bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of neurocognitive endophenotypes in drug‐naïve obsessive–compulsive disorder patients, their first‐degree relatives and healthy controls
Authors: Rajender G. , Bhatia M. S. , Kanwal K. , Malhotra S. , Singh T. B. , Chaudhary D. 
Published: June 2011

Rajender G, Bhatia MS, Kanwal K, Malhotra S, Singh TB, Chaudhary D. Study of neurocognitive endophenotypes in drug‐naïve obsessive–compulsive disorder patients, their first‐degree relatives and healthy controls.Objective:  Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating heritable neuropsychiatric condition. Attempts to delineate genetic contributions in OCD have met with limited success, with an ongoing search for neurocognitive endophenotypes. In this study, an attempt has been made to study and compare the neurocognitive functioning of patients with OCD, their first‐degree relatives (FDRs) and healthy controls.Method:  A cross‐sectional design study was carried out with thirty dyads of patients with OCD, their FDRs and thirty matched healthy controls and screened using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Verbal Adult Intelligence Scale, Yale Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, International Personality Disorder Examination (Anankastic personality scale).Tests of National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Neuropsychological Battery were used to assess domains of attention, verbal memory, visual memory, set‐shifting, response inhibition, planning and visuoconstructive abilities. spss version 14.0 was used for descriptive and analytical data analysis.Results:  There were no statistically significant differences between patients with OCD and their FDRs on neurocognitive domains of delayed verbal recall, set‐shifting, response inhibition and visuoconstructive abilities (P > 0.05) which were impaired compared with healthy controls. Significant differences (P < 0.05) on domains of attention, planning time and visual memory were noted between FDRs and patients.Conclusion:  The present study supports set‐shifting and inhibitory control and proposes visuoconstructive abilities and delayed verbal recall as potential endophenotypes for OCD.
What causes type 1 diabetes? Lessons from animal models
Authors: BUSCHARD KARSTEN 
Published: June 2011

Buschard K. What causes type 1 diabetes? Lessons from animal models. APMIS 2011; 119 (Suppl. 132): 1–19To study type 1 diabetes (T1D), excellent animal models exist, both spontaneously diabetic and virus‐induced. Based on knowledge from these, this review focuses on the environmental factors leading to T1D, concentrated into four areas which are: (1) The thymus‐dependent immune system: T1D is a T cell driven disease and the beta cells are destroyed in an inflammatory insulitis process. Autoimmunity is breakdown of self‐tolerance and the balance between regulator T cells and aggressive effector T cells is disturbed. Inhibition of the T cells (by e.g. anti‐CD3 antibody or cyclosporine) will stop the T1D process, even if initiated by virus. Theoretically, the risk from immunotherapy elicits a higher frequency of malignancy. (2) The activity of the beta cells: Resting beta cells display less antigenicity and are less sensitive to immune destruction. Beta‐cell rest can be induced by giving insulin externally in metabolic doses or by administering potassium‐channel openers. Both procedures prevent T1D in animal models, whereas no good human data exist due to the risk of hypoglycemia. (3) NKT cells: According to the hygiene hypothesis, stimulation of NKT cells by non‐pathogen microbes gives rise to less T cell reaction and less autoimmunity. Glycolipids presented by CD1 molecules are central in this stimulation. (4) Importance of the intestine and gliadin intake: Gluten‐free diet dramatically inhibits T1D in animal models, and epidemiological data are supportive of such an effect in humans. The mechanisms include less subclinical intestinal inflammation and permeability, and changed composition of bacterial flora, which can also be obtained by intake of probiotics. Gluten‐free diet is difficult to implement, and short‐term intake has no effect. Regarding the onset of the T1D disease process, slow‐acting enterovirus and gliadin deposits are speculated to be etiological in genetically susceptible individuals, followed by the mentioned four pathogenetic factors acting in concert. Neutralization of any one of these factors is capable of stopping T1D development, as lessons are learned from the animal models.
Riparian coverage affects diets of characids in neotropical streams
Authors: Ferreira Anderson , de Paula Felipe R. , de Barros Ferraz Silvio F. , Gerhard Pedro , Kashiwaqui Elaine A. L. , Cyrino José E. P. , Martinelli Luiz A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract –  Aquatic ecosystems are influenced by the surrounding terrestrial environment. This work studied the influence of vegetation of riparian zones on the feeding patterns of two nektonic characids, Astyanax paranae and Bryconamericus iheringii, in a basin surrounded by an agricultural area. Nine streams within the Corumbataí River basin (São Paulo State, Brazil) with varying proportions of adjacent riparian forest (RF) and pastures were set apart in three arbitrary categories: Riparian Forest (>90% RF), Mixed Coverage (banks covered by 30–60% RF; MC) and Pasture (<29% RF, PA); resident characids were sampled in the dry and rainy seasons and evaluated in regard to composition of diets. Astyanax paranae fed on allochthonous food sources in RF and MC, and on autochthonous food sources on PA streams; B. iheringii fed on autochthonous food sources in RF streams and in mixed resources (detritus and sediment) in PA streams. Selection of food source was related to, and altered by, stream channel structure and composition of substratum. Preservation and restoration of native riparian vegetation is key to preservation of resident characids in small streams of this river basin.
Identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from corn stovers
Authors: PANG Huili , ZHANG Meng , QIN Guangyong , TAN Zhongfang , LI Zongwei , WANG Yanping , CAI Yimin 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTOne hundred and twenty‐six strains were isolated from corn stover in Henan Province, China, of which 105 isolates were considered to be lactic acid bacteria (LAB) according to Gram‐positive, catalase‐negative and mainly metabolic lactic acid product. Analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence of 21 representative strains was used to confirm the presence of the predominant groups and to determine the phylogenetic affiliation of isolates. The sequences from the various LAB isolates showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank type strains between 99.4% and 100%. The prevalent LAB, predominantly Lactobacillus (85.6%), consisted of L. plantarum (33.3%), L. pentosus (28.6%) and L. brevis (23.7%). Other LAB species as Leuconostoc lactis (4.8%), Weissella cibaria (4.8%) and Enterococcus mundtii (4.8%) also presented in corn stover. The present study is the first to fully document corn stover‐associated LAB involved in the silage fermentation. The identification results revealed LAB composition inhabiting corn stover and enabling the future design of appropriate inoculants aimed at improving the fermentation quality of silage.
Review article: Prophylactic metoclopramide for patients receiving intravenous morphine in the emergency setting: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Simpson Paul M , Bendall Jason C , Middleton Paul M 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials, comparing metoclopramide with placebo, for preventing vomiting in patients who have received i.v. morphine for acute pain in the emergency setting, and to determine the level of evidence supporting the use of prophylactic metoclopramide in this population. Comprehensive systematic electronic searches were conducted of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials addressing the clinical question. Reference lists of identified articles were hand‐searched. Methodologically appropriate clinical trials identified in the search process were included in a meta‐analysis to provide a pooled estimate of effect. Three randomized controlled trials fulfilled the search criteria. All three studies were included in the final meta‐analysis that demonstrated an overall result of no difference between metoclopramide and placebo for the primary outcome of vomiting (odds ratios 0.72; 95% confidence intervals 0.11–4.58). There was little evidence that routine prophylactic administration of metoclopramide following the administration of i.v. morphine for acute pain management in the emergency setting is clinically beneficial. Routine metoclopramide administration might expose patients to a risk of harm, which is not justifiable given a lack of evidence of benefit.
Emergency medicine and futile care: Taking the road less travelled
Authors: O'Connor Alan E , Winch Sarah , Lukin William , Parker Malcolm 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDebate around medical futility has produced a vast literature that continues to grow. Largely absent from the broader literature is the role of emergency medicine in either starting measures that prove to be futile, withholding treatment or starting the end of life communication process with patients and families. In this discussion we review the status of the futility debate in general, identify some of the perceived barriers in managing futile care in the ED including the ethical and legal issues, and establish the contribution of emergency medicine in this important debate. We conclude that emergency physicians have the clinical ability and the legal and moral standing to resist providing futile treatment. In these situations they can take a different path that focuses on comfort care thereby initiating the process of the much sought after ‘good death’.
EFFECT OF INCREASED FRUIT AND FAT CONTENT IN AN ACIDIFIED MILK PRODUCT ON PREFERENCE, LIKING AND WANTING IN CHILDREN
Authors: KILDEGAARD H. , LØKKE M.M. , THYBO A.K. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTNew strategies for changing children's liking in a more healthy direction are needed. Modulating food products by masking techniques have shown to convert dislikes into likes. In this study, children's (n = 204, 9–14 years) perception of sourness, preferences, liking and wanting for acidified milk products (AMP) with variation in fat (0.5% versus 3.5%) and fruit content (5–20%) were investigated. Multiple ranking and PARAllel FACtor analysis were used to evaluate ranking and rating data, respectively. The results show that high‐fat AMP is preferred at low fruit content, whereas fat content has no influence on liking at high fruit contents. Children like and want AMPs with 15–20% fruit more than AMPs with 5–10% fruit. Segments of children rank and rate the AMPs significantly different. Finally, a high correlation between liking and wanting is observed.These results give the food industry an option to produce new healthy food products to children without loss in children's liking.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFrom a health perspective, the effects of increasing fruit content in acidified milk product on children's hedonic perceptions are very important. There is a serious need for shaping children's dietary habits in a more healthy direction to decrease the negative development in childhood obesity. These results provide knowledge about some of the main factors driving children's food choice in both the eating and the purchase situations. Knowledge about children's drivers toward healthy foods provides important information in product development of high fruit products. Moreover, the results are useful for researchers, producers, manufacturers and health professionals as a first step to design public health policies and consumer education strategies. The various methodologies presented in the paper can also be implemented in the study of children's liking and wanting for other foods.
A PRELIMINARY TRIAL EXPLORING PERFUME PREFERENCES IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS
Authors: FREYBERG ROBIN , AHREN MARIE‐PAULE 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTDespite the growing interest in the psychological influence of fragrance, researchers have not fully examined the role of fragrance in adolescence. Fragrances often become incorporated in daily routines and social interactions for the first time during this period of enormous physiological and psychosocial change. The current study served as a preliminary trial to explore preferred fragrances in the social world of adolescent girls. Twenty‐seven adolescents wore their favorite perfume or an alternative fragrance on two separate days during two different weeks. We found that participants rated the alternative fragrance as less pleasant than their favorite fragrance. The alternative fragrance did not directly affect social behavior. Instead, reduced perceived pleasantness of the alternative fragrance compared with the favorite fragrance was associated with reduced reported social enjoyment in questionnaires and with reduced use of words indicating intimacy in narratives. Associative models and implications for future studies are considered.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFragrances surround our daily experiences and may affect our perception of the environment through effects on social behavior. Social behavior acquires a particularly important resonance during adolescent development, yet to date, it is unclear what role the olfactory environment, including the perception of fragrances, may play in adolescent experience. Given that adolescence is a time of enormous change biologically, cognitively and socially, fragrance use may interact with such developments. The current study served as a preliminary trial to explore how disrupting the olfactory environment would be associated with changes in questionnaires and narratives examining social behavior in adolescent girls. Our findings suggest that researchers should consider the integration of fragrance in adolescents' social experiences.
The feasibility and effectiveness of emergency department based hypertension screening: A systematic review
Authors: Scott Roger L. , Cummings Garnet E. , Newburn‐Cook Christine 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPurpose: Hypertension is a highly prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and its early identification and management results in reductions in morbidity and mortality. Our objectives were to: (1) determine the extent to which the emergency department (ED) has been used to screen patients for undiagnosed hypertension; (2) estimate the incidence of undiagnosed hypertension in the ED population; (3) identify and describe the programs for ED hypertension screening; and (4) determine the feasibility of ED‐based hypertension screening programs and the requirements for further study.Data sources: An online search of databases (i.e., OVID Search, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science), unpublished sources (i.e., ProQuest Dissertation & Theses and Papers First), and grey literature (i.e., OpenSIGLE and the New York Academy of Grey Literature) was conducted. A manual search of the reference lists of relevant studies was also completed.Conclusion: Hypertension screening in the ED is feasible. Individuals with elevated blood pressure (BP) in the ED should be referred for follow‐up. Further study is needed to develop an ED screening tool that is predictive of persistently elevated BP in undiagnosed individuals.Implications for practice: Nurse practitioners in the ED should identify patients with elevated BP, provide hypertension education, and ensure appropriate intervention and referral.
Application of large‐scale integrated vertical‐flow constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park: design, operation and performance
Authors: Xie Xiao‐Long , He Feng , Xu Dong , Dong Jin‐Kai , Cheng Shui‐Ping , Wu Zhen‐Bin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper deals with the design, purification performance and public questionnaire of the integrated vertical‐flow constructed wetland (IVCW) system built in Beijing Olympic Forest Park (BOFP). This IVCW system of 45 000 m2 has been operated to treat reclaimed wastewater and circulated lake water from Aohai lake. The first 6‐month monitoring results in 2008 indicated that IVCW showed a statistically significant removal of TP and OP from reclaimed water and the removal of BOD5 from circulated lake water from Aohai lake. The questionnaire of Willingness To Pay (WTP) by visitors to the BOFP showed that 98.1% of the respondents were in favour of the construction of the wetland and approved the performance of IVCW. More importantly, during the periods of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games, the IVCW system helped to provide amenable surroundings for sight‐seeing athletes and audiences, as well as tourists. The IVCW also helped to embody the concept of ‘Harmony Between Human and Nature’, a theme of the Olympics Games. Using IVCW for treating the reclaimed wastewater as recharge provides an innovative, affordable and practical way for northern China to treat municipal wastewaters.
Association of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels in Adult New Zealanders with Ethnicity, Skin Color and Self‐Reported Skin Sensitivity to Sun Exposure
Authors: Nessvi Sofia , Johansson Lisa , Jopson Jan , Stewart Alistair , Reeder Anthony , McKenzie Richard , Scragg Robert K. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThe study aim was to determine the contribution of ethnicity, objectively measured skin color and skin reaction‐to‐sun exposure to variations in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. A multiethnic sample (European, Maori, Pacific and Asian) of 503 adult volunteers aged 18–85 years, recruited from Auckland and Dunedin in New Zealand, answered a questionnaire on sun exposure and self‐defined ethnicity. Skin color was measured using a spectrophotometer and the Individual Typology Angle (ITA) calculated. A blood sample was collected 4 weeks later to measure 25(OH)D3. 25(OH)D3 was associated with ethnicity, but not self‐reported skin reaction‐to‐sun exposure. Amongst the ethnic groups, Asians had the lowest mean 25(OH)D level (37.0 nmol L−1) and Europeans with lighter colored skin had the highest (57.9 nmol L−1). An association also was seen between 25(OH)D3 and skin color, with an increase of 2–3 nmol L−1 per 10° increase in ITA value, indicating higher 25(OH)D3 with lighter skin color; but much of this association disappeared after adjusting for ethnicity. In contrast, ethnicity remained associated with 25(OH)D3 after adjusting for ITA skin color and skin reaction‐to‐sun exposure. These results indicate that self‐defined ethnicity was a major determinant of variations in serum 25(OH)D3, while objective measures of skin color explained relatively little additional variation.
Stabilization of Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation using the ‘Surgilig’ Technique
Authors: Carlos Adrian J. , Richards Andrew M. , Corbett Steven A. 
Published: June 2011

Background Disruption of the coracoclavicular ligaments may be associated with dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint, resulting in pain and functional disability. The Surgilig (Surgicraft Ltd, Redditch, UK) is a synthetic ligament used to reconstruct the ligaments, thereby stabilizing the joint. Methods Between 2004 and 2009, 50 patients with acromioclavicular joint dislocation were reconstructed using the Surgilig system. Five patients were lost to follow-up; hence, 45 patients underwent review. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically at an average of 26.9 months (range 6 months to 60 months) postoperatively using the Oxford, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Simple Shoulder scoring systems. Results The mean Oxford score was 45.31 (SD 4.52, range 35 to 48), the mean UCLA score was 31.38 (SD 5.07, range 11 to 35) and the mean Simple Shoulder score was 10.92 (SD 1.7, range 6 to 12). Ninety-one percent of patients were completely satisfied with the procedure and outcome. Few complications were encountered, with no recorded infections. However, one patient underwent early revision for persistent instability. Six patients had the screw removed at a later stage as a result of local skin irritation. Removal of the screw did not result in recurrent instability. Discussion The present study is the largest reported mid-term results using the Surgilig technique, and appears to be successful for treating both acute and chronic injuries, with high patient satisfaction and excellent functional results.
Drill Holes for Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction Increase Coracoid Fracture Risk
Authors: Kummer Frederick J. , Thut David C. , Pahk Brian , Hergan David J. , Jazrawi Laith M. , Meislin Robert J. 
Published: June 2011

Background Several recent techniques for acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction use coracoid drill holes that may increase coracoid fracture risk. We investigated how the size and location of drill holes in the coracoid increase the risk of fracture. Methods An initial pilot study used Sawbones® scapula models (Pacific Research Labs, Vashon, WA, USA) with coracoids at four sites having either 4-mm or 6-mm drills and loaded to failure. Then, six matched pairs of cadaveric coracoids were drilled with 6-mm holes at the true coracoid base or just lateral to the coracoclavicular ligament attachment and also loaded to failure. Results In the Sawbones® models, 6-mm holes weakened the coracoids more than 4-mm holes (35% versus 13%). In the cadavers, 6-mm drill holes drilled at the true coracoid base were approximately 60% stronger ( p < 0.01) than the coracoids with 6-mm holes drilled lateral to the coracoclavular ligaments. Discussion The risk of coracoid fracture appears to be decreased with smaller drill holes and with holes placed at the coracoid base. We recommend using drill guides that target the base of the coracoid. Correct placement of drill holes for ligament reconstruction is important to prevent subsequent coracoid fracture.
Effects of constant rate infusion of lidocaine and ketamine, with or without morphine, on isoflurane MAC in horses
Authors: VILLALBA M. , SANTIAGO I. , DE SEGURA I. A. GOMEZ 
Published: June 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:Lidocaine and ketamine are administered to horses as a constant rate infusion (CRI) during inhalation anaesthesia to reduce anaesthetic requirements. Morphine decreases the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in some domestic animals; when administered as a CRI in horses, morphine does not promote haemodynamic and ventilatory changes and exerts a positive effect on recovery. Isoflurane‐sparing effect of lidocaine, ketamine and morphine coadministration has been evaluated in small animals but not in horses.Objectives:To determine the reduction in isoflurane MAC produced by a CRI of lidocaine and ketamine, with or without morphine.Hypothesis:Addition of morphine to a lidocaine‐ketamine infusion reduces isoflurane requirement and morphine does not impair the anaesthetic recovery of horses.Methods:Six healthy adult horses were anaesthetised 3 times with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg bwt i.v.), ketamine (3 mg/kg bwt i.v.) and isoflurane and received a CRI of lidocaine‐ketamine (LK), morphine‐lidocaine‐ketamine (MLK) or saline (CTL). The loading doses of morphine and lidocaine were 0.15 mg/kg bwt i.v and 2 mg/kg bwt i.v. followed by a CRI at 0.1 mg/kg bwt/h and 3 mg/kg bwt/h, respectively. Ketamine was given as a CRI at 3 mg/kg bwt/h. Changes in MAC characterised the anaesthetic‐sparing effect of the drug infusions under study and quality of recovery was assessed using a scoring system.Results:Mean isoflurane MAC (mean ± s.d.) in the CTL, LK and MLK groups was 1.25 ± 0.14%, 0.64 ± 0.20% and 0.59 ± 0.14%, respectively, with MAC reduction in the LK and MLK groups being 49 and 53% (P<0.001), respectively. No significant differences were observed between groups in recovery from anaesthesia.Conclusions and clinical relevance:Administration of lidocaine and ketamine via CRI decreases isoflurane requirements. Coadministration of morphine does not provide further reduction in anaesthetic requirements and does not impair recovery.