bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploration of nurse practitioner practice with clients who are grieving
Authors: White Patricia , Ferszt Ginette 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPurpose: Nurse practitioners (NPs) have provided care to clients in primary care settings for more than 40 years. Although NP practice standards have identified grief as a health concern that needs to be addressed, little is known about the practice of NPs with this population. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical practice of NPs in primary care with clients who were grieving the death of a significant person.Data sources: This descriptive exploratory qualitative study explored NPs’ assessment, plan of care, and evaluation of healthcare outcomes for their clients who were grieving. Semi‐structured audiotaped interviews with nine NPs providing primary care to clients were completed. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.Conclusions: The NPs’ descriptions of their clinical practice yielded important information about their assessment, intervention, and evaluation of grieving clients. Descriptions of assessments by NPs provided important data that were categorized as physical complaints, overall functioning, and emotional well‐being or coping. Descriptions of interventions included validation of clients’ grief, prescriptions, and teaching or referral. Descriptions of outcomes included relief of physical complaints and stabilized chronic illness, improvements in overall functioning, and improvements in clients’ emotional well‐being and coping.Implications for practice: For NPs to be able to provide effective care to clients grieving the death of a loved one, they need a better understanding of theoretical models and current research related to grief. Further studies are needed to provide insight into the practice of NPs with this population.
Understanding the Alternative Globalisation Movement
Authors: Ibrahim Yousaf 
Published: April 2009

AbstractResistance to neo‐liberalism had been gathering pace for sometime before it crystallised into the alternative globalisation movement (AGM) in 1999 at the Third Ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organisation in Seattle, WA, USA. Since then, many more protests have ensued in cities around the globe against the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the G8. The emergence of this phenomenon has precipitated new research and debates for social movement studies and social sciences generally. This paper critically reviews some of the new academic perspectives on the AGM including, post‐structuralist anarchist, autonomist, complexity theorisations, as well as new applications of older social movement theories such as the political process approach and new social movement theory. The paper explains the emergence and establishment of the World Social Forum (WSF) and the theoretical and practical difficulties of a charter which suggests such an inclusive an open ended rubric. Finally, the paper concludes by arguing that further research on the tensions within the WSF and the AGM is required if an answer is to be provided to the question: Is another World Possible?
The Degree of Folding Instability of the Envelope Protein of a Neurovirulent Murine Retrovirus Correlates with the Severity of the Neurological Disease
Authors: Portis J. L. , Askovich P. , Austin J. , Gutierrez-Cotto Y. , McAtee F. J. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

A small group of ecotropic murine retroviruses cause a spongiform neurodegenerative disease manifested by tremor, paralysis, and wasting. The neurovirulence of these viruses has long been known to be determined by the sequence of the viral envelope protein, although the nature of the neurotoxicity remains to be clarified. Studies on the neurovirulent viruses FrCas
NC
and Moloney murine leukemia virus
ts
1 indicate that the nascent envelope protein misfolds, is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and induces an unfolded protein response. In the present study we constructed a series of viruses with chimeric envelope genes containing segments from virulent and avirulent retroviruses. Each of the viruses studied was highly neuroinvasive but differed in the severity of the neurological disease they induced. Only viruses that contained the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the neurovirulent virus induced neurological disease. Likewise, only viruses containing the RBD of the neurovirulent virus exhibited increased binding of the ER chaperone BiP to the envelope precursor protein and induced the unfolded protein response. Thus, the RBD determined both neurovirulence and folding instability. Among viruses carrying the neurovirulent RBD, the severity of the disease was increased when envelope sequences from the neurovirulent virus outside the RBD were also present. Interestingly, these sequences appeared to further increase the degree of folding instability (BiP binding) of the viral envelope protein. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that this spongiform neurodegenerative disease represents a virus-induced protein folding disorder.
Versatile Structure‐Directing Roles of Deep‐Eutectic Solvents and Their Implication in the Generation of Porosity and Open Metal Sites for Gas Storage
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wu Tao , Chen Shumei , Feng Pingyun , Bu Xianhui 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTrap it in and burn it out: A deep‐eutectic solvent provides a versatile medium for the creation of highly stable porous frameworks encapsulating neutral coordinating ligand molecules, which can escape intact from the pores upon heating to form crystals directly, leaving behind permanent porosity and coordinatively unsaturated metal sites with potential applications in gas storage and catalysis.magnified image
Superacidity of Boron Acids H2(B12X12) (X=Cl, Br)
Authors: Avelar Amy , Tham Fook S. , Reed Christopher A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAcid remarks: The anhydrous diprotic boron acids H2(B12X12) (X=Cl, Br; see picture, B orange, X green) are the first examples of diprotic superacids and may be the strongest acids yet isolated. Both protons protonate benzene to give benzenium ion salts that are stable at room temperature. These acids owe their existence to the stability of the icosahedral B12 cluster with its dinegative charge buried beneath a layer of halide substituents.magnified image
Negative air ion releasing properties of tourmaline/bamboo charcoal compounds containing ethylene propylene diene terpolymer/polypropylene composites
Authors: Yeh Jen‐Taut , Hsiung Han‐Hsing , Wei Wei , Zhu Ping , Chen Kan‐Nan , Jiang Tao 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe average concentrations of negative air ions (Cion−) emitted from tourmaline (T), bamboo charcoal (B) particles, and tourmaline/bamboo charcoal (T/B) compounds containing polypropylene (PP) and ethylene propylene diene terpolymer/polypropylene (EPDM/PP) composite specimens under varying testing conditions were investigated in this study. The Cion− values emitted from T or B filled PP and EPDM/PP composite specimens reached a maximum value as their T or B contents approached the 5 and 3 wt % optimum values, respectively. In contrast, the Cion− values of T/B compounds filled PP and EPDM/PP composite specimens were significantly higher than their theoretical Cion− values estimated using the “simple mixing rule,” and reached a maximum value as the weight ratio of T to B reaches an optimum value. At this optimum T/B weight ratio, the Cion− values of T/B compounds filled PP and EPDM/PP composite specimens reached another maximum as their total compound loadings reached the optimum loading of 6 and 4 wt %, respectively. The Cion− values of the PP/T/B and EPDM/PP/T/B specimens increased significantly as they were tested under dynamic mode or by increasing the testing temperatures. The T and/or T/B powders filled PP and EPDM/PP specimens exhibited significantly higher tensile strength (σf) and elongation at break (εf) values than did the B filled PP and EPDM/PP specimens with the same filler loadings, respectively. Energy dispersive X‐rays, particle size, and SEM morphology analysis of the filler particles present in the T, B, and T/B filled composite specimens were performed to understand these interesting negative air ion and tensile properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Suspension polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate)/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Clarke Nigel , Hutchings Lian R. , Robinson Ian , Elder Judith A. , Collins Stephen A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPolymer/clay nanocomposites (PCNs) of poly(methyl methacrylate) and an organically modified clay, Cloisite 15a, were synthesized in situ with a suspension polymerization technique. The amount of clay present in the PCNs was varied to provide a better understanding of the effect of the clay on the properties of the polymer matrix. However, unexpectedly, we found that the concentration of clay had a dramatic impact on the molecular weight of the polymer matrix, and a relationship between the clay concentration and polymer molecular weight was determined. The PCNs were characterized with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and oscillatory shear rheology. From oscillatory shear rheology, the full master curves for the PCNs were obtained by application of the time–temperature superposition principle. To enable the effect of the clay on the rheology to be quantified, the experimental data was compared to the time‐dependent diffusion model of des Cloizeaux for polydisperse polymer melts, which enabled the polydispersity to be incorporated through the use of the molecular weight distribution obtained via SEC. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Application of Heteropolyacids as Heterogeneous and Recyclable Catalysts for One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Cyanopyridine Derivatives
Authors: HERAVI Majid M. , BEHESHTIA Yahya S. , KHORSHIDI Maliheh , BAGHERNEJAD Bita , BAMOHARRAM Fatemeh F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA simple, clean and environmentally benign route to the synthesis of 3‐cyanopyridines is described via a one‐pot multi‐component reaction of 3,4‐dimethoxyacetophenone, malonitrile or ethylcyanoacetate, aldehyde and ammonium acetate using heteropolyacids as heterogeneous and recyclable catalysts in very good yields.
Dehydration of Oximes to Nitriles Catalyzed by a Green Heteropolyacid Catalyst: Preyssler's Anion, [NaP5W30O110]14−
Authors: HERAVI Majid M. , SADJADI Sodeh , HEKMATSHOAR Rahim , OSKOOIE Hossein A. , BAMOHARRAM Fatemeh F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA mild, simple and high yielding procedure for the direct conversion of oximes to nitriles has been developed using heteropolyacid in acetic acid. Aromatic and aliphatic aldoximes were converted to the corresponding nitriles in the presence of Preyssler type heteropolyacid, which could be reused several times without any appreciable loss of activity.
Characteristics of black treatment seekers for eating disorders
Authors: Fernandes Nisha H. , Crow Scott J. , Thuras Paul , Peterson Carol B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective:This study sought to investigate differences in eating psychopathology between black and white treatment seekers at a specialty eating disorders (EDs) center.Method:Participants were drawn from 1680 individuals (n = 32 blacks; n = 1648 whites) who received treatment for an ED at a specialized center between 1979 and 1995, and had completed the EDs Questionnaire. The 32 black participants were matched to 153 white participants for ED diagnosis, year of presentation, and gender.Results:The majority of the participants were diagnosed with eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). No black participants met criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN). Black participants reported more body dissatisfaction and a higher percentage fulfilled the obesity criterion compared to white participants. There were few differences in reported history of previous treatment.Discussion:Black and white participants with EDs appeared similar in most respects, but AN was notably absent among black participants. In contrast to previous research, body dissatisfaction was surprisingly higher in black than in white participants. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Mercuric ion‐catalyzed hydration of derivatives of 1,4‐dichloro‐2‐butyne. Hydration of 1‐aryloxy‐4‐arylthio‐2‐butynes, 1,4‐bis(arylthio)‐2‐butynes, and 1,4‐bis(arylsulfonyl)‐1‐butynes
Authors: Thyagarajan B. S. , Majumdar K. C. , Bates Dallas K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe mercuric ion‐catalyzed hydration of 1,4‐bis(arylthio)‐2‐butynes and 1‐aryloxy‐4‐arylthio‐2‐butynes was studied. The 1,4‐bis(arylsulfonyl)‐2‐butynes afforded 1,4‐bis(arylsulfonyl)‐2‐butanones (7). The 1,4‐bis(arylthio)‐2‐butynes afforded a variety of products in acetic acid among which were: 1,4‐bis(arylthiomethyl)vinyl acetate (18); 1,4‐bis(arylthio)‐2‐butanone (15); 1‐(arylthio)‐3‐buten‐2‐one (16); and 1‐(arylthio)‐4‐acetoxy‐2‐butanone (17). Ketone 15 eliminates arylthiol in an acidic medium yielding 16 which undergoes Michael addition of solvent to give 17. Treatment of 7 with base in the presence of a nucleophile (ArSH) analogously leads to elimination of arylsulfinic acid, followed by Michael addition of arylthiol. Hydration of 5 in methanol cleanly gave 1‐(arylthio)‐4‐methoxy‐2‐butanones (19). In contrast, 1‐aryloxy‐4‐arylthio‐24)utynes afforded chromenes (8) by intramolecular cyclization. No thiochromenes were formed in any of the examples investigated.
Triazolines VIII. Action of diazoalkanes on heterocyclic substituted schiff bases
Authors: Kadaba Pankaja K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDiazoalkanes have been found to add to heterocyclic substituted Schiff bases (imines), providing a very useful route to the synthesis of the hitherto unknown heterocyclic substituted Δ‐1,2,3‐triazolines. The orientation of the addition as well as the results of synthesis accord with previously reported mechanistic considerations. The direction of dipole orientation and the structure assigned to the adducts are elucidated by nmr spectroscopy.
Cyclization of ylidenemalononitriles. VIII. Synthesis of coumarins from o‐methoxybenzylidenemalonitriles
Authors: Campaigne E. , Mais Dale E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new synthesis of coumarins, by direct cyclization of α‐cyano‐o‐methoxycinnamates in sulfuric acid, is described. The reaction seems quite general, and alkoxy groups other than the o‐methoxy group involved in lactone formation are not hydrolyzed during the reaction. The 3‐cyano group on the resulting coumarin is not hydrated in concentrated sulfuric acid, but can be converted to the carbamido group in 90% sulfuric acid. In certain cases these conditions do cleave methoxy substituents on the coumarins. Although the sulfuric acid cyclization did not produce the usual indenones when an o‐methoxy group was present, the corresponding indenones could be obtained by cyclizing the ylidenemalononitriles with boron trifluoride‐etherate. Possible reasons for this selectivity are discussed, and new coumarins and indenones characterized.
Tautomerism in malonic ester derivatives of s‐triazine
Authors: Reynolds C. Fredric , Saari Arthur F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPmr and uv spectra of tris‐, bis‐ and monomalonic ester derivatives of s‐triazine were studied in chloroform, dioxane, methanol, water, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and cyclohexylamine. The results indicate that the enaminic structures (I, II and III) predominate in chloroform, dioxane, methanol and water. A small amount of enolate is present in acetonitrile and a larger amount of enolate is present in dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide and cyclohexylamine in the case of the tris‐ and bismalonic ester derivatives of s‐triazine. The conclusion is reached that for these latter compounds in basic solvent, a tautomeric equilibrium exists between the enaminic form and resonance‐stabilized enolate ions.
The synthesis of some substituted tetraarylporphyrins
Authors: Little Robert G. , Anton John A. , Loach Paul A. , Ibers James A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of six unsymmetrically substituted tetraarylporphyrins is reported. The compounds prepared are 5‐(R),10,15,20‐tritolylporphyrins, where R = 2‐pyridyl, 3‐pyridyl, 4‐acet‐amido, and 2,3 or 4‐hydroxyphenyl. Four new tetrasubstituted tetraarylporphyrins (5,10,15,20‐tetra‐(R)‐porphyrin) are also reported, where R = 3‐pyridyl, 4‐acetylphenyl, 4‐hydroxyphenyl and 4‐butoxyphenyl. The proton nmr spectra of these porphyrins are presented.
Synthesis of 5,6,7‐trimethylbenz[c]acridine
Authors: Pokorny D. J. , Fischer D. L. , Nielsen L. A. , George A. Denise , Cromwell N. H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new potential carcinogenic aromatic heterocyclic compound, 5,6,7‐trimethylbenz[c]acridine (1), has been synthesized from the known 5,5‐dimethyl‐6‐keto‐5,6‐dihydrobenz[c]acridine (4) using a series of reactions which includes an interesting new type of 1,4‐conjugate addition cmploying lithium dimethylcopper.
The molecular structure and chemical reactivities of the condensation products of o‐substituted benzylidenacetylacetone with hydrazine dihydrochloride
Authors: Kurihara Takushi , Sugiyama Mariko , Hirano Hiroshi , Tomita Ken‐Ichi , Sakaki Masayoshi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractReaction of o‐nitrobenzylideneacetylacetone (1a) with hydrazine dihydrochloride in methanol gave 4‐(α‐methoxy‐o‐nitrobenzyl)‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazole hydrochloride (4a), whose structure was unambigously confirmed by an X‐ray crystallographic analysis, via 4‐(o‐nitrobenzylidene)‐3,5‐dimethylisopyrazole (2a). Compound 2a was synthesized by condensation of 1a with hydrazine dihydrochloride in acetonitrile. Analogously the corresponding o‐chloro derivatives (2b, 4b) were obtained. These were converted to N‐methyl (6b) and N‐acetyl (7a,b) derivatives and the behaviors on bromination and pyrolysis were investigated.
Synthesis of potential antineoplastic agents. XXV. Approaches to the pyridocarbazole system
Authors: Winchester Merrill J. , Popp Frank D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe indolization of cyanomethylphenylhydrazines provides a convenient route to cyanomethylcarbazoles. These cyanomethylcarbazoles provide an important entry to the pyridocarbazole system including ellipticine.
Streptonigrin and related compounds. I. Some 2‐phenyl‐ and 2,2‐pyridylquinoline‐5,8‐diones
Authors: Rao Koppaka V. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMethods for the synthesis of 6‐amino‐7‐methoxy‐ and 7‐amino‐6‐methoxy‐2,2‐pyridylquinoline‐ 5,8‐diones and the corresponding 2‐phenylquinoline‐5,8‐diones are described. The 6‐aminoquinone system was generated by direct amination with sodium azide and the 7‐aminoquinone system via the novel 6‐hydroxy‐7‐nitroquinone intermediates. The basic skeleton was derived by the application of the Friedlander quinoline synthesis.
14H‐Naphtho[1′,2′:5,6] pyrano[2,3‐b]quinoline derivatives
Authors: Roma Giorgio , Ermili Aldo , Balbi Alessandro 
Published: April 2009

AbstractReaction of (N‐alkyl‐N‐phenyl)ethoxycarbonylacetamides with β‐naphthol in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride afforded 1‐oxo‐3‐(N‐alkyl‐N‐phenyl)amino‐1H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyrans. These compounds underwent reaction with N,N‐dimethylformamide‐phosphorus oxychloride at 95° yielding a mixture of 14H‐naphtho[1′,2′:5,6]pyrano[2,3‐b]quinoline derivatives and 1‐oxo‐2‐formyl‐3‐(N‐alkyl‐N‐phenyl)amino‐9‐oxy‐1H‐phenalene. When the same reaction was performed at 140°, only 14‐oxo‐14H‐naphtho[1′,2′:5,6]pyrano[2,3‐b]quinoline was obtained in a very good yield. The structures of such compounds were demonstrated by spectral data and by chemical transformations. On the other hand, the expected formylation in the 2 position was achieved when 1‐oxo‐3‐(N‐alkyl‐N‐benzyl)amino‐1H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyrans reacted with N,N‐dimethylformamide‐phosphorus oxychloride.
An improved synthesis of norcocaine
Authors: Stenberg V. I. , Narain N. K. , Singh S. P. , Parmar S. S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn improved, high yielding procedure for the preparation of norcocaine from cocaine is described. The synthesis is accomplished by controlling the pH during the potassium permanganate oxidation. A quantitative conversion of N‐benzoylecgonine methyl ester into norcocaine by dry, hydrogen chloride‐dioxane is also included.
Synthesis of indolines from N‐allylarylamines
Authors: Krowicki Krzysztof , Paillous Nicole , Rivière Monique , Lattes Armand 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA novel method of synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles is described. The acidic rearrangement of N‐allylanilines gives 2‐allylanilines which lead to indolines by photocyclization.
Improved syntheses of 5‐substituted‐4‐amino‐3‐mercapto‐(4H)‐1,2,4‐triazoles
Authors: Reid Jack R. , Heindel Ned D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTwo improved methods have been developed for the synthesis of 5‐substiluted‐4‐amino‐3‐mercapto‐(4H)‐1,2,4‐triazoles. One of these involves the direct hydrazinolysis of potassium 3‐aroyldithiocarbazates and the other involves ring‐opening and reclosure of 5‐substituted‐2‐mereapto‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles to the aminomercaptotriazoles. Both of these methods offer advantages over the classic Hoggarth synthesis.
The sodium borohydrirle reduction of N‐iminopyridinium ylides. I. Synthesis of N‐imino‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridines
Authors: Knaus E. E. , Redda K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractReaction of arylsulfonyl, pyridylearbonyl and arylalkylhydrazines 2 with 2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐pyridinium chloride 1 affords N‐iminopyridinium ylides 3. The sodium borohydride reduction of ylides 3 to N‐imino‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridines is described.
Synthesis of fused ring 1,2,4‐triazoles by intramolecular cycloaddition of nitrile imines to the nitrile function
Authors: Garanti Luisa , Scandroglio Angelo , Zecchi Gaetano 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTreatment of 1‐chlorohydrazones (IIa‐c) with triethylamine gave fused ring 1,2,4‐triazoles arising from an intramolecular cycloaddition of the intermediate nitrile imines (IIIa‐c). This reaction was not observed in the case of one compound (IId) bearing an unactivated nitrile group.