bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissemination of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus against the Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
Authors: Stairs Gordon R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA nuclear polyhedrosis virus was disseminated into field populations of an incipient outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner). Mortality varied with the concentration of virus used and the age of larvae at the time of spraying. Larvae showed symptoms of infection more rapidly when sprayed with the higher concentrations and secondary infection and mortality occurred in areas where initial mortality developed during the early larval stages.
Factors in the Attractiveness of Bodies for Mosquitoes
Authors: Brown A. W. A. , Roessler H. P. , Lipsitz E. Y. , Carmichael A. G. 
Published: December 2009

This exhibit represents part of the work of the Department of Zoology in the last 15 years, and others who have contributed to it in the past are L. Burgess, D. G. Peterson, R. P. Thompson, W. L. Sippell and M. R. Smart.The laboratory experiments have been made with Aedes aegypti in a large cage, in which a choice is offered between a pair of objects differing in one factor, or a pair of emission ports for airborne vapours. Thus six factors have been evaluated and their order of importance has been found to be as follows:
Effect of Host Age on Rate of Development ofNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Wylie H. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDevelopment time for the parasiteNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) was shorter on young pupae (less than 48 hours old at 24.5 ± 0.5 °C) than on older pupae of the house fly,Musca domesticaL. This was primarily because of intrinsic differences between young and old house-fly pupae as hosts. Though less important, two other conditions in young hosts favoured a shorter mean development period forN.vitripennis: first, the smaller proportion of very small parasites, which mature more slowly than the larger ones; and, second, the greater number of parasite larvae per host, which is associated with more rapid development in this species.
Electron Microscopy of Tenebrio Excretory Tissues
Authors: Cameron M. L. , Byers J. R. 
Published: December 2009

The electron microscope can be used to advantage in the investigation of a physiological problem, where the reactions are differentiated at the cellular rather than at the tissue level. This set of electron micrographs shows some of the morphological arrangements accompanying various excretory functions in Tenebrio larvae.The Tenebrio larva has a cryptonephridial arrangement of the Mlalpighian tubes, in that the distal end of each tube is applied to the surface of the rectum and covered by a heavy membrane, in which periodic “Windows”, the leptophragmata, occur where the membrane is very thin or replaced by a different structure. The free part of the tubes can be differentiated into physiological zones by means of their succinic dehydrogenase activity, which is high in places and low in others along the tube showing no gross morphological differences. The hindgut also contributes to the excretory work of the iinsect. Thc cryptonephridial part of the tube is unique in ultra-structure among cells so far studied. The membrane structure is very extensive, and mitochondria very numerous. Membrane structures bearing no resemblance to ordinary reticulum are common, especially near the leptophragma. The leptophragma is a complex structure, made up of parts from both the Malpighian tube cell and surrounding membrane. Its appearance strongly suggests that it forms a region of easy transport for water and solutes between lumen of tube and body cavity.
The Morphology, Histology, and Fine Structure of the Gut of the Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
Authors: Forbes A. R. 
Published: December 2009

A pictorial representation of the gut of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is shown based on dissection, light microscopy, and electron microscopy.The sucking pump is crescentic in cross section with a thick, rigid, posterior wall and a thinner, flexible, anterior wall. Dilator muscles arise on the clypeus and are inserted along the midline of the anterior wall of the pump chamber. Morphologicael evidence of the sucking action of the pump is included.
The Biology of the Mountain-ash Sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), in Eastern Canada
Authors: Forbes R. S. , Daviault L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe mountain-ash sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.), a pest on Sorbus spp., is known to occur in Europe, Asia, and North America. It has two generations a year in eastern Canada but only one in northern Quebec. The first generation predominates. The sawfly overwinters as a larva in a cocoon in litter or soil. Adults emerge from late May to early July, and lay eggs in pockets between the epidermal lavers around the edges of leaflets. The eggs hatch in about a week and the larvae feed from two to three weeks. The second generation, which starts in late July, is usually small. Adults producing the first generation may come from both generations of the preceding year whereas adults producing the second generation stem only from the first. Parthenogenesis is facultative and arrhenotokous; about 61% of adults reared were females. The male larvae have four instars and the female five. Some larvae remain in diapause up to five years. Foliage consumption of female larvae was about 1.4 times that of male larvae.P. geniculata lacks adequate density-dependent control factors and an important limiting factor may be its scattered food supply. The introduction of parasites, predators, or disease organisms might be beneficial.
Amino Acid Requirements for the Wheat Stem Sawfly Determined with Glucose-U-C14 after Vacuum-infiltration
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGlucose-U-C14 was incorporated into immature larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., by vacuum-infiltration. These insects were too small to be conveniently injected and could not be easily fed on artificial diets. About half of them survived the infiltration treatment. C14O2 was produced by the organism showing that the radioactive substrate was metabolized. Of the amino acids isolated from the larvae, proline, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, and glycine contained relatively large quantities of carbon-14 indicating biosynthesis, and are classed as nutritionally non-essential. In contrast, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine contained little, if any, radioactivity and are classed as nutritionally essential. The concentrations of some of the amino acids in the larval tissues are also presented.
The Fungous Disease Caused by Entomophthora grylli Fres., and its Effects on Grasshopper Populations in Saskatchewan in 1963
Authors: Pickford R. , Riegert P. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA widespread epizootic of the fungous disease caused by Entomophthora grylli Fres. occurred among grasshoppers in Saskatchewan in 1963. Camnula pellucida (Scudder), in particular, suffered high mortality and was nearly wiped out in those areas of central and east-central Saskatchewan where heavy infestations had been present. Weather was warm and humid during the outbreak with above normal rainfall in the seriously affected areas.Field-cage studies showed that proper timing of rainfall was essential for continuation and spread of the disease. Rainfall shortly after death of the diseased grasshopper induced profuse growth of conidiophores along with intense discharge of conidia. When death occurred during hot, dry weather, no sporulation was noted and the insects rapidly dried up. The interval from infection to death of the grasshopper was about 13 days.The fungous disease also developed in natural field populations of Melanoplus bivittatus Say, but none was noted in field cages where this grasshopper was being reared alongside of or together with C. pellucida that were dying continuously from the disease; this suggests that different strains of E. grylli were involved.
The Morphology, Life History and Habits ofBetulaphis quadrituberculata(Kalt.) on Birch in New Brunswick (Homoptera: Callaphididae)
Authors: Varty I. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBetulaphis quadrituberculata(Kalt.) is an inconspicuous leaf-feeding aphid on birches in North America and Europe, now recorded onBetula papyriferaMarsh andB.alleghaniensisBritt. in the Province of New Brunswick. Some aspects of its morphology are described in order to complement the incomplete accounts already in the literature. The viviparae are seasonally polymorphic in size and color.In New Brunswick the aphid has an annual monoecious holocycle comprising up to 10 generations. The seasonal history and habits of the various morphs are described. The insect disperses mainly by the flight activity of the stem-mothers in spring, but in succeeding generations almost all individuals are apterous and rather sedentary in habit. Data on rate of development and fecundity are presented and briefly discussed as factors contributing to the seasonal population pattern.
Eggs and Oviposition Sites of Some Predacious Mirids on Apple Trees (Miridae: Hemiptera)
Authors: Sanford K. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe eggs and oviposition sites of six species of predatory mirids from Nova Scotia apple orchards are described. These species are Hyaliodes harti Knight, Atractotomus mali (Meyer), Deraeocoris fasciolus Knight, Diaphnidia pellucida Uhler, Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall), and Pilophorus perplexus D. & S. The differences between the eggs of each species are great enough to identify them in situ.
A Fly of the Archaic Family Nymphomyiidae Found in New Brunswick in 1961
Authors: Ide F. P. 
Published: December 2009

Until now this family has been known only through one species Nymphomyia alba Tokunaga, found in Japan in 1932. The specimens taken in New Brunswick and shown in the exhibit differ strikingly from Nymphomyia and represent a new genus.With one exception, the thirty-eight individuals recovered from collections to date, were taken by fine-mesh screens set in the rapids of a small stream. These had been placed to catch casualties among aquatic insects drifting downstream following spraying of the adjacent forest with DDT. The spraying operation was of an experimental nature, carried out cooperatively by Forest Protection Limited, the Chemical Control Section, Canada Department of Forestry and the Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
The Spined Stink Bug: Cause of Cottony Spot in Pear in British Columbia
Authors: Wilks Jack M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCottony spot of Anjou and Bartlett pear fruits in British Columbia is caused by the feeding injury of the spined stink bug, Euschistus variolarius (Beauv.). Symptoms are small white cottony-like pockets about ¼ inch in diameter and ⅛ inch deep in the flesh immediately beneath the skin. Anjous may show irregularly depressed areas where the bugs have been feeding, but no symptoms are apparent in Bartlett unless the fruit is peeled. Most of the injury appears to occur in August during the second peak of the stink bugs.
Resistance to the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort.
Authors: Holmes N. D. , Peterson L. K. 
Published: December 2009

In resistant wheats, although many eggs and early-instar larvae of the wheat stem sawfly die, most of the effect is in the high mortality of late instar larvae as the stems ripen. In oats, which are immune to sawfly damage, most sawfly eggs hatch but all larvae die in the first or second instar.The amount and distribution of the pith in the stem determines the sawfly resistance of wheat. The stems of all resistant wheats are at least partially solidly filled with pith in the lower three internodes whereas those of susceptible wheats are hollow. Significant sawfly mortality occurs only in the solid part of resistant stems; in the hollow part survival is as high as in susceptible wheats. Shading the growing plants of the resistant bread wheat Rescue reduces its solidness of stem and at the same time its resistance to sawfly.
The Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W. 
Published: December 2009

The Byron Bog lies within the city limits of the City of London in southwestern Ontario. It is a relic bog lying about 300 miles south of the forested region of Ontario in which bogs are prevalent. It lies in the northern border of the Carolinian Zone.The wooded slopes around the bog include trees characteristic of southern Ontario, including White Elm, Bur Oak, Hackberry, Silver Maple, Black Cherry and Choke Cherry. The slopes encircle a zone of damp woods with Alder Buckthorn, White Pine, White Birch, Larch, Black Spruce with an undergrowth of Purple Chokeberry, Huckleberry, Blueberry and Leather-leaf.
Pea Aphid Behaviour: Colour Preference on a Chemical Diet
Authors: Cartier Jean Jacques , Auclair Jacques L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA rearing chamber designed to test colour preference by biotypes of pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), indicated preferences for orange or yellow or both (615 mμ, and 595 mμ). Aphids of biotype R1 confined to chemical diets back-lighted blue or white survived only for a few days, whereas they lived longer and grew rapidly on diets lighted orange or yellow.
Determination of Sex of the Douglas-fir Beetle Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Jantz Orlo K. , Johnsey Richard L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA comparison of four sex determination methods shows that microscopic observation of the elytral declivity is the most accurate and rapid method for sexing large quantities of Douglas-fir beetles.
Anthophora (Clisodon) terminalis Cresson in Trap-nests in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)
Authors: Medler J. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSixty nests of Anthophora terminalis Cresson were obtained from sumac stick trap-nests during 1952-1962. The cells were constructed with sawdust chewed from the walls of the hole drilled in the trap. Each cell was 7 mm. wide and 11 mm. long, lined with a salivary secretion, and separated from adjacent cells by partitions. The mean number of cells was 5.8 (range 1-11). A sawdust plug was constructed on top of the last cell, and usually located a few inches from the orifice of the hole. Provisions in the cells normally had a "sour" odor, and in many cells the provisions were spoiled. Adults were reared with difficulty, as the larva did not spin a cocoon. In nests with both sexes, the females invariably preceded the males. A nest found in a dead poplar log was essentially the same as those made in the traps. Floral hosts included Stachys palustris L., Nepeta cataria L. and Epilobium angustifolium L. There was one generation a year in Wisconsin.
The Occurrence and Life History of the Leaf Tier, Cnephasia virgaureana Treit. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and Its Parasites in Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island
Authors: Read D. C. , Morris Ray F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe leaf tier or webworm, Cnephasia virgaureana Treit., was first reported in Newfoundland in 1916, but no further records were noted from that area until 1957 when it was found causing severe damage to certain crops. An infestation of this webworm was discovered in Prince Edward Island in 1955, and severe infestations were reported in areas of Bavaria and Boden, Germany, in 1954. It was assumed that importations of the pest must have been made into Canada about 1954 or 1955. The life history of the pest is discussed and the parasites found during the period of study are listed.
Some Species of the New World Genus Paraolinx Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Miller C. D. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe species of the New World genus Paraolinx Ashmead are reviewed. Paraolinx typica Howard and Paraolinx lineatifrons Ashmead are recognized. Paraolinx nigriventris Girault is equated to P. typica, a new synonymy. Three new species are described, one from Canada, another from the southeastern United States and a third from Trinidad.
The Spatial Distribution of Two Pine Sawflies and Methods of Sampling for the Study of Population Dynamics
Authors: Lyons L. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe spatial distribution of egg clusters and cocoons of Neodiprion swainei and N. sertifer is described, and methods are developed for estimating the density of different stages on the same numerical basis.Egg-cluster density varies directly with height in the tree, branch length, and tree size, evidently due to the females’ preference for illuminated sites. The overdispersion of egg-cluster counts reflects the heterogeneity of distribution of suitable oviposition sites rather than an inherent aggregative behaviour of parent females. Cocoon density within stands is not strongly related to the distance from the nearest tree, due to the wide dispersal of cocoon-spinning larvae. Some of the overdispersion of cocoon counts is due to differences in cocoon density between sections of a stand. Cocoons of males are more highly aggregated than those of females, and cocoons attacked by predators are more highly aggregated than ones not attacked.The sampling unit selected for each life-history stage is one that permits density estimates of desired precision at minimum cost. In some stands, egg density can be estimated at minimum cost by direct counts per quadrat, in most stands, however, the whole tree is the most economical unit, despite the fact that per-tree density must be converted to absolute density in order to express all stages on a common basis. Sampling error can be reduced by stratification according to tree size. Gradients in cocoon density are seldom steep enough to permit stratification, but the cost of sampling can be minimized by adjusting unit size. Optimal unit size varies inversely with cocoon density and degree of aggregation, and is affected by soil type and the method used to extract cocoons.The role of spatial distribution and sampling programs in studies of population dynamics is discussed.
The Insect Ecology of Red Pine Plantations in Central Ontario.: II. Life History and Control of Curculionidae
Authors: Martin J. Lynton 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe life histories and habits of four curculionids, Hylobius congener, Pissodes affinis, P. approximatus, and Magdalis perforatus, are outlined; and their role in relation to red pine plantations and a serious red pine mortality problem in the Algoma district of Ontario is discussed. A key to the adults is provided and control measures are recommended.
A Key to the Larvae and Pupae of Three Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Thomas J. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA key is provided to the larvae and pupae of three species of weevils, Pissodes approximatus Hopk., P. affinis Rand., and Hylobius congener D.T., common in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations in central Ontario.
Lithocolletis blancardella Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) on Apple in Eastern North America with Notes on Other Species Occurring on Rosaceae
Authors: Stultz H. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA spotted tentiform leaf miner, often present during recent years in large numbers in apple orchards in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, is identified as Lithocolletis blancardella Fabr., a species common on apples in Europe. Recent collecting indicates that the species occurs widely in Eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. Diagnostic characters, especially those of the male genitalia, are compared with those of specimens identified as L. crataegella Clem. and L. propinquinella Braun, two similar species which commonly occur on apple and black cherry respectively.
A New Species of Ramakrishnaia Bolivar, 1918, from South India, and a Related New Genus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRamakrishnaia is a south Indian genus of Pyrgomorphidae related to Colemania. A lectotype for the type species of the latter, C. sphenarioides, is here designated. Two species of Ramakrishnaia have hitherto been described: the type species, R. notabilis (for which a lectotype is here designated), and R. raoi. R. gracilis, a new species from Coorg, is described. R. raoi, on the basis of its phallic structures and external morphology, is removed to a new genus, Nilgiracris.
Four New Species of Crickets from the Caribbean Region (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: Randell Robert Latham 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe genus Gryllita Hebard is redefined on the basis of the internal genitalia and external morphology. Three additional species from Haiti are described: G. bondi, G. arndti and G. uhleri. A description is given of the external morphology of Hispanogryllodes rehni.
The Use of Mathematics and Computers to Determine Optimal Strategy and Tactics for a Given Insect Pest Control Problem
Authors: Watt K. E. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA computer program has been developed for use in evaluating various strategies of insect pest control. At its present stage of development, the program simulates the effects of various dosages of insecticide, parasite release, and spraying of virus, or any combination of these, weather and pest density on reproduction, dispersal and mortality in a pest population. Effects of changing pest densities on the parasite population and on tree growth and mortality in a hypothetical, 6.4 million-acre balsam fir forest are simulated. Also, the computer simulates dispersal of parasites and disease incidence. All computations are performed separately for each of 625 4-mile-by-4-milc hypothetical squares of forest area in the hypothetical 10,000 square mile area. All operating costs and losses due to lost tree growth and tree mortality are printed each year. The particular set of strategies to be used in each game is included in the input data for each 35-year computer experiment, along with data on physiological parameters, allowable pest thresholds for each type of control, genetic parameters, behavioristic and dispersal data and costs of control. One play of the game takes 50-120 seconds on an IBM 7090 computer, depending on the array of strategies selected.There were a number of significant conclusions from the simulation study. Biological control agents can not be as effective as insecticides unless they keep the pest at very low levels indefinitely. If they only drop the pest to about 10% of the peak level it would have attained without control, this may not be good enough to save the trees, because lethal effects accumulate. That is, pest densities which are not quite high enough to kill a tree quickly can kill it if the pest persists at these densities for several consecutive years. However, by selecting biological control agents with optimal physiological parameters, biological control can be made to produce totally effective control.For all kinds of control, control is vastly more effective if applied 10 years or more before peak pest densities. Therefore, potential pests should be subjected to preventive control at pre-pest densities, rather than being allowed to reach critical densities. The latter policy ignores the hazard of successive years of sublethal pest densities whose effects can cumulate to become lethal. It should be noted, however, that this conclusion follows from exploration of a hypothetical situation, and might not be applicable when considered relative to the exigencies of an actual field problem.