bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compartmentalization of the Nelson field, Central North Sea: evidence from produced water chemistry analysis
Authors: Gill C. E. , Shepherd M. , Millington J. J. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Drainage cells are localized reservoir volumes that are bounded both laterally and vertically by permeability barriers. The subdivision of a reservoir volume into drainage cells provides a framework that allows a mature producing field to be screened for remaining oil volumes. Nine drainage cells have been defined in the Nelson field. The lateral edges of these drainage cells are stratigraphic in nature and correspond to the boundaries between individual macroforms, for instance, between channel complexes and interchannel sediments.
A very large dataset of produced water chemical analyses has been used to help define the extent of the drainage cells. Provinciality, shown by areal variations in produced water compositions, is consistent with the inferred location of the cells. The Nelson field shows variation in the chloride ion concentration of produced water both vertically and laterally. Vertical variation can be detected by changes in produced water chemistry after water shut-off events at shale horizons which are thought to be laterally extensive within the reservoir. Lateral variation corresponds to patchwork areas that are consistent with individual macroforms such as channel complexes.
An additional technique has been used to confirm the location and extent of drainage cells within the field. This involves the compilation of drainage charts, a quantitative volumetric method that involves comparing theoretical and actual oil–water contact changes within particular field areas.
Urine Cotinine Underestimates Exposure to the Tobacco-Derived Lung Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone in Passive Compared with Active Smokers
Authors: Benowitz Neal , Goniewicz Maciej Lukasz , Eisner Mark D. , Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo , Zielinska-Danch Wioleta , Koszowski Bartosz , Sobczak Andrzej , Havel Christopher , Jacob Peyton 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Objectives: Cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are widely used biomarkers for tobacco-derived nicotine and the lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), respectively. The discrepancy between cotinine levels in relation to disease risk comparing active versus passive smoking suggests a nonlinear tobacco smoke dose-response and/or that cotinine is not providing an accurate measure of exposure to the toxic constituents of secondhand tobacco smoke.
Methods: Cotinine and NNAL were measured in the urine of 373 active smokers and 228 passive smokers.
Results: Average cotinine levels were 1,155 (interquartile range, 703-2,715) for active smokers and 1.82 (0.45-7.33) ng/mg creatinine for passive smokers. Average NNAL levels were 183 (103-393) and 5.19 (2.04-11.6) pg/mg creatinine, respectively. NNAL/cotinine ratio in urine was significantly higher for passive smokers when compared with active smokers (2.85 × 103 versus 0.16 × 103, P &lt; 0.0001).
Conclusions: Passive smoking is associated with a much higher ratio of NNAL/cotinine in the urine compared with active smoking.
Impact: Cotinine measurement leads to an underestimation of exposure to the carcinogen NNK from secondhand smoke when compared with active smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2795–800. ©2010 AACR.
Exposure to Diagnostic Radiological Procedures and the Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Bailey Helen D. , Armstrong Bruce K. , de Klerk Nicholas H. , Fritschi Lin , Attia John , Lockwood Liane , Milne Elizabeth 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Background: Diagnostic irradiation of the mother during pregnancy increases the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). There is inconsistent evidence on associations between ALL and other parental or childhood diagnostic irradiation. The aim of this analysis is to investigate whether diagnostic X-rays of the mother before birth, of the father before conception, or of the child increased the risk of childhood ALL.
Methods: Data from 389 cases and 876 frequency-matched controls were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for study matching factors and potential confounders. A meta-analysis of our findings in relation to paternal X-rays before conception with the published findings of previous studies was also conducted.
Results: There was no evidence of an increased risk with maternal abdominal X-rays before the birth of the index child or with the child having any X-rays more than 6 months before the censoring date. The odds ratio (OR) for any paternal abdominal X-ray before conception was 1.17 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.88-1.55], and 1.47 (95% CI, 0.98-2.21) for more than one X-ray. The OR for any paternal intravenous pyelogram before conception was 3.56 (95% CI, 1.59-7.98). The pooled OR for this study with previous studies of any paternal abdominal X-rays before conception was 1.17 (95% CI, 0.92-1.48).
Conclusions: There was some evidence of an increased risk of ALL in the offspring if the father had more than one abdominal X-ray before conception or had ever had an intravenous pyelogram.
Impact: We plan to repeat this analysis by using pooled data to improve precision. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2897–909. ©2010 AACR.
Psychosocially Influenced Cancer: Diverse Early-Life Stress Experiences and Links to Breast Cancer
Authors: Schuler Linda A. , Auger Anthony P. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This perspective on Boyd et al. (beginning on page 1398 in this issue of the journal) discusses recent published research examining the interplay between social stress and breast cancer. Cross-disciplinary studies using genetically defined mouse models and established neonatal and peripubertal paradigms of social stress are illuminating biological programming by diverse early-life experiences for the risk of breast cancer. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this programming can lead to the identification of risk factors and sensitive developmental windows, enabling improved prevention and treatment strategies for this devastating disease. Cancer Prev Res; 3(11); 1365–70. ©2010 AACR.
Beat of Frequency Modes with an Artificial Negative Frequency in Spectrogram Analysis
Authors: Yabushita Atsushi , Kao Chih-Hsien , Lee Yu-Hsien , Kobayashi Takayoshi 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Spectrograms have been used for time-resolved analysis of Fourier power spectra in various fields. We have performed spectrogram analysis for two neighboring modes and a low frequency mode changing gate width of the time gate function. The obtained spectrogram of the former showed both amplitude and frequency modulations between two neighboring modes. A contamination appearing on the spectrogram of the latter reflects an artifact showing beat between the signal mode and a negative frequency mode whose sign was inverted from the signal mode. Surprising results from the amplitude and phase modulations were observed in the simulation even in the case of single mode. This puzzling result was explained in terms of the interference between the single mode and the “negative” frequency composing the single mode with the corresponding “positive frequency.”
Assessment of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterococcus Faecalis Isolated From Chronic Periodontitis in Biofilm Versus Planktonic Phase
Authors: Sun Jinglu , Song Xiaobo 
Published: November 2010

Background: Enterococci are often associated with chronic and recurrent infectious diseases because of their antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study is to assess antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis in chronic periodontitis.Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined on 23 E. faecalis strains isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis. Ampicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, triclosan, and vancomycin were prepared in two‐fold serial dilution up to 8,192 μg/mL. Enterococcal biofilm was established by a biofilm device and observed by confocal laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration, and minimum biofilm eradication concentration were determined by spectrophotometer at optical density650.Results: A few patches of monolayer early biofilm were observed on the surfaces of biofilm device pegs. The colony‐forming units of biofilm per peg were 1.2 × 103 to 1.7 × 104 and 0 to 20 post‐triclosan treatment. The MIC50 was higher than the MIC epidemiologic cut‐off for tetracycline and the MIC90 was higher than the cut‐off for erythromycin and tetracycline, respectively. In biofilm, minimum biofilm eradication concentrations were extremely high for all of the drugs except triclosan.Conclusions: The E. faecalis strains of chronic periodontitis exhibited weak biofilm formation ability at the early stage. Over 50% of the strains were resistant to tetracycline, and a few strains were highly resistant to erythromycin or gentamicin. E. faecalis cells in biofilm were hardly eradicated by most of the agents, even in high concentrations. Triclosan was effective in inhibiting E. faecalis growth in both biofilm and planktonic phase.
Le régime des incendies de forêt en Valais: influences climatiques et anthropiques | Forest fire regimes in Valais: climatic and human influences
Authors: Zumbrunnen Thomas , Bürgi Matthias , Bugmann Harald 
Published: November 2010

Forest fire regimes are particularly sensitive to variations in the climate and to human influences. In the Alps both the manner in which the land is used and climatic changes, in particular rises in temperature and the frequency of drought periods, are probably going to bring about considerable modifications in fire regimes. The history of these fires in Valais in the 20th century is however still little known, as is the influence of the different determining factors.
From a study of documentary archives we have therefore reconstituted the history of forest fires in Valais from 1904 to 2008. We then tried to establish whether or not the fire regime had evolved during this time by comparing descriptive statistics from the first and the second halves of the period under study. By means of correlation analyses we could then find what factors had a significant influence on the occurrence of fires.
What emerges is that forest fire activity moved towards the plain in the course of the 20 century, probably on account of the increase in population density at lower altitudes. The seasonality of the fires also evolved: there was an outbreak of fires in the spring during the second half of the period under study, whereas in the first half fires mostly occurred in summer. On the other hand the frequency of the fires and the surface area burned annually did not differ significantly in the periods before and after 1955.
As for the balance between factors determining the frequency of fires and the surface burned annually, there has been a modification in the period under study. Although drought was a decisive factor in the first decades of the 20 century, afterwards it seems to have declined in importance, being supplanted by other factors, notably the availability of combustible material.
The fact that at present the forest fire regime is apparently regulated by factors other than the climate means it is possible to envisage concrete measures in order to limit fire risks.
Feasibility Evaluation of Smart Stretcher to Improve Patient Safety during Transfers
Authors: Kurihara Y. , Watanabe K. , Ohno-Machado L. , Tanaka H. , Ohashi K. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryObjectives: The integration of noninvasive vital sign sensors and wireless sensor networks into intelligent alarm systems has the potential to improve patient safety. We developed a wireless network-based system (“Smart Stretcher”), which was designed to constantly monitor patient vital signs and detect apnea during transfers within a hospital. The system alerts medical staff in case of an emergency through a wireless network.Methods: A small-scale technical feasibility study was conducted to assess the performance of the system in a simulated hospital environment. Smart Stretcher consists of three components: a small air-mat type pressure sensor measuring respiratory rate and detecting apnea, a patient identification system using RFID technology, and an indoor positioning system using a ZigBee wireless network. In the feasibility experiment, two nurses transferred four subjects who stopped breathing for 10 seconds, after which we calculated the accuracy of apnea detections, repeating this at varying speeds and subject positions. We alsoperformed asubjective evaluation of perceptions and expectations of Smart Stretcher by nurses.Results: The system could detect apnea in all subjects at a rate of over 90%, patient IDs and locations were correctly detected in real time, and the system could alert medical staff. In addition, the results of nurse’s evaluations were mostly positive.Conclusions: The technical feasibility experiment and evaluation of Smart Stretcher suggest that the system could play a key role in monitoring patients during hospital transfers.
Diels–Alder reaction in water for the straightforward preparation of thermoresponsive hydrogels
Authors: Wei Hong‐Liang , Yang Jun , Chu Hui‐Juan , Yang Zhe , Ma Cun‐Cai , Yao Kai 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBecause the properties and applications of hydrogels are determined by the formation principle and conditions of the hydrogels, novel methods for preparing hydrogels have increasingly triggered scientists' interest. Here the Diels–Alder reaction was applied to the preparation of hydrogels. For the resultant polymeric diene and dienophile, the Diels–Alder reaction could be performed in water. The gelation time was found to be closely related to the temperature. The gelation time decreased with the temperature increasing. Moreover, the hydrogels were stable in water, and the retro‐Diels–Alder reaction could be performed in N,N‐dimethylformamide easily. A study of the swelling ratio indicated that the hydrogels were responsive to the temperature. The hydrogel formation method described here provides several advantages, such as mild reaction conditions, no initiator or catalyst, a tunable gelation rate, and thermal reversibility, and it has great potential for the preparation of biomaterials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Extractive fermentation of clavulanic acid by Streptomyces DAUFPE 3060 using aqueous two‐phase system
Authors: Viana Marques D. A. , Pessoa‐Júnior A. , Lima‐Filho J. L. , Converti A. , Perego P. , Porto A. L. F. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe influence of four variables, specifically PEG molar mass (400, 1,000, and 8,000 g/mol), concentrations of PEG and phosphate salts (15, 20, and 25% for both), and agitation intensity (110, 150, and 200 rpm), on clavulanic acid (CA) extraction by extractive fermentation with PEG/phosphate salts aqueous two‐phase system was investigated in shaken flasks using a 24‐1‐fractional factorial design. After selection of the two most significant variables (agitation intensity and PEG molar mass), an optimization study conducted according to a 22‐central composite design revealed that 25% PEG 8,000 g/mol and phosphate salts at 240 rpm (run 6) were the best conditions for the extractive fermentation, leading to the best results in terms of partition coefficient (k = 8.2), yield of CA in the PEG‐rich phase (ηT = 93%) and productivity (P = 5.3 mg/Lh). As a first attempt to make a scale‐up of these results, the effectiveness of the extractive fermentation was then checked in a bench‐scale bioreactor under conditions as close as possible to the optimum ones determined in flasks. The highest CA concentration obtained in the PEG‐rich phase (691 mg/L) was 30% higher than in flasks, thus demonstrating the potential of such a new process, integrating the production and extraction steps, as a promising, low‐cost tool to obtain high yields of this and similar products. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Conceptualizing agility of enterprises
Authors: Huumonen Juha 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article discusses and elaborates on the fourfold constituency of enterprise agility conceived by Trzcielinski (2007, 2009). With Trzcielinski (2009), agility consists of the following characteristics or properties of the enterprise: Brightness is the ability to quickly perceive market opportunities and threats emanating from the environment; flexibility is a feature of resources available for the enterprise, extending the repertoire of the tasks that can be executed with use of these company functions and finding intentional reactions in these situations; intelligence is the ability to understand the situations in which the company functions and to find intentional reactions in these situations; and shrewdness is the ability of an enterprise to quickly use the opportunities in a beneficial way. The article sets out from the viewpoint of opportunity theory and from that of entrepreneurial undertakings (i.e., actions directed toward them). A primary concern is to define in what sense and to what degree we can speak of opportunities and actions as factual in contrast to representational, and thus bridge conceptual notions and management praxis. Opportunities and actions are argued to have a factual and a representational aspect, which coincide in the enterprise praxis. The article suggests that, if validity and factuality claims are correctly addressed, both outer and inner aspects of actions and the representational and objective notions of opportunities can be treated as agility constituents of the enterprise and that their interaction provides for a comprehensive model of enterprise agility, where ontologically different constituents complement each other and interact. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postoperative bladder and rectal function in children with sacrococcygeal teratoma
Authors: Berger Michael , Heinrich Martina , Lacher Martin , Hubertus Jochen , Stehr Maximilian , von Schweinitz Dietrich 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundIn patients with sacrococcygeal teratoma, the location of the tumor and surgical intervention affects bladder and rectal function. However, there are no clear guidelines for postoperative assessment of bladder function, and the literature on this subject is scarce especially for children requiring multiple surgical interventions. The aim of this study is to evaluate postoperative bladder and rectal function in children with sacrococcygeal teratoma.MethodsRetrospective analysis was performed of 25 patients (6 male, 19 female) with sacrococcygeal teratoma operated at our institution from 1998 to 2009. Functional assessment of the bladder and rectum was carried out by clinical follow‐up, rectomanometry, and urodynamic studies. Data of 24 children were available for follow‐up.ResultsOf the 24 children, twelve had bladder dysfunction (50%). Ten children (42%) required more than one surgical intervention. Of the 14 children operated on only once, three developed bladder dysfunction (21%), compared to nine of the 10 children who underwent multiple surgical interventions (90%). All four Altman stages were represented, and bladder dysfunction was found for all tumor types. All children with clinical bladder dysfunction showed abnormalities on urodynamic studies, with seven cases of neurogenic bladder. In contrast, no rectal dysfunction was found.ConclusionsBladder dysfunction is a common risk of sacrococcygeal tumors. The risk increases particularly if multiple surgical interventions are needed in order to excise the tumor. Therefore, the need for meticulous and complete excision upon first intent is crucial in order to avoid bladder dysfunction. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:397–402. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of Si‐doping on the characteristics of InGaGdN/GaN MQWs grown by MBE
Authors: Tawil Siti Nooraya Mohd , Krishnamurthy Daivasigamani , Kakimi Rina , Ishimaru Manabu , Emura Shuichi , Hasegawa Shigehiko , Asahi Hajime 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe report the investigation on the effects of Si‐doping in the GaN barrier layers of InGaGdN/GaN multiple‐quantum wells (MQWs) prepared by the molecular‐beam epitaxy. X‐ray diffraction results exhibit improved crystal and interfacial qualities for the Si‐doped barrier samples as compared to the undoped barrier sample. The magnetic properties measured with the superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer indicate clear hysteresis and enhanced saturation magnetization with the increase of Si cell temperature for all the Si‐doped barrier MQW samples. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of transparent conductive W‐doped SnO2 thin films on glass substrates using anatase TiO2 seed layers
Authors: Nakao Shoichiro , Yamada Naoomi , Hitosugi Taro , Hirose Yasushi , Shimada Toshihiro , Hasegawa Tetsuya 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPulsed laser deposition was used to grow W‐doped SnO2 (WTO) thin films on glass substrates. By using 10‐nm‐thick polycrystalline anatase TiO2 seed layers formed on the glass substrates, the lowest resistivity of 3.5 × 10‐4 Ωcm, with a mobility of 84 cm2V‐1s‐1 and a carrier concentration of 2.1 × 1020 cm‐3, was obtained at a W concentration of 1.5 at.%. An optimized WTO film with a sheet resistance of 9.1 Ω/□ exhibited an optical transmittance of over 70% at wavelengths ranging from 400 to 1950 nm. These transport and optical properties are comparable to those of Ta‐doped SnO2 (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Development of X‐ray diffractometer for in‐situ observation of thin‐film crystal growth equipped with focusing monochromator
Authors: Tameoka Hiroshi , Kawase Tatsuya , Tabuchi Masao , Takeda Yoshikazu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractX‐ray crystal truncation rod scattering measurement is a kind of X‐ray diffraction/scattering measurement, which is a very powerful technique to analyze interface structures quantitatively and non‐destructively. The X‐ray CTR scattering measurement can reveal layer thicknesses, distributions of atoms, surface roughness, and lattice constants at an atomic‐scale. In our previous works, synchrotron radiation (SR) has been utilized as an X‐ray source for the measurement, since it is generally considered that a strong X‐ray is necessary to measure the very weak CTR scattering signal. In this work, using a conventional X‐ray source, i.e., rotating anode X‐ray generator operated at 300 mA and 50 kV, we successfully developed an X‐ray diffractometer that can be used for the X‐ray CTR scattering measurement. The key component was a Johansson monochromator to develop the diffractometer. The Johansson monochromator was utilized both to focus X‐ray at a sample position (to make divergence angle of the incident X‐rays) and to monochromatize Cu‐Kα. By using the Johansson monochromator and a 2D‐detector, a sample was irradiated by a diverging incident X‐ray beam and the scattered X‐ray was detected at the same time. In order to suppress the noise, a Soller slit was introduced. The noise was greatly suppressed and spectrum was drastically improved by using the Soller slit. Without moving the X‐ray source, the sample, nor the detector, a reciprocal space map of a crystal can be obtained by the newly developed diffractometer, and it reduced the measurement time drastically. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)