bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Injuries among male and female World Cup alpine skiers
Authors: Flørenes T W , Bere T , Nordsletten L , Heir S , Bahr R 
Published: November 2009

Background:Limited knowledge exists on injuries among professional alpine skiers.Objective:To describe the risk of injury and the injury pattern among competitive World Cup alpine skiers during the competitive season.Methods:Retrospective interviews were performed with all World Cup athletes from 10 nations at the end of the 2006–7 and 2007–8 winter seasons, and all acute injuries occurring during the 4.5-month competitive season were recorded. If the athlete was not present, their coaches or medical personnel were interviewed.Results:A total of 191 acute injuries were recorded among 521 World Cup alpine skiers. As many as 86 injuries (45%) occurred during World Cup/World Ski Championship competitions, corresponding to an injury rate of 9.8 injuries per 1000 runs (95% CI 7.8 to 11.9). The injury rate was found to increase with increasing speed (slalom 4.9 injuries per 1000 runs, 95% CI 2.5 to 7.4—giant slalom 9.2, 5.1 to 13.3—super-G 11.0, 5.2 to 16.8—downhill 17.2, 11.6 to 22.7). The most frequently injured body part was the knee, with 68 injuries (36%), and 37 of these were severe. The overall injury rate was higher in males than in females, but not for knee injuries.Conclusions: The risk of injury among World Cup athletes in alpine skiing is even higher than previously reported. The knee is the most commonly injured body part and with many severe injuries. Injury rate increased with a higher speed and was higher among males than in females.
Combined actinomycotic and pseudoactinomycotic radiate granules in the female genital tract: description of a series of cases
Authors: Boyle D P , McCluggage W G 
Published: November 2009

Background:Both actinomycotic granules and pseudoactinomycotic radiate granules (PAMRAGs) occur in the female genital tract, most commonly in the endometrium. It is important to distinguish between these since the former may result in pelvic inflammatory disease and require antibiotic treatment while the latter is non-infectious and does not require specific treatment.Aims:To investigate the coexistence of actinomyces-like organisms and PAMRAGs in the same granules, and describe the presence of PAMRAGs in the cervix and the vulva.Methods:Six cases with actinomyces-like organisms and PAMRAGs in the same granules (four in the endometrium, one in a tubo-ovarian abscess, and one in both the endometrium and a tubo-ovarian abscess) are reported as well as seven examples of PAMRAGs in the cervix and one in a vulval abscess.Results:The combined granules consisted of central basophilic Gram and silver positive filamentous organisms consistent with actinomyces surrounded by radiating eosinophilic club-like formations which were Gram and silver negative, the latter consistent with PAMRAGs. The PAMRAGs in the cervix and vulva consisted entirely of Gram and silver negative radiating eosinophilic club-like formations.Conclusions:Although actinomycotic granules and PAMRAGs are distinct lesions which should be distinguished for patient management, they may coexist in the same granules. It is likely in such cases that the PAMRAGs form around the bacterial colonies which act as a nidus. The presence of radiating eosinophilic club-like formations characteristic of PAMRAGs does not preclude the presence of actinomyces. Careful morphological examination plus supportive Gram and silver stains, if necessary, allows the diagnosis of these combined granules. PAMRAGs also occur in the cervix, where it is likely that they form secondary to encrustation of inspissated mucus, and in the vulva.
Can MDM2 and CDK4 make the diagnosis of well differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma? An immunohistochemical study on 129 soft tissue tumours
Authors: Aleixo P B , Hartmann A A , Menezes I C , Meurer R T , Oliveira A M 
Published: November 2009

Background:Well differentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS) and dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLPS) have been shown to have supernumerary chromosomes with amplified sequences of theMDM2andCDK4genes. MDM2 and CDK4 protein overexpression have also been identified in these tumours.Aim:To investigate whether immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MDM2 and CDK4 can be used to diagnose WDLPS and DDLPS.Methods:IHC for MDM2/CDK4 was carried out on a series of 129 paraffin-embedded lipomatous and non-lipomatous soft tissue tumours. The cases were divided into four groups: WDLPS (n = 19), DDLPS (n = 10), benign adipocytic tumours (BAT) (n = 17), and other mesenquimal tumours (OMT) (n = 83). IHC results were compared in each group and the diagnostic efficacy of the test in identifying WDLPS and DDLPS among the other soft tissue tumours was determined. A percentage of tumour cell positivity was evaluated to better characterise the pattern of tumour immunostaining.Results:Sensitivity and specificity of positive MDM2 and CDK4 immunostainings to identify WDLPS among BAT was 100% and 58.8%, and 68.4% and 88.2%, respectively. When distinguishing DDLPS from OMT, sensitivity and specificity of MDM2 and CDK4 were 90% and 65%, and 70% and 96.3%, respectively. The highest specificity was achieved when a case was considered positive with strong and diffuse immunoreactivity in more than 30% of the neoplastic cells (94.1% and 100%, and 77.1% and 98.8%, respectively).Conclusion:Detection of MDM2/CDK4 protein overexpression by IHC can be used by pathologists to diagnose WDLPS and DDLPS. Considering a strong and diffuse immunostaining pattern in most of the neoplastic cells achieves the best results in identifying these tumours.
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of the Production of a High-performance Foam Blowing Agent HFC-245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane)
Authors: Mcculloch Archie 
Published: November 2009

A life cycle inventory analysis is described for the production of HFC-245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane) from basic raw materials to the pure product ready for shipment to customers. The analysis was based on typical industrial operations, assumed to be located in southern USA. It showed the mineral requirements to be mainly salt, fluorspar, sulphur, and limestone, together with natural gas and oil used as feedstock. Energy required in processing totaled 4.4 tons of CO2 equivalent per ton of product, including the energy required to transport raw materials and intermediates between facilities and also a 2% contribution from the release of greenhouse gases other than CO2. Other environmental releases were waste salt brine (to the sea), mineral tailings (landfilled at the fluorspar mine) and anhydrous calcium sulphate (to inert landfill). The quantities of sulphur dioxide and volatile organic compounds released into the atmosphere were calculated to be 5 and 1 Kg per ton, respectively. Spent catalysts are not inert and were assumed to be sent to specialist contractors for reclamation or disposal; the transport and energy requirements for this were also included. The process energy requirement amounts to <5% of the global warming potential of HFC-245fa indicating that the principal way of reducing the climate impact of HFC-245fa is to minimize emissions of the material itself during use and during disposal of equipment containing it.
SLE disease patterns in a Danish population-based lupus cohort: an 8-year prospective study
Authors: Laustrup H. , Voss A. , Green A. , Junker P. 
Published: November 2009

In 1995 all systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in the county of Funen were retrieved from four separate and independent sources as part of an 8-year prospective study to determine the pattern of disease activity and damage accumulation in a community based lupus cohort of predominantly Scandinavian ancestry. Incident cases were subsequently identified by surveillance of these sources. Established and new cases underwent annual, structured interviews, clinical examination and blood sampling. The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Diseases Activity Index SLEDAI and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics SLICC scores were calculated. Flares were defined as modified — SLEDAI ≥ 4. The annual flare rate in definite SLE (D-SLE) was 0.21 (95%CI 0.18—0.24) versus 0.03 (95%CI 0.01—0.07) in incomplete SLE (I-SLE). Forty-three per cent of the entire study population had no disease exacerbations. Infections requiring hospital admission and thrombocytopenia were significantly more frequent among patients with relapsing disease (p < 0.04—0.01). Patients with flares had slightly shorter disease duration and were younger at disease onset than patients with a quiescent course. The most recently diagnosed patients had the lowest annual rate of damage accrual. According to flare rate, two major subsets of almost equal size were identified — one having a long quiescent course, the other exhibiting relapses alternating with remissions. An increased risk of flares was associated with short disease duration and younger age at disease onset, infections requiring hospital admission and thrombocytopenia. Temporal damage increment was the lowest in the most recently diagnosed patients. Lupus (2010) 19, 239—246.
The Need for Specialized Preanesthesia Clinics for Day Admission Cardiac and Major Vascular Surgery Patients
Authors: Flynn Brigid C. , de Perio Marietta , Hughes Ellen , Silvay George 
Published: November 2009

The majority of patients undergoing surgical procedures today are not admitted to the hospital prior to the morning of surgery. In a medical world that strives not only for patient safety, but also for cost containment, Day Admission Surgery (DAS) plays an important role in our healthcare systems. This is true even for patients undergoing cardiac and major vascular (CMV) procedures. However, CMV patients often present with more complicated pre-, intra- and post-operative issues than other surgical patients. In order to optimize the preoperative evaluation and care of CMV patients, we developed a specialized Pre-Anesthesia Clinic (PAC). We believed that patients, surgeons, anesthesiologists, and intensive care unit (ICU) teams would all benefit when appropriate preoperative evaluations are thoughtfully performed by those specializing in the care of these complicated patients. Planning for this specialized clinic included a survey of other institutions’ practices. Following initiation of our clinic, we performed a patient satisfaction survey. We report these findings along with the demographic data concerning the patients and types of surgeries evaluated in our initial experience. Finally, we discuss the preoperative evaluation including various areas of assessment provided by our PAC.
Decreased cardiac Ang-(1-7) is associated with salt-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction
Authors: Varagic Jasmina , Ahmad Sarfaraz , Brosnihan K. Bridget , Groban Leanne , Chappell Mark C. , Tallant E. Ann , Gallagher Patricia E. , Ferrario Carlos M. 
Published: November 2009

Objective: Angiotensin II has a critical role in the regulation of blood pressure and cell growth and excess activity of the peptide is implicated in the pathogenesis of salt-induced cardiovascular injury. On the other hand, the role of counteracting angiotensin-(1-7) in cardiac structural and functional responses to high salt diet has not been elucidated. Therefore, the present study examined the changes in cardiac angiotensin-(1-7), its forming enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and receptor mas in response to a high salt diet in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: Eight-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were given an 8% salt diet for 5 weeks ( n = 8). Age- and gender-matched controls received standard chow ( n = 6). Results: Salt excess increased arterial pressure ( p < 0.05) and plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations ( p < 0.05). Salt-induced left ventricular remodeling and diastolic dysfunction were associated with diminished levels of angiotensin-(1-7) in the heart ( p < 0.05) and no changes in cardiac angiotensin II levels. Exposure to high salt intake decreased cardiac ACE2 mRNA and protein level ( p < 0.05). There was no difference in the protein levels of angiotensin II type 1 and mas receptors between the two experimental groups. Conclusion: The adverse cardiac effects of excessive salt intake may result not only from the undesirable action of angiotensin II but may also be a consequence of diminished protective effects of the angiotensin-(1-7).
The morphology of the masticatory apparatus facilitates muscle force production at wide jaw gapes in tree-gouging common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Eng C. M. , Ward S. R. , Vinyard C. J. , Taylor A. B. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYCommon marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) generate wide jaw gapes when gouging trees with their anterior teeth to elicit tree exudate flow. Closely related cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) do not gouge trees but share similar diets including exudates. Maximizing jaw opening theoretically compromises the bite forces that marmosets can generate during gouging. To investigate how jaw-muscle architecture and craniofacial position impact muscle performance during gouging, we combine skull and jaw-muscle architectural features to model muscle force production across a range of jaw gapes in these two species. We incorporate joint mechanics, resting sarcomere length and muscle architecture estimates from the masseter and temporalis to model muscle excursion, sarcomere length and relative tension as a function of joint angle. Muscle excursion from occlusion to an estimated maximum functional gape of 55 deg. was smaller in all regions of the masseter and temporalis of C. jacchus compared with S. oedipus except the posterior temporalis. As a consequence of reduced muscle excursion distributed over more sarcomeres in series (i.e. longer fibers), sarcomere length operating ranges are smaller in C. jacchus jaw muscles across this range of gapes. This configuration allows C. jacchus to act on a more favorable portion of the length—tension curve at larger gapes and thereby generate relatively greater tension in these muscles compared with S. oedipus. Our results suggest that biting performance during tree gouging in common marmosets is improved by a musculoskeletal configuration that reduces muscle stretch at wide gapes while simultaneously facilitating comparatively large muscle forces at the extremes of jaw opening.
The cost of assuming the life history of a host: acoustic startle in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea
Authors: Rosen M. J. , Levin E. C. , Hoy R. R. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARY
In the obligatory reproductive dependence of a parasite on its host, the parasite must trade the benefit of ‘outsourcing’ functions like reproduction for the risk of assuming hazards associated with the host. In the present study, we report behavioral adaptations of a parasitic fly, Ormia ochracea, that resemble those of its cricket hosts. Ormia females home in on the male cricket's songs and deposit larvae, which burrow into the cricket, feed and emerge to pupate. Because male crickets call at night, gravid female Ormia in search of hosts are subject to bat predation, in much the same way as female crickets are when responding to male song. We show that Ormia has evolved the same evasive behavior as have crickets: an acoustic startle response to bat-like ultrasound that manifests clearly only during flight. Furthermore, like crickets, Ormia has a sharp response boundary between the frequencies of song and bat cries, resembling categorical perception first described in the context of human speech.
Distinct freshwater and seawater isoforms of Na+/K+-ATPase in gill chloride cells of Atlantic salmon
Authors: McCormick S. D. , Regish A. M. , Christensen A. K. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYGill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) in teleost fishes is involved in ion regulation in both freshwater and seawater. We have developed and validated rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific to the NKA α1a and α1b protein isoforms of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus), and used western blots and immunohistochemistry to characterize their size, abundance and localization. The relative molecular mass of NKA α1a is slightly less than that for NKA β1b. The abundance of gill NKA α1a was high in freshwater and became nearly undetectable after seawater acclimation. NKA α1b was present in small amounts in freshwater and increased 13-fold after seawater acclimation. Both NKA isoforms were detected only in chloride cells. NKA α1a was located in both filamental and lamellar chloride cells in freshwater, whereas in seawater it was present only as a faint background in filamental chloride cells. In freshwater, NKA α1b was found in a small number of filamental chloride cells, and after seawater acclimation it was found in all chloride cells on the filament and lamellae. Double simultaneous immunofluorescence indicated that NKA α1a and α1b are located in different chloride cells in freshwater. In many chloride cells in seawater, NKA α1b was present in greater amounts in the subapical region than elsewhere in the cell. The combined patterns in abundance and immunolocalization of these two isoforms can explain the salinity-related changes in total NKA and chloride cell abundance. The results indicate that there is a freshwater and a seawater isoform of NKA α-subunit in the gills of Atlantic salmon and that they are present in distinct chloride cells.
Male GPs' views on men seeking medical help: A qualitative study
Authors: Hale Susan , Grogan Sarah , Willott Sara 
Published: November 2009

Objective. Analysis of health service statistics reveals that men tend to under‐use primary health care services. Previous research has suggested that men view illness as a form of weakness and have negative views about men who seek medical help. It has also indicated that some men believe that male General Practitioner (GP)s hold similar views, a factor which may influence their own tendency to self‐refer. This study aims to explore male GPs' experiences of their male patients' patterns of self‐referral and to identify factors that may negatively influence doctor–patient relationships.Method. Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with 10 male GPs (ages=35–53). These were audiotaped and subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis to identify relevant themes.Results. For all participants, managing service demands were seen as a major challenge. Analysis of these GP's accounts suggested that they see men's self‐referral as being primarily influenced by the need to conform to masculine gender roles and a number of ways that men accessed services in a way congruent with this were identified. This study also explored how participants' own adherence to gender roles may itself influence the doctor–patient relationship.Conclusion. This study suggests that, like other men, male GPs may have ambivalent attitudes towards male self‐referral and that this may influence their interactions with male patients.
Improving the Accuracy of Self-Reports on Diet and Physical Exercise: The Co-Twin Control Method
Authors: Bogl Leonie H. , Pietiläinen Kirsi H. , Rissanen Aila , Kaprio Jaakko 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe objective was to examine the association between several obesity-related nongenetic behaviors and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in young adult twins using reports from both twins on their similarities and differences. A total of 713 monozygotic (MZ) and 698 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs aged 22–28 years filled in structured questionnaires to compare their eating, physical activity and dieting behavior with their co-twin's behavior, and to report their own eating and exercise habits. In both MZ and DZ pairs, the co-twins for whom both twin pair members concordantly answered that this twin eats more, snacks more, eats more fatty foods and sweet and fatty delicacies, chooses less healthy foods, eats faster and exercises less, had significantly higher BMIs (0.6–2.9 kg/m2) and WCs (1.5–7.5 cm). Multivariate regression analysis identified co-twin differences in the amount of food consumed as the strongest independent predictor of intrapair differences in BMI (β = 0.63 and 1.21, for MZ and DZ, respectively,p< .001) and WC (β = 1.52 and 3.53, for MZ and DZ, respectively,p< .001). Higher leisure-time physical activity and healthier dietary choices clustered in the same subjects. The measurement of habitual dietary intake and physical activity has previously relied on subjective self-reports that are prone to misreporting. By using comparative measures within twin pairs we found that the amount of food consumed is the major contributor to obesity independent of genetic predisposition.
Heritability of Hemodynamic Reactivity to Laboratory Stressors in a Homogenous Arab Population: ‘Oman Family Study’
Authors: Hassan Mohammed O. , Bayoumi Riad A. , Lopez-Alvarenga Juan C. , Snieder Harold , Jaju Deepali , Al-Yahyaee Saeed , Al-Hadabi Saleh , Comuzzie Anthony G. , Albarwani Sulayma 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground:Exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity to stressful stimuli may be a risk factor for the development of hypertension. The genetic influence on blood pressure (BP) reactivity to stress and its control mechanisms has been receiving considerable support. This study aims at examining the heritability of BP and its intermediate hemodynamic phenotypes to acute stress in a homogeneous Arab population.Methods:Parameters were computed from continuous BP, electrocardiography and impedance cardiography measurements, during rest, word conflict (WCT) and cold pressor (CPT) tests. Heritability estimates (h2) were obtained using the variance components-based approach implemented in the SOLAR software package.Results:Reactivity scores for WCT and CPT increased significantly (P< .05) for systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR). They decreased significantly (P< .05) for stroke volume (SV), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), end diastolic (EDI) and cardiac contractility (IC) indices. Univariate analysis detected heritability estimates that ranged from 0.19–0.35 for rest, 0.002–0.40 for WCT and 0.08–0.35 for CPT.Conclusion:In this unique cohort, resting as well as challenged cardiovascular phenotypes are significantly influenced by additive genetic effects. Heritability estimates for resting phenotypes are in a relatively narrow range, while h2for their reactivity is somewhat broader with lower estimates. Further analyses of this study may offer important opportunities for gene finding in hypertension.What is Known About the Topic:(1) cardiovascular reactivity to stress predicts cardiovascular disease; (2) genetic susceptibility plays an important role in stress reactivity. Family studies using the cold pressure test reported significant heritability for blood pressure.What this Study Adds:(1) this cohort is from five highly consanguineous isolated Arab pedigrees with genetically verified genealogical records and environmental homogeneity; (2) This is the first study to estimate heritability of detailed intermediate hemodynamic phenotypes that make up normal blood pressure.