bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Distributional Facts about Fricatives and a Perceptual Explanation
Authors: Balise Raymond R. , Diehl Randy L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Across and within languages voiced sibilants tend to be disfavored relative to voiceless ones. This paper explores the claim that voicing more adversely affects the distinctive acoustic properties of sibilants than those of nonsibilants. One prediction associated with this claim is that voicing differentially lowers the amplitude of frication noise for sibilants and non-sibiliants so that amplitude differences between the two classes are reduced. Acoustic measurements confirm this prediction. A second prediction is that voicing has a greater negative effect on the identification of sibilants than nonsibilants. Perceptual results from this and previous studies are somewhat variable, but averaged data support this prediction. The findings suggest that voiced sibilants are disfavored in part for perceptual reasons.
Conventional, Biological and Environmental Factors in Speech Communication: A Modulation Theory
Authors: Traunmüller Hartmut 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Speech signals contain various types of information that can be grouped under the headings phonetic, affective, personal and transmittal. Listeners are capable of distinguishing these. Previous theories of speech perception have not considered this fully. They have mainly been concerned with problems relating exclusively to phonetic quality. The theory presented in this paper considers speech signals as the result of allowing conventional gestures to modulate a carrier signal that has the personal characteristics of the speaker, which implies that in general the conventional information can only be retrieved by demodulation.
The Influence of Language on the Acoustic Properties of Phonetic Features: A Study of the Feature [strident] in Ewe and English
Authors: Utman Jennifer Aydelott , Blumstein Sheila E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study explored the extent to which the acoustic manifestation of a phonetic feature is influenced by the linguistic role that the feature plays in the sound inventory of the particular language. To this end, we investigated the acoustic property associated with the feature [strident] in the production of bilabial and labiodental fricatives in Ewe, and labiodental and alveolar fricatives in English, and explored whether the acoustic manifestation of the feature [strident] varied in the instantiation of [f] in Ewe and English. In Ewe, the feature [strident] plays a contrastive role distinguishing labiodental from bilabial fricatives, whereas in English the feature [strident] does not play a contrastive role. Results showed that a measure of turbulence noise was able to distinguish bilabial and labiodental fricatives in Ewe and labiodental and alveolar fricatives in English. Moreover, the range of values associated with defining the amplitude characteristics for [f] was similar in the two languages. Nevertheless, differences emerged in the acoustic fine structure of the noise amplitude for [f v] in the two languages, with the frequency distribution for the labiodental fricative in Ewe being skewed towards the high amplitude range relative to English. These results suggest that while the fundamental manifestation of the acoustic property is the same across languages, its instantiation may be influenced by the functional role that its associated feature plays in the language.
Effects of Speaking Rate Changes on Native and Nonnative Speech Production
Authors: Schmidt Anna Marie , Flege James Emil 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Twenty monolingual English speakers and 40 native Spanish speakers, who were either relatively proficient or nonproficient in English, produced English /p/ at self-selected normal and fast speaking rates. The native English (NE) subjects showed much the same rate effect on voice onset time (VOT) seen in earlier studies. Native Spanish (NS) subjects who were relatively proficient in pronouncing English used fewer short-lag stops and showed an English-like rate effect on VOT. NS subjects who were relatively nonproficient in English, on the other hand, used more short-lag stops and did not show a significant speaking rate effect on VOT, although they did demonstrate speaking rate effects on vowel duration and phrase duration. Among the NS subjects were 21 whose VOT values closely matched those of the NE subjects at both speaking rates, and who showed a rate effect similar to that found for the NE subjects. Their ability to modify VOT across speaking rates suggested that these NS subjects may have established a phonetic category for English /p/.
Lengthening in Verb-Gapped Constructions
Authors: Berkovits Rochele 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Verb gapping in Hebrew was studied to determine the extent to which lengthening interacts with word stress and to investigate the distribution of the lengthening effect within the syllable preceding the relevant structural boundary. Seven native speakers of Hebrew read initalstressed and final-stressed bisyllabic key words in verb-gapped constructions and in matching sentences which did not involve deletion. Lengthening in gapping primarily affected the final syllable regardless of stress and also extended back to the initial syllable. The inverse relationship between lengthening of the final syllable and the duration of a following pause, predicted by metrical theory, was not found. Within the final syllable, the vowel showed more lengthening than the final-stop closure, in contrast to the pattern of progressively greater lengthening revealed in studies of utterance-final syllables. These results suggest differences between the implementation of lengthening in gapping and at other structural boundaries.
A Probable Case of Clicks Influencing the Sound Patterns of Some European Languages
Authors: Ohala John J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In the history of various European languages (Latin, Spanish, English, Swedish, and various dialects of French) there are instances of the cluster mn appearing as mpn. There are philological controversies as to whether this ‘epenthetic’ p was actually pronounced or was just a learned hypercorrect spelling. I offer here a novel phonetic scenario supporting the claim that the p was pronounced and arose in a phonetically natural way: I posit that in the mn cluster there was temporal overlap of the m and n closures. The simultaneous labial and apical closure would create a pocket of air between them which, when the labial closure was released, would undergo a momentary rarefaction of pressure and thus be released with a click-like burst. Listeners would be likely to interpret this stop burst auditorily as a pulmonic [p] and this would be the basis of their own pronunciations.
Determination of Glottal Excitation Cycles in Running Speech
Authors: Hess Wolfgang J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The three-channel pitch determination algorithm (PDA) presented in this paper combines a short-term analysis PDA, which derives fundamental frequency via a periodicity criterion, and two time domain PDAs that determine the instants of glottal closure according to local signal criteria. The first of these algorithms correlates the speech signal with an estimate of the impulse response of the vocal tract; the second applies a neural network. The reliability of these time domain PDAs is increased by constraints on the range of F₀ imposed by the short-term analysis PDA. First results show that the algorithm can be applied to both accurate pitch period determination of running speech and voice quality measurements, particularly the measurements of voice jitter.
Vowel-Vowel Production: The Distinctive Region Model (DRM) and Vowel Harmony
Authors: Carré René , Bourdeau Marc , Tubach Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
According to the distinctive region model (DRM), sequencing one vowel to another involves one, two, or three commands or phonetic movements corresponding to specific deformations of the vocal tract. Criteria pertaining to communication theory require that these movements, or gestures, be of a small number, efficient (small deformations imply large formant variations), and simple (e.g. rectilinear movements). For a given language, the vowel-vowel transitions involving one movement should then be statistically dominant. This hypothesis is verified using a large corpus of French.
Danish Vowels – Surface Contrast versus Underlying Form
Authors: Grønnum Nina 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The paper presents the outcome of some very recent sound changes, which add to the already considerable inventory of surface vowel contrasts in Danish. It claims that a classical structuralist phonological account of the vowel inventory is not satisfactory if psychological reality of phonological entities is a criterion. The only reasonable abstract representation is a morphophonological one.
Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of English Affricate Production in Children with Speech Disorders
Authors: Hardcastle William J. , Gibbon Fiona , Scobbie James M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this paper we consider phonetic and phonological aspects of the English voiceless affricate /t∫/ as it is realised by children with developmental speech disorders. The speakers described in the study have normal /t/ but disordered /∫/ and /t∫/. Using electropalatography (Reading EPG), we compare the stop and fricative phases of /t∫/ to independent /t/ and /∫/. This comparison shows that the place of articulation of /t∫/ can be predicted from that of independent /t/. There is a strict requirement for the affricate’s stop release to be homorganic with its fricative phase, irrespective of the place of articulation of independent /t/. Sometimes, there is also an observable coronal gesture during the stop phase of a dorsal affricate indicating the influence of independent /t/. This is predicted by phonological theories in which the affricate is related to both /t/ and /∫/ but not by theories in which the affricate is merely the stop counterpart to /∫/.
Stimulus Uncertainty and Speaker Normalization Processes in the Perception of Nasal Consonants
Authors: Haley Katarina L· , Ohde Ralph N. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Previous research has noted a reduction in perceptual identification performance when the speaker varies from stimulus to stimulus and has interpreted this finding as an effect of a normalization process that compensates for variability in the physical content of the speech signal. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine whether the physical variability introduced by this experimental design can result in general stimulus uncertainty effects that extend beyond the realm of traditional delineations of normalization processes. The stimuli were short segments taken from nasal consonant + vowel syllables produced by 1 male adult, 1 female adult, and 2 children. Segments of 25 and 50 ms duration were edited from the nasal murmur and the onset of the vowel. The stimuli were ordered according to four variability conditions and presented to listeners for place of articulation identification. The results showed that identification was significantly reduced when variability affected either speaker identity or segment type. Further analyses revealed that segment variability impaired perception of all segment types approximately equally, but that the 50-ms vowel segments were selectively spared in the speaker variability condition. These findings indicate that general uncertainty effects should be considered in speech perception experiments, and that dynamic properties of speech are particularly important in the perceptual compensation for speaker variability.
Contextual Variations in Trisyllabic Sequences of Thai Tones
Authors: Potisuk Siripong , Gandour Jack , Harper Mary P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
It is well known that tones assimilate in much the same way as consonants and vowels do. In tonal assimilation, the height and shape of a given tone is altered by adjacent tones. Earlier studies on tonal assimilation in Thai have used two-tone sequences with an intervening obstruent between the two tones of interest. In the present study, three-tone sequences were used with continuously voiced syllables throughout the utterance. Assimilatory effects were expected to be greater between F₀ contours of two successive syllables that are continuous in voicing across the syllable boundary. Stimuli consisted of 125 possible three-tone sequences of the five Thai tones, superimposed on monosyllabic words in a carrier sentence. All syllables were stressed in order to eliminate potentially confounding interactions between stress and tonal assimilation. Acoustic analysis revealed that perseverative effects were assimilatory in nature; anticipatory effects, however, were dissimilatory in nature. Perseverative effects appear to be independent of tonal categories, and restricted to contiguous tones. Perseverative effects extend through more than half the duration of the following tone. Both the height and shape of the tones are affected. Anticipatory effects, on the other hand, are limited to the high and rising tones, and extend through less than half the duration of the preceding tone.
An EMMA Study of Segmental Complexity in Alveolopalatals and Palatalized Alveolars
Authors: Recasens Daniel , Romero Joaquín 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The goal of this paper is to test whether the palatal nasal stop /n/, occurring in several Romance languages, Hungarian and Czech, is a two-gesture, complex segment (produced with a tongue front closure and intentional tongue dorsum raising) or else a one-gesture, simple segment (articulated at the alveoloprepalatal zone with a single tongue portion including the lamina and predorsum). In order to investigate this issue, electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer data were collected on apical, laminal and dorsal movement data for Catalan /n/ and Russian palatalized alveolar /n<sup>j</sup>/ (which is known to be a complex segment); other sound classes of both languages were also recorded, namely, the simple palatal segment /j/ and the two-segmental cluster /nj/. Time lags between position maxima at the tongue front and at the tongue dorsum argue strongly in favor of /n/ being a simple segment: they were found to be considerably shorter for /n/ than for /n<sup>j</sup>/; moreover, those for /n<sup>j</sup>/ were significantly longer than those for /j/ in Russian but not so in Catalan. In conjunction with linguopalatal contact data from the literature, it is argued that a longer time lag for /n/ vs. /j/ is representative of an unintentional, transitional event resulting from the alveoloprepalatal closure release for the former consonant occurring at the alveolar zone earlier than at the prepalatal zone.
Exploring the Relationship of Inspiration Duration to Utterance Duration
Authors: Whalen D.H. , Kinsella-Shaw J.M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Previous work has indicated that there may be a positive relationship between the duration and extent of inspiration and the length of an upcoming utterance. However, none of that work has uniquely implied a role of planning. We attempted to avoid some of the alternative explanations by forcing subjects to utter single sentences ranging in length from 5 to 82 syllables (mean of 27), after inspiring fully and then expiring down to a set level before uttering the sentence. For all 3 subjects, there was a significant positive relationship between utterance length and inspiration duration, regardless of whether inspiration was measured physiologically or acoustically. The 2 subjects with the higher correlations in the articulatory measures also expended air more quickly during the shorter sentences than longer ones, while the other subject had no correlation with exhalation rate. Complexity of the sentence, calculated as the number of clauses in the sentence, did not affect inspiration duration. The individual differences need further investigation, but there is a positive correlation between the duration of the sentence to be said and the inspiration before it when the speaker is required to read sentences while using only one breath.
Silent Mandibular Oscillations in Vocal Babbling
Authors: Meier Richard P. , McGarvin Lynn , Zakia Renée A.E. , Willerman Raquel 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Early babbling has been characterized as being fundamentally a mandibular oscillation: the infant’s repeated lowering and raising of its mandible yields a perceived contrast between consonants produced in a closed vocal tract configuration and vowels produced with an open tract. We wondered whether babblers produce rhythmic mandibular oscillations without phonation and, if so, whether there might be a relationship between such ‘jaw wags’ and early speech. We report two studies: the first is a longitudinal, observational study of 14 infants, some of whom were hearing and some Deaf. Seven infants (3 hearing, 3 Deaf, and 1 hearing-impaired) produced numerous speech-like, rhythmic jaw wags without phonation; sometimes jaw wags formed a single utterance with phonated babbling. Most jaw wags reported here were produced when these infants were ages 8–13 months. The second study, a survey of 90 parents of 4- to 10-month-old hearing infants, suggests that silent babbles may be a widespread phenomenon of early speech development.
Production Constraints on Utterance-Final Consonant Characteristics in Babbling
Authors: Redford Melissa A. , MacNeilage Peter F. , Davis Barbara L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In order to evaluate hypotheses regarding production constraints on final consonants in babbling, 721 utterance-final consonants produced by 6 infants in consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) syllables were examined and compared with the preceding consonant in the CVC. Consistent with earlier studies, major patterns were observed for each of the three main consonantal properties – place and manner of articulation and voicing. These patterns included a strong tendency for final consonants to repeat the place of articulation of nonfinal consonants and a tendency for relatively more fricative, nasal and voiceless consonants to occur in final position than in nonfinal position. The high frequency with which final consonants shared place of articulation with the preceding consonant was considered to reflect ‘frame dominance’ or the tendency of a relatively constant mandibular cycle (the frame) to determine the structure of utterances with very little contribution from other active articulators. The manner and voicing effects were attributed to an overall terminal energy decrease in the vocal production system.
Open Access Series of Imaging Studies: Longitudinal MRI Data in Nondemented and Demented Older Adults
Authors: Marcus Daniel S. , Fotenos Anthony F. , Csernansky John G. , Morris John C. , Buckner Randy L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The Open Access Series of Imaging Studies is a series of neuroimaging data sets that are publicly available for study and analysis. The present MRI data set consists of a longitudinal collection of 150 subjects aged 60 to 96 years all acquired on the same scanner using identical sequences. Each subject was scanned on two or more visits, separated by at least 1 year for a total of 373 imaging sessions. Subjects were characterized using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) as either nondemented or with very mild to mild Alzheimer's disease. Seventy-two of the subjects were characterized as nondemented throughout the study. Sixty-four of the included subjects were characterized as demented at the time of their initial visits and remained so for subsequent scans, including 51 individuals with CDR 0.5 similar level of impairment to individuals elsewhere considered to have “mild cognitive impairment.” Another 14 subjects were characterized as nondemented at the time of their initial visit (CDR 0) and were subsequently characterized as demented at a later visit (CDR &gt; 0). The subjects were all right-handed and include both men (n = 62) and women (n = 88). For each scanning session, three or four individual T1-weighted MRI scans were obtained. Multiple within-session acquisitions provide extremely high contrast to noise, making the data amenable to a wide range of analytic approaches including automated computational analysis. Automated calculation of whole-brain volume is presented to demonstrate use of the data for measuring differences associated with normal aging and Alzheimer's disease.
Droplet Growth in Warm Water Clouds Observed by the A-Train. Part I: Sensitivity Analysis of the MODIS-Derived Cloud Droplet Sizes
Authors: Nakajima Takashi Y. , Suzuki Kentaroh , Stephens Graeme L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study examines the sensitivity of the retrieved cloud droplet radii (CDR) to the vertical inhomogeneity of droplet radii, including the existence of a drizzle mode in clouds. The focus of this study is warm water-phase clouds. Radiative transfer simulations of three near-infrared Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) channels centered on wavelengths of 1.6, 2.1, and 3.7 μm reveal that the retrieved CDR are strongly influenced by the vertical inhomogeneity of droplet size including (i) the existence of small cloud droplets at the cloud top and (ii) the existence of the drizzle mode. The influence of smaller droplets at cloud top affects the 3.7-μm channel most, whereas the presence of drizzle influences radiances of both the 2.1- and 1.6-μm channels more than the 3.7-μm channel. Differences in the CDR obtained from MODIS 1.6-, 2.1-, and 3.7-μm channels that appear in global analysis of MODIS retrievals and the CDR derived from data collected during the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment (FIRE) intensive observation period in 1987 can be explained by the results obtained from the sensitivity experiments of this study.
Using CASA IP1 to Diagnose Kinematic and Microphysical Interactions in a Convective Storm
Authors: Dolan Brenda , Rutledge Steven A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Data from the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) Integrated Project I (IP1) network of polarimetric X-band radars are used to observe a convective storm. A fuzzy logic hydrometeor identification algorithm is employed to study microphysical processes. Dual-Doppler techniques are used to analyze the 3D wind field. The scanning strategy, sensitivity, and low-level scanning focus of the radars are investigated for influencing bulk hydrometeor identification and dual-Doppler wind retrievals. Comparisons are made with the nearby S-band polarimetric Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) prototype radar (KOUN), for consistency. Lightning data are used as an independent indicator of storm evolution for comparison with radar observations.
A new methodology for retrieving the vertical wind utilizing upward and variational integration techniques is employed and shown to illustrate trends in mean wind, with particularly good results at low levels. IP1 observations of a case on 10 June 2007 show the development of the updraft, subsequent graupel echo volume evolution, and a descending downdraft preceded by significant graupel in the midlevels, with updraft and graupel volumes leading the onset of lightning. Many of these trends are corroborated by KOUN. The high temporal resolution of three minutes and near-ground sampling provided by IP1 is integral to resolving up- and downdrafts, as well as hydrometeor evolution. IP1 coverage of the upper levels is diminished compared to KOUN, impacting the quality of the dual-Doppler derived vertical winds and ice echo volumes, although the low-level coverage helps to mitigate some errors. However, IP1 coverage of the low- to midlevels is demonstrated to be comparable or better than coverage by KOUN for this storm location.