bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of a new ultrafast rapid urease test to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection in 1000 consecutive dyspeptic patients
Authors: VAIRA D. , VAKIL N. , GATTA L. , RICCI C. , PERNA F. , SARACINO I. , FIORINI G. , HOLTON J. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBackground  Rapid diagnostic tools for Helicobacter pylori are important in endoscopy.Aims  To assess the accuracy of a new 5 min rapid urease test (UFT300, ABS Srl, Cernusco sul Naviglio, Milan, Italy) and to compare it with the 1 h Pyloritek (Serim Laboratories, Elkhart, IN, USA) and the 24 h CLO test (Kimberly‐Clark Ballard Medical Products, Roswell, GA, USA).Method  Consecutive dyspeptic patients referred to our unit for endoscopy were prospectively studied. All patients underwent a 13C‐urea‐breath test, histology and the UFT300 (ABS Srl; Cernusco sul Naviglio, Milan, Italy). In a sub‐set of patients (n = 375), two additional RUTs were performed. Patients were deemed infected if both 13C‐UBT and histology were positive. RUTs were read at 1, 5, and 60 min.Results  Of 1000 enrolled patients 45.3% were infected with H. pylori. The sensitivity of the UFT 300 was 90.3%, 94.5% and 96.2% at 1, 5 and 60 min respectively (specificity 100%). The Pyloritek and the UFT were comparable, but the CLO test was not reliable at 5 and 60 min.Conclusion  The UFT 300 test is comparable to the Pyloritek test, but the CLO test is significantly less sensitive at early time points. Reading test results at 1 min may increase false negative results, thereby decreasing sensitivity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 331–338
Wavelet-based Faraday rotation measure synthesis
Authors: Frick P. , Sokoloff D. , Stepanov R. , Beck R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The Faraday rotation measure synthesis, as a method for analysing multichannel observations of polarized radio emission to investigate galactic magnetic field structures requires the definition of complex polarized intensity in the wavelength range −∞ &lt; λ2 &lt; ∞. The problem is that the measurements at negative λ2 are not possible. We introduce a simple method for continuation of the observed complex polarized intensity P(λ2) into the domain λ2 &lt; 0 using symmetry arguments. The method is suggested in context of magnetic field recognition in galactic discs where the magnetic field is supposed to have a maximum in the equatorial plane. The method is quite simple when applied to a single Faraday rotating structure on the line of sight. Recognition of several structures on the same line of sight requires a more sophisticated technique. We also introduce a wavelet-based algorithm which allows us to consider a set of isolated structures in the (φ, λ2) plane (where φ is the Faraday depth). The method essentially improves the possibilities for reconstruction of complicated Faraday structures using the capabilities of modern radio telescopes.
Ebolavirus VP24 Binding to Karyopherins Is Required for Inhibition of Interferon Signaling
Authors: Mateo Mathieu , Reid St. Patrick , Leung Lawrence W. , Basler Christopher F. , Volchkov Viktor E. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
The Ebolavirus VP24 protein counteracts alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) and IFN-γ signaling by blocking the nuclear accumulation of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT1 (PY-STAT1). According to the proposed model, VP24 binding to members of the NPI-1 subfamily of karyopherin alpha (KPNα) nuclear localization signal receptors prevents their binding to PY-STAT1, thereby preventing PY-STAT1 nuclear accumulation. This study now identifies two domains of VP24 required for inhibition of IFN-β-induced gene expression and PY-STAT1 nuclear accumulation. We demonstrate that loss of function correlates with loss of binding to KPNα proteins. Thus, the VP24 IFN antagonist function requires the ability of VP24 to interact with KPNα.
How well prepared are medical students for their first year as doctors? The views of consultants and specialist registrars in two teaching hospitals
Authors: Matheson C , Matheson D 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate (1) the extent to which first year doctors (foundation year 1 doctors, F1s) in two teaching hospitals in the Trent Deanery were rated by specialist registrars (SpRs) and consultants as being well prepared for practice; (2) the importance ascribed by SpRs and consultants to the various items of core knowledge, skills and attitudes outlined in the publication of the General Medical Council, Tomorrow’s Doctors.

Method
SpRs and consultants were asked to rate: how well prepared F1s were in a range of items of core knowledge, skills and attitudes that a new medical graduate must possess as outlined in Tomorrow’s Doctors; the importance for a new doctor of each item of core knowledge, skills and attitudes; and how well the medical school had prepared F1s in respect of key generic issues related to their practice.

Results
In most of the items of core knowledge, skills and attitudes covering 8 of the 11 topic areas of Tomorrow’s Doctors, F1s were seen as not prepared for starting work, especially in regard to clinical and practical skills and the more challenging communication skills. They were best prepared in asking for help and in basic communication skills.

Conclusions
Overall, F1s in the study were not well prepared either to perform the tasks that await them or in terms of most of the specific background knowledge and skills necessary for the successful execution of those tasks. The level of preparedness raises important issues about medical training and transition from medical graduate to first year doctor. Further research is needed to determine whether this situation exists in other regions of the UK.
A suitable waiting room? Hospital transfer outcomes and delays from two London prisons
Authors: Forrester Andrew , Henderson Christopher , Wilson Simon , Cumming Ian , Spyrou Miriam , Parrott Janet 
Published: November 2009

Aims and MethodTo describe a group of prisoners who required transfer to mental health units from two London prisons. Data were collected from prison clinical records.ResultsOverall, 149 patient-prisoners were transferred over a 17-month period. Around a quarter were not previously known to services. the aggregate wait was 36.5 years (averaging between 93 and 102 days per prisoner) and the total saving to the National Health Service (NHS) has been estimated at £6.759 million.Clinical ImplicationsBoth prisons manage a large number of prisoners with untreated psychosis. While in prison, they save the NHS considerable sums of money, but transfer delays prevent timely treatment and could now be legally challenged.
Revisit of ASTM Round-Robin Test Data for DeterminingRCurves of Thin-Sheet Materials
Authors: Zhu Xian-Kui , Leis Brian N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper revisits the ASTM round-robin fracture test data obtained in 1979–1980 by ASTM Task Group E24.06.02 on Application of Fracture Analysis Methods. The fracture tests were conducted using thin-sheet compact tension [C(T)] specimens made of three materials—7075-T561 aluminum alloy, 2024-T351 aluminum alloy, and 304 stainless steel—and different specimen widths were employed in order to take account of in-plane specimen size effect on fracture toughness. Typical experimental data are reanalyzed, and crack growth resistance curves are developed in accordance with fracture test standards, ASTM E561-05 and ASTM E1820-08. Several useful results as well as the conditions under which the two standards can equivalently determine a geometry-independent resistance curve are obtained for the thin-sheet C(T) specimens.
Association of Sleep Adequacy With More Healthful Food Choices and Positive Workplace Experiences Among Motor Freight Workers
Authors: Buxton Orfeu M. , Quintiliani Lisa M. , Yang May H. , Ebbeling Cara B. , Stoddard Anne M. , Pereira Lesley K. , Sorensen Glorian 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We assessed whether adequate sleep is linked to more healthful eating behaviors among motor freight workers and whether it mediates the effects of workplace experiences. Methods. Data were derived from a baseline survey and assessment of permanent employees at 8 trucking terminals. Bivariate and multivariate regression models were used to examine relationships between work environment, sleep adequacy, and dietary choices. Results. The sample (n = 542) was 83% White, with a mean age of 49 years and a mean body mass index of 30 kg/m2. Most of the participants were satisfied with their job (87.5%) and reported adequate sleep (51%); 30% reported job strain. In our first model, lack of job strain and greater supervisor support were significantly associated with adequate sleep. In our second model, educational level, age, and adequate sleep were significantly associated with at least 2 of the 3 healthful eating choices assessed (P < .05). However, work experiences were not significant predictors of healthful food choices when adequate sleep was included. Conclusions. Adequate sleep is associated with more healthful food choices and may mediate the effects of workplace experiences. Thus, workplace health programs should be responsive to workers' sleep patterns.
Plasma concentrations, behavioural and physiological effects following intravenous and intramuscular detomidine in horses
Authors: Mama K. R. , Grimsrud K. , Snell T. , Stanley S. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Detomidine hydrochloride is used to provide sedation, muscle relaxation and analgesia in horses, but a lack of information pertaining to plasma concentration has limited the ability to correlate drug concentration with effect.Objectives: To build on previous information and assess detomidine for i.v. and i.m. use in horses by simultaneously assessing plasma drug concentrations, physiological parameters and behavioural characteristics.Hypothesis: Systemic effects would be seen following i.m. and i.v. detomidine administration and these effects would be positively correlated with plasma drug concentrations.Methods: Behavioural (e.g. head position) and physiological (e.g. heart rate) responses were recorded at fixed time points from 4 min to 24 h after i.m. or i.v. detomidine (30 μg/kg bwt) administration to 8 horses. Route of administration was assigned using a balanced crossover design. Blood was sampled at predetermined time points from 0.5 min to 48 h post administration for subsequent detomidine concentration measurements using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Data were summarised as mean ± s.d. for subsequent analysis of variance for repeated measures.Results: Plasma detomidine concentration peaked earlier (1.5 min vs. 1.5 h) and was significantly higher (105.4 ± 71.6 ng/ml vs. 6.9 ± 1.4 ng/ml) after i.v. vs. i.m. administration. Physiological and behavioural changes were of a greater magnitude and observed at earlier time points for i.v. vs. i.m. groups. For example, head position decreased from an average of 116 cm in both groups to a low value 35 ± 23 cm from the ground 10 min following i.v. detomidine and to 64 ± 24 cm 60 min after i.m. detomidine. Changes in heart rate followed a similar pattern; low value of 17 beats/min 10 min after i.v. administration and 29 beats/min 30 min after i.m. administration.Conclusions: Plasma drug concentration and measured effects were correlated positively and varied with route of administration following a single dose of detomidine.Potential relevance: Results support a significant influence of route of administration on desirable and undesirable drug effects that influence case management.
Equine laminitis model: Lamellar histopathology seven days after induction with oligofructose
Authors: Van Eps A. W. , Pollitt C. C. 
Published: November 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: The histopathology of laminitis during its transition from the acute to the chronic phase has not been previously documented. Studying hoof lamellar tissues 7 days after induction of laminitis may provide insight into the intractable nature of the chronic phase of the disease. Objectives: To induce laminitis and investigate hoof wall lamellar tissues 7 days after dosing. Methods: Laminitis was induced using oligofructose in 6 normal Standardbred horses. The dorsal hoof lamellar tissues of these and 12 normal horses were processed and examined by light microscopy. Serial sections of a lamellar tip affected by laminitis were used to create a 3 dimensional reconstruction. Results: Transverse sections of dorsal hoof wall lamellae were significantly longer than normal. Many secondary epidermal lamellae were not connected to primary lamellae and existed as spherical or ovoid, discrete islands isolated in the lamellar dermis. The lamellar basement membrane was intact. Conclusions: Lamellar tissue has the ability to reorganise rapidly following an episode of acute laminitis. Although histopathological evidence of ongoing acute laminitis was absent by 7 days, there was marked disruption of lamellar architecture. Potential relevance: The architecture and subsequent strength of the resultant lamellar interface could be greatly influenced for the better by strategies that minimise mechanical displacement during the acute phase of laminitis.
Mechanisms of epigenetic loss of chromosomes in insects
Authors: Goday Clara , Ruiz Maria‐Fernanda 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChromosome elimination is a widespread developmental phenomenon in insects. The main types of chromosome elimination take place at early embryonic somatic cleavages and at the first male meiotic division. The cellular mechanisms responsible for both elimination types are different but show common aspects in Diptera, notably unusual anaphase behavior of the chromosomes to be eliminated. Chromosome elimination can be parent‐of‐origin specific, highlighting this phenomenon as an example of genomic imprinting.
Imprinted
QTL
in farm animals: a fortuity or a common phenomenon?
Authors: Groenen Martien A. M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Studies aimed at the identification of genes underlying quantitative traits (quantitative trait loci or QTL) increasingly take into account epistatic and epigenetic effects as well. The population structure and the outbred nature of most livestock breeds make these species particularly well suited to address these genetic effects. Currently, the causative mutations for two imprinted loci have been described in livestock species. In sheep, the callipyge mutation affects a regulatory element located between the imprinted genes
DLK1
,
PEG11
,
GTL2
and
MEG8
, and in pigs a mutation has been identified in a CpG island located within intron 3 of the maternally imprinted gene
IGF2
. A growing number of studies have identified QTL that show evidence of imprinting. Although several of the identified imprinted QTL effects are likely to be spurious effects, these studies provide accumulating evidence that imprinting plays a more important role in multifactorial traits than previously anticipated. For animal breeding practice, the identification of major imprinted loci affecting body composition has several implications and calls for a revision of the breeding value evaluation methods and breeding strategies that are currently solely based on the assumption of a large number of genes showing Mendelian expression.
UPDin human and mouse and role in identification of imprinted loci
Authors: Theisen Aaron P. , Shaffer Lisa G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGenome imprinting refers to the epigenetic phenomenon in which alleles are differentially expressed depending on their parent of origin. The search for imprinted loci relies upon genomic alterations that unmask imprinted genes through over‐ or underexpression. Mice with whole‐chromosome or segmental uniparental disomy (UPD) (the abnormal inheritance of both members or segments of a pair of homologous chromosomes from one parent) may be generated by the intercrossing of mice heterozygous for either reciprocal or Robertsonian translocations. The phenotypic effects, if any, may be attributed to altering the normal “imbalance” of gene dosage of imprinted or parent‐specific expression of genes through the overexpression (via two expressed copies) or underexpression (via no expressed copies) of whole chromosomes or chromosome segments. The high homology between the mouse and human genomes permits the investigation of imprinted loci in humans with complementary UPDs.
Introduction to gene mapping: linkage at a crossroads
Authors: Cox Nancy J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Linkage mapping has been quite successful in establishing marker maps of human chromosomes and in localizing genes for many human disorders. These successes have, in turn, enabled positional cloning of many of the disease genes first localized through linkage mapping. Disorders for which linkage mapping has been successful have a relatively simple relationship between disease phenotype and risk genotypes. In contrast, reliable localization of susceptibility genes for complex disorders has been remarkably elusive. Recent advances in technology will enable very dense maps of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to be genotyped for modest cost in large number of individuals. Thus, we stand at a crossroads with respect to gene mapping. One newer road leads away from linkage mapping to large‐scale association studies, many of which will be conducted in unrelated individuals. The historically familiar road, with linkage mapping of families segregating for a disease or disease‐related phenotype(s), is suspected by some of becoming a road less traveled. We focus here on advances in gene mapping methodologies included in this section and speculate on future directions of gene mapping in human genetics.
Inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Mathew Christopher G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe identification ofNOD2(now calledCARD15) as a susceptibility gene for Crohn's disease was a major milestone in the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease, and appears to provide an important link between pathogen recognition and activation of the inflammatory response. Regions of extensive linkage disequilibrium and modest genetic effects are likely to pose significant challenges in the search for novel susceptibility genes.
The mitochondrial genome
Authors: Wallace Douglas C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The human mitochondrial genome consists of approximately 1500 genes, 37 encoded by the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the remainder encoded by the nuclear chromosomes. Mutation in the nDNA genes result in Mendelian diseases that affect mitochondrial function or mtDNA replication and stability. Mutations in the mtDNA include ancient adaptive polymorphisms, maternally inherited diseases, and somatic mutations that contribute to age‐related diseases, aging, and cancer.
Genetic family history, pedigree analysis, and risk assessment
Authors: Bennett Robin L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA genetic pedigree is an effective and simple tool for identifying individuals at risk for single‐gene disorders or for common diseases, as well as an important method for establishing patient rapport, providing patient education, and identifying other relatives at risk for disease. Techniques for obtaining a pedigree, and pedigree analysis and risk assessment are reviewed.
Gene therapy in the central nervous system
Authors: Goverdhana Shyam , Castro Maria G. , Lowenstein Pedro R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGene therapy for neurological diseases faces many challenges from the anatomy of the brain, that is, its physical encasing by the cranical cavity, and its separation from the bloodstream by the blood brain barrier. This has forced the development of particular ways of delivering genes directly into the brain, to deal with limitations that are not encountered when delivering genes to other organs, such as the liver that can be accessed more easily. Further, the brain is composed of a variety of specialized cell types, such as neurons and glial cells, many of which are postmitotic, this imposing further challenges on the safety standards for gene transfer into the CNS (central nervous system). We here review recent advances in the strategies to develop safe and efficient gene transfer into the CNS for the treatment of degenerative, inherited, and malignant diseases of the brain, and how to make such therapies safe in the presence of potential inflammatory and immune responses.
The
H
uman
G
enome
P
roject
Authors: Hubbard Tim 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The Human Genome Project has delivered the resources to biomedicine – goals set at the start of the 1990s – ahead of time and within budget. Through a series of ever‐improving sequence releases and analyses, researchers worldwide have unfettered access to a reference sequence of human DNA, a catalog of its genes and increasing understanding of the role of sequence variation in human health.
EST
resources, clone sets, and databases
Authors: Kelso Janet F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The large number of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in public sequence databases has been invaluable in the identification of novel genes and in the production of expression maps and functional annotation of a large number of genomes. This chapter will provide an insight into the public EST repositories, including both those that store raw, unprocessed ESTs and those in which the redundant and error‐prone ESTs are processed to yield gene indices. In addition, information will be provided about the consortia and commercial companies that generate and distribute the cDNA clone sets, which are the reagents for laboratory expression studies.
Protein fingerprinting
Authors: Fenyo David 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Peptide mass fingerprinting is a technique that is widely used to identify individual proteins of interest in proteomic projects. This method depends on the in silico comparison of an experimental mass spectrum (“mass fingerprint”) of the protein of interest with calculated peptide masses from a protein sequence collection. A variety of search engines (e.g., Mascot, ProFound, and MS‐Fit) are available for such analysis and the output consists of a list of potential protein identities ranked according to their score values. The meaning of these scores is in general not easily understood by the nonexpert user and they are not amenable to automation. Therefore, an additional step is necessary to test the significance of the results and convert the search engine–dependent score into a measurement of the significance of the protein identification result. This paper discusses how different search parameters influence the results and how the search engine–dependent scores can be converted into a measurement of the significance of the protein identification result.
2
D
DIGE
Authors: Lilley Kathryn S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) (
see
2‐DE
) has been the major separations techniques used in proteomics, allowing the resolution of several thousand proteins in a single sample. The limitations of this technique have been low sensitivity, reduced dynamic range, and gel‐to‐gel variability. Difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) circumvents the issues associated with traditional 2D PAGE and allows more accurate and sensitive quantitative proteomics studies.