bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The anatomy of the basal turtle Eileanchelys waldmani from the Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye, Scotland
Authors: Anquetin Jérémy 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThe stem turtle Eileanchelys waldmani is known from the Bathonian deposits of the Kilmaluag Formation, Isle of Skye, Scotland. A description of all the currently available material, including several skulls and shells, is provided herein. Eileanchelys waldmani is characterised by a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived features. The former include a flat vomer, a reduced posterior extension of the pterygoid, the absence of flooring of the cavum acustico-jugulare, the absence of proper recessus scalae tympani, wide vertebral scales, a vertebral 3–4 sulcus on neural 6, a pair of mesoplastra meeting medially, and platycoelous cervical vertebrae. Derived features include a prefrontal–vomer contact, an elongate postorbital skull, a well-developed antrum postoticum, and a slender processus interfenestralis of the opisthotic. Eileanchelys waldmani also possesses unique features such as a possible ninth neural or supernumerary suprapygal of unusual shape, as well as a broad first suprapygal that contacts the peripherals laterally. Additionally, E. waldmani documents the evolution of the vomer and basicranium from basalmost turtles to the crown-group.
High heat load absorbers in Taiwan Photon Source storage ring
Authors: Sheng I. C. , Cheng Y. T. , Kuan C. K. , Hsiung G. Y. , Chen J. R. 
Published: January 2011

Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) is under construction at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC). This 518 m circumference synchrotron accelerator will generate 3 GeV and 500 mA high-energy X-rays. Absorbers in the storage ring will receive relatively high power densities (at a distance of 2.2 m from the dipole source). Three types of crotch absorbers for B1–B3 storage chambers were designed and prototyped. An end absorber in B3 is also designed and implemented to protect the downstream components in the chamber from being heated by the synchrotron radiation. Intensive vacuum brazing between Oxygen Free High Conductivity copper (OFHC) and stainless steel was carried out while fabricating the absorber assembly. The analysis, design and construction of several absorbers are reported in this paper.
Bacterial flagellum as a propeller and as a rudder for efficient chemotaxis
Authors: Xie Li , Altindal Tuba , Chattopadhyay Suddhashil , Wu Xiao-Lun 
Published: January 2011

We investigate swimming and chemotactic behaviors of the polarly flagellated marine bacteria
Vibrio alginolyticus
in an aqueous medium. Our observations show that
V. alginolyticus
execute a cyclic, three-step (forward, reverse, and flick) swimming pattern that is distinctively different from the run–tumble pattern adopted by
Escherichia coli
. Specifically, the bacterium backtracks its forward swimming path when the motor reverses. However, upon resuming forward swimming, the flagellum flicks and a new swimming direction is selected at random. In a chemically homogeneous medium (no attractant or repellent), the consecutive forward
t

f

and backward
t

b

swimming times are uncorrelated. Interestingly, although
t

f

and
t

b

are not distributed in a Poissonian fashion, their difference Δ
t
= |
t

f

-
t

b

| is. Near a point source of attractant, on the other hand,
t

f

and
t

b

are found to be strongly correlated, and Δ
t
obeys a bimodal distribution. These observations indicate that
V. alginolyticus
exploit the time-reversal symmetry of forward and backward swimming by using the time difference to regulate their chemotactic behavior. By adopting the three-step cycle, cells of
V. alginolyticus
are able to quickly respond to a chemical gradient as well as to localize near a point source of attractant.
Thematic Relations and the Semantic Representation of Verbs Expressing Change
Authors: Verkuyl Henk J. 
Published: January 2011

The main purpose of this paper is to show that the system of thematic relations used in transformational (lexical) semantics to organize the semantic representation, is of great importance to both linguists and psycholinguists. The thematic analysis, developed by Gruber and recently elaborated by Jackendoff, amounts to claiming that with every verb expressing change a thematic kernel pattern can-be associated consisting of the semantic functions Theme, Source, Goal and Path. The Theme "travels" from a certain Source-position to a Goal-position, moving along a Path. It is proposed here that the semantic functions Theme, Source and Goal are analyzed in terms of a CHANGE-predication, consisting of a two-place predicate CHANGE and two arguments, namely a Source-proposition and a Goal-proposition. Both propositions are structurally similar	AT-predications, where AT is taken as a two-place predicate whose first argument pertains to the Theme. The second argument \ of AT in both Source-and Goal-proposition consists of an ordered pair of times and spatial positions. The notion 'Path of a movement expressed by a verb' is taken as a function from temporal intervals to spatial positions. The notion 'Path of the Theme' is ultimately defined in terms of the above-mentioned AT-predication. On the basis of the notions developed with respect to the thematic kernel pattern, it is possible to exactly characterize information concerning the internal structure of the Path of a Theme, concerning repetition of movements and finally information concerning the medium. H. Clark's notion of P-Space is modified in such a way that more abstract kinds of movement can be taken into account.
Genre Analysis and the Translator
Authors: James Carl 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In this paper I shall attempt three tasks. First, to give a brief account of the recent history of genre studies, leading to a definition of the notion. Secondly, to contextualise the notion of genre, that is, I shall see what it has in common with, or adds to, other related notions current in Discourse Analysis. Finally, I hope to show how genre study might be integrated into programmes of translator training.
The Pivotal Status of the Translator’s Habitus
Authors: Simeoni Daniel 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe paper explores the possibility of nudging theory away from the properties of systemic constructs towards the main focus of translation norms, i.e., the translator. The current model of DTS could be reframed, or 'translated' in a topological sense, by giving it a slightly different slant on the assumption of a translating habitus understood as: (culturally) pre-structured and structuring agent mediating cultural artefacts in the course of transfer. A discussion of the translator's endorsement of subservience is included, followed by a brief genealogy of the concept of habitus. A prospectus for future research in product analysis and the acquisition of translatorial competence is also sketched out.
Choice Factors in Translation
Authors: Kashkin Vyacheslav B. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In this article, grammatical forms in context are viewed as processual patterns of choice activity. A hierarchy of choice factors is presented, using the example of the present perfect forms in parallel translations from Russian into several languages. To ensure adequacy of comparison, the notions of grammatical contextual complex and universal grammatical integral are introduced and used as the required tertium comparationis. Particular attention is devoted to the interplay of universal and language-specific features in processes of grammatical choice in translation.
Oedipus und die Folgen
Authors: Resch Renate 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung
Metaphorischer Sprachgebrauch ist auch im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs von Bedeutung. Als erkenntnissteuernde Denkmittel wirken Metaphern theorienbildend und sogar theorienkonstitutiv. Ein feministisch-kritischer Blick auf die Zentralmetapher der Translationswissenschaft, die "Treue" zum Original entlarvt patriarchalische Denkstrukturen, die nicht nur längst überholt geglaubte gesellschaftspolitische Tendenzen spiegeln, sondern auch den theoretischen Rahmenfür ein Verständnis von Übersetzen als Reproduzieren bestimmen. Um dieser von seiten der Übersetzungswissenschaft selbst auf metaphorischer Ebene propagierten Geringschätzung des Übersetzens als nur reproduzierender Tätigkeit entgegenzuwirken, sollte eine moderne Translatologie Übersetzen als Textproduktion im theoretischen Rahmen "Intertextualität" beschreiben.
Conceptual Work and the "Translation" Concept1
Authors: Halverson Sandra L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe concept of "translation" is required to carry a considerable load at several levels of inquiry. It functions as a causal element in sociological theories, and as a methodological tool, when used extensionally. Most importantly, it is the concept which in some way structures the field which we take as our object of inquiry. As such, it has particular functions in serving as a basis for generalizations and as a means of determining category membership. In response to what are perceived as difficulties in some of these areas, some scholars have hinted that the concept of "translation" might be fruitfully viewed as a prototype category. In this paper, I review the philosophical and empirical arguments which support such a move, and outline some of the programmatic consequences. The focus is on the resolution of current conceptual problems, and on the theoretical and metatheoretical implications.
Interdisciplinarity in Translation Studies
Authors: Wilss Wolfram 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article is aimed at clarifying the concept of interdisciplinarity in Translation Studies (TS). It concentrates on three aspects of possible interdisciplinary TS research: cultural studies, psychological issues, and technological aspects (machine translation). Depending on the kind of information-processing devices which translators have, and the amount of intellectual abilities which a specific translation task requires, there will emerge a relatively realistic picture of what translational information-processing is like and which type of interdisciplinary/multidisciplinary research would secure efficient translator performance.
Mock-Epic as a Byproduct of the Norm of Elevated Language
Authors: Weissbrod Rachel 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Beginning in the late nineteenth century, Hebrew underwent a process of revival. Despite the growing stratification of the language, literary translations into Hebrew were governed by a norm which dictated the use of an elevated style rooted in ancient Hebrew texts. This norm persisted at least until the 1960s. Motivated by the Hebrew tradition of employing the elevated style to produce the mock-epic, translators created mock-epic works independently of the source texts. This article describes the creation of the mock-epic in canonized and non canonized adult and children's literature, focusing on the Hebrew versions of Henry Fielding's Joseph Andrews, Damon Runyon's Guys and Dolls, Peter O'Donnell's Modesty Blaise and A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner.
Typological Aspects of Translating Literary Japanese into German, I
Authors: Wienold Götz 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Typological distance between languages gives rise to a huge amount of translation problems. The present article takes up 20th century Japanese novels and their translations into German. As areas of typological differences, movement verbs and causatives in describing human bodily reactions have been selected. Japanese lexicalizes the path a movement takes in a monomorphemic verbal base, whereas German lexicalizes the manner of movement. It is shown that this typological difference creates a tendency to substitute German manner for Japanese path verbs. As a morphological example a specific use of causatives is discussed. In descriptions of bodily reactions Japanese causatives tend to be ambiguous as to an intentional or unintentional interpretation. German, having few morphological causatives and no similar ambiguous expression, tends to level the ambiguities towards an objective description. In a second installment syntax and narrative technique will be considered.
Surely There Must Exist a Polish Equivalent
Authors: Tabakowska Elżbieta 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The paper is a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the requirements that dictionaries should meet in order to satisfy the needs of language learners and translators. The shortcomings of some standard dictionaries are discussed in reference to one particular item: the modal qualifier surely and its Polish equivalents. The latter were compared with actual choices made by a group of advanced Polish learners of English, asked to translate five explanatory sentences taken from English—English dictionaries. Discrepancies between dictionary equivalents and translation replacements clearly suggest that apart from "prototypical" examples of usage, dictionary entries should also contain potential discourse functions of sample sentences.
A False Opposition in Translation Studies
Authors: Delabastita Dirk 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAfter some preliminary notes on the fragmented state of Translation Studies, the author directs his attention to one of the seemingly irreconcilable oppositions within the discipline, namely, between "theoretical" and "historical" approaches to translation. On the basis of insights from modern epistemology it is claimed that the two are, in fact, complementary and that one should aim for a continuous interplay between them. Normative approaches fail to achieve this and prove to have little explanatory power when confronted with the historicalrealityof translation. Four discursive strategies are discussed whereby this anomaly is often camouflaged or explained away.
Two Traditions of Translating Early Irish Literature
Authors: Tymoczko Maria 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In the translation of early Irish materials into English there are two translation traditions, a
scholarly
and a
literary
one, diverging markedly in their practices and norms. The effects of the Macpherson controversy, Irish nationalism, and the Irish language movement in defining and polarizing these translation traditions are explored. In historical poetics, analysis must allow for the ways in which historical circumstances may produce a translation system, internally differentiated itself, such that investigation of a part of the translation system will not necessarily be predictive or reflective of the whole.
On Constructing a Transfer Dictionary for Man and Machine
Authors: Laffling John 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article argues that, unlike conventional bilingual knowledge sources that are underpinned by the principle of filtering out a limited number of representative equivalents, transfer dictionaries that are derived from computer-assisted parallel text analysis can bring both the human and the mechanized translator a stage nearer the elusive ideal of text-insertable translation equivalents.
The Distinctive Nature of Interpreting Studies
Authors: Salevsky Heidemarie 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn every sub-area of Translation Science (used as a hyperonym for Translating and Interpreting Studies) the formulation of a theory is a matter of concepts, structures and methodological problems. The author (1) provides a definition of interpreting, (2) structures Interpreting Studies (IS) according to general, special and particular theories for both theoretical and applied domains and (3) emphasizes the problem of the validity of experimental investigations as a major methodological issue in IS.
The Question of French Dubbing
Authors: Goris Olivier 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In order to analyze how "international messages" such as films are appropriated by a specific target system, I studied the French dubbed versions of a number of films. This analysis revealed a set of norms which seem to be at work on various text levels in the dubbed translations: a linguistic standardization, which affects three types of language use, a naturalization strategy, in which visual synchrony plays an important role, and a strategy which aims in various ways at making the translation more explicit than the original. The presentation of this tentative set of norms proposes a first synthetic view of the policy concerning dubbing in France.
A Framework for Decision-Making in Translation
Authors: Wilss Wolfram 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDecision-making in translation amounts to an information-processing concept that describes decision-making behaviour in terms of an interaction between the translator's cognitive system; his linguistic, referential, sociocultural and situational knowledge bases; the task specification; and the texttype-specific problem space. All four factors together enable the translator to build up an internal problem representation which, once constructed, will profoundly influence the translator's subsequent decision-making performance, taking account of probability ratings which are an important element in many translational decision-making settings.
Translating Literary Dialogue
Authors: Ben-Shahar Rina 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The present paper focuses on literary dialogue as a text type highly susceptible to inadequate translation. It is claimed here that translators of literary dialogue are likely to reduce a linguistic-poetic-pragmatic source utterance into a linguistic or linguistic-poetic one. The paper discusses different causes for the difficulties of dialogue translation. Some are general, stemming from the nature of literary dialogue itself and/or general principles of translation, while others are specific to the Hebrew language, which will serve as a case in point.
Interpreting Research and the ‘Manipulation School’ of Translation Studies1
Authors: Schjoldager Anne 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWith a special view to applying it to interpreting research, this article examines, explains and puts into perspective what others have dubbed the 'Manipulation School'. This group of scholars see themselves as working within descriptive translation studies (DTS), as defined by James S Holmes, and their main methodological tool is a search for translational norms, first proposed by Gideon Toury. The article then looks at interpreting research—especially Daniel Gile 's work—and explores how the ideas of the 'Manipulation School ' relate to current research in this particular field.
Directionality in Translation Processes and Practices
Authors: Marmaridou A. Sophia S. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In this article an attempt is made to systematically approach directionality in translation processes and practices from a cognitive point of view. Within the framework of cognitive semantics, it is argued that translation is an instance of conceptual metaphor, whereby conceptual structures of the target language are mapped onto the source text in order to make it understood by the TL reader. The relevance of this position for the study of translation becomes obvious when considered against existing practices in professional and nonprofessional translating. Thus, the directionality from target to source is experimentally shown to correlate with another type of directionality, namely, translating from or into one's mother tongue, and can explain observable facts in the performance of translation tasks.
Some Thoughts About Think-Aloud Protocol
Authors: Séguinot Candace 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEmpirical studies of the translation process have used think-aloud protocols to provide a window into the mental activity which is not directly observable. This paper reports on a protocol study in a natural discourse situation involving two professional translators and discusses the relevance of the data to the debate on the use of verbalization as a methodology. The protocol provides evidence of translation strategies and points to the need for a dynamic model of the translation process that takes into account activation, suppression, and attending mechanisms.
A Translator's Reference Needs
Authors: Williams Ian A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper examines how far consulting dictionaries and references cited in the bibliography can solve the problems raised by standardized and non-standardized terms in the translation of medical research reports from Spanish into English. Analysis of two translations representing different types of report (clinical and experimental) showed that use of three references offered greater certainty than using three specialized dictionaries: 71% and 51 % of items were found by the two methods, respectively. A combined method improved coverage to between 85% and 90%, and could guarantee acceptability for 95% of the items. As instances of parallel texts, references provided more and better information than dictionaries, especially at the higher sentence and text levels, as well as giving insight into stylistic aspects of lexical choice for the genre.
Translation of Modifications
Authors: Zhu Chunshen 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Our study adopts a broadened concept of modification and discusses textual functions of modification in translating between Chinese and English. Our attention is firstly on information distribution realized by elaboration of a basic transitivity pattern through modifying a noun- or verb-head, and on matching in translation the textual effect thus created. We also illustrate some differences in using function words in the two languages, and analyze how they may affect translation. The logical nature of modification enables us to identify and observe internal modifiers within the meaning structure of a word, as against sentence and word modifiers as external modifiers. Consequently, the article argues for the importance of word and sentence translation in the practice and process of textual translating.
Syntactic Norms in Finnish Children's Literature
Authors: Puurtinen Tiina 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOwing to children's developing reading skills and world knowledge, readability (comprehensibility as well as speakability) can be regarded as an important requirement of children's literature. This article focusses on one determinant of readability, the frequency of nonflnite constructions in children's books both originally written in Finnish and translated from English into Finnish. A high frequency of complex nonfinite constructions is likely to have a negative effect on readability, and consequently they might be expected to occur relatively infrequently both in original and in translated children's literature. A quantitative study of a large number of children's books shows that Finnish originals have indeed tended to favour finiteness, whereas translations show a higher degree of non-finiteness. The translations thus fail to conform to one of the syntactic norms of the receiving literature. The article discusses potential reasons for this syntactic difference, considers the possibility of the existence of different sets of norms for translated and originally Finnish children's books, and speculates upon the innovatory influence of translations.
Contrastive Rhetoric and Text-Typological Conventions in Translation Teaching
Authors: Colina Sonia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper illustrates the relevance of contrastive rhetoric research to Translation Studies and shows how it can be applied to translation pedagogy. After a brief descriptive analysis of the recipe genre in English and Spanish, student translations are examined. It is shown that the work of novice translators is one case in which source-language textual features are transferred into the target text. The effects of explicit instruction on textual-features and text-typological conventions are examined by comparing student translations: a significant improvement in the work of students exposed to explicit instruction is indicative of the benefit of pedagogical intervention. The evidence presented also indicates that translation competence is in fact separate from bilingualism.