bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FOLDED PERMIAN GYPSUM OF RIPON PARKS, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Forbes Bryan G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Upper Permian Marl at Ripon Parks contains a disturbed series of reddish marls and gypsum overlying banded grey gypsum; folded or horizontal veins of fibrous gypsum are common, particularly in the red beds. The gypsum porphyroblasts of the grey and red gypsum rocks invariably contain relict anhydrite. The complex folding of the red beds is ascribed to the readiness with which gypsum flows under stress.
The following history is deduced: development of gypsum porphyroblasts and fibrous gypsum as overburden is removed from anhydritic rocks; folding along west to north-west axes; conversion of the remainder of the anhydrite to fine-grained gypsum; faulting along north-west to north lines.
STRATIGRAPHY OF THE BROADFORD BEDS OF SKYE, RAASAY AND APPLECROSS
Authors: Hallam A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Broadford Beds of the Skye area are exposed in several isolated patches which have been much disturbed by Tertiary faulting and intrusive activity. They can be divided into two main divisions. The Lower Broadford Beds range from the Angulata (and probably the upper Planorbis) Zone to the Bucklandi Zone and consist of rather poorly fossiliferous calcilutites, calcarenites, sandstones and subsidiary shales. The Upper Broadford Beds range from the lower Semicostatum to the lower Obtusum Zone and consist predominantly of silty and sandy shales and sandstones. They contain a rich fauna, including abundant ammonites.
Whereas the Lower Broadford Beds thin southwards to zero the Upper Broadford Beds thicken considerably in this direction, up to 340 feet in southern Strath. Most of the beds were laid down in shallow water which might have been brackish periodically during Angulata-Bucklandi Zone times. The sharp change from the Lower to the Upper Broadford Beds is probably the result of a pronounced and widespread sinking of the land, profoundly altering the local geography. No simple “Scottish landmass” can be envisaged.
SYNGENETIC AND DIAGENETIC MINERALIZATION IN YORKSHIRE
Authors: Dunham K. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The bedded iron ores, sulphide-bearing black shales and evaporites of Yorkshire are described. The presence of abundant decaying vegetable or animal matter is held to be fundamental to the formation of both the clayironstones of the Coal Measures and the sideritic chamosite-oolites of the Jurassic, to provide the required conditions of low pH, low pH and available CO
2
. Oxide, silicate-carbonate, carbonate and sulphide facies are recognized in the Cleveland ores and associated rocks, and the primary chamosite ooliths are held to have been formed in the region between the carbonate and oxide zones rather than near the sulphide facies. It is noted that Al and Si in solution are necessary, in addition to Fe++, for the formation of the silicate ores. Hypotheses, including that of Borchert, for the transportation and precipitation of the iron are considered, and an attempt is made to assess the role of diagenesis in this type of mineral concentration.

A consideration of the zonal distribution of minerals within the Permian evaporites leads to a suggestion that a straits or submerged bar lay to the north-west between the Zechstein Sea and the open ocean. The zones tended to migrate towards the margin of the basin as deposition proceeded. Boundaries between the various members of the evaporite sequences are considered to be markedly diachronous. Emphasis is laid upon the massive and complex effects of later, probably diagenetic, changes under the influence of migrant concentrated brines.
THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF COVERDALE AND ADJACENT VALLEYS IN THE YORKSHIRE PENNINES
Authors: Wilson A. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Beds of Yoredale facies are present in Coverdale, comprising eight cyclothems ranging from the Simonstone to the Crow Limestone. There is great local thickening of the Middle Limestone and Richmond Chert Series in lower Coverdale; the Five Yard Limestone is restricted to the southern ground. New correlations of the highest limestones in the Nidderdale inliers are proposed. It is thought that beds as high as the Underset Limestone are present at the head of the dale.
Sudeticeras ordinatum
of P
2
age is newly recorded from shales above the Five Yard Limestone. The highest four of the Yoredale cyclothems are cut out to the south by unconformity at the base of the Grassington Grit Group; this group becomes thinner northwards, and its sandstones pass into predominantly shaly measures.
FAUNAL MARKER HORIZONS IN THE MIDDLE COAL MEASURES OF THE NORTH WALES COALFIELD
Authors: Magraw D. , Calver M. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Marine and non-marine fossils have been found recently above certain coal seams of the Middle Coal Measures in opencast workings, and underground at neighbouring pits, in North Wales. Previous work on this subject has been confirmed in part, and enlarged upon by the discovery of three marine horizons new to the coalfield. The widespread marine band occurring about the middle of the
Anthraconaia modiolaris
Zone has been proved
in situ
for the first time, and its position in relation to well-known coals firmly established. Names are proposed for the marine bands, and correlation with other coalfields is made in well-authenticated instances and suggested in others. The marine and non-marine faunas are listed in the text.
STONE-COUNTS IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF THE MANCHESTER AREA
Authors: Simpson I. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Over 13,000 erratics and pebbles were collected from the Lower Boulder Clay, the Middle Sand, and the Upper Boulder Clay of the Manchester area and classified according to their lithology. The distribution of the various lithological types is described and the implications of this distribution with regard to the age and origin of the deposits are discussed.
THE MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES OF COLSTERDALE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Wilson A. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Beds described lie between the Cockhill Marine Band and the Second Brimham Grit, comprising the Arnsbergian (E
2
), Sabdenian (H) and part of the Kinderscoutian (R
1
) stages of the Namurian. The Nidderdale Shales, with impersistent sandstones, are overlain by the Red Scar Grit, locally containing the Woogill Coal. The Scar House Beds show a preponderance of sandstone in a central belt running north-south. The discovery of
Homoceras beyrichianum
above the Lower Follifoot Grit identifies this sandstone, by comparison with the succession to the south, at Simonseat. Shelly fossils are recorded from the upper leaf of the Red Scar Grit and from three sandstones of Kinderscoutian age; the Cayton Gill Shell Bed is persistently fossiliferous, but the Agill and Libishaw Sandstones only locally.
Protaster
sp., an ophiuroid, is recorded from the Agill Sandstone.
TRINUCLEID TRILOBITES FROM THE HIGHER DUFTON SHALES OF THE CARADOC SERIES IN THE CROSS FELL INLIER
Authors: Dean W. T. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Five trinucleid trilobites, belonging to the genera
Onnia
and
Tretaspis,
are described and figured from the higher beds of the Dufton Shales. Three are given new specific or subspecific names; the fourth is compared with
Tretaspis ceriodes
(Angelin), and the fifth, referred to an Irish form of similar age, is held to be a probable synonym of
Tretaspis moeldenensis
Cave, described originally from South Wales.
SUB-SURFACE DATA ON THE NAMURIAN STRATA OF ALLENHEADS, SOUTH NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: Dunham K. C. , Johnson G. A. L. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Four cored boreholes drilled in connection with prospecting operations at the Swinhope lead-zinc mine, East Allendale, have provided for the first time in this area, continuous sections of the strata from the Lower Felltop Limestone down to the Great Limestone for geological investigation. The proportion of marine strata is higher than has previously been supposed, and in addition to fossiliferous shale and sandstone includes several thin limestones. The section is compared with Carruthers’ classic Coalcleugh section, and with the sections recorded by the surveyors of the Beaumont mines at Allenheads. An account of the fauna is included.
THE STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE OF PART OF THE SOUTH-EAST DURHAM COALFIELD
Authors: Magraw D. , Clarke A. M. , Smith D. B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

During the last few years, a geologically little known area of south-east Durham, lying between the worked area of the Durham coalfield and the West Hartlepool Fault, has been explored by a gravity survey and a series of boreholes, with a view to the possible siting of a new coal mine. This work has proved an extension of the Durham coalfield, lying in a downfolded area beneath Permian rocks and fairly thick glacial deposits in the neighbourhood of Dalton Piercy. Some thirty million tons of coal are probably present in seams in the
communis
Zone of the Durham Coal Measures, but these are unlikely to be economically workable at the present time. The six new bore-holes have been correlated with earlier boreholes in the Fishburn area to the west and with shafts and boreholes, including two of the recent offshore bore-holes, to the north and east. Additional data obtained from the cores of the Permian rocks have augmented earlier work and led to a clearer understanding of some outstanding problems, in particular the position within the sequence of the thick Hartlepool Anhydrite and its probable relationship to the Middle Magnesian Limestone reef of Durham. Two alternative interpretations of the structure are offered in the paper; one assumes the likely easterly continuation of the Butterknowle disturbance, and the other the termination of this fault by an extension of the north-south trending Castle Eden disturbance.
A RE-DESCRIPTION OF
NAUTILUS BISTRIALIS
PHILLIPS
Authors: Moore E. W. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Well-preserved material from the P
1a
reef limestones of Poolvash (Poyll Vaaish) in the Isle of Man, showing different growth stages, permits amplification of previous descriptions of
Nautilus bistrialis
Phillips. Details of the internal structure and the embryonic test ornament are now available. It is concluded that the genus
Bistrialites
Turner, 1954, which was founded on this species, is a junior synonym of
Liroceras
Teichert, 1940.
EVAPORITE DIAGENESIS IN THE LOWER PURBECK BEDS OF DORSET
Authors: West I. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Five stages have been determined in the diagenetic history of the calcium sulphate of beds of Lower Purbeck age in Dorset, particularly by reference to abundant pseudomorphs and other relict textures and structures preserved in late-formed gypsum and in secondary silica and calcite. The weight of overburden is thought to have controlled the changes, Occurrences are described of minerals, including celestite, calciostrontianite, lutecite and quartz, remaining after the removal in solution of gypsum. A description is also given of secondary limestones which occur particularly in the Caps and Broken Beds. They are shown to be almost entirely replacements of original sulphate deposits.
THE RADIOACTIVE CONTENT OF THE COAL MEASURES SEDIMENTS IN THE YORKSHIRE–DERBYSHIRE COALFIELD
Authors: Knowles B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Measurements of the radioactivity of a large number of samples of marine and non-marine sediments in the Yorkshire-Derbyshire coalfield have been made and the results analysed statistically. Phosphate, carbonaceous and potassium contents have been determined and the relationship between these and the radioactivity examined. Alpha track data were obtained by autoradiography.
The results show that of the marine bands only the Alton and the Mansfield are consistently and markedly radioactive. The high levels of radioactivity are commonly associated with phosphate in the form of collophane and with certain types of carbonaceous and bituminous matter. For the Alton Marine Band in particular there are close correlations between these constituents and the beta-radioactivity. The conditions of deposition of the highly radioactive marine sediments are discussed.

In the sediments where the radioactivity is low, the isotope K
40
is the most important source of beta-radioactivity. The low uranium-thorium content is mainly disseminated through the fine-grained constituents and there are only rare occurrences of highly radioactive constituents in the form of organic matter or zircon.
THE ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INTERNAL SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES OF TURBIDITES
Authors: Walker R. G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The hydrodynamic conditions controlling deposition from turbidity currents are examined and reasons are suggested for the formation or absence of each of Bouma’s five intervals (1962, p. 49). The factors which affect the grain distribution within turbidity currents are discussed and four different types of current are suggested. The nature of the graded division depends upon the type of current from which it formed, but the nature of the other divisions depends mainly on the hydrodynamic conditions existing at the bed-current interface rather than on the current as a whole. The lower laminated division and current rippled division are compared with bed configurations described by Simons
et al.
(1961) from flume experiments. It is suggested that the upper laminated division was formed by the separation of mixed grains as they settled at different velocities through a laminar boundary layer. The origin of “cut-out” and “truncated” sequences is also discussed and it is tentatively suggested that these may prove to have a palaeogeographical significance.
THE PERMO-TRIASSIC ROCKS AROUND KIRKBY STEPHEN, WESTMORLAND
Authors: Burgess I. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Two brockrams occur in the Permo-Triassic sequence. The lower, of Penrith Sandstone age, infills hollows in the pre-New Red Sandstone landscape; the upper is a northward-thinning wedge intercalated with St. Bees Shales. Beds of the intervening Hilton Series, which are seen at four hitherto unrecorded localities, include dolomitic limestone containing fossils of Upper Magnesian Limestone age. The St. Bees Shales overlap the earlier rocks eastwards on to the underlying Carboniferous.
THE PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS OF HOLDERNESS, EAST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Catt J. A. , Penny L. F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Holderness tills are described, and grouped into two series: the Basement Series below, and the Drab-Purple-Hessle Series above. The Basement Till is shown to underlie (and not overlie as was formerly supposed) the Sewerby raised beach, which is considered to belong to the Last Interglacial. The Basement Till was therefore deposited during the Saale Glaciation or earlier, and the Bridlington Crag (which has been rediscovered after being hidden for sixty years) may thus be of Holstein (Great Interglacial) age or earlier. The Drab-Purple-Hessle Series is considered to have been deposited from one composite ice sheet of Würm age, probably Main Würm, and the “moss silts” which underlie it at Dimlington are placed in a Würm interstadial. The Early Würm may be represented by the solifluction bed at Sewerby. The Kelsey Hill Gravels, the Kirmington silts and the Speeton Shell Bed are reassessed, and their position in the chronology is discussed.
OUTLINE GEOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN NORTH SEA BASIN
Authors: Kent P. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The address outlines the geological results of exploration for natural gas in the southern North Sea Basin as derived from geophysical surveys and deep drilling operations.
The greater part of the marine area is stratigraphically comparable with the landward continuation of the basin in northern Germany. Marine Tertiary is well developed; the Trias includes a representative of Muschelkalk and the Permian is bipartite, with a Zechstein including thick evaporites overlying the Rotliegendes.
True folding is very gentle, deep-seated folds and faults trending predominantly north-west–south-east (in the west) and north–south (in the east). A major phase of movement occurred in pre-Aptian times, resulting in widespread transgression of late Cretaceous on to early Jurassic and Triassic rocks. The dominant tectonic feature is the widespread development of halokinetic structures due to movement of Zechstein salt, the forms varying from pillows to diapiric salt plugs. This movement began in the Triassic and continued through Jurassic, Mesozoic and Tertiary times.
AN UNUSUAL GLAUCONITE ASSOCIATED WITH HYDROCARBON IN REEF-LIMESTONES, NEAR CASTLETON, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Harrison R. K. , Stevenson I. P. , Young B. R. , Sergeant G. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Green, dioctahedral, iron-poor, aluminous glauconite, associated with solid hydrocarbon, occurs in stylolites and intra-rubble, scaly aggregates in proximity to fluorite-galena-sphalerite-baryte-calcite scrins and veins in apron-reef limestones of B
2
age, in Cave Dale and Odin Vein near Castleton, Derbyshire. The glauconite [K
1.31
Na
0.02
Ca
0.01
(A1
2.59
Fe‴
0.12
Fe″
0.43
Mg
0.93
Ti
0.01
V‴
0.12
Cr
0.03
Mn
0.001
) (Si
7.26
Al
0.71
B
0.03
) O
20
(OH)
4
] is a type 1M polymorph. An epigenetic origin is indicated by the mineral paragenesis and mode of occurrence. The mineralization probably occurred at relatively low temperatures since the fluorite accompanying the glauconite is purple. Reef-limestone lithology and a contemporaneous impermeable shale cover probably controlled the mineralization. Microstylolites facilitated the entry of hydrocarbons and, to a less extent, glauconite, perhaps as fluids, the end-products of the higher temperature galena-sphalerite-colourless fluorite mineralization in the area.
A BOULDER BED AT TREAK CLIFF, NORTH DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Simpson I. M. , Broadhurst F. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A boulder bed at the junction of the Dinantian Carboniferous Limestone and overlying shales is visible at various localities on and near Treak Cliff, Castleton, Derbyshire. Fissures were developed locally in limestones beneath the boulder bed and these fissures together with cavities in the lower part of the boulder bed were later occupied by hydrocarbons and mineral deposits (chiefly fluorite). The present irregular topography of the area approximates to the surface on which the boulder bed was formed.
A LOWER LLANVIRN GRAPTOLITE FAUNA FROM THE SKIDDAW SLATES, WESTMORLAND
Authors: Skevington D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Wet Sleddale extension of Manchester Corporation’s Haweswater scheme in Westmorland included the excavation of an aqueduct tunnel to the west of Shap village and entirely within the Skiddaw Slates of the Bampton Inlier. Excavated materials have provided abundant, well-preserved graptolites of late
Didymograptus bifidus
Zone (Lower Llanvirn) age and their description complements the revision by Jackson (1962) of the graptolite faunas, earlier than the
D. bifidus
Zone, of the Skiddaw Slates.

Twenty-seven species and subspecies belonging to at least nine, and possibly eleven, genera have been recovered. Two new species are described:
Diplograptus hollingworthi
sp. nov. and
Climacograptus tailbertensis
sp. nov.

Important features of the fauna include the dominance of biserial graptolites and the paucity of specimens referable to the several pendent species of
Didymograptus.
The extreme rarity of
Didymograptus bifidus
(J. Hall) is adduced as further evidence in support of the claim that the
D. bifidus
Zone of North America does not correlate with the British
D. bifidus
Zone.
POLYPHASE MINERALIZATION IN CHERT FROM THE ASHFORD BLACK MARBLE MINE, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Orme G. R. , Ford T. D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Banded chert, composed of silicified biomicrite, from the Black Marble Mine at Ashford-in-the-Water, Derbyshire, is traversed by two penecontemporaneous sets of silica veins and one of fluorite-bearing calcite. The silica veins are mainly composed of chalcedony. Those of the first set are associated with displacement of the chert and locally contain angular fragments of unsilicified limestone. They widen to enclose drusy quartz mosaics, and connect broader areas in which there are cavities infilled by calcite in an envelope of chalcedony. Such cavernous areas are characterized by geopetal, recrystallization, and replacement fabrics which are probably contemporaneous with those of the fluorite-bearing calcite veins. The complex paragenesis was concluded by the formation of replacement dolomite rhombs. Some comparisons are made with nearby quartzose limestones.
QUATERNARY DEPOSITS AT OXBOW OPENCAST COAL SITE IN THE AIRE VALLEY, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Gaunt G. D. , Coope G. R. , Franks J. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Silts, sands and gravels below the floodplain of the river Aire at Oxbow opencast coal site are described and interpreted. A Lower Sand and Gravel resting on Coal Measures is thought to have had a fluvial origin and to be probably of Weichselian age. The flora and insect fauna of the succeeding Lower Silt indicate a tundra environment and a mammoth tusk from this deposit has yielded a radiocarbon date of about 38,600 years B.P.
The characteristics of the overlying Middle Sand and Gravel suggest glacio-fluvial deposition, and it is considered that this deposit and the local terrace deposits may be “outwash” from the Weichselian Aire valley glacier. The flora of the succeeding Middle Silt also suggests a tundra environment.
A rockhead ridge associated with an anticline in the Coal Measures has affected the deposition and subsequent disposition of the deposits below the Middle Silt. This anticlinal ridge is considered to be a cryoturbation structure.
The Upper Sand and Gravel rests unconformably on the Middle Silt and Middle Sand and Gravel. It is of Flandrian age on the basis of its flora, which includes assemblages correctable with zone VI (later Boreal) and with zone VIIb (Sub-Boreal) or zone VIII (Sub-Atlantic). The succeeding Upper Silt forms the present floodplain surface.
STONE ORIENTATION AND STONE COUNT DATA FROM THE LOWER TILL SHEET, EASTERN DURHAM
Authors: Beaumont P. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Although numerous glacial striae have been observed in upland areas where the glacial deposits are thin, relatively few records of their occurrence are known from the thickly drift-covered parts of eastern Durham, and those that have been described present no consistent pattern of ice movement. The study of samples from the Lower Till sheet of east Durham by both stone orientation analysis and stone count analysis indicates a general direction of ice movement from west-north-west to east-south-east. The results illustrate the value of using different and unrelated techniques in the solution of glacial problems.
THE ST. BEES EVAPORITES—A CARBONATE-EVAPORITE FORMATION OF UPPER PERMIAN AGE IN WEST CUMBERLAND, ENGLAND
Authors: Arthurton R. S. , Hemingway J. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Three cycles of carbonate-evaporite rocks, principally dolomite and anhydrite, were formed in the St. Bees Head–Egremont area of West Cumberland in Upper Permian times. Miospores and macrofauna from the lower two cycles indicate an approximate correlation with the EZ
1
, and EZ
2
cycles of the English Zechstein. The deposits appear to have been laid down on a tectonically active platform of Carboniferous rocks flanking the Lower Palaeozoic Lake District massif, and marginal to the Manx–Furness sedimentary basin. In each cycle a transgressive and a regressive phase are recognized. The criteria upon which this recognition is based are described and discussed, along with those employed in the interpretation of sedimentary environment. The case for a thickening of the formation towards the centre of the Manx–Furness basin is argued.