bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The endemic seven: Four decades of research on the Sulawesi macaques
Authors: Riley Erin P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe oceanic island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, has long been of interest to scholars, including one of the leading evolutionary thinkers of the nineteenth century: Alfred Russell Wallace. During his explorations of the Malay archipelago, Wallace1 was particularly struck with the ecology of Sulawesi (formally Celebes), noting the depauperate, yet distinctive nature of its fauna. It was home to members of both Asian and Australian faunas. Today, the asymmetrical four‐armed island of Sulawesi is regarded as the center of Wallacea, a unique biogeographical zone where endemism levels are incredibly high.2 Of the 127 mammals indigenous to Indonesia, 79 (62%) are endemic to Sulawesi. Among these are seven species of the genus Macaca,3 the most geographically widespread and ecologically diverse of nonhuman primate genera. In this paper, I trace the history and development of the major research trends on these endemic primates over the last four decades since Fooden's3 landmark 1969 publication. These research trends include origin, speciation, and taxonomy; socioecology and behavior; ecology and conservation; and, most recently, the human‐macaque interface.
Improved CVP scheme for laminar incompressible flows
Authors: Papadopoulos P.K. , Hatzikonstantionou P.M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAn improved scheme of the continuity vorticity pressure (CVP) variational equations method is presented. The changes from the original version of the CVP method concern the velocity and the pressure correction equations that are used in the solution procedure and the topology of the grid where the method is applied. The improved CVP scheme is faster, simpler and more stable than the original version of the method. The efficiency and the accuracy of the new scheme are tested and validated through comparison of predictions and of computational time, with numerical results obtained with the SIMPLE method. Moreover, we present extensive comparisons of the results of the improved CVP scheme with numerical and experimental data from various researchers that show excellent agreement for a wide range of benchmark 2D and 3D laminar internal flow problems such as flow over a backward facing step, flow in square, circular and elliptical curved ducts and pulsating flow. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convected level set method for the numerical simulation of fluid buckling
Authors: Ville Laurence , Silva Luisa , Coupez Thierry 
Published: February 2010

Abstract‘Fluid buckling’ is a phenomenon characterized mainly by the existence of fluid toroidal oscillations during flow. It appears when a high viscosity fluid flows vertically against a flat surface and may occur in industrial applications, as in injection molding of a propergol in complex‐shaped cavities. These coiling or folding oscillations appear during the mold filling stage, leading to air entrapment. To understand and to model this free surface flow problem, a convected level set method is proposed. First, a sinus filter is applied to the distance function to get a smooth truncation far from the interface. Second, the reinitialization is embedded in the transport equation model, avoiding it as a separate step during calculation. In order to validate the method, numerical results are presented on classical interface capturing benchmarks. Finally, results are shown on two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional viscous jet buckling problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model for shallow waters using unstructured Cartesian grids
Authors: Chen XinJian 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a three‐dimensional unstructured Cartesian grid model for simulating shallow water hydrodynamics in lakes, rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters. It is a flux‐based finite difference model that uses a cut‐cell approach to fit the bottom topography and shorelines and, at the same time, has the flexibility of discretizing complex geometries with Cartesian grids that can be arbitrarily downsized in the two horizontal directions simultaneously. Because of the use of Cartesian grids, the grid generation is very simple and does not suffer the grid generation headache often seen in many other unstructured models, as the unstructured Cartesian grid model does not have any requirements on the orthogonality of the grids. The newly developed unstructured Cartesian grid model was validated against analytical solutions for a three‐dimensional seiching case in a rectangular basin, before it was compared with another three‐dimensional model named LESS3D for circulations and salinity transport processes in an idealized embayment that is driven by tides and freshwater inflows. Model tests show that the numerical procedure used in the unstructured Cartesian grid model is robust. Similar to other unstructured models, a variable grid size has resulted in a smaller number of grids required for a reasonable model simulation, which in turn reduces the CPU time used in the model run. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TGFβ1 induces Jagged1 expression in astrocytes via ALK5 and Smad3 and regulates the balance between oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Zhang Yueting , Zhang Jingya , Navrazhina Kristina , Argaw Azeb Tadesse , Zameer Andleeb , Gurfein Blake T. , Brosnan Celia F. , John Gareth R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNotch1 receptor signaling regulates oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and myelin formation in development, and during remyelination in the adult CNS. In active multiple sclerosis lesions, Notch1 localizes to oligodendrocyte lineage cells, and its ligand Jagged1 is expressed by reactive astrocytes. Here, we examined induction of Jagged1 in human astrocytes, and its impact on oligodendrocyte differentiation. In human astrocyte cultures, the cytokine TGFβ1 induced Jagged1 expression and blockade of the TGFβ1 receptor kinase ALK5 abrogated Jagged1 induction. TGFβ2 and β3 had similar effects, but induction was not observed in response to the TGFβ family member activin A or other cytokines. Downstream, TGFβ1 activated Smad‐dependent signaling, and Smad‐independent pathways that included PI3 kinase, p38, and JNK MAP kinase, but only inhibition of the Smad‐dependent pathway blocked Jagged1 expression. SiRNA inhibition of Smad3 downregulated induction of Jagged1, and this was potentiated by Smad2 siRNA. Purified oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) nucleofected with Notch1 intracellular signaling domain displayed a shift towards proliferation at the expense of differentiation, demonstrating functional relevance of Notch1 signaling in OPCs. Furthermore, human OPCs plated onto Jagged1‐expressing astrocytes exhibited restricted differentiation. Collectively, these data illustrate the mechanisms underlying Jagged1 induction in human astrocytes, and suggest that TGFβ1‐induced activation of Jagged1‐Notch1 signaling may impact the size and differentiation of the OPC pool in the human CNS. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method for recording evoked local field potentials in the primate dentate gyrus in vivo
Authors: Tamura Ryoi , Eifuku Satoshi , Uwano Teruko , Sugimori Michiya , Uchiyama Kumiko , Ono Taketoshi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRecording evoked local field potentials (LFPs) in the hippocampus in vivo has yielded us useful information about the neural mechanisms of learning and memory. Although this technique has been used in studies of the hippocampus of rodents, lagomorphs, and felines, it has not yet been applied to the primate hippocampus. Here, we report a method for recording evoked LFPs in the hippocampus of monkeys. A stimulation electrode and a recording electrode were implanted in the perforant pathway and dentate gyrus, respectively, under the guidance of electrophysiological recording. With a low stimulus intensity just above the threshold, the potential appeared as a slow positive‐wave component, which was regarded as field excitatory postsynaptic potential (putative fEPSP); as stimulation intensity increased, the fEPSP amplitude increased, followed by a sharp negative component which was regarded as putative population spike. When the coordinates of the recording or stimulation electrode were moved stepwise, we observed a systematic change in the waveforms of evoked LFPs; this change corresponded to the structural arrangement through which the electrode passed. In a test for short‐term synaptic plasticity by paired‐pulse stimulation, potentials evoked by the second pulse were influenced by the first one in a manner dependent on interpulse intervals. In a test for long‐term synaptic plasticity by high‐frequency stimulation, the slopes of the fEPSPs and the area of population spikes were increased for more than 1 h. These results indicate that the method developed in the present study is useful for testing theories of hippocampal functions in primates. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo modulation of nitric oxide concentration dynamics upon glutamatergic neuronal activation in the hippocampus
Authors: Lourenço Cátia F. , Santos Ricardo , Barbosa Rui M. , Gerhardt Greg , Cadenas Enrique , Laranjinha João 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNitric oxide (•NO) is a labile endogenous free radical produced upon glutamatergic neuronal activity in hippocampus by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), where it acts as a modulator of both synaptic plasticity and cell death associated with neurodegeneration. The low CNS levels and fast time dynamics of this molecule require the use of rapid analytical methods that can more accurately describe its signaling in vivo. This is critical for understanding how the kinetics of•NO‐dependent signaling pathways is translated into physiological or pathological functions. In these studies, we used•NO selective microelectrodes coupled with rapid electrochemical recording techniques to characterize for the first time the concentration dynamics of•NO endogenously produced in hippocampus in vivo following activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. BothL‐glutamate (1–100 mM) andN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA; 0.01–5 mM) produced transient, dose‐dependent increases in extracellular•NO concentration. The production of•NO in the hippocampus by glutamate was decreased by the nNOS inhibitor 7‐NI. Intraperitoneal administration of the NMDA receptor blocker, MK‐801, and the inhibitor of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor, NBQX, applied locally greatly attenuated glutamate‐evoked overflow of•NO. Thus,•NO overflow elicited by activation of glutamate receptors appeared to result from an integrated activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors, both of the NMDA and AMPA receptors subtypes. Additionally, distinct concentration dynamics was observed in the trisynaptic loop with stronger and longer lasting effects of glutamate activation on•NO overflow seen in the CA1 region as compared with thedentate gyrus. Overall, the results provide a quantitative and temporal basis for a better understanding of•NO activity in the rat hippocampus. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing the effects of post‐pine beetle forest litter on snow albedo
Authors: Winkler Rita , Boon Sarah , Zimonick Barbara , Baleshta Karen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe effect of forest litter on snow surface albedo has been subject to limited study, mainly in the hardwood‐dominated forests of the northeastern United States. Given the recent pine beetle infestation in Western North America and associated increases in litter production, this study examines the effects of forest litter on snow surface albedo in the coniferous forests of south‐central British Columbia. Measured changes in canopy transmittance provide an indication of canopy loss or total litterfall over the winter of 2007–2008. Relationships between percent litter cover, an index of albedo, snow depth, and snow ablation during the 2008 melt season are compared between a mature, young, and clearcut coniferous stand. Results indicate a strong feedback effect between canopy loss and subsequent enhanced shortwave transmittance, and litter accumulation on the snow surface from that canopy loss. However, this relationship is confounded by other variables concurrently affecting albedo. While results suggest that a relatively small percent litter cover can have a significant effect on albedo and ablation, further research is underway to extract the litter signal from that of other factors affecting albedo, particularly snow depth. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two different pathways for the transport of primitive and definitive blood cells from the yolk sac to the embryo in humans
Authors: Pereda Jaime , Monge Juan I. , Niimi Gen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDuring the early human embryonic period nutrients and blood cells are temporarily provided by the extraembryonic yolk sac (YS). The YS before week six is involved not only in primitive but also in definitive erythropoiesis. While the destiny of primitive erythroid cells that fill the blood vessels of the YS is well known, the final destination of erythrocytes present in the endodermal vesicular system is unknown. In the present study we have investigated, step by step, the destiny of the erythrocytes present in the endodermal vesicles during the embryonic period.Twelve human YSs and their corresponding yolk stalks were analyzed between weeks 4 and 7 of embryonic age by light and scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that erythrocytes (according to their size and morphological features) located within the endodermal vesicles of the YS wall are pulled out through endodermal pits into the YS cavity, from where they reach the lumen of the primitive gut of the embryo through the vitelline duct, a temporary pathway communicating both compartments. During the study period no erythrocytes were seen within the embryo's vascular network where only primitive erythroblasts were identified. Our results indicate that the vitelline duct plays an important transient role as a pathway for the transport of nutrients and blood cells between the YS and the embryo before week five of embryonic development that ends just at the time when YS‐embryo circulation becomes established. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:803–809, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of hepatitis B virus infection on outcome following resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Lei , Cai Jian‐Qiang , Zhao Jian‐Jun , Bi Xin‐Yu , Tan Xiao‐Gang , Yan Tao , Li Cong , Zhao Ping 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection following surgical resection.MethodsThe clinico‐pathological data of 40 consecutive ICC patients including 29 patients with HBV infection were analyzed after surgical resection.ResultsOf all 40 ICC patients, the overall 1‐, 3‐, 5‐year survival rates and a median survival for 29 (74.4%) patients with current or previous HBV infection were 78.9%, 42.8%, 35.7%, and 32.0 months, respectively. Twenty‐nine (74.4%) patients with HBV infection, represented by HBsAg+ or anti‐HBc+, had a better prognosis than 10(25%) patients without HBV infection represented by all markers‐negative. Compared with 10 (25%) patients without HBV infection, 11 (27.5%) ICC patients with HBsAg+ had a better prognosis as well. Additionally, lymph node metastasis were identified as an independent predictors of poor overall survival on multivariate analysis in the study of all the 40 patients and 29 patients with HBV infection.ConclusionsPatients with current or previous HBV infection, represented by HBsAg+ or anti‐HBc+, had significantly better prognosis than patients without HBV infection. Patients with HBV infection should be distinguished from other ICC patients, because of their favorable outcome after surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 101:233–238. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Test compounds for detecting the silanol effect on the elution of ionized amines in reversed‐phase LC
Authors: Okusa Kensuke , Suita Yuki , Otsuka Yukio , Tahara Mineo , Ikegami Tohru , Tanaka Nobuo , Ohira Masayoshi , Takahashi Masakazu 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe effectiveness of several basic compounds for testing silica‐based stationary phases was reviewed by applying them to recent columns for reversed‐phase HPLC. Most octadecylsilylated (C18) stationary phases, prepared as a base‐deactivated material from high‐purity silica gel with endcapping, provided excellent peak shape and column efficiency for the bases including benzylamine and amitriptyline that once caused problems and were subsequently employed for testing silanol activities. However, a cyclic tertiary amine, dextrometorphan, was eluted as an acceptable peak from only a few columns at neutral pH. Such a more sensitive probe is expected to contribute to further improvement of the stationary phase for reversed‐phase HPLC.
Phonation threshold pressure predictions using viscoelastic properties up to 1,400 Hz of injectables intended for Reinke's space
Authors: Klemuk Sarah A. , Lu Xiaoying , Hoffman Henry T. , Titze Ingo R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Viscoelastic properties of numerous vocal fold injectables have been reported but not at speaking frequencies. For materials intended for Reinke's space, ramifications of property values are of great concern because of their impact on ease of voice onset. Our objectives were: 1) to measure viscoelastic properties of a new nonresorbing carbomer and well‐known vocal fold injectables at vocalization frequencies using established and new instrumentation, and 2) to predict phonation threshold pressures using a computer model with intended placement in Reinke's space.Study Design:Rheology and phonation threshold pressure calculations.Methods:Injectables were evaluated with a traditional rotational rheometer and a new piezo‐rotary vibrator. Using these data at vocalization frequencies, phonation threshold pressures (PTP) were calculated for each biomaterial, assuming a low dimensional model with supraglottic coupling and adjusted vocal fold length and thickness at each frequency. Results were normalized to a nominal PTP value.Results:Viscoelastic data were acquired at vocalization frequencies as high as 363 to 1,400 Hz for six new carbomer hydrogels, Hylan B, and Extracel intended for vocal fold Reinke's space injection and for Cymetra (lateral injection). Reliability was confirmed with good data overlap when measuring with either rheometer. PTP predictions ranged from 0.001 to 16 times the nominal PTP value of 0.283 kPa.Conclusions:Accurate viscoelastic measurements of vocal fold injectables are now possible at physiologic frequencies. Hylan B, Extracel, and the new carbomer hydrogels should generate easy vocal onset and sustainable vocalization based on their rheologic properties if injected into Reinke's space. Applications may vary depending on desired longevity of implant. Laryngoscope, 2010
Thermosensitive Nanoparticles Self‐Assembled from PCL‐b‐PEO‐b‐PNIPAAm Triblock Copolymers and their Potential for Controlled Drug Release
Authors: Sun Peijian , Zhang Yu , Shi Linqi , Gan Zhihua 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThermosensitive nanoparticles with a core‐shell structure were prepared by self‐assembly of PCL‐b‐PEO‐b‐PNIPAAm triblock copolymers, which were synthesized by anionic ring‐opening polymerization and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. At temperatures above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the collapse of PNIPAAm chains in the outer shell and in the core of nanoparticle caused a decrease in size, while the constantly hydrophilic PEO chains in the shell endowed nanoparticles with excellent stability in water. The release of doxorubicin from these nanoparticles showed that both the length of PNIPAAm chains and temperature have great influence on drug release, which indicates the great potential of thermosensitive nanoparticles as drug carriers.magnified image
An Investigation of Free Radical Copolymerization Kinetics of the Bio‐renewable Monomer γ‐Methyl‐α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone with Methyl methacrylate and Styrene
Authors: Cockburn Robert A. , McKenna Timothy F.L. , Hutchinson Robin A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe free‐radical copolymerization propagation kinetics of the bio‐renewable monomer γ‐methyl‐α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone (MeMBL) with styrene (ST) and with methyl methacrylate (MMA) have been investigated by the pulsed laser polymerization (PLP)—size exclusion chromatography (SEC) technique, in addition to DSC and proton NMR measurements. Monomer reactivity ratios for bulk MeMBL/ST and MeMBL/MMA copolymerizations are rMeMBL = 0.80 ± 0.04 and rST = 0.34 ± 0.04 and rMeMBL = 3.0 ± 0.3 and rMMA = 0.33 ± 0.01, respectively, with no significant variation with temperature found between 22 and 90 °C. The implicit penultimate unit effect (IPUE) model best represents the composition‐averaged copolymerization propagation rate coefficient, kp,cop for the MeMBL/ST system. Arrhenius parameters were estimated for MeMBL homopolymerization and found to be quite similar to those of MMA. DSC results show that copolymers of well controlled composition can be produced to suit specific Tg requirements over a much higher temperature range than possible with current acrylic glasses.magnified image
From Fundamental Polymerization Kinetics to Process Application—A Realistic Vision?
Authors: Bauer Christian , Becker Katrin , Herrmann Thomas , Lilge Dieter , Roth Marion , Busch Markus 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis contribution presents a ramble through the past, inspecting the developments of fundamental scientific investigations into the elementary reaction steps of polymerizations. Often the question arises whether benefits from fundamental scientific investigation find their way into industrial practice and how these pay off in better understanding large‐scale processes. The high‐pressure ethene polymerization is the system of interest here because 1) it is a complex process with a world production of several million tons per year and 2) although dealing with system pressures up to 3000 bar is not an easy task, a long history—if not tradition—exists between the scientific efforts to improve the process and the research groups of Franck and Buback in Karlsruhe, Schönemann and Luft in Darmstadt, and later Buback in Göttingen. The scope of this discussion will range from non‐invasive on‐ and in‐line monitoring by spectroscopic methods up to process modeling by advanced kinetic models and their potential for explorative work.magnified image
Tocopheryl quinones and mitochondria
Authors: Gille Lars , Staniek Katrin , Rosenau Thomas , Duvigneau J. Catharina , Kozlov Andrey V. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn the past, the role of tocopherols and tocopheryl hydroquinones as antioxidants in mitochondria has been examined. However, structural properties of tocopherols and tocopheryl quinones (arrangement of polar/apolar moieties) have also been recognized as being crucial for the selective transport of RRR‐α‐congeners compared with other tocopherols in the cell, suggesting that these properties might be generally important for the binding of vitamin E‐related compounds to proteins and enzymes in mitochondria. Therefore, direct modulation of mitochondrial activities, such as bioenergetics, production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis, not exclusively related to the redox activity of these compounds is increasingly studied. This overview focuses on the influence of α‐/γ‐tocopheryl quinones and their parent α‐/γ‐tocopherols on mitochondrial functions, including formation of tocopheryl quinones, their analytical aspects, their potential as alternative substrates and their inhibitory activity for some mitochondrial functions. It is shown that the understanding of how tocopheryl quinones and tocopherols interfere with mitochondrial functions on the molecular level is still incomplete and that a better comprehension requires further research activities.