bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expectations, experiences and satisfaction with labour
Authors: Slade P. , MacPherson S. A. , Hume A. , Maresh M. 
Published: July 2011

Emotional, medical and control aspects of labour were explored in 81 primiparous women. Expectations were assessed antenatally and compared with postnatal reports of experiences. Expectations of positive emotions were significantly greater than experience while negative emotional expectations were paralleled by experience. There was a major discrepancy between expectations and experiences of the occurrence of interventions, with the proportion of women expecting interventions being greatly exceeded by those actually undergoing such experiences. In addition, expectations concerning personal control together with the use and efficacy of breathing and relaxation exercises in labour were elevated in relation to experience. Positive emotional expectations were strong predictors of positive emotional experiences and unrelated to negative emotional expectations. Expectations in general were positively related to experience but the strength of the association was weak.Personal satisfaction (i.e. satisfaction with self) in labour was strongly associated with the ability to control panic and other aspects of personal control. The ability to control panic was mainly influenced by the use of exercises. Attenders and non‐attenders at antenatal preparation classes showed no significant differences in their experiences or personal satisfaction levels. Possible explanations for this absence of impact are discussed together with issues concerning the relevance of psychological theory to midwifery practice and the need for greater integration.
Are older adults less compliant with prescribed medication than younger adults?
Authors: Lorenc Louise , Branthwaite Alan 
Published: July 2011

To compare compliance in older adults with that of younger people, two studies investigated general practice patients taking either a short course of antibiotics or long‐term medication. These studies examined the effects of age on compliance separately from other factors such as memory, domestic conditions, health beliefs, numbers of drugs being taken, etc.The results indicate that seven variables were independently and significantly related to better compliance: accurate knowledge of regimen; belief in the importance of taking tablets exactly as prescribed; low resentment of time spent waiting to see the doctor; less fear of illness; ability to read the label on the bottle; understanding what the doctor has said; and living with a relative.Age as such was not a factor affecting compliance. The results are discussed in terms of the potential influence of GPs in improving compliance in their patients.
Why do patients turn to complementary medicine? An empirical study
Authors: Vincent Charles , Furnham Adrian 
Published: July 2011

Over 250 patients from three complementary medicine practices—acupuncture, osteopathy and homoeopathy‐completed a questionnaire rating 20 potential reasons for seeking complementary treatment. The reasons that were most strongly endorsed were ‘because I value the emphasis on treating the whole person’; ‘because I believe complementary therapy will be more effective for my problem than orthodox medicine’; ‘because I believe that complementary medicine will enable me to take a more active part in maintaining my health’; and ‘because orthodox treatment was not effective for my particular problem’.Five factors were identified, in order of importance: a positive valuation of complementary treatment, the ineffectiveness of orthodox treatment for their complaint, concern about the adverse effects of orthodox medicine, concerns about communication with doctors and, of less importance, the availability of complementary medicine. Groups were compared, using analysis of covariance to control for demographic differences between the three patient groups.Osteopathy patients' reasons indicated they were least concerned about the side effects of orthodox medicine and most influenced by the availability of osteopathy for their complaints. Homoeopathy patients were most strongly influenced by the ineffectiveness of orthodox medicine for their complaints, a fact which was largely accounted for by the chronicity of their complaints. Results are discussed in terms of the limited research in this area. Future studies should separate the reasons for beginning complementary treatment from the reasons for continuing it. It is possible, for instance, that the failure of orthodox medicine is the strongest motive for seeking complementary treatment but that, once treatment has been experienced, other more positive factors become more important.
The consequences of perfectionism for patients with social phobia
Authors: Bieling Peter J. , Alden Lynn E. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. To examine levels of perfectionism in social phobics and to explore the consequences of perfectionism for such individuals.Design. A between‐groups laboratory design was used to provide a level of comparison between phobic and non‐phobic individuals in a controlled setting.Method. Participants for the phobic group (N = 28) were recruited from waiting lists for treatment programmes, and matched controls (N = 29) were recruited from community advertisements. Volunteers for the study completed measures of perfectionism (Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale) and then completed a laboratory session in which they were asked to rate others' social standards for them and their own social ability.Results. Social phobic individuals scored higher on socially prescribed perfectionism. Perfectionistic traits were associated with higher standards in social phobics, but not in controls. Finally, social phobia was associated with lowered perceptions of social ability.Conclusions. Although social phobia and socially prescribed perfectionism were intertwined, the two conditions appeared to contribute to negative self‐appraisal through different processes. Social phobics who are perfectionistic are likely not only to have low levels of efficacy, but also to feel that others will have high expectations for them in social situations.
Selective processing of shape‐related words in women with eating disorders, and those who have recovered
Authors: Lovell Deborah M. , Williams J. Mark G. , Hill Andrew B. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. This study sought to investigate whether women with anorexia or bulimia nervosa and women who had recovered showed cognitive bias towards shape, food and adolescent issues.Design. A five‐group analysis of variance design was used, in which the different client groups were the independent variables. The dependent variable was performance on an emotional Stroop task.Methods. Current anorexia sufferers (N = 31), current bulimia sufferers (N = 24), recovered anorexics (N = 23), recovered bulimics (N = 11) and women who had never suffered from eating disorders (N = 33) were recruited through health‐care professionals, support groups and newspapers. Colour‐naming times for target and comparison Stroop cards were measured.Results. Women currently suffering from bulimia, and women who had recovered from anorexia, were found to be more distracted by shape concerns than women who had never suffered eating disorders and women who had recovered from bulimia.Conclusions. The results suggest that there may be an enduring cognitive bias among women who have recovered from anorexia. This is the first study in which impairment on an emotional Stroop task has been found to persist after recovery from a clinical condition.
Submissive behaviour and psychopathology
Authors: Allan Steven , Gilbert Paul 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. A variety of behaviours have been identified as submissive (Buss & Craik, 1986). These are believed to be associated with vulnerability to psychopathology. This paper explores the construct and measurement of submissive behaviours and their association with psychopathology.Design. Two self‐report scales were designed to measure the frequencies of (a) typical submissive behaviours (SBS) and (b) passive/withdrawal and affiliative strategies focused on conflict de‐escalation (CDS). The association of these scales with psychopathology was explored in a series of questionnaire studies.Methods. Study 1 assessed the SBS using a student sample (N = 332) and a mixed clinical group (N = 136). Of these, 177 students and 66 patients also completed the SCL‐90‐R. In Studies 2 and 3, the CDS and its association with depressive symptoms were assessed using a student sample (N = 154) and a depressed patient group (N = 60).Results. The SBS and CDS appeared reliable. There was a positive relationship between the SBS and the SCL‐90‐R, including interpersonal sensitivity and unexpressed hostility. The passive/withdrawal subscale of the CDS was associated with depressive symptoms. Evidence was obtained for sex differences with the affiliative subscale.Conclusions. Some forms of submissive behaviour, especially those associated with passive/withdrawal and inhibition, are associated with a wide range of psychological problems.
Selective processing of concern‐related information in depression
Authors: Nunn Jean D. , Mathews Andrew , Trower Peter 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. The major question examined in this paper is whether selective attentional and interpretative processing of emotional information occurs in depression, and if so, whether it depends on a close match between the material used and current concerns.Design. Twenty‐four depressed patients and the same number of matched controls were tested using two selective processing tasks (described below), and their performance related to self‐reported sociotropic and autonomy‐related concerns.Methods. Colour‐naming interference and interpretation of ambiguous situations were assessed using material judged relevant to each of the Sociotropy‐autonomy Scales.Results. Depression was associated with a general interference effect for all negative concern words, and more negative interpretations of ambiguous situations, while controls showed a converse bias in favour of all positive interpretations. There was no convincing evidence that this negative processing bias was proportional to the match between material and self‐reported sociotropic or autonomous concerns.Conclusions. Depressed patients showed evidence of cognitive biases favouring all negative self‐related information, on both attentional and interpretative tasks. We suggest that such effects in depression may occur only under conditions allowing the elaborative processing of negative material related to oneself.
Attributions and accessibility of explanations for future events in anxiety and depression
Authors: Byrne Angela , MacLeod Andrew K. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. The research examined qualitative and quantitative aspects of future thinking in mood‐disturbed participants.Design. A cross‐sectional, mixed design compared three groups of participants on measures of future thinking using an adapted fluency paradigm.Methods. Participants who were either anxious (N = 25), anxious and depressed (mixed; N = 25), or neither anxious nor depressed (control; N = 25) were presented with a range of future positive and negative events and asked to provide explanations as to why those events would (pro reasons) or would not (con reasons) happen to them. Number of reasons given of each type was measured. The reasons were further analysed in terms of a number of attributional dimensions.Results. Mood‐disturbed participants (anxious and mixed) provided more pro relative to con reasons for negative events and more con relative to pro reasons for positive events. Compared to the control group, mood‐disturbed participants also provided more internal and more global reasons for why negative events would happen and for why positive events would not happen.Conclusion. Mood‐disturbed participants differ from controls on qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of future thinking.
A three‐ to six‐year follow‐up of former long‐stay residents of mental handicap hospitals in Northern Ireland
Authors: Donnelly Michael , McGilloway Sinead , Mays Nicholas , Perry Sarah , Lavery Christine 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. Little is known about the first cohorts of long‐stay hospital residents with learning disabilities who moved to the community. This study describes the pattern of residential reprovision for all former long‐stay residents discharged from the three mental handicap hospitals in Northern Ireland between 1987 and 1990 (N = 283) as well as describing aspects of quality of life for a smaller sample of people.Method. The study employs a retrospective survey design and the method and findings are discussed within a quality of life framework. Information about destinational outcomes between 1987 and 1993 was collected for each former resident. Several instruments were also used to assess material, emotional and social wellbeing and development and activity for a 40 per cent sample of people (114/283) discharged from hospital during 1987–1990 and followed up in 1993.Results. Approximately 70 per cent of residents were discharged to, and subsequently remained in, highly supported settings such as residential and nursing homes. Only 3 per cent were discharged to ‘independent living’ with their own families or foster families. Few of the sample had ‘major’ problems with daily living skills and serious behavioural problems were uncommon. Former patients were also more satisfied with their new homes and reported feeling happier, healthier and more independent since discharge. However, social networks were poor and there was no evidence to suggest that people were undertaking new or ‘ordinary’ daytime activities.Conclusion. Although the material needs of former hospital residents (many of whom may have been ‘cream skimmed’ from the long‐stay population) appeared to be met and they were content with their new homes in the community, they had a limited choice of mainly private sector accommodation and few opportunities for personal and social development.
WAIS‐R short forms: Assessing the statistical significance of subtest differences
Authors: Crawford J. R. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. To assist with analysis, in the individual case, of subtest profiles obtained from WAIS‐R short‐form administrations. Secondly, to offer a method of profile analysis for a full‐length WAIS‐R which is appropriate for use with agegraded scaled scores.Design. The study used a psychometric method for profile analysis (Silverstein, 1982a) which deals more effectively than alternative approaches with the problems raised by conducting multiple comparisons.Methods. A formula to compute the standard error of the difference between a subtest and mean subtest scores was applied to nine short forms and the full‐length WAIS‐R. The data used were derived from the WAIS‐R standardization sample.Results. Tables for examining whether there are significant subtest differences in a clients WAIS‐R profile are presented.Conclusions. An elegant method of analysing subtest profiles has been extended to permit its use with WAIS‐R short forms. Guidance on the use of the tables is offered; the distinction between reliable and abnormal differences is highlighted.
Simulating a memory impairment: Can amnesics implicitly outperform simulators?
Authors: Cochrane Haydee J. , Baker Gus A. , Meudell Peter R. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a variety of tests in differentiating simulating test performances from genuine memory‐impaired and normal (control) test performances.Design. A simulation design was implemented, based on an analogue design in which normal participants were given experimental instructions to feign a mental impairment and are compared to (a) other normal participants with instructions to perform honestly, and (b) a comparison group, for example, acquired brain‐injured persons, with similar instructions.Method. Forty individuals comprised the simulating and control group and all participants were randomly assigned to the simulating and control groups. Twenty memory‐impaired patients, all of whom had been diagnosed as suffering from a memory impairment following acquired brain damage, participated as the memory‐impaired control group. The simulation group was directed to imitate a person with a memory impairment. The primary outcome measure involved identifying those tests, if any, where simulators were significantly different from normal and memory‐impaired participants.Results. On 5 of the 15 tasks administered, simulators performed significantly differently from normal and memory‐impaired participants. Of these 5 tasks, the coin‐in‐the‐hand, when administered in conjunction with the autobiographical interview, identified 95 per cent of the simulators without misclassifying any of the memory‐impaired or normal participants.Conclusion. It is suggested that these two tests, when administered jointly, might be of use in clinical settings to assist in the detection of malingerers.
Malingering of memory impairment on the Colorado Priming Test
Authors: McGuire Brian E. , Shores E. Arthur 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. We hypothesized that simulated malingerers would show a weaker priming effect and a longer response latency than control patients and patients with a brain injury on a priming test.Design. Participants were compared on their performance on the Colorado Priming Test to replicate and extend the original validation study.Methods. Of 33 participants, 16 were people with a brain injury and 17 were nonhead injured control patients who were also instructed to feign cognitive impairment (simulators N = 17).Results. Up to 88 per cent of simulating malingerers and 75 per cent of head‐injured participants were correctly classified.Conclusions. The Colorado Priming Test may be useful in identifying patients feigning memory impairment.
Cognitive inhibition in phobia
Authors: Kindt Merel 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cognitive bias for threat in anxious individuals may be attributed to a defective inhibition.Design. It was investigated whether phobics and not non‐phobics would show a defective inhibition of threat words as compared to neutral words.Method. Inhibition was measured by a negative priming task, which was administered to spider phobic participants (N = 29) and non‐phobic controls (N = 31).Results. The phobics did not show less negative priming of threatening information. Instead, they showed a general delay on all probe displays that were presented after threatening primes.Conclusion. Anxiety is related to defective inhibition of threat, in the sense that this inhibition consumes extra cognitive resources.
Drawing conclusions: A re‐examination of empirical and conceptual bases for psychological evaluation of children from their drawings
Authors: Thomas Glyn V. , Jolley Richard P. 
Published: July 2011

Purpose. Although consideration of children's art work (usually drawings) in clinical investigations of children referred to psychologists is fairly common, there is little evidence for the reliability and validity of such assessments. We consider a variety of possible mechanisms which could operate to influence the characteristics of children's drawings, and review the evidence that such mechanisms operate to allow meaningful psychological evaluations of children from their drawings.Methods. The problem for making a reliable interpretation of the significance of a drawing is that a given feature could plausibly support several very different interpretations, depending which of many possible processes was active or dominant in the production of the drawing. Evidence from studies of clinical populations and experimental studies with non‐selected samples are reviewed in the light of these possibilities.Results. The review indicates that drawings are inaccurate and unreliable as personality or state assessments but can be influenced by children's emotional attitudes towards the topics depicted. The form of that expression, however, may be personal and idiosyncratic. Analogue studies of these effects undertaken with non‐clinical samples under controlled conditions have produced mixed results. At best the reported effects are small.Conclusions. Children's drawings on their own are too complexly determined and inherently ambiguous to be reliable sole indicators of the emotional experiences of the children who drew them. Further research is needed to establish the extent to which such drawings can usefully facilitate assessment of children by other means or provide useful support as one of several converging lines of evidence.
Alliance structure assessed by the Agnew Relationship Measure (ARM)
Authors: Agnew‐Davies Roxane , Stiles William B. , Hardy Gillian E. , Barkham Michael , Shapiro David A. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. We used a new instrument, the Agnew Relationship Measure (ARM), to examine the alliance's dimensionality and to construct scales for use in future studies.Design. We studied the alliance as reported on the ARM by both clients and therapists in the Second Sheffield Psychotherapy Project, a randomized comparison of two contrasting time‐limited psychotherapies for depression.Methods. Clients (N = 95) and therapists (N = 5) completed parallel forms of the (ARM) after every session (N = 1120).Results. Five scales were constructed, based on results of simultaneous components analyses and considerations of conceptual coherence and comparability across client and therapist perspectives.Conclusions. Bond, partnership, and confidence overlapped statistically (consistent with previous studies), but there are conceptual and empirical reasons for retaining the distinctions. Openness represented a relatively independent dimension. The client initiative scale had low internal consistency but the items may have value for future investigations.
Customary physical activity and gender as precursors for late life personal disturbance
Authors: Bennett Kate Mary 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. To examine whether customary physical activity (CPA) and gender are precursors for personal disturbance in later life.Design. The study was part of a longitudinal study, with data collected in 1985 and 1989. Measures of CPA were obtained in men and women who by 1989 had developed elevated levels of personal disturbance. A case‐control design was used: the cases were matched with controls on their 1985 levels of personal disturbances, gender and age.Methods. Levels of personal disturbance were measured using the Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression (SAD) Scale. CPAs were assessed using five continuous and two discrete measures of physical activity, including indoor productive activity, outdoor productive activity and flexibility. The cases were 26 women and 11 men and the controls were 26 women and 11 men.Results. Both CPA and gender were found to be precursors for later elevated personal disturbance. Specifically, indoor and outdoor productive activity and activities requiring flexibility were precursors for elevated personal disturbance. The effects of gender were even more specific: a main effect for gender was found for indoor productive activity (women doing more than men); and an interaction effect was observed between personal disturbance and gender for outdoor productive activity (the difference between depressed and non‐depressed men is greater than between depressed and non‐depressed women).Conclusions. The study found that both CPA and gender were precursors for elevated levels of personal disturbance. However, the effects of both CPA and gender were quite specific.