bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The BRACELET Study: surveys of mortality in UK neonatal and paediatric intensive care trials
Authors: Snowdon Claire , Harvey Sheila E , Brocklehurst Peter , Tasker Robert C , Platt Martin P Ward , Allen Elizabeth , Elbourne Diana 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
The subject of death and bereavement in the context of randomised controlled trials in neonatal or paediatric intensive care is under-researched. The objectives of this phase of the Bereavement and RAndomised ControlLEd Trials (BRACELET) Study were to determine trial activity in UK neonatal and paediatric intensive care (2002-06); numbers of deaths before hospital discharge; and variation in mortality across intensive care units and trials and to determine whether bereavement support policies were available within trials. These are essential prerequisites to considering the implications of future policies and practice subsequent to bereavement following a child's enrolment in a trial.

Methods
The units survey involved neonatal units providing level 2 or 3 care, and paediatric units providing level II care or above; the trials survey involved trials where allocation was randomized and interventions were delivered to intensive care patients, or to parents but designed to affect patient outcomes.

Results
Information was available from 191/220 (87%) neonatal units (149 level 2 or 3 care); and 28/32 (88%) paediatric units. 90/177 (51%) eligible responding units participated in one or more trial (76 neonatal, 14 paediatric) and 54 neonatal units and 6 paediatric units witnessed at least one death. 50 trials were identified (36 neonatal, 14 paediatric). 3,137 babies were enrolled in neonatal trials, 210 children in paediatric trials. Deaths ranged 0-278 (median [IQR interquartile range] 2 [1, 14.5]) per neonatal trial, 0-4 (median [IQR] 1 [0, 2.5]) per paediatric trial. 534 (16%) participants died post-enrolment: 522 (17%) in neonatal trials, 12 (6%) in paediatric trials. Trial participants ranged 1-236 (median [IQR] 21.5 [8, 39.8]) per neonatal unit, 1-53 (median [IQR] 11.5 [2.3, 33.8]) per paediatric unit. Deaths ranged 0-37 (median [IQR] 3.5 [0.3, 8.8]) per neonatal unit, 0-7 (median [IQR] 0.5 [0, 1.8]) per paediatric unit. Three trials had a formal policy for responding to bereavement.

Conclusions
A substantial number of deaths after trial enrolment were identified, distributed over many trials and units. Few trial teams had responses to bereavement in place. Those with the largest numbers of deaths might be best placed to collaborate in developing and assessing responses to bereavement.
The diversity and evolution of cell cycle regulation in alpha-proteobacteria: a comparative genomic analysis
Authors: Brilli Matteo , Fondi Marco , Fani Renato , Mengoni Alessio , Ferri Lorenzo , Bazzicalupo Marco , Biondi Emanuele G 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
In the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, CtrA coordinates DNA replication, cell division, and polar morphogenesis and is considered the cell cycle master regulator. CtrA activity varies during cell cycle progression and is modulated by phosphorylation, proteolysis and transcriptional control. In a phosphorylated state, CtrA binds specific DNA sequences, regulates the expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression and silences the origin of replication. Although the circuitry regulating CtrA is known in molecular detail in Caulobacter, its conservation and functionality in the other alpha-proteobacteria are still poorly understood.

Results
Orthologs of Caulobacter factors involved in the regulation of CtrA were systematically scanned in genomes of alpha-proteobacteria. In particular, orthologous genes of the divL-cckA-chpT-ctrA phosphorelay, the divJ-pleC-divK two-component system, the cpdR-rcdA-clpPX proteolysis system, the methyltransferase ccrM and transcriptional regulators dnaA and gcrA were identified in representative genomes of alpha-proteobacteria. CtrA, DnaA and GcrA binding sites and CcrM putative methylation sites were predicted in promoter regions of all these factors and functions controlled by CtrA in all alphas were predicted.

Conclusions
The regulatory cell cycle architecture was identified in all representative alpha-proteobacteria, revealing a high diversification of circuits but also a conservation of logical features. An evolutionary model was proposed where ancient alphas already possessed all modules found in Caulobacter arranged in a variety of connections. Two schemes appeared to evolve: a complex circuit in Caulobacterales and Rhizobiales and a simpler one found in Rhodobacterales.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of closely related wild and captive tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans) populations
Authors: Lall Gurdeep K , Darby Alistair C , Nystedt Bjorn , MacLeod Ewan T , Bishop Richard P , Welburn Susan C 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are vectors of trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock across sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse control strategies rely on a detailed understanding of the epidemiology and ecology of tsetse together with genetic variation within and among populations. High-resolution nuclear genetic markers are useful tools for elucidation of the genetic basis of phenotypic traits. In this study amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were developed to analyze genetic variation in Glossina morsitans morsitans from laboratory and field-collected populations from Zimbabwe.

Results
A total of seven hundred and fifty one loci from laboratory and field populations of G. m. morsitans from Zimbabwe were genotyped using AFLP with seven primer combinations. Analysis identified 335 polymorphic loci. The two populations could be distinguished by cluster and principal components analysis (PCA) analysis, indicating that AFLP markers can be used to separate genetically similar populations; at the same time differences observed between laboratory and field populations were not very great. Among the techniques investigated, the use of acetone was the most reliable method of preservation of tsetse for subsequent extraction of high molecular weight DNA. An interesting finding was that AFLP also enabled robust within-population discrimination of male and female tsetse flies due to their different X chromosome DNA complements.

Conclusions
AFLP represents a useful additional tool to add to the suite of techniques currently available for the genetic analysis of tsetse populations and represents a useful resource for identification of the genetic basis of important phenotypic traits.
Early alterations of the innate and adaptive immune statuses in sepsis according to the type of underlying infection
Authors: Gogos Charalambos , Kotsaki Antigone , Pelekanou Aimilia , Giannikopoulos George , Vaki Ilia , Maravitsa Panagiota , Adamis Stephanos , Alexiou Zoi , Andrianopoulos George , Antonopoulou Anastasia , Athanassia Sofia , Baziaka Fotini , Charalambous Aikaterini , Christodoulou Sofia , Dimopoulou Ioanna , Floros Ioannis , Giannitsioti Efthymia , Gkanas Panagiotis , Ioakeimidou Aikaterini , Kanellakopoulou Kyriaki , Karabela Niki , Karagianni Vassiliki , Katsarolis Ioannis , Kontopithari Georgia , Kopterides Petros , Koutelidakis Ioannis , Koutoukas Pantelis , Kranidioti Hariklia , Lignos Michalis , Louis Konstantinos , Lymberopoulou Korina , Mainas Efstratios , Marioli Androniki , Massouras Charalambos , Mavrou Irini , Mpalla Margarita , Michalia Martha , Mylona Heleni , Mytas Vassilios , Papanikolaou Ilias , Papanikolaou Konstantinos , Patrani Maria , Perdios Ioannis , Plachouras Diamantis , Pistiki Aikaterini , Protopapas Konstantinos , Rigaki Kalliopi , Sakka Vissaria , Sartzi Monika , Skouras Vassilios , Souli Maria , Spyridaki Aikaterini , Strouvalis Ioannis , Tsaganos Thomas , Zografos George , Mandragos Konstantinos , Klouva-Molyvdas Phylis , Maggina Nina , Giamarellou Helen , Armaganidis Apostolos , Giamarellos-Bourboulis Evangelos J 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Introduction
Although major changes of the immune system have been described in sepsis, it has never been studied whether these may differ in relation to the type of underlying infection or not. This was studied for the first time.

Methods
The statuses of the innate and adaptive immune systems were prospectively compared in 505 patients. Whole blood was sampled within less than 24 hours of advent of sepsis; white blood cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies and analyzed though a flow cytometer.

Results
Expression of HLA-DR was significantly decreased among patients with severe sepsis/shock due to acute pyelonephritis and intraabdominal infections compared with sepsis. The rate of apoptosis of natural killer (NK) cells differed significantly among patients with severe sepsis/shock due to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) compared with sepsis. The rate of apoptosis of NKT cells differed significantly among patients with severe sepsis/shock due to acute pyelonephritis, primary bacteremia and VAP/HAP compared with sepsis. Regarding adaptive immunity, absolute counts of CD4-lymphocytes were significantly decreased among patients with severe sepsis/shock due to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and intraabdominal infections compared with sepsis. Absolute counts of B-lymphocytes were significantly decreased among patients with severe sepsis/shock due to CAP compared with sepsis.

Conclusions
Major differences of the early statuses of the innate and adaptive immune systems exist between sepsis and severe sepsis/shock in relation to the underlying type of infection. These results may have a major impact on therapeutics.
The spatial foundations of the conceptual system
Authors: Mandler Jean M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article proposes that the representation of concepts in infancy is in the form of spatial image-schemas. A mechanism that simplifies spatial information is described along with a small set of spatial primitives that are sufficient to account for the conceptualizations that preverbal infants use to interpret objects and events. This early system is important to understand because it organizes the adult conceptual system of objects and events and remains its core. With development, the system becomes enriched by language in several ways, and also by means of analogical extension to non-spatial information. Nonspatial bodily information, such as feelings of force and motor activity, is also added, but remains secondary. It becomes associated with spatial representations, but except for its spatial aspects is represented in a more inchoate and less accessible fashion.
Characteristic polynomials of sample covariance matrices: The non-square case
Authors: Kösters Holger 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe consider the sample covariance matrices of large data matrices which have i.i.d. complex matrix entries and which are non-square in the sense that the difference between the number of rows and the number of columns tends to infinity. We show that the second-order correlation function of the characteristic polynomial of the sample covariance matrix is asymptotically given by the sine kernel in the bulk of the spectrum and by the Airy kernel at the edge of the spectrum. Similar results are given for real sample covariance matrices.
Cubic surfaces with a Galois invariant double-six
Authors: Elsenhans Andreas-Stephan , Jahnel Jörg 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe present a method to construct non-singular cubic surfaces over ℚ with a Galois invariant double-six. We start with cubic surfaces in the hexahedral form of L. Cremona and Th. Reye. For these, we develop an explicit version of Galois descent.
The Google news effect: did the tainted milk scandal in China temporarily impact newborn feeding patterns in a maternity hospital?
Authors: SEROR JEREMY , AMAR AUDREY , BRAZ LESLIE , ROUZIER ROMAN 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMany factors influence a mother's decision to breastfeed. We investigated whether the melamine scandal involving infant formula influenced the decision to breastfeed. News of the melamine scandal was revealed in September 2008 and rapidly spread via the internet. We illustrate that this scandal significantly and rapidly impacted the pattern of newborn feeding among Chinese women who delivered at a hospital in the eastern district of Paris. This area is home to one of the largest groups of Chinese people in France. The breastfeeding rate increased sharply in September 2008 from 14% to a peak of 31% (p = 0.014) before decreasing over a 6‐month period at a rate slower than the diminishing media frenzy. The effect of the melamine news coverage on the internet was temporary and strongly associated to ethnicity and language (p = 0.015, p = 0.004, respectively). Numerous patients utilize the internet to access medical information, and these findings highlight the internet's role in the healthcare equation.
Pancreatic β‐cell function and fetal growth in gestational impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: MIYAKOSHI KEI , TANAKA MAMORU , SAISHO YOSHIFUMI , SHIMADA AKIRA , MINEGISHI KAZUHIRO , KIM SEON HYE , ASAI SATOSHI , ITOH HIROSHI , YOSHIMURA YASUNORI 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjective. To investigate the metabolic phenotype and pregnancy outcomes of gestational impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) defined by isolated hyperglycemia during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. University referral hospital. Population. A total of 4,789 women were screened for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) between 1996 and 2008 with a glucose challenge test (GCT), followed by a 2‐hour 75‐g OGTT if the GCT result was abnormal; in addition, measurement of plasma insulin concentration during the OGTT was implemented from 2004. Methods. The insulin sensitivity (ISOGTT) and β‐cell function (insulinogenic index/homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance) were calculated for 283 women who underwent a diagnostic OGTT between 2004 and 2008. Perinatal complications were examined in 4,789 women who were screened for GDM between 1996 and 2008. Main outcome measures. Comparison of outcomes among women stratified by glucose tolerance status using the GCT and OGTT profiles. Results. Insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function significantly decreased from normal OGTT to 2‐hour IGT (single hyperglycemia at 2 hours) to 1‐hour IGT (single hyperglycemia at 1 hour) to GDM, with significant differences between normal OGTT and 1‐hour IGT or GDM. The occurrence of large‐for‐gestational age (LGA) neonates was significantly increased in women with GDM or 1‐hour IGT (adjusted odds ratio: 2.15, 2.22; 95% confidence interval 1.23–3.75 and 1.04–4.35, respectively) compared to those with normal GCT or normal diagnostic OGTT results. Conclusions. Like GDM, isolated 1‐hour hyperglycemia on the OGTT is associated with β‐cell dysfunction and an increased risk for LGA neonates.
Seed morphology and histology of some <i>Paronychia</i> taxa (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey
Authors: Kaplan Ayse , Çölgeçen Hatice , Büyükkartal H Nurhan 
Published: May 2010

Seed morphology and histology of 12 taxa (nine species, two subspecies, one variety) of Paronychia Miller (Caryophyllaceae) by light and scanning electron microscopes revealed that seeds are laterally compressed, reniform, and hilums are linear. Testa surface structures are alveolate-scalariform, colliculate, reticulate-alveolate, rugose and ruminate. Differences in cuticle and papillae properties of epidermal cells have been observed. A dichotomous key has been developed for Paronychia agryloba Stapf, P. angorensis Chaudri, P. arabica (L.) DC. subsp. euphratica Chaudri, P. carica Chaudri, P. cataonica Chaudri, P. condensata Chaudri, P. davisii Chaudri, P. dudleyi Chaudri, P. galatica Chaudri, P. kurdica Boiss subsp. kurdica var. kurdica, P. kurdica Boiss subsp. montis-munzur Chaudri and P. mughlaei Chaudri. Key words: Paronychia; Caryophyllaceae; Seed morphology; Seed histology; Turkey DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5142 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 171-176, 2009 (December)
Jeunesses marginales
Authors: Mauger Gérard 
Published: May 2010

Deze studie is een benadering in sociale klasse-termen van de vormen van marginaliteit die eigen zijn aan de jeugd.
De "marginaliteit" is een ideologisch begrip dat gebruikt wordt om de klasse-differentiaties die zich bij de dissidente jeugd voordoen, te verdoezelen. De analyse toont aan de belangrijkheid en de gevolgen van de sociale herkomst en van het niveau van schoolse vorming voor het loopbaantype en voor de rol in de marginaliteit. Zij komt ertoe het begrip "volkse marginaliteit" te verduidelijken en dit te onderscheiden van twee vormen van "klein-burgerlijke marginaliteit". De studie tekent ook nauwkeurig uit de sociale praktijken die samengaan met iedere vorm van marginaliteit : onwettige praktijken, gelegenheidssalariaat, kleine handels-, landbouw-en ambachtelijke produktie, kleinhandel en "parallele" beroepen.
Dame justice aussi a d'humaines faiblesses. De l'(in)égalité sociale devant la justice
Authors: Jongman R.W. 
Published: May 2010

Resumé Cette étude apporte une contribution au débat sur les déterminants de classe dans l'administration de la justice. Un survol de la littérature consacrée à ce sujet éveille tout d'abord l'impression d'une certaine contradiction dans les résultats des recherches. Sont ensuite présentés certains travaux de l'Institut de Criminologie de Groningen (Pays-Bas) : une observation de l'activité de la police, une analyse des décisions du Ministère Public, ainsi que des jugements. Les procédures sur lesquelles portent ces recherches concernent pour la plupart des jeunes de 18 à 25 ans. Dans toutes ces études, on a mis en relation la classe sociale (des suspects) et le contenu des décisions, afin de déterminer l'influence du statut social sur le traitement subi par les individus. Puis, quelques hypothèses sont avancées pour expliquer la contradiction apparente des résultats comparés dans la littérature : les conditions et les techniques des recherches présentent généralement tant de dissemblances que toute comparaison doit être assortie de sévères restrictions.
Enfin, on a tenté de développer les "effets de classe" observés par les chercheurs de Groningen.
Presse et justice pénale : des fantasmes à la réalité
Authors: André Jean-Denis 
Published: May 2010

L'analyse quantitative et qualitative d'un discours de presse traitant, de manière spectaculaire, de l'assassinat d'un caporal de police dans le Jura (Suisse), révèle une image de la justice pénale fort étrangère à la réalité.
Cette image, déconstruite en ses unités discriminantes, laisse apparaître la charge fantasmatique qu'elle véhicule, et livre son pouvoir organisateur au niveau de la construction des réactions sociales.
Que la composante réaliste du mythe s'effondre finalement devant les exigences de la Polis, n'empêchera pas ses prolongements de servir de cadre d'interprétation futur.
Mythe du traitement pénal
Authors: Ostapzeff Georges , Lavoine Jean-René 
Published: May 2010

Vide permettant l'usage de modèles divers pour tenter l'approche du criminel, le traitement pénal est également un mythe cherchant à dissimuler la pénologie. Les auteurs vont en faire l'analyse au travers
— d'une part du travail du médecin psychiatre, de ses intentions et de la réalité;
— d'autre part de la vie de détention, avec sa pression déprimante, ses rapports de force, où la peur règne en permanence.
Fonctions et processus du système pénal : ce qu'on en dit dans le public
Authors: Verneuil Danièle 
Published: May 2010

Ne voulant pas rester sur le constat de "pauvreté" des images de fonctionnement en matière de justice pénale, nous avons cherché à dégager les visions systématiques, même élémentaires, que le public donne à entendre lorsqu 'on le questionne sur ce thème.
Ne délimitant pas a priori le système pénal tel qu 'il "devrait" être perçu (on ne cherche pas — entre autres — l'adéquation des représentations avec le code de procédure pénale), nous avons suivi le public dans les représentations qu 'il se fait de là production de la sanction pénale.
La production de cette sanction — qui est l'activité spécifique du système pénal — sert ainsi de fil conducteur pour la lecture des discours du public. Quelle est la fonction sociale que remplit cette sanction ? Quels cheminements effectue-t-elle pour se réaliser ? C'est autour de ces deux ordres de questions que le public dira comment "fonctionne" le système pénal : en liaison avec d'autres systèmes sociaux (l'argent, le pouvoir, le travail... qui sont des "objets sociaux" entretenant des relations fortes avec la fonction pénale, mais aussi, bien sûr, la famille, l'école, le système de santé-psychiatrie etc., les grandes institutions qui font traditionnellement système avec le système pénal), et se divisant lui-même en sous-systèmes plus ou moins complémentaires ou antagonistes dans les représentations de chacun (la police/la justice, la défense /l'accusation, les justices).
L'inspection du travail : mission de l'autorité ou affaire privée ?
Authors: Ponsaers Paul , De Cuyper Roer 
Published: May 2010

Cet article expose la méthode de recherche et reprend les résultats essentiels d'une étude consacrée au fonctionnement de l'inspection du travail en Belgique.
Outre les services de polices ordinaires (police communale, police rurale, police judiciaire, gendarmerie), la Belgique compte 68 autres services d'inspection, qui sont des administrations ayant compétence d'information de police afin de dresser procès-verbal en cas de constat de délits et pouvant par conséquent entamer une poursuite judiciaire auprès du ministère public.
Plusieurs ministères se répartissent ces services. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement dans notre étude aux trois services qui dépendent du Ministère de l'Emploi et du Travail, à savoir l'Inspection technique, chargée de la surveillance de la sécurité des travailleurs, l'Inspection médicale, chargée de la surveillance de l'hygiène du travail, et l'Inspection des Lois sociales, dont les attributions concernent essentiellement le contrôle de la réglementation relative aux conventions collectives.
L'image du droit pénal et la reproduction idéologique des classes sociales
Authors: Smaus Gerlinda 
Published: May 2010

L'image du droit pénal et la reproduction idéologique des classes sociales. G. Smaus.
L'article présente une partie de l'exploitation d'une enquête représentative sur la conscience du problème du droit pénal et de la criminalité parmi la population de la République Fédérale d'Allemagne. L'hypothèse énoncée est que le droit pénal a, outre une fonction répressive, également une fonction idéologique pour la conservation de la structure verticale de la société et des rapports de production relatifs. Le droit pénal 1) assure la distribution qualitativement et quantitativement inégale des ressources, 2) par la menace de sanctions négatives envers "ceux qui ne veulent pas travailler" et se trouvant en de faibles positions il protège le processus de production, 3) il contrôle et gère directement une partie de ceux qui ne peuvent être absorbés par le marché du travail. Ces thèses ont été contrôlées et prouvées empiriquement au moyen du rapport existant entre l'appartenance des auteurs potentiels de crimes à la couche sociale inférieure et la définition de la criminalité et des criminels dans le langage quotidien.