bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Internal Reflection Ellipsometry under SPR Conditions: In‐Situ Monitoring of the Growth of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) Brushes
Authors: Erber Michael , Stadermann Jan , Eichhorn Klaus ‐ Jochen 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTotal internal reflection ellipsometry (TIRE) under surface plasmon resonance (SPR) conditions represents a powerful characterization technique combining the conveniences of spectroscopic ellipsometry with SPR. Besides the very high sensitivity to small changes in the optical constants (up to 10 times more sensitive than conventional ellipsometry), the possibility to investigate media of different optical densities or even opaque media makes this analytical method very convenient for different sensing applications. This article presents an example of application of TIRE under SPR conditions for the continuously in‐situ monitoring of the growth of covalently tethered poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) chains on a gold surface.
A Colloidal Silica Reference Material for Nanoparticle Sizing by Means of Dynamic Light Scattering and Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation
Authors: Couteau Olivier , Charoud‐Got Jean , Rauscher Hubert , Franchini Fabio , Rossi François , Kestens Vikram , Franks Katrin , Roebben Gert 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIRMM‐304 is a new nanoparticle reference material (RM) consisting of silica nanoparticles suspended in an aqueous solution, of which the particle size was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and centrifugal liquid sedimentation (CLS). The homogeneity and stability of IRMM‐304 were confirmed and three method‐specific mean particle sizes around a nominal particle size of 40 nm were assigned to the material. The characterization tests have revealed a systematic deviation between the measurement results obtained with DLS and CLS. The availability of IRMM‐304 makes it possible to study this difference between methods. Several possible causes for differences between the DLS and CLS results are suggested and preliminarily investigated, such as the interaction between particle and suspending medium, the particle shape and the effect of polydispersity on the size averaging procedure. These investigations are one illustration of the potential role of IRMM‐304 and other nanoparticle RMs in the development, comparison, improved understanding, and quality assurance of nanoparticle sizing methods.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF STREAM FISHES IN RELATION TO BARRIERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING STREAM RECOVERY AFTER BARRIER REMOVAL
Authors: Gardner C. , Coghlan S. M. , Zydlewski J. , Saunders R. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTDams are ubiquitous in coastal regions and have altered stream habitats and the distribution and abundance of stream fishes in those habitats by disrupting hydrology, temperature regime and habitat connectivity. Dam removal is a common restoration tool, but often the response of the fish assemblage is not monitored rigorously. Sedgeunkedunk Stream, a small tributary to the Penobscot River (Maine, USA), has been the focus of a restoration effort that includes the removal of two low‐head dams. In this study, we quantified fish assemblage metrics along a longitudinal gradient in Sedgeunkedunk Stream and also in a nearby reference stream. By establishing pre‐removal baseline conditions and associated variability and the conditions and variability immediately following removal, we can characterize future changes in the system associated with dam removal. Over 2 years prior to dam removal, species richness and abundance in Sedgeunkedunk Stream were highest downstream of the lowest dam, lowest immediately upstream of that dam and intermediate farther upstream; patterns were similar in the reference stream. Although seasonal and annual variation in metrics within each site was substantial, the overall upstream‐to‐downstream pattern along the stream gradient was remarkably consistent prior to dam removal. Immediately after dam removal, we saw significant decreases in richness and abundance downstream of the former dam site and a corresponding increase in fish abundance upstream of the former dam site. No such changes occurred in reference sites. Our results show that by quantifying baseline conditions in a small stream before restoration, the effects of stream restoration efforts on fish assemblages can be monitored successfully. These data set the stage for the long‐term assessment of Sedgeunkedunk Stream and provide a simple methodology for assessment in other restoration projects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Gas Metal Arc Welded Hot Rolled DP600 Steel
Authors: Mukherjee K. , Ramazani A. , Yang L. , Prahl U. , Bleck W. , Reisgen U. , Schleser M. , Abdurakhmanov A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDual‐phase (DP) steels are suitable candidates for automotive applications due to their high strength and ductility. These advanced mechanical properties result from the special microstructure of the DP steel with 5∼20% martensite phase in a soft ferrite matrix. However, during welding, which is an important process in automotive industry, this special microstructure is destroyed. In this research the characterization of Gas Metal Arc (GMA) welded joining zones was performed by optical microscopy and hardness mapping. Tensile tests were also performed keeping the welded portion in the gauge length. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used for the fracture investigation. From the characterization and tensile tests, the soften zones were found, which are caused by the tempered martensite and larger ferrite grain size than that in base metal. Furthermore, GMA welding make a large Heat Affected Zone (HAZ).
Classification of Fragrances and Fragrance Mixtures Based on Interfacial Solubilization
Authors: Tchakalova Vera , Fieber Wolfgang 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn the present study, the influence of perfumes on the interfacial curvature of microemulsions is investigated. The hydrophilic‐lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept was applied to nonionic Winsor I type systems (O/W microemulsions in equilibrium with an oil excess phase) containing a mixture of oils with isopropyl myristate as supporting oil and a variety of liquid solutes as co‐oil for which an Equivalent Alkane Carbon Number of the mixture (EACNmix) was defined. Temperature was used as a formulation variable and the phase inversion temperature change, provoked by the solubilization of different solutes, was determined. The hydrodynamic radius of the droplet and the interfacial solubilization of fragrances were measured subsequently and correlated to the EACNmix. In a first step, selected perfumery raw materials (PRMs) were used as solutes and were studied separately. It was demonstrated that the PRMs can be classified in interfacial solubility according to their chemical functionalities and they follow the order alcohols > aldehydes > terpenes > aromatics > alkanes. Solutes that lead to low EACNmix values (<6) have preferential interfacial solubility and provoke strong curvature changes, whereas those leading to higher EACN values (>6) typically do not change the curvature significantly. The HLD method was also applied to complex fragrances and it was demonstrated that they can be considered as single, non‐polar entities, and studied as such instead of investigating each raw material included in the composition separately. Determination of the dimensionless number EACNmix offers the possibility of classifying perfumes in an environment similar to surfactant formulations of typical consumer products and to predict the interaction with the surfactant base according to the rules established on the basis of the individual raw materials.
Synthesis and Surface Properties of Succinic Acid End‐Capped Alkyl‐Polyxylosides
Authors: Renault Benjamin , Portella Charles , Marinkovic Sinisa , Estrine Boris 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSynthesis and surfactant properties and biodegradation of succinylated alkyl polyxylosides is described for the first time. The esterification of succinic anhydride with alkyl polyxylosides was achieved without solvent and the substitution degree controlled over a certain range. The surfactant properties were studied as a function of substitution degree. Their biodegradation was studied following OECD guidelines. The results have confirmed that the new synthetic approach described in this paper is a potentially economical and efficient method for the preparation of a new range of environmental friendly surfactants.
Petrology and Geochemistry of the Grubergebirge Anorthosite and Marginal Rocks, Central Dronning Maud Land: Further Characterization of the Late Neoproterozoic Magmatic Event in East Antarctica
Authors: Ravikant Vadlamani , Dharwadkar A. , Golani P. R. , Ravindra R. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The Grubergebirge anorthosite, a Late Neoproterozoic massif-type anorthosite, was emplaced into Late Mesoproterozoic-aged metamorphosed orthogneisses and supracrustal rocks in the Wohlthat Mountains. Mineralogically and chemically, the marginal rocks to the anorthosite massif classify as ferromonzodiorite and ferromonzonite. Variations in trace and rare earth element abundances and normalized patterns between the anorthosite and associated marginal ferromonzodiorite (and minor ferromonzonite) and distinct differences between the ferromonzodiorite and ferromonzonite have been observed. Whereas the magmas from which the anorthosite crystallized have been slightly contaminated by incorporating crustal material (now occurring as enclaves), the marginal ferromonzodiorite represent rocks that originated due to mixing (hybridization) of injected primitive ferrodiorite magma(s) with preexisting crustal material, resulting in the hybrid ferromonzodiorite.
These events at the margin of the massif anorthosite represent a widespread Late Neoproterozoic magmatic event with accompanying crustal mixing; all these rocks were thereafter metamorphosed under amphibolite- to granulite-facies conditions during the Early Cambrian Period. In contrast, unmetamorphosed dykes with a ferrodiorite mineralogy, of Late Cambro-Ordovician age, have been found that probably represent a part of the late magmatic suites of the south Petermannketten (Zwiesel).
Reconstruction of Antarctic Climate Change Using Ice Core Proxy Records from the Coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Thamban Meloth , Laluraj C. M. , Naik Sushant S. , Chaturvedi Arun 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Antarctic ice core records have provided unprecedented information on past climatic changes and forcing factors on decadal to millennial timescales. The glaciochemical and stable isotope records of a shallow ice core from the coastal Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica) were used here to reconstruct the coastal Antarctic environmental variability during the past ~470 years. Sea salt ion data indicate a significant additional contribution of chloride ions compared to sea water values, possibly through atmospheric scavenging. The nitrate (NO3–) profile exhibit significant temporal shifts than that of the sulphate (SO42–), with a major shift around 1750 AD. The changes in NO3– record are synchronous with the proxy record of solar activity (10Be profile from a South Pole ice core), suggesting enhanced NO3– values during periods of reduced solar activity like the Dalton Minimum (~1790-1830 AD) and Maunder Minimum (~1640-1710 AD). The δ18O records reveal that the more negative δ18O values were coeval with several events of increased NO3– concentrations, suggesting enhanced preservation of NO3– during periods of reduced air temperatures. The δ18O and δD records of the core also suggest significant short-term and long-tem variability with more negative values indicating relatively lower air temperatures prior to 1715 AD. The δ18O records also revealed a significant warming of 2.7°C for the past 470 years, with a warming of ~0.6°C per century.
Holocene Climate Variability from Lake Sediment Core in Larsemann Hills, Antarctica
Authors: Govil Pawan , Mazumder Abhijit , Tiwari Anoop , Kumar Sandeep 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A sediment core (L2) from Larsemann Hills, Antarctica was analyzed for Biogenic Silica (BSi), Sand (%) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). The 78 cm core length represents the time span of ~8.3 cal ka BP. The values of BSi from the core show prominent high productivity from ~8.3 to ~6 cal ka BP in comparison to less productivity in mid-late Holocene (~6 cal ka BP to recent). Moreover, high sand (%) infers the glacio-fluvial deposition from ~8.3 to ~5 cal ka BP TOC shows little variation through out the core, except in the upper ~10 cm (~4 cal ka BP) part wherein it is comparatively high. The increased TOC in the upper part of the core possibly indicates presence of algal mat due to exposure of the lake to the ice free (glacier free) conditions.
Diatoms from Surface Sediments of Enderby Basin of Indian Sector of Southern Ocean
Authors: Mohan Rahul , Shukla Sunil Kumar , Patil Shramik M. , Shetye Suhas S. , Kerkar Karima K. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Diatoms from surface sediment samples collected from Enderby Basin of Indian Sector of Southern Ocean were analyzed to determine the relative abundance and distribution of seven key indicator diatom species viz. Sea ice related species Fragilariopsis rhombica, F. separanda, F. curta, F. ritscheri, Thalassiosira tumida and Actinocyclus actinochilus and Open Ocean species F. kerguelensis on the basis of modern physico-chemical parameters. The relative abundances of different species observed viz. F. rhombica – 6.25%; F. separanda – 12.5%; F. curta – 10.53-13.33%; F. ritscheri – 4.55-12.5%; F. kerguelensis – 6.25-63.64%; T. tumida – 3.13% and A. actinochilus – 9.38-13.33%. The increasing abundance of F. kerguelensis consecutively suggests the effect of Antarctic bottom water in the study area which is further substantiated by the presence and increasing abundance of F. ritscheri. The gradual decrease in abundance or absence of sea ice related species from the sampled stations indicates the summer and winter sea ice extent concentration in the study area. The nutrient concentration correlates with the distribution and abundances of diatom species.
A2HA—automatic and adaptive host allocation in utility computing for bag-of-tasks
Authors: Silva João Nuno , Veiga Luís , Ferreira Paulo 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThere are increasingly more computing problems requiring lengthy parallel computations. For those without access to current cluster or grid infrastructures, a recent and proven viable solution can be found with on-demand utility computing infrastructures, such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). A relevant class of such problems, Bag-of-Tasks (BoT), can be easily deployed over such infrastructures (to run on pools of virtual computers), if provided with suitable software for host allocation. BoT problems are found in several and relevant scenarios such as image rendering and software testing.In BoT jobs, tasks are mostly independent; thus, they can run in parallel with no communication among them. The number of allocated hosts is relevant as it impacts both the speedup and the cost: if too many hosts are used, the speedup is high but this may not be cost-effective; if too few are used, the cost is low but speedup falls below expectations. For each BoT job, given that there is no prior knowledge of neither the total job processing time nor the time each task takes to complete, it is hard to determine the number of hosts to allocate. Current solutions (e.g., bin-packing algorithms) are not adequate as they require knowing in advance either the time that the next task will take to execute or, for higher efficiency, the time taken by each one of the tasks in each job considered.Thus, we present an algorithm and heuristics that adaptively predicts the number of hosts to be allocated, so that the maximum speedup can be obtained while respecting a given predefined budget. The algorithm and heuristics were simulated against real and theoretical workloads. With the proposed solution, it is possible to obtain speedups in line with the number of allocated hosts, while being charged less than the predefined budget.
Identity and civic engagement in adolescence
Authors: Crocetti Elisabetta , Jahromi Parissa , Meeus Wim 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the links between identity (statuses and processes) and adolescent civic engagement (volunteer and political participation). Participants were 392 Italian high school students (42% males) aged 14–20 years (Mage = 16.23 years; SDage = 1.53) who completed a self‐report questionnaire. First, using a person‐centered approach, we found that achieved adolescents were more involved in volunteer activities, reported higher civic efficacy, and stronger aspirations to contribute to their communities than their diffused counterparts. Second, by means of a variable‐centered approach, we demonstrated that the link between identity processes (i.e., commitment and in‐depth exploration) and past and future volunteer and political participation was mediated by social responsibility. Implications of the findings for current understanding of the link between adolescent identity formation and civic engagement are discussed and suggestions for future research are outlined.
Painfully reassuring? The effects of validation on emotions and adherence in a pain test
Authors: Linton S.J. , Boersma K. , Vangronsveld K. , Fruzzetti A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCommunicating reassurance to patients with musculoskeletal pain complaints, but no red flags, presents a dilemma of dampening worry while refraining from reinforcing undue pain behaviors. Previous research shows that reassurance does not decrease negative affect and may be perceived as not taking the symptoms seriously. Validation offers an alternative where the patient's experiences and feelings are acknowledged and has demonstrated, for other problems, a decrease in arousal which may set the stage for behavioral change. The purpose of this study was to investigate experimentally whether validation, as compared to invalidation, impacts on emotions and adherence during repeated pain tests.To this end, 50 participants were randomized to either a validation or invalidation condition. Each participant was told they would undergo four pain trials involving holding a bucket at arm's length to tolerance. During the inter‐trial interval, the experimenter provided validating or invalidating responses according to the randomization. As a proxy measure of adherence subjects were asked to engage in an additional pain test.Results indicated that validation relative to invalidation resulted in significantly more positive affect and significantly less worry. Both groups had reductions in negative affect over the trials, but there were no difference between the groups on negative affect or pain. However, adherence was more than twice as high in the validation group as compared to invalidation.These results show that a relatively simple validation procedure had significant and positive effects on emotion and increased adherence. Further research should extend these findings and explore their clinical application.
Chronology of early Cambrian biomineralization
Authors: KOUCHINSKY ARTEM , BENGTSON STEFAN , RUNNEGAR BRUCE , SKOVSTED CHRISTIAN , STEINER MICHAEL , VENDRASCO MICHAEL 
Published: August 2011

AbstractData on the first appearances of major animal groups with mineralized skeletons on the Siberian Platform and worldwide are revised and summarized herein with references to an improved carbon isotope stratigraphy and radiometric dating in order to reconstruct the Cambrian radiation (popularly known as the ‘Cambrian explosion’) with a higher precision and provide a basis for the definition of Cambrian Stages 2 to 4. The Lophotrochozoa and, probably, Chaetognatha were first among protostomians to achieve biomineralization during the Terreneuvian Epoch, mainly the Fortunian Age. Fast evolutionary radiation within the Lophotrochozoa was followed by radiation of the sclerotized and biomineralized Ecdysozoa during Stage 3. The first mineralized skeletons of the Deuterostomia, represented by echinoderms, appeared in the middle of Cambrian Stage 3. The fossil record of sponges and cnidarians suggests that they acquired biomineralized skeletons in the late Neoproterozoic, but diversification of both definite sponges and cnidarians was in parallel to that of bilaterians. The distribution of calcium carbonate skeletal mineralogies from the upper Ediacaran to lower Cambrian reflects fluctuations in the global ocean chemistry and shows that the Cambrian radiation occurred mainly during a time of aragonite and high-magnesium calcite seas.
The Attic Orgeones
Authors: Ferguson William Scott 
Published: August 2011

Who are these coming to the sacrifice?To what green altar, O mysterious priest,Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies,And all her silken flanks with garlands drest?An inscription from the Areopagus recently published by Meritt in Hesperia (XI, 1942, 282 ff.) has thrown new light on the structure of the type of association of which the members were called orgeones. The occasion thus presents itself to bring together what we now know about this obscure Athenian institution.
The Throne of the Emperor Henry in Dante's Paradise and the Mediaeval Conception of Christian Kingship
Authors: Silverstein Theodore 
Published: August 2011

Nowhere has Dante offered more ample evidence of his faith in the Roman imperium and admiration of the Emperor Henry VII than in a brief passage of six lines in the thirtieth canto of the Paradiso. There, beyond the limits of the corporeal spheres in the heaven which is pure light, surrounded by the saintly splendors of the City of God, Beatrice directs the poet's gaze to a vacant seat among the thrones of the blessed:E'n quel gran seggio a che tu li occhi tieniPer la corona che già v' è su posta,Prima che tu a queste nozze ceniSederà l' alma (che fia giù agosta)De l' alto Arrigo, ch' a drizzare ItaliaVerrà in prima che ella sia disposta.(vv. 133–138)And the power of these lines is consolidated by contrast with the bitter condemnation of Pope Clement V, which directly follows them.
Long-term clinical results of radiofrequency tissue volume reduction for inferior turbinate hypertrophy
Authors: Cukurova I , Demirhan E , Cetinkaya E A , Yigitbasi O G 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective:To investigate the long-term clinical results of radiofrequency tissue volume reduction for symptomatic inferior turbinate hypertrophy.Study design:Patients who were unresponsive to medical treatment (n = 197) received turbinate reduction using radiofrequency energy. Subjective symptoms were assessed using a 10 cm visual analogue scale, and all patients underwent acoustic rhinometry before the procedure and six, 24, 48 and 60 months afterwards.Results:Of the 197 treated patients, 148 completed the protocol. No significant peri-operative complications were observed. Thirty-two patients required follow-up treatment. Significant improvements were seen in nasal obstruction and discharge scores and in acoustic rhinometry values, at six, 24, 48 and 60 months post-operatively, compared with pre-operative values (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively).Conclusion:Radiofrequency tissue volume reduction is an effective procedure for inferior turbinate hypertrophy. The clinical benefit of this procedure persisted 60 months after the procedure.