bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary determiners as markers of generalized instantiation in English noun phrases
Authors: Breban Tine 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This paper is concerned with English noun phrases that denote generalized instances: they do not refer to actual spatio-temporal instances, but to virtual ones that are abstracted from a limited number of actual instances, e.g., a student in Three times, a student complained (Langacker, Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume II: Descriptive application, Stanford University Press, 1991, Dynamicity, fictivity, and scanning: The imaginative basis of logic and linguistic meaning, Cambridge University Press, 2005, forthcoming). Langacker likens generalized instances to generic ones, which constitute “global” generalizations over all actual instances of a type. On the basis of authentic data, I argue that, even though the profiled instance denoted by generic and generalized noun phrases is similar, the way the respective instances are accessed in discourse is very different. My data set consists of English noun phrases that are explicitly marked for generalized instantiation by the addition of a secondary determiner such as same in The twin brothers bought the same car or kind of in There was no way we could match that kind of offer. I compare noun phrases of four sets of secondary determiners, viz. adjectives of multiple exposure (usual), of identity (same, identical), of similarity (similar, comparable) and type noun constructions (kind of/type of/sort of). These data also allow me to refine the concept of generalized instantiation in terms of its semantic subtypes, the semantic interaction between secondary determiner and primary determiner, and the selection criteria for secondary determiners that can express it.
Laboratory Study on Soil Shear Stiffness and Strength Under Unloading Conditions
Authors: Yuan Junping , Nguyen Hoang Viet 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In excavated earth structures (e.g., deep excavation, cut slope, and underground construction etc.) unloading is the most predominant factor that affects the behavior of soil mass. However in engineering practice, the influence of unloading factor has not been really considered. For example, the soil shear strength characteristics are often investigated from the conventional triaxial shear test, consequently it leads to some doubts when applying the shear strength properties under loading condition to analyze the stability and displacement problem of unloading cases. In this study, a comparison of soil shear deformation and strength between loading and unloading conditions was carried out, which was based on two series of tests for remoulded clay conducted on the Advanced Stress Path Triaxial Testing System. The test results showed that the unloading factor affects soil behaviour significantly. The differences in friction angle, collapsibility, excess pore-water pressure, and shear modulus during shear under unloading condition are remarkable from under loading condition.
Underimmunization in Ohio's Amish: Parental Fears Are a Greater Obstacle Than Access to Care
Authors: Wenger Olivia K. , McManus Mark D. , Bower John R. , Langkamp Diane L. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:Holmes County, Ohio, one of the largest Amish communities in the world, has persistently low immunization rates. Studies of other Amish communities have revealed that parents do not immunize their children because of lack of access to immunizations. Our study explored reasons that Amish parents in the previously uninvestigated Holmes County population exempt themselves from immunizations.METHODS:In January 2007, questionnaires for assessing attitudes regarding immunizations were mailed to a random sampling of 1000 Amish parents in Holmes County.RESULTS:Thirty-seven percent of the parents responded. Among the 359 respondents, 68% stated that all of their children had received at least 1 immunization, and 17% reported that some of their children had received at least 1 immunization. Only 14% of the parents reported that none of their children had received immunizations. Eighty-six percent of the parents who completely exempted their children from vaccines stated that the main reason they do not vaccinate their children is concern over adverse effects. Many parents indicated that they allow their children to receive only some vaccines because of concern about the way certain vaccines are produced.CONCLUSIONS:The reasons that Amish parents resist immunizations mirror reasons that non-Amish parents resist immunizations. Even in America's closed religious communities, the major barrier to vaccination is concern over adverse effects of vaccinations. If 85% of Amish parents surveyed accept some immunizations, they are a dynamic group that may be influenced to accept preventative care. Underimmunization in the Amish population must be approached with emphasis on changing parental perceptions of vaccines in addition to ensuring access to vaccines.
Food Commercials Increase Preference for Energy-Dense Foods, Particularly in Children Who Watch More Television
Authors: Boyland Emma J. , Harrold Joanne A. , Kirkham Tim C. , Corker Catherine , Cuddy Jenna , Evans Deborah , Dovey Terence M. , Lawton Clare L. , Blundell John E. , Halford Jason C. G. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to determine if levels of television viewing (a proxy measure for habitual commercial exposure) affect children's food preference responses to television food commercials.METHODS:A total of 281 children aged 6 to 13 years from northwest England viewed toy or food television commercials followed by a cartoon on 2 separate occasions; they then completed 3 food preference measures, a commercial recognition task, and a television viewing questionnaire.RESULTS:After viewing the food commercials, all children selected more branded and nonbranded fat-rich and carbohydrate-rich items from food preference checklists compared with after viewing the toy commercials. The food preferences of children with higher habitual levels of television viewing were more affected by food commercial exposure than those of low television viewers. After viewing food commercials, high television viewing children selected a greater number of branded food items compared with after the toy commercials as well as compared with the low television viewers. Children correctly recognized more food commercials than toy commercials.CONCLUSIONS:Exposure to television food commercials enhanced high television viewers' preferences for branded foods and increased reported preferences for all food items (branded and nonbranded) relative to the low television viewers. This is the first study to demonstrate that children with greater previous exposure to commercials (high television viewers) seemed to be more responsive to food promotion messages than children with lower previous advertising exposure.
Adults With Chronic Health Conditions Originating in Childhood: Inpatient Experience in Children's Hospitals
Authors: Goodman Denise M. , Hall Matthew , Levin Amanda , Watson R. Scott , Williams Roberta G. , Shah Samir S. , Slonim Anthony D. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To describe the rate of increase of the population of adults seeking care as inpatients in children's hospitals over time.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
We analyzed data from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2008, from patients hospitalized at 30 academic children's hospitals, including growth rates according to age group (pediatric: aged &lt;18 years; transitional: aged 18–21 years; or adult: aged &gt;21 years) and disease.

RESULTS:
There were 3 343 194 hospital discharges for 2 143 696 patients. Transitional patients represented 2.0%, and adults represented 0.8%, totaling 59 974 patients older than 18 years. The number of unique patients, admissions, patient-days, and charges increased in all age groups over the study period and are projected to continue to increase. Resource use was disproportionately higher in the older ages. The growth of transitional patients exceeded that of others, with 6.9% average annual increase in discharges, 7.6% in patient-days, and 15% in charges. Chronic conditions occurred in 87% of adults compared with 48% of pediatric patients. Compared with pediatric patients, the rates of increase of inpatient-days increased significantly for transitional age patients with cystic fibrosis, malignant neoplasms, and epilepsy, and for adults with cerebral palsy. Annual growth rates of charges increased for transitional and adult patients for all diagnoses except cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease.

CONCLUSIONS:
The population of adults with diseases originating in childhood who are hospitalized at children's hospitals is increasing, with varying disease-specific changes over time. Our findings underscore the need for proactive identification of strategies to care for adult survivors of pediatric diseases.
Does a Minimum Quality Standard Always Reduce the Price of High Quality Products?
Authors: Panzar John C , Savage Ian 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This paper investigates the standard finding that instituting a minimum quality standard within a vertically differentiated market unambiguously benefits consumers of high quality products. A competitive model is specified in which random cost shocks lead some firms to cheat in equilibrium on their reputation for high quality. When cheating occurs, instituting or raising the level of a minimum standard can lead to the price of high quality products either increasing or decreasing. The effect of a minimum quality standard on the price of high quality products becomes an empirical rather than a theoretical issue.
Changes Over Time in Glycemic Control, Insulin Sensitivity, and β-Cell Function in Response to Low-Dose Metformin and Thiazolidinedione Combination Therapy in Patients With Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Retnakaran Ravi , Qi Ying , Harris Stewart B. , Hanley Anthony J. , Zinman Bernard 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
In the Canadian Normoglycemia Outcome Evaluation (CANOE) trial, low-dose rosiglitazone/metformin reduced the risk of diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance by 66% over a median of 3.9 years. We evaluate the temporal changes in glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function during this trial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
CANOE participants (n = 207) underwent annual oral glucose tolerance testing, enabling temporal comparison of glycemia, insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index), and β-cell function (insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2 [ISSI-2]) between the rosiglitazone/metformin and placebo arms.

RESULTS
Glycemic parameters and insulin sensitivity improved in the rosiglitazone/metformin arm in year 1, but deteriorated in the years thereafter as in the placebo arm. Generalized estimating equation analysis confirmed that both insulin sensitivity and β-cell function decreased over time (Matsuda: β = −0.0515, P &lt; 0.0001; ISSI-2: β = −6.6507, P &lt; 0.0001), with no significant time-by-treatment interaction (Matsuda: P = 0.57; ISSI-2: P = 0.22).

CONCLUSIONS
Despite preventing incident diabetes, low-dose rosiglitazone/metformin did not modify the natural history of worsening insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.
Potent Anti-HIV-1 Activity of N-HR-Derived Peptides Including a Deep Pocket-Forming Region without Antagonistic Effects on T-20
Authors: Izumi Kazuki , Watanabe Kentaro , Oishi Shinya , Fujii Nobutaka , Matsuoka Masao , Sarafianos Stefan G , Kodama Eiichi N 
Published: June 2011

Background: Enfuvirtide (T-20), a C-terminal heptad repeat (C-HR)-derived peptide of HIV-1 glycoprotein, gp41, effectively suppresses HIV-1 replication through a putative mechanism that involves it acting as a decoy and binding to the N-terminal heptad repeat (N-HR) of the virus. In this study, we address whether the anti-HIV-1 activity of T-20 is antagonized by a variety of N-HR-derived peptides. Methods: Multinuclear activation of galactosidase indicator assays were used to evaluate T-20 activity in the presence of N-HR-derived peptides. The gp41-derived peptides were chemically synthesized. Results: We demonstrate additive anti-HIV activity when T-20 is used in combination with N-HR-derived peptides that do not have a putative binding region for the tryptophan-rich domain in T-20. The presence of a deep pocket-forming region in the N-HR-derived peptides enhanced their anti-HIV-1 activity, but had little effect on the activity of T-20. Conclusions: These results indicate that T-20-based antiviral therapies can be combined with N-HR-derived peptides.
Voix de femme, corps de danse
Authors: Vassas Claudine 
Published: June 2011

Résumé L’une des premières réalisations de Pina Bausch, un « opéra dansé » de 1974 (l’Orphée de Gluck) très récemment redécouverte, semble se détacher de l’ensemble de son œuvre. Pourtant une mise en perspective de cette pièce avec une œuvre postérieure comme Café Müller permet de faire l’hypothèse d’une esthétique du corps tragique propre à la chorégraphe, portée par des voix de femmes. Ce tragique qu’elle incarne tout particulièrement quand elle danse, au point d’y déceler sa signature, est lisible dans le rapport singulier qu’elle instaure entre les chanteurs et les danseurs, les passages qu’elle ménage de la voix au corps, du corps à la voix.
L'opposition parlementaire en Italie et au Royaume-Uni : une opposition systémique ou axée sur les enjeux ?
Authors: De Giorgi Elisabetta 
Published: June 2011

Résumé Les typologies de l’opposition qui ont été établies au fil des années ont souvent tenu compte des facteurs systémiques dont on pensait qu’ils avaient un impact sur les caractéristiques principales de l’opposition dans toute démocratie parlementaire, tels que le système électoral ou le régime des partis, la force et la composition de l’exécutif et les règles du jeu parlementaire. Ce travail tente d’aller un pas plus loin afin de mieux appréhender l’influence que ces variables exercent sur l’exercice concret de l’opposition au parlement aujourd’hui, en distinguant deux niveaux d’analyse différents : un niveau interne, centré sur les rapports entre les acteurs de l’opposition et, plus particulièrement, sur leur cohésion organisationnelle, et un niveau externe, centré sur les rapports entre le gouvernement et l’opposition. Ce travail examine deux cas très différents en ce qui concerne les principales variables systémiques prises en considération : l’Italie et le Royaume-Uni.
L'opposition au Parlement Quelques éléments de comparaison
Authors: Surel Yves 
Published: June 2011

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de proposer des éléments et pistes de réflexion sur l’opposition parlementaire dans une perspective de politique comparée. Plus particulièrement, cette contribution identifie quatre séries de facteurs explicatifs permettant d’analyser le pouvoir relatif de l’opposition parlementaire : la forme du régime et la position institutionnelle des chambres législatives dans le système politique ; les droits et dispositifs juridiques et/ou procéduraux garantis à l’opposition dans l’enceinte parlementaire ; les pratiques informelles de l’opposition et enfin, les caractéristiques des parlementaires. La prise en compte et l’analyse de ces quatre dimensions devraient permettre de déterminer la puissance relative de l’opposition parlementaire, de ses capacités d’action et d’influence et de mesurer empiriquement les variations entre pays.
Retropupillary Fixation of Iris-claw Intraocular Lens Versus Transscleral Suturing Fixation for Aphakic Eyes Without Capsular Support
Authors: Hara Shuya , Borkenstein Andreas F.M. , Ehmer Angela , Auffarth Gerd U. 
Published: June 2011

PURPOSE:
Retropupillary fixation of an iris-claw intraocular lens (IOL) (Verisyse, Abbott Medical Optics) was performed for aphakic eyes without sufficient capsular support, and safety and recovery of the procedure were compared with transscleral suturing fixation.

METHODS:
This interventional case series comprised 11 eyes of 10 aphakic patients without capsular support undergoing retropupillary fixation of the Verisyse, and 21 eyes of 20 patients undergoing transscleral suturing fixation of foldable acrylic IOLs (15 eyes of 14 patients, SuperFlex620H [Rayner Intraocular Lenses Ltd]) and polymethylmethacrylate IOLs (6 eyes of 6 patients, CP60NS [CORNEAL Laboratoire]). Surgical time was measured. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were examined preoperatively and 1 day, 1 and 2 weeks, and 1 and 6 months postoperatively.

RESULTS:

No complications occurred in the Verisyse group, whereas complications were reported in seven eyes in the transscleral suturing fixation group throughout follow-up. Mean CDVA (logMAR) in the transscleral suturing group 1 day after surgery was significantly worse than preoperative CDVA (
P
<.05). In the Verisyse group, no significant changes in CDVA were noted at any time point. Mean IOP at postoperative day 1 in the transscleral suturing fixation group was significantly higher than that in the Verisyse group (
P
=.0126). Mean surgical time of Verisyse implantation (20.0±8.9 min) was significantly shorter than transscleral suturing fixation (49.7±18.9 min) (
P
<.0001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Retropupillary fixation of an iris-claw IOL provides early visual recovery, has a low risk of postoperative increase in IOP, and is a time-saving method compared with transscleral suturing fixation for aphakic eyes without sufficient capsular support.
A Critical Role for Granzymes in Antigen Cross-Presentation through Regulating Phagocytosis of Killed Tumor Cells
Authors: Hoves Sabine , Sutton Vivien R. , Haynes Nicole M. , Hawkins Edwin D. , Fernández Ruiz Daniel , Baschuk Nikola , Sedelies Karin A. , Schnurr Maximilian , Stagg John , Andrews Daniel M. , Villadangos Jose A. , Trapani Joseph A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Granzymes A and B (GrAB) are known principally for their role in mediating perforin-dependent death of virus-infected or malignant cells targeted by CTL. In this study, we show that granzymes also play a critical role as inducers of Ag cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DC). This was demonstrated by the markedly reduced priming of naive CD8+ T cells specific for the model Ag OVA both in vitro and in vivo in response to tumor cells killed in the absence of granzymes. Reduced cross-priming was due to impairment of phagocytosis of tumor cell corpses by CD8α+ DC but not CD8α− DC, demonstrating the importance of granzymes in inducing the exposure of prophagocytic “eat-me” signals on the dying target cell. Our data reveal a critical and previously unsuspected role for granzymes A and B in dictating immunogenicity by influencing the mode of tumor cell death and indicate that granzymes contribute to the efficient generation of immune effector pathways in addition to their well-known role in apoptosis induction.
Proapoptotic and Antiapoptotic Actions of Stat1 versus Stat3 Underlie Neuroprotective and Immunoregulatory Functions of IL-11
Authors: Zhang Jingya , Zhang Yueting , Dutta Dipankar J. , Argaw Azeb T. , Bonnamain Virginie , Seto Jeremy , Braun David A. , Zameer Andleeb , Hayot Fernand , Lòpez Carolina B. , Raine Cedric S. , John Gareth R. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Current therapies for multiple sclerosis target inflammation but do not directly address oligodendrocyte protection or myelin repair. The gp130 family cytokines ciliary neurotrophic factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, and IL-11 have been identified as oligodendrocyte growth factors, and IL-11 is also strongly immunoregulatory, but their underlying mechanisms of action are incompletely characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that these effects of IL-11 are mediated via differential regulation of apoptosis in oligodendrocytes versus Ag-presenting dendritic cells (DCs), and are dependent on lineage-specific activity of the transcription factors Stat1 versus Stat3. Focal demyelinating lesions induced in cerebral cortices of IL-11Rα−/− mice using stereotactic microinjection of lysolecithin were larger than in controls, and remyelination was delayed. In IL-11Rα−/− mice, lesions displayed extensive oligodendrocyte loss and axonal transection, and increased infiltration by inflammatory cells including CD11c+ DCs, CD3+ lymphocytes, and CD11b+ phagocytes. In oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) cultures, IL-11 restricted caspase 9 activation and apoptosis, and it increased myelination in OPC-neuron cocultures. Importantly, siRNA inhibition of Stat1 enhanced the antiapoptotic effects of IL-11 on OPCs, but IL-11 induced apoptosis in the presence of Stat3 silencing. In contrast, IL-11 augmented caspase activation and apoptosis in cultures of CD11c+ DCs, but not in CD11b+ or CD3+ cells. Inhibition of Stat3 exacerbated the proapoptotic effects of IL-11 on DCs, whereas they were ablated in Stat1−/− cultures. Collectively, these findings reveal novel mechanisms underlying the actions of a neuroprotective and immunoregulatory member of the gp130 cytokine family, suggesting avenues to enhance oligodendrocyte viability and restrict CNS inflammation in multiple sclerosis.
Macrophage-Specific Expression of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Promotes Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Authors: Novak Margaret L. , Bryer Scott C. , Cheng Ming , Nguyen Mai-Huong , Conley Kevin L. , Cunningham Andrew K. , Xue Bing , Sisson Thomas H. , You Jae-Sung , Hornberger Troy A. , Koh Timothy J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Macrophages (Mp) and the plasminogen system play important roles in tissue repair following injury. We hypothesized that Mp-specific expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is sufficient for Mp to migrate into damaged muscle and for efficient muscle regeneration. We generated transgenic mice expressing uPA only in Mp, and we assessed the ability of these mice to repair muscle injury. Mp-only uPA expression was sufficient to induce wild-type levels of Mp accumulation, angiogenesis, and new muscle fiber formation. In mice with wild-type uPA expression, Mp-specific overexpression further increased Mp accumulation and enhanced muscle fiber regeneration. Furthermore, Mp expression of uPA regulated the level of active hepatocyte growth factor, which is required for muscle fiber regeneration, in damaged muscle. In vitro studies demonstrated that uPA promotes Mp migration through proteolytic and nonproteolytic mechanisms, including proteolytic activation of hepatocyte growth factor. In summary, Mp-derived uPA promotes muscle regeneration by inducing Mp migration, angiogenesis, and myogenesis.
IL-15Rα of Radiation-Resistant Cells Is Necessary and Sufficient for Thymic Invariant NKT Cell Survival and Functional Maturation
Authors: Chang Chin-Ling , Lai Yein-Gei , Hou Mau-Sheng , Huang Po-Lin , Liao Nan-Shih 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The development of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells depends on the thymus. After positive selection by CD4+CD8+CD1d+ cortical thymocytes, iNKT cells proceed from CD44lowNK1.1− (stage 1) to CD44highNK1.1− (stage 2), and then to CD44highNK1.1+ (stage 3) cells. The programming of cytokine production occurs along the three differentiation stages, whereas the acquisition of NK receptors occurs at stage 3. Stage 3 thymic iNKT cells are specifically reduced in Il15ra−/− mice. The mechanism underlying this homeostatic deficiency and whether the IL-15 system affects other thymic iNKT cell developmental events remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that increased cell death contributed to the reduction of stage 3 cells in Il15ra−/− mice, as knockout of Bim restored this population. IL-15–dependent upregulation of Bcl-2 in stage 3 cells affected cell survival, as overexpression of hBcl-2 partially restored stage 3 cells in Il15ra−/− mice. Moreover, thymic iNKT cells in Il15ra−/− mice were impaired in functional maturation, including the acquisition of Ly49 and NKG2 receptors and the programming of cytokine production. Finally, IL-15Rα expressed by radiation-resistant cells is necessary and sufficient to support the survival as well as the examined maturation events of thymic iNKT cells.