bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subunits fold at position-dependent rates during maturation of a eukaryotic RNA virus
Authors: Matsui Tsutomu , Lander Gabriel C. , Khayat Reza , Johnson John E. 
Published: July 2010

Effective antiviral agents are difficult to develop because of the close relationship between the cell biology of the virus and host. However, viral capsid maturation, the in vivo process where the particle transitions from a noninfectious provirion to an infectious virion, is an ideal process to interrupt because the provirion is usually fragile and the conversion to the virion often involves large conformational changes and autocatalytic chemistry that can be hampered by small molecules. The
Nudaurelia capensis ω
virus (NωV) is one of the few eukaryotic viruses where this process can be investigated in vitro with a variety of biophysical methods, allowing fundamental chemical and structural principles of the maturation to be established. It has a
T
= 4 quasi-equivalent capsid with a dramatic maturation pathway that includes a particle size reduction of 100 Å and an autocatalytic cleavage. Here we use cryo-EM and difference maps, computed at three time points following maturation initiation, to show that regions of NωV subunit folding are maturation dependent and occur at rates determined by their quasi-equivalent position in the capsid, explaining the unusual kinetics of the maturation cleavage. This study shows that folding is rapid and peptide chain self-cleavage occurs early for subunits adjacent to 3-fold and 5-fold icosahedral symmetry elements and that folding is slower in regions where molecular switches are required for the formation of the proper interfacial contacts. The results connect viral maturation to the well-studied assembly-dependent folding that occurs in the formation of cellular complexes.
A COMPILATION OF PHASE‐RULE DIAGRAMS OF INTEREST TO THE CERAMIST AND SILICATE TECHNOLOGIST*
Authors: Hall F. P. , Insley Herbert 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper is a compilation of phase‐rule diagrams, principally of silicates and the refractory oxides, that may be useful to the ceramist and the silicate technologist. The text of the paper includes definitions of terms used in discussion of the Phase Rule, a description of methods used in the study of systems at high temperatures, and an interpretation of Phase‐Rule diagrams for systems with one or more components.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF THIN WALL TILE*
Authors: Heystek Hendrik , Campbell R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made relative to the dry pressing of wall tile having a thickness of 3/16 in. Three bodies, a high talc, a high pyrophyllite, and a regular body were studied. The water content was kept constant and the forming pressures were varied from 1000 to 3000 lb. per sq. in. The bodies were fired to cones 4, 6, and 8. The bisque tile were tested for thermal expansion, warpage, absorption, shrinkage, impact strength, transverse strength, and moisture expansion. The glazed tile were tested for warpage, impact resistance, and moisture expansion.The results showed that satisfactory thin wall tile could be made from all bodies, the high‐pyrophyllite body indicating the greatest promise. It was found that pressing pressures had definite effects on impact strength, warpage, shrinkage, and thermal expansion.
Systematic review: Helicobacter pylori and the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk in patients taking aspirin
Authors: Fletcher E. H. , Johnston D. E. , Fisher C. R. , Koerner R. J. , Newton J. L. , Gray C. S. 
Published: July 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 831–839SummaryBackground  Aspirin is widely used to modify the risk of recurrent vascular events. It is, however, associated with increased upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk. The influence of Helicobacter pylori on this risk is uncertain.Aim  To determine the influence of H. pylori on upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk in patients taking aspirin.Methods  MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched. All studies providing data regarding H. pylori infection in adults taking aspirin and presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding were included.Results  A total of 13 studies that included 1 case–control, 10 cohort studies and 2 randomized‐controlled trials (RCTs) were analysed. The case–control study (n = 245) determined H. pylori to be a significant independent risk factor for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The cohort studies were heterogeneous, varying in inclusion criteria, doses and duration of aspirin used, mode of H. pylori testing and causative GI pathology considered. Comprising 5465 patients, H. pylori infection was tested for in 163 (0.03%) aspirin users with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The RCTs yielded no significant results.Conclusions  The current data are not sufficient to allow meta‐analyses. The widely held belief that H. pylori is a risk factor for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in regular aspirin users is not supported by the very limited evidence available.
Kinetics of Elimination of Antithrombin III Concentrate in Heparinized Patients
Authors: Marciniak E. , Gockerman J. P. 
Published: July 2010

Summary.The rate of elimination of injected antithrombin III (AT III) concentrate was investigated by measuring plasma AT III levels in two control subjects and four patients treated with continuous intravenous infusion of heparin. No significant differences were noted in the disappearance rate of injected AT III between controls and patients receiving heparin for several days. Their half‐time of AT III elimination was 8·4‐13·6 h. The patient in whom AT III concentrate was injected at the start of heparin therapy showed a very rapid decrease of AT III activity with a three‐fold increase in the elimination rate constant. Inactive, modified AT III protein present in purified AT III concentrate was found in the circulation of all injected patients. No evidence was obtained that this altered AT III was eliminated more rapidly than the unaltered AT III or that it was subjected to accelerated clearance during heparin therapy.
Factor VIII Clotting Antigen (VIIICAg) in Haemophilia Measured by Two Immunoradiometric Assays (IRMA) using Different Antibodies, and the Measurement of Inhibitors to Procoagulant Factor VIII (VIIIC) by IRMA
Authors: Furlong R. A. , Peake I. R. , Bloom A. L. 
Published: July 2010

Summary.Factor VIII clotting antigen (VIIICAg) was measured by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) using two different antibodies. Both antibodies arose in polytransfused severe haemophiliacs and had similar titres against VIIIC. In 12 normal plasmas there was no significant difference in VIIICAg values obtained (VIIICAg (AbI) = VIIICAg (AbII)). In the majority of 15 severe haemophiliacs tested VIIICAg was undetectable by both antibodies. In 28 mild to moderate haemophiliacs VIIICAg (AbII) was significantly greater than VIIICAg (AbI) (P < 0·01) suggesting different antigenic determinants. The difference, however, was small and does not affect diagnosis of haemophilia. A modified IRMA has been used to measure and VIIIC inhibitors by competition of the inhibitor with 125I labelled VIIICAg antibodies for common antigenic determinants. Using an inhibitor of 225 Bethesda units as a standard, results by IRMA of inhibitors in severe haemophiliacs have been similar to those obtained by clotting assay, but with a sensitivity of 0·01 u/ml suggesting the possible use in the detection of weak inhibitors.
Benign monoclonal gammopathy and peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Ö Sby E. , Noring L. , Hast R. , Kjellin K. G. , Knutsson E. , Sidén Å 
Published: July 2010

Summary.Peripheral neuropathy has been described in malignant plasma cell dyscrasias such as multiple myeloma and Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia. Since it is not known whether the neuropathy is related to the plasma cell disorder or is a paramalignant phenomenon, 21 consecutive out‐patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy (BMG) were analysed for peripheral neuropathies. Eleven patients had noticed slight motor and/or sensory extremity symptoms. Clinical examination, electromyographic and electroneurographic studies of the upper and lower extremities were performed. In five patients all results indicated a neuropathy, six other patients had clinical signs of neuropathy and four additional patients had positive electromyographic and/or electroneurographic results. Thus, a total of 15 patients had clinical and/or electrophysiological results compatible with neuropathy. There were no significant differences in haematological parameters between the group where all results indicated a neuropathy and the totally negative group or between the two groups with and without clinical neuropathy. Thus, the benign form of plasma cell dyscrasias seems also to be associated with mild clinical or subclinical peripheral neuropathy.
Platelet‐associated complement C3 in thrombocytopenic states
Authors: Kayser W. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C. , Bhakdi S. , Ebert Karola 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Platelet‐associated complement components C3, C3d and C4 (PAC3, PAC3d, PAC4) were quantitated by a modification of the platelet radioactive anti‐IgG test using highly purified C3 antibodies in 74 patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), 26 patients with presumed nonimmune thrombocytopenia (NTP), and 114 normal individuals.Elevated PAC3 levels were found in 26 out of 74 patients with ITP (35%) and in 10 out of 26 patients with NTP. Although the percentage of elevated PAC3 values was higher in thrombocytopenic patients than in nonthrombocytopenic patients, no statistically significant correlation existed between platelet counts and PAC3 levels, neither for ITP nor for NTP. However, such a relationship was demonstrable between PAC3 and platelet‐associated IgG, both for ITP (P<0·05) as well as NTP patients (P<0·001).We conclude that elevated PAC3 values are not restricted to immune thrombocytopenias. Quantitative differences of PAC3 between ITP and NTP patients suggest that part of the PAC3 is immunologically mediated and has a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thrombocytopenias.
Autoimmunity against blood cells in human immunodeficiency‐virus (HIV) infection
Authors: van der Lelie J. , Lange J. M. A. , Vos J. J. E. , van Dalen C. M. , Danner S. A. , von dem Borne A. E. G. Kr. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. In persons with AIDS or at risk from AIDS, autoantibodies against platelets and granulocytes were frequently detected. Platelet‐bound immunoglobulins were demonstrated by immunofluorescence in all 16 patients with AIDS, in five out of seven patients with AIDS‐related complex/persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (ARC/PGL) and even in seven of 10 healthy sexually active homosexual men. Granulocyte‐bound immunoglobulins were found by immunofluorescence in 12 of the 16 AIDS patients, five of the seven patients with ARC/PGL and two of the 10 symptomless men. Red cell bound immunoglobulins were not detected. All patients with AIDS and ARC/PGL and three of the symptomless men were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).The platelet‐ and granulocyte‐bound immunoglobulins could be eluted in 93% and 67% of the cases, respectively. This indicates that specific autoantibodies, rather than circulating immune complexes, which were frequently increased, accounted for the findings.There was no relation between the serological findings and the platelet and granulocyte counts. We conclude that autoantibodies against platelets and granulocytes are common in patients with AIDS and those at risk.
Myelodysplastic syndromes: evolution of overt leukaemia by one or several steps of transformation
Authors: Dörmer P. , Hershko C. , Voss R. , Wilmanns W. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe evolution of leukaemia was studied prospectively in 29 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) followed for 2–6 years by sequential blast counts, cell kinetics derived from quantitative14C‐autoradiography and karyotype analysis. Overt leukaemia developed in seven patients. Two distinct patterns of leukaemic evolution were identified. The first was characterized by a gradual increase in blast cell count and in the frequency of labelled blasts, and a corresponding reduction in myeloid maturation index indicating increased intracompartmental myeloblast divisions and premature myeloid cell death. A second pattern of leukaemic evolution was marked by a sudden rise in the blast cell population in a previously stable MDS. This rise was attributed both to an increased rate of blast proliferation, and the accumulation of non‐proliferating blasts. In an additional patient with smouldering ANLL and multiple karyotype abnormalities, transient clinical remission took place following prednisone and oxymetholone therapy, characterized by a sideroblastic morphology, normal karyotype, and persistence of a highly abnormal myeloid maturation index. The sudden emergence of overt leukaemia in previously stable MDS in some of our patients and the temporary reversal of overt leukaemia into sideroblastic anaemia in one case, lend support to the notion of leukaemic evolution by several steps of transformation. On the other hand, the gradual transition of MDS into overt leukaemia in other patients is compatible with a single step leukaemic transformation, although the possibility of clonal disease prior to the development of MDS cannot be excluded with certainty.
Interaction of urokinase with specific receptors abolishes the time of commitment to terminal differentiation of murine erythroleukaemia (Friend) cells
Authors: Rosso Mario Del , Pucci Marco , Fibbi Gabriella , Dini Germana 
Published: July 2010

SummaryWe have shown the presence of specific receptors for human urokinase on the surface of mouse erythroleukaemic cells. The receptor number increases when undifferentiated cells undergo hexamethylene‐bisacetamide induced differentiation, while affinity between receptor and ligand does not change. A monoclonal antibody against the 17 500 mol wt fragment of the non‐catalytic chain of urokinase (A chain) inhibits the specific binding, as we have previously shown in A431 cells. We have found that, upon the simultaneous addition of both urokinase or the A chain and hexamethylenebisacetamide, commitment is initiated immediately without the lag shown by control cultures of undiffer‐entiated cells treated with the low molecular weight inducer alone. A series of mechanisms possibly involved in the action of urokinase on mouse erythroleukaemic differentiation are also discussed.
Long‐term survival and late relapses in acute leukaemia in adults
Authors: Brincker H. , Christensen B. E. 
Published: July 2010

Summary34 out of 403 apparently unselected adult patients with acute leukaemia referred to a single department from 1970 through 1989 survived more than 3 years. The cumulative rate of relapse after 3 years was 39% in patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) and 74% in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The latest relapse was observed 75 months after diagnosis in AML and 98 months after diagnosis in ALL. 65% of the long‐term survivors were able to undertake normal physical activity, 26% had decreased activity, and 9% were unable to work.5‐year survival for all patients, whether treated or not, during two successive decades was 16% versus 18% and 5% versus 6%, respectively, for ALL and AML. The departmental results were identical with population‐based national results. Only in patients 15–49 years of age with AML was there evidence that more intensive treatment had led to better survival.
Clinical and laboratory evaluation of National Health Service factor VIII concentrate (8Y) for the treatment of von Willebrand's disease
Authors: Cumming A. M. , Fildes S. , Cumming I. R. , Wensley R. T. , Redding O. M. , Burn A. M. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThis study was carried out to assess the efficacy of NHS 8Y concentrate in the treatment of patients with von Willebrand's disease (vWD). Eight patients (two type I vWD, one type IIA vWD, two type IIB vWD, and three type III vWD) were treated on a total of 10 occasions with 8Y. Following each treatment episode there was a temporary correction of patients’bleeding time (BT) measurements. Other laboratory parameters—von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity (vWf:RiCo), vWf antigen (vWf:Ag) levels, and factor VIII coagulant activity (factor VIII:C)—were also corrected. Plasma vWf multimers temporarily reflected those present in the infused concentrate. An effective clinical response was observed in each case despite, as revealed by autoradiography and scanning densitometry of SDS‐agarose electrophoresis gels, a reduction in the concentration of the largest vWf multimers in 8Y compared with normal plasma. Overall, the clinical effectiveness of 8Y in vWD was comparable to that seen with cryoprecipitate. We conclude that NHS 8Y concentrate may be used as an alternative to cryoprecipitate for the treatment of vWD.
Effect of different human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1) isolates on long‐term bone marrow haemopoiesis
Authors: Cen Dazhi , Zauli Giorgio , Szarnicki Robert , Davis Brian R. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Haemopoietic cytopenias are a frequent occurrence in human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1) induced disease. In order to examine the possible direct inhibition of marrow haemopoiesis by HIV‐1, we have investigated the effect of HIV‐1 infection on myelopoiesis in long‐term bone marrow cultures. In vitro exposure of normal marrow cultures to three different lymphocytotropic HIV‐1 isolates resulted in productive infection, as demonstrated by a progressive increase of gag p24 antigen. In these experiments, ICR‐3 isolate, but not LAV' or NL4–3 isolates, accelerated the loss of non‐adherent cells. A differential ability of these HIV‐1 isolates to suppress myelopoiesis was confirmed in long‐term cultures in which virus was added continuously. In these cultures, ICR‐3, and to a lesser extent also NL4–3, but not LAV', induced a progressive decrease in the number of total non‐adherent cells as well as non‐adherent colony forming units‐granulocyte/macrophage (CFU‐GM). Furthermore, exposure of normal purified CD34+ cells to ICR‐3 induced defects in their ability to form haemopoietic colonies: this inhibitory effect was significantly relieved by pretreatment of ICR‐3 with an anti‐gp 120 antibody. Similar exposure of CD34+ cells to LAV' and NL4–3 induced no such defects.These data indicate that some HIV‐1 isolates can impair bone marrow haemopoiesis in a dose‐dependent fashion, acting, at least in part, at the level of haemopoietic stem/ progenitor cells.
B lymphocytes with latent EBV infection appearing in long‐term bone marrow cultures (HLTBMCs) from haematological patients induce lysis of stromal microenvironment
Authors: Pavlova Borislava G. , Muuhlberger Helmut H. , Strobl Herbert , Gill Renate , Haslberger Alexander , Varga Franz , Auer Herbert , Heinz Renate , Salamon Julius , Stacher Alois , Karlic Heidrun 
Published: July 2010

Human long‐term bone marrow cultures (HLTBMCs) are a valuable in vitro model for studying the role of the haemopoietic microenvironment. Here we report the spontaneous appearance of EBV‐positive B cells in 6/40 HLTBMCs from patients with various haematological diseases after 3‐5 months of culture.After subcultivation of these cells, a novel type of cell line could be characterized, which displayed surface markers and morphological features typical for EBV transformed B‐cell lines.As the deproteinized and ultrafiltrated culture supernatants of these cell lines were found to contain an agent with stroma toxic properties, they were termed SSB lines (stroma‐toxic‐agent‐secreting B‐cell lines). This agent also exhibited a colony‐inhibitory activity on in vitro myelopoiesis and erythropoiesis. These properties are typical for the two polyamines spermine and spermidine which were detected at elevated levels in the culture supernatants of SSB lines.The hypothesis that latent presence of EBV in bone marrow may induce an increased synthesis of spermine and spermidine, which are known to be associated with malignant haematological diseases and bone marrow aplasia, is discussed.
Large‐scale feasibility of gene transduction into human CD34+ cell‐derived dendritic cells by adenoviral/polycation complex
Authors: Di Nicola Massimo , Carlo‐Stella Carmelo , Milanesi Marco , Magni Michele , Longoni Paolo , Mortarini Roberta , Anichini Andrea , Tomanin Rosella , Scarpa Maurizio , Gianni A. Massimo 
Published: July 2010

With a view to using multiple injections of anti‐cancer dendritic cell (DC)‐based vaccines, we evaluated the feasibility of the adenoviral transduction of large amounts of human CD34+ cell‐derived DCs, and analysed the persistence of the transgene expression and the integrity of DC functional activity after the transduction/cryopreservation procedures. Mature DCs generated from highly enriched human CD34+ cells were transduced by a recombinant adenovirus (rAd‐MFG) that carried a modified, membrane‐exposed, alkaline phosphatase (AP) sequence as the reporter gene. Cationic lipids such as LipofectAmine or poly‐l‐lysine were mixed with the viral particles before the transduction of the target cells. The highest transduction efficiency was obtained at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) rate of 500 (AP + DCs: 50 ± 2%, viability = 95%) under both small‐ and large‐scale conditions. The addition of poly‐l‐lysine or LipofectAmine increased the percentage of transduced cells at an MOI of 500 (CD1a+/AP+ cells = 85 ± 3% and 80 ± 2% respectively). Polycations made it possible to reduce the amounts of viral particles, with high efficiency of transduction being achieved at a MOI of 100 with 10 μg/ml poly‐l‐lysine (CD1a+/AP+: 68 ± 9%) or 30 μg/ml LipofectAmine (CD1a+/AP+: 60 ± 7%). Evaluation of the immunophenotype of the transduced DCs showed that the lack of a DC subpopulation was more susceptible to adenoviral transduction. Cryopreservation of transduced DCs did not modify the viability or percentage of AP+ cells that maintain antigen‐presenting cell (APC) functions. These findings indicate the efficacy of this method for the transduction of large amounts of CD34+ cell‐derived DCs using small quantities of adenoviral vector mixed with polycations. Cryopreservation of transduced DCs did not damage their viability or APC functions, thus making it possible to plan multiple injections of engineered DC‐based vaccines.
High bax expression is a good prognostic indicator in acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Ong Y. L. , McMullin M. F. , Bailie K. E. M. , Lappin T. R. J. , Jones F. G. C. , Irvine A. E. 
Published: July 2010

Most cytotoxic drugs kill cells by instigating the process of apoptosis and it has been suggested that apoptotic markers may provide an indication of tumour chemosensitivity. The aim of this study was to determine if such a relationship exists in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The levels of spontaneous apoptosis, bcl‐2 and bax were evaluated in 56 newly diagnosed AML patients to determine if they correlated with a response to cytotoxic therapy. Spontaneous apoptosis was lower, but bcl‐2, bax and the bcl‐2/bax ratio were higher in AML compared with normal individuals. AML patients with high bax expression at diagnosis had significantly better prognosis for disease‐free survival, event‐free survival and overall survival (P = 0·016). In the standard risk group, high bax expression was in keeping with significantly improved survival. Multivariate analysis revealed bax to be an independent predictor of survival. There was a significant reduction in bcl‐2 and bax expression when AML patients entered complete remission and also in relapsed AML patients who entered a second remission. This study suggests that bax is a useful prognostic indicator in AML and may assist with therapeutic decision‐making for patients in the standard risk category.