bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Testing Times, Challenging Choices”: An Australian Study of Prenatal Genetic Counseling
Authors: Hodgson Jan M. , Gillam Lynn H. , Sahhar Margaret A. , Metcalfe Sylvia A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn many countries pregnant women deemed to be at increased risk for fetal anomaly following a screening test may attend a genetic counseling session to receive information and support in decision‐making about subsequent diagnostic testing. This paper presents findings from an Australian study that explored 21 prenatal genetic counseling sessions conducted by five different genetic counselors. All were attended by pregnant women who had received an increased risk result from a maternal serum screening (MSS) test and who were offered a diagnostic test. Qualitative methods were used to analyze the content and structure of sessions and explore the counseling interactions. Findings from this cohort demonstrate that, within these prenatal genetic counseling sessions, counselor dialogue predominated. Overall the sessions were characterized by: a) an emphasis on information‐giving b) a lack of dialogue about relevant sensitive topics such as disability and abortion. Arguably, this resulted in missed opportunities for client deliberation and informed decision‐making. These findings have implications for the training and practice of genetic counselors and all healthcare professionals who communicate with women about prenatal testing.
Attitudes and Practice of Genetic Counselors Regarding Anonymous Testing for BRCA1/2
Authors: Ader Tammy , Susswein Lisa R. , Callanan Nancy P. , Evans James P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPatients and clinicians alike view anonymous testing as a potential way to avoid perceived risks of genetic testing such as insurance and employment discrimination and the potential loss of privacy. To assess their experience with and attitudes towards anonymous testing for BRCA1/2, genetic counselors were invited to complete an internet‐based survey via the NSGC Familial Cancer Risk Counseling Special Interest Group (FCRC‐SIG) listerv. A majority of the 115 respondents (70%) had received requests from patients for anonymous BRCA1/2 testing at some point in their careers and 43% complied with this request. Most counselors, however, encountered such requests infrequently, 1–5 times per year. Although genetic counselors do not generally encourage anonymous testing and over a third of respondents feel it should never be offered, a substantial subset support its use under specific circumstances. In general, a strong consensus exists among counselors that anonymous testing should not be offered routinely. In light of the current legislative landscape, it is of note that a substantial proportion of respondents (42.7%) cited the threat of life insurance discrimination as a reason for pursuing AT, and fewer cited health insurance (30.0%) or employment discrimination (29.1%) as justifications. Since there exists no federal legislative protections against discrimination by life insurance companies, it makes sense that genetic counselors were more responsive to this issue as opposed to the threat of discrimination in health insurance and employment.
Continuous Lipase‐Catalyzed Alcoholysis of Sunflower Oil: Effect of Phase‐Equilibrium on Process Efficiency
Authors: Jachmanián Iván , Dobroyán Matías , Moltini Mercedes , Segura Nadia , Irigaray Bruno , Veira Juan Pablo , Vieitez Ignacio , Grompone Maria A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPhase‐equilibrium diagrams of biodiesel synthesis substrate (oil/alcohol/alkyl esters) and product (alkyl esters/glycerol/alcohol) mixtures containing methanol, ethanol and propanol, respectively, were used for the identification of those composition ratios leading to mixture homogeneity. Based on the diagrams, complete conversion of the substrate oil contained in a sunflower oil/ethanol/ethyl ester mixture at a weight ratio of 7.6:11.4:81.0 resulted in the generation of an amount of glycerol capable of remaining in solution in the product mixture. In contrast, complete conversion using a mixture of a lower alcohol and ethyl ester content (19.0:6.0:75.0) leads to the separation of phases. A continuous reactor charged with Lypozyme TL‐IM and fed with the former mixture showed constant conversion and productivity with time, whereas process efficiency was found to decrease drastically when the latter mixture was fed. When a sunflower oil/isopropanol/isopropyl ester mixture at a weight ratio of 35:35:30 was fed in the reactor charged with Novozym 435, the output glycerol concentration was equivalent to that theoretically expected. In contrast, feeding a sunflower oil/ethanol/ethyl ester mixture of equal proportions as above, the glycerol concentration was lower than expected, suggesting the occurrence of glycerol adsorption on the enzyme support.
Thrombopoietic‐mesenchymal interaction that may facilitate both endochondral ossification and platelet maturation via CCN2
Authors: Sumiyoshi Kumi , Kubota Satoshi , Furuta Rika A. , Yasui Kazuta , Aoyama Eriko , Kawaki Harumi , Kawata Kazumi , Ohgawara Toshihiro , Yamashiro Takashi , Takigawa Masaharu 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCCN2 plays a central role in the development and growth of mesenchymal tissue and promotes the regeneration of bone and cartilage in vivo. Of note, abundant CCN2 is contained in platelets, which is thought to play an important role in the tissue regeneration process. In this study, we initially pursued the possible origin of the CCN2 in platelets. First, we examined if the CCN2 in platelets was produced by megakaryocyte progenitors during differentiation. Unexpectedly, neither megakaryocytic CMK cells nor megakaryocytes that had differentiated from human haemopoietic stem cells in culture showed any detectable CCN2 gene expression or protein production. Together with the fact that no appreciable CCN2 was detected in megakaryocytes in vivo, these results suggest that megakaryocytes themselves do not produce CCN2. Next, we suspected that mesenchymal cells situated around megakaryocytes in the bone marrow were stimulated by the latter to produce CCN2, which was then taken up by platelets. To evaluate this hypothesis, we cultured human chondrocytic HCS‐2/8 cells with medium conditioned by differentiating megakaryocyte cultures, and then monitored the production of CCN2 by the cells. As suspected, CCN2 production by HCS‐2/8 was significantly enhanced by the conditioned medium. We further confirmed that human platelets were able to absorb/uptake exogenous CCN2 in vitro. These findings indicate that megakaryocytes secrete some unknown soluble factor(s) during differentiation, which factor stimulates the mesenchymal cells to produce CCN2 for uptake by the platelets. We also consider that, during bone growth, such thrombopoietic‐mesenchymal interaction may contribute to the hypertrophic chondrocyte‐specific accumulation of CCN2 that conducts endochondral ossification.
Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2, CTGF) and organ fibrosis: lessons from transgenic animals
Authors: Brigstock David R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn recent months, four different systems have been reported in the literature in which CCN2 transgenes were individually expressed in podocytes, hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes or respiratory epithelial cells to achieve overexpression in, respectively, the kidney, liver, heart, or lung. These transgenic systems have provided valuable information about the contribution of CCN2 to fibrosis in vivo and have begun to reveal the complexities of the underlying mechanisms involved. On the one hand, studies of these animals have revealed that CCN2 overexpression does not necessarily lead directly to fibrotic pathology but may cause severe non‐fibrotic tissue damage due to its other effects on cell function (e.g. heart). On the other hand, overexpression of CCN2 in concert with signaling pathways associated with development (e.g. lung) or fibrosing injuries (e.g. kidney, liver) can lead to the initiation or exacerbation of fibrosis. The significance of these studies is discussed in the context of the requirement for interactions between CCN2 and co‐stimulatory factors in the microenvironment for the manifestation of CCN2‐dependent fibrosis.
Multiple solutions for a class of elliptic equations with jumping nonlinearities
Authors: Molle Riccardo , Passaseo Donato 
Published: October 2009

We consider a semilinear elliptic Dirichlet problem with jumping nonlinearity and, using variational methods, we show that the number of solutions tends to infinity as the number of jumped eigenvalues tends to infinity. In order to prove this fact, for every positive integer

k

we prove that, when a parameter is large enough, there exists a solution which presents

k

interior peaks. We also describe the asymptotic behaviour and the profile of this solution as the parameter tends to infinity.

Résumé

Nous considérons un problème de Dirichlet semi-linéaire avec le terme non linéaire qui interfère avec les valeurs propres de l'opérateur linéaire. Avec des méthodes variationnelles, nous montrons que le nombre de solutions est arbitrairement grand pourvu que le nombre de valeurs propres qui interfèrent avec le terme non linéaire soit suffisamment grand. Pour la démonstration nous prouvons que pour tout

k \in \mathbb{N}

le problème a une solution qui présente

k

pics quand un paramètre est suffisamment grand. Nous décrivons aussi le comportement asymptotique et la forme de cette solution quand ce paramètre tend à l'infini.
A blow-up criterion for compressible viscous heat-conductive flows
Authors: Fan Jishan , Jiang Song , Ou Yaobin 
Published: October 2009

We study an initial boundary value problem for the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations of viscous heat-conductive fluids in a bounded smooth domain. We establish a blow-up criterion for the local strong solutions in terms of the temperature and the gradient of velocity only, similar to the Beale–Kato–Majda criterion for ideal incompressible flows.

Résumé
Nous étudions un problème de valeur limite initiale pour les équations de Navier–Stokes tridimensionnelles des fluides visqueux conducteurs de chaleur dans un domaine délimité lisse. Nous établissons un critère d'explosion pour les solutions fortes en termes de température et de gradient de vitesse seulement, semblable au critère de Beale–Kato–Majda pour les écoulements incompressibles idéaux.
“The Last of the World's Afflicted Race of Humans Who Believe in Freedom”: Race, Colonial Whiteness and Imperialism in John Ford and Dudley Nichols's The Hurricane (1937)
Authors: CASSANO GRAHAM 
Published: October 2009

This essay examines the political meanings of John Ford and Dudley Nichols's film The Hurricane (1937). The Hurricane appears at a pivotal moment in American history, a moment when Ford and Nichols set out to make films for a “new kind of public.” This new audience was forged by new political forces, including the rise of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, the Popular Front, and Roosevelt's New Deal. Building on previous work that documents Nichols's affiliation with Popular Front organizations, and Ford's own political cinema (including The Informer (1935), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), and How Green Was My Valley (1941)), I argue that The Hurricane offers a fundamental critique of European imperialism, and imperial “whiteness.” At the same time, the energies for that critique come from a paradoxically “progressive” orientalism that represents South Seas “natives” as inherently wild and independent. It is this projected hunger for independence that allows Ford and Nichols to argue against colonial “whiteness,” while, almost simultaneously, they portray African Americans as servile and dependent, thus justifying white supremacy and racial oppression in the United States. Finally, by way of conclusion, I suggest that this dyadic representation – natives as independent, blacks as dependent – continues to structure the politics of Ford's post-World War II cinema, allowing him to normalize white supremacy at home, while at the same time justifying American military adventures abroad in the name of freedom for “the world's afflicted races.”
NINETEENTH CENTURY MEXICAN STATURES IN THE UNITED STATES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH INSOLATION AND VITAMIN D
Authors: CARSON SCOTT ALAN 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economics. However, there are still some populations, places and times for which the comparison across groups remains unclear. One example is 19th century Mexicans in the US. This study demonstrates that after comparing the statures of Mexicans born in Mexico and the US the primary source of the stature difference between the two groups was birth year, and the stature gap increased as the US economy developed while the Mexican economy stagnated. Moreover, the stature growth of Mexicans born in the US was related to vitamin D, and the Mexican relationship between stature and insolation was more like that of Europeans than Africans.
ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG UNMARRIED ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: SAMBISA WILLIAM , CURTIS SIAN L. , STOKES C. SHANNON 
Published: October 2009

SummaryUnderstanding the social and cultural contextual determinants of sexual behaviour of adolescents and young adults is an essential step towards curtailing the spread of HIV. This study examined the effects of one cultural factor, ethnicity, on sexual abstinence, faithfulness, condom use at last sex, and risky sex among young people in Zimbabwe. Data from the cross-sectional, population-based 2005–06 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey were used. Net of the effect of sociodemographic and social–cognitive factors, and using multinomial logistic regression, ethnicity was found to have a strong and consistent effect on sexual behaviour among youth. In addition, the study found that there were ethnic-specific and within-gender differences in sexual behaviour, for both men and women. Shona youth were more likely to be abstinent than Ndebele youth. Compared with Shona youth, Ndebele youth were more likely to have engaged in risky sex. However, Ndebele men were more likely have used condoms at last sex, compared with Shona men. For both men and women, sexual behaviour was more socially controlled. School attendance and religion exerted protective effects on sexual abstinence. For men only, those living in rural areas were less likely to be faithful and more likely to have engaged in risky sexual behaviour than those living in urban areas. The study attests to the fact that ethnic norms and ideologies of sexuality need to be identified and more thoroughly understood. In addition, the study provides evidence that in order to promote safe and healthy sexuality among young people in Zimbabwe, cultural, social and gender-specific approaches to the development of HIV prevention strategies should be seriously considered. Current success in the Abstinence, Being faithful and Condom use (ABC) approach could be strengthened by recognizing and responding to cultural forces that reproduce and perpetuate risky sexual behaviours.
IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUALS ENGAGING IN RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR FOR CHLAMYDIA INFECTION IN THE UK: A LATENT CLASS APPROACH
Authors: STUART BETH , HINDE ANDREW 
Published: October 2009

SummaryChlamydia trachomitis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the UK and the number of cases diagnosed each year continues to rise. Although much is known about the risk factors for chlamydia from previous observational studies, less is known about how individuals put themselves at risk. Do they engage in just one risky type of behaviour or are certain individuals ‘risky’, engaging in multiple risky behaviours? This paper uses latent class analysis, applied to the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles II (2000–2001), to determine whether a subgroup of high-risk individuals can be identified and explores which features of their behaviour distinguish them from other groups of lower risk individuals. A 3-class solution was obtained, splitting the sample on the basis of the number of sexual partners in the past year. Those with no sexual partners in the past year (8%) and one sexual partner in the past year (71%) were much less likely to have engaged in any of the other behaviours known to increase chlamydia risk. However, the group who had two or more sexual partners in the past year (21%) were much more likely to have also engaged in other risky behaviours. The number of partners in the past year is therefore a useful marker for identifying those at increased risk of chlamydia infection. Individuals under 25 years old, males and those who were single or previously married were more likely to be allocated to the risky group. However, in spite of observed higher incidence of chlamydia infection, individuals in the black ethnic minority groups did not show an increased prevalence of risky behaviour, after controlling for age, sex and marital status.
Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11
Authors: Goldberg D. P. , Krueger R. F. , Andrews G. , Hobbs M. J. 
Published: October 2009

BackgroundThe extant major psychiatric classifications DSM-IV, and ICD-10, are atheoretical and largely descriptive. Although this achieves good reliability, the validity of a medical diagnosis would be greatly enhanced by an understanding of risk factors and clinical manifestations. In an effort to group mental disorders on the basis of aetiology, five clusters have been proposed. This paper considers the validity of the fourth cluster, emotional disorders, within that proposal.MethodWe reviewed the literature in relation to 11 validating criteria proposed by a Study Group of the DSM-V Task Force, as applied to the cluster of emotional disorders.ResultsAn emotional cluster of disorders identified using the 11 validators is feasible. Negative affectivity is the defining feature of the emotional cluster. Although there are differences between disorders in the remaining validating criteria, there are similarities that support the feasibility of an emotional cluster. Strong intra-cluster co-morbidity may reflect the action of common risk factors and also shared higher-order symptom dimensions in these emotional disorders.ConclusionEmotional disorders meet many of the salient criteria proposed by the Study Group of the DSM-V Task Force to suggest a classification cluster.
Directed Graphs Without Short Cycles
Authors: FOX JACOB , KEEVASH PETER , SUDAKOV BENNY 
Published: October 2009

For a directed graph G without loops or parallel edges, let β(G) denote the size of the smallest feedback arc set, i.e., the smallest subset X ⊂ E(G) such that G ∖ X has no directed cycles. Let γ(G) be the number of unordered pairs of vertices of G which are not adjacent. We prove that every directed graph whose shortest directed cycle has length at least r ≥ 4 satisfies β(G) ≤ cγ(G)/r2, where c is an absolute constant. This is tight up to the constant factor and extends a result of Chudnovsky, Seymour and Sullivan.This result can also be used to answer a question of Yuster concerning almost given length cycles in digraphs. We show that for any fixed 0 < θ < 1/2 and sufficiently large n, if G is a digraph with n vertices and β(G) ≥ θn2, then for any 0 ≤ m ≤ θn − o(n) it contains a directed cycle whose length is between m and m + 6θ−1/2. Moreover, there is a constant C such that either G contains directed cycles of every length between C and θn − o(n) or it is close to a digraph G′ with a simple structure: every strong component of G′ is periodic. These results are also tight up to the constant factors.
Nuclear DNA and protein content evaluation in Taxus plant cell cultures using multiparameter flow cytometry
Authors: Gaurav Vishal , Shavit Amit , C. Roberts Susan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPlant cell cultures of Taxus provide the most reliable production methods for the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. In order to comprehend the inherent culture heterogeneity and production variability in cell cultures, it is essential that the cellular metabolism is studied at the genomic level. Genomic stability in plant cell cultures is crucial as it affects cell growth and division, metabolite accumulation and protein synthesis. A rapid and efficient method to prepare nuclei suspensions from aggregated cell cultures of Taxus was employed. Methods were subsequently developed to simultaneously stain them for DNA and protein content using Propidium Iodide and Fluorescein Isothiocyanate respectively. Flow cytometry was used to analyze and quantify the DNA content and genome size of Taxus using known reference species as standards. Furthermore, their genomic stability was evaluated by correlating DNA content and genome size with cell size and complexity, protein content, and elicitation effects using multiparameter flow cytometry. These techniques to evaluate and correlate various culture characteristics can be very useful in designing superior bio processes for enhanced production.
An allosteric transition trapped in an intermediate state of a new kinesin–inhibitor complex
Authors: Kaan Hung Yi Kristal , Ulaganathan Venkatasubramanian , Hackney David D. , Kozielski Frank 
Published: October 2009

Human kinesin Eg5 plays an essential role in mitosis by separating duplicated centrosomes and establishing the bipolar spindle. Eg5 is an interesting drug target for the development of cancer chemotherapy, with seven inhibitors already in clinical trials. In the present paper, we report the crystal structure of the Eg5 motor domain complexed with a potent antimitotic inhibitor STLC (S-trityl-L-cysteine) to 2.0 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution. The Eg5–STLC complex crystallizes in space group P32 with three molecules per asymmetric unit. Two of the molecules reveal the final inhibitor-bound state of Eg5, whereby loop L5 has swung downwards to close the inhibitor-binding pocket, helix α4 has rotated by approx. 15 ° and the neck-linker has adopted a docked conformation. The third molecule, however, revealed an unprecedented intermediate state, whereby local changes at the inhibitor-binding pocket have not propagated to structural changes at the switch II cluster and neck-linker. This provides structural evidence for the sequence of drug-induced conformational changes.
Relationship Between Therapeutic Homework and Clinical Outcomes for Individuals with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Kelly Peter J. , Deane Frank P. 
Published: October 2009

Objective: Therapeutic homework has been recommended for use by mental health case managers to help patients with severe mental illness (SMI). The current research examined the actual use of homework by case managers working in clinical practice. Method: Case managers were trained in a systematic approach to homework administration and were provided with carbonized homework administration pads to assist with homework implementation. Hierarchical linear modelling was used to examine the relationship between homework and outcome for participants in the study (n = 129). Results: The total number of homework assignments administered to each patient predicted improvement on the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS) and Kessler 10. How well the homework was completed also predicted improvements on the HoNOS. The relationship between homework and recovery-orientated outcome measures was not significant. Conclusion: The present study provides preliminary support for the use of a systematic approach to homework administration procedures when working with SMI. Future research should examine strategies to promote the regular use of systematic homework administration procedures by mental health case managers.