bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The design of conditional access mechanism for ubiquitous video on demand services
Authors: Chen Yu‐Yi , Huang Der‐Chen , Tsai Meng‐Lin 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTConditional access (CA) is the access control mechanism used for pay TV or video on demand (VoD) service. It should control the transmitted programs that can be accessed by the authorized subscribers. Thus, the subscribers can be charged, and any illegal access can be prevented. Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are an enabling technology for ubiquitous access to the Internet and a low‐cost alternative to extend the Internet as compared with other wireless networks. This paper proposes a CA mechanism for ubiquitous VoD services based on WMNs. The scheme guarantees mutual authentication, privacy, and anonymity and also resists spoofed service provider attack, spoofed user attack, replay attack, message modification attack, illegal content distribution, and service repudiation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of steady and transient wind shear on the wake structure and performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine rotor
Authors: Sezer‐Uzol Nilay , Uzol Oguz 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an investigation of the effect of steady and transient free‐stream wind shear on the wake structure and performance characteristics of a horizontal axis wind turbine rotor. A new three‐dimensional unsteady vortex‐panel method potential flow solver based on a free‐vortex wake methodology, AeroSIM+, is used for this purpose. The code is validated using the experimental data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiments. The effects of vortex core model, core size, expansion, and filament stretching on torque and thrust predictions are investigated. Three‐different wind shear cases, i.e., uniform inflow (no wind shear), steady vertical wind shear that uses a power law velocity profile (Normal Wind Profile, NWP) and transient Extreme Wind Shear (EWS), are investigated. The results show that the existence of wind shear can create a very complex wake structure with substantial asymmetries, streamwise vorticity generation, and non‐periodicities downstream of the turbine rotor. In addition, the blades are subjected to asymmetrical surface pressure variations that in turn result in high amplitude fluctuations in power and thrust levels generated by the turbine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mechanical generation of fault trees for reactive systems via retrenchment II: clocked and feedback circuits
Authors: Banach Richard , Bozzano Marco 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The retrenchment approach to the mechanical construction of fault trees, introduced in the first paper for combinational logic circuits, is extended to handle clocked circuits and then feedback circuits. The temporal behaviour of clocked circuits is captured using their causal relations, and the potentially unbounded behaviour of cyclic circuits is decomposed into an iteration over their acyclic counterparts. The repercussions of all this for the theory of retrenchment are elaborated. For clocked circuits, the techniques we present allow glitches and other transient errors to be properly described. For feedback circuits, the plethora of behaviours that can occur, give rise to infinitary fault trees of an appropriate kind. All this paves the way for automated fault tree generation for reactive systems.
The Interface of Language Proficiency and Identity: A Profile Analysis of Bilingual Adolescents and Their Writing
Authors: Danzak Robin L. 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore how adolescent English language learners' (ELLs') language and literacy experiences impacted their identities as bilingual writers.MethodSix students were randomly selected from a group of 20 Spanish-speaking ELLs, ages 11–14, who participated in a larger, mixed-methods study on bilingual writing (see Danzak, 2011). The participants produced 10 written journal entries in their language of choice (English, Spanish, or both) and were interviewed. Qualitative analyses were applied to the participants' writing and interviews, both individually and cross-case. Findings were integrated to some extent with the outcomes of quantitative measures applied to the students' writing.ResultsThree patterns emerged: ethnic differences, language discrimination, and language preference. Also, the students' self-identification as monolingual or bilingual was reflected in their attitudes toward language learning and their outcomes on writing measures. Three portraits of emerging bilingual writers are discussed: struggling emerging, dominant emerging, and balanced emerging. Language and literacy learning strategies are recommended for each.ConclusionsQualitative profiles of adolescent ELLs offer an understanding of students' experiences and identities that augments information provided by quantitative writing measures. Additionally, a mixed-methods profile analysis may aid in the identification of adolescent ELLs who may be struggling with undiagnosed language learning disabilities.
Grammatical Morphology in School-Age Children With and Without Language Impairment: A Discriminant Function Analysis
Authors: Moyle Maura Jones , Karasinski Courtney , Weismer Susan Ellis , Gorman Brenda K. 
Published: October 2011

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to test Bedore and Leonard’s (1998) proposal that a verb morpheme composite may hold promise as a clinical marker for specific language impairment (SLI) in English speakers and serve as an accurate basis for the classification of children with and without SLI beyond the preschool level.

Method

The language transcripts of 50 school-age children with SLI (
M
age
= 7;9 [years;months]) and 50 age-matched typically developing peers (
M
age
= 7;9) were analyzed. Following the Bedore and Leonard (1998) procedure, 3 variables were measured: a finite verb morpheme composite, a noun morpheme composite, and mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLU
m
).

Results

Overall findings indicated that neither grammatical morpheme composite alone adequately discriminated the groups at this developmental level. However, combining the verb and noun grammatical morpheme composite measures with MLU
m
resulted in good discriminant accuracy in classifying subgroups of the youngest children with and without SLI in the school-age sample.

Conclusion
Verb morphology alone is not a useful clinical marker of SLI in school-age children. Potential explanations for these findings and ideas for future research are discussed.
Increasing the Odds: Applying Emergentist Theory in Language Intervention
Authors: Poll Gerard H. 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThis review introduces emergentism, which is a leading theory of language development that states that language ability is the product of interactions between the child’s language environment and his or her learning capabilities. The review suggests ways in which emergentism provides a theoretical rationale for interventions that are designed to address developmental language delays in young children.MethodA review of selected literature on emergentist theory and research is presented, with a focus on the acquisition of early morphology and syntax. A significant method for developing and testing emergentist theory, connectionist modeling, is described. Key themes from both connectionist and behavioral studies are summarized and applied with specific examples to language intervention techniques. A case study is presented to integrate elements of emergentism with language intervention.ConclusionsEvaluating the theoretical foundation for language interventions is an important step in evidence-based practice. This article introduces three themes in the emergentist literature that have implications for language intervention: (a) sufficiency of language input, (b) active engagement of the child with the input, and (c) factors that increase the odds for correctly mapping language form to meaning. Evidence supporting the importance of these factors in effective language intervention is presented, along with limitations in that evidence.
Classification Accuracy of Brief Parent Report Measures of Language Development in Spanish-Speaking Toddlers
Authors: Guiberson Mark , Rodríguez Barbara L. , Dale Philip S. 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThe purpose of the current study was to examine the concurrent validity and classification accuracy of 3 parent report measures of language development in Spanish-speaking toddlers.MethodForty-five Spanish-speaking parents and their 2-year-old children participated. Twenty-three children had expressive language delays (ELDs) as determined through multiple sources of information, and 22 had typical language development (TD). Parents completed the Spanish version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (Spanish ASQ; Squires, Potter, & Bricker, 1999) and the short-form of the Inventarios del Desarrollo de Habilidades Comunicativas Palabras y Enunciados (INV–II; Jackson-Maldonado, Bates, & Thal, 1992; Jackson-Maldonado et al., 2003), which is the Spanish version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories Words and Sentences form, and reported children’s 3 longest utterances (M3L–W). Children were administered the Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition, Spanish Edition (SPLS–4; Zimmerman, Steiner, & Pond, 2002) at early childhood centers.ResultsAll 3 parent report measures were significantly correlated with the SPLS–4, establishing their concurrent validity. Children with ELDs scored significantly lower than TD children on all 3 parent report measures. The Spanish ASQ demonstrated less than desirable levels of sensitivity and specificity; both the short-form INV–II and M3L–W measures demonstrated favorable sensitivity and specificity. Of these measures, M3L–W demonstrated the strongest classification accuracy qualities, including sensitivity, negative predictive value, and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve.ConclusionThe short-form INV–II and M3L–W demonstrated highly satisfactory classification accuracy of ELDs, but M3L–W demonstrated slightly stronger accuracy. These results indicate that these measures may be useful in screening for ELDs in Spanish-speaking toddlers.
Peer Victimization Among Students With Specific Language Impairment, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Typical Development
Authors: Redmond Sean M. 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThe potential contributions of behavioral and verbal liabilities to social risk were examined by comparing peer victimization levels in children with specific language impairment (SLI) to those in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing (TD) children.MethodSixty children (age range: 7–8 years) participated in the study. Standardized verbal measures and parent ratings of behavioral difficulties were combined with children’s self-reports of their school and peer environments to examine the risk for negative peer experiences associated with clinical status.ResultsClinical status was associated with elevated levels of victimization, especially for participants with SLI. A potential buffering effect for number of close friendships was found for participants with ADHD and TD participants, but not for participants with SLI. Peer victimization was associated with elevated levels of hyperactivity and stronger narrative skills for participants with SLI.ConclusionThese results highlight the importance of peer victimization in the social adjustment of students with developmental language disorders.
What Is Orthographic Knowledge?
Authors: Apel Kenn 
Published: October 2011

Purpose
Orthographic knowledge refers to the information that is stored in memory that tells us how to represent spoken language in written form. Unfortunately, terms used to talk about orthographic knowledge and the two individual components that contribute to it have varied widely in the literature. Thus, consensus on the term, its meaning, and the tasks used to assess orthographic knowledge is needed.

Method
In this tutorial, the problems and inconsistencies in terms and tasks used to define and measure orthographic knowledge are reviewed, and suggestions for using specific terms are offered. Additionally, orthographic knowledge development, considerations of its role in literacy development, and its independence from other factors that contribute to literacy development are discussed. Finally, ideas for overcoming current obstacles in discussions of orthographic knowledge and suggestions for future research endeavors are offered.

Conclusion
With consensus on what orthographic knowledge is and how it should be measured, practitioners should be better prepared for assessing orthographic knowledge and implementing instructional practices accordingly.
The Effect of Circumstellar Material on the Light Curves of Eclipsing Binary Systems
Authors: Ghoreyshi S. M. R. , Ghanbari J. , Salehi F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis study inspects the influence of various effects and free parameters of the accretion disc and circumstellar material on the emerging light curve of eclipsing binary systems that have a circumstellar disc, by using the SHELLSPEC code. The results indicate that some of the parameters, namely the temperature and inclination of the disc, spot, jet, stream and shell, significantly affect on the emerging light curve, while some other parameters, namely the exponent of the power-law behavior of the density of the disc, microturbulence, inner and outer radius of the disc, do not noticeably affect on the emerging light curve. An application to the Algol-type eclipsing binary system AV Del and an accretion disc model for the system using the SHELLSPEC code is included.
The use of chitosan in antimicrobial films for food protection.
Authors: Fernandez-Saiz P. , Ocio M. J. , Lagaron J. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Despite the large number of publications related to chitosan and its derivates, there is still a great controversy regarding the phenomenology and mechanisms of the biocide properties of this natural component. This review aims at highlighting the antimicrobial activity of chitosan for its optimal application as an active packaging material to maintain the microbial safety of a food product. For this purpose, the mechanisms involved and the factors affecting the biocide properties of chitosan and chitosan-based films are summarized. Also, the behaviour of chitosan when incorporated in a more water-resistant polymer matrix or when evaluated on a real food system is outlined. A clear understanding of all these features constitutes a previous crucial step for an optimum design of active antimicrobial food packaging structures based on the use of this biopolymer as an internal coating of the packaging material or as a food coating in itself for moistured foods.
Natural antimicrobials for food processing.
Authors: Ramos-Villarroel A. Y. , Soliva-Fortuny R. , Martín-Belloso O. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Natural antimicrobial agents are required to ensure that manufactured foods remain safe and unspoiled. This paper will focus on the definition, types, mechanisms of action and factors that affect the activity and application potential of food-natural antimicrobials for food processing. Naturally occurring antimicrobial compounds derived from animal, plant and microbial sources have potential for use alone, as adjuncts to traditional, regulatory-approved antimicrobial preservatives, or in combination with other food preservation processes. Among the many natural antimicrobials discussed in this paper, only a few have been tested or applied to foods. Some examples include the antibiotic natamycin, the bacteriocin nisin, lactoferrin, hydrogen peroxide, polysaccharides as chitosan and enzymes as egg-white lysozyme. This review will focus on the effects and efficacy of the different compounds in real foods and food-system models, the mechanisms of action against micro-organisms, the interactions with food components and other preservative systems, as well as their influence on food quality, toxicology and safety.
Reassessing Water Security in the Mekong: The Chinese Rapprochement with Southeast Asia
Authors: Onishi Kayo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper focuses on China's incentive in basin-wide cooperation in the Mekong Basin and argues that understanding the role of three factors—the non-water resources, geography, and climate regimes—is critical to explaining China's cooperative attitude. More specifically, it addresses the overarching question: Under what conditions are the Mekong riparian states able to govern the shared water cooperatively to overcome collective action problems in situations, where the presence of the hegemonic upstream state like China precludes cooperation? The core of the paper offers an integrative approach that connects water resources, non-water resources, geography, and climate types for explaining international riparian politics.
Fate of three Australian teleosts after ingesting conventional and modified stainless- and carbon-steel hooks
Authors: McGrath Shane P. , Broadhurst Matt K. , Butcher Paul A. , Cairns Stuart C. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
McGrath, S. P., Broadhurst, M. K., Butcher, P. A., and Cairns, S. C. 2011. Fate of three Australian teleosts after ingesting conventional and modified stainless- and carbon-steel hooks. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2114–2122. In response to concerns over the fate of three Australian teleosts (mulloway, Argyrosomus japonicus, yellowfin bream, Acanthopagrus australis, and snapper, Pagrus auratus) released with ingested recreational hooks, experiments were carried out to determine whether ejection could be promoted via different wire materials and/or their modification. Between 108 and 114 fish of each species were angled and allowed to ingest conventional or modified (with notches to reduce wire diameter by ∼20%) J-hooks (∼250 mm2) made from three materials (stainless steel and nickel-plated and red-lacquer carbon steel), before being released into tanks and monitored with control fish for up to 61 d. Total mortalities were 35, 24, and 25% for mulloway (over 61 d), yellowfin bream (over 35 d), and snapper (over 41 d), respectively. Of the survivors, 30, 61, and 77%, respectively, ejected their hooks (and only one hook-ejected fish died). For yellowfin bream, hook ejection (and hence survival) was positively correlated with total length, and hook oxidation was the key predictor of ejection from mulloway and snapper, which could be promoted by selecting carbon-steel designs with narrow wire diameters and minimal protective coating. The choice of coating might also be important, with relatively greater mortality among mulloway and yellowfin bream that ingested nickel-plated hooks.
Aliskiren reduces portal pressure in portal hypertensive rats
Authors: Chang Ching‐Chih , Lee Wen‐Shin , Huang Hui‐Chun , Lee Fa‐Yauh , Wang Sun‐Sang , Lin Han‐Chieh , Nong Jing‐Yi , Lee Shou‐Dong 
Published: October 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (5): 526–533AbstractBackground  Aliskiren is a direct renin inhibitor used in the treatment for arterial hypertension. It can also augment nitric oxide (NO) production, which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension and modulation of porto‐systemic collaterals. This study investigated the effects of aliskiren on portal pressure and porto‐systemic collaterals of portal vein‐ligated (PVL) rats.Materials and methods  Sham‐operated and PVL rats received aliskiren (50 mg/kg per day) or distilled water (control) treatment for 10 days. The mean arterial pressure and portal pressure were measured by catheterization of the right femoral artery and mesenteric vein, while the superior mesenteric arterial blood flow was measured by Doppler technique. The left adrenal vein and superior mesentery artery were dissected for mRNA study. The PVL rats also underwent preincubation with (i) Krebs solution (control); (ii) 10−4 M aliskiren; or (iii) 10−4 M aliskiren plus nonselective NO inhibitor Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine (10−4 M), followed by the addition of arginine vasopressin (AVP) to evaluate the collateral vascular responsiveness.Results  Aliskiren had systemic arterial pressure‐ and portal pressure‐lowering effects in PVL rats. Superior mesentery arterial resistance also decreased. The constitutive NO synthase was enhanced in the left adrenal vein and superior mesentery artery after aliskiren treatment. Aliskiren attenuated the collateral vasoconstrictive effects of AVP, but the vasodilatory effects were abolished after nonselective NO synthase inhibition.Conclusions  Chronic aliskiren use reduces portal pressure in portal hypertensive rats partly due to the modulation of splanchnic and collateral NO synthase.
Social Interaction in Patients’ Hospital Choice: Evidence from Italy
Authors: Moscone F. , Tosetti E. , Vittadini G. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryWe study the influence of social interaction on patients’ choice of hospital and its relationship with the quality that is delivered by hospitals, using Italian data. We explore the effect on individual choices of a set of variables such as travel distance and individual- and hospital-specific characteristics, as well as a variable capturing the effect of the neighbourhood. The richness of our data allows us to disentangle the influence of sharing information (the network) on patients’ choices of hospital from contextual effects. Our empirical investigation suggests that past experience in the utilization of health services by the network plays a significant role in explaining current patients’ choices of hospital. Other relevant factors that influence patients’ decisions of being admitted in a particular hospital are prior use of health services in that hospital, patient-to-hospital distance and supply factors such as the number of beds and number of doctors. We then investigate the relationship between a set of health outcome indicators and the sensitivity of patients’ choices to the network, to test whether sharing information increases the likelihood of selecting a high quality hospital. Our results suggest that social interaction does not have an influence on health outcomes, and in some cases it may even mislead patients, who end up in low quality institutions. One explanation for this result is the absence of a source of information on the quality of hospitals that is accessible to all individuals, such as guidelines or star ratings, which may exacerbate the influence of information that is gathered locally on choices of hospital and may result in a lower degree of competition between hospitals and lower quality.