequent implementation of these basic facilities the community lead total sanitation (CLTS) approach is often used.
The Indonesian Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP) implemented in the period 2006 – 2010 established a framework for planning of sustainable poor-inclusive urban sanitation services in Indonesia through effective and coordinated policy-making, institutional reform, strategic planning and awareness building. The Citywide Sanitation Strategy (CSS) as prepared by the 12 cities involved in ISSDP takes into account lessons learned from the SANIMAS pilot cities and the results of the scaling-up of the SANIMAS program in recent years. In the context of PPSP (Percepatan Pembangunan Sanitasi Pemukiman – Acceleration of Sanitation Development for Human Settlements) in the period 2010 – 2014, the ISSDP approach for policy making, institutional reform, strategic planning and awareness building will be scaled-up at national level and implemented in 330 cities and regencies throughout Indonesia.
This paper provides a brief introduction to urban sanitation development trends in Indonesia, a concise description of SANIMAS and the CSS-planning approach and it outlines experiences gained so far with the incorporation of the SANIMAS concept and its guiding principles into Citywide Sanitation Strategies. Main approaches taken from SANIMAS and incorporated into strategic sanitation planning at city level include; i) selection of systems and technical options, ii) addressing health and environmental impacts, community participation, social and institutional issues. These aspects are found to be crucial to ensure social, financial and technical sustainability of the systems.
Pericardial Fat and Echocardiographic Measures of Cardiac Abnormalities
Authors: Liu Jiankang , Fox Caroline S. , Hickson DeMarc A. , May Warren L. , Ding Jingzhong , Carr J. Jeffery , Taylor Herman A. 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE
Pericardial adipose tissue (PAT), a regional fat depot adjacent to the myocardium, may mediate the complex relation between obesity and cardiac left ventricular (LV) abnormalities. We sought to evaluate the association of PAT with echocardiographic measures of LV abnormalities in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 1,414 African Americans (35% men; mean age 58 years) from the JHS underwent computed tomographic assessment of PAT and abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) from 2007 to 2009 and echocardiography examination between 2000 and 2004. Echocardiographic measures of left atrial (LA) internal diameter, LV mass, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and E-wave velocity-to-A-wave velocity ratio (E/A ratio) were examined in relation to PAT, VAT, BMI, and waist circumference (WC).

RESULTS
All adiposity measures were positively correlated with LA diameter and LV mass and negatively correlated with E/A ratio (P = 0.02 to 0.0001) and were not with LVEF (P = 0.36–0.61). In women, per 1-SD increment of PAT, we observed association with higher LV mass (9.0 ± 1.7 gm, P = 0.0001) and LA diameter (1.0 ± 0.1 mm, P = 0.0001). However, the magnitude of the association between PAT and cardiac measures was similar compared with VAT (P = 0.65 [LV mass]; P = 0.26 [LA diameter]) and was smallercompared with BMI (P = 0.002 [LV mass]; P = 0.01 [LA diameter]) and WC (P = 0.009 [LA diameter]).

CONCLUSIONS
PAT is correlated with echocardiographic measures of cardiac LV abnormalities, but the association is not stronger than other adiposity measures.
ZFAT is a critical molecule for cell survival in mouse embryonic fibroblasts
Authors: Doi Keiko , Fujimoto Takahiro , Koyanagi Midori , Tsunoda Toshiyuki , Tanaka Yoko , Yoshida Yasuhiro , Takashima Yasuo , Kuroki Masahide , Sasazuki Takehiko , Shirasawa Senji 
Published: January 2011

AbstractZFAT was originally identified as an immune-related transcriptional regulator containing 18 C2H2-type zinc-finger domains and one AT-hook. ZFAT is highly conserved among species and functions as an anti-apoptotic molecule in the lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, MOLT-4. We recently demonstrated that ZFAT is an essential molecule for hematopoietic differentiation in blood islands through the direct regulation of particular transcriptional factors, including Tal1, for endothelial cell assembly, and for the branch point formation of capillary-like structures. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-apoptotic function of ZFAT remain unknown. Here, we report that ZFAT knockdown by small interfering RNA induced apoptosis in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). This response had been similarly observed for MOLT-4 cells. To explore the molecular mechanisms for ZFAT in anti-apoptotic function in both MEFs and MOLT-4 cells, microarray expression analysis and quantitative RT-PCR were done. Of interest was that Bcl-2 and Il6st were identified as commonly down-regulated genes by the depletion of ZFAT for both MEFs and MOLT-4 cells. These results suggest that ZFAT is a critical molecule for cell survival in MEFs and MOLT-4 cells at least in part through the regulation of the apoptosis involved in the BCL-2- and IL6st-mediated pathways. Further elucidation of the molecular functions for ZFAT might shed light on the cellular programs in the mesoderm-derived cells.
Vertebrate melanophores as potential model for drug discovery and development: A review
Authors: Salim Saima , Ali Sharique 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDrug discovery in skin pharmacotherapy is an enormous, continually expanding field. Researchers are developing novel and sensitive pharmaceutical products and drugs that target specific receptors to elicit concerted and appropriate responses. The pigment-bearing cells called melanophores have a significant contribution to make in this field. Melanophores, which contain the dark brown or black pigment melanin, constitute an important class of chromatophores. They are highly specialized in the bidirectional and coordinated translocation of pigment granules when given an appropriate stimulus. The pigment granules can be stimulated to undergo rapid dispersion throughout the melanophores, making the cell appear dark, or to aggregate at the center, making the cell appear light. The major signals involved in pigment transport within the melanophores are dependent on a special class of cell surface receptors called G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Many of these receptors of adrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, endothelin and melatonin have been found on melanophores. They are believed to have clinical relevance to skin-related ailments and therefore have become targets for high throughput screening projects. The selective screening of these receptors requires the recognition of particular ligands, agonists and antagonists and the characterization of their effects on pigment motility within the cells. The mechanism of skin pigmentation is incredibly intricate, but it would be a considerable step forward to unravel its underlying physiological mechanism. This would provide an experimental basis for new pharmacotherapies for dermatological anomalies. The discernible stimuli that can trigger a variety of intracellular signals affecting pigment granule movement primarily include neurotransmitters and hormones. This review focuses on the role of the hormone and neurotransmitter signals involved in pigment movement in terms of the pharmacology of the specific receptors.
Towards a ‘transverse inter-sectoral debate’? A Case Study of the Rural Partnership Programme (RPP) in Post-Socialist Lithuania
Authors: Macken-Walsh Áine 
Published: January 2011

Towards a ‘transverse inter-sectoral debate’? A Case Study of the Rural Partnership Programme (RPP) in Post-Socialist Lithuania
By providing a forum for collaboration between diverse stakeholders, a main aim of the governance and rural development model is to ignite a representative and transverse inter-sectoral debate in relation to local development issues. This article identifies some of the determinants that arise in the transferability of the governance and rural development model from its conventional operational context of free-market liberal democracy to the post-socialist rural setting of the Ukmerge district in Lithuania, where a Rural Partnership Programme (RPP) was implemented (2003-2005). The analysis focuses specifically on how elements of the post-socialist context and other more case-specific aspects of the RPP's operation impacted on the inter-sectoral dynamics of the RPP partnership board's operation. The attitudes of the sectoral representatives towards the RPP as a model for representative and integrated rural development are explored.
Poverty and Social Exclusion in the Rural Areas of Hungary
Authors: Jász Krisztina 
Published: January 2011

Poverty and Social Exclusion in the Rural Areas of Hungary
The study analyses the role of - two so-called collective factors - spatiality and ethnicity in social exclusion in Hungary. Furthermore, it highlights the unfavourable effects of incorrect political decisions concerning regional development on rural poverty and exclusion in Hungary's history since the end of World War II. It suggests the need for a new practice of monitoring and focused reporting at micro-regional level, close cooperation of regional development and social policy actors in regional planning, as well as a definite commitment of local decision makers in order to reduce spatial inequalities and avoid further escalation of exclusion.
‘Dhikr’ in Hebrew Translations of the Qur'an
Authors: Haykal Aḥmad al-Shaḥḥāt 
Published: January 2011

The term dhikr occurs frequently in the Qur'an and has various meanings in different contexts, including al-thanāʾ (‘praise’), al-sharaf (‘honour’), al-ʿayb (‘imperfection’), al-ʿiẓa (‘admonition’), al-ṣalawāt al-khams (‘the five prescribed prayers’), al-waḥy (‘revelation’), al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ (‘the preserved tablet’), al-Qurʾān, etc. Accordingly, dhikr has attracted the attention of Muslim scholars concerned with collecting and classifying Qur'anic words in al-wujūh wa'l-naẓāʾir works. This study will survey the ways in which translators of the Qur'an into Hebrew have dealt with the word dhikr, aiming to suggest alternatives as necessary, according to context, and focusing on two particular angles. First, we will undertake a critical survey of some of the Qur'anic contexts of dhikr in order to clarify the various meanings of the term based on tafāsīr, al-wujūh wa'l-naẓāʾir and asbab al-nuzul works, as well as Arabic lexicons, so as to eliminate ambiguities in understanding a particular Qur'anic usage. Secondly, we will provide the Hebrew equivalent of the word dhikr as it occurs in modern Hebrew translations and suggest some alterntive translations that agree with the significations of the word within the Qur'anic context.
Cuatro novelas españolas « de » y « en » la guerra civil (1936-1939)
Authors: Martínez Cachero J.M. 
Published: January 2011

Les romans étudiés sont : Retaguardia, de Concha Espina (1937) ; Contraataque, de Ramón J. Sender (1937) ; Madrid de corte a cheka, de Agustín de Foxá (1938) et Acero de Madrid (1938) ; le premier et le troisième auteurs étant alors « nacionales », le deuxième et le quatrième « républicains ». Malgré ce fait différentiel et aussi malgré l'appartenance des auteurs à des générations très opposées et l'influence d'esthétiques différentes, les quatre romanciers nous offrent une vision très subjective de la guerre civile espagnole en fonction de leurs options politiques. D'où l'aspect autobiographique de leur œuvre.
L'affrontement de bons et de méchants, facile et manichéen, l'exaltation d'une idéologie et la critique féroce de toute idéologie adverse, apparaissent comme une nette caractéristique de ces œuvres, affectant leur validité historique tout comme leur valeur littéraire.
Lengua y literatura en el texto dramático y en el texto narrativo
Authors: Bobes-Naves Carmen 
Published: January 2011

Le drame de don Ramón del Valle-Inclán « Sacrilegio. Auto para siluetas » présente des personnages qui apparaissent aussi dans le Livre V « La jaula del pájaro » et dans le livre VII « Para que nos cantes » du roman La corte de los milagros. De plus, les deux œuvres reproduisent aussi partiellement les mêmes scénarios, actions, comportements, etc. et obéissent aux mêmes présupposés éthiques et esthétiques.
Cependant, le texte dramatique oriente le lecteur vers une forme de réception déterminée qui offre simultanément les signes de divers systèmes sémi- ques, alors que le roman ne fait appel qu'au signe linguistique, à la successivité à laquelle il doit se soumettre. L'analyse sémiotique et linguistique des deux discours débouche sur une redéfinition des différences expressives, le discours dramatique intensifiant le signifié de tous les signes dont il use, alors que le discours narratif est ouvert à plus de variations temporelles et spatiales, à plus de nuances pour les personnages et pour l'utilisation du « regard sémantique » de l'auteur, etc.
Un nuevo dato sobre Francisco de la Torre: la real provisión documentada en el archivo de Simancas
Authors: Pérez-Abadín Barro Soledad 
Published: January 2011

C'est en 1588 que le Conseil Royal de Castille accorde à Francisco de la Torre l'autorisation d'imprimer sa poésie, comme le prouve la provisión de la licence et du privilège, en date du 19 mars, qui figure dans un Libro de Relaciones de l'Archivo General de Simancas.
La présente étude analyse cette donnée en l'interprétant comme une démarche administrative ; elle identifie les signataires, leurs Jonctions respectives et la source qui authentifie le document. Ces preuves confirment l'importance de la découverte, dont les conséquences sont décisives pour établir la chronologie de l'auteur et de ses œuvres.
Synthesis and an Antiviral Activity Evaluation of Nucleoside 5′-O-(N-acyl) Phosphoramidates
Authors: Kulik Katarzyna , Radzikowska Ewa , Kaczmarek Renata , Baraniak Janina , Stec Wojciech J , Clercq Erik De , Balzarini Jan , Pannecouque Christophe 
Published: January 2011

Background:Pyrimidine nucleoside analogues represent an established class of clinically useful antiviral agents. Once inside the cell, they are activated by a series of intracellular phosphorylation steps to produce 5′-triphosphate derivatives. In many cases, nucleoside analogues are poor substrates for the cellular kinases needed for their activation. It is clear that intracellular introduction of nucleoside analogues as phosphorylated metabolites (so called pronucleotides) could circumvent difficulties associated with the use of non-phosphorylated nucleoside analogues.Methods:Among the current diverse pronucleotide approaches, nucleoside phosphoramidate derivatives appear to be an interesting class of potential antiviral agents because of the known relatively low stability of the P–N bond in cellular media. On the basis of oxathiaphospholane chemistry, a series of novel conjugates of 5′- O-phosphorylated zidovudine (AZT) and stavudine (d4T) with amino acids carboxamidates were obtained. The synthesis was performed using N-(2-thiono-1,3,2-oxathiaphospholane) derivatives of amino acids carboxamides as precursors.Results:All synthesized compounds were studied against DNA and RNA viruses. Specific antiviral activities were only detected against HIV type-1 and HIV type-2 in MT-4 cell cultures at compound concentrations that were equally active or slightly inferior to the activity of their parent drugs (2- to 20-fold for the AZT prodrugs and 6- to 40-fold for the d4T prodrugs). The compounds were also evaluated for their anti-HIV activity in CEM and in CEM thymidine-kinase-deficient (CEM/TK−) cell cultures.Conclusions:Loss of compound antiviral potency in the CEM/TK−cells suggested an eventual conversion of the test compounds to the free nucleosides prior to further phosphorylation to the active 5′-triphosphate metabolite.
L'analyse de contrôle : une façon de ne pas oublier
Authors: Vivès Jean-Michel 
Published: January 2011

L’auteur s’attache au cours de cet article à cerner un des enjeux essentiels de l’analyse de contrôle. L’analyse de contrôle servirait au moins autant à l’élucidation des enjeux transféro-contre transférentiels qu’à la possibilité de maintenir vive l’énigmatique question que l’analyste en devenir a rencontrée à l’occasion de sa cure et qui a fait de lui un analyste. Dans le meilleur des cas elle permettrait à l’analyste qui s’y confronte de pouvoir se positionner dans un rapport à son groupe ou école qui soit moins « institutionnel » (soumission au surmoi institutionnel) qu’« insistutionnel » (insistance, en présence de « quelques autres », du désir dont il s’est autorisé pour passer de la position d’analysant à celle d’analyste) qui lui permet de rester analyste séance après séance.
Questions de temps
Authors: Simatos Christian 
Published: January 2011

Il y a plus d’une trentaine d’années Élisabeth Geblesco, aujourd’hui disparue, tenait le journal d’un contrôle entrepris avec Lacan. Ce que nous lisons aujourd’hui comme un témoignage – c’en est un à n’en pas douter – n’était sûrement pas tenu en vue d’être publié ; alors à qui s’adressait-il en fait sinon à un tiers de son cru, un compagnon de transfert, appelé à y intervenir pour le soutenir comme pour s’en défendre ? Parmi les fils qui tressent cette aventure on a choisi ici celui qui concerne le temps et spécialement la question des séances « courtes ».
Innovative Secure Mobile Banking Services
Authors: AL-Akhras Mousa T , Al-Sayyed Rizik , Alian Marwah , Qwasmi Doaa 
Published: January 2011

Due to the widespread use of computer technologies in almost all aspects of life, organisations that are connected to the Internet started extending their services to their customers to include new applications and services that satisfy their customersâ?? desires to make better businesses. One of these emerging applications is mobile banking. The term mobile banking (or m-banking) describes the banking services that the user can perform via a mobile device ubiquitously at anytime and from anywhere. In order for users to access their accounts, they need a mobile device and network connectivity. Therefore, sitting in front of a computer is not a requirement anymore; accessing accounts can occur while users are waiting their turn at the dentist clinic or relaxing at the beach!
This paper explores the opportunities of using mobile technology in the electronic banking (e-banking) sector to enhance existing banking services by moving toward m-banking using mobile devices and wireless media that can provide opportunities for ubiquitous access to the banking services as mobile technologies can be used at anytime and from anywhere. The technical problems encountered while using the mobile devices presents some technical difficulties and challenges for the m-banking.
In this paper we introduce a mobile system that demonstrates the flexibility gained out of this technology and covers the major aspects of such kind of applications. The proposed system covers two parts: the customer services (user interface) and the security aspects. In the user interface part, banking facility is provided to the user through the mobile device to implement banking transactions. The model provides customers with the services: billing payments, transferring of funds, viewing of customerâ??s accounts and transactions, allowing the user to change his/her password and request a cheque book. The application takes into consideration security aspects, it satisfies the following security requirements: Authentication, Confidentiality and Authorisation.
This paper introduces the advantages and disadvantages of using mobility in the banking sector. Furthermore, this paper also presents the security, suitability and feasibility aspects of using m-banking in terms of technology and usability.