bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
14 The Development of Scientific Language
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe treatment of language by philosophers has been biased toward scientific language, requiring precision in reference, denotation, and truth conditions. Scientific language, however, is special, and most conversation does not require such precision. Wine scientists, especially enologists writing scientific articles, must agree on terminology if communication is to succeed. Ann Noble, among others, has developed olfactory standards so that others can learn to discriminate and label accurately.
16 Snobs, Anti-Snobs, and Marketing
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWine culture, according to Robert Fuller, shares features with popular religion: a special vocabulary, ritualized behaviors, and ceremonies. Although wine drinking has become popular, there are still elements of elitism. Wine marketing sometimes uses snob appeal, but just as often makes fun of snobbery. Names of wines and wineries has become colorful and entertaining, partly to attract customers, but also as a larger part of the word-play in contemporary advertising. Many wines and wineries use animal names (Yellowtail, Black Swan, Funky Llama), and some are puns, like Bored Doe. Although choosing wines to complement food has always been a concern, greater attention and specificity has recently been applied to food-wine pairings; not just red wine with meat, but a Australian Shiraz with grilled rib lamb chops marinated in a mustard cream sauce.
17 What Else Is Like Wine Description?
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe concept of tasting notes has spread from wine to other beverages, especially beer, coffee, and tea. There are descriptions such as "aromas of dark chocolate, flowers, and graham crackers" that could apply to any of these beverages. Food like chocolate and cheese can also be described by a specialized vocabulary. Descriptions of perfume show many parallels to wine descriptions, and a fragrance wheel has been constructed. The language of music criticism can be added. Word for describing people also show similarity with wine words. Many are evaluative terms are evaluative as well as descriptive. To be thrifty is positive; to be stingy is not.
18 Conclusion
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the main discussions of the book outlining the topics of the three parts of the books. Part I dealt with wine words and the extensive wine lexicon that has emerged. Part II reported on the experiments conducted which interestingly showed that the nonexpert and even some expert wine drinkers generally did not agree on wine descriptions and often did not form a consensus on wines. Part III dealt with the functions of language and certain aspects of wine culture such as elitism, anti-elitism, and marketing.
Protecting the health and safety of rescue and recovery workers
Authors: Lippy Bruce 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter addresses the protection of the health and safety of rescue and recovery workers at the World Trade Center site. It covers hazards faced by rescue and recovery workers, deficiencies in systems, including inappropriate gaps and overlaps in responsibilities of governmental agencies, the delayed health and safety plan, difficulties with communication, inadequate respiratory protection, inadequate safety protection, and medical services and record-keeping issues. It concludes with recommendations to planners for future responses, including OSHA responsibilities, personal protective equipment, air monitoring, training, and using technology to protect workers.
The public health response to the anthrax epidemic
Authors: Brachman Philip S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes the public health response to the anthrax epidemic in 2001. It discusses historical background, epidemiology of anthrax, terrorist use of anthrax, and evaluation of the public health response to the anthrax outbreak in 2001. It concludes that the public health response to the anthrax bioterrorist event in 2001 was rapid and comprehensive, and it may have prevented the further spread of anthrax.
Strengthening the public health system
Authors: Keck C. William , Erme Marguerite A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter addresses strengthening of the public health system. It reviews the evolution of the public health system in the United States, describes the strengths and deficiencies in the system that were revealed by the terrorist attacks in 2001, and provides recommendations for strengthening the public health system so that it can be more effective in responding not only to the health consequences of terrorism, but also to other major challenges.
CHAPTER EIGHT London and the Continent, 1812–19
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter continues to draw upon the Chinnery Family Papers, especially the extensive correspondence between Viotti and members of the Chinnery family. Viotti's role as a founding member, director, and performer in the Philharmonic Society in London in 1813–16, and his involvement in an abortive attempt to form a rival association, including the establishment of a Royal Academy of Music, are considered at length. Due consideration is given to his continued participation in private concerts in the Chinnery home and elsewhere in London, his yearly visits to the Continent, usually to Paris, with Margaret Chinnery in the years 1814–18, his involvement in the wine business, his dealings with music publishers, and his pupils, including Philippe Libon, Nicolas Mori, and André Robberechts.
CHAPTER TEN Last Years, Death, and Aftermath
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this chapter Viotti's increasing preoccupation with his financial situation and his deep affection for Margaret Chinnery come to the fore. His strenuous attempts to obtain a pension are described, and fresh evidence is adduced concerning a new position created for him by the Opéra administration. His failing health becomes increasingly apparent, though he continued to make music with friends, including Baillot, at Châtillon, the summer home near Paris bought by Margaret Chinnery. The death of his half-brother, André Viotti, with whom he had become close, was another blow. After Viotti's death in London in 1824, Margaret Chinnery was left with three lawsuits involving his estate. George Chinnery died in 1825, survived by his father, who died in 1827, and his mother, who died in 1840.
CHAPTER ELEVEN Viotti's Achievement and Legacy
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers how Viotti exerted influence on violin playing and composition in the 19th century through his playing, his compositions, and his teaching. The putative role of Viotti as the father of modern violin playing is discussed, with attention given to a genealogy of teachers and pupils “descended” from Viotti through the 19th century and into the 20th. The conservative and progressive elements of his violin concertos are considered, as well as the influence of violin methods and treatises, particularly Baillot's L'Art du violon of 1834. Lastly, his various friendships are reviewed, his love for Margaret Chinnery being the most important—in fact, as shown in his letters to her, this was the mainspring of his existence from the time he met her in 1792 until his death.
2 Principles of Demarcation
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this chapter, it is assumed that, in order for the debate over extended cognition (and mind) to have substance, there must be a genuine distinction between what is cognitive and what is not. This motivates the search for a mark of the cognitive, a principle demarcating the cognitive. Desiderata for a principle of demarcation are set out. Various principles supportive of the extended view are considered, and it is argued that they fall short of the desiderata or are unsatisfactory on independent grounds. These candidate criteria include causal, metaphysical, and epistemic principles, as well as proposals gleaned from Clark and Chalmers's paper, “The Extended Mind.”
3 Cognitive Systems and Demarcation
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter proposes a systems-based principle of demarcation. A state is cognitive if and only if it is the state of a mechanism that is a component of an integrated cognitive system. Informal and formal descriptions of integration are given. The systems-based approach is claimed to yield a nonextended view in the case of the typical human, and to provide the best explanation of the success of standard experimental methods in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Given the empirical facts, the systems-based view may entail some extended human cognition when applied; nevertheless, this is not likely to be of the sort that causes paradigm shift in the study of core cognitive phenomena. Objections are considered, and replies provided. Throughout, the following reply recurs: insofar as the extended view explains the extant success of cognitive psychology and related disciplines, it does so by recreating the structure of nonextended explanations.
5 Functionalism and Natural Kinds
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins to engage more directly with arguments in support of the extended view. Functionalist approaches are criticized, as is Clark and Chalmers's natural-kinds-based argument. It is held that neither analytic functionalism nor psychofunctionalism supports the extended view. Moreover, it is argued that the empirical work does not sustain Clark and Chalmers's claim to the superiority of an extension-friendly taxonomy of cognitive scientific kinds or properties. Ballard's work on deictic points and Gray's research on cognitive impartiality are reviewed, and it is argued that both results are best given nonextended interpretations. This chapter also takes up and criticizes a pragmatic argument for the extended view.
6 Developmental Systems Theory and the Scaffolding of Language
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines two kinds of argument for the extended view: arguments from nontrivial causal spread and arguments from transformational power. The first emphasizes the causal contributions of external resources, and the second their power to transform human cognitive capacities. These general styles of argument are briefly criticized, then addressed at length in specific forms. An argument from developmental systems theory in evolutionary biology illustrates reasoning based on nontrivial causal spread. The cognition-enhancing effects of natural language ground an example of the argument from transformational power. The former style of argument is criticized for its indiscriminate appeal to causal contributors. The latter form of reasoning applies most obviously to historical influences; given that nonextended views naturally accommodate historical forces, it is argued that such observations provide little distinctive support for the extended conclusion.
7 Dynamical Systems Theory
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses a long-running theme in the literature on extended cognition: the dynamical coupling of the organism and the environment. Six kinds of dynamical-systems-based model are considered. The chapter argues that some such model-types have impressive exemplars but that these are not of the right sort to be of use to proponents of the extended view. Most importantly, it is argued that the dynamical-systems-based models that most clearly apply to cognitive tasks also mark a traditional boundary between the organism and the environment, a boundary mediated by sensory (or sensory-like) inputs. An argument from evolutionary dependence is also bruited and criticized for its excessive emphasis on epistemological considerations.
8 The Experience of Extension and the Extension of Experience
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores two routes from phenomenology to extended cognition. One appeals directly to the contents of conscious experience, for example, the subject's sense of having an extended body under certain conditions. It is argued that the best account of such results is an error theory, one that appeals to neural representations of body, self, and the environment; the general fallibility of introspective reports is also discussed. The other route rests on a theory of sensory experience, the sensorimotor contingency view. It is argued that the distinctive claim of such a view—concerning the ubiquity of virtual content—is false and thus cannot be used to support an extended view; it is also argued that the systems-based view, and its organismically local application, provides the best explanation of the learning of sensorimotor contingencies.
9 Embedded Cognition and Computation
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter spells out the embedded view and the principles of modeling normally associated with it. The embedded approach aims to minimize the amount of computation and representation included in cognitive models, thereby explaining how the cognitive system carries out its cognitive tasks in a timely fashion; the general strategy for doing so employs locally valid heuristics. The chapter then focuses on the role of computation in the embedded view, advancing the following contentions: that the embedded view has been most successful when set within a computational framework, that simplifying computation does not amount to eliminating computation—even where explicit rules are eliminated—and that dynamical systems theory does not model the subtle timing of the organism's interaction with the environment in a way inherently superior to computationalist strategies.
11 The Embodied View
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe chapter argues that, contrary to the claims of the proponents of the embodied approach, embodied cognitive modeling does not underwrite a new view of the fundamental relation between mind and body. The standard complaints lodged against computationalism are shown to follow largely from mistaken interpretations of functionalism, computationalism, and the associated accounts of realization. It is argued that although the embodied approach may rightly place special emphasis on imagistic representation, the empirical work on embodiment does not support very strongly a distinctively imagistic account of cognitive processing. The lessons of the chapter are briefly applied to Searle's Chinese Room argument and Harnad's concern about symbol grounding.
Cardiovascular disease epidemiology
Authors: Blackburn Henry 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter traces the development of the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Formal epidemiological research in cardiovascular diseases took several forms, beginning in 1948. The prototype and icon of international investigations was the Framingham Heart Study. The explosion of prospective studies from 1948 onwards, the modern era of research from 1972 to the present, and conceptual evolution in CVD epidemiology are discussed.
The epidemiological study of mental disorders since the beginning of the twentieth century
Authors: Fuhrer Rebecca , Robins Lee 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter traces the development of the epidemiology of mental disorders. Topics discussed include early epidemiology from 1901–60, improving diagnosis and counting the prevalence of a broad spectrum of disorders, identifying the target population, the scope of psychiatric epidemiological studies, multiple diagnoses and comorbidity, and the current status of epidemiological studies of mental disorders.
Tuberculosis
Authors: Comstock George W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter on tuberculosis provides a model of how epidemiology tackles an issue and the advances that have occurred as a result of sound research worldwide in the control of one of the world's scourges. It illustrates the need for proper diagnosis to trace the natural history and thus to be able to prevent and treat the condition. It also shows how modern genetic studies can and will be used in disease control.
Health services research and epidemiology
Authors: White Kerr L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter illustrates the importance of sound epidemiology to the improvement and development of medical care and health services, starting with the contributions of Florence Nightingale in the middle of 19th century, which contributed both to improvement in the care of soldiers in a war, but also to the design of hospitals and the measurement of performance in peacetime. In all countries there is an inexorable growth in demand for health services. Thus, there is need to develop evidence for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of both health service and health practice.
Social epidemiology
Authors: Susser Mervyn , Myer Landon 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter outlines the different ways in which social epidemiology has developed in the USA compared with the UK and other countries. In the USA, the subject was not developed to the same extent in the 1960s as in the UK, and the major drivers for methodological and subject interests were in psychiatry. By contrast, the underlying feature of UK concern was inequality.
Theoretical developments
Authors: Miettinen Olli S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on theoretical developments in epidemiology. There have been enormous strides in the statistical methods used in epidemiology. To some extent, concerns about experimental design or the choice of population to study, observer variability, response rates, and methods of measurement in the testing of specific hypotheses have been replaced by intricate, sophisticated statistical methods, made possible by computers, particularly small PCs.
Outbreak investigations
Authors: Nelson Kenrad E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter illustrates the developments that have taken place in the investigation of outbreaks of infectious disease. It describes the advances that have occurred as a result of the use of molecular tests and of the development of surveillance now possible with the use of computers. Much modern technology has yet to be implemented on a large scale and at a more rapid rate. It has to be linked to population monitoring both humans and animals worldwide, as illustrated by the current epidemic of bird flu.
Development of modern epidemiology: clinical epidemiology
Authors: Heller Richard F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the development of clinical epidemiology. It shows that the population approach, through epidemiological theory and practice, has found a ready and sustained application in clinical practice through clinical epidemiology and evidence-based medicine. The challenge to epidemiologists is to build on the success of clinical epidemiology, and build and institutionalize epidemiology as key to the development and implementation of an evidence base for population health.
Epidemiological methods: a view from the Americas
Authors: Franco Eduardo L. , Mahmud Salaheddin M. , Dean Andrew G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the history of epidemiological methods. It provides a personal account of how the three authors view the evolution of study designs, statistical methodology, and the development of epidemiological computer software that aided progress in the field. Whenever appropriate, emphasis is given to the view from the Americas. However, in the interest of providing a seamless historical perspective, key scientific developments from other continents are also included.
Epidemiological methods: a view from the East Mediterranean
Authors: Wahdan Mohamed H. , Mandil Ahmed , Wahdan Mohamed H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents an account of obstacles to epidemiology and the difficulty of coping with disease outbreaks with political implications. It illustrates that epidemiology needs an official ‘code of conduct’ to prevent the suppression and manipulation of research findings. It demonstrates the importance of the support of the WHO in disease control in developing countries and the need for coordination and cooperation.
The development of modern epidemiology in the East
Authors: Sitthi-amorn Chitr 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of epidemiology in the control of malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and emerging infections such as SARS and avian flu in Asia and Thailand. It argues that epidemiology as a means for providing information for action will be increasingly important in influencing policy and practices both nationally and internationally because of new threats from emerging diseases, ethnic conflicts, environmental pollution, and other risks including trade in agricultural products. Lessons learned from the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, SARS, and avian influenza A in Asia, and in particular in Thailand, have shown that epidemiology informing policy and practices can be effective despite the complexity.
Epidemiological methods: a view from north Asia/Japan
Authors: Aoki Kunio , Shigematsu Itsuzo 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of epidemiology in Japan. One of the main drivers to the growth in importance of epidemiology and its involvement in health policy was partly the investigation of a number of major environmental disasters, such as cadmium and mercury poisoning, and the need to follow up the survivors of the atom bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki to better understand the long-term effects of radiation exposure. Japan also showed the way in the exploitation of disease registers — and now demonstrates the ability to investigate the cause of rare diseases through nationally coordinated studies.
The development of epidemiology: the United States of America
Authors: Winkelstein Jr Warren , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the development of epidemiology in North America. It suggests that one of the most important reasons for the growth in funding of epidemiology in the USA after the Second World War was concern with germ warfare (later biological warfare) and the Cold War. The chapter illustrates the importance of Joseph Goldberger's work on the identification of the causes of pellagra and its control, the analysis and determination of cause and effect in lung cancer and smoking, and the epidemiology of cervical cancer as major stimuli in the development of epidemiology in the USA.
Poland
Authors: Magdzik Wieslaw , Wysocki Miroslaw J. , Zejda Jan E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter traces the development of epidemiology in Poland. It demonstrates the improvement in health in Poland (and Eastern Europe) due to the control of communicable disease and shows that in the past forty years there have been major advances in the study of chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, and diabetes which have led to better methods of control. It highlights the emergence of studies in children and environmental hazards to illustrate how epidemiological research has attempted to develop methods for the prevention and control of chronic disease.