bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic field studies of massive main sequence stars
Authors: Schöller M. , Hubrig S. , Ilyin I. , Kharchenko N.V. , Briquet M. , González J.F. , Langer N. , Oskinova L.M. , the MAGORI collaboration  
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe report on the status of our spectropolarimetric observations of massive stars. During the last years, we have discovered magnetic fields in many objects of the upper main sequence, including Be stars, β Cephei and Slowly Pulsating B stars, and a dozen O stars. Since the effects of those magnetic fields have been found to be substantial by recent models, we are looking into their impact on stellar rotation, pulsation, stellar winds, and chemical abundances. Accurate studies of the age, environment, and kinematic characteristics of the magnetic stars are also promising to give us new insight into the origin of the magnetic fields. Furthermore, longer time series of magnetic field measurements allow us to observe the temporal variability of the magnetic field and to deduce the stellar rotation period and the magnetic field geometry. Studies of the magnetic field in massive stars are indispensable to understand the conditions controlling the presence of those fields and their implications on the stellar physical parameters and evolution (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic confinement of the solar tachocline: The oblique dipole
Authors: Strugarek A. , Brun A. S. , Zahn J.‐P. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract3D MHD global solar simulations coupling the turbulent convective zone and the radiative zone have been carried out. Essential features of the Sun such as differential rotation, meridional circulation and internal waves excitation are recovered. These realistic models are used to test the possibility of having the solar tachocline confined by a primordial inner magnetic field. We find that the initially confined magnetic fields we consider open into the convective envelope. Angular momentum is transported across the two zones by magnetic torques and stresses, establishing the so‐called Ferarro's law of isorotation. In the parameter space studied, the confinement of the magnetic field by meridional circulation penetration fails, also implying the failure of the tachocline confinement by the magnetic field. Three‐dimensional convective motions are proven responsible for the lack of magnetic field confinement. Those results are robust for the different magnetic field topologies considered, i.e. aligned or oblique dipole (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Star‐planet interactions and selection effects from planet detection methods
Authors: Poppenhaeger K. , Schmitt J.H.M.M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPlanets may have effects on their host stars by tidal or magnetic interaction. Such star‐planet interactions are thought to enhance the activity level of the host star. However, stellar activity also affects the sensitivity of planet detection methods. Samples of planet‐hosting stars which are investigated for such star‐planet interactions are therefore subject to strong selection effects which need to be taken into account (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasiparallel and parallel stellar wind interaction and the magnetospheres of close‐in exoplanets
Authors: Johansson E.P.G. , Müller J. , Motschmann U. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractVenus‐like interactions between stellar wind and planets can be expected to change radically when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is quasiparallel to the stellar wind velocity in the frame of a planet. There should exist close‐in orbits in which planets are ideally exposed to such (quasi)parallel stellar winds. The abundance of close‐in exoplanets make it likely that exoplanets in such orbits exist. We study how the Venus‐like interaction between a supersonic stellar wind and a terrestrial exoplanet with atmosphere but no intrinsic magnetic field orbiting a Sun‐like star at 0.2 AU, depends on the IMF‐stellar wind angle. We extend an earlier study by adding simulations for the very lowest IMF‐stellar wind angles. For this we use a hybrid simulation code, A.I.K.E.F., that models ions as macroparticles and electrons as a massless, charge‐neutralizing adiabatic fluid. We find that as the IMF becomes closer and closer to parallel to the stellar wind, the lack of shielding stellar wind‐induced magnetic fields leads to the collapse of the magnetosheath and dayside bow shock and stellar wind impacting the atmosphere in bulk, opening up for extensive direct interaction between stellar wind and atmosphere, e.g. ENA production, energy deposition and atmospheric erosion. Combined with an observed order‐of‐magnitude decrease in the rate of ionospheric ions being lost to the stellar wind, the result may prove relevant for atmospheric evolution. Model shortcomings potentially weaken the conclusions that can be drawn from the most extreme case, the perfectly parallel interaction (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A contemporary, laboratory‐intensive course on messenger RNA transcription and processing
Authors: Carson Sue , Miller Heather 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMessenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) plays a pivotal role in the central dogma of molecular biology. Importantly, molecular events occurring during and after mRNA synthesis have the potential to create multiple proteins from one gene, leading to some of the remarkable protein diversity that genomes hold. The North Carolina State University Biotechnology Program developed and implemented a new, laboratory‐intensive course to provide students with a contemporary view of mRNA entitled “mRNA: Transcription and Processing.” This course, offered at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, aimed to introduce students to the many functions of RNA, with an emphasis on mRNA. In addition to fundamental aspects of these processes, students were exposed to cutting‐edge techniques used to analyze mRNA in both lecture and laboratory components. We evaluated this course over two semesters and found that learning outcomes were met by both undergraduate and graduate students, based on assessments such as laboratory reports, pre‐lab assignments, a final exam, and successful results in the laboratory. We also examined student perceptions through anonymous surveys, where students reported gains in confidence in both conceptual knowledge and technical skill after completing this course.
Galen's “Anastomosis” revisited
Authors: Naidu L. , Ramsaroop L. , Partab P. , Satyapal K.S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the incidence and contribution to the innervation of the larynx from Galen's “Anastomosis” (GA), which is the direct connection between the dorsal branches of the internal laryngeal nerve (ILN) and the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Fifty adult laryngeal specimens were micro‐dissected. The diameter of the ILN and RLN were measured immediately after each had given off their muscular branches to form GA. The incidence of GA was 81%. The average diameter of the ILN after giving off muscular branches to form GA was 1.28 mm (right) and 1.27 mm (left) while the average diameter of the RLN after giving off muscular branches to form GA was 0.65 mm (right) and 0.68 mm (left). The weighted mean incidence of GA (77.3%) calculated from a review of the literature concurred with the present finding of 81%. The ILN and RLN supplied the laryngeal musculature. According to the results obtained; it appears that the ILN may provide a greater contribution to the connection between the ILN and RLN as the morphometric contribution from the ILN was larger in comparison to the RLN. In addition, the authors propose a suitable term viz. the “communicating branch” as opposed to the commonly used misnomer GA to describe the connection between the dorsal branch of the RLN and the ILN, based on the definition that an “Anastomosis” refers to blood vessels and that a single connection exists between the dorsal branch of the RLN and ILN. Clin. Anat. 25:722–728, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Dynamic Structure of Gold Supported on Ceria in the Liquid Phase Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene
Authors: Kartusch Christiane , Makosch Martin , Sá Jacinto , Hungerbuehler Konrad , van Bokhoven Jeroen A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWith regard to heterogeneous catalysis by gold and, in particular, hydrogenation reactions, there is no consensus on the oxidation state of the catalytically active species. By means of high‐resolution X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, we determined in situ the oxidation state of gold in the functioning catalyst Au/CeO2 in the slurry phase of the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene at high pressure. The conversion of nitrobenzene was monitored simultaneously by means of online attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We found that catalysts without measurable amounts of cationic gold were more active than catalysts with cationic gold. Any cationic gold that remained after pretreatment was reduced under reaction conditions, without any loss of activity. No evidence was found that the cationic gold contributed to the catalytic activity.
Chromatographic Separation and Purification of Mitotane Racemate in a Varicol Multicolumn Continuous Process
Authors: da Silva A. C. , Salles A. G. , Perna R. F. , Correia C. R. D. , Santana C. C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe multicolumn continuous chromatographic separation process that increases throughput, purity, and yield compared to batch chromatography is considered as an important preparative technique to purify pharmaceutical drugs. Mitotane is a chiral drug marketed in the racemic form but pharmacological effects due to molecule chirality indicate that one of the enantiomers is more potent. Preparative separation of the mitotane enantiomers was performed by a continuous Varicol unit operated on a scale of 30 g/day. Amylose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) functioned as the stationary phase and acetonitrile‐isopropanol mixtures as mobile phases. The enantiomeric purities obtained were 97.0 % for S‐(–)‐mitotane and 96.8 % for R‐(+)‐mitotane in the raffinate and extract streams, respectively. The unit provided productivities of 1.14 kg raffinate per day and kg adsorbent and 0.68 kg extract per day and kg adsorbent.
Development of a Microrectification Apparatus for Analytical and Preparative Applications
Authors: Ziogas A. , Cominos V. , Kolb G. , Kost H.‐J. , Werner B. , Hessel V. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe realization of efficient microrectification equipment that can be operated intermittently or continuously is reported. The equipment can be used for both analytical and preparative separations of mixtures of liquid substances. Different binary systems were separated. A theoretical separation stage number of 12 was obtained, together with a height equivalent to one theoretical plate of 1.08 cm. Compared to the state of microtechnology, this can be regarded as excellent progress.
Spectroscopic Response of Ferrocene Derivatives Bearing a BODIPY Moiety to Water: A New Dissociation Reaction
Authors: Chen Suming , Chen Wei , Shi Wen , Ma Huimin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFerrocence and its derivatives have long been known to be a class of stable organometallic compounds, and their dissociation usually occurs under harsh conditions. Here we report a new type of ferrocene derivatives, 4,4‐difluoro‐8‐ferrocenyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene and 4,4‐difluoro‐2,6‐diethyl‐8‐ferrocenyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene, which surprisingly can hydrolyze under mild conditions. These two derivatives, initially developed as donor–acceptor probes for reactive oxygen species by incorporating the electron donor of ferrocene as a quencher into the fluorophore of BODIPY (boron dipyrromethene difluoride), barely emit fluorescence. Upon reaction with H2O under the irradiation of natural light at room temperature, however, both of the probes display a dramatic color change and fluorescence retrievement. Detailed experimental results reveal that the reaction of the probes with H2O leads to the removal of a cyclopentadiene unit and iron(II), yielding a BODIPY derivative that retains the other cyclopentadiene unit and shows a large fluorescence enhancement (over 100‐fold). Moreover, the increase in fluorescence intensity is directly proportional to microamount of water, and the presence of both light and H2O is indispensable in the reaction, which makes the present system of great potential not only for determining water but also for forming a AND logic gate. Most importantly, the present mild dissociation reaction may give a new insight into the stability of ferrocene and its derivatives.
Honeycomb Micropatterning of Proteins on Polymer Films through the Inverse Microemulsion Approach
Authors: Ma Yingyi , Liang Jing , Sun Hang , Wu Lixin , Dang Yongqiang , Wu Yuqing 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHere we report the rapid and convenient patterning of proteins on porous polymer film using the inverse microemulsion approach. Following this method, proteins, which were dissolved in water, were transferred into dichloromethane solution of polymers through the formation of inverse microemulsion by mixing the two solutions. The protein‐containing microemulsion droplets accumulated automatically into large and stable ones on the surface of organic solution casting on solid substrates, and formed tightly packed microemulsion droplet arrays driven by surface tension. With the evaporation of organic solvent and water, the microemulsion droplet arrays, which act as the template, turn to honeycomb patterned pores bearing proteins in them. The formed protein patterns can be locally applied for the detection of other proteins through specific recognition. The generality and reproducibility for the formation of BSA/PS microporous film and protein patterning by using different polymers and solvents were demonstrated by investigating surfactant addition, polymer and solvent types, and casting volume on the morphology of the microporous films. A preliminary mechanism for the protein patterning is discussed based on the analysis of the experimental results.
Synthesis of Renewable Bisphenols from Creosol
Authors: Meylemans Heather A. , Groshens Thomas J. , Harvey Benjamin G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA series of renewable bisphenols has been synthesized from creosol (2‐methoxy‐4‐methylphenol) through stoichiometric condensation with short‐chain aldehydes. Creosol can be readily produced from lignin, potentially allowing for the large scale synthesis of bisphenol A replacements from abundant waste biomass. The renewable bisphenols were isolated in good yields and purities without resorting to solvent‐intense purification methods. Zinc acetate was shown to be a selective catalyst for the ortho‐coupling of formaldehyde, but was unreactive when more sterically demanding aldehydes were used. Dilute HCl and HBr solutions were shown to be effective catalysts for the selective coupling of aldehydes in the position meta to the hydroxyl group. The acid solutions could be recycled and reused multiple times without decrease in activity or yield.
Thyroid hormone‐induced sonic hedgehog signal up‐regulates its own pathway in a paracrine manner in the Xenopus laevis intestine during metamorphosis
Authors: Hasebe Takashi , Kajita Mitsuko , Fu Liezhen , Shi Yun‐Bo , Ishizuya‐Oka Atsuko 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground: During Xenopus laevis metamorphosis, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is directly induced by thyroid hormone (TH) at the transcription level as one of the earliest events in intestinal remodeling. However, the regulation of other components of this signaling pathway remains to be analyzed. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal expression of Patched (Ptc)‐1, Smoothened (Smo), Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 during natural and TH‐induced intestinal remodeling. Results: We show that all of the genes examined are transiently up‐regulated in the mesenchymal tissues during intestinal metamorphosis. Conclusions: Interestingly, in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors, Gli2 but not the others was induced by TH, suggesting that Gli2 is a direct TH response gene, while the others are likely indirect ones. Furthermore, we demonstrate by the organ culture experiment that overexpression of Shh enhances the expression of Ptc‐1, Smo, and Glis even in the absence of TH, indicating that Shh regulates its own pathway components during intestinal remodeling. Developmental Dynamics 241:403–414, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulating the effect of groundwater withdrawals on intermittent‐pond vegetation communities
Authors: Laidig Kim J. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTGroundwater withdrawals in a shallow unconfined aquifer can reduce water levels in connected wetlands and lead to changes in vegetation. I simulated the effect of withdrawals on the vegetation of intermittent ponds in the New Jersey Pinelands by first characterising the vegetation communities and associated hydrologic regimes of 15 ponds. A model, which was based on these results, was used in conjunction with simulated water‐level drawdowns to predict changes in plant communities. Five dominant vegetation communities found at the study ponds included Carex striata, Chamaedaphne calyculata, and Vaccinium corymbosum patch types and aquatic‐herbaceous and wetland‐herbaceous types, which represent combinations of other vegetation types. A vegetation‐hydrology model related mean vegetation cover for the five patch types to water level in 5‐cm classes. Groundwater withdrawals were simulated by reducing pond‐water depth by 5‐cm intervals, and the resulting changes in modelled vegetation were assessed. Aquatic‐herbaceous and wetland‐herbaceous patch types displayed reductions in area beginning at the smallest simulated drawdowns evaluated. C. striata patch area changed only slightly for drawdowns ≤10 cm, but decreased steadily in response to greater drawdowns. C. calyculata and V. corymbosum patch areas increased for water‐level reductions ≤15 cm and then decreased at drawdowns ≥20 cm. The area of combined pond‐vegetation types, which represents the entire pond as a single vegetation community, consistently decreased at reductions of ≥10 cm. These simulations suggest that groundwater withdrawals favour the expansion of woody species into intermittent ponds, with eventual replacement of pond vegetation by adjacent forest vegetation if extreme hydrologic modifications occur. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IKKβ‐induced inflammation impacts the kinetics but not the magnitude of the immune response to a viral vector
Authors: Hopewell Emily L. , Bronk Crystina C. , Massengill Michael , Engelman Robert W. , Beg Amer A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMicrobial adjuvants in vaccines activate key transcription factors, including NF‐κB and interferon response factors (IRFs). However, the individual role of these transcription factor pathways in promoting adaptive immunity by adjuvants is not clear. It is widely believed that induction of a strong inflammatory response potentiates an adaptive immune response. In this study, we sought to determine whether activation of the pro‐inflammatory inhibitor of &&num;x003BA;B kinase β (IKKβ) canonical NF‐&&num;x003BA;B pathway promoted vaccine‐induced immune responses. An adenovirus expressing constitutively activated IKKβ (AdIKK) induced robust DC maturation and high expression of key cytokines compared with a control virus. In vivo, AdIKK triggered rapid inflammation after pulmonary infection, increased leukocyte entry into draining LNs, and enhanced early antibody and T‐cell responses. Notably, AdIKK did not influence the overall magnitude of the adaptive immune response. These results indicate that induction of inflammation by IKKβ/NF‐&&num;x003BA;B in this setting impacts the kinetics but not the magnitude of adaptive immune responses. These findings therefore help define the individual role of a key pathway induced by vaccine adjuvants in promoting adaptive immunity.
Zirconium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroamination of Alkynes with Primary Amines
Authors: Born Karolin , Doye Sven 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA simple catalyst system generated in situ by combination of 5 mol‐% [Zr(NMe2)4] and 10 mol‐% of a sulfonamide catalyzes the intermolecular hydroamination of alkynes with primary amines. At elevated temperatures, hydroamination is achieved with both internal and terminal alkynes as well as with sterically demanding and less demanding primary amines. In contrast, secondary amines do not react under identical conditions. Of the sulfonamide additives investigated, sterically demanding tosylamides such as N‐(tert‐butyl)‐p‐toluenesulfonamide give the best results. The regioselectivity of the addition of amine to unsymmetrically substituted internal as well as terminal alkynes is significantly influenced by the nature of the sulfonamide additive. In particular, the successful use of sterically less demanding primary amines such as n‐hexyl‐ or benzylamine clearly indicates that the assumption that Zr catalysts generally form catalytically inactive bridging μ2‐imido dimers or other unreactive intermediates in the presence of these amines is not correct.
[1,4]Dithiepino[2,3‐b]furans from Oxiranecarbaldimines and Lithiated 1,3‐Dithiane: A Series of Rearrangement Reactions in One Pot
Authors: Michel Kristin , Glotzbach Christoph , Fröhlich Roland , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOxiranecarbaldimines 1, which are easily accessible in a two‐step procedure, were converted into [1,4]dithiepino[2,3‐b]furans 5 by the addition of lithiated 1,3‐dithiane and subsequent aqueous workup under acidic conditions. In case of bis(imine) 6, the isolation of the intermediate bis(aziridinyl alcohol) 7 was possible and resulted from an aza‐Payne rearrangement. Acid treatment of 7 led to the bis(furan) 8. According to quantum chemical calculations, the key step of the acid‐catalyzed step is the ring expansion of the 1,3‐dithiane with simultaneous ring opening of the aziridine. Several [1,4]dithiepino[2,3‐b]furan derivatives 5 and 8 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction.
Racial/ethnic differences in serious psychological distress among older adults in California
Authors: Kim Giyeon , Bryant Ami N. , Parmelee Patricia 
Published: December 2011

ObjectivesThis study examined racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence and correlates of past year serious psychological distress ([SPD] defined as having a score of 13 or higher on the K6 scale), as well as impairments caused by SPD among older adults in California.MethodsData drawn from the 2007 California Health Interview Survey, representing racially/ethnically diverse adults 65 years and older, were analyzed: Whites, African Americans, Latinos, Asians, and American Indians/Alaska Natives. Using weighted data, descriptive analyses for prevalence rates and logistic regression analyses were conducted.ResultsThe prevalence of past year SPD was significantly different across the five racial/ethnic groups (p = 0.000), with American Indians/Alaska Natives having the highest prevalence (18.2%) and Asians having the lowest prevalence (2.6%). Disability was significantly associated with prevalence of SPD in all five racial/ethnic groups (all ps < 0.05). Impairments caused by past year SPD did not significantly differ across the five racial/ethnic groups, but overall functional impairments caused by SPD were highest among Whites and lowest among Latinos. Racial/ethnic‐specific correlates of past year SPD for Asians were lower educational attainment (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.55–0.92) and for African Americans, a greater number of chronic diseases (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.55–3.54).ConclusionsApparent racial/ethnic differences existed in the prevalence and correlates of past year SPD among older adults in California. The findings suggest that different disease burden caused by SPD may exist across diverse racial/ethnic elderly groups and highlight the need to develop race/ethnicity‐specific intervention strategies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.