bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Ocean Surface Wave Simulation Using a Coupled Atmosphere–Wave Model
Authors: Fan Yalin , Lin Shian-Jiann , Held Isaac M. , Yu Zhitao , Tolman Hendrik L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study describes a 29-yr (1981–2009) global ocean surface gravity wave simulation generated by a coupled atmosphere–wave model using NOAA/GFDL’s High-Resolution Atmosphere Model (HiRAM) and the WAVEWATCH III surface wave model developed and used operationally at NOAA/NCEP. Extensive evaluation of monthly mean significant wave height (SWH) against in situ buoys, satellite altimeter measurements, and the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) show very good agreements in terms of magnitude, spatial distribution, and scatter. The comparisons with satellite altimeter measurements indicate that the SWH low bias in ERA-40 reanalysis has been improved in these model simulations. The model fields show a strong response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the North Atlantic and the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) in the Pacific Ocean that are well connected with the atmospheric responses. For the NAO in winter, the strongest subpolar wave responses are found near the northern Europe coast and the coast of Labrador rather than in the central-northern Atlantic where the wind response is strongest. Similarly, for the SOI in the Pacific Ocean, the wave responses are strongest in the northern Bering Sea and the Antarctic coast.
Diagnostic Pressure Equation as a Weak Constraint in a Storm-Scale Three-Dimensional Variational Radar Data Assimilation System
Authors: Ge Guoqing , Gao Jidong , Xue Ming 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A diagnostic pressure equation is incorporated into a storm-scale three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system in the form of a weak constraint in addition to a mass continuity equation constraint (MCEC). The goal of this diagnostic pressure equation constraint (DPEC) is to couple different model variables to help build a more dynamic consistent analysis, and therefore improve the data assimilation results and subsequent forecasts. Observational System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) are first performed to examine the impact of the pressure equation constraint on storm-scale radar data assimilation using an idealized tornadic thunderstorm simulation. The impact of MCEC is also investigated relative to that of DPEC. It is shown that DPEC can improve the data assimilation results slightly after a given period of data assimilation. Including both DPEC and MCEC yields the best data assimilation results. Sensitivity tests show that MCEC is not very sensitive to the choice of its weighting coefficients in the cost function, while DPEC is more sensitive and its weight should be carefully chosen. The updated 3DVAR system with DPEC is further applied to the 5 May 2007 Greensburg, Kansas, tornadic supercell storm case assimilating real radar data. It is shown that the use of DPEC can speed up the spinup of precipitation during the intermittent data assimilation process and also improve the follow-on forecast in terms of the general evolution of storm cells and mesocyclone rotation near the time of observed tornado.
Potential Economic Value of Seasonal Hurricane Forecasts
Authors: Emanuel Kerry , Fondriest Fabian , Kossin James 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper explores the potential utility of seasonal Atlantic hurricane forecasts to a hypothetical property insurance firm whose insured properties are broadly distributed along the U.S. Gulf and East Coasts. Using a recently developed hurricane synthesizer driven by large-scale meteorological variables derived from global reanalysis datasets, 1000 artificial 100-yr time series are generated containing both active and inactive hurricane seasons. The hurricanes thus produced damage to the property insurer’s portfolio of insured property, according to an aggregate wind-damage function. The potential value of seasonal hurricane forecasts is assessed by comparing the overall probability density of the company’s profits from a control experiment, in which the insurer purchases the same reinsurance coverage each year, to various test strategies in which the amount of risk retained by the primary insurer, and the corresponding premium paid to the reinsurer, varies according to whether the season is active or quiet, holding the risk of ruin constant.
Under the highly idealized conditions of this experiment, there is a clear advantage to the hypothetical property insurance firm of using seasonal hurricane forecasts to adjust the amount of reinsurance it purchases each year. Under a strategy that optimizes the company’s profits by holding the risk of ruin constant, the probability distribution of profit clearly separates from that of the control strategy after less than 10 yr when the seasonal forecasts are perfect. But when a more realistic seasonal forecast skill is assumed, the potential value of forecasts becomes significant only after more than a decade.
The Western Surgical Concern Inventory–Thyroid
Authors: Brandt Michael G. , Franklin Jason H. , Osborn Heather A. , Fung Kevin , Yoo John , Doyle Philip C. 
Published: April 2012

ObjectivePatients considering surgery face many uncertainties and concerns. This investigation sought to develop an objective assessment tool for characterizing the areas of greatest concern among those considering thyroidectomy.Study DesignProspective cohort design.SettingTertiary‐care otolaryngology practice.SubjectsParticipants included individuals presenting with a thyroid nodule found to be of intermediate risk (15%‐20%) of cancer based on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and amendable to hemithyroidectomy.MethodsAs part of validating a clinical measure concerning perioperative concerns, patients presenting with thyroid nodules amendable to hemithyroidectomy were voluntarily recruited. Thirty individuals (6 men, 24 women) completed a novel 18‐item questionnaire during their initial clinical visit and again 3 days later. Outcome measures included descriptive statistics and test‐retest reliability.ResultsIndividual patients have both general and specific preoperative concerns. A wide range of responses was obtained across the entire spectrum of the survey. The questionnaire demonstrated fair‐to‐excellent test‐retest reliability, with correlation values from 0.467 to 0.954. Between‐rater reliability was consistent with intraclass correlation coefficient values of 0.52 to 0.86. No relationship between question order and patient response was identified. Women were found to be more concerned about scar appearance (P =. 028), and men were conversely more concerned about resuming daily activities (P =. 026).ConclusionsPatients considering thyroidectomy have concerns that remain stable in the early preoperative period. This is the first study to evaluate preoperative patient concerns and preliminarily establishes the Western Surgical Concern Inventory–Thyroid as a means of ensuring adequate patient counseling and a method of evaluating preoperative patient education.
Interpretation of Pressure Tests in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Without Type Curve Matching
Authors: Engler Thomas W. , Tiab Djebbar 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A new, alternative method, referred to as "direct synthesis", is proposed for interpretation of pressure tests in naturally fractured reservoirs.
Direct synthesis utilizes the characteristic intersection points and slopes of various straight lines from a log-log plot of pressure and pressure derivative data. Values of these points are linked directly to the exact, analytical solutions to obtain reservoir or well parameters. The direct synthesis method offers the following advantages: (1) accurate results from using the analytical equations to calculate reservoir parameters, (2) independent verification is frequently possible from a third unique point, and (3) useful information is obtained when not all flow regimes are observed, as a direct result of the additional characteristic values developed by the method.
Application of this technique is presented for single-well pressure tests in an infinite-acting naturally fractured reservoir with pseudosteady state interporosity flow, including the effects of wellbore storage and skin. New analytical and empirical expressions were developed as a result of this work. These expressions are an integral part of the technique, providing the desired accuracy and versatility.
Several field examples are given to clarify the technique and also illustrate the accuracy of the method. When possible, a comparative analysis with other methods is included.
Psychosocial coping resources and health among Germans and Poles
Authors: Schrőder Harry , Reschke Konrad , Gärtner Angelika , Kaczmarek Łukasz , Sęk Helena , Ziarko Michał , Pasikowski Tomasz 
Published: April 2012

Psychosocial coping resources and health among Germans and Poles
Culture has a substantial impact on mechanism of coping with stress and related health outcomes. We proposed a model emphasizing the mediating role of coping resources and competences in the relationship between controllability of demands in professional/educational life and health in the cross-cultural context. The model is based on the transactional model of stress. 595 participants from East Germany, West Germany and Poland completed: Sense of Coherence Scale SOC-9, Self-Esteem Scale, Social Support Scale, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Proactive Coping Inventory, Scale of Demands in Professional Life, Brief Stress Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale and Mental Health Questionnaire. The results have shown the general cross-cultural validity of the proposed mediational model but also indicated some cultural differences in the determinants of health. Germans had higher self-esteem and social support. Poles had higher self-efficacy and used proactive coping strategies more often. Self-esteem was the strongest predictor of mental health in both nations. We discussed the results within a broad interpretive framework of social transitions.
Identity, self-sufficiency and disability in the context of educational and vocational activity
Authors: Piotrowski Konrad , Brzezińska Anna 
Published: April 2012

Identity, self-sufficiency and disability in the context of educational and vocational activityThis study focused on relations between identity and sense of self-sufficiency. These relations were analysed in the context of educational and vocational activity. 204 persons without disabilities and 230 persons with different kinds of disability participated in the study. Participants were divided into three groups: (1) 18-24-year-olds - students, (2) 25-30-year-olds - unemployed and (3) 25-30-year-olds - employed. The results revealed that unemployed people have significant problems with identity formation. This group obtained the highest scores on ruminative exploration and the lowest scores on the scales of commitment making and identification with commitment. Self-sufficiency proved to be a moderator of the relations between educational/vocational activity on the one hand and exploration in breadth and exploration in depth on the other hand. In students, level of exploration was high in individuals with a high sense of self-sufficiency whereas in the unemployed strong exploration was observed in the group with low sense of self-sufficiency. The need to conduct studies where participants are recruited from populations which seldom attract researchers' interest, such as the unemployed and people of low social status, is also noted.
Significant Alloy Elements in Welded Steel Structures of Car Body
Authors: Węgrzyn T. , Wieszała R. 
Published: April 2012

Significant Alloy Elements in Welded Steel Structures of Car Body
Structure, safety and exploitation conditions of welding steel in car body depend on many factors. The main role of that conditions is connected with car body material, welding technology, state of stress and temperature. Because of that, a good selection of steel and welding method is very important for proper steel structure. Low alloy steel is used for car body structure, very often with small amount of carbon and the amount of alloy elements such as Ni, Mn, Mo, Cr and V in car body and welded joints. Depending on the kind of steel which is used, a proper welding method and adequate filler materials should be applied. The present paper describes the influence of Mn, Ni, Mo, Cr, V in WMD (Weld Metal Deposit) on the behaviour of steel structure especially for low temperature service.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulation of Liquid-Liquid Mixing in Mixer Settler
Authors: Shabani M. , Mazahery A. 
Published: April 2012

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulation of Liquid-Liquid Mixing in Mixer Settler
Mixer-settlers are widely used inmetallurgical, mineral and chemical process. One of the greatest challenges in the area of hydrometallurgy process simulation is agitation made by impeller inside mixer-settler which yet presents one of the most common operations. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to predict the effect of different physical parameters including temperature and density on the mixing characteristics of the system. It is noted that non-isotropic nature of flow in a mixer-settler, the complex geometry of rotating impellers and the large disparity in geometric scales present are some of the factors which contribute to the simulation difficulty. The experimental data for different velocity outlet was also used in order to validate the model.
Some Aspects of Continuous Casting of Low Carbon Microalloyed Steels with Niobium and Titanium
Authors: Derda W. , Wiedermann J. 
Published: April 2012

Some Aspects of Continuous Casting of Low Carbon Microalloyed Steels with Niobium and TitaniumAn analysis of the causes of transverse corner and surface crack formation during continuous casting of low carbon niobium and titanium-containing steel into square billets is presented in this paper. Using X - ray analysis method, the chemical composition of non- metallic phases inside corner cracks was determined. The temperature ranges of the occurrence of nitrides and carbonitrides of Nb, Ti and Al were established using FactSage 6.2., a commercial computer program. The need for the precise selection of cooling conditions during casting of billets both in the mould and in spray cooling regions was pointed out with the aim of obtaining the optimum surface, and particularly corner temperature of the billet before its entrance to the straightening stand.
A study of saline incursion across an inter‐tidal zone on Anglesey, Wales using airborne conductivity data
Authors: Beamish David 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis study considers fixed‐wing airborne electromagnetic data obtained by a recent high‐resolution airborne geophysical survey across the island of Anglesey, Wales. The survey detected an extensive (~10 km in length) highly conductive, near‐surface zone across low‐lying marsh and salt‐marsh areas. Four‐frequency electromagnetic survey data enable a continuous assessment of subsurface conductivity variations across the inter‐tidal zone and onshore into Holocene sediments and bedrock. Inshore seawater conductivities exceed 2000 mS/m but reduce across sandbank areas to a range of values, typically exceeding 500 mS/m. Saline incursion onshore is observed largely at lower values and at a range of scales extending to over 10 km. Within defined salt‐marsh areas, a main front of near‐surface incursion can be mapped and extends several hundred metres inshore. The main body of subsurface saltwater incursion is largely confined to a trough containing Holocene deposits above Upper Carboniferous (coal) measures that were historically mined. The main conductive zone becomes more compact, both vertically and laterally, with increasing distance inland. Modelling of the data indicates that, onshore, the major concentrations of dissolved solids are confined to the upper 30 m within undulating subsurface zones. Historical tidal salt loading of the Holocene sediments may account for the main features detected within this low‐lying and fault‐bounded area now protected by tidal gates.
SIRPα/CD172a and FHOD1 Are Unique Markers of Littoral Cells, a Recently Evolved Major Cell Population of Red Pulp of Human Spleen
Authors: Ogembo Javier Gordon , Milner Danny A. , Mansfield Keith G. , Rodig Scott J. , Murphy George F. , Kutok Jeffery L. , Pinkus Geraldine S. , Fingeroth Joyce D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Asplenic individuals are compromised not only in their ability to destroy infectious agents, but are at increased risk for death from autoimmune disease, certain tumors, and ischemic heart disease. Enhanced mortality is attributed to lack of phagocytes sequestered in spleen that efficiently engulf and destroy appropriate targets, although related cells are found elsewhere. To determine whether a unique population regulates RBC-pathogen clearance and filtration of altered self, we reviewed the anatomic literature and analyzed in situ by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence the expression patterns of a little-characterized cell that dominates the splenic red pulp of humans and closely related primates: the venous sinus-lining or littoral cell (LC). High expression of the formin homology domain protein 1 outlines the LC population. Although LCs are endothelial-like in distribution, they express several macrophage-directed proteins, the RBC Duffy Ag receptor for chemokines and T cell coreceptor CD8α/α, yet they lack lineage-associated markers CD34 and CD45. Strikingly, SIRPα (CD172a) expression in human spleen concentrates on LCs, consistent with recent demonstration of a key role in RBC turnover and elimination versus release of infected or altered self. Our results indicate human LCs (SIRPα+, formin homology domain protein 1+, CD8α/α+, CD34−, CD45−) comprise a highly plastic barrier cell population that emerged late in primate evolution coordinate with CD8 expression. Unique to Hominidae, LCs may be the ultimate determinant of which cells recirculate after passage through human spleen.
Morbilidad relacionada al legrado uterino instrumental en la enfermedad trofoblastica gestacional
Authors: Editorial Comité , Valladares Néstor Fabián , Moreno Fátima 
Published: April 2012

Palebras claves: legrado uterino instrumental; enfermedad trofoblastica gestacionalDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rmpm.v13i3.626 Revista de los Postgrados de Medicina UNAH Vol. 13 N° 3 Agosto-Octubre 2010
Prevalencia de Síndrome metabólico en pacientes con psoriasis, mayores de 40 años.
Authors: Editorial Comité , Mendoza Johanna Melissa , López Elmer , Romera María Guadalupe 
Published: April 2012

Palabras clave: Síndrome metabólíco; psoriasisDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rmpm.v13i3.629 Revista de los Postgrados de Medicina UNAH Vol. 13 N° 3 Agosto-Octubre 2010
Contemporary Architecture of Iran
Authors: Diba Darab 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNotions of identity, culture, tradition and history are key to understanding the contemporary architecture of Iran. Darab Diba explains how the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979 broke with an approach that for almost two centuries had directly equated modernity with Western influence. A revival of interest in Iran's own ‘Iran‐ness’ initially manifested itself in a retrospective interest in historic styles, but has more recently shifted into a sophisticated appreciation of the essence of the country's heritage.
Rapid Degradation of Azo Dye by Fe‐Based Metallic Glass Powder
Authors: Wang Jun‐Qiang , Liu Yan‐Hui , Chen Ming‐Wei , Xie Guo‐Qiang , Louzguine‐Luzgin Dmitri V. , Inoue Akihisa , Perepezko John H. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe outstanding efficiency of Fe‐based metallic glass powders in degrading organic water contaminants is reported. While the glassy alloy contains 24% chemically inactive metalloid elements, the powders are capable to completely decompose the C32H20N6Na4O14S4 azo dye in aqueous solution in short time, about 200 times faster than the conventional Fe powders. The metastable thermodynamic nature and the particle surface topography are the major factors controlling the chemical performance of the metallic glass. Our findings may open a new opportunity for functional applications of metallic glasses.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle‐based H2O2 Responsive Controlled‐Release System Used for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment
Authors: Geng Jie , Li Meng , Wu Li , Chen Cuie , Qu Xiaogang 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMetal ions play important roles in amyloid aggregation and neurotoxicity. Metal‐ion chelation therapy has been used in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. However, clinical trial studies have shown that long‐term use of metal chelator can cause adverse side effect, subacute myelo‐optic neuropathy. Nanoparticle engineering processes have become promising approaches for efficiently drugs delivery. A series of modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) using redox, pH, competitive binding, light, and enzyme as actuators have been demonstrated. Recently, significant advances in sensing oxidative stress have been made by taking advantage of specific chemistry between cellular oxidants such as H2O2. Here we report a biocompatible delivery platform by using H2O2 responsive controlled‐release system to realize target delivery of AD therapeutic metal chelator. The advantage of this novel strategy is that metal chelator can only be released by the increased levels of H2O2, thus, it would not interfere with the healthy metal homeostasis and can overcome strong side effect of metal chelator after long‐term use. By taking advantage of the good biocompatibility, cellular uptake properties, and efficient intracellular release of metal chelators, the delivery system is promising for future in vivo controlled‐release biomedical applications.
Scanning Probe Study on the Piezotronic Effect in ZnO Nanomaterials and Nanodevices
Authors: Zhang Yue , Yan Xiaoqin , Yang Ya , Huang Yunhua , Liao Qingliang , Qi Junjie 
Published: April 2012

AbstractZnO nanomaterials with their unique semiconducting and piezoelectric coupled properties have become promising materials for applications in piezotronic devices including nanogenerators, piezoelectric field effect transistors, and diodes. This article will mainly introduce the research progress on piezotronic properties of ZnO nanomaterials investigated by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and ZnO‐based prototype piezotronic nanodevices built in virtue of SPM, including piezoelectric field effect transistors, piezoelectric diodes, and strain sensors. Additionally, nanodamage and nanofailure of ZnO materials and their relevant piezotronic nanodevices will be critically discussed in their safe service in future nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) engineering.
An Unusal Case of Facile Non‐Degenerate PC Bond Making and Breaking
Authors: Nesterov Vitaly , Özbolat‐Schön Aysel , Schnakenburg Gregor , Shi Lili , Cangönül Asli , van Gastel Maurice , Neese Frank , Streubel Rainer 
Published: April 2012

AbstractOxidation of Li/X phosphinidenoid complex 2, obtained via selective deprotonation from the P‐H precursor 1, with [Ph3C]BF4 led to the formation of two P‐F substituted diorganophosphane complexes 6,7; the latter tautomer 7 formed via H‐shift from 6. In contrast, oxidation of 2 with [(p‐Tol)3C]BF4 led to three major and one minor intermediates at low temperature, which we tentatively assign to two pairs of P‐C atropisomers 10a,a′ and 10c,c′ and which differ by the relative orientations of their CH(SiMe3)2 and W(CO)5 groups. Conversion of all isomers led finally to complex 11 having a ligand with a long PC bond to the central trityl* carbon atom, firmly established by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/def2‐TZVPP//BP86/def2‐TZVP level of theory on real molecular entities revealed the structures of the in situ formed combined singlet diradicals (4+5 and 5+9) and the nature of intermediates on the way to the final product, complex 11. Remarkable is that all isomers of 11 possess relative energies in the narrow energy regime of about 20 kcal mol−1. A preliminary study revealed that complex 11 undergoes selective PC bond cleavage at 75 °C in toluene solution.