bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicity and protectant potential of the essential oil of Tetradenia riparia (Lamiales, Lamiaceae) against Zabrotes subfasciatus (Col., Bruchidae) infesting dried pinto beans (Fabales, Leguminosae)
Authors: Weaver D. K. , Dunkel F. V. , VAN Puyvelde L. , Richards D. C. , Fitzgerald G. W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe essential oil of Tetradenia riparia had limited acute toxicity to adult Zabrotes subfasciatus, with females, which are larger, being less susceptible than males. However, freshly‐applied essential oil at a predicted concentration of 250 μg/cm2 of pinto bean surface completely suppressed the production of F1 adult progeny, with an EC50 of 72 μg/cm2. Eggs were sensitive to this preparation with an EC50 of 50 μg/cm2 of bean surface for F1 adult progeny per parental female. This concentration‐dependant effect upon the eggs was greatly enhanced by physical damage to the eggs during the treatment process, resulting in a population size 21 % of that achieved in controls. Larvae within the beans were well protected from the oil treatment with an EC50 of approximately 3980 μg/cm2 for F1 adult progeny per parental female. However, the EC50 for numbers of subsequent adult F2 progeny for these emergent F1 adults was 121 μg/cm2 of pinto bean surface. This value was similar to that for the freshly‐applied oil against adults, but the data followed a distinctly different distribution that was characterized by limited adult emergence during days 55–85. Emergence occurred even at extremely high concentrations, whereas no adults could emerge (because either no eggs were laid or none survived) for these concentrations when the treatment was directed at either the parental adults or eggs. The activity of the oil increased at 210 days post‐application with an EC50 of 23 μg/cm2 of pinto bean surface for hatched eggs per parental female at 25 days post‐inoculation. The essential oil is quite repellant to ovipositing females after this period of incubation with an EC50 of only 10 μg/cm2 of pinto bean surface. Volatiles emitted after this duration of incubation had a weak but significant effect on fecundity of females selecting untreated beans in a choice test. The essential oil had no effect on bean germination at 180 days. The logistic dose‐response transition equation, y = a + {b/[1 +(x/c)d]}, may better fit resulting population size estimates for experiments involving a ‘dose‐response’ than probit analysis, because midpoints can be determined for transitions in which partial suppression data are limited. We conclude that the essential oil of T. riparia may make an effective seed treatment against Z. subfasciatus at 1.7 1/to; but to be used as a treatment for beans for consumption, additional research must evaluate mammalian toxicity and palatability of these treated beans.
Leaf feeding by caterpillars on white cabbage cultivars with different 2‐propenyl glucosinolate (sinigrin) content
Authors: Olsson K. , Jonasson T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCaterpillar feeding was studied in six commercially available white cabbage cultivars differing in 2‐propenyl glucosinolate (sinigrin) content. Four field experiments were performed during 2 years. In the first year an almost pure Plutella xylostella attack occurred, while in the second year there was a mixed attack by Plutella and Pieris spp. In all experiments, significant differences in larval attack between the cultivars were obtained. A significant negative correlation between larval feeding and sinigrin level was found. This raises the question whether breeding for low‐sinigrin cabbage increases insect attacks.
The use of Encarsia formosa in integrated programs to control the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw. (Hom., Aleyrodidae) on greenhouse cucumber
Authors: Boukadida R. , Michelakis S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFour different methods for the control of the glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum were tested on cucumber: traps and Quinomethionate (Morestan), Encarsia formosa Gahan and Quinomethionate spray, traps followed by parasite release and Applaud combined with Actellic.All treatments were effective in controlling whitefly populations. The fastest acting treatments were those with traps, the second those with Applaud and Actellic, in which a rapid reduction of the whitefly population occurred immediately after spraying.Releases of E. formosa after monitoring whitefly populations with traps seemed to be very effective; the whitefly populations fluctuated around low levels without the necessity for other means of control.Quinomethionate gave satisfactory results when combined with traps or Encarsia; it did not harm the parasite. Plots treated with this chemical were clean, the plants were healthy and free of red spider mite and oidium disease, which were found in other treatments and in the controls.
The abundance of the American palm cixiid in relation to grass height and location of nymphs in relation to soil surface
Authors: Howard F. W. , Villanueva B J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe American palm cixiid, Myndus crudus Van Duzee (Hom., Cixiidae) is considered to be a vector of lethal yellowing of palms. A preferred breeding host of this insect is St. Augustine grass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze. Studies were conducted in Florida to determine whether there was a relationship between height of St. Augustine grass and the abundance of American palm cixiids. In samples at the soil surface, American palm cixiid nymphs were slightly to 25 % more frequent in unmowed than in mowed grass (P = 0.0001). In tests with containerized grasses, there were about twice as many nymphs in unclipped compared to clipped grass (P > 0.13). In soil profile samples, over 50 % of the nymphs were on the soil surface and the rest were below the soil surface to a maximum depth of 3 cm. About twice as many adults were collected on long grass compared to mowed grass (P > 0.02). The potential application of the results to management of American palm cixiids on coconut farms or in LY resistance trial gardens of palms is discussed.
The phenology of Epithrix hirtipennis (Mels.) (Col., Chrysomelidae) and damage to tobacco in Greece
Authors: Lykouressis D. P. , Mentzos G. , Parentis A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe phenology of Epithrix hirtipennis (Mels.), a new pest of tobacco in Greece, was studied in the Agrinio area in western Greece. Sampling started from the seedbed and continued, after transplanting, in two plots of which one was sprayed and the other remained untreated.Overwintering adults appeared from the seedbed and then continued feeding in the plots. Their populations decreased towards the end of May and beginning of June while a second peak, of the first generation adults, was observed at the end of June.Lower adult‐population densities were found in the treated plot than in the untreated plot but in both plots, the adult population fluctuated in a similar way. Significant differences were found in the number of holes caused by adult feeding and the percentage of damage between the two plots and, in one case, in the population density.Multiple regression analysis always showed a good relationship between the number of holes, population density and percentage of damage.
Massenauftreten der Kleinen Fichtenblattwespe Pristiphora abietina (Christ) (Hym., Thentrinidae) im Hausruck. 2: Immissionsökologischer Einfluß
Authors: Berger R. , Katzensteiner K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMass outbreak of the small spruce sawfly Pristiphora abietina (Christ) (Hym., Thentrinidae) in Hausruck. 2: Influence of air pollutionThe mass outbreak of the small spruce sawfly Pristiphora abietina (Christ) in Hausruck (Upper Austria) was the basis for the examination of the relationship between air pollution and epidemics of this insect pest. Measurements of the deposition of total nitrogen, NO3, SO4, Ca, Mg, K, Na and H+ at three experimental sites generally show a high impact of air pollutants on the forest ecosystem in the whole research area. Berger (1992) found no ecological factors to explain the striking differences in the pattern of the insect impact within the research area. A correlation was, however, apparent between the deposition of nitrogen and sulphur and the degree of insect infestation. The impact of pollution is reflected in the chemical compounds of the needles. The increased nitrogen and thiol content of the spruce needles seems to improve the food quality for Pristiphora abietina.ZusammenfassungDie Situation der Immissionsbelastung im Hausruck, verbunden mit dem dort auffälligen Schadauftreten der Kleinen Fichtenblattwespe Pristiphora abietina (Christ), dienten zur Untersuchung des Zusammenhanges von Gradationen dieses Forstschädlings und dem Einfluß von Immissionen. Die Messung der Deposition von Gesamt‐N, Nitrat, Sulfat, Ca, Mg, K, Na und H+, ergab eine generell hohe Belastung der Bestände im gesamten Untersuchungsgebiet. Im Vergleich der Versuchsstandorte zeigte sich eine deutliche Korrelation von Befallsstärke und Immissionsbelastung. Besonders bei den Hochlagenstandorten (über 700 m üM) ist die immissionsökologisch weitaus schlechtere Situation in Wolfsegg, wo auch das heftigste Schadauftreten zu beobachten ist, gegenüber Waldpoint (kaum Befall) auffällig.Die unterschiedlichen Immissionsverhältnisse spiegeln sich teilweise auch in den Nährelementgehalten der Fichtennadeln wider. Besonders die Erhöhung der N‐ und Thiolwerte scheint dabei eine Steigerung der Nahrungsqualität zu bewirken. Eine Konzentrationserhöhung der meisten Nadelinhaltsstoffe läßt sich auch bei zunehmendem Larvenfraß beobachten. Eine ernährungsphysiologische Aufwertung der Nadeln zeigt sich somit sowohl bei allgemeiner hoher Immissionsbelastung als auch innerhalb der einzelnen Untersuchungsstandorte mit zunehmendem Fraß an den einzelnen Bäumen.
Reduction in flight activity and food consumption by the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orth., Cyrtacanthacrinae), after infection with Metarhizium flavoviride
Authors: Seyoum E. , Moore D. , Charnley A. K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAdult Schistocerca gregaria were infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium flavoviride and their flying ability and rates of food consumption recorded over the subsequent days to death, which usually took about 6 days. Significant reductions in both flight and feeding occurred, usually by the 3rd day after application of the fungus. The diminished levels of pest activities before death reduces the perceived disadvantage of a relatively slow time to kill of the mycoinsecticide.
Effect of temperature on the development of baculoviruses
Authors: Ribeiro H. C. T. , Pavan O. H. O. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDevelopment of infection of 4 strains of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) in third instar Diatraea saccharalis larvae at 10 different temperatures was compared. Two wild strains, the Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV (AgMNPV) and the Trichoplusia ni MNPV (TnMNPV), and two selected strains, AgMNPV‐D10 and TnMNPV‐D11 were inoculated in 11‐day‐old D. saccharalis larvae and kept in temperatures of 17, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 37 and 39°C. The results showed that larval mortality increased with temperature, and the increase of temperature caused also the reduction of lethal time 50% (LT50) values. The maximal polyhedral production was obtained at 28°C for the 4 viral strains and a drastic reduction in the number of polyhedra was observed even for a difference of 2°C above or below this ideal temperature. The selected strains showed a 10‐fold increase in polyhedra yield when compared to the wild type strains.
Conophagous and seminiphagous insects of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. in the Babia Gòra National Park and its surroundings1
Authors: Skrzypczyńska M. , Kożuch J. , Gibas S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDuring the period from 1991 to 1993 3521 insect specimens representing 12 species were obtained from 629 Norway spruce cones. This material originated from the Babia Góra National Park 50 km southwest of Kraków and its surroundings. The coenotic groups of conophages, seminiphages and parasitoids were distinguished. For each group the index of dominance (D), stability of incidence (C), species diversity (d), and Agrell's index of species co‐existence were calculated. Seed losses caused by insects were estimated on the basis of the analyses of 46 118 seeds.
Interactions between two introduced species of whiteflies in the mediterranean area of Turkey: Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) and Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Hom., Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Uygun N. , Ulusoy M. R. , ŞEkeroǧlu E. , Ohnesorge B. , Gözel U. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTwo introduced species of citrus whiteflies, Dialeurodes citri and Parabemisia myricae met in the east mediterranean area of Turkey and proved to be ecological homologues. P. myricae is the superior competitor on account of its faster development and broader ecological niche and started to replace D. citri. After a most effective parasitoid of P. myricae, the aphelinid Eretmocerus debachi was released and successfully suppressed this species, D. citri recovered and became dominant even in regions where it had not been present before. In this way the otherwise excellent economic success of the biological control of P. myricae was partly reduced.
Laboratory studies on pheromones and reproduction in the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)
Authors: Schmidt G. H. , Albutz R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAfter reviewing the literature special breeding experiments in temperature gradients were carried out with mated and virgin females of Schistocerca gregaria under various laboratory conditions. The reproduction activity was calculated from all laid egg‐pods and eggs; it was highest in normal mated females. In unmated females egg‐pod production increased in the presence of males by means of a male chemical factor. Mislaid egg‐pods were highest in females without antennae and in virgin females near to males. Mated females without antennae produced much fewer egg‐pods than normal ones; the mean number of eggs was also lower.Egg‐pods were deposited from the 3rd to the 20th week after emergence, with a mean of about 10–13 weeks in virgin females and 8–9 in mated ones. The weekly number of eggs per pod varied from 28–70; a high number of eggs per pod was correlated to a low production rate of egg‐pods.The egg‐laying interval was shorter in mated than in virgin females; in the latter it was shortened in the presence of males.The hatching rate of nymphs was higher from fertilized eggs (66.2%) than unfertilized ones (22.2%); from parthenogenetic eggs only females hatched. As adults they can again produce offspring over generations without mating.The nymphal development lasted about 1 month. In mated females the adult rate was 64.1% and in virgin ones only 20.8% related to the hopper number at the beginning. Generally the adult female rate of the progeny of virgin females was about 70% lower than that of the mated females, when the reduced rate of fecundity, fertility and emergence to adults were considered.The mean adult lifespan was calculated at about 5 months for virgin females (3 month egg‐laying period) and 1 month less for mated ones.
Effect of host age on rate of development of Dinarmus basalis (Rond.) (Hym., Pteromalidae)
Authors: Islam W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDevelopment time for the parasitoid Dinarmus basalis (Rond.) was shorter on 4th instar larvae and pre‐pupae than on 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). This was primarily because of qualitative or quantitative differences between 4th instar larvae or pre‐pupae and 2nd or 3rd instar larvae as hosts. Development time and progeny production was significantly different between the two sexes (P <0.001). Maximum number of males emerged from 2nd or 3rd instar larvae but females from 4th instar larvae or pre‐pupae. The sex‐ratio of D. basalis was strongly female‐biased. Female parasitoids were bigger when developing from 4th instar larvae.
Intrinsic rate of increase of Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hym.; Braconidae), a parasitoid of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) at different temperatures
Authors: van Steenis M. J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson is one of the candidates for use in a programme for biological control of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Longevity, reproduction, development, and intrinsic rate of increase of L. testaceipes were determined in the laboratory at two different temperatures with cotton aphids as host.The average life‐time fecundity of one parasitoid was 128.2 eggs at 20°C and 180.0 eggs at 25°C. Immature mortality was 9.5 and 29.6% at 20 and 25°C respectively. Development from egg to female adult was completed in 12.9 days at 20°C and 9.5 days at 25°C. The lifespan of the females was very short (2.7 and 2.6 days at 20 and 25°C respectively). At 20°C the rm value of L. testaceipes was slightly lower than for cotton aphid. At 25°C the rm values of L. testaceipes and A. gossypii were equal.Lysiphlebus testaceipes might be a suitable natural enemy although rm values are probably too low to be able to overtake an established aphid population.
Laboratory studies on biology and ecology of Eretmocerus debachi Rose and Rosen (Hym., Aphelinidae) the parasitoid of Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Hom., Aleyrodidae)
Authors: ŞEngonca Ç. , Uygun N. , Ulusoy M. R. , Kersting U. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe effects of three constant temperatures (20, 25, 30 ± 1°C) and two fluctating temperatures (25/35, 27/33°C) on the preimaginal developmental time and the longevity of the parasitoid Eretmocerus debachi Rose and Rosen (Hym., Aphelinidae) that parasitized Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) were studied in the laboratory. In addition, laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effects of different diets on the longevity of the parasitoid. The generation time and the number of generation in a year were evaluated in a semi‐field experiment. The preimaginal developmental time decreased significantly with increase in temperature from 28.4 days at 20°C to 12.0 days at 27/33°C. Increasing temperature showed little effect on adult longevity, varying from 3.1 days at 20°C to 3.7 days at 25°C. Longevity was significantly shorter at the fluctuating temperatures (25/35 and 27/33°C) compared to the constant temperatures. E. debachi held on 10% saccharose solution lived significantly longer (3.4 days) than on any other five diets. Only slight differences were observed among honey dew, water or no diet, ranging from 1.2 to 1.6 days. In the semi‐field experiment 13–14 generations in a year were observed. The shortest generation time valuing 14 days was observed during summer time at average daily temperatures between 25.1 and 28.9°C. A generation time of 145 days occurred in winter (November‐April) when the daily temperature averaged 10.8°C. E. debachi hibernated in second P. myricae instars.
Influence of host plant surface environment on the virulence of nuclear polyhedrosis virus against Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae1
Authors: Rabindra R. J. , Muthuswami M. , Jayaraj S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe influence of 5 host plants, chickpea, pigeonpea, lablab, sunflower and cotton on the activity of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus against the American bollworm, Helicoverpa (= Heliothis) armigera (Hbn.) and the effect of different parts of cotton plants and two species of cotton on the activity of HaNPV were studied. Median lethal concentration (LC50) and median lethal time (LT50) in second instar larvae of H. armigera indicated that cotton leaf surface was the most detrimental to the virus followed by chickpea. Pigeonpea, lablab and sunflower leaves did not affect the virulence of NPV. The LT50 values were higher in pigeonpea, chickpea and cotton when compared to unexposed NPV. It was the lowest on lablab followed by sunflower. Among the different plant parts of cotton, virus exposed to leaves was most affected while flowers, squares and bolls did not affect the virus significantly. NPV mortality in H. armigera larvae was higher in Gossypium barbadense than in G. hirsutum. NPV+cotton seed kernel extract‐based adjuvant‐mix was the most effective in increasing the persistence of the virus irrespective of the varieties.
Observations of the flight behaviour of Lymantria monacha L. (Lep., Lymantriidae) to pheromone baited traps1
Authors: Skatulla U. , Feicht Elfriede 
Published: August 2009

AbstractInvestigations into the flight behaviour of the male nun moth (Lymantria monacha L.) in different forest areas with the aid of electronic data recording equipment were carried out using pheromone baited traps. It was shown that according to the geographical area in which the observations were made, independent, however, from the type of forest, clear differences in the times of flight activity exist. These differences were maintained over an observation period of 2 years.
Neem Azal‐F as an inhibitor of growth and reproduction in the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch
Authors: Dimetry Nadia Z. , El‐Hawary Fatma M. A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe effect of various concentrations of Neem Azal‐F (a commercial product of neem seed kernel extract with 5% azadirachtin content) on adult and first nymphal instars of the cow pea aphid Aphis craccivara was studied. The extract had a deterrent and anti‐feedant effect which hindered larviposition of the adults and decreased the reproductive period as well as the longevity of the adults.Also, the extract had an aphicidal effect against aphid, hindered development of the nymphs and elongated the duration of the nymphal stage. Nymphal treatment also resulted in a high percentage of winged form between the resulting progeny and, as the concentration increased, the percentage of winged form increased. The bioactivity of this extract against the adult aphids was assayed. Neem Azal‐F exhibited magnitude activity during the first 3 days after spraying.
Influence of age of parents Lysiphlebus delhiensis (Subba Rao and Sharma) (Hym., Aphidiidae) during copulation on progeny production and offspring sex ratio
Authors: Srivastava M. , Singh R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe total progeny yielded by the female Lysiphlebus delhiensis parasitising third instar nymphs of the aphid Melanaphis sacchari on Zea mays decreased with parental aging mainly because of reduced female survival. The offspring sex ratio (proportion of males) favoured the females when the parents were younger (sex ratio = 0.4), but favoured male (sex ratio = 0.55) when the parents were older (96–108 h old). The parental age, particularly female age, has important consequences for progeny production, their survival and offspring sex ratio.