bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Glen Orchy Anticline (Argyllshire)
Authors: Bailey Edward Battersby , Macgregor Murray 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In a previous paper [1, p. 586] an explanation has been offered of the tectonics of the schists occupying a district of the West Highlands between Loch Tulla and Appin, in the south, and the River Spean, beyond Ben Nevis, in the north (fig. 1). In the present paper the south-eastern continuation of this district is dealt with, from the head of Loch Awe to Beinn Achallader, one of the summits of the Beinn Doirean range (Pl. X). In the district originally described lying to the west and north of Loch Tulla the following stratigraphical sequence was established; but, whether it should be read upwards or downwards, is still unascertained:—

9.
Eilde Flags.

8.
Glen Coe Quartzite (fine-grained).

7.
Leven Schists (grey phyllites, with ‘Banded Series’ next the Glen Coe Quartzite).

6.
Ballachulish Limestone (dark grey, with a thick cream-coloured margin next the Leven Schists).

5.
Ballachulish Slates (black).

4.
Appin Quartzite (pebbly).

3.
Appin Limestone (cream, pink, or very pale blue).

2.
Appin Phyllites (with a large proportion of flaggy quartzite).

1.
Cuil Bay Slates (black).

These rock-groups, as previously shown, are disposed in two major recumbent folds, known as the Ballachulish and Appin Folds respectively, to which may be added the subordinate Aonach Beag Fold, recognized as yet in the neighbourhood of Ben Nevis only. For convenience of description, the cores of these three folds have been arbitrarily defined as those portions which are made up of rocks included in Groups 1-6 of the foregoing stratigraphical table.
Report On The Mosses From The Arctic Bed
Authors: Dixon Hugh Neville 
Published: October 2009

The moss-remains sent to me from the Arctic Beds at Ponder's End represented four separate gatherings. The first was a general collection from the deposit, while the others were taken from three superimposed beds, and are referred to as the Upper, Middle, and Lowest Beds.
I have been able to determine with scarcely any doubt some forty or more species. A certain number at present unnamed may yet be determined, but these are so few that they cannot modify to any appreciable extent the conclusions to be drawn from those already determined. I give here a table showing the forms so far detected, with their distribution through the different beds.
The fragmentary or patchy nature of the three superimposed beds left some doubt as to how far they represented different periods of deposit, or how far one or other of the upper layers might be simply a redistribution of the subjacent layers; and also as to the relation of any of them to the deposit from which the first sample was collected. The foregoing Table gives, I think, some reply to these problems. Leaving the Upper Bed out if the question for the present, it will be seen that of the forty of so forms determined from the remaining three beds, fourteen at least occured in all three. Of about 24 species determined from the Middle Bed, 16 at least are also in the Lowest, and 15 at least in the General Collection. Of about 32 determined from the General
The Upper Keuper (or Arden) Sandstone Group and Associated Rocks of Warwickshire
Authors: Matly Charles Alfred 
Published: October 2009

I. IntroductionThe field-work on which this paper is based was mainly carried out between 1895 and 1901, at a time when I lived near Birmingham. It was then suspended, owing to my removal from the district, and until 1911 I was unable to revisit the ground and advance the mapping sufficiently for the presentation of this paper. Even now I have been compelled to curtail considerably my original plan of work, which was to zone the Keuper Marls of Warwickshire from base to summit as far as possible, and, when that was accomplished, to investigate their lithology and fossils with the view of ascertaining their origin and mode of formation. The present paper deals mainly with the stratigraphy, tectonics, and geological relations of a well-marked horizon in the Marls which is usually known as the ‘Upper Keuper Sandstone,’ and further work on the Marls of this area must be left to other workers.II. General Description of the District.The portion of Warwickshire to he described extends from the neighbourhood of Solihull, Knowle, and Barston on the north to Wilmcote and Snitterfield, near Stratford-on-Avon, on the south; and from Tanworth-in-Arden, the Alne Hills, and Wixford on the west to Hatton and Claverdon on the east, an area of about 108 square miles. The Keuper Marls occupy the whole of this district, except where they are overlain in the south by the Rhætic and Lower Lias, and in the north, near Knowle, by an outlier of the same formations. Geologically
Some New Lower Carboniferous Gasteropoda
Authors: Longstaff Jane 
Published: October 2009

Eight species are here described, all characterized by the presence of a band on the whorls: in seven it is probably the result of a sinus or slit in the outer lip, but in the eighth it is merely ornamental, as the lines of growth pass over it. These species are referable to six genera or subgenera, five of which are new, namely
Tropidostropha, Trechmannia, Foordella, Tmetonema
, and
Microptychis
; the other genus,
Pithodea
De Kon., has not been previously recorded from the British Isles.

Family ? Raphistomidæ Ulrich.
Diagnosis.—Shell conical, of medium height Whorls with a prominent, flange-like keel a little above the middle of the body-whorl, and considerably below the middle of the penultimate whorl; convex, except immediately above and below the keel, where they are concave. Test thin, composed of two layers. Outline of the keel slightly convex below, and slightly concave above. Under the keel is an inner, flat or somewhat concave band, covered with arched striæ, and formed of the inner shell-layer. Lines of growth strong and irregular: above they slope backwards with moderate obliquity to the edge of the keel, over which they pass without break; while below they at first curve sharply forwards, and then run almost vertically into the umbilicus. Aperture subquadrate. Umbilicus open.

Genotype.—
Pleurotomaria griffithi
M'Coy.

Remarks and resemblances.—This genus is suggested for two species, the characteristics of which do not exactly agree with any genus or subgenus known to me. These are
Pleurotomaria griffithi
M'Coy and
Tropidostropha punctata
, sp. nov. Both
The Geology Of Mynydd-y-Gader, Dolgelly
Authors: Lake Philip , Reynolds Sidney Hugh 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
In our previous paper upon this district we described the geology of the area which lies between Dolgelly and Mynydd-y-Gader, a ridge which rises prominently about a mile and a half south of the town, in front of the precipices of Cader Idris. But our observations ended at the foot of Mynydd-y-Gader, and the relations of the dolerite which forms the mass of that ridge to the sedimentary beds of the lower-lying ground were by no means clear. We were led, therefore, to extend our map somewhat farther southwards, and it is chiefly with this southern part of the district that we are now concerned.
Much of the field-work was done by the two authors in company, but each has visited the district at other times alone. One of the authors (P. L.) is primarily responsible for the interpretation of the structure, the other (S. H. R.) for the petrological examination of the rocks.
References to the work of other observers will be found in our previous paper.
II. The Geology of Mynydd-Y-Gader. (P. L.)
(1) The General Structure.
Dolgelly stands in the valley of the Wnion. The southern side of the valley is the northern edge of a broad irregular plateau, about 500 feet above sea-level. On the surface of this plateau the Odyn and the Aran, with its tributary the Ceunant, have cut broad and shallow valleys, which near the edge become deep and narrow gorges. The plateau extends southwards to a line running from Gilfachwydd
On the Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian Rocks of Brawdy, Hayscastle, and Brimaston (Pembrokeshire)
Authors: Thomas Herbert Henry , Jones Owen Thomas 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
During the recent revision of the geology of the Pembrokeshire coalfield by the Geological Survey, a portion of the area dealt with in this paper had to be surveyed by one of us on the scale of 6 inches to the mile. The work had not progressed far before it was recognized that this area was one of exceptional interest, and one in which the relations of the Lower Cambrian to the pre-Cambrian rocks could be made out with little difficulty. We therefore decided to make an unofficial survey, on the same scale, of that portion of the district, containing Lower Cambrian and older rocks, which lay beyond the limits of the proposed publications of the revised geological survey.
The area surveyed and represented by the appended map (Pl. XL) is that portion of Pembrokeshire which stretches from the River Cleddau at St. Lawrence to St. Bride's Bay at Newgale, and includes the villages of St. Lawrence, Hayscastle, and Brawdy. Its total length from east to west is about 9 miles, and it has a maximum breadth of about 2 miles.
The country is of low relief, seldom rising to more than 400 feet above sea-level, and forms a somewhat elevated part of the West Pembrokeshire plain. The surface-configuration has but little relation to the nature or texture of the rocks beneath, and natural exposures are of rare occurrence, except on the sides of the deeper valleys and in the sea-cliffs.
Before proceeding to a description of the
The Lower Carboniferous Succession in the North-West of England
Authors: Garwood Edmund Johnston 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The Lower Carboniferous rocks of Westmorland and Cumberland crop out in a nearly continuous ring encircling the Lower Palæozoic rocks of the Lake District, broken only on the west by the overlap of the Triassic deposits. The south-eastern edge is situated in Yorkshire, and, though apparently continuous with the rest, is separated structurally by the Dent Fault; while the eastern margin of the ring is cut off from the Lower Carboniferous rocks of the Pennine Chain by the Pennine Fault, and by the mantle of Permian and Triassic rocks occupying the Vale of Eden.

The area dealt with in the present communication comprises some 400 square miles of country occupied by Lower Carboniferous rocks. It includes the whole of Westmorland and Yorkshire north and west of the Dent Fault, together with that portion of Lancashire which lies north of the Lune Valley. The small tract of Lower Carboniferous rocks, forming the northern extremity of Yorkshire, which lies between the Westmorland portion of the Pennine Chain and the River Tees is also included. The following are the points to which special attention has been given during the examination of the district:—

(1)
The possibility of establishing a palæontological sequence from the base to the summit of the succession which would be applicable to the whole of the North-West of England.

(2)
The general lithological characters of the different faunal horizons, and the variations which these undergo when they are traced laterally.

(3)
The distribution of these faunal horizons in
On the Discovery of a Fossil-bearing Horizon in the ‘Permian’ Rocks of Hamstead Quarries, near Birmingham
Authors: Hardaker Walter Henry 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
(1) The Hamstead Locality.
Near the village of Hamstead, 4 miles north-west of the centre of the city of Birmingham, the shafts of the Hamstead Colliery are sunk in the broad outcrop of Midland Red Rocks which fringe the south-eastern edge of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, and are classed and coloured upon the original maps of H.M. Geological Survey as ‘Permian.’ The colliery-shafts are carried down through the lower rocks of this so-called ‘Permian’ into productive Coal Measures below, which are the underground continuation of those of the visible South Staffordshire Coalfield, the well-known ‘Thick Coal’ itself being worked in this colliery.
The red rocks cut through in the colliery-shafts between the surface of the country and the grey productive Coal Measures below are collectively referred to in the present paper—for the sake of convenience—under the title of the Hamstead Colliery Series.
The strata of the Colliery Series rise to the outcrop west of the colliery for a distance of about 2 miles, until they are cut off by the well-known Eastern Boundary-Fault of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, which there limits the ‘Permian’ outcrop in the western direction.
A short distance east of the colliery, the eastern limit of the ‘Permian’ outcrop is reached, and is succeeded by the outcrop of the Trias.
In the narrow band of ‘Permian’ ground which intervenes between the colliery and the Triassic boundary-line, the local remainder of the so-called ‘Permian’ crops out. Its strata follow conformably upon those of the Hamstead-Colliery Series
The Lower Palæozoic Rocks of the Cautley District (Yorkshire)
Authors: Marr John Edward 
Published: October 2009

The object of this paper is to established a more detailed succession for the Ordovician rocks of the district, and to offer some notes upon the faunas of the Silurian rocks, the detailed succession of which has already been established.
I wish to thank the members of a party who accompanied me on an excursion, for much help in collecting. They were Messrs. A. W. R. Don, W. B. R. King, R. U. E. Knox, T. C. Nicholas, J. Romanes, and Bernard Smith. My son, F. A. Marr, has also rendered much assistance on several occasions. Fossils were collected on Sally Brow many years ago by Prof. McKenny Hughes, and Mr. Fearnsides has also supplied several specimens. I would especially thank Mr. J. Middlebrook, who placed his valuable local collection at my disposal, and ultimately presented it to the Sedgwick Museum.
I am greatly indebted to Miss G. L. Elles, D.Sc., for her kindness in identifying the Ordovician graptolites.
The Geological Survey Memoir, ‘The Geology of the Country around Mallerstang....,’ explanatory of Quarter-Sheet 97 N.W. (n. s. Sheet 40), has naturally been of great use. In this memoir a bibliography of the geology of the area up to the time of its publication (1891) is given; this renders it unnecessary to append one here.
Some brief notes on the rocks by myself and Mr. W. G. Fearnsides were published in the Report of the British Association (Sheffield) 1910, p. 603.
It will be well to give here a developed in
On the Hafslo Lake and the Solvorn Valley (Norway)
Authors: Monckton Horace Woollaston 
Published: October 2009

T
he
district dealt with in the present communication is situated in the North Bergenhus Amt, in Western Norway. It lies north of the main part of the Sogne Fjord and west of its innermost branch, the Lyster Fjord. An account of the locality, under the heading ‘Lysterfjorden og Hafslo’ will be found in the admirable paper by Dr. Reusch entitled ‘Nogle Bidrag til Forstaaelsen af hvorledes Norges dale og fjelde er blevne til’ which is provided with a summary in English.

A geological map of Southern Norway by Dr. K. O. Björlykke will be found in his work ‘Det centrale Norges Fjeldbygning;’ and another geological map, on a larger scale, which takes in the present district, has been published by Dr. Reusch. The map which I give (fig. 1, p. 20) is merely a sketch-map, founded on the Topographical Map of Norway, Sheet 29 B (Sogndal), with the geology sketched in from the above-mentioned geological maps.
If we look at Dr. Björlykke's map, we shall see a great mass of igneous rock marked at the head of the Sogne Fjord with a diagonal boundary running north-east and south-west. Along this boundary there is a narrow belt of Silurian and associated strata, dividing the igneous rock from a vast area of Archæan gneiss, etc., which extends outwards from it to the western coast. On the Archæan area is a great plateau covered with perpetual snow, Jostedalsbræen, associated with many smaller snow-covered plateaux; and they have also a north-eastern and south-western trend,
The Trilobite Fauna of the Comley Breccia-Bed (Shropshire)
Authors: Cobbold Edgar Sterling 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

I
n
a report to the Dundee Meeting of the British Association (1912) upon the excavations made in the Cambrian rocks at Comley during 1911, I called attention to a
Paradoxides
fauna, which appears to be new to the district, and is found in the matrix of a remarkable breccia near Comley Brook.

The objects of the present paper are:—

(1)
To figure the trilobites of this breccia-bed, and to describe those species which appear to be new;

(2)
To discuss the palæontological horizon in the Cambrian System which they indicate; and

(3)
To consider some inferences that may be drawn from the occurrence of this fauna in its present position among the rocks of Comley.

II. Recapitulation of Previous Observations
In order to make clear the special significance of the fossiliferous Breccia-Bed, it is necessary to recapitulate some of the observations already published.

In the section of the Quarry Ridge, the
Groomii
Fauna is found in the matrix of a conglomeratic grit which rests upon the Lower Cambrian limestones that yield the
Protolenus-Callavia
Fauna.

A similar conglomeratic grit is found at Robin's Tump with some of the same fossils; but in this case it rests, with visible unconformity, on bedded green sandstones, which are regarded as lower in the Cambrian sequence than the
Protolenus-Callavia
Limestones.

The conglomeratic nature of the grit is easily recognized, for the matrix consists largely of rounded quartz-grains with a liberal sprinkling of glauconite,
Notes on the Discovery of Fossiliferous Old Red Sandstone Rocks in a Boring at Southall, near Ealing
Authors: Proctor Ernest 
Published: October 2009

Introduction

I
n
1911 my attention was called to a boring at the works of Messrs. Otto Monsted & Co. at Southall. The work was carried out by Messrs. Isler & Co., and I wish to express my indebtedness to the firms in question for the facilities granted for the examination of cores, and for permission to publish my conclusions thereon. The examination of the rocks was carried out in the Geological Laboratories of the Imperial College of Science & Technology, and the determination of the bulk of the fish-remains was made by Dr. A. Smith Woodward, who has added an appendix on them to this paper. I am also indebted to Dr. D. H. Scott and to Mr. A. J. Maslen for examining certain problematical fossils, which are probably of vegetable origin.

Southall is on the Great Western Railway, about midway between Paddington and Windsor. The position of Messrs. Otto Monsted & Co.'s factory is about 100 yards south of Southall Station (G.W.R.). The purpose of the well was to obtain water from the Lower Greensand, which had been struck and yielded copious supplies of water at Slough, 9 or 10 miles farther west. As will be seen, the well was a failure from this point of view, as the boring passed from the Gault directly into Palæozoic rocks. But to the geologist the result is of considerable interest, because of the new light thrown by it on the age of the Palæozoic rocks of the London area.
Particular references
Preliminary Report on the Cranial Cast [of the Piltdown Skull]
Authors: Smith Grafton Elliot 
Published: October 2009

T
he
observations recorded in these notes were made upon the cranial cast which was submitted to me for examination by Dr. Smith Woodward, under whose direction the remains of the cranium were fitted together and the cast obtained from it.

The accompanying sketch (fig. 11) represents the left norma lateralis, and will explain better than a description the extent of missing cranial wall. The greater part of the right parietal bone and a considerable part of the occipital were found, and it was possible to fit them into position. Thus the form and proportions of the whole brain can be estimated.
The sharply-cut meningeal grooves upon the bones have produced upon the cast the whole pattern of the middle meningeal veins and arteries with great distinctness. The diagram shows the arrangement upon the left side: upon the right it conforms to Giuffrida-Ruggeri's Typus 1.
Unfortunately, there are only very slight indications of the arrangement of the furrows upon the surface of the cerebral hemisphere. Nevertheless many of them can be detected, if not by sight, by passing the finger over the surface and locating the depressions by touch. These features are represented (with considerable exaggerations so far as depth of shading is concerned) in the diagram (fig. 11) on the preceding page.
At first sight, the brain presents a considerable resemblance to the well-known Palæolithic brain-casts, and especially to those obtained from the Gibraltar and La Quina remains, which are supposed to be women's. Like these casts this one is
The Derived Cephalopoda of the Holderness Drift
Authors: Thompson Charles 
Published: October 2009

F
or
a long time it has been common knowledge among geologists that the Drift of Holderness, and of the Yorkshire coast generally, yields specimens of Jurassic cephalopoda, and at one time these specimens were assiduously collected.

Early in the last century, Phillips, in his classic ‘Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire’ stated that fully three-fourths of the then known species of the fossils of the Lias could be found in the ‘Diluvium.’ Again, Simpson and J. F. Blake, in their respective writings, mention certain fossils as being more abundant in the Drift of Holderness than in the known exposures of the Lias.
Since those authors wrote, the remanié fossils have been ignored until recently. There are now, however, two large collections of ammonites from the Boulder-Clay cliffs themselves, and also from the beach-stones derived presumably from the same clay. The one has been made by Mr. William Morfitt of Atwick, the other by myself and my colleague, Mr. A. H. Denham, of Hymers College, Hull.
These two collections, along with other smaller ones, show that Phillips almost certainly understated the proportion of known forms obtainable from the Drift. It is more probable that practically every species of the multiform Liassic ammonites known from Yorkshire exposures has also been found, or can be found, in the Drift.
Beside this stands the important fact that in the clay itself and in the beach-stones there have now been found many fossil cephalopods which, so far, have never been obtained, or at least recorded
On a Mass of Anhydrite in the Magnesian Limestone at Hartlepool, and on the Permian of South-Eastern Durham
Authors: Trechmann Charles Taylor 
Published: October 2009

T
he
exposures of Magnesian Limestone in the area under discussion in the present communication are indicated on the 1-inch Geological Survey [Drift] Map, Sheet 103 N.E. (New Series, Sheet 27), with the exception of the fine continuous sections of Castle-Eden, Hardwick, and Hesleden Denes: these are only indicated in part, and seem to have been overlooked by the surveyors. No attempt is made to distinguish the divisions of the Magnesian Limestone. Otherwise I know of no paper dealing with the district as a whole, though scattered references to the exposures of the coast-section and Castle-Eden Dene occur in various publications.

The isolated outcrops of Upper Magnesian Limestone with their associated anhydrite-mass, on which the two towns of Hartlepool and West Hartlepool are built, are bounded on the west and north-west by a valley filled with Glacial and superficial débris, probably connected with the watershed of the pre-Glacial Tees Valley. The nearest outcrops of Magnesian Limestone occur nearly 2 miles away to the west, and nearly 3 miles away to the north-west along the coast.
The area is bounded on the south-east by the fault, everywhere hidden and therefore largely problematical, which brings the Red Beds down against the Magnesian Limestone, and is marked on the Survey maps as extending in a straight line from West Hartlepool to a point south of Darlington. The levels of the limestone in borings north and south of this fault at West Hartlepool show a difference of about 700 feet, and so the southward throw