bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BLT-esterase in infectious mononucleosis
Authors: WAGNER L , WIESHOLZER M , WORMAN C P , LANG G , BASE W 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYPeripheral blood lymphocytes of three patients suffering from infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection were analysed for BLT-esterase expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes by a well established cytochemical staining method. During the acute phase of disease with presence of clinical symptoms a very high level of up to 90% BLT-esterase-expressing lymphocytes were detected. The increased percentage of lymphocytes expressing BLT-esterase coincided with the time of greatest symptoms and the peak elevation of hepatocellular enzymes. The still moderately elevated level only gradually decreased to normal during the further recovery period of 2 months during which the patients described episodes of weakness. Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype analysis revealed a marked CD8 lymphocytosis, a CD4/CD8 ratio of about 0·2, low number of CD19+ B cells, anda high level of DR+ CD3+ lymphocytes. Reduction of BLT esterase expression during the recovery period coincided with reduction of CD8+ DR+ lymphocytes. By a combination of BLT-esterase staining with immunocytochemical phenotype analysis, 95% of CD8+ lymphocytes were found to be BLT-esterase-positive. BLT-esterase might be involved in the immunodefence against EBV in infectious mononucleosis by inducing apoptosis in EBV-transformed B cells.
Dichotomy of the T cell response toLeishmaniaantigens in patients suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis; absence or scarcity of Th1 activity is associated with severe infections
Authors: GAAFAR A , KHARAZMI A , ISMAIL A , KEMP M , HEY A , CHRISTENSEN C B V , DAFALLA M , EL KADARO A Y , EL HASSAN A M , THEANDER T G 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe T cell response was studied in 25 patients suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major with severe (n= 10) and mild (n= 15) disease manifestations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the patients were activated by sonicates of Leishmania promastigotes (LMP) and amastigotes (LDA), and the surface protease gp63. The proliferative responses to Leishmania antigens were lower in patients with severe disease than in patients with mild disease (P= 0·01–0·05), and such a difference was not observed in the response to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) or tetanus toxoid (TT). LMP-induced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production was lower in patients with severe than in patients with mild disease (P &lt; 0·05). When the IL-4 and IFN-γ responses of each patient were considered, two response patterns were observed in the cultures activated by the Leishmania sonicates. One response pattern was characterized by high production of IFN-γ without production of IL-4 (a Th1-like pattern), the other was characterized by low IFN-γ levels which in most cases were associated with IL-4 production (not a Th1-like pattern). These patterns could not be distinguished when the cells from the same donors were stimulated by TT and PPD. The percentages of patients with a Th1-like response pattern after stimulation by LMP in patients with severe and mild disease manifestations were 30% and 80%, respectively. This difference was statistically significant (P= 0·034).
During active viscerocutaneous leishmaniasis the anti-P2 humoral response is specifically triggered by the parasite P proteins
Authors: SOTO M , REQUENA J M , QUIJADA L , ANGEL S O , GOMEZ L C , GUZMAN F , PATARROYO M E , ALONSO C 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIn this work we show that in the sera from dogs naturally infected with the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum there are antibodies that react specifically against the parasite acidic ribosomal proteins LiP2a and LiP2b, and that each one of the Leishmania P proteins elicits a specific humoral immune response. Using synthetic peptides, the antigenic epitope of these proteins has been mapped in a single region located adjacent to the C-terminal domain highly conserved among the eukaryotic P proteins. The anti-P antibodies elicited during the Leishmania infection do not recognize the conserved C-terminal domain of the parasite P proteins, in contrast with the findings reported in Chagas’ disease or systemic lupus erythematosus. The antigenic epitopes of the LiP2a and LiP2b are almost identical in amino acid sequence. No reactivity against Trypanosoma cruzi and human P proteins was found in sera from L. infantum-infected dogs.
IL-4 mRNA expression by peritoneal cells during episodes of peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Authors: WATSON C J , FINLAY-JONES J J , McDONALD P J , HART P H 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYPeritoneal cells were isolated from dialysates drained from nine patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) during episodes of peritonitis. Levels of expression of mRNA for the regulatory cytokines, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-4, were investigated daily, where possible, during the first 5 days of peritonitis. Cytokine mRNA levels were compared with those of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated in vitro with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Peritoneal cells expressed low levels of IFN-γ mRNA; for four of nine patients, IL-4 mRNA levels greater than those expressed by stimulated PBMC were detected. There was no pattern of cytokine mRNA expression associated with the types of organisms detected in dialysates at initiation of peritonitis. However, in contrast to those patients with a transient, resolving peritonitis, significant IL-4 mRNA expression was detected in cells isolated early in the episodes of peritonitis in patients who suffered recurrent peritonitis within 30 days of the initial peritonitis episode. These results suggest an association between early IL-4 mRNA expression and susceptibility to further infections. The known anti-inflammatory effects of IL-4 may explain this association.
Blood monocytes of untreated asthmatics exhibit some features of tissue macrophages
Authors: RIVIER A , PÈNE J , RABESANDRATANA H , CHANEZ P , BOUSQUET J , CAMPBELL A M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYAirway macrophages are activated in asthmatic subjects. Peripheral blood monocytes from these subjects present some functional features of activation, but their membrane markers are not known. Recently a new subtype of blood monocytes, CD14+/CD16+, has been identified which possesses the characteristics of tissue macrophages. A study was carried out on nine normal subjects and 11 untreated asthmatics having variable severities of the disease to examine the phenotypic characteristics of monocytes. CD14, CD16, HLA-DR, CD11a, CD11b, CD44 and CD54 were studied using double fluorescence flow cytometry since these antigens have been defined in the CD14+/CD16+ monocytes. The functional activation of monocytes was examined using the release of superoxide anion. The co-expression of CD14 and CD16 by monocytes in terms of percentage and mean fluorescence intensity was significantly higher in asthmatics (P &lt; 0·002 and P &lt; 0·0001, respectively, Mann-Whitney U-test). There was no difference for the other membrane markers between asthmatics and normal subjects. Superoxide anion release was significantly increased in asthmatic subjects (P &lt; 0·01). This study shows that most blood monocytes of asthmatics are CD14+/CD16+ and are likely to present features of tissue macrophages.
Detection of cytoplasmic IL-1β in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from intensive care unit (ICU) patients
Authors: YENTIS S M , ROWBOTTOM A W , RICHES P G 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
Cytokines including IL-1β have been implicated in the pathophysiology of sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response. It is believed that certain critically ill patients may be ‘primed’ with respect to cytokine production, and that subsequent ‘triggers’ may cause exaggerated cytokine production in these patients with exacerbation of their clinical condition; however, no means of identifying ‘primed’ patients has been described. The presence of cytoplasmic IL-1β within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients in the ICU was investigated as a means of identifying ‘primed’ patients, using fluorescent antibody labelling and flow cytometry. The study revealed that PBMC from ICU patients had a different staining pattern for IL-1β than those from healthy subjects, and that PBMC from certain ICU patients did indeed stain strongly for IL-1β; however, the presence of these strongly staining cells was not associated with clinical condition or outcome. It is concluded that whilst it might be possible to identify ‘primed’ patients in the ICU using this technique, this is of no clinical value as a predictor of clinical course.
Macrophages in T cell line-mediated, demyelinating, and chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats
Authors: HUITINGA I , RUULS S R , JUNG S , VAN ROOIJEN N , HARTUNG H P , DIJKSTRA C D 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYAbout 50% of the mononuclear cells in the perivascular lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) of rats suffering from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) are blood-borne macrophages. In this study we investigated the role of these macrophages in different variants of EAE, using a liposome-mediated macrophage depletion technique. Intravenously injected liposomes containing dichloromethylene diphosphonate (C12MDP) are ingested by macrophages and cause temporary and selective elimination of these cells. Macrophage depletion during EAE induced by a T cell line specific for myelin basic protein (MBP; T cell-EAE) suppresses development of neurological signs of EAE. T cell-EAE with pronounced demyelination as induced by an additionally injected MoAb directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was also significantly ameliorated after macrophage depletion. During chronic relapsing EAE (CR-EAE) the occurrence of relapses was prevented or suppressed, provided that the liposomes were injected before the initiation of a putative relapse. A chronic progressive course of CR-EAE was not modified by CI2MDP containing liposome treatment. Histologic examination of the CNS of liposome-treated animals confirmed decreased infiltration of macrophages into the parenchyma in the rats with T cell and AD-EAE, whereas T cells were still present.
The kinetics of surface expression of CD11/CD18 integrins and CD54 on monocytes and macrophages
Authors: STENT G , IRVING L , LEWIN S , CROWE S M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYCells of the macrophage lineage mediate extremely important normal functions of the immune system. Such functions are in part related to interactions between cell-bound LeuCAMs and their ligands. MoAb staining and flow cytometric analysis were used to follow changes in surface expression of LeuCAMs and the LFA-1 ligand CD54 during maturation of peripheral blood monocytes (BM) in vitro. Surface expression of these molecules increased on BM following isolation, the greatest increase being in CD54 and CD11c. Following an initial increase, there was a reduction in CD11a expression after 2 weeks in culture, this being greater on adherent compared with suspension-maintained cells. Expression of CD11b remained high throughout the culture period. LeuCAM and CD54 expression was further compared on freshly isolated alveolar macrophages (AM) and BM paired donors. A reciprocal relationship was observed between CD11c and CD11b on AM and BM, in that BM expressed higher levels of CD11b than CD11c, whilst the converse was true for AM. CD54 expression was also higher on AM than on BM. whilst there was no significant difference in expression of CD11a on these cells. These data suggest that consistent changes occur in the surface expression of the LeuCAMs and CD54 as monocytes mature into macrophages, which may reflect the specific functions of these cells.
Inhibition of IL-4 receptor up-regulation on B cells by antisense oligodeoxynucleotide suppresses IL-4-induced human IgE production
Authors: IKIZAWA K , KAJIWARA K , KOSHIO T , MATSUURA N , YANAGIHARA Y 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIL-4 is shown to up-regulate its own receptor (IL-4R) on human lymphocytes, but the functional significance of up-regulated IL-4R is not clear regarding IgE production. This study investigated the possible role of IL-4-induced up-regulation of IL-4R on B cells in the induction of human Ig–E synthesis by means of antisense strategy. Among three antisense oligodeoxynucleotides designed against the downstream of translation initiation site of 1L-4R cDNA. S-oligo 1, complementary to nucleotide 1-24, showed the strongest inhibition of the constitutive expression of IL-4R on Daudi cells. Addition of S-oligo 1 together with IL-4 also decreased the up-regulated but not constitutive levels of IL-4R on peripheral blood B cells without affecting the concomitant enhancement of CD23, CD40, HLA-DR and surface IgM expression, indicating that its effect is specific for IL-4R up-regulation. When S-oligo 1 was added to B cells costimulated with IL-4 and anti-CD40 MoAb, it induced a dose-dependent inhibition of IgE production. This inhibition was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of mature C transcripts, whereas the accumulation of germ-line CE transcripts was not affected by S-oligo 1. These data suggest that the signal transduction mediated by the up-regulated IL-4R on B cells may be intimately associated with the induction of isotype switching to IgE that leads to mature C transcription and IgE production.
Circulating antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Authors: KUCHARZIK T , STOLL R , LÜGERING N , DOMSCHKE W 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIBD is characterized by increased serum concentrations of different cytokines. IL-10 inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-6 through inhibitory action on Th1 cells and macrophages, and it is thought to be a suppressor type cytokine. In the present study we determined serum concentrations of IL-10 in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). We measured human IL-10 by our own newly established ELISA system using PharMingen antibodies. Serum antibodies were assessed in 44 patients with UC, 40 patients with CD, and in 30 healthy controls. Human IL-10 serum levels were significantly increased in patients with active UC (144 ± 34 pg/ml (mean ± s.e.m.), P &lt;0.001) and in active CD (132 ± 32 pg/ml, P &lt;0.001) compared with healthy controls (44.9.5pg/ml). Only patients with active CD and active UC presented with significantly increased IL-10 serum levels, while patients with inactive disease did not show any significant increase. There was no statistically significant difference between IL-10 serum levels in patients with CD or UC. Compared with clinical disease activity indices there was a significant correlation between IL-10 serum concentration and CDAI in patients with CD (r= 0.45, P &lt;0.01) and CAI in VC patients (r= 0.39, P &lt;0.05). Comparing IL-10 serum levels with serum concentrations of other proinflammatory cytokines there was a significant correlation to scrum levels of sIL-2R (r= 0.417, P &lt;0.05) and IL-6 (r= 0.387, P &lt;0.05) in patients with CD. Serum cytokine levels in patients with UC did not show any significant correlation to IL-10 serum concentration. IL-10 is elevated in serum of patients with active CD and UC. suggesting that IL-10 acts as a naturally occurring damper in the acute inflammatory process of IBD.
Molecular heterogeneity of antigen- or idiotype-induced anti-thyroglobulin monoclonal autoantibodies
Authors: BEDIN C , ROPARS A , MIGNON-GODEFROY K , CHARREIRE J 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYTo define the molecular basis of the cognitive interaction in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), we sequenced the variable regions of monoclonal autoantibodies to thyroglobulin (Tg), specific or not for the F40D peptide, a Tg pep tide capable of inducing EAT in CBA/J mice. Three MoAbs were obtained by immunization with syngeneic Tg of CBA/J (3B8G9, 2F6F2) or C57B1/6 (4D11F4) mice. 3B8G9 was specific for F40D peptide, whereas 2F6F2 and 4D11F4 were not. Two others were raised in CBA/J mice by manipulation of idiotypic pathways: B12 resulted from the immunization with one Ab2β, bearing the internal image of one F40D epitope, and TA2 from the immunization with F40D-specific cytotoxic HTC2 T cells. B12 and TA2 were both specific for F40D. All hybridomas expressed different members of the J558 VH family, except 3B8G9 which expressed a Q52 VH gene segment. These data led us to hypothesize that regulatory anti-id autoantibodies used members of one VH family located in the 5′-end of the VH locus, whereas EAT-associated autoantibodies used a member of one of the most D-proximal VH family. As expected, no homologies were found when anti-F40D monoclonal autoantibodies were compared with two other monoclonal autoantibodies displaying a different epitopic specificity. Among the anti-F40D monoclonal autoantibodies, one histidine residue located in position 35 of the CDRl region was constantly found. Moreover, TA2 and B12 exhibited two common animo acids in their CDR3 regions, one glycine and one tyrosine, in positions 98 and 99, respectively. Striking homologies were found between TA2 and one anti-polyGAT MoAb, and between 3B8G9 and some anti-phenyloxazolone (phOx) monoclonal autoantibodies. Lastly, the VK sequence from 4D11F4 was identical at the amino acid level to the VK sequence from another monoclonal autoantibody, 81B1, which was previously raised towards syngeneic Tg in CBA/J mice. Our data imply that anti-idiotypic regulatory circuits in EAT might be generated by a heterogeneous population of B cells rather than obtained by a single dominant B cell population.
Increased IL-2, IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome
Authors: NEUHAUS T J , WADHWA M , CALLARD R , BARRATT T M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWe investigated the production of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and serum cytokine concentrations in children with steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). PBMC from patients off treatment were collected during remission and relapse and cultured in medium alone or stimulated with calcium ionophore plus phorbol myristate acetate. Control PBMC were taken from healthy age-matched children. IL-2 was measured by bioassay, IL-4 by immunoradiometric assay, and IL-8 and IFN-γ by ELISA. After 24 h culture without stimulation, IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ were not detectable in the supernatant in any of the children. After stimulation, the supernatant concentrations of IL-2 (median 172 U/ml at 24 h) and IL-4 (160pg/ml at 24 h; 210pg/ml at 72 h) were significantly increased in relapse compared with remission (IL-2 37 U/ml; IL-4 65pg/ml and 60pg/ml) and controls (IL-2 69 U/ml; IL-4 40pg/ml and 40pg/ml) (P &lt;0.05). The concentration of IFN-γ was not significantly increased in relapse compared with remission and controls (600, 325, and 145 U/ml, respectively, at 72 h). IL-8 concentrations were similar in relapse, remission and controls with stimulation (median 32, 40 and 40 ng/ml, respectively) and without (30, 17 and 10 ng/ml). IL-2 was not detectable in serum, but IL-4, IL-8 and IFN-γ were measurable in about half the patients, both in relapse and remission, though were virtually undetectable in controls. We conclude that relapse of SSNS in children is associated with T lymphocyte activation with release of IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ.
Composition and biological behaviour of immune complexes isolated from synovial fluid of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
Authors: JARVIS J N , DIEBOLD M M , CHADWELL M K , IOBIDZE M , MOORE H T 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
Data published from In vitro studies have shown that IgM-rheumatoid factor (RF)-bearing immune complexes possess several biological features that may contribute to their pathogenicity. However, no studies have demonstrated that such complexes exist at sites of inflammation in children with rheumatoid disease. We used two methods of sequential column chromatography to purify immune complexes from synovial fluids of children with JRA. We demonstrate that high molecular weight complexes contain IgM-RF, have not bound C4 in vivo, but activate the classical pathway in vitro. In contrast, complexes which have bound C3 in vivo do not contain IgM- RF and are weak complement activators in vitro.
Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte subset light scatter characteristics as a means of monitoring the development of rat small bowel allograft rejection
Authors: WEBSTER G A , BOWLES M J , KARIM M S , WOOD R F M , POCKLEY A G 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
This investigation used flow cytometry to monitor peripheral blood lymphocyte morphology after rat small bowel transplantation. Preliminary studies demonstrated that in vitro activated peripheral blood lymphocytes exhibited increased cell size and granularity as measured by flow cytometric analysis of forward (FSc) and side (SSc) light scatter characteristics. The formation of distinct ‘activated’ light scatter regions by such lymphoblastoid transformation occurred concomitantly with up-regulated p55IL-2R expression. Heterotopic small bowel transplantation was performed between PVG donor and DA recipient rats without immunosuppression. Animals receiving isografts served as controls. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were identified using appropriate MoAbs, and the light scatter characteristics of each cell subset were determined by backgating strategies. Increased proportions of activated α/β T cell receptor (TCR)-positive cells could be detected in allografted animals as early as day 2 post-transplantation. B cells showed peak activation by day 4, at which time the proportion of activated cells was over two-fold greater than that seen in untransplanted animals—few activated B cells were detected in isografted animals. Resting natural killer (NK) cell light scatter regions only partially overlap with those of resting T and B lymphocytes, but in allografted animals almost the entire NK population fell outside the resting lymphocyte gate by day 2 post-transplantation, an activation state which was maintained until day 4. These findings associate peripheral blood cell subset lymphoblastoid transformation with developing small bowel allograft rejection. Importantly, changes were detected early and prior to the onset of overt rejection. These data suggest that analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte light scatter properties may provide an insight into in vivo immune status after small bowel transplantation.