bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chlorotitanium (IV) tetradentate Schiff‐base complex immobilized on inorganic supports: Support type and other factors having effect on ethylene polymerization activity
Authors: BiaŁek Marzena , GarŁowska Anna , Liboska Ozanna 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA titanium complex with [O,N,N,O]‐type tetradentate Schiff base (LTiCl2), never used before in polymerization of olefins, was immobilized on silica‐ and magnesium‐type carriers, and it was used in ethylene polymerization. The conducted research revealed that the catalytic properties of the complex LTiCl2 supported on those carriers were different for both the catalytic systems studied, and simultaneously they turned out different from those of the unsupported system. The supported catalysts require the use of Me3Al, Et3Al, or MAO as the activator to be able to offer high catalytic activities, whereas Et2AlCl is needed for the nonsupported catalyst. This finding, together with considerable changes in polymerization yields and in properties of polymers versus composition of the catalytic system, suggest that there are different types of active sites in the studied catalysts. The catalyst anchored on the carrier produced in the reaction of MgCl2·3.4EtOH with Et2AlCl is definitely the most active one within the support systems tested. Its activity remarkably increases with the increasing reaction temperature. Moreover, that catalyst does not undergo deactivation over the studied period of time, irrespective of the type of the activator used and of the process temperature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4811–4821, 2009
Issues and methods in disparities research: The Rhode Island–Puerto Rico asthma center
Authors: Canino Glorisa , McQuaid Elizabeth L. , Alvarez Maria , Colon Angel , Esteban Cynthia , Febo Vivian , Klein Robert B. , Mitchell Daphne Koinis , Kopel Sheryl J. , Montealegre Federico , Ortega Alexander N. , Rodriguez‐Santana Jose , Seifer Ronald , Fritz Gregory K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundEpidemiologic studies have documented higher rates of asthma prevalence and morbidity in minority children compared to non‐Latino white (NLW) children. Few studies focus on the mechanisms involved in explaining this disparity, and fewer still on the methodological challenges involved in rigorous disparities research.Objectives and MethodsThis article provides an overview of challenges and potential solutions to research design for studies of health disparities. The methodological issues described in this article were framed on an empirical model of asthma health disparities that views disparities as resulting from several factors related to the healthcare system and the individual/community system. The methods used in the Rhode Island–Puerto Rico Asthma Center are provided as examples, illustrating the challenges in executing disparities research.ResultsSeveral methods are described: distinguishing ethnic/racial differences from methodological artifacts, identifying and adapting culturally sensitive measures to explain disparities, and addressing the challenges involved in determining asthma and its severity in Latino and other minority children. The measures employed are framed within each of the components of the conceptual model presented.ConclusionsUnderstanding ethnic and/or cultural disparities in asthma morbidity is a complicated process. Methodologic approaches to studying the problem must reflect this complexity, allowing us to move from documenting disparities to understanding them, and ultimately to reducing them. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:899–908. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein flexibility from discrete molecular dynamics simulations using quasi‐physical potentials
Authors: Emperador Agustí , Meyer Tim , Orozco Modesto 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe have applied all atoms discrete molecular dynamics (DMD) based on a quasi‐physical potential to study the flexibility of an extended set of proteins for which atomistic MD simulations are available. The method uses pure physical potentials supplemented by information on secondary structure and despite its simplicity is able to reproduce with good accuracy the dynamics of proteins in solution. The method presents a clear improvement with respect to coarse‐grained methods based on structure potentials and opens the possibility to explore dynamics of proteins out from the equilibrium and to trace conformational changes induced by interaction of proteins with both small and macromolecular ligands. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The energetics of the acetylation switch in p53‐mediated transcriptional activation
Authors: Eichenbaum Kenneth D. , Rodríguez Yoel , Mezei Mihaly , Osman Roman 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTargeted therapeutic intervention in receptor‐ligand interactions of p53‐mediated tumor suppression can impact progression of disease, aging, and variation in genetic expression. Here, we conducted a number of molecular simulations, based on structures of p53 in complex with its transcriptional coactivating CBP bromodomain, determined by NMR spectroscopy, to investigate the energetics of the binding complex. Building on the observation that acetylation of K382 in p53 serves as the essential triggering switch for a specific interaction with CBP, we assessed the differential effect of acetylation on binding from simulations of an octapeptide derived from p53 with acetylated and nonacetylated K382 (residues 379–386). Cluster analysis of the simulations shows that acetylation of the free peptide does not significantly change the population of the preferred conformation of the peptide in solution for binding to CBP. Conversion of the acetylated K382 to nonacetylated form with free energy perturbation (FEP) simulations of the p53 CBP complex and the free peptide showed that the relative contribution of the acetyl group to binding is 4.8 kcal/mol. An analysis of residue contributions to the binding energy using an MM‐GBSA approach agrees with the FEP results and sheds additional light on the origin of selectivity in p53 binding to the CBP bromodomain. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal stability of the Al2O3 passivation on p‐type silicon surfaces for solar cell applications
Authors: Benick Jan , Richter Armin , Hermle Martin , Glunz Stefan W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAl2O3 has been shown to provide an outstanding passivation quality on p‐type surfaces after annealing at moderate temperatures (∼425 °C). However, most industrial silicon solar cells are based on printing technologies for metallization, including a high temperature firing step for the contact formation. To investigate the thermal stability of the Al2O3 passivation, symmetrical p and p+ np+ lifetime samples were coated with Al2O3 and exposed to typical firing processes at temperatures between 700 °C and 850 °C. Up to a firing temperature of 825 °C the Al2O3 passivation is shown to be stable on highly boron‐doped surfaces. An emitter saturation current density of ∼60 fA/cm2 could be measured for the p+ np+ samples, allowing a maximum open circuit voltage (Voc) >695 mV. The firing stability of the Al2O3 is an important step for the realization of an industrial n‐type silicon solar cell. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a component of beehive propolis, is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator
Authors: Jung Bo‐in , Kim Min‐su , Kim Hyun‐Ae , Kim Dasom , Yang Jiwon , Her Song , Song Yun Seon 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCaffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active ingredient of beehive propolis with a structure similar to phenolic acid. The estrogenic effects of propolis were previously demonstrated through the activation of an estrogen receptor. To identify the estrogenic properties of propolis, CAPE was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo methods. CAPE showed selective binding affinity to human estrogen receptor β (hERβ) rather than hERα. CAPE also reduced ERα expression in MCF‐7 and MDA 231 cells. In the yeast estrogen receptor transcription assay, CAPE produced the transcriptional activity of estrogen‐responsive element with EC50 values of 3.72 × 10−6 M. CAPE did not increase the growth of MCF‐7 estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer cells in doses ranging from 10−7 to 10−5 M. In order to understand how CAPE acts in animals, CAPE was tested by a uterotrophic bioassay. Treatment with CAPE (100, 500 mg/kg) did not increase the uterine weight relative to 3 μg/kg 17β‐estradiol treatment. The results indicate that CAPE, which is a selective agonist to hERβ, but does not show any estrogenic effect on estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer cells and in immature rat uterine tissue, is a potential selective estrogen receptor modulator. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global Expression Profile of Highly Enriched Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Xu Xiu Qin , Soo Set Yen , Sun William , Zweigerdt Robert 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC), with their ability to differentiate into cardiomyocytes in culture, hold great potential for cell replacement therapies and provide an in vitro model of human heart development. A genomewide characterization of the molecular phenotype of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes is important for their envisioned applications. We have employed a lineage selection strategy to generate a pure population of cardiomyocytes (&gt;99%) from transgenic hESC lines. Global gene expression profiling showed that these cardiomyocytes are distinct from pluripotent and differentiated hESC cultures. Pure cardiomyocytes displayed similarities with heart tissue, but in many aspects presented an individual transcriptome pattern. A subset of 1,311 cardiac-enriched transcripts was identified, which were significantly overpresented (p &lt; .01) in the Gene Ontology (GO) categories of heart function and heart development. Focused analysis of the GO categories ion transport, sarcomere, and heart development uncovered a unique molecular signature of hESC cardiomyocytes. Pathway analysis revealed an extensive cardiac transcription factor network and novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling components within the cardiac-enriched genes. Notably, approximately 80% of these genes were previously uncharacterized. We have evaluated the biological relevance of four candidates—Rbm24, Tcea3, Fhod3, and C15orf52—by in situ hybridization during early mouse development and report that all were prominently expressed in cardiac structures. Our results provide the fundamental basis for a comprehensive understanding of gene expression patterns of hESC cardiomyocytes and will greatly help define biological processes and signaling pathways involved in hESC cardiomyogenic differentiation and in human heart development.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Targeting Interleukin 6 Signaling Suppresses Glioma Stem Cell Survival and Tumor Growth
Authors: Wang Hui , Lathia Justin D. , Wu Qiulian , Wang Jialiang , Li Zhizhong , Heddleston John M. , Eyler Christine E. , Elderbroom Jennifer , Gallagher Joseph , Schuschu Jesse , MacSwords Jennifer , Cao Yiting , McLendon Roger E. , Wang Xiao-Fan , Hjelmeland Anita B. , Rich Jeremy N. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractGlioblastomas are the most common and most lethal primary brain tumor. Recent studies implicate an important role for a restricted population of neoplastic cells (glioma stem cells (GSCs)) in glioma maintenance and recurrence. We now demonstrate that GSCs preferentially express two interleukin 6 (IL6) receptors: IL6 receptor alpha (IL6Rα) and glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Targeting IL6Rα or IL6 ligand expression in GSCs with the use of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) significantly reduces growth and neurosphere formation capacity while increasing apoptosis. Perturbation of IL6 signaling in GSCs attenuates signal transducers and activators of transcription three (STAT3) activation, and small molecule inhibitors of STAT3 potently induce GSC apoptosis. These data indicate that STAT3 is a downstream mediator of prosurvival IL6 signals in GSCs. Targeting of IL6Rα or IL6 expression in GSCs increases the survival of mice bearing intracranial human glioma xenografts. IL6 is clinically significant because elevated IL6 ligand and receptor expression are associated with poor glioma patient survival. The potential utility of anti-IL6 therapies is demonstrated by decreased growth of subcutaneous human GSC-derived xenografts treated with IL6 antibody. Together, our data indicate that IL6 signaling contributes to glioma malignancy through the promotion of GSC growth and survival, and that targeting IL6 may offer benefit for glioma patients.
Test‐based accountability: Potential benefits and pitfalls of science assessment with student diversity
Authors: Penfield Randall D. , Lee Okhee 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRecent test‐based accountability policy in the U.S. has involved annually assessing all students in core subjects and holding schools accountable for adequate progress of all students by implementing sanctions when adequate progress is not met. Despite its potential benefits, basing educational policy on assessments developed for a student population of White, middle‐ and upper‐class, and native speakers of English opens the door for numerous pitfalls when the assessments are applied to minority populations including students of color, low SES, and learning English as a new language. There exists a paradox; while minority students are a primary intended beneficiary of the test‐based accountability policy, the assessments used in the policy have been shown to have many shortcomings when applied to these students. This article weighs the benefits and pitfalls that test‐based accountability brings for minority students. Resolutions to the pitfalls are discussed, and areas for future research are recommended. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 6–24, 2010
The development of dynamic inquiry performances within an open inquiry setting: A comparison to guided inquiry setting
Authors: Sadeh Irit , Zion Michal 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDynamic inquiry learning emphasizes aspects of change, intellectual flexibility, and critical thinking. Dynamic inquiry learning is characterized by the following criteria: learning as a process, changes during the inquiry, procedural understanding, and affective points of view. This study compared the influence of open versus guided inquiry learning approaches on dynamic inquiry performances among high‐school biology students. We hypothesized that open inquiry students who engage in the inquiry process from its initial stage, participating in the decision making process of asking inquiry questions and planning all aspects of the inquiry, will outperform students who experienced guided inquiry, in terms of developing dynamic inquiry performances. Students were divided into two groups: guided and open inquiry learning approaches. Both groups were followed throughout their 2‐year inquiry learning process. The data sources included interviews, students' inquiry summary papers, logbooks, and reflections. A quantitative content analysis of the two groups, using a dynamic inquiry performances index, revealed that open inquiry students used significantly higher levels of performances in the criteria “changes during inquiry” and “procedural understanding.” However, the study's results indicated no significant differences in the criteria “learning as a process” and “affective points of view.” The implementation of dynamic inquiry performances during inquiry learning may shed light on the procedural and epistemological scientific understanding of students conducting inquiries. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 1137–1160, 2009
Oncoplastic Techniques Extend Breast‐Conserving Surgery to Patients with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response Unfit for Conventional Techniques
Authors: Regaño Sara , Hernanz Fernando , Ortega Estrella , Redondo‐Figuero Carlos , Gómez‐Fleitas Manuel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundOncoplastic surgery is extending the role of breast‐conserving surgery in an increasing number of patients who are unsuitable for conventional breast‐conserving techniques. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the surgical approach, oncoplastic surgery guided by bracketing, used in the treatment of patients who required a wide breast tissue excision after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The parameters evaluated were as follows: margin status, rate of re‐excision for positive margin, early ipsilateral recurrence, and cosmetic outcomes.MethodsA total of 23 patients were treated with an oncoplastic breast‐conserving surgery one‐stage procedure using volume‐replacement (20) and volume‐displacement techniques (3). We reviewed medical records, mammograms and magnetic resonance images. Cosmetic assessment was carried out by a mixed panel made up of three women: a general practitioner, a resident general surgeon and a nurse.ResultsAll margins were negative and none of the patients had to have a re‐excision for positive margins. One ipsilateral local recurrence was observed after a 32‐month follow‐up period. Cosmetic outcome was good, with an overall score of 8 out of 10.ConclusionsOncoplastic techniques extend breast‐conserving surgery to patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy response unfit for conventional techniques. The surgical approach combining oncoplastic techniques with bracketing allows breast‐conserving surgery to be performed in these patients.
A comparison of 24 h urinary deoxynivalenol with recent v. average cereal consumption for UK adults
Authors: Turner Paul C. , Taylor Elizabeth F. , White Kay L. M. , Cade Janet E. , Wild Christopher P. 
Published: August 2009

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic fungal metabolite found on wheat, maize and barley. We previously reported a significant association between the amount of DON in a single 24 h urine sample and the average cereal intake over 7 d for 300 UK adults. In this more detailed analysis of the data, food diary information (n 255) for the day of urine collection (model I), the previous 24 h period (model II) and the day of urine collection plus the previous 24 h combined (model III) were further examined to assess whether the recent intake of cereal correlated more strongly with urinary DON, compared with the longer-term assessment of usual cereal intake from 7 d food diaries (model IV). DON was detected in 254/255 (99·6 %) urine samples (mean 12·0 μg/d; range not detected–66 μg/d). For all the models, total cereal intake was positively associated with urinary DON (P < 0·001) in each model. The goodness of fit (adjusted R2 value) was used to assess how well each model explained the variation in urinary DON. Model I provided a better goodness of fit (adjusted R2 0·22) than model IV (adjusted R2 0·19), whereas model III provided the best fit (adjusted R2 0·27). These data suggest that the inter-individual variation in urinary DON was somewhat better explained by recent cereal intake compared with usual cereal intake assessed over 7 d.
Infestation rates of the pedunculated barnacle Octolasmis lowei (Cirripedia: Poecilasmatidae) on the spider crab Libinia spinosa (Decapoda: Majoidea)
Authors: Cordeiro C.A.M.M. , Costa T.M. 
Published: August 2009

The prevalence and infestation intensities of Octolasmis lowei in the branchial chambers of Libinia spinosa were evaluated according to the host's sex, size, and moult condition. Epibionts were classified as cyprid larvae, non-ovigerous or ovigerous according to their developmental stage. A median intensity of infestation of 21 epibionts/host was found (range = 1–644; Q3 = 81). Epibiont prevalence values (88%) were higher on ovigerous female hosts than on males (55%) or on non-ovigerous females (31%). Intensity of infestation was positively correlated with host size in both sexes for non-ovigerous and ovigerous epibionts. No preference between host sex by cyprid larvae was observed, nor any correlation between cyprid abundance and host size. Cyprid larvae abundance was positively correlated with settled epibionts on both host sexes. The duration of the intermoult phase was the main factor linked to the establishment of sessile epibionts. These observations are important in relation to crabs that have a terminal moult, because these animals cannot eliminate their epibionts in future moults, thus increasing the importance of density-dependent mechanisms on epibiont establishment; in that way, prevalence of infestation alone can underestimate the real impact of infestation on the host's life cycle.
The German Enigma
Authors: Briefs Goetz A. 
Published: August 2009

No country within the Western orbit offers to foreign thinkers such an ambiguous and enigmatic aspect as does Germany. There is no end of books and articles wrestling with this problem.German history presents sufficient justification for the existence of an enigmatic dualism within the nation. To begin with: Germany is that country in Europe through which a line of profound cultural demarcation runs. The Limes Germanicus (cf. my articles in this Review, July and October, 1939) signified the borderline of Roman conquest and Roman cultural penetration. Within this line Mediterranean civilization took undisputed hold both during the Roman Empire and throughout the middle ages, in the latter period mediated by the Church. The lands farther to the East and North became christianized hundreds of years later than the lands around the Danube and Rhine valley. Often the christianization of the East was pushed forward by force of arms. Riehl, Nietzsche, Ricarda Huch and others have remarked that, to all appearances, the christianization of the German North and East was only superficial, a thin veneer over a basically heathen reality; of late H. Rauschning expressed his concern over the quick disappearance of the Christian faith and ethics among the Northern German peasants after Nazism came to power, and the prophets of the “German Faith” today spread the suggestion that the Northern German peasant never was a Christian.
Kennedy's Grand Democratic Design
Authors: Riemer Neal 
Published: August 2009

This Article will explore four major questions. Is there a grand democratic design to be detected in John F. Kennedy's political philosophy? Was the design coherent? May it still profitably guide us today? And does it have enduring significance?Perhaps these questions ask too much of a President whose primary task is statesmanship and not philosophy or science. Yet if political theory is a “critical study concerned with harmoniously relating the normative, empirical, and prudential components of politics,” then even a focus on Kennedy's public policy inevitably throws light on his goals and his grasp of political reality. And as the statesman seeks (in the light of political possibility) to advance his policies in order to fulfill his purposes, he must in some fashion grapple with the fundamental problems of politics. Consequently, recognizing that Kennedy's approach to the key problems of political philosophy will not be critical, comprehensive, or complete, we may still want to explore his approach in the context of his own grand democratic design.
The Rejuvenation of French Catholicism: Marc Sangnier's Sillon
Authors: Dansette Adrien 
Published: August 2009

French social Catholicism—by which we mean the sum of all the efforts of Catholics in France to fight against the material and moral misery that the industrial revolution and economic liberalism inflicted upon the workers — has followed two general tendencies, one aristocratic and the other democratic.The first, developed in the legitimist world of the Restoration, gave rise to a rightist Catholic social tradition which placed all its confidence in the authority of the upper classes and in the virtue of institutions. The second, which recruited its partisans from among the lower bourgeoisie and among the intellectuals, gave rise to a leftist tradition, that of Christian democracy, and placed its trust in popular liberty.