bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer‐assisted design/computer‐assisted manufacturing zirconia implant fixed complete prostheses: clinical results and technical complications up to 4 years of function
Authors: Papaspyridakos Panos , Lal Kunal 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo report the clinical results and technical complications with computer‐assisted design/computer‐assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) zirconia, implant fixed complete dental prostheses (IFCDPs) after 2–4 years in function.Materials and methodsFourteen consecutive edentulous patients (16 edentulous arches) were included in this study. Ten of the patients were women and four were men, with an average age of 58 years (range: 35–71). Ten mandibular and six maxillary arches were restored with porcelain fused to zirconia (PFZ) IFCDPs. Of the 16 arches, 14 received one‐piece and 2 received segmented two‐piece IFCDPs, respectively. The mean clinical follow‐up period was 3 years (range: 2–4). At the last recall appointment, biological and technical parameters of dental implant treatment were evaluated.ResultsThe implant and prosthesis survival rate following prosthesis insertion was 100% up to 4‐year follow‐up. The prostheses in 11 of the 16 restored arches were structurally sound, exhibited favorable soft tissue response, esthetics, and patient satisfaction. Five IFCDPs (31.25%) in four patients exhibited porcelain veneer chipping. Chipping was minor in three prostheses (three patients) and was addressed intraorally with polishing (one prosthesis) or composite resin (two prostheses). One patient with maxillary and mandibular zirconia IFCDP exhibited major porcelain chipping fractures which had to be repaired in the laboratory. Function, esthetics, and patient satisfaction were not affected in three of the four fracture incidents. Median crestal bone loss was 0.1 mm (0.01–0.2 mm). The presence of parafunctional activity, the IFCDP as opposing dentition, and the absence of occlusal night guard were associated with all the incidents of ceramic chipping.ConclusionCAD/CAM zirconia IFCDPs are viable prosthetic treatment after 2–4 years in function, but not without complications. The porcelain chipping/fracture was the most frequent technical complication, with a 31.25% chipping rate at the prosthesis level. Despite the technical complications, increased patient satisfaction was noted.
Private dentists assess treatment required as more extensive, demanding and costly, than public sector dentists
Authors: Tuominen Risto , Eriksson Anna‐Leena , Vahlberg Tero 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe aim was to evaluate whether contracted private practitioners assess required treatment more extensive, demanding and economically more rewarding than mainly salaried public sector dentists and to estimate the cost consequences of using these alternative providers.MethodsAll dental services included in comprehensive treatments funded by the city of Turku and provided to adult patients during the year 2009 were recorded. Patients were distributed randomly without any determination of treatment needs before appointing them to different dentists. Treatment courses for 7432 patients in public clinics included 63 906 procedures and for 2932 patients assigned to treatment by contracted private practitioners included 21 194 procedures. Public sector dentists were mainly salaried with production incentives, and private practitioners worked purely on a fee‐for‐service basis. The cost estimates were based on the distributions of competence classifications recorded by the providers, which also formed the basis for reimbursement.ResultsFor each studied treatment category with more than one competence classification, private contractors were less likely than their public sector counterparts to give an assessment of simple or less demanding: 8% versus 29% of examinations, 46% versus 69% of periodontal treatments, 63% versus 85% of extractions, 31% versus 46% of fillings, 18% versus 35% of root canals. The excess cost to society varied from 7.0% for root canal treatments to 21.3% for extractions, causing on average 14.4% higher cost level from use of private practitioners compared with public sector dentists.ConclusionsPrivate practitioners systematically classified the treatment procedures they provided as more demanding, and therefore more economically rewarding, than their public sector counterparts. The findings indicate that the costs of publicly funded dental care may be increased by the use of private dental contractors.
Wegener’s granulomatosis of the major salivary glands
Authors: Barrett A. W. 
Published: March 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 721–727Wegener’s granulomatosis is one of the anti‐cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA)‐associated vasculitides. Although it typically affects the lungs and kidneys, the head and neck are also involved in most cases but the site usually affected is the upper airway. However, there are 35 cases with well‐documented clinicopathological data in which Wegener’s granulomatosis manifested in the major salivary glands, most commonly the parotid. Twenty‐four patients presented with salivary signs and symptoms, in eight of whom there was no other presenting manifestation. These signs and symptoms may mimic infection or neoplasia and laboratory investigations, including ANCA serology and histopathology, may be non‐specific; thus, in 21 of the 35 patients (60%) there was a delay in diagnosis. Amongst the 21 were 11 of the 14 (78.6%) patients who presented with unilateral parotid disease and three of the five who died. Three other patients suffered permanent pulmonary, two renal and five facial nerve damage. This article reviews the literature on major salivary gland involvement in Wegener’s granulomatosis, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of major salivary gland disease particularly if commoner causes have been excluded. A detailed medical history, and persistently inconclusive laboratory tests, could provide the clues that enable prompt diagnosis.
A COMPARISON OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY, AND FILM‐SCREEN RADIOGRAPHY FOR THE DETECTION OF CANINE PULMONARY NODULES
Authors: Alexander Kate , Joly Hugo , Blond Laurent , D'Anjou Marc‐André , Nadeau Marie‐Ève , Olive Julien , Beauchamp Guy 
Published: March 2012

Computed tomography (CT) has become more widely available and computed radiography (CR) has replaced film‐screen radiography for canine thoracic imaging in many veterinary practices. There are limited data comparing these modalities in a veterinary clinical setting to detect pulmonary nodules. We compared CT, CR, and film‐screen radiography for detecting the presence, number, and characteristics of pulmonary nodules in dogs. Observer performance for a variety of experience levels was also evaluated. Twenty‐one client‐owned dogs with a primary neoplastic process underwent CT and CR; nine also received film‐screen radiographs. Positive/negative classification by consensus agreed between the three modalities in 8/9 dogs and between CR and CT in the remaining 12. CT detected the greatest (P = 0.002) total number of nodules and no difference was seen between CR and films. The greatest number of nodules was seen in the right middle and both caudal regions, but only using CT (P < 0.0001). Significantly smaller nodules were detected with CT (P = 0.0007) and no difference in minimum size was detected between CR and films. Observer accuracy was high for all modalities; particularly for CT (90.5–100%) and for the senior radiologist (90.5–100%). CT was also characterized by the least interobserver variability. Although CT, CR, and film‐screen performed similarly in determining the presence or absence of pulmonary nodules, a greater number of smaller nodules was detected with CT, and CT was associated with greater diagnostic confidence and observer accuracy and agreement.
Family Care of Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: Analysis of Finnish Policies and Practices
Authors: Miettinen Sonja 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPrevious research on family care has been criticized for taking the dependence of care recipients for granted. Furthermore, it has been argued that exploring the ways in which this dependence is socially created can benefit care recipients and carers alike. The author explores the ways in which current policies maintain the high prevalence of family care among adults with intellectual disabilities in Finland. A companion study analyzing the Finnish service system for people with intellectual disabilities explored its effects on the practice of family care through interviews of parents of adult children with disabilities. While the provision of community‐based housing services has increased in the course of the deinstitutionalization process, it has not been provided adequate funding due to the political pressure to curb the cost of social welfare. Parents respond to these policies using two main strategies: family care and normalization. These strategies draw on different conceptions of parental responsibilities and persons with intellectual disabilities. Government cost containment policies maintain the practice of family care of adults with intellectual disabilities in direct and indirect ways. They restrict access to community‐based housing services and by compromising quality, feed the view that the needs of adult children with intellectual disabilities are best met by their parents at home. These policies have implications for they raise concerns among persons with intellectual disabilities and their parents since they both restrict the possibilities of adult children to move away from home and compel parents to adopt long‐term care responsibilities, often at great personal cost.
NGC 3801 caught in the act: a post-merger star-forming early-type galaxy with AGN—jet feedback
Authors: Hota Ananda , Rey Soo-Chang , Kang Yongbeom , Kim Suk , Matsushita Satoki , Chung Jiwon 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In the current models of galaxy formation and evolution, AGN feedback is crucial to reproduce galaxy luminosity function, colour—magnitude relation and M•–σ relation. However, whether AGN feedback can indeed expel and heat up significant amount of cool molecular gas and consequently quench star formation is yet to be demonstrated observationally. Only in four cases so far (Cen A, NGC 3801, NGC 6764 and Mrk 6), X-ray observations have found evidences of jet-driven shocks heating the ISM. We chose the least explored galaxy NGC 3801, and present the first ultraviolet imaging and stellar population analysis of this galaxy from GALEX data. We find this merger-remnant early-type galaxy to have an intriguing spiral wisp of young star-forming regions (age ranging from 100 to 500 Myr). Taking clues from dust/PAH, H i and CO emission images, we interpret NGC 3801 to have a kinematically decoupled core or an extremely warped gas disc. From the HST data, we also show evidence of ionized gas outflow similar to that observed in H i and molecular gas (CO) data, which may have caused the decline of star formation leading to the red optical colour of the galaxy. However, from these panchromatic data, we interpret that the expanding shock shells from the young (∼2.4 Myr) radio jets are yet to reach the outer gaseous regions of the galaxy. It seems we observe this galaxy at a rare stage of its evolutionary sequence where post-merger star formation has already declined and new powerful jet feedback is about to affect the gaseous star-forming outer disc within the next 10 Myr, to further transform it into a red-and-dead early-type galaxy.
Using Kepler transit observations to measure stellar spot belt migration rates
Authors: Llama J. , Jardine M. , Mackay D. H. , Fares R. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Planetary transits provide a unique opportunity to investigate the surface distributions of star spots. Our aim is to determine if, with continuous observation (such as the data that will be provided by the Kepler mission), we can in addition measure the rate of drift of the spot belts. We begin by simulating magnetic cycles suitable for the Sun and more active stars, incorporating both flux emergence and surface transport. This provides the radial magnetic field distribution on the stellar surface as a function of time. We then model the transit of a planet whose orbital axis is misaligned with the stellar rotation axis. Such a planet could occult spots at a range of latitudes. This allows us to complete the forward modelling of the shape of the transit light curve. We then attempt the inverse problem of recovering spot locations from the transit alone. From this we determine if transit light curves can be used to measure spot belt locations as a function of time. We find that for low-activity stars such as the Sun, the 3.5-year Kepler window is insufficient to determine this drift rate. For more active stars, it may be difficult to distinguish subtle differences in the nature of flux emergence, such as the degree of overlap of the ‘butterfly wings’. The rate and direction of drift of the spot belts can however be determined for these stars. This would provide a critical test of dynamo theory.
Primary care veterinary usage of systemic glucocorticoids in cats and dogs in three UK practices
Authors: O'Neill D. , Hendricks A. , Summers J. , Brodbelt D. 
Published: March 2012

Objectives: To describe systemic glucocorticoid usage in cats and dogs by three primary care ‐veterinary practices in England and to ascertain risk factors for clinical use. To evaluate consistency of prescribing patterns across clinics. To validate a merged database of primary veterinary clinical data as a functional tool for clinical epidemiological research.Methods: A merged database was established from clinical data on 31,273 cat and dog consultations with pharmacotherapy from three veterinary practices in England. Descriptive statistics described systemic glucocorticoid drug use in cats and dogs while mixed‐effects logistic regression modelling evaluated risk factors. Individual clinic usage was compared.Results: Overall, 1877 (16·68%) cat consultations and 2913 (14·55%) dog consultations resulted in systemic glucocorticoid therapy. Cats received higher parenteral (P<0·0001) and oral (P<0·0001) dose levels than dogs. Pathophysiological indication, age, skin condition, sex and clinic attended were significant risk factors for glucocorticoid prescription. Clinics varied widely in their odds of systemic glucocorticoid usage (P<0·0001).Clinical Significance: An evidence base for systemic glucocorticoid prescribing by primary care small animal practices in England is provided. Clinic attended was a significant risk factor, indicating wide variation in prescribing patterns between clinics. A merged primary care veterinary clinical database was effective for epidemiological research.
Causes of anaemia other than acute blood loss and their clinical significance in dogs
Authors: Chervier C. , Cadoré J. L. , Rodriguez‐Piñeiro M. I. , Deputte B. L. , Chabanne L. 
Published: March 2012

Objectives: To identify the causes of anaemia, other than acute blood loss, in dogs and to determine whether severity of anaemia provides clues to the diagnosis.Methods: The veterinary medical database of the Veterinary Campus Hospital, Lyon was searched. Dogs with anaemia (packed cell volume <37%) were included and assigned to different disease groups. Dogs with acute blood loss were excluded. The case records were examined for weakness at presentation, the severity and regeneration of anaemia and the final diagnosis including tumour type if applicable.Results: The case records of 456 dogs with low packed cell volume were included. Cancer‐related anaemia and anaemia of inflammatory disease accounted for 33·1 and 28·5% of cases, respectively. Most dogs with cancer‐related anaemia had solid tumours (73%). The prevalence of immune‐mediated anaemia increased with severity of anaemia (5·3, 15·5, 41·2 and 56·2% for mild, moderate, severe and very severe anaemia, respectively), whereas the prevalence of anaemia of inflammatory disease decreased (36·7, 22·5, 2·9 and 0% for mild, moderate, severe and very severe anaemia, respectively).ClinicalSignificance: Anaemia of inflammatory disease and cancer‐related anaemia were the most frequently identified causes of anaemia in dogs. The percentage of dogs with immune‐mediated anaemia increased with anaemia severity, whereas the percentage of dogs with anaemia of inflammatory disease decreased with anaemia severity. Thus, severity of anaemia may provide clues to the diagnosis.
Role of Solvation Dynamics in Excited State Proton Transfer of 1‐Naphthol in Nanoscopic Water Clusters Formed in a Hydrophobic Solvent
Authors: Rakshit Surajit , Saha Ranajay , Verma Pramod Kumar , Pal Samir Kumar 
Published: March 2012

AbstractExcited state proton transfer (ESPT) in biologically relevant organic molecules in aqueous environments following photoexcitation is very crucial as the reorganization of polar solvents (solvation) in the locally excited (LE) state of the organic molecule plays an important role in the overall rate of the ESPT process. A clear evolution of the two photoinduced dynamics in a model ESPT probe 1‐naphthol (NpOH) upon ultrafast photoexcitation is the motive of the present study. Herein, the detailed kinetics of the ESPT reaction of NpOH in water clusters formed in hydrophobic solvent are investigated. Distinct values of time constants associated with proton transfer and solvent relaxation have been achieved through picosecond‐resolved fluorescence measurements. We have also used a model solvation probe Coumarin 500 (C500) to investigate the dynamics of solvation in the same environmental condition. The temperature dependent picosecond‐resolved measurement of ESPT of NpOH and the dynamics of solvation from C500 identify the magnitude of intermolecular hydrogen bonding energy in the water cluster associated with the ultrafast ESPT process.
Association Between Systemic Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin and Anemia, Relative Hypochromia, and Inflammation in Chronic Systolic Heart Failure
Authors: Shrestha Kevin , Borowski Allen G. , Troughton Richard W. , Klein Allan L. , Tang W. H. Wilson 
Published: March 2012

©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL) is upregulated systemically and by renal tubular cells in response to inflammation and ischemia. Recent interests in NGAL have focused on its ability to predict worsening renal function. However, as an iron‐regulatory glycoprotein, the relationship between systemic NGAL levels and indices of anemia has not been examined. In 130 patients with chronic systolic heart failure, the authors examined the relationship between plasma NGAL levels and indices of anemia independent of underlying renal function and systemic markers of inflammation and oxidant stress. Plasma NGAL levels were significantly elevated in patients with anemia vs without anemia (121 [interquartile range, 98–197] vs 72 [interquartile range, 57–98] ng/mL, P<.001). Plasma NGAL levels were inversely correlated with indices of anemia including red blood cell count (r=−0.38, P<.0001), hemoglobin (r=−0.41, P<.0001), and red cell distribution width (r=0.25, P=.007), even in patients with relatively preserved renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2; n=83, P<.05 for all). Higher plasma NGAL levels were associated with presence of anemia independent of estimated glomerular filtration rate, plasma high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, and myeloperoxidase levels (odds ratio, 2.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–6.20; P=.045). Hence, systemic NGAL levels are independently associated with indices of anemia.
Revised classification/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: the Vitiligo Global Issues Consensus Conference
Authors: Ezzedine K. , Lim H. W. , Suzuki T. , Katayama I. , Hamzavi I. , Lan C. C. E. , Goh B. K. , Anbar T. , Silva de Castro C. , Lee A. Y. , Parsad D. , van Geel N. , Le Poole I. C. , Oiso N. , Benzekri L. , Spritz R. , Gauthier Y. , Hann S. K. , Picardo M. , Taieb A. ,   on behalf of the Vitiligo Global Issue Consensus Conference panelists
Published: March 2012

SummaryDuring the 2011 International Pigment Cell Conference (IPCC), the Vitiligo European Taskforce (VETF) convened a consensus conference on issues of global importance for vitiligo clinical research. As suggested by an international panel of experts, the conference focused on four topics: classification and nomenclature; definition of stable disease; definition of Koebner’s phenomenon (KP); and ‘autoimmune vitiligo’. These topics were discussed in seven working groups representing different geographical regions. A consensus emerged that segmental vitiligo be classified separately from all other forms of vitiligo and that the term ‘vitiligo’ be used as an umbrella term for all non‐segmental forms of vitiligo, including ‘mixed vitiligo’ in which segmental and non‐segmental vitiligo are combined and which is considered a subgroup of vitiligo. Further, the conference recommends that disease stability be best assessed based on the stability of individual lesions rather than the overall stability of the disease as the latter is difficult to define precisely and reliably. The conference also endorsed the classification of KP for vitiligo as proposed by the VETF (history based, clinical observation based, or experimentally induced). Lastly, the conference agreed that ‘autoimmune vitiligo’ should not be used as a separate classification as published evidence indicates that the pathophysiology of all forms of vitiligo likely involves autoimmune or inflammatory mechanisms.
Hepatitis B virus directly promotes collagen I expression of LX‐2 cells without infection in vitro
Authors: Wu Xiaoning , Wang Yu , Cui Yan , Bai Qixuan , Ze Xingyu , Liu Tianhui , Cong Min , Wang Ping , Li Xinmin , Yin Gang , Ou Xiaojuan , You Hong , Jia Jidong 
Published: March 2012

Aim:  To investigate direct effects of hepatitis B virus (HBV) on collagen type I in vitro.Methods:  Collagen type I were measured after LX‐2 cell cultured with purified or serum HBV for 12, 24 and 48 h. Furthermore, evidence of HBV infection to LX‐2 were detected, and different inhibitors were used to identify pathways regulating collagen I expression.Results:  The 3 × 105 IU/mL purified/serum HBV increased collagen type I mRNA expression by 2.2‐/3.2‐ and 1.3‐/1.5‐fold at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Collagen type I protein in the supernatant of purified/serum HBV group also increased compared to the control group (408.0 ± 8.0/384.4 ± 6.8 vs 262.7 ± 15.7 ng/mL, P < 0.05). However, the 3 × 107 IU/mL purified/serum HBV increased collagen type I expression similar to that of 3 × 105 IU/mL, while 3 × 103 IU/mL group showed no effect. Human HBV immunoglobulin alleviated HBV‐induced collagen I expression, but no evidence of HBV infection was found. Neutralization of transforming growth factor beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, platelet‐derived growth factor, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and TGF‐β receptor had no obvious inhibitory effects; only inhibition of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase decreased collagen type I mRNA expression by 0.5‐/0.4‐ and 0.4‐/0.3‐fold at 24 and 48 h, respectively. It reduced collagen type I protein in the purified/serum HBV group for 48 h (252.1 ± 14.1/251.7 ± 18.8 vs 403.9 ± 4.9/385.0 ± 4.2 ng/mL, P < 0.05).Conclusion:  HBV directly promotes collagen type I expression of LX‐2 cells without infection in vitro.