bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the quadratic normality and the triple curve of three-dimensional subvarieties of
Authors: De Poi Pietro , Mezzetti Emilia , Sierra José Carlos 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A well-known conjecture asserts that smooth threefolds are quadratically normal with the only exception of the Palatini scroll. As a corollary of a more general statement we obtain the following result, which is related to the previous conjecture: If is not quadratically normal, then its triple curve is reducible. Similar results are also given for higher dimensional varieties.
Household Routines and Obesity in US Preschool-Aged Children
Authors: Anderson Sarah E. , Whitaker Robert C. 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the association between the prevalence of obesity in preschool-aged children and exposure to 3 household routines: regularly eating the evening meal as a family, obtaining adequate sleep, and limiting screen-viewing time.

METHODS:
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of ∼8550 four-year-old US children who were assessed in 2005 in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort. Height and weight were measured. We assessed the association of childhood obesity (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) with 3 household routines: regularly eating the evening meal as a family (&gt;5 nights per week); obtaining adequate nighttime sleep on weekdays (≥10.5 hours per night); and having limited screen-viewing (television, video, digital video disk) time on weekdays (≤2 hours/day). Analyses were adjusted for the child's race/ethnicity, maternal obesity, maternal education, household income, and living in a single-parent household.

RESULTS:
Eighteen percent of children were obese, 14.5% were exposed to all 3 routines, and 12.4% were exposed to none of the routines. The prevalence of obesity was 14.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.3%–17.2%) among children exposed to all 3 routines and 24.5% (95% CI: 20.1%–28.9%) among those exposed to none of the routines. After adjusting for covariates, the odds of obesity associated with exposure to all 3, any 2, or only 1 routine (compared with none) were 0.63 (95% CI: 0.46–0.87), 0.64 (95% CI: 0.47–0.85), and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.63–1.12), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:
US preschool-aged children exposed to the 3 household routines of regularly eating the evening meal as a family, obtaining adequate nighttime sleep, and having limited screen-viewing time had an ∼40% lower prevalence of obesity than those exposed to none of these routines. These household routines may be promising targets for obesity-prevention efforts in early childhood.
Shoulder Injuries in US High School Baseball and Softball Athletes, 2005–2008
Authors: Krajnik Stephanie , Fogarty Kieran J. , Yard Ellen E. , Comstock R. Dawn 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this study was to determine factors that are involved in shoulder injury rates among high school athletes who participate in organized baseball and softball.

METHODS:
Baseball- and softball-related injury data were collected during the 2005–2008 academic years from ∼74 nationally representative high schools via High School Reporting Information Online.

RESULTS:
Certified athletic trainers reported 91 baseball shoulder injuries and 40 softball shoulder injuries during 528147 and 399522 athlete exposures, respectively. The injury rate was 1.72 injuries per 10000 athlete exposures for baseball and 1.00 injuries per 10000 athlete exposures for softball. Muscle strain/incomplete tears were the most common injuries in both baseball (30.8%) and softball (35.0%). In practices, throwing, not including pitching, caused more than half of softball injuries (68.2%) as compared with competition injuries (23.5%; injury proportion ratio [IPR]: 2.90 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17–7.15]; P = .015), whereas pitching was the most common mechanism in causing shoulder injuries during baseball practice (41.9%) compared with competitions (25.6%; IPR: 1.64 [95% CI: 0.88–3.04]; P = .17). Eighty-one percent of the baseball shoulder injuries and 82.5% of the softball shoulder injuries were new. Ten percent of baseball athletes and 5.3% of softball athletes sustained injuries that required surgery (IPR: 1.40 [95% CI: 0.32–6.10]; P = .93). Injuries that were sustained while the athlete was on the pitcher's mound were significantly more likely to result in surgery than any other field position (IPR: 2.64 [95% CI: 1.65–4.21]; P = .0061). Injured baseball players were more than twice as likely to be pitchers.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although rates and patterns of shoulder injuries are similar between baseball and softball players, injury rates and patterns differ between field positions within each sport, as well as by injury severity and the athletes' year in school.
Outcomes in Children After Intestinal Transplant
Authors: Lao Oliver B. , Healey Patrick J. , Perkins James D. , Horslen Simon , Reyes Jorge D. , Goldin Adam B. 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The survival rates after pediatric intestinal transplant according to underlying disease are unknown. The objective of our study was to describe the population of pediatric patients receiving an intestinal transplant and to evaluate survival according to specific disease condition.

PATIENTS:
Pediatric patients (≤21 years of age) with intestinal failure meeting criteria for intestinal transplant were included in the study.

METHODS:
A retrospective review of the United Network for Organ Sharing intestinal transplant database (January 1, 1991, to May 16, 2008), including all pediatric transplant centers participating in the United Network for Organ Sharing, was conducted. The main outcome measures were survival and mortality.

RESULTS:
Eight hundred fifty-two children received an intestinal transplant (54% male). Median age and weight at the time of transplant were 1 year (interquartile rage: 1–5) and 10.7 kg (interquartile rage: 7.8–21.7). Sixty-nine percent of patients also received a simultaneous liver transplant. The most common diagnoses among patients who received a transplant were gastroschisis (24%), necrotizing enterocolitis (15%), volvulus (14%), other causes of short-gut syndrome (19%), functional bowel syndrome (16%), and Hirschsprung disease (7%). The Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated variation in patient survival according to diagnosis. Cox regression analysis confirmed a survival difference according to diagnosis (P &lt; .001) and demonstrated a survival advantage for those patients listed with a diagnosis of volvulus (P &lt; .01) compared with the reference gastroschisis. After adjusting for gender, recipient weight, and concomitant liver transplant, children with volvulus had a lower hazard ratio for survival and a lower risk of mortality.

CONCLUSIONS:
Survival after intestinal transplant was associated with the underlying disease state. The explanation for these findings requires additional investigation into the differences in characteristics of the population of children with intestinal failure.
Fishing Technologies and Catch Levels among Small-Scale Fishers in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Akanni K. A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This study investigated the peculiarities of catch levels and the efficiency of fishing technologies among small-scale fishermen in Lagos State, Nigeria. A total of 222 completed questionnaires from 120 operators of manual propulsion fisheries and 102 operators of motorized fisheries were randomly sampled and analyzed. Labor and bait have positive and significant effects on the level of catch by manual propulsion fisheries operators. In motorized fisheries, the key determinants of fish catch were labor, fuel, credit, and adequate cold storage facilities. The mean technical efficiency of the manual propulsion fisheries operators (64.5%) was lower than that of the motorized fisheries operators (79.7%), however. Fishing experience and credit were positively related to the technical, allocative, and economic efficiency of fishers across technologies. To increase the catch levels of small-scale fishermen, the motorized fisheries subsector needs more labor, credit facilities, and cold storage facilities.
Performance of Three Alternative Estimators of Stream Residence Time Based on Live and Dead Counts of Salmonids
Authors: Skalski John R. , Liao Shiquan , Buchanan Rebecca A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Data from live and dead fish counts at salmonid spawning areas have been used for decades to estimate stream residence time. Simulation studies indicate that the peak-to-peak and median-to-median estimates of stream residence time will have at least a 50% negative bias under the best of circumstances. A new estimation technique called the “expectation-to-expectation” method is shown to be approximately unbiased over a range of arrival and lifetime distributions. The method also allows corrections for incomplete detection probabilities and carcass retention rates less than 1.0. An important byproduct of the approach is a concurrent estimate of total escapement.
Historical and Current Population Characteristics and Subsistence Harvest of Arctic Char from the Sylvia Grinnell River, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Gallagher Colin P. , Dick Terry A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Data describing Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus were collected in 2002 and 2004 and compared with historical data collected over the past 60 years from the Sylvia Grinnell River, Nunavut, Canada, to determine population status. The goal of the study was to provide information that could be used to manage the stock. Current subsistence harvest was estimated based on data collected from gillnetting, angling, and snagging. The Arctic char subsistence harvest was estimated at 8,364 kg in 2002 and 7,956 kg in 2004. The current population remains well below historic levels, but it has improved since 1976–1977. The improved status of the stock is based on increased length at age, increased mean weight, longer and older fish, decreased mortality rate, and improved catch indices from experimental gill nets and angling. Future benchmarks useful for evaluating the population's status include (1) proportion of females that have reached reproductive age, (2) proportion of older and longer fish, (3) mortality rate, and (4) catch per angler-hour. The fishery should be monitored by enumerating the harvest, quantifying fishing effort from all gear types, and recording biological data. Experimental gill nets should be periodically used to obtain biological data for comparison with the 2002 and 2004 data. Snagging should be prohibited since most young Arctic char (&lt;200–300 mm) are injured and are not utilized by the fishery, and it is impossible to estimate the number of Arctic char larger than 200 mm that are struck and lost instead of landed. We recommend (1) closing all fishing at the base of the falls and at least 500 m into the estuary, (2) limiting gill-net mesh size to no less than 114 mm, (3) implementing benchmarks to evaluate population status, (4) obtaining an estimate of the population size, and (5) determining the exploitation rate.
Reconstructing Juvenile Chinook Salmon Life History in the Salmon River Estuary, Oregon, Using Otolith Microchemistry and Microstructure
Authors: Volk Eric C. , Bottom Daniel L. , Jones Kim K. , Simenstad Charles A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe quantified the juvenile rearing and migratory patterns of individuals from a population of fall‐spawning Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Oregon's Salmon River estuary using otolith microchemistry and microstructure. The study confirmed the daily periodicity of otolith growth increments in a natural fish population under field conditions and validated fundamental assumptions about increased otolith strontium: calcium values during entry into saline waters. The otolith results indicated that more than 75% of the subyearling Chinook salmon captured near the mouth of the Salmon River had entered the estuary during the summer and that two‐thirds of these fish had spent more than a month in the estuary before capture. Unlike in other Oregon coastal estuaries, in which the fingerling‐migrant portion of their life histories is dominant, approximately two‐thirds of Salmon River Chinook salmon in upper‐estuary marshes were early fry (<50‐mm) migrants. A much smaller proportion at the river mouth suggests that many fry migrants did not survive to the lower estuary or passed undetected during ocean emigration. Nonetheless, the otolith results reveal a substantially greater contribution of estuarine‐rearing fry to the out‐migrant population at the Salmon River than has been reported in other Oregon coastal basins. A small component of fall‐migrating fish with long freshwater residence times also occurred at the river mouth. Most of these individuals had migrated quickly through the estuary. Rather than revealing a series of discrete “types” defined by the predominant rearing patterns in the population, the individual otolith results depict a continuum of freshwater and estuarine life histories that is consistent with reports of considerable phenotypic plasticity in Chinook salmon. Otolith analysis offers the potential to quantify the relative contributions of different juvenile rearing patterns to adult returns.
Isotopic Correlation (δ18O versus δ13C) of Otoliths in Identification of Groundfish Stocks
Authors: Gao Yongwen , Dettman David L. , Piner Kevin R. , Wallace Farron R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe management of many marine fish stocks suffers from a lack of genetic data or insignificant genetic differentiations, particularly for the commercially important groundfish along the U.S. Pacific coast. In this study, we investigated a large number of otoliths of various groundfish species from the coasts of Washington and Oregon and analyzed them for stable oxygen (18O/16O, or δ18O) and carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C, or δ13C). The isotopic results and correlation of δ18O versus δ13C of Pacific hake Merluccius productus, sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria, Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, and Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus indicated that most of the groundfish we examined had two or more spawning stocks or subpopulations; the only tested species that might belong to a single coastwide stock was yelloweye rockfish Sebastes ruberrimus. Compared with genetic methods of stock identification, the isotopic signatures of otoliths have distinct advantages in determining (1) a time series to separate the different life stages of marine fish and (2) the oceanographic and environmental conditions to which fish are exposed. Thus, stable isotopic signatures in otoliths appear to be an alternative for marine fish stocks when there is little genetic differentiation between populations or no genetic data are available.
A Method to Quantitatively Sample Nekton in Salt‐Marsh Ditches and Small Tidal Creeks
Authors: James‐Pirri Mary‐Jane , Roman Charles T. , Swanson Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe designed a novel gear to quantitatively sample nekton (free‐swimming fish and crustaceans) from salt‐marsh ditches and small tidal creeks. This gear, the ditch net, is portable and inexpensive to manufacture, and many replicate samples can be simultaneously collected. The ditch net can sample ditches and tidal creeks as narrow as 25 cm and up to 1 m wide (or wider if the design is modified). The net is suspended between four stakes and covers a 1‐m length of ditch bottom. To sample nekton, the mesh doors on both ends of the ditch net are raised, thus enclosing a known area of water and trapping nekton within the net. Catch efficiency of the ditch net was comparable with the actual density of fish traversing the ditch as estimated from video data. Recovery efficiency of the gear was high (99%), indicating that fish rarely escape after the net is triggered. A power analysis indicated that a sample size of 20 provided good power (>0.80 at an alpha level of 0.05) to detect temporal or site differences in nekton community composition.
The Dose-Response Effect of Medical Exercise Therapy on Impairment in Patients with Unilateral Longstanding Subacromial Pain
Authors: Østerås Håvard , Torstensen Tom Arild 
Published: February 2010

Objectives:
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of medical exercise therapy in shoulder impingement patients, along with possible correlations between impairment variables.

Study Design:
A prospective unblended randomized clinical trial.

Methods:
Over four months, 61 participants were randomly assigned into a high-graded exercise therapy group (HD) (n=31) and into a low-graded exercise therapy group (LD) (n=30). Prognostic variables were similar between the groups at baseline. Five (8%) patients dropped out during the treatment period, and another four (6%) dropped out before followup. Pain was a composite score of a visual analogue scale (VAS). Isometric strength was measured during four resisted break tests on the shoulder. Function was measured by means of a functional assessment questionnaire (Shoulder Rating Questionnaire, SRQ). Both groups trained three times per week for twelve weeks, with tests pre- and posttraining and six months follow-up.

Results:
The HD group achieved significantly (p < 0.05) better outcome effects than the LD group for pain, range of motion, isometric functional strength and function, but both groups increased function from pretest to posttest.

Conclusions:
In patients with uncomplicated subacromial pain syndrome, medical exercise therapy is an efficient treatment alternative, where high-grade doses should be emphasized. A major limitation is that the measurements were not undertaken by another person than the treating physiotherapists.
The physiological and morphological phenotype of a yeast mutant resistant to the quaternary ammonium salt N-(dodecyloxycarboxymethyl)-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium chloride
Authors: Obłąk Ewa , Gamian Andrzej , Adamski Ryszard , Ułaszewski Stanisław 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe investigated the action of the quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) called IM (N-(dodecyloxycarboxymethyl)-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium chloride) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells. Changes in the yeast cell ultrastructure were confirmed by electron microscopy. We treated resistant mutant cells with QAS, and confirmed destruction of the mutant cytoplasm, an increase in the thickness of the cell wall, separation of the cell wall from the cytoplasm, and the accumulation of numerous lipid droplets. We also observed a relatively high production of lipids in the cells of the parental wild-type strain Σ1278b and in its IM-resistant (IMR) mutant in the presence of the QAS. The IMR mutant showed increased sensitivity to CaCl2 and SDS, and resistance to ethidium bromide, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and osmotic shock. It also tolerated growth at low pH. We suggest that the resistance to IM could be connected with the level of permeability of the cell membrane because the IMR mutant was sensitive to this compound in vivo in the presence of SDS and guanidine hydrochloride, which cause increased permeability of the cell plasma membrane.
Flavonoid transport across RBE4 cells: A blood-brain barrier model
Authors: Faria Ana , Pestana Diogo , Teixeira Diana , Azevedo Joana , Freitas Victor , Mateus Nuno , Calhau Conceição 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere is a growing interest in dietary therapeutic strategies to combat oxidative stress-induced damage to the Central Nervous System (CNS), which is associated with a number of pathophysiological processes, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. Identifying the mechanisms associated with phenolic neuroprotection has been delayed by the lack of information concerning the ability of these compounds to enter the CNS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transmembrane transport of flavonoids across RBE-4 cells (an immortalized cell line of rat cerebral capillary endothelial cells) and the effect of ethanol on this transport. The detection and quantification of all of the phenolic compounds in the studied samples (basolateral media) was performed using a HPLC-DAD (Diode Array Detector). All of the tested flavonoids (catechin, quercetin and cyanidin-3-glucoside) passed across the RBE-4 cells in a time-dependent manner. This transport was not influenced by the presence of 0.1% ethanol. In conclusion, the tested flavonoids were capable of crossing this blood-brain barrier model.
Pragmatic language and the child with emotional/behavioural difficulties (EBD): a pilot study exploring the interaction between behaviour and communication disability
Authors: Mackie Leila , Law James 
Published: February 2010

Introduction: The relationship between mental health, behaviour and language development is widely recognized in the literature. Recent advances in assessment tools allows one to consider the role of pragmatic language skills in this co‐occurrence.Aims: This pilot study aimed to investigate (1) the level of association between pragmatic language difficulties and emotional/behavioural difficulties; and (2) what explanations there might there be for any such association. The roles of language, word decoding, and non‐verbal cognitive ability and also socio‐demographic factors are considered.Method & Procedures: Seventeen participants aged 7–11 years were identified from Educational Psychologist caseloads as having behaviour that is causing concern at school. Comparisons were made with 16 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Participants' language, literacy and non‐verbal cognitive ability were assessed at school. Parents and teachers completed questionnaires investigating communication skills, behaviour and emotional wellbeing.Outcomes & Results: No significant difference was found between the groups for non‐verbal cognitive ability. However, children in the referred group were significantly more likely to have structural language, word decoding and pragmatic language difficulties and mothers with no further education beyond school. Taking a broad view of language skills to include structural language, pragmatic language and word decoding, 94% (n = 15) of referred children had significant difficulties with at least one of these three factors. The only factor not found on its own was structural language difficulties, indicating that on their own they are perhaps not associated with emotional/behavioural difficulties.Conclusions & Implications: The results of this pilot study have implications for how we view language and behaviour difficulties in primary schools. Future larger‐scale research should consider the role of parenting factors, pragmatic language skills and literacy ability in the high co‐existence rate of emotional/behavioural difficulties and language/communication needs.
Acceleration of vortex methods calculation using MDGRAPE-2 and MDGRAPE-3: A comparative study
Authors: Sheel Tarun Kumar 
Published: February 2010

The calculation of vortex method has been accelerated by using special-purpose computers, MDGRAPE-2 and MDGRAPE-3, respectively. The similar algorithm has been implemented and the improvement in speed of MDGRAPE-2 was 100 times while MDGRAPE-3 was 1000 times faster when compared with the ordinary PC Xeon 5160(3.0GHz) for N=106. In addition, the speed of MDGRAPE-3 was 25 times faster compared with MDGRAPE-2. The round off errors have been investigated in both cases. Keywords: Vortex Method, Special-Purpose Computer, MDGRAPE-2, MDGRAPE-3, Scaling Error DOI: 10.3329/diujst.v4i1.4351 Daffodil International University Journal of Science and Technology Vol.4(1) 2009 pp.23-27