bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision making process for compulsory admission: study on a group of psychiatrists from Sardinia (Italy)
Authors: Dazzan Paola , Bhugra Dinesh , Carta Mauro G. , Carpiniello Bernardo 
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTOScopo – Valutare il processo decisionale che conduce al Trattamento Sanitario Obbligatorio. Setting – Un gruppo di psichiatri (n=81) della provincia di Cagliari (Sardegna, Italia). Principali misure utilizzate – Le attitudini verso il processo decisionale per il Trattamento Sanitario Obbligatorio sono state valutate attraverso tre ipotetici casi clinici che descrivevano: 1) un uomo con un quadro clinico di depressione e sintomi psicotici; 2) una giovane donna ad un possibile primo episodio psicotico; e 3) un uomo con una storia di abuso di sostanze e disturbo bipolare. Ciascun caso era seguito da un elenco di 11 fattori, ritenuti in letteratura come i più importanti nel processo decisionale per il ricovero obbligatorio (status psichico attuale, diagnosi, severità della malattia, pericolosità, utilità di un'eventuale terapia farmacologica, storia psichiatrica, età, sesso del paziente, possesso di un'abitazione, supporto sociale, occupazione). Per ciascun caso è stato chiesto agli psichiatri: a) se avrebbero sottoposto o meno il soggetto a Trattamento Sanitario Obbligatorio; e b) di elencare gli 11 fattori in ordine di importanza nella decisione di ricoverare obbligatoriamente. Risultati – 57 psichiatri (26 uomini e 31 donne) hanno completato il questionario. I fattori ritenuti importanti nella decisione di ricoverare obbligatoriamente sono stati: status psichico, diagnosi, severità della malattia e utilità di un'eventuale terapia farmacologica. La pericolositá per sé o per gli altri è stata ritenuta il fattore più importante dal 23% del campione. Conclusioni – In tre situazioni cliniche ipotetiche esiste un buon accordo sui fattori ritenuti importanti nella decisione di ricoverare obbligatoriamente, con ampia soggettività nell'applicazione di tali fattori. Questi fattori corrispondono ai criteri raccomandati dalla legge italiana. Il criterio della pericolosità per sé o per gli altri ha un ruolo importante nella decisione e viene occasionalmente considerato più importante dello stato psichico del paziente.
Severe flooding likely in Northwest
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said that there is a risk of severe flooding from four rivers in the Northwest that are clogged by mudflow from the Mount St. Helens eruption.In testimony before the Senate Appropriations Committee, James P. Walsh, deputy administrator of NOAA, said that the volcanic activity also impaired the National Weather Service's (NWS) ability to forecast flood conditions. He said that a system of automatic stream gages that the NWS uses to measure river and rainfall activity were lost after the eruption. The NWS, Walsh said, is now giving top priority to replacing the system. He also noted that the new system will allow the NWS to double the warning time it can give to heavily populated areas of flooding that is due to lava flow or rainfall.
The great solar eruption of May 24, 1979
Authors: Sheeley Neil R. , Michels D. J. , Howard R. A. , Koomen M. J. 
Published: October 2011

The sequence of images on today's cover of Eos shows the most spectacular solar mass ejection observed to date with the Naval Research Laboratory's Earth‐orbiting coronagraph. Preceded by a loop‐shaped coronal structure, an enormous eruptive prominence is visible both expanding and moving outward across the coronagraph's 2.5–10.0‐RS annular field of view. As it left the field, the prominence dwarfed the sun itself, whose size and location are indicated by the small white disk in the lower‐right photograph.The prominence can be recognized by its characteristic structural detail and by the fact that its relatively unpolarized radiation is not blocked by the polarization‐analyzing rings that are faintly visible at 5 RS and 8 RS against the coronal background. The Ha 6563α line of neutral hydrogen is the principal prominence emission line in the coronagraph's 4000–7000‐A spectral bandpass. On the other hand, the strongly polarized coronal radiation is continuum emission originating at the occulted solar disk and Thomson scattered by coronal electrons in the 2.5–10.0‐RS field of view. Both the prominence and the expanding coronal ‘loop’ have been enhanced in our cover photograph by subtracting a preevent image from each picture.
March streamflow
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Streamflow generally increased seasonally across the country during March, and snow‐melt runoff pushed many western streams to well‐above average flows, according to the regular month‐end check on the nation's water resources by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Department of the Interior.Of 172 USGS index stream‐gauging stations surveyed during March, 65 (38%) recorded well‐above average flows (within the highest 25% of long‐term record), 91 stations (53%) recorded average flows, and 16 stations (9%) recorded well‐be low average flows (within the lowest 25% of long‐term record).
DOSECC Continental Scientific Drilling Program
Authors:   DOSECC Investigators and Staff
Published: October 2011

Deep Observation and Sampling o f the Earth's Continental Crust (DOSECC, for short) is a nonprofit corporation, currently composed of 39 member universities, that was founded to manage Continental Scientific Drilling Programs somewhat as Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc., manages the Ocean Drilling Program. Funding is provided by the National Science Foundation, with additional support from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Department of Energy (DOE). DOSECC currently has two projects in operation and several under development.The long‐term DOSECC program may be separated into categories based either on drilling depth or on objectives. The first category consists of shallow to intermediate depth drilling (up to about 5 km) designed to attain targets related to a better understanding of active processes in the continental crust. The second category of targets push the limit of drilling technology in terms of depth and sometimes with respect to temperature, pressure, and/or corrosive fluid environments. Ultimately, DOSECC drilling projects are expected to achieve depths exceeding 15 km. Such ultradeep holes will not only examine dynamic processes in the crust but will also explore crustal history, structures, and conditions at depth. Current budget constraints allow drilling of projects in the first category, and planning for eventual deeper drilling at a number of locations is in progress.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change
Authors: Wofsy Steven C. 
Published: October 2011

Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change is the result of the collective efforts of scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to provide a comprehensive textbook for students at the graduate level and a reference book for teachers and scientists.There are 16 chapters, each authored by two or more NCAR scientists with contributions from many others, followed by a 2‐page essay by a non‐ NCAR scientist reflecting on the subject matter.The book succeeds well beyond what one might expect from such a large group effort, with several chapters being true gems. For example, one is accustomed to reading chapters on dynamics and transport either written for dynamicists, thus incomprehensible to chemists, or simplified treatments or summaries written by chemists and lacking in real substance. Here the long chapter by Rolando Garcia et al. is outstanding in its clarity, completeness, and careful attention to both transport and the underlying principles and phenomena of geophysical fluid dynamics. It's not for the faint of heart (there are 162 equations and 32 figures), but the reader's effort is handsomely rewarded.
Satellite techniques yield insight into devastating rainfall from Hurricane Mitch
Authors: Ferraro R. , Vicente G. , Ba M. , Gruber A. , Scofield R. , Li Q. , Weldon R. 
Published: October 2011

Hurricane Mitch may prove to be one of the most devastating tropical cyclones to affect the western hemisphere. Heavy rains over Central America from October 28, 1998, to November 1, 1998, caused widespread flooding and mud slides in Nicaragua and Honduras resulting in thousands of deaths and missing persons. News reports indicated entire towns being swept away, destruction of national economies and infrastructure, and widespread disease in the aftermath of the storm, which some estimates suggested dropped as much as 1300 mm of rain.However, in view of the widespread damage it is difficult to determine the actual amounts and distribution of rainfall. More accurate means of determining the rainfall associated with Mitch are vital for diagnosing and understanding the evolution of this disaster and for developing new mitigation strategies for future tropical cyclones. Satellite data may prove to be a reliable resource for accurate rainfall analysis and have yielded apparently reliable figures for Hurricane Mitch.
The Pacific decadal oscillation and long‐term climate prediction
Authors: Hunt A. G. , Tsonis A. A. 
Published: October 2011

After 22 years of mostly cool temperatures, the North Pacific sea surface has been warm for the past 2 years. This raises the question of whether the warming trend in the North Pacific Ocean will continue for the next 20 years. The answer depends partly on whether the observed variability is an internal oscillation with its own time scale or whether it is externally driven.We are addressing this issue because important predictions are at stake. Positive North Pacific sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies tend to cause droughts in the southwestern and northeastern United States. Some scientists have assumed that a fundamental “regime shift” has now occurred with 20 years of warmer temperatures to come and California has been advised to prepare for a 20‐year period of drought. The basis for assuming a 40‐year periodicity is the century‐long record of North Pacific SSTs [Mantua et al., 1997]. More recently, a longer, proxy‐based data set [Chao et al., 2000] suggested that a) North Pacific SSTs oscillate in phase with a comparable spatial pattern in the South Pacific, and b) two periods of approximately 20 and 70 years exist.
Reds and Experts
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the struggle between the so-called ‘redness’ and expertise in the debates generated by the Seventy Articles on Industry in China during the 1960s. Mao Zedong proclaimed the primacy of redness and the importance of expertise. He believed that the significant element of measures to recover from the GLF was to re-enlist the intellectuals in the country's economic enterprises and to recast the education system to produce more well-trained young men and women.
China's Isolation
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the international relations of China during the 1950s and 1960s. At the end of 1961, the principal international worry of the Chinese leadership was the worsening dispute with Soviet Union Premier Nikita Khrushchev. The tension between the two communist superpowers continued despite the signing of an agreement at the eighty-one-party meeting in 1960. This conflict was a major influence in China's rejection of tentative olive branches offered by the U.S. government, and this hostility in turn served to increase China's isolation.
The Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the when, why, and how of the CCP's Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, held from January 11 to February 7, 1962. The conference was called as such because of the number of attendees, which included political leaders and representatives from districts, counties, and industrial enterprises. The origins of the conference were due to a watershed in the post-GLF reform process, and the political atmosphere at the event enabled policy proposals drawn up in 1961 to be seriously implemented.
The Curious Case of the ‘Three-Family Village’
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the case of the so-called Three-Family Village in relation of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution in China. This case involved a trio of senior party propagandists, Deng Tuo, Wu Han, and Liao Mosha, who were accused of unleashing a series of bitter if veiled attacks on Mao and his policies. This chapter evaluates the works of the three journalists and suggests that there is not sufficient reason for retrospectively making the Three-Family Village a cause celebre at the outset of the Cultural Revolution.
From Grey Eminence to Red Leader
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the increase in Jiang Qing's public exposure during the 1960s. Mao Zedong encouraged Jiang to investigate revisionism in the cultural arena and head of state Liu Shaoqi did the same to his wife Wang Guangmei. Using their wives as trouble-shooters was a high-risk strategy for both men because initiatives by high-ranking spouses with no independent legitimacy arouse hostility and resentment in most political cultures. This chapter discusses the accomplishments of Jiang and Wang.
Mao Stoops to Conquer
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the political split between Chinese political leaders Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi. It suggests that Mao's decision to purge Liu was part of a strategy to remove members of the CCP who supported capitalism. There are conflicting accounts of whether or not Liu directly opposed Mao's ‘capitalist-roader’ formulation, but Mao had already made his version of the event credible in January 1965.
“Fallen from the Symboled World”
Authors: Prunty Wyatt 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book is a reading of contemporary American poets using the phenomenological approaches of Heidegger and Husserl. Its argument, begun with the reading of the work of Robert Lowell, is that contemporary poets, unlike their modernist predecessors, have adopted a sceptical stance and expressed that stance through the use of literary tropes that liken (simile) rather than tropes that equate (symbol and allegory). The book provides close readings of the works of such poets as Ammons, Nemerov, Justice, Cunningham, Creeley, and others.
Poems that Speak, Poems that Sing
Authors: Prunty Wyatt 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Two types of contemporary poetry stand as opposites — plainspoken poems that are reticent about their intensity and lyrical poems that are both compulsive and musical. There are many other ways to distinguish contemporary poems, which must compete during what is a pluralistic period; but in thinking about different poems, especially the presuppositions behind the different modes of thought they employ, this chapter posits the extremes of speech and song in order to uncover what they suggest about the resources available to poets. There is more to such a distinction than our usual ideas about speaking and singing take into account. If we focus our attention on poems that speak and those that sing, we will see fundamental differences in the assumptions made by poets about the truth claims available to them.
What Does Disjunction do?
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explains the final account of the origins of disjunction. In Russell's account, “or” corresponds to a state of hesitation. ‘In order to express a hesitation in words, we need “or” or some equivalent word’. His suggestion that ‘or’ represents a state of hesitation takes up in altered form a theme of earlier writers having to do with the character of disjunction in individual as contrasted with general propositions. Grice's genetic speculations about ‘or’ are, like Russell's, part of an attempt to say more generally what the logical particles do in language and thus why they came into it. The final account of the origins of disjunction is, a realization of Wittgenstein's aim, and since it will show how the logical uses of ‘or’ have been sponsored by specific non-logical requirements of linguistic practice.
The First Myth of ‘Or’
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter talks about how philosophers define and use the word ‘or’ and how the word ‘or’ has undergone changes in modification. The notion of logical form does not apply straightforwardly to sentences of natural language. A sentence has no logical form independently of a specification of a formal language of representation. There is a sense in which the whole meaning of the inclusive “or” is only part of the meaning of the exclusive “or”. According to Boole's Rule, and-lists of general terms represent unions in the subject place; or-lists of general terms represent unions in the predicate place. A unified semantic account of or, and a uniform semantics of natural language connectives more generally must depend upon an abandonment of both assumptions.
The Puzzle about ‘Or’
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines puzzle about the word ‘or’ and some proposed solutions. The theorems of propositional logic are interpreted in such a way as to be provided with an analogous account. The contrast lies in the absence of any such compositional account of ‘or’ and the vocabulary of preference. The distributive puzzle has merely been displaced. We should have to justify the assumption that every list formed with ‘or’ is a disjunctive list. A grammaticological account of distribution over or-lists depends upon our being able to understand the list-containing sentence as a sentence-embedding sentence. Readers have to add a parallel observation about ‘or’. Disjunctive occurrences of ‘or’ as a sentential connective are, if not quite rare, at least not among the commonest uses of ‘or’ in spoken or written English.
Form and Meaning
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter aims to portray the language of meaning. The notion of the scope of an occurrence of a logical constant is familiar and precise. On a Geachian account, it is just the scope that has changed, the meaning remains the same. The notion of scope may be of only illusory relevance. The question of the scope of an occurrence of a ‘logical’ word of English, far from settling questions about the local meaning of such words, cannot itself be settled before semantical questions have been dealt with; the formulation of those questions of representation and interpretation may require a subtlety of discrimination beyond any that the language of ‘meaning’ can support. The role of ‘any’ has the same role as 'some’, although ‘any’ is disjunctive in a sense, i.e. its role is different from that of ‘some’.
The Second Myth of ‘Or’
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes the second myth. The second myth can be described as cheerful handmaiden to the first, and, perhaps because of its classical hearkening, has an undeniable charm. Some languages, though English is not one of them, have two different words for two different senses of “or.” The second myth—Latin not only possessed truth-functional vocabulary but also possessed a clearer meaning. The ultimate source of the myth remains a mystery. As with the English ‘or’ the puzzle is not to understand how the conjunctive uses of aut are to be explained in the face of its disjunctive meaning, but how its disjunctive use arises out of a more primitive meaning that is adverbially conjunctive and more or less adversative. Latin, awaits its dissolution, and as we shall see, provides a useful clue.
Election News
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the political climate affecting the New South. Patronage was a constant and party loyalty was the basis on which everything else stood. This chapter also discusses the effects of the redemption in politics particularly the dynamics between the Democrats and the Republicans. The tradition of black Southerners to vote only for Republicans is made evident in this chapter and the effect of this towards the political climate is likewise discussed. That is not to say that vote-buying did not exist as it did but not for money but more for the benefit it may have afforded the blacks. The battle over the prohibition of alcohol likewise had an impact in the ensuing political debates. The currency crisis that emerged during that time served to contribute to political conflict. Political life in the New South was complicated.
Voices
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Southerners passion for singing, playing, and dancing. The instruments of choice were guitars, banjos, and pianos. The songs range from bouncy pop songs to sentimental songs and “coon” songs which were parodies of black language, styles, and aspirations. The birth of a distinct Southern music and its development is also discussed in this chapter. A form of black music called “patting juba” emerged among the black Southerners developing into “ragged” music which became a national sensation. This chapter also describes the birth of jazz music and blues. Music has long been a part of the Southern lifestyle and its effects can be seen in all aspects of life in the New South.
Twentieth Century Limited
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes a new generation of Southern intellectuals who favored secular causes rather than religious ones, focusing their certainties on history, literature, politics, race relations, and education. This chapter also discusses the life and causes of William P. Trent. Nonetheless, sports became an important part of public culture in the region. Football was the sport of choice. This chapter also looks at the beginnings of sectional reconciliation. Militarization is discussed likewise in relation to the inception of war. This chapter also briefly touches on the peak of the cult of confederacy and the lost cause. However, Southern race relations remained unstable and malleable even after disenfranchisement and segregation, marked by sharp contrasting tendencies. This chapter also looks at the birth of the fight of the blacks for their full manhood rights.
Introduction: Class Formation and the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Göçek Fatma Müge 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFrom an Anatolian principality in 1299, the Ottoman state extended to a world empire spanning three continents—from Eastern Europe and the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa—at the height of its power in the 16th century before its gradual decline until 1922 when the Turkish nation-state emerged in its mainland. This book focuses on the 18th and 19th century when Ottoman wars and commerce with the West interacted with the existing social structure to create a segmented bourgeois class formation. The book questions the prevailing scholarly interpretation and argues that, based on empirical analysis of archival documents and historical chronicles, social transformation precedes and contributes to the process of Westernization of the Ottoman empire. The effects of war, commerce, and the Enlightenment concept of “civilization” shaped the parameters of the Ottoman social change. This chapter analyzes the Ottoman social change based on the intellectual foundation provided by Max Weber and Karl Marx.