bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti‐Retroviral Protease Inhibitors ‐ ‘A Two Edged Sword?’
Authors: Germinario Ralph J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of anti‐retroviral protease inhibitors in combination with nucleoside analog or non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (HAART) has led to dramatic decreases in the mortality seen with HIV infected patients. In concert with these treatment regimens, especially with the inclusion of the anti‐retroviral protease inhibitors (PI), a complex series of metabolic complications occurred. These included alterations of fat and carbohydrate metabolism. In some patients, one could observe either lipoatrophy (fat wasting) as well as lipohypertrophy (fat deposition) or both. The problem is that the lack of a case definition of the altered fat metabolism confuses diagnoses. In vitro, interference with fat cell differentiation has been demonstrated by PI. Further, in vitro studies demonstrate that indinavir, a PI currently used in HIV tretment, can interact with the insulin responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4). The activity of the GLUT4 is inhibited by indinavir and eventual insulin resistance has been shown (i.e. in vivo and in vitro). Also, controversy exists regarding insulin signaling in fat cells. Finally, the relationships between hyperlipidemia and/or lipolysis and altered carbohydrate metabolism (i.e. mild glucose intolerance, insulin resistance) suggest an association with cardiovascular risk in protease treated patients (Metabolic Syndrome X). In short, while multiple problems exist, no one mechanism can account for the changes observed.
Plant Peroxisomes, Reactive Oxygen Metabolism and Nitric Oxide
Authors: Del Río Luis A. , Corpas F. Javier , Sandalio Luisa M. , Palma José M. , Barroso Juan B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn plant cells, as in most eukaryotic organisms, peroxisomes are probably the major sites of intracellular H2O2 production, as a result of their essentially oxidative type of metabolism. Like mitochondria and chloroplasts, peroxisomes also produce superoxide radicals (O2.−) and there are, at least, two sites of superoxide generation: one in the organelle matrix, the generating system being xanthine oxidase, and another site in the peroxisomal membranes dependent on NAD(P)H. In peroxisomal membranes, three integral polypeptides (PMPs) with molecular masses of 18, 29, and 32 kDa have been shown to generate O2.− radicals. Besides catalase, several antioxidative systems have been demonstrated in plant peroxisomes, including different superoxide dismutases, the four enzymes of the ascorbate‐glutathione cycle plus ascorbate and glutathione, and three NADP‐dependent dehydrogenases. A CuZn‐SOD and two Mn‐SODs have been purified and characterized from different types of plant peroxisomes. The presence of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and its reaction product, nitric oxide (NO.), has been recently demonstrated in plant peroxisomes. Different experimental evidence has suggested that peroxisomes have a ROS‐mediated cellular function in leaf senescence and in stress situations induced by xenobiotics and heavy metals. Peroxisomes could also have a role in plant cells as a source of signal molecules like NO., O2.− radicals, H2O2, and possibly S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). It seems reasonable to think that a signal molecule‐producing function similar to that postulated for plant peroxisomes could also be performed by human, animal and yeast peroxisomes, where research on oxy radicals, antioxidants and nitric oxide is less advanced than in plant peroxisomes.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of Dinuclear Diorganotin(IV) Complexes Derived from Pyruvic Acid Picolinoacylhydrazone
Authors: Cui Jichun , Qiao Yanling , Yin Handong , Liu Ming 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree new diorganotin(IV) derivatives of pyruvic acid picolinoacylhydrazone, {Me2Sn[(2‐C5H4N)CONHNC(CH3)COO]}2·MeOH(1), {nBu2Sn[(2‐C5H4N)CONHNC(CH3)COO]}2 (2), and {Ph2Sn[(2‐C5H4N)CONHNC(CH3)COO]}2 (3) were synthesized by the reaction of Me2SnCl2, nBu2SnCl2, and Ph2SnCl2 with pyruvic acid picolinoacylhydrazone, respectively in the presence of sodium ethoxide. The prepared compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1 and 2 were also characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis, which revealed that the compounds have similar structures containing two‐center‐two‐ligand skeletons. Furthermore, weak but significant intermolecular hydrogen bonds assemble these compounds into 1D or 2D supramolecular frameworks.
In vitro Effectiveness of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract on Scolices of Hydatid Cyst
Authors: Moazeni Mohammad , Nazer Ali 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundSurgery is still the main treatment for hydatid disease. Recurrence of the infection is one of the end points of surgery in treating the hydatid cyst which results from the dissemination of protoscolices‐rich fluid. Installation of a scolicidal agent into the cyst is the most commonly employed measure to prevent recurrence. Many scolicidal agents have been used for inactivation of the cyst’s content, but most of them are not safe due to their undesired side effects. In the present study, the scolicidal effect of methanolic extract of Allium sativum is investigated.MethodsProtoscolices were aseptically collected from sheep livers containing hydatid cysts. Two concentrations (25 and 50 mg ml−1) of garlic extract were used for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min. Viability of protoscolices was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining.ResultsAllium sativum extract at the concentration of 25 mg ml−1 killed 87.9, 95.6, 96.8, 98.7, 99.6, and 100% of protoscolices following 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min of application, respectively. Moreover, the scolicidal activity of Allium sativum extract at the concentration of 50 mg ml−1 was 100% after 10 min of application.ConclusionsMethanolic extract of Allium sativum had a high scolicidal activity in vitro and thus might be used as a scolicidal agent in the surgical treatment of the hydatid cyst. However, further investigation on the in vivo efficacy of Allium sativum extract and its possible side effects is proposed.
Repletion of n‐3 Fatty Acid Deficient Dams with α‐Linolenic Acid: Effects on Fetal Brain and Liver Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Harauma Akiko , Salem Norman , Moriguchi Toru 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supply to the fetal brain depends upon the dam's dietary intake of n‐3 fats. In this study, we measured the incorporation of DHA into the fetal brain and liver in n‐3 fatty acid deficient (0.1% alpha‐linolenate) mice upon switching to an n‐3 fatty acid adequate (2.1% alpha‐linolenate) diet. Second generation mice raised and maintained on an n‐3 deficient diet during mating were switched to an n‐3 adequate diet on embryonic day 1 (ED 1) or ED 13. Fatty acid analysis was performed on fetal brains and livers and on maternal serum on ED 13, 15, 17, and 19. Although fetal brain and liver DHA began at a very low level (both exhibited an 85% decline), recovery was nearly complete by ED 15 in the group switched near conception but thereafter diverged. The maternal serum and fetal liver were very similar in their DHA and docosapentaenoic acid time courses. However, when repletion began on ED 13, brain DHA recovery was only about 44%. These results suggest that a nutritional intervention with alpha‐linolenic acid can nearly but incompletely rescue the mouse fetal DHA deficiency if began at the time of conception but that the third trimester is too late, thus leaving a large DHA gap.
The Complex and Important Cellular and Metabolic Functions of Saturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Legrand Philippe , Rioux Vincent 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis review summarizes recent findings on the metabolism and biological functions of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Some of these findings show that SFA may have important and specific roles in the cells. Elucidated biochemical mechanisms like protein acylation (N‐myristoylation, S‐palmitoylation) and regulation of gene transcription are presented. In terms of physiology, SFA are involved for instance in lipogenesis, fat deposition, polyunsaturated fatty acids bioavailability and apoptosis. The variety of their functions demonstrates that SFA should no longer be considered as a single group.
The significance of the wall echo shadow triad on ultrasonography: a case series
Authors: Datta Anita , Garg Nidhi , Lema Penelope Chun 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
The wall echo shadow (WES) triad, also known as the double-arc-shadow sign consists of a well-defined near wall, echos from stones immediately beneath the wall, and posterior shadowing caused by strong echoes from stones in the gallbladder fossa. It has been used for over 20 years as a nonspecific finding suggestive of a gallbladder lumen filled with either multiple stones or one large stone (Miller et al. J Emerg Med 30(1):69–74, 2006; Blaivas et al. Acad Emerg Med 10(6):1020–1023, 1999; Raptopoulos et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol 138(2):275–278, 1982). In the past, the WES triad has been correlated with underlying chronic cholecystitis. However, there are no studies that compare clinical findings to a gold standard such as surgical pathology.

Case reports
Three cases of the WES triad were reviewed at New York Medical Hospital of Queens over a 16-month period.
Pain processing in multisensory environments
Authors: Höfle Marion , Hauck M. , Engel A.K. , Senkowski D. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
“Don’t look and it won’t hurt” is common ad­vice heard before receiving an injection, but is there any truth in this statement? Pain pro­cessing can be separated into two major components: a sensory-discriminative com­ponent, which reflects the location and inten­sity of a painful event, and an affective-mo­tivational component that reflects the un­pleasantness of pain. The differentiation be­tween these components and the effects of additional sensory inputs on them becomes apparent if you watch a needle penetrating your skin: On the one hand, it may be some­what reassuring to know precisely when and where to expect the pinprick, on the other hand, you eye-witness damage inflicted on your body, which can increase personal dis­tress. Here we review recent studies, which demonstrate that a host of variables such as onset timing, spatial alignment, semantic meaning, and attention differentially affect how visual inputs influence pain processing. These studies also indicate that there is some truth in the opening statement.
Intracellular ion homeostasis
Authors: Kelly T. , Rose C.R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsy­chiatric disorder associated with acute and chronic liver failure. Ammonium is the most likely toxin responsible for the observed neu­rological deficits, reaching 5 mM in the CNS during acute HE. Additionally, ammonium preferentially affects astrocytes. Conversion of glutamate to glutamine, occurring exclu­sively in astrocytes, is the sole pathway for ammonium detoxification, while glutamine increases in astrocytes during HE. Further­more, elevated extracellular glutamate con­centrations, commonly observed in HE pa­tients, may result from reduced glutamate uptake into astrocytes. Finally, astrocytic swelling likely contributes to brain oedema, the predominant cause of mortality following acute liver failure. Alterations in intracellu­lar ion concentrations may contribute to the observed cellular changes in HE. Ammoni­um causes intracellular acidifications, and in­creases intracellular calcium and sodium con­centrations in astrocytes. In this review, we summarise current knowledge concerning ammonium-evoked changes in ion homeo­stasis, and discuss how such changes possibly contribute to the pathology of HE.
Atypical event‐related potentials in patients with mild cognitive impairment: An identification‐priming study
Authors: Galli Giulia , Ragazzoni Aldo , Viggiano Maria Pia 
Published: July 2010

BackgroundOur goal was to verify whether behavioral and electrophysiological measures of visual object priming can differentiate between patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and elderly control subjects.MethodsAn identification‐priming paradigm with spatially filtered stimuli was used. Subjects were presented with complete forms of the stimuli in the study phase. In the subsequent test phase, studied items were repeated in an ascending sequence of spatially filtered stimuli, following a coarse‐to‐fine order. Event‐related potentials and behavioral measures were recorded.ResultsBehavioral priming effects were observed in the elderly and in MCI participants. None of the well‐known event‐related potential indices of stimulus repetition emerged in the MCI group. In elderly controls, stimulus repetition was associated with a frontal modulation, likely indexing familiarity. Priming effects in the MCI group were probably based on memory mechanisms altered by degenerative pathology.ConclusionsEvent‐related potentials hold great potential for the early detection of subjects at risk for dementia, because they may reveal possible functional brain abnormalities that are not detectable at clinical or behavioral levels.
The boundary spanning capabilities of purchasing agents in buyer–supplier trust development
Authors: Zhang Chun , Viswanathan Sridhar , Henke John W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study examines how individual purchasing agents function as boundary spanners with suppliers to influence trust development in themselves and the buying firms that employ them. Building upon boundary theory and supply chain cooperation research, we identify three boundary spanning capabilities of purchasing agents and empirically test how these capabilities shape buyer–supplier trust development. Using two samples of data collected from suppliers in the automotive industry and food industry, we found that a purchasing agent's effectiveness in strategic communication with suppliers affects a supplier's trust in the buying firm, while an agent's professional knowledge and ability to reach compromises with suppliers affect a supplier's trust in the purchasing agent representing the firm. Trust in the purchasing agent in turn affects trust in the buying firm. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Reproducibility and validity of bioimpedance spectroscopy for tracking changes in total body water: implications for repeated measurements
Authors: Moon Jordan R. , Stout Jeffrey R. , Smith Abbie E. , Tobkin Sarah E. , Lockwood Christopher M. , Kendall Kristina L. , Graef Jennifer L. , Fukuda David H. , Costa Pablo B. , Stock Matt S. , Young Kaelin C. , Tucker Patrick S. , Kim Eonho , Herda Trent J. , Walter Ashley A. , Ferguson Steven L. , Sherk Vanessa D. , Cramer Joel T. 
Published: July 2010

Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) has been used to track changes in total body water (TBW). Accurate TBW estimations can be influenced by both methodological and biological factors. One methodological variation that contributes to BIS TBW errors is the electrode placement. The purpose of the present study was to compare the reproducibility and validity of fixed-distance electrode placements (5 cm) with the standard single-site electrode placements. Twenty-nine subjects (fifteen men and fourteen women) participated in the reproducibility study, while sixty-nine subjects (thirty-three men and thirty-six women) participated in the validity study. The reproducibility study included two measurements that were taken 24 h apart, while the validity study consisted of a 12-week exercise intervention with measurements taken at weeks 1 and 12. TBW was estimated using BIS and2H techniques. Reproducibility results indicated that fixed-distance electrodes reduced the day-to-day standard error of the measurement in men (from 1·13 to 0·81 litres) but not in women (0·47 litres).semvalues were lower for women than for men, suggesting that BIS TBW estimates are sex dependent. Validity results produced similar accurate findings (mean difference < 0·21 litres). However, fixed-distance electrodes improved delta TBW errors (mean difference improvements>0·04 litres in men, women, and men and women combined). When tracking changes in TBW, fixed-distance electrodes may reduce reproducibility errors and allow for smaller changes to be detected. However, the reduction of reproducibility errors may be greater for men than for women. Therefore, reproducibility calculations should be based on the sex of the sample population.
Taxonomic resolution in parasite community studies: are things getting worse?
Authors: POULIN R. , LEUNG T. L. F. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYSpecies identification is crucial for studies of parasite diversity, yet most surveys include taxa identified only to genus or family level. Using a large dataset comprising 950 surveys of helminth communities from 650 different species of fish, bird and mammal hosts, we investigated what determines the level of taxonomic resolution achieved. Identification of all helminths down to species level was achieved in only one-third of surveys, whereas all taxa were identified at least to genus level in two-thirds of surveys. The species richness of a parasite community and past study effort on the host species did not correlate with taxonomic resolution. However, the higher the proportion of parasite taxa occurring as larvae in a community, the lower the resolution achieved. Also, taxonomic resolution was better overall for communities in birds or mammals than for those in fish, and better for trematodes and acanthocephalans than for cestodes and nematodes. Perhaps the most intriguing result was a clear significant effect of year of publication on the taxonomic resolution achieved in parasite surveys: the proportion of helminth taxa identified at least to genus level has remained high until the year 2000, but has dropped in studies published since then. The loss of expertize in parasite taxonomy happening worldwide is one possible explanation. This downward trend needs to be reversed if we are to monitor new parasite occurrences in the face of environmental changes.
More on moral critique of theodicies: reply to Robert Simpson
Authors: SØVIK ATLE OTTESEN 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe article discusses moral critique of theodicies, and suggests the need for several distinctions in order to avoid misunderstanding. It distinguishes between moral critique of concrete theodicies and theodicies in general, and between moral critique of the content of theodicies and the consequences of theodicies. But there are also different kinds of moral critique of the content and the consequences. After presenting these distinctions, the article responds to Robert Simpson's ‘Some moral critique of theodicies is misplaced, but not all’.
A study of the role of user-centered design methods in design team projects
Authors: Lai Justin , Honda Tomonori , Yang Maria C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUser-centered approaches to design can guide teams toward an understanding of users and aid teams in better posing design problems. This paper investigates the role of user-centered design approaches in design process and outcome within the context of design team projects. The value of interaction with users is examined at several stages throughout the design process. The influence of user-centered design on the performance of design teams is also explored. Results suggest that the quantity of interactions with users and time spent interacting with users alone is not linked with better design outcome, but that iterative evaluation of concepts by users may be of particular value to design prototypes. Suggestions are made based on the reflections from the authors after conducting this study.
A framework for design engineering education in a global context
Authors: Wodehouse Andrew J. , Grierson Hilary J. , Breslin Caroline , Eris Ozgur , Ion William J. , Leifer Larry J. , Mabogunje Ade 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a framework for teaching design engineering in a global context using innovative technologies to enable distributed teams to work together effectively across international and cultural boundaries. The Digital Libraries for Global Distributed Innovative Design, Education, and Teamwork (DIDET) Framework represents the findings of a 5-year project conducted by the University of Strathclyde, Stanford University, and Olin College that enhanced student learning opportunities by enabling them to partake in global, team-based design engineering projects, directly experiencing different cultural contexts and accessing a variety of digital information sources via a range of innovative technology. The use of innovative technology enabled the formalization of design knowledge within international student teams as did the methods that were developed for students to store, share, and reuse information. Coaching methods were used by teaching staff to support distributed teams and evaluation work on relevant classes was carried out regularly to allow ongoing improvement of learning and teaching and show improvements in student learning. Major findings of the 5-year project include the requirement to overcome technological, pedagogical, and cultural issues for successful eLearning implementations. The DIDET Framework encapsulates all the conclusions relating to design engineering in a global context. Each of the principles for effective distributed design learning is shown along with relevant findings and suggested metrics. The findings detailed in the paper were reached through a series of interventions in design engineering education at the collaborating institutions. Evaluation was carried out on an ongoing basis and fed back into project development, both on the pedagogical and the technological approaches.
Uncertain outcomes: adjusting for misclassification in antimalarial efficacy studies
Authors: PORTER K. A. , BURCH C. L. , POOLE C. , JULIANO J. J. , COLE S. R. , MESHNICK S. R. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYEvaluation of antimalarial efficacy is difficult because recurrent parasitaemia can be due to recrudescence or re-infection. PCR is used to differentiate between recrudescences and re-infections by comparing parasite allelic variants before and after treatment. However, PCR-corrected results are susceptible to misclassification: false positives, due to re-infection by the same variant present in the patient before treatment; and false negatives, due to variants that are present but too infrequent to be detected in the pre-treatment PCR, but are then detectable post-treatment. This paper aimed to explore factors affecting the probability of false positives and proposes a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis to account for both types of misclassification. Higher levels of transmission intensity, increased multiplicity of infection, and limited allelic variation resulted in more false recrudescences. The uncertainty analysis exploits characteristics of study data to minimize bias in the estimate of efficacy and can be applied to areas of different transmission intensity.