bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coe (Coxsackie A21) virus, para-influenza virus and other respiratory virus infections in the R.A.F., 1958–60
Authors: McDonald J. C. , Miller D. L. , Zuckerman A. J. , Pereira Marguerite S. , Deacon Ann , Smith Robert , Woodward Thomas C. 
Published: May 2009

1. In two R.A.F. recruit stations between November 1958 and March 1959, there were 2603 admissions to Sick Quarters with respiratory illness. Throat swabs from 1129, and paired sera from 1197 were tested for certain respiratory viruses.2. From the serological results it was estimated that 19% of the admissions were associated with influenza A infection, 7% with influenza B, 26% with adenovirus, 1% with para-influenza Type 1, 1% with para-influenza Type 3 and 8% with Coe virus, but as 21% of the identified infections were multiple the proportion of illness associated with one or more of these infections was only 50%. Thirty-four per cent of the Coe virus infections and 56% of the para-influenza virus infections were multiple.3. Virus isolation test results led to a similar estimate of the frequency of adenovirus infection (23%) but to a lower estimate for Coe virus (3%) and for the para-influenza viruses, no systematic attempt was made to isolate influenza viruses. Reasons are given for thinking that most of the admissions associated with Coe virus infection in 1958, but few of those in 1959, were caused by this agent. The proportion of illnesses attributable to viruses of the para-influenza group was probably about 1%.4. The main symptoms associated with Coe virus infection were upper respiratory. Hoarseness was rather more prominent than in other infections but the height and duration of fever and the frequency of febrile symptoms were less. The few illnesses associated with para-influenza virus infection had no obvious distinguishing features.1960 survey1. Blood specimens were taken from 205 recruits on their arrival at a recruit camp in January 1960 and immediately before their departure in March; 764 men in ten operational stations were bled in January and a sample of 260 were bled again in March.2. The respiratory illness admission rate was 25% in the recruits and 4% in the trained men; 49% of the recruits showed a rise in antibody to one or more respiratory virus antigens compared with 2% in the other group. The high rate of infection in recruits was mainly due to adenovirus (36%) and Coe virus (20%).3. It was estimated that about a third of the adenovirus infections and an eighth of the Coe virus infections were responsible for illness requiring admission. There was no indication that either infection caused any appreciable number of less severe illnesses not requiring admission.4. Evidence from this survey and the earlier one suggests that the presence of neutralizing antibody to Coe virus does not prevent infection, though it appears to lower the probability of illness.
On the recognition and therapy of Simian woolsorter's disease
Authors: Gochenour W. S. , Sawyer W. D. , Henderson J. E. , Gleiser C. A. , Kuehne R. W. , Tigertt W. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. A model of anthrax infection in rhesus monkeys closely simulating human inhalation anthrax has been employed to study the course of the illness and methods of recognition and therapy.2. Roentgenographic evidence of mediastinitis was detected early in the illness and served as a suitable indication for starting treatment.3. Therapy with either penicillin or tetracycline appeared efficacious when started at the time chest roentgenograms first evidenced disease.4. Isolation of penicillin-resistant B. anthracis from an animal dying during treatment with penicillin is reported.
The use of acetylethyleneimine in the production of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines
Authors: Brown F. , Hyslop N. St G. , Crick Joan , Morrow A. W. 
Published: May 2009

Suspensions of FMD virus treated with 0·05% formalin at 26° C. for periods up to 144 hr. remained infective for cattle, although the infectivity could not be detected in the presence of aluminium hydroxide. Infectivity was detected in similar virus suspensions which had been treated with 0·05% AEI at 37° C. for 8 hr. but not in suspensions treated for 12 hr.Vaccines prepared from these suspensions were antigenically potent and serum neutralization tests demonstrated the development and regression of serum antibody. The AEI vaccines were at least as potent as the corresponding formalin vaccines.
The use of ceiling temperature and reactivation in the isolation of pox virus hybrids
Authors: Dumbell K. R. , Bedson H. S. 
Published: May 2009

A simple method for the isolation of pox virus hybrids on the C.A.M. has been described. One parental virus was used as a heat-inactivated suspension. The other parent was used in the active state, but at a temperature higher than its ceiling temperature. Under these conditions the inactive parent was reactivated so that pocks resulted only from the cells infected with both parental viruses. Many of these pocks were unlike those of either parent. Such lesions were found to contain a high proportion of hybrids. In these experiments, alastrim was crossed with rabbit pox and variola major with cowpox.The term ‘heat-tethered’ has been used to describe virus whose intracellular cycle of development has been arrested by incubation at too high a temperature. Heat-tethered virus has interesting properties and two of these have been described. When the temperature is lowered, heat-tethered virus will start to grow again. Its reactivating potential has been mentioned above. A more detailed account of the properties of heat-tethered virus is being prepared.
The serological differentiation ofMycoplasmastrains (pleuropneumonia-like organisms) from various sources
Authors: Lemcke Ruth M. 
Published: May 2009

A complement fixation test with rabbit antisera was used to differentiate 82 cultures ofMycoplasmafrom man, mammalian cell cultures, laboratory rats and mice, cattle, goats, poultry, embryonated eggs and sewage.Seventeen serotypes were distinguished, 5 from man, 1 from mammalian cell cultures, 4 from rats and mice, 4 from cattle and goats, 2 from poultry and one saprophytic. Most of these corresponded to recognized species ofMycoplasma, but 1 of human origin (represented by 1 strain, Navel), and 1 from tissue cultures (5 strains), may represent new species. R38, one of the serotypes from rats, could be distinguished from the speciesM. arthritidis, but is probably an antigenic variant rather than a distinct species. Two species hitherto recognized as distinct,M. arthritidisandM. hominis type2, could not be distinguished and appear to constitute a single species. These findings illustrate the necessity, from the viewpoint of taxonomy, of comparing mycoplasma strains by serological methods.The serotypes of human and animal origin were largely host-specific. Exceptions were the inclusion ofM. arthritidisfrom rats andM. hominis type2 from man in a single serotype, the finding of a bovine organism among the strains isolated from goats and of a saprophytic strain in a rat.In relation to the aetiology of disease in man and animals, the isolation of an endogenousMycoplasmafrom embryonated eggs used to passage infective material illustrates the importance of identifying these organisms serologically. The demonstration of mixed mycoplasma infections in lesions in two rats shows the necessity of adequately purifying all cultures ofMycoplasmabefore examination.I would like to thank those workers mentioned in Table 1 who kindly provided the cultures which they isolated. In addition I wish to thank the following who sent cultures: Prof. A. C. Ruys and Dr D. Herderscheê (Amsterdam) for G2, Prof. H. E. Morton (Philadelphia) for Campo and 07, Dr D. G. ff. Edward (Beckenham) for Campo (PG27),M. bovigenitalium(PG11),M. iners, andM. gallinarum, Dr R. G. Wittler for H606 and Miss A. G. Newnham for A36, TU, PSU4 and TC727.My thanks are also due to Dr L. H. Collier of this Institute, Dr G. W. Csonka (London), Prof. A. E. Macdonald (Aberdeen), Dr J. Payne (Edmonton, Alberta), Mr A. A. Tuffrey (Carshalton) and Dr D. Weisinger (Basle) who provided material from which PPLO were isolated. I gratefully acknowledge all the information so generously supplied by these workers about the strains or material provided.I am indebted to Miss A. G. Newnham for carrying out an agglutination test on the avian strains.Part of this work was carried out by the author under the author aegis of the Medical Research Council Working Party on Non-Specific Urethritis with the aid of a grant from the U.S. Public Health Service.
Neomycin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusin a burns unit
Authors: Lowbury E. J. L. , Babb J. R. , Brown Vivien I. , Collins B. J. 
Published: May 2009

Early in 1963 neomycin-resistantStaph. aureusappeared in the burns of patients in a burns unit; after a period of 7 weeks three-quarters of the strains ofStaph. aureusisolated from patients in the unit were resistant to neomycin, and after 22 weeks almost half of the patients in the burns wards were carrying the organism on their burns. When treatment with neomycin and kanamycin was stopped in the Burns Unit, neomycin-resistant strains gradually diminished in numbers and were no longer found in the ward after 6 months.The neomycin-resistant staphylococci appeared during controlled trials of local neomycin and systemic kanamycin, and were much more frequently isolated from the burns of patients treated with these antibiotics than from patients in the control series.During the previous 9 years local neomycin application had been used on many patients; though all staphylococci were tested for sensitivity to neomycin for a considerable part of this time, no resistant staphylococci were found.All the neomycin-resistant staphylococci showed a pattern of inhibition by phages 6, 47, 54 and 77, and many also by phages 7, 53, 75 and 75B at 1000 R.T.D. No neomycin-sensitive staphylococci with this phage pattern were found at the time when resistant strains first appeared (though two such strains were found later); it seemed likely, therefore, that the resistant strain was introduced from outside the hospital. Preliminary tests of habituation to neomycin of sensitive strains with the phage inhibition pattern are described.Back mutation to sensitivity was not found in tests on neomycin-resistant staphylococci.
An outbreak of Salmonella typhi-murium food poisoning
Authors: Jackson Thomas F. M. , Smyth D. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. An outbreak of food poisoning due to Salmonella typhi-murium phage-type la is described.2. Bread and (or) bakery confectionery eaten by all but two of the victims, had originated from a particular bakery firm.3. S. typhi-murium phage-type 1a was found in the stools of an apprentice baker, a female packer of cakes and bread, and in three female counter-hands. The apprentice baker was responsible for the preparation and decoration of the confectionery which was distributed to the branch-shops and other establishments throughout the area.4. S. typhi-murium was not found in any of the raw materials used at the bakehouse.5. The cases which arose at a residential school for cripples gave a ratio of six cases to eight symptomless excretors.6. Seven weeks after the start of the outbreak the last of the infected food-handlers was considered to be free from infection and fit to return to work.Twelve weeks later the last member of the public was declared to be negative.Thanks are expressed to Dr Joan Taylor of the Salmonella Reference Laboratory for her advice and assistance in the preparation of this paper, and to the staffs of the Public Health Laboratory and Public Health Department, Edmonton, N. 9, for their help and co-operation during the investigation.
Serological evidence for the susceptibility of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibiusLinnaeus) to natural infection with rinderpest virus
Authors: Plowrigh W. , Laws R. M. , Rampton C. S. 
Published: May 2009

A survey of rinderpest-neutralizing antibody was carried out on the sera of 315 hippopotamuses which were shot in the Queen Elizabeth Park, Uganda. No serological positives were found in animals aged 11 years or less but about 4% were detected in the age class 13–25 years. In the 28–41 years age class the proportion of positives rose to about 36%. All except one of the positive sera were titrated, the figures obtained being comparable to those in other recently infected species of wild ungulates.It was concluded that the heat-stable antibody in hippopotamuses resulted from inapparent infections with rinderpest virus during epizootics which passed through the areas of Lake George and Lake Albert in the years 1920/21, 1931/33 and 1944/45. No record was available of clinically recognizable rinderpest in the hippopotamus population but deaths due to other causes were mentioned briefly.Comment was made on the stability of rinderpest-neutralizing antibody over periods of about 30 years.One of us (R. M. L) is grateful to the Nuffield Foundation for financial support. Thanks are due to Drs S. S. Stone and W. P. Heuschele (Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture) for their assistance in organizing the collection of serum samples.This paper is published by permission of Mr H. R. Binns, C.M.G., O.B.E., Director, E.A.V.R.O.
The relationship of a type of Mycoplasma isolated from tissue cultures to a new human oral Mycoplasma
Authors: Lemcke Ruth M. 
Published: May 2009

A previously unidentified type of Mycoplasma found as a contaminant in tissue cultures and in a culture of Eaton agent, is identical with a newly recognized human oral type.I am indebted to Drs Herdersheê and Chanock for sending me their cultures and relevant information.
The isolation of an unclassified virus from an outbreak of infantile diarrhoea
Authors: Murphy A. M. 
Published: May 2009

A virus was isolated from fifteen of nineteen children living in an infants' home during an outbreak of diarrhoea. The virus possesses many of the characteristics of the enterovirus group but is serologically distinct from any of the accepted members of this group. It is non-pathogenic for unweaned mice, non-cytopathic in tissue cultures of monkey kidney, but is rapidly cytopathic for tissue-cultured cells of human origin. It is serologically similar to virus Hu 659 isolated by Abrahams in the United States (personal communication).I should like to thank the Director-General of Public Health and State Psychiatric Services, New South Wales, for permission to publish.
The epidemiology of leptospirosis in North Queensland: II. Further observations on the hosts in the Mossman district
Authors: Battey Yvonne M. , Smith D. J. W. , Barrow G. J. 
Published: May 2009

Investigations in the Mossman districts of North Queensland showed the maintaining hosts of leptospiral serotypemedanensisto bePerameles nasutaandIsoodon macrourusin canefields, secondary woodland and rain forest.Rattus sordidus conatusis the maintaining host ofgrippotyphosain canefields. The host range of six serotypes was extended by the cultural studies.We would like to express our thanks to Dr G. Alberts, superintendent of Mossman District Hospital, for his co-operation, and also to Miss H. MacDonald and Mr A. Wood for technical assistance.
Polyvinyl-pyrrolidone-iodine: an assessment of antibacterial activity
Authors: Saggers B. A. , Stewart G. T. 
Published: May 2009

Polyvinyl-pyrrolidone-iodine complex (PVP-I) was shown to have a rapid disinfectant activityin vitroagainst vegetative bacteria and fungi and against vegetativeTrichomonas. The presence of organic matter had a slight delaying effect on the killing time. Bacterial spores survived in PVP-I for 17 hr. and fungal spores for 1½ hr. Used as an agent for pre-operative preparation of the skin, PVP-I was more efficient than others tested, rendering the skin surface sterile even when heavily contaminated, and keeping it so for 1 hr. None of the staining characteristics of iodine were noted since PVP-I was easily removed by water. Two individuals, known to be iodine sensitive, developed mild iodism after application of PVP-I.The authors are indebted to the staff of the hospital for their co-operation; and to Berk Pharmaceuticals Limited for supplies of PVP-I, manufactured by them as Betadine (Povidone-iodine B.P.).
Distribution of heat-resistant Clostridium welchii in a rural area of Australia
Authors: Sutton Ross G. A. 
Published: May 2009

The incidence of heat-resistant Cl. welchii in selected classes of a rural population has been investigated. The carrier rate for the general population was low (l·5–6·0%), but persons associated with communal feeding and poor hygienic conditions were shown to have a much higher carrier rate (15·1–25%).Sex and season had little effect on the incidence of the organism, but among aboriginals the carriage was significantly affected by age. This was probably due to eating habits of the different age groups. The carriage appears to be transient; no persons were shown to be permanent carriers of one strain of heat-resistant Cl. welchii.
Efficiency of cultures of rectal swabs and faecal specimens in detecting salmonella carriers: correlation with numbers of salmonellas excreted
Authors: McCall Charles E. , Martin William T. , Boring John R. 
Published: May 2009

The comparative efficiency of cultures of rectal swabs and faecal specimens in detecting salmonellas in asymptomatic carriers was determined and then correlated with the number of salmonellas excreted per g. of faeces (wet weight). In six short-term salmonella carriers, 82% of rectal swab cultures taken daily for 11 consecutive days were positive for salmonellas, whereas 94% of faecal specimens cultured were positive. Similarily, in 8 long-term carriers, 58% of the rectal swab cultures were positive as compared with 91% of faecal specimens. The inferiority of the results of rectal swab cultures correlated with their inefficiency in detecting salmonellas when fewer than 1000 salmonellas per g. of faeces were present.The patterns of salmonella excretion as depicted by estimated salmonella content of faecal specimens showed that all carriers had irregular day-to-day variations. The average number of salmonellas excreted per g. of faeces by short-term carriers was greater than that by long-term carriers, although both groups revealed the same wide variations in number of organisms excreted.The effect of delayed processing and shipment of specimens upon recovery of salmonellas was also studied. No deleterious effects were noted when specimens were shipped and processing was delayed for up to 3 days.
Isolation of a variant strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (type O) during passage in partly immunized cattle
Authors: Fagg R. H. , Hyslop N. ST G. 
Published: May 2009

Foot-and-mouth disease virus of type O (strain Israel 1/63) was passaged serially fourteen times in cattle previously vaccinated with increasing doses of formol-treated vaccine of the homologous strain. Primary and secondary lesions developed in the majority of the animals. Virus from the 14th passage, which proved to be capable of reinfecting animals only 34 and 35 days after infection with the original strain, differed from the original strain in complement-fixing properties and in sensitivity to antiserum. These changes were of a degree indicative of subtype variation.Virus titres in the saliva, in the tongue vesicles and in the foot vesicles of partly resistant cattle were very great and would have constituted a danger to other stock under field conditions.The experimental data confirm previous observations on the infection of partly resistant cattle and on the isolation of variant strains during passage of FMD virus in tissue cultures containing specific antiserum.
Toxoplasmin sensitivity: subnormality and environment
Authors: Robertson J. S. 
Published: May 2009

The incidence of positive toxoplasmin skin test among subnormals in hospital was compared with that in subnormals attending day training centres and among normal children taken into County Council children's homes. Twelve out of 120 subnormals below the age of 20 attending day training centres were positive to the test, and 23 were positive out of 233 subnormals of the same age tested in hospital.There was only 1 positive out of 71 children under the age of 18 in the County Council children's homes, compared with 29 out of 296 subnormals of this age who were tested.The incidence of positive skin test among 115 mongols under the age of 50 was about 11% in each age range, whereas that in 709 other subnormals rose from 5% in those below the age of 10 to 30% in those over the age of 30.Although factors similar to those causing admission of normal children to County Council care often determine the admission of subnormals to hospital, the children in County Council homes did not share the high incidence of infection which was found in subnormals.It is suggested that the majority of infections among subnormal children are postnatally acquired. Since the incidence was the same in subnormals living at home as among those in hospital it is suggested that some personal habit commoner among subnormal than among normal children exposes the subnormals to an increased risk of infection.
A quantitative and qualitative appraisal of microbial pollution of water by swimmers: a preliminary report
Authors: Robinton Elizabeth D. , Mood Eric W. 
Published: May 2009

Five healthy young women swam in untreated water of known bacterial quality under a variety of hygienic conditions. Evidence based on bacteriological examination of water samples leads to the following conclusions:1. There is a marked variation in the number and types of bacteria shed by a bather while swimming and the variations do not seem to be correlated to the differences in personal hygiene or the menstrual period.2. Faecal organisms may be discharged in considerable numbers by a swimmer after a thorough and careful shower with soap and warm water and yet not be discharged in appreciable numbers by a bather who does not take a shower before swimming.3. Faecal organisms constitute only a small minority of the total number of viable bacteria that are discharged in swimming pool water by a bather during the act of swimming and as such seem to have limited use as indicators oftotalbacterial pollution.4. Members of the genusStaphylococcusare shed in large numbers under all conditions andStaph. aureusis consistently present. Therefore, this genus appears to be a good choice as an index for the determination of body contamination.5. Further studies are indicated under more stringently controlled hygienic conditions to determine the value of hexachlorophene in reducing microbial flora that a given individual may shed during swimming.
The optimal mode of transport for swabs obtained from surfaces examined for organisms causing food-borne disease
Authors: Mossel D. A. A. , Kampelmacher E. H. , Jansen L. M. V. Noorle 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn investigation was carried out on the influence of the mode of transport at ca. 21° C. on the fate ofS. typhimurium,E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa, Staph. aureus, Str. pyogenesand spores ofB. cereuscollected from surfaces by swabbing with cotton and alginate.Transport at relative humidity 0·58–0·95 leads to losses in viable counts sometimes exceeding two log cycles. In Stuart's medium and Ringer-calgon particularly Enterobacteriaceae showed growth when transported at 21° C. Reduction of the pH value of Stuart's medium led to losses of far over one log cycle in some types of bacteria and could therefore not be recommended.Slight chilling of the medium, e.g. to 12° C., and insulation during transport appeared to maintain counts of the organisms studied at their original level in both Stuart's medium and Ringer calgon for 10–12 hr.