bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune responses and the evolution of resistance
Authors: Koella Jacob 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of immune function. It emphasizes two points. First, the immune system is complex, with many responses that may act together or inhibit each other to determine the outcome of an infection. Using an immune response as an indicator of the host's resistance (or, more generally, its quality) is therefore problematic, as increased investment in a given immune response may well indicate increased susceptibility to a parasite. Second, resistance is a product of the interaction between a host and a parasite. Thus, we cannot understand the evolution of immune function without considering the co-evolution of the host's and the parasite's contributions to resistance. Indeed, as found in a more general context, mathematical models of the evolution of the host that do not consider the co-evolutionary response by the parasite can be misleading as their predictions can differ qualitatively from the co-evolutionary dynamics and equilibrium.
Types of Authorship in the Cinema
Authors: Livingston Paisley 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
One objection that is often raised against intentionalist approaches is that many films have no author who could be the source of philosophical questions or claims. In response to that objection, this chapter presents a conception of authorship that embraces a broad range of cases, including joint authorship as well as individual authorship in a context of collaborative work. The chapter does not argue that all films have an individual author, or even a coordinated team of people functioning as a joint author. Yet it does contend that in some cases the conditions on authorship are in fact met: a person (or group of collaborators) exercises sufficient control in the making of a work designed to express the maker's attitudes. This proposal is developed with regard to the question, raised by Berys Gaut, whether a film actor's contribution to the artistic qualities of a film suffice to make that person one of the authors of the film.
Value, Authenticity, and Fantasy in Bergman
Authors: Livingston Paisley 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses a scene in Wild Strawberries where Bergman includes an allusion to Kaila's views about the status of moral judgements. The apparent thrust of this appeal to Kaila's authority is that there is no right or wrong, only motives and preferences. The chapter argues, however, that this allusion is complicated by the fact that the character who makes the Kailesque pronouncement is clearly unreliable. The chapter further discusses Bergman's and Kaila's views on inauthenticity and self-understanding, particularly in relation to Persona. Bergman's positions on moral knowledge are explored, especially in terms of characterizations in The Seventh Seal and Bergman's unpublished treatment for a film on the Crucifixion. Bergman's critiques of irrationality are linked to his rejection of cinematic fantasy and his preference for a philosophically oriented, exploratory, modernist cinema. Bergman's grounds for rejecting artistic fantasy are contrasted to the Kantian critique published by Roger Scruton.
Intentionality
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Hume's chief weapon against causal realism is the argument from nonsense: for a view even to be a candidate for being right, it must first be intelligible to us. This chapter argues that, while Hume is not a positivist or verificationist, his account of intentionality, and in particular his denial of meaning to definite descriptions, makes for a starkly restrictive version of empiricism. In replacing the traditional account of mental propositions in terms of judgment with his own story about propositional attitudes, Hume makes it impossible to think of a thing by means of a definite description. This closes off any appeal to Lockean passive powers. This chapter goes on to argue that Hume's occasional talk of “relative ideas” does not threaten this basic position.
De novocomputational prediction of non-coding RNA genes in prokaryotic genomes
Authors: Tran Thao T. , Zhou Fengfeng , Marshburn Sarah , Stead Mark , Kushner Sidney R. , Xu Ying 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMotivation: The computational identification of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes represents one of the most important and challenging problems in computational biology. Existing methods for ncRNA gene prediction rely mostly on homology information, thus limiting their applications to ncRNA genes with known homologues.Results: We present a novel de novo prediction algorithm for ncRNA genes using features derived from the sequences and structures of known ncRNA genes in comparison to decoys. Using these features, we have trained a neural network-based classifier and have applied it to Escherichia coli and Sulfolobus solfataricus for genome-wide prediction of ncRNAs. Our method has an average prediction sensitivity and specificity of 68% and 70%, respectively, for identifying windows with potential for ncRNA genes in E.coli. By combining windows of different sizes and using positional filtering strategies, we predicted 601 candidate ncRNAs and recovered 41% of known ncRNAs in E.coli. We experimentally investigated six novel candidates using Northern blot analysis and found expression of three candidates: one represents a potential new ncRNA, one is associated with stable mRNA decay intermediates and one is a case of either a potential riboswitch or transcription attenuator involved in the regulation of cell division. In general, our approach enables the identification of both cis- and trans-acting ncRNAs in partially or completely sequenced microbial genomes without requiring homology or structural conservation.Availability: The source code and results are available at http://csbl.bmb.uga.edu/publications/materials/tran/.Contact: xyn@bmb.uga.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Camelina Infected by Downy Mildew (Hyaloperonospora camelinae) in the Western United States: A First Report
Authors: Putnam Melodie L. , Serdani Maryna , Ehrensing Daryl , Curtis Marc 
Published: September 2009

Downy mildew on camelina previously has been reported in Minnesota, where it was identified as Peronospora camelinae (now Hyaloperonospora camelinae), although no supporting evidence was given. In Montana, a downy mildew on camelina was identified as P. parasitica (now Hyaloperonospora parasitica). To our knowledge, this report marks the first time H. camelinae has been confirmed in the western USA. Accepted for publication 23 July 2009. Published 10 September 2009.
Germination responses of Spartidium saharae (Coss. & Dur.) Pomel (Fabaceae) to temperature and salinity
Authors: Jamila Zammouri , Arbi Guetet , Mohamed Neffati 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Spartidium saharae is an endemic species of the Saharo‐Arabian region. It is a tall shrub widely distributed in many sandy habitats including desert dunes and sandy systems in south‐western part of Tunisia, where water and salinity are serious constraints. Laboratory experiments were carried out to assess temperature and salinity effects on seed germination. The seed germination responses were determined in complete darkness over a wide range of temperatures and salinities. Germination was inhibited by either an increase or decrease in temperature from the optimal temperature range (15–20°C). Highest germination percentages were obtained under nonsaline conditions and an increase in NaCl concentrations progressively inhibited seed germination. An interaction between salinity and temperature yielded no germination at 200 mm NaCl.
Physiological and biochemical traits involved in the genotypic variability to salt tolerance of Tunisian Cakile maritima
Authors: Wided Megdiche , Nader Ben Amor , Ahmed Debez , Kamel Hessini , Riadh Ksouri , Chedly Abdelly 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Cakile maritima (family: Brassicaceae) was collected from three provenances belonging to different bioclimatic stages (humid, semi arid and arid) in Tunisia to study their eco‐physiological and biochemical responses to salinity. Seedlings were cultivated on inert sand for 20 days under NaCl treatments (0, 100, 200, 400 mm NaCl). Plant response to salinity was provenance‐ and salt‐dependent. At 100 mm NaCl, growth parameters (leaf biomass, area, number per plant and relative growth rate) were improved in plants from Jerba (originating from arid bioclimatic stage) compared with the control, while growth was reduced in those from Tabarka (from humid area). High salt levels (400 mm NaCl) decreased the plant growth in the three provenances, but plants in Tabarka were the most salt sensitive. The relative salt tolerance of plants from Jerba and Bekalta provenances was associated with low levels of malondialdehyde as well as of electrolyte leakage and endoproteolytic activity. Salt reduced leaf hydration, the decrease in water content being dose‐dependent and more pronounced in Tabarka. Increase in salinity led to significant increase in leaf succulence and decrease in leaf water potential, especially in Jerba plants. The plants from the latter displayed the highest leaf levels of Na+ and Cl−, proline, soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins, and polyphenols. Overall, the higher salt tolerance of plants from Jerba provenance, and to a lower extent of those from Bekalta, may be partly related to their better capacity for osmotic adjustment and to limit oxidative damage when salt‐challenged.
In vitro anti‐myeloma activity of the Aurora kinase inhibitor VE‐465
Authors: Negri Joseph M. , McMillin Douglas W. , Delmore Jake , Mitsiades Nicholas , Hayden Patrick , Klippel Steffen , Hideshima Teru , Chauhan Dharminder , Munshi Nikhil C. , Buser Carolyn A. , Pollard John , Richardson Paul G. , Anderson Kenneth C. , Mitsiades Constantine S. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThis study characterized the preclinical anti‐myeloma activity of VE465, a low molecular weight pan‐Aurora kinase inhibitor. After 96‐h drug exposure, several multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines were more sensitive to VE465 compared to non‐malignant cells. The anti‐MM activity of VE465 was maintained in the presence of interleukin‐6 and, interestingly, enhanced by co‐culture with stromal cells. However, primary MM cells were less responsive than cell lines. Combinations with dexamethasone (Dex), doxorubicin (Doxo) and bortezomib showed no antagonism. Our study highlights the potential role of the tumour microenvironment in modulating the activity of this drug class.
The role of female sex hormones in the development and severity of allergic and non‐allergic asthma
Authors: Van Den Berge M. , Heijink H. I. , Van Oosterhout A. J. M. , Postma D. S. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryAllergic asthma is usually diagnosed by the presence of variable airway obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and allergy. However, a significant proportion of adult asthma patients (up to 40%) are non‐allergic. Patients with non‐allergic asthma often have a later disease onset and greater disease severity, as reflected by more severe airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, females have a higher risk of developing non‐allergic asthma. The latter suggests that hormone‐related events play an important role in the development and severity of adult‐onset non‐allergic asthma. This paper describes the associations between asthma and hormonal changes throughout the female life‐span, such as those associated with the monthly cycle of menstruation and menopausal hormonal changes.
Differential effects of elevated nutrient and sediment inputs on survival, growth and biomass of a common larval fish species (Dorosoma cepedianum)
Authors: GONZÁLEZ MARÍA J. , KNOLL LESLEY B. , VANNI MICHAEL J. 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. Elevated allochthonous inputs of nutrients and sediments to aquatic ecosystems are associated with eutrophication and sedimentation. Reservoirs receive substantial subsidies of nutrients and sediments from catchments due to their large catchment : lake area ratios. We examined the effect of elevated subsidies of sediments and/or dissolved nutrients on the success (survival, growth, biomass and condition factor) of larval gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), a widespread and dominant omnivorous fish in reservoir ecosystems.2. We simulated allochthonous agricultural subsides by manipulating dissolved nutrients and sediment inputs in a 2 × 2 factorial design in experimental mesocosms. We predicted that larval fish success would be greater under elevated nutrients. However, we propose two alternative hypotheses with respect to the overall effect of allochthonous sediment inputs. If sediment inputs negatively affect larval gizzard feeding success, larval success would be highest when only nutrients are added and lowest when only sediments are added (+N > +N+S ≥ C > +S). If high turbidity enhances larval foraging activity (due to greater contrast between prey and background), we predict that larval success would be highest when both subsidy types (nutrients and sediment) are elevated, intermediate when either nutrients or sediments are added and the lowest when no subsidies are added (+N+S > +N ≥ +S > C).3. Our results indicate that elevated nutrient and sediment conditions enhanced larval gizzard shad biomass, but the overall nutrient addition effect was greater than the sediment addition effect (+N ∼ +N+S > +S > C). We observed differential effects of nutrient and sediment inputs on larval survival, growth and condition factors.4. The enhancement of fish biomass in elevated nutrients (+N, +N+S) relative to control conditions was associated with improved gizzard shad survival and not greater growth. The enhancement of fish biomass in the elevated sediment treatment (+S) relative to the control conditions was caused by an increase in survival that more than compensated for a negative effect of sediment addition on growth.5. Our findings support the recommendation that reservoir management practices must consider the links between land use practices and food web dynamics. Our results suggest that reduction of subsidies of nutrients and sediments to productive reservoirs would decrease survival of larval gizzard shad due to lower food availability.
A putative hexamerin from a Campodea sp. suggests an independent origin of haemocyanin‐related storage proteins in Hexapoda
Authors: Pick C. , Burmester T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHaemocyanins are copper‐containing respiratory proteins in the arthropod haemolymph. In hexapods, haemocyanins gave rise to hexamerins, which have lost the ability to bind copper and thus oxygen. Hexamerins are thought to act mainly as storage proteins in nonfeeding periods. So far, hexamerins have only been identified in ectognathan hexapods, but not in Entognatha. Here we report the identification of a putative hexamerin from Campodea sp. (Diplura). The full‐length cDNA of Campodea sp. hexamerin 1 (CspHex1) measures 2188 bp and translates into a native polypeptide of 667 amino acids. As in other hexamerins, the six copper‐coordinating histidines are not conserved. However, sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that CspHex1 is not closely related to other hexapod hexamerins, which derive from hexapod type 1 haemocyanin subunits in the ectognathan lineage, but rather resembles a derivative of hexapod type 2 haemocyanin subunits. Hence, haemocyanin‐related storage proteins emerged at least two times independently in Hexapoda.
Nursing students’ knowledge and practice of infection control precautions: an educational intervention
Authors: Wu Chia‐Jung , Gardner Glenn , Chang Anne M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTitle.  Nursing students’ knowledge and practice of infection control precautions: aneducational intervention. Aim.  This paper is a report of the effectiveness of a purpose‐designed education program in improving undergraduate nursing students’ understanding and practice of infection control precautions.Background.  The severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003 highlighted that healthcare workers were under‐prepared for such an epidemic. While many in‐service education sessions were arranged by institutions in response to the outbreak, preservice nursing education has overlooked preparation for handling such infectious disease epidemics.Method.  A quasi‐experimental design was used and a 16‐hour, purpose‐designed infection control education programme was implemented for preservice nursing students in southern Taiwan. Self‐administered questionnaires were distributed at three time points during the period September 2005 to April 2006 to examine the sustainability and effectiveness of the intervention.Results.  A total of 175 preservice nursing students participated in the study. Following the education programme, students in the intervention group showed a statistically significant improvement across time in their knowledge of these precautions [F(2, 180) = 13·53, P < 0·001] and confidence in resolving infection‐related issues [F(1·79, 168·95) = 3·24] when compared with those in the control group.Conclusion.  To improve nursing students’ capacity in responding to infectious epidemics, an educational programme that integrates the theme of infection precautions, learning theory and teaching strategies is recommended for all nursing institutes.
Resource‐enhancing psychosocial support in family situations: needs and benefits from family members’ own perspectives
Authors: Tanninen Hanna‐Mari , Häggman‐Laitila Arja , Pietilä Anna‐Maija 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTitle.  Resource‐enhancing psychosocial support in family situations: needs and benefits from family members’ own perspectives. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to evaluate a resource‐enhancing family nursing intervention to identify and meet mothers’, fathers’ and children’s psychosocial support needs.Background.  Although a family’s resources are a central concept in nursing science, descriptions of the content of the concept and ways to enhance families’ resources are scant. Studies have usually identified the need for support by families with children from the perspective of one family member, most often the mother.Method.  A total of 75 family members from 30 families with small children participated in the study in 2004–2005. The data were collected before and after intervention, using structured questionnaires called the Family Situation Barometer. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric Wilcoxon tests were used as statistical methods.Results.  Participants’ need for psychosocial support was reduced or alleviated during the family nursing intervention. The mental health of the mothers and fathers improved, as did their marital relationships and emotional lives. Furthermore, their social support networks increased and their employment situation improved. There were also positive changes in the mental health and sleep‐related issues of the children.Conclusion.  The resource‐enhancing family nursing proved to be useful in improving the well‐being and health of family members. The Family Situation Barometer proved to be a practical tool in the home context and can supplement the instruments developed earlier in family nursing science. Research into supporting interpersonal and family‐systems nursing remains a future challenge.
Anxiety, depression and perceived control in patients having coronary artery bypass grafts
Authors: Gallagher Robyn , McKinley Sharon 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTitle.  Anxiety, depression and perceived control in patients having coronary artery bypass grafts. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to determine (1) the course of anxiety, depression and perceptions of control, and (2) the influence of perceptions of control, in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafts before surgery, after surgery in hospital and 2 weeks after discharge.Background.  Anxiety and depression are common in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients and predictive of worse outcomes. Few researchers have examined the influence of perceived control on these emotional states in the acute surgical period.Methods.  A prospective, descriptive design was used with a convenience sample of patients having coronary grafts (n = 155). Anxiety and depression were measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and perceptions of control over their cardiac illness by the Control Attitudes Scale before surgery, after surgery during hospitalization and 2 weeks after hospital discharge. The data were collected in 2005.Results.  Patients had low levels of anxiety at each timepoint; however, borderline or clinically significant levels were common before surgery (38·7%) and after discharge. (38·6%). Depression levels were low, but increased over time (F = 27·03, P < 0·001). Patients had low to moderate perceptions of control over their illness before surgery, which increased over time (F = 25·51, P < 0·001). Those with stronger perceptions of control were less anxious or depressed at all times and those who were more anxious or depressed before surgery continued to be so afterwards.Conclusion.  Routine assessment of anxiety, depression and perceptions of control are justified to identify patients at risk and to intervene to promote control perceptions.
Stress in telephone helpline nurses: research protocol for a study of theoretical determinants, physiological aspects and behavioural consequences
Authors: Allan Julia , Farquharson Barbara , Choudhary Carolyn , Johnston Derek W. , Jones Martyn C. , Johnston Marie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTitle.  Stress in telephone helpline nurses: research protocol for a study of theoretical determinants, physiological aspects and behavioural consequences. Aim.  This is a report of a research protocol to assess level, determinants and consequences of stress in NHS‐24 telephone helpline nurses.Background.  Nurses working in traditional hospital settings report high levels of occupational stress. Many nurses now work in call centres, environments with their own inherent stressors. Stress in nurses has been linked to reduced physical and psychological health, reduced job satisfaction, increased sickness absence and turnover, and poorer job performance. In this study, we will use multiple methods, including real time data collection to assess stress in telephone helpline nurses.Design.  During 2008/09, NHS‐24 nurses will (a) report general stress and call‐by‐call stress over two working shifts, (b) complete measures of theoretical determinants of occupational stress (demand, control, effort and reward), (c) have their concentration and attention tested before and after two shifts, (d) have their heart rate monitored over two shifts, (e) report job satisfaction, absenteeism and intended turnover and (f) allow the research team to retrieve related call data and performance indicators. Relationships between the variables will be assessed using regression and multi‐level modelling.Discussion.  Data will be analysed to examine the relationships between reported stress, physiological aspects of stress, call type, workplace attributes, cognitive performance, job satisfaction and absenteeism. The analysis will test models of occupational stress and assess the effects of stress on multiple work outcomes. The results will inform theoretical understanding of nurse stress, its determinants and possible methods of management. The practical challenges of conducting such a comprehensive study in a clinical environment are discussed.