bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developments in Failure and Damage Modeling for UD, 2D, and 3D Composite Materials
Authors: Raimondo Lucio , Iannucci Lorenzo , Robinson Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper outlines three examples of original solutions for the modeling of three classes of composite materials, which have increasing fiber architectural complexity. Results are presented from application of a novel approach for dynamic elastic and failure modeling of UD composites, and novel failure and damage modeling approaches for 2D and 3D composites, respectively. A comparison between numerical and experimental results shows that the newly proposed strategies have excellent predictive capabilities.
Short‐Range Structure of Yttrium Alumino‐Silicate Glass for Cancer Radiotherapy: Car–Parrinello Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Christie Jamieson K. , Tilocca Antonio 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe present Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations of yttrium alumino‐silicate (YAS) glass. Alumino‐silicate glass microspheres are used as vectors of yttrium radioisotopes in cancer radiotherapy; understanding in detail how yttrium is bound within the glass network is important to control the unwanted release of radioactive yttrium in the bloodstream. Our simulations, focused on a specific composition relevant to practical applications, show that silicon and aluminum form a disordered glass network, where Si is mainly four‐coordinated, whereas, Al is mainly four‐ and five‐coordinated. Yttrium cations have a network‐modifying role, disrupting the alumino‐silicate network by breaking Si(Al)O bonds and coordinating the resulting non‐bridging oxygens (NBO). The local environment of yttrium in the glass turns out to be rather flexible: between five and eight oxygen atoms, with a marked predominance of NBO, are found coordinated to a central Y cation, leading to a corresponding broad and multimodal distribution of OYO angles.
Medical Potentialities of Biomimetic Apatites through Adsorption, Ionic Substitution, and Mineral/Organic Associations: Three Illustrative Examples
Authors: Al‐Kattan Ahmed , Errassifi Farid , Sautereau Anne‐Marie , Sarda Stephanie , Dufour Pascal , Barroug Allal , Dos Santos Isabelle , Combes Christele , Grossin David , Rey Christian , Drouet Christophe 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBiomimetic calcium phosphate apatites are particularly adapted to bio‐medical applications due to their biocompatibility and high surface reactivity. In this contribution we report three selected examples dealing with mineral/organic interactions devoted to convey new functionalities to apatite materials, either in the form of dry bioceramics or of aqueous colloids. We first studied the adsorption of risedronate (bisphosphonate) molecules, which present potential therapeutic properties for the treatment of osteoporosis. We then addressed the preparation of luminescent Eu‐doped apatites for exploring apatite/collagen interfaces through the FRET technique, in view of preparing “advanced” biocomposites exhibiting close spatial interaction between apatite crystals and collagen fibers. Finally, we showed the possibility to obtain nanometer‐scaled apatite‐based colloids, with particle size tailorable in the range 30–100 nm by controlling the agglomeration state of apatite nanocrystals by way of surface functionalization with a phospholipid moiety. This paper is aimed at illustrating some of the numerous potentialities of calcium phosphate apatites in the bio‐medical field, allowing one to foresee perspectives lying well beyond bone‐related applications.
Natural Aging in Al‐Mg‐Si Alloys – A Process of Unexpected Complexity
Authors: Banhart John , Chang Cynthia Sin Ting , Liang Zeqin , Wanderka Nelia , Lay Matthew D. H. , Hill Anita J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe natural aging behavior of pure ternary Al‐Mg‐Si alloys is investigated by measuring hardness, electrical resistivity and positron lifetime, as well as carrying out thermal analysis and atom probe microscopy. It is found that several distinct temporal stages of natural aging can be distinguished in which one of these quantities shows a characteristic behavior and that these times coincide for many of these measurements. The rate of change in the measured data is correlated with proposed solute dynamics during natural aging for both aging that takes place prior to artificial aging (natural pre‐aging) and after artificial underaging (natural secondary aging) heat treatments. Controlling factors for solute dynamics are discussed.
Aptamer‐Conjugated Nanoparticles Efficiently Control the Activity of Thrombin
Authors: Shiang Yen‐Chun , Huang Chih‐Ching , Wang Tze‐Hsiang , Chien Chun‐Wei , Chang Huan‐Tsung 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThrombin‐binding aptamer‐conjugated gold nanoparticles (TBA‐Au NPs) for highly effective control of thrombin activity towards fibrinogen are demonstrated. While a 29‐base long oligonucleotide (TBA29) has known no enzymatic inhibitory functions for thrombin‐mediated coagulation, the ultrahigh anticoagulant potency of TBA29‐Au NPs can be demonstrated via the steric blocking effect, at two orders of magnitude higher than that of free TBA29. The surface aptamer density on the Au NPs is important in determining their enzymatic inhibition of thrombin and their stability in the presence of nuclease. The practicality of 100TBA29‐Au NPs (100 TBA29 molecules per Au NP) for controlling thrombin‐mediated coagulation in plasma is found, and the 100TBA29‐Au NPs has an ultra binding affinity towards thrombin (Kd = 2.7 × 10−11M) due to their high ligand density. The anticoagulant activity of TBA29‐Au NPs is found to be suppressed by TBA29 complementary sequence (cTBA29) modified Au NPs (cTBA29‐Au NPs), with a suppression rate 4.6‐fold higher than that of cTBA29. The easily prepared and low‐cost TBA29‐Au NPs and cTBA29‐Au NPs show their potential in biomedical applications for treating various diseases related to blood clotting disorders. In principle, this study opens the possibility of regulation of molecule binding, protein recognizing, and enzyme activity by using aptamer‐functionalized nanomaterials.
Electrodeposition on Nanofibrous Polymer Scaffolds: Rapid Mineralization, Tunable Calcium Phosphate Composition and Topography
Authors: He Chuanglong , Xiao Guiyong , Jin Xiaobing , Sun Chenghui , Ma Peter X. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA straightforward, fast and versatile technique to fabricate mineralized nanofibrous polymer scaffolds for bone regeneration is developed. Nanofibrous poly(L‐lactic acid) scaffolds are fabricated using both electrospinning and phase separation techniques. An electrodeposition process is designed to deposit calcium phosphate on the nanofibrous scaffolds. Such scaffolds contain a high quality mineral coating on the fiber surface and have surface topography and chemical composition that are tunable by varying the processing parameters. These scaffolds can mimic the composition and structure of the natural bone extracellular matrix and provide a more biocompatible interface for bone regeneration.
InI3‐ or ZnI2‐Catalyzed Reaction of Hydroxylated 1,5‐Allenynes with Thiols: A New Access to 3,5‐Disubstituted Toluene Derivatives
Authors: Ma Jie , Peng Lingling , Zhang Xiu , Zhang Zhe , Campbell Melody , Wang Jianbo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTransition‐metal‐activated alkynes or allenes can accept nucleophilic attack and undergo direct addition of the nucleophiles to the unsaturated bonds or trigger subsequent rearrangement reactions. This chemistry has witnessed increasing development in recent years. In this report, we have focused on the metal‐catalyzed reactions of a variety of substituted propargyl allenic alcohols and thiophenols using indium(III) and zinc(II) catalysts, which can activate both the alcohol and alkyne. In this reaction, thio groups play the role of a nucleophile and trigger subsequent rearrangements to give benzene derivatives. The products can be further transformed into various 1,3,5‐trisubstituted aromatic compounds by nickel‐catalyzed coupling reactions through the cleavage of the CS bonds.
Peptide‐based leptin receptor antagonists for cancer treatment and appetite regulation
Authors: Otvos Laszlo , Kovalszky Ilona , Scolaro Laura , Sztodola Andras , Olah Julia , Cassone Marco , Knappe Daniel , Hoffmann Ralf , Lovas Sandor , Hatfield Marcus P. D. , Beko Gabriella , Zhang Suode , Wade John D. , Surmacz Eva 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeptin, a multifunctional hormone, controls various processes in both the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. Because of the presence of multiple leptin/receptor (ObR) interaction sites and diverse leptin activities, the literature lacks truly monofunctional leptin protein derivatives or fragments. To date, selective ObR antagonists have not been reported. We developed short, pharmacologically advantageous peptide analogs of ObR‐binding site III of leptin that acted as selective ObR inhibitors without any partial agonistic activity. These reduced leptin‐dependent growth and signaling in cancer cell lines at picomolar and low nanomolar concentrations. In immunocompromised mice the peptides suppressed the growth of rapidly proliferating orthotopic human breast cancer xenografts by 50% when administered either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) for 38 days at a 0.1 mg/kg/day dose. The peptides were distributed to the brain, and when added to growing C57BL/6 normal mice i.p., s.c., or orally, the lead antagonist accelerated normal weight increase without producing any toxic effects. Weight gain increases could not be observed after 10–12 days of treatment indicating that the mice became resistant to the central nervous system activity of leptin antagonists. However, in normal growing rats the intranasal administration at 0.1 mg/kg/day for 20 days resulted in a 2% net total body weight gain without signs of resistance induction. In addition to the potential of these peptides in drug development against primary and metastatic tumors and cachexia, our data confirm that resistance to leptin resides at the blood‐brain barrier. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 117–125, 2011.
A comparative study of activity and apparent inhibition of fungal β‐glucosidases
Authors: Bohlin Christina , Olsen Søren Nymand , Morant Marc Dominique , Patkar Shamkant , Borch Kim , Westh Peter 
Published: July 2010

Abstractβ‐Glucosidases (BGs) from Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Chaetomium globosum, Emericella nidulans, Magnaporthe grisea, Neurospora crassa, and Penicillium brasilianum were purified to homogeneity, and analyzed by isothermal titration calorimetry with respect to their hydrolytic activity and its sensitivity to glucose (product) using cellobiose as substrate. Global non‐linear regression of several reactions, with or without added glucose, to a product inhibition equation enabled the concurrent derivation of the kinetic parameters kcat, Km, and the apparent product inhibition constant appKi for each of the enzymes. A more simple fit is not advisable to use as the determined appKi are in the same range as their Km for some of the tested BGs and produced glucose would in these cases interfere. The highest value for kcat was determined for A. fumigatus (768 s−1) and the lowest was a factor 9 less. Km varied by a factor of 3 with the lowest value determined for C. globosum (0.95 mM). The measured appKi varied a factor of 15; the hydrolytic activity of N. crassa being the most resistant to glucose with an apparent product inhibition constant of 10.1 mM. Determination of appKi using cellobiose as substrate is important as it reflects to what extent the different BGs are hydrolytically active under industrial conditions where natural substrates are hydrolyzed and the final glucose concentrations are high. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 943–952. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immunomodulation property of hexane fraction of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala Linn. in rats
Authors: Chaurasia Jitendra K , Mishra Anshulika , Tripathi Yamini B 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe leaves of Cinnamomum tamala Linn. (CT) (Lauraceae) clinically used in Ayurveda as antidiabetic and diuretic, but no reports are available towards immunomodulating property. Its hexane fraction (CTH) was orally given to rats for 10 days and delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH), antibody producton against sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), mitotic index in bone marrow cells and concanavalin A (Con A) mediated proliferation of lymphocytes were assessed. Further on 30 days treatment, change in body weight (BW), spleen weight, thymus weight, bone marrow cellularity and hematological changes were observed. It inhibited significantly the DTH response (IC50 1475 ± 57.19 mg kg−1 BW), antibody production, suppressed mitotic index in bone marrow cells along with the suppression of lymphocyte proliferation against Con A (IC50 63.33 ± 1.95 µg mL−1). In all experiments, cyclophasphamide and dexamethasone had been used as reference drug for in vivo and in vitro studies, respectively. On 30 days treatment, the CTH (800 mg kg−1 BW and above) significantly suppressed growth rate, increase of spleen and thymus weight and low bone marrow cellularity. In hematological examination, it inhibited total white blood cell and lymphocytes count and increased per cent of polymorphs. Thus, it could be suggested that the fraction possesses immunosuppressive property at doses, higher than 800 mg kg−1 BW in rats. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying Prefibrillar Amyloids in vitro by Using a “Thioflavin‐Like” Spectroscopic Method
Authors: Reinke Ashley A. , Abulwerdi Gelareh A. , Gestwicki Jason E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, proteins accumulate into ordered aggregates, called amyloids. Recent evidence suggests that these structures include both large, insoluble fibrils and smaller, prefibrillar structures, such as dimers, oligomers, and protofibrils. Recently, focus has shifted to the prefibrillar aggregates because they are highly neurotoxic and their levels appear to correlate with cognitive impairment. Thus, there is interest in finding methods for specifically quantifying these structures. One of the classic ways of detecting amyloid formation is through the fluorescence of the benzothiazole dye, thioflavin T (ThT). This reagent has been a “workhorse” of the amyloid field because it is robust and inexpensive. However, one of its limitations is that it does not distinguish between prefibrillar and fibrillar aggregates. We screened a library of 37 indoles for those that selectively change fluorescence in the presence of prefibrillar amyloid‐β (Aβ). From this process, we selected the most promising example, tryptophanol (TROL), to use in a quantitative “thioflavin‐like” assay. Using this probe in combination with electron microscopy, we found that prefibrils are largely depleted during Aβ aggregation in vitro but that they remain present after the apparent saturation of the ThT signal. These results suggest that a combination of TROL and ThT provides greater insight into the process of amyloid formation by Aβ. In addition, we found that TROL also recognizes other amyloid‐prone proteins, including ataxin‐3, amylin, and CsgA. Thus, this assay might be an inexpensive spectroscopic method for quantifying amyloid prefibrils in vitro.
Selenium‐ and Tellurium‐Containing Multifunctional Redox Agents as Biochemical Redox Modulators with Selective Cytotoxicity
Authors: Jamier Vincent , Ba Lalla A. , Jacob Claus 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious human diseases, including different types of cancer, are associated with a disturbed intracellular redox balance and oxidative stress (OS). The past decade has witnessed the emergence of redox‐modulating compounds able to utilize such pre‐existing disturbances in the redox state of sick cells for therapeutic advantage. Selenium‐ and tellurium‐based agents turn the oxidizing redox environment present in certain cancer cells into a lethal cocktail of reactive species that push these cells over a critical redox threshold and ultimately kill them through apoptosis. This kind of toxicity is highly selective: normal, healthy cells remain largely unaffected, since changes to their naturally low levels of oxidizing species produce little effect. To further improve selectivity, multifunctional sensor/effector agents are now required that recognize the biochemical signature of OS in target cells. The synthesis of such compounds provides interesting challenges for chemistry in the future.
Electrochemical Deodorization and Disinfection of Hog Manure
Authors: Bejan Dorin , Rabson Lisa M. , Bunce Nigel J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElectrolysis of liquid hog manure under direct current achieved amelioration of odour, in terms of both odour quality and odour intensity, and simultaneously reduced the population of odour‐causing bacteria by two orders of magnitude. A comparison of anode materials indicated that hydroxyl radical‐forming anodes (boron‐doped diamond and Ebonex) were the most effective, but unfortunately these materials are not yet available commercially in large size format. Dimensionally stable anodes composed of Ti/IrO2 were found to be satisfactory; lead‐based anodes leached unacceptable quantities of inorganic lead into the treated manure, and graphite anodes tended to disintegrate on long‐term use. The mechanism of action of the bactericidal effect involves a combination of toxicity by O2 that is released at the anode and hypochlorination due to the chloride ion that is present in manure. The proposed technology was shown to be successful at the 27 L scale in an on‐farm demonstration.
Cleaving the βO4 Bonds of Lignin Model Compounds in an Acidic Ionic Liquid, 1‐H‐3‐Methylimidazolium Chloride: An Optional Strategy for the Degradation of Lignin
Authors: Jia Songyan , Cox Blair J. , Guo Xinwen , Zhang Z. Conrad , Ekerdt John G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe hydrolysis of βO4 bonds in two lignin model compounds was studied in an acidic ionic liquid, 1‐H‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride. The βO4 bonds of both guaiacylglycerol‐β‐guaiacyl ether and veratrylglycerol‐β‐guaiacyl ether underwent catalytic hydrolysis to produce guaiacol as the primary product with more than 70 % yield at 150 °C. Up to 32 wt % substrate concentration could be treated in the system without a decrease in guaiacol production. The ionic liquid could be reused without loss of activity in guaiacol production from both guaiacylglycerol‐β‐guaiacyl ether and veratrylglycerol‐β‐guaiacyl ether. A possible mechanism accounting for the guaiacol production is presented.
Inhibition of the alternative pathway of complement activation reduces inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis
Authors: Chen Mei , Muckersie Elizabeth , Luo Chang , Forrester John V. , Xu Heping 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have shown previously that complement factor H (CFH) and complement factor B (CFB) are constitutively expressed by retinal pigment epithelial cells and their production is regulated by inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that the alternative pathway (AP) of complement activation might play a role in retinal inflammation. In this study, we further investigated the role of the AP in retinal inflammation using experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) as a model. Mice with EAU show increased levels of C3d deposition and CFB expression in the retina. Retinal inflammation was suppressed clinically and histologically by blocking AP‐mediated complement activation with a complement receptor of the Ig superfamily fusion protein (CRIg‐Fc). In line with reduced inflammation, C3d deposition and CFB expression were markedly decreased by CRIg‐Fc treatment. Treatment with CRIg‐Fc also led to reduced T‐cell proliferation and IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐17, and IL‐6 cytokine production by T cells, and reduced nitric oxide production in BM‐derived macrophages. Our results suggest that AP‐mediated complement activation contributes significantly to retinal inflammation in EAU. CRIg‐Fc suppressed retinal inflammation in EAU by blocking AP‐mediated complement activation with probable direct effects on C3/C5 activation of macrophages, thus leading to reduced nitric oxide production by infiltrating CRIg− macrophages.
Ordered Olivine‐Type Lithium–Cobalt and Lithium–Nickel Phosphates Prepared by a New Precursor Method
Authors: Koleva Violeta , Zhecheva Ekaterina , Stoyanova Radostina 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSingle phases of olivine‐type LiCoPO4 and LiNiPO4 were synthesized by thermal treatment of homogeneous lithium–metal–phosphate–formate precursors obtained by freeze drying of aqueous solutions of the corresponding metal formates and LiH2PO4. The structure, thermal behavior, and morphology of the precursors were studied by IR spectroscopy, DTA, and SEM. Cobalt and nickel phosphate–formate precursors have a composition LiMHx(PO4)(HCOO)x·yH2O, where the formate and phosphate groups are mainly deprotonated. For the Co precursor the formate and phosphates ions are randomly coordinated to both Co and Li cations, whereas for the Ni precursor there is a preferential coordination of the formate and phosphate ions around the Ni2+ and Li+ ion, respectively. Thermal treatment of the precursors yields single phases of olivine‐type LiCoPO4 at 450 °C and LiNiPO4 at 700 °C. Structural analysis evidences that both LiCoPO4 and LiNiPO4 have an ordered olivine‐type structure without any Li to M disorder between the metal positions and lithium deficiency. The effect of the freeze‐dried solution concentration and annealing temperature on the structure, crystallite size, and morphology of LiCoPO4 and LiNiPO4 has been discussed. The morphology of the cobalt and nickel phospho‐olivines comprises isometric particles with mean sizes of 190 and 380 nm, respectively.
Effects of torsion on the behavior of peripheral steel‐braced frame systems
Authors: Erduran Emrah , Ryan Keri L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, the torsional response of buildings with peripheral steel‐braced frame lateral systems is evaluated. A three‐dimensional model of a three story braced frame with various levels of eccentricity is created and the effects of torsion on the seismic response is assessed for four hazard levels. The response history analysis results indicate that, unlike frame structures, the torsional amplifications in the inelastic systems exceed those of corresponding elastic systems and tend to increase with an increase in the level of inelasticity. The ability of two simplified procedures, elastic response spectrum analysis and pushover analysis, to capture the torsional amplifications in steel‐braced frames is evaluated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethical dilemmas in treating clients with eating disorders: A review and application of an integrative ethical decision‐making model
Authors: Matusek Jill Anne , Wright Margaret O'Dougherty 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEthical dilemmas frequently arise in the treatment of clients with eating disorders, and clinicians regularly encounter an array of ethical challenges related to whether or not overt and covert coercive tactics should be implemented. In this paper, the authors provide an overview of perplexing ethical questions relevant to medical, nutritional and psychological treatment of clients with eating disorders including imposed treatment, enforced feeding, the duty to protect minors and adults, the determination of competence and capacity among medically comprised clients, and the effectiveness of coercive treatment for clients with eating disorders. The processes of ethical decision‐making in terms of ethical principles, professional codes of conduct, the existing empirical literature and the use of a decision‐making framework are explored. Taking a collaborative and client‐sensitive approach, the authors outline and apply an integrative ethical decision‐making model to facilitate clinicians' decision‐making process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.