bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policies and programmes to end homelessness in Australia: Learning from international practice
Authors: Parsell Cameron , Jones Andrew , Head Brian 
Published: May 2012

Parsell C, Jones A, Head B. Policies and programmes to end homelessness in Australia: Learning from international practice.Many welfare states throughout the industrialised world have recently implemented policies to achieve targeted reductions in homelessness. These policy and welfare initiatives differ across national contexts. They are similar, however, in moving away from social programmes that have essentially ‘managed homelessness’ towards interventions that seek to permanently end homelessness. Australia has recently adopted similar homelessness policy objectives. This article examines the manner in which Australian homelessness policy has been converging with international policy directions. More specifically, the article scrutinises Australian social programmes adopted from the UK and USA as a means to achieve strategic goals of reducing homelessness. It argues that although Australian homelessness policy objectives are converging with international policy, Australian programmes modelled on international successes do not have some of the elements shown elsewhere to be crucial for achieving sustainable reductions in homelessness. This may become central to explaining programme outcomes in future years.Key Practitioner Message:•Strategies aimed at permanently ending homelessness represent a significant shift to contemporary professional practice;•Homelessness programmes internationally are now characterised by their branding or identification with evidence‐based models;•It is important to critically scrutinise these models, examining their core elements and the manner in which they are appropriated and incorporated across jurisdictions.
Coexisting disadvantages across the adult age span: A comparison of older and younger age groups in the Swedish welfare state
Authors: Heap Josephine , Lennartsson Carin , Thorslund Mats 
Published: May 2012

Heap J, Lennartsson C, Thorslund M. Coexisting disadvantages across the adult age span: a comparison of older and younger age groups in the Swedish welfare stateTo experience coexisting disadvantages – the simultaneous lack of several different welfare resources – implies a hampered ability to manage one's living conditions. Here, we study coexisting disadvantages in the oldest population compared with younger age groups in Sweden, by drawing on two linked, nationally representative surveys (n = 5,392). The measurement of coexisting disadvantages included physical health, psychological health, frequency of social contact, cash margin and political resources. The highest odds of coexisting disadvantages were found after age 75 – age groups that are frequently excluded from studies of coexisting disadvantages. This pattern persisted when controlling for socio‐demographic and socio‐economic characteristics. The age pattern was partly driven by the high prevalence of physical health problems in the older population. However, even when excluding physical health problems, the odds of coexisting disadvantages were highest among people older than 85 – the fastest‐growing segment of the population in many Western countries.
High levels of population differentiation in Eurasian lynx at the edge of the species' western range in Europe revealed by mitochondrial DNA analyses
Authors: Ratkiewicz M. , Matosiuk M. , Kowalczyk R. , Konopiński M. K. , Okarma H. , Ozolins J. , Männil P. , Ornicans A. , Schmidt K. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLarge terrestrial carnivores are particularly prone to factors constraining levels of population genetic diversity because of their low densities and high spatial requirements. We studied the pattern of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population genetic variability in the westernmost part of its natural range from Scandinavia to the Carpathian Mountains (north‐central Europe) based on 190 samples using 613 base pair‐long sequences from the mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA‐cr). We examined whether the population history or contemporary habitat constraints of this large and mobile carnivore could have significantly affected its genetic structure. We recorded nine mtDNA haplotypes, including five not previously reported. Lynx from Latvia and Estonia had the highest variability with haplotype and nucleotide diversities of 0.81–0.88% and 0.44–0.47%, respectively. In contrast, there was no polymorphism present in peripheral populations from Norway and the Carpathian Mountains. Lynx populations were strongly differentiated [analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA): Φ
ST = 0.570, P < 0.001, F
ST = 0.464, P < 0.001)]. Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance identified four separate groups of populations: (1) Norway, Finland and Estonia; (2) Latvia and North Eastern Poland; (3) the Białowieża Primeval Forest; (4) the Carpathians. The patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation suggested a number of discrete populations that are poorly connected by contemporary gene flow and could therefore be considered demographically independent. The peripheral location of these populations, habitat fragmentation and the strict territorial structure of lynx populations are factors likely contributing to the observed patterns. The study provides suggestions for active conservation/management decisions including translocations or reintroductions of lynx.
Consumer workers as immaterial labour in the converging media markets: three value‐creation practices
Authors: Moisander Johanna , Könkkölä Saara , Laine Pikka‐Maaria 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper takes a practice‐based approach to consumer studies and focuses on the strategic and productive roles that consumers play as immaterial labour or consumer workers in the converging media markets. Based on a case study of a print media organization and its customers, the aim is to discuss the collaborative practices through which value is created in the market. By means of a textual analysis of online and interview data, three value‐creation practices are abstracted and illustrated: constructing a sense of belonging and collective identity, mutual helping and peer support, and building pride and self‐respect. Overall, the paper suggests that in global media environments, consumer‐customers are playing increasingly significant strategic roles in the practices and processes through which value is co‐created in the market. It is therefore concluded that the idea of consumers, and media audiences in particular, as recipients of communication and targets of marketing activities needs to be problematized and the dynamic strategic roles that consumers currently play in the market need to be acknowledged and actively incorporated into the business praxis of media corporations.
MPTP modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission and activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity via dopamine receptors
Authors: Zhu GuoQi , Huang YuYing , Chen Ying , Zhuang YingHan , Behnisch Thomas 
Published: May 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 582–593.AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD)‐like symptoms and cognitive deficits are inducible by 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1, 2, 3, 6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Since cognitive abilities, including memory formations rely also on hippocampus, we set out to clarify the effects of MPTP on hippocampal physiology. We show that bath‐application of MPTP (25 μM) to acute hippocampal slices enhanced AMPA receptor‐mediated field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (AMPAr‐fEPSPs) transiently, whereas N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐mediated fEPSPs (NMDAr‐fEPSPs) were facilitated persistently. The MPTP‐mediated transient AMPAr‐fEPSP facilitation was antagonized by the dopamine D2‐like receptor antagonists, eticlopride (1 μM) and sulpiride (1 and 40 μM). In contrast, the persistent enhancement of NMDAr‐fEPSPs was prevented by the dopamine D1‐like receptor antagonist SCH23390 (10 μM). In addition, we show that MPTP decreased paired‐pulse facilitation of fEPSPs and mEPSCs frequency. Regarding activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity, 25 μM MPTP transformed short‐term potentiation (STP) into a long‐term potentiation (LTP) and caused a slow onset potentiation of a non‐tetanized synaptic input after induction of LTP in a second synaptic input. This heterosynaptic slow onset potentiation required activation of dopamine D1‐like and NMDA‐receptors. We conclude that acute MPTP application affects basal synaptic transmission by modulation of presynaptic vesicle release and facilitates NMDAr‐fEPSPs as well as activity‐dependent homo‐ and heterosynaptic plasticity under participation of dopamine receptors.
Proxyfan acts as a neutral antagonist of histamine H3 receptors in the feeding‐related hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus
Authors: Clapp RH , Luckman SM 
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Centrally acting histamine H3 receptor ligands are proposed as potential treatments for obesity, although the value of inverse agonists at these receptors is still debated. Functional inhibition of H3 autoreceptors activates neurones in a hypothalamic ‘satiety’ centre. The H3 receptor antagonist, proxyfan was used as a tool to assess the action of histaminergic compounds in this model.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We compared the actions of histamine on feeding with those of an H3 receptor agonist (imetit) and inverse agonist (thioperamide) in rats and mice. Sites of action were identified by immunohistochemistry and the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) was investigated using electrophysiological techniques.KEY RESULTS Central histamine or thioperamide decreased fast‐induced feeding, whereas imetit increased feeding. Systemic thioperamide entered the brain to activate hypothalamic feeding centres and to reduce feeding without causing any adverse behaviours. Thioperamide activated neurones in the VMN through an action on histamine autoreceptors, whilst imetit had the opposite effect. Proxyfan administered alone did not affect either feeding or electrical activity. However, it blocked the actions of both thioperamide and imetit, acting as a neutral antagonist in this system.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The H3 receptor inverse agonist, thioperamide, potently reduced appetite without adverse behavioural effects. This action was blocked by proxyfan, acting as a neutral antagonist in this model and, therefore, this compound is useful in determining the selectivity of H3 receptor‐directed drugs. A major action of thioperamide is through presynaptic autoreceptors, inducing stimulation by endogenous histamine of postsynaptic H1 receptors on anorectic hypothalamic neurones.
Involvement of the endogenous hydrogen sulfide/Cav3.2 T‐type Ca2+ channel pathway in cystitis‐related bladder pain in mice
Authors: Matsunami Maho , Miki Takahiro , Nishiura Kanae , Hayashi Yuko , Okawa Yasumasa , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Sekiguchi Fumiko , Kubo Lisa , Ozaki Tomoka , Tsujiuchi Toshifumi , Kawabata Atsufumi 
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), generated by enzymes such as cystathionine‐γ‐lyase (CSE) from L‐cysteine, facilitates pain signals by activating the Cav3.2 T‐type Ca2+ channels. Here, we assessed the involvement of the CSE/H2S/Cav3.2 pathway in cystitis‐related bladder pain.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cystitis was induced by i.p. administration of cyclophosphamide in mice. Bladder pain‐like nociceptive behaviour was observed and referred hyperalgesia was evaluated using von Frey filaments. Phosphorylation of ERK in the spinal dorsal horn was determined immunohistochemically following intravesical administration of NaHS, an H2S donor.KEY RESULTS Cyclophosphamide caused cystitis‐related symptoms including increased bladder weight, accompanied by nociceptive changes (bladder pain‐like nociceptive behaviour and referred hyperalgesia). Pretreatment with DL‐propargylglycine, an inhibitor of CSE, abolished the nociceptive changes and partly prevented the increased bladder weight. CSE protein in the bladder was markedly up‐regulated during development of cystitis. Mibefradil or NNC 55–0396, blockers of T‐type Ca2+ channels, administered after the symptoms of cystitis appeared, reversed the nociceptive changes. Further, silencing of Cav3.2 protein by repeated intrathecal administration of mouse Cav3.2‐targeting antisense oligodeoxynucleotides also significantly attenuated the nociceptive changes, but not the increased bladder weight. Finally, the number of cells staining positive for phospho‐ERK was increased in the superficial layer of the L6 spinal cord after intravesical administration of NaHS, an effect inhibited by NNC 55–0396.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Endogenous H2S, generated by up‐regulated CSE, caused bladder pain and referred hyperalgesia through the activation of Cav3.2 channels, one of the T‐type Ca2+ channels, in mice with cyclophosphamide‐induced cystitis.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Chinese Cities
Authors: Sugar Lorraine , Kennedy Christopher , Leman Edward 
Published: May 2012

SummaryAs some of the most rapidly urbanizing places in the world, China's cities have a unique relationship with global climate change. The economies found in Chinese cities are extremely resource and energy intensive; as a result, they produce significant levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article provides comprehensive and detailed emissions inventories for Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin, which were found to be responsible for 12.8, 10.7, and 11.9 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita (t CO2‐eq/capita), respectively, in 2006. The majority of emissions were from electricity production, heating and industrial fuel use, and ground transportation. The prevalence of coal in the energy supply mix (including up to 98% in Tianjin) was a fundamental cause of high energy emissions. Non‐energy emissions from industrial processes were also significant, including emissions from cement and steel production.The GHG inventories for Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin point to sectors requiring the most attention in terms of low‐carbon growth. Compared to ten other global cities, Chinese cities are among the highest per capita emitters, alluding to the important challenge China faces of reducing emissions while improving the quality of life for urban residents. Accordingly, this article concludes with a discussion of the opportunities and issues concerning low‐carbon growth in China, including the potential for renewable energy and the difficulties associated with emissions relocation and policy adoption.
A Strategy to Achieve CRT Response in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation without Obligatory Atrioventricular Node Ablation
Authors: HIMMEL FRANK , REPPEL MICHAEL , MORTENSEN KAI , SCHUNKERT HERIBERT , BODE FRANK 
Published: May 2012

Background:

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established method in patients with severe heart failure and wide QRS configuration, particularly during sinus rhythm (SR). In CRT patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF), there is no general consensus regarding the need for atrioventricular node (AVN) ablation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefit of CRT in permanent AF with and without AVN ablation.
Methods:

New York Heart Association classification, QRS duration, and echocardiographic parameters were assessed before and after CRT with a follow‐up of 12 ± 3 months. Two hundred thirty patients in SR and 46 patients with permanent AF of 2.1 ± 0.5 years duration were studied. AVN ablation was performed only in AF patients with insufficient pharmacological rate control evidenced by ≤80 % ventricular stimulation.
Results:

Fifteen AF patients underwent AVN ablation. Biventricular pacing comparably improved functional status, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular end‐diastolic dimensions in all treated groups. Biventricular stimulation percentage was 10% lower in pharmacologically treated AF patients over 1 year as compared to patients in SR and to AF patients undergoing AVN ablation, which did not affect outcome in this patient population.
Conclusion:

In patients with permanent AF and CRT, an AVN ablation strategy might not be strictly required in all patients. (PACE 2012; 35:943–947)
The Ultrastructure of Placus striatus and a Revision of the Family Placidae (Ciliophora)
Authors: Lipscomb Diana L. , Riordan Gavin P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe first ultrastructural description of the genus Placus is presented. Each somatic kinetosome has a cone‐shaped axosomal plate, nonoverlapping postciliary microtubules, an anteriorly directed kinetodesmal fiber, and a radial ribbon of transverse microtubules, which extend laterally under the ciliary furrow and insert in the cortical ridge. A closed ring of paired kinetosomes encircles the cytostome. A brosse begins adjacent to the oral pairs and extends posteriorly for one‐fourth to one‐half the cell's length. Autapomorphies for Placus include bowling pin‐shaped toxicysts extruded onto a distinct area of the cell surface immediately posterior to the brosse, and a brosse kinety consisting of a single row of paired cilia. Placus and its sister taxon Spathidiopsis both have spiraling kineties composed of single cilia inserted into the side of the ciliary furrow. Spathidiopsis can be distinguished from Placus because it has a brosse consisting of two kineties (i.e. one composed of paired cilia, the other of single cilia), a row of rod‐shaped toxicyst‐bearing palps extending around one side of the oral area and along the length of the brosse, and a mid‐cell cortical inpocketing containing toxicysts and a segment of the brosse. A revised listing of species assigned to the family Placidae is given.
The role of anti‐Müllerian hormone in female fertility and infertility – an overview
Authors: GRYNNERUP ANNA GARCIA–ALIX , LINDHARD ANETTE , SØRENSEN STEEN 
Published: May 2012

Abstract Anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) plasma levels reflect the continuous non‐cyclic growth of small follicles, thereby mirroring the size of the resting primordial follicle pool and thus acting as a useful marker of ovarian reserve. Anti‐Müllerian hormone seems to be the best endocrine marker for assessing the age‐related decline of the ovarian pool in healthy women; thus, it has a potential ability to predict future reproductive lifespan. The most established role for AMH measurements is before in vitro fertilization is initiated, because AMH can be predictive of the ovarian response, namely poor and hyper‐responses. However, recent research has also highlighted the use of AMH in a variety of ovarian pathological conditions, including polycystic ovary syndrome, granulosa cell tumors and premature ovarian failure. A new commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for measuring AMH levels has been developed, making results from different studies more comparable. Nevertheless, widespread clinical application awaits an international standard for AMH, so that results using future assays can be reliably compared.
How does the invasive/native nature of species influence tadpoles’ plastic responses to predators?
Authors: Pujol‐Buxó Eudald , San Sebastián Olatz , Garriga Núria , Llorente Gustavo A. 
Published: May 2012

SynthesisAnti–predator phenotypic plasticity is expected to be one of the major ecological forces driving survival and rapid evolution of prey facing new predators. This implies that biological invasions embody a perfect case for studying the tradeoffs and evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Our manuscript reports on high prey–predator specificity in these reactions and an evolutionary dissociation between behavioral and morphological plasticity in anurans. Each species displayed a particular set of tradeoffs between plastic responses and their costs, but interestingly we also detected mild patterns in combinations using introduced predators. Given the speed at which these evolutionary changes become noticeable and their potential in reducing predation risk, the role of antipredator phenotypic plasticity is expected to be crucial for population dynamics during biological invasions.Although the purely ecological impacts of biological invasions have been well studied, a less thorough effort has been made in terms of their evolutionary ecology. Previous studies show that anti‐predator phenotypic plasticity may be one of the major ecological forces driving survival and rapid evolution of prey facing new predators. In turn, this means that biological invasions embody a perfect case for studying the tradeoffs and evolution of phenotypic plasticity per se. Here, we studied the plastic responses of native (Pelodytes punctatus) and invasive (Discoglossus pictus) anurans facing a native (dragonfly Anax sp.) and two invasive (fish Gambusia holbrooki and crayfish Procambarus clarkii) predators. Marked responses were reported against the native predator from both the native and the invasive anuran, but they both responded mildly to the exotic predators as well. Native P. punctatus displayed a morphological reaction to invasive P. clarkii after scarcely 30 years of coexistence with this predatory crayfish and responded behaviorally to the invasive fish G. holbrooki. Invasive D. pictus reacted behaviorally to all predators, but unexpectedly only reacted morphologically to native Anax sp. All these results support high prey–predator specificity in these reactions and an evolutionary dissociation between behavioral and morphological plasticity in anurans. Each species displayed a particular set of tradeoffs between plastic responses and their costs, which is probably due to differences in ecological niche and evolutionary history, but interestingly we usually detected unexpected patterns in combinations using introduced predators. This suggests that perhaps singular plastic shifts usually occur when tadpoles face recently introduced species. Given the speed in which these evolutionary changes become noticeable and their potential in avoiding predation risk, this study supports that phenotypic plasticity might play an important role in population dynamics during biological invasions.
Loss of adhesion/growth‐regulatory galectin‐9 from squamous cell epithelium in head and neck carcinomas
Authors: Fík Zdeněk , Valach Jaroslav , Chovanec Martin , Mazánek Jiří , Kodet Roman , Kodet Ondřej , Tachezy Ruth , Foltynová Eva , André Sabine , Kaltner Herbert , Gabius Hans‐Joachim , Smetana Karel 
Published: May 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2013)42: 166–174Galectins are potent effectors of cell adhesion and growth regulation. Their expression as comples network necessitates systematic study of each member of this family. Toward this aim, we here focus on the tandem‐repeat‐type galectin‐9. Its presence is monitored in normal squamous epithelium of the head and neck, the surgical margin, and four types of squamous cell carcinoma. Lectin presence was detected in cells of the basal layer of the epithelium. All galectin‐9‐negative epithelia showed aberrant positivity for keratins 14 and 19. The surgical margin presented either a normal pattern of galectin‐9 and keratin presence or a mosaic‐like presence/absence of galectin‐9 and aberrant expression of both keratins 14 and 19. All studied specimens of squamous cell carcinoma were negative for galectin‐9. When biotinylated galectin‐9, or its N‐terminal domain, was tested, no significant tissue reactivity for both probes was observed. Neuraminidase treatment generated reactivity to the N‐domain. In conclusion, galectin‐9 is expressed in the majority of samples of normal epithelium, along with regular presence of keratins 14 or 19. This lectin can represent a potential marker of normality in the cases of the studied squamous cell epithelia.