bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Surface‐Active Properties of Uronic Amide Derivatives, Surfactants from Renewable Organic Raw Materials
Authors: Laurent Pascal , Razafindralambo Hary , Wathelet Bernard , Blecker Christophe , Wathelet Jean‐Paul , Paquot Michel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractShort chemical syntheses were developed to produce a new set of surfactants from uronic acids derived from widely available raw materials. Three different strategies were used to synthesize uronic amide derivatives, the structures of which were totally characterized by spectrometric methods (IR, MS, 1H‐RMN and 13C‐RMN). The best one, using an acid chloride as the synthetic intermediate, furnished the expected amides as a mixture of anomers in 46–58% global yield. Surface‐active properties (CMC, γcmc, Γmax, Amin) of homologous series of uronic acid N‐alkylamides from C8 to C18 were also assessed. In general, these sugar‐based surfactants exhibited good surface‐activities, and appeared as valuable nonionic surfactants compared to octylphenol 9–10 ethylene oxide condensate, the most well‐known nonionic surfactant. Increasing the alkyl chain length influenced the CMC values for both glucuronic and galacturonic N‐alkylamide derivatives. The galacturonic N‐alkylamides decreased γcmc at slower values than their counterpart's glucuronic N‐alkylamides.
Synthesis and Properties of Dissymmetric Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Xu Qun , Wang Liyan , Xing Fenglan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA series of novel dissymmetric gemini cationics surfactants was synthesized by three‐step reactions. The dissymmetric gemini surfactants contain a dodecanoic acid dimethylethylamine ester as the constant cationic part on one side of the hydroxypropyl center and a similar other cationic part, but with a different acid length (from octanoic to palmitic), on the other side. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the effectiveness of surface tension reduction (γCMC) were determined. The surface tension measurements of dissymmetric gemini surfactants showed good water solubility, and low CMC had great efficiency in lowering the surface tension and a strong adsorption at the air/water interface. The CMC was observed to increase initially with the increase of the ester bond alkyl group. They also showed good foaming properties and wetting capabilites.
The antecedents of process integration in business process outsourcing and its effect on firm performance
Authors: Narayanan Sriram , Jayaraman Vaidyanathan , Luo Yadong , Swaminathan Jayashankar M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAs service processes become candidates for outsourcing, interest in the global business process outsourcing (BPO) industry has grown considerably. In this study, drawing on information processing theory, we examine the role of integration in BPO and its effect on BPO firm performance. BPO Integration is concerned with the overall coordination of business processes and activities across different units within the outsourced environment. It involves both internal process integration – effective integration of task execution within the BPO and external process integration – effective integration between the BPO and their clients. Using survey data gathered from 205 Indian BPO service providers, we analyze the antecedents of process integration and its impact on BPO performance. The antecedents we examine are task complexity, task security, end customer orientation of the client and IT capability of the BPO. Among other results, we find that both internal and external process integration partially mediate the impact of the antecedents on performance. We draw managerial implications of our research to practicing BPO and client managers on how BPO outsourcing can be made successful.
Climate, agriculture, and cycles of human occupation over the last 4000 yr in southern Zacatecas, Mexico
Authors: Elliott Michelle , Fisher Christopher T. , Nelson Ben A. , Molina Garza Roberto S. , Collins Shawn K. , Pearsall Deborah M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractScholars attribute the growth and decline of Classic period (AD 200–900) settlements in the semi-arid northern frontier zone of Mesoamerica to rainfall cycles that controlled the extent of arable land. However, there is little empirical evidence to support this claim. We present phytolith, organic carbon, and magnetic susceptibility analyses of a 4000-yr alluvial record of climate and human land use from the Malpaso Valley, the site of one such Classic frontier community. The earliest farming occupation is detected around 500 BC and appears related to a slight increase of aridity, similar to the level of the modern day valley. By AD 500, the valley's Classic period Mesoamerican settlements were founded under these same dry conditions, which continued into the Postclassic period. This indicates that the La Quemada occupation did not develop during a period of increased rainfall, but rather an arid phase. The most dramatic changes detected in the valley resulted from the erosion associated with Spanish Colonial grazing and deforestation that began in the 16th century. The landscape of the modern Malpaso Valley is thus primarily the product of a series of intense and rapid transformations that were concentrated within the last 400 yr.
Quaternary glaciations in the Verkhoyansk Mountains, Northeast Siberia
Authors: Stauch Georg , Lehmkuhl Frank 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGeomorphological mapping revealed five terminal moraines in the central Verkhoyansk Mountains. The youngest terminal moraine (I) was formed at least 50 ka ago according to new IRSL (infrared optically stimulated luminescence) dates. Older terminal moraines in the western foreland of the mountains are much more extensive in size. Although the smallest of these older moraines, moraine II, has not been dated, moraine III is 80 to 90 ka, moraine IV is 100 to 120 ka, and the outermost moraine V was deposited around 135 ka. This glaciation history is comparable to that of the Barents and Kara ice sheet and partly to that of the Polar Ural Mountains regarding the timing of the glaciations. However, no glaciation occurred during the global last glacial maximum (MIS 2). Based on cirque orientation and different glacier extent on the eastern and western flanks of the Verkhoyansk Mountains, local glaciations are mainly controlled by moisture transport from the west across the Eurasian continent. Thus glaciations in the Verkhoyansk Mountains not only express local climate changes but also are strongly influenced by the extent of the Eurasian ice sheets.
Moraine chronosequence of the Donnelly Dome region, Alaska
Authors: Matmon A. , Briner J.P. , Carver G. , Bierman P. , Finkel R.C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe present 10Be exposure ages from moraines in the Delta River Valley, a reference locality for Pleistocene glaciation in the northern Alaska Range. The ages are from material deposited during the Delta and Donnelly glaciations, which have been correlated with MIS 6 and 2, respectively. 10Be chronology indicates that at least part of the Delta moraine stabilized during MIS 4/3, and that the Donnelly moraine stabilized ∼ 17 ka. These ages correlate with other dates from the Alaska Range and other regions in Alaska, suggesting synchronicity across Beringia during pulses of late Pleistocene glaciation. Several sample types were collected: boulders, single clasts, and gravel samples (amalgamated small clasts) from around boulders as well as from surfaces devoid of boulders. Comparing 10Be ages of these sample types reveals the influence of pre/post-depositional processes, including boulder erosion, boulder exhumation, and moraine surface lowering. These processes occur continuously but seem to accelerate during and immediately after successive glacial episodes. The result is a multi-peak age distribution indicating that once a moraine persists through subsequent glaciations the chronological significance of cosmogenic ages derived from samples collected on that moraine diminishes significantly. The absence of Holocene ages implies relatively minor exhumation and/or weathering since 12 ka.
Influence of crop management practices on bean foliage arthropods
Authors: Pereira J.L. , Picanço M.C. , Pereira E.J.G. , Silva A.A. , Jakelaitis A. , Pereira R.R. , Xavier V.M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCrop management practices can affect the population of phytophagous pest species and beneficial arthropods with consequences for integrated pest management. In this study, we determined the effect of no-tillage and crop residue management on the arthropod community associated with the canopy of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Abundance and species composition of herbivorous, detritivorous, predaceous and parasitoid arthropods were recorded during the growing seasons of 2003 and 2004 in Coimbra County, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Arthropod diversity and guild composition were similar among crop management systems, but their abundance was higher under no-tillage relative to conventional cultivation and where residues from the preceding crop were maintained in the field. Thirty-four arthropod species were recorded, and those most representative of the impact of the crop management practices were Hypogastrura springtails, Empoasca kraemeri and Circulifer leafhoppers, and Solenopsis ants. The infestation levels of major insect-pests, especially leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), was on average seven-fold lower under no-tillage with retention of crop residues relative to the conventional system with removal of residues, whereas the abundance of predatory ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and springtails (Collembola: Hypogastruridae) were, respectively, about seven- and 15-fold higher in that treatment. Importantly, a significant trophic interaction among crop residues, detritivores, predators and herbivores was observed. Plots managed with no-tillage and retention of crop residues had the highest bean yield, while those with conventional cultivation and removal of the crop residues yielded significantly less beans. This research shows that cropping systems that include zero tillage and crop residue retention can reduce infestation by foliar insect-pests and increase abundance of predators and detritivores, thus having direct consequences for insect pest management.
Genetic Diversity and Differentiation among Laboratory and Field Populations of the Soybean Aphid,Aphis glycines
Authors: Michel A.P. , Zhang W. , Mian M.A. Rouf 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe soybean aphid,Aphis glycinesMatsumura, is a recent invasive pest of soybean in North America. Currently, much research is focused on developing and characterizing soybean cultivars expressing host-plant resistance. During the initial phases of host-plant resistance screening, many of these studies use soybean aphid laboratory populations. Previous studies in other systems have documented substantial differences among laboratory and field populations. Whether or not this pattern exists inA. glycinesis unknown, but it is extremely important when estimating the level of selection and virulence to host-plant resistant soybeans. In this study, we used seven microsatellite markers to estimate and compare genetic diversity and differentiation among five laboratory and 12 field populations. Our results indicate that soybean aphid laboratory populations are severely lacking in genotypic diversity and show extreme genetic differentiation among each other and to field populations. Continued use of laboratory populations for initial soybean aphid resistance screening could lead to erroneous estimations of the potential success for host-plant resistance.
Convergence in probiotic Lactobacillus gut-adaptive responses in humans and mice
Authors: Marco Maria L , de Vries Maaike C , Wels Michiel , Molenaar Douwe , Mangell Peter , Ahrne Siv , de Vos Willem M , Vaughan Elaine E , Kleerebezem Michiel 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Probiotic bacteria provide unique opportunities to study the global responses and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of gut-associated microorganisms in the human digestive tract. In this study, we show by comparative transcriptome analysis using DNA microarrays that the established probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299v specifically adapts its metabolic capacity in the human intestine for carbohydrate acquisition and expression of exopolysaccharide and proteinaceous cell surface compounds. This report constitutes the first application of global gene expression profiling of a commensal microorganism in the human gut. A core L. plantarum transcriptome expressed in the mammalian intestine was also determined through comparisons of L. plantarum 299v activities in humans to those found for L. plantarum WCFS1 in germ-free mice. These results identify the niche-specific adaptations of a dietary microorganism to the intestinal ecosystem and provide novel targets for molecular analysis of microbial–host interactions which affect human health.
Paleoecology of the Maastrichtian and Danian sediment at North of Central Alborz, Iran, based on Planktonic foraminifera
Authors: Balmaki Behnaz 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn order to study the fossil contents of the Ziarat-kola section for biostratigraphical purposes the 212 meters was sampled at Central Alborz. The sequence is mainly made up of monotonous grey- green to light grey marl. Based on Planktonic foraminifera age of Maastrichtian-Danian is determined to the section.Four zones were determined by the benthic foraminifera morphogroup for showing oxygen and productivity change. The approximate low oxygen and high food supply has been indicates zone of one that increase infauna to epifauna morphotype percent is low (nearness 60% infouna, 40% epifauna). In zone two, with due attention to equal percent of Epifauna ratio to infauna, intermediate oxygen and food supply is anticipated. The decrasing epifauna foraminifera and increasing infauna demonstrates low oxygen and high food supply condition at zone of three. In zone four, increasing epifauna (approximate 90 percent) that are indicated high oxygen condition and low food supply. Analysis of planktonic foraminifera assemblage at this section with Cretaceous biostratigraphical provinces is indicating a close similarity with Tethyan provinces.
The community of herbivorous arthropods as an indicator for biological control function in the Post Market Environmental Monitoring of the cultivation of stacked Bt maize
Authors: Schultheis Eva , Slusarenko Alan , Rauschen Stefan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn field experiments on the potential impacts of the genetically engineered Bt maize events MON 810, MON 88017, and MON 89034 x MON 88017, data were gathered on a diverse range of non-target organisms (NTO). These experiments were performed at different trial locations since 2001.Surveying herbivores serves two purposes: (i) to assess direct effects on these NTO, and (ii) indirectly analyse disturbances in the biological control function of natural enemies (Sanvido et al., 2009).Herbivores of interest for this approach should be exposed to the Bt proteins, representative for the maize biocoenosis, and of considerable densities using standardised methods.Plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae), plant- and leafhoppers (Auchenorrhyncha), and flowervisiting arthropods such as thrips (Thysanoptera) were chosen as potential canditate groups.To evaluate the abundances of these insects, the herb layer was sampled using sticky traps and sweep netting. Maize panicles were sampled during anthesis. The data demonstrate that there is a prevalent community of herbivores in maize, dominated by a few species that can be surveyed over the whole growing season using the methods employed.
Development and validation of a method for the detection of altered resistance in transgenic plants against herbivore-pathogen-complexes
Authors: Drechsler Nadine , Habekuß Antje , Thieme Thomas , Schubert Jörg 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEnhanced or reduced uptake of viruses by vectors and changes in resistance level can be sensitive indicators for metabolic changes in transgenic plants caused by the new trait and not observed by conventional methods. In addition, the plant transformation process itself can lead to such changes. To be able to investigate this hypothesis in cereals we decided to use two highly important insect-transmitted viruses infecting them - Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and Wheat dwarf virus (WDV). Corresponding molecular tools for their quantification in plants as well as virus vectors had to be developed. Both viruses cause similar symptoms: dwarfing, stunting, leaf discoloration leading to yield losses or death of plant. BYDV (Luteoviridae) is one of the most important cereal-infecting viruses worldwide causing substantial yield losses. In Germany, the strain PAV is widespread. It is transmitted by the aphids Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae in a persistent manner. WDV (Geminiviridae) is found in Germany since the early 1990s and has gained importance over the last years. It is transmitted by the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus in a persistent manner. Real-time PCR is the state of the art method for specific detection of viruses even in minor quantities. It allows exact quantification of the virus content of plants and vectors and is hence suited to monitor changes of it. We developed qPCR assays for WDV and RT-qPCR assays for BYDV-PAV based on TaqMan probe technology as well as the DNA-binding dye SybrGreen. The qPCR assays proved to be more sensitive than DAS-ELISA. For example, WDV is detected even at dilutions of 1:10^8^, whereas the corresponding threshold for ELISA is about 1:10^4^. As nucleic acid extraction procedures proved to be time consuming and expensive, detection methods are adopted now for immunocapture procedures. These methods will be applied to the analysis of several transgenic wheat lines.
Visualizing the formation of the Kondo lattice and the hidden order in URu
2
Si
2
Authors: Aynajian Pegor , da Silva Neto Eduardo H. , Parker Colin V. , Huang Yingkai , Pasupathy Abhay , Mydosh John , Yazdani Ali 
Published: May 2010

Heavy electronic states originating from the
f
atomic orbitals underlie a rich variety of quantum phases of matter. We use atomic scale imaging and spectroscopy with the scanning tunneling microscope to examine the novel electronic states that emerge from the uranium
f
states in URu
2
Si
2
. We find that, as the temperature is lowered, partial screening of the
f
electrons’ spins gives rise to a spatially modulated Kondo–Fano resonance that is maximal between the surface U atoms. At
T
= 17.5 K, URu
2
Si
2
is known to undergo a second-order phase transition from the Kondo lattice state into a phase with a hidden order parameter. From tunneling spectroscopy, we identify a spatially modulated, bias-asymmetric energy gap with a mean-field temperature dependence that develops in the hidden order state. Spectroscopic imaging further reveals a spatial correlation between the hidden order gap and the Kondo resonance, suggesting that the two phenomena involve the same electronic states.
Ageing octopods from stylets: development of a technique for permanent preparations
Authors: Barratt Iain M. , Allcock A. Louise 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Barratt, I. M., and Allcock, A. L. 2010. Ageing octopods from stylets: development of a technique for permanent preparations. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1452–1457. Previous attempts at ageing octopods from stylets have relied on preparations that deteriorate with time. Some techniques require an immediate photographic record, others allow real-time enumeration but do not provide a permanent archive. A technique is described that produces permanent and archivable preparations of octopod stylets. Stylets were dehydrated in ethanol and infiltrated with a low-viscosity resin. Subsequent polymerization of the resin allowed the embedded stylet to be ground and polished to reveal the stylet microstructure. This comprised increments that are probably suitable for age estimation. The technique was developed using stylets of Octopus vulgaris and Eledone cirrhosa. Increments were composed of light and dark bands and were clearly defined at ×400 and at ×625 magnifications. The number of increments ranged from 189 to 399. The stylets of a deep-sea species (Bathypolypus sponsalis) and an Antarctic species (Megaleledone setebos) were also examined. Each appeared to have growth increments, despite the perception that the environments they inhabited may not provide daily cues. Using the technique developed, the pre-hatch nucleus was seldom well defined, as reported for O. pallidus, stylets of which were prepared using a non-permanent method. Reasons for this are discussed. The microstructure clarity revealed is probably associated with the ultra-low viscosity of the resin used.
Aeschylus
Authors: Torrance Isabelle 
Published: May 2010

Aeschylus (also spelled Aischylos or Aiskhylos) was born c. 525/4 bce to an aristocratic family in Eleusis, a town in western Attica, part of the territory controlled by Athens. He was one of the earliest tragic poets. He first entered a tragic competition c. 499 (dramatic competitions were introduced in the 530s bce ) and won first prize for the first time in 484. In the 470s he visited Sicily, where he was the guest of Hieron of Syracuse. He also died in Sicily (at Gela) in 456/5, during a visit after the production of his Oresteia in Athens in 458. During his lifetime and after his death he was celebrated as one of the finest, if not the finest Athenian tragic poet. He won thirteen victories at tragic competitions (see Theater and Staging) and was credited with having written between seventy and ninety plays. Only seven complete plays survive, all tragedies. Of these, three form a connected trilogy in which the three plays tell a single overarching plot: the Oresteia (Agamemnon, Libation Bearers, Eumenides). Two more were parts of connected trilogies of which the other two plays are lost (Seven against Thebes and Suppliants). One formed part of a trilogy without any close connection to the other plays (Persians), and the authenticity of one is disputed (Prometheus Bound). In addition to his poetic achievement, ancient sources tell us that his epitaph recorded his resistance against the Persians at the battle of Marathon, when, in 490 bce, the Athenians and their allies drove back an attacking Persian horde of vastly superior numbers. It is also possible that Aeschylus fought in the naval battle at Salamis in 480 bce, another Greek victory over the Persians and the subject of his Persians.
Callimachus of Cyrene
Authors: Clayman Dee L. 
Published: May 2010

Callimachus of Cyrene was a central figure in the literary and scholarly community that flourished in Alexandria in the third century bce. His poetry was greatly admired by the best Roman poets, who embraced his stylistic principles, and by ancient grammarians, metricians, and lexicographers, who mined his work for examples of rare forms and usage. Of his prodigious body of work, only six Hymns and sixty-three epigrams have survived intact, though parts of his Aitia, Iambi, and Hecale have been recovered from papyrus fragments and quotations in later authors. The rest, including his scholarship and library catalogue, are known by title, a few fragments, or indirect references in the work of later authors.