bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation tillage for organic agriculture: Evolution toward hybrid systems in the western USA
Authors: Luna John M. , Mitchell Jeffrey P. , Shrestha Anil 
Published: February 2012

AbstractOrganic farming has been historically dependent on conventional tillage operations to convert perennial pasture leys to annual crop rotations, incorporate crop residues, compost and cover crops, as well as to mechanically kill existing vegetation. Conventional tillage, however, has long been known to lead to soil degradation and erosion. A recently developed no-till organic production system that uses a roller–crimper technology to mechanically kill cover crops was evaluated in two states in the western United States. In Washington, pumpkins (Cucurbitaspp.) grown in a no-till roller–crimper (NT-RC) system produced yields 80% of conventional tillage, but with fewer weeds. However, in California on-farm research trials in organic cotton (Gossypium barbadenseL.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.), eggplant (Solanum melongenaL.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp.), the no-till system produced virtual crop failure, or yields less than 20% of the standard production method. The major problems associated with rolled cover crops in California included reduced crop seedling emergence, planter impediment with excessive residue, lack of moisture and delay in transplanting of vegetable crops due to continued growth of cover crops, in-season crop competition from cover crop regrowth and impracticability of using cultivators. Further, excessive dry residue during summer in California can present the risk of fire. In both California and Oregon, considerable success has been demonstrated with zone tillage (strip tillage) in conventionally produced field and vegetable crops. In a replicated Oregon trial, the organic strip tillage treatment produced 85% of the broccoli (Brassica oleraceaL.) yield compared to a conventional tillage treatment. Our studies suggest that the zone tillage concept may offer opportunities to overcome many of the agronomic challenges facing no-till.
Short‐term forecasting through intermittent assimilation of data from Taiwan and mainland China coastal radars for Typhoon Meranti (2010) at landfall
Authors: Zhao Kun , Li Xinfeng , Xue Ming , Jou Ben Jong‐Dao , Lee Wen‐Chau 
Published: February 2012

Radial velocity (Vr) and reflectivity (Z) data from eight coastal operational radars of mainland China and Taiwan are assimilated for the first time using the ARPS 3DVAR and cloud analysis package for Pacific Typhoon Meranti of 2010. It is shown that the vortex‐scale circulations of Meranti can be adequately established after only 2 hourly assimilation cycles while additional cycles provide more details for subvortex‐scale structures. Subsequent 12 h forecasts of typhoon structure, intensity, track, and precipitation are greatly improved over the one without radar data assimilation. Vr data lead to a larger improvement to the intensity and track forecasts than Z data, while additional Z data further improve the precipitation forecast. Overall, assimilating both Vr and Z data from multiple radars gives the best forecasts. In that case, three local rainfall maxima related to typhoon circulations and their interactions with the complex terrain in the southeast China coastal region are also captured. Assimilating radar data at a lower 3 or 6 hourly frequency leads to a weaker typhoon with larger track forecast errors compared to hourly frequency. An attempt to assimilate additional best track minimum sea level pressure data is also made; it results in more accurate surface pressure analyses, but the benefit is mostly lost within the first hour of forecast. Assimilating data from a single Doppler radar with a good coverage of the typhoon inner core region is also quite effective, but it takes one more cycle to establish circulation analyses of similar quality. The forecasts using multiple radars are still the best.
Dam Removal and Implications for Fish Health: Ceratomyxa shasta in the Williamson River, Oregon, USA
Authors: Hurst Charlene N. , Holt Richard A. , Bartholomew Jerri L. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The removal of dams on a river is one potential tool for the ecological restoration of native salmonid fishes. However, the removal of barriers also introduces risks, such as the introduction of fish pathogens into previously isolated populations. The proposed removal of four dams on the Klamath River, Oregon–California, provides an opportunity for examining the disease risks associated with dam removal. A salmonid pathogen endemic to the region, Ceratomyxa shasta, is responsible for high mortality in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and coho salmon O. kisutch below the dams. Above the dams, parasite densities are lower and not implicated in salmonid mortality, except in the Williamson River tributary, where high parasite densities raise concerns over the restoration of anadromous fish that are likely to take advantage of spawning habitat in that river. In the current study, baseline information on parasite density, distribution, and genotype composition in the Williamson River was gathered to determine how salmonid reintroduction might be affected by parasite dynamics. Assay of water samples highlighted two areas of high parasite density: between the mouth of the Williamson River and the confluence of the Sprague River tributary, and above the Spring Creek confluence. Despite these high parasite densities, mortality did not occur in sentinel coho or Chinook salmon. Genetic analyses of parasites from water samples and infected fish demonstrated that C. shasta genotype II was dominant and was associated with stocked nonnative rainbow trout O. mykiss. The absence of pathogenicity of this parasite genotype for Chinook and coho salmon suggests that reintroduction plans will not initially be adversely affected by the high parasite densities in the Williamson River. However, following dam removal, returning adult salmon will transport parasite genotypes present below the dams upstream. These genotypes are likely to become established and may reach densities that could affect juvenile Chinook and coho salmon.
Received December 21, 2010; accepted August 17, 2011
Habitat for Age-0 Shovelnose Sturgeon and Pallid Sturgeon in a Large River: Interactions among Abiotic Factors, Food, and Energy Intake
Authors: Sechler Dawn R. , Phelps Quinton E. , Tripp Sara J. , Garvey James E. , Herzog David P. , Ostendorf David E. , Ridings Joseph W. , Crites Jason W. , Hrabik Robert A. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The main stems of large rivers throughout the world have been highly modified with little consideration for effects on fishes that rely on these areas to complete their life histories. Particularly important is the ability of riverine habitats to provide foraging opportunities for young fish. We explored how temperature, flow, and food availability influenced diet content, prey selection (Strauss's linear selectivity index), and energy condition of age-0 shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus and pallid sturgeon S. albus in major habitat areas (e.g., islands, channel borders, wing dikes, and side channels) of the middle Mississippi River during spring (March–May) and summer (June–August) 2008. Standardized diet mass (dry mass standardized for fish body mass) of the age-0 sturgeon peaked at about 19°C and at a flow velocity of 0.5 m/s. Although potential prey taxa were diverse, the diets for age-0 sturgeon of all sizes were dominated by mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and midge larvae (Chironomidae) across all habitats. As age-0 sturgeon grew, the relative energy return per habitat appeared to diverge; island tips upstream of the main channel and channel border areas behind wing dikes provided higher gains in standardized diet mass than other habitats. No differences in energy condition (kJ/g) occurred among habitats, although large (51–200 mm total length [TL]) age-0 sturgeon had higher energy densities than their small (≤50 mm TL) counterparts. Enhancement of areas with flow and substrates that facilitate the production and availability of midges and mayflies (e.g., instream island complexes) is critical for the recruitment of age-0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon in large rivers.
Received August 2, 2011; accepted October 6, 2011
Hookah Use Among U.S. College Students: Results From the National College Health Assessment II
Authors: Jarrett Traci , Blosnich John , Tworek Cindy , Horn Kimberly 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Introduction:
Tobacco use is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Hookah use is a growing tobacco trend among young adults; yet little is known about how young adult college student hookah smokers differ from nonsmokers or cigarette smokers.

Methods:
Results from 18- to 24-year-old participants in the Fall 2008–Spring 2009 National College Health Assessment II (N = 82,155) were used in multinomial logistic regression models to compare nonsmokers, cigarette-only smokers, hookah-only smokers, and dual (cigarette and hookah) users.

Results:
Ten percent of the sample reported hookah use in the last 30 days. Compared with nonsmokers, cigarette, hookah, and dual users were more likely to be younger, male, White, and use other substances (including alcohol). Compared with nonsmokers, hookah and dual users were more likely to be members of fraternities/sororities (odds ratio [OR] = 1.17 and 1.14, respectively), live in the West (OR = 1.49 and 1.31, respectively), and attend larger institutions. Compared with cigarette-only smokers, hookah and dual users were more likely to be younger, male, live on campus, live in the West, attend large institutions, and were less likely to attend public institutions. Compared with cigarette-only smokers, hookah-only users were more likely to be non-White and less likely to use marijuana or other drugs.

Conclusions:
Hookah-only and dual users are demographically different than cigarette-only or nonsmoking college students. Interventions for tobacco use on college campuses should address the demographic differences among tobacco users (including polysubstance use) and attempt to recruit students as entering freshman to provide education and prevent hookah use uptake.
Golovinomyces biocellatus on Oregano (Origanum vulgare ‘Compactum’) in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Bertetti D. , Martini P. , Repetto L. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: February 2012

Origanum vulgare L., common name oregano, also known as pot marjoram, Lamiaceae family, is grown for its aromatic and medicinal properties and as an ornamental. In particular, O. vulgare ‘Compactum’ is becoming popular as a potted plant. During January 2011, 3-month-old plants grown on a commercial farm located near Albenga (northern Italy) showed signs and symptoms of an unknown powdery mildew. Ninety percent of the plants were affected. The adaxial leaf surfaces were covered with white mycelia and conidia, while the abaxial surfaces were less infected. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow, wilted, and eventually fell off. Mycelia were also observed on stems. Conidia were hyaline, elliptical, borne single or in short chains (three to four conidia per chain), and measured 37.9 × 19.6 (31.2 to 45.1 × 14.9 to 26.2) μm. Conidiophores were erect with a cylindrical foot cell measuring 81.1 × 9.7 (54.2 to 112.4 × 7.9 to 11.6) μm followed by two to three shorter cells measuring 26.8 × 11.8 (16.6 to 38.1 × 8.5 to 15.3) μm. Fibrosin bodies were absent. Chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1F/ITS4 and sequenced (3) (GenBank Accession No. JN594608). The 560-bp amplicon had 99% homology with the sequence of Golovinomyces biocellatus (GenBank Accession No. AB307675). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by spraying a conidial suspension (6 × 104 CFU/ml) prepared from diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy O. vulgare ‘Compactum’ plants. Four plants were inoculated while the same number of noninoculated plants served as a control. Plants were maintained in a glasshouse at temperatures ranging from 23 to 28°C. Ten days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. The fungus observed on inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. G. biocellatus on O. vulgare has been reported in Switzerland (2) and Argentina (4) and it is present on other plant genera in Italy. In Italy, on the same host, attacks of Erysiphe galeopsis have been previously reported (1). The economic importance of this disease is currently limited due to limited planting of this species. However, in the last years, potted aromatic plants represent a steady increasing crop in Italy. Voucher specimens are available at the Agroinnova Collection, University of Torino. References: (1) K. Amano. Host Range and Geographical Distribution of the Powdery Mildew Fungi. Japan Science Society Press, Tokyo, 1986. (2) A. Bolay. Cryptog. Helv. 20:1, 2005. (3) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990. (4) S. M. Wolcan. J. Plant Patho. 91:501, 2009.
Type III Secretion and Effectors Shape the Survival and Growth Pattern of Pseudomonas syringae on Leaf Surfaces
Authors: Lee Jiyoung , Teitzel Gail M. , Munkvold Kathy , del Pozo Olga , Martin Gregory B. , Michelmore Richard W. , Greenberg Jean T. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae B728a (PsyB728a) uses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into plant cells, a process that modulates the susceptibility of different plants to infection. Analysis of GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN-expressing PsyB728a after spray inoculation without additives under moderate relative humidity conditions permitted (1) a detailed analysis of this strain’s survival and growth pattern on host (Nicotiana benthamiana) and nonhost (tomato [Solanum lycopersicum]) leaf surfaces, (2) an assessment of the role of plant defenses in affecting PsyB728a leaf surface (epiphytic) growth, and (3) the contribution of the T3SS and specific effectors to PsyB728a epiphytic survival and growth. On host leaf surfaces, PsyB728a cells initially persist without growing, and show an increased population only after 48 h, unless plants are pretreated with the defense-inducing chemical benzothiazole. During the persistence period, some PsyB728a cells induce a T3SS reporter, whereas a T3SS-deficient mutant shows reduced survival. By 72 h, rare invasion by PsyB728a to the mesophyll region of host leaves occurs, but endophytic and epiphytic bacterial growths are not correlated. The effectors HopZ3 and HopAA1 delay the onset of epiphytic growth of PsyB728a on N. benthamiana, whereas they promote epiphytic survival/growth on tomato. These effectors localize to distinct sites in plant cells and likely have different mechanisms of action. HopZ3 may enzymatically modify host targets, as it requires residues important for the catalytic activity of other proteins in its family of proteases. Thus, the T3SS, HopAA1, HopZ3, and plant defenses strongly influence epiphytic survival and/or growth of PsyB728a.
Forkhead box transcription factor, forkhead box A1, shows negative association with lymph node status in endometrial cancer, and represses cell proliferation and migration of endometrial cancer cells
Authors: Abe Yayoi , Ijichi Nobuhiro , Ikeda Kazuhiro , Kayano Hidekazu , Horie‐Inoue Kuniko , Takeda Satoru , Inoue Satoshi 
Published: February 2012

Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract and is associated with poor prognosis. It is primarily a hormone‐dependent cancer that is regulated by steroid hormones, including estrogen and progesterone. Forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) is a member of the forkhead box transcription factor family and functions as a pioneer factor in estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive breast cancer. In the present study, we investigated the expression of FOXA1 in endometrial cancers by immunohistochemical analysis. Nuclear immunoreactivity for FOXA1 was detected in 40 of 109 cases (37%), and was found to be negatively associated with lymph node status (P = 0.033). In ER‐positive Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells, small interfering RNA‐mediated downregulation of FOXA1 promoted cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, exogenously introduced FOXA1 suppressed both proliferation and migration of Ishikawa cells. These results suggest that FOXA1 functions as a tumor suppressor through modulation of proliferation and migration of endometrial cancer cells. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 806–812)
Review article: the extra‐skeletal effects of vitamin D in chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: Cholongitas E. , Theocharidou E. , Goulis J. , Tsochatzis E. , Akriviadis E. , Burroughs A. K. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryBackgroundRecent interest has focused on the extra‐skeletal effects of vitamin D, in particular, in patients with chronic hepatitis C.AimsTo review data in the literature regarding the extra‐skeletal effects of vitamin D in patients with chronic hepatitis C, with and without liver transplantation.MethodsA Medline search was performed for relevant studies up to August 2011 using the terms ‘vitamin D’ ‘chronic liver disease’ and ‘hepatitis C’.ResultsVitamin D deficiency is very frequent before liver transplantation ranging between 51% and 92%, whereas, in the liver transplantation setting, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is also high. Severe liver disease may increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency and vice versa, as there may be a relationship between vitamin D deficiency and fibrosis. In patients with chronic hepatitis C and those with recurrent of hepatitis C after liver transplantation, recent clinical data shows that a higher serum vitamin D level is an independent predictor of sustained virological response (SVR) following anti‐viral therapy, and that a higher SVR is achieved with vitamin D supplementation.ConclusionsLarger randomised clinical studies with adequate statistical power are needed to confirm these potentially very important nonskeletal effects of vitamin D in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Functional dysbiosis within the gut microbiota of patients with constipated‐irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Chassard C. , Dapoigny M. , Scott K. P. , Crouzet L. , Del'homme C. , Marquet P. , Martin J. C. , Pickering G. , Ardid D. , Eschalier A. , Dubray C. , Flint H. J. , Bernalier‐Donadille A. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryBackgroundThe role of the gut microbiota in patho‐physiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is suggested by several studies. However, standard cultural and molecular methods used to date have not revealed specific and consistent IBS‐related groups of microbes.AimTo explore the constipated‐IBS (C‐IBS) gut microbiota using a function‐based approach.MethodsThe faecal microbiota from 14 C‐IBS women and 12 sex‐match healthy subjects were examined through a combined strictly anaerobic cultural evaluation of functional groups of microbes and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (16S rDNA gene targeting probes) to quantify main groups of bacteria. Starch fermentation by C‐IBS and healthy faecal samples was evaluated in vitro.ResultsIn C‐IBS, the numbers of lactate‐producing and lactate‐utilising bacteria and the number of H2‐consuming populations, methanogens and reductive acetogens, were at least 10‐fold lower (P < 0.05) compared with control subjects. Concomitantly, the number of lactate‐ and H2‐utilising sulphate‐reducing population was 10 to 100 fold increased in C‐IBS compared with healthy subjects. The butyrate‐producing Roseburia – E. rectale group was in lower number (0.01 < P < 0.05) in C‐IBS than in control. C‐IBS faecal microbiota produced more sulphides and H2 and less butyrate from starch fermentation than healthy ones.ConclusionsA major functional dysbiosis was observed in constipated‐irritable bowel syndrome gut microbiota, reflecting altered intestinal fermentation. Sulphate‐reducing population increased in the gut of C‐IBS and were accompanied by alterations in other microbial groups. This could be responsible for changes in the metabolic output and enhancement in toxic sulphide production which could in turn influence gut physiology and contribute to IBS pathogenesis.
Burkitt lymphoma in UGANDA, the legacy of Denis Burkitt and an update on the disease status
Authors: Walusansa Victoria , Okuku Fred , Orem Jackson 
Published: February 2012

SummaryBurkitt lymphoma (BL) was first described in Uganda in 1958 as a sarcoma of the jaw but later confirmed to be a distinct form of Non Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). This discovery was the defining moment of cancer research in Uganda, which eventually led to the establishment of a dedicated cancer research institute, the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI) in 1967. The centre was dedicated to Denis Burkitt in recognition of his contribution to cancer research in East Africa. BL is still the commonest NHL in childhood in Uganda. Its incidence has significantly increased recently due to yet unknown factors. Although the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was considered a possible reason for the increase, there is no evidence that it has substantially impacted on the epidemiology of the disease. However, for those patients with BL who are co infected with HIV there is a clear impact of the disease on clinical presentation and outcome. HIV‐infected patients commonly present with extra facial sites and tend to have poor overall survival (median survival of 11·79 months). In summary, BL, as a disease entity in Uganda, has maintained the same clinical characteristics since its discovery, despite the emergence of HIV during the intervening period.
Cyril Clarke and the prevention of rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn
Authors: Weatherall David J. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryCyril Clarke was an outstanding general physician and lepidopterist. Late in his career, and stimulated by his work on the genetics of mimicry in butterflies, he became interested in the evolving field of medical genetics. His work on the relationship of blood groups to particular diseases led him and his team in Liverpool to evolve a remarkably successful approach to the prevention of Rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn.