bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le contenu éthique du socialisme chinois
Authors: Bernard Philippe J. 
Published: November 2010

Tout voyageur observant un pays « socialiste » est frappé par l'impression de force et de solidité que donne son régime. Dans la Chine socialiste, l'emprise paraît plus forte encore qu'ailleurs. Peuvent être invoqués à ce sujet l'identification à la cause de l'indépendance nationale ; l'étendue des contrôles physiques (quoique manifestes, ceux-ci ne semblent pas ici particulièrement pesants) ; enfin le contenu éthique. L'expérience chinoise fait apparaître beaucoup plus nettement que les expériences européennes le contenu fondamentalement éthique du socialisme. Le contenu proposé est intériorisé dans la mesure où il est effectivement ressenti que son application doit rendre la société meilleure. Les points critiques sont les efforts d'égalisation des rémunérations et de suppression des distinctions entre travailleurs manuels et intellectuels.
Quelques traits de la voie chinoise du développement sont ensuite présentés. L'utilisation de l'espace en Chine est une utilisation de la rareté ; il s'agit toutefois toujours d'une utilisation en commun. La planification chinoise apparaît constituer un ensemble relativement léger. La décentralisation est très forte au niveau de chaque province. La dépendance d'une entreprise directement de Pékin est rare. Cependant, dans les communes populaires ou ailleurs, les investissements importants doivent être approuvés par l'échelon supérieur. Les objectifs quantitatifs nationaux de production doivent d'autre part être respectés. L'accent est mis moins qu'ailleurs sur l'avance technique et scientifique. Cette réserve peut être une marque de prudence, mais aussi le témoignage d'un choix lié à l'observation des conséquences de la trop grande attention accordée au progrès scientifique et technique.
La Chine offre un modèle pour les pays en situation délicate (compter sur ses propres forces, etc.), mais il n'est pas sûr que celui-ci puisse commodément s'appliquer aux pays les moins développés (difficulté de la généralisation des solutions communautaires). Paradoxalement, il se pourrait que l'expérience chinoise apporte davantage aux pays développés. La leçon est que, dans un monde où la technicité, les échanges, le degré de formation et d'information vont partout croissant, il n'est pas possible de ne pas lutter parallèlement contre les tendances à l'inégalité des rémunérations, des conditions de vie, de la responsabilité et de l'estime attachées aux diverses occupations et positions.
Cambodge : deux ans après la libération
Authors: Ponchaud François 
Published: November 2010

Cambodgia : Two Years After Liberation.
The proclamation of a new constitution and the installation of a new government during the first part of 1976, have made it possible to know who are the personnalises directing the Kampuchea and the country's principal organs. Although it is still closely linked with China, the Kampuchea made an effort in the course of 1976 to engage in relations with the outside world, with both socialist and capitalist countries. However, relations with neighboring Vietnam and Thailand remain tense. The diplomatic overture was accompanied by the opening up of economic and commercial exchanges. But it is mainly through frenzied labour on the part of the entire population, mobilized like an army at war, that the leaders of Kampuchea hope to establish the "independent sovereignty" of the country. Animated by an intransigent purifying will, the Khmer revolution paid an exhorbitant human price placing its political and economic future in danger.
Corée du Nord : les événements de l'année 1976
Authors: Brillouet Alain 
Published: November 2010

North Korea : The Events of 1976.
The note examines the evolution of the economy and foreign relations of North Korea in 1976. The first part is devoted to internal problems (political crisis, events in the communist party's life, economy, etc.) and the second one to foreign relations (with the U.S.S.R. and the People's Republic of China, inter- Korean relations, etc.).
Firmes transnationales, problèmes de coopération économique internationale et déséquilibre actuel du système des échanges et des paiements internationaux
Authors: Weiller Jean 
Published: November 2010

Trans-national Firms, the Problems of International Economic Cooperation and the Present-day Imbalance in International Exchange and Payments.
A recapitulation is made of the conditions of exchange in Western countries during and after grave crises or world events (confirmed by History and covering much of the 20th Century). In periods of economic growth, markets have tended toward freer trade but the author emphasizes that these situations have often been at variance with traditional models of free exchange. He considers that from the point of view of the interplay of international négociations and the possibilities for simple cooperation, there is not at the outset, as great a distance between the real conditions of exchange, as far as structures are concerned, as there is when there is a confrontation between ideal types.
First he analyses the process of internationalization and trans-national integration in the Western countries, as well as the change in the character of the international expansion of capital, which is more and more removed from the schémas of the early 20th Century with regard to the major flows of investments (the adjustment between financial and real flow). It is not only necessary to take into account the importance of industrial cooperation, as it is practiced in relations with the East, but also and above all, the modes of intervention and impulsion or the necessary controls, real situations (Sj and S2) and not ideal {S*x and S*2). Would it not be possible to avoid the much feared stalemate through large-scale "multilateralization" which would call for the necessary development of exchanges of all the partners with the others and with the Third World (not to be carried on, however, in a block)?
Despite the conjectures over the danger of any "frictional contacts" or the aggravation of the crisis of capitalism, the question arises as to the compatibility between the respective demands of the firms and the states concerning indebtedness, the foreseeable conditions of ebb and flow, and the malleability of the planning tradition, of its objectives and extrapolations, that is, of the classic division of the two great sectors, etc. The restructuration of exchanges by groups of products as well as the "multilateralization" by groups of countries must be envisaged, so that national preferences in structure (which must be respected) do nos bring about new stalemates to the development of East-West exchanges, already so difficult to achieve.
Canine distal hindlimb soft tissue sarcoma – a novel approach to surgical defect closure
Authors: Heidenreich D. , Fourie Y. , Barreau P. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryA 10-year-old, male, neutered whippet was presented with a soft tissue mass located on the medial aspect of the distal right tibia. The mass was 4 cm in diameter and of two months duration. Recent biopsy by the referring veterinarian, prompted by noticeable enlargement, identified the mass as a soft tissue sarcoma. Staging assessments did not reveal any evidence of metastases. Marginal excision was performed. The resultant defect was closed primarily by the creation of a bipedicle flap on the distal caudo-lateral aspect of the crus to enclose the Achilles tendon separately, leaving a defect between the Achilles tendon and the tibia. Postoperative management entailed support dressings and exercise restriction. Complete wound healing was attained three weeks postoperatively with excellent return of function. No recurrence was noted at eight months post-resection.
Anatomy and Function of the Macula in Patients after Retinectomy for Retinal Detachment Complicated by Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
Authors: Stopa Marcin , Kociȩcki Jarostaw 
Published: November 2010

Purpose TO investigate the anatomy and function of the macula in patients after retinectomy for retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) grade C. Methods A prospective study involving 25 patients operated with vitrectomy and retinectomy due to retinal detachment complicated by PVR grade C. Outcome measures included preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 6 months and the difference between preoperative and postoperative BCVA. Furthermore, the macular status was analyzed on postoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. Results Reattachment was observed in 96% (24/25) of patients. Median BCVA improved from 2.30 logMAR (range 1.00 to 2.69 logMAR) to 1.00 logMAR (range 0.38 to 2.90 logMAR). The change from preoperative visual acuity was statistically significant (p=0.0003, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Macular status with pathologies was observed in 75% of eyes on OCT (retinal pigment epithelium irregularities 37.5%, cystoid macular edema 33%, epiretinal membrane 8.3%, subretinal fluid 4%, and subretinal perfluorocarbon liquid 4%). These eyes had significantly worse final visual acuity (p=0.01, Wilcoxon rank sum test) compared to those with a clinically normal macula. The retinectomy size influenced neither visual acuity (p=0.06, Wilcoxon rank sum test) nor incidence of normal macular status (p=0.14, Fisher exact test). Conclusions Even though retinectomy is an effective technique to reattach the retina in complicated cases of retinal detachment, the functional outcome was found to be influenced by abnormal macular status, observed in 75% of eyes. Moreover, 360-degree retinectomies did not show different anatomic or functional results vs subtotal ones.
Native Mass Spectrometry as a Tool in Structural Biology
Authors: Lorenzen Kristina , Duijn Esther van 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNative mass spectrometry (native MS) gives information about the composition, topological arrangements, dynamics, and structural properties of protein complexes. The mass range is principally unlimited and highly dynamic, allowing the detection of small subunits and large complexes within the same measurement. The amount of protein needed for an analysis is, compared to most other structural biology methods, very low. This unit provides an introduction to native MS. It starts with an explanation of the basic method and details on how to measure intact proteins and protein complexes, and continues with the study of dynamics and complex stability in the gas phase. The final section discusses the most recent extension to the native MS field, ion mobility, which allows the direct assessment of the structural properties of the complexes of interest. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 62:17.12.1‐17.12.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Direct Physical Imaging and Chemical Probing of LiFePO4 for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chung Sung‐Yoon , Kim Young‐Min , Choi Si‐Young 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe control of unexpectedly rapid Li intercalation reactions without structural instability in olivine‐type LiFePO4 nanocrystals is one of the notable scientific advances and new findings attained in materials physics and chemistry during the past decade. A variety of scientific studies and technological investigations have been carried out with LiFePO4 to elucidate the origins of many peculiar physical aspects as well as to develop more effective synthetic processing techniques for better electrochemical performances. Among the several features of LiFePO4 that have attracted much interest, in this article we address four important issues—regarding doping of aliovalent cations, distribution of Fe‐rich secondary metallic phases, nanoparticle formation during crystallization, and antisite Li/Fe partitioning—by means of straightforward atomic‐scale imaging and chemical probing. The direct observations in the present study provide significant insight into alternative efficient approaches to obtain conductive LiFePO4 nanocrystals with controlled defect structures.
Determination of a quantitative relationship between hepatic CYP3A5*1/*3 and CYP3A4 expression for use in the prediction of metabolic clearance in virtual populations
Authors: Barter Z. E. , Perrett H. F. , Yeo K. Rowland , Allorge D. , Lennard M. S. , Rostami‐Hodjegan A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe creation of virtual populations allows the estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters, such as metabolic clearance in extreme individuals rather than the ‘average human’. Prediction of variability in metabolic clearance within genetically diverse populations relies on understanding the covariation in the expression of enzymes. A number of statistically significant positive correlations have been observed in the hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 drug metabolising enzymes. However, these rarely provided a quantitative description of the relationships which is required in creating virtual populations. Collation of data from 40 human liver microsomal samples in the current study indicated a significant positive relationship between hepatic microsomal CYP3A5*1/*3 and CYP3A4 content. Having developed a model describing the relationship between hepatic CYP3A4 and CYP3A5*1/*3, the Simcyp Population‐based Simulator®was used to investigate the consequences of either incorporating or ignoring the relationship between the two enzymes on estimates of drug clearance. Simulations indicated that for a compound with greater metabolism by CYP3A5 than CYP3A4, such as tacrolimus, incorporation of the correlation between CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 does have an impact on the prediction of oral clearance. Failure to consider the relationship between CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 when creating the virtual population led to a 32% lower estimate of oral clearance in individuals possessing both the CYP3A5*1/*3 genotype and high basal concentrations of CYP3A4. Potential clinical implications may include an inadequate dose estimation during clinical study design, the consequences of which may include organ rejection in transplant recipients using immunosuppressants such as tacrolimus or toxicity due to elevated concentrations of circulating metabolites. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life and death in the lone star state: Three decades of violence predictions by capital juries
Authors: Cunningham Mark D. , Sorensen Jon R. , Vigen Mark P. , Woods S.O. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe accuracy of three decades of Texas jury predictions of future violence by capital defendants was tested through retrospective review of the disciplinary records of former death row (FDR) inmates in Texas (N = 111) who had been sentenced to death under this “special issue” and subsequently obtained relief from their death sentences between 1989 and 2008. FDR inmates typically had extended tenures on death row (M = 9.9 years) and post‐relief in the general prison population (M = 8.4 years). FDR prevalence of serious assault was low, both on death row (3.6%) and upon entering the prison population (4.5%). None of the assaults resulted in life‐threatening injuries to the victims. Violence among the FDR inmates was not disproportionate compared with life‐sentenced capital offenders. Consistent with other research, juror expectations of serious prison violence by these offenders had high error (i.e., false positive) rates. The confidence of legislators and courts in the violence prediction capabilities of capital jurors is misplaced. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo effects of pentoxifylline on enzyme and non‐enzyme antioxidant levels in rat liver after carrageenan‐induced paw inflammation
Authors: Vircheva Stefani , Alexandrova Albena , Georgieva Almira , Mateeva Polina , Zamfirova Rositza , Kubera Marta , Kirkova Margarita 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe present study aimed to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on the carrageenan (CG)‐induced paw oedema and on the endogenous levels of cell enzyme and non‐enzyme antioxidants in rat liver, 4 and 24 h after CG injection. PTX (50 mg kg−1, i.p.), administered 30 min before CG, decreased the paw oedema, 2–4 h after CG administration. The drug protected CG‐induced decrease of glutathione (non‐enzyme antioxidant) and had no effect on CG‐unchanged activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (enzyme antioxidants) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (enzyme, important for the activity of GSH‐conjugated antioxidant enzymes). The drug showed a good antioxidant capacity in chemical systems, generating reactive oxygen species. The present results suggest that the antioxidant activity of PTX might contribute to its beneficial effects in liver injuries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of inflamed adipose tissue in the insulin resistance
Authors: Torres‐Leal Francisco L. , Fonseca‐Alaniz Miriam H. , Rogero Marcelo M. , Tirapegui Julio 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this article, we discuss inflammation associated with adipose tissue dysfunction as a potential link with obesity‐related insulin resistance, and how obesity‐related inflammatory components, such as immune cells, cytokines/chemokines and adipocytokines, induce obesity‐related pathologies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prebiotic Routes to Nucleosides: A Quantum Chemical Insight into the Energetics of the Multistep Reaction Pathways
Authors: Šponer Judit E. , Šponer Jiří , Fuentes‐Cabrera Miguel 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOne of the most controversial questions of the RNA world theory is the formation of nucleosides through the reaction of nucleobases with ribose. The study presented herein discusses the thermodynamics of nucleoside formation under prebiotic conditions through the classical reaction route, which involves ribose and cytosine, as well as through the novel pathway suggested by Powner et al. [Nature 2009, 459, 239–242]. Our computations show that, in contrast to the classical pathway, the route proposed by Powner et al. perfectly satisfies all conditions of a typical metabolic pathway that occurs in living organisms. In addition, we reveal the reasons that render the reaction of ribose with nucleobases endothermic and, thereby, less plausible under prebiotic conditions. We show that phosphates may play an indispensable role in the glycosylation of nucleobases by making this endothermic reaction step exothermic. In addition, we describe the catalytic role of phosphate anions in the formation of 2‐aminooxazole, which is one of the key steps of the synthetic route reported by Powner et al.
Exploiting the Divergent Reactivity of α‐Isocyanoacetate: Multicomponent Synthesis of 5‐Alkoxyoxazoles and Related Heterocycles
Authors: Lalli Claudia , Bouma Marinus J. , Bonne Damien , Masson Géraldine , Zhu Jieping 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA novel multicomponent synthesis of 5‐alkoxyoxazoles, based on a new reactivity profile of α‐isocyanoacetates, is described. Thus, simply heating a solution of amine, aldehyde, and α‐(EWG‐phenyl)‐α‐isocyanoacetate or α‐(4‐pyridyl)‐α‐isocyanoacetate (EWG=electron‐withdrawing group) in toluene provided 5‐alkoxyoxazoles in good to excellent yields. Reaction of the 5‐alkoxyoxazoles with various α,β‐unsaturated acyl chlorides led to the formation of epoxytetrahydropyrrolo[3,4‐b]pyridin‐5‐ones by a domino N‐acylation/Diels–Alder cycloaddition sequence. Subsequent fragmentation under basic conditions provided 6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐pyrrolo[3,4‐b]pyridin‐5‐ones. A four‐component synthesis of the pyridin‐5‐one compounds, without isolation of the 5‐alkoxyoxazole, was subsequently developed.
Development of an Analyzer System for Real‐time Fuel Gas Characterization in Gas Turbine Power Plants
Authors: Schorsch Stefan , Kiefer Johannes , Steuer Susanne , Seeger Thomas , Leipertz Alfred , Gonschorek Sonja , Abröll Bernd , Käß Martin 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTechnische Brenngase wie Erdgas sind typischerweise keine Reinstoffe, sondern bestehen aus einer Vielzahl von Einzelkomponenten und unterliegen vom Förderort und ‐zeitraum abhängigen, natürlichen Schwankungen. Diese Fluktuationen haben Auswirkungen auf den Verbrennungsprozess und damit auf den technischen Anlagenbetrieb. Es sind Regeleingriffe nötig, die die Effizienz der Verbrennung steigern und damit die Betriebskosten minimieren. Der Beitrag stellt ein neuartiges Messsystem zur Echtzeitanalyse von Erdgas basierend auf der Laser‐Raman‐Streuung vor und demonstriert die industrielle Einsetzbarkeit bei Messungen in einem Gasturbinenkraftwerk.
Technical Adsorption – Modern Processes
Authors: Gemmingen Ulrich von 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe main Linde adsorption processes are in the production of H2 from hydrocarbon blends, utilising a pressure swing adsorption purification unit and for the removal of H2O, CO2, N2O, propane and other traces from air in front of air separation plants using a refined temperature swing adsorption technique. In any rigorous design one has to specifically consider all effects originating from the adiabatic process (typically cold and hot spots), as well as plateaus on concentration loadings and temperatures. The knowledge of non‐ideal behaviour of real equilibriums enables more reliable predictions when designing plants. One key issue for the accurate description of an adsorption process in detail is the coverage‐dependent chemical potential of adsorption and its consistent correlation to enthalpy, isotherms and spreading pressure.
Phenylacetylene: A Hydrogen Bonding Chameleon
Authors: Maity Surajit , Guin Mridula , Singh Prashant Chandra , Patwari G. Naresh 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMolecules with multiple hydrogen bonding sites offer the opportunity to investigate competitive hydrogen bonding. Such an investigation can become quite interesting, particularly when the molecule of interest has neither lone‐pair electrons nor strongly acidic/basic groups. Phenylacetylene is one such molecule with three hydrogen bonding sites that cannot be ranked into any known hierarchical pattern. Herein we review the structures of several binary complexes of phenylacetylene investigated using infrared optical double‐resonance spectroscopy in combination with high‐level ab initio methods. The diversity of intermolecular structures formed by phenylacetylene with various reagents is remarkable. The nature of intermolecular interaction with various reagents is the result of a subtle balance between various configurations and competition between the electrostatic and dispersion energy terms, while trying to maximize the total interaction strength.
Representation, methods, and circuits for time‐based conversion and computation
Authors: Mhaidat Khaldoon M. , Jabri Marwan A. , Hammerstrom Daniel W. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we present an efficient representation of the analog signal using the inter‐pulse interval (IPI) time. Based on this representation, methods and circuits for conversion and computation have been developed. To validate these methods and circuits, a test chip has been fabricated using a 0.35µm mixed‐signal CMOS process. Together, the circuits occupy 59.52 × 10−3mm2of chip area and consume 8.8 mW of power from a 3.2 V supply. Test results at 10 MHz and simulations results at 100 MHz show good accuracy over ±600mV range. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.