bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of free play towards physical activity guidelines for New Zealand primary school children aged 7–9 years
Authors: McGall S E , McGuigan M R , Nottle C 
Published: August 2009

ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to investigate children's physical activity patterns to gain comparisons between home and school and to determine whether the current physical activity guidelines of 60 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) daily were being met.MethodsParticipants were recruited from two New Zealand primary schools (60 children, mean age (SD) 8.3 (0.7) years). Physical activity was measured for seven consecutive days using Actigraph accelerometers. Total activity and average counts were determined for school playtime, after school and weekends. Differences between average counts for these intervals were compared using the t statistic. Time and percentage of time spent were categorised into the activity thresholds: sedentary (<100), light (101–299), moderate (3000–5200) and vigorous (>5200). Total activity for each day was also determined.ResultsNo child met the recommended 60 min of MVPA daily during the investigation. Compared to school playtime, activity counts were lower by 36% (CI 25% to 45.5%, p<0.001, effect size (ES)=−1.29) after school, 50.1% (CI 37% to 60.5%, p<0.001, ES=−2.01) on Saturday and 57.4% (CI 46.3% to 66.3%, p<0.001, ES=−2.47) on Sunday. Mean results showed children spent 91–96% of their time engaged in light or sedentary activities. Even during school playtime, where the children were most active, only 8 of 80 min were spent engaged in MVPA.ConclusionsThis study found activity levels were considerably lower than the recommended guidelines, and children were more active during school playtime compared to after school and weekends.
Diagnosis of conjunctivitis in primary care: comparison of two different culture procedures
Authors: Tellegen E , ter Riet G , Sloos J H , van Weert H C P M 
Published: August 2009

Background:In general practice, infectious conjunctivitis is a common and mostly (64%) self-limiting disorder. In case of an aberrant course or severe symptoms, a general practitioner may take a culture. Direct inoculation is considered the reference standard, but usually a swab is sent to a laboratory.Objectives:To compare the diagnostic performance of the swab, transported by surface mail with direct inoculation.Methods:19 general practitioners took two samples of the conjunctiva from 88 patients with symptoms suggestive of infectious conjunctivitis by rolling a cotton swab across the conjunctiva of the lower fornix. One swab was used to inoculate three agar plates directly, while the other was sent in a Stuart medium to the laboratory and inoculated at the time of arrival. The numbers of positive cultures of both methods were compared.Results:A pathogen was found in 31 of 88 samples (35% (95% CI 26 to 46)). Surprisingly, the number of positive cultures was higher for the Stuart medium (27/88) than for direct inoculation (23/88). The difference was 4.5% (90% CI 0 to 12, p = 0.388; one-sided McNemar test for paired proportions). In five of the 19 samples that were positive in both tests, the cultured pathogens were different.Conclusions:The Stuart medium detected more bacteria than direct inoculation. The lower 90% CI, testing non-inferiority at p = 0.05, indicates that it is unlikely that the Stuart medium misses any positive cultures compared with direct inoculation.
Flavoured cigarettes, sensation seeking and adolescents’ perceptions of cigarette brands
Authors: Manning K C , Kelly K J , Comello M L 
Published: August 2009

Objectives:This study examined the interactive effects of cigarette package flavour descriptors and sensation seeking on adolescents’ brand perceptions.Methods:High school students (n = 253) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions and sequentially exposed to cigarette package illustrations for three different brands. In the flavour descriptor condition, the packages included a description of the cigarettes as “cherry”, while in the traditional descriptor condition the cigarette brands were described with common phrases found on tobacco packages such as “domestic blend.” Following exposure to each package participants’ hedonic beliefs, brand attitudes and trial intentions were assessed. Sensation seeking was also measured, and participants were categorised as lower or higher sensation seekers.Results:Across hedonic belief, brand attitude and trial intention measures, there were interactions between package descriptor condition and sensation seeking. These interactions revealed that among high (but not low) sensation seekers, exposure to cigarette packages including sweet flavour descriptors led to more favourable brand impressions than did exposure to packages with traditional descriptors.Conclusions:Among high sensation seeking youths, the appeal of cigarette brands is enhanced through the use of flavours and associated descriptions on product packaging.
The adoption of smoke-free hospital campuses in the United States
Authors: Williams S C , Hafner J M , Morton D J , Holm A L , Milberger S M , Koss R G , Loeb J M 
Published: August 2009

Background:The adoption of a smoke-free hospital campus policy is often a highly publicised local event. National media coverage suggests that the trend towards adopting these policies is growing, and this publicity can frequently lead hospital administrators to consider the adoption of such policies within their own institutions. Little is actually known, however, about the prevalence of these policies or their impact.Objectives:To determine the national prevalence of smoke-free hospital campus policies and the relation between these policies and performance on nationally standardised measures for smoking cessation counselling in US hospitals.Methods:4494 Joint Commission-accredited hospitals were invited to complete a web-based questionnaire assessing current smoking policies and future plans. Smoking cessation counselling rates were assessed through nationally standardised measures.Results:The 1916 hospitals responding to the survey (43%) were statistically similar to non-responders with respect to performance measure rates, smoking policies and demographic characteristics. Approximately 45% of responders reported an existing smoke-free hospital campus policy. With respect to demographics, higher proportions of smoke-free campus policies were reported in non-teaching and non-profit hospitals. Smoke-free campus hospitals were also more likely to provide smoking cessation counselling to patients with acute myocardial infarction, heart failure and pneumonia who smoke (p<0.001).Conclusions:By February 2008, 45% of US hospitals (up from approximately 3% in 1992) had adopted a smoke-free campus policy; another 15% reported actively pursuing the adoption of such a policy. By the end of 2009, it is likely that the majority of US hospitals will have a smoke-free campus.
PHASE TRANSITION IN A STOCHASTIC FOREST FIRE MODEL AND EFFECTS OF THE DEFINITION OF NEIGHBORHOOD
Authors: LICHTENEGGER KLAUS , SCHAPPACHER WILHELM 
Published: August 2009

We present results on a stochastic forest fire model, where the influence of the neighbor trees is treated in a more realistic way than usual and the definition of neighborhood can be tuned by an additional parameter. This model exhibits a surprisingly sharp phase transition which can be shifted by redefinition of neighborhood. The results can also be interpreted in terms of disease-spreading and are quite unsettling from the epidemiologist's point of view, since variation of one crucial parameter only by a few percent can result in the change from endemic to epidemic behavior.
The road to Smith: how the Geological Society came to possess English geology
Authors: Knell Simon J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

The modern image of the Geological Society owes much to William Smith whom the Society used, in 1831, to claim ascendency over European rivals. At its birth, however, the Society pursued a science adopted from the Continent, which privileged field data and saw mineralogy and chemistry as the sciences of the Earth. The Society's birth mobilized the nation; its co-operative, mobile, investigative, subtly theoretical and didactic vigour materialized in the production of Greenough's geological map of England. Yet Smith's geology spread virus-like, converting the membership in various ways, some acknowledging Smith, others denying him. In possession of Smith's geology, and impressed by his publications, the Society men emerged from a philosophical wilderness, only to break out in a competitive fever to write an
Elements of Geology
. The Society's great supporter, John Farey, broke free, disillusioned and determined to destroy Greenough. Nevertheless, Greenough pushed forward with his map, competing directly with Smith and intent on surpassing him. However, following the development of a powerbase for his geology in Yorkshire, Smith rode into London to be crowned the father of a peculiarly English science. Smith's map now became the national icon of English geology, less than a decade after the Society had rendered it obsolete. Next to it, Greenough's map – the Society's ‘glory’ – symbolized the Society's co-operative spirit and political acumen, attributes no less important to the science's advance.
Light and shadow: the status of Italian geology around 1807
Authors: Vai Gian Battista 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

The stratigraphical approach and geological mapping of William Smith in England and Georges Cuvier in France gave birth to modern geology. However, before 1815 neither used the word ‘geology’, a term first coined by Ulisse Aldrovandi in 1603. At the turn of the nineteenth century most leading geoscientists were based in France and Germany, but those in Britain were poised to take over the lead. After three centuries of dominance in science and geology, was Italian geology in decline? A review of the works of Italian geologists and the role these played in disseminating Italian geological research has been undertaken to examine this question. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars shocked the Italian states, disrupted the economic order and discontinued the progress of science. Nevertheless, from 1759 to 1859 over 40 classic papers in geology were published in Italy. Among them, Gian Battista Brocchi's
Conchiologia Fossile
is the most renowned for having inspired Charles Lyell's work. In the middle decades of the nineteenth century Italian geoscientists made up the majority of foreign members of both the French and English geological societies. The Italian Geological Society was not formed until 1881. This was largely due to the earlier political fragmentation of Italy into many small states.
Practical geology and the early Geological Society
Authors: Veneer Leucha 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Historical accounts of the interests and activities of the Geological Society of London have often portrayed the Society as indifferent to practical geology and as being focused instead on fieldwork and gentlemanly debate. However, the Society's founders displayed a wide range of interests in the applications of geology and mineralogy. The British Mineralogical Society had been established in 1799 to elucidate the mineral history of Britain and to amass practical information for the benefit of British mining, and the members of this society later brought with them into the Geological Society their practical and mineralogical interests. Close study of the early projects of the Geological Society shows that the membership at this time had a great interest in the practical applications of geology, and especially mining. However, it is clear that there was a significant change in the Society's programmatic activities in the late 1810s and 1820s, when the Society moved away from practical geology. These changes reflected a changing membership.
The Geological Society and its official recognition, 1824–1828
Authors: Boylan Patrick J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Under the 1824–1826 presidency of William Buckland, the still young Geological Society negotiated with the Government a very important advance in terms of the official recognition of the Society and the emerging science of geology that the Society represented, by obtaining a prestigious new legal status in the form of a Royal Charter of Incorporation. Then, under William Fitton's presidency, in 1828 the government granted the Society rent-free accommodation for both its meetings and its rapidly growing library and museum in the government offices in Somerset House, London. The objectives behind these two related moves are considered, although it is unfortunate that little of the detailed background documentation to these developments seem to have been preserved within either Society or government records. A brief account of what might have been – the possibility of seeking a Coat of Arms for the newly Chartered Society – concludes the story.
The first female Fellows and the status of women in the Geological Society of London
Authors: Burek Cynthia V. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Women were first permitted to become Fellows of the Geological Society of London in 1919. Eight joined in May of that year and then in June a further two were admitted. By February 1922 there were 21 female Fellows. The Geological Society had opened its doors to women and, after an initial rush, there was a slow trickle. However, there were a number of highly regarded female geologists before this time, and several of them received grants, medals and, indeed, submitted papers, although they were not always permitted to read these themselves. Some of the first female Fellows have disappeared without trace, but the contributions of others are significant. As well as being educationalists, they were expert in many different areas of geology, with palaeontology and stratigraphy featuring strongly. Few, however, stayed on in this male-dominated arena once they married and had children. It seems there was no common reason for these women to seek membership of the Geological Society, other than their love of geology, but membership brought them recognition and status. They led the way as role models for future female Fellows and were the first of many women to play a significant role in the Geological Society's history.
Walk with the Founding Fathers
Authors: Rudwick Martin J. S. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Part of the History of Geology Group's Bicentenary celebrations included a field trip to the Isle of Wight entitled ‘Walk with the Founding Fathers’. It followed in the footsteps of Thomas Webster as he attempted to understand the island's complex geology almost 200 years ago. The material used for the field trip – prepared by Martin Rudwick – is reprinted here. The logistics of the weekend were organized by History of Geology Group committee members, John Mather and Dick Moody, and the trip was led by Professors Martin Rudwick and Hugh Torrens.
Chemists get down to Earth
Authors: Knight David 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Four of the Founding Fathers of the Geological Society, Arthur Aikin, Richard Knight, William Hasledine Pepys and Humphry Davy, were chemists, coming to geology through mineralogy. The nature and status of chemistry in 1807 helps us to see why, and we note that chemists were down to earth and empirical minded in contrast to the speculative geologists of the eighteenth century. These four, a closely linked and coherent group, made various and important contributions to the scientific world in London generally, and to the Geological Society in particular. Nevertheless, Davy had very different expectations of the Society from the others: he wanted a dining club under the aegis of the Royal Society (of which he was Secretary), but they (successfully) sought a formal and separate body in which papers would be read and published. By the time of Davy's death in 1829, the Society was chartered and flourishing; and the rise of palaeontology had made chemistry much less central to geology.
The rise of geology as a science in Germany around 1800
Authors: Guntau Martin 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Special attention was paid to geology and mineralogy in the German countries around 1800. Following the final decades of the eighteenth century, during which an essential understanding of the natural history of the Earth was gained, geology developed into an independent science. Mining was dependent on geological findings, which in turn promoted geology. This process was driven by lecturers in the mining academies founded at that time, mining civil servants, university professors and also by private scholars. In this process, the Mining Academy of Freiberg, at which German and foreign students took their degrees, was of great importance. Abraham Gottlob Werner worked there as a lecturer who combined geological findings – based on his theory of Neptunism – into one systematic doctrine, imparting his ideas to many students over decades. These students became successful mining and metallurgy officials in the first years of the nineteenth century, and professors of geology and mineralogy at universities in Germany and abroad. During the same period, Leopold von Buch and Alexander von Humboldt contributed to the consolidation of geology as a natural science in Germany. Leopold von Buch had not only recognized the task of developing historical geology; he himself made important contributions to the stratigraphy of the Mesozoic and to palaeontology. The term ‘guide fossil’ was established by him. His coloured geological map of Western and Central Europe, published in 1826 and with five editions up to 1843, met with great approval.
PPARβ/δ Agonists Modulate Platelet Function via a Mechanism Involving PPAR Receptors and Specific Association/Repression of PKCα–Brief Report
Authors: Ali Ferhana Y. , Hall Matthew G. , Desvergne Béatrice , Warner Timothy D. , Mitchell Jane A. 
Published: August 2009

Objectives—Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is a nuclear receptor found in platelets. PPARβ/δ agonists acutely inhibit platelet function within a few minutes of addition. As platelets are anucleated, the effects of PPARβ/δ agonists on platelets must be nongenomic. Currently, the particular role of PPARβ/δ receptors and their intracellular signaling pathways in platelets are not known.Methods and Results—We have used mice lacking PPARβ/δ (PPARβ/δ−/−) to show the effects of the PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 on platelet adhesion and cAMP levels are mediated specifically by PPARβ/δ, however GW501516 had no PPARβ/δ-specific effect on platelet aggregation. Studies in human platelets showed that PKCα, which can mediate platelet activation, was bound and repressed by PPARβ/δ after platelets were treated with GW501516.Conclusions—These data provide evidence of a novel mechanism by which PPAR receptors influence platelet activity and thereby thrombotic risk.
The Sacred Aryan Forest in the Avestan and Pahlavi Texts
Authors: Hambartsumian Arthur 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis article is dedicated to the interpretation of the Avestan razura- "forest, grove", its Middle Persian derivation razūr, and the related place-name, the so called "White Forest" (Avestan Spaēitita razura-, and Middle Persian Arus-razūr and Spēd-razūr). The author investigates all passages in the Avestan and Middle Iranian texts, where the lexeme is found. The Avestan razura- is attested predominantly in the Young Avestan texts (Aban Yasht, Den Yasht, Zamyad Yasht) and in Videvdat, while as a component of the place-name it may be found in Ram Yasht. In most cases, it is mentioned in connection with war campaigns and important battles of the ancient Iranians with their enemies. More detailed accounts on "White Forest" have been preserved in the Middle Persian sources, such as Ayādgār ī Zarērān (the Pahlavi text of Parthian origin), Bundahishn, and in the apocalyptic writing Zand ī Vohuman Yasn. The battle of king Vishtasp with the Khyons is held near this "White Forest", Arusrazūr, which is also mentioned in Zand ī Vohuman Yasn as Spēd-razūr. Evidently, this place had a great importance for the ancient Iranians; Ilya Gershevitch called it, following Ram Yasht, "the Pan-Iranian forest"; for Mary Boyce it was "the forest of All-Aryans".
Mul "Wine" in Classical Persian Poetry
Authors: Sadeqi-Zadeh Mahmud 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe paper examines the historical and literary characteristics of mul "wine" in Persian poetry. Unlike may, which is a wide-spread term denoting "wine" in New Persian, mul is never employed in the writings of many outstanding representatives of Persian poetry—from the early period until Rūdakī and Daqīqī. The first occurrences of this lexeme are attested in the Shahnameh by Firdousū.
Notes on the Secret Language of House-builders in Ābāde
Authors: Sadeqpur Abdolrasul 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe paper introduces some materials from a professional argot, now spoken by a few members of the traditional house-builder's guild in Ābāde township near Shiraz, in Iran. The vocabulary of this language consists mostly of words with unknown origin, while the morphology and syntax are based on the local Persian dialect.
Iranian Kurds in an Age of Globalisation
Authors: Gresh Geoffrey 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSince 2003 and the establishment of Iraq's Kurdish Regional Government, Iran has witnessed a rise in ethnonationalist activity among its Kurdish population. Much of the motivation for this activity stems from the political success of the Kurds in Iraq. The spread of Iranian Kurdish nationalism has also been influenced by globalisation forces, such as global communications technologies, transnational networks, and increased mobility across borders. In this age of globalisation, the Iranian government's ability to rule over the Kurds will continue to erode, unless it caters toward Kurdish demands of minority rights.
Understanding and Addressing Psychological and Social Problems: the Mediating Psychological Processes Model
Authors: Kinderman Peter 
Published: August 2009

Background: Psychological and social problems such as mental disorder, unemployment, substance misuse and crime are personally distressing and absorb huge proportions of Government effort. Addressing these is a multi-agency, multidisciplinary exercise, but there is evidence of a marked policy shift toward the provision of psychological therapies and interventions. Aim: To offer a distinctively psychological perspective on these key social and mental health problems. Method: Scholarly review of the relevant literature. Results: This article presents a coherent model — the mediating psychological processes model — addressing the complex, interconnected, nature of these problems. The mediating psychological processes model suggests that disruption or dysfunction in psychological processes is a final common pathway in the development of mental disorder and social problems. The model proposes that biological, social and circumstantial factors lead to mental disorder, crime and other social problems through their conjoint effects in influencing or disrupting relevant psychological processes. Conclusions: The implications for policy, and implementation of policy, are discussed.
Examining Student Perspectives On Suicidal Behaviour and Its Prevention in Sri Lanka
Authors: Ratnayake Ruwan , Links Paul 
Published: August 2009

Background: Suicidal behaviour, primarily through self-poisoning, is a major public health problem among youth in Sri Lanka. Methods: This article describes a qualitative study of student perspectives on suicidal behaviour and its prevention. Focus groups were held with students 17—20 years of age. A discussion of the perceived causes of suicidal behaviour provided the context for discussing prevention efforts. Conclusion: Participants identified pathways to suicidal behaviour and emphasized experiential aspects and the variability of fatal intent. Suggestions for prevention tended to emphasize the strengthening of community-oriented actions in order to better realize lethal means restrictions.