bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building and Developing Capabilities: A Cognitive Congruence Framework
Authors: Merali Yasmin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The importance of dynamism, regeneration, change, and innovation is often emphasized in ‘competing for the future’. Recent literature on competence-based competition and dynamic capabilities highlights the role of knowledge management and organizational learning in strategic competition. This chapter discusses the cognitive infrastructure of an organization that underpins the development and leveraging of organizational capabilities in dynamic markets. An ‘information lens’ is employed to develop a cognitive congruence framework for looking at issues of organizational learning, knowledge creation, and the leveraging of capabilities. The model is based on the concept of an action-perception cycle, and is used to represent an important element in the ‘sensemaking’ processes of organizations engaged in transformational processes. Its usefulness as a descriptive and explanatory device is demonstrated through three case studies. This chapter also elaborates on the importance of achieving cognitive congruence in the cumulative action-perception cycles that underpin transformative processes in organizations.
Competence-Based Competition: Gaining Knowledge from Client Relationships
Authors: Sivula Petteri , Bosch Frans A. J. van den , Elfring Tom 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Knowledge creation and organizational learning have become central concerns in strategic management. This chapter analyzes customer relationships as a source of new organizational knowledge. Knowledge absorption from customer relationships involves two key processes of organizational learning: creating new knowledge within the firm from client relationships and leveraging this new knowledge within the firm and in client relationships. The management of such learning and knowledge leveraging processes is critical to a firm's ability to build new organizational competences. These processes are examined in the context of knowledge intensive business service firms including both specialist and general management consulting firms, to gain insights into processes of strategic organizational learning. After presenting two brief case studies of knowledge absorption from clients, some implications for knowledge management in various kinds of client relationships are considered. This chapter contributes to the competence-based view of competition by developing a typology of client relationships and an integrative framework that helps to clarify several important types of knowledge absorption opportunities.
Creation of Managerial Capabilities through Managerial Knowledge Integration: A Competence-Based Perspective
Authors: Bosch Frans A. J. van den , Wijk Raymond van 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The competence perspective has emphasized the importance of organizational resources and capabilities, particularly organizational knowledge. In investigating the management of organizational knowledge creation processes, the literature on new organizational forms has explicitly focused on management processes and resources at different managerial levels. By integrating and applying managerial knowledge, managers develop managerial capability and render the service of their resource. Moreover, managers' own process for learning and capability development play a critical role in organizational knowledge creation processes and in the adoption of new organizational forms that improve dynamic organizational capabilities. Given these key services of managers as a resource, it can be argued that we should now put managerial knowledge at the forefront of competitive advantage. This chapter defines what managerial knowledge and managerial capabilities are, what services are rendered by them, how they interrelate with organizational knowledge creation processes, and how front-line, middle, and top managers can contribute to a firm's organizational competences. A conceptual framework for analyzing managerial knowledge integration is developed and applied to front-line managers, middle managers, and top managers.
To Own or to Possess? Competence and the Challenge of Appropriability
Authors: Boisot Max , Griffiths Dorothy 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Supporting knowledge management with information technology is widely characterized as a technical challenge — one of devising an information system in which only those people entitled to use a given piece of knowledge can gain access to it, and then making it as easy as possible for those people to do so. This chapter argues that the changing nature of the employment relationship poses a real challenge in getting employees to freely contribute their knowledge in the first place. When organizational competence is based on well articulated knowledge that is well diffused within a company, it may become difficult for the firm to appropriate such knowledge. In both cases, extracting full economic profits from knowledge potentially on offer becomes problematic for a firm. This dilemma is called the paradox of value. This chapter presents a fundamental conceptual framework known as the Information Space or I-Space for the examination of information flows among agents within a firm, and discusses how recent developments in information technology are likely to exacerbate the paradox of value.
The ‘War’ between the Poets
Authors: Storey Ian C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by comparing Eupolis and Aristophanes, the latter being the only extant poet of Old Comedy. It differentiates the fragmentary remains of Eupolis from Aristophanes's. It discusses the effect of the production of Marikas on the ‘war’ between the poets. It examines the paracomedies created by Old Comedy poets.
Introduction
Authors: IMLAY TALBOT C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the purpose of the book, which is to examine how well nations and societies meet the test of war. Specifically, the book considers the cases of France and Britain before and during the Second World War. It examines three dimensions vital to understanding how France and Britain met the test of war: the strategic, domestic-political, and political-economic. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
The Strategic Dimension in France
Authors: IMLAY TALBOT C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The French went to war in September 1939 convinced that the conflict would be long and confident that victory would come in time. Once the French and British mobilized the latent yet superior resources of their two countries and empires, the balance of power would swing decisively in their favour, paving the way to victory. In the meantime, the Allies would remain largely on the defensive, waging economic warfare to weaken their enemies while avoiding premature and potentially costly offensive action. Some scholars criticize this strategy for the disastrous complacency it supposedly fostered, while others endorse its grasp of military and economic realities. This chapter argues that the French never fully embraced the long-war strategy. Although useful as a general guide for French strategic thinking for much of the 1930s, the strategy began to unravel towards the end of the decade.
The Political-Economic Dimension in France
Authors: IMLAY TALBOT C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that France's economic preparations were far less effective than suggested by some scholars. The economic orientation adopted by France would be greatly influenced by the changing power balance among industry, labour, and the government. In 1938, the government allied with industry to ensure that France's economic effort continued along liberal economic lines with the burden falling disproportionately on labour. This was an unfortunate choice, since laissez-faire, a liberal economic choice was at odds with the needs of an expanding power economy, which required greater coordination and direction. The resulting chaos fostered a sense of economic failure among French leaders, further eroding confidence in a long-war strategy based on the assumption that time was an ally.
AT&T: Cooperation Is not Enough
Authors: Heckscher Charles , Maccoby Michael , Ramirez Rafael , Tixier Pierre-Eric 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes two decades of effort at AT&T, starting with shopfloor worker participation with labour-management supervision; and gradually extending to dealing with strategic concerns including technological change, marketing, productivity, etc. Despite success in both economic and human terms, the effort ultimately fell victim to turbulence in the telecommunications industry. The chapter describes the importance of management and union leadership.
Lucent: Toward Strategic Engagement
Authors: Heckscher Charles , Maccoby Michael , Ramirez Rafael , Tixier Pierre-Eric 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes a case in which the unions were deeply involved in the company's decision to outsource its manufacturing capability, and were able to negotiate employment and union agreements with the purchasers at the same time as the other aspects of the sale. This resulted in a relatively peaceful process, but still involved intense conflicts among the partner unions as well as between unions and management. The obstacles to change remained great; the increased trust from dialogue helped, but did not solve the tensions involved in transforming the corporation.
The Consultant Role: Transference and Counter- transference
Authors: Heckscher Charles , Maccoby Michael , Ramirez Rafael , Tixier Pierre-Eric 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relation of the consultant to the client, especially typical quasi-transference dynamics in which clients project unrealistic roles onto the consultant: ‘the magic helper’, ‘the double agent’, ‘the academic in the ivory tower’, etc. Consultants must resist the urge to play into these projections by acting as an omniscient experts or, conversely, ‘going native’. They must also pay attention to values, using their own ‘outside’ values not as moral clubs, but as levers for prompting reflection.
The Current Impasse
Authors: Heckscher Charles , Maccoby Michael , Ramirez Rafael , Tixier Pierre-Eric 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter pulls back to the societal level, asking what sorts of transformations in stakeholder regimes are needed to make possible the transition to knowledge production. It first makes the case that robust systems of stakeholder involvement are necessary for business success as well as for social justice. It then reviews the barriers to creating a stakeholder regime that will encompass the new actors and forces: on the one hand, the conservatism of existing stakeholders (including unions); on the other, the immaturity and fragmentation of emerging new stakeholder groups such as those focused on the environment or on ethnic inclusion.
Toward Post-industrial Relations
Authors: Heckscher Charles , Maccoby Michael , Ramirez Rafael , Tixier Pierre-Eric 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Building from the experiences outlined earlier in this book, this chapter sketches ‘leading-edge’ efforts to encompass a wider range of stakeholders and issues. It deals with processes for deciding what stakeholders to involve; with the techniques of interactive decision-making; and the development of stakeholder systems such as scenario-based strategic planning at Shell or sustainable development forums at EDF. It also sketches a variety of possible routes towards ‘post-industrial relations’.
Aulus Gellius
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Aulus Gellius originated the modern use of ‘classical’ and ‘humanities’. His Attic Nights, so named because they began as the intellectual pastime of winter evenings spent in a villa outside Athens, are a mine of information on many aspects of antiquity and a repository of much early Latin literature that would otherwise be lost; he took a particular interest in questions of grammar and literary style. The whole work is interspersed with interesting personal observations and vignettes of second-century life that throw light on the Antonine world. This study, the most comprehensive of Gellius in any language, examines his life, his circle of acquaintances, his style, his reading, his scholarly interests, and his place in literary tradition parentage; reference is made to his reception in later antiquity and beyond. It covers many subject areas such as language, literature, law, rhetoric, and medicine; it also examines Gellius's attitudes to women and the relation considered between the literary trends of Latin (the so-called archaizing movement) and Greek (Atticism) in the second century AD. The text, sense, and content of numerous individual passages are considered, and light shed on a wide range of problems in Greek as well as Latin authors.
1 Life and Date
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
On the basis of nomenclature, in particular the absence of a cognomen, this chapter argues that Gellius, even if he was born at Rome, most probably came of colonial stock; on the basis of a reference to a provincialism, it is suggested that the colony may have been in Africa. Although Gellius does give precise dates for any event in his own life, it is inferred from indirect evidence that he was born between 125 and 128, attended the Pythian Games of 147, and completed his work about 180. In an excursus, common elements in the Attic Nights and the writings of Apuleius are shown to derive from personal acquaintance between the two authors.
3 Language and Style
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When a word or construction used by Gellius attracts our notice, it may be either pre- or post-classical, the latter including false archaisms; although in certain matters he returns to pre-Augustan usage, he is not consistent in refusing recent developments, although his colloquialisms come from Plautus rather than the street. He likes joining synonyms, and is fond of variation; for these purposes he sometimes combines archaic, classical, and new expressions. Although a conscious artist who when translating or adapting Greek takes pains to match his style to his source, he rarely writes for declamatory delivery as Fronto and Apuleius do, but shows that he can do so when contrasting Cicero with Gaius Gracchus.
4 Presentation and Sources
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gellius's manner of presentation varies from chapter: sometimes, for example, the information is presented directly in his own voice, sometimes as a report of authoritative statements oral or written, and frequently enlivened by dialogue, which often features a would-be expert put to shame by a real one, on occasion Gellius himself. Although these vignettes open a window onto Antonine intellectual life, in some instances the spoken word can be proved a literary figment; nevertheless, there is no reason to suppose that it is never a factual record. Likewise, although nineenth-century source-criticism demonstrated that not all Gellius's citations came to him directly from the authors cited, many of its results were speculative and rested on unwarrantable assumptions.
6 Favorinus
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the philosopher and sophist Favorinus, a self-made Hellene famous for his eloquence, erudition, and sexual ambiguity, of whom Gellius was a devoted pupil and admirer. The precise nature of their relationship is examined, and a sexual element not ruled out. It also reviews Gellius's representation of his achievements in rhetoric, philosophy, and general learning, a representation that extends to attempts at reproducing his Greek style in Latin translation; and considers how far Gellius is to be trusted in portraying his master as well-informed but not infallible in matters of Latin language and Roman law. Finally, the Gellian Favorinus is considered as a social being, delightful company even if never praised for gravitas.
7 Honoured Orators
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers Gellius's relations with the leading Roman orator of his age, Marcus Cornelius Fronto, and his Greek counterpart Herodes Atticus. Fronto, who appears in five chapters, is represented as rather closer to Gellius in his literary concerns than his preserved writings suggest, in particular more interested in linguistic purism; he is also made to cite Vergil, which the real Fronto never does, and to admire Claudius Quadrigarius, enthusiasm for whom was in fact Gellius's own. Although Herodes' pre-eminence in Greek oratory is acknowledged, Gellius concentrates on matter rather than matter, recording his defence of grief that a Stoic (not alone) had called immoderate and his contemptuous dismissal of sham philosophers; overall he represents him more favourably than other writers do.
Rights and Democracy: A Reconciliation of the Institutional Debate
Authors: DEBELJAK JULIE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the concepts and practices of democracy that accommodate rights protection and promotion. It discusses that the impact on the power relations between the institutions of government when human rights protection is formally introduced into democratic systems causes tension. It explains that because of the corrupting nature of absolute power, the separation of powers doctrine dictates the dispersal of power between the different arms of government. It adds that the separation of powers is tempered by the need for checks and balances, which requires mixed government. It explains that an exploration of the actual sharing of power under modern human rights instruments is instructive in allaying this anti-democratic critique. It employs international human rights instruments, as well as the British Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to ground the theoretical discussion.
Aspiring to the Rule of Law
Authors: DYZENHAUS DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by setting out the general area of agreement within legal theory that leads to lack of interest in the rule of law. It notes that the recent entry of a position called democratic legal positivism into the debate opens up the possibility for the fruitful engagement of legal theory with the rule of law, despite the fact that that position is also a party to the general agreement. It argues that engagement is not likely to be on democratic positivist terms, since it invites a renewed interest in a position that is not party to the agreement — Lon L. Fuller's account of the rule of law.
Non-judicial Review
Authors: TUSHNET MARK 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines three practices of non-judicial constitutional review, which involve constitutional review conducted by elected officials. It identifies the incentives and structures for judges and quasi-judicial bureaucrats who interpret constitutional norms. It tries to bring out the effects that different institutional structures and, in particular, different incentives have on the officials' performance, with an eye to comparing the effectiveness of non-judicial constitutional review with that of judicial constitutional review. It identifies what might be truly distinctive about judicial constitutional review, and suggests that the necessary comparative judgment about the relative ability of courts and non-judicial actors to perform constitutional review well is harder than our familiar understandings would have it.
Parliament and Rights
Authors: HIEBERT JANET L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the judicial-centric interpretation of rights. It then notes that the adoption of the Charter is viewed by many as requiring the primacy of legal judgment about how to reconcile legislative objectives with rights. It also evaluates whether the parliament should be engaged in rights-based assessments as well as its capacity to reach judgments about rights. It explains that highlighting the bill of rights places on whether political decisions that restricts rights are justified is particularly important in Canada, which suffers from extremely concentrated power in the executive, an electoral system that produces majority governments easily, extreme party discipline that provides few checks on government power, and an ineffective Upper House.
Constructing a Community-Based Bill of Rights
Authors: WILLIAMS GEORGE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ways in which a bill of rights could be designed to deepen existing respect for human rights within political institutions and the community. It explains that the role of the community in the rights-protection process is often neglected in favour of a court-based assessment of how particular rights have been interpreted and applied by the judicial sphere of government. It notes that a bill of rights divorced from the community will not achieve its broader aims, including community education and the promotion of respect for difference and tolerance of diversity. It explains that an important way of engaging the community is to ensure that a bill of rights explicitly provides a role for the community in the rights-protection process. This might be in the form of a dialogue about the protection of rights between courts, parliaments, and the people.
Judicial Review, Legislative Override, and Democracy
Authors: GOLDSWORTHY JEFFREY 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In a well-known defence of the Canadian Charter, Peter Hogg and Alison Bushell characterize the Charter as setting up a ‘dialogue’ between the legislature and the courts. Hogg and Bushell claim that the Charter avoids the counter-majoritarian difficulty because of the combination of legislative and judicial functions. This chapter examines the correctness of Hogg and Bushell's claim. It also investigates how much of the American debate is rendered irrelevant. It notes that it requires distinguishing rights based from consequentialist justification of democracy, and corresponding objections to the judicial enforcement of rights. It clarifies that it is possible that a clause such as section 33 overcomes rights-based objections, because it preserves the democratic right to make the final decision, but does not overcome consequentialist objections.
The Case for Social Rights
Authors: EWING K. D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter investigates the counter-intuitive and paradoxical position for someone opposed to the constitutional entrenchment of rights, namely that the entrenchment of rights is incomplete without more rights: social and economic rights to complement civil and political rights. It defines social rights as the kind of rights that complement civil and political rights and are to be found expressed in a number of international treaties and national institutions. It also evaluates the state violations of social rights. It notes that among the important institutional reforms of recent times is the Human Rights Act 1998. It talks about the constitutional protection of social rights. It argues that social rights serve an important constitutional function, in the sense that they bring life and give meaning to the constitutional principles of liberty and equality.