bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simplified method for determining sway in reinforced concrete dual buildings and design applications
Authors: Tekeli Hamide , Atimtay Ergin , Turkmen Mustafa 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYSway analyses of reinforced concrete buildings generally are carried out with computer programs. However, as the number of iterative solutions increase, the process may become tedious. This paper proposes a simple analytical method to evaluate sway of dual buildings subject to various types of lateral loads. The proposed method is based on the continuum model. Story drift limited by building codes can be controlled by the proposed method. Likewise, design engineers can use the simple analytical expressions to calculate the stability index, which includes sway terms at each story level. Stability index equation without sway terms is obtained by using the developed analytical expressions. Use of the equation, which is free of sway terms, is quite simple. Additionally, by using the proposed method, shear wall–frame interaction can be modeled simply. Thus, moment at the base of shear walls can be determined by using this model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brainstem–vermis and brainstem–tentorium angles allow accurate categorization of fetal upward rotation of cerebellar vermis
Authors: Volpe P. , Contro E. , De Musso F. , Ghi T. , Farina A. , Tempesta A. , Volpe G. , Rizzo N. , Pilu G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the role of the brainstem–vermis (BV) and brainstem–tentorium (BT) angles in the differential diagnosis of upward rotation of the fetal cerebellar vermis.MethodsThe BV and BT angles were measured retrospectively on median sonographic views of the brain in 31 fetuses at 19–28 weeks' gestation with upward rotation of the cerebellar vermis due to Blake's pouch cyst (n = 12), Dandy–Walker malformation (n = 12) and cerebellar vermian hypoplasia (n = 7). Eighty normal fetuses at 20–24 weeks were included as controls.ResultsIn the control group, BV and BT angles were 9.1 ± 3.5° (range, 4–17°) and 29.3 ± 5.8° (range, 21–44°), respectively. The BV angle was significantly increased in each of the three subgroups of anomalies: Blake's pouch cyst (23 ± 2.8°; range, 19–26°), vermian hypoplasia (34.9 ± 5.4°; range, 24–40°) and Dandy–Walker malformation (63.5 ± 17.6°; range, 45–112°), the angle increasing with increasing severity of the condition. The BT angle had a similar pattern but there was overlap among the different groups.ConclusionThe BV angle and, to a lesser degree, the BT angle are simple and reproducible measurements that provide valuable additional information for the categorization of upward rotation of the fetal cerebellar vermis. From mid gestation, a BV angle > 45° is strongly suggestive of a Dandy–Walker malformation, while a measurement < 30° favors the diagnosis of a Blake's pouch cyst. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the maternal anal canal during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a longitudinal and functional ultrasound study
Authors: Olsen I. P. , Wilsgaard T. , Kiserud T. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectivesNormal anatomical and physiological development of the maternal anal canal during and after pregnancy has been documented scarcely. We aimed to study the position and volume of the anal canal, during and after pregnancy, in women without previous delivery.MethodsThis was a longitudinal study in which transvaginal three‐dimensional ultrasound was used to measure anatomical structures in the anal canal during rest and squeeze in 23 nulliparous women. The total anal canal volume (ACV), anorectal curvature (ARC), anovaginal angle (AVA) and anal canal length were determined at 18, 28 and 36 weeks of pregnancy and at 3 months postpartum.ResultsTotal ACV at rest increased from a mean of 10.17 cm3 at 18 weeks to 12.37 cm3 and 12.21 cm3 at 28 and 36 weeks, respectively (P = 0.001 and P = 0.010 vs. first measurement). For anal canal length, the corresponding mean measurements were 3.91 cm, 4.07 cm (P = 0.13) and 4.21 cm (P = 0.017). Postpartum, the mean total ACV was 10.86 cm3 and length was 3.90 cm (P = 0.10 and P = 0.70 vs. first measurement). No significant changes were observed in ARC and AVA during or after pregnancy. Compared to at‐rest status, the anal length significantly increased on voluntary squeeze (P = 0.007, 0.007, 0.022 and 0.004 at the four time points), while no differences in total ACV were observed. In mid‐pregnancy AVA significantly increased during squeeze (P = 0.006 and 0.002 at weeks 18 and 28, respectively).ConclusionAnal canal length and total ACV increase during pregnancy in women without previous delivery. Voluntary squeezing elongates the anal canal and increases the angle formed with respect to the direction of the vagina. During postpartum involution, the characteristics of the anal canal revert to those observed at 18 weeks of pregnancy. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarizable continuum model
Authors: Mennucci Benedetta 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe polarizable continuum model (PCM) is a computational method originally formulated 30 years ago but still today it represents one of the most successful examples among continuum solvation models. Such a success is mainly because of the continuous improvements, both in terms of computational efficiency and generality, made by all the people involved in the PCM project. The result of these efforts is that nowadays, PCM, with all its different variants, is the default choice in many computational codes to couple a quantum–mechanical (QM) description of a molecular system with a continuum description of the environment. In this review, a brief presentation of the main methodological and computational aspects of the method will be given together with an analysis of strengths and critical issues of its coupling with different QM methods. Finally, some examples of applications will be presented and discussed to show the potentialities of PCM in describing the effects of environments of increasing complexity. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
Transition metal catalysis by density functional theory and density functional theory/molecular mechanics
Authors: Sameera W. M. C. , Maseras Feliu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDensity functional theory (DFT) and density functional theory/molecular mechanics (DFT/MM) methods are useful tools in modern homogeneous catalysis. Calculation, with its ability to characterize otherwise hardly accessible intermediates and transition states, is a key complement to experiment for the full characterization of the often intricate reaction mechanisms involved in transition metal catalysis. DFT and DFT/MM techniques have been applied to the characterization of full catalytic cycles, as those in cross‐coupling; to the systematic analysis of single reaction steps common to several catalytic cycles, such as CH activation; to the elucidation of processes involving different spin states, such as the rebound mechanism for CH activation; to the identification of transient intermediates with key mechanistic roles, such as those in oxygen‐evolving complexes; to the analysis of the catalytic keys to polymerization control, as in olefin polymerization; and to reproduction and rationalization of experimentally reported enantioselectvities, as in the case of olefin dihydroxylation. The currently available techniques provide sufficient accuracy to offer chemical insight into the systems involved in experiment, as proved by the growing body of successful applications in the field. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
An automated device for training white‐tailed deer to visual stimuli
Authors: Cohen Bradley S. , Osborn David A. , Gallagher George R. , Warren Robert J. , Miller Karl V. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAlthough many aspects of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) biology and physiology have been studied thoroughly, few studies have confirmed deer cognitive perception, partly because of the difficulty of efficiently training sufficient numbers of deer to respond behaviorally in controlled experiments. We present a system that trains white‐tailed deer to associate a supra‐threshold, white‐light stimulus with a food reward through operant conditioning techniques. The “deer training apparatus” (DTA) automatically dispenses food, rings a start buzzer, randomly assigns a stimulus light over 1 of 2 troughs, and registers a deer's choice. If a deer goes to a trough with the light illuminated, then a correct choice is registered. All 6 deer tested met successful training criteria by Day 19, and a performance of 88.2% ± 3.9% correct choices by Day 25. We conclude that the DTA presents an effective and efficient way of training white‐tailed deer, and provides an experimental platform for future research on behavior, perception, and preference. Thus, the DTA should be useful to researchers evaluating behavioral response of deer, and possibly other wild and domestic species, to various visual and auditory stimuli. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
[NO][HCB11Cl11] – Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure, and Reaction with P4
Authors: Bolli Christoph , Köchner Tobias , Knapp Carsten 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe thermodynamic stability of the [HCB11Cl11]– salts of the cationic one‐electron oxidizers [NO]+ and [O2]+ was estimated by Born–Haber–Fajans cycles based on quantum‐chemical calculations and lattice enthalpy estimations. [NO][HCB11Cl11] is predicted to be a stable compound, whereas [O2][HCB11Cl11] should decompose into O2 and the HCB11Cl11· radical. Consequently, [NO][HCB11Cl11] can be prepared by metathesis reaction from Na[HCB11Cl11] and [NO][BF4] in liquid sulfur dioxide, while attempts to synthesize [O2][HCB11Cl11] failed. [NO][HCB11Cl11] has been fully characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy. Single crystals of [NO][HCB11Cl11]·SO2 were obtained from liquid sulfur dioxide solution. The crystal structure determination revealed several intermolecular cation–anion contacts, which are significantly shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of the respective atoms. [NO][HCB11Cl11] reacts with white phosphorus in CH2Cl2 solution to give yellow‐orange [P4NO][HCB11Cl11] containing the [P4NO]+ cation. An in‐situ NMR spectroscopic study indicates the presence of the homopolyatomic phosphorus cation [P9]+ in the reaction mixture.
The Role of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Inducing Musculoskeletal Tissue Healing
Authors: Halpern Brian C. , Chaudhury Salma , Rodeo Scott A. 
Published: January 2012

Background Platelet-rich plasma [PRP] has received increasing interest across many musculoskeletal disciplines and has been widely applied clinically to stimulate tissue healing in numerous anatomical regions. The known actions of platelet-derived factors suggest that PRP may have significant potential in the treatment of pathological conditions of cartilage, tendon, ligament, and muscle. Purpose The aim of this manuscript is to review current literature regarding the biology of PRP and the efficacy of using PRP to augment healing of tendon ligament and muscle injuries, as well as early osteoarthritis. Methods A comprehensive literature review of musculoskeletal applications of PRP was performed, including basic science and clinical studies such as randomized controlled trials, case controlled series, and case series. Results The most compelling evidence to support the efficacy of PRP is for its application to tendon damage associated with lateral and medial epicondylitis. Although some promising studies have been reported supporting the use of PRP in osteoarthritis and ligament and muscle injuries, it currently remains unknown whether PRP effectively alters the progression of osteoarthritis or aids the healing of ligament and muscle tissues. Conclusion The rationale for the use of PRP to improve tissue healing is strong, but the efficacy for many musculoskeletal applications remains unproven. PRP has been shown to be a safe treatment. A number of questions regarding PRP remain unanswered, including the optimal concentration of platelets, what cell types should be present, the ideal frequency of application, or the optimal rehabilitation regimen for tissue repair and return to full function.
Synthesis and Physicochemical Investigation of Novel Quaternary Ammonium Salt Cationic Gemini Surfactant Derived from Cyanuric Chloride
Authors: Wang Hushan , Zhang Tingting , Hu Zhiyong , Xue Chunli , Cao Duanlin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThree novel quaternary ammonium salt cationic gemini surfactants (QAS Cn–2–Cn where n represents the hydrocarbon chain lengths of aliphatic amine, i.e., 6, 8, 12) were synthesized from 2,4,6–trichloro–1,3,5–triazine, ethylenediamine, N,N–dimethylpropane–1, 3–diamine and benzyl chloride. 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, ESI–MS spectra and elemental analysis were used to confirm the chemical structures of the prepared compounds. Their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in the aqueous solutions were determined by surface–tension, electrical conductivity and steady–state fluorescence methods respectively. With the increasing length of the hydrophobic chain, the values of their CMC decreased. The values of CMC, γCMC, pC20, Гmax, and Amin were derived from surface tension measurements, while the thermodynamic parameters of micellization (∆Gmic° and ∆Gads°) were determined by electrical conductivity. These properties are significantly influenced by the hydrophobic chain length.
Aqueous Extraction of Oil and Protein from Soybeans with Subcritical Water
Authors: Ndlela S. C. , de Moura J. M. L. N. , Olson N. K. , Johnson L. A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAqueous extraction using subcritical water is an environmentally friendly alternative to extracting oil and protein from oilseeds with flammable organic solvents. The effects of solids‐to‐liquid ratio (1:3.3–1:11.7), temperature (66–234 °C), and extraction time (13–47 min) were evaluated on the extraction of oil and protein from soybean flakes and from extruded soybeans flakes with subcritical water. A central composite design (23) with three center points and six axial points was used. Subcritical water extractions were carried out in a 1‐L high‐pressure batch reactor with constant stirring (300 rpm) at 0.03–3.86 MPa. In general, oil extraction was greater for extruded soybean flakes than with soybean flakes. More complete oil extraction for extruded soybean flakes was achieved at around 150 °C and extraction was not affected by solids‐to‐liquid ratios over the range tested, while oil extraction from soybean flakes was more complete at 66 °C and low solids‐to‐liquid ratio (1:11.7). Protein extraction yields from flakes were generally greater than from extruded flakes. Protein extraction yields from extruded flakes increased as temperature increased and solids‐to‐liquid ratio decreased, while greater protein extraction yields from soybean flakes were achieved when using low temperatures and low solids‐to‐liquid ratio.
Characterization of the Composition of Caesalpinia bonducella Seed Grown in Temperate Regions of Pakistan
Authors: Sultana Razia , Saleem Rubina , Sultana Nighat , Afshan Farhana , Gulzar Tahsin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCaesalpinia bonducella is an oilseed that is indigenous to Pakistan. The hexane‐extracted oil content from the seed kernel was 17.3 ± 1.0% DM (dry matter). The proximate analysis of C. bonducella seed estimated protein, fiber and ash contents to be 20.8 ± 1.4, 5.3 ± 1.0 and 4.6 ± 0.8%, respectively. Trace metals were determined comparable to commonly consumed legume seeds. α‐Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol ranging from 345.10 to 460.21 mg/kg of oil, followed by γ‐ and δ‐tocopherol. The major sterols were β‐sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, Δ5‐avenasterol, Δ7‐stigmastenol and Δ7 avenasterol. The kernel oil was found to contain a high level of linoleic acid (72.7 ± 1.0%) followed by oleic, stearic and palmitic acids. The high percentage of linoleic acid revealed that this oil is a potential source for the manufacture of cosmetics, paints, varnishes, soaps, liquid soaps and other products including biodiesel. These investigations suggest that C. bonducella oil is potentially an important dietary source of essential fatty acids and protein which could be employed for edible and commercial applications in various industries of Pakistan.
Intimate partner violence and its association with women's reproductive health in Pakistan
Authors: Zakar Rubeena , Zakar Muhammad Z. , Mikolajczyk Rafael , Krämer Alexander 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence in Pakistan and its association with reproductive health outcomes.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted in 8 hospitals in Lahore and Sialkot between October 2008 and January 2009. Information from randomly selected ever‐married women of reproductive age was collected via a structured interview. Psychologic, physical, and sexual violence was categorized as “no” or “severe” violence. Associations between reproductive health outcomes and violence were assessed by multivariate logistic regression.ResultsAmong 373 women interviewed, 75.9% reported severe psychologic, 34.6% reported severe sexual, and 31.9% reported severe physical violence at least once in marital life. Women who experienced severe physical violence were more likely to have their husband's noncooperation in using contraceptives (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.93–5.68), poor prenatal care (AOR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.23–3.69), unplanned pregnancies (AOR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.39–3.76), and poor self‐reported reproductive health (AOR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.71–4.91) as compared with non‐abused women. Similar associations existed for other types of violence.ConclusionThe results highlight the magnitude of violence and its association with reproductive health of women. Urgent action is needed to mitigate the violence and its consequential damage to health.
The stress in a dilute suspension of liquid spheres in a second-order fluid
Authors: Rallison J. M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe use an ensemble averaging technique to calculate the average stress for a dilute suspension of liquid drops that are instantaneously spherical. The solvent and the drops consist of second-order fluids with differing properties. The suspension is itself a second-order fluid and its viscosity and normal stress coefficients are determined. For the special case of a rigid sphere suspension the results agree with Koch & Subramanian (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., vol. 138, 2006, p. 87, and vol. 153, 2008, p. 202). Differences from other results in the literature are discussed.
Reliability, comparative validity and stability of dietary patterns derived from an FFQ in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Authors: Asghari Golaleh , Rezazadeh Arezoo , Hosseini-Esfahani Firoozeh , Mehrabi Yadollah , Mirmiran Parvin , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: January 2012

The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability, comparative validity and stability of dietary patterns defined by factor analysis for participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. A total of 132 subjects, aged ≥ 20 years, completed a 168-item FFQ (FFQ1, FFQ2) twice, with a 14-month interval. Over this duration, twelve dietary recalls (DR) were collected each month. To assess the stability of the FFQ, participants completed the third FFQ (FFQ3) after 8 years. Following these, two dietary patterns – the ‘Iranian Traditional’ and the ‘Western’ – were derived from FFQ1 and FFQ2 and the mean of DR (mDR); and three dietary patterns were identified from FFQ3: the ‘Iranian Traditional’, the ‘Western’ and the ‘Combined’. The reliability correlations between factor scores of the two FFQ were 0·72 for the Iranian Traditional and 0·80 for the Western pattern; corrected month-to-month variations of DR correlations between the FFQ2 and mDR were 0·48 for the first and 0·75 for the second pattern. The 95 % limits of agreement for the difference between factor scores obtained from FFQ2 and mDR lay between − 1·58 and +1·58 for the Iranian Traditional and between − 1·33 and +1·33 for the Western pattern. The intra-class correlations between FFQ2 and FFQ3 were − 0·09 (P = 0·653) and 0·49 (P <0·001) for the ‘Iranian Traditional’ and the ‘Western’, respectively. These data indicate reasonable reliability and validity of the dietary patterns defined by factor analysis. Although the Western pattern was found to be fairly stable, the Iranian Traditional pattern was mostly unstable over the 8 years of the study period.
Dose–response effects of an antimicrobial peptide, a cecropin hybrid, on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, bacterial counts in the digesta and intestinal morphology in broilers
Authors: Wen Liu-Fa , He Jian-Guo 
Published: January 2012

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of an antimicrobial peptide, cecropin A(1-11)-D(12-37)-Asn (CADN), as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) in poultry diets. A total of 1500 14-d-old indigenous male chickens (222 (sd13) g) were randomly allocated to five groups with five replicate cages of sixty birds each, and fedad libitumfive grower diets and subsequently five finisher diets for 14 d each. The diets were made up by supplementing their basal diets with a CADN liquid sample (CADNL) at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ml/kg, respectively. During the feeding period, a metabolic experiment was carried out to determine the apparent digestibility of diethyl ether extract, nitrogen retention and apparent metabolisable energy of the diet sample fed to each cage of chicks. At the end of the feeding experiment, one chick from each cage was killed for bacteriological, light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic examination of the intestinal villi. CADN had a negative linear, positive quadratic and negative linear effect on feed intake (F), weight gain (G) and feed:gain ratio (F:G), respectively, for the growers; it had a quadratic effect on F, G or F:G for the finishers; it increased nutrient utilisation for both growers and finishers; it decreased aerobic bacterial counts in both jejunal and caecal digesta in a dose-dependent manner; it enhanced intestinal villus heights in a dose-dependent manner and made the duodenum villi of the CADNL8 group at 42 d appear as a netted leaf-like structure. CADN is therefore a possible alternative to AGP in broiler feeds.