Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the human fetal epicardium reveals several new genes involved in regulation of epicardial activation
Authors: Smits A M , Streef T J , Groeneveld E , Van Herwaarden T , Goumans M J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Dutch Heart Foundation

Background
The outside mesothelial layer of the heart, the epicardium, is essential for cardiac development. Cells from this layer undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate into the tissue and partake in cardiogenesis by contributing cells and by secreting growth factors. In the adult heart, the epicardium is quiescent but upon ischemic injury it is activated and conveys a partial regenerative response. This activation step is important for repair, but suboptimal compared to the cardiogenic potential during development. Understanding the processes and cells that underlie developmental epicardial activation could contribute to enhancing the adult post-injury response, but little is known about the human developing epicardium.

Purpose
to determine the cellular composition of the human fetal epicardial layer and to identify the processes that regulate the activation of the epicardium.

Methods
An epicardial-cell enriched dataset was obtained by specifically dissecting the epicardial layers from 4 fetal human hearts (14-15 weeks gestation, obtained under informed consent and according to local ethical approval). Single live cells were sorted into 384-wells plates and sequenced. Data analysis was performed on 2073 cells using R-packages RaceID3 and StemID2. Findings were validated using qPCR and immunohistochemistry on tissue sections and cell culture models.

Results
Sequencing analysis revealed a distinct clustering of epicardial (epithelial, pre-EMT) and epicardial-derived mesenchymal (post-EMT) cell populations. Besides the identification of novel markers for epicardial cell states, the regulation of epicardial cell activation and EMT was investigated by applying pseudo-time analysis. We selected genes that were highly regulated (&gt;2 fold change) in this trajectory for further analysis in vitro. We identified several genes including CRIP1, SULF1 and others that are expressed in epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo and are rapidly downregulated upon EMT. The expression profiles positively correlated with epithelial cell related genes and negatively with mesenchymal cell genes. Based on GO-terms, and protein expression within the epicardial layers in fetal and adult epicardium, we anticipated a role for these genes in maintaining the epithelial-state. Indeed, siRNA experiments in vitro with cultured primary human epicardial cells confirmed an essential role in EMT regulation. We continue to evaluate other genes identified in our sequencing dataset, resulting in several other potent and previously unknown pathways involved in regulation of epicardial activation.

Conclusions
We shed light on the composition of the human fetal epicardium using a highly enriched scRNA dataset. We identify specific markers for different cell-states, and reveal novel regulators of activation that in the future may be influenced to optimize the post-injury response.