bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of terephthalic acid on the efficiency of oxytetracycline in chick rearing
Authors: Trail J. C. M. 
Published: March 2009

An experiment using 528 day-old chicks was conducted to determine the nutritional effects of terephthalic acid, when added at the rate of 0·4% to a ration containing 100 g. oxytetracycline per ton, in the rearing of chicks to 30 days of age in East Africa.No significant gains were produced in the growth rates or feed-conversion rates, of male and female chicks of four cross-breeds, over the periods 0–10, 0–20 and 0–30 days of age.
The establishment of faecal nitrogen—digestibility regressions for animals grazing irrigated pasture
Authors: Pearce G. R. , Vercoe J. E. , Freer M. 
Published: March 2009

A regression for feed-to-faeces ratio on faecal nitrogen percentage was formulated from trials in which perennial irrigated pasture cut to ground level was fed to cattle and sheep at various times over several years.Similar data derived from ‘top’ (mainly leaf) and ‘bottom’ (mainly stem) cuts of a spring and of an autumn stand of pasture from the same vicinity did not conform with the ‘whole’ cut relationship and the three regressions which were established were heterogeneous.It is suggested that due to selectivity, the application to grazing animals of a regression derived from pasture cut to ground level may result in considerable error.
The response of breeding sows and gilts to two levels of protein and food intake over several parities
Authors: Frape D. L. , Wilkinson J. , Chubb L. G. , Wolf K. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn experiment, involving 68 female pigs, was undertaken to measure the effects of two diets differing in protein content, and of two patterns of feeding. The animals were housed in an enclosed building. The experiment extended through several parities; culled sows were replaced by gilts during the experiment, the whole course of which lasted 5 years.The diets were given at the rate of 1–8 or 2–3 kg per day throughout gestation, but the rate was reversed during the 5-week lactation so that, for litters of eight to nine pigs sows in each treatment group received the same quantity of food per parity. As a result of unsatisfactory performance, dietary composition was changed after 2 years so that for the last 3 years the digestible energy contents were higher.Treatments significantly influenced gestation live-weight gain, lactation weight loss and gestation backfat gain. The lower rate of gestation feeding was associated with low or negative gestation weight increases after the third to fourth litters, and a greater apparent rate of decline with increasing age in birth and 3-week weight per piglet. The high gestation, low lactation, rates of feeding led to slightly greater litter size and lower weaning weights per pig. A daily intake of 208 g crude protein and 8'3 g lysine appeared to meet the sow's requirements throughout gestation.In the pregnant sow feeding area, winter air temperatures were on average 16 °C below those in the summer, but were rarely below freezing point. Winter backfat gain was lower than, and gestation gain only half that in the summer. Litter size was also greater following summer pregnancies and 3-week weight per pig was greater following winter pregnancies. Independent of litter size, birth and 3-week weight per pig were positively correlated with gestation gain within treatment and season. The apparent positive correlation of litter size at 3 weeks with gestation backfat and weight gain was not found at birth. Litter size at birth was negatively correlated with gestation gain within season. The percentage of fertile matingswas less for matings between 1 September and 31 January. This coincided approximately with the reduced litter size (alive) which occurred following winter gestations.Lactation weight loss and 3-week weight per pig declined with increasing age of sow and the degree of weight loss was unrelated to subsequent litter size.The apparent effect of seasons and treatments on litter size at birth appeared not to be an obvious function of changes in live weight, which were also marked between seasons and treatments, but level of food intake in early gestation may have affected litter size independently. It was concluded that birth weight especially in the older sows, was associated with the rate of food intake in gestation, and possibly also in lactation, and with gestation empty weight gain.
Lime and fertilizer requirements for the establishment and growth of grass on deep peat
Authors: Reith J. W. S. , Robertson R. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out in central Scotland to assess the lime and fertilizer dressings required for the establishment and growth of grasses and clovers on deep acid peat. Without lime, the sown grasses and clovers failed when ammonium sulphate and mono-ammonium phosphate were used, but with Nitro-Chalk and single superphosphate a poor establishment was obtained. With adequate P, lime at rates as low as 0–25 metric ton Ca per ha produced a marked improvement. The yields obtained with 1, 2 or 4 metric tons Ca per ha were similar, but the herbage from the last treatment contained the highest Ca percentage.Even with adequate lime, the grasses and clovers failed in the absence of applied P. Superphosphate and basic slag gave similar establishments but the former produced higher yields. Ground mineral phosphate was inferior to basic slag in the first and second years but in the fourth, fifth and sixth seasons it was equal to superphosphate and superior to slag. After establishment the 98 kg P rates were always better than the 49 kg levels. The 490 kg P treatment of superphosphate did not produce a bigger yield than the 98 kg rate, but it did give a higher percentage of P in the herbage.Dressings of N and K had appreciable effects on establishment and growth, especially on the botanical composition of the sward and yield of herbage produced in the second year.The effects of treatment on the pH value of the peat and on the Ca, P and K extracted by 2·5 % acetic acid were measured. To get a satisfactory establishment of grasses and clovers on deep acid peat it is suggested that about 3 metric tons Ca, 35 kg N, 100 kg P and 140 kg K per ha should be applied.
A comparison of pigs slaughtered at three different weights I. Carcass quality and performance
Authors: Buck S. F. 
Published: March 2009

The following conclusions were obtained from a comparison of growth and carcass characteristics of pigs slaughtered at 150, 200 and 260 lb. liveweight.(a) The ranking of boars at the three weights, according to the quality of their progeny at each weight, was similar for the carcass characteristics, i.e. percentage of lean meat, length, backfat and eye muscle area—but was not associated for the efficiency factors, i.e. daily gain and food conversion. Results from singly-penned progeny pigs confirm that food consumed up to 150 lb. live weight is not indicative of the food consumed between 150 and 200 lb. live weight. A similar result is true for daily gain. It thus does not appear that the results obtained at 150 lb. live weight could be used to represent results at heavier weights and this is particularly true for performance testing when only one animal is concerned. Rather it would appear that if the pigs were raised to a given weight, carcass information at an earlier weight could be obtained on the live pig by ultrasonic means and by subjective estimates, whilst food conversion and daily gain could be calculated exactly at any live weight.(b) The weights of the different cuts as a percentage of the side weight does not appear to change much between slaughter weights. The carcass becomes less lean as the slaughter weight increases and this difference in leanness is more observable between the 200 and 260 lb. weights than between the 150 and 200 lb. weights. In these ranges at least as much lean as fat is put on in the shoulder and ham but more fat than lean is put on in the back and in the streak. For example, between 200 and 260 lb., 5 lb. of lean to 9 lb. of fat is added in the back cut.(c) For all cuts and for both sexes, the percentage of lean meat added in the range 200–260 lb. live weight is less than that for the range 150–200 lb. live weight. This difference is more severe for hogs, especially in the back cut. The sex difference (in favour of the leaner gilt) becomes more pronounced at the heavier weight range. This is not so obvious in the ham but is marked in the shoulder and streak and particularly in the back. 3·9 lb. of food is required to put on 1 lb. of live weight between 150 and 200 lb., whilst 4·3 lb. of food is needed for each 1 lb. gain between 200 and 260 lb. live weight.(d) Percentage of lean meat prediction equations fitted to the data at the three weights are of equal accuracy. In all cases the reduction in variance is highly significant and the percentage of lean meat of a pig can be estimated with a standard error of approximately 2% of carcass weight.
The induction of pregnancy in the anoestrous ewe by hormonal therapy V. Progesterone-pregnant mare's serum therapy on Clun forest maiden sheep and general conclusions
Authors: Gordon I. 
Published: March 2009

This trial concerns the induction of pregnancy in two flocks of Clun maiden yearling ewes and involves seventy-six animals. Previous observations suggested that treatment of this particular category usually gives rise to a higher conception percentage than is found with drypost-partumor lactating sheep. The trial sought to elucidate some factors of animal and environment which may be associated with this response.In flock 45, during the period 10 February to 29 March, observations were made on the incidence of spontaneous breeding activity in forty-seven ewes; hormonal therapy was first applied at the latter date. Treatment for all ewes consisted of three doses of 50 mg. progesterone (in oil) given at 3-day intervals; a single dose of 750 i.u.p.m.s.was administered 2 days after final progesterone.Nineteen of the forty-seven ewes (40%) in flock 45 showed spontaneous oestrus in February or March. Three (16%) of those ewes previously mated came in oestrus after treatment; forty-nine of the fiftyseven unmated ewes (86%) showed oestrus 3–5 days after the end of injection. Of the nineteen sheep that mated spontaneously, ten (53%) produced autumn lambs. Twenty-six of the fifty-two sheep (50%) served in response to the progesterone-p.m.s.therapy conceived. 1·25 lambs were born per ewe that lambed. Some evidence for total embryonic or foetal loss in the ewes during pregnancy was obtained. Results indicate that conception in these maiden ewes may have been facilitated by the presence of corpora lutea or recent luteal activity, which maintained the oestrogen-progesterone balance necessary for providing an adequate uterine environment. For this reason, maiden ewes of breeds with short breeding seasons (e.g. Scotch Half-Breds) may not give such satisfactory response when injected at times comparable to long season breeds, such as the Clun.
Mineral balances in European and Zebu steers
Authors: Horrocks D. , Phillips G. D. 
Published: March 2009

1. Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium balances in seven Hereford and seven Zebu steers have been determined during two 10-day trials. Values for phosphorus, omitting urine excretion, were also determined.2. No breed differences were found apart from a tendency for Zebu steers to excrete less potassium in their faeces and more in their urine than Herefords.
Protein and energy nutrition of the bacon pig
Authors: Robinson D. W. , Morgan J. T. , Lewis D. 
Published: March 2009

1. A feeding trial involving sixty-four individually fed pigs was carried out to assess the effect of reducing the protein content of the diet at different live weights. The effect was examined at two planes of protein intake, 19 % falling to 14 % in the finishing stages, and 16 % falling to 12 %.2. High protein levels improved growth rate and food conversion efficiency during the growing phase, and also improved carcass quality in terms of the lean content of the carcass, eye muscle area and length.
Seasonal changes in the inner root sheath of the primary follicles in Herdwick sheep
Authors: Priestley G. C. 
Published: March 2009

The histology of the skin follicles of a small group of Herdwick ewes was examined in midwinter and again in midsummer. In the primary follicles which remained active (about 9 % of the total follicle population) the ‘winter thinning’ in the fibre was accompanied by a thickening of the Huxley layer in the inner root sheath. In heterotype fibres (from primary follicles) a poorly defined crimp and a bilaterally differentiated cortex were present only in the thin length of fibre grown in winter.The author is grateful to Dr. Marca Burns for permission to sample her Herdwick flock, and to Dr K. M. Rudall for helpful advice. This work was carried out while the author held a grant from the Agricultural Research Council.
The effects of undernutrition and re-alimentation on the Romney ewe
Authors: Hight G. K. , Barton R. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. A study of the effects of live-weight loss and recovery on the physical and chemical composition of 4- and 5-year-old Romney ewes is described. Six treatment groups each of eight ewes were involved. The diet consisted of chaffed lucerne alfalfa) hay. The treatment groups were:(i) control (C);(ii) low plane of nutrition for 21 days (LPS);(iii) as for (ii) then changed to a high plane LPS: HP);(iv) low plane of nutrition for 42 days (LPL)(v) as for (iv) then changed to high plane for a short period (LPL:HPS); and(vi) as for (iv) then changed to high plane for a long period (LPL:HPL).Because of mortalities in the LPL:HPS and LPL:HPL groups, data on the carcasses and internal organs of the animals surviving to slaughter date in these treatments were not statistically analysed.
Efficiency of the utilization of the energy of casein in fowls
Authors: Burlacu Gh. , Ionila Dumitra , Baltac Margareta 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe efficiency of the utilization of the energy of casein in adult fowls at different feeding levels both for maintenance and for lipogenesis, was studied. The casein was utilized for maintenance with an efficiency of 66·6 ± 1·3% of the gross energy and of 83·7 ± 1·4% of the metabolizable energy. For lipogenesis efficiencies were 51·6 ± 2·15%, and 61·3 ± 2·6% respectively.
The extent of selection for milk yield among cows of the Jamaica Hope breed
Authors: Roache K. L. , Wellington K. E. , Mahadevan P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYUsing data (1950–64) from the government-owned herd of Jamaica Hope cattle at Bodles, Jamaica, it was estimated that the fraction of cows called on the basis of their milk production in any given lactation was of the order 0·00 to 0·05. Using data (1967–68) from ten high–and ten low-producing farmer herds of the same breed, it was found that the level of calling was low and that cows proceeding from one lactation to the next had a yield superiority over the total population of only + 4 gallons. It is suggested that one of the principal reasons for the apparent lack of response to selection in dairy herds in the tropics may be that little or no selection for production is in fact practised.
The effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on white clover
Authors: Low A. J. , Armitage E. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe comparative effects of very heavy dressings of ammonium sulphate and urea on the growth of established plants of white clover (S100) have been studied in pot culture. Five applications each of 263 kg N/ha were applied over 9 months in 3 different ways (i) direct contact of the fertilizers with the leaves, (ii) only with the stolons or surface roots or (iii) applied 12·5 cm below the soil surface.The ammonium sulphate broadcast over the leaves reduced the growth of the clover whilst urea under the same conditions caused temporary damage with very little reduction in dry weight compared with the control. When the ammonium sulphate was applied to the soil surface or 12·5 cm below, there was appreciable reduction in dry weight but less than when the fertilizer was in contact with the leaves. Under the same conditions, urea did not reduce growth.The pH of the soil fell to about 4·6 with ammonium sulphate (control 6·1) but only slightly with urea.Root development was not affected by urea but greatly reduced with ammonium sulphate. With both fertilizers the root nodules were very pale in colour and few in number compared with the control.
Fodder conservation in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Davies T. 
Published: March 2009

1. The problems involved in conservation of fodder in Northern Rhodesia are discussed in relation to climate and present day practices. Special reference is made to the conservation of grassland herbage.Climatic conditions do not appear suitable for haymaking.2. A number of silage samples were collected from dairy farms in the territory and from Mount Makulu Research Station. Chemical analyses of these samples are given and their nutritional value is discussed with special reference to their crude protein contents. The majority of the silages were found to have low crude protein.3. A type of miniature tower silo designed for experimental work is described.4. Three crops commonly used for ensilage, i.e. maize, maize with legume and Napier grass, were compared with giant Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth.) when ensiled in these miniature silos. The type of fermentation and loss of nutrients was studied. Rhodes grass ensiled at the early flowering stage was found to compare favourably with the other three. Napier grass (Pennisetum purpurem) cut when over 6 ft. high did not ensile well and had a low crude-protein content.5. Giant Rhodes grass was ensiled in miniature experimental silos at two different stages of growth. Cutting the grass at a height of 20 in., three times during the season, resulted in a higher yield of dry matter and crude protein per acre than cutting once at a height of 40 in. even when the resultant aftermath growth was included.
Liquid manure as a grassland fertilizer: II. The response to winter applications
Authors: Drysdale A. D. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effect of applications of liquid manure during the winter months was studied and compared with the application of dry artificial fertilizers on six different swards in two experiments in each of the years 1960, 1961 and 1962.2. The liquid manure supplied an average of 69 lb. N and 114 lb. K/acre at each application and plots received one dressing only applied in November, December, January, February or March. Further treatments consisted of applying conventional dry fertilizer supplying the same weight of nitrogen and potassium as the liquid manure and applied on the same day. A control plot received no added fertilizer or liquid manure.3. All plots were cut in May and a second cut was made 8–10 weeks later to measure residual effects of treatments.4. The maximum increase in dry-matter yields at cut 1 occurred with the February application although the January and March applications gave only slightly lower yields. The dry-matter yield/lb of N applied even from some November applications was comparable to the response obtained from applications of inorganic nitrogen made in summer in earlier experiments by other workers.5. The production of crude-protein followed a similar pattern to that of the dry-matter, and the maximum increase was from the March application.6. With similar rainfall conditions but different winter soil temperatures a mixture of Italian and perennial rye-grasses under average fertility conditions gave the highest response to liquid manure. This was followed by the later growing cocksfoot sward and the permanent pasture, on both of which yields were increased by all the monthly applications. The two swards containing grass and clover mixtures showed a response to the later dressings whereas a vigorous Italian rye-grass ley in the mild winter of 1961 was unaffected by treatment.
Leaf strength studies of pasture grasses II. Strength, cellulose content and sclerenchyma tissue proportions of eight grasses grown as single plants
Authors: Evans P. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. Leaf strengths and cellulose contents of eight grasses grown as single spaced plants were compared over a period of 14 months. From some of the samples the proportion of sclerenchyma tissue in the leaves was compared with leaf strength.2. The leaf strengths of individual plants were measured and the strengths of the six strongest and six weakest plants in each species compared with their cellulose contents.3. There were significant differences between species, between seasons, and between regrowth ages within seasons in both leaf strength and cellulose content. There were also significant species × regrowth age interactions, particularly in leaf strength.
Levels of first winter feeding in relation to performance of Cheviot hill ewes: IV. Body growth and development from 18 months to maturity
Authors: Gunn R. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effects of different levels of first winter nutrition over 3 years were studied from 18 months to maturity on the growth and development of groups of North and South Country Cheviot ewe hoggs (sheep between 6 months and 1½ years).2. Differences in live weight amongst treatment groups within breeds and years were not significant at 30 months or any subsequent age. Live weight increase continued up to 54 months. Although leg growth had virtually ceased in all treatment groups by 18 months, body growth continued beyond 27 months and differences between treatments, although not always significant, were still present at that time.3. The effects of first-winter treatment were also studied on the heavy and light hoggs (i.e. those above and below average weight) prior to treatment. Differences in weight and size between treatment groups were less persistent in the heavy animals, disappearing by 30 months, while in the light animals they were still present at that time. Regardless of treatment the within-group differences between heavy and light animals increased up to 54 months, the light animals showing relatively slower rates of gain.4. The difficulty of interpreting data on liveweight change due to age, state of maturity, level of feed, and season interactions is commented on. The probable effects of differential productivity resulting from treatment on growth and development from 18 months onwards are discussed.
Levels of first winter feeding in relation to performance of Cheviot hill ewes V. Dental development and persistence
Authors: Gunn R. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effects of different levels of first-winter nutrition over 3 years were studied on the subsequent dental development of groups of North and South Country Cheviot ewe hoggs (sheep between months and 1½ years) by recording the time eruption of each of the four pairs of permanent incisors. High-plane first-winter feeding resulted earlier eruption of the first pair of permanent incisors. Later pairs were affected to a lesser extent, with low-plane/hill-wintered groups consistently the latest to erupt. Breed and year deviations from the general pattern were small and were largely due variations in growth rate both prior to and during treatment.2. The effects of first-winter treatment were also studied on the heavy and light hoggs (i.e. those above and below average weight) prior to treatment. Although there was only a very limited difference the time of eruption of the heavy and light within each treatment group, the effects of treatment were greater in the heavy-weight class than they were the light.3. The effects of first-winter treatment on dental efficiency and long-term persistence were also studied. There was little difference amongst treatments at 5½ years of age in the bite position, or looseness, wear, or condition of the teeth. Brokenmouth, i.e. the loss of one or more permanent incisors, did not appear in significant proportions until 7½ years of age, when considerable treatment, breed, and year differences were present. The incidence of broken-mouth was lowest in the high-plane and hill-wintered groups and highest in the lowplane and mid-plane/away-wintered.