bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between TV position and the effectiveness and comfort of protective spectacles in fluoroscopic procedures
Authors: Nicholson R A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Although interventional radiological procedures can result in significant eye doses to an operator, protective measures are often rejected because screens are found to impede manipulations, and 0.5 mm lead equivalent spectacles are heavy and uncomfortable. With many units the TV monitors are positioned so that the operator needs to turn his head through 80° or more to view the image while screening. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of the shielding in protective spectacles which will combine maximum dose reduction for different TV positions with minimum weight. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used to assess the effectiveness of various spectacles in shielding the lens of the eye when a skull phantom was orientated at different angles in a large area beam of X-rays generated at a tube potential typical of diagnostic energies. The beam was tilted upwards at an angle of 20° as though originating from the irradiated volume of a patient. The results showed that if weight was a consideration, and the head was turned away from the image intensifier through an angle greater than 80°, the shielding was most effective when concentrated in the side-panels of the spectacles. The shape of the side-panels, however, was critical to the adequate shielding of this radiation.
Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis—an indolent course
Authors: Amin R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis is an extremely rare tumour. So far less than 50 cases have been reported in the literature. Radical inguinal orchiectomy appears to be the optimal treatment. Upon recurrence, treatment remains unsatisfactory. A further case is reported here, where the disease ran an indolent course despite several recurrences after initial treatment.
Non-malignant cause of brachiocephalic vein compression following treatment for lung cancer
Authors: Bryant G P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Obstruction of venous return in the mediastinum or thoracic inlet is well recognized, particularly in oncological practice. In most cases the obstruction is of the superior vena cava. For such venous obstruction to occur following treatment for lung cancer usually implies malignant lymph node involvement and therefore a grave prognosis. This report describes a patient who developed unilateral signs of impaired venous return from the head, upper trunk and upper limb following treatment for lung cancer. The cause was found to be compression of the left brachiocephalic vein by normal anatomical structures as a result of mediastinal shift following pulmonary lobectomy and radiotherapy. This case, together with others reported in the medical literature, suggests that the development of isolated brachiocephalic vein obstruction does not necessarily have the same ominous implications as the development of superior vena caval obstruction.
Metastatic breast carcinoma involving the gastric antrum and duodenum: computed tomography appearances
Authors: Elliott L A , Hall G D , Perren T J , Spencer J A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We describe the computed tomography (CT) appearances of three cases of antroduodenal linitis plastica metastases from breast carcinoma. Two of the three cases had biliary obstruction as a consequence and required endoscopic stenting. Antroduodenal linitis plastica should be considered as a possible cause for jaundice in patients with breast carcinoma.
High resolution ultrasound anatomy of normal Achilles tendon
Authors: Bertolotto M , Perrone R , Martinoli C , Rollandi G A , Patetta R , Derchi L E 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
To evaluate the ultrasound (US) appearance of the normal Achilles tendon at increasing frequency and establish an anatomical correlation for US findings, 30 normal tendons were examined in vivo and three in vitro with 10 MHz and 15 MHz mechanical sector probes. Side-by-side comparison was performed in vitro between the sonograms and the corresponding anatomical sections. Two tendinous portions were detected by presence of an internal acoustic interface which had different appearances: one (type I) or two (type II) continuous lines of increased thickness and greater reflectivity than adjacent fibrils; or displacement (type III) of the distal portion of the well insonated sector of the tendon body. When, on coronal scans of the tendon, no intratendinous linear echoes of increased reflectivity were visible, the two portions of the tendon were identified through the converging course of their bundles (type 0 pattern). Different echogenicity allowed the detection of two tendinous portions, also on axial images. Scanning of isolated tendons allowed precise location of these interfaces at the boundary between anatomically distinct tendinous portions arising from the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. Although the normal Achilles tendon is commonly regarded as a uniform structure by US, the use of high resolution probes allows identification of its constituent portions. Their identification may be useful to avoid misdiagnoses of pathological findings.
Magnetic resonance imaging-guided preoperative breast localization using “freehand technique”
Authors: Brenner R J , Shellock F G , Rothman B J , Giuliano A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A 1.5 cm focus in the breast with intense gadolinium uptake was incidentally detected during magnetic resonance (MR) imaging evaluation of a cluster of microcalcifications. Because the apparent mass was both mammographically and sonographically occult, MR imaging was used to guide a needle by “freehand technique” to the lesion, permitting successful pre-operative localization and subsequent surgical excision of the area.
An evaluation of a Diamentor based system for estimation of spot film dose–area product values
Authors: Hoskins P R , Adam R D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In the audit of barium studies it is not common to assess the contribution of spot films to the total dose. This study investigates the accuracy with which the number of spot films and associated dose–area product (DAP) may be estimated. The study was undertaken for barium enemas, the swallow part of barium swallow studies, and the abdominal part of barium meal studies on X-ray sets with film–screen radiography, digital fluorography and 100 mm camera fluorography. DAP readings from a Diamentor were input to a computer at a rate of three per second and the difference in successive DAP values calculated. These data were used to assess the number and total DAP from spot films. For Diamentor based systems which sample the DAP values at three times per second the threshold algorithm works well for film–screen radiography of barium meals and enemas. However, the estimated number of spot films is generally in error. For the Diamentor M2 it is unlikely that the sample rate can be increased to a high enough value to provide sufficient accuracy for all barium studies obtained using all spot film modalities, although use of the modified threshold algorithm has the potential to provide some increase in accuracy.
Non-surgical treatment of epiphora by balloon dacryocystoplasty — the technique
Authors: Kumar E Nanda 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Dacryocystoplasty (DCP) was offered as an alternative to patients waiting for dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) for epiphora. 31 procedures were undertaken with a technical success rate of 93% and a clinical improvement in 89% of these patients. It is concluded that DCP should be the technique of choice in the initial management of epiphora due to stenosis or occlusions of the nasolacrimal ducts before contemplating a DCR.
The Application of Automatic Computing Machines to Radiation Treatment Planning
Authors: Tsien K. C. 
Published: July 2009

A new method of determining the dose distribution required in treatment planning has been developed by using punched cards, and sorting and tabulating machines instead of isodose charts. The percentage depth doses produced by an X-ray field are first recorded on several sets of punched cards. The number of sets required for one field depends upon the distances used from the cross point of the multifield axes to the point of entry. Each set consists of 36 cards, with each card recording the percentage depth doses of 15 points in one radial line, taking the cross points of central axes of the fields as the origin. In all cases the points are taken at the distances 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24 cm from the origin and along radial lines 10 deg. apart.
A special polar co-ordinate dose distribution sheet has been designed, and the contour of the patient's body and the position of the fields designated for treatment are drawn on this sheet. Instead of putting the isodose charts at the proper positions of the fields, the sets of punched cards for the fields to be applied are automatically arranged in the right order. Instead of the time-consuming process of reading off the percentage depth doses from the overlapping isodose charts and adding them up for selected points, the cards are fed into the automatic tabulating machine, which makes the summation of data for all the points mentioned above and tabulates the results. The whole operation is done in 10 to 15 minutes. The tabulated results are then plotted on the special dose distribution sheet.
A generalised mathematical treatment of the dose at any point in the irradiated region is discussed, and an equation of “point-tumour dose ratio” is derived. Further application of this equation is made to special cases for treatment using equal maximum doses, equal tumour doses and rotation therapy. The geometrical principles involved are also indicated.
Quantitative perfusion parameters of focal nodular hyperplasia and normal liver parenchyma as determined by electron beam tomography
Authors: Groell R , Kugler C , Aschauer M , Rienmueller R , Stauber R , Trauner M , Mischinger H J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Eight patients with known focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) were studied by electron beam tomography (EBT) in a multisection flow mode at defined time intervals after intravenous contrast agent injection. Various regions of interest (ROIs) were defined in the areas of FNH, normal liver parenchyma, aorta and portal vein. In each ROI density changes were measured and plotted against time. In those time-density curves (TDCs) the slope, the time of maximal enhancement and the absolute density value of peak enhancement were determined. Arterial tissue perfusion was calculated for normal liver parenchyma and FNH. In all eight patients significant differences in peak density (123.88 ± 18.92 HU vs 102.5 ± 15.49 HU, p = 0.0l2), in the rate of arterial contrast enhancement (252.63 ± 28.05 HU min−1 vs 38.88 ± 4.19 HU min−1, p = 0.012) and in the arterial tissue perfusion (1.36±0.19ml min−1cm−3 vs 0.21±0.03ml min−1cm−3, p = 0.012) between FNH and normal liver parenchyma were found. Perfusion values of normal liver parenchyma correspond to those determined by inert gas clearance. Further studies will determine the practicability of this quantitative method in the evaluation of global and other focal liver diseases.
Calculation of the biological effect of fractionated radiotherapy: the importance of radiation-induced apoptosis
Authors: Olsen D R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The total effect (TE) has been calculated for two different fractionation formalisms: the consecutive and repetitive fractionation mechanism, using a modified linear quadratic (LQ) model which includes the effect of apoptosis. For a given total dose, an increase in TE is seen when increasing the dose per fraction as well as the apoptotic fraction (F a). Also, the TE increases with increasing α/β ratio (of the modified LQ model). The ratio of TE for tumour tissue and TE for late reacting tissue is calculated assuming the absence of apoptosis in late reacting tissue and a common value of α/β (of the modified LQ model). The biological effect ratio (BR) is higher for a large F a and low doses per fraction, than for large doses per fraction and a small F a. Assuming a consecutive fractionation mechanism, the TE formalism is unable to predict a log cell kill of more than 3 for β values of 0.010–0.028. It is less dependent on dose per fraction and F a than the repetitive fractionation mechanism. The biological effect ratio is only slightly higher than 1, and is less influenced by F a, dose per fraction and α/β ratio. A repetitive fractionation mechanism is also consistent with the preliminary results of published fractionation experiments. The calculations indicate that designing fractionation regimes for optimization of biological effect is a process where the role of apoptotic cell inactivation must be maximized, and where the influence of mitotic cell inactivation may be of less importance.
Dose rates and energy spectra in the maze of a linear accelerator treatment room
Authors: Morgan S , Morgan H M , Lillicrap S C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
When designing an entrance maze for a linear accelerator facility, it is useful to be able to estimate both the dose rate at the entrance and, in case further shielding is necessary, the energy spectrum of the scattered photons reaching the maze entrance. This study examines the applicability of the commonly used empirical formula contained in the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Report No. 51 for estimating the dose rates at the maze entrance in a typical treatment room, and proposes an improvement allowing for the fact that the initial scattering event occurs most often in the patient at the isocentre. The X-ray energy spectrum at the maze entrance is also measured and shown to have a lower average energy than is assumed in NCRP Report No. 51.
Preliminary clinical evaluation of a combined optical Doppler ultrasound instrument for the detection of breast cancer
Authors: Brittenden J , Watmough D , Heys S D , Eremin O 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Mammography is widely used for imaging the breast, but is known to be less effective in evaluating the younger dense breast. In this study the ability of telediaphanography in conjunction with Doppler ultrasound (TDDU) to detect breast carcinomas was assessed. Light absorption, determined by the number of blood cells per unit volume of breast, results in the detection of an opaque lesion. Subsequent Doppler ultrasound detects the neovascularization at the periphery of tumours.
In total, 178 patients were investigated without prior knowledge of the mammographic findings. This consisted of 69 patients presenting to the symptomatic breast clinic with normal mammograms and 109 patients with mammographic detected abnormalities (mean age 54 years). There were 95 neoplastic lesions. The sensitivity and specificity were: telediaphanography alone 73% and 82%; TDDU 61% and 92%, respectively. TDDU was less sensitive for small and impalpable tumours, and did not detect ductal carcinoma in situ (26 false negatives, mean diameter of 1.1 cm (SD of 0.3 cm)). Subsequent Doppler ultrasound did not further increase the sensitivity of the examination, but did increase the specificity. Patients with locally advanced breast cancers showed dramatic changes on repeated optical/Doppler examinations, in concordance with response to chemotherapy. The combined optical/Doppler instrument, with its low sensitivity, is not suitable for screening, even in the young dense breast, but may have a role in assessing the response of large tumours to chemotherapy.
An evaluation of the routine use of rectal air in computed tomography of the pelvis
Authors: Walkden B , Ward S C , Metreweli C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have performed computed tomographic examinations of the pelvis in 50 patients, using rectally administered air to outline the rectosigmoid colon. Bowel cleansing was not performed and smooth muscle relaxants were not used. The procedure was well tolerated by all patients, and diagnostic images were obtained in all cases. There were no complications. This is a safe, low cost and easily administered form of bowel contrast. We recommend it as the technique of choice in routine pelvic computed tomography.
Ultrasound velocity and attenuation at different skeletal sites compared with bone mineral density measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
Authors: Cunningham J L , Fordham J N , Hewitt T A , Speed C A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Measurements of ultrasound velocity were performed in the tibia in a group of 89 female subjects (mean age 50 6 years). Velocity and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) measurements were performed in the os-calcis in a group of 100 male and female subjects (mean age 55.8 years). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were also performed on all of these subjects enabling measurements of lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) to be obtained. In two small subgroups of the above groups, each comprising 20 subjects, measurements of tibial BMD and os-calcis BMD were also performed. Tibial BMD and ultrasound velocity were found to be well correlated (r = 0 71), although both spine and femoral neck BMD were poorly correlated with ultrasound velocity in the tibia (r = 0.299 and 0.072, respectively). BUA of the os-calcis was moderately correlated with BMD at the same site (r = 0 44) and showed similar or slightly better correlations with BMD measurements of the lumbar spine and femoral neck (r = 0 410 and 0 537, respectively). Ultrasound velocity in the os-calcis was well correlated with os-calcis BMD (r = 0.729) but only moderately correlated with spine and femoral neck BMD (r = 0.470 and 0.498, respectively). This study suggests that BUA and ultrasound velocity measurements of the os-calcis are better predictors of BMD at the critical skeletal sites of the lumbar spine and femoral neck than ultrasound velocity in the tibia. Ultrasound velocity in the tibia and the os-calcis was found to be a good predictor of the BMD in the measured bone.
Sensitometric and image quality performance of “rapid” intraoral film processing techniques
Authors: Czajka J , Rushton V E , Shearer A C , Horner K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A number of products are available to dentists for the rapid production of intraoral radiographic films but there is little information on their relative merits. This study evaluated the performance of five “rapid” film processing products commonly used by British dentists in comparison with standard Kodak manual processing. Two Perspex contrast-detail test objects were made in order to investigate threshold contrast Film speed, film gradient, limiting resolution and threshold contrast results are presented. Rapid processing systems possessed lower film speed when compared with Kodak Ektaspeed film and standard Kodak processing. The speed of E-speed film was found to be lower than that of D-speed film when used with Westone “Rapid X-ray” processing. Overall image quality was generally similar for all film/processing combinations evaluated, with the exception of Nix QP which gave markedly poorer image quality.
Charge-coupled device camera optical density range enhancement and the effect on radiographic image segmentation
Authors: Chester E G , Sharif B S , Owen J P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A method is presented for the pre-processing of radiographs in the automated determination of skeletal maturity. By linearly combining several source images, a density range enhancement is obtained without the creation of edge artefacts. An increase of bit depth of 1 bit was obtained, and density range was improved by 1 OD.
Bladder opacification following enteral iopamidol as a sign of occult intestinal infarction
Authors: Coakley F V , Owen R J , Rees Y , Dennison A R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A case of intestinal infarction due to superior mesenteric artery embolism is described in a 30-year-old female with Crohn's disease. This was accompanied by bladder opacification following enteral iopamidol administered at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The likely mechanism of this finding is transmural and transperitoneal absorption of enteral contrast medium and its significance as a sign of mesenteric ischaemia is discussed.
The need for caution when using the spleen to assess renal blood flow in renography
Authors: Field C M , Glass D M , Peters A M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Visual assessment of renal blood flow from renography is usually achieved by comparing the count rate from the kidney with that of the spleen during the first pass of the radiopharmaceutical agent. This is not justifiable if splenic blood flow is abnormal. In nine subjects without evidence of renal or other significant disease, the mean ratio of the slopes of the first pass curves over the left kidney and the spleen was 1.7 (SD 0.32). However, an additional patient, a 67-year-old female with type-II cryoglobulinaemia, illustrated the need for caution when using this approach. Her splenic blood flow was significantly elevated, resulting in a kidney/spleen slope ratio of only 0.66, even though her renal function was thought to be normal.
Early focal abnormalities on chest radiographs and respiratory prognosis in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S , Kirby M L , Duncan A W , Carswell F 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The variable rate of progression of respiratory disease in cystic fibrosis demands reliable prognostic markers for rational treatment. This study aims to determine whether or not focal abnormalities on chest radiographs during the early clinical course of cystic fibrosis could be used as such a marker. A retrospective review of patient records was carried out. Demographic details, genotype, presentation, and course of respiratory disease over the first 6 years were recorded for all patients, together with spirometry and chest radiograph scores at 7 and 13 years for surviving patients. Comparison was made between those with and those without documented focal opacification on chest radiography during the first 6 years of life. 30 patients satisfied the study entry criteria and had complete records available. Of these, 17 had focal consolidation documented during the first 6 years, and 13 did not. Survival was significantly worse in those with previous consolidation (p &lt;0.01), as was peak expiratory flow at 7 years (p = 0.02). There were no other statistically significant differences between the groups, although those with previous consolidation apparently had worse lung function and more advanced disease on chest radiography at both 7 and 13 years. This study suggests that early focal chest radiographic abnormalities may predict a poorer outcome in cystic fibrosis.