bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and application of organic‐silica hybrid monolithic capillary columns
Authors: Wu Minghuo , Wu Ren'an , Zhang Zhenbin , Zou Hanfa 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOrganic‐silica hybrid monolithic columns have drawn more and more attention due to the ease of preparation and good mechanical stability in recent years. Many synthetic approaches have been developed and a variety of hybrid monolithic capillary columns have been prepared. The sol–gel process is well recognized in the fabrication of hybrid monolithic columns, which can be mainly classified as one‐step, acid/base two‐step procedures. The new approaches such as the “one‐pot” and nano‐scaled inorganic–organic hybrid reagent of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane used as a cross‐linker have also emerged for the preparation of hybrid monolithic columns. The applications of the organic‐silica hybrid monolithic capillary columns for capillary electrochromatography, micro high‐performance liquid chromatography, solid‐phase micro‐extraction and enzymatic reactor etc. are included in this review.
CE‐MS for metabolomics: Developments and applications in the period 2008–2010
Authors: Ramautar Rawi , Mayboroda Oleg A. , Somsen Govert W. , de Jong Gerhardus J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis review provides an update of the state‐of‐the‐art of CE‐MS for metabolomic purposes, covering the scientific literature from July 2008 to June 2010. This review describes the different analytical aspects with respect to non‐targeted and targeted metabolomics and the new technological developments used in CE‐MS for metabolomics. The applicability of CE‐MS in metabolomics research is illustrated by examples of the analysis of biomedical and clinical samples, and for bacterial and plant extracts. The relevant papers on CE‐MS for metabolomics are comprehensively summarized in a table, including, e.g. information on sample type and pretreatment, and MS detection mode. Future considerations such as challenges for large‐scale and (quantitative) clinical metabolomics studies and the use of sheathless interfacing and different ionization techniques are discussed.
Stability of copper smelter slag in sea water
Authors: Shanmuganathan P. , Lakshmipathiraj P. , Kumar Satendra , Sumathy A. , Srikanth S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe long‐term stability of the slag in sea water is an essential requirement for its use in marine environment. Because no specific standards exist for studying the leachability of slag in sea water, its long‐term stability was assessed through four types of indigenously designed extraction tests: (i) extraction tests on the slag similar to that specified in the multiple extraction procedure USEPA 1320, however, using sea water as the leachant; (ii) mechanical activation of the slag followed by extraction test using sea water as leachant; (iii) pressure leaching of the slag (at 1000 psi) in N2 and O2 for 4 h at different temperatures up to 120°C; and (iv) mechanical activation of slag followed by pressure leaching of the slag in the temperature range of 40–120°C. In all these four tests, the leachability of the copper smelter slag was found to be higher in sea water compared to that in the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure medium and in acids. However, the highest concentration of all the relevant elements in the leachate was below the prescribed limits in USEPA method 1311. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
Mercury and methylmercury concentrations in two newly constructed reservoirs in the Wujiang River, Guizhou, China
Authors: Yao Heng , Feng Xinbin , Guo Yanna , Yan Haiyu , Fu Xuewu , Li Zhonggen , Meng Bo 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
We studied the distribution of different mercury species in two newly created reservoirs (Hongjiadu [HJD] and Suofengying [SFY] Reservoir) within the Wujiang River, Guizhou Province, China. These reservoirs were sampled four times between January, 2007, and November, 2007. Water, soil, and fish tissue samples were collected and analyzed for organic (methylmercury) and total Hg. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in water was measured as well. In both reservoirs, the DOC concentration was low (range 0.5–4.9 mg/L). Organic matter content in soil collected near the bank of both reservoirs was also low (range 0.4–6.9%). The total MeHg level did not increase significantly with depth in water column, nor did it exhibit a pronounced spatial pattern moving from upstream to the dam. The total MeHg level did not increase significantly with depth in water column, nor did it exhibit a pronounced spatial pattern moving from upstream to the dam. The total Hg content in fish tissue was on average 0.044 mg/kg wet weight, which is a very low content in an international comparison. It is suggested that the studied reservoirs were not active sites of net Hg methylating. Low levels of organic matter (OM) may constrict the evolution of the bulk Hg methylation process occurring in flooded soil. Therefore, we hypothesize that newly constructed reservoirs in the karstic region of Southwest China appear to be much less beset by the problems of MeHg pollution that have been reported for corresponding reservoirs in North America and Europe. However, further research is required to verify this finding. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:530–537. © 2010 SETAC
Exposure of sea otters and harlequin ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, to shoreline oil residues 20 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill
Authors: Neff Jerry M , Page David S , Boehm Paul D 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
We assessed whether sea otters and harlequin ducks in an area of western Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA (PWS), oiled by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from oil residues 20 years after the spill. Spilled oil has persisted in PWS for two decades as surface oil residues (SOR) and subsurface oil residues (SSOR) on the shore. The rare SOR are located primarily on the upper shore as inert, nonhazardous asphaltic deposits, and SSOR are confined to widely scattered locations as small patches under a boulder/cobble veneer, primarily on the middle and upper shore, in forms and locations that preclude physical contact by wildlife and diminish bioavailability. Sea otters and harlequin ducks consume benthic invertebrates that they collect by diving to the bottom in the intertidal and subtidal zones. Sea otters also dig intertidal and subtidal pits in search of clams. The three plausible exposure pathways are through the water, in oil-contaminated prey, or by direct contact with SSOR during foraging. Concentrations of PAH in near-shore water off oiled shores in 2002 to 2005 were at background levels (&lt;0.05 ng/L). Median concentrations of PAH in five intertidal prey species on oiled shores in 2002 to 2008 range from 4.0 to 34 ng/g dry weight, indistinguishable from background concentrations. Subsurface oil residues are restricted to locations on the shore and substrate types, where large clams do not occur and where sea otters do not dig foraging pits. Therefore, that sea otters and harlequin ducks continue to be exposed to environmentally significant amounts of PAH from EVOS 20 years after the spill is not plausible. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:659–672. © 2011 SETAC
Polynuclear aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons in mussels from the coastal zone of Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
Authors: Amin Oscar A , Comoglio Laura I , Sericano José L 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Mussels (Mytilus edulis chilensis) were collected from 12 coastal locations in Ushuaia Bay, Argentina, and the surrounding area in October 1999 and again in October 2003. Concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and selected chlorinated pesticides were determined to assess the impact of a fast-growing population in the area. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 2.24 to an extremely high concentration of 2,420 µg/g lipid measured in mussels collected near an oil jetty used to discharge to shore storage tanks. The composition of PAHs in these samples indicates that the source of these compounds inside Ushuaia Bay is predominantly petrogenic, with some pyrogenic background, whereas mostly pyrogenic-related PAHs were evident in areas outside the bay. Total concentrations of PCBs ranged between 12.8 and 8,210 ng/g lipid, with the highest concentration, detected inside Ushuaia harbor, representing a 10-fold increase when compared with historical data. Chlorinated pesticides were detected at comparatively lower concentrations, with 4-4′- 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene being the most common. The aggressive increase in population and related activities observed in the city of Ushuaia over the last two decades might have affected the environmental quality of the local bay. Moreover, the oceanographic and atmospheric conditions existing in Ushuaia Bay and surrounding areas may favor the accumulation and long-term presence of these organic pollutants in all compartments of this fragile environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:521–529. © 2011 SETAC
Effect of soil metal contamination on glyphosate mineralization: Role of zinc in the mineralization rates of two copper-spiked mineral soils
Authors: Kim Bojeong , Kim Young Sik , Kim Bo Min , Hay Anthony G , McBride Murray B 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A systematic investigation into lowered degradation rates of glyphosate in metal-contaminated soils was performed by measuring mineralization of [14C]glyphosate to 14CO2 in two mineral soils that had been spiked with Cu and/or Zn at various loadings. Cumulative 14CO2 release was estimated to be approximately 6% or less of the amount of [14C]glyphosate originally added in both soils over an 80-d incubation. For all but the highest Cu treatments (400 mg kg−1) in the coarse-textured Arkport soil, mineralization began without a lag phase and declined over time. No inhibition of mineralization was observed for Zn up to 400 mg kg−1 in either soil, suggesting differential sensitivity of glyphosate mineralization to the types of metal and soil. Interestingly, Zn appeared to alleviate high-Cu inhibition of mineralization in the Arkport soil. The protective role of Zn against Cu toxicity was also observed in the pure culture study with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting that increased mineralization rates in high Cu soil with Zn additions might have been due to alleviation of cellular toxicity by Zn rather than a mineralization specific mechanism. Extensive use of glyphosate combined with its reduced degradation in Cu-contaminated, coarse-textured soils may increase glyphosate persistence in soil and consequently facilitate Cu and glyphosate mobilization in the soil environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:596–601. © 2011 SETAC
Thermal degradation and fire performance of wood treated with various inorganic salts
Authors: Qu Hongqiang , Wu Weihong , Wu Hongjuan , Jiao Yunhong , Xu Jianzhong 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe effects of Na2WO4, Na2SnO3, and Na2MoO4 on the thermal decomposition and fire performance of wood were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry analysis. The kinetics of thermal degradation were analyzed using Doyle's equation and the limiting oxygen index was shown to be enhanced by the addition of Na2WO4, Na2SnO3, and Na2MoO4. The addition of these chemicals caused a decrease in the decomposition temperature, a reduction in weight, and an increase in the amount of char produced. The activation energies of the samples were also decreased after treatment by these flame retardants, during both the charring stage and the calcining stage. The flame retardants were shown to be able to catalyze the dehydration reaction, resulting in the formation of more H2O, CO2, and char molecules, but less levoglucosan and levoglucose. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological and isotopic characterization of river water, groundwater, and groundwater recharge in the Heihe River basin, northwestern China
Authors: Yang Qiu , Xiao Honglang , Zhao Liangju , Yang Yonggang , Li Caizhi , Zhao Liang , Yin Li 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe used hydrochemistry and environmental isotope data (δ18O, δD, tritium, and 14C) to investigate the characteristics of river water, groundwater, and groundwater recharge in China's Heihe River basin. The river water and groundwater could be characterized as Ca2+Mg2+HCO3−SO42− and Na+Mg2+SO42−Cl− types, respectively. Hydrogeochemical modelling using PHREEQC software revealed that the main hydrogeochemical processes are dissolution (except for gypsum and anhydrite) along groundwater flow paths from the upper to middle Heihe reaches. Towards the lower reaches, dolomite and calcite tend to precipitate. The isotopic data for most of the river water and groundwater lie on the global meteoric water line (GMWL) or between the GMWL and the meteoric water line in northwestern China, indicating weak evaporation. No direct relationship existed between recharge and discharge of groundwater in the middle and lower reaches based on the isotope ratios, d‐excess, and 14C values. On the basis of tritium in precipitation and by adopting an exponential piston‐flow model, we evaluated the mean residence time of shallow groundwater with high tritium activities, which was around 50 years (a). Furthermore, based on the several popular models, it is calculated that the deep groundwaters in piedmont alluvial fan zone of the middle reaches and in southern part of the lower reaches are modern water, whereas the deep groundwaters in the edge of the middle reaches and around Juyan Lake in the lower reaches of Heihe river basin are old water. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing annual runoff—broadleaf or coniferous forests?
Authors: Komatsu Hikaru , Kume Tomonori , Otsuki Kyoichi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAccording to widely held belief, annual evapotranspiration (ET) for broadleaf forests is less than that for coniferous forests, resulting in higher annual runoff for broadleaf forests. We processed 82 catchment runoff and 126 interception loss data from temperate regions and found that although the belief is valid under conditions of broadleaf deciduous forests and high winter precipitation (e.g. the United States), it is invalid under conditions of broadleaf evergreen forests (e.g. New Zealand) or low winter precipitation (e.g. Japan). Thus, forest management policies based on this belief should be reconsidered on the basis of our results for regions with broadleaf evergreen forests or low winter precipitation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rainfall uncertainty for extreme events in NWP downscaling model
Authors: Bray Michaela , Han Dawei , Xuan Yunqing , Bates Paul , Williams Michael 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLimited area numerical weather predication (NWP) models such as MM5 have become a popular method for generating rainfall estimates for hydrological analysis, particularly for catchments where rainfall data are sparse. Although several studies have been undertaken to investigate the appropriateness of MM5 parameterization schemes for hydrological applications, the size of the nested domains and the distance between them have been overlooked as a source of uncertainty in model precipitation estimates for hydrological purposes. This study examines the uncertainty of model rainfall estimates derived from MM5 by varying the domain size and the distance between the domains. The results from this study show that domain size and buffer zone have a significant impact on model rainfall estimates, which should not be overlooked by hydrologists. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imatinib as adjuvant therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a systematic review
Authors: Essat Munira , Cooper Katy 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe high risk of recurrence in resected gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) highlights the need for effective adjuvant treatment. This review evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of imatinib for adjuvant treatment of localized KIT (CD117)‐positive resected GIST. Relevant studies were identified by searching several electronic databases from inception to August 2009. Searches were supplemented by examining bibliographies of included studies, searching conference proceedings and consulting experts. All study types were included. Methodological quality was assessed using published criteria. Sixteen studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising one randomized controlled trial (RCT), three phase II studies, three cohort studies and nine case reports. In the RCT, the estimated 1‐year recurrence‐free survival was 98% [95% confidence interval (CI), 96–100] in the imatinib group versus 83% (95% CI, 78–88) in the placebo group, corresponding to a 65% reduction in the risk of disease recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.22–0.53; p < 0.0001) with an absolute recurrence‐free survival difference of 15% at 1 year. Other nonrandomized studies reported similar outcomes demonstrating that imatinib used in the adjuvant setting improved recurrence‐free survival. The optimum duration of adjuvant treatment, safety and efficacy is currently under investigation with two ongoing RCTs (EORTC 62024 and SSG XV111) and two nonrandomized studies (NCT00867113 and NCT00171977). This study adds to the evidence (based on one RCT and a number of observational studies) that GIST patients treated with adjuvant imatinib therapy show an improvement in recurrence‐free survival compared to placebo or no treatment after resection of KIT‐positive localized GIST with tolerable toxicity.
Housing arrangements among a national sample of adults with chronic schizophrenia living in the United States: a descriptive study
Authors: Tsai Jack , Stroup T. Scott , Rosenheck Robert A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThere has been no recent national description of where and with whom people with chronic mental illness reside. Using data from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness, the living arrangements of 1,446 clients with schizophrenia from 57 sites throughout the United States were characterized over 1 year. At baseline, 46% of participants were living with family members and loved ones, 5% were living with other nonrelatives, 18% were living alone independently, 17% were in an institution, and 14% were not stably housed. Participants who were living alone independently showed higher clinical and psychosocial functioning than participants in other living arrangements. Over 1 year, the majority of participants remained in the same living arrangements, and those who were not stably housed had more severe schizophrenia symptomatology. These findings highlight the large number of people with schizophrenia living with others and the possible need for diverse housing services. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of high‐fat‐containing dairy wastewater in a sequential UASBR system: influence of recycle
Authors: Erdirencelebi Dilek 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Raw cheese whey originating from white cheese production results in a strong and complex wastewater excessively rich in organic matter (chemical oxygen demand, COD = 28–65 g L−1), fatty matter (14–24.5 g L−1) and acidity (3.9–6.1 g L−1). It was treated in a three‐stage configuration consisting of a pre‐acidification (PA) tank and sequential upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactors (UASBRs) at 2.8–7 g COD L−1 day−1 organic loading rates, during which the effects of effluent recycling at low rates and promoted SRB activity were investigated. Acidification, volatile fatty acids (VFA), COD and fatty matter removal and volatile solids were monitored throughout the system during the study.RESULTS: Recycling of the effluent promoted VFA and COD removal as well as pH stability in both stages of the UASBRs and the effluent where high alkalinity levels were recovered reducing alkali requirement to 0.05 g OH g−1 CODapplied. Higher removal rates of 71–100 and 50–92% for VFA and COD were obtained by use of recycling. Fatty matter was removed at 63–89% throughout the study. Volatile solids build‐up was significant in the inlet zones of the UASBRs.CONCLUSIONS: The system produced efficient acidification in the PA tank, balanced pH levels and an effluent high in alkalinity and BOD/COD ratio. Efficient VFA removal and solids immobilization was obtained in both stages up to the highest loading rate. Recycling improved the system performance under high fatty matter loading conditions. A major advantage of the sequential system was that the second stage UASBR compensated for reduced performance in the first stage. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Derivation of Birmingham's summer surface urban heat island from MODIS satellite images
Authors: Tomlinson C. J. , Chapman L. , Thornes J. E. , Baker C. J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis study investigates the summer (June, July, August) night urban heat island (UHI) of Birmingham, the UK's second most populous city. Land surface temperature remote sensing data is used from the MODIS sensor on NASA's Aqua satellite, combined with UK Met Office station data to map the average variation in heat island intensity over the Birmingham conurbation. Results are presented of average UHI events over four Pasquill‐Gifford stability classes D, E, F, and G between 2003 and 2009, as well as a specific heatwave event in July 2006. The results quantify the magnitude of the Birmingham surface UHI as well as the impact of atmospheric stability on UHI development. During periods of high atmospheric stability, a UHI of the order of 5 °C is evident with a clear peak in the central business district. Also identified, are significant cold spots in the conurbation. In one city park, recorded surface temperatures are up to 7 °C lower than the city centre. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society