bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Mossey Jana M. , Haozous Emily A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the long-standing, uncomfortably predictable disparate pain care provided to “minoritized” individuals, those who have limited resources or are any population other than non-Hispanic White, who are female, and/or who are members of the LGBTQ community. Following a summary of the extensive literature pertinent to the topic, etiologic components driving the persistent delivery of inequitable pain care are presented within an “injustice” framework. Cultural, institutional, and interpersonal injustices that contribute to disparate pain care delivery are identified, and the intrapersonal responses of minoritized persons to experienced injustices are described. With a clear understanding that the reversal of disparate pain care practices will require dedicated, focused, and potentially uncomfortable work and a recognition of the importance of cultural and institutional injustices to the perpetuation of health care disparities, steps to achieve the circumstances under which pain care practitioners are capable of and insistent upon providing equitable care are proposed.
Diagnostic Reasoning: What’s the Lesion? (Why We Localize)
Authors: Albers James W. , Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes a systematic approach to determining the type of disease process causing a patient’s symptoms, based on the time course and whether the process is focal or diffuse. Definitions are provided for acute, subacute, and chronic time courses. Each type of underlying disease process—degenerative, neoplastic, vascular, inflammatory, toxic/metabolic, traumatic, and congenital/developmental—is briefly discussed, especially with reference to its typical time course and whether it is focal or diffuse.
Neuromuscular Disorders
Authors: Bromberg Mark B. , Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the symptoms associated with them. It then discusses the clinical syndromes associated with disorders of the peripheral nervous system, proceeding in a proximal-to-distal order, and it provides a flowchart for identifying these disorders. It explains the diagnostic tests used to help in diagnosing PNS disorders, especially electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies. It presents the clinical features, pathophysiology, and principles of diagnosis and management for major PNS diseases: motor neuron diseases—especially amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), radiculopathies, plexopathies, neuropathies—including mononeuropathies, polyneuropathies, and mononeuropathy multiplex, neuromuscular junction disorders—especially myasthenia gravis, and myopathies—especially muscular dystrophies and inflammatory myopathies.
Dizziness and Disequilibrium
Authors: Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the approach to dizziness, with a focus on the vestibular pathway and the distinction between disorders of the CNS portion of the pathway and the PNS portion. Most of the ensuing discussion concerns disorders of the peripheral portion of the vestibular pathway. Recurrent episodes of vertigo are discussed first: especially benign paroxysmal peripheral vertigo (BPPV), with a detailed description of the relevant diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers, but also Ménière disease, perilymphatic fistula, dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal, and vestibular paroxysmia. This is followed by a discussion of a single episode of vertigo, focusing on acute labyrinthitis and acute idiopathic unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the various abnormalities that can contribute to disequilibrium.
Pediatric Neurology
Authors: Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter starts with a summary of some general principles of normal development. It then proceeds to discuss some common clinical manifestations of nervous system dysfunction in the pediatric population. The first example is the hypotonic infant. The distinction between central and peripheral causes of hypotonia is emphasized. The next examples are developmental delay and developmental regression. It is noted that the most common inherited cause of global developmental delay is fragile X syndrome, the most common reason for isolated language delay is reduced hearing, and the most common cause of delayed social development is autism spectrum disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), cerebral palsy, and periventricular leukomalacia are discussed. The next examples are paroxysmal disorders: migraine, seizures, breath-holding spells, and benign paroxysmal vertigo. The final discussion concerns gait disorders, focusing on conditions that cause spasticity, weakness, and ataxia.
Interaction of carbonic anhydrase I released from red blood cells with human plasma in vitro
Authors: Doroudian Maryam , Gailer Jürgen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) constitute ∼50% of the bloodstream and represent an important target for environmental pollutants and bacterial/viral infections, which can result in their rupture. In addition, diseases such as sickle cell anaemia and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria can also result in the rupture of RBCs, which can be potentially life-threatening. With regard to the release of cytosolic metalloproteins from RBCs into the blood-organ system, the biochemical fate of haemoglobin is rather well understood, while comparatively little is known about another highly abundant Zn-metalloprotein, carbonic anhydrase (CA I). To gain insight into the interaction of CA I with human blood plasma constituents, we have employed a metallomics tool comprised of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled online with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), which allows to simultaneously observe all Cu, Fe, and Zn-metalloproteins. After the addition of CA I to human blood plasma incubated at 37°C, the SEC-ICP-AES analysis using phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) after 5 min, 1 h, and 2 h revealed that CA I eluted after all endogenous Zn-metalloproteins in the 30 kDa range. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis of the collected Zn-peak confirmed that CA I eluted from the column intact. Our in vitro results suggest that CA I released from RBCs to plasma remains free and may be actively involved in health-relevant adverse processes that unfold at the bloodstream-endothelial interface, including atherosclerosis and vision loss.
Engineering catalytic defects via molecular imprinting for high energy Li-S pouch cells
Authors: Zhao Yufei , Geng Chuannan , Wang Li , Cao Yun , Yang Haotian , Peng Linkai , Jiang Xin , Guo Yong , Ye Xiaolin , Lv Wei , Yang Quan-Hong 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
Heterogeneous catalysis promises to accelerate sulfur-involved conversion reactions in lithium-sulfur batteries. Solid-state Li2S dissociation remains as the rate-limiting step because of the weakly matched solid-solid electrocatalysis interfaces. We propose an electrochemically molecular-imprinting strategy to have a metal sulfide (MS) catalyst with imprinted defects in positions from which the pre-implanted Li2S has been electrochemically removed. Such tailor-made defects enable the catalyst to bind exclusively to Li atoms in Li2S reactant and elongate the Li–S bond, thus decreasing the reaction energy barrier during charging. The imprinted Ni3S2 catalyst shows the best activity due to the highest defect concentration among the MS catalysts examined. The Li2S oxidation potential is substantially reduced to 2.34 V from 2.96 V for the counterpart free of imprinted vacancies, and an Ah-level pouch cell is realized with excellent cycling performance. With a lean electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 1.80 μL mgS–1, the cell achieves a benchmarkedly high energy density beyond 500 Wh kg–1.
Health-related quality-of-life analysis from KEYNOTE-590: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer
Authors: Mansoor Wasat , Joo Seongjung , Norquist Josephine M , Kato Ken , Sun Jong-Mu , Shah Manish A , Enzinger Peter , Adenis Antoine , Doi Toshihiko , Kojima Takashi , Metges Jean-Philippe , Li Zhigang , Kim Sung-Bae , Cho Byoung Chol , Sunpaweravong Patrapim , Alsina Maria , Goekkurt Eray , Suryawanshi Shailaja , Shah Sukrut , Shen Lin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
In the KEYNOTE-590 study, first-line pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy provided statistically significant improvement in overall survival, progression-free survival, and objective response rate compared with chemotherapy, with a manageable safety profile in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. Prespecified health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) outcomes are reported.

Materials and Methods
Change from baseline to week 18 in the EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ-C30) global health status/QoL (GHS/QoL) and QLQ–Esophageal cancer module (OES18) dysphagia, pain, and reflux scales were evaluated.

Results
The HRQoL analysis included 730 patients who received treatment and completed ≥1 HRQoL assessment. Least squares mean (LSM) change from baseline to week 18 was similar between treatment groups for QLQ-C30 GHS/QoL and physical functioning and QLQ-OES18 reflux scales. The QLQ-OES18 dysphagia (LSM difference, −5.54; 95% CI, −10.93 to −0.16) and pain (LSM difference, −2.94; 95% CI, −5.86 to −0.02) scales favored pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy over placebo plus chemotherapy. Median time to confirmed deterioration (TTD) was similar between treatment groups for QLQ-C30 GHS/QoL and physical functioning and QLQ-OES18 dysphagia and reflux scales. Compared with chemotherapy, pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy prolonged median TTD, as seen on the QLQ-OES18 pain scale (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.95).

Conclusion
The use of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy maintained HRQoL at week 18 relative to baseline and was comparable with placebo plus chemotherapy. These HRQoL results together with published reports of efficacy, support the use of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy as first-line therapy for advanced/metastatic esophageal cancer.

ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT03189719
The CVA Process from Preparation to Decision
Authors: Harley Gabe 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the preparation and decision of the CVA process. In line with the Cork Committee recommendations, the nominee in a CVA must be qualified to act as an insolvency practitioner. The CVA proposal is a document that establishes the terms of the proposed compromise and arrangement with creditors. Additionally, the proposal is typically put together by directors of the company with the assistance of the proposed nominee, legal, and other professional advisors. The chapter also looks into the legal commencement and notice requirements of the CVA before the process of the creditor's making decisions through a physical meeting, virtual meeting, electronic voting, or correspondence.
Unraveling the Concept of Childhood Adversity in Psychosis Research: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sætren Sjur S , Bjørnestad Jone R , Ottesen Akiah A , Fisher Helen L , Olsen Daniel A S , Hølland Kari , Hegelstad Wenche ten Velden 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
During the last decades, an abundance of studies has investigated childhood adversity in relation to psychosis. This systematic review critically examines the methodologies employed to investigate childhood adversity in psychosis over the past decade, including operational definitions, measurement tools and characteristics, and psychometric properties of instruments used in these studies.

Study Design
This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines (registration number CRD42022307096), and the search used the following electronic databases: PsychINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, African Index Medicus (AIM), LILACS, CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. The search included variations and combinations of the terms targeting childhood adversity and psychosis.

Study Results
Out of 585 identified studies published between 2010 and 2023, 341 employed a validated instrument to investigate childhood adversity. Our findings show “childhood trauma” being the most frequently examined construct, followed by “child maltreatment” or “child abuse.” The short version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was the dominant instrument. Physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse were most frequently investigated, and indeed the field appears generally to focus on child abuse and neglect over other adversities. Significant psychometric heterogeneity was observed in the selection and summarization of instrument items, with only 59% of studies documenting original psychometric validation and 22% reporting reliability in their datasets.

Conclusion
This review highlights substantial methodological heterogeneity in the field, pointing out biases in the research on childhood adversity and psychosis. These findings underline the need for standardized definitions and high-quality measurement tools to enhance the validity of future research in this area.
Wireless wearable sensors can facilitate rapid detection of sleep apnea in hospitalized stroke patients
Authors: Sindorf Jacob , Szabo Alison L , O’Brien Megan K , Sunderrajan Aashna , Knutson Kristen L , Zee Phyllis C , Wolfe Lisa , Arora Vineet M , Jayaraman Arun 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Study Objectives
To evaluate wearable devices and machine learning for detecting sleep apnea in patients with stroke at an acute inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF).

Methods
A total of 76 individuals with stroke wore a standard home sleep apnea test (ApneaLink Air), a multimodal, wireless wearable sensor system (ANNE), and a research-grade actigraphy device (ActiWatch) for at least 1 night during their first week after IRF admission as part of a larger clinical trial. Logistic regression algorithms were trained to detect sleep apnea using biometric features obtained from the ANNE sensors and ground truth apnea rating from the ApneaLink Air. Multiple algorithms were evaluated using different sensor combinations and different apnea detection criteria based on the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI ≥ 5, AHI ≥ 15).

Results
Seventy-one (96%) participants wore the ANNE sensors for multiple nights. In contrast, only 48 participants (63%) could be successfully assessed for obstructive sleep apnea by ApneaLink; 28 (37%) refused testing. The best-performing model utilized photoplethysmography (PPG) and finger-temperature features to detect moderate-severe sleep apnea (AHI ≥ 15), with 88% sensitivity and a positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 44.00. This model was tested on additional nights of ANNE data achieving 71% sensitivity (10.14 LR+) when considering each night independently and 86% accuracy when averaging multi-night predictions.

Conclusions
This research demonstrates the feasibility of accurately detecting moderate-severe sleep apnea early in the stroke recovery process using wearable sensors and machine learning techniques. These findings can inform future efforts to improve early detection for post-stroke sleep disorders, thereby enhancing patient recovery and long-term outcomes.

Clinical Trial
SIESTA (Sleep of Inpatients: Empower Staff to Act) for Acute Stroke Rehabilitation, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04254484?term=SIESTA&checkSpell=false&rank=1, NCT04254484
EPHA2 is a novel cell surface marker of OCT4-positive undifferentiated cells during the differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Intoh Atsushi , Watanabe-Susaki Kanako , Kato Taku , Kiritani Hibiki , Kurisaki Akira 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) possess the intrinsic ability to differentiate into diverse cellular lineages, marking them as potent instruments in regenerative medicine. Nonetheless, the proclivity of these stem cells to generate teratomas post-transplantation presents a formidable obstacle to their therapeutic utility. In previous studies, we identified an array of cell surface proteins specifically expressed in the pluripotent state, as revealed through proteomic analysis. Here we focused on EPHA2, a protein found to be abundantly present on the surface of undifferentiated mouse ESCs and is diminished upon differentiation. Knock-down of Epha2 led to the spontaneous differentiation of mouse ESCs, underscoring a pivotal role of EPHA2 in maintaining an undifferentiated cell state. Further investigations revealed a strong correlation between EPHA2 and OCT4 expression during the differentiation of both mouse and human PSCs. Notably, removing EPHA2+ cells from mouse ESC-derived hepatic lineage reduced tumor formation after transplanting them into immune-deficient mice. Similarly, in human iPSCs, a larger proportion of EPHA2+ cells correlated with higher OCT4 expression, reflecting the pattern observed in mouse ESCs. Conclusively, EPHA2 emerges as a potential marker for selecting undifferentiated stem cells, providing a valuable method to decrease tumorigenesis risks after stem-cell transplantation in regenerative treatments.
Meaning-centered psychotherapy training program for cancer care clinicians: Efficacy and impact of the first 5 years
Authors: Pessin Hayley , Dustin Ashley , Behrens Mia R , Saracino Rebecca M , Lichtenthal Wendy G , Applebaum Allison J , Roberts Kailey E , Breitbart William 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (MCP) is a manualized, evidence-based intervention designed to help cancer patients to find meaning and alleviate distress. Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy Training (MCPT) is a multicomponent program for cancer care clinicians that consists of didactics, group experiential learning, and role-plays with simulated patients to learn MCP and acquire skills to deliver it in real-world oncology settings. The efficacy and impact of MCPT for multidisciplinary cancer care clinicians to learn and disseminate MCP is described and evaluated. A multilevel evaluation based on the RE-AIM framework was utilized to assess the efficacy of the MCPT program over the initial 5 years of the program. The outcomes of the evaluation supported MCPT goals. Three hundred forty-two participants attended MCPT. Overall satisfaction measured in the post-training assessment was high. Significant increases in MCP skills were demonstrated by participants over the course of the role-play sessions, and participants showed significant improvements in pre/post-training MCP knowledge assessment scores, as well as significant increases in self-reported overall MCP skills and core competencies. Follow-up survey responses indicate that MCP trainees were utilizing MCP, had made changes to their clinical practice, and progressed on individual implementation goals. During the first 5 years, the MCPT program was successfully developed, established, implemented, and shown to be effective in the dissemination of MCP across the RE-AIM domains. Future directions for training and implementation research include increasing diversity of providers and investigating the impact of the program on patient outcomes.
Therapeutic effects of vitamin B17 against anabolic steroid Trenorol induced testicular toxicity, injury, DNA damage and apoptosis in male rats
Authors: Al-Otaibi Aljohara M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Several anabolic androgenic steroids (ASSs) are a group of synthetic molecules derived from testosterone and developed mainly for veterinary use that classed as a Schedule III and sometimes utilized by athletes to enlarge their muscles. Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids can result in severe organ damage that cannot be repaired. Therefore; the objective of the current investigation was to examine the therapeutic effects of vitamin B17 (VitB17) on the testicular toxicity caused by the anabolic steroid Trenorol in male rats. Rats were randomly assigned into control, VitB17 (50 mg/kg b.wt./day, orally), Trenorol (received 10 mg/kg b.wt./week, IM) and Trenorol + VitB17 treated groups. At the end of experiment, hormonal assay, semen evaluation, testicular enzymes, and DNA damage were assessed. Besides, the histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations of the P53 expression were performed. Current results revealed that; Trenorol induced significant depletion in relative weights of testis (RWT), total testosterone follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), sperm count, morphology index, viability, progressive motility, and testicular injury and a significant increase sperm abnormalities, testicular DNA damage and P53 experssions. Treatment of rats with Trenorol + VitB17 decreased the testicular toxicity, sperm parameters, DNA damage and apoptosis. We can conclude that; Trenorol induced toxicity, DNA damage and apoptosis in rat testis and treatments with VitB1 improved these parameters.
New evidence in food allergies treatment
Authors: Ghelli Chiara , Costanzo Giovanni , Canonica Giorgio Walter , Heffler Enrico , Paoletti Giovanni 
Published: May 2024

Purpose of review
To acknowledge, the newly available treatments for food allergy described in the latest scientific literature, such as oral immunotherapy (OIT), biologics and the combination of them in managing patients with IgE-mediated food allergies.

Recent findings
Recent studies suggest that OIT and biologics, alone or together, can have a role as disease-modifying treatments for food allergies. The FDA has recently approved omalizumab as a treatment for food allergy. Other biologics are currently under evaluation and further studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of these therapies.

Summary
The allergology scenario is rapidly evolving, the recent introduction and approval of new therapeutic strategies such as biotechnological drugs and allergen immunotherapy is changing the therapeutic paradigm: we are witnessing a shift from a strategy based on avoiding the trigger and reversing an allergic reaction already in progress, to one that aims to modify the natural history of the disease by acting on the immunological mechanisms that determine it. This approach is consistent with the modern perspective of a personalized patient-tailored medicine. In this opinion review, we will provide a brief analysis of current and future therapeutic options for IgE-mediated food allergy, focusing on OIT, biologics and their combination.