bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heavy Applications of Liquid‐Digested Sludge on Three Ultisols: I. Effects on Soil Chemistry
Authors: Robertson W. K. , Lutrick M. C. , Yuan T. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe quantities of municipal wastes are so large that croplands have been considered as possible sinks for their disposal. In this study large amounts of liquid‐digested sludge were applied to the soil. The accumulation and distribution of its constituents in the soil profile were studied.The sludge contained 2.6 and 3.0% dry matter and very little Cd and other toxic metals. Liquid sludge equivalent to 0, 87, 174, 241, 288, and 335 metric tons/ha of dry matter was applied to each of three Paleudults (Orangeburg fine sand loam [fsl], Lucy fsl, and Troup fsl) over a 6‐year period. Soil samples, to a depth of 150 cm, were obtained 1 year after the last sludge application to determine nutrient and organic matter movement.Sludge applications increased soil organic matter to a depth of 90 cm in Orangeburg fsl and Troup fsl, but had no consistent effect on Lucy fsl. About 50% of the applied organic matter was oxidized, forming acids that lowered the soil pH.Double acid extraction of Orangeburg fsl indicated that Ca, Mg, and to some extent K, moved below the 90‐cm depth of the soil profile. Lesser amounts leached from the 90‐ to 120‐cm layer, and no detectable amounts leached from the 120‐ to 150‐cm layer. Extractable Fe and Al increased to the 90‐cm depth. Extractable Cu remained in the top 30 cm and Zn in the top 90 cm of the profile.Similar results were found in a 5N HCl digest except that P was significantly increased by sludge application and accumulated largely in the surface soil.
Influence of Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture on Degradation and Metabolism of Carbofuran in Soils
Authors: Ou L.‐T. , Gancarz D. H. , Wheeler W. B. , Rao P. S. C. , Davidson J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the effects of soil moisture and soil temperature on mineralization rate and the solvent‐extractable 14C‐activity disappearance rate of 14C‐carbofuran (2,3‐dihydro‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐7‐benzofuranyl‐N‐methylcarbamate) and the formation of nonextractable 14C‐activity in six U.S. soils, to evaluate the difference between the two rates, and to statistically correlate these rates with key soil factors.Both mineralization rate and solvent‐extractable 14C‐activity disappearance rate approximated to first‐order kinetics. The solvent‐extractable 14C‐activity disappearance rates were much higher than the mineralization rates. The difference was reflected in the formation of nonextractable 14C‐activity in soils. As high as 94.5% of 14C‐activity became nonextractable at the end of 28 days of incubation. Four metabolites, 3‐hydroxycarbofuran, 3‐ketocarbofuran, carbofuran phenol, and 3‐ketocarbofuran phenol were detected in the solvent extracts. 14C‐activity associated with these metabolites in the extracts were generally <5% of the 14C‐carbofuran applied, so that the difference between the solvent‐extractable parent‐chemical disappearance rate and the solvent‐extractable 14C‐activity disappearance rate was insignificant. In general an increase in temperatures from 15 to 27°C had a greater influence on solvent‐extractable 14C‐activity disappearance rate than did an increase from 27 to 35°C, and the temperature for maximum rate was between 27 to 35°C. Logarithmic k1 values of solvent‐extractable 14C‐activity appeared to be inversely correlated with logarithmic soil‐water tension (Ψ). No statistical correlation with key soil factors was observed for either the solvent‐extractable 14C‐activity disappearance rate or minralization rate.
Disposition of Fertilizer Nitrate Applied to Sorghum‐Sudangrass in the Southern Plains
Authors: Smith S. J. , Dillow D. W. , Young L. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults are reported for a 3‐year field‐plot study on the fate of fertilizer 15N associated with sorghum‐sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) production. The fertilizer was applied under dryland conditions at a 112‐kg N/ha annual rate to eight area soils representative of five soil orders. On a seasonal average, slightly more than half the fertilizer was taken up by the plants (tops + roots), and about a third was incorporated in the soil organic matter. Very little (<5%) remained an inorganic leachable form, and about 7% was unaccounted. The unaccounted is considered to represent denitrification, since soil profile sampling during and after the cropping season showed no evidence of fertilizer‐N leaching below the root zone. Preplant soil nitrate was a better indicator of total soil N availability the first 2 years, whereas the mineralization potential was better the third year. From an environmental standpoint, use of the N fertilizer at the described rate and prevailing farming conditions appeared to pose no potential pollution problems.
Chemical Water Quality of Runoff From Grazing Land in Nebraska: I. Influence of Grazing Livestock
Authors: Schepers J. S. , Francis D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemical quality of runoff water from a 32.5‐ha cow‐calf pasture area at the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center near Clay Center, Nebr., was determined over a 3‐year period. Runoff events from the grazed pasture were separated into those occurring while livestock were grazing and those occurring when no livestock were present. Grazing livestock increased by 52% the total solids concentration, but only increased total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand concentrations by 11 and 7%, respectively, and decreased by 19% the total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration. Concentrations of NH4‐N, NO3‐N, total P, soluble P, and Cl− were 6, 45, 37, 48, and 78% greater, respectively, when livestock were grazing. Runoff from an ungrazed control area within the pasture contained chemical concentrations that ranged from 1.94 to 10.8 times greater than those from an adjacent pasture under ungrazed conditions. We attributed these elevated concentrations to wildlife activity and decomposition of plant material.
Effect of Sewage Sludge on Trace Element Mobility in Soils
Authors: Gerritse R. G. , Vriesema R. , Dalenberg J. W. , de Roos H. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption of Be, F, B, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Tc, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, Hg, Pb, Bi, and P was measured in a sandy soil and a sandy loam soil at concentration levels closely corresponding to those to be expected for field conditions. Mobilities of the elements in the soils were calculated from the adsorption data. Of the trace elements studied, F, B, and Tc were found to be very mobile in both the sandy and sandy loam soils. Manganese, Sr, and Sb were highly mobile only in the sandy soil, and Mo in the sandy loam soil. In general, sludge solutions appeared to increase the mobility of elements in a soil. This is due to a combination of complexation by dissolved organic compounds, high background concentrations, and high ionic strengths of the soil solutions. The relative effects of these factors vary strongly among elements.Equations were derived predicting the rates of accumulation in soils and accompanying increases in the soil solutions of trace elements added with sewage sludge.When adsorption was related to soil organic matter content, for many trace elements the strength of adsorption was found to depend only on pH, increasing with increasing pH.
Acid Rain, Air Pollution, and Tree Growth in Southeastern New York
Authors: Puckett L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhether dendroecological analyses could be used to detect changes in the relationship of tree growth to climate that might have resulted from chronic exposure to components of the acid rain‐air pollution complex was determined. Tree‐ring indices of white pine (Pinus strobus L.), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Cart.), pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.), and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) were regressed against orthogonally transformed values of temperature and precipitation in order to derive a response‐function relationship. Results of the regression analyses for three time periods, 1901–1920, 1926–1945, and 1954–1973 suggest that the relationship of tree growth to climate has been altered. Statistical tests of the temperature and precipitation data suggest that this change was nonclimatic. Temporally, the shift in growth response appears to correspond with the suspected increase in acid rain and air pollution in the Shawangunk Mountain area of southeastern New York in the early 1950's. This change could be the result of physiological stress induced by components of the acid rain‐air pollution complex, causing climatic conditions to be more limiting to tree growth.
Effects of Injection and Surface Applications of Liquid Swine Manure on Corn Yield and Soil Composition
Authors: Sutton A. L. , Nelson D. W. , Hoff J. D. , Mayrose V. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 3‐year field experiment was conducted to study the agronomic effects of methods and rates of liquid swine manure application to Brookston‐Crosby silt loam soil (fine, mixed mesic Aeric Ochraqualfs) cropped to corn (Zea mays L.). Swine manure (5.2–6.6% dry matter) from an anaerobic pit was applied to soil annually at 90, 135, and 180 t/ha by injection (30 cm below soil surface) and broadcast (surface) methods. These three rates provided averages of 428, 643, and 857 kg N/ha; 133, 200, and 266 kg P/ha; and 155, 232, and 310 kg K/ha per year; respectively. Check and inorganic fertilizer (168 kg N/ha, 56 kg P/ha, and 112 kg K/ha) treatments were also studied.The injection method of liquid manure application increased corn grain yield an average of 2,130 kg/ha each year, compared with the broadcast method at similar rates of application. Injection of swine manure was associated with higher corn‐leaf N levels the first year; corn‐leaf N, P, and K levels the second year; and corn‐leaf N and K the third year of the study when compared with corn leaves from the broadcast method. Rate of manure application had little influence on corn‐leaf analyses, and inconsistent effects on corn yield.Nutrient loadings of the soil from liquid manure applications were in excess of crop requirements, as evidenced by nutrient accumulations, particularly P and K, in the soil. Increases in soil nutrient levels at different depths in the profile reflected the initial placement of the manure by application methods (broadcast vs. injection). Volatile losses of NH3‐N from surface‐applied liquid manure were reflected in lower corn yield response, lower corn‐leaf N content, and lower soil NH4+ and NO3− levels when comparing these parameters with the injection treatment. Application of liquid swine manure by injection at the 90 t/ha rate increased corn grain yield 14% above that from the inorganic fertilizer treatment.
Agriculture and Water Quality in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin: III. Phosphorus
Authors: Miller M. H. , Robinson J. B. , Coote D. R. , Spires A. C. , Draper D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA major objective of the International Joint Commission Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG) was to determine the P contribution to the Great Lakes from the various agricultural activities in the basin.In Canada, two approaches were used. The total agricultural contribution was estimated by relating measured P loads at the outlets of 10 representative agricultural watersheds to land characteristics and agricultural activities in the watersheds. In the second approach the P contribution from four sources—runoff from cropland, livestock operations and unimproved land, and erosion of farm streambanks—was estimated from detailed studies of each source.Percent clay in the surface soil and proportion of the area in rowcrop accounted for 85% of the variability in total P unit‐area loads from the agricultural watersheds. Dissolved reactive P unit‐area loads were related to clay content of surface soil and the P added to soils in the watershed (R2 = 0.90).The total P load to the Great Lakes from the more than 300 subbasins of the agricultural portion of the Canadian Great Lakes Basin was estimated to be 3,000 t year−1. The source studies indicated that about 70% of this load was attributable to cropland runoff, 20% to livestock operations, and 10% to a combination of runoff from unimproved land and streambank erosion.
Agriculture and Water Quality in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin: IV. Nitrogen
Authors: Neilsen G. H. , Culley J. L. B. , Cameron D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEleven agricultural watersheds in southern Ontario were sampled approximately 3,000 times during the years 1975–1977 for Total Kjeldahl N (TKN) and NO3‐N as part of the Canadian activities of the Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG).Only 12% of runoff samples had NO3‐N concentrations below 0.3 mg L−1, while 3% of the samples exceeded the 10‐mg L−1 Ontario drinking water standard. Two‐year‐average total N stream loadings ranged from 3.5 to 29.2 kg N watershed‐ha−1. The NO3‐N loads averaged 75% of total N loads over all 11 watersheds. Both NO3‐N and total N unit‐area loads were significantly correlated with total N addition to the watershed, and with percent of watershed under cultivation, in row‐crops and corn (Zea mays L.), or tile‐drained. The TKN loads were positively correlated with watershed surface‐soil clay content and with extent of soils with high surface runoff potential.Remedial measures to reduce stream N loading should only be considered for watersheds where stream N loading much exceeds inputs of N from precipitation. In these watersheds, improved fertilizer N efficiency in corn production may provide the greatest potential for reduced stream N loading. Proper location of manure storage sites is most important to minimize N pollution from livestock activities. About 70% of both stream NO3‐N and total N loading occurred from January to April during the spring runoff season. Agronomic practices that reduce either postharvest teachable soil N or erosion during spring runoff merit future research.
Precision and Accuracy of Visual Foliar Injury Assessments
Authors: Gumpertz Marcia L. , Tingey David T. , Hogsett W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study compared three measures of foliar injury: (i) mean percent leaf area injured of all leaves on the plant, (ii) mean percent leaf area injured of the three most injured leaves, and (iii) the proportion of injured leaves to total number of leaves. For the first measure, the variation caused by reader biases and day‐to‐day variations were compared with the innate plant‐to‐plant variation.Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Pinto’), pea (Pisum sativum ‘Little Marvel’), radish (Rhaphanus sativus ‘Cherry Belle’), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea ‘Northland’) plants were exposed to either 3 µL L−1 SO2 or 0.3 µL L−1 ozone for 2 h. Three leaf readers visually assessed the percent injury on every leaf of each plant while a fourth reader used a transparent grid to make an unbiased assessment for each plant.The mean leaf area injured of the three most injured leaves was highly correlated with all leaves on the plant only if the three most injured leaves were <100% injured. The proportion of leaves injured was not highly correlated with percent leaf area injured of all leaves on the plant for any species in this study. The largest source of variation in visual assessments was plant‐to‐plant variation, which ranged from 44 to 97% of the total variance, followed by variation among readers (0–32% of the variance). Except for radish exposed to ozone, the day‐to‐day variation accounted for <18% of the total. Reader bias in assessment of ozone injury was significant but could be adjusted for each reader by a simple linear regression (R2 = 0.89–0.91) of the visual assessments against the grid assessments.
Atmospheric Dispersion of Ammonia During Application of Anhydrous Ammonia Fertilizer
Authors: Denmead O. T. , Freney J. R. , Simpson J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is a need to develop techniques for the prediction of the aerial spread of hazardous chemicals released in agricultural operations. The dispersion of ammonia (NH3) gas during soil injection of anhydrous NH3 is one such example. In previous work we established that after injection NH3 escaped from the soil to the atmosphere at a rate that decreased exponentially with time; in our study the whole process took about 2 h. In this paper we combine the dynamics of the emission process with existing micrometeorological theory for atmospheric dispersion from line sources, to predict NH3 concentrations in the air at the downwind edge of the field. The predictions are compared with concentrations measured during an injection operation.Although the total NH3 emission during the operation was only 1.2 kg/ha, NH3 concentrations up to 213 µg/m3 were recorded at the downwind edge in the early stages of injection. Wind speed and atmospheric stability had large influences on NH3 dispersion. In light winds and stable conditions NH3 concentrations > 100 µg/m3 were recorded when the applicator was > 200 m upwind, and some NH3 enrichment still occurred when it was 600 m upwind.The model underestimates NH3 concentrations when the treated width is <30 m, but predicts them very well at greater distances in both stable and unstable conditions. The model is used to predict NH3 concentrations downwind of the applicator for a range of wind speeds and emission strengths.The approach should prove useful not only for estimating NH3 pollution hazards but also for predicting dispersion in related agricultural operations where a time‐dependent decay and/or a line‐source analogy are appropriate.
Chemical Characteristics of Wet and Dry Atmospheric Fallout in Northern California
Authors: Mc Coll John G. , Monette Larry K. , Bush Douglas S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWet and dry atmospheric fallout were monitored on an event basis at eight locations during the wet season, November 1978–May 1979. Nine different ionic species, plus conductivity and volume, were determined. Wet fallout was commonly acid (pH < 5.6) at all sites, although there was considerable variation between sites, and temporal variation within sites. At most sites H+ was highly correlated with NO3− but not with SO42−, and NO3−/SO42− equivalent ratios exceeded 1.0, indicating that HNO3 was predominant and H2SO4 secondary. Dry fallout comprises a large proportion of total atmospheric fallout.
Wastewater Treatment by Soils: Role of Particle‐Size Distribution
Authors: Tare Vinod , Bokil S. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis investigation evaluated the important parameters required to achieve an acceptable infiltration rate with adequate water quality improvement in a soil wastewater treatment system. Locally available sand and Kanpur silt (Entisol) were used in this evaluation. The particle‐size distribution of soil was found to be an important parameter in improving the infiltration rate and water quality. An expression, based on retardant kinetics for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), is proposed for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in soils as a function of soil depth. Also, an empirical relationship is developed that shows how the overall reduction in COD with soil depth varies with the time since the wasetwater application was initiated. The overall COD reduction rate increases for the first several days following the initiation of the wastewater application, and thereafter it decreases. This indicates that wastewater should not be continuously applied to soils. There should be alternating wet periods (wastewater application) and dry periods (no wastewater application). A significant reduction in NH3‐N, total N, total P, and total coliforms also resulted because of particle‐size distribution.
Decomposition of Acrylamide in Soils
Authors: Abdelmagid H. M. , Tabatabai M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcrylamide is a potential ground‐water contaminant and is a known neurotoxin to man. Thus, information about its fate in soil is desired. The fate of N in acrylamide added to five soils was studied by performing analyses for NH3, NH4+, NO2−, and NO3− after incubation of acrylamide‐treated soils for various times. The results showed that acrylamide‐N is readily hydrolyzed in field‐moist and air‐dried soils under aerobic and waterlogged conditions and that acrylamide‐N is converted to NO2− and NO3− under aerobic conditions. The percentage of acrylamide‐N recovered as inorganic N increased with increasing temperature (10–30°C) and incubation time (2–21 d). After 3 d of incubation at 30°C under aerobic conditions, the percentage of acrylamide‐N recovered as inorganic N ranged from 11% in Clarion soil to 76% in Canisteo soil. The corresponding recovery values after 14 d of incubation were 74% and 94%, respectively. Generally, the results with field‐moist soils were similar to those obtained with air‐dried soils. The recovery of acrylamide‐N after 21 d of incubation under waterlogged conditions at 20°C ranged from 76% in Harps soil to 93% in one sandy (Chelsea) soil. Expressed as percentage of acrylamide‐N added, the NH+‐N produced in Clarion, Fayette, Harps, and Canisteo soils after 7 d of incubation under waterlogged conditions ranged from 18% in Clarion soil to 38% in Canisteo soil. The corresponding vlaues after 21 d of incubation were 81% and 90%, respectively. Significant amounts of NH3 were volatilized from sandy and calcareous soils treated with acrylamide.
A Proposal for Estimation of Soil Leaching and Leaching Constants for Use in Assessment Models
Authors: Baes C. F. , Sharp R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA model to predict annual‐average, order‐of‐magnitude leaching constants for solutes in agricultural soils is given. The leaching constants, specific by geographic location and solute, are for use in exposure, dose, or risk assessment models to account for removal from the root zone via leaching in a manner analogous to radiological decay. The model presented here relates annual‐average water infiltration (Vw) with soil bulk density (ϱ) and porosity (θ) and the distribution coefficient (Kd) for the solute. Annual infiltration is determined from site‐specific estimates of total precipitation (P), irrigation (I), and evapotranspiration (E). A review, discussion, and determination of generic default model input parameters is included. The parameters ϱ and θ vary within a factor of three, and are lognormally distributed with estimated geometric mean values of 1.35 g cm−3 and 0.48 cm3 cm−3, respectively. Geographic distributions of U.S. county‐averaged P, I, and E were determined from historical weather station records, the 1974 Agricultural Census, and an evapotranspiration model, respectively. Variability in site‐specific annual‐average estimates of these parameters is expected to be within a factor of three, also. The most variable and unpredictable parameter is Kd, which may range from one to many orders of magnitude, depending on solute and soil characteristics, including pH. Estimated distributions of Kd for 27 elements in soils 4.5 ≤ pH ≤ 9.0, and correlations between Kd and pH for Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb are also included. Finally, eight comparisons of model predictions with leaching constants, determined directly from observed data, are made for Pu, Sr, and Tc. In all comparisons, except one study of Pu, the model predicted leaching constants within an order of magnitude of observed values. For Pu the model underpredicted, and for Sr and Tc the model overpredicted leaching rates.