bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of the use of information and communication technologies for dietary assessment
Authors: Ngo Joy , Engelen Anouk , Molag Marja , Roesle Joni , García-Segovia Purificación , Serra-Majem Lluís 
Published: July 2009

Presently used dietary-assessment methods often present difficulties for researchers and respondents, and misreporting errors are common. Methods using information and communication technologies (ICT) may improve quality and accuracy. The present paper presents a systematic literature review describing studies applying ICT to dietary assessment. Eligible papers published between January 1995 and February 2008 were classified into four assessment categories: computerised assessment; personal digital assistants (PDA); digital photography; smart cards. Computerised assessments comprise frequency questionnaires, 24 h recalls (24HR) and diet history assessments. Self-administered computerised assessments, which can include audio support, may reduce literacy problems, be translated and are useful for younger age groups, but less so for those unfamiliar with computers. Self-administered 24HR utilising computers yielded comparable results as standard methods, but needed supervision if used in children. Computer-assisted interviewer-administered recall results were similar to conventional recalls, and reduced inter-interviewer variability. PDA showed some advantages but did not reduce underreporting. Mobile phone meal photos did not improve PDA accuracy. Digital photography for assessing individual food intake in dining facilities was accurate for adults and children, although validity was slightly higher with direct visual observation. Smart cards in dining facilities were useful for measuring food choice but not total dietary intake. In conclusion, computerised assessments and PDA are promising, and could improve dietary assessment quality in some vulnerable groups and decrease researcher workload. Both still need comprehensive evaluation for micronutrient intake assessment. Further work is necessary for improving ICT tools in established and new methods and for their rigorous evaluation.
The biology of samoan bark and ambrosia beetles (coleoptera, scolytidae and platypodidae)
Authors: Beaver R. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA total of 56 species of Scolytidae and four species of Platypodidae, 25 of which are endemic, is recorded from Samoa (American and Western Samoa). The nomenclature of earlier species records is brought up to date and the following changes are made: Xyleborus torquatus Eichhoff=X. silvestris Beeson syn. n.; X. wilderi Beeson=X. upoluensis Schedl syn. n.; Eccoptopterus eccoptopterus (Schedl) comb. n. (from Xyleborus). Brief notes are given of the distribution, biology and host trees of each species, with special reference to 41 species found in a survey of the island of Upolu (Western Samoa). Species causing damage were Crossotarsus externedentatus (Fairmaire) found attacking living Eucalyptus trees, and Hypothenemus birmanus (Eichhoff), involved in the death of some mango transplants. Eighteen species of potential economic importance in relation to Samoan crop and timber trees are divided into four groups: potential pests of seedlings and transplants; of established living trees as twig borers; of living trees as primary timber borers; of felled logs and unseasoned sawn timber.
Studies on the life-cycles of two species of soldier flies (diptera, stratiomyidae) which affect sugar-cane in queensland
Authors: Hitchcock B. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Queensland, adults of the soldier flies Inopus rubriceps (Macq.) and I. flavus (James) emerge between March and June, usually on still warm days. The females mate and oviposit on the day of emergence, the eggs being deposited close to the soil surface under small clods or in cracks. Incubation takes 6–13 days, depending on temperature. Observations on larvae reared on maize seedlings showed that the wide size range in field populations of larvae at all times of the year was due to the differing rates of development of larvae of one generation, to overlapping generations and to a difference in size between the sexes. One-third of the larvae matured to adults at the end of one year, but only a few of the remainder survived to emerge as adults after two years, one-year larvae having 8–9 instars, and two-year larvae having 10–12. Pupation occurred within the last larval skin, and the pupal period lasted three weeks.
The sheep headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) (Diptera, Muscidae): larval habitat and immature stages
Authors: Robinson J. , Luff M. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNumerous habitats were sampled for larvae of sheep headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.), in infested areas of Northumberland during the winters 1973–74 and 1974–75. Most of the larvae found came from near the surface of soil beneath pasture and long grass. The mean larval density in these sites was 1·93/m2; the greatest density in a single site was 3·87/m2 which compares well with unpublished estimates of adult fly density. Only two larvae were recovered from cow dung. One larva was found in bracken litter, and none in other types of litter, or in horse dung, peat, moss or rotten wood. Larvae were reared to the mid-third instar from eggs laid in the laboratory. Field-collected larvae fed readily on Musca and Calliphora larvae, and did not appear to diapause in December; their identity was confirmed by rearing them to the adult stage. The egg, second- and third-instar larvae, and puparium are described and figured. Descriptions are given of changes in the mouthparts during growth of the third-instar larva, and of the features by which field-collected larvae can be identified.
The form of Lutzomyia beltrani (vargas & Díaz Nájera) (Diptera, Psychodidae) in Belize, Central America
Authors: Williams Paul 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe male of the predominant cave-dwelling Phlebotomine in Belize (formerly British Honduras) is described under the informal name of Lutzomyia beltrani (Belize form). Differences between this fly, L. beltrani (Vargas & Díaz Nájera) and L. steatopyga (Fairchild & Hertig) are discussed. The females of L. beltrani, L. steatopyga and L. beltrani (Belize form) are indistinguishable.
Flagellate infections in cave-dwelling sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in Belize, Central America
Authors: Williams Paul 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNearly 2000 Phlebotomine sandflies collected in caves in Belize were examined for flagellate infections in the gut. Infections were found in 4% of Lutzomyia trinidadensis (Newst.) and in 42% of L. beltrani (Belize form). The two species of sandflies were infected with different species of parasites. The sources of infections in L. trinidadensis were not established, but females probably became infected when taking blood-meals on a vertebrate. One specimen of L. trinidadensis infected with flagellates was also infected with filaria worms. Circumstantial evidence suggests that L. beltrani is the insect host of Trypanosoma leonidasdeanei, a parasite in the blood of insectivorous bats. An account is given of the physiological condition of infected and uninfected L. beltrani, of the distribution of flagellates in the gut and of differences in the incidence of infections. The presence of the parasites in the gut disturbs some physiological processes in the fly and it is suggested that the presumed Chiroptera/T. leonidasdeanei/L. beltrani association is a recent evolutionary development. A model of population structure for a community of New World Phlebotominae, derived from observations on L. beltrani, is presented.
Notes on the species of Trichomma Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) occurring in the indian subcontinent
Authors: Gauld I. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Indian species of Trichomma Wesmael (Anomaloninae) are revised. A new species parasitising Dioryctria abietella (Denis & Schiffermtüller) (Pyralidae) and Eucosma pylonitis Meyrick (Tortricidae) is described as T. dioryctri, and two known species, T. nigricans Cameron and T. decorum (Cameron), are redescribed and briefly compared with other species in the genus. Short notes on the host ranges of the species are included. The cephalic capsules of the final-instar larvae of two species are described.
Colonisation of Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) in Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) (Hemiptera, Coccidae) on citrus in South Australia
Authors: Campbell M. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAphytis melinus DeBach was introduced to South Australia, reared in the laboratory, and then released against Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) on citrus. In tests in nine citrus orchards, 100 adults of Aphytis melinus ensured colonisation during summer and early autumn, 1000 during late autumn, but even that number was insufficient during winter. Colonisation was equally successful whether Aonidiella aurantii was very abundant or very rare. The most efficient method for colonisation was therefore to release 100 adult parasites during summer and early autumn into small populations of A. aurantii. The parasite had dispersed at least three trees from each summer release site after five months, but much less following autumn releases. Ten months after summer release into nine trees of a total of 3330 adults, Aphytis melinus was recovered from 286 out of 354 (80%) trees in one orchard. In a further experiment, numbers of Aonidiella aurantii were reduced from 300–1000 per 150 leaves on five trees to less than 10 per 150 leaves 18 months after the release of Aphytis melinus, whereas on a control tree they increased from 550 to 1450 per 150 leaves over nine of those months.
Biochemical variants in the study of multiple insemination in Culex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Bullini L. , Coluzzi M. , Bianchi Bullini A. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new approach to the study of multiple insemination in mosquitoes or other organisms involving the use of electrophoretic enzyme variants is described. Data obtained on Culex pipiens L. with this technique confirm the basic monogamy of the species and suggest that multiple insemination may occur almost exclusively within 48 h after the first mating. Two independent mechanisms are probably acting in preventing multiple insemination. The first, probably the formation of a mucoid mating plug during the first copulation, allows the fertilisation of a further 10% of eggs by the second male in double inseminations; the second, the accessory gland pheromone (matrone), after an initial latent period, totally prevents a second insemination for the duration of the mosquito's life.
Woolly aphid of apple, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.), and its control in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Carnegie A. J. M. 
Published: July 2009

In insecticide trials in Southern Rhodesia against the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.), using methyl-demeton (0·078 and 0·052 per cent. active ingredient), dimethoate (0·0625 and 0·0417 per cent. active ingredient), diazinon (0·0625 per cent. active ingredient) and malathion (0·1041 per cent. active ingredient) as foliar sprays, all insecticides gave good control of infestations above ground, but methyl-demeton and diazinon gave the best control, and treatments were followed by slower rates of repopulation.Injecting the lower part of the trunks of trees 25 to 30 years old with ½ fluid ounce of a concentrate of a systemic insecticide, 50 per cent. methyl-demeton or 40 per cent. dimethoate, at a single point gave excellent control where that part of the sap stream supplying the aphid colonies was intercepted. By injecting with a spiral of small holes around the trunk using ½ fl. oz. 50 per cent. methyl-demeton, control of all aphids on the tree could generally be achieved.Good control of subterranean aphid colonies on 15-year-old trees was achieved by the application to the soil of 4 gal. per tree of a fluid containing 100 cc. of a concentrate containing 75 per cent. of V-C 13 (O,O-diethyl O-2,4-dichlorophenyl phosphorothioate) diluted with water.Biological control of E. lanigerum in Southern Rhodesia by the Hymenopterous parasite Aphelinus mali (Hald.), which was introduced in 1961, shows great promise.
The significance of BHC degradation in resistant house-flies
Authors: Busvine J. R. , Townsend M. G. 
Published: July 2009

Resistance to γ BHC and dieldrin in various insects usually gives a characteristic resistance spectrum, probably indicating a common defence mechanism. Resistant house-flies (Musca domestica L.) are slightly anomalous in showing greater tolerance of γ BHC than of endrin and isodrin, unlike other resistant strains. A possible explanation is that they can develop an additional defence, specific towards γ BHC, as well as the usual group resistance. This might well be enhanced enzymatic degradation of BHC, which is known to occur in flies, but was not found in resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae Giles or Cimex lectularius L.To confirm this hypothesis the rates of BHC elimination were measured in normal and two resistant strains of flies and also in normal and resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (which showed the more usual resistance spectrum). To avoid toxic effects, the non-insecticidal α BHC was used and its elimination after six hours measured in extracts by gas chromatography. The two resistant fly strains showed significantly increased degradation of BHC, correlated with their greater γ BHC resistance, whereas rates were about the same in normal flies and the two strains of L. cuprina.
The sorghum midge complex (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Harris K. M. 
Published: July 2009

Nine species of Cecidomyiid midges, including Contarinia sorghicola. (Coq.), C. andropogonis Felt, C. caudata Felt, C. palposa Blanch., Stenodiplosis sp., ? Lestodiplosis sp., Clinodiplosis sp., a species of Lasiopterariae and an undescribed species of Bifila, have been recorded from the inflorescences of cultivated sorghums (Sorghum vulgare) and related wild hosts. New morphological and other studies of this complex, involving the use of new techniques which are described, have elucidated the complex without recourse to biological testing.Contarinia, sorghicola with which C. andropogonis and C. palposa are placed in synonymy, and a new species, Stenodiplosis sorghi, here described, are the only valid species which are primary feeders on cultivated and wild species of the genus Sorghum. Contarinia caudata is a distinct species reared from the grass Apluda varia. Contarinia gambae, a second species described as new, on the basis of specimens reared from the grass Andropogon gay anus, was formerly misidentified as C. sorghicola. C. sorghicola, S. sorghi and C. gambae are described and figured in detail. A species tentatively placed in Lestodiplosis and a species of Clinodiplosis are comparatively rare and of no economic importance. The record of a species of Lasiopterariae from a wild sorghum is believed probably to have been based on a misidentification of the host, and a species previously referred to as the ‘ 3rd Bifila ’ from A. gayanus has no real connection with the sorghum midge complex.
Effect of temperature and humidity onTrogoderma anthrenoides(Sharp)(Coleoptera, Dermestidae) and comparisons with related species
Authors: Burges H. D. , Cammell M. E. 
Published: July 2009

The egg production and development ofTrogoderma anthrenoides(Sharp) has been studied over a range of temperatures from 17·5 to 37·5°C. and in relative humidities of 70 per cent, and near 0 per cent.At 70 per cent. R.H., the minimal temperature for development was between 17·5 and 20°C. and the maximum between 35 and 37·5°C. Adult females, which apparently required no food, lived on average 18 days at 37·5°C., this period increasing with falling temperature to 146 days at 17·5°C. The greatest number of eggs, a mean of 54 per female present, were laid at 27·5°C. The quickest development occurred at 35°C., females taking a mean of 44.7 days (egg 6; larva 34·3; pupa 4·4). Male larvae developed slightly faster and male adults died a little earlier than females.Near-zero humidity shortened adult life, reduced egg production and prevented the development of larvae.Some larvae entered a condition that is probably a facultative diapause resembling that ofT. parabileBeal. The diapause was terminated by an increase in volume of food combined with a change of temperature.The biology ofT. anthrcnoidesresembles that of two minor pests,T. parabileandT. inclusumLee., more than that of the important pestT. granariumEverts. The first two species show no signs of becoming serious pests. It is concluded thatT. anthrcnoidesprobably has the potential only of a minor pest.
The ovarian condition of certain sylvan mosquitos in Uganda (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Corbet Philip S. 
Published: July 2009

This paper records the ovarian condition of sylvan Culicine mosquitos caught resting and biting in Uganda. Information provided for the commoner species includes Sella's stages of blood-digestion, Christophers' ovarian stages (modified) for nullipars and pars, and sac stages for pars.The distribution of Sella's stages among resting populations indicates that the several species differ widely in the resting sites chosen by blood-fed females. Among the species studied, Mansonia, fuscopennata (Theo.), M. africana (Edw.), M. uniformis (Theo.) and Culex annulioris Theo. are unusual in that many females probably rest outside forest after a blood-meal.The ovarian stage in which nullipars and pars come to bite is often characteristic of a species. Nullipars and pars of one species may bite in the same ovarian stage, or in different stages. In species of Mansonia (Coquillettidia) nullipars are typically more advanced than pars, apparently because there is extensive use of food reserves which are exhausted before the first blood-meal; in such species ovarian development can also be discerned in pars between oviposition and a blood-meal, but it is extremely slight. In certain Aedes (subgenera Finlaya and Stegomyia), pars are typically more advanced than nullipars, and among those studied here it is only species of this type which to any extent show the pattern long regarded as normal in Anophelines. Wide variation in ovarian stages of biting nullipars of Aedes raises the possibility that limited autogeny may exist in some of the species studied.
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF OUTSIDE POWERS FOR ACTS OF SECESSIONIST ENTITIES
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn August 2008, Georgia instituted proceedings against the Russian Federation before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to establish its international responsibility for alleged acts of racial discrimination against the ethnic Georgian population in South Ossetia and Abkhazia by ‘thede factoSouth Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist authorities […] supported by the Russian Federation’. In order to establish the international responsibility of an outside power for the internationally wrongful conduct of a secessionist entity, it must be shown, inter alia, that the acts or omissions of the secessionist entity areattributableto the outside power. International tribunals usually determine the question of attribution on the basis of whether the authorities of the secessionist entity were ‘controlled’ by the outside power when performing the internationally wrongful conduct. Attribution thus becomes a question of how one defines ‘control’. The test of control of authorities and military forces of secessionist entities has become perhaps the most cited example of the fragmentation of international law. The ICJ, the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and the European Court of Human Rights have all developed and applied their own tests in order to establish whether a secessionist entity has been ‘controlled’ by an outside power. There is a lot of confusion about the various tests, usually referred to as the ‘effective control’, ‘overall control’ and ‘effective overall control’ tests. This article sets out the various control tests, their requirements and areas of application, and asks which test or tests should be applied to attribute the internationally wrongful conduct of a secessionist entity to an outside power.
ARTICLE 23 OF THE BRUSSELS I REGULATION: A COMPREHENSIVE CODE FOR JURISDICTION AGREEMENTS?
Authors: Merrett Louise 
Published: July 2009

AbstractArticle 23 of the Brussels I Regulation gives effect to exclusive jurisdiction agreements and also sets out certain requirements which must be satisfied in relation to such agreements. The precise role of these formality requirements, however, remains controversial. In particular, the extent to which Article 23 itself sets out an exclusive and comprehensive code is unclear. The purpose of this article is to argue that the requirements of Article 23 are both necessary and sufficient conditions for the material validity of jurisdiction agreements in Brussels I Regulation cases.
CLIMATE FINANCE AND ITS GOVERNANCE: MOVING TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY THROUGH SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE FINANCING?
Authors: Richardson Benjamin J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract‘Climate finance’ is becoming an important feature of the emerging legal and policy regimes to address global warming. However, the current approach largely confines the financial sector to a transactional agent to mobilise capital for clean energy and to broker emission allowance trading. The sector's potential to leverage more sweeping positive changes in the economy as sought historically through the movement for socially responsible investment (SRI) has been insufficiently acknowledged. Indirectly, by regulating greenhouse gases the legal system is helping to create a business case for investors to respond to climate change threats. However, the potential contribution of SRI to address climate change problems more comprehensively is presently limited owing to inadequate governance frameworks, as well the sector's increasing abandonment of its traditional ethical agenda.
THE DIRECT SETTLEMENT OF EC CARTEL CASES
Authors: Stephan Andreas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn June 2008 the European Commission adopted a system of direct settlement for cartel cases, inspired by a comparative glance across the Atlantic where the majority of antitrust defendants enter negotiated guilty pleas. Whereas settlements in Europe are viewed as a method for expediting the conclusion of cases (distinct from the leniency notice), in the US they complement the offer of immunity as a device for encouraging cooperation. In both jurisdictions they have the effect of reducing the levels of fines imposed. This paper compares how well the two systems fare at enhancing administrative efficiency and deterrence, while maintaining transparency.