bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Self‐employment in China: Evidence from Cross‐regional Data
Authors: Li Kun , Zhao Changwen 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper presents and tests a series of sources of regional variations in self‐employment rate in China in the 2000s, and illustrates that the stage of economic development is a major explanation for the variations of self‐employment rate across regions over the past decade. The negative relationship between the stage of economic development and self‐employment rate identified in the paper indicates that China has entered the process of fast industrialization, and self‐employment is playing a diminishing role in economic growth and employment. We also find a substitution effect between self‐employment and private enterprises. While both are important components of China's private sector, private enterprises are becoming an increasingly important source of China's economic growth and employment. Furthermore, our findings also imply that when job opportunities are limited, self‐employment in China is likely a forced choice of disadvantaged people who are not qualified for wage jobs.
China's Share of US Imports and Exchange Rate Pass‐through to US Import Prices
Authors: Zhou Jianhuan , Kim Donghun 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe present paper investigates the effect of China's share of US imports on the aggregate‐level exchange rate pass‐through to US import prices over the period from January 1999 to December 2008. The paper also focuses on the post‐reform period, after 2005, allowing greater flexibility of the RMB to explore the change in the role of the Chinese import share in determining the trend in the US exchange rate pass‐through. Evidence reveals that China's share of US imports has a negative effect on the exchange rate pass‐through. However, this negative effect has been moderated to a negligible level since China's exchange rate reform. An important implication is that the exchange rate flexibility of the RMB has been raised to a significant level may no longer cause distortion in the US competitive environment and prevent the USA from adjusting current accounts.
Afterlife Conceptions in the Vedas
Authors: Shushan Gregory 
Published: June 2011

AbstractContinuity and change in ancient Indian afterlife conceptions are discussed in a broad overview of the most relevant Vedic texts (the Rig Veda, the Krishna Yajur Veda, the Atharva Veda, the Shatapatha Brahmana, the Jaiminiya Brahmana and the Upanishads). Despite the introduction of (or re‐emphasis on) certain ideas, such as reincarnation and moksha (liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth), there is also continuity of a core set of conceptions from the earliest texts to the latest. Return‐from‐death narratives are also found in each textual strand, and are discussed separately.
Cyberpilgrimage: The (Virtual) Reality of Online Pilgrimage Experience
Authors: Hill‐Smith Connie 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCyberpilgrimage is the practice of undertaking pilgrimage on the internet. Such pilgrimages may be performed for a host of reasons, ranging from idle curiosity to the need to ready oneself, psychologically or informationally, for a ‘real’ (terrestrial) pilgrimage. For some web‐users, these experiences may amount to little more than interesting diversions, mildly intriguing ripples in a sea of information and possibility, to be paused upon and pondered briefly before surfing onward to other things. Depending on individual motivations and circumstances, however, they can be deeply charged, transformative, enlightening and profoundly fulfilling on both emotional and spiritual levels. As new as the internet is, cyberpilgrimage is newer; and it seems clear we are witnessing the birth of one of a number of largely uncharted ways by which people are beginning to experience themselves spiritually on the internet. Such experiences tend to be perceived as more self‐mediated and, thus, more individualised, liberated and radical than terrestrial experiences of a similar sort (though this is not necessarily the case). This article is intended to explain what cyberpilgrimage can entail, to survey the input to‐date of contemporary scholars to the study of cyberpilgrimage; and to offer insight into some of the major debates and questions it raises, in particular with regard to the authenticity of computer‐based ‘experience’.
Linking Speech Errors and Generative Phonological Theory
Authors: Goldrick Matthew 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSpeech errors are a critical source of data on the tacit knowledge that underlies our creative use of language. Studies of errors in spontaneous speech, in experimental paradigms such as tongue twisters, and those produced by aphasic individuals reveal the influence of linguistic principles on the production of speech. Linguistic representations from distinctive features and gestures to prosodic structure shape speech error distributions. Speech errors respect allophonic and allomorphic relationships between linguistic forms. Phonological well‐formedness – as measured by cross‐linguistic markedness and within‐language frequency – influences which structures are (mis)produced in errors. Recent advances in constraint‐based generative phonological theories (Optimality Theory, Harmonic Grammar, and Maximum Entropy Grammars) may provide insight into these patterns. Formal models of variation and computational models of constraint satisfaction may provide the means to quantitatively link phonological principles and speech error distributions.
‘How Much Correction of Syntactic Errors Are There, Anyway?’1
Authors: Bock Kathryn 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSpeech errors are a traditional source of evidence about what speakers have to do, and what they occasionally fail to do, when they talk. In particular, the linguistic patterns in errors are theoretically informative for what they disclose about the language production process. Among the most notable regularities in errors is a strong tendency for the structures of sentences to remain stable when words move around. These stable structural properties provide the backdrop against which slips in speaking have been used to explain how sentences develop before they are produced. This article traces the outlines of speech‐error analysis and then turns the focus around to look explicitly at how impervious to error the syntactic properties of language are. The aim is to assess the value of systematic studies of syntactic error for tracing the unfolding of spoken language when people try to say what they mean.
High‐Pressure Effects on the Microstructure, Texture, and Color of White‐Brined Cheese
Authors: Koca N. , Balasubramaniam V.M. , Harper W.J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  White‐brined cheeses were subjected to high‐pressure processing (HPP) at 50, 100, 200, and 400 MPa at 22 °C for 5 and 15 min and ripened in brine for 60 d. The effects of pressure treatment on the chemical, textural, microstructural, and color were determined. HPP did not affect moisture, protein, and fat contents of cheeses. Similar microstructures were obtained for unpressurized cheese and pressurized cheeses at 50 and 100 MPa, whereas a denser and continuous structure was obtained for pressurized cheeses at 200 and 400 MPa. These microstructural changes exhibited a good correlation with textural changes. The 200 and 400 MPa treatments resulted in significantly softer, less springy, less gummy, and less chewy cheese. Finally, marked differences were obtained in a* and b* values at higher pressure levels for longer pressure‐holding time and were also supported by ΔE* values. The cheese became more greenish and yellowish with the increase in pressure level.Practical Application:  The quality of cheese is the very important to the consumers. This study documented the pressure‐induced changes in selected quality attributes of semisoft and brine‐salted cheese. The results can help the food processors to have knowledge of the process parameters resulting in quality changes and to identify optimal process parameters for preserving pressure‐treated cheeses.
Staling of Cereal Bran Enriched Cakes and the Effect of an Endoxylanase Enzyme on the Physicochemical and Sensorial Characteristics
Authors: Lebesi Dimitra M. , Tzia Constantina 
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  The staling of cakes enriched with untreated brans and endoxylanase‐treated brans was evaluated by monitoring the changes in physicochemical, thermal, and sensorial properties of cakes during 7‐d storage. Oat and rice bran were treated with different levels (0, 70, and 700 ppm) of an endoxylanase enzyme and added to cakes on 30% flour weight basis. Moisture losses, water activity, crumb firmness, starch retrogradation, and sensorial characteristics were used as staling indicators. Avrami‐type equations were efficiently used for modeling the starch retrogradation kinetics, while linear models most adequately described crumb firming kinetics. Cake staling induced an increase in crumb firmness and enthalpy of amylopectin retrogradation, and a decrease in crumb moisture and sensory quality and acceptability scores of cakes. Oat bran‐containing cakes better maintained their characteristics compared to the ones containing rice bran along the 7‐d storage. Endoxylanase treatment of brans delayed the changes naturally induced during staling in crumb moisture content, amylopectin retrogradation enthalpy, and crumb firmness in the respective cakes. Deterioration of the sensorial characteristics was slower for the cakes containing endoxylanase‐treated brans, as well. The level of endoxylanase treatment did not differentiate significantly (P < 0.05) any of the staling indicators. Overall, this study demonstrated that addition of endoxylanase‐treated brans can result in cakes with improved nutritional characteristics and increased shelf life.Practical Application:  The results of the study show the potential of using enzymes to modify underutilized food sources that can be properly incorporated in baked goods, improving their nutritional value, their quality characteristics, and providing longer shelf life. The developed procedure and results can be utilized by the bakery industry to make high fiber and low cost bakery products with improved sensorial characteristics that are appealing to the consumers.
Characterization of Water Distribution in Xanthan‐Curdlan Hydrogel Complex Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry, Rheology, and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Williams Patrick D. , Oztop Mecit Halil , McCarthy Michael J. , McCarthy Kathryn L. , Lo Y. Martin 
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Xanthan‐curdlan hydrogel complex (XCHC) has been shown capable of retaining moisture up to 5 freeze‐thaw cycles (FTCs); however, moisture distribution in the complex in relation to the hydrogel composition and structure remains uncharacterized. In the present study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry, rheology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the effect of water distribution and interaction with 2.0% aqueous solutions of xanthan, curdlan, and XCHC consisting of equal amounts of both polysaccharides. A gel structure with an indication of syneresis was clearly seen in the MR image of curdlan alone, whereas the distribution of protons throughout xanthan and XCHC samples remained homogeneous and showed no detectable syneresis. The three‐dimensional network, indicated by frequency sweeps, of curdlan was responsible for curdlan's gel structure. The frequency sweep and slope of the storage modulus (G′) of XCHC was significantly closer to curdlan with higher elasticity and less dependency upon angular frequency than xanthan alone. The reduction in XCHC dynamic moduli (G′ and G″) compared to curdlan could be attributed to the formation of wavy layers instead of a fully cured three‐dimensional structure. Addition of xanthan to curdlan restricted XCHC spin–spin relaxation time (T2) to intermediate and slower exchange regimes, namely approximately 110 and 342 ms, respectively, promoting the polymer's interaction with water while inhibiting interpolymer interactions found in curdlan. A 3rd proton pool with the slowest T2 seen in curdlan was not found in XCHC, correlating to the absence of syneresis.Practical Application:  The combination of texture measurements and discrete noninvasive techniques was found capable of providing insightful understanding of water distribution in a gel system. These techniques may be applied to other hydrogel complexes. The XCHC system investigated has the potential to enhance freeze‐thaw stability in frozen food products by minimizing syneresis due to undesirable temperature fluctuations during distribution and consumer application.
Follow Your Heart: Emotion Adaptively Influences Perception
Authors: Stefanucci Jeanine K. , Gagnon Kyle T. , Lessard David A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe current review introduces a new program of research that suggests the perception of spatial layout is influenced by emotions. Though perceptual systems are often described as closed and insulated, this review presents research suggesting that a variety of induced emotions (e.g., fear, disgust, sadness) can produce changes in vision and audition. Thus, the perceptual system may be highly interconnected, allowing emotional information to influence perceptions that, in turn, influence cognition. The body of work presented here also suggests that emotion‐based changes in perception help us solve particular adaptive problems because emotion does not change all perceptions of the world. Taking the adaptive significance of emotion into account allows us to make predictions about when and how emotion influences perception.
The Importance of Being Emergent: A Theoretical Exploration of Impression Formation in Novel Social Category Conjunctions
Authors: Wood Chantelle , Hutter Russell R. C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSocial category conjunction is a form of multiple categorization involving the combination of two simultaneously salient constituent categories to form a complex category (e.g., female soldier). Research has reliably demonstrated that perceivers often apply emergent traits when forming impressions of novel incongruent social category conjunctions, that is, traits not associated with the simple constituent categories (e.g., Kunda, Miller, & Claire, 1990). However, the theoretical literature modeling the mechanisms underlying impression formation in novel social category conjunctions is less well established and inconsistent. In this article, we critically evaluate the current state of empirical research and theory on novel social category conjunction, with particular reference to emergent traits, aiming to provide a more coherent framework for future research and theory. In addition, we seek to emphasize the wider importance of emergent traits, by drawing out links between research and theory on social category conjunctions with broader perspectives of impression formation.
Integrating Terror Management Theory into Fear Appeal Research
Authors: Hunt David M. , Shehryar Omar 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFear appeal communications have sustained the interest of researchers for over a half century. The dominant paradigm guiding fear appeal research asserts that differences in level of fear lead to differences in the persuasiveness of a message. Research grounded in the level of fear perspective has produced equivocal results, failed to explain why fear appeals sometimes backfire, and has not provided an a priori explanation for who may reject fear appeal messages. By emphasizing differences between individuals’ responses to the fear of death versus the fear of physically or socially undesirable consequences, terror management theory (TMT) offers a complementary theoretical perspective that may overcome the shortcomings of extant fear appeal research. This article reviews extant theoretical approaches to fear appeal research and summarizes the central tenets of TMT. A comparison of extant theories to TMT suggests that incorporating TMT into future fear appeal research may improve both the explanatory and predictive power of fear appeal theories.
Mediation Analysis in Social Psychology: Current Practices and New Recommendations
Authors: Rucker Derek D. , Preacher Kristopher J. , Tormala Zakary L. , Petty Richard E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA key aim of social psychology is to understand the psychological processes through which independent variables affect dependent variables in the social domain. This objective has given rise to statistical methods for mediation analysis. In mediation analysis, the significance of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables has been integral in theory testing, being used as a basis to determine (1) whether to proceed with analyses of mediation and (2) whether one or several proposed mediator(s) fully or partially accounts for an effect. Synthesizing past research and offering new arguments, we suggest that the collective evidence raises considerable concern that the focus on the significance between the independent and dependent variables, both before and after mediation tests, is unjustified and can impair theory development and testing. To expand theory involving social psychological processes, we argue that attention in mediation analysis should be shifted towards assessing the magnitude and significance of indirect effects.
Accreditation of emerging oral health professions: options for dental therapy education programs
Authors: Gelmon Sherril B. , Tresidder Anna Foucek 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectives: The study explored the options for accreditation of educational programs to prepare a new oral health provider, the dental therapist.Methods: A literature review and interviews of 10 content experts were conducted. The content experts represented a wide array of interests, including individuals associated with the various dental stakeholder organizations in education, accreditation, practice, and licensure, as well as representatives of non‐dental accrediting organizations whose experience could inform the study.Results: Development of an educational accreditation program for an emerging profession requires collaboration among key stakeholders representing education, practice, licensure, and other interests. Options for accreditation of dental therapy education programs include establishment of a new independent accrediting agency; seeking recognition as a committee within the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs; or working with the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) to create a new accreditation program within CODA. These options are not mutually exclusive, and more than one accreditation program could potentially exist.Conclusions: An educational accreditation program is built upon a well‐defined field, where there is a demonstrated need for the occupation and for accreditation of educational programs that prepare individuals to enter that occupation. The fundamental value of accreditation is as one player in the overall scheme of improving the quality of higher education delivered to students and, ultimately, the delivery of health services. Leaders concerned with the oral health workforce will need to consider future directions and the potential roles of new oral health providers as they determine appropriate directions for educational accreditation for dental therapy.
Thiazide‐Induced Hyponatraemia: Epidemiology and Clues to Pathogenesis
Authors: Glover Mark , Clayton Jenny 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYThiazide diuretics are one of the most widely used and cost‐effective classes of antihypertensive agents worldwide. Thiazides however have a significant side effect profile and are frequently insufficient to normalize blood pressure alone. Thiazide‐induced hyponatraemia (TIH) is a major adverse effect, affecting up to one in seven patients receiving these drugs. TIH is more common in females, the elderly and those of low body weight and may cause symptoms such as confusion, falls and seizures. It is a common cause of hospital admission in the elderly.Although TIH occurs at least as frequently as hypokalaemia, much less is understood about the mechanism by which this occurs. Thiazides lower blood pressure by reducing the reabsorption of sodium from the distal nephron by inhibition of the NaCl cotransporter. The molecular mechanism by which this occurs together with the little known role of thiazides in regulating water reabsorbtion from the collecting ducts is discussed and the relevance to TIH evaluated.TIH is highly reproducible by thiazide rechallenge suggesting there may be a genetic predisposition. Both targeted resequencing of candidate genes and genome wide association techniques offer promising strategies by which such genetic contributions may be investigated. The rewards for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying TIH and the regulation of distal nephron sodium and water absorption are significant; not only could it inform the design of better tolerated, more efficacious thiazide‐like antihypertensive agents but it may also facilitate the pharmacogenomic profiling of hypertensive patients to avoid thiazides in those likely to suffer adverse effects.