bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First‐trimester fetal heart rate in mothers with opioid addiction
Authors: Schmid Maximilian , Kuessel Lorenz , Klein Katharina , Metz Verena , Fischer Gabriele , Krampl‐Bettelheim Elisabeth 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAim  To investigate the difference in fetal heart rate of opioid‐dependent mothers compared to non‐dependent mothers in the first trimester of pregnancy.Design  The data of 74 consecutive singleton pregnancies of mothers enrolled in a maintenance programme for opioid‐dependent women was matched to 74 non‐exposed singleton pregnancies by maternal age, crown–rump length, smoking status, ethnic background and mode of conception.Measurement  Fetal heart rate measured as part of first‐trimester screening by Doppler ultrasound between 11+0 and 13+6 gestational weeks was compared retrospectively.Findings  The mean fetal heart rate in opioid‐dependent mothers was 156.0 beats per minute (standard deviation 7.3) compared to 159.6 (6.5) in controls. The difference in fetal heart rate was significant (P = 0.02). There was a significant difference in mean maternal body mass index (P = 0.01) but not in mean nuchal translucency (P = 0.3), gestational age (0.5), fetal gender (P = 0.3) and parity (P = 0.3) between both groups. Fifty‐five per cent (41 of 74) of cases were taking methadone, 30% (22 of 74) buprenorphine and 15% (11 of 74) were taking slow‐release morphines throughout the pregnancy.Conclusions  In fetuses of opioid‐dependent mothers a decreased fetal heart rate can already be observed between 11+0 and 13+6 gestational weeks. The effect of opioid intake needs to be taken into consideration when interpreting fetal heart rate in opioid‐dependent mothers at first‐trimester screening.
Pharmacokinetics of enteric‐coated cysteamine bitartrate in healthy adults: a pilot study
Authors: Gangoiti Jon A. , Fidler Meredith , Cabrera Betty L. , Schneider Jerry A. , Barshop Bruce A. , Dohil Ranjan 
Published: June 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Cysteamine bitartrate is taken lifelong, every 6 h and for the treatment of cystinosis. Recent studies using cysteamine for for other diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders adopt the same dosing regimen for cysteamine. Regular cysteamine bitartrate (Cystagon) may cause upper gastrointestinal symptoms in some patients. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This is the only study that provides pharmacokinetic data for cysteamine delivered in an enteric‐release preparation in normal subjects. EC‐cysteamine is very well tolerated and does not cause increased gastrin concentrations, even at relatively high doses.• EC‐cysteamine at the higher dose results in better drug uptake as measured by Cmax and AUC and is more likely to be effective.AIMSCysteamine bitartrate (Cystagon®) is the approved treatment for cystinosis. Poor compliance and patient outcome may occur because the drug needs to be taken every 6 h and in some patients causes gastrointestinal symptoms due to hypergastrinaemia. A formulation of cysteamine requiring twice daily ingestion would improve the quality of life for these patients. This study compares the pharmacokinetics and gastrin production following cysteamine bitartrate non‐enteric‐coated and cysteamine bitartrate enteric‐coated in normal healthy subjects.METHODSEnteric‐coated cysteamine was prepared. Following single doses of cysteamine bitartrate non‐enteric‐coated 450 mg and cysteamine bitartrate enteric‐coated 450 mg and 900 mg, serial plasma cysteamine and gastrin concentrations were measured. Two subjects also received cysteamine bitartrate non‐enteric‐coated 900 mg. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were recorded.RESULTSSix healthy adults (mean age 20.7 years, range 18–24 years; mean weight 59.3 kg) received drug. All post‐dose gastrin concentrations were within the normal range (<100 pg ml–1). The tmax following cysteamine bitartrate non‐enteric‐coated (mean and SD is 75 ± 19 min) was shorter than cysteamine bitartrate enteric‐coated (220 ± 74 min) (P= 0.001), but only the Cmax and AUC estimates following 900 mg cysteamine bitartrate enteric‐coated were significantly greater than any of the other preparations or doses (P < 0.05). One patient had GI symptoms following both 900 mg cysteamine bitartrate non‐enteric‐coated and cysteamine bitartrate enteric‐coated.CONCLUSIONAlthough patient numbers were low, single high doses of cysteamine bitartrate enteric‐coated were better tolerated than similar doses of cysteamine bitartrate non‐enteric‐coated in the healthy subjects and all had normal gastrin concentrations. The delayed tmax following cysteamine bitartrate enteric‐coated suggested that the cysteamine was released enterically.
Pro/Con debate: is occupational asthma induced by isocyanates an immunoglobulin E‐mediated disease?
Authors: Wisnewski A. V. , Jones M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIsocyanates, low‐molecular weight chemicals essential to polyurethane production, are one of the most common causes of occupational asthma, yet the mechanisms by which exposure leads to disease remain unclear. While isocyanate asthma closely mirrors other Type I Immune Hypersensitivity (Allergic) disorders, one important characteristic of hypersensitivity (‘allergen’‐specific IgE) is reportedly absent in a large portion of affected individuals. This variation from common environmental asthma (which typically is induced by high‐molecular weight allergens) is important for two reasons. (1) Allergen‐specific IgE is an important mediator of many of the symptoms of bronchial hyper‐reactivity in ‘allergic asthma’. Lack of allergen‐specific IgE in isocyanate hypersensitive individuals suggests differences in pathogenic mechanisms, with potentially unique targets for prevention and therapy. (2) Allergen‐specific IgE forms the basis of the most commonly used diagnostic tests for hypersensitivity (skin prick and RAST). Without allergen‐specific IgE, isocyanates may go unrecognized as the cause of asthma. In hypersensitive individuals, chronic exposure can lead to bronchial hyperreactivity that persists years after exposure ceases. Thus, the question of whether or not isocyanate asthma is an IgE‐mediated disease, has important implications for disease screening/surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The present Pro/Con Debate, addresses contemporary, controversial issues regarding IgE in isocyanate asthma. Cite this as: A. V. Wisnewski and M. Jones, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1155–1162.
Influence of fish assemblage and shallow lake productivity on waterfowl communities in the Boreal Transition Zone of western Canada
Authors: EPNERS C. A. , BAYLEY S. E. , THOMPSON J. E. , TONN W. M. 
Published: June 2010

Summary1. Shallow lakes in the Boreal Transition Zone (BTZ) in Alberta, Canada are naturally productive systems that provide important breeding and moulting habitat for many waterfowl (Anseriformes). To examine the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors on waterfowl population densities, species richness and community composition, we surveyed 30 shallow lakes and evaluated the relationships among fish communities, lake characteristics and waterfowl in both breeding and moulting habitat. Shallow lakes were either fishless (n = 15), contained only small‐bodied fishes (n = 10) or contained large‐bodied, mostly predatory, fish in addition to small‐bodied fish (n = 5).2. Environmental factors, including water colour, submerged aquatic vegetation, lake area and potassium, explained 24.3% of the variation in breeding waterfowl communities. Fish assemblage contributed independently to a small but significant proportion (13.4%) of the variation, while 13.8% of the explained variation was shared between environmental factors and fish assemblage. In total, 51.5% of the variation in breeding waterfowl communities was explained.3. Overall, 55.5% of the total variation in moulting waterfowl communities was explained. Environment alone [especially total phosphorus, lake area, maximum depth and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)] and variation shared by fish and environment similarly accounted for most of the explained variation in moulting waterfowl communities (21.7% and 25.7% respectively), while fish assemblage was only one‐third as important (8.1%).4. Both breeding and moulting waterfowl densities increased with lake productivity, even in eutrophic and hypereutrophic lakes. Breeding waterfowl density was also twice as great in fishless lakes than in lakes with fish, after accounting for lake area.5. Certain waterfowl taxa were linked to fishless lakes, especially in the moulting season. Canvasback and moulting ring‐necked ducks were linked to small‐bodied fish lakes, whereas moulting common goldeneye were indicators of large‐bodied fish lakes. Knowledge of fish presence and species composition can therefore help guide conservation and management of waterfowl habitat in western Canada. Our results suggest that management efforts to maintain the most productive waterfowl habitat in the BTZ should focus on smaller, shallow, fishless lakes, particularly given that larger fish‐bearing systems have greater regulatory protection.
Impact of the removal of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) on nutrient cycles in Lake Apopka, Florida
Authors: SCHAUS M. H. , GODWIN W. , BATTOE L. , COVENEY M. , LOWE E. , ROTH R. , HAWKINS C. , VINDIGNI M. , WEINBERG C. , ZIMMERMAN A. 
Published: June 2010

Summary1. The St. Johns River Water Management District removed over 5.4 million kg of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) from Lake Apopka, FL during 1993–2005, as a means of reducing lake phosphorus and phytoplankton concentrations and improving water clarity. Other steps included reduction of external nutrient inputs and operation of a treatment wetland. We measured nutrient excretion by Lake Apopka gizzard shad to quantify the nutrient effect of this biomanipulation.2. Both N and P excretion were significantly affected by fish body mass and temperature. Larger fish had lower mass‐specific rates of excretion than smaller fish.3. High water temperature increased P excretion to a much greater extent than N, resulting in a low N : P of nutrient excretion in midsummer. The N : P of excretion was lower than has been observed in other systems, probably because of higher water temperature.4. Removal of gizzard shad >200 g prevented the annual release of 45 800 kg N year−1 (3.46 kg N ha−1 year−1) and 7700 kg P year−1 (0.62 kg P ha−1 year−1) on average. The actual impact on the P cycle varied substantially from year to year (range 7900–78 800 kg N year−1; 1200–14 800 kg P year−1), primarily because of fluctuations in the catch.5. On an annual basis, the P directly removed in fish tissues was similar to that removed by the treatment wetland. The P excretion prevented by the removal of fish was approximately 20% of the reduction in external P loading achieved during 1993–2005.6. In the short term, most of the P demand of planktonic primary producers is met through recycling of P, which greatly exceeds external P loading. Depending on population biomass, phosphorus excretion by the resident gizzard shad population was similar in magnitude to the P release by diffusive flux from the sediments.
Effects of retrogressive permafrost thaw slumping on sediment chemistry and submerged macrophytes in Arctic tundra lakes
Authors: MESQUITA PATRÍCIA S. , WRONA FREDERICK J. , PROWSE TERRY D. 
Published: June 2010

Summary1. Global warming is predicted to cause changes in permafrost cover and stability in the Arctic. Zones of high ion concentration in regions of ice‐rich permafrost are a reservoir of chemicals that can potentially be transferred to fresh waters during thawing. Consequently, input of enriched runoff from the thaw and sediment and vegetation from the landscape could alter lakes by affecting their geochemistry and biological production.2. Three undisturbed lakes and five lakes disturbed by retrogressive permafrost thaw slumps were sampled during late summer of 2006 to assess the potential effects of thermokarst shoreline slumping on water and sediment chemistry, the underwater light regime, and benthic macrophyte biomass and community structure.3. Undisturbed lakes had sediments rich in organic material and selected micronutrients, while disturbed lakes had sediments richer in calcium, magnesium and strontium, greater transparency of the water column, and a well‐developed submerged macrophyte community.4. It is postulated that enriched runoff chemistry may alter nutrient availability at the sediment–water interface and also the degradation of organic material, thus affecting lake transparency and submerged macrophytes. The results suggest that retrogressive permafrost slumping can significantly affect food webs in arctic tundra lakes through an increase in macrophyte biomass and development of a more complex benthic habitat.
Community structures of ammonia‐oxidising archaea and bacteria in high‐altitude lakes on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: HU ANYI , YAO TANDONG , JIAO NIANZHI , LIU YONGQIN , YANG ZAO , LIU XIAOBO 
Published: June 2010

Summary1. Community structures of planktonic ammonia‐oxidising archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) were investigated for five high‐altitude Tibetan lakes, which could be classified as freshwater, oligosaline or mesosaline, to develop a general view of the AOA and AOB in lakes on the Tibetan Plateau.2. Based on PCR screening of the ammonia monooxygenase α‐subunit (amoA) gene, AOA were present in 14 out of 17 samples, whereas AOB were detected in only four samples. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the AOB communities were dominated by a unique monophylogenetic lineage within Nitrosomonas, which may represent a novel cluster of AOB. AOA, on the other hand, were distinct among lakes with different salinities.3. Multivariate statistical analyses indicated a heterogeneous distribution of the AOA communities among lakes largely caused by lake salinity, whereas the uniform chemical properties within lakes and their geographical isolation may favour relatively homogeneous AOA communities within lakes.4. Our results suggest a wide occurrence of AOA in Tibetan lakes and provide the first evidence of salinity‐related differentiation of AOA community composition as well as potential geographical isolation of AOA in inland aquatic environments.
Temperature‐induced plasticity in egg size and resistance of eggs to temperature stress in a soil arthropod
Authors: Liefting Maartje , Weerenbeck Maarten , Van Dooremalen Coby , Ellers Jacintha 
Published: June 2010

Summary1. Temperature is considered one of the most important mediators of phenotypic plasticity in ectotherms, resulting in predictable changes in egg size. However, the fitness consequences of temperature‐induced plasticity in egg size are not well understood and are often assessed at mild temperatures, whereas in the field, extreme temperatures will occur.2. In this study we investigated egg size plasticity and fitness‐linked traits of eggs in response to temperature in the springtailOrchesella cincta. Eggs were oviposited at two temperatures (16 and 20 °C), and transplanted to 10, 15 and 20 °C for rearing, or exposed to temperature shock (−6 and 38 °C) to measure survival, development rate and growth.3. Eggs oviposited at 16 °C had a greater volume and dry weight than eggs oviposited at 20 °C but had similar lipid content. Eggs oviposited at 16 °C had high survival at all rearing temperatures, whereas survival of eggs oviposited at 20 °C declined at lower rearing temperatures and was significantly lower than survival of large eggs when reared at 10 and 15 °C. No difference in egg development rate was found between oviposition temperatures, although development rate increased with rearing temperature. Juveniles were 5–10% larger when hatching from eggs oviposited at 16 °C, independent of the temperature at which the eggs were reared.4. Eggs oviposited at 16 °C were more resistant to thermal stress, as their survival after exposure to cold or heat shock was higher than survival of eggs oviposited at 20 °C. However, egg development rate of the eggs that survived temperature shock was not different from the control, independent of egg oviposition temperature.5. Our results show that temperature‐induced plasticity inO. cinctaaffects fitness‐linked traits of offspring through increased hatchling size and increased thermal tolerance of eggs produced at lower temperatures.6. The increased resistance to thermal stress ofO. cinctaeggs oviposited at lower temperatures may provide a protective strategy in uncertain thermal environments.
Patterns of NPP, GPP, respiration, and NEP during boreal forest succession
Authors: GOULDEN M. L. , MCMILLAN A. M. S. , WINSTON G. C. , ROCHA A. V. , MANIES K. L. , HARDEN J. W. , BOND‐LAMBERTY B. P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe combined year‐round eddy covariance with biometry and biomass harvests along a chronosequence of boreal forest stands that were 1, 6, 15, 23, 40, ∼74, and ∼154 years old to understand how ecosystem production and carbon stocks change during recovery from stand‐replacing crown fire. Live biomass (Clive) was low in the 1‐ and 6‐year‐old stands, and increased following a logistic pattern to high levels in the 74‐ and 154‐year‐old stands. Carbon stocks in the forest floor (Cforest floor) and coarse woody debris (CCWD) were comparatively high in the 1‐year‐old stand, reduced in the 6‐ through 40‐year‐old stands, and highest in the 74‐ and 154‐year‐old stands. Total net primary production (TNPP) was reduced in the 1‐ and 6‐year‐old stands, highest in the 23‐ through 74‐year‐old stands and somewhat reduced in the 154‐year‐old stand. The NPP decline at the 154‐year‐old stand was related to increased autotrophic respiration rather than decreased gross primary production (GPP). Net ecosystem production (NEP), calculated by integrated eddy covariance, indicated the 1‐ and 6‐year‐old stands were losing carbon, the 15‐year‐old stand was gaining a small amount of carbon, the 23‐ and 74‐year‐old stands were gaining considerable carbon, and the 40‐ and 154‐year‐old stands were gaining modest amounts of carbon. The recovery from fire was rapid; a linear fit through the NEP observations at the 6‐ and 15‐year‐old stands indicated the transition from carbon source to sink occurred within 11–12 years. The NEP decline at the 154‐year‐old stand appears related to increased losses from Clive by tree mortality and possibly from Cforest floor by decomposition. Our findings support the idea that NPP, carbon production efficiency (NPP/GPP), NEP, and carbon storage efficiency (NEP/TNPP) all decrease in old boreal stands.
Lactobacillus acidophilus induces virus immune defence genes in murine dendritic cells by a Toll‐like receptor‐2‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Weiss Gudrun , Rasmussen Simon , Zeuthen Louise Hjerrild , Nielsen Birgit Nøhr , Jarmer Hanne , Jespersen Lene , Frøkiær Hanne 
Published: June 2010

SummaryLactobacilli are probiotics that, among other health‐promoting effects, have been ascribed immunostimulating and virus‐preventive properties. Certain Lactobacillus spp. have been shown to possess strong interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) ‐inducing properties. As IL‐12 production depends on the up‐regulation of type I interferons (IFNs), we hypothesized that the strong IL‐12‐inducing capacity of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM in murine bone‐marrow‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) is caused by an up‐regulation of IFN‐β, which subsequently induces IL‐12 and the double‐stranded RNA binding Toll‐like receptor‐3 (TLR‐3). The expression of the genes encoding IFN‐β, TLR‐3, IL‐12 and IL‐10 in DCs upon stimulation with L. acidophilus NCFM was determined. Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM induced a much stronger expression of Ifn‐β, Il‐12 and Il‐10 compared with the synthetic double‐stranded RNA ligand Poly I:C, whereas the levels of expressed Tlr‐3 were similar. Whole genome microarray gene expression analysis revealed that other genes related to viral defence were significantly up‐regulated and among the strongest induced genes in DCs stimulated with L. acidophilus NCFM. The ability to induce IFN‐β was also detected in another L. acidophilus strain (X37), but was not a property of other probiotic strains tested, i.e. Bifidobacterium bifidum Z9 and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917. The IFN‐β expression was markedly reduced in TLR‐2−/− DCs, dependent on endocytosis, and the major cause of the induction of Il‐12 and Tlr‐3 in DCs stimulated with L. acidophilus NCFM. Collectively, our results reveal that certain lactobacilli trigger the expression of viral defence genes in DCs in a TLR‐2 manner dependent on IFN‐β.
In vivo astaxanthin treatment partially prevents antioxidant alterations in dental pulp from alloxan‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Leite M. F. , De Lima A. , Massuyama M. M. , Otton R. 
Published: June 2010

Leite MF, de Lima A, Massuyama MM, Otton R.
In vivo astaxanthin treatment partially prevents antioxidant alterations in dental pulp from alloxan‐induced diabetic rats. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 959–967, 2010.AbstractAim  To evaluate the effect of astaxanthin on antioxidant parameters of dental pulp from diabetic rats. The hypothesis tested was that supplementation of diabetic rats with astaxanthin might eliminate, or at least attenuate, the defect in their antioxidative status.Methodology  Wistar rats (n = 32) were divided into four groups: untreated control, treated control, untreated diabetic and treated diabetic rats. A prophylactic dose of astaxanthin (20 mg kg−1 body weight) was administered daily by gavage for 30 days. On day 23, diabetes was induced by injection of alloxan (60 mg kg−1 body weight). After 7 days of diabetes induction, the rats were killed, and pulp tissue from incisor teeth removed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase activities were determined. Data were compared by anova and the Newman–Keuls test (P < 0.05).Results  Diabetes caused a reduction in SOD, GPx and reductase activity in dental pulp tissue. Astaxanthin had no effect on SOD and catalase activities; however, it stimulated GPx in control and diabetic rats.Conclusions  Diabetes altered the antioxidant system in dental pulp tissue; astaxanthin partially improved the diabetic complications.