bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency of sensitization to methyl aminolaevulinate after photodynamic therapy
Authors: Korshøj Signe , Sølvsten Henrik , Erlandsen Mogens , Sommerlund Mette 
Published: May 2009

Background:  Allergic contact dermatitis to methyl aminolaevulinate (Metvix™) after topical application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) has previously been described in case reports.Objective:  To compare the frequency of sensitization to Metvix® cream in a group of patients previously treated at least five times with Metvix‐PDT with the frequency observed in an unexposed control group.Methods:  Twenty patients treated five times or more with Metvix‐PDT and 60 controls with no prior exposure to Metvix® were patch tested with Metvix® cream and Metvix® placebo cream. Subsequently, the patients were interviewed to determine the relevance of a positive patch test reaction to Metvix®.Results:  Of 20 patients treated with Metvix‐PDT, 7 were sensitized to Metvix® cream, giving a sensation risk of 35%. In the control group, 1 of 60 became sensitized after a single exposure to Metvix® cream (1.7%). There was no reaction to the placebo cream. The positive patch tests to Metvix® were considered relevant in four of seven patients (57%).Conclusions:  This study demonstrates a considerable risk of sensitization after Metvix‐PDT. We suggest that the patients are interviewed to detect late or persistent local reactions after PDT. These reactions are often considered to be local infections but may represent allergic contact dermatitis, and therefore, patients should be offered patch testing with Metvix® cream.
Hand dermatitis among veterinarians from Queensland, Australia
Authors: Leggat Peter A , Smith Derek R , Speare Richard 
Published: May 2009

Background: Although hand dermatitis (HD) represents a frequent occupational issue for many health professionals, little is known about the prevalence and distribution of HD among veterinarians, particularly in Australia.Aim: We utilized a previously validated questionnaire survey to examine a cross‐section of veterinarians from Queensland, Australia, to determine the prevalence of HD and its associated factors.Method: We conducted a questionnaire‐based survey of HD, which was mailed to 1094 veterinarians registered with the Veterinary Surgeons Board of Queensland during 2006 (64.0% response rate).Results: The overall prevalence rate of HD during this study was 15.9%. HD prevalence was significantly higher in those with current allergic disease (P < 0.001), among female veterinarians (P< 0.001), and those reporting latex allergy in the past 12 months (P < 0.001).Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests that HD may be more prevalent among veterinarians in Queensland than among their counterparts studied elsewhere. Veterinary practices may need to consider making non‐latex gloves available or avoiding latex products wherever possible, particularly for their female staff. The importance of HD to the veterinary profession is predicted to increase as females begin to make up a greater proportion of registered veterinarians as result of a demographic shift.
Uptake/Efflux Transport of Tramadol Enantiomers andO‐Desmethyl‐Tramadol: Focus onP‐Glycoprotein
Authors: Kanaan Mouna , Daali Youssef , Dayer Pierre , Desmeules Jules 
Published: May 2009

Abstract: The analgesic effect of tramadol (TMD) results from the monoaminergic effect of its two enantiomers, (+)‐TMD and (−)‐TMD as well as its opioid metabolite (+)‐O‐desmethyl‐tramadol (M1).P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) might be of importance in the analgesic and tolerability profile variability of TMD. Our study investigated the involvement ofP‐gp in the transepithelial transport of (+)‐TMD, (−)‐TMD and M1, using a Caco‐2 cell monolayer model. The bidirectional transport of racemic TMD and M1 (1–100 µM) across the monolayers was investigated at two pH conditions (pH 6.8/7.4 and 7.4/7.4) in the presence and absence ofP‐gp inhibitor cyclosporine A (10 µM) and assessed with the more potent and specificP‐gp inhibitor GF120918 (4 µM). Analytical quantification was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to the fluorescence detector. A net secretion of (+)‐TMD, (−)‐TMD and M1 was observed when a pH gradient was applied (TR:Papp(B − A)/Papp(A − B): 1.8–2.7; P < 0.05). However, the bidirectional transport of all compounds was equal in the non‐gradient system. In the presence ofP‐gp inhibitors, a slight but significant increase of secretory flux was observed (up to 26%; P < 0.05) at both pH conditions. In conclusion, (+)‐TMD, (−)‐TMD and M1 are notP‐gp substrates. However, proton‐based efflux pumps may be involved in limiting the gastrointestinal absorption of TMD enantiomers as well as enhancing TMD enantiomers and M1 renal excretion. A possible involvement of uptake carriers in the transepithelial transport of TMD enantiomers and M1 is suggested.
EFFECT ON PHENOLICS, HMF AND SOME PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF APPLE JUICE CONCENTRATE OF ACTIVATED CARBON APPLIED AT THE DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: ÇOKLAR HACER , AKBULUT MEHMET 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT In this research, the effect of different temperature, time and activated carbon doses on hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) level on apple juice concentrate was examined. Changing in total phenolic content, oBrix, pH, titratable acidity, electrical conductivity, total invert sugar, reflectance color (L*, a*, b*, h, C*), spectrophotometric color, clearness, viscosity and mineral content were also determined. The values of HMF in the apple juice samples decreased with increasing activated carbon doses and application time. However, the application time of activated carbon had no significant effect on HMF content. While the application temperature of activated carbon had no significant effect on HMF, it had a highly important effect on total phenolic content (P < 0.05). Total phenolic content in the apple juice decreased significantly with increasing doses, application time and temperature of activated carbon (P < 0.05). Transmittances at 440 nm of apple juice were increased by activated carbon applications with increasing doses and application time at all temperatures. Parallel to increase in the activated carbon doses and application time, hue (h) values of all apple juice decreased at all temperatures.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSHydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), formed by the Maillard reaction and dehydration of ketopentoses, particularly in acidic and/or high temperature environments, is an important quality parameter in fruit juices and other foods. In fresh unheated juices, the HMF content is normally zero. However, it occurs during processing which requires high temperature, and storage. High HMF and dark color of apple juices could be improved with a proper clarifying agent such as activated carbon. The results of this study showed that the activated carbon can be useful in making a significant improvement in the apple juice by decreasing its HMF content and enhancing color properties without considerable loss in the levels of phenolic compounds, which are important constituents for color and flavor of fresh fruit, could be achieved in the apple juice.
Contribution of Australian cardiologists, general practitioners and dietitians to adult cardiac patients' dietary behavioural change
Authors: POMEROY Sylvia E.M. , WORSLEY Anthony 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  To investigate the use of behavioural change techniques by cardiologists, general practitioners and dietitians in adult cardiac patients within 12 months of their cardiac event.Method:  Quantitative cross‐sectional surveys. Frequency analyses were conducted on the respondents' answers to questionnaire items. Chi‐squared test of independence compared responses of the three professional groups on the questionnaire items. Analyses of variance were conducted to explore the impact of the independent variables: age, sex and time worked on the behavioural change techniques used by the respondents.Results:  The respondents included 248 general practitioners (30% response), 189 cardiologists (47% response) and 180 dietitians (60% response). General practitioners and cardiologists acted mainly as advocates for dietary change in the dietary management process. Dietitians provided nutrition knowledge and a range of techniques to assist dietary behavioural change. Cardiologists and dietitians shared little nutrition information with general practitioners (cardiologists with general practitioners = 8%, dietitians with general practitioners = 49%).Conclusion:  The present study shows that cardiac patients may have insufficient access to knowledge of nutrition and techniques to assist them with dietary behavioural change.
Current dietetic practices of obesity management in Saudi Arabia and comparison with Australian practices and best practice criteria
Authors: ALMAJWAL Ali , WILLIAMS Peter , BATTERHAM Marijka 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  To describe the dietetic practices of the treatment of obesity in Saudi Arabia and compare this with best practice criteria and the practice in Australia.Methods:  Anonymous questionnaires were completed by dietitians in Saudi Arabia. The topics included barriers to obesity management, demand and level of service and strategies and approaches used for weight management. Best practice scores were based on those used to assess Australian dietitians.Results:  A total of 253 dietitians participated in the survey. Of these, 175 (69%) were involved in the management of obesity. The best practice score for Australian dietitians was slightly greater than the scores of Saudi dietitians (median 43 vs 39). There was also a significant correlation between the best practice score and years of experience (r = 0.26, P < 0.001). The most common assessment approaches were assessment of body mass index (87%) and exercise habits (81%), while the most common strategies for obesity management were: dietary total fat reduction (92%) and increase incidental daily activity (92%). The major barrier for establishment of a weight management clinic reported by 49% of participants was inadequate resources.Conclusion:  Saudi Arabian dietetic practice for the management of obesity does incorporate most best practice recommendations, but some specific elements are rarely used.
Supermarket discounts: Are they promoting healthy non‐alcoholic beverages?
Authors: POLLOCK Sarah , SIGNAL Louise , WATTS Carolyn 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  The present study investigates the role of supermarket discounts in promoting healthy choices through evaluation of discounts applied to non‐alcoholic beverages in New Zealand supermarkets.Methods:  Discount information was collected from four supermarkets in the Wellington region over a four‐week period. These included two supermarkets aimed at customers of a high socioeconomic status and two aimed at low‐socioeconomic‐status customers. The beverage brand and size were recorded along with the original and discounted prices. The beverages were classified into green (drink most), amber (drink in moderation) and red (drink less) categories based on the Waitemata District Health Board Beverage Guidelines.Results:  A total of 1487 discounts were documented over the four‐week period with the majority (57.6%) of these from the high‐socioeconomic‐status supermarkets. A higher percentage of beverage discounts were classified as amber (40.9%) or red (44.1%) rather than green (14.9%) across all beverage groups except water (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  This research suggests that less healthy beverages are discounted more frequently and to a larger extent than healthier beverages, but a nationwide study is required to confirm this. It appears likely that supermarkets could play a role in promoting healthy beverage choice if they refrain from discounting amber and red products.
Constructions of competence within dietetics: Trust, professionalism and communications with individual clients
Authors: CANT Robyn 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  Issues of trust are important factors that affect communication in professional–client relationships. This paper aims to explore trust in communication from the viewpoint of both clients (the truster) and dietitians.Methods:  The qualitative research techniques were based on grounded theory. Purposive samples of 46 dietitians and 34 of their adult outpatients were drawn from health services (hospitals, community services and private clinics) in one state of Australia. Clients from eight centres were aged from 21 to 80+ years. Audio‐recorded in‐depth interviews and focus groups were used to gather data. Transcribed narratives were open‐coded and examined for deviant cases. Themes identified in dietitian and client data sets describing clients' trust were compared.Results:  The themes identified confirmed a typology of trust (from the perspective of the truster) present in the health care literature. Clients' trust was derived from institutional context or reputation. Interpersonal trust perceived in verbal and non‐verbal communications with a dietitian were in evidence. Dietitians' value attributes of integrity and respect were identified as traits that help build trust and demonstrate dietitians' professionalism. The findings were built into a concept model of trust.Conclusions:  Behaviours shown that convey a sense of acceptance, understanding and individual management may lead to positive communication, and hence help build a client's trust in a professional. The link between trust, performance and dietetics clients' outcomes should be investigated further.
Autonomy and Effectiveness of Chinese Monetary Policy under the De Facto Fixed Exchange Rate System
Authors: Sun Huayu 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper uses monthly data to examine the autonomy and effectiveness of monetary policy in China under the de facto fixed exchange rate arrangement in place from 1998 to 2005. The results obtained from Granger causality tests in a vector autoregression framework indicate that: (i) China actually conducted independent monetary policy during the fixed exchange rate period; and (ii) market‐oriented policy measures are impotent in influencing real output and prices. The framework of the investigation into the autonomy of monetary policy adapts to the Chinese economic condition that primary loan and deposit rates are set by the central bank. Based on the empirical results, the present paper provides alternative strategies to improve the effectiveness of monetary policy in China, including developing the financial system and solidifying microeconomic fundamentals instead of forcing the adaptation of a more flexible exchange rate regime.
RMB Exchange Market Pressure and Central Bank Exchange Market Intervention
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Zhang Jing 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe present paper uses the model‐dependent and the model‐independent approach to measure the RMB exchange market pressure (EMP) and the central bank's intervention using monthly data from January 1999 to June 2008. It is determined that the RMB has been under great appreciation pressure over the past decade. However, the pressure has been weakening since 2005. The two approaches provide significantly different results in terms of the estimated RMB EMP indices and the estimated central bank's interventions. The differences may lead to different predictions of potential currency crises. According to the estimation of the RMB EMP, and based on the model‐independent approach, the paper shows that China has been under threat of an appreciation currency crisis since 2008. Therefore, China should adopt a more flexible exchange rate regime to prevent a potential crisis.
Further observations on mandibular anaesthesia
Authors: Shields P. W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Recent studies have emphasized that none of the accepted intraoral landmarks used in the conventional mandibular block technique is completely reliable, nor can they presage those instances in which the lingula presents an obstruction to the needle pathway.An answer to this problem is suggested by the use of extraoral landmarks to assist in estimating the height and expected depth of needle penetration.The importance of palpating for the anterior border of the medial pterygoid muscle deep in the pterygotemporal depression is reaffirmed.
The ultrastructural localization of the corrosion products of dental amalgam
Authors: Ellender Graham , Ham Kathryn N. , Harcourt John K. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The ultrastructural localization of corrosion products released from dental amalgam implants in rat subcutaneous tissue was studied by means of a sulphide‐silver technique. Implants stimulated a prolonged inflammatory response with delayed granulation tissue formation and slow and faulty collagen formation. The metallic corrosion products were found both in cells and in association with matrix components.Intracellular metal deposits were predominantly in the cytoplasmic matrix and in vacuoles in the early (19 day) lesions, but at 60 days there was metal in many nuclei, both viable and dead. Collagen fibrils had metal on the surface and vascular basement membranes had granules of bound metals.
Childhood fear and anxiety states in relation to dental treatment
Authors: Brown John P. , Smith Ira T. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— —Five years experience by the authors in organizing a dental psychology clinic has impressed on them that many excessively fearful child patients have a history of untoward dental and medical experiences which might have been prevented.A background to an understanding of fear and anxiety in children is presented, and two cases are described to illustrate straight‐forward behaviour modification techniques which can be used to help the fearful or excessively anxious child cope with dental treatment.
Dental health in Australian society. A first‐year elective subject in the undergraduate curriculum*
Authors: Homan B. T. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Because a percentage of undergraduate students in their clinical years were dissatisfied or undecided with their career choice, a first‐year elective subject was introduced to increase their socio‐dental awareness at the earliest opportunity.The course content, student reaction over a four‐year period, and a profile of the attitudes and aspirations of first‐year students are described.
The Princess Margaret Hospital Dental Unit
Authors: Brogan W. F. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— This article describes the development of the Dental Department at Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, Western Australia from its beginnings with the appointment of the first Honorary dentist in 1910. It details its state today as a comprehensive unit in which all dental specialities are represented and capable of handling any clinical or teaching duties which may present.Princess Margaret Hospital is a large general teaching children's hospital of three hundred beds which handles one third of child admissions in the State. In addition, virtually all congenital abnormalities and conditions requiring specialized unit treatment are admitted.Into this hospital the Dental Department has become fully integrated over the past thirteen years.
Assessing the effectiveness of dental health education in the South Australian School Dental Programme
Authors: Roder D. M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Approximately 25–30 per cent of operational time in the School Dental Programme is assigned to dental health education, representing a sizeable investment of public resources.If the full potential of dental health education is to be realized, the respective effectiveness of various dental health education activities need to be identified so that the more effective activities can be emphasized and developed further.As an essential prerequisite there is a need to refine the evaluation process by introducing: (1) improved dental indices; (2) improved methods of classifying and maintaining records of the dental health education activities undertaken; (3) better methods of quantifying dental care items and other social and environmental covariables; and (4) more sophisticated forms of multivariate analysis.
X‐ray mapping of dental amalgam using the electron microprobe
Authors: Bryant Roland W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Tin, copper, silver and mercury X‐ray maps were obtained for amalgams prepared from three “high copper” commercial alloys. The data obtained from quantitative analysis of a silver‐copper dispersed amalgam was subjected to major element analysis.X‐ray mapping was found to reflect accurately the relative quantity of an element present in different regions of a map, thereby providing a reliable qualitative, part‐quantitative analysis of the structure of the amalgam.
The dental health status of children not included by parents in the South Australian School Dental Programme. A pilot study
Authors: Sundram P. S. , Carr S. M. , Roder D. M. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT About 90 per cent of children have received school dental care at South Australian schools where this care has been available. However, following recent extension of the dental programme to metropolitan schools without clinics located in their grounds, lower participation rates of about 74 per cent have emerged.A pilot study of 161 children not included in the school dental programme at 13 of these metropolitan schools without clinics was conducted to evaluate their dental health status and determine why they were not enrolled for school dental care.
Comparison of four teaching presentations*
Authors: Howell Susan 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The aim of this study was to determine whether audio‐visual presentations are as effective as the more conventional forms of teaching.Tape‐slides, video‐tapes, hand‐outs, and lectures designed around a single script were presented to four similar groups of undergraduate students. The lecture proved the most effective presentation, followed by the hand‐outs and tape‐slides; video‐tapes were the least effective. The results showed that the students were biased against tape‐slide and video‐tape presentations and liked the lectures best, followed by hand‐outs, and tape‐slides; video‐tapes were least liked.
The effect of alginate impressions on the surface of cast gypsum. II. The role of sodium sulphate in incompatibility
Authors: Jarvis R. G. , Earnshaw R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— It has been shown that the poor surfaces found on high strength cast gypsum which sets against alginate impressions are caused by the presence of sodium sulphate, a by‐product of the setting reaction of the alginate, in the exudate present at the interface between impression and setting cast.In many set alginate impression materials sodium sulphate is present in sufficient concentration to act as an effective retarder for the setting of the calcium sulphate hemihydrate mix, and this effect is greatest when, as in the case of high strength materials such as die stones, the water content of the mix is low. A considerable improvement in the surface of gypsum casts could be made by changing the composition of alginate impression materials to use a reactor other than a sulphate, a retarder other than a sodium salt, and an alginate other than sodium alginate. This would greatly reduce the concentration of both sodium and sulphate ions in the exudate, and could eliminate the effect of sodium sulphate as a retarder of the setting reaction.
Marginal fracture of amalgam restorations. A review
Authors: Bryant Roland W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Factors considered to have an influence on the marginal fracture of amalgam restorations are discussed.Although the influence of cavity preparation, manipulative procedures and initial marginal adaptation on marginal fracture has been widely acknowledged, there has been much controversy over the relative roles of two intrinsic characteristics of amalgams, namely, resistance to corrosion and resistance to slow plastic deformation.