bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical and behavioral effects of carbofuran in goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Authors: Bretaud Sandrine , Saglio Philippe , Saligaut Christian , Auperin Benoit 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The effects of concentration (5,50, and 500 μg/L) and duration (24, 48 h) of exposure to carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide, were assessed on brain catecholamine (norepinephrine [NE] and dopamine), plasma glucose, and hepatic glycogen contents and behavioral activities of goldfish (Carassius auratus). After 24 h of exposure to 50 and 500 μg/L, the level of NE was increased in the olfactory bulbs. The same effect was observed after a 48-h exposure to 500 and 50 μg/L in the telencephalic hemispheres and in the hypothalamus, respectively. An increase in the level of dopamine was also found in hypothalamus after 48 h of exposure to 500 μg/L carbofuran. Plasma glucose increased in concentration after both periods of exposure to carbofuran at 50 and 500 μg/L. Hepatic glycogen concentration decreased after a 48-h exposure to the highest concentration. Behavioral endpoints related to swimming pattern and social interactions were affected after a 24-h exposure to the lowest concentration tested (5 μg/L). The relative sensitivities of these different types of responses to exposure to carbofuran are discussed in light of data on the neurotoxic effects of carbamate and organophosphate insecticides in fish.
Chemical toxicity indicators for human health: Case study for classification of chronic noncancer chemical hazards in life-cycle assessment
Authors: Owens J. William 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The classification scheme for human health indicators in life-cycle assessment (LCA) and other toxicity scores is proposed based on identifiable target organ or system toxicity. This scheme represents a compromise between a subjective single overall score and highly detailed toxic mechanisms of action. A case study was used to evaluate the proposed classification scheme. The data on 117 high production volume organic chemicals were extracted from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) integrated risk information system (IRIS) database. Based on the critical effect listed in the database, almost all chemicals were easily and clearly classified into the proposed categories. However, there were significant variations in test species, protocol, duration, toxicological parameter measured, etc., among different toxicity studies. Importantly, the toxicological critical effects observed, even for the same target organ or system, differed from chemical to chemical and were not equivalent. Using hepatotoxicity as an example, critical effects included changes in organ weight, a variety of different histopathological changes, and changes in circulating hepatic enzyme levels. Therefore, no universal, common basis was identified for biological equivalency in order to compare or to aggregate chemicals into an overall toxicity score. A recent proposal to develop a characterization system based on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) was also evaluated. No means were found to extrapolate animal critical effects data to predict any diminution in human lifetimes or the appearance and intensity of human disability. Still, LCA presents an ideal starting point for toxicological analysis by conducting a system-wide analysis that inventories and maps the sources of potentially important human pollutants. The LCA results could then facilitate initial toxicological and risk evaluations for those sources and chemicals and set the stage for a more detailed and informed analysis by professional toxicologists.
Isotopic and geochemical tracers reveal similarities in transit times in contrasting mesoscale catchments
Authors: Speed M. , Tetzlaff D. , Soulsby C. , Hrachowitz M. , Waldron S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere is a need for more isotopic tracer studies at the mesoscale to extend our understanding of catchment transit times and their associated controls beyond smaller experimental sites (typically < 10 km2). This paper, therefore, examines the isotope hydrology of six mesoscale (101–102km2) sub‐catchments of the 2000 km2basin of the River Dee in northern Scotland. All the catchments were upland in character (mean altitude > 400 m) with similar suites of soil coverage (predominantly regosols, gleys, peats and podzols), although the relative distribution varied, as did the presence of other landscape features such as aquifers in Quaternary drifts and lakes. Input–output relationships of δ18O in precipitation and runoff revealed contrasting responses and differential damping which were broadly consistent with catchment characteristics. The mean transit times (MTTs) were estimated using a convolution integral with a Gamma distribution as the transfer function. These varied from 528 days in the most responsive catchments to > 800 days in catchments where the tracer signature was most damped. Shorter MTTs were found in sub‐catchments with a higher percentage cover of responsive soils (i.e. regosols, gleys and peats), whilst sub‐catchments with longest MTTs had a higher coverage of free‐draining podzolic and alluvial soils, as well as significant amount of stored water either in fluvio‐glacial aquifers or large lakes. The MTT of all six catchments had the same order of magnitude; this contrasts with studies in the Scottish Highlands with smaller (<10 km2) catchments where MTT has been shown to vary between 60 and 1200 days. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the impact of rural land management changes on catchment runoff generation in England and Wales
Authors: Hess T. M. , Holman I. P. , Rose S. C. , Rosolova Z. , Parrott A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAlthough reviews of the scientific literature have failed to demonstrate conclusive evidence for the impact of rural land management on peak runoff rates, increasing emphasis is being placed by policy makers on its role in catchment‐scale flood risk management. Poor soil and field conditions can lead to higher rates of runoff from extreme rainfall events; however, the improvement of land condition will lead to differing runoff responses depending on land use, soil type and climatic regime. This study has evaluated the relative impact of improvement of field and soil conditions on peak daily runoff rates for a range of soils and vegetation cover types across England and Wales. It has shown that rural land management changes could be expected to make a positive contribution to sustainable flood risk management, especially for more frequent events. The greatest relative reduction in runoff can be achieved through the improvement of degraded permeable soils under managed grassland in drier regions. Taking a plausible scenario of land management improvement in arable and grassland systems, the relative reduction in peak runoff was estimated for 518 policy units as defined in the Environment Agency's Catchment Flood Management Plans. For the 1 in 100 year event, there were only a few policy units where the expected reduction in runoff exceeded 5%. Rural land management practices which are likely to be beneficial to flood risk management may afford some protection to areas where structural measures may not be implemented for cost–benefit reasons, and may help to offset some of the anticipated increases in flood risk associated with climate change. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Runoff–infiltration partitioning using an upscaled Green–Ampt solution
Authors: Craig J. R. , Liu G. , Soulis E. D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA new set of formulae for calculating regionally averaged infiltration rates into heterogeneous soils is presented. The solutions are based upon an upscaled approximation of the explicit Green‐Ampt (GA) infiltration solution, and require specification of the spatial distribution of saturated hydraulic conductivity and/or initial soil water deficit in the sub‐basin. The resultant areal averaged infiltration formulae, which ignore the impacts of run on or spatial correlation, are easily integrated into existing distributed surface water schemes, and can also be used to calculate saturated soil surface area. The impacts of preferential flow may be investigated through the use of a bimodal conductivity distribution. The solutions are tested against Monte Carlo simulations and assessed for accuracy. Interesting results are obtained regarding the impacts of upscaling on GA infiltration, most notably that the cumulative infiltration is most impacted by low‐conductivity soils and that calibration of the standard (point‐scale) GA equation to basin‐scale hydrographs will lead to an underestimation of average system hydraulic conductivity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of SWAT2000 modelling to assess the impact of dams and sluices on streamflow in the Huai River basin of China
Authors: Wang Gangsheng , Xia Jun 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHydrological simulation and assessment in a dam–sluice regulated river basin are a complex and challenging issue. In this article, an improved SWAT2000 modelling system was developed that incorporated the Shuffled complex evolution (SCE‐UA) optimization algorithm and the multi‐site and multi‐objective calibration strategy. The implication of multi‐objective is different for different types of outlets, i.e. streamflow for an ordinary outlet, inflow for a sluice, and water storage for a reservoir. Model parameters were redefined to improve model simulations. The surface runoff lag time (SURLAG) was extended as a spatially distributed parameter, and a correction coefficient was introduced to modify the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The modelling system was then applied to the Huai River basin of China under various climatic conditions, including a very dry year (1999), a dry year (1981), an average year (1971), and wet year (1991). In all, 26 dams and 35 sluices were considered, among which about 20 dams/sluices were used for model calibration. The impact assessment primarily focused on the very dry year (1999). The results indicated that the released water from large reservoirs was blocked in the river channels by sluices located downstream. In the very dry year, the dam–sluice operations could result in an increase of the runoff volume during the non‐flood season and a decrease in runoff during the flood season, but the changing magnitude during the non‐flood season was much greater. An important conclusion of this case study is that the sluices in the Sha‐Yin branch located in the north region and the dams in the southern mountainous region above the Wangjiaba Hydrological Station have played the most significant role in regulating the streamflow of the entire river basin. The methods addressed in this article can simulate hydrological regime in the river basins regulated by dams and sluices under different climatic conditions at the whole‐watershed scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic inflammatory responses to microgel‐based implant coatings
Authors: Bridges Amanda W. , Whitmire Rachel E. , Singh Neetu , Templeman Kellie L. , Babensee Julia E. , Lyon L. Andrew , García Andrés J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractInflammatory responses to implanted biomedical devices elicit a foreign body fibrotic reaction that limits device integration and performance in various biomedical applications. We examined chronic inflammatory responses to microgel conformal coatings consisting of thin films of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel microparticles cross‐linked with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate deposited on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Unmodified and microgel‐coated PET disks were implanted subcutaneously in rats for 4 weeks and explants were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Microgel coatings reduced chronic inflammation and resulted in a more mature/organized fibrous capsule. Microgel‐coated samples exhibited 22% thinner fibrous capsules that contained 40% fewer cells compared to unmodified PET disks. Furthermore, microgel‐coated samples contained significantly higher levels of macrophages (80%) than unmodified PET controls. These results demonstrate that microgel coatings reduce chronic inflammation to implanted biomaterials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Histological analysis of the alterations on cortical bone channels network after radiotherapy: A rabbit study
Authors: Rabelo Gustavo Davi , Beletti Marcelo Emílio , Dechichi Paula 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of radiotherapy in cortical bone channels network. Fourteen rabbits were divided in two groups and test group received single dose of 15 Gy cobalt‐60 radiation in tibia, bilaterally. The animals were sacrificed and a segment of tibia was removed and histologically processed. Histological images were taken and had their bone channels segmented and called regions of interest (ROI). Images were analyzed through developed algorithms using the SCILAB mathematical environment, getting percentage of bone matrix, ROI areas, ROI perimeters, their standard deviations and Lacunarity. The osteocytes and empty lacunae were also counted. Data were evaluated using Kolmogorov‐Smirnov, Mann Whitney, and Student's t test (P < 0.05). Significant differences in bone matrix percentage, area and perimeters of the channels, their respective standard deviations and lacunarity were found between groups. In conclusion, the radiotherapy causes reduction of bone matrix and modifies the morphology of bone channels network. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:1015–1018, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of [15N]t‐butylamine hydrochloride
Authors: Zhang Yingdan , Lin Chaojie , Li Zhan , Qin Liqiong , Wen Hongliang 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis report presents an efficient synthesis of [15N]t‐butylamine hydrochloride. Acylation of [15N]ammonia with pivaloyl chloride provided [15N]pivalamide, this was converted to benzyl [15N]N‐t‐butylcarbamate through a Hofmann rearrangement. Hydrogenolysis of benzyl [15N]N‐t‐buylcarbamate and acidification afforded [15N]t‐butylamine hydrochloride in an overall yield of 79.2% in four steps. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatitis C virus infection in a Japanese leprosy sanatorium for the past 67 years
Authors: Shiogama Kazuya , Teramoto Hidemi , Morita Yukiko , Mizutani Yasuyoshi , Shimomura Ryoichi , Inada Ken‐ichi , Kamahora Toshio , Makino Masanao , Tsutsumi Yutaka 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOku‐Komyo‐En is one of the national leprosy sanatoria, located on a small island in Setouchi city, Okayama prefecture of Japan since 1938. Since autopsies were carried out routinely on almost all patients who had died in the sanatorium up to 1980, approximately 1,000 formalin‐fixed autopsy tissue samples were available for analysis. When these samples were reviewed, the pathological data indicated a sharp rise in the death rate caused by cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) since 1960 and 1970, respectively. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common cause of HCC in Japan. The presence of HCV RNA was demonstrated in paraffin sections prepared from the autopsied liver tissue fixed in formalin for a prolonged period of time, by employing nested RT‐PCR using type‐specific primers. The data showed that HCV RNA was detectable in samples of the liver archived as early as 1940, representing the liver tissues kept in formalin for up to 67 years. HCV genotypes 1b and 2a were found by RT‐PCR at 85.7% and 14.3%, respectively, in patients with leprosy. J. Med. Virol. 82:556–561, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of a dengue virus‐specific HLA‐A*0201‐restricted CD8+ T cell epitope
Authors: Wen Jinsheng , Duan Zhiliang , Jiang Lifang 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this study, a combination of epitope‐prediction programs and in vitro assays was used to identify dengue virus (DENV)‐specific CD8+ T cell epitopes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from patients who recovered from dengue fever were stimulated with candidate epitope peptides derived from DENV, which were predicted by using SYFPEITHI and RANKpep epitope‐prediction programs. The IFN‐γ ELISpot results and the results of intracellular staining of IFN‐γ showed that peptides NS4b_40 (TLYAVATTI), E_256 (QEGAMHTAL), NS3_205 (LPAIVREAI), NS5_210 (SRNSTHEMY), and NS3_207 (AIVREAIKR) could induce the recall response of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the results of the MHC–peptide complex stabilization assay revealed that peptide NS4b_40 (TLYAVATTI) has a high affinity for HLA‐A*0201 molecules. The IFN‐γ ELISpot results and staining of intracellular IFN‐γ confirmed that this peptide could induce high‐level CD8+ T cell response in HLA‐A*0201 positive PBMCs. Peptide NS4b_40 (TLYAVATTI) was identified as a novel DENV‐specific HLA‐A*0201‐restricted CD8+ T cell epitope. J. Med. Virol. 82:642–648, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monolithic chiral stationary phases for liquid‐phase enantioseparation techniques
Authors: Chankvetadze Bezhan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis short overview summarizes the development in the field of enantioselective monolithic chromatographic media and their application for pressure‐driven and electrokinetic separations. The major emphasis is put on the currently existing problems and the author's vision for their solution is provided. Due to the author's personal experience silica‐based monoliths are discussed in more detail although the key developments in the field of organic monolithic materials for separation of enantiomers are also discussed.
Enhancement of skin optical clearing efficacy using photo‐irradiation
Authors: Liu Caihua , Zhi Zhongwei , Tuchin Valery V. , Luo Qingming , Zhu Dan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTissue optical clearing technique based on immersion of tissues into optical clearing agents (OCAs) can reduce the scattering and enhance the penetration of light in tissue. However, the barrier function of epidermis limits the penetration of OCAs, and hence is responsible for the poor optical clearing efficacy of skin by topical action. In this study, a variety of light irradiation was applied to increase permeability of agents in skin and improve the optical clearing efficacy.Study Design/Materials and MethodsDifferent light sources with different dose, i.e, CO2 laser, Nd:YAG laser (532 and 1,064 nm) with different pulse modes and Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) (400–700 and 560–950 nm) were used to irradiate rat skin in vivo, and then glycerol was applied onto the irradiated zone. VIS–NIR spectrometer was utilized to monitor the changes of reflectance. In vitro skin samples were also irradiated by Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm) and then treated by glycerol for 10–60 minutes. Based on the measurement of the reflectance and transmittance of the samples, the optical properties of skin and penetration depth of light were calculated.ResultsResults show that photo‐irradiation with appropriate dose combining with the following glycerol treatment is able to reduce in vivo skin reflectance. Compared with the control group, the maximal changes in reflectance are ninefold at 575 nm and eightfold at 615 nm, respectively, which were caused by Q‐switched 1,064‐nm Nd:YAG laser irradiation and following glycerol treatment. The results for in vitro skin demonstrate that the joint action can significantly increase the optical penetration depth in samples.ConclusionsThe combination of Q‐switched Nd:YAG (1,064 nm) laser and glycerol could enhance optical skin clearing efficacy significantly. This study provides a non‐invasive way to improve the optical clearing of skin, which will benefit the skin optical therapy. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:132–140, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Upper Rim Functionalized Calixarene‐Based Poly(norbornenes)
Authors: Abd‐El‐Aziz Alaa S. , Shipman Patrick O. , Pilfold Jessica L. , Shipley Paul R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA modified synthesis of 25‐allyl‐26,27,28‐trihydroxycalix[4]arene is reported. This calix[4]arene was utilized to prepare calix[4]arenes containing norbornene and calix[4]arene containing azo dyes and norbornene on their upper rims. The calixarene monomers were reacted with Grubbs' second generation catalyst to give poly(norbornenes) containing calixarenes. The poly(norbornenes) were determined to possess molecular weights between 45 100 and 116 200 with PDIs between 1.4 and 1.9. Thermal analysis showed that the azo dye containing polymers were less thermally stable than the non‐azo dye containing polymers with decompositions beginning at 140 °C and 395 °C, respectively. The azo dye containing polymers displayed λmax at 430 nm in THF solutions that underwent a bathochromic shift to 520 nm when acidified with HCl(g), due to the formation of the azonium ion.magnified image
Termination Rate Coefficients for Radical Homopolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Styrene at Low Conversion
Authors: Taylor David R. , van Berkel Kim Y. , Alghamdi Majed M. , Russell Gregory T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA comprehensive and systematic study of overall termination rate coefficients, kt, in low‐conversion radical (homo)polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene is presented. Values of kt were determined by gravimetric analysis of steady‐state experiments, employing 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile as initiator. The values delivered by this simple method were found to be in qualitative and quantitative agreement with those from more modern and sophisticated techniques for measuring kt. Accordingly, correlations for bulk, low‐conversion kt as a function of temperature are given for each monomer. The effects of initiator concentration, cI, and temperature on bulk kt were studied in a controlled way for both monomers. Additionally, ethyl benzene was used as solvent in order to investigate rigorously the effect of monomer concentration, cM, on styrene kt. The trends found by these systematic studies were considered in the light of what is known about the chain‐length dependence of termination. Styrene's behavior was always found to be qualitatively in accord with expectation, although the variations of kt with cI and cM were not as strong as should be the case. However its activation energy, 15 kJ · mol−1, is shown to be almost perfectly in agreement with theory. Methyl methacrylate, on the other hand, is recalcitrant in that its overall kt does not make manifest the chain‐length dependent termination that has been directly measured by other techniques. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed, as are reasons for the difference in values between kt for the two monomers. On the latter topic it is concluded likely that the chain‐length dependence of termination at short chain lengths is primarily responsible for styrene having kt that is higher by a factor of about 3, with there also being a contribution that arises from styrene's slower propagation.magnified image