bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Drug Delivery of Alendronate Gel for the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Periodontitis With Diabetes Mellitus: A Double‐Masked Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Pradeep A. R. , Sharma Anuj , Rao Nishanth S. , Bajaj Pavan , Naik Savitha B. , Kumari Minal 
Published: January 2012

Background: Alendronate (ALN) increases alveolar bone density with systemic use and, has been found to increase bone formation on local delivery into the periodontal pocket. The purpose of the present study is to explore the efficacy of 1% ALN gel as a local drug delivery system in adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) for the treatment of intrabony defects in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) with type 2 diabetes (DM) compared to a placebo gel.Methods: Seventy intrabony defects were treated with either 1% ALN or placebo gel. Clinical parameters were recorded at baseline, 2 months, and 6 months. Radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline and 6 months. Defect fill at baseline and 6 months was calculated on standardized radiographs using image analysis software.Results: Mean probing depth (PD) reduction and mean clinical attachment level (CAL) gain was greater in the ALN group than the placebo group at both 2 and 6 months. Furthermore, significantly greater mean percentage of bone fill was found in the ALN group (44.2% ± 11.78%) compared to the placebo group (2.8% ± 1.61%).Conclusions: In patients with type 2 DM and CP, local delivery of 1% ALN into periodontal pockets resulted in a significant increase in the PD reduction, CAL gain, and improved bone fill compared to placebo gel as an adjunct to SRP. Thus, ALN can be used as an adjunct to SRP to provide a new dimension in the periodontal therapy in the near future.
Salivary and Serum Chromogranin A and α‐Amylase in Periodontal Health and Disease
Authors: Haririan Hady , Bertl Kristina , Laky Markus , Rausch Wolf‐Dieter , Böttcher Michael , Matejka Michael , Andrukhov Oleh , Rausch‐Fan Xiaohui 
Published: January 2012

Background: Salivary stress‐related biomarkers in connection with periodontal disease have not been extensively studied. In addition to cortisol as a well‐known marker of stress loading, chromogranin A (CgA) and α‐amylase (AA) are supposed to link the activity of the neuroendocrine system to local and systemic immune functions and to be related to periodontitis. This study aims to determine CgA and AA in saliva and serum in periodontal health and disease to assess their potential relationship to periodontitis.Methods: Patients with aggressive (AgP) (n = 24) and chronic periodontitis (CP) (n = 34) as well as healthy control (CO) (n = 30) individuals participated in this study. CgA and AA were determined in saliva and serum with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and an adapted clinical amylase test; salivary cortisol was determined using mass spectrometry. Clinical parameters of periodontal disease were evaluated, and their possible correlations with stress‐related biomarkers were assessed.Results: Significantly higher CgA levels were found in the saliva of patients with AgP compared with those in patients with CP and CO individuals (P <0.001). Salivary cortisol levels were higher in the AgP group compared with those in patients with CP (P <0.05). No differences in serum CgA levels and salivary and serum AA activities were found among all groups. A positive correlation was revealed between salivary AA activity or salivary CgA levels and the extent of periodontitis (P <0.05).Conclusion: The results suggest an association of CgA and cortisol levels as well as AA activity in saliva with periodontitis, especially a significant relationship of salivary CgA and cortisol to AgP.
Definitive and Differential Diagnosis of Desquamative Gingivitis Through Direct Immunofluorescence Studies
Authors: Suresh Lakshmanan , Neiders Mirdza E. 
Published: January 2012

Background: Desquamative gingivitis (DG) is a common clinical manifestation of oral autoimmune vesiculobullous diseases (VBDs). Their polymorphous clinical presentations coupled with similar histologic features make diagnosis indistinguishable among the different VBDs. Direct immunofluorescence (IF) studies are valuable gold‐standard diagnostic tests that allow for discrimination among the various VBDs that present with DG. There have been no recent detailed analyses done that have used conventional light microscopy and direct IF in diagnosis to document the clinical associations of DG with various autoimmune oral diseases. The aim of this study is to examine retrospectively a large cohort of patients with DG for associated diseases and to determine the utility of direct IF and conventional light microscopy in establishing a definitive diagnosis.Methods: During a 14‐month period, our laboratory in Buffalo, New York, received 239 consecutive archival cases of gingival biopsy with a clinical diagnosis of DG. These specimens were submitted to establish or rule out a diagnosis of a direct IF–positive VBD. The demographic, clinical, and microscopic findings were tabulated using established inclusion and diagnostic criteria.Results: Approximately half the number (48.1%) of biopsies received for direct IF studies were submitted by periodontists. Slightly more than half of the patients (53%) previously had biopsies submitted for both hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and direct IF testing. There was a female predilection for all the diseases studied except for pemphigus and linear immunoglobulin A disease. Oral lichen planus was the most common disease presenting as DG, followed by pemphigoid. The clinical diagnosis of lichen planus correlated with the biopsy findings in 80% of the cases and with pemphigoid in 60%. Definitive diagnosis was rendered to ≈80% of the gingival biopsies submitted. Negative cases of direct IF presenting as DG had significant pathology, such as dysplasia and carcinoma, which would have been otherwise missed if H & E studies had not been performed.Conclusions: This study has the largest cohort of patients with DG suspected of VBD reported in the literature. The patients were predominantly females who had most often been seen by a periodontist. The definitive diagnosis of DG was most accurately achieved when H & E along with two biopsies for direct IF studies were submitted for testing. H & E studies were particularly important for definitive diagnosis of negative cases. Oral lichen planus was the most common disease presenting as DG, which is consistent with recent studies. Systemic connective tissue disorders that present as DG at initial clinical examination require direct IF and serum studies for a conclusive diagnosis. Clinical pathologic correlation, including history, presentation, H & E, and direct IF studies, are essential in establishing a definitive and differential diagnosis for cases presenting with DG.
Forking and Dividing in NTP2 theories
Authors: Chernikov Artem , Kaplan Itay 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe prove that in theories without the tree property of the second kind (which include dependent and simple theories) forking and dividing over models are the same, and in fact over any extension base. As an application we show that dependence is equivalent to bounded non-forking assuming NTP2.
Expansions which introduce no new open sets
Authors: Boxall Gareth , Hieronymi Philipp 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe consider the question of when an expansion of a first-order topological structure has the property that every open set definable in the expansion is definable in the original structure. This question has been investigated by Dolich, Miller and Steinhorn in the setting of ordered structures as part of their work on the property of having o-minimal open core. We answer the question in a fairly general setting and provide conditions which in practice are often easy to check. We give a further characterisation in the special case of an expansion by a generic predicate.
Hypergraph sequences as a tool for saturation of ultrapowers
Authors: Malliaris M. E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLet T1, T2 be countable first-order theories, Mi ⊨ Ti and any regular ultrafilter on λ ≥ ℵ0. A longstanding open problem of Keisler asks when T2 is more complex than T1, as measured by the fact that for any such λ, , if the ultrapower realizes all types over sets of size ≤ λ, then so must the ultrapower . In this paper, building on the author's prior work [12] [13] [14], we show that the relative complexity of first-order theories in Keisler's sense is reflected in the relative graph-theoretic complexity of sequences of hypergraphs associated to formulas of the theory. After reviewing prior work on Keisler's order, we present the new construction in the context of ultrapowers, give various applications to the open question of the unstable classification, and investigate the interaction between theories and regularizing sets. We show that there is a minimum unstable theory, a minimum TP2 theory, and that maximality is implied by the density of certain graph edges (between components arising from Szemerédi-regular decompositions) remaining bounded away from 0, 1. We also introduce and discuss flexible ultrafilters, a relevant class of regular ultrafilters which reflect the sensitivity of certain unstable (non low) theories to the sizes of regularizing sets, and prove that any ultrafilter which saturates the minimal TP2 theory is flexible.
The Competitive Market for Assurance Engagements on Greenhouse Gas Statements: Is There a Role for Assurers from the Accounting Profession?
Authors: Huggins Anna , Green Wendy J. , Simnett Roger 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARY
In response to current and increasing demand for assurance on greenhouse gas statements, the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) released an exposure draft of a new assurance standard, ISAE 3410 “Assurance on a Greenhouse Gas Statement” (IFAC 2011), to provide comprehensive guidance on these types of greenhouse gas (GHG) assurance engagements. Internationally, approximately 50 percent of GHG statements are independently assured. The related assurance market is competitive, with the accounting profession and those outside the profession currently holding approximately equal shares. This paper highlights the characteristics of GHG assurance engagements that warrant multi-disciplinary teamwork, the unique and interdependent skill-sets that different practitioners bring to these engagements, and the market forces that create a demand for diverse providers.
Response of a Subgroup of the PCAOB's Investor Advisory Group to the PCAOB's Concept Release Concerning Reports on Audited Financial Statements and Related Amendments to PCAOB Standards
Authors: Blake Kelvin , Carcello Joseph V. , Harrison Norman J. , Head Michael J. , Roper Barbara E. , Simpson Anne , Sondhi Tony , Tarola Robert M. , Turner Lynn E. , Williams Meredith , Yerger Ann 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARY
Recently, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) released a concept release concerning possible revisions to PCAOB standards related to reports on audited financial statements and related amendments to PCAOB standards. The comment letter below, written by a subgroup of the PCAOB's Investor Advisory Group, was recently submitted to the PCAOB in response to the Board's concept release. The subgroup believes that the four most important changes to the audit report would require the auditor to: (1) discuss the auditor's assessment of the estimates and judgments made by management in preparing the financial statements and how the auditor arrived at that assessment, (2) disclose areas of high financial statement and audit risk and how the auditor addressed these risk areas, (3) discuss unusual transactions, restatements, and other significant changes in the financial statements (including the notes), and (4) discuss the quality, not just the acceptability, of the issuer's accounting practices and policies. They further assert that the disclosure of this information will improve investors' ability to make informed buy/sell decisions, which should result in higher returns to investors and improved capital allocation within society.
No Good Deed Goes Unpunished? Recent Evidence on the Effects of Identifying and Investigating Fraud Risks on Auditors' Litigation Exposure
Authors: Reffett Andrew B. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARY
Statement on Auditing Standard No. 99 requires audit team members (staff through partner) during the planning stage of an audit to identify general and specific fraud risks they believe are potentially present within their client's organization, assess the severity of the identified risks, and modify their audit procedures accordingly. While regulators believe such actions will help auditors detect fraud, several publications contend that identifying and investigating fraud risks could, in certain circumstances, also increase auditors' litigation exposure. A recent study, “Can Identifying and Investigating Fraud Risks Increase Auditors' Liability” (Reffett 2010), provides empirical evidence that supports these concerns. This article summarizes that study by discussing its motivation, method, results, and implications. The current article then considers several important questions the aforementioned study raises regarding the effects of the current legal system on the audit process.
Growth of untreated vestibular schwannoma: a prospective study
Authors: Varughese Jobin Kotakkathu , Breivik Cathrine Nansdal , Wentzel-Larsen Tore , Lund-Johansen Morten 
Published: January 2012

Object
Small vestibular schwannomas (VSs) are often conservatively managed and treated only upon growth. Growth is usually reported in mm/year, but describing the growth of a 3D structure by a single diameter has been questioned. As a result, VS growth dynamics should be further investigated. In addition, baseline clinical parameters that could predict growth would be helpful. In this prospective study the authors aimed to describe growth dynamics in a cohort of conservatively managed VSs. They also compared different growth models and evaluated the ability of baseline parameters to predict future growth.

Methods
Between 2000 and 2006, 178 consecutive patients with unilateral de novo small-sized VSs identified among the Norwegian population of 4.8 million persons were referred to a tertiary care center and were included in a study protocol of conservative management. Tumor size was defined by MR imaging–based volume estimates and was recorded along with clinical data at regular visits. Mixed-effects models were used to analyze the relationships between observations. Three growth models were compared using statistical diagnostic tests: a mm/year–based model, a cm3/year–based model, and a volume doubling time (VDT)-based model. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine a cutoff for the VDT-based model for distinguishing growing and nongrowing tumors.

Results
A mean growth rate corresponding to a VDT of 4.40 years (95% CI 3.49–5.95) was found. Other growth models in this study revealed mean growth rates of 0.66 mm/year (95% CI 0.47–0.86) and 0.19 cm3/year (95% CI 0.12–0.26). Volume doubling time was found to be the most realistic growth model. All baseline variables had p values > 0.09 for predicting growth.

Conclusions
Based on the actual measurements, VDT was the most correct way to describe VS growth. The authors found that a cutoff of 5.22 years provided the best value to distinguish growing from nongrowing tumors. None of the investigated baseline predictors were usable as predictors of growth.
The paramedian supracerebellar-transtentorial approach to the entire length of the mediobasal temporal region: an anatomical and clinical study
Authors: Türe Uğur , Harput Mehmet Volkan , Kaya Ahmet Hilmi , Baimedi Praveen , Firat Zeynep , Türe Hatice , Bingöl Canan Aykut 
Published: January 2012

Object
The exploration of lesions in the mediobasal temporal region (MTR) has challenged generations of neurosurgeons to achieve an appropriate approach. To address this challenge, the extensive use of the paramedian supracerebellar-transtentorial (PST) approach to expose the entire length of the MTR, as well as the fusiform gyrus, was investigated.

Methods
The authors studied the microsurgical aspects of the PST approach in 20 cadaver brains and 5 cadaver heads under the operating microscope. They evaluated the features, advantages, difficulties, and limitations of the PST approach and refined the surgical technique. They then used the PST approach in 15 patients with large intrinsic MTR tumors (6 patients), tumor in the posterior fusiform gyrus with mediobasal temporal epilepsy (MTE) (1 patient), cavernous malformations in the posterior MTR including the fusiform gyrus (2 patients), or intractable MTE with hippocampal sclerosis (6 patients) from December 2007 to May 2010. Patients ranged in age from 11 to 63 years (mean 35.2 years), and in 9 patients (60%) the lesion was located on the left side.

Results
In all patients with neuroepithelial tumors or cavernous malformations, the lesions were completely and safely resected. In all patients with intractable MTE with hippocampal sclerosis, the anterior two-thirds of the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus, as well as the amygdala, were removed selectively through the PST approach. There was no surgical morbidity or mortality in this series. Three patients (20%) with high-grade neuroepithelial tumors underwent postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy but needed a second surgery for recurrence during the follow-up period. In all patients with MTE, antiepileptic medication could be decreased to a single drug at lower doses, and no seizure activity has occurred until this point.

Conclusions
The PST approach provides the surgeon precise anatomical orientation when exposing the entire length of the MTR, as well as the fusiform gyrus, for removing any lesion. This is a novel technique especially for removing tumors involving the entire MTR in a single session without damaging neighboring neural or vascular structures. This approach can also be a viable alternative for selective removal of the parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala in patients with MTE due to hippocampal sclerosis.
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of posterior surgical correction for the treatment of moderate to severe post-tuberculosis kyphosis in 36 cases with a minimum 2-year follow-up
Authors: Zeng Yan , Chen Zhongqiang , Qi Qiang , Guo Zhaoqing , Li Weishi , Sun Chuiguo , White Andrew P. 
Published: January 2012

ObjectThe object of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of 36 patients with posttuberculosis kyphosis who underwent one of two types of osteotomy.MethodsEach patient underwent single-stage correction via a posterior surgical approach. A modified pedicle subtraction osteotomy (mPSO) was performed when the kyphotic deformity was less than 70° (7 cases), whereas a posterior vertebral column resection (VCR) was performed when the kyphotic deformity exceeded 70° (29 cases). Full-length standing radiographs were obtained before surgery and at follow-up visits. These images were used to measure the kyphosis angle; sagittal alignment of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical regions; and sagittal balance of the spine. Back pain was rated using the visual analog scale (VAS), and neurological function was classified based on the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grading system. Each patient's overall satisfaction with surgical treatment was measured with the Patient Satisfaction Index. For purposes of comparison, patients were studied in 2 groups based on the region of their kyphotic apex. Half of the cohort had apical kyphosis in the lower thoracic spine or thoracolumbar junction (TL group). Using both radiographic and clinical assessments, the authors compared this group with the other half of the patients who had apical kyphosis in the upper to mid thoracic spine (MT group).ResultsThe cohort included 15 males and 21 females, with an average age of 34 years at the time of surgery. The minimum follow-up was 24 months, and the mean follow-up was 31 months. Following surgery, kyphosis across the treated segments was reduced by an average of 60°. Lumbar lordosis also improved by an average of 24°, and thoracic kyphosis improved by an average of 20°. Both back pain and neurological function improved after surgical treatment. There was a 67% improvement in VAS scores, and 13 of the 36 patients had improvement in their ASIA grade. The 2 surgical procedures used for deformity correction (mPSO and VCR) demonstrated comparable radiographic and clinical results. Note, however, that differences were found in both radiographic and clinical outcomes in comparing patients who had lower thoracic or thoracolumbar (TL group) versus upper to midthoracic (MT group) apical kyphosis.ConclusionsPosterior tubercular kyphosis can be effectively improved through corrective surgery, and deformity correction can be accompanied by improvement in clinical symptoms. When appropriately selected, both the mPSO and the VCR can be expected to yield satisfactory reduction of post-tuberculosis kyphotic deformities. Differences in radiographic and clinical outcomes should be anticipated, however, when treating such deformities in different regions of the spine.
The Effect of Monochromatic Light on the Concentration of Large Ions
Authors: Elnadi A. F. , Farag N. 
Published: January 2012

The divided electrode condenser is used to study the effect of monochromatic light of wave lengths between 4,030 and 6,610 Å (using 10 interference filters of Jena glass), on the concentration of large ions having mobilities below 10 × 10–4 cm/sec: volt/cm.
The number of ions per C.C. is measured with the aid of the characteristics obtained for each wave length, at different group mobilities, both in the presence of light (N1) and in complete darkness (N2). The ratio (N1/N2) is obtained for each filter and for the four mobility groups, i.e. 6.90 × 10–4, 2.22 × 10–4, 1.02 × 10–4 and 0.60 × 10–4 cm/sec. : volt/cm.
The results are discussed on the basis of statistical analysis by applying the correlation and significance tests.
Energy and Numerical Weather Prediction
Authors: Lorenz Edward N. 
Published: January 2012

Since the study of energy transformations and the numerical integration of simplifiied equations are sometimes used as alternative approaches to the same physical problem, it is often desirable that the simplified equations conserve total energy under reversible adiabatic processes. Preferably, the equations should also conserve the sum of kinetic energy and available potential energy, and they should describe the tendency for static stability to increase as kinetic energy is released.
It is found that if the equation of balance is used as a filtering approximation, all the terms in the vorticity equation which involve both the rotational and the divergent part of the wind field should be retained, while, if the geostrophic equation is used, all of these terms in the vorticity equation should be omitted, if the equations are to possess suitable energy invariants.
An n-layer model with the appropriate energy invariants is developed. The two-layer model may be the simplest possible model with variable static stability. The model appears to be suitable for theoretical studies of the general circulation.