bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smallmouth Bass Summer Habitat Use, Movement, and Survival in Response to Low Flow in the Illinois Bayou, Arkansas
Authors: Hafs Andrew W. , Gagen Charles J. , Whalen J. Keith 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The southwestern edge of the natural range of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu contains streams that become disconnected pools during summer primarily owing to hydrogeologic conditions, including high evapotranspiration rates. These conditions may complicate fisheries management by affecting fish behavior or mortality rates. The objectives of this study were to characterize summer habitat use by smallmouth bass, estimate the changes in the extent of available habitat, describe summer movement patterns, and estimate summer survival rates. Radio transmitters were implanted into 60 smallmouth bass during May 2006, and the fish were tracked until October in the forks of the Illinois Bayou, which drains a portion of the Ozark National Forest. Habitat characteristics were measured as the summer progressed, and during this time most riffle–run habitat dried completely, resulting in a series of disconnected pools. The decreases in wetted area exceeded 55% in certain 2-km study reaches; however, smallmouth bass were consistently found at a median depth of 0.80 m. Boulder habitat was preferred when it was available; however, cobble, gravel, and bedrock substrates were also used. By July, velocity was below detection levels and water temperature occasionally exceeded 30°C. The average distance moved by smallmouth bass was 270 m in May, decreasing to 54 m by July. The distances moved were greater on average but more variable in streams with larger losses of wetted area, as fish moved away from drying areas. The survival rate was lowest in the stream most accessible to anglers. Dryness appeared to increase mortality, as survival estimates were lower than expected from published studies of streams with continuous summer flow. The effective management of fisheries under such hydrologic conditions may require preserving continuous surface flow and the quality of remnant pools as well as implementing more restrictive harvest regulations in summer.
Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Differences in Hatchery-Reared and Wild Snake River Sockeye Salmon Overwintering in Nursery Lakes
Authors: Powell M. S. , Hardy R. W. , Flagg T. A. , Kline P. A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In the artificial propagation program for endangered Snake River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, a portion of the F1 progeny (produced from spawning captive parents) are retained in the hatchery through maturation and spawning; the remaining progeny are reintroduced to nursery lakes in central Idaho at several life history stages (egg, presmolt, and smolt). In this study, the proximate and fatty acid compositions of sockeye salmon from presmolt releases were analyzed both at planting and at out-migration to assess their feeding success after overwintering in nursery lakes relative to that of overwintering wild fish. Hatchery-origin presmolts did not grow significantly over the winter. However, size and length were similar between hatchery-origin fish and wild out-migrants. Average percent whole-body lipid declined significantly in hatchery-origin sockeye salmon overwinter. Hatchery-origin out-migrants also had significantly lower whole-body lipid than wild counterparts migrating from Redfish Lake, Idaho, over the 6 years examined. The lack of growth and significantly lower body fat content of hatchery-origin sockeye salmon suggest that the food resources available to both wild and hatchery-origin presmolts were not utilized equally. There were also significant differences in fatty acid composition between wild and hatchery-origin out-migrants. Wild out-migrants had fatty acid profiles indicative of the zooplankton diet typical of resident sockeye salmon in the lake. In contrast, hatchery-reared juveniles introduced as presmolts in the fall had fatty acid profiles resembling those associated with hatchery diets and showed no evidence of the fatty acids characteristically observed in zooplankton. After overwintering, hatchery-origin out-migrants had fatty acid profiles that were intermediate between those of fish at planting and those of wild fish, reflecting some zooplankton intake during this period. The compromise in lipid quantity and quality for hatchery-produced presmolts may, in part, explain the large observed reductions in smolt-to-adult survival relative to that of naturally produced sockeye salmon.
Associations between Watershed Characteristics and Angling Success for Sport Fishes in Mississippi Wadeable Streams
Authors: Alford J. Brian , Jackson Donald C. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We developed and evaluated multiple linear regression models to describe the associations between watershed land use and geomorphology and angling success (catch per unit effort [CPUE; fish/h]) for sport fishes in wadeable streams in Mississippi. The mean angler CPUE for all species combined, sunfishes Lepomis spp., and black bass Micropterus spp. was strongly and positively associated with the percentage of forest cover, stream density, total road density, and primary highway density. The mean angler CPUE of largemouth bass M. salmoides and longear sunfish L. megalotis was negatively associated with the percentage of agricultural land but positively associated with rural road density. The mean CPUE of spotted bass M. punctulatus was negatively associated with elevation and the number of road crossings in the watershed but positively associated with rural road density. Model validation procedures revealed that the prediction errors were relatively large, so that the ability to predict mean angler CPUE from individual streams was low for all models. However, the species group models were precise, explaining 83, 71, and 80%, respectively, of the variation in the mean CPUE for all species, sunfishes, and black bass from an independent data set. In contrast, the species-specific models were relatively imprecise, explaining less than 33% of the variation in the mean CPUE in the independent data. We advocate a landscape-level management perspective—in concert with more traditional assessments of water quality and biological integrity—to address the connection between sport fishing and conservation in wadeable streams in Mississippi.
An Evaluation of the Maximum Tag Burden for Implantation of Acoustic Transmitters in Juvenile Chinook Salmon
Authors: Brown Richard S. , Harnish Ryan A. , Carter Kathleen M. , Boyd James W. , Deters Katherine A. , Eppard M. Brad 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A substantial percentage of the Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss smolts that emigrate to the ocean each year are smaller than 110 mm (fork length). However, relatively few researchers have implanted acoustic transmitters in fish of this size, and none have reported minimum fish lengths below 110 mm for which the tag burden did not negatively influence growth or survival. The influence of a surgically implanted acoustic microtransmitter and a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag on the growth and survival of hatchery-reared juvenile Chinook salmon was examined over a period of 30 d. Growth and survival were compared between treatment (tagged) and control (untagged) fish within three size-groups (80–89, 90–99, and 100–109 mm). The acoustic microtransmitter and PIT tag implanted in our study had a combined weight of 0.74 g; the combined tag burden for implanted fish ranged from 4.5% to 15.7%. The results indicated that growth and survival among implanted juvenile Chinook salmon were size dependent. Significant differences in growth rate and survival were observed between treatment and control fish in the 80–89-mm group. The survival of implanted fish smaller than 11.1 g (tag burden, &gt;6.7%) and the growth of fish smaller than 9.0 g (tag burden, &gt;8.2%) were negatively affected by the implantation or presence of an acoustic microtransmitter and PIT tag. The results of this study will aid researchers in determining the minimum fish size suitable for use in acoustic telemetry studies that estimate the short-term (30-d) survival and growth of juvenile salmonids.
Capture Efficiency of Blue Catfish Electrofishing and the Effects of Temperature, Habitat, and Reservoir Location on Electrofishing-Derived Length Structure Indices and Relative Abundance
Authors: Bodine Kristopher A. , Shoup Daniel E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Current sampling methods for blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus are suspected of being strongly biased against preferred-length fish (≥762 mm in total length [TL]), making it difficult to accurately determine the species' population density and size structure. To understand this potential bias with respect to electrofishing, we conducted seasonal and habitat-specific sampling on three Oklahoma reservoirs using 15-pulse/s DC at the 100–1,000 V setting (the percent of range being adjusted to achieve 4-A output). Temperature, habitat, and reservoir section were analyzed to determine which variables were associated with the highest total catch per unit effort (CPUETotal), the CPUE of preferred-length blue catfish (CPUE762), and the relative stock density of preferred-length fish (RSD762). Total CPUE and CPUE762 were significantly higher when the water temperature was 18°C or more, but the variability increased as the temperature exceeded 28°C. Catch rates were significantly higher in the upper reservoir section for all length-groups, and no differences in CPUETotal were detected among habitats (channels, points, or flats). Both CPUE762 and RSD762 were highest in channel habitats, but the high variability and low catch rates of these larger fish limit the utility of habitat-specific sampling based on these findings. Additionally, we evaluated the capture efficiency of electrofishing by creating a population with a known length-frequency distribution. This population was sampled on three separate dates to determine which length-groups were more vulnerable to electrofishing. No significant differences in catch rate were detected among the length-groups, and the mean total catch from each sample was always less than 10% of the total population. Our results indicate that low-frequency electrofishing is not size selective and provides representative samples of blue catfish between 200 and 1,000 mm TL. We recommend that sampling be conducted at temperatures between 18°C and 28°C and that standard sampling protocols adopt a stratified design that incorporates reservoir section.
Effect of Radio-Tagging on Escape Reactions of Adult Blueback Herring to Ultrasound
Authors: Dunning Dennis J. , Ross Quentin E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Telemetry is a potential approach for assessing how effectively ultrasound steers blueback herring Alosa aestivalis away from undesirable locations. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) whether gastric implantation of radio tags prevented adult blueback herring from reacting to ultrasound and (2) if not, whether radio tag implantation diminished the fish's escape reactions. Eight groups, each consisting of four blueback herring in good condition, were exposed in a circular tank to a single pulse of broadband ultrasound eight times; each time was considered a trial. Radio tags were gastrically implanted in blueback herring from four of the groups. The four untagged groups were used to confirm that blueback herring would react to ultrasound in the tank, while the four tagged groups were used to determine whether tagging prevented a reaction. These reactions were confirmed by measuring the swimming speed immediately before and after a pulse of sound. Blueback herring in both the tagged and untagged groups swam significantly faster after a pulse of sound compared with before the sound pulse. Three of the tagged groups were compared to three of the untagged groups (tested at similar sound pressure levels) to determine whether tagging diminished escape reactions. The escape reaction metrics were the percentage of fish that moved away from the sound source, the percentage that exhibited a C-start (a sudden, high-energy swimming burst used by fish to avoid attacks by predators), and the standardized difference in swimming speeds measured immediately before and after a pulse of sound. There was no significant difference in the escape reactions of tagged and untagged blueback herring. These results suggest that telemetry can be used to assess how effectively ultrasound steers blueback herring away from undesirable locations.
The Association Between Dietary Sodium Intake, ESRD, and All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Thomas Merlin C. , Moran John , Forsblom Carol , Harjutsalo Valma , Thorn Lena , Ahola Aila , Wadén Johan , Tolonen Nina , Saraheimo Markku , Gordin Daniel , Groop Per-Henrik ,   for the FinnDiane Study Group
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Many guidelines recommend reduced consumption of salt in patients with type 1 diabetes, but it is unclear whether dietary sodium intake is associated with mortality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a nationwide multicenter study (the FinnDiane Study) between 1998 and 2002, 2,807 enrolled adults with type 1 diabetes without ESRD were prospectively followed. Baseline urinary sodium excretion was estimated on a 24-h urine collection. The predictors of all-cause mortality and ESRD were determined by Cox regression and competing risk modeling, respectively.

RESULTS
The median follow-up for survival analyses was 10 years, during which 217 deaths were recorded (7.7%). Urinary sodium excretion was nonlinearly associated with all-cause mortality, such that individuals with the highest daily urinary sodium excretion, as well as the lowest excretion, had reduced survival. This association was independent age, sex, duration of diabetes, the presence and severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and log albumin excretion rate), the presence of established cardiovascular disease, and systolic blood pressure. During follow-up, 126 patients developed ESRD (4.5%). Urinary sodium excretion was inversely associated with the cumulative incidence of ESRD, such that individuals with the lowest sodium excretion had the highest cumulative incidence of ESRD.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with type 1 diabetes, sodium was independently associated with all-cause mortality and ESRD. Although we have not demonstrated causality, these findings support the calls for caution before applying salt restriction universally. Clinical trials must be performed in diabetic patients to formally test the utility/risk of sodium restriction in this setting.
The Suicides of The Metamorphoses
Authors: Pridmore Saxby , Majeed Zainab Abd 
Published: February 2011

Aim: The aim of this paper was to explore the attitude toward and motives for suicide recorded in Ovid's The Metamorphoses, a document that has influenced Western culture. Method: The translation by Horace Gregory was examined. Results: Twenty-five mentions of suicidal thoughts or actions were identified, mainly by humans but also by a god, a nymph and a centaur. Fifteen suicides by humans were identified. The motives were predicaments including the loss of a loved individual or status and the threat of murder or plague. There was one instance of intolerable physical pain and one of defiance in the face of intimidation. While there are mentions of madness, there is no mention of madness leading to suicide. There was no censure of suicide. Conclusion: Suicide in Western culture appears to have roots in ancient times.
Overview of the National Mental Health Benchmarking Project
Authors: Coombs Tim , Walter Garry , Brann Peter 
Published: February 2011

Objective: This paper provides an overview of the National Mental Health Benchmarking Project (NMHBP) which explored the value of benchmarking within the four main program areas of public sector mental health (general adult, child and adolescent, older persons and forensic). The NMHBP involved a series of forums which enabled participating organizations to benchmark themselves against each other, with a view to understanding variability in performance against a range of key performance indicators (KPIs). Method: Twenty-three mental health organizations took part in the NMHBP. The forums culminated in each mental health organization documenting its performance against relevant KPIs. The processes, impacts and outcomes of the NMHBP were evaluated via a multi-methods evaluation. Results: There was considerable variability across program streams for many of the KPIs, much of which could be explained by contextual factors. Within program streams there was considerable intra-organization variability. Participants found the examination of intra-organization variability on particular indicators to be useful. Conclusions: The NMHBP has shown that benchmarking is possible. Managers and clinical leaders will need to champion benchmarking and highlight its utility in relation to quality improvement and service development if the accountability goals of the Fourth National Mental Health Plan are to be realized.
Supported Employment Can Reduce Social Exclusion and Improve Schizophrenia
Authors: Solar Ann 
Published: February 2011

Objective: There are significant mental health benefits in schizophrenia associated with integration into society and the workplace. This case examines factors contributing to such reintegration. Conclusions: A hostel team, an employment officer from an employment agency for the disabled and a community clinic collaborated to foster reintegration into the community through supported employment, improved supported accommodation and family support.
Future Directions in Training Veterinarians for Careers in Toxicological Pathology in the United Kingdom
Authors: Scudamore Cheryl L. , Smith Sionagh H. 
Published: February 2011

There is currently a global shortage of veterinary pathologists in all sectors of the discipline, and recruitment of toxicological pathologists is a particular problem for the pharmaceutical industry. Efforts to encourage veterinarians to consider alternative career paths to general practice must start at the undergraduate level, with provision of structured career guidance and strong role models from pathology and research disciplines. It is also imperative that both the importance of biomedical research and the role of animal models be clearly understood by both university staff and undergraduates. Traditionally, much post-graduate training in toxicological pathology is done “on the job” in the United Kingdom, but completion of a residency and/or PhD program is recognized as a good foundation for a career in industry and for successful completion of professional pathology examinations. New models of residency training in veterinary pathology must be considered in the United Kingdom to enable a more tailored approach to training toward specific career goals. A modular approach to residency training would allow core skills to be maintained, while additional training would target specific training requirements in toxicological pathology. Exposure to laboratory-animal pathology, toxicology, research methodology, and management skills would all be of benefit as an introduction to a career in toxicological pathology. However, long-term funding for UK residencies remains a problem that must be resolved if future recruitment needs in veterinary pathology are to be met.
Virtual International Experiences in Veterinary Medicine: An Evaluation of Students’ Attitudes toward Computer-Based Learning
Authors: French Brigitte C. , Hird David W. , Romano Patrick S. , Hayes Rick H. , Nijhof Ard M. , Jongejan Frans , Mellor Dominic J. , Singer Randall S. , Fine Amanda E. , Gay John M. , Davis Radford G. , Conrad Patricia A. 
Published: February 2011

While many studies have evaluated whether or not factual information can be effectively communicated using computer-aided tools, none has focused on establishing and changing students’ attitudes toward international animal-health issues. The study reported here was designed to assess whether educational modules on an interactive computer CD elicited a change in veterinary students’ interest in and attitudes toward international animal-health issues. Volunteer veterinary students at seven universities (first-year students at three universities, second-year at one, third-year at one, and fourth-year at two) were given by random assignment either an International Animal Health (IAH) CD or a control CD, ParasitoLog (PL). Participants completed a pre-CD survey to establish baseline information on interest and attitudes toward both computers and international animal-health issues. Four weeks later, a post-CD questionnaire was distributed. On the initial survey, most students expressed an interest in working in the field of veterinary medicine in another country. Responses to the three pre-CD questions relating to attitudes toward the globalization of veterinary medicine, interest in foreign animal disease, and inclusion of a core course on international health issues in the veterinary curriculum were all positive, with average values above 3 (on a five-point scale where 5 represented strong agreement or interest). Almost all students considered it beneficial to learn about animal-health issues in other countries.After students reviewed the IAH CD, we found a decrease at four universities, an increase at one university, and no change at the remaining two universities in students’ interest in working in some area of international veterinary medicine. However, none of the differences was statistically significant.
Development of a Theory-Based Intervention to Increase Prescription of Inspiratory Muscle Training by Health Professionals in the Management of People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Simms Alanna M. , Li Linda C. , Reid W. Darlene 
Published: February 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to provide an overview of the literature on barriers to evidence-based practice (EBP) and the effectiveness of implementation interventions in health care; and (2) to outline the development of an implementation intervention for improving the prescription of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) by physical therapists and other health professionals for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Summary of Key Points: Individuals, organizations, and the research itself present barriers to EBP in physical therapy. Despite the evidence supporting the use of IMT, this treatment continues to be under-used in managing COPD. Current health services research shows that traditional information-based approaches to implementation, such as didactic lectures, do not adequately address the challenges health professionals face when trying to make changes in practice. We propose the development of a theory-based intervention to improve health professionals' use of IMT in the management of COPD. It is postulated that a behavioural intervention, based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), may be more effective than an information-based strategy in increasing the prescription of IMT by health professionals. Conclusion: TPB may be used to understand the antecedents of health professionals' behaviour and to guide the development of implementation interventions. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this proposed intervention in the management of people with COPD.