bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helicobacter pylori
Bacteremia with Sepsis Syndrome
Authors: Han Xiang Y. , Tarrand Jeffrey J. , Dickey Burton F. , Esteva Francisco J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

A 65-year-old woman with a history of gastric bleeding, breast cancer, antineoplastic chemotherapy, and prednisone use presented with a fever, chest pain, a dry cough, hypotension, and prominent pulmonary bronchovascular markings. She was treated with piperacillin-tazobactam and azithromycin and rapidly improved. Six days later, the blood culture grew a pleomorphic Gram-negative bacillus. Initial subculture failed, but the organism was identified as
Helicobacter pylori
by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The bacterium eventually grew on brucella agar upon extended incubation.
The Epstein-Barr Virus BZLF1 Protein Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 Expression through Effects on Cellular C/EBP Proteins
Authors: Bristol Jillian A. , Robinson Amanda R. , Barlow Elizabeth A. , Kenney Shannon C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein, BZLF1 (Z), initiates the switch between latent and lytic infection and plays an essential role in mediating viral replication. Z also inhibits expression of the major receptor for tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNFR1, thus repressing TNF cytokine signaling, but the mechanism for this effect is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Z prevents both C/EBPα- and C/EBPβ-mediated activation of the TNFR1 promoter (TNFR1p) by interacting directly with both C/EBP family members. We show that Z interacts directly with C/EBPα and C/EBPβin vivoand that a Z mutant altered at alanine residue 204 in the bZIP domain is impaired for the ability to interact with both C/EBP proteins. Furthermore, we find that the Z(A204D) mutant is attenuated in the ability to inhibit the TNFR1p but mediates lytic viral reactivation and replicationin vitroin 293 cells as well as wild-type Z. Although Z does not bind directly to the TNFR1p in EMSA studies, chromatin immunoprecipitation studies indicate that Z is complexed with this promoterin vivo. The Z(A204D) mutant has reduced interaction with the TNFR1pin vivobut is similar to wild-type Z in its ability to complex with the IL-8 promoter. Finally, we show that the effect of Z on C/EBPα- and C/EBPβ-mediated activation is promoter dependent. These results indicate that Z modulates the effects of C/EBPα and C/EBPβ in a promoter-specific manner and that in some cases (including that of the TNFR1p), Z inhibits C/EBPα- and C/EBPβ-mediated activation.
Transcytosis of Murine-Adapted Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agents in anIn VitroBovine M Cell Model
Authors: Miyazawa Kohtaro , Kanaya Takashi , Takakura Ikuro , Tanaka Sachi , Hondo Tetsuya , Watanabe Hitoshi , Rose Michael T. , Kitazawa Haruki , Yamaguchi Takahiro , Katamine Shigeru , Nishida Noriyuki , Aso Hisashi 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTransmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animals. BSE appears to have spread to cattle through the consumption of feed contaminated with BSE/scrapie agents. In the case of an oral infection, the agents have to cross the gut-epithelial barrier. We recently established a bovine intestinal epithelial cell line (BIE cells) that can differentiate into the M cell typein vitroafter lymphocytic stimulation (K. Miyazawa, T. Hondo, T. Kanaya, S. Tanaka, I. Takakura, W. Itani, M. T. Rose, H. Kitazawa, T. Yamaguchi, and H. Aso, Histochem. Cell Biol.133:125-134, 2010). In this study, we evaluated the role of M cells in the intestinal invasion of the murine-adapted BSE (mBSE) agent using ourin vitrobovine intestinal epithelial model. We demonstrate here that M cell-differentiated BIE cells are able to transport the mBSE agent without inactivation at least 30-fold more efficiently than undifferentiated BIE cells in ourin vitromodel. As M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium are known to have a high ability to transport a variety of macromolecules, viruses, and bacteria from gut lumen to mucosal immune cells, our results indicate the possibility that bovine M cells are able to deliver agents of TSE, not just the mBSE agent.
Marine Prasinovirus Genomes Show Low Evolutionary Divergence and Acquisition of Protein Metabolism Genes by Horizontal Gene Transfer
Authors: Moreau Hervé , Piganeau Gwenael , Desdevises Yves , Cooke Richard , Derelle Evelyne , Grimsley Nigel 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Although marine picophytoplankton are at the base of the global food chain, accounting for half of the planetary primary production, they are outnumbered 10 to 1 and are largely controlled by hugely diverse populations of viruses. Eukaryotic microalgae form a ubiquitous and particularly dynamic fraction of such plankton, with environmental clone libraries from coastal regions sometimes being dominated by one or more of the three genera
Bathycoccus
,
Micromonas
, and
Ostreococcus
(class Prasinophyceae). The complete sequences of two double-stranded (dsDNA)
Bathycoccus
, one dsDNA
Micromonas
, and one new dsDNA
Ostreococcus
virus genomes are described. Genome comparison of these giant viruses revealed a high degree of conservation, both for orthologous genes and for synteny, except for one 36-kb inversion in the
Ostreococcus lucimarinus
virus and two very large predicted proteins in
Bathycoccus prasinos
viruses. These viruses encode a gene repertoire of certain amino acid biosynthesis pathways never previously observed in viruses that are likely to have been acquired from lateral gene transfer from their host or from bacteria. Pairwise comparisons of whole genomes using all coding sequences with homologous counterparts, either between viruses or between their corresponding hosts, revealed that the evolutionary divergences between viruses are lower than those between their hosts, suggesting either multiple recent host transfers or lower viral evolution rates.
A Mutation in the
Lettuce Infectious Yellows Virus
Minor Coat Protein Disrupts Whitefly Transmission but Not
In Planta
Systemic Movement
Authors: Stewart Lucy R. , Medina Vicente , Tian Tongyan , Turina Massimo , Falk Bryce W. , Ng James C. K. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

The
Lettuce infectious yellows virus
(LIYV) RNA 2 mutant p1-5b was previously isolated from
Bemisia tabaci
-transmitted virus maintained in
Chenopodium murale
plants. p1-5b RNA 2 contains a single-nucleotide deletion in the minor coat protein (CPm) open reading frame (ORF) that is predicted to result in a frameshift and premature termination of the protein. Using the recently developed agroinoculation system for LIYV, we tested RNA 2 containing the p1-5b CPm mutant genotype (agro-pR6-5b) in
Nicotiana benthamiana
plants. We showed that plant infection triggered by agro-pR6-5b spread systemically and resulted in the formation of virions similar to those produced in p1-5b-inoculated protoplasts. However, virions derived from these mutant CPm genotypes were not transmitted by whiteflies, even though virion concentrations were above the typical transmission thresholds. In contrast, and as demonstrated for the first time, an engineered restoration mutant (agro-pR6-5bM1) was capable of both systemic movement in plants and whitefly transmission. These results provide strong molecular evidence that the full-length LIYV-encoded CPm is dispensable for systemic plant movement but is required for whitefly transmission.
Blue Native PAGE and Biomolecular Complementation Reveal a Tetrameric or Higher-Order Oligomer Organization of the Physiological Measles Virus Attachment Protein H
Authors: Brindley Melinda A. , Plemper Richard K. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Members of the
Paramyxovirinae
subfamily rely on the concerted action of two envelope glycoprotein complexes, attachment protein H and the fusion (F) protein oligomer, to achieve membrane fusion for viral entry. Despite advances in X-ray information, the organization of the physiological attachment (H) oligomer in functional fusion complexes and the molecular mechanism linking H receptor binding with F triggering remain unknown. Here, we have applied an integrated approach based on biochemical and functional assays to the problem. Blue native PAGE analysis indicates that native H complexes extract predominantly in the form of loosely assembled tetramers from purified measles virus (MeV) particles and cells transiently expressing the viral envelope glycoproteins. To gain functional insight, we have established a bimolecular complementation (BiC) assay for MeV H, on the basis of the hypothesis that physical interaction of H with F complexes, F triggering, and receptor binding constitute distinct events. Having experimentally confirmed three distinct H complementation groups, implementation of H BiC (H-BiC) reveals that a high-affinity receptor-to-paramyxovirus H monomer stoichiometry below parity is sufficient for fusion initiation, that F binding and fusion initiation are separable in H oligomers, and that a higher relative amount of F binding-competent than F fusion initiation- or receptor binding-competent H monomers per oligomer is required for optimal fusion. By capitalizing on these findings, H-BiC activity profiles confirm the organization of H into tetramers or higher-order multimers in functional fusion complexes. Results are interpreted in light of a model in which receptor binding may affect the oligomeric organization of the attachment protein complex.
Structural Characterization of the Dual Glycan Binding Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 6
Authors: Ng Robert , Govindasamy Lakshmanan , Gurda Brittney L. , McKenna Robert , Kozyreva Olga G. , Samulski R. Jude , Parent Kristin N. , Baker Timothy S. , Agbandje-McKenna Mavis 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
The three-dimensional structure of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 6 (AAV6) was determined using cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction and using X-ray crystallography to 9.7- and 3.0-Å resolution, respectively. The AAV6 capsid contains a highly conserved, eight-stranded (βB to βI) β-barrel core and large loop regions between the strands which form the capsid surface, as observed in other AAV structures. The loops show conformational variation compared to other AAVs, consistent with previous reports that amino acids in these loop regions are involved in differentiating AAV receptor binding, transduction efficiency, and antigenicity properties. Toward structure-function annotation of AAV6 with respect to its unique dual glycan receptor (heparan sulfate and sialic acid) utilization for cellular recognition, and its enhanced lung epithelial transduction compared to other AAVs, the capsid structure was compared to that of AAV1, which binds sialic acid and differs from AAV6 in only 6 out of 736 amino acids. Five of these residues are located at or close to the icosahedral 3-fold axis of the capsid, thereby identifying this region as imparting important functions, such as receptor attachment and transduction phenotype. Two of the five observed amino acids are located in the capsid interior, suggesting that differential AAV infection properties are also controlled by postentry intracellular events. Density ordered inside the capsid, under the 3-fold axis in a previously reported, conserved AAV DNA binding pocket, was modeled as a nucleotide and a base, further implicating this capsid region in AAV genome recognition and/or stabilization.
Hare TRIM5α Restricts Divergent Retroviruses and Exhibits Significant Sequence Variation from Closely Related Lagomorpha TRIM5 Genes
Authors: Fletcher Adam J. , Hué Stéphane , Schaller Torsten , Pillay Deenan , Towers Greg J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
TRIM5α proteins recruit and restrict incoming cytoplasmic retroviruses. Primate TRIM5α sequence diversity underlies species-specific restriction and is likely caused by selective pressure from ancient pathogenic infections. Here we show that TRIM5α from the European brown hare restricts diverse retroviruses. Furthermore, it differs significantly in sequence from TRIM5α from the closely related rabbit, suggesting evolutionary changes in the last 12 million years since these species diverged. We propose that, like primates, lagomorphs have been subject to selective pressure from TRIM5-sensitive viruses, possibly related to the endogenous lentivirus RELIK found in both rabbits and hares.
Sequence Evolution of HIV-1 following Mother-to-Child Transmission
Authors: Ryland Elizabeth G. , Tang Yanhua , Christie Celia D. , Feeney Margaret E. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
The genetic heterogeneity of HIV-1 poses a major obstacle to vaccine development. Although most horizontally acquired HIV-1 infections are initiated by a single homogeneous virus, marked genetic diversification and evolution occur following transmission. The relative contribution of the antiviral immune response to intrahost viral evolution remains controversial, in part because the sequence of the transmitted virus and the array of T-cell epitopes targeted by both donor and recipient are seldom known. We directly compared predominant viral sequences derived from 52 mother-child transmission pairs following vertical infection and identified 1,475 sites of mother-infant amino acid divergence within Nef, Gag, and Pol. The cumulative number of mutations away from the consensus subtype B sequence increased linearly with time since transmission, whereas reversions toward the consensus sequence accumulated more slowly with increasing duration of infection. Comprehensive mapping of T-cell epitopes targeted by these mothers and infants revealed that 14% of nonsynonymous mutations away from the consensus sequence were located within regions targeted by the infant, whereas 24% of nonsynonymous mutations toward the consensus sequence were located in regions targeted by the mother. On the basis of analysis of optimal epitopes listed in the HIV Molecular Immunology Database, fewer than 10% of epitopes containing maternal escape mutations reverted to the consensus sequence following transmission to an infant lacking the restricting HLA allele. This surprisingly low reversion rate of mutated epitopes following transmission suggests that the fitness cost associated with many CD8 epitope mutations may be modest.
Cascade of Events Governing Cell-Cell Fusion Induced by Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoproteins gD, gH/gL, and gB
Authors: Atanasiu Doina , Saw Wan Ting , Cohen Gary H. , Eisenberg Roselyn J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Herpesviruses minimally require the envelope proteins gB and gH/gL for virus entry and cell-cell fusion; herpes simplex virus (HSV) additionally requires the receptor-binding protein gD. Although gB is a class III fusion protein, gH/gL does not resemble any documented viral fusion protein at a structural level. Based on those data, we proposed that gH/gL does not function as a cofusogen with gB but instead regulates the fusogenic activity of gB. Here, we present data to support that hypothesis. First, receptor-positive B78H1-C10 cells expressing gH/gL fused with receptor-negative B78H1 cells expressing gB and gD (fusion in
trans
). Second, fusion occurred when gH/gL-expressing C10 cells preexposed to soluble gD were subsequently cocultured with gB-expressing B78 cells. In contrast, prior exposure of gB-expressing C10 cells to soluble gD did not promote subsequent fusion with gH/gL-expressing B78 cells. These data suggest that fusion involves activation of gH/gL by receptor-bound gD. Most importantly, soluble gH/gL triggered a low level of fusion of C10 cells expressing gD and gB; a much higher level was achieved when gB-expressing C10 cells were exposed to a combination of soluble gH/gL and gD. These data clearly show that gB acts as the HSV fusogen following activation by gD and gH/gL. We suggest the following steps leading to fusion: (i) conformational changes to gD upon receptor binding, (ii) alteration of gH/gL by receptor-activated gD, and (iii) upregulation of the fusogenic potential of gB following its interaction with activated gH/gL. The third step may be common to other herpesviruses.
Effect of Time Delay after Necropsy on Analysis of Simian Varicella-Zoster Virus Expression in Latently Infected Ganglia of Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Mahalingam Ravi , Traina-Dorge Vicki , Wellish Mary , Deharo Eileen , Golive Anjani , Messaoudi Ilhem , Gilden Don 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
Studies of varicella-zoster virus gene expression during latency require the acquisition of human ganglia at autopsy. Concerns have been raised that the virus might reactivate immediately after death. Because features of varicella-zoster virus latency are similar in primate and human ganglia, we examined virus gene expression in tissues either processed immediately or kept at 4°C for 30 h before necropsy of two monkeys inoculated with simian varicella-zoster virus and euthanized 117 days later. Virus transcription and the detection of open reading frame (ORF) 63 protein in the cytoplasm of neurons were comparable. Thus, a 30-h delay after death did not affect varicella-zoster virus expression in latently infected ganglia.
Utilisation of Acupuncture at An Academic Medical Centre
Authors: Vincent Ann , Kruk Kelly M , Cha Stephen S , Bauer Brent A , Martin David P 
Published: September 2010

Objective To provide information about the clinical use of acupuncture at an academic medical centre in the USA. Methods A retrospective review of 904 patients (receiving 6070 treatments) who were referred for acupuncture treatment at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota, USA) between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2008. Data gathered included age, sex, primary diagnosis, number of treatments per diagnosis and health insurance carrier. Results The mean (SD) age of the patients was 53.4 (16.2) years; 73.8% were female and 26.2% were male. The three most common diagnostic categories for which acupuncture was used were spinal pain (33.4%), pain (other) (25.1%) and joint pain (12.3%). About 42% of visits were not covered by health insurance carriers and hence patients had to pay themselves. For the remaining 58% of visits, health insurance carriers picked up all or part of the cost of the acupuncture treatments. Conclusion The results indicate that pain is the most common reason for use of acupuncture in an academic medical centre and that women use acupuncture more than men. This is one of the few reports of clinical use of acupuncture at academic medical centres in the USA.
Cardiac ischaemia and rhythm disturbances during elective colonoscopy
Authors: George A T , Davis C , Rangaraj A , Edwards C , Chamary V L , Khan H , Javed M , Campbell P G , Allison M C , Swarnkar K J 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundThe number of colonoscopic procedures continues to rise rapidly. With widespread adoption of colonoscopy based bowel screening programmes, this rising trend is set to continue.AimsThis study aimed to identify whether elective colonoscopy could provoke cardiac rhythm disturbances and/or myocardial ischaemia, as evidenced by 12 lead Holter ECG recordings and troponin I (cTnI) changes.Materials and methodsPatients were stratified into three groups based on the presence of cardiac disease or cardiovascular risk factors. They underwent real time 12 lead Holter monitoring before, during and after colonoscopy. Bloods were taken for pre- and post-procedure cTnI estimation.ResultsHolter ECG recordings of the three groups showed a high incidence of new but silent ischaemic and arrhythmic ECG changes during the colonoscopy in patients with documented but stable heart disease and to a lesser extent in those patients with one or more risk factors for heart disease. Three patients had high cTnI concentrations both before and after colonoscopy. Two patients with known heart disease died within 30 days of colonoscopy.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates for the first time the occurrence of potentially clinically significant ST-T wave changes and rhythm disturbances during elective colonoscopy in patients with known heart disease and to a lesser extent in those patients with a known cardiovascular risk profile.
Association between economic growth and injury mortality among seniors in Colombia
Authors: Trujillo Antonio J , Hyder Adnan A , Ruiz Fernando 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundInjuries among seniors are recognised as an important public health problem not only in developed countries but also in middle-income countries. There is ample epidemiological literature that relates economic growth to the reduction of infectious and childhood diseases. Less evidence exists to document if economic growth alone is enough to reverse the increasing trends of injury mortality and morbidity among seniors in a middle-income country.AimTo investigate the association between economic growth and injury deaths among older people in Colombia.MethodUsing data from Colombia, 1979–2006 (n=28), time-series models were used to ascertain if the variation over time in injury mortality among seniors is related to short-term oscillations in economic performance. Four empirical specifications usually used in the analysis of such data were implemented. Models were run by type of injury and gender.ResultsA negative but moderate effect of economic growth was found on injury deaths among older people. The reported elasticity was between −0.98 and −1.26. Men benefit from economic growth more than women. Economic growth seems to reduce traffic injuries, suicides and homicides. A positive association was also found between falls and growth in gross domestic product.ConclusionsThe results indicate a non-homogeneous association between economic growth and injury deaths among seniors in Colombia. This association is usually stronger in a negative direction among children and younger adults. Although more research is needed to understand the causal relationship between economic growth and injury, the association found may suggest that economic growth may not be sufficient to reverse injury deaths among older people; therefore, additional health policies need to be in place to reduce mortality due to preventable injuries in seniors.
Clinicopathological significance of angiopoietin-like protein 4 expression in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Shibata Kenichiro , Nakayama Toshiyuki , Hirakawa Hiroshi , Hidaka Shigekazu , Nagayasu Takeshi 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundAngiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) is involved in regulating glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis and lipid metabolism, and also acts as an apoptosis survival factor for vascular endothelial cells. The protein is also known to be induced in hypoxic environments characteristic of cancer tissue. Recently, ANGPTL4 was shown in cancer cells to facilitate the transendothelial passage of the cells, resulting in distant metastasis. Clinically, venous invasion resulting in distant metastasis is crucial for oesophageal cancer progression.AimsTo determine ANGPTL4 expression and its association with clinicopathological factors and prognosis in human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Methods104 cases of surgically-resected OSCC specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry. The association of ANGPTL4 expression with clinicopathological characteristics and postoperative survival rate was statistically analysed.ResultsExpression of ANGPTL4 was statistically correlated with the degree of differentiation, lymphatic invasion and venous invasion. Results of multivariate analysis, performed using multiple logistic regression, showed that lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion and ANGPTL4 expression were independent factors predicting venous invasion. Survival rates of patients with ANGPTL4-positive tumours tended to be statistically lower than those with ANGPTL4-negative tumours.ConclusionsANGPTL4 may play an important role in metastasis through lymphovascular invasion, and may potentially affect prognosis.