bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast Transcriptional Responses to Domestication in the Brook CharrSalvelinus fontinalis
Authors: Sauvage Christopher , Derôme Nicolas , Normandeau Eric , St.-Cyr Jérôme , Audet Céline , Bernatchez Louis 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDomestication has been practiced for centuries yet directed toward relatively few terrestrial crops and animals. While phenotypic and quantitative genetic changes associated with domestication have been amply documented, little is known about the molecular changes underlying the phenotypic evolution during the process. Here, we have investigated the brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) responses to artificial selection by means of transcriptional analysis of ∼32,000 cDNA features performed in both selected and control populations reared under identical environmental conditions during four generations. Our results indicate that selective breeding led to significant changes in the transcription of genes at the juvenile stage, where we observed 4.16% (156/3750) of differentially expressed genes between the two lines. No significant genes were revealed at the earlier life stage. Moreover, when comparing our results to those of previous studies on Atlantic salmon that compared lines that were selected for five to seven generations for similar traits (e.g., growth), genes with similar biological functions were found to be under selection in both studies. These observations indicate that (1) four generations of selection caused substantial changes in regulation of gene transcription between selected and control populations and (2) selective breeding for improving the same phenotypic traits (e.g., rapid growth) in brook charr and Atlantic salmon tended to select for the same changes in transcription profiles as the expression of a small and similar set of genes was affected by selection.
Generalized Petechial Rashes in Children During a Parvovirus B19 Outbreak
Authors: Edmonson M. Bruce , Riedesel Erica L. , Williams Gary P. , DeMuri Gregory P. 
Published: March 2010

Objectives:Human parvovirus B19 infection is associated not only with erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) but also, rarely, with purpuric or petechial rashes. Most reports of these atypical rashes describe sporadic cases with skin lesions that have distinctively focal distributions. During a community outbreak of fifth disease, we investigated a cluster of illnesses in children with generalized petechial rashes to determine whether parvovirus was the causative agent and, if so, to describe more fully the clinical spectrum of petechial rashes that are associated with this virus.METHODS:Systematic evaluation was conducted by general pediatricians of children with petechial rashes for evidence of acute parvovirus infection.RESULTS:During the outbreak, acute parvovirus infection was confirmed in 13 (76%) of 17 children who were evaluated for petechial rash. Confirmed case patients typically had mild constitutional symptoms, and most (11 [85%] of 13) had fever. Petechiae were typically dense and widely distributed; sometimes accentuated in the distal extremities, axillae, or groin; and usually absent from the head/neck. Most case patients had leukopenia, and several had thrombocytopenia. Parvovirus immunoglobulin M was detected in 8 (73%) of 11 acute-phase serum specimens, and immunoglobulin G was detectable only in convalescent specimens. Parvovirus DNA was detected in all 7 tested serum specimens, including 2 acute-phase specimens that were immunoglobulin M–negative. All case patients had brief, uncomplicated illnesses, but 6 were briefly hospitalized and 1 underwent a bone marrow examination. Two case patients developed erythema infectiosum during convalescence.CONCLUSIONS:During an outbreak of fifth disease, parvovirus proved to be a common cause of petechial rash in children, and this rash was typically more generalized than described in case reports. Associated clinical features, hematologic abnormalities, and serologic test results are consistent with a viremia-associated illness that is distinct from and occasionally followed by erythema infectiosum.
Acute Periorbital Infections: Who Needs Emergent Imaging?
Authors: Rudloe Tiffany F. , Harper Marvin B. , Prabhu Sanjay P. , Rahbar Reza , VanderVeen Deborah , Kimia Amir A. 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVES:Computed tomography (CT) is used often in the evaluation of orbital infections to identify children who are most likely to benefit from surgical intervention. Our objective was to identify predictors for intraorbital or intracranial abscess among children who present with signs or symptoms of periorbital infection. These predictors could be used to better target patients for emergent CT.METHODS:This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients admitted to an urban pediatric tertiary care emergency department between 1995 and 2008. We included otherwise healthy patients with suspected acute clinical periorbital or orbital cellulitis without a history of craniofacial surgery, trauma, or external source of infection. Immunocompromised patients and patients with noninfectious causes of periorbital swelling were excluded. Variables analyzed included age, duration of symptoms, highest recorded temperature, previous antibiotic therapy, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and interpretation of imaging. CT scans of the orbit were reread by a neuroradiologist.RESULTS:Nine hundred eighteen patients were included; 298 underwent a CT scan, and of those, 111 were shown to have an abscess. Although proptosis, pain with external ocular movement, and ophthalmoplegia were associated with presence of an abscess, 56 (50.5%) patients with abscess did not experience these symptoms. Other variables associated with the presence of an abscess in multivariate analysis were a peripheral blood neutrophil count greater than 10 000/μL, absence of infectious conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, age greater than 3 years, and previous antibiotic therapy (P &lt; .05 for all). Our recursive partitioning model identified all high-risk (44%) patients as well as a low-risk (0.4%–2%) group (Rsq = 0.27).CONCLUSIONS:We confirmed that patients with proptosis and/or pain or limitation of extraocular movements are at high risk for intraorbital abscess, yet many do not have these predictors. Other features can identify patients who do not have such obvious predictors but do have significant risk of disease. A recursive partitioning model is presented.
Ethics Consultation in Children's Hospitals: Results From a Survey of Pediatric Clinical Ethicists
Authors: Kesselheim Jennifer C. , Johnson Judith , Joffe Steven 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVES:Ethics consultation is a widely endorsed mechanism for resolving conflict, facilitating communication, and easing moral distress in health care. Although ethics consultation has been well characterized in the adult setting, little is known about ethics consultation or ethics programs in pediatrics. We conducted a national survey of ethicists at freestanding children's hospitals to explore the structures and processes of their ethics-consultation services and committees and to characterize their training and professional activities.METHODS:We contacted freestanding children's hospitals from the member list of the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions (N = 46) to identify the ethics leader at each institution. This individual was invited to complete an on-line survey instrument. The survey asked about ethicists' training to fulfill their ethics-related roles, their policies and methods for ethics consultation, and the structure and funding of their ethics committees. Thirty-three ethicists (72%) responded.RESULTS:On-the-job experience (73%) was the most frequently reported form of training; a minority of ethicists endorsed each other type of training. Although 60% of the respondents reported having a policy for ethics consultation, several elements recommended by national consensus statements were inconsistently included. In addition, respondents reported variable adherence to standard components of the consultation process, including meeting with the patient or family, following up with the clinical team, and providing a written report of the consultation. A minority of respondents reported having salary support (33%), administrative support (46%), or a budget (24%) for their work in ethics.CONCLUSIONS:Although ethics-consultation policies and practices at freestanding children's hospitals are generally well aligned with published norms, our data reveal imperfect adherence to consensus standards. Additional research is needed to determine how this practice variation, as well as the lack of salary support, budgets, and administrative assistance, affect the quality of ethics consultation at these institutions.
Injury Patterns in Obese Versus Nonobese Children Presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Pomerantz Wendy J. , Timm Nathan L. , Gittelman Michael A. 
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND:
Two of the most prevalent problems facing youth in the United States are injury and obesity. Obesity increases the risk of injury, prolongs recovery time, and increases morbidity among injured children.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to compare characteristics of injuries between obese and nonobese children who presented to a pediatric emergency department.

METHODS:
Electronic medical records for all patients aged 3 to 14 years who sustained a traumatic injury (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision [ICD-9] codes 800–899) and were seen in our hospital emergency department from January 1, 2005, to March 31, 2008, were obtained. Data collected included age, chief complaint, discharge diagnosis, gender, race, disposition, and weight. Patients with a weight at &gt;95th percentile for age were considered obese. χ2 analysis was used in comparing the groups; odds ratios (ORs) were calculated.

RESULTS:
During the study period, 24 588 children had ICD-9 codes that met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 1239 had no weights recorded, leaving 23 349 patients in our study population. Of these children, the mean age was 8.2 years (SD: ±3.6 years), 60.7% were white, and 61.7% were male. Obese children represented 16.5% of the study population (n = 3861). Overall, obese and nonobese children had the same percentage of upper extremity injuries. However, obese children were significantly more likely to have lower extremity injuries compared with upper extremity injuries than were nonobese children (OR: 1.71 [95% confidence interval: 1.56–1.87]; P &lt; .001). In addition, obese children had significantly fewer head and face injuries than nonobese children (OR: 0.54 [95% confidence interval: 0.50– 0.58]; P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Obese children are significantly more likely to sustain lower extremity injuries than upper extremity injuries and less likely to sustain head and face injuries than nonobese children. Strategies for preventing lower extremity injuries among obese youth should be sought.
Crestal Bone Changes Around Implants With Reduced Abutment Diameter Placed Non‐Submerged and at Subcrestal Positions: A 1‐Year Radiographic Evaluation
Authors: Donovan Ryan , Fetner Alan , Koutouzis Theofilos , Lundgren Tord 
Published: March 2010

Background: There is limited information about two‐part implants placed in subcrestal positions. The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the 1‐year outcome of implants placed non‐submerged and in a subcrestal position.Methods: Records of 50 consecutive partially edentulous patients restored with dental implants were reviewed. For each implant, radiographs from the surgical appointment were compared to those from the 1‐year follow‐up visit and evaluated regarding: 1) the degree of subcrestal positioning of the implant, 2) changes of marginal hard tissue height over time, and 3) if the marginal hard tissue could be detected on the implant platform at the follow‐up visit.Results: The overall survival rate from baseline to the last recorded follow‐up visit was 100%. At the surgery, the implants were placed, on average, 1.37 mm (mesial) and 1.28 mm (distal) subcrestally. The mean marginal loss of hard tissues was 0.11 ± 0.30 mm. There were no statistical significant differences regarding the loss of marginal hard tissues between mesial and distal surfaces or the maxilla versus the mandible. There was no statistical significant correlation regarding the degree of subcrestal implant position and loss of marginal mineralized hard tissue (r = 0.15; P >0.05). The mineralized hard tissue on the implant shoulder was found in 69% of the implants at the 1‐year follow‐up visit.Conclusions: The present study reported a minimal loss of mineralized hard tissue around dental implants placed non‐submerged and at subcrestal positions. In addition, these implants had hard tissue healing that extended onto the implant shoulders on most of the observed implants.
The Effect of Metformin on Alveolar Bone in Ligature‐Induced Periodontitis in Rats: A Pilot Study
Authors: Bak Eun Jung , Park Hong Gyu , Kim Minyoung , Kim Sung Whan , Kim Sungwuk , Choi Seong‐Ho , Cha Jeong‐Heon , Yoo Yun‐Jung 
Published: March 2010

Background: The use of metformin, an antidiabetic agent, is associated with a reduced risk of fractures in patients with diabetes, suggesting that metformin exerts a beneficial effect on bone tissues. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of metformin on alveolar bone loss in ligature‐induced periodontitis and osteoblast, osteoclast, and adipocyte differentiation.Methods: Periodontitis was induced by a ligature around the mandibular first molar of each rat. The rats were divided into two groups: 1) rats with ligature receiving a vehicle (n = 5), and 2) rats with ligature receiving metformin (n = 5). On day 10, after the induction of periodontitis, the alveolar bone volume between the first and second molar was determined via microcomputed tomography. The effect of metformin on osteoblast, osteoclast, and adipocyte differentiation was assessed using MC3T3‐E1, cocultures of mouse bone marrow cells and calvaria‐derived osteoblasts, and 3T3‐L1/C3H10T1/2 cells, respectively. Osteoblast, osteoclast, and adipocyte differentiation was estimated by the degree of mineralization, the formation of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase–positive multinucleated cells, and the accumulation of triglycerides, respectively.Results: In ligature‐induced periodontitis, the metformin treatment of rats induced a significant reduction in alveolar bone loss compared to vehicle‐treated rats. With regard to osteoblast differentiation, metformin augmented the mineralization of MC3T3‐E1 cells approximately two‐fold over the non‐treated cells. However, metformin was shown to exert no effects on osteoclast formation induced by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3, lipopolysaccharide, and prostaglandin E2. Moreover, metformin exerted no effect on adipocyte differentiation.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that metformin may exert a beneficial effect on alveolar bone in periodontitis by increasing osteoblast differentiation.
Fresh‐Socket Implants in Periapical Infected Sites in Humans
Authors: Crespi Roberto , Capparè Paolo , Gherlone Enrico 
Published: March 2010

Background: The aim of the present study is to compare the outcome of the immediate placement of implants when used in the replacement of teeth with and without chronic periapical lesions.Methods: Thirty patients requiring a single‐tooth extraction of a monoradicular or premolar tooth were selected. The control group (CG) included 15 patients without periapical lesions but with root caries and root fractures. The test group (TG) included 15 patients with periapical lesions, periapical radiolucencies, and no signs of pain, fistulas, or suppuration. Thirty teeth were extracted, and implants were immediately positioned in fresh sockets and loaded after 3 months in both groups. Clinical parameters (probing depth [PD], modified plaque index, modified bleeding index [mBI], marginal gingiva level [MGL], and keratinized mucosa [KM]) and marginal bone levels were evaluated at baseline and 12 and 24 months after implant placement. Comparisons between CG and TG values over time were performed by the Student two‐tailed t test.Results: At the 24‐month follow‐up, a survival rate of 100% was reported for all implants. The mean bone loss was 0.82 ± 0.52 mm for the CG and 0.86 ± 0.54 for the TG. Plaque accumulation was 0.74 ± 0.29 for the CG and 0.69 ± 0.29 for the TG. The mBI was 0.77 ± 0.33 for the CG and 0.72 ± 0.36 for the TG. The soft tissue profile MGL and KM remained stable for up to 24 months for the CG and TG. The mean PD was 2.05 ± 0.66 mm for the CG and 1.99 ± 0.57 mm for the TG. Differences that were not statistically significant were reported between the CG and TG over time and between time points.Conclusion: At the 24‐month follow‐up, endosseous implants placed immediately in extraction sites affected by periapical infection rendered an equally favorable soft and hard tissue integration of the implants, revealing a predictable outcome.
Human Periosteum‐Derived Cells Combined With Superporous Hydroxyapatite Blocks Used as an Osteogenic Bone Substitute for Periodontal Regenerative Therapy: An Animal Implantation Study Using Nude Mice
Authors: Kawase Tomoyuki , Okuda Kazuhiro , Kogami Hiroyuki , Nakayama Hitoshi , Nagata Masaki , Sato Tomokazu , Wolff Larry F. , Yoshie Hiromasa 
Published: March 2010

Background: A superporous (85%) hydroxyapatite (HA) block was recently developed to improve osteoconductivity, but it was often not clinically successful when used to treat periodontal osseous defects. The primary purpose of this study is to develop a clinically applicable tissue‐engineered bone substitute using this HA block and human alveolar periosteum‐derived cells.Methods: Commercially available superporous HA blocks were acid treated and subjected to a three‐dimensional (3D) culture for periosteal cell cultivation. Cells in the pore regions of the treated HA block were observed on the fracture surface by scanning electron microscopy. After osteogenic induction, the cell–HA complexes were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Osteoid formation was histologically evaluated.Results: Acid treatment enlarged the interconnections among pores, resulting in the deep penetration of periosteal cells. Under these conditions, cells were maintained for >2 weeks without appreciable cell death in the deep pore regions of the HA block. The cell–HA complexes that received in vitro osteogenic induction formed osteoids in pore regions of the treated HA blocks in vivo. In contrast, most pore regions in the non‐pretreated, cell‐free HA blocks that were evaluated in vivo remained cell free.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that an acid‐treated HA block could function as a better scaffold for the 3D high‐density culture of human periosteal cells in vitro, and this cell–HA complex had significant osteogenic potential at the site of implantation in vivo. Compared with the cell‐free HA block, our cell–HA complex using periosteal cells, which are the most accessible for clinical periodontists, showed promising results as a bone substitute in periodontal regenerative therapy.
Maternal Periodontal Disease and Preterm or Extreme Preterm Birth: An Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis
Authors: Guimarães Alessandra Neves , Silva‐Mato Agustín , Miranda Cota Luis Otavio , Siqueira Fernanda Mafra , Costa Fernando Oliveira 
Published: March 2010

Background:Despite previous studies addressing the link between preterm or low birth weight infants and maternal periodontitis, extreme preterm births have received far less attention. This study is designed to address the possible association between maternal periodontal disease and preterm or extreme preterm birth.Methods:Immediately after childbirth, 1,207 women underwent an examination in which periodontal disease was assessed according to two alternative definitions: 1) four or more teeth with at least one site showing probing depth (PD) ≥4 mm and clinical attachment loss (AL) ≥3 mm, and 2) at least one site showing PD and clinical AL ≥4 mm. For each of these definitions, two types of multivariate analysis were conducted: a linear regression analysis for the number of gestation weeks, and a more specific ordinal logistic regression analysis for the ordinal variable gestation time categorized as normal (term) (n = 1,046 women) or mild–moderate (n = 146 women) or extreme preterm (n = 15 women).Results:Periodontal disease was associated with fewer weeks of gestation by linear regression (definition 1:P= 0.012; definition 2:P<0.001) and with preterm (n = 161; mild–moderate and extreme) or extreme preterm births (n = 15) by ordinal logistic regression (definition 1: odds ratio [OR] = 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28 to 2.62; definition 2: OR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.62 to 3.46).Conclusion:Our findings suggest that periodontal disease is associated with a premature or extremely premature birth.
Association of Periodontal Parameters With Metabolic Level and Systemic Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chen Lei , Wei Bihong , Li Jing , Liu Fang , Xuan Dongying , Xie Baoyi , Zhang Jincai 
Published: March 2010

Backgrounds: Although worldwide evidence tends to prove that diabetes adversely affects periodontal health, there are insufficient clues indicating whether periodontitis may aggravate metabolic control and systemic inflammation. This study, as a preliminary part of an ongoing research project, aims to clarify the relationship of periodontal parameters with metabolic levels and systemic inflammatory markers in patients with diabetes.Methods: A total of 140 qualified, adult patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis were recruited into this study. Periodontal examinations, including a full‐mouth assessment of probing depths (PDs), bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and clinical attachment level, were determined. Blood analyses were carried out for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting glucose, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and lipid profiles. Subjects were divided into three groups according to tertiles of the mean PD and compared.Results: Upon an analysis of covariance, subjects with an increased mean PD had significantly higher levels of HbA1c and hsCRP (P <0.05). No significant difference was found among different groups in the levels of serum TNF‐α, fasting glucose, and lipid profiles (P >0.05). After controlling for age, gender, body mass index, duration of diabetes mellitus, smoking, regular physical exercise, and alcohol consumption, positive correlations were found between mean PD and HbA1c (r = 0.2272; P = 0.009) and between mean PD and hsCRP (r = 0.2336; P = 0.007). After adjustment for possible confounders, the mean PD emerged as a significant predictor variable for elevated levels of HbA1c and hsCRP (P <0.05).Conclusion: Chronic periodontitis was associated with glycemic metabolic and serum hsCRP levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.