bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fracture and fatigue study of unidirectional glass/epoxy laminate under different mode of loading
Authors: KENANE M. , BENMEDAKHENE S. , AZARI Z. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTInterlaminar fracture is the dominant failure mechanism in most advanced composite materials. The delaminating behaviour of materials is quantified in terms of the strain energy release rate G. In this paper, the experimental measurements of the fatigue delaminating growth for some combinations of energy release rate mode ratio have been carried out on unidirectional glass/epoxy laminates. On this base the constants in the Paris equation have been determined for each GII/GT considered modal ratio. The fatigue threshold strain energy release rate Δ GTth, below which delaminating doesn't occur, were measured. Three type specimens were tested, namely: double cantilever beam (DCB), end‐loaded split (ELS) and mixed‐mode bending (MMB) under mode I, mode II and mixed‐mode (I + II) loading, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to identify the fatigue delamination growth mechanisms and to define the differences between the various modes of fracture.
Regional Cultural Differences and Ethical Perspectives within the United States: Avoiding Pseudo‐emic Ethics Research
Authors: MACNAB BRENT , WORTHLEY REGINALD , JENNER STEVE 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTNational cultures are often described as if they were homogeneous in spite of notable regional differences. As one example, there are significant differences between two distinct regions of the United States, Hawaii and Florida. This study provides a platform to exemplify a more regionally aware position for cultural and ethics research. Using select Hofstede cultural dimensions, regional differences were found in relation to both collectivism/individualism and uncertainty avoidance. The Hawaii sample had higher levels of collectivism and uncertainty avoidance, demonstrating unique regional‐cultural patterns within the United States. Regional samples were examined for potential differences in their general perception of what constitutes ethical business practice. While honesty appeared as a key trait across samples, significant differences emerged in the magnitude of importance between samples for integrity (which was more significant for the Hawaii sample) and loyalty (which was more significant for the Florida sample).
Rap and the Recording Industry
Authors: BEAVER WILLIAM 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTNothing in the music industry has been more controversial than so‐called gangsta rap. This article examines the behavior of the major recording labels involved with rap music, and how they have responded to calls from the minority community and various politicians to clean up the offensive lyrics associated with the genre. In large part, the companies have basically ignored their critics and continued to market gangsta rap because for years it had been so highly profitable. Their basic tactic has been to diffuse responsibility and distance themselves from rap by allowing subsidiaries to handle that part of the business. The industry's behavior is certainly troubling. I argue that, at the very least, the companies should have met the “moral minimum” to avoid harm and correct social injuries by censoring certain lyrics. Unfortunately this never occurred, and, in the end, only declining sales appear to have had any mitigating effects on gangsta rap.
WAGE POLICY IN AN OPEN‐ECONOMY KALECKI–KALDOR MODEL: A SIMULATION STUDY
Authors: von Arnim Rudiger 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses a Post‐Keynesian model of income, production and trade. The one‐country, one‐sector model features Kaleckian investment demand, Kaldorian productivity and a labor market module based on a wage–price spiral. The model is first presented for a closed economy with exogenous real wages; second, for a closed economy with endogenous real wages; third, for an economy open to trade with endogenous real wages. Simulations with different calibrations show key characteristics of the model. Monte Carlo simulations over reasonable parameter ranges shed some light on the effectiveness of wage policies in open economies.
Shylock and Othello under the Nazis
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTWhile the long‐standing historical importance of Shakespeare's plays in the repertoire of German theatres is well‐documented, including even under the ‘Third Reich’, there are misconceptions in some of the literature about the stage history of two plays that one would expect to touch on Nazi racial sensitivities in very different ways: The Merchant of Venice and Othello. It would be natural to expect, as some authors have written, that The Merchant of Venice would lend itself to Nazi antisemitism and that the play would enjoy a particular currency on German stages after 1933, while one would expect Othello, with its theme of inter‐racial sex, to disappear from the stage under the Nazi régime. These assumptions were not borne out by the reality, however, and the stage histories of the two plays under the Nazi régime were more complex. The way in which the Jew Shylock and the Moor Othello were portrayed on the German stage after 1933 was nonetheless tightly constrained by the prescriptions of Nazi racial ideology.Dass die Werke Shakespeares einen bedeutenden Platz in der Geschichte des deutschen Theaters, auch in der Zeit des ‘Dritten Reichs’, eingenommen haben, darf als allgemein bekannt gelten. Jedoch sind in der theatergeschichtlichen Literatur immer noch irrige Annahmen anzutreffen, was die Bühnengeschichte zweier Shakespeareschen Stücke angeht, die auf verschiedene Weise von besonderer Relevanz für die Rassenideologie des Nationalsozialismus waren: Der Kaufmann von Venedig und Othello. Es läge nahe anzunehmen, wie manche Autoren auch vermutet haben, dass Der Kaufmann von Venedig dem Antisemitismus des NS‐Regimes besonders entgegenkommen würde, wogegen Othello, mit der Thematik der sexuellen Beziehung zwischen den ‘Rassen’ während der NS‐Zeit von der Bühne verschwinden würde. Die eigentliche Bühnengeschichte der jeweiligen Stücke im ‘Dritten Reich’ verlief aber anders, und war in der Wirklichkeit komplizierter als man oft angenommen hat. Nichtsdestoweniger waren Darstellungen des Juden Shylock und des Mohren Othello auf der deutschen Bühne nach 1933 von der NS‐Ideologie zunehmend stark geprägt und mussten innerhalb der durch sie eng gezogenen Grenzen bleiben.
Contralateral versus ipsilateral rTMS of temporoparietal cortex for the treatment of chronic unilateral tinnitus: comparative study
Authors: Khedr E. M. , Abo‐Elfetoh N. , Rothwell J. C. , El‐Atar A. , Sayed E. , Khalifa H. 
Published: March 2010

Background:  Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied over left temporoparietal cortex has been reported to have a long‐term therapeutic effect on tinnitus. We compare the impact of 1 and 25 Hz rTMS delivered either contralateral or ipsilateral to symptoms in 62 patients with unilateral chronic tinnitus.Material and methods:  Patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: with stimulation at 1 or 25 Hz applied either ipsilateral or contralateral to symptoms. Two thousand pulses per session were given daily for 2 weeks. Changes in tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), self‐rating scores of loudness, awareness, and annoyance were measured monthly for 10 months. Duration of residual inhibition (RI) and psychiatric morbidity were evaluated monthly for 3 months.Results:  There was a significant main effect of time (P < 0.0001) and a significant time × side interaction (P = 0.032) between groups. This was because of the fact that contralateral stimulation had a greater effect on THI than ipsilateral stimulation; it was also superior to left side stimulation (P = 0.027). Ratings of loudness improved more after contralateral rTMS (P = 0.037). Twenty patients had no remaining tinnitus after 3 months; the remainder had a significant increase in RI. Patients with the shortest history of tinnitus tended to respond better to rTMS. There was a significant correlation between changes in THI score and changes in Hamilton anxiety and depression scores.Conclusion:  Ten daily treatments of 1 and 25 Hz rTMS contralateral to the side of tinnitus have a greater beneficial effect on symptoms than either ipsilateral or left side stimulation.
Rising trends in incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma and their future projections in Catalonia, Spain: increasing impact or future epidemic?
Authors: Marcos‐Gragera R , Vilar‐Coromina N , Galceran J , Borràs J , Clèries R , Ribes J , Gispert R , Izquierdo A , Borràs JM 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground  During the past decades, there has been a substantial increase in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) among all Caucasian populations. Spain presents one of Europe’s lowest incidence and mortality rates.Objective  The aim of this study was to analyse the recent trends of CMM incidence and mortality in a region with lower incidence as well as to project their future trends.Methods  Cutaneous malignant melanoma incidence data were provided by the Tarragona and Girona population‐based cancer registries and mortality data were provided by the Mortality Registry of Catalonia. Time trends of incidence and mortality rates by CMM were assessed through the estimated annual percentages of change of the incidence and mortality age‐standardized rates to the World Standard Population. Projections were based on a Bayesian age–period–cohort model using second order autoregressive effects on age.Results  During the last 20 years CMM incidence has increased substantially at a faster rate than any other neoplasms in Catalonia, particularly among women and this trend will probably continue for the next several years. Nevertheless, CMM mortality trends have been and probably will remain stable during this period.Conclusion  Improvements in preventive activities should be implemented to decrease incidence and mortality from this cancer. Monitoring stage‐specific trends in CMM incidence can assess the impact of preventive strategies; for this reason more complete information on diagnostic features of CMM patients in the Spanish population‐based cancer registries are necessary.
Adjuvant triamcinolone acetonide injections in oro‐pharyngeal pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Mignogna MD , Fortuna G , Leuci S , Adamo D , Dell’Aversana Orabona G , Ruoppo E 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground  High‐potency topical and perilesional/intralesional corticosteroids are becoming increasingly useful as adjuvant to treat autoimmune blistering diseases.Objective  We sought to evaluate the role of perilesional/intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (PITA) injections in reducing the time for first complete clinical remission and the total amount of systemic corticosteroids in oro‐pharyngeal pemphigus vulgaris (OPV) patients, and also the compliance of PITA injections, in terms of satisfaction, pain and discomfort.Methods  Thirty‐five OPV patients were treated with conventional immunosuppressive therapy (CIST) and received high potency topical corticosteroids (clobetasol and/or methylprednisolone) and/or PITA injections. Patients were grouped as follows: (i) a group of 16 patients was treated with PITA injections and (ii) a group of 19 patients without PITA injections.Results  Sixteen patients treated with PITA injections and 19 without PITA injections reached complete clinical remission within 126.6 days (SD: 41; 95% CI: 104.7–148.8) and 153.2 days (SD: 97.4; 95% CI: 106.2–200.1) (P = 0.4) respectively. The total amount of corticosteroids in patients treated with PITA and without PITA was 4894 mg (SD: 2832; 95% CI: 3385–6403) and 5312 mg (SD: 4009; 95% CI: 3380–7245) (P = 0.4) respectively. Patients treated with PITA reported a satisfaction score significantly higher than pain (P = 0.0007) and discomfort score (P = 0.0006).Conclusion  Perilesional/intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injections seems to represent a helpful clinical tool to successfully join CIST, in terms of shortening the time of complete clinical remission, reducing the total amount of corticosteroids and obtaining an acceptable compliance.
Function of the shoulder muscles during arm elevation: an assessment using positron emission tomography
Authors: Omi Rei , Sano Hirotaka , Ohnuma Masahiro , Kishimoto Koshi N. , Watanuki Shoichi , Tashiro Manabu , Itoi Eiji 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough 2‐deoxy‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐D‐glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) has been used for the assessment of skeletal muscle activities, its application to the shoulder muscles is only sparse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activities of the shoulder muscles during arm elevation using PET. Six healthy volunteers performed an arm elevation exercise before and after FDG injection. The exercise consisted of 200 repetitions of arm elevation in the scapular plane with a 0.25‐kg weight fixed to the wrist on both arms. PET examination was performed 50 min after FDG injection. For control data, PET scan was repeated for each subject on a separate day without any exercise. The volume of interest was established for each shoulder muscle. The subscapularis was divided into three portions (superior, middle, and inferior). The standardized uptake value (SUV) was calculated in each muscle to quantify its activity. The SUVs increased significantly after exercise in the deltoid, supraspinatus, and the superior portion of subscapularis. Among three divided portions of the subscapularis, the SUV of the superior one‐third was significantly greater than the rest of the muscle after exercise. Our current study clearly indicated that there were two functionally different portions in the subscapularis muscle and the superior one‐third played an important role during arm elevation in the scapular plane.
Distinct functionalities of bone morphogenetic protein antagonists during fracture healing in mice
Authors: Dean Daniel B. , Watson John T. , Jin Wu , Peters Charlie , Enders J. T. , Chen Andrew , Moed Berton R. , Zhang Zijun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of growth factors plays critical roles in bone formation. BMPs are regulated at multiple levels by various BMP antagonists. This study investigated how BMP antagonists are integrated into the cascade of events of bone formation during fracture healing. Forty mice underwent a controlled femur fracture; tissue samples at the fracture site were harvested at days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after fracture, for quantification of the expression of BMPs and BMP antagonists. During fracture healing, BMP‐2, ‐4 and ‐7 were up‐regulated, but BMPR‐1A and BMPR‐2 showed reduced expression after day 14. Among BMP antagonists, the expressions of PRDC, SOST, Smad7, GREM1 and CERBERUS were generally down‐regulated during fracture healing. In contrast, Noggin was significantly up‐regulated in the first week after fracture; 7 days after fracture, other BMP antagonists, including DAN, CHRD, Smad6 and BAMBI, also showed significantly increased expression. In conclusion, this study indicates that BMP antagonists can be divided into two functional groups in relation to fracture healing: (1) those whose suppression may be essential for the initiation of osteogenesis; (2) those that are upregulated and may function in the remodeling of newly formed bone.
Activation of submucosal 5‐HT3receptors elicits a somatostatin‐dependent inhibition of ion secretion in rat colon
Authors: Yang N , Liu SM , Zheng LF , Ji T , Li Y , Mi XL , Xue H , Ren W , Xu JD , Zhang XH , Li LS , Zhang Y , Zhu JX 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: 5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) is a key regulator of the gastrointestinal system and we have shown that submucosal neuronal 5‐HT3receptors exerted a novel inhibitory effect on colonic ion transport. The aim of the present study was to investigate the precise mechanism(s) underlying this inhibitory effect.Experimental approach: Mucosa/submucosa or mucosa‐only preparations from rat distal colon were mounted in Ussing chambers for measurement of short‐circuit current (Isc) as an indicator of ion secretion. Somatostatin release was determined with radioimmunoassay. Intracellular cAMP content was measured with enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay (elisa). Immunohistochemical techniques were used to study the expression of 5‐HT3receptors, somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in colonic tissue.Key results: In rat distal colonic mucosa/submucosa preparations, pretreatment with 5‐HT3receptor antagonists enhanced 5‐HT‐induced increases inIsc. However, in mucosa‐only preparations without retained neural elements, pretreatment with 5‐HT3receptor antagonists inhibited 5‐HT‐induced ΔIsc. Pretreatment with a somatostatin‐2 (sst2) receptor antagonist in mucosa/submucosa preparations augmented 5‐HT‐induced ΔIsc. Combination of sst2and 5‐HT3receptor antagonists did not cause further enhancement of 5‐HT‐induced ΔIsc. Moreover, both sst2and 5‐HT3receptor antagonists enhanced 5‐HT‐induced increase in intracellular cAMP concentration in the mucosa/submucosa preparations. 5‐HT released somatostatin from rat colonic mucosa/submucosa preparations, an effect prevented by pretreatment with 5‐HT3receptor antagonists. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the presence of 5‐HT3receptors on submucosal somatostatin neurons and of sst2receptors on colonic mucosa.Conclusion and implications: Activation of neuronal 5‐HT3receptors in the submucosal plexus of rat colon suppressed 5‐HT‐induced ion secretion by releasing somatostatin from submucosal neurons.
CB2: a cannabinoid receptor with an identity crisis
Authors: Atwood Brady K , Mackie Ken 
Published: March 2010

CB2was first considered to be the ‘peripheral cannabinoid receptor’. This title was bestowed based on its abundant expression in the immune system and presumed absence from the central nervous system. However, multiple recent reports question the absence of CB2from the central nervous system. For example, it is now well accepted that CB2is expressed in brain microglia during neuroinflammation. However, the extent of CB2expression in neurons has remained controversial. There have been studies claiming either extreme‐its complete absence to its widespread expression‐as well as everything in between. This review will discuss the reported tissue distribution of CB2with a focus on CB2in neurons, particularly those in the central nervous system as well as the implications of that presence. As CB2is an attractive therapeutic target for pain management and immune system modulation without overt psychoactivity, defining the extent of its presence in neurons will have a significant impact on drug discovery. Our recommendation is to encourage cautious interpretation of data that have been presented for and against CB2's presence in neurons and to encourage continued rigorous study.This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids. To view the editorial for this themed issue visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00831.x
Pharmacological characterization of the first potent and selective antagonist at the cysteinyl leukotriene 2 (CysLT2) receptor
Authors: Wunder F , Tinel H , Kast R , Geerts A , Becker EM , Kolkhof P , Hütter J , Ergüden J , Härter M 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders. Their actions are mediated by CysLT1and CysLT2receptors. Here we report the discovery of 3‐({[(1S,3S)‐3‐carboxycyclohexyl]amino}carbonyl)‐4‐(3‐{4‐[4‐(cyclo‐hexyloxy)butoxy]phenyl}propoxy) benzoic acid (HAMI3379), the first potent and selective CysLT2receptor antagonist.Experimental approach: Pharmacological characterization of HAMI3379 was performed using stably transfected CysLT1and CysLT2receptor cell lines, and isolated, Langendorff‐perfused, guinea pig hearts.Key results: In a CysLT2receptor reporter cell line, HAMI3379 antagonized leukotriene D4‐ (LTD4‐) and leukotriene C4‐ (LTC4‐) induced intracellular calcium mobilization with IC50values of 3.8 nM and 4.4 nM respectively. In contrast, HAMI3379 exhibited very low potency on a recombinant CysLT1receptor cell line (IC50> 10 000 nM). In addition, HAMI3379 did not exhibit any agonistic activity on both CysLT receptor cell lines. In binding studies using membranes from the CysLT2and CysLT1receptor cell lines, HAMI3379 inhibited [3H]‐LTD4binding with IC50values of 38 nM and >10 000 nM respectively. In isolated Langendorff‐perfused guinea pig hearts HAMI3379 concentration‐dependently inhibited and reversed the LTC4‐induced perfusion pressure increase and contractility decrease. The selective CysLT1receptor antagonist zafirlukast was found to be inactive in this experimental setting.Conclusions and implications: HAMI3379 was identified as a potent and selective CysLT2receptor antagonist, which was devoid of CysLT receptor agonism. Using this compound, we showed that the cardiac effects of CysLTs are predominantly mediated by the CysLT2receptor.
Simultaneous detection of intracellular target and off‐target binding of small molecule cancer drugs at nanomolar concentrations
Authors: Glauner Heike , Ruttekolk Ivo R , Hansen Kerrin , Steemers Ben , Chung Yi‐Da , Becker Frank , Hannus Stefan , Brock Roland 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: In vitroassays that determine activities of drug candidates with isolated targets have only limited predictive value for activities in cellular assays. Poor membrane permeability and off‐target binding are major reasons for such discrepancies. However, it still difficult to directly analyse off‐target binding at the same time as target binding, on a subcellular level. Here, we present a combination of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and fluorescence cross‐correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) as a solution to this problem.Experimental approach: The well‐established dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor methotrexate and the kinase inhibitors PD173956 and purvalanol B were conjugated via polyethylene glycol linkers with the fluorophore Cy5. The cellular uptake and subcellular distribution of these compounds in single human cancer‐derived cells were investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, molecular interactions inside the cell with the respective target proteins and off‐target binding were detected simultaneously in the nanomolar range by FCCS and FCS, respectively, using cells expressing green fluorescent protein fusion proteins of dihydrofolate reductase and Abelson kinase 1.Key results: Large differences in the interaction patterns were found for these compounds. For methotrexate‐Cy5, drug–target interactions could be detected and dissociation constants determined. In contrast, PD173956‐Cy5 showed strong interactions with intracellular high‐molecular weight structures, other than its target.Conclusions and implications: The combination of FCS and FCCS provides a powerful means to assess subcellular pharmacokinetics and dynamics of drug candidates at nanomolar concentrations.