bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chute Irrégulière Du L En Français Du Canada
Authors: Mańczak Witold 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY
In Canadian French the definite articles and the pronouns of the third person show irregular loss of /. The same phenomenon occurs in the language used in France, cf. des de illos, de Mas, ça < cela, oui < oïl. The same applies to other Romance languages, cf. Port, o, a, os, as
RÉSUMÉ
Dans le français du Canada, les articles définis et les pronoms de la 3e personne présentent, dans certains emplois, une chute irrégulière du /. Ce phénomène a lieu également dans la langue employée en France, cf. des < de illos, de illas, ça < cela, oui < oïl. Il en est de même pour d'autres langues romanes, cf. port, o, a, os, as < illum, illam, illos, Mas, a.esp. cono < cum ilium, it. dial. u < lu, roum. Ceauşescu < Ceauşescul, ainsi que pour des langues non romanes, cf. angl. won't < will not, much < muchel ou should. De l'avis de l'auteur, toutes ces réductions s'expliquent par un développement phonétique irrégulier dû à la fréquence d'emploi, qui, à cöté du développement phonétique régulier et de l'évolution analogique, est le troisième facteur essentiel qui décide de la forme des mots. Les ressemblances entre la théorie du développement phonétique irrégulier dû à la fréquence et celle de la 'lexical diffusion' sont minimes.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Im Kanadafranzösischen weisen die bestimmten Artikel und die Pronomina der 3. Person einen unregelmäßigen l-Schwund auf. Dieselbe Erscheinung kommt in der in Frankreich gebrauchten Sprache vor, vgl. des < de illos, de illas, ça < cela, oui < oïl. Dasselbe gilt fur die iibrigen romanischen Sprachen, vgl. port, o, a, os, as < illum, illam, illos, Mas, aspan. cono < cum illum, ital. mundartl. u < lu, rum. Ceauşescu < Ceauşescul, sowie fur nicht-romanische Sprachen, vgl. engl. won't < will not, much < muchel oder should. Nach Ansicht des Verfassers sind all diese Kurzungen einem frequenzbedingten unregelmaBigen Lautwandel zu verdanken, der neben dem regelrechten Laut-wandel und der analogischen Entwicklung der dritte Hauptfaktor ist, von dem die Form der Wörter abhängt. Ähnlichkeiten zwischen der Theorie des frequenzbedingten unregelmaBigen Lautwandels und der einer 'lexical diffusion' sind hingegen unbedeutend.
First Report of Bituminaria Witches'-Broom in Australia Caused by a 16SrII Phytoplasma
Authors: Aryamanesh N. , Al-Subhi A. M. , Snowball R. , Yan G. , Siddique K. H. M. 
Published: November 2010

Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirt. is a perennial legume known as Arabian pea that is used as a forage in arid areas and for stabilization of degraded soils. It is widely distributed in the Mediterranean Basin with wider adaptation across the Canary Islands (4). In July 2010, during a survey for phytoplasma, some Canary Island B. bituminosa plants with typical phytoplasma symptoms, including stunted growth with small leaves, shortened internodes, and bushy growth, were found in seed multiplication nurseries at Medina, Perth, Western Australia (115°48.5′E; 32°13.2′S). Two samples from plants with clear disease symptoms and two visibly healthy plants were collected and total DNA was extracted with the Illustra DNA extraction kit Phytopure (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Direct and nested PCR were used to test the presence of phytoplasma 16S rDNA in samples with universal primers P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2, respectively (1,3). The PCR amplifications from all diseased samples yielded an expected product of 1.8 kb by direct and 1.2 kb by nested PCR, but not from the healthy plant samples. The direct PCR product was used as a template DNA in sequencing and the DNA sequence was deposited in the NCBI GenBank (Accession No. HQ404357). Sequence homology analysis indicated there was a perfect match between the two isolates. BLAST search of the NCBI GenBank revealed that B. bituminosa phytoplasma shares >99% sequence identity with Crotalaria witches'-broom phytoplasma (Accession No. EU650181.1), pear decline phytoplasma (Accession No. EF656453.1), and Scaevola witches'-broom phytoplasma (Accession No. AB257291.1). On the basis of BLAST analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences, B. bituminosa phytoplasma in Western Australia appears to belong to the peanut witches'-broom group (16SrII-D) of phytoplasma. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was also performed on nested PCR products of two samples of B. bituminosa phytoplasma by separate digestion with HaeIII, Hind6I, HpaII, MboI, RsaI, Tru9I, and T-HB8I restriction enzymes. Samples yielded patterns similar to alfalfa witches'-broom phytoplasma (Accession No. AF438413) belonging to subgroup 16SrII-D (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a phytoplasma of the 16SrII-D group infecting B. bituminosa in Australia and should be referred to as “Bituminaria witches'-broom phytoplasma” (BiWB). This report also indicates that the occurrence of the phytoplasma in B. bituminosa may be widespread in the Canary Islands and other species of Bituminaria might be susceptible to infection by Bituminaria witches'-broom phytoplasma. References: (1) D. E. Gundersen and I.-M. Lee. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 35:144, 1996. (2) A. J. Khan et al. Phytopathology 92:1038, 2002. (3) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54:337, 2004. (4) P. Mendez et al. Grassland Sci. Eur. 11:300, 2006.
Superficial cutaneous leiomyosarcoma of the face: Report of three cases
Authors: TORRES Tiago , OLIVEIRA Ana , SANCHES Madalena , SELORES Manuela 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLeiomyosarcomas are rare malignant tumors of smooth muscles. Superficial leiomyosarcomas are classified into two subtypes depending on their location: cutaneous forms arise from the arrector pili muscles of hair follicles or dartos muscles of genital skin; subcutaneous forms arise from the smooth muscle lining of arterioles and veins in subcutaneous tissue. Superficial cutaneous leiomyosarcomas on the head are very rare. We report three cases of superficial cutaneous leiomyosarcoma, one localized on the face and two on the forehead.
Forkhead box P3+ T cells express interleukin-17 in nasal mucosa of patients with both allergic rhinitis and polyposis
Authors: Liu T , Song C-H , Liu A-M , Xie C , Zhao F , Chen X , Cheng L , Yang P-C 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The pathogenesis of nasal polyposis remains unclear; it severely affects patients' quality of life and complicates inflammation in adjacent organs such as sinusitis and asthma. Aberrant immune regulatory function in these patients is proposed. The present study aims to examine the regulatory T cells (Treg) in nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and nasal polyposis (NP). Patients with AR or AR/NP were treated with inferior turbinectomy for their inferior turbinate hyperplasia. Surgically removed nasal mucosa was collected to examine the Treg by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The results showed that more forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ cells were found in AR with polyps than in those with AR alone. Further studies revealed that these FoxP3+ T cells from AR/NP group also expressed interleukin (IL)-17. In vitro study showed that staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) induced CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells to become FoxP3+ IL-17+ cells via facilitating the expression of IL-6, that in synergy with transforming growth factor-beta, induce the expression of IL-17 in FoxP3+ cells. We conclude that FoxP3+ IL-17+ T cells were localized in the nasal mucosa of patients with AR and NP. SEB may play a role in converting FoxP3+ Treg to FoxP3+ IL-17+ T cells. The presence of IL-17+ FoxP3+ T cells may play a role in the remodelling of the nasal airways in certain people who develop polyps, irrespective of whether or not they are atopic.
Comparative study of subcutaneous tissue responses to a novel root‐end filling material and white and grey mineral trioxide aggregate
Authors: Parirokh M. , Mirsoltani B. , Raoof M. , Tabrizchi H. , Haghdoost A.A. 
Published: November 2010

Parirokh M, Mirsoltani B, Raoof M, Tabrizchi H, Haghdoost A‐A. Comparative study of subcutaneous tissue responses to a novel root‐end filling material and white and grey mineral trioxide aggregate. International Endodontic Journal.AbstractAim  To compare the subcutaneous tissue response to grey mineral trioxide aggregate (GMTA), white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) and a new experimental cement (calcium enriched cement, CEM).Methodology  Thirty‐six Wistar male albino rats each received three implants, containing one of the tested materials, and an empty tube as a control. Seven, 30 and 60 days after implantation, the animals were sacrificed. After histological preparation and H&E staining, the specimens were evaluated for capsule thickness, necrosis, and for the type, the severity, and the extent of inflammation. Kruskal Wallis and Chi‐square tests were used for data analysis.Results  After 1 week, CEM produced no necrosis compared to both types of WMTA and GMTA (P = 0.007). After 30 days, GMTA specimens had significantly less inflammation compared with WMTA and CEM (P = 0.011). After 60 days, less inflammation was associated with CEM specimens (P = 0.0001) compared to the other materials. Dystrophic calcifications in the connective tissue adjacent to all experimental material were detected.Conclusion  Histological observation illustrated that all materials were well tolerated by the subcutaneous tissues.
Is rapid evolution common in introduced plant species?
Authors: Buswell Joanna M. , Moles Angela T. , Hartley Stephen 
Published: November 2010

Summary 1. While previous studies have demonstrated rapid evolution in introduced plants and animals, most focus on single species. They are therefore unable to show whether these are special cases, or if rapid evolution is a common phenomenon in introduced species. 2. We used over 1900 herbarium specimens to determine whether morphological traits [plant height, leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf area or leaf shape] have shown significant change during the last ∼150 years in 23 plant species introduced to New South Wales, Australia. 3. Seventy per cent of our study species showed a change in at least one trait through time. The most common change was in plant height (eight out of 21 species). Six of these showed a decrease in height through time. Decreases in height mainly occurred in western New South Wales where dry, low nutrient conditions may favour shorter plants. We also found changes in leaf traits, including one decrease in LMA, five changes in leaf shape, and three changes in leaf area. The magnitude of these changes was surprisingly large, up to 125% in 100 years. 4. We used specimens of both native Australian species, and of the introduced species taken from their native range to investigate the possibility that the morphological changes were a response to temporal environmental change rather than to the species’ introduction to Australia. These control species showed significantly (P < 0.05) fewer changes than the introduced species. We included in our analyses information on the region in which each specimen was collected, to account for the possibility that changes through time might be caused by populations radiating in to new environments where a different phenotype might be expressed. Overall, rapid evolution seems the most likely explanation for the changes we observed. 5. Synthesis. The majority of our study species showed morphological change through time. While common garden experiments will be required to rule out phenotypic plasticity as an alternative explanation for these patterns, our results suggest that rapid evolution in introduced plant species could be much more common, and of a much greater magnitude than previously thought.
Measurement of geometrical parameters in cocontinuous polymer blends: 3D versus 2D image analysis
Authors: LÓPEZ‐BARRÓN CARLOS R. , MACOSKO CHRISTOPHER W. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryFormulae of stereology are used to estimate 3D geometrical parameters of cocontinuous structures measured from 2D micrographs of polymer blends. 3D images of symmetric and nonsymmetric polymer blends made of fluorescently labelled polystyrene and styrene‐ran‐acrylonitrile copolymer were obtained with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Geometrical parameters of the blend interface, specifically volume fraction, surface area per unit volume (S V) and average of local mean curvature were measured directly from the 3D images and compared to the values estimated from analysis of a number of 2D slices combined with stereological relations. When the total length of phase boundary considered in the analysis of the 2D slices (LTot) was at least 6000 times bigger than the characteristic length of the microstructure (S−1V), the standard deviation for all the parameters measured became negligible. However, considerable discrepancies between the average values computed from 3D and 2D images were observed for any value of LTot. The mean curvature distribution was also measured from both the 3D images and the 2D slices. The distribution was estimated from the 2D slices but with a width about 2.4 times that of the true value obtained from the 3D images.
Awareness, possession and use of insecticide‐treated nets for prevention of malaria in children under five in Abeokuta, Nigeria
Authors: Idowu Olufunmilayo A , Sam‐Wobo Sammy O , Oluwole Akinola S , Adediran Adekunle S 
Published: November 2010

Aim:  A survey was carried out to assess awareness, possession and use of insecticide‐treated nets (ITN) by mothers in preventing malaria among children under 5 years old.Methods:  Pretested questionnaires were administered by trained research assistants to women that have had a child in the last 59 months, irrespective of place of child delivery.Results:  Malaria was considered dangerous by almost all respondents (98.5%); the level of awareness of ITN as a malaria preventive tool was 75.1% while possession was 45%. Awareness and possession of ITN were positively and significantly influenced by high educational qualification of mothers and attendance of a public hospital for antenatal care. Hospitals were identified as the major source of awareness among respondents; women that delivered their babies in traditional birth home displayed least awareness (38.6%) and recorded low possession (10%). There was no significant relationship between ITN usage, birth order and age of child. Heat experienced while sleeping under ITN and problem of how to hang the net were major limitations identified in the use of ITN.Conclusion:  The need to involve women receiving antenatal care outside the hospital in malaria control intervention is hereby recommended. Methods of bridging ITN possession and use needs to de developed.
Health of Australian children in out‐of‐home care: Needs and carer recognition
Authors: Kaltner Melissa , Rissel Karin 
Published: November 2010

Aim:  Following research highlighting high levels of health need in New South Wales children in out‐of‐home care, this study aimed to quantify health need in a sample of Queensland children in care based on multidisciplinary child health assessments. The study also sought to examine the concordance between foster carers' health concerns for children for whom they are providing care and health need as established through referrals made as a result of health assessment.Methods:  Children entering out‐of‐home care in the north Brisbane area within the previous month were referred for baseline child health assessment. Child health was assessed by paediatricians and clinical nurses utilising a pro forma‐based methodology. Analysis of initial carer concerns, health referrals and immunisation status in the sample was undertaken.Results:  Of the 63 children assessed, 70% were found to require multiple referrals to various health services. The most frequently made referrals included paediatrician follow‐up (41% of children), counselling services (30%) and audiology (26%). Only 68% of the sample was found to be fully immunised. A discrepancy was noted between foster carers' child health concerns and level of referral need established during assessment.Conclusions:  Queensland children in care have high health needs similar to those evidenced by children in care in other areas of Australia. Foster carers appear to underestimate the health needs of children in their care, demonstrating the necessity of multidisciplinary health screens and foster carer training in order to detect child health problems in this population.
DO THE BEST GRADUATES LEAVE THE PERIPHERAL AREAS OF THE NETHERLANDS?
Authors: VENHORST VIKTOR , VAN DIJK JOUKE , VAN WISSEN LEO 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThere is more and more empirical evidence to show that highly skilled people are an important determinant of economic growth. Consequently, policy‐makers are eager to keep their graduates in the region or attract graduates from elsewhere. It is also well known that people with a higher level of education exhibit high rates of spatial mobility. Much less is known about mobility patterns according to discipline and academic grade. Do the best people stay or leave, and does this vary according to discipline and type of region? This paper investigates the relationship between ability, field of study and spatial mobility using a micro‐dataset on Dutch university and college graduates. The findings indicate that there are substantial net flows mainly towards the economic centre of the Netherlands, but that there are also flows between peripheral regions and to other countries. The paper finds that university graduates are more spatially mobile than vocational college level graduates and that when one looks at spatial behaviour according to discipline, there are also striking differences between graduates. This, however, does not necessarily mean that peripheral regions also lose their best graduates. For several disciplines, employers in the peripheral areas are able to retain the graduates with the highest grades, contrary to what the standard human capital framework predicts. However, the study finds that if graduates leave the region, those with the highest grades are more likely to move abroad.
Introduction to “Do Spirits Exist? Ways to Know”
Authors: Koss‐Chioino Joan 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYGiven various studies both within and without anthropology that treat spirits and extraordinary beings as products of mind, culture, and physiology, the goal of this special issue is to entertain a different stance and to examine how we might know that spirits exist. This introduction to the special issue focuses on the meaning of encounters with spirits, other extraordinary beings, and hidden views of the world, including the dilemmas these experiences may raise and the kinds of inquiries that can assist our understanding of how we know that spirits or other worlds exist. The issue includes five articles by three anthropologists, a folklorist and scholar of religion, and a psychiatrist. A final discussion about “ways of knowing” and means of inquiry, as well as a critique of the articles, is presented by Edith Turner.
Visionary Spiritual Experiences in an Enchanted World
Authors: Hufford David J. 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYIn the “disenchanted” modern world, belief in the existence of spirits came to be seen as a nonrational and nonempirical product of culture. Psychological and anthropological theorizing explained naïve, nonmodern spirit encounter experiences as culturally loaded imaginative events. Among modern populations such experiences were assumed to be pathological and relatively rare. The resulting stigma suppressed the reporting of spirit encounters by modern individuals, bringing appearances into line with theory. Recent research, particularly in medicine, has shown that spirit encounters taken to be real are actually quite common in modern populations without regard to education or religious or other cultural background. This has initiated a slow but dramatic revision of psychiatric diagnosis, and it demands a major reconsideration of social science theories of spirit belief, especially in anthropology.
Hematopoietic bone marrow cells participate in endothelial, but not epithelial or mesenchymal cell renewal in adult rats
Authors: Odörfer Kathrin I. , Egerbacher Monika , Unger Nina J. , Weber Karin , Jamnig Angelika , Lepperdinger Günter , Kleiter Miriam , Sandgren Eric P. , Erben Reinhold G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe extent to which bone marrow (BM) contributes to physiological cell renewal is still controversial. Using the marker human placental alkaline phosphatase (ALPP) which can readily be detected in paraffin and plastic sections by histochemistry or immunohistochemistry, and in ultrathin sections by electron microscopy after pre‐embedding staining, we examined the role of endogenous BM in physiological cell renewal by analysing tissues from lethally irradiated wild‐type inbred Fischer 344 (F344) rats transplanted (BMT) with unfractionated BM from ALPP‐transgenic F344 rats ubiquitously expressing the marker. Histochemical, immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic analysis showed that the proportion of ALPP+ capillary endothelial cells (EC) profoundly increased from 1 until 6 months after BMT in all organs except brain and adrenal medulla. In contrast, pericytes and EC in large blood vessels were ALPP–. Epithelial cells in kidney, liver, pancreas, intestine and brain were recipient‐derived at all time‐points. Similarly, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, striated muscle and smooth muscle cells were exclusively of recipient origin. The lack of mesenchymal BM‐derived cells in peripheral tissues prompted us to examine whether BMT resulted in engraftment of mesenchymal precursors. Four weeks after BMT, all haematopoietic BM cells were of donor origin by flow cytometric analysis, whereas isolation of BM mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) failed to show engraftment of donor MSC. In conclusion, our data show that BM is an important source of physiological renewal of EC in adult rats, but raise doubt whether reconstituted irradiated rats are an apt model for BM‐derived regeneration of mesenchymal cells in peripheral tissues.