bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Yield of Hard Red Winter Wheats Under Semitropical Conditions1
Authors: Wiegand C. L. , Gerbermann A. H. , Cuellar J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWinter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were planted in the field on 11 and 28 Nov. 1977 and on 8 and 24 Jan. 1979 near Weslaco, Texas, at 26° 13' N Lat to document their developmental responses and yield under conditions of temperature and photoperiod that limit vernalization, floral initiation, and grain filling. Such studies help define controlling factors in range of adaptation and necessary inputs for growth models to have wide geographic applicability. For both season's plantings on Hidalgo sandy clay loam (Typic Haplustroll), Feekes‐Large phenological stages were observed and inflorescence development was determined by dissecting sample plants removed from the plots. The number of fully expanded leaves and green leaves per main culm and the number of secondary tillers were also recorded for tagged plants pf the 28 November planting on 33 dates during the growing season. Head length, heads/m2, kernels/head, mg/kernel, and grain weight/m2 were determined from five row segments totaling 1 m2 in each planting.The 1977 plantings vernalized naturally on 800 cumulative hours of ambient temperature between 0 and 10 C by 4 March, but they remained vegetative during the short days of winter and produced leaves linearly in response to cumulative heat units. Floral differentation (‘double ridge’ stage), stem elongation (first node), and anthesis varied about a week among cultivars. Average yield components across all cultivars were: 1977‐78 season— 442 heads/m2, 11.2 kernels/head, and 8.0 mg/kernel, and 1978‐79 season—436 heads/m2, 14.6 kernels/head, and 22.5 mg/kernel. Grain yield (oven‐dry basis) averaged 48.8 g/m2 or about one‐eight commercial levels for the 1977‐78 season, and 141 g/m2 for the 1978‐79 season. Duration of grain‐filling (anthesis to mealy ripeness) averaged 17 and 20 days for the respective seasons. Within the temperature range 15 to 27 C, the grain‐filling period (data include three spring wheats also studied) for the 1977‐78 data was shortened by 3.4 days for each 1 C rise in average daily temperature.Evidently insufficient photoperiod for floral initiation is more restrictive on winter wheat production under semitropical conditions than the vernalization requirement. In both seasons nonvernalized wheat headed even when planted as late as 24 January, but regardless of planting date or preplant vernalization it did not floral initiate until March. Consequently, grain filling occurred under a temperature regime that severely shortened its duration, and small kernels were produced. Because of rapid leaf production during mild winter days of the semitropics, wheat could be an excellent winter forage if leaf rust were controlled.
Response of Ratooning Grain Sorghum to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Insecticides1
Authors: Touchton J. T. , Martin P. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInterest in production of two grain crops on the same land during a single warm season in the subtropical regions has increased rapidly during the past few years. Presently, grain sorghum is being ratooned for a second grain crop but production practices for the ratooned crop are not well defiled. To evaluate the effects of fertilizer N and insecticides on the production of ratooning grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), field studies were conducted for 2 years on a Greenville soil (Rhodic Paleudult). Nitrogen (0 to 157 kg/ha) was applied immediately after the first crop was harvested and a combination of insecticides was applied just prior to heading and during the early bloom stage. Nitrogen uptake, grain size, grain yield, and insect population counts were used to determine treatment effects.Leaf N increased with increasing N application rates in 1977. Grain yield did not increase when applied N exceeded 112 kg/ha. Average weight per hundred seed for all treatments was 1.6 g compared with an average of 2.7 g for the planted seed. Insect infestation was high in 1977 and yields of the ratooned crops (averaged over N rates) were 2,210 and 1,383 kg/ha for the insecticidetreated and untreated areas, respectively.In 1978, leaf K ranged from 1.4 to 2.0% and increased with increasing N rates up to 67 kg/ha. Weight per hundred seed averaged 2.22 and 2.91 g for the insecticidetreated and untreated areas, respectively, but did not respond to applied N. Although insect monitoring revealed no evidence of high densities of phytophagous insects, grain yield averaged 67% higher when insecticides were applied. Yield increased with increasing N rates up to 67 kg/ha in the insecticide‐treated area but there was no response to applied N when insecticides were not applied. When averaged over N rates, yield from the insecticide‐treated and untreated area in 1978 was 3,136 and 1,882 kg/ha, respectively. Total grain yield from the planted and ratooned crop (with optimum N and insecticides) in 1978 was 9,847 kg/ha. Data from this study suggest that 67 kg/ha of N fertilizer is sufficient for ratooned grain sorghum; the applied N will be economical if a well managed insecticide program is followed.
Grass Tetany Potential of Tall Fescue Infected with Epichloe typhina1
Authors: Odom J. W. , Haaland R. L. , Hoveland C. S. , Clark E. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe plant parasitic fungus Epichloe typhina (Pers.) Tul. has been implicated as the causal organism of bovine fescue toxicity, a syndrome of cattle grazing tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Since the fungus obtains its energy from the tall fescue plants, a greenhouse study was designed to determine the effect of fungal infection on plant uptake of those elements associated with grass tetany: Ca, Mg, and K. Epichloe typhina infection did not affect the mineral content, or, therefore, the grass tetany potential of tall fescue.
Amino Acid Composition of Grain Protein of Maize Grown with and without Pesticides and Standard Commercial Fertilizers1
Authors: Wolfson Jane L. , Shearer Georgia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreases in the price of agricultural chemicals and uncertain supplies are likely to cause a reduction of pesticide and fertilizer use in the future. Therefore, it is of interest to compare yields and quality of crops grown under present conventional practice with those grown at the lower limit of chemical intensiveness. In this paper, we report measurements of the amino acid composition of protein from maize (Zea mays L.) grain raised on 14 pairs of fields which did (conventional) and which did not (organic) receive pesticides and standard commercial fertilizers. The pairs of fields were matched for location, cultivar, planting date, and soil type.When expressed as percent of grain protein, five amino acids were at significantly higher concentration in organic grain and three were at significantly higher concentration in conventional grain. However, because of the lower protein concentration in the organic maize grain, most of the amino acids in conventional grain had significantly higher concentrations, when expressed as percent of total grain weight. The latter fact is more important from the standpoint of livestock feeding.Differences in yield, protein concentration, and amino acid composition between organic and conventional maize were qualitatively similar to reported differences between N‐fertilized and non‐N‐fertilized maize. At least part of the difference between organic and conventional maize is consistent with a greater accumulation of zein in conventionally raised maize.Results presented in this paper suggest that organic maize yields could be increased by N application. Since the yield difference was small, the N limitation should be overcome by modest rates of application.
Beltwide Evaluation of Fungicides Applied to Acid‐Delinted Cottonseed1
Authors: Minton Earl B. , Quisenberry J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA fungicide applied to cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has been suspected to protect seed and seedlings in one region of the Cotton Belt but not necessarily in other regions. Fungicides applied to cottonseed have been evaluated in each cotton producing state through the years. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of various fungicides applied to acid‐delinted cottonseed at many locations across the U.S. Cotton Belt to determine whether locations could be delineated for refinement of the program. Fungicides applied to sugplots of a given lot of acid‐delinted cottonseed each year were evaluated at several locations for 2 years. Combined analyses of variance of final stand were used to determine the effects of years, locations, fungicide seed treatments, and the interactions of these primary effects on stand establishments across the U.S. Cotton Belt. Significant differences were not detected among locations, fungicides, or interactions of seed treatments ✕ locations. The lack of statistically significant differences demonstrated that the effectiveness of fungicides applied to acid‐delinted cottonseed can be determined with fewer test locations.
Drought Effects on the N2‐Fixing (Acetylene Reducing) Ability of Vetch and Sweetclover Growing under Saline Conditions1
Authors: Walsh J. F. , Skujins J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDrought and salinity are prominent environmental stresses which limit N2 fixation by legumes. Both drought stress and salinity stress induce physiological adjustments which allow plants to compensate for decreasing available water, although the mechanisms may not be the same for the two types of stress. This study was designed to compare the effects of drought stress on N2 fixation for plants in nonsaline and saline soils.The acetylene reducing (N2‐fixing) activity of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Benth) and yellow sweetclover [Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.] was determined after repeated cycles of drying and rewetting. Soil in pots was artificially salinized by adding NaCl and CaCl2 to achieve nominal electrical conductivity values of 0 (control), 4, 8, and 12 mmhos/cm. Day temperatures ranged between 24 and 30 C and night temperatures between 15 and 18 C. Soil water potential was measured by using thermocouple psychrometers. Drought was induced by withholding water and plants were rewatered when soil water potentials at the 6 cm depth dropped below −45 bars. Both vetch and sweetclover had decreasing acetylene reduction rates with increasing salinity levels when water was not limiting. After two drying and rewetting cycles, all plants had decreased levels of acetylene reducing activity regardless of salinity level. However, vetch plants in salinized soils retained a greater proportion of their pre‐drought acetylene reducing activity than plants in non‐saline soil. Sweetclover plants had little acetylene reducing activity after two drought cycles and vetch plants lost most activity after five drought cycles.
Cutting Managment of the Tropical Legume American Jointvetch1
Authors: Mislevy P. , Kalmbacher R. S. , Martin F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe establishment and production of short‐lived perennial legumes like ‘American’ jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana L.) has been more satisfactory than that of perennials in Florida. Since jointvetch can develop into a poorly digestible forage which is rejected by animals, a harvest frequency and cutting height study was conducted on a sandy, siliceous, Typic Haplaquod (Ona fine sand). Jointvetch was cut when plants reached initial heights of 30, 60, and 90 cm, and the plants were cut to leave 8 and 18‐cm stubble heights. Regrowth was cut when plants reached 30, 60, or 90 cm. The plant height at initial harvest was most important in determining the total seasonal yield. Plants cut at 30 cm initially had 60 cm regrowth with 200% more tillers than the initial, but plants cut initially at 60 or 90 cm resulted in regrowth with fewer tillers than the initial harvest. Cutting the initial harvest when plants were 30 cm tall followed by cutting regrowth at 90 cm or cutting the initial and continually recutting at 30 cm resulted in highest dry matter yield and quality. Both crude protein and in vitro organic matter digestion (IVOMD) decreased with increasing regrowth height and more importantly, increasing initial harvest height. Protein and IVOMD of plants cut at an 8‐cm stubble averaged 15.5 and 59.2%, respectively. However, protein (17.4%) and IVOMD (63.1%) were much higher when plants were cut at an 18‐cm stubble. These data indicated that the largest yield and highest quality may be obtained by cutting or grazing jointvetch at the shortest practical initial height (60‐cm initial; 8‐cm stubble). This will allow for multiple harvests of quality forage.
Influence of Herbicides and Tillage on Sweet Corn Double Cropped After Peas1
Authors: Ndon Bassey A. , Harvey R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDinitroaniline herbicides are widely used for production of canning peas (Pisum sativum L.). These are residual herbicides and the effects of residues has been long recognized to be influenced by tillage. Careful evaluation of these compounds was thus needed before growers could consider growing sweet corn (Zea mays L.) following peas in a double cropping system. Peas were therefore established in a field study (Typic Argindoll finesilty, mixed mesic soil), using various dinitroaniline herbicides for weed control. After pea harvest, half the area was plowed and planted to sweet corn, and the remaining area was planted with a minimum tillage method to the same crop. Observations were made of weed growth and pea and sweet corn performance.The tillage and planting systems alone influenced both weeds and sweet corn. Giant foxtail (Seteria faberi Herrm.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) populations were 63 and 87% higher, respectively, in the sweet corn check plots planted with conventional tillage than when planted minimum till. Sweet com population and yield were 15.6 and 14.4% higher, respectively, with conventional tillage than with minimum tillage.The dinitroaniline herbicides had a significant impact on the sweet corn crop only when it was planted using the minimum till system. Dinitramine [N4,N4‐diethyl‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐3,5‐dinitrotoluene‐2,4‐diamine], fluchloralin [N‐(2‐chloro‐ethyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐4‐(trifluoro methyl)aniline], pendimethalin [N‐(l‐ethylpropyl)‐3,4‐dimethyl‐2,6‐dinitrobenzenamine], trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine), and a combination of oryzalin [3,5‐dinitro‐N4, N4‐dipropyl‐sulfanilamide] plus trifluralin residues were effective in reducing giant foxtail and velvetleaf populations in sweet corn. Ethalfluralin [N‐l‐ethyl‐N‐(2‐methyl‐2‐propenyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] was effective in controlling the velvetleaf population. Trifluralin residues caused the greatest carryover injury to sweet corn stands and the intensity of injury increased with higher application rates. Only fluchloralin, ethalfluralin, and trifluralin at 0.84, 0.84, and 0.42 kg/ha, respectively, did not cause sweet corn injury. The best sweet corn yields were obtained following treatments of dinitramine, ethalfluralin, and fluchloralin.
Recovery of Introduced Rhizobium japonicum Strains by Soybean Genotypes1
Authors: Kvien C. S. , Ham G. E. , Lambert J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed yields and seed protein percentages have been increased significantly with inoculation where soybeans were not grown previously. However, when the soil contains Rhizobium japonicum from previous inoculation, significant differences in seed yield are usually not obtained from inoculation. Generally, about 5 to 10% of the nodules are produced by the inoculant applied to the seed with the other 90 to 95% of the nodules produced by R. japonicum already present in the soil. Field studies were used to identify soybean genotype‐R. japonicum strain combinations which might enhance soybean yields through more effective biological N2 fixation. Soil types in the experiments were Waukegan silt loam (Typic Hapludoll), Nicollet silty clay loam (Aquic Hapludoll) and Webster silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquoll). The first approach involved screening soybean genotypes for their ability to recover introduced R. japonicum strains from a mixed indigenous soil population. The second approach involved evaluating over 1,600 soybean lines for their degree of nodulation (relative to commonly‐grown cultivars) with the indigenous strains of R. japonicum. Twenty‐four soybean lines were selected from the 1,600 for further study in yield trials. Some lines were better nodulated than the commonly‐grown cultivars while other lines were very poorly nodulated. High recoveries of inoculant strains usually produced positive yield responses. Two of the tested soybean lines (PI 358.319 and PI 70.017) recovered an introduced strain (R. japonicum USDA 110) at enhanced levels (as high as 55% of the plant nodules were from the inoculated strain) and responded with increased seed yield at both test locations. The seed yields of PI 358.319 and PI 70.017 were increased by as much as 437 and 459 kg/ha, respectively, while the seed yields of commonlygrown cultivars were not increased. Recovery of inoculant strains was found to be independent of the soybean genotype's ability to nodulate with the indigenous R. japonicum strains.Generalizations on the recovery and effectiveness of introduced R. japonicum strains could not be made based on the soybean line's ability to nodulate with the indigenous R. japonicum strains. Each soybean genotype must be examined individually for nodulation with indigeous R. japonicum, for recovery of introduced strains, and for the general effectiveness with introduced strains to increase seed yields.
Methods and Rates of Applied Manganese for Soybeans1
Authors: Boswell F. C. , Ohki K. , Parker M. B. , Shuman L. M. , Wilson D. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] have responded to supplemental Mn fertilizer on high water table soils when limed to soil pH levels near neutrality, but the effect of method and rate of Mn application under these conditions is not well understood. In a 3‐year study (1975–1977) on an Olustee‐Leefield sand (Ultic Haplaquod‐Arenic Plinthaquic Paleudult), four application methods (broadcast preplant, row at planting, sidedress, and broadcast preplant plus foliar spray), at four rates (0, 5.6, 11.2, and 22.4 kg/ha) of Mn were employed to evaluate their effects on yield, leaf blade concentrations, seed Mn levels, and extractable soil Mn levels. A 239% yield increase was obtained in 1977 with 11.2 kg Mn/ha compared to no applied Mn. Yield increases due to applied Mn were not obtained in 1975 and 1976, although visual deficiencies were evident early in the growing season every year. Yield increases were related to seed weight for the various Mn rates. Methods of Mn application did not influence yields in any given year. However, the row at planting application may have produced toxic effects since there were visual toxicity symptoms and trends of decreased yields each year. Leaf tissue sampled at the R‐2 growth stage indicated the Mn level should be greater than 15 ppm for maximum yields with broadcast application and the critical Mn level in the seed is 16 ppm. In this study, correlation and regression analyses indicated the seed Mn levels were better related to yield than leaf blade Mn levels. Double acid extractable soil Ma increased from 1975 through 1977 while DTPA extractable Mn showed a slight decrease. Both methods were well related to applied Mn rates. These data indicate that applied Mn rates influence soybean yields, soil Mn, tissue Mn, and seed Mn concentrations more than methods of Mn application.
Comparative DRIS and Crop Log Diagnosis of Sugarcane Tissue Analyses1
Authors: Jones C. A. , Bowen J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Crop Log system of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) tissue analysis is a critical concentration approach which is widely used for the diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies and imbalances in the Hawaii sugar industry. Recent studies conducted elsewhere suggest that the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), which utilizes ratios of tissue nutrient concentrations rather than the concentrations themselves, consistently gives a lower percentage of incorrect diagnoses of nutrient deficiencies and imbalances than critical concentration approaches. In these studies, it is often unclear whether the higher accuracy of the DRIS approach was due to inherent advantages of the DRIS approach or to local calibration of the system. The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the conventional Crop Log approach, a locally calibrated Crop Log approach, and DRIS. In an analysis of 28 past fertilizer experiments on the island of Hawaii the locally calibrated Crop Log and DRIS approaches gave 3 and 5% fewer incorrect diagnoses, respectively, than the conventional Crop Log approach. The results suggest that the DRIS approach can provide slightly more accurate diagnoses of nutrient deficiencies than the conventional Crop Log approach.
Interrelation in Common Winter Wheat of Cold Hardiness and Emergence in Dry Soils1
Authors: Morrison K. J. , Patterson F. L. , Bula R. J. , Nyquist W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRapid emergence is important for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) establishment in semiarid winter wheat areas. Ability to germinate and emerge under low moisture stress may involve physiological processes in common with those of cold hardiness of young seedlings.A germinated‐seed technique was used to determine whether a relationship exists between cold hardiness of very young plants and emergence ability of winter wheat under moisture stress. Four parental cultivars and nine populations from crosses among them were used to evaluate these relationships. Cold hardiness measured by percent survival and emergencerate index had relatively high heritability values. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients between measures of cold hardiness and emergence ability suggest that these responses in winter wheat are controlled in small part by the same genetic system.
Shade and N Effects on Tall Fescue Production and Quality1
Authors: Stritzke J. F. , McMurphy W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) has been established on a number of areas in eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, and southeastern Missouri after the brush has been controlled. There have been cattle deaths attributed to nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) toxicity on these converted areas and concern that the shade from the standing brush was contributing to the problem. A 6‐year study was conducted at the western edge of the Ouachita Highland resource on soils of the Hector‐Hartsells association (Lithic Dystrochrept and Typic Hapludults) to determine what effect N fertilizer and shade would have on tall fescue forage production, crude protein, and NO3‐N concentration. The brush had been controlled with 2,4,5‐T [(2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in 1970 and the area converted to tall fescue. February application of N fertilizer increased forage production with the greatest increase occurring with the first 50 kg/ha of applied N. Shade effect from standing dead brush was insignificant on forage production and NO3‐N concentration, but 80% shade from Saran shade cloth for 6 days increased NO3‐N concentration from 1,200 to 4,200 ppm in plots receiving 50 kg/ha of N. Nitrogen fertilizer increased NO3‐N concentration of the forage in March of both years NO3‐N was evaluated with a high of 7,500 ppm occurring for the 100 kg/ha applications of N. However, by April of both years the NO3‐ N levels in the forage from all plots were below the potentially toxic level of 2,100 ppm for cattle.Standing dead brush had a minimum effect on tall fescue production, percentage crude protein, and NO3‐N concentration so would not need to be removed from brush converted areas. The NO3‐N concentration of N fertilized plots was often above the toxic level of 2,100 ppm in March so precautions need to be exercised in grazing N fertilized tall fescue in March.