bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale Forces and Their Uses in Self‐Assembly
Authors: Bishop Kyle J. M. , Wilmer Christopher E. , Soh Siowling , Grzybowski Bartosz A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe ability to assemble nanoscopic components into larger structures and materials depends crucially on the ability to understand in quantitative detail and subsequently “engineer” the interparticle interactions. This Review provides a critical examination of the various interparticle forces (van der Waals, electrostatic, magnetic, molecular, and entropic) that can be used in nanoscale self‐assembly. For each type of interaction, the magnitude and the length scale are discussed, as well as the scaling with particle size and interparticle distance. In all cases, the discussion emphasizes characteristics unique to the nanoscale. These theoretical considerations are accompanied by examples of recent experimental systems, in which specific interaction types were used to drive nanoscopic self‐assembly. Overall, this Review aims to provide a comprehensive yet easily accessible resource of nanoscale‐specific interparticle forces that can be implemented in models or simulations of self‐assembly processes at this scale.magnified image
Factors influencing infectious complications after pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Su Zhongxue , Koga Rintaro , Saiura Akio , Natori Takeshi , Yamaguchi Toshiharu , Yamamoto Junji 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground/purposeRates of postoperative morbidity, particularly infectious complications, remain high after pancreatoduodenectomy.MethodsSubjects comprised 101 patients who had undergone pancreatoduodenectomy, analyzed according to presence or absence of infectious postoperative complications. Nineteen perioperative variables were analyzed to identify risk factors associated with postoperative infectious complications.ResultsPostoperative infectious complications occurred in 56 patients (55%); among them 29 had serious infectious morbidity, including bacteremia (13%), intra‐abdominal infection (18%) and pneumonia (12%). One patient (1%) died of multiple organ failure subsequent to a severe septic attack. Only body mass index (BMI) differed significantly between patients with and without serious infection. Logistic regression analysis identified BMI >25 as an independent factor for occurrence of serious postoperative infectious complications. BMI >25 was a common risk factor for individual infection, including bacteremia, intra‐abdominal infection, and pneumonia. As for the influence of BMI on perioperative parameters, the high BMI significantly affected the operation time. Meanwhile preoperative biliary drainage had no influence on overall and individual infectious morbidities.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the need for careful postoperative monitoring in the patient with high BMI.
Neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD) as a cause of liver disease in infants in the UK
Authors: Hutchin T. , Preece M. A. , Hendriksz C. , Chakrapani A. , McClelland V. , Okumura F. , Song Y.‐Z. , Iijima M. , Kobayashi K. , Saheki T. , McKiernan P. , Baumann U. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryCitrin deficiency is a disorder with two phenotypes: neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD), and adult‐onset type II citrullinaemia (CTLN2). NICCD presents in the first few weeks of life with prolonged cholestasis and metabolic abnormalities including aminoacidaemia (notably citrulline, tyrosine, threonine, arginine and methionine) and galactosuria. Symptoms resolve within the first year of life, thus making a diagnosis difficult after this time. Although patients subsequently remain generally healthy, some may develop more severe symptoms of CTLN2, characterized by neurological changes, one or more decades later. To date more than 400 cases have been reported, almost all from East Asia (mainly Japan). Here we describe the first two cases of NICCD in infants from the UK, one of caucasian origin and one of Pakistani origin. Both showed typical clinical and biochemical changes with a diagnosis confirmed by the presence of previously unreported mutations in the SLC25A13 gene. The presence of citrin deficiency in other ethnic groups means that NICCD needs to be considered in the diagnosis of any neonate with an unexplained cholestasis. We discuss both the difficulties in diagnosing these patients in populations where very few DNA mutations have been identified and the problems faced in the management of these patients. These findings also raise the possibility of adults with CTLN2 in whom a diagnosis has yet to be made.
Four novel PDHA1 mutations in pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Ostergaard E. , Moller L. Birk , Kalkanoglu‐Sivri H. Serap , Dursun A. , Kibaek M. , Thelle T. , Christensen E. , Duno M. , Wibrand F. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is a mitochondrial multienzyme that catalyses the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl‐CoA. We report four novel PDHA1 mutations in patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Analysis of PDH activity showed decreased activity in fibroblasts from all four patients, around 16–52% of mean control, similar to what has been found in previous studies. Two of the mutations were missense mutations: c.616G>A (p.Glu206Lys) and c.457A>G (p.Met153Val), one was a 3 bp in‐frame deletion: c.429_431delAGG (p.Gly143del), and one was a 65 bp duplication: c.900–6_958dup65. cDNA analysis of the 65 bp duplication showed a small amount of normal transcript in addition to the transcript corresponding to the duplication. The small amount of normal transcript likely explains the survival of the patient, who was a boy. The duplication and one of the missense mutations were associated with decreased amounts of E1α And E1β protein on western blot analysis, whereas the other two mutations were associated with normal amounts. This study adds four novel mutations to the around 90 reported mutations in PDHA1 (HGMD PDHA1 mutation database). The phenotypes of patients with PDH deficiency have been divided into three groups: a neonatal form with severe lactic acidosis, a form observed only in males and characterized by episodes of ataxia with relapses associated with hyperlactataemia, and an infantile form with hypotonia, lethargy, onset of seizures or dystonia, psychomotor retardation, in some cases Leigh‐like lesions and mild to moderate hyperlactataemia. The four patients reported here all belong to the latter group, which is the largest.
Aromatic Borozene
Authors: Szwacki N Gonzalez , Weber V , Tymczak CJ 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Based on our comprehensive theoretical investigation and known experimental results for small boron clusters, we predict the existence of a novel aromatic inorganic molecule, B12H6. This molecule, which we refer to as borozene, has remarkably similar properties to the well-known benzene. Borozene is planar, possesses a large first excitation energy, D
3hsymmetry, and more importantly is aromatic. Furthermore, the calculated anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility of borozene is three times larger in absolute value than for benzene. Finally, we show that borozene molecules may be fused together to give larger aromatic compounds with even larger anisotropic susceptibilities.
The unique structure of A-tracts and intrinsic DNA bending
Authors: Haran Tali E. , Mohanty Udayan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractShort runs of adenines are a ubiquitous DNA element in regulatory regions of many organisms. When runs of 4–6 adenine base pairs (‘A-tracts’) are repeated with the helical periodicity, they give rise to global curvature of the DNA double helix, which can be macroscopically characterized by anomalously slow migration on polyacrylamide gels. The molecular structure of these DNA tracts is unusual and distinct from that of canonical B-DNA. We review here our current knowledge about the molecular details of A-tract structure and its interaction with sequences flanking them of either side and with the environment. Various molecular models were proposed to describe A-tract structure and how it causes global deflection of the DNA helical axis. We review old and recent findings that enable us to amalgamate the various findings to one model that conforms to the experimental data. Sequences containing phased repeats of A-tracts have from the very beginning been synonymous with global intrinsic DNA bending. In this review, we show that very often it is the unique structure of A-tracts that is at the basis of their widespread occurrence in regulatory regions of many organisms. Thus, the biological importance of A-tracts may often be residing in their distinct structure rather than in the global curvature that they induce on sequences containing them.
Effects of hatching time on year-class strength in Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus)
Authors: Husebø Åse , Stenevik Erling Kåre , Slotte Aril , Fossum Petter , Salthaug Are , Vikebø Frode , Aanes Sondre , Folkvord Arild 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Husebø, Å., Stenevik, E. K., Slotte, A., Fossum, P., Salthaug, A., Vikebø, F., Aanes, S., and Folkvord, A. 2009. Effects of hatching time on year-class strength in Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1710–1717. Effects of mean hatching date, post-hatching temperature, wintering temperature of adults, spawning stock size, and percentage of recruit spawners on larval survival in Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) during the period 1987–2004 were analysed. In the final model, only hatching date proved to be significant. However, hatching date was itself negatively correlated with wintering temperature and positively correlated with the percentage of recruit spawners. This suggests indirect effects on larval survival, whereby low percentages of recruit spawners and high temperatures during gonad development lead to early spawning. Early hatching could be favourable for survival by allowing the larvae to drift away from areas where potential predators concentrate in spring, before predation pressure increases. Indirect support for this hypothesis was found in the activity of the purse-seine fishery for immature saithe (Pollachius virens) along the Norwegian coast. This fishery starts as soon as the saithe aggregate into large schools, which is presumed to reflect their feeding activity. The commercial catch data indicated that the saithe became active 2 months earlier in the area south of 67°N, than in areas to the north. Both field data and larval drift models confirmed that the majority of the early hatched larvae had passed across this border by that time of year.
Crystal Structure of the Complex between Pseudomonas Effector AvrPtoB and the Tomato Pto Kinase Reveals Both a Shared and a Unique Interface Compared with AvrPto-Pto
Authors: Dong Jing , Xiao Fangming , Fan Fenxia , Gu Lichuan , Cang Huaixing , Martin Gregory B. , Chai Jijie 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is activated upon recognition by the host Pto kinase of either one of two sequence-unrelated effector proteins, AvrPto or AvrPtoB, from Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst). Pto induces Pst immunity by acting in concert with the Prf protein. The recently reported structure of the AvrPto-Pto complex revealed that interaction of AvrPto with Pto appears to relieve an inhibitory effect of Pto, allowing Pto to activate Prf. Here, we present the crystal structure of the Pto binding domain of AvrPtoB (residues 121 to 205) at a resolution of 1.9Å and of the AvrPtoB121-205–Pto complex at a resolution of 3.3 Å. AvrPtoB121-205 exhibits a tertiary fold that is completely different from that of AvrPto, and its conformation remains largely unchanged upon binding to Pto. In common with AvrPto-Pto, the AvrPtoB-Pto complex relies on two interfaces. One of these interfaces is similar in both complexes, although the primary amino acid sequences from the two effector proteins are very different. Amino acid substitutions in Pto at the other interface disrupt the interaction of AvrPtoB-Pto but not that of AvrPto-Pto. Interestingly, substitutions in Pto affecting this unique interface also cause Pto to induce Prf-dependent host cell death independently of either effector protein.
Systematic review: non‐invasive methods of fibrosis analysis in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: SMITH J. O. , STERLING R. K. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryBackground  Accurate determination of the presence and degree of liver fibrosis is essential for prognosis and for planning treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). Non‐invasive methods of assessing fibrosis have been developed to reduce the need for biopsy.Aim  To perform a review of these non‐invasive measures and their ability to replace biopsy for assessing hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic HCV.Methods  A systematic review of PUBMED and EMBASE was performed through 2008 using the following search terms: HCV, liver, elastography, hepatitis, Fibroscan, SPECT, noninvasive liver fibrosis, ultrasonography, Doppler, MRI, Fibrotest, Fibrosure, Actitest, APRI, Forns and breath tests, alone or in combination.Results  We identified 151 studies: 87 using biochemical, 57 imaging and seven breath tests either alone or in combination.Conclusions  Great strides are being made in the development of accurate non‐invasive methods for determination of fibrosis. Although no single non‐invasive test or model developed to date can match that information obtained from actual histology (i.e. inflammation, fibrosis, steatosis), combinations of two modalities of non‐invasive methods can reliably differentiate between minimal and significant fibrosis, and thereby avoid liver biopsy in a significant percentage of patients.
Reflux patterns in patients with short‐segment Barrett’s oesophagus: a study using impedance‐pH monitoring off and on proton pump inhibitor therapy
Authors: FRAZZONI M. , SAVARINO E. , MANNO M. , MELOTTI G. , MIRANTE V. G. , MUSSETTO A. , BERTANI H. , MANTA R. , CONIGLIARO R. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryBackground  In short‐segment Barrett’s oesophagus (SSBO) heartburn may be absent and oesophageal acid exposure time (OAET) assessed with pH‐only monitoring may be normal. By detecting reflux episodes independently of their acidity, multichannel intraluminal impedance‐pH (MII‐pH) monitoring allows a comprehensive characterization of reflux events, either off or on proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy.Aim  To assess reflux parameters by MII‐pH monitoring in newly diagnosed SSBO, at baseline and as modified with PPI therapy.Methods  Short‐segment Barrett’s oesophagus was defined by oesophageal intestinal metaplasia up to 3 cm in length. 24‐h MII‐pH monitoring was performed before and during PPI therapy.Results  Fifty patients were studied prospectively. Normal OAET was found at baseline in 15 patients (30%), 8 and 2 of whom with a higher than normal number of acid and weakly acidic refluxes, respectively. Overall, abnormal reflux parameters were detected by MII‐pH monitoring in 90% of patients. Reflux events were prevalent in the upright period. On PPI therapy, acid refluxes decreased and a correspondent increase in weakly acidic refluxes was observed (median from 48.5 to 9 and from 16 to 57.5, respectively) (P < 0.001).Conclusions  Acid refluxes, mainly in the upright period, characterize SSBO. PPI therapy transforms acid refluxes into weakly acidic refluxes.
Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy is not ‘evidence‐based’: comments in response to Becker‐Weidman and Hughes
Authors: Mercer Jean , Pennington Randal S. , Pignotti Monica , Rosa Linda 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA recent paper claimed that Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP), a mental‐health intervention for children, was an evidence‐based treatment (EBT). We discuss the meaning of the EBT term and the accuracy of this claim, and conclude that DDP does not meet the criteria that would allow it to be called evidence‐based. We note other problems with this research report and suggest ways in which the authors could provide better support for their claim and make it easier for others to attempt independent replications.
Effect of an OT antagonist on the control of the midcycle LH surge in women
Authors: Vanakara P. , Dafopoulos K. , Papastergiopoulou L. , Kallitsaris A. , Papageorgiou I. , Messinis I. E. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryObjective  Data in women regarding the role of OT in LH secretion during the LH surge are conflicting. As in previous studies blood samples for LH measurements were taken infrequently, we re‐examined this matter in women with a fully characterized midcycle LH surge.Design  Normal women were studied over two cycles. When the dominant follicle reached a diameter of either 16–17 mm (Group 1) or 18–19 mm (Group 2), the women were infused intravenously for 3 h with normal saline (cycle‐1) or atosiban (cycle‐2).Patients  Fifteen women (10 in group 1 and 5 in group 2) aged 23–35 years.Measurements  Blood samples were obtained every 6 h to characterize the midcycle LH surge.Results  The time interval (mean ± SEM) from the start of the infusion to the onset of the LH surge in the two cycles was 46·8 ± 4·8 and 45·6 ± 9·6 h in group 1 and 6·0 ± 2·4 and 7·5 ± 2·8 h, respectively, in group 2. LH values during the LH surge were similar in the two cycles except in group 1 at the point of 30 h at which LH value in cycle‐2 (41·2 ± 4·6 mIU/ml) was significantly lower than in cycle‐1 (52·8 ± 3·4 mIU/ml, P < 0·05). Nevertheless, in each group, the area under the curve for LH was similar in the two cycles.Conclusions  Antagonism of endogenous OT action by atosiban does not alter the LH profile during a fully characterized midcycle LH surge, suggesting that OT is not a major regulator of LH secretion in women.
Monitoring disease activity using GH and IGF‐I in the follow‐up of 501 patients with acromegaly
Authors: Sherlock M. , Aragon Alonso A. , Reulen R. C. , Ayuk J. , Clayton R. N. , Holder G. , Sheppard M. C. , Bates A. , Stewart P. M. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryContext  The aims of treatment in patients with acromegaly are to achieve serum GH/IGF‐I concentrations associated with cure or normalization of mortality and alleviation of symptoms.Objective and methods  Using the West Midlands Acromegaly database (n = 501) we investigated the reliability of basal fasting GH in predicting nadir or mean GH during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or GH day curve (GHDC), respectively, the degree of discordance between disease activity measured by GH and IGF‐I values and the effect of radiotherapy on the above relationships. In total 773 OGTT and 507 GHDC were performed.Results  Basal fasting GH was strongly correlated with nadir/mean GH on OGTT/GHDC (r = +0·87, P < 0·0001, r = +0·93, P < 0·0001, respectively). A basal GH < 2·5 µg/l was associated with a nadir/mean GH during OGTT/GHDC < 2·5 µg/l in 98·6% and 88·2% of cases, respectively.Elevated IGF‐I was seen in 32·4% and 46·4% of patients with GH nadir values during OGTT < 1 and < 2·5 µg/l, respectively, and in 21·2% and 45·9% of GHDC with mean GH < 1 and < 2·5 µg/l, respectively. Radiotherapy increased the discordance in GH and IGF‐I as markers of disease activity at GH < 2·5 µg/l (elevated IGF‐I‐values when OGTT nadir GH < 2·5 µg/l: radiotherapy 55·5%vs. no radiotherapy 36·9%, P = 0·002).Conclusions  There is a close relationship between a basal fasting GH < 2·5 µg/l and nadir/mean GH < 2·5 µg/l during OGTT/GHDC. There is a large discordance between disease activity when assessed by GH and IGF‐I which is further increased by radiotherapy. These observations illustrate the challenge of defining appropriate biochemical end‐points to achieve control of disease and normalization of mortality in acromegaly.
Interpreting the smells of predation: how alarm cues and kairomones induce different prey defences
Authors: Schoeppner Nancy M. , Relyea Rick A. 
Published: June 2009

Summary 1. For phenotypically plastic organisms to produce phenotypes that are well matched to their environment, they must acquire information about their environment. For inducible defences, cues from damaged prey and cues from predators both have the potential to provide important information, yet we know little about the relative importance of these separate sources of information for behavioural and morphological defences. We also do not know the point during a predation event at which kairomones are produced, i.e. whether they are produced constitutively, during prey attack or during prey digestion. 2. We exposed leopard frog tadpoles (Rana pipiens) to nine predator cue treatments involving several combinations of cues from damaged conspecifics or heterospecifics, starved predators, predators only chewing prey, predators only digesting prey or predators chewing and digesting prey. 3. We quantified two behavioural defences. Tadpole hiding behaviour was induced only by cues from crushed tadpoles. Reduced tadpole activity was induced only by cues from predators digesting tadpoles or predators chewing + digesting tadpoles. 4. We also quantified tadpole mass and two size‐adjusted morphological traits that are known to be phenotypically plastic. Mass was unaffected by the cue treatments. Relative body length was affected (i.e. there were differences among some treatments), but none of the treatments significantly differed from the no‐predator control. Relative tail depth was affected by the treatments and deeper tails were induced only when tadpoles were exposed to cues from predators digesting tadpoles or cues from predators chewing + digesting tadpoles. 5. These results demonstrate that some prey species can discriminate among a diverse set of potential cues from heterospecific prey, conspecific prey and predators. Moreover, the results illustrate that the cues responsible for the full suite of behavioural and morphological defences are not induced by tadpole crushing nor can they be induced by generalized digestive chemicals produced when predators digest their prey. Instead, both prey damage and predator digestion of conspecific tissues appear to be important for communicating predatory risk to phenotypically plastic anuran prey. Importantly, the production of chemical cues by predators may be unavoidable and prey have evolved the ability to eavesdrop on these signals.
A discussion of structural and thermal control of magnetic anomalies on the mid‐Norwegian margin
Authors: Ebbing Jörg , Gernigon Laurent , Pascal Christophe , Olesen Odleiv , Osmundsen Per Terje 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTWe discuss the correlation between the depth extent of magnetic sources, the Curie temperature depth and crustal structures on the mid‐Norwegian margin. Spectral methods can be used to estimate the depth extent of magnetic sources, even if the bottom is located in the lower crust, however, only with limited resolution. The bottom of the magnetic surfaces is often regarded to represent the depth to the Curie isotherm. However, comparison with a 3D model based on the interpretation of potential field and seismic reflection data and thermal modelling shows that the depth extent of the magnetic sources is merely controlled by the overall geometry of the crystalline crust and not the temperature distribution. The observed changes in the magnetic field between the inner and outer part of the mid‐Norwegian margin appears not to reflect, as previously assumed, the depth to the Curie temperature but the geometry of the basement and lower crust. Our 3D model of the mid‐Norwegian margin reveals a basement configuration that involves a basement with different petrophysical properties, which can be connected with lithological basement units of onshore Norway.