bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Geology of the Vicinity of Nice
Authors: Charters  
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author, having first alluded to the geological researches of Sir H. De la Beche* in this district, noticed the more recent additions to our knowledge of the geology of Nice accruing from the observations of the Marquis L. Pareto, Prof. A. Sismonda, and Prof. A. Perez.

The views of the last-named gentleman especially, by whom the proofs of the identity of the divisions of the cretaceous series in that region with those of England have principally been obtained, were brought forward by the author in this communication.
Prof. Perez has studied the structure and succession of the rocks of this district in great detail, and accumulated a large series of fossils; but his only publication on the subject hitherto has been a summary of his observations, read before the Italian Association at Genoa in 1846. Major Charters, having seen many of the principal sites along with Prof. Perez, and conversed much with him, concurs fully in his views.

Major Charters described the topography of the district, with its three river-basins and its numerous mountains, and then noticed the geological formations in the following o r d e r :- 1. Postpliocene (
quaternaria
of the Italians); 2. Pliocene; 3. Eocene; 4. Cretaceous ; 5. Jurassic, including the Dolomite.

This memoir had special reference to the following points of interest :--The separation and definition of the nummulitic and the cretaceous rocks; the subdivision of the latter; the association of the gypsum of the Hill of Cimies with the cretaceous series ; and the intimate relation of the dolomite with the Jurassic series.
Major Charters also mentioned his visit to a volcanic district about ten miles west of Nice.
On the Structure and Affinities of the Hippuritidæ
Authors: Woodward S. P. 
Published: October 2009

It is now forty years since Mr. Parkinson, the most distinguished palæontologist of his day, read a paper before this Society, descriptive of some
Hippurites
from Sicily. The paper was printed in the second volume of the ‘Transactions’ (p. 277); the specimens are yet in the Society's Museum. Mr. Parkinson adopted the notion of Baron Picot de Lapeirouse, that
Hippurites
were chambered shells related to
Orthoceras
, and pointed out the means by which he thought they might have been capable of “raising themselves occasionally to the surface of the sea” (
loc. cit.
p. 282).

Since that time many eminent palæontologists have devoted attention to the subject; but, owing doubtless to the incompleteness of their materials, scarcely two authors have formed a similar opinion, and some of the latest-published views are more improbable than those promulgated by Mr. Parkinson.
The collection of Hippurites and allied fossils in the British Museum has been rendered so complete by the liberality of Mr. S. Peace Pratt and Sir Roderick I. Murchison, and by the assistance of Dr. Krantz of Bonn and M. Saemann of Paris, as to leave very little to be desired in the way of additional data. It is due to M. Saemann to say, that some of the most instructive specimens were procured by him with his own hands, and that he was fully aware of their scientific value.
My own observations, so far as they are new, would be scarcely intelligible if stated alone, and not of sufficient importance to
On the Correlation of the Eocene Tertiaries of England, France, and Belgium
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

If the synchronism of the Bracklesham series with that of the “Calcaire grossier” be admitted, then the independence of the London Tertiaries with respect to the former deposit will apply with equal force to the latter. For I have lately shown that the London series contains 485 species of organic remains (plants excluded), and that only eighty-eight or 18 percent, of these pass upwards into (or through) the Bracklesham series; or taking the fossils of the two series together, there are only 9·4 per cent. common to both. There are altogether 397 species peculiar to the London group, and they form—the Fishes, Reptiles, Crustaceans, and Echinodermata especially—a very characteristic fauna. The distinctiveness of age and origin shown by the fauna is fully corroborated by the physical evidence.
The large proportion of species peculiar to the three lower divisions of M. d'Archiac also shows a well-maintained distinction between these beds and the Calcaire grossier; although in this case the fauna of the Lits Coquilliers serves as an intermediate link, and tends to lessen the apparent force of that difference. Nevertheless, these lowest French divisions are evidently in closer relation with our more distant London Tertiaries than with the overlying series in the Paris area.
I conceive, therefore, that we may take the “London Tertiaries” as a good natural group, constituting an important and independent division of the Eocene period perfectly well marked by its organic remains. In this country it is equally well distinguished by structure and physical characters ; whereas
On the Gold-Fields of Ballarat, Eureka, and Creswick Creek, Victoria
Authors: Rosales M. Henrique 
Published: October 2009

D
uring
the voyage to Australia I carefully studied the Government Reports on the gold-fields; and on my arrival I was greatly disappointed to find that the same regulations were still in force, which entirely precluded the establishment of a regular gold-wash work. I had five men, miners and others, bound to me for two or three years; and all that remained for me to do was to follow the example of others, and try my luck in the gold-lottery, for success under the present system of claims is a mere chance.

We first entered the gold-field of Eureka; but finding that, from the exhaustion of the shallow works, there was only deep-sinking, we proceeded to Creswick Creek, about twelve miles north of Ballarat, where between November and March I have sunk many a hole, some of which proved blanks, others were too poor to pay.
Ballarat, Eureka, and Creswick Creek, although not one goldfield “in law,” belong to the same auriferous tract, geologically speaking.
[On a MS. sketch-map accompanying this memoir, the author has laid down the principal water-courses and ranges for several miles round Creswick Creek, and also Eureka, but not the intermediate country, on account of the distance.]
In the following description I shall confine myself to the auriferous region of the “Ranges,” for the basalt which hems it in on the east and west may be regarded only as a frame to the picture.
The general, character presented by the gold-fields is an undulating surface, with steeper
On the Geology of part of the Peel River District in Australia
Authors: Odernheimer Frederick 
Published: October 2009

N
ear
the Dividing Range of Australia, to the east and to the west, igneous rock and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks prevail, together with breccias and conglomerates, composed of both of the preceding kinds. At a greater distance from the Dividing Range, slates, shales, limestone, and grits, belonging, as it appears, to the older carboniferous system, predominate; these are much traversed by, or sometimes regularly interstratified with igneous rocks, and are overlaid at some distance from the Dividing Range by coal-bearing beds, the age of which is yet a matter of controversy.

In the Peel District, of which I shall exclusively speak in the following remarks, true granite occurs but rarely. By becoming much charged with hornblende, it passes into syenite, and this latter, assuming a fine-grained or compact structure, passes into diorite. Porphyritic rocks appear in different places, and have either a granitic base-, felspar- and hornstone-porphyry (felsit-porphyr of the Germans),—or a syenitic or dioritic base. Serpentine is also vastly developed, especially on the Crow-land, or east side of the Peel. Trap or basalt is of less frequent occurrence in the Peel District, and is partly in the form of veins, partly intruded between the strata of sedimentary rock and forming beds parallel to the strata.
In contact with the igneous rocks is a great extent of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, especially silicified slate. The silicification of the sedimentary rocks is a remarkable and very obvious fact, and will nowhere be found to greater amount than in this locality, and all along
Notes on the Geology of New South Wales
Authors: Clarke W. B. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author alludes to the regular succession downwards of—1. Coal-bearing beds; 2. Rocks with “Lower Carboniferous” or “Devonian?” fossils, and with Coal-plants and Coal; 3. Metamorphosed grits and fine conglomerates, derived from granitic and porphyritic rocks, occasionally fossiliferous, and sometimes enclosing calcareous beds. This porphyritic grit and conglomerate the author regards as being referable to Von Humboldt's
Lozero
of Mexico, which underlies the
Grès houiller
of Quanaxato. On the western flanks of the southern part of the New England County there are conglomerates, referable to the base of the Carboniferous rocks of the flanks of the Liverpool Range, which are associated with Devonian? fossils and altered grits and shales full of
Lepidodendron
. 4. The great north and south schistose formations, in which the author has found fossils which he assigns with some doubt to the Silurian epoch. The schists have been broken through, after being metamorphosed, and before the deposition of the superjacent and unconformable grits, by intrusive porphyry.

Mr. Clarke also refers to the existence of fossil fish [of which he has sent “rubbings”] in the upper rocks of Sydney. They have some resemblance to the Permian fish; and, if they be true indication of the Permian character of the beds, “ we are able to show,” says the author, “an unbroken series from the Permian rocks to the representatives of the Old Red (?).”
Notice of the Occurrence of a Tidal Phænomenon at Port Lloyd, Bonin Islands
Authors: Graves P. W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
At Port Lloyd, west side of Peel Island (one of the Arzobispo or Bonin Islands, lat. N. 27° 20′ long. E. 141° 45′, on the morning of the 23rd December, 1854, a sudden rise of tide occurred to the height of 15 feet above high-water mark. It then immediately receded, leaving the reefs entirely bare, and Ten Fathom Hole, in which our vessel was anchored, was turned into a complete whirlpool. The tide continued to rise and fall during the night at intervals of fifteen minutes, gradually lessening in force until evening, when it subsided nearly to its usual level. On the evening of the 25th, the waters were again agitated, and rose to the height of 12 feet, and so continued during the night. On the morning of the 26th the tides became regular.
The force of the reflux was such that the “What Cheer” was dragged from her anchorage, and was carried out of Ten Fathom Hole at the rate of 8 miles an hour, just clearing the rocks which lay only some fifteen feet on each side of her, and barely escaping destruction.
The houses of the residents were more or less injured, and some entirely swept away.
During the whole time of the occurrence of this phænomenon, the sky was clear, the wind light and the barometer at 29·90. There was no apparent oscillation of the earth.
The islands themselves seem to have undergone great changes in former times, being covered with detached boulders and numerous caverns, some of which are of great extent. There are also evidences of the island having been formerly at a lower level (at least to the extent of 50 feet), from the uniform ridges of coral and shells which I observed at that height. Pumice-stone also abounds, and the residents informed me that some years ago the sea was covered with the evidences of volcanic agency, which they said came in from seaward.
I was also told by the residents that these “bores” occurred at intervals of two or three years, but they have never known the tides during such pheenomena to rise over four feet.
Sulphur Island, which is an active volcano, and which lies in lat. N. 24° 48′, long. E. 14l° 13′, is supposed by some to be the cause of these disturbances.
On the Possible Extension of the Coal-Measures beneath the South-Eastern Part of England
Authors: Godwin-Austen R. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

F
rom
the valley of the Ruhr to that of the Scheldt, near Valenciennes, there extend for 170 miles from east to west a continuous series of productive coal-measures, which are placed on the north edge of a mass or ridge of older formations, the principal part of which is known as the Ardennes. From Valenciennes the coal-beds, covered up by later formations, trend to the north-west, by Douay, Bethune, and St. Omer, to Calais, beneath which last-named place the coal-measures have been met with in boring for water.

Along the Ruhr the coal-measures have a visible breadth of at least sixteen miles, and extend far away beneath the cretaceous deposits of Westphalia. From Aix-la-Chapelle to Namur they contract in width, owing to a series of folds which they have undergone from pressure between the ancient ridge and an isolated tract of palæozoic rocks in Central Belgium to the north, which the author described in detail. From Mons, westward, they expand again,—an important consideration with regard to the speculations in this paper.
The author observed that these speculations mainly rested on the correct restoration of the boundaries of land and water areas in palæozoic times; and remarked that it was not until we ascended as high as the Upper Palæozoic deposits that we met with evidences of definite hydrographical areas; and that many terrestrial surfaces of the Carboniferous period have remained such ever since.
On the Remains of
Dicynodon Tigriceps
, Owen, from South Africa
Authors: Owen  
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
this communication the author described certain vertebræ, the sacrum, the pectoral and pelvic arches, and one of the long bones of the extremities, of a large-sized
Dicynodon
, probably referable to the species
D. tigriceps
, the cranium of which Prof. Owen described in a previous paper. (See above, p. 532.)

These fossils form part of the extensive collection of Saurian remains collected and forwarded to England some years since by A. G. Bain, Esq.

From the indications afforded by the above-mentioned bones of the trunk and limbs, the author concluded that, although the
Dicynodon
was amphibious, and could doubtlessly swim well, it possessed limbs capable of active movements on land, and probably adapted to other uses.
Notice of the Earthquakes at Brussa
Authors: Sandison D. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

A
fter
a lapse of six weeks since the first great shock, with a succession of others quite harmless, and when confidence was beginning to revive, the inhabitants were panic-struck on the evening of the 11th April, at 8 o'clock, by an earthquake incomparably more terrific and destructive than the former.

By its resistless force, computed of about thirty seconds' duration, almost every stone-building left standing was overturned, or irreparably shattered; and masses of rock falling from the Citadel Cliff overwhelmed a number of houses below in the Jewish quarter, where upwards of twenty persons were killed.
The loss of life in the town is variously computed up to 400 victims, chiefly Turks, but may not exceed 150, as most of the crazy and dangerous dwellings had already been overthrown, and the inhabitants had retired for the night to some kind of lodgings of comparative safety.
On the Sandstones and Breccias of the South of Scotland of an age subsequent to the Carboniferous Period
Authors: Harkness R. 
Published: October 2009

In a memoir “on the New Red Sandstone of the Southern Portion of the Vale of the Nith,” published in vol. vi. of the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (p. 389), I have given in detail the names of the localities where sections of these strata are exposed, also their dip at the several localities, and the connexion which exists between the different deposits composing what is termed the “New red sandstone” in this neighbourhood.
In describing the area occupied by this sandstone, I have been in error in supposing that, in the locality under notice, there is a connexion between the sandstone-beds of the Vale of the Nith and those of that portion of the Vale of the Annan in which the Corncocklemuir strata occur. A more perfect examination of the Dumfriesshire sandstones induces me to believe that there are five, if not seven distinct areas occupied by these deposits; and that the beds which appear in these several districts have an intimate connexion with each other, and are, for the most part, referable to the same geological age.
On the Action of Ocean-currents in the Formation of the Strata of the Earth
Authors: Babbage C. 
Published: October 2009

In the year 1834 the author communicated to the Society a paper on the Temple of Serapis, at Puzzuoli, near Naples, in the concluding portion of which paper he suggested an explanation of the fact that certain portions of the earth's surface are subject to periodical alternations of elevation and depression, extending through vast periods of time: and the extreme slowness with which certain very fine powders of a heavy substance (emery) subside in water, suggested to the author the vast extent to which very finely divided matter suspended by the Gulf Stream might be spread over the bottom of the Atlantic,—a subject alluded to by him in 1832 in the ‘Economy of Manufactures.’
Some years afterwards, looking for better explanations of the phænomena of outliers and the folding and inversion of strata than he had hitherto met with, Mr. Babbage reverted to the consideration of sedimentary deposition. Hence the origin of the present communication.

In the first part of this paper the author traced out the laws which regulate the distribution of very finely divided earthy matter, borne outwards from river-mouths and sea-cliffs into the ocean-currents, over extensive areas. The time that a particle of matter requires to fall through a given distance in a resisting medium depends—

1st.
On the specific gravity of the particle itself.

2nd.
On its greater or less magnitude.

3rd.
On its form.

4th.
On the law of the resistance of the medium through which it falls.
On the Movement of Land in the South Sea Islands
Authors: Sawkins James Gay 
Published: October 2009

Tongataboo, one of the Friendly Islands, was visited a few months previous to my sojourn there in 1854 by an earthquake, when the north-east portion of it was tilted down to an inclination sufficient to produce an encroachment of the sea for nearly two miles inland, gradually diminishing to the south-eastern shore as far as Nukualofa, where it now washes the roots of a tree that grew within a garden adjoining a house that has been entirely destroyed. The western coast has visibly risen some feet, and a spring of water has sunk below the surface.
The island is formed of coral; there is no appearance of volcanic intrusion through it; but there have been disturbances that have elevated some parts as high as 116 feet, with a good depth of vegetable soil on them, which in the low land assumes the form of peat, emitting under the rays of the sun strong humic acid.
On the Affinities of the
Stereognathus ooliticus
(Charlesworth), a Mammal from the Oolitic Slate of Stonesfield
Authors: Owen Professor 
Published: October 2009

The Rev. J.P.B. Dennis, F.G.S., lately did me the favour to place in my hands, for examination, the portion of jaw with teeth, imbedded in the oolitic slate of Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, which he had, two years before, submitted to Mr. Charlesworth of York, by whom the fossil was introduced to the notice of the Geological Section of the British Association at the meeting at Liverpool in 1854.
The portion of bone exposed to view is about 9 lines in extent, and is part of a ramus of the lower jaw, containing three molar teeth (Pl. I. figs. 1 & 2).
On the Correlation of the Eocene Tertiaries of England, France, and Belgium
Authors: Prestwich J. 
Published: October 2009

In my paper of June 1854 I expressed an opinion that the lower members of the Sables Inférieurs of France,—the Landenian and Lower Ypresian Systems of Belgium,—and the Thanet Sands, Woolwich series, and London Clay of England, formed a natural and well-marked geological division of the Eocene Tertiaries, to which, as their development is most complete in this country, I proposed the term of the “London Tertiary Group.”
Above this group commences a new order of things; the rich fauna of the Calcaire grossier extends over the French, Belgian, and English areas, accompanied by a profuse exhibition of nummulites—a feature the more marked from the absence of these Foraminifera in the underlying London Group. For this next overlying series I have proposed the name of the “Paris Tertiary Group”.
The commencement of the Paris Group is in England represented by the unfossiliferous Lower Bagshot Sands, in Belgium by the partially fossiliferous Upper Ypresian System, and in France by the nummulite-bearing Lits coquilliers and associated sands of M. D'Archiac, or the Glauconie moyenne of M. Graves. With the evidence bearing on the synchronism of these beds I concluded my former paper, and I now propose to consider the exact correlation we should assign to the Bracklesham Sands and to the Barton Clay.
On the Volcanic Eruption at Hawaii in 1855–56
Authors: Weld F. A. 
Published: October 2009

You have done me the honour to say that any notes I could furnish concerning my visit to the Hawaiian volcanos, during the great eruption of 1855–56, would be of interest, unfortunately they can be only the reminiscences of an observer, not the researches of a scientific man; but, such as they are, I place them at your service.
I landed in the Sandwich Islands in October 1855, with the Hon. J. F. Stuart Wortley, in the island of Maui; and, hearing of the great eruption of Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawaii, we lost no time in proceeding thither by the earliest opportunity that offered itself.
On the north-eastern coast, gradually rising from the clumps of cocoa-nut palms on the beach, sloping tracts of light-red volcanic soil and scoriæ, intersected by ravines, and partially covered with grass and wild indigo, led the eye up to the forests that clothe the mountain-sides. Three principal summits, Mauna Kea (13,800 ft.), Mauna Loa (the “Great Mountain,” 13,700 ft.), and Mauna Hualalei (10,000 ft.), rose above the forests and upland-valleys, not, however, with that sharp-cut rugged angularity of form usual in volcanic regions, but rather rounded and swelling in their outline. Mauna Loa, almost in the centre of the island, appeared, from its size and distance, perfectly smooth and gently rounded. A little below its summit, two jets of smoke marked the craters of the recent eruption. The whole view was imposing, calm, and grand.
On the Volcanic Eruptions in Hawaii
Authors: Coan Titus 
Published: October 2009

This communication is a letter addressed to and transmitted by Mr. Miller, H.M. Consul-General at Woahoo. It describes some remarkable volcanic eruptions in the Island of Hawaii (Owhyhee), of which Mr. Coan was an eye-witness, during the last sixteen years; and includes an account of the great eruption of 1855–56. Mr. Coan has been the Resident Protestant Missionary at Hilo for twenty-one years; and was attending at the Annual Meeting in Honolulu when he wrote his letter.
In a despatch from Mr. Miller, dated July 30, 1856, the eruption in Hawaii is stated to be still active; and a copy of ‘The Pacific Commercial Advertiser’ newspaper, accompanying this despatch, contains a further notice of the eruption, which will be quoted in the sequel.