bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CRISPR-Cas9 System Mediated Genome Editing Technology: An Ultimate Tool to Enhance Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants
Authors: Mohamed Heba I. , Khan Ayesha , Basit Abdul 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe drastic rise in the human population globally might uplift the issue of food scarcity in the coming few decades. This problem could affect the agricultural sector entirely, and to set targets for uplift, major issues like climate change and environmental stresses should be fixed for possible high crop production. To develop highly productive and resistant varieties using old traditional methods is now a waste of time, and fast practices like the use of genome editing tools are required. Among all the technological tools, CRISPR-Cas9 is the most precise, productive, and quickest system, with extensive usage to resist biotic and abiotic stresses. This technique has direct or indirect influence over quantitative genes to withstand abiotic shocks. More than 20 crops have been modified using CRISPR-Cas tools to withstand stresses and improve yield. Researchers are using CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing to improve staple crops for biotic and abiotic stress resistance and improved nutritional quality.Irrespective of rules regarding genetically modified organisms, CRISPR/Cas9 insert genes through agroinfiltration, viral infection, or preassembled Cas9 protein-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein transformation in crops without transgenic impression. Certain undesirable genes that result in starch degradation and maltose amassing were deleted by using CRISPR to reduce cold sensitivity. Precise noxious ion and metal removal from roots and their effective counterbalancing in protoplast notions to distant structures could also be managed through gene editing tools. Spindly gene knockout creates stress-tolerant (drought and salt) plants. Researchers can make cost-effective use of CRISPR technology in multiple sectors. The global population needs to be fed as climate change has severely affected food security, which could be overcome in the future through advancements in CRIPSR technology.
Comparison of Global Alignment and Proportion (GAP) Score and SRS-Schwab ASD Classification in the Analysis of Surgical Outcomes for Adult Spinal Deformity
Authors: Wang Zhaohan , Wu Bing , Wang Zheng , Song Kai , Xue Yuan , Zhang Chuyue , Wang Yan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Study design
The GAP score predicted post-operative mechanical complications more effectively whereas SRS-Schwab classification improved evaluation of postoperative PROMs.

Objective
The study compared the GAP Score and SRS-Schwab Classification in predicting surgical outcomes for adult spinal deformity (ASD) and elucidated whether both systems should be included in the preoperative planning.

Materials and methods
Radiographic measurements and health-related quality of life scores at baseline, 6 weeks after surgery, and the last follow-up were collected from a cohort of 69 ASD patients subjected to long segment spinal fusion surgery after they were grouped by GAP score and SRS-Schwab classification respectively. Fisher's exact test and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to compare the incidence of mechanical complications and the discriminant capacity during revision surgery between the two groups. Postoperative patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) were compared by one-way ANOVA, and the proportions of MCID achieved for PROMs compared by chi-square test between the two groups.

Results
The overall incidence of mechanical complications and revision surgery were 42% and 8.7%. Both GAP score and its categories predicted mechanical complications and revision surgery, but the GAP score system could not predict the improvements of PROMs. The SRS-Schwab classification could predict the occurrence of postoperative mechanical complications and improvements of postoperative PROMs between the aligned, moderately misaligned and severely misaligned groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion
Hence, a comprehensive surgical strategy for postoperative planning may improve patients’ quality of life and minimize mechanical complications.

Graphical Abstract
The Incidence, Mortality and Medical Expenditure in Patients with Asthma in Taiwan: Ten-year Nationwide Study
Authors: Liao Kuang-Ming , Chen Pei-Jun , Hung Yu-Tung , Hsu Tzu-Ju , Tsai Fuu-Jen , Shen Te-Chun 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Background
This study examines incidence, mortality, medical expenditure and prescription patterns for asthma on a national scale, particularly in Asian countries for asthma is limited. Our aim is to investigate incidence, mortality, prescription patterns and provide a comprehensive overview of healthcare utilization trends for asthma from 2009 to 2018.

Methods
We included patients diagnosed with asthma between 2009 and 2018. We excluded patients with missing demographic data. Our analysis covered comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, allergic rhinitis, eczema, atopic dermatitis, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, chronic hepatitis, stroke, and cancer. Investigated medications comprised oral and intravenous steroids, short-acting beta-agonists, inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), combinations of ICS and long-acting beta-agonists, long-acting muscarinic antagonists, and leukotriene receptor antagonists montelukast. We also assessed the number of outpatient visits, emergency visits, and hospitalizations per year, as well as the average length of hospitalization and average medical costs.

Results
The study included a final count of 88,244 subjects from 1,998,311 randomly selected samples between 2000 and 2019. Over the past decade, there was a gradual decline in newly diagnosed asthma patients per year, from 10,140 to 6,487. The mean age annually increased from 47.59 in 2009 to 53.41 in 2018. Over 55% of the patients were female. Eczema was diagnosed in over 55% of the patients. Around 90% of the patients used oral steroids, with a peak of 97.29% in 2018, while the usage of ICS varied between 86.20% and 91.75%. Intravenous steroids use rose from 40.94% in 2009 to 54.14% in 2018. The average annual hospital stay ranged from 9 to 12 days, with a maximum of 12.26 days in 2013. Lastly, the average medical expenses per year ranged from New Taiwan dollars 5558 to 7921.

Conclusions
In summary, both asthma incidence and all-cause mortality rates decreased in Taiwan from 2009 to 2018. Further analysis of medical expenses in patients with asthma who required multiple hospitalizations annually revealed an increase in outpatient and emergency visits and hospitalizations, along with longer hospital stays and higher medical costs.
Confused Purposes and Inconsistent Adjudication: An Assessment of Bail Decisions in Delhi's Courts
Authors: Surendranath Anup , Andrew Gale 
Published: April 2024

AbstractA persistent issue in the Indian criminal justice system has been the over-incarceration of pre-trial detainees, which is inextricably linked with the practices of trial courts in deciding on the detention and release of accused persons pending trial. The present statutory law and judicial discourse provides little guidance on the process for deciding bail matters. There has also not been much effort to empirically research decision-making in such matters and/or the impact of these decisions on the pre-trial detainee population in prisons. The present study is an attempt to plug this gap, analysing ‘regular’ bail orders of Sessions Courts of Delhi available from the eCourts system between 2017 and 2019 for the offences of theft and rape. The data reveals a failure to recognise the fundamentally preventive purpose of bail, as well as to develop individualised and specialised processes in compliance with this purpose. Such failure in guidance has resulted in judges importing factors from the trial process that remain unjustified outside of the punitive detention process, such as guilt. In conclusion, we argue that a fundamental reimagination of the approach to bail is required – one that is distinct from the trial process and focuses instead on the individualised assessment of risk.
The Women of Viharsarok: Peasant Women's Labour Activism in 1890s Hungary
Authors: Varsa Eszter 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis article explores peasant women’s labour activism in 1890s Hungary, in the southeastern part of the Habsburg Empire, where repeated harvesters’ strikes and peasant uprisings took place during the second half of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries, making it the first centre of agrarian workers’ socialist organizing in Hungary. Informed by a more inclusive approach to women’s activist histories and subaltern studies, this article develops a new perspective on the periodization and geography of the international and Hungarian history of women’s social movements, to contribute to the historiographies of peasant women’s labour activism in the Eastern European countryside.
Teleconnection Between Coastal Phytoplankton Blooms Phenomenon in Western North Pacific and El Niño–Southern Oscillation by Time‐Frequency Analysis
Authors: Liu Zhenxia , Wang Zengjie , Zhao Binru , Luo Wen , Yu Zhaoyuan , Yuan Linwang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPhytoplankton blooms in coastal marine environments are regard as a double‐edged sword, offering benefits to coastal ecosystems while also posing significant environmental challenges. The occurrence and severity of these blooms are influenced by environmental factors, with climate oscillations playing a crucial role. In this study, we employed two time‐frequency analysis methods to investigate the teleconnection between phytoplankton blooms (denoted by bloom intensity, BI) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from 2003 to 2020 in eight large marine ecosystems (LMEs) of Western North Pacific which are particularly sensitive to the impacts of climate oscillations and reflect well the impacts on marine ecosystems at different latitudes. These analytical methods unveiled these time series exhibited similar periodicity and synchronization patterns, which indicated the teleconnection between ENSO and phytoplankton blooms in the Western North Pacific. The Hilbert‐Huang Transformation classified the eight LMEs into two categories based on their similarity to BI and MEI in the time‐frequency domain. Specifically, one category is similar to MEI with energy concentrated at low frequencies, while the other category exhibits significant dissimilarity with dispersed energy. Wavelet analysis uncovered a robust coherence between the ENSO and BI across all LMEs, with a 57‐month periodicity. Furthermore, phytoplankton blooms in the Western North Pacific Ocean strengthen with increasing Multivariate ENSO Index on the large spatiotemporal scale due to a decrease in sea surface temperatures. The findings will be useful as a reference for improving understanding of the teleconnection between coastal phytoplankton blooms and climate oscillations in other coastal zones.
Spatio‐Temporal Trends of the Relationships Between Surface PM2.5 and Its Chemical Constituents Across Three COALESCE Network Locations in India: A Mass Closure Investigation
Authors: Pullokaran Delwin , Bhardwaj Ankur , Haswani Diksha , Yadav Kajal , Sunder Raman Ramya , Shukla Deeksha , Dhandapani Abisheg , Iqbal Jawed , Kumar R. Naresh , Prasad Laxmi , Venkatesh Prabhavathi , Murthy B. M. Sadashiva 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCOALESCE, a collaborative network studying the impacts of carbonaceous aerosols, measured PM2.5 mass and its constituents at several regionally representative sites in India. This study reconciles the reconstructed mass (RCM) from PM2.5 chemical constituents with gravimetric PM2.5 mass measured during 2019 at three COALESCE sites (Bhopal, Mesra, and Mysuru). To evaluate the extent of mass closure, the spatiotemporal variability of organic matter/organic carbon (OM/OC), filter sampling artifacts of OC, nitrate, and aerosol liquid water (ALW) were assessed. The annual loss of total particulate OC from Teflon filters varied across Bhopal (0.46–1.35 μg m−3), Mesra (0.30–0.92 μg m−3), and Mysuru (0.16–0.68 μg m−3). Likewise, the range of nitrate volatilization was 0.7–2.7 μg m−3 at Bhopal, 0.5–2 μg m−3 at Mesra, and 1.3–2.2 μg m−3 at Mysuru. Also, the range of ALW mass was 2.6–6.8 μg m−3 at Bhopal, 3.2–9.5 μg m−3 at Mesra, and 0.8–3.8 μg m−3 at Mysuru. Seasonality was observed in the value of OM/OC with an increase during the pre‐monsoon season at all sites viz., Bhopal (2.20), Mesra (1.61), and Mysuru (2.02) compared to their annual averages, suggesting enhanced contribution of secondary organics to OC. The method developed for estimating RCM in this study resulted in better mass closure compared to using conventional RCM algorithms. Overall, this study provides a robust data validation strategy and India‐specific species coefficients for use in the RCM algorithm. The outcomes of this study can guide regional aerosol sampling, chemical analyses, and model–measurement reconciliation efforts.
Low-loss and polarization insensitive 32 × 4 optical switch for ROADM applications
Authors: Zhu Xiaotian , Wang Xiang , Huang Yanlu , Wu Liyan , Zhao Chunfei , Xiao Mingzhu , Wang Luyi , Davidson Roy , Ou Yanni , Little Brent E. , Chu Sai T. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIntegrated switches play a crucial role in the development of reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) that have greater flexibility and compactness, ultimately leading to robust single-chip solutions. Despite decades of research on switches with various structures and platforms, achieving a balance between dense integration, low insertion loss (IL), and polarization-dependent loss (PDL) remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a 32 × 4 optical switch using high-index doped silica glass (HDSG) for ROADM applications. This switch is designed to route any of the 32 inputs to the express ports or drop any channels from 32 inputs to the target 4 drop ports or add any of the 4 ports to any of the 32 express channels. The switch comprises 188 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) type switch elements, 88 optical vias for the 44 optical bridges, and 618 waveguide-waveguide crossings with three-dimensional (3D) structures. At 1550 nm, the fiber-to-fiber loss for each express channel is below 2 dB, and across the C and L bands, below 3 dB. For each input channel to all 4 drop/add channels at 1550 nm, the loss is less than 3.5 dB and less than 5 dB across the C and L bands. The PDLs for all express and input channels to the 4 drop/add channels are below 0.3 dB over the C band, and the crosstalk is under −50 dB for both the C and L bands.
Effects of diazepam on hippocampal blood flow in people at clinical high risk for psychosis
Authors: Livingston Nicholas R. , Kiemes Amanda , Devenyi Gabriel A. , Knight Samuel , Lukow Paulina B. , Jelen Luke A. , Reilly Thomas , Dima Aikaterini , Nettis Maria Antonietta , Casetta Cecilia , Agyekum Tyler , Zelaya Fernando , Spencer Thomas , De Micheli Andrea , Fusar-Poli Paolo , Grace Anthony A. , Williams Steve C. R. , McGuire Philip , Egerton Alice , Chakravarty M. Mallar , Modinos Gemma 
Published: April 2024

AbstractElevated hippocampal perfusion has been observed in people at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P). Preclinical evidence suggests that hippocampal hyperactivity is central to the pathophysiology of psychosis, and that peripubertal treatment with diazepam can prevent the development of psychosis-relevant phenotypes. The present experimental medicine study examined whether diazepam can normalize hippocampal perfusion in CHR-P individuals. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 24 CHR-P individuals were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on two occasions, once following a single oral dose of diazepam (5 mg) and once following placebo. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured using 3D pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling and sampled in native space using participant-specific hippocampus and subfield masks (CA1, subiculum, CA4/dentate gyrus). Twenty-two healthy controls (HC) were scanned using the same MRI acquisition sequence, but without administration of diazepam or placebo. Mixed-design ANCOVAs and linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the effects of group (CHR-P placebo/diazepam vs. HC) and condition (CHR-P diazepam vs. placebo) on rCBF in the hippocampus as a whole and by subfield. Under the placebo condition, CHR-P individuals (mean [±SD] age: 24.1 [±4.8] years, 15 F) showed significantly elevated rCBF compared to HC (mean [±SD] age: 26.5 [±5.1] years, 11 F) in the hippocampus (F(1,41) = 24.7, pFDR < 0.001) and across its subfields (all pFDR < 0.001). Following diazepam, rCBF in the hippocampus (and subfields, all pFDR < 0.001) was significantly reduced (t(69) = −5.1, pFDR < 0.001) and normalized to HC levels (F(1,41) = 0.4, pFDR = 0.204). In conclusion, diazepam normalized hippocampal hyperperfusion in CHR-P individuals, consistent with evidence implicating medial temporal GABAergic dysfunction in increased vulnerability for psychosis.
Real-world experience of water vapour therapy (Rezum) in patients with benign prostatic enlargement: a retrospective single-center study
Authors: Wolters Mathias , Krastel Martin , Winkler Thorben , Idais Hamza , Mazdak Mehrdad , Tezval Hossein , Kuczyk Markus A. , von Klot Christoph-A. J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Water vapor thermal therapy (Rezum) is a minimally invasive treatment for benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). Studies reporting urodynamic results regarding the procedure are rare. Our study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Rezum on urinary outcome parameters in a consecutive series of patients and compare urodynamic data before and after treatment.

Methods
We retrospectively evaluated all the patients treated with Rezum between 07/2017 and 12/2023 at our institution. Patients who had more than one Rezum intervention, those who were unable to void (i.e., catheter-dependent patients), and those with insufficient data were excluded from the data analysis. Descriptive outcomes, such as symptom scores (IPSS, IPSS-QoL), peak flow in uroflowmetry (Qmax), post-micturition residual urine volume (PVR), and prostate volume (PVol), were analyzed. If available, preoperative and postoperative urodynamic results were evaluated.

Results
In total, 250 Rezum procedures were performed during the observational period. After applying the exclusion criteria, the data from 193 patients were included in the analysis. Patients achieved significant symptom relief as measured using the IPSS (46% reduction) and IPSS-QoL scores (41% reduction). Qmax improved by 4.8 ml/s, as the mean PVR significantly decreased by 50%. PVol and PSA values decreased by 30% and 27.5%, respectively. In 19/193 patients with a urodynamic evaluation, pre- and postoperative data analysis showed a significant reduction in the bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI) by approximately 70%.

Conclusions
Rezum is effective and can improve urinary symptoms. In appropriate patients, Rezum can significantly reduce the bladder outlet obstruction (BOO).
RAS mutations in myeloid malignancies: revisiting old questions with novel insights and therapeutic perspectives
Authors: Alawieh Dana , Cysique-Foinlan Leila , Willekens Christophe , Renneville Aline 
Published: April 2024

AbstractNRAS and KRAS activating point mutations are present in 10–30% of myeloid malignancies and are often associated with a proliferative phenotype. RAS mutations harbor allele-specific structural and biochemical properties depending on the hotspot mutation, contributing to variable biological consequences. Given their subclonal nature in most myeloid malignancies, their clonal architecture, and patterns of cooperativity with other driver genetic alterations may potentially have a direct, causal influence on the prognosis and treatment of myeloid malignancies. RAS mutations overall tend to be associated with poor clinical outcome in both chronic and acute myeloid malignancies. Several recent prognostic scoring systems have incorporated RAS mutational status. While RAS mutations do not always act as independent prognostic factors, they significantly influence disease progression and survival. However, their clinical significance depends on the type of mutation, disease context, and treatment administered. Recent evidence also indicates that RAS mutations drive resistance to targeted therapies, particularly FLT3, IDH1/2, or JAK2 inhibitors, as well as the venetoclax-azacitidine combination. The investigation of novel therapeutic strategies and combinations that target multiple axes within the RAS pathway, encompassing both upstream and downstream components, is an active field of research. The success of direct RAS inhibitors in patients with solid tumors has brought renewed optimism that this progress will be translated to patients with hematologic malignancies. In this review, we highlight key insights on RAS mutations across myeloid malignancies from the past decade, including their prevalence and distribution, cooperative genetic events, clonal architecture and dynamics, prognostic implications, and therapeutic targeting.
ID1high/activin Ahigh glioblastoma cells contribute to resistance to anti-angiogenesis therapy through malformed vasculature
Authors: Choi Sang-Hun , Jang Junseok , Kim Yoonji , Park Cheol Gyu , Lee Seon Yong , Kim Hyojin , Kim Hyunggee 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAlthough bevacizumab (BVZ), a representative drug for anti-angiogenesis therapy (AAT), is used as a first-line treatment for patients with glioblastoma (GBM), its efficacy is notably limited. Whereas several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the acquisition of AAT resistance, the specific underlying mechanisms have yet to be sufficiently ascertained. Here, we established that inhibitor of differentiation 1 (ID1)high/activin Ahigh glioblastoma cell confers resistance to BVZ. The bipotent effect of activin A during its active phase was demonstrated to reduce vasculature dependence in tumorigenesis. In response to a temporary exposure to activin A, this cytokine was found to induce endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via the Smad3/Slug axis, whereas prolonged exposure led to endothelial apoptosis. ID1 tumors showing resistance to BVZ were established to be characterized by a hypovascular structure, hyperpermeability, and scattered hypoxic regions. Using a GBM mouse model, we demonstrated that AAT resistance can be overcome by administering therapy based on a combination of BVZ and SB431542, a Smad2/3 inhibitor, which contributed to enhancing survival. These findings offer valuable insights that could contribute to the development of new strategies for treating AAT-resistant GBM.