bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Sylvilagusrabbit TRIM5α species-specific domain: how ancient endoviruses could have shaped the antiviral repertoire in Lagomorpha
Authors: de Matos Ana Lemos , van der Loo Wessel , Areal Helena , Lanning Dennis K , Esteves Pedro J 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundSince the first report of the antiretroviral restriction factor TRIM5α in primates, several orthologs in other mammals have been described. Recent studies suggest that leporid retroviruses like RELIK, the first reported endogenous lentivirus ever, may have imposed positive selection inTRIM5αorthologs of the European rabbit and European brown hare. Considering that RELIK must already have been present in a common ancestor of the leporid generaLepus,SylvilagusandOryctolagus, we extended the study of evolutionary patterns of TRIM5α to other members of the Leporidae family, particularly to the genusSylvilagus. Therefore, we obtained theTRIM5αnucleotide sequences of additional subspecies and species of the three leporid genera. We also compared lagomorph TRIM5α deduced protein sequences and establishedTRIM5αgene and TRIM5α protein phylogenies.ResultsThe deduced protein sequence of Iberian hare TRIM5α was 89% identical to European rabbit TRIM5α, although high divergence was observed at the PRYSPRY v1 region between rabbit and the identified alleles from this hare species (allele 1: 50% divergence; allele 2: 53% divergence). A high identity was expected between theSylvilagusandOryctolagusTRIM5α proteins and, in fact, theSylvilagusTRIM5α was 91% identical to theOryctolagusprotein. Nevertheless, the PRYSPRY v1 region was only 50% similar between these genera. Selection analysis of Lagomorpha TRIM5α proteins identified 25 positively-selected codons, 11 of which are located in the PRYSPRY v1 region, responsible for species specific differences in viral capsid recognition.ConclusionsBy extending Lagomorpha TRIM5α studies to an additional genus known to bear RELIK, we verified that the divergent species-specific pattern observed between theOryctolagusandLepusPRYSPRY-domains is also present inSylvilagusTRIM5α. This work is one of the first known studies that compare the evolution of the antiretroviral restriction factor TRIM5α in different mammalian groups, Lagomorpha and Primates.
“If You Want to Know the Truth”: Fair Use, Authenticity, and J. D. Salinger
Authors: Pecchenino Daniel 
Published: October 2011

In this essay, Pecchenino uses Salinger's 1986 lawsuit against his unauthorized biographer, Ian Hamilton, and Random House, Inc. (over Hamilton's use of quotations from Salinger's personal and previously unpublished letters) to explore the highly interpretive natures of U.S. copyright and privacy laws and to show how these complexly interrelated areas of legal discourse manifest themselves in Salinger's fiction. The two opposed rulings in the case (district and appellate courts) reveal the twin purposes of copyright law: to provide the public with great art through the granting of limited monopoly rights to artists, and also to protect art (and by extension, artists) from unfair uses by the public. These two aims, which we might loosely categorize as public and private, find useful analogues in Lionel Trilling's concepts of “sincerity” and “authenticity.”
The essay then turns to Salinger's fiction, arguing that the abundance of letters quoted verbatim in his texts acknowledges the power of the personal epistle to reveal a character's authentic self. Simultaneously, Salinger's most famous character, Holden Caulfield, exhibits a deep anxiety over the act of revealing anything to anyone, in part because once he expresses himself, he is no longer in charge of what people may do with that information. Salinger's lawsuit then can be read as a protection not only of his privacy, but of his authenticity, a twentieth-century creation that is becoming a twenty-first-century obsession.
Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction Reaction of Pseudomorphic Pt Monolayer Prepared Electrochemically on a Au(111) Surface
Authors: Kondo Toshihiro , Song Chunli , Hayashi Naoko , Sakurai Takara , Shibata Masayo , Notsu Hideo , Yagi Ichizo 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of pseudomorphic Pt monolayer prepared electrochemically on a Au(111) surface was investigated and compared with that of a single-crystal Pt(111) electrode.
Ammonolysis of HTiNbO5–n-Propylamine Intercalation Compound
Authors: Masubuchi Yuji , Yamakami Chihiro , Motohashi Teruki , Kikkawa Shinichi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The ammonolysis reaction to form (Ti,Nb)N was enhanced by the use of HTiNbO5–n-propylamine intercalation compound as a starting material and compared with that for a simple mixture of TiO2 and Nb2O5. The ammonolysis product formed at 1200 °C was a superconductor (Tc = 15 K) with a rock-salt crystal structure having many structural defects along the stacking direction of the intercalation compound.
Morphological Variation of Peptide-synthetic Hybrid Block Copolymer Assemblies in Nonaqueous Media
Authors: Koga Tomoyuki , Koike Masato , Kamiwatari Soichi , Higashi Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In this communication, we demonstrate that significantly different aggregation morphologies are readily generated from a simple poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)/polystyrene hybrid block copolymer in nonaqueous media. These nanostructural variations were governed basically by both the solubility of each block to solvents and the character of the polypeptide block such as helix rod–coil transition.
Functional outcome of staged bilateral knee replacements
Authors: Gabr A , Withers D , Pope J , Santini A 
Published: October 2011

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare the functional outcome between the first and second knee replacement in patients undergoing staged bilateral total knee arthroplasty. METHODS We identified 64 patients who had bilateral knee replacements and had at least one year of postoperative outcome studies. Data on pain scores, walking ability, use of walking aids, range of movement, instability, muscle strength, WOMAC® (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities) scores, SF-12 (Short Form 12) scores, American Knee Society radiological scores and length of hospital stay (LOS) were recorded. The difference in data between the first and second knee was assessed. RESULTS Groups remained statistically comparable between the first and second operation. Four outcomes showed a significant difference between the second and first knee. The mean score for postoperative walking ability was 4.83 (second knee) vs 4.51 (first knee) (p=0.03). The mean score for postoperative walking aid requirement was 5.73 (second knee) vs 5.46 (first knee) (p=0.01). The mean postoperative SF-12 score was 54.26 (second knee) vs 52.45 (first knee) (p=0.04). The mean LOS was 4.73 days (second knee) vs 6.16 days (first knee) (p=0.05). All other data comparisons were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS Patients have a reduced LOS and continue to improve after the second procedure with regards to walking ability, use of walking aids and psychological wellbeing.
Are general paediatric surgery outcomes comparable between district general hospital and regional referral centres?
Authors: Prieto MC Hart , Jones PA 
Published: October 2011

INTRODUCTION This study recorded the complication rates for general paediatric surgery undertaken in our district general hospital (DGH) and compared them with the limited amount of data published in this field. There has been a gradual diminution in the numbers of general paediatric surgeons throughout the UK. The Royal College of Surgeons of England has produced guidelines to safeguard the provision of paediatric surgery in DGHs. There are minimal data on the acceptable outcomes and complication rates for elective general paediatric operations. METHODS The following operations undertaken by the paediatric urologist in our unit between November 2006 and May 2010 were scrutinised: orchidopexy, laparoscopy for undescended testes, herniotomy and circumcision. The results were compared to those in the literature and current guidelines. Complications were recorded via audit records, clinic letters or records of attendance at the accident and emergency department. RESULTS A total of 306 paediatric operations (125 orchidopexies, 28 laparoscopies, 41 herniotomies and 51 circumcisions) were undertaken over the 42-month study period. Only 4.5% of cases experienced post-operative complications. The majority of these were testicular atrophy and infection. There were no intra-operative complications. CONCLUSIONS In our DGH the complication rates for general paediatric operations compare favourably with those set out by the literature and guidelines, which support the training and delivery of general paediatric surgery within DGHs.
Risk evaluation in cutaneous melanoma patients undergoing lymph node dissection: impact of POSSUM
Authors: Egberts F , Hartje C , Schafmayer C , Kaehler KC , von Schönfels W , Hauschild A , Becker T , Egberts JH 
Published: October 2011

INTRODUCTION When lymphatic metastasis occurs, surgery is the primary treatment modality in melanoma patients. Depending on the tumour stage, patients receive a completion lymph node dissection (CLND) when a positive sentinel node is detected. Patients with clinically evident disease of the regional lymph nodes are recommended to undergo a therapeutic lymph node dissection (TLND). The aim of this study was to assess the morbidity of CLND and TLND and to evaluate the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) for preoperative risk adjustment of postoperative morbidity. METHODS The hospital files of 143 patients who underwent CLND and TLND for malignant melanoma were analysed. The POSSUM score was used to predict morbidity rates after surgery for the total patient group as well as separated for CLND and TLND patients. RESULTS The overall complication rate was 28.0% and the mortality rate was 0%. The morbidity rate predicted by POSSUM was 32.9%, the mortality 8.3%. Morbidity in patients undergoing CLND was significantly higher with regard to overall wound complications compared with patients with TLND. In these subgroups, POSSUM failed to predict the rates precisely. CONCLUSIONS The POSSUM score predicted the morbidity of the total patient group accurately but failed to predict the rates in the TLND and CLND subgroups. Patients receiving CLND showed the highest morbidity rates. Preoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy therefore has more influence on postoperative morbidity than the physiological parameters represented in the POSSUM physiological score.
Trends in presentation of bone and soft tissue sarcomas over 25 years: little evidence of earlier diagnosis
Authors: Smith GM , Johnson GD , Grimer RJ , Wilson S 
Published: October 2011

Earlier diagnosis is a key aim in achieving improved outcomes for patients with cancer. Bone and soft tissue sarcomas represent approximately 1% of all malignant tumours. Delays in diagnosis are frequent both because of their rarity and because the clinical features are easily confused with other conditions. In 2000 advice on earlier diagnosis was widely publicised. This study investigates how two factors that may act as a proxy for delay in diagnosis have varied over a 25-year period and whether there is evidence of improvement. Data on symptom duration and tumour size were collected prospectively on all new sarcoma patients referred to an orthopaedic oncology unit over 25 years. Data were available for 2,568 patients with primary bone sarcomas and 2,366 with soft tissue sarcomas. The mean sarcoma size at diagnosis was 10.7cm and 9.9cm respectively. The size of bone sarcomas had not changed over time but there had been a slight decrease in the size of soft tissue sarcomas (10.3cm before 2000 vs 9.6cm after 2000, p=0.03). The duration of symptoms reported by patients varied widely with a median of 16 weeks for bone sarcomas and 26 weeks for soft tissue sarcomas. The median duration of symptoms for bone sarcomas had actually increased since 2000 (16 weeks before vs 20 weeks after 2000, p<0.01). It remained unchanged for soft tissue sarcomas. These data show there is huge room for improvement in diagnosing bone and soft tissue sarcomas. New strategies are needed urgently.
Technical approaches to single port/incision laparoscopic appendicectomy: a literature review
Authors: Rehman H , Ahmed I 
Published: October 2011

INTRODUCTION Single port/incision laparoscopic surgery (SPILS) is a modern advancement toward stealth surgery. Despite the paucity of high-quality scientific studies assessing its effectiveness, this procedure is being used increasingly. This review aims to describe commonly used techniques for SPILS appendicectomies (SPILA), to summarise complication rates in the literature and to provide discussion on indications and implementation. METHODS All available databases including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE® and Embase™ were searched in February 2011 and cross-referenced for available English literature describing SPILA in patients of any age. RESULTS Three broad technical approaches are described: procedures using laparoscopic instruments through a single skin incision in the abdominal wall, regardless of the number of fascial incisions, with or without the additional use of percutaneous sutures or wires to ‘assist’ the operation, and hybrid procedures, in which the appendix is exteriorised using a single incision laparoscopically assisted operation but subsequently divided using a conventional ‘open’ appendicectomy technique. Complication rates seem to be highest in SPILA procedures unassisted by sutures or wires. CONCLUSIONS Future research assessing the efficacy of single incision laparoscopic procedures should consider variation in technique as a possible factor affecting outcome.
The role of carbohydrate drinks in preoperative nutrition for elective colorectal surgery
Authors: Jones C , Badger SA , Hannon R 
Published: October 2011

INTRODUCTIONTraditionally, patients have been fasted from midnight on the night before elective surgery. With the advent of the enhanced recovery programme for elective colorectal surgery, there has been a major change in established practice with patients able to continue with clear fluids up to two hours prior to surgery and solids up to six hours prior to surgery. It has been suggested that nutritional supplements in the immediate pre-operative period enhance post-operative recovery. The aim of this review was therefore critically to appraise the evidence available regarding the use of pre-operative carbohydrate (CHO) supplements for elective colorectal surgery.METHODSA literature search was performed using: PubMed, MEDLINE®, Athens and Google Scholar. The following keywords were used: ‘pre-operative’, ‘carbohydrate supplements’, ‘enhanced recovery’ and ‘colorectal surgery’, singly or in combination. To ensure an up-to-date literature search, the search was restricted to the last ten years. To maximise the search, backward chaining of reference lists from retrieved papers was also undertaken. Only English language articles were included.CONCLUSIONSThe use of CHO drinks pre-operatively in colorectal surgery is both safe and effective. There is no increased risk of aspiration and it results in a shorter hospital stay, a quicker return of bowel function and less loss of muscle mass. On the basis of this evidence, the use of pre-operative CHO drinks should be standard in elective colorectal patients. Further research is nevertheless required for those with diabetes mellitus.
An atypical presentation of aortic rupture: intuition and investigation can avoid disaster
Authors: Shah TT , Herbert P , Beresford T 
Published: October 2011

Introduction Patients with an acute abdomen are a common presentation for those participating in emergency surgery cover. The aetiology of this presentation incorporates the spectrum of organ systems and is often not identified satisfactorily. Nevertheless, certain diagnoses will always be difficult to make and some presentations can be deceptive. Radiological investigations increasingly play a role in establishing an accurate diagnosis and frequently allow prompt management to be instituted. Patients with an acute abdomen are a common presentation for those participating in emergency surgery cover. The aetiology of this presentation incorporates the spectrum of organ systems and is often not identified satisfactorily. Nevertheless, certain diagnoses will always be difficult to make and some presentations can be deceptive. Radiological investigations increasingly play a role in establishing an accurate diagnosis and frequently allow prompt management to be instituted. Ruptured AAA should be considered as a differential diagnosis in all elderly patients presenting with acute severe abdominal pain who may be haemodynamically stable. Atypical history and examination with inconsistent or equivocal clinical signs should raise the suspicion of aneurysm, particularly in elderly men with known arterial disease. There should be a low threshold for both requesting and justifying definitive imaging (ie CT) in such cases if a catastrophic outcome through misdiagnosis is to be avoided.
The Bergman property for endomorphism monoids of some Fraïssé limits
Authors: Dolinka Igor 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Based on an idea of Y. Péresse and some results of Maltcev, Mitchell and Ruškuc, we present sufficient conditions
under which the endomorphism monoid of a countably infinite ultrahomogeneous first-order structure has the Bergman
property. This property has played a prominent role both in the theory of infinite permutation groups and, more
recently, in semigroup theory. As a byproduct of our considerations, we establish a criterion for a countably infinite
ultrahomogeneous structure to be homomorphism-homogeneous.
Transport Properties and Microstructure of Indium and Cerium added Cobalt-Antimony based Skutterudites
Authors: Sesselmann A. , Dasgupta T. , Stiewe C. , Müller E. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTIndium and cerium added cobalt-antimony based skutterudites with different filling fractions were synthesized using different annealing synthesis parameters. Phase homogeneity and microstructure of the resulting as-cast material were examined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The skutterudite material was further compacted using a current-assisted short-term sintering device. Temperature dependent measurements of the Seebeck coefficient, electrical and thermal conductivity were carried out on the compacted specimens in the temperature range of 350 K-700 K. Results indicate significant differences in the transport properties between the slowly cooled and quenched as‑cast materials and also with different filling fractions. Based on the measured transport properties the dimensionless figure of merit ZT was calculated for different filling fractions of indium and cerium. Among these compositions a ZTmax of 1.1 at 700 K was obtained.
Hydraulic Fracture Simulation of Two-Phase Flow: Discrete Fracture Modelling/Mixed Finite Element Approach
Authors: Belhaj Hadi , Dhabi Abu , Mnejja Mokhles 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is a technique commonly used to mitigate formation damage and improve well productivity. This stimulation technique is frequently used to improve oil and gas recoveries from tight reservoirs by virtue of squeezing fracturing fluid under high pressure exceeding formation fracture and propagation pressures. However, the prediction of the production performance of hydraulically-fractured wells, an essential step during hydraulic fracture design, uses analytical solutions that cannot reproduce the complexities associated with flow from the near-wellbore area into the well with both matrix and fracture flow contributions.
A sophisticated numerical model, which is based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), has been used to simulate the fluid flow near the wellbore with the presence of an induced fracture perpendicular to the well trajectory at the pay zone. We used the DFM (Discrete Fracture Model) where the hydraulic fracture is explicitly represented in the model.
In this modeling proposal, the fracture is presented as an interface through the rock matrix domain with nonlocal transmission conditions. This allows for communication between flow through the fracture and flow into the matrix systems. Therefore, it will not be necessary to use mesh refinement around the fracture. This is considered a big advantage over most currently used modeling techniques. It is emphasized in this modeling scheme that the fracture is discretized as a 1-D entity to account for fracture aperture by an integral form of the flow equations. Following this, the discrete fracture model is implemented using the MFEM (Mixed Finite Element Method). A case study is presented to support the field application of this unique modeling approach.
Experimental Design for Resource Estimation: A Comparison with the Probabilistic Method
Authors: Cebastiant A. , Osbon R. A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This paper presents a comparison between the increasingly popular experimental design method and the simpler and quicker Monte-Carlo probabilistic technique used to manage subsurface uncertainty, and provide estimates of hydrocarbons in place and ultimate recovery. The experimental design method is based on simulated reservoir models which describe the key static and dynamic uncertainties.
Experimental design can be an expensive tool to adopt, especially when dealing with large numbers of static uncertainties, as it involves significant investment in time and human and computing resources to construct the required reservoir models. A case study is presented whereby Monte-Carlo probabilistic volume estimations were calculated prior to the experimental design method to obtain a quick estimate of the hydrocarbon in place and ultimate recovery. An experimental design was then undertaken and the results compared with the probabilistic outcomes.
The analysis provides interesting insights into the benefits and some of the limitations of the two methods when used for estimation of hydrocarbon in place and ultimate recovery. Fields examples are used to illustrate the different methodologies.