bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in the MRI appearance of the insertion of the tendon of subscapularis
Authors: Cash C.J.C. , MacDonald K.J. , Dixon A.K. , Bearcroft P.W.P. , Constant C.R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStandard anatomical textbooks describe the insertion of the subscapularis tendon on to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus. The transverse humeral ligament is also described at this level, as a band of tissue attached to the greater and lesser tuberosities, overlying the long tendon of biceps as it emerges from the capsule of the shoulder joint. The shoulder is a notorious site for anatomical variation but until recently little has been published with regard to the tendon of subscapularis. In this study, we illustrate that considerable variation in the insertion site of the tendon of subscapularis can be demonstrated using magnetic resonance imaging and that only 20% conform to the classic textbook description. In addition, a distinct transverse humeral ligament was identifiable in only a minority of shoulders examined (36%). Clin. Anat. 22:489–494, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Centrioles to basal bodies in the spermiogenesis of Mastotermes darwiniensis (Insecta, Isoptera)
Authors: Riparbelli Maria Giovanna , Callaini Giuliano , Mercati David , Hertel Horst , Dallai Romano 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn addition to their role in centrosome organization, the centrioles have another distinct function as basal bodies for the formation of cilia and flagella. Centriole duplication has been reported to require two alternate assembly pathways: template or de novo. Since spermiogenesis in the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis lead to the formation of multiflagellate sperm, this process represents a useful model system in which to follow basal body formation and flagella assembly. We present evidence of a possible de novo pathway for basal body formation in the differentiating germ cell. This cell also contains typical centrosomal proteins, such as centrosomin, pericentrin‐like protein, γ‐tubulin, that undergo redistribution as spermatid differentiation proceeds. The spermatid centrioles are long structures formed by nine doublet rather than triplet microtubules provided with short projections extending towards the surrounding cytoplasm and with links between doublets. The sperm basal bodies are aligned in parallel beneath the nucleus. They consist of long regions close to the nucleus showing nine doublets in a cartwheel array devoid of any projections; on the contrary, the short region close to the plasma membrane, where the sperm flagella emerge, is characterized by projections similar to those observed in the centrioles linking the basal body to the plasma membrane. It is hypothesized that this appearance is in connection with the centriole elongation and further with the flagellar axonemal organization. Microtubule doublets of sperm flagellar axonemes are provided with outer dynein arms, while inner arms are rarely visible. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A phase 2 study with a daily regimen of the oral mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer
Authors: Amato Robert J. , Jac Jaroslaw , Giessinger Sarah , Saxena Somyata , Willis James P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Everolimus, an oral mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, affects tumor growth by blocking growth factor stimulation, arresting cell cycle progression, and inhibiting angiogenesis. mTOR inhibitors and agents with primarily antiangiogenic activity have been shown to have efficacy in renal cell cancer (RCC). This phase 2 study assessed the efficacy of daily oral dosing with everolimus in patients with RCC.METHODS:Patients had confirmed predominantly clear cell RCC; had received ≤1 prior therapy; and had progressive, measurable metastatic disease. Everolimus was given at a dose of 10 mg daily orally without interruption (28‐day cycle), with dose modifications for toxicity (graded according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, version 3.0). Patients were evaluated every 2 cycles (8 weeks) using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).RESULTS:Of 41 enrolled patients, 39 were treated and evaluable for safety, 37 of whom were evaluable for response (2 patients withdrew after the first week of therapy). Approximately 78% of the patients were male, the median age was 60 years, 93% had a Zubrod performance status of 0 to 1, and 83% had received prior therapy. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 11.2 months and the median overall survival was 22.1 months. Partial responses were observed in 5 (14%) patients, stable disease lasting ≥3 months was reported in 27 (73%) patients, and stable disease lasting ≥6 months was reported in 21 (57%) patients. Nausea (38% of patients), anorexia (38% of patients), diarrhea (31% of patients), stomatitis (31% of patients), pneumonitis (31% of patients), and rash (26% of patients) were common. Grade 3 of 4 adverse events included pneumonitis (18% of patients); transaminase elevations (10% of patients); thrombocytopenia, hyperglycemia, and alkaline phosphatase elevations (8% each of patients); and hyperlipidemia (5% of patients).CONCLUSIONS:In the current study, everolimus demonstrated encouraging antitumor activity against metastatic RCC as indicated by a PFS ≥ 6 months for approximately 70% of patients. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood cells in an animal model of MPS III B
Authors: Garbuzova‐Davis Svitlana , Klasko Stephen K. , Sanberg Paul R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSanfilippo syndrome type B (MPS III B) is caused by a deficiency of α‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase enzyme (Naglu), leading to accumulation of heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan (GAG), within lysosomes and to eventual progressive cerebral and systemic multiple organ abnormalities. Treatment of MPS patients is mainly supportive and enzyme replacement cell therapy shows promise for treating this disease. One new approach for potential treatment of MPS III B is human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cell transplantation. Recently, we demonstrated that administration of hUCB cells into the cerebral ventricle of presymptomatic Naglu mice had a beneficial effect, probably due to enzyme delivery into the enzyme‐deficient mutant mice. However, administration of these cells into the systemic circulation of mutant mice could be more advantageous and may lead to new strategies of enzyme replacement for Sanfilippo. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of intravenous administration of hUCB cells into a mouse model of Sanfilippo Syndrome type B. The major findings in our study were that hUCB cell administration improved behavioral outcomes (decreased hyper/stereotypical activity and improved cognitive function). Cells widely distribute within and outside the CNS and intraparenchymally migrate. Administered cells have an antiinflammatory effect (Th2‐associated cytokines) in the brain and reduce heparan sulfate accumulation in the liver and spleen. Our results demonstrate the advantages of intravenously administering hUCB cells into a mouse model of Sanfilippo Syndrome type B, the advantages probably a result of Naglu delivery to enzyme‐deficient organs. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:93–101, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The dynamics of long‐term transgene expression in engrafted neural stem cells
Authors: Lee Jean‐Pyo , Tsai David J. , In Park Kook , Harvey Alan R. , Snyder Evan Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo assess the dynamics and confounding variables that influence transgene expression in neural stem cells (NSCs), we generated distinct NSC clones from the same pool of cells, carrying the same reporter gene transcribed from the same promoter, transduced by the same retroviral vector, and transplanted similarly at the same differentiation state, at the same time and location, into the brains of newborn mouse littermates, and monitored in parallel for over a year in vivo (without immunosuppression). Therefore, the sole variables were transgene chromosomal insertion site and copy number. We then adapted and optimized a technique that tests, at the single cell level, persistence of stem cell‐mediated transgene expression in vivo based on correlating the presence of the transgene in a given NSC's nucleus (by fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]) with the frequency of that transgene's product within the same cell (by combined immunohistochemistry [IHC]). Under the above‐stated conditions, insertion site is likely the most contributory variable dictating transgene downregulation in an NSC after 3 months in vivo. We also observed that this obstacle could be effectively and safely counteracted by simple serial infections (as few as three) inserting redundant copies of the transgene into the prospective donor NSC. (The preservation of normal growth control mechanisms and an absence of tumorigenic potential can be readily screened and ensured ex vivo prior to transplantation.) The combined FISH/IHC strategy employed here for monitoring the dynamics of transgene expression at the single cell level in vivo may be used for other types of therapeutic and housekeeping genes in endogenous and exogenous stem cells of many organs and lineages. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:83–92, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beneficial effects of antioxidant‐enriched diet for tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive neurons in ventral mesencephalic tissue in oculo grafts
Authors: Berglöf Elisabet , Small Brent J. , Bickford Paula C. , Strömberg Ingrid 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSupplementation of antioxidants to the diet has been proved to be beneficial in aging and after brain injury. Furthermore, it has been postulated that the locus coeruleus promotes survival of dopamine neurons. Thus, this study was performed to elucidate the effects of a blueberry‐enriched diet on fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue in the presence or absence of locus coeruleus utilizing the in oculo grafting method. Sprague‐Dawley rats were given control diet or diet supplemented with 2% blueberries, and solid tissue pieces of fetal locus coeruleus and ventral mesencephalon were implanted as single and co‐grafts. The results revealed that the presence of locus coeruleus tissue or the addition of blueberries enhanced the survival of ventral mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐positive neurons, whereas no additive effects were observed for the two treatments. The density of TH‐positive nerve fibers in ventral mesencephalic tissue was significantly elevated when it was attached to the locus coeruleus or by blueberry treatment, whereas the innervation of dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase‐positive nerve fibers was not altered. The presence of locus coeruleus tissue or bluberry supplementation reduced the number of Iba‐1‐positive microglia in the ventral mesencephalic portion of single and co‐grafts, respectively, whereas almost no OX6 immunoreactivity was found. Furthermore, neither the attachment of ventral mesencephalic tissue nor the addition of blueberries improved the survival of TH‐positive neurons in the locus coerulean grafts. To conclude, locus coeruleus and blueberries are beneficial for the survival of fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue, findings that could be useful when grafting tissue in Parkinson's disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:72–82, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesencephalic astrocyte‐derived neurotrophic factor reduces ischemic brain injury and promotes behavioral recovery in rats
Authors: Airavaara Mikko , Shen Hui , Kuo Chi‐Chung , Peränen Johan , Saarma Mart , Hoffer Barry , Wang Yun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMesencephalic astrocyte‐derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), also known as arginine‐rich, mutated in early stage of tumors (ARMET), is a secreted protein that reduces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Previous studies have shown that MANF mRNA expression and protein levels are increased in the cerebral cortex after brain ischemia, a condition that induces ER stress. The function of MANF during brain ischemia is still not known. The purpose of this study was to examine the protective effect of MANF after ischemic brain injury. Recombinant human MANF was administrated locally to the cerebral cortex before a 60‐min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in adult rats. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining indicated that pretreatment with MANF significantly reduced the volume of infarction at 2 days after MCAo. MANF also attenuated TUNEL labeling, a marker of cell necrosis/apoptosis, in the ischemic cortex. Animals receiving MANF pretreatment demonstrated a decrease in body asymmetry and neurological score as well as an increase in locomotor activity after MCAo. Taken together, these data suggest that MANF has neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia, possibly through the inhibition of cell necrosis/apoptosis in cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:116–124, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression and regulation of olig genes in zebrafish
Authors: Tiso Natascia , Filippi Alida , Benato Francesca , Negrisolo Enrico , Modena Nicola , Vaccari Enrico , Driever Wolfgang , Argenton Francesco 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe members of the Olig gene family encode for basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factors involved in neural cell type specification. Three Olig genes (Olig1, Olig2 and Olig3) have been identified in all known vertebrate models and a fourth one in anamniotes (olig4). Here we have performed a global analysis of olig genes during zebrafish embryonic development and determined which signaling pathways control their induction and regionalization in the CNS. Interestingly, zebrafish olig3 and olig4 together establish most of the expression domains corresponding to mouse Olig3. According to our data, olig1 is specifically confined to the oligodendrocyte lineage, whereas the other members display stratified expression in diencephalon, hindbrain, and spinal cord. We observed differential expression of olig genes within specific motoneuron and interneuron domains of the spinal cord. olig2, olig3, and olig4 expression appears to be regulated by nodal and FGF signaling during gastrulation and early somitogenesis, by RA signaling in the hindbrain, and by BMP and Hh signals along the dorsoventral axis of the embryonic CNS. Our findings suggest a role for olig genes in CNS patterning as well as in multiple cell fate decisions during neural differentiation. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:378–396, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrinsic connections of the macaque monkey hippocampal formation: II. CA3 connections
Authors: Kondo Hideki , Lavenex Pierre , Amaral David G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe examined the topographic organization of the connections of the CA3 field of the macaque monkey hippocampus. Discrete anterograde and retrograde tracer injections were made at various positions within CA3 and CA1. The projections from CA3 to CA1 (Schaffer collaterals), which terminate in the strata radiatum, pyramidale, and oriens, are present throughout the entire transverse extent of CA1. Projections extend both rostrally and caudally from the injection site for as much as three‐fourths of the longitudinal extent of the hippocampus. The associational projections from CA3 to CA3 also travel extensively along the longitudinal axis. CA3 gives rise to more substantial projections to CA1 than to CA3. CA3 projections that originate at the level of the uncus tend to be more restricted to the rostral portions of CA1 and CA3. As in the rodent brain, projections from CA3 to CA1 are distributed along a radial gradient, depending on the transverse location of the cells of origin. CA3 cells located near the dentate gyrus generate projections that more densely terminate superficially in the terminal zone of CA1, whereas CA3 cells located closer to CA1 give rise to projections that more heavily terminate deeply in the terminal zone of CA1. The present results indicate that in the monkey, as in the rat, CA3 cells give rise to extensive projections to CA1 and CA3. Interestingly, radial, transverse, and longitudinal gradients of CA3 fiber distribution, so clear in the rat, are much more subtle in the nonhuman primate brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:349–377, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical localization of calbindin‐D28k and calretinin in the brainstem of anuran and urodele amphibians
Authors: Morona Ruth , González Agustin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCalbindin‐D28k (CB) and calretinin (CR) are calcium binding proteins present in distinct sets of neurons; they act as buffers regulating the concentration of intracellular calcium. CB and CR immunohistochemistry was studied in the brainstem of anuran and urodele amphibians in combination with other markers (choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and nitric oxide synthase), which served to clarify the localization and signature of many cell groups. CR labeled the retinorecipient layers of the optic tectum, and CB and CR labeled distinct tectal cell populations. The two proteins were largely complementary in the torus semicircularis and marked auditory and lateral line sensory regions, depending on the species. CB and CR in the mesencephalic and isthmic tegmentum specified the boundaries of basal and medial longitudinal bands. In the cerebellum, CB labeled Purkinje cells in all species, whereas CR was mainly found in fibers and labeled Purkinje cells only inRana. In the parabrachial region, CB and CR allowed the distinction of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, isthmic nucleus, locus coeruleus, and rostral octavolateral nuclei. The distribution of CB‐ and CR‐immunoreactive cells in the reticular formation and central gray was consistent with the current models of brainstem segmentation in amphibians. CR was found in the auditory fibers and nuclei inRanaand in mechanosensory lateral line fibers inXenopusand urodeles, whereas CB mainly labeled vestibular fibers and nuclei in all species. These results highlight the anatomical complexity of the amphibian brainstem and help in an understanding of its regional organization that is not cytoarchitectonically evident. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:503–537, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional and topographic segregation of glomeruli revealed by local staining of antennal sensory neurons in the honeybee Apis mellifera
Authors: Nishino Hiroshi , Nishikawa Michiko , Mizunami Makoto , Yokohari Fumio 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the primary olfactory center of animals, glomeruli are the relay stations where sensory neurons expressing cognate odorant receptors converge onto interneurons. In cockroaches, moths, and honeybees, sensory afferents from sensilla on the anterodorsal surface and the posteroventral surface of the flagellum form two nerves of almost equal thicknesses. In this study, double labeling of the two nerves, or proximal/distal regions of the nerves, with fluorescent dyes was used to investigate topographic organization of sensory afferents in the honeybee. The sensory neurons of ampullaceal sensilla responsive to CO2, coelocapitular sensilla responsive to hygrosensory, and thermosensory stimuli and coeloconic sensilla of unknown function were characterized with large somata and supplied thick axons exclusively to the ventral nerve. Correspondingly, all glomeruli innervated by sensory tract (T) 4 received thick axonal processes exclusively from the ventral nerve. Almost all T1–3 glomeruli received a similar number of sensory afferents from the two nerves. In the macroglomerular complexes of the drone, termination fields of afferents from the two nerves almost completely overlapped; this differs from moths and cockroaches, which show heterogeneous terminations in the glomerular complex. In T1–3 glomeruli, sensory neurons originating from more distal flagellar segments tended to terminate within the inner regions of the cortical layer. These results suggest that some degree of somatotopic organization of sensory afferents exist in T1–3 glomeruli, and part of T4 glomeruli serve for processing of hygro‐ and thermosensory signals. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:161–180, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels in purkinje cell plasma membranes are clustered at sites of hypolemmal microdomains
Authors: Kaufmann Walter A. , Ferraguti Francesco , Fukazawa Yugo , Kasugai Yu , Shigemoto Ryuichi , Laake Petter , Sexton Joseph A. , Ruth Peter , Wietzorrek Georg , Knaus Hans‐Günther , Storm Johan F. , Ottersen Ole Petter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCalcium‐activated potassium channels have been shown to be critically involved in neuronal function, but an elucidation of their detailed roles awaits identification of the microdomains where they are located. This study was undertaken to unravel the precise subcellular distribution of the large‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels (called BK, KCa1.1, or Slo1) in the somatodendritic compartment of cerebellar Purkinje cells by means of postembedding immunogold cytochemistry and SDS‐digested freeze‐fracture replica labeling (SDS‐FRL). We found BK channels to be unevenly distributed over the Purkinje cell plasma membrane. At distal dendritic compartments, BK channels were scattered over the plasma membrane of dendritic shafts and spines but absent from postsynaptic densities. At the soma and proximal dendrites, BK channels formed two distinct pools. One pool was scattered over the plasma membrane, whereas the other pool was clustered in plasma membrane domains overlying subsurface cisterns. The labeling density ratio of clustered to scattered channels was about 60:1, established in SDS‐FRL. Subsurface cisterns, also called hypolemmal cisterns, are subcompartments of the endoplasmic reticulum likely representing calciosomes that unload and refill Ca2+ independently. Purkinje cell subsurface cisterns are enriched in inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate receptors that mediate the effects of several neurotransmitters, hormones, and growth factors by releasing Ca2+ into the cytosol, generating local Ca2+ sparks. Such increases in cytosolic [Ca2+] may be sufficient for BK channel activation. Clustered BK channels in the plasma membrane may thus participate in building a functional unit (plasmerosome) with the underlying calciosome that contributes significantly to local signaling in Purkinje cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:215–230, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multiplicative Schwarz method with active subdomains for transient convection–diffusion problems
Authors: Sandoval M. L. , Rodríguez‐Ferran A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn efficient algorithm to find the solution of transient convection–diffusion problems with dominant convection is presented. The main idea is to follow the solution front and activate those subdomains where the solution satisfies a given threshold value. We call this novel method ‘the multiplicative Schwarz method with active subdomains’, and it is motivated by the solution of a problem from activated‐carbon filters used in the automotive industry to reduce emissions. Numerical experiments show that this method is more efficient than the preconditioned conjugate gradient method with an incomplete Cholesky factorization. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.