bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology, barrier, and mechanical properties of biaxially deformed poly(ethylene terephthalate)‐mica nanocomposites
Authors: Soon Kok , Harkin‐Jones Eileen , Rajeev Rajvihar S. , Menary Gary , Martin Peter J. , Armstrong Cecil G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNanocomposites of poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET with a partially synthetic fluoromica were prepared by melt mixing and extruded into sheet and subjected to large‐scale biaxial stretching. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the mica tactoids showed that biaxial stretching had caused the tactoids to be more orientated and with improved exfoliation. The moduli of the nanocomposites were enhanced with increasing mica loading and the reinforcement effect was higher when the stretch ratio was 2 or 2.5, accommodated by having more aligned tactoids and reduced agglomeration. Enhancement in modulus was less pronounced for a stretch ratio of 3. Storage modulus was enhanced more significantly above the glass transition temperature. The barrier properties were enhanced by addition of mica before and after stretching. The Halpin‐Tsai theory underpredicted the relative modulus of the PET nanocomposites, whereas the Nielsen model over‐predicted the relative permeability. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Polystyrene/calcium phosphate nanocomposites: Morphology, mechanical, and dielectric properties
Authors: Selvin Thomas P. , Thomas Sabu , Zafeiropoulos N.E. , Bandyopadhyay Sri , Wurm Andreas , Schick Christoph 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMatrix mediated synthesis of nanoparticles was utilized to prepare calcium phosphate nanoparticles with a size of 10 nm. The particles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Nanocomposites of polystyrene and nano‐calcium phosphate were prepared by the melt‐mixing technique. The composites were characterized by TEM to assess the dispersion of the nanoparticles. SAXS measurements of the composites and the fit with Beaucage model described the fractal dimensions of the particles. Mechanical properties of the composites significantly improved with the addition of nanofillers. Dielectric behavior of the nanocomposites was measured with respect to the filler content, temperature, and frequency. The dielectric constant increases with increase in temperature and decreases with increase in frequencies. Dielectric constant increased with filler content in all frequencies; however, lower frequencies showed marked effect. α‐Relaxation of the composites from the dissipation factor of the composites showed higher values for the lower frequencies. Electrical conductivity increased with respect to the filler content and volume resistivity showed the reverse trend. The theoretical prediction of the dielectric constant showed close agreement with the experimental value. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
The application of digital image techniques to determine the large stress–strain behaviors of soft materials
Authors: Han Yougun , Rogalsky Allan D. , Zhao Boxin , Kwon Hyock Ju 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanical properties of soft materials such as stress–strain behavior over a large deformation domain is essential for both mechanical and biological applications. Conventional measurement methods have limited access to these properties because of the difficulties in accurately measuring large deformations of soft materials. In this study, we optimized digital image correlation (DIC) method to measure the large‐strain deformations by considering referencing scheme and frame rate. The optimized DIC was utilized to estimate strain in characterizing the stress–strain behavior of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer as a model soft material. A series of comparative experimental studies and finite element analysis were performed; they indicated the advantages of optimized DIC over conventional methods such as robustness to slip, insensitivity to boundary conditions, and the ability to yield consistent and reliable results. These advantages enabled the optimized DIC to perform an in‐depth analysis of the behavior of soft materials at large strain domain. An empirical constitutive equation to describe the large stress–strain behavior of PDMS was proposed and verified by finite element simulations that show excellent agreements with experimental results. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
An investigation on structure characterization of thermally stabilized polyacrylonitrile precursor fibers pretreated with guanidine carbonate prior to carbonization
Authors: Karacan İsmail , Erdoğan Gülhan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThermal stabilization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor fiber was performed with a pretreatment of an aqueous guanidine carbonate solution and its structure was thoroughly characterized using a combination of infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), density, elemental analysis, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The use of guanidine carbonate pretreatment of polyacrylonitrile precursor fiber was found to be very useful for the acceleration of thermal stabilization of polyacrylonitrile precursor fiber prior to the carbonization stage. The results obtained from density, thermal analysis (TGA and DSC), infrared‐spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction methods suggested an accelerated thermally stable aromatic ladder structure formation resulting in much reduced thermal stabilization time. X‐ray observations showed the transformation of the original structure from a highly ordered phase to a totally disordered amorphous phase which seemed to be a direct consequence of the crosslinked and cyclized structure present in the stabilized fibers. The results obtained from the infrared spectra of thermally stabilized samples showed a rapid and simultaneous cyclization and dehydrogenation reactions aided by the oxygen uptake in the form of oxygen containing functional groups. Guanidine carbonate pretreated and thermally stabilized PAN precursor fibers showed a carbon yield of 52.5% at 1100°C obtained from TGA measurements. The use of guanidine carbonate pretreatment is expected to significantly increase the productivity of carbon fiber manufacturing at a substantially reduced cost by significantly reducing the time necessary for thermal stabilization of polyacryonitrile fiber. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Characterization of polymer powder motion in a spherical mold in biaxial rotation
Authors: Aissa Amara Aït , Duchesne Carl , Rodrigue Denis 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAs rotational molding of thermoplastic parts become more and more complex, understanding the fundamental processing aspects such as powder flow becomes important for good and uniform part quality. In this work, an image analysis technique is used to determine the effect of polymer powder particle size and distribution in a biaxially rotating spherical mold. Experimental parameters such as particle diameter (d), ratio of larger over smaller particles diameters (dr), and initial powder position inside the mold and camera viewing position were studied. From the results obtained, conditions leading to homogeneity and segregation are discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous cross‐linked polystyrene incorporating functional groups via hydrophilic spacer arms: Application for heavy metal ion adsorption
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Zhang Xu , Guo Hongfei , Yuan Lixia , Liu Pange 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThree‐dimensionally ordered macroporous cross‐linked polystyrenes (3DOM CLPS) with 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole (MBZ) groups attached directly or via hydrophilic spacer arms to frameworks were prepared for use as heavy metal ion adsorbents. The hydrophilic spacer arms are polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains with three different lengths. The functionalized 3DOM CLPS were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and elemental analysis. The results confirm that the MBZ groups have been introduced onto the pore wall of 3DOM CLPS directly or via PEGs, and the ordered structure was well preserved after functionalization. The functionalized 3DOM CLPS are effective adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from solution, with adsorption capacities ranging from 0.25 to 1.14 mmol/g for silver (I) ions and 0.28 to 0.51 mmol/g for mercury (II) ions, respectively. The introduction of hydrophilic spacer arms between the 3DOM frameworks and the heterocyclic functional groups improves the adsorption capacities and adsorption kinetics. The adsorption capacities increase with the length of spacer arm. After regeneration by washing with acidic thiourea solution, the metal ion adsorption capacities of the regenerated 3DOM materials were on around 90% of the original capacities. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influences of phase composition and thermomechanical conditions on shape memory properties of segmented polyurethanes with amorphous reversible phase
Authors: Ji Feng Long , Hu Jin Lian , Chui Stephen Sin‐Yin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe synthesized series of shape memory polyurethanes with amorphous reversible phase (Tg‐SMPUs) and systematically studied their microphase structure and shape memory properties. The Tg‐SMPUs having no or less hard phase showed lower shape recovery. When the volume fraction of hard phase was in the range of 20–30%, the Tg‐SMPUs exhibited the highest shape recovery. As the fraction of hard phase increased further the shape recovery decreased, because more polymer components with higher glass transition temperatures (Tgs) would participate in strain storage. For the Tg‐SMPUs having similar Tgs, those polymers having higher volume fraction of hard phase exhibited higher shape fixity, broader shape recovery region, and larger recovery stress. Increasing deformation strain could raise shape fixity and recovery stress but broaden shape recovery region. The highest recovery stress of a material could be achieved when the deformation occurred at its glass transition temperature below which decreasing deformation temperature could not increase recovery stress further. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Tunable n‐ and p‐type doping of single‐layer graphene by engineering its interaction with the SiO2 support
Authors: Nourbakhsh Amirhasan , Cantoro Mirco , Li Bing , Müller Robert , De Feyter Steven , Heyns Marc M. , Sels Bert F. , De Gendt Stefan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe report a technique to tune the excess charge concentration in single‐layer graphene from p‐ to n‐type up to densities of |n | ∼ 1.2 × 1013 cm–2, corresponding to a displacement electric field of ∼2.5 V/nm. The tuning is achieved by engineering the interaction between graphene and the underlying Si/SiO2 substrate with an amino group‐terminated self‐assembled monolayer, and subsequent rinsing in aqueous solutions at controlled pH. Raman spectroscopy and electrical measurements on treated graphene devices confirm the occurrence of doping. Interestingly, we found the field‐effect mobility not to be significantly affected by the procedure. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Clone evolution: a systematic review
Authors: Pate Jeremy R. , Tairas Robert , Kraft Nicholas A. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYDetection of code clones — similar or identical source code fragments — is of concern both to researchers and to practitioners. An analysis of the clone detection results for a single source code version provides a developer with information about a discrete state in the evolution of the software system. However, tracing clones across multiple source code versions permits a clone analysis to consider a temporal dimension. Such an analysis of clone evolution can be used to uncover the patterns and characteristics exhibited by clones as they evolve within a system. Developers can use the results of this analysis to understand the clones more completely, which may help them to manage the clones more effectively. Thus, studies of clone evolution serve a key role in understanding and addressing issues of cloning in software. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the literature on clone evolution. In particular, we present a detailed analysis of 30 relevant papers that we identified in accordance with our review protocol. The review results were organized to address three research questions. Through our answers to these questions, we present the methods that researchers have used to study clone evolution, the patterns that researchers have found evolving clones to exhibit, and the evidence that researchers have established regarding the extent of inconsistent change undergone by clones during software evolution. Overall, the review results indicate that whereas researchers have conducted several empirical studies of clone evolution, there are contradictions among the reported findings, particularly regarding the lifetimes of clone lineages and the consistency with which clones are changed during software evolution. We identify human‐based empirical studies and classification of clone evolution patterns as two areas that are in particular need of further work. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity analysis for multi‐attribute system selection problems in onshore Environmentally Friendly Drilling (EFD)
Authors: Yu O.‐Y. , Guikema S. D. , Briaud J.‐L. , Burnett D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractInput data used in Multi‐Attribute Decision Making (MADM) problems are often perceived to be imprecise by decision‐makers because they are based on expert assessments. As a result, an important step in many applications of MADM is to perform a sensitivity analysis on the input data to help decision‐makers understand how in which regions of the input data space they can be most confident in the recommended decisions and where improved input information is most needed. This paper describes sensitivity analysis procedures which will help decision‐makers examine the robustness of the optimal solution to changes in input parameters in system selection decisions, where the system is made up of components (drilling technologies) that can be combined in many different ways. This paper presents two different sensitivity analysis methodologies. One is a sensitivity analysis for weighting factors of each attribute, and the other is a sensitivity analysis for uncertainty of overall attribute inputs. An application case study of the proposed approach is described to select optimal onshore Environmentally Friendly Drilling (EFD) systems at Green Lake near McFaddin, TX. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overcoming barriers to transferring systems engineering practices into the rail sector
Authors: Elliott Bruce , O'Neil Anne , Roberts Clive , Schmid Felix , Shannon Ian 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere is increasing interest within the rail sector in applying the concepts of systems engineering. This paper presents arguments that the balance of concerns differs between a typical project in the rail sector and one in the domains in which systems engineering was developed and that this difference, together with a lack of agreement on the scope of systems engineering and differences in tradition between systems engineering and the established rail disciplines, raise barriers to the effective and efficient importation of systems engineering ideas into the rail sector. It is suggested that the system engineering community can lower these barriers by strengthening published systems engineering guidance in certain areas, being prepared to express themselves in plain language and packaging their practices in a more portable fashion, while the rail community can help by being prepared to adapt the systems engineering approach to meet their needs better and introducing new practices in a measured and systematic fashion. The benefits to both communities are identified and found to justify the investment required to take these steps. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Pun Work Helps English Learners Get the Joke
Authors: Lems Kristin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNative speakers of a language learn word play as part of the language acquisition process, but learners of a new language rarely get that opportunity. English has an unusually large number of opportunities for humorous puns, based on the complex system of spellings, pronunciations, and meanings of English words. There are three main categories of English puns, and these are explained and illustrated, along with lesson plans for using puns in classroom with English language learners. Suggested resources are included.
π‐Conjugation
Authors: Milián‐Medina Begoña , Gierschner Johannes 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn the current overview, the concept of π‐conjugation in organic compounds is reexamined. Starting from valence bond and molecular orbital (MO) theory, the principal elements of conjugation are worked out starting from a simple Hückel picture; this includes the definition of the conjugated path, bond length alternation, as well as MO localization effects, and requires the distinction between formal and effective conjugation. The latter will be needed to understand the electronic and optical properties of polyconjugated molecules, highlighting the importance of a correct quantum chemical description of ground and excited state properties. Finally, implications of conjugation on interacting systems are shortly discussed. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Thallium(I) Coordination Polymer of Tetrazolate Ligand as Precursor for Preparation of Thallium(III) Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Sadegh, Yazdan Parast Mohammad , Morsali Ali 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA new thallium(I) coordination polymer, [Tl2L·H2O]n (1) [H2L = 5‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)tetrazole], was synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X‐ray crystallography. The single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data of compound 1 show the existence of two different TlI ions with differing coordination numbers. The coordination number of TlI(1) is four and that of TlI(2) is two. This coordination polymer was used as a precursor for the preparation of TlIII oxide nanoparticles. Thallium(III) oxide was characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction and the morphology of nanoparticles characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
A calculus of trustworthy ad hoc networks
Authors: Merro Massimo , Sibilio Eleonora 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

We propose a
process calculus
for
mobile ad hoc networks
which relies on an abstract behaviour-based multilevel
trust model
. The operational semantics of the calculus is given in terms of a labelled transition system, where actions are executed at a certain security level. We define a
labelled bisimilarity
over networks parameterised on security levels. Our bisimilarity is a congruence and an efficient proof method for an appropriate variant of barbed congruence, a standard contextually-defined program equivalence. Communications in the calculus are safe with respect to the security levels of the involved parties. In particular, we ensure
safety despite compromise
: compromised nodes cannot affect the rest of the network. A
non-interference
result is also proved in terms of information flow. Finally, we use our calculus to provide formal descriptions of trust-based versions of both a routing protocol and a leader election protocol for ad hoc networks.
Argan oil improves surrogate markers of CVD in humans
Authors: Sour Souad , Belarbi Meriem , Khaldi Darine , Benmansour Nassima , Sari Nassima , Nani Abdelhafid , Chemat Farid , Visioli Francesco 
Published: November 2011

Limited – though increasing – evidence suggests that argan oil might be endowed with potential healthful properties, mostly in the areas of CVD and prostate cancer. We sought to comprehensively determine the effects of argan oil supplementation on the plasma lipid profile and antioxidant status of a group of healthy Algerian subjects, compared with matched controls. A total of twenty healthy subjects consumed 15 g/d of argan oil – with toasted bread – for breakfast, during 4 weeks (intervention group), whereas twenty matched controls followed their habitual diet, but did not consume argan oil. The study lasted 30 d. At the end of the study, argan oil-supplemented subjects exhibited higher plasma vitamin E concentrations, lower total and LDL-cholesterol, lower TAG and improved plasma and cellular antioxidant profile, when compared with controls. In conclusion, we showed that Algerian argan oil is able to positively modulate some surrogate markers of CVD, through mechanisms which warrant further investigation.
VI.—The Hal-Tarxien Neolithic Temple, Malta
Authors: Zammit T. 
Published: November 2011

The discovery of this important neolithic temple enriches the unique series of Maltese monuments and, besides demonstrating afresh the importance of the Maltese Islands in prehistoric times, sheds a flood of light on the other monuments so far discovered.The site on which the monument was raised is not very far from the Hal-Saflieni Hypogeum and the Cordin stations, which may well be considered to be upon the same plateau.
III.—The Abbey of Saint-Denis and its Ancient Treasures
Authors: Conway W. Martin 
Published: November 2011

The authorities relied upon for the following account of the Abbey Church and treasures of St.-Denis are in the first instance the three well-known published volumes:—Jacques Doublet: Histoire de … S. Denys. Paris, 1625. 4to.S. G. Millet: Le Tresor Sacré … de Sainct-Denis (4me éd.). Paris, 1645. 12mo.Michel Félibien: Histoire de … Saint-Denys. Paris, 1706. fol.I shall cite these frequently by the initial letters, D, M, and F.
III.—The Chronology of the British Bronze Age
Authors: Montelius Oscar 
Published: November 2011

In 1900 I was invited by the University College of London to deliver a series of lectures on prehistoric chronology. I then put forward my chronological system for the Bronze Age in different parts of Europe.The chronology of the Bronze Age in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and the northern part of Germany had been treated by me already in 1885; the first period of the Bronze Age in these countries I examined more especially in 1899.
XVIII.—On the Wall Paintings in All Saints' Church, Friskney, Lincolnshire..
Authors: Cheales Henry John 
Published: November 2011

The wall paintings in Friskney church, upon which this is a concluding paper, have already formed the subject of former communications to the Society in 1881, 1883, 1884, 1886, and 1891, which have been duly printed in Archaeologia. The subjects of the paintings have now all been ascertained, and appear to be as follows:North clerestory (from west to east):1. King David and the Prophets;2. The Annunciation;3. The Nativity;4. The Resurrection;5. The Ascension;6. The Assumption.South clerestory (from west to east):1. The Pope and the Doctors of the Church;2. The Gathering of the Manna;3. The Last Supper;4. The King doing homage to the Host;5. The Irreverent Woman;6. The Jews stabbing the Host.