bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methane exchange between marshland and the atmosphere over China during 1949–2008
Authors: Xu Xiaofeng , Tian Hanqin 
Published: March 2012

We used a process‐based ecosystem model to examine methane (CH4) fluxes in the marshland across China as a result of multifactor global changes during 1949–2008. Our simulated results show a significant declining rate of 18.7 Gg Ca−1 (1Gg = 109 g) (with a 95% confidence boundary of 17.6 ∼ 19.8 Gg C a−1) at national scale, but substantially varying from the maximum annual CH4 emission of 2.4 Tg C a−1 (1Tg = 1012 g) (with a 95% confident boundary of 1.8 ∼ 3.4 Tg C a−1) in 1952 to the minimum annual CH4 emission of 1.3 Tg C a−1 (with a 95% confident boundary of 1.0 ∼ 1.9 Tg C a−1) in 2003. The marshland loss made the largest contribution to the CH4 emission reduction with an cumulative effect of 37.9 Tg C (with a 95% confident boundary of 28.0 ∼ 54.1 Tg C) for the past 60 years. Ozone pollution reduced CH4 emission, while elevated atmospheric CO2, nitrogen deposition, climate change, and multiple‐factor interaction, cumulatively stimulated CH4emission. Climate variability predominately controlled the inter‐annual variations in CH4 emissions. A substantial spatial variation in CH4 emission was observed across China's marshland. At regional scale, the Northeast, followed by Northwest and Southeast, made the greatest contribution, while North and Southwest made minor contributions to the national CH4 emission. This study suggests that it is necessary to consider multiple global change factors when estimating regional CH4 fluxes in natural wetlands.
Summertime formaldehyde observations in New York City: Ambient levels, sources and its contribution to HOx radicals
Authors: Lin Yu Chi , Schwab James J. , Demerjian Kenneth L. , Bae Min‐Suk , Chen Wei‐Nai , Sun Yele , Zhang Qi , Hung Hui‐Ming , Perry Jacqueline 
Published: March 2012

Measurements of ambient formaldehyde (HCHO), related gases and particulate matter were carried out from the SUNY Albany mobile platform at the Queens College site in New York City (NYC) from 15 July to 3 August 2009. Ambient HCHO was measured using a quantum cascade laser (QCL) trace gas detector. HCHO concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 7.5 ppb with a mean value of 2.2 ± 1.1 ppb. Daily HCHO peaks were nearly always found between 1100 EST (Eastern Standard Time) and noontime throughout the sampling period. HCHO correlated strongly with NOx and black carbon during the traffic rush hours, but around noontime HCHO correlated much better with total oxidants (Ox = O3 + NO2). Using the diurnal pattern of HCHO/BC ratios, we estimated that 70% of HCHO present between 1200 EST to 1500 EST was produced by photochemical reactions. Sources of photochemically produced HCHO were calculated using measured concentrations of hydrocarbons, their reaction kinetics with OH radicals, and HCHO yields. These calculations indicated that isoprene oxidation was the dominant source of HCHO for this period at this site, responsible for 44%, followed by methane (25%) and propene (18%). To assess the impact of HCHO as a radical source, the HOx production rates from HCHO, HONO, O3 photolysis, and alkenes +O3 were calculated as well. Daily averaged HOx production rates from HONO, HCHO, O3 photolysis and alkenes +O3 were 8.6 × 106, 2.3 × 106, 1.7 × 106, 2.1 × 105 molecules cm−3 s−1, respectively, contributing 67, 18, 13 and 2% to the overall daily HOx radical budget from these precursors.
Paleoseismology of the Mejillones Fault, northern Chile: Insights from cosmogenic10Be and optically stimulated luminescence determinations
Authors: Cortés A. J. , González L. Gabriel , Binnie S. A. , Robinson R. , Freeman S. P. H. T. , Vargas E. G. 
Published: March 2012

We have undertaken the first paleoseismological study on an upper plate fault in Chile. The selected structure was the Mejillones Fault, which is marked by a conspicuous fault‐scarp. Using cosmogenic10Be and OSL dating and detailed sedimentary logging of trenches, we have constrained the abandonment of two alluvial surfaces by fault activity at ca. 35 ka and ca.14 ka. Based on stratigraphic observation we characterized the fault evolution in four intervals over the last ca. 35 ka. During the first three intervals the fault had a steady slip rate of 0.61 ± 0.26 m/ka. The fourth interval is delineated by the last vertical fault slip and the accumulation of un‐deformed hillslope deposits after ca. 3.3 ka and has a slip rate of 0.22 ± 0.06 m/ka. The younger surface abandonment was caused by two Mw ∼ 7 paleoearthquakes with a recurrence interval of 5.0 ± 3.5 ka. The third interval is characterized by the interaction of hillslope deposits and aseismic slip and/or centimeter scale seismic slip events. At ca. 3.5 ka, a last large (Mw ∼ 6.6) earthquake took place. The recurrence intervals of large (Mw > 8.5) subduction earthquakes do not appear to be the same as the recurrence intervals of the Mw ∼ 7 events on the upper plate Mejillones Fault.
Greenland ice core evidence for spatial and temporal variability of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Chylek Petr , Folland Chris , Frankcombe Leela , Dijkstra Henk , Lesins Glen , Dubey Manvendra 
Published: March 2012

The Greenland δ18O ice core record is used as a proxy for Greenland surface air temperatures and to interpret Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) variability. An analysis of annual δ18O data from six Arctic ice cores (five from Greenland and one from Canada's Ellesmere Island) suggests a significant AMO spatial and temporal variability within a recent period of 660 years. A dominant AMO periodicity near 20 years is clearly observed in the southern (Dye3 site) and the central (GISP2, Crete and Milcent) regions of Greenland. This 20‐year variability is, however, significantly reduced in the northern (Camp Century and Agassiz Ice Cap) region, likely due to a larger distance from the Atlantic Ocean, and a much lower snow accumulation. A longer time scale AMO component of 45–65 years, which has been seen clearly in the 20th century SST data, is detected only in central Greenland ice cores. We find a significant difference between the AMO cycles during the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP). The LIA was dominated by a ∼20 year AMO cycle with no other decadal or multidecadal scale variability above the noise level. However, during the preceding MWP the 20 year cycle was replaced by a longer scale cycle centered near a period of 43 years with a further 11.5 year periodicity. An analysis of two coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models control runs (UK Met Office HadCM3 and NOAA GFDL CM2.1) agree with the shorter and longer time‐scales of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and temperature fluctuations with periodicities close to those observed. However, the geographic variability of these periodicities indicated by ice core data is not captured in model simulations.
Changes in coral microbial communities in response to a natural pH gradient
Authors: Meron Dalit , Rodolfo-Metalpa Riccardo , Cunning Ross , Baker Andrew C , Fine Maoz , Banin Ehud 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Surface seawater pH is currently 0.1 units lower than pre-industrial values and is projected to decrease by up to 0.4 units by the end of the century. This acidification has the potential to cause significant perturbations to the physiology of ocean organisms, particularly those such as corals that build their skeletons/shells from calcium carbonate. Reduced ocean pH could also have an impact on the coral microbial community, and thus may affect coral physiology and health. Most of the studies to date have examined the impact of ocean acidification on corals and/or associated microbiota under controlled laboratory conditions. Here we report the first study that examines the changes in coral microbial communities in response to a natural pH gradient (mean pHT 7.3–8.1) caused by volcanic CO2 vents off Ischia, Gulf of Naples, Italy. Two Mediterranean coral species, Balanophyllia europaea and Cladocora caespitosa, were examined. The microbial community diversity and the physiological parameters of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) were monitored. We found that pH did not have a significant impact on the composition of associated microbial communities in both coral species. In contrast to some earlier studies, we found that corals present at the lower pH sites exhibited only minor physiological changes and no microbial pathogens were detected. Together, these results provide new insights into the impact of ocean acidification on the coral holobiont.
Kinetic analysis of FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) reveals that it is unlikely to function as a sensor for 2-oxoglutarate
Authors: Ma Marcella , Harding Heather P. , O'Rahilly Stephen , Ron David , Yeo Giles S. H. 
Published: March 2012

Genomewide-association studies have revealed that SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) are robustly associated with BMI (body mass index) and obesity. FTO is an Fe(II) 2-OG (2-oxoglutarate)-dependent dioxygenase that can demethylate 3-meT (3-methylthymine) in single-stranded DNA, as well as 3-meU (3-methyluracil) and N6-methyl adenosine in RNA. In the present paper we describe the development of an RNase-cleavage assay measuring the demethylation activity of FTO on 3-meU. RNase A cleaves at the 3′-end of pyrimidines, including uracil, and a methyl group at position three of uracil inhibits cleavage. An oligonucleotide probe was designed consisting of a DNA stem, an RNA loop containing a single 3-meU as the only RNase A-cleavage site, a fluorescent reporter on one end and a quencher at the other end. FTO demethylation of the unique 3-meU enables RNase A cleavage, releasing the quencher and enabling a fluorescent signal. In the presence of excess RNase A, FTO activity is limiting to the development of fluorescent signal, which can be read continuously and is able to discriminate between wild-type and the catalytically dead R316Q FTO. 2-OG is a co-substrate of FTO and, as a metabolite in the citric acid cycle, is a marker of intracellular nutritional status. The assay described in the present paper was used to measure, for the first time, the Km of FTO for 2-OG. The Km of 2.88 μM is up to 10-fold lower than the estimated intracellular concentrations of 2-OG, rendering it unlikely that FTO functions as a sensor for 2-OG levels.
2-Methoxy-5-amino-N-hydroxybenzamide, a derivative of mesalamine, inhibits colon cancer cell growth through cyclo-oxygenase-2-dependent and -independent mechanisms
Authors: Stolfi Carmine , Franzè Eleonora , Monteleone Ivan , Caruso Roberta , Franceschilli Luana , Sileri Pierpaolo , Sica Giuseppe S. , Gaspari Achille L. , Del Vecchio Blanco Giovanna , Pallone Francesco , Monteleone Giovanni 
Published: March 2012

COX-2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2) and PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) play a key role in sustaining CRC (colorectal cancer) cell growth and survival. Indeed, the use of agents targeting the COX-2/PGE2 axis has been associated with a reduction in the development of CRC in both humans and murine models of colon carcinogenesis. In the present study, we investigated whether 2-methoxy-5-amino-N-hydroxybenzamide (herein termed 2-14), a derivative of mesalamine that inhibits CRC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, negatively regulates COX-2/PGE2 expression in CRC cells and assessed whether the 2-14-mediated anti-neoplastic effect is strictly dependent on the inhibition of this pathway. Our results show that 2-14 blocks the growth and enhances the death of HT-115, a CRC cell line overexpressing COX-2, and that these effects associate with inhibition of COX-2 but not COX-1. 2-14 also down-regulates TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α)-induced COX-2 in HT-29 cells as well as COX-2/PGE2 expression in ex vivo cultures of human CRC explants. Similarly, 2-14 reduces COX-2, but not COX-1, in tumoural areas developing in a mouse model of CAC (colitis-associated colon cancer). Finally, we show that 2-14 exhibits in vitro and in vivo anti-mitogenic effects in DLD-1, a COX-deficient CRC cell line. Taken together, these results suggest that 2-14 inhibits CRC cell growth through COX-2-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
A combined Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror and multilayer lens for sub-10 nm x-ray focusing
Authors: Ruhlandt A. , Liese T. , Radisch V. , Krüger S. P. , Osterhoff M. , Giewekemeyer K. , Krebs H. U. , Salditt T. 
Published: March 2012

We have used a combined optical system of a high gain elliptic Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror system (KB) and a multilayer Laue lens (MLL) positioned in the focal plane of the KB for hard x-rays nano-focusing. The two-step focusing scheme is based on a high acceptance and high gain elliptical mirror with moderate focal length and a MLL with ultra-short focal length. Importantly, fabrication constraints, i.e. in mirror polishing and bending, as well as MLL deposition can be significantly relaxed, since (a) the mirror focus in the range of 200-500 nm is sufficient, and (b) the number of layers of the MLL can be correspondingly small. First demonstrations of this setup at the coherence beamline of the PETRA III storage ring yield a highly divergent far-field diffraction pattern, from which the autocorrelation function of the near-field intensity distribution was obtained. The results show that the approach is well suited to reach smallest spot sizes in the sub-10nm range at high flux.
Long-distance correlations of rhinovirus capsid dynamics contribute to uncoating and antiviral activity
Authors: Roy Amitava , Post Carol Beth 
Published: March 2012

Human rhinovirus (HRV) and other members of the enterovirus genus bind small-molecule antiviral compounds in a cavity buried within the viral capsid protein VP1. These compounds block the release of the viral protein VP4 and RNA from inside the capsid during the uncoating process. In addition, the antiviral compounds prevent “breathing” motions, the transient externalization of the N-terminal regions of VP1 and VP4 from the inside of intact viral capsid. The site for externalization of VP1/VP4 or release of RNA is likely between protomers, distant to the binding cavity for antiviral compounds. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to explore how the antiviral compound, WIN 52084, alters properties of the HRV 14 capsid through long-distance effect. We developed an approach to analyze capsid dynamics in terms of correlated radial motion and the shortest paths of correlated motions. In the absence of WIN, correlated radial motion is observed between residues separated by as much as 85 Å, a remarkably long distance. The most frequently populated path segments of the network were localized near the fivefold symmetry axis and included those connecting the N termini of VP1 and VP4 with other regions, in particular near twofold symmetry axes, of the capsid. The results provide evidence that the virus capsid exhibits concerted long-range dynamics, which have not been previously recognized. Moreover, the presence of WIN destroys this radial correlation network, suggesting that the underlying motions contribute to a mechanistic basis for the initial steps of VP1 and VP4 externalization and uncoating.
Climate change in drylands: from assessment methods to adaptation strategies.
Authors: Pauw E. de , Göbel W. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter covers the following topics: projections of global climate change; climate and agricultural systems in the drylands of the Mediterranean Zone; precipitation trends in the 20th century; downscaling the potential impact of climate change in the Eastern Mediterranean Region; and adaptation strategies based from impact assessment. Further, the chapter suggests that there appears no particular reason why the agricultural systems of the region would be unable to cope with climate change.
The way ahead: from science to policy; coordinating efforts in a global world.
Authors: Ortiz R. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter describes the need for a global effort, from science to policy, to cover the challenges involved in improving agriculture in a changing environment, particularly in the developing world where political structures are weak but social networks may be of assistance. A brief overview on some programmes or institutions that embody global endeavors to improve agricultural productivity and promote food security (i.e. Green Revolution; the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development; the Global Forum for Agricultural Research; and CGIAR) is provided. Global research and capacity-building agenda based on issues affecting agriculture and the environment (biodiversity and climate change, bioenergy, high-value crops and products, and food safety) are briefly discussed.
Anti-Essentialism and the Rhetoricization of Knowledge: Mario Nizolio's Humanist Attack on Universals*
Authors: Nauta Lodi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWell-known for his Ciceronianism as well as for his crass nominalism and virulent attack on universals, the humanist Mario Nizolio (1488–1567) is often considered to be a forerunner of early modern philosophy. But although his name duly features in general accounts of Renaissance humanism and philosophy, his work, edited by Leibniz in 1670, has hardly been the subject of a philosophically sensitive analysis. This article examines Nizolio's attempt to reform scholastic philosophy, paying particular attention to the way in which he de-ontologized the scholastic categories and predicables (genus, species, etc.) and replaced philosophical abstraction with the rhetorical concept of synecdoche. His views on science, proof, argumentation, and rhetoric are discussed, as well as the humanist inspiration from which they issue. We will then be able to evaluate the strength and limitations of Nizolio's program in the wider tradition of early modern philosophy.
First-principles study of γ-CuI for p-type transparent conducting materials
Authors: Huang Dan , Zhao Yu-Jun , Li Shen , Li Chang-Sheng , Nie Jian-Jun , Cai Xin-Hua , Yao Chun-Mei 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
γ-CuI has attracted considerable attention recently as a p-type transparent conductive material. In this paper, we have investigated the hole effective mass, intrinsic defects and group VI-A impurities in γ-CuI by first-principles calculations. We found that the hole effective mass of γ-CuI is light, in line with the high p-type mobility observed in experiments. The p-type conductance is expected to originate from Cu vacancies, which have a low formation energy with no significant n-type compensating defects. The relative high transition level of Cu vacancy, however, may lead to a low hole concentration in the γ-CuI sample. Additionally, no shallow transition levels were found in γ-CuI with substitutional group VI-A impurities at I sites.
MDWeb and MDMoby: an integrated web-based platform for molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Hospital Adam , Andrio Pau , Fenollosa Carles , Cicin-Sain Damjan , Orozco Modesto , Gelpí Josep Lluís 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Summary: MDWeb and MDMoby constitute a web-based platform to help access to molecular dynamics (MD) in the standard and high-throughput regime. The platform provides tools to prepare systems from PDB structures mimicking the procedures followed by human experts. It provides inputs and can send simulations for three of the most popular MD packages (Amber, NAMD and Gromacs). Tools for analysis of trajectories, either provided by the user or retrieved from our MoDEL database (http://mmb.pcb.ub.es/MoDEL) are also incorporated. The platform has two ways of access, a set of web-services based on the BioMoby framework (MDMoby), programmatically accessible and a web portal (MDWeb).
Availability: http://mmb.irbbarcelona.org/MDWeb; additional information and methodology details can be found at the web site (http://mmb.irbbarcelona.org/MDWeb/help.php)
Contact: gelpi@ub.edu; modesto.orozco@irbbarcelona.org
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Executive Summary: IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis in Children and Adults
Authors: Chow Anthony W. , Benninger Michael S. , Brook Itzhak , Brozek Jan L. , Goldstein Ellie J. C. , Hicks Lauri A. , Pankey George A. , Seleznick Mitchel , Volturo Gregory , Wald Ellen R. , File Thomas M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and initial management of suspected acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in adults and children were prepared by a multidisciplinary expert panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America comprising clinicians and investigators representing internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency medicine, otolaryngology, public health, epidemiology, and adult and pediatric infectious disease specialties. Recommendations for diagnosis, laboratory investigation, and empiric antimicrobial and adjunctive therapy were developed.
Atrioventricular nodal ablation in atrial fibrillation: a meta‐analysis of biventricular vs. right ventricular pacing mode
Authors: Chatterjee Neal A. , Upadhyay Gaurav A. , Ellenbogen Kenneth A. , Hayes David L. , Singh Jagmeet P. 
Published: March 2012

AimsFor patients with refractory atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing atrioventricular nodal ablation (AVNA), initial single‐chamber right ventricular (RV)‐only pacing is standard. Given the deleterious effects of chronic RV‐only pacing, the impact of an initial biventricular (BiV) pacing strategy post‐ablation is of interest.Methods and resultsWe conducted a meta‐analysis to determine the effect of BiV vs. RV‐only pacing in patients undergoing AVNA for refractory atrial fibrillation. A search of multiple electronic databases identified 921 reports, which included four randomized controlled trials (n = 534). Mean New York Heart Association (NYHA) class was 2.3 and mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 44%. When compared with RV‐only pacing, BiV pacing was not associated with reduced mortality [risk ratio 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40–1.82, P = 0.68]. In three studies comprised of patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (mean EF 41 ± 3%), BiV pacing demonstrated a non‐significant reduction in cardiac mortality (risk ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.25–1.39; P = 0.23). Compared with RV‐only pacing, BiV pacing was associated with significant improvement in symptoms [Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLWHFQ) 2.72 points fewer, 95% CI 1.45–3.99] and increased LVEF (+2.6%, 95% CI 1.69–3.44), but no significant change in 6 min walk distance (6MWD) (5.02 ms more, 95% CI −1.56 to 11.59; P = 0.13).ConclusionsIn patients with refractory AF undergoing AVNA, BiV pacing was not associated with significantly improved survival when compared with RV‐only pacing. A modest, but significant improvement in structural and functional response to BiV pacing was observed.