Abstract 4844: Dual effect of Akt on autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells
Authors: Nitsche Claudia J. , Moore Ryan M. , Pimienta Michael , Grippo Paul , Mayerle Julia , Lerch Markus M. , Gukovskaya Anna S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Background & Aims: Key steps in autophagic protein degradation are formation of autophagosomes (induction) and their fusion with lysosomes (progression). Akt is a major anti-apoptotic factor in cancer cells; however, its role in autophagy in general, and in pancreatic cancer (PaCa) in particular, is poorly understood. We recently showed that phosphatases PHLPP-I and -II are key negative regulators of Akt in PaCa cells. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of Akt and PHLPPs on individual steps of autophagy and the role of autophagy in the prosurvival function of Akt in PaCa cells. Methods: We measured apoptosis by DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity; autophagy, by conversion of cytosolic LC3-I to autophagic LC3-II (with immunoblot) and LC3 immunofluorescence; autophagy induction, in cells pretreated with NH4Cl to block autophagy progression; autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes, by co-localization of the lysosomal marker LAMP-1 with LC3-II; and efficiency of protein degradation, by level of p62 protein, a specific autophagy target. Results: Akt inactivation by AktVIII inhibitor or siRNA, or by overexpression of PHLPP-I and -II all stimulated autophagic vacuole formation in MiaPaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells. Akt inactivation greatly facilitated LC3-I/LC3-II conversion both in the presence and absence of NH4Cl, indicating increased autophagy induction. At the same time, Akt inactivation inhibited autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes and efficiency of protein degradation, indicating decreased autophagy progression. Thus, Akt has dual effect on autophagy in PaCa cells: it inhibits autophagy induction but promotes autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes and hence autophagy progression. The overall effect of Akt is decreased accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, i.e., inhibition of autophagic death. To study the role of autophagy in apoptosis, we used 3-methyladenine or beclin siRNA to inhibit autophagy induction, and bafilomycin or chloroquine to block the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. All these treatments stimulated apoptosis in PaCa cells, indicating the anti-apoptotic role of autophagy. In cells with inactivated Akt, blocking autophagy induction (e.g., with 3-methyladenine) further greatly stimulated apoptosis. This indicates that the ability of Akt to inhibit autophagy induction greatly diminishes its anti-apoptotic function. Differently, blocking autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes had little effect on apoptosis in cells in which Akt was inactivated, likely because in these cells autophagy progression was already inhibited. Conclusions: Akt inhibition hampers autophagy progression, thus promoting vacuolization and autophagic cell death. At the same time, Akt inhibition greatly stimulates autophagy induction, thus counteracting apoptosis. Therefore, to maximally stimulate apoptosis in PaCa cells we propose to apply Akt inhibitors in combination with inhibitors of autophagy.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4844.