bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description and ecological traits of a new species of Pitydiplosis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces leaf galls on Pueraria (Fabaceae) in East Asia, with a possible diversification scenario of intraspecific groups
Authors: YUKAWA Junichi , IKENAGA Hiroshi , SATO Shinsuke , TOKUDA Makoto , GANAHA‐KIKUMURA Tomoko , UECHI Nami , MATSUO Kazunori , MISHIMA Misako , TUNG Gene‐Sheng , PAIK Jong‐Cheol , REN Bao‐Qing , DONG Xiao‐Yu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA gall midge that induces thick lenticular galls on leaflets of Pueraria species (Fabaceae) in Japan, mainland China, Taiwan and South Korea is described as Pitydiplosis puerariae sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Tanaostigmodes puerariae (Hymenoptera: Tanaostigmatidae), described earlier from mainland China as an inducer of the lenticular gall, is regarded to be an inquiline. Pitydiplosis puerariae is distinguishable from the only known congener, the Nearctic Pitydiplosis packardi, by the male genitalia with entire aedeagus and with hypoproct that is as long as cerci and bilobed with a U‐shaped emargination. DNA sequencing data indicate the existence of three genetically different intraspecific groups: (i) “YNT‐montana group” induces galls on Pueraria montana on the Yaeyama Islands, Japan and in northern Taiwan; (ii) “CT‐montana group” on P. montana in central Taiwan; (iii) and “JCK‐lobata group” on Pueraria lobata in mainland China, South Korea and Japan north of Okinoerabu Island. A possible diversification scenario of the three groups is hypothesized based on DNA sequencing data and geohistorical information. A distribution gap of the gall midge on five islands between Tokunoshima and Ishigaki Islands, Japan was confirmed by intensive field surveys. Ecological traits and adult behavior of Pity. puerariae are also described. Its possibility as a potential biological control agent against P. lobata seems counter‐indicated.
Can simplified design methods for domestic rainwater harvesting systems produce realistic water‐saving and financial predictions?
Authors: Roebuck Richard M. , Oltean‐Dumbrava Crina , Tait Simon 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRainwater harvesting systems are a recognised approach for reducing reliance on potable mains supply. Many domestic systems are designed and assessed using simplified approaches that can be applied with little prior information. Oversimplification of the physical processes involved and ad hoc consideration of associated costs means that the results produced by these simplified methods are of questionable accuracy. This paper looks at three popular simplified approaches and compares the predicted water‐saving and financial performance with that of a more detailed simulation model, which includes explicit consideration of the physical processes and associated system costs. The simplified approaches predict significantly higher water and financial savings compared with the detailed model. Consequently it is recommended that simplified approaches should not be relied upon and greater preference should be given to the use of more detailed simulations that explicitly consider the important physical processes and include a thorough assessment of costs.
Recruitment of Members from the Rare Biosphere of Marine Bacterioplankton Communities after an Environmental Disturbance
Authors: Sjöstedt Johanna , Koch-Schmidt Per , Pontarp Mikael , Canbäck Björn , Tunlid Anders , Lundberg Per , Hagström Åke , Riemann Lasse 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

A bacterial community may be resistant to environmental disturbances if some of its species show metabolic flexibility and physiological tolerance to the changing conditions. Alternatively, disturbances can change the composition of the community and thereby potentially affect ecosystem processes. The impact of disturbance on the composition of bacterioplankton communities was examined in continuous seawater cultures. Bacterial assemblages from geographically closely connected areas, the Baltic Sea (salinity 7 and high dissolved organic carbon [DOC]) and Skagerrak (salinity 28 and low DOC), were exposed to gradual opposing changes in salinity and DOC over a 3-week period such that the Baltic community was exposed to Skagerrak salinity and DOC and vice versa. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone libraries of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes showed that the composition of the transplanted communities differed significantly from those held at constant salinity. Despite this, the growth yields (number of cells ml
−1
) were similar, which suggests similar levels of substrate utilization. Deep 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes showed that the composition of the disturbed communities had changed due to the recruitment of phylotypes present in the rare biosphere of the original community. The study shows that members of the rare biosphere can become abundant in a bacterioplankton community after disturbance and that those bacteria can have important roles in maintaining ecosystem processes.
Differentiation of Xylella fastidiosa Strains via Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Environmentally Mediated Genes (MLSA-E)
Authors: Parker Jennifer K. , Havird Justin C. , De La Fuente Leonardo 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTIsolates of the plant pathogenXylella fastidiosaare genetically very similar, but studies on their biological traits have indicated differences in virulence and infection symptomatology. Taxonomic analyses have identified several subspecies, and phylogenetic analyses of housekeeping genes have shown broad host-based genetic differences; however, results are still inconclusive for genetic differentiation of isolates within subspecies. This study employs multilocus sequence analysis of environmentally mediated genes (MLSA-E; genes influenced by environmental factors) to investigateX. fastidiosarelationships and differentiate isolates with low genetic variability. Potential environmentally mediated genes, including host colonization and survival genes related to infection establishment, were identifieda priori. The ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions to the rate of synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) was calculated to select genes that may be under increased positive selection compared to previously studied housekeeping genes. Nine genes were sequenced from 54X. fastidiosaisolates infecting different host plants across the United States. Results of maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic (BP) analyses are in agreement with knownX. fastidiosasubspecies clades but show novel within-subspecies differentiation, including geographic differentiation, and provide additional information regarding host-based isolate variation and specificity.dN/dSratios of environmentally mediated genes, though <1 due to high sequence similarity, are significantly greater than housekeeping genedN/dSratios and correlate with increased sequence variability. MLSA-E can more precisely resolve relationships between closely related bacterial strains with low genetic variability, such asX. fastidiosaisolates. Discovering the genetic relationships betweenX. fastidiosaisolates will provide new insights into the epidemiology of populations ofX. fastidiosa, allowing improved disease management in economically important crops.
Engineering Escherichia coli Cells for Cellobiose Assimilation through a Phosphorolytic Mechanism
Authors: Sekar Ramanan , Shin Hyun-Dong , Chen Rachel 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

We report here the first engineering effort for
Escherichia coli
biocatalysts to assimilate cellobiose through a phosphorolytic mechanism. Cytoplasmic expression of the
Saccharophagus
cellobiose phosphorylase was shown to enable
E. coli
to use cellobiose. Subsequent knockout and complementation studies provided solid evidence that the endogenous LacY was responsible for the transport of cellobiose.
Rhb1 Regulates the Expression of Secreted Aspartic Protease 2 through the TOR Signaling Pathway in Candida albicans
Authors: Chen Yu-Ting , Lin Chia-Ying , Tsai Pei-Wen , Yang Cheng-Yao , Hsieh Wen-Ping , Lan Chung-Yu 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

Candida albicans
is a major fungal pathogen in humans. In
C. albicans
, secreted aspartyl protease 2 (Sap2) is the most highly expressed secreted aspartic protease
in vitro
and is a virulence factor. Recent research links the small GTPase Rhb1 to
C. albicans
target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling in response to nitrogen availability. The results of this study show that Rhb1 is related to cell growth through the control of
SAP2
expression when protein is the major nitrogen source. This process involves various components of the TOR signaling pathway, including Tor1 kinase and its downstream effectors. TOR signaling not only controls
SAP2
transcription but also affects Sap2 protein levels, possibly through general amino acid control. DNA microarray analysis identifies other target genes downstream of Rhb1 in addition to
SAP2
. These findings provide new insight into nutrients, Rhb1-TOR signaling, and expression of
C. albicans
virulence factor.
Pseudomonas syringae Coordinates Production of a Motility-Enabling Surfactant with Flagellar Assembly
Authors: Burch Adrien Y. , Shimada Briana K. , Mullin Sean W. A. , Dunlap Christopher A. , Bowman Michael J. , Lindow Steven E. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

Using a sensitive assay, we observed low levels of an unknown surfactant produced by
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. syringae B728a that was not detected by traditional methods yet enabled swarming motility in a strain that exhibited deficient production of syringafactin, the main characterized surfactant produced by
P. syringae
. Random mutagenesis of the syringafactin-deficient strain revealed an acyltransferase with homology to
rhlA
from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
that was required for production of this unidentified surfactant, subsequently characterized by mass spectrometry as 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy) alkanoic acid (HAA). Analysis of other mutants with altered surfactant production revealed that HAA is coordinately regulated with the late-stage flagellar gene encoding flagellin; mutations in genes involved in early flagellar assembly abolish or reduce HAA production, while mutations in flagellin or flagellin glycosylation genes increase its production. When colonizing a hydrated porous surface, the bacterium increases production of both flagellin and HAA.
P. syringae
was defective in porous-paper colonization without functional flagella and was slightly inhibited in this movement when it lacked surfactant production. Loss of HAA production in a syringafactin-deficient strain had no effect on swimming but abolished swarming motility. In contrast, a strain that lacked HAA but retained syringafactin production exhibited broad swarming tendrils, while a syringafactin-producing strain that overproduced HAA exhibited slender swarming tendrils. On the basis of further analysis of mutants altered in HAA production, we discuss its regulation in
Pseudomonas syringae
.
Determining levels of physical activity in attending physicians, resident and fellow physicians and medical students in the USA
Authors: Stanford Fatima Cody , Durkin Martin W , Blair Steven N , Powell Caroline Keller , Poston Mary Beth , Stallworth James Rast 
Published: December 2011

ObjectiveEvidence suggests that the level of physical activity of physicians can be correlated directly with physician counselling patterns about this behaviour. Our objective was to determine if medical students, resident and fellow physicians and attending physicians meet the physical activity guidelines set forth by the US Department of Health and Human Services.MethodsA representative cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted in June 2009–January 2010 throughout the USA (N=1949). Using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the authors gathered demographical data and information related to physical activity, the level of training, the number of work hours per week, body mass index (BMI), confidence about counselling about physical activity and frequency with which the physical activity is encouraged to his/her patients.ResultsBased on the 1949 respondents, attending physicians (84.8%) and medical students (84%) were more likely than resident (73.2%) and fellow physicians (67.9%) to meet physical activity guidelines.ConclusionPhysicians and medical students engage in more physical activity and tend to have a lower BMI than the general population. Resident and fellow physicians engage in less physical activity than attending physicians and medical students.
Hip arthroscopy for intra-articular pathology: a systematic review of outcomes with and without femoral osteoplasty
Authors: Kemp Joanne L , Collins Natalie J , Makdissi Michael , Schache Anthony G , Machotka Zuzana , Crossley Kay 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundArthroscopy is increasingly used to improve pain and function in athletes with hip joint pathology. Surgical techniques have evolved to utilise arthroscopic femoral osteoplasty to address potential morphological contributors to pathology.PurposeInvestigate pain and function outcomes following hip arthroscopy with and without femoral osteoplasty in individuals with intra-articular hip pathology.Study designSystematic review.MethodsA comprehensive search strategy identified studies that evaluated the outcome over at least 3 months following arthroscopy for intra-articular hip pathology, using patient-reported outcomes of pain and/or function. Methodological quality was evaluated (Downs and Black scale), and effect sizes calculated when sufficient data were available.ResultsTwenty-nine studies of moderate methodological quality were included. Of 16 studies investigating arthroscopy alone, two studies showed large effects (3.12–5.46) at 1–2 years. Pain reduction and functional improvement (median 47%) were consistently reported by the remaining 14 studies up to 10 years postsurgery. Of 15 studies investigating arthroscopy with osteoplasty, nine papers showed mostly large effects (0.78–2.93) over 6–28 months. Adverse events were minimal (7% of participants, 12 studies, predominantly transient neuropraxia (83%)).ConclusionCurrent evidence indicates that hip arthroscopy can significantly reduce pain and improve function in patients with intra-articular hip pathology. While benefits of arthroscopy alone can persist up to 10 years postsurgery, effects of osteoplasty beyond 3 years need to be established. Future studies should investigate rehabilitation in this population, and the impact of surgery on development of osteoarthritis.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Increases Levels of Choline Kinase α and Phosphocholine Facilitating Noninvasive Imaging in Human Cancers
Authors: Beloueche-Babari Mounia , Arunan Vaitha , Troy Helen , te Poele Robert H. , Te Fong Anne-Christine Wong , Jackson L. Elizabeth , Payne Geoffrey S. , Griffiths John R. , Judson Ian R. , Workman Paul , Leach Martin O. , Chung Yuen-Li 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are currently approved for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and are in mid-late stage trials for other cancers. The HDAC inhibitors LAQ824 and SAHA increase phosphocholine (PC) levels in human colon cancer cells and tumor xenografts as observed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In this study, we show that belinostat, an HDAC inhibitor with an alternative chemical scaffold, also caused a rise in cellular PC content that was detectable by 1H and 31P MRS in prostate and colon carcinoma cells. In addition, 1H MRS showed an increase in branched chain amino acid and alanine concentrations. 13C-choline labeling indicated that the rise in PC resulted from increased de novo synthesis and correlated with an induction of choline kinase α expression. Furthermore, metabolic labeling experiments with 13C-glucose showed that differential glucose routing favored alanine formation at the expense of lactate production. Additional analysis revealed increases in the choline/water and phosphomonoester (including PC)/total phosphate ratios in vivo. Together, our findings provide mechanistic insights into the impact of HDAC inhibition on cancer cell metabolism and highlight PC as a candidate noninvasive imaging biomarker for monitoring the action of HDAC inhibitors. Cancer Res; 72(4); 990–1000. ©2011 AACR.
Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Aortic Stiffening With Age
Authors: Zhou Rui-Hai , Vendrov Aleksandr E. , Tchivilev Igor , Niu Xi-Lin , Molnar Kimberly C. , Rojas Mauricio , Carter Jacqueline D. , Tong Haiyan , Stouffer George A. , Madamanchi Nageswara R. , Runge Marschall S. 
Published: December 2011

Objective—
Age-related aortic stiffness is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Although oxidative stress is implicated in aortic stiffness, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unelucidated. Here, we examined the source of oxidative stress in aging and its effect on smooth muscle cell (SMC) function and aortic compliance using mutant mouse models.

Methods and Results—

Pulse wave velocity, determined using Doppler, increased with age in superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2)
+/−
but not in wild-type, p47phox
−/−
and SOD1
+/−
mice. Echocardiography showed impaired cardiac function in these mice. Increased collagen I expression, impaired elastic lamellae integrity, and increased medial SMC apoptosis were observed in the aortic wall of aged SOD2
+/−
versus wild-type (16-month-old) mice. Aortic SMCs from aged SOD2
+/−
mice showed increased collagen I and decreased elastin expression, increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and activity, and increased sensitivity to staurosporine-induced apoptosis versus aged wild-type and young (4-month-old) SOD2
+/−
mice. Smooth muscle α-actin levels were increased with age in SOD2
+/−
versus wild-type SMCs. Aged SOD2
+/−
SMCs had attenuated insulin-like growth factor-1-induced Akt and Forkhead box O3a phosphorylation and prolonged tumor necrosis factor-α–induced Jun N-terminal kinase 1 activation. Aged SOD2
+/−
SMCs had increased mitochondrial superoxide but decreased hydrogen peroxide levels. Finally, dominant-negative Forkhead box O3a overexpression attenuated staurosporine-induced apoptosis in aged SOD2
+/−
SMCs.

Conclusion—
Mitochondrial oxidative stress over a lifetime causes aortic stiffening, in part by inducing vascular wall remodeling, intrinsic changes in SMC stiffness, and aortic SMC apoptosis.
Spontaneous Ventricular Fibrillation in Right Ventricular Failure Secondary to Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Umar Soban , Lee Jong-Hwan , de Lange Enno , Iorga Andrea , Partow-Navid Rod , Bapat Aneesh , van der Laarse Arnoud , Saggar Rajeev , Saggar Rajan , Ypey Dirk L. , Karagueuzian Hrayr S. , Eghbali Mansoureh 
Published: December 2011

Background—
Right ventricular failure (RVF) in pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with increased incidence of sudden death by a poorly explored mechanism. We test the hypothesis that PH promotes spontaneous ventricular fibrillation (VF) during a critical post-PH onset period characterized by a sudden increase in mortality.

Methods and Results—

Rats received either a single subcutaneous dose of monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg) to induce PH-associated RVF (PH, n=24) or saline (control, n=17). Activation pattern of the RV-epicardial surface was mapped using voltage-sensitive dye in isolated Langendorff-perfused hearts along with single glass-microelectrode and ECG-recordings. MCT-injected rats developed severe PH by day 21 and progressed to RVF by approximately day 30. Rats manifested increased mortality, and ≈30% rats died suddenly and precipitously during 23–32 days after MCT. This fatal period was associated with the initiation of spontaneous VF by a focal mechanism in the RV, which was subsequently maintained by both focal and incomplete reentrant wave fronts. Microelectrode recordings from the RV-epicardium at the onset of focal activity showed early afterdepolarization–mediated triggered activity that led to VF. The onset of the RV cellular triggered beats preceded left ventricular depolarizations by 23±8 ms. The RV but not the left ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated during this fatal period manifested significant action potential duration prolongation, dispersion, and an increased susceptibility to depolarization-induced repetitive activity. No spontaneous VF was observed in any of the control hearts. RVF was associated with significantly reduced RV ejection fraction (
P
<0.001), RV hypertrophy (
P
<0.001), and RV fibrosis (
P
<0.01). The hemodynamic function of the LV and its structure were preserved.

Conclusions—
PH-induced RVF is associated with a distinct phase of increased mortality characterized by spontaneous VF arising from the RV by an early afterdepolarization–mediated triggered activity.
Deliberating about terrorism: Prejudice and jury verdicts in a mock terrorism trial
Authors: Tait David 
Published: December 2011

Juries in many Western countries are being asked to make decisions about defendants charged with terrorist-related offences, in situations where heightened anxieties and hostility to outgroups may make a fair trial difficult. What impact can deliberation have in addressing any such prejudice? This study estimates the impact of several forms of prejudice on juror verdicts in a mock terrorism trial. The study provides a more realistic setting than most previous studies, with an authentic heritage courtroom, actual jury assembly room and jury deliberation rooms in the NSW Supreme Court, a one-hour live trial and one-hour deliberation. Strong relationships are found between conviction rates and prior attitudes before jury discussion, consistent with other literature. Deliberation significantly reduces the proportion of guilty verdicts; it also reduces the impact on verdict of two forms of prejudice – fear of terrorism and punitiveness. On the other hand it tends to increase the impact of cognitive prejudice, measured both by a modified version of the Jury Bias Scale and a terrorism-specific scale based on attitudes to Australian Guantanamo Bay detainee David Hicks.