bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of deformation and strain rate on the microstructure refinement of the aluminium alloys (AlCu4Zr0.5 and AlZn6Mg3CuZr)
Authors: Leszczyńska‐Madej Beata , Richert Maria , Kurzydłowski Krzysztof J. , Pachla Wacław 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe well known refinement of grain size by the Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) methods is the subject of the presented work. The effect of intense deformation is a nanometric feature of microstructure found after SPD in various materials, such as aluminium alloys, iron and many others. The observed changes depended on the properties of the deformed material, its phase composition, stacking fault energy, degree of deformation, strain rate, etc. Nowadays, the influence of strain and strain rate on microstructure is being extensively investigated. Two aluminium alloys: AlCu4Zr0.5 and AlZn6Mg3CuZr were deformed by hydrostatic extrusion. The samples were deformed at a strain rate (έ) ranging from 7.4×101 to 3.84×102s‐1 and in the range of true strains (ϕ) between 1.39 and 2.4. The evolution of microstructure and properties were investigated after deformation. A large amount of microbands and microshearbands was found in the tested samples. The microbands geometry (width of microbands) was analysed statistically and microhardness was measured. It has been found that the microbands show a large misorientation with respect to the matrix. An increase in the strain rate and degree of deformation resulted in a reduction in the microbands width in AlZn6Mg3CuZr alloy. In both alloys the mean width of microbands (d) fell into the range 100÷120 nm after deformation ϕ = 2.4 (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of the phase composition of Fe2O3 and Fe2O3/TiO2 nanoparticles using X‐ray diffraction and Debye formula
Authors: Valeš Václav , Poltierová‐Vejpravová Jana , Holý Václav , Tyrpekl Václav , Brázda Petr , Doyle Stephen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPhase changes in Fe2O3 and Fe2O3/TiO2 nanoparticles were studied by X‐ray diffraction. Because of a very small size of the particles, standard methods of data analysis based on the physical broadening of lines and instrumental function fail and calculations based on the Debye formula were used instead. The measured data from both types of particles were analyzed assuming a core‐shell model of the phase composition of the particles and the dependence of the particle size and phase composition on the annealing temperature was determined. In both types of nanoparticles a phase transition was observed and the amount of a new phase increases with the annealing temperature. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of nanocrystalline Ni layers electrodeposited in Watts bath with addition of C4Br ionic liquids
Authors: Moszczyński Piotr , Trzaska Maria 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe influence of different contents of the C4Br (Butyl‐(‐2‐hydroxyethyl)‐dimethylammonium Bromide) ionic liquid into Watts bath with saccharine addition on properties of nanocrystalline Ni surface layers is investigated. The structural analyses of prepared layers were performed by using the X‐ray diffraction measurement and transmission electron microscopy. The mean crystalline size of nc‐Ni layers was reduced from 14 to 7 nm by the different contents of ionic liquid addition to the electrolyte. The morphology and topography of produced layers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The higher additions of C4Br in the bath have involved nodular structures of plating nickel surface layers. Results determined by Vickers tests of prepared layers have shown much larger hardness of layers prepared in modified bath in comparison to basic bath. The hardness (HV) was increased from 600 to 1130 by the addition of 1.2 g/dm3C4Br to the bath. Results of performed investigations have showed that the introduction of ionic liquids into bath leads to important improvements of mechanical properties of the nanocrystalline Ni surface layers produced by the electrodeposition method. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of suspended fully metallic ultra‐small capacitance nano‐junctions
Authors: Kim Chulki , Kim Hyun S. , Park Jonghoo , Blick Robert H. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe demonstrate the fabrication of freely suspended metallic islands using an SF6 etching and deposition technique. The resulting structure consists of nanoscale islands connected to source and drain contacts by thin CF2 layers. This enables operation of the suspended island as a coupled metal–insulator–metal (MIM) junction with application as ultra‐sensitive nano‐diodes. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Can mesoscale models reproduce meandering motions?
Authors: Belušić Danijel , Güttler Ivan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe influence of meandering flow on dispersion of pollutants is frequently under‐represented in dispersion models. In terms of measurements, meandering is primarily associated with time‐scales between the turbulence and the applied averaging time, which is usually 1 h. The related spatial scales thus range roughly from 102 to 104 m (referred to here as submesoscales). As the state‐of‐the‐art mesoscale models should be capable of reproducing flow features on scales larger than the turbulence, and as the meandering‐generating mechanisms are not fully understood yet, it is useful to examine if the mesoscale models can reproduce meandering. For that purpose, the WRF/Chem model at 1/3 km horizontal resolution is used to simulate a weak‐wind night during the CASES99 experiment. The measurements are used for detailed model verification. The model with its typical set‐up fails to reproduce the variability at submesoscales and the locus of the under‐representation is traced to too‐strong horizontal diffusion. Reducing or removing the model diffusion allows the appearance of the submeso variability, whose spectral properties and the resulting plume behaviour agree well with the measurements. The linear correlation between the simulations with reproduced variability and the measurements is low, as is the case between two simulations with only slightly different set‐up. The conclusion is that mesoscale models are able to reproduce the strength of variability and the effects of meandering, but only with reduced or removed horizontal diffusion. The question arises whether it is possible to obtain a linear correlation, i.e. to correctly reproduce individual modes at these scales at all. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatial variability of thermal regimes and other environmental determinants of stream fish communities in the Great Lakes Basin, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Chu C. , Jones N. E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTemperature is one of the most important environmental variables in stream ecosystems because it affects the growth, survival and distribution of stream biota. This study examined if the spatial variability of thermal regimes and 18 other environmental variables were associated with fish communities in watersheds throughout the Great Lakes Basin (GLB), Ontario. The thermal regimes were defined as regimes 1, 2 and 3 and had maximum water temperatures of 26.4, 28.4 and 23.5°C, and spring warming rates of 0.20, 0.12 and 0.10 °C d−1, respectively. The spatial variability of the thermal regimes (VTR) within the watersheds was summarized into four VTR groups: S1, S2, M23 and M123. Stream sites in S1 watersheds had temperatures characteristic of regime 1 whereas stream sites in S2 watersheds followed regime 2. M23 watersheds had sites with a mix of regimes 2 and 3 whereas M123 watersheds had all three thermal regimes at sites throughout watersheds. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that 16% of the variation in fish communities was related to the spatial VTR in the watersheds. Forward selection CCA indicated that elevation, the S1 VTR group, sparse forest cover, wetland area, base flow index (groundwater discharge potential), flow and industrial stress explained 42% of the variance in the fish communities. Simplified indicator species analysis (ISA) showed that different species could be used as indicators for each of the VTR groups. Human activities such as industrial development, deforestation, groundwater withdrawal and flow alteration all may affect the environmental variables related to stream fish communities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of intuitive heuristics in students' thinking: Ranking chemical substances
Authors: Maeyer Jenine , Talanquer Vicente 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe characterization of students' cognitive biases is of central importance in the development of curriculum and teaching strategies that better support student learning in science. In particular, the identification of shortcut reasoning procedures (heuristics) used by students to reduce cognitive load can help us devise strategies to foster the development of more analytical ways of thinking. The central goal of this study was thus to investigate the reasoning heuristics used by undergraduate chemistry students when solving a traditional academic task (ranking chemical substances based on the relative value of a physical or chemical property). For this purpose, a mixed‐methods research study was completed based on quantitative results collected using a ranking‐task questionnaire and qualitative data gathered through semistructured interviews. Our results revealed that many study participants relied frequently on one or more of the following heuristics to make their decisions: recognition, representativeness, one‐reason decision making, and arbitrary trend. These heuristics allowed students to generate answers in the absence of requisite knowledge; unfortunately, they often led students astray. Our results suggest the need to create more opportunities for college chemistry students to monitor their thinking, develop and apply analytical ways of reasoning, and evaluate the effectiveness of shortcut reasoning procedures in different contexts. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:963–984, 2010
Tuning the Intensity of Metal‐Enhanced Fluorescence by Engineering Silver Nanoparticle Arrays
Authors: Yang Bingjie , Lu Nan , Qi Dianpeng , Ma Renping , Wu Qiong , Hao Juanyuan , Liu Xiaoming , Mu Ying , Reboud Vincent , Kehagias Nikolaos , Torres Clivia M. Sotomayor , Boey Freddy Yin Chiang , Chen Xiaodong , Chi Lifeng 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt is demonstrated that silver nanoparticle (SNP) arrays fabricated by combining nanoimprint lithography and electrochemical deposition methods can be used as substrates for metal‐enhanced fluorescence, which is widely used in optics, sensitive detection, and bioimaging. The method presented here is simple and efficient at controlling the nanoparticle density and interparticle distance within one array. Furthermore, it is found that the fluorescence intensity can be tuned by engineering the feature size of the SNP arrays. This is due to the different coupling efficiency between the emission of the fluorophores and surface plasmon resonance band of the metallic nanostructures.
Compensation practices in Central and Eastern European EU member states—an analytical framework based on institutional perspectives, path dependencies, and efficiency considerations
Authors: Festing Marion , Sahakiants Ihar 
Published: April 2010

AbstractResearch on compensation in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries is scarce, and a comprehensive analysis of factors influencing the adoption and transformation of compensation practices in CEE countries is lacking. This article provides a holistic analytical framework based on a literature review, secondary data on selected compensation practices in CEE countries, and theoretical insights from various perspectives. These include path dependency from the pre‐transformation era; current coercive, mimetic, and normative isomorphic pressures; and efficiency‐based influences on compensation practices. Furthermore, implications are outlined both for future research on compensation management and for human resource management practice in CEE countries. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Individual pay for performance in Spain: Cognitive sociology and the subsidiary insider perspective
Authors: Drape Thomas G. , Quintanilla Javier , Green Steve G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article examines how individual pay for performance is interpreted, predominantly by nonmanagerial employees, within the European context, at three subsidiaries of one U.S. multinational corporation in Spain. The study reveals how two levels of the cognitive socialization process color the lens through which employees view pay for performance and reveals how subsidiary founding, politics of resistance, and host‐country effects impact the implementation of the practice. Contrary to past studies in the literature, the study discovered a large number of nonmanagerial employees with a positive interpretation of pay for performance due to the influence of pre‐existing organizational cultural experiences. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Employee knowledge and the effects of a deferred profit‐sharing system: A longitudinal case study of personnel funds in Finland
Authors: Sweins Christina , Jussila Iiro 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe explain the special features of the Finnish profit‐sharing system and explore what outcomes this deferred plan has for the company under longitudinal conditions. We measure changes in employee attitudes, effects of the system, and, in particular, the changes in the employee's pay knowledge before and after the combination of a deferred profit‐sharing system with a cash‐based one. Statistical analyses are preceded by qualitative analyses of interview data to provide the reader with an understanding of the context. Even though the employees' pay knowledge has increased and they perceive that they get more feedback on company key ratios, there still is a need for human resource management and managers to provide training and enhance discussions on the pay system for both supervisors and subordinates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reward strategy: Time for a more realistic reconceptualization and reinterpretation?
Authors: Cox Annette , Brown Duncan , Reilly Peter 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article focuses on organizations' continued struggles to design and implement successful and credible reward strategies. We argue that a major and neglected factor that accounts for this is how reward strategies are designed and executed with insufficient attention given to employee preferences for different types of reward. We argue that this is both a problem of process in the way reward systems are designed and a problem of how models of reward strategy are built. Developing more effective reward strategies requires a better understanding of holistic rewards and greater attention to line management roles in their implementation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The lateral compartmentation of the yeast plasma membrane
Authors: Malinsky Jan , Opekarová Miroslava , Tanner Widmar 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains large microdomains enriched in ergosterol, which house at least nine integral proteins, including proton symporters. The domains adopt a characteristic structure of furrow‐like invaginations typically seen in freeze‐fracture pictures of fungal cells. Being stable for the time comparable with the cell cycle duration, they might be considered as fixed islands (rafts) in an otherwise fluid yeast plasma membrane. Rapidly moving endocytic marker proteins avoid the microdomains; the domain‐accumulated proton symporters consequently show a reduced rate of substrate‐induced endocytosis and turnover. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression profiling of suicide completers
Authors: Fiori L.M. , Turecki G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDespite strong evidence for a role of biological factors in the etiology and pathology of suicide, the study of traditional neurotransmitter systems has been able to explain only a small proportion of the neurobiology of what is now recognized as a complex genetic trait. The use of microarrays to simultaneously examine the expression levels of thousands of gene transcripts has vastly expanded our capacity to detect the involvement of additional genes and pathways in suicidality, and has opened many new avenues for the discovery of the biological underpinnings of suicide completion. This review examines microarray studies which have been used to identify genes displaying altered expression in suicide completers, and highlights some of the important methodological considerations and metabolic pathways which have emerged from these analyses.
The genetics of neurosystems in mental ill-health and suicidality: Beyond serotonin
Authors: Rujescu D. , Giegling I. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSuicidal behavior is a major health problem worldwide. The risk of suicide-related behavior is supposed to be determined by a complex interplay of sociocultural factors, psychiatric history, personality traits, and genetic vulnerability. Family and twin studies point towards a partial heritability of suicidal behavior. First molecular genetic studies concentrated on genes of the serotonergic system based on the biochemical evidence that serotonergic neurotransmission is implicated in this behavior. Furthermore, genes of e.g. the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems have also been the subject of investigations in this context. The aim of this article is to review molecular genetic studies in suicidal behavior beyond the serotonergic system and to emphasize findings on new genes.
Helminth parasites of the Kafue lechwe antelope (Kobus leche kafuensis): a potential source of infection to domestic animals in the Kafue wetlands of Zambia
Authors: Phiri A.M. , Chota A. , Muma J.B. , Munyeme M. , Sikasunge C.S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe Kafue lechwe antelope (Kobus leche kafuensis), a medium-sized, semi-aquatic antelope, grazes extensively on pastures accessed by livestock in and around Lochinvar and Blue Lagoon national parks in the Kafue wetlands of Zambia. This interaction has a potential for bi-modal transmission of a wide range of parasitic helminths between lechwe and domestic ruminants. A survey was conducted to investigate the status of helminths in the Kafue lechwe during the 2008 (July–December) hunting season, involving 65 animals hunted under special research licences. Worm identification was based on morphological features using standard identification keys. Eleven different types of helminths were identified in the animals studied; namely, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum, Cooperia, Dictyocaulus, Marshallagia, Stilesia, Setaria, Trichuris, Fasciola, amphistomes and Schistosoma. Amphistomes (100%) and Oesophagostomum (60.9%) were the most common while Fasciola (7.8%) and Stilesia (1.6%) were the least of the identified helminths. There was no evidence that helminths, at intensities observed, adversely affected the health of the lechwe. The degree of worm infection was observed to vary between the two study areas, with Blue Lagoon recording higher infection levels compared to Lochinvar. The host range of many of the helminths found in the Kafue lechwe is broad and could serve as a potentially stable source of infection to domestic animals such as goats and cattle. Therefore, issues concerning livestock management and conservation may arise.
Sinonasal inverted papilloma: narrative review
Authors: Anari S , Carrie S 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground:Sinonasal inverted papilloma is a benign condition with the potential for recurrence and malignant change. Over the past few decades, numerous studies and reviews have addressed different aspects of this condition.Objective:To amalgamate the current literature on inverted papilloma, in order to review the evidence and consider the gaps in current knowledge.Methods:Retrospective, narrative review.Results:The reported incidence of inverted papilloma varies between centres and is affected by selection bias. The exact aetiology of inverted papilloma is not fully understood. Currently, there is no reliable histological or biological marker to predict the probability of recurrence or malignant transformation. There is no universally accepted staging system available for sinonasal inverted papilloma. Complete surgical removal of the tumour is the mainstay of treatment, but the method of choice depends on the extent of the disease, the skill of the surgeon and the technology available.Conclusion:In order to compare different studies and to enable meta-analysis of the literature, there should be a universally accepted staging and classification system for sinonasal inverted papilloma. Further research on the aetiology of sinonasal inverted papilloma, and on biological markers for its recurrence and malignant transformation, is required. To enable meaningful future research, we would encourage multicentre participation with a consensus on management.
Inflation of Foley catheters for postnasal packing
Authors: Rashid M , Karagama Y 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground:Foley catheters are commonly used to control posterior epistaxis in most ENT departments. There are very few studies of the ideal substance for inflating Foley catheters for posterior epistaxis. This in vitro study compared the effects of water, saline and air in delivering effective tamponade.Methods:Three groups of five Foley catheters each were filled with 10 ml of water, saline or air. Forty-eight hours later, the residual volume was aspirated and measured.Results:At 48 hours, the following residual volumes were aspirated: air, 0 ml; saline, 8.5 ml; and water, 8.7 ml.Conclusion:This study shows that air is not suitable for inflating Foley catheters, as they had spontaneously deflated when assessed 48 hours after inflation. We hypothesise that water is a better Foley catheter inflation fluid than saline. We recommend a larger, in vivo study to ascertain the benefits of these Foley catheter inflation substances in curtailing epistaxis in the clinical setting.
Use of posaconazole in the treatment of infective rhinocerebral mucormycosis
Authors: Kulendra K , Habibi M , Butler C , Clarke P , Howard D 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIntroduction:A patients with undiagnosed type II diabetes mellitus presented with infective rhinocerebral mucormycosis.Investigation results:Initial magnetic resonance imaging scans demonstrated an aggressive disease process involving the left orbit and paranasal sinuses. A repeated scan following treatment excluded intracranial spread or recurrence. Pus from the paranasal sinuses grew Rhizopus arrhizus on microbiological culture.Management:Initial treatment comprised intravenous liposomal amphotericin B, intravenous co-amoxiclav and surgical debridement. The patient's diabetes was managed medically. The development of drug-induced transaminitis required a change of medication. The dose of liposomal amphotericin B was reduced, and then titrated back up as the liver function test results improved. Posaconazole was also introduced and the patient was eventually discharged on this alone, as the maximum recommended cumulative dose of liposomal amphotericin B had been reached.Conclusions:Posaconazole may be used effectively in conjunction with surgical debridement in the treatment of patients with infective rhinocerebral mucormycosis who develop hepatotoxic side effects to liposomal amphotericin B. Posaconazole may also allow a reduction in the dose of liposomal amphotericin B, resulting in better tolerance.